cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Integrating automatic and controlled processes into neurocognitive models of social cognition

Interest in the neural systems underlying social perception has expanded tremendously over the past few decades. However, gaps between behavioral literatures in social perception and neuroscience are still abundant. In this article, we apply the concept of dual-process models to neural systems in an effort to bridge the gap between many of these behavioral studies and neural systems underlying social perception. We describe and provide support for a neural division between reflexive and reflective systems. Reflexive systems correspond to automatic processes and include the amygdala, basal ganglia, ventromedial prefrontal cortex, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, and lateral temporal cortex. Reflective systems correspond to controlled processes and include lateral prefrontal cortex, posterior parietal cortex, medial prefrontal cortex, rostral anterior cingulate cortex, and the hippocampus and surrounding medial temporal lobe region. This framework is considered to be a working model rather than a finished product. Finally, the utility of this model and its application to other social cognitive domains such as Theory of Mind are discussed.
Loss of α-Catenin Decreases the Strength of Single E-cadherin Bonds between Human Cancer Cells

The progression of several human cancers correlates with the loss of cytoplasmic protein α-catenin from E-cadherin-rich intercellular junctions and loss of adhesion. However, the potential role of α-catenin in directly modulating the adhesive function of individual E-cadherin molecules in human cancer is unknown. Here we use single-molecule force spectroscopy to probe the tensile strength, unstressed bond lifetime, and interaction energy between E-cadherins expressed on the surface of live human parental breast cancer cells lacking α-catenin and these cells where α-catenin is re-expressed. We find that the tensile strength and the lifetime of single E-cadherin/E-cadherin bonds between parental cells are significantly lower over a wide range of loading rates. Statistical analysis of the force displacement spectra reveals that single cadherin bonds between cancer cells feature an exceedingly low energy barrier against tensile forces and low molecular stiffness. Disassembly of filamentous actin using latrunculin B has no significant effect on the strength of single intercellular E-cadherin bonds. The absence of α-catenin causes a dominant negative effect on both global cell-cell adhesion and single E-cadherin bond strength. These results suggest that the loss of α-catenin alone drastically reduces the adhesive force between individual cadherin pairs on adjoining cells, explain the global loss of cell adhesion in human breast cancer cells, and show that the forced expression of α-catenin in cancer cells can restore both higher intercellular avidity and intercellular E-cadherin bond strength.
Electrochemically generated nitrobenzene radical anions as initiators of anionic polymerization of acrylonitrile

Abstract Electrochemically generated radical anions have been investigated as possible initiators of the anionic polymerization of vinyl monomers in anhydrous DMF. While such radicals are not reactive towards methylmethacrylate and styrene, they decay in the presence of acrylonitrile initiating its anionic polymerization with production of oligomers of average molecular weight about 1200. Kinetic results obtained amperometrically or by EPR spectrometry show that the initiation process is a proton transfer from the monomer to the radical anion. This mechanism is confirmed by the results of substituent effects on the specific rate constants.
Effect of Standard Rest Periods on Convalescent Preterm Infants

Objective To examine the effects of standardized rest periods on the sleep-wake states of preterm infants who were convalescing. Design: A randomized experimental study conducted from time of infants' entry into intermediate care until their discharge from the hospital. Because subjects' time in this study varied, data were analyzed cross-sectionally using the observation made between 5–11 days of the study and longitudinally over 3 weeks using a subset of subjects. Setting: The intermediate care nursery of a tertiary care hospital. Subjects: Forty-six preterm infants (23 matched pairs). A subset of 12 pairs, in which infants in the experimental and the control groups were in the study for 3 weeks, was analyzed longitudinally. Interventions: Four standardized rest periods each day. Main outcome measures: Infants were observed once a week between noon and 8 p.m. Three sleep-wake states—quiet awake, active, and sleep—were measured as percentages of the naps and total observation. Results: Within 5 days, infants in the experimental group exhibited more sleep (F[1,44] = 2.37, p < 0.05) and less active states (F[1,44] = 3.06, p < 0.01) during nap time. Infants receiving the intervention for 3 weeks had more sleep (F[1,22] = 4.63, p < 0.05) and less quiet waking states (F1,22] = 13.85, p < 0.01) during naps. State patterns over the entire observation did not differ between the groups at 5 days, but by 3 weeks, infants in the experimental group had less quiet waking (F[1,22] = 17.44, p < 0.001) and longer uninterrupted sleep bouts (F[1,22] = 5.19, p < 0.05). Conclusions: A simple modification of nursing care had an impact on the sleeping and waking states of preterm infants.
The evolution of coexisting highly divergent LINE-1 subfamilies within the rodent genus Peromyscus.

Two distinct members of the LINE-1 (L1) family in Peromyscus were characterized. The two clones, denoted L1Pm55 and L1Pm62, were 1.5 kb and 1.8 kb in length, respectively, and align to the identical region of the L1 sequence of Mus domesticus. Sequence similarity was on the order of 70% between L1Pm55 and L1Pm62, which approximates that between either Peromyscus sequence and Mus Ll. L1Pm62 represents a more prevalent subfamily than L1Pm55. L1Pm62 exists in about 500 copies per haploid genome, while L1Pm55 exists in about 100 copies. The existence of major and minor subpopulations of L1 within Peromyscus is in contrast to murine rodents and higher primates, where L1 copy number is on the order of 20,000 to 100,000, and where levels of intraspecific divergence among L1 elements are typically less than 15–20%. Additional Peromyscus clones are similarly divergent from both L1Pm62 and LIPm55, implying the existence of more than two distinct L1 subfamilies. The highly divergent L1 subfamilies in Peromyscus apparently have been evolving independently for more than 25 million years, preceding the divergence of cricetine and murine rodents. Investigations of the evolution of L1 within Peromyscus by restriction and Southern analysis was performed using species groups represented by the partially interfertile species pairs P. maniculatus-P. polionotus, P. leucopus-P. gossypinus, and P. truei-P. difficilis of the nominate subgenus and P. californicus of the Haplomylomys subgenus. Changes in L1 and species group taxonomic boundaries frequently coincided. The implications for phylogeny are discussed.
From learning organisation to knowledge entrepreneur

Establishes the clear link between learning and knowledge, and proposes a simple model, which makes this relationship explicit. A range of definitions of the learning organisation are drawn from the literature. Much of this literature makes little reference to that which is being learned although those authors who have introduced the concepts of the learning laboratory, the knowledge creating organisation and the knowing organisation acknowledge the significance of knowledge in organisational development and learning. Other perspectives on the organisational processes associated with knowledge come from the recent literature on knowledge management. It is argued that indiscriminate knowledge creation will not lead to organisational learning, and that knowledge is not something that can be viewed as a neutral tool in the learning process. A number of characteristics of knowledge need to be recognised, and accommodated in learning processes and knowledge management. Finally, the concept of a knowledge entrepreneur is proposed.
Disposition of sodium benzoate in newborninfants with hyperammonemia

Sodium benzoate lowers serum ammonia concentrations by the activation of a non-urea cycle pathwayof ammonia removal. The disposition of sodium benzoate was monitored in four hyperammonemic newborn infants, using a simple and newly developed assay for benzoate and hippurate, to assess (1) the metabolic capability of patients of this age to utilize this pathway for nitrogen removal, (2) the potential risks of benzoate toxicity at clinically achieved serum benzoate concentrations, and (3) the value of routine monitoring of serum benzoate concentrations in this patient population. In three of the four infants, more than half of the administered benzoate was converted to hippurate. Hippurate was effectively cleared by the neonatal kidney, although removal of unconjugated benzoate by peritoneal dialysis or urinary excretion was slow compared with the metabolic conversion to hippurate. There was a considerable interpatient variability in benzoate metabolism; consequently, an eight-fold range in serum benzoate concentrations (2.14 to 16.0 mM/L) was found after patients had received benzoate for longer than 24 hours. These serum benzoate concentrations were calculated to be capable of producing substantial (four to 25 times) increases in free bilirubin concentrations in jaundiced infants. Athough sodium benzoate offers considerable promise for the treatment of hyperammonemia, toxicity appears likely in some infants receiving this drug in currently recommended doses. Monitoring of serum concentrations appears to be warranted. Dosage reduction in jaundiced infants and in those with demonstrated insufficiency of benzoate metabolism is recommended.
Paraneoplastic Neurologic Disorders: Windows Into Neuronal Function and Tumor Immunity

Neurologists have been fascinated by the paraneoplastic neurologic disorders (PNDs) for over a century. In the past 20 years, PNDs have emerged as prime examples of the way in which modern molecular biology can be used to transform esoteric medicine into widely applicable scientific and clinical insights.
Upper cretaceous (Santonian-Campanian) ammonite and inoceramid biostratigraphy of the Chico Formation, California

Abstract Outcrops of the Upper Cretaceous (Coniacian-Campanian) Chico Formation, exposed along the east flank of California's northern Great Valley, have yielded a highly diverse, well-preserved molluscan fauna. Previously uncollected deposits, as well as classic localities, have been stratigraphically collected to determine the Santonian-Campanian succession of important ammonites and inoceramid bivalves. Five megafossil zones are readily identifed in outcrops of the Chico Formation. These are, in ascending stratigraphic order, the zones of Hyphantoceras venustum, Baculites capensis, Bostrychoceras elongatum, Inoceramus schmidti and Baculites chicoensis . Two of the zones, Bostrychoceras elongatum and I. schmidti , are missing at the type locality of the Chico Formation because of a stratigraphic disconformity. As a result, previous conceptions about the ranges of some important ammonites and inoceramids in California are in error. Lowest exposures of the H. venustum Zone in the Chico Formation are probably latestConiacian in age. Recent palaeomagnetic sampling of Cretaceous strata of the Great Valley (Ward et al., 1983) has confirmed that the Baculites chicoensis Zone is indicative of the lowest Campanian. The age of the I. schmidti Zone in California is therefore latest Santonian. This molluscan sequence enables precise correlation of Chico strata with other Upper Cretaceous outcrop in the Great Valley; in addition, lowermost deposits of the Upper Cretaceous Nanaimo Group of British Columbia can now be firmly correlated with California strata.
A critical test of the classical rate theory for void swelling

Abstract Complete sets of microstructural data have recently become available for two different irradiation times and for pure ternary alloys of austenitic stainless steels. Using these data as input to the classical rate theory of void swelling, swelling rates are computed and compared with the experimental data. Computations are performed for the ranges of physical parameters as suggested by experimental measurements or basic theory. It is found that classical rate theory predicts swelling rates in remarkably good agreement with the data for a limited set of parameter values. For example, dislocation bias factor ratios can be narrowed from the initial range of 1.1–2.0 down to the range of 1.25–1.55. An explanation is provided for the success of classical rate theory in spite of the fact that a significant fraction of interstitials form and migrate as clusters.
Enhanced performance of large 3ω optics using UV and IR lasers

We have developed techniques using small-beam raster scanning to laser-condition fused silica optics to increase their damage threshold. Further, we showed that CO 2 lasers could be used to mitigate and stabilize damage sites while still on the order of a few tens of microns in size, thereby greatly increasing the lifetime of an optic. We recently activated the Phoenix pre-production facility to condition and mitigate optics as large as 43 cm x 43 cm. Several full-scale optics have been processed in Phoenix. The optics were first photographed using a damage mapping system to identify scratches, digs, or other potential sites for initiation of laser damage. We then condition the optic, raster scanning with the excimer laser. The first scan is performed at a low fluence. A damage map is then acquired and any new damage sites or any sites that have grown in size are mitigated using the CO 2 laser. The process is repeated at successively higher fluences until a factor of 1.7 above the nominal operating fluence is reached. After conditioning, optics were tested in a large beam 3ω laser and showed no damage at fluences of 8 J/cm 2 average.
Islam in Africa: Particularisms and hegemonies

Brenner, Louis, ed. Muslim Identity and Social Change in Sub‐Saharan Africa. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1993. x + 250 pp. including chapter references and index. $35.00 cloth, $14.95 pa...
Discharge planning to home care: Earlier identification through automatic assessment

A process called "automatic assessment" was designed to expedite the discharge planning proc ess through earlier identification of potential home care patients. The physician and referral nurse identified high-risk populations and outlined generic standing orders so that patients meeting these criteria could be identified earlier and assessed for home health and hospice services. This process contributed to more efficient and effective discharge planning. Key words: discharge planning, automatic assessment
Rise in Asthma Cases

Gretchen Vogel's Research News article “New clues to asthma therapies” ([13 June, p. 1643][1]) clearly acknowledges that asthma is an inflammatory disease and that it has been increasing in Western societies over the last 35 years. However, the United States is the only country in the world
A diallel analysis of solids in tomatoes

A diallel analysis was used to estimate certain genetic parameters for soluble solids in tomatoes. All crosses of small- x small-fruited strains and some small- x large-fruited crosses showed heterosis in the F1 with the means exceeding the top parent. The genetic analysis indicated that epistasis or nonallelic gene interaction was primarily responsible for the heterosis. The experiment also demonstrated the existence of dominant genes for high solids. These genes were shown to have rather large effects. Evidence indicates that genes for high solids were contributed by the wild species Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium. A heritability estimate of .54±.07 was obtained for soluble solids.
Maintenance of stimulus-secretion coupling and single beta-cell function in cryopreserved-thawed human islets of Langerhans

Studies of stimulus-secretion coupling in human beta-cells have been hampered by poor availability of tissue due to variability of the supply of cadaver pancreati and in the adequacy of enzymatic liberation of islets as well as by the shunting of isolates into transplant trials. Here we establish that aliquots of islets, several from high-quality but low-yield islet isolates (50,000-100,000 islets), cryopreserved and then thawed as needed, respond to glucose in a calcium- and metabolic-dependent fashion. Insulin secretion is modulated by blockers of voltage-dependent Na+ and Ca2+ channels, and paracrine hormones (glucagon and somatostatin) in manners indistinguishable from fresh tissue preparations. Using single-cell electrophysiological and electrochemical assays we demonstrate that single beta-cells from cryopreserved islets display (1) stimulus-depolarization coupling based on rapid closure of K+ (ATP) channels; (2) action potential electrogenesis with upstrokes based on voltage-dependent Na and Ca currents; and (3) Ca2+ entry-mediated depolarization-exocytosis coupling sustained over multiple bouts of stimulation and modulated by paracrine hormones. All of these features are indistinguishable from those seen in single cells from freshly harvested islets. These results support the utility of cryopreservation, even of low-yield but functional isolates, as a means of ensuring a steady source of repeatedly accessible tissue for research on normal and diabetic islets.
Single-channel phase-tracker for the open-loop fiber optic gyroscope

ABSTRACT A simplified analog signal processing technique for the open loop fiber optic gyroscope is described which is base on the same electronic closed-loop 'phase-shift nulling' concept reported in a previous paper . The system provides a linear output from an open ioop gyro configuration over a2ic radian range in Sagnac phase shift with good linearity and relatively low noise and drift. 1. INTRODUCTION Much of the research effort on fiber optic gyros in recent years has been directed towards thedevelopment of closed loop Sagnac phase shift detection approaches [1,2]. Typically, theseapproaches involve the use of complex, high speed electronic signal processing schemes and integrated optic components to allow a precise non-reciprocal phase shift to be introduced into theSagnac interferometer to counterbalance the rotation-induced Sagnac phase shift. These systems aregenerally aimed at high precision, low drift and wide dynamic range sensing applications, such as in- ertial navigational systems. There is, however, also considerable interest in gyros for use in less-
Intracellular andin Vitro-Translated 27-kDa Proteins Contain the 3C-like Proteinase Activity of the Coronavirus MHV-A59

Abstract The coronavirus mouse hepatitis virus-A59 (MHV-A59) encodes a serine-like proteinase (3C-like proteinase or 3CLpro) in ORF 1a of gene 1 between nucleotides 10209 and 11114. We previously have demonstrated that proteins expressed in vitro from a cDNA clone of the 3CLpro region possess proteinase activity, and that the proteinase is able to cleave substrate in trans. We sought to determine if the 27-kDa in vitro cleavage product (p27) was an active form of the 3CLpro and whether this was consistent with the 3CLpro expressed in virus-infected cells. Antibodies directed against the 3CLpro domain detected 27-kDa MHV proteins in vitro and in MHV-A59-infected cells. The 27-kDa proteins were able to cleave substrate in trans without other protein cofactors or supplemental membranes, and the p27 proteinase activity was retained after purification by immunoprecipitation and gel electrophoresis. When p27 was expressed in vitro with portions of the amino- and carboxy-terminal flanking domains (MP1 and MP2), p27 was not liberated by cis cleavage. The proteolytic activity of the 27-kDa proteins was inhibited by a variety of cysteine and serine proteinase inhibitors, and was eliminated by the cysteine proteinase inhibitor E64d. These results indicate that the 27-kDa protein is a mature proteinase in MHV-A59-infected cells, and that appropriate processing of this molecule occurs in vitro.
Polymers for Sustained Macromolecule Release: Procedures to Fabricate Reproducible Delivery Systems and Control Release Kinetics

Matrixes composed of ethylene–vinyl acetate copolymer are useful vehicles for the sustained release of macromolecules such as proteins. A new procedure for fabricating these polymeric delivery systems involved mixing the dry, powdered macromolecule with a polymer solution and casting the mixture at −80°. The resulting matrix was dried in two 48-hr stages, first at −20° and then at 20°. These polymer systems had uniform drug distribution, and their release kinetics were reproducible. Fabrication parameters such as drug particle size, drug loading, and matrix coating all significantly affected release kinetics.
The Use of Collateral Reports for Patients with Bipolar and Substance Use Disorders

This study investigated the value of collateral informant reports of substance use for patients with current bipolar disorder and substance dependence. We collected collateral informant reports on 132 occasions for 32 patients and found a high level of agreement between collateral reports and self-report/urine screen data (75.0%). In only 3 instances did collateral informants report substance use for patients who denied use and had negative urine screens. Frequency of contact between informants and patients was associated significantly with the level of agreement. These findings suggest that obtaining collateral informant data when studying this population may be of limited value.
The influence of helium on mechanical properties of model austenitic alloys, determined using 59Ni isotopic tailoring and fast reactor irradiation

The objective of this effort is to study the separate and synergistic effects of helium and other important variables on the evolution of microstructure and macroscopic properties during irradiation of structural metals. The alloys employed in this study were nominally Fe-15Cr-25Ni, Fe-15Cr-25Ni-0.04P and Fe-15Cr-45Ni (wt %) in both the cold worked and annealed conditions. Tensile testing and microscopy continue on specimens removed from the first, second and third discharges of the {sup 59}Ni isotopic doping experiment. The results to date indicate that helium/dpa ratios typical of fusion reactors (4 to 19 appm/dpa) do not lead to significant changes in the yield strength of model Fe-Cr-Ni alloys. Measurements of helium generated in undoped specimens from the second and third discharges show that the helium/dpa ratio increases during irradiation in FFTF due to the production of {sup 59}Ni. In specimens doped with {sup 59}Ni prior to irradiation, the helium/dpa ratio can increase, decrease or remain the same during the second irradiation interval. This behavior occurs because the cross sections for the production and burnout of {sup 59}Ni are very sensitive to core location and the nature of neighboring components. 14 refs., 5 figs., 3 tabs.
Nonlinear Continuum Mechanics of Viscoelastic Fluids

In the last twenty-five years there has been great progress in the development of nonlinear continuum theories in mechanics and other branches of physics, and in the use of such theories to explain and predict phenomena that cannot be explained rationally by the classical linear theories.
Deformation Quantization on the Closure of Minimal Coadjoint Orbits

We consider a complex simple Lie algebra $${\mathfrak{g}}$$ , with the action of its adjoint group. Among the three canonical nilpotent orbits under this action, the minimal orbit is the non zero orbit of smallest dimension. We are interested in equivariant deformation quantization: we construct $${\mathfrak{g}}$$ -invariant star-products on the minimal orbit and on its closure, a singular algebraic variety. We shall make use of Hochschild homology and cohomology, of some results about the invariants of the classical groups, and of some interesting representations of simple Lie algebras. To the minimal orbit is associated a unique, completely prime two-sided ideal of the universal enveloping algebra $${{\rm U}(\mathfrak{g})}$$ . This ideal is primitive and is called the Joseph ideal. We give explicit expressions for the generators of the Joseph ideal and compute the infinitesimal characters.
Research and Development in the Synthetic Rubber Industry

Introduction, 61. — 1. Research and development through World War II, 61. — II. The postwar organization of research and development, 69.
The factor structure of variables concerned with coronary artery disease.

In this article, correlation techniques are used to construct a quantitative hypothesis indicating the relative importance of blood lipids, blood pressure, family history of atherosclerotic disease, body build, and psychological traits in the production of coronary heart disease. Responses to the psychological questionnaire characterize patients with coronary disease as accepting of multiple responsibilities, free from neurotic anxiety, self-critical, and possessing an exuberant driving temperament.
The Automatic Evaluation of Novel Stimuli

From classic theory and research in psychology, we distill a broad theoretical statement that evaluative responding can be immediate, unintentional, implicit, stimulus based, and linked directly to approach and avoidance motives. This statement suggests that evaluative responses should be elicited by novel, nonrepresentational stimuli (e.g., abstract art, "foreign" words). We tested this hypothesis through combining the best features of relevant automatic-affect research paradigms. We first obtained explicit evaluative ratings of novel stimuli. From these, we selected normatively positive and negative stimuli to use as primes in a sequential priming paradigm. Two experiments using this paradigm demonstrated that briefly presented novel prime stimuli were evaluated automatically, as they facilitated responses to subsequently presented target stimuli of the same valence just as much as did pictures or names of real objects. A final experiment revealed that exposure to novel stimuli produces muscular predispositions to approach or avoid them.
Reciprocating Transformational Leadership

Reciprocating transformational leadership has its roots in the human concept of community. Leaders, leadership, relationships, and citizenship represent observable activities within the community. They manifest themselves in the form of product, process, possibilities, and participation. Each alone can lead to a form of community improvement, however if they can be unified through a commonality of purpose extraordinary events emerge. Reciprocating transformational leadership is an attempt to examine the nature of leadership holistically. It is defined as a synergistic relationship that creates opportunities necessary in identifying and addressing our commonality of purpose.
Very large-scale integral imaging (VLSII) for 3-D display

Very large-scale integral imaging (VLSII) systems utilizing multiple micro-optics arrays and display devices can be used for wide viewing angle 3-D displays. We analyze the distortion of 3-D integral images when micro-optics arrays are placed on a spherical surface and are used in direct pickup integral imaging. We show that 3-D orthoscopic real images with non-negligible depth always suffer from image distor- tion, while orthoscopic virtual images do not. Also, nonplanar (curved) display panels and image sensors are not currently available. We pro- pose a solution to remedy this problem by placing a spherical lens in front of a planar lenslet array. © 2005 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers. (DOI: 10.1117/1.1824907) tion on VLSII using spherical surfaces to determine what kind of integral images are formed and how direct camera pickup can be used to obtain elemental images. We attempt to provide analytical answers to some of these questions. Also, nonplanar ~curved! display panels and image sensors are not currently available. We propose a solution to remedy this problem by modeling the VLSII with lenslet arrays arranged on spherical surfaces as an II system with planar lenslet arrays, on which thin lenses with proper focal lengths are attached. Our analysis illustrates that 3-D orthoscopic real images with large depth always suffer from image distortion, while orthoscopic virtual im- ages do not. Preliminary experiments are presented. 2 Analysis
Poets, Cynics and Thieves: Vicious Love and Divine Protection in Kierkegaard's Works of Love and Repetition

In Kierkegaard's Repetition, “the girl” on whom a young man focuses his esteem becomes an encumbrance from which a cynic must rescue him. Using Works of Love as the time through which we judge these men allows us to consider false love's perfidious perception of the (here female) other. Kierkegaard's sobering rendition of the love commandment in Works of Love, wherein the beloved is more than the beholder's vision of her, exposes that there is indeed a “girl” in the story and two men who would idolize, trick or banish her. In Works of Love, Kierkegaard distinguishes true love from the poetic perspective, which distorts the other to fit the lover's ideal; from the vampiric gaze, which devours her; and from the sage's inspection, which deems her disposable. Love unguarded by God's command endangers the beheld as well as the overlooked, and Kierkegaard skillfully depicts each of these three distortions in Repetition.
Evaluation of the child with cerebral palsy.

Cerebral palsy (CP) is a common problem, occurring in about 2 to 2.5 per 1000 live births. The diagnosis of CP is based upon a history of abnormal motor development that is not progressive coupled with an examination (e.g. hypertonicity, increased reflexes, clonus) “placing” the lesion in the brain. In order to establish that a brain abnormality exists in children with CP that may, in turn, suggest an etiology and prognosis, neuroimaging is recommended with magnetic resonance imaging preferred to computed tomography. Metabolic and genetic studies should be obtained if there are atypical features in the history or on the examination. Detection of a brain malformation in a child with CP might suggest an underlying genetic or metabolic etiology. As cerebral infarction is high in children with hemiplegic CP, diagnostic testing for coagulation disorders should be considered. However, there is insufficient evidence at present to be precise as to what studies should be ordered. An electroencephalogram is not recommended unless there are features suggestive of epilepsy or a specific epileptic syndrome. As children with CP may have associated deficits of mental retardation, ophthalmologic and hearing impairments, speech and language disorders and oral-motor dysfunction, screening for these conditions should be part of the initial assessment.
Improving Arabic-to-English Statistical Machine Translation by Reordering Post-Verbal Subjects for Alignment

We study the challenges raised by Arabic verb and subject detection and reordering in Statistical Machine Translation (SMT). We show that post-verbal subject (VS) constructions are hard to translate because they have highly ambiguous reordering patterns when translated to English. In addition, implementing reordering is difficult because the boundaries of VS constructions are hard to detect accurately, even with a state-of-the-art Arabic dependency parser. We therefore propose to reorder VS constructions into SV order for SMT word alignment only. This strategy significantly improves BLEU and TER scores, even on a strong large-scale baseline and despite noisy parses.
B Spline Wavelet and SVM Threshold Based Medical Image Edge Extraction

In order to extract the significant edges of the medical image without the interference of the internal noise and the external noise, a new medical image edge extraction algorithm is proposed. We use the information measure to remove the internal noise. According to the characteristics of wavelet transform and our requirements, we design a new quadratic B spline wavelet to discriminate the external noise and extract the edge feature information at the same time. Then we choose the Support Vector Machines (SVM) to select the threshold of the wavelet modulus to reconstruct the edge characteristics. After the computer simulation, the experiment results show that the proposed edge extraction algorithm provides the best trade off between noise rejection and accurate edge localization.
Convex subspaces for time-optimal control of robotic systems on prescribed paths

For robotic manipulators designed to follow a prescribed maneuver, this paper solves the classic time-optimal control problem using a convex optimization approach. By assuming a Bernstein polynomial basis for the path velocity, and enforcing torque constraints at discrete points along the path, the time-optimal control problem becomes a finite-dimensional optimization problem with non-convex equality constraints. However, a rank 2 spectral decomposition of the torque constraints yields equivalent semi-definite quadratic constraints which allow us to solve the problem as a sequence of convex subproblems guaranteed to converge to the global minimum. An advantage of this approach is that bang-bang control solutions are replaced by smooth motor commands, even though the higher-order derivatives of the system are not explicitly constrained. Numerical examples illustrate the algorithm.
Charge symmetry breaking

Abstract Diverse aspects of charge symmetry breaking (CSB) are studied. The mass difference between up and down quarks accounts for all of the observed non-electromagnetic CSB in particle and nuclear physics. The medium-range nature of the ϱ-ω exchange force is emphasized. The uncertainty in removing Coulomb effects from the proton-proton scattering length is shown to be small. The success in understanding the Nolen-Schiffer anomaly is used to place limits on a quark model of nuclei.
Multiple role of reactive oxygen species in the arterial wall.

Increased oxidative stress plays an important role in vascular dysfunction and atherogenesis. Both systemic factors, such as hypercholesterolemia and hyperglycemia, and local factors, such as activation of macrophages and T cells, may contribute to oxidative stress. Oxidation of lipids in lipoproteins and cell membranes leads to functionally important modifications of proteins that affect their recognition by cell surface receptors and protein-protein interactions within the cell, including DNA binding. Oxidized LDL and extracellular oxidation modulate oxidation-sensitive signaling pathways, but it is not clear to what extent this results from receptor-mediated activation or from direct effects on the intracellular redox-balance. Extensive evidence indicates that reactive oxygen species (ROS) regulate gene expression by modulating a large number of transcription factors, including the nuclear transcription factor kappa B (NFkappaB), the peroxisome proliferator activated receptorgamma (PPARgamma), and pathways linked to apoptosis. It is also increasingly recognized that cell differentiation and proliferation, cytokine expression, and programmed cell death are determined by the interactions between oxidation-sensitive regulatory pathways previously thought to lead to distinct outcomes. Because hypercholesterolemia exerts pro-oxidant effects both intra- and extracellularly and because increased ROS formation affects vascular reactivity and atherogenesis by modulating multiple signaling pathways and transcriptional events, future investigations of its atherogenic mechanisms should place greater emphasis on the net effect of such modulation on the expression of a large spectrum of genes. One way of doing this will be by defining clusters of genes responding to hypercholesterolemic stimuli--or interventions with structurally unrelated antioxidants--in analogous ways, irrespective of what regulatory pathway they are controlled by. Microarray technologies that allow simultaneous assessment of large numbers of genes may provide a tool for this approach.
Mass isolation of pole cells from Drosophila melanogaster.

Abstract Crude cell suspensions were obtained from 3 × 10 6 pregastrula staged embryos. These cells fractionated into three bands on Renografin density gradients. Using ultrastructural characteristics for identification, pole cells were localized in the two denser bands. EM analyses also revealed a striking difference in the frequency of lipid vacuoles found in the pole-cell cytoplasm versus the cytoplasm of other embryonic cells. This difference has enabled us to identify pole cells by light microscopy using a neutral lipid stain. Through detailed analyses of the Renografin fractions with this stain, we have shown that pole cells resolve into two to three density classes. Evidence is presented which suggests that these density classes reflect different developmental age classes. The size differences between the pole cells and other embryonic cells contained in the enriched pole-cell fractions from the density gradients has enabled us to use sedimentation velocity centrifugation for additional enrichment. A distinct lower band of cells was obtained which consisted of 80% pole cells. Using these procedures, 1–2 × 10 7 pole cells can be obtained daily.
Learning about World Religions in Modesto, California: The Promise of Teaching Tolerance in Public Schools

After cultural and religious controversy in Modesto, California, community leaders attempted to increase tolerance and respect by requiring an unique world religions course for high school students. The first large-n empirical study of the effect of teaching about religion in public schools indicates that students taking the course showed statistically significant increases in passive tolerance, their willingness to refrain from discriminatory behavior, and active respect, the willingness to take action to counter discrimination. This research documents the circumstances that gave rise to the course and evaluates the course's effects using qualitative and quantitative evidence. It also connects the course to a larger research tradition in political science on the effects of civic education programs that promote liberal, democratic values.
THE CAUSAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EMPLOYMENT AND BUSINESS NETWORKS IN U.S. CITIES

Scholars from a range of disciplines have long recognized that a city's economic fortunes are closely tied to its position in networks of interurban exchanges. However, it remains unclear whether cities occupy a central position in the network because they are sites of significant economic activity (i.e., a flow generation hypothesis), or whether they experience greater economic growthbecausetheyoccupyacentralpositioninthenetwork(i.e.,astructuraladvantagehypothesis). This article tests these complementary hypotheses by examining the total nonfarm employment in, and air travel patterns of business passengers among, 128 U.S. metropolitan areas from 1993 to 2008 using a series of lagged regression models. Results lend support to the structural advantage hypothesis, but not for the flow generation hypothesis: centrality drives employment, but not vice versa. The article concludes with a discussion of the implications of these results for infrastructure- focused approaches to economic development. Scholars from a range of disciplines have long recognized that a city's economic fortunes are closely tied to its position in networks of interurban exchanges, with cities occupying more central positions experiencing relatively greater growth and stability. This insight has formed the core of several influential theoretical approaches to understanding urban economic develop- ment, including central place theory's transportation principle (Christaller, 1966), human ecol- ogy's conceptions of metropolitan dominance and interdependence (Bogue, 1949; Hawley, 1950; McKenzie, 1933), and most recently the spaces-of-flows perspective on globalization (Castells, 1996; Friedmann, 1986; Sassen, 1991). However, in each of these cases, conclusions concerning the relationship between a city's centrality in the network and its economic success have been associational rather than causal. It remains unclear whether cities occupy a central position in the network because they are sites of significant economic activity (i.e., a flow generation hypothe- sis), or whether they experience greater economic growth because they occupy a central position in the network (i.e., a structural advantage hypothesis). Identifying the direction of influence in this relationship has taken on particular significance given a recent focus on infrastructure development as a strategy for employment growth in policies like those favored by the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act.
Evaporative water loss, spatial distributions, and survival in white-nose-syndrome-affected little brown myotis: a model

Many temperate bat species deal with harsh winter conditions by hibernating. Brief periods of arousal from torpor occur at regular intervals throughout hibernation, although energetically costly. Factors that increase arousal frequency, such as the recently discovered white-nose syndrome (WNS), can thereby greatly decrease survival rates of overwintering bats. Evidence increasingly suggests that evaporative water loss (EWL) may be an important driver of arousal behavior in infected bats. We examined the role that EWL could play in torpor arousals and energy expenditures by developing an individual-based energetics model using EWL as the stimulus for arousal in populations of healthy and WNS-affected little brown myotis (Myotis lucifugus). Our model also examined how EWL could affect spatial distributions of healthy and infected bats within a cave throughout winter. We calculated mean torpor bout duration and survival of populations that inhabited 2 modeled caves typical of both northern and midrange hibernacula. In a northern cave, the mean torpor bout duration was 19.97 days 6 5.49 SD between arousals for healthy bats and 8.60 6 2.11 days for WNS-affected bats, accompanied by survival rates of 0.80 6 0.07 SD (healthy) and 0.04 6 0.02 (infected). In a midrange cave, the mean torpor bout duration was 20.88 6 6.22 days for healthy bats and 8.88 6 2.47 for infected bats, and survival rates were 0.98 6 0.02 (healthy) and 0.55 6 0.05 (infected). When bats clustered, survival rates increased in both healthy and diseased populations; however, slight changes in relative humidity or the rate of EWL from infected skin counteracted these advantages. We show that, by causing an increase in arousal rates, EWL could play an important role in the pathology of WNS. Additionally, populations experiencing shorter southern winters could persist longer than their northern counterparts when faced with WNS, a fact that could be critical in maintaining viable populations for WNS-vulnerable species.
Temperature-sensitive Yeast Mutants Defective in Mitochondrial Inheritance

The distribution of mitochondria to daughter cells is an essential feature of mitotic cell growth, yet the molecular mechanisms facilitating this mitochondrial inheritance are unknown. We have isolated mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae that are temperature-sensitive for the transfer of mitochondria into a growing bud. Two of these mutants contain single, recessive, nuclear mutations, mdm1 and mdm2, that cause temperature-sensitive growth and aberrant mitochondrial distribution at the nonpermissive temperature. The absence of mitochondria from the buds of mutant cells was confirmed by indirect immunofluorescence microscopy and by transmission electron microscopy. The mdm1 lesion also retards nuclear division and prevents the transfer of nuclei into the buds. Cells containing the mdm2 mutation grown at the nonpermissive temperature sequentially form multiple buds, each receiving a nucleus but no mitochondria. Neither mdm1 or mdm2 affects the transfer of vacuolar material into the buds or causes apparent changes in the tubulin- or actin-based cytoskeletons. The mdm1 and mdm2 mutations are cell-cycle specific, displaying an execution point in late G1 or early S phase.
Heidegger’s ‘Searching Suggestion’ Concerning Nietzsche

It is often difficult in reading a text of Heidegger’s on another thinker to distinguish between Heidegger’s thought and that of the person he is interpreting. Despite Heidegger’s insistence that we need only Nietzsche’s texts and should put to the side secondary sources in reading Nietzsche, we often find in reading Heidegger’s Nietzsche that it is as important to understand Heidegger’s own thought as it is to meditate on Nietzsche’s thought. Perhaps this is because Heidegger’s Nietzsche is not a secondary source but a primary philosophical text requiring that we confront it on its own terms as a matter for thought. Does a confrontation between two thinkers, such as is going on in this work, move in its own orbit and open up something essential that moves between them and belongs to neither of them? If so, then Heidegger’s Nietzsche cannot be read and critically evaluated according to the standards established for faithful commentaries. What then are the methodological requirements that govern a confrontation of this sort and prevent the conversation from becoming either a one-sided taking over of another’s thought or a one-sided repetition of what was said? If we assume that Heidegger’s Nietzsche is such a dialogue, what are some of the conditions Heidegger says are necessary for such an event to take place?
Towards large-scale collaborative planning: answering high-level search queries using human computation

Behind every search query is a high-level mission that the user wants to accomplish. While current search engines can often provide relevant information in response to well-specified queries, they place the heavy burden of making a plan for achieving a mission on the user. We take the alternative approach of tackling users' high-level missions directly by introducing a human computation system that generates simple plans, by decomposing a mission into goals and retrieving search results tailored to each goal. Results show that our system is able to provide users with diverse, actionable search results and useful roadmaps for accomplishing their missions.