cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Testosterone induction of microsomal acyl-CoA reductase and a cytosolic regulatory protein in mouse preputial glands

Abstract Alkyl and alk-1-enyl (plasmalogens) ether-linked glycerolipids are prominent components of many mammalian cells; moreover, an acetylated form of an alkyl phospholipid was recently found to possess potent hypotensive, inflammatory and allergic properties. In our studies, preputial glands of mice were selected as a model to investigate the regulation of factors involved in the biosynthesis of ether-linked lipids, since these glands contain high concentrations of ether-linked neutral lipids that are under the influence of hormonal control. We found that a key enzyme in the ether-lipid metabolic pathway, microsomal acyl-CoA reductase that catalyzes the formation of long-chain fatty alcohols (precursor of the O-alkyl chain), was increased 16-fold after injecting testosterone into male, castrated mice. This induction was highly specific, since testosterone did not affect another microsomal enzyme, NADPH-cytochrome c reductase. Based on kinetics of enzyme activity changes, the half-life of acyl-CoA reductase was calculated to be 61–70 h. In addition, the activity of a cytosolic stimulatory protein for the acyl-CoA reductase (but not for a different cytosolic protein, lactate dehydrogenase) was also enhanced in the testosterone-treated, male, castrated mice. These findings indicate that acyl-CoA reductase is an important regulatory enzyme in the reactions that lead to the formation of the ether bond in glycerolipids and that it is modulated through hormonal control.
Sensory and Nutritional Quality of Split Peas (Pisum Sativum) Stored up to 34 Y in Residential Storage

The sensory and nutritional quality of split peas stored up to 34 y was determined. Nine samples of split peas representing 5 retail brands packaged in Nr 10 cans and stored at room temperature were obtained from donors. Duplicate cans of a fresh sample of split peas were purchased as controls. Can head space oxygen ranged from 0.255% to 20.1%. Water activity of the raw split peas ranged from 0.41 to 0.56. The green color of the raw split peas decreased over time as shown by increasing CIE a* values. Flavor, appearance, texture, and overall liking hedonic scores (9-point scale) of split-pea soup made from each sample ranged from 3.7 to 6.7 and decreased over time. Hedonic scores for appearance were correlated with the decrease in raw product green color (r(2)= 0.65). Hedonic scores for soup texture declined over time, which corresponded with increasing hardness of the cooked peas as measured by a TA.XT2 texture analyzer. All samples were judged to be acceptable in an emergency situation by over 75% of sensory panelists. Available thiamin was significantly lower in older samples while riboflavin remained unchanged. The results indicate that split pea quality declines over time, but the product maintains sufficient sensory acceptance to be considered for potential use in emergency storage and other applications where minimal stock rotation is a common practice.
Exercise Training-Induced Changes in Respiratory Muscles

Interest in the adaptive strategies of respiratory muscles in response to exercise training has grown in recent years. Animal studies have clearly demonstrated that regular endurance exercise training results in small but significant increases in oxidative and antioxidant enzyme activities in both inspiratory and expiratory muscles. Further, exercise training has been shown to promote a shift in the fast myosin heavy chain isoforms (e.g. from type IIb to IId) within the costal diaphragm of endurance-trained rodents. Human studies using numerous respiratory muscle training programmes have shown that respiratory muscle training results in an increased work capacity of the ventilatory musculature. However, the issue of whatever respiratory muscle training improves whole body endurance capacity remains controversial. Although some authors have reported that ventilatory muscle training results in improved whole body exercise, many investigators argue that respiratory muscle performance does not limit high intensity exercise tolerance or influence maximum oxygen table uptake (VO2max). The explanation for the divergent findings is unclear but may be due to variance in the exercise tasks used to evaluate exercise endurance. This is an interesting area for future research.
Learning statistical methods.

Since at least 1951 anesthesia journals have called for a more rigorous application of statistical methods in research reports (9, 14). This appeal for statistical excellence actually applies to the researcher, to the clinician journal reader, and to the editor. Thirty five years ago the obligations of these three groups was made clear in an unsigned editorial in Anesthesiology (9); there is now a widespread consensus on these responsibilities (1, 2, 21). The researcher must create valid science. The clinician reader must bring sufficient intellectual skills to understand a journal article; using these skills the reader must critique the research report to judge its applicability to his patients. The editor must decline manuscripts showing poor or absent application of the scientific method, experimental design, and statistical analysis.
Exact PDF equations and closure approximations for advective-reactive transport

Mathematical models of advection–reaction phenomena rely on advective flow velocity and (bio) chemical reaction rates that are notoriously random. By using functional integral methods, we derive exact evolution equations for the probability density function (PDF) of the state variables of the advection–reaction system in the presence of random transport velocity and random reaction rates with rather arbitrary distributions. These PDF equations are solved analytically for transport with deterministic flow velocity and a linear reaction rate represented mathematically by a heterog eneous and strongly-correlated random field. Our analytical solution is then used to investigate the accuracy and robustness of the recently proposed large-eddy diffusivity (LED) closure approximation [1]. We find that the solution to the LED-based PDF equation, which is exact for uncorrelated reaction rates, is accurate even in the presence of strong correlations and it provides an upper bound of predictive uncertainty.
Reversible inhibition of lysine specific demethylase 1 is a novel anti-tumor strategy for poorly differentiated endometrial carcinoma

Endometrial cancer is the most common gynecologic malignancy. Type II endometrial carcinoma is often poorly differentiated and patients diagnosed with Type II disease (~11%) are disproportionately represented in annual endometrial cancer deaths (48%). Recent genomic studies highlight mutations in chromatin regulators as drivers in Type II endometrial carcinoma tumorigenesis, suggesting the use of epigenetic targeted therapies could provide clinical benefit to these patients. We investigated the anti-tumor efficacy of the LSD1 inhibitor HCI2509 in two poorly differentiated Type II endometrial cancer cell lines AN3CA and KLE. The effects of HCI2509 on viability, proliferation, anchorage-independent growth, global histone methylation, LSD1 target gene induction, cell cycle, caspase activation and TUNEL were assayed. KLE cells were used in an orthotopic xenograft model to assess the anti-tumor activity of HCI2509. Both AN3CA and KLE cells were sensitive to HCI2509 treatment with IC50s near 500 nM for cell viability. Inhibition of LSD1 with HCI2509 caused decreased proliferation and anchorage independent growth in soft agar, elevated global histone methylation, and perturbed the cell cycle in both cell lines. These effects were largely dose-dependent. HCI2509 treatment also caused apoptotic cell death. Orthotopic implantation of KLE cells resulted in slow-growing and diffuse tumors throughout the abdomen. Tumor burden was distributed log-normally. Treatment with HCI2509 resulted 5/9 tumor regressions such that treatment and regressions were significantly associated (p = 0.034). Our findings demonstrate the anti-cancer properties of the LSD1 inhibitor HCI2509 on poorly differentiated endometrial carcinoma cell lines, AN3CA and KLE. HCI2509 showed single-agent efficacy in orthotopic xenograft studies. Continued studies are needed to preclinically validate LSD1 inhibition as a therapeutic strategy for endometrial carcinoma.
Effect of inhibiting the cellular synthesis of RNA, DNA and protein on DNA replicative activity of isolated S-phase nuclei

Abstract The sensitivity of DNA replication in isolated S-phase HeLa nuclei to inhibitors added in vivo to cells prior to nuclear isolation and to nuclei in vitro has been studied. Whereas the inhibitors hydroxyurea, cycloheximide, 2-mercapto-1-(β-4-pyridethyl)benzimidazole (MPB), and actinomycin D have little or no effect on nuclear [ 3 H]dTTP incorporation when added directly to the nuclei, the in vivo treatment of cells with inhibitors of RNA and protein synthesis rapidly depressed DNA replication and DNA replicase activity of the isolated nuclei. The results suggest a requirement for an unstable protein in the maintenance of replicase sites which are established in S-phase nuclei. When RNA and protein synthesis are allowed, DNA replicase activity is maintained during long intervals in which DNA replication is blocked by hydroxyurea.
Spectral analysis and classification accuracy of coffee crops using Landsat and a topographic-environmental model

Coffee is an extremely important cash crop, yet previous work indicates that satellite mapping of coffee has produced low classification accuracy. This research examines spectral band combinations and ancillary data for evaluating the classification accuracy and the nature of spectral confusion between coffee and other cover types in a Costa Rican study area. Supervised classification using Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM+) with only red, near-infrared, and mid-infrared bands had significantly lower classification accuracy compared to datasets that included more spectral bands and ancillary data. The highest overall accuracy achieved was 65%, including a coffee environmental stratification model (CESM). Producer's and user's accuracy was highest for shade coffee plantations (91.8 and 61.1%) and sun coffee (86.2 and 68.4%) with band combination ETM+ 34567, NDVI, cos (i), and including the use of the CESM. Post-classification stratification of the optimal coffee growing zone based on elevation and precipitation data did not show significant improvement in land cover classification accuracy when band combinations included both the thermal band and NDVI. A forward stepwise discriminant analysis indicated that ETM+ 5 (mid-infrared band) had the highest discriminatory power. The best discriminatory subset for all woody cover types including coffee excluded ETM+ 3 and 7; however, the land cover accuracy assessment indicated that overall accuracy, as well as producer's and user's accuracy of shade and sun coffee, were slightly improved with the inclusion of these bands. Although spectral separation between coffee crops and woodland areas was only moderately successful in the Costa Rica study, the overall accuracy, as well as the sun and shade coffee producer's and user's accuracy, were higher than reported in previous research.
Abstraction versus insertion in the reaction O(1D2)+H2→OH(υ″ = 2) + H

Abstract The product hydroxyl radical arising from the reaction O(1D2)+H2→OH+H was detected by LIF following excitation of the off-diagonal transition OH(A2Σ+, υ′=1←X2Π, υ″=2) in the region 348–357 nm. The rotational population distribution in υ″=2 appears to be inverted and quite similar to that previously reported for υ″=0 and 1. Because rotationally cool OH was not observed, there is no evidence for the existence of an abstractive pathway in which the subject reaction occurs without the initial formation, via insertion, of a chemically activated HOH collision complex.
Neutronless muon capture on 207Pb

Abstract Muon capture on 207 Pb to the first excited state of 207 Tl has been detected in a delayed gamma ray experiment with a probability of 7.9 ± 1.4% per μ capture. This experiment is the first to observe muon capture to an excited state of the isobar of a heavy nucleus.
Thyroid Supplements and Breast Cancer

To the Editor.— The article by Kapdi and Wolfe relating thyroid hormone supplements to breast cancer requires comment. (1) It is important to distinguish between those patients receiving dessicated thyroid or levothyroxine to see if the statistical association is true for both. Since estrogens have been used to fatten cattle, it is possible, albeit unlikely, that enough estrogen could be given with dessicated thyroid over many years to result in an increased risk of breast cancer. 1 (2) The indications for thyroid hormone use are not spelled out and, in fact, are misleading in the article. Although the title specifically states that the supplements were given for hypothyroidism, the methods section states that thyroid hormones were also given for simple goiter. Is there a difference in the results for these two groups? How many patients had thyroid nodules? (3) The criteria for diagnosing hypothyroidism initially are not given. As an
Factors Affecting the Collision of Aerosol Particles with Small Water Drops

The factors influencing the collision of aerosol particles with small water drops at low collision efficiencies are examined. The gravitational force and velocity slip of air on the drop surface are found to affect the collision efficiency in the range of values of 10−4–−2. The efficacies of the different computational models are compared for ratios of particle radius to drop radius of less than 0.1. The accuracy of the numerical scheme in the trajectory model can be verified by comparing the efficiencies obtained for submicrometer particles with the convective-diffusion model.
Bacteriophage SP82 induced modifications of Bacillus subtilis RNA polymerase result in the recognition of additional RNA synthesis initiation sites on phage DNA

Abstract The modification of the subunit structure of Bacillus subtilis RNA polymerase which occurs after infection with bacteriophage SP82 alters the transcriptional specificity of the enzyme. The data presented here determine which restriction endonuclease fragments of SP82 are used as initiation sites for RNA synthesis by the modified and unmodified enzymes. The analysis shows that the change in transcriptional specificity is due to the ability of the modified polymerase to initiate RNA synthesis at new sites on SP82 DNA. Reconstitution experiments using subunits isolated from the modified RNA polymerase indicate that the 28,000 molecular weight polypeptide coded by the phage is responsible for the change in initiation specificity.
Estimating Optimal Transformations for Multiple Regression and Correlation.

Abstract In regression analysis the response variable Y and the predictor variables X 1 …, Xp are often replaced by functions θ(Y) and O1(X 1), …, O p (Xp ). We discuss a procedure for estimating those functions θ and O1, …, O p that minimize e 2 = E{[θ(Y) — Σ O j (Xj )]2}/var[θ(Y)], given only a sample {(yk , xk1 , …, xkp ), 1 ⩽ k ⩽ N} and making minimal assumptions concerning the data distribution or the form of the solution functions. For the bivariate case, p = 1, θ and O satisfy ρ = p(θ, O) = maxθ,Oρ[θ(Y), O(X)], where ρ is the product moment correlation coefficient and ρ is the maximal correlation between X and Y. Our procedure thus also provides a method for estimating the maximal correlation between two variables.
Life at the Crossroads of Social Change: Invigorating Romani Women's Empowerment in Post-Socialist Croatia

This paper describes the challenges of Romani women's empowerment in the context of Croatia's rapidly changing political economy. Romani women—for the first time in Croatia's history—are positioned to reap substantial benefits from state largesse, including minority rights legislation, which promises, among other things, unprecedented educational opportunities, political participation, and greater access to the labor market. I discuss how Romani women negotiate their newfound status as beneficiaries of these social goods vis-a-vis the changing Croatian political economy. Analyzing their needs, assets and cultural capital, I offer recommendations to three different stakeholders: the Romani leadership, Croatian policymakers and legislators, and the Croatian Employment Service.
The origin of the Adams-Schuster difference spectrum of oxyhemoglobin.

Abstract The characteristic difference spectrum reported by Adams and Schuster (Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1974, 58 , 525) on the addition of inositol hexaphosphate to oxyhemoglobin is similar to the difference spectrum between (i) isolated α- and β-chains, (ii) α- and β-semihemoglobins, (iii) addition of inorganic phosphate to oxyhemoglobin, (v) change in temperature of a solution of oxyhemoglobin, (v) change in pH of carp carboxyhemoglobin and (vi) addition of inositol hexaphosphate to α-semihemoglobin. The spectrum may also be generated by differentiation of the spectra of oxyhemoglobin and carboxyhemoglobin, implying that the common feature of the results reported above is a shift in the position of the absorption bands. This shift may arise from several causes and so its interpretation is uncertain.
Free Speech in the Good War

Introduction PART I: FRANK MURPHY: FROM FREE SPEECH FOR EVERYONE TO THE CAMPAIGN AGAINST UN-AMERICANISM 1919-1939 Repression Rejected Reform and a Mission for the Justice Department Un-Americanism and the Culture of Investigation The Onset of War Symbolic Prosecution PART II: ROBERT JACKSON: 'HOLDING THE LINE AT A DECENT POINT' Jackson and the 'Lawyerly Way' No American OGPU 'Drawing the Line at a Decent Point' Changing Concepts of Civil Liberties Dealing With Labor 'Subversives' PART III: FRANCIS BIDDLE: COMPROMISE AND RESISTANCE Proving Himself The Suspect List and the Enemy Alien No Tolerance for the Intolerant Censorship Black Sedition Exclusion, Denaturalization and Deportation Conclusion Obnoxious Speech on Trial
Golden Age Themes in Dante's "Tre donne intorno al cor"

AbstractThis paper examines the imagery and the concepts in Dante' famous canzone of exile, "Tre donne intorno al cor mi son venute," and suggests that the poet consciously constructed the poem around the theme of the ancient Golden Age that existed under Saturn's reign when the goddess Astraea, who represented Justice, was forced to flee the earth because of the introduction of cupidity in men's minds. A number of elements present in the poem, which are couched in ambiguous and indefinite terms, can be explained by using the theme of the Golden Age as a point of reference: the "gente" that will make justice resplendent again recalls the "gens aurea" of Hesiodic and Virgilian memory. The state of disarray that exists in the world reflects the conditions that followed the end of the Golden Age; the theme of exile recalls the exile of Astraea and of Saturn. The canzone is the exposition of a theme that will have a major presence in the Divine Comedy.
Respiration and quality responses of sweet cherry to different atmospheres during cold storage and shipping

Abstract Most sweet cherries produced in the US Pacific Northwest and shipped to distant markets are often in storage and transit for over 3 weeks. The objectives of this research were to study the effects of sweet cherry storage O 2 and CO 2 concentrations on the respiratory physiology and the efficacy of modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) on extending shelf life. Oxygen depletion and CO 2 formation by ‘Bing’ and ‘Sweetheart’ cherry fruit were measured. While respiration rate was inhibited linearly by reduced O 2 concentration from 21% to 3–4% at 20 °C, it was affected very little from 21% to ∼10% but declined logarithmically from ∼10% to ∼1% at 0 °C. Estimated fermentation induction points determined by a specific increased respiratory quotient were less than 1% and 3–4% O 2 for both cultivars at 0 and 20 °C, respectively. ‘Bing’ and ‘Sweetheart’ cherry fruits were packaged (∼8 kg/box) in 5 different commercial MAP box liners and a standard macro-perforated polyethylene box liner (as control) and stored at 0 °C for 6 weeks. MAP liners that equilibrated with atmospheres of 1.8–8.0% O 2 + 7.3–10.3% CO 2 reduced fruit respiration rate, maintained higher titratable acidity (TA) and flavor compared to control fruit after 4 and 6 weeks of cold storage. In contrast, MAP liners that equilibrated with atmospheres of 9.9–14.4% O 2 + 5.7–12.9% CO 2 had little effect on inhibiting respiration rate and TA loss and maintaining flavor during cold storage. All five MAP liners maintained higher fruit firmness (FF) compared to control fruit after 6 weeks of cold storage. In conclusion, storage atmospheres of 1.8–14.4% O 2 + 5.7–12.9% CO 2 generated by commercial MAP, maintained higher FF, but only the MAP with lower O 2 permeability (i.e., equilibrated at 1.8–8.0% O 2 ) maintained flavor of sweet cherries compared to the standard macro-perforated liners at 0 °C. MAP with appropriate gas permeability (i.e., equilibrated at 5–8% O 2 at 0 °C) may be suitable for commercial application to maintain flavor without damaging the fruit through fermentation, even if temperature fluctuations, common in commercial storage and shipping, do occur.
What Has Happened to the Bottom of the US Housing Market

Housing quality has improved dramatically for most low-income households, but they are paying much larger shares of their income for it. Many discussions of the bottom of the market focus on either the rising costs (the 'bad' news) or the rising quality (the 'good' news). Both points of view have some merit. This paper takes a positivist approach to the question: what's happening to the bottom of the housing market. We use a variety of indicators to look at whether the supply of low-cost units has fallen. We then focus on whether this dwindling supply reflects a market failure. If the market for low-income housing is indeed failing, we would observe: relatively high prices per unit of housing services provided by low-quality housing; obstructions to the supply of low-cost housing, which arises largely from filtering; and high vacancy rates. We find evidence of market failure in some markets but not in others. Finally, we focus on one possible source of market failure—excessive regulation—to see whether it...
Parameterized reversible integer discrete cosine transforms

In this paper a general parameterized integer-to-integer discrete cosine transform (DCT) is introduced. The parameter of the transform relates to the operation of floor function. The traditional method of integer transforms is based on the use of floor function by adding number 0.5 in each stage of the integer transform calculation. We consider the integer DCT with other parameters to be chosen in an optimal way. The optimality is with respect to the minimal mean-square-error of the integer DCT compared with the original DCT with the float-point multiplication. And while achieving the minimum error we are able to reconstruct the inputs exactly. Examples for the 2-, 4-, and 8-point integer reversible and inverse DCTs of types II and IV are analyzed in detail and optimal parameters for estimation of these transforms by integer DCTs are defined.
Hypergraph Sparsification and Its Application to Partitioning

The data one needs to cope to solve today's problems is large scale, so are the graphs and hyper graphs used to model it. Today, we have Big Data, big graphs, big matrices, and in the future, they are expected to be bigger and more complex. Many of today's algorithms will be, and some already are, expensive to run on large datasets. In this work, we analyze a set of efficient techniques to make "big data", which is modeled as a hyper graph, smaller so that its processing takes much less time. As an application use case, we take the hyper graph partitioning problem, which has been successfully used in many practical applications for various purposes including parallelization of complex and irregular applications, sparse matrix ordering, clustering, community detection, query optimization, and improving cache locality in shared-memory systems. We conduct several experiments to show that our techniques greatly reduce the cost of the partitioning process and preserve the partitioning quality. Although we only measured their performance from the partitioning point of view, we believe the proposed techniques will be beneficial also for other applications using hyper graphs.
Differences Between Personal Estimates of Body Fatness and Measures of Body Fatness in 11- and 12-Year-Old Males and Females

This study was designed to assess the accuracy of perceived levels of body fatness as indicated by 11- and 12-year-old children. Using a rating scale ranging from 1 (extremely lean) through 9 (extremely overweight), 50 males and 50 females estimated personal levels of body fatness. Using a 2 × 2 between-and-within-groups ANOVA, these estimates were compared to individual skinfold sum percentile scores derived from comparisons with national skinfold norms. The results revealed that the females tended to overestimate personal levels of body fatness, whereas estimates given by the male subjects were interpreted as not significantly different from skinfold sum percentile scores.
The functional polymorphism of the hemoglobin-binding protein haptoglobin influences susceptibility to idiopathic Parkinson's disease.

Oxidative stress and iron have been widely implicated in the etiology of Parkinson's disease (PD). Hemoglobin is the richest source of iron in the body. The human Haptoglobin (Hp) protein is a plasma alpha-2 glycoprotein that removes free Hemoglobin from the circulation and tissues and is important in protection from oxidative stress, in immune system regulation, and angiogenesis. A common genetic polymorphism of Hp exists in the population, where the Hp 1-1, Hp 2-1, and Hp 2-2 forms exhibit profound functional differences. In this study, the Hp genotype corresponding to phenotypes Hp 1-1, 2-1 and 2-2 was determined in 312 idiopathic PD patients and 420 normal control subjects. A significant increase in the number of subjects carrying the Hp 2-1 genotype was present among PD patients. The distribution of Hp genotypes among PD patients (16.0% Hp 1-1, 56.4% Hp 2-1, 27.6% Hp 2-2) was significantly different from the distribution in controls (15.2% Hp 1-1, 48.1% Hp 2-1, 36.7% Hp 2-2) (χ2 = 6.99, P = 0.030). The odds ratios for PD risk for Hp 2-1 and Hp 1-1 versus Hp 2-2 genotype were 1.51 (1.07–2.12) and 1.36 (0.86–2.15), respectively. Overall, the association of Hp-1 allele with PD resulted stronger among subjects who were never-smokers as compared to ever-smokers. Also, among ever-smokers, Hp genotypes were significantly associated with PD only among women, but not men, indicating the presence of a gene × gender × smoking interaction. To our knowledge, this is the first study that investigates the association of Hp genotypes with the risk of PD. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Why Do Civil Wars Occur? Understanding the Importance of Institutional Quality

As states get stronger, they are expected to be more successful in preventing insurgency and, in turn, the occurrence of civil wars. While intuitively appealing, the theoretical and empirical understanding of the linkage between state capacity and civil war onset remains at an early stage of development. To date, the role of state capacity has been conceptualised and measured in limited ways that focus mainly on the repressive ability of the state. In this paper, we broaden the understanding of state capacity by incorporating an important but neglected dimension; institutional quality. We examine the relationship between institutional quality and civil war onset and argue that states characterised with high institutional quality are less likely to experience civil war. Analysis of cross-national time-series data from 1984 to 1999 reveals that the quality of institutions, defined as freedom from corruption in government, rule of law, and bureaucratic quality, plays a significant role in explaining the like...
The Necessity of Routine Clinic Follow-Up Visits After Third Molar Removal

Purpose This randomized clinical trial was conducted to evaluate the clinical necessity of routine follow-up visits after third molar removal under local anesthesia and intravenous sedation in patients aged 15 to 35 years. Patients and Methods Sixty consecutive cases that required surgical removal of impacted third molars in an outpatient basis were performed by board-certified oral and maxillofacial surgeons. Sixty patients were divided randomly into 2 groups: one group received a 2-week postoperative follow-up appointment and the other received no follow-up. All patients received postoperative instructions and were contacted by telephone on the day after surgery. At 2 weeks postoperatively, all patients either returned to the clinic or were interviewed by telephone. Results Forty-eight patients were included in this study. The mean age was 20.35 years (range, 15 to 33 years). There were no statistical differences in the number of patients and gender between groups of patients who received clinic or telephone follow-up (significance Conclusions A routine follow-up visit following third molar removal under intravenous sedation is not necessary in patients between 15 and 35 years of age. However, preoperative and postoperative instruction should be clearly specified. A selective review policy may be appropriate if a patient is mentally retarded, is taking psychoactive drugs, or has an intraoperative complications or a complaint registered via telephone call.
The anticatabolic and wound healing effects of the testosterone analog oxandrolone after severe burn injury

Purpose: Severe burn injury leads to marked catabolism and decreased lean mass, which can impair healing. Anabolic agents can attenuate net catabolism. Our purpose was to determine whether the testosterone analog, oxandrolone, given during the acute post burn period decreased the degree of nitrogen loss and loss of body weight while also increasing the healing rate of a skin donor site. Materials and Methods: Patients with burns between 40% and 70% of body surface were studied. A randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled study design was used. Patients were given oxandrolone 20 mg/day (n = 11) or a placebo 20 mg/day (n = 9) beginning between days 2 and 3 post burn. Net nitrogen balance and the healing time of a standardized donor site were measured. Patients were monitored until transferred to a burn rehabilitation facility, an average time period of 33 ± 9 days. Results: Mean burn size was 49 ± 8% for placebo and 53 ± 9% of total body surface for the oxandrolone group. Smoke inhalation was present in approximately 50% of patients in both groups. All patients survived the burn injury. Net weight loss was 8 ± 3.1 kg in the placebo group compared with 3 ± 1.9 kg in the oxandrolone group, a statistically significant decrease. Net daily nitrogen loss over a 3-week period (days 7 to 28) was 13 ± 4 g in placebo treated compared with 4 ± 1.9 g for the oxandrolone group, a statistically significant decrease. The healing time of a standardized donor site, decreased from the placebo group value of 13 ± 3 days to 9 ± 2 days for oxandrolone treated patients, a significant improvement. No major liver dysfunction, or other complication attributable to an anabolic steroid was seen in either group. Conclusion: We found the anabolic agent, oxandrolone, significantly decreased weight loss and net nitrogen loss and increased donor site wound healing compared with placebo controls. We noted no complications with the use of oxandrolone. Copyright © 2000 by W.B. Saunders Company
Inhibitory Effect of Cetirizine on Cytokine-Enhanced in Vitro Eosinophil Survival

Background Cetirizine is an antihistamine that inhibits in vivo eosinophil influx into the inflamed airways following allergen challenge, and in vitro eosinophil chemotaxis and adhesion. Since eosinophils are proposed to have an important role in the pathophysiology of asthma and allergic disease, the effects of cetirizine on eosinophil function may be a mechanism of this agent's therapeutic regulation of the allergic reaction. Objective To determine the effect of cetirizine on in vitro eosinophil survival. Methods Using human eosinophils isolated from patients with allergic rhinitis, the cells were cultured in vitro for 48 to 72 hours with medium, cetirizine, or dexamethasone in the presence of IL-5, IL-3, or GM-CSF. Eosinophil survival was assessed by trypan blue exclusion. Results In the presence of IL-5, but not GM-CSF or IL-3, 100 micromolars cetirizine significantly inhibited eosinophil survival at 48 to 72 hours; the magnitude of this inhibition was dependent on cytokine concentration. Although cetirizine significantly suppressed cytokine promotion of eosinophil survival, it was not as potent as dexamethasone. Conclusions Although the in vitro concentration of cetirizine was required to be quite high, cetirizine may affect in vivo airway inflammation through its inhibition of IL-5-dependent eosinophil survival.
The Prognosis of Anterior Myocardial Infarction Revisited: A Community- wide Study

A study was carried out in metropolitan Baltimore in which the short- and long-term prognosis of 655 patients with anterior myocardial infarction (MI) was compared with that of 520 patients with inferior/posterior MI. The study was performed on a community-wide basis in two time periods before the clinical introduction and widespread use of beta-blockade therapy. After simultaneous adjustment for several socio-demographic and clinical variables, the in-hospital case fatality rate was greater for patients with anterior (27.5%) than for those with inferior/posterior MI (22.9%) (p less than 0.05). Similarly, for those discharged alive from the hospital and followed up for as long as 10 years, patients with infarction of the anterior wall had a significantly poorer long-term survival than that of patients with infarction of the inferior/posterior wall (p less than 0.05). These results suggest that closer surveillance should be directed at patients with anterior myocardial infarction, both during the acute phase and after hospital discharge.
Increased NADH-dependent production of reactive oxygen intermediates by microsomes after chronic ethanol consumption: comparisons with NADPH.

Microsomes from chronic ethanol-fed rats were previously shown to catalyze the NADPH-dependent production of reactive oxygen intermediates at elevated rates compared to controls. Recent studies have shown that NADH can also serve as a reductant and promote the production of oxygen radicals by microsomes. The current study evaluated the influence of chronic ethanol consumption on NADH-dependent microsomal production of reactive oxygen intermediates, and compared the results with NADH to those of NADPH. Microsomal oxidation of chemical scavengers, taken as a reflection of the production of hydroxyl radical (.OH)-like species was increased about 50% with NADH as cofactor and about 100% with NADPH after chronic ethanol consumption. The potent inhibition of the production of .OH-like species by catalase suggests a precursor role for H2O2 in .OH production. Rates of NADH- and NADPH-dependent H2O2 production were increased by about 50 and 70%, respectively, after chronic ethanol consumption. A close correlation between rates of H2O2 production and generation of .OH-like species was observed for both NADH and NADPH, and increased rates of H2O2 production appear to play an important role in the elevated generation of .OH-like species after chronic ethanol treatment. Microsomal lipid peroxidation was elevated about 60% with NADH, and 120% with NADPH, after ethanol feeding. With both types of microsomal preparations, the characteristics of the NADH-dependent reactions were similar to the NADPH-dependent reactions, e.g., sensitivity to antioxidants and free radical scavengers and catalytic effectiveness of ferric complexes. However, rates with NADPH exceeded the NADH-dependent rates by 50 to 100%, and the increased production of reactive oxygen intermediates by microsomes after ethanol treatment was greater with NADPH (about twofold) than with NADH (about 50%). Oxidation of ethanol results in an increase in hepatic NADH levels and interaction of NADH, iron, and microsomes can produce potent oxidants capable of initiating lipid peroxidation and oxidizing .OH scavengers. These acute metabolic interactions produced by ethanol-derived NADH are increased, not attenuated, in microsomes from chronic ethanol-fed rats, and it is possible that such increases in NADH (and NADPH)-dependent production of reactive oxygen species play a role in the development of oxidative stress in the liver as a consequence of ethanol treatment.
THE LIPID INTERMEDIATE PATHWAY IN THE RETINA FOR THE ACTIVATION OF CARBOHYDRATES INVOLVED IN THE GLYCOSYLATION OF RHODOPSIN

The presence of and many of the properties of enzymes in the retina involved in the biosynthesis of key intermediates in the dolichol pathway of carbohydrate activation has been demonstrated. The formation of dolichol phosphate-mannose and of mannose-containing oligosaccharide-polyprenols, and their use as substrates in further biosynthetic reactions was shown. The biosynthesis of the core-region glucosamine-containing mono, di and tri-saccharide pyrophosphoryl polyprenols, and the novel function of GDP-mannose as a regulator in their biosynthesis, was described. The participation of the dolichol pathway in the glycosylation of rhodopsin was demonstrated by the inhibition of core-region glycosylation of this glycoprotein by the antibiotic, tunicamycin. Preliminary evidence was obtained that glycosylation of rhodopsin was not a requirement for its insertion into disc membranes.
Modulated molecular beam scattering from solid surfaces: The “pulse testing” method of analysis

Abstract A mathematical formalism is presented [the pulse testing (PT) method] with which it is possible to use the entire shape of the reactant and product beams in modulated molecular beam mass spectrometry in order to derive kinetic parameters of various surface processes. The advantages of the PT method compared to the more traditional frequency response (FR) method (in which only the first Fourier coefficients of the reactant and product beams are utilized) are discussed. The adsorption and decomposition of formic acid on a Ni(110) surface are analyzed in order to illustrate the ease with which the PT method may be applied.
Virulence for chickens of Clostridium perfringens isolated from poultry and other sources.

Abstract Clostridium perfringens type A is the most common cause of poultry necrotic enteritis (NE). Of the four “major” toxins, type A strains produce only alpha toxin (CPA), which has long been considered a major factor in pathogenesis of NE. We investigated the virulence for poultry of type A strains from a variety of enteric sources. Newly-hatched Cornish × Rock chicks were fed a low protein diet for one week, a high protein diet for a second week, and then challenged with log-phase cultures of C. perfringens, mixed 3:4 (v/v) with high protein feed. Strain JGS4143 [genotype A, beta2 positive (cpb2pos), from a field case of NE] produced gross lesions compatible with NE in >85% of challenged birds. However, strains JGS1714 (enterotoxigenic genotype A, cpb2pos, human food poisoning), JGS1936 (genotype A, cpb2neg, bovine neonatal enteritis), JGS4142 (genotype A, cpb2pos, bovine jejunal hemorrhage syndrome), JGS1473 (genotype A, cpb2pos, chicken normal flora), JGS1070 (genotype C, cpb2pos, porcine hemorrhagic enteritis), JGS1882 (genotype A, cpb2pos, porcine neonatal enteritis), JGS1120 (ATCC 13124, genotype A, cpb2neg, gas gangrene), JGS4151 (strain 13, genotype A, cpb2pos, canine), and JGS4303 (SM101, enterotoxigenic genotype A, cpb2neg, human food poisoning) failed to produce disease. In vivo passage failed to increase virulence of the non-NE strains. NE strains must have specific poultry-associated virulence attributes, such as the recently identified NetB and other factors, which allow for the development of disease.
Soil Oribatei V. Investigations on Platynothrus peltifer (Acarina: Camisiidae)2

Platynothrus peltifer , an oribatid mite widely distributed in the Palearctic and Nearctic, overwintered as an adult and oviposited from early spring through early September. Eggs developed into adults over an approximately five month period. Its food consisted of fungi and decaying wood and leaves although, when feeding upon the decaying organic materials, most of its sustenance was probably derived from the fungi and other microorganisms. The chief contribution of this mite to soil formation is that of comminuting decaying wood,, decaying leaf, and fungal tissues to 1 µ –40 µ size particles.
SYNTHESIS AND TWO-DIMENSIONAL NMR ANALYSIS OF ETHYL ALLYL-t-BUTYLPHOSPHINATE

Abstract The synthesis of ethyl allyl-t-butylphosphinate via the Michaelis-Arbuzov reaction between diethyl t-butylphosphinite and allylbromide is reported. The title compound gives rise to a highly symmetrical and complex 1H NMR spectrum. Two-dimensional homonuclear NMR experiments were used to resolve the diastereotopic proton chemical shifts and their short- and long-range coupling constants, JpH and JHH. These results, along with the computer simulation of the 1H NMR spectrum, are presented herein.
Purification and properties of tyrosinases from Vibrio tyrosinaticus.

Two tyrosinase isoenzymes (EC1. 10.3.1) have been highly purified from Vibrio tyrosinaticus . This represents the first characterization of tyrosinases from eubacteria. The enzymes have molecular weights of 41,000 and 38,500, closer to the tyrosinase of Neurospora crassa (33,000) than to the mammalian enzymes from mouse and hamster melanoma (55,000 and 70,000). The bacterial tyrosinases are also different from the mammalian enzymes in that the former possess basic isoelectric points. The Vibrio tyrosinases do not cross-react with antiserum against a hamster melanoma tyrosinase. The K m values for l -tyrosine are 3.1 m m for both isoenzymes while the K m value for l -DOPA is 36 m m for one and 67 m m for the other. The values for tyrosine are tenfold, and those for dopa about 100-fold, larger than the corresponding K m values for the tumor enzymes. Apoenzyme was prepared by treatment with diethyldithiocarbamate, and activity was partially or wholly restored by addition of Cu 2+ , Mn 3+ , Cd 2+ , or Fe 2+ . The one isoenzyme examined has some activity on d -tyrosine and very slight activity against d, l - m -tyrosine. No activity was detected with catechol or l -phenylalanine.
Sleepy and hostile: The effects of REM sleep deprivation on shock-elicited aggression

Two studies were conducted to assess the effects of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep deprivation on shock-elicited aggression. REM deprivation periods of 0, 24, 48, and 72 h were used in the first study, while 48-, 72-, 96-, and 120-h periods were used in the second study. Both studies indicated that increases in REM deprivation (up to 96 h) resulted in increases in the number of aggressive responses. A decrease was shown by the 120-h group. A drive-energization or motivational-effects model is suggested.
Growing Rods in Early-Onset Scoliosis

Early-onset scoliosis (EOS) when progressive presents a significant challenge for the treating pediatric orthopedist. The basic dilemma of controlling a deformed spine over a prolonged time, while allowing growth of the child and maximizing long-term functional outcome is fraught with complications. Although traditional treatment methods, such as braces and casts, can be extremely helpful in this patient population, often factors such as curve magnitude, patient health, congenital malformations, and patient tolerance make these methods difficult to use in a long-term manner. The standard classification of scoliosis into age-based categories of infantile (3 years), juvenile (3-9 years), and adolescent (9 years) is somewhat useful in guiding treatment; however, it does not account for the natural growth of the spine. Data looking at the growth of the spine have shown children undergo their most rapid spinal growth between birth and 5 years old, thus making this period vital for the treatmentofscoliosiswhenpresent. 1 Additionally,theimmature lung increases the number of alveoli during the first 8 years of life, again demonstrating the importance of this time in maintaining a straight spine and adequate chest volume. 2 With this information and the understanding of the important link between early spinal growth, chest wall, and lung development, and ultimately lung function, the term “early
Free shear layer interaction with an expansion-compression wave pair

Experiments were performed using high-speed cinematography to spatially and temporally resolve compressible planar mixing layer structures in pressure matched and unmatched conditions. The unmatched conditions (overexpanded and underexpanded) were achieved by enforcing a static pressure difference between the supersonic planar jet exit (M ∼ 1.65) and the ambient quiescent flow below. The pressure mismatch resulted in the interaction of expansion-compression waves with the free shear layer. Temporally resolved planar images, autocorrelations, and temporal correlations were obtained for a portion of the flowfield just downstream of the expansion-compression interaction. The results showed increased fluctuations in shear layer structure angles for the unmatched pressure conditions as compared with those for the matched condition. The degree of angular fluctuations qualitatively correlated with a nondimensional pressure gradient parameter, and the time scale was consistent with the eddy passage frequency. The passive scalar convection speeds for the unmatched conditions were found to be significantly lower than for the matched cases.
Runaway telomere elongation caused by telomerase RNA gene mutations

The ribonucleoprotein enzyme telomerase adds telomeric DNA onto chromosome ends and is normally regulated so that telomeric DNA lengths are kept within defined bounds. In the telomerase RNA gene from the yeast Kluyveromyces lactis, specific mutations that alter telomeric DNA sequences result in telomeres elongating to up to 100 times their normal length and impair cell growth. Some mutations cause immediate elongation whereas others behave like genetic time bombs, causing elongation only after a latent period of hundreds of generations.
Psychological Responses to the Experience of Open Heart Surgery: I

Since heart surgery was first performed in the early 1950s, the incidence of postoperative emotional reactions and long-term readjustment problems has been noted to be greater and perhaps different in kind from responses to other types of surgery. This phenomenon has been the subject of several reviews,19 and many authors have focused their attention on one aspect or another of the surgical experience in an attempt to delineate factors involved in these responses.
Temperature profiles for turbulent flow of high prandtl number fluids

Abstract A comprehensive turbulent transport model has been developed by Harriott which has been found to correlate experimental data for the mean Nusselt number for fluids with a wide range of Prandtl numbers. This surface rejuvenation model is now adapted to the study of temperature or concentration profiles for turbulent pipe flow, with emphasis on high Prandtl (Schmidt) number fluids.
Applications of laparoscopic instrumentation to conventional abdominal and rectal surgery

Laparoscopic instruments can be used during conventional open surgery to facilitate surgical removal of rectal tumors. The technique and instrumentation are described herein.