cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Word vs. World Knowledge: A developmental shift from bottom-up lexical cues to top-down plausibility.

Abstract Both 5-year-old children and adults infer the structure of a sentence as they are hearing it. Prior work, however, has found that children do not always make use of the same information that adults do to guide these inferences. Specifically, when hearing ambiguous sentences like “You can tickle the frog with the feather,” children seem to ignore the aspects of the referential context that adults rely on to resolve the ambiguity—e.g., are there two frogs in the scene, one with a feather and one without? Or is there only one frog to be tickled by using a feather? The present study explored two hypotheses about children’s failure to use high-level, top-down context cues to infer the structure of these ambiguous sentences: First, children may be less likely to use any top-down cue during comprehension. Second, children may only have difficulties with top-down cues that are unreliable predictors of which syntactic structure is being used. Thus, to disentangle these hypotheses, we conducted a visual world study of adults’ and children’s ambiguity resolution, manipulating a more reliable top-down cue (the plausibility of the interpretation) and pitting it against a robust bottom-up cue (lexical biases). We find that adults’ and children’s final interpretations are influenced by both sources of information: adults, however, give greater weight to the top-down cue, whereas children primarily rely on the bottom-up cue. Thus, children’s tendency to make minimal use of top-down information persists even when this information is highly valid and dominates adult comprehension. We propose that children have a systematic propensity to rely on bottom-up processing to a greater degree than adults, which could reflect differences in the architecture of the adult and child language comprehension systems or differences in processing speed.
Reporting Results: A Practical Guide for Engineers and Scientists

This brief guide is ideal for science and engineering students and professionals to help them communicate technical information clearly, accurately, and effectively. The focus is on the most common communication forms, including laboratory reports, research articles, and oral presentations, and on common issues that arise in classroom and professional practice. This book will be especially useful to students in a first chemistry or physics laboratory course. Advanced courses will often use the same formatting as required for submission to technical journals or for technical report writing, which is the focus of this book. Good communication habits are appropriate in all forms of technical communication. This book will help the reader develop effective communication skills. It is also ideal as a reference on stylistic and grammar issues throughout a technical career. Unlike most texts, which concentrate on writing style, this book also treats oral presentations, graphing, and analysis of data.
An investigation of acidic head-water streams in the Judith Mountains, Montana, USA

Abstract Acid rock drainage exists in three headwater streams (Armells Creek, Collar Gulch, Chicago Gulch) in the Judith Mountains, central Montana, USA. The streams drain opposing sides of a central, pyrite rich, hydrothermally altered, granite-porphyry intrusion. Although significant production of precious metals has occurred elsewhere in the Judith Mountains, no present day mining is taking place and the drainages of interest have not been heavily impacted by historical mining activities. All three streams are acidic (pH
Mathematical Problems Arising in Molecular Electronics: Global Geometry and Dynamics of the Double-Well Potential

In a demonstration that no physical limitations to computers arise from quantum mechanics and the uncertainty principle, Feynman 1 constructed Hamiltonians for spin systems which performed any desired sequence of logical operations. Although this work showed that there are no intrinsic reasons circuits could not be built at the molecular scale, numerous problems remain in constructing molecular analogs to the standard electronics building blocks: transmission lines, amplifiers, gates and switches. Numerous molecules or molecular systems have been proposed to serve these functions, but such questions such as interconnections, noise isolation, and immunity to thermal and quantum fluctuations remain unanswered. As with the engineering of computers in bulk matter, the engineering of computers in molecular systems requires attention to the detailed dynamics of the system. Part of the problem is at the foundations. Aside from numerical calculations, which are presently beyond the bounds of computer technology, and are likely to remain so for some time hence, the dynamics of large molecules are inaccessible to precise quantitative prediction. On the other hand, an analytical theory of molecular dynamics presents some serious technical challenges and conceptual difficulties. Rapid progress toward a science of information processing at the molecular level awaits the resolution of these fundamental difficulties.
I2.1: Invited Paper: On the Duality of Compressive Light Field Imaging and Display

In the recent computational imaging and display literature, light field cameras and displays are being treated distinctly, without an obvious connection. Despite significant differences in the signal processing tools employed in compressive light field imaging systems, we argue that there is a natural duality between these systems. Following Gabriel Lippmann's vision of integrated light field cameras and displays, we develop an intuitive interpretation of the optical systems and compressive optimization schemes employed in modern compressive light field imaging systems.
Localization of bicoid message during Drosophila oogenesis.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the determinant nature of Drosophila development that results from molecular asymmetries present in the egg before fertilization. There are only a few such positional markers in the egg, specifying the anterior and posterior poles and the dorsal-ventral axis. During early embryogenesis, a complex cascade of genetic regulatory interactions refines this coarse positional information into the detailed pattern of the embryo. The molecular asymmetry that marks the anterior end of the Drosophila eggs is the bicoid messenger RNA. Bicoid message is produced only during oogenesis and is stably localized at one end of the oocyte, egg, and early embryo. The signal for localization, within bicoid message, appears to be the secondary structure of the 3' untranslated end.
Organic compounds in meteorites and their origins

C1 and C2 carbonaceous chondrites contain several percent of organic matter, mainly as a bridged aromatic polymer containing COOH, OH, and CO groups, as well as heterocyclic rings containing N, O, and S. The remaining 5–30% includes the following compound classes, either present initially or generated by solvolysis: alkanes (mainly normal), alkenes, arenes, alicyclics, alcohols, aliphatic carboxylic acids, purines, pyrimidines, and other basic N-compounds, amino acids, porphyrin-like pigments, carbynes, etc.
Application Of Pulse-power Technology To Induction Accelerators

Induction accelerators have potential as drivers for a variety of applications, from tactical weapons to earth-orbit launchers. This paper describes how pulse-power techniques have been used on several projects at the Center for Electromechanics at The University of Texas in Austin (CEM-UT) to advance induction accelerator state of the art. Use of capacitor energy discharge and power switching are two pulse-power methods described. Also described are fiber optic sensor control and digital feedback.
Age Differences in Online Processing of Video: An Eye Movement Study

Eye movements were recorded while sixty-two 1-year-olds, 4-year-olds, and adults watched television. Of interest was the extent to which viewers looked at the same place at the same time as their peers because high similarity across viewers suggests systematic viewing driven by comprehension processes. Similarity of gaze location increased with age. This was particularly true immediately following a cut to a new scene, partly because older viewers (but not infants) tended to fixate the center of the screen following a cut. Conversely, infants appear to require several seconds to orient to a new scene. Results are interpreted in the context of developing attention skills. Findings have implications for the extent to which infants comprehend and learn from commercial video.
Voter Registration Reconsidered Putting First Things First is Not Enough

Research on voter participation has led to the conventional wisdom that registered people will vote and that registration requirements inhibit voter turnout. However, research on which this belief is based improperly tests registered people who have no registration needs, and thus, it does not accurately identify the contextual influences associated with the registration decision. Contrary to past research, this analysis of January unregistered individuals from the 1980 ANES panel study suggests longer registration-closing periods increase the likelihood of November registration. An expectation of voting and uncertainty about the future may explain the phenomenon. Also, this analysis finds that registration requirements do not appear to inhibit registration for election-year movers.
ABUSE AND VICTIMIZATION: A Life‐Span Developmental Perspective

A conceptualization of coping and adaptation following victimization is presented from a life-span developmental perspective. Recovery is characterized as an evolving process of interaction among three dimensions: social cognition, environmental sensitivity, and emotional-behavioral functioning. The model is illustrated through an individual case study and through an approach to research on outcomes of sexual victimization.
Hypotonically activated chloride current in HSG cells

Hypotonically induced changes in whole-cell currents and in cell volume were studied in the HSG cloned cell line using the whole-cell, patch clamp and Coulter counter techniques, respectively. Exposures to 10 to 50% hypotonic solutions induced dose-dependent increases in whole-cell conductances when measured using K+ and Cl− containing solutions. An outward current detected at 0 mV, corresponded to a K+ current which was transiently activated, (usually preceding activation of an inward current and had several characteristics in common with a Ca2+-activated K+ current we previously described in these cells. The hypotonically induced inward current had characteristics of a Cl− current. This current was inhibited by NPPB (5-nitro-2-(3-phenyl-propylamino)-benzoate) and SITS (4-acetamido-4′-isothiocyanostilbene), and its reversal potentials corresponded to the Cl− equilibrium potentials at high and low external Cl− concentrations. The induced current inactivated at voltages greater than +80 mV, and the I-V curve was outwardly rectifying. The current was unaffected by addition of BAPTA or removal of GTP from the patch pipette, but was inhibited by removal of ATP or by the presence of extracellular arachidonic acid, quinacrine, nordihydroguairetic acid, and cytochalasin D. Moreover, exposure of HSG cells to hypotonic media caused them to swell and then to undergo a regulatory volume decrease (RVD) response. Neither NPPB, SITS or quinine acting alone could inhibit RVD, but NPPB and quinine together totally inhibited RVD. These properties, plus the magnitudes of the induced currents, indicate that the hypotonically induced K+ and Cl− currents may underlie the RVD response. Cytochalasin D also blocked the RVD response, indicating that intact cytoskeletal F-actin may be required for activation of the present currents. Hence, our results indicate that hypotonic stress activates K+ and Cl− conductances in these cells, and that the activation pathway for the K+ conductance apparently involves [Ca2+], while the activation pathway for the Cl− conductance does not involve [Ca2+] nor lipoxygenase metabolism, but does require intact cytoskeletal F-actin.
Left ventricular chamber stiffness from model-based image processing of transmitral Doppler E-waves.

Background Model-based image processing (MBIP) of Doppler E-waves eliminates the need for digitizing waveforms by hand or determining the contour 'by eye'. Little et al. (Circulation 1995, 92:1933-1939) used pressure-volume measurements for dogs to verify the physiologic-model-derived prediction that the left ventricular chamber stiffness, KLV1 can be determined from the deceleration time tdec, when that portion of the E-wave contour is fit by a cosine function. MBIP of clinical Doppler E-wave images to determine chamber stiffness KLV has not been performed. Objective We sought to determine KLV by MBIP of clinical Doppler E-wave images and elucidate the physiologic meaning of the harmonic oscillator filling model's parameter k. Methods and results The unique mathematical relationship between the kinematic, harmonic oscillator model of filling and KLV predicts that the oscillator's spring constant k be linearly proportional to the chamber stiffness KLV. To verify this, digitally acquired, clinical Doppler transmitral flow velocity images from 21 subjects were analyzed. The parameter k and the stiffness KLV were computed independently for each subject and compared. In accordance with prediction, a linear relationship between k and the stiffness KLV, namely k = 1.16 [A/(rho L)]KLV+41, r = 0.96, was observed. Conclusions The oscillator parameter k is linearly proportional to the left ventricular chamber stiffness KLV. The MBIP approach allows automated computation of k and KLV, provides a robust, automated, observer independent method of Doppler transmitral flow velocity analysis, and eliminates the need for visual determination of the contour or measurement of its attributes by eye. It provides a stimulus for further validation of the relationships among K, KLV, and catheterization-based diastolic chamber properties in humans and their correlations with selected diastolic function-altering syndromes.
Self-assembled InAs islands on GaAs(1̄1̄1̄) substrates

Abstract Characterization of InAs self-assembled islands, grown on GaAs(111)B by molecular beam epitaxy, is carried out by atomic force microscopy and photoluminescence spectroscopy for different growth conditions. Islands show lateral sizes ca 40 to 300 nm long by 30 nm wide. Narrow height distributions are achieved centered ca 4 or 20 nm, depending on the growth conditions. Samples with the taller islands show the stronger luminescence. The position of the peaks is surprisingly similar to those reported for self-assembled islands on GaAs(100), despite the differences on crystal orientation and island sizes. This results suggests that the photoluminescence observed for both (100) and (111) orientation is not determined by quantum size confinement in the islands.
Magnetic superexchange involving the oxygen-sulfur-oxygen pathway of the sulfate ion: A Mössbauer spectroscopy and magnetic susceptibility study of Fe(2,9-di-CH3-phenanthroline) SO4

Abstract Zero-field Mossbauer spectra of powder samples of Fe(2,9-di-CH 3 -phenanthroline) SO 4 over the range 1.7 to 300°K show a large (∼ 3.6 mm/sec) temperature-independent quadrupole splitting corresponding to an orbital singlet ground term. The chemical isomer shift, δ FE=O , is 1.16 mm/sec (source and absorber at 4.2°K) corresponding to six coordinate high-spin iron (II). Below 4.2°K, the compound exhibits magnetic hyperfine splitting suggesting slow relaxation and the possibility of long-range three-dimensional magnetic ordering with a critical temperature T c such that 3.5°K T c H n = 325 kG at 1.69°K. High-field Mossbauer spectra at 300°K indicate that the principal component of the electric field gradient tensor is positive and axial. Similar spectra at 4.2°K show an absence of nuclear Zeeman splitting for applied fields up to 60 kG, and indicate that at 4.2°K the material is rapidly relaxing but with substantial magnetic polarization and a negative internal hyperfine field. The temperature dependence of the magnetic susceptibility confirms antiferromagnetic interactions with a broad maximum χ ′ M at ∼ 11.8°K presumably due to low-dimensionality exchange interactions (possibly one) along M OSO M chains. Least-squares fits of χ ′ M −1 versus T for T 50°K indicate (Curie-Weiss behavior with C = 3.26 emu/mole, θ = -21.95°K, and μ eff = 5.11.
Role of Exercise in Testing and in Therapy of COPD

The stair-climbing test, 6MWT, and shuttle test are exercise tests that requires less technical support than the CPET and are more available to any physician. The 6MWT is the simplest and most likely to be cost effective, as it provides useful information regarding prognosis, ADLs, and health care use at a very low cost. In addition, the 6MWT can be used to evaluate response to several interventions, including physical rehabilitation, medications, lung volume reduction interventions, and transplantation. The 6MWT has also been useful in and has become an integral part of the evaluation and response to treatment in other medical conditions, including congestive heart failure, pulmonary hypertension, and pulmonary fibrosis. The stair-climbing test seems to be most useful for preoperative evaluations when a CPET is not available. We have also used it on patients unable to perform a good CPET because of lack of familiarity with bicycle pedaling. The shuttle walk test may be used to better determine a maximal exercise capacity when a CPET is not available and to measure the effects of pulmonary rehabilitation in patients unfamiliar with a CPET. The role of exercise as a therapeutic tool is central to the concept of pulmonary rehabilitation. Exercise training improves not only functional dyspnea and health-related quality of life, but also has been shown to decrease health care resource use. As part of a comprehensive pulmonary rehabilitation initiated after a hospitalization for exacerbation, it has been shown to decrease readmission rates.
The ability of amine N-methyltransferases from rabbit liver to N-methylate azaheterocycles

The substrate specificity of two homogeneous amine N-methyltransferases from rabbit liver has been demonstrated to extend to the azaheterocycles pyridine, R-(+)-nicotine and S-(−)-nicotine. Both enzymes methylate R-(+)-nicotine at the pyridyl nitrogen to afford the N-methylnicotinium salt, whereas S-(−)-nicotine does not act as a substrate for either enzyme. Surprisingly, R-(+)-nicotine is methylated at either the pyridyl nitrogen, or the pyrrolidine nitrogen, to afford the two isomeric monomethylate nicotinium ions when an enzymic preparation containing both methyl transferase activities was used. Under similar conditions S-(−)-nicotine was methylated only at the pyridyl nitrogen. The production of charged metabolites in-vivo, from the large number of pyridine-compounds that are used as drugs, or are present in the environment, may be of toxicological significance, in view of the reported toxicities of several such quaternary ammonium compounds.
Calculation of Adsorption Bed Capacity by the Theory of Statistical Moments

Abstract Using the Statistical Moments Theory, a system of equations has been developed which provides a new approach to understanding dynamic gas adsorption. These equations describe adsorption breakthrough curves in a simple form which exhibits a close correlation between theory and published experiments. Because these equations are readily understood from a physical viewpoint, it is believed that they will not only help to clarify our concepts of dynamic adsorption, but will also improve our understanding of the physical meaning of what takes place in an adsorption, bed.
Sustained Enzyme Activity of Organophosphorus Hydrolase in Polymer Encased Multilayer Assemblies

Organophosphorus hydrolase (OPH), immobilized within polyelectrolyte multilayers deposited on glass beads (30−50 μm), showed sustained catalytic activity under ambient conditions for several months...
A biomorphic digital image sensor

An arbitrated address-event imager has been designed and fabricated in a 0.6-/spl mu/m CMOS process. The imager is composed of 80 /spl times/ 60 pixels of 32 /spl times/ 30 /spl mu/m. The value of the light intensity collected by each photosensitive element is inversely proportional to the pixel's interspike time interval. The readout of each spike is initiated by the individual pixel; therefore, the available output bandwidth is allocated according to pixel output demand. This encoding of light intensities favors brighter pixels, equalizes the number of integrated photons across light intensity, and minimizes power consumption. Tests conducted on the imager showed a large output dynamic range of 180 dB (under bright local illumination) for an individual pixel. The array, on the other hand, produced a dynamic range of 120 dB (under uniform bright illumination and when no lower bound was placed on the update rate per pixel). The dynamic range is 48.9 dB value at 30-pixel updates/s. Power consumption is 3.4 mW in uniform indoor light and a mean event rate of 200 kHz, which updates each pixel 41.6 times per second. The imager is capable of updating each pixel 8.3K times per second (under bright local illumination).
A class of meromorphic functions of slow growth in the unit disk not containing any of their integrals

Abstract The class F consists of those functions with the property lim sup r → 1 − T ( r , f ) − log ( 1 − r ) = α ( f ) + ∞ . Here we study the subclass S of F which consists of those functions in F with integrals not in F . In a sense the functions in S form a boundary for F in that all of their derivatives are in F , but any number of integrals of functions in S are not in F . We analyze the relationships between S and functions in Hardy, Bergman, and Dirichlet spaces. We also consider the power series representation of functions in S .
Achievement behavior: A situational interpretation

A situational interpretation of achievement behavior is proposed. This interpretation assumes that the reward contingencies of the immediate situation determine whether performance will be high or low. The results of four experiments supported the prediction that women and men will improve their performance if high achievement is associated with external rewards and will only decrease their performance when low achievement is associated with external rewards. In four additional experiments it was shown that both women and men will describe themselves as high in intellectual ability or as low in ability as a direct function of external rewards contingencies. The differences between situational and personality interpretations of achievement behavior are discussed, as well as the viability of the concept of fear of success and internalized sex roles as explanatory constructs.
Psychotherapists' representations of their patients.

Using a new measure, the Patient Representation Inventory (PRI), this study investigated the nature of psychotherapists' working clinical models of their patients. The data provided by 73 therapists suggest that, regardless of experience level or theoretical orientation (cognitive-behavioral or psychodynamic), therapists tend to evoke such representations by accessing the words spoken during sessions and by recreating visual images of their patients' nonverbal contributions to the therapeutic dialogue. These representations tend to be in the service of more deeply understanding patients; their affective tone is suggestive of empathy, authenticity, and involvement. More-experienced therapists tend to evoke representations that rely largely on bodily sensations and the emotional atmosphere reflective of clinical interactions. Apparently, similarities and differences among therapists can be studied not only at the manifest level of clinical work, but at the representational level as well. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 58: 733-745, 2002.
Reacting to nuclear power systems in space: American public protests over outer planetary probes since the 1980s

Abstract The United States has pioneered the use of nuclear power systems for outer planetary space probes since the 1970s. These systems have enabled the Viking landings to reach the surface of Mars and both Pioneers 10 and 11 and Voyagers 1 and 2 to travel to the limits of the solar system. Although the American public has long been concerned about safety of these systems, in the 1980s a reaction to nuclear accidents – especially the Soviet Cosmos 954 spacecraft destruction and the Three Mile Island nuclear power plant accidents – heightened awareness about the hazards of nuclear power and every spacecraft launch since that time has been contested by opponents of nuclear energy. This has led to a debate over the appropriateness of the use of nuclear power systems for spacecraft. It has also refocused attention on the need for strict systems of control and rigorous checks and balances to assure safety. This essay describes the history of space radioisotope power systems, the struggles to ensure safe operations, and the political confrontation over whether or not to allow the launch the Galileo and Cassini space probes to the outer planets. Effectively, these efforts have led to the successful flights of 12 deep space planetary probes, two-thirds of them operated since the accidents of Cosmos 954, Three Mile Island, and Chernobyl.
Neutron scattering from a quantum oscillator subject to noise

The neutron scattering cross section (density-correlation function) for a harmonic oscillator subject to small, frequent impulsive forces (Brownian motion) is calculated. We find that the impulse approximation is not correct in the limit that the momentum transfer approaches infinity, as there is no time scale on which the particle can be regarded as free.
Initial reliability and validity studies of the revised Treatment Services Review (TSR-6).

Abstract Objective Report the results of initial reliability and validity analyses for a revised Treatment Services Review (TSR-6) instrument which measures a broader range of services than the original TSR. Method First, the number of services for a 28-day period was compared for three versions of the instrument varying in their reporting timeframes. Accordingly, four successive 7-day TSR-6s, two 14-day TSR-6s, or one 28-day TSR-6 were administered to more than 300 clients (30% women) in substance abuse treatment (SAT). Second, short-term (2–5 days) test–retest reliabilities were compared for an initial 7-, 14-, or 28-day version of the TSR-6. Third, test–retest reliabilities were compared when an initial in-person (IP) administration was followed by either IP or telephone (TEL) TSR-6 administration. Finally, preliminary discriminative validity analyses were conducted. Results Few differences in the quantity of services reported for a 4-week period were found with versions of the TSR-6 that used different timeframes. Also, comparisons of test–retest reliabilities for the different version of the TSR-6 revealed few differences. Test–retest reliabilities were generally comparable for the IP-TEL and IP-IP conditions. Finally, analyses demonstrated preliminary discriminative validity for the instrument when services for three distinctive forms of treatment: intensive outpatient, methadone and residential were compared. Conclusions The findings of this study support the reliability and validity of the TSR-6 and suggest that a version with a 28-day reporting period can provide information comparable to that obtained with versions using shorter reporting periods.
Digestion of larval American shad by cyprinids

Cyprinids have pharyngeal teeth for grinding food before swallowing and a continuous gut with no discrete stomach. This digestive tract structure, as well as the feeding behavior traits shown by cyprinids, makes it difficult to identify and measure the amount of food consumed by these fishes. The relations among quantity of food in cyprinid gut, time after feeding and predator size were described by log-linear multiple regression. The number of intact American shad (Alosa sapidissima (Wilson)) larvae eaten in laboratory experiments was estimated by extrapolating the regression for the amount of food in the gut over time for predators of various size. The numbers of larval American shad in guts of fish captured in the Juniata River, Pennsylvania, were not significantly different from those estimated with the equations derived from laboratory data. In view of their abundance in rivers and their potential digestion rate for larval fish, cyprinids can be expected to have a marked influence on reducing the numbers of larval American shad.
On the possibility of the charge dependent correction to the gravitational forces

The force due to the Fermi interaction should be discussed to determine if it is important as a small correction to the gravitational force. The accuracy of experiments on gravitational phenomena is extremely high, so that it is desirable to check any small correction. The conclusion from this study is that Fermi interaction does not produce any detectable correction to the gravitational force. (A.C.)
Edge and bulk components of lowest-Landau-level orbitals, correlated fractional quantum Hall effect incompressible states, and insulating behavior in finite graphene samples

Many-body calculations of the total energy of interacting Dirac electrons in finite graphene samples exhibit joint occurrence of cusps at angular momenta corresponding to fractional fillings characteristic of formation of incompressible (gapped) correlated states ($\ensuremath{\nu}=1/3$, in particular) and opening of an insulating energy gap (that increases with the magnetic field) at the Dirac point, in correspondence with experiments. Single-particle basis functions obeying the zigzag boundary condition at the sample edge are employed in exact diagonalization of the interelectron Coulomb interaction, showing, at all sizes, mixed equal-weight bulk and edge components. The consequent depletion of the bulk electron density attenuates the fractional-quantum-Hall-effect excitation energies and the edge charge accumulation results in a gap in the many-body spectrum.
EstimationTool And FandPLimittool - User-friendly Software Packages For Single Molecule Localization/Resolution And Accuracy Calculations.

The 2D/3D localization and resolution of single molecules from their images has the potential to provide much biological insight. However, they are complex and challenging tasks that involve fitting various model profiles to single molecule images using various parameter estimation algorithms. We developed the EstimationTool (1) to facilitate this process. Through a user-friendly graphical user interface, the tool allows a user to select from a variety of localization/resolution tasks, select from a variety of image models (Gaussian, Airy, Born-Wolf), noise models (Poisson, Gaussian), and estimation algorithms (maximum likelihood, least squares), and customize every aspect of the associated calculations. The accuracy of results from the various localization/resolution tasks varies based on the estimation algorithm, noise model, and image profile used. Therefore it is important to know the best possible accuracy with which the location of a single molecule or the distance between closely-spaced single molecules can be estimated. Various localization/resolution measures have been developed for this purpose (2,3,4,5). The FandPLimitTool (Fundamental and Practical Limit Tool) is a software package that calculates these localization/resolution measures for various estimation scenarios (6). Together, the EstimationTool and FandPLimitTool provide significant assistance in the quantitative analysis of single molecule data.1. http://www4.utsouthwestern.edu/wardlab/EstimationTool2. Ober, R.J., Ram, S., and Ward, E.S. (2004) Biophys. J. 86, 1185-1200.3. Ram, S., Ward, E.S, and Ober, R.J. (2005) Proc. of SPIE 5699, 426-435.4. Ram, S., Ward, E.S., and Ober, R.J. (2006) PNAS 103, 4457-4462.5. Ram, S., Abraham, A.V., Ward, E.S., and Ober, R.J. (2007) Proc. of SPIE 6444, D1-D9.6. http://www4.utsouthwestern.edu/wardlab/FandPLimitTool
Achieving the DREAM: The Effect of IRCA on Immigrant Youth Postsecondary Educational Access

This paper contributes to the existing literature on the effect of legal status on educational access among immigrant youth in the United States. The Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA) of 1986 granted amnesty to undocumented immigrants who entered the United States before 1982. Using a difference-in-differences framework, I analyze the effect of this large amnesty program on immigrant youth's postsecondary educational access. My main finding shows that immigrant youths who were granted amnesty under IRCA are more likely to enroll in postsecondary education.
Pulsed magnetic energy storage for space applications

Toroidal energy storage magnets can be used as power supplies for many space applications. Their list of advantages include high efficiency, light weight, zero stray magnetic field, zero electro-magnetic radiation, and fast pulsing. Superconducting toroidal field coils with an inner small cryoresistive shield are proposed. Both the superconducting coil and the cryoresistive coil are connected in parallel. Their configuration is such that energy pulses are drawn mainly from the resistive coil, while the superconductive coil is shielded from the resulting AC field and current produced. The relationships between system parameters, such as coil dimensions, ampere meters, coil surface area and structural mass on one side, and the coil aspect ratio, stored energy and maximum field on the other side are derived for toroidal coils in rectangular and bending free D-shaped configurations.
Technology, Transparency, and Trust

Over time, device control and transparency have continued to decrease. As users and consumers, we have a responsibility to think about how technology fits in our lives and what we want it to accomplish. We also have a responsibility to think about secondary effects, such as when and whether allowing our devices to monitor and track us is acceptable. These are important questions to ask at a time when enthusiasm for functionality can lead to a rush to market before the security and privacy implications are fully realized, assessed, and addressed.
Decreased Colonization of Newborn Infants with Staphylococcus aureus 80/81: Cincinnati General Hospital, 1960–1972

The changing pattern of colonization of newborn infants with Staphylococcus aureus was studied by examination of 25,662 nasal and umbilical cultures obtained at weekly intervals from 9,216 infants during 1960-1972. The frequency of colonization of infants in the newborn nursery with S. aureus 80/81 decreased significantly during 1963-1965 and has remained low since that time. This change in colonization was unrelated to the use of hexacholorophene for bathing infants or to changes in sensitivity to the commonly used systemic antibiotics, penicillin and kanamycin. A similar decrease occurred with S. aureus lysed by the group 2 phages, but this decrease rebounded to the earlier level after cessation of hexacholorphene use.
Atmospheric oxidation mechanism of 1,2-dibromoethane.

The complete atmospheric oxidation mechanism of 1,2-dibromoethane is proposed. There are 32 species and 22 transition state species involved in the proposed mechanism. Geometry optimizations and frequency computations are performed using the second-order Moller−Plesset perturbation theory and the 6-31G(d) basis set for all species and transition states. Single-point energy computations are performed using fourth-order Moller−Plesset perturbation theory and coupled cluster theory. Potential energy surfaces, including activation energies and enthalpies, are determined from the computations. Final products of this degradation include OH, CO2, CO, CH2(O), CH(O)CH(O) (glyoxal), bromine radicals, CH(O)Br, HOBr, and a reservoir for a new atmospheric compound, BrC(O)C(O)Br.
A Laser Stimulator for the Study of Cutaneous Thermal and Pain Sensations

A laser thermal stimulator system is described which enables the psychophysical and neurophysiological study of cutaneous thermal and pain sensations by means of a non-contact, precise stimulator. A carbon dioxide laser is used as the heat source with closed loop control of skin temperature via a sophisticated radiometer. Temperature steps of 0.1°C to 25°C have been achieved with rise rates of greater than 30°C/second. The temperature can be maintained to better than ±0.1°C over pulse durations of 0.3 seconds to 20 seconds.
Time will be of the essence in treating Alzheimer disease.

BackgroundDecreased cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) β-amyloid 42 (Aβ42) concentration, but not Aβ40 concentration, is a biomarker for Alzheimer disease. This Aβ42 concentration decrease in CSF likely reflects precipitation of Aβ42 in amyloid plaques in brain parenchyma. This pathogenic plaque deposition begins years before the clinical expression of dementia in Alzheimer disease. Normal aging and the presence of the apolipoprotein E (APOE*4) allele are the most important known risk factors for Alzheimer disease.ObjectiveTo estimate the interactive effects of normal aging and presence of the APOE*4 allele on CSF Aβ42 concentration in adults with normal cognition across the life span.DesignThe CSF was collected in the morning after an overnight fast using Sprotte 24-g atraumatic spinal needles. The CSF Aβ42 and Aβ40 concentrations were measured in the 10th milliliter of CSF collected by sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The APOE genotype was determined by a restriction digest method.SubjectsOne hundred eighty-four community volunteers with normal cognition aged 21 to 88 years.ResultsThe CSF Aβ42, but not the Aβ40, concentration decreased significantly with age. There was a sharp decrease in CSF Aβ42 concentration beginning in the sixth decade in subjects with the APOE*4 allele. This age-associated decrease in CSF Aβ42 concentration was significantly and substantially greater in subjects with the APOE*4 allele compared with those without the APOE*4 allele.ConclusionsThese CSF Aβ42 findings are consistent with acceleration by the APOE*4 allele of pathogenic Aβ42 brain deposition starting in later middle age in persons with normal cognition.
A comparative‐anatomical study of the craniocervical venous systems in mammals, with special reference to the dog: Relationship of anatomy to measurements of cerebral blood flow

Pathways of the venous drainage from brain have been studied in various mammals to locate sites for cerebral venous blood sampling with least potential admixture of blood of extracerebral origin. Man, rhesus monkey, pig and cat have internal jugular veins leaving the intracranial cavity through the jugular foramina (foramen lacerum). The bulb of the internal jugular vein may be used for withdrawal of cerebral venous blood in this group of species possessing the embryonal type of cerebral venous system. Dog, horse, rabbit, sheep and ox have (superior) dorsal cerebral veins leaving the intracranial cavity through the temporal foramina as the major cerebral venous outflow. The internal jugular vein in this group arises from the pharyngeal, thyroid and esophageal veins and has infrequent and very small or no drainage of cerebral blood from cerebral venous sinuses. On a dog and even more on other mammals of this group in horizontal and supine position, cerebral venous blood rarely can be obtained without significant contamination with extracerebral blood if the sampling takes place centrally from the temporal foramen. On a prone positioned dog the posterior third of the (superior) dorsal longitudinal sinus is the site to obtain cerebral venous blood specimens with minimal admixture of extracerebral blood.
On a Methodology for Establishing the Machine Tool System Requirements for High-Speed/High-Throughput Machining

This paper presents a methodology for determining the machine tool system requirements for high-speed machining (HSM)/high-throughput machining (HTM). Both technological and economic factors should be considered in the formulation of the model for determining machine tool system requirements. The HSM function model is given here in the form of ICAM-defined (IDEFo ) charts with corresponding text. For machining most aluminum alloys, the maximum cutting speed is not limited by tool life, and the technology for high-speed machine tools (spindles, table drives, controls, chip management, and other features) exists today. Therefore, HSM of aluminum alloys can be implemented. Selection of a suitable HSM system involves detailed technological analysis and economic justification for a given part-family production configuration. The recent introduction of Si3 N4 based tool materials has enabled significantly higher cutting speeds (up to 1524 mpm or 5000 sfpm) in the machining of gray cast iron. However, the machine tools using this type of tool material should be more rigid and capable of higher power, higher speed, and faster feed in order to increase productivity and reduce manufacturing costs. In the machining of the difficult-to-machine materials (e.g., superalloys), the cutting speed is still limited by tool wear. Nevertheless, a high-throughput machining (HTM) strategy is pertinent for this application.
Quaternary and tertiary structure of haemerythrin.

THE oligomeric protein haemerythrin is an oxygen-transport pigment found in erythrocytes of the coelomic fluid of certain invertebrates. It usually occurs as an octamer of molecular weight 108,000, in which each sub-unit contains two Fe atoms and reversibly binds one O2 molecule1. There is convincing evidence that myohaemerythrin, a monomeric protein found in the retractor muscles of the sipunculan worm Themiste pyroides, and the protomers of haemerythrin have quite similar tertiary structures2,3. Consequently, the low resolution structure obtained for myohaemerythrin4 has been used to solve the structure of octameric haemerythrin by molecular search techniques.
Apoptosis induced by bacterial pathogens

Programmed cell death is part of normal development and homeostasis. Apoptosis induced by bacteria appears to contribute to infectious diseases. Some bacteria produce toxins to kill host cells by the same pathway, apoptosis, through different mechanisms including pore formation, protein synthesis inhibition or adenylate cyclase activity. Other bacterial pathogens' mechanisms to induce apoptosis, for example, that of S. flexneri, remain to be elucidated. How the bacterial toxins or the bacteria interact with eukaryotic cell-death-related genes and then possibly trigger a cell-death program would make an interesting study. The understanding of the mechanism of apoptosis induced by bacteria could be important in the development of therapy and prevention of infectious diseases.
The reaction of xenon difluoride with hydrogen chloride

(Rece ived 13 ~n~ 1970) In connection with a study of the reactions of xenon difluoride with aromatic hydrocarbons it became necessary to know if XeF 2 reacts with HCI. In particular we wanted to determine whether a chloride-fluoride is formed. Xenon chlorides have been observed in trace amounts (1,2,3) but they are thermodynamically unstable (Estimated hH$(g) m 36 Kcal mole -1 ) (h). Rough thermochemical calculations for XeFCI or XeF2CI 2 provide values for AHfo(g) (+ 4.31 and + 8.62 Kcal mole "I, respectively) which suggest that these species have a marginal chance of existing. At -20 ° two peaks are visible in the 19F NMR spectrum of XeF 2 in HF; at 25 ° only one peak coincident with, though broader than the 19F peak in pure HF, is observed (5). From the shape of the spectrum at -20 ° it is possible to estimate that the half-life of 19F exchange is of the order of seconds or less. By analogy, it was thought that at low temperatures chloridefluoride exchange to give XeFCI might take place. However, we found no evidence for a chloride or a chloride-fluoride of xenon under the conditions of our experiments; but, solution without significant reaction occurs at -78°C, and a reaction yielding
Febrile Urinary Tract Infections After Ureteroneocystostomy and Subureteral Injection of Dextranomer/Hyaluronic Acid for Vesicoureteral Reflux—Do Choice of Procedure and Success Matter?

Purpose: Despite success rates favoring ureteroneocystostomy over subureteral injection of dextranomer/hyaluronic acid for correction of vesicoureteral reflux, the reported incidence of postoperative febrile urinary tract infection favors the latter. We evaluated contemporary treatment cohorts for an association between correction of vesicoureteral reflux and risk of postoperative febrile urinary tract infection.Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the records of 396 consecutive patients who underwent ureteroneocystostomy or subureteral injection of dextranomer/hyaluronic acid between 1994 and 2008. Time to event multivariate analyses included preoperative grade of vesicoureteral reflux and bladder/bowel dysfunction.Results: Of 316 patients meeting study criteria 210 underwent ureteroneocystostomy (356 ureters) and 106 underwent subureteral injection of dextranomer/hyaluronic acid (167). Median patient age was 5.7 years (IQR 3.4 to 8.3). Median followup was 28 months (IQR 8 to 61). Ureteral ...
Discussion: Verb Classes, Event Structure, and Second Language Learners' Knowledge of Semantics-Syntax Correspondences

In this article I discuss some key points that are raised in the papers in this special issue. The first issue is that a variety of theoretical tools are necessary for a complete understanding of the issues raised in these papers. Second, although the methodology that is used in studies of second language knowledge has improved, it is clear we still lack an agreed-on set of protocols that will permit reliable comparisons across studies. In spite of these challenges, we are making progress in using complementary theories of the role of lexical representation, predication, and crosslinguistic variation to get a full picture of this complex area of lexico-morphosyntactic knowledge.
Activation of single cells in cat visual cortex by electrical stimulation of the cortical surface

Abstract Extracellular recordings were made from the striate cortex of the cat to determine the latency and threshold characteristics of physiologically identified neurons activated by electrical stimuli delivered to the cortical surface. Using parameters of stimulation analogous to those used on conscious man for eliciting visual phosphenes, we made the following observations: (i) 62.5% of a sample population of striate neurons (N = 192) were successfully activated by cortical surface stimulation. The range of distances between the stimulation site and the population of cells studied was 1 to 2 mm. Whereas more than two-thirds of the cortical neurons with simple or complex receptive fields responded to surface stimulation, less than one-half the neuronal population identified as geniculocortical fibers could be successfully activated by analogous surface stimulation. (ii) When single, brief pulses of constant current were delivered to the stimulating electrode, the mean latency of the neuronal response tended to be shortest for geniculate fibers, and simple cells tended to fire earlier on the average than complex cells. (iii) When the mean threshold current required for neuronal activation was measured, thresholds tended to be lowest for geniculocortical fibers and simple cells often required lower activation currents than complex cells. (iv) Evidence that electrical stimulation of the pia-arachnoid surface of the visual cortex can activate cortical neurons via intervening synaptic pathways was obtained. Supporting data were derived from measured latency characteristics and intracellular observations.