cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Long-term trends and interannual variability of temperature in Drake Passage

Abstract Temperature data collected over the last 36 years (1969–2004) in Drake Passage are used to examine interannual temperature variation and long-term trends in the upper ocean. To reduce the effect of variation from different sampling locations and temporal variability introduced by meridional shifts in the Polar Front (PF), the data were divided into two sub-regions north (∼3800 temperature profiles) and south (∼3400) of the PF. Temperature anomalies were formed by removing a temporal mean field for each profile in each sub-region at 100 m depth intervals from the surface to 700 m. North of the PF, statistically significant warming trends of ∼0.02 °C yr −1 were observed that were largely depth-independent between 100 and 700 m. A statistically significant cooling trend of −0.07 °C yr −1 was observed at the surface south of the PF, which was smaller (−0.04 °C yr −1 ) but still statistically significant when possible seasonal sampling biases were accounted for. The observed cooling at the surface and warming at depth is largely consistent with a poleward shift of the PF due to enhancement of westerly winds in the Southern Ocean, as recently suggested by models and observations. The observed annual temperature anomalies in the upper 400 m north of the PF and in the upper 100 m south of the PF are highly correlated to variability in sea ice, and also to climate indices of the Antarctic Oscillation and the El Nino Southern Oscillation. Variability in sea ice and temperature anomalies lag El Nino variability in the Pacific, with a phasing consistent with the observed cyclical patterns of sea ice and sea surface temperature associated with the Antarctic Circumpolar Wave or Antarctic Dipole Mode in the Southern Ocean. In contrast, the sea ice variability and temperature anomalies at all depths north of the PF and at 0–100 m depth south of the PF were primarily coincident with, or led the Antarctic Oscillation Index. No significant correlations were found with the large-scale climate variability indices in southern Drake Passage below 100 m depth, which is occupied by upper Circumpolar Deep Water (uCDW). This water mass is not formed locally, is largely isolated from the surface, and exhibits vertical and lateral homogeneity. Hence changes may be difficult to detect in the available measurements, and climate variation in the source water regions of uCDW may take a long time to reach Drake Passage.
Ethylene biosynthesis in isolated vacuoles of Vicia faba L. — requirement for membrane integrity

The ability of vacuoles prepared from V. faba leaves to convert 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid to C2H4 was destroyed when vacuoles were lysed by passage through a hypodermic needle, freezing and thawing, osmotic shock, treatment with ethanol or with a detergent. Ethylene synthesis in the vacuolar fraction was also inhibited by the uncouplers carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone and dinitrophenol and by the ionophores valinomycin, nigericin, and A23187. Ethylene formation increased with increasing pH of the incubation medium over the pH range of 5.0–7.5. These observations support the hypothesis that C2H4 biosynthesis in vacuolar preparations is dependent on membrane integrity, possibly because of the requirement for a transmembrane ion gradient.
Harnessing Different Motivational Frames via Mobile Phones to Promote Daily Physical Activity and Reduce Sedentary Behavior in Aging Adults

Mobile devices are a promising channel for delivering just-in-time guidance and support for improving key daily health behaviors. Despite an explosion of mobile phone applications aimed at physical activity and other health behaviors, few have been based on theoretically derived constructs and empirical evidence. Eighty adults ages 45 years and older who were insufficiently physically active, engaged in prolonged daily sitting, and were new to smartphone technology, participated in iterative design development and feasibility testing of three daily activity smartphone applications based on motivational frames drawn from behavioral science theory and evidence. An “analytically” framed custom application focused on personalized goal setting, self-monitoring, and active problem solving around barriers to behavior change. A “socially” framed custom application focused on social comparisons, norms, and support. An “affectively” framed custom application focused on operant conditioning principles of reinforcement scheduling and emotional transference to an avatar, whose movements and behaviors reflected the physical activity and sedentary levels of the user. To explore the applications' initial efficacy in changing regular physical activity and leisure-time sitting, behavioral changes were assessed across eight weeks in 68 participants using the CHAMPS physical activity questionnaire and the Australian sedentary behavior questionnaire. User acceptability of and satisfaction with the applications was explored via a post-intervention user survey. The results indicated that the three applications were sufficiently robust to significantly improve regular moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity and decrease leisure-time sitting during the 8-week behavioral adoption period. Acceptability of the applications was confirmed in the post-intervention surveys for this sample of midlife and older adults new to smartphone technology. Preliminary data exploring sustained use of the applications across a longer time period yielded promising results. The results support further systematic investigation of the efficacy of the applications for changing these key health-promoting behaviors.
Bisphosphonates as Anticancer Drugs

The single most important advance in the last few years in the treatment of patients with osteolytic bone disease due to malignancy has been the widespread use of pamidronate; this drug has been used in patients with breast cancer metastatic to bone, and in patients with myeloma, with or without hypercalcaemia. However, data are now emerging which suggest that bisphosphonates have additional, and completely unanticipated, effects beyond those on bone resorption. Studies of the behaviour of human breast cancer cells that cause osteolytic bone disease in nude mice demonstrate that some bisphosphonates actually reduce tumour burden in bone, as well as reducing osteolysis. Two separate studies in a relatively small number of patients treated with clodronate have suggested that this bisphosphonate decreases tumour burden in bone. These preliminary findings have extremely important implications for the treatment of patients with advanced cancers affecting bone. It must now be questioned whether these effects ar...
Effects of transforming growth factors and activin-A on in vitro porcine oocyte maturation

Growth factors are known to regulate ovarian function. In the present study, effects of these growth factors, TGF-alpha, TGF-beta, and activin-A were tested on spontaneous porcine oocyte maturation. Cumulus-oocyte complexes (COC) were cultured in the presence of TGF-alpha, TGF-beta, and activin-A for 48 hr. Stages of meiotic maturation were assessed by staining with acetic orcein. Among these factors, only TGF-alpha significantly enhanced the maturation rate, whereas TGF-beta suppressed the spontaneous maturation rate. The site of action of TGF-alpha on COC and the interaction between TGF-alpha and EGF receptor was also examined. Denuded oocytes, alone or in coculture with cumulus cells, were cultured in the presence of TGF-alpha for 48 hr. TGF-alpha did not have any significant effect on denuded oocyte maturation. Heptanol was employed to investigate the role of gap junctions on TGF-alpha-induced oocyte maturation in COC. Although heptanol did not have any significant effect in the control medium, heptanol reversed the stimulatory effect of TGF-alpha on porcine oocyte maturation. TGF-alpha was able to displace 125I-EGF binding on COC. In conclusion, TGF-alpha enhances the spontaneous maturation of porcine oocytes by generating positive signal(s) in cumulus cells that are transferred to the oocyte via gap junctions. TGF-alpha shares the same receptor with EGF on porcine COC. TGF-beta, in contrast, inhibits porcine oocyte maturation.
Induction of lung tumors in rfm mice after localized exposures to x rays or neutrons.

The purpose of the present study was to compare the dose-response relationships for the induction of lung tumors in RFM mice after localized thoracic exposures to X rays or fission neutrons. Animals were killed 9 months after localized irradiation, their lungs were cleared, and the tumors were counted to determine both percentage incidence and tumors/mouse. From these data, the relationship between tumors/mouse and X-ray dose could be described adequately by a linear-quadratic model with a shallow initial slope, or by a threshold model with a dose-squared response above the threshold dose, and linearity could be rejected over the dose range of 0 to 900 rad. For neutrons the relationship between tumors/mouse and dose over the range of 0 to 25 rad could be described by a linear, or a threshold model with linear response above the threshold. In either case, the relative biological effectiveness increased with decreasing neutron dose from 25 at 25 rad to 40 at 10 rad.
Digital images and the future of digital pathology.

Available FREE in open access from: http://www.jpathinformatics.org/text.asp?2010/1/1/15/68332 From the 1st Digital Pathology Summit, New Frontiers in Digital Pathology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 14-15 May 2010
An Investigation of the Potential of MOS Transistor Memories

The design and performance characteristics of a 128X64 MOS transistor memory is given. The storage cell used operates with a low standby power, 0.1 mW. The memory operates with a 12-ns access time, 35-ns read cycle time, and a 60-ns write cycle time.
Pharmacologic Management of Atrial Fibrillation in the Elderly: Rate Control, Rhythm Control, and Anticoagulation

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most prevalent major arrhythmia in the elderly. It may lead to significant morbidity and mortality through both primary cardiac effects and thromboembolic complications. It is controversial how aggressive physicians should be in their efforts to maintain normal sinus rhythm. Clearly, elderly patients with hemodynamic impairment or other symptoms of AF should undergo attempts to convert AF and maintain normal sinus rhythm, by means of cardioversion and initiation of antiarrhythmic medications. In patients left in AF, rate control with atrioventricular nodalslowing agents is appropriate. The use of anticoagulation in the elderly is often complicated by concerns about excessive bleeding or falls in this population; however, evidence strongly supports the need for anticoagulation with close monitoring even in the extreme elderly. Because of the high prevalence of asymptomatic AF and the high burden of thromboembolism in the elderly, even patients ostensibly maintained in normal sinus rhythm should continue systemic anticoagulation in the absence of contraindications.
In situ scanning electron microscopy study of eutectic SnPb and pure Sn wetting on Au/Cu/Cr multilayered thin films

Wetting behavior of eutectic SnPb and pure Sn on Au(500 A)/Cu(1 μm)/Cr(800 A) layered thin films were monitored in situ in a ramping temperature profile using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) with a vacuum of 10−5–10−6 Torr. We found that the wetting behavior of these two solders in SEM was dramatically different from their behavior in RMA soldering flux; a smaller wetting angle and rough wetting front morphology were observed. Very surprisingly, no dewetting could be observed inside the SEM chamber, yet dewetting happened to the same sample when it was removed from the SEM and immersed in RMA soldering flux. We estimate the interfacial energy between liquid Sn and solid Cr and assume the reduction of surface and interfacial energies caused by possible oxidation of Cr and liquid Sn surface in the SEM in order to explain the above-mentioned wetting and dewetting behaviors.
Clinically meaningful improvements in health-related quality of life from etanercept therapy for patients with moderate to severe psoriasis

CLINICALLY MEANINGFUL IMPROVEMENTS IN HEALTH-RELATED QUALITY OF LIFE FROM ETANERCEPT THERAPY FOR PATIENTS WITH MODERATE TO SEVERE PSORIASIS Steven R Feldman, MD, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, United States, Alexa Kimball, MD, MPH, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States, J. Michael Woolley, PhD, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA, United States, Ralph Zitnik, MD, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA, United States
Rapid high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the measurement of atenolol in plasma using UV detection

Abstract A rapid, selective and reproducible high-performance liquid chromatographic method has been developed for the measurement of the β-adrenoceptor blocking drug atenolol in small (400 μl) volumes of plasma. Following solid phase sample preparation using Bond-ElutTM mini-columns the compound is separated by high-performance column liquid chroamtography on a microparticulate (6 μm) cyano column using acetonitrile—ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (4:96) containing triethylamine (0.25%, v/v) as the mobile phase, and the absorption of the column effluent is monitored at 224 nm. The practical limit of quantitation, based upon an assay volume of 400 μl, is 25 ng/ml for atenolol. The average coefficient of variation is 3.1%.
Psychology of Computer Use: XXXII. Computer Screen-Savers as Distractors:

The differences in performance of 16 male and 16 female undergraduates on three cognitive tasks were investigated in the presence of visual distractors (computer-generated dynamic graphic images). These tasks included skilled and unskilled proofreading and listening comprehension. The visually demanding task of proofreading (skilled and unskilled) showed no significant decreases in performance in the distractor conditions. Results showed significant decrements, however, in performance on listening comprehension in at least one of the distractor conditions.
Aquaponics: A Sustainable Food Production System

Aquaponics is an eco-friendly system for food production utilizing aquaculture and hydroponics to cultivate fish and crop without soil. It is an inexpensive symbiotic cycle between the fish and plant. In an aquaponic system, fish waste (ammonia) is fed into the plant bed which acts as a bio-filter and takes the nitrate which is essential to grow vegetation. The fresh new water is then returned to the fish enclosure to restart the cycle. A unique advantage of an aquaponic system is conserving water more effectively compared to traditional irrigation systems. Conservation of water is accomplished by recirculating water between the plant bed and the fish habitat continuously. Organic fertilization of plants using dissolved fish waste is the other benefit of aquaponics. Utilizing plants as a natural alternative to other filters, requires less monitoring of water quality. In our project, an aquaponics system was designed and built in Lyle Center for Regenerative Studies at California State Polytechnic University of Pomona. The future purpose of our project is finding an optimized situation for the aquaponics system to produce food and save water more efficiently and eco-friendly.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Monte Carlo simulation for light propagation in 3D tooth model

Monte Carlo (MC) simulation was implemented in a three dimensional tooth model to simulate the light propagation in the tooth for antibiotic photodynamic therapy and other laser therapy. The goal of this research is to estimate the light energy deposition in the target region of tooth with given light source information, tooth optical properties and tooth structure. Two use cases were presented to demonstrate the practical application of this model. One case was comparing the isotropic point source and narrow beam dosage distribution and the other case was comparing different incident points for the same light source. This model will help the doctor for PDT design in the tooth.
The Intersection of Mathematics and Water

The book consists of the Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Stochastic Hydraulics held at the University of Pittsburgh from May 31 to June 2, 1971. Since the symposium was the first meeting of this nature, the book serves as a timely and valuable reference for the assessment of stochastic methodologies as applied to a wide range of hydraulic problems in recent years.
A Typology of Collaboration Efforts in Environmental Management

Collaboration involves stakeholders and the public in a process of consensus building to address some of the most difficult environmental management problems facing society today. Collaborative groups vary widely, ranging from small watershed councils to regional ecosystem collaboratives to groups addressing large-scale policy issues. While these collaboratives all match the common principles of collaboration, a closer examination reveals many differences. Using institutional theories about levels of decision making provides a way of classifying collaboratives along a spectrum from action level to organizational level to policy level. This typology is applied to thirty-six collaboration case studies in Australia and the United States that were investigated over a series of years through interviews, observation, document analysis, and surveys. The application reveals different tendencies among the case types in terms of population, size, problem significance, institutional setting, and focus of activities. The typology also reveals functional differences in the types of stakeholders involved, the management arrangements for implementation, and the approaches to implementing change. This typology can help practitioners better understand the challenges and appropriate types of collaborations for different settings. It helps highlight differences in the role of government and decentralization of power. It distinguishes the different theoretical foundations for different types of collaboratives. Finally, it elucidates the different evaluation approaches for different types of collaboratives.
Expression of p27 in Residual Rectal Cancer after Preoperative Chemoradiation Predicts Long-term Outcome

Background: Compared with surgery alone, preoperative radiotherapy and 5-fluorouracil–based chemotherapy (combined-modality therapy; CMT) improves outcomes in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer. Although numerous studies have focused on identifying molecular markers of prognosis in the primary rectal cancer before CMT, our aim was to identify markers of prognosis in residual rectal cancer after preoperative CMT.
Hepatic ABCA1 and VLDL triglyceride production

Elevated plasma triglyceride (TG) and reduced high density lipoprotein (HDL) concentrations are prominent features of metabolic syndrome (MS) and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Individuals with Tangier disease also have elevated plasma TG concentrations and a near absence of HDL, resulting from mutations in ATP binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1), which facilitates the efflux of cellular phospholipid and free cholesterol to assemble with apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I), forming nascent HDL particles. In this review, we summarize studies focused on the regulation of hepatic very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) TG production, with particular attention on recent evidence connecting hepatic ABCA1 expression to VLDL, LDL, and HDL metabolism. Silencing ABCA1 in McArdle rat hepatoma cells results in diminished assembly of large (>10nm) nascent HDL particles, diminished PI3 kinase activation, and increased secretion of large, TG-enriched VLDL1 particles. Hepatocyte-specific ABCA1 knockout (HSKO) mice have a similar plasma lipid phenotype as Tangier disease subjects, with a twofold elevation of plasma VLDL TG, 50% lower LDL, and 80% reduction in HDL concentrations. This lipid phenotype arises from increased hepatic secretion of VLDL1 particles, increased hepatic uptake of plasma LDL by the LDL receptor, elimination of nascent HDL particle assembly by the liver, and hypercatabolism of apoA-I by the kidney. These studies highlight a novel role for hepatic ABCA1 in the metabolism of all three major classes of plasma lipoproteins and provide a metabolic link between elevated TG and reduced HDL levels that are a common feature of Tangier disease, MS, and T2D.
Physician and patient gender concordance and the delivery of comprehensive clinical preventive services.

Background: Understanding the role of patient- and physician-gender on delivery of preventive services has important implications for identifying strategies to increase preventive service delivery. We attempt to overcome methodological limitations of previous studies in examining the association of the patient-physician gender interaction on the delivery of preventive screening, counseling, and immunization services. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, research nurses directly observed 3256 consecutive adult patient visits to 138 family physicians. Delivery of gender neutral US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommended screening, health behavior counseling, and immunization services was assessed by direct observation and medical record review. Multilevel regression analyses were used to test the interaction effect of physician and patient gender with preventive service delivery, controlling for patient age, insurance type, number of office visits in the past 2 years and physician age. Results: The interaction effect of physician and patient gender was not significantly associated with delivery of gender neutral screening, counseling, or immunizations. Patients of female physicians were more up-to-date on counseling services (P < 0.01) and immunizations (P < 0.05) than patients of male physicians. Male patients, independent of physician gender, were more up-to-date on counseling and immunizations (P < 0.01). Conclusions: Physician-patient gender concordance is not associated with delivery of more preventive services. Rather, female physicians provide more counseling and immunization services to all of their patients. Previous research showing higher rates of gender-specific screening achieved by women physicians may have been an indication of an overall greater prevention orientation among women physicians rather than a specific benefit of gender concordance.
Premiums to employment in larger establishments: evidence from Peru

Abstract Examination of the employer size–wage effect for males in urban Peru suggests the following. Higher wages in larger establishments do not merely compensate for higher worker quality or inferior working conditions. Size differences in the use of rising wage–tenure profiles cannot provide a market-clearing explanation for the employer size–wage effect unless workers are extremely impatient. Thus, larger employers appear to pay premiums. Unionization explains none of the premiums, and minimum wage compliance explains at best a small fraction. Shirking-based efficiency wage explanations for premiums are implausible because Peruvian job security legislation greatly inhibits dismissals in larger establishments. Explanations meriting further research involve the use of high wages to reduce turnover and to improve productivity-enhancing morale.
Residual stress analysis—an important consideration for coating of stereolithography polymers

Residual stress is a very significant issue related to the mechanical, physical, and chemical performance of coatings. This communication reports our recent progress in the understanding of the effects of residual stresses on the coating of stereolithography polymers. X-ray diffraction and hole-drilling methods were used to analyze the residual stresses of metal coatings and SL5195 polymer, respectively. This analysis provides an insight into the engineering consideration when applying hard coatings on stereolithography polymers. A solution for successfully coating SL5195 polymer with favorable residual stress is also provided.
Usefulness of Doppler echocardiography in diagnosing right ventricular coronary arterial communications in patients with pulmonary atresia and intact ventricular septum and comparison with angiography

Direct and indirect evidence of right ventricular coronary arterial communications has been detected by use of 2-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography in patients with pulmonary atresia and intact ventricular septum. We describe additional consistent and reproducible Doppler echocardiographic findings that were useful for identifying patients in whom abnormal coronary arterial flow patterns were detected angiographically.
The challenge of religious pluralism : A reply to James Kraft

Religious pluralis does have, as James Kraft says, a negative impact on the epistemic confidence with which one holds a religious position, when epistemology is thought on both the externalist and internalist lines. I also conclude both that there is a resulting epistemic humility and that a tolerance of religious diversity results from it, but I reach these conclusions for entirely different reasons. Epistemic humility and religious tolerance are fostered by the realization that many religions are striving for the infinite, though all have limited views of it.
Factors Affecting the Financial Viability of Rural Retail Businesse

Rural retail businesses have been particularly hard-hit by the economic restructuring occurring inrural areas. Small-town businesses typically have been capturing a declining share of what too oftenhas been a shrinking market. Maintaining the viability of the rural retail sector is very important torural communities and their residents. This paper presents results of a study of financial characteristicsand performance of rural retail businesses in twelve states. Financial characteristicsexamined include total assets, debt, net worth, sales volume, net profit, return on assets, and returnon equity.
Multiresolution vector quantization

Multiresolution source codes are data compression algorithms yielding embedded source descriptions. The decoder of a multiresolution code can build a source reproduction by decoding the embedded bit stream in part or in whole. All decoding procedures start at the beginning of the binary source description and decode some fraction of that string. Decoding a small portion of the binary string gives a low-resolution reproduction; decoding more yields a higher resolution reproduction; and so on. Multiresolution vector quantizers are block multiresolution source codes. This paper introduces algorithms for designing fixed- and variable-rate multiresolution vector quantizers. Experiments on synthetic data demonstrate performance close to the theoretical performance limit. Experiments on natural images demonstrate performance improvements of up to 8 dB over tree-structured vector quantizers. Some of the lessons learned through multiresolution vector quantizer design lend insight into the design of more sophisticated multiresolution codes.
Preparation and characterization of palladium dispersed on rare earth oxide supports

Abstract Pd/Rare earth oxide catalysts were prepared using nonaqueous techniques to prevent hydrolysis of the support and to increase Pd surface area. The influ
SPECIFICITY OF THE INHIBITION OF TUBULAR PHOSPHATE REABSORPTION BY CERTAIN AMINO ACIDS.

THE activity of the transport mechanisms which regulate the renal tubular reabsorption of phosphate is dependent on a number of factors. Of paramount importance is parathyroid hormone which acts to decrease phosphate reabsorption in the proximal tubule, or possibly to bring about phosphate secretion into the tubular lumen at a more distal site. The role of vitamin D on the phosphate reabsorptive process is not clear: at moderate or low doses, the effect is to increase phosphate reabsorption, while larger doses have a phosphaturic action. The effects of vitamin D on phosphate reabsorption may be related to a direct tubular action, or may be mediated indirectly through its effect on parathyroid function or citrate metabolism.
Tensile bond strengths of dentin bonding agents to dentin

Abstract Several dentin bonding agents have recently become commercially available. The purpose of this study was to determine the tensile bond strengths of 4 dentin bonding agents to dentin. Seventy-two maxillary permanent central incisors were mounted in tooth cups and the facial surfaces ground on 600 grit SiC to expose the underlying dentin. The tensile bond strengths were determined by a test method developed by Kemper and Kilian (1976) . The following systems were evaluated: Scotchbond to untreated dentin, P 10 (A); Scotchbond to dentin etched with H3PO4, P 10 (B); Scotchbond to dentin conditioned with citric acid, P 10 (C); J. & J. Dentin Bonding Agent to dentin, Adaptic (D); Creation Bonding System to dentin treated with Den-Mat Cavity Cleanser, Spectrabond (E); Dentin-Adhesit System to dentin treated with Vivadent Dentin Conditioner, Isopast (F). Twelve test specimens were prepared in random order with each procedure. The tensile bond strengths were determined in an Instron machine and expressed in MN.m−2. The data were analyzed by a one-way analysis of variance and by Duncan's multiple range test at the 5% level of significance. The tensile bond strengths were significantly different (P=0.0001). The tensile bond strengths (MN.m−2) in descending order of magnitude were: D=3.0; B=0.9; F=0.1; A=0.1; C=0.04; E=0. The tensile bond strength obtained with procedure D (J. & J. Dentin Bonding Agent, Adaptic) was significantly greater than those obtained with the other procedures. The tensile bond strengths of the other systems were not significantly different.
On the properties of matrix bound lactate dehydrogenase.

Recent developments in enzyme technology and in the use of matrix bound enzymes as analytical reagents or for clinical potentials have been substantial in recent years. Several studies [l-3] have indicated increased stability of matrix bound enzyme. This increase in stability could make the matrix bound enzyme a better candidate than the free form of the enzyme for clinical use as well as for its use as an analytical reagent. The experiments described here were designed to compare some of the catalytic as well as the immunological properties of free and matrix bound lactate dehydrogenase.
Short and sweet: writing better consult notes in the era of the electronic medical record.

Avoid repeating everything already in the record, but include your reasoning and teaching points.
In vitro formation of glutathione conjugates of the dimethylester of bilirubin.

Rat hepatic microsomes catalyzed the formation of two distinct glutathione conjugates of bilirubin dimethylester (DMB). The two conjugates were identical to those isolated from the bile of Gunn rats infused with DMB. The microsomal reaction was dependent on NADPH, oxygen and glutathione and was inhibited by nitrogen and the cytochrome P450 inhibitors metyrapone, 1-benzylimidazole, and α-napthoflavone. Conjugate formation was inducible with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) but not phenobarbital pretreatment. The rate of formation of conjugates was not affected by washings of the microsomal pellet or by the presence of superoxide dismutase and/or catalase. Cation fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry (FAB/MS) of the conjugates indicated a molecular ion of 937 atomic mass units (amu). Fragmentation revealed a loss of 307 amu, consistent with glutathione, and a residual mass of 629 amu suggesting a hydroxylated derivative of DMB (612 amu). Cation FAB/MS/MS of conjugates formed in vitro under an atmosphere of oxygen-16 and oxygen-18 demonstrated the incorporation of molecular oxygen by a difference of 2 amu in the respective molecular ions. Our results suggest that DMB is oxidized by the cytochrome P450 IA gene family to an epoxide intermediate which is then subsequently conjugated with glutathione.
Obesity-Related Cardiovascular Risk in Children and the Role of Lifestyle Changes

Overweight and obesity in children present significant public health concerns because of the link with numerous chronic health conditions, especially type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Perhaps obesity is only the visible pointer of other underlying risk factors for these disease conditions in childhood. Although an imbalance between energy consumed and expended appears to be the simplistic underlying problem for the increased prevalence of obesity, it is a complex condition, with various contributing factors, and may be considered the metabolic factory for various risk factors for cardiovascular disease, both modifiable and nonmodifiable. It has also been recognized that the risk factors emerge quite early in the clinical course of obesity. Physical activity-based lifestyle change appears to be the most variable component of energy expenditure and therefore has been the obvious choice and the target of behavioral interventions to modify body weight in children. This review focuses on the obesity-related nontraditional risk factors for cardiovascular disease in children and the role of lifestyle changes in modulating these risk factors.
Michael Choniates, poet of love and knowledge

AbstractThis article situates an epigram by Michael Choniates on medieval Athens in the broader context of European poetry by examining Michael's use of the 'lover as idolater' and 'looking for Rome in Rome' topoi in comparison with treatments of these themes in the Italian and medieval Latin traditions. It then discusses the poem in light of Michael's engagement with Byzantine romance and liturgical verse. The author attempts to show that this poem, commonly read for its 'O! tempora, O! mores' sentiment, is a subtle and rich text that creatively deals with some of the major themes of medieval literature.
Cylindrical spirals of myofilamentous origin associated with exertional cramps and rhabdomyolysis

We describe the presence of cylindrical spirals on muscle biopsy from a 31-year-old man who developed rhabodomyolysis following a long run. He had a prior history of exertional cramps and myoglobinuria. His maternal grandfather had similar symptoms. Transmission electron micrographs demonstrated continuity between the lamellae of the cylindrical spirals and native myofilaments. Whether these unusual structures confer a derangement in myofilament function is uncertain.
Rejoinder: Better Training, Deeper Thinking, and More Policing

ends with what I consider as a good example of selfpolicing: “The results shown here do not rule out a physical origin, but point out that a result obtained after a statistical analysis carries, in addition to the physics behind, the spurious byproducts of the method applied.” Compared to Hoerl and Snee, von Collani gave me too much credit. Von Collani labeled my article as a “milestone in the development of science,” and credited me as a revolutionary in policing science. While flattered, I must confess that I am at least a mile away in seeing the pictures von Collani is painting, and I am not sure if I would make a half turn or full turn in my grave if someone puts “Chief of Science Police” on my tombstone. Von Collani apparently is questioning the entirety of modern science and statistics and wants to replace everything by “stochastic thinking,” a discussion topic that is the furthest from my original piece, certainly beyond my reflection antenna. But my statistical thinking compels me to express skepticism of just about any claim of one size fitting all, especially when it comes to matters as complex and grand as science and statistics. THE POWER OF COLLECTIVE WISDOM AND ACTION The experience starting from reading Brown and Kass (2009) to preparing this rejoinder reminded me once more of the power of collective wisdom. No matter how thoughtful, articulate, and well-intentioned each of us is, our individual contributions are inevitably idiosyncratic and can even carry ironies that are obvious to everyone but ourselves. For example, I almost choked on the great wine I was enjoying with the discussions when I read Kotz’s question “Why did Meng stop with scientists and policy makers?” Indeed! Although I probably would not go as far as to include Easterling’s car dealers and shoe salesmen, how could I forget to include “whole generations of future teachers” in an article that is mostly about teaching future generations? This brings me to my concluding point, the same as the one in my original piece, and on another historic occasion, the first days of the new decade. I share Fox’s and others’ enthusiasm and optimism that our future is very bright, but to ensure that such enthusiasm and optimism will be carried over to future generations, we need collective action. So please do anything you can to help build the “statistical leadership” that Hoerl and Snee articulated: one lecture at a time, one speech at a time, one consultation at a time, and one publication at a time. And a toast to the new decade: may we all have that sickto-our-stomach feeling at least once before lecturing/speaking/ consulting/publishing! [Received January 2010. Revised January 2010.]
Application of the nitrogen-tillage-residue-management (NTRM) model for corn grown in low-input and conventional agricultural systems

Abstract Unlike many conventional agricultural systems, low-input management techniques minimize the use of nutrients and pesticides produced off the farm. This study evaluates the performance of the NTRM model in simulating low-input and conventionally managed field corn (Zea mays L.) grown in a comparative cropping systems experiment initiated in 1981 on a site in southeastern Pennsylvania, USA. NTRM is a comprehensive model that requires data on weather, soil properties, management, and crop characteristics. For our study, it predicted daily soil water, nitrogen, and temperature with depth; daily biomass and leaf area; and final grain yield. Conventionally grown corn in 1985 was used for yield calibration of the model; other data collected in 1985, 1986, and 1987 provided validation. Early model runs gave accurate soil temperature predictions but poor soil water predictions compared to field measurements. Model simulations suggested an underground water source later verified at the field site. A modification of NTRM resulted in greatly improved soil water predictions. Simulation of a hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth.) plowdown showed the need for more detailed submodels of residue incorporation and decomposition. NTRM generally provided accurate estimates of harvest biomass, grain yield, and soil NO3N levels throughout the season. On-going model additions, such as crop-weed interactions and intercropping, will enhance NTRM as a model for simulating low-input systems.
Interleukin-12 : a bridge between innate resistance and adaptive immunity with a role in infection and acquired immunodeficiency

Interleukin-12 (IL-12) is a disulfide-linked heterodimeric cytokine originally identified as a product of EBV-transformed B cell lines. Monocyte/macrophages are the physiologically most relevant producers of IL-12, in response to both Gram-positive and -negative bacteria, bacterial products, and intracellular parasites. Although IL-12 has an enhancing effect on the survival and growth of early hematopoietic progenitor cells, most of the IL-12 biological activity has been described on T and NK cells, on which it induces production of lymphokines, primarily IFN-γ, enhances cytotoxic activity, and, in cooperation with other stimuli, increases proliferation. IL-12 is an inducer of development of T helper type 1 (Th-1) cells and the equilibrium between IL-12 and IL-4 is probably important for the balancein vivo between Th-1 and Th-2 responses. IL-12 has an important role in the host resistance to infection, in particular to intracellular pathogens, by activating macrophages through induction of IFN-γ from NK and T cells and by enhancing cell-mediated immune responses, dependent on Th-1 cell development. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from HIV-seropositive individuals are impaired in their ability to produce IL-12 in response to bacterial stimulation, and IL-12 restoresin vitro some of the depressed immunological functions, suggesting that a defect in IL-12 production may have a pathogenic role in the immunodeficiency of HIV-infected individuals. Natural IL-12 appears to provide a regulatory link between innate resistance and the development of the antigen-specific adaptive immune response and the recombinant protein has therapeutic potential because of its activity against tumors and infections and its effectiveness as an adjuvant enhancing cell-mediated immunity in vaccination.
N-terminus 4-chloromethyl thiazole peptide as a macrocyclization tool in the synthesis of cyclic peptides: application to the synthesis of conformationally constrained RGD-containing integrin ligands

The synthesis of conformationally constrained RGD-containing integrin ligands via an efficient solid-phase intramolecular thioalkylation reaction is described. The reaction of S-nucleophiles with newly generated N-terminal 4-chloromethyl thiazoles leads to the desired cyclic RGD products 5 in high purities and good overall yields.
Influence of irradiation of a primary tumor on the labeling index and estrogen receptor index in a distant tumor focus.

Abstract The present investigation reaffirms our observation that removal of a C3H mouse mammary adenocarcinoma results in a perturbation of tumor cells in a metastatic focus. An increase occurs in the proportion of cells undergoing DNA synthesis (labeling index, LI), and a decrease occurs in the proportion demonstrating estrogen receptor (ER index; ERI). The changes are transient but of sufficient duration and magnitude to produce an increase in the size of a distant tumor. This study was conducted to determine whether cytoreduction of a primary tumor by irradiation would produce a similar change in metastatic tumor cells and whether preoperative radiation would obtund the effect of primary tumor removal. The administration of a maximum tolerated dose of radiation (50 Gy) to a primary tumor produced a significant ( p
Cytochrome P450 in the brain; a review

After many frustrating decades of unsuccessful attempts to characterize the isoforms of P450 in the brain, several scientific breakthroughs in the 80s and 90s have resulted in major advances in our understanding of cytochromes P450 (CYP) in brain. We now know that classical CYP inducers, e.g. phenobarbital and pregnenolone 16alpha-carbonitrile, which regulate drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver, are specific ligands for ligand-activated transcription factors, and that the brain content of many of these transcription factors is low. This explains why these inducers have little effect on brain CYP content. The most effective inducers of brain P450 are some of the CNS active drugs and solvents. The level of CYPs in brain, approximately 0.5-2% of that in liver, is too low to significantly influence the overall pharmacokinetics of drugs and hormones in the body. Instead CYPs appear to have specific functions in brain, e.g. regulation of the levels of endogenous GABAA receptor agonists maintenance of brain cholesterol homeostasis and elimination of retinoids The novel CYPs which catalyse these reactions have recently been characterized. They are abundantly expressed in the brain confirming what has been previously found, i.e. that the major hepatic, adrenal and gonadal CYP isozymes contribute very little to the overall content of CYP in brain. It is not clear what fraction of brain CYP has been characterized, although a complete characterization of constitutive and induced CYPs in brain is essential for understanding the role of these enzymes in brain physiology as well as in age-related and xenobiotic-induced neurotoxicity.
Reagent control over the composition of mixed metal oxide nanoparticles

Binary (M1 − M2 − O) and ternary (M1 − M2 − M3 − O) metal-oxide nanoparticles (NPs) have been prepared by thermal decomposition in benzyl ether of the appropriate M(acac)n (M = Fe, Mn, Pd, Cu, Al, Gd) compounds in the presence of a mixture of oleic acid and oleylamine templating (surface capping) ligands, and 1,2-hexadecanediol as an accelerating agent. The metal percentage and the particle size were investigated as a function of the starting composition. The NP composition is controlled by the relative reaction rates of the particular precursors, such that prediction of NP composition from reagent ratios is not straightforward. However, understanding reaction rate limitations allows for alternative synthesis to be developed. In some cases, ligand exchange reaction and subsequent decomposition are possibly more important than thermal decomposition.
Biosolubilization of lignite

The rates at which lignite is solubilized by the extracellular products of aPenicillium fungus designated as RWL-5, four substrains isolated from RWL-5 andStreptomyces flavovirens were examined. The effects of lignite surface oxidation were also examined. Comparison of data generated from studies with the two microorganisms suggested thatS. flavovirens solubilized coal in a more alkaline environment than that of thePenicillium strain RWL-5. The rate of biosolubilization by RWL-5 in an oxygen-enriched atmosphere was almost twice that in air. Two substrain isolates exhibited biosolubilization rates approximately two times as great as that of the parent strain.
Indistinguishability of absolutely continuous and singular distributions

It is shown that there are no consistent decision rules for the hypothesis testing problem of distinguishing between absolutely continuous and purely singular probability distributions on the real line. In fact, there are no consistent decision rules for distinguishing between absolutely continuous distributions and distributions supported by Borel sets of Hausdorff dimension 0. It follows that there is no consistent sequence of estimators of the Hausdorff dimension of a probability distribution.
Calculation of CO2 gas phase diffusion in leaves and its relation to stomatal resistance.

A new theory and experimental method was developed to measure the diffusion resistance to CO2 in the gas phase of mesophyll leaf tissue. Excised leaves were placed in a chamber and their net evaporation and CO2 assimilation rates measured at two different ambient pressures. These data were used to calculate CO2 gas phase diffusion resistances. A variety of field grown leaves were tested and the effects of various experimental errors considered. Increasing the gas phase diffusion resistance decreased transpiration more than it decreased CO2 assimilation. It was concluded that gas phase diffusion resistance associated with CO2 assimilation may sometimes be 100 or 200 s·m-1 greater than the resistance implied by transpiration rates. This may be due to longer path lengths for the CO2 diffusion, constricted in places by the shape and arrangement of mesophyll cells.
Las funciones del juego social madre-niño

ResumenEste articulo proporciona una vision de conjunto de las funciones cognitivas y emocionales que los juegos madre-bebe aportan tanto al nino como a la madre. Implicando al nino en interacciones que comportan repeticion, turnos, atencion conjunta y ausencia de literalidad, los juegos pueden ayudar a los bebes en su desarrollo de destrezas linguisticas y sensoriomotoras. A traves de los intercambios ludicos las madres facilitan y provocan en sus hijos conductas de un nivel elevado que los bebes serian incapaces de producir por si mismos. Los juegos cumplen tambien diversas funciones emocionales: ayudan a los ninos a hacer frente a la «perdida» de la madre y a desarrollar los conceptos de yo, dominio y humor. En lo que concierne a las madres, los juegos aportan un contexto suplementario en el que se estimula la vinculacion madre-hijo.