cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Strain localization in a shear transformation zone model for amorphous solids

We model a sheared disordered solid using the theory of shear transformation zones (STZs). In this mean-field continuum model the density of zones is governed by an effective temperature that approaches a steady state value as energy is dissipated. We compare the STZ model to simulations by Shi et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 185505 (2007)], finding that the model generates solutions that fit the data, exhibit strain localization, and capture important features of the localization process. We show that perturbations to the effective temperature grow due to an instability in the transient dynamics, but unstable systems do not always develop shear bands. Nonlinear energy dissipation processes interact with perturbation growth to determine whether a material exhibits strain localization. By estimating the effects of these interactions, we derive a criterion that determines which materials exhibit shear bands based on the initial conditions alone. We also show that the shear band width is not set by an inherent diffusion length scale but instead by a dynamical scale that depends on the imposed strain rate.
Tuning charge recombination rate constants through inner-sphere coordination in a copper(I) donor-acceptor compound.

The coordination compounds [Cu(bpy-MV2+)(PPh3)2](PF6)3, where bpy-MV2+ is the 1-(4-(4‘-methyl-2,2‘-bipyridin-4-yl)butyl)-1‘-methyl-4,4‘-bipyridinediium(2+) cation, and [Cu(dmb)(PPh3)2](PF6), where dmb is 4,4‘-dimethyl-2,2‘-bipyridine, have been prepared and characterized. Visible light (417 nm) excitation of [Cu(bpy-MV2+)(PPh3)2]3+ at room temperature leads to rapid intramolecular electron transfer, kcs > 1 × 108 s-1, to form a charge-separated state with an electron localized on the pendant viologen group and a copper(II) metal center, abbreviated [CuII-bpy-MV•+]. This state recombines to ground-state products with first-order rate constants that can be tuned with solvent over a ∼107−105 s-1 range. The activation parameters were determined from temperature-dependent electron-transfer data with Arrhenius analysis. A model is proposed wherein a solvent molecule is coordinated to Cu(II) in the charge-separated state, [(S)CuII-bpy-MV•+]. Visible light excitation of [Cu(dmb)(PPh3)2](PF6) in argon-saturated di...
Field emission from a single nanomechanical pillar

We measured field emission from a silicon nanopillar mechanically oscillating between two electrodes. The pillar has a height of about 200 nm and a diameter of 50 nm, allowing resonant mechanical excitations at radio frequencies. The tunnelling barriers for field emission are mechanically modulated via displacement of the gold island on top of the pillar. We present a rich frequency-dependent response of the emission current in the frequency range of 300–400 MHz at room temperature. Modified Fowler–Nordheim field emission is observed and attributed to the mechanical oscillations of the nanopillar.
THE SYNERGISTIC RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ANTIBIOTICS AND POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES (PMN) IN BACTERICIDAL ACTIVITY

The effect of clindamycin on PMN function was investigated in a group of normal adult volunteers who received 1200 mg of clindamycin daily for two days. Neutrophils obtained before and during clindamycin administration were tested for chemotaxis under agarose, phagocytosis and intracellular killing of staphylococci (S. aureus) by the acridine orange staining technique, and oxidative metabolic activity by chemiluminescence generation. Serum-free,washed PMN collected from subjects during clindamycin administration killed significantly greater proportion of S. aureus than the controls (45% vs. 38%, p<.001). The increased bactericidal activity was not related to the serum concentration of clindamycin (mean 1.6 μg/ml) which was well below the MIC for this particular organism. Despite the effect of clindamycin on the intracellular killing of S. aureus, chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and chemiluminescence generation did not differ significantly from the controls. These data suggest significant augmentation of PMN bactericidal activity with clindamycin. Because clindamycin is unique among antibiotics in that it readily enters PMN, it is proposed that PMN may act as vehicles for the transport of antibiotics to the site of infection and thus complement the antibacterial activity of certain antibiotics.
Absence of disseminated intravascular coagulation with endoscopic sclerosis of esophageal varices

Esophageal varices were injected with 5% sodium morrhuale and a solution containing thrombin, concentrated dextrose, and cephalothin sodium using the flexible gastroscope with balloon cuff modification. Hematologic and coagulating parameters were checked before and after the procedure to look for evidence of disseminated intravascular coagulation. No effect was noted on hematocrit, hemoglobin, platelet count, haptoglobin, prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, fibrinogen, fibrin split products, factor V, or factor VIM. Injection sclerotherapy with currently available solutions appears to have no effect on the systemic coagulation system.
Iron uptake in pseudorevertants of Escherichia coli K-12 mutants with multiple defects in the enterochelin system.

Iron uptake in pseudorevertants of Escherichia coli K-12 strains which lack the ability to synthesize enterochelin, 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate, and the ferrienterochelin receptor protein was characterized. In four independent pseudorevertants, the suppressor mutations which permitted growth in iron-poor environments appeared to be located in ompB, the regulatory locus for the porin proteins. Unlike wild-type cells, the pseudorevertants were unable to utilize ferrienterochelin and could acquire iron from citrate without induction by prior growth in citrate. The energy requirements of the pseudorevertant system appeared to be identical to those of the enterochelin system. Evidence that loss of the porin proteins results in the secretion by the pseudorevertants of a molecule with siderophore activity is presented; this siderophore is able to remove iron from the non-biological iron chelators nitrilotriacetic acid and α, α′-dipyridyl but not from the siderophores ferrichrome and enterochelin.
The evolution of distance education: Emerging technologies and distributed learning

(1996). The evolution of distance education: Emerging technologies and distributed learning. American Journal of Distance Education: Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 4-36.
ON ESTIMATING FRACTURE TOUGHNESS OF CEMENTED CARBIDES FROM PALMQVIST CRACK SIZES.

Association des fissures superficielles avec les resultats de microdurete Vickers pour l'estimation de la resistance a la rupture des cermets. Rappel bibliographique des relations trouvees entre la charge d'indentation et la longueur des fissures de Palmquist. Necessite d'une analyse rigoureuse de ces fissures
Some facts, old and new, about the low temperature thermal properties of noncrystalline solids

Abstract The low energy vibrational excitations of perfect crystals seen in specific heat and thermal conductivity measurements can be described in terms of Debye phonons. In amorphous solids, however, the specific heat is dominated by another kind of excitations, which also couple to the phonons and thus apparently determine the universal low temperature thermal conductivity of this class of solids. A phenomenological model of tunneling states with a uniform density of states has been very successful in describing a wide range of investigations of these excitations. Of particular importance was the discovery of a logarithmic time dependence of the specific heat, which was predicted by this model. It now appears well established that thermal equilibrium in an amorphous solid at low temperatures cannot be reached on any time scale. A physical model of the tunneling states is still lacking. The major hurdle is that of finding an entity which is common to all amorphous solids, and which leads to a thermal co...
RNA Binding Activity of NIa Proteinase of Tobacco Etch Potyvirus

The C-terminal domain of NIa protein (NIaPro) from tobacco etch potyvirus (TEV) is a sequence-specific proteinase required for processing of the viral polyprotein. This proteinase also interacts with NIb, the TEV RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. NIaPro and two NIaPro-containing polyproteins (NIa and 6/NIa) were analyzed from extracts of recombinant Escherichia coli. Using RNA-protein blot and UV-crosslinking assays, NIaPro and the NIaPro-containing polyproteins were shown to possess RNA-binding activity. NIaPro bound nonspecifically to several RNAs, including plus- and minus-strands of the TEV 5' and 3' noncoding regions. Saturation binding data obtained using the UV-crosslinking assay were consistent with a possible cooperative RNA-binding activity of NIaPro. In addition, the RNA-binding activities of NIaPro and full-length NIa protein were similar. Based on its RNA-binding activity and other known functions, NIaPro or a NIaPro-containing polyprotein is proposed to serve one or more direct roles during TEV RNA synthesis.
Sound transmission along the ossicular chain in common wild-type laboratory mice.

Abstract The use of genetically modified mice can accelerate progress in auditory research. However, the fundamental profile of mouse hearing has not been thoroughly documented. In the current study, we explored mouse middle ear transmission by measuring sound-evoked vibrations at several key points along the ossicular chain using a laser-Doppler vibrometer. Observations were made through an opening in pars flaccida. Simultaneously, the pressure at the tympanic membrane close to the umbo was monitored using a micro-pressure-sensor. Measurements were performed in C57BL mice, which are widely used in hearing research. Our results show that the ossicular local transfer function, defined as the ratio of velocity to the pressure at the tympanic membrane, was like a high-pass filter, almost flat at frequencies above ∼15 kHz, decreasing rapidly at lower frequencies. There was little phase accumulation along the ossicles. Our results suggested that the mouse ossicles moved almost as a rigid body. Based on these 1-dimensional measurements, the malleus–incus-complex primarily rotated around the anatomical axis passing through the gonial termination of the anterior malleus and the short process of the incus, but secondary motions were also present. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled “MEMRO 2012”.
A comparison of drainage networks derived from digital elevation models at two scales

Abstract Automated generation of drainage networks has become increasingly popular with powerful analytical functions in geographic information systems (GIS) and with the increased availability of digital elevation models (DEMs). This paper compares drainage networks derived from DEMs at two scales, 1:250 000 (250K) and 1:24 000 (24K), using various drainage parameters common in hydrology and geomorphology. The comparison of parameters derived from the 250K DEMs with those from the 24K DEMs in 20 basins ranging from 150 to 1000 km2 in West Virginia shows that the goodness-of-fit between parameter estimates based on the DEMs varies. Results clearly show that superior estimations are produced from the 24K DEMs. Better estimates can be obtained from the 250K DEMs for stream length and frequency parameters than for gradient parameters. However, the estimation of the mean gradient parameters based on the 250K DEMs seems to improve with increasing terrain complexity. Finally, basin size does not strongly affect the accuracy of parameter estimates based on the 250K DEMs.
Experimental complexity analysis of continuous constraint satisfaction problems

Continuous constraint satisfaction problems are at the core of many real-world applications, including planning, scheduling, control, and diagnosis of physical systems such as car, planes, and factories. Yet in order to be effective in such resource-constrained environments, constraint-based techniques must take into account the complexity of continuous constrained problems. In this paper, we study complexity phase transition phenomena of continuous constraint satisfaction problems (CSPs). First, we analyze three continuous constraint satisfaction formulations based on (discrete) 3-SAT problems, which have a strong relation between structure and search cost. Then, we propose a generic benchmarking model for comparing continuous CSPs and algorithms, and present two example problems based on sine functions. In our experiments, these problems are solved using both local and global search methods. Besides comparing the complexities of different continuous CSPs and search algorithms, we also connect these back to results from similar studies on SAT problems. In solving continuous 3-SAT and sine-based CSPs, we find that the median search cost is characterized by simple parameters such as the constraint-to-variable ratio and constraint tightness, and that discrete search algorithms such as GSAT have continuous counter-parts with similar behavior. Regarding local versus global search techniques for constraint solving, our results show that local search methods are more efficient for weakly constrained problems, whereas global search methods work better on highly constrained problems.
A half-century makes a difference

What a difference a half-century has made in the evolution of information processing! In the 1960s our ability to process information using computers tended to revolve around numerical processing, mathematical modeling, mundane computations (payroll, inventory, accounting) and numerically controlled machines. In the ensuing 50 years, everything has changed. Machines have gotten faster, cheaper, smaller and portable. Computing power can be embedded in virtually anything (buildings, houses, appliances, and even our bodies). The Internet and the World Wide Web applications have created an infrastructure that highlights every conceivable form of digital information and, perhaps most important, the relationships among these ethereal quanta. Any bit of information can be related to any other bit of information and it is the relationships that inform the texture of the 21st century information era. We have entered into a new period in the evolution of the Internet. We can see an Internet of “things” emerging. Wireless communication, coupled with programmable edge devices and massive “cloud computing” capacity, is bringing computing power to virtually anything that can house some form of computational and communications capability. Our “smart” mobile devices (I hesitate to call them “phones” any more) can see, hear, feel and speak. They can participate in the real world almost in the way we do. In fact, they can even do things we cannot. In a recent and extraordinary presentation at TED1 the speaker demonstrated that one did not need expensive laptops and notebook computers to engage com-
What can pronouns tell us? A case study of English epicenes

The article reports an oral corpus-based study of epicene pronominal constructions (i.e., pronouns coreferent with singular antecedents and referring to referents of indeterminate sex) in English. They is used in 60% of the tokens, he in 25%, and other forms were used minimally. That variation corresponds to three semantic factors: perceived sex stereotypes associated with the referent, notional number, and, surprisingly, degree of individuation. These findings support accounts of the importance of agreement as a discourse-level phenomenon (e.g. Barlow's Discourse-Linking Theory), and of pronouns as elements whose informational content goes beyond mere denotation.
Normal formation and repair of γ-radiation-induced single and double strand DNA breaks in Down syndrome fibroblasts

Abstract Fibroblasts from patients with Down syndrome (Trisomy 21) were examined for repair capability of γ-radiation-induced single strand and double strand DNA breaks. Formation and repair of DNA breaks were determined by DNA alkaline and non-denaturing elution techniques. Down syndrome fibroblasts were found to repair single strand and double strand breaks as well as fibroblasts from normal controls.
Localization of genes causing postzygotic isolation in two hybridizations involving Drosophila pseudoobscura.

The genes causing postzygotic isolation in two Drosophila hybridizations were localized to regions of the X chromosome. The X has a large effect on D. pseudoobscura pseudoobscura (“U.S.A.”)–D. pseudoobscura bogotana (“Bogota”) hybrid male sterility. Recombination analysis shows that this effect is due entirely to a small chromosome region representing less than 20 per cent of the X. This result suggests that a single X-linked gene may be involved. A maximum likelihood mapping procedure places this hybrid sterility gene at position 50·3 (95 per cent limits = 46·9–54·4). Analysis also shows that this putative gene has a very large effect on hybrid fitness: substitution of a Bogota for a U.S.A. allele almost halves hybrid male fertility. The X-chromosome also has a large effect on male and female sterility in the D. pseudoobscura–D. persimilis hybridization. Male sterility in this cross appears to involve more X-linked genes than in the younger U.S.A.–Bogota hybridization: genes on both arms of the X are involved. Sterility of females, however, is caused by gene(s) restricted to the left arm of the X. Thus male and female sterility in this hybridization must involve some different loci. This result militates against the traditional explanation of Haldane's rule.
Teacher Talk: Promoting Literacy Development Through Response to Story

Abstract This study documented how young children talked about story in a supportive environment. Participants were 22 kindergartners and their teacher, who engaged in extended talk about story after listening to a picture book or chapter from a novel. Data collected included transcripts of videotaped conversations during large- and small-group discussions after story, informal interviews, memos, and field notes. Qualitative analysis of the data revealed that the teacher's questions and responses encouraged literary talk and decreased as the children grew in their ability to respond in literary ways. Teacher talk served to set the climate for engaged listening, encouraged children to transact with the text, and established an environment that supported literacy development.
Hyponatremia: diagnosis, complications, and management including V2 receptor antagonists.

Purpose of review Recent studies have consistently demonstrated the common prevalence of hyponatremia in the hospital and intensive care settings, and how it correlates with untoward outcomes. This review discusses the classification, diagnosis, and pathophysiology of hyponatremia and how these agents may influence its management, and also examines the available treatment options and their weaknesses and strengths. Recent findings This review is timely and relevant, as mild degrees of serum sodium lowering may be associated with adverse neurologic and musculoskeletal effects. These findings have the potential to transform our approach to managing hyponatremia. A major advance in our ability to treat hyponatremia was the introduction and approval of aquaretics (vaptans). Emerging data on vaptans and their potential role to treat hyponatremia in the settings of the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion, congestive heart failure, and liver cirrhosis are presented. Summary Vaptans will likely play an important role in treating hyponatremia, given their clinical effectiveness and tolerability. Cost remains a hindrance for vaptans, and more studies are needed to further define their best utilization in hyponatremic patients.
Deletion of Dicer in late erythroid cells results in impaired stress erythropoiesis in mice

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been shown to influence erythroid lineage commitment and differentiation; however, our knowledge of miRNA function in terminal erythropoiesis remains limited. To address this issue, we generated a novel animal model, where the miRNA-processing enzyme, Dicer, is selectively inactivated in erythropoietin receptor positive erythroid cells beginning with CFU-e/proerythroblast cells. This results in significant depletion of all miRNAs from the proerythroblast stage onwards, with one exception, miR-451, which is processed by Ago2 in a Dicer-independent manner. We observed that mature Dicer-dependent miRNAs, like miR-451, are dispensable under steady-state conditions, but these mutants have an impaired response to stress erythropoiesis, as demonstrated by a delay in recovery from anemia. This defect was specific to later maturing erythroid cells, as progenitor numbers were unaffected. In addition to generating a novel mouse model to study miRNA function in late erythroid cells, we conclude that miRNAs (both Dicer-dependent and independent) act primarily to regulate the optimal response to stress among late erythroid cells.
Organic functional group analysis via gas chromatography. I. Microdetermination of carboxyl groups

A gas-chromatographic procedure for the microdetermination of carboxyl groups by decarboxylation is described. The sample is heated in the presence of quinoline and cupric carbonate in a closed vessel; the carbon dioxide formed is then driven into the gas chromatograph. The peak-height on the chromatogram varies linearly with the amount of carboxylic acid in the sample. The method is rapid, simple, and accurate.
Measurement of Ceftazidime Arginine in Aqueous Solution by HPLC

Abstract Ceftazidime is used widely for the treatment of infections caused by gram-negative microorganisms. Ceftazidime arginine is its newest formulation available in the U.S. It is reconstituted and stored in plastic syringes. A high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method was developed to measure ceftazidime arginine in aqueous solution to determine its stability during storage in plastic syringes. The chromatographic separation was achieved using an ultrasphere ODS column and mobile phase containing 89% 0.01M ammonium acetate buffer and 11% methanol, at a detection wave length of 254 nm. The retention time of ceftazidime arginine was about 4.27 minutes. The accuracy ranged from 98.6 to 99.8% and the coefficient of variation was less than 1%. The technique was used to determine the stability of ceftazidime arginine in sterile water for injection during storage for 24 hours in plastic syringes.
U.s. Multinational staffing practices and implications for subsidiary performance in the u.k. And thailand

This study addresses two questions about the U.K. and Thai subsidiaries of U.S. multinationals: (1) What is the relationship between a company's staffing policy and subsidiary performance? and (2) When are companies more likely to use an expatriate rather than a local manager? The study concludes that local managers are most effective in subsidiaries located in a developing country, subsidiaries that rely on a local customer base, and subsidiaries with marketing themes similar to the themes used at their U.S. headquarters. Expatriates are more likely to be in charge of larger subsidiaries and those with a marketing theme similar to that of the headquarters. � 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Solving the three-body Coulomb breakup problem using exterior complex scaling

Electron-impact ionization of the hydrogen atom is the prototypical three-body Coulomb breakup problem in quantum mechanics. The combination of subtle correlation effects and the difficult boundary conditions required to describe two electrons in the continuum have made this one of the outstanding challenges of atomic physics. A complete solution of this problem in the form of a 'reduction to computation' of all aspects of the physics is given by the application of exterior complex scaling, a modern variant of the mathematical tool of analytic continuation of the electronic coordinates into the complex plane that was used historically to establish the formal analytic properties of the scattering matrix. This review first discusses the essential difficulties of the three-body Coulomb breakup problem in quantum mechanics. It then describes the formal basis of exterior complex scaling of electronic coordinates as well as the details of its numerical implementation using a variety of methods including finite difference, finite elements, discrete variable representations and B-splines. Given these numerical implementations of exterior complex scaling, the scattering wavefunction can be generated with arbitrary accuracy on any finite volume in the space of electronic coordinates, but there remains the fundamental problem of extracting the breakup amplitudes from it. Methods are described for evaluating these amplitudes. The question of the volume-dependent overall phase that appears in the formal theory of ionization is resolved. A summary is presented of accurate results that have been obtained for the case of electron-impact ionization of hydrogen as well as a discussion of applications to the double photoionization of helium.
Women's forest work in Laos

Abstract Forest work is a significant part of the contribution of Lao rural women to the household economy. Women's forest work was studied by interviewing 120 rural women farmer/gatherers in eight villages in one province in central Laos. Women with access to old‐growth forest as well as second‐growth areas use forest products mainly for subsistence purposes, whereas women with access only to second‐growth areas are more commercially oriented and are more likely to sell what they gather. Women's forest work in all cases contributes to the household economy and becomes even more important during poor crop years. It is suggested that women's forest activities, along with women's other work activities, foster their informal influence in household and village.
Oxygen consumption of zooplankton as affected by laboratory and field cadmium exposures

Virtually none of the many studies of the responses of aquatic organisms to heavy metals has involved organism response to heavy metals under natural, whole system exposure. The ability of laboratory studies to simulate and predict actual field conditions and responses remains questionable. The effects of cadmium exposure on zooplankton has been measured in laboratory studies and in enclosures placed in the field. However, studies involving zooplankton subjected to field exposure of cadmium are lacking. The objectives of this experiment were to measure oxygen consumption, survivorship, and reproduction of Daphnia pulex and Simocephalus serrulatus in response to low level cadmium exposure, in both laboratory and field situations. This design makes possible the comparisons of 1) laboratory and field exposures, and 2) responses of 2 common freshwater zooplankton species.
Simulation of power electronic circuits containing nonlinear inductances using a sampled-data model

Power electronic circuits which contain nonlinear inductances are described by a set of nonlinear state equations. A sampled-data model is presented for the circuit from which a set of linear state equations can be formulated. In the sampled-data model, the nonlinear inductor is modeled by an ideal sampler, a variable gain, and a clamp. The state variables for the circuit are updated during simulation using a three-step procedure. One step involves the solution of the linear state equations using a technique such as the state transition matrix approach. Two additional steps are employed to account for the effects of the ideal sampler, clamp, and variable gain. >
Nuclear Models and Surfaces

A comparison is made of the results of shell-type and cluster nuclear models for light nuclei. Conceptual problems within the models, associated with the nature of the nuclear surface, are noted. Results are outiined for He/sup 6/ Li/sup 6/, Li/sup 7/, Be/sup 9/, He/sup 4/, and C/sup 12/ as examples. Threshold states are investigated. The shell model for potential wells in heavy nuclei is discussed. (T.F.H.)
Magnetization and pressure study of 3He in fast compressions in high fields

Abstract Magnetization and pressure have been measured during fast compressional cooling of 3 He in high fields. At the A 2 superfluid transition, the rate of growth of magnetization increases, continuing until the pressure backstep reported by Schuberth et al. These results support the suggestion of underpolarized solid produced in fast compressions.
Clinical predictors of atrial defibrillation thresholds with a dual-coil, active pectoral lead system.

Objectives The purpose of this study was to identify clinical predictors of atrial defibrillation thresholds (DFTs) with standard implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) leads. Background Atrial defibrillation can be achieved with active pectoral, dual-coil transvenous ICD lead systems. If clinical predictors of atrial defibrillation efficacy with these lead systems were identified, they could be used to predict which patients may require more complex lead systems for atrial defibrillation, such as a coronary sinus electrode. Methods This was a prospective study of 135 consecutive patients undergoing initial ICD implant for standard indications. The lead system evaluated was a transvenous defibrillation lead with coils in the superior vena cava (SVC) and right ventricular apex (RV), and a left pectoral pulse generator emulator (CAN). The shocking pathway was RV→SVC+CAN. Atrial DFT was measured using a step-up protocol. Clinical and echocardiographic parameters were evaluated as predictors of atrial DFT and multiple linear regression was performed. Results Mean atrial DFT was 4.6 ± 3.8J. Atrial DFT was ≤3 J in 70 patients (52%) and ≤10 J in 97% of patients. The highest atrial DFT was 20 J (one patient). Left atrial size (r = 0.21, P = .01) and left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (r = 0.19, P = .02) were independent predictors of atrial DFT. However, these two predictors accounted for only 6% of the variability in atrial DFT. Conclusions Clinical parameters are of limited use in predicting atrial DFT with a dual-coil, active pectoral ICD lead system. Because the RV→SVC+CAN shocking pathway provides reliable atrial and ventricular defibrillation, this configuration should be preferred for combined atrial and ventricular ICDs.
Narration in Technical Communication

Non-literary texts are being interpreted and studied as narratives to great ad vantage in many, diverse fields. In contrast, narration is widely devalued among teachers and researchers of technical...
Elastic Postbuckling Predictions of Plates Using Discrete Elements

T paper describes a discrete-element analysis capability for predicting the geometrically nonlinear, large-deflection and postbuckling responses of elastic plates with initial curvatures. Both the initial and additional deflections may be of the same order as the plate thickness. The nonlinear stiffness equation is derived by using the minimum potential energy theorem. The postbuckling response is predicted step by step by a linear incremental approach. Basic procedures for initiating a postbuckling configuration, correlating the middlesurface loads with the transverse loads, treating the edge conditions prescribed for the middle-surface movement, and finding the distribution of membrane stress caused by a large, deflection are provided.
Population Density, Land Tenure, and Law in the New Guinea Highlands: Reflections on Legal Evolution

This paper examines law in the New Guinea Highlands through a cross-cultural, case-study approach. Because of low levels of variation in ecology and infrastructure, the Highlands become a natural laboratory for testing theoretically derived hypotheses relating legal complexity and the evolution of law to population density, agriculture, and property ownership. The predicted variation in legal process fails to emerge and thus the hypotheses are not supported. The uniformity of process will be encouraging topolicymakers involved with developing a national legal system based on customary law. HIS PAPER EMPLOYS THE NEW GUINEA HIGHLANDS as a "natural laboratory" to address questions of theoretical interest concerning legal complexity and the emergence of formal legal structures as a reflection of demographic and structural conditions. The pragmatic origin of this study, for me, lies in the constitutional mandate to develop a national legal system based on customary law in Papua New Guinea. This mandate presumes, despite the absence ofcross-cultural research, that there is sufficient uniformity to provide a foundation (Scaglion 1981:28). Certain lines of thought relating law to population density or property ownership would predict variation rather than uniform
A class of finite element methods based on orthonormal, compactly supported wavelets

This paper develops a class of finite elements for compactly supported, shift-invariant functions that satisfy a dyadic refinement equation. Commonly referred to as wavelets, these basis functions have been shown to be remarkably well-suited for integral operator compression, but somewhat more difficult to employ for the representation of arbitrary boundary conditions in the solution of partial differential equations. The current paper extends recent results for treating periodized partial differential equations on unbounded domains in Rn, and enables the solution of Neumann and Dirichlet variational boundary value problems on a class of bounded domains. Tensor product, wavelet-based finite elements are constructed. The construction of the wavelet-based finite elements is achieved by employing the solution of an algebraic eigenvalue problem derived from the dyadic refinement equation characterizing the wavelet, from normalization conditions arising from moment equations satisfied by the wavelet, and from dyadic refinement relations satisfied by the elemental domain. The resulting finite elements can be viewed as generalizations of the connection coefficients employed in the wavelet expansion of periodic differential operators. While the construction carried out in this paper considers only the orthonormal wavelet system derived by Daubechies, the technique is equally applicable for the generation of tensor product elements derived from Coifman wavelets, or any other orthonormal compactly supported wavelet system with polynomial reproducing properties.
Risk Factors of Epstein-Barr Virus Infection Among United States Children: Data From the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 2009-2010.

Background: Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has become a common medical condition in adolescents and young children. The objective of this study was to examine the association of low dietary intake and fo...
Methodology to derive resource aware context adaptable architectures for FPGAs

The design of a common architecture that can support multiple data-flow patterns (or contexts) embedded in complex control flow structures, in applications like multimedia processing, is particularly challenging when the target platform is a field programmable gate array (FPGA) with heterogeneous mixture of device primitives. In this study, the authors present scheduling and mapping algorithms that use a novel area cost metric to generate resource aware context adaptable architectures. The authors present the results of a rigorous analysis of the methodology on multiple test cases. Post place and route results are compared against published techniques and show an area savings and execution time savings of 46% each.
Cuts and Bruises Caused by Arrows, Sticks, and Stones in Academia: Theorizing Three Types of Racist and Homophobic Bullying in Adult and Higher Education.

Bullying is a serious problem in contemporary society because it negatively affects not only people who are victims of bullying and bystanders but also organizations and workplaces. It occurs almost everywhere including K-12 education, postsecondary education, and workplaces. Based on the author’s narrative study, this article explores and theorizes three types of adult bullying in higher education from the academic experiences of 19 gay male faculty of color. The data were collected via in-depth individual interviews using a semi-structured interview guide, transcribed, and analyzed. The data revealed three types of bullying: (a) positional bullying, (b) counter-positional bullying, and (c) unintentional conspirative positional bullying. This article will provide a snapshot of each type of bullying through participant narratives and discuss the implications for higher and adult education in the pursuit of diversity and social justice.
Jack Coons: School Choice Champion

Jack Coons has championed family choice in education for more than 40 years (Coons, Clune, & Sugarman, 1969). Throughout this period he has been unwavering in his belief that empowering families to have an important role in deciding where and how their children are educated is good for both children and parents (Coons, & Sugarman, 1977; Coons, Mnookin, & Sugarman, 1993). The school choice mechanisms Jack has endorsed have always been carefully tailored to assure genuine choice to families who are financially disadvantaged, primarily working class and lower-income families (Coons, & Sugarman, 1971; Sugarman & Coons, 1980; Coons & Sugarman, 1992c; Coons & Sugarman, 1999). These core values have put Jack somewhat at odds with supporters of school choice whose main goals are reducing public spending on education and/or achieving higher test score results through competition among schools. These economic efficiency and antigovernment arguments in favor of school choice are typically associated with Milton Friedman’s school of thought and do not reflect the egalitarian values that are central to Jack’s work. This divide between Jack and Milton may be best explained by the way Jack first came to favor family choice in education. In the late 1960s and early 1970s he spearheaded what became a national litigation campaign to change the way public schools are funded (Coons, Clune, & Sugarman, 1970). Jack’s motivation for promoting this reform was rooted in the belief that the quality of education a child receives should not be a function of the wealth of the school district in which the child happens to live (especially since moving homes to a wealthier school district was and remains a meaningless option for so many families). Yet, at that time (and in many states still today) wealthy school districts systematically spent more money on their pupils even while asking their taxpayers to make a relatively smaller effort to support public education. Simply put, rich districts could and did readily outspend poor districts even when the poor districts tried harder by taxing their far more meager property tax base at a higher rate.
Adequacy of evolving national standardized terminologies for interdisciplinary coded concepts in an automated clinical pathway

Purpose. The purpose of this analysis was to determine the adequacy of evolving national standardized terminologies with regard to coded data elements (concepts) in an automated clinical pathway designed to drive adherence with the American College of Cardiology (ACC)/American Heart Association (AHA) Guidelines for Evaluation and Management of Chronic Heart Failure.Method. Concepts were identified in a previously developed automated clinical pathway and associated tools. Once identified, concepts were categorized according to the conceptual domains identified by Campbell et al. (1997). A review of evolving national standardized terminologies and coding systems was initiated to determine if the identified concepts had corresponding representation in one of these coding systems. Available codes were then evaluated for adequacy with respect to national guideline adherence measures put forth by the Centers for Medicare/Medicaid Services (CMS) and Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO).Results. The concept domain model put forth by Campbell et al. (1997) worked well for organizing concepts and for providing a useful framework for data analysis. Using our method, 260 unique pathway concepts were identified, of which, 91.9% (239) are represented by one or more of the standardized coding systems. Logical Observation Identifiers Names and Codes (LOINC) and SNOMED CT alone represented 86.2% of the concepts. Seventy percent (70%) of the clinical pathway concepts are represented using the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) mandated national terminologies alone. Less than 50% of CMS and JCAHO guideline adherence concepts were found to have representation in the HIPAA mandated terminologies. The addition of Logical Observation Identifier Names and Codes (LOINC) and SNOMED CT improved representation up to 86.4%, but did not include representation of all concepts necessary for complete electronic monitoring of guideline adherence.Conclusions. Evolving national standardized terminologies provided matching terms for the majority of the data elements in the automated clinical pathway. Standard clinical terminologies with granular terms such as LOINC and SNOMED CT are required to represent the depth and detail of certain procedures and guideline-based care. Gaps exist in Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) mandated terminologies for representing interdisciplinary concepts in national adherence measures.
Mouthpiece diameter affects deposition efficiency in cast models of the human oral airways.

We examined the effect of altering mouthpiece diameter to 1.5, 2.0, and 2.7 cm on the deposition efficiency of inertial size particles (2, 4, and 8 μm) in adult human oral-pharyngeal-laryngeal (OPL) airway cast models at various inspiratory flow rates (30, 60, 90, and 120 L/min). Deposition efficiency of 2-μm particles was unaffected by changes in mouthpiece diameter at all flow rates. Deposition of 4-μm particles decreased significantly with the 2.0- and 2.7-cm mouthpieces compared to the 1.5 cm mouthpiece at 60, 90, and 120 L/min (p < 0.01). Deposition of 4-μm particles was significantly reduced with the 2.7-cm mouthpiece compared to the 2.0-cm mouthpiece at 90 and 120 L/min (p < 0.05). Deposition efficiency of 8 μm particles decreased significantly with the 2.0- and 2.7-cm mouthpieces compared to the 1.5-cm mouthpiece at 60 L/min (p < 0.05), and with the 2.7-cm mouthpiece compared to the 1.5-cm mouthpiece at 120 L/min (p < 0.05). These results suggest that the effect of mouthpiece diameter varies with particle size, with 2- and 8-μm particles least affected. However, our findings may have important implications for improving the future design of mouthpieces of devices that deliver particles with 4-μm diameters and require inspiratory flow rates of ≥60 L/min (i.e., DPIs) for adequate drug delivery.
Recessive mutations from natural populations of Neurospora crassa that are expressed in the sexual diplophase.

Wild-collected isolates of Neurospora crassa Shear and Dodge were systematically examined for recessive mutations affecting the sexual phase of the life cycle, which is essentially diploid. Seventy-four of 99 wild-collected isolates from 26 populations in the United States, India and Pakistan carried one or more recessive mutations that reduced fertility significantly when homozygous; mutations affecting spore morphology were also detected. Limited complementation tests indicate that most of the 106 recovered mutations are unique.—The recessive diplophase (= sexual phase) mutations were uncovered by crossing each wild-collected isolate to a marked two-chromosome double-reciprocal translocation strain as "balancer." Surviving progeny receive approximately 60% of their genome from the wild parent, but receive the mating-type allele from the "balancer" parent. These progeny were backcrossed to the wild parent and were also crossed with a standard laboratory strain (fl). Reduced fertility in the backcross vs. normal fertility in the cross with the laboratory standard signals the presence of a recessive mutation in the wild-collected isolate.—Most of the mutants (95 of 106) fall into two major classes: those producing barren perithecia with no or few viable ascospores (51) and those with spore maturation defects (44). Most of the recessive barrens result either from an early block in meiosis or ascus development (25) or from a late disturbance in postmeiotic ascus behavior (18).—These recessive mutations are formally equivalent to recessive lethals in higher eukaryotes and may be important in determining the breeding structure of natural Neurospora populations.
Brothers and Sisters of Lesbians, Gay Men, and Bisexuals as a Demographic Comparison Group An Innovative Research Methodology to Examine Social Change

This study provides an innovative methodology to study social issues across sexual orientations. Lesbians, gay men, and bisexual women and men (LGB) were recruited via LGB periodicals and organizations, and they in turn recruited their siblings. Results of female participants indicate that lesbians are more highly educated, have occupations with greater status, are less religious, and are more geographically mobile than are heterosexual women. Heterosexual women are more similar to census data in terms of marriage, children, religion, and homemaker status. Gay men have moved to large cities and are more highly educated than are heterosexual men. In general, bisexual women are more comparable demographically to lesbians, whereas bisexual men are more similar to heterosexual men. Limiting the sample to paired comparisons between lesbian-heterosexual sisters and gay-heterosexual brothers generally yielded similar means on demographic variables.
HPLC assay for 2-(3-aminopropylamino)ethanethiol (WR-1065) in plasma

A high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) plasma assay for WR-1065 is described which is both precise (coefficient of variation < 5%) and accurate (% average deviation ≤ 6.1) throughout the concentration range from 1 to 500 μg/mL of plasma. The analyte is separated by HPLC and detected with a thiol specific electrochemical transducer cell. The detector response is linear over the ranges 1 to 10 μg/mL (R2 = 0.995), 10 to 100 μg/mL (R2 = 0.995), and 100 to 500 μg/mL (R2 = 0.974). The absolute retention times for WR-1065 and WR-1729 are 9 and 12 minutes, respectively. The assay uses 100 μL of plasma and requires a total chromatography cycle time of 40 minutes. The method has been found suitable for the determination of WR-1065 in plasma from a beagle dog after i.v. administration of S-2-(3-aminopropylamino)ethyl phosphorothioate (WR-2721).
Social media and social movements: Facebook and an online Guatemalan justice movement that moved offline

In May of 2009, a posthumous video surfaced in which prominent lawyer Rodrigo Rosenberg blamed Guatemalan president Alvaro Colom for murdering him. The accusations prompted the creation of numerous Facebook pages calling for Colom’s resignation, and for justice for Rosenberg. Using interviews and a content analysis of Facebook comments from the two most-active Facebook groups, this study found that the social network site was used to mobilize an online movement that moved offline. Users’ protest-related and motivational comments, in addition to their use of links and other interactive elements of Facebook, helped organize massive protests demanding justice and an end to violence.