cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Women Entrepreneurs in Romania, Poland, and the United States: Cultural and Family Influences on Strategy and Growth

This study investigated the impact of culture and family on the strategies, opportunities, and barriers to growth for women entrepreneurs from Romania, Poland, and America. The purpose of this research was twofold: to gather information on women entrepreneurs cross-culturally and to construct and integrate the perspective of the woman business owner in relation to the broader family and cultural context in which she is located. A design incorporating qualitative and quantitative measures was used to collect in-depth information in the language of the entrepreneurs. A discussion of strategic similarities and differences and entrepreneurial and organizational characteristics is presented.
Imaging performance of the Si/Ge hybrid Compton imager

The point spread function (PSF) of a fully-instrumented silicon/germanium Compton telescope has been measured as a function of energy and angle. Overall, the resolution was 3deg to 4deg FWHM over most of the energy range and field of view. The various contributions to the resolution have been quantified. These contributions include the energy and position uncertainty of the detector; source energy; Doppler broadening; and the 1/r broadening characteristic of Compton back-projection. Furthermore, a distortion of the PSF is observed for sources imaged off-axis from the detector. These contributions are discussed and compared to theory and simulations
Kinetics of carbon tetrachloride decomposition during the metalorganic vapor-phase epitaxy of gallium arsenide and indium arsenide

Carbon tetrachloride is used to dope gallium arsenide and indium—gallium arsenide films with carbon during metalorganic vapor-phase epitaxy (MOVPE). In this study, the decomposition kinetics of CCl 4 and of the other precursors (triethylgallium, trimethylindium and tertiarybutylarsine) were determined by monitoring the reactor feed and e§uent gases with on-line infrared and mass spectroscopies. As the CCl 4 partial pressure was increased from 1]10~4 to 3]10~3 atm, the GaAs growth rate decreased and eventually fell to zero. Most of the reduction in growth rate (80 to 95%) was due to a surface reaction between adsorbed gallium and chlorine to produce volatile GaCl. The etching of the GaAs film by adsorbed chlorine to produce GaCl 3 accounted for the remainder of the growth rate reduction. The latter reaction was insignificant below a threshold CCl 4 partial pressure of &1.5]10~3 atm at 450iC and &8.0]10~4 atm at 550iC. A comparison of GaAs and InAs MOVPE revealed that the reaction of CCl 4 with indium to form volatile metal chlorides was nearly 10 times faster than the equivalent reactions with gallium. ( 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Medium- to Long-Run Implications of High Food Prices for Global Nutrition

The combined food, fuel, and financial crises of 2007-2009 had severe and widespread negative impacts around the world. Two key questions challenging governments were: how long would the high prices last and with what effects on food security and nutrition over the longer run? This paper considers the drivers of the crisis and explores if, unlike past shocks, the recent price increases reflect structural changes in food price formation that will have lasting global implications. New cross-commodity relationships allowed prices to spike, although there was no shortage of food at the global level nor indeed a significant downturn in recent yields. Yet recent record levels of farm production were also mirrored by growing numbers of people chronically undernourished and/or micronutrient deficient. The gap between supply and need was underpinned by growing urban demand, consumption of processed and higher-value foods (including meat), biofuel policy, and purchasing power erosion, but also by short-term market-distorting policies implemented by governments responding to perceived shortages of food. Thus, the impact of future food price crises will depend largely on what policymakers chose to do in response to the peaks and what they do not do during the troughs. Appropriate investments are urgently needed not just in smallholder developing country agriculture, but in effective food policies and targeted programming that can reverse the recent negative trends in nutrition and that support access globally to improved diet quality as well as food quantity.
Exercise gives fish a boost of boldness

![Figure][1] Some animals spend their lives in constant motion – dashing, jumping, flitting, swimming, running, swinging and soaring about – while others are veritable couch potatoes. Differences in daily physical activity can occur because of ecological disparities, such as relative
Trimethylamine oxide suppresses stress-induced alteration of organic anion transport in choroid plexus.

SUMMARY The effect of physicochemical stress on organic anion transport across the vertebrate blood–cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier in the presence and absence of an endogenous cytoprotectant, trimethylamine oxide (TMAO), was investigated in isolated IVth choroid plexus (CP) of spiny dogfish shark ( Squalus acanthias ), an animal with naturally high levels of TMAO (∼70 mmol l –1 ). Active transepithelial absorption of the organic anion, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), by IVth CP mounted in Ussing chambers was measured after in vitro stress, and a marker for the cellular stress response, inducible heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70), was assayed by immunoblot analysis. Transient heat stress (a shift from the normal 13.5°C to 23.5°C for 1 h) decreased 2,4-D transport by ∼66%; however, the same stress minus TMAO (isosmotic replacement with urea) had no effect on transport rate. In the absence of TMAO, stress-induced Hsp70 accumulation was more than double that seen in the presence of TMAO. Likewise, exposure to 50 μmol l –1 Zn for 6 h induced a twofold greater Hsp70 accumulation in the absence of TMAO than in its presence, and the higher Hsp70 level was associated with a higher 2,4-D transport rate. Heat stress and 50 μmol l –1 Zn also induced more pronounced increases in Hsp70 mRNA in the absence of TMAO. Thus, the cellular stress response can significantly alter CP organic anion transport capacity, and an endogenous osmolyte can suppress that response.
The effects of orbital spaceflight on bone histomorphometry and messenger ribonucleic acid levels for bone matrix proteins and skeletal signaling peptides in ovariectomized growing rats

A 14-day orbital spaceflight was performed using ovariectomized Fisher 344 rats to determine the combined effects of estrogen deficiency and near weightlessness on tibia radial bone growth and cancellous bone turnover. Twelve ovariectomized rats with established cancellous osteopenia were flown aboard the space shuttle Columbia (STS-62). Thirty ovariectomized rats were housed on earth as ground controls: 12 in animal enclosure modules, 12 in vivarium cages, and 6 killed the day of launch for baseline measurements. An additional 18 ovary-intact rats were housed in vivarium cages as ground controls: 8 rats were killed as baseline controls and the remaining 10 rats were killed 14 days later. Ovariectomy increased periosteal bone formation at the tibia-fibula synostosis; cancellous bone resorption and formation in the secondary spongiosa of the proximal tibial metaphysis; and messenger RNA (mRNA) levels for the prepro-alpha2(1) subunit of type 1 collagen, osteocalcin, transforming growth factor-beta, and insulin-like growth factor I in the contralateral proximal tibial metaphysis and for the collagen subunit in periosteum pooled from tibiae and femora and decreased cancellous bone area. Compared to ovariectomized weight-bearing rats, the flight group experienced decreases in periosteal bone formation, collagen subunit mRNA levels, and cancellous bone area. The flight rats had a small decrease in the cancellous mineral apposition rate, but no change in the calculated bone formation rate. Also, spaceflight had no effect on cancellous osteoblast and osteoclast perimeters or on mRNA levels for bone matrix proteins and signaling peptides. On the other hand, spaceflight resulted in an increase in bone resorption, as ascertained from the diminished retention of a preflight fluorochrome label. This latter finding suggests that osteoclast activity was increased. In a follow-up ground-based experiment, unilateral sciatic neurotomy of ovariectomized rats resulted in cancellous bone loss in the unloaded limb in excess of that induced by gonadal hormone deficiency. This additional bone loss was arrested by estrogen replacement. We conclude from these studies that estrogen alters the expression of signaling peptides believed to mediate skeletal adaptation to changes in mechanical usage and likewise modifies the skeletal response to mechanical unloading.
Embedded Librarianship: A Point-of-Need Service

Librarianship has experienced a few growing pains over the past several years as its relationship with technology matures into a productive partnership. Being overzealous to adopt new technology ca...
Israeli High-risk Study: Editor's Introduction

The National Institute of Mental Health joint study by the United States and Israel, known as the Israeli High-Risk Study,is a unique long-term followup investigation of children at genetic risk for schizophrenia. We compared the development of psychiatric disorder in two groups of such children, one group raised in kibbutz environments, the other by their own parents. Matched controls were studied as well. The subjects were evaluated at ages 11, 17, and 26; an extensive battery of cognitive and clinical tests, as well as psychophysiological and diagnostic procedures, was used. This issue of the Schizophrenia Bulletin reports and summarizes evaluations conducted when the subjects were in their early thirties, as well as some previously unreported data obtained when the subjects were 17 years old.
Prostate cancer chemoprevention in men of African descent: current state of the art and opportunities for future research

Prostate cancer is the most frequently diagnosed malignancy in men. However, African American/Black men are 60 % more likely to be diagnosed with and 2.4 times more likely to die from prostate cancer, compared to Non-Hispanic White men. Despite the increased burden of this malignancy, no evidence-based recommendation regarding prostate cancer screening exists for the high-risk population. Moreover, in addition to screening and detection, African American men may constitute a prime population for chemoprevention. Early detection and chemoprevention may thus represent an integral part of prostate cancer control in this population. Importantly, recent research has elucidated biological differences in the prostate tumors of African American compared to European American men. The latter may enable a more favorable response in African American men to specific chemopreventive agents that target relevant signal transduction pathways. Based on this evolving evidence, the aims of this review are threefold. First, we aim to summarize the biological differences that were reported in the prostate tumors of African American and European American men. Second, we will review the single- and multi-target chemopreventive agents placing specific emphasis on the pathways implicated in prostate carcinogenesis. And lastly, we will discuss the most promising nutraceutical chemopreventive compounds. Our review underscores the promise of chemoprevention in prostate cancer control, as well as provides justification for further investment in this filed to ultimately reduce prostate cancer morbidity and mortality in this high-risk population of African American men.
Maintenance, cultivation, and excystation of echinostomes: 2000-2007

This review covers the salient studies on maintenance, cultivation, and excystation of echinostomes from 2000 to 2007. Some significant studies on these topics prior to 2000 are also included in the review. Ways to obtain echinostome material from the wild are discussed. The names of scientists and their laboratories where known species of echinostome life cycles are maintained are given. Information is given on the maintenance of larval and adult echinostomes and their intermediate and definitive hosts. The relatively sparse information from 2000 to 2007 on in ovo and in vitro cultivation and transplantation of larval and adult echinostomes to new sites is reviewed. Considerable new information on in vivo and in vitro excystation of echinostome metacercariae and the relatively new area of in vitro encystment of echinostome cercariae is included herein.
Predicting Multiple Structured Visual Interpretations

We present a simple approach for producing a small number of structured visual outputs which have high recall, for a variety of tasks including monocular pose estimation and semantic scene segmentation. Current state-of-the-art approaches learn a single model and modify inference procedures to produce a small number of diverse predictions. We take the alternate route of modifying the learning procedure to directly optimize for good, high recall sequences of structured-output predictors. Our approach introduces no new parameters, naturally learns diverse predictions and is not tied to any specific structured learning or inference procedure. We leverage recent advances in the contextual submodular maximization literature to learn a sequence of predictors and empirically demonstrate the simplicity and performance of our approach on multiple challenging vision tasks including achieving state-of-the-art results on multiple predictions for monocular pose-estimation and image foreground/background segmentation.
Implementing culture change in long-term care: Benchmarks and strategies for management and practice, By Elaine T. Jurkowski: New York, NY: Springer, 2013 298 pages, $70.00 (softcover) ISBN: 978-0-8261-0908-8

Implementing culture change in long-term care helps meet an urgent need for guidance relevant to addressing conditions in nursing homes that are widely recognized as both systemic and detrimental t...
APRENDIZAJE CONSTRUCTIVO, AUTORREGULADO, SITUADO Y COLABORATIVO: UN ACERCAMIENTO A LA ADQUISICIÓN DE LA COMPETENCIA ADAPTATIVA (MATEMÁTICA)

Abstract. Currently, in a learning society, education should focus on promoting Adaptive Competition (AC) which is defined as the ability to flexibly apply knowledge and skills in different contexts. This article discusses three questions: What should students learn to acquire the AC in a particular field? What are the features that are required in a productive learning process for AC? How can stimulate and extend this learning through instruction? This paper presents an illustrative study focused on the design of a learning environment to improve the competence of problem solving in primary school students. The final dimensions indicate the challenges of implementing innovative learning environments.
Possible violation of C P invariance

In a precision counter experiment Christenson et al. (1964) observed evidence that the long-lived neutral K meson decays into two pions. The most straightforward explanation for this result is that CP is not conserved in the decay of the K0 meson, as pointed out by Christenson et al. Since the K1 and K2 were previously defined as eigenstates of C P, it is useful to define KS and KL as the short and long lived components of the K0. If C P is not conserved, then KL and K2 are not identical (and similarly KS is not the same as K1). Christenson et al. observed a branching ratio of the KL into 2 pions given by $$R = \frac{{{K_L} \to {\pi ^ + }{\pi ^ - }}}{{{K_L} \to {\text{all}}\;{\text{charged}}\;\,{\text{mod}}\,{\text{es}}}} = \left( {2.0 \pm 0.4} \right) \times {10^{ - 3}}.$$
Sand Ripple Characterization Using an Extended Synthetic Aperture Sonar Model and Parallel Sampling Method

The aim of this work is to characterize the seafloor by estimating invariant sand ripple parameters from synthetic aperture sonar (SAS) imagery. Using a hierarchical Bayesian framework and a known sensing geometry, a method for estimating sand ripple frequency, amplitude, and orientation values from a single SAS image, as well as from sets of SAS imagery over an area, is presented. This is accomplished through the development of an extended model for sand ripple characterization and a Metropolis-within-Gibbs sampler to estimate sand ripple frequency, amplitude, and orientation characteristics for multiaspect high-frequency side-look sonar data. Results are presented on synthetic and measured SAS imagery that indicate the ability of the proposed method to estimate desired sand ripple characteristics.
Two-Photon Photochemistry of CdSe Quantum Dots

The two-photon photochemistry of CdSe quantum dots (QDs) has been systematically studied. We find that upon intense irradiation CdSe quantum dots that absorb two or more visible photons undergo photodarkening. The quantum yield for this process is on the order of 6% in chloroform and much smaller in nonpolar solvents, such as octane. An analysis of the energetics indicates that, following two-photon excitation, the biexciton undergoes an Auger process producing a hot hole. This hot hole is ejected to a surface-bound TOP ligand, forming a QD–/TOP+ contact ion pair that separates in chloroform, but not in octane. The charged and deligated QD is dark, resulting in the overall photodarkening. This photodarkening reaction may or may not be reversible, depending on what other chemical components are in the irradiated solution. The quantum dot concentration dependence and PL decay kinetics indicate that charge recombination occurs rapidly, followed by ligand reattachment and reorganization on a longer (tens of m...
A Structured Peer-Mentoring Method for Physical Activity Behavior Change Among Adolescents

Despite national guidelines for regular physical activity, most adolescents are not physically active. Schools serve an estimated 60 million youth and provide an educational environment to meet the current physical activity guidelines. The obesity epidemic and chronic disease comorbidities associated with physical inactivity are not likely to be reversed without a strong contribution from local schools. This article describes how a structured peer-mentoring method provides a feasible, flexible, and tailored means to meet the current guidelines for best practice in a school setting. Structured peer mentoring using trained high school mentors to support behavior change in younger peers is an innovative method to meeting the School Health Guidelines to Promote Healthy Eating and Physical Activity Through structured peer mentoring, adolescents are provided consistent social support in a caring and personalized manner. This support builds skills and competencies enhancing self-efficacy to sustain a lifetime of physical activity behavior.
N-acetylcysteine Protects Mice from High Fat Diet-induced Metabolic Disorders

Purpose To study the effects of N-acetylcysteine (NAC, C5H9NO3S) on diet-induced obesity and obesity-related metabolic disorders.
Correlative Factors of Bronchiolitis Inducing Asthma

Objective To explore the correlative factors of asthma after bronchiolitis.Methods Clinical data from 115 hospitalized patients with bronchiolitis were collected from Jan.2002 to May 2003,including age,gender,incidence season,family asthma history,birth weight,eczema,severity of bronchiolitis,pathogen,total and specific immunoglobulin E(IgE),overweight,smoking during pregnancy and feeding patterns;and the data of respiratory tract infection and wheezing onset in those cases were collected by clinic sevice and telephone follow-up in post-discharge for 5 years;the pollution status in living environment(coal dust and mine especially) and animal contact history(especially cats and dogs) were recorded.And the independent effect of risk factors was obtained,Logistic regression models were created for each outcome variable.Results Thirty-nine(33.9%) cases of 115 children with brochiolitis developed into asthma.There were significant differences between asthma and non-asthma group in family asthma history,recurrent lower respiratory tract infection(LRTI) under 1 year old,onset age,severity extent and obesity(P =0,0,0.004,0.004,0.020,respectively).The factors that contribute to the risk of asthma onset were incidence season,severe bronchiolitis,parental asthma,eczema and recurrent LRTI(OR=0.49,3.82,6.12,3.76 and 3.14,respectively P=0.000 7,0.026 0,0,0.030 9,0.000 5).But,the factors of gender,birth weight,congenital heartdisease,pollution status in living envi-ronment,animal contact history,feeding patterns,smoking during pregnancy,age when occured bronchioliyis,blood IgE and overweight had not correlated with asthma after bronchiolitis.Conclusions Severe bronchiolitis,parental asthma,eczema and recurrent LRTI under 1 year old correlate with development of asthma after bronchiolitis,however,falling ill in winter may be a protective factor in the progression of airway inflammation.
A Bayesian Approach for Weighted Ontologies and Semantic Search

Semantic similarity search is one of the most promising methods for improving the performance of retrieval systems. This paper presents a new probabilistic method for ontology weighting based on a Bayesian approach. In particular, this work addresses the semantic search method SemSim for evaluating the similarity among a user request and semantically annotated sources. Each resource is annotated with a vector of features (annotation vector), i.e., a set of concepts defined in a reference ontology. Analogously, a user request is represented by a collection of desired features. The paper shows, on the bases of a comparative study, that the adoption of the Bayesian weighting method improves the performance of the SemSim method.
Why do patients die after a liver transplantation

Background As more patients achieve long-term survival, it has become important to understand mortality in liver transplantation (LT) recipients. Methods We conducted retrospective reviews of long-term outcome in two adult LT cohorts: 85 031 in the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) database and 1458 transplanted at the University of Wisconsin (UW). Results During median follow-up of 3.2 years (UNOS) and 6.6 years (UW), 35.1% of UNOS patients and 44.2% of UW patients died; 43.1% of all UNOS deaths occurred in year 1 compared to 25.1% in the UW cohort. Deaths due to infection (other than viral hepatitis) or cardiovascular (CV) causes were most frequent in year 1 in both cohorts and then persisted at lower rates. In contrast, death from malignancy increased after year 1 to peak in years 1-5. Deaths due to rejection, hepatitis, or graft failure were infrequent. In the UW cohort, de novo malignancy was more common than recurrent tumor and correlated with smoking history. Conclusions A coordinated holistic approach that focuses on limiting immunosuppression, infection, risky behaviors, and CV risks, while screening for cancer, is needed to extend the healthy lives of LT recipients.
Factor Analysis for Volatility

Factor models have become ubiquitous in finance for performing high dimensional analysis of returns and volatilities. Historical literature on the subject decomposes volatility into a factor component (systemic risk) and a remainder (idiosyncratic risk). However, recent work has suggested that a market shock to volatility may increase both systemic risk and idiosyncratic risk — specifically, that idiosyncratic volatility of US equities data has a factor structure, with the factor highly correlated with, and possibly precisely the market volatility. In this paper we attempt to characterize the underlying factor and find that it can be decomposed into a statistical (PCA) and structural (market volatility) factor. We also show that this feature is more common than expected, appearing in diverse sets of financial data. Lastly, we find that this dual- factor approach is slightly dominated in forecasting environments by a single statistical factor. Acknowledgments: For research support we thank the National Science Foundation. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.
Not All Experimental Questions Are Created Equal: Accelerating Biological Data to Knowledge Transformation (BD2K) via Science Informatics, Active Learning and Artificial Intelligence

The fathers of Artificial Intelligence (AI) dreamt about the application of AI to Scientific Discovery. We propose a new twist on these early dreams and describe a novel approach aimed at remodeling of the biomedical research infrastructure and catalyze gene function determination. We aim to start a bold discussion of new ideas aimed towards increasing the efficiency of the allocation of research capacities, reproducibility, provenance tracking, removing redundancy and catalyzing knowledge gain with each experiment. In particular, we describe a tractable computational framework and infrastructure that can help researchers assess the potential information gain of millions of experiments before conducting them. The utility of experiments in this paper is modeled as the predictive knowledge (formalized as information) to be gained as a result of performing an experiment. The experimentalist would then be empowered to select experiments that maximize information gain if they wished, recognizing that there are frequently other considerations, such as a specific technological or medical utility, that might override the priority of maximizing information gain. The conceptual approach we develop is general, and here we apply it to the study of gene function.
Seroprevalence of Antibodies to Toxocara Species in the United States and Associated Risk Factors, 2011-2014.

Background Toxocariasis results from infection with larval stages of a dog and cat intestinal nematode and causes human morbidity. The current United States estimate of Toxocara exposure is 13.9% (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey [NHANES] III [1988-1994]). Methods We used a multiplex bead-based assay (Tc-CTL-1MBA) with purified Toxocara canis antigen to estimate Toxocara antibody seroprevalence in serum of 13 509 persons aged ≥6 years from NHANES 2011-2014 and identified seropositivity risk factors. We tested a subset of 500 samples with the T. canis enzyme immunoassay used in NHANES III to estimate prior seroprevalence had samples from NHANES III been tested by Tc-CTL-1MBA. Results The age-standardized estimate of Toxocara seroprevalence was 5.0% (95% confidence interval [CI], 4.2%-5.8%), lower than previously reported even after adjusting for increased Tc-CTL-1MBA specificity. Risk factors for seropositivity from multiple logistic regression were older age, non-Hispanic black/Hispanic origin, male sex, living below poverty level, households with ≥0.5 persons per room, less than college education, and birth outside of the United States. Conclusions Toxocara seroprevalence estimates in 2011-2014 were lower than in a study from NHANES III (1988-1994), but seropositivity risk factors remained the same and should continue to be the focus of prevention efforts.
Violence Related Behaviors and Weapon Carrying Among Hispanic Adolescents: Results from the National Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2001-2015.

Hispanic youths are disproportionately represented in gangs in the United States, are more likely to drink alcohol at younger ages, and to live in poverty; all are risks for violence and weapon carrying. No studies to date have assessed violence related behaviors and weapon carrying in Hispanic youth over an extended period. This study utilized the national Youth Risk Behavior Surveys from 2001 to 2015 to assess trends in violence related behaviors and weapon carrying of Hispanic adolescents. Our analyses found both physical fighting and fighting on school property had statistically significant reductions from 2001 to 2015 for Hispanic females and their suicide attempts increased from 2009 to 2015. Hispanic males had statistically significant decreasing trends for: being in a physical fight in the past year, being bullied on school property, being in a physical fight on school property within the past year; threatened or injured with a weapon on school property in the past year; and having attempted suicide in the past year. Hispanic females and males had two groups of items highly predictive of weapon carrying behaviors: alcohol, tobacco, and other drug use and violent risk behaviors. Both female and male students who made mostly A’s or B’s in school were significantly less likely (about half as likely) to carry weapons. This data could be used to identify Hispanic adolescents at higher risk for weapon carrying and used as a basis for enriching programs to improve academic success of Hispanic adolescents.
In welchem ich das antike Körper-Geist-Problem vorstelle, erkläre, warum ich es mit logischem Denken und empirischer Forschung zu lösen versuche, den geschätzten Leser mit Francis Crick bekanntmache, erkläre, was dieser mit meinem Bestreben zu tun hat, ein Bekenntnis ablege und mit einer etwas traurigen Passage ende

Es war eine ganz alltagliche Begebenheit, die meinem Leben eine neue Wendung gab. Ich hatte schon ein Aspirin genommen, aber die Zahnschmerzen waren noch da. Da lag ich im Bett und konnte nicht schlafen, weil es in meinem unteren Backenzahn pochte.
Coagmento: Past, Present, and Future of an Individual and Collaborative Information Seeking Platform

In this demo, we present Coagmento, a Web-based, open-source tool for information seeking projects that collects information for individuals and groups and helps facilitate collaborative information seeking. Coagmento has been used in information retrieval and human-computer interaction studies to investigate individual and group information seeking behaviors in a lab or a field setting. In this demo, we discuss what Coagmento is, its past uses in prior studies, and its present state. We also discuss current work in progress. With Coagmento recently passing its 10th anniversary, we discuss our intention to make it a tool that is easy to configure for a human information behavior researcher with little programming skill.
USASI Y14.5, Dimensioning and Tolerancing for Engineering Drawings

(1969). USASI Y14.5, Dimensioning and Tolerancing for Engineering Drawings. Journal of Quality Technology: Vol. 1, No. 4, pp. 277-284.
Perspectives on future applications of experimental biology to evolution

The first three decades of the subdiscipline of biology known as “molecular evolution” have generated large amounts of new information that illuminate the nature of evolutionary pattern and process. Major progress has been made in identifying primary sequence variation in genes and their protein products, initially from biochemically tractable systems (from large or culturable organisms and from highly-reiterated genes or highly-expressed gene products). In the 1980s, these techniques that had been limited to specialists, to relatively few representatives of the diversity of life, and to a small number of those organisms’ genes, were extended through advances in molecular genetics and biochemistry, resulting in an explosion of molecular information and a proliferation of molecular trees. Studies of variation in molecular characters also were rarely linked with studies of anatomical, behavioral or ecological diversity. More sophisticated molecular genetic and biochemical techniques, currently being applied to long-standing questions in cell and developmental biology in model systems, should be applicable to more diverse lineages in the next decade. Molecular trees produced from one or more “housekeeping genes” can identify key lineages (species, populations, genomes or gene families) which, by comparison to model systems, may illuminate important aspects of higher level variability. Thus, the next phase of research in the field of molecular evolution should see greater linkage between studies of simple molecular and more complex developmental characters, and increased functional testing of genes and gene products in an evolutionary context. This review highlights some comparative experimental approaches that I believe will be most effective in extending our understanding of molecular evolution and better linking the field to other areas of science in the next few years.
Income Tax Planning and Management

Now that we have discussed how to use the PADD process to protect and accumulate your wealth, we move on to the defense or preservation of that wealth. Specifically, this chapter focuses on income-tax planning and management, with subsequent chapters addressing transfer-tax (gift- and estate-tax) planning and life events that threaten wealth, such as divorce or loss of a job.
The Aircraft Design Process

Introductionto the fundamentals of aircraft design is provided. These include the definition of the mission of the aircraft and various requirements, such as performance, handling, manufacturing, certifiability, upgradability, maintainability, and many others. This is followed by a general description of the aircraft design process and a general definition of a number of regulatory terms that are frequently encountered in industry. These are of particular importance to the entry level aerospace engineer who usually has a very limited exposure to this part of engineering. Then, a specific aircraft design algorithm is presented whose purpose is to guide the aircraft designer through the conceptual design process. This is prepared in a “what to do next” format and is based on actual industry experience and are not academic “cookbook” approaches. This information is followed by an introduction of selected project management tools. Many beginning project leaders are often at a loss as to how to manage a project, warranting the discussion of the tools. Project management revolves around knowing what to do and when to do it. Thus, the manager must construct a chronological order of the tasks that need to be completed. Tools, such as Gantt and Ishikawa diagrams and House of Quality, are described. Finally, helpful approaches to describing engineering ideas using graphics ranging from three-view drawings, solid modeling, FEA, CFD, engineering reports and drawings, as well as composite photo images are discussed.
Semblance: A Rank-Based Kernel on Probability Spaces for Niche Detection

In data science, determining proximity between observations is critical to many downstream analyses such as clustering, information retrieval and classification. However, when the underlying structure of the data probability space is unclear, the function used to compute similarity between data points is often arbitrarily chosen. Here, we present a novel concept of proximity, Semblance, that uses the empirical distribution across all observations to inform the similarity between each pair. The advantage of Semblance lies in its distribution free formulation and its ability to detect niche features by placing greater emphasis on similarity between observation pairs that fall at the outskirts of the data distribution, as opposed to those that fall towards the center. We prove that Semblance is a valid Mercer kernel, thus allowing its principled use in kernel based learning machines. Semblance can be applied to any data modality, and we demonstrate its consistently improved performance against conventional methods through simulations and three real case studies from very different applications, viz. cell type classification using single cell RNA sequencing, selecting predictors of positive return on real estate investments, and image compression.
Predictors of operability in children with severe pulmonary hypertension associated with congenital heart disease.

AbstractBackground:Pulmonary artery hypertension associated with congenital heart disease (PAH-CHD) occurs predominantly among patients with uncorrected CHD. Treatment of severe pediatric PAH-CHD remains a major intractability. This study evaluated the predictors and prognoses of children with PAH-C
Refractory Sexual Arousal Subsequent to Sacral Neuromodulation.

Background. Sacral neuromodulation has become a widely used treatment for lower urinary tract symptom and dysfunction. It has been observed to benefit sexual function in the domains of arousal and desire. Studies have yet to report markedly increased arousal symptoms as an adverse effect. Case. We present the case of a 57-year-old woman who developed symptomatic persistent genital arousal following implantation of a neuromodulator. Despite device reprogramming, a trial of the device being shut off, and eventual device removal, she continued to have residual new-onset undesired genital hyper-arousal symptoms. Conclusion. Our patient demonstrated markedly increased and persistent arousal symptoms that may be the result of upregulated or alternative activation of sacral nerve pathways. While other case reports describe improvement in persistent genital arousal disorder symptoms through neuromodulation, no studies mention hyperarousal symptoms as an adverse side effect after sacral neuromodulator placement nor persistence despite removal of the implant.
Establishing a Mutually Respectful Environment in the Workplace: A Toolbox for Performance Excellence

Most health care professionals spend a substantial amount of their time at the workplace. Our interactions with team members can define our daily experiences, impact our work performance, and influence our overall job satisfaction. Over the last years, how we interact with colleagues and patients has changed with the introduction of social media, a tenser political climate, and an evolving health care system. In oncology, a team can be composed of medical students, clinicians, and support and administrative staff within a heavy emotional environment where some of our patients are facing the risk of early mortality and most are dealing with the unmeasurable burden of cancer. Many of these factors can increase the risk for professionalism lapses. We discuss common challenges faced in the practice of cancer care, including the generational gap between medical trainees and senior members, gender disparities, and microaggressions. Microaggressions represent verbal, behavioral, and environmental indignities that communicate hostile, derogatory, and negative slights that insult a target person or group. Microaggressions should not be accepted as the norm in the workplace. It is essential to recognize these negative behaviors and manage them effectively to reduce or even prevent the long-term toxicities that these behaviors can bring to the workplace environment. Ultimately, we must acknowledge that these issues exist and remember that education and collaboration are the pillars of an inclusive workplace. We owe such efforts to our patients who deserve good care, to our partners in the care of patients so that they feel supported and included, and to ourselves.
Long-term exposure to PM2.5 and ozone and hospital admissions of Medicare participants in the Southeast USA.

Abstract We examined the association between average annual fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and ozone and first hospital admissions of Medicare participants for stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pneumonia, myocardial infarction (MI), lung cancer, and heart failure (HF). Annual average PM2.5 and ozone levels were estimated using high-resolution spatio-temporal models. We fit a marginal structural Cox proportional hazards model, using stabilized inverse probability weights (IPWs) to account for the competing risk of death and confounding. Analyses were then repeated after restricting to exposure levels below the current U.S. standards. The results showed that PM2.5 was significantly associated with an increased hazard of admissions for all studied outcomes; the highest observed being a 6.1% (95% CI: 5.9%–6.2%) increase in the hazard of admissions with pneumonia for each μg/m3 increase in particulate levels. Ozone was also significantly associated with an increase in the risk of first hospital admissions of all outcomes. The hazard of pneumonia increased by 3.0% (95% CI: 2.9%–3.1%) for each ppb increase in the ozone level. Our results reveal a need to regulate long-term ozone exposure, and that associations persist below current PM2.5 standards.
Possible realization and protection of valley-polarized quantum Hall effect in Mn /W S 2

By using the first-principles calculations and model analyses, we found that the combination of defected tungsten disulfide monolayer and manganese adsorption may give a $K{K}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ valley spin splitting up to 210 meV. This system also has a tunable magnetic anisotropy energy and its Fermi level sits right in a large band gap. Therefore it can be used for the realization of the valley-polarized anomalous Hall effect and for the exploration of other valley related physics without using optical methods. A protective environment can be formed by covering it with a hexagonal BN layer, without much disturbance to the benign properties of $\mathrm{Mn}/\mathrm{W}{\mathrm{S}}_{2}$.
InAs(111)A homoepitaxy with molecular beam epitaxy

The authors have established a robust set of growth conditions for homoepitaxy of high-quality InAs with a (111)A crystallographic orientation by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). By tuning the substrate temperature, the authors obtain a transition from a 2D island growth mode to step-flow growth. Optimized MBE parameters ( substrate temperature = 500 ° C, growth rate = 0.12 ML / s, and V / III ratio ≥ 40) lead to the growth of extremely smooth InAs(111)A films, free from hillocks and other 3D surface imperfections. The authors see a correlation between InAs surface smoothness and optical quality, as measured by photoluminescence spectroscopy. This work establishes InAs(111)A as a platform for future research into other materials from the 6.1 A family of semiconductors grown with a (111) orientation.
Genetic background and diet affect brown adipose gene co-expression – metabolic associations

Adipose is a dynamic endocrine organ that is critical for regulating metabolism and is highly responsive to nutritional environment. Brown adipose tissue is an exciting potential therapeutic target, however there are no systematic studies of gene-by-environment interactions affecting function of this organ. We leveraged a weighted gene co-expression network analysis to identify transcriptional networks in brown adipose tissue from LG/J and SM/J inbred mice fed high or low fat diets, and correlate these networks with metabolic phenotypes. We identified 8 primary gene network modules associated with variation in obesity and diabetes-related traits. Four modules were enriched for metabolically relevant processes such as immune and cytokine response, cell division, peroxisome functions, and organic molecule metabolic processes. The relative expression of genes in these modules is highly dependent on both genetic background and dietary environment. Genes in the immune/cytokine response and cell division modules are particularly highly expressed in high fat-fed SM/J mice, which show unique brown adipose-dependent remission of diabetes. The interconnectivity of genes in these modules is also heavily dependent on diet and strain, with most genes showing both higher expression and co-expression under the same context. We highlight 4 candidate genes, Col28a1, Cyp26b1, Bmp8b, and Kcnj14, that have distinct expression patterns among strain-by-diet contexts and fall under metabolic QTL previously mapped in an F16 generation of an advanced intercross between these two strains. Each of these genes have some connection to obesity and diabetes-related traits, but have not been studied in brown adipose tissue. In summary, our results provide important insights into the relationship between brown adipose and systemic metabolism by being the first gene-by-environment study of brown adipose transcriptional networks and introducing novel candidate genes for follow-up studies of biological mechanisms of action.
Effects of Aquatic and Ground Obstacle Training on Balance and Muscle Activity in Patients With Chronic Stroke

Background: Obstacle training affects lower limb muscle activity, balance, reducing the risk of falls, and making gait more stable.Objects: This study aimed to investigate the effects of aquatic and ground obstacle training on balance and muscle activity in patients with chronic stroke.Methods: The study subjects included 30 patients with stroke, who were divided into aquatic (n1= 15) and ground (n2=15) groups. Groups underwent obstacle training three times per week, 30 min per session, for six weeks that went as follows: walking over sites with the paralyzed leg, stepping onto and down from a box step, and walking over obstacles with the non-paralyzed leg.Results: The experimental results were obtained by comparing muscle activity. Activity of the rectus femoris, biceps femoris, tibialis anterior, and gastrocnemius were significantly increased in the aquatic group (p<.05). Activity of the biceps femoris and tibialis anterior were significantly increased in the ground group (p<.05); however, the rectus femoris and gastrocnemius were not significantly different. In the comparison of maximal distance regarding the limits of stability, it was significantly increased on the non-affected side, affected side, and anterior and posterior distance in the aquatic group (p<.05). It was significantly increased in the non-affected side and anterior and posterior distance the ground group (p<.05); however, maximal distance on the affected side distance was not significantly different.Conclusion: Gait training with aquatic and ground obstacles is effective for improving balance and gait ability of patients with stroke. However, it was more effective for the aquatic group than for the ground group.
Sacred Spaces and Transnational Networks in American Sufism: Bawa Muhaiyaddeen and Contemporary Shrine Cultures

In Sacred Spaces and Transnational Networks in American Sufism, Merin Shobhana Xavier conducts a fascinating analysis of the Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Fellowship, an American Sufi brotherhood founded by Mu...
Calculating Renyi Entropies with Neural Autoregressive Quantum States

Entanglement entropy is an essential metric for characterizing quantum many-body systems, but its numerical evaluation for neural network representations of quantum states has so far been inefficient and demonstrated only for the restricted Boltzmann machine architecture. Here we estimate generalized R\'enyi entropies of autoregressive neural quantum states with up to $N=256$ spins using quantum Monte Carlo methods. A naive ``direct sampling'' approach performs well for low-order R\'enyi entropies but fails for larger orders when benchmarked on a one-dimensional Heisenberg model. We therefore propose an improved ``conditional sampling'' method exploiting the autoregressive structure of the network ansatz, which outperforms direct sampling and facilitates calculations of higher-order R\'enyi entropies in both one- and two-dimensional Heisenberg models. Access to higher-order R\'enyi entropies allows for an approximation of the von Neumann entropy as well as extraction of the single-copy entanglement. Both methods elucidate the potential of neural network quantum states in quantum Monte Carlo studies of entanglement entropy for many-body systems.