cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Three-axis attitude determination via Kalman filtering of magnetometer data

A three-axis, magnetometer/Kalman filter, attitude-determination system for a spacecraft in low-altitude Earth orbit is developed, analyzed, and simulation tested. The motivation for developing this system is to achieve three-axis knowledge using magnetic field measurements only. The extended Kalman filter estimates the attitude, attitude rates, and constant disturbance torques. Covariance computation and simulation testing are used to evaluate performance. One test case, a gravity-gradient stabilized spacecraft with a pitch momentum wheel and a magnetically anchored damper, is a real satellite on which this attitude determination system will be used. The application to a nadir-pointing satellite and the estimation of disturbance torques represent the significant extensions contributed by this paper. Beyond its usefulness purely for attitude determination, this system could be used as a part of a low-cost, three-axis attitude stabilization system. I. Introduction T HE objective of this work has been to develop a low-cost system for estimation of three-axis, spacecraft-attitude information based solely on three-axis magnetometer measurements from one satellite orbit. Such a system will be useful for missions that operate in an inclined, low-Earth orbit and require only coarse attitude information. It can also serve as the sensor part of a low-cost, three-axis, closed-loop attitude control system or as a backup attitude estimator. A single three-axis magnetometer measurement can give only two-axes worth of attitude information and no attitude rate or disturbance torque information. Therefore, this attitude determination system must use a sequence of magnetometer measurements. It processes these measurements recursively in a Kalman filter. This paper describes the design, development, analysis, and simulation testing of a Kalman filter arid reports its expected peformance. A follow-on, postlaunch paper is planned to report actual performance.
DNA and structural effects in turbulent drag reduction.

THE study of the Toms phenomenon, the large reduction in turbulent fluid friction resulting from the presence of trace amounts of certain polymers in the liquid, has advanced to a stage at which work on the effects of molecular structure is being reported1. Several authors1,2 have concluded that, for maximum drag reduction, a very flexible coil is required. Indeed, for coiling polymers, we have confirmed these results for a series of poly (n-alkyl methacrylates) (unpublished work of J. H. H.). A more basic question, however, is whether the coil itself is an optimum conformation for the additive.
Comparisons of line emission from 2- and 3-dimensionsal simulations of ICF capsules to experiments

Hydrodynamic instabilities and drive asymmetries can reduce the yield in an inertial confinement fusion (ICF) implosion. Line emission from trace elements placed in the capsule can be used to diagnose the extent of the departures from an ideal spherical implosion. This paper presents the results of a large number of 2D simulations and a few 3D simulations of line emission from argon in the DH fuel and titanium placed in the inner layers of the plastic shell of a Nova ICF capsule. In the simulations, the interface between the fuel and the shell becomes highly distorted. The simulations are compared to Nova experimental data on the thermonuclear yield, the ratio of argon Ly-β to titanium He-α, the relative strength of titanium He-α and its satellite lines, and the strength of the continuum near titanium He-α. The agreement is good enough to confirm that the simulations correctly model the basic character of the implosion.
Examining the Relations among Student Motivation, Engagement, and Retention in a MOOC: A Structural Equation Modeling Approach.

Students who are enrolled in MOOCs tend to have different motivational patterns than fee-paying college students. A majority of MOOC students demonstrate characteristics akin more to "tourists" than formal learners. As a consequence, MOOC studentsΓCO completion rate is usually very low. The current study examines the relations among student motivation, engagement, and retention using structural equation modeling and data from a Penn State University MOOC. Three distinct types of motivation are examined: intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, and social motivation. Two main hypotheses are tested: (a) motivation predicts student course engagement; and (b) student engagement predicts their retention in the course. The results show that motivation is significantly predictive of student course engagement. Furthermore, engagement is a strong predictor of retention. The findings suggest that promoting student motivation and monitoring individual studentsΓCO online activities might improve course retention.
Valence-based age differences in medial prefrontal activity during impression formation

Reports of age-related changes to medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) activity during socio-cognitive tasks have shown both age-equivalence and under recruitment. Emotion work illustrates selective mPFC response dependent on valence, such that negative emotional images evoke increased ventral mPFC activity for younger adults, while older adults recruit vmPFC more for positive material. By testing whether this differential age-related response toward valenced material is also present for the social task of forming impressions, we may begin to understand inconsistencies regarding when age differences are present vs. absent in the literature. Using fMRI, participants intentionally formed impressions of positive and negative face–behavior pairs in anticipation of a memory task. Extending previous findings to a social task, valence-based reversals were present in dorsal and ventral mPFC, and posterior cingulate cortex. Younger adults elicited increased activity when forming negative impressions, while older adults...
Genotype-phenotype relationships in congenital long QT syndrome

In the United States, more than 300000 individuals die suddenly each year because of a fatal ventricular arrhythmia stemming from coronary artery disease in most cases. Although less than 1% of these sudden cardiac deaths are attributed to a cardiac channelopathy such as congenital long QT syndrome (LQTS), these deaths are particularly tragic. For example, there is the 3-year-old girl who died while playing in the sandbox, the 13-year-old teenager who dived into the pool and failed to resurface, the 33-year-old new mother who died suddenly while breastfeeding her newborn, and the healthy 60-year-old who died suddenly while taking an antibiotic. The fundamental culprit for each of these LQTS tragedies was a genetic defect in a gene(s) encoding a critical ion channel(s) that orchestrates the beating heart [1,2]. Although the first chromosomal location was established in 1991, public revelation of the sentinel discovery that cardiac channel mutations conferred the pathogenic mechanism for LQTS occurred on March 10, 1995. Now more than 10 years ago, these tandem publications appearing in Cell from Dr Keating’s laboratory demonstrated mutations in both the KCNH2-encoded HERG potassium channel and the SCN5A-encoded cardiac sodium channel in several families with congenital LQTS [3,4]. Today, more than 400 mutations scattered among 5 cardiac channel genes
Simulation of Electric Field distribution around water droplets on outdoor insulator surfaces

Overhead insulators used for transmission lines rated 500 kV and above, are relatively long, and the voltage distribution along the insulator length generally is non-uniform. Even though contamination of the outdoor insulator due to pollution is one of the prime factors leading to flashover and the resulting transmission line faults, it has been observed that the flashover can occur even before the presence of actual contaminants. In practice, the presence of water droplets over the insulator surface creates locations of high electric field intensity, a region where the electrical breakdown can initiate. The degree of field intensification at the triple point between water, air and insulator is a function of the wettability of the insulator surface, which increases with insulator degradation. In this work, the variation of electric field distribution around a typical water droplet in the sheath and shed regions as a function of the contact angle is reported. Two types of commonly used insulating materials namely hydrophobic silicone rubber (SIR) and porcelain have been investigated in our study.
Equilibrium characterization of dynamical neural networks and a systematic synthesis procedure for associative memories

Several novel results concerning the characterization of the equilibrium conditions of a continuous-time dynamical neural network model and a systematic procedure for synthesizing associative memory networks with nonsymmetrical interconnection matrices are presented. The equilibrium characterization focuses on the exponential stability and instability properties of the network equilibria and on equilibrium confinement, viz., ensuring the uniqueness of an equilibrium in a specific region of the state space. While the equilibrium confinement result involves a simple test, the stability results given obtain explicit estimates of the degree of exponential stability and the regions of attraction of the stable equilibrium points. Using these results as valuable guidelines, a systematic synthesis procedure for constructing a dynamical neural network that stores a given set of vectors as the stable equilibrium points is developed. >
Mid-infrared conductivity from mid-gap states associated with charge stripes

15 , a material in which the charge stripes order three dimensionally. We show that the conductivity can be decomposed into two components, a mid-infrared peak that we attribute to transitions from the filled valence band into empty mid-gap states associated with the stripes, and a Drude peak that appears at higher temperatures as carriers are thermally excited into the mid-gap states. The shift of the mid-IR peak to lower energy with increasing temperature is explained in terms of the Franck-Condon effect. The relevance of these results to understanding the optical conductivity in the cuprates is discussed.
MATHEMATICAL MODELS OF ANTI-TNF THERAPIES AND THEIR CORRELATION WITH TUBERCULOSIS

In the last 12 years, different types of drugs that neutralize the proinflammatory molecule tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα or, simply, TNF) have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat patients with inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and Crohn’s disease [1–3]. Not surprisingly, interfering with TNF, an important cytokine that participates in many immune responses, could affect the immunogenesis of some infectious diseases and ultimately affect the susceptibility of these patients. The best example of an unfortunate side effect is the disease tuberculosis (TB). Following inhalation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis , the causative agent of TB, individuals either clear the infection, are able to control but not clear it (known as latent infection), or are unable to control infection and experience active primary disease. Those who have a latent infection have a 10% lifetime chance of reactivation to active disease, usually occurring
Regularization using jittered training data

The authors investigate the training of a layered perceptron with jittered data. They study the effect of generating additional training data by adding noise to the input data and show that is introduces convolutional smoothing of the target function. Training using such jittered data is shown, under a small variance assumption, to be equivalent to Lagrangian regularization with a derivative regularizer. Training with jitter allows regularization within the conventional layered perceptron architecture. >
Modeling of On-Chip Differential Inductors and Transformers/Baluns

On-chip differential inductors and transformers are used widely in radio frequency integrated circuits, but the modeling of these devices has not yet been fully investigated in literature. In this brief, the applications of a previously developed single-ended (two-terminal) inductor model for the three-terminal differential inductor and four-terminal transformers/baluns are presented
High-reliability data transfer over the land mobile radio channel using interleaved hybrid-ARQ error control

Several coding techniques are combined to create a simple error control system capable of providing very low end-to-end symbol error rates over a digital mobile phone link. Interleaving is used to spread out the impact of deep fades, allowing for the use of shorter block codes with correspondingly simple encoders and decoders. The degree of error control provided by these block codes is then substantially improved through the adoption of a type-1 hybrid-ARQ protocol. The performance of this system is explored in detail for implementation based on Reed-Solomon codes. >
Electrodynamic theory of fluorescence polarization of solutions: theory and application to the determination of protein-protein separation

The phenomenon of the fluorescence polarization of solutions has found numerous applications in biophysics, biochemistry, immunology, and diagnostic and clinical medicine. The current theory to explain the phenomenon of fluorescence polarization in solutions was developed by F. Perrin in 1926. Perrin based his theory on the belief that fluorescence polarization is a manifestation of rotational Brownian motion. Fluorescence polarization, however, is an electromagnetic radiation phenomenon. Using Maxwell's equations, suitably modified to account for the quantum behavior of fluorescence, E. Collett developed a theory of fluorescence polarization (the electrodynamic theory) based on a model of dipole-dipole interactions. The electrodynamic theory is used to investigate protein-protein assays to determine the minimum and maximum binding distances between the proteins for (1) an estrogen receptor DNA bound to a fluorescein labeled estrogen response element and (2) a green fluorescent protein chimera of S-peptide (S65T-His6) bound to a free S-protein.
Managing Voice and Communication for Tracheostomized and Ventilator Dependent Patients: Clinical Case Studies

Abstract This tutorial provides a background to the history of tracheostomy and ventilator-dependence, as well as two clinical case studies that describe the management of voice and communication. The rationale for establishment of upper airway flow in the tracheostomized and ventilator-dependent patient is explained. Assessment and treatment paradigms are described for the clinician working with this complex population, in order to provide guidelines for daily clinical practice.
Physiology of HI horizontal cells in the primate retina

Two types of recording were obtained from horizontal cells in the superfused eyecup preparation of the retina of Macaca mulatta. Injection of horseradish peroxidase showed that one class of responses was generated by the cell body of HI horizontal cells. The origin of the other type of responses was not identified morphologically, but they were strikingly similar to those recorded from the axonal arborization of axon-bearing horizontal cells of other mammalian species. The soma of HI cells responded with graded hyperpolarizations to increasing changes in diffuse white-light illumination. Threshold responses were obtained with stimulus intensities above electroretinogram (ERG) b-wave threshold; this was taken as an indication of cone input to this part of the cell. Responses to low-intensity stimuli were small, sustained hyperpolarizations; at intermediate intensities, the hyperpolarizations were initiated by a prominent transient component and were followed by a small rod after-effect at stimulus termination; with bright flashes, the transient component was abolished and the rod after-effect became larger. The spectral input of the HI cell body was tested with chromatic stimuli matching the spectral sensitivity of primate cone pigments: responses to all wavelengths were hyperpolarizations. Spectral sensitivity values for the different wavelengths and a comparison of the spectral amplitude-intensity curves for 450 nm, 540 nm and 630 nm wavelengths suggested that HI cell bodies had a non-specific, broad-band sensitivity to mid-spectral wavelengths. Thus more than one spectrally sensitive mechanism was involved in the generation of their response and they were not univariant. This was supported by the morphological observation that the clusters of terminal dendritic branchlets of HI cells had the same arrangement and distance from each other as the overlying cone inner segments, suggesting that these cells contact cones in an indiscriminate fashion. The other class of horizontal cell responses were characterized by a lower threshold, a larger amplitude with low intensity stimuli, a steeper increment in amplitude with increasing intensity, a saturation at moderate levels of illumination and a prominent rod after-effect in response to bright-light stimuli. We concluded that these responses were generated by the axon terminal of HI horizontal cells, that receives synaptic input from rods. Thus HI horizontal cells belong to the luminosity type, are not involved in the processing of colour contrast and are homologous to the axon-bearing horizontal cells of other mammalian retinas.
QUANTITATIVE CYTOCHEMICAL DETERMINATION OF DESOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID WITH THE FEULGEN NUCLEAL REACTION

The possibility of using the Feulgen nucleal reaction for a quantitative cytochemical estimation of desoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was investigated. The intensity of the reaction in nuclei was determined by absorption measurements with the microscope. The accuracy of such measurements was tested by comparison with measurements on the same material with a Beckman spectrophotometer. The values obtained with the microscope agreed within a few per cent with those obtained with the Beckman spectrophotometer. Furthermore, the errors introduced by uneven distribution of absorbing material, by variations in the numerical aperture of the system, and by variation in the area used on the phototube were investigated empirically. The following variables were studied with regard to their effect on the intensity of the Feulgen reaction: type of fixation, time of hydrolysis after acetic acid-alcohol and formalin fixation, time of staining in leucobasic fuchsin, method of preparation of leucobasic fuchsin. The intensity of the Feulgen reaction in liver and erythrocyte nuclei of various vertebrates, fixed in acetic acid-alcohol, was then compared with the DNA content of these nuclei as determined by chemical analysis on a known number of nuclei. The intensity of the reaction was found to be proportional to the DNA content of the nuclei, if nuclei of similar structure and DNA concentration were compared. In nuclei of different structure and DNA concentration (i.e. liver and erythrocyte nuclei), fixed in acetic acid-alcohol, the intensity of the Feulgen reaction was, however, not proportional to the DNA content. This difficulty was overcome by isolating nuclei in sucrose and by fixing them in formalin. Uniform distribution of DNA and therefore uniform coloring after the Feulgen reaction were thus obtained. In such nuclei with uniform distribution of absorbing material the Feulgen reaction was found to be proportional to the DNA content of nuclei, even if they differed greatly in their DNA concentration. The Feulgen nucleal reaction is not quantitative in an absolute sense. For absolute determinations nuclei of known DNA content must be treated together with the unknown material to serve as standard. From these data it therefore appears possible to determine cytochemically relative amounts of DNA in cellular structures by measuring their absorption after treatment with the Feulgen nucleal reaction.
In vivo virus structures: Simultaneous classification, resolution enhancement, and noise reduction in whole-cell electron tomography

Sulfolobus Turreted Icosahedral Virus (STIV) experiences an extra-cellular environment of near boiling acid (80°C, pH 3) and particles purified under these conditions were previously analyzed by cryo electron microscopy and image reconstruction. Here we describe cryo-tomograms of Solfolobus cells infected with STIV and the maximum likelihood algorithm employed to compute reconstructions of virions within the cell. Virions in four different tomograms were independently reconstructed with an average of 91 particles per tomogram and their structures compared with each other and with the higher resolution single-particle reconstruction from purified virions. The algorithm described here automatically classified and oriented two different particle types within each cell and generated reconstructions of full and empty particles. Because the particles are randomly oriented within the cell, the reconstructions do not suffer from the missing wedge of data absent from the reciprocal-space tomogram. The fact that the particles have icosahedral symmetry is used to dramatically improve the signal to noise ratio in the reconstructions. The reconstructions have approximately 60A resolution (based on Fourier Shell Correlation analysis among reconstructions computed by the algorithm described here from four different tomograms).
LANDSCAPE CHANGE AND HABITAT AVAILABILITY IN THE SOUTHERN APPALACHIAN HIGHLANDS AND OLYMPIC PENINSULA

Methods for predicting the ecological impacts of land use change on biodiversity and ecosystem function are needed to guide land planning and resource management decisions. This study explores the consequences of alternative scenarios of land cover change on the abundance and arrangement of potential habitat for a suite of species in the Little Tennessee River Basin (LTRB) in the Southern Appalachian Highlands and the Hoh River Basin (HORB) on the Olympic Peninsula. We addressed two questions: (1) How does land ownership affect the availability of suitable habitat for a variety of species in changing landscapes (and how do restrictions on forest harvest then change habitat availability)? (2) Are species differentially affected by land cover changes that vary among landowners? Scenarios of land cover change were projected by using a spatially explicit model in which the probability of land being converted from one cover type to another was conditional upon social, economic, and ecological factors. Potentia...
Direct multiangle solution for poorly stratified atmospheres

The direct multiangle solution is considered, which allows improving the scanning lidar-data-inversion accuracy when the requirement of the horizontally stratified atmosphere is poorly met. The signal measured at zenith or close to zenith is used as a core source for extracting optical characteristics of the atmospheric aerosol loading. The multiangle signals are used as auxiliary data to extract the vertical transmittance profile from the zenith signal. Details of the retrieval methodology are considered that eliminate, or at least soften, some specific ambiguities in the multiangle measurements in horizontally heterogeneous atmospheres. Simulated and experimental elastic lidar data are presented that illustrate the essentials of the data-processing technique. Finally, the prospects of the utilization of high-spectral-resolution lidar in the multiangle mode are discussed.
A live diarrheal vaccine imprints a Th2 cell bias and acts as an anti-inflammatory vaccine.

An experimental vaccine for enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) composed of a live, attenuated Salmonella vector-expressing enterotoxigenic E. coli fimbriae, colonization factor Ag I (CFA/I), stimulated a biphasic Th cell response when given orally and suppressed the normally produced proinflammatory response. Such suppression was also evident upon the Salmonella -CFA/I infection of macrophages resulting in diminished TNF-α, IL-1, and IL-6 production and suggesting that the CFA/I fimbrial expression by Salmonella may protect against a proinflammatory disease. To test this hypothesis, SJL/J mice were vaccinated with Salmonella -CFA/I construct 1 or 4 wk before induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis using an encephalitogenic proteolipid protein peptide, PLP139–151. Mice receiving Salmonella -CFA/I vaccine recovered completely from mild acute clinical disease and showed only mild inflammatory infiltrates in the spinal cord white and gray matter. This protective effect was accompanied by a loss of encephalitogenic IFN-γ-secreting Th cells and was replaced with an increase in IL-4, IL-10, and IL-13 secretion. Collectively, these data suggested that Salmonella -CFA/I is an anti-inflammatory vaccine that down-regulates proinflammatory cells and confers protection against a proinflammatory disease, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, via immune deviation.
Small-Signal Analysis of Oscillators Using Generalized Multitime Partial Differential Equations

Standard small-signal analysis methods for circuits break down for oscillators because small-input perturbations result in arbitrarily large-output changes, thus invalidating fundamental assumptions for small-signal analysis. In this paper, we propose a novel oscillator ac approach remedying this situation, thus restoring validity and rigour to small-signal analysis of oscillators. Our approach centers around a novel general equation formulation for circuits that we term the Generalized Multitime Partial Differential Equations (GeMPDE). While this formulation is broadly applicable to any kind of circuit or dynamical system, we show that it has unique advantages for oscillators in that small-input perturbations now lead to small output ones, thus making small-signal analysis valid. A key feature of our approach is to solve for bivariate-frequency variables with the help of novel augmenting-phase-condition equations. Unlike prior oscillator-analysis methods, which require special handling of the phase mode, our GeMPDE-based small-signal analysis provides both amplitude and frequency characteristics in a unified manner and is applicable to any kind of oscillator described by differential equations. We obtain speedups of 1-2 orders of magnitude over the transient-simulation approach commonly used today by designers for oscillator-perturbation analysis
Regulation of Pax6 expression is conserved between mice and flies

Pax6 plays a key role in visual system development throughout the metazoa and the function of Pax6 is evolutionarily conserved. However, the regulation of Pax6 expression during eye development is largely unknown. We have identified two physically distinct promoters in mouse Pax6, P0 and P1, that direct differential Pax6 expression in the developing eye. P0-initiated transcripts predominate in lens placode and corneal and conjunctival epithelia, whereas P1-initiated transcripts are expressed in lens placode, optic vesicle and CNS, and only weakly in corneal and conjunctival epithelia. To further investigate their tissue-specific expression, a series of constructs for each promoter were examined in transgenic mice. We identified three different regulatory regions which direct distinct domains of Pax6 expression in the eye. A regulatory element upstream of the Pax6 P0 promoter is required for expression in a subpopulation of retinal progenitors and in the developing pancreas, while a second regulatory element upstream of the Pax6 P1 promoter is sufficient to direct expression in a subset of post-mitotic, non-terminally differentiated photoreceptors. A third element in Pax6 intron 4, when combined with either the P0 or P1 promoter, accurately directs expression in amacrine cells, ciliary body and iris. These results indicate that the complex expression pattern of Pax6 is differentially regulated by two promoters acting in combination with multiple cis-acting elements. We have also tested whether the regulatory mechanisms that direct Pax6 ocular expression are conserved between mice and flies. Remarkably, when inserted upstream of either the mouse Pax6 P1 or P0 promoter, an eye-enhancer region of the Drosophila eyeless gene, a Pax6 homolog, directs eye- and CNS-specific expression in transgenic mice that accurately reproduces features of endogenous Pax6 expression. These results suggest that in addition to conservation of Pax6 function, the upstream regulation of Pax6 has also been conserved during evolution.
Multilevel thin film packaging: applications and processes for high performance systems

IBM has developed and implemented multilayer thin films (MLTF) for both high end and cost-performance systems since the early 1980's. Copper-polymer and aluminum-polymer multilayer thin films have been implemented on silicon, alumina, and glass-ceramic substrates. The various MLTF implementations are: Two layers of Cu-polyimide interconnection on dry pressed alumina for single and dual chip applications, using wet etch of polyimide and subtractive etching of Cr-Cu-Cr for wiring. One to two layers of planar Cu-polyimide interconnection on alumina and glass-ceramic multichip modules for redistribution of chip I/O's to the ceramic vias, using laser ablation for via definition, subtractive etching of Cr-Cu-Cr for wiring definition, and liftoff for bonding pad definition. Four layers of Al-polyimide multichip interconnection on silicon substrates, using reactive ion etching for via definition, subtractive etching of aluminum for wiring definition, and evaporation through a mask for bonding pad definition. Four to five layers of planar Cu-polyimide interconnection on glass-ceramic substrates, using laser ablation for via definition, photosensitive polyimide (PSPI) lithography and blanket electroplating for wiring definition, and liftoff for bonding pad definition. Four or five layers of non-planar Cu-polyimide interconnection on alumina, silicon, and glass-ceramic substrates, using laser ablation or photosensitive polyimide lithography for via definition, additive electroplating or subtractive etching of Cu for wiring definition, and additive electroplating for bonding pad definition. In this paper we discuss the evolution of these thin film technologies as well as the process choices, their merits, and the reasoning behind the various choices. >
A Biopsychosocial-Spiritual Model for the Care of Patients at the End of Life

Purpose: This article presents a model for research and practice that expands on the biopsychosocial model to include the spiritual concerns of patients. Design and Methods: Literature review and philosophical inquiry were used. Results: The healing professions should serve the needs of patients as whole persons. Persons can be considered beings-in-relationship, and illness can be considered a disruption in biological relationships that in turn affects all the other relational aspects of a person. Spirituality concerns a person’s relationship with transcendence. Therefore, genuinely holistic health care must address the totality of the patient’s relational existence—physical, psychological, social, and spiritual. The literature suggests that many patients would like health professionals to attend to their spiritual needs, but health professionals must be morally cautious and eschew proselytizing in any form. Four general domains for measuring various aspects of spirituality are distinguished: religiosity, religious coping and support, spiritual well-being, and spiritual need. A framework for understanding the interactions between these domains is presented. Available instruments are reviewed and critiqued. An agenda for research in the spiritual aspects of illness and care at the end of life is proposed. Implications: Spiritual concerns are important to many patients, particularly at the end of life. Much work remains to be done in understanding the spiritual aspects of patient care and how to address spirituality in research and practice.
A Note on the Distribution of Integrals of Geometric Brownian Motion

The purpose of this note is to identify an interesting and surprising duality between the equations governing the probability distribution and expected value functional of the stochastic process defined by At := R t 0 exp{Zs}ds,t 0, where {Zs : s 0} is a one-dimensional Brownian motion with drift coecient µ and diusion coecient 2 . In particular, both expected values of the form v(t,x) := Ef(x + At), f homogeneous, as well as the probability density a(t,y)dy := P(At 2 dy) are shown to be governed by a pair of linear parabolic partial dierential equations. Although the equations are not the backward/forward adjoint pairs one would naturally have in the general theory of Markov processes, unifying and remarkably simple derivations of these equations are provided.
A Massive Memory Machine

This paper argues the case for a computer with massive amounts of primary storage, on the order of tens of billions of bytes. We argue that such a machine, even with a relatively slow processor, can outperform all other super-computers on memory bound computations. This machine would be simple to program. In addition, it could lead to new and highly efficient programs which traded the available space for running time. We present a novel architecture for such a machine, and show how it can lead to reduced memory access times and higher reliability.
Massage for knee osteoarthritis

Purpose:Core objectives of this pilot studywere 1) to assess the feasibility and acceptability of Swedish massage among Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) healthcare users with knee osteoarthritis (OA), and 2) to collect preliminary data on efficacy of Swedish massage in this patient group. Methods: A pre/post massage therapy intervention pilot study of twenty-five U.S. Veterans with symptomatic knee OA was conducted at Duke Integrative Medicine clinic facilities in Durham, NC. Participants received eight weekly one-hour sessions of full-bodySwedishmassage. PrimaryOutcome Measures: Western Ontario and McMaster University Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) and global pain (visual analog scale: VAS). Secondary Outcome Measures: NIH’s Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System-Pain Interference Questionnaire 6b (PROMIS-PI 6b), 12-Item ShortForm Health Survey (SF-12® v1) and the EuroQol health status index (EQ-5D-5L), knee range of motion (ROM), and time to walk fifty feet. Results: Study feasibility was established by a 92% retention rate with 99% of massage visits and 100% of research visits completed. Results showed significant improvements in self-reported OA-related pain, stiffness and function (30% improvement in Global WOMAC scores, p = 0.001) and knee pain over the past seven days (36% improvement in VAS, p < 0.001). There were also significant improvements in PROMISPI, EQ-5D-5L, and physical composite score of the SF-12® (all p’s< .01), while the mental composite score of the SF-12® and knee ROM showed trends toward significant improvement. Time to walk fifty feet did not significantly improve. Conclusion: In addition to offering support for the feasibility and acceptability of Swedish massage among VA healthcare users, these results provide preliminary data suggesting its efficacy for improving overall health and quality of life for massage recipients, in addition to pain relief. If results are confirmed in a larger randomized trial, massage could be an important component of regular care for these patients. Contact: Kristin Jerger, kristin.jerger@duke.edu
Temporal and subjective work demands in office-based patient care: an exploration of the dimensions of physician work intensity.

Background:Physician work intensity (WI) during office-based patient care affects quality of care and patient safety as well as physician job-satisfaction and reimbursement. Existing, brief work intensity measures have been used in physician studies, but their validity in clinical settings has not b
Image Reconstruction Invariant to Relighting

This paper describes an improvement to the Poisson image editing method for seamless cloning. Our approach is based on minimizing an energy expression invariant to relighting. The improved method reconstructs seamlessly the selected region, matching both pixel values and texture contrast of the surrounding area, while previous algorithms matched pixel values only. Our algorithm solves a deeper problem: It performs reconstruction in terms of the internal working mechanisms of human visual system. Retinex-type effects of adaptation are built into the structure of the mathematical model, producing results that change covariantly with lighting.
Tongue Inspection in TCM: Observations in a Study Sample of Patients Living with HIV

Background: One of the principal diagnostic methods in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is the inspection of the tongue. This method involves examination of the shape, size, color, and texture of the tongue body and coat and helps reveal the state of organ functions and progression of conditions. Literature on tongue observations for patients who have human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is minimal. Objective: The goal of this study was to provide a clinical "snapshot" of initial tongue assessments of 159 patients living with HIV, who participated in an acupuncture clinical trial for chronic nausea. The aim was to explore the similarities and differences observed in tongue assessments. Design: This study was part of a prospective, randomized, controlled, double-blinded (subjects and evaluators), parallel-groups, acupuncture clinical trial for treating chronic nausea. Setting: The study was conducted at a large urban New York City academic health center. Patients: The patients in this study were 159 individuals who had HIV infections and who had histories of chronic nausea for ≥3 months. Main Outcome Measures: Initial tongue assessments were recorded for seven basic characteristics: (1) tongue color; (2) tongue shape; (3) tongue body quality; (4) coat color; (5) coat weight; (6) coat surface; and (7) tongue action. Results: The overall tongue picture seen in these patients was that the tongue was swollen and toothmarked, had a pink body with cracks, and had a thick, dry white coat. Conclusions: The HIV disease itself and the use of long term medications affect the Blood, Qi, Yin, and Yang. The observation of the tongue provides a window into the process of the disease and, ultimately, insight for clinical care. This sample population snapshot illustrates the complex processes seen in long-term chronic conditions managed by pharmacologic medications.
Abstract 3483: Modeling circulating tumor cells in the peripheral blood and CSF of breast cancer patients.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC The enumeration of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) using the CellSearch system (Veridex LLC) is a valuable prognostic clinical tool in several epithelial malignancies. Surveillance methods for metastatic disease involving the central nervous system (CNS) lack adequate sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility in the clinic. We previously reported a method to enumerate CTCs in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of breast cancer patients with metastases involving the CNS. The enumeration of CTCs in CSF by this method is highly sensitive, accurate, reproducible, and correlates with disease burden by several measures. Here, we concomitantly monitor CTCs in the peripheral blood and CSF of five patients with neoplastic meningitis receiving intrathecal (IT) chemotherapy. In each patient, CTC counts have been more sensitive than conventional cytology, and have predicted the course of symptoms and overall survival more precisely than conventional cytology. We observed a striking inverse relationship between CTC counts in the peripheral blood and CSF. This observation generated the hypothesis that CTCs migrate from the blood to the CSF and the converse as sanctuary sites during compartmentalized therapy to result in systemic disease recurrence. To test this hypothesis we created mouse models of these clinical phenomena including injection of triple-negative breast cancer into the peripheral blood or intracranially. Injection of luciferase-infected MDA-MB-231 or MDA-MB-468 human triple-negative breast cancer cells into the brain of athymic nude mice resulted in primary tumors at the site of injection. The MDA-MB-231, unlike the MDA-MB-468, generated detectable tumor cell dissemination into the CSF of inoculated mice that correlated with a significantly declined survival. CSF collected from the cisterna magna of inoculated mice corroborated these observations. Current studies are examining the impact of compartmentalized therapy on the migration of these tumor cells as well as profiling unique genetic drivers of the subset of tumors cells that disseminate into the CSF. The intercompartmental cycling of tumor cells may represent an important mechanism for disease persistence and recurrence, and suggests that concurrent systemic and CNS-directed therapy may be warranted. Citation Format: Joshua E. Allen, Akshal S. Patel, David T. Dicker, Jonas M. Sheehan, Michael Glantz, Wafik S. El-Deiry. Modeling circulating tumor cells in the peripheral blood and CSF of breast cancer patients. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3483. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-3483
THE INFLUENCE OF BREAKER TYPE ON RIPRAP STABILITY

Test data related to the stability of dumped quarry stone riprap under wave action is presented The tests were conducted in the large 635-foot wave tank at the Coastal Engineering Research Center at near prototype scale The data indicate that the stability of the riprap is strongly influenced by the type of breaker The lowest riprap stability is associated with a breaker type intermediate between plunging and surging, sometimes referred to as a collapsing breaker.
Contextual therapy: Applying the family ledger to couple therapy

This paper uses detailed case analysis to illustrate the intergenerational concepts of loyalty, legacy, and relational stagnation described by Boszormenyi-Nagy in his Contextual Therapy approach. S...
Reducing running cost of reverse osmosis system by adequately utilizing technological advantages of suppliers

By utilizing the technological advantages of specialists from the suppliers, the membranes are regularly cleaned and special antiscalants used to guarantee the safe running of our reverse osmosis system. The results show that the system keeps running well and the running cost is greatly reduced.
The Rat as a Model for the Study of Penile Erection

A model has been developed for the study of penile erection in the Sprague-Dawley rat. Anatomical dissections demonstrate a bilateral ganglion lateral to the prostate called the major pelvic ganglion. This ganglion receives input from the pelvic and hypogastric nerves and innervates the pelvic viscera. A large fiber from the major pelvic ganglion courses along the urethra and innervates the corpus cavernosum, the cavernous nerve. In 40 animals, electrical stimulation of either the cavernous nerve or the pelvic nerve resulted in reproducible repetitive tumescence of the corpora cavernosum. Following ablation of the cavernous nerve, electrical stimulation failed to produce erections. Standard mating behavior tests of mounting, intromission and ejaculation in 38 rats showed that surgical ablation of the cavernous nerve resulted in a decrease in the rate of intromissions and ejaculations compared with sham operated controls. Present models for the study of erection have been limited to the dog, monkey and cat. The rat model presented here offers several advantages over these existing models: 1) the cavernous nerve is easily identified, 2) electrical stimulation is easily accomplished and reproducible, 3) behavioral and neurophysiological studies are possible, and 4) animal purchase, housing, and maintenance costs are low. These advantages make this model a uniquely useful tool in the further study of penile erection.
Impact of Insurance Type on Initial Rejection Post Heart Transplant.

Background Heart transplantation allocation is often restricted from patients with low socioeconomic status (SES) due to concern for worse outcomes. We hypothesised that comorbidities would have a greater impact on risk of severe rejection post-orthotopic heart transplant than would Medicaid insurance and Median Household Income (MHI). Methods A retrospective study of 171 patients who underwent orthotopic heart transplant between 7/1999-11/2013 at our facility were followed until 9/2014 for rejection hospitalisations or death. Survival and multivariable analyses with adjustment for age, race, and gender were performed to estimate the risk of severe cellular rejection, ≥2r (hazard ratio [HR], 95% confidence interval [CI]). Results Eighteen per cent of patients had Medicaid, and 72% of patients had low or medium MHI. Severe rejection occurred in 23% of patients. In the univariable analysis, Medicaid and diabetes were associated with increased risk of rejection while age >60 years, Caucasian race, and male sex were associated with reduced risk [Medicaid 2.32(1.20,4.51), diabetes 2.49(1.09,5.69), age 0.41(0.20,0.84), Caucasian 0.44(0.21,0.93), male 0.49(0.26,0.92)]. Median Household Income had no correlation [MHI 0.79(0.51,1.23)]. In the multivariable adjusted model, Medicaid was not associated with rejection [1.65(0.79,3.41)]; diabetes was strongly associated with risk of severe rejection [3.9(1.59,9.39)], and age >60 years was associated with risk reduction [0.42(0.20,0.82)]. Conclusions Medicaid insurance and MHI were not associated with increased risk of severe cellular rejection requiring hospitalisation post-orthotopic heart transplant in the adjusted model. Rather the presence of diabetes and age ≤60 years were associated with increased risk.
Selective Internal Radiation Therapy With Yttrium-90 Glass Microspheres: Biases and Uncertainties in Absorbed Dose Calculations Between Clinical Dosimetry Models

Purpose To quantify differences that exist between dosimetry models used for 90 Y selective internal radiation therapy (SIRT). Methods and Materials Retrospectively, 37 tumors were delineated on 19 post-therapy quantitative 90 Y single photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography scans. Using matched volumes of interest (VOIs), absorbed doses were reported using 3 dosimetry models: glass microsphere package insert standard model (SM), partition model (PM), and Monte Carlo (MC). Univariate linear regressions were performed to predict mean MC from SM and PM. Analysis was performed for 2 subsets: cases with a single tumor delineated (best case for PM), and cases with multiple tumors delineated (typical clinical scenario). Variability in PM from the ad hoc placement of a single spherical VOI to estimate the entire normal liver activity concentration for tumor (T) to nontumoral liver (NL) ratios (TNR) was investigated. We interpreted the slope of the resulting regression as bias and the 95% prediction interval (95%PI) as uncertainty. M C NL single represents MC absorbed doses to the NL for the single tumor patient subset; other combinations of calculations follow a similar naming convention. Results SM was unable to predict M C T single or M C T multiple (p>.12, 95%PI >±177 Gy). However, SM single was able to predict (p M C NL single , albeit with large uncertainties; SM single and SM multiple yielded biases of 0.62 and 0.71, and 95%PI of ±40 and ± 32 Gy, respectively. P M T single and P M T multiple predicted (p M C T single and M C T multiple with biases of 0.52 and 0.54, and 95%PI of ±38 and ± 111 Gy, respectively. The TNR variability in P M T single increased the 95%PI for predicting M C T single (bias = 0.46 and 95%PI = ±103 Gy). The TNR variability in P M T multiple modified the bias when predicting M C T multiple (bias = 0.32 and 95%PI = ±110 Gy). Conclusions The SM is unable to predict mean MC tumor absorbed dose. The PM is statistically correlated with mean MC, but the resulting uncertainties in predicted MC are large. Large differences observed between dosimetry models for 90 Y SIRT warrant caution when interpreting published SIRT absorbed doses. To reduce uncertainty, we suggest the entire NL VOI be used for TNR estimates when using PM.