cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Seasonal changes in the properties of first-year, second-year and multi-year ice

Abstract To date, too few measurements have been available to document the seasonal change in the strength for different types of sea ice. The situation is remedied here with nearly 1300 borehole measurements on first-year ice (FYI), second-year ice (SYI) and multi-year ice (MYI) in the Canadian Arctic from the past 15 years. The thickness, temperature, salinity and borehole strength are given for five categories of sea ice: FYI, SYI, young multi-year ice (yMYI), thick level multi-year ice (TkMYI) and hummocked multi-year ice (hMYI). Results show that the deterioration of FYI and SYI is offset by about one month in summer, yMYI is more similar to TkMYI than SYI, and deteriorated MYI floes can have strengths comparable to more competent looking MYI floes in summer. The seasonal reduction in strength for different ice types is expressed here as an ‘equivalent floe strength’, which is the depth-averaged strength of all boreholes on a floe normalized by the maximum depth-averaged strength of FYI in winter (32 MPa). Seasonal trends in strength show SYI and MYI floes to be stronger than FYI floes in all seasons. The strength of FYI floes decreases from 61% (May) to 9% (July), relative to its 32 MPa winter maximum, whereas the equivalent floe strength of SYI decreases from 69% (May) to 16% (August), relative to 32 MPa. The equivalent floe strength of the combined category of yMYI & TkMYI decreases from 78% or more (May) to 40% (September). The equivalent floe strength of hMYI decreases from 102% (May) to 51% (September).
The Effects of Resistance Exercise on Biomarkers of Breast Cancer Prognosis: A Pooled Analysis of Three Randomized Trials

Background: Using a secondary data analysis from randomized controlled trials comparing one year of resistance exercise (n = 109) to a placebo control condition (n = 106) in postmenopausal, posttreatment breast cancer survivors, we investigated the influence of resistance training and changes in body composition on markers associated with cancer progression.Methods: Measures included serum levels of insulin, IGF-1, IGFBP1-3, leptin, serum amyloid A (SAA), adiponectin, C-reactive protein (CRP), IL1β, TNFα, IL6, and IL8, and body composition (total, lean and fat mass in kg) by DXA at baseline, 6, and 12 months. Linear mixed effects models were used to examine the association between group, biomarkers, and body composition and whether or not changes in muscle strength or body composition influenced the effect of exercise on biomarkers.Results: CRP decreased over time among women participating in resistance training compared with increases in controls (P = 0.045). In stratified analyses and compared with increases in controls, women who gained strength reduced CRP (P = 0.003) and maintained levels of IL1β and IL6. Among exercisers who lost weight (≥2 kg), CRP (P = 0.045), leptin (P < 0.01), and SAA (P = 0.029) decreased, whereas IGF-BP1 (P = 0.036) increased compared with controls.Conclusions: Resistance training may lower inflammation and improve insulin pathway profiles, but the magnitude and degree of benefit from exercise may depend upon whether or not women gained strength, a possible marker of compliance with training, and/or lost weight during exercise.Impact: Future resistance training trials should consider these potential influencing factors as they may determine how well exercise can slow cancer progression and prevent disease recurrence. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 27(2); 146-53. ©2017 AACR.
“Their Fires shall not be Visible”: The Sense of Muslim Difference

This article examines the nexus of Islam, difference, and the senses. Amidst the diverse ethno-religious landscape of post-conquest Islam where communal boundaries often blurred, religious and stat...
Democracy, autocracy, and direction of lethal violence: homicide and suicide

Using the framework of civilizing theory and attributional style of blame theory, the present researcher examines the role of democracy in rates of homicide and suicide. The regression analyses, wh...
Sorting the Sortable from the Unsortable.

This article describes a discovery-based introduction to elementary genetic algorithms for students of introductory computer science via a series of programming laboratory exercises. The exercises focus on sorting weighted scores, a problem that is both accessible to the novice programmer and seemingly feasible by means of standard sorting methods. Students soon discover that standard, deterministic techniques prove insufficient and so must settle for approximation by genetic algorithm. Experimentation with this approach reveals the folly of sorting weighted scores.
Dealing with sulfur deficiency in Iowa corn production

Research conducted for more than forty years (prior to approximately 2005) in Iowa rarely noted improved crop yield with sulfur (S) fertilization. Studies during that time period with corn and soybean found yield increase from S fertilizer application only three times out of approximately 200 trials. Research in the early 1980’s also documented sufficient plant available S in the soil profile for crop production on most Iowa soil associations. Results of recent studies (2000-2005) in corn and soybean were consistent with the historical research. An example is research presented at this conference (Sawyer and Barker, 2002) where there was no corn or soybean yield increase from S application at six sites in Iowa across two years.
ON THE NUMERICAL FORMULATION OF A TIME DEPENDENT MULTI-LEVEL MODEL OF AN ESTUARY, WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO BOUNDARY CONDITIONS

A two dimensional model of the vertical circulation of an estuary has been developed, which solves, by an explicit finite difference initial value method, the equations of continuity, salt and momentum conservation for a channel of variable width and depth, but rectangular cross section. A further semi-implicit extension of the model is given, which removes the dependancy of the time step on the depth and makes feasible long integration periods. Features of the model include a finite difference grid which allows the tidally driven free surface to move vertically through the grid points, along with accurate finite difference formulations of the surface and bottom boundary conditions. If long periods of integration are considered, the effect on the salt balance of different formulations of the vertical eddy coefficients is shown to make the choice of the mouth boundary condition on salinity ambiguous.
Mapping function to failure mode during component development

When designing aerospace systems, it is essential to provide crucial failure information for failure prevention. Failure modes and effects types of analyses and prior engineering knowledge and experience are commonly used to determine the potential modes of failures a product might encounter during its lifetime. When new products are being considered and designed, this knowledge and information is expanded upon to help designers extrapolate based on their similarity with existing products and the potential design tradeoffs. In this work, we aim to enhance this process by providing design-aid tools which derive similarities between functionality and failure modes. Specifically, this paper presents the theoretical foundations of a matrix-based approach to derive similarities that exist between different failure modes, by mapping observed failure modes to the functionality of each component, and applies it to a simple design example. The function–failure mode method is proposed to design new products or redesign existing ones with solutions for functions that eliminate or reduce the potential of a failure mode.
Designing the Glucose Telemetry for Hospital Management: From Bedside to the Nursing Station.

Hospitalized patients with diabetes are monitored with point-of-care glucose testing. Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) devices represent an alternative way to monitor glucose values; however, the in-hospital CGM use is still considered experimental. Most inpatient studies used “blinded” CGM properties and only few used the real-time/unblinded CGM features. One major limitation of the CGM devices is that they need to be placed at the patients’ bedside, limiting any therapeutic interventions. In this article, we review the real-time/unblinded CGM use and share our thoughts about the development of future inpatient CGM systems. We recently reported that glucose values can be wirelessly transmitted to the nursing station, providing remote continuous glucose monitoring. Future inpatient CGM devices may be utilized for patients at risk for hypoglycemia similarly to the way that we use cardiac telemetry to monitor hospitalized patients who are at increased risk for cardiac arrhythmias.
Maintain Control: Managing Your Expectations!

Now that you have finished the reading passages up to this chapter, it is important for us to review many of the factors surrounding your stone formation and stone prevention. You may be stone free at this time and it is important to review some of the facts as to how you enhance your likelihood of remaining stone free. It is important to manage your expectations on stone prevention and steps required to achieve this goal. This chapter discusses tips allowing patients to manage their expectations and inspiring individuals to minimize their risk of future stones.
Advancing our understanding of woody debris in tropical forests

Fine and coarse woody debris (WD), or woody necromass, serves a multitude of functions in forests including: essential habitat for countless vertebrate, arthropod and microbial species; substrate for regenerating plants, for example as nurse logs; a dominant carbon source for heterotrophs; and both a sink and source for essential nutrients (Harmon et al. 1986; Palace et al. 2012). Further, as WD decomposes, resulting fragments and microbial byproducts of the decay process provide a major source of organic matter for soils (Magnusson et al. 2016). Finally, WD can account for up to 20% of carbon storage in forests (Harmon et al. 1986; Palace et al. 2012), with an important role in biosphere -atmosphere CO2 exchange.
Manning Up: Modern Manhood, Rudimentary Pugilistic Capital, and Esquire Network’s White Collar Brawlers:

Debuting in 2013, Esquire Network’s first season of White Collar Brawlers features professional-class men with workplace conflicts looking to “settle the score in the ring.” In the show, white-coll...
Comparison of left fourth and fifth intercostal space thoracotomy for open-chest cardiopulmonary resuscitation in dogs.

OBJECTIVE To determine whether ease of access to thoracic structures for performing open-chest cardiopulmonary resuscitation (OC-CPR) differed between fourth and fifth intercostal space (ICS) left lateral thoracotomies in dogs, and to determine if "shingling" improved access for OC-CPR manipulations. DESIGN Prospective single-blinded study. SETTING Laboratory. ANIMALS Twelve mixed breed canine cadavers weighing approximately 20 kg. INTERVENTIONS Left lateral thoracotomies were performed at the 4th ICS (n = 6) or 5th ICS (n = 6). Shingling at the 4th or 5th ICS, as applicable, was performed after initial data collection and outcomes were reassessed. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Three evaluators blinded to the surgical approach scored the following parameters on a 0 to 10 scale (0 = easiest, 10 = most difficult): ease of access of the phrenicopericardial ligament, ease of pericardial incision, ease of appropriate hand position, ease of aortic access, ease of Rumel tourniquet application, and ease of proper placement of defibrillation paddles. Objective measurements (time to completion or number of attempts) were made for all but ease of pericardial incision and ease of appropriate hand position. Outcomes were reassessed after shingling. The 5th ICS was superior for ease of aortic access (P = 0.042), time to visualization of aorta (P = 0.009), and ease of application of a Rumel tourniquet (P = 0.019). When comparing scores pre- and post-shingling, shingling improved time to visualization of the aorta (P < 0.001), time to placement of Rumel tourniquet (P < 0.001), ease of paddle placement (P = 0.017), and time to paddle placement (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Either 4th or 5th ICS thoracotomy may provide adequate access to intrathoracic structures pertinent to performing OC-CPR in dogs weighing approximately 20 kg, but 5th ICS was preferred for most manipulations, and shingling improved access for most of the measured parameters.
Circulating Tumor DNA Dynamics Predict Benefit from Consolidation Immunotherapy in Locally Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) molecular residual disease (MRD) following curative-intent treatment strongly predicts recurrence in multiple tumor types, but whether further treatment can improve outcomes in patients with MRD remains unclear. We applied CAPP-Seq ctDNA analysis to 218 samples from 65 patients receiving chemoradiation therapy (CRT) for locally advanced NSCLC, including 28 patients receiving consolidation immune checkpoint inhibition (CICI). Patients with undetectable ctDNA after CRT had excellent outcomes whether or not they received CICI. Among such patients, one died from CICI-related pneumonitis, highlighting the potential utility of only treating patients with MRD. In contrast, patients with MRD after CRT who received CICI had significantly better outcomes than patients who did not receive CICI. Furthermore, the ctDNA response pattern early during CICI identified patients responding to consolidation therapy. Our results suggest that CICI improves outcomes for NSCLC patients with MRD and that ctDNA analysis may facilitate personalization of consolidation therapy.
Loss of the Conserved Alveolate Kinase MAPK2 Decouples Toxoplasma Cell Growth from Cell Division.

ABSTRACT Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are a conserved family of protein kinases that regulate signal transduction, proliferation, and development throughout eukaryotes. The apicomplexan parasite Toxoplasma gondii expresses three MAPKs. Two of these, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 7 (ERK7) and MAPKL1, have been implicated in the regulation of conoid biogenesis and centrosome duplication, respectively. The third kinase, MAPK2, is specific to and conserved throughout the Alveolata, although its function is unknown. We used the auxin-inducible degron system to determine phenotypes associated with MAPK2 loss of function in Toxoplasma. We observed that parasites lacking MAPK2 failed to duplicate their centrosomes and therefore did not initiate daughter cell budding, which ultimately led to parasite death. MAPK2-deficient parasites initiated but did not complete DNA replication and arrested prior to mitosis. Surprisingly, the parasites continued to grow and replicate their Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, and apicoplasts. We found that the failure in centrosome duplication is distinct from the phenotype caused by the depletion of MAPKL1. As we did not observe MAPK2 localization at the centrosome at any point in the cell cycle, our data suggest that MAPK2 regulates a process at a distal site that is required for the completion of centrosome duplication and the initiation of parasite mitosis. IMPORTANCEToxoplasma gondii is a ubiquitous intracellular protozoan parasite that can cause severe and fatal disease in immunocompromised patients and the developing fetus. Rapid parasite replication is critical for establishing a productive infection. Here, we demonstrate that a Toxoplasma protein kinase called MAPK2 is conserved throughout the Alveolata and essential for parasite replication. We found that parasites lacking MAPK2 protein were defective in the initiation of daughter cell budding and were rendered inviable. Specifically, T. gondii MAPK2 (TgMAPK2) appears to be required for centrosome replication at the basal end of the nucleus, and its loss causes arrest early in parasite division. MAPK2 is unique to the Alveolata and not found in metazoa and likely is a critical component of an essential parasite-specific signaling network.
Multifunctional dendrimers for theranostic applications

Abstract Treating cancer patients with traditional therapies presents challenges and leads to undesirable side effects due to improper real-time diagnosis and a lack of monitoring therapeutics inside the body. If therapeutics can be tracked inside the body, this approach can provide information about where a high percentage of therapeutics is distributing and accumulated. With this information, treatment procedures can be implemented effectively to reduce nonspecific accumulation and toxicity to normal tissues. In this chapter, we discussed the strategies for synthesis of dendrimers and their properties, and loading or conjugating methods for therapeutic, imaging, and targeting ligands. We also provided examples of dendrimers used in theranostic applications. Particular to theranostic applications, we described methods of loading therapeutics, targeting ligands, and imaging agents for optical fluorescence, computed tomography (CT), positron emission tomography (PET), single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and quantum dots (QDs) in multiple types of cancer.
From classical to progressive liberalism: Ideological development and the origins of the administrative state

Early support for expert policymaking through administrative agencies was rooted in concerns over political power. In a context of formal universal male suffrage, late 19th-century liberals (typically well-educated, urban professionals) opposed policies to regulate business out of fear of working-class radicalism. Yet by the 1910s, liberals supported redistributive policies---through administrative agencies. We use a formal model to show how potential policy feedback effects made an anti-business coalition between liberals and populists unachievable, and how, by diminishing feedback effects, agencies facilitated a successful progressive-liberal coalition. Because administrative agencies guaranteed a central policymaking role for credentialed urban professionals, liberals could support farmers and industrial workers against big business while no longer fearing the rising power of their coalition partners. In this way, the strategic dilemma created by a changing distribution of power among social groups explains the development of broad political support for bureaucratic agencies.
Difficulty in Diagnosis of Hereditary Spherocytosis in the Neonate.

* Abbreviations: CBC — : complete blood cell count EMA — : eosin-5'-maleimide HS — : hereditary spherocytosis MCHC — : mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration MCV — : mean corpuscular volume Diagnosis of hereditary spherocytosis in the neonate is difficult. Differences in neonatal erythropoiesis, properties of neonatal erythrocytes, and both clinical and laboratory presentation contribute to complexity in diagnosis. Numerous algorithms to aid in diagnosis of neonatal hereditary spherocytosis (HS) have been developed. One of these, the HS index, the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)/mean corpuscular volume (MCV) ratio, revealed an index >0.36 was 97% sensitive and >99% specific in diagnosis of dominantly inherited HS in the neonate.1 In this issue of Pediatrics , Weiss et al examine the utility of the HS index in a diverse population of neonates using data extracted from 15 Kaiser Permanente Hospitals in northern California.2 The rationale for this study was to compare results to the original HS index study, which was performed in a primarily white population, and secondarily to determine if the index discriminates with serum bilirubin levels. Study eligibility was determined by having had a complete blood cell count (CBC) drawn in the first 7 days of life. This CBC was used to calculate the HS index, as opposed to the original study that included all CBCs on HS infants drawn in the first 90 days of life.1 HS infants were identified by International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision and 10th Revision codes. Charts of infants who had osmotic fragility, ektacytometry, or eosin-5'-maleimide (EMA) … Address correspondence to Patrick G. Gallagher, MD, Department of Pediatrics, Yale University, 333 Cedar St, P. O. Box 208064, New Haven, CT 06520-8064. E-mail: patrick.gallagher{at}yale.edu
Task switching reveals abnormal brain-heart electrophysiological signatures in cognitively healthy individuals with abnormal CSF amyloid/tau, a pilot study.

Abstract Electroencephalographic (EEG) alpha oscillations have been related to heart rate variability (HRV) and both change in Alzheimer's disease (AD). We explored if task switching reveals altered alpha power and HRV in cognitively healthy individuals with AD pathology in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and whether HRV improves the AD pathology classification by alpha power alone. We compared low and high alpha event-related desynchronization (ERD) and HRV parameters during task switch testing between two groups of cognitively healthy participants classified by CSF amyloid/tau ratio: normal (CH-NAT, n = 19) or pathological (CH-PAT, n = 27). For the task switching paradigm, participants were required to name the color or word for each colored word stimulus, with two sequential stimuli per trial. Trials include color (cC) or word (wW) repeats with low load repeating, and word (cW) or color switch (wC) for high load switching. HRV was assessed for RR interval, standard deviation of RR-intervals (SDNN) and root mean squared successive differences (RMSSD) in time domain, and low frequency (LF), high frequency (HF), and LF/HF ratio in frequency domain. Results showed that CH-PATs compared to CH-NATs presented: 1) increased (less negative) low alpha ERD during low load repeat trials and lower word switch cost (low alpha: p = 0.008, Cohen's d = −0.83, 95% confidence interval −1.44 to −0.22, and high alpha: p = 0.019, Cohen's d = −0.73, 95% confidence interval −1.34 to −0.13); 2) decreasing HRV from rest to task, suggesting hyper-activated sympatho-vagal responses. 3) CH-PATs classification by alpha ERD was improved by supplementing HRV signatures, supporting a potentially compromised brain-heart interoceptive regulation in CH-PATs. Further experiments are needed to validate these findings for clinical significance.
Transverse electric and transverse magnetic Green's function for coherent and incoherent propagation over a finitely conducting rough surface

[1] This paper presents wave propagation over a finitely conducting half-space whose surface is bounded by a rough surface of small RMS height. An electric or magnetic current source is used to excite the rough surface, and the Green's function for transverse electric (TE) and transverse magnetic wave propagation is obtained. The appearance of roughness at the boundary produces both a coherent (mean) and incoherent (fluctuating) field distribution, which is obtained from Dyson's equation and Bethe-Salpeter's equation, respectively. The coherent Green's function for vertical polarization exhibits similar characteristics to the Sommerfeld dipole problem where the Zenneck wave pole is modified by roughness. The incoherent field generated by rough surfaces is obtained for both vertical and horizontal polarization, and the conventional cross section per unit length of the rough surface is modified to include the effects of surface roughness. For angles near grazing, a low-grazing-angle cross section is obtained by evaluating the Bethe-Salpeter's equation with the Sommerfeld solution. Finally, the coherent and incoherent intensity for the TE rough surface Green's function is obtained and compared to Monte Carlo simulations.
CHAPTER 34 – Acute Primary Hyperparathyroidism

Acute primary hyperparathyroidism (HPT) is a reversible, curable, but life-threatening disorder. Although the pathophysiology is not well understood, several factors are common to many reported cases. Age and gender are not risk factors. Primary hyperparathyroidism is confirmed in several cases, although the risk of developing acute toxicity in the asymptomatic hyperparathyroid population is low. An incapacitating illness, perhaps associated with bed rest, is frequently associated with HPT. The immobilization that occurs during intercurrent illness may foster mobilization of calcium from bone, aggravating the hypercalcemic state. Remarkable elevations of parathyroid hormone suggest that the hallmark of the disorder is uncontrolled parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion. PTH levels are elevated to a much greater extent that can be accounted for by impairment of kidney function alone. Surgical cure of the disorder results in rapid gain of bone mass. Recognition of acute HPT, rapid diagnosis, aggressive medical management, and successful surgery can result in a favorable outcome.
Molecular mechanisms of increased nitric oxide (NO) in asthma: evidence for transcriptional and post-translational regulation of NO synthesis.

Evidence supporting increased nitric oxide (NO) in asthma is substantial, although the cellular and molecular mechanisms leading to increased NO are not known. Here, we provide a clear picture of the events regulating NO synthesis in the human asthmatic airway in vivo. We show that human airway epithelium has abundant expression of NO synthase II (NOSII) due to continuous transcriptional activation of the gene in vivo. Individuals with asthma have higher than normal NO concentrations and increased NOSII mRNA and protein due to transcriptional regulation through activation of Stat1. NOSII mRNA expression decreases in asthmatics receiving inhaled corticosteroid, treatment effective in reducing inflammation in asthmatic airways. In addition to transcriptional mechanisms, post-translational events contribute to increased NO synthesis. Specifically, high output production of NO is fueled by a previously unsuspected increase in the NOS substrate, l-arginine, in airway epithelial cells of asthmatic individuals. Finally, nitration of proteins in airway epithelium provide evidence of functional consequences of increased NO. In conclusion, these studies define multiple mechanisms that function coordinately to support high level NO synthesis in the asthmatic airway. These findings represent a crucial cornerstone for future therapeutic strategies aimed at regulating NO synthesis in asthma.
Sequence impedance measurement of three-phase inverters using a parallel structure

This paper proposes a method of sequence impedance measurement of three-phase inverters by using a parallel structure with another inverter as the measurement unit, in order to apply the impedance-based stability analysis of power converter systems. The paralleled inverter not only injects smallsignal perturbations but also creates the desired operating conditions for the inverter under test. The measurement setup is simple, since no additional AC source or load banks are needed. First, the sequence impedance model of three-phase inverters is described. Then the measurement setup and injection method are presented. Zero-sequence circulating current reduction and open-loop control with voltage compensation strategies guarantee the measurement accuracy. The agreement between the theoretical analysis and the measurement results in both simulation and experiments verifies the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Subtype‐specific regulation of the expression and function of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in embryonic chicken retinal cells

We examined the effect of long-term agonist exposure on muscarinic acetylcholine receptor expression and function in embryonic chicken retinal cells. Long-term carbachol exposure induced a time- and concentration-dependent decrease in M2, M3 and M4 muscarinic receptor numbers. Kinetic analyses revealed a first-order process with similar rate constants for all three subtypes. Both the maximal decrease and the agonist potency for regulation of M3 were significantly higher than those for M2 and M4. Upon agonist removal, M2 and M4 numbers returned to control values, but M3 recovery after 24 h was no higher than 40%. Agonist treatment did not alter the levels of receptor mRNAs. Receptor inactivation with a covalent alkylating antagonist demonstrated that the partial M3 protein recovery was not due to a decreased intrinsic basal rate of synthesis, suggesting that it is induced by agonist treatment. Prolonged carbachol exposure induced concomitant decreases in muscarinic-mediated inhibition of cyclic AMP accumulation which were completely reversed after agonist removal. Sustained receptor activation also promoted significant decreases in muscarinic receptor-stimulated phosphoinositide turnover, which were only partially reversed after agonist removal. These data demonstrate subtype-specific regulation of the expression and function of muscarinic receptors in the retina.
Crystalline Pyruvate Oxidase from Escherichia coli: II. ACTIVATION BY PHOSPHOLIPIDS

Abstract The activity of pyruvate oxidase from Escherichia coli increases 15- to 20-fold in the presence of phospholipids extracted from cell membranes. Fractionation and analysis of the phosphatides from E. coli cell envelope preparations revealed that lysophosphatidylethanolamine exhibited highest specific activity for stimulating the flavoprotein if the phospholipids were added directly to the assay mixtures. However, when water-soluble micellar preparations were substituted for direct addition of the phospholipid to the assay, all the phosphatides demonstrated higher specific activities for stimulating pyruvate oxidase. Furthermore, the differences originally noted in the activating capacities of the various cell envelope phospholipids were minimized. By measuring pyruvate oxidase activity under conditions in which the micellar phospholipid preparation was rate-limiting, Michaelis constants (Km) for various phosphatides were determined. The Km values for the cell envelope phospholipids, synthetic phosphatidylethanolamine, lecithin, and lysolecithin ranged from 0.9 to 2.2 x 10-6 m. The Km value for phosphatidylserine was somewhat higher, being 6.5 x 10-6 m. The diacylphospholipids exhibited normal Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Lysophosphatides demonstrated considerable divergence from normal Michaelis-Menten kinetics. This observation suggests that pyruvate oxidase differentiates between phospholipids according to the number of fatty acids contained within the molecular structure. The hydrophobic moieties of lecithin activate pyruvate oxidase whereas the hydrophilic portions of the molecule have no stimulatory effect. The enzyme can also be activated by fatty acids at concentrations only slightly higher than those required for maximal stimulation by micellar phospholipid preparations. Of the fatty acids tested, palmitoleic and oleic appear to be most efficient in stimulating pyruvate oxidase activity.
They Take Our Jobs! And 20 Other Myths About Immigration

Educators and interlocutors concerned with today's controversy on immigration now have the timely and vital publication by Aviva Chomsky at their disposal. They Take Our Jobs! is certain to become ...
Canonical Correlation Analysis

Canonical correlation analysis is a statistical method employed to investigate relationships among two or more variable sets, each consisting of at least two variables. Canonical correlation analysis is the multivariate form of the general linear model, which presumes that all analyses are correlational, derive estimates by applying weights to measured variables, and yield variance-accounted-for effect sizes. As is the case throughout the GLM, noteworthy functions must be interpreted by consulting both standardized weights and structure coefficients in concert with each other. Keywords: multivariate statistics; general linear model; correlation; experimentwise error; structure coefficients
Preservation of insulin effects on glucose production and proteolysis during fasting

To determine whether fasting alters the ability of insulin to suppress endogenous glucose production or proteolysis, isotopic flux measurements of glucose, leucine, alpha-keto-isocaproate, and alan...
Effects of negative allosteric modulators of gamma-aminobutyric acidA receptors on complex behavioral processes in monkeys.

A multiple schedule of repeated acquisition and performance of conditional discriminations was used to characterize the effects of two negative allosteric modulators of the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABAA) receptor (ethyl β-carboline-3-carboxylate [β-CCE] and N-methyl-β-carboline-3-carboxamide [FG-7142]), a hallucinogenic β-carboline derivative (harmine), a benzodiazepine receptor antagonist (flumazenil) and a positive allosteric modulator (alprazolam). In the acquisition component, subjects acquired a different discrimination each session. Acquisition of a discrimination was defined by a decrease in errors as the session progressed. In the performance component, the discrimination was the same each session. Responding in both components was maintained by food presentation under a variable-ratio schedule. Incorrect responses in both components produced a 5-sec timeout. Alprazolam (0.1–18 mg/kg), β-CCE (0.01–0.32 mg/kg), FG-7142 (0.1–18 mg/kg) and harmine (0.1–1.8 mg/kg) all dose-dependently decreased response rate in both components. However, accuracy of responding was differentially affected by the drugs. Alprazolam selectively and dose-dependently increased percent errors in acquisition, whereas β-CCE increased acquisition errors only at the highest doses tested in each subject. In contrast, FG-7142 and harmine had no effects on percent errors at doses that virtually eliminated responding. In all cases, performance accuracy was generally not affected. Flumazenil, at doses that had little or no effect (0.1 and 0.32 mg/kg) or occasionally decreased response rates (1 mg/kg) when administered alone, dose-dependently antagonized the rate-decreasing and error-increasing effects of β-CCE, FG-7142 and alprazolam. In contrast, flumazenil failed to antagonize the effects of harmine. Thus, the negative allosteric modulators only moderately disrupted acquisition in comparison with the positive allosteric modulator, but the effects of both types of modulator were antagonized by the benzodiazepine antagonist flumazenil.
Nitrones for Intramolecular 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloadditions: Hexahydro‐1,3,3,6‐Tetramethyl‐2,1‐Benzisoxazoline

Nitrones for intramolecular 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions: hexahydro-1,3,3,6-tetramethyl-2,1-benzisoxazoline reactant: 25.0 g. (0.16 mole) of 3,7-dimethyl-6-octenal reactant: 23.4 g. (0.280 mole) of N-methylhydroxylamine hydrochloride product: hexahydro-1,3,3,6-tetramethyl-2,1-benzisoxazoline Keywords: annulation, carbocyclic-[6]; annulation, heterocyclic-[5]; cyclization, cycloaddition; N-methylhydroxylamine hydrochloride, preparation of
Likely linkage: Inv with Jk.

In a data base consisting of 1665 pairs of loci linkage between Inv and Jk is significant \((\hat z = 3.38 {\text{at}} \hat \theta = 0.23)\). Recombination is nearly the same in the two sexes \((\hat \theta _{\text{m}} = 0.21,\hat \theta _{\text{f}} = 0.25)\). The reason why this linkage was not noticed earlier is discussed.
Laminar Natural Convection Between a Vertical Surface With Uniform Heat Flux and Pseudoplastic and Dilatant Fluids

This paper reports the average Nusselt number for steady, laminar natural convection between a vertical surface and otherwise quiescent pseudoplastic and dilatant fluids under a constant and uniform surface heat flux boundary condition. Models for the fluids' apparent viscosity were utilized that are valid in all five regions of the flow curve. The results are thus applicable for whatever shear rates may exist within the flow field and a dimensionless shear rate parameter was identified that quantifies the shear rate region where the given system is operating. The data indicate that the average Nusselt numbers approach the corresponding Newtonian values when the shear rates are predominantly in either the zero or the infinite shear rate Newtonian regions. However, power law values are approached only when both of the following two conditions are met: (1) the shear rates are principally in the power law region and (2) the fluid's limiting zero and infinite shear rate Newtonian viscosities differ sufficiently, by approximately 4 orders of magnitude or more. For all other cases, the average Nusselt number was found to reside between the Newtonian and the power law asymptotes. Results are provided in both graphical and tabular form over a broad range of system parameters.
Design and Performance of a Multi-Degree-of-Freedom aeroelastic Building Model

Abstract A 1:200-scale, seven-level lumped-mass model with three degrees of freedom per floor has been designed and constructed to simulate the dynamic behaviour of a 57-storey office building in Toronto. A model design procedure is described that allows for coupled modes produced by the effect of the offset of the centre of stiffness from the centre of mass. Measurements of the model's dynamic response indicate a good simulation of the first few fundamental modes of the building. Preliminary wind-tunnel results show that torsional response has an important effect on the measured displacements and accelerations of the structure, demonstrating that dynamic response can be underestimated if torsion is ignored.
Highly conserved DNA of Ti plasmids overlaps T-DNA maintained in plant tumours

LARGE tumour-inducing (Ti) plasmids in Agrobacterium tumefaciens1 are responsible for crown gall disease in dicotyledonous plants2,3. Plant tumour cells cultivated in vitro in the absence of the inciting bacterium maintain multiple copies of part of the Ti plasmid4,5. The experiments presented here show that part of the Ti plasmid maintained in tumour cells (T-DNA) is highly conserved among diverse Ti plasmids.
Excitation of molecules in the afterglow of an electric discharge

Abstract The afterglow of an electrical discharge under reduced pressures (1–10 torr) of nitrogen, argon, helium or a mixture of two of these is used to examine the excitation process for atomic and molecular species. Emissions of benzene and anthracene are not observed in any of the systems. The metastable species, N 2 ( A ), is shown to be responsible for excitation of mercury and nitric oxide.
Social Interaction and Contextual Influences On Political Participation

Though individual-level attributes typically dominate models of political participation, many studies have shown that the social context also influences individuals' likelihood of participation. This article considers two questions concerning the impact of the social context on participation. First, it examines whether specific features of individuals' discussion networks (size, politicization, and homogeneity) influence their likelihood of participation. Second, it considers whether social interaction influences only participation that is socially based, as suggested by studies of the effects of aggregate contextual characteristics on participation. The analysis uses data from the 1976 American National Election Study, which is merged with 1970 census data. Social interaction affects participation in both individually based and socially based participation, although not always in the expected direction. Aggregate contextual measures are then used to replicate previous studies that established the distinc...
Defects in modification of cytoplasmic and mitochondrial transfer RNAs are caused by single nuclear mutations

Abstract Many nucleus-encoded mitochondrial enzymes differ in physical and chemical properties from analogous cytoplasmic enzymes, and it is therefore generally assumed that different genes encode analogous mitochondrial and cytoplasmic enzymes. However, our genetic studies show that for at least two different tRNA modifications, mutations in nuclear genes affect cytoplasmic as well as mitochondrial tRNAs. These studies utilize two yeast genes: TRM1 and TRM2 . trm1 cells do not have the enzyme activity necessary to methylate guanosine to N 2 ,N 2 -dimethylguanosine. trm2 is a new mutation that we describe here. trm2 cells are deficient in tRNA(uridine-5)methyltransferase, and hence contain tRNA lacking 5-methyluridine or ribothymidine. Other than lacking 5-methyluridine trm2 cells have no obvious physiological defect. These studies also show that the N 2 ,N 2 -dimethylguanosine and 5-methyluridine modifications are not added to tRNA in an obligatory order, and that 5-methyluridine is not required for removal of intervening sequences from precursor tRNA.
Kinematics of the eye.

A mathematical discussion is presented of eye positions and eye movements in terms of quaternion theory. An eye movement may be regarded as a rotation of the eye about an axis through the center of rotation. The parameters of the axis of rotation and the extent of the rotation are associated to form a higher complex number, and this leads to the definition of an eye position in terms of the rotation by which it is reached from the prinary position. Equations are derived for the parameters of the single rotation equivalent to two successive finite rotations, for Listing’s law, for torsional movements, for the angle between the primary horizontal meridian of the eye and the plane of regard, and for the angle between the primary vertical meridian of the eye and the true vertical plane through the fixation line.
Beating the quantum limit in SIS mixers

The 2LO (double local oscillator) mixer is analyzed in the low-LO-power limit for a perfect SIS (superconductor-insulator-superconductor) diode. It is shown that a 2LO SIS mixer can beat the noise performance of a one-LO mixer by a factor of two. It is suggested that even lower noise is possible with an SIS when operated in some other way. >
Maintenance Assessment for Advanced Nuclear Power Plants

Proper planning for maintenance and inspection tends to increase the overall availability of nuclear power plants. High potential availability is the basic measure of a successful power plant since replacement power costs are high. The study reported here compared the maintenance and inspection requirements of generic pool and loop type LMFBRs to determine if there were significant differences in these two systems owing to their fundamental difference in design. The size, number and types of failed components affected downtime for maintenance but accessibility and arrangement of components also strongly influenced the downtime.
Micro fabrication using electro deposition and ultrasonic acoustic liquid manipulation

We report improvement of the acoustic liquid manipulation (ALM) assisted electroplating process for micro fabrication. We refined the process and were able to achieve a plated dot size of 0.031 inches, using highly backed ultrasonic transducers. This potential tool-less fabrication (TLF) technique will reduce the need for masking and can be used for rapid prototyping of microstructures. We report the plating of copper on steel plates. An ion-depleted layer is formed at the cathode when the electroplating process starts, thus forming a natural mask. A fine stream of fresh electrolyte formed by acoustic streaming by an ultrasonic transducer is directed to refresh the ion-depleted layer at the cathode. This causes the plating process to continue at a localized point. The thickness of the plating increases with time. The process can be automated by mounting the transducer assembly on a three dimensional control system. This will enable rapid fabrication of three dimensional micro structures and shapes by the direct writing method.
Synthesis and characterization of magnetorheological polyimide gels

Magnetorheological polymer gels (MRPGs) are composite fluids containing ferrous particles suspended in a polymer gel. In addition to modification of the carrier fluid, the polymer gel, which includes crosslinked copolyimide (CCPI) and solvent N-octylpyrrolidone, also changes the surface properties of the ferrous particles, thus reducing the particle settling and improving particle redispersion. The viscosity of MRPGs can be easily adjusted by controlling the concentration of CCPI in the carrier medium. High thermally resistant CCPI is synthesized from dianhydride, diamine, diaminobenzonic acid, and crosslinker and has a high glass transition temperature because the crosslinking ratio can be controlled by the molar ratio of diamine to diaminobenzonic acid. The redispersion and rheological properties are also investigated. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 2402–2413, 2005
Adaptation of a Method for the Determination of Soluble Orthophosphates in Cooked and Uncooked Pork Containing Acid‐Labile Poly‐ and Pyrophosphates

A colorimetric method developed for determining μg levels of soluble orthophosphates in soils was successfully used in cooked and uncooked pork to monitor hydrolysis and residual levels of added sodium acid pyrophosphate (SAPP). The method is based on the formation of blue color by reacting existing orthophosphate with molybdate ions in an acid medium and preventing further reaction by rapidly sequestering excess, unreacted molybdenum ions with a citrate-arsenite reagent. The usefulness of the method to monitor poly- and pyrophosphate hydrolysis in meat is discussed.
Noble gas–uranium coordination and intersystem crossing for the CUO(Ne)x(Ng)n(Ng=Ar, Kr, Xe) complexes in solid neon

Atomic uranium excited by laser ablation reacts with CO in excess neon to produce the novel CUO molecule, which forms weak complexes CUO(Ne)m with neon and stronger complexes CUO(Ne)x(Ng)n (Ng = Ar, Kr, Xe) when the heavier noble gas atoms are present. The heavier CUO(Ne)m − 1(Ng) complexes are identified through the effects of CO isotopic and Ng substitution on the neon matrix infrared spectra and by comparison to DFT frequency calculations on the model complexes CUO(Ng) (Ng = Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe). The U–C and U–O stretching frequencies of CUO(Ne)m − 1(Ng) complexes are slightly red shifted from the 1047 and 872 cm−1 frequencies for the 1Σ+ CUO ground state neon complex, which identifies singlet ground state CUO(Ne)m − 1(Ng) complexes in solid neon. The next singlet CUO(Ne)x(Ng)2 complexes in excess neon follow in like manner. However, stretching modes and the isotopic shifts of the higher CUO(Ne)x(Ng)n complexes approach those of the pure argon matrix CUO(Ar)n complex, which characterizes triplet ground state complexes by comparison to DFT frequency calculations.
3p 6 3d 9 –3p 5 3d 10 transitions in cobaltlike ions from Ba 29+ to Yb 43+

The 3p63d9–3p53d10 transitions in the cobaltlike ions Ba29+, La30+, Nd33+, Sm35+, Gd37+, Dy39+, Er41+, and Yb43+were observed with a laser-produced plasma and a 2.2-m grazing-incidence spectrograph. Predicted wavelengths were obtained for the 3p63d92D3/2–2D3/2 magnetic dipole transitions in Mo15+, Xe27+, and W47+.