cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Construction of a quasiconserved quantity in the Hénon-Heiles problem using a single set of variables.

The problem of finding the coefficients of a simple series expansion for a quasiconserved quantity K for the H\'enon-Heiles Hamiltonian H using a single set of variables is solved. In the past, this type of approach has been problematic because the solution to the equations determining the coefficients in the expansion is not unique. As a result, the existence of a consistent expression for K to all orders had not previously been established. We show how to deal with this arbitrariness in the expansion coefficients for K in a consistent way. Due to this arbitrariness, we find a class of expansions for K, in contrast to the single unique expansion for K generated by the normal-form approach of Gustavson [Astron. J. 71, 670 (1966)]. It may be possible to devise a criterion for deciding which one of our expansions is ``optimally convergent,'' although we do not deal with this question here. We proceed by introducing a single set of dynamic variables that have simple symmetry properties and that also ``diagonalize'' the problem of finding the coefficients of K. No canonical transformations are required. A straightforward constructive procedure is given for generating the power series to any order for quantities having the symmetry of the Hamiltonian that are formally conserved. This leads to a very practical method for calculating a quasiconserved quantity in the H\'enon-Heiles problem. A comparison is made through several orders of the terms generated by this approach and those generated in the original Gustavson expansion in normal form.
In Vitro Validation of Patient-Specific Hemodynamic Simulations in Coronary Aneurysms Caused by Kawasaki Disease

To perform experimental validation of computa- tional fluid dynamics (CFD) applied to patient specific coronary aneurysm anatomy of Kawasaki disease. We quantified hemodynamics in a patient-specific coronary artery aneurysm physical phantom under physiologic rest and exercise flow conditions. Using phase contrast MRI (PCMRI), we acquired 3-component flow velocity at two slice locations in the aneurysms. We then performed numer- ical simulations with the same geometry and inflow condi- tions, and performed qualitative and quantitative comparisons of velocities between experimental measure- ments and simulation results. We observed excellent quali- tative agreement in flow pattern features. The quantitative spatially and temporally varying differences in velocity between PCMRI and CFD were proportional to the flow velocity. As a result, the percent discrepancy between simulation and experiment was relatively constant regardless of flow velocity variations. Through 1D and 2D quantitative comparisons, we found a 5-17% difference between mea- sured and simulated velocities. Additional analysis assessed wall shear stress differences between deformable and rigid wall simulations. This study demonstrated that CFD pro- duced good qualitative and quantitative predictions of velocities in a realistic coronary aneurysm anatomy under physiological flow conditions. The results provide insights on factors that may influence the level of agreement, and a set of in vitro experimental data that can be used by others to compare against CFD simulation results. The findings of this study increase confidence in the use of CFD for investigating hemodynamics in the specialized anatomy of coronary aneurysms. This provides a basis for future hemodynamics studies in patient-specific models of Kawasaki disease.
Insulin Resistance and Hyperinsulinemia Induce Hyperandrogenism in a Young Type B Insulin-Resistant Female*

ABSTRACT An adolescent female with type B insulin resistance and hyperandrogenemia is described. Evidence presented suggests that hyperinsulinemia leads to an increase in serum total and free testosterone. Support for this hypothesis is noted during an in vivo experiment in which large doses of regular insulin (305 U/kgday) were infused iv, and multiple serum total testosterone measurements obtained. After 35 days of iv insulin therapy, the serum total testosterone values rose from 4.9 nmol/L (142 ng/dL) to 22.8 nmol/L (660 ng/dL), and the ovarian volume increased 2-fold. Basal (9.8 nmol/L; 282 ng/dL) and stimulated (16.8 nmol/L; 481 ng/dL) androstenedione measurements were elevated, and the dehydroepiandrosterone/androstenedione ratio was low, suggesting increased 3/β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity. After resolution of the insulin-resistant state and the concomitant hyperinsulinemia, the serum total testosterone values returned to normal. This case illustrates that long term hyperinsulinemia leads...
An analysis of urodelian retinal regeneration: I. Studies of the cellular source of retinal regeneration in Notophthalmus viridescens utilizing 3H-thymidine and colchicine†

The process of retinal degeneration and regeneration in retinectomized or enucleated and reimplanted eyes of adult Notophthalmus viridescens has been studied following staged administrations of tritiated thymidine or colchicine. In control left eyes, no labeled cells were observed in either the retina, pigment epithelium, or ora serrata. In retinectomized or enucleated eyes, retinal degeneration proceeded from the posterior central pole circumferentially to the ora serrata, with complete retinal degeneration being consistently observed. Retinal replacement originated from two cellular sources: the posterior pigment epithelium and the anterior complex, consisting of cells in the ora serrata and pars ciliaris retina. The posterior pigment epithelium gave rise to an initial central retinal portion which differentiated in an annular pattern which extended from the optic nerve to the vortex veins. Cellular addition from the pigment epithelium became restricted to these two regions by day 25. The anterior retinal mass was regenerated from the anterior elements (ora serrata/pars ciliaris retina) with a minor contribution from the underlying anterior pigment epithelium. Data concerning the relative numbers of cellular types involved in the regenerative sequence and the times of their function are presented. Peak labeling occurred in the posterior pigment epithelium at day 20, the pars ciliaris retina at days 18 and 40, and the new retina at days 28 and 41. By 30 days regional sites of cellular proliferation became established that coincided with the pattern of ocular blood vessels. Retinal differentiation followed the pattern commonly observed during retinal development. The significance of these observations with respect to earlier work demonstrating a different sequence for retinal restoration is discussed.
Oxidative epithelial host defense is regulated by infectious and inflammatory stimuli.

Abstract Epithelia express oxidative antimicrobial protection that uses lactoperoxidase (LPO), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and thiocyanate to generate the reactive hypothiocyanite. Duox1 and Duox2, found in epithelia, are hypothesized to provide H2O2 for use by LPO. To investigate the regulation of oxidative LPO-mediated host defense by bacterial and inflammatory stimuli, LPO and Duox mRNA were followed in differentiated primary human airway epithelial cells challenged with Pseudomonas aeruginosa flagellin or IFN-γ. Flagellin upregulated Duox2 mRNA 20-fold, but upregulated LPO mRNA only 2.5-fold. IFN-γ increased Duox2 mRNA 127-fold and upregulated LPO mRNA 10-fold. DuoxA2, needed for Duox2 activity, was also upregulated by flagellin and IFN-γ. Both stimuli increased H2O2 synthesis and LPO-dependent killing of P. aeruginosa. Reduction of Duox1 by siRNA showed little effect on basal H2O2 production, whereas Duox2 siRNA markedly reduced basal H2O2 production and resulted in an 8-fold increase in Nox4 mRNA. In conclusion, large increases in Duox2-mediated H2O2 production seem to be coordinated with increases in LPO mRNA and, without increased LPO, H2O2 levels in airway secretion are expected to increase substantially. The data suggest that Duox2 is the major contributor to basal H2O2 synthesis despite the presence of greater amounts of Duox1.
Adaptation of Spread Spectrum Digital Voice Radios

Integrated spread spectrum modem and digital voice processor designs can achieve processing gain adaptation without communication interruption. Only those adaptations that hold constant PN chip and/or FH hop rate to avoid modem resynchronization, are considered useful. Sync outages can render modem processing gain advantages ineffective. Variable chip embedding, data redundancy, and header insertion signaling techniques can modify modem processing gain without disturbing operation of the interfacing digital voice processor.
In vitro investigation of voriconazole susceptibility for keratitis and endophthalmitis fungal pathogens

Abstract Purpose To update the spectrum of ocular fungal isolates and investigate the in vitro efficacy of voriconazole and other antifungals. Design Experimental study. Methods Microbiology database was scanned and fungal isolates associated with keratitis (419) and endophthalmitis (122) were analyzed for classification and isolate frequency. The Sensititre YeastOne microdilution antifungal susceptibility test was used to evaluate susceptibility (MICs) of 34 common fungal pathogens against amphotericin B, fluconazole, ketoconazole, 5-flucytosine, itraconazole, and voriconazole. Ten of the test isolates were sent to a reference laboratory to validate the Sensititre results. Results Fusarium species remains the most frequent corneal fungal pathogen (60.1%). Colletotrichum species (4.1%) has emerged as the fifth most common mold in keratitis. Top yeast isolates from cornea included Candida albicans (52.3%) and Candida parapsilosis (37.3%). Half of the intraocular pathogens were Candida species. Paecilomyces (2.9%) and Philophora (1.9) were unusual pathogens. In vitro susceptibility profiles were voriconazole (100%), ketoconazole (82.4%), amphotericin (76.5%), itraconazole (67%), fluconazole (60%), and 5-FC (60%). Voriconazole MIC 90 were lowest for Candida species (0.016 μg/ml) and highest for Fusarium species (2 μg/ml). Reference laboratory MICs correlated 100% for yeast isolates (0.016 μg/ml) but were fourfold higher for Fusarium species (8 μg/ml). MIC 90 for Aspergillus species was 0.5 μg/ml. Conclusions Candida, Fusarium, and Aspergillus species remain frequent fungal pathogens. Voriconazole may have a role in the therapeutic management of Candida and Aspergillus ocular infections. Clinical efficacy must determine the role for other fungal pathogens. Human use and animal models will determine its use in the clinical setting.
Phase-Space Learning

Existing recurrent net learning algorithms are inadequate. We introduce the conceptual framework of viewing recurrent training as matching vector fields of dynamical systems in phase space. Phase-space reconstruction techniques make the hidden states explicit, reducing temporal learning to a feed-forward problem. In short, we propose viewing iterated prediction [LF88] as the best way of training recurrent networks on deterministic signals. Using this framework, we can train multiple trajectories, insure their stability, and design arbitrary dynamical systems.
Increased Cures Using Fractionated Exposures of X Irradiation and Hyperthermia in the Local Treatment of the Ridgway Osteogenic Sarcoma in Mice

Experiments were carried out to determine the effect of heat and/or x rays on the Ridgway osteogenic sarcoma in AKD2F1/J male mice. Tumors averaging 0.9 ± 0.2 cm in diameter were exposed to 200 rads and/or heat three times on alternate days. Tumor core temperatures of 42.5 ± 0.5 °C were maintained for 15, 30 or 45 minutes immediately before or after x irradiation. Heat alone did not effect cures whereas radiation alone cured 8 of 18 animals (44%). In contrast, 71 of the 74 animals (96%) receiving the combined treatment were cured. Radiation was equally effective whether given immediately before or after tumor hyperthermia. There were no differences in cure rates in the 15-, 30- or 45-minute heat/radiation groups.
Pediatric skin care: what do nurses really know?

Purpose. The purpose of this study was to explore pediatric nurses’ knowledge of pressure ulcer prevention, investigate their beliefs and practices, and identify the barriers and facilitators to providing evidence-based pressure ulcer preventive practices. Design and Methods. An exploratory, descriptive, and cross-sectional survey was taken of registered nurses in a freestanding children's hospital. Results. Nurses have adequate knowledge of general pressure ulcer prevention; however, they struggle with individualization. Further, analysis revealed that nursing knowledge did not always correlate with nursing practice. Practice Implications. Nurses require education on individualized interventions and access to user-friendly, interactive, and comprehensive resources, including unit-based champions and order sets.
Fast Temporal Tracking and 3D Reconstruction of a Single Coronary Vessel

Vessel extraction and vessel motion estimation from X-ray angiograms has been a challenging computer vision problem for several years. We have developed a fast and accurate method for extracting and tracking intravascular imaging data from X-ray angiograms. We accomplish this by reconstructing a moving 3D vessel, which contains more information than the static 2D snapshot image. Our approach involves identifying the vessel-of-interest in two biplane images, abstracting them into centerlines, and tracking them in ensuing images using deformable templates and graph techniques for optimization. When tested on fifteen patient datasets, the computational time was approximately 5 seconds per vessel per frame for vessels of length 80-100 mm.
The Rewards of Allah

'Let evil be rewarded with like evil. But he that forgives and seeks reconciliation shall be rewarded by Allah. He does not love those that do wrong...' Sura 42:40 '... come to terms with your opponent in good time while you are still on the way to the court...' Matthew 5:25 In the analysis of warfare and conflict, Peace Studies rarely directs attention to unique cultural symbolism and motifs that are critical elements of the popular support and perception of warfare. Conflicts are represented and perpetuated in the minds of participants according to the symbols and motifs of their culture and history. Meaningful traditions of strength and power, drawn from the cultural background of those involved, must be countered with positive symbols of reconciliation and coexistence that are not imposed by outside 'mediators' or analysts, but drawn from the cultural identity of the people themselves. In this study, such symbols are located within the Jewish and Palestinian traditions. Detailed attention is given to the Palestinian ceremony of reconciliation known as the 'Sulha', as an illustration of the kind of cultural analysis that Peace Studies must include within its areas of concern.
Cigarette Smoke and Inflammation: Role in Cerebral Aneurysm Formation and Rupture

Smoking is an established risk factor for subarachnoid hemorrhage yet the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. Recent data has implicated a role of inflammation in the development of cerebral aneurysms. Inflammation accompanying cigarette smoke exposure may thus be a critical pathway underlying the development, progression, and rupture of cerebral aneurysms. Various constituents of the inflammatory response appear to be involved including adhesion molecules, cytokines, reactive oxygen species, leukocytes, matrix metalloproteinases, and vascular smooth muscle cells. Characterization of the molecular basis of the inflammatory response accompanying cigarette smoke exposure will provide a rational approach for future targeted therapy. In this paper, we review the current body of knowledge implicating cigarette smoke-induced inflammation in cerebral aneurysm formation/rupture and attempt to highlight important avenues for future investigation.
Three brothers with dysphagia caused by eosinophilic esophagitis.

Idiopathic eosinophilic esophagitis (EE) is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the esophagus characterized by dense infiltration of eosinophils within the squamous epithelium. It is distinct from the eosinophilic infiltration of the esophagus associated with GERD and eosinophilic gastroenteritis. The pathogenesis of EE is not entirely clear. There is a strong association with allergies, and it may be a response to environmental allergens, particularly food allergens. Personal and family histories of allergic diseases were noted in 62% to 85% of patients. It is more frequently reported in pediatric patients but can be present at any age, and the incidence in adults appears to be increasing. More than three fourths of reported patients are maleda predilection not yet explained. This report describes 3 adult brothers with dysphagia; in all 3 cases, EE was ultimately diagnosed. Although the true prevalence of the EE is unclear, data from an Australian population suggest that it may be approximately 0.01%. If there is no familial component to the disease, the probability that 3 brothers would develop EE is 10 . Given the low probability of such an occurrence, our 3 patients highlight and suggest potential hereditary and genetic features in the pathogenesis of EE. This is an association that has not been reported.
Prospective assessment of optimal individual position (prone versus supine) for breast radiotherapy: volumetric and dosimetric correlations in 100 patients.

Purpose Damage to heart and lung from breast radiotherapy is associated with increased cardiovascular mortality and lung cancer development. We conducted a prospective study to evaluate which position is best to spare lung and heart from radiotherapy exposure. Methods and Materials One hundred consecutive Stage 0–IIA breast cancer patients consented to participate in a research trial that required two computed tomography simulation scans for planning both supine and prone positions. The optimal position was defined as that which best covered the contoured breast and tumor bed while it minimized critical organ irradiation, as quantified by the in-field heart and lung volume. The trial was designed to plan the first 100 patients in each position to study correlations between in-field volumes of organs at risk and dose. Results Fifty-three left and 47 right breast cancer patients were consecutively accrued to the trial. In all patients, the prone position was optimal for sparing lung volume compared to the supine setup (mean lung volume reduction was 93.5 cc for right and 103.6 cc for left breast cancer patients). In 46/53 (87%) left breast cancer patients best treated prone, in-field heart volume was reduced by a mean of 12 cc and by 1.8 cc for the other 7/53 (13%) patients best treated supine. As predicted, supine-prone differences in in-field volume and mean dose of heart and lung were highly correlated (Spearman's correlation coefficient for left breast cancer patients was 0.90 for heart and 0.94 for lung and 0.92 for right breast cancer patients for lung). Conclusions Prone setup reduced the amount of irradiated lung in all patients and reduced the amount of heart volume irradiated in 87% of left breast cancer patients. In-field organ volume is a valid surrogate for predicting dose; the trial continued to the planned target of 400.
Success Attained, Deterred, and Denied: Divergent Pathways to Social Mobility in Los Angeles's New Second Generation

This article highlights divergent pathways to mobility among members of the new second generation, identifies key mechanisms affecting the choices they make in their pursuit of success, and explains how specific choices were pivotal in determining outcomes of segmented assimilation. First, the authors evaluate definitions of success and pathways to social mobility, advancing a subject-centered approach to study second-generation mobility. Second, the article turns to the results from the authors' ongoing qualitative study of the new second generation in Los Angeles to examine cases that exemplify predictable and anomalous outcomes. Third, the authors zoom in on patterns that emerge from real-life histories to clarify key mechanisms affecting the decisions made by members of the second generation that are consequential in shaping their paths to mobility. The study dispels some enduring myths about group-based cultures, stereotypes, and processes of assimilation. It also advances theoretical debates about i...
Mining protein sequence motifs representing common 3D structures

Understanding the relationship between protein structure and its sequence is one of the most important tasks of current bioinformatics research. In this work, recurring protein sequence motifs are explored with a K-means clustering algorithm. No structural information is used during the clustering process so that the relationship between sequence similarity and structural similarity for sequence-based clusters can be studied. This work focuses on characterizing structural similarity so that the quality of sequence clusters can be assessed accurately. Analysis of results reveals that the combined metric of distance matrix root mean squared deviation for sequence cluster (dmRMSD/spl I.bar/SC) and torsion angle RMSD/spl I.bar/SC (taRMSD/spl I.bar/SC) can provide the reliable indication of structural similarity for sequence clusters. Based on our combined metric, the recurrent sequence clusters with high structural similarity are used to generate sequence motifs. The common 3D structure of a sequence motif is represented by both representative backbone torsion angles and average distance matrices of the sequence cluster used to produce this motif. These motifs provide the foundation to develop a protein vocabulary reflecting sequence-structure correspondence.
Brainstem Responses to Electrical Stimulation of the Cochlea

• We performed a brainstem evoked response (BSER) study to evaluate the extent to which electrical stimulation of the cochlea was conducted centrally by facial, vestibular, and cochlear nerves. Short-term experiments were performed in three monkeys: via a postauricular approach to the round window, a molded Silastic multielectrode prosthesis was placed in the scala tympani. The BSER was recorded to threshold and suprathreshold biphasic electrical pulses delivered to the implant electrodes. A middle cranial fossa dissection was then carried out, exposing the nerves of the internal auditory canal from above. Facial and vestibular neurotomy had no significant effect on BSER, while cochlear nerve section abolished the response. In one animal, blunt pressure on the cochlear nerve caused a reversible loss of electrically evoked BSER. Electrically evoked BSER probably depends on propagated impulses in the cochlear nerve. ( Arch Otolaryngol 106:573-577, 1980)
An energy budget for the Kootenai River, Idaho (USA), with application for management of the Kootenai white sturgeon, Acipenser transmontanus

An energy budget provides a useful tool for examining the exchange of energy between trophic levels. In this study we examined the potential for autotrophic productivity and organic material to support higher trophic levels in three distinct geomorphic segments of the Kootenai River, USA. This approach is particularly important given that several species of fish, including the endangered Kootenai white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus), have been in decline since the installation of a large hydropower and flood control dam on the river. Previous research indicated that (i) the reservoir formed by Libby Dam was retaining significant quantities of nutrients and organic material and (ii) phosphorus was limiting periphyton accrual downstream from the reservoir. Thus food limitation was a likely mechanism contributing to the decline in fish populations. Net daily metabolism (NDM) was positive during only 30% of the growing seasons from 1993 to 1995 indicating that autochthonous production was rarely sufficient to support higher trophic levels. All reaches were generally exporting transported organic matter (TOM). Results of an energy budget indicated that macroinvertebrate standing crop was generally lower than that which could be sustained by the relatively short bursts of positive NDM. Estimated fish biomass was higher than that sustained by positive NDM or stored TOM at energetic conversion efficiencies (C.E.) of 10% at average and maximum estimated active metabolic rate. Autotrophic and detrital sources were generally insufficient to support the estimated fish biomass. This study combines detailed analyses of both the autotrophic and detrital energy pathways and thereby suggests a mechanistic explanation for the decline in fish abundance ultimately caused by impoundment.
Factors Influencing Parental Decision Making When Parents Choose to Deviate From the Standard Pediatric Immunization Schedule

Purpose: The purpose of this article is to present the results of a study focusing on the basis for parental decisions to refrain from the standard pediatric immunization schedule. Design and Methods: The study was based upon open-ended qualitative items that were subjected to content analysis to identify the prominent themes cited by parents. Results: The results of the study demonstrate the presence of a variety of continuing misperceptions regarding the risks represented by common pediatric immunizations. Practice Implications: The study demonstrates the need for intensive efforts designed to apprise families of the risks and benefits associated with pediatric immunization.
Skin, liver, and corneal lesions produced by injections of high infectious titer and UV-irradiated preparations of herpes simplex virus in rabbits and guinea pigs.

SummaryTissue lesions consisting of erythema and induration of the skin, hemorrhagic necrosis of the liver, and corneal opacity were produced by UV-irradiated herpes simplex virus. These toxic effects were completely neutralized by herpes antiserum. Other biologic effects of the herpes virus, namely, fatal tonic convulsions and the formation of multinucleate giant cells in the liver, were destroyed by the UV irradiation of the virus.
Subtilisin increases macromolecular efflux from the oral mucosa.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether subtilisin, a potent serine proteinase derived from Bacillus species contaminating smokeless tobacco, increases macromolecular efflux from the oral mucosa and, if so, whether local elaboration of bradykinin mediates this response. Using intravital microscopy, I found that suffusion of subtilisin elicits significant, concentration-dependent leaky site formation and an increase in the clearance of fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled dextran (molecular mass, 70 kDa) from the in situ hamster cheek pouch (P < 0.05). Heat-inactivated subtilisin had no significant effects on macromolecular efflux. Subtilisin-induced responses were significantly attenuated by Hoe 140 and NPC 17647, two structurally distinct selective bradykinin B2 receptor antagonists, but not by des-Arg9-[Leu8]bradykinin, a selective bradykinin B1 receptor antagonist, or CP-96,345, a selective neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist. Aprotinin, but not leupeptin, significantly attenuated subtilisin-induced increase in macromolecular efflux. Indomethacin had no significant effects on subtilisin-induced responses. Collectively, these data indicate that subtilisin increases the macromolecular efflux from the in situ hamster cheek pouch in a catalytic-site-dependent fashion through local elaboration of bradykinin. This response does not involve the stimulation of local afferent nerves or the production of prostaglandins.
Collusion in horizontally connected markets: Multimarket producers as conduits for learning

Two duopoly market structures are experimentally constructed. Payoff tables describe basic conditions in an X market and a Y market. In one market structure two rivals choose X quantities and a different set of rivals choose Y quantities. These markets develop equilibria independently. A second market structure creates a multiproduct producer that chooses both an X and Y output. Separate X and Y duopolists are rivals to the multiproduct producer. The multiproduct/multimarket rival creates a horizontal connection for the X and Y markets. Subjects choose outputs from payoff tables for at least thirty five periods. Compared to the independent duopolies, the horizontal connection raises outputs in the X market and lowers outputs in the Y market. These impacts are statistically significant. We find Granger causality for output choices moving from X to Y and from Y to X in the connected markets; however learning that moves through the horizontal connection is less influential than learning within the market. Further testing shows that competitive learning travels better than cooperative learning through the multimarket firm.
The Deterrent Effects of Initial Sanction on First-Time Apprehended Shoplifters

The deterrent effects of initial arrest are examined in a sample of first-time apprehended shoplifters in a court-referred treatment program. The findings indicate that a majority of first-time arrested shoplifters terminated their shoplifting activity after initial arrest. Those who attended the program have substantially lower recidivism rates and longer intervals than those who did not attend the program. Implications of the findings are discussed.
Mars: Thickness of the lithosphere from the tectonic response to volcanic loads

The response to loading of the elastic lithosphere of Mars by seven large volcanic features is estimated based on the hypothesis of a flexural origin for a definable set of load-concentric graben. From the locations of such graben, or from their absence, the lithospheric thickness and flexural rigidity are inferred. For the Tharsis montes, Alba Patera, and Elysium Mons, elastic lithospheric thicknesses at the time of loading range from 20 to 50 km, assuming a Young's modulus of a trillion dyn/sq cm. The thickness exceeded 120 km beneath Olympus Mons and Isidis Planitia. The corresponding ranges in flexural rigidity are approximately 10 to the 30th to 31st dyn cm and greater than 10 to the 32nd dyn cm, respectively. These results indicate a local thinning of the lithosphere beneath portions of the central regions of the Tharsis and Elysium volcanic provinces at the time of loading-induced fracturing.
Formation and properties of magnetic chains for 100 nm nanoparticles used in separations of molecules and cells.

Abstract Optical observations of 100 nm metallic magnetic nanoparticles are used to study their magnetic field induced self assembly. Chains with lengths of tens of microns are observed to form within minutes at nanoparticle concentrations 10 10 /mL. Chain rotation and magnetophoresis are readily observed, and SEM reveals that long chains are not simple single particle filaments. Similar chains are detected for several 100 nm commercial bio-separation nanoparticles. We demonstrate the staged magnetic condensation of different types of nanoparticles into composite structures and show that magnetic chains bind to immuno-magnetically labeled cells, serving as temporary handles which allow novel magnetic cell manipulations.
Thrombelastography-identified coagulopathy is associated with increased morbidity and mortality after traumatic brain injury.

Abstract Background The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between coagulopathy and outcome after traumatic brain injury. Methods Patients admitted with a traumatic brain injury were enrolled prospectively and admission blood samples were obtained for kaolin-activated thrombelastogram and standard coagulation assays. Demographic and clinical data were obtained for analysis. Results Sixty-nine patients were included in the analysis. A total of 8.7% of subjects showed hypocoagulability based on a prolonged time to clot formation (R time, > 9 min). The mortality rate was significantly higher in subjects with a prolonged R time at admission (50.0% vs 11.7%). Patients with a prolonged R time also had significantly fewer intensive care unit–free days (8 vs 27 d), hospital-free days (5 vs 24 d), and increased incidence of neurosurgical intervention (83.3% vs 34.9%). Conclusions Hypocoagulability as shown by thrombelastography after traumatic brain injury is associated with worse outcomes and an increased incidence of neurosurgical intervention.
Complex Regional Pain Syndrome.

Complex regional pain syndrome is a chronic pain condition characterized by autonomic and inflammatory features. It occurs acutely in about 7% of patients who have limb fractures, limb surgery, or other injuries. Many cases resolve within the first year, with a smaller subset progressing to the chronic form. This transition is often paralleled by a change from “warm complex regional pain syndrome,” with inflammatory characteristics dominant, to “cold complex regional pain syndrome” in which autonomic features dominate. Multiple peripheral and central mechanisms seem to be involved, the relative contributions of which may differ between individuals and over time. Possible contributors include peripheral and central sensitization, autonomic changes and sympatho-afferent coupling, inflammatory and immune alterations, brain changes, and genetic and psychological factors. The syndrome is diagnosed purely on the basis of clinical signs and symptoms. Effective management of the chronic form of the syndrome is often challenging. Few high quality randomized controlled trials are available to support the efficacy of the most commonly used interventions. Reviews of available randomized trials suggest that physical and occupational therapy (including graded motor imagery and mirror therapy), bisphosphonates, calcitonin, subanesthetic intravenous ketamine, free radical scavengers, oral corticosteroids, and spinal cord stimulation may be effective treatments. Multidisciplinary clinical care, which centers around functionally focused therapies is recommended. Other interventions are used to facilitate engagement in functional therapies and to improve quality of life.
Supporting Students with Severe Disabilities in Inclusive Schools: A Descriptive Account From Schools Implementing Inclusive Practices.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate practices that support the inclusion of students with severe disabilities in the learning and social activities of inclusive K-8 schools to infor...
Relationships of climate and irrigation factors with malaria parasite incidences in two climatically dissimilar regions in India

Abstract We examine how climate and irrigation conditions are associated with malaria infection from 1986 to 1995 in two climatically dissimilar regions in India. We analyze annually averaged malaria parasite incidence (API) and seasonally averaged climate and irrigation variables in western Rajasthan and Arunachal Pradesh. In arid western Rajasthan, API is significantly positively correlated with summer precipitation and soil moisture, and negatively correlated with summer potential evapotranspiration. Irrigation variables during boreal spring show a significant positive correlation with API in the moisture-limited region. In humid Arunachal Pradesh, API is positively related to summer temperature, but negatively related to summer precipitation and spring irrigation variables, while no statistically significant correlations are observed. During the years of high sea surface temperatures (SSTs) in the tropical western Pacific, increasing precipitation (accompanied by decreasing temperature) in northwestern India appears to promote malaria infection in arid western Rajasthan. However, during the same years, decreasing precipitation and increasing temperature result in increasing malaria incidence in humid Arunachal Pradesh. The statistically significant relationships of climate and irrigation factors with API in western Rajasthan suggest that increasing spring irrigation activity and wetter summer climates related to warmer SST in tropical western Pacific could increase malaria risk in the arid climate region.
The impact of play and recreation on reported pain levels in children with cancer.

Children diagnosed with cancer frequently undergo medical treatments that result in pain. Interventions that involve recreation and play have been used for distraction in order to reduce pain, anxiety, fear and distress in this population. Choice of activity and parental involvement are also important.
Modular Airless SCR Systems for Large Engines

Globally, emissions legislation for combustion engines is becoming increasingly stringent. With the latest initiatives in the marine and stationary sectors, such as IMO III and EPA Tier 4, demand for exhaust aftertreatment is also growing in the large engine segment, i.e. engines with outputs above 560 kW. Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) is a robust and proven method of reliably reducing emissions of oxides of nitrogen (NOx) by wide margins in order to achieve compliance with the stringent limits in force or coming into force. For Tenneco, an established specialist in the design, engineering and manufacture of emissions control systems, including diesel aftertreatment systems for cars, light trucks and onand off-road commercial vehicles, it was a natural evolution to extend the current product range into the large engine segment, based on a newly developed SCR system. The diversity of the technical requirements in the market for engines with outputs above 560 kW is even higher than in the market for off-road machinery and mobile applications where smaller displacement industrial engines are used. It includes two-stroke and fourstroke engines with a wide variety of dif© Xxxxxxx
Reduced-mode (REM) diodes enable high brightness fiber-coupled modules

There is an increasing demand for high-power, high-brightness diode lasers from 8xx nm to 9xx nm for applications such as fiber laser pumping, materials processing, solid-state laser pumping, and consumer electronics manufacturing. The kilowatt CW fiber laser pumping (915 nm - 976 nm), in particular, requires the diode lasers to have both high power and high brightness in order to achieve high-performance and reduced manufacturing costs. This paper presents continued progress in the development of high brightness fiber-coupled product platform, element TM . Further brightness improvement and power-scaling have been enabled by both the rise in chip brightness as well as the increase in number of chips used to couple into a given numerical aperture. We have developed a new generation of high power broad area laser known as reduced-mode diode (REM-diode) which suppresses many of the higher order modes in the slow axis and reduces divergence up to two times at the same operating conditions. To date, we have achieved slow-axis brightness as high as 4.3 W/mm-mrad for devices with thermal resistance of ~2.5 C/W. As a result, we have achieved >75 watts from a 1×6 element TM in the 9xx nm spectral range; and 177 watts of peak power from a 2×6 element TM . We have also improved our optics for fiber-coupling which accommodates 7 emitters per polarization in the same numerical aperture. Using this configuration, we project 200 watts of peak power from a 2×7 element TM with a reliable product at 176 W of power from 105 μm and 0.15 NA fiber. REM-diodes can also be wavelength stabilized using VBGs. The reliability of REM-diodes are equal or better than broad area lasers (BALs). We present current status on ongoing reliability assessment of chip-on-submount.
On Lunar on-orbit Vision-Based Navigation: Terrain Mapping, Feature Tracking driven EKF

This paper presents an approach to vision guided, feature-based navigation that integrates absolute navigation concepts involving image feature extraction and matching to a database, with relative navigation including feature flow and tracking. The approach uses an extended Kalman filter (EKF) for vehicle navigation to integrate the two methodologies and thus capture the advantages of both techniques. This methodology was specifically developed for navigation in lunar orbiting or landing applications. Crater fiducial markers from the lunar surface are identified in an image and associated to a database; these are tracked across the image plane as the lunar lander moves in its orbit. In addition to the vision sensor, an altimeter is used to supply altitude measurements above the surface of the moon. The EKF presented here estimates the inertial vehicle position and velocity states by tracking the fiducials, whose inertial coordinates are now known, across the image plane. The accuracy improvements of this approach are substantial compared to either the absolute navigation pose estimation methods or the relative navigation optical flow methods when used alone in the same scenarios. The dominant computational overhead in any of these methods is in acquiring and processing the images for the features. Therefore, there is little additional processing load associated with this method that either of the other vision-based techniques do not require. Images used in this research to develop and analyze the algorithms were obtained from NASA’s Clementine lunar mapping mission.
Approaches to facilitate institutional review board approval of multicenter research studies.

Background and Objectives: Gaining Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval for a multicenter research study can be a lengthy and time-consuming process. It can increase the complexity of consent forms, decreasing patient understanding and lowering recruitment numbers. It also leads to increased costs through the duplication of effort. This paper examines some of the strategies used to streamline the IRB review process for multicenter studies and provides examples used by 2 existing multicenter comparative effectiveness research networks. Methods: A literature search was conducted to identify sources that described the challenges and potential strategies to facilitate multicenter IRB approval. The most promising avenues were identified and included in this review. Phone interviews were conducted with the Principal Investigators and Project Managers of 2 successful multicenter research networks to learn their “keys to success” and their lessons learned. Results: Three strategies were identified that held the most promise: working with IRBs before submission, the use of central and/or federated IRBs, and the establishment of an umbrella protocol. Each of these strategies was used to some degree by the case study projects. Conclusions: Although the approaches documented here can help streamline the IRB approval process, they are not a “silver bullet.” Because some of these approaches are still relatively new, empirical data are sparse. However, it is believed that they will significantly reduce the administrative burden of the project as a whole and lead to a decrease in the overall time to protocol approval.
From Research to Application

The implications of psychological theory and research for practical applications are discussed. Development in social-skills training has had its roots in early research on the social competence of psychiatric patients, and more recent notions of the importance of assertiveness in interpersonal relationships. Two models explaining social ineffectiveness are presented. In one model, social anxiety is seen as inhibiting the expression of inter- personal competence. In the alternative model, skill deficits are seen as the result of inadequate learning experiences.
Tumors of the Ampulla of Vater: Early Diagnosis by Intraampullary Biopsy During Endoscopic Cannulation: Two Case Presentations and a Review of the Literature

In 2 cases of ampullary tumor, the diagnosis was made by intraampullary biopsy after an abnormality was discovered via the fluoroscope during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. One case was a villotubular adenoma with dysplasia and carcinoma in situ, and the other, a polypoid adenocarcinoma of the ampulla of Vater. These tumors were not visualized on upper gastrointestinal barium studies and conventional duodenoscopy nor by direct vision during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. In the past the diagnosis of ampullary neoplasm has been most often made of surgery and on autopsy. Only in 11 of 538 patients reviewed was the diagnosis made by biopsy of a tumor visible at endoscopy. As demonstrated by the two cases we report, intraampullary biopsy of lesions visualized on fluoroscopy during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography may facilitate early diagnosis.
Imperial designs: Remembering Vietnam at the US–Mexico border wall

Portable helicopter landing mats designed for Vietnam have been reused to build large sections of the US–Mexico border wall. The Army Corps of Engineers provided institutional links between these t...
Urban Neighborhood Regeneration and the Phases of Community Evolution After World War II in America

This article describes four distinct phases that urban neighborhoods have passed through in the last sixty years. The first phase, from World War II until 1968, followed a pattern of decentralization, investment in suburban infrastructure, and strict segregation. The second phase, 1968 to 1975 was marked by hyper-sprawl, the loss of the central city economic base and population, and hyper-segregation. The third phase, 1975-1990, was characterized by class segregation, increased cost to access the suburbs and increased class and racial separation. The fourth phase, 1990 to 2008, witnessed hyper-segregation, voluntary class, racial, and ethnic separation, and persistent racial discrimination. The article suggests that the United States may be entering a fifth post-war phase of Smart Growth, public transport, infill strategies, and New Urbanist and surburbanist designs producing greater diversity.
Electric Field Measurement Techniques

Measurements of atmospheric electric phenomena have been conducted for over a hundred years, going back to the experiments of Benjamin Franklin. These experiments were carried out in a very weakly ionized medium. Advances during the past few decades have been carried out in a highly conducting material called a plasma. New methods were needed and developed in the 1960s, with the realization of electric phenomena’s importance in space. As we shall see, the field can be deduced by direct measurements using what is basically a voltmeter or by measuring the plasma motion in response to electrical forcing. The latter has been accomplished by using chemical tracers, whose motion can be registered by cameras, by radars on the ground that record the material’s Doppler shift, and by detecting the plasma motion relative to a satellite’s velocity.
An efficient numerical method for the calculation of global discord of coupled quantum dots

We present an efficient numerical method for calculating global discord for coupled quantum dots interacting with a quantized cavity field. Speed tests and interesting results are presented for two, three, and four quantum dots.
Divine Faculties and the Puzzle of Incompossibility

Leibniz maintains that even though God’s intellect contains all possibles, some of these possibles are not compossible. This incompossibility of some possibles is supposed to explain which collections of possibles are possible worlds and why God does not actualize the collection of all possibles. In order to fully understand how this works, we need to establish what precisely Leibniz takes to be the source of incompossibility, that is, which divine attribute or faculty gives rise to the incompossibility of certain possibles. Different interpretations answer this question in different ways. This chapter explores the role that God’s faculties play on some of the standard interpretations of Leibniz’s notion of incompossibility and argues that we are faced with a dilemma: even though incompossibility must somehow arise from God’s faculties, none of the faculties usually distinguished seems up to the task. To escape this dilemma, we need to revise the traditional understanding of the divine faculties. More specifically, we need to recognize wisdom as an attribute that is distinct from intellect, power, and will and that is the source of incompossibility.