cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Implementation of the Generalized Complementary Flux Constraint for Low-Loss Active Magnetic Bearings

This paper explores the experimental issues associated with the implementation of the recently developed generalized complementary ∞ux constraint (GCFC) ∞ux-biasing scheme on a spacecraft reaction wheel that is magnetically suspended by a low-loss active magnetic bearing (AMB). Implementation of the GCFC depends fundamentally on the ability to estimate the electromagnet ∞ux. Once addressed, other fundamental issues including the synthesis of a (possibly time-varying) bias ∞ux and the realization of the state-dependent, voltage-switching rule that imposes the GCFC are studied. Signiflcant flltering is required to obtain clean ∞ux measurements and avoid spurious voltage switchings. Open-loop tests experimentally verify that the voltage-switching rule imposes the GCFC ∞ux constraints on the operation of the electromagnets. A passivity-based control algorithm is used to illustrate the closed-loop functioning of the GCFC in large-bias and zero-bias modes of operation to demonstrate the efiect of the bias ∞ux on the closed-loop bearing stifiness, damping, and ∞ux slew-rate.
The after‐contraction in urodynamic micturition studies

The detrusor after-contraction is an involuntary detrusor contraction occurring after the completion of voiding. These contractions were seen in the micturition studies of 20 patients undergoing videourodynamic study to investigate a variety of nonneurogenic urine voiding or storage problems. The contractions occurred in stable bladders on 15 of 20 occasions and only 2 of 20 cases exhibited obstructive urodynamics. Eleven of the 15 patients had hypersensitive bladders. We explore its possible etiology and conclude that it is of neither functional significance nor diagnostic value.
Literature in the Garden Curriculum Effects on Life Skills of Children

ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS. Teamwork, self-understanding, leadership SUMMARY. Children’s gardens have recently been shown to increase life skills. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects that gardening/plant activities from the Junior Master Gardener curriculum, Literature in the Garden, have on children’s life skills. The life skills examined were leadership, teamwork, self-understanding, decisionmaking skills, and communication skills. About 130 third-grade students from a Lee County, AL, school participated in the study. Students were equally divided into control and experimental groups, and each student was given the youth life skills inventory (YLSI) as a pre- and posttest. The experimental group participated in eight gardening/ plant activities after the pretest, whereas the control group did not complete the activities. No significant differences were found between pretests and posttests for teamwork, self-understanding, decision making, communication, and overall life skills. Significant decreases from pretest to posttest were found on leadership skills for the experimental group. Several trends were observed with students who read more for fun, read more each week, and read more garden books generally increasing in life skills.
Amibiguities of HLA DRB1 high resolution typing can be resolved by Sanger sequencing

Aim Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) appears to be the future of HLA high resolution as it can deliver allele level typing without ambiguities. However, NGS is still new in its development and may require a high volume of samples to be cost effective for most clinical labs. The existing well-established Sanger sequencing may give us the allele level typing to meet the clinical needs if a proper strategy is implemented. Our lab has used a group-specific amplification/sequencing approach for over a decade. The percentage of the ambiguities in Sequence-Based Typing (SBT) has increased over the years due to continuous discovery of new alleles. To resolve DRB1 SBT ambiguities, we have evaluated an approach of adding an additional sequencing step. Methods HLA DRB1 typing was performed by using a set of group-specific primers (Protrans DRB1 S4). Ambiguities observed in S4 SBT were then resolved by performing an additional amplification and/or sequencing with selected primers (Protrans Domino Stone). Sequencing data were analyzed and allele level typing was assigned by using SBT software (SeqPilot, JSI). Results Six samples that were initially typed with ambiguities using DRB1 S4 reagent were sequenced with Domino Stones primers. Multiple samples were typed with the same HLA-DRB1 ambiguity. All the ambiguities were resolved with an exception for DRB1*12:01 and 12:10 which are different from each other in exon 1 (Table 1). The final typing assignments can be obtained within 3 days. Conclusions Our typing results suggest that the new approach of adding an additional sequencing step may resolve most of the DRB1 typing ambiguities and deliver the allele level typing needed by transplant clinicians. Studies in resolving ambiguities of HLA DQB1 with Domino Stone primers are under evaluation. Download : Download full-size image
Regulating Risk: Lessons Learned and Rational Reform

The paper makes two general claims with regard to the financial crisis: 1) defective risk management practices account for the spate of firm failures; and 2) regulators with ample authority to constrain financial institutions from taking excessive risks did not do so. Aside from increased vigilance, a sensible response to these findings would include innovative regulatory strategies, ones that provide advance warnings of risk management catastrophes. The paper concludes with an outline of one such strategy.
Legal Issues in Prenatal and Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis

The legal questions that arise as one considers the regulation and oversight of, access to, and use of preimplantation and prenatal genetic diagnosis are increasingly complex and nuanced. Often, they arise as constitutional questions, focusing on the various rights and interests at play, including those involving a woman’s ability to terminate a pregnancy for fetal anomaly, prospective parents’ desire to procreate by utilizing preimplantation genetic diagnosis, and the state’s (often countervailing) interest in protecting potential life. They may also arise as tort law questions involving providers’ malpractice/negligence and failure to provide informed consent. This chapter focuses on four primary legal issues or areas associated with prenatal and preimplantation genetic diagnosis. First, it addresses pregnancy termination for fetal anomalies discovered through prenatal genetic testing, both at the federal and state levels. It then provides a constitutional analysis of access to preimplantation genetic diagnosis and the state’s role in regulating the procedure. The chapter then turns to a discussion of existing oversight of preimplantation and prenatal genetic diagnosis. Finally, it explores issues of tort liability in the use of preimplantation and prenatal genetic diagnosis. Importantly, this chapter addresses whether information gleaned through prenatal or preimplantation genetic diagnosis is actionable under current legal standards, rather than the ethical question of whether it should be actionable.
Adverse Classification: The Consequences of National Security Secrecy and Retrospective Oversight for Military Spending in Democracies

Most democratic institutions include explicit exceptions shielding national security information from the public. This fact has gone largely ignored in liberal international theory, despite the fact that the resulting information asymmetries between the public and the executive on foreign policy imply problems of adverse selection. Using a formal model, I analyze these national security accountability loopholes and potential institutional remedies. I argue that only those democracies that maintain a previously overlooked constellation of national security oversight institutions can mobilize efficient levels of military spending. With a new dataset of national security oversight institutions in democracies, I compare the level of military spending across democracies as well as between democracies and autocracies. The results are consistent with the argument that democracies with national security oversight institutions can raise more money for defense than democracies that lack oversight institutions.
Personality Correlates of Innovative Buying Behavior

Robertson and Myers in their recent JMR article presented the results of a study designed to investigate a hypothesized relationship of standardized personality traits to opinion leadership and innovative behavior. The authors concluded that the findings of their study cast doubt on the hypothesized relationships in the product categories involved in the study. Regarding innovative behavior they stated [5, p. 167]:
New Method for a Lensless Electron Microscope: Achieving High Resolution and Overcoming Effects of Multiple Scattering

We present the processes necessary for the development of a lensless electron microscope with a resolution of ≤ 0.6A and an image position accuracy of ≤ 0.3A. The technique inverts interference fringes of emitted electrons from localized sources embedded in a material. Unlike conventional methods which use the Helmholtz-Kirchhoff integral theorem, the new process starts with 3-dimensional Fourier transformation with phase-shift correction, SWEEP for forward-scattering electrons and REEP for back-scattering electrons. These processes are applicable to strong multiple scattering systems as well as systems whose source atoms are buried below the surface. Materials with long-range or local order can be studied; coupled to a small spot-sized incident beam, images of disordered materials can be formed.
Best Practices in Integrating Theory and Practice in Graduate Education in Public Health Promotion.

Over the last several decades, consistent concerns have been raised about the quality of education and training provided to students in public health. In this article, we consider the implications of epidemiological transition—the decline of infectious diseases and rise of chronic diseases—for the types of education and training that would be most well suited for preparing students in health promotion to address the social and behavioral factors now associated with the leading causes of morbidity and mortality. As a result of this historic shift in disease etiology, the recommendation is to expand opportunities for applied experiential learning. Students need to become more adept at diagnosing the complex social, moral, and political dynamics that shape community priorities, perceptions of causes, and framing of health issues. The specific constellation of players, their history, relationships, and interpersonal dynamics are unique to each particular community setting, and hence, students need to become m...
Chemical Strategies To Target Bacterial Virulence

Antibiotic resistance is a significant emerging health threat. Exacerbating this problem is the overprescription of antibiotics as well as a lack of development of new antibacterial agents. A paradigm shift toward the development of nonantibiotic agents that target the virulence factors of bacterial pathogens is one way to begin to address the issue of resistance. Of particular interest are compounds targeting bacterial AB toxins that have the potential to protect against toxin-induced pathology without harming healthy commensal microbial flora. Development of successful antitoxin agents would likely decrease the use of antibiotics, thereby reducing selective pressure that leads to antibiotic resistance mutations. In addition, antitoxin agents are not only promising for therapeutic applications, but also can be used as tools for the continued study of bacterial pathogenesis. In this review, we discuss the growing number of examples of chemical entities designed to target exotoxin virulence factors from important human bacterial pathogens.
Bone grafts and bone induction substitutes.

The use of bone grafts is the basis of all craniofacial surgery. Bone grafts are used to stabilize the open segments, expand the patient’s structural boundaries, and fill defects created by trauma or congenital malformations. Bone grafts are harvested from local or distant sites as indicated. Biomaterial implants are used as bone substitutes when it is not possible to use bone grafts.
Lagrange multiplier unit root test in the presence of a break in the innovation variance

ABSTRACTWe show that the Lagrange multiplier (LM) unit root test exhibits size distortions when a break in the innovation variance exists but is ignored. We develop a modified LM unit root test that is based on a generalized least-squares transformation of the original series. The asymptotic null distribution of the new modified LM unit root test is derived. Finite-sample simulation evidence shows that the modified LM unit root test maintains its size and has reasonable power against the trend stationary alternative.
Direct Quantum Mechanical Simulations of Shocked Energetic Materials Supporting Future Force Insensitive Munitions (IM) Requirements

Quantum mechanical calculations based on density functional theory (DFT) are used to study dynamic behavior of shocked energetic materials (EMs). In this work, we present results of quantum molecular dynamics simulations of shocked pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN), a conventional high explosive and a high pressure polymeric form of nitrogen, cubic gauche (cg-N). Quantum molecular dynamics simulations are also used to study the response of colliding nanodiamonds, proposed as additives to potentially enhance performance of conventional explosive formulations. All calculations are performed with the density functional theory (DFT) code CP2K. These simulations represent the leading edge of DFT simulation in both system size and simulation time with over 4,000 atoms and up to ten thousand time steps utilizing as many as 512 processors per run.
Near-field, on-chip optical Brownian motors

We show the first demonstration of all-dielectric near-field optical Brownian ratchets of 520 nm particles with a transport speed of ∼1 μm/s, 10–100 times greater than other optical ratchets.
Abstract WMP41: Neuronal Sirt1 is Required for Resveratrol Preconditioning Induced Ischemic Tolerance

Introduction: Our previous work demonstrates that resveratrol, a naturally occurring polyphenol, protects against cerebral ischemia when administered 2 or 14 days prior to injury. Resveratrol activates Sirt1, an NAD + -dependent deacylase that regulates cellular metabolism. It has been postulated that neuronal Sirt1 directly mediates this neuroprotection but it remains to be empirically tested. Objective: The objective of this study was to generate an inducible, neuronal-specific Sirt1 knockout mouse and determine whether neuronal Sirt1 is necessary for resveratrol-induced ischemic tolerance. Methods: Twenty to twenty-five gram neuronal-specific Sirt1 knockout mice (Sirt1neu-/-) and WTs were induced with tamoxifen. Mice were randomized for 1) western blot; 2) resveratrol preconditioning (RPC; 10 mg/kg resveratrol i.p.) or vehicle (1.5% DMSO; 0.9% saline) treatment 2 days prior to 60 minute middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo); 3) untargeted primary metabolomics by GC-TOF-MS; or 4) transcription factor activation profiling. Twenty-four hours following MCAo, neurological score was used to assess functional outcome and infarct volume was quantified by TTC staining. Results: Tamoxifen treatment removed WT Sirt1 protein from major brain regions but not from heart (Figure 1A, n=3). In WT, RPC reduced infarct volume by 43.7% and improved neurological score by nearly 3 points, however these effects were lost in Sirt1neu-/- (Figure 1B, n=5-9). Compared to WT, metabolic profiles from Sirt1neu-/- displayed significantly altered glycolysis metabolites (Figure 1C, n=8). Activation of hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) was reduced by 48% in Sirt1neu-/- (Figure 1D, n=3). Conclusions: We generated and utilized an inducible, neuronal-specific knockout mouse to demonstrate that neuronal Sirt1 specifically is required for RPC-induced ischemic tolerance. Additionally, Sirt1 regulates glycolysis in the brain, possibly through its interaction with HIF.
An Exact Algorithm for Non-preemptive Peak Demand Job Scheduling

Peak demand scheduling aims to schedule jobs so as to minimize the peak load in the schedule. An important application of this problem comes from scheduling power jobs in the smart grid. Currently, peaks in power demand are due to the aggregation of many jobs being scheduled in an on-demand fashion. Often these have some flexibility in their starting times which can be leveraged to lower the peak demand of a schedule. While the general version of the problem is known to be NP-hard (we observe it is even NP-hard to approximate), we provide an optimal algorithm based on dynamic programming that is fixed-parameter tractable (FPT). Simulation results using household power usage data show that peak power demand can be significantly reduced by allowing some flexibility in job execution times and applying scheduling.
Arbitration and the Constitution

Arbitration has become an increasingly important mechanism for dispute resolution, both in the domestic and international setting. Despite its importance as a form of state-sanctioned dispute resolution, it has largely remained outside the spotlight of constitutional law. This landmark work represents one of the first attempts to synthesize the fields of arbitration law and constitutional law. Drawing on the author's extensive experience as a scholar in arbitration law who has lectured and studied around the world, the book offers unique insights into how arbitration law implicates issues such as separation of powers, federalism and individual liberties.
The Category of f -Modules

In order to gain information about the category of f-modules it is useful to understand the free f-modules as well as the injective f-modules. Because there are generally no injectives in this category our efforts will be spent on studying those relative injectives that arise by bounding the cardinality of the f-module to which a given morphism is to be extended. Sophisticated techniques will be required to characterize these f-modules. One of the characterizing properties they have, not surprisingly, is that of being an injective module; the other properties are all order theoretic. These order properties can also be used to characterize the relative injectives in other categories of ordered structures.
Testing the Test: Expanding the Dialogue on Technical Writing Assessment in the Academy and Workplace:

The small amount of work on workplace writing assessment has focused almost entirely on student readiness for professional writing or included case studies of employer expectations for new writers....
Longitudinal changes during pregnancy in gut microbiota and methylmercury biomarkers, and reversal of microbe-exposure correlations

Abstract Objective Gut microorganisms contribute to the metabolism of environmental toxicants, including methylmercury (MeHg). Our main objective was to investigate whether associations between biomarkers for prenatal MeHg exposure and maternal gut microbiota differed between early and late gestation. Methods Maternal blood and stool samples were collected during early (8.3–17 weeks, n=28) and late (27–36 weeks, n=24) gestation. Total mercury and MeHg concentrations were quantified in biomarkers, and inorganic mercury was estimated by subtraction. The diversity and structure of the gut microbiota were investigated using 16S rRNA gene profiling (n = 52). Biomarkers were dichotomized, and diversity patterns were compared between high/low mercury concentrations. Spearman's correlation was used to assess bivariate associations between MeHg biomarkers (stool, blood, and meconium), and 23 gut microbial taxa (genus or family level, >1% average relative abundance). Results Within-person and between-person diversity patterns in gut microbiota differed between early/late gestation. The overall composition of the microbiome differed between high/low MeHg concentrations (in blood and stool) during early gestation, but not late gestation. Ten (of 23) taxa were significantly correlated with MeHg biomarkers (increasing or decreasing); however, associations differed, depending on whether the sample was collected during early or late gestation. A total of 43% of associations (69/161) reversed the direction of correlation between early/late gestation. Conclusions The time point at which a maternal fecal sample is collected may yield different associations between gut microorganisms and MeHg biomarkers, which may be due in part to remodeling of maternal microbiota during pregnancy. Our results suggest the effectiveness of dietary interventions to reduce prenatal MeHg exposure may differ between early and late gestation.
Synthesis of Non-Uniform Functionalized Amphiphilic Block Copolymers and Giant Vesicles in the Presence of the Belousov-Zhabotinsky Reaction.

Giant vesicles with several-micrometer diameters were prepared by the self-assembly of an amphiphilic block copolymer in the presence of the Belousov–Zhabotinsky (BZ) reaction. The vesicle is composed of a non-uniform triblock copolymer synthesized by multi-step reactions in the presence of air at room temperature. The triblock copolymer contains poly(glycerol monomethacrylate) (PGMA) as the hydrophilic block copolymerized with tris(2,2′-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) (Ru(bpy)3), which catalyzes the BZ reaction, and 2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate (HPMA) as the hydrophobic block. In this new approach, the radicals generated in the BZ reaction can activate a reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization to self-assemble the polymer into vesicles with diameters of approximately 3 µm. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements demonstrated that the PGMA-b-Ru(bpy)3-b-PHPMA triblock copolymer is brominated and increases the osmotic pressure inside the vesicle, leading to micrometer-sized features. The effect of solvent on the morphological transitions are also discussed briefly. This BZ strategy, offers a new perspective to prepare giant vesicles as a platform for promising applications in the areas of microencapsulation and catalyst support, due to their significant sizes and large microcavities.
First record of Trissolcus basalis (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) parasitizing Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in the United States.

Background A parasitoid wasp, Trissolcus basalis (Wollaston), was recorded parasitizing eggs of the invasive stink bug Halyomorpha halys (Stal) in the United States. This is the first record of this species parasitizing fresh and frozen eggs of H. halys in the United States. New information First record of Trissolcus basalis parasitizing Halyomorpha halys eggs in the United States.
Why Study Tax History

This book review addresses the question why studying tax history is helpful to tax policy makers and practitioners.
Association between intracranial carotid artery calcifications and periodontitis: A cone-beam computed tomography study

BACKGROUND Intracranial carotid artery calcifications (ICACs) are one type of calcification that may be detected as incidental findings in cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). This retrospective study aimed to examine the prevalence of ICACs on CBCT images and their associations among age, gender, chronic periodontitis, and patient-reported cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). METHODS A total of 303 CBCT scans were reviewed and a total of 208 patients met the inclusion criteria. The presence or absence of ICACs was evaluated in the ophthalmic and cavernous segments of each scan. Patient demographic data, including age, gender, and medical history, specifically focused on CVDs were recorded. The presence or absence of periodontitis was recorded from each subject with full mouth radiographs and clinical measurements. Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated as part of the logistic regression analysis. RESULTS Overall, ICACs were found in 93 subjects (45%). The bilateral ICACs were found in 43 subjects (21% of the total subjects, 46% of the subjects with ICACs). There were statistically significant associations between presence of ICACs and periodontitis (OR = 4.55), hypertension (OR = 3.02), hyperlipidemia (OR = 2.87), increasing age (OR = 2.24), and the male gender (OR = 1.85). Smoking status was not significantly correlated with ICACs. CONCLUSION This study revealed that nearly half (45%) of the subjects displayed ICACs on the CBCT images. ICACs are significantly related to the status of chronic periodontitis, age, gender, and CVDs. A more careful review of CBCT scans is highly recommended to detect these calcifications and refer patients for further medical evaluation.
Outside the Box: Promoting Creative Problem-Solving from the Classroom to the Boardroom

Can creativity be taught? Multiple sources attest that the business community values creativity in potential new hires, but a signature pedagogy of teaching for creativity in business classes has not yet emerged. To contribute to a body of evidence-based practice, this study assessed the impact of several in-class activities that were deployed among undergraduate business students to see if these enhanced their creative problem-solving abilities, as assessed by pre- and post-intervention measures. The results were moderately encouraging and suggest domain-specific teaching and learning strategies. Further, the results offer encouragement to all instructors, irrespective of any prior experience with creativity-enhancing efforts.
Service-Learning as a High-Impact Practice

This chapter illustrates that sustainability-focused service-learning is a high-impact teaching practice that positively impacts students’ professional development while benefiting community partners. It highlights how Florida Gulf Coast University integrates sustainability service-learning opportunities into the educational experience through a variety of course-based opportunities along with individually initiated projects. With service-learning being requisite to undergraduate degree attainment at FGCU, the faculty have collaborated with alumni and community members for over a decade developing touchpoints and tools to support this endeavor. This chapter showcases these efforts with the goal of helping those new to this high-impact practice, and seasoned sustainability service-learning practitioners alike. It also provides evidence-based best practices as they relate to sustainability service-learning by showing the benefits, exploring the challenges, and charting the development and evolution of service-based sustainability projects at FGCU.
Employees, Contractors, or Hybrid: An Operational Perspective

We consider a platform’s problem of how to staff its operations given the possibilities of hiring employees and setting up a contractor marketplace. We aim to understand the operational difference between using contractors and using employees, as well as the potential for using a hybrid staffing solution. We consider an environment where demand is not only stochastic, but also evolving over time, which we capture via a state that determines the demand distribution. The platform controls the number of employee hours it uses for serving demand, as well as the wage paid to contractors per utilized hour. Employee numbers are rigid, in that they cannot be adapted to the state of the world. We consider two model variations which differ in whether contractor wages can adjust to the state. If the contractor wage can be dynamically adjusted, we prove that the problem is reducible to a two-stage newsvendor model with recourse, and the optimal solution has an intuitive interval structure. If the contractor wage must be set up-front, the optimal solution becomes complex and no longer satisfies an interval solution. We show that contractors perform better than employees in two dimensions. First, we can bound the worst-case profit from using contractors, while no similar bound holds for employees. Second, contractors provide great flexibility if, for example, the set of demand distributions are scaled versions of each other. This allows a fast-growing platform to optimally set its contractor wage even if it does not know the probabilities of different growth scenarios.
Directed Assembly of End-Functionalized Single Wall Carbon Nanotube Segments

A key impediment to the implementation of a nanoelectronics technology based on single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) is the inability to arrange them in a manner suitable for integration into complex circuits. As a step toward addressing this problem, we explore the binding of fixed-length, end-functionalized SWCNT segments to lithographically defined nanoscale anchors, such that individual SWCNTs can be placed with control over position and orientation. Both monovalent and bivalent bindings are explored using covalent and noncovalent binding chemistries. Placement efficiency is assessed in terms of overall yield of SWCNT binding, as well as binding specificity and the degree of nonspecific binding. Placement yields as high as 93% and 79% are achieved, respectively, for covalent binding and for binding through DNA hybridization. Orientational control of the SWCNT segments is achieved with 95% and 51% efficiency for monovalent and bivalent bindings, respectively. This represents a new approach that could ...
Employing Honeynets For Network Situational Awareness

Effective network security administration depends to a great extent on having accurate, concise, high-quality information about malicious activity in one’s network. Honeynets can potentially provide such detailed information, but the volume and diversity of this data can prove overwhelming. We explore ways to integrate honeypot data into daily network security monitoring with a goal of sufficiently classifying and summarizing the data to provide ongoing “situational awareness.” We present such a system, built using the Bro network intrusion detection system coupled with statistical analysis of numerous honeynet “events”, and discuss experiences drawn from many months of operation. In particular, we develop methodologies by which sites receiving such probes can infer—using purely local observation—information about the probing activity: What scanning strategies does the probing employ? Is this an attack that specifically targets the site, or is the site only incidentally probed as part of a larger, indiscriminant attack? One key aspect of this environment is its ability to provide insight into large-scale events. We look at the problem of accurately classifying botnet sweeps and worm outbreaks, which turns out to be difficult to grapple with due to the high dimensionality of such incidents. Using datasets collected during a number of these events, we explore the utility of several analysis methods, finding that when used together they show good potential for contributing towards effective situational awareness. Our analysis draws upon extensive honeynet data to explore the prevalence of different types of scanning, including properties, such as trend, uniformity, coordination, and darknet-avoidance. In addition, we design schemes to extrapolate the global properties of scanning events (e.g., total population and target scope) as inferred from the limited local view of a honeynet. Cross-validating with data from DShield shows that such inferences exhibit promising accuracy.
Saturn's rings - Particle composition and size distribution as constrained by observations at microwave wavelengths. II - Radio interferometric observations

Theoretical models are presented of the brightness of Saturn's rings at microwave wavelengths (0.34-21.0 cm) including both intrinsic ring emission and diffuse scattering by the rings of the planetary emission. In addition, several previously existing sets of interferometric observations of the Saturn system at 0.83, 3.71, 6.0, 11.1, and 21.0 cm wavelengths are analyzed. A comparison of models and experimental data make it possible to establish improved constraints on the properties of the rings. In particular, it is found that (1) the maximum optical depths in the rings is 1.5 + or - 0.3 referred to visible wavelengths; (2) a significant decrease in ring optical depths from 3.7 to 21.0 cm makes it possible to rule out the possibility that more than 30% of the cross section of the rings is composed of particles larger than about a meter; and (3) the ring particles cannot be primarily of silicate composition (independently of particle size), and the particles cannot be primarily smaller than about 0.1 cm, independently of composition.
Association of the Folded Chromosome with the Cell Envelope of Escherichia coli: Nature of the Membrane-Associated DNA

Membrane-associated folded chromosomes isolated from Escherichia coli in the presence of spermidine sedimented at about 5,800S. The folded chromosome and the membrane fragment were each stable in the absence of the other; a 1,700S folded chromosome was obtained after removal of the membrane by a Sarkosyl treatment, and a 4,000S membrane fragment remained after digestion of the chromosomal DNA with deoxyribonuclease I. The interaction between the folded chromosome and the membrane fragment was stable, and, even when the DNA was unfolded, both components remained associated and cosedimented. The large frictional effect of the unfolded DNA reduced the sedimentation rate of the complex to about 2,000S. Partial removal of this unfolded DNA with restriction endonucleases caused the membrane fragments and the remaining associated DNA to sediment faster, at about 3,500S. The DNA remaining associated with the membrane fragments after restriction endonuclease treatment, about 4.5% of the total DNA when Eco RI was used, was indistinguishable from the DNA released from the membranes by three criteria: (i) DNA size distribution in agarose gels after electrophoresis, (ii) reassociation kinetics, and (iii) thermal elution from hydroxylapatite. This finding, that random DNA sequences rather than specific ones were responsible for the majority of the DNA-membrane interactions, argues against the folded chromosome9s being a static structure with specific DNA sequences interacting with the cell envelope. Images
Comprehensive Early and Lasting Loss of Memory CD8 T Cells and Functional Memory during Acute and Persistent Viral Infections

Viral infections have been shown to induce lymphopenias that lower memory CD8 T cell frequencies, and they also have been shown to cause a permanent loss of memory cells specific to previously encountered pathogens. In this study, the patterns and significance of virus-induced memory CD8 T cell depletion were examined in mice immune to heterologous (Pichinde, vesicular stomatitis, vaccinia) viruses and subsequently challenged with acute or persistent lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infections. Memory CD8 T cell loss was comprehensive and occurred in both lymphoid and peripheral tissues of the immune host. The impact of the loss of memory T cells was reflected by in vivo cytotoxicity assays, which showed decreased clearance of epitope-expressing targets. Memory CD8 T cell loss occurred very early (day 2) after infection, and was thereafter sustained, consistent more with an active deletion model than with a competition model. Cross-reactive T cells, in contrast, increased in number, but memory cells were reduced whether or not there was competition from cross-reactive T cells. Memory T cell loss was more profound during persistent infection than after acute infection. Adoptive transfer studies showed that, unlike the resolved acute infection, in which the reduced memory frequencies became stable, memory T cell loss was a continuously ongoing process during persistent infection. This study therefore links an early virus-induced lymphopenia to a subsequent long-term loss of CD8 T cell memory and offers a new mechanism for immune deficiency during persistent viral infections.
On the Schur Representation in the Commutant Lifting Theorem II

This note is a continuation of [4]. Here we present a short proof of the fact that the Schur representation formula presented in [4] yields all contractive intertwining dilations in the Commutant Lifting Theorem.
The New Food Economy: Consumers, Farms, Pharms, and Science

The new food economy is bigger, broader, faster, and more demanding. It is a kaleidoscope of foods, firms, consumers, countries, contracts, and agreements that provide us with a dizzying vision of moving targets. We have witnessed the food and agricultural industry move from a set of independent producers and marketing firms to a set of integrated and highly managed supply chains. We have witnessed the development of demand chains as consumers and retailers demand differentiated products, identity preservation and special food attributes. And now, we are watching linear demand and supply chains morph into webs of activities and tasks that are undertaken not by well-defined or selfcontained firms or households, but by multiple parties up and down the food chain. At least half of the Presidents of this Association since 1990 spoke from this podium about new, broader definitions of agriculture and about the creativity of (us) agricultural economists in finding new questions to ask and economic agents to analyze (Johnston, Houck, Armbruster, Schmway, Antle). Warren Johnston likened us to black-footed ferrets who continually find new ecological niches within which to thrive (Johnston, p. 1115). Our former presidents saw the new
Accuracy of physical examination in the detection of arteriovenous graft stenosis

Physical examination has recently been demonstrated to detect vascular access stenosis in patients with arteriovenous fistulae. However, its accuracy in the identification of stenoses when compared with the gold standard (angiography) in patients with arteriovenous grafts has not been studied in a systematic fashion. We conducted a prospective study to examine the accuracy of physical examination in the detection of stenotic lesions when compared with angiography. Forty-three consecutive cases referred for an arteriovenous graft dysfunction were included in this analysis. Preprocedure physical examination was performed. The findings of the examination and diagnosis were recorded and secured in a sealed envelope. Angiography from the feeding artery to the right atrium was performed. The images were reviewed by an independent interventionalist with expertise in endovascular dialysis access procedures and the diagnosis was rendered. The reviewer was blinded to the physical examination. Cohen's Kappa was used as a measurement of the level of agreement beyond chance between the diagnosis made by physical examination and angiography. There was a strong agreement between the physical examination and the angiography in the diagnosis of vein-graft anastomotic stenosis (kappa = 0.52). The sensitivity and specificity for this lesion was 57% and 89%, respectively. There was a moderate agreement beyond chance regarding the diagnosis of intragraft (kappa = 0.43) and inflow stenoses (kappa = 0.40). The sensitivity and specificity for the intragraft and inflow stenosis was 100%, 73% and 33%, 73%; respectively. The findings of this study demonstrate that physical examination can assist in the detection and localization of stenoses in arteriovenous grafts.
Actigraphic sleep characteristics among older Americans

Abstract Objectives To date, there has been no evidence about objectively measured sleep characteristics from a representative national probability sample of adults in the United States. We used actigraphy to measure the sleep characteristics of older Americans. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Sleep substudy within Wave 2 (2010-2011) of the ongoing National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project. Participants Seven hundred and thirty-nine National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project participants aged 62-90 years. Intervention Not applicable. Measurements Study participants wore a wrist actigraph for 72 hours, and sleep properties were compared across demographic, socioeconomic, and health-behavior–related lines. Results Actigraph-estimated sleep time averaged 7.2 hours (SE, 0.06 hour) each night; the majority of the sample (80%) slept between 5.8 and 8.6 hours per night. Average time spent awake after sleep onset (WASO) was 39 minutes (SE, 1.2 minutes). Women had significantly more total sleep time and lower sleep fragmentation compared with men. Total sleep time increased significantly with age, although sleep percentage decreased with age. Compared with white participants, African American participants had significantly more WASO (9.2 minutes, P P Conclusions Both short sleepers and long sleepers —often conventionally defined as obtaining 9 hours per night, respectively—are relatively rare among older Americans when sleep is estimated by actigraphy. Sleep quality is significantly poorer among men, African Americans, and those with less education.
Hadron masses in QCD on a 163 × 40 lattice at β = 5.7 with ma = 0.01

We report on the hadron mass spectrum obtained on a 163 × 40 lattice in full QCD at β = 5.7 using two flavors of staggered fermions with ma = 0.01. We study the effective mass plateaus for different sized sources. Our mass results are slightly lighter than our earlier 163 × 32 calculation. The Landau gauge Δ is quite different from the Coulomb gauge Δ.
Vicarious social defeat stress: Bridging the gap between physical and emotional stress.

Abstract Background Animal models capable of differentiating the neurobiological intricacies between physical and emotional stress are scarce. Current models rely primarily on physical stressors (e.g., chronic unpredictable or mild stress, social defeat, learned helplessness), and neglect the impact of psychological stress alone. This is surprising given extensive evidence that a traumatic event needs not be directly experienced to produce enduring perturbations on an individual's health and psychological well-being. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), a highly debilitating neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by intense fear of trauma-related stimuli, often occurs in individuals that have only witnessed a traumatic event. New method By modifying the chronic social defeat stress (CSDS) paradigm to include a witness component (witnessing the social defeat of another mouse), we demonstrate a novel behavioral paradigm capable of inducing a robust behavioral syndrome reminiscent of PTSD in emotionally stressed adult mice. Results We describe the vicarious social defeat stress (VSDS) model that is capable of inducing a host of behavioral deficits that include social avoidance and other depressive- and anxiety-like phenotypes in adult male mice. VSDS exposure induces weight loss and spike in serum corticosterone (CORT) levels. A month after stress, these mice retain the social avoidant phenotype and have an increased CORT response when exposed to subsequent stress. Comparison with existing method(s) The VSDS is a novel paradigm capable of inducing emotional stress by isolating physical stress/confrontation in mice. Conclusions The VSDS model can be used to study the short- and long-term neurobiological consequences of exposure to emotional stress in mice.
Multifaceted roles of PTEN and TSC orchestrate growth and differentiation of Drosophila blood progenitors

The innate plasticity of hematopoietic progenitors is tightly regulated to supply blood cells during normal hematopoiesis and in response to stress or infection. We demonstrate that in the Drosophila lymph gland (LG) the tumor suppressors TSC and PTEN control blood progenitor proliferation through a common TOR- and 4EBP-dependent pathway. Tsc2 or Pten deficiency in progenitors increases TOR signaling and causes LG overgrowth by increasing the number of actively dividing cells that accumulate high levels of phosphorylated (p) 4EBP during a critical window of growth. These phenotypes are associated with increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in the LG, and scavenging ROS in progenitors is sufficient to rescue overgrowth. Blood progenitor number is also sensitive to starvation and hypoxia in a TOR-dependent manner. Differences between Tsc1/2 and Pten function become apparent at later stages. Loss of Tsc1/2 autonomously increases p4EBP and decreases pAKT levels, expands the number of intermediate progenitors and limits terminal differentiation, except for a late induction of lamellocytes. By contrast, absence of PTEN increases p4EBP and pAKT levels and induces myeloproliferative expansion of plasmatocytes and crystal cells. This increased malignancy is associated with non-autonomous increases in p4EBP levels within peripheral differentiating hemocytes, culminating in their premature release into circulation and demonstrating potential non-autonomous effects of Pten dysfunction on malignancy. This study highlights mechanistic differences between TSC and PTEN on TOR function and demonstrates the multifaceted roles of a nutrient-sensing pathway in orchestrating proliferation and differentiation of myeloid-specific blood progenitors through regulation of ROS levels and the resulting myeloproliferative disorder when dysregulated.
Pheochromocytoma crisis resulting in acute heart failure and cardioembolic stroke in a 37-year-old man.

Author(s): Cohen, Jenny K; Cisco, Robin M; Scholten, Anouk; Mitmaker, Elliot; Duh, Quan-Yang
Genetic relationships among annual species of Cicer(Fabaceae) using isozyme variation

In order to determine the pattern of genetic diversity within and among the species of Cicer and to estimate interspecific genetic relationships, allelic variation was assayed for 23 isozyme loci in 63 accessions of 11 species of Cicer using starch gel electrophoresis. The total allozymic variation observed in the genus (H t )was equal to 0.60. When partitioned (G st), 96% of this allelic diversity was found among rather than within species. The allelic diversity among species (D st)and allelic diversity within species (H s)were equal to 0.58 and 0.02, respectively. Cicer reticulatum and C. pinnatifidum had the highest proportion of polymorphic loci (17.39%) and the highest mean number of alleles per locus (1.22 and 1.17, respectively). UPGMA cluster analysis of Nei's unbiased genetic distance revealed four genetic groups. One includes C. reticulatum, C. arietinum and C. echino spermum where the first 2 species represent a putative derivative-progenitor pair. A second cluster contains C. bijugum, C. pinnatifidum and C. judaicum. Cicer yamashitae, C. chorassanicum, C. anatolicum and C. songoricum form a third group. Finally, C. cuneatum, which has a very distinct isozyme profile and peculiar morphological features, is the only member of a fourth species group. This species grouping agrees partially with those obtained from crossability and cytogenetic studies. The results suggest that the annual habit arose from perennial progenitors at least twice in the genus Cicer.
Are invasive species a major cause of extinctions

The link between species invasions and the extinction of natives is widely accepted by scientists as well as conservationists, but available data supporting invasion as a cause of extinctions are, in many cases, anecdotal, speculative and based upon limited observation. We pose the question, are aliens generally responsible for widespread extinctions? Our goal is to prompt a more critical synthesis and evaluation of the available data, and to suggest ways to take a more scientific, evidence-based approach to understanding the impact of invasive species on extinctions. Greater clarity in our understanding of these patterns will help us to focus on the most effective ways to reduce or mitigate extinction threats from invasive species.