cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Influence of Interplanetary Trajectory Selection on Earth Atmospheric Entry Velocity of Mars Missions

Many current manned Mars mission studies are using low lift-to-drag ratio vehicles to aerobrake at both Mars and Earth. This paper will demonstrate that if entry velocity constraints are incorporated into the interplanetary analysis of aerobraking Mars missions, more opportunities can be achieved for only a small increase in initial mass in low-Earth orbit (IMLEO). These additional opportunities result from varying the initial launch date and the encounter dates and possibly using a powered Venus swingby on either the inbound or outbound transfer. This paper not only presents unconstrained entry velocity missions but also includes results for entry velocities below 12.5 and 14 km/s on Earth return and between 6.0-8.5 km/s at Mars arrival. The results indicate that, regardless of the Mars entry velocity range selected, an Earth entry velocity below 14 km/s is easily attainable for a minimal IMLEO increase. Although there are fewer 12.5 km/s Earth entry velocity missions possible, both Mars entry velocity constraint cases have over 50 percent of their missions requiring a negligible IMLEO increase.
Hemispheric processing in differential classical eyelid conditioning

During both stages of a two-stage differential classical eyelid conditioning study, visual CSs were projected randomly either to the right or to the left of a central fixation point in order to investigate a hypothesis relating the differences between V-form and C-form responders to cerebral hemispheric processing asymmetries. Failing to extend the findings of an earlier investigation, the present set of results provided little evidence in support of the hemispheric point of view.
Issues of food description

Food names and descriptions identify and distinguish among foods listed in databases. Descriptive terms may be captured in free form with the food name and in faceted systems. The INFOODS Food Description System is faceted with free text. The International Interface (which includes LANGUAL) is a faceted system with standardized vocabulary. Faceted systems provide a checklist to fully describe foods, and they allow for retrievals and matching of foods among databases. On-line dictionaries can be used to clarify implicit and complex food names. Relevant descriptive information varies among foods and food types. Information about cooking methods, ingredients, recipes, cuisine and preparation location is important to fully define some foods. Sample descriptions (as opposed to food descriptions) identify the products analyzed in the laboratory. Market share and default entries should be clearly identified. Pictures of foods (hard-copy or computerized) are useful for product identification. A universal system to describe foods will enhance the sharing and exchange of food composition data.
Peripheral Nervous System Manifestations of Infectious Diseases

Infectious causes of peripheral nervous system (PNS) disease are underrecognized but potentially treatable. Heightened awareness educed by advanced understanding of the presentations and management of these infections can aid diagnosis and facilitate treatment. In this review, we discuss the clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of common bacterial, viral, and parasitic infections that affect the PNS. We additionally detail PNS side effects of some frequently used antimicrobial agents.
Serre duality for non-commutative ${\mathbb{P}}^{1}$-bundles

Let X be a smooth scheme of finite type over a field K, let e be a locally free O X -bimodule of rank n, and let A be the non-commutative symmetric algebra generated by e. We construct an internal Hom functor, H omGrA (-, -), on the category of graded right A-modules. When e has rank 2, we prove that A is Gorenstein by computing the right derived functors of Hom Gr.A (O X , -). When X is a smooth projective variety, we prove a version of Serre Duality for ProjA using the right derived functors of lim Hom GrA (A/A ≥n ,-).
Dorsal Kinetosomal Distributions in the Ciliate Genus Euplotes1

The percentage allocations of ciliary units to each ciliary row across the dorsal surface were assessed for seven marine and five freshwater populations, representing the most commonly collected morphotypes of the genus Euplotes. In marine forms, there is a spectrum of dorsal kinetosomal distributions, within which is included the characteristic distribution for the vannus complex of sibling species. In contrast, there are only two basic ciliary patterns on the dorsal surface of the most ubiquitous freshwater “species”. The congruence between the classification of morphotypes based on dorsal ciliary patterns and that based on ventral cirral patterns is remarkable, despite the morphogenetic independence of kinetosomal structures on these two surfaces.
A decision making approach to assessing critical appraisal skills

Critical appraisal is an important skill for practicing evidence-based medicine. Most assessments of critical appraisal focus either on knowledge about research design or evaluate a written critique of an article. This paper presents a Bayesian framework for assessing critical appraisal through measuring how clinical decisions and judgments change with the introduction of new research evidence. In a skilled clinician-appraiser, new evidence is predicted to cause the clinician to revise beliefs in the appropriateness of a decision, in proportion to both the strength of the findings and the methodological soundness of the research which produced the findings. The framework is illustrated by two studies using different items, respondents, and designs.
Ameliorating conflicts among deer, elk, cattle and/or other ungulates and other forest uses: a synthesis.

Summary In many boreal and temperate forests, ungulates are an important feature valued by many stakeholders. However, conflicts often arise due to the use of a forest by both domestic and wild ungulates and other uses such as timber production, recreation and conservation. In this paper, we present and synthesize several concepts and suggestions that have applicability for ameliorating these conflicts. The amount, location and juxtaposition of forage, water, minerals (e.g. salt, molasses blocks) and cover are major determinants of range quality and, in turn, influence how ungulates use forests. Moreover, by strategically dispersing these key elements throughout a landscape will also disperse animal use by decreasing ungulate numbers in a given area thus reducing potential conflicts with other forest uses. Other approaches such as fences, herding, coarse woody debris dispersion, stand regeneration methods and site preparation methods can also be used to influence animal movement and use. By far, the most important aspect of minimizing ungulate conflicts is to integrate their use and requirements into a silvicultural system that is planned, executed and evaluated within and among landscapes and is developed to meet non-conflicting forest management objectives.
Sequential histologic changes in the healing process in small bowel allografts treated for acute cellular rejection

Abstract Introduction Acute cellular rejection (ACR) is a common complication seen in small intestinal transplant patients. Once diagnosed, follow-up endoscopy/biopsies may be performed to assess for response to therapy and the pathologist is often asked to determine whether the findings are compatible with treated/resolving or ongoing ACR. To this end, the sequence of resolution of ACR's changes in biopsies is important. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the clinical histories and hematoxylin and eosin–stained slides from 16 cases of ACR patients who underwent isolated small bowel or combined liver/small bowel/pancreas transplants. Selected cases were new diagnoses of mild ACR with prior negative biopsies in the preceding 2 months, treatment for rejection based on the ACR diagnosis, and biopsies in the following 4 weeks diagnosed as “treated ACR” or “normal.” The presence of ACR diagnostic features (epithelial injury, lamina propria [LP] inflammation with resident cell population, and crypt apoptotic body [AB] quantification) were evaluated. A series of 15 age-matched screening intestinal allograft biopsies were used as controls. Results After treatment, epithelial injury as manifested by mucin depletion resolved by 2 week. LP inflammation was significantly reduced by 1 week after therapy, with a marked decrease in activated lymphocytes and eosinophils, and completely returned to control levels by week 3. Apoptosis fell below the diagnostic threshold for rejection ( Conclusion Knowledge of the sequence of the resolution of the histologic features of ACR after treatment may provide useful information to pathologists evaluating follow-up biopsies. These data show that both LP inflammation and crypt epithelial injury are reduced by 1 week after anti-rejection therapy and their persistence may signify ongoing rejection.
Bioarchaeology of the African Diaspora in the Americas: Its Origins and Scope

▪ Abstract The results of over 70 years of African Diasporic bioarchaeology are discussed and explained as emerging from distinct interests and traditions of African Diasporan studies, sociocultural anthropology, history, physical anthropology, and archaeology, in that chronological order. Physical anthropology is the core discipline of African-American bioarchaeology, yet it has been the least informed by cultural and historical literatures. Forensic approaches to bioarchaeology construct a past that fails to be either cultural or historical, while biocultural approaches are emerging that construct a more human history of African Diasporic communities. The involvement of African Americans, both as clients and as sources of scholarship, has begun to transform bioarchaeology as in the example of the New York African Burial Ground. The social history of the field examined here emphasizes the scholarship of diasporans themselves, and critiques a bioarchaeology that, until recently, has had little relevance t...
High-Dielectric Constant Side-Chain Polymers Show Reduced Non-Geminate Recombination in Heterojunction Solar Cells

N. Cho, Dr. H.-L. Yip, Prof. A. K.-Y. Jen Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Washington Seattle, WA 98195–2120 , USA E-mail: ajen@u.washington.edu Dr. C. W. Schlenker, Dr. K. M. Knesting, Prof. D. S. Ginger, Prof. A. K.-Y. Jen Department of Chemistry University of Washington Seattle, WA 98195–1700 , USA E-mail: ginger@chem.washington.edu Prof. P. Koelsch National ESCA and Surface Analysis Center for Biomedical Problems Department of Bioengineering University of Washington Seattle, WA 98195–1750 , USA
High f MAX /f T ratio in multi-finger embedded T-shaped gate graphene transistors

Remarkable progress has been made in both graphene RF transistor level [1] and the circuit level [2]. Despite the demonstrated high current gain cutoff frequency (fT), most devices also show significantly lower maximum oscillation frequency (fMAX), which is a crucial figure of merit that really determines the device performance in most RF circuits. It is well known that gate resistance (Rg) plays a key role in deciding fMAX, and T-shaped gate structures have been adopted in semiconductor industries for very high-speed RF transistor designs by maximizing the cross-sectional area of the gate. This paper presents an embedded T-gate graphene FET structure. With merely 1 V drain bias, extrinsic fMAX up to 20 GHz, and about 25% to 55% higher than fT, is achieved from devices with a channel length down to 250 nm. Besides the same key advantage of the embedded gate - bypassing the use of seed layers for obtaining ultra-high quality gate dielectrics [3], this new structure also provides uncomplicated process flow, low parasitic capacitance, and simple circuit wiring.
Assessing Spatial Uncertainty of Lidar-derived Building Model : A Case Study in Downtown Oklahoma City

Light Detection and Ranging (lidar) technology enables costeffective rapid production of digital models that capture topography and vertical structures of surface features at a fine spatial resolution. The capability has promoted lidar applications for mapping terrain, buildings, forest stands, and coastal features that cannot be adequately captured by other remote sensing means over a large area. However, in complex terrain, lidar data and lidar-derived products may contain significant uncertainty. This research provides a simple method to assess the spatial uncertainty of lidar-derived building model, using downtown Oklahoma City, Oklahoma as an example. Results indicate that significant uncertainty could be found in urban environment where: (a) building structures are complex, (b) buildings are constructed with reflective materials, and (c) vegetation grows near-by. In addition, cities under rapid development also challenge the accuracy assessment of 3D building models. To conclude, we suggest: (a) careful pre-flight planning before data collection, (b) improve the feature extraction algorithm if possible, (c) use of other remote sensing data, and (d) accuracy assessment on suggested urban environments to reduce the spatial uncertainty of lidar data and lidar-derived products.
New terrains of taste: Spatial analysis of price premiums for single origin coffees in Central America

Coffee retailers often court discriminate consumers through the marketing of single origin coffees with distinct flavor attributes. The Cup of Excellence has become a key mechanism for locating and certifying single origin coffees. In this paper use hedonic regression analysis to examine the price premiums for farmers generated by the origin attributes of 607 Cup of Excellence certified coffees from Central America. We find that while the greatest impact on the price premiums for a pound of coffee is the jury score awarded by coffee cuppers, several geographic factors, including the altitude of the farm, coffee farm size, country of origin and even sub-region of origin have significant effects on price premiums. While the price premiums conferred represent opportunities for farmers who have access to such markets, we argue that the appetite for single origin coffees may also contribute to uneven development.
Outcome for Surgically Staged Localized Prostate Cancer Treated With External Beam Radiation Therapy

AbstractPurpose: A retrospective analysis was performed on patients with surgically staged localized prostate cancer treated with external beam radiation therapy for 10-year overall, cause specific and disease-free survivals based on lack of clinical recurrence and 2 separate prostate specific antigen criteria for cure.Materials and Methods: We analyzed 145 patients who received external beam radiation therapy after a negative staging pelvic lymphadenectomy for prostate cancer. Followup data were available for 129 patients (90%). Disease was stage A in 29 patients (22.5%), stage B in 64 (49.6%), stage B2/C in 2 (17%) and stage C in 14 (10.9%). Average potential followup from date of diagnosis was 11.5 years (minimum 7.2). Of the patients 87 potentially can be followed for longer than 10 years. Disease-free survival was based on a normal digital rectal examination, lack of symptoms suspicious for metastasis and application of 2 separate prostate specific antigen criteria of 4 ng./ml. or less (group 1), or ...
Immune response modulation by curcumin in a latex allergy model

Background There has been a worldwide increase in allergy and asthma over the last few decades, particularly in industrially developed nations. This resulted in a renewed interest to understand the pathogenesis of allergy in recent years. The progress made in the pathogenesis of allergic disease has led to the exploration of novel alternative therapies, which include herbal medicines as well. Curcumin, present in turmeric, a frequently used spice in Asia has been shown to have anti-allergic and inflammatory potential.
Sinus implants for chronic rhinosinusitis: technology evaluation

Introduction: Endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) plays an integral role in the treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), with well-documented benefits in both symptoms and quality of life. However, synechiae formation, polypoid change, and mucosal edema can compromise long-term surgical outcomes. Corticosteroids have been found to be effective in managing such postsurgical inflammation, but current delivery methods are limited by poor sinonasal distribution and potential systemic side effects. Sinus implantation offers a novel vehicle for topical drug delivery in CRS; enabling sustained, controlled corticosteroid application directly to sinonasal mucosa. Areas covered: The bioengineering, mechanism of drug delivery, degradation and resorption of sinus implantation will be delineated. Research findings from animal and clinical studies will be assessed as well as alternative devices. Future directions for this technology in the management of CRS will also be discussed. Expert opinion: The sinus implant is a re...
The 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, MDL 72222, dose-dependently potentiates morphine-induced immediate-early gene expression in the rat caudate putamen

Previous studies from this laboratory have demonstrated that acute administration of morphine induces the immediate-early genes (IEGs) c-Fos and JunB in the rat caudate putamen (CPu). In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that the serotonin-3 receptor (5-HT3R) is involved in morphine-induced IEG expression, using the selective antagonist to the 5-HT3R, MDL 72222. Rats were divided into three pretreatment groups: MDL 72222, 1 mg/kg or 10 mg/kg; or vehicle (DMSO). Thirty minutes following the pretreatment, the rats were administered either morphine (10 mg/kg) or vehicle. Morphine significantly induced c-Fos expression in the dorsomedial CPu, as we have reported previously. Whereas MDL 72222 alone did not induce c-Fos, it potentiated the morphine-induced c-Fos expression. Morphine also induced JunB expression in the same region of the dorsomedial CPu. At 1 mg/kg, MDL 72222 both induced JunB expression and potentiated the response induced by morphine. At 10 mg/kg, MDL 72222 had no effect on basal JunB levels, but augmented the response to morphine. These findings demonstrate that the 5-HT3R antagonist, MDL 72222, can positively modulate morphine-induced IEG expression in the rat CPu in a dose dependent manner, in contrast to the reported suppressive effect observed when this antagonist is administered prior to amphetamine.
Comparing MSM in the Southeastern United States who participated in an HIV prevention chat room-based outreach intervention and those who did not: how different are the baseline HIV-risk profiles?

Chat room-based human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevention interventions are being implemented to reduce the risk of HIV exposure, infection and reinfection among men who have sex with men (MSM). However, little is known about how participants in chat room-based prevention interventions differ from their online non-participating peers. This analysis compared the baseline risk profiles of participants in an HIV prevention intervention ('active recruitment') to their chat room peers who did not participate in the intervention ('passive recruitment'). Data were collected using an online brief risk assessment from MSM (N = 448) who were recruited within Internet chat rooms. Mean age was 30 years. Half self-identified as Black or African American, 29% as White and 64% as gay. Compared with participants, non-participants were more likely to report: spending higher mean number of hours in online chat rooms; using condoms inconsistently during anal intercourse with a man met online during the past 3 months; having had an sexually transmitted disease; being HIV seropositive; using methamphetamines during the past 30 days and using drugs to enhance sexual satisfaction during the past 30 days. Although risk among MSM who use chat rooms remains high, those at greater risk may be those who are less likely to engage in online HIV prevention interventions.
Improved power-law detection of transients

A power-law statistic operating on DFT data has emerged as a basis for a remarkably robust detector of transient signals having unknown structure, location and strength. In this paper we offer a number of improvements to the original power-law detector. Specifically, the power-law detector requires that its data be pre-normalized and spectrally white; a CFAR and self-whitening version is developed and analyzed. Further, it is noted that transient signals tend to be contiguous both in temporal and frequency senses, and consequently new power-law detectors in the frequency and the wavelet domains are given. The resulting detectors offer exceptional performance and are extremely easy to implement. There are no parameters to tune, and they may be considered "plug-in" solutions to the transient detection problem.
Optimized silicon low-voltage power MOSFET's for high-frequency power conversion

The specific results obtained from a systematic optimization of low-voltage silicon power MOSFET technologies are discussed. The areas discussed include system impact, unit cell optimization, device and process modeling, fabrication technology development, and measured results. The device technologies optimized include 30 V, 50 V, and 100 V vertical power DMOSFETs with refractory silicide gate and contact metallizations. Devices with the lowest specific on-resistance, the lowest specific input capacitance, and optimized switching performance have been fabricated with excellent wafer yield. These results represent the best high-frequency switching performance based on silicon material technology ever reported. >
Anosognosia in patients with cerebrovascular lesions. A study of causative factors.

Psychological and biological hypotheses have been proposed to explain anosognosia. We correlated the presence of anosognosia with the presence and severity of psychiatric disturbances, neglect, intellectual impairments, and computed tomographic evidence of lesion size, location, and measurements of brain atrophy.A series of 80 patients with acute stroke were assessed using a battery of psychiatric and neuropsychological tests and computed tomography.There were five main findings. First, 27 (28%) of the 96 patients originally screened showed anosognosia. Second, patients with anosognosia had significantly higher frequencies of hemispatial neglect and related phenomena, as well as deficits in recognizing facial emotions and in receptive prosody. Third, depression was equally frequent among patients with and without anosognosia. Fourth, patients with anosognosia had a significantly higher frequency of right hemisphere lesions, primarily involving the temporoparietal junction, thalamus, and basal ganglia. Fif...
Robotic Personal Aids for Mobility and Monitoring for the Elderly

Two rehabilitation devices, or personal aids for mobility and monitoring (PAMM), for use by the elderly are presented. The devices are intended to delay the transition from eldercare (assisted living) facilities to nursing homes. The robotic PAMMs provide support, guidance, and health monitoring. Two experimental systems are described: a cane and a walker. Issues of mobility, sensing, and control, as well as experimental data from trials in an assisted living facility using both systems are presented
Tolerability, safety, and quality of life and hypertensive therapy : The case for low-dose diuretics

The safety and tolerability of antihypertensive therapies are an important clinical concern, because the demonstrated benefits of successful blood pressure-lowering depend on long-term compliance with pharmacologic treatments. Thiazide diuretics and beta blockers have been specifically recommended as preferred initial drug therapy by the Fifth Joint National Committee on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC-V), unless their use is contraindicated by concomitant disease, there is intolerance to these agents, or there is a specific indication for another drug class. These recommendations are a result of the lengthy clinical experience with these drugs and the results of long-term clinical trials that have demonstrated significant reductions in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. However, data from these same clinical studies have also shown that diuretics (and beta blockers) can cause abnormalities in carbohydrate, electrolyte, and lipid metabolism and also may influence quality of life. The safety of diuretics was evaluated with regard to effects on carbohydrate, electrolyte, and lipid metabolism by seeking references from a MEDLINE search of documents published from 1966 to 1994 based on the search terms "hypertension," "human," and "hydrochlorothiazide" (HCTZ) dosed in a range of 12.5-25 mg daily. Two long-term clinical trials using low-dose (12.5-15 mg/day) chlorthalidone-the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program (SHEP) and the Treatment of Mild Hypertension Study (TOMHS)-were also included. During the course of treatment with HCTZ in these studies, serum potassium was reduced and uric acid was increased in a dose-dependent manner. Although low doses of HCTZ elevated serum glucose, cholesterol, and triglycerides, the magnitude of effect was small in most cases and was probably of no clinical significance. Other laboratory parameters were not adversely affected, and subjective reporting of clinical adverse events was generally lower with low-dose HCTZ than with placebo or standard HCTZ dosing. The literature on the effects of low-dose diuretic therapy on quality of life is not large, although the results from the SHEP and TOMHS studies support the concept that diuretics either do not interfere with, or may actually improve, quality of life in hypertensive patients. Low-dose thiazide treatment is a well-tolerated, excellent first-line choice for hypertensive patients, especially older patients. However, diuretics should probably be avoided, whenever possible, in patients with preexisting diabetes, gout, and in men with erectile dysfunction.
Prediction of verbal, performance, and full scale IQs from seven subtests of the wais‐r

The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (Wechsler, 1981) was given to 70 male VA patients, and IQs were estimated from seven subtests that require about half the administration time of the full test. Estimates correlated well with Verbal, Performance, and Full Scale IQs, and mean estimated IQs differed by less than 1 IQ point from actual means. Error sizes in predicting Full Scale IQs were small (M = 1.96) and exceeded 4 IQ points in only 3 cases. In comparison, error sizes for the Doppelt (1956) abbreviation (M = 3.71) were significantly larger and were greater than 4 IQ points in 20 cases.
First Results from the Los Alamos Plasma Source Ion Implantation Experiment

A new facility is operational at Los Alamos to examine plasma source ion implantation on a large scale. Large workpieces can be treated in a 1.5-m-diameter, 4.6-m-long plasma vacuum chamber. Primary emphasis is directed towards improving tribological properties of metal surfaces. First experiments have been performed at 40 kV with nitrogen plasmas. Both coupons and manufactured components, with surface areas up to 4 m{sup 2}, have been processed. Composition and surface hardness of implanted materials are evaluated. Implant conformality and dose uniformity into practical geometries are estimated with multidimensional particle-in-cell computations of plasma electron and ion dynamics, and Monte Carlo simulations of ion transport in solids.
The role of interventional radiology in the management of placenta accreta: our multicenter experience, review, and recommendations

part of motion corrected CSR planning. The distance between each marker and the tumour was measured and the number of coils used for treatment planning and complications were recorded. Results: Four (10 patients) or 5 (2 patients) endovascular FM were inserted. All patients were non surgical candidates because of severe COPD (7 patients) or other associated comorbidities (5 patients). Transthoracic percutaneous FM insertion was considered too dangerous in all patients. CSR planning and treatment were done using endovascular FM in 10 patients while 2 patients did not receive radiation treatment, one because of a concurrent diagnosis of diffuse large B cell lymphoma and another because the lung nodule decreased in size on follow-up exams. CSR planning was possible in all 10 remaining patients. Out of 50 FM, 8 were excluded in the 2 patients who did not have radiation treatment, 31/42 (74%) were deemed adequate by the radio-oncologist and 27/42 (64%) were used for the CSR planning. Fifteen FM were excluded: 1 gold seed because of migration, 4 coils because of distance from the tumour, 6 coils because they didn’t move with the tumour during treatment planning and 4 coils for unknown reasons. No complication related to the endovascular procedures was reported. Conclusion: Endovascular insertion of FM is a safe and efficient alternative to percutaneous implantation in patients with early lung neoplasm that are candidates to CSR.
Population inversion and gain measurements for soft X-ray laser development in a magnetically confined plasma column

We present population inversion and gain measurements from an experimental investigation of possibilities to obtain high gain and lasing action in the soft X-ray region. Our approach to soft X-ray laser development is based on rapid plasma cooling after the laser pulse by radiation losses, leading to fast recombination and collisional cascade into upper excited levels of CVI, for example, while the lower excited levels depopulate rapidly by radiative transitions, thus creating population inversions and gain. A ≈ 0.5 kJ CO 2 laser was focused onto a target of solid carbon or teflon; or CO 2 , O 2 , Ne gas, and the resulting plasma confined in a 50-90 kG magnetic field. Spectroscopic diagnostics with absolute intensity calibration were used to measure level populations. Population inversions were observed between the 4d and 3d levels in the lithium sequence ions: CIV, OVI, FVII, and NeVIII, and a gain of 0.1 (10 percent) was estimated for the OVI 4f-3d transition at 520 A. In experiments with a solid carbon target, we observe relatively high CVI 182 A emission in the axial direction compared to the transverse direction, which, if due to stimulated emission, would correspond to a gain of 4. Extension of these results to potential lasing transitions below 100 A will be discussed.
Kinetic salt effect in pharmaceutical investigations.

The use of the kinetic salt effect in kinetic investigations has been widespread since its original derivation by Bronsted and Bjerrum in 1925. Its derivation is tied in with the Debye-Huckel theory, and it would be expected that the concentration range of applicability of the kinetic salt effect would be confined to that of the corresponding Debye-Huckel expression, i.e., less than 0.01 M. A review of the pharmaceutical literature shows that applications may be extended to higher concentration ranges. Deviations from the Debye-Huckel expressions by the charged reactants and by the transition complex may be of the same magnitude and sign, and this may be the cause for the concentration range extension.
FLAVOR CHANGING HIGGS - BOSON COUPLINGS

Abstract Recently it was shown that the radiatively induced flavor changing couplings of a very light Higgs pseudoscalar can be significant. In this paper the estimate of these flavor changing couplings is improved by not considering the t-quark mass as small compared with the W-boson mass and by including some of the effects of strong interactions using renormalization group techniques. We find that kaon and B-meson decays are good places to search for a light neutral Higgs pseudoscalar.
Measuring the Effect of Policy on the Demand for Menthol Cigarettes: Evidence from Household-Level Purchase Data

I use detailed household-level data to investigate the potential impact of a ban on menthol cigarettes on smoking when compared to intervention policies such as taxes and public smoking restrictions. The results show that menthols are less addictive than non-menthols and that demand for menthol cigarettes is less price sensitive. Public smoking restrictions are unsuccessful in reducing menthol smoking, though they do reduce non-menthol consumption. Additionally, higher prices do not increase the likelihood of quitting for menthol smokers. These findings indicate that current policies are ineffective in curbing menthol smoking and strengthen the case for a complete ban.
Natural History of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries

The natural history of the anterior cruciate ligament- (ACL-) deficient knee is unknown. We cannot predict the course of a patient with an ACL-deficient knee immediately following the initial injury. There can be no doubt that some patients function at a high level with little or no difficulty, while others are troubled severely by functional instability requiring marked changes in their lifestyles.
Virtual reality based collaborative design by children with high-functioning autism: design-based flexibility, identity, and norm construction

This exploratory case study examined the process and potential impact of collaborative architectural design and construction in an OpenSimulator-based virtual reality (VR) on the social skills development of children with high-functioning autism (HFA). Two children with a formal medical diagnosis of HFA and one typically developing peer, aged 8–11, were purposefully recruited and matched in a five-week, VR-based architectural design project. Participants’ virtual behaviors and discourses were observed and archived via screen recording. We conducted qualitative time-series and micro-behavior analyses with the data collected. The findings demonstrated that VR-based collaborative design has awarded children with HFA an opportunity to practice and develop flexibility, identity, and norm construction. The target children's design-based social performance was mediated by the VR environment, the context or structure of design partnership, and the nature of a specific design task.
Sexual Behavior of Tassel-Eared Squirrels

I had an excellent opportunity to observe sexual behavior and copulation in the little-known northern tassel-eared squirrels, Sciurus aberti ferreus , on the west slope of Genesee Mountain, Jefferson County, Colorado, on March 31, 1956. The locality was at an altitude of 7900 feet in a forest of Douglas fir ( Pseudotsuga menziesi ) mixed with yellow pine ( Pinus ponderosa ). The weather was clear and still, the temperature in the 70's. My attention was first attracted to the squirrels at about 1:00 P.M. by their characteristic throaty chucking calls, and by the commotion they caused while running through the trees. I stalked to within 25 feet of the …
Abstract B46: Stabilized helices targeting the RAS-SOS interaction as inhibitors of RAS-dependent cancer cell growth

Accumulating evidence supports an essential role for wild-type RAS isoforms in oncogenic RAS-driven tumorigenesis. Recently, we demonstrated that allosteric stimulation of SOS by oncogenic RAS facilitates cross-activation of wild-type RAS and is required for malignancy. To inhibit SOS-mediated activation of RAS we generated stabilized peptide α-helices derived from the catalytic helix of SOS using the hydrogen bond surrogate approach (HBSSOS). Treatment of RAS-mutant cancer cells with HBSSOS inhibits cell proliferation and induces a G2/M phase checkpoint arrest. Importantly, HBSSOS is taken up into cells by macropinocytosis, an endocytic mechanism that is elevated in RAS-mutant cancer cells, and the levels of macropinocytosis for a given cell line correlate inversely with the half maximum effective concentration (EC50) of HBSSOS, indicating preferential uptake of HBSSOS by RAS-mutant cells. Our results identify macropinocytic uptake of stabilized helices as a potential strategy for inhibiting RAS-dependent cancer cell growth. Citation Format: Seth Nickerson, Stephen T. Joy, Paramjit S. Arora, Dafna Bar-Sagi. Stabilized helices targeting the RAS-SOS interaction as inhibitors of RAS-dependent cancer cell growth. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on RAS Oncogenes: From Biology to Therapy; Feb 24-27, 2014; Lake Buena Vista, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Res 2014;12(12 Suppl):Abstract nr B46. doi: 10.1158/1557-3125.RASONC14-B46
Radiologic diagnosis of chest disease.

The optimal uses of conventional and recently developed imaging modalities, including chest radiography, conventional tomography, fluoroscopy, radioisotopes, angiography, computed tomography, and ultrasound, are discussed. Although the role of computed tomography in solving especially difficult problems is emphasized, the authors believe that most of the proven conventional techniques provide the best, simplest, and most economical approach to many problems in diagnosis.
Tomaculous neuropathy in an airline pilot.

Tomaculous neuropathy is an infrequently reported cause of peripheral neuropathy. It typically represents an inherited condition, although de novo chromosomal mutations have been reported. The condition may be easily confused with other sensorineural neuropathies unless a high degree of suspicion is maintained and a thorough clinical evaluation is performed. The condition is likely under-diagnosed and under-reported because of its episodic, transient nature and the extensive differential diagnoses. This condition rarely leads to significant physical incapacitation; however, as evidenced in this case, the degree of limitation could lead to transient occupational incapacitation with definite implications for aeromedical certification.
The Marketing Manager as an Intuitive Statistician

Business decisions are increasingly based on data and statistical analyses. Managerial intuition plays an important role at various stages of the analytics process. It is thus important to understand how managers intuitively think about data and statistics. This article reviews a wide range of empirical results from almost a century of research on intuitive statistics. The results support four key insights: (1) Variance is not intuitive; (2) Perfect correlation is the intuitive reference point; (3) People conflate correlation with slope; and (4) Nonlinear functions and interaction effects are not intuitive. These insights have implications for the development, implementation, and evaluation of statistical models in marketing and beyond. I provide several such examples and offer suggestions for future research.
Insider Tainting: Strategic Tipping of Material Non-Public Information

Insider trading law is meant to be a shield, protecting the market and investors from connected traders, but it can also be a sword. Insofar as we penalize trading on the basis of material non-public information, it becomes possible to share information strategically in order to disable or constrain innocent investors. A hostile takeover can be averted, or a bidding war curtailed, because information recipients must then refrain from trading. This Article offers the first general account of “insider tainting,” an increasingly pervasive phenomenon of weaponizing insider trading law.
Complete remission in severe aplastic anemia after high-dose cyclophosphamide without bone marrow transplantation

Severe aplastic anemia (SAA) can be successfully treated with allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) or immunosuppressive therapy. However, the majority of patients with SAA are not eligible for BMT because they lack an HLA-identical sibling. Conventional immunosuppressive therapy also has major limitations; many of its remissions are incomplete and relapse or secondary clonal disease is common. Cyclophosphamide is a potent immunosuppressive agent that is used in all BMT conditioning regimens for patients with SAA. Preliminary evidence suggested that high-dose cyclophosphamide, even without BMT, may be beneficial to patients with SAA. Therefore, 10 patients with SAA and lacking an HLA-identical sibling were treated with high-dose cyclophosphamide (45 mg/kg/d) for 4 consecutive days with or without cyclosporine. A complete response (hemoglobin level, > 13 g/dL; absolute neutrophil count, > 1.5 x 10(9)/L, and platelet count > 125 x 10(9)/L) was achieved in 7 of the 10 patients. One of the complete responders died from the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome 44 months after treatment with high-dose cyclophosphamide. The 6 remaining patients are alive and in continuous complete remission, with a median follow-up of 10.8 years (range, 7.3 to 17.8 years). The median time to last platelet transfusion and time to 0.5 x 10(9) neutrophils/L were 85 and 95 days, respectively. None of the complete responders has relapsed or developed a clonal disease. These results suggest that high-dose cyclophosphamide, even without BMT, may be more effective than conventional immunosuppressive therapy in restoring normal hematopoiesis and preventing relapse or secondary clonal disorders. Hence, further studies confirming the efficacy of this approach in SAA are indicated.
Genomic regression analysis of coordinated expression.

Co-expression analysis is widely used to predict gene function and to identify functionally related gene sets. However, co-expression analysis using human cancer transcriptomic data is confounded by somatic copy number alterations (SCNA), which produce co-expression signatures based on physical proximity rather than biological function. To better understand gene–gene co-expression based on biological regulation but not SCNA, we describe a method termed “Genomic Regression Analysis of Coordinated Expression” (GRACE) to adjust for the effect of SCNA in co-expression analysis. The results from analyses of TCGA, CCLE, and NCI60 data sets show that GRACE can improve our understanding of how a transcriptional network is re-wired in cancer. A user-friendly web database populated with data sets from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) is provided to allow customized query. Somatic copy number alterations (SCNA) can confound gene co-expression analysis in cancers. Here the authors develop a method to remove the effects of SCNA in co-expression analysis, improving the analysis of network rewiring in cancer, and provide a database with adjusted data from TCGA.
The impact of land ownership, firefighting, and reserve status on fire probability in California

Author(s): Starrs, Carlin Frances; Bustic, Van; Stephens, Connor; Stewart, William | Abstract: The extent of wildfires in the western United States is increasing, but how land ownership, firefighting, and reserve status influence fire probability is unclear. California serves as a unique natural experiment to estimate the impact of these factors, as ownership is split equally between federal and non-federal landowners; there is a relatively large proportion of reserved lands where extractive uses are prohibited and fire suppression is limited; and land ownership and firefighting responsibility are purposefully not always aligned. Panel Poisson regression techniques and pre-regression matching were used to model changes in annual fire probability from 1950–2015 on reserve and non-reserve lands on federal and non-federal ownerships across four vegetation types: forests, rangelands, shrublands, and forests without commercial species. Fire probability was found to have increased over time across all 32 categories. A marginal effects analysis showed that federal ownership and firefighting was associated with increased fire probability, and that the difference in fire probability on federal versus non-federal lands is increasing over time. Ownership, firefighting, and reserve status, played roughly equal roles in determining fire probability, and were found to have much greater influence than average maximum temperature (°C) during summer months (June, July, August), average annual precipitation (cm), and average annual topsoil moisture content by volume, demonstrating the critical role these factors play in western fire regimes and the importance of including them in future analysis focused on understanding and predicting wildfire in the Western United States.
Sexual‐perception processes in acquaintance‐targeted sexual aggression

This study analyzes data from seven published studies to examine whether three performance-based indices of men's misperception of women's sexual interest (MSI), derived from a self-report questionnaire, are associated with sexual-aggression history, rape-supportive attitudes, sociosexuality, problem drinking, and self-reported MSI. Almost 2000 undergraduate men judged the justifiability of a man's increasingly unwanted advances toward a woman on the Heterosocial Perception Survey-Revised. Participants self-reported any sexual-aggression history, and some completed questionnaires assessing rape-supportive attitudes, sociosexuality, problem drinking, and self-reported MSI. A three-parameter logistic function was fitted to participants' justifiability ratings within a non-linear mixed-effects framework, which provided precise participant-specific estimates of three sexual-perception processes (baseline justifiability, bias, and sensitivity). Sexual-aggression history and rape-supportive attitudes predicted: (a) reduced sensitivity to women's affect; (b) more liberal biases, such that the woman's affect had to be more negative before justifiability ratings dropped substantially; and (c) greater baseline justifiability of continued advances after a positive response. Sexual-aggression history and attitudes correlated more strongly with sensitivity than baseline justifiability; remaining variables showed the opposite pattern. This work underscores the role of sexual-perception processes in sexual aggression and illustrates the derivation of performance-based estimates of sexual-perception processes from questionnaire responses.
Sovereign Debt Management

Sovereign debt management issues include the policy and operational management of capital borrowings by a sovereign state from bilateral and multilateral financial institutions, and of state guaranteed external borrowings by private entities. These borrowings often form an important source of credit for economic activities, including tiding over financial crises from time to time in developing countries. Sovereign debt influences the economy directly through the availability of additional resources under various debt contracts. In this chapter, we examine important implications of various debt management mechanisms.
Psychiatric Malpractice: Medical and Legal Problems

When a patient brings a lawsuit against a psychiatrist, the usual claim is malpractice. Malpractice means bad practice and in law this has been interpreted to mean a substantive deviation from an accepted standard of care. What is considered is the usual and ordinary standard for the type of practice involved.
The Card Services Platform — rapid delivery of giant systems

This paper describes the top-level integration strategy for delivering the Card Services Platform (CSP), formerly known as Cashless Services Replacement System (CSRS), probably the largest successful integration by a single BT team to date. This paper explains the need for such a strategy to evolve, leading to significant efficiency improvements. It identifies the need for the careful management of integration testing of the complex interfaces involved in a system comprised of over 40 large computer systems, spread across the country. It shows how potential operational difficulties can be identified in the system testing phase and eradicated before impacting the product in a ‘live‘ situation. It outlines testing techniques, test coverage, granularity of test results and ‘measure of goodness‘ of the tested product.