cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Integrated energy-momentum wheels for spacecraft

The spacecraft energy storage requirement has been traditionally met by using rechargeable electrochemical batteries. NASA-Glenn Research Center and a few industry partners are investigating the flywheel to replace battery in the spacecraft power system. With moderate component development, the flywheel offers potential benefits of longer life, reduced mass and lower cost. For greater benefits, the flywheel is being considered for dual function of energy storage for the electric power system and also momentum storage for the attitude control system. This paper presents a point design estimate of mass and volume savings in a 2500 watts low earth orbit satellite by using an integrated energy and momentum storage system. The study shows that such a system has a potential of reducing 40 percent solar array area compared to the conventional design with existing NH/sub 2/ battery and reaction wheels.
Analysis of the impact of dollarization and CAFTA-DR on El Salvador's Trade Flows

In January of 2001, El Salvador adopted the U.S. dollar as its currency, going through a full dollarization process that fixed the exchange rate at 8.75 colones (El Salvador’s former currency) per U.S. dollar and that took the colon out of circulation. Dollarization was expected to increase trade and attract international investment among other benefits. Later, in 2005, El Salvador signed CAFTA-DR which is a bilateral trade agreement between the United States and five Central American countries and the Dominican Republic. CAFTA-DR was also expected to increase trade, especially exports to the United States, El Salvador’s main commercial partner. Although several studies were conducted to evaluate the potential benefits of these two events on El Salvador’s Trade flows, studies evaluating the actual impact of these events are very limited. To evaluate the actual impact of these two events on trade flows we estimate two gravity models (one for imports and one for exports) using panel data on trade flows between El Salvador and 13 other countries between 1994 to 2012. Our preliminary results suggest that dollarization and CAFTA-DR did not have a major effect on El Salvador’s bilateral trade.
LIVING ARRANGEMENTS IN WESTERN EUROPE: DOES CULTURAL ORIGIN MATTER?

Conventional economic analyses have not been successful in explaining differences in living arrangements and particularly the dramatic increase in the fraction of young adults living with their parents in Mediterranean Europe. This paper presents a cultural interpretation. I argue that the sexual revolution of the 1970s—by liberalizing parental attitudes—had a differential impact on living arrangements in Northern and Southern Europe on account of the closer parent–child ties in Southern Europe. Such an interpretation can easily explain both the shift in living arrangements over time and also observed North–South differentials. It receives support from data on the living arrangements of second-generation immigrants in the United States, both in 1970 and 2000. This duplication of the European pattern in a neutral environment, with the same unemployment benefits, the same welfare code, and the same macroeconomic conditions suggests a major role for culture in determining living arrangements. (JEL: D1, J1, Z13)
CHEMISTRY OF THE ATMOSPHERE | Ion Chemistry

In this article, we first summarize the production processes for ions, including solar photoionization, photoelectron-impact ionization, and, mostly for X-ray photons, secondary and further electron impact ionization. In the auroral regions, impact of keV electrons and heavier particles is important. In these regions, very energetic secondary and further electrons are produced, which can further ionize the neutral constituents. We summarize the processes that are important in forming ion-density profiles. Chapman layer theory, while interesting pedagogically and historically, does not truly describe any real ionospheric layer. The D , E , F 1 , and F 2 layers of the ionosphere are differentiated mostly by the production mechanisms for ions in the regions. Ions in the F 1 and F 2 regions are produced by EUV photons at roughly the same altitudes, but the F 1 region comprises molecular ions and the F 2 region mostly comprises atomic ions, which are differentiated by their loss processes: dissociative recombination for molecular ions in the F 1 region, and ion–molecule reactions and transport by diffusion for the atomic ions in the F 2 region. The chemistry of the E and F regions is discussed, followed by the chemistry of the D region. In the E and F 1 regions, the terminal ions are those for which the parent neutrals have low ionization potentials. In the D region, positive cluster ions, which terminate in proton hydrates, are ultimately formed. The terminal cluster ions are those for which the proton affinities are large. In this region of the ionosphere, there are also metal ion layers that are formed from metal atoms, which have extremely low ionization potentials. Metal atoms are formed in narrow layers by ablation of meteors, and are ionized by photoionization and charge transfer from the molecular ions O 2 + and NO + . In the lower D region, negative ions are formed, and they too may cluster. The terminal ions in this region are those for which the parent neutral has a large electron affinity. Mutual neutralization may be an important loss process in this region.
Hydrazone-Initiated Carbene/Alkyne Cascades to Form Polycyclic Products: Ring-Fused Cyclopropenes as Mechanistic Intermediates

A hydrazone-based carbene/alkyne cascade produced a variety of bridged and fused polycyclic products. NaOSiMe3 is a superior base for conversion of hydrazones to diazoalkanes. A key mechanistic intermediate, a ring-fused cyclopropene, has been isolated and characterized.
Light Directed Electrophoretic Deposition for Additive Manufacturing: Spatially Localized Deposition Control with Photoconductive Counter Electrodes

Electrophoretic deposition (EPD) has traditionally been viewed as a thin film deposition technique for coating conductive surfaces. Recently, there have been reports of producing functional parts with EPD to near net shape, often containing gradients in material properties normal to the conductive deposition surface. By using reconfigurable electrode systems, a few researchers have gone beyond purely out-of-plane gradients and demonstrated gradients in material properties in the plane of the deposition electrode, a necessary condition for 3D additive manufacturing. In this work, we build upon a previously published technique called light directed electrophoretic deposition (LD-EPD) in which the deposition electrode is photoconductive and can be activated with light, leading to a patterned deposit. Here, we demonstrate that the LD-EPD technique can also lead to patterned deposits on any conductive surface by utilizing the photoconductive electrode as the counter electrode. This eliminates several issues with standard LD-EPD by allowing the potentially expensive photoconductive electrode to be reused, as well as mitigates post-processing material compatibility issues by allowing deposition on any conductive surface. We also detail the results of a finite element simulation of the deposition process in LD-EPD systems that captures key features seen experimentally in the final deposit.
Broadband angular selectivity of light at the nanoscale: Progress, applications, and outlook

Humankind has long endeavored to control the propagation direction of light. Since time immemorial, shades, lenses, and mirrors have been used to control the flow of light. In modern society, with the rapid development of nanotechnology, the control of light is moving toward devices at micrometer and even nanometer scales. At such scales, traditional devices based on geometrical optics reach their fundamental diffraction limits and cease to work. Nano-photonics, on the other hand, has attracted wide attention from researchers, especially in the last decade, due to its ability to manipulate light at the nanoscale. This review focuses on the nano-photonics systems that aim to select light based on its propagation direction. In the first half of this review, we survey the literature and the current state of the art focused on enabling optical broadband angular selectivity. The mechanisms we review can be classified into three main categories: (i) microscale geometrical optics, (ii) multilayer birefringent materials, and (iii) Brewster modes in plasmonic systems, photonic crystals, and metamaterials. In the second half, we present two categories of potential applications for broadband angularly selective systems. The first category aims at enhancing the efficiency of solar energy harvesting, through photovoltaic process or solar thermal process. The second category aims at enhancing light extracting efficiency and detection sensitivity. Finally, we discuss the most prominent challenges in broadband angular selectivity and some prospects on how to solve these challenges.
Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices Recommended Immunization Schedules for Persons Aged 0 Through 18 Years — United States, 2016

Each year, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP)* reviews the recommended immunization schedules for persons aged 0 through 18 years to ensure that the schedules reflect current recommendations for Food and Drug Administration-licensed vaccines. In October 2015, ACIP approved the recommended immunization schedules for persons aged 0 through 18 years for 2016; the 2016 schedules include several changes from the 2015 immunization schedules. For 2016, the figures, footnotes, and tables will be published on the CDC immunization schedule website (http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/schedules/index.html). This provides readers electronic access to the most current version of the schedules and footnotes on the CDC website. Health care providers are advised to use figures, tables, and the combined footnotes together. Printable versions of the 2016 immunization schedules for persons aged 0 through 18 years in several formats (e.g., portrait, landscape, and pocket-sized versions) and ordering instructions for laminated versions and "parent-friendly" schedules are available at the immunization schedule website.
Diverse crowds using diverse methods improves the scientific dialectic

In science, diversity is vital to the development of new knowledge. We agree with Duarte et al. that we need more political diversity in social psychology, but contend that we need more religious diversity and methodological diversity as well. If some diversity is good, more is better (especially in science).
Midtemperature solar systems test facility predictions for thermal performance based on test data: solar kinetics T-600 solar collector with FEK 244 reflector surface

Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque (SNLA), is currently conducting a program to predict the performance and measure the characteristics of commercially available solar collectors that have the potential for use in industrial process heat and enhanced oil recovery applications. The thermal performance predictions for the Solar Kinetics T-600 solar line-focusing parabolic trough collector are presented for three output temperatures at five cities in the US. (WHK)
Copper-Catalyzed γ-Sulfonylation of α,β-Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds by Means of Silyl Dienol Ethers

A regioselective method for the introduction of sulfonyl groups at the γ-carbon of enone systems is reported. Using a copper catalyst and readily available sulfonyl chlorides, a range of silyl dienol ethers are sulfonylated in good yield under mild reaction conditions. The sulfone derivatives formed are poised for further synthetic manipulations as demonstrated by regioselective alkylations.
Incarceration and Crime Evidence from California’s Public Safety Realignment Reform

Recent reforms in California caused a sharp and permanent reduction in the state’s incarceration rate. We evaluate the effects of that incarceration decline on local crime rates. Our analysis exploits the large variation across California counties in the effect of this reform on county-specific prison incarceration rates. We find very little evidence that the large reduction in California incarceration had an effect on violent crime, and modest evidence of effects on property crime, auto theft in particular. These effects are considerably smaller than existing estimates based on panel data for periods of time when the U.S. incarceration rate was considerably lower. We corroborate these cross-county results with a synthetic-cohort analysis of state crime rates in California. The statewide analysis confirms our findings from the county-level analysis. In line with with previous research, the results from this study support the hypothesis of a crime-prison effect that diminishes with increased reliance on in...
Hydrocarbon Soluble Recyclable Silylation Reagents and Purification Auxiliaries

Procedures using heptane-phase-selectively soluble octadecyldimethylsilyl groups to facilitate separations and silyl reagent regeneration are described. These results show that alcohols and alkynes protected by these groups are phase-selectively soluble in hydrocarbon solvents. In a thermomorphic cyclohexane/DMF system, >96% of the silylated alcohols are in the cyclohexane phase, allowing these compounds to be purified by a simple liquid/liquid extraction. Applications of these silylating agents in a Grignard synthesis and Sonogashira reaction are described.
Attorney Questions Predict Jury-Eligible Adult Assessments of Attorneys, Child Witnesses, and Defendant Guilt

Children are often the primary source of evidence in maltreatment cases, particularly cases of child sexual abuse, and may be asked to testify in court. Although best-practice protocols for interviewing children suggest that interviewers ask open-ended questions to elicit detailed responses from children, during in-court testimony, attorneys tend to rely on closed-ended questions that elicit simple (often "yes" or "no") responses (e.g., Andrews, Lamb, & Lyon, ; Klemfuss, Quas, & Lyon, ). How then are jurors making decisions about children's credibility and ultimately the case outcome? The present study examined the effect of two attorney-specific factors (e.g., temporal structure and questioning phase) on mock jurors' perceptions of attorney performance, child witness credibility, storyline clarity, and defendant guilt. Participants were randomly assigned to read a trial excerpt from one of eight conditions and were then asked to evaluate the attorney, child witness, and the case. Selected excerpts were from criminal court case transcripts and contained either high attorney temporal structure (e.g., use of temporal markers) or low temporal structure (e.g., frequent topic switching), involved direct or cross-examination, and represented cases resulting in a conviction or acquittal. Child responses were kept consistent across all excerpts. Results showed that participants perceived the attorney's performance and child's credibility more favorably and thought the storyline was clearer when attorneys provided high rather than low temporal structure and when the excerpt contained direct rather than cross-examination. Participants who read a direct rather than cross-examination excerpt were also more likely to think the defendant was guilty. The study highlights the impact of attorney questioning style on mock jurors' perceptions. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
SIMPLE, ROBUST, AND ACCURATE F AND t TESTS IN COINTEGRATED SYSTEMS

This paper proposes new, simple, and more accurate statistical tests in a cointegrated system that allows for endogenous regressors and serially dependent errors. The approach involves first transforming the time series using orthonormal basis functions in L²[0,1], which has energy concentrated at low frequencies, and then running an augmented regression based on the transformed data and constructing the test statistics in the usual way. The approach is essentially the same as the trend instrumental variable approach of Phillips (2014), but we hold the number of orthonormal basis functions fixed in order to develop the standard F and t asymptotic theory. The tests are extremely simple to implement, as they can be carried out in exactly the same way as if the transformed regression is a classical linear normal regression. In particular, critical values are from the standard F or t distribution. The proposed F and t tests are robust in that they are asymptotically valid regardless of whether the number of basis functions is held fixed or allowed to grow with the sample size. The F and t tests have more accurate size in finite samples than existing tests such as the asymptotic chi-squared and normal tests based on the fully modified OLS estimator of Phillips and Hansen (1990) and can be made as powerful as the latter test.
Improved Regret Guarantees for Online Smooth Convex Optimization with Bandit Feedback

The study of online convex optimization in the bandit setting was initiated by Kleinberg (2004) and Flaxman et al. (2005). Such a setting models a decision maker that has to make decisions in the face of adversarially chosen convex loss functions. Moreover, the only information the decision maker receives are the losses. The identities of the loss functions themselves are not revealed. In this setting, we reduce the gap between the best known lower and upper bounds for the class of smooth convex functions, i.e. convex functions with a Lipschitz continuous gradient. Building upon existing work on selfconcordant regularizers and one-point gradient estimation, we give the first algorithm whose expected regret is O(T ), ignoring constant and logarithmic factors.
Depletion of Abundant Sequences by Hybridization (DASH): using Cas9 to remove unwanted high-abundance species in sequencing libraries and molecular counting applications.

Next-generation sequencing has generated a need for a broadly applicable method to remove unwanted high-abundance species prior to sequencing. We introduce DASH (Depletion of Abundant Sequences by Hybridization). Sequencing libraries are ‘DASHed’ with recombinant Cas9 protein complexed with a library of guide RNAs targeting unwanted species for cleavage, thus preventing them from consuming sequencing space. We demonstrate a more than 99 % reduction of mitochondrial rRNA in HeLa cells, and enrichment of pathogen sequences in patient samples. We also demonstrate an application of DASH in cancer. This simple method can be adapted for any sample type and increases sequencing yield without additional cost.
Minimal model of self-assembly: emergence of diversity and complexity.

Molecular self-assembly is ubiquitous in nature, yet prediction of assembly pathways from fundamental interparticle interactions has yet to be achieved. Here, we introduce a minimal self-assembly model with two attractive and two repulsive beads bound into a tetrahedron. The model is associated with a single parameter η defined as the repulsive to attractive interaction ratio. We explore self-assembly pathways and resulting assembly morphologies for different η values by discrete molecular dynamics. Our results demonstrate that η governs the assembly dynamics and resulting assembly morphologies, revealing an unexpected diversity and complexity for 0.5 ≤ η 0 with the breakage rate increasing with η. The observed assembly pathways display a broad variety of assembly structures characteristic of aggregation of amyloidogenic proteins, including quasi-spherical oligomers that coassemble into elongated protofibrils, followed by a conversion into ordered polymorphic fibril-like aggregates. We further demonstrate that η can be meaningfully mapped onto amyloidogenic protein sequences, with the majority of amyloidogenic proteins characterized by 0.5 ≤ η 1, consistent with the model predictions. Our model thus provides a theoretical basis for understanding the universal aspects of aggregation pathways of amyloidogenic proteins relevant to human disease. As the model is not specific to proteins, these findings represent an important step toward understanding and predicting assembly dynamics of not only proteins but also viruses, colloids, and nanoparticles.
Complex-forming Adsorbents Based on Kaolinite, Aluminium Oxide and Polyphosphates for the Extraction and Concentration of Heavy Metal Ions from Water Solutions

The sorbents to remove heavy metal ions from water solutions are developed by the modification of kaolinite, meta-kaolinite and aluminium oxyhydride by polyphosphates. The adsorption isotherms of Ni2+, Co2+, Cr3+ at the adsorbents demonstrate high adsorption capacity (300 to 100mg/g depending on the sorbent type) and high selectivity of the materials with respect to the sorbed cations. The distribution coefficients in the Henry region, Kd=5⋅105-1⋅104cm3/g, are comparable to the values characteristic to organic chelate forming sorbents. The decrease of pH to 2 results in almost complete desorption of heavy metal ions from the sorbents.
Mission Opportunities for Human Exploration of Nearby Planetary Bodies

We characterize mission profiles for human expeditions to near-Earth asteroids, Venus, and Mars. Near-Earth objects (NEOs) are the closest destinations beyond cis-lunar space and present a compelling target with capabilities already under development by NASA and its partners. We present manned NEO mission options that would require between 90 days and one year. We next consider planetary flyby missions for Venus along the lines of plans that were first drafted during the Apollo program for human exploration of Venus. We also characterize a Mars flyby, and a double-flyby variant that would include close passes to both Venus and Mars. Finally, we consider orbital missions to Venus and Mars with capability for rendezvous with Phobos or Deimos. This would be a truly new class of mission for astronauts and could serve as a precursor to a human landing on Mars. We present launch opportunities, transit time, requisite ΔV, and approximate radiation environment parameters for each mission class. We find that ΔV requirements for each class of mission match near-term chemical propulsion system capabilities.
Choosing the rules for consensus standardization

Consensus standardization often involves bargaining without side payments or substantive compromise, creating a war of attrition that selects through delay. We investigate the trade-off between screening and delay when this process selects for socially valuable but privately observed quality. Immediate random choice may outperform the war of attrition, or vice versa. Allowing an uninformed neutral player to break deadlocks can improve on both mechanisms. Policies that reduce players’ vested interest, and hence delays, can strengthen the ex ante incentive to improve proposals.
UNIVARIATE LEFT FRACTIONAL POLYNOMIAL HIGH ORDER MONOTONE APPROXIMATION

Abstract. Let f ∈ C r ([−1,1]), r ≥ 0 and let L ∗ be a linear left frac-tional diﬀerential operator such that L ∗ (f) ≥ 0 throughout [0,1]. We canﬁnd a sequence of polynomials Q n of degree ≤ nsuch that L ∗ (Q n ) ≥ 0over [0,1], furthermore f is approximated left fractionally and simulta-neously by Q n on [−1,1].The degree of these restricted approximationsis given via inequalities using a higher order modulus of smoothness forf (r) . 1. IntroductionThe topic of monotone approximation started in [6] has become a majortrend in approximation theory. A typical problem in this subject is: given apositive integer k, approximate a given function whose kth derivative is ≥ 0 bypolynomials having this property.In [3] the authors replaced the kth derivative with a linear diﬀerential oper-ator of order k. We mention this motivating result.Theorem 1. Let h,k,p be integers, 0 ≤ h ≤ k ≤ p and let f be a real function,f (p) continuous in [−1,1] with modulus of continuity ω 1 f (p) ,xthere. Leta j (x), j = h,h + 1,...,k be real functions, deﬁned and bounded on [−1,1]and assume a
Fast and Accurate CBR Defense: Bringing HPC to the Warfighter and First Responder

An urban-oriented emergency assessment system for airborne Chemical, Biological, and Radiological (CBR) threats, called CT-Analyst ® , gives greater accuracy and much greater speed than possible with current alternatives because is it based on new principles. The increased accuracy derives from detailed, three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) computations including, solar heating, buoyancy, complete building geometry specification, trees, and wind fluctuations. A finite number of such detailed high performance computations for a given area can be extended to all wind directions and speeds, and all likely sources and source locations using a new data structure called Dispersion Nomografs TM . A high performance computing (HPC) based system is proposed to generate nomografs for cities, military bases, industrial complexes and other potential targets. Since the underlying database has been pre-computed using the full power of HPC parallel platforms, CT-Analyst enables important new real-time, zero-latency functions such as sensor data fusion, backtracking to an unknown source location, and even evacuation route planning directly by the first responder. The CT-Analyst system thus avoids the necessity of HPC in the loop and the resultant infrastructure required during emergencies.
A Large Indium Sulfide Supertetrahedral Cluster Built from Integration of ZnS-like Tetrahedral Shell with NaCl-like Octahedral Core

An entirely new type of chalcogenide cluster and a new structural mechanism for the formation of large semiconducting tetrahedral clusters have been revealed as a result of crystallization of a templated indium sulfide consisting of an unprecedented cluster, In38S65, which is the largest supertetrahedral cluster based on trivalent metal ions. At the core of this cluster is In10S13, which can be considered as a fragment of the NaCl-type lattice. The In10S13 cluster is coupled to four In4S10 supertetrahedral T2 clusters and four In3S3 hexagonal rings to give In38S65, which is also the largest inorganic chalcogenide supertetrahedral cluster, superseding a supertetrahedral T5 cluster with only 35 metal sites.
Total Synthesis of (+)-Ileabethoxazole via an Iron-Mediated Pauson–Khand [2 + 2 + 1] Carbocyclization

Studies describe the total synthesis of (+)-ileabethoxazole (1) using a Stille cross-coupling reaction of propargylic stannanes with 5-iodo-1,3-oxazoles to produce 1,1-disubstituted allenes (11). An iron-mediated [2 + 2 + 1] carbocyclization yields a novel cyclopentenone for elaboration to 1. Site-selective palladium insertion reactions allow for regiocontrolled substitutions of the heterocycle. Asymmetric copper hydride reductions are examined, and strategies for the formation of the central aromatic ring are discussed.
Refinement types for TypeScript

We present Refined TypeScript (RSC), a lightweight refinement type system for TypeScript, that enables static verification of higher-order, imperative programs. We develop a formal system for RSC that delineates the interaction between refinement types and mutability, and enables flow-sensitive reasoning by translating input programs to an equivalent intermediate SSA form. By establishing type safety for the intermediate form, we prove safety for the input programs. Next, we extend the core to account for imperative and dynamic features of TypeScript, including overloading, type reflection, ad hoc type hierarchies and object initialization. Finally, we evaluate RSC on a set of real-world benchmarks, including parts of the Octane benchmarks, D3, Transducers, and the TypeScript compiler. We show how RSC successfully establishes a number of value dependent properties, such as the safety of array accesses and downcasts, while incurring a modest overhead in type annotations and code restructuring.
Biodiversity response to natural gradients of multiple stressors on continental margins

Sharp increases in atmospheric CO2 are resulting in ocean warming, acidification and deoxygenation that threaten marine organisms on continental margins and their ecological functions and resulting...
Development of Socketed Foundations for Cable Guardrail Posts

This study developed socketed foundations for two cable guardrail posts, the S3×5.7 and the Midwest weak post (MWP). The design efforts focused on developing cylindrical, reinforced concrete foundations with a steel tube embedded in the top center to create a socket. Foundations were designed to minimize damage and limit foundation displacements to less than 1 in. Satisfying these criteria ensured that damaged barrier posts could be replaced without the need for repairing or resetting the foundation. The foundations were evaluated for three soil types (weak soil, strong soil, and an asphalt mow strip) to gain an understanding of the link between soil conditions and foundation performance. Fourteen dynamic component tests were conducted on socketed foundation designs. Three socketed foundation options were developed for use with S3×5.7 posts: a 12-in.-diameter foundation in soil, a 15-in.-diameter foundation in soil, and a 12-in.-diameter foundation in asphalt. The S3×5.7 post foundations in soil with 12-i...
An Analytical Model to Characterize the Spatiotemporal Propagation of Information Under Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communications

Modeling the spatiotemporal propagation characteristics of information under vehicle-to-vehicle communications is critical for developing information-enabled applications to improve traffic safety and mobility. Existing analytical approaches assume instantaneous information flow propagation to simplify the communication constraints arising from the traffic flow dynamics. Consequently, information flow propagation characteristics such as the information flow propagation wave have not been analyzed. They are necessary to describe the interactions with the underlying traffic flow dynamics. An analytical model, which integrates an epidemic model with a traffic flow model, is developed to account for such interactions. The proposed model is able to capture the dynamics of information flow and traffic flow in an integrated formulation that circumvents key analytical and numerical challenges. Results from computational experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed model and its ability to describe the dynamic characteristics of information flow propagation along with the traffic flow dynamics.
RNA-binding proteins in eye development and disease: implication of conserved RNA granule components.

The molecular biology of metazoan eye development is an area of intense investigation. These efforts have led to the surprising recognition that although insect and vertebrate eyes have dramatically different structures, the orthologs or family members of several conserved transcription and signaling regulators such as Pax6, Six3, Prox1, and Bmp4 are commonly required for their development. In contrast, our understanding of posttranscriptional regulation in eye development and disease, particularly regarding the function of RNA-binding proteins (RBPs), is limited. We examine the present knowledge of RBPs in eye development in the insect model Drosophila as well as several vertebrate models such as fish, frog, chicken, and mouse. Interestingly, of the 42 RBPs that have been investigated for their expression or function in vertebrate eye development, 24 (~60%) are recognized in eukaryotic cells as components of RNA granules such as processing bodies, stress granules, or other specialized ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes. We discuss the distinct developmental and cellular events that may necessitate potential RBP/RNA granule-associated RNA regulon models to facilitate posttranscriptional control of gene expression in eye morphogenesis. In support of these hypotheses, three RBPs and RNP/RNA granule components Tdrd7, Caprin2, and Stau2 are linked to ocular developmental defects such as congenital cataract, Peters anomaly, and microphthalmia in human patients or animal models. We conclude by discussing the utility of interdisciplinary approaches such as the bioinformatics tool iSyTE (integrated Systems Tool for Eye gene discovery) to prioritize RBPs for deriving posttranscriptional regulatory networks in eye development and disease. WIREs RNA 2016, 7:527–557. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1355 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
INTERNATIONAL TRENDS IN PATELLAR RESURFACING IN PRIMARY TOTAL KNEE ARTHROPLASTY, 2003–2013

Introduction Patellar resurfacing is performed in more than 90% of primary total knee arthroplasties (TKAs) in the United States, yet far fewer patellae are resurfaced internationally. Multiple randomized controlled trials have shown decreased revision rates in patients with resurfaced patellas (RP) vs. non-resurfaced (NR). However, most of these studies showed no difference in patient satisfaction, anterior knee pain, or knee society scores. (Figure 1) Given uncertain benefits, the purpose of this study was to determine if the rates of patellar resurfacing have changed over the past 10 years worldwide. Methods Data was obtained via direct correspondence with registry administrators or abstracted from the annual reports of six national joint registries: Australia, Denmark, England, New Zealand, Norway, and Sweden. Rates of patellar resurfacing between 2003 and 2013 were collected. Where data was available, subgroup analysis was performed to examine revision rates among RP and NR TKAs. Results The average rates of patellar resurfacing from 2003 to 2013 ranged from 5% (Norway) to 71% (Denmark). Three countries showed a decreased rate of patellar resurfacing over this time period while two demonstrated an increase. The largest decrease in resurfacing rates was in Sweden (15% to 2%), while the biggest increase was in Australia (44% to 53%). (Figure 2) In 2010, 48,367 of 137,813 (35%) primary TKAs from all six countries were resurfaced. (Figure 3) Among RP and NR TKAs, Australia documented a 10-year cumulative revision rate (CRR) of 4.9% and 6.0%, respectively. Sweden showed a 10-year CRR of 4% in both groups. Conclusion While not all national joint registries report rates of patellar resurfacing, it is clear that most countries outside of the US continue to resurface a much smaller proportion of patellas in primary TKA. Worldwide, the rates of patellar resurfacing have changed little in the past decade.
Antiarrhythmic drugs: past, present, and future.

When the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology (NASPE) was founded 25 years ago, treatments were empiric and targeted diseases or symptoms whose underlying mechanisms were poorly understood, if at all. Therapies available and widely used for arrhythmias in the late 1970s included pacemakers, external defibrillation for cardiac arrest, and drugs: lidocaine, procainamide, quinidine, and disopyramide.1 Generally accepted indications for antiarrhythmic drug therapy included prevention (of recurrent cardiac arrest, of recurrent atrial fibrillation [AF]) and treatment of symptoms. Frequent premature ventricular contractions (PVCs), whether symptomatic or not, were a common indication for therapy since ventricular ectopy was by then becoming established as a marker for an increased risk of sudden death following myocardial infarction (MI). Few drugs were available, and these were incompletely effective at best, plagued by a high incidence of serious and nuisance adverse affects, and the mechanisms whereby they actually suppressed arrhythmias were poorly defined. Efficacy was judged by clinical anecdotes, like acute termination of an ongoing tachyarrhythmia by drug administration, and extrapolation to other settings. Few large controlled clinical trials had been performed. Studies had shown that lidocaine administered in the coronary care unit reduced the incidence of ventricular fibrillation but survival appeared unaffected;2 later analysis of much larger databases suggests an adverse effect of lidocaine on survival in this setting.3 Studies of β-blockers, including some of the first cardiology megatrials,4,5 suggested antiarrhythmic efficacy in some settings. Similarly, the striking efficacy of verapamil in supraventricular arrhythmias was beginning to be appreciated, and it was supplanting “traditional therapies,” like phenylephrine or
Discovering picturesque highlights from egocentric vacation videos

We present an approach for identifying picturesque highlights from large amounts of egocentric video data. Given a set of egocentric videos captured over the course of a vacation, our method analyzes the videos and looks for images that have good picturesque and artistic properties. We introduce novel techniques to automatically determine aesthetic features such as composition, symmetry and color vibrancy in egocentric videos and rank the video frames based on their photographic qualities to generate highlights. Our approach also uses contextual information such as GPS, when available, to assess the relative importance of each geographic location where the vacation videos were shot. Furthermore, we specifically leverage the properties of egocentric videos to improve our highlight detection. We demonstrate results on a new egocentric vacation dataset which includes 26.5 hours of videos taken over a 14 day vacation that spans many famous tourist destinations and also provide results from a user-study to access our results.
Classification and Staging of Bladder Carcinoma.

Bladder carcinoma is a chronic, heterogeneous, field-change, neoplastic diathesis in most of the patient., that it afflicts. Staging initially considered the primary lesion(s) and local nodal involvement (Jewett-Strong-Marshall), but variable disease characteristics cannot be accommodated by this system. For clinical research purposes, longitudinal observations on patients with bladder carcinoma seem useful for identifying and classifying types of patients with types of urothelial neoplasms. For general use, however, the classification of the American Joint Committee provides for common taxonomy concerning the primary tumor(s), T(m); nodal involvement, (N); metastases, (M); grade, (G); and lymphatic involvement, (L+/L-). It also provides for indicating how the information for each of these tumor characteristics or activities was obtained, i.e. clinical, (cT); surgical biopsy of a metastatic pelvic node, (sN+); or pathological evaluation of cystectomy specimen, (pTpN). This system clearly describes patients in different stages of disease treated by different modalities, using previously defined rules. It should be employed in initial and subsequent follow-up of patients, particularly when analyzing the results of treatment.
Surface Water Resources

Annual runoff in United States during 4-yr period 1953-56 is analyzed; rapid expansion of irrigation in eastern States is discussed; importance of hydrologic analyses and legislation to meet problems that will arise as result of competition with other uses is emphasized.
Insuring growth : the impact of disaster funds on economic reconstruction in Mexico

Climate change has considerably increased the likelihood of experiencing extreme weather events. Governments in developing countries have a limited capacity to smooth the losses created by extreme weather, and could potentially benefit from the introduction of disaster funds, that is, ex-ante budgeting allocations for post-disaster reconstruction. So far the implementation of disaster funds has been limited, in part because it is still unclear whether disaster funds provide a cost-effective way of coping with these losses. By taking advantage of the sharp rules that govern the municipal-level eligibility for reconstruction funds in Mexico, this paper provides some of the first estimates of the impact of disaster funds on local economic activity. The main finding is that access to disaster funding boosts local economic activity between 2 and 4 percent in the year following the disaster. Another finding is that the positive impact of disaster funds on local economic recovery can persist for as long as a year and a half after the disaster. Consistent with these findings, we additionally show that access to disaster funding leads to a large and sustained 76 percent increase in the growth of local construction employment. This labor market impact slightly precedes the overall increase in local economic activity.
Hypermetabolism and hypercatabolism of skeletal muscle accompany mitochondrial stress following severe burn trauma

Burn trauma results in prolonged hypermetabolism and skeletal muscle wasting. How hypermetabolism contributes to muscle wasting in burn patients remains unknown. We hypothesized that oxidative stre...
Thermal resistances of thin films of small molecule organic semiconductors

We have measured the thermal resistances of thin films of the small molecule organic semiconductors bis(triisopropylsilylethynyl) pentacene (TIPS-pn), bis(triethylsilylethynyl) anthradithiophene (TES-ADT) and difluoro bis(triethylsilylethynyl) anthradithiophene (diF-TES-ADT). For each material, several films of different thicknesses have been measured to separate the effects of intrinsic thermal conductivity from interface thermal resistance. For sublimed films of TIPS-pn and diF-TES-ADT, with thicknesses ranging from 4 μm, the thermal conductivities are similar to those of polymers and over an order of magnitude smaller than those of single crystals, presumably reflecting the large reduction in phonon mean-free path in the films. For thin (≤205 nm) crystalline films of TES-ADT, prepared by vapor-annealing spin-cast films, the thermal resistances are dominated by interface scattering.
Increased DNA synthesis in the heart during acute allylamine cardiotoxicity.

The cardiotoxin allylamine causes acute myocellular degeneration and necrosis; in a previous ultrastructural study we observed marked mitotic activity in endothelial cells following allylamine. In the present study, we assessed proliferative activity in the heart: groups of male rats were given either a single dose (100 mg/kg) of allylamine, or two doses on successive days; all rats were killed 24 hours after the last dose. Three hours before killing, rats were given 0.37 Ci/kg (SA 6.7 mCi/mMole) H3-Thymidine, iv. Under ether anesthesia rats were killed by cardiac perfusion with formalin; the entire heart was sectioned at 4 microns for autoradiography. Multiple adjacent fields were viewed and labeled endothelial and interstitial cell nuclei were counted across the interventricular septum (IVS), right ventricular free wall (RV), and left ventricular free wall (LV). Endothelial nuclear labeling was markedly increased in IVS after 2 doses (9.7 +/- 2.2 mitoses-/mm2 vs 1.6 +/- .2 in control; P less than .05), whereas LV and RV showed their most pronounced increases at 24 hours after the first dose. Increased endothelial and interstitial cell labelling correlated with histopathologic lesions, although increased labelling after 1 dose was also seen in the absence of lesions. Prominent endothelial cell proliferation and interstitial cell activation occur rapidly in acute allylamine myocardial damage.
Networked State Estimation Over a Shared Communication Medium

We consider state estimation for multiple plants across a shared communication network. Each linear time-invariant plant transmits information through the common network according to either a time-triggered or an event-triggered rule. For an event-triggered algorithm with carrier sense multiple access (CSMA), each plant is assumed to access the network based on a priority mechanism. For a time-triggered algorithm combined with time division multiple access (TDMA), each plant uses the network according to a schedule that is decided a priori . Performance in terms of the communication frequency and the estimation error covariance is analytically characterized for event-triggered schemes. Using these characterizations, we show that event-triggered schemes may perform worse than time-triggered schemes when the effect of the communication network is explicitly considered.
The effect of bimineralic composition on extensional processes at lithospheric scale

We investigate how lithospheric scale compositional heterogeneities affect kilometric scale deformation processes. To this end, we perform numerical experiments of lithospheric extension in which we vary the Moho temperature and the mineralic composition of the mantle and the crust. In both the crust and the mantle, we use an explicit bimineralic composition by randomly distributing two mineral phases in the materials. Comparison of our models to simulations using an implicit bimineralic composite (one average viscous flow laws for a two-phase aggregate) crust and mantle demonstrates that an explicit bimineralic composition assimilated to heterogeneities succeeds in explaining observations related to the formation of rifted margins such a: (1) the absence of a sharp deformation zone at the brittle ductile transition (BDT), (2) the initiation of the rifting process as a wide delocalized rift system with multiple normal faults dipping in both directions; (3) the development of anastomosing shear zones in the middle/lower crust and the upper lithospheric mantle similar to the crustal scale anastomosing patterns observed in the field or in seismic data; (4) the preservation of undeformed lenses of material leading to lithospheric scale boudinage structure and resulting in the formation of continental ribbons as observed along the Iberian-Newfoundland margin.
Legal cynicism and protective gun ownership among active offenders in Chicago

AbstractMost American gun owners report having their firearms for protection. However, these national estimates are likely to undersample residents of marginalized urban communities where rates of violent victimization, and presumably the need for personal protection, are more pronounced. Further, this undersampling limits our understanding of motivations for gun ownership within the “hidden” group of active criminal offenders that are more likely to be both victims and offenders of street crime. Drawing on past work linking neighborhood violence to legal cynicism, and using data gathered by the Chicago Gun Project (CGP), I employ measures of police legitimacy to explore the effect of distrust of legal agents on protective gun ownership among active offenders in Chicago. These data confirm that lower levels of police legitimacy are significantly related to a higher probability of acquiring a firearm for protection. I consider the ways that gang membership, legal changes in Chicago, and gun behaviors are r...