cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Instantaneous Formation of Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles on Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene via Solvent-Free Microwave Heating

Microwave irradiation was shown to be an effective energy source for the rapid decomposition of organic metal salts (such as silver acetate) in a solid mixture with various carbon and noncarbon substrates under completely solvent-free conditions. The rapid and local Joule heating of microwave absorbing substrates (i.e., carbon-based) resulted in the instantaneous formation of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles on the substrate surfaces within seconds of microwave exposure. Other less absorbing substrates (such as hexagonal boron nitride) required longer exposure times for the salt decomposition to occur. Details of the effects of microwave reaction time, temperature, power, and other experimental parameters were investigated and discussed. The solvent-free microwave method was shown to be widely applicable to various organic metal salts with different substrates including single- and multiwalled carbon nanotubes, graphene, expanded graphite, hexagonal boron nitride and silica–alumina particles, forming s...
Extraterrestrial Intelligence? Not Likely

: The possibility that there exist extraterrestrial creatures with advanced intelligence is considered by examining major events in mammalian, primate, and human evolution on earth. The overwhelming evidence is that the evolution of intelligence in creatures elsewhere who have the capability to communicate with us is vanishingly small. The history of the evolution of advanced forms of life on this planet is so beset by adventitious, unpredictable events and multiple contingencies that the evolution of human-level intelligence is highly unlikely on any planet, including earth.
VALIDATING FLUENT FOR THE FLOW OF GRANULAR MATERIALS IN AERIAL SPREADERS

A simulation model for predicting the velocity vectors of fertilizer particles emanating from an aerial spreader was developed using a commercial software package FLUENT version 4.32. Simulation results for urea particles emanating from a curved duct were compared with laboratory results. The particle size (geometric mean particle diameters) ranged from 1.30 mm to 2.82 mm and the air velocity at the inlet of a curved duct was varied from 42 m/s to 62 m/s. FLUENT always predicted lower particle velocities than were measured in the laboratory. The difference was attributed to uneven shape of the particles and modeling errors. FLUENT predicted particle velocities could be corrected with a correction factor specific to a fertilizer. For materials having particles of different shapes the value for correction factor would be different. The particle velocity was found to be linearly related to the air velocity. The effect of the particle size on its velocity was quadratic, with smaller particles attaining higher velocities at the exit from the duct than did the larger particles.
Making proteins green; biosynthesis of chlorophyll-binding proteins in cyanobacteria

Chlorophyll (Chl) is an essential component of the photosynthetic apparatus. Embedded into Chl-binding proteins, Chl molecules play a central role in light harvesting and charge separation within the photosystems. It is critical for the photosynthetic cell to not only ensure the synthesis of a sufficient amount of new Chl-binding proteins but also avoids any misbalance between apoprotein synthesis and the formation of potentially phototoxic Chl molecules. According to the available data, Chl-binding proteins are translated on membrane bound ribosomes and their integration into the membrane is provided by the SecYEG/Alb3 translocon machinery. It appears that the insertion of Chl molecules into growing polypeptide is a prerequisite for the correct folding and finishing of Chl-binding protein synthesis. Although the Chl biosynthetic pathway is fairly well-described on the level of enzymatic steps, a link between Chl biosynthesis and the synthesis of apoproteins remains elusive. In this review, I summarize the current knowledge about this issue putting emphasis on protein–protein interactions. I present a model of the Chl biosynthetic pathway organized into a multi-enzymatic complex and physically attached to the SecYEG/Alb3 translocon. Localization of this hypothetical large biosynthetic centre in the cyanobacterial cell is also discussed as well as regulatory mechanisms coordinating the rate of Chl and apoprotein synthesis.
Physical stability of crystal hydrates and their anhydrates in the presence of excipients

There are few studies in the literature that deal with the effect of excipients on the kinetics of vapor phase induced hydrate-anhydrate phase transformations. The main purpose of this study was to probe the phase stability of hydrate-anhydrate systems in the presence of hygroscopic and nonhygroscopic excipients following exposure to either dehydrating or hydrating conditions. Physical mixtures and compacts of model hydrate formers (theophylline and carbamazepine) and excipients (mannitol, microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) K12 and K90) were stored at 22 degrees C and varying relative humidities. Raman spectroscopy was used to monitor the kinetics of transformation between hydrate and anhydrate. In general, excipients were found either to have no effect or to promote dehydration. For hydrate formation, excipients could accelerate, retard, or have no influence on hydration kinetics. MCC was found to have only minimal effects on either the dehydration or hydration kinetics of model compounds, whereas mannitol enhanced dehydration but had little effect on hydration. Different PVP grades showed a variety effects: PVPK12 greatly enhanced the dehydration of both theophylline monohydrate (MT) and carbamazepine dihydrate (DC). PVPK90 also enhanced the dehydration of DC, but had a negligible effect on MT. For hydrate formation, PVPK12 was found to have a retarding effect on theophylline anhydrous (AT) transformation, but enhanced the conversion of carbamazepine anhydrous (AC) to DC, PVPK90 also retarded the hydration of AT, but had no effect on AC. Optical microscopy and X-ray powder diffraction studies suggested that PVP (in particular K12), when stored at high RH, was able to result in the partial dissolution of the active pharmaceutical ingredient and hence changed the hydration process from a solid state to a solution-mediated transformation. In summary, the effect of excipients on the kinetics of dehydration and hydration is complex and needs be rationalized in terms of several excipient properties including physical state, chemical composition, and the possibility of specific API-excipient interactions. It is concluded that a multitude of factors will dictate, and often complicate, the final effect of excipients on the phase transformation kinetics of hydrate formers.
New insights into the role of T cells in the vicious cycle of bone metastases.

Purpose of reviewBone metastases interact with the bone microenvironment. Cancer cells modulate the functions of osteoblasts and osteoclasts to induce new bone formation or bone resorption, leading to secondary stimulation of tumor development. Recent findings suggest the involvement of T cells in t
The Ethics of Teaching.

The ethical bond between teachers and students is considered as a form of the I–Thou relationship as articulated by Martin Buber. This bond raises the issues of fairness, honesty, promise-keeping, respect, and responsibility as norms for teachers.
Drilling mud rheology and the API recommended measurements

Drilling fluids are, among other things, expected to transport cuttings and control fluid loss. The rheology of drilling fluids plays an important roll in both of these aspects of drilling fluid performance. A number of years ago the American Petroleum Institute established a set of standards for evaluating the rheology of drilling fluids. While drilling fluid technology has evolved and drilling fluids have become more rheologically complex, the standards have not changed sufficiently to adequately characterize the new generation of drilling fluids.
Thermoregulation and daily activity patterns in a black desert grasshopper taeniopoda eques

Abstract Behavioural thermoregulation was studied in the western horse lubber grasshopper Taeniopoda eques (Burmeister), a native of the Chihuahuan Desert of North America. The grasshoppers regulated their temperature through a series of daily cyclical vertical movements between vegetation and the soil, and by the adoption of four thermoregulatory postures: flanking, crouching, stilting and stem-shading. At dawn, the grasshoppers moved from their nocturnal roost-plants to the ground, returned to bushes during the middle of the day, moved back to the open ground in the afternoon, then reascended vegetation at dusk. The occurrences of the four thermoregulatory postures were synchronized with these microhabitat shifts. During the cooler mornings and afternoons, the insects maximized heat gain by flanking and crouching, achieving thoracic temperatures of up to 16°C above ambient. Throughout the hot middle of the day the insects stilted and shaded, minimizing heat gain. These behaviours effectively kept the grasshoppers' body temperatures near the preferred temperature (36·2°C), but lower than the maximum voluntarily tolerated temperature (41·9°C), critical thermal maximum (45·2°C) and instantaneous lethal maximum (46·5°C). The body size of flanking insects influenced heating and cooling rates, wind effects and temperature excess at equilibrium. Both infrared and visible radiation appeared to elicit flanking. The need and ability to thermoregulate are influenced by this insect's reliance on chemical deterrents for defence.
Clozapine-withdrawal catatonia.

Background Case reports in which abrupt clozapine discontinuation led to a return of psychosis, autonomic instability, or catatonia have been previously presented in the literature. Objective The authors report on symptom presentation and resolution in a case of abrupt withdrawal of clozapine medication. Method The authors describe the condition and history of the patient, a 49-year-old woman with schizophrenia, the medical support she received, and the re-initiation of her clozapine medication. Results Symptoms of catatonia and autonomic instability resolved by Day 4 of treatment. Conclusion Patients and their caregivers need to be educated about the effects of abrupt cessation of clozapine administration.
Gene expression changes during asexual sporulation by the late blight agent Phytophthora infestans occur in discrete temporal stages

Transcriptional changes during asexual sporangia formation by the late blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans were identified using microarrays representing 15,646 genes and RNA from sporulation time-courses, purified spores, and sporulation-defective strains. Results were confirmed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analyses of sporulation on artificial media and infected tomato. During sporulation, about 12% of genes were up-regulated compared to vegetative hyphae and 5% were down-regulated. The most prevalent induced genes had functions in signal transduction, flagella assembly, cellular organization, metabolism, and molecular or vesicular transport. Distinct patterns of expression were discerned based on the kinetics of mRNA induction and their persistence in sporangia. For example, most flagella-associated transcripts were induced very early in sporulation and maintained in sporangia, while many participants in metabolism or small molecule transport were also induced early but had low levels in sporangia. Data from this study are a resource for understanding sporogenesis, which is critical to the pathogenic success of P. infestans and other oomycetes.
Exact solution for unsteady conjugated heat transfer in the thermal entrance region of a duct

By use of the Laplace transformation, an exact analytical solution is developed for the case of transient conjugated heat transfer in the thermal entrance region of a parallel plate duct when the unsteadiness is induced by a sudden change in temperature of the ambient fluid outside the duct walls. The solution is presented for the fastest part of the transient, time domain I, and comparison is made with a finite difference solution and also with the approximate, standard quasi-steady approach which is seen to be appreciably in error for a wide range of conjugation parameter values.
Clinical nutrition managers have access to sources of empowerment.

Abstract Objective To ascertain perceived access of dietitians to power in the workplace. Design The conceptual framework was Kanter's theory of organizational power. The Conditions for Work Effectiveness Questionnaire was used to measure perceived access to sources of power: information, support, resources, and opportunities. Demographic data were collected to identify factors that may enhance empowerment. Subjects/settings The questionnaire was sent to a random sample of 348 dietitians chosen from members of the Clinical Nutrition Management dietetic practice group of the American Dietetic Association. Blank questionnaires were returned by 99 (28.4%) people not working as clinical nutrition managers, which left 249 in the sample. Statistical analyses Descriptive statistics were used to organize and summarize data. One-way analysis of variance and t tests were performed to identify differences in responses based on levels of education, work setting, and information technology skills. Results Usable questionnaires were received from 178 people (71.5%). On a 5-point scale, scores for access to information (mean±standard deviation [SD]=3.8±0.7), opportunity (mean±SD=3.6±0.7), support (mean±SD =3.2±0.9), and resources (mean±SD=3.1±0.8) demonstrated that clinical nutrition managers perceived themselves as having substantial access to sources of empowerment. Those having higher levels of education, working in larger hospitals, having better-developed information technology skills, and using information technology more frequently had statistically significant higher empowerment scores (P=≤.05) than contrasting groups in each category. Applications/conclusion Clinical nutrition managers are empowered and able to assume leadership roles in today's health care settings. Their power may be enhanced by asserting more pressure to gain greater access to sources of power: support, information, resources, and opportunities. J Am Diet Assoc. 2000;100:1038–1043.
Climate change beliefs, concerns, and attitudes toward adaptation and mitigation among farmers in the Midwestern United States

A February 2012 survey of almost 5,000 farmers across a region of the U.S. that produces more than half of the nation’s corn and soybean revealed that 66 % of farmers believed climate change is occurring (8 % mostly anthropogenic, 33 % equally human and natural, 25 % mostly natural), while 31 % were uncertain and 3.5 % did not believe that climate change is occurring. Results of initial analyses indicate that farmers’ beliefs about climate change and its causes vary considerably, and the relationships between those beliefs, concern about the potential impacts of climate change, and attitudes toward adaptive and mitigative action differ in systematic ways. Farmers who believed that climate change is occurring and attributable to human activity were significantly more likely to express concern about impacts and support adaptive and mitigative action. On the other hand, farmers who attributed climate change to natural causes, were uncertain about whether it is occurring, or did not believe that it is occurring were less concerned, less supportive of adaptation, and much less likely to support government and individual mitigative action. Results suggest that outreach with farmers should account for these covariances in belief, concerns, and attitudes toward adaptation and mitigation.
Computerized procedure system for the APR1400 simulator

Abstract The ShinKori Unit 3&4 which is the reference plant for APR1400 simulator plans to utilize various display devices and computerized Human Machine Interface (HMI) as well as many kinds of digitalized instrumentation and control. The operating crew will be given a lot of information on display devices in order to diagnose the system states and control devices. And with the limitations of paper-based procedure (PBP) including lack of interactive capabilities between the PBP and sophisticated systems, and the high volume and cost associated with paper manuals used in complex and technically demanding environments, the computerized procedure system (CPS) is developed as a part of computerized systems for APR1400 simulator. The developed CPS covers all operating procedures including normal, abnormal and emergency, and provides information through workstation consoles using flowchart and tree structure and also has automatic checking capabilities of step logic including continuously applied steps. The CPS consists of Procedure eXecution System (PXS), and Engineering System (ES) including procedure editor (PED) and Non-Integrated System Test System (NISTS). The PXS is the execution system for the procedure provided to the operators and has the following functions. 1) Display of the plant status information necessary for the instructions and executions for the procedure, 2) auto-check functions instead of manual monitoring based on the paper-based procedures, 3) detection and recovery functions of operators’ faults, 4) generation function of the LCP (Logged Computerized Procedure) to search the results of the procedure execution, 5) generation function of the Log Paper Procedure supporting the continued operation using the paper procedure when the CPS fails. The ES (Engineering System) is the environment provided to the writer and maintainer of the CP (Computerized Procedure), the application program loaded in the PXS. The CP is frequently revised in the plant, and related to the safety of the plant. Therefore, the CP is provided to secure the quality and convenience of the developed procedure. For the verification, among the implemented computerized procedures by using PED, a procedure for the LOCA (Loss-Of-Coolant Accident) is selected for testing the integrity of the CPS including communication between CPS and other systems for APR1400 simulator, which is proved to be well implemented. Currently, the implemented CPS is being used to the Preliminary Validation Phase II Test hosted by NETEC (Nuclear Environment TEChnology Institute) in Korea.
Libraries as digital crossroads: a report on the 10th Annual Collection Development Symposium

AbstractThe 10th Annual Collection Development Symposium, titled Libraries as Digital Crossroads, took place at the University of Minnesota, Twin Cities campus on May 19th, 2003. Over 160 people registered for this full-day conference, sponsored by the University of Minnesota Libraries and the MINITEX Library Information Network. The program description read as follows:Libraries and librarians are serving an increasingly central role in connecting our user community and digital resources. Words such as intersection, hub, junction, and link are used to describe the path libraries are taking to identify, locate, organize, preserve, and make available intellectual resources in digital format. Speakers at the 10th annual symposium will explore this goal from various perspectives.
The Art and Beauty of Inorganic Synthesis on the Path to Discovery: Transition Metal Coordination and Activation of Sulfur Dioxide and Dihydrogen

Transition metal compounds often possess spectacular gem-like colors and crystallinity that have attracted quite a few individuals to careers in chemistry. This was especially true for myself when I carried out undergraduate research in John Fackler's laboratory and I began to appreciate the art and beauty of inorganic synthesis. These facets were invaluable later on in my discovery of both new types of sulfur dioxide complexes and especially dihydrogen complexes where keen observation of reaction colors was key to uncovering reversible binding of H2 to Mo/W complexes. Synthesis can be as much art as science, and the factors leading to the discovery of dihydrogen complexes will be a major focus of this article. The key structure/bonding/reactivity features and importance of metal-H2 binding in the development of hydrogen as a future fuel will also be discussed. Coordination of H2 facilitates its heterolytic cleavage, a key process in metalloenzymes such as hydrogenases that provide valuable models for the...
Soil fumigation effects on growth and phosphorus uptake by corn

Abstract Phosphorus uptake rate, plant top weight, and grain yield were measured for corn (Zea mays L.) planted in field plots with or without fumigation, with different levels of P fertilization, and under conventional till and no till management. Plant growth and grain yield in P‐deficient, unfumigated conventional till and no till plots were significantly higher than those in the corresponding fumigated plots. The heightened responses were attributed to enhancement of P uptake by biological activity. Therefore, the effect of differential microblal activity on P uptake must be considered in estimating the lowest level of P fertilization needed for adequate growth in low P soils.
Ballistic attenuation of low-coherence optical fields.

Using a novel experimental geometry, we measured the ballistic attenuation of low-coherence optical fields propagating in multiple-scattering media. The high dynamic range and the angular filtering capability permit detecting the ballistic component through random media thicker than 20 mean free paths. Owing to the accuracy of the technique, we observe deviations from the standard Lambert‐Beer law that are induced by the broad incident optical spectrum. We discuss the significance of these observations, their dependence on the type of scattering, and several potential applications. © 2000 Optical Society of America OCIS codes: 000.0000, 030.0030.
Fashion/clothing research: an analysis of three journals

Purpose – entailed assessing directions in subject matter content and the types of research strategy employed. In research using human participants, the purposes were to assess: sampling strategy, statements limiting generalizability, incentive use, and the use of undergraduates (UGs) as participants. Finally, with studies utilizing UG participants, the purpose of this paper was to assess: directions in subject matter content, research strategy, sampling strategy, justification of participants, statements limiting generalizability, and incentive use. Design/methodology/approach – A content analysis of fashion/clothing research articles (n=963) appearing in three scholarly journals between 1996 and 2013. Findings – Consumer behavior was the most frequent research topic and survey methodology dominated the research strategy employed. Majority of samples were nonprobability, slightly over half of the authors provided statements limiting generalizability of their findings, use of incentives was routinely not ...
An Electrochemical Color-Switchable RGB Dye: Tristable [2]Catenane

We propose a design for an electrochemically driven RGB dye based on a tristable [2]catenane, in which the color of the molecule can be switched between Red, Green, and Blue by merely changing voltage. Based on DFT calculations, we conclude that the tristable [2]catenane should consist of a CBPQT4+ ring interlocked with a polyether macrocyle containing DNP (red), TTF (green), and FBZD (blue) units as the tunable RGB color-generating donors. Thus, at controllable voltages 0, V1, and V2, the [2]catenane is expected to display green, blue, and red colors, respectively. The advent of these RGB tristable molecules may have potential applications in low cost paperlike electronic displays.
Unified approach to prewetting and wetting phase transitions

Abstract Prewetting, sequential wetting, and gravity thinning transitions are considered using the same generalized Ginzburg–Landau free energy functional. It is shown by asymptotic and numerical analysis that by varying the distance from the three-phase coexistence curve and the amplitudes of the power-law adsorbate–absorbent potential, it is possible to account for both the discontinuous formation of a finite layer of the liquid phase on the substrate and the transition to complete wetting.
Centrifugal distortion effects in SF2: Calculation of the force field and infrared spectrum

Abstract Measurements of the microwave spectrum of SF2 have been extended up to J = 43 in order to account for the effects of centrifugal distortion. Seventy-five transitions have been included in a weighted least squares fit of the measured spectrum with an rms deviation of 0.078 MHz. The force field for SF2 has been determined from the centrigufal distortion constants. The vibrational spectrum, as yet unobserved, has been predicted from the force field as have been the Coriolis coupling constants and the average structure.
Simultaneous measurement of light transmission and heat flow in a modified differential scanning calorimeter

A commercial DSC cell has been modified to allow simultaneous measurement of heat flow and light transmission. A special fiber optic probe capable of transmitting and receiving light is located immediately above the sample. The sample is held in a reflective aluminum pan during the measurement. Maximum optical signal intensity is recorded when the sample becomes completely transparent. The light from the probe will pass through the sample, reflect off the bottom of the pan, and then pass up through the sample again and back into the probe. The method was developed to augment the normal DSC heat-flow measurement. We find that the additional optical information is useful in elucidating the nature of thermal transitions in polymeric materials. Any transition, physical or chemical, that is accompanied by an appreciable change in optical transmission can be studied by this technique. The probe is useful even in investigations where only the optical signal is desired, because one can make use of the temperature programming and data aquisition capabilities of the DSC instrument. The presence of the probe tip near the sample does not seriously degrade the heat-flow signal. Good calorimetric accuracy is maintained, albeit some baseline curvature is introduced. Several applications of the technique are described. These include melting and crystallization of polymers, solubility behavior of polymer–polymer and polymer–additive blends, and sintering of polymer particles during oxidative degradation.
An uncertainty analysis of tool setting methods for a precision lathe with a B-axis rotary table

This study develops a method for calculating the precision with which a cutting tool can be set along the axis of rotation of a B-axis rotary table on a lathe. The uncertainty with which the tool can be set on the rotary table is calculated from knowledge of the machine tool, the probing system, and the effects of the environment. Three common tool-setting techniques are analyzed as examples. The techniques analyzed are a touch probe tool set station, a technique that machines grooves in the face of a workpiece and then measures the relative depths of the grooves, and an optical tool set station that uses a video camera looking down onto the rake face of the cutting tool. Experiments using these three example techniques reveal the precision with which a tool can be set. For each technique, the predicted tool setting uncertainties agree with the experimentally determined values. Therefore, this method can estimate how well a tool can be set along the axis of rotation of a B-axis rotary table for a particular application, without the need for extensive tool setting experiments.
SU-E-J-85: Leave-One-Out Perturbation (LOOP) Fitting Algorithm for Absolute Dose Film Calibration

Purpose: To introduce an outliers-recognition fitting routine for film dosimetry. It cannot only be flexible with any linear and non-linear regression but also can provide information for the minimal number of sampling points, critical sampling distributions and evaluating analytical functions for absolute film-dose calibration. Methods: The technique, leave-one-out (LOO) cross validation, is often used for statistical analyses on model performance. We used LOO analyses with perturbed bootstrap fitting called leave-one-out perturbation (LOOP) for film-dose calibration . Given a threshold, the LOO process detects unfit points (“outliers”) compared to other cohorts, and a bootstrap fitting process follows to seek any possibilities of using perturbations for further improvement. After that outliers were reconfirmed by a traditional t-test statistics and eliminated, then another LOOP feedback resulted in the final. An over-sampled film-dose- calibration dataset was collected as a reference (dose range: 0-800cGy), and various simulated conditions for outliers and sampling distributions were derived from the reference. Comparisons over the various conditions were made, and the performance of fitting functions, polynomial and rational functions, were evaluated. Results: (1) LOOP can prove its sensitive outlier-recognition by its statistical correlation to an exceptional better goodness-of-fit as outliers being left-out. (2) With sufficient statistical information, the LOOP can correct outliers under some low-sampling conditions that other “robust fits”, e.g. Least Absolute Residuals, cannot. (3) Complete cross-validated analyses of LOOP indicate that the function of rational type demonstrates a much superior performance compared to the polynomial. Even with 5 data points including one outlier, using LOOP with rational function can restore more than a 95% value back to its reference values, while the polynomial fitting completely failed under the same conditions. Conclusion: LOOP can cooperate with any fitting routine functioning as a “robust fit”. In addition, it can be set as a benchmark for film-dose calibration fitting performance.
Selenium status and immune function in asymptomatic HIV-1 seropositive men

Abstract Altered selenium status has been shown to be associated with impairment of immune function. The present study was conducted to characterize selenium status in HIV-1 infected individuals (n=70), and determine whether alterations in selenium status were related to immune system dysregulation. Sixty-six percent of HIV-1 seropositive homosexuals, healthy other than persistent generalized lymphadenopathy, exhibited normal plasma selenium levels (85–120 μg/L). In contrast, 23% of such HIV-1 seropositive individuals had high (>120 μg/L) and 11% had low (
Effect of mercuhydrin alone and in conjunction with ammonium chloride on radiostrontium excretion in man.

SummaryThe diuresis induced by intramuscular injections of mercuhydrin at varying time intervals following intravenous or oral administration of Sr85 was associated with an inconsistent and only slight increase in urinary Sr85 excretion despite a concomitant increase in urinary calcium excretion. Following the discontinuation of mercuhydrin there was marked inhibition of the urinary excretion of Sr85 and calcium. Further increase in urine volume induced by mercuhydrin used in conjunction with ammonium chloride resulted in a marked increase in urinary calcium but not in further enhancement of Sr85 excretion. Mercuhydrin actually diminished the effect of ammonium chloride by inhibiting radiostrontium excretion following discontinuation of this combined therapy. This rebound inhibition of Sr85 excretion contrasts with the sustained increase in Sr85 and calcium excretion following the discontinuation of ammonium chloride.
Density-functional theory of the correlation energy in atoms and ions: A simple analytic model and a challenge

A simple and accurate analytic model is derived for the correlation energy of any atom or ion within three densityfunctional approximations based on the uniform electron gas: the local-spin-density approximation (LSD), the selfinteraction corrected (SIC) version of LSD, and the antiparallel-spin LSD of Stoll et al. The last two approximations give good results for the correlation energies of neutral atoms, in contrast to LSD which overestimates these energies by a factor of 2. However, all three approximations show an incorrect $\mathrm{ln}Z$ leading behavior when the nuclear charge $Z$ tends to infinity at fixed electron number $N$. It is hard to see how any a priori electron-gas approximation can reproduce the exact leading behavior, which is constant or linear in $Z$ according to the value of $N$.
Chemical and enzymatic characteristics of cytoplasmic membranes of poliovirus-infected HeLa cells

Abstract The density distribution of cytoplasmic membranes separated by centrifugation to equilibrium in discontinuous sucrose gradients is progressively altered after infection of HeLa cells with poliovirus. The most striking changes are a decrease in quantity and an increase in density of rough microsomes and a large increase in quantity of the smooth microsomal membranes with which viral RNA synthesis is associated. The smooth membranes begin to increase between 2.5 and 3.5 hr after infection, and continue to proliferate late into infection. They differ from the membranes in the corresponding fraction of uninfected cells in their higher phospholipid:protein ratio, altered phospholipid composition, and reduced specific activity of NADH diaphorase. The specific activities of several enzymes were determined in membrane fractions obtained from discontinuous sucrose gradients. Mitochondrial and lysosomal enzyme activities are found mainly in a fraction which also contains most of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. However, 4 hr after infection a lysosomal enzyme, β-glucuronidase, is distributed throughout the gradient. Most of the plasma membrane fragments are sedimented in the low speed centrifugation prior to layering into the discontinuous sucrose gradients. The small proportion of the plasma membrane fragments that are layered into the gradients cosediment with the smooth microsomal membranes.
Fibronectin receptor functions in embryonic cells deficient in alpha 5 beta 1 integrin can be replaced by alpha V integrins.

alpha 5 beta 1 integrin mediates cell adhesion to extracellular matrix by interacting with fibronectin (FN). Mouse lines carrying null mutations in genes encoding either the alpha 5 integrin subuni...
Agricultural Structure and Proto-Industrialization in Russia: Economic Development With Unfree Labor

A revised view of the nature of Russian industrialization is proposed. It is argued that economic conditions on the serf estates did not hinder industrialization; they in fact facilitated proto-industrialization by promoting the nonagricultural pursuits of the peasantry. In opposition to the traditional view that industrialization took place after the Emancipation of the serfs in 1861, and that there was an “agrarian crisis” in the nineteenth century, it is argued that industrialization was well underway on a wide scale on the basis of serf labor before 1861. The so-called agrarian crisis may really have been a period of increased proto-industrial activity by the peasants.
Complications of posterior articular mass plate fixation of the subaxial cervical spine in 43 consecutive patients

Study design A retrospective study evaluating the complications in 43 consecutive patients treated with posterior lateral mass plate fixation of the subaxial cervical spine. Objectives To determine the surgical complications of applying posterior lateral mass plates, to correlate complication rate with surgical technique, and to determine fusion rate. Summary of background data Posterior cervical plate stabilization is a viable alternative to more traditional wiring techniques. Advantages include superior internal stability and no requirement for intact posterior spinal elements. Methods Records of 43 consecutive patients who underwent posterior articular mass plate fixation were independently reviewed to identify associated complications. The average follow-up was 25 months (range, 1 to 63 months). The most common indications for surgery were posttraumatic instability (n = 22) and instability after multilevel laminectomy (n = 14). Four patients had difficult spinal disorders requiring a combined anterior and posterior approach. Results Two hundred eighty-one screws were inserted in the cervical spine (average, 7 screws per patient). There were no complications associated with placement of the screws (i.e., root injury or vertebral artery injury). Complications included two cases in which patients had superficial wound infections and one in which the patient had a spinal epidural hematoma requiring evacuation. In one patient, hardware failure required an anterior approach to correct a progressive angulation. Conclusions With the authors' surgical technique, lateral mass plate fixation is safe and effective. There were no nerve root or vertebral artery injuries.
MODERN INSULIN THERAPY FOR TYPE 1 DIABETES MELLITUS

Modern insulin therapy for Type 1 diabetes is part of a comprehensive treatment program designed to achieve and maintain blood glucose levels as close to normal as possible. The insulin regimens most likely to be successful approximate physiologic insulin delivery by combining basal and meal doses. Several options are available, including constant infusion by external pump and multiple daily injection therapy. Modern therapy affords major health benefits through improved blood glucose control, as well as lifestyle benefits associated with increased flexibility and spontaneity.
Characteristic exponents and diagonally dominant linear differential systems

where B is a constant matrix and Q(t + T) = Q(t). Qualitatively the asymptotic behavior of solutions of (1.1) is determined entirely by the real parts of the eigenvalues of B provided B has at most one eigenvalue with zero real part. (See for example [l, Chap. 21 or [5, Chap. 31). It is therefore a fundamental problem in the theory of linear periodic differential equations to determine the real parts of the eigenvalues of the matrix B given -g(t). Our first main result is a modest contribution to this problem. Our motivation comes from a beautiful and elementary result due to S. A. Gerschgorin [4]
Effects of acute and continuous administration of morphine on the cyclic AMP response induced by norepinephrine in rat brain slices.

Abstract Pre-incubated cortical brain slices from adult male Sprague Dawley rats when challenged by exogenous norepinephrine (NE) exhibited a dose-dependent increase in the level of endogenous cyclic 3′, 5′ adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP), with the maximal response elicited at 50 μM NE concentration. The administration of 50 mg/kg sub-cutaneous(Sub-Q) morphine 5 minutes before sacrifice significantly increased the responsiveness of the brain slices to the NE-induced cyclic AMP response at 0.5, 5.0, and 50.0 μM NE. Sustained administration of morphine from the subcutaneously implanted morphine pellet (75 mg morphine base) attenuated the potentiated cyclic AMP response to NE in the brain slices of the rats exposed to a single challenge dose of 50 mg/kg (Sub-Q) morphine 5 minutes before sacrifice. This tolerance or attenuated response is first observed 24 hours after morphine pellet implantation with maximal tolerance observed at 48 hours after the pellet implantation. A complete reversal of attenuated NE-induced cyclic AMP response was observed when the 3 day morphine implanted rats were injected with a challenge dose of naloxone (4 mg/kg, Sub-Q) at 10 minutes prior to the acute administration of 50 mg/kg Sub-Q injection of morphine 5 minutes before sacrifice. These results suggest that both acute and prolonged administration of morphine alters NE-induced cyclic AMP response of the brain slices and that naloxone, an opioid antagonist, reverses this response. This is perhaps due to morphine-induced alterations in the availability of NE in the CNS.
An evaluation of Java's I/O capabilities for high-performance computing

Java is quickly becoming the preferred language for writing distributed applications because of its inherent support for programming on distributed platforms. In particular, Java provides compile-time and run-time security, automatic garbage collection, inherent support for multithreading, support for persistent objects and object migration, and portability. Given these significant advantages of Java, there is a growing interest in using Java for high-performance computing applications. To be successful in the high-performance computing domain, however, Java must have the capability to efficiently handle the significant I/O requirements commonly found in high-performance computing applications. While there has been significant research in high-performance I/O using languages such as C, C++, and Fortran, there has been relatively little research into the I/O capabilities of Java. In this paper, we evaluate the I/O capabilities of Java for high-performance computing. We examine several approaches that attempt to provide high-performance I/O--many of which are not obvious at first glance--and investigate their performance in both parallel and multithreaded environments. We also provide suggestions for expanding the I/O capabilities of Java to better support the needs of high-performance computing applications.
Parasitism of soybean aphid by Aphelinus species on soybean susceptible versus resistant to the aphid

Abstract The soybean aphid, Aphis glycines , is native to Asia, but during the last decade it has invaded North America, where it has spread to most soybean growing regions and become the most important insect pest of soybean. Current control of soybean aphid relies primarily on insecticides, but alternatives to insecticidal control are being explored, especially host plant resistance and biological control, which may interact positively or negatively. Research on host plant resistance to the soybean aphid has revealed six genes that affect resistance. We measured the impact of the two most studied resistance loci, Rag1 and Rag2 , on two parasitoid species: Aphelinus glycinis , a recently described species from Asia, which is being introduced into the USA to control the soybean aphid, and Aphelinus certus , also from Asia but accidentally introduced into the USA. Resistance did not affect oviposition by either parasitoid species. However, resistance did reduce successful parasitism by A. glycinis , with each resistance allele causing a two-fold reduction in number of mummified aphids. The resistance alleles did not affect adult emergence, sex ratio, or the size of A. glycinis . For A. certus , the Rag1 resistance allele had no effect on parasitism, while the Rag2 resistance allele reduced parasitism four-fold. On the other hand, the Rag1 resistance allele increased the frequency of males among progeny and decreased female size of A. certus . Despite the reduction in parasitism, these parasitoids are nonetheless able to parasitize the soybean aphid on resistant soybean, which means that they should still contribute to the management of soybean aphid on resistant varieties.
The application of mathematical programming techniques to the stability analysis of plate/stiffener assemblies

In this paper, Mathematical Programming Technique is employed for stability analysis of multi-stiffened plates under combined in-plane loadings. As a first stage, a literature review for the numerical methods used for the analysis of the structure is presented. The mathematical formulation of the problem is then shown. Accuracy of the numerical algorithm is then checked with the solutions of other numerical techniques like Finite Element and Finite Strip Methods. Results are then presented illustrating the behaviour of the structure. The transition from the various buckling modes by changing the plate/stiffener proportions for various stiffening configurations is shown. Also, the influence of the stiffener spacing for plates under pure in-plane bending on the buckling behaviour of the plate is shown. Finally, efficiency of the described algorithm is compared with other numerical methods that are commonly used for stability analysis of multi-stiffened plates.
Pheochromocytoma and pregnancy with abruptio placenta

A 41 year old previously healthy woman (Gravida 4, para 3) was presented to our hospital at 29 weeks gestation, with bleeding Per Vagina (PV) and severe hypertension (190/100). She underwent a routine obstetric examination at 12 weeks gestation and since then she has not undergone any antenatal follow-up. She developed episodes of severe headache, dizziness, sweating, and nausea. She visited a private hospital and was noted to be severely hypertensive (190/120) with headache and palpitations. An ultrasound abdomen was done which showed left suprarenal mass, and a diagnosis of pheochromocytoma was made. She was treated there with antihypertensive medications. When Blood pressure got controlled, she was discharged against medical advice. At 29 weeks, she suddenly developed severe headache and bleeding PV. She visited our centre and was diagnosed to have abruptio- placenta with foetal distress. An emergency caesarean section was done, and following which the patient was treated in the ICU with antihypertensive under invasive monitoring. An MRI demonstrated a left pheochromocytoma. A laparoscopic adrenelectomy was planned later and she got discharged on antihypertensive following an uneventful period of recovery. She got operated later in her country. A laparoscopic left adrenelectomy was done. She is off all medications now and is currently asymptomatic.
A parallel real-time computing-cluster implementation of spotlight SAR processing

The high resolution imaging capability of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) is largely unaffected by atmospheric conditions and has proven to be an indispensable asset in a variety of military and civilian applications. Application of SAR methodology for real-time imaging however carries with it the large computational complexity and storage requirements of the image-forming algorithms. Recently however, the rapidly diminishing cost of computing hardware and the related ascent of cluster-based computing, has made parallelization of these algorithms an appealing area of investigation. This paper describes a parallel SAR processor developed at MIT Lincoln Laboratory. Several novel technologies were employed in it's implementation, including pMatlab which is a parallel extension of standard Matlab that is also being developed at MIT Lincoln Laboratory. These technologies will be described later in the document. We begin with a brief description of the basic SAR algorithm.
High-fat maternal diet during pregnancy persistently alters the offspring microbiome in a primate model

The intestinal microbiome is a unique ecosystem and an essential mediator of metabolism and obesity in mammals. However, studies investigating the impact of the diet on the establishment of the gut microbiome early in life are generally lacking, and most notably so in primate models. Here we report that a high-fat maternal or postnatal diet, but not obesity per se, structures the offspring's intestinal microbiome in Macaca fuscata (Japanese macaque). The resultant microbial dysbiosis is only partially corrected by a low-fat, control diet after weaning. Unexpectedly, early exposure to a high-fat diet diminished the abundance of non-pathogenic Campylobacter in the juvenile gut, suggesting a potential role for dietary fat in shaping commensal microbial communities in primates. Our data challenge the concept of an obesity-causing gut microbiome and rather provide evidence for a contribution of the maternal diet in establishing the microbiota, which in turn affects intestinal maintenance of metabolic health.