cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A computer analysis of metrical patterns in Beowulf

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a report on a computer analysis of the metrics of Beowulf, a project undertaken by Robert P. Creed and John Miles Foley. Their primary concern has been the elucidation of a difficult area in Anglo-Saxon studies, the recovery of the actual sounds of what was once performed poetry. The chapter highlights the critical context of the inquiry. At appropriate points, the project furnished information about the computer techniques, along with examples of various special modes of investigation. With expected data on the rhythmical makeup of both the poem as a whole and its various passages, the project uncovered a new formulaic structure in Beowulf—a purely metrical unit of composition. All of these different kinds of measurements help the modern-day reader to a truer appreciation of the poem's art by directing attention to the role of sound and the relation of that sound to poetic meaning.
“A Practice of Freedom”: Self-grading for Liberatory Learning

This essay offers readers a model for self-grading as a mechanism to catalyze liberatory learning. Drawing inspiration from the feminist and participatory pedagogical approaches of Paulo Freire, bell hooks, and Adrienne Rich, the author grounds this discussion within her disciplinary field and professional role, identifies key elements of the model and the teaching practice that surrounds it, and addresses the changed learning environment that has resulted from the implementation of this approach.
Sand curve facelift: Empirical to polynomial model and the effect on the tomogram

ABSTRACTAn empirical thickness versus time relationship sand curve has been established in the Rub’ al-Khali desert and verified by a theoretical curve from the direct measurements of sand. The empirical sand curve has variable success in other areas of Saudi Arabia. We established a theoretical sand curve model to determine the single-way time in dry sand. Tomographic modeling of a higher resolution 3D seismic survey contributes more data to refine the relationship. Polynomial curves were used in the calculation of near-surface static corrections to improve the solution for low-relief structures.
The Role of Information in Nonzero-Sum Differential Games

Games are an ideal vehicle for showcasing the crucial role information plays in decision systems. Indeed, game theory plays a major role in economic theory, and, in particular, in microeconomic theory—one aptly refers to information economics. The role of information is further amplified in dynamic games. One then refers to the information pattern of the game. In this paper nonzero-sum differential games are addressed and open-loop and state feedback information patterns are considered. Nash equilibria (NE) when complete state information is available and feedback strategies are sought are compared to open-loop NE. In contrast to optimal control and, remarkably, zero-sum differential games, in nonzero-sum differential games the optimal trajectory and the players’ values when closed-loop strategies are used are not the same as when open-loop strategies are used. This is amply illustrated in the special case of nonzero-sum Linear-Quadratic differential games. Results which quantify the cost of uncertainty are derived and insight into the dynamics of information systems is obtained.
Hot Corrosion and Low Cycle Fatigue of a Cr 2 AlC-Coated Superalloy

Abstract Low temperature Type II hot corrosion is a serious problem for low cycle fatigue (LCF) failure of advanced turbine disk alloys operating at increased temperatures. Accordingly, the present effort studied 15–20 µm corrosion resistant Cr2AlC sputter coatings on Low Solvus High Refractory (LSHR) disk alloy LCF test specimens. These were cycled to failure at 840/−430 MPa and 0.33 Hz, after 500 h oxidation and 50 h of Mg-Na2SO4 hot salt corrosion, all at 760 °C. The coating successfully prevented hot corrosion pitting that was responsible for a 90% decrease in uncoated LCF specimens. However, fractography identified unintentional 15–30 µm deep defects produced by grit blast surface preparation of coated samples. These acted as failure origins and introduced anomalous life reduction for some coated test specimens. Furthermore, the presence and growth of an undesirable Cr7C3 second phase diminished protectiveness by promoting internal oxidation and embrittlement of the coating.
Socioeconomic success and mental health profiles of young adults who drop out of college

Based on the developmental theories of life course and emerging adulthood, the current study examines a central question about the diversity of trajectories among young adults who drop out of colle...
Receptor-mediated action without receptor occupancy: a function for cell-cell communication in ovarian follicles.

In 1959 Furshpan and Potter reported the presence of electrical transmission at the crayfish giant motor synapse. Soon thereafter a similar means of cell-cell communication was described for Mauthner neurons of the goldfish brain (Furshpan and Furakawa, 1962) and for mammalian smooth muscle (Dewey and Barr, 1962). In each instance contacting cells, when impaled with microelectrodes, were found to exchange ions, (perhaps K+, Na+, Cl-) through low resistance pathways connecting adjacent cytoplasms without using extracellular routes. This ionic (or electrotonic) coupling was bidirectional and occurred with an impedance 3–4 orders of magnitude less than that of the transmembrane potential. Since these observations were made in excitable tissues (nerve and muscle) their functional significance was easily reconciled (Bennett et al., 1963).
Design and Test of IPMSM for Traction Applications of Small Utility Vehicles

This paper present the design and the experimental verification of a 12-slots/10-poles interior permanent magnet synchronous machine (IPMSM) for small utility vehicle. This publication discusses the choice of the topology for a direct drive, high torque density, wide constant power speed range ratio (CPSR). Performances of the constructed prototype measured on the test bench have confirmed the finite element analysis (FEA) results.
Post-operative vital signs: How often is too often?

210Background: Current protocol for post-operative patients admitted to medical-surgical/telemetry units from post anesthesia care units states vital signs are taken every 15 minutes for 1 hour, ev...
National nurse readiness for radiation emergencies and nuclear events: A systematic review of the literature

Abstract Background Little is known regarding the capacity of U.S. nurses to respond following a large-scale radiation release, despite its relevance to our National Security Strategy. Purpose To conduct a systematic review of the literature to assess nurse readiness for radiation emergencies and nuclear events. Methods A systematic review of publications identified through a comprehensive search of four relevant databases (Embase, PubMed/Medline, Scopus, and Web of Science) was conducted (n = 62). Findings Limited evidence exists to support that nurses are prepared or willing to respond to a large-scale emergency resulting from a radiation release or nuclear-level event. Discussion History suggests nurses will be expected to perform triage, minimize radiation exposure, decontaminate, manage trauma, treat burns, and coordinate care for patients. Research is needed to identify the specific roles and responsibilities of nurses in radiation emergencies and nuclear response and to ascertain quantitative measurement of the level of national nurse readiness for these large-scale radiation emergency and nuclear events.
A Prospective Study of Early Pregnancy Essential Metal(loid)s and Glucose Levels Late in the Second Trimester.

Context Studies suggest many essential trace metal(loid)s are involved in glucose metabolism, but the associations among pregnant women are unclear. Objective To assess associations between early pregnancy plasma zinc, selenium, copper, and molybdenum levels and blood glucose levels later in the second trimester. Design The Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Fetal Growth Studies‒Singleton Cohort is a prospective cohort study conducted between July 2009 and January 2013. Setting Twelve academic research hospitals in the United States. Patients A total of 1857 multiracial, nonobese, healthy women. Main outcome measure Blood glucose levels from 1-hour 50-g gestational load test (GLT) at 24 to 28 weeks of gestation. Results Higher concentrations of first-trimester copper were associated with higher glucose levels from the GLT (i.e., every 50% increase in copper concentration was related to 4.9 mg/dL higher glucose level; 95% CI: 2.2, 7.5 mg/dL) adjusted for maternal sociodemographic characteristics and reproductive history. In contrast, every 50% increase in molybdenum concentration was associated with 1.2 mg/dL lower mean glucose level (95% CI: -2.3, -0.1 mg/dL). The magnitude of these associations was greater at the upper tails of glucose level distribution based on quantile regressions of the 10th, 50th, and 90th percentiles. Conclusions Higher copper and lower molybdenum concentrations could increase the risk of glucose dysregulation during pregnancy, with women at higher risk of gestational diabetes mellitus potentially affected to a greater extent. Further work is needed to understand the mechanisms involved with early pregnancy essential metal(loid)s to inform clinical diagnosis and prevention of glucose intolerance during pregnancy.
Uncertainty of Observation Impact Estimation in an Adjoint Model Investigated with an Observing System Simulation Experiment

AbstractAdjoint models are often used to estimate the impact of different observations on short-term forecast skill. A common difficulty with the evaluation of short-term forecast quality is the ch...
Employee-Based HRM: Bereavement Policy in a Changing Work Environment

While the field of Human Resources increasingly plays a strategic role, there is a call for organizations to become more employee-centered. To examine the tension between strategic and employee-centered approaches, this paper examines bereavement policy. Bereavement policy potentially affects all employees during their careers. The implementation of bereavement policies may have long-term effects on employee commitment and engagement. Additionally, while counseling and medical literature consider this topic, it has had little attention from management scholars and the current literature is disconnected from the work experiences of many employees. We review the literature on bereavement and grief from both scholarly and practitioner perspectives. This literature suggests that typical organizational bereavement policies are grounded in the strategic goals of efficiency and productivity. Next, we examine bereavement through several approaches that consider how work policies affect employees. In doing so, we suggest a conceptual framework that considers employee-centered human resources through the integration of several established literatures. First, we discuss work-life balance as a broader context for organizational bereavement policy. Second, we consider bereavement through an organizational justice framework. Third, we evaluate bereavement literature through virtue ethics to consider the role of community and compassion in organizational life. Based on these approaches we suggest future research as well as practical implementation of bereavement policies that help both the employee and the organization. Finally, the paper concludes with reflections on strategic versus employee-centered approaches in a changing work environment.
Empirically supported treatments for obsessive-compulsive related disorders in the age of the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC)

Abstract The Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) emphasizes the discovery of mechanisms of psychopathology and treatment outcome. In the case of Obsessive-Related Disorders (OCRDs), the available research shows that research exists that describes negative valence variables, specifically neural circuitry, that may be mediators of cognitive-behavioral treatment (CBT) outcome for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). There is limited research on neural circuitry associated with CBT outcome in the other OCRDs. A small body of work exists on cognitive processes, as defined by the RDoC, in the context of mechanisms of OCD treatment outcome. The other major domains of the RDoC have not been addressed for any OCRD in association with CBT outcome. The review concludes with a broad research agenda that emphasizes: clarification of taxonomic features of obsessive-compulsive psychopathology; explicate this taxonomy of obsessive-compulsive psychopathology in relation to neural circuitry; and identify limits of these findings based on culture and environment. It is expected that this research agenda would lead to a clinical heuristic to aid cognitive behavior therapy providers in developing targeted interventions for the full range of OCRDs.
Separating musical sources with convolutional sparse coding

The solution to the problem of separating multiple vocal and instrumental tracks from a single audio waveform is solved naturally by the human auditory cortex but has yet to be effectively implemented computationally. In this paper, we demonstrate a neurally-inspired approach to separating bass, drums, vocals and other instruments from sparse encodings of phase-rich Fourier and Constant-Q representations of stereo musical data. Our sparse encodings are generated from learned features that are both spectrally and temporally convolutional, similar to the hemispheric lateralization of human auditory cortex. We find that learning from neurally inspired Constant-Q representations provides better separation over Fourier spectrograms due to the presence of structure that is convolutional in log-frequency that aids in the differentiation of instruments.
Conditions for Cell Size Homeostasis: A Stochastic Hybrid System Approach

How isogenic cell populations maintain size homeostasis, i.e., a narrow distribution of cell size, is an intriguing fundamental problem. We model cell size using a stochastic hybrid system, where a cell grows exponentially in size (volume) over time and probabilistic division events are triggered at discrete-time intervals. Moreover, whenever division occurs, size is randomly partitioned among daughter cells. We first consider a scenario where a timer (cell-cycle clock) that measures the time elapsed since the last division event regulates both the cellular growth and division rates. The analysis reveals that such a timer-controlled system cannot achieve size homeostasis, in the sense that the cell-to-cell size variation grows unboundedly with time. To explore biologically meaningful mechanisms for controlling size, we consider two classes of regulation: a size-dependent growth rate and a size-dependent division rate. Our results show that these strategies can provide bounded intercellular variation in cell size and exact mathematical conditions on the form of regulation needed for size homeostasis are derived. Different known forms of size control strategies, such as the adder and the sizer, are shown to be consistent with these results. Finally, we discuss how organisms ranging from bacteria to mammalian cells have adopted different control approaches for maintaining size homeostasis.
Determination of maximum flowable liquid-loading potential of Neusilin® US2 and investigation of compressibility and compactibility of its liquisolid blends with PEG (400)

Abstract The objective of the present study was to determine the maximum flowable liquid-loading potential of a solid carrier material (Neusilin® US2) and to investigate the compressibility and compactibility of its liquisolid blends with PEG (400). Liquid-solid blends using an increasing amount of a non-volatile liquid (PEG 400) sorbed onto the solid carrier were prepared to determine its flowable liquid-loading potential. The solid carrier and liquisolid blends were then compressed at various compression pressures. The compression data were fitted into Walker, Kawakita, and Heckel equations to determine the compressibility of Neusilin® US2 and the liquisolid systems, and into Leuenberger and Ryshkewitch-Duckworth equations to determine their compactibility. It was observed that Heckel and Leuenberger equations were the most suitable mathematical models to quantify the compressibility and compactibility of solid carrier and its liquisolid blends, respectively. The values of mean yield pressure, Py, calculated from Heckel plot and compactibility parameter, σtmax, determined using Leuenberger equation were found to decrease with an increase in the liquid-loading. In addition, a good correlation was observed between the mean yield pressure, Py, and compactibility parameter, σtmax, of the liquisolid systems. Thus in the present study, compressibility and compactibility of liquisolid systems were successfully determined for formulation development of liquisolid compacts.
On generalized residual network for deep learning of unknown dynamical systems

Abstract We present a general numerical approach for learning unknown dynamical systems using deep neural networks (DNNs). Our method is built upon recent studies that identified residual network (ResNet) as an effective neural network learning structure. In this paper, we present a generalized ResNet framework and broadly define “residue” as the discrepancy between observation data and prediction made by another model, which can be an existing coarse model or reduced order model. In this case, the generalized ResNet serves as a model correction to the existing model and recovers the unresolved/missing dynamics. When an existing coarse model is not available, we present numerical strategies for fast creation of coarse models, to be used in conjunction with the generalized ResNet. These coarse models are constructed using the same data set and thus do not require additional resource. The generalized ResNet is capable of learning the underlying unknown dynamics and producing predictions with accuracy higher than the standard ResNet structure. This is demonstrated via several numerical examples, including long-term prediction of a chaotic system.
Architecting Cloud-Native Optical Network with Whitebox Equipment

A flexible and open mean of implementing an optical network by using whitebox equipment with the Transponder Abstraction Interface is proposed. Examples of automation and monitoring device/performance information using an open transport platform are described.
A EROSÃO DO ESTADO DE DIREITO: AS RESSIGNIFICAÇÕES DO DISCURSO JURÍDICO / THE EROSION OF THE RULE OF LAW: THE RESSIGNIFICATIONS OF LEGAL SPEECH

No seculo XXI, o Estado de Direito conhece inumeras inflexoes que correspondem as mutacoes politicas, culturais e sociais. Para melhor avaliar essas transformacoes, evitamos as cristalizacoes deste paradigma para observa-lo do ponto de vista critico e multidimensional, atraves de uma abordagem semântica, orientada para as relacoes do discurso juridico com o poder. A desconstrucao do discurso bem pensante sobre o Estado e os direitos permite apreender as significacoes dos enunciados juridicos na era do capitalismo neoliberal. Do ponto de vista epistemologico, essa reflexao interdisciplinar se insere nos quadros da sociologia politica do direito, e em termos metodologicos baseia-se no metodo da analise do discurso, apto a apreender a complexidade dessas relacoes, de cuja solidariedade surgem novas racionalidades juridicas e novas significacoes normativas. Abstract: In the 21st century, the rule of law has seen numerous inflections that correspond to political, cultural and social changes. In order to better evaluate those transformations, we avoid crystallization of this paradigm in order to observe it from a critical and multidimensional perspective, through a semantic approach, oriented to the relations of the legal discourse with the power. The deconstruction of the well thinking discourse about the State and rights allows us to apprehend the meanings of legal statements in the era of neoliberal capitalism. From an epistemological point of view, this interdisciplinary reflection is part of the framework of political sociology of law, and in methodological terms it is based on the method of discourse analysis, able to apprehend the complexity of these relations, from whose solidarity new normative meanings emerge.
Bundled slender-body theory for elongated geometries in swimming bacteria

An elongated but finite body is represented by a bundle of thin filaments for redeeming the theoretical treatment of the slender-body theory, validated by comparing its predictions with known solutions. As an immediate application, this bundled slender-body theory is used to model swimming microorganisms that consist of both thin motile organelles and cell bodies with finite aspect ratios.
A Qualitative Study of the Parental Perceptions, Beliefs, and Behaviors that Impact Healthcare Utilization of Syrian Refugee Children

Background: In recent years, an estimated 5.5 million Syrian refugees were displaced worldwide, with approximately 18,000 Syrian refugees resettled to the U.S. Half of refugees are children, whose age and refugee status jeopardize their abilities to attain quality healthcare. Information on Syrian refugees’ health in the U.S. is limited. This …
Chapter 21 Compensatory Service for Conscientious Objection

In his book, Human Guinea Pigs (1945), Kenneth Mellanby argues that not only is research participation appropriate compensatory service for those who claim conscientious objection (CO) to combat during war time, but that research participation could/should be a national effort; towards the end of the text he recommends a government bureau devoted to this pursuit. While we will explore the risks of each kind of activity, we argue that the conversation really should turn on the other side of the research calculus. That is, in any research endeavor, risk must be balanced with benefit at least to society (and also, in some cases, to research participants themselves). To the extent that military participation provides benefit to society (security, promotion of particular social values, etc.), we propose to explore what social benefit research participation would have to promise in order to compensate for CO to combat participation. So instead of asking “what research risk is equivalent to combat participation,” we will ask “what is the equivalent public benefit to compensate for opting out of combat?” In answering this question, we will consider other examples of conscientious objection in society and analyze them from the perspective of compensatory benefit rather than compensatory risk. Doing so will facilitate the analysis of societal benefit in/of research in a way that furthers the discourse about research ethics more broadly.
Small Molecules to Destabilize the ACE2-RBD Complex: A Molecular Dynamics Study for Potential COVID-19 Therapeutics (preprint)

The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has infected millions of people, claimed hundreds of thousands of lives, and made a worldwide health emergency Understanding the SARS-CoV-2 mechanism of infection is crucial in the development of potential therapeutics and vaccines The infection process is triggered by direct binding of the SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain (RBD) to the host cell receptor, Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) Many efforts have been made to design or repurpose therapeutics to deactivate RBD or ACE2 and prevent the initial binding In addition to direct inhibition strategies, small chemical compounds might be able to interfere and destabilize the meta-stable, pre-fusion complex of ACE2-RBD This approach can be employed to prevent the further progress of virus infection at its early stages In this study, Molecular docking is employed to analyze the binding of two chemical compounds, SSAA09E2 and Nilotinib, with the druggable pocket of the ACE2-RBD complex The structural changes as a result of the interference with the ACE2-RBD complex are analyzed by molecular dynamics simulations Results show that both Nilotinib and SSAA09E2 can induce significant conformational changes in the ACE2-RBD complex, intervene with the hydrogen bonds, and influence the flexibility of proteins Moreover, essential dynamics analysis suggests that the presence of small molecules can trigger large-scale conformational changes that may destabilize the ACE2-RBD complex
Blunt Mesenteric Vascular Injuries: Endovascular Management and Midterm Outcomes.

Introduction Visceral artery injuries are rare but lethal entities that pose significant management challenges in a patient who presents with blunt trauma. There is a paucity of specific guidelines both in the trauma and vascular literature regarding the management of blunt intra-abdominal vascular injuries. The midterm outcomes of two cases of blunt traumatic visceral artery injuries managed successfully with endovascular interventions are presented. Report An 18 year old male victim of a motor vehicle accident was found to have infrarenal aortic, coeliac artery (CA), and superior mesenteric artery (SMA) injuries. The second patient was a 15 year old male who presented with traumatic occlusion of the CA after an all terrain vehicle collision. Both patients had other associated abdominal and bony injuries. All vascular injuries were addressed endovascularly, which was followed by repair of other associated injuries. In the first case, a self expanding non-covered nitinol stent was used in the injured but tortuous CA; for repair of the SMA, a covered balloon expandable stent was used. In the second patient, a balloon expandable non-covered stent was used to repair the CA occlusion. In both cases, the 12 month post-operative follow up showed that all stents were patent and the patients were asymptomatic. Discussion Endovascular repair of the mesenteric arteries following traumatic injury can be achieved safely, with good midterm outcomes. More data are needed to define the indications for and long term safety and patency of stents used in traumatic visceral artery injuries.
Barriers to Knowing and Being Known: Constructions of (In)competence in Research

In this paper, we examine the barriers to, and possibilities of, recognizing individuals labelled intellectually disabled as producers and contributors to knowledge about their experiences. Through engaging perspectives within the fields of philosophy of education and disability studies, we examine contrasting research about the use of facilitated communication, an augmentative and alternative communication technique for teaching people with disabilities to communicate through pointing, or typing with support provided by a communication partner. We examine how researchers impose demands for the scientific validation of facilitated communication and use such demands to discredit autistic people identified with intellectual disabilities in their attempts to be recognized as knowers and producers of knowledge. Our analysis calls into question whether self-imposed limitations on contemporary knowledge production render educational research (in)capable of accepting forms of evidence that will facilitate the agency of those labelled or regarded as intellectually disabled and (in)capable of providing consumers of educational research access to knowledge that reflects the wide range of communicative, neurocognitive, and intellectual diversity in schools and communities.
The Effect of Affect: An Appraisal Theory Perspective on Emotional Engagement in Narrative Persuasion

Most recent research examining the influence of story-based advertisements on persuasion leverages theories of narrative and character involvement. These theories emphasize emotional engagement as ...
Flat cells come full sphere: Are mutant cytoskeletal-related proteins oncoprotein-monsters or useful immunogens?

Osteogenesis imperfecta is inherited as a dominant disease because if one allele is mutated, it contributes a mutant, destructive subunit polypeptide to collagen, which requires many subunits to fo...
Quality of Life in the Chronic GVHD Consortium Cohort: Lessons Learned and the Long Road Ahead

Patient-reported outcomes are receiving increased attention as the search for successful treatment agents of chronic graft versus host disease continues. There is currently an ongoing multicenter, prospective cohort study lead by the Chronic GVHD Consortium of patients with chronic graft versus host disease. This paper summarizes published findings to date reporting factors impacting quality of life, symptom burden, and physical functioning in this cohort. Middle age, versus younger or older age, is associated with worse quality of life, despite lower symptom burden. The presence of chronic graft versus host disease at study enrollment was associated with lower quality of life, and improvement in severity does not always change quality of life. Other factors negatively impacting quality of life include the presence of overlap syndrome, specific gastrointestinal and joint and fascia manifestations, and poorer functional status and exercise tolerance. Collecting valid and concise quality of life data is essential in developing treatment strategies for chronic graft versus host disease.
Treatment of osteomyelitis and septic arthritis.

This chapter summarizes the current knowledge of the use of quinolones in the treatment of osteomyelitis and septic arthritis. The identification of the causative organisms of osteomyelitis is essential for diagnosis and treatment. It is important to obtain deep specimens, in particular by bone biopsy, for microbiological and pathological analysis. The specific organism isolated in bacterial osteomyelitis is often associated with the age of the patient, a common clinical presentation (i.e., trauma or recent surgery), and the presence or absence of vascular insufficiency. Staphylococcus aureus is found in most patients with acute hematogenous osteomyelitis. Staphylococcus epidermidis, S. aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacteriaceae (Serratia marcescens and Escherichia coli) are commonly isolated in patients with chronic osteomyelitis. The rabbit model of P. aeruginosa chronic osteomyelitis has the relative advantage of assessing the rate of negative microbiological cultures after 3 to 4 weeks of therapy. Several recent studies show interesting results concerning the potential utilization of quinolones in local drug-carrier systems that allow high local antibiotic concentrations to be achieved. Several recent reviews of the use of various agents in the therapy of osteomyelitis have reported that among the quinolones presently available, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, and pefloxacin have been used most often in large series of patients with bacterial osteomyelitis. The combination of quinolones with rifampin for the treatment of staphylococcal osteomyelitis appears promising.
Environmental stress and reproduction in Drosophila melanogaster: starvation resistance, ovariole numbers and early age egg production

The Y model of resource allocation predicts a tradeoff between reproduction and survival. Environmental stress could affect a tradeoff between reproduction and survival, but the physiological mechanisms underlying environmental mediation of the tradeoff are largely unknown. One example is the tradeoff between starvation resistance and early fecundity. One goal of the present study was to determine if reduced early age fecundity was indeed a robust indirect response to selection for starvation resistance, by investigation of a set of D. melanogaster starvation selected lines which had not previously been characterized for age specific egg production. Another goal of the present study was to investigate a possible relationship between ovariole number and starvation resistance. Ovariole number is correlated with maximum daily fecundity in outbred D. melanogaster. Thus, one might expect that a negative genetic correlation between starvation resistance and early fecundity would be accompanied by a decrease in ovariole number. Selection for early age female starvation resistance favored survival under food deprivation conditions apparently at the expense of early age egg production. The total number of eggs produced by females from selected and control lines was approximately the same for the first 26 days of life, but the timing of egg production differed such that selected females produced fewer eggs early in adult life. Females from lines selected for female starvation resistance exhibited a greater number of ovarioles than did unselected lines. Moreover, maternal starvation resulted in progeny with a greater number of ovarioles in both selected and unselected lines. Reduced early age egg production is a robust response to laboratory selection for starvation survival. Ovariole numbers increased in response to selection for female starvation resistance indicating that ovariole number does not account for reduced early age egg production. Further, ovariole number increased in a parallel response to maternal starvation, suggesting an evolutionary association between maternal environment and the reproductive system of female progeny.
Appendix D: List Operators and Methods

This documentation was generated from the Python documentation available by typing help(list) in the Python shell.
Impulsive choice, alcohol consumption, and pre‐exposure to delayed rewards: II. Potential mechanisms

In a prior study (Stein et al., 2013), we reported that rats pre-exposed to delayed rewards made fewer impulsive choices, but consumed more alcohol (12% wt/vol), than rats pre-exposed to immediate rewards. To understand the mechanisms that produced these findings, we again pre-exposed rats to either delayed (17.5 s; n = 32) or immediate (n = 30) rewards. In post-tests, delay-exposed rats made significantly fewer impulsive choices at both 15- and 30-s delays to a larger, later food reward than the immediacy-exposed comparison group. Behavior in an open-field test provided little evidence of differential stress exposure between groups. Further, consumption of either 12% alcohol or isocaloric sucrose in subsequent tests did not differ between groups. Because Stein et al. introduced alcohol concentration gradually (3–12%), we speculate that their group differences in 12% alcohol consumption were not determined by alcohol’s pharmacological effects, but by another variable (e.g., taste) that was preserved as an artifact from lower concentrations. We conclude that pre-exposure to delayed rewards generalizes beyond the pre-exposure delay; however, this same experimental variable does not robustly influence alcohol consumption.
Critique of multicompartmental analysis of calcium kinetics in man based on study of 27 cases

Abstract Data from 27 studies of calcium kinetics in normals, patients with renal disease, and patients with idiopathic hypercalciuria were subjected to a critical mathematical analysis. A three-compartmental model yielded the best fit to the exponential decay curve of plasma and urine specific activites. A correlation matrix was established to examine interrelationships between kinetic parameters. Certain correlations were mathematically predictable and thus of no physiological importance. Other relationships were not based on the mathematical construct and therefore may have physiological significance. These included positive correlations between urinary calcium and intestinal absorption and between endogenous fecal calcium and pool size. There was an inverse correlation betwen endogenous fecal calcium and both absorbed and urinary calcium. An attempt was made to simplify repetitive studies of calcium kinetics in an individual patient by deriving formulas for approximate pool size and turnover rate based solely on plasma specific activity at 2 and 3 hours after injection of the isotope.
A dynamic, multi-level analysis of recent immunization trends in Colombia.

During 1985-91 governments in Latin America used national primary health care infrastructures to implement the Regional Polio Eradication Initiative achieving unprecedented vaccine coverage levels through a combination of mass campaigns house-to-house vaccinations and improvements in routine immunization services. To gain insight into the interventions effects upon immunization demand the authors studied the probability and timing of full immunization during 1985-91 in Colombia. Data on the immunization status of 3609 vaccine-eligible children born during 1985-90 were drawn from Colombias 1990 Demographic and Health Survey. Annual immunization coverage estimates from the Colombian Ministry of Health for 1985-90 for 148 sample municipios were appended to each child record along with household-level data. Multivariate logit models determined that high-risk households were significantly less likely to obtain immunization cards despite rising cardholdership rates over the period. Based upon recall or card data high-risk children without cards were significantly less likely to be fully immunized than were high-risk children with cards. A treatment effects model of full immunization probability showed cardholdership to effectively offset all but one risk factor. Among 1376 cardholders waiting times to full immunization fell monotonically over the period. Local program coverage of 80% or higher and prior prenatal use both increased the hazard of full immunization. However three of five maternal occupational categories decreased the hazard as did no maternal education consensual versus legal union and lack of a safe toilet. Demand for routine immunizations increased over the period. While high-risk households were less likely to use the routine program their exposure to the routine program nonetheless increased their demand for immunizations. To maximize health benefits future interventions should aim to selectively recruit high-risk households into the ranks of routine immunization users.
The Transverse Correlation Length for Randomly Rough Surfaces

It is shown by numerical simulations for a random, one-dimensional surface defined by the equationx 3=ζ(x 1), where the surface profile function ζ(x 1) is a stationary, stochastic, Gaussian process, that the transverse correlation lengtha of the surface roughness is a good measure of the mean distance 〈d〉 between consecutive peaks and valleys on the surface. In the case that the surface height correlation function 〈ζ(x 1)ζ(x 1′)〉/〈ζ2(x 1)〉=W (|x 1−x 1′|) has the Lorentzian formW(|x 1|)=a 2/(x 1 2 +a 2) we find that 〈d〉=0.9080a; when it has the Gaussian formW(|x 1|)=exp(−x 1 2 /a 2), we find that 〈d〉=1.2837a; and when it has the nonmonotonic formW(|x 1|)=sin(πx 1/a)/(πx 1/a), we find that 〈d〉=1.2883a. These results suggest that 〈d〉 is larger, the faster the surface structure factorg(|Q|) [the Fourier transform ofW(|x 1|)] decays to zero with increasing |Q|. We also obtain the functionP(itx 1), which is defined in such a way that, ifx 1=0 is a zero of ζ′(x 1),P(x 1)dx 1 is the probability that the nearest zero of ζ′(x 1) for positivex 1 lies betweenx 1 andx 1+dx 1.
Local control of interval tension using weighted splines

Abstract Cubic spline interpolation and B-spline sums are useful and powerful tools in computer aided design. These are extended by weighted cubic splines which have tension controls that allow the user to tighten or loosen the curve on intervals between interpolation points. The weighted spline is a C 1 piecewise cubic that minimizes a variational problem similar to one that a C 2 cubic spline minimizes. A B-spline like basis is constructed for weighted splines where each basis function is nonnegative and nonzero only on four intervals. The basis functions sum up identically to one, thus curves generated by summing control points multiplied by the basis functions have the convex hull property. Different weights are built into the basis functions so that the control point curves are piecewise cubics with local control of interval tension. If all weights are equal, then the weighted spline is the C 2 cubic spline and the basis functions are B-splines.
Analysis of cyclic-rate sampled-data feedback-control systems

IT IS NOT always possible, and sometimes not desirable, to have a sampleddata feedback-control system in which the samples are taken at uniform time intervals. Aperiodic sampled-data systems may result, for example, when time-shared computers are in the system loop or when data detection or transmission processes are inherently aperiodic (e.g. certain tracking radars).
Customized illumination aperture filter for low k 1 photolithography process

A completely new concept for designing the illumination aperture filter is suggested. From experimental or simulative methods, we have extracted the performance of every individual beam component on the illumination plane. The optimal apertures are then obtained by superimposing the best components that meet the requirements demanded by the specific photo process. Different kinds of optimal apertures were successfully implanted to deal with different process problems. Therefore, it is called the customized illumination aperture filter (CIF). The zero 1D OPE CIF, as a proof of concept, was designed to eliminate the OPE of low k1 process. Without any OPC, 0.6micrometers DOF of the common ED window was obtained, where k1 equals 0.39 for our NA equals 0.55 stepper to print. 0.18 micrometers line patterns, T push to smaller k1, another CIF was designed to maximize the individual DOF and overcome the reduced power problem accompanied with the typical aggressive OAI. Using this CIF, we achieved 1.1 micrometers common DOF with 7 percent EL for 0.18 micrometers lien patterns. The CIF doubles the power of the Nikon's strong quadrupole, shrine. An ultimate resolution limit of 0.11 micrometers line pattern was reached as well with the CIF. Finally, a contact/via CIF was designed combined with a halt-tone PSM. The CIF gives about 0.8 micrometers common DOF with 7 percent EL for 0.2 micrometers holes and 0.7 micrometers DOF for 0.17 holes using thinner resist. The CIF approach is, therefore, proven to be a cost effective and relatively easy realizable alternative to the alternating PSM for extremely low k1 process applications.
A geometric approach to semi-dispersing billiards (Survey)

We summarize the results of several recent papers, together with a few new results, which rely on a connection between semi-dispersing billiards and non-regular Riemannian geometry. We use this connection to solve several open problems about the existence of uniform estimates on the number of collisions, topological entropy and periodic trajectories of such billiards.
Aggressive surgical treatment for caustic injury of the esophagus and stomach.

Abstract Two patients with severe liquid alkali burns of the esophagus and stomach are reported in whom an early esophagogastrectomy was performed. The value is stressed of an early exploratory operation as a diagnostic as well as therapeutic tool in patients with a history of ingestion of strong liquid alkali.
DOPAMINE D1A RECEPTOR REGULATION OF PHOSPHOLIPASE C (PLC) ISOFORM EXPRESSION. |[bull]| 2219

In LTK- cells stably transfected with the rat D1A receptor cDNA, fenoldopam (5 μM), a D1 agonist, increased phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) hydrolysis and PLCγ protein expression and activity in a time dependent manner (n=3-6/group). Fenoldopam-induced changes in PLCγ protein expression were blocked by the D1 antagonist, SKF83742 (5 μM), and by a D1A antisense oligodeoxynucleotide, indicating involvement of the D1A receptor. The fenoldopam-induced increase in PLCγ expression and activation was mediated by protein kinase A (PKA) since it was blocked by the PKA antagonist, Rp-8-CPT-cAMPs (50 μM) and mimicked by the PKA agonist Sp-8-CPT-cAMPs (50μM), and forskolin (200 μM), which directly stimulates adenylyl cyclase activity. PKC was also involved since the fenoldopam-induced increase in PLCγ protein expression was blocked by two different PKC inhibitors, calphostin C (10 nM) and chelerythrine (10 μM). In addition, forskolin (200μM), Sp-8-CPT-cAMPs (50 μM), and the PKC agonist, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (1 μM) increased PKC expression and activity as well as PLCγ expression and activity, an effect that was blocked by calphostin C(10 nM). Fenoldopam also stimulated PLCγ expression in HEK-293 cells transfected with the D1A receptor cDNA indicating that these findings are not cell-specific. Our results show a novel pathway of increased PLCγ expression and activation. D1A receptors stimulate PLCγ expression and activity secondary to a PKA-mediated activation of PKC.
TURKEY BETWEEN SECULARISM AND FUNDAMENTALISM?: THE “MUSLIMHOOD MODEL” AND THE GREEK ORTHODOX MINORITY

Abstract Kemalism—the secular nationalist ideology developed by Mustafa Kemal Ataturk—is challenged by a “Muslimhood model” that effectively allows religious groups to operate in Turkey free of persecution. The treatment of Greek Orthodox Christians provides an example of the failure of secularist nationalism. It also shows that the Muslimhood model has yet to live up to its promise. As Turkey and the EU work to achieve their particular goals in the enlargement process, Turkey must hold itself to its international treaty obligations and EU expectations. If successful in these aims, the Muslimhood model will become a viable alternative for other Muslim societies struggling to develop pluralistic, democratic regimes.
Effects of ammonium and nitrate on nutrient uptake and activity of nitrogen assimilating enzymes in western hemlock

Abstract Western hemlock seedlings were grown in nutrient solutions with ammonium, nitrate or ammonium plus nitrate as nitrogen sources. The objectives were to examine (1) possible selectivity for ammonium or nitrate as an N source, (2) the maintenance of charge balance during ammonium and nitrate uptake, and (3) the activity of the nitrogen assimilating enzymes, nitrate reductase, glutamine synthetase, and glutamate dehydrogenase, in relation to the uptake of different nitrogen sources. The uptake studies revealed that western hemlock takes up ammonium faster than nitrate and that ammonium partially inhibits nitrate uptake. Efflux of H + , 1.26 μequiv H + μequiv −1 NH + 4 , occurred to maintain charge balance in plants utilizing ammonium nitrogen whereas potassium served as a counterion in the uptake of nitrate. Nitrate reductase activity varied with nitrate availability in root tissue, but showed no response in needles. There was no glutamine synthetase response to differing nitrogen sources or uptake rates in root tissue, and little response in needles. Glutamate dehydrogenase activity in root tissue varied significantly with nitrogen source, being greatest in treatments containing ammonium. Results indicate that western hemlock may be adapted to sites where NH + 4 is the predominant N source.
Quadriceps rate of force development affects gait and function in people with knee osteoarthritis

Objective Quadriceps weakness exists in people with knee osteoarthritis (OA), but other muscle factors like rate of force development (RFD) may also be affected by knee OA. The purpose of this study was to determine if people with knee OA have deficits in quadriceps RFD, determine if quadriceps RFD would improve predicting knee joint power absorption and generation during free and fast walking, and determine if RFD would improve predicting functional outcomes.
Modeling the role of retail price formats, and retailer competition types on production schedule strategy

Abstract To study the determinants of choice between make-to-order (MTO) and make-to-stock (MTS), production scientists have traditionally focused on production-specific factors. However, the choice can be also influenced by marketing-specific factors such as the pricing strategy of retailers. This paper, therefore, develops a modeling framework to link the determination of the optimal production strategy of MTS–MTO to the retailing strategy of EDLP-HiLo. We characterize an optimal production strategy as one that maximizes total system wide profits in a centralized system. We show that the optimum production strategy would depend on whether the manufacturer is delivering to an every day low pricing (EDLP) store or to a high low pricing store (Hi–Lo). Additionally, the production plan is demonstrated to be a function of the nature and type of competition in the market. In particular, we study the duopoly model of competition, under both Bertrand and Stackelberg conjectures.