cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
EVOLUTIONARY RESPONSES TO ENVIRONMENTAL HETEROGENEITY IN CENTRAL AMERICAN ECHINOID LARVAE: PLASTIC VERSUS CONSTANT PHENOTYPES

Do changes in food resources lead to evolutionary changes in phenotypic plasticity or in different constant phenotypes? I addressed this question by studying plasticity of larval feeding arms for "geminate species pairs" in three echinoid genera. These closely related species were geographically isolated when the Panamanian Isthmus raised 2.8-3.1 million years ago, creating two different food level environments: high but variable food levels in the eastern Pacific versus chronically low food levels in the western Caribbean. I reared larvae of geminate species in different replicated food environments for 10 days postfertilization, collected morphological measurements of individual arm and body lengths, and calculated degrees of plasticity of relative arm length for each species. In contrast to previous studies with temperate echinoids, there was no significant plasticity of arm length in either the Pacific or Caribbean species considered here. Caribbean species, however, had significantly longer relative arm lengths than Pacific species, regardless of food levels. These results suggest that historical changes in food levels have led to the evolution of constant rather than plastic differences between Pacific and Caribbean echinoids. The evolution of plasticity may be limited by the timing of reproduction or by egg size in this system.
Design of recursive differentiators with constant group-delay characteristics

Abstract A method for the design of first- and higher-degree recursive differentiators with constant group-delay characteristics using a least-squares approach is presented. In this method, a mean-square error based on the difference between the desired and actual frequency responses is formulated in a quadratic form. Quadratic programming is employed wherein the constraint on stability is accomodated to design stable differentiators. Our method is compared with the linear programming approach in terms of the computational complexity and the variation of the magnitude and group-delay errors with frequency. It is shown that the differentiators designed using our method has a much lower computational complexity and smaller variation of the magnitude and group-delay errors with frequency than those designed using the linear programming approach. The method has been extended to the design of frequency-selective differentiators in which the differentiation is performed over any prescribed passband. Finally, the design of maximally-accurate differentiators is presented in which derivative constraints are also accomodated in the error function.
A PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY FOR ALL STATES

The question is asked, can the same visceral changes occur in different states of consciousness. A survey of EEG and autonomic activity found in the awake state and during the various stages of sleep leads to the conclusion that the question must be affirmatively answered. The conclusion is reached that EEG and autonomic activity cannot be used to define states of consciousness. The state of consciousness of the subject must first be known before the physiological significance and possible behavioral meaning of the EEG and autonomic responses can be inferred.
Water gun vs air gun: A comparison

The water gun is a relatively new marine seismic sound source that produces an acoustic signal by an implosive rather than explosive mechanism. A comparison of the source characteristics of two different-sized water guns with those of conventional air guns shows the the water gun signature is cleaner and much shorter than that of a comparable-sized air gun: about 60–100 milliseconds (ms) for an 80-in3. (1.31-liter (I)) water gun compared with several hundred ms for an 80-in3. (1.31–1) air gun. The source spectra of water guns are richer in high frequencies (>200 Hz) than are those of air guns, but they also have less energy than those of air guns at low frequencies. A comparison between water gun and air gun reflection profiles in both shallow (Long Island Sound)-and deep (western Bermuda Rise)-water settings suggests that the water gun offers a good compromise between very high resolution, limited penetration systems (e.g. 3.5-kHz profilers and sparkers) and the large volume air guns and tuned air gun arrays generally used where significant penetration is required.
Zn2+‐induction of metallothionein in myotomal cell nuclei during somitogenesis of Xenopus laevis

The localization of metallothionein in control and Zn-exposed embryos of Xenopus laevis was studied by whole-mount immunohistochemical staining. The embryos were grown according to the FETAX (Frog Embryo Teratogenesis Assay: Xenopus) protocol from N/F stage 8 to stage 47, with or without addition of ZnCl2 (300 microM) to the medium. At stages 27, 38, 42, 45 and 47, control and Zn-exposed embryos were fixed in buffered formalin, and whole mounts were stained by an immunoperoxidase technique, using monoclonal murine antibody to equine metallothionein. Staining of metallothionein was evident in myotomal cell nuclei of developing somites by stage 27, stomatodeum, oropharynx, and gills by stage 38, developing kidneys (mesonephros) by stage 45, and liver by stage 47. The staining of metallothionein at these sites was more intense in Zn-exposed embryos than controls. The central nervous system (especially the spinal cord) and the yolk mass were faintly stained for metallothionein in controls and Zn-exposed embryos. Staining of metallothionein in myotomal cell nuclei was most prominent at stage 38, diminished at stages 42 and 45, and practically disappeared by stage 47. This is the first report that metallothionein is expressed in myotomal cell nuclei of Xenopus embryos during normal somitogenesis and becomes increased when the embryos are exposed to teratogenic levels of Zn2+.
α-Hydroxy fatty acids in hereditary ataxic polyneuritis (Refsum's disease)

Abstract In skin from two patients with hereditary ataxic polyneuritis, the composition of long, straight chain α-hydroxy fatty acids was normal, and the concentration of these acids was at the lower limit of the range in six control subjects. The content and composition of hydroxy fatty acids in myelin from the brains of young rats fed a high phytol diet was normal, although phytanic acid represented 2.8% of the myelin fatty acids. These results do not support previous suggestions that the symptoms in hereditary ataxic polyneuritis result from a deficiency in straight chain α-hydroxy fatty acids.
Pulse-RNA-DNA hybridization between rodshaped and coccal species of the Moraxella-Neisseria groups.

Pulse-RNA-3H extracted from 4 species of moraxellae and neisseriae were hybridized to DNA from 14 species of rodshaped and coccal organisms belonging to these groups, one species of Acinetobacter and from Escherichia coli, in 44 out of 64 possible combinations. The affinities observed ranged from zero to 34.2 per cent of autologous hybridization activity (DNA and RNA from the same strain). In the combinations of strains studied, the hybridization affinities were essentially of the same relative order as in transformation of streptomycin resistance. Additional evidence was provided in favour of a recent redefinition of the genera Moraxella and Neisseria, in which each genus contains both rodshaped and coccal organisms.
Abstract P2-07-04: Relevance of Mutated PIK3CA to Normal Mammary Gland Development and Malignancy

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC In the current study we generated transgenic mice with mammary gland specific- overexpression of PIK3CA wild type and mutant protein with the aim to characterize the effects of activation of PI3K signaling on normal mammary gland and tumor development. PIK3CA encodes p110α, the predominant isoform of the catalytic subunit of class 1A phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), a lipid phosphokinase. The family of PI3Ks provides signaling for diverse cellular functions, including proliferation, metabolism, migration, translation, apoptosis avoidance, and angiogenesis. Disruption of this tightly regulated pathway by gene loss (PTEN), mutation (PIK3CA, AKT1, or less commonly PIK3R1), or amplification (PIK3CA), is one of the most common alterations in human cancers. PIK3CA mutations result in constitutive activation of p110α, increasing lipid kinase activity and resulting in an increase in activated AKT. The majority of mutations in breast cancer occur at three hotspots: E542K and E545K at exon 9, which encode the helical domain, and H1047R at exon 20, which encodes the kinase domain. Previously, it was described that human mammary epithelial cells expressing these alleles grew efficiently in soft agar and as orthotopic tumors in nude mice. In a mouse model in which PI3K is activated by forced recruitment of p110α to the membrane, increased ductal branching, alveolar hyperplasia, intraductal neoplasia and a low frequency of mammary tumors were observed. To date, no in vivo studies have been reported to determine if PIK3CA mutations play a causative role in breast tumorigenesis. By performing whole mount analysis of mammary gland at 8 weeks of age, we have shown that mice harboring E545K mutation showed increased ductal branching, while expression of H1047R (high copy numbers) results in duct enlargement and defects in duct elongation. Two mice harboring low and high copy numbers of H1047R mutation developed mammary tumors at 14 and 16 months of age respectively. Histological analysis revealed that both were carcinomas with tubular, papillary and comedo features. In conclusion, transgenic mice with mammary gland specific- overexpression of PIK3CA wild type and hot spot mutations were generated. In transgenic mouse studies, we show that PI3K signaling activation appears to alter normal mammary gland development and initiate mammary tumor formation. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3255.
The People's Democracy Party (HADEP): the travails of a legal Kurdish party in Turkey

(1998). The people's democracy party (hadep): the travails of a legal Kurdish party in Turkey. Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs: Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 129-138.
A method to measure impedance of chip/package/board power supply system using pseudo-impulse current

A method to measure the impedance Z(f) of a chip/package/board power supply system using pseudo-impulse current is described. This method can be easily applied to the digital systems with synchronous clocking systems. A PowerPC based microprocessor power supply system is used as an example to show the effectiveness of the method.
Infrared absorption and Raman scattering from H2O in Na1−xLix beta aluminas

Abstract Infrared and Raman spectra of Na 1− x Li x beta-alumina single crystals (0⩽×⩽0.9) show bands in the 3000 to 3600 cm −1 region due to vibrations of H 2 O molecules located in the conducting plane. Hydration of Naβ-Al 2 O 3 occurs on exposure to water vapor while hydration of Na 1− x Li x β-Al 2 O 3 occurs primarily during ion exchange. The extent of hydration and stability of these hydrates increases with increasing Li + concentration. Based on a simple model, the completely hydrated state of pure lithium beta-alumina is represented by Li 2.3 O·11Al 2 ) 3 ·5.4H 2 O.
Assessment of the P-1 Approximation in Cold-Walled Enclosures with Internal Heat Generation

The accuracy of the P-1 approximation in modeling the radiative temperature distribution within an absorbing, emitting, and isotropically scattering medium with internal heal generation is assessed. Geometries evaluated include parallel flat plates, an infinite cylinder, and a truncated cone. P-1 results are compared with Monte Carlo solutions. The results presented give solid evidence that the P-1 method is a very good approximation to the radiative temperature distribution within a participating medium with internal heat generation. The literature reviewed limits the use of the P-1 approximation to media that are optically thick. The results presented here show that the P-1 approximation can be used effectively for optical thicknesses in the range 0.1 ≤ τ ≤ 2.0 for infinite parallel flat plates, and 0.05 ≤ τ ≤ 5.0 for cylindrical and conical geometries.
Laboratory assessment of temperament and environmental enrichment in rhesus monkey infants (Macaca mulatta)

This study investigated the combined effects of early temperamental characteristics and environmental enrichment on a variety of developmental measures in nursery-reared rhesus monkey infants. Twenty-three infants, reared in either standard laboratory cages or enriched environments, were tested during the 1st month of life for interactive, motor, and temperamental capabilities and characteristics. At 8 months of age, all subjects were assessed on a second series of tests designed to measure their problem-solving skills, motor capabilities, and temperamental responses under challenge. Results indicated that enrichment was associated with higher scores on subsequent problem-solving and motor tests. However, such effects were found to combine with early temperament ratings. Specifically, individuals performing best on the 8-month tests had not only been reared in enriched environments, but also had been rated low on fearfulness during the early assessment. In addition, individuals scoring poorest had been rated as fearful initially in addition to being reared without enrichment. Results indicated that while high ratings on early laboratory assessments of fearfulness may be predictive of poorer problem-solving performance under challenging conditions, these adverse effects may be partially attenuated by environmental enrichment.
Large-scale structure after cobe

The COBE satellite experiment known as the Differential Microwave Radiometer has revolutionized our outlook on cosmology. It provided the first detection, since confirmed, of large-scale fluctuations in the cosmic microwave background, at a level δTT ∼ 10−5. This talk reviews the impact this discovery has had on our understanding of the origin and evolution of the large-scale structure of the universe. It is presented as an epic saga in two acts.
Models for the Study of Cementogenesis

Cementum is a mineralized tissue that acts to connect the periodontal ligament to the tooth root surface. Its composition is very much like bone, being comprised mainly of type I collagen, inorganic mineral and noncollagenous proteins, however the origin of the cells and factors necessary for cementum formation have yet to be elucidated. Our laboratory has focused on the role that adhesion molecules, and their cell surface receptors, play in the formation of cementum and tooth root. In order to study this, we used a mouse molar as a model system. This system enabled us to study the formation of four distinct mineralized tissues; bone, cementum, dentin and enamel at various stages of their development. For these studies, we initiated experiments to examine potential cementoblast progenitor cells, in vitro. As a first step, we show that dental papilla and dental follicle cells, n vitro, obtained from molar tissues at day 21 of development, induce mineralized nodules, in vitro. In addition, we obtained tissues from mice where defects in root development may exist and determined bone sialoprotein (BSP) protein expression, a mineralized tissue specific adhesion molecule, in such tissues. As discussed here, we found that osteopetrotic (op/op) mice have delayed and/or defective root development and BSP does not localize in the dental tissues, at day 33 of development. In addition, dentin formation was defective and odontoblasts appeared immature, based on morphological examination. In contrast, the day 33 control molars demonstrated positive staining for BSP localized to root cementum, with normal formation of dentin.
Uranium and thorium in tektites

Abstract Neutron activation analysis for uranium and thorium are reported for two australites, a javaite, a bediasite and a moldavite. A critical survey is made of published uranium and thorium abundances in tektites, and superior analyses selected. Uranium and thorium abundances in the tektite groups are compared with terrestrial sedimentary and acid igneous rocks. Granophyres match tektites most closely in the abundance of these two elements, but cannot be considered probable parent material for a terrestrial tektite origin because of their limited distribution. An extraterrestrial origin is also considered and a relationship in uranium and thorium abundance is observed between some achondrites and the tektites.
The effect of sulfur and selenium substitutents on the regiochemistry of diels-alder reactions

Abstract 2-Phenylthio-1,3-butadiene ( 1 ) and 2-phenylseleno-1,3-butadiene ( 2 ) have been generated in situ from their SO 2 adducts and reacted with a series of unsymmetrical dienophiles. The regiochemical results have been analyzed in terms of qualitative perturbation theory.
Multifiber efferent activity in postganglionic sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves related to the latency of spontaneous and evoked pupillary dilation

Abstract Spontaneous and peripherally evoked multifiber potentials were recorded from the sympathetic and parasympathetic pupillomotor fibers of the acutely prepared, pharmacologically immobilized cat. The onset latency of change in axonal activity was compared to the onset latency of pupillary dilation of the contralateral iris. Spontaneous pupillary dilations were accompanied by inhibition of parasympathetic and excitation of sympathetic pupillomotor activity. However, parasympathetic inhibition precedes sympathetic excitation. As with spontaneous changes, evoked changes in parasympathetic discharge rate occurred with a shorter onset latency than changes in sympapathetic discharge. In addition, the onset latency of change in sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve discharge was not related to the onset latency of evoked pupillary dilation by a constant factor. The difference in latency of the neural and pupillary response was found to increase systematically as a function of the latency of pupillary dilation.
Analysis of filtering techniques and image quality in pixel duplicated images

When images undergo filtering operations, valuable information can be lost besides the intended noise or frequencies due to averaging of neighboring pixels. When the image is enlarged by duplicating pixels, such filtering effects can be reduced and more information retained, which could be critical when analyzing image content automatically. Analysis of retinal images could reveal many diseases at early stage as long as minor changes that depart from a normal retinal scan can be identified and enhanced. In this paper, typical filtering techniques are applied to an early stage diabetic retinopathy image which has undergone digital pixel duplication. The same techniques are applied to the original images for comparison. The effects of filtering are then demonstrated for both pixel duplicated and original images to show the information retention capability of pixel duplication. Image quality is computed based on published metrics. Our analysis shows that pixel duplication is effective in retaining information on smoothing operations such as mean filtering in the spatial domain, as well as lowpass and highpass filtering in the frequency domain, based on the filter window size. Blocking effects due to image compression and pixel duplication become apparent in frequency analysis.
Acid-catalyzed cracking of polystyrene

The effects of catalyst acidity and the restricted reaction volume afforded by HZSM-5 on the volatile cracking products derived from poly(styrene) are investigated. Three catalysts: silica/alumina, HZSM-5, and sulfated zirconia, were employed as cracking catalysts. Styrene, which is the principal radical depolymerization product from poly(styrene), is a minor catalytic cracking product. The most abundant volatile product generated by catalytic cracking is benzene. Alkyl benzenes and indanes are also detected in significant yields. Various thermal analysis techniques are employed to obtain volatilization activation energies for polymer-catalyst samples and to elucidate probable reaction pathways. Detected products are explained by reaction mechanisms that begin with protonation of poly(styrene) aromatic rings. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 63: 1287–1298, 1997
THE ISOPERIMETRIC NUMBER OF d–DIMENSIONAL k–ARY ARRAYS

The d–dimensional k-ary array is the d–fold Cartesian product graph of the path graph Pk with k vertices. We show that the (edge) isoperimetric number of is given by and identify the cardinalities and the structure of the isoperimetric sets. For odd k, the cardinalities of isoperimetric sets in are , whereas every isoperimetric set for k even has cardinality .
Control of Arabidopsis Leaf Morphogenesis Through Regulation of the YABBY and KNOX Families of Transcription Factors

The patterning of initiating organs along specific axes of polarity is critical for the proper development of all higher organisms. Plant lateral organs, such as leaves, are derived from the shoot apical meristems located at the growing tips. After initiation, the leaf primordia of species such as Arabidopsis thaliana differentiate into a polarized structure consisting of a proximal petiole and a distal blade, but the molecular mechanisms that control proximal–distal pattern formation are poorly understood. The transcriptional activators BLADE-ON-PETIOLE1 (BOP1) and BOP2 are known to control Arabidopsis lateral organ differentiation by regulating gene expression along the adaxial–abaxial (dorsal–ventral) and proximal–distal polarity axes. Here, we demonstrate that the development of ectopic blade tissue along bop1 bop2 leaf petioles is strongly suppressed in a dosage-dependant manner by mutations in either of two closely related YABBY (YAB) genes, FILAMENTOUS FLOWER (FIL) and YAB3. Three KNOTTED-LIKE HOMEOBOX (KNOX1) genes also make lesser, and partially redundant, contributions to ectopic blade development in bop1 bop2 leaves. Mutation of these YAB and KNOX1 genes together causes nearly complete suppression of bop1 bop2 ectopic organ outgrowth at the morphological and cellular levels. Our data demonstrate that BOP1 and BOP2 regulate leaf patterning by controlling YAB and KNOX1 gene activity in the developing petiole.
TEMPERATURE-MODULATED CARCINOGENICITY OF 7,12-DIMETHYLBENZ[a]ANTHRACENE IN RAINBOW TROUT

Temperature-modulated hepatic disposition, covalent binding of radiolabeled genotoxin to hepatic DNA, and cancer incidence in rainbow trout ( Oncorhyncus mykiss ) were assessed after a single exposure to 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA). Fish (2 g) were acclimated at 10, 14, or 18°C for 1 mo and then exposed to 1 ppm DMBA in their water for 20 h. Exposures were at respective acclimation temperatures, or 10 and 18°C acclimated fish were shifted to 14°C for DMBA exposures. After 4 but not 20 h of exposure, hepatic [ 3 H]DMBA equivalents increased with temperature for fish exposed at their respective acclimation temperatures (10 or 18°C). Covalent binding of [ 3 H]DMBA to hepatic DNA was similar after 3 d in fish exposed at their respective acclimation temperatures. However, in fish exposed at 14°C, after 3 d the concentration of [ 3 H]DMBA covalently bound to hepatic DNA was higher in 10°C than 18°C acclimated fish. After 21 d, covalent binding of [ 3 H]DMBA to hepatic DNA was less persistent in 18°C t...
Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum and Angioid Streaks

The authors report eight cases of pseudoxanthoma elasticum, in five of which ophthalmologic studies were made. Two of these showed angioid streaks, in the remaining three the choroid was diseased. Histopathologically, the skin condition is differentiable for diagnosis. The occurrence in association with the ophthalmic picture is frequent, but each may appear without the other. The etiology is still hidden, but the authors' belief is that there are degenerative changes of the elastic tissue due to malformation, based on heredity. Treatment is without success. Whereas the skin condition is harmless, except cosmetically, the ophthalmic involvement offers a more serious prognosis. From the Sections on Ophthalmology and Dermatology and Syphilology, The Mayo Clinic.
Impact of Community-Associated Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus on HIV-Infected Patients

Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) has emerged as an increasingly important pathogen, causing infections in persons who have no significant healthcare exposures. Persons with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection have been disproportionately affected by CA-MRSA, with increased colonization and infection documented. Several factors are likely involved in the increased CA-MRSA burden observed among HIV-infected patients, including immune factors as well as healthcare and community exposures. Proposed community exposures that have been associated with increased CA-MRSA risk include substance abuse, incarceration, geographic area of residence, and social networks. This article explores these associations and reviews the current knowledge of the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and treatment of CA-MRSA in HIV-infected persons.
Steady-state creep behavior of Si-SiC C-rings

Because of the ease of experimental setup as well as economics in sample preparation, C-ring specimens are sometimes chosen for the evaluation of mechanical behavior. In this paper, the long-term creep of siliconized silicon carbide (Si–SiC) C-rings is investigated. Creep tests on a number of Si–SiC C-rings were carried out under constant compressive loads at 1300°C in air. Load-point displacements were continually monitored as a function of time, thereby establishing the steady-state regime as a function of load and ring geometry. Optical micrography on the postcrept specimens was performed to obtain damage zone sizes. A simple curved beam theory was employed to analyze the stress state developed throughout the body during steady-state creep. Loadpoint displacement rates were numerically calculated using both geometric and energy methods. Observed damage zone sizes and shapes within the specimen agreed with those predicted theoretically. Results obtained on the stress solutions are useful as local loading parameters in the study of high-temperture fracture behavior of a cracked C-ring.
Feminist comparative policy: A new field of study

This article presents feminist comparative policy (FCP) as a new field of study. It argues that FCP scholars have successfully developed a distinct approach to doing political research and a significant scientific community which follows this approach. In doing so, FCP scholars, particularly since the early 1990s, have moved this area of study into a new stage of institutionalization and influence. These achievements are documented in a discussion of first, the development and major features of the FCP approach and second, the individuals and research infrastructure that comprise the FCP community. The conclusion considers the successes of FCP in the context of speculations about its contributions to non feminist political science.
Ultrastructural metabolic activity following quick-freezing and freeze-substitution in tetrahydrofuran in the superior cervical ganglion

A method of quick-freezing and freeze-substitution has been developed for localizing diffusible substances such as 2-deoxyglucose-6-phosphate (2-DG-6-P) ultrastructurally in neural tissue. Quick-freezing under pressure provides well preserved tissue down to 30–35 μm from the surface. This allows blocks of neural tissue to be quick-frozen and analysed for diffusible substances in areas removed from the freezing face. Freeze-substitution in tetrahydrofuran following quickfreezing was found to dissolve and remove 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) but not 2-DG-6-P. Consequently, this technique extends the ability to analyse localization of glucose utilization to postsynaptic as well as presynaptic sites. We have applied the technique to isolated superior cervical ganglion while provoking selective increases in energy metabolism. Exposure to an elevated extracellular potassium (12 mM) concentration produced a pattern of metabolic activity with enhanced neuropil labelling (neuronal and glial processes). With antidromic stimulation of the external carotid nerves, deoxyglucose uptake in neuronal and glial soma in the caudal portion of the ganglion was enhanced more than neuropil labelling. This caudal region corresponds to the region of origin of the cell bodies of the external carotid nerve. Results from this technique suggest that the contribution of glia to overall rate of energy metabolism may be significant and that this is a promising method for correlating the relationship between functional activity and cellular electrical activity.
Observations of barotropic and baroclinic exchanges in the lower Chesapeake Bay

Abstract Current meter observations from four instruments deployed in two moorings in the area of the Chesapeake Bay mouth have been analyzed to relate the flow structure to meteorological and tidal forcing. The current velocities and water temperatures recorded by these instruments have been compared to meteorologial and sea level data from a tide gauge located in the same area. The data were collected in the period July–September 1993, during the passage of hurricane Emily over the coast of North Carolina and off the coast of Virginia. Intratidal velocity fluctuations coincide with near-bottom temperature variations. Near-bottom temperature oscillations are of greater magnitude than those near the surface and are predominantly semidiurnal. During flood periods, bottom temperature typically drops 6°C with respect to its ebb value. Temperature behavior suggests self-adjustment of a longitudinal temperature gradient during neap tides and tidal advection of such gradient in spring tides. Low-pass filtered fluctuations of temperature and flow, and hence water exchange at the bay mouth, appear to be caused by the superposition of wind events and gravitational circulation modulated by the spring-neap tidal cycle. Wind stress produces a barotropic response on the residual flow. Southwestward winds drive coastal ocean water into the bay and northeastward winds drive water out of the bay. The development of gravitational circulation, near-surface outflow and near-bottom inflow, occurs during neap tides.
A Proof of Blattner's Conjecture.

Let G be a connected, semisimple Lie group. In Harish-Chandra's work on the Plancherel formula, the discrete series of irreducible unitary representations [5] plays a crucial role. Roughly speaking, besides the discrete series itself, the representations which enter the Plancherel decomposition of L2(G) can all be built up from discrete series representations of subgroups of G. Among the various irreducible unitary representations, the discrete series representations are therefore of particular importance. The main technique in the representation theory of compact Lie groups is to investigate the restriction of any given representation to a maximal torus. Similarl~r to understand the structure of an irreducible representation of a noncompact semisimple Lie group, one may try to determine its restriction to a maximal compact subgroup. Blattner's conjecture predicts how the discrete series representations should break up under the action of a maximal compact subgroup. It formally resembles the formula for the multiplicity of a weight for finite-dimensional representations. A companion statement to Blattner's conjecture, analogous to the theorem of the highest weight, characterizes discrete series representations, up to infinitesimal equivalence, in terms of their restriction to a maximal compact subgroup [13]. Once and for all, we make the assumption that G contains a compact Cartan subgroup. Exactly in this situation G has a non-empty discrete series [5]. Let K be a maximal compact subgroup, with HcK. The Lie algebras of G, K, H will be written as go, ~0, bo, and their complexifications as g, [, b. A non-zero root of (g, b) is called compact or noncompact, depending on whether or not its root space lies in L We denote the sets of compact and noncompact roots by, respectively, q~ and 4"; ~ = ~c w 4" is thus the setof all non-zero roots of (g, b). The Killing form of g induces an inner product ( , ) on ib*, the space of linear functions on b which assume imaginary values on b0An element ~teib* is said to be singular if it is perpendicular to at least one ct~q~, and nonsingular otherwise. The differentials of the characters of H form a lattice A cib*, which contains ~b. Since
Vitamin E Analog α -TEA, Methylseleninic Acid, and Trans-Resveratrol in Combination Synergistically Inhibit Human Breast Cancer Cell Growth

Alpha-tocopherol ether-linked acetic acid analog [2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2R-(4R, 8R-12-trimethyltridecyl) chroman-6-yloxyacetic acid (alpha-TEA)] is a novel form of vitamin E effective at killing cancer cells but not normal cells. alpha -TEA alone and together with methylseleninic acid (MSA) and trans-resveratrol (t-RES) were investigated for ability to induce apoptosis, DNA synthesis arrest, and cellular differentiation and inhibit colony formation in human MDA-MB-435-F-L breast cancer cells in culture. The 3 agents alone were effective in inhibiting cell growth by each of the 4 different assays, and 3-way combination treatments synergistically inhibited cell proliferation in each assay in comparison to individual treatments. Furthermore, combinations of alpha -TEA, t-RES, and MSA significantly enhanced levels of apoptosis in human breast (MDA-MB-231, MCF7, and T47D) and prostate (LnCaP, PC-3, and DU-145) cancer cell lines as well as in immortalized but nontumorigenic MCF10A cells but not primary cultures of human mammary epithelial cells. Western immunoblotting confirmed the induction of apoptosis in that the 3 agents induced poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase cleavage, with earlier detection and more complete cleavage seen in the combination treatment. Mechanistic studies showed combination treatments to inhibit cell proliferation via downregulation of cyclin D1 and induce apoptosis via activation of caspases 8 and 9 and downregulation of prosurvival proteins FLIP and survivin. In summary, the combination of alpha-TEA, MSA, and t-RES is more effective than single treatments for inhibiting cell proliferation, inducing cellular differentiation, and inducing cell death by apoptosis in human cancer cells in culture.
Regeneration studies on a crayfish neuromuscular system. II. Effect of changing the nerve entry point into the muscle field on the gradient of innervation

The superficial flexor muscle of the crayfish is a neuromuscular system in which the neurons form position-dependent connectivity patterns with the muscle fibers. This system could be formed with the help of a single medial-to-lateral gradient during development that embodies positional information. To test this gradient hypothesis we changed the nerve's normal medial entry point into the muscle by transplanting it to the middle of the muscle sheet. When all the muscle fibers were present in the target area, most of the neurons studied passed through a stage during regeneration in which they showed preference for either medial or lateral synapse formation. Those neurons that in normal animals innervated preferentially the medial fibers showed a medial preference for new contacts; the neuron that normally innervated the lateral fibers showed a lateral preference for new contacts; the neuron that normally innervated everywhere regenerated equally well into both medial and lateral fibers. Therefore, these neurons are able to detect information regarding their position within the muscle mass and respond to it by preferential synapse formation. The effect of a positional gradient could not be detected when half of the target field was removed prior to regeneration. In this instance, the neuron that innervated the missing target area now regenerated to almost all the available fibers. It is suggested that the interplay of positional cues with other factors at different points in time could determine the final connectivity patterns formed by these cells.
Derlin-1 Facilitates the Retro-Translocation of Cholera Toxin

Cholera toxin (CT) intoxicates cells by using its receptor-binding B subunit (CTB) to traffic from the plasma membrane to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). In this compartment, the catalytic A1 subun...
The influence of a shock incarceration program on inmate adjustment and attitudinal change

Abstract One of the goals of shock incarceration programs (SIPs) is to provide a disciplined environment that will reduce negative inmate behavior and influence positive adjustment and attitudinal change. This study compares inmates serving time in a SIP (n=271) with inmates in a minimum-security traditional prison (n=106) and measures attitudinal change and inmate adjustment to the institution over time. The results support prior research findings that shock incarceration inmates, in general, tend to hold more positive attitudes and be better adjusted than traditional inmates during their incarceration. The results also indicate that, although shock incarceration inmates remain positive about their future throughout their imprisonment, they nonetheless experience some difficulty in adjustment, are inclined to become increasingly less optimistic about the program during their sentence, and report attitudinal change related to specific program outcomes (i.e., work, drug use) similar to that of traditional inmates.
Response to “Predicting and Dissecting the Seat-Votes Curve in the 2006 U.S. House Election”

The article on the seats-votes curve by Kastellec, Gelman, and Chandler (January 2008, 139–45) presents interesting and helpful analysis and data. Especially important is the insight that incumbency necessarily requires a minority party to receive more than 50% of the vote to gain control of the House of Representatives. However the article is misleading in two respects.
A Field Study on the Acceptance and Use of a New Accounting System

This study examines the attitudes, use, and acceptance of a new accounting system in a pharmaceutical corporation that switched from an Activity Based Costing System to the Theory of Constraints System (TOC). Using structuration theory as a framework, we posit that user responses and attitudes towards TOC are influenced not only by the technical features of the system and the potential economic benefits, but also by the fit between TOC and the existing structures of the users’ environment. When users’ interact with TOC on an ongoing basis they form interpretations of the new system and based on such interpretations, they exhibit actions with respect to the use of TOC ranging from championship to rejection of the system. We explore cross sectional variations in the use of the system and link such variations to the practical features of the new system as well as the social structures of the users’ environments.
Prevention of formation of acid drainage from high-sulfur coal refuse by inhibition of iron- and sulfur-oxidizing microorganisms. II: Inhibition in run of minë refuse under simulated field conditions

The combination of sodium lauryl sulfate and benzoic acid effectively inhibits iron- and sulfur-oxidizing bacteria in coal refuse and prevents the conversion of iron pyrite to sulfate, ferric iron, and sulfuric acid, thereby significantly reducing the formation of acidic drainage from coal refuse. The inhibitors were effective in a concentration of 1.1 mg/kg refuse, and data indicate that the SLS was in excess of the concentration required. The treatment was compatible with the use of lime for neutralization of acid present prior to inhibition of its formation.
A low latency router supporting adaptivity for on-chip interconnects

The increased deployment of system-on-chip designs has drawn attention to the limitations of on-chip interconnects. As a potential solution to these limitations, networks-on-chip (NoC) have been proposed. The NoC routing algorithm significantly influences the performance and energy consumption of the chip. We propose a router architecture which utilizes adaptive routing while maintaining low latency. The two-stage pipelined architecture uses look ahead routing, speculative allocation, and optimal output path selection concurrently. The routing algorithm benefits from congestion-aware flow control, making better routing decisions. We simulate and evaluate the proposed architecture in terms of network latency and energy consumption. Our results indicate that the architecture is effective in balancing the performance and energy of NoC designs.
Fifteen-year patterns of soil carbon and nitrogen following biomass harvesting

The substitution of forest-derived woody biofuels for fossil fuel energy has garnered increasing attention in recent years, but information regarding the mid- and long-term effects on soil productivity is limited. We investigated 15-yr temporal trends in forest floor and mineral soil (0-30 cm) C and N pools in response to organic matter removal treatments (OMR; stem-only harvest, SOH; whole-tree harvest, WTH; and whole-tree plus forest floor removal, FFR) at three edaphically distinct aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx. and P. grandidentata Michx.) forests in the Great Lakes region. The OMR and temporal effects were generally site specific, and both were most evident in the forest floor and combined profile (mineral soil and forest floor) compared with the mineral soil alone. Forest floor and combined profile C and N pools were generally similar in the SOH and WTH treatments, suggesting that slash retention has little impact on soil C and N in this time frame. Temporal changes in C and N at one of the three sites were consistent with patterns documented following exotic earthworm invasion, but mineral soil pools at the other two sites were stable over time. Power analyses demonstrated that significant effects were more likely to be detected for temporal differences than the effects of OMR and in the combined profile than in the mineral soil. Our findings are consistent with previous work demonstrating that OMR effects on soil C and N pools are site specific and more apparent in the forest floor than the mineral soil.
Salivary Gland Disease in Children: A Review Part 2: Congenital Lesions and Neoplastic Disease

This is the second of a two-part review of salivary gland disease in children. Part 1, on acquired non-neoplastic disease appeared on pages 314 through 322 in the June issue of this volume.
Identification of a Novel Peptide That Interferes With the Chemical Regulation of Connexin43

The carboxyl-terminal domain of connexin43 (Cx43CT) is involved in various intra- and intermolecular interactions that regulate gap junctions. Here, we used phage display to identify novel peptidic sequences that bind Cx43CT and modify Cx43 regulation. We found that Cx43CT binds preferentially to peptides containing a sequence RXP, where X represents any amino acid and R and P correspond to the amino acids arginine and proline, respectively. A biased "RXP library" led to the identification of a peptide (dubbed "RXP-E") that bound Cx43CT with high affinity. Nuclear magnetic resonance data showed RXP-E-induced shifts in the resonance peaks of residues 343 to 346 and 376 to 379 of Cx43CT. Patch-clamp studies revealed that RXP-E partially prevented octanol-induced and acidification-induced uncoupling in Cx43-expressing cells. Moreover, RXP-E increased mean open time of Cx43 channels. The full effect of RXP-E was dependent on the integrity of the CT domain. These data suggest that RXP-based peptides could serve as tools to help determine the role of Cx43 as a regulator of function in conditions such as ischemia-induced arrhythmias.
Virtual Boundary Crossing Detection without Explicit Object Tracking

Virtual boundary (tripwire) crossing detection is an essential component in almost all modern digital visual surveillance systems. In this paper, we address the problem of achieving reliable tripwire crossing results in crowded scenarios and propose a new technique for the replacement of conventional tracking based tripwire techniques. We introduce the concept of "ground patches" which are a set of sub-regions sampled around the defined tripwire. Each ground patch is declared active when it is occupied by one or more foreground objects. Temporal and appearance features are extracted from each of the patches, and they are correlated across the virtual boundary to determine if a crossing occurs. The proposed method has been applied in situations with different traffic loads, and promising results are obtained.
Smoking during pregnancy and newborn neurobehavior.

Objective. This was a prospective study of the effects of maternal smoking during pregnancy on newborn neurobehavior, including dose-response relationships using self-report and a bioassay of nicotine exposure. Methods. The sample included 27 nicotine exposed and 29 unexposed full-term newborn infants with no medical problems from comparable social class backgrounds. Mothers were excluded for using illegal drugs during pregnancy, using antidepressant medication, or if they consumed >3 alcoholic drinks per month. Nicotine exposure was determined by maternal self-report and cotinine in maternal saliva. The NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale (NNNS) was administered by masked examiners in hospital to measure neurobehavioral function. NNNS scores were compared between nicotine-exposed and -unexposed groups including adjustment for covariates. Dose-response relationships with NNNS scores were computed for maternal salivary cotinine and maternal report of number of cigarettes per day during pregnancy. Results. After adjustment for covariates, the tobacco-exposed infants were more excitable and hypertonic, required more handling and showed more stress/abstinence signs, specifically in the central nervous system (CNS), gastrointestinal, and visual areas. Dose-response relationships showed higher maternal salivary cotinine values related to more stress/abstinence signs (r = .530) including CNS (r = .532) and visual stress (r = .688) and higher excitability scores (r = .617). Cigarettes per day during pregnancy was related to more stress/abstinence signs (r = .582) including CNS (r = .561) and visual stress (r = .640). Conclusions. These findings suggest neurotoxic effects of prenatal tobacco exposure on newborn neurobehavior. Dose-response relationships could indicate neonatal withdrawal from nicotine. Research directed at understanding the effects of cigarette smoking during pregnancy on infants can lead to improved public health outcome.
Return loss optimization of the microprocessor package vertical interconnect

A geometry based parametric model of a differential high-speed line traversing a ten-layer microprocessor package is developed. This model is used to undertake a detailed study of the effect of the various geometrical parameters on the return loss performance of such a package. The forward problem is solved using a fast, full-wave electromagnetic (EM) solver. The effect of various types of routing in the intermediate layers is examined closely. A sensitivity analysis based on parametric sweeps is carried out to identify the key variables. A hierarchical response surface based optimization is carried out to arrive at an optimum structure. A global optimizer based on simulated annealing is harnessed to find the optimum of non-linear and, in general, non-convex functions. The optimized structure exhibits excellent return loss characteristics translating into higher channel bandwidth.