cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Die Übertragung: Eine der grundlegenden Entdeckungen Freuds

Ich werde mich in diesem Kommentar in erster Linie mit der Psychoanalyse als besonderer Form der Psychotherapie sowie mit den Daten, die innerhalb des psychotherapeutischen Rahmens anfallen, befassen. In der Tat bilden klinische Beobachtungen den Kontext, in dem Breuer und Freud ihre umwalzenden Ent-deckungen machten, und sie sind auch weiterhin das Fundament, auf dem die psychoanalytische Theorie der Psychotherapie beruht. Die derzeitige Verwirrung um die psychoanalytische Theorie ware weitaus geringer, wenn Freud sich auf das therapeutische Unternehmen beschrankt hatte; dann ware ihm der Ruhm gewis sicher. Bedauerlicherweise drangte ihn sein Ehrgeiz, eine universelle Theorie zu entwickeln, die alle Aspekte des menschlichen Verhaltens erklaren sollte. In diesem Bemuhen stellte er haufig Spekulationen an, und wie Grunbaum und vor ihm andere Autoren gezeigt haben, sind viele seiner Formulierungen fragwurdig, wenn nicht gar unhaltbar. Ich mochte mich auf eine der meiner Meinung nach wichtigsten und empirisch fundiertesten Entdeckungen Freuds konzentrieren — auf die Ubertragung. Wenn man eine klinische Situation schafft, in der eine Person — der Therapeut — eine freundliche, erwartungsvolle Haltung einnimmt und genau darauf achtet, was eine andere Person, die sich hilfesuchend an ihn gewandt hat, spricht und wie sie sich verhalt, dann wird schnell klar, das der Patient mit dem Therapeuten ein Buhnenstuck inszeniert, das mit der professionellen Beziehung zwischen zwei Erwachsenen in der Gegenwart nicht in Einklang steht.
Studies on polynucleotides. CXVII. Hybridization of polydeoxynucleotides with tyrosine transfer RNA sequences to the r-strand of phi80psu + 3 DNA.

Abstract Chemically synthesized polydeoxyribonucleotide ∗ segments 1 to 4 (Fig. 1) corresponding to nucleotide sequence 1 to 22 of the tyrosine suppressor transfer RNA were joined by means of T4 polynucleotide ligase to give duplex I (Fig. 1). Separation of the strands by gel filtration at elevated temperature gave polynucleotide I and polynucleotide II (Fig. 1). Similarly, duplex II consisting of segments 6 to 10 (Fig. 1) and having nucleotide sequence 23 to 51 of the tRNA was prepared and the two complementary polynucleotides (polynucleotide III and polynucleotide IV, Fig. 1) were separated and characterized. Polynucleotide V, polynucleotide VI and polynucleotide VII (Fig. 1) were prepared similarly. Polynucleotides shown schematically in Figure 2 and all having nucleotide sequences complementary to the r -strand of φ 80 psu + III DNA were tested for hybridization with the latter. Except for segment 4, all the polynucleotides showed specific annealing to the DNA. While the binding of polynucleotide III (Fig. 2) to the r -strand was in a 1:1 ratio, polynucleotides I and V and segments 2 and 2′ were bound in two to three times the amount of the DNA. When co-annealed to the r -strand, polynucleotides I and III could be covalently joined by the ligase. This result confirmed that the two polynucleotides occupied adjacent sites.
Avoiding Colored Partitions of Lengths Two and Three

Pattern avoidance in the symmetric group $S_n$ has provided a number of useful connections between seemingly unrelated problems from stack-sorting to Schubert varieties. Recent work has generalized these results to $S_n\wr C_c$, the objects of which can be viewed as "colored permutations". Another body of research that has grown from the study of pattern avoidance in permutations is pattern avoidance in $\Pi_n$, the set of set partitions of $[n]$. Pattern avoidance in set partitions is a generalization of the well-studied notion of noncrossing partitions. Motivated by recent results in pattern avoidance in $S_n \wr C_c$ we provide a catalog of initial results for pattern avoidance in colored partitions, $\Pi_n \wr C_c$. We note that colored set partitions are not a completely new concept. \emph{Signed} (2-colored) set partitions appear in the work of Bj\"{o}rner and Wachs involving the homology of partition lattices. However, we seek to study these objects in a new enumerative context.
Accommodating College Students with Learning Disabilities: How Much is Enough?

Individuals with learning disabilities are attending institutions of higher education in greater numbers than ever before. In attempts to accommodate these students in the classroom, faculty often face the ethical concern of balancing the rights of students with learning disabilities with the academic integrity of the course, program of study, and institution. In order to dispel misinformation, a brief description of learning disabilities and federal law is provided. The ethical concern of “how much is enough?” is examined, and recommendations are provided for the informed and active participation of faculty in accommodating college students with learning disabilities.
Growth and Ultrastructure of Rhodomicrobium vannielii as a Function of Light Intensity

Abstract Cells of Rhodomicrobium vannielii were grown in a controlled environment at several different light intensities. Differential rates of bacteriochlorophyll (BChl) synthesis and specific BChl contents were inversely related to the light intensity. On the other hand, the specific rate of growth—before reaching a maximal value—was directly related to the intensity of the light. Thin sections of cells grown at moderately low light showed the typical peripherally located, symmetrically distributed lamellate system, whereas an asymmetrical distribution of a less extensive lamellate system occurred in cells grown at high light intensities. It is proposed that a limited number of individual units of the lamellate system are originally derived from inward folds of the cytoplasmic membrane, and that subsequent lamellae arise by proliferation, including possible forking and definite folding back, of the few original lamellar membranes.
Methods to calibrate the absolute receive sensitivity of single-element, focused transducers

Absolute pressure measurements of acoustic emissions by single-element, focused passive cavitation detectors would be facilitated by improved wideband receive calibration techniques. Here, calibration methods were developed to characterize the absolute, frequency-dependent receive sensitivity of a spherically focused, single-element transducer using pulse-echo and pitch-catch techniques. Validation of these calibration methods on a focused receiver were made by generating a pulse from a small diameter source at the focus of the transducer and comparing the absolute pressure measured by a calibrated hydrophone to that of the focused transducer using the receive sensitivities determined here.
Lung biopsy in ARDS: is it worth the risk?

Progress in the treatment of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) has been slow, perhaps in part due to the heterogeneity in the biology underlying this syndrome. Open lung biopsy is a feasible approach to define various subcategories of underlying histology. In experienced hands, with careful selection of patients and close attention to details of critical care management, including mechanical ventilator settings, the procedure is safe even in patients with severe disease. However, further work is needed to define which patients, if any, experience a beneficial effect on outcome from this procedure. More research is needed on assessing efficacy of potential therapies within histologically defined subgroups. In the future, various biomarkers may be available to non-invasively classify ARDS patients from the standpoint of responsiveness to various therapies, such as gluco-corticoids.
Virtual reality modeling from a sequence of range images

Virtual reality object modeling from a sequence of range images has been formulated as a problem of principal component analysis with missing data (PCAMD), which can be generalized as a weighted least square (WLS) minimization problem. An efficient algorithm has been devised to solve the problem of PCAMD. After all visible P regions appeared over the whole sequence of F views are segmented and tracked, a 3F/spl times/P normal measurement matrix of surface normals and an F/spl times/P distance measurement matrix of normal distances to the origin are constructed respectively. These two measurement matrices, with possibly many missing elements due to occlusion and mismatching, enable us to formulate multiple view merging as a combination of two WLS problems. By combining information at both the signal level and the algebraic level, a modified Jarvis' march algorithm is proposed to recover the spatial connectivity among all the reconstructed surface patches. Experiments using synthetic data and real range images show that our approach is robust against noise and mismatch. A toy house model from a sequence of real range images is presented. >
Adaptive design of logical structure filters

A binary granulometry is formed as a union of parameterized openings. It induces a reconstructive granulometry by passing image components it does not fully eliminate. Reconstructive granulometries have historically been formed as unions of reconstructive parameterized openings. The theory has been extended to the new class of logical structure filters (LSF). These are unions of intersections of both reconstructive and complementary reconstructive openings. Reconstructive granulometries form the special class of disjunctive LSFs. This paper covers adaptive methods to design parameterized LSFs. A systematic formulation of adaptive transitions is given and applications are provided.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
POSITIVELY CURVED MANIFOLDS WITH LARGE CONJUGATE RADIUS

Let M denote a complete simply connected Riemannian manifold with all sectional curvatures ≥1. The purpose of this paper is to prove that when M has conjugate radius at least π/2, its injectivity radius and conjugate radius coincide. Metric characterizations of compact rank one symmetric spaces are given as applications.
Aminoguanidine prolongs survival in azotemic-induced diabetic rats

Toxic effects of hyperglycemia-induced advanced glycosylated end products (AGEs) may explain some vasculopathic complications of diabetes. Aminoguanidine, a known inhibitor of AGE formation, was administered by gavage to Sprague-Dawley streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats made azotemic by surgical reduction of renal mass. All rats became hyperglycemic. Renal ablation caused renal insufficiency, as evidenced by markedly reduced endogenous creatinine clearances at days 7 and 14. Aminoguanidine-treated rats had significantly (P < 0.04) superior survival to that of untreated azotemic diabetic rats. We infer from the extended life in a rat model of uremia in diabetic nephropathy that aminoguanidine may prove beneficial in human diabetes.
Conductivity anisotropy in oriented poly(p-phenylene vinylene)

The study of charge transport mechanisms in highly conjugated conducting polymers has historically been hampered by the complex and invariant morphologies of the best conductors. We have prepared amorphous and uniaxially oriented films of poly(p-phenylene vinylene) (PPV) which exhibit a large conductivity anisotropy proportional to the degree of molecular orientation. The conductivity of the AsF5 doped PPV, together with wide angle x-ray and IR characterization of these samples is reported.
Application of runaway reaction mechanism generation to predict and control reactive hazards

Abstract Many industrial incidents are caused by thermal runaway reactions. Therefore, a good understanding of runaway reactions is necessary to predict and control reactive hazards. A detailed kinetic modeling approach is proposed to simulate runaway reactions under industrial conditions. This paper addresses the first step of this approach—mechanism generation. Computational chemistry was employed to estimate thermodynamic properties of reactants, intermediates, and products, and the Evans–Polanyi linear free energy relationship was used to estimate activation barriers of elementary reactions. To illustrate this mechanism generation approach, hydroxylamine is used as an example. The distribution of the predicted final products agrees with experimental results.
Stromal regulation of human gastric dendritic cells restricts the Th1 response to Helicobacter pylori.

Background & Aims Mucosal dendritic cells (DCs) play a key role in initiating the T-helper (Th)1 response to Helicobacter pylori . To further elucidate the mucosal response to H pylori , we examined whether gastric stromal factors condition DCs to support tolerance to H pylori , analogous to intestinal stromal factor–driven macrophage tolerance to commensal bacteria. Methods To model mucosal DC development, we isolated and cultured cell-depleted human stroma/extracellular matrix from fresh gastric and intestinal mucosa to generate stroma-conditioned media. We then analyzed the capacity of stroma-conditioned media–treated monocyte-derived DCs and primary human gastric and intestinal DCs pulsed in vitro with H pylori to induce T-cell proliferation and interferon gamma secretion. Results Stromal factors in gastric mucosa suppressed H pylori –stimulated DC activation and the ability of DCs to drive a Th1 proliferative and cytokine response to H pylori . The ability of gastric stromal factors to down-regulate DC function was similar to that of intestinal stromal factors and was independent of transforming growth factor β, prostaglandin E 2, interleukin (IL)-10, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin. Stroma-conditioned media–induced reduction in DC-stimulated Th1 responses was associated with reduced DC release of IL-12. Conclusions Gastric stromal factors down-regulate DC responsiveness to H pylori , resulting in a dampened gastric Th1 response. We speculate that stroma-induced down-regulation of DC function contributes to the permissiveness of both gastric and intestinal mucosa to colonization by persistent residential microbes.
Large-scale modulations of edge waves

The temporal and spatial evolution of large-scale modulations of weakly nonlinear edge waves on a uniformly sloping beach is studied using the full water-wave formulation for beach angles α = π/2N. Equations governing the evolution of envelopes of edge waves, excited by resonant interactions with incident wavetrains, are derived. It is deduced that a uniform train of free periodic edge waves is always unstable to large-scale variations, so that envelope solitons will develop; the resulting three-dimensional solitons are described in detail. In addition, it is shown that steady-state standing subharmonic edge waves, excited by incident wavetrains on a long, mildly sloping beach, can be unstable to large-scale modulations. The possible physical significance of these findings is discussed.
TRICLOPS: a tool for studying active vision

The design, performance, and application of The Real-time, Intelligently ControLled, Optical Positioning System (TRICLOPS) are described in this article. TRICLOPS is a multiresolution trinocular camera-pointing system which provides a center wide-angle view camera and two higher-resolution vergence cameras. It is a direct-drive system that exhibits dynamic performance comparable to the human visual system. The mechanical design and performance of various active vision systems are discussed and compared to those of TRICLOPS. The multiprocessor control system for TRICLOPS is described. The kinematics of the device are also discussed and calibration methods are given. Finally, as an example of real-time visual control, a problem in visual tracking with TRICLOPS is examined. In this example, TRICLOPS is shown to be capable of tracking a ball moving at 3 m/s, which results in rotational velocities of the vergence cameras in excess of 6 rad/s (344 deg/s).
An Inverse Problem in Elastodynamics: Uniqueness of the Wave Speeds in the Interior

Abstract We consider the unique determination of internal properties of a nonhomogeneous, isotropic elastic object from measurements made at the surface. The 3-dimensional object is modelled by solutions of the linear hyperbolic system of equations for elastodynamics, whose (leading) coefficients correspond to the internal properties of the object (its density and elasticity). We model surface measurements by the Dirichlet-to-Neumann map on a finite time interval. In a previous paper the author has shown that the density and elastic properties of the surface of the object are uniquely determined by the Dirichlet-to-Neumann map. Here we apply that result to conclude that certain properties of the interior of the object (the wave speeds) are also determined. We then observe that the elastodynamic polarization is determined outside the object by the Dirichlet-to-Neumann map. We conclude, in the case that the wave speeds are constant, that the polarization data do not determine the density in the interior. This problem and techniques used in its study are closely related to those in, for example, seismology and medical imaging. The techniques used here, though (from geometric optics, integral geometry, and microlocal analysis) lead to the solution of this fully three-dimensional problem.
Heat transfer in developing magnetohydrodynamic Poiseuille flow and variable transport properties

Abstract A study is made of the effect of temperature-dependent transport properties on the developing magnetohydrodynamic flow and heat transfer in a parallel-plate channel whose walls are held at constant and equal temperatures. The flow is assumed to be steady, laminar, and incompressible. Representative numerical results are presented to show that the variation of properties may, under certain circumstances, have a significant influence on the development of both velocity and temperature profiles.
Obligations to future generations: Explorations and problemata

The philosophical consideration of those general issues connected with the question of our obligations to future generations has emerged as an important aspect of current discussions in the area of normative ethics. And this is rightfully so. At a time when the courses of action and policies pursued in the present with regard to the environment, technology, and the quality of human life (to name only a few) can have the most radical sorts of effects extending into the distant future, it seems incumbent upon responsible philosophers to shed as much light as possible upon the human as well as conceptual issues involved. The breadth and ramifications of this particular problem are not difficult to appreciate. In order to evaluate any concrete claim which rests upon an assertion of our obligations to future generations, it is necessary to consider a whole array of factors. I will mention only a few. First, one must take into account the validity of the empirical data cited and the degree to which the effects of an action or policy can be predicted in the future. Then, it is necessary to consider whether the immediate effects of the action in the present would outweigh its future cumulative effects. This, in turn, leads to the more general question of whether it is at all justifiable to allow our concern for the welfare of future men to abrogate our moral obligations to individuals existing here and now. And this, of course, implies the necessity to consider a plethora of further philosophical issues: the meaning of the term "obligation," the logical coherence of ascribing "rights" to non-existent individuals, the criteria involved in assessing the ethical viewpoint implied in the assertion of such obligations, etc. However, the recent discussions of this problem by philosophers seem overly limited on several counts. For one thing, there has been a tendency to reduce the philosophical interest of this problem merely to the issue of the logical consistency of imputing "rights" to not-yet-existing individuals. 1 Though this sort of inquiry should not be discouraged, neither should it be substituted for an approach to this question in its full complexity. In addition, this issue is often approached in a manner which attempts to treat it by merely extending a given ethical theory to "cover it also." Again, though
An Exotic Tree Alters Decomposition and Nutrient Cycling in A Hawaiian Montane Forest

We evaluated the effects of the exotic tree Fraxinus uhdei on decomposition dynamics and nutrient turnover in a montane Hawaiian rainforest. We used reciprocal transplants of litterbags between forests dominated by Fraxinus and by the native Metrosideros polymorpha to distinguish between endogenous (litter quality) and exogenous (for example, microclimate, nutrient availability, microbial and invertebrate communities) effects of Fraxinus on mass loss and nutrient dynamics of decomposing litter. Fraxinus produced greater quantities of litter that was thinner, had higher N and P concentrations, and lower concentrations of lignin and soluble polyphenols. Microbes decomposing Fraxinus litter produced fewer enzymes involved in N and P acquisition and more of those involved in cellulose degradation. Differences in litter quality and microbial activity resulted in a strong effect of litter type on rates of mass loss, whereby Fraxinus litter decomposed and released nutrients at nearly twice the rate of Metrosideros litter (k = 0.82 versus 0.48), regardless of site of decomposition. Although site of decomposition had no effect on rates of litter mass loss, Fraxinus litter decomposed under a Fraxinus canopy mineralized approximately 20% less P after one year than Fraxinus litter decomposed under a Metrosideros canopy. Furthermore, Fraxinus litter decomposed under a Fraxinus canopy immobilized greater amounts of N and P in the early stages of decay, suggesting that the large amounts of N and P in Fraxinus litterfall have raised nutrient availability to decomposers in the forest floor. Greater immobilization of N and P under a Fraxinus canopy may act as a governor on rates of nutrient cycling, limiting the degree to which Fraxinus invasion accelerates N and P cycling in this system.
A New Species of Haliaspis from Florida on Spartina spartinae (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Diaspididae)

A new species of scale insect, Haliaspis peninsularis , inhabiting Spartina spartinae (Trin.) Merr. at Bayport, FL, is described. A revised key to the species in Haliaspis is also included.
Women in higher education in the United States: II statistics

Provides a statistical overview of vertical and horizontal in equality on gender relations in higher education in the USA. States that though the female share of presidents, doctorates and enrolment is increasing, women earn less than men, lead lower status and small universities and choose lower status majors. Presents evidence suggesting that white women are more discriminated against than black women and that the integration of women in “male” disciplines has slowed down.
STANAG 4575: what it is and how it works

A new draft NATO STANAG was released in 2001 for review by the member nations. Its purpose is to promote interoperability for the exchange of data among North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (ISR) Systems. This standard defines both the physical and logical interfaces needed to download data from new data storage devices into compliant ground stations. This paper will describe the development of this STANAG, detail its physical and logical implementation requirements, and describe how the requirements work together to permit the exchange of data.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Synthesis of β-d-mannopyranosides and regioselective o-alkylation of dibutylstannylene complexes

Abstract Alkylation of dibutylstannylene complexes of 3,4,6-tri- O -benzyl- D -mannopyranose, methyl 6- O -trityl-α- D -mannopyranoside and methyl α- D -mannopyranoside gives respectively β- D -mannopyranoside and 3- O -alkyl derivatives with high selectivity.
Cost-effectiveness model for first-trimester versus second-trimester ultrasound screening for Down syndrome.

Abstract Purpose To develop a cost-effectiveness analysis model from the perspective of Medicare reimbursement to evaluate the costs and potential risks involved in performing second-trimester genetic sonography following the first-trimester sonographic measurement of nuchal translucency and serology for Down syndrome screening. Methods Three clinical screening algorithms were constructed that detailed the diagnostic evaluation of the target population by using first-trimester or second-trimester ultrasound and appropriate serologies or first-trimester and second-trimester screening in combination. The cost analysis was then created by using a computer spreadsheet program by applying Medicare reimbursement, the prevalence of Down syndrome, and reported sensitivities of first-trimester and second-trimester ultrasound and analytes for Down syndrome for each clinical algorithm. Medicare Current Procedural Terminology codes, total relative value units, and payments for first-trimester and second-trimester ultrasound, chorionic villous sampling, amniocentesis, and serum analytes were obtained from the Medicare Part B Washington 2002 Provider Disclosure Report . Results At any given prevalence of Down syndrome, first-trimester screening is always slightly less expensive to society than the other two models for both total cost and cost to diagnose each case of Down syndrome. Even if second-trimester screening were 100% sensitive, the sensitivity of first-trimester screening would have to fall below 55% for model 2 to be cheaper than model 1. Combining both first-trimester and second-trimester screening was substantially more expensive than models 1 or 2. More iatrogenic fetal deaths occur with combined screening than with either first or second trimester screening alone. Conclusions Screening using first-trimester ultrasound and serologic markers to screen for Down syndrome is always slightly less expensive to society than second-trimester serologic and ultrasound screening. However, there is a significantly increased risk for iatrogenic fetal death if second-trimester genetic sonography is performed following normal first-trimester screening using currently accepted risk ratios. Patients should be counseled appropriately with this information, because an individual's circumstances will affect that person's perception of risk and subsequently affect his or her decision making.
Decreased gray matter concentration in the insular, orbitofrontal, cingulate, and temporal cortices of cocaine patients

Abstract Background: Structural deficiencies within limbic and prefrontal regions may contribute to the characteristic drug-seeking and drug-taking behaviors that prevail in persons dependent on cocaine. To date, a focal structural analysis of the brains of cocaine patients has not been undertaken. Methods: We used voxel based morphometry in conjunction with statistical parametric mapping on the structural magnetic resonance images of cocaine-dependent (n = 13) and cocaine-naive individuals (n = 16) to assess differences between the two groups in gray and white matter concentration. Results: We report a decrease in gray matter concentration in the ventromedial orbitofrontal, anterior cingulate, anteroventral insular, and superior temporal cortices of cocaine patients in comparison to controls (p Conclusions: We conclude that the brains of cocaine patients are structurally dissimilar from those of nondrug-using controls. The differences were detected in regions involved in decision-making, behavioral inhibition and assignation of emotional valence to environmental stimuli and, hence, may contribute to some of the behavioral deficits characteristic of chronic cocaine users.
Neutron activation analysis of rhenium in rocks

A method for neutron activation determination of rhenium in rocks has been developed. Fusion with potassium hydroxide containing 15% water in a Teflon beaker was used in decomposition of irradiated samples. The purification procedure is given. Rhenium in the rocks is in the range of 1-10 ng/g.
Singing Sci-Fi Cowboys: Gene Autry And Genre Amalgamation In The Phantom Empire (1935)

This essay examines how The Phantom Empire (1935) – a twelve-part Poverty Row serial starring Gene Autry – combines the musical, western and science fiction genres. While several attempts were made at amalgamating the musical with science-fiction in 1930s Hollywood, such efforts did not ultimately lead to a sustained sub-genre. Comparisons are drawn with the major studio musical/sci-fi efforts Just Imagine (1930) and It’s Great to Be Alive (1933) as a way of contrasting how the musical intersects with science-fiction between Poverty Row and the major studios, as well as how the additional genre of the western affects the dynamic between generic categories in The Phantom Empire. By examining how these films used particular generic elements within their narratives, how they were positioned for exhibitors and audiences at the time, and how film scholarship has subsequently understood the theoretical functions of various generic elements in these films, this essay attempts to find new perspectives on how the ...
Survey for non-Maxwellian plasma in Jupiter's magnetosheath

Ames Research Center plasma-analyzer high resolution ion spectra, obtained during the traversals of Jupiter's magnetosheath by Pioneer 10 and 11, are examined for non-Maxwellian characteristics. Many examples are found of proton velocity distributions that are Maxwellian down to an observational limit set by the relative helium flux. However, clear deviations from a Maxwellian velocity distribution sometimes are observed. Most often, these non-Maxwellian proton velocity distributions seem to be enhanced on the low-energy side of the peak, in comparison with a Maxwellian distribution. Even less often, however, the high-energy side of the peak seems to be enhanced. A different type of non-Maxwellian spectrum is also seen occasionally near the times of bow-shock crossings, and it exhibits features of both solar-wind and high-temperature magnetosheath proton spectra combined.
Holmium-praseodymium pair absorption in LaCl3

Abstract Emission from both Ho3+ and Pr3+ ions has been observed during absorption at photon energies equal to the sum of the energies of one Ho3+ excited level plus one Pr3+ excited level.
Laser linewidth and operator orderings

Abstract We demonstrate explicitly that, after including the saturation effects of a laser diffusion coefficients,(i) the phase diffusion coefficients given by the normal-ordering P and the antinormal-ordering Q functions become equal, implying that the laser linewidth is independent of the operator orderings of different quasiprobability functions; and (ii) the intensity diffusion coefficients given by the two functions are still different, but leading to the same photon-number variance.
Pediatric meningoencephaloceles and nasal obstruction: a case for endoscopic repair.

Summary Objectives Congenital anterior skull base defects with meningoencephaloceles causing nasal obstruction are rare clinical entities. Nasal obstruction in children may also be a symptom of multiple benign nasal and allergic disorders, making the initial diagnosis of meningoencephalocele difficult. Traditionally, skull base defects have been repaired via a bifrontal craniotomy approach. With the advent of pediatric endoscopic instrumentation, more of these lesions are accessible via an intranasal endoscopic approach, even in the infant population. However, owing to the rarity of these lesions, there is a paucity of data demonstrating successful adaptation of endoscopic skull base techniques to the pediatric population. Methods Retrospective review of two cases of endoscopic repair of anterior skull base defects with meningoencephaloceles at a tertiary care medical center. Results Two children, ages 15 months and 6 years, underwent successful endoscopic closure of their anterior skull base defects and resection of their intranasal meningoencephalocele with resolution of their nasal obstruction and cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea. Conclusions Pediatric nasal meningoencephaloceles with anterior skull base defects can be successfully repaired via a transnasal endoscopic technique, thus minimizing the complications associated with craniotomy and frontal lobe retraction. Triplanar computed tomographic and magnetic resonance imaging is paramount to evaluate the caliber of the skull base defect, consistency of the herniated intracranial contents, as well as the presence of cerebral vasculature.
Cloud Modeling Tests of the ULTIMATE–MACHO Scalar Advection Scheme

AbstractNumerical diffusion can be minimized using fine grid spacing and/or higher-order numerical schemes. In this study, the authors focus on higher-order scalar advection schemes and their effects on simulated cloud fields. A monotonic multidimensional odd-order conservative advection scheme has been implemented, following the approach of Leonard. It has been tested in simulations of idealized scalar fields advected by simple prescribed motion, as well as turbulence fields; large-eddy simulations of turbulent stratocumulus clouds; and simulations of deep convective clouds. New third-, fifth-, and seventh-order schemes are compared with the second-order scheme originally used in the model. For the deep cumulus case, a high-resolution large-eddy simulation with the same domain size is used as a benchmark.The fifth-order scheme shows much less numerical diffusion than the lower-order scheme. The additional improvement with the seventh-order scheme is minor. The higher-order scheme generally produces simul...
Behavioral changes following VMH lesions in rats with controlled insulin levels.

Abstract The effects of ventromedial hypothalamic (VMH) lesions were studied in female rats made diabetic with streptozotocin that were given twice daily injections of protamine zinc insulin (0.75 μ/100g/day) and in non-diabetic animals of the same sex. Hyperphagia resulted from VMH lesions in both diabetic animals whose insulin levels were controlled and in non-diabetic animals. All animals with lesions exhibited persistent increases in feeding during the light protion of the light—dark cycle. Significant increases in body weight gain were observed in both diabetic and non-diabetic lesioned animals, but the magnitude of weight gain was greater after VMH lesions in non-diabetic rats. VMH lesions also reduced wood-gnawing and increased emotinality, aversion to quinine and reactivity to electric shock. None of the behavioral changes were dependent on hyperinsulinemia, although hyperinsulinemia may contribute to the magnitude of certain of these effects.
Improving municipal solid waste management in third world countries

Cities are the main catalysts of economic growth in developing countries. Productive activities tend to concentrate in urban centers, where 60% of gross domestic product (GDP) is generated. In some of the largely urban countries, the urban share of GDP is projected to be as high as 80% by the year 2000. At the same time, however, there are substantial constraints to urban productivity, one of the most important of which are deficiencies in urban infrastructure and weak institutional frameworks for urban waste management. Because of its critical role in protecting the environment and improving productivity, accomplishing effective municipal solid waste management (MSWM) should be a priority for Third World cities. In most developing countries, however, MSWM is a costly service that consumes between 20 and 50% of available operational budgets for municipal services, yet serves no more than 70% of the urban inhabitants. The unserved are almost always the growing low-income populations concentrated in the periurban areas. Reducing the existing service deficit and keeping pace with the requirements of rapid urbanization is a formidable challenge. Solid waste disposal is another critical problem; open dumping is the most common disposal arrangement in Third World cities. Only a small fraction of the municipal budget for solid waste management is allocated to disposal, usually much less than 5% (compared with 25-30% in the industrialized countries). Due to lax disposal practices, numerous environmental and public health concerns abound in developing countries. For example, municipal solid waste commonly contains excreta because of the lack of sanitation facilities in low-income neighborhoods. When refuse is allowed to pile up, disease-
Health IT adoption, productivity and quality in primary care

Within the last decade, there has been a growing push towards the use of electronic medical records and health information technology (IT) within primary care physician practices. Despite financial subsidies, smaller practices remain reluctant to adopt these information systems. Using a nationally representative survey of physicians, this study explores the relationship between physician, practice and area attributes and the adoption of health IT systems. Controlling for these attributes, the analysis subsequently studies the relationship between health IT, physician productivity and perceived quality of care. It finds that smaller practices and physicians with lower incomes are less likely to adopt health IT systems and that adoption varies with the type of medical conditions the practice typically treats. With regards to productivity, health IT adopters are more likely to see fewer patients and spend a larger amount of time on each visit with marginal increases in time on administrative tasks and no dif...
The use of overset meshes in particle and porous media three‐dimensional flows

The overset grid technique has been illustrated with the use of several examples. These examples include droplet group dynamics, flow in porous media, and moving particles in pipes; the solutions have been accurate and efficient. The overset grid technique offers the advantages of high grid quality and a natural decomposition of multiple geometry problems onto parallel processors. For moving particles, the overset mesh technique seems to be particularly attractive since the need for remeshing is avoided
HOMING SUCCESS OF MIGRANT VERSUS NONMIGRANT DARK-EYED JUNCOS (JUNCO HYEMALIS)

Abstract Within a population, the evolution of migratory behavior is accompanied by a suite of physiological, behavioral, and cognitive adaptations. Spatial memory is associated with the hippocampus in mammals and birds; in some cases, hippocampal neuroanatomy correlates with differences in behavior. In a recent study, a migratory subspecies of sparrow, the Dark-eyed Junco (Junco hyemalis hyemalis), performed better on room-scale spatial memory tests than did a nonmigratory conspecific. Migrants collected after migration also possessed greater hippocampal neuron density, which suggests a neurological basis for differences in spatial memory and a link between migratory behavior and enhanced spatial memory. It is likely that homing behavior, like migration, relies to some extent on spatial memory. In some instances, spatial memory performance has generalized across spatial scales, with pronounced differences at larger scales. We tested whether differences in spatial memory between migrants and nonmigrants, ...
Evaluating long-term complex professional development: using a variation of the cohort control design

Abstract This paper introduces a variation on the post-test only cohort control design and addresses questions concerning both the methodological credibility and the practical utility of employing this design variation in evaluations of large-scale complex professional development programmes in mathematics education. The original design and design variation, which adds a pre-test measure and gain scores for both pre-treatment and post-treatment conditions, are compared theoretically for their respective controls on threats to internal validity, and practically for their comparative ease of implementation in field settings. We conclude that the design variation adds important controls to selection bias that the original design cannot. From a utility perspective, however, there are trade-offs, because this design variation requires more data collection observations, more complex data management and certain psychometric characteristics for the outcome measure.
Activity affects trace conditioning performance in a minimal hippocampal model

Using a minimal hippocampal model, previous studies simulating trace conditioning have reproduced the empirically observed learnable trace interval and reproduced the number of training trials required for learning. However, these earlier studies did not address the effects of parameterization on performance. Here, we demonstrate a robust effect of average activity on trace conditioning performance.
A critical test of the "tunneling and coupled motion" concept in enzymatic alcohol oxidation.

The physical mechanism of C–H bond activation by enzymes is the subject of intense study, and we have tested the predictions of two competing models for C–H activation in the context of alcohol dehydrogenase. The kinetic isotope effects (KIEs) in this enzyme have previously suggested a model of quantum mechanical tunneling and coupled motion of primary (1°) and secondary (2°) hydrogens. Here we measure the 2° H/T KIEs with both H and D at the 1° position and find that the 2° KIE is significantly deflated with D-transfer, consistent with the predictions of recent Marcus-like models of H-transfer. The results suggest that the fast dynamics of H-tunneling result in a 1° isotope effect on the structure of the tunneling ready state: the trajectory of D-transfer goes through a shorter donor–acceptor distance than that of H-transfer.
On the number of neurons in the dentate gyrus of the rat

Abstract We have estimated the number of dentate granule cells in Sprague-Dawley and Wistar rats at 1, 4 and 12 months of age. In Sprague-Dawley rats the number of granule cells is relatively constant throughout this period at about 1 million. In Wistar rats, on the other hand, there is a progressive increase in the number from about 700, 000 at 1 month to 1 million at 4 months; thereafter the number declines to about 800,000 at 1 year. Estimates of the numbers of cells in the polymorphic zone that can be stained immunohistochemically for somatostatin, cholecystokinin, vasoactive-intestinal peptide, and glutamic acid decarboxylase show no appreciable differences in the two strains.
Nonexistence of solidlike solutions to the mean-spherical-model equations.

We consider the mean-spherical-model (MSM) equation for systems composed of radially symmetric particles. It is shown that for all densities less than close packing no physically satisfactory solidlike (i.e., nonradial) solutions exist to the MSM equation. The Percus-Yevick equation for hard-core particles (i.e., hard disks in two dimensions and hard spheres in three dimensions) is a special case of the MSM equation.
Foreign Investment in the U.S. Food Marketing System: Discussion

At the risk of sounding unscholarly, the opening line can well be, "So what else is new?" Big companies invest and develop markets wherever they can by whatever means is available or can be contrived. They exhibit no chauvinistic concern for national boundaries. Their transnational aggressions can disturb both bureaucrats and economists, for the trenchant reason that our economic thinking is geared to the political unit that marks our era in history, namely, the nation-state. We are not schooled for global geo-economic analysis.
Evaluation of Blood Pressure in Spontaneously Diabetic Torii-Leprfa Rats

The Spontaneously Diabetic Torii-Leprfa (SDT-fa/fa) rat, a new model of obese type 2 diabetes, shows obesity, hyperglycemia, and hyperlipidemia from 6 weeks of age. Diabetic complications such as nephropathy and cataract are observed with aging; however, blood pressure change with age has not previously been examined. In this study, blood pressure was periodically measured and the change was investigated. Blood pressure in male SDT-fa/fa rats was elevated at 8, 16, and 24 weeks of age, whereas the heart rate was not changed. In addition to hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and proteinuria, hyperleptinemia and increased urine angiotensinogen were observed in SDT-fa/fa rats. Blood pressure and heart rate in the male original SDT (SDT-+/+) rat did not significantly change. In conclusion, the SDT-fa/fa rat is a promising model, showing significant hypertension with diabetes mellitus.
Membrane gas permeance in gas-liquid membrane contactor systems for solutions containing a highly reactive absorbent

Abstract In gas–liquid membrane contacting, it is important to know the gas permeance of microporous hydrophobic membranes used in such a system. Gas permeance of carbon dioxide from a CO 2 –N 2 mixture having a low CO 2 concentration into an aqueous KOH solution through flat microporous (Celgard 2400, Saint-Gobain R128-10)/nonporous poly(1-trimethysilyl-1-propyne) (PTMSP) membranes is therefore studied at zero net total pressure difference (Δ P = 0). Pure gas permeance data of CO 2 through the same membranes for positive Δ P and gas–gas system are extrapolated to zero mean pressure ( P ¯ = 0 ) to find also gas permeance. Conventional theoretical estimates of the liquid film resistance for such systems are compared with the experimental results for the liquid film resistance; they were found to be considerably higher than that estimated from the theory based on a liquid film having a fast chemical reaction. The membrane resistance obtained by subtraction of the experimental liquid film resistance from the total resistance of the system appears to predict the CO 2 permeance for the thicker PTMSP film measured under positive Δ P quite well. However, this method leads to higher estimates of membrane resistance for thinner PTMSP films, Celgard 2400 and other supposedly highly permeable porous substrates compared to those based on the data obtained by extrapolation to P ¯ = 0 . There appears to be an upper limit of permeance which may be determined correctly in such experimental measurements based on Δ P = 0. This upper limit is considerably higher than what has been achieved by earlier investigators. Several factors potentially contributing to this discrepancy have been pointed out.
The impact of a class visit to a participatory science museum exhibit and a classroom science lesson

Cognitive and affective outcomes of a class visit to a participatory science museum were examined by comparing responses of 416 fifth and sixth graders randomly assigned to four conditions (control, exhibit only, lesson only, and exhibit followed by lesson) and two tests (verbal and visual). Students visiting a simple machines exhibit scored higher on a test of science content than the control group, but lower than the group attending a classroom lesson in the museum. The study did not demonstrate conclusively a cognitive advantage of having the exhibit experience prior to the lesson. Scores on the visual test were consistently higher than scores on the verbal test. Study findings indicate that the particular strength of the science museum exhibit lies in the affective domain. Students found the exhibit much more enjoyable, interesting, and motivational than a classroom lesson. Implications of the findings for science education are discussed.