cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Experimental Studies on Micro-Characteristics of Nanocrystalline MgO

By analysis of X-ray diffraction and infrared absorption spectrum, we obtained the microstructure parameters of the MgO powders sample and found that the main character infrared absorption peak was at 416 cm-1. And we calculated out the average grain-size of sample according to the breadth of diffraction peak and the line broadening formula.
Hypothesis testing for partial sparse recovery

Traditionally, sparse recovery pursues the objective of reconstructing an information source that has a sparse representation in an appropriate basis. In such situations, full recovery of the support of the sparse signal is necessary as missing any point in the support penalizes the quality of the reconstructed signal. In certain applications, however, the ultimate objective is not to reconstruct an information source, and is rather to recover the sparse support only partially. This paper provides a hypothesis-testing framework for recovering any desired fraction of the supper and offers some asymptotic performance limits for the proposed tests.
Ammonium production during microbial nitrate removal in soil microcosms from a developing marsh estuary

Abstract Rapid development and urbanization in the South Carolina (SC) coastal plain may introduce significant nutrients to adjacent tidal creeks and salt marsh estuaries, and threaten estuarine water quality. Microbial denitrification in estuarine soils plays an important role in removing excessive nitrate ( NO 3 − ) in coastal waters. Relative contributions of denitrification and ammonium production during nitrate reduction via dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA) and soil mineralization determine whether N is lost from the system or retained as ammonium ( NH 4 + ) . The objectives of this study were to compare background, short-term and long-term potential denitrification ( NO 3 − and glucose added) rates, and NH 4 + production during microbial NO 3 − conversion in a developing marsh estuary, SC (USA). Denitrification rates were measured using the acetylene block technique in an undeveloped fresh water site (T1W), an undeveloped Spartina marsh (Grave's Dock, GD), and a Spartina marsh at a golf course resort (Chechessee marsh, C3M). Background denitrification with no added NO 3 − was primarily controlled by NO 3 − concentration in soils and surface water. Adding glucose did not enhance either short-term or long-term potential denitrification rates in GD marsh soils. NH 4 + production during microbial NO 3 − removal was significant at both marsh sites, and N-mass balance based on N 2 O and NH 4 + production suggested a significant contribution of NH 4 + from sources other than DNRA. DNRA was estimated to account for approximately 16.3% and 0% of total added NO 3 − removal in GD surface (0–10 cm) and subsurface (30–40 cm) soils, and 1.9 and 23.2% in C3M surface and subsurface soils. Excessive NH 4 + generation from processes other than DNRA may be attributed to NO 3 − stimulated mineralization, and this stimulation was estimated to enhance soil ammonification by 0.5∼4 times compared to background NH 4 + generation with no NO 3 − added. Our results suggest that although the marsh soils displayed high potential of NO 3 − removal via denitrification, the NH 4 + produced via a combination of DNRA and NO 3 − enhanced mineralization may allow NH 4 + to accumulate and be transported to coastal waters.
Controlled modification of silicon nitride interactions in water via zwitterionic surfactant adsorption

Abstract The density and viscosity of a slurry of colloidal particulates are dictated by the interactions between the constituent particles in the suspension. We discuss the forces required for maximum density and minimum viscosity for a flocculated slurry, and suggest a means of obtaining this force between silicon nitride particles by adsorption of a bilayer of zwitterionic surfactant, diheptanoic-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, from solution. The normal (e.g. adhesion) and lateral (friction) forces between two silicon nitride surfaces in water were measured using an atomic force microscope (AFM), both in the presence and absence of this surfactant. In both cases the normal force is attractive, but the attraction is much weaker in the presence of the surfactant. A short-range repulsive force and a much weaker lateral force are measured between the coated surfaces. These are the desired interparticulate forces. Finally, we discuss the influence of lateral- and normal-surface forces on the consolidation and viscosity of particulate suspensions, and describe some influences of lateral forces on the AFM imaging process.
The Serine/Threonine Kinase, Krct, Affects Endbud Morphogenesis during Murine Mammary Gland Development

STK16/Krct (Kinase related to cerevisiae and thaliana) is a ubiquitously expressed member of a unique family of serine/threonine protein kinases that is conserved among all eukaryotes. Despite its cloning 6 years ago to date, the function of this kinase remains unknown. In an attempt to identify a function for Krct, we have generated a doxycycline-dependent transgenic mouse model that permits the inducible overexpression of Krct in the mammary glands of mice treated with tetracycline derivatives. Analysis of these mice reveals that modest overexpression of Krct in the mammary gland during puberty results in duplication of the terminal endbud axis such that multiple, rather than single, budding structures arise at the ends of primary ducts. Supernumerary endbuds in Krct overexpressing mice resemble wild-type terminal endbuds with regard to cellular proliferation rates and localization of cap cells, myoepithelial cells and body cells. However, aberrant transgenic endbuds are surrounded by an increased amount of periductal stroma that in many cases encompasses the entire endbud. These data suggest that Krct may play a role in regulating stromal–epithelial interactions that occur during ductal morphogenesis in the mammary gland.
PAM decomposition of M-ary multi-h CPM

It is known that any multilevel continuous phase-modulated (CPM) signal with a single modulation index can be exactly represented by a sum of pulse-amplitude modulated (PAM) waveforms. In this paper, we show how multi-h CPM signals can also be represented in this manner. The decomposition is presented in general terms as a function of the alphabet size, modulation indexes, and phase pulse of the CPM scheme. The number of pulses required to exactly construct the signal is shown to increase over that previously given for single-h schemes; this increase is in proportion to the number of modulation indexes. We propose an approximation which significantly reduces the number of signal pulses and which minimizes the mean-squared error for an arbitrary set of modulation indexes. We show that this approximation can have two objectives: 1) to reduce the number of pulses in the same manner as has been proposed for single-h schemes; and/or 2) to reduce the number of multi-h pulses; we also show the conditions where this latter objective is most practical. We compare this minimum mean-squared error approximation with another method which was recently proposed for CPM. We also give numerical results on detection performance which demonstrate the practicality of the proposed approximation.
Effects of ethylhydroxydiphosphonate (EHDP) on heterotopic ossification

The effect of EHDP medication was studied in 25 patients in whom heterotopic ossifications around the hip (19 cases) and elsewhere were resected. EHDP seemed to have a favorable effect on prevention of reossification and on function, particularly when ectopic ossifications were resected after total hip replacement. In all the patients, EHDP administration postponed mineralization of osteoid.
The definition of a large viral transcription unit late in Ad2 infection of HeLa cells: Mapping of nascent RNA molecular labeled in isolated nuclei

Nuclei isolated from HeLa cells 15 hr after infection with Ad2 synthesize an RNA transcript approximately 25 KB long, beginning between 0.2 and 0.3 on the physical map and extending to (or close to) the right end of the genome. The majority (60-92%) of the RNA transcribed from fragments between 0.2 and 1.0 is synthesized as part of this large molecule which represents the major product of late Ad2 RNA synthesis. Smaller transcripts are also formed mainly from the left end of the Ad2 genome.
G protein βγ subunits: central mediators of G protein-coupled receptor signaling.

G protein βγ subunits are central participants in G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathways. They interact with receptors, G protein α subunits and downstream targets to coordinate multiple, different GPCR functions. Much is known about the biology of Gβγ subunits but mysteries remain. Here, we will review what is known about general aspects of structure and function of Gβγ as well as discuss emerging mechanisms for regulation of Gβγ signaling. Recent data suggest that Gβγ is a potential therapeutic drug target. Thus, a thorough understanding of the molecular and physiological functions of Gβγ has significant implications.
A New Class of Damage Variables in Continuum Damage Mechanics

In this work various new proposed damage variables are introduced, examined and compared. Only the scalar case pertaining to isotropic damage is investigated here. Several types of new damage variables are proposed as follows: (1) damage variables that are defined in terms of cross-sectional area, (2) damage variables that are defined in terms of the elastic modulus or stiffness, and (3) composite damage variables that are defined in terms of two parameters relating to both cross-sectional area and stiffness. However, the generalization to tensors and general states of deformation and damage may be a straightforward process but is beyond the scope of this work. The damage variables introduced in this work can be applied to elastic materials including homogeneous materials like metals and heterogeneous materials like composite laminates. In the second part of this work, higher-order strain energy forms are proposed. It is seen that a specific nonlinear stress-strain relationship is associated with each higher-order strain energy form. These higher order strain energy forms along with some of the proposed damage variables are used in trying to lay the theoretical groundwork for the design of undamageable materials, i.e., materials that cannot be damaged where the value of the damage variable remains zero throughout the deformation process.
Effects of restricting sodium and cholesterol on recipe selection, cost and preparation time of computer generated nutrient standard menus

Abstract The new nutrition guidelines in the USDA Food Guide Pyramid recommend restricting sodium and cholesterol intakes to 3000 mg and 300 mg per person per day, respectively. The Thrifty Food Plan (a list of low-cost, nutritious foods recommended to low income households for purchase developed by the USDA) was not able to meet these nutrition guidelines. The objective of the current study was to determine the effects of these restrictions on the recipes selected, cost, nutrient content and preparation time of menus for one week. An integer programming model was used to derive minimum-cost weekly menus for a household of four which satisfies the “Recommended Dietary Allowances” with and without sodium and cholesterol constraints. When sodium and cholesterol were constrained separately or concurrently, only 3 different recipes were included in the menu, but the number of repetitions of recipes changed, especially in the main dishes and appetizers. The cost of meeting the recommendations was minimal. Comp...
Suppression of urushiol-induced delayed-type hypersensitivity responses in mice with serum IgG immunoglobulin from human hyposensitized donors.

Serum IgG immunoglobulin fractions from human subjects hyposensitized to poison ivy/oak by oral administration of urushiol suppressed the induction of delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses in mice to this hapten. This suppressive activity was hapten specific because it did not modify DTH responses to dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB). Absorption of human serum with lymph node cells from urushiol- sensitized but not DNFB-sensitized mice removed the suppressive activity, suggesting that anti-idiotypic antibodies reacting with T-cell receptors are involved.
Abortifacient activity in beef cattle of acetyl-and succinylisocupressic acid from ponderosa pine.

Acetyl- and succinylisocupressic acids were prepared by derivatization of isocupressic acid isolated from ponderosa pine. The isocupressic acid derivatives were tested and found to induce abortions in late gestation cows after oral dosage starting on day 250 of gestation. Incubation of acetyl- and succinylisocupressic acid in bovine ruminal fluid resulted in hydrolysis of the two esters and the production of isocupressic acid. The abortifacient activity of the isocupressic acid derivatives was thus attributed to their ruminal conversion and production of isocupressic acid. Keywords: Pinus ponderosa; premature partuition; bovine abortion; ruminal ester hydrolysis
Aeromonas hydrophilia tenosynovitis in an immunocompromised host.

A case of Aeromonas hydrophilia tenosynovitis, in a child with aplastic anemia, reported here, reconfirms the need to consider this organism as a possible cause of infection in an immunocompromised host.
An Indigenous People's Struggle for Socially Equitable and Ecologically Sustainable Production: The Kayapo Revolt Against Extractivism

Over the past decade, some leaders of the Kayapo enriched themselves granting concessions to Brazilian minors and loggers to operate Kayapo land. In late 1994, the Gorotire Kayapo revolted against the mining concession granted; soon other Kayapo communities, supported by the Federal Police/joined them expelling mines and loggers from their areas. The Kayapo are now developing alternative, environmentally sustainable sources of income. This historic development is the outcome of internal Kayapo social and political dynamics as well as non-indigenous political and economic forces.
Transit-Related Crime in Suburban Areas

Widespread concern that extending public transportation to suburban areas will increase crime in those areas threatens the long-term viability of the transit systems and the metropolitan areas they...
Biopotency of corticosterone and dexamethasone in causing glucocorticoid receptor downregulation

The biopotencies of dexamethasone and corticosterone in causing glucocorticoid receptor downregulation in the AtT-20 cell were assessed and compared to their affinity for the isolated, cytosolic glucocorticoid receptor. Dexamethasone depleted receptor by 50% at a concentration of 4.6 nM. Its Kd for the receptor was 9.1 nM. The comparable values for corticosterone were 520 and 18.8 nM respectively. These results suggest that receptor depletion is a receptor mediated process; at some point the steroid must be bound to receptor in order to cause depletion. Further, the discrepancies between the two values for corticosterone support the hypothesis that it is the transformed receptor that is depleted.
Virtue Ethics and Moral Psychology: The Situationism Debate

Aristotle was acutely aware of the importance of moral psychological observations to virtue ethics. In his brief discussion of bravery in the Nicomachean Ethics, he makes at least ten explicit empirical claims about the actual psychological states and abilities of moral agents (Aristotle 1985). His psychological observations concern the limits beyond which human beings cannot control their behavior, sanity and the capacity for emotional response, motivation, fear, self-esteem, anger and revenge, false belief and hopefulness, the false beliefs of the less-than-virtuous about their own emotional responses and physical abilities, the relative difficulties of exacting self-control, and the emotional response of humans to pains and difficulties.1 The other virtues Aristotle enumerates and characterizes, from generosity and justice to truthfulness and shame, are similarly laden with empirical observations about human behavior, reason, emotion, and capabilities.
Effects of chronic ingestion of No. 2 fuel oil on mallard ducklings.

No. 2 fuel oil was fed to mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) ducklings in concentrations of 0.5 and 5.0% of the diet from hatching to 18 wk of age to assess the effects of chronic oil ingestion during early development. Five growth parameters (body weight, wing length, ninth primary length, tarsal length, and bill length) were depressed in birds receiving a diet containing 5% fuel oil. There was no oil‐related mortality. The 5% fuel oil diet impaired avoidance behavior of 9‐d‐old mallard ducklings compared with controls or ducklings fed 0.5% oil. Open‐field activity was greatly increased in 16‐wk‐old ducklings fed 5.0% oil. Liver hypertrophy and splenic atrophy were gross evidences of pathological effects in birds on the 5.0% oil diet. More subtle effects included biochemical lesions that resulted in the elevation of plasma alanine aminotransferase and ornithine carbamoyltransferase activity.
Spontaneous radiographic resolution of malignant and benign cysts

Two rare cases of cystic lesions with spontaneous radiographic resolution are presented. One is a 21-year-old man with a mediastinal seminoma containing a cystic lesion within the neoplasm that disappeared spontaneously on subsequent chest radiography and computed tomography. Another is a 65-year-old man with a pericardial cyst that also disappeared in subsequent chest radiography. The possible mechanisms for such rare occurrences are discussed.
Dynamic simulation and monitoring of a non-contacting flexibly mounted rotor mechanical face seal:

AbstractMechanical face seal rotor dynamics is investigated through both simulation and real-time monitoring of a non-contacting flexibly mounted rotor (FMR) mechanical face seal in a seal test rig. Dynamic simulation is performed to investigate the seal rotor angular response to the stator misalignment, the stator angle, the initial rotor misalignment and clearance. Rotor angular response orbit is introduced and is able to characterize the rotor dynamic response. A real-time monitoring system is constructed in the test rig to monitor the instantaneous dynamic behaviour of the seal rotor, including its angularresponse, precession angle and angular response orbit. Experimental results agree qualitatively well with those of the dynamic simulation. Potential applications of the monitoring system for detecting seal face contact and for seal control are stated.
Selection and Preparation of High-Risk Patients for Repair of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms

Objective To discuss the most important risk factors in patients who undergo surgical repair of an abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). Design This update in vascular surgical repair highlights the criteria that identify high-risk patients, the useful preoperative tests, and the perioperative measures that can aid surgical recovery. Material and Methods In elective repair of AAAs, high-risk patients are those with severe coronary or valvular heart disease, decompensated chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, severe cerebrovascular disease, chronic renal failure, hepatic cirrhosis with portal hypertension, and chronic hematologic disorders associated with bleeding dysfunction. Patients with unstable or severely symptomatic heart disease should undergo preoperative coronary angiography and ventriculography. Pharmacologic stress testing is recommended for patients with clinical markers of serious coronary artery disease and other medical or physical factors that prevent any type of standard exercise stress testing. Results Our experience with high-risk patients supports conventional repair of AAAs. Our preference for the midline abdominal incision in high-risk patients is substantiated by an operative mortality rate of 5.7% in comparison with a reported 7% mortality rate for nonresective therapy. Approximately one in three high-risk patients will have a serious postoperative complication, the most common of which is a cardiac event. Most patients recover after a slightly prolonged hospital stay. Conclusion Despite an increased operative risk, patients with a stable medical condition and an AAA larger than 6 cm in diameter should be considered for elective repair. High-risk patients with smaller aneurysms (5 to 6 cm in diameter) should undergo efforts to stabilize or to improve their general medical condition before elective operation.
Expression of EGFR, HER-2/neu, P53, and PCNA in endometrioid, serous papillary, and clear cell endometrial adenocarcinomas

Expression of four biologic markers was studied in 69 cases of endometrial cancer to identify their association with cell type, decreased survival, and increased tumor metastasis. Cell types included endometrioid (n = 45), serous papillary (n = 16), and clear cell (n = 8). Immunohistochemical stains were employed to detect the presence of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), HER-2/neu, p53, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Analysis revealed that EGFR was expressed in 49%, HER-2/neu in 59%, p53 in 9%, and PCNA in 16% of tumor specimens. HER-2/neu overexpression was significantly associated with depth of myometrial invasion. p53 and PCNA immunoreactivity significantly correlated with nonendometrioid histology, although PCNA was less specific in labeling these less favorable cell types. EGFR immunoreactivity also significantly correlated with nonendometrioid cell types and tumor metastases at time of diagnosis. Seventy-seven percent of patients with metastatic disease were EGFR-positive versus 36% positivity in patients with no evidence of metastases (P < 0.002). For patients with endometrioid adenocarcinoma, evidence of EGFR overexpression decreased survival from 89 to 69% (P < 0.04). In the serous papillary and clear cell category, EGFR positivity decreased survival from 86 to 27% (P < 0.03). EGFR strongly correlates with tumor metastasis and patient survival in endometrial cancer. Altered expression of this oncoprotein may serve as a guide to prognosis and treatment in these patients.
Kinetics of Multiplex Hybridization : Mechanisms and Implications

Quantitative analysis of DNA microarray data is complicated by uncertainties inherent to the experimental setup. Using computer simulations and real-time experimental results, we have previously demonstrated effects of multiplex reactions on a single sensing zone of an array, which may be a leading factor in erroneous interpretation of experimental data. We suggest here that a simplified three-component kinetic model may present a sufficient approximation to describe the general case of DNA sensing in a complex sample milieu. We show that, by analyzing the real-time hybridization kinetics of a nontarget species, we can perform quantitative analysis of unlabeled targets of interest within a broad dynamic range of concentrations.
New particle formation in the presence of an aerosol

Condensable molecules generated in the gas phase by chemical reaction can either form new panicles or condense on existing aerosol particles. Experiments were carried out to study the effect of a preexisting aerosol on aerosol dynamics in such systems. Secondary sulfate aerosol was produced by photochemical reactions in the SO2-NOx-propylene system. A new theory which predicts the rate at which new particles of a given size are formed is also presented. Scavenging of molecular clusters by surrounding aerosols can be important, and is incorporated in the theory. Measured rates of new particle formation are compared with predicted rates, taking into account the minimum particle size detected experimentally. Agreement between theory and experiment is within experimental error. Based on the theoretical analysis, a criterion for determining whether or not new particle formation is important in such systems is established.
Hip Arthroscopy and Outcome Assessment

The purpose of this article is to outline the role of a self-reported evaluative instrument and classification system in hip arthroscopy outcome assessment. Current instruments related to musculoskeletal hip pathology are reviewed. Evidence to support the Hip Outcome Score (HOS) as an outcome instrument for hip arthroscopy is summarized. A classification system that can be used to categorize individuals with labral tears is also introduced. This AICL classification system can be used to describe the results of hip arthroscopy according to subgroups of patients with similar characteristics. It is hopeful that these tools will allow for hip arthroscopy outcome information to be more uniformly collected and reported.
Avulsion fracture fixation of the glenohumeral joint: Regarding the supraspinatus tendon and humeral head

The bone fixation plate developed by ReconFix5 is a bone-tendon compression device that secures the avulsed supraspinatus tendon-bone fragment to the humeral head. During pull out testing the plate held the tendon-bone complex in place while a tensile force was applied. The test results exceeded the maximum force of 402 N the supraspinatus tendon applies to the humeral head during the healing process.
Denaturation of protein by in vacuo drawing of blood.

In two experimental series dog blood was drawn under high vacuum and by gravity into glass flasks containing heparin sodium solution as anticoagulant. After centrifugation various tests were applied to detect possible changes in the proteins of the supernatant plasma. These tests included viscosity measurement, protein solubility determination, and paper electrophoresis. The results obtained by viscosity measurement and paper electrophoresis demonstrate that drawing of blood into high vacuum and the foaming that occurs therewith results in measurable denaturation of plasma proteins. The precise clinical significance of this finding is uncertain, but it seems logical to assume that denaturation of plasma proteins may be undesirable.
Production of high specific activity 68 Ge at Brookhaven National Laboratory

Germanium-68 is produced at the Brookhaven Linac Isotope Producer (BLIP) by irradiating natGa targets with ~45 MeV protons. Typical irradiation yields are 17.4 GBq (470 mCi) from a 4 week irradiation (0.52 MBq/µAh). Germanium-68 is recovered from the target by extraction into 4N HCl and 30% H2O2. Further purification is achieved by extraction into carbon tetrachloride and back-extraction into H2O. Recovery yields are greater than 85%, with greater than 99% radiopurity, and activity concentrations are greater than 3.15 GBq/ml (85 mCi/ml). The final pH of the product solution, which is 0.03M diethylenetriaminepentaacetate (DTPA), can now be adjusted to user specifications.
Optical immunoassay systems based upon evanescent wave interactions

Immunoassays based upon evanescent wave interactions are finding increased biosensing application. In these devices, the evanescent tail associated with total internal reflection of an incident beam at the substrate/solution interface provides sensitivity for surface-bound protein over bulk molecules, allowing homogeneous assays and real-time measurement of binding dynamics. Among such systems are surface plasmon resonance sensors and a resonant mirror device. Several research groups are also developing fluorescent fiberoptic or planar waveguide sensors for biomedical applications. We describe a second-generation planar waveguide fluoroimmunoassay system being developed in our laboratory which uses a molded polystyrene sensor. The 633-nm beam from a laser diode is focused into the 500 micrometer- thick planar waveguide by an integral lens. Antibodies to the desired analyte (hCG) are immobilized on the waveguide surface and fluorescence from bound analyte/tracer antibodies in a sandwich format is imaged onto the detector. The geometry of the waveguide allows several zones to be detected, providing the capability for on-sensor calibration. This sensor has shown picomolar sensitivity for the detection of hCG.
Development of a scoring system for the veterinary trauma patient

Summary An animal trauma triage (ATT) scoring system was devised to provide stratification of veterinary trauma patient populations based upon severity of injury. A retrospective population of 101 trauma patients and a prospective population of 88 patients were used to evaluate the predictive power of the ATT scoring system for survival seven days after initial presentation of the emergency service. In Both groups, the mean ATT score for survivors was significantly lower than the mean ATT score for non-survivors. In a logistic regression mode, the ATT score was found to be a significant predictor of the likelihood of survival seven days after initial presentation for both populartions. Each point increase in the ATT score resulted in a 2.3–2.6 times decreased likelihood of survival. The ATT scoring system is a useful objective classification scheme for predicting the likelihood to survive a traumatic incident and can serve as prototype for severity of injuroy scoring systems for the veterinary trauma patient.
The Approximate Transient Performance of a Phase-Locked Loop on Board a Tumbling Satellite

The transient performance of a phase-locked loop on board a tumbling satellite is discussed. The probability of maintaining the in-ock condition during the tumbling mode as a function of time is presented in graphical form as a function of the following parameters: signal-to-noise ratio, the fade modulation factor, and the loop bandwidth.
Temporal associations between the different domains of rheumatoid arthritis disease activity and the onset of patient-reported depressive symptoms.

Background Depression is a frequently occurring comorbid condition in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and research into the temporal relationships regarding its onset has mainly focused on functional status. The study aim was to examine temporal associations of the diverse measures of RA disease activity with incident self-reports of depressive symptoms.
Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase from parsley.

Abstract Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase from parsley leaves was purified by Sepharose 6B gel filtration at pH 8.3 as a single, colorless peak containing both activities. Approximately 0.2 g atom copper per mole enzyme was detected by atomic absorption spectroscopy, but this copper was not detectable by EPR spectrometry.
A heat-shock-like response with cytoskeletal disruption occurs following hydrostatic pressure in MG-63 osteosarcoma cells.

Human osteosarcoma cells, MG-63, were exposed to a hydrostatic pressure shock of 4.0 MPa for 20 min. Changes in subcellular distribution of the cytoskeletal elements and heat shock protein 70 (hsp7...
Temperature Field in Severe Plastic Deformation at Small Strain Rates

The temperature and strain rate fields in severe plastic deformation (SPD) are measured using infra-red thermography and Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV), respectively. Plane strain machining is used as the method of SPD to impose controlled strains and strain rates. For metals such as titanium, the temperature rise is small at small strain rates and SPD occurs at near-ambient temperature. The possibility of exploring dynamic recovery/recrystallization phenomena using the Zener-Hollomon parameter in this SPD framework is briefly discussed.
How Do Target Leaders Survive Economic Sanctions? The Adverse Effect of Sanctions on Private Property and Wealth

What domestic policies do targeted regimes pursue to survive economic sanctions? Despite an abundance of research on the use and effectiveness of sanctions, scant research has been conducted on the domestic sources of the target's defiance to foreign pressure. This study explores the extent to which sanctions prompt the target regime to manipulate the domestic economic conditions through arbitrary confiscation and redistribution of private property and wealth. It is argued that economic coercion as a direct threat to political survival and coercive capacity of the target government creates incentives for politically insecure elites to engage in the policy of predation to counter the negative economic effects of the coercion on themselves and their constituency. Using time-series cross-national data from 1960 to 2005, the results indicate that as sanctions exact significant economic damage on the economy, the target government is more likely to pursue predatory policies. Further, the suggested impact of sanctions on property rights abuses does not appear to be conditioned by political regime type of the target and the involvement of the United States or multiple countries in the imposition of sanctions. Focusing on the government use of predatory policies to evade foreign pressure, this study expands the current understanding of sanction ineffectiveness in pressuring the government to acquiesce to external demands. It also shows that one major inadvertent consequence of sanctions is the deterioration of the economic security and private property rights of citizens in target countries.
Directivity profiles of ultrasonic guided wave phased arrays for multilayer composite plates

The ultrasonic guided wave phased array technique offers an efficient means to interrogate damages in plate-like structures. When applying this technique to multilayer composite plates, however, the anisotropic behavior of the composite materials leads to significant influences on the beam steering performances of the phased arrays. This paper investigates the beam steering performances of guided wave phased arrays for multilayer composite plates in terms of phased array directivity profiles under influences of anisotropy. Angular dependences of guided wave amplitudes and phase variations in composite plates obtained through a Green's function based method are implemented into directivity profile calculations to account for the influences of anisotropy in a quantitative way. Guided wave phased array experiments are carried out to validate the directivity profile calculations.
Phase relations in the Th-U-N ternary system at 1000 °c☆

Abstract Potential advantages of thermal-breeder fuels having a metallic thorium matrix with a dispersion of (Th, U)N led to an investigation of the Th-U-N ternary system. The investigation was limited to the 1000 °C isotherm at 50 at % N and below using alloys prepared by powder metallurgical techniques. In the Th-U-N system the 1000 °C equilibration time was found to be 80 to 100 h. The predominant feature of this isotherm is a three-phase equilibrium among uranium metal, thorium metal, and the compound ThxU1−Ny. The most uranium-rich compound in equilibrium with metallic thorium was found to be (Th0.944U0.056N0.866. The 1000 °C standard free energy of formation of ThN was estimated to be about −51 100 cal/g mole.
Enhanced/suppressed interdiffusion of InGaAs-GaAs-AlGaAs strained layers by controlling impurities and Gallium vacancies

The interdiffusion of In and Ga at an InGaAs-GaAs interface subjected to different annealing temperatures, times, and environments is demonstrated. The interdiffusion coefficients and activation energies are determined by correlating the shift in the photoluminescence peaks with the calculated quantum well transition energies based on an error function composition profile. The results indicate that a higher In composition InxGa1-xGaAs single quantum well (SQW) leads to a higher interdiffusion coefficient of In and Ga in an As overpressure annealing condition. Also, As overpressure increases the interdiffusion, whereas Ga overpressure reduces the interdiffusion. The thermal activation energies for different In composition InGaAs-GaAs SQW’s (x = 0.057, 0.10, 0.15) range from 3.3 to 2.6 eV for an As overpressure environment and from 3 to 2.23 eV for the Ga overpressure situation. With respect to impurity induced disordering by Zn using a Ga or As overpressure significantly effects the depth of the Zn diffusion front but significant mixing does occur in either case when the impurity front reaches the quantum well.
ZrB 2 -based Ohmic contacts to p-GaN

Abstract The annealing temperature dependence of contact resistance and layer stability of ZrB 2 /Ti/Au and Ni/Au/ZrB 2 /Ti/Au Ohmic contacts on p-GaN is reported. The as-deposited contacts are rectifying and transition to Ohmic behavior for annealing at ≥750 °C, a significant improvement in thermal stability compared to the conventional Ni/Au Ohmic contact on p-GaN, which is stable only to −3 Ω cm −2 was obtained for the ZrB 2 /Ti/Au after annealing at 800 °C while for Ni/Au/ZrB 2 /Ti/Au the minimum value was 10 −4 Ω cm −2 at 900 °C. Auger Electron Spectroscopy profiling showed significant Ti, Ni and Zr out diffusion at 750 °C in the Ni/Au/ZrB 2 /Ti/Au while the Ti and Zr intermix at 900 °C in the ZrB 2 /Ti/Au. These boride-based contacts show promise for contacts to p-GaN in high temperature applications.
269: Streptozotocin dosing for the induction of fetal cardiac dysmorphology associated with maternal hyperglycemia

ical or other risk factors. STUDY DESIGN: Data was collated prospectively on all women with GDM with a secondary analysis of data for the years 2003-2010. RESULTS: Amongst 68, 498 women there were 873 gestational diabetics (1.3%) of whom 335(38%) required insulin. Overall 369 (42%) had previous GDM and were treated without rescreening, of whom 25% (92/369) received insulin the study cohort. Sixty three of these women (68%; 63/92) received insulin in both pregnancies. Overall treatment commenced at an earlier gestational age (mean 10 weeks vs. 31 weeks) and insulin treatment was commenced significantly earlier when comparing the current pregnancy with the preceding pregnancy (mean 19 weeks, range 4-34 weeks) vs 29 weeks (range 8-38 weeks) (P 90centile, corrected for gestational age and gender) was 28.3% (26/92) (current) vs 33.7 % (31/92) (preceding) respectively (P 0.5). Comparing only those who required insulin in both pregnancies there was a significant reduction in the incidence of macrosomia (23.8% 15/63) vs 42.85% (27/63) (P 0.03). CONCLUSION: While the benefit of treating all women with a history of GDM from early pregnancy without rescreening is debatable, the significant reduction of macrosomia in the cohort requiring insulin in both pregnancies would suggest the earlier treatment is of benefit in this high risk cohort.
Acid-responsive nanospheres from an asparagine-derived amphiphile

We describe the synthesis and self-assembly of an asparagine-derived amphiphile. The self-assembled systems formulated with the inclusion of cholesterol (0–50 mol%) show encapsulation for a hydrophobic model drug and rapidly disintegrate in response to mild acidic conditions.
The first Chicago area transportation study projections and plans for metropolitan Chicago in retrospect

This paper is an evaluation of the first Chicago Area Transportation Study (CATS) projections and plans for metropolitan Chicago. The CATS work was completed during 1956 to 1962, and the projection year was 1980. The CATS forecasts of population and employment were much too high, but it turned out that the travel demand forecasts were reasonably accurate because offsetting prediction errors were made. Partly because vehicle ownership was underpredicted, CATS did not fully anticipate the increase in per capita travel demand. The CATS transportation plan derived from the predictions included an elaborate highway plan, but no part of this plan has been built as of 1987. A more modest, but still rather extensive, mass transit plan was proposed. This plan was essentially implemented. Construction of the final part of the (revised) mass transit plan is now underway. The mass transit plan had the support of the City of Chicago municipal government and funding from the US federal government. The highway plan had ...
Eye and Head Movements in Reading-Disabled and Normal Children

Coordination of eye and head movements on nonreading tasks was investigated in 16 reading-disabled and 18 normal children aged 6 to 11 years. Types of eye movements are described and mechanisms controlling eye and head movement are reviewed. Significant differences were found between the two groups in sequencing of eye and head movements that were made in response to the appearance of visual stimuli at unexpected times and positions. Some reading-disabled children also were found to require more eye movements to achieve fixation on targets at known positions. It is suggested that the vestibular system may be implicated as a factor in the results obtained from the reading-disabled children and that the atypical eye-head movement patterns observed may did in stabilizing their visual world.
A Comparison of Pheochromocytoma and Takotsubo Syndrome

To the Editor: In the interesting contribution by Choi et al.1) published in the March 2014 issue of the Journal, the authors compare 20 patients with pheochromocytoma (PHEO), a condition with a chronic catecholamine excess, with 20 patients with takotsubo syndrome (TTS), an affliction with acute catecholamine excess. This is a fascinating undertaking. A prolonged QTc was prevalent in both PHEO and TTS, and left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and relative wall thickness was more prominent in PHEO than TTS. I would be interested in the authors' response regarding three issues: 1) one wonders whether calculated LVH and left ventricular mass index (LVMI) in patients with TTS is underestimated, given that such patients often develop apical hypertrophy due to myocardial edema, as assessed by echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, something that was not taken into account in the way they calculated LVMI, 2) whether there were differences in the electrocardiogram (ECG) amplitude of the QRS complexes between the patients with PHEO and TTS, either in the admission ECG, or the ECGs after admission, considering a new insight that was just published,2) about the attenuation of the amplitude of the QRS complexes in patients with TTS, and 3) I do not understand the authors' reasoning that "although our results showed no significant association between plasma norepinephrine level and LVMI, the significant positive correlation of urine epinephrine and norepinephrine levels with LVMI suggests that the local delivery of catecholamines to receptors may be more important than their passage through the circulation to induce LVH," considering that both serum and urine levels of catecholamines refer to what is being circulated and eventually eliminated in the urine, and not the catecholamine effects exerted on the receptors.
Nicotine worsens the severity of nephropathy in diabetic mice: implications for the progression of kidney disease in smokers

Epidemiological studies have established the role of cigarette smoking as a risk factor in the progression of chronic kidney disease, including diabetic nephropathy. We have previously reported tha...
AN IDIOTYPIC CROSS-REACTION BETWEEN ALLOTYPE a3 AND ALLOTYPE a NEGATIVE RABBIT ANTIBODIES TO STREPTOCOCCAL CARBOHYDRATE

Two antibodies to Group C streptococcal carbohydrate isolated from an individual rabbit had similar relative binding affinities for a Group C immuno-adsorbent column. Their light chains were similar, if not identical, as were the constant regions of their heavy chains. Differences in the variable regions of the H chains of the two antibodies were detected by chemical analysis. The two antibodies had serologically identical idiotypic determinants although one antibody possessed the a3 allotype and the other had no detectable group a marker. The occurrence of such antibodies indicates the absence of obligatory associations between group a allotypes and idiotypic specificities, despite the fact that both determinants have antigenic components in the VH region of the H chain.
Auditing Constructivist Inquiry: Perspectives of Two Stakeholders

Using the Schwandt and Halpern model of auditing a constructivist study, the article describes an audit from the perspectives of both the auditor and the inquirer requesting the audit. Presented are the steps of the audit as enacted, the issues raised during the experience, and recommendations for those seeking and performing audits of construc tivist inquiries.
Vitamin D Insufficiency

The author reviews data supporting the recommendation to maintain a serum concentration of vitamin D above 20 ng per milliliter and notes the lack of evidence to support a higher target level. He reviews the limitations of data linking vitamin D insufficiency to chronic disease risk.
High Pulmonary Vascular Resistance After Birth: I. Pathophysiologic Considerations and Etiologic Classification

The clinical syndrome known as persistent fetal circulation, or persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn, is characterized by maintenance of a high pulmonary vascular resistance after birth. The small pulmonary arteries of the fetus have a thick muscular medial layer; they are very reactive, being actively constricted by the low PO2 levels normally present during fetal life. The pulmonary vascular smooth muscle layer is hypertrophied in conditions that result in chronic fetal hypoxia, or a maintained increase in pulmonary arterial pressure. Normally, pulmonary vasodilation occurs rapidly after birth, partly related to physical expansion with gas, but mainly due to the increased PO2 associated with ventilation with air. Based on these developmental considerations, the factors responsible for an increased pulmonary vascular resistance after birth may be classified in three main groups: (A) Acute vaso constriction due to postnatal hypoxia and aggravated by acidemia; (B) Prenatal increase in pulmonary...
A Dependency Model of Mass-Media Effects

It is suggested that one of the reasons that there is such a lack of clarity as to whether the media have effects is that researchers have proceeded from the wrong theoretical conceptualizations to study the wrong questions. The dependency model of media effects is presented as a theoretical alternative in which the nature of the tripartite audience-media-society relationship is assumed to most directly determine many of the effects that the media have on people and society. The present paper focuses upon audience dependency on media information resources as a key interactive condition for alteration of audience beliefs, behavior, or feelings as a result of mass communicated in formation. Audience dependency is said to be high in societies in which the media serve many central information functions and in periods of rapid social change or pervasive social conflict. The dependency model is further elaborated and illustrated by examination of several cognitive, affective, and behavioral effects which may be...
A method for measuring electrical signals in a primary cilium

Most cells in the body possess a single primary cilium. These cilia are key transducers of sensory stimuli, and defects in cilia have been linked to several diseases. Evidence suggests that some transduction of sensory stimuli by the primary cilium depends on ion-conducting channels. However, the tiny size of the cilium has been a critical barrier to understanding its electrical properties. We report a novel method that allows sensitive, repeatable electrical recordings from primary cilia. Adherent cells were grown on small, spherical beads that could be easily moved within the recording chamber. In this configuration, an entire cilium could be pulled into a recording microelectrode. In 47% of attempts, suction resulted in a seal with high input resistance. Single channels could be recorded while the cilium remained attached to the cell. When the pipette was raised into the air, the cell body was pulled off at the air-bath interface. The pipette retained the cilium and could then be immersed in various solutions that bathed the cytoplasmic face of the membrane. In excised cilia, ionic currents through ciliary channels were modulated by cytoplasmic Ca2+ and transmembrane voltage. Ciliary recording is a direct way to learn the effects of second messengers and voltage changes on ciliary transduction channels.