cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Building the Great Lakes information marketplace: a governors' initiative to foster advanced telecommunication and information services in the Great Lakes states

For several years, the Great Lakes states have participated in a regional effort to understand, and capitalize upon, the potential of information and telecommunications technologies to speed Great Lakes economic and social renewal. This ongoing regional initiative begun at the direction of the Great Lakes governors themselves, marks perhaps the first effort by states to understand and enhance their competitive advantage in telecommunications and information resources as a multistate region. This effort is not complete, and it may be that its most important stage is now beginning, as the concepts of "information highway" and "information marketplace" begin to acquire more reality. However, a progress report, after 2 and 1/2 years of work, may be in order, along with some preliminary conclusions.
Exposure of brain to high-dose, focused gamma rays irradiation produces increase in leukocytes-adhesion and pavementing in small intracerebral blood vessels.

Objective Radiosurgery is used to destroy a predetermined target within the brain, with minimal radiation injury to the surrounding tissue. We hereby present our in vivo model to study the effects of single-session, high-dose radiation on the cerebral vessels that are targeted with radiosurgery using the Leksell Gamma Knife. Methods The study was conducted in 29 adult male WT C57BL/6J mice weighing 21 to 28 g (6-8 wk old). The animals were exposed to 100 Gy single-session focused gamma ray irradiation using the Leksell Gamma Knife, and subsequently underwent intravital microscopy at different time intervals to study leukocytes and platelets adhesion patterns to the endothelium of the irradiated cerebral micro-vessels. Results The leukocyte adhesion response showed a bell-shaped curve upon quantitative analysis with a steady increase in the number of adherent cells during the first four hours and a subsequent plateau response that was maintained during the next 24 hours. The platelet adhesion response did not demonstrate any particular pattern similar to the leukocyte response. Conclusion The experiment was able to establish in vivo increased leukocyte adhesion to the cerebral vascular endothelial cells in response to radiation injury and elaborate the time frame within which the leukocyte adhesion response increases, reaches a peak and then starts decreasing.
Structure and function of non-native metal clusters in human arginase I.

Various binuclear metal ion clusters and complexes have been reconstituted in crystalline human arginase I by removing the Mn2+2 cluster of the wild-type enzyme with metal chelators and subsequently soaking the crystalline apoenzyme in buffer solutions containing NiCl2 or ZnCl2. X-ray crystal structures of these metal ion variants are correlated with catalytic activity measurements that reveal differences resulting from metal ion substitution. Additionally, treatment of crystalline Mn2+2-human arginase I with Zn2+ reveals for the first time the structural basis for inhibition by Zn2+, which forms a carboxylate-histidine-Zn2+ triad with H141 and E277. The imidazole side chain of H141 is known to be hyper-reactive, and its chemical modification or mutagenesis is known to similarly compromise catalysis. The reactive substrate analogue 2(S)-amino-6-boronohexanoic acid (ABH) binds as a tetrahedral boronate anion to Mn2+2, Co2+2, Ni2+2, and Zn2+2 clusters in human arginase I, and it can be stabilized by a third...
Reactions of Atomic Manganese with CH2N2 in Solid Argon at 12 K

The reactions of atomic manganese with diazomethane have been investigated by FTIR matrix isolation spectroscopy. In argon matrixes, MnCH2 and Mn(CH2N2) complexes are formed spontaneously. Photolysis of the matrix with λ ≥ 400 nm radiation removes all but one of the Mn(CH2N2) complexes as well as the MnCH2 species. Wavelength-dependent photoreversibility is observed between a N2(CH2N2) complex and a species assigned to N2···HMnCH.
Characterization of rhizosphere microbial community structure in five similar grass species using FAME and BIOLOG analyses

Abstract Accelerated biodegradation of organic contaminants in planted soil is frequently reported yet our current understanding of plant–microbe interactions does not allow us to predict which plant species can encourage the development of rhizosphere communities with enhanced degradation capacity. In a companion study, five grass species (Sudan grass, ryegrass, tall fescue, crested wheatgrass, and switch grass) were grown in a Matapeake silt loam soil to study the degradation of atrazine and phenanthrene by rhizosphere microorganisms (see Fang et al., 2000 , this vol., Fang, C., Radosevich, M., Fuhrmann, J. J., 2000. Atrizine and phenanthrene degradation in grass rhizosphere soil. Soil Biology & Biochemistry, in press). In the present paper substrate utilization patterns (BIOLOG ® ), and fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profiles of the same rhizosphere microbial communities were determined. Both FAME and BIOLOG ® analyses detected changes in soil microbial community structure among treatments. However, community structure did not directly correlate to either ATR or PHE degradation rates.
Heterosis at an enzyme locus of drosophila: evidence from experimental populations

An excess of heterozygotes over Hardy-Weinberg expectations at a protein locus has been observed in both natural and experimental populations of Drosophila paulistorum. Data are presented which rule out the possibility of the excess being caused by association of alleles with heterotic karyotypes. A spurious excess of heterozygotes owing to directional selection is also ruled out. Arguments are put forth which makes associative overdominance unlikely. It is likely that heterosis is acting at this locus to maintain the polymorphism.
Contact inhibition and the movement of metal, glass and plastic beads within solid tissues

Cell-size spheres of metal, glass and plastic can move from surface to subsurface positions within solid tissue masses in culture, demonstrating that the observed movement of cells in similar circumstances may not be due to ‘active cell locomotion’.
Fibromyalgia: from pathophysiology to therapy

Individuals with fibromyalgia generally experience chronic widespread pain, which can be accompanied by further symptoms including fatigue, sleep disturbances, cognitive dysfunction, anxiety and depressive episodes. As the recognition and diagnosis of fibromyalgia has improved, the availability of therapeutic options for patients has increased. Furthermore, research into the neurobiological mechanisms that contribute to the chronic pain and concomitant symptoms experienced by patients with fibromyalgia has advanced our understanding of this debilitating disorder. In this Review, we aim to provide an overview of existing pathophysiological concepts. The roles of biological and psychological stress, genetic factors, and pain and sensory processing in the pathophysiology of fibromyalgia and related conditions are discussed. In addition, pharmacological treatments, including monoamine modulators, calcium channel modulators and γ-aminobutyric acid modulators, as well as nonpharmacological treatment options are considered.
Mutation analysis of the RET, the endothelin-B receptor, and the endothelin-3 genes in sporadic cases of Hirschsprung's disease

Abstract To date, three genes have been identified as susceptibility genes for Hirschsprung's disease (HSCR), the RET protooncogene, the endothelin-B receptor gene ( EDNRB ) and the endothelin-3 gene ( EDN3 ). However, the question of whether these genes play a role in sporadically occurring HSCR has not been fully clarified. In this study, the authors performed mutation analysis of these three genes in 41 sporadic HSCR patients without any family history by using single-strand conformational polymorphism or denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis methods. Exon 2, 3, 5, 6, 12, 13, 15, and 17 of the RET gene, 7 exons of the EDNRB gene, and the region of the EDN3 gene including sequences corresponding to proteolytic cleavage sites and mature endothelin-3 were analysed. By direct sequencing, three causative RET mutations were confirmed; a Phe to Ser substitution at codon 174, a Cys to Tyr substitution at codon 197, and a point mutation at the splice acceptor site of intron 12, in patients with aganglionosis confined to the rectosigmoid colon, the transverse colon, and the total colon, respectively. In the EDNRB locus, two mutations were observed; a nonsense mutation of Trp to stop at codon 275, and a T insertion at nucleotide 878, in patients with aganglionosis confined to the rectosigmoid colon, and the descending colon, respectively. No mutation was detected in the EDN3 gene. Mutation rates were 7.3% in the RET and 5% in the EDNRB gene. Our data indicate that RET and EDNRB mutations have a role in the aetiology of some sporadically occurring HSCR. However, the low mutation rate of susceptibility genes in sporadically occurring HSCR suggests that other genes or environmental factors are involved in the development of the disease.
SIVs: Could you survive a financial collapse?

The newspapers are suddenly full of worries about structured investment vehicles (SIVs). These are huge, risky investment instruments used by large banks and hedge funds. But fund managers of major companies have invested in money markets, which in turn—unknown to the company fund managers—have invested in the risky SIVs. Any major collapse of the SIVs could spread financial panic. So what are corporate managers to do? Are there strategies to avoid financial disaster? And what questions should auditors ask right now? © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Improving safety on the front lines: the role of clinical microsystems

The clinical microsystem puts medical error and harm reduction into the broader context of safety and quality of care by providing a framework to assess and evaluate the structure, process, and outcomes of care. Eight characteristics of clinical microsystems emerged from a qualitative analysis of interviews with representatives from 43 microsystems across North America. These characteristics were used to develop a tool for assessing the function of microsystems. Further research is needed to assess microsystem performance, outcomes, and safety, and how to replicate "best practices" in other settings.
An Integrated Analysis of a Dragonfly in Free Flight

There were few literatures on the discussion of the wing flexion and associated aerodynamic performance of dragonfly wings in dragonfly free flights, which are potential candidates for developing bio-inspired micro aerial vehicles (MAVs) that can match the hovering and maneuvering performance of winged insects. To this end, we experimentally measure the wing flexion of a free flying dragonfly during take-off using high-speed photogrammetry and three-dimensional surface reconstructions. From the collected data, analysis of body motion Euler angles, SVD analysis of wing kinematics, wing surface deformation and topologies, and direct numerical simulations will provide insights into the selection of flapping wing and kinematics for quad-winged MAV designs and applications.
Establishing faculty needs and priorities for peer-mentoring groups using a nominal group technique

Peer-mentoring groups are purported to enhance faculty productivity and retention, but the literature about implementation is sparse. Nominal Group Sessions (n = 5) with 66 faculty members in different tracks developed prioritized lists of unmet professional development needs and potential group activities. Common items included mentor relationships, research skills, informal peer discussions of successes and challenges, and professional skills workshops. Items particular to specific academic tracks included integration of non-clinical faculty, and gaining recognition in non-research tracks.
Inclusion body myositis functional rating scale: A reliable and valid measure of disease severity

We developed a disease-specific, 10-point functional rating scale for patients with inclusion body myositis (IBMFRS). The IBMFRS was utilized as a secondary outcome measure in a multicenter pilot trial of the clinical safety and tolerability of high-dose beta interferon-1a. In this trial, 28 IBM patients completed the IBMFRS at baseline and monthly for 6 months. The IBMFRS showed statistically significant correlations (P < 0.001) with maximal voluntary isometric contraction, manual muscle testing, handgrip dynamometry, and the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) functional rating scale (ALSPRS). Compared to these other outcome measures, the IBMFRS was also the most sensitive measure of change over the course of the study.
A model-based pel-recursive motion estimation algorithm

A model-based approach to pel-recursive motion estimation is presented. The derivation of the algorithm is similar to the Wiener-based pel-recursive motion-estimation algorithm. However, the proposed algorithm utilizes the spatio-temporal correlations in an image sequence by considering an autoregressive (AR) model for the motion-compensated frames. Therefore, depending on the support of the AR model, the estimation is based on two or more consecutive frames. Pel-recursive motion-estimation algorithms which appear in literature are special cases of this algorithm. Various implementation issues such as adaptive regularization and modeling of the motion field are considered. Based on experiments with typical videoconferencing scenes, the conclusion is that the proposed algorithm performs better than the two-frame Wiener-based pel-recursive algorithm with respect to accuracy, robustness, and smoothness of the velocity field. >
A review of Emotional Intelligence by Daniel Goleman: implications for technical education

Goleman's book, Emotional Intelligence, holds some valuable lessons as we attempt to design more effective educational programs. Goleman takes a more holistic approach to defining intelligence than the traditional IQ, which focuses on cognitive intelligence. By incorporating the cognitive and affective dimensions of intelligence, he demonstrates that, to be successful in life, it takes more than just being "smart". We are all aware of "smart" students who flunk out of college, or those who graduate near the top of their class only to be a failure in the work place. Goleman shows that the seeds of what he calls emotional intelligence are sown early in life, and affect not only how the person gets along with others, but also how they succeed in academic pursuits. In contrast to cognitive intelligence, which is "God given", emotional intelligence can be strengthened later in life with proper tutoring and commitment. Goleman's ideas are a valuable complement to the author's earlier studies of Perry's model of intellectual and ethical development in college students. This paper describes Goleman's hypotheses and suggests how they might impact technical education.
PERFORMANCE OF AN OCTACOSANE BASED MICROPCM FLUID FOR COOLING EV ELECTRONICS

A phase change fluid composed of microencapsulated octacosane particles in a carrier fluid (microPCM fluid) was evaluated and compared to a sensible baseline cooling fluid using a bench-scale pumped loop. This study illustrated that the microPCM fluid maintains lower surface temperatures by up to 16% and a more constant temperature distribution along the heated tube section as compared to a sensible fluid. The results also indicate that the microPCM fluid augments the convection coefficient of the system by 25% and the effective specific heat by up to a factor of three. Based on these experimental results, an octacosane based microPCM fluid is an ideal candidate for thermal management of electronic systems.
The abundance and distribution of echinoderms in nearshore hard-bottom habitats near Anvers Island, western Antarctic Peninsula

Echinoderms are well represented in nearshore hard-bottom ( Odontaster validus , Granaster nutrix , Lysasterias perrieri and Adelasterias papillosa , two ophiuroids in the Amphiuridae, the holothuroids Psolicrux coatsi and Psolus carolineae and one representative of the Cucumaridae, and the regular echinoid Sterechinus neumayeri were enumerated. Mean total echinoderm densities were high (34.9 individuals m -2 ) and ranged from 21.9 individuals m -2 for asteroids to 2.7 individuals m -2 for holothuroids. With the exception of a positive relationship between the abundance of the regular echinoid Sterechinus neumayeri and the biomass of the brown alga Himanthothallus grandifolius , no significant relationships were found between the abundance of asteroids, ophiuroids, or holothuroids and two species of brown algae or three algal ecotypes. The present study indicates nearshore hard-bottom echinoderms are important in the carbon cycle and their inherent vulnerability to ocean acidification may have community-level impacts.
Capacity-based connectivity of MIMO fading ad-hoc networks

We study the problem of connectivity in MIMO fading ad-hoc networks. Based on a probabilistic analysis of achievable capacity on individual links of a random topology, we introduce a novel connectivity metric for wireless ad-hoc networks. We assume a pair of nodes are connected if their bi-directional capacity is more than a given threshold. Our metric is more sophisticated compared to previously proposed metrics of connectivity as it captures the effects of time-varying fading channel, power, and multiple antennas. Our results show that employing mobile nodes with multiple antennas enhances the connectivity of fading wireless ad-hoc networks
Flying bicycles: How the Wright brothers invented the airplane

This paper explores the ways in which Wilbur and Orville Wright thought as they tackled the problem of designing and constructing a heavier-than-air craft that would fly under its own power and under their control. It argues that their use of analogy and their use of knowledge in diagnostic reasoning lies outside the scope of current psychological theories and their computer implementations. They used analogies based on mental models of one system, such as the wings, to help them to develop theories of another system, such as the propellers. They were also skilled reasoners, who were adept at finding counterexamples to arguments.
the political economy of death: communication and change in Malagasy colonial history

Almost 90 years after the French colonized Madagascar, and almost 25 years after independence, the Sakalava of the northwest coast continue to work for the dead kings and queens who once governed them, while participating only marginally in national political economy. Several decades of efforts to "develop" the region and "perfect" its inhabitants seem to have failed here as elsewhere in Madagascar. Economists, whether conservative or radical, tend to analyze such situations in relation to global economy, "ignoring all the struggles over control of the means of production and the conflict over how people would work... what Marx called 'the hidden abode of production'" (Cooper 1980:15-16). They differ over the relevance of labor history to an understanding of contemporary conditions. Yet even radical theorists, who emphasize the extent to which Western industrialization was bought at the cost of impoverishing non-Western countries, have just begun to examine the ways in which this process operated locally. Other social scientific approaches to development tend to adopt the perspective of the participants, who do not see labor relations in either global or exclusively economic terms but rather as a matter of conflicting beliefs and values that define and organize work. The disruption in social relations entailed by often forced incorporation into world market economies persists in the complex contradictions characteristic of political, economic, and social institutions of now-independent countries. This essay suggests the contribution that social anthropology can make to the necessary synthesis of economic and other social scientific perspectives. It is a preliminary effort to relate the ideology and organization of labor to material conditions, doing justice to local The competition for labor associated with the incorporation of the Sakalava of northwestern Madagascar into polities of steadily increasing scale has involved the ongoing reorganization of social relations through the symbolism of death. During the precolonial period Malagasy spoke a common language of ancestors and relics by which to negotiate relations of labor and loyalty. French colonists sought to destroy Malagasy institutions and substitute their own language of law. As they failed to do so, they reverted to what they had learned of customary practices, thereby placing all parties outside the law as originally imposed. The contemporary association between a moribund economy and a lively preoccupation with the dead takes a distinctively Malagasy form among the Sakalava, but its general features may be widespread. [political economic change, religion, death, language, law]
Neuromuscular response to cyclic lumbar twisting.

Objective: To study the influence of 10 min of cyclic twisting motion on abdominal and back muscle activities. Background: Repetitive (cyclic) occupational activity was identified by many epidemiological reports to be a risk factor for the development of work-related musculoskeletal disorders. Biomechanical and physiological confirmation, however, is lacking. Methods: Trunk muscle electromyography (EMG) was recorded while participants performed a continuous 10-min maximum lumbar cyclic twisting to the left, and maximum isometric twist to the left and right sides was measured before and after the exercise. Results: Abdominal muscles contracted symmetrically, independent of twisting direction. The left posterior muscles' integrated EMG (IEMG) decreased during the exercise, whereas the IEMG of the right posterior muscle increased. Simultaneously with increased antagonist coactivity level of the right posterior muscles after the exercise, decrease in maximal isometric left twisting torque was observed. The ab...
Web-based Competency Assessment System for Microscopic Urinalysis

Under CLIA, clinical laboratories are required to document the competency of all personnel. Competency assessment assures quality laboratory testing through evaluating employees’ competency and providing remedial training to those who need it (1). Competency assessment can ( a ) identify key training areas, ( b ) identify processes that need improvement, ( c ) provide supervisors and managers with data on employee performance, and ( d ) provide evidence to customers, management, and surveyors that the laboratory assures quality with competent staff (2). The most common methods of assessing competency in laboratory personnel are direct observation, review of laboratory test and quality-control results, review of instrument preventive maintenance records, and written testing (1). Computer-based exams have not been widely used as competency assessment tools although they have several potential advantages, including automatic exam scoring and error analysis (3), immediate detailed feedback to exam questions, and the ability to simulate laboratory instrumentation. In this report, we demonstrate Urinalysis-CA (Urinalysis-Competency Assessment, distributed by Medical Training Solutions, Seattle, WA), a web-based competency assessment system for microscopic urinalysis that is a logical and major extension of Urinalysis-ReviewTM, our previous, diskette-based software (4). Urinalysis-CA is a web-based competency assessment program administered twice annually to registered laboratories. The program runs optimally using Internet Explorer 4 (or higher) or Netscape 4.0 (or higher). Content experts at the University of Washington Department of Laboratory Medicine constructed the exams. Three exams were administered during the study, which lasted from March 2000 to September 2001. Each exam consists of 10 image-based, multiple choice questions that test the ability to identify 1 or more of 34 urine sediment structures in five categories: ( a ) cells, ( b ) casts, ( c ) normal crystals, ( d ) abnormal crystals, and ( e ) organisms/artifacts. The images were collected from urine sediments prepared in the clinical laboratories at …
Spontaneously diabetic Ins2 /Akita :apoE-deficient mice exhibit exaggerated hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) increases the risk of adverse coronary events. Among risk factors, dyslipidemia due to altered hepatic lipoprotein metabolism plays a central role in diabetic atherosclerosis....
Determination of the Minimum Temperature Required for Selective Photothermal Destruction of Cancer Cells with the Use of Immunotargeted Gold Nanoparticles

Laser photothermal therapy of cancer with the use of gold nanoparticles immunotargeted to molecular markers on the cell surface has been shown to be an effective modality to selectively kill cancer cells at much lower laser powers than those needed for healthy cells. To elucidate the minimum light dosimetry required to induce cell death, photothermal destruction of two cancerous cell lines and a noncancerous cell line treated with antiepidermal growth factor receptor (anti-EGFR) antibody-conjugated gold nanoparticles is studied, and a numerical heat transport model is used to estimate the local temperature rise within the cells as a result of the laser heating of the gold nanoparticles. It is found that cell samples with higher nanoparticle loading require a lower incident laser power to achieve a certain temperature rise. Numerically estimated temperatures of 70-80 degrees C achieved by heating the gold particles agree well with the measured threshold temperature for destruction of the cell lines by oven heating and those measured in an earlier nanoshell method. Specific binding of anti-EGFR antibody to cancerous cells overexpressing EGFR selectively increases the gold nanoparticle loading within cancerous cells, thus allowing the cancerous cells to be destroyed at lower laser power thresholds than needed for the noncancerous cells. In addition, photothermal therapy using gold nanoparticles requires lower laser power thresholds than therapies using conventional dyes due to the much higher absorption coefficient of the gold nanoparticles.
Anxiety sensitivity: relationship to negative affect smoking and smoking cessation in smokers with past major depressive disorder

The present study evaluated whether anxiety sensitivity (AS) was related to negative reinforcement smoking motives and increased risk of relapse during the early stages of a quit attempt. Specifically, the role of AS was evaluated in 60 smokers with past major depressive disorder (MDD) during smoking cessation. Consistent with expectations, AS scores, as indexed by the 16-item Anxiety Sensitivity Index (ASI) [Behaviour Research and Therapy 24 (1986) 1], were positively correlated with smoking to reduce negative affect but were not significantly correlated with smoking for other reasons. Higher ASI scores also were associated with increased risk of lapsing during the first 7 days after quit day. Results suggest that smokers with heightened levels of AS may smoke more often to manage negative moods and may be less able to tolerate early withdrawal symptoms, specifically during early stages of a quit attempt.
Violence at the Box Office Considering Ratings, Ticket Sales, and Content of Movies

The negative effects of violent content in movies have recently been a hot topic among both researchers and the general public. Despite growing concern, violence in movies has persisted over time. Few studies have examined why this pattern continues. To fill this gap in the literature, we examine how Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) movie rating descriptors predict ticket sales of 2,094 movies from 1992 to 2012. We test the validity of three theoretical models: (1) the reflective model, (2) the reactance model, and (3) the market model. We find that violent content is linked neither to violence in the broader U.S. culture (i.e., the reflective model) nor to a psychological reactance by adolescents (i.e., the reactance model). Rather, we find, especially among PG-13 (parents strongly cautioned) movies, that violent content leads to increased ticket sales, suggesting that market demand (i.e., audience preferences) is responsible for continued violent content. We discuss the implications of our f...
Iterative signal separation assisted energy disaggregation

Providing itemized energy consumption in a utility bill is becoming a priority, and perhaps a business practice in the near term. In recent times, a multitude of systems have been developed such as smart plugs, smart circuit breakers etc., for non-intrusive load monitoring (NILM). They are integrated either with the smart meters or at the plug-levels to footprint appliance-level energy consumption patterns in an entire home environment While deploying the existing technologies in a single home is feasible, scaling these technological advancements across thousands of homes in a region is not realized yet. This is primarily due to the cost, deployment complexity, and intrusive nature associated with these types of real deployment. Motivated by these shortcomings, in this paper we investigate the first step to address scalable disaggregation by proposing a disaggregation mechanism that works on a large dataset to accurately deconstruct the cumulative signals. We propose an iterative noise separation based approach to perform energy disaggregation using sparse coding based methodologies which work at the single ingress point of a home, i.e., at the meter level. We performed a ranked iterative signal removal methodology that effectively isolates appliances' individual signal waveform as noise on an aggregate energy datasets with moderate granularity (1 min). We performed experiments on real dataset and obtained approximately 94% energy disaggregation, i.e., disaggregated appliance-wise signal estimation accuracy.
Quantitative Fundus Autofluorescence for the Evaluation of Retinal Diseases

The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is juxtaposed to the overlying sensory retina, and supports the function of the visual system. Among the tasks performed by the RPE are phagocytosis and processing of outer photoreceptor segments through lysosome-derived organelles. These degradation products, stored and referred to as lipofuscin granules, are composed partially of bisretinoids, which have broad fluorescence absorption and emission spectra that can be detected clinically as fundus autofluorescence with confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (cSLO). Lipofuscin accumulation is associated with increasing age, but is also found in various patterns in both acquired and inherited degenerative diseases of the retina. Thus, studying its pattern of accumulation and correlating such patterns with changes in the overlying sensory retina are essential to understanding the pathophysiology and progression of retinal disease. Here, we describe a technique employed by our lab and others that uses cSLO in order to quantify the level of RPE lipofuscin in both healthy and diseased eyes.
Gender Differences in Physical Activity and Related Beliefs Among Hispanic College Students

This study investigated gender differences in physical activity (PA) and social-cognitive theory (SCT) variables among Hispanics. Students (N = 298) completed measures assessing levels of PA and variables derived from SCT. Men reported greater PA than women. Men also reported having greater self-efficacy for PA, greater perceived ability to set Goals and make Plans for PA, and greater Expectancies that PA would produce psychological effects (e.g., reduced stress), improve their body image, and enhance their competitive ability. In addition, gender moderated associations between SCT variables and PA behaviors such that self-efficacy and self-regulation were the best predictors of PA among women (β = .18, β = .24, respectively), but body image was the strongest predictor of PA among men (β = .15). The results are discussed in the context of promoting PA in this population.
"Pictures Have Now Become a Necessity": The Use of Images in American History Textbooks

When the second edition of Out of Many arrived, my initial desire, checked only by a squeamishness about defacing books, was to slice off volume i's cover and stick it on my office wall. It was that striking. In full color, bled to the edge, and wrapped around to the back is Richard Caton Woodville's The Sailors Wedding (1852). A genre painting intended to highlight a supposed scene of everyday life, the image, read left to right, shows a patriarchal figure being introduced to a small wedding party while black family servants, among others, stand in the doorway and watch. Woodville's canvas marks only the beginning of an extensive pictorial feast that includes paintings reproduced in both full color and black-and-white, lithographs, cartoons, maps, and photographs. Hardly a page passes without a visual supplement to the written text. The publisher even preens that it is the first to "produce a four-color book directly from computer disk to printer plate."' So it goes with every textbook in American history. Publishers spend tens of thousands of dollars to include hundreds of images. They compete for uncommon pictures that might distinguish their products, since the survey market is highly competitive, and a successful book can mean millions of dollars in sales. Marketing experts understand that students today are visually aware in ways different from previous generations. This is the age of video games and 3-D graphics, of pixels and digital imaging. No wonder that between the first and second editions of Out of Many the publisher shifted the cover illustration from a textile design by a modern artist to a painting that directly evokes a sense of history. And yet, for all the money, research, and creativity employed in selecting pictures, textbooks do not provide students with even a superficial understanding of the place and meaning of images in American history. Authors do not situate the images in their historical context or locate those images within the history of visual
Videos in clinical medicine. Conscious sedation for minor procedures in adults.

Conscious sedation may be considered for any procedure that causes patient discomfort or pain. This video demonstrates the equipment and techniques used to provide intravenous conscious sedation for minor procedures in adults.
An Investigation of Thin-Film Ni–Fe Oxide Catalysts for the Electrochemical Evolution of Oxygen

A detailed investigation has been carried out of the structure and electrochemical activity of electrodeposited Ni-Fe films for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in alkaline electrolytes. Ni-Fe films with a bulk and surface composition of 40% Fe exhibit OER activities that are roughly 2 orders of magnitude higher than that of a freshly deposited Ni film and about 3 orders of magnitude higher than that of an Fe film. The freshly deposited Ni film increases in activity by as much as 20-fold during exposure to the electrolyte (KOH); however, all films containing Fe are stable as deposited. The oxidation of Ni(OH)2 to NiOOH in Ni films occurs at potentials below the onset of the OER. Incorporation of Fe into the film increases the potential at which Ni(OH)2/NiOOH redox occurs and decreases the average oxidation state of Ni in NiOOH. The Tafel slope (40 mV dec(-1)) and reaction order in OH(-) (1) for the mixed Ni-Fe films (containing up to 95% Fe) are the same as those for aged Ni films. In situ Raman spectra acquired in 0.1 M KOH at OER potentials show two bands characteristic of NiOOH. The relative intensities of these bands vary with Fe content, indicating a change in the local environment of Ni-O. Similar changes in the relative intensities of the bands and an increase in OER activity are observed when pure Ni films are aged. These observations suggest that the OER is catalyzed by Ni in Ni-Fe films and that the presence of Fe alters the redox properties of Ni, causing a positive shift in the potential at which Ni(OH)2/NiOOH redox occurs, a decrease in the average oxidation state of the Ni sites, and a concurrent increase in the activity of Ni cations for the OER.
Effect of Dry Band on Electric Field Distribution of Polluted Insulator

The appearance of dry band significantly affects the electric field distribution and the partial arc as well flashover.In order to investigate the characteristics of dry band under different conditions,a three-dimension model of polluted insulator was established.The effects of formation,location,width,radian and number of dry band on potential and electric field distribution were investigated based on the analysis of electric field using the finite element method by the ANSYS simulating analysis soft.The results show that there will be obvious aberration in the electric field distribution of insulator when the dry band appears on the surface of polluted insulator,which will strengthen the dry band's electric field.The maximum electric field of dry band is related to its location on the insulator surface,and it has a trend of asymmetric U type along the axial direction on the surface of insulator.The dry band on underside surface of insulator has a larger influence on the electric field distribution than that on upper surface.The maximal value appears at center of dry band,which increases with the growth of dry band angle along the circumferential direction on the surface of insulator,and decreases with the growth of dry band width along the axial direction on the surface of insulator.The increase of dry band number will decrease the electric field reciprocally.
A Proposed Integrated Sustainability Model for a Bioenergy System

Abstract The usage of bioenergy is expected to increase for at least ten more years in the U.S. owing to its environmental benefits relative to petroleum. Growing biomass, converting it to a biofuel (e.g., corn ethanol), and using the biofuel has consequences related to the three dimensions of sustainability: economy, environment, and society. An integrated sustainability model (ISM) using system dynamics is developed for bioenergy systems to understand how changes in bioenergy production influence environmental measures, economic development, and social impacts. Predictions, such as greenhouse gas emissions, biofuel price, and employment, can be made for a given temporal and spatial scale.
The differential effects of emotional salience on direct associative and relational memory during a nap

Relational memories are formed from shared components between directly learned memory associations, flexibly linking learned information to better inform future judgments. Sleep has been found to facilitate both direct associative and relational memories. However, the impact of incorporating emotionally salient information into learned material and the interaction of emotional salience and sleep in facilitating both types of memory is unknown. Participants encoded two sets of picture pairs, with either emotionally negative or neutral objects paired with neutral faces. The same objects were present in both sets, paired with two different faces across the sets. Baseline memory for these directly paired associates was tested immediately after encoding, followed by either a 90-min nap opportunity or wakefulness. Five hours after learning, a surprise test assessed relational memory, the indirect association between two faces paired with the same object during encoding, followed by a retest of direct associative memory. Overall, negative information was remembered better than neutral for directly learned pairs. A nap facilitated both preservation of direct associative memories and formation of relational memories, compared to remaining awake. Interestingly, however, this sleep benefit was observed specifically for neutral directly paired associates, while both neutral and negative relational associations benefitted from a nap. Finally, REM sleep played opposing roles in neutral direct and relational associative memory formation, with more REM sleep leading to forgetting of direct associations but promoting relational associations, suggesting that, while not benefitting memory consolidation for directly learned details, REM sleep may foster the memory reorganization needed for relational memory.
Compression of Morbidity and Mortality: New Perspectives

Compression of morbidity is a reduction over time in the total lifetime days of chronic disability, reflecting a balance between (1) morbidity incidence rates and (2) case-continuance rates, generated by case-fatality and case-recovery rates. Chronic disability includes limitations in activities of daily living and cognitive impairment, which can be covered by long-term-care insurance. Morbidity improvement can lead to a compression of morbidity if the reductions in age-specific prevalence rates are sufficiently large to overcome the increases in lifetime disability due to concurrent mortality improvements and progressively higher disability prevalence rates with increasing age. Compression of mortality is a reduction over time in the variance of age at death. Such reductions are generally accompanied by increases in the mean age at death; otherwise, for the variances to decrease, the death rates above the mean age at death would need to increase, and this has rarely been the case. Mortality improvement i...
SURG-07A MULTI-INSTITUTIONAL EXPERIENCE ON LASER THERMAL ABLATION AS TREATMENT FOR CORPUS CALLOSAL GLIOBLASOTMAS.

INTRODUCTION: Surgical management of glioblastomas involving the corpus callosum is of particular challenge. Accordingly, patients afflicted with this disease entity exhibit poor survival relative to other forms of glioblastomas. The development of minimally invasive, stereotactic laser thermal ablation now offers a new surgical option against this disease. METHODS: We present a multi-institutional experience (Cleveland Clinic, University of California San Diego, University Hospital-Case Medical Center) in the treatment of glioblastoma that involve the corpus callosum. Radiographic control, peri-operative morbidities, time of hospitalization, and overall survival were examined. RESULTS: All 16 patients harbored histologically confirmed diagnosis of glioblastoma. Five patients were newly diagnosed and underwent ablation before TMZ/RT while the remaining 10 patients were treated after TMZ/RT failure. The median age of the cohort is 52 (range: 29-68), with a median KPS of 80 (range 60-100). Three patients suffered transient post-operative hemiparesis. The average length of hospital stay was 3.3 days (range: 1-11 days). 13 of the 16 patients underwent subsequent chemotherapy treatment. No tumor growth was observed within the region of thermal ablation in any of the treated patient. The median survival of the cohort has not been reached. Eleven of the treated patients (69%) survived > 3 months – the reported median survival for corpus callosal glioblastoma patients without surgical resection. The overall survival for these 11 patients ranged 5 to 35 months. CONCLUSIONS: Glioblastoma involving the corpus callosum can be safely treated through laser thermal ablation. Our multi-institutional experience provides evidence in support of safety and suggest potential efficacy in select patients.
Stresses Caused by Thermal Contraction

Although there are exceptions over limited temperature ranges, materials generally have positive thermal expansion coefficients. Usually, the temperature change from ambient to cryogenic temperature will amount to as much as 200 K (360 °F) or greater. This large temperature decrease will cause a significant thermal contraction in any material being cooled from ambient temperature to cryogenic temperature. However, the thermal expansion coefficient is also a function of temperature, decreasing as the temperature is lowered. Figure 4.1 shows the temperature dependence of the thermal expansion coefficient of copper.1 Although there is still further contraction below the temperature of liquid nitrogen, usually over 90% of the total contraction from room temperature to any lower temperature will have already taken place at 77 K because of the decrease in the thermal expansion coefficient for many materials with temperature. Consequently, in cooling from ambient temperature to any cryogenic temperature, there will be a thermal contraction of about 0.3% in iron-based alloys, over 0.4% in aluminum, and well over 1% in many plastics. The first two of these figures give useful rule-of-thumb values for quick estimates. The more accurate values needed for system design can be obtained from published tables of integrated thermal contraction over the temperature range of interest. Tables 4.1 and 4.2 give some representative examples.2 Figure 4.2 shows the total integrated thermal contraction from ambient temperature down to any cryogenic temperature for several materials.3
Nonlinear Optical Techniques for Probing Dephasing of Molecules and Excitons: Nano and Picosecond Dynamics

A brief account of some of our recent work at CalTech on the time resolved spectra of gases and solids in the nano and sub-picosecond time regimes was given. First, we discussed the concepts involved in nonlinear optical techniques and their relationships to optical T1 and T2 measured in large (pentacene) and small (iodine) molecules. Second, a description for nanosecond techniques was given. Third, we presented a picosecond reflection technique for probing exciton dynamics and surface states in mole cular crystals. Finally, we mentioned a curious effect which is in analogy with the optical Ramsey fringes. This effect is observed in molecules excited to one-photon states in contrast to previous observations made in two-photon transitions. Since there was necessarily some overlap with the material presented at the conference on Advances in Laser Chemistry organized by one of the authors (A.H.Z.), the reader is referred to [1].
The Claims of Globalization Theory: Some Contexts and Contestations

(2003). The Claims of Globalization Theory: Some Contexts and Contestations. South Asian Review: Vol. 24, Globalization and Diaspora, pp. 18-32.
Laboratory Analogues of Sympathy

At one time sympathy was an important concept in American psychology. It was widely used in child psychology, as we saw in the last chapter, and also it played a significant role in social psychological theorizing (F. Allport, 1924; G. Allport, 1954; Asch, 1952; Heider, 1958; McDougall, 1908). Then it fell into disfavor, and currently there is almost no research that uses the word sympathy in its title. Nevertheless, I think it is fair to say that the idea of sympathy is still very much alive in psychology, appearing now more frequently under the label empathy. As I pointed out in Chapter 4, these two words refer to different psychological processes and should not be confused. The point of all of this, however, is that we are left with few exemplary studies on the effect or the experience of sympathy.
Mid-Range Wireless Power Transfer Based on Goubau Lines

A novel, asymmetric RF energy harvesting technique using the Goubau transmission line for mid-range wireless power transfer has been established. The Goubau line has been found to be useful for this application given its unique field distribution and non-radiative characteristics. A Goubau line transmitter was constructed and an RF efficiency of 10% at 0.5 m away from the transmitter center was achieved using an 80 MHz input signal and an electrically short receiver antenna. These results mark the beginning of a new energy harvesting topology paradigm that utilizes exposed wire transmission lines to safely couple energy to receivers of near arbitrary number and variable 2eometry.