cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aid Quality and Donor Rankings

This paper offers new measures of aid quality covering 38 bilateral and multilateral donors, as well as new insights about the robustness and usefulness of such measures. The 2005 Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness and the follow-up 2008 Accra Agenda for Action have focused attention on common donor practices that reduce the development impact of aid. Using 18 underlying indicators that capture these practices -- derived from the OECD-DAC's Survey for Monitoring the Paris Declaration, the new AidData database, and the DAC aid tables -- the authors construct an overall aid quality index and four coherently defined sub-indexes on aid selectivity, alignment, harmonization, and specialization. Compared with earlier indicators used in donor rankings, this indicator set is more comprehensive and representative of the range of donor practices addressed in the Paris Declaration, improving the validity, reliability, and robustness of rankings. One of the innovations is to increase the validity of the aid quality indicators by adjusting for recipient characteristics, donor aid volumes, and other factors. Despite these improvements in data and methodology, the authors caution against overinterpretation on overall indexes such as these. Alternative plausible assumptions regarding weights or the inclusion of additional indicators can still produce marked shifts in the ranking of some donors, so that small differences in overall rankings are not meaningful. Moreover, because the performance of some donors varies considerably across the four sub-indexes, these sub-indexes may be more useful than the overall index in identifying donors relative strengths and weaknesses.
A versatile and efficient synthesis of bithiophene-based dicarboxaldehydes from a common synthon.

Bithiophene dicarboxaldehydes are promising electron-rich building blocks for the development of arylene vinylene-based organic semiconductors, but their use has been limited due to their synthetic inaccessibility. To facilitate the facile synthesis of these compounds we have prepared a novel functional bithiophene, namely 2,2′-(3,3′-dibromo-[2,2′-bithiophene]-5,5′-diyl)bis(5,5-dimethyl-1,3-dioxane) in two high yielding steps from 3,3′,5,5′-tetrabromo-2,2′-bithiophene. This synthon is readily transformed into variety of bithiophene-based dicarboxaldehydes, also in high yields. The use of these functional molecules in the synthesis of arylene vinylene-linked donor–acceptor copolymers is demonstrated by the synthesis of two copolymers with electron deficient benzobisazoles.
Chicken Soup for the Out-of-Step Scholar's Soul†

This paper argues that the long-standing predominance of a particular approach to science neither makes it uniquely scientific nor superior to rival approaches. To do so it examines the dominant scientific explanation of the 17th and early 18th centuries: the mechanical philosophy. The mechanical philosophy episode demonstrates the fragility of even the most entrenched scientific wisdoms and provides encouragement for out-of-step scholars everywhere.
A Bayesian approach toward active learning for collaborative filtering

Collaborative filtering is a useful technique for exploiting the preference patterns of a group of users to predict the utility of items for the active user. In general, the performance of collaborative filtering depends on the number of rated examples given by the active user. The more the number of rated examples given by the active user, the more accurate the predicted ratings will be. Active learning provides an effective way to acquire the most informative rated examples from active users. Previous work on active learning for collaborative filtering only considers the expected loss function based on the estimated model, which can be misleading when the estimated model is inaccurate. This paper takes one step further by taking into account of the posterior distribution of the estimated model, which results in more robust active learning algorithm. Empirical studies with datasets of movie ratings show that when the number of ratings from the active user is restricted to be small, active learning methods only based on the estimated model don't perform well while the active learning method using the model distribution achieves substantially better performance.
Practical Cryptographic Civil GPS Signal Authentication

A practical technique is proposed to authenticate civil GPS signals. The technique combines cryptographic authentication of the GPS navigation message with signal timing authentication based on statistical hypothesis tests to secure civil GPS receivers against spoofing attacks. The notion of GNSS signal authentication is defined in probabilistic terms. Candidate GPS signal authentication schemes are evaluated in terms of effectiveness and practicality leading to a proposal for incorporating digital signatures into the extensible GPS civil navigation (CNAV) message. The proposal is sufficiently detailed to facilitate near-term implementation of security-hardened civil GPS. Copyright © 2012 Institute of Navigation.
Inner shell definition and absolute hydration free energy of K+(aq) on the basis of quasi-chemical theory and ab initio molecular dynamics

The K+(aq) ion is an integral component of many cellular processes, amongst which the most important, perhaps, is its role in transmitting electrical impulses along the nerve. Understanding its hydration structure and thermodynamics is crucial in dissecting its role in such processes. Here we address these questions using both the statistical mechanical quasi-chemical theory of solutions and ab initio molecular dynamics simulations. Simulations predict an interesting hydration structure for K+(aq): the population of about six (6) water molecules within the initial minimum of the observed gKO(r) at infinite dilution involves four (4) innermost molecules that the quasi-chemical theory suggests should be taken as the theoretical inner shell. The contribution of the fifth and sixth closest water molecules is observable as a distinct shoulder on the principal maximum of the gKO(r). The quasi-chemical estimate of solvation free energy for the neutral pair KOH is also in good agreement with experiments.
Bragg resonance of waves in a two-layer fluid propagating over bottom ripples. Part II. Numerical simulation

We develop a direct numerical method to study the general problem of nonlinear interactions of surface/interfacial waves with variable bottom topography in a two-layer density stratified fluid. We extend a powerful high-order spectral (HOS) method for nonlinear gravity wave dynamics in a homogeneous fluid to the case of a two-layer fluid over non-uniform bottom. The method is capable of capturing the nonlinear interactions among large number of surface/interfacial wave mode and bottom ripple components up to an arbitrary high order. The method preserves exponential convergence with respect to the number of modes of the original HOS and the (approximately) linear effort with respect to mode number and interaction order. The method is validated through systematic convergence tests and comparison to a semi-analytic solution we obtain for an exact nonlinear Stokes waves on a two-layer fluid (in uniform depth). We apply the numerical method to the three classes of generalized Bragg resonances studied in Alam, Liu & Yue (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 624, 2009, p. 225), and compare the perturbation predictions obtained there with the direct simulation results. An important finding is possibly the important effect of even higher-order nonlinear interactions not accounted for in the leading-order perturbation analyses. To illustrate the efficacy of the numerical method to the general problem, we consider a somewhat more complicated case involving two incident waves and three bottom ripple components with wavenumbers that lead to the possibility of multiple Bragg resonances. It is shown that the ensuing multiple (near) resonant interactions result in the generation of multiple new transmitted/reflected waves that fill a broad wavenumber band eventually leading to the loss of order and chaotic motion.
Chiral determinant as an overlap of two vacua

Abstract The effective action induced by chiral fermions can be written, formally, as an overlap of two states. These states are the Fock ground states of hamiltonians for fermions in even dimensional space with opposite sign mass terms coupled to identical static vector potentials. A perturbative analysis of the overlap in the continuum framework produces the correct anomaly for abelian gauge fields in two dimensions. When a lattice transfer matrix formalism is applied in the direction perpendicular to a domain wall on which chiral fermions live a lattice version of the overlap is obtained. The real part of the overlap is nonperturbatively defined and previous work indicates that the real part of the vacuum polarization tensor in four dimensions has the correct continuum limit for a chiral theory. The phase of the overlap represents the imaginary part of the chiral action and suffers from ambiguities.
Effective non-vanishing of asymptotic adjoint syzygies

The purpose of this paper is to establish an effective non-vanishing theorem for the syzygies of an adjoint-type line bundle on a smooth variety, as the positivity of the embedding increases. Our purpose here is to show that for an adjoint type divisor $B = K_X+ bA$ with $b \geq n+1$, one can obtain an effective statement for arbitrary $X$ which specializes to the statement for Veronese syzygies in the paper "Asymptotic Syzygies of Algebraic Varieties" by Ein and Lazarsfeld. We also give an answer to Problem 7.9 in that paper in this setting.
Stereoselective bis-functionalizations of arene chromium tricarbonyl complexes via brook rearrangements

An efficient method has been developed for the stereoselective bis-functionalization of arene chromium tricarbonyl complexes. Initial nucleophilic addition of organolithium reagents to a carbonyl moiety is followed by a 1,4-carbon to oxygen silyl migration (Brook rearrangement) and alkylation of the resultant aryl anion.
hGRDDL: Bridging microformats and RDFa

We propose hGRDDL (pronounced ''h-griddle''), a simple mechanism for transforming ad hoc HTML-embedded structured data, such as microformats, into RDFa. This technique preserves the advantages of the original syntax, notably the correspondence between the rendered HTML and the related structured data, and requires little change on the publisher end. RDFa tool developers can leverage the existing deployments of microformats, while focusing new deployments on RDFa for greater extensibility and consistency, all using the same client-side toolset. We provide a prototype implementation of the hGRDDL processor and of transformations for hCard and hCal, two popular microformats.
Some relationships between dualities in string theory

Some relationships between string theories and eleven-dimensional supergravity are discussed and reviewed. We see how some relationships can be derived from others. The cases of N = 2 supersymmetry in nine dimensions and N = 4 supersymmetry in four dimensions are discussed in some detail. The latter case leads to consideration of quotients of a K3 surface times a torus and to a possible peculiar relationship between eleven-dimensional supergravity and the heterotic strings in ten dimensions.
Optimal Discrete-Time Delta Modulation System

Delta modulation communication systems are a popular and effective approach for transmitting analog signals over a binary channel. The performance of a discrete-time linear and leaky delta modulator is compared to the performance of the optimal delta modulator for a firstorder Gauss-Markov source.
Treatment of primary central nervous system lymphoma.

Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is a rare form of extranodal non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma that is typically confined to brain, eyes, and cerebrospinal fluid without evidence of systemic spread. The prognosis of patients with PCNSL has improved during the past decade with the introduction of high-dose methotrexate with or without whole brain radiotherapy. However, despite recent progress, results following treatment are durable in few patients, and therapy can be associated with late neurotoxicity. PCNSL is an uncommon tumor, and no phase III trial has been completed so far, leaving many questions about its optimum first-line and salvage treatments unanswered. This review summarizes the literature regarding the treatment of PCNSL in immunocompetent patients.
Langevin Evolution of Disoriented Chiral Condensate

Abstract As the matter produced in a relativistic heavy ion collision cools through the QCD phase transition, the dynamical evolution of the chiral condensate will be driven out of thermal equilibrium. As a prelude to analyzing this evolution, and in particular as a prelude to learning how rapid the cooling must be in order for significant deviations from equilibrium to develop, we present a detailed analysis of the time-evolution of an idealized region of disoriented chiral condensate. We set up a Langevin field equation which can describe the evolution of these (or more realistic) linear sigma model configurations in contact with a heat bath representing the presence of other shorter wavelength degrees of freedom. We first analyze the model in equilibrium, paying particular attention to subtracting ultraviolet divergent classical terms and replacing them by their finite quantum counterparts. We use known results from lattice gauge theory and chiral perturbation theory to fix nonuniversal constants. The result is a theory which is ultraviolet cutoff independent and that reproduces quantitatively the expected equilibrium behavior of the quantum field theory of pions and σ fields over a wide range of temperatures. Finally, we estimate the viscosity η(T) , which controls the dynamical timescale in the Langevin equation, by requiring that the timescale for DCC decay agrees with previous calculations. The resulting η(T) is larger than that found perturbatively. We also determine the temperature below which the classical field Langevin equation ceases to be a good model for the quantum field dynamics.
MR Imaging of the Knee: Incidental Osseous Lesions

The knee joint remains the articulation most frequently assessed by MR imaging, and osseous tumor and tumor-like lesions are not uncommon incidental imaging findings. This article reviews the most commonly encountered incidental lesions, emphasizing the characteristic MR imaging features. It is intended not as a complete review of the imaging findings associated with these lesions but as a summary, highlighting the MR imaging features that are most useful in suggesting a specific diagnosis. The authors organize incidental lesions into the following broad categories: cartilaginous, fibro-osseous, and degenerative. They do not address those lesions that are typically symptomatic and, as a result, likely to be directly related to the patients' clinical presentation and subsequent imaging.
Simulations of Porcine Eye Exposure to Primary Blast Insult.

PURPOSE A computational model of the porcine eye was developed to simulate primary blast exposure. This model facilitates understanding of blast-induced injury mechanisms. METHODS A computational model of the porcine eye was used to simulate the effects of primary blast loading for comparison with experimental findings from shock tube experiments. The eye model was exposed to overpressure-time histories measured during physical experiments. Deformations and mechanical stresses within various ocular tissues were then examined for correlation with pathological findings in the experiments. RESULTS Stresses and strains experienced in the eye during a primary blast event increase as the severity of the blast exposure increases. Peak stresses in the model occurred in locations in which damage was most often observed in the physical experiments. CONCLUSIONS Blast injuries to the anterior chamber may be due to inertial displacement of the lens and ciliary body while posterior damage may arise due to contrecoup interactions of the vitreous and retina. Correlation of modeling predictions with physical experiments lends confidence that the model accurately represents the conditions found in the physical experiments. TRANSLATIONAL RELEVANCE This computational model offers insights into the mechanisms of ocular injuries arising due to primary blast and may be used to simulate the effects of new protective eyewear designs.
Supercoil-dependent features of DNA structure at Drosophila locus 67B1.

Abstract We have analyzed the pattern of supercoil-dependent, single strand-specific nuclease cleavage sites across 11.6 kb (11.6 × 103 base-pairs) of cloned Drosophila melanogaster DNA from locus 67B1. This region contains coding sequences for the heat shock proteins hsp23, hsp26 and hsp28 as well as for a 1.6 kb developmentally regulated transcript (R). Two major sites are detected on digestion with S1 nuclease or mung bean nuclease. The most prominent site maps 100 base-pairs upstream of hsp26 in a very pyrimidine-rich region adjacent to a known region of chromatin DNAase I hypersensitivity. The other site is located approximately 800 base-pairs upstream of hsp28 in an area devoid of such chromatin-specific features. BAL31 nuclease produces a different array, with three to six strong cleavages located in the spacer DNA approx. 0.1 to 1.0 kb upstream of the DNAase I hypersensitive sites of hsp28, hsp23 and R. Thus, for each gene in the cluster a localized sequence sensitive to the winding state of the DNA is observed 5′ to the gene. However, there is no precise coincidence of any of the major sites sensitive to BAL31 nuclease in the supercoiled plasmid with the sequences sensitive to DNAase I in chromatin. While all of the enzymes utilized in this study have prominent single strand-specific endonucleolytic activity, it is clear that they recognize different variants in the DNA structure induced by supercoiling. At least two classes of DNA perturbation have been detected.
Heterocumulenes as 2π partners in metal-promoted [6π+2π] cycloaddition reactions

Abstract Alkyl and aryl substituted isocyanates and ketenes have been shown to be useful 2π partners in photoinitiated chromium(O)-promoted [6π+2π] cycloaddition reactions.
TUNABLE LASERS AT 1080 nm FOR HELIUM OPTICAL PUMPING : NEW USES FOR AN OLD TECHNIQUE

A number of tunable, IR lasers have been developed recently which can be used to optically pump the metastable atoms of helium. This laser optical pumping, producing spin-polarized helium atoms, has led to an extraordinary number of important applications including magnetometry, nuclear targets, and polarized electron beams. We describe the current status of these lasers and some of the applications.
Long range physics in a hot non-Abelian plasma

Abstract We derive a set of equations describing the real time dynamics of modes with spatial momentum of order g2T in a high temperature gauge theory, where g is the coupling constant and T is the temperature. This dynamics is stochastic in nature. Important implications for baryon number violation at high temperature and for the physics at the electroweak phase transition, are discussed.
MEDICAL ONCOLOGY IN THE MANAGEMENT OF HEAD AND NECK CANCERS

Anatomic location, the proximity of vital structures, and the variety of tissues are significant factors in the types of head and neck cancers and their therapeutic management. Although there is a diverse group of head and neck cancers, such as adenocarcinomas and sarcomas of soft tissues and bone, nearly 95% of malignant neoplasms in this region are squamous cell carcinomas; these are the focus of head and neck oncology. Despite improvements in oncologic therapy in the United States, survival rates for head and neck cancers have improved by less than 10% in the past 30 years. 97
Using Aeroelastic Modes for Nonlinear Panel Flutter at Arbitrary Supersonic Yawed Angle

It is commonly accepted that six in vacuo natural modes are needed for converged, limit-cycle oscillations of isotropic rectangular plates exposed to supersonic flow at zero yaw angle to the principle panel length. For isotropic or orthotropic rectangular plates under an arbitrary nonzero yawed supersonic flow, then 36 or 6 x 6 natural modes are needed; for laminated anisotropic rectangular plates even at zero yaw angle, 36 or fewer natural modes are needed. To deal with such a large number of modes is computationally costly for flutter analysis, causing complexity and difficulty in designing controllers for flutter suppression. A thorough examination and understanding of the panel limit-cycle behavior leads to the use of aeroelastic modes for supersonic nonlinear panel flutter analysis. The system equations of motion are formulated first in structural node degrees of freedom. Aeroelastic modes are selected and determined, and the system equations is expressed in the aeroelastic modal coordinates. Limit-cycle amplitudes are then determined using numerical integration. Examples show that the number of modes could be greatly reduced by using aeroelastic modes. For determining limit-cycle oscillations of isotropic or anisotropic composite rectangular plates at zero or an arbitrary yawed flow angle, only two aeroelastic modes are needed; but six to seven aeroelastic modes are needed for designing controllers for flutter suppression.
Theoretical radiative transport results for a free-burning arc using a line-by-line technique

Many thermal radiation results for a two-dimensional, axisymmetric, atmospheric, free-burning arc for several different wavelength intervals, as well as the entire thermal spectrum, are presented. Quantities such as the emission, average intensity, radiative source term and radial flux are calculated from a theoretically rigorous technique for handling radiative transport in a medium such as a plasma in which the absorption coefficient is a strong function of the wavelength. An S-N discrete ordinates method is used on a line-by-line basis to perform this task. Most of the results presented are for a pure-argon arc; however, results indicating the effect of copper contamination on the radiative quantities are also given. Comparisons between the pure-argon and copper-contaminated arcs show that a small amount of copper greatly affects the radiative characteristics of the plasma.
Stability of the Magnetomechanical Problem in Magnetic Shape Memory Alloys

In this work we study the unstable phenomena that occur on Magnetic Shape Memory Alloys (MSMAs) during compression tests. Solving the coupled magnetomechanical problem we observe that during the reorientation process the material presents strong non-uniformity, in the form of localized zones, in the distribution of the magnetic, the stress and the strain field. This non-uniformity is due to loss of ellipticity of the coupled problem during the martensitic reorientation and affects significantly the reorientation process. The identification of the stability conditions of the magnetomechanical problem is achieved by performing stability analysis.
Estimation of Payload Loads Using Rigid-Body Interface Accelerations

In the design/analysis process of a payload structural system, the accelerations at the payload/launch vehicle interface obtained from a system analysis using a rigid payload are often used as the input forcing function to the elastic payload to obtain structural design loads. Such an analysis is at best an approximation since the elastic coupling effects are neglected. This paper develops a method wherein the launch vehicle/rigid payload interface accelerations are modified to account for the payload elasticity. The advantage of the proposed method, which is exact to the extent that the physical system can be described by a truncated set of generalized coordinates, is that the complete design/analysis process can be performed within the organization responsible for the payload design. The method requires the updating of the system normal modes to account for payload changes, but does not require a complete transient solution using the composite system model. An application to a real complex structure, the Viking Spacecraft System, is given.
Computing maximum non-crossing matching in convex bipartite graphs

We consider computing a maximum non-crossing matching in convex bipartite graphs. For a convex bipartite graph of n vertices and m edges, we present an O ( n log n ) time algorithm for finding a maximum non-crossing matching in the graph. The previous best algorithm takes O ( m + n log n ) time (Malucelli et?al., 1993). Since m = ? ( n 2 ) in the worst case, our result improves the previous work.
More flavor SU(3) tests for new physics in CP violating B decays

The recent LHCb measurements of the B s → K − π + and B s → K + K − rates and CP asymmetries are in agreement with U-spin expectations from B d → K + π − and B d → π + π − results. We derive the complete set of isospin, U-spin, and SU(3) relations among the CP asymmetries in two-body charmless B → PP and B → PV decays, some of which are novel. To go beyond the unbroken SU(3) limit, we present relations which are properly defined and normalized to allow incorporation of SU(3) breaking in the simplest manner. We show that there are no CP relations beyond first order in SU(3) and isospin breaking. We also consider the corresponding relations for charm decays. Comparing parametrizations of the leading order sum rules with data can shed light on the applicability and limitations of both the flavor symmetry and factorization-based descriptions of SU(3) breaking. Two factorization relations can already be tested, and we show they agree with current data.
The Star Formation Laws of Eddington-limited Star-forming Disks

Two important avenues into understanding the formation and evolution of galaxies are the Kennicutt-Schmidt (K-S) and Elmegreen-Silk (E-S) laws. These relations connect the surface densities of gas and star formation (?gas and , respectively) in a galaxy. To elucidate the K-S and E-S laws for disks where ?gas 104 M ? pc?2, we compute 132 Eddington-limited star-forming disk models with radii spanning tens to hundreds of parsecs. The theoretically expected slopes (1 for the K-S law and 0.5 for the E-S relation) are relatively robust to spatial averaging over the disks. However, the star formation laws exhibit a strong dependence on opacity that separates the models by the dust-to-gas ratio that may lead to the appearance of a erroneously large slope. The total infrared luminosity (L TIR) and multiple carbon monoxide (CO) line intensities were computed for each model. While L TIR can yield an estimate of the average that is correct to within a factor of two, the velocity-integrated CO line intensity is a poor proxy for the average ?gas for these warm and dense disks, making the CO conversion factor (?CO) all but useless. Thus, observationally derived K-S and E-S laws at these values of ?gas that uses any transition of CO will provide a poor measurement of the underlying star formation relation. Studies of the star formation laws of Eddington-limited disks will require a high-J transition of a high density molecular tracer, as well as a sample of galaxies with known metallicity estimates.
On Diffusion of Ideas in the Academic World: The Case of Spatial Econometrics

Spatial econometrics is a fast-growing field in the series of quantitative disciplines, auxiliaries of economics and related social sciences. Space, friction, interdependence, spatio-temporal components, externalities and many other aspects interact and should be treated adequately in this field. The publication of the Paelinck and Klaassen book in the late 1970s generated virtually the field spatial econometrics. This article studies the diffusion of spatial econometrics, through experienced history on the one hand, on the other through bibliometric methods. Although this field was an “Invisible College” up to 2006 (absence of any organization in form of association, conference, journal, etc.), the databases depict a fast diffusion in the past and strong prospects for the future.
Network dispatcher: a connection router for scalable Internet services

Abstract Network Dispatcher (ND) is a TCP connection router that supports load sharing across several TCP servers. Prototypes of Network Dispatcher were used to support several large scale high-load Web sites. Network Dispatcher provides a fast IP packet-forwarding kernel-extension to the TCP IP stack. Load sharing is supported by a user-level manager process that monitors the load on the servers and controls the connection allocation algorithm in the kernel extension. This paper describes the design of Network Dispatcher, outlines Network Dispatcher's performance in the context of http traffic, and presents several of its features including high-availability, support for WANs, and client affinity.
Diastereoselective Synthesis of γ-Lactams by a One-Pot, Four-Component Reaction

A new one-pot, four-component reaction (4CR) between amines, maleic anhydrides, aldehydes, and thiols has been discovered to form tetra- and pentasubstituted γ-lactams with high diastereoselectivity. Each component is independently variable and employed in equivalent stoichiometry, producing only water as a byproduct.
Ionic Conductivity of Lithium Orthosilicate—Lithium Phosphate Solid Solutions

Lithium ion conductivity in solid solutions formed between and has been measured as a function of temperature and composition using a‐c techniques. Highest conductivities were found at 50 and 60 mole percent (m/o) phosphate. Empirical conductivity parameters are presented and qualitatively analyzed in terms of structural and compositional effects. Unit cell parameters have been determined across the entire range of solid solution by x‐ray powder diffraction.
Defending Truth: Legal and Psychological Aspects of Holocaust Denial

Today that form of historical revisionism popularly called “Holocaust denial” abounds worldwide in all its full foul flourish—disseminated not only on Arab streets but in American university newspapers, not only in books, articles, and speeches but in mosques and over the Internet. Can we reject spurious revisionism, or punish purposeful expressions of hatred, and still pay homage to the liberty of thought ennobled by the First Amendment? Are some conflicts between freedom of expression and civility as insoluble as they are inevitable? Can history ever be proven as Truth? This article attempts to answer those questions. Part I describes the background and nature of Holocaust denial, tracing the Nazis’ adoption of a plan for the “Final Solution of the Jewish Problem” through the post-War Nuremberg Trials to the present day. Part II examines the tension between free speech and historical revisionism, presenting various arguments in deference to principles of liberty and opposed to group defamation. Part III addresses the quest for truth in a free society, including psychological and geopolitical analyses of denial and anti-Semitism.
Synthesis of multifunctional hydroxyethyl tetrazoles

A series of di-, tri-, and tetra-tetrazoloalkanes were synthesized from the corresponding nitrile and sodium azide. These were alkylated to give hydroxy terminated chains for possible use as high energy oligomers.
Infinite electrical networks

The investigation of infinite electrical networks having no restrictions on their graphs other than countability and connectedness is a recent occurrence. The first rigorous analysis of locally finite purely resistive networks was published in 1971 by Flanders, and the subject has developed apace since then. This article summarizes the current status of the subject and points out some open questions and areas for future research. First of all, various approaches to infinite purely resistive networks are described. They use some ideas from algebntic topology and Hilbert-space theory. These methods no longer work when the network is allowed to have a variety of electrical parameters. Two approaches to the latter situation ate then presented. In one of these, the network is decomposed into an interconnection of a finite number of infinite subnetworks, each of which contains parameters of only one kind. If each subnetwork can be characterized as an operator on Hilbert's coordinate space l 2 , it is possible under certain circumstances to achieve a solution to the network by extending the customary analyses for finite scalar networks to finite operator networks. The second approach, which is inherently very general and is due to Dolezal, treats an incidence matrix a as an operator on a certain Hilbert space and characterizes the solution of the network by means of the null space of a and its orthogonal complement. All these approaches achieve a unique solution by imposing various conditions in addition to Kirchhoff's node and loop laws. The last part of the paper investigates the whole class of all possible solutions when only Kirchhoff's node and loop laws are imposed.
Analytic theory for the selection of Saffman-Taylor fingers in the presence of thin film effects

An analytic theory is presented for the width selection of Saffman-Taylor fingers in the presence of thin film effect. In the limit of small capillary number Ca and small gap to width ratio epsilon, such that epsilon much less than Ca much less than 1, it is found that fingers with relative width lambda less than 1/2 are possible such that lambda squared (1-lambda)/(1-2 lambda) = k epsilon/Ca(sup 3/2), where the positive constant k depends on the branch of solution and equals 2.776 for the first branch. A fully nonlinear analysis is necessary in this problem even to obtain the correct scaling law. It is also shown how in principle, the selection rule for arbitrary Ca can be obtained.
The role of magnetic fields in cluster cooling flows

We show that the magnetic field may become very important in the inner regions of cluster cooling flows. The magnetic pressure becomes comparable to the thermal pressure within a radius of typically 1 – 10 kpc. Within this region, reconnection of the magnetic field becomes efficient and magnetic energy is released at a rate of 1041 – 1043 erg s-1. Buoyancy is ineffective in transporting the magnetic field out of the cooling flow.
Pure numbers effects, market power, and tacit collusion in posted offer markets

Abstract This paper studies the effects of seller concentration and static market power on tacit collusion in extensively repeated laboratory posted-offer markets. Contrary to the implications of some earlier research, we find that tacit collusion does not become pervasive with extensive repetition. In a ‘strong no-power’ design persistently competitive outcomes are observed in markets with three or four sellers. Even duopolies are frequently competitive in this design. Unilateral market power raises prices, as predicted. However, static Nash predictions fail to organize outcomes across power treatments, because tacit collusion moves inversely with concentration. Excess capacity appears to explain observed tacit collusion levels.
InGaAs-GaAs quantum-well lasers with monolithically integrated intracavity electroabsorption modulators by selective-area MOCVD

The design and operation of strained-layer InGaAs-GaAs lasers with monolithically integrated intracavity electroabsorption modulators fabricated by selective-area epitaxy are presented. Devices with modulator lengths of 290, 620, and 1020 /spl mu/m have cw threshold currents of 9, 7.5, and 7.5 mA, respectively, at a modulator bias of 0 V. These devices also exhibit extinction ratios of 16.5, 19.5, and 20.5 dB, respectively, at a modulator bias of 2 V.
Preparation and reactions of the 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoropyridylcopper reagent

Abstract 4-Iodotetrafluoropyridine and 4-bromotetrafluoropyridine react readily with acid-washed cadmium or zinc powder in DMF at room temperature to give the 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-pyridylcadmium or 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoropyridylzinc reagent in quantitative yield. Metathesis of the cadmium or zinc reagent with CuBr at room temperature gives the stable 2,3,5,6- tetrafluoropyridylcopper reagent. The 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoropyridylcopper reagent couples with allylic halides, vinyl iodides, aryl iodides and acyl halides to give the corresponding adducts in high yield.
Preparation and reactivity of mixed benzylic 1,1-dimetalloalkanes

The carbometalation of (α-styryl)magnesium or -lithium organometallics with various allylic zinc bromides allows a general preparation of mixed benzylic 1,1-dimetalloalkanes in good to excellent yields. Their low reactivity can be increased by a transmetalation with copper cyanide leading to copper, zinc dimetallic reagents which are readily bis-allylated with allyl bromide or bis-stannylated with trimethyltin chloride. Transmetalation with 1 equiv of trimethyltin chloride in the absence of copper salts affords tin, zinc 1,1-dimetallo derivatives that can be cleanly oxidized by air to aromatic ketones under very mild conditions (−10 to 0 o C, 0.5-4 h)
Scalability of findability: Decentralized search and retrieval in large information networks.

Amid the rapid growth of information today is the increasing challenge for people to survive and navigate its magnitude. Dynamics and heterogeneity of large information spaces such as the Web challenge information retrieval in these environments. Collection of information in advance and centralization of IR operations are hardly possible because systems are dynamic and information is distributed.While monolithic search systems continue to struggle with scalability problems of today, the future of search likely requires a decentralized architecture where many information systems can participate. As individual systems interconnect to form a global structure, finding relevant information in distributed environments transforms into a problem concerning not only information retrieval but also complex networks. Understanding network connectivity will provide guidance on how decentralized search and retrieval methods can function in these information spaces.The dissertation studies one aspect of scalability challenges facing classic information retrieval models and presents a decentralized, organic view of information systems pertaining to search in large scale networks. It focuses on the impact of network structure on search performance and investigates a phenomenon we refer to as the Clustering Paradox, in which the topology of interconnected systems imposes a scalability limit. Experiments involving large scale benchmark collections provide evidence on the Clustering Paradox in the IR context. In an increasingly large, distributed environment, decentralized searches for relevant information can continue to function well only when systems interconnect in certain ways. Relying on partial indexes of distributed systems, some level of network clustering enables very efficient and effective discovery of relevant information in large scale networks. Increasing or reducing network clustering degrades search performances. Given this specific level of network clustering, search time is well explained by a poly-logarithmic relation to network size, indicating a high scalability potential for searching in a continuously growing information space.
Disagreement in parent and primary care provider reports of mental health counseling.

OBJECTIVES. The goals were to examine disagreement in primary care provider and parent reports of mental health counseling and to determine whether disagreement was associated with provider, parent, youth, and visit characteristics. METHODS. Directly after 749 visits to 54 pediatric primary care providers in 16 practices, the parents of youths 5 to 16 years of age and the providers independently reported whether mental health counseling was provided. The parent also reported child mental health symptoms, the reason for the visit, and his or her attitudes about receiving treatment for child mental health problems in primary care. The provider reported confidence in his or her mental health treatment skills, burden and beliefs associated with treating mental health problems, and the accessibility of mental health specialists. RESULTS. Providers reported delivering counseling during 31.9% of visits (n = 239), whereas parents reported receiving counseling during only 11.4% of visits (n = 86). Parents did not report receiving counseling during 74.8% of the visits in which the provider reported delivering counseling; this was more common when the parent was seeking help for a mental health problem, when the provider reported greater burden associated with treating mental health problems, and when the youth had more mental health symptoms or was of other race/Hispanic. Provider report of counseling in the absence of parent report of counseling was less common when the provider had greater access to mental health specialists. CONCLUSIONS. Parents often did not report that the counseling delivered in primary care was mental health treatment. Counseling that is not perceived as mental health treatment may fail to meet parent expectations for care or fail to help parents identify mental health problems.
Sampling, Filtering and Sparse Approximations on Combinatorial Graphs

In this paper we address sampling and approximation of functions on combinatorial graphs. We develop filtering on graphs by using Schrodinger’s group of operators generated by combinatorial Laplace operator. Then we construct a sampling theory by proving Poincare and Plancherel-Polya-type inequalities for functions on graphs. These results lead to a theory of sparse approximations on graphs and have potential applications to filtering, denoising, data dimension reduction, image processing, image compression, computer graphics, visualization and learning theory.
Exploring Coronal Structures with SOHO

We applied advanced image enhancement techniques to explore in detail the characteristics of the small-scale structures and/or the low contrast structures in several Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs) observed by SOHO. We highlight here the results from our studies of the morphology and dynamical evolution of CME structures in the solar corona using two instruments on board SOHO: LASCO and EIT.
X-ray Emission Processes in Radio Jets

The emission processes responsible for the observed X-rays from radio jets are commonly believed to be nonthermal, but in any particular case, it is unclear if synchrotron emission or one or more varieties of inverse Compton emission predominates. We present a formulation of inverse Compton emission from a relativistically moving jet ("IC/beaming") that relies on radio-emitting synchrotron sources for which the energy densities in particles and fields are comparable. We include the nonisotropic nature of inverse Compton scattering of the relativistic electrons on photons of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) and provide beaming parameters for a number of jets. A list of X-ray-emitting jets is given and the jets are classified on the basis of their morphology and spectral energy distribution to determine their likely emission process. We conclude that these jets have significant bulk relativistic velocities on kiloparsec scales, that higher redshift sources require less beaming because the energy density of the CMB is significantly greater than locally, and that for some nearby sources synchrotron X-ray emission predominates because the jet makes a large angle to the line of sight.
The first detailed X-ray observations of high-redshift, optically selected clusters: XMM-Newton results for Cl 1324+3011 at z = 0.76 and Cl 1604+4304 at z = 0.90

We present the first detailed X-ray observations of optically selected clusters at high redshift. Two clusters, Cl 1324+3011 at z = 0.76 and Cl 1604+4304 at z = 0.90, were observed with XMM-Newton. The optical center of each cluster is coincident with an extended X-ray source whose emission is detected out to a radius of ~0.5 h Mpc. The emission from each cluster appears reasonably circular, with some indication of asymmetries and more complex morphologies. Similar to other optically selected clusters at redshifts of z 0.4, both clusters are modest X-ray emitters with bolometric luminosities of only L = ? 1044 h ergs s-1. We measure gas temperatures of T = 2.88 keV for Cl 1324+3011 and 2.51 keV for Cl 1604+4304. The X-ray properties of both clusters are consistent with the high-redshift LX-T relation measured from X-ray-selected samples at z ? 0.5. However, based on the local relations, their X-ray luminosities and temperatures are low for their measured velocity dispersions (?). The clusters are cooler by a factor of 2-9 compared to the local ?-T relation. We briefly discuss the possible explanations for these results.
Phosphorus sorption characteristics of the Bronx River bed sediments.

AbstractPhosphorus (P) is a major nutrient for plant growth, and it is often the primary limiting nutrient in freshwater ecosystems controlling algal blooms. The Bronx River of New York City, New York, USA includes freshwater and coastal water systems. The water quality of both fresh and saline water is lower than the standard levels designated by New York State, and classified as Class B and Class I waters, respectively. Algal blooms and oxygen depletion within the river have degraded the water quality, endangered fishing, and limited recreational use. The internal loading of P, an important bioavailability indicator in the Bronx River, is determined by the sorption processes, i.e., cycling of P between solid and liquid phases. The objectives of this study were to understand how P sorption characteristics affect the internal loading of P and the conditions that might give rise to a flux of P from sediment to the water column, and to estimate the effects of physicochemical properties of the sediments on P...
Galileo observations of volcanic plumes on Io

Abstract Io's volcanic plumes erupt in a dazzling variety of sizes, shapes, colors and opacities. In general, the plumes fall into two classes, representing distinct source gas temperatures. Most of the Galileo imaging observations were of the smaller, more numerous Prometheus-type plumes that are produced when hot flows of silicate lava impinge on volatile surface ices of SO2. Few detections were made of the giant, Pele-type plumes that vent high temperature, sulfur-rich gases from the interior of Io; this was partly because of the insensitivity of Galileo's camera to ultraviolet wavelengths. Both gas and dust spout from plumes of each class. Favorably located gas plumes were detected during eclipse, when Io was in Jupiter's shadow. Dense dust columns were imaged in daylight above several Prometheus-type eruptions, reaching heights typically less than 100 km. Comparisons between eclipse observations, sunlit images, and the record of surface changes show that these optically thick dust columns are much smaller in stature than the corresponding gas plumes but are adequate to produce the observed surface deposits. Mie scattering calculations suggest that these conspicuous dust plumes are made up of coarse grained “ash” particles with radii on the order of 100 nm, and total masses on the order of 106 kg per plume. Long exposure images of Thor in sunlight show a faint outer envelope apparently populated by particles small enough to be carried along with the gas flow, perhaps formed by condensation of sulfurous “snowflakes” as suggested by the plasma instrumentation aboard Galileo as it flew through Thor's plume [Frank, L.A., Paterson, W.R., 2002. J. Geophys. Res. (Space Phys.) 107, doi:10.1029/2002JA009240 . 31-1]. If so, the total mass of these fine, nearly invisible particles may be comparable to the mass of the gas, and could account for much of Io's rapid resurfacing.
High temperature radical cyclization anomalies in the tandem enediyne-bis-radical cyclization

Abstract Previous reports have shown that the thermolysis of aromatic enediynes containing radical accepting tethers will undergo tandem enediyne-radical cyclizations. Herein will be reported several examples of the tandem enediyne- bis -radical cyclization where non-radical accepting tethers will undergo cyclizations to aromatic rings to result in cyclization products. Most of the unusual products result from 1,5-hydrogen abstraction, followed by either β-elimination or radical addition to the aromatic ring. The synthesis of the aromatic enediynes, mechanisms, as well as, the thermolysis products are described.