cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spinal and Supraspinal Mechanisms of Neuropathic Pain

Neuropathic pain is associated with abnormal tactile and thermal responses that may be extraterritorial to the injured nerve. Importantly, tactile allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia may involve separate pathways, since complete and partial spinal cord lesions have blocked allodynia, but not hyperalgesia, after spinal nerve ligation (SNL). Furthermore, lesions of the dorsal column, and lidocaine microinjected into dorsal column nuclei block only tactile allodynia. Conversely, thermal hyperalgesia, but not tactile allodynia was blocked by desensitization of C-fibers with resiniferotoxin. Therefore, it seems that tactile allodynia is likely to be mediated by large diameter A beta fibers, and not susceptible to modulation by spinal opioids, whereas hyperalgesia is mediated by unmyelinated C-fibers, and is sensitive to blockade by spinal opioids. Additionally, abnormal, spontaneous afferent drive in neuropathic pain may contribute to NMDA-mediated central sensitization by glutamate and by non-opioid actions of spinal dynorphin. Correspondingly, SNL elicited elevation in spinal dynorphin content in spinal segments at and adjacent to the zone of entry of the injured nerve along with signs of neuropathic pain. Antiserum to dynorphin A(1-17) or MK-801 given spinally blocked thermal hyperalgesia, but not tactile allodynia, after SNL, and also restored diminished morphine antinociception. Finally, afferent drive may induce descending facilitation from the rostroventromedial medulla (RVM). Blocking afferent drive with bupivicaine also restored lost potency of PAG morphine, as did CCK antagonists in the RVM. This observation is consistent with afferent drive activating descending facilitation from the RVM, and thus diminishing opioid activity, and may underlie the clinical observation of limited responsiveness of neuropathic pain to opioids.
Dynamic and Structural Properties of Aqueous Arsenic Solutions

Aqueous arsenic solutions are important in geochemistry, environmental chemistry, and biochemistry. Thus, studies of arsenic solutions that probe the structure of the hydrated arsenic ion and the behavior of water around As ions have wide-ranging implications. The mechanisms for water dissociation around three arsenic ions (see picture) and structural details of the resulting aqueous complexes are presented.
Suppression of inflammatory and neuropathic pain by uncoupling CRMP-2 from the presynaptic Ca2+ channel complex

Drugs that block calcium channels reduce pain, but they can cause unwanted side effects. Now, Rajesh Khanna and his colleagues show that a peptide that inhibits the interaction between a calcium channel and a protein called CRMP-2 that activates the channel can reduce pain in animals without the side effects of the channel blocker drugs.
On What It Takes To Be a World

A many-worlds interpretation is of quantum mechanics tells us that the linear equations of motion are the true and complete laws for the time-evolution of every physical system and that the usual quantum-mechanical states provide complete descriptions of all possible physical situations. Such an interpretation, however, denies the standard way of understanding quantum-mechanical states. When the pointer on a measuring device is in a superposition of pointing many different directions, for example, we are to understand this as many pointers, each in a differentworld, each pointing in a different determinate direction. We ask here whether such talk makes any genuinely intelligible sense of the term “world”. We conclude that it does not.
Transforming growth factor beta1 and ethanol affect transcription and translation of genes and proteins for cell adhesion molecules in B104 neuroblastoma cells.

Transforming growth factor (TGF) β1 and ethanol retard the migration of young, post-mitotic neurons to the developing cerebral cortex. The coordination of this migration depends upon cell adhesion proteins (CAPs). We examined the effects of TGFβ1 and ethanol on genes related to both TGF and CAPs. Rat B104 neuroblastoma cells were treated with TGFβ1 (0 or 10 ng/mL) and ethanol (0 or 400 mg/dL) for 6–48 h. Total RNA was purified from each sample and analyzed using the Rat U34A GeneChip (Affymetrix). Candidate genes were those up- or down-regulated by either TGFβ1 or ethanol. Twenty transcripts of CAPs were identified as being expressed by B104 cells and as being affected by treatment with TGFβ1 or ethanol. The expression was verified for five representative genes (neural cell adhesion molecule, L1, and integrins α1, α7, and β1) using assays with real-time reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reactions. Each of these genes showed time-dependent changes. The changes were reflected in increases in protein expression that appeared within 24 or 48 h. Thus, the effects of TGFβ1 and ethanol on CAPs parallel changes described in vivo and likely underlie changes associated with ethanol-induced alterations in neuronal migration.
Evolution of HCN during high‐temperature thermal degradation of polyurethanes

The thermal degradation of an aliphatic, aromatic, and secondary polyurethane has been studied over a range of temperatures from 500 to 1000°C with respect to the kinetics and mechanism of HCN evolution. This evolution shows a rapid linear increase of evolved HCN with time, passing into a plateau when the polymer has been consumed. In high temperature ranges, thermal decomposition of the evolved HCN also takes place, and in some temperature regions the degradation is diffusion controlled. Overall, the process is governed by a depolycondensation reaction which is the slowest step in a sequence of reactions. The reaction sequence is kinetically evaluated and the respective rate constants, diffusion constants, and energies of activation are presented. The reaction mechanism accounts well for the experimental results in spite of some simplifications which had necessarily to be applied.
Sodium Perchlorate Effects on the Helical Stability of a Mainly Alanine Peptide

Sodium perchlorate salt (NaClO4) is commonly used as an internal intensity standard in ultraviolet resonance Raman (UVRR) spectroscopy experiments. It is well known that NaClO4 can have profound effects on peptide stability. The impact of NaClO4 on protein stability in UVRR experiments has not yet been fully investigated. It is well known from experiment that protein stability is strongly affected by the solution composition (water, salts, osmolytes, etc.). Therefore, it is of the utmost importance to understand the physical basis on which the presence of salts and osmolytes in the solution impact protein structure and stability. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of NaClO4, on the helical stability of an alanine peptide in water. Based upon replica-exchange molecular dynamics data, it was found that NaClO4 solution strongly stabilizes the helical state and that the number of pure helical conformations found at room temperature is greater than in pure water. A thorough investigation of the anion effects on the first and second solvation shells of the peptide, along with the Kirkwood-Buff theory for solutions, allows us to explain the physical mechanisms involved in the observed specific ion effects. A direct mechanism was found in which ClO4− ions are strongly attracted to the folded backbone.
Capital structure and the cost of equity capital in the property-liability insurance industry☆

Abstract Financial pricing models are now widely used in insurance pricing and price regulation. However, most practical applications of these models have not taken into account either the effects of firm capital structure or the differences in financial risk across lines of insurance. The objective of this paper is to provide a first step towards remedying these deficiencies by providing theoretical and empirical evidence on the effects of capital structure and line of business risk on the cost of equity capital in property-liability insurance. A theoretical model is developed that expresses the cost of capital as a function of both insurance leverage (the ratio of policy reserves to assets) and financial leverage (the ratio of financial debt to assets). The model is tested using data on traded stock property-liability insurers over the period 1980–1989. The results indicate that the cost of equity capital is sensitive to both insurance and financial leverage and that the cost of equity is higher for firms writing long-tail commercial lines such as general liability and workers' compensation. Thus, both leverage and line of business specialization should be taken into account in using the cost of equity capital in pricing property-liability insurance.
Chemosensing: selectivity, sensitivity and additive effects on a stimulant-induced activity of olfactory preparations.

— Stimulant-induced changes in soluble preparations from rabbit olfactory epithelium were monitored by ultraviolet difference spectroscopy. A time-dependent decrease of absorbance, maximum at 267 nm, was generated when specific stimulants were mixed with the olfactory preparations. Only seven of the 37 organic chemicals tested generated the absorbance change at 267 nm. The olfactory preparations exhibited a high degree of selectivity and sensitivity; measurable absorbance changes were observed when the active stimulant concentrations were 1 × 10−5m. The experimental results suggest a complex mechanism of conformational change for the initial stimulant-induced molecular interactions in biological chemosensing.
Preparation and some properties of human pancreatic amylase including a comparison with human parotid amylase.

A method for the preparation of α-amylase (α-1,4-glucan-4-glucanohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.1) from human pancreatic juice is described. Procedures utilizing (NH4)2SO4 fractionation, ion-exchange chromatography and gel filtration resulted in an amylase preparation of high purity (2085 maltose units per mg) and good yield (59%). Electrophoresis on polyacrylamide disc gels yielded characteristic isoenzyme patterns with up to six bands on anionic gels. Comparisons with crystalline human parotid amylase indicated that the two principal human amylases are closely related enzymes but also exhibit organ specific variation. The two enzymes yielded the same amino acid composition and similar but not identical peptide maps. Each appears to consist of a single polypeptide chain. At neutral pH both amylases exhibited the same action pattern. Differences were noted in molecular weight, gel filtration profile, carbohydrate content and the accessibility of reactive sulfhydryl groups. A both high and low temperature extremes pancreatic amylase was more labile than the parotid enzyme. A less compact configuration is indicated for pancreatic amylase. A relationship is postulated between the number of sulfhydryl groups in the amylase molecule and the mode of action. Amylases possessing 1 sulfhydryl group, namely those from human pancreatic juice, human parotid saliva and rat parotid saliva, exhibited the same type of action pattern whereas porcine pancreatic amylase, with 2 sulfhydryls, was different.
Adding mixed amphetamine salts to divalproex sodium improves ADHD symptoms in children with bipolar disorder and comorbid ADHD.

Scheffer RE, Kowatch RA, Carmody T, et al . Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of mixed amphetamine salts for symptoms of comorbid ADHD in paediatric bipolar disorder after mood stabilization with divalproex sodium. Am J Psychiatry 2005;162:58–64. [OpenUrl][1][CrossRef][2][PubMed][3][Web of Science][4] Q Are mixed amphetamine salts plus divalproex sodium safe and effective in children with bipolar disorder and comorbid ADHD after stabilisation of manic symptoms with divalproex sodium? ### ![Graphic][5] Design: Randomised controlled crossover trial. ### ![Graphic][6] Allocation: Not stated. ### ![Graphic][7] Blinding: Double blind. ### ![Graphic][8] Follow up period: Two weeks randomised treatment; 12 weeks open label follow up. ### ![Graphic][9] Setting: One hospital in Dallas, Texas, USA. ### ![Graphic][10] Patients: Thirty one children (mean age 9.8 years) with DSM-IV diagonosed bipolar I or II disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Eligible children had a Conner’s Teachers and Parents Rating Scales hyperactivity score ⩾2 standard deviations above normal and Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) score ⩾14, whose manic symptoms stabilised after eight weeks’ treatment with divalproex sodium. Main exclusions: other major psychiatric comorbidity; current psychotherapy; high suicide risk; IQ ⩽70; recent psychotropic use; history of substance abuse or of unresponsiveness to divalproex sodium. ### ![Graphic][11] Intervention: Divalproex sodium (median dose of 750 mg/day) plus mixed … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DAmerican%2BJournal%2Bof%2BPsychiatry%26rft.stitle%253DAm.%2BJ.%2BPsychiatry%26rft.issn%253D0002-953X%26rft.aulast%253DScheffer%26rft.auinit1%253DR.%2BE.%26rft.volume%253D162%26rft.issue%253D1%26rft.spage%253D58%26rft.epage%253D64%26rft.atitle%253DRandomized%252C%2BPlacebo-Controlled%2BTrial%2Bof%2BMixed%2BAmphetamine%2BSalts%2Bfor%2BSymptoms%2Bof%2BComorbid%2BADHD%2Bin%2BPediatric%2BBipolar%2BDisorder%2BAfter%2BMood%2BStabilization%2BWith%2BDivalproex%2BSodium%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1176%252Fappi.ajp.162.1.58%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F15625202%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1176/appi.ajp.162.1.58&link_type=DOI [3]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=15625202&link_type=MED&atom=%2Febmental%2F8%2F3%2F78.atom [4]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=000226262000011&link_type=ISI [5]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif [6]: /embed/inline-graphic-2.gif [7]: /embed/inline-graphic-3.gif [8]: /embed/inline-graphic-4.gif [9]: /embed/inline-graphic-5.gif [10]: /embed/inline-graphic-6.gif [11]: /embed/inline-graphic-7.gif
Using Progress-Monitoring Data to Improve Instructional Decision Making

In this article, the authors describe the use of curriculum-based measurement as a research-validated practice for monitoring student academic achievement and ultimately for improving students' educational outcomes. The authors describe oral-reading fluency and maze fluency as assessment tools for monitoring student progress, evaluating instructional effectiveness, and aiding teachers with instructional planning. They provide a brief hypothetical case study of 1 elementary-aged student with a learning disability in reading to illustrate the use of progress-monitoring practices for enhancing instructional decision making and promoting academic achievement.
Type IV Collagen of the Glomerular Basement Membrane EVIDENCE THAT THE CHAIN SPECIFICITY OF NETWORK ASSEMBLY IS ENCODED BY THE NONCOLLAGENOUS NC1 DOMAINS

The ultrafiltration function of the glomerular basement membrane (GBM) of the kidney is impaired in genetic and acquired diseases that affect type IV collagen. The GBM is composed of five (alpha1 to alpha5) of the six chains of type IV collagen, organized into an alpha1.alpha2(IV) and an alpha3.alpha4.alpha5(IV) network. In Alport syndrome, mutations in any of the genes encoding the alpha3(IV), alpha4(IV), and alpha5(IV) chains cause the absence of the alpha3. alpha4.alpha5 network, which leads to progressive renal failure. In the present study, the molecular mechanism underlying the network defect was explored by further characterization of the chain organization and elucidation of the discriminatory interactions that govern network assembly. The existence of the two networks was further established by analysis of the hexameric complex of the noncollagenous (NC1) domains, and the alpha5 chain was shown to be linked to the alpha3 and alpha4 chains by interaction through their respective NC1 domains. The potential recognition function of the NC1 domains in network assembly was investigated by comparing the composition of native NC1 hexamers with hexamers that were dissociated and reconstituted in vitro and with hexamers assembled in vitro from purified alpha1-alpha5(IV) NC1 monomers. The results showed that NC1 monomers associate to form native-like hexamers characterized by two distinct populations, an alpha1.alpha2 and alpha3.alpha4.alpha5 heterohexamer. These findings indicate that the NC1 monomers contain recognition sequences for selection of chains and protomers that are sufficient to encode the assembly of the alpha1.alpha2 and alpha3.alpha4.alpha5 networks of GBM. Moreover, hexamer formation from the alpha3, alpha4, and alpha5 NC1 monomers required co-assembly of all three monomers, suggesting that mutations in the NC1 domain in Alport syndrome may disrupt the assembly of the alpha3.alpha4.alpha5 network by interfering with the assembly of the alpha3.alpha4.alpha5 NC1 hexamer.
Effect of epidermal growth factor on synthesis of prostaglandins and cyclic AMP by embryonic palate mesenchymal cells.

Abstract The influence of epidermal growth factor (EGF) on the ability of murine embryonic palate mesenchymal (MEPM) cells to be stimulated to synthesize cAMP and prostaglandins was investigated. Preincubation of MEPM cells with EGF enhanced, in a dose-dependent fashion, (1) the responsiveness of MEPM cells to prostaglandin E 1 -induced elevation of intracellular levels of cAMP, and (2) the responsiveness of cells to calcium ionophore (A23187) and melittin-induced synthesis of prostaglandins E 2 and F 2α . Hormonal responsiveness of MEPM cells to EGF, prostaglandins and cAMP has been implicated as being involved in controlling various aspects of normal oro-facial development. We show here that EGF can potentiate hormonal responsiveness of these cells and thus allows consideration of EGF as a factor which may modulate hormonally regulated craniofacial growth and differentiation.
Analysis of Werner’s expression within the brain and primary neuronal culture

Werner's syndrome is a genetic progeria disorder caused by mutation of the Werner gene (WRN). The presence of mutations in the WRN gene is believed to result in a deleterious loss of normal WRN function, which has been best characterized for its role as a DNA helicase and exonuclease. The WRN gene is known to be expressed within the central nervous system, with Werner's syndrome associated with several neuropathological abnormalities including brain atrophy, gliosis and extensive cytoskeletal abnormalities. While WRN has been intensely investigated in primary fibroblast and fibroblast cell lines, at present little is known about the normal expression pattern of the WRN protein in the brain or primary neuronal cultures. In the present study we demonstrate that WRN is expressed throughout the brain, and is present in both neurons and glia. Similarly, WRN is present in both primary neurons and glia in cell culture, with extensive immunoreactivity present in the neuritic processes or neurons. Analysis of WRN RNA revealed that WRN was expressed at its highest levels in brain tissue from embryonic tissue, undergoing a biphasic pattern expression from early post-natal period into adulthood. Taken together, these data indicate that WRN is present in the cells of the brain, expressed throughout primary neuronal cells in culture, possibly playing a developmental role in the central nervous system.
A FORKHEAD TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR EXPRESSED IN DEVELOPING HUMAN LUNG, KIDNEY AND CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. • 380

Forkhead transcription factors appear to play important roles in cell fate determination and cell-specific gene expression during development. To study the role of these transcription factors in human development and disease, a human forkhead transcription factor HFH-4 was isolated by screening a human fetal lung cDNA library with a rat HFH-4 probe. Sequence analysis of isolated clones revealed an open reading frame of 421 amino acids with a conserved 100 amino acid DNA binding domain. Comparison of the human amino acid sequence to the murine and rat proteins revealed greater than 90% amino acid identity overall and 100% identity within the DNA binding domain. Comparison to previously identified human forkhead DNA binding domains revealed less than 50% amino acid homology. The human cDNA is encoded by a single Hfh-4 gene localized to chromosome 17q21-25 by Southern blot analysis of human/hamster somatic cell hybrid DNA. Examination of adult human tissues by RNA blot analysis revealed expression of a 2.5 kb HFH-4 transcript in male and female reproductive tissues, lung, and brain. In human fetal tissue at 22 to 24 weeks gestation a 2.5 kb transcript was present in lung, kidney and brain. By in situ hybridization, expression of HFH-4 in the human fetal lung was restricted to the developing bronchiolar epithelium. Expression of HFH-4 in developing human organs suggests a role for this transcription factor in regulating human developmental processes.
The kidney in the pathogenesis of hypertension: the role of sodium.

In this review, we first summarize the evidence which indicates that the inability of the kidney to excrete salt and water normally, particularly when combined with increased salt intake, is frequently associated with hypertension. We then concentrate on the link between sodium and water retention and hypertension. The increase in blood pressure probably results from the increase in volume rather than from the increase in salt. Recent evidence suggests that an increase in volume in the lesser circulation stimulates the release of a sodium pump inhibitor, probably the putative natriuretic hormone, from the hypothalamus. This agent appears to affect cardiac and vascular smooth muscle by suppressing Na + , K + -ATPase, and hence Na + -K + pump activity in both muscle cells and adrenergic nerve terminals. The sodium pump inhibitor is a heat stable small molecule but its chemical structure is still unknown. It is clearly different from atrial natriuretic factor. We conclude the review with speculations on the possible role of renotropin and various growth and growth inhibitory factors in the vascular structural changes.
Verbal advice plus an information leaflet reduced antibiotic use in acute bronchitis.

(2002) BMJ 324, 91; Macfarlane J, Holmes W, Gard P, et al. . Reducing antibiotic use for acute bronchitis in primary care: blinded, randomised controlled trial of patient information leaflet. . Jan 12; . : . –4 . [OpenUrl][1][Abstract/FREE Full Text][2] QUESTION: In patients presenting with acute bronchitis, does verbal advice plus an information leaflet describing the uncertain value of antibiotics reduce antibiotic use more than verbal advice alone? Randomised (unclear allocation concealment*), blinded (clinicians and data collectors),* controlled trial with 4 weeks of follow up. 3 general practices in Nottingham, UK. 259 patients ≥ 16 years of age who had acute bronchitis (ie, illness for ≤ 21 d; main symptom of cough; ≥ 1 of sputum production, dyspnoea, wheeze, or chest discomfort or pain; and no alternative explanation) and were not receiving medical attention for an underlying disease, such as asthma, heart disease, or diabetes. 47 patients were judged to need antibiotics immediately. 212 … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DBMJ%26rft.stitle%253DBMJ%26rft.issn%253D0007-1447%26rft.aulast%253DMacfarlane%26rft.auinit1%253DJ.%26rft.volume%253D324%26rft.issue%253D7329%26rft.spage%253D91%26rft.epage%253D91%26rft.atitle%253DReducing%2Bantibiotic%2Buse%2Bfor%2Bacute%2Bbronchitis%2Bin%2Bprimary%2Bcare%253A%2Bblinded%252C%2Brandomised%2Bcontrolled%2Btrial%2Bof%2Bpatient%2Binformation%2Bleaflet%2B%2A%2BCommentary%253A%2BMore%2Bself%2Breliance%2Bin%2Bpatients%2Band%2Bfewer%2Bantibiotics%253A%2Bstill%2Broom%2Bfor%2Bimprovement%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1136%252Fbmj.324.7339.S91%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F11786454%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/ijlink?linkType=ABST&journalCode=bmj&resid=324/7329/91&atom=%2Febmed%2F7%2F4%2F119.atom
Cotton Color Distributions in the CIE L*a*b* System

Information about cotton color distributions in the CIE L*a*b* is critical to developing new chromatic technology for color grading, since the CIE L*a*b* is a more standardized system than the Rdab system currently used in the cotton industry. The objectives of this study are to examine the distributions of cotton colors in the CIE L*a*b* and to explore models of the probability density functions of individual color grades (classes). Based on the experimental data of the USDA physical standards for Upland cotton and samples from the 1999 crop, cotton colors are naturally separable in the CIE L*a*b* space, the probability distributions of color grades are normal, and the distributions of two adjacent grades overlap to some extent. This work demonstrates how to construct a multivariate normal distribution for a color grade based on the statistical data of samples in that grade, and how to determine a hard decision boundary between two adjacent grades that minimizes misclassifications. The color distribution...
Evaluation of a model for the effects of substrate interactions on the kinetics of reductive dehalogenation

The effects of primary electron-donor and electron-acceptor substrates on the kinetics of TCA biodegradation in sulfate-reducing and methanogenic biofilm reactors are presented. Of the common anaerobic electron-donor substrates that were tested, only formate stimulated the TCA biodegradation rate in both reactors. In the sulfate-reducing reactor, glucose also stimulated the reaction rate. The effects of formate and sulfate on TCA biodegradation kinetics were analyzed using a model for primary substrate effects on reductive dehalogenation. Although some differences between the model and the data are evident, the observed responses of the TCA degradation rate to formate and sulfate were consistent with the model. Formate stimulated the TCA degradation rate in both reactors over the entire range of TCA concentrations that were studied (from 50 μg TCA/L to 100 mg TCA/L). The largest effects occurred at high TCA concentrations, where the dehalogenation kinetics were zero order. Sulfate inhibited the first-order TCA degradation rate in the sulfate-reducing reactor, but not in the methanogenic reactor. Molybdate, which is a selective inhibitor of sulfate reduction, stimulated the TCA removal rate in the sulfate-reducing reactor, but had no effect in the methanogenic reactor.
The inclusion of fathers in investigations of autistic spectrum disorders

Abstract Recent reviews indicate an underrepresentation of fathers in empirical investigations of child development and psychopathology ( Cassano et al., 2006 , Phares et al., 2005 ). The purpose of the current study was to examine the nature of parental involvement in research on children with autistic spectrum disorders (ASD). Articles published over the last decade from journals with the highest impact factors in disciplines relevant to the study of ASD were reviewed, including areas of psychiatry, developmental psychopathology, and developmental disabilities. A total of 404 articles were included in the review and were coded to determine if parental inclusion and method of statistical analysis varied as a function of child age, journal type, year of publication, and parent gender. Results were consistent with findings from recent reviews and indicated that fathers are widely underrepresented in the literature on ASD, even more so than rates of inclusion in investigations of developmental and child clinical psychology. In contrast to findings from broad reviews of parental inclusion in studies of child psychopathology, fathers’ involvement was not higher in older versus younger age of child participant. Clinical implications and recommendations to improve inclusion rates of fathers in research on children with ASDs are discussed.
Experimental In-Vitro Method to Measure the Migration of Cementless Prosthesis

In total hip arthroplasty, adequate initial fixation of prosthesis to host bone represents great challenge to its success and satisfactory performance.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Identifying Sources of Resistance to Aflatoxin and Fumonisin Contamination in Corn Grain

Researchers at the University of Illinois seek to identify sources of genetic resistance that contribute alleles for low aflatoxin and low fumonisin accumulation in grain and low severity of Aspergillus and Fusarium ear rots to commercial corn (Zea mays L.) inbreds. Studies of resistance to aflatoxin accumulation in grain and Aspergillus ear rot began in 1988 with experiments designed to address fundamental needs of a new breeding program. Through the 1990s, diverse inbred lines, test crosses, and segregating populations were developed and evaluated for resistance in numerous environments. Concerns of industry inspired researchers to initiate an accelerated program for resistance to fumonisin accumulation in grain and Fusarium ear rot in the late 1990s. Present research in both programs is directed with the latest molecular marker technology, and is focused on incorporating novel genes for resistance from diverse sources into elite inbred lines that impart high yield to hybrid performance. With continued ...
Effects ofs-triazines on protein synthesis in leaves of peas (Pisum sativum L.) and sweet corn (Zea mays L.) and on the ultrastructure of pea cotyledons

Nachweis, dass die Blattbehandlung mit subletaler Konzentration von Simazin, Propazin, Igran und Prometon die Protein-Synthese bei Erbse und Mais vermehrt. Die Blattbehandlung mit Simazin zerstorte die Ultrastruktur des Samenlappens bei der Erbse.
Soft error reduction in combinational logic using gate resizing and flipflop selection

Soft errors in logic are emerging as a significant reliability problem for VLSI designs. This paper presents novel circuit optimization techniques to mitigate soft error rates (SER) of combinational logic circuits. First, we propose a gate sizing algorithm that trades off SER reduction and area overhead. This approach first computes bounds on the maximum achievable SER reduction by resizing a gate. This bound is then used to prune the circuit graph, arriving at a smaller set of candidate gates on which we perform incremental sensitivity computations to determine the gates that are the largest contributors to circuit SER. Second, we propose a flipflop selection method that uses slack information at each primary output node to determine the flipflop configuration that produces maximum SER savings. This approach uses an enhanced flipflop library that contains flipflops of varying temporal masking ability. Third, we propose a unified, co-optimization approach combining flipflop selection with the gate sizing algorithm. The joint optimization algorithm produces larger SER reductions while incurring smaller circuit overhead than either technique taken in isolation. Experimental results on a variety of benchmarks show SER reductions of 7.9times with gate sizing, 6.6times with flipflop assignment, and 28.2times for the combined optimization approach, with no delay penalties and area overheads within 5-6%. The runtimes for the optimization algorithms are on the order of 1-3 minutes
Examination of the solubilization of drugs by bile salt micelles

The purpose of this review is to provide a critical examination of the reported solubilization of drugs by bile salt micelles. The underlying premise is that with better information regarding the inherent biological complexity, efforts to predict the oral bioavailability of drug will be enhanced. The common means of comparing the reported values was chosen to be the solubilization ratio. This is equal to the moles of drug solubilized per mole of bile salt. The values were segregated according to bile salt type, temperature, ionic strength, and the presence and absence of added lipids. Only segregation by bile salt type was pairwise statistically significant. From the solubilization ratios and the reported values of the aqueous solubility, the logarithms of the mole fraction micelle partition coefficients, log K(m/a), were calculated. The log K(m/w) was found to be correlated with the reported logarithm of the octanol/water partition coefficient. The rank order of slopes of the log K(m/a) as a function of log K(o/w) was cholate approximately taurodeoxycholate > glycocholate approximately taurocholate approximately glycodeoxycholate, with deoxycholate not being statistically different from the other data sets. The slope and intercept for the bile salt mixed micelle systems were 0.600 and 2.44, respectively, which were statistically indistinguishable from glycocholate, taurocholate, and glycodeoxycholate bile salt data. The existence of statistically significant correlations suggests that predicting the solubilization in the intestine may be possible with in vitro measurements if additional information is gathered in the appropriate micellar solutions.
Three-dimensional shear layers via vortex dynamics

The evolution of the two- and three-dimensional structures in a temporally growing plane shear layer is numerically simulated with the discrete vortex dynamics method. We include two signs of vorticity and thus account for the effect of the weaker boundary layer leaving the splitter plate which is used to create a spatially developing mixing layer. The interaction between the two layers changes the symmetry properties seen in a single vorticity-layer calculation and results in closer agreement with experimental observations of the interface between the two streams. Our calculations show the formation of concentrated streamwise vortices in the braid region between the spanwise rollers, whereas the spanwise core instability is observed to grow only initially. Comparison with flow visualization experiments is given, and we find that the processes dominating the early stages of the mixing-layer development can be understood in terms of essentially inviscid vortex dynamics.
Accountable democracy: Citizens' impact on public decision making in postdictatorship Chile

Using a Santiago, Chile, health group as an ethnographic case study, I propose “accountable democracy” as an alternative normative project to the theory of deliberative democracy outlined by Habermas in Between Facts and Norms. Accountable democracy has at its center the impact of public-sphere opinion formation on decision making by officials in elected governments.
Separation of human hemoglobins by starch-gel zone electrophoresis.

Abstract The separation of normal and abnormal human hemoglobins by starch-gel electrophoresis has been described and the relative mobilities of the different components determined. The method of starch-gel electrophoresis has high resolution and was capable of detecting five protein fractions in normal red cell hemolysates. Fetal hemoglobin was readily separable from normal adult hemoglobin; and elevations of the A 2 hemoglobin could be demonstrated in some patients with thalassemia minor although quantitative measurements were not made.
Evidence that hemodialysis does not improve the glucose tolerance of patients with chronic renal failure.

Abstract Oral glucose tolerance tests were performed in 16 patients with chronic renal failure undergoing hemodialysis. In ten patients, studies were performed before and after one dialysis, while six patients were studied immediately prior to the start of chronic hemodialysis and just after the fifteenth dialysis. Hemodialysis did not lead to improvement in either the plasma glucose or growth hormone response to the oral glucose challenge. There was, however, a modest increase noted in the plasma insulin level 2 hr after the oral glucose challenge following dialysis. On the other hand, there was not any change in the overall relationship between the plasma glucose and insulin response to the oral glucose load as a result of dialysis. These results indicate that chronic hemodialysis as it is routinely conducted in the treatment of patients with chronic renal failure has, at best, a relatively modest effect on the plasma glucose, growth hormone, and insulin responses to an oral glucose challenge.
Electrostatic interactions in hemoglobin from light scattering experiments.

Light scattering experiments on solutions of bovine CO-hemoglobin have revealed that a substantial component of the interactions responsible for the protein stability versus tetramer-to-dimer dissociation is due to electrostatic effects. Their magnitude has been estimated to reach \ensuremath{\simeq}4 kcal/mole (\ensuremath{\simeq}0.15 eV) at pH=5 compared with the nonelectrostatic term which is of the order of 7 kcal/mole (\ensuremath{\simeq}0.3 eV).
Conceptual Encoding of Pictures and Sentences

Summary Male and female undergraduates (N = 48) viewed pictures and sentences which were thematically related or unrelated under incidental learning conditions. Thematically related items differed in the degree to which they completely represented a theme. It was anticipated that the presence of a thematic context would lead to conceptual encoding for pictures as well as sentences. As predicted, the confidence in “old” judgments to thematically related distractor items increased with the degree to which they completely represented the theme. This effect held for pictures and sentences alike. Recognition of thematically related targets was accurate, as was recognition of new or old thematically unrelated items. The relatively accurate recognition of thematically unrelated slides suggests that recognition is based on a structural analysis of a slide's physical features when there is no common thematic content. Given a thematic context, conceptual as well as structural encoding occurs for pictures and senten...
IgE reactivity to α1 and α2 chains of bovine type 1 collagen in children with bovine gelatin allergy

Abstract Background: Anaphylactic reactions to measles, mumps, and rubella vaccines, including gelatin as a stabilizer, have been reported. It had been found that most of these reactions to live vaccines are caused by the bovine gelatin included in these vaccines. Gelatin mainly includes denatured type I collagen, which consists of α1 and α2 chains. Objective: The current study was designed to investigate the IgE reactivity to α1 and α2 chains of bovine type I collagen in gelatin-sensitive children. Methods: Serum samples were taken from 10 children who had anaphylaxis to the vaccines and high levels of specific IgE to bovine gelatin. Bovine type I collagen was isolated from bovine skin and then separated to α1 and α2 chains by column chromatography. IgE reactivity to denatured type I collagen and its α1 and α2 chains was analyzed by immunoblotting, ELISA, and histamine release from the mast cells passive sensitized with IgE antibodies in pooled serum of the children. Results: All children had specific IgE to bovine type I collagen. Furthermore, IgE antibodies in their sera reacted with the alpha;2 chain but not with the α1 chain. Similarly, the mast cells sensitized with pooled sera in the children showed α2 chain-specific histamine release but not α1 chain–specific histamine release. Conclusion: In gelatin allergy denatured bovine type I collagen is a major allergen and IgE-binding sites exist in the α2 chain of type I collagen. (J Allergy Clin Immunol 1999;104:695-9.)
Reactive Gas Magnetron Sputtering of Lithium Hydride and Lithium Fluoride Thin Films

We report the preparation and structural characterization of lithium hydride and lithium fluoride thin films. These materials, due to their low absorption in the soft x-ray range, may have a role as spacer layers in multilayer mirrors. Theoretical reflection calculations suggest that an epitaxial crystalline multilayer stack of a nitride and a lithium compound spacer layer could produce respectable reflectance for short soft x-ray wavelengths (λ < 10 nm). Lithium targets were magnetron sputtered in the presence of hydrogen or ammonia to prepare the LiH films and nitrogen trifluoride to prepare the LiF films. The films were deposited on room temperature Si (100) or MgO (100) substrates. A near IR–Visible–UV spectrometer indicated a drop in reflectance at ∼250 nm for a 100-nm-thick LiH film. This corresponds to a 5-eV band gap (characteristic of LiH). UV fluorescence indicated characteristic LiH defect bands at 2.5, 3.5, and 4.4 eV. The UV fluorescence characterization also indicated a possible lithium oxide (Li2O) contamination peak at 3.1 eV in some of our thin films. Film surface morphology, examined by scanning electron microscopy, appeared extremely rough. The roughness size varied with reactive gas pressure and the type of substrate surface. A LiH/MoN multilayer was constructed, but no significant d spacing peak was seen in a low angle CuKαXRD scan. It is believed that the roughness of the LiH film prevented smooth, uniform planar growth of the multilayer stack. Possible reasons of rough growth are briefly discussed.
Ultraviolet Imaging Polarimetry of the Seyfert 2 Galaxy Markarian 3

We present ultraviolet (UV) imaging polarimetry data of the Seyfert 2 galaxy Mrk 3, taken by the Hubble Space Telescope. The polarized flux is found to be extended to ~1 kpc from the nucleus, and the position angles of polarization are centrosymmetric, confirming that the polarization is caused by scattering. We determine the location of the hidden nucleus as the center of this centrosymmetric pattern. From the polarization images taken in two broad bands, we have obtained the color distribution of the polarized flux. Some regions have blue polarized flux, consistent with optically thin dust scattering, but some bright knots have a color similar to that of a Seyfert 1 nucleus. Also, the recent Chandra X-ray observation suggests that the ratio of scattered UV flux to scattered X-ray flux is rather similar to the intrinsic UV/X-ray ratio in a Seyfert 1 nucleus, if the observed extended X-ray continuum is scattered light. While the scattered X-rays would essentially be from electron scattering, the similarity of both the UV slope and UV/X-ray ratio to those of a Seyfert 1 nucleus would lead to two possibilities as to the nature of the UV scatterers. One is that the UV may also be scattered by electrons, in which case the scattering gas is somehow dust free. The other is that the UV is scattered by dust grains, but the wavelength-independent UV scattering with low efficiency, indicated by the UV slope and UV/X-ray ratio, would suggest that the grains reside in UV-opaque clouds, or that the dust might be mainly composed of large grains and lack small-grain population.
Immune recovery in pediatric transplantation: can T cell-depleted peripheral blood stem cell transplantation beat cord blood transplantation?

The beginning of the 21st century has been a time of change in stem cell transplantation (SCT) practice, particularly in terms of donor selection for pediatric patients. We have witnessed a decline in peripheral blood SCT (PBSCT) in favor of bone marrow (BM) as a donor source, leading to less graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) [1]. With the acquisition of a critical pool of more than 12 million unrelated donors worldwide, this adult stem cell source has achieved some stability in terms of donor availability [2]. However, umbilical cord blood transplantation (CBT) has seen growing acceptance as a ready stem cell source with a low risk for GVHD even with donorerecipient mismatch. The perfection of CBT selection criteria alongwith concurrent improvements in the quality of cord blood products has produced continuing improvements in transplantation outcomes [3]. Successful new transplantation approaches with related haploidentical SCT promise to again reset the criteria for donor source selection [4]. The article by Oshrine et al [5] in this issue of The Journal opens up a further strategy, using partially T celledepleted (TCD) PBSCT as an alternative to CBT, especially in mismatched SCT. The study objectives of Oshrine et al’s Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia group derive from 2 competing problems facing mismatched allogeneic SCT: immune recovery and GVHD. Compared with CBT, PBSCT can transfer immunity to viruses (especially cytomegalovirus) from a seropositive donor, whereas CBT, with only virus-naive T cells, confers a greater risk of uncontrolled viral reactivation and disease [3]. However, compared with CBT, unmanipulated PBSCT carries an unacceptably high risk of GVHD [1]. These observations set the stage for exploring the option of TCD PBSCT. There is good reason to presume that TCD PBSCT can reduce the risk of GVHD to even below that of unmanipulated BM transplantation, but the ability of TCD PBSCT to establish immune function requires further investigation [6]. In fact, Oshrine et al’s study, which compared 55 TCD PBSCTs and 21 CBTs, showed distinct differences in the
Kentucky v. King: the police do not create exigent circumstances by lawfully knocking on the door to a home and announcing ‘police’

The US Supreme Court has determined that police officers may enter a home without a warrant when exigent circumstances exist. Lower courts have concluded that the police may not create their own exigent circumstances to justify entry, but have been unable to agree upon a test to determine if the police created an exigency. A lower court in King v. Kentucky found that police officers loudly knocking on a door and announcing ‘police’ constituted an impermissible police-created exigency. The US Supreme Court in Kentucky v. King disagreed when it determined that lawful conduct of the police outside a home is not the cause of possible unlawful conduct of occupants inside a home.
Masturbatory guilt and sexual responsiveness among post-college-age women: Sexual satisfaction revisited

Abstract Although masturbation has come to be viewed as a n appropriate sexual outlet for women, it is the one form of sexual behavior that has been most harshly treated throughout the centuries by society, religion, and the field of medicine. Thus, despite the increased incidence of masturbation among adult women during the 1970s and 1980s, substantial evidence suggests that guilt feelings associated with the practice may interfere with physiological and psychological sexual satisfaction in general. The purposes of this study were to determine the degree of masturbatory guilt, if any, and its effects on the sexual responsiveness and sexual satisfaction of adult women. An anonymous questionnaire concerning self-perception of the female sexual response was administered to female, registered nurses in 15 states, yielding a sample of 868 respondents. The 671 respondents who were the focus of this investigation hadengaged in masturbation and revealed their guilt status regarding the practice. Those women who ...