cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Numbers Game: The Risky Business of Projecting Risk

JNCI Vol. 103, Issue 13 | July 6, 2011 In this issue of the Journal, Petracci et al. ( 1 ) present a model to estimate the degree of benefit in terms of breast cancer risk reduction that may be achieved with risk factor modification. By how much would breast cancer risk change over a 10-year period for a 45-yearold Italian woman making changes in modifiable risk factors such as exercise, weight , and/or alcohol use? According to this well-designed and conducted study, all of the following answers are correct: 0.4% , 0.6%, and 20.5%. These figures refer to individual absolute risk reduction, population-level absolute risk reduction, and population fractional risk reduction (akin to the population attributable risk), respectively, and are associated with change in one (individual absolute risk reduction) or all modifiable risk factors (population-level risk reduction estimates). The compatible, yet disparate numbers, for the absolute risk reduction and fractional risk reduction risk estimates is a difficult concept to grasp — even more challenging is when and how to apply the estimates. The results of this study provide a welcome spotlight on the complexity of predicting, interpreting, and communicating risk on both an individual and population level. By sound statistical methodology and data from a welldesigned , large , Italian , multicenter case – control study of invasive breast cancer, Petracci et al. ( 1 ) extend previous work on breast cancer prediction models by incorporating modifi able risk factors and assessing the potential reductions in risk that might result if the modifi able risk factor profi le could be optimized. The calibration and discriminatory ability of the model when evaluated in an independent cohort was similar to other prediction models ( 1 , 2 ). The Numbers Game: The Risky Business of Projecting Risk
Two-stepping with E1

Covalent attachment of ubiquitin-like proteins to other proteins drives numerous important physiological processes. The recent structure of an ubiquitin-like E1 enzyme provides insight into the curious assembly line–like mechanism that initiates all ubiquitin-related protein processing pathways.
The activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) efficiently targets DNA in nucleosomes but only during transcription

The activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) initiates somatic hypermutation, class-switch recombination, and gene conversion of immunoglobulin genes. In vitro, AID has been shown to target single-stranded DNA, relaxed double-stranded DNA, when transcribed, or supercoiled DNA. To simulate the in vivo situation more closely, we have introduced two copies of a nucleosome positioning sequence, MP2, into a supercoiled AID target plasmid to determine where around the positioned nucleosomes (in the vicinity of an ampicillin resistance gene) cytidine deaminations occur in the absence or presence of transcription. We found that without transcription nucleosomes prevented cytidine deamination by AID. However, with transcription AID readily accessed DNA in nucleosomes on both DNA strands. The experiments also showed that AID targeting any DNA molecule was the limiting step, and they support the conclusion that once targeted to DNA, AID acts processively in naked DNA and DNA organized within transcribed nucleosomes.
Fludarabine, cyclophosphamide and rituximab plus granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor as frontline treatment for patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

AbstractFludarabine, cyclophosphamide and rituximab (FCR), the standard of care for the frontline treatment of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), is associated with a high rate of neutropenia and infectious complications. Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) reduces myelosuppression and can potentiate rituximab activity. We conducted a clinical trial combining GM-CSF with FCR for frontline treatment of 60 patients with CLL. Eighty-six percent completed all six courses and 18% discontinued GM-CSF for toxicity: grade 3–4 neutropenia was observed in 30% of cycles, and severe infections in 16% of cases. The overall response rate was 100%. Both median event-free survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS) have not been reached. Longer EFS was associated with favorable cytogenetics. GM-CSF led to a lower frequency of infectious complications than in the historical FCR group, albeit similar EFS and OS.
A Framework for Modeling Rail Transport Vulnerability

Railroads represent one of the most efficient methods of long-haul transport for bulk commodities, from coal to agricultural products. Over the past fifty years, the rail network has contracted while tonnage has increased. Service, geographically, has been abandoned along short haul routes and increased along major long haul routes, resulting in a network that is more streamlined. The current rail network may be very vulnerable to disruptions, like the failure of a trestle. This paper proposes a framework to model rail network vulnerability and gives an application of this modeling framework in analyzing rail network vulnerability for the State of Washington. It concludes with a number of policy related issues that need to be addressed in order to identify, plan, and mitigate the risks associated with the sudden loss of a bridge or trestle.
Translation Histogram Based Hierarchical Algorithm for 3-D Optic Nerve Head Modeling

This paper describes a translation histogram based, hierarchical algorithm for automated three-dimensional (3-D) optic nerve head (ONH) modeling from stereoscopic ONH photographs. Recovering the depths in featureless region is still one of the problems in previous studies of 3-D ONH reconstruction. The proposed algorithm hierarchically optimized and modeled the peripheral ONH surface to solve this problem. The algorithm has various steps consisting of disparity detection, hierarchical surface modeling, weighted fusing, and depth calibration. Dual-registration algorithm is firstly applied to precisely detect the matching points which are then converted into disparities. The peripheral ONH surface is initialized and refined through hierarchical modeling and optimization from the disparities. The final 3-D ONH model is generated by fusing the modeled peripheral ONH surface and the depths measured from dual-registration together with the interpolation. The true depth is obtained after calibration of eye lens through the axial length information. The experimental results showed the proposed algorithm could successfully generate 3-D ONH model, and get good consistency with human expert in cup-to-disc (C/D) ratio evaluation. The algorithm indicates the potential usefulness for 3-D ONH modeling and evaluation.
Kernel mechanism of the cyanobacterial circadian clock is a relaxation oscillator

Circadian clock is an essential molecular regulatory mechanism that coordinates daily biological processes. Although the underlying design principles of eukaryotic circadian clock have been investigated in great detail, the circadian mechanism in cyanobacteria, the only prokaryote that possesses circadian clock, is not fully understood. In this study, we focus on elucidating the underlying systems property that drives the oscillation of the cyanobacterial clockwork. We apply combined methods of time scale separation, phase space analysis and bifurcation analysis to a model of circadian clock proposed by us recently. The original model is reduced to a three-dimensional slow subsystem by time scale separation. Phase space analysis of the reduced subsystem shows that the null-surface of the Serine-phosphorylated state (S state) of KaiC is a bistable surface and that the features of the phase portrait indicate that the kernel mechanism of the clockwork is a relaxation oscillator induced by positive and negative feedback loops. Bifurcation diagrams together with phase space analysis show that the S state of KaiC is a key component for the protein regulatory network of the cyanobacterial circadian clock.
Integration of high-K dielectrics into sub-65 nm CMOS technology: requirements and challenges

To meet the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS) forecast that device with gate length of sub-10 nm will be fabricated by 2016 advanced gate stacks with high-k dielectrics are of intensive research interests. Stringent power requirements in the chips also dictate replacement of silicon dioxide as it has already reached the direct tunneling regime. Currently, many different high-k materials have been explored to replace the silicon dioxide as gate dielectrics. In this paper some of the on-going research work on charge trapping will be reviewed. The reliability requirements and challenges of some short-listed high-k dielectrics such as HfO/sub 2/ and HfSiO/sub 2/ will be focused.
Association between variations in coagulation system genes and carotid plaque

Abstract Objective Genetic variation in coagulation and fibrinolysis may affect the development of subclinical atherosclerosis modifying the risk of stroke and cardiovascular disease. However, data on the relationship between subclinical atherosclerosis and genes involved in the coagulation system are sparse. The objective of this study is to examine the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in coagulation system genes and subclinical carotid plaque phenotypes. Methods From the Genetic Determinants of Subclinical Carotid Disease Study, 287 Dominicans were examined for carotid plaque presence, thickness, and surface irregularity by high-resolution B-mode carotid ultrasound. Logistic regression was used to test for association between 101 SNPs in 23 coagulation system genes and plaque phenotypes while controlling for age, sex, smoking, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes. Within gene haplotypes and interactions between genes were examined. A follow-up of SNPs in moderate to high (r2 > 0.25) linkage disequilibrium (LD) with those implicated in the discovery analysis (p ≤ 0.01) was performed in an independent sample of 301 Dominicans. Results The prevalence of carotid plaque (47% discovery; 46% follow-up) as well as the mean age (65 ± 8 discovery; 65 ± 9 follow-up) of the participants was similar in both datasets. Two genes (vWF and THBS1) were associated (p ≤ 0.01) with plaque size and surface irregularity. In follow-up, 5 SNPs in vWF were associated (p ≤ 0.05) with plaque size. SERPINE1 was an additional gene of interest in the haplotype and interaction analyses. Conclusions Variation in the vWF, THBS1, and SERPINE1 gene may play an important role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerotic plaque.
Medication Adherence and Its Effect on Relapse Among Patients Discharged from a Veterans Affairs Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Treatment Program

Background:Clinical outcomes in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can be affected by several factors, including medication adherence. PTSD is associated with an increased likelihood of missed appointments, medication underuse or abuse, and treatment nonadherence.Objective:To evaluate medication adherence and its effect on relapse following discharge of veterans from a PTSD residential rehabilitation program (PRRP).Methods:A retrospective evaluation of drug adherence and relapse in the 12 months following discharge of patients from a PRRP was performed. All veterans who were discharged from January 1, 2005, to December 31, 2006, and were receiving antidepressant therapy were included. Adherence to antidepressant therapy was assessed by electronic prescription claims and defined as a medication possession ratio of at least 0.8 in the year following discharge. Relapse was defined as a hospitalization for psychiatric symptomatology. Predictive factors of adherence were also explored.Results:T...
Developmental and Cross-Situational Stability in Infant Pigtailed Macaque Temperament

We assessed developmental stability and context generalizability of temperament in pigtailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina) from the University of Washington Infant Primate Research Lab. A principal components analysis condensed 6 behavioral measures into 2 components, interpreted as reactivity and boldness. Changes in these measures over the 1st 10 months of development showed a trend toward calmer and bolder behavior with age, with significant individual variation in the pattern of change. Boldness showed a quadratic pattern of change, whereas reactivity decreased linearly. We also studied the relationship between temperament and response to a novelty probe. The magnitude of the response to the novelty probe decreased slightly over time, and boldness and reactivity in a familiar setting did not predict these changes in response to novelty. In a 2nd principal components analysis, reactivity to novelty represented a distinct aspect of temperament. Our results demonstrate developmental changes and context dependency in macaque behavior.
Turing Machines and Effective Computations

In Chapter 2, we introduced the notion of a finite automaton by abstraction from the concept of a network of (McCulloch-Pitts) neurons. In this chapter, we wish to continue our study of automata in a more general setting. The Oxford English Dictionary defines an automaton (plural, automata) as “Something which has the power of spontaneous movement or self-motion; a piece of mechanism having its motive power so concealed that it appears to move spontaneously; now usually applied to figures which simulate the actions of living beings, as clockwork mice, etc.” Today the computer has replaced the clockwork mouse as the archetype of the automaton; and with it, our emphasis shifts from simulation of motion to simulation of information processing, although this will change again with the increasing importance of robotics. Automata theory, in its widest sense, might now embrace such diverse activities as the building of a space station’s control system or the programming of a computer to play chess. In the theory of abstract automata, we are less concerned with the design of automata to do specific tasks, and more concerned with understanding the capabilities and limitations of whole classes of automata. Our aim here is to develop enough abstract automata theory to allow us to answer interesting questions about the relationships among brains, machines, and mathematics.
An elastic–plastic investigation of third body effects on fretting contact in partial slip

Abstract In this investigation, the third body effects in fretting contact is modeled using the commercially available ABAQUS finite element (FE) software. A two dimensional Hertzian line contact model is simulated in the presence of third bodies at the contact interface. The third bodies are modeled using simplified geometry like cylinders. Elastic–plastic material properties are used to model both the first bodies and third bodies. The FE model is used to investigate fretting phenomena under different displacement amplitudes and the influence of third body particles on contact stress and contact slip. In addition, the effects of different factors such as material properties of the third bodies and number of third body particles on fretting are investigated. Fretting loops obtained from the model show notable differences in shear stress distribution when compared to smooth Hertzian line contacts in the absence of third body particles. The results indicate that the third bodies deformed to platelet like structures as observed in experiments. The obtained results also indicate that contact stress decreases with the increase in the number of third bodies. As the number of third bodies in contact is increased, the contact shear force between the first bodies decreases while the contact slip increases. Due to this phenomenon, the dissipated energy is not affected and therefore does not influence fretting wear rate significantly. Although fretting wear rate is not directly influenced by the presence of third bodies, plastic deformation of the first body surfaces influences contact parameters which in turn impacts fretting wear.
Characteristics of Temporal Summation of Second Pain Sensations Elicited by Brief Contact of Glabrous Skin by a Preheated Thermode

Temporal summation of sensory intensity was investigated in normal subjects using novel methods of thermal stimulation. A Peltier thermode was heated and then applied in a series of brief (700 ms) contacts to different sites on the glabrous skin of either hand. Repetitive contacts on the thenar or hypothenar eminence, at interstimulus intervals (ISIs) of 3 s, progressively increased the perceived intensity of a thermal sensation that followed each contact at an onset latency > 2 s. Temporal summation of these delayed (late) sensations was proportional to thermode temperature over a range of 45-53 degrees C, progressing from a nonpainful level (warmth) to painful sensations that could be rated as very strong after 10 contacts. Short-latency pain sensations rarely were evoked by such stimuli and never attained levels substantially above pain threshold for the sequences and temperatures presented. Temporal summation produced by brief contacts was greater in rate and amount than increases in sensory intensity resulting from repetitive ramping to the same temperature by a thermode in constant contact with the skin. Variation of the interval between contacts revealed a dependence of sensory intensity on interstimulus interval that is similar to physiological demonstrations of windup, where increasing frequencies of spike train activity are evoked from spinal neurons by repetitive activation of unmyelinated nociceptors. However, substantial summation at repetition rates of > or = 0.33 Hz was observed for temperatures that produced only late sensations of warmth when presented at frequencies < 0.16 Hz. Measurements of subepidermal skin temperature from anesthetized monkeys revealed different time courses for storage and dissipation of heat by the skin than for temporal summation and decay of sensory intensity for the human subjects. For example, negligible heat loss occurred during a 6-s interval between two trials of 10 contacts at 0.33 Hz, but ratings of sensory magnitude decreased from very strong levels of pain to sensations of warmth during the same interval. Evidence that temporal summation of sensory intensity during series of brief contacts relies on central integration, rather than a sensitization of peripheral receptors, was obtained using two approaches. In the first, a moderate degree of temporal summation was observed during alternating stimulation of adjacent but nonoverlapping skin sites at 0.33 Hz. Second, temporal summation was significantly attenuated by prior administration of dextromethorphan, a N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist.
Testosterone Is High among Young Black Men with Little Education

Participation in the “honor culture” of poor black inner cities puts young men on constant alert for challenges to their reputations. Hypothetically, this vigilance raises their testosterone (T), which in turn facilitates dominant contests that may end violently. One prior study reports the predicted hormonal pattern including higher T among young black men with low education, compared to young white men with low education, but no race difference in T between young men who are better educated or in older men (Mazur 1995). However an attempt to find this pattern on another large sample failed to do so (Mazur 2009). The present results, using the HANES 2011-2012 data set, do replicate the predicted pattern among men. The pattern is not seen among teenage boys or among females.
The PSI-U1 snRNP interaction regulates male mating behavior in Drosophila.

Alternative pre-mRNA splicing (AS) is a critical regulatory mechanism that operates extensively in the nervous system to produce diverse protein isoforms. Fruitless AS isoforms have been shown to influence male courtship behavior, but the underlying mechanisms are unknown. Using genome-wide approaches and quantitative behavioral assays, we show that the P-element somatic inhibitor (PSI) and its interaction with the U1 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein complex (snRNP) control male courtship behavior. PSI mutants lacking the U1 snRNP-interacting domain (PSIΔAB mutant) exhibit extended but futile mating attempts. The PSIΔAB mutant results in significant changes in the AS patterns of ∼1,200 genes in the Drosophila brain, many of which have been implicated in the regulation of male courtship behavior. PSI directly regulates the AS of at least one-third of these transcripts, suggesting that PSI–U1 snRNP interactions coordinate the behavioral network underlying courtship behavior. Importantly, one of these direct targets is fruitless, the master regulator of courtship. Thus, PSI imposes a specific mode of regulatory control within the neuronal circuit controlling courtship, even though it is broadly expressed in the fly nervous system. This study reinforces the importance of AS in the control of gene activity in neurons and integrated neuronal circuits, and provides a surprising link between a pleiotropic pre-mRNA splicing pathway and the precise control of successful male mating behavior.
The role of toll-like receptor 9 of macrophage in phagocytizing Penicillium marneffei

To investigate the role of toll-like receptor 9 of macrophage in phagocytizing P.marneffei,semi-quantitative RT-PCR were used to detect the different expressions on mTLR9 of RAW264.7 cells when stimulated by P.marneffei and its genomic DNA.In addition,CFU was used to evaluate the influence of TLR9 on the ability of phagocytizing P.marneffei by RAW264.7 cells.The expression of mTLR9 was up-regulated when stimulated by conidia,yeast cells and genomic DNA of P.marneffei and synthetic CpG-ODN.And the expression of mTLR9 was changed accompanied with the concentration of PM-DNA.However,the up-regulation of mTLR9 induced by genomic PM-DNA,and synthetic CpG-ODN could be blocked by chloroquine.On the other hand,TLR9 could enhance the capacity of RAW264.7 for phagocytizing conidia but not yeast cells.These indicate that TLR9 might participate in the course of phagocytizing conidia by macrophage.
Prevention of Hospital-Acquired Infections.

Abstract Background: Hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) are a persistent concern and include surgical site infections, intravascular line-associated infections, pneumonia, catheter-associated urinary tract infections, and C. difficile infection. Method: Review of the pertinent English-language literature. Results: Hospital-acquired infections result in significant increases in morbidity, mortality rates, and cost and are a focus of efforts at reduction. Conclusion: I discuss efforts specific to each of the most common infections and a philosophical approach to prevention that strives to achieve zero potentially preventable hospital-acquired infections.
Polymer-coated composite anodes for efficient and stable capacitive deionization

Abstract In the contemporary literature, diminished salt removal in a CDI device is primarily due to carbon oxidation at the anode in aqueous solutions. Therefore, an anion exchange polymer is used to prepare a composite carbon as a CDI anode. Results from repetitive CDI testing shows that more efficient and consistent long-term salt removal is achieved when a flow-through CDI stack is configured with composite anodes compared to polymer-free anodes. Analysis of the effluent pH and steady-state current indicates that this performance improvement may be due to the minimization of parasitic reactions by shielding of the carbon electrodes with the selective polymer layer coated at the anode.
Might the Tidal Wave Recede? Considering the Future of Student Growth Measures in Teacher Accountability

The authors present a series of frames that may mediate the original theory of action underpinning the use of student growth measures (SGMs) in educator evaluation, including technical challenges, practitioner perspectives and responses, ethical principles, legal considerations, policy contexts, and pragmatic issues. The authors also consider various future possibilities for the use of SGMs and contemplate whether the tidal wave of SGMs in educator evaluations is set to recede.
Are Ukraine’s reforms breaking its state capture? An agenda for genuine change

AbstractUkraine is one of a handful of post-communist countries that has a lower Gross Domestic Product today than in 1990, according to the World Bank. The problem is that it has seen too little reform. The country has experienced three serious periods of reform, but none has been as important as the reforms of 2015. The big question is whether Ukraine has finally broken out of persistent state capture. This paper by long-lasting Ukraine-watcher Anders Aslund suggests that Ukraine has carried out greater economic reforms than ever before with the unification of energy prices, large budget cuts, floating exchange rates, halved payroll tax, and a major bank purge. Yet, the question remains whether Ukraine has really broken out of state capture and whether it will be able to turn to a steady course of high economic growth of 5–7% a year.
Precision Cleaning in a Production Environment with High-Pressure Water

The increasing contamination control requirements for disk drives, and the prevailing mandate to climinate chlorinated solvents in cleaning applications have allowed high-pressure water spray to emerge as an effective and environmentally sound method for cleaning. Certain substrates, such as machined metals and alloys, can be cleaned using high-pressure water to state-of-the-art cleanliness levels. Following developmental investigations in the laboratory, two cleaners utilizing high-pressure (up to 3000 psig), high-flow (up to 50 gpm) water have been procured for use at suppliers of critical disk-drive components. Acceptance-runoff, certification, and production-run cleanliness data pertaining two the two high-pressure cleaners are presented here in terms of liquid-born particle counts on contaminants extracted from substrates ultrasonically, or by means of a low-pressure water spray. Results indicate that residual particulate contamination levels on high-pressure sprayed parts may be lower by more than t...
On the connectivity of $k$-distance graphs

For any $k \in \mathbb{N}$, the $k-$distance graph $D^{k}G$ has the same vertex set of $G$, and two vertices of $D^{k}G$ are adjacent if they are exactly distance $k$ apart in the original graph $G$. In this paper, we consider the connectivity of $D^{k}G$ and state the conditions for graph $G$ and integer $k$ such that the graph $D^{k}G$ is connected.
Trajectories of Change in Body Weight During Inpatient Treatment for Anorexia Nervosa.

BACKGROUND: Identifying distinct trajectories of change in body weight during inpatient treatment for anorexia nervosa (AN) may provide knowledge about the process of weight restoration and may hel...
Isolation Precautions for Visitors to Healthcare Settings

Visitors may be involved in infection transmission within healthcare settings; however, there is currently limited published data on this subject. This chapter describes situations in which visitor-associated infection transmission occurred and highlights the potential role of visitors in the transmission of pathogenic organisms that can lead to outbreaks in healthcare settings. Infection prevention measures, including isolation precautions and visitor restriction, may be utilized and potentially adapted in order to protect patients and their visitors as well as healthcare personnel. The practical and ethical challenges regarding the use of isolation precautions among visitors to healthcare facilities are discussed.
Isolation and identification of the pre-catalyst in iron-catalyzed direct arylation of pyrrole with phenylboronic acid

Abstract Herein we describe the synthesis, characterization, and role of three dichloric iron(III) complexes, [L1Fe(III)(Cl)2]ClO4 (L1Fe), [L2Fe(III)(Cl)2]ClO4 (L2Fe), and [L3Fe(III)(Cl)2]ClO4 (L3Fe) [L1 (Pyclen) = 1,4,7,10-tetra-aza-2,6-pyridinophane; L2 = 1,4,7,10-tetra-aza-2,6-pyridinophane-14-ol; L3 = 1,4,7,10-tetra-aza-2,6-pyridinophane-13-ol, in the coupling of pyrrole and phenylboronic acid to form 2-phenylpyrrole. The oxidation- and spin state of the iron complexes were characterized using X-ray crystallography, UV–vis absorbance spectroscopy, electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and mass spectrometry. Electrochemistry results rank ligand L1–L3 as moderate tetra-azamacrocycle donors to iron between cyclen and Me2EBC-12. Characterization of the iron(III) complexes and subsequent catalytic testing indicates that the complexes enter the C–C coupling catalytic cycle in the high-spin iron(III) oxidation state. Furthermore, the results indicate that the iron(III) complexes are essential for catalytic and regioselective production of the 2-phenylpyrrole product.
Changes in Lipid Metabolism under Stress

“Stress” can be broadly defined as strain or alarm that a person may experience. There are many conditions and agents which are capable of initiating “stress”. Starvation, trauma, infection, shock, hemorrhage, disease, extreme changes of environmental temperature, anoxia, and certain drugs are all considered as stressors. Animals and human beings respond to stress with certain metabolic changes. The extent of these changes depends on the severity and time of exposure to stress. This review concerns only the effects of starvation, infection and trauma on changes in lipid metabolism. I shall emphasize Trauma in this presentation which is divided into 4 parts: 1. What are the changes in lipid metabolism? 2. What are the possible mechanisms of these changes ? 3. Are these changes physiological or pathological? 4. Should attempts be made to modify these changes and to reduce fatty acid mobilization ?
Pattern-Avoidance in Binary Fillings of Grid Shapes (short version)

A $\textit{grid shape}$ is a set of boxes chosen from a square grid; any Young diagram is an example. This paper considers a notion of pattern-avoidance for $0-1$ fillings of grid shapes, which generalizes permutation pattern-avoidance. A filling avoids some patterns if none of its sub-shapes equal any of the patterns. We focus on patterns that are $\textit{pairs}$ of $2 \times 2$ fillings. For some shapes, fillings that avoid specific $2 \times 2$ pairs are in bijection with totally nonnegative Grassmann cells, or with acyclic orientations of bipartite graphs. We prove a number of results analogous to Wilf-equivalence for these objects ―- that is, we show that for certain classes of shapes, some pattern-avoiding fillings are equinumerous with others.
The cGMP-Gated Channels of Rod and Cone Photoreceptors

Light generates a hyperpolarizing response in retinal photoreceptors by stopping a steady inward current (the dark current) that is present at their outer segments in darkness.(1–3) The mechanism underlying this phototransduction process has been a subject of intense interest and controversy for many years, and is only now becoming fairly clear. The present picture for rods(4–6) is that upon absorbing a photon a visual pigment molecule isomerizes and catalytically activates a GTP-binding protein (also called G-protein) that is bound peripherally to disk membranes within the outer segment. The activated G-protein in turn stimulates a phosphodiesterase that hydrolyzes cGMP, a cyclic nucleotide known to be present at a high concentration in the outer segment. In darkness, this high cGMP level maintains a plasma membrane cationic conductance (the light-regulated conductance) in the open state, thus sustaining the dark current. In the light, the fall in the cGMP level leads to the closure of this conductance, and therefore the cessation of the dark current. This picture for phototransduction in rods now seems to apply to cones as well,(7) despite their different surface membrane geometries.
The Challenges of Infusing Entrepreneurship within Non-Business Disciplines and Measuring Outcomes

Entrepreneurship Education has seen rapid growth in the 21 st century. As an academic discipline, entrepreneurship has spread its wings, escaped busi- ness schools and nested within non-business disciplines in academia. The focus of this Entrepreneurship Research Journal Special Issue, "Cross Campus Entrepreneurship Education" is to trace the development of this occurrence. In this overarching article describing the special issue, we briefly introduce some of the early stimulants of entrepreneurship education. This includes providing histor- ical perspectives on how entrepreneurship became a global phenomenon. The rapid growth is continuing as entrepreneurship education becomes infused in disciplines such as arts, sciences, engineering, humanities, technology and social sciences. We examine how entrepreneurship curricula and campus ecosystems for entrepreneurship education have evolved. We draw from articles selected for this special issue of Entrepreneurship Research Journal to consider why and how this phenomenon is happening. This includes identifying both facilitators and obsta- cles associated with the proliferation of entrepreneurship education. Cross Campus Entrepreneurship Education prototypes utilized by The Coleman Foundation Faculty Fellows Program, The Kern Engineering Entrepreneurship Network and The Kauffman Campus Initiative are explained. The Fellows Program is presented as a potential testing ground for establishing norms for infusing entrepreneurship across non-business disciplines and assessing effectiveness of such initiatives. The authors of the articles published in this special issue demonstrate that approaches to educating students in multiple majors with entrepreneurship concepts have been themselves entrepreneurial. Universities with cross-campus programs have been creative, innovative and even disruptive. We give particular attention to challenges associated with assessing the effectiveness of the initiatives. It is evident that effective outcomes assessment will be critical in the future to ensure that campus-wide educational efforts do not become diluted and dysfunctional. There are numerous difficulties associated with such assessments, not the least of which may be the time lag that can be expected between instruction and fruition. Nevertheless, experiments in assessments that are already underway are explained. Multiple stakeholders, including government and academic institutions
Effects of Nantucket pine tip moth insecticide spray schedules on loblolly pine seedlings.

Frequent and prolonged insecticide ripp1icutiorz.c. to corztrol the Nantucket pine tip rnotlz, Rhyacionia frustrana (Comstock) (Lepi&ptera:Tortric.idrie) (NPTM), altho~lgh effective, may be imlwactical and uneconorrzica1,for commercial timber production. TinzccJ insecticide sprays ofpennethrin (Polmce 3.2@ EC) were applied to 011 possible combinations c!f'.spmy scl~edulesfir three anrlual NPTM generations during tlze first, second, and first and second years ,following stand establi.shnzent. An optimal insecticide spray .schedule that minimized the rzurnber of costly irzsecticide app1icatiorz.s rind maximized volurne index in lohlolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) was determined by applying a single spray chiring the first genereition (flthefir.st ancl second yemrsfi)llowing planting. This sclzedule eliminates four sprays over a 2 yr period when compared to standard insecticide clpplication schedu1e.s crnd has importrrnt irnplications toward establishing em integrated pest management program for this conzmorz regerzemtion pest. South. J. Appl. For. 24(2): 106-1 11.
Epidemiology of Upper Extremity Soccer Injuries Among High School- and College-Aged Players in the United States: An Analysis of the 1999-2016 NEISS Database.

Background:Although lower extremity injuries are more common than upper extremity injuries in high school– and college-aged soccer players, upper extremity injuries may be equally severe. The epide...
The spatial distribution of brain metastasis.

e14000Background: The spatial distribution of brain metastasis has historically been assumed to be uniform; however, emerging evidence suggests that certain tumor characteristics may be associated ...
Mild Cognitive Impairment that Does Not Progress to Dementia: A Population-Based Study.

Background/Objective In population studies, most individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) do not progress to dementia in the near term, but rather remain stable MCI or revert to normal cognition. Here, we characterized MCI subgroups with different outcomes over 5 years. Setting/Participants A population‐based cohort (N=1603). Measurements Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR); self‐reported medical conditions, subjective cognitive concerns, self‐rated health, depressive symptoms, blood pressure, medications, blood pressure, APOE genotype, cognitive domain composite scores. Design We compared 3 MCI subgroups who progressed to dementia (n=86), stabilized at MCI (n=384), or reverted to normal (n=252), to those who remained consistently normal (n=881), defining MCI as CDR = 0.5 and dementia as CDR≥1. Using multinomial logistic regression models adjusted for demographics, we examined the associations of each group with selected baseline characteristics. Results With the normal group for reference, worse subjective cognitive concerns, functional impairments, self‐rated health, and depressive symptoms were associated with being in any MCI group. Taking more prescription medications was associated with being in the stable MCI and reverter groups; diabetes and low diastolic blood pressure were associated with stable MCI. The APOE4 genotype was associated with stable and progressive MCI; stroke was associated with progressive MCI. All MCI subgroups were likely to have lower mean composite scores in all cognitive domains and more operationally defined impairments in attention, language, and executive function; reverters were more likely to lack memory and visuospatial impairments. Conclusions MCI subgroups with different 5‐year outcomes had some distinct characteristics suggesting different underlying causes. The progressors, unlike the reverters, had a profile broadly typical of Alzheimer's disease; the stable MCIs had other, including vascular, morbidity. These data shed light on the heterogeneity of MCI in the population. J Am Geriatr Soc 67:232–238, 2019.
A description of nesting behaviors, including factors impacting nest site selection, in black-and-white ruffed lemurs (Varecia variegata)

Nest site selection is at once fundamental to reproduction and a poorly understood component of many organisms' reproductive investment. This study investigates the nesting behaviors of black-and-white ruffed lemurs, Varecia variegata, a litter-bearing primate from the southeastern rainforests of Madagascar. Using a combination of behavioral, geospatial, and demographic data, I test the hypotheses that environmental and social cues influence nest site selection and that these decisions ultimately impact maternal reproductive success. Gestating females built multiple large nests throughout their territories. Of these, females used only a fraction of the originally constructed nests, as well as several parking locations as infants aged. Nest construction was best predicted by environmental cues, including the size of the nesting tree and density of feeding trees within a 75 m radius of the nest, whereas nest use depended largely on the size and average distance to feeding trees within that same area. Microhabitat characteristics were unrelated to whether females built or used nests. Although unrelated to nest site selection, social cues, specifically the average distance to conspecifics' nest and park sites, were related to maternal reproductive success; mothers whose litters were parked in closer proximity to others' nests experienced higher infant survival than those whose nests were more isolated. This is likely because nesting proximity facilitated communal creche use by neighboring females. Together, these results suggest a complex pattern of nesting behaviors that involves females strategically building nests in areas with high potential resource abundance, using nests in areas according to their realized productivity, and communally rearing infants within a network of nests distributed throughout the larger communal territory.
Method to track and measure loss of inner retinal neurons in the living human eye

The ganglion cell (GC) is the primary cell type damaged by diseases of the optic nerve such as glaucoma. Assessment of individual glaucoma risk is limited by our inability to accurately measure GC degeneration and loss. Recently, adaptive optics optical coherence tomography (AO-OCT) has enabled visualization and quantification of individual GC layer (GCL) somas in normal, healthy subjects. Quantifying GC loss in glaucoma, however, requires longitudinal assessment of these cells, which is confounded by normal age-related loss of these same cells. The ability to distinguish between these two causes of cell death is therefore paramount for early detection of glaucoma. In this study, we assess the ability of our AO-OCT method to track individual GCL somas over a period of one year and of our post processing methods to reliably measure soma loss rates. In four normal subjects with no history of ocular disease, we measured a soma loss rate of 0.15±0.04 %/yr (average±SD). As expected, this rate is more consistent with loss due to normal aging (~0.5%/yr) than to glaucomatous progression (~4.6%/yr). Aside from these rare isolated losses, the GCL soma mosaic was highly stable over the one year interval examined. Our measurements of peak GCL soma density did not differ significantly from histology reported in the literature.
Antiplatelet Drugs in the Management of Coronary Artery Disease

Abstract Platelet adhesion, activation and aggregation play a pivotal role in the cascade of events leading to arterial thrombosis making antiplatelet therapy essential for the treatment of patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) manifestations. Dual antiplatelet therapy with aspirin and a P2Y12 receptor inhibitor has represented for decades the cornerstone of treatment in patients with acute coronary syndromes (irrespective of management) or stable CAD undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. However, advances in stent technology for the treatment of patients with CAD as well as developments in antithrombotic pharmacology have led to new insights in the management of these patients. A number of recently completed and ongoing trials have focused on minimizing the risk of bleeding complications while preserving efficacy with the use of antiplatelet agents. The present chapter focuses on the current guidelines as well as practical recommendations on antiplatelet treatment regimens for patients with CAD. In addition, emerging strategies that are the subject of ongoing investigations are also discussed.
The Eye as a Window to the World

Because of the central role that vision plays in our daily lives, we have developed an artistic and spiritual connection to our eyes. Such concepts as “eyes are the windows to the soul—English Proverb” or “Poets are damned… but see with the eyes of angels - Allen Ginsberg.” Deeply emotional attachments are linked through the world by the eyes that allow us to experience life visually. One can stare deeply into the eyes of a loved one. We can flirt with our eyes or we can emote an everlasting kinship when good friends say goodbye. People’s intentions can be “told” with their eyes whether intention is disapproval by throwing shade or empathetic connection by a soulful stare. Between these two extremes, we find that we can smile with our eyes and give approving looks, or with an intense glare, we can flash red hot anger. These are just a few examples that demonstrate the importance that we attach to vision in our daily lives. It is not a stretch to conclude that vision is our primary sense and plays a predominant role in developing our umwelt.
Domestic and Cross-Border Business Alliances: Joint Ventures, Partnerships, Strategic Alliances, and Licensing

Abstract This chapter describes the various forms of cooperative domestic and international relationships common in business today, including joint ventures, partnerships, strategic alliances, equity partnerships, licensing agreements, and franchise alliances. The primary theme of this chapter is that well-constructed business alliances (both domestic and foreign) often represent viable alternatives to mergers and acquisitions, and they always should be considered one of the many options for achieving strategic business objectives. This chapter details the wide variety of motives for business alliances and the factors common to most successful alliances. Also addressed are the advantages and disadvantages of alternative legal structures, important deal structuring issues, the implications of the 2017 tax legislation, and empirical studies that purport to measure the contribution of business alliances to creating shareholder wealth.
Design of High Gain Single Layer Reflectarray Antenna using Ring and Double Square Elements

A center feed reflectarray antenna is presented in this paper. Reflectarray antenna surface consists of the single layer unit cells. Each unit cell has a circular ring and a double square. Dimensions of the unit cells are selected such that a progressive phase shift is achieved at each unit cell. The Proposed reflectarray antenna has a gain of 30.86 dBi at 18 GHz. The designed antenna shows good performance in terms of gain and phase range. This makes our antenna design simple, cost-effective and lightweight as compared to other single layer reflectarray antennas.
Partial Differentiation, with Special Reference to Thermodynamics

FROM time immemorial savants and scholars have taken liberties with well-known words and phrases and by ‘new definitions’ have imparted highly specialized meanings to familiar expressions. While in some cases such actions can be justified on the grounds of greater clarity of meaning and greater precision of definition, as a general practice the imparting of specialized meanings to well-known words and phrases tends to obscure any language, even the language of mathematics, particularly when the specialized meanings involve largely meaningless ‘new definitions’.
Nuevos registros de Selysiothemis nigra (Vander Linden, 1825) y Erythromma viridulum (Charpentier, 1840) de la isla de Cefalonia (Grecia) con una lista actualizada de la odonatofauna de la isla

Selysiothemis nigra (Vander Linden, 1825) and Erythromma viridulum (Charpentier, 1840) are recorded from the Greek island of Cephalonia for the first time, on the basis of photographic data. With the present note we also give an updated checklist of the odonatofauna for the island.