cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
INTERNAL-SYMMETRY GROUPS AND THEIR AUTOMORPHISMS.

It is proposed that outer automorphisms of degenerate internal-symmetry groups must be symmetry operators themselves. In general, however, they are hidden (spontaneously broken) symmetries. Consequences of this proposition are studied. It is found that internal-symmetry groups are not arbitrary but that their intrinsic properties play an important role. The existence of discrete symmetries (such as charge conjugation) follows naturally from assuming the continuous symmetry groups (such as gauge groups). We also find that the enlargement of the isospin symmetry and parity leads directly to the chiral SU(3) \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} SU(3), so that the existence of an "exact SU(3) limit" is in principle not allowed.
Organizational factors that contribute to police deadly force liability

Abstract Police use of deadly force is a significant concern for municipal policymakers and law enforcement agencies. Following U.S. Supreme Court case law, police agencies and municipal entities may be held civilly liable under Section 1983 for force that is not objectively reasonable; for failure to train; and for policies, customs, and practices that cause constitutional injury. This article analyzes eighty-six cases from the U.S. District Courts and the U.S. Courts of Appeals on Section 1983 liability regarding police use of deadly force. The article focuses specifically on police firearm use in deadly force situations, highlighting how managerial disorganization and administrative breakdown impacts departmental decision making. Principles of management, such as division of labor, hierarchy of authority, span of control, unity of command, and communication are used to explain bad shootings that lead to potential police liability.
Delta-Interacting Protein A and the Origin of Hepatitis Delta Antigen

Robert Brazas and Don Ganem ([1][1]) propose that the cellular protein, delta-interacting protein A (DIPA), interacts with hepatitis delta antigen (HDAg), affecting hepatitis delta virus (HDV) replication. Although their work provides useful information about the biology of HDV, the main conclusion
Ascent, Stage Separation and Glideback Performance of a Partially Reusable Small Launch Vehicle

An integrated analysis is presented for ascent, stage separation and glide back performance of a small, partially reusable launch vehicle sized for a payload of about 330 lbs to a 150 nm polar orbit. The altitude margin was used a performance metric for the glideback performance. Aerodynamic databases for each of these three phases of flight were developed using a combination of engineering level code, free stream and proximity wind tunnel test data and Euler CFD results. The ascent and glideback trajectories were generated using POST and the stage separation simulation was done using the in-house software Sep-Sim as a front end to the commercially available multi-body dynamic simulation code ADAMS. The payload to the designated polar orbit was optimized subject to the constraints imposed by stage separation and adequate performance reserve for the glideback booster in addition to the usual ascent trajectory constraints.
Olduvai Hominin 8 foot pathology: A comparative study attempting a differential diagnosis

Olduvai Hominin (OH) 8, a 1.76 million year old left foot skeleton, has osteophytic lipping on the metatarsal bases, which when compared to a modern sample, may help paleoanthropologists determine whether the foot bones represent an injured subadult or an osteoarthritic adult. This study compares the OH 8 lipping pattern to those of 140 individual Amerindians comprising four different age classes to determine whether the OH 8 lipping is likely to be age-related osteoarthritis. OH 8 metatarsal lipping followed a pattern similar to that determined in the comparative sample to be age-related osteoarthritis. Similarities include metatarsal base lipping that is frequently located on the dorsal surface, metatarsal base lipping that is more severe on the lateral metatarsals compared to the medial metatarsals, and the presence of a pseudojoint between metatarsal 1 and metatarsal 2. The chance of finding an individual with osteoarthritis lipping increases from 3.45% in the age group 18–22 years to 55% in individuals over 35 years. The chance of finding a pseudojoint increases from 1.32% in non-osteoarthritic individuals to 15.15% in individuals with osteoarthritis. Results from this study indicate that the OH 8 foot bones are most likely from an adult and more likely to belong to Paranthropus boisei, the skull of which was found in the same excavations with OH 8, than to the juvenile Homo habilis holotype.
Serving the Public Interest in a Crisis: Radio and Its Unique Role

During times of crisis, radio stations frequently operate in the public interest, disseminating critical information concerning the crisis, as well as information on remedial steps that can be taken by the affected public. Questions remain concerning the level of preparedness across varying stations, as well as self perceptions concerning the role of radio in these instances. A survey of 127 radio stations indicates that many stations do not invest much time in crisis training and preparedness, and instead rely heavily on the EAS system. Differences in these findings across market size, format, and frequency are discussed.
Intramolecular triplet excimer formation in 1,3-diphenylpropane

Abstract Evidence is presented for the formation of an intramolecular triplet excimer in the case of 1,3-diphenylpropane during the softening of the isopentane degassed glass matrix. The red shifted band observed at 420 nm is viscosity dependent and is interpreted as excimer phosphorescence.
Phonon Lateral Confinement Enables Thermal Rectification in Asymmetric Single-Material Nanostructures

We show that thermal rectification (TR) in asymmetric graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) is originated from phonon confinement in the lateral dimension, which is a fundamentally new mechanism different from that in macroscopic heterojunctions. Our molecular dynamics simulations reveal that, though TR is significant in nanosized asymmetric GNRs, it diminishes at larger width. By solving the heat diffusion equation, we prove that TR is indeed absent in both the total heat transfer rate and local heat flux for bulk-size asymmetric single materials, regardless of the device geometry or the anisotropy of the thermal conductivity. For a deeper understanding of why lateral confinement is needed, we have performed phonon spectra analysis and shown that phonon lateral confinement can enable three possible mechanisms for TR: phonon spectra overlap, inseparable dependence of thermal conductivity on temperature and space, and phonon edge localization, which are essentially related to each other in a complicated manner. Under such guidance, we demonstrate that other asymmetric nanostructures, such as asymmetric nanowires, thin films, and quantum dots, of a single material are potentially high-performance thermal rectifiers.
Revolutionize Egypt's Science Culture

In the News Focus story “A new day for Egyptian science?” (15 July, p. [278][1]), A. Lawler presents a refreshing and fairly accurate diagnosis of the ills that have plagued Egyptian research and development and hindered economic progress for decades. These obstacles include anemic science budgets, low salaries for professors, administrative bureaucracies, and corruption. Egyptian research faces another complex problem: the culture within Egyptian universities and scientific institutions. Specifically, the prevalent hierarchical culture in the Egyptian institutions stifles innovation. Young Egyptian scientists trained in some of the world's best universities often return home to stagnant schools with stiff bureaucratic structures run by leaders from the old guard. In the spirit of the 25 January revolution, younger Egyptian scientists should be encouraged to assume leadership positions in their own institutions in order to bring fresh eyes and minds to research and development problems. Egypt's culture also stifles careful scientific process. Science enjoys tremendous respect and public support in Egypt, largely because successful Egyptian scientists are treated as national heroes. However, in rushing for recognition, many scientists publicize misleading scientific findings without even considering publishing in scientific journals, let alone conducting clinical studies ([ 1 ][2]). Simply put, instead of reaching for the stars, most Egyptian scientists strive to be stars. Egyptian scientists need to take a cue from the country's remarkable popular uprising, which required a collective effort rather than individual leaders to bring about a revolutionary regime change. 1. [↵][3] 1. M. El-Sherbeini , Drugs Today 47, 431 (2011). [OpenUrl][4][CrossRef][5][PubMed][6][Web of Science][7] [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/content/333/6040/278.summary [2]: #ref-1 [3]: #xref-ref-1-1 "View reference 1 in text" [4]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DDrugs%2BToday%26rft.volume%253D47%26rft.spage%253D431%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1358%252Fdot.2011.47.6.1583185%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F21695285%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [5]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1358/dot.2011.47.6.1583185&link_type=DOI [6]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=21695285&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fsci%2F333%2F6050%2F1702.2.atom [7]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=000292897500003&link_type=ISI
Dissociation of benzene dication [C6H6]2+: exploring the potential energy surface.

The singlet potential energy surface for the dissociation of benzene dication has been explored, and its three major dissociation channels have been studied: C6H62+ → C3H3+ + C3H3+, C4H3+ + C2H3+,...
Variational solution for pulsatile flow in rigid tubes.

The theoretical equation for determining the profile of velocity during sinusoidal flow through a rigid tube has been shown experimentally to give meaningful biomedical results. However, the solution is complex and does not lend itself to rapid numerical computation. In this study, a fourth order polynomial of even powers was assumed to fit the velocity profile. The unknown constants in the polynomial were obtained by fitting the boundary conditions and by applying the variational method to the Euler-Lagrange equation. The simplified velocity equation was shown to be directly proportional to the magnitude of the pressure gradient amplitude and inversely proportional to the viscosity. The variational solution was shown to reduce to the exact solution for steady flow through rigid tubes (parabolic velocity profile) in the limit as α approached zero. The velocities as predicted by this polynomial agree within 4 percent with the more complex equation for values of the unsteadiness parameter, that ranged between 0 and 4. The maximum error for values of α<6 can be approximated by [0.2 exp (0.71α)] percent. This polynomial solution takes only about one-half the computational time of the exact Bess el function solution to this problem. In conclusion, therefore, a modified and simplified solution of the pulsatile flow equation is possible and potentially useful.
Disorders Involving Calcium, Phosphorus, and Magnesium

Disorders of mineral metabolism are common in both the office and hospital setting. The diagnosis can be simplified by remembering the target organs involved—intestine, kidney, and bone—and by assessing the presence of kidney disease, levels of parathyroid hormone, and vitamin D status. Although the list of possible causes for these derangements is long, most patients who have hypercalcemia have hyperparathyroidism or malignancy; those who have hypocalcemia, hypophosphatemia, and hypomagnesemia have reduced gastrointestinal absorption, and those who have hyperphosphatemia and hypermagnesemia have increased intake in the setting of kidney disease.
Computers in behavioral science: Gomoku played by computers

A game played by two computers is described and annotated. The game is a variation of GOMOKU, a well-known oriental game. The computers used two different strategies. One defends or attacks depending on the board position. The other uses an evaluation scheme based on scoring marginal utilities.
Microhabitat factors affecting abundance and diversity of Conus on coral reefs.

Frequency and per cent cover of particular substratum types are shown to be important factors influencing abundance and diversity of mobile, predatory benthic invertebrates on spatially complex coral reef platforms. The most favorable portions of reefs for the gastropod Conus have 20% living coral are most unfavorable for Conus. Here density averaged 0.3 individual/10 m2, in 17 transects. Living coral harbors few suitable prey organisms, and contact with it elicits a strong avoidance response by Conus. Comparison of subtidal reef and intertidal bench habitats indicates that species diversity and population density are inversely related, but within both habitat types these attributes of Conus assemblages are positively associated.
False rumors and true belief: Memory processes underlying children’s errant reports of rumored events

Previous research has shown that overhearing an errant rumor--either from an adult or from peers--about an earlier experience can lead children to make detailed false reports. This study investigates the extent to which such accounts are driven by changes in children's memory representations or merely social demands that encourage the reporting of rumored information. This was accomplished by (a) using a warning manipulation that eliminated social pressures to report an earlier heard rumor and (b) examining the qualitative characteristics of children's false narratives of a rumored-but-nonexperienced event. Findings indicated that overheard rumors can induce sensory and contextual characteristics in memory that can lead children to develop genuine false beliefs in seeing rumored-but-nonexperienced occurrences. Such constructive tendencies were especially likely among 3- and 4-year-olds (relative to 5- and 6-year-olds) and when rumors were picked up from peers during natural social interactions (relative to when they were planted by an adult).
Perceptions of strategic vulnerability among industrial buyers and its effect on information search and supplier evaluation

Abstract In an attempt to gain greater competitive advantage, buyers are shifting away from more traditional, arm's length dealing with their suppliers. Instead, buyers are forging closer, more collaborative relationships with a smaller number of vendors. Despite the advantages gained from these closer ties, buyers tend to perceive higher levels of strategic vulnerability. The transition to fewer suppliers (or a single supplier) often means greater risk and uncertainty. The notion of strategic vulnerability is developed conceptually and is examined empirically using a sample of 159 purchasing managers. Multiple discriminant analysis (p = 0.001) reveals that buyers who perceive varying levels of strategic vulnerability differ in their reliance on sources of information and in their evaluation of supplier/product characteristics. The results suggest also that buyers who perceive greater levels of strategic vulnerability are more active searchers of purchasing-related information and are very concerned about product reliability as one key supplier criteria.
EFFECTIVENESS OF RADIATION CONTROL PROGRAM FOR DORNIER HM3 LITHOTRIPTOR

Abstract Radiation exposure during extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy (ESWL) was calculated using a “worst-case method” in 135 randomly selected patients. The patients were divided into four groups according to body weight: small ( 220 pounds). Average skin exposure was found to be 15.2 R (from 1.2 to 95.6 R). After implementation of a “radiation awareness program” radiation exposure was calculated in 128 cases (matched for body weight and stone burden) and average exposure was 9.5 R (from 0.9 to 33.4 R) with a reduction of 20, 37, 33, and 62 percent for each group, respectively. Radiation exposure reduction was primarily due to a reduction in the number of radiographic “snapshots” taken as a result of preferential use of special-mode fluoroscopic “stills.”
Multiple conformations of NAD and NADH when bound to human cytosolic and mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase.

Crystallographic analysis revealed that the nicotinamide ring of NAD can bind with multiconformations to aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) (Ni, L., Zhou, J., Hurley, T. D., and Weiner, H. (1999) Protei...
Parametric evaluation of batch equilibria for storm-water phosphorus adsorption on aluminum oxide media.

Elevated and variable aqueous and granulometric concentrations of phosphate species (P) are commonly observed in urban rainfall runoff. Though physical operations such as sedimentation can potentially separate particulate P, aqueous P requires a unit process approach such as adsorption. Therefore, adsorption of aqueous P on aluminum oxide coated media (AOCM), a porous soil-type substrate coated with aluminum oxide, is investigated. Parameters studied include media size, phosphate concentration as total dissolved phosphorus (0–25 mg/L), pH (5–9), ionic strength (0.000 5–0.2 M as KCl), and the presence of coexisting ions such as Ca2+ , SO 4 2− , and NO 3 1− . Results indicate that adsorption (mg/g) increased with decreasing AOCM size and decreasing pH. Ca2+ enhanced P adsorption by forming ternary complexes; SO 4 2− inhibited P adsorption by competing for available adsorption sites. Ionic strength and NO 3 1− had minor to negligible effects on adsorption equilibrium, respectively. Chemical adsorption betwee...
Chin cup therapy for mandibular prognathism.

Abstract The purpose of this work was to provide a comprehensive description of craniofacial alteration in the Class III patient in response to orthopedic chin cup treatment. Thirty patients with skeletal Class III malocclusion under treatment with the chin cup appliance, averaging 6 years of age at the start of treatment, were followed longitudinally for a 3-year period. This treatment sample was compared cephalometrically with an analogous untreated Class III sample. The following significant craniofacial alterations were noted in the sample that underwent orthopedic chin cup therapy: 1. 1. A retardation of vertical ramus growth. 2. 2. A retardation of vertical development in the posterior aspect of the mandibular body. 3. 3. A retardation of vertical development in the posterior maxilla. 4. 4. A closure of the gonial angle. 5. 5. A distal rotation of the mandibular complex. 6. 6. A decreased amount of anteroposterior anterior cranial base growth. 7. 7. A redirection of the predominantly horizontal mandibular growth pattern to a more vertical direction. 8. 8. A reduction of the maxillomandibular malrelationship toward normative values. 9. 9. A production of an Angle Class I dental relationship following the establishment of normal maxillomandibular relations. 10. 10. A lack of detectable localized effect on the symphyseal region or incisor position as a direct result of chin cup placement and pressure. 11. 11. Development of soft-tissue profile changes in harmony with underlying skeletal changes. While all of the listed alterations are important when analyzed separately, they gain increased importance when considered together. With orthopedic chin cup therapy, there is a change in craniofacial pattern leading to the observed resolution of the Angle skeletal Class III malocclusion. This study thus provides strong support for the use of the orthopedic-force chin cup appliance in the clinical management of young patients with skeletal mandibular prognathism.
PROTEINS OF THE POSTSYNAPTIC DENSITY

An analysis was made of the protein composition of a fraction of postsynaptic densities (PSDs) prepared from rat brain. Protein makes up 90% of the material in the PSD fraction. Two major polypeptide fractions are present, based on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The major polypeptide fraction has a molecular weight of 53,000, makes up about 45% of the PSD protein, and comigrates on gels with a major polypeptide of the synaptic plasma membrane. The other polypeptide band has a molecular weight of 97,000, accounts for 17% of the PSD protein, and is not a prominent constituent of other fractions. Six other polypeptides of higher molecular weight (100,000–180,000) are consistently present in small amounts (3–9% each). The PSD fraction contains slightly greater amounts of polar amino acids and proline than the synaptic plasma membrane fraction, but no amino acid is usually prominent. The PSD apparently consists of a structural matrix formed primarily by a single polypeptide or class of polypeptides of 53,000 molecular weight. Small amounts of other specialized proteins are contained within this matrix.
Multi-area unit commitment

The authors present a thermal unit commitment method for interconnected multiarea power systems. The method is a natural extension of the commitment utilization factor (CUF)-based single-area unit commitment method. CUF is extended to reflect the impact of multiarea transmission interconnection constraints on the utilization efficiency of committing a candidate unit at a given priority position. The multiarea CUF is used in conjunction with the average full load cost. (AFLC) to efficiently determine the optimal or a near-optimal multiarea priority commitment order. This priority order is then used to generate the multiarea unit commitment schedule. The excellent quality of the results of the CUF-based multiarea method is consistent with that of the previously reported single-area method. >
Instabilities of the liquid and mushy regions during solidification of alloys

The solidification of melts can be profoundly influenced by convection. In alloys, compositional convection can be driven by solute gradients generated as one component of the alloy is preferentially incorporated within the solid, even when the thermal field is stabilizing. In this paper, two modes of compositional convection during solidification from below are uncovered using a linear-stability analysis : one, which we shall call the ‘mushy-layer mode’, is driven by buoyant residual fluid within a mushy layer, or porous medium, of dendritic crystals; the other, which we shall call the ‘ boundary-layer mode ’ is associated with a narrow compositional boundary layer in the melt just above the mush-liquid interface. Either mode can be the first to become unstable depending on the thermodynamical and physical properties of the alloy. The marginally stable eigenfunctions suggest that the boundary-layer mode results in fine-scale convection in the melt above the mushy layer and leaves the interstitial fluid of the mushy layer virtually stagnant. In contrast, the mushy-layer mode causes perturbations to the solid fraction of the mushy layer that are indicative of a tendency to form chimneys, which are vertical channels of reduced or zero solid fraction that have been observed experimentally. Particular attention is focused on the mushy-layer mode and its dependence upon the thermodynamical properties of the alloy. The results of this analysis are used to make a number of interpretations of earlier experimental studies such as the observations that some systems are less prone to form chimneys and that the regions of melt in these systems evolve to supersaturated conditions, while the melt evolves to unsaturated conditions once chimneys have formed. In addition, good quantitative agreement is found between the results of the linear-stability analysis and the experimental results of Tait & Jaupart (1992) for the onset of the mushy-layer mode of convection.
Hybrid Dysfunction: Population Genetic and Quantitative Genetic Perspectives

Abstract: In the wake of seminal work by Dobzhansky and Muller, hybrid dysfunction is usually attributed to incompatible mutations in different genes arising in different populations. This Dobzhansky‐Muller (D‐M) model is among the most important contributions of theoretical population genetics. Here I make formal connections between the D‐M model and the quantitative genetic interpretation of hybrid dysfunction as a combination of additive, dominance, and epistatic effects. Concerns over conceptual differences between the two approaches are unwarranted; the D‐M model can be expressed as a special case of the statistical model developed for line‐cross analysis in quantitative genetics. This unified theoretical framework encourages application of quantitative genetic methods to the study of speciation.
Crossbreeding dairy cattle. IV. Effects of breed group, lactation production, and pregnancy on body growth. Generation 1.

Abstract Data on Generation 1 females were studied for the effects of breed group, concurrent lactation, and pregnancy on rates of body growth. Measures of growth were rates of change in wither height, chest depth, body length, heart girth, paunch girth, and body weight from measurements taken at 3, 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, and 48 months of age. In all periods the gain in weight for animals from Holstein dams was significantly greater than that for animals from Guernsey dams. In contrast, only during the period 12-18 months was the gain in weight of animals by Holstein sires significantly greater than that of animals by Guernsey sires. In a comparison of the relative rates of increase in body weight, the effect of breed of dam was small and inconsequential prior to 24 months of age; however, from 24 to 48 months the effect of breed of dam was considerable. The differential contributions of genetic and maternal factors could not be separated in this analysis. Differences between the effects of breed of sire and breed of dam were not extensive for the other measures. Little evidence of nonadditive genetic effects on growth rates were found, either for breeds or for individual bulls. The combination of a late stage of pregnancy and heavy production early in the first lactation, or the latter alone, acted as a severe damper on increases in all six measures of body development. Measures of flesh development were affected more by high production in early lactation than measures of skeletal development. However, considerable recovery in growth rates was achieved in the periods following the high production in early lactation.
Need-based transfers on a network: a model of risk-pooling in ecologically volatile environments

Abstract Need-based transfers are a widespread form of human cooperation across cultures that enhance survival in marginal environments. Examples include central place food sharing among foragers and stock friendships among pastoralists. Previous models have demonstrated that such systems lead to higher rates of herd survival under volatile ecological conditions, such as those experienced by the Maasai of East Africa. The Maasai use a need-based transfer system called osotua that leads to risk pooling. Here we implement osotua-style asking and giving rules on a network in order to understand which network features promote herd survival. We find that (1) greater network size increases herd survival when individuals selectively ask their wealthiest partner for livestock but not when they ask a partner at random, (2) greater network connectedness improves herd survival regardless of whether individuals ask their wealthiest partner or ask a partner at random, (3) greater network heterogeneity leads to higher herd survival with selective asking of wealthy partners and decreases herd survival for random asking. In general, selective asking of wealthy partners is associated with higher rates of herd survival. We also examined the features of survival networks in order to understand the characteristics of the networks that result from 50 simulated years of osotua-style sharing under ecologically volatile conditions and the elimination of individuals who do not stay above sustainability threshold. These results will help inform further fieldwork on the need-based transfer systems and increase our understanding of features of sharing networks that enable risk pooling. Simple decentralized sharing rules can be highly effective for pooling risk, suggesting that complex cultural institutions may not be necessary for expansion into ecologically marginal environments.
Labeling renewable energies: how the language surrounding biofuels can influence its public acceptance.

Abstract Despite growing interest and investments in biological fuels, little is known of how the public form opinions toward this alternative fuel technology. This study examines public opinion of biofuels by focusing on several factors that can be expected to influence citizens' opinions about the issue. First, we tested the results of a framing experiment that was embedded within a public opinion survey. This experiment explored how the public responded to the term “biofuels” as compared to the term “ethanol.” Our results suggest that, overall, respondents tended to react more favorably to the former as opposed to the latter term. Second, we examined the impacts of sociodemographics on public attitudes toward biofuels. We found that while sociodemographics did little to consistently explain attitudes toward biofuels there was clear evidence of ideological influences on attitudes, with self-identifying Democrats showing more positive attitudes overall. Finally, we explored the interaction between political partisanship and our experimental manipulation. We found evidence that our wording manipulation differed based on the political party identification of our respondents, with Democrats fluctuating greatly in their assessments depending upon whether they were asked to evaluate “biofuels” or “ethanol.”
A 28 nm FDSOI Integrated Reconfigurable Switched-Capacitor Based Step-Up DC-DC Converter With 88% Peak Efficiency

This paper presents a fully integrated, reconfigurable switched-capacitor based step-up DC-DC converter in a 28 nm FDSOI process. Three reconfigurable step-up conversion ratios (5/2, 2/1, 3/2) have been implemented which can provide a wide range of output voltage from 1.2 V to 2.4 V with a nominal input voltage of 1 V. We propose a topology for the 5/2 mode which improves the efficiency by reducing the bottom-plate parasitic loss compared to a conventional series-parallel topology, while delivering the same amount of output power. Further, the proposed topology benefits from using core 1 V devices for all charge-transfer switches without incurring any voltage overstress. The converter can deliver load current in the range of 10 µA to 500 µA, achieving a peak efficiency of 88%, using only on-chip MOS and MOM capacitors for a high density implementation.
Item reduction in a scale for screening

This paper presents a non-parametric approach for the selection of items in a scale for screening, with the score defined as the sum of item response indicators. Without specifying parametric models for binary classification probabilities, the proposed item selection method evaluates the change in classification accuracy due to adding or deleting one item for a scale with k items. It first removes least useful items from the scale and then uses a forward stepwise selection procedure to the remaining items to identify a subset of items for a reduced scale. The reduced scale usually retains or improves classification accuracy compared to the full scale. The variation in items selected can be assessed with bootstrap samples. In a simulation study, the proposed procedure shows a fairly good finite sample performance. The method is illustrated with a data set on patients with and without high risk of developing Alzheimer's disease who were administered a 40-item test of olfactory function.
Saturation effects in cyclotron resonance oscillators

Abstract This paper presents the results of a large signal analysis of a cyclotron resonance oscillator. A digital computer was used to obtain numerical results for a particular set of parameters. The model adopted for the oscillator assumes a spiralling filamentary electron beam interacting with a rectangular cavity. Both the gain and saturation mechanisms for a cylotron resonance oscillator are discussed.
Heat transport by turbulent rotating Rayleigh–Bénard convection and its dependence on the aspect ratio

We report on the influence of rotation about a vertical axis on heat transport by turbulent Rayleigh–Benard convection in a cylindrical vessel with an aspect ratio ( is the diameter and the height of the sample) and compare the results with those for larger . The working fluid was water at where the Prandtl number is 4.38. For rotation rates , corresponding to inverse Rossby numbers between zero and twenty, we measured the Nusselt number for six Rayleigh numbers in the range . For small rotation rates and at constant , the reduced Nusselt number initially increased slightly with increasing , but at it suddenly became constant or decreased slightly depending on . At a second sharp transition occurred in to a state where increased with increasing . We know from direct numerical simulation that the transition at corresponds to the onset of Ekman vortex formation reported before for at and for at (Weiss et al., Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 105, 2010, 224501). The -dependence of can be explained as a finite-size effect that can be described phenomenologically by a Ginzburg–Landau model; this model is discussed in detail in the present paper. We do not know the origin of the transition at . Above , increased with increasing up to . We discuss the -dependence of in this range in terms of the average Ekman vortex density as predicted by the model. At even larger there is a decrease of that can be attributed to two possible effects. First, the Ekman pumping might become less efficient when the Ekman layer is significantly smaller than the thermal boundary layer, and second, for rather large , the Taylor–Proudman effect in combination with boundary conditions suppresses fluid flow in the vertical direction.
Synthesis and characterization of a copper-substituted manganese oxide with the Na0.44MnO2 structure

Abstract Na x Cu 0.11 Mn 0.89 O 2 ( x =0.4–0.5) with the Na 0.44 MnO 2 structure was prepared by sol–gel, glycine–nitrate combustion synthesis and solid-state routes. Li 0.45− x Cu 0.11 Mn 0.89 O 2 was prepared by ion exchange from the glycine–nitrate sodium-containing precursor. Rietveld refinement of X-ray diffraction power patterns indicates that Cu substitutes in the Mn3-position. The electrochemical characteristics of Li x Cu 0.11 Mn 0.89 O 2 are changed by Cu-substitution, resulting in a somewhat lower capacity between fixed voltage limits compared to the unsubstituted material.
A perspective on vegetarian dietary patterns and risk of metabolic syndrome

The vegetarian dietary pattern is traditionally a plant-based diet that includes fruits, vegetables, cereals, legumes, nuts, vegetable oils, soya, and possibly dairy products and/or eggs. Vegetarians and other populations who follow a plant-based dietary pattern enjoy longevity. Specifically, vegetarian dietary patterns have been associated with a lower risk for developing IHD, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, specific cancers, lower all-cause mortality and reduction in cause-specific mortality. The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) in the USA is approximately 20 % and is currently increasing in developing countries in line with the obesity epidemic. The health care costs associated with the MetS are on a magnitude of 1.6 overall compared with healthy individuals, which makes it an important public health problem. Current evidence from several cross-sectional and case-control studies shows an association between consumption of a vegetarian dietary pattern and a reduced prevalence or risk of developing the MetS. There is a need for further research to be conducted, particularly prospective cohort studies to evaluate the effect of vegetarian dietary patterns on reducing the incidence of the MetS and, clinical trials should be designed to explore vegetarian dietary patterns for the reversal of the MetS in high-risk populations. This research could contribute to reduce the societal and economic burdens associated with the disorder.
Intelligent Transportation System Spatial Data Modeling

Transportation management centers (TMCs) generate and archive enormous amounts of multimodal transportation data. Archived intelligent transportation system (ITS) data applications today tend to focus on ITS data as a resource for transportation planning and research, mainly to generate aggregated system performance measures such as corridor travel times, speeds, and delays. As ITS data applications increase, interest is also growing in using archived ITS data to help optimize TMC operations. One area of considerable interest is incident management. This paper focuses on freeway ITS features and data. It describes a prototype geographically referenced framework for ITS data and summarizes spatial and temporal patterns in the distribution of incidents along instrumented freeways in San Antonio, Texas. The geodatabase uses architecture information and archived sensor and incident data from the San Antonio TMC (TransGuide). However, it is sufficiently generic for implementation at other TMCs with relatively minor variations. The paper focuses on data model and geodatabase development, although it includes a summary of application examples.
Large-scale purification and characterization of the major phosphoproteins and mucins of human submandibular-sublingual saliva

The major components of human submandibular-sublingual saliva (HSMSL) are mucins, amylases, cystatins, proline-rich proteins and statherin. Structure-function studies of these molecules have been hampered by the small amounts of purified materials that can be isolated from human secretions. The present study describes an integrated purification protocol for the large-scale preparation of many of these molecules. To dissociate partially heterotypic complexes among salivary molecules, HSMSL was initially fractionated into four pools by gel filtration with 6 M-guanidine hydrochloride. Subsequent fractionation of these four pools by gel-filtration and ion-exchange chromatography resulted in the purification of high- and low-Mr mucins, neutral and acidic cystatins, acidic and basic proline-rich proteins and statherin. Many variants or isoforms of these salivary molecules have been identified and biochemically characterized. Biochemical studies indicated that the low-Mr mucin exists as two isoforms which vary in their sialic acid to fucose ratios. Three isoforms of acidic cystatin S were characterized which differ in their phosphate content. Two isoforms of a basic proline-rich peptide were identified; the smaller peptide was a truncated form missing the first seven amino acids.
Short-term supplementation of acute long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids may alter depression status and decrease symptomology among young adults with depression: A preliminary randomized and placebo controlled trial

The current study examined the psychological effects of acute and low-dose long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) supplementation on young adults with depressive symptoms. Participants (N=23, M age (SD)=20.2 (1.25), 78% female), with a Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) score of greater than 10, were randomly assigned to a placebo (corn oil) or LCPUFAs group (1.4g of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaeonic acids) and were instructed to consume the assigned capsules daily for 21-days. BDI was completed prior to supplementation and at day 21. Group differences in depression status on day 21 were analyzed using chi-square tests. After 21-days of supplementation, there was a significant difference in depression status between groups. 67% of the LCPUFAs no longer met criteria for being depressed, while only 20% in the placebo group were no longer depressed. A mixed ANOVA revealed a significant group x time interaction for BDI scores. Post-hoc analyses revealed the LCPFUAs group had a significant reduction in BDI scores over time, while the placebo group's scores did not significantly change. These findings suggest that LCPUFAs may alter depression and depressive symptomology in young adults in a relatively short amount of time.
Thoughts of Death and Suicidal Ideation in Nonpsychiatric Human Immunodeficiency Virus Seropositive Individuals

The present study examines the prevalence of death thoughts and suicidality in HIV infection. Subjects (n = 246) were examined for psychiatric morbidity and suicidality. Compared to high risk HIV seronegatives, HIV seropositives (HIV +) had significantly increased frequency and severity of both suicidal ideation and death thoughts. Two-thirds of seropositives had suicidal ideation at some point; half of the seropositives reported suicide plans and one quarter suicide attempts; and third of seropositives reported current suicidal ideation. Suicidal ideation did not increase with advancing disease. The high prevalence of suicidal ideation suggests inclusion of its assessment in HIV treatment regardless of stage.
Eskom and the South African Electrification Program (a)

Eskom had committed to spending approximately $400 million annually to provide 1.75 million South African households with electricity by 2000. The company had to forfeit an additional $300 million because of consumers' nonpayment for service. Moreover, the company also faced rising operational costs as a result of consumers' illegally tampering with their electrical connections. In fact, these costs had increased to such an extent that annual costs were higher than annual sales in many of the areas Eskom served. This illegal behavior, however, had evolved under an oppressive regime that forced many consumers to steal from the existing infrastructure in order to access basic services. Following the end of apartheid, Eskom hoped to receive an adequate return on its investments in the electrification program. See also the A, B, D, and E cases (UVA-E-0162, UVA-E-0163, UVA-E-0165, and UVA-E-0166).
Polynomial based fixed-structure controller for decomposable systems

This paper deals with control of decomposable systems using polynomial theory and linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). The synthesized controller has fixed structure and is independent from the order of plant and the weighing functions. The design procedure is based on positive polynomial matrices and considers optimization. The controller is computed by formulating and solving the resultant synthesis LMIs. To demonstrate the efficacy of approach, the technique is illustrated with simulation example of multi agent system (MAS), in which number of agents can be chosen arbitrarily.
Pilot Vehicle System Modeling Using Sub-Scale Flight Experiments

The human pilot control characteristics were studied using remotely controlled sub-scale aircraft as a test-bed. The study is carried out for the longitudinal axis of the aircraft in which the pilot model output is the elevator deflection and the input to the pilot model is the pitch attitude error. The paper uses existing pilot model (gain, lead-lag) in the literature to characterize the human pilot control behavior. The analysis was carried out for 26 flights with two different pilots, and involves both straight level flight phase and landing phase.
Discussion on digital library model of power enterprise

The digital library is a brand-new scientific technology and is the inevitable product of the development of information society.The concept of the digital library,the research and development situation of digital library at home and abroad and the digital library model in power enterprise were expatiated in detail.It was considered that the digital library of power enterprise should have the functions of book-lending,consultation,individual service through the network,electric power information processing,on-the-job training and skill training through the network,documents retrieval and reader service through the network.
Analysis on epidemiological characteristics of bacterial dysentery in Suining City from 2004-2012

[Objective]To know the strength and epidemic characteristics of bacterial dysentery in Suining City,provide accurate basis for developing the control plan and evaluating its effect.[Methods]The descriptive epidemiological method was used to analyze the epidemic data of bacterial dysentery in Suining City.[Results]The average annual incidence rate of bacterial dysentery in Suining City from 2004-2012 was 17. 61 /lakh,while the average annual mortality rate was 0. 01 /lakh,and there was statistically significant difference in annual incidence rate( P 0. 01). The average annual incidence rate in males and females was 19. 19 /lakh and 15. 96 /lakh respectively,and the difference between males and females was statistically significant( P 0. 01). The case number and incidence rate in males were higher than those in females in every year,and the male-to-female ratio in case number was1. 25∶ 1. The cases of scattered children,farmers and students respectively accounted for 31. 77%,24. 72% and 17. 40% of the total cases. 30. 34% of patients were children under 3 years old,and cases in 12 month-old age group accounted for 17. 12% of total cases. The cases reported from May to October accounted for 66. 84% of cases in whole year.[Conclusion]The infants have a high incidence of bacillary dysentery in Suining City from 2004-2012,there is an obvious occupational feature,and the peak season has occurred in summer and autumn. It is necessary to strengthen the health education to enhance the prevention awareness and level,strengthen the supervision on food safety,drinking water health and environmental hygiene,strengthen the management on intestinal outpatient clinics,improve the level of diagnosis,strengthen the conception of epidemic reporting,and implement the emergency treatment of the outbreaks to effectively control the epidemic situation.
Psoriasis in childhood.

This chronic and capricious disorder is often seen in childhood, and many clinical variations are peculiar to the age group.