cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bacterial removal of pyrite from concentrated coal slurries

To be economically feasible, bacterial coal desulfurization must be done at a high rate in concentrated coal slurries. The rate may be restricted by gas transfer limitation (O(2) or CO(2)), inhibition of the Thiobacilli, or ceil death by mechanical abrasion. Experiments designed to differentiate between these limitations show that CO(2) transport is limiting in shake flasks for slurries of more than 20% (wt/wt) of a coal containing 1% pyritic sulfur. Air sparging removed this limitation in slurries of up to 50%, leaving inhibition as the main limitation. Heterotrophic bacteria that establish themselves in a recycled cell culture increase process rates not only by removing organic inhibitors but also by increasing the O(2)-CO(2) ration required by the biomass to the value that is supplied naturally from air.
The Distribution of C14 in Glycogen from Deuterated Glycerol-C14 as a Measure of the Effectiveness of Triosephosphate Isomerase in Vivo

h deuterium in the stereospecific position which is removed by triosephosphate isomerase during conversion of dihydroxyacetone phosphate to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. Both deuterated and nondeuterated glycerol-C/sup 14/ were administered orally to rats and the distribution of C/sup 14/ in the hexose units of liver glycogen was investigated. It was established that the presence of deuterium in the glycerol causes an increased asymmetry of the C/sup 14/ in the glucose unit. It is known that purified liver triosephosphate isomerase uses dihydroxyacetone phosphate less rapidly when it is deuterated at the position cleaved than tt does the nondeuterated dihydroxyacetone phosphate when the two species are mixed. Theoretical considerations indicate that discrimination against the deuterated species of dihydroxyacetone phosphate would be reflected in the labeling of the glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate and that the extent of the difference in labeling is dependent on the rate of the reversible interconversion of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phos phate. It was shown that the labeling of the glucose is consistent with predictions for such discrimination. The results provide strong evidence for the noneqnilibration of the triosephosphate pools. It is concluded that failure to achieve isotopic equilibration at the triosephosphate stage is the explanation for the unequalmore » labeling of the glucose units of liver glycogen derived from administered glycerolC/sup 14/. The present experimental approach demonstrates the use of deuterium to alter rates of reactions to evaluate the extent of equilibration of metabolic intermediates under normal physiological conditions in vivo. (auth)« less
Tissue factor and thrombin mediate myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury

Reperfusion of the ischemic heart is necessary to prevent irreversible injury of the myocardium, which leads to permanent organ dysfunction. However, reperfusion in itself leads to myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, which is characterized by an acute inflammatory response mediated by activated inflammatory cells, chemokines, cytokines, and adhesion molecules. The molecular mechanisms of myocardial I/R injury are not completely known. Tissue factor (TF) and thrombin, two potent procoagulant and proinflammatory mediators, are recognized to play significant roles in myocardial I/R injury. To investigate the role of TF and thrombin in myocardial I/R injury, we used rabbit and murine in situ coronary artery ligation models. Increased TF mRNA, antigen, and activity were found in ischemic cardiomyocytes. Administration of an inhibitory antirabbit TF monoclonal antibody before or during the onset of ischemia resulted in a significant reduction in infarct size. Functional inhibition of thrombin with hirudin also reduced the infarct size. However, defibrinogenating rabbits with ancrod had no effect on infarct size, suggesting a requirement of thrombin generation but not fibrin deposition in myocardial I/R injury.
Family and genetic group effects for resistance to proliferative gill disease in channel catfish, blue catfish and channel catfish×blue catfish backcross hybrids

The severity of gill damage (percentage of gill lamellae with lytic lesions) was determined in juveniles from 10 USDA 103 line channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus full-sib families, 10 channel catfish x blue catfish I. furcatus backcross hybrid (7/8 channel catfish, 1/8 blue catfish) full-sib families and a mixed-family group of blue catfish placed in a commercial catfish pond experiencing proliferative gill disease (PGD)-related fish mortalities. An initial challenge was conducted with all families, and a second challenge was conducted using the two most susceptible (most gill damage) channel catfish and backcross hybrid families and the two most resistant (least gill damage) channel catfish and backcross hybrid families. In the initial challenge, percentage gill damage was not different between channel catfish (12.3%) and backcross hybrids (11.6%), but was lower in blue catfish (0.2%). Mean percentage gill damage in the second challenge was not different among resistant backcross hybrid families (6.9%), resistant channel catfish families (7.6%) and blue catfish (4.8%), but was higher in susceptible backcross hybrid and channel catfish families (19.0% and 11.9% respectively). The correlation among family means for gill damage from challenge 1 and challenge 2 was r=0.87. Consistent differences between channel catfish and blue catfish and between resistant and susceptible families within genetic groups for gill damage after PGD challenge suggest that there is a genetic component for resistance to PGD and that improving PGD resistance through selection may be possible.
The Impact of Gravity-Weighted Knowledge Spillovers on Productivity in Manufacturing

This paper tests for localized knowledge spillovers from out-of-state innovations in U.S. manufacturing from 1977 to 1997. The source of these spillovers is innovations categorized into six technologies based on U.S. patent classes and patent data. Using a gravity-weighting for out-of-state innovations, knowledge spillovers are found from mechanical technologies and drug and medical technologies for a broad group of manufacturing industries. Innovations from chemical-related technologies are found to generate spillovers for the Chemical and Allied Products Industry and for the Transportation Equipment Industry. Additionally, specialization of production at the two-digit Standard Industrial Classification of industry level is also found to increase state-level productivity in manufacturing.
Behavioral assessment of social anxiety and social phobia

Abstract This review highlights important issues and frequently used or promising measures for the behavioral assessment of social anxiety and social phobia. The major assessment approaches discussed are behavioral interviews, self-report inventories, self-monitoring diaries, and behavioral observation of social performance. Included among the questionnaire measures are inventories of general fear and anxiety, social anxiety, shyness, and social skill and behavior. Questions of reliability, validity, and utility of these measures are addressed. Within the area of behavioral observation, the review is organized around key issues in the literature, such as the type of interaction selected, the behavior observed, and who performs the ratings. Future directions for both research and clinical applications of behavioral assessment are suggested.
Cost Metrics for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

This paper aims to enhance the understanding of UAV cost metrics and their uses. The paper is organized into three main areas: (1) overview of current approaches for aircraft, (2) life cycle issues with UAV cost estimation, and (3) cost metrics and model approach as applied to UAVs. As a result of this work we hope to provide a better understanding of the cost factors influencing the recently publicized scrutiny of UAV cost overruns. More importantly, we hope to begin the foundation for the development of Cost Estimating Relationships (CERs) that can potentially lead to the development of a parametric cost model for UAVs.
A fundamental computer science course that unifies theory and practice

If computer programming is to become an "engineering discipline," computer science students must acquire the tools for rigorous analysis and evaluation of programs. An early course in the undergraduate curriculum must introduce the fundamental principles of the discipline, just as freshman calculus teaches the basic analysis skills for most engineering disciplines. The course described in this paper teaches mathematical principles and practical programming applications in a unified form. It has been successfully taught to sophomores for four years.
3D segmentation of medical images for computer-aided design and rapid prototyping of orthopedic devices

The segmentation of medial images is the first step along the series of events that need to take place during the automated design and rapid prototyping of orthopedic devices. The segmentation algorithm presented in this work, the discrete surface model, is an automated 3D segmentation method that attempts to optimize an energy function based on three distinct potentials: a deformation potential that expands the model, an image potential that causes it to stop at image boundaries, and a topology potential that maintains a smooth curvature. Since the deformation of the discrete surface model is local in nature, a global optimization routine encapsulates the deformation of the model using simulated annealing to avoid local energy minima such as are caused by false edges. In addition, the model has no inherent way of checking for self intersections. Global topology is also maintained using a ray-shooting technique that prevents self intersections for occurring in concave models. This segmentation algorithm is ideal for the creation of physical 3D models using rapid prototyping.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Gender bias against male obstetrician-gynecologists in women's magazines.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether gender bias against male obstetricians and other male physicians is found in popular women's magazines. METHODS Issues of Cosmopolitan, Fitness, Glamour, Good Housekeeping, Ladies Home Journal, and Redbook were searched for medically related articles from July 2001 to December 2002. The articles were analyzed for the number and gender of physicians quoted, the number of gender-specific pronouns and negative gender-specific pronouns, and the number of pictured physicians by gender. RESULTS Female obstetrician-gynecologists were interviewed as health care resources 47-80% of the time, which is higher than expected when compared with the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists membership numbers (P < .01). A similar phenomenon was found when discussing physicians in general (P < .001). Female physicians were more than 20 times more likely to have an identifying photograph. Pronouns used to identify negative physician traits accounted for 17% of the total pronouns when identifying female obstetrician-gynecologists and other specialties but accounted for 92% of the total pronouns when identifying male obstetrician-gynecologists and 77% of the pronouns when identifying other male physicians (P < .001). In 5 magazines, physicians had their quoted gender pronouns changed from gender neutral to reflect female-specific pronouns. CONCLUSION In women's interest magazines, there is a gender bias against male obstetrician-gynecologists as well as male physicians in general. This may serve to undermine the physician-patient relationship and be detrimental to women's health care. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III.
Recent Developments in Pesticide Application by the United States Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service1

Aerial application of pesticides is generally the method used by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) in the control of pests of rangeland, cultivated crops, and forested areas. With increased restrictions placed on pesticides, then- continued use requires improved application technology to meet acceptable levels of risk at reasonable cost The Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service of USDA is developing an aerial spray drift model for use by their field personnel to minimize drift from aerial application of pesticides to environmentally sensitive areas. Input information utilizing a low cost, field-deployable microcomputer includes aircraft type, application technique and hardware, pesticide formulation, meteorological conditions, and type (roughness) and extent of the site. Expected output computations will be: 1) distribution pattern of downwind deposition, including evaporation corrections and matching to empirical field measurement; 2) optimal aircraft swath spacing; and 3) buffer distance between the target area and the environmentally sensitive areas.
Morphology of electrochemical vapor deposited yttria-stabilized zirconia thin films

Abstract Yttria-stabilized zirconia films were deposited over alumina substrates by electrochemical vapor deposition (EVD). It was observed that the films grew with the same yttrium-to-zircomium ratio as in the reactant gases. Films deposited at temperatures of 1075°C or below have a highly faceted surface and show a preferred crystallographic orientation. Films deposited at a temperature of 1100°C show a nearly smooth surface and no crystallographic orientation. The difference in morphology between the high temperature and lower temperature films can be explained by either a change in the relative rates of film growth and surface reconstruction or, more likely, a mobile surface species becoming thermodynamically unstable at the higher temperature.
A three-dimensional model for the probabilistic intergranular failure of polycrystalline arrays

A three-dimensional grain model, in which the grains are represented by regular truncated octahedra, has been developed to study probabilistic time-dependent intergranular failure in polycrystalline arrays. In this model, grain boundary facets are assumed to fail randomly in time, as a function of the facet normal stress. A simple approximate method for calculating the load shed by failed facets and a reasonable choice of failure criterion complete the model. This leads to a conceptually simple, but computationally complex, model capable of handling assemblages consisting of relatively large numbers (> 5000) of grains. The predicted scatter in the times-to-failure and the variation in number of failed facets with time are in quite reasonable agreement with available experimental data.
Three intelligence blunders in Korea

(1989). Three intelligence blunders in Korea. International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence: Vol. 3, No. 4, pp. 549-561.
Kinematic accuracy of three surface registration methods in a three-dimensional wrist bone study.

The use of registration techniques to determine motion transformations noninvasively has become more widespread with the increased availability of the necessary software, In this study, three surface registration techniques were used to generate carpal bone kinematic results from a single cadaveric wrist specimen, Surface contours were extracted from specimen computed tomography volume images of the forearm, carpal, and metacarpal bones in four arbitrary positions. Kinematic results from each of three registration techniques were compared with results derived from multiple spherical markers fixed to the specimen. Kinematic accuracy was found to depend on the registration method and bone size and shape. In general, rotation errors of the capitate and scaphoid were less than 0.5 deg for all three techniques. Rotation errors for the other bones were generally less than 2 deg, although error for the trapezoid was greater than 2 deg in one technique. Translation errors of the bones were generally less than I mm, although errors of the trapezoid and trapezium were greater than I mm for two techniques. Tradeoffs existed in each registration method between image processing time and overall kinematic accuracy. Markerless bone registration (MBR) can provide accurate measurements of carpal kinematics and can be used to study the noninvasive, three-dimensional in vivo kinematics of the wrist and other skeletal joints.
The Race Among the States in Welfare Benefits: A Comment

One error in research on the welfare-magnet thesis is its focus on the poor rather than on the well-endowed and mobile economic actors who influence state policymakers. Another error is the assumption that poor people are mobile participants in the game of locational advantage. Yet, unlike well-endowed economic actors who move funds and goods, the poor must move themselves and their own bodies, rather than resources. Hence, it is unlikely that poor people are playing much of a role in any race to the bottom in welfare policymaking.
Rapid attenuation ("fade") of the chronotropic response during vagal stimulation in the canine newborn. Evidence for a prominent neuropeptide Y effect.

We studied the time-dependent changes in the response of heart rate (sinus cycle length) to 30-second trains of vagal stimulation (8 Hz), repeated every 2 minutes, in canine neonates aged 7.1 +/- 2.5 (mean +/- SD) days. The first vagal train prolonged the sinus cycle length by 58 +/- 35%, but the response was attenuated during subsequent trains (98 +/- 5% inhibition of the vagal response after only 6.4 +/- 1.7 trains). After 40 minutes, complete restoration of the chronotropic response could be demonstrated. Receptor desensitization could be excluded as the reason for the attenuation by demonstrating preserved responses to exogenous acetylcholine. Neuropeptide Y, a sympathetic cotransmitter that has been shown to attenuate parasympathetic responses (thought to be the result of inhibition of the release of acetylcholine from parasympathetic nerve terminals), was administered (50 micrograms/kg) to eight newborns. Exogenous neuropeptide Y resulted in a complete inhibition of the chronotropic response to vagal stimulation, with restoration of the chronotropic response occurring after 60 minutes. Thus, exogenous neuropeptide Y mimicked the effect of repetitive vagosympathetic trunk stimulation; this finding suggested that neuropeptide Y release from sympathetic nerves during repetitive vagosympathetic trunk stimulation may have resulted in the observed attenuation of the vagal chronotropic response. To test this hypothesis, seven other newborns underwent chemical sympathectomy (50 mg/kg i.p. 6-hydroxydopamine for 3 days, tyramine verified), and in these newborns, stable chronotropic responses to repetitive vagosympathetic trunk stimulation were observed (inhibition of vagal response was 0 +/- 18% after 10 stimulus trains).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Latest Biomaterials and Technology in Dentistry

Navigation technology is applied successfully in oral and maxillofacial surgery. Laser beams are used for caries removal. With nanodentistry, it is possible to maintain comprehensive oral health care. Nanorobots induce oral analgesia, desensitize teeth, and manipulate the tissue. They can also be used for preventive, restorative, and curative procedures. Strategies to engineer tissue can be categorized into 3 major classes: conductive, inductive, and cell transplantation approaches. Several populations of cells with stem cell properties have been isolated from different parts of the tooth.
Mechanism of thiolate-disulfide interchange reactions in biochemistry.

Both density functional theory (DFT) (B3LYP) and CCSD ab initio calculations were employed in a theoretical investigation of the mechanism of thiolate−disulfide exchange reactions. The reaction pat...
Using the user cost

Abstract Most studies employing the user cost of capital are inconsistent because their user cost assumes capital has an infinite life and depreciates geometrically, whereas they employ capital stock estimates that assume finite life and nongeometric depreciation. This study examines the significance of the inconsistency and derives a user cost formula that eliminates it.
Photovoltage response to temperature change at oxide semiconductor electrodes

A study has been carried out on single crystal electrodes of TiO2, SrTiO3, and alpha-Fe2O3 and polycrystalline WO3 to investigate the effect of cell temperature on the onset potential of n-type oxide semiconductor electrodes. It is found that the change of the onset potential with temperature is due to the potential change across the Helmholtz layer. The amount of this change depends on the point of zero zeta potential (pzzp) of the semiconductor electrode. The possibility of increasing the solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a photochemical cell by increasing the cell temperature is discussed.
Occult Gastrointestinal Bleeding

A28-year-oldwhiteman presented to the gastrointestinal (GI)medicine clinic for persistent nausea and vomiting. He had a long-standing history of gastroesophageal reflux disease thatwas only partially controlledwith proton pump inhibitor therapy. The symptoms were exacerbated by cessation of proton pump inhibitor medication, and he reported an associated 9-kg weight loss. Results of laboratory testing were significant for iron deficiency anemia (hematocrit, 31% [to convert to proportion of 1.0, multiply by 0.01]) and hemeoccult-positive stool. Upper and lower endoscopy, computed tomographyenterography,PillCamcapsuleendoscopy, andaMeckel scan failed to identify a source of GI bleeding. The patient received a retrograde doubleballoonenteroscopy that showedanoutpouching in thedistal ileum (Figure, A)with an accompanying ulceration of the adjacent mucosa (Figure, B). Exploratory laparotomy with small-bowel resection was performed, and the gross specimen is shown in Figure, C. Quiz at jamasurgery.com WHAT IS YOURDIAGNOSIS?
Shaping one traditional special educator preparation program toward more cultural competence

Educational professionals agree that traditional preservice preparation has been inadequate in preparing educators to teach culturally and/or linguistically diverse students. Reasons for this lack of preparation are generally identified as an insufficient number of diverse teacher candidates and poor infusion of culturally competent practices across programs. Most universities and colleges have responded to these needs, but neglect the need to improve faculty members’ own cultural competence. We present the journey taken by one traditional special education teacher preparation program to increase the number of diverse candidates enrolled, infuse cultural diversity competence across the program, and improve faculty members’ sensitivity and appropriate responses toward cultural differences.
Tomographic scanning microscope for 1 to 4-KeV xrays

ABSTRACT X-ray microtomography enables three-dimensional imaging at submicron resolution with elemental and chemical state contrast. The 1-4 KeV energy region is promising for microtomography of biological, microelectronics, and materials sciences specimens. To capitalize on this potential, we are constructing a tomographic scanning x-ray microscope for 1-4KeY x-rays on a spherical grating monochromator beamline at the Advanced Photon Source. The microscope, which useszone plate optics, has an anticipated spatial resolution of 100 nm and an energy resolution of better than 1 eV.Keywords: x-ray microscopy, tomography, three-dimensional imaging, microprobe, x-ray optics, zone plates, beamlines 1. INTRODUCTION X-ray microtomography is a powerful technique for high-resolution three-dimensional imaging1'2 that offers elemental and chemical state contrast3 at greater resolution than that obtainable with visible light, and less radiation damage than electron probes.4 Applications of this method include 3D microscopy of biological, microelectronics, and materials sciencesspecimens. Use of 1-4 KeV x-rays for xnicrotomography is especially attractive due to the number of K, L, and M absorptionedges in the middle of the periodic table that are accessible, the capability to match the penetration depth to many interestingand industrially important samples, and possibilities for low-dose phase contrast imaging of biological specimens.5 Third-generation synchrotron facilities, such as the Advanced Photon Source, will open up new opportunities for x-ray microscopyin this energy region that, so far, have been relatively unexplored.
Counseling the Handicapped: An Annotated Bibliography for Children, Counselors, and Parents

In the 1970s, the United States Congress enacted two statutes that have had dramatic and far‐reaching effects on the education of handicapped children by public schools. These two laws, Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 and the Education For All Handicapped Children Act of 1975 (known as Public Law 94–142), have required local public school agencies to provide new eductional programs for thousands of handicapped children not previously served by the public schools. Counselors, principals, and teachers were quickly informed of the law's requirements and willingly began the task of main‐streaming and assimilating these children into various curricula. Their physical needs were attended to rapidly; their societal and emotional needs, unfortunately, lagged behind. Within the past seven years, there has been an increase in books, articles, and films specifically addressed to counseling the handicapped. Unlike past literature which focused only on the vocational aspect of rehabilitation counseling, current writing emphasizes personal counseling meant to assist a disabled child to participate fully in the problems and joys of daily living.
SYMMETRY BREAKING IN CFD: CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES

Symmetry breaking occurs in the discretizations of the partial differential equations of fluid dynamics, both advertently and inadvertently. Although it can occur even in one-dimensional steady flow algorithms, we have found its consequences to be more pronounced in two and three space dimensions and in the computation of time dependent flows. This has led us to some interesting new computational schemes.
Flaw detection of modeled surfaces

A fully integrated surface inspection system which uses a canputer generated solid model of a part is described. Inspection of the physical part is performed by an active stereo imaging system, one of the most practical vision methods for making measure-faits cn a smooth mamfactumd part. A mathematical treatment of the triangulation process using pinhole camera models is developed and yields an estimate of the measurement accuracy available from the system. The pan angle distance betueen camera and projector, as well as location and slope of the surface to be inspected, determines the minimum width and mininun depth of a detectable flaw. This system provides a user friendly surface inspection method for ccuputer modeled manufactured parts.
Models for the specific adhesion of cells to cells

A theoretical framework is proposed for the analysis of adhesion between cells or of cells to surfaces when the adhesion is mediated by reversible bonds between specific molecules such as antigen and antibody, lectin and carbohydrate, or enzyme and substrate. From a knowledge of the reaction rates for reactants in solution and of their diffusion constants both in solution and on membranes, it is possible to estimate reaction rates for membrane-bound reactants. Two models are developed for predicting the rate of bond formation between cells and are compared with experiments. The force required to separate two cells is shown to be greater than the expected electrical forces between cells, and of the same order of magnitude as the forces required to pull gangliosides and perhaps some integral membrane proteins out of the cell membrane.
A comparison of electrofishing methods and fyke netting to produce reliable abundance and size metrics

Because different fishing gears may introduce different degrees of bias, we set out to compare two active sampling methods (alternating current (AC) and pulsed direct current (DC) boat electrofishing) and one passive method (modified fyke netting) in sampling sportfish in a midwestern US reservoir. Currently, the Illinois Department of Natural Resources uses AC electrofishing to sample reservoirs but a switch to DC is underway. Understanding how this switch will impact fisheries data is critical for future management decisions. We found catch per unit effort (CPUE) for all sportfish combined was greater (p < 0.0001) with AC electrofishing than DC electrofishing. Though not significant, largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) were sampled at a higher rate using DC electrofishing. Channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus, p = 0.0494) and sunfish (Lepomis spp., p < 0.0001) were sampled at a significantly higher rate with AC electrofishing. We found a positive relationship between AC and DC electrofishing CPUE fo...
On One-Step GM Estimates and Stability of Inferences in Linear Regression

Abstract The folklore on one-step estimation is that it inherits the breakdown point of the preliminary estimator and yet has the same large sample distribution as the fully iterated version as long as the preliminary estimate converges faster than n –1/4, where n is the sample size. We investigate the extent to which this folklore is valid for one-step GM estimators and their associated standard errors in linear regression. We find that one-step GM estimates based on Newton-Raphson or Scoring inherit the breakdown point of high breakdown point initial estimates such as least median of squares provided the usual weights that limit the influence of extreme points in the design space are based on location and scatter estimates with high breakdown points. Moreover, these estimators have bounded influence functions, and their standard errors can have high breakdown points. The folklore concerning the large sample theory is correct assuming the regression errors are symmetrically distributed and homoscedastic....
Protein synthesis and differentiation in a clonal line of teratocarcinoma and in preimplantation mouse embryo.

Abstract Undifferentiated cells of a clonal line of teratocarcinoma can differentiate in vitro into embryoid bodies with morphological and biochemical features of early mouse embryo. During the first step of differentiation protein synthesis has been analysed by 2 dimensional gel electrophoresis. While new proteins are synthesized, the synthesis of others is turned off with the appearance of endodermal cells in embryoid bodies. We have compared protein synthesis during teratocarcinoma differentiation and during early mouse embryogenesis at three stages of mouse preimplantation embryo. The results demonstrate that only the late blastocyst protein synthesis pattern shows most of the polypeptides identified in the differentiated protein synthesis pattern of teratocarcinoma. In contrast, protein synthesis during the early stages of mouse embryonic development is very different from protein synthesis in undifferentiated teratocarcinoma.
The ovarian renin-angiotensin system

We present a review that considers the regulation of ovarian function by the ovarian renin-angiotensin system. Evidence is presented that shows the ovarian renin-angiotensin system can regulate normal ovarian function by paracrine and intracrine mechanisms. In addition, the complexity that is inherent in the renin-angiotensin system conferred by multiple biological angiotensin peptides and multiple receptors is discussed. Evidence that a dysfunctional OVRAS induces ovarian pathology such as polycystic ovarian disease is also presented.
The amplification of Arctic terrestrial surface temperatures by reduced sea-ice extent during the Pliocene

Abstract Many past warm periods exhibited greatly reduced latitudinal temperature gradients as a result of amplified Arctic surface temperatures as well as more seasonably equable temperatures. The Pliocene is a period of particular interest because CO2 forcing was comparable to today and yet Arctic temperatures were significantly warmer than today. Here we describe an atmospheric general circulation model experiment assessing the response of terrestrial temperatures in the mid-Pliocene (3.02 to 3.26 Ma) to an ice-free Arctic, and we compare the simulation with a compilation of proxy-based Pliocene paleotemperature reconstructions. Our experiments indicate that the amplification of Arctic surface temperatures is much more sensitive to the extent of sea ice than continental ice. The removal of Arctic sea ice results in simulated mean annual surface temperatures that better match terrestrial proxy data (RMSE = 2.9 °C) than experimental conditions that included seasonal sea ice (RMSE = 4.5 °C). Our simulations also show a decrease in the seasonal amplitude of temperatures in the absence of sea-ice, which is consistent with theory predicting more equable climates in the Arctic during warmer intervals in Earth's history. Our results demonstrate that once sea-ice is removed, latent heat is lost from the ocean to the atmosphere as water vapor that can be circulated by the atmosphere, which results in warming of continental interiors. Although our sensitivity experiment does not help to identify the full array of feedback mechanisms responsible for the amplification of Arctic surface temperatures during the Pliocene, it does demonstrate that Arctic terrestrial surface temperatures are extremely sensitive to the spatial and seasonal extent of sea-ice.
Static architecture for compressive motion detection in persistent, pervasive surveillance applications

High-resolution, wide-field-of-view airborne imaging produces large optical systems and data streams. Significant simplification is possible if motion detection, rather than full imaging, is the goal. We consider a static, compressive-sensing architecture for this problem.
Pregnancy and Rheumatoid Arthritis: Insights into the Immunology of Fetal Tolerance and Control of Autoimmunity

It has long been recognized that symptoms and signs of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) frequently improve spontaneously during pregnancy, only to flare postpartum. Although the mechanisms behind this phenomenon remain poorly understood, there is growing interest in the immunologic changes that occur during healthy pregnancy as a possible explanation. Because the maternal immune system must adapt during pregnancy to accept the semi-allogeneic fetus, it has been hypothesized that these natural changes induced by pregnancy on maternal immune regulatory cells may have the additional benefit of controlling the immunopathology driving disease activity in RA. Here, we review our current understanding on the effects of pregnancy on RA and highlight some of the recent literature related to advancing our understanding on the immunology of pregnancy as well as the immunologic changes in RA during pregnancy.
Sampling strategies for two-fluid model parameter estimation in urban networks

The basic postulate of the two-fluid theory of town traffic relates the average speed of moving vehicles to the fraction of moving vehicles in a street network; both representing averages over all vehicles in the network. Data collection to provide estimates of the model parameters to-date has consisted of sampling the network with a test car, replicating (as closely as possible) the trip histories of randomly selected vehicles in the network. Because the two-fluid model is nonlinear, it cannot be simultaneously applied at the individual vehicle level and the network level, as is shown in this article. However, due to the practical difficulties in collecting data for all the vehicles in the network, several potential sampling strategies are identified and are evaluated with computer simulation. The simulation experiments suggest that aggregating the trip histories of 10 to 20 test vehicles over 10 to 15 minutes yields parameter estimates very close to the true value.
Tribology of the belt-driven data tape cartridge

The belt-driven data tape cartridge uses an elastic drive-belt to control magnetic tape tension by driving both tape supply and take-up reels. This design enables the use of a simple, compact and inexpensive cartridge drive mechanism. However, there were many tribological issues that had to be solved before this product reached its current widespread acceptance in the data storage market. This paper will address the associated friction and wear control issues. The main focus will be on polymer tribology and how attention to the micro-tribological details of each interface has been linked with improved data storage reliability and performance.
Defect and Mixed Conductivity in Nanocrystalline Doped Cerium Oxide

The results obtained from a study on the microstructure and the electrical properties of Gd-doped CeO2 thin films were reported. Dense, nanocrystalline films on sapphire substrates are prepared using a polymeric precursor spin coating technique. The electrical conductivity was studied as a function of temperature and oxygen activity and correlated with the grain size. For nanocrystalline Gd-doped CeO2 thin films, the ionic conductivity increased with decreasing activation energy as the grain size decreased. A conductivity model was developed to analyze PO2 behavior of the electrical conductivity. Using the conductivity model, the hopping energy of electron conduction and the enthalpy of oxygen vacancy formation were determined for different microstructures.
Petrographic characteristics of Chinese coals and their application in coal utilization processes

The paper describes briefly the petrographic characteristics of coals in major coal-forming periods in China, especially the inherent correlations between the petrographic constituents, and the chemical and technological properties of coals. The study of coal petrography in China Coal Research Institute (CCRI) has been successfully applied to coal classification, combustion and liquefaction, and prediction of coke quality, as well as coal structure with the aid of maceral separation. It is shown that attention is paid in CCRI to the effect of petrographic composition on coal utilization processes. All the activities have laid a foundation for joining international trade and classification of coals. It is shown that the petrographic method is the most convenient method to identify the quality of coal products, and is applied to the coal research and market at present.
Optimal Microsatellite Cluster Design for Space-Based Tracking Missions

This paper presents a formalism for optimal microsatellite cluster design to perform space-based tracking missions. The flrst part of this research formulates an approach to compute the relative orbital elements of the microsatellites about a formation center that minimize the average tracking error of a target in some threat corridor. Clusters are subject to constraints on maximum satellite separation and evaluated with various numbers of satellites in the cluster. Primary results show that satellite separation has more in∞uence on tracking accuracy than the number of satellites in a cluster. A second optimization approach which also penalizes J2-induced relative satellite drift shows that the tracking performance of a cluster is insensitive to J2-induced relative satellite drift. Results are validated using extensive simulations including a centralized tracking Kalman fllter.
The Rise of American Boarding Schools and the Development of a National Upper Class

Very little historical or sociological research has been done on American private schools. I try to rectify that deficiency by examining the origin and early development of the schools at the top of the private school hierarchy—the twelve most exclusive boarding schools. The rise and initial popularity of these schools in the late nineteenth century can be traced to a desire on the part of old established families in the Northeast to create cultural institutions they could use both to define their own cultural identity and to isolate themselves from nouveaux riches industrialists and lower-class immigrants. In the course of their development, however, the sociological function these institutions served came to differ from the one envisioned by their founders and original patrons. Data on the class origins and destinations of a sample of boarding school graduates strongly suggest that these schools came to be places where the children of new wealth were brought together with those of the old families. The result was the integration of both groups into a single cohesive national upper class. The members of this group were able to retain control over America's financial establishment. With their control over the flow of investment capital, they could also exercise a great deal of power over the economy and polity.
The Influence of Poverty on Achievement

Without a doubt, poverty has a negative influence on student achievement, especially when achievement is measured by state-mandated standardized tests. However, some bureaucrats, such as state comm...
Oxygen-isotope exchange rates for three isostructural polyoxometalate ions.

We compare oxygen-isotope exchange rates for all structural oxygens in three polyoxoniobate ions that differ by systematic metal substitutions of Ti(IV) --> Nb(V). The [H(x)Nb(10)O(28)]((6-x)-), [H(x)TiNb(9)O(28)]((7-x)-), and [H(x)Ti(2)Nb(8)O(28)]((8-x)-) ions are all isostructural yet have different Bronsted properties. Rates for sites within a particular molecule in the series differ by at least approximately 10(4), but the relative reactivities of the oxygen sites rank in nearly the same relative order for all ions in the series. Within a single ion, most structural oxygens exhibit rates of isotopic exchange that vary similarly with pH, indicating that each structure responds as a whole to changes in pH. Across the series of molecules, however, the pH dependencies for isotope exchanges and dissociation are distinctly different, reflecting different contributions from proton- or base-enhanced pathways. The proton-enhanced pathway for isotope exchange dominates at most pH conditions for the [H(x)Ti(2)Nb(8)O(28)]((8-x)-) ion, but the base-enhanced pathways are increasingly important for the [H(x)TiNb(9)O(28)]((7-x)-) and [H(x)Nb(10)O(28)]((6-x)-) structures at higher pH. The local effect of Ti(IV) substitution could be assessed by comparing rates for structurally similar oxygens on each side of the [H(x)TiNb(9)O(28)]((7-x)-) ion and is surprisingly small. Interestingly, these nanometer-size structures seem to manifest the same general averaged amphoteric chemistry that is familiar for other reactions affecting oxides in water, including interface dissolution by proton- and hydroxyl-enhanced pathways.
A Unified Family of Single-Server Queueing Location Models

In this paper, we introduce a general class of single-server network location models which includes the median, center, stochastic queue median, stochastic queue center, Lp norm, and other location problems in a single parametric framework. The model incorporates both queueing effects and a cost function similar to a disutility function, which is nonlinear in response time. We develop a number of properties of this class of models, and present a method for evaluating a range of different objective functions for any given problem. The robustness of the median and center objectives as solution concepts is highlighted.
Studies on the optimum concentration of glycerine in the preparation and preservation of ragweed pollen extract

Abstract 1.1. Extracts of low ragweed pollen, prepared in the concentration of 20 grams per 100 ml. of extracting fluid which contained 0, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 per cent glycerine by volume, were observed after storage for five and twelve months at refrigerator (4° C.), deep-freeze (−25° C.), and room temperatures (20° C. to 40° C.), as well as heating at 56° C. for forty-five minutes. 2.2. Each extract was evaluated in terms of appearance of sediment, changes in concentration of PTA nitrogen and reducing substances, and loss of activity in neutralization of skin-sensitizing antibody. 3.3. The higher the concentration of glycerine, the greater was the protective effect against loss of reagin-neutralization activity at the various temperatures studied. 4.4. There was essentially no change in PTA nitrogen after heating, regardless of the concentration of glycerine. There was, however, an appreciable loss in PTA nitrogen of the stored extracts, most pronounced in those extracts containing smaller concentrations of glycerine. 5.5. The loss in bound carbohydrate varied under the different conditions of temperature. There was no change in any extract after heating at 56° C. for forty-five minutes. However, at room temperature, glycerine in the higher concentration showed a protective effect not evident in the lower concentrations. 6.6. An important observation was the clarity of extracts of high glycerine content in comparison with the sedimentation in extracts containing either no glycerine or glycerine of low concentration. 7.7. Whereas 30 and 40 per cent glycerine afforded significant protection against deterioration, the greatest protection was observed at the 50 per cent concentration.
Somatisation: illness perspectives of asylum seeker and refugee patients from the former country of Yugoslavia

Somatisation is particularly challenging in multicultural contexts where patients and physicians often differ in terms of their illness-related beliefs and practices and health care expectations. This paper reports on a exploratory study aimed at better understanding how asylum seeker and refugee patients from the former country of Yugoslavia who were identified by their physicians as somatising make sense of their suffering. We conducted semi-structured interviews with 26 asylum seeker and refugee patients from the former country of Yugoslavia who attended the general medicine outpatient clinic of a Swiss teaching Hospital and were identified as presenting with somatisation. Interviews explored patients' illness perspectives and health care expectations. Interviews were audio taped, transcribed verbatim and analyzed to identify key themes in patients' narratives. Patients attributed the onset of symptoms to past traumatic experiences and tended to attribute their persistence to current living conditions and uncertain legal status. Patients formulated their suffering in both medical and social/legal terms, and sought help from physicians for both types of problems. Awareness of how asylum seeker and refugee patients make sense of their suffering can help physicians to better understand patients' expectations of the clinical encounter, and the particular nature and constraints of the patient-provider relationship in the context of asylum.
Women's anger, aggression, and violence

Themes of powerlessness, power, and paradox predominate in this reflection on more than 15 years of research on women's anger. Studies conducted in the United States, France, and Turkey are highlighted. These studies have negated several myths while illuminating the general rationality of women's anger: It is squarely grounded in interpersonal interactions in which people deny women power or resources, treat them unjustly, or behave irresponsibly toward them. The offenders are not strangers; rather they are their closest intimates. But few women learned healthy anger expression while growing up. Anger is a confusing and distressing emotion for women, intermingled with hurt and pain. Its complexity requires greater attention by researchers, with regard to health-promoting interventions and to cultural differences, because anger in non-Western cultures has seldom been explored.