cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fully-coupled engineering and mesoscale simulations of thermal conductivity in UO2 fuel using an implicit multiscale approach

Though the thermal conductivity of solid UO2 is well characterized, its value is sensitive to microstructure changes. In this study, we propose a two-way coupling of a mesoscale phase field irradiation model to an engineering scale, finite element calculation to capture the microstructure dependence of the conductivity. To achieve this, the engineering scale thermomechanics system is solved in a parallel, fully-coupled, fully-implicit manner using the preconditioned Jacobian-free Newton Krylov (JFNK) method. Within the JFNK function evaluation phase of the calculation, the microstructure-influenced thermal conductivity is calculated by the mesoscale model and passed back to the engineering scale calculation. Initial results illustrate quadratic nonlinear convergence and good parallel scalability.
Catholic Parish Organizational Structure and Parish Outcomes

Due to a number of factors, the Catholic Church has in recent years been required to be innovative in the way it organizes its parishes. Canon law addresses some options for dioceses that need to restructure their parishes. This study considers three of them: pastoring multiple parishes through a team of pastors (Code of Canon Law 517.1); entrusting pastoral care to someone other than a priest (c517.2); and appointing a single priest to pastor more than one parish (c526.1). The effect of each of these models on the change in parish Sunday Mass attendance is empirically estimated. No significant difference in Mass attendance was found between those parishes that had experienced an organizational restructuring and those that had not. When comparing the three different models of parish restructuring, parishes that were led by a team of priests were found to outperform parishes that had experienced the other two restructuring options.
NOx reduction in diesel engines using rate shaping and pilot injection

Reduction in NOx and soot in light and medium duty diesel engines and meeting the US emission standards is an important challenge. This paper shows how Injection Rate Shaping (IRS) should be performed to reduce NOx while engine performance and soot formation remain almost constant. Effects of intercooler with and without rate shaping on NOx reduction will be investigated. Results indicated that the rate shaping and pilot/split injection was an effective technique to reduce NOx at some operating condition. Combined effects of intercooler and rate shaping have shown a reduction of NOx by 50% for some operating conditions. At idle condition, a split injection was found to be a good solution for NOx reduction. A combustion simulation computer program was used in this analysis for six different operating conditions. It was found that the cost of modification of the production line is negligible for mass injector production.
Report of the AACP Educating Clinical Scientists Task Force

AACP President Marilyn Speedie chose to appoint an Educating Clinical Scientists Task Force (Task Force) instead of the AACP Research and Graduate Affairs Committee to explore how academic pharmacy can increase its capacity for training clinical scientists to expand pharmacy's involvement, given the national emphasis on clinical and translational research, in bench to bedside and bedside to patient care research. President Speedie noted that academic pharmacy presently has at least five models for educating clinical scientists in our colleges/schools, but the output from the programs is relatively low. These graduates are in demand for academic positions, and are highly sought by other private-sector employers. By clarifying the competencies required and pathways needed to attain those competencies, President Speedie postulated that academic pharmacy will be more prepared to attract students to these programs, and better able to communicate with federal agencies that might fund our training programs. She asked the Task Force to: Define the various career opportunities for clinical scientists. Define the competencies and outcomes required for each type of position. Explore the demand for such individuals. Examine the state of clinical scientist preparation (models, capacity, demand). Make recommendations for unifying the way clinical scientists are trained for various positions. Is one model sufficient for all; if not, can two models suffice? What are the advantages of having one or two models with clearly defined outcomes? Discuss the collaborations (between schools, across professional boundaries) needed in order for us to expand our graduation of clinical scientists. Explore how we can best obtain further funding to allow us to expand our numbers of graduates. The Task Force met October 18-19, 2006 in Washington, DC, discussed the charges, and came to consensus on a Policy Statement for the Association on the education and training of a “new” Pharmacist Clinical Scientist. The Task Force report presents academic pharmacy's previous deliberations on these charges to provide a context for the Task Force's Policy Statement.
Immunological studies of membrane glycoproteins isolated from human breast carcinomas.

Glycoproteins were isolated from membrane preparations of human breast cancer using lithium di-iodosalicylate followed by phenol partition as described for the isolation of CEA from colonic carcinoma. The glycoprotein isolated from breast cancer-(BCGP) differed from colonic CEA in extraction yield, antigenicity, molecular weight on SDS acrylamide gel electrophoresis and on immunoelectrophoresis. Rabbit anti-serum raised against BCGP and absorbed with red blood cells and normal breast tissue showed a reaction of identity on Ouchterlony immunodiffusion between BCGP and CEA. However, antiserum to CEA absorbed with red blood cells and normal colonic mucosa showed cross-reaction of BCGP with CEA. The anti-BCGP activity in anti-CEA could be removed by absorption with BCGP, leaving activity directed only against CEA. Therefore, BCGP appears to be a CEA-like antigen that shares antigenic determinants with CEA and may be responsible for the elevated radioimmunoassays for CEA in breast cancer patients. Whether there is a breast-cancer-specific antigen associated with the cell membrane remains to be demonstrated.
Fluoride Interaction with Clays in Relation to Third Buffer Range

CONSIDERABLE acceptance of a ready exchange of structural OH of clay minerals by fluoride ions has been reported1; however, so far the evidence rests mainly on the appearance of OH in an extraction solution of potassium fluoride. Recently it was found2 that the hydrochloric acid titratable OH formed on the reaction of clay minerals and soils in neutral 1 N potassium fluoride solution results from the complexing reaction by fluoride ions and dissolution of structural aluminium or iron from the minerals, by a reaction that can be represented as:
The intrinsic catalytic activity in photoreactors

A methodology for determining intrinsic activity in aqueous heterogeneous photocatalytic reactors was introduced. The most common commercial titania powders (Degussa P25, Aldrich anatase, Aldrich anatase 325) with high BET surface area were evaluated for the UV-induced heterogeneous degradation of phenol to test the proposed methodology. It was demonstrated that kinetic data obtained from commonly used photocatalytic reactors (such as liquid-phase reactor) do not correspond to the intrinsic activity of catalysts due to strong nonuniformity of the internal radiation field. In contrast to the vast majority of the previous studies, which report scattered data for different reactors, the present work offers an objective means to characterize photocatalysts. The data obtained from a variable reaction zone were found to approach intrinsic in a differential volume (annular reaction zone of 0.15 cm thickness and 6 cm length). A correction factor (η) representing the ratio of the radical generation rate in the lab...
METHODS TO DETERMINE COXETER POLYNOMIALS

Abstract A reduction formula for the characteristic polynomials of the Coxeter matrices of certain split finite-dimensional algebras is proved. In the hereditary case, this yields explicit expressions for the Coxeter polynomials of large families of quivers. Moreover, a combinatorial interpretation of the entries of the Coxeter matrices of path algebras gives formulas for Coxeter polynomials of some quivers which cannot be treated by the above-mentioned reduction process.
A substrate channel in the nitrogenase MoFe protein.

Nitrogenase catalyzes the six electron/six proton reduction of N2 to two ammonia molecules at a complex organometallocluster called “FeMo cofactor.” This cofactor is buried within the α-subunit of the MoFe protein, with no obvious access for substrates. Examination of high-resolution X-ray crystal structures of MoFe proteins from several organisms has revealed the existence of a water-filled channel that extends from the solvent-exposed surface to a specific face of FeMo cofactor. This channel could provide a pathway for substrate and product access to the active site. In the present work, we examine this possibility by substituting four different amino acids that line the channel with other residues and analyze the impact of these substitutions on substrate reduction kinetic parameters. Each of the MoFe protein variants was purified and kinetic parameters were established for the reduction of the substrates N2, acetylene, azide, and propyne. For each MoFe protein, Vmax values for the different substrates were found to be nearly unchanged when compared with the values for the wild-type MoFe protein, indicating that electron delivery to the active site is not compromised by the various substitutions. In contrast, the Km values for these substrates were found to increase significantly (up to 22-fold) in some of the MoFe protein variants compared with the wild-type MoFe protein values. Given that each of the amino acids that were substituted is remote from the active site, these results are consistent with the water-filled channel functioning as a substrate channel in the MoFe protein.
A structural model for PbOGa2O3SiO2 glasses

Abstract The effect of composition on the glass transformation temperature, viscosity, coefficient of thermal expansion, and density/molar volume of PbOGa2O3SiO2 glasses was investigated. Trends in these data cannot be fully accounted for by previous structural explanations of the properties and glass-forming ability of the PbOGa2O3-based heavy metal oxide glasses. A new structural model is proposed which incorporates what is known about the structures of both PbOSiO2 and PbOGa2O3 glasses to explain the anomalies in composition-property relationships demonstrated in this paper. In addition, this model is able to account for the discontinuities in the properties of PbOGa2O3 binary glasses which occur near the 75PbO25Ga2O3 composition.
Factors involved in the production of specific antibodies to estriol and estradiol

Abstract To determine what effect the site of attachment of the hapten would have on specificity, 6-oxoestrogens were synthesized and conjugated to several carrier proteins, using the mixed anhydride formed between isobutyl chloroformate and the steroid 6-oxime. Estriol was also treated with phosgene to produce a mixture of chloroformates followed by conjugation to bovine serum albumin. Rabbits were immunized, and the specificity of the anti-sera produced was established by cross-reaction measurements, using both direct binding and binding inhibitor assays. Comparison of the immune response showed that antibodies to the randomly linked estriol chloroformate had a high degree of cross-reactivity with estrone and estradiol (30–100%), while those produced to 6-oxo linked estriol showed only a 1–12% cross-reaction. Similar results were obtained for estradiol antibodies. Comparison of antibody formation and specificity of 6-oxoestriol linked to a polylysine copolymer, bovine serum albumin or rabbit serum albumin was made. Also, the antigen was given with complete Freund's adjuvant, adsorbed onto charcoal, entrapped within polyaery lamide gel or in vivo titrated with estrogen implants. Only estrogen specifically linked to bovine serum albumin in Freund's adjuvant gave satisfactory results, while the others yielded antibodies of decreasing titers or low specificity. It is concluded that specificity and titers seem to depend not only on the site of conjugation but also on the carrier, immunization procedure and certain other factors.
Improving single molecule force spectroscopy through automated real-time data collection and quantification of experimental conditions

The benefits of single molecule force spectroscopy (SMFS) clearly outweigh the challenges which include small sample sizes, tedious data collection and introduction of human bias during the subjective data selection. These difficulties can be partially eliminated through automation of the experimental data collection process for atomic force microscopy (AFM). Automation can be accomplished using an algorithm that triages usable force-extension recordings quickly with positive and negative selection. We implemented an algorithm based on the windowed fast Fourier transform of force-extension traces that identifies peaks using force-extension regimes to correctly identify usable recordings from proteins composed of repeated domains. This algorithm excels as a real-time diagnostic because it involves <30 ms computational time, has high sensitivity and specificity, and efficiently detects weak unfolding events. We used the statistics provided by the automated procedure to clearly demonstrate the properties of molecular adhesion and how these properties change with differences in the cantilever tip and protein functional groups and protein age.
“Dear Mom and Dad”: Using Personal Letters to Enhance Students' Understanding of Developmental Issues

An exercise designed to address a number of developmental issues by requiring students to write semiautobiographical personal letters is described. Student responses were overwhelmingly positive and suggest a number of beneficial outcomes. Recommendations for instructors are provided.
Women's Movements and the State: Job-Training Policy in France and the U.S.

The goal of this article is to propose a model of state feminism to analyze the impact of women's movements on state activities in post-industrial democracies. It builds on conventional theories of social movement impact, specifically addressing problems of longitudinal and comparative analyses, and introduces an intervening variable--the role of women's policy machineries. This study examines the role of these machineries in France and the United States in injecting feminist stances into the content and processes of six job-training policy debates and assesses the explanatory usefulness of two clusters of independent variables. The findings challenge the conventional wisdom about women's movement successes in the U.S. and France by showing that a strong movement does not necessarily lead to a full state response in the absence of intervention of women's policy machineries. In turn they point to the importance of left-wing governments and the relation of the women's movement to them. The conclusion includes plans for further testing of the state feminism framework by means of comparative studies in other countries and other policy areas.
Bimetallic μ-cyanoimide complexes prepared by NCN group transfer

A cyanoimide [NCN] transfer reagent has been developed and applied to the synthesis of the μ-NCN systems (μ2;η1,η1-NCN) {M[N(R)Ar]3}2 (Ar = C6H3Me2-3,5; M = V or U, R = But; M = Mo, R = Pri).
English-American Speech Relationships A Quantitative Approach

This study applies quantitative techniques—measures of linguistic distance, cluster analysis, principal components analysis, and regression analysis—to data on English speech variants in England and America. The analysis yields measures of similarity among English and American speakers, distinguishes clusters of speakers with similar speech patterns, and isolates groups of variants that distinguish those groups of speakers. The results are consistent with a model of new-dialect formation in the American colonies, involving competition within and selection from a pool of variants introduced by speakers from different dialect regions. The patterns of similarity appear to be largely consistent with the historical evidence of migrations from seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Britain to North America, lending support to the hypothesis of regional English origins for some important differences in American dialects, and suggesting mainly southeastern English influence on American speech, with somewhat greater ...
Neighborhood Integration: Temporality and Social Fracture

: This study focuses on two methodological aspects of neighborhood integration measurement: temporal variations and choice of demographic units. In the first case, I use a unified census tract database from 1940 to 1990 to examine the changing patterns of integration in Los Angeles County. In this section, I illustrate that use of the Entropy Index for integration classification may produce results that are in tune with the historical demography of a given metropolitan area. In the second case, I use a cluster analysis technique to illustrate the spatial fragmentation of racial and ethnic subgroups compared to the larger demographic units. This analysis suggests that spatial associations do not reflect the singularity of demographic nomenclatures such as those assigned to Latinos and Asian subgroups.
Message from workshop chairs

The topic of assured communications between the application end-points in a distributed system is quite important for the military, automotive, aerospace, and E-Commerce domains. It synergizes three sub-areas of research: adaptation of system operations to the network resources & environment conditions, reliable communications between end-points in the presence of failures, and self-reconfigurations at various system levels for increased resilience.
Pontine and thalamic influences on fluid rewards: I. Operant responding for sucrose and corn oil

The reward strength of orosensory sucrose and corn oil was measured using fixed and progressive ratio operant schedules. Because the orosensory effects of the stimuli were of interest, Experiment 1 compared operant responses for sucrose in sham and real feeding rats. The results demonstrated that rats would work for sucrose solutions without the accompanying postingestive effects. Furthermore, the break points for high concentrations of sucrose (1.0 M or 2.0 M) were significantly higher in sham feeding rats than in real feeding controls. Experiment 2 investigated the role of the parabrachial nucleus (PBN) and of the thalamic orosensory area (TOA) in sucrose and corn oil reward. During free access, rats with PBN lesions (PBNx) licked significantly less sucrose solution than their controls, but both groups ingested a similar volume of corn oil emulsion. When an operant was imposed, these same PBNx rats failed to respond for sucrose and continued only modestly for corn oil. In contrast, the TOA lesioned rats (TOAx) showed no impairment in responding for sucrose or corn oil during either the free access or operant sessions. Furthermore, rats with TOA lesions demonstrated significantly higher break points for sucrose than did their controls. Together, the data imply that the PBN but not the TOA is critical for the perception of, or responding to the reward value of sucrose and corn oil.
The identification of furanose and pyranose ring forms of the reducing units of oligosaccharides.

Abstract Several types of oligosaccharides with glucose, arabinose, or galactose units have been prepared by chemical degradation of oligosaccharides of known structures and by enzymatic syntheses utilizing macerans amylase or yeast galactosyltransferase and appropriate substrates and cosubstrates. The ring forms of reducing units of these oligosaccharides and of oligosaccharides composed of glucose and mannose have been identified by a combined method of analysis based on methylation, gas-liquid chromatography, and mass spectrometry. In the dimethyl sulfoxide solvent used for the methylations, the oligosaccharides with arabinose or galactose units at the reducing ends occur as arabinofuranose or galactofuranose ring forms to the extent of 55 and 65%, respectively. The remainder of these monosaccharide units are present in the pyranose ring form. Oligosaccharides with glucose or mannose units at the reducing ends occur primarily in the pyranose ring form. An interesting observation is the finding that the reducing units which carry substituents linked by α-glycosidic linkages occur in a higher percentage in the furanose ring forms than those which carry substituents linked by β-glycosidic linkages.
Microcomputer programs for physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PB-PK) modeling☆

Abstract Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PB-PK) models are each defined as a set of mathematical equations offering a fairly comprehensive time course of a chemical's disposition in several pre-selected anatomical compartments. Each of these compartments has its characteristic blood flow, volume, tissue-blood partition coefficient, and metabolic or clearance rate constants that together are deemed responsible for a chemical's disposition in that region. Numerous investigators have used these models to predict tissue dose in the animal or human body in recent years. This simulation technique, if proven effective, will eventually reduce the large number of animals that are required in the costly classic, in vivo studies to be conducted for chemical disposition or metabolism. This communication offers 2 affordable microcomputer programs which can be used as a practical simulation tool in further exploring the application of PB-PK modeling in chemical risk assessment. These 2 programs are written especially for investigators who prefer to have some appreciation of the required computer simulation first before committing themselves to using more advanced, expensive simulation software packages that are commercially available.
Dynamics of vortex liquids in Ginzburg-Landau theories with applications to superconductivity

This paper continues our study of vortices in Ginzburg-Landau theories with special attention to applications in superconductivity. In another paper, we derived asymptotic equations governing the dynamics of interacting vortices. Here, we study the hydrodynamic limit of these vortices. For vortices in the solutions of the nonlinear Schr\"odinger equation, the hydrodynamic equation is the incompressible Euler's equation in fluid mechanics. For vortices in the time-dependent Ginzburg-Landau equations, the hydrodynamic equations can be thought of as being the complement of the Euler equations. Preliminary results on the numerical studies of the hydrodynamic equations are presented. As applications of the hydrodynamic formalism, we study the pinning of vortex liquids by periodic potentials, and the propagation of magnetic fields into type-II superconductors. The hydrodynamic formalism suggests that to leading order, the vortex liquids are pinned even at small but positive temperature.
Spectrophotometric determination of tantalum as reduced 12-molybdotantalic acid

Abstract A simple sensitive spectrophotometric method for the determination of tantalum is described. The method is based on the reaction of sodium molybdate with tantalum at pH 1.5–2.0. The resulting 12-molybdotantalic acid is reduced and the absorbance measured at 820 mμ. The method is subject to a number of interferences but is applicable in the presence of several-fold excesses of niobium and titanium.
Nonlinear behavior of prestressed cable trusses

Abstract The nonlinear deformational response and stiffness characteristics of four plane prestressed cable trusses subjected to symmetric and asymmetric loads have been examined. The influence of the span-to-sag ratio on the behavior of these structures is also investigated. The method of analysis used is based on an Eulerian formulation which accounts for arbitrarily large joint displacements. The nonlinear effects of member slackening and inelastic material properties are included in the analysis.
The role played by fast electrons in heavy-ion-induced desorption and track formation☆

We have substantial evidence that ion damage tracks and ion-induced desorption are consequences of the electronic excitation that is caused by the incident ion's impact on the target. This is shown by the correlation of the desorption yield/track damage with the energy loss of the ion to electrons during its slowing down process; the extended size of the desorbed molecules and the diameter of the tracks show that the transport of energy away from the ion's path is mediated by these secondary electrons. Experimental studies show that the distribution of damage along an ion track is not uniform, which suggests that statistical fluctuations in the electronic energy loss are involved. These fluctuations can arise from the number of local ionization events produced, the localization of secondary electrons (multi-hit processes), and the Auger decay of inner shell vacancies created. This paper uses the data available to assess the relative importance of these processes and to suggest the sort of experimental data that would improve our understanding of desorption/track-damage phenomena.
The mechanism of peptide chain termination

Peptide chain termination, defines an event which results in the release of the polypeptide from its ribosomal bound tRNA upon translation of specific termination codons. In both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells peptide chain termination occurs on the ribosome and requires a soluble protein factor(s) (RF), which recognizes the terminator codons UAA, UAG, UGA. Two soluble factors, identified inEscherichia coli cells, differ in codon specificity; RF-1, UAA or UAG: RF-2, UAA or UGA. While more than one form of rabbit reticulocyte release factor (RF) have been separated, each participates with all three terminator codons. The interaction of bacterial RF-1 and RF-2 with ribosomes is stimulated by a third soluble protein factor, RF-3 which interacts with GDP and GTP to cause dissociation of RF-1 or RF-2 from the ribosome. The interaction of RF-1 or RF-2 with the ribosome is prevented when elongation factor EF-G is bound as a fusidic acid · EF-G · GDP · ribosome complex. Recently it has been shown that theE. coli 50S proteins L7 and L12 and the protein(s) involved in thiostrepton binding are required for the interaction of RF with the ribosome. Studies with antibodies to each of theE. coli ribosome proteins suggest that the 30S ribosomal proteins S9, S11, S2, and S3 are involved in the peptide chain termination codon recognition. In vitro peptide chain termination dependent on reticulocyte RF is stimulated by GTP and the RF possesses a ribosomal dependent GTPase activity. The recovery of an RF · terminator codon · ribosome intermediate is increased with GTP and GDPCP. The data suggest that GTP is involved in the initial association of RF with the ribosome and that hydrolysis of theγ phosphate is required at a subsequent rate limiting step. This step may be the dissociation of the RF from the ribosome. Reticulocyte ribosomes associated with the translocation factor EF-2 as a fusidic acid · EF-2 · GDP · ribosome complex will not participate in reactions ofin vitro peptide chain termination because, as was found inE. coli, the interaction of RF with these ribosomes is prevented. In vitro reactions of peptide chain termination involving peptidyl-tRNA hydrolysis in bothE. coli and reticulocyte systems requires not only ribosomal bound substrate and RF, but also activity of the ribosomal peptidyltransferase. TheE. coli 50S proteins L11 and L16, recently implicated as part of the peptidyltransferase center, are involved in the hydrolysis of peptidyl-tRNA at termination.
Corrosion of uranium in air and water vapor : consequences for environmental dispersal

An evaluation of published data for reaction of uranium in dry air, water vapor, and humid air provides a comprehensive and consistent picture of corrosion kinetics. Effects of temperature, oxygen pressure, and water pressure are quantified. Arrhenius data presented for eight kinetic regimes show that the corrosion rate in air varies by more than 108 over the 25–1500°C range. Below 500°C, kinetics are bounded by the slow rate for the reaction of dry air and by the rapid rate for the reaction of water at saturation pressures. In the autothermic regime above 500°C, humidity effects are absent and involvement of nitrogen in the corrosion process is evident. Convergence of Arrhenius curves for dry and moist conditions at 500°C closes a temperature-humidity envelope that confines the kinetic behavior of uranium in humid air at low temperatures. Kinetic relationships within the envelope suggest a competition between rate enhancement by moisture and rate suppression by oxygen. Suppression of the rate by O2 in moist air is complete below 35–40°C, but moisture enhancement is observed at higher temperatures where chemical behavior is consistent with a water-catalyzed cycle that promotes the corrosion of uranium by oxygen. Reaction rates of U and Pu are similar in dry air and water vapor, but diverge in humid air and at elevated temperatures. Particle size data for corrosion products are reviewed and their combined application with the kinetic results in defining source terms for dispersal of uranium metal is examined.
Thermophilic and mesophilic anaerobic fermentation of swine manure

The effects of temperature (35° and 55°C), influent Volatile Solids (VS) concentration (So = 50·4 and 62·5 kg VS m−3) and hydraulic retention time (HRT = 5, 10, 15 and 25 days) on methane (CH4) production from swine manure were evaluated using 3-dm3 laboratory scale fermentors. The highest CH4 production rate achieved was 3·12 m3 CH4 per m3 fermentor per day at 55°C, 5-day HRT and So = 50·4 kg VS m−3. Batch fermentations showed an ultimate CH4 yield (B0) of 0·49 m3 CH4 kg VS fed. Extreme fermentation instability was experienced by the thermophilic (55°C) fermentors at 25-day HRT and S0 = 62·5 kg VS m−3. This instability was attributed to free-ammonia and influent-substrate inhibitions. After a significant period for adaptation (over 170 days), the thermophilic fermentors adapted to the high free-ammonia concentrations and operated satisfactorily.
Irregular clustered-dot periodic halftone screen design

With digital printing systems, the achievable screen angles and frequencies are limited by the finite address- ability of the marking engine. In order for such screens to generate dot clusters in which each cluster is identical, the elements of the periodicity matrix must be integer-valued, when expressed in units of printer-addressable pixels. To achieve a better approximation to the screen sets used for commercial offset printing, irregular screens can be used. With an irregular screen, the elements of the periodicity matrix are rational numbers. In this paper, we describe a procedure for design of high-quality irregular screens. We start with the design of the midtone halftone pattern. We then propose an algorithm to determine how to add dots from midtone to shadow and how to remove dots from mid-tone to highlight. We present experimental results illustrating the quality of the halftones resulting from our design procedure by comparing images halftoned with irregular screens using our approach and a template-based approach. Publisher’s Note: The first printing of this volume was completed prior to the SPIE Digital Library publication and this paper has since been replaced with a corrected/revised version.
3Ms for Instruction: Reviews of Maple, Mathematica, and Matlab

Most CiSE readers have probably used Maple, Mathematica, or Matlab for several years. With this review series, our goal is to help you now decide whether one of the others is better suited to your temperament and current practice than your original choice. For those of you new to integrative computing packages, our goal is to enable you to make an informed first choice. In this installment, we begin to examine how these tool packages serve the professional work of undergraduate education.
CLINICAL COUNTERPOINT: Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Deficiency: Perspectives from Clinical Investigation*

Advances in our understanding of the pathophysiology of Kallmann syndrome have come from an interdisciplinary approach involving developmental biology, clinical investigation, and molecular biology. It is equally clear that progress to date is but the first chapter of what will be a fascinating biological story. It now seems likely that the full expression of reproductive potential from the neuroendocrine perspective is likely to be as complicated as other aspects of reproduction, such as the multigene control of external genital differentiation. An analogous story may well emerge for the neuroendocrine control of reproduction in which the GnRH gene is encoded on the eighth chromosome, the protein guiding the embryonic journey of the GnRH-producing neuron to the hypothalamus lies on the X chromosome, and many, as yet to be determined, other genetic loci collaborate in the full expression of reproductive potential. Such a detailed study is warranted not only because of the clinical and genetic implications for an individual patient with this disorder, but also from an organizational theme for the evolution of the species (and its potential regulation). Given the pressing nature of world population growth, obtaining such understanding and its applications to fertility and contraception is crucial. These advances will only come from enlightened interactions of clinical investigators, molecular geneticists, and developmental biologists in which interdisciplinary approaches should be fostered. This should be an exciting story to follow given the remarkable nature of the tools at hand to study these clinical conditions.
Erosion of Thermionic Cathodes in Welding and Plasma Arc Cutting Systems

Thermionic arc cathodes are the cathodes where thermionic emission is the main electron emission mechanism. They are used in welding (Tungsten pure or doped with rare earth oxides) and plasma arc cutting (Tungsten for cutting with inert gas or Hafnium for cutting with Oxygen plasma). There are two different sources of erosion: constant current (CC) erosion and erosion during arc initiation and termination (cycling erosion). Available experimental data for both types of cathode and both types of erosion (CC and cycling) are presented and discussed. For quite some time, it has been clear that CC erosion is due to cathode evaporation. It has been shown that as almost all the evaporated atoms return back to the cathode, the net erosion rate is much lower than the evaporation rate. The existing model allows one to calculate the ratio of these two (escape factor). It is in the range 10-2-10-3. The important role of cathode geometry and plasma flow pattern in the cathode proximity is discussed. The nature of cathode erosion during arc start and arc termination is much less understood in spite the fact that the corresponding erosion could be very important and even dominate for multiple cycles. Different processes that lead to this type of erosion are considered.
CHEMORECEPTION IN GASTROPOD MOLLUSCS

"... they had a nice appetite and taste, as well as other creatures, for which purpose they also have gustatory nerves. "They likewise have a very quick smell: this I ob? served, when I moved a little fresh food towards them, for they immediately perceived it by the scent, and crept out of their little shells and came to it." ?Jan Swammerdam (1637-1680) The Book of Nature, English translation, 1758.
Characterization of specific interactions of coenzymes, regulatory nucleotides and cibacron blue with nucleotide binding domains of enzymes by analytical affinity chromatography.

The dissociation constant for the complex of rhodanese and Cibacron Blue, determined by analytical affinity chromatography using rhodanese immobilized on controlled-pore glass (CPG) beads (200 nm pore diameter) and aminohexyl-Cibacron Blue, was 44 microM which agreed well with the kinetic inhibition constant, suggesting that the dye binds at or near the active site of this enzyme. Formation of a binary complex of the dye and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was also characterized by direct chromatography of LDH on CPG/immobilized Cibacron Blue (KD = 0.29 microM). The binary complex formed between LDH and NADH was characterized by analytical affinity chromatography using both CPG/immobilized LDH and immobilized Cibacron Blue. Since the dye competes with NADH in binding to the active site of LDH, competitive elution chromatography using the immobilized dye allows determination of the dissociation constant of the soluble LDH.NADH complex. Agreement between the dissociation constants determined by direct chromatography of NADH on immobilized LDH (KD = 1.4 microM) and that determined for the soluble complex (KD = 2.4 microM) indicates that immobilization of LDH did not affect the interaction. Formation of various binary, ternary and quaternary complexes of bovine liver glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) with glutamate, NADPH, NADH, and ADP was also investigated using immobilized GDH. This approach allows characterization of the enzyme/ligand interactions without the complicating effect of enzyme self-association. The affinity for NADPH is considerably greater in the ternary complex (including glutamate) as compared to the binary complex (0.38 microM vs 22 microM); however, occupancy of the regulatory site by ADP greatly reduces the affinity in both complexes (6.4 microM and 43 microM, respectively).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Low-energy physics of high-temperature superconductors

Abstract It is argued that the low-energy properties of high temperature superconductors are dominated by the interaction between the mobile holes and a particular class of collective modes, corresponding to local large-amplitude low-energy fluctuations in the hole density. The latter are a consequence of the competition between the effects of long-range Coulomb interactions and the tendency of a low concentration of holes in an antiferromagnet to phase separate. The low-energy behavior of the system is governed by the same fixed point as the two-channel Kondo problem, which accounts for the “universality” of the properties of the cuprate superconductors. Predictions of the optical properties and the spin dynamics are compared with experiment. The pairing resonance of the two-channel Kondo problem gives a mechanism of high temperature superconductivity with an uncoventional symmetry of the order parameter.
Gas Exchange Detection of Exercise-Induced Right-to-Left Shunt in Patients With Primary Pulmonary Hypertension

Background — Because of high pulmonary vascular resistance in patients with primary pulmonary hypertension (PPH), right atrial pressure may exceed left atrial pressure during exercise, resulting in a right-to-left shunt via a patent foramen ovale (PFO). This shunting would disturb arterial Pco 2 and H + homeostasis if the pulmonary blood were not simultaneously hyperventilated to compensate for the high CO 2 and H + in the shunted blood. This article first hypothesizes and then describes unique changes in gas exchange when right-to-left exercise-induced shunting (EIS) occurs. Methods and Results — Retrospectively, the cardiopulmonary exercise tests of 71 PPH patients were studied. Criteria postulated to document hyperventilation of the pulmonary blood flow due to a right-to-left EIS were (1) an abrupt and sustained increase in end-tidal O 2 with a simultaneous sustained decrease in end-tidal CO 2 ; (2) an abrupt and sustained increase in the respiratory exchange ratio; and (3) usually, an associated decline in pulse oximetry saturation. Each patient was evaluated for a PFO with resting echocardiography. The investigators interpreting the gas exchange evidence of EIS were blinded to the echocardiographic readings. Forty-five percent of the patients had demonstrable EIS by gas exchange criteria. Almost all were also positive for a PFO by echocardiography. Using the resting echocardiograph as the reference, the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and accuracy were all between 90% to 96%. Conclusions — Exercise-induced right-to-left shunting can be detected by noninvasive, cardiopulmonary exercise testing in patients with PPH.
Affective Perseverance: The Resistance of Affect to Cognitive Invalidation

Four studies demonstrated that affective preferences persevere even if the cognition that gave rise to the affect is invalidated. In Study 1, participants learned associations between Chinese ideographs and their English meanings that were either positively or negatively valenced; subsequently, they were informed that these meanings were incorrect. Despite this cognitive invalidation, the affect associated with the ideographs persevered. Studies 2 and 3 ruled out alternative explanations. Study 4 showed that invalidating information containing opposite affective valence succeeded in changing the affective perseverance, whereas the neutral cognitive invalidation of Studies 1 through 3 did not. The present research provides an empirical demonstration of affective perseverance, specifying the conditions where affective preferences do and do not persevere when confronted with invalidating information. Discussion centers on issues of underlying mechanism and implications for other psychological phenomena.
Improved dislocation model of silicon solar cells with the effect of front and back surface recombination velocity

We have extended a previous model for calculating the effects of dislocations on the characteristics of a Si solar cell to include the effects of front and back surface recombination. This improved dislocation model uses Green's function approach to solve the three-dimensional continuity equation of the minority carriers with suitable boundary conditions corresponding to surface recombination at the n and p sides. The dislocations are considered to be localized lines, extending perpendicular to the front and back surfaces of the cell and having a recombination velocity. We discuss effect of several parameters such as bulk dislocation density, minority carrier diffusion length in p and n regions on the J-V characteristics, and spectral response of the cell. It is shown that these results agree well with previously published, experimental data. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Allometric patterns of cranial bone thickness in fossil hominids

The interspecific allometry of five measures of total cranial bone thickness is examined in 10 extant catarrhine genera and two fossil hominid samples representing A. africanus and Asian H. erectus. Analysis of the modern sample shows that most interspecific variation in vault thickness can be accounted for by variation in body size. Correlation values are moderate to high (r = 0.75–0.98), and all variables exhibit positive allometry. The bone thickness:body mass relationship of modern humans broadly conforms with that of other primates. However, in the distribution of relative thickness throughout the skull, H. sapiens is distinguished by relative thickening of the parietal and extreme relative thinning of the temporal squama. The bone thickness:body mass relationship in the two early hominid species is examined using published mean body weight estimates generated from post-cranial predictor variables. A. africanus exhibits great similarity to modern humans in its relation to the catarrhine regression data and in the distribution of relative thickness throughout the skull. H. erectus also shows a modern human-like pattern in the distribution of its relative thickness; however, its bone thickness:body mass relationship is dissimilar to that displayed by all other taxa, including the other hominid species. On the basis of these results, it is suggested that the published body weight estimate assigned to H. erectus greatly underestimates actual mean body size for Asian members of this species. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Partition of Calibrated Tris-acryl Gelatin Microspheres in the Arterial Vasculature of Embolized Nasopharyngeal Angiofibromas and Paragangliomas

PURPOSE: To determine the location of calibrated tris-acryl gelatin microspheres (TGMs) in the arterial vasculature of nasopharyngeal angiofibromas (NAFs) and paragangliomas (PGs). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-nine specimens (25 PGs and 24 NAFs) treated operatively after embolization with TGMs of various sizes (100–300 μm to 900–1200 μm) were stained with hematoxylin and eosin saffron and analyzed at an objective magnification of 10 or 20 with a micrometric eyepiece (magnification, ×12.5). The diameter of occluded vessels, their localization (intraor extratumoral), and the number and diameter of TGMs they contained were determined. RESULTS: Embolized vessels ( N = 1125) were measured: 440 in PGs and 685 in NAFs. Vessels were 89% intratumoral and 11% extratumoral. The diameter of the occluded vessels increased significantly with the size range of TGMs used for embolization for each tumor type ( P P P = .0006) as well as 300–500-μm TGMs versus 500–700-μm TGMs ( P = .0001). CONCLUSIONS: The size of the vessels occluded by TGMs and their intraor extratumoral location directly depend on the size of the injected TGMs. The vessels located inside the tumors were smaller than those located outside the tumors. A threshold for the intratumoral penetration of TGMs in the vasculature can be proposed from these data. There was no evidence of different behavior of TGMs in NAFs versus PGs.
Uneasy Partners: Big Business in American Politics, 1945-1990

"Businessmen are politicians in America," writes Kim McQuaid, "and politicians are businessmen." Today, in areas as diverse as home mortgages, high technology, and Smart Bombs, the private and public sectors are working together to perform tasks that each is unable to do alone. In Uneasy Partners McQuaid surveys the close ties that have formed between big business and government in the period from World War II to the present. Government needs business, McQuaid explains, to make and implement key economic and business-related decisions. Business needs government to gain advantages over labor and markets. The defining characteristics of this business-government relationship form the focal point for each of the book's chapters. McQuaid first examines the 1945-60 transition period, discussing Eisenhower's domestic policies, foreign aid, and the oil market. He explores the rapid expansion of government under the Democratic administrations of the 1960s. He discusses the Republican retrenchment and the Reagan administration's pro-business agenda in the 1980s. Finally he assesses the legacy of the Reagan policies and evaluates the current U.S. position in the world economy.