cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The product of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae RSS1 gene, identified as a high-copy suppressor of the rat7-1 temperature-sensitive allele of the RAT7/NUP159 nucleoporin, is required for efficient mRNA export.

Abstract RAT7/NUP159 was identified previously in a screen for genes whose products are important for nucleocytoplasmic export of poly(A)+ RNA and encodes an essential nucleoporin. We report here the identification of RSS1 (Rat Seven Suppressor) as a high-copy extragenic suppressor of the rat7-1 temperature-sensitive allele. Rss1p encodes a novel essential protein of 538 amino acids, which contains an extended predicted coiled-coil domain and is located both at nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) and in the cytoplasm. RSS1 is the first reported high-copy extragenic suppressor of a mutant nucleoporin. Overexpression of Rss1p partially suppresses the defects in nucleocytoplasmic export of poly(A)+ RNA, rRNA synthesis and processing, and nucleolar morphology seen in rat7-1 cells shifted to the nonpermissive temperature of 37 degrees C and, thus, restores these processes to levels adequate for growth at a rate approximately one-half that of wild-type cells. After a shift to 37 degrees C, the mutant Rat7-1p/Nup159-1p is lost from the nuclear rim of rat7-1 cells and NPCs, which are clustered together in these cells grown under permissive conditions become substantially less clustered. Overexpression of Rss1p did not result in retention of the mutant Rat7-1p/Nup159-1p in NPCs, but it did result in partial maintenance of the NPC-clustering phenotype seen in mutant cells. Depletion of Rss1p by placing the RSS1 open reading frame (ORF) under control of the GAL1 promoter led to cessation of growth and nuclear accumulation of poly(A)+ RNA without affecting nuclear protein import or nuclear pore complex distribution, suggesting that RSS1 is directly involved in mRNA export. Because both rat7-1 cells and cells depleted for Rss1p are defective in mRNA export, our data are consistent with both gene products playing essential roles in the process of mRNA export and suggest that Rss1p overexpression suppresses the growth defect of rat7-1 cells at 37 degrees C by acting to maintain mRNA export.
The Prism of Piety: Catholick Congregational Clergy at the Beginning of the Enlightenment

This study attacks the widely accepted idea, propounded by Perry Miller, that Enlightenment ideas hastened the demise of religion in 18th century New England. The author argues that Miller misread and misunderstood those Puritan writers who were most influenced by the Enlightenment in the early 18th century. The text analyzes the writings of a group of Boston ministers who were profoundly influenced by Enlightenment ideals in the first four decades of the 18th century. These writers were Benjamin Colman, Nathaniel Appleton, Ebenezer Pemberton, Benjamin Wadsworth, Thomas Foxcroft and Edward Holyoke. The book argues that these ministers welcomed Enlightenment thought as a needed counterbalance to prevailing views of the world and society as corrupt and dangerous, and used them to promote a return to trust in religious community, as opposed to personal piety.
Hemolacria in a patient with severe systemic diseases.

ABSTRACTPurposeHemolacria is a rare phenomenon of bloody tears caused by various ocular and systemic conditions, as well as psychological, pharmacologic, and idiopathic etiologies. Hemolacria is typically a benign process; however, serious systemic associations can exist. It is predominantly unilate
DNA nanomechanics allows direct digital detection of complementary DNA and microRNA targets

Techniques to detect and quantify DNA and RNA molecules in biological samples have had a central role in genomics research. Over the past decade, several techniques have been developed to improve detection performance and reduce the cost of genetic analysis. In particular, significant advances in label-free methods have been reported. Yet detection of DNA molecules at concentrations below the femtomolar level requires amplified detection schemes. Here we report a unique nanomechanical response of hybridized DNA and RNA molecules that serves as an intrinsic molecular label. Nanomechanical measurements on a microarray surface have sufficient background signal rejection to allow direct detection and counting of hybridized molecules. The digital response of the sensor provides a large dynamic range that is critical for gene expression profiling. We have measured differential expressions of microRNAs in tumour samples; such measurements have been shown to help discriminate between the tissue origins of metastatic tumours. Two hundred picograms of total RNA is found to be sufficient for this analysis. In addition, the limit of detection in pure samples is found to be one attomolar. These results suggest that nanomechanical read-out of microarrays promises attomolar-level sensitivity and large dynamic range for the analysis of gene expression, while eliminating biochemical manipulations, amplification and labelling.
pH Induced Active (“Uphill”) Liquid Membrane Transport of Ferrioxamine B by the Ionizable Ionophore Lasalocid

Active transport of the siderophore ferrioxamine B by the ionizable ionophore lasalocid, driven by the pH difference in two aqueous phases separated by an artificial membrane, was observed with an average flux of 1.52 × 10-11 mol s-1 cm-2.
Dependence of subcellular damage on various laser beam parameters.

A cw argon laser operating at the multiline UV TEM00 mode was used to create lesions in the nucleoli of fibroblast cells. Laser powers emitted through the objective were varied from 5-8 mW and laser pulse durations ranged from 50 to 600 ms. Our study showed lesion diameters ranging from 0.7 microns to 2.9 microns and an average lesion diameter of 1.77 microns. All cells were exposed to at most a laser spotsize of 2.2 microns diameter and for a laser spotsize of this diameter, we calculated that the central 18.3% of the total energy was in the central area of 0.7 microns diameter. The authors also found that as little as 0.3 mJ of energy could produce a lesion. No absolute threshold correlation was found between the size or type of lesion and the laser parameters used.
Aortopexy with tracheal reconstruction for postoperative tracheomalacia in congenital tracheal stenosis.

Abstract Purpose Congenital tracheal stenosis is a rare condition and can be difficult to manage. One source of difficulty is postoperative tracheomalacia requiring long-term tracheal stenting. To prevent symptomatic postoperative tracheomalacia, we have been adding aortopexy to tracheal reconstruction since 2008. The aim of this study was to evaluate efficacy of aortopexy for preventing postoperative tracheomalacia after reconstruction of congenital tracheal stenosis. Methods Retrospective chart review was conducted. From October 2003 to March 2011, 24 had tracheal reconstruction without aortopexy (group A) and 8 with aortopexy (group B). Statistical analysis was performed using Fisher's Exact test. Results One had anastomotic leakage in group A, and 1, in group B ( P = .44). Eleven patients required tracheostomy because of postoperative tracheomalacia confirmed by postoperative bronchoscopy in group A vs none in group B ( P = .029). Conclusions We found that aortopexy with tracheal reconstruction reduced the need for postoperative tracheostomy in this patient group. Although there is a potential risk of anastomotic leakage because of the suspension suture on the anterior tracheal wall to aorta, we did not detect an increased incidence after aortopexy. Thus, aortic suspension may be a useful adjunct to prevent symptoms of tracheomalacia in these patients.
Brief Description of Ranger Lunar Seismograph

It is hoped that before long the United States will safely land a Ranger instrument package containing a seismometer on the Moon. Waves from moonquakes, if they occur, and meteoric impacts will be detected, telemetered to Earth and registered for study. From the seismograms may be deduced information concerning the Moon's near surface and interior structure. This paper is an abbreviated description of instrumentation for the experiment.
The Significance of ST Depression in a Postmenopausal Woman on Estrogen Therapy during Regadenoson Myocardial SPECT Imaging

The incidence of false-positive stress tests has been noted in women, especially on hormone replacement therapy. Current literature describes this phenomenon in treadmill and adenosine stress tests. The introduction of regadenoson as a vasodilator agent has been widely adopted owing to its potency and specificity. To our knowledge, false-positive stress test with regadenoson in a postmenopausal woman on estrogen has never been described. Given the higher chronotropic response with regadenoson, we believe that normal perfusion images with a higher heart rate response indicate a good prognosis in such patients.
Choctaw Beer: Tonic or Devil's Brew?

Originally a drink of the Choctaw Indians, Choctaw beer was a concoction composed of hops, barley, tobacco, fishberries, and a small amount of alcohol. When thousands of coal miners found work in the Choctaw Nation in the 1880s, they quickly adopted “choc” as their favorite libation. Miners argued that Choctaw beer was a tonic necessary to maintain their health. Despite the Federal government's repeated attempts in the 1890s to suppress the manufacturing and distribution of “choc,” Choctaw beer remained readily available long after the Choctaw Nation no longer existed. To this day Choctaw beer remains an important component of the cultural history of Oklahoma. Federal government documents of the era only offer brief references to Choctaw beer. These documents only discuss law enforcement issues related to Choctaw beer, ignoring the rich and colorful culture that developed around Choctaw beer. Local newspapers published in the Choctaw Nation provide the best source material for research on Choctaw beer. Th...
Structural scale decomposition of energy release rates for delamination propagation

A kinematic based decomposition of energy release rates for structural scale delamination propagation is established for a general class of 1-D propagation in both curved and flat composite structures. The energy release rates, and the associated decomposition, allow for geometric nonlinearities, are self consistent, and are compatible with typical thin structure models employed in the analysis of composite structures. The energy release rates are expressed explicitly in terms of the curvatures and membrane strains (forces) of the sublaminates at the delamination edge, are independent of the particular loading of the structure, and allow for simple computation, application, evaluation and comparison of the critical delamination energy (toughness) based on simple experiments. The decomposition established herein is applied to several limiting cases to check proper convergence and is then applied to several selected examples.
Effect of dissipation on the eigensolutions near the fission saddle point

Two equivalent methods are developed for solving the problem of small oscillations near equilibrium when dissipative forces are included in the dynamical equations of motion. One method relies on the Lagrangian formulation of the equations of motion, and the other method relies on the Hamiltonian formulation. The eigenvalues are in general complex, but for unstable or overdamped motion they are purely real. We use the Lagrangian formulation to calculate the two lowest symmetric eigensolutions at the fission saddle point for nuclei with $\frac{{Z}^{2}}{A}$ ranging from 18.0 to 44.6 for ordinary two-body viscosity, one-body wall-formula dissipation, and one-body wall-and-window dissipation.NUCLEAR REACTIONS, FISSION Nuclei with $18.0\ensuremath{\le}\frac{{Z}^{2}}{A}\ensuremath{\le}44.6$; calculated two lowest symmetric eigensolutions at fission saddle point. Macroscopic nuclear model, Yukawa-plus-exponential model, nuclear inertia, nuclear dissipation, ordinary two-body viscosity, one-body dissipation, eigenvalues and eigenvectors of nonsymmetric matrices.
Variability associated with the official USDA sampling plan used to inspect export wheat shipments for Tilletia controversa spores

The variability associated with estimating the true concentration of teliospores of dwarf bunt (Tilletia controversa) per 50 g of wheat (TC concentration) in an export wheat shipment was studied by measuring the TC concentration in 16 test samples (50 g) taken from each of 137 export shipments. The variability among the 16 TC test sample results, as measured by the standard deviation, was found to increase with TC concentration. The functional relationship was approximately linear in a full-log plot and regression analysis was used to determine the coefficients of the regression equation. Using statistical theory, the regression equation was modified to predict the standard deviation among test sample sizes other than the 50 g size used in this study. The standard deviation and coefficient of variation associated with using a 50 g test sample to estimate the true TC concentration of a wheat shipment with 2000 spores per 50 g were estimated to be 1062·8 and 53·1%, respectively. Increasing test sample size to 1600 g reduced the standard deviation and coefficient of variation to 187·9 and 9·4%, respectively.
Limited variation and maintenance of tight genetic linkage characterize heteroallelic pilE recombination following DNA transformation of Neisseria gonorrhoeae.

Genetic recombination impacts on neisserial biology in two ways: (i) specific loci undergo rearrangement at high frequency leading to the formation of many different alleles; and (ii) Neisseria, being naturally competent for DNA transformation, provide a means to disseminate the novel alleles throughout a population. In this study pilE was used as a model system to examine heteroallelic recombination following DNA transformation. When gonococci were transformed with chromosomal donor DNA containing different pilE alleles, the majority of pilE recombinants arose through allelic replacement. Co-conversion analysis across pilE showed that in approximately 85-90% of recombination events encompassing pilE and an adjacent opa locus, linkage was maintained (i.e. approximately 10-15% of recombination events terminated within the approximately 1000 base pair pilE/opaE interval). In addition to those recombinants that arose through allelic replacement, a large pilus-minus subpopulation was also observed (approximately 10% of all recombinants), indicating that many recombination events did not yield recombinant pilEs that could be assembled into functional pili. PilE mosaics increased following transformation with plasmid donor DNAs carrying pilE with limited flanking-sequence homology, suggesting a potential role for flanking-sequence homologies in mosaic formation. Overall, the data support the view that horizontal transmission of chromosomal DNA between gonococci will favour the spread of intact alleles, as opposed to expanding the allelic repertoire through the formation of gene mosaics.
A structural theory of social influence

List of tables and figures Preface Part A. Theory and Setting: 1. Social structure and social Control 2. Toward a structural social psychology 3. A setting in the scientific community Part B. Measures of the Theoretical Constructs: 4. A structural parameterization 5. Interpersonal influence 6. Self and other 7. Social positions Part C. Analysis: 8. The structure of social space 9. The production of consensus 10. Influence of actors and social positions 11. Durkheim's vision References Index.
Attitudes Toward Service Use Among Wife Caregivers of Frail Older Veterans

ABSTRACT This study investigated (a) attitudes toward service use among wife caregivers of frail older veterans; and (b) the relationship between those attitudes and service utilization by the wives. The study focused on three sets of attitudinal variables: attitudes towards various kinds of dependencies; individual and family ethos concerning service use; and perceptions of responsibility for care. Respondents were 80 wife caregivers of frail older (age 55+) veterans at a Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center in a Midwestern state. Most caregivers agreed that it is acceptable to get help with the physical care of the husband and to get help themselves for the emotional strains caused by caregiving. Acceptability of a wife's getting help with the physical care of her husband was a positive predictor of number of services ever used and frequency of in-home service use. Wives' view that help from outside agencies should be used only as a last resort was the strongest and most consistent negative pre...
Assessment of cobalt 57 tagged bleomycin as a clinical aid in staging of head and neck carcinoma

Critical assessment of head and neck cancer with respect to staging has, on occasion, been disappointingly ineffective. We have attempted to correlate the incidence of measureable uptake of cobalt 57 tagged bleomycin by primary squamous cell carcinoma and metastatic cervical lymph nodes. Forty-six cases have been evaluated with respect to histopathological confirmation of the suspected metastatic disease. We have found that this diagnostic measure increases our acumen in staging of head and neck cancer. The relevance of the Co-Bleo scans as a diagnostic aid is reported in 46 cases. Malignant tumors greater than 2 cm in size appear to demonstrate active uptake of the imaging agent. Small tumor size and excess background radioactivity contribute to the false-negatives (17%). Inflammatory conditions or benign tumors of the salivary apparatus may result in minimal uptake, thus, a false-positive result (10%). An increase in the radioactivity of the Co-Bleo may enhance the benefits of this procedure in the search for an undiagnosed primary, as well as undiagnosed local or distant metastases.
Shifting Away from a Monolithic Narrative on the Conflict: Israelis, Palestinians and Americans in Conversations

In this study we examine the content and frequency of ethnocentric talk during a peace education camp with Israeli, Palestinian and American participants. We compared participants' invocation of national narratives, use of collective pronouns and statements rejecting the action of the collective across different conversational conditions. We found that when the conversation focused on the present (as opposed to the past) and when the American third party critiqued both sides' views on the conflict there was a reduction in ethnocentric talk. The results point at the importance of an active third party and a conversational focus on the present in promoting constructive dialog between Israelis and Palestinians during an intergroup contact encounter.
Mitobolites: The Elixir of Life

One of the biggest challenges in biology is to understand how mitochondria influence aging and age-related diseases. Chin et al. (2014) reveal how a mitochondrial metabolite (mitobolite) inhibits mitochondrial ATPase and extends lifespan by mimicking dietary restriction in worms.
Inertial suppression of protein dynamics in a binary glycerol-trehalose glass.

The traditional approach used to predict the ability of a glassy matrix to maximally preserve the activity of a protein solute is the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the glass. Recently it has been shown that the addition of a low Tg diluent (glycerol) can rigidify the structure of a high Tg glassy matrix in binary glycerol−trehalose glasses. The optimal density of glycerol in trehalose minimizes the average mean square displacements of non-exchangeable protons in the glass samples. The amount of glycerol added to a trehalose glass coincides with the maximal recovery of biological activity in a separate study using similar binary glass samples. In this study, we use molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to investigate the dynamics of a hydrated protein encased in glycerol, unary trehalose and binary glycerol−trehalose glasses. We have found that we are able to reproduce the rigidification of the glycerol−trehalose glassy matrix and that there is a direct correlation between bulk glass dynamics and the ...
Three Femoral Fixation Devices for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: Comparison of Fixation on the Lateral Cortex Versus the Anterior Cortex

Purpose To evaluate the biomechanical properties of 3 anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction femoral fixation devices in a porcine model with implantation on both the lateral femoral cortex and the anterior femoral cortex. Methods ACL reconstructions with an 8-mm porcine tendon graft were performed on 48 porcine femurs with the EndoButton CL (Smith & Nephew, Andover, MA), ToggleLoc with ZipLoop technology (Biomet Sports Medicine, Warsaw, IN), or EZLoc (Biomet Sports Medicine). In 8 specimens for each implant, the femoral tunnel was drilled from the 10:30 surgical position out the lateral cortex. In another 8 specimens for each implant, the tunnel was drilled from the 10:30 position to a standardized anterior femoral surface. Cyclic testing was performed on an MTS testing machine (MTS, Eden Prairie, MN) from 50 N to 450 N for 2,000 cycles, followed by load-to-failure testing in specimens that survived. The cortical thickness and location of the implant exit were recorded. Results In the lateral femur group, 0 of the EZLoc devices, 2 of the ToggleLoc devices, and 3 of the EndoButtons completed cyclic testing. In the anterior femur group, 1 of the EZLoc devices, 5 of the ToggleLoc devices, and 5 of the EndoButtons completed cyclic testing ( P = .012). In the anterior femur group, the ToggleLoc exhibited higher 2,000-cycle elongation (5.46 ± 1 mm) than the EndoButton (3.55 ± 0.6 mm) ( P = .005). The EndoButton showed a higher first failure load (1,190.9 ± 150.0 N) than the ToggleLoc (912.6 ± 82.4 N) ( P = .007). The anterior cortex (1.4 mm) was thinner than the lateral cortex (1.7 mm) ( P = .0002). Conclusions The EndoButton provided the strongest ACL femoral fixation with significantly less graft-implant elongation and significantly higher failure loads. It was also shown in a porcine model that implants on the anterior cortical surface perform better than those on the lateral surface. Increased cortical thickness, in the range tested, was not associated with improved implant performance in the porcine model. Clinical Relevance: The EndoButton provided the best ACL femoral fixation of the devices tested.
Why Regimes Create Disorder: Hobbes's Dilemma During a Rangoon Summer

Research on protest and repression has shown that state coercion may result in increased mobilization or effectively deter further challenges. The nature of dissident responses to repression is largely context-based. In Burma, as the military regime faced a massive uprising, although brutal coercion failed to quell the rebellion in August 1988, it succeeded in suppressing the democratic movement only a few weeks later. Such a difference is explained in terms of contextual transformations resulting from the government's strategic adaptation. Specifically, by suspending the supply of social order, the regime presented the population with Hobbes's dilemma. Forced to choose between dictatorship and anarchy, the Burmese people overwhelmingly defected from the democratic movement and reluctantly accepted the reestablishment of a highly oppressive order. This analytic narrative seeks to contribute to the understanding of the relationship between protest and repression and enrich the literature on strategic adapt...
Lateral modification and organization of mixed adlattices on polycrystalline platinum electrodes

Abstract Linear scan voltammetry of carbon monoxide on platinum was conducted with the electrode surface modified by coadsorbed organic and inorganic compounds (surface lateral modifiers). The current-potential peak of carbon monoxide electrooxidation moved in the positive direction in all cases studied. Two mechanistic components are proposed to account for our observation. The structural effects are related to the nucleation-growth mechanism of the oxidation which assigns the reaction zone to the perimeter of the growing islands of a surface oxidant. Electrooxidation of an ideally uniform and coherent CO adlattice should be unaffected by a modifier present outside of such islands. On the contrary, many small islands of CO, diluted by the two dimensional network of the surface modifiers, create a favorable situation for the lateral modification. The modifier's induced transitions between small and large islands are reflected in the shift of the CO oxidation peak potential. The second component relates to the redistribution of the modifier's electronic charge between the surface and the chemisorbed CO. A part of the charge is localized on the 5σ(CO)-5d(Pt) bond and increases the stability of surface attached CO. The electronic charge shifted towards the metal, can also screen the reacting CO/H2O system against the growing electric field during the potential scan. Both effects are interpreted to increase the overpotential of the electrooxidation of CO and contribute to the gross effect observed experimentally.
Sedimentary rocks at Meridiani Planum: Origin, diagenesis, and implications for life on Mars

Abstract The MER rover Opportunity has carried out the first outcrop-scale investigation of ancient sedimentary rocks on Mars. The rocks, exposed in craters and along fissures in Meridiani Planum, are sandstones formed via the erosion and re-deposition of fine grained siliciclastics and evaporites derived from the chemical weathering of olivine basalts by acidic waters. A stratigraphic section more than seven meters thick measured in Endurance crater is dominated by eolian dune and sand sheet facies; the uppermost half meter, however, exhibits festoon cross lamination at a length scale that indicates subaqueous deposition, likely in a playa-like interdune setting. Silicates and sulfate minerals dominate outcrop geochemistry, but hematite and Fe3D3 (another ferric iron phase) make up as much as 11% of the rocks by weight. Jarosite in the outcrop matrix indicates precipitation at low pH. Cements, hematitic concretions, and crystal molds attest to a complex history of early diagenesis, mediated by ambient ground waters. The depositional and early diagenetic paleoenvironment at Meridiani was arid, acidic, and oxidizing, a characterization that places strong constraints on astrobiologial inference.
EFFECTS OF LUTEIN AND CHOLESTEROL ON ALKYL CHAIN BENDING IN LIPID BILAYERS: A PULSE ELECTRON SPIN RESONANCE SPIN LABELING STUDY

A short pulse saturation recovery electron spin resonance technique has been used to study the effects of polar carotenoid-lutein and cholesterol on interactions of 14N:15N stearic acid spin-label pairs in fluid-phase phosphatidylcholine (PC) membranes. Bimolecular collisions for pairs consisting of various combinations of [14N]-16-, [14N]-10-, [14N]-7-, or [14N]-5-doxylstearate and [15N]-16-doxylstearate in dimyristoyl-PC (DMPC) or egg yolk PC (EYPC) membranes were measured at 27 degrees C. In the absence and presence of lutein or cholesterol for both lipid systems, the collision rates were ordered as 16:5
Improving energy transfer in QD-DNA photonic networks

There is considerable research in the area of manipulating light below the diffraction limit, with potential applications ranging from information processing to light-harvesting. In such work, a common problem is a lack of efficiency associated with non-radiative losses, e.g., ohmic loss in plasmonic structures. From this point of view, one attractive method for sub-wavelength light manipulation is to use Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) between chromophores. Although most current work does not show high efficiency, biology suggests that this approach could achieve very high efficiency. In order to achieve this goal, the geometry and spacing of the chromophores must be optimized. For this, DNA provides an easy means for the self-assembly of these complex structures. With well established ligation chemistries, it is possible to create facile hierarchical assemblies of quantum dots (QDs) and organic dyes using DNA as the platform. These nanostructures range from simple linear wires to complex 3-dimensional structures all of which can be self-assembled around a central QD. The efficiency of the system can then be tuned by changing the spacing between chromophores, changing the DNA geometry such that the donor to acceptor ratio changes, or changing the number of DNA structures that are self-assembled around the central QD. By exploring these variables we have developed a flexible optical system for which the efficiency can be both controlled and optimized.
Physical activity, additional breast cancer events, and mortality among early-stage breast cancer survivors: findings from the WHEL Study.

Objective Research suggests that physical activity is associated with improved breast cancer survival, yet no studies have examined the association between post-diagnosis changes in physical activity and breast cancer outcomes. The aim of this study was to determine whether baseline activity and 1-year change in activity are associated with breast cancer events or mortality.
Relationship between frontal lobe lesions and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test performance in patients with multiple sclerosis

Conceptual reasoning deficits are common in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and are typically associated with focal lesions involving the frontal lobes. In this study, we predicted that MS patients with frontal white matter lesions (MS-F) would be more impaired on a standard conceptual reasoning task (Wisconsin Card Sorting Test; WCST) than patients with minimal frontal lesions (MS-NF), even if the total cerebral lesion area (TLA), measured from MRI, was equivalent across groups. We subdivided 43 definite MS patients into three groups based on MRI findings: seven in the MS-F group (mean TLA = 41.4 cm2) and seven in the MS-NF group (mean TLA = 50.0 cm2); 29 MS patients served as a low lesion burden control group (MS-C; mean TLA = 6.4 cm2). The groups did not differ with regard to demographic and illness characteristics. Although the three subgroups obtained comparable scores on a measure of global cognitive functioning (verbal intelligence), the MS-F group achieved significantly fewer categories and made more total errors on the WCST than did the MS-NF and MS-C groups. The MS-F group made significantly more perseverative responses than the MS-C group and nonsignificantly more than the MS-NF group. These results suggest that the pattern of cognitive decline in MS is a function of the location of demyelinating lesions within the cerebral hemispheric white matter. Finally, we supplement the group study results with a case report of an MS patient who was studied serially with MRI and cognitive testing.
Partial separation of polyunsaturated fatty acid esters from FAMEs mixtures by adsorption on silver nitrate-impregnated silica gel.

Mixtures of FAMEs derived from soybean and canola oils were fractionated by contacting their hexane solutions with AgNO3/SiO2 adsorbents. Methyl linolenate (18∶3) adsorbed most strongly, followed by methyl linoleate (18∶2), on the AgNO3/SiO2. Conditions of the extractions (AgNO3 loading, amount of adsorbent, methyl soyate/hexane solution concentration, use of successive extractions, and methods of adsorbent regeneration) were varied. Under optimal conditions, the 7.0% of 18∶3 in methyl soyate could be reduced to 0.1%. The described process is a simple method for separating a FAMEs mixture into a fraction that is depleted in polyunsaturated FAMEs and one that is enriched.
THE INTERACTION OF NADPH-P450 REDUCTASE WITH P450 : AN ELECTROCHEMICAL STUDY OF THE ROLE OF THE FLAVIN MONONUCLEOTIDE-BINDING DOMAIN

The electrochemically reduced mediator cobalt sepulchrate requires the presence of a flavoprotein for the rapid transfer of electrons to cytochrome P450. This electrochemical method has been used here to show the interaction of NADPH-P450 reductase (either the detergent-solubilized form, d-OR, or the proteolytic-cleaved truncated form, t-OR), as well as Escherichia coli flavodoxin (FLD), with P450c17 by measuring the rate of 17 alpha-hydroxylation of progesterone. When NADPH is used as electron donor with a reconstituted system composed of d-OR and P450c17, the addition of t-OR, flavodoxin, or cytochrome c inhibited the rate of formation of 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone. These results suggest the presence of a common protein binding site on the surface of d-OR, t-OR, and flavodoxin which plays a role in the interaction of the flavoproteins with the P450. It is speculated that a domain composed of acidic amino acids, located near the flavin mononucleotide-binding region of the flavoproteins, may serve as this site. No inhibition by t-OR, flavodoxin, or cytochrome c is observed when comparable experiments are carried out using the artificial recombinant fusion protein rF450[mBov17A/mRatOR]L1 containing the heme-domain of P450c17 linked to the flavin-domains of NADPH-P450 reductase.
LOW TEMPERATURE ELASTIC CONSTANTS OF POTASSIUM.

Abstract The adiabatic elastic constants of single crystal potassium were measured as a function of temperature from 195°K to 4.2°K by the ultrasonic pulse-echo technique. In order to eliminate transit time errors, a magnesium buffer rod was used. The measured elastic constants at 4.2°K (in units of 10 10 dyn-cm −2 ) are as follows: C = 2·86, C′ = 0·377, C n = 6·65, and B 8 = 3·66. The notation C = C 44 , C′ = (C 11 −C 12 ) 2 , C n = (C 11 + C 12 + 2C 44 ) 2 , and B 3 = C n −C−C′/3 is used. The shear constants C and C′ are interpreted in terms of Fuchs' electrostatic contribution to the shear stiffnesses of the alkali metals. Significantly, this work yields an elastic anisotropy, C/C′ , at 4·2°K which is in agreement with Fuchs' theoretical calculation. The results obtained in this work are also compared to Bender's values of the elastic constants at 83°K and with Swenson's isothermal compressional data.
A Comparison of Punishment Systems in Denmark and the United States

The Danish prison system is recognized worldwide as a model incorporating the most progressive principles of punishment. This article is the result of the author's research in Denmark undertaken to clarify the foundations of Danish penal philosophies. Findings suggest that penal practices are the outcome of a complex interaction of social and criminological theories. Formulated in an atmosphere that minimizes the emotionalism and politicization of crime, Danish crime control policies represent a pragmatic and reasoned approach to dealing with criminal offenders. Prison conditions reflect the social and political attitudes regarding the causes of crime and the treatment of marginal citizens.
BMI and lifestyle changes as correlates to changes in self-reported diagnosis of hypertension among older Chinese adults.

Abstract Nutrition transition theory attributes increased prevalence of high blood pressure to excess body weight associated with lifestyle changes in recent decades. We examined the association of changes in self-reported hypertension diagnoses with changes in body mass index (BMI), health-related behaviors, health status, and social risk factors among older Chinese adults from 1997 to 2006. Data from the longitudinal China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) were analyzed for adults who were age 60 years and older, had a BMI exceeding 18.6 kg/m 2 , and reported no diagnosis of hypertension at baseline (n = 1928). Logistic regression models identified factors contributing to staying nonhypertensive or developing hypertension over time. Approximately 17.8% (n = 324) of study participants developed self-reported hypertension, whereas 83.2% (n = 1604) remained without hypertension. Those who stayed overweight or obese or became overweight or obese were more likely to report a new hypertension diagnosis. Incident diagnoses were also observed among those who developed acute conditions, sustained memory loss, or increased their income, whereas remaining nonhypertensive was more likely among rural residents and those who became more physically active and quit drinking alcohol. Study findings provided partial support for the nutrition transition theory whereby changing demographics and lifestyle factors were associated with increases in incident hypertension.
Differences in near‐mesopause summer winds, temperatures, and water vapor at northern and southern latitudes as possible causal factors for inter‐hemispheric PMSE differences

We report the results of a recent study to examine possible causal factors that could explain the observed differences in PMSE intensity in the northern and southern hemispheres. A variety of satellite data, models and ground-based radar observations in the two hemispheres during local summer have been examined in this attempt. We will show results of inter-hemispheric comparisons of temperatures, winds, and water vapor. The primary conclusions that can be drawn from these studies are that, while water vapor differences in the two hemispheres are difficult to interpret at near-mesopause altitudes, the inter-hemispheric temperature comparisons show clearly that the southern hemispheric mesopause is indeed a few degrees warmer. Moreover, southern summer mesospheric mean winds are considerably weaker than they are in the north. These results provide support for earlier speculations that were made to explain the observed inter-hemispheric difference in PMSE occurrence.
Management of vagus nerve injury after carotid endarterectomy

Background. Inadvertent injury to the vagus nerve or its branches during carotid endarterectomy can result in adductor vocal cord paralysis (hoarseness) and cricopharyngeal dysfunction (dysphagia) with aspiration, known as “double trouble.” This study describes our experience in the management of this complication in cases where conservative treatment failed. Methods. All patients were examined by a vascular surgeon, a head and neck surgeon, and a speech therapist. Their examinations included comprehensive speech evaluation, video stroboscopy, video fluoroscopy, and methylene blue testing for aspiration. All patients underwent Teflon injections to medialize the paralyzed vocal cord and a cricopharyngeal myotomy to restore swallowing and alleviate aspiration. Results. Fourteen patients, eight men and six women, were treated. The duration of dysfunction was 24 weeks in two patients, 6 weeks in four patients, 4 weeks in three patients, and 1 week in five patients. Five patients had severe dysfunction (defined as difficulty in swallowing both solid and liquid foods with more than 20% aspiration), seven patients had moderate dysfunction (defined as difficulty swallowing solid food with aspiration of less than 20%), and two patients had mild dysfunction (defined as difficulty in swallowing solids but with no aspirations). After the Teflon injections and myotomy, 13 of 14 patients had satisfactory outcomes, including normal voice and swallowing. Conclusions. Vagus nerve injury from a carotid endarterectomy can be a debilitating complication. Prevention, early recognition, and prompt correction of these injuries are important in the management of this complication.
The Gut Mucosal Viral Reservoir in HIV-Infected Patients Is Not the Major Source of Rebound Plasma Viremia following Interruption of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy

Interruption of suppressive highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in HIV-infected patients leads to increased HIV replication and viral rebound in peripheral blood. Effects of therapy interruption on gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) have not been well investigated. We evaluated longitudinal changes in viral replication and emergence of viral variants in the context of T cell homeostasis and gene expression in GALT of three HIV-positive patients who initiated HAART during primary HIV infection but opted to interrupt therapy thereafter. Longitudinal viral sequence analysis revealed that a stable proviral reservoir was established in GALT during primary HIV infection that persisted through early HAART and post-therapy interruption. Proviral variants in GALT and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) displayed low levels of genomic diversity at all times. A rapid increase in viral loads with a modest decline of CD4(+) T cells in peripheral blood was observed, while gut mucosal CD4(+) T cell loss was severe following HAART interruption. This was accompanied by increased mucosal gene expression regulating interferon (IFN)-mediated antiviral responses and immune activation, a profile similar to those found in HAART-naive HIV-infected patients. Sequence analysis of rebound virus suggested that GALT was not the major contributor to the postinterruption plasma viremia nor were GALT HIV reservoirs rapidly replaced by HIV rebound variants. Our data suggest an early establishment and persistence of viral reservoirs in GALT with minimal diversity. Early detection of and therapy for HIV infection may be beneficial in controlling viral evolution and limiting establishment of diverse viral reservoirs in the mucosal compartment.
The Response of Small Businesses to Variation in the Price of Health Insurance: Results From a Randomized Controlled Trial

There is substantial interest in attempts to reduce the number of uninsured persons by providing subsidies to small businesses. To measure the responsiveness of small businesses to offers of subsidized coverage, the authors conducted a randomized controlled trial in which selected groups of San Diego businesses were offered the opportunity to purchase coverage at prices ranging from $20 to $100 per month for an employee-only policy. At $20 per month, an estimated 40% of eligible businesses purchased insurance; at $100 per month, 13% purchased insurance. Small businesses not currently offering insurance to employees are not very responsive to large reductions in the price of coverage. Programs to subsidize insurance for small businesses and their employees are unlikely to substantially reduce the number of uninsured persons.
Buckling of Thin Cylinder under Combined External Pressure and Axial Compression

In this paper a deflection function with undetermined coefficients is used to determine analytically the bifurcation buckling load of a cylindrical tube under combined external pressure and axial compression using Donnell's simplified equations. This procedure can be adopted for various types of prescribed boundary conditions. In order to demonstrate the feasibility of this method, only the fixed-end conditions are considered for solution in this paper. The results obtained for the fixed-end conditions indicate that the critical buckling value depends on the ratio of thickness to radius and not on the ratio of radius to length and the critical buckling value decreases as the ratio of circumferential compressive stress to axial compressive stress increases. The buckling interaction curve for combined radial and axial compression for this case appears to follow a straight line indicating a uniform percentage decrease in the axial compressive load from the theoretical classical value for uniform axial compression. di tO 08 __ bi,b2bi,t>2 Cl,C2,Ci,C2 Cij = ij D E ei,e2
Factors affecting placement decisions of children following short-term emergency care.

Abstract Case files of 424 residents at an emergency treatment center for abused and neglected children were used to generate a beginning set of variables which, in combination, predicted whether or not children from the center would be discharged to their natural family environment. Variables with descending order of predictive significance were place from which the child was admitted, the length of time spent in treatment, the age and the race of the child. Other variables—the number of siblings, the child's sex and the presence of physical/sexual abuse—did not approach significance.
Electron microscopic immunocytochemical evidence that the calmodulin-dependent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase is localized predominantly at postsynaptic sites in the rat brain.

Abstract The calmodulin-dependent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase represents an important junction between the Ca2+ and the cyclic AMP/cyclic GMP second messenger systems. In brain it is a major cyclic nucleotide-degrading activity and is selectively expressed in the soma and dendrites of regional output neurons [Kincaid et al. (1987) Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.84, 1118–1122]. In this study the subcellular localization of this enzyme in cerebral cortex, hippocampus and inferior colliculus of rat brain was analysed by electron microscopic immunocytochemical methods using affinity-purified antibodies. The immunoreactivity was found exclusively within neurons whereas glial cells were unstained; preabsorption of antibody with phosphodiesterase eliminated this reactivity, demonstrating the specificity of immunostaining. In the neuronal cell bodies, deposits of immunoreaction product occurred as sparse patches in the cytoplasm, and were often associated with organelles such as mitochondria, Golgi-complex and endoplasmic reticulum; nuclei, however, were free from immunoreaction product. In the neuronal processes immunoreactivity was found within dendrites and dendritic spines, whereas the myelinated axons and axon terminals were immunonegative. The postsynaptic densities of asymmetric synapses were associated with especially high concentrations of immunoreaction product. However, the immunopositive synaptic profiles appeared to be quite selective, comprising only a small percentage of the total number of synapses in the neuropil. Our results indicate that the calmodulin-dependent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase is concentrated at postsynaptic sites in specific classes of neurons. This finding supports other morphological evidence indicating a primary role for cyclic nucleotide action in postsynaptic and not presynaptic structures. Furthermore, since this enzyme is regulated by Ca2+, this interface between second messenger systems seems to play a significant role in the postsynaptic integration of Ca2+-mediated neuronal inputs.
Development of a quantitative biochemical and cellular sphingomyelin synthase assay using mass spectrometry

The last step in sphingolipid biosynthesis is the conversion of ceramide (Cer) to sphingomyelin (SM), which is catalyzed by sphingomyelin synthase (SMS). Two isoforms of SMS have been identified with differential subcellular localizations. It is not clear whether the two isoforms have any differences in biochemical or cellular SMS activities. This report describes a mass spectrometry (MS)-based method that was used to characterize biochemical and cellular SMS activities of the two isoforms of SMS, namely SMS1 and SMS2. Cellular extracts of SMS1 or SMS2 expressed in SF9 cells displayed significant SMS activity. When these activities were measured by MS, both SMS1 and SMS2 demonstrated similar time- and substrate-dependent SMS activity. A previously reported SMS inhibitor, D609, inhibited both SMS1 and SMS2 activity. In HEK293 cells, overexpression of either SMS1 or SMS2 significantly increased SMS activity. These studies using MS methods to measure SMS activity of SMS1 and SMS2 represent the first quantitative measurement of SMS activities. The establishment of quantitative biochemical and cellular SMS assays may help to facilitate the discovery of novel SMS1- or SMS2-specific inhibitors.