cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mobility and destination in migration decisions: The roles of earnings, quality of life, and housing prices☆

Abstract Migration is traditionally explained by better earnings opportunities. A recent alternative explanation emphasizes improved living conditions in a new location. This paper builds on limited work that combines earnings and consumption approaches and recent research on quality of life. We consider the individual's decision to move and choice of destination. Augmented microdata from the 1980 Census are used to estimate impacts of wages, housing costs, quality of life, and moving costs on the probabilities of changing counties between 1975 and 1980 and on movers choosing specific counties. Wages and moving costs are most important in choosing whether or not to move. Quality of life, wages, and housing prices matter in choosing destination.
Image sequence segmentation combining global labeling and local relabeling and its application to materials science images

ABSTRACT Accurately segmenting a series of 2D serial-sectioned images for multiple, contiguous 3D structures has importantapplications in medical image processing, video sequence analysis, and materials science image segmentation.While 2D structure topology is largely consistent across c onsecutive serial sections, it may vary locally becausea 3D structure of interest may not span the entire 2D sequence. In this paper, we develop a new approach toaddressthis challengingproblem by consideringboth the gl obal consistency and possible local inconsistency of the2D structural topology. In this approach, we repeatedly propagate a 2D segmentation from one slice to another,and we formulate each step of this propagation as an optimal labeling problem that can be ec iently solvedusing the graph-cut algorithm. Specically, we divide the optimal labeling into two steps: a global labeling thatenforces topology consistency, and a lo cal labeling that identies possible topology inconsistency. We justify theeectiveness of the proposed approach by using it to segmen t a sequence of serial-sectionmicroscopic images of analloy widely used in material sciences and compare its performance against several existing image segmentationmethods.Keywords: Segmentation, Materials, Propagation, Topology Constraints, Local and Global
The effect of tranexamic acid in blood loss and transfusion volume in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis surgery: a single-surgeon experience.

Abstract Purpose Intraoperative blood loss in scoliosis surgery often requires transfusions. Autogenous blood decreases but does not eliminate risks typically associated with allogenic blood transfusion. Costs associated with transfusions are significant. Tranexamic acid (TXA) has been shown to decrease blood loss in cardiac and joint surgery. Few studies have examined its use in pediatric spine surgery, and the results are inconsistent. The aim of this study was to determine whether TXA decreases intraoperative blood loss and transfusion requirements in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients undergoing posterior spinal fusion by a single surgeon. Methods The medical records and operative reports of surgically treated patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis between 2000 and 2009 were retrospectively reviewed. The inclusion criteria were: (1) patients who underwent instrumented posterior spinal fusion, (2) had complete medical records, and (3) were treated by the same surgeon. Forty-nine patients w...
Total Ionizing Dose Tolerance of ${\rm Ag} - {\rm Ge}_{40}{\rm S}_{60}$ based Programmable Metallization Cells

Programmable Metallization Cells (PMC) are two-terminal elements that exhibit resistance switching based on the combination of bias dependent ion conduction through a solid-state electrolyte and reduction/oxidation (redox) reactions occurring at the electrode terminals. PMC based resistive random access memory (ReRAM) is currently used in emerging nonvolatile memory technologies and has the potential to be the successor of current flash memory. In this study we demonstrate the radiation tolerance of Ag-doped Ge 40 S 60 based PMC elements that were irradiated up to a total ionizing dose (TID) of 10 Mrad(Ge 40 S 60 ) using 60 Co gamma rays. The irradiation tests on the PMC devices, with two different Ag anode thicknesses (35 nm and 100 nm), show no significant degradation in the resistance switching characteristics.
A 3‐D geodynamic model of lateral crustal flow during Andean mountain building

Although the Andes are believed to have resulted mainly from crustal shortening, the shortening history remains debated and appears to require lateral (along-strike) crustal flow. Three-dimensional viscous flow modeling shows that, within geological uncertainties, the Andes may have been produced by either Neogene shortening alone or with significant pre- Neogene shortening. These scenarios require major along-strike crustal flow and predict significantly different histories of uplift and crustal motion.
Performance of Titanium-Tungsten-Silicon-Aluminum Based Coated Cutting Tools

In order to determine an effective coating film for cutting carbon steels with a coated cemented carbide tool, tool wear was experimentally investigated. Low carbon steel (AISI 5120H steel) was turned with four kinds of physical vapor deposition (PVD) coated cemented carbide tools. The coating films used were TiN coating film and three kinds of titanium-tungsten-silicon-aluminum based coating films, namely (Ti,W,Si,Al)N, (Ti,W,Si,Al)C and (Ti,W,Si,Al)(C,N) coating film. (Ti,W,Si,Al)N, (Ti,W,Si,Al)C or (Ti,W,Si,Al)(C,N) is a new type of coating film. The following results were obtained: (1) The critical load of three kinds of titanium-tungsten-silicon-aluminum based coating films was higher than that of TiN coating film. (2) The hardness of three kinds of titanium-tungsten-silicon-aluminum based coating films was higher than that of TiN coating film. (3) In cutting low carbon steel, the wear progress of three kinds of titanium-tungsten-silicon-aluminum based coating film tools was slower than that of the TiN coated tool. (4) In the three kinds of titanium-tungsten-silicon-aluminum based coating films, the wear progress of the (Ti,W,Si,Al)N coated tool was the slowest.
Sparse matrix methods for unbalanced multifactor analysis of variance and covariance

We apply the contrast algorithm to compute hypothesis sums of squares for complete multifactor unbalanced analysis of variance and covariance. We find a sparse structure for the system of linear equations required by the algorithm. For solution, we find an optimal arrangement of factors that produces a minimum of non zero fills for the triangular decomposition of the sparse equation matrix. We examine several sparse matrix methods that do not improve upon this simple factor arrangement. We also consider iterative methods for solving the linear equations and present a solution for the balanced case that provides an effective initial value for convergence. We present examples indicating a considerable savings in storage and computation time in larger designs.
Child, parent and family dysfunction as predictors of outcome in cognitive-behavioral treatment of antisocial children

The present study examined factors that predicted favorable treatment outcomes among clinically referred conduct problem children (N = 105, ages 7-13) who received cognitive-behavioral treatment. Three domains (severity and breadth of child impairment, parent stress and psychopathology and family dysfunction) assessed at pretreatment were predicted to affect treatment outcome. The results only partially supported the prediction. Less dysfunction in each of the domains predicted who responded favorably to treatment on parent ratings of deviance and prosocial functioning but not on teacher ratings of these outcomes. The findings have implications for identifying youths who respond to available treatments. The results also underscore fundamental questions about the assessment of treatment effects and the criteria for evaluating outcome.
Scoliosis research society-22 results in 3052 healthy adolescents aged 10 to 19 years.

STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional survey. OBJECTIVE The purpose of our study was to evaluate a large population of adolescents from a broad mix of racial/ethnic backgrounds and age groups to better establish baseline normative values for the Scoliosis Research Society-22 (SRS-22). SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA The SRS-22 instrument was developed to assess treatment outcomes in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. To accurately assess real changes in outcome measures, the SRS-22 must be able to differentiate patients with and without adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. METHODS The SRS-22 was administered to 3052 healthy adolescents, 51% female and 49% male, with a mean age of 14.6 years (range, 10-19 yr). We grouped the children into 3 age groups for analysis: 10 to 12 years (362), 13 to 15 years (1487), and 16 to 19 years (1203). Racial/ethnic groups included: Caucasian, 62%; African American, 14%; Hispanic, 9%; Asian, 6%; Native American, 5%; and Pacific Islander, 4%. SRS-22 scores were analyzed to establish normative values for each group. RESULTS Mean SRS-22 scores were: activity, (4.31 ± 0.54); pain, (4.44 ± 0.67); image, (4.41 ± 0.64); mental, (3.96 ± 0.81); and total, (4.26 ± 0.54). Females had lower scores in the mental domain (3.90) than males (4.04) (P < 0.001). The scores of children aged 10 through 12 years were higher in the domains of activity (P = 0.000), pain (P < 0.001), and mental (P < 0.001) than those of children aged 13 through 15 years and 16 through 19 years. The 13- to 15-year group had significantly higher scores than the 16- to 19-year group (P < 0.001) in each of the same categories. Regarding race/ethnicity, Caucasians tended to report higher scores in most domains than other race/ethnic groups. Hispanics scored lower in all domains than the non-Hispanic group. CONCLUSION Age, sex, and race had a significant impact on SRS-22 scores in a large group of healthy adolescents. In general, scores lowered as age increased from 10 to 19 years, Caucasians scored higher in function, pain, and image than other racial groups, and Hispanics scored lower than non-Hispanics in all domains. These factors should be considered when evaluating SRS-22 scores.
THE OUTSIDE READING PROBLEM—A PRACTICAL SUGGESTION

Author's Summary.— Essays written on topics chosen by the students from the fields of their own major subjects instead of the usual “book reports” offer splendid opportunities for the much needed points of contact between the modern languages and other fields of study.
Association of age-related mitochondrial abnormalities with skeletal muscle fiber atrophy

The hypothesis that mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to the senescent loss of skeletal muscle was investigated in quadriceps from 2- to 39-year old rhesus monkeys. Histological approaches, both cross-sectional (a single cross-section of the muscle) and longitudinal (multiple cross-sections of individual fibers spanning a 350–1600 μm region), were used to identify muscle fibers with abnormal mitochondrial electron transport system (ETS) enzyme activities and mitochondrial DNA deletions. Fibers were examined for two ETS activities, succinate dehydrogenase (SDH, ETS complex II) and cytochrome c oxidase (COX, ETS complex IV). The number of individual fibers containing ETS abnormalities (predominately negative for cytochrome c oxidase activity and/or hyperreactive for succinate dehydrogenase) increased with age. Deletions of the mitochondrial genome were observed in 89% of these ETS abnormal fibers. Longitudinal analysis allowed characterization of the ETS abnormal phenotype along their length. A decrease in cross-sectional area in 14% of the ETS abnormal fibers supports the hypothesis that deleted mitochondrial genomes may contribute to age-related fiber atrophy.
Effect of sulfide on growth of marine bacteria.

Severe hypoxia leads to excess production of hydrogen sulfide in marine environments. In this study, we examined the effect of sulfide on growth of four facultative anaerobic marine bacteria in minimal media under anaerobic conditions. The Gram-negative chemolithoautotrophic Marinobacter sp. tolerated sulfide concentrations up to 0.60 mM, with doubling and lag times increasing as a function of increasing sulfide concentration but with no change in maximum culture yields; growth did not occur at 1.2 mM sulfide. Similar results were obtained for the metabolically diverse Gram-negative denitrifying Pseudomonas stutzeri, except that growth occurred at 1.2 mM and culture yields at 0.60 and 1.2 mM sulfide were approximately 10-fold lower than at sulfide concentrations between 0 and 0.30 mM. Increases in doubling and lag times accompanied by an overall 10-fold decrease in maximum culture yields were found for the Gram-negative chemoheterotrophic Vibrio sp. at all sulfide concentrations tested. In contrast, growth of a Gram-positive chemoheterotrophic Bacillus sp. was resistant to all sulfide concentrations tested (0.15–1.2 mM). Our results highlight the variable responses of marine bacteria to sulfide and provide some insight into shifts that may occur in microbial community structure and diversity as a consequence of changes in sulfide levels that are the result of hypoxia.
Neuroblastoma detected by mass screening: the Tumor Board’s role in its treatment

Japan has a nationwide mass-screening program for neuroblastoma in 6-month-old infants. Neuroblastoma can regress spontaneously, and some institutions observe selected cases. We evaluated the management of screened neuroblastoma at our hospital since 1997 when an observation program was introduced. Criteria for the observation program were stage-I, stage-II, or stage-IVs tumors, urinary vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) and homovanillic acid (HVA) levels <40 microg/mg creatinine, tumor <5 cm in diameter, no invasion to the intraspinal canal or great vessels, and parental consent to participate. Patients who did not meet observation criteria underwent surgery or mild chemotherapy according to the location of the tumor. If patients met observation criteria after chemotherapy, surgical intervention was no longer performed. Thirty-six patients attended our hospital for screened neuroblastoma from 1997 to 2002. Thirty-three patients who were managed at our hospital participated in this study. Ten subjects met observation criteria. Tumors regressed in 7 patients (mean follow-up period 36.3 months) with corresponding decreases in VMA and HVA levels (group A). Three underwent surgery (group B) because of increasing VMA and HVA levels, increase in tumor size, or guardian's request. Twenty-three subjects did not meet observation criteria. Four patients underwent primary surgery (group C), and 19 patients had chemotherapy initially. Fourteen patients met observation criteria after chemotherapy and two are still having chemotherapy (group D). Three patients required surgery due to insufficient regression of their tumors (group E). Fourteen subjects in group D had marked decreases in VMA and HVA levels and tumor size (mean follow-up period 29.1 months), and tumors were not detected using imaging techniques in 8 patients. Histological examination of all resected specimens during the study period showed favorable histology and no N-myc amplification. There was no evidence of unfavorable prognosis in any of the 33 subjects, although 1 patient who underwent primary surgery had a vanishing kidney 1 year later and 1 patient had multiple bony metastases after complete resection of tumor, which was treated by chemotherapy. Until the real significance of mass screening for neuroblastoma as a public health measure is confirmed, observation with careful follow-up should be adopted more extensively because it has a favorable outcome in many cases, and is associated with minimal therapeutic complications.
Effects of ultraviolet light and methoprene on survival and development of Rana pipiens

Recently a suite of relatively specific hindlimb deformities have been observed in several anuran species in North America. These deformities include ectopic and supernumerary limbs and missing limbs, limb segments, or digits. The objective of this study was to assess two stressors hypothesized as responsible for limb malformations in amphibians: methoprene, an insect growth regulator that, through interaction with the retinoic acid signaling system, could possibly cause limb deformities, and ultraviolet (UV) light. Northern leopard frogs (Rana pipiens) were exposed to several different concentrations of methoprene both in the absence and presence of UV light designed to mimic the UV wavelength spectrum present in sunlight. Exposures were initiated at early embryonic stages (newly fertilized eggs) and continued through emergence of the forelimbs of the frogs. At the highest methoprene concentration tested, both in the absence and presence of UV light, severe developmental effects were observed, with all organisms dying within 12 to 16 d of test initiation. However, exposure to the pesticide did not cause limb malformations. Irrespective of methoprene treatment, a very high percentage (∼50%) of animals held under the UV light for 24 d developed hindlimb malformations. These malformations usually were bilateral and sometimes completely symmetrical, and consisted of missing limb segments and missing or reduced digits. A complete proximal to distal representation of the deficiencies occurred, ranging from missing or malformed femurs to the absence of single digits or digit segments. The developmental period of greatest sensitivity to UV light occurred during very early limb bud development, corresponding with formation of the apical ectodermal ridge. The significance of these findings in terms of deformed frogs in the field is uncertain. Although the deformity types observed (i.e., missing limb segments and digits) were similar to those seen in some field specimens, the UV light treatment did not cause the full range of malformations observed in animals from the field (e.g., supernumerary limbs, nonbilateral deformities). Furthermore, although the artificial light spectrum utilized mimicked the relative UV spectrum present in sunlight, it did not match full sunlight intensity, and did not accurately mimic visible wavelengths. Finally, the relationship of the UV light dose used in the laboratory to that actually experienced by amphibians in the field is uncertain. Despite these questions, our findings suggest that UV light should be further considered as a plausible factor contributing to amphibian malformations in field settings.
Occam’s Razor Cuts Both Ways: Endophytes, Resource Allocation, Herbivory, and Mutualism: A Reply to Rudgers et al.

Fungal endophytes and their grass hosts have attracted growing research interest as systems in which to examine the ecological and evolutionary consequences of maternally inherited symbioses. The lion’s share of research for these endophytic symbioses has been focused on Neotyphodium endophytes in three introduced agronomic grasses (but especially one, tall fescue; see Faeth and Saikkonen 2007; fig. 7.1 in Cheplick and Faeth 2009), and much of the conventional wisdom about endophyte-host interactions has been developed from these agronomic grass systems. However, accumulating studies from wild grasses suggest important species-specific differences between host grass–endophyte associations and therefore challenge concepts based on a few agronomic grass systems. My long-term study (Faeth 2009) of how asexual Neotyphodium endophytes affect resource allocation and herbivore loads in a wild grass, Arizona fescue (Festuca arizonica), is one of these, and Rudgers et al. (2010) challenge both my methods and my interpretation.
Outcome of 622 Adults With Asymptomatic, Hemodynamically Significant Aortic Stenosis During Prolonged Follow-Up

Background— This study assessed the long-term outcome of a large, asymptomatic population with hemodynamically significant aortic stenosis (AS). Methods and Results— We identified 622 patients with...
Lumped-density population models of pioneer-climax type and stability analysis of Hopf bifurcations

The effects of population density on the survival and growth of an individual species are modeled by assuming that the species per capita growth rate (i.e., fitness) is a function of a weighted total density. A species is called a pioneer population if it thrives at low density but its fitness decreases monotonically with increasing density. A species is called a climax population if its fitness increases up to a maximum value and then decreases as a function of its total density. Hopf bifurcations for deterministic models of the interaction of pioneer and climax populations are discussed. Stability properties for the Hopf invariant curves in the discrete models are compared to the stability properties of the Hopf periodic orbits in the corresponding continuous models. Examples illustrate that stability may be more common in the discrete models.
Energy dissipation in carbon nanotube composites: a review

In this article we discuss the energy dissipation that occurs when the interfacial slip of nanoscale fillers is activated in a host matrix material. We consider both polymer (such as polycarbonate, PEO, PEG) and epoxy matrices. The nanoscale fillers considered are carbon nanotubes (both singlewalled and multiwalled) as well as fullerenes. The nano-composites are fabricated by using a solution mixing technique with tetra-hydro-furan as the solvent. The interfacial friction damping is quantified by performing uniaxial dynamic load tests and measuring the material storage and loss modulus. We study various effects such as impact of nanotube weight fraction, nanotube surface treatment (oxidation, epoxidation etc.), test frequency, strain amplitude, operating temperature, as well as effect of pre-strain or biased strain. The effect of geometry (i.e., aspect ratio) is also considered by comparing the damping response of fullerene-composites with that of nanotube-composites.
Solubility in Binary Solvent Mixtures: Anthracene Dissolved in Alcohol + Carbon Tetrachloride Mixtures at 298.2 K

Article discussing solubility in binary solvent mixtures and anthracene dissolved in alcohol + carbon tetrachloride mixtures at 298.2 K.
Local dielectric and strain measurements in YBa2Cu3O7−δ thin films by evanescent microscopy and Raman spectroscopy

The near-field evanescent microwave microscope is based on a coaxial transmission line resonator with a silver-plated tungsten tip protruding through an end-wall aperture. The sensor is used to measure local dielectric properties of thin-film YBa2Cu3O7?? deposited on three different SrTiO3 bi-crystal substrates having mismatch grain boundary angles of 3?, 6?, and 12?. The measurements in the superconducting state are below critical temperature at T = 79.4?K. The dielectric property of the superconductor within the near field of the tip frustrates the electric field and measurably changes the transmission line's resonant frequency. The shift of the resonator's frequency is measured as a function of tip?sample separation and associated changes in quality factor (?Q) image scans of the thin film are presented. A quantitative relationship between the real and imaginary parts of the local dielectric constant and the frequency shift using the method of images is established. The comparison between experimental data and theory based on this method is given and discussed. Raman measurements of the intergranular strain within the YBa2Cu3O7?? thin film deposited on each SrTiO3 substrate in the region of the bi-crystal junction showed excellent correlation between grain boundary mismatch and induced grain boundary strain. Compressive strains normal to the a axis (i.e.?tensile strains normal to the b axis) were detected across the grain boundary. The magnitude of induced strain as well as its spread away from the grain boundary increased as the mismatch angle increased.
The US Pharmacopeia: interfacing chemical metrology with pharmaceutical and compendial science

The United States Pharmacopeial Convention (USP) is an official public standards-setting authority for prescription and over-the-counter medicines and other healthcare products manufactured or sold in the United States. USP’s standards are recognized and used in more than 130 countries around the globe. Over the last decade, USP has worked to advance measurement science for food and drug articles of commerce. Adoption of modern metrologic principles helps ensure that a measurement of one or more property values (attributes) of a food or drug article is acceptable without regard to when (time), where (space), or how (technology) the measurement was taken. The vision of USP is to achieve the international recognition, harmonization, and official acceptance for all USP reference standards based on sound scientific metrological principles. Current hot topics at USP, such as elemental impurities, adulteration, and contamination, as well as counterfeit drugs, are also discussed in this article.
The Progenitor of Supernova 1993J Revisited

From Hubble Space Telescope images with 0 05 resolution, we identify four stars brighter than V = 25 mag within 2 5 of SN 1993J in M81, which contaminated previous ground‐based brightness estimates for the supernova progenitor. Correcting for the contamination, we find that the energy distribution of the progenitor is consistent with that of an early K‐type supergiant star with MV ≈ -7.0 ± 0.4 mag and an initial mass of 13–22 M⊙. The brightnesses of the nearby stars are sufficient to account for the excess blue light seen from the ground in preexplosion observations. Therefore, the SN 1993J progenitor did not necessarily have a blue companion, although by 2001, fainter blue stars are seen in close proximity to the supernova. These observations do not strongly limit the mass of a hypothetical companion. A blue dwarf star with a mass up to 30 M⊙ could have been orbiting the progenitor without being detected in the ground‐based images. Explosion models and observations show that SN 1993J progenitor had a helium‐rich envelope. To test whether the helium abundance could influence the energy distribution of the progenitor, we calculated model supergiant atmospheres with a range of plausible helium abundances. The models show that the presupernova colors are not strongly affected by the helium abundance longward of 4000 A, and abundances ranging between solar and 90% helium (by number) are all consistent with the observations.
Testosterone and 5α-Reduced Androgen Secretion by Rabbit Testes-Epididymides Perfused In Vitro1

Mass spectrometric determinations confirmed that testosterone, 5α-androstan-17βol-3-one, 5α-androstan-3α,17β-diol and 5α-androstan-3β,17β-diol were present in venous effluent of in vitro perfused rabbit testes-epididymides. Testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, 3α-androstanediol and 3β-androstanediol were secreted at 3.1 ± 0.9, 0.7 ± 0.2, 0.4 ± 0.1 and 0.6 ±0.1 5g/h when testes-epididymides were perfused with an artificial medium containing 2.5 ng/ml NIH-LH-S17, ovine. Surprisingly, testosterone constituted only 64% of the total mass of the four androgens secreted. These results probably reflect in vivo androgen secretion since hourly collections of spermatic vein blood from anesthetized rabbits contained 2.7 ± 0.9, 0.8 ± 0.3, 0.15 ± .04 and 0.5 ± 0.2 5g of testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, 3α-androstanediol and 3β-androstanediol, respectively. Once again testosterone constituted only 64% of the total mass of the four androgens. (Endocrinology 96: 610, 1975)
Magnetic Field Dependence of Basal Plane Magnetocrystalline Anisotropy in Dysprosium

The basal plane magnetocrystalline anisotropy of a dysprosium single crystal was measured at 77 K in magnetic fields up to 70 kOe. The results confirmed the theoretical prediction that the anisotropy is considerably larger in the easy direction than in the hard direction at applied fields near the anisotropy field, and the difference rapidly decreases with increasing magnetic field.
The determination of deuterium in biological fluids.

Summary Simple spectrophotometric methods for the analysis of deuterium in biological fluids are described. The methods cover the entire range from 0 to 100 atom % D2O, and micro amounts of sample may be analyzed directly. Results obtained with urine, serum, distillate, and water of combustion samples are presented.
Comparison of Outcome Measures for a Traditional Pediatric Faculty Service and Nonfaculty Hospitalist Services in a Community Teaching Hospital

OBJECTIVE. Several studies have found decreased cost and length of stay for patients who are cared for by pediatric hospitalists compared with traditional faculty models. The objective of this study was to compare cost and length of stay between a faculty group and 2 separate hospitalist groups in a community teaching hospital. This study differs from previous ones in that both the traditional faculty and hospitalist models were in place simultaneously, and the traditional faculty group was employed by the hospital, whereas the hospitalist groups were in private practice. METHODS. A total of 1009 pediatric patients with any of the 11 most frequent diagnosis-related groups were analyzed according to the admitting physician group. Total direct costs and length of stay were computed for 3 separate groups (faculty group, hospitalist group 1, and hospitalist group 2). Linear regression models were used to compare total direct costs and length of stay among the groups. Each model accounted for age, severity index, and payer source. RESULTS. Age, severity index, and physician group were predictive in determining total direct costs and length of stay. There was no significant difference in patient age among the groups, but the faculty group had significantly increased severity indices compared with hospitalist groups 1 and 2 (1.6 ± 0.7 vs 1.3 ± 0.6 vs 1.4 ± 0.6, mean ± SD). The faculty group had statistically significantly lower total direct costs compared with hospitalist groups 1 and 2 ($1781 ± $1449 vs $1954 ± $1212 vs $1964 ± $1495, mean ± SD). The faculty group had shorter average length of stay compared with hospitalist groups 1 and 2 (2.6 ± 2.0 vs 3.1 ± 2.6 vs 2.9 ± 2.3, mean ± SD). The readmission rates among the groups were similar. CONCLUSIONS. Traditional faculty models can be as efficient in terms of total direct costs and length of stay as evolving hospitalist models. This study9s results may be unique because the traditional faculty model was composed of general pediatricians instead of a blend of generalists and subspecialists. In addition, the traditional faculty physicians concentrated almost entirely on the care of inpatients while engaged in hospital care.
Recognition of essential purines by the U1A protein

The RNA recognition motif (RRM) is one of the largest families of RNA binding domains. The RRM is modulated so that individual proteins containing RRMs can specifically recognize RNA targets with diverse sequences and structures. Understanding the principles governing this specificity will be important for the rational modification and design of RRM-RNA complexes. In this paper we have investigated the origins of specificity of the N terminal RRM of the U1A protein for stem loop 2 (SL2) of U1 snRNA by substituting modified bases for essential purines in SL2 RNA. In one series of modified bases, hydrogen bond donors and acceptors were replaced by aliphatic groups to probe the importance of these functional groups to binding. In a second series of modified bases, hydrogen bond donors and acceptors were incorrectly placed on the purine bases to analyze the origins of discrimination between cognate and non-cognate RNA. The results of these experiments show that three different approaches are used by the U1A protein to gain specificity for purines. Specificity for the first base in the loop, A1, is based primarily on discrimination against RNA containing the incorrect base, specificity for the fourth base in the loop, G4, is based largely on recognition of the donors and acceptors of G4, while specificity for the sixth base in the loop, A6, results from a combination of direct recognition of the base and discrimination against incorrectly placed functional groups. These investigations identify different roles that hydrogen bond donors and acceptors on bases in both cognate and non-cognate RNA play in the specific recognition of RNA by the U1A protein. Taken together with investigations of other RNA-RRM complexes, the results contribute to a general understanding of the origins of RNA-RRM specificity and highlight, in particular, the contribution of steric and electrostatic repulsion to binding specificity.
Effect of ethyl alcohol on the TSH-receptor-cyclase system in thyroid and nonthyroid tissues.

Alcohol has been documented to be an excellent stimulator of calcitonin secretion in patients with C-cell hyperplasia and medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC). We, therefore, investigated the effects of 3–9% ethyl alcohol (ethanol) on the binding of tracer quantities of125I-labeled bovine thyroid-stimulating hormone (125I-bTSH) to its receptor in normal and neoplastic thyroid tissue as well as its effects on adenylate cyclase (AC) stimulation in an 8,000 × g particulate fraction from normal and neoplastic nonmedullary thyroid tissue from 10 patients (20 specimens). We also studied the effect of ethanol on AC activity in 16 other nonthyroidal tissues (5 parathyroid adenoma, 1 pheochromocytoma, 1 sarcoma, and normal and neoplastic breast, kidney, parotid, and colon). These studies demonstrated that ethanol increased the binding of125I-bTSH to normal and neoplastic thyroid tissue. It also increased AC activity in all but 3 of the 20 thyroid tissues and in all but 3 of the 16 nonthyroid tissues [thyroid basal 20.9±7.1, ethanol maximum 45.9±12.3 (p<0.025); nonthyroid basal 83.0 ±21.5, ethanol maximum 137±31.1 (p<0.01) in picomoles/30 min per mg protein]. This increase was dose dependent over a range of 3–9% ethanol. There was no difference in the degree of ethanol stimulation of AC between normal (28.7±16.3) and neoplastic (21.4±7.8) thyroid or between normal (89.0±8.9) and neoplastic (75.2±23.7) nonthyroid tissues. When ethanol (5%) was given along with TSH, sodium fluoride, Gpp(NH)p, or forskolin, there was a greater increase in AC activity than when no alcohol was present. The combined effect of TSH and ethanol (140.1±49.4) at maximal concentrations was comparable or greater than the result when TSH and ethanol were added separately (121.5±41.8). Thus, ethanol stimulates TSH binding and also activates AC in nearly all normal and neoplastic human tissues. This may be important biologically as well as experimentally since some compounds used in AC assays (in particular, forskolin) are dissolved in ethanol.
Design of the near-infrared camera for the Gemini telescope

The Gemini Infrared Imager is a 1 - 5.5 micrometers general purpose camera to be built by the Institute for Astronomy for the Gemini Telescope on Mauna Kea, Hawaii. The camera will provide both high spatial resolution and wide field modes, and support spectroscopic, coronographic, and polarimetric capabilities. The camera project is currently in its preliminary design phase. We present the results of the conceptual design study.
Abstract 3810: Ciclopirox olamine downregulates Cdc25A expression in tumor cells

Ciclopirox olamine (CPX), a synthetic fungicide clinically used to treat mycoses of the skin and nails, has been demonstrated as a novel anticancer agent. Recently we have identified that CPX inhibits tumor growth by inhibiting proliferation and inducing apoptosis of tumor cells. This study was set to investigate the underlying mechanisms. We found that CPX slowed down cell cycle progression and accumulated cells at G1 phase in a concentration-dependent manner in human rhabdomyosarcoma (Rh30) and breast carcinoma (MDA-MB-231) cells. Concurrently, CPX downregulated Cdc25A protein, a key cell cycle regulator that is frequently overexpressed in tumor cells. Further studies revealed that CPX did not alter the mRNA and protein synthesis level, but promoted the protein degradation of Cdc25A. In addition, we found that CPX caused DNA damage, activated ATR/ATM-Chk1 cascade, elevated phosphorylation of Cdc25A (S76) and inhibitory phosphorylation on both CDK2 (T14/Y15) and CDK6 (Y24), and reduced phosphorylation of retinoblastoma protein (Rb). Furthermore, CPX activated JNK pathway, which links to apoptosis, and is negatively regulated by Cdc25A. Moreover, CPX disrupted the interaction between ASK1 and Cdc25A. These results suggest that CPX may inhibit cell proliferation and induce cell apoptosis by targeting Cdc25A. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3810. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-3810
Inhibitors affecting the oxidizing side of photosystem II at the Ca2+- and Cl−-sensitive sites

Abstract In addition to compounds which inhibit the function of calmodulin (a ubiquitous calcium regularity protein found in plants and mammalian tissues), Ca2+ or Cl− channel blockers in mammalian tissues were also found to inhibit electron transport in Photosystem II submembrane preparations. Their inhibition was overcome by electron donation to P-680 by diphenylcarbazide (for all of the compounds used) and by H2O2 (except with trifluoperazine). Addition of Ca2+ and/or Cl− also partially prevented the inhibitory action. We postulate that the inhibitory action occurs at the level of the water-splitting system at the site of Ca2+ modulation of the Cl− cofactor requirement for O2 evolution (as hypothesized in Nakatani, H.Y. (1984) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 120, 299–304).
Slide Rule Calculations of Radioactive Decay.

N = Noe -At, in which N is the number of particles remaining at the time, t; No, the initial number of particles; and X, the decay constant, or fraction of the number present disintegrating per unit time. The time may be expressed in any desired units if the corresponding reciprocal unit is understood for the decay constant. An alternative form of the equation is N=No. 10-A't, in which A' = 0.4343A. The time interval, Ti, during which the activity decreases to half of its original value is called the half-life. Since XTj = 0.69315 and A'TI= 0.30103, any of the three quantities Ti, A, and A' may be used to characterize a particular radioactive species. Calculations involving this equation may be carried out to any desired precision with the aid of tables of logarithms. For a material of known half-life which is used frequently, it is convenient to prepare a logarithmic plot of activity against time on a linear scale. The decay curve is a straight line passing through the points N/N0=1 at t=0 and N/N,=0.5 at t=Ti. If the precision of values obtainable from the chart is inadequate, a table may be computed showing the fraction remaining at convenient time intervals. The purpose of this note is to call attention to the ease with which decay calculations may be made with an ordinary slide rule. For example, to find N/NO, the fraction of a preparation of a given half-life remaining after time t, one may proceed as follows: Use the rule in the usual way to divide 0.301 by the half-life and multiply by the time, to obtain A 't. Set the mantissa of this logarithm on the L-scale opposite the index of the C-scale (or D-scale, depending on the style of rule) and read N/No on the C-scale (or D-scale) opposite the index of the L-scale. If I't is greater than 1 (i.e. t > 3.32 To), the characteristic is greater than zero, and the reading on the C-scale (or D-scale) is divided by the power of 10 called for by the characteristic. Note that it is necessary to remember only the half-life and the common
Subsequent pregnancy outcomes in women previously diagnosed with subclinical hypothyroidism.

Objective To evaluate subsequent pregnancy outcomes in women previously identified during an index pregnancy to have subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH). Study Design From 2000 to 2003, thyroid analytes were measured in 17,298 women. Using their index pregnancy thyroid-analyte classification, pregnancy outcomes were compared between the returning cohorts. Results There were 6,985 women previously screened and subsequently delivered at our hospital though 2011 with 230 (3.3%) designated to have SCH and 6,645 (95.1%) euthyroid. Significant differences between the two cohorts included risk for diabetes (odds ratio [OR] 1.8, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.2 to 2.7, p = 0.005), gestational diabetes (OR 1.74, 95% CI 1.13 to 2.69, p = 0.015), and stillbirth (OR 3.5, 95% CI 1.05 to 11.68, p = 0.042). After adjustment, the increased likelihood of diabetes (adjusted OR 1.58, 95% CI 1.04 to 2.40, p = 0.032) and stillbirth (adjusted OR 3.41, 95% CI 1.01 to 11.49, p = 0.048) persisted. Conclusions Women identified during a previous pregnancy with SCH are at increased risk for some adverse perinatal outcomes during a subsequent pregnancy.
Flow of Oil-in-Water Emulsions Through Tubes and Porous Media

The flow of oil-in-water macroemulsions through both porous media and capillary tubes has been studied experimentally and described mathematically. Macroemulsions are ones having most of the droplet diameters greater than one micron, which is the same order of magnitude as the pore constrictions. The emulsions were pumped with a valveless, positive displacement pump through several porous media and Pyrex capillary tubes connected in series and alternating one with the other. The rheological behavior of macroemulsions having oil concentrations ranging from 10 to 70% by vol was obtained by using the capillary tube data. Those having oil concentrations less than 50% behaved like Newtonian fluids, while those greater than 50% behaved like pseudoplastic fluids. Viscoelastic effects were not observed for these fluids. A correlation technique was developed for describing the flow of non-Newtonian macroemulsions through porous media. This led to a general equation that reduced to Darcy's Law for Newtonian fluids. The average relative error found in applying the method of correlation was + 4%. (21 refs.)
Rumination Syndrome: A Difficult Diagnosis and Treatment

Rumination syndrome is an underdiagnosed condition that has, historically, been limited to infants, toddlers, and children with developmental disability. Only recently has this disorder been increa...
Beyond democratic elections: Indonesia embarks on a protracted transition

Chronologically, Indonesia moved rather quickly from rupture of the authoritarian regime in May 1998 to the installation of a democratically elected government in October 1999. However, the suddenness of the rupture and the weakness of the anti‐regime forces enabled regime defenders to wield broad influence over the terms of the transition and to protect substantial authoritarian enclaves. These conditions suggest that Indonesia's transition remains far from complete and is likely to be protracted. Viewed more broadly, they call attention to a set of factors that suggest a typology of pacted and protracted transitions: the presence or absence of an opportunity to negotiate a transition pact among competing elites, and the relative degree of consensus among those elites regarding the nature and direction of political reform. This typology highlights features of the Mexican and Indonesian cases that mark them as variants on the protracted transition model rather than unrelated paths toward democracy.
SUBMERSION CULTURE OF THE INTACT FETAL LUNG

Intact whole lungs from 14 d rat fetuses were explanted to organ culture and maintained fully submerged in medium or positioned at the gas-fluid interface. Striking differences were observed in the morphological development of submersion cultured and interface cultured explants after 7 d in vitro. Submersion cultured lung developed as an expanded hollow organ, whereas the tissue of interface cultures was glandular in appearance and attenuated against the culture substrate. This difference in the development of the cultured lung may be attributed to the influence of surface tension forces at the gas-fluid interface versus the fluid immersed environment. In submersion culture the fetal lung followed a unique pattern of morphogenetic development. Under these culture conditions the lung expanded in three dimensions and retained its discrete lobar structure. The primitive bronchial epithelial tree of the fetal lung at explantation exhibited substantial histoarchitectural changes in vitro. Progressive branching of the epithelium into the surrounding lung mesenchyme gave rise to a pulmonary parenchyma bearing characteristics of the presumptive alveolar region of the late gestation fetal lung. The epithelium consisted predominantly of large, glycogen rich cuboidal cells interspersed with numerous structurally differentiated type II cells, containing lamellar bodies. The pulmonary parenchyma of the submersion cultured explant occupied a narrow margin of the lung wall, surrounding a large central lumen. This unique form of the cultured lung made it possible to examine the pulmonary epithelium by scanning electron microscopy. Data from the present study suggest that submersion culture of the intact fetal lung may provide a useful model system for study of the maturation of epithelial cell surface features during pulmonary development.
cis-Bis(bipyridine)(dimethylglyoxime)ruthenium(II): an electrochemical and spectroscopic investigation of proton-coupled electron transfer

Reaction of cis-[Ru(bpy)2(Cl)2] (bpy=2,2′-bipyridine) with AgSO3CF3 then dimethylglyoxime (dmgH2) results in the formation of cis-[Ru(bpy)2(dmgH2)]2+. The cis geometry of the complex is confirmed by the asymmetry of the 1H and 13C NMR spectra. The oxime ligand of the isolated complex is doubly protonated, enabling the complex to undergo two acid dissociations with pKa1 4.60 and pKa2 7.33. The potential versus pH diagram (Pourbaix diagram) shows that the complex is capable of up to two proton and two electron transfers.
Purine biosynthesis and catabolism in soybean root nodules: incorporation of 14C from 14CO2 into xanthine.

Abstract Nodulated root systems of soybean plants were exposed to 14CO2 in the presence and absence of allopurinol. After 5 h about one-fifth of the label in the perchloric acid-soluble fraction of the nodules was found to be in xanthine in the allopurinol-treated plants. Control plants contained much lower levels of xanthine, but with similar specific activity. Hypoxanthine was not detected in either control or allopurinol-treated plants, even though it would be expected to accumulate in the latter. Degradation of labeled xanthine from allopurinol-treated plants using xanthine oxidase and uricase resulted in the loss of most of the label. The preferential incorporation and accumulation of 14C from 14CO2 into C6 of xanthine in allopurinol-treated plants is consistent with the involvement of phosphoribosylaminoimidazole carboxylase in the de novo synthesis of purines. The accumulation of xanthine and absence of hypoxanthine in nodules of allopurinol-treated plants confirms earlier observations. In addition, the similar specific activities of 14C in xanthine in allopurinol-treated and control plants indicate that the xanthine which accumulates in allopurinol-treated plants is the product of de novo purine biosynthesis.