cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Performance of X-Ray Imaging Systems Applied to Intravenous Angiography

A review is made of the performance of X-ray systems applied to the imaging of dilute amounts of iodine using subtraction methods. Relevant performance criteria are defined and desired performance levels are derived. For a general purpose system these are iodine sensitivity of 1 mg/cm2, cancellation of 10 g/cm2 soft tissue and 2 g/cm2 bone to be equivalent to iodine sensitivity, capability of imaging through 25 cm soft tissue, spatial resolution exceeding 1 lp/mm and acceptable imaging time depending on the application. Conceptual aspects of several subtraction techniques are discussed including temporal, generalized temporal, dual-energy K-edge, dual-energy non-K-edge, three-energy K-edge, and hybrid subtraction. Experimental performance of several representative area and linear detector systems is tabulated according to subtraction algorithm. A table of references is provided.
Unit cell dimensions in the system PbAl(12−x)FexO19

Abstract Compounds have been prepared in the system PbAl (12−x) Fe x O 19 . The unit cell dimensions are shown to vary continuously as a function of composition between the end members PbAl 12 O 19 and PbFe 12 O 19 .
High-fat diet induces aggressive behavior in male mice and rats

The present study investigated whether dietary fat increases aggressive behavior in male mice and rats. High fat consumption may elevate circulating estrogen levels and estrogens, in turn, are associated with various non-reproductive behaviors, such as male aggression. The animals were assigned to two groups including those consuming a diet high in polyunsaturated fats (43% calories from fat) and those consuming a low-fat diet (16% calories from fat). Each male animal was housed with two females for three weeks. The male mice and rats were then confronted with an intruder kept on a medium-fat feed. The latency to first aggressive encounter was significantly shorter among the male animals kept on a high-fat diet than those males kept on a low-fat diet. Furthermore, the time spent exhibiting aggression was longer in the high-fat groups. Serum levels of estradiol (E2) were elevated by 2-fold in the male animals consuming a high-fat diet, when compared with the male animals kept on a low-fat diet. These findings suggest that dietary fat can increase aggressive behavior in male mice and rats, possibly by elevating circulating E2 levels.
Natural history and nonoperative treatment of posterior cruciate ligament injuries

Abstract The posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) is a major stabilizer of the knee. It is a structure that can be injured both inhigh-energy situations (eg, road traffic accidents) and in low-energy environments such as sporting injuries. The PCL can be torn in isolation or in combination with other knee structures /ligaments with the mechanism of injury determining the structures damaged. The treatment of the PCL-injured knee is a controversial issue. The literature on PCL injuries is confusing and contradictory. The treatment should be based on the natural history of the PCL-deficient knee because this sets the baseline from which any interventions may be compared in terms of outcome. However, there are very few true natural history studies on the PCL-injured knee, with most of the literature being retrospective and including a mixture of patients and injuries. In this article, we review the relevant literature with an emphasis on the published true natural history studies, and we assess the healing potential of the torn PCL and outline our management thoughts on the PCL-injured knee, including possible future directions in PCL research and treatment.
An economic analysis of using crop residues for energy in China.

This study examines the economics of using crop residues to replace coal burning for energy in China in order to mitigate carbon emissions. About 60 per cent of the available crop residues are now used by rural households in China to replace coal so that the residues are already making a major contribution to controlling China's potential carbon emissions. Using the crop residues more efficiently in village or centralized facilities, shifting to crops with more residues, or growing energy crops can all further reduce carbon emissions. However, accounting for the costs of collecting, transporting, drying and storing crop residues and the foregone crop revenue, the study estimates that the marginal cost to remove more carbon emissions with crop residues will be high.
Construction and Characterization of Large-Insert Genomic Libraries (BAC and Fosmid) from the Ascidian Botryllus schlosseri and Initial Physical Mapping of a Histocompatibility Locus

The colonial protochordate Botryllus schlosseri is genetically manipulable and represents a potential model organism for a variety of biological disciplines, including immunology, stem cell biology and development. This article presents the construction and characterization of both BAC and fosmid genomic libraries of the 725-Mbp B. schlosseri genome. The BAC library currently consists of 2× genome coverage with an average insert size of 80 kb. The fosmid library is at 11× genome coverage with an average insert of 40 kb. B. schlosseri is a small organism containing a large number of compounds that hinder DNA purification. Thus a number of protocols had to be modified in order to make purified, high molecular weight inserts for cloning, including both gel purification and insert concentration techniques. Both libraries were characterized by using them in initial physical mapping of a single histocompatibility locus, and were found to be representative and functional. These libraries are important tools for physical mapping and positional cloning in the B. schlosseri genome, and the techniques adapted to make them are suitable for use on other organisms in which high molecular weight DNA is difficult to purify.
The role of sodium and structure on the catalytic behavior of alumina: II. IR spectroscopy

Abstract A series of alumina samples differing in structure (γ, δ and α) and in Na content, were studied by infrared spectroscopy. The same set of samples was also studied using 2-propanol dehydration as a probe reaction and using temperature-programmed reaction of 2-propanol [S. Srinivasan, C.R. Narayanan, A. Biaglow, R. Gorte and A.K. Datye, Appl. Catal. A, 000 (1995) 000]. Transitional aluminas possess well defined hydroxyl bands whose nature and intensity is affected by alumina structure and impurity content. The most reactive aluminas exhibit a prominent hydroxyl band at 3770 cm−1. Another characteristic of the most reactive aluminas is the formation of a band at 1622 cm−1 after pyridine adsorption and evacuation at room temperature. Addition of Na as well as thermal treatments that transform γ- to δ-alumina have a similar effect on aluminas, namely, an attenuation of the prominent 3770 cm−1 hydroxyl band and the 1622 cm−1 pyridine band. In both cases, the effect appears to be steric in nature, indicative of hindered access of the probe molecule to the reactive sites. These spectroscopy results correlate well with the trends observed in catalytic reactivity.
The Effects of Computerized Visual Feedback Using Flashing Lights on Order Selection in Large Industrial Settings: Productivity, Accuracy, and Cost Justifications

This report from the field concerns a pilot study that used computerized visual feedback in the form of flashing lights to inform order selectors in an auto parts distribution center to fulfill store orders. Compared to paper pick lists, order selection performance and accuracy reliably increased when the delivery method was the flashing lights. The role of the organizational behavior management participant in industrial settings in designing interventions that increase accuracy and productivity was examined. More than just the intervention, the cost justification was part of the decision-making process about whether to continue with the intervention.
Approximate methods for the fast computation of EPR and ST-EPR spectra. I. A perturbation approach

Abstract The electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and saturation transfer electron paramagnetic resonance (ST-EPR) spectra of nitroxide spin labels are theoret
Unmarried Black Adolescent Fathers' Attitudes Toward Abortion, Contraception, and Sexuality: A Preliminary Report*

The attitudes of a limited population of unmarried black adolescent fathers toward abortion, contraception, and sexuality were assessed using standardized data collected in Tulsa, Oklahoma, Chicago, Illinois, and in Columbus, Ohio. A majority of the surveyed fathers in each city surveyed, were opposed to abortion. Two-thirds indicated a willingness to share contraceptive responsibility with the female. These data suggest that if family planning agencies offered sex education programs for adolescent fathers, particularly in relation to contraceptive responsibility, the incidence of repeat unwed adolescent fatherhood might be reduced.
Minimum mean absolute error stack filtering with structural constraint and goals

A theory for the structural behavior of stack filters is developed. This theory provides a test which can determine if a given stack filter has any root signals; a method for classifying the root signal behavior of any stack filter found to have roots; and, perhaps most important, a method for designing stack filters with specific root signals or other structural behavior. This theory of root signals for stack filters is then combined with the theory of minimum mean absolute error stack filtering. This unified theory allows the designer to pick a filter which minimizes noise subject to constraints on its structural behavior. >
Who Can Write An Opera? F.C. Bressand and the Baroque Opera Libretto

The German opera librettist of the seventeenth century wielded a surprising amount of power. The birth of opera in Germany is marked by authorial practices that seem peculiar by current standards, the interpretation of which is complicated by the disappearance of virtually all opera scores from this period. The libretti, however, were consistently preserved and published—as operas or singspiels—under the name of the librettist. The genre of texts written for operatic setting was a recognized literary form in itself. The German opera librettist stood in a tradition that reached back to the medieval Minnesingers and that was rearticulated in the poetics of Martin Opitz. Through the example of F. C. Bressand, a prominent Baroque librettist who has now nearly been forgotten, I argue that the authorial dynamic between opera composers and librettists was the reverse of that which has since prevailed: the librettist was considered the primary author.
Autoregressive Latent Trajectory (ALT) Models A Synthesis of Two Traditions

Although there are a variety of statistical methods available for the analysis of longitudinal panel data, two approaches are of particular historical importance: the autoregressive (simplex) model and the latent trajectory (curve) model. These two approaches have been portrayed as competing methodologies such that one approach is superior to the other. We argue that the autoregressive and trajectory models are special cases of a more encompassing model that we call the autoregressive latent trajectory (ALT) model. In this paper we detail the underlying statistical theory and mathematical identification of this model, and demonstrate the ALT model using two empirical data sets. The first reanalyzes a simulated repeated measures data set that was previously used to argue against the autoregressive model, and we illustrate how the ALT model can recover the true latent curve model. Second, we apply the ALT model to real family income data on N=3912 adults over a seven year period and find evidence for both a...
Overexpression of scatter factor and its receptor (c‐met) in oral squamous cell carcinoma

Hypothesis: Scatter factor (SF) is a pleiotropic growth factor that recently has been shown to induce epithelial cell proliferation, random motility, and invasion via interaction with its receptor, a tyrosine kinase encoded by the c-met proto-oncogene. Studies involving a variety of solid tumors have suggested that overexpression of the SF/c-met ligand-receptor pair is associated with the acquisition of a malignant phenotype. We hypothesize that SF and c-met are overexpressed in epithelial malignancies of the head and neck including squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the oral cavity. Study Design: Immunohistochemical staining of randomly selected normal, dysplastic, and malignant oral tissues. Methods: Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues were obtained from the Department of Oral Pathology at Shands Hospital (University of Florida), Gainesville, Florida. Examples of mild dysplasia, severe dysplasia, well-differentiated SCC, moderately differentiated SCC, and poorly differentiated SCC were randomly selected from the dictated reports of one of two staff oral pathologists. Histologically normal margins of each specimen served as normal controls. The tissues were immunohistochemically stained using commercially available antibodies against SF and c-met. Appropriate negative controls were run with each batch to ensure staining specificity. Evaluation of staining intensity was carried out using a computerized image analysis system. A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with pairwise multiple-comparison procedures (Fisher method) was used to analyze the data. Results: Statistically significant differences (P < .0001) in the intensity of staining were noted between the malignant and normal and the malignant and dysplastic tissues for both SF and c-met. No differences were appreciated when staining of normal and dysplastic sections of the SF-stained tissue were compared. Conclusions: The results suggest that the SF/c-met ligand-receptor pair is overexpressed in SCC of the oral cavity.
Do VCs matter? the importance of owners on performance variance in start-up firms

Adding to the corporate effect literature, we study the effect of owners on firm performance in a new context, that of venture capital firms (VCs) and the start-up firms in which they invest. After discussing the effect that VC ownership can have on start-ups, we estimate that start-up-specific, owner (VC), and year effects account for significant variance in performance (26.3 percent, 11.2 percent and 3.7 percent, respectively). The effects of industry and investment stage are not statistically different from zero. We also provide an analysis that separates the owner effect into two components: a selection component—which impacts investment—and a management component—which explains significant variance in performance. By examining the owner effect in a different institutionalized form of governance—that of the start-up and its relationship to VC owners—our study also contributes to an understanding of the ‘ownership’ effect in the strategy literature more generally. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inertial Frequency Current Oscillations in the Central Basin of Lake Erie

Abstract Circularly polarized currents at or near the local inertial frequency are a common occurrence in the offshore regions of the Great Lakes during the stratified season. Spectra of horizontal currents from Lake Erie's central basin are dominated by an inertial frequency peak during the summer months. A review of theory concludes that, in addition to the conventional view that these motions are inertial-gravitational standing waves of the Poincare type, we must also consider the possibility of pure inertial motions forced by the wind in the surface layer and by the opposing surface pressure gradient or setup in the subsurface layers. Stratification controls the vertical distribution of turbulent stress in the water column. Current meter and thermistor array data from 1979 are reviewed in detail, confirming the observation of Boyce and Chiocchio (1987) that the largest inertial motions occur above the seasonal thermocline, and relating occurrences of large, mid-water column, inertial motion in the details of the thermal stratification. The hypothesis that the principal response of the water column to a changing wind field is the direct result of surface stress and pressure gradient is tested with simple diagnostic models that explain the subsurface maximum of the inertial-period motion in terms of a water column alternating between three and two moving layers.
Third sound and onset of superfluidity in He films

Abstract A microscopic theory of thin helium films at very low temperatures shows that the onset temperature T 0 for superfluidity is proportional to film thickness and is given by T 0 = 0.084( M − M 0 ), where M is the film thickness in μmol/m 2 and M 0 represents the thickness of immobilized layers. This result leads to a relation for the superfluid density ϱ s at onset: ϱ s ( T 0 )/ T 0 = 3.65 × 10 -9 g/cm 2 K.
Pediatric Procedural Sedation and Analgesia

Sedation and analgesia are vital components of pediatric emergency care. When children present to the emergency department injured, it may be difficult to administer care secondary to the child's anxiety, pain, lack of cooperation, and pressure by the parents to alleviate the child's discomfort. There is much in the emergency physician armamentarium to address these circumstances and provide excellent care, safely.
Investigation of the inhibiting action of O-, S- and N-dithiocarbamato(1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane)cobalt(III) complexes on the corrosion of iron in HClO4 acid

Abstract The inhibiting properties of four macrocyclic cobalt(III) complexes of the general formula [CoIII(Rdtc)cyclam](ClO4)2, where cyclam and Rdtc− refer to 1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane and morpholine-, thiomorpholine-, piperazine-, N-methylpiperazine-dithiocarbamates, respectively, has been studied on the corrosion of iron in aerated 0.1 M HClO4 solutions by potentiodynamic polarization (dc) technique and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (ac). Inhibitor efficiency for the corrosion of iron is found to be better for cobalt complexes then for related amino-ligands. The impedance increases with inhibitor concentration. Polarization curves indicate that the inhibitors are predominantly mixed-type. Better protection by the complex inhibitors was obtained with longer immersion time. The best fit for inhibitors adsorption is obtained using the Langmuir isotherm model. Molecular modeling calculations were used to correlate structural properties of the complex species and their inhibition efficiency.
THE TIME COURSE OF SIEVE TUBE AND VESSEL REGENERATION AND THEIR RELATION TO PHLOEM ANASTOMOSES IN MATURE INTERNODES OF COLEUS

A B S T R A C T Quantitative counts of regenerative sieve tubes and vessels were made in a large number of samples of mature internode #5 of C. blumei, with concomitant study of the fine details of vascular regeneration and the occurrence of the normally developing phloem anastomoses. Such anastomoses were found in many of the plants, but their average number in the small regenerating area was low (viz., 0.9 + 0.2). With the phloem anastomoses excluded from the counts, the time course of regeneration was clear cut-no strands completed their regeneration around the wound until three days after wounding. More regenerative sieve tubes completed their differentiation under all conditions than did regenerative vessels. The number of sieve tubes and vessels regenerated by four days was closely related to the number of preexisting bundles of that type of vascular cell that had been severed by the transverse wound. The ratio of bundles severed by the wound in the phloem to those in the xylem was 2.14, and the ratio of the regenerative sieve tubes to the regenerative vessels was 2.24. For both tracheary and sieve tube cells the initial regeneration was strongly polar (mostly above the wound), as expected from earlier IAA transport data. The path of tracheary regeneration was obviously related to that of the sieve tubes on the other side of the cambium.
Full-Wave Characterization of Rough Terrain Surface Scattering for Forward-Looking Radar Applications

In characterizing ground surface clutter as relevant to forward-looking radar applications, a finite-difference time-domain (FDTD)-based solver is proposed to study dielectric surface scattering at low depression angles. The solver's effectiveness and accuracy are carefully evaluated for one-dimensional surfaces by comparing Monte Carlo scattering results to those from a surface integral equation (SIE) approach for various surface parameters and incidence angles. It is demonstrated that satisfactory results can be attained at near-grazing angles for most surface parameters of interest with a relatively small simulation domain size, independent of the incidence angle. Subsequently, FDTD simulations of two-dimensional terrain surfaces are featured, along with a demonstration of the effects of ground clutter on target imaging generated by the time-reversal technique. By providing a practical full-wave simulation framework for the emulation of forward-looking radar operation and imaging, this study is intended to facilitate ongoing investigations into the detectability of discrete ground targets in the presence of distributed variable ground clutter in the near-grazing regime.
Interleukin-7 receptor expression: intelligent design

Interleukin-7 (IL-7) is produced by stromal cells in lymphoid tissues and is required for the development of T cells and for their persistence in the periphery. Unlike many other cytokines that act on lymphocytes, IL-7 production by stromal cells is not substantially affected by extrinsic stimuli. So, the amount of available IL-7 protein is thought to be regulated by the rate that it is scavenged by T cells. As we review here, there is mounting evidence indicating that the amount of IL-7 receptor expressed on a cell not only determines how vigorously the cell responds to IL-7, but it can also determine how efficiently the cell consumes IL-7 and, therefore, affect the supply of this limiting resource in the niche.
Nonlinear Evolution of Kink-unstable Magnetic Flux Tubes and Solar δ-Spot Active Regions

The motivation for the work described in this paper is to understand kink-unstable magnetic flux tubes and their role in the formation of δ-spot active regions. It has been proposed that, during their rise to the photosphere, a certain fraction of convection zone flux tubes become twisted to the point where they are unstable to the current driven kink instability. These kink-unstable flux tubes then evolve toward a new, kinked equilibrium as they continue to rise to the photosphere, appearing as δ-spot groups upon emergence. Because of their kinked nature, these flux tubes could be highly susceptible to flaring, explaining the very active nature of δ-spot groups. We study the kinking flux tube problem with a three-dimensional numerical model containing only the most basic features of a kink-unstable flux tube. We build on our earlier work describing the linear phase of the kink instability, and follow the evolution into the nonlinear regime: (1) We perform numerical simulations of constant-twist, kink-unstable flux tubes in an initially cylindrical equilibrium configuration in three dimensions, in a high-β pressure-confined environment. We consider many different initial configurations, including the Gold-Hoyle flux tube. (2) These numerical calculations confirm the growth-rate predictions of our earlier work, when viscous dissipation is included. They also confirm our velocity profile predictions. (3) The flux tubes evolve toward new helically symmetric equilibrium configurations. (4) The timescale for saturation to the kinked equilibrium configuration is τsat ~ 10/ω0, where ω0 is the linear growth rate calculated as in the earlier paper. (5) The cylindrically symmetric part of the kinked equilibrium is well described by the m = 0 Chandrasekhar-Kendall functions (i.e., the Lundquist field). The m = 1 helically symmetric part, however, is not well described by the m = 1 Chandrasekhar-Kendall functions. (6) The equilibrium kink amplitudes are not large, at less than one-third of the tube radius. (7) The peak kinetic energy of the instability can be predicted from the initial excess perpendicular magnetic energy. (8) The amplitudes of the kinked tubes are large enough to give a δ-spot region tilt angle of up to 30° away from that of an unkinked tube.
Evaluation of four purine compounds in poultry products.

The levels of four purine compounds (adenine, guanine, hypoxanthine, and xanthine) have been evaluated in some poultry products. The levels of total purines in light and dark meat were lower than what has been reported for other foods but the level of hypoxanthine was somewhat higher. In contrast, the level of total liver purines was higher than in other broiler tissues but the liver contained mostly adenine and guanine. The levels of all purines were relatively low in gizzard and mechanically deboned broiler tissues.
Effect of Posttraumatic Stress on Study Time in a Task Measuring Four Component Processes Underlying Text-Level Reading.

Purpose To investigate the effect of combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) on 4 components underlying text-level reading comprehension. Method A group of 17 veterans with PTSD and 17 ...
Modeling sea-salt aerosol in a coupled climate and sectional microphysical model: mass, optical depth and number concentration

Abstract. Sea-salt aerosol mass, optical depth, and number concentration over the global oceans have significant implications for aerosol direct and indirect climate effects. We model sea-salt aerosol in a coupled climate and sectional microphysical model, CAM/CARMA, with aerosol dynamics including sea-salt emission, gravitational sedimentation, dry deposition, wet scavenging, and hygroscopic growth. We aim to find an integrated sea-salt source function parameterization in the global climate model to simultaneously represent mass, optical depth, and number concentration. Each of these quantities is sensitive to a different part of the aerosol size distribution, which requires a size resolved microphysical model to treat properly. The CMS source function introduced in this research, based upon several earlier source functions, reproduces measurements of mass, optical depth and number concentration as well as the size distribution better than other source function choices we tried. However, as we note, it is also important to properly set the removal rate of the particles. The source function and removal rate are coupled in producing observed abundances. We find that sea salt mass and optical depth peak in the winter, when winds are highest. However, surprisingly, particle numbers and CCN concentrations peak in summer when rainfall is lowest. The quadratic dependence of sea-salt optical depth on wind speed, observed by some, is well represented in the model. We also find good agreement with the wind speed dependency of the number concentration at the measurement location and the regional scale. The work is the basis for further investigation of the effects of sea-salt aerosol on climate and atmospheric chemistry.
Weak-field magnetoresistance of hopping conduction in simple semiconductors☆

Abstract The weak-field magnetoresistance of phonon-induced hopping conduction is calculated for simple semiconductors, in which the impurity state is represented by the hydrogenic wave function. Emphasis is placed upon the angular dependence of the magnetic perturbation on the wave function, of the elementary transition probability from one to the other impurity sites and of the magnetoresistance coefficients. The quadratic Zeeman perturbation gives rise to an increase of the wave function near the impurity site and a decrease at large distances from the site. Critical distances at which the wave function remains unchanged are given by ɣ c = 3.32 a ( a : Bohr radius) in the direction parallel to the field and ɣ c = 1.63 a in the perpendicular direction. It is shown that the ratio of the contribution to the magnetoresistance from the shrinkage of each impurity-wave function to the contribution from the phase difference between two neighboring impurity sites is 1.22 at a sufficiently low concentration of impurities. The two magnetoresistance coefficients B and C have the interrelation C = − B 2 .
Rice production in Afghanistan

Rice, Afghanistan’s third most important crop, is produced in every province. Although about thirteen varieties occur in the country, for marketing purposes two main classes are recognized. These two, “Loke” and “Mai-een”, are differentiated on the basis of grain size, color, consistency, and distribution.
The transfluxor as an accurate analog magnetic memory

The transfluxor can serve as the analog storage element which is needed to couple the digital process control computer to the analog process. It stores an analog command in a few milliseconds, and the value is sensed nondestructively for an indefinitely long period. In this system, a closed loop is used to set the analog level, with proportional and integral compensation to modulate the size of setting pulses. The accuracy obtained is typically 0.1 percent at all scale positions in a time of 20 ms. The characteristics of the transfluxor which make setting accuracy difficult are its variable gain, variable time lag in response to a series of equal pulses, dead zone with a spurious output, and slow magnetic anomaly effect.
Reliability of Her2/neu, estrogen receptor, and progesterone receptor testing by immunohistochemistry on cell block of FNA and serous effusions from patients with primary and metastatic breast carcinoma

The prognostic and predictive value of Her2/neu and the hormone receptors in patient with primary or metastatic breast cancer is essential for a favorable outcome of treatment. We have been experiencing increasing requests to test cytologic specimens for these markers in patients with metastatic breast carcinoma. A recent study threw some doubts on the validity of such testing using cell blocks. In this study we compared our immunohistochemical Her2/neu, ER and PR testing performed on 42 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded cell blocks from 27 fine needle aspirations (FNA) and 15 serous effusions of 42 patients with metastatic (n = 38) and primary (n = 4) breast carcinoma to the test results obtained on tissue sections. In seven cases the Her2/neu immunohistochemistry (IHC) results on cell blocks were also compared with Her2/neu fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) on tissue or cell block. The study revealed 100% correlation for positive and negative Her2/neu results. For ER testing the results showed 85.7% sensitivity, 100% specificity, 100% positive predictive value (PPV), and 85.7% negative predictive value (NPV). For PR testing the results showed 80% sensitivity, 100% specificity, 100% PPV, and 88.8% NPV respectively. In conclusion, IHC for Her2/neu, ER and PR performed on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded cell blocks prepared from fresh FNA and serous fluid is reliable in predicting the expression of these markers when correlated with IHC and FISH performed on the corresponding tumor tissue.
Muddling With The Mundane Social Education Through Group Living

This article discusses the social education derived from a group living community service program. It outhnes the format and philosophy of the program, discusses the house meetmg process, highlights the stages of intensifying tension and release, and defines the role of staff in assuring the group progression. Notably, greater commitment and group awareness are attained through "muddling" over the basic tasks of maintaining the group living situation .
Length and weight relationships of Acartia clausi from Narragansett Bay, R.I. 1

Changes in the cephalothorax length and dry weight of Formalin-preserved copcpodite and adult Acartia clausi were followed from 12 March-l June 1976 and naupliar weights and lengths determined for one sample. Preservation in Formalin caused a significant loss of dry weight, carbon, and nitrogen in adult females, mostly during the first 24 h, but did not significantly affect the C:N ratio or the cephalothorax length of the animals. Length and weight were inversely related to seawater temperature at the time of sampling. As the animals became older this relationship was increasingly affected by their past temperature history. Separate linear relationships between log length and log weight were observed for the nauplii, the CIs, the CII-CVs, and the adults, making it possible to estimate the weight of individual stages from measurcmcnts of length. Animals collected on the same day frorn different stations sometimes showed significant differences in weight for a given length. Such differences could be more clearly expressed by calculation of a condition factor relating weight to the cube of cephalothorax length. The differences in the condition factor appeared to be related to food availability and such differences may be even more apparent when weights of live animals are examined.
Evalution of the Effects of Notch Filters on Digital Data Transmission

The performance impairment resulting from the insertion of a narrow-band rejection filter (notch filter) in a data transmission channel is evaluated. To isolate the effects of notch filtering, it is assumed that, before inserting the notch filter, the data signal is an idealized pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) signal using a pulse shape which produces no intersymbol interference (Nyquist pulse). The intersymbol interference resulting from the notch is examined in terms of 1) its maximum value and 2) its mean-squared value. It is shown that the maximum interference criterion is inappropriate; since it will always exceed the signal pulse amplitude regardless of the shape or rejection bandwidth of the notch filter (a notch always closes the binary eye pattern). The mean-squared interference is easily evaluated in terms of the notch characteristic, and furthermore, this quantity leads to a simple means for predicting the tolerable notch bandwidth for maintaining a specified error performance with additive Gaussian noise. The mean-squared interference for some simple notch filter realizations is presented.
A planar integral equation method for the analysis of dielectric ridge structures using generalized boundary conditions

A novel method is developed to calculate the propagation characteristics of dielectric ridge structures in high-frequency monolithic integrated circuits. First, the electric field in the dielectric ridge is expressed in terms of a polarization current from which an equivalent surface current density is defined. Further, generalized boundary conditions are enforced in order to provide a simple integral equation. Results derived by this modified integral equation approach give excellent agreement with other numerical methods. The main advantage of this technique is that it simplifies greatly the analysis of three-dimensional complex structures. >
Anomalous branches of the cervical internal carotid artery: Two cases of clinical importance

Abstract Anomalous branches of the cervical portion of the internal carotid artery are rare. Reports in which these anomalous branches are of any clinical importance are even more rare. We are reporting two cases in which the anomalous branch maintained patency of the cervical portion of the proximally occluded internal carotid artery. Both patients initially had hemispheric symptoms appropriate to the affected internal carotid artery. This article details angiographic methods to demonstrate the unusual anatomic and pathologic aspects of these cases and the successful operative approach. (J VASC SURG 1988;8:634-7.)
Immunocytochemical localization of indole-3-acetic acid in primary roots of Zea mays

Colloidal gold-labelled antibody was used to localize indole-3-acetic acid in caps of primary roots of Z. mays cv. Kys. Gold particles accumulated on the nucleus, vacuoles, mitochondria, and some dictyosomes and dictyosome-derived vesicles. This is the first localization of indole-3-acetic acid in dictyosomes and dictyosome-derived vesicles and indicates that dictyosomes and vesicles constitute a pathway for indole-3-acetic acid movement in and secretion from root cap cells. Our findings provide cytochemical evidence to support the hypothesis that indole-3-acetic acid plays an important role in root gravitropism.
Evolution of radiopharmaceuticals for diagnosis and therapy

Diagnostic radiopharmaceuticals should reflect in vivo biochemistry. Therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals should kill tumor cells while sparing healthy cells. As the understanding of a biological process increases, synthetic chemists must be ever poised to improve the design of new radiotracers to reflect the in vivo scenario in an accurate and precise fashion. However, it is somewhat ironic that, due to genetic variability, there is an inverse relationship between the specificity of the radiotracer and the number of individuals who will eventually be helped by these discoveries. Regardless of the beauty of the science that underpins radiopharmaceutical development, the availability of financial resources will direct the overall progress in the field.
Thyroid Hormone Action in Neural Development

Effects of thyroid hormone on development of the brain have been documented for over a century. Although in many respects the hypothyroid brain appears morphologically normal, functional impairments include mental retardation, ataxia and spasticity. Keyed by the discovery of nuclear receptors for thyroid hormone that function as transcription factors, recent work has examined the mechanism of thyroid hormone action in brain development. The prediction that gene expression regulated by thyroid hormone is important for mediating brain development has spurred the search for thyroid hormone-responsive genes. Here we review some of the identified genes whose expression patterns correlate with the functional deficits observed in the hypothyroid brain. Recently identified thyroid hormone-responsive genes include synaptotagminrelated gene 1 (Srg1), a putative mediator of synaptic structure and/or activity, and hairless, a transcriptional cofactor that may influence the expression of other thyroid hormone-responsive genes.
Reporter gene imaging using radiographic contrast from nonradioactive iodide sequestered by the sodium-iodide symporter.

The hypothesis that the human sodium-iodide symporter, NIS, can be used to detect NIS expression using standard radiological techniques was tested using adenoviral transduced NIS expression in human tumor xenografts grown in mice and in a naive dog prostate. Nonradioactive iodide was administered systemically to animals that 1-3 days previously had received a local injection of a replication-competent adenovirus expressing NIS under the control of the CMV promoter. The distribution of radiopacity was assessed in mouse tumors using micro-CT and a clinical X-ray machine and in the prostate of an anesthetized dog using a clinical spiral CT. Iodide sequestration and NIS expression were measured using X-ray spectrochemical analysis and fluorescence microscopy, respectively. Radiographic contrast due to NIS gene expression that was observed indicates the technique has potential for use in preclinical rodent tumor studies but probably lacks sensitivity for human use. Copyright # 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Physician Perspectives Regarding Annual Influenza Vaccination Among Children With Asthma

Objective National guidelines have historically varied for influenza vaccination of children with asthma, depending on asthma severity. This study aims to explore perspectives of primary care physicians regarding influenza vaccination practices for children with persistent versus intermittent asthma. Methods A cross-sectional survey was mailed to general pediatricians (n = 300) and family physicians (n = 300) in primary care offices in Michigan in 2006. The main outcome measures included physicians' influenza vaccination recommendations and reasons for nonadministration of influenza vaccine to children with asthma for the 2005–2006 influenza season. Results Ninety-six percent of respondents (N = 320) reported routinely recommending influenza vaccination for children with persistent asthma; fewer (82%) reported routinely recommending influenza vaccination for those with intermittent asthma. The adjusted odds of recommending influenza vaccination for intermittent asthma patients was significantly higher among pediatricians versus family physicians (adjusted odds ratio 3.49, 95% confidence interval, 1.68–7.22), controlling for other practice characteristics. Regardless of specialty, physicians with more than 25 asthma patients were more likely than those with fewer asthma patients to routinely recommend influenza vaccination. Physicians who do not routinely recommend influenza vaccination to children with intermittent asthma were more likely to cite overlooking discussion of influenza vaccine during the visit (50% vs 13%, respectively; P Conclusions Influenza vaccination practices of primary care physicians reflect the inconsistencies historically found in national recommendations. Further research is warranted to determine whether the recent clarification of recommendations of the National Asthma Education and Prevention Program (NAEPP) to remove distinctions by asthma severity is associated with a reduction in missed opportunities to vaccinate.
Peptide signals regulating food intake and energy homeostasis

The adiposity hormone leptin has been shown to decrease food intake and body weight by acting on neuropeptide circuits in the hypothalamus. However, it is not clear how this primary hypothalamic ac...
The structure of a 3-connected matroid with a 3-separating set of essential elements

An element e of a 3-connected matroid M is essential if neither the deletion nor the contraction of e from M is 3-connected. Tutte's 1966 Wheels and Whirls Theorem proves that the only 3-connected matroids in which every element is essential are the wheels and whirls. It was proved by Oxley and Wu that if a 3-connected matroid M has a non-essential element, then it has at least two such elements. Moreover, the set of essential elements of M can be partitioned into classes where two elements are in the same class if M has a fan, a maximal partial wheel, containing both. In addition, if M has a fan with 2k or 2k+1 elements for some k>=2, then M can be obtained by sticking together a (k+1)-spoked wheel and a certain 3-connected minor of M. In this paper, it is shown how a slight modification of these ideas can be used to describe the structure of a 3-connected matroid M having a 3-separation (A,B) such that every element of A is essential. The motivation for this study derives from a desire to determine when one can remove an element from M so as to both maintain 3-connectedness and preserve one side of the 3-separation.
An expert system approach to design of automotive air-conditioning systems

An expert system approach for designing air-conditioning systems for cars and trucks is presented. A brief introduction to the automotive application of the vapor-compression refrigeration cycle is provided as general background. The method presented uses an integrated approach combining the power of conventional analysis programs, databases and model-based expert system technology. Some sample rules from the knowledge base have been included in the paper to illustrate the application of the domain knowledge and its interaction with algorithmic programs. The system architecture is very open and modular, and it lends itself to easy modifications and future expansions. Possibilities for system enhancements are also outlined in the paper. The approach presented in this paper provides substantial benefits to the automotive air-conditioning design engineer particularly in the early stages of new vehicle platform planning and development. A pilot system has been successfully tested at General Motors for preliminary design of automotive air-conditioning systems.
Computer-Aided Recording of Control Wiring

Most particle accelerators heve extensive networks of control wiring. The usual stream of minor modifications requires hundreds of control wires to be added, deleted, or changed in function every few months. Conventional terminal and cable record books and wiring diagrams are difficult to keep up to date and often are cumbersome to use. We have devised improved computer-aided techniques for organizing information about a control wiring network into compact forms convenient both for trouble-shooting and for new design work. Additions and deletions require only a single data card per wire. The computer prints out a pattern of interconnections for each circuit, adds information on circuit functions, and finds and marks such probable errors as dead-end wires and redundant circuit paths. The computer-aided system has been in use for nearly two years at the University of Minnesota proton linear accelerator, which has a control wiring network containing about 10,000 wires. A complete set of record books can be worked out in about 18 minutes on a Control Data 1604 computer. Trouble-shooting, identification of wiring errors, and design of system additions all have benefited from the speed, convenience, and accuracy of the computer-aided system.
A multimedia self-service terminal with conferencing functions

We developed a new platform for personal computer based self-service terminals with multimedia conferencing functions in order to provide networked multimedia capability and face-to-face interface. The platform is based on extending our desktop conferencing system called ConverStation/2. It provides ITU-T H.320 motion video audio communication, and shared chalkboard function between a self-service terminal and an operator terminal. It also provides scanned image data transmission for browsing and co-editing of images between a customer and an operator. We clearly separate the platform with application modules, by providing a string command interface between them; we enhanced our conferencing features to meet the requirements of self-service applications. The major new features include: 1) asymmetric operation and user interface of a shared chalkboard; 2) dynamic line connection/disconnection control, and 3) dynamic media (video/audio/data) control on ISDN communication. With these conferencing functions, more complex services such as consultation can be provided through self-service terminals.