cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cryogenic Two-Phase Flow and Heat Transfer Under Terrestrial and Microgravity

This paper presents experimental investigations of cryogenic nitrogen two-phase flow in horizontal transparent tubes (diameters of 11.1mm) under terrestrial and micro-gravity (10−4 g) conditions during the chilldown process, and the focus is on the film boiling region. Constant mass flow rate is achieved by a motor driven bellows, and three different mass fluxes from 9.2 to 27.6kg/m2 · s are tested in the experiments. A drop tower is applied to simulate the micro-gravity environment. During the chilldown process, we measure the time-dependent temperatures at three circumferential locations at different downstream locations. Video images are recorded for identifying the flow patterns. The experiments show that under normal gravity, the flow pattern change from dispersed flow to inverted annular flow and then to unsteady stratified flow according to different wall temperatures, the temperature differences between the lower and upper part of the test section increase with increasing flow rate. Under microgravity, when the temperature is high, the liquid chunks trend to be lifted up and confined mainly in the central core of the tube; when the temperature is low, the liquid chunks are more evenly dispersed inside the whole tube, and some touch the upper wall. It is also found that the measured wall temperatures drop more quickly under microgravity condition compared with that under normal gravity. Moreover, under microgravity condition, the measured temperatures drop more quickly with lower wall temperature. The gravity effect on the quenching curves is alleviated with increasing mass flow rate. Thus gravity effect is more important in low mass flow rate two-phase flow.© 2005 ASME
Adapting to the new path: Khatmiyya Sufi authority, the al-Mirghani family, and Eritrean nationalism during British Occupation, 1941–1949

Abstract This article examines the relationship between Sufi authorities and political transformation in Eritrea during the mid- and late 1940s. It analyzes the role of Eritrea's largest and most influential Sufi order, the Khatmiyya, and how its leadership struggled to maintain its influence amidst the rapidly changing political and social climate initiated by the collapse of Italian colonial authority in 1941. With the arrival of the British Military Administration (BMA), much of the region comprising the Khatmiyya's historical heartland in western and northern Eritrea experienced rapid social and political transformation, as landless Tigre-speaking peasants mobilized a widespread emancipation movement to assert their economic independence, while other Muslim groups beyond the Khatmiyya's base articulated a pro-independence political platform. This article argues that Khatmiyya authorities were largely unable to transition the order from its previous role as an Italian-supported Sufi power into a legiti...
Instantaneous frequency and its instantaneous deviation

Using statistical language, the instantaneous frequency of a deterministic signal, such as an electromagnetic pulse collected at a point in space, is a location function and its deviation is a shape function. The former is better defined than the latter, which can be computed an infinity of different ways, some of which can exhibit pathologies. Some deviations can become pure imaginary in some regions of the time-frequency phase space. The instantaneous frequency of the analytic signal, too, suffers its own pathologies. It can go negative when two or more distinct signals are analysed as a single signal. This paper briefly discusses a limited treatment of the instantaneous frequency and its deviation.
The Tilted Coil for NMR Experiments

Abstract A tilted radiofrequency coil for NMR was designed and compared directly with a normal solenoid coil with the same number of turns and accommodating the same sample size. The comparison was made as a function of the orientation of the coil-form cylinder axis with respect to the static magnetic field, B0. A 17% improvement of the 90° pulse width was found for the tilted coil compared with the normal solenoid coil, when the coil-cylinder axes of the coils were aligned along the magic-angle axis relative to B0. When the coil-cylinder axis was aligned along B0, the tilted coil produces a useful NMR signal, whereas, of course, the normal solenoid coil generates almost no NMR signal. The tilted coil offers additional flexibility in the design of NMR experiments in which one would like the coil-cylinder axis to be parallel to B0 (or displaced from B0 by a small angle), as well as an improved sensitivity for some established NMR techniques.
Microstructure and magnetic hysteresis of CoCu films

Abstract CoCu films were prepared by dc magnetron sputtering over a wide range of compositions. The as-made films showed a cluster glass-type behavior with unsaturated hysteresis loops. Detectable phase decomposition was achieved by isothermal annealing at temperatures ranging between 250 and 850°C. Higher coercivities were obtained in the annealed samples with values of the order of 500 Oe. The films also showed giant magnetoresistance (GMR) with a maximum value of 13% observed in the 17 at% Co samples at 30 K.
A data acquisition system for long-term monitoring of physiological and video signals☆

We developed a system for interleaving digitized physiological signals and video images of subjects onto digital media in a standard file format. The system consists of a framegrabber used to digitize video signals, a microcomputer used to digitize analog signals and send the resulting signals over a parallel interface, and a host laboratory computer to gather and store the video and analog data in an interleaved format as a single file. The system allows for digital storage, search and display of video signals concurrently with physiological signals.
A comparison of spontaneous versus induced tolerance in an experimental model of rat hepatic allograft transplantation.

Abstract In some rodent haplotype combinations, spontaneous tolerance (ST) develops after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) without any immunosuppression [e.g., Lewis (Lew, RT1 1 ) into Wistar Furth (WF, RT1 a )] whereas in other combinations vigorous, progressive rejection rapidly leads to the death of the recipients. We (and others) have induced tolerance (IT) in a rejecting strain combination [Dark Agouti (DA, RT1 a ) into Lew] by intrathymic inoculation of donor bone marrow cells and 1 cc of antilymphocyte serum (ALS) 7-14 days prior to OLT. We hypothesized that cellular immunity in the two groups of animals was similar. We first compared survival in each group of animals and found that there was no difference in the number of animals surviving >100 days (8/11 vs 16/17, ST vs IT, respectively, P = 0.11). Liver function studies were similar in these animals at 2 and 4 weeks after OLT and comparable to syngeneic Lew into Lew OLT animals, but significantly lower than in the rejecting DA into Lew combination treated with only ALS. Animals that were unresponsive to their allografts demonstrated donor-specific tolerance by the acceptance of donor strain ( n = 4, ST and IT) and rejection of third party ( n = 1 and n = 2, ST and IT groups, respectively) heterotopic heart allografts. One-way mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLC) of peripheral blood lymphocytes against donor and third party antigen were suppressed to donor and third party stimulators versus the MLC of unmanipulated animals. Naive host strain responder lymph node cells and purified T cells demonstrated strong proliferative responses to donor strain antigen in both the ST and IT animals. Peripheral blood lymphocytes expressing donor MHC class I molecules were not detectable by flow cytometry in the ST animals using the monoclonal antibody (mAb) I-1.69 which is directed against Lew MHC class I molecules. There was variable expression (023%) of donor MHC class I molecules on peripheral lymphocytes in IT animals using the mAb C3, directed against DA MHC class I molecules. In summary, animals unresponsive to their liver allografts demonstrate donor-specific tolerance and functionally intact cellular immunity in vivo by acceptance of donor strain and rejection of third party heart allografts. The MHC class II response is suppressed to donor and third party stimulators in vitro in both groups of animals. In conclusion, cellular immunity in rats after liver allografting in the Lew into WF spontaneously tolerant strain combination is similar to that after tolerance induced by intrathymic manipulation in the DA into Lew combination.
Influence of opioids in hypothalamic nuclei on cold thermogenesis of lean and obese LA/N-cp rats.

An overactive endogenous opioid peptide system (EOP) in the hypothalamus of the obese rats could contribute to a subnormal metabolic response to cold stress. Specific mu, delta, kappa opioid receptor antagonists and naloxone were infused into cannulaes aimed at the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of awake freely moving obese (LA/N-cp corpulent) and lean littermate rats. Metabolic responses were measured by indirect calorimetry during thermoneutrality (30 degrees C) and at 10 degrees C for 60 minutes each. When expressed relative to metabolic body size (kg(-.75)) obese rats had lower values (obese = 21.1 +/- 1.9 vs. lean = 27.9 +/- 2.7 ml x kg(-.75) x min, mean +/- s.d., p < 0.05) at 10 degrees C during saline infusion. EOP antagonist infusions at 30 degrees C had no effect on metabolic rate for either lean or obese animals. Mu (23.5 +/- 3.4 ml x kg x (-75) x min) and delta (23.0 +/- 2.0) antagonism and naloxone (25.0 +/- 2.3) significantly increased the metabolic response to cold in obese but not lean rats. These data suggest that certain subtypes of EOP receptors in or near PVN are overactive in obese rats. This overactive state may inappropriately inhibit the thermogenic response to cold stress in obesity.
Growth Chamber Modification to Emulate a Seed Germination Chamber

In the absence of specialized research equipment, existing equipment often must be modified to meet research needs and objectives. Specialized germination chambers which control temperature, light, and humidity may not always be available to conduct detailed germination experiments. The objectives of this research were to modify a growth chamber to emulate a seed germination chamber and validate the system by reporting the variation in percentage seed germination and seedling root and shoot lengths. Modifications to the growth chamber consisted of mounting trays in space and adding cool humidified air. Within the modified growth chamber variation in seed germination was small for row or column placement on a tray and large between trays. Among the 11 trays, the optimum tray placement for seed germination was on Trays 4,5,6,7, and 8 for all species studied. Variation in seedling root and shoot lengths was attributed to row and column placement on a tray and tray levels, and was associated in part with light and temperature gradients in the modified growth chamber.
Compliance with return appointments for reproductive health care among adolescent Norplant users

Purpose: Norplant's long duration of action may result in users being less motivated than non-users to return for reproductive health care appointments. This study determined compliance with scheduled return appointments among adolescents using Norplant and those using other methods of contraception. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the records of all teenagers (age ≤ 18 years) who received Norplant between June 1991 and August 1993, as well as those of a comparison group of adolescents, matched for age and race, using other methods of contraception. Subjects receiving Norplant were given appointments for a two week and an annual examination. Comparison subjects were given only an appointment for an annual examination. Norplant users not returning within 5 weeks or any subject not presenting within 12 months for an annual examination, were considered non-compliant. Results: Eighty-eight adolescents received Norplant during the study period and the records of 85 were available for review. Only 48 of the 85 Norplant users returned for scheduled two-week check-up, while 18 of 43 subjects who had Norplant at least 12 months were compliant with annual examinations. The compliance rate with annual examinations among the 89 subjects not using Norplant was 38%, not dissimilar from that of the Norplant group. Conclusions: These data demonstrate that compliance with return appointments for reproductive health care among adolescent Norplant users is poor but not significantly worse than that of non-users of Norplant. Strategies promoting the benefits of return visits need to be improved for adolescents receiving contraception.
Cardiovascular risk assessment in kidney transplantation

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the most common cause of death after kidney transplantation worldwide, with the highest event rate in the early postoperative period. In an attempt to address this issue, screening for CVD prior to transplant is common, but the clinical utility of screening asymptomatic transplant candidates remains unclear. A large degree of variation exists among both transplant center practice patterns and clinical practice guidelines regarding who should be screened, and opinions are based on mixed observational data with great potential for bias. In this review, we discuss the potential risks, benefits, and evidence for screening for CVD in kidney transplant candidates, and also the next steps to better evaluate and treat asymptomatic kidney transplant candidates.
Immunoassays for metal ions

Abstract Antibodies that recognize chelated forms of metal ions have been used to construct immunoassays for Cd(II), Hg(II), Pb(II), and Ni(II). In this paper, the format of these immunoassays is described and the binding properties of three monoclonal antibodies directed towards metal–chelate complexes are reviewed.
The primary structure of Plasmodium falciparum DNA polymerase δ is similar to drug sensitive δ-like viral DNA polymerases

Abstract We report the isolation and sequencing of genomic DNA clones that encode the 1094-amino acid catalytic subunit of DNA polymerase δ from the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum . Protein sequence comparison to other DNA polymerases revealed the presence of six highly conserved regions found in α-like DNA polymerases from different prokaryotic, viral, and eukaryotic sources. Five additional regions of amino acid sequence similarity that are only conserved in δ and δ-like DNA polymerases, so far, were present in P. falciparum DNA polymerase δ. P. falciparum DNA polymerase δ was highly similar to both Saccharomyces cerevisiae DNA polymerase δ (DNA polymerase III; CDC2 ) and Epstein-Barr virus DNA polymerase at the amino acid sequence, and the predicted protein secondary structure levels. The gene that encodes DNA polymerase δ resides as a single copy on chromosome 10, and is expressed as a 4.5-kb mRNA during the trophozoite and schizont stages when parasite chromosomal DNA synthesis is active.
3-D Object Recognition Using Combined Overhead And Robot Eye-In-Hand Vision System

A new approach for recognizing 3-D objects using a combined overhead and eye-in-hand vision system is presented. A novel eye-in-hand vision system using a fiber-optic image array is described. The significance of this approach is the fast and accurate recognition of 3-D object information compared to traditional stereo image processing. For the recognition of 3-D objects, the over-head vision system will take 2-D top view image and the eye-in-hand vision system will take side view images orthogonal to the top view image plane. We have developed and demonstrated a unique approach to integrate this 2-D information into a 3-D representation based on a new approach called "3-D Volumetric Descrip-tion from 2-D Orthogonal Projections". The Unimate PUMA 560 and TRAPIX 5500 real-time image processor have been used to test the success of the entire system.
The mechanism of the prototype cation radical cycloaddition reaction: the cyclodimerization of N-vinylcarbazole

The mechanism of the first cation radical cycloaddition reaction to be discovered, the cyclodimerization of N-vinylcarbazole, has now been studied by means of a stereochemical criterion. The cyclodimerization of N-(cis-2-deuteriovinyl)carbazole is observed to be non-stereospecific, yielding a cyclodimer in which approximately 80% of the deuterium atoms are cis to the carbazolyl group and 20% are trans to the carbazolyl group. This result stands in contrast to the stereospecific cyclodimerization of trans- and cis-anethole and other stereospecific cation radical cyclobutanation reactions which have been studied more recently. The cyclodimerization of N-vinylcarbazole must therefore occur via a stepwise path, involving an intermediate distonic cation radical, as originally proposed by the Ledwith group. Further, the gauche conformation of the distonic cation radical is implied to be preferred over the anti form.
Evaluation of Explicit Algebraic Reynolds-Stress Models for Separated Supersonic Flows

High-Reynolds-number supersonic e owe elds were generated numerically to assess the performance of three explicit algebraic Reynolds-stress turbulence models. The cone gurations consist of a shock/boundary-layer interaction and a 24-deg compression ramp, both of which exhibit an appreciable region of separated e ow. Solutions were also obtained using standard zero-equation and k‐ models. Details of the computations are summarized, and the accuracy of numerical results is established via grid resolution studies. Comparisons are made with experimental data in terms of surface pressure and skin friction, as well as off-surface proe les of mean velocity and componentsoftheReynolds-stresstensor. Forthee owsconsidered here, it isfound that thealgebraic-stressmodels offer little improvement over existing closures.
Recent advances in the treatment of stuttering: a theoretical perspective.

Abstract Prolonged speech and its variants are widely used in the behavioral treatment of stuttering. Unlike these approaches, which depend on clinician-prescribed speech pattern changes, two behavioral treatment regimens, one for children and another for adults, recently developed at the Australian Stuttering Research Center, promote self-monitoring of speech as a means of controlling stuttering. In these programs, the clients themselves modify their speech in subtle and variable ways to gain control over stuttering and, in that, they appear to be similar to a well-known experimental technique for suppressing stutters known as response contingent stimulation. The present paper provides an integrated explanation for the effectiveness of both clinician-directed as well as client-initiated speech pattern modifications and, in the process, develops a new model of stuttering. It also shows why client-generated speech patterns changes potentially produce faster and more lasting improvement than those changes prescribed by a clinician. Learning outcomes: The reader will learn about: (1) two hypothesized methods of preparing utterance motor plans—speech concatenation and speech construction; (2) how behavioral treatment programs make use of speech construction to promote fluency in persons who stutter; (3) why therapy procedures based on cognitively driven speech construction produce faster and superior results than those based on motorically driven speech construction; and (4) the empirical evidence that suggests that speech concatenation is the source of stuttering.
Computational logic in the undergraduate curriculum

Logic provides the mathematical basis for hardware design and software development. In fact, digital circuits and computer programs are logic formulas expressed in a formal language. Accordingly, educated computer scientists should have experience in reasoning about the formulas that their digital circuits and programs represent. An exemplary way to get this experience is to use computational logic in support of such reasoning. This paper searches the typical undergraduate curriculum in computer science for opportunities to include material on computational logic in the context of hardware and software design and implementation. It explains how computational logic has been included as an element of two courses required in most computer science programs. It discusses some successes and a few missteps that the author has experienced over the past nine years in developing this material and using it in the classroom, and it suggests opportunities for similar efforts in other courses.
Modeling Agrilus Planipennis (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) Within-Tree Colonization Patterns and Development of a Subsampling Technique

ABSTRACT Emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire, an insect native to central Asia, was first detected in southeast Michigan in 2002, and has since killed millions of ash trees (Fraxinus spp.) in North America. The objectives of this study were to 1) determine an optimal sampling location on girdled ash trap trees for detection of A. planipennis larvae based on measurements of tree characteristics, and 2) develop a whole-tree estimation method for extrapolating larval densities from subsampled heights. We conducted sampling at 1-m increments, recording larval presence, height on tree bole, bolt diameter, and bark roughness for 58 infested ash trees. Analyzing height and diameter separately, generalized linear mixed models indicated the probability of A. planipennis detection was maximized at 17.2 cm for diameter and increased linearly as vertical height increased. There was also a positive relationship between intermediate bark roughness and A. planipennis presence. Stepwise regression indicated ...
IL-10-producing regulatory B cells (B10 cells) in autoimmune disease

B cell abnormalities contribute to the development and progress of autoimmune disease.Traditionally, the role of B cells in autoimmune disease was thought to be predominantly limited tothe production of autoantibodies. Nevertheless, in addition to autoantibody production, B cells haveother functions potentially relevant to autoimmunity. Such functions include antigen presentation toand activation of T cells, expression of co-stimulatory molecules and cytokine production. Recently,the ability of B cells to negatively regulate cellular immune responses and inflammation has beendescribed and the concept of regulatory B cells has emerged. A variety of cytokines produced byregulatory B cell subsets have been reported, with IL-10 being the most studied. In this review,this specific IL-10-producing subset of regulatory B cells has been labeled B10 cells to highlightthat the regulatory function of these rare B cells is mediated by IL-10, and to distinguish themfrom other B cell subsets that regulate immune responses through different mechanisms. B10 cells area functionally defined subset currently identified only by their competency to produce and secreteIL-10 following appropriate stimulation. Although B10 cells share surface markers with otherpreviously defined B cell subsets, currently there is no cell surface or intracellular phenotypicmarker or set of markers unique to B10 cells. The recent discovery of an effective way to expand B10cells ex vivo opens new horizons in the potential therapeutic applications of this rare Bcell subset. This review highlights the current knowledge on B10 cells and discusses their potentialas novel therapeutic agents in autoimmunity.
Floor of mouth haemorrhage and life-threatening airway obstruction during immediate implant placement in the anterior mandible

A majority of the procedures performed in the dental office setting are considered safe and minimally invasive. Despite this fact, as healthcare providers it is our responsibility to be able to anticipate, recognize and manage life-threatening emergencies that may occur. In the following report, the authors will describe a life-threatening complication that resulted from the placement of mandibular implants.
Individual Hen Differences in Egg Shell Mottling and the Relationship of Shell Mottling to Clutch Size, Internal Quality and Weight Loss

ABSTRACT UPON storage of eggs, light-colored, translucent spots of various sizes will appear in many shells when a candle is used. Holst, Almquist and Lorenz (1932) refer to these translucent spots as shell texture. In this paper, shells with these translucent spots will be called mottled shells because this terminology is generally accepted today. When an egg is first laid, there is no mottling of the shell. In as short a period of time as one-half hour, shell mottling may appear. Many egg buyers downgrade eggs at least one grade that show mottling of the shell. This is done because they feel that eggs with mottled shells will not hold up as long in the channels of trade. This downgrading means a loss of thousands of dollars each year to egg producers. This study was conducted to find out if there was any significant difference among individuals with respect to egg . . .
Energy-consistent, Galerkin approach for the nonlinear dynamics of beams using intrinsic equations:

The paper presents a Galerkin approach for the solution of nonlinear beam equations. The approach is energy consistent, that is, it is shown that the weighted residual integral describes energy flow. The Galerkin approach gives accurate results with fewer degrees of freedom as compared to low-order finite-element formulation. The Galerkin approach also leads to a nonlinear order-reduction technique that can be used to further decrease the order of the system. The reduced-order model is shown to capture the dominant nonlinearities in the system and is ideal for preliminary design and control synthesis.
Theories of Economic Analysts of Contract Law and their Critics

Economic analysis of law has increased in importance and influence at least since Ronald Coase published The Problem of Social Cost in 1960.1 Legal economics fills a void resulting from the demise of other movements, such as formalism and realism.2 By introducing a social science into legal analysis, legal economics also excites theorists dissatisfied with what they believe to be the tunnel vision of traditional legal inquiry.
Narrow-gate In/sub 0.53/Ga/sub 0.47/As junction field-effect transistors as tunable resistors for long-wavelength integrated optical receivers

The fabrication of In/sub 0.53/Ga/sub 0.47/As junction field-effect transistors (JFETs) for use as active feedback resistors in integrated transimpedance photoreceivers is described. Transistors using both air-bridge and non-air-bridge technologies are described. Varying the gate-to-source voltage (V/sub GS/) allows the output resistance to be tuned continuously between 3 and 40 k Omega with a drain-to-source shunt capacitance of less than 10 fF. The temperature coefficient of the output resistance is between -5 and -20 Omega / degrees C (for V/sub GS/ less than the pinch-off voltage). The combination of large resistance and low shunt capacitance can result in high receiver sensitivity without sacrificing amplifier dynamic range. The feedback FETs are fabricated adjacent to 1.8- mu m gate JFETs with transconductances of 110 mS/mm and gate-to-source capacitances of 1.3 pF/mm. >
A challenging paediatric pathological femur fracture in pyknodysostosis (osteopetrosis acro-osteolytica): lessons learnt

Pyknodysostosis , also known as osteopetrosis acro-osteolytica , is a rare autosomal-recessive bone dysplasia characterised by osteosclerosis and short stature. It involves mutations in the gene that encodes cathepsin K, a lysosomal metalloproteinase highly expressed in osteoclasts and important for bone matrix degradation.1 Clinical features also include kyphoscoliosis and deformities of the chest; high-arched palate leading to severe upper airway obstruction;2 and dysmorphic facial features. Radiographs demonstrate a generalised …
Is There Mother-Infant Bonding in Primates?

Abstract The study of mother–infant bonding was stimulated by concepts and data imported from animal research. However, the occurrence of mother–infant bonding in nonhuman primates has not been systematically investigated. Information obtained from naturalistic observations of infant adoption, experimental studies of infant cross-fostering, and studies of mother–infant recognition in primates suggest that the first few days of the postpartum period are a sensitive period for maternal motivation. During this period, primate mothers are highly attracted to infants and motivated to take care of them, and therefore in optimal conditions to bond with their offspring. This does not necessarily imply, however, that bonding cannot occur during subsequent postnatal periods or that small differences in time spent in contact by mother and infant during the early postpartum days have long-lasting consequences for development or parenting. The determinants of temporal changes in maternal motivation during the postpartum period or of individual differences in maternal motivation have been poorly investigated in humans. The primate evidence can stimulate human research in this area and enhance our understanding of some adaptive and maladaptive processes underlying parenting behavior and child development.
ESTIMATING THE IMPACTS OF REGIONAL BUSINESS ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS: ALTERNATIVE CLOSURES IN A COMPUTABLE GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM MODEL

Multipliers derived from regional Keynesian models are often used to justify regional business assistance programs. Econometric evidence on the efficacy of such programs is inconclusive. A regional, computable, general equilibrium model of key agricultural and energy-producing states was implemented to study the sensitivity of predicted impacts of regional business assistance programs to alternative model closures. The closures fall into two broad categories: Keynesian and neoclassical. The model also improves upon current methods used to evaluate regional business assistance programs.
Cerebral perfusion and oxygenation differences in Alzheimer's disease risk

Functional MRI has demonstrated differences in response to memory performance based on risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD). The current study compared blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) functional MRI response with arterial spin labeling (ASL) perfusion response during an associative encoding task and resting perfusion signal in different risk groups for AD. Thirteen individuals with a positive family history of AD and at least one copy of the apolipoprotien E e4 (APOE4) gene (high risk) were compared to ten individuals without these risk factors (low risk). In the medial temporal lobes (MTLs) the high risk group had an elevated level of resting perfusion, and demonstrated decreased fractional BOLD and perfusion responses to the encoding task. However, there was no difference in the absolute cerebral blood flow during the task. These data demonstrate that individuals with increased risk for Alzheimer's disease have elevated MTL resting cerebral blood flow, which significantly influences apparent differences in BOLD activations. BOLD activations should be interpreted with caution, and do not necessarily reflect differences in neuronal activation.
Unusual Vascular Anatomy in Interrupted Aortic Arch With Ventricular Septal Defect

F 5-day-old boy weighing 3.3 kg presented with type B interrupted aortic arch, ventricular septal defect, and bsent femoral, as well as radial pulses. An umbilical arterial line evealed no waveform with an adequate mean pressure of 40 to 45 m Hg. The boy had no metabolic acidosis and satisfactory renal unction. A 2-dimensional echocardiogram revealed severe bivenricular hypertrophy (Fig 1A; LA left atrium; LV left ventricle), an nusually large pulmonary artery, and absent ductus arteriosus. The eft ventricular outflow was unobstructed. Further evaluation reealed an aberrant right subclavian artery originating from the escending thoracic aorta. Doppler interrogation showed forward ow into both common carotid arteries and reversal of flow in both ubclavian arteries (Fig 1B; LCCA left common carotid artery; LSCA left subclavian artery). Transcranial ultrasound revealed antegrade ow in the internal carotids and circle of Willis, with reversal of flow n the vertebro-basilar system (Fig 2). Lower body perfusion occurred hrough the carotid arteries, circle of Willis, subclavian arteries, and he descending aorta, as shown in the illustration (Fig 3; Ao aorta; CCA left common carotid artery; LSCA left subclavian artery; VA left vertebral artery; MPA main pulmonary artery; RCCA ight common carotid artery; RSCA right subclavian artery; RVA ight vertebral artery; VSD ventricular septal defect). Surgical repair entailed cardiopulmonary bypass through the right arotid (using a 3.5-mm polytetrafluoroethylene vascular graft) and he right atrium. During cooling (20°C, pH-stat), adequate lower body erfusion occurred through both subclavian arteries. Closure of the entricular septal defect was carried out through the pulmonary utflow. The ligamentum was divided. The aberrant right subclavian as also divided to facilitate mobilization. Low-flow antegrade cere-
Atmospheric CO2 and soil extracellular enzyme activity: a meta‐analysis and CO2 gradient experiment

Rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations can alter carbon and nutrient cycling and microbial processes in terrestrial ecosystems. One of the primary ways microbes interact with soil organic matter is through the production of extracellular enzymes, which break down complex organic molecules and release nutrients into the soil. We conducted a meta-analysis of 34 studies that examined responses in microbial enzyme activity to elevated CO2. We also conducted a field study of soil enzyme activity in a tallgrass-prairie ecosystem growing in sandy loam (lower organic matter content) and clayey soils (higher organic matter content) exposed to a continuous gradient of 250 to 500 ppm CO2. Of the 10 enzyme groups examined in the meta-analysis, including those degrading starch, β-glucan, cellulose, xylan/hemicellulose, lignin, organic P, and organic N, only the activity of one enzyme that degrades the C- and N-containing building blocks of chitin (N-acetyl-glucosaminidase) increased consistently at elevated CO2 by an average of 12.6% (p < 0.05), especially in field studies and in woody ecosystems. In our field study, increasing CO2 from subambient to elevated concentrations reduced the activity of leucine aminopeptidase by 32% in the black clay soil during the peak of the growing season, while β −1,4-N-acetyl-glucosaminidase increased by 44% near the end of the season, indicating increased N limitation with increasing CO2. In the sandy loam soil, alkaline phosphatase activity increased by 42% with CO2 enrichment at the end of the growing season, suggesting CO2-induced phosphorus limitation in these soils. Additionally, a 53–83% decrease in the carbon cycling enzymes cellobiohydrolase, α-glucosidase, and xylosidase activity with increased CO2 was found in July. Our field study shows that soil type can strongly influence how microbial functioning may change with rising CO2 concentrations and that microbial responses associated with C-, N-, and P-cycling are likely to change—and may already have changed—with increasing CO2 under some soil types and conditions. Our meta-analysis revealed that, despite variable enzyme activities with CO2, chitinase activity increased consistently with CO2 across ecosystems.
TEMPORAL REGULARITY DETERMINES THE IMPACT OF ELECTRICAL STIMULATION ON TACTILE REACTIVITY AND RESPONSE TO CAPSAICIN IN SPINALLY TRANSECTED RATS

Abstract Nociceptive plasticity and central sensitization within the spinal cord depend on neurobiological mechanisms implicated in learning and memory in higher neural systems, suggesting that the factors that impact brain-mediated learning and memory could modulate how stimulation affects spinal systems. One such factor is temporal regularity (predictability). The present paper shows that intermittent hindleg shock has opposing effects in spinally transected rats depending upon whether shock is presented in a regular or irregular (variable) manner. Variable intermittent legshock (900 shocks) enhanced mechanical reactivity to von Frey stimuli (hyperreactivity), whereas 900 fixed-spaced legshocks produced hyporeactivity. The impact of fixed-spaced shock depended upon the duration of exposure; a brief exposure (36 shocks) induced hyperreactivity whereas an extended exposure (900 shocks) produced hyporeactivity. The enhanced reactivity observed after variable shock was most evident 60–180 min after treatment. Fixed and variable intermittent stimulation applied to the sciatic nerve, or the tail, yielded a similar pattern of results. Stimulation had no effect on thermal reactivity. Exposure to fixed-spaced shock, but not variable shock, attenuated the enhanced mechanical reactivity (EMR) produced by treatment with hindpaw capsaicin. The effect of fixed-spaced stimulation lasted 24 h. Treatment with fixed-spaced shock also attenuated the maintenance of capsaicin-induced EMR. The results show that variable intermittent shock enhances mechanical reactivity, while an extended exposure to fixed-spaced shock has the opposite effect on mechanical reactivity and attenuates capsaicin-induced EMR.
An ab initio study of intermolecular hydrogen bonding between small peptide fragments

Several small peptide fragments are investigated with ab initio (Hartree-Fock) calculations, using Gaussian basis sets. Complexation energies, net atomic charges, and optimum geometries are obtained. The geometries predicted by the STO-6G, and 6–31G* basis sets are quite similar, whereas the binding energies obtaiend by the 6–31G calculations are higher than those obtained with STO-6G and 6–31G* basis sets.
The Conversion of Iraq's Tribes to Shiʿism

From its outset, Shiʿi Islam has been associated with Iraq. In 661 ʿAli ibn Abi Talib was assassinated in a mosque in Kufa. ʿAli's son Husayn, who laid claim to the caliphate, was killed with his companions in a battle that took place in the plain of Karbala in 680. Many of the twelve Shiʿi imams spent at least part of their lives there. The four most sacred Shiʿi shrine cities—Najaf, Karbala, Kazimayn, and Samarra—are in Iraq. Since the early stages of Islamic history, much of Shiʿi learning was centered in Hilla, Baghdad, Najaf, and Karbala. And, finally, Iraq was also once a territory ruled by Shiʿi dynasties, notably the Buyids (945–1055).But all this by itself cannot explain how the Shiʿs came to form the majority of the population of modern Iraq. Although conversion from Sunnism to Shiʿism took place in Iraq throughout Shiʿi history, it was confined mainly to cities, where only a small fraction of the population lived. Occasionally, some Arab tribes were also converted to Shiʿism—for example, the Bani Sulama, the Tayy, and the Sudan in the marshes near Khuzistan during the Mushaʿshaʿ Arab Shiūi dynasty of the 15th to 16th centuries. Nonetheless, there is no evidence that would suggest that the Shiʿis were ever close to forming a majority of Iraq's population before the 19th or even the 20th century.
AP-4- and AP-5-like proteins from mouse L cells are trans-activators and bind to the GT-II region of SV40 early TRE in a mutually exclusive manner

Summary Plasmids containing the cat reporter gene, transcription of which is directed by deletion mutants of the SV40 early region transcriptional regulatory element (SV40E TRE ), were transfected into mouse L cells to determine the DNA motifs of SV40E TRE responsible for maximal gene expression. One deletion mutant, pSVE305, demonstrated a 50% reduction in CAT activity as compared to pSVE338, suggesting the importance of these 33 bp in directing efficient gene expression in mouse L cells. Introduction of triplet point mutations in this region and subsequent transfection studies in mouse L cells revealed three sites which were responsible for the reduction of CAT activity. These three mutations were located in the middle of the binding sites of three trans -activators: AP-3, AP-4 and AP-5. While the levels of CAT activity directed by SV40E TRE deletion mutants were similar in both HeLa and mouse L cells, the profiles of point mutants were different, suggesting that the activating ability of each nuclear factor is different from that of its counterpart in these two cell lines. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA) demonstrated that binding of AP-4- and AP-5-like proteins of mouse L and HeLa cells to the GT-II motif occurs in a mutually exclusive manner. Furthermore, we observed a `reverse competition' binding phenomenon which suggested a unique relationship between AP-4- and AP-5-like proteins of mouse L cells to the GT-II motif. Proteolytic mobility-shift analyses showed that an AP-5-like protein was more resistant to proteolytic digestion than an AP-4-like protein of mouse L cells.
Recent Developments in Management Science in Banking

Banking has been a fertile area for management science applications, as is evident from the review provided in this paper. The relevant management science models are discussed in terms of the areas of bank management for which they were intended. Under dynamic balance sheet management i.e., internal bank financial planning we consider forecasting techniques, simulation models and optimization models. Other areas of banking included are bond portfolio management, bank operations, corporate services, bank marketing and management of the loan portfolio. The authors provide an evaluation of the applicability of management science models in practice, discuss the extent to which some have been implemented and consider the philosophy of using management science models in banking.
Micafungin: the US perspective

Invasive fungal infections cause considerable morbidity and mortality in nosocomial settings and amongst immunocompromised hosts. Invasive candidiasis and aspergillosis remain the most common invasive fungal infections, with Candida spp. constituting the fourth most common bloodstream infection in the USA. Currently available antifungal therapies include the polyene, antimetabolite, allylamine, azole and echinocandin drug classes. Micafungin, approved in March 2005 by the Food and Drug Administration for use in the USA, has shown safety and efficacy for the treatment of candidiasis and aspergillosis in clinical trials in Japan, Europe and South Africa. Micafungin holds promise as a first-line treatment option for candidiasis, as well as prophylaxis against invasive fungal infections during periods of neutropenia in high-risk patients.
A Method for the Validation of Predictive Computations Using a Stochastic Approach

The task of model validation deals with quantifying the extent to which predictions from a particular model can be relied upon as representatives of the true behavior of the system being modeled. This issue is of great importance in assessing the reliability and safety of structures since in most cases their quantification relies on predictions from sophisticated probabilistic models. The paper describes a formalism that will extend the realm of the model to include all aspects of data collection and parameter calibration. Error estimators are developed that permit the quantification of the value of computational efforts (mesh refinement) versus analytical efforts (model refinement) and experimental effort (data acquisition and analysis). Starting with the hypothesis that the material properties of a given medium can be modeled within the framework of probability theory, a very rich mathematical setting is available to completely characterize the probabilistic behavior and evolution of the associated random medium under an external disturbance. The probability measure on the material properties is uniquely transformed into a probability measure on the state of the medium. A computational implementation of related concepts has been developed in the framework of stochastic finite elements and applied to a number of problems. Clearly, great value can be attributed to the ability of performing the forward analysis whereby the probability measure on the state of the system is completely characterized by the measure on the material properties. The assumed probability measure on the material properties, however, is greatly dependent on the amount and quality of data used to synthesize this measure. As this measure is updated, estimates of the performance of the underlying natural or physical system change. Significant interest exists therefore in developing the capability of controlling the error in the probabilistic estimates through designed data collection. The mathematical setting adopted in this paper for describing random variables is ideally suited for treating this problem as one of data refinement. A close parallel will be delineated between this concept and that of adaptive mesh refinement, well established in deterministic finite elements. Underlying this latter problem, are issues related to error estimation that are relied upon to guide the adaptation of the refinement. The paper develops a similar “data refinement” concept and highlights the basic underlying principles.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
On the Importance of Informing Students About the Potential Risk Associated with Taking the Graduate Record Examination

Several studies report that Graduate Record Examination (GRE) scores are, at best, weak predictors of academic performance. Based on their GRE results, some students who might otherwise do well in graduate school are denied entry while others who are perhaps less qualified to pursue an advanced degree will be allowed to do so. Universities have established "Human Subjects Committees" to evaluate whether proposed experiments might harm naive volunteers. These committees require subjects be notified of all risks associated with a research procedure. Participants must sign an Informed Consent Form (ICF) before partaking in these experiments. ICFs must be "prepar[ed] in layman's language" detailing, among others: (1) "[a] description of any attendant discomforts and risks reasonably to be expected; (2) [a] description of any benefits reasonably to be expected; and (3) [a]n offer to answer any inquiries concerning the procedures." Subjects must sign these ICFs and they must be included in the person's file. Subjects must receive a duplicate ICF. Because GRE scores can possibly harm test takers in several ways, this paper proposes that all persons taking this test receive an ICF detailing the exam's limitations and possibly harmful effects.
Beyond argument in science: Science education as connected and separate knowing

Over the past 15 years, the discourse of argument has been presented as fundamental to knowing science, with claims being made for its potential to support dialogue and advance scientific literacy. However, even for scientific knowledge, which is typically presented through arguments in which embedded empirical evidence supports specific models and theories, we have a cognitive bias towards linear narrative in the construction of knowledge. In usability trials for the Molecules and Minds study, we found that students constructed their own narrative (story) with plausible cause and effect to rationalise and contextualise what they were observing in simulations. Narratives provide conceptual links between students’ experiential everyday knowledge and paradigmatic structural knowledge, in the form of scientific argument that is often found in science textbooks. Whilst not denying the importance of argument to understanding science, I take a feminist stance and propose that argumentation, as the discourse of separate knowing, exists in a dialectical relationship with connected knowing and that both are critical for learning science. Using narrative, connected knowing seeks first to understand, an essential attribute for learning science, and provides insight into the nature of discovery in science. Separate knowing, which objectifies the known, provides insight into the relationship between evidence and claims.
Job Preferences of White Collar and Blue Collar Workers

The article discusses job preferences of white collar and blue collar workers. The author notes a trend in interest among researchers on various aspects of occupational stratification, citing the c...