cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Three‐dimensional deformation‐based hippocampal surface anatomy, projected on MRI images

The objectives of the present study were to illustrate three-dimensional hippocampal surface anatomy using deformation-based composite segmentations, superimposed on two-dimensional MRI (magnetic resonance images) in standard and oblique planes. The hippocampi from five normal volumetric MRI studies were segmented using a semiautomated, deformation-based technique. Segmentations were then processed to combine hippocampal surfaces, generating a composite (or average) deformation for each of the five left and five right hippocampi. Composite hippocampal surfaces were then projected on two-dimensional MRIs, with verification of projections using three-dimensional coordinate data. Composite hippocampal surfaces show anatomical details of hippocampal substructures, including the pes hippocampi, intralimbic gyrus, and uncinate gyrus. Projection on two-dimensional MRI helps to define hippocampal anatomy in relationship to surrounding structures. Composite images highlight specific features of normal hippocampal surface anatomy, and demonstrate the structural relationship of the hippocampus to surrounding structures on MRI. Clin. Anat. 18:481–487, 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Phenotype of the Cyp1a1/1a2/1b1(−/−) Triple-Knockout Mouse

Crossing the Cyp1a1/1a2(-/-) double-knockout mouse with the Cyp1b1(-/-) single-knockout mouse, we generated the Cyp1a1/1a2/1b1(-/-) triple-knockout mouse. In this triple-knockout mouse, statistically significant phenotypes (with incomplete penetrance) included slower weight gain and greater risk of embryolethality before gestational day 11, hydrocephalus, hermaphroditism, and cystic ovaries. Oral benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) daily for 18 days in the Cyp1a1/1a2(-/-) produced the same degree of marked immunosuppression as seen in the Cyp1a1(-/-) mouse; we believe this reflects the absence of intestinal CYP1A1. Oral BaP-treated Cyp1a1/1a2/1b1(-/-) mice showed the same "rescued" response as that seen in the Cyp1a1/1b1(-/-) mouse; we believe this reflects the absence of CYP1B1 in immune tissues. Urinary metabolite profiles were dramatically different between untreated triple-knockout and wild-type; principal components analysis showed that the shifts in urinary metabolite patterns in oral BaP-treated triple-knockout and wild-type mice were also strikingly different. Liver microarray cDNA differential expression (comparing triple-knockout with wild-type) revealed at least 89 genes up- and 62 genes down-regulated (P-value < or = 0.00086). Gene Ontology "classes of genes" most perturbed in the untreated triple-knockout (compared with wild-type) include lipid, steroid, and cholesterol biosynthesis and metabolism; nucleosome and chromatin assembly; carboxylic and organic acid metabolism; metal-ion binding; and ion homeostasis. In the triple-knockout compared with the wild-type mice, response to zymosan-induced peritonitis was strikingly exaggerated, which may well reflect down-regulation of Socs2 expression. If a single common molecular pathway is responsible for all of these phenotypes, we suggest that functional effects of the loss of all three Cyp1 genes could be explained by perturbations in CYP1-mediated eicosanoid production, catabolism and activities.
Mozart in the Metropolis: The Arts Coalition and the Urban Growth Machine

The performing arts are becoming an important part of the urban growth machine, a development not yet recognized by social scientists. The arts are now a politically acceptable and useful urban growth strategy because of ongoing changes in the nature of cities, in the nature of the economy, and in the nature of the arts themselves, and because of the recent rise of an elite-sponsored political coalition devoted to advancing the strategy. Examples of the use of an arts-centered growth strategy in numerous U.S. cities are presented, and the larger theoretical and practical implications of the phenomenon are explored.
CIT burn control using auxiliary power modulation

A 0-D transport model is used as a means of examining the Compact Ignition Tokamak (CIT) thermal instability. It is shown that auxiliary power modulation can be used for mapping the tokamak operating space, choosing the operating point, and for thermal stability control. Stable operation with Q approximately 65 can be obtained. The effect of the delay time tau /sub d/ of the feedback system is investigated, and the tradeoffs between the tau /sub d/ and the maximum allowable temperature fluctuation are determined. >
Closely linked non-additive blood pressure quantitative trait loci

There is enough evidence through linkage and substitution mapping to indicate that rat chromosome 1 harbors multiple blood pressure (BP) quantitative trait loci (QTLs). Of these, BP QTL1b was previously reported from our laboratory using congenic strains derived by introgressing normotensive alleles from the LEW rat onto the genetic background of the hypertensive Dahl salt-sensitive (S) rat. The region spanned by QTL1b is quite large (20.92 Mb), thus requiring further mapping with improved resolution so as to facilitate systematic identification of the underlying genetic determinant(s). Using congenic strains containing the LEW rat chromosomal segments on the Dahl salt-sensitive (S) rat background, further iterations of congenic substrains were constructed and characterized. Collective data obtained from this new iteration of congenic substrains provided evidence for further fragmentation of QTL1b with improved resolution. At least two separate genetic determinants of blood pressure underlie QTL1b. These are within 7.40 Mb and 7.31 Mb and are known as the QTL1b1 region and the QTL1b2 region, respectively. A genetic interaction was detected between the two BP QTLs. Interestingly, five of the previously reported differentially expressed genes located within the newly mapped QTL1b1 region remained differentially expressed. The congenic strain S.LEW(D1Mco36-D1Mco101), which harbors the QTL1b1 region alone but not the QTL1b2 region, serves as a genetic tool for further dissection of the QTL1b1 region and validation of Nr2f2 as a positional candidate gene. Overall, this study represents an intermediary yet obligatory progression towards the identification of genetic elements controlling BP.
Combinatorial and sequential targeted therapy in metastatic renal cell carcinoma

With the approval of several new agents for the treatment of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) since 2005, the outlook for patients with metastatic disease is improving. The three major classes of agents available to clinicians are immunotherapy, antiangiogenic agents, and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors. A number of questions arise on how to best use these therapies, including which sequence to use, whether combinations of agents provide superior outcome compared to monotherapy, and whether predictive biomarkers exist to help guide treatment decision making in patients with metastatic RCC. Based on our current knowledge, combination therapy has not yet succeeded in increasing clinical benefit, and is associated with substantial toxicity. Sequencing is generally safe, with the exception of high-dose interleukin-2 following antiangiogenic therapy. As of now, no useful biomarkers exist to guide treatment decisions. With our evolving understanding of RCC tumor biology, we anticipate that new therapeutic targets will be discovered, and predictive biomarkers will be developed that will aid in improving both combination and sequential therapy for this disease.
Quantitative comparisons of cranial shape and size in adults of Felis silvestris, Vulpes vulpes, Mustela putorius and Mustela nivalis from the West Carpathians (Slovakia)

Morphometric analyses of cranial form were performed on samples of four species of carnivorous mammals to investigate patterns of interspecific variation, and intraspecific sexual and regional differences in the skull shape and size. Comparing the skulls of the Wild Cat and the Red Fox, there was no agreement between the patterns of variation between male and female samples. In the Wild Cat, there was significant variation in cranial size and shape between the sexes. Skulls of males and females of foxes did not differ in size. The differences in skull shape between male and female foxes may partially indicate the behavioural separation between the sexes. The regional differences in skull shape and size were studied in mustelids. The Weasels in general exhibited the greater degree of regional skull variability than the Western Polecats, both in the skull size and shape.
The mth longest runs of multivariate random sequences

The distributions of the mth longest runs of multivariate random sequences are considered. For random sequences made up of k kinds of letters, the lengths of the runs are sorted in two ways to give two definitions of run length ordering. In one definition, the lengths of the runs are sorted separately for each letter type. In the second definition, the lengths of all the runs are sorted together. Exact formulas are developed for the distributions of the mth longest runs for both definitions. The derivations are based on a two-step method that is applicable to various other runs-related distributions, such as joint distributions of several letter types and multiple run lengths of a single letter type.
A Stand-Alone, Physics-Based, Measurement-Driven Model and Simulation Tool for Random Telegraph Signals Originating From Experimentally Identified MOS Gate-Oxide Defects

Investigating random telegraph signals (RTS) observed in MOS devices is important for studying the gate-oxide defect characteristics and developing simulation and modeling tools in highly scaled devices. In this paper, we are presenting a comprehensive, variable-temperature, single-to-multitrap scalable RTS model and a simulation tool (RTSSIM) based on the first principles, and supported by experimental data. The physical and electrical characteristics of the actual oxide defects are considered, such as trapping barrier energy, capture cross section, trap-binding enthalpy, entropy change with emission, Coulombic scattering effect, and the trap location. Experimentally obtained time-domain switching data and RTS traces reconstructed by the developed simulation tool are compared for assessing the accuracy of the modeling. In this paper, we identified the trap species responsible for the RTS as an unrelaxed neutral oxygen deficiency center ( $V^{0}$ ODC II) with measured and theoretically verified relaxation energy of 1.11, 1.25, and 0.60 eV. RTSSIM is a tool used to mimic or reproduce a given noise measurement on a particular device. The simulation tool shows over 92% accuracy in replicating the RTS and trap characteristics. The model also represents the first realistic simulation of multilevel RTS.
Defining a Successful Commercial Lunar Mining Program

Edison E. Amah, Dana G. Andrews, Ansley Barnard, Christopher M. Busby, Julianna Carroll, Christopher C. Ciampi, Alexander L. Freeman, Lindsey A. Gibbons, Andrew L. Girardeau-Dale, Robert W. Gruenenfelder, Adam M. Hadaller, Cooper W. Hjelm, Bryan M. Hopkins, Michal C. Hughes, Harbin H. Kim, James E. Lesko, Spencer W. Rich, Natalie M. Rodriguez, Nicklaus C. Smith, and Abbos M. Yunusov. Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98105
Antibody response to heterologous protein in rabbits of varying maturity.

SummaryNeonatal rabbits respond to a single injection of BSA in a dose of 200 mg/kilo body weight with antibody production when given at 28 days of age or older and are unresponsive when this weight-adjusted amount of BSA is given at 8 days of age or younger. At 14 and 21 days of age the response is varied and the majority injected at 14 days of age are unresponsive while most formed antibody when injected at 21 days of age.
Abstract P5-04-09: Squamous Cell Carcinoma Antigen 1 (SCCA1) Upregulation Causes Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) and Promotes Mammary Tumorigenesis

SCCA1, a member of the family of serine protease inhibitors, was first identified as a serological marker for cervical cancer but has since been shown to be upregulated in several other cancers including lung, head and neck, liver, skin, and breast. SCCA1 is believed to protect cells from unscheduled cathepsin release and activation upon lysosomal injury. In order to understand the molecular role of SCCA in cancer, we ectopically expressed it in the immortalized yet non-tumorigenic mammary epithelial cell line MCF10A. Expression of SCCA1 impairs the efficiency of lysosomal as well as proteasomal protein degradation pathways. Transcriptional profiling of SCCA expressing cells by microarray demonstrates an altered gene expression pattern that resembles EMT. Phenotypically, SCCA1 expression leads to spindle shaped cell morphology, increased migratory potential, resistance to anoikis, and the ability to form colonies in soft agar. SCCA1-expressing MCF10A cells can form tumors when injected into the mammary fat pad of immune-compromised mice. Correlative to the transforming activity, SCCA1 expressing cells have enhanced Erk and Akt signaling pathways, and have bypassed the requirement of growth factors and hormones that are essential for proliferation of MCF10A cells. In a transgenic mouse model, where SCCA1 is conditionally expressed in mammary epithelial cells under the control of MMTV promoter, increased mammary gland ductal branching and hyperplasia are observed. These findings indicate a previously unknown role of SCCA1 in promoting EMT and tumorigenesis, possibly by inducing chronic misfolded protein stress that contributes to enhance tumor-promoting signaling. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2012;72(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P5-04-09.
Formation and discharge of secondary sporidia of the bunt fungus, Tilletia foetida

Secondary sporidial formation and discharge in Tilletia foetida were investigated using light- and electron-microscopy. Allantoid secondary sporidia developed asymmetrically at the tips of enteroblastic sterigmata. The hilar appendix consisted of a slight protrusion ca. 1.7 nm diam. The cell wall was thinner at the hilar appendix than elsewhere in the cell. A septum consisting of electron-dense material sandwiched between electron-transparent material, developed between the sterigma and sporidium. During sporidial discharge, the cell wall and septum abscised at the proximal margin of the dense material. On ejected sporidia, a patch of cell wall was absent at the hilar appendix. Cell wall generation occurred at the hilar end of sporidia after ejection but not at the tips of sterigmata. Just prior to sporidial discharge, a drop of liquid formed at the hilar appendix. These drops were removed with a microneedle and induced to evaporate and reform by shifting them between dry and humid atmospheres. The mechanism of sporidial discharge apparently involved the rapid movement of the drop from the hilar appendix to the sporidium.
The Odes of Solomon as Solomonic Pseudepigrapha

This article examines the Odes of Solomon's ancient attribution to the biblical king, a decidedly overlooked aspect of these texts. The special vibrancy of traditions about Solomon's powers over de...
Inflammatory changes of the endometrium in patients with minimal-to-moderate endometriosis.

Objective To investigate the endometrium of normal patients for chemotactic activity to neutrophils and macrophages and compare these findings with those of patients with endometriosis. Study Design Endometrial biopsies from patients with and without endometriosis were analyzed for chemotactic activity throughout the menstrual cycle. Glands and stroma of luteal samples were isolated to determine the source of this activity. Infiltrating cells to the endometrium were identified by immunohistochemistry with the use of the monoclonal antibody OKM1. Results Luteal endometrial samples from normal patients had higher chemotactic activity than samples from the proliferative phase; this was true for both cells types studied: macrophages, 84 versus 10 and neutrophils, 74 versus 11. Patients with endometriosis had high chemotactic activity in both proliferative and luteal biopsies: macrophages, 73±9 versus 78±1 and neutrophils, 41±18 versus 63±26. Stromal cells from luteal biopsies demonstrated a higher chemotactic activity than the epithelial component. Immunohistochemistry staining identified the infiltrating cells as macrophages. Conclusions Extracts from endometrium of normal patients contain chemotactic activity for neutrophils and macrophages; this activity is higher in the secretory phase of the cycle. Endometriosis patients had high chemotactic activity throughout the menstrual cycle. Separation of the endometrial tissue into stroma and the glandular epithelium indicated that the stromal cells are the source of this factor.
Efficacy of biorational insecticides against chilli thrips, Scirtothrips dorsalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), infesting roses under nursery conditions

We evaluated biopesticides based on entomopathogenic fungi, azadirachtin and horticultural oils for the management of the chilli thrips, Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood, an economically significant invasive pest in the United States. Insecticides were applied four times at 7- to 10-day intervals against established S. dorsalis infestations on shrub roses KnockOut®, Rosa x ‘Radrazz’ under simulated nursery conditions. When applied as stand-alone treatments, Beauveria bassiana GHA (BotaniGard® ES), Metarhizium brunneum F52 (Met-52 EC), a horticultural oil (SuffOil-X®) and azadirachtin (Molt-X®) at label rates provided significant control, reducing populations of S. dorsalis by 48–71% compared with control over 4–6 weeks. Similar results were observed when the biopesticides were applied in rotation with each other. A conventional standard, spinosad (Conserve® SC), was consistently the most effective treatment in these studies, reducing thrips populations by >95% overall. In another study, more effective control (87%–92%) was achieved in biopesticide rotation programmes that included spinosad, when compared with those that did not. Results also showed that these biopesticides can be tank-mixed. However, there was no evidence that B. bassiana or M. brunneum combined with azadirachtin resulted in additive or synergistic control, as neither tank-mix treatment improved control compared with azadirachtin alone. These findings highlight the potential use of biopesticides in rotation programmes with conventional insecticides to manage S. dorsalis on roses. Biopesticides evaluated in this study can be incorporated into an IPM programme for roses.
Effects of an employee exercise programme on mental health

Background Prior research indicates that workplace wellness programmes (WWPs) are generally associated with lowered healthcare costs and improved employee health. Despite the importance of mental well-being in workplace productivity and attendance, few WWP studies have focused on improvements in psychological well-being. Aims To examine the effects of the Bruin Health Improvement Program (BHIP), a 3-month exercise and nutrition WWP, on seven domains of health: physical and mental health, stress, energy level, social satisfaction, self-efficacy and quality of life. Methods Using data from BHIP completers, we conducted multiple one-way multivariate analyses of variance and follow-up univariate t-tests to examine changes in physical and mental health, stress, energy level, social satisfaction, self-efficacy and quality of life. Effect sizes were also calculated post hoc to determine the magnitude of each effect. Results Results for the 281 participants reveal significant improvements across all seven domains (P < 0.001). Effect sizes ranged from 0.19 to 0.67. Conclusions This study is unique in revealing the effects of a WWP on multiple domains of psychological well-being. Given rising healthcare costs associated with mental health, targeting mental health through WWP may be an effective strategy for reducing indirect healthcare costs associated with absenteeism and presenteeism.
Citizen Health Journalism

This article discusses an innovative experiment in transforming citizen journalism from a general discourse to a specific set of criteria that can be reproduced in classroom settings. Specifically, it discusses how the Rio de Janeiro-based non-governmental organization Viva Rio created a set of classes called Citizen Health Journalism that attempted to train community health workers (titled “health agents”) in the technical and philosophical dimensions of this mode of journalistic production. The classes looked to capitalize on the unique identities of these agents. Recruited from the favelas (or unincorporated urban slums) of Rio to be public health workers within their own communities, these individuals had both the life experiences (as residents) and professional experience (as healthcare workers) to offer unique insights about their communities. Drawing on an in-depth analysis of training materials and participant observation in 2013 at the training courses, I argue that while turning citizen journali...
Treatment satisfaction among patients with psoriasis at a large academic center: an observational study

AbstractIntroduction: Treatment goals depend on individual definitions of “treatment success” and tend to differ between patients and physicians. Patients who do not meet their own treatment goals, but do meet provider definitions of well-controlled disease, may be inappropriately placed on stable treatment regimens.Methods: Patients with psoriasis on stable treatment regimens were queried about perceptions of disease control, improvement level, overall treatment satisfaction, and consideration for trying new treatments. Response ratings were tabulated to assess treatment type and satisfaction level associations, and patient feedback was analyzed to assess reasons for new treatment consideration.Results: The majority of patients (59%) considered “well-controlled” by their dermatologist were not satisfied with their current regimen. The majority of patients (66%) considered “well-controlled” by their dermatologist would consider trying new medications. Patients on topical treatments were significantly less...
Modulation of post-translational modifications in β-catenin and LRP6 inhibits Wnt signaling pathway in pancreatic cancer

β-Catenin/Wnt signaling pathway is critically regulated in a normal cell by a number of post-translational modifications. In pancreatic cancer however, aberrant activation of this pathway plays a significant role in tumor progression and metastasis. Though a number of studies have focused on understanding Wnt signaling pathway in pancreatic cancer, there has been no systematic study to evaluate molecules that may be affecting this pathway. In the current study, we used a diterpene triepoxide, triptolide, to inhibit post-translational modifications in Wnt pathway and evaluated how this compound may be affecting the intricate signaling that regulates cell proliferation in pancreatic cancer. Our results showed that triptolide inhibits the activation of WNT1, FZD1, and disheveled (DSH) in pancreatic cancer cell lines MIA PaCa-2 and S2-VP10 by inhibiting the phosphorylation of LRP6 and simultaneously blocked translocation of β-catenin to the nucleus by inhibiting its glycosylation. Additionally, inhibition of post-translational modification of the Wnt-signaling pathway also demonstrated regression of tumor growth in a Syngenic Tumor Implantation Model (STIM). Interestingly, these findings suggest Wnt signaling is a vital molecular pathway in pancreatic cancer and may be amenable to targeted drug therapy.
Understanding purposeful human motion

Human motion can be understood on several levels. The most basic level is the notion that humans are collections of things that have predictable visual appearance. Next is the notion that humans exist in a physical universe, as a consequence of this, a large part of human motion can be modeled and predicted with the laws of physics. Finally there is the notion that humans utilize muscles to actively shape purposeful motion. We employ a recursive framework for real-time, 3-D tracking of human motion that enables pixel-level, probabilistic processes to take advantage of the contextual knowledge encoded in the higher-level models, including models of dynamic constraints on human motion. We will show that models of purposeful action arise naturally from this framework, and further, that those models can be used to improve the perception of human motion. Results are shown that demonstrate both qualitative and quantitative gains in tracking performance.
Mass specific discovery of DNA adducts.

B24 Up until the present time, unknown DNA adducts in biosamples generally have been detected with low specificity, impeding their development as biomarkers for cancer, for example to help individualize cancer prevention. We are reporting a new method (IMI-MS) that broadly discovers unknown DNA adducts with high specificity by mass spectrometry. The sensitivity is 1 in 10e8 for an authentic, digestion-spiked dGMP adduct of acetylaminofluorene. In our method, chromatographically-enriched adducts from a nuclease digest of DNA (50-100 µg) are phosphate-specifically tagged with an isotopic pair of benzoyl-histamines and detected, after additional chromatography, by MALDI-TOF-MS. Discovered peak pairs providing accurate adduct masses are confirmed to be modified deoxynucleotides by fragmentation. Examples of adduct data from the method are as follows. Calf thymus DNA exposed in a test tube to cigarette smoke and DNA from smoker lung share the following adducts: 355.067 (etheno-dAMP), 387.093, 401.110 and 441.105. The latter might be N7-phenylfapydGMP (exact mass 441.105) derived from exposure to benzene oxide. Adduct 359.064, that is observed in many DNA samples, may be formyldAMP (exact mass 359.064), a previously undetected lesion that might arise from the reported oxidative intermediate formylphosphate on DNA. In a test tube exposure, p-benzoquinone, a metabolite of the ubiquitous carcinogen benzene, is observed for the first time (perhaps with some propensity) to adduct onto 5-methylcytosine in DNA, in addition to forming known C, A and G adducts. Especially if this BQ-MeC lesion, by perturbing local DNA structure, enhances damage in one way or another to a diagonal MeC deoxynucleotide, then exposure to benzene could erase epigenetic sites. The first direct detection by the method of N 6 -methyladenine in mammalian DNA samples (e.g. human leukocytes) remains to be interpreted as bacterial contamination (uninteresting result), or as further evidence for this compound as the sixth base of DNA (interesting observation). The method is a new tool for studies of both simple and complex (e.g. human) exposures, and encourages the development of a mass registry of DNA adducts. It will help to determine unknown DNA adduct structures, to make precise adduct connections between different exposures, and to formulate and test adduct-related hypotheses. (Supported by CA84641, CA106006, and the Environmental Cancer Research Program. Tissue samples were from NDRI.)
Improving multi-class classification for endomicroscopic images by semi-supervised learning

Optical Endomicroscopy (OE) is a newly-emerged biomedical imaging modality that can help physicians make real-time clinical decisions about patients' grade of dysplasia. However, the performance of applying medical imaging classification for computer-aided diagnosis is primarily limited by the lack of labeled images. To improve the classification performance, we propose a semi-supervised learning algorithm that can incorporate large sets of unlabeled images. Our real-world endo-microscopic imaging datasets consist of 425 labeled images and 2,826 unlabeled ones. With semi-supervised learning algorithms, we improved multi-class classification performance over supervised learning algorithms by around 10% in all evaluation metrics, namely precision, recall, F1 score and Cohen-Kappa statistics.
The Diverse Immigrant Student Experience: What Does it Mean for Teaching?

In this ambitious issue, the reader is treated to an eclectic array of approaches to a pressing topic—How should educators consider the diversity of immigrant student experiences? With 1 in 4 students in classrooms coming from an immigrant-headed family, how should teachers be thinking about that student experience? Given that very few teachers have been exposed to teacher education programs that address these students and given their diversity of their experiences, what should they be considering? In this commentary, I discuss the rich content of the articles in this issue and make suggestions for way to address A. Lynn Goodwin's (2002) challenge for teacher education to “do the right thing” (p. 156) for the fastest growing sector of our student population.
Surviving Fournier's gangrene: Multivariable analysis and a novel scoring system to predict length of stay

Summary Background There is no contemporary scoring system to predict hospital length of stay and morbidity in Fournier's gangrene. A retrospective study was conducted to formulate a scoring system to predict duration of hospitalization, resource utilization, need for reconstruction, morbidity and mortality. Methods A retrospective chart review was performed on 54 patients treated for FG from 2010–2016 at LAC+USC Medical Center, the largest public hospital in Los Angeles County. Strobe guidelines were followed and the study was approved by the IRB. Predictors of LOS, morbidity, mortality and resource utilization were identified and univariate linear regressions performed to determine significance. Significant univariate predictors were used to develop a novel scoring system, the Combined Urology and Plastics Index (CUPI). The CUPI score was then compared to existing scoring systems for predicting length of stay. Results The mean patient age was 49.3, and the mean BMI was 28.6. Patients on average were hospitalized for 37.5 days, with a mean of 8.3 days in the ICU. Three patients (5.6%) died during their hospital stay, and 33 (61%) required reconstructive surgery. Multivariate logistic modeling showed that BMI (p = 0.001) and alkaline phosphatase (p Discussion Early emphasis on supportive care, nutrition, and involvement of reconstructive surgeons can decrease LOS in patients with Fournier's gangrene. The CUPI score on admission may be a useful tool for predicting LOS in this population.
A 74-Year-Old Man Presenting With Cough, Malaise, and Mediastinal Lymphadenopathy.

Case Presentation A 74-year-old white male farmer was admitted from his primary care physician's office after he presented with symptoms of cough productive of clear sputum, malaise, weakness, fatigue, and shortness of breath on exertion for 3 weeks. He was an ex-smoker with a history of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and coronary artery bypass graft surgery. He did not report any chills, night sweats, or fevers during this presentation.
Effect of surgical resection on survival following neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients with stage I-II pancreatic adenocarcinoma.

255Background: Pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a lethal malignancy, representing the 4th leading cause of cancer deaths. Our 2011 institutional protocol guides that patients with Stage I/II PDA...
Climate and visitation to Utah's ‘Mighty 5’ national parks

ABSTRACTThe relationship between climate and visitation to managed natural areas has been analyzed at a variety of different spatial scales. We expand upon our existing knowledge on this topic by: (1) determining how a wide range of climate variables affect visitation across a regional tourism system; and (2) identifying which variables affect visitation system-wide and which variables only affect visitation at specific parks. Our analysis focuses on five national parks located in southern Utah (USA) commonly referred to as ‘the Mighty 5’. We found monthly average daily maximum temperatures were the best predictor of system-wide visitation, suggesting average daily maximum temperatures play a more direct role in tourists’ travel decisions relative to other climate variables, including other derivations of temperature. We also found declines in monthly park visitation for three parks (Arches, Canyonlands, and Capitol Reef) once average daily maximum temperatures exceed 25 C. For Bryce Canyon and Zion howev...
Neurodegenerative disease and cognitive retest learning.

Abstract Retest learning impacts estimates of cognitive aging, but its bases are uncertain. Here, we test the hypothesis that dementia-related neurodegeneration impairs retest learning. Older persons without cognitive impairment at enrollment (n = 567) had annual cognitive testing for a mean of 11 years, died, and had a neuropathologic examination to quantify 5 neurodegenerative pathologies. Change point models were used to divide cognitive trajectories into an early retest sensitive component and a later component less sensitive to retest. Performance on a global cognitive measure (baseline mean = 0.227, standard deviation = 0.382) increased an estimated mean of 0.142-unit per year for a mean of 1.5 years and declined an estimated mean of 0.123-unit per year thereafter. No pathologic marker was related to cognitive change before the change point; each was related to cognitive decline after the change point. Results were comparable in analyses that used specific cognitive outcomes, included 220 individuals with mild cognitive impairment at enrollment, or allowed a longer retest learning period. The findings suggest that neurodegeneration does not impact cognitive retest learning.
Securing Service-oriented Systems Using State-Based XML Firewall.

Web services security has been a challenging issue in recent years because current security mechanisms, such as conventional firewalls, are not sufficient for protecting service-oriented systems from XML-based attacks. In order to provide effective security mechanisms for service-oriented systems, XML firewalls were recently introduced as an extension to conventional firewalls for web services security. In this paper, we present a state-based XML firewall architecture that supports role-based access control and detection of XMLbased attacks. We develop a detailed design of our statebased XML firewall by defining state-based information, user information, and various access control policies and detection rules. The detection rules are modularized into separate units, which support real-time detection and verification of various types of XML-based attacks using state-based information and user information. To illustrate the effectiveness of our approach, we develop a prototype state-based XML firewall, and demonstrate how XML-based attacks can be efficiently detected.
The Rights of Employees with Disabilities: Supreme Court Interpretations of the Americans with Disabilities Act and Their Implications for Human Resource Management

The Americans With Disabilites Act (ADA) of 1990 provides broad protection to an estimated 43 million Americans against discrimination in many facets of their lives. Title I of the Act prohibits discrimination in employment. Title III of the Act, which prohibits discrimination in public accommodation, has also impacted the employment relationship. Eight years after the passage of the Act, the U.S. Supreme Court issued its first ruling under the ADA. Two subsequent decisions have been rendered that further interpret the statute and the Court has repeatedly denied to review cases that deal with another key interpretation of the ADA. This paper analyzes these cases and decisions and their implications for management practices.
Percutaneous melody valve implantation in a native tricuspid valve following failed surgical repair

Transcatheter valve-in-valve and valve-in-ring implantation has become a common approach to treating patients with failed bioprosthetic tricuspid valves as well as failed surgical repairs of the tricuspid valve where an annuloplasty ring has been utilized. We describe a case where a Melody valve was percutaneously implanted in a native tricuspid valve with severe stenosis following surgical repair without a supporting annuloplasty ring.
Asymmetric relationship of urbanization and CO2 emissions in less developed countries.

Understanding the relationship between carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and the urbanization of national populations has been a key concern for environmental scholars for several decades. Although sophisticated modeling techniques have been developed to explore the connection between increases in urban populations and CO2 emissions, none has attempted to assess whether declines in urbanization have an effect on emissions that is not symmetrical with that of growth in urbanization. The present study uses panel data on CO2 emissions and the percentage of individuals living in urban areas, as well as a variety of other structural factors, for less-developed countries from 1960–2010, to empirically assess whether the effect of growth in urban populations on emissions is symmetrical with the effect of decline. Findings indicate that the effect of growth/decline in urban populations on CO2 emissions is asymmetrical, where a decline in urbanization reduces emissions to a much greater degree than urbanization increases emissions. We hypothesize that this is at least in part because deurbanization is connected with disruptions to the production and distribution of goods and services and/or access to electricity and other energy sources. Our finding suggests that not only the absolute level of urbanization of nations matters for emissions, but also how the patterns of migration between rural and urban areas change over time. Future research should be mindful of the processes behind deurbanization when exploring socioeconomic drivers of CO2 emissions.
Synthesis of Molybdenum(VI) Neopentylidene Neopentylidyne Complexes

Mo(C-t-Bu)(CH-t-Bu)(Cl)(PMe2Ph)2 (1) was prepared as off-white crystals in 26% yield through addition of 2.5 equiv of Mg(CH2-t-Bu)2 to Mo(O)[OC(CF3)3]4 in diethyl ether followed by 3 equiv of PMe2Ph and a workup that includes dichloromethane (the source of Cl). Compound 1 is largely a syn isomer initially that equilibrates to give approximately a 1:1 mixture of syn and anti isomers within 1–2 h. Compound 1 reacts with Li(3,5-dimethylpyrrolide) to give Mo(C-t-Bu)(CH-t-Bu)(η1-Me2Pyr)(PMe2Ph)2 (2a) as a pale yellow solid in 76% yield, and 2a reacts with Ph3SiOH to give a mixture of syn and anti Mo(C-t-Bu)(CH-t-Bu)(OSiPh3)(PMe2Ph)2 (3a) in 84% yield. All three compounds tend to lose PMe2Ph to give 14e monophosphine complexes with the formulas Mo(C-t-Bu)(CH-t-Bu)(X)(PMe2Ph) (X = Cl, Me2Pyr, or OSiPh3), none of which could be isolated. X-ray studies show the structures of 1, 2a, and 3a to be analogous with τ values of 0.45, 0.53, and 0.69, respectively.
The Role of the Podiatrist in Assessing and Reducing Fall Risk: An Updated Review.

Falls present a tremendous challenge to health care systems. This article reviews the literature from the previous 5 years (2014-2019) in terms of methods to assess fall risk and potential steps that can be taken to reduce fall risk for patients visiting podiatric clinics. With regard to assessing fall risk, we discuss the role of a thorough medical history and podiatric assessments of foot problems and deformities that can be performed in the clinic. With regard to fall prevention we consider the role of shoe modification, exercise, pain relief, surgical interventions, and referrals.
Endovascular repair is a feasible option for superficial femoral artery injuries: a comparative effectiveness analysis.

To compare outcomes between open (OR) and endovascular repair following superficial femoral artery (SFA) injuries. This is a cross-sectional study querying the 2012–2014 National Inpatient Sample for SFA injuries. Patients were grouped into OR and stent-graft placement (SGP). Primary outcome was in-hospital mortality. Secondary outcomes included hospital length of stay (HLOS), fasciotomy and amputation rate, and cost. Wilcoxon rank-sum, Kruskal–Wallis, Chi-squared test with Bonferroni adjustment were used as appropriate; p < 0.05 was significant. 255 Patients were identified. Mean age was 34.6 years and majority were males. OR was performed in 82.7%. Overall mortality rate was 3.7%. Median HLOS was 8 days. Fasciotomies were performed in 31% and lower limb amputations in 3.7%. Males more often underwent OR (89.0% vs. 73.1%, p < 0.01). SGP patients were significantly older (44.9 vs. 32.5 years; p < 0.01), and with Medicare insurance (20.5% vs. 6.5%; p < 0.01. Mortality, HLOS, and hospitalization cost were not significantly different. OR patients had higher rate of fasciotomy (35.4% vs. 15.4%; p < 0.01). Endovascular management is not inferior to OR following SFA injuries and both carry a low amputation rate. OR is associated with a higher fasciotomy rate. Endovascular repair should be considered when technically feasible.
Telehealth in pediatric rehabilitation medicine: A survey of clinician reported utilization and experience.

Purpose Telehealth services have been touted to improve access to specialty pediatric care. COVID-19 accelerated the adoption of telehealth across many medical specialties. The purpose of this study was to examine telehealth utilization and satisfaction among pediatric physiatrists. Methods Using Google Forms, a voluntary survey was created and administered to pediatric physiatrists. The survey collected information on practice setting, telehealth utilization, provider satisfaction, perceived satisfaction of patients and families, and the anticipated role of telehealth in pediatric rehabilitation going forward. Results Seventy-eight respondents completed the survey. There was a significant reported increase in telehealth utilization since COVID-19 from 14.5% to 97.4%. Eighty-two percent of participants reported feeling comfortable utilizing telehealth, 77% felt confident in the quality of the care provided, and 91% believed patients were satisfied with telehealth visits. Responses indicate that telehealth is expected to play a role in future pediatric physiatry and interest in telehealth continuing medical education is prevalent. Most pediatric physiatrists plan to continue or expand telehealth offerings after COVID-19. Conclusion Telehealth adoption has been expedited by COVID-19. Physician interest in and satisfaction with telehealth is high. Patient and family perceptions, outcomes of care, and barriers to implementation limiting program expansion deserve further study.
A Portrait of Uninsured Lawyers: Using Empirical Data to Enhance Public Protection

Many professors reading this review teach professional responsibility courses. These courses cover the law of lawyering, commonly focusing on the ABA Model Rules of Professional Conduct. As revealed in a small survey that I conducted in 2011, many professors do not devote much attention to studying legal malpractice law. The survey revealed that an even smaller percentage cover legal malpractice insurance. As a result, the majority of law students likely graduate without the basic understanding of legal malpractice insurance and without considering the crucial role that insurance plays in a professional’s practice. Professors’ failure to discuss the role insurance plays in helping lawyers function as accountable professionals may contribute to the large number of lawyers who fail to carry legal malpractice insurance. From the standpoint of access to justice, uninsured lawyers may leave injured persons without a remedy because experienced malpractice counsel often decline to sue lawyers who do not carry insurance or have significant assets to cover a malpractice judgment or settlement.
Accuracy of catheter-based near-infrared auto-fluorescence detection in human coronary plaques

There is significant histopathological and clinical evidence that near-infrared auto-fluorescence (NIRAF) complements optical coherence tomography (OCT) for detecting high-risk coronary plaque. Here, we determined the accuracy of an OCT-NIRAF imaging system and catheter for detecting NIRAF in human coronary lesions. OCT-NIRAF pullback imaging was performed on human cadaver coronary arteries (n=33 from 14 patients) during PBS perfusion via a fully integrated OCT-NIRAF imaging system and catheter (NIRAF ex. 633 nm, 1 mW power; em. 660-740nm). Confocal NIRAF images were acquired from corresponding unstained formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded sections (Olympus FLUOVIEW FV1000; ex. 635 nm; em. 655-755nm). OCT-NIRAF and confocal NIRAF images were registered using known pullback speed, anatomical landmarks, and fiducial features (e.g., calcification), and spatially overlapped by affine transformation of the confocal NIRAF images. Each image was split into 8, 45o-sectors, emanating from the catheter location. Each 45°-sector was determined to be positive if <5% of the intima contained confocal NIRAF, and if <5% of 45°-arc (2.25°) of the catheter-based NIRAF signal was above the system’s detection limit. A total of 1896 45°-sectors from 291 distinct coronary locations were analyzed using confocal NIRAF as the gold standard. Considering superficial confocal NIRAF foci within 0.5 mm from the luminal surface, sensitivity and specificity were 90.0% (95%CI: 69.8- 100.0%) and 90.2% (95%CI: 88.8-91.7%), respectively. Within 0.5 mm to 1.0 mm depth from the luminal surface, the sensitivity was 36.4% (95%CI: 15.0-57.8%) and specificity was 90.1% (95%CI: 88.6-91.5%). These results indicate that the OCT-NIRAF system/catheter’s ability to detect NIRAF is depth dependent and accurate in plaque regions (within 0.5 mm from the luminal surface) that are most responsible for precipitating coronary events.
Navigating healthcare systems before and after resettlement: Exploring experiences and recommendations for improvement from the perspectives of a Bhutanese refugee community

Abstract Background Though refugees often survive in refugee camps for many years, little is known about the impact of their interactions within the healthcare system during that time and how it may affect current concerns with the healthcare system after resettlement. Guiding our analysis was the Community Health Development model, which emphasizes the importance of understanding the impact of historical experiences on a community's health to identify specific current health needs, and plan solutions alongside the community to address and improve health concerns. Objective To better understand the healthcare system related experiences of Bhutanese refugees before and after resettlement, and describe potential solutions based on their perspectives to improve their health status. Methods This study used an explorative qualitative research design. Four focus group discussions were conducted with 40 female participants to examine their experiences within the healthcare system in Nepal (e.g. before resettlement) and the US (after resettlement). Focus group data were audio-recorded, translated, coded, and reported based on qualitative thematic analysis. Results Findings revealed that Bhutanese refugees were mistreated in the Nepalese healthcare system, often neglected from healthcare access and services because of their refugee status. Upon arrival to the United States after resettlement, study participants also reported experiencing challenges within the US health care system including cultural and linguistic barriers when interacting with medical interpreters during visits with their providers, as well as having inadequate time during the visit to fully express their concerns. Respondents’ recommendations to improve their overall health centered on their experiences with the US health care system including initiatives developing leadership skills for building community capacity towards advocating for the refuges, while increasing access to external resources. Conclusion The result of this study outlines an account of Bhutanese refugees’ experiences and recommendations for improving their community's health based on such past experiences and their current needs. These findings provide a starting point for future research with underserved refugee migrant groups and indicate a need for health programs to be historically and culturally sensitive in order to be more effective. Further, the understanding of refugees’ collective history should inform the development of collaborative interventions with community members in order to be effective.