cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Electrical Conductivity of Zinc Oxide

The electrical conductivity of zinc oxide for an average sample obeys the following equations, $\ensuremath{\sigma}={10}^{\ensuremath{-}2}\mathrm{exp}(\ensuremath{-}2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\frac{{10}^{\ensuremath{-}2}}{\mathrm{kT}})$ ${\mathrm{ohm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ for $Tl25$\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C and $\ensuremath{\sigma}={10}^{2}\mathrm{exp}(\ensuremath{-}7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\frac{{10}^{\ensuremath{-}1}}{\mathrm{kT}})$ ${\mathrm{ohm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ for ${400}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}\mathrm{C}lTl{700}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}\mathrm{C}$. The conductivity in the lower temperature range is believed to be due to the ionization of interstitial zinc atom pairs, whose ionization energy is 2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ volt or less. Conductivity of this type reaches saturation about room temperature. In the higher temperature range the conductivity is caused by the ionization of single interstitial zinc atoms, whose ionization energy is 7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ volt. At 800\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C the conductivity of this type begins to reach saturation. Hall effect measurements show the free electron density to be about ${10}^{15}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ at room temperature. The fraction of pairs existing is ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ which is a factor of ten larger than the a priori probability.
A model for interprofessional health disparities education: student-led curriculum on chronic hepatitis B infection.

BACKGROUND Although health disparities are commonly addressed in preclinical didactic curricula, direct patient care activities with affected communities are more limited.
A Geometrical method of constructing mulitvariate densities and some related inferential procedures

A geometrical method of constructing multivariate densities, which is based on surface integral techniques, is given. A characterization of spherical and elliptical densities is proved using Che general method, and a particular class of spherical distributions is used to test for spherical normality against spherical alternatives. The method of moments procedure for estimating the parameters of an elliptical density is given. Densities which are constant on subsets of hyperplanes are constructed and an application is suggested. Other examples and applications are also discussed.
Terminal Lake Flooding and Wetland Expansion in Nelson County, North Dakota

The Devils Lake Basin of North Dakota, an interior drainage basin located within a dry, subhumid environment, has experienced pervasive flood conditions since the 1993 onset of a wet spell of unprecedented magnitude and duration. This unique natural-hazard environment has resulted in flooding from both the expansion of the surface area of the basin's terminal lakes (Devils Lake and Stump Lake) and increases in the number and size of rural wetlands. To assess the relative extent of both terminal lake and rural wetland flooding, we focused on Nelson County, which contains Stump Lake and is representative of other counties in the basin. Remotely sensed data acquired by Landsat Thematic Mapper was used to map open-water extent in 2001, and results were compared to 1992 land-cover data provided by the United States Geological Survey (USGS). Our analysis indicates a 53% increase in the size of Stump Lake and a 426% increase in the area of rural wetland ponds. Stump Lake flooding is spatially restricted and has ...
Spectroscopy and Collision Theory. The Xe Absorption Spectrum

Experiments on the uv photoabsorption of Xe have determined level positions, line intensities, Land\'e $g$ factors, intensity profiles in the auto-ionization region, and the branching ratio of photoelectron groups. This paper expresses all these data in terms of a single set of theoretical parameters which pertain to collisions of the $e+{\mathrm{Xe}}^{+}$ system with $J=1$ and characterize the five close-coupling eigenchannels of this system. Values of the parameters, obtained by fitting the experimental data, provide (1) values of the zero-energy scattering eigenphases, (2) evidence that the orbital angular momentum of the free electron ($l=0 or 2$) is a good quantum number to within \ensuremath{\sim} 2%, and (3) evidence that the $\mathrm{LS}$ coupling classification of the $e+{\mathrm{Xe}}^{+}$ complex holds approximately, but only for $l=2$. The whole analysis correlated diverse experimental data into a unified pattern and can be extended to other values of $J$ and $l$ to other rare gases and to spectra of other elements.
Non-doubling Ahlfors Measures, Perimeter Measures, And the Characterization of the Trace Spaces of Sobolev Functions in Carnot-caratheodory Spaces

Introduction Carnot groups The characteristic set $X$-variation, $X$-perimeter and surface measure Geometric estimates from above on CC balls for the perimeter measure Geometric estimates from below on CC balls for the perimeter measure Fine differentiability properties of Sobolev functions Embedding a Sobolev space into a Besov space with respect to an upper Ahlfors measure The extension theorem for a Besov space with respect to a lower Ahlfors measure Traces on the boundary of $(\epsilon,\delta)$ domains The embedding of $B^p_\beta(\Omega,d\mu)$ into $L^q(\Omega,d\mu)$ Returning to Carnot groups The Neumann problem The case of Lipschitz vector fields Bibliography.
Probing Phonons in Nonpolar Semiconducting Nanowires with Raman Spectroscopy

We present recent developments in Raman probe of confined optical and acoustic phonons in nonpolar semiconducting nanowires, with emphasis on Si and Ge. First, a review of the theoretical spatial correlation phenomenological model widely used to explain the downshift and asymmetric broadening to lower energies observed in the Raman profile is given. Second, we discuss the influence of local inhomogeneous laser heating and its interplay with phonon confinement on Si and Ge Raman line shape. Finally, acoustic phonon confinement, its effect on thermal conductivity, and factors that lead to phonon damping are discussed in light of their broad implications on nanodevice fabrication.
Display behavior of three troops of Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata)

In this paper the display (i.e., “branch-shaking”) behavior of three troops of Japanese monkeys—the confined Oregon troop as reported byModahl andEaton (1977), the semi-free-ranging Arashiyama West troop and the free-ranging Arashiyama B troop—are compared. The comparison reveals several similarities and dissimilarities between the Oregon troop and the two genetically related Arashiyama troops. The similarities include three display postures (shaking, kicking and leaping) and an increased frequency of male but not female displaying during the breeding season. The dissimilarities include the absence of two Oregon display postures (tossing and swinging) and collective displaying among Arashiyama monkeys. The hypothesis ofModahl andEaton (1977) that male displaying influences the females' choice of male mating partners is discussed. The evidence suggests the Oregon monkeys have incorporated male displaying into their socio-sexual behavior to a greater extent than Arashiyama monkeys. However, field observations indicate that males who migrate to the Arashiyama B site during the breeding season can influence female choice by “advertizing” their location with displays.
Neuromodulation of Neuronal Circuits: Back to the Future

All nervous systems are subject to neuromodulation. Neuromodulators can be delivered as local hormones, as cotransmitters in projection neurons, and through the general circulation. Because neuromodulators can transform the intrinsic firing properties of circuit neurons and alter effective synaptic strength, neuromodulatory substances reconfigure neuronal circuits, often massively altering their output. Thus, the anatomical connectome provides a minimal structure and the neuromodulatory environment constructs and specifies the functional circuits that give rise to behavior.
Self-assembled peptide amphiphile nanofibers conjugated to MRI contrast agents.

Self-assembled peptide amphiphile nanofibers have been investigated for their potential use as in vivo scaffolds for tissue engineering and drug delivery applications. We report here the synthesis of magnetic resonance (MR) active peptide amphiphile molecules that self-assemble into spherical and fiber-like nanostructures, enhancing T1 relaxation time. This new class of MR contrast agents can potentially be used to combine high-resolution three-dimensional MR fate mapping of tissue-engineered scaffolds with targeting of specific cellular receptors.
Antioxidant Activity of a Proanthocyanidin-Rich Extract from Grape Seed in Whey Protein Isolate Stabilized Algae Oil-in-Water Emulsions

Algae oil-in-water emulsions stabilized with 0.2% whey protein isolate (WPI) at pH 3.0 and 7.0 were chosen to evaluate antioxidant activity of a proanthocyanidin-rich extract from grape seed. In this emulsion system, (+)-catechin and ascorbic acid (620 microM) were found to be prooxidative at pH 3.0 and ineffective at pH 7.0. Grape seed extract was not able to effectively inhibit both lipid hydroperoxides and propanal formation when added to the emulsion at 124 microM. However, increasing the concentration of the grape seed extract to 620 microM resulted in inhibition of both lipid hydroperoxide and propanal formation at pH 3.0 and 7.0. None of the antioxidants tested had any effect on the physical stability of the WPI-stabilized emulsion. The superior antioxidant activity of the grape seed extract is likely due to the presence of oligomeric procyanidins which are better antioxidants compared to their monomeric counterparts.
An experimental study of the agreement of self-administration and telephone administration of the Timeline Followback interview.

Objective: The Timeline Followback (TLFB) interview has become state-of-the-science for the collection of retrospective self-reports of daily alcohol consumption. Such data are especially useful for addressing questions of the co-occurrence of quantity of alcohol consumption and other behaviors, such as HIV-related risky sex, on the event level. The purpose of this study was to determine if the TLFB could be used effectively by self-administration compared with the more costly telephone interview in a large, multisite observational study of HIV-positive and HIV-negative adults. Method: An experimental design was used to compare self-administered and telephone-administered TLFB modes in a subsample (N = 70) of the Veterans Aging Cohort Study, an ongoing longitudinal study of more than 6,000 HIV-positive and HIV-negative men and women presenting for treatment at eight Department of Veterans Affairs Infectious Disease or General Medicine clinics. Participants were randomly assigned to one of four experimenta...
High strain rate deformation and resultant damage mechanisms in ultrafine-grained aluminum matrix composites

Abstract Ultrafine-grained aluminum composites produced via cryomilling exhibited ultrahigh strength associated with considerable strain-to-failure (>14 pct.) at high strain rates (>10 3 s −1 ), but only limited strain-to-failure (∼0.75 pct.) at quasi-static strain rates (10 −3 s −1 ). The mechanisms leading to these differences in behavior were investigated by systematic microstructural analysis of deformed and pre-deformed samples. Micro-flaw developments, including kinking, extensive axial splitting, and grain growth, were observed after high strain rate deformation, and the significance of these mechanisms is considered.
A work commitment typology of sales representatives in the college textbook industry

The paper presents the results of an empirical study designed to develop a work commitment typology of sales representatives based on the combination of scores for job involvement and organizational commitment. Four types are identified and profiled: the totally involved, the organizational prone, the job prone, and the unattached. A multiple discriminant analysis suggests the sales representative's view of work-related characteristics to be more useful than personal characteristics in predicting work commitment type. Strategies for influencing the predominant types are provided.
Goal Detection and Efficiency: Neglected Aspects of Message Production

Communication researchers interested in message production have yet to delineate clearly the unique aspects of the message-production process they wish to explain. The processes by which others' goals are detected in social situations and the degree to which the deployment of messages and actions achieves goals efficiently are two aspects of message production that require explanation. The potential adaptive significance of goal detection, the degree to which various goals require message production for their achievement, and the relationship between common ground and efficiency also are considered.
The stability of recombinant DNA formed during transformation of Hemophilus influenzae

Abstract The stability of newly formed recombinant activity resulting from transformation in Hemophilus influenzae was examined. Recombinant activity present in lysates of the recipient cells immediately and 20 min after termination of a brief uptake period was retained in the purified DNA fraction of the cells. Recombinant activities in the DNA's extracted at 0 min and 20 min after uptake of donor DNA were similar to recombinant activity present in DNA extracted after two further generations of growth in their sensitivity to ultraviolet irradiation and heat denaturation. Recombinant activity in the 20-min post-uptake DNA and in a 15-min post-uptake lysate banded with recipient and donor activity in a CsCl equilibrium density gradient. It is concluded that at the time recombinant DNA can be detected by its biological activity it is a highly stabilized structure.
P-optimal heuristics

Abstract Let s be a system of linear inequalities c 1 , c 2 ,…, c m in n variables x 1 , x 2 ,…, x n , inequality c i is of the form Σ n i =1 a ij x i ⩾ b j ( a ij ϵ { + 1, 0, -1}, x i ϵ {0, 1}, b j an integer, 1 ⩽ i ⩽ n , 1 ⩽ j ⩽ m ). Each inequality has an integer weight. We consider the problem of finding a (0, 1)- assignment to the variables of the system of linear inequalities which has maximal weight, i.e. for which the sum of the weights of the satisfied inequalities is maximal. Several fast heuristics for this problem are investigated and for each heuristic the following question is answered: What is the best lower bound on the performance which is guaranteed by the heuristic? Furthermore, it is proven that the given heuristics are P-optimal in the following sense: Iff P ∣ NP then there is no fast heuristic which guarantees more. The basic ideas are 1. (1) For systems of inequalities which are invariant under certain transformations the above maximization problem has a fast algorithm. 2. (2) Problems which are not invariant can be made invariant so that the original problem has a solution which is at least as good as the optimal solution of the invariant problem.
Persistent atrioventricular dissociation with block and nodal rhythm after cardiac catheterization

Abstract A patient is presented in whom incomplete atrioventricular (A-V) dissociation, with block and slow nodal rhythm, developed abruptly during diagnostic cardiac catheterization. In contrast to such instances of A-V block reported previously, the arrhythmia persisted, and a pacemaker had to be implanted 9 months after onset, because of clinical deterioration associated with the accompanying slow ventricular rate.
THE EFFECT OF KEYED RESPONSE SEQUENCING OF MULTIPLE CHOICE ITEMS ON PERFORMANCE AND RELIABILITY1

with respect to keyed response position, is a desirable test characteristic. Nearly every basic educational measurement textbook devotes some discussion to item sequencing, usually recommending that the correct answer appear in each position about an equal number of times and that the items be arranged randomly. The theoretical rationale underlying such procedures is that if one were to choose the same option for each item of a test, he could not obtain a score beyond that of a chance score. Other reasons are to avoid providing test-takers with systematic devices which would enable them to "beat" the test and to establish a safeguard against an unconscious bias by the test constructor to allow the correct response to occur appreciably more often in one option position than in another. Although detailed methods for arranging items in proper sequence have been given (Anderson, 1952; Mosier and Price, 1945), there is little empirical evidence that keyed response arrangement is related to test performance. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects on test reliability and student performance of response sequencing that would be extremely unlikely under a random model.
Are there limits to enzyme-inhibitor binding discrimination? Inferences from the behavior of nucleoside deaminases

An enzyme can enhance the rate of a reaction only to the extent that it binds the altered substrate in the transition state (S not equal to) more tightly than it binds the substrate in the ground state. Inhibitors that resemble S not equal to can be used to stop an enzyme from working, probe its mechanism of action and obtain exact structural information about intermediates in catalysis. In S not equal to analog inhibitors of adenosine and cytidine deaminases, a single hydroxyl group appears to make extremely large contributions to binding affinity. The magnitude of this contribution becomes even more striking when differences in free energy of solvation by water are taken into account. Other results, obtained by deleting individual binding determinants, indicate the operation of remarkable levels of cooperativity and suggest that if every group is in exactly the right position and is part of an inflexible structure, then a single substituent or H-bond can produce very large increases in binding affinity. Some implications for inhibitor design are considered.
DYNAMICAL ANALYSIS OF DRUG EFFICACY AND MECHANISM OF ACTION USING GFP REPORTERS

Two issues are critical to the development of effective cancer-drug combinations. First, it is necessary to determine common combinations of alterations that exert strong control over proliferation and survival regulation for the general type of cancer being considered. Second, it is necessary to have a drug testing method that allows one to assess the variety of responses that can be provoked by drugs acting at key points in the cellular processes dictating proliferation and survival. Utilizing a previously reported GFP (green fluorescent protein) reporter-based technology that provides dynamic measurements of individual reporters in individual cells, the present paper proposes a dynamical systems approach to these issues. It involves a three-state experimental design: (1) formulate an oncologic pathway model of relevant processes; (2) perturb the pathways with the test drug and drugs with known effects on components of the pathways of interest; and (3) measure process activity indicators at various poin...
Mass Balance of Polar Ice Sheets

Recent advances in the determination of the mass balance of polar ice sheets show that the Greenland Ice Sheet is losing mass by near-coastal thinning, and that the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, with thickening in the west and thinning in the north, is probably thinning overall. The mass imbalance of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet is likely to be small, but even its sign cannot yet be determined. Large sectors of ice in southeast Greenland, the Amundsen Sea Embayment of West Antarctica, and the Antarctic Peninsula are changing quite rapidly as a result of processes not yet understood.
A Model of SIMD Machines and a Comparison of Various Interconnection Networks

A formal mathematical model of single instruction stream-multiple data stream (SIMD) machines is defined. It is used as a basis for analyzing various types of interconnection networks that have been discussed in the literature. The networks are evaluated in terms of the lower and upper bounds on the time required for each of the networks discussed to simulate the other networks. SIMD machine algorithms are presented as proofs of the upper time bounds on these simulation tasks. These simulations are used to demonstrate techniques for proving the correctness of SIMD machine algorithms, i.e., analyzing the simultaneous flow of N data items among N processors. Processor address masks, a concise notation for activating and deactivating processors, are used in the algorithms. The methods used to prove the lower bounds and to construct (and prove correct) simulation algorithms to show the upper bounds can be generalized and applied to the analysis of other networks.
Using a neural network to forecast inflation

Forecasting inflation is a major concern for economists and businessmen. Most researchers have relied upon statistical techniques with their stringent data assumptions and low accuracy rates to predict changes in inflation, but only a few have investigated how neural networks can improve forecasts. Here, we show the results of Consumer Price Index (CPI) forecasts from an artificial neural network using leading economic indicator data in the USA. Results show that the neural network predicts the level of the CPI with a high degree of accuracy.
What is a strategic acquisition? Decision modeling in support of foreclosed housing redevelopment

This paper describes and develops a model for calculating location-based strategic values of foreclosed properties considered for acquisition and redevelopment by community development corporations (CDCs). A property’s strategic value refers to its proximity to site-specific neighborhood amenities and disamenities (e.g. schools, public transit, distressed properties), given the relative importance of that proximity to CDC organizational and community objectives. We operationalize the concept of strategic value, and apply this concept to a salient public sector decision problem. Using data and value assessments from a CDC engaged in foreclosed housing redevelopment, we compute measures of strategic value for a set of acquisition candidates. We show that strategic values can differ in systematic ways depending on the types of amenities and disamenities identified as relevant for CDC acquisition decisions, the relative importance assigned to those amenities and disamenities, and the utility maximization objectives of the CDC. We conclude by proposing a multi-criteria decision model for foreclosed housing acquisition and redevelopment which incorporates a theory of residential housing impacts for which strategic value measures are a special case.
Present and future sources of protons and heavy ions

Abstract A brief outline of existing medical heavy-ion facilities is given. The beam specifications for future dedicated medical ion accelerators are discussed. Machines capable of delivering dose rates of approximately 1 krad/min in volumes of a few liters are shown to represent existing technology. A cost and performance analysis shows the synchrotrons to be the most economical source for the heavier ions while conventional cyclotrons seem optimal for an exclusive proton facility. It is seen that the incorporation of additional capabilities such as neutron generation or radioisotope production can be achieved at modest incremental costs. In addition to the accelerators, feasible layouts of hypothetical facilities are discussed, and three-dimensional beam scanning is shown to allow the irradiation of large volumes without sacrificing the precise dose localization capabilities of heavy-ion beams. Concepts of quality-controlled engineering and modern computer technology are introduced as a means to obtain the desired high degree of reliability and ease of operation and maintenance.
Urinary Tract Infections in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit

Objective Our aim was to describe laboratory findings and imaging results for neonatal patients diagnosed with urinary tract infection (UTI). Study Design Medical records were reviewed for infants diagnosed with UTI in a single neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) over a 13-year period. Results Of the 8,241 patients admitted to the NICU during the study period, 137 infants were diagnosed with UTI. Imaging was reviewed for 101 patients. Renal pelvis dilation was found in 34% of patients and vesicoureteral reflux was found in 21%. Renal pelvis dilation was not associated with reflux (OR: 0.53 [95% CI: 0.18–1.5]). The sensitivity of urinalysis to detect a positive culture was 76%, and the specificity was 41%. Tests of cure for bacterial infections were uniformly negative. Conclusion Renal pelvis dilation was common but not associated with reflux among NICU patients diagnosed with UTI. Diagnostic criteria in this population are not well defined, and guidelines are needed for diagnosis and management of UTIs in NICU patients.
Performance Characteristics of Social and Traditional Investments

Socially responsible investment is a growing movement. The authors ask how we can evaluate social performance. They investigate both the financial and social performance of companies included in socially responsible and traditional investment portfolios. Companies that successfully pass a social screen (screened-in companies) outperform screened-out companies on a variety of social performance measures: employee relations, diversity, product (customer), community relations, environment, non-U. S. operations, and governance. Screened-in and screened-out companies perform about the same financially and in market terms.
Potential changes in rainfall erosivity under GCM climate change scenarios for the southern Appalachian region, USA

Abstract The potential change in rainfall erosivity, the R-factor in the RUSLE model was investigated under three future climate change scenarios A1FI, A1B and B1 in the New River basin of East Tennessee. Data from Community Climate System Model (CCSM) global circulation model (GCM) was used for spatial–temporal statistical downscaling to the study site. R-factors for future dates were estimated by spatial downscaling of monthly precipitation data obtained from CCSM model and then temporally downscaled to produce daily weather series by means of the CLIGEN stochastic weather generator. CLIGEN was calibrated by the historic rainfall data for the period 1959 to 2000, and used to model future rainfall amounts and associated statistics for 2010–2099. Erosivity R-factors for the historical dataset was estimated as 4085 MJ mm h− 1 ha− 1 and increased between 7% and 49% for future GCM scenarios estimated as 4525.5, 5376.2, and 6281.3 MJ mm h− 1 ha− 1 per B1, A1B, and A1FI scenarios, respectively. Results showed that for all three GCM scenarios increased rainfall erosivities had similar monthly distributions. Projected erosivities suggest that by about 2099 the annual rainfall erosivity in the study region will be about the same as what is currently experienced in northern to central Alabama. The same statistical downscaling technique applied in this study is applicable to other world regions. This study provides necessary information to assess potential changes in sediment yields in the southern Appalachian region from various land use activities impacting soil cover. Particularly important to this region where coal mining activities are common, is estimating the potential in change in sediment yields from this land disturbance, and plan for improved erosion control practices.
Spatial variation of ferroelectric properties in Pb(Zr0.3, Ti0.7)O3 thin films studied by atomic force microscopy

Imaging of the phase and magnitude of the piezoelectric strain in Pb(Zr0.3, Ti0.7)O3 (PZT) capacitors is performed with an atomic force microscope. The imaging reveals a significant spatial dependence of the ferroelectric properties of both fatigued and unfatigued PZT films. We propose that the variation is related to the domain structure of the PZT. Through the measurement of local piezoelectric hysteresis loops and imaging of the piezoelectric strain, areas are observed in fatigued PZT that exhibit hysteresis loops shifted along the polarization axis. In some regions of fatigued samples, the hysteresis loops are shifted such that both remanent points of the hysteresis curve have the same polarization direction. These results have important implications for the scalability of nonvolatile ferroelectric random access memory to higher device densities.
Daily estradiol and progesterone levels relative to laying and onset of incubation in canaries.

Female birds may optimize reproduction by modifying clutch size and the timing for the onset of incubation. We measured fecal estradiol-17beta (E) and progesterone (P) in laying canaries to better understand how onset of incubation might regulate clutch size. Both E and P rose sharply to maxima 1 day before the first egg was laid. Thereafter, E steadily declined, but P remained high through 2 days after the first egg was laid, after which both hormones had returned to low levels. Clutch size did not explain variation in E or P output during the laying cycle. When analyzed with respect to onset of incubation, E and, to a lesser extent, P dropped significantly on the day incubation began, irrespective of whether or not females had finished ovulating. We suggest that factors initiating incubation also cause the decline in E production by small follicles, which in turn may inhibit yolk sequestration in large follicles. Further experiments in which onset of incubation is manipulated may reveal the mechanisms by which this behavior regulates clutch size and reproductive output.
Roles of human parainfluenza virus type 3 bases 13 to 78 in replication and transcription: identification of an additional replication promoter element and evidence for internal transcription initiation.

The genomic promoter of human parainfluenza virus type 3 (HPIV3) contains multiple cis-elements controlling transcription and replication. Previous work showed that regions 1 to 12 and 79 to 96 were critical in promoting replication of an HPIV3 minireplicon, while the intergenic sequence and N gene start signal (IS/Ngs, bases 49 to 61) were important for transcription. Because these data were collected primarily using point mutations, not every base from position 1 to 96 was analyzed, and some important control elements may have been missed. To clarify the role of bases 13 to 78 in transcription and replication, a series of mutations were made which collectively scanned this entire region. Mutation of bases 13 to 28 resulted in markedly decreased HPIV3 minireplicon replication, indicating these bases constitute an additional cis-element involved in the synthesis of the HPIV3 antigenomic RNA. The position dependence of the IS/Ngs was also examined. Analysis of mutants in which the IS/Ngs was shifted 5′ or 3′ showed that this segment could be moved without significantly disrupting transcription initiation. Additional mutants which contained two successive IS/Ngs segments were created to test whether the polymerase accessed the gene start signal by proceeding along the template 3′ to 5′ or by binding internally at the gene start signal. Based on analysis of the double gene start mutants, we propose a model of internal transcription initiation in which the polymerase enters the template at approximately the location of the natural N gene start but then scans the template bidirectionally to find a gene start signal and initiate transcription.
A restricted isometry property for structurally-subsampled unitary matrices

Subsampled (or partial) Fourier matrices were originally introduced in the compressive sensing literature by Candes et al. Later, in papers by Candes and Tao and Rudelson and Vershynin, it was shown that (random) subsampling of the rows of many other classes of unitary matrices also yield effective sensing matrices. The key requirement is that the rows of U, the unitary matrix, must be highly incoherent with the basis in which the signal is sparse. In this paper, we consider acquisition systems that — despite sensing sparse signals in an incoherent domain — cannot randomly subsample rows from U. We consider a general class of systems in which the sensing matrix corresponds to subsampling of the rows of matrices of the form Φ = RU (instead of U), where R is typically a low-rank matrix whose structure reflects the physical/technological constraints of the acquisition system. We use the term “structurally-subsampled unitary matrices” to describe such sensing matrices. We investigate the restricted isometry property of a particular class of structurally-subsampled unitary matrices that arise naturally in application areas such as multiple-antenna channel estimation and sub-nyquist sampling. In addition, we discuss an immediate application of this work in the area of wireless channel estimation, where the main results of this paper can be applied to the estimation of multiple-antenna orthogonal frequency division multiplexing channels that have sparse impulse responses.
Multisensory training can promote or impede visual perceptual learning of speech stimuli: visual-tactile vs. visual-auditory training

In a series of studies we have been investigating how multisensory training affects unisensory perceptual learning with speech stimuli. Previously, we reported that Aaudiovisual training with speech stimuli can promote auditory-only perceptual learning in normal-hearing adults but can impede learning in congenitally deaf adults with late-acquired cochlear implants. Here, impeder and promoter effects were sought in normal-hearing adults who participated in lipreading training. In Experiment 1, visual-only (VO) training on paired associations between CVCVC nonsense word videos and nonsense pictures demonstrated that VO words could be learned to a high level of accuracy even by poor lipreaders. In Experiment 2, visual-auditory (VA) training in the same paradigm but with the addition of synchronous vocoded acoustic speech impeded VO learning of the stimuli in the paired-associates paradigm. In Experiment 3, the vocoded auditory-only (AO) stimuli were shown to be less informative than the VO speech. Experiment 4 combined vibrotactile speech stimuli with the visual stimuli during training. Vibrotactile stimuli were shown to promote visual perceptual learning in participants whose training scores were similar. In Experiment 5, no-training controls were used to show that training with visual speech carried over to consonant identification of untrained CVCVC stimuli but not to lipreading words in sentences. Across this and previous studies, multisensory training effects depended on the functional relationship between pathways engaged during training. Two principles are proposed to account for stimulus effects: (1) Stimuli presented to the trainee’s primary perceptual pathway will impede learning by a lower-rank pathway. (2) Stimuli presented to the trainee’s lower rank perceptual pathway will promote learning by a higher-rank pathway. The mechanisms supporting these principles are discussed in light of multisensory reverse hierarchy theory.
Use of laboratory evaluation and radiologic imaging in the diagnostic evaluation of children with sensorineural hearing loss.

Objective: Laboratory testing and radiologic imaging are commonly used to delineate syndromic from nonsyndromic sensorineural HL (SNHL). The aim of this study was to examine the yield of laboratory tests and radiologic imaging commonly used in the diagnostic evaluation of SNHL in children. Study Design: Retrospective analysis of 114 (54 female, 60 male) consecutively investigated children with SNHL between 1998 and 2000 at a tertiary-care university hospital. Methods: Results of routine laboratory testing to assess autoimmunity, blood dyscrasias, endocrine abnormalities, renal function, infection, and cardiac testing were reviewed. Results of radiologic evaluation were also reviewed. In general, computed tomography (CT) was obtained in patients with symmetric SNHL, whereas magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with or without CT was obtained in asymmetric SNHL. Results: Laboratory evaluation of the blood did not yield the etiology of SNHL in any patient. Blood tests for autoimmune disease were often positive but did not correlate with clinical disease. Nonspecific elevation of erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and antinuclear antibody (ANA) was present in 22% of cases. An abnormal electrocardiogram with a prolonged QT interval resulted in the diagnosis of Jervall and Lange-Nielsen syndrome. In the 97 patients who underwent radiologic studies, abnormalities were present in 38 of 97 studies (39%). Isolated inner ear malformations were twice as common as multiple abnormalities with large vestibular aqueducts as the most common isolated finding. Conclusion: In the evaluation of children with unexplained SNHL, routine laboratory evaluation should be reconsidered given its low diagnostic yield. However, radiologic abnormalities of the inner ear are common. Identification of inner ear malformations has direct impact on management of these children, suggesting that all children should undergo radiologic imaging as an integral component of evaluation of SNHL.
Systematic diagenetic changes in the grain-scale morphology and permeability of a quartz-cemented quartz arenite

The material properties of sedimentary rocks are controlled by a range of parameters, including grain size, sorting, and modification of the original sediment through the diagenetic processes of compaction and cementation. To isolate the effects of diagenesis and explore how they modify permeability, we quantified changes in grain and pore morphology accompanying progressive diagenesis of a simple system: a well-sorted, variably quartz-cemented quartz arenite of relatively uniform grain size. The most common type of authigenic cement in sandstones, quartz overgrowths, is responsible for significant porosity and permeability reduction. The distribution of overgrowths is controlled by available pore space and the crystallographic orientations of individual quartz grains. We show that progressive quartz cementation modifies the grain framework in consistent, predictable ways. Detailed microstructural characterization and multiple regression analyses demonstrate that both the number and length of grain contacts increase as the number of pores increases and the number of large well-connected pores decreases with progressive diagenesis. The aforementioned changes progressively alter pore shape and reduce pore-size variability and bulk permeability. These systematic variations in the pore network correlate with changes in permeability, such that we can use our data to calibrate the Kozeny-Carmen relation, demonstrating that it is possible to refine predictions of permeability based on knowledge of the sedimentary system.
Ethylene-Induced Flavonol Accumulation in Guard Cells Suppresses Reactive Oxygen Species and Moderates Stomatal Aperture

Guard cell swelling controls the aperture of stomata, pores that facilitate gas exchange and water loss from leaves. The hormone abscisic acid (ABA) has a central role in regulation of stomatal closure through synthesis of second messengers, which include reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS accumulation must be minimized by antioxidants to keep concentrations from reaching damaging levels within the cell. Flavonols are plant metabolites that have been implicated as antioxidants; however, their antioxidant activity in planta has been debated. Flavonols accumulate in guard cells of Arabidopsis thaliana, but not surrounding pavement cells, as visualized with a flavonol-specific dye. The expression of a reporter driven by the promoter of CHALCONE SYNTHASE, a gene encoding a flavonol biosynthetic enzyme, in guard cells, but not pavement cells, suggests guard cell-specific flavonoid synthesis. Increased levels of ROS were detected using a fluorescent ROS sensor in guard cells of transparent testa4-2, which has a null mutation in CHALCONE SYNTHASE and therefore synthesizes no flavonol antioxidants. Guard cells of transparent testa4-2 show more rapid ABA-induced closure than the wild type, suggesting that flavonols may dampen the ABA-dependent ROS burst that drives stomatal closing. The levels of flavonols are positively regulated in guard cells by ethylene treatment in the wild type, but not in the ethylene-insensitive2-5 mutant. In addition, in both ethylene-overproducing1 and ethylene-treated wild-type plants, elevated flavonols lead to decreasing ROS and slower ABA-mediated stomatal closure. These results are consistent with flavonols suppressing ROS accumulation and decreasing the rate of ABA-dependent stomatal closure, with ethylene-induced increases in guard cell flavonols modulating these responses.
A Multivariate Approach to Seasonal Adjustment

This paper suggests a new semi-parametric multivariate approach to seasonal adjustment. The primary innovation is to use a large dimensional factor model of cross section dependence to estimate the trend component in the seasonal decomposition of each time series. Because the trend component is speci…ed to capture covariation between the time series, common changes in the level of the time series are accommodated in the trend, and not in the seasonal component, of the decomposition. The seasonal components are thus less prone to distortion resulting from severe business cycle ‡uctuations than univariate …lter-based seasonal adjustment methods. We illustrate these points this using a dataset that spans the 2007-2009 recession in the US.
On the eigenvalues and diagonal entries of a Hermitian matrix

Abstract Suppose A is a hermitian matrix of order n . Let λ 1 ⩾ λ 2 ⩾ … ⩾ λ n and a 11 , …, a nn denote the eigenvalues and diagonal elements of A . If k n with Σ k i=1 λ i = Σ k i=1 a ii , what structure is imposed on the hermitian matrix? We prove that it must be block-diagonal.
High slope efficiency measured from a composite-resonator vertical-cavity laser

We report high differential slope of the light versus current (L-I) characteristic in excess of 400% external quantum efficiency from a monolithic dual resonator vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser. The additional optical cavity of the composite resonator can provide gain or loss to the distributed laser mode, depending on the bias conditions. We describe the factors contributing to the internal optical loss, and present a qualitative model for the L-I characteristic. With sufficient current injected into the top cavity, the composite-resonator vertical-cavity laser achieves over 6 W/A of differential slope efficiency from threshold to greater than 1 mW of output power, which may be applicable for analog optical data links.
Gentamicin sulfate attachment and release from anodized Ti‐6Al‐4V orthopedic materials

A novel method has been developed to attach, retain, and release antibiotics from titanium based materials. This technique consists of forming porous surface coatings by anodizing and using the surface chemical properties of the oxide coatings to attach antibiotics. Coatings with pores in the size range 0.1–0.5 μm have been formed in acid solutions. The attachment and retainment of gentamicin sulfate, a cationic antibiotic, to the coatings has been investigated using microbiological methods. In vitro test results have shown that the duration of antimicrobial activity on the surface of anodized materials is dependent on the porosity and isoelectric point of the coatings. Using microporous oxide coatings formed in phosphoric acid solutions, it has been found that antimicrobial activity could be retained for more than 2 weeks. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Structure Matters: Twenty-One Teaching Strategies to Promote Student Engagement and Cultivate Classroom Equity.

A host of simple teaching strategies—referred to as “equitable teaching strategies” and rooted in research on learning—can support biology instructors in striving for classroom equity and in teaching all their students, not just those who are already engaged, already participating, and perhaps already know the biology being taught.
EKF-Based Recursive Dual Estimation of Structure & Motion from Stereo Data

Extended Kalman filters (EKF) have been proposed to estimate ego-motion and to recursively update scene structure in the form of 3-D positions of selected prominent features from motion and stereo sequences. Previous methods typically accommodate no more than a few dozen features for real-time processing. To maintain motion estimation accuracy, this calls for high contrast images to compute image feature locations with precision. Within manmade environments, various prominent corner points exist that can be extracted and tracked with required accuracy. However, prominent features are more difficult to localize precisely in natural scenes. Statistically, more feature points become necessary to maintain the same level of motion estimation accuracy and robustness. However, this imposes a computational burden beyond the capability of EKF-based techniques for real-time processing. A sequential dual EKF estimator utilizing stereo data is proposed for improved computation efficiency. Two important issues, unbiased estimation and stochastic stability are addressed. Furthermore, the dynamic feature set is handled in a more effective, efficient and robust way. Experimental results to demonstrate the merits of the new theoretical and algorithmic developments are presented.
Power devices for grid connections

Power electronic interfaces are vital to advanced, smarter, distributed grids and micro-grids and the capabilities and limitations of power devices are integral to this. This paper discusses existing and emerging applications of grid connected electronic interfaces that are enabled by Power Semiconductor Devices. The application focus will be on: (1) inverters, which are a key element of modern distributed and renewable energy systems; (2) solid-state transformers which hold great promise to reduce size and weight, while enhancing performance, compared to existing Grid transformers; (3) MV static transfer switches, which facilitate redundant power at the medium voltage level. Capabilities and tradeoffs between Power circuit topologies, available devices, and circuit techniques are presented. Existing and projected market opportunities are also presented, and motivation for future device development is outlined. Emerging transformative research using wide band gap devices in silicon-dominated power device applications, along with hybrid power switch configurations, will also be highlighted. The compelling requirement of advanced grids for both fast fault current limiting, fast voltage control, and possibly increased overload capability to enable the much heralded advances, are also shown to be completely dependent on devices, along with their cost effective application.