cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
“Secure” log-linear and logistic regression analysis of distributed databases

The machine learning community has focused on confidentiality problems associated with statistical analyses that “integrate” data stored in multiple, distributed databases where there are barriers to simply integrating the databases. This paper discusses various techniques which can be used to perform statistical analysis for categorical data, especially in the form of log-linear analysis and logistic regression over partitioned databases, while limiting confidentiality concerns. We show how ideas from the current literature that focus on “secure” summations and secure regression analysis can be adapted or generalized to the categorical data setting.
Handbook of Research on Social Interaction Technologies and Collaboration Software: Concepts and Trends

The rapid increase of Internet-based social networking sites has brought attention to the social software phenomenon and significantly influenced the way people interact with each other, acquire information, entertain, and learn. The Handbook of Research on Social Interaction Technologies and Collaboration Software: Concepts and Trends explores the origin, structure, purpose, and function of socially interactive technologies known as social software. An indispensible research collection for IT and sociology academicians as well as field practitioners, this book addresses electronic systems and tools designed to advance social interaction, collaboration, and sharing of information.
A Review of “Economic Geography: A Contemporary Introduction”

This book begins with the premise that economic forces shape the world and are reflected geographically. Thus, the economy represents the processes and variations in geographical space. To examine ...
Significance of deformation rate softening of memory in viscoelastic fluid mechanics and polymer processing

It is pointed out that in viscoelastic fluid constitutive equations, non-linear response to deformation rate and strain beyond the second order is usually interpreted in terms of the deformation rate or strain dependence of the memory function. These non-linearities act to decrease the extent of the memory. The dependence may be characterized by one or more dimensionless material parameters. A new dimensionless group based on the primary material parameters describing the intensity of the deformation rate dependence of the memory function is introduced and its significance is discussed. This is called the Yamamoto number. The solutions of viscoelastic fluid mechanics problems are considered to depend upon both the Weissenberg and Yamamoto numbers. Such problems include topics of interest in polymer melt processing such as uniaxial elouigatioiial flow, fiber spinning and vortex development in extrusion through a die entry.
Negative reinforcement via motivational withdrawal is the driving force behind the transition to addiction

Piazza and Deroche-Gamonet have significantly contributed to the field of addiction and published several pioneering articles that have had a major influence on the field. The latest article by Piazza and Deroche-Gamonet is a position paper, in which they argue that they provide a foundation for the first general theory of the transition to addiction. Their theory is composed of the following three principles: (1) The transition to addiction depends on an interaction between individual vulnerability and drug exposure. (2) The transition to addiction involves at least three steps (i.e., recreational/sporadic drug use, intensified/sustained/escalated drug use, and loss of control/full addiction). (3) Addiction is a true psychiatric disease. Piazza and Deroche-Gamonet propose to test their “first” general theory of addiction by providing three predictionsthatcanbeusedtovalidateorinvalidatetheir theory.The review by Piazza and Deroche-Gamonet represents an excellent opportunity to discuss critical aspects of the transition to addiction. In this article, we attempt to test point by point the validity of their statements based on the current state of the field,withthehopethatabetterunderstandingoftheaddiction process will lead to better treatments for drug addiction. To test the validity of their claims, as suggested by Piazza and Deroche-Gamonet, it is important to define the criteria that need to be fulfilled for a novel theory to be valid. A scientific theory is a well-substantiated explanation of a phenomenon based on knowledge that has been repeatedly confirmed through observation and experimentation. Its strength is related to the diversity of phenomena it can explain and the accuracy in predicting outcomes. A scientific theory should allow for falsifiable predictions. Finally, a new theory should better explain experimental observations than previous theories and result in further testable predictions that can be confirmed. We will review each principle proposed by Piazza and Deroche-Gamonet based on each of these criteria.
The optimal linear alternative to price and quantity controls in the multifirm case

Abstract Linear control schedules in output have been shown superior in the one-firm case to either of the extreme controls—price or quantity; they optimally trade off the desirable characteristics of both extremes. When many firms are regulated, however, that superiority fades. Then total output affects expected benefits and can display a larger (or smaller) variance than the sum of individual firms' output variances (upon which expected costs depend) if costs are positively (negatively) correlated. Output variation must be discouraged (encouraged), therefore, and the linear schedule rotates toward the quantity (price) extreme. The better extreme might thereby become the best choice among all three alternatives.
Surface profile measurement of KB mirrors using Fizeau laser interferometer

Fizeau interferometer is the most commonly used interferometer for testing optical components. The aim of this work is to apply this technique to the measurement of elliptical Kirkpatrick-Baez (KB) mirrors during their fabrication process. KB mirrors are widely used at synchrotron radiation facilities around the world for x-ray focusing. Fizeau interferometer can provide accurate measurements for KB mirrors. Recently a KB mirror that can focus X-ray down to 150 nm has been fabricated in the Argonne National Laboratory.
Internally deterministic parallel algorithms can be fast

The virtues of deterministic parallelism have been argued for decades and many forms of deterministic parallelism have been described and analyzed. Here we are concerned with one of the strongest forms, requiring that for any input there is a unique dependence graph representing a trace of the computation annotated with every operation and value. This has been referred to as internal determinism, and implies a sequential semantics---i.e., considering any sequential traversal of the dependence graph is sufficient for analyzing the correctness of the code. In addition to returning deterministic results, internal determinism has many advantages including ease of reasoning about the code, ease of verifying correctness, ease of debugging, ease of defining invariants, ease of defining good coverage for testing, and ease of formally, informally and experimentally reasoning about performance. On the other hand one needs to consider the possible downsides of determinism, which might include making algorithms (i) more complicated, unnatural or special purpose and/or (ii) slower or less scalable.In this paper we study the effectiveness of this strong form of determinism through a broad set of benchmark problems. Our main contribution is to demonstrate that for this wide body of problems, there exist efficient internally deterministic algorithms, and moreover that these algorithms are natural to reason about and not complicated to code. We leverage an approach to determinism suggested by Steele (1990), which is to use nested parallelism with commutative operations. Our algorithms apply several diverse programming paradigms that fit within the model including (i) a strict functional style (no shared state among concurrent operations), (ii) an approach we refer to as deterministic reservations, and (iii) the use of commutative, linearizable operations on data structures. We describe algorithms for the benchmark problems that use these deterministic approaches and present performance results on a 32-core machine. Perhaps surprisingly, for all problems, our internally deterministic algorithms achieve good speedup and good performance even relative to prior nondeterministic solutions.
Research and Events Leading to Facial Transplantation

Facial transplantation has long captured the interest and imagination of scientists, the media, and the lay public. Facial transplantation could provide an excellent alternative to current treatments for facial disfigurement caused by burns, trauma, cancer extirpation, or congenital birth defects. This article discusses the major technical, immunologic, psychosocial and ethical hurdles that have been overcome to bring facial transplantation from an idea to a clinical reality by providing the reader with a chronologic overview of the research and events that have led this exciting new treatment into the clinical arena.
Optimized Methodology for Sequential Extraction of RNA and Protein from Small Human Skin Biopsies

Current translational human studies are moving in the direction of concurrent genomic and proteomic analysis using small clinical samples. Skin tissue, although easily accessible, is difficult to process owing to its natural resistance to mechanical shearing and high levels of RNases and proteases. Currently, these complications result in degraded RNA samples with variable yield. We have developed a method of sequential extraction of high quality RNA and protein from a single 3 mm full thickness skin punch biopsy. This method yields 1-2 microg of RNA and 150 microg of protein, which is usable in many sensitive downstream applications including microarray, quantitative real-time PCR, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and Western blot analysis.
Parental eating behaviours, home food environment and adolescent intakes of fruits, vegetables and dairy foods: longitudinal findings from Project EAT.

Objective To examine longitudinal associations of parental report of household food availability and parent intakes of fruits, vegetables and dairy foods with adolescent intakes of the same foods. This study expands upon the limited research of longitudinal studies examining the role of parents and household food availability in adolescent dietary intakes. Design Longitudinal study. Project EAT-II followed an ethnically and socio-economically diverse sample of adolescents from 1999 (time 1) to 2004 (time 2). In addition to the Project EAT survey, adolescents completed the Youth Adolescent Food-Frequency Questionnaire in both time periods, and parents of adolescents completed a telephone survey at time 1. General linear modelling was used to examine the relationship between parent intake and home availability and adolescent intake, adjusting for time 1 adolescent intakes. Associations were examined separately for the high school and young adult cohorts and separately for males and females in combined cohorts. Subjects/setting The sample included 509 pairs of parents/guardians and adolescents. Results Vegetables served at dinner significantly predicted adolescent intakes of vegetables for males ( P = 0.037), females ( P = 0.009), high school ( P = 0.033) and young adults ( P = 0.05) at 5-year follow-up. Among young adults, serving milk at dinner predicted dairy intake ( P = 0.002). Time 1 parental intakes significantly predicted intakes of young adults for fruit ( P = 0.044), vegetables ( P = 0.041) and dairy foods ( P = 0.008). Parental intake predicted intake of dairy for females ( P = 0.02). Conclusions The findings suggest the importance of providing parents of adolescents with knowledge and skills to enhance the home food environment and improve their own eating behaviours.
Shame Solutions: How Shame Impacts School-Aged Children and What Teachers Can Do to Help.

Abstract Though many psychologists and researchers argue over the age at which humans first experience shame, all agree that by age two children have the capacity to be shamed (Lansky and Morrison 1997). School-aged children have invariably been exposed to shame at home and receive an extra dose of it in our current school system. This essay investigates shame theory and explores how societal shaming practices manifest themselves in our schools, specifically examining the negative effects of shame on human development. Alternative pedagogical strategies—those that avoid shame and shaming—are discussed and endorsed.
A single-server queue with random accumulation level

The author studies the queueing process in a single-server bulk queueing system. Upon completion of a previous service, the server can take a group of random size from customers that are available. Or, the server can wait until the queue attains a desired level. The author establishes an ergodicity criterion for both the queueing process with continuous time parameter and the imbedded process. Under this criterion, the author obtains explicit formulas for the stationary distributions of both processes by using semi-regenerative techniques.
Integration by Parts and Quasi-Invariance for Heat Kernel Measures on Loop Groups

Abstract Integration by parts formulas are established both for Wiener measure on the path space of a loop group and for the heat kernel measures on the loop group. The Wiener measure is defined to be the law of a certain loop group valued “Brownian motion” and the heat kernel measures are time t , t >0, distributions of this Brownian motion. A corollary of either of these integrations by parts formulas is the closability of the pre-Dirichlet form considered by B. K. Driver and T. Lohrenz [1996, J. Functional Anal. 140 , 381–448]. We also show that the heat kernel measures are quasi-invariant under right under right and left translations by finite energy loops.
Hierarchically Organized Nanoparticle Mesostructure Arrays Formed through Hydrothermal Self-Assembly

We report a new self-assembly pathway that leads to supported and hierarchically organized gold nanoparticle mesostructure arrays on solid substrates such as glass slide, thermal oxide, photopolymer film, and mica. Using the nanoparticle micelle as a building block, hierarchical gold nanoparticle mesostructure arrays were prepared by a hydrothermal nucleation and growth process through self-assembly of nanoparticle micelles and organosilicates under basic conditions. Depending on the substrates used, the shape, order, and orientation of the gold nanoparticle mesostructure during nucleation and growth exhibit distinct features. Transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction results revealed that gold nanoparticles were organized as a face-centered cubic mesostructure with precisely controlled interparticle spacing. Optical characterization using UV−vis spectroscopy shows a characteristic surface plasmon resonance band resulted from the ordered nanoparticle arrays. This method provides new means for...
Near-real time retrievals of land surface temperature within the MODIS Rapid Response System

The MODIS Rapid Response (RR) System was developed to meet the near real time needs of the applications community. Generally, its products are available online within hours of the satellite overpass. We recently adapted the standard MODIS land surface temperature (LST) split-window algorithm for use in the RR System. To minimize latency, we eliminated the algorithm's dependency on upstream MODIS products. For example, although the standard MODIS LST requires prior retrieval of air temperature and water vapor from the MODIS scene, the RR LST employs a climatological database of atmospheric values based on a 25-year record of NOAA TOVS observations. The standard and RR algorithms also differ in upstream processing, surface emissivity determination, and use of a cloud mask (RR product does not contain one). Comparison of the MODIS RR and standard LST products suggests that biases are generally less than 0.1 K, and root-mean-square differences are less than 1 K despite the presence of some larger outliers. Initial validation with field data suggests the absolute uncertainty of the RR product is below 1 K. The MODIS RR land surface temperature algorithm is a stand-alone computer code. It has no dependencies on external products or toolkits, and is suitable for Direct Broadcast and other processing systems.
Cross‐reactivity between human erythropoietin antibody and horse erythropoietin

Erythropoietin (EPO) is the primary hormone of erythropoiesis. Administration of recombinant human erythropoietin (rhuEPO) to improve racing performance in the horse represents a new form of blood doping, which has been associated with increased mortality. While immunoassay kits have become plentiful, very few commercial hormone assays are made specifically for equine research. There is a strong degree of sequence homology reported for EPO among species, which has allowed antibodies designed for human EPO research to be used to determine EPO concentration in other species. The objective of the present study was to use Western blot analysis to determine whether the antibody to rhuEPO, provided in a commercial radioimmunoassay (RIA) kit, recognizes horse EPO. Western blot analysis of purified rhuEPO and horse plasma was conducted, using the polyclonal goat-antihuman EPO antibody supplied in the Incstar EPO Trac RIA as the primary antibody. Immunoblot analysis revealed a major band at approximately 52 kDa for both rhuEPO and the horse plasma. Our results demonstrate that a human EPO antibody recognizes equine EPO. These findings show that the Incstar EPO Trac RIA hormone assay system can be used to measure equine EPO.
Cerebral metabolism in newborn dogs during reversible asphyxia

Acute, systemic asphyxia was induced in paralyzed, lightly anesthetized 1- to 2-day-old dogs by respiratory arrest. Measurements of arterial blood pressure, acid-base balance, and concentrations of pyruvate, lactate, and glucose in blood were correlated with electroencephalographic activity and with concentrations of high-energy phosphates and glycolytic substrates in the cerebral cortex. Most animals tolerated 15 minutes, but not 20 minutes, of asphyxia with apparently normal behavioral recovery. Asphyxia was always accompanied by bradycardia, systemic hypotension, and a progressive decline in arterial pH; the concentration of blood lactate and the lactate/pyruvate ratio rose. Blood glucose levels were unaffected, at least during the first 10 minutes. Concentrations of glucose and phosphocreatine in cerebral cortex declined rapidly during asphyxia to low levels, but levels of adenosine triphosphate remained within normal limits for up to 5 minutes despite the fact that electrical activity in brain ceased within 2 minutes. The intravenous injection of carbon black into animals asphyxiated for 21/2, 5, 10, or 15 minutes revealed substantial reductions in blood flow to brain during asphyxia; however, relative to the cerebral cortex, brainstem structures received a preferential blood supply.
Nursing Care of Patients Undergoing Isolated Limb Procedures for Recurrent Melanoma of the Extremity

Isolated limb perfusion and isolated limb infusion are surgical interventions that provide high-dose regional chemotherapy to patients experiencing a recurrence of melanoma in an extremity. Nurses may be unfamiliar with these treatment options, as they are not available in all hospitals; however, the number of people diagnosed with melanoma is increasing. It is important for nurses to understand these surgical procedures to provide safe high-quality care before and after the surgery. Currently, there are several gaps in our knowledge about patients' experiences or nurse-sensitive outcomes. There are abundant opportunities for nurses to improve the care of patients who undergo surgical interventions to manage melanoma in the extremity.
IMPACT OF BODY HABITUS ON PERIOPERATIVE MORBIDITY ASSOCIATED WITH FUSION OF THE THORACOLUMBAR AND LUMBAR SPINE

Objective Spinal fusion is performed in patients ranging from young and healthy to aged and frail. Although recent population trends in the United States are toward obesity, no large-scale study has evaluated how body habitus affects mortality, complications, and resource utilization for lumbar spine fusion. Such information is important for patient selection and to confirm the safety of such procedures in this population. Methods Data for 244 170 patients who underwent thoracolumbar or lumbar spine fusion for degenerative disease between 1988 and 2004 were collected from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample database, and subjects were grouped by surgical approach and body habitus. Multivariate logistic regression evaluated group effects on selected postoperative complications, length of stay, resource utilization, and discharge disposition. Results This study confirms that body habitus affects perioperative morbidity sustained by patients undergoing thoracolumbar or lumbar spine fusion. Demographic heterogeneity exists for race, geography, and number of diseased levels among body habitus groups, prompting application of multivariate logistic regression for outcomes. For all approaches, higher body mass index associated with increased transfusion requirements and likelihood of discharge to assisted living. Furthermore, morbidly obese patients undergoing posterior fusion sustained more wound complications and postoperative infections. Conclusion This nationwide study describes inpatient complications encountered during fusion surgery in patients who are obese. For a given surgical approach, patients with higher body mass index sustain increased transfusion requirements and utilize more resources during thoracolumbar and lumbar spine fusion. Nevertheless, the findings of equivalent mortality, length of stay, and other complication rates suggest that patients who are obese remain safe surgical candidates.
Poor People in Poor Places: Local Opportunity Structures and Household Poverty*

Abstract Accounts of poverty generally fall into either “individualist” or “structuralist” camps. Often these are seen as irreconcilable and incompatible competing perspectives. This paper integrates individualist and structuralist accounts of poverty by examining the relationship between “person poverty” and “place poverty” in nonmetropolitan and metropolitan labor markets, using a multilevel framework. I fashion a general model of poverty production and allocation, drawing on the labor market ecology perspective. After a discussion of this perspective, I develop a multilevel framework for analyzing data from the 1990 Census PUMS-L sample, STF-3c, and other sources to show how compositional and contextual factors affect households' likelihoods of being in poverty. These multilevel models also allow us to estimate the degree to which labor market conditions influence the magnitude of household labor supply characteristics. Results suggest that both compositional and contextual factors contribute to the metro-nonmetro difference in poverty rates, and that the effects of employment vary in accordance with labor market characteristics.
The temperature dependence of the elasticity of Fe-bearing wadsleyite

Abstract Data are presented on the elastic properties of β-(Mg 0.92 Fe 0.08 ) 2 SiO 4 (iron-bearing wadsleyite) from 295 K to 640 K at ambient pressure. Elasticity measurements were made on hot-pressed polycrystals using resonant ultrasound spectroscopy (RUS). Multiple temperature excursions were done with data retrieved during both heating and cooling cycles. Room temperature (RT) values for the adiabatic bulk ( K S ) and shear ( G ) moduli are 170.8(1.2) GPa and 108.9(0.4) GPa, respectively. The average derivatives over the temperature ( T ) range studied are (∂ K S /∂ T ) P = −1.75(0.07) × 10 −2 GPa K −1 and (∂ G /∂ T ) P = −1.55(0.06) × 10 −2 GPa K −1 . Comparison of these results with those from our recent study of Mg-endmember wadsleyite shows no measurable difference in the average (∂ K S /∂ T ) P or (∂ G /∂ T ) P from RT to 640 K due to Fe content. Slight nonlinearity in the temperature dependences of both K S and G are observed, such that second order fits for both K S ( T ) and G ( T ) are statistically justified. Whereas, the current nonlinearity in G ( T ) for β-(Mg 0.92 Fe 0.08 ) 2 SiO 4 is similar to that observed for β -Mg 2 SiO 4 , second order effects in K S ( T ) were not observed previously for wadsleyite.
Hooking Mortality of Walleyes in a Northwestern Ontario Lake

Abstract This study was conducted to estimate the hooking mortality of walleyes Stizostedion vitreum captured with an artificial lure or minnows and with barbed and barbless hooks. Captured fish were held in a live-box for 48 h to observe delayed mortality. Only 2 (0.8%) of 240 walleyes died. One fish died after being hooked in the gills by a barbless hook with an artificial lure. The other fish died after being hooked in the stomach by a single barbless hook baited with a minnow. Both fish died within 10 min after release into the holding structure. Even when live bait was used, most fish were hooked superficially in the mouth rather than in deep, vital areas.
I.v. cocaine induces rapid, transient excitation of striatal neurons via its action on peripheral neural elements: single-cell, iontophoretic study in awake and anesthetized rats.

Abstract Cocaine’s (COC) direct interaction with the dopamine (DA) transporter is usually considered the most important action underlying the psychomotor stimulant and reinforcing effects of this drug. However, some physiological, behavioral and psycho-emotional effects of COC are very rapid and brief and they remain intact during DA receptor blockade, suggesting possible involvement of peripheral non-DA neural mechanisms. To assess this issue, single-unit recording with microiontophoresis was used to examine changes in impulse activity of dorsal and ventral striatal neurons to i.v. COC (0.25–0.5 mg/kg) in the same rats under two conditions: awake with DA receptor blockade and anesthetized with urethane. In the awake preparation ∼70% striatal neurons showed rapid and transient (latency ∼6 s, duration ∼15 s) COC-induced excitations. These effects were stronger in ventral than dorsal striatum. During anesthesia, these phasic effects were fully blocked and COC slowly decreased neuronal discharge rate. Cocaine-methiodide (COC-M), a derivative that cannot cross the blood–brain barrier, also caused phasic excitations in the awake, but not anesthetized condition. In contrast to regular COC, COC-M had no tonic effect on discharge rate in either preparation. Most striatal neurons that were phasically excited by both COC forms also showed short-latency excitations during tail-touch and tail-pinch in the awake preparation, an effect strongly attenuated during anesthesia. Finally, most striatal neurons that in awake conditions were phasically excited by somato-sensory stimuli and COC salts were also excited by iontophoretic glutamate (GLU). Although striatal neurons were sensitive to GLU in both preparations, the response magnitude at the same GLU current was higher in awake than anesthetized conditions. These data suggest that in awake animals i.v. COC, like somato-sensory stimuli, transiently excites striatal neurons via its action on peripheral neural elements and rapid neural transmission. While the nature of these neuronal elements needs to be clarified using other analytical techniques, they might involve voltage-gated K + and Na + channels, which have a high affinity for COC and are located on terminals of visceral sensory nerves that densely innervate peripheral vessels. Therefore, along with direct action on specific brain substrates, central excitatory effects of COC may occur via indirect action, involving afferents of visceral sensory nerves and rapid neural transmission. By providing a rapid sensory signal and triggering transient neural activation, such a peripherally triggered action might play a crucial role in the sensory effects of COC, thus contributing to learning and development of drug-taking behavior.
SU-GG-T-217: Test of Laser Position, Isocenter Congruence Between KV Imager, Cone Beam CT and MV Beam with a Phantom

Purpose: On board imager (OBI) in the form of kV imaging and cone beam CT(CBCT) is gaining wide clinical application. A fast QA method that can be used to evaluate geometric accuracy and congruence with the therapy beams is lacking. We have developed a QA phantom for weekly and monthly QA of the OBI. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the accuracy of the method and its time requirement. Method and Materials: A phantom containing 10 fiducial markers were designed to check laser position, isocenter congruence between the kV imager, the CBCT and the MV beam in one time setup. Four markers are attached to each side of the 15‐cm plastic cube, one marker is located in the center of the 8 markers and the last one is located to next to the center marker. The phantom is aligned with laser and 2 sets of MV‐kV, 2D‐2D matching images are acquired, followed by the CBCT acquisition with same setup. Then the centers of the laser, the kV imager, the CBCT can be calculated from a formula from simple geometric relation. Results: Total QA time including setup, image acquisition, and evaluation was not more than 20 min. The phantom can detect less than 0.5 mm variations and misalignments. The most time consuming step is image enhancement of the MV images, a process necessary to find the fiducial markers. Further improvements in the material and design of the fiducial markers to eliminate this step and significantly reduce the QA time are possible. Discussion and Conclusion: The phantom is appropriate for both acceptance tests the routine QA of the OBI system. Comprehensive QA for OBI systems can be performed if inserts for assessing image quality, such as different density materials and spatial resolution inserts are incorporated into the phantom.
Decoding Melanoma Metastasis

Metastasis accounts for the vast majority of morbidity and mortality associated with melanoma. Evidence suggests melanoma has a predilection for metastasis to particular organs. Experimental analyses have begun to shed light on the mechanisms regulating melanoma metastasis and organ specificity, but these analyses are complicated by observations of metastatic dormancy and dissemination of melanocytes that are not yet fully malignant. Additionally, tumor extrinsic factors in the microenvironment, both at the site of the primary tumor and the site of metastasis, play important roles in mediating the metastatic process. As metastasis research moves forward, paradigms explaining melanoma metastasis as a step-wise process must also reflect the temporal complexity and heterogeneity in progression of this disease. Genetic drivers of melanoma as well as extrinsic regulators of disease spread, particularly those that mediate metastasis to specific organs, must also be incorporated into newer models of melanoma metastasis.
Investigating thallium-based materials for use in multijunction photovoltaics

The optimum band placement for both multijunction photovoltaics, where layers of semiconductor materials are connected in series, and split junction photovoltaic systems, consisting of a number of physically separated solar cells, are investigated. Possible implementations of these designs are suggested, based on design constraints such as lattice matching, use of possible substrates, and ease of material growth. In order to realize these implementations, Tl-bearing semiconductor materials were required in the structures; this is a class of materials that has not been extensively studied, particularly for use in photovoltaics. Simulations of the most promising structures were performed, with efficiencies promising to outperform current high-efficiency cells.
Undoing and reconstructing African identities: a cultural approach

This study analyses selected literary/cultural texts to show the difficulties in dealing with the questions of individual and collective identity. It examines some African texts' attempts to undo both the oral and written (colonial) traditions' conceptions of identity. The former views identity not so much as a fixed and an immutable essence, but as a construct shaped by various elements that are in constant flux and, therefore, always in the process of definition and redefinition. The latter presents identity as frozen in time and space as the written information and the picture in an ID. Having thus deconstructed both traditions' conceptions, it will be a question of showing how one of these texts reconceptualizes individual and, by extension, African identity as shaped by such abstract terms as liberation (name), Liberty (surname), Justice (father's name) and Dignity (mother's name).
HOUSEHOLD PRODUCTION: A CULTURAL AND CROSS-NATIONAL VIEW*

This paper aims to place household production in cross-cultural and cross-national perspective. It begins with brief comments on the meaning of household production and some assumptions about it. Then, in Part I of the paper, four important aspects of socio-cultural context or environment are described: types of production by scale of social organization; non-agricultural production and scale of economic development; sex and role differences in everyday work; and value shifts affecting family functions and productive behaviour. In Part II are presented illustrations of house-hold production from different regions and cultures of the world, and in Part III, suggestions about measures of household production patterns, which may permit cross-cultural comparisons.
How accurately can we image inositol lipids in living cells

We are most grateful to Kees Jalink and Thomas F. Martin for sharing information on unpublished results, and to Kevin J. Catt for fruitful discussions and critical reading of the manuscript.
Evaluation of mechanical properties of a low-cobalt wrought superalloy

In the late 1970s and early 1980s, cobalt was subjected to significant supply and market pressures. Those pressures caused renewed attention to the use of cobalt in aircraft engines. A NASA-sponsored program called Conservation of Strategic Aerospace Materials (COSAM) was created in response to the supply problems with cobalt and other aerospace metals. Among the work performed in the COSAM program and simultaneously by others were several studies on laboratory-size heats of wrought nickel-base super-alloys. These studies suggested that the cobalt levels of the alloys might be reduced by about half, with minimal negative impact on mechanical properties. The Lewis Research Center procured a 1365-kg (3000-lb) heat of a modified Waspaloy having a reduced cobalt level. This article reports the results of a program performed at four gas turbine manufacturers which evaluated the mechanical properties of forgings fabricated from that heat. The alloy chemistry selected reduced the nominal cobalt level from 13.5 to 7.75 wt%. To compensate for the anticipated strength reduction caused by a slight reduction in the amount of γ, the nominal aluminum was increased from 1.3 to 1.5% and the titanium was increased from 3.0 to 3.2%. The increase in aluminum and titanium were intended to increase the amount of γ in the al-loy. Tensile, creep-rupture, low-cycle fatigue, and cyclic crack growth tests were performed. In addition the effect of hydrogen on the alloy was determined. It was concluded that, in the event of a cobalt short-age, a low-cobalt modification of Waspaloy alloy could be substituted for Waspaloy with little develop-ment in those applications that are not creep-rupture limited. With some additional development to better control the grain size, it is probable that most of the current Waspaloy requirements might be met with a lower cobalt alloy.
Asymptotic behavior of an SI epidemicmodel with pulse removal

In this paper, we discuss an SI epidemic model with pulse removal from the infectiveclass at fixed time intervals with both exponential and logistic type underlying population dynamics. This model has significance when dealing with animal diseases with no recovery, or when we consider isolation in human diseases. We provide a rigorous analysis of the asymptotic behavior of the percentage of infected individuals, the total number of infected individuals, and the total population in our model. We show that periodic removal/isolation is a feasible strategy to control the spread of the disease.
Comparison of [3H]ouabain binding sites in intact cells and cell homogenates: apparent lack of glycoside receptors unrelated to sarcolemmal Na+, K+-ATPase in guinea-pig heart.

In intact heart muscle cells incubated in a physiological solution, i.e. under the condition in which the cardiac glycosides produce pharmacological and toxicological effects, receptors for these actions of the glycosides should be available to ouabain. In cell homogenates, [3H]ouabain binding observed in the presence of Mg2+ and inorganic phosphate represents binding of the glycoside to Na+, K+-ATPase. Therefore, numbers of these two types of [3H]ouabain binding sites were compared using viable myocyte preparations obtained from ventricular muscle of guinea-pig heart. The number of ouabain binding sites observed in viable myocytes in the absence of Ca2+ and K+ was not different from the number of ouabain binding sites on Na+, K+-ATPase observed with sodium dodecylsulfate-treated homogenates prepared from isolated myocytes. These results do not support the hypothesis that there are receptors for the pharmacological or toxic actions of ouabain other than those that are associated with sarcolemmal Na+, K+-ATPase.
Microcapillary reversed-displacement immunosensor for trace level detection of TNT in seawater

A reversed-displacement immunosensor to detect the explosive, 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) using a chemically modified borosilicate glass microcapillary is described. The inner core of a glass microcapillary was modified with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane and functionalized with the TNT analog, trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBSA). A Cy5-labeled anti-TNT antibody was incubated within the trinitrobenzene (TNB) modified microcapillary until binding equilibrium, forming the TNB-anti-TNT antibody complex. The TNB-microcapillary was then subjected to a constant flow of buffer as samples were applied. As samples containing TNT were introduced into the microcapillary flow stream, the Cy5-labeled antibody bound to the immobilized TNB was displaced and fluorescence measured by a fluorometer. Using the microcapillary-based reversed-displacement immunosensor (MRDI) format, parts-per-trillion (pptr) detection limits for TNT in seawater (0.25 ng/mL or 250 pptr) was achieved with an analysis time under 5 min. Reported also are experimental results comparing silane deposition conditions and the effect on immunoassay performance and the comparison of fluorescence signal response with the MRDI using four different monoclonal anti-TNT antibodies.
Ventricular maps in 804 ADNI subjects: correlations with CSF biomarkers and clinical decline

Ideal biomarkers of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) should correlate with accepted measures of pathology in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF); they should also correlate with, or predict, future clinical decline, and should be readily measured in hundreds to thousands of subjects. Here we explored the utility of automated 3D maps of the lateral ventricles as a possible biomarker of AD. We used our multi-atlas fluid image alignment (MAFIA) method, to compute ventricular models automatically, without user intervention, from 804 brain MRI scans with 184 AD, 391 mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and 229 healthy elderly controls (446 men, 338 women; age: 75.50 6.81 [SD] years). Radial expansion of the ventricles, computed pointwise, was strongly correlated with current cognition, depression ratings, Hachinski Ischemic scores, language scores, and with future clinical decline after controlling for any effects of age, gender, and educational level. In statistical maps ranked by effect sizes, ventricular differences were highly correlated with CSF measures of A1-42, and correlated with ApoE4 genotype. These statistical maps are highly automated, and offer a promising biomarker of AD for large-scale studies.
Dental trauma in children: a survey.

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the type and prevalence of injuries presenting to the pediatric dental service of the Child Nat Med Ctr. During the 12 months survey, 227 patients presented. This patient group consisted of 159 males (M) and 68 females (F) (2.34 M to 1.0 F); 96 (62 M, 34 F) were less than 5 y age; 85 (64 M, 21 F) were 5 to 12 y age; 46 (33 M, 13 F) were greater than or equal to 13 y age. The leading cause of injury was falls (105/227; 46%). Approx 50% (115/227) of the injuries occurred between May and September; 132 children sustained soft tissue injury (88 intraoral; 20 extraoral; 24 intra and extraoral); 61 permanent teeth were fractured in 44 children; 36 primary teeth were fractured in 31; 133 permanent teeth in 63 and 148 primary teeth in 79 patients sustained a displacement type of injury; 13 presented with an alveolar fracture. These observations extend earlier information regarding the epidemiology of dental injuries in childhood. Language: en
A Meta-Analysis of the Effectiveness of the “But You Are Free” Compliance-Gaining Technique

The “but you are free” (BYAF) compliance-gaining technique operates by telling the target that he or she is free to refuse the request. A meta-analysis of 42 studies of the effectiveness of that technique indicated that it was an effective means of increasing compliance rates in most contexts. It was effective regardless of type of request, but effectiveness diminished when the decision to enact the target behavior was not made immediately, consistent with a self-presentation explanation of the technique's effectiveness.
Techniques for analyzing frequency selective surfaces-a review

A number of representative techniques for analyzing frequency-selective surfaces (FSSs), which comprise periodic arrays of patches or apertures in a conducting screen and find important applications as filters in microwaves and optics, are discussed. The basic properties of the FSSs are reviewed and several different approaches to predicting their frequency-response characteristics are described. Some recent developments in the treatment of truncated, curved, and doubly periodic screens are mentioned and representative experimental results are included. >
Models for commercialization of technology from universities and research laboratories

One of the most admired aspects of U.S. technology has been the ability to assimilate and commercialize new science and technology. In light of the rising international competition, there has been new emphasis placed on the commercialization of U.S. science and technology developed in the federal laboratories. While research and development remains the focus of these laboratories, passage of the Stevenson-Wydler Technology Act of 1980 and the Technology Transfer Act of 1986 has resulted in a means to further the exploitation of discoveries, patents, and copyrights developed within the laboratories. The transfer of technology to industrial partners and users is a complex task for a federal laboratory. Since the interaction with industry, as well as market knowledge and assessment of the needs of business users are beyond the charter of a federal laboratory, new organizational mechanisms are required in order to obtain full commercial value from the laboratories' efforts. A study was instituted to examine selected organizational and policy arrangements for achieving the optimum commercial value from the science and technology research at the research and development laboratories sponsored and funded by the U.S. government.
The Maintenance of an Organization’s Socially Responsible Practice A Cross-Level Framework

The maintenance of an organization’s socially responsible practice is explained by linking perspectives within a cross-level framework. The proposed framework incorporates research on the institutional environment (societal level), organizational identity (organizational level), and champions’ tactics (individual level). Under different institutional environmental conditions, organizational identity and champions’tactics are posited to be differentially effective in supporting a socially responsible practice. The theoretical framework presented is suggestive of directions for empirical work on the maintenance of firms’ socially responsible practices and offers suggestions to managers regarding ways of compensating for conditions that otherwisewould weaken the maintenance ofa socially responsible practice.
Infant responses to direction of parental gaze: A comparison of two still-face conditions

Abstract Six-month-old infants (N=43) showed differences in the frequency of neutral/positive vocalizations produced when exposed to a standard (parent gazes at infant) versus modified still-face condition (parent gazes above infant). No significant differences in smiling, social gaze, negative affect, and fuss/cry vocalizations were observed.
Synthesis of the dopamine D2/D3 receptor agonist (+)-PHNO via supercritical fluid chromatography: preliminary PET imaging study with [3-11C]-(+)PHNO

Abstract Carbon-11 labeled (+)-4-[1-11C]propyl-3,4,4a,5,6,10b-hexahydro-2H-naphtho[1,2-b][1,4]oxazin-9-ol ([1-11C]-(+)-PHNO) is a dopamine D3-preferring agonist radiopharmaceutical used for medical imaging by positron emission tomography (PET). We report the synthesis of (+)-PHNO using supercritical fluid chromatography for enantiomeric resolution of its norpropyl derivative, HNO, followed by propylation. (+)-HNO was used to prepare the radiolabeling precursor, (+)-trans-4-acetyl-9-triisopropylsilyloxy-2,3,4a,5,6,10b-hexahydro-4H-naphth[1,2b][1,4]oxazine, in 12 steps. Modifications to the labeling procedure were made to ensure consistent preparation of [3-11C]-(+)-PHNO via [11C]CH3I. A preliminary PET imaging study was carried out with this tracer in an attempt to image dopamine receptors in brown adipose tissue (brown fat) in vivo.
Retention of catechols in capillary electrophoresis with micellar and mixed micellar solutions

Zone electrophoresis in capillaries filled with micellar and mixed micellar solutions was examined for the separation of borate-complexed catechols. The mechanism for solute velocity was shown to involve both retention by hydrophobic interaction with the micelles and electrophoretic mobility. Mixed micellar systems involving SDS and SOS surfactants were shown to allow greater selectivity and increased separation efficiency.
SPRINT: a signal processing ring network for high speed applications

The SPRINT system is a high-speed system designed to perform real-time signal processing which cannot be done on a single signal processing-chip. The advantages of using a ring network are given, and the major attributes of the system are highlighted. Attention is given to the system architecture and the basic system operation. The details of the hardware are included in the description of the system architecture. The software development environment shows how both the system software and application software is written. Finally, several digital filter examples demonstrate the usefulness of using such a ring network of signal-processing nodes. >
The graft copolymerization of styrene and lignin. III. Chain transfer reactions of lignin and lignin model compounds

The effect of addition of lignin model compounds on the polymerization rate and molecular weight of polymer in the radiation-induced polymerization of styrene was studied. Guaiacol, a model for softwood lignin, reacted slowly with styrene radicals, while 2,6-dimethoxyphenol, a hardwood lignin model, was a much more efficient chain transfer agent. Studies with isoeugenol indicate that allylic or phenoxy radical stability in a conjugated system may terminate polymerization quite effectively. The results are discussed in the light of new and previous data with isolated lignins; they are consistent with the previously presented grafting scheme.