cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Polymer Chain Alignment and Relaxation on Force‐Induced Chemical Reactions in an Elastomer

Simultaneous measurements of mechanical response, optical birefringence, and fl uorescence signal are acquired in situ during tensile testing of a mechanophore-linked elastomeric polymer. Mechanical stress, deformation, and polymer chain alignment are correlated with force-induced chemical reaction of the mechanophore. The mechanochemically responsive polymer under investigation is spiropyran- (SP-) linked poly(methyl acrylate) (PMA). Forcedriven conversion (activation) of SP to its merocyanine (MC) form is indicated by the emergence of a fl uorescence signal with 532 nm light incident on the sample. Increasing rate of tensile deformation leads to an increase in both stress and SP-to-MC conversion, indicating a positive correlation between macroscopic stress and activation. Simultaneously collected birefringence measurements reveal that rapid mechanophore activation occurs when maximum polymer chain alignment is reached. It is found that SP-to-MC conversion in PMA requires both a suffi cient level of stress and adequate orientation of the polymer chains in the direction of applied force.
Yeast epsin-related proteins required for Golgi-endosome traffic define a gamma-adaptin ear-binding motif.

Yeast epsin-related proteins required for Golgi–endosome traffic define a γ-adaptin ear-binding motif
REGULATION AND FUNCTION OF TINMAN DURING DORSAL MESODERM INDUCTION AND HEART SPECIFICATION IN DROSOPHILA

The homeobox gene tinman plays a key role in the specification of Drosophila heart progenitors and the visceral mesoderm of the midgut, both of which arise at defined positions within dorsal areas of the mesoderm. Here, we show that in addition to the heart and midgut visceral mesoderm, tinman is also required for the specification of all dorsal body wall muscles. Thus it appears that the precursors of the heart, visceral musculature, and dorsal somatic muscles are all specified within the same broad domain of dorsal mesodermal tinman expression. Locally restricted activities of tinman are also observed during its early, general mesodermal expression, where tinman is required for the activation of the homeobox gene buttonless in precursors of the “dorsal median” (DM) glial cells along the ventral midline. These observations, together with others showing only mild effects of ectopic tinman expression on heart development, indicate that tinman function is obligatory, but not sufficient to determine individual tissues within the mesoderm. Therefore, we propose that tinman has a role in integrating positional information that is provided by intersecting domains of additional regulators and signals, which may include Wingless, Sloppy Paired, and Hedgehog in the dorsal mesoderm and EGF-signaling at the ventral midline. Previous studies have shown that Dpp acts as an inductive signal from dorsal ectodermal cells to induce tinman expression in the dorsal mesoderm, which, in turn, is needed for heart and visceral mesoderm formation. In the present report, we show that Thickveins, a type I receptor of Dpp, is essential for the transmission of Dpp signals into the mesoderm. Constitutive activity of Tkv in the entire mesoderm induces ectopic tinman expression in the ventral mesoderm, and this results in the ectopic formation of heart precursors in a defined area of the ventrolateral mesoderm. We further show that Screw, a second BMP2/4-related gene product, Tolloid, a BMP1-related protein, and the zinc finger-containing protein Schnurri, are required to allow full levels of tinman induction during this process. It is likely that some of these functional and regulatory properties of tinman are shared by tinman-related genes from vertebrates that have similarly important roles in embryonic heart development. Dev. Genet. 22:187–200, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Responses of the porcine pituitary-adrenal axis to chronic intermittent stressor

Initial responses and adaptation of the porcine pituitary-adrenal axis to a chronic intermittent stressor (45-min daily restraint for 8 or 9 d) and effects of this stressor on binding to adrenocortical ACTH receptors were measured. Blood samples were obtained via indwelling jugular catheters on days 1, 5, and 9. On day 9, barrows (castrated male pigs; 40 kg) were killed and adrenal glands obtained. Binding to adrenal ACTH receptors was measured using [125I]Tyr23,Phe2,Nle4ACTH(1–38) analog. Basal (prestressor) ACTH, cortisol, and PRL concentrations were not affected by 9 d of 45-min restraint daily (RES-9). In RES-9 barrows, integrated ACTH responses to restraint decreased 46% (P<.05) between day 1 and day 5, then remained constant through day 9. Integrated PRL and cortisol responses were 28 to 30% lower on day 9 than on day 1 (P<05). On day 9 integrated ACTH responses for RES-9 pigs were 59% lower than those of pigs exposed to a single 45-min restraint on day 9 (P<.05), whereas integrated cortisol responses were similar. Responsiveness of the pituitary-adrenal axis on day 9, 24 hr after the last of 8 daily 45-min restraints (RES-8), was compared with that of previously unstressed (naive) pigs. Exposure of RES-8 and naive pigs to a novel stressor (i.m. saline injection) produced plasma ACTH and cortisol responses of comparable magnitude. Intravenous injection of 2 μg ACTH (1–24) to RES-8 and naive pigs produced plasma cortisol responses of comparable magnitude. Plasma ACTH responses were 49% less (P<.05) in RES-8 pigs, and were associated with 65% increases (P=.02) of ACTH apparent metabolic clerance rates (ml/min/kg body weight), and 49% increases (P=.06) in ACTH apparent volumes of distribution (ml/kg body weight). In RES-8 pigs vs naive pigs, the ratio of integrated cortisol/integrated plasma ACTH was greater (P<.01) after ACTH injection, and the plasma cortisol response occurred more rapidly. Thus, RES-8 pigs appeared to be more responsive to ACTH. Since binding of ACTH to adrenocortical receptors did not differ between RES-8 or RES-9 pigs and controls, changes in ACTH receptors cannot account for differences in responsiveness. These data indicate chronic intermittent stressor-associated changes occur in functioning of the porcine pituitary-adrenal axis which are not apparent when considering only basal hormonal concentrations.
Sorbitol dehydrogenase expression and activity during apple fruit set and early development

Apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) fruit set and early development is very sensitive to carbohydrate availability, but details on carbohydrate metabolism during this phase are limited. The objective of this work was to determine if sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH, EC 1.1.1.14), the primary enzyme responsible for metabolism of the major phloem-transported carbohydrate sorbitol, is present and active during apple fruit set and early development. Nine different genes encoding SDH were determined from analysis of cDNA- and genomic-clones obtained from an apple cDNA library or PCR using genomic DNA and degenerate oligonucleotide primers, respectively. The presence of multiple genes was confirmed from Southern analysis. Comparing three apple cultivars with different maturation dates, Northern analysis showed that SDH transcript was present during the first 5 weeks of fruit development after bloom. Using antibody developed against purified recombinant SDH protein from a fragment of apple cDNA expressed in Escherichia coli, SDH was detected in whole fruit extracts at approximately 37 kDa during each of the 5 weeks after fruit set with the greatest intensity at 1–3 weeks after bloom. ELISA analysis of SDH protein indicated that SDH comprised 7–8% of the total extractable protein at this time. SDH activity was highest at 2–3 weeks after bloom in each of the three cultivars. Thus, SDH activity during apple fruit set and early development may play a primary role in defining fruit sink activity. The present work is the first to show that SDH is expressed and active in apple fruit during the first 5 weeks after bloom.
Clinical and biochemical effects of EHDP in Paget's disease of bone: Patterns of response to initial treatment and to long-term therapy

Abstract Studies regarding the efficacy of EHDP in the treatment of Paget's disease of bone conducted at our institution are described. An initial placebo-controlled clinical trial established that doses of 5 mg/kg/day for 6 months produced symptomatic improvement and a 50% lowering of serum alkaline phosphatase and urinary hydroxyproline. A subsequent study Indicated that the biochemical suppression was maintained during the ensuing 6 months without therapy. Current results of long-term Intermittent EHDP treatment in 40 patients studied for 5–8 years demonstrate that a small minority of Individuals experience a sustained remission after a single six-month course of therapy, while a majority require repeated courses of 5 mg/kg/day for 6 of every 12 months to maintain their Initial Improvement. Data are also presented describing the successful use of EHDP at a dose of 20 mg/kg/day for 1 of every 4 months in patients reractory to conventional low doses of therapy. The possible role of parathyroid hormone In the expression of Paget's disease Is also discussed, and recommendations regarding the pharmacologic management of patients with this disorder are provided.
The effects of sex condition, genotype and diet on bovine muscle fiber characteristics

The effects of sex condition, breed type and dietary energy level on muscle fiber characteristics were examined at various ages and related to carcass characteristics and meat palatability. Cattle fed a low-energy diet had a significantly higher percentage of red muscle fibers, larger white muscle fiber areas and a greater percentage area of red muscle fibers than cattle fed a high-energy diet. A significant sex × breed within slaughter group interaction existed, which was complicated due to differences within breeds and sexes at different points of physiological maturity. Separate correlation coefficients for bulls and steers are shown that suggest strong directional interactions between carcass characteristics and meat quality, and muscle fiber characteristics.
Factors affecting the release of [14C]taurine from cat brain: The electrical effects of taurine on normal and seizure prone cortex

Summary The efflux of [14C]taurine from cat cerebral cortiex has been studied in vivo using a superfusion technique. The ca2+-dependence of [14C]taurine indicates that large increments in Ca2+ concentration (20.0mM, 5.0mM) are more effective in increasing [14C]taurine efflux than small ones (1.0mM). Weak electrical stimulation or the addition of either25mM taurine or25mM GABA to the superfusion medium produced increases in [14C]taurine efflux, whereas25mM glutamate was without effect. The application of25mM taurine to the cortex also produced an increase in the amplitude of all EEG frequencies. No such EEG effect was observed for25mM GABA. During seizure activity induced by superfusion of the cortex with a low Ca2+ medium, [14C]taurine efflux rose and fell regularly, peaks in efflux often being correlated with seizures. The addition of taurine to the superfusion medium during seizure activity prevented further seizures and stopped the waves in [14C]taurine efflux. The observations are consistent with a direct effect of taurine on cortical excitability.
NF-Y activates mouse tryptophan hydroxylase transcription.

Abstract Tryptophan hydroxylase catalyses the rate-limiting step in the biosynthesis of serotonin, a neurotransmitter which has been implicated in the etiologies of clinically important psychiatric illnesses. Tryptophan hydroxylase is expressed a tissue-specific manner, but little is known about its transcriptional regulation. By analysing transcriptional activities of a set of 5′-deletion constructs of promoter-reporter plasmids in P815-HTR mastocytoma cells, we found that transcription was activated by sequences between nucleotides −343 and −21. DNase I footprint analysis, using nuclear protein extracts from P815-HTR cells, revealed a protein-DNA interaction between nucleotides −77 and −46. A double stranded oligonucleotide, representing this binding site, specifically bound nuclear protein in a gel shift assay. Methylation interference analysis of this complex revealed that nuclear protein interacted with an inverted GGCCAAT element, which is a high-affinity binding motif for the transcription factor NF-Y (also known as CP1 or CBF). An NF-Y specific antibody abolished protein binding in a gel shift assay. Mutagenesis of specific base pairs abolished protein binding in vitro, and mutagenesis of the same base pairs in a reporter gene construct resulted in a 65% decrease in transcriptional activity. Our results suggest that the transcription factor NF-Y binds to a GGCCAAT motif in thetph proximal promoter and activates transcription.
Parameterization of surface heat fluxes above forest with satellite thermal sensing and boundary-layer soundings

Abstract Satellite-derived surface temperature measurements can be used in conjunction with temperature and wind soundings in the boundary layer to determine the surface sensible heat flux from forests at the regional scale. The underlying formulation is derived on the basis of similarity principles applied to the unstable turbulent boundary layer in which the scalar roughness for sensible heat is determined by calibration. This is illustrated herein with data acquired during the HAPEXMOBILHY (Hydrologic Atmospheric Pilot Experiment-Modelisation du Bilan Hydrique), which was conducted in the spring and summer of 1986 over a 100-km × 100-km square in southwestern France. The northwest third of the area is covered by the Landes forest. The surface temperatures for a 25-km × 25-km area in this forested region were determined from the NOAA-9 Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) channels 4 and 5. Atmospheric collections were applied with LOWTRAN-7 and measured atmospheric profiles, as well as with...
Fosphenytoin in Infants

In comparison with phenytoin preparations, which have a pH value of 11, fosphenytoin, a phosphorylated prodrug of phenytoin, has a pH value of only 8.6, which decreases the risk of cardiovascular and cutaneous side effects. The near-neutral pH value of fosphenytoin allows effective intravenous or intramuscular administration. A 1-mg phenytoin equivalent (PE) of fosphenytoin is converted to 1 mg of phenytoin in adults. We describe four infants whose seizures were treated with intravenous fosphenytoin. We had difficulty maintaining therapeutic serum phenytoin levels of 10 to 20 microg/mL on doses of 5 to 8 mgPE/kg/day, and many bolus doses of 5 to 10 mgPE/kg or maintenance doses of more than 10 mgPE/kg/day were given. Despite increased doses in three out of the four patients, a therapeutic serum phenytoin level was not maintained. From our experience, careful and individual dosing of fosphenytoin in this age group can be considered.
Eccentric protons? Sensitivity of flow to system size and shape in p+p, p+Pb and Pb+Pb collisions

We determine the transverse system size of the initial nonequilibrium Glasma state and of the hydrodynamically evolving fireball as a function of produced charged particles in p + p , p + Pb , and Pb + Pb collisions at the Large Hadron Collider. Our results show features similar to those of recent measurements of Hanbury Brown–Twiss (HBT) radii by the ALICE Collaboration. Azimuthal anisotropy coefficients v n generated by combining the early time Glasma dynamics with viscous fluid dynamics in Pb + Pb collisions are in excellent agreement with experimental data for a wide range of centralities. In particular, event-by-event distributions of the v n values agree with the experimental data out to fairly peripheral centrality bins. In striking contrast, our results for p + Pb collisions significantly underestimate the magnitude and do not reproduce the centrality dependence of data for v 2 and v 3 coefficients. We argue that the measured v n data and HBT radii strongly constrain the shapes of initial parton distributions across system sizes that would be compatible with a flow interpretation in p + Pb collisions. Alternately, additional sources of correlations may be required to describe the systematics of long-range rapidity correlations in p + p and p + Pb collisions.
Lay-up independent fracture criterion for notched laminated composites

The purpose of this study was to investigate the applicability of an existing lay-up independent fracture criterion for notched composite laminates. A detailed finite element analysis of notched graphite/epoxy laminates was performed to understand the nature of stresses and crack tip parameters in finite-width composite panels. A new laminate parameter β, which plays a crucial role in the fracture of laminated composites, has been identified. The effects of blunt crack tip and local damage on fracture behavior of notched composite laminates are investigated using the finite element analysis. The results of experiments performed elsewhere are analyzed in the light of new understanding of crack tip stress field, and the applicability of the lay-up independent fracture criterion for notched composite laminates is discussed. It is found that a lay-up independent fracture model that considers local damage effects provides good correlation with the experimental data.
Linear Convergence with Condition Number Independent Access of Full Gradients

For smooth and strongly convex optimizations, the optimal iteration complexity of the gradient-based algorithm is O(√k log 1/e), where k is the condition number. In the case that the optimization problem is ill-conditioned, we need to evaluate a large number of full gradients, which could be computationally expensive. In this paper, we propose to remove the dependence on the condition number by allowing the algorithm to access stochastic gradients of the objective function. To this end, we present a novel algorithm named Epoch Mixed Gradient Descent (EMGD) that is able to utilize two kinds of gradients. A distinctive step in EMGD is the mixed gradient descent, where we use a combination of the full and stochastic gradients to update the intermediate solution. Theoretical analysis shows that EMGD is able to find an e-optimal solution by computing O(log 1/e) full gradients and O(k2 log 1/e) stochastic gradients.
Imaging hemoglobin oxygen saturation in sickle cell disease patients using noninvasive visible reflectance hyperspectral techniques: effects of nitric oxide.

Sickle cell disease is characterized by microvascular occlusion and hemolytic anemia, factors that impair tissue oxygen delivery. We use visible reflectance hyperspectral imaging to quantitate skin...
Depth profiling of implanted neon with resonant nuclear reactions

A resonance in the ^(20)Ne(p, γ)^(21)Na reaction at a proton energy of 1169 keV has been investigated for its usefulness in quantitatively determining neon concentration as a function of depth in a solid substrate. Depth profiles of neon implanted in tantalum and silicon have been obtained by measuring prompt γ-ray yields with both Nal(T1) detectors and large volume Ge(Li) detectors. Neon profiles were also obtained by measuring the delayed ^(21)Na positron activity. The efficacy of the various measurement techniques is discussed. The method seems sufficiently sensitive that neon concentrations of 10^(20)/cm^3 are measurable in favourable host materials. Additional alternative nuclear techniques for profiling neon are suggested.
Avoiding Conflict: Thailand after the Red Shirt Uprising

Thailand's 2006 coup unleashed deadly political conflict as a conservative elite rallied against Thaksin Shinawatra and his red shirt supporters. Further strife was predicted in the wake of Yingluck Shinawatra's 2011 election victory. But, as Kevin Hewison reports, the expected clashes have not yet materialised.
Novel uses for anti‐platelet agents as anti‐inflammatory drugs

An alteration in the character and function of platelets is manifested in patients with inflammatory diseases, and these alterations have been dissociated from the well-characterized involvement of platelets in thrombosis and haemostasis. Recent evidence reveals platelet activation is sometimes critical in the development of inflammation. The mechanisms by which platelets participate in inflammation are diverse, and offer numerous opportunities for future drug intervention. There is now acceptance that platelets act as innate inflammatory cells in immune responses, with roles as sentinel cells undergoing surveillance, responding to microbial invasion, orchestrating leukocyte recruitment, and migrating through tissue, causing damage and influencing repair processes in chronic disease. Some of these processes are targeted by drugs that are being developed to target platelet participation in atherosclerosis. The actions of platelets therefore influence the pathogenesis of diverse inflammatory diseases in various body compartments, encompassing parasitic and bacterial infection, allergic inflammation (especially asthma and rhinitis), and non-atopic inflammatory conditions, for example, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and atherosclerosis. This review will first discuss the evidence for platelet activation in these various inflammatory diseases, and secondly discuss the mechanisms by which this pathogenesis occurs and the various anti-platelet agents which have been developed to combat platelet activation in atherosclerosis and their potential future use for the treatment of other inflammatory diseases.
Disturbance and Recovery of Salt Marsh Arthropod Communities following BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill

Oil spills represent a major environmental threat to coastal wetlands, which provide a variety of critical ecosystem services to humanity. The U.S. Gulf of Mexico is a hub of oil and gas exploration activities that historically have impacted intertidal habitats such as salt marsh. Following the BP Deepwater Horizon oil spill, we sampled the terrestrial arthropod community and marine invertebrates found in stands of Spartina alterniflora, the most abundant plant in coastal salt marshes. Sampling occurred in 2010 as oil was washing ashore and a year later in 2011. In 2010, intertidal crabs and terrestrial arthropods (insects and spiders) were suppressed by oil exposure even in seemingly unaffected stands of plants; however, Littoraria snails were unaffected. One year later, crab and arthropods had largely recovered. Our work is the first attempt that we know of assessing vulnerability of the salt marsh arthropod community to oil exposure, and it suggests that arthropods are both quite vulnerable to oil exposure and quite resilient, able to recover from exposure within a year if host plants remain healthy.
Chloride channel activity of bestrophin mutants associated with mild or late-onset macular degeneration.

PURPOSE Mutations in the hBest1 (VMD2) gene are linked to various kinds of macular degeneration, including Best vitelliform macular dystrophy (BVMD) and adult-onset vitelliform macular dystrophy (AVMD). The age at onset and severity of disease are quite variable. This study was conducted to examine Cl(-) currents generated by six hBest1 mutations (E119Q, A146K, T216I, DeltaI295, D312N, and L567F) found in patients having adult-onset macular dystrophies or in BVMD patients having normal electro-oculograms (EOGs), to examine the hypothesis that the severity of disease is related to the effect of the hBest1 mutation on hBest1 Cl(-) channel function. METHODS Wild-type (WT) hBest1 was mutated by PCR-based mutagenesis. WT and mutant channels were expressed in HEK293 cells and Cl(-) currents analyzed by whole-cell patch clamp. The trafficking of proteins to the plasma membrane was tested by cell-surface biotinylation. RESULTS All the mutations except L567F and T216I produced a defect in Cl(-) channel function. The D312N and DeltaI295 mutants do not generate functional Cl(-) currents. Furthermore, they inhibit WT hBest1 function. The amplitudes of currents produced by the A146K mutant were smaller than WT and had altered anionic selectivity. The E119Q mutant produced currents similar in amplitude to those of WT, but had altered relative permeability to large anions. CONCLUSIONS These findings support the idea that hBest1 mutations produce variable forms of macular dystrophy via dysfunction of hBest1 Cl(-) channels. However, because the light peak of the EOG of some patients with the DeltaI295, D312N, E119Q, and A243V mutations does not correlate with the Cl(-) channel function, the results also support the suggestion that the light peak of the EOG may not be generated solely by hBest1.
Managing Justly Across Cultures: The Problem of Fairness in International Business

The aim of this paper is to examine the relationships between organizational justice and the factors that characterize cultural differences. This paper begins by briefly summarizing the nature of organizational justice and by identifying how justice is perceived. Hofstede’s five factors of cultural dimension model, which he developed in his seminal 1980 research on national cultures, is utilized to present characteristics of cultural differences. Ten propositions are then offered which relate to organizational justice and differences in cultural perspectives. These propositions suggest specific management approaches that organizational leaders can adopt to be more effective in dealing with employees from respective cultures. This paper concludes by identifying the importance of understanding the relationship between organizational justice and national culture and suggests research opportunities of benefit to both scholars and practitioners.
A framework for assessing the value of RFID implementation by tier-one suppliers to major retailers

Radio frequency identification (RFID) is a rapidly evolving technology for automatic identification and data capture of products. One of the barriers to the adoption of RFID by organizations is difficulty in assessing the potential return on investment (ROI). Much of the research and analyses to date of ROI in implementing RFID technology have focused on the benefits to the retailer. There is a lack of a good understanding of the impact of RFID at upper echelons of the supply chain. In this paper, we present a framework and models for assessing the value of RFID implementation by tier-one suppliers to major retailers. We also discuss our real-life application of this framework to one of Wal-Mart's top 100 suppliers.
Organizational Reasons For Decision Aid Implementation

Although substantial research efforts have been devoted to determining the reasons for the success and failure of decision aids in organizations, little has been done to examine the reasons why an organization chooses to implement the technology. We propose that understanding the relationship between decision aids and organizational reasons for implementation can assist in achieving a higher level of congruence between the organizations’ goals and the technology. This paper proposes and empirically tests a framework that categorizes four primary reasons – improved decision-making, improved financial outcomes, improved communication processes, and improved learning/training processes. The results support the four proposed dimensions and provide a structure to the multitude of potential reasons for developing and implementing decision aid technology. The framework can be used by organizational managers in the initial stages of implementing a decision aid technology as well as during the functional stages of the decision aid to assess the initial and ongoing contribution the decision aid is making toward meeting organizational goals.
A randomized controlled trial of the effect of advanced supply of emergency contraception in postpartum teens: a feasibility study.

Abstract Background The study was conducted to test the feasibility of conducting a randomized controlled contraceptive trial in postpartum teens and to assess whether postpartum advanced supply of emergency contraception (EC) to teenaged mothers helps to prevent repeat pregnancies of close proximity. Study Design We performed a randomized controlled trial of 50 postpartum teens at an urban academic medical center. Participants in the intervention arm received routine postpartum contraceptive care and advanced supply of one pack of EC pills with unlimited supply thereafter upon request. The routine care arm (RCA) received routine postpartum contraceptive care. We asked open-ended questions about how we might maximize study retention and implemented the participants' requests in both arms. Results Our retention rate was 78%. There were three (13%) pregnancies out of 23 participants in the intervention arm and eight (30%) pregnancies out of 27 participants in the RCA. The risk of pregnancy occurring in the intervention arm was 0.57 times that of the RCA (95% CI 0.20–1.60; p=.23). Conclusions A randomized controlled trial of postpartum teens to receive and not to receive advanced supply of EC is both feasible and necessary. Our study provides preliminary data to suggest that advanced supply of EC may help decrease repeat teen pregnancies.
Enhanced macromolecular diffusion in brain extracellular space in mouse models of vasogenic edema measured by cortical surface photobleaching.

SPECIFIC AIMSExtracellular space (ECS) comprises ∼20% of brain tissue volume and is important for neuron-glia communication, diffusion of ions, neurotransmitters, and metabolites, as well as drug delivery. Brain edema is expected to alter ECS size, thus profoundly influencing brain function. Using a novel fluorescence-based method, we compared the effects of vasogenic vs. cytotoxic edema on the diffusion of an inert macromolecule in brain ECS in vivo.PRINCIPAL FINDINGS1. Macromolecular diffusion in ECS is retarded in and around brain tumor but accelerated in brain away from tumorBrain ECS was stained with 70 kDa FITC-dextran by incubation after removal of the bony skull but with dura intact. Laser photobleaching was done to measure the diffusion of the FITC-dextran in brain cortex in vivo.Using a mouse model of brain melanoma, fluorescence recovery after photobleaching was measured within tumor tissue, in peritumoral brain just outside the tumor, in ipsilateral brain away from the tumor margin, and in con...
Making Academic Dentistry More Attractive to New Teacher-Scholars

This perspectives article written under the sponsorship of the Commission on Change and Innovation in Dental Education (CCI) of the American Dental Education Association (ADEA) summarizes data on the numbers of women and persons of color earning the D.D.S./D.M.D. degrees and entering the U.S. dentistry profession in the first decade of the twenty-first century and examines job factors of importance to recent graduates of doctoral programs in other academic disciplines that may have relevance for planning recruitment and retention strategies within academic dentistry. The characteristics and expectations of Generation X faculty are explored: who are they and what do they want from the academic workplace? The article describes the culture clash that often occurs when Gen Xers encounter policies and practices that were designed by and for prior generations (e.g., Traditionalists and Boomers) who filled the ranks of dental school faculty in the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s. Recommendations for rethinking academic employment systems in ways that might make the university workplace more attractive to Generation X are described.
Results from the Fermilab 1. 5 m model magnet program

A series of model SSC collider dipole magnets (50 mm aperture, 1.5 m magnetic length) are being built and tested at Fermilab. The early magnets have been built according to the Fermilab baseline design. The magnets are precursors to the full length 15 m models to be used in the Accelerator Systems String Test at the SSCL. All magnets are instrumented with voltage taps for quench localization and with strain gages to measure stresses and deflections in the coil and support structure. Measurements are made during assembly, cooldown, excitation, and warmup. Comparisons are made between data and design expectations, and magnet behavior is correlated with changes in the magnet design and assembly methods.
Using Vessel-Based LIDAR to Quantify Coastal Erosion during El Niño and Inter-El Niño Periods in Monterey Bay, California

Quan, S.; Kvitek, R.; Smith, D., and Griggs, G. 2013, Using vessel-based LIDAR to quantify coastal erosion during El Ni ˜ no and inter-El Ni ˜
OXYGEN COMPLEX FORMATION BY COBALT(II)-TRIS (2-AMINOETHYL) AMINE+

Abstract The reversible oxygenation of the Co(II) complex of tris(2-aminoethyl)amine (TREN, L) has been studied in some detail. The equilibrium constant K O2 =1026.92 M−2 atm−1, corresponding to the quotient [H+] [L2Co2(O2) (OH)3+]/[Co2+]2 [L]2 PO2 was determined by potentiometric equilibrium measurements of hydrogen ion concentration. Values for the thermodynamic constants, ΔH° =–63 ± 9 kcal/mole and ΔS° =–100 ± 15 cal/deg. mol, were calculated from the temperature dependence of the equilibrium constant. Oxygen stoichiometry, measured with a polarographic sensor, indicated the formation of a binuclear (peroxo bridged) complex, and the potentiometric equilibrium data indicated the presence of a second, μ-hydroxo, bridge. Measurement of the kinetics of the fast reaction between the cobalt(II)-TREN complex and dioxygen gave the value of the second order rate constant for the formation of the dioxygen complex as k 1 =2.8 × 10+3 sec−1 mol−1. The first order rate constant for the decomposition of the dioxygen ...
Web Wisdom: How to Evaluate and Create Information Quality on the Web, Second Edition

Mobile technologies, faster connection speeds, and the 24/7 connectivity that has lead to the development of social media have created an explosion of Internet use in the ten years since the initial publication of Web Wisdom: How To Evaluate and Create Information Quality on the Web. A decade ago, these technologies and activities did not exist or were the purview of small select groups of internet users. Despite dramatic changes in the online realm, the basic evaluation principles presented in the first edition remain as applicable today as they were in the 1990s. Keeping up with the advances required to navigate the web for research, this second edition provides: Expanded discussion of copyright, trademark, and other related issues with specific reference to web authoring New chapters on user-generated content and the challenges present by web resources Expanded discussion on issues related to incorporation of multimedia elements into web pages Revised and updated web page screen captures that illustrate the major concepts discussed A companion web site with supplemental materials related to the evaluation and creation of web content Many people mistakenly assume that as online technologies mature and the use of Internet-based content becomes ubiquitous, the need to emphasize critical evaluation skills lessens. On the contrary, the phenomenal global growth of the internet coupled with the ever increasing sophistication of online technologies and software applications requires individuals to be even savvier web users. This book describes the basic elements that web resource users, new or experienced, need to address to identify reliable and practical online content. The book also provides important guidance for creators of Web-based resources to more effectively convey their messages to web users. Presented in a straightforward and highly accessible format for readers of all backgrounds, the tools and strategies outlined in this book will help users and creators of Internetbased content to meet the diverse evaluation challenges posed by the web.
Dual Fluorescent N-Aryl-2,3- naphthalimides: Applications in Ratiometric DNA Detection and White Organic Light-Emitting Devices

A ten element matrix of 5- and 6-substituted-(2,3)-naphthalimides was prepared for the appropriate placement of substituents necessary to promote dual fluorescence (DF). As prescribed by our balanced seesaw photophysical model this matrix yielded nine new DF dyes out of a possible ten compounds. From this set of nine DF dyes, 4-fluoronaphthalic amide (37) was selected as a probe for ratiometric detection of DNA and demonstration of panchromatic emission.
Kesterite Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 Absorbers Converted from Metastable, Wurtzite-Derived Cu2ZnSnS4 Nanoparticles

Wurtzite-derived copper–zinc–tin sulfide nanoparticle films were observed to undergo a phase transformation to a kesterite phase when exposed to Se vapor at 500 °C. The resulting dense and selenized Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 (CZTSSe) films were found to have the same bilayer kesterite structure as absorber layers derived directly from kesterite Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) nanoparticles (Guo, Q.; Ford, G. M.; Yang, W.-C.; Walker, B. C.; Stach, E. A.; Hillhouse, H. W.; Agrawal, R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 17384−17386). The top layer was fully sintered into micrometer size grains, while the bottom unsintered layer consisted of small, nanometer size kesterite grains. When compared to films formed from kesterite CZTS nanoparticles, solar cells fabricated from the wurtzite-derived CZTS nanoparticles were found to have lower power conversion efficiencies (PCE). Surprisingly, for those CZTSSe films that were formed from wurtzite-derived nanoparticles, it was found that extensive selenization leads to the disappearance of the botto...
Meso-scale Deformation Mechanisms of Polymer Bonded Energetic Materials Under Dynamic Loading

To understand the plastic deformation mechanism of polymer bonded energetic materials, a meso-scale experiment is conducted under dynamic loading. Energetic simulant material with polymer plasticizer are cold pressed using a mold made of stainless steel. An experimental setup is developed to obtain the local strain field at the meso-scale under dynamic loading conditions. The setup consists of a high speed camera with extension tube and microscope objective lens to obtain magnifications ranging from 1× to 50×. A high intensity halogen light source is used for illumination. The field of view for the experiment is 1700 × 690 μm, with a spatial resolution of 4.427 μm/pixel at 100,000 frames/s. Dynamic loading is performed using a split Hopkinson pressure apparatus to obtain a range of strain rates. The strain fields are obtained using digital image correlation technique. To facilitate for the digital image correlation technique, the specimens are speckled using air brush with average speckle size ranging from 12 to 18 μm. Results are presented for the measured strain fields and the associated deformation mechanisms as a function of loading rate.
A critical review of water uptake by shales

Abstract The shale boom in North America started more than a decade ago, however, the issue of substantial fracturing fluid loss inside shale did not draw much attention for a decade. In the past few years, many researchers conducted laboratory experiments to 1) observe various processes by which water imbibes into shale rocks, and 2) understand the mechanisms behind each process that contributes to fluid uptake in shale. Although there is consistency in most of the observations that control the liquid filling in shales, some issues remain in regards to wettability. Many mechanisms seem to be contributing to liquid filling in the laboratory experiments, but there is no consensus on the dominant mechanisms. Even though some observations from field provide consistent signatures, we do not yet have a verified answer for the geo-mechanisms behind those observations. This paper provides a critical review of the observations (laboratory and field), the mechanisms behind those observations, and the models to mimic the imbibition behavior of shales. In this regard, following contents are critically reviewed: 1) history of imbibition in shales, 2) laboratory observations, 3) field observations, 4) mechanisms of water imbibition in shales, and 5) simulation models. We also discuss evaporation of water in shale as an additional mechanism that has not been proposed before, but may be contributing to the loss of water in shale formations.
Global Self-Worth in Latino Youth: The Role of Acculturation and Acculturation Risk Factors

Despite Latino youth being at increased risk of developing mental health problems, they are less likely to receive adequate treatment (Gonzales et al. in Handbook of U.S. Latino psychology: developmental and community-based perspectives. Sage, Thousand Oaks, pp 115–134, 2009; Romero et al. in Ethn Health 12(5):443–463, 2007; Smokowski et al. in J Community Psychol 37(8):1024–1045, 2009; Flores in Pediatrics 125(4):e979–e1020, 2010). Better understanding of the factors that influence psychosocial outcomes for Latino youth is crucial to addressing existing mental health disparities. In order to build on existing knowledge of factors that promote positive mental health outcomes for Latino youth, the current study examined sociocultural influences on Latino early adolescents’ global self-worth. In particular, researchers investigated the effects of acculturation and acculturation risk factors on early adolescents’ perceptions of global self-worth. Seventy-nine Latino early adolescents completed a series of questionnaires assessing behavioral and cognitive aspects of acculturation (i.e., ethnic culture of origin, US mainstream culture, and biculturalism), acculturation risk factors (i.e., acculturation stress, acculturation conflict, and perceived ethnic discrimination), and global self-worth. Results suggested that specific cultural orientations were associated with increased global self-worth, and increased levels of acculturation risk factors were associated with decreased global self-worth. Acculturation conflict was the most salient predictor of global self-worth, and regression analyses indicated that the effects of acculturation stress, acculturation conflict, and perceived ethnic discrimination on global self-worth depended on youth’s cultural orientation on the behavioral and cognitive measures of acculturation. Results indicate the importance of assessing both cognitive and behavioral aspects of acculturation, as well as the way in which acculturation moderates the relation between acculturation risk factors and early adolescents’ perceptions of global self-worth.
Intimate Partner Abuse, Applied Research on

Although recognition of intimate partner abuse (IPA) did not begin until the 1970s, the gravity of the social problem is undisputed. In contrast to other fields, studying family violence has always had an implicit applied component, because research is often conducted to improve prevention and treatment programs. As a result of this applied focus, programs have evolved from an emphasis on the individual to recognition of systemic factors of abuse. This article reviews applied research on IPA that has contributed to the development of evidence-based programs combatting the problem.
Issues on multidimensional stochastic realization

It is well known that given the (partial) correlation sequence from a 2nd order stationary Gaussian process, one can associate a (rational) positive real function with it. Indeed, a partial correlation sequence can be essentially be described by a lossless two-port, a passive loading of which provides all extensions of partial correlation sequence. While the above is true for one-dimensional processes (1D), a similar treatment becomes problematic in two or higher dimensions. The source of this difficulty is closely related to the difficulties associated with extending classic passive circuit synthesis methods to two or higher dimensions. The trigonometric moment problem also suffers from similar difficulties when a multidimensional extension is sought. The paper will explore in some detail the parallel between these closely related problems.
Isolation of Cardiac Myocytes and Fibroblasts from Neonatal Rat Pups

Neonatal rat ventricular myocytes (NRVM) and fibroblasts (FBs) serve as in vitro models for studying fundamental mechanisms underlying cardiac pathologies, as well as identifying potential therapeutic targets. Both cell types are relatively easy to culture as monolayers and can be manipulated using molecular and pharmacological tools. Because NRVM cease to proliferate after birth, and FBs undergo phenotypic changes and senescence after a few passages in tissue culture, primary cultures of both cell types are required for experiments. Below we describe methods that provide good cell yield and viability of primary cultures of NRVM and FBs from 0 to 3-day-old neonatal rat pups.
Carcinoid — its Treatment

It was stated in the previous chapter that diagnosis of carcinoid of the intestinal tract is not always possible, particularly when carcinoid is in the incipient stage and there are no symptoms or manifestations of carcinoid syndrome. While carcinoid tumor by itself is often of relatively low malignancy, the danger of it lies in its production of serotonin and related factors affecting the cardiovascular system.
Listening and Learning: Using Telepractice to Serve Children and Adults with Hearing Loss

Families of children with hearing loss and adults who also have been diagnosed with hearing loss require audiologic management, effective hearing technology, and consistent intervention or rehabilitation to improve their communication. Parents of young children with hearing loss who have chosen a listening and spoken language approach, such as Auditory-Verbal Therapy (AVT), may struggle to find qualified providers who can deliver these services. Similarly, adults with hearing loss also may find it challenging to enroll in aural rehabilitation services due to a lack of availability. The Telepractice and eLearning Laboratory (TeLL) in the School of Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology at the University of Akron has developed a model of telepractice service delivery to provide AVT to families of young children with hearing loss and adult aural rehabilitation services. This paper describes the rationale for establishing these services and a general framework that guides service delivery.
EXTENSION BY COMPUTER PROCESSING OF INFORMATION CONTENT OF CLINICAL LABORATORY TESTS

ABSTRACT The general interpretation of laboratory findings can be effectively mechanized by following and extending the sequence of logical steps traditional in clinical medicine: 1. For each laboratory test the INSTITUTIONAL NORMS are to be established. This includes a search for possible subpopulations (age, sex, race, etc. groups) with smaller variances. If such subpopulations are found, a set of SPECIFIC INSTITUTIONAL NORMS for each is stored. 2. A standardized way of presenting the various laboratory data has been developed in our operation. The central 90 per cent of all values of a laboratory test for a subpopulation is called the “Specific Normal Range” of that laboratory test. Each test result is converted to a RELATIVE VALUE by expressing it as a deviation from the midpoint of its specific normal range, in units of half the normal range. This conversion eliminates methodologic differences, obviates the memorizing of “normal ranges” and allows direct comparison of very different assay results. 3. If the laboratory finding falls distinctly outside of the normals of the institution, a mechanized comparison with stored pathological patterns results in a listing of institutional specific probabilities for the encountered laboratory result, expressed in percent probabilities. 4. When the diagnostic process is completed, the “precedent files” are screened for previous clinical cases with various degrees of similarity to the case under study. These “precedent files” are valuable for therapeutic decision. 5. In the light of the precedent file and the time course of clinical and laboratory data, prognostic trend prediction can be derived from the single patient's data. Computer-processing of laboratory data enabled us to extract valuable new information from the large mass of stored data which can enhance the information content of the single-patient oriented laboratory results.