cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Exploratory Analysis of Individualist Versus Structuralist Explanations of Income

This paper tests two divergent explanations of income: one model based on human capital variables, the other based on neo-Marxian, structural variables. In particular, our paper extends the work of political economists and the very recent work of sociologists (especially, Bibb and Form, Beck et al., and Wright and Perrone). Our sample was a national one drawn from a larger study conducted by the National Opinion Research Center; the final sample consisted of 763 members of the labor force (415 males and 348 females). While the human capital variables produced greater explained variance than the structural variables, in a combined model the structural variables increased the explanatory power by 27 percent. The structural model worked better for men; the human capital model worked better for women.
Medication-related predictors of health-related quality of life in glaucoma patients enrolled in a medicare health maintenance organization.

Abstract Background: Glaucoma is an important public health concern in the United States, particularly among older adults (aged ≥65 years). Pharmacologic therapy for glaucoma comsists mainly of topical eye drops containing beta-blockers or prostaglandin analogs. Objective: The goal of this study was to assess the associations between factors of topical medication use (self reported medication compliance, belief in benefit of medication use, usage difficulty, usage assistance, and complexity of medication regimen) and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in a cross-sectional population of older patients with glaucoma. Methods: A self-administered, 48-question survey soliciting information on medication-taking behaviors, treatmen-trelated factors, and HRQOL was mailed to members of a Medicare health maintenance organization who were aged ≥65 years and had primary open-angle glaucoma. Two mailings were conducted 4 months apart; the second was sent to members whose responses to the first mailing had not yet been received. The 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-12) and the 25-Item National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire (VFQ-25) were used to assess HRQOL. Other questions addressed perceptions of eye drop use in these patients. Multiple regression techniques were used to analyze associations between medication-related factors and HRQOL in this population. Results: The questionnaire was mailed to 589 patients; 375 responded (218 in the first mailing and 157 in the second mailing). A total of 358 responses were complete and analyzable (effective response rate, 62%). After controlling for the effects of other confounders, we found that self reported difficulty in using eye drops was strongly associated with decreased HRQOL (11.5% in VFQ-25 total score and 8.4% in SF-12 mental health score, P Conclusion: Based on our findings, patients aged ≥65 years with glaucoma were likely to have significant comorbidity, which affected both visual and general health and well-being perception. Additionally, a significant proportion of these patients reported difficulty with use of topical medication, which was independently associated with a significant decrease in HRQOL. Care of older patients with glaucoma should incorporate strategies to minimize the difficulty associated with medication use.
Maintenance of the primary symbiote of the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum in liquid media.

Abstract The primary symbiote of the pea aphid was maintained in liquid culture media for 12 hr for the purpose of optimizing certain culture parameters. The optimum temperature for protein and nucleic acid synthesis was found to be 28–30°C. There was no dependence of this microorganism on fetal calf serum added to the growth medium. Grace's insect tissue culture medium and Grace's insect tissue culture medium (modified by Tokumitsu and Maramorosch) were found to be best suited for the maintenance of this organism. The suitability of the growth medium for the microorganism was directly related to the age of the culture medium.
Deposition and redistribution of fungicides applied by air and chemigation for control of late blight in commercial potato fields

The fungicides metiram, mancozeb, metiram + triphenyltin hydroxide, propamocarb hydrochloride + chlorothalonil, dimethomorph + mancozeb, cymoxanil + mancozeb, and chlorothalonil were applied by aircraft and through center-pivot irrigation systems (chemigation) to replicated plots in commercial fields of ‘Russet Burbank’ potato. Fungicide deposition and redistribution were indirectly determined by inoculation of excised leaves withPhytophthora infestans and directly by chlorothalonil residue analysis from upper, middle, and lower crop canopies. The effectiveness of two surfactants added with fungicide and applied by aircraft, an increased water volume rate used by aircraft, and a reduced water volume used with chemigation was also determined. The addition of synthetic latex and siliconepolyether surfactants did not increase efficacy of metiram or mancozeb in controlling late blight when applied by aircraft. The protectant fungicides metiram, mancozeb, and chlorothalonil were not significantly different from dimethomorph + mancozeb, cymoxanil + mancozeb, and propamocarb hydrochloride + chlorothalonil in late blight control when applied by aircraft. However, cymoxanil + mancozeb had limited efficacy when applied by chemigation. Fungicide deposition through the canopy differed when air applications were made before or after canopy closure (row closure). Fungicides applied by aircraft prior to row closure protected the entire canopy; whereas, fungicide application after row closure initially protected the top and middle canopies, and subsequent applications and redistribution of the fungicides were needed for adequate protection throughout the canopy. The fungicides and fungicide mixtures tested were evenly deposited throughout the potato canopy with each chemigation application. Severity of late blight did not differ on leaves treated with mancozeb or chlorothalonil applied by aircraft at water volumes of 47 L/ha and 94 I/ha and then inoculated withP. infestans, nor did severity of late blight differ on inoculated leaves previously treated with chlorothalonil by chemigation at water volumes of 15,145 and 50, 571 L/ha.
INCOME MAINTENANCE EXPERIMENTS, POLITICS, AND THE PERPETUATION OF POVERTY

The background, general design and basic findings of a series of large-scale, government-sponsored, income maintenance experiments are described. Attention is given to the use of findings in connection with congressional debate over welfare reform. The findings have apparently fed political and ideological resistance to proposals for a national guaranteed income program for the poor. While we see the findings as bearing on the outcome of such a program, we suggest that much more important are largely unexamined systemic obstacles to a guaranteed income program.
Calcium channel γ subunits provide insights into the evolution of this gene family

Abstract The γ subunits of voltage-dependent calcium channels influence calcium current properties and may be involved in other physiological functions. Five distinct γ subunits have been described from human and/or mouse. The first identified member of this group of proteins, γ1, is a component of the L-type calcium channel expressed in skeletal muscle. A second member, γ2, identified from the stargazer mouse regulates the targeting of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA) receptors to the postsynaptic membrane. We report here the identification of three novel γ subunits from rat and mouse as well as the unidentified rat, mouse and human orthologs of the previously described subunits. Phylogenetic analysis of the 24 mammalian γ subunits suggests the following relationship ((((γ2, γ3), (γ4, γ8)), (γ5, γ7)), (γ1, γ6)) that indicates that they evolved from a common ancestral γ subunit via gene duplication. Our analysis reveals that the novel γ subunit γ6 most closely resembles γ1 and shares with it the lack of a PSD-95/DLG/ZO-1 (PDZ)-binding motif that is characteristic of most other γ subunits. Rat γ subunit mRNAs are expressed in multiple tissues including brain, heart, lung, and testis. The expression of γ1 mRNA and the long isoform of γ6 mRNA is most robust in skeletal muscle, while γ6 is also highly expressed in cardiac muscle. Based on our analysis of the molecular evolution, primary structure, and tissue distribution of the γ subunits, we propose that γ1 and γ6 may share common physiological functions distinct from the other homologous γ subunits.
Determination of MAWP of a Slab Tank Using FEA

The objective of this paper is to determine the maximum allowable working pressure per ASME Code [1] of a slab tank using finite element analysis [2]. The slab tank is to store various criticality liquids used in today’s industry. The slab tank has been designed on the basis of the capacity of the stored liquids. The slab tank design is consists of (a) two long side members, (b) two short side members, (c) top head, and (d) bottom head. The slab tank is supported from the bottom at a height by a rectangular plate enclosure. The heads are designed for internal pressure and static pressure at the bottom where the pressure is the maximum. The slab tank has been designed to withstand internal pressure plus static pressure due to liquid head. The procedure used to determine MAWP is as follows: (1) The dimensioned slab tank is modeled using STAAD III finite element software. (2) Two loading conditions are used: (a) internal pressure; (b) static pressure due to liquid head; (c) combined internal pressure plus static pressure. The maximum stress and deflection is evaluated at the above three conditions for determination of MAWP. The stress due to the static pressure due to liquid will remain the same. Only the stress due to internal pressure can be changed by changing the internal pressure. New internal pressure is calculated to meet the ASME code stress criteria, which then will be the MAWP condition. A procedure is established to determine the MAWP of slab tanks using FEA.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Weather patterns associated with green turtle hypothermic stunning events in St. Joseph Bay and Mosquito Lagoon, Florida

Sea turtles exhibit behavioral responses to cope with metabolic changes caused by seasonal water temperature fluctuations. Extremely low water temperatures (below 10 °C) may result in a mass hypothermic stunning (cold-stun) event, and a very limited time window exists within which sea turtles can be rescued and rehabilitated. Accurately recognizing and predicting weather patterns that cause abrupt cold snaps can alert sea turtle rescue groups and rehabilitation facilities in advance of the cold-stun event, improving their readiness and response times, and ultimately preventing severe impacts to the imperiled species. Therefore, this research analyzed weather data from available years to identify the atmospheric processes that resulted in moderate to severe cold-stun events. Three cold-stun events were examined using Arctic Oscillation data, synoptic scale weather elements, in situ air temperature, water temperature, and wind data. Differences between moderate and severe classifications are contingent upon...
Interpreting literature for young children

Reading literature effectively to pre‐school, kindergarten, and first‐grade children is an important challenge. Good reading of literature for this group should be encouraged by including a unit in the basic college course, or by introducing a course devoted solely to the performance of children's literature.
A spectroscopic investigation of a tridentate Cu-complex mimicking the tyrosine-histidine cross-link of cytochrome C oxidase.

Heme−copper oxidases have a crucial role in the energy transduction mechanism, catalyzing the reduction of dioxygen to water. The reduction of dioxygen takes place at the binuclear center, which contains heme a3 and CuB. The X-ray crystal structures have revealed that the C6′ of tyrosine 244 (bovine heart numbering) is cross-linked to a nitrogen of histidine 240, a ligand to CuB. The role of the cross-linked tyrosine at the active site still remains unclear. In order to provide insight into the function of the cross-linked tyrosine, we have investigated the spectroscopic and electrochemical properties of chemical analogues of the CuB−His−Tyr site. The analogues, a tridentate histidine−phenol cross-linked ether ligand and the corresponding Cu-containing complex, were previously synthesized in our laboratory (White, K.; et al. Chem. Commun. 2007, 3252−3254). Spectrophotometric titrations of the ligand and the Cu-complex indicate a pKa of the phenolic proton of 8.8 and 7.7, respectively. These results are co...
Stability of high-brilliance synchrotron radiation sources☆

Abstract Various issues that enter into the consideration of the electron and optical beam stability of high-brilliance synchrotron radiation sources are discussed. In particular, a broad overview of the various sources of noise or modulation, their manifestation and cure is presented.
THE PUBLIC SPHERE, SOCIAL NETWORKS AND PUBLIC SERVICE MEDIA

The traditional Habermasian concept of the national public sphere created by the mass media of newspapers and television is said to have transformed to a multi-layered sphere of online and social networks which are increasingly important in engaging and mobilizing citizenship and in shaping the discourse within which rational discussion takes place. This article argues that the democratizing and empowering functions of the Internet and the new social media is being exaggerated and represent technological optimism for a number of reasons: the open participation of the Internet can turn chaotic; there is a problem of inclusiveness; censorship might be an issue; the Internet has become a major arena for corporate activity; the Internet's content is highly partisan; and above all, extensive dialogue and critical discussion (the very essence of the public sphere) is often absent on the Net. The article argues that open-platform Public Service Media (PSM) are capable of developing more comprehensive and inclusi...
Ultrafast processes in semiconductor nanocrystals and metal nanoparticles

I will describe our studies of ultrafast light-induced processes in semiconductor nanocrystals and metal nanoparticles, including acoustic vibrations in gold nanoparticles and charge separation in metal clusters and semiconductor nanocrystal heterostructures.
Prostaglandin-mediated hyperemia and renin-mediated hypertension during acute ureteral obstruction

Acute elevation of ureteral pressure to 100 mm Hg in anesthetized dogs (n=7) resulted in an increase (P<0.005) in systemic blood pressure from 151±7 to 163 ± 7 mm Hg, a transient (∼15 min) increase (P<0.05) in renal blood flow from 413 ± 27 to 465 ± 27 ml/min C and a rise (P<0.05) in plasma renin activity from 6.0 ± 1.6 to 10.3 ± 2.1 ng/ml/hr. Pretreatment with a competitive inhibitor of angiotensin II, i.e. sar1gly8AII, abolished the hypertensive response to acute ureteral obstruction, and pretreatment with 2 mg/kg of either indomethacin (n=6) or meclofenamate (n=3), 15 min before obstruction, prevented the hyperemic response. These results suggest that acute ureteral obstruction leads to hypertension via activation of the renin-angiotensin system and hyperemia via a prostaglandin-initiated mechanism.
The complete Ac/Ds transposon family of maize

The nonautonomous maize Ds transposons can only move in the presence of the autonomous element Ac. They comprise a heterogeneous group that share 11-bp terminal inverted repeats (TIRs) and some subterminal repeats, but vary greatly in size and composition. Three classes of Ds elements can cause mutations: Ds-del, internal deletions of the 4.6-kb Ac element; Ds1, ~400-bp in size and sharing little homology with Ac, and Ds2, variably-sized elements containing about 0.5 kb from the Ac termini and unrelated internal sequences. Here, we analyze the entire complement of Ds-related sequences in the genome of the inbred B73 and ask whether additional classes of Ds-like (Ds-l) elements, not uncovered genetically, are mobilized by Ac. We also compare the makeup of Ds-related sequences in two maize inbreds of different origin. We found 903 elements with 11-bp Ac/Ds TIRs flanked by 8-bp target site duplications. Three resemble Ac, but carry small rearrangements. The others are much shorter, once extraneous insertions are removed. There are 331 Ds1 and 39 Ds2 elements, many of which are likely mobilized by Ac, and two novel classes of Ds-l elements. Ds-l3 elements lack subterminal homology with Ac, but carry transposase gene fragments, and represent decaying Ac elements. There are 44 such elements in B73. Ds-l4 elements share little similarity with Ac outside of the 11-bp TIR, have a modal length of ~1 kb, and carry filler DNA which, in a few cases, could be matched to gene fragments. Most Ds-related elements in B73 (486/903) fall in this class. None of the Ds-l elements tested responded to Ac. Only half of Ds insertion sites examined are shared between the inbreds B73 and W22. The majority of Ds-related sequences in maize correspond to Ds-l elements that do not transpose in the presence of Ac. Unlike actively transposing elements, many Ds-l elements are inserted in repetitive DNA, where they probably become methylated and begin to decay. The filler DNA present in most elements is occasionally captured from genes, a rare feature in transposons of the hAT superfamily to which Ds belongs. Maize inbreds of different origin are highly polymorphic in their DNA transposon makeup.
The Cult of the Dead and the Theme of Entry Into the Land

In a number of biblical texts, including both prescriptive texts and narratives, the erection of stones, pillars, or altars commemorates entry into the land of Israel. The present paper is an investigation of the mythic and cultic basis for this action. It is suggested that the erection of the or together with accompanying ritual actions, may be traced to the Israelite ancestor cult. The underlying ritual pattern constitutes the ceremonial installation of the ancestors on the land, and manifests an assertion of ownership in perpetuity.
Much histochemistry in colonic polyps and cancer

Mucins are the predominant glycoproteins found in gastrointestinal epithelia, and their structures differ according to the location in the GI tract and the state of cellular differentiation. Different forms of mucin are secreted in colonic polyps and cancers compared to those found in the normal colon. This paper reviews the methods available to probe mucin structure and the state of knowledge regarding the structures of neoplasia-associated mucins. Many of the assumptions made in the interpretation of classical histochemical stains on tissue sections have recently been questioned, and new insight into mucin structure has been gained from the development of newer methodologies such as lectin histochemistry and immunocytochemistry that use well-defined monoclonal antibodies.
Transcriptional regulation of human corticotropin releasing factor gene expression by cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate: differential effects at proximal and distal promoter elements

cAMP participates in the regulation of endogenous hypothalamic and placental CRF by increasing levels of both peptide secretion and mRNA expression. In previous studies we have shown that stimulation of the protein kinase A-dependent pathway by cAMP analogues or forskolin produced a dose-dependent increase in levels of CRF mRNA when the intact hCRF gene was stably transfected and expressed in the mouse corticotroph AtT20 cell line. In the present study, we explored the mechanism of the cAMP-dependent increase in CRF gene expression in the stably transfected AtT20 cell line using pharmacologic, slot-blot, and RNase mapping methodologies. Following incubation with cAMP, there was a rapid increase in CRF mRNA which was completely blocked by pre-treatment with actinomycin D, an inhibitor of transcription. Cycloheximide, an inhibitor of protein synthesis, produced an independent increase in CRF mRNA, but did not change the relative induction of CRF mRNA produced by cAMP. Solution hybridization studies using intron- and exon-specific hCRF probes demonstrated a rapid rise in nuclear CRF hnRNA, which was apparent within 15 min of cAMP incubation and preceded the rise in cytoplasmic CRF mRNA. RNase mapping studies demonstrated that CRF transcription was initiated at discrete promoter sites in CRF-AtT20 cells, and that this pattern of promoter utilization was similar to that observed in mRNA derived from sites of endogenous CRF expression, human placenta and human hepatoma NPLC cell line. Treatment with cAMP selectively increased CRF mRNA transcripts initiated at the proximal promoter site, but had little or no effect on transcripts initiated at the distal promoters. We conclude that cAMP effects on CRF gene expression occur rapidly, do not require new protein synthesis, and are initiated within the nuclear compartment, consistent with a direct effect on CRF gene transcription. This effect is mediated predominantly through the proximal promoter element, while more distal promoters are less sensitive to transcriptional activation by cAMP.
Genetic and Chemical Models of Colorectal Cancer in Mice

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a significant health concern because of its associated mortality. Most CRCs exhibit dysregulation of the Wnt signaling pathway, caused by mutational inactivation of the adenomatous polyposis coli tumor suppressor gene (APC) or mutational activation of β-catenin. Disease progression is accompanied by additional mutations in the KRAS oncogene and p53 tumor suppressor gene. Other CRCs are microsatellite unstable because of mutational inactivation or epigenetic silencing of key molecules responsible for DNA mismatch repair. This review focuses on several common mouse models of CRC, highlighting the consequences of germline mutation of the aforementioned tumor suppressor genes or proto-oncogenes. This article also discusses chemical carcinogens that adversely affect the intestinal tissues with formation of colorectal neoplasia in mice. These mouse models have significantly contributed to the understanding of the mechanisms responsible for CRC pathogenesis and also may serve as potential vehicles for therapeutic intervention.
Extensive Isomerization of Alkenes Using a Bifunctional Catalyst: An Alkene Zipper

Catalyzed movement of alkene double bonds up to 30 positions has been accomplished using a catalyst featuring a cationic CpRu fragment and bifunctional imidazolylphosphine. The basic nitrogen of the latter is thought to deprotonate coordinated alkene intermediates reversibly, facilitating isomerization between terminal and (E)-alkenes and accelerating conversions by factors of up to 1 × 104.
Measurement of microvascular diameter by a sensor scan technique.

A simple sensor scan technique for measuring the diameter of microvessels is described. A phototransistor mounted onto a piston is scanned in a linear fashion back and forth through the light path of an infinity corrected image of a blood vessel. This results in a change in the phototransistor output, the duration of which is proportional to vascular diameter. Calibration of the system is linear from 11 to 101 μm. Resolution of less than 5 μm can easily be obtained making it usable for simultaneous measurements of paired vessels.
In situ measurements of chemical sensor film dynamics by spectroscopic ellipsometry. Three case studies

Abstract A summary of in situ dynamic studies of three distinctly different chemically selective films is presented. A chemically selective film is a crucial component of a chemical sensor. Spectroscopic ellipsometry was used to determine film thickness and refractive index changes in time as these films were exposed to aqueous electrolyte solution. These three films are presented as case studies illustrating the usefulness of dynamic spectroscopic ellipsometry in deciphering a range of film behaviors—from film robustness to film failure. The three films studied were Nafion–SiO2, PDMDAAC–SiO2 and PVTAC–PVA. The first two of these represent rigid silica (SiO2) networks in which an ion exchange polymer is immobilized. The third film consists of an all polymer based composite with an ion exchange polymer entrapped by cross-linking the host polymer PVA. Each of these three films exhibited different dynamic behavior on soaking in aqueous electrolyte solution. The Nafion–SiO2 film remained essentially unchanged over time and represents a robust useful sensor film. The PDMDAAC–SiO2 film underwent large changes and ultimately catastrophically failed when exposed to solution for a long period of time. The PVA–PVTAC film swelled by approximately a factor of 1.5 when exposed to solution but remained intact, fully functional and bound to the substrate surface over time. Knowledge of sensor film properties is important in understanding how a chemical sensor works or fails and in the modeling of chemical sensor response. In the case of film failure, determination of the underlying reasons can often be deduced from dynamic measurements of ellipsometry parameters.
Rat liver microsomal UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activity toward thyroxine: Characterization, induction, and form specificity

Abstract Glucuronidation of thyroxine (T 4 ) by liver microsomal UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UDP-GT) is a predominant pathway by which T 4 is deactivated. This study was conducted to characterize in vitro T 4 UDP-GT activity in rat liver microsomal preparations, to determine if T 4 glucuronidation is mediated by a particular form of UDP-GT, and to determine if T 4 glucuronidation can be increased by microsomal enzyme inducers. Characterization of microsomal T 4 UDP-GT activity led to the establishment of optimal assay conditions. UDP-GT activity toward T 4 was determined in hepatic microsomal preparations from Wistar and Gunn rats, a mutant strain of Wistar rats deficient in several forms of UDP-GT. Hepatic microsomal preparations from Gunn rats glucuronidated T 4 at one-third the rate catalyzed by microsomal preparations from Wistar rats. To determine the effect of four inducers that each increase a separate class of UDP-GT, phenobarbital (PB), 3-methylcholanthrene (3MC), pregnenolone-16α-carbonitrile (PCN), clofibrate (CLO), saline, or corn oil was administered to male Sprague-Dawley rats ip for 4 days. T 4 UDP-GT activity was increased by PB, 3MC, PCN, and CLO 88, 150, 100, and 160%, respectively on a per-milligram-microsomal-protein basis and 138, 125, 100, and 145% on a per-kilogram-body-weight basis, respectively. Therefore, all four classes of UDP-GT inducers increase T 4 glucuronidation, suggesting that T 4 is not a selective substrate for a particular form of UDP-GT.
The new management system

Abstract Daniel Quinn Mills introduces a new management system — GEM (Goals, Empowerment, Measurement) and contracts it with two traditional systems — ODS(A) (Organize, Deputize, Supervise — Autocratic) and ODS(P) (Organize, Deputize, Supervise — Participative). A professional manager should know and recognize and be able to apply all three as the setting requires. GEM — Sometimes referred to simply as “empowerment”, goes beyond participative management — it involves a change in the way the individual relates to work. Because of significant successes in the West using GEM, some Japanese firms (who do not go that far) are beginning to use it.
Methodological Framework for Evaluation of Financial Viability of Public-Private Partnerships: Investment Risk Approach

The development of highway infrastructure has increasingly been shifting toward the use of public-private partnerships (PPP) and alternative methods of project financing. In such schemes, the evalu...
Evaluation and the Summer Language Program Abroad: A Review Essay.

abroad increased during the 1980s while at the same time its clientele broadened from foreign language majors to students from business and engineering (6: p. 92). The strengths of summer study abroad programs suggest why many institutions are sponsoring them: the visibility and prestige they bring to the university, the cost relative to full-year programs, the opportunity for faculty to travel and conduct research abroad, and the profitability to the institution. Criticisms of summer study abroad programs are tied to what are also program features: brevity and lack of traditional structure. The shortness of the summer study experience can limit student contact with the host culture, which in turn limits the opportunity for language practice and the potential impact on student values (5: p. 261). From an administrator's standpoint, summer study abroad programs are problematic since they do not compare easily with on-campus summer study. Do summer study abroad programs offer classwork equal in rigor and content to coursework given on campus? Most summer study directors who have published their views on academic rigor in summer language programs believe that coursework can and should be rigorous, but not in the same ways that counterparts on campus would be.1 Geitz argues that students must be given equal opportunity both to assimilate information about their new environment and to experiment with how that information works so that neither academics nor the richness of the for-
Ammi Visnaga Lam.—A medicinal plant

Extensive investigation has shown that khellin, an active principle obtained from this plant, is of value in treating angina pectoris and bronchial asthma.
Amino acid supplementation as therapy for attention deficit disorder.

A double-blind study compared the effects on 14 children with attention deficit disorder (ADD) with hyperactivity of 1-week trials of each of the following: tyrosine 140 mg/kg/day, tryptophan 100 mg/kg/day, d -amphetamine 5 mg or 10 mg/day, and placebo. Parent and teacher ratings and measures of attention were obtained at baseline and at the end of each condition. Tyrosine was not significantly different from placebo on any of the variables measured. Tryptophan, while not significantly different from placebo on teachers ratings, was significantly better by parents ratings. This suggests that tryptophan may have some benefit in selected cases of ADD, primarily with home behavior problems.
On a wave equation with a boundary condition associated with capillary waves

This paper discusses an initial-boundary value problem for a wave equation with a nonstandard boundary condition associated with linear capillary waves on the surface of a compressible liquid. We prove the well-posedness of this problem. Our main technical device is the Fourier transform.
?-(Phosphatoxy)alkyl and ?-(acyloxy)alkyl radical migrations studied by laser flash photolysis

Abstract A number of β-(phosphatoxy)alkyl and β-(acyloxy)alkyl radicals have been generated by laser flash photolysis of the corresponding Barton PTOC esters. Time resolved studies permitted the determination of rate constants and kinetic parameters for their rearrangement in benzene, THF, and acetonitrile. Migrations are accelerated by electron-donating groups on the alkyl moiety, electron-withdrawing groups on the migrating group, and more polar solvents. All reactions showed strictly first order kinetics. The results are interpreted in terms of concerted mechanisms occurring through three electron, three center and five electron, five center mechanisms.
Irregular discharge as an unobtrusive measure of ... something: some additional thoughts.

In a recent article Davis (1973) suggested that irregular discharges represent a valid, unobtrusive measure of patients' discontent with hospital treatment programs. Craig (1973) took issue with Davis' conclusion on the grounds that many other factors contribute to the production of irregular discharges. Both papers are reviewed here. It is concluded that, while Craig's implied criticism of Davis' papers is unwarranted, the data adduced in Davis−study do not support the hypothesized link between patient discontent and irregular discharge. Some evidence of the connection between irregular discharge and patients' discontent is available from a number of other sources, however, along with support for Craig's contention that irregular discharge has multiple determinants.
A note on hybrid finite element method for solving scattering problems

The hybrid finite-element formulation (HFEM) originated by P. Silvester and M.S. Hsieh (1971) is modified in such a way that it results in a sparse or uniformly banded matrix, rather than a partly full and partly sparse nonuniform matrix. The modification is accomplished by changing the sequence of matrix substitutions and substantially improves the computational efficiency and enhances the capability of the method, which is demonstrated by numerical examples. A comparison with other numerical techniques is presented. >
Disruption of limbic white matter pathways in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease: a DTI/FDG-PET study

Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) affect the limbic system, causing medial temporal lobe (MTL) atrophy and posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) hypometabolism. Additionally, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) studies have demonstrated that MCI and AD involve alterations in cerebral white matter (WM) integrity. Objectives: To test if (1) patients with MCI and AD exhibit decreases in the integrity of limbic WM pathways; (2) disconnection between PCC and MTL, manifested as disruption of the cingulum bundle, contributes to PCC hypometabolism during incipient AD. Methods: We measured fractional anisotropy (FA) and volume of the fornix and cingulum using DTI in 23 individuals with MCI, 21 with mild-to-moderate AD, and 16 normal control (NC) subjects. We also measured PCC metabolism using 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) in AD and MCI patients. Results: Fornix FA and volume were reduced in MCI and AD to a similar extent. Descending cingulum FA was reduced in AD while volume was reduced in MCI and even more so in AD. Both FA and volume of the fornix and descending cingulum reliably discriminated between NC and AD. Fornix FA and descending cingulum volume also reliably discriminated between NC and MCI. Only descending cingulum volume reliably discriminated between MCI and AD. In the combined MCI-AD cohort, PCC metabolism directly correlated with both FA and volume of the descending cingulum. Conclusions: Disruption of limbic WM pathways is evident during both MCI and AD. Disconnection of the PCC from MTL at the cingulum bundle contributes to PCC hypometabolism during incipient AD. Hum Brain Mapp, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc
Three new ellagic acid derivatives from the bark of Eschweilera coriacea from the Suriname rainforest

Bioassay-guided fractionation of Eschweilera coriacea collected in the lowland wet forest of Suriname yielded the new but only weakly active ellagic acid derivative eschweilenol A (1) and the two new but inactive ellagic acid derivatives eschweilenol B (2) and eschweilenol C (3). The four known compounds, sucrose, ellagic acid, 3-O-galloylepigallocatechin, and epigallocatechin, were also isolated. The structures of the three new compounds were determined by spectrometric methods, primarily from the HMQC, HMBC, NOESY, and ROESY NMR techniques, and chemical methods, including methylation and triethylsilylation. The location of a hydroxyl group in one ellagic acid derivative was determined by a new technique involving an NOE correlation of the protons of a triethylsilyl derivative with a proton on a neighboring aromatic ring.
Life, information theory, probability, and physics

A purely information-theoretical approach to the problem of self-replication of elementary living units implies that pure chance is the determining factor in the formation of the first living unit. The probability of such a spontaneous formation can be calculated from the minimum amount of information which an organism must possess in order to replicate itself. An estimation of this amount of information is made here by two different methods. First by a “paper and pencil experiment” which indicates the minimum amount of information needed on a printed page in order that with given tools the page could be reproduced. Second—by an analytical consideration of some hypothetical molecular mechanisms. A general method for handling such problems is suggested. On the basis of estimated information contents it is shown that under most favorable conditions the probability of a spontaneous generation by pure chance during the lifetime of the earth is vanishingly small. It is concluded that dynamic factors, which may reduce tremendously the information content, must play a role in the genesis of life on earth.
The X-box binding protein-1 transcription factor is required for plasma cell differentiation and the unfolded protein response

X-box binding protein-1 (XBP-1) is a transcription factor essential for plasma cell differentiation. XBP-1 transcripts are found at high levels in plasma cells from rheumatoid synovium and myeloma cell lines. Lymphoid chimeras deficient in XBP-1 have a profound defect in plasma cell differentiation, with few plasma cells in their periphery and severely reduced serum immunoglobulin levels. When introduced into B-lineage cells, XBP-1 initiates plasma cell differentiation. XBP-1 is also the mammalian homologue of the yeast transcription factor Hac1p, an important component of the unfolded protein response (UPR). The UPR allows cells to tolerate conditions of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress caused by misfolded proteins. Studies examining the relationship between plasma cell differentiation, XBP-1, and the UPR demonstrate that this novel signaling system is vital for plasma cell differentiation. Signals that induce plasma cell differentiation and the UPR cooperate via XBP-1 to induce terminal B-cell differentiation. Additionally, XBP-1 plays an important role in the regulation of interleukin-6 production, a cytokine essential for plasma cell survival.
How to use graduate interns to support your publications department

Graduate interns in technical writing and editing can be a valuable source of professional support for a publications department, especially if their managers keep certain management principles in mind. Fresh from year-long internships at New Mexico State University's Physical Science Laboratory, two interns briefly describe their experience and offer publications managers eight suggestions for the effective management of technical writing and editing interns. They also include an annotated bibliography of recent literature about internships in technical writing.
High-resolution infrared signature modeling: a U.S. Army perspective

For years, thermal model developers have promoted the approach of using simulated data validated by measurements as the best method of analyzing all aspects of a thermal signature -- target, background, atmosphere, and imager. Recent advances in high speed CPUs and high performance graphic workstations have allowed for improved proficiency in these thermal signature models and has helped convince `the user' that the modeled approach is viable. Now, targets and backgrounds can be modeled more quickly and with better realism and imagers of all types can be simulated in practical runtimes. These improved capabilities increase the temptation to look to modeling as the panacea for all difficulties encountered in infrared imaging as sensor designers, smart weapons designers, and vehicle concept designers all realize the cost and practical limitations of using measured data only. This paper examines the benefits and pitfalls experienced by U.S. Army modelers particularly in the target and background modeling area and provides some guidelines for future modeling directions.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Effects of emulsifier on particle size of a phase change material in a mixture with water

Abstract The use of a phase-change material (PCM) in a district cooling system was studied in order to increase the heat transfer performance of the system. One of the major technical obstacles to its use is the clogging of the piping system. The present study attemps to minimize the clogging problem by using an emulsifier. Effects of the emulsifier on the mixture of water and hexadecane (a PCM) were studied. A small amount (60 to 2,775 ppm) of emulsifier caused remarkable effects resulting in the production of fine PCM particles. As the amount of the emulsifier was increased in the 25% hexadecane mixture with water, the size of the solid particles of hexadecane became smaller. When the size of the hexadecane particles was small enough, they did not stick together or stick to the surface of the cold wall of a heat exchanger.
Composition, soaking, cooking properties and thermal characteristics of starch of chickpeas, wrinkled peas and smooth peas

We investigated both the distribution of protein, ash and starch in legume (chickpeas, smooth and wrinkled peas) cotyledons, and the soaking and cooking characteristics, including gelatinization and retrogradation, of the starch. There were large differences in composition between different types of legumes and also between the outer and inner parts of legume cotyledons. Wrinkled peas exhibited much higher water absorption during prolonged soaking and there were higher hardness value determined for cooked seeds compared with chickpeas and smooth peas. While the hardness of cooked seeds decreased continuously as cooking time increased to 110 min, all legume starch was fully gelatinized after cooking for 70 min. La distribution des proteines et de l'amidon dans les cotyledons de 3 legumineuses (pois lisses, et ride, et pois chiche) les caracteristiques au trempage et a la cuisson (y compris gelatinisation et retrogradation de l'amidon) ont ete etudies. De grandes differences de composition existent entre les 3 legumineuses ainsi que dans les differentes partie du cotyledon. Le pois ride est le plus dur. la durete des graines cuites diminue quand la cuisson augmente (jusqu'a 110 min). Tous les amidons sont gelatinises apres 70 min de cuisson.
Hydrothermal circulation in subducting crust reduces subduction zone temperatures

Most thermal models of subduction zones assume no advection of heat by fluid flow because slow flow through underthrusting sediment, the decollement, and wedge likely transports only a minor amount of heat. We model coupled fluid and heat transport in a subduction zone and show that hydrothermal circulation in subducting basaltic basement rocks can have a great influence on subduction zone temperatures. Fractured basaltic basement has permeability several orders of magnitude higher than a typical decollement, allowing fluid circulation to redistribute and extract heat from a subduction zone. We simulate systems with upper basaltic basement permeability ranging from 10−13 to 10−10 m2. In addition, we incorporate the effect of permeability reduction within the basaltic basement as it is subducted. The models with fluid transport show suppressed temperatures along the subducting slab relative to models with no fluid transport. With continuous sediment cover, heat is extracted from under the margin wedge to the trench. In models where faulted ocean crust exposes high-permeability basement to the ocean floor, cooling from ocean bottom water results in highly suppressed heat flow relative to conductive models. Hydrothermally cooled ocean crust also acts to slow thermally controlled diagenetic reaction progress within subducting sediment.
A diverse range of gene products are effectors of the type I interferon antiviral response

The type I interferon response protects cells against invading viral pathogens. The cellular factors that mediate this defence are the products of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). Although hundreds of ISGs have been identified since their discovery more than 25 years ago, only a few have been characterized with respect to antiviral activity. For most ISG products, little is known about their antiviral potential, their target specificity and their mechanisms of action. Using an overexpression screening approach, here we show that different viruses are targeted by unique sets of ISGs. We find that each viral species is susceptible to multiple antiviral genes, which together encompass a range of inhibitory activities. To conduct the screen, more than 380 human ISGs were tested for their ability to inhibit the replication of several important human and animal viruses, including hepatitis C virus, yellow fever virus, West Nile virus, chikungunya virus, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus and human immunodeficiency virus type-1. Broadly acting effectors included IRF1, C6orf150 (also known as MB21D1), HPSE, RIG-I (also known as DDX58), MDA5 (also known as IFIH1) and IFITM3, whereas more targeted antiviral specificity was observed with DDX60, IFI44L, IFI6, IFITM2, MAP3K14, MOV10, NAMPT (also known as PBEF1), OASL, RTP4, TREX1 and UNC84B (also known as SUN2). Combined expression of pairs of ISGs showed additive antiviral effects similar to those of moderate type I interferon doses. Mechanistic studies uncovered a common theme of translational inhibition for numerous effectors. Several ISGs, including ADAR, FAM46C, LY6E and MCOLN2, enhanced the replication of certain viruses, highlighting another layer of complexity in the highly pleiotropic type I interferon system.
Stability in computed optical interferometric tomography (Part I): Stability requirements

As imaging systems become more advanced and acquire data at faster rates, increasingly dynamic samples can be imaged without concern of motion artifacts. For optical interferometric techniques such as optical coherence tomography, it often follows that initially, only amplitude-based data are utilized due to unstable or unreliable phase measurements. As systems progress, stable phase maps can also be acquired, enabling more advanced, phase-dependent post-processing techniques. Here we report an investigation of the stability requirements for a class of phase-dependent post-processing techniques – numerical defocus and aberration correction with further extensions to techniques such as Doppler, phase-variance, and optical coherence elastography. Mathematical analyses and numerical simulations over a variety of instabilities are supported by experimental investigations.
Biomedical wellness monitoring system based upon molecular markers

We wish to assist caretakers with a sensor monitoring systems for tracking the physiological changes of homealone patients. One goal is seeking biomarkers and modern imaging sensors like stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM), which has achieved visible imaging at the nano-scale range. Imaging techniques like STORM can be combined with a fluorescent functional marker in a system to capture the early transformation signs from wellness to illness. By exploiting both microscopic knowledge of genetic pre-disposition and the macroscopic influence of epigenetic factors we hope to target these changes remotely. We adopt dual spectral infrared imaging for blind source separation (BSS) to detect angiogenesis changes and use laser speckle imaging for hypertension blood flow monitoring. Our design hypothesis for the monitoring system is guided by the user-friendly, veteran-preferred "4-Non" principles (noninvasive, non-contact, non-tethered, non-stop-to-measure) and by the NIH's "4Ps" initiatives (predictive, personalized, preemptive, and participatory). We augment the potential storage system with the recent know-how of video Compressive Sampling (CSp) from surveillance cameras. In CSp only major changes are saved, which reduces the manpower cost of caretakers and medical analysts. This CSp algorithm is based on smart associative memory (AM) matrix storage: change features and detailed scenes are written by the outer-product and read by the inner product without the usual Harsh index for image searching. From this approach, we attempt to design an effective household monitoring approach to save healthcare costs and maintain the quality of life of seniors.