cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synaptic transmission in human neocortex removed for treatment of intractable epilepsy in children

Synaptic transmission to pyramidal cells was studied in slices of neocortex resected from infants and children (n = 10, age 8 months to 13 years) undergoing surgical treatment for intractable epilepsy. Most specimens were from the least abnormal area of the resection. Stable intracellular recordings could be obtained for up to 8 hours. Most of the recorded neurons had electrophysiological characteristics similar to those of regular-firing pyramidal cells and were in layers III to V, which was confirmed by intracellular staining with Lucifer yellow. Local extracellular stimulation evoked a sequence of excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials. After application of the gamma-aminobutyric acid antagonist, bicuculline (10-30 microM), extracellular stimulation induced large excitatory postsynaptic potentials and epileptiform bursts. Spontaneous bursts occasionally occurred in bicuculline. This effect of bicuculline was observed in all the tissue samples, even those from infant patients (n = 4, age 8-16 months). Kynurenic acid depressed or abolished both spontaneous and stimulation-induced bursts. The competitive antagonist for N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors, DL-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid decreased the duration of bicuculline-induced bursts. These data provide evidence that, similar to rat and cat neocortex, excitatory and inhibitory amino acids are important transmitters to pyramidal cells in immature human neocortex.
Platelet alpha granules in BLOC-2 and BLOC-3 subtypes of Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome.

Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (HPS) is a disorder of lysosome-related organelle biogenesis that displays genetic locus heterogeneity. The eight known HPS proteins combine in functional complexes, two of which are called BLOC-2 and BLOC-3; a BLOC is a Biogenesis of Lysosome-related Organelles Complex. Organelles affected in HPS include the melanosome, resulting in hypopigmentation, and the platelet delta (dense) granule, resulting in prolonged bleeding times. Whole mount electron microscopy (EM) detects the absence of platelet delta granules and confirms the diagnosis of HPS. To date, the status of other organelles and granules in HPS platelets has not been documented. We performed ultrastructural studies on platelets of patients with different genetic forms of HPS, specifically those comprising the BLOC-2 and BLOC-3 subtypes. No differences in distribution, size or quantity of other platelet organelles and membrane structures could be detected in our patients. Since alpha and delta granules are formed from mu...
The Management of Research Services

The organization and function of a Research Services Laboratory are described. This laboratory groups together service functions that require research caliber personnel and centralizes major items of capital research equipment. Advantages to both the Research Services Laboratory and to the rest of the research function are obtained by having this activity report to the Director of Research. By means of a project order numbering system, accounting for these services can be handled very simply from the user's point of view while adequate accountability and control are maintained. Service groups do well to avoid a primary responsibility for administering government contracts since this would limit the availability of services to the research staff. Good administration in a research service group calls for striking the proper balance between overload and idleness, between short- and long-range jobs and between requested and self-generated research. Personnel relations differ from those in non-service groups and the recruiting problem is greater. At the same time, Research Services is an excellent assignment for developing management talent. It is important that a Research Services Laboratory grow with the activities it supports, and there are a number of ways in which expansion into new service roles might occur with profit.
Innovative rehabilitation technology demonstration and evaluation program

Abstract As water and wastewater water utility owners seek innovative rehabilitation technologies to extend the service life of their assets there is a need to provide accurate performance and cost information on innovative technologies as they come to market. To meet this need, the US Environmental Protection Agency created a field demonstration program to evaluate innovative and emerging technologies to increase the effectiveness of the operation, maintenance, and renewal of aging drinking water distribution and wastewater conveyance systems. This program has resulted in the development of a technology demonstration and evaluation process that evaluates each aspect of pre-installation, installation and post-installation activities in order to provide information that is beneficial to water and wastewater water utility owners, technology manufacturers, and consultants and service providers. To date, two technologies indentified as innovative water rehabilitation techniques have been demonstrated. It is recommended that additional innovative and novel technologies be demonstrated under a similar program in the future to determine their applicability, while providing accurate performance and cost information to water and wastewater utility owners.
A monotonicity formula on complete Kähler manifolds with nonnegative bisectional curvature

In [Y], Yau proposed to study the uniformization of complete Kahler manifolds with nonnegative curvature. In particular, one wishes to determine whether or not a complete Kahler manifold M with positive bisectional curvature is biholomorphic to Cm. See also [GW], [Si]. For this sake, it was further asked in [Y] whether or not the ring of the holomorphic functions with polynomial growth, which we denote by Op(M), is finitely generated, and whether or not the dimension of the spaces of holomorphic functions of polynomial growth is bounded from above by the dimension of the corresponding spaces of polynomials on Cm. This paper addresses the latter questions. We denote by 0?(M) the space of holomorphic functions of polynomial growth with degree d. (See Section 3 for the precise definition.) Then Op(M) = \Jd>0 Od(M). In this paper, we show that
Development of mouse limb buds in organ culture, chondrogenesis in the presence of a proline analog, l-azetidine-2-carboxylic acid.

Abstract Limb buds from 36–40-somite mouse embryos were cultured on fluid medium consisting of BGJ and fetal calf serum. After 6 days the limb buds showed good chondrogenesis of recognizable bone segments. In the presence of the proline analog, limb l -azetidine-2-carboxylic acid, growth of the entire limb bud was inhibited as compared with control cultures, chondrogenesis was delayed, and the cartilage which subsequently appeared became swollen, soft, and malformed. Histologically the matrix of this treated cartilage appeared almost unstained, except for strands of alcian blue-positive material around the disoriented chondrocytes. Growth and development of the limb buds were normal when adequate l -proline was added to the medium along with the analog, or when d -azetidine was used as the control. l -Azetidine-treated cultures which were removed from the analog and subsequently placed on a proline-rich medium showed rapid recovery of the cartilage to normal within 48 hr. These findings agree well with previous reports that l -azetidine inhibits the secretion of normal collagen: the gross and microscopic changes observed reflect this collagen deficiency and emphasize the importance of collagen in normal organization of the matrix and the resultant shape of the cartilage.
Recent developments in our understanding of how platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and its receptors contribute to proliferative vitreoretinopathy.

Proliferative vitreoretinopathy, a disease process occurring in the setting of a rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, is thought to develop as a result of exposure of retinal cells to vitreous. Vitreous contains many growth factors, and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) has been considered a major contributor to PVR. Evaluation of both PDGF and PDGF receptors (PDGFRs) as potential therapeutic targets in the context of a rabbit model of PVR revealed that PDGFR-based approaches protected from PVR, whereas neutralizing PDGFs was a much less effective strategy. The basis for these observations appears to reflect that fact that the PDGFR could be activated by a wide spectrum of vitreal agents that are outside of the PDGF family. Furthermore, blocking signaling events by which the non-PDGFs indirectly activated PDGF α receptor (PDGFRα) protected rabbits from developing PVR. These studies demonstrate that the best therapeutic targets for PVR are not PDGFs, but PDGFRα and certain signaling events required for indirectly activating PDGFRα.
Perspectives on the Family's Caregiving Experience in Mental Illness

Most people with severe mental illness have family members who assist them. This paper explores families' caregiving demands, normative conflicts in family care of mentally ill adults, and changes in the formal care system. It examines the shift in locus of care from institutions to communities. The potential for collaborative models to reduce the burden of caregiving is considered.
The Role of the Samurai in the Development of Modern Banking in Japan

That the modernization of Japanese political and economic institutions during the Meiji period was spearheaded by the government and the samurai class that manned the government is a widely accepted view. One could, with little effort, assemble numerous quotations (in English or Japanese) reiterating this theme with little or no variation. Government-samurai endeavors such as pioneering in modern technology, subsidy programs (tangible and intangible), dissemination of new knowledge (to include modern business practices), and other aspects of “community-centered entrepreneurship” all support the theme. The purpose of this article is to question this well-entrenched view by submitting the findings of a close examination of the emergence of modern banking in Japan. Although this is only one aspect of the general theme, few students of Japanese economic history would deny that it has been often cited as one of the most typical examples of samurai leadership and of government initiative in the modernization of Japan. Eiichi Shibusawa, a former samurai, has invariably been linked with this development, in an attempt to stress that modern banking was a creation of the samurai class.
MECHANICS OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS IN FUEL CELL SYSTEMS

The science and technology that are fundamental to the concept of composite materials are also the foundation for the construction and function of fuel cells and fuel cell systems. The present paper outlines this relationship in the context of the physics and chemistry that are enabled by the specific selection and arrangement of constituents of the “functional composite” fuel cell. General principles of operation are described, and fundamental issues are defined that must be addressed by the composites community if the fuel cell science and engineering is to advance. Examples of several types of functional composite fuel cells are presented, with emphasis on polymer electrolyte (PEM) and solid-oxide (SOFC) systems. Specific needs for continued research are identified.
PRESENTATION, METHODS OF DIAGNOSIS AND THERAPY FOR PELVIC RECURRENCE FOLLOWING RADICAL CYSTECTOMY FOR TRANSITIONAL CELL CARCINOMA OF THE BLADDER

AbstractPurpose: We evaluated the presentation, methods of diagnosis and treatment of pelvic recurrence following radical cystectomy for transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder.Materials and Methods: We reviewed the records of 33 patients who underwent radical cystectomy for transitional cell carcinoma between May 1960 and August 1995 at our cancer center and who later had pelvic recurrence.Results: The majority of patients underwent cystectomy for clinically advanced transitional cell carcinoma. Median time from cystectomy to recurrence was 10 months. Of the patients 25 were symptomatic (76%) at the time recurrence was diagnosed. Recurrence was discovered by digital rectal examination in 4 asymptomatic patients (12%) and by routine pelvic imaging in 2. Treatment included chemotherapy, surgery or radiation (alone or in combination). Of the 33 patients 29 died of progressive disease with a median survival of 7 months from the time of recurrence, and 4 remained free of disease at 7, 14, 26 and 95 months ...
Curve fitting defibrillation success rate versus energy

The defibrillation energy versus success rate (SR) plots (DSREs) from ten dogs were fit to three types of curves (linear, exponential, and probit transformed linear). Seven to ten (8.60+or-0.84: mean+or-standard deviation) energies were used which span the DSRE curve. Ten episodes per energy were obtained for the outer energies and six for the middle, for a total of 70.0+or-8.4 episodes. The exponential model fit best (R=0.0944+or-0.013), followed by the probit model (R=0.926+or-0.051) and the linear model (R=0.917+or-0.057). Points representing the maximum energy for 0% SR and the energy for 80% SR along with their 95% confidence intervals were predicted from the curve fits. The DSRE distribution was then bootstrapped with 100 replications for two to six samples per energy. This technique demonstrated that four samples per energy for a mean total of 34.4 shocks would suffice to reconstruct the DSRE curve with acceptable accuracy. >
Silica–Gold Core–Shell Nanosphere for Ultrafast Dynamic Nanothermometer

Effective temperature measurements are of signifi cance for a fundamental understanding of nanosystems and functional applications, requiring ultimate miniaturization of thermometers with reduced size but maintained sensitivity, simplicity, and accuracy of temperature reading. Grand challenges exist for scenarios of thermal shock or combustion where materials may be subjected to extreme thermal fl ux and drastic temperature variations, and dynamic thermal sensors with an ultrafast response are yet to be developed. Here, an innovative design of silica–gold core–shell (SiO 2 @Au) nanospheres is demonstrated as a potential dynamic sensor with a sub-second response time and accurate temperature determination based on the strong temperature dependence of the thermally induced morphological self-reorganization and characteristic surface plasmon (SP) absorption of the metal shell. The irreversible thermally induced morphological and optical signatures behave as characteristic “fi ngerprints” for temperature recordings, allowing the retrieval of thermal history ex-situ. As compared with current nanothermometer technologies such as metal-fi lled nanotubes, the core–shell nanospherebased dynamic thermosensor offers synergistic advantages of ultrafast time response, fast readout, permanent recording of thermal history, and ex-situ capabilities for effective temperature measurements.
On the cyclotron resonance width of an electron impurity system in two dimensions

Abstract Using the proper connected diagram expansion which incorporates the quasi-particle effect naturally we calculated the cyclotron resonance width γ in the extreme quantum limit. (a) γ ∝n 1 2 s B 1 2 for a short range interaction, and (b) γ = π 1 2 ze2 κ-1 1 2 s for Coulomb interaction, are obtained. The field (B) and concentration (ns)-dependence is in satisfactory agreement with experimental data. The variation γ = (γ21 + γ22 + …) 1 2 of Matthiessen's rule γ = γ1 + γ2 + …, holds when there exist scattering centers of different kinds in the system.
Agent-based modelling of mosquito foraging behaviour for malaria control

Summary Traditional environmental management programmes require extensive coverage of larval habitats to reduce drastically the emergence of adult mosquitoes. Recent studies have highlighted the impact of reduced availability of aquatic habitats on mosquito foraging for hosts and oviposition sites. In this study, we developed an agent-based model to track the status and movement of mosquitoes individually. Mosquito foraging was represented as a two-stage process: random flight when the resource was not within the mosquito's perception range and directional flight to the resource when it was detected. Three scenarios of targeted source reduction were devised to eliminate all aquatic habitats within certain distances of human habitations. For comparison, three non-targeted source reductions randomly eliminated the same numbers of aquatic habitats as their corresponding targeted scenarios. Our results show that the elimination of habitats within 100 m, 200 m and 300 m of surrounding houses resulted in 13%, 91% and 94% reductions in malaria incidence, respectively; compared with −3%, 19% and 44%, respectively, for the corresponding conventional interventions. These findings indicate that source reduction might not require coverage of extensive areas, as previously thought, and that the distance to human habitations can be used for habitat targeting.
Health and Equity in the World in the Era of “Globalization”

The author critically discusses some of the major arguments given for the growth of inequalities in health in the world today. He also questions the "technocratic," "humanistic," or "apolitical" discourse used by most international agencies in their analysis of the growing inequalities, a discourse that obscures the actual causes of this growth: the power relations among and within countries.
Understanding immunology in disease development and control

Abstract Two functional aspects of the avian immune system, the humoral and the cell-mediated arms, provide the basis for the preventive and protective response against disease-causing microorganisms. On the other hand, certain avian diseases may induce a transient or permanent immunosuppressive state in one or both of these arms, leading to increased disease susceptibility. In addition to the classical immune response, manifested as antibody production or effector cell activation several cytokines and metabolites are also produced. The consequence of cytokine- and metabolite-mediated microenvironments may be either beneficial or result in a noninfectious immunopathology. Nevertheless, the integrity of the immune system and its functional modulation by factors such as genetics, nutrition, and prophylactic approaches continue to be an important focus of attention in current poultry research and production efforts.
Supervised compression of multivariate time series data

A problem of supervised learning from the multivariate time series (MTS) data where the target variable is potentially a highly complex function of MTS features is considered. This paper focuses on finding a compressed representation of MTS while preserving its predictive potential. Each time sequence is decomposed into Chebyshev polynomials, and the decomposition coefficients are used as predictors in a statistical learning model. The feature selection method capable of handling true multivariate effects is then applied to identify relevant Chebyshev features. MTS compression is achieved by keeping only those predictors that are pertinent to the response.
Note-Subjective Probability and the Theory of Games: Some Further Comments

This note reconsiders some of the issues raised by Kadane and Larkey, and Harsanyi, and briefly discusses some relevant empirical results.
The Effect of Background Music on the Control Activity of an Automobile Driver

The effect of silence, slow music, and Tijuana Brass music on the control activity of twenty four automotive drivers was recorded on a Greensfield's Driveometer. Control activity was affected by the music but the effects of slow and Tijuana Brass music were not the same; speed was faster during music and weaving was less.
Overproduction of PDR3 suppresses mitochondrial import defects associated with a TOM70 null mutation by increasing the expression of TOM72 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Most mitochondrial proteins are synthesized with cleavable amino-terminal targeting signals that interact with the mitochondrial import machinery to facilitate their import from the cytosol. We previously reported that the presequence of the F1-ATPase beta subunit precursor (pre-F1beta ) acts as an intramolecular chaperone that maintains the precursor in an import-competent conformation prior to import (P. Hajek, J. Y. Koh, L. Jones, and D. M. Bedwell, Mol. Cell. Biol. 17:7169-7177, 1997). We also found that a mutant form of pre-F1beta with a minimal targeting signal (Delta 1,2 pre-F1beta) is inefficiently imported into mitochondria because it rapidly folds into an import-incompetent conformation. We have now analyzed the consequences of reducing the pre-F1beta targeting signal to a minimal unit in more detail. We found that Delta 1,2 pre-F1beta is more dependent upon the Tom70p receptor for import than WT pre-F1beta is, resulting in a growth defect on a nonfermentable carbon source at 15°C. Experiments using an in vitro mitochondrial protein import system suggest that Tom70p functions to maintain a precursor containing the Delta 1,2 pre-F1beta import signal in an import-competent conformation. We also identified PDR3, a transcriptional regulator of the pleiotropic drug resistance network, as a multicopy suppressor of the mitochondrial import defects associated with Delta 1,2 pre-F1beta in a tom70Delta strain. The overproduction of PDR3 mediated this effect by increasing the import of Delta 1,2 pre-F1beta into mitochondria. This increased the mitochondrial ATP synthase activity to the extent that growth of the mutant strain was restored under the selective conditions. Analysis of the transcription patterns of components of the mitochondrial outer membrane import machinery demonstrated that PDR3 overproduction increased the expression of TOM72, a little studied TOM70 homologue. These results suggest that Tom72p possesses overlapping functions with Tom70p and that the pleiotropic drug resistance network plays a previously unappreciated role in mitochondrial biogenesis.
Factors associated with depression among adolescents living with HIV in Malawi

Prior research suggests that a high prevalence of depression, with a detrimental impact on treatment outcomes exists among HIV-infected youth. Data on potential risk factors of depression among HIV-infected youth in sub-Saharan Africa are scarce. This cross-sectional study aimed to identify contributory/protective factors associated with depression in Malawian adolescents 12–18 years old living with HIV. Depression was measured by a validated Chichewa version of the Beck Depression Inventory version-II (BDI-II) and the Children’s Depression Rating Scale-Revised (CDRS-R). Data on variables thought to potentially be contributory/protective were collected and included: socio-demographics, past traumatic events/stressors, behavioural factors/social support, and bio-clinical parameters. Chi-square test or two-sample t-test was used to explore associations between factors and depression. Additional testing via linear/logistic regression, adjusting for age and sex, identified candidate variables (p < 0.1). Final regression models included variables with significant main effects and interactions. Of the 562 participants enrolled (mean age, 14.5 years [SD 2.0]; 56.1 % female), the prevalence of depression was 18.9 %. In multivariate linear regression, the variables significantly associated with higher BDI-II score were female gender, fewer years of schooling, death in the family/household, failing a school term/class, having a boyfriend/girlfriend, not disclosed or not having shared one’s HIV status with someone else, more severe immunosuppression, and bullied for taking medications. Bullying victimization was reported by 11.6 % of respondents. We found significant interactions: older participants with lower height-for-age z-scores and dissatisfied with their physical appearance had higher BDI-II scores. In multivariate logistic regression, factors significantly associated with depression were: older age, OR 1.23 (95 % CI 1.07-1.42); fewer years of schooling, OR 3.30 (95 % CI 1.54-7.05); and bullied for taking medications, (OR 4.20 (95 % CI 2.29-7.69). Having fewer years of schooling and being bullied for taking medications were most clearly associated with depression. Programmes to support the mental health needs of HIV-infected adolescents that address issues such as disclosure, educational support, and, most notably, bullying may improve treatment outcomes and are recommended.
MODELING INTERACTION BETWEEN INTERNET COMMUNICATION AND TRAVEL ACTIVITIES: EVIDENCE FROM BAY AREA, CALIFORNIA, TRAVEL SURVEY 2000

Increasingly, advanced information technologies affect both activity and travel participation. Although several studies have focused on specific activities such as e-shopping or telecommuting, this study focuses on the relationship between physical and virtual activity participation in maintenance and discretionary activities (specifically using Internet technologies). In particular, three related dimensions are investigated using a series of statistical models: (a) factors affecting information and communications technology (ICT) use and the propensity to perform virtual activities using the Internet, (b) the relationship between physical and virtual activity participation and ICT use, and (c) interactions among ICT use, activity attributes, and observed travel behavior. The models are estimated by using recent empirical activity-diary data from the San Francisco Bay Area (California). The results provide considerable evidence in support of substitution and generation of trips due to ICT use (particularly the Internet). The results highlight the influence of technological familiarity, work-related attributes, time constraints, timing of travel, mobility and connectivity needs, and sociodemographic factors on the interactions between ICT use and travel patterns of users. These results have important implications for travel demand estimation and forecasting given the growing adoption and use of ICT among various segments of the population.
Beam loading and cavity compensation for the Ground Test Accelerator

The Ground Test Accelerator (GTA) will be a heavily beam-loaded H/sup -/ linac with tight tolerances on accelerating field parameters. The methods used in modeling the effects of beam loading in this machine are described. The response of the cavity to both beam and radio-frequency (RF) drive stimulus is derived, including the effects of cavity detuning. This derivation is not restricted to a small-signal approximation. An analytical method for synthesizing a predistortion network that decouples the amplitude and phase responses of the cavity is also outlined. Simulation of performance, including beam loading, is achieved by using a control system analysis software package. A straightforward method is presented for extrapolating this work to model large coupled structures with closely spaced parasitic modes. Results to date have enabled the RF control system designs for GTA to be optimized and have given insight into their operation. >
Isolated Nonspecific ST-Segment and T-Wave Abnormalities in a Cross-Sectional United States Population and Mortality (from NHANES III)

Most clinicians regard isolated, minor, or nonspecific ST-segment and T-wave (NS-STT) abnormalities to be incidental, often transient, and benign findings in asymptomatic patients. We sought to evaluate whether isolated NS-STT abnormalities on routine electrocardiograms (ECGs) are associated with increased risk of cardiovascular mortality (CM) and all-cause mortality (AM) in a cross-sectional United States population without known coronary artery disease. We included all adults 40 to 90 years of age without known coronary artery disease or risk equivalent based on history and laboratory values, enrolled in the NHANES III from 1988 to 1994, with electrocardiographic data available, and a total follow-up period of 59,781.75 patient-years. NS-STT abnormalities were defined by Minnesota Coding. Subjects were excluded if their mortality data were missing or if they had major electrocardiographic abnormalities, heart rate >120 beats/min, nonsinus rhythm, cardiac infarction/injury score ≥ 20 on ECG, left ventricular hypertrophy by Minnesota Codes 3.1 and 3.3, or patient-reported history coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure, stroke, diabetes, or peripheral arterial disease. The remaining 4,426 subjects were stratified by presence or absence of NS-STT abnormalities. Mortality was judged based on International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision coding linked to the National Death Index. Cox proportional hazard ratio was used for multivariate analysis, showing that CM (hazards ratio 1.71, 95% confidence interval 1.04 to 2.83, p = 0.04) and AM (hazards ratio 1.37, 95% confidence interval 1.03 to 1.81, p = 0.02) were significantly higher in the isolated NS-STT abnormalities group. In conclusion, isolated NS-STT abnormalities on ECG were associated with a higher incidence of CM and AM in this large nationally representative cross-sectional cohort without known coronary artery disease or coronary artery disease risk equivalents.
Spitzer Mission Operation System Planning for IRAC Warm-Instrument Characterization

This paper will describe how the Spitzer Mission Operations System planned and executed the characterization phase between Spitzer's cryogenic mission and its warm mission. To the largest extend possible, the execution of this phase was done with existing processing and procedures. The modifications that were made were in response to the differences of the characterization phase compared to normal phases before and after. The primary two categories of difference are: unknown date of execution due to uncertainty of knowledge of the date of helium depletion, and the short cycle time for data analysis and re-planning during execution. In addition, all of the planning and design had to be done in parallel with normal operations, and we had to transition smoothly back to normal operations following the transition. This paper will also describe the re-planning we had to do following an anomaly discovered in the first days after helium depletion.
The effects of buffer structure in buffer-layer-assisted growth: Grain boundaries, grooves, and pattern transfer

Rare gas thin solid films have been used to create a wide range of nanostructures through buffer-layer-assisted growth. This paper examines effects related to the microstructure of the buffer layer and demonstrates that those effects can be used to produce nanostructures with different spatial distributions. We show that � 100 ML thick Xe films form large columnar grains through secondary grain growth when condensed on amorphous substrates at 15–40 K. The grains grow to reach diameters exceeding 30 times their film thickness. Moreover, surface grooving occurs where the grain boundaries intersect the buffer surface. The deposition of Au atoms onto these surfaces produces clusters, and warm-up induces cluster diffusion and aggregation during buffer desorption before delivery to the surface. Transmission electron microscopy results show that the grooves capture the mobile clusters and concentrate them in a fashion analogous to the capture of agitated grains of sand on a patterned surface. The grain boundaries and their grooves then offer a way to vary the cluster distribution on the surface and to print by pattern transfer using nanoscale particles of a material of choice. � 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
What is a case manager? The perspective of persons with borderline personality disorder

Abstract Background: Case management services have expanded to include persons with diagnoses other than schizophrenia. Attention has been directed toward persons with chronic, nonpsychotic disorders—in particular, persons with personality disorders. However, to date, the nature and effects of case management for persons with personality disorders are relatively unknown. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to explore case management services from the perspective of community mental health center clients with borderline personality disorder. By providing descriptions and interpretations of the day-to-day experience of having a case manager, the benefits and limitations of this service delivery model for persons with borderline personality disorder are revealed. Study Design: An interpretive, phenomenological research approach was used. Results: Based on the interview data, the following three themes were identified and explicated through the words of the clients: (1) “My case manager treats me like a person,” (2) “My case manager is more than a case manager,” and (3) “My case manager has stuck with me for years.” Conclusions: The results suggest that person-centered, comprehensive, and continuous services from a single caregiver are the core of case management services for persons with borderline personality disorder. Participants perceived their case managers as respectful, resourceful, and reliable. Further work is needed to determine how these practices can be more widely disseminated in mental health care for persons with borderline personality disorder. (J Am Psychiatr Nurses Assoc [2001]. 7, 4-12.)
Legal Research: Transactional Law Research

The legal research curriculum in law schools has traditionally focused on litigation-based research. There is, however, a significant portion of the law student population that will become transactional lawyers and conduct a different type of legal research. Written for Student Lawyer magazine, this column introduces students to some key research resources used by transactional lawyers. These resources include EDGAR, in-house precedents, Practical Law Company, and Bloomberg Law. This column also encourages students to explore the many other resources used by transactional lawyers today.
Infections in Patients with Inherited Defects in Phagocytic Function

Patients with defects in phagocytic function are predisposed to intracellular microorganisms and typically have early dissemination of the infection. Recognition of the underlying disorder and aggressive antimicrobial therapy has been beneficial for the patients. Improved understanding of the pathophysiology has also affected patient management by allowing specific, targeted immunomodulatory intervention. The disorders described in this review are not common but have had a significant impact on our understanding of the role of phagocytic cells in host defense. Conversely, understanding the role of the neutrophil and macrophage in infection has benefited not just the patients described in this review but also other patients with similar disease processes.
A Unique Thermal Conductivity Gas Analyzer

For many years the thermal conductivity method of gas analysis of binary mixtures has been very popular. Recent improvements in the field of chromatography have led to the use of thermal conductivity for analysis of multicomponent mixtures. Using this system the mixture is passed through an adsorption column. On passing a carrier gas through the column, the components are recovered in sequence, being determined in turn by means of a suitably calibrated thermal conductivity cell.
Formalized knowledge of construction sequencing for visual monitoring of work-in-progress via incomplete point clouds and low-LoD 4D BIMs

Display Omitted We introduce a formalized ontology modeling construction sequencing rationale.The presented ontology with BIM can infer state of progress in case of limited visibility.And also in case of higher LoDs and more detailed WBS compared to the underlying 4D BIM.The ontology and classification mechanisms are validated using Charrette test.Their application is shown together with BIM and as-built data on real-world projects. Over the last few years, new methods that detect construction progress deviations by comparing laser scanning or image-based point clouds with 4D BIM are developed. To create complete as-built models, these methods require the visual sensors to have proper line-of-sight and field-of-view to building elements. For reporting progress deviations, they also require Building Information Modeling (BIM) and schedule Work-Breakdown-Structure (WBS) with high Level of Development (LoD). While certain logics behind sequences of construction activities can augment 4D BIM with lower LoDs to support making inferences about states of progress under limited visibility, their application in visual monitoring systems has not been explored. To address these limitations, this paper formalizes an ontology that models construction sequencing rationale such as physical relationships among components. It also presents a classification mechanism that integrates this ontology with BIM to infer states of progress for partially and fully occluded components. The ontology and classification mechanism are validated using a Charrette test and by presenting their application together with BIM and as-built data on real-world projects. The results demonstrate the effectiveness and generality of the proposed ontology. It also illustrates how the classification mechanism augments 4D BIM at lower LoDs and WBS to enable visual progress assessment for partially and fully occluded BIM elements and provide detailed operational-level progress information.
Effects of alloy composition on environmental embrittlement of B2 ordered iron aluminides

The mechanical properties of B2 ordered iron aluminides have been found to be very sensitive to test environment. Recent studies have revealed that these alloys exhibit significantly higher ductilities when tested in oxygen or vacuum that in air. Moisture in the air is believed to be responsible for the loss in ductility. The purpose of this paper is to further investigate the effects of the environment on the mechanical properties of iron aluminides by observing how these effects change with alloy composition. Aluminides with compositions ranging from 23 to 38 at. % Al have been tensile tested in environments of air, vacuum and oxygen.
Continuous Recording of H2O Spray Spot Images Across the Sprayed Swath on 35-mm Film

A technique for recording water spray spot images continuously across a spray swath on 35-mm film is described. Although the technique was developed for aerial-spraydeposit studies, it can be used in studies of much narrower swaths. One hundred-foot lengths of 35-mm film were specially prepared as the spray sampling surface. The spray solution of H20 and black Nigrosine dye was sprayed over the film. Specially prepared film holders were made to hold the film, and spray passes were made flying at right angles to the film sampling line. The sprayed sample was printed by a 35-mm motion-picture contact printer. After the print was developed, a small, compact, permanent copy of the spray deposit was available for study of drop sizes. An empirical relation was derived to express the spherical drop diameter as a function of the spot diameter on the film.
A Diophantine Equation from Calculus

In constructing exercises for homework and tests one often tries to choose constants in a problem so that the answer has a simple numerical form. For one frequently used calculus problem this effort leads to a Diophantine equation, equation (1) below. General solutions of this type of equation are well-known [2], [4], [6], [7], and especially see [3, pages 405-406]. In this investigation we will be interested in certain kinds of solutions. Also we will make use of a symmetry of the equation and the solutions which seems not to have been noticed previously. To this end we will develop the solution in a way that facilitates the use of the symmetry. Furthermore we include a table of certain solutions suitable for new variations of the original calculus problem.
Evaluation of Archaeological Material from the Little Church of La Villita Property, San Antonio, Texas

On June 25th, 1993, Dale Bransford of the San Antonio Parks and Recreation Department brought several bone fragments to the Center for Archaeological Research (CAR) of the University of Texas at San Antonio (UTSA). These bones had been discovered by workmen installing a French drain along the east side of the Little Church of La V ill ita in downtown San Antonio. Inspection identified the bones as human, so CAR staff members visited the site to investigate and collect other remains. No excavation was attempted. Subsequent skeletal analysis revealed the presence of at least two individuals in the collection. Because of the absence of diagnostic artifacts, a sample of bone was sent for accelerator dating. The resulting date of 380 ± 60 B.P. (Beta-67731 AMS-9901) suggests that these remains are those of at least two late prehistoric or proto historic occupants of south central Texas. The Ol3C value of the bone indicates a dietary regime which emphasized C4based food sources, in this case probably bison.
Water Intrusion in Graphite/Epoxy Sandwich Panels Subjected to Low Level Impact Damage:

Due to the increasing use of graphite/epoxy sandwich panels on the exterior surface of aircraft, it is necessary to determine the ability of the panels to resist potential damage caused by runway debris. There have been numerous studies on the abilities of composite panels to resist the damage due to low level impact; however, the ability of an impacted panel to resist water intrusion needs to be studied. Impact by runway debris can damage panels and allow water intrusion to the core of the panels. Water will damage the core and reduce the load carrying capabilities of the panels. In this paper the theory of impact damage of composite laminates will be applied to graphite/epoxy sandwich panels and the predictions will be compared to experimental results. The panels will be subjected to falling weight impact tests and then tested for water intrusion.
Analysis of an investigation results on iodine deficiency disorders in Gansu in 2009

Objective To master the status in control of iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) in Gansu province and to provide the basis for development of control strategies. Methods One county which reached the national standardization of IDD elimination was selected randomly from each of 14 cities of Gansu province in 2009, then one town was selected respectively from five directions (east, south, west, north, and central) of the above selected counties. One village was chosen from every town which was selected for investigating household iodized salt and iodized salt sales network. At the same time the thyroid of children was examined, their urinary iodine (UI) was determined, the intelligence quotient(IQ) values of children were measured and health education was surveyed in one primary school which was chosen in each of the selected town. Results A total of 1420 edible salt samples were tested;the weighted iodized salt coverage rate and the weighted qualified iodized salt rate were 99.53% and 98.15 respectively. Urine samples were collected from 1761 children included in the study. The urinary iodine median was 225.87 μg/L. The urinary iodine medians were at optimal levels in five counties, over the optimal levels in seven counties and at excessive levels in two counties. A total of 3051 children aged 8 - 10 were randomly selected for thyroid examination. The weighted thyroid goiter rate(TGR) of children was 1.9%, and TGR was higher than 5% only in Hoaggu county. IQ of 2815 children was tested and the mean IQ was 105.3, except for the country of Zhuoni and Kangle, the mean IQ of other counties were over 100. The average score of health education was 3.2.Children of 57.08% (1229/2153) knew that iodine deficiency could lead to mental retardation, 71.76% (1544/2153) knew that iodine deficiency could cause thyroid goiter, 68.04%( 1465/2153 ) knew that eating iodized salt was the best method for IDD prevention and control and 61.82%(1331/2153) informed their families of the benefits of eating iodized salt. Each town had one agency selling iodized salt and each village had one more retail store with iodized salt, but 73.5%(75/102) of the stores without license for the sales. Conclusions Great progress has been made on the prevention and control of IDD in Gansu province. The qualified iodized salt consumption rate has reached the national standard for IDD elimination, TGR has decreased markedly, the urinary iodine levels in more counties are over the optimal levels and iodized salt distribution network is basically sound. But progress in health education is uneven. Key words: Iodine ; Deficiency disorders; Goiter, endemic ; Urine; Salts
Applications: Transport Coefficients at Finite Temperature

In the first part of the Chapter, we show that the non-commutative Kubo-formula for the transport coefficients is covered by the theory developed so far. In the second part, we present computer assisted calculations of the finite-temperature transport coefficients, for model Hamiltonians relevant for the integer quantum Hall effect and Chern insulators. The focus will be on the physical signature of the Anderson transition occurring at the boundary between the topological phases.
School Effects and Costs for Private and Public Schools in the Dominican Republic

Although governments in some countries are implementing projects to support small-scale and rural enterprises, more commonly the rural nonfarm sector operates in a policy environment that is biased against it. This survey highlights the positive roles that the rural nonfarm sector can play in promoting growth and welfare by slowing rural-urban migration, using more appropriate technologies, providing seasonal or alternative employment for those left out of agriculture, and improving household security through diversification. The apparent neglect of this sector does not seem warranted on the basis of available information. So little is known about the rural nonfarm sector that those making policy to assist rural small-scale enterprises have done so largely unencumbered by evidence. The Lanjouw survey of nonfarm data and policy experience attempts to correct this. Until recently, the commonly held view was that rural nonfarm employment was relatively nonproductive, producing goods and services of low quality. The rural off-farm sector was expected to wither away with development and rising incomes, and this was viewed as a positive, rather than a negative, event. A corollary of this view was that the government need not actively worry about the sector - or be concerned about how policies elsewhere might harm it. More recently, opinion has swung the other way, and it is increasingly argued that neglect of the sector would be mistaken. The survey highlights the positive roles that the rural nonfarm sector can play in promoting both growth and welfare. In the widespread situation of a rural workforce growing faster than the employment potential in agriculture, the nonfarm rural sector can lower unemployment and slow rural-urban migration. It is particularly useful in employing women and providing off-season incomes. The technologies used in small-scale rural manufacturing may be more appropriate and thus generate greater income from available productive inputs. What role could government play in promoting the nonfarm sector? The emphasis of government policy has been on large-scale urban industry as the main engine of growth. More recently, there has been a move toward a more broad-based growth approach, with greater emphasis on the development of agriculture and the rural economy. Increasingly countries have targeted project assistance schemes, for example to provide training, infrastructure, and technology to support small-scale and rural enterprises. Nonetheless, in most countries it remains true that projects to support the nonfarm rural sector are undertaken in a policy environment which is biased against this sector. This paper - a product of the Office of the Vice President, Development Economics - was prepared as a background paper for World Development Report 1995 on labor.