cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A subgroup of dorsal raphe serotonergic neurons in the cat is strongly activated during oral-buccal movements

A subgroup of approximately 25% of dorsal raphe nucleus serotonergic neurons in cat was strongly activated in association with oral-buccal movements, such as chewing, licking, and grooming. The mean magnitude of increase in neuronal activity for these cells was approximately 100% above the spontaneous waking level. However, some of these cells were activated by as much as 200-300%. The neuronal activation frequently preceded the initiation of the movement and stopped abruptly in association with either pauses in the motor sequence or with its cessation. Most of the neurons in this subgroup were also strongly and preferentially activated by somatosensory stimuli applied to the head, neck, and face. During orientation to a strong or novel stimulus, the activity of these neurons fell silent for periods of 1-5 s. These data and results from our previous studies of medullary raphe neurons are discussed within the context of the general role of serotonin in tonic and central pattern generator-related motor activity.
Brillouin spectroscopy characterizes microscopic viscoelasticity associated with skin injury

The viscoelasticity of skin is an important indicator of its healthy condition. However, monitoring the mechanical properties is usually invasive and destructive. In this report, we employed Brillouin microspectroscopy to assess changes of viscoelastic properties of various skin samples. To induce skin injuries, we used the high-power laser irradiation. Brillouin spectra were collected by an earlier developed background free virtually imaged phased array (VIPA) spectrometer. Raman spectroscopy measurements were used to supplement local viscoelastic assessment of skin injuries.
Oxidants and antioxidants in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis: implications for the oxidized low density lipoprotein hypothesis

The oxidation hypothesis proposes that low density lipoprotein must be oxidatively modified to trigger the pathological events of atheroscleosis. In this article, we evaluate recent studies addressing the pathways that promote low density lipoprotein oxidation in vivo and the impact of antioxidants on atherogenesis in animals, paying particular attention to the clinical implications of these studies for the oxidation hypothesis.
A Simple Model of Chaperonin-Mediated Protein Folding

Chaperonins are oligomeric proteins that help other proteins fold. They act, according to the "Anfinsen cage" or "box of infinite dilution" model, to provide private space, protected from aggregation, where a protein can fold. Recent evidence indicates, however, that proteins are often ejected from the GroEL chaperonin in nonnative conformations, and repeated cycles of binding and ejection are needed for successful folding. Some experimental evidence suggests that GroEL chaperonins can act as folding "catalysts" in an ATP-dependent manner even when no aggregation takes place. This implies that chaperonins must somehow recognize the kinetically trapped intermediate states of a protein. A central puzzle is how a chaperonin can catalyze the folding reaction of a broad spectrum of different proteins. We propose a physical mechanism by which chaperonins can flatten the energy barriers to folding in a nonspecific way. Using a lattice model, we illustrate how a chaperonin could provide a sticky surface that helps pull apart an incorrectly folded protein so it can try again to fold. Depending on the relative sizes of the protein and the chaperonin cavity, folding can proceed both inside and outside the chaperonin. Consistent with experiments, we find that the folding rate and amount of native protein can be considerably enhanced, or sometimes reduced, depending on the amino acid sequence, the chaperonin size, and the binding and ejection rates from the chaperonin.
Reconstruction of 3-D biological images from serial sections using multiplane/multiplex holography

In biological systems 3-D data is often collected as serial sections, but reconstruction of 3-D models of the original object by computer can be very timeconsuming. Conventional holography produces excellent 3-D images quickly, but images are the same size as the object. However, multiplex holography uses photographically scaled images as the "object", eliminating the problems with objects too small or too large for conventional holography. A rectangular box of square steel tubing was used to mount optical components for a multiplex holography rig. Coherent light at 514.5 rim was provided by an argon-ion laser. The object beam illuminated 35mm transparencies of serial sections whose magnified images were projected onto a ground-glass screen, and thence to the film. The reference beam was spread by a spatial filter and reflected by a mirror onto the film. Exposures of each serial section were made using a moveable "cage" containing film holder and reference mirror to vary the screen/film distance for each exposure. Beam paths formed a parallelogram so that movements of the film/mirror cage changed reference and object beams by the same amount. The rig could be configured for reflection or transmission holograms. Both serial micrographs and computerized tomograms gave holograms where 3-D relationships between structures could be visualized. Although the range of perspectives with these holograms is less than that with some computer reconstructions, the time for hologram production with this rig (about 30 minutes) makes it an attractive addition to laboratories and hospitals where serial sections or computerized tomograms are used for 3-D reconstructions.© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Legislating Literacy for Linguistic and Ethnic Minorities in Contemporary China

The People’s Republic of China has employed two means of literacy promotion: a campaign approach and a legislative approach to meet the needs of nation-state building through education. From 1949 through to the late 1970s, the campaign approach was motivated by a political rationale, but later an economic rationale also became important. From the mid-1980s and continuing to the present, a legislative approach emerged which treats compulsory education as the mainstream means for literacy development and illiteracy eradication as a supplementary one. Meanwhile, China’s language policy has also changed from allowing parallel development of Chinese literacy and minority literacies to a linguistic hierarchy with Chinese as dominant and minority languages as subordinate. Minorities may challenge this order and in these challenges can be seen differences between national legislation and local legislation. The national laws generally take a ‘permission’ stance towards literacy in minority languages, whereas local...
Translational research and youth development

Borrowing the term “translational research” (TR) from medicine, along with some of the ideas and practices that define it, holds promise as a way of linking research more closely to the practice of youth development. However, doing so entails substantial adaptation. TR is more than a new name for applied research. It comprehends the sequence of very different kinds of research that connect new knowledge with practice and ultimately with enhanced youth development. Research syntheses and evidence-based programs and practices are central to TR, which draws on a variety of research methods and traditions, including epidemiology, “basic” research, evaluation, and implementation science. Syntheses are needed in all these areas along with communication among researchers representing them as well as with practitioners. The flow of information is bi-directional; research is informed by practice and practitioners conduct research.
Should Response to Preoperative Chemotherapy Affect Radiotherapy Recommendations After Mastectomy for Stage II Breast Cancer

A healthy 38-year-old woman presents with a palpable mass at the two o’clock position of the left breast. Mammography discloses a 3.2-cm spiculated lesion corresponding with the palpable abnormality, and ultrasonography confirms a solid mass in the breast and an enlarged, 2.1-cm lymph node with a thickened cortex in the ipsilateral axilla. Ultrasound-guided core needle biopsy of the breast mass diagnoses an invasive ductal carcinoma, poorly differentiated (grade 3), with lymphovascular invasion. Lymph node fine-needle aspiration is positive for malignant cells. Immunohistochemical studies on the breast specimen indicate that the tumor is triple negative, lacking estrogen and progesterone receptors and human epidermal growth factor 2 expression. The patient receives preoperative chemotherapy with doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide followed by paclitaxel. She has a dramatic clinical response; the breast and axillary masses shrink rapidly with chemotherapy. At the time of mastectomy, she is found to have several foci of residual invasive cancer in the breast (largest focus, 0.3 cm), located in a 3-cm tumor bed showing treatment effect (Figs 1A to 1C). The margins are negative, as are all 11 axillary lymph nodes. Her pathologic response to neoadjuvant treatment is judged Miller-Payne grade 4. She is referred for consideration of postmastectomy irradiation.
Magnetic resonance angiography: a review.

Summary MR technology continues to advance at a spectacular pace. It is increasingly useful for safe, accurate imaging of vascular anatomy and pathology throughout the body.
High Performance Liquid Chromatography Determination of Guaifenesin in Dog Plasma

Abstract A sensitive and specific high performance liquid chromatograhic (HPLC) procedure has been developed for the determination of guaifenesin in dog plasma. The method is based on the extraction of guaifenesin from plasma with methylene chloride containing 5% methanol after precipitating the plasma proteins with hydrochloric acid and extracting the lipids with hexane containing 10% methylene chloride. The methylene chloride extract is evaporated to dryness and the residue is dissolved in 100 μl of the mobile phase. The HPLC system consists of a reverse phase octadecy1 silane column. The mobile phase consists of a mixture of methanol, acetonitrile, and phosphate buffer (0.05 M KH2P04) in the ratio 11: 11: 78. In addition, the mobile phase contains the ionpairing agent heptane sulfonic acid (4 mM) and glacial acetic acid (1%). The detector is set at 272 nm. The retention times of guaifenesin and the internal standard mephenesin are 9.6 and 17.6 minutes respectively. The mean recovery of guaifenesin is 8...
Age of first onset of bipolar disorder: demographic, family history, and psychosocial correlates.

The literature suggests that bipolar elders with early and late onset of the disorder present with different demographic, family history, and psychosocial profiles, which are less well characterized than those for elderly unipolar patients. In this cross-sectional clinical survey, we assessed subjects (n = 74) from the NIMH Clinical Research Center for the Study of Depression in Later Life at Duke University who had a consensus diagnosis of bipolar depression; the primary assessment instrument was the Duke Depression Evaluation Schedule. We found that bipolar subjects with later age of onset reported less family history of psychiatric problems, more comorbid vascular disease, and more instrumental and subjective social support. Stressful life events were more frequent among bipolar subjects with earlier age of depressive symptom onset. This study suggests that early-onset disorder may be characterized by a psychosocial component, whereas organic factors may be particularly important to late-onset bipolar disorder. Depression and Anxiety 7:76–82, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Differential Mechanisms of Nuclear Receptor Regulation by Receptor-associated Coactivator 3

Abstract Steroid and nuclear receptor coactivators (NCoAs) have been implicated in the regulation of nuclear receptor function by enhancing ligand-dependent transcriptional activation of target gene expression. We have previously isolated receptor-associated coactivator 3 (RAC3), which belongs to the steroid receptor coactivator family. In this study, we investigated the differential mechanisms by which RAC3 interacts with and modulates the transcriptional activity of different nuclear receptors. We found that the vitamin D receptor (VDR) and estrogen receptor β interact with different α-helical LXXLL motifs of RAC3. Peptides corresponding to these motifs have diverse affinities for the VDR and estrogen receptor β, and mutation of specific motifs differentially impairs the ability of RAC3 to interact with these receptors in vitro. Consequently, these mutations inhibit the enhancement of transcriptional activation by these receptors in vivo. Furthermore, we found that the activation function-2 (AF-2) domain of the retinoid X receptor interferes with RAC3 binding to a DNA-bound VDR/retinoid X receptor (RXR) heterodimer, whereas the VDR AF-2 domain is required for this interaction. These results suggest a receptor-specific binding preference for the different LXXLL motifs of RAC3, which may provide flexibility for RAC3 to differentially regulate the function of different nuclear receptors.
“To Cook, Sew, to Be a Man”: The Socialization for Competence and Black Men's Involvement in Housework

The context in which Black children do housework and its effect on adult behavior have been relatively unexplored. This article presents analyses of the recollections of 45 Black fathers of young children about performing household chores when they were children and its relevance for their involvement in housework as adults. The fathers' relatively high involvement in housework is traced to the ‘socialization for competence’ that most of them experienced as boys. Four dimensions in the socialization for competence are discussed: the actual household chores done in childhood, the ways of performing them, the rationale for assigning them, and parents' justifications for making children engage in housework. Although the childhood socialization for competence does not translate uniformly into men's sharing housework equally, it takes away ineptitude as an excuse for resisting housework as adults.
LOT, CTM, and the Elephant in the Room

According to the language of thought (LOT) approach and the related computational theory of mind (CTM), thinking is the processing of symbols in an inner mental language that is distinct from any public language. Herein, I explore a deep problem at the heart of the LOT/CTM program—it has yet to provide a plausible conception of a mental symbol.
Simulations of denuded-zone formation during growth on surfaces with anisotropic diffusion

We have investigated the formation of denuded zones during epitaxial growth on surfaces exhibiting anisotropic diffusion of adparticles, such as Si(001)-2×1, using Monte Carlo simulations and a continuum model. In both the simulations, which were mainly for low-temperature cases (small critical clusters), and the continuum model, appropriate for high-temperature cases (large critical clusters), it was found that the ratio of denuded-zone widths W f and W s in the fast- and slow-diffusion directions scales with the ratio D f /D s of the diffusion constants in the two directions with a power of ½, i.e., W f /W s (D f /D s ) 1 / 2 , independent of various conditions including the degree of diffusion anisotropy. This supplies the foundation of a method for extracting the diffusion anisotropy from the denuded zone anisotropy which is experimentally measurable. Further, we find that unequal probabilities of a diffusing particle sticking to different types of step edges [e.g., S A and S B steps on Si(001)] does not affect the relation W f /W s (D f /D s ) 1 / 2 seriously unless the smaller of the two sticking probabilities is less than about 0.1. Finally, we examined the relation between the number of steps and the number of sites visited in anisotropic random walks, finding it is better described by a crossover from one-dimensional to two-dimensional behavior than by scaling behavior with a single exponent This result has bearing on scaling arguments relating denuded-zone widths to diffusion constants for anisotropic diffusion.
The preparation and microbiological evaluation of the inhibitory effects of some acrylic acid derivatives.

Abstract The following acrylic acid derivatives have been prepared and microbiologically evaluated as possible inhibitors of the growth of lactobacilli; indoleacrylic acid, β-(2-quinolyl)-, β-(3-quinolyl)-, β-(4-quinolyl) acrylic acids, cinnamic acid, p -hydroxycinnamic acid, p -dimethylaminocinnamic acid, p -diethylaminocinnamic acid, thienylacrylic acid, furylacrylic acid, and α-ethylacrylic acid. The utilization of tryptophan by Leuconostoc mesenteroides P-60 and Lactobacillus arabinosus was inhibited by the isomeric quinolylacrylic acid derivatives as well as by indoleacrylic acid. With this latter compound and the β-(3-quinolyl)acrylic acid, competitive inhibition was shown. p -Hydroxycinnamic acid inhibited the utilization of phenylalanine and tyrosine by all the organisms tested. At similar concentrations neither cinnamic acid nor phenol exerted any inhibitory effect. The effects of all inhibitors could be at least partially reversed by the addition of larger quantities of the corresponding amino acids.
Reproductive and endocrine changes in ewes actively immunized against luteinizing hormone.

Abstract The objective of this study was to examine reproductive and endocrine changes in ewes actively immunized against a conjugation of luteinizing hormone (LH) and ovalbumin (LH immunized n = 10) or ovalbumin alone (control; n = 10). Ewes were immunized at weeks 0, 3 and 5 of the 93-week study and exposed to a fertile ram during weeks 7–25 (first breeding season) and weeks 60–67 (second breeding season). Immunization against LH abolished estrus and prevented pregnancy in all but one LH immunized ewe during the two breeding seasons. Uterine weights of LH immunized ewes were lighter than those observed in control ewes while ovarian weights did not differ between the treatment groups. No differences were observed between basal circulating concentrations of LH measured by an in vitro bioassay for the two treatment groups. However, serum concentrations of immunological follicle stimulating hormone, and the number of medium sized ovarian follicles (4–6 mm) were increased in LH immunized ewes. It was concluded from this study that immunization against LH prevents ovulation presumably by blocking the preovulatory surge of LH and not altering basal concentration of LH.
On the Embedded Complementarity of Agent-Based and Aggregate Reasoning in Students’ Developing Understanding of Dynamic Systems

Placed in the larger context of broadening the engagement with systems dynamics and complexity theory in school-aged learning and teaching, this paper is intended to introduce, situate, and illustrate—with results from the use of network supported participatory simulations in classrooms—a stance we call ‘embedded complementarity’ as an account of the relations between two major forms of systems-related learning and reasoning. The two forms of systems reasoning discussed are called ‘aggregate’ and ‘agent-based.’ These forms of reasoning are presented as distinct yet we also outline how there are forms of complementarity, between and within these approaches, useful in analyzing complex dynamic systems. We then explore specific ways in which the embedded complementarity stance can be used to analyze how learner understandings progress in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics-related participatory simulations supported by the HubNet (Wilensky and Stroup 1999c) learning environment developed with support from the National Science Foundation. We found that the learners used and built on the interdependence of agent and aggregate forms of reasoning in ways consistent with the discussion of embedded complementarity outlined in the early parts of the paper.
Does managed care affect the diffusion of psychotropic medications

Newer technologies to treat many mental illnesses have shown substantial heterogeneity in diffusion rates across states. In this paper, I investigate whether variation in the level of managed care penetration is associated with changes in state-level diffusion of three newer classes of psychotropic medications in fee-for-service Medicaid programs from 1991-2005. Three different types of managed care programs are examined: capitated managed care, any type of managed care and behavioral health carve-outs. A fourth order polynomial fixed effect regression model is used to model the diffusion path of newer antidepressant and antipsychotic medications controlling for time-varying state characteristics. Substantial differences are found in the diffusion paths by the degree of managed care use in each state Medicaid program. The largest effect is seen through spillover effects of capitated managed care programs; states with greater capitated managed care have greater initial shares of newer psychotropic medications. The influence of carve-outs and of all types of managed care combined on the diffusion path was modest.
Depression Moderates Treatment Efficacy of an HIV Secondary-Prevention Intervention for HIV-Positive Late Middle-Age and Older Adults

An estimated one-third of HIV-positive older adults continues to engage in sexual behaviors that risk HIV transmission or the acquisition of other sexually transmitted infections. A recently completed pilot randomized controlled trial of telephone-administered motivational interviewing (Tele-MI) targeting sexual risk behavior in 100 HIV-positive late middle-age and older adults found that a four-session Tele-MI intervention reduced episodes of non-condom-protected anal and vaginal intercourse. This secondary analysis examined the moderating effect of baseline depressive symptoms on intervention efficacy. When compared to one session of Tele-MI or standard of care, four sessions of Tele-MI produced greater reductions in sexual risk behavior in participants with subsyndromal depression at baseline but was no more efficacious than the other two conditions for participants with no or elevated baseline depressive symptoms. Large-scale studies that further elucidate the role of depression in sexual risk reducti...
Cox regression models with functional covariates for survival data

We extend the Cox proportional hazards model to cases when the exposure is a densely sampled functional process, measured at baseline. The fundamental idea is to combine penalized signal regression with methods developed for mixed effects proportional hazards models. The model is fit by maximizing the penalized partial likelihood, with smoothing parameters estimated by a likelihood-based criterion such as AIC or EPIC. The model may be extended to allow for multiple functional predictors, time varying coefficients, and missing or unequally-spaced data. Methods were inspired by and applied to a study of the association between time to death after hospital discharge and daily measures of disease severity collected in the intensive care unit, among survivors of acute respiratory distress syndrome.
Management of delayed bladder augmentation perforation.

Background A 17-year-old male, with a history of bladder augmentation enterocystoplasty 7 years earlier, presented with nausea, emesis and acute abdomen. Investigations Physical examination, blood and urine culture, and abdominal and pelvic CT cystography. Diagnosis Acute abdomen from perforation of bladder augmentation. Management Support and stabilization, bladder decompression, and broad-spectrum intravenous antibiotics, followed by immediate exploratory laparotomy with repair of enterocystoplasty and peritoneal lavage.
Identification of device-associated infections utilizing administrative data.

Background Health care-associated infections are a cause of significant morbidity and mortality in US hospitals. Recent changes have broadened the scope of health care-associated infections surveillance data to use in public reporting and of administrative data for determining Medicare reimbursement adjustments for hospital-acquired conditions. Methods Infection surveillance results for catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI), central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSI), and ventilator-associated pneumonia were compared with infections identified by hospital administrative data. The sensitivity and specificity of administrative data were calculated, with surveillance data considered the gold standard. Results The sensitivity of administrative data diagnosis codes for CAUTI, CLABSI, and ventilator-associated pneumonia were 0%, 21%, and 25%, respectively. The incorporation of additional diagnosis codes in definitions increased the sensitivity of administrative data somewhat with little decrease in specificity. Positive predictive values for definitions corresponding to Centers for Medicare and Medicaid services-defined hospital-acquired conditions were 0% for CAUTI and 41% for CLABSI. Conclusions Although infection surveillance methods and administrative data are widely used as tools to identify health care-associated infections, in our study administrative data failed to identify the same infections that were detected by surveillance. Hospitals, already incentivized by the use of performance measures to improve the quality of patient care, should also recognize the need for ongoing scrutiny of appropriate quality measures.
Health behaviors and needs of melanoma survivors.

Little is known about melanoma survivors’ long-term symptoms, sun protection practices, and support needs from health providers. Melanoma survivors treated at Stanford Cancer Center from 1995 through 2011 were invited to complete a heath needs survey. We compared responses of survivors by sex, education, time since diagnosis (long-term vs. short-term survivors), and extent of treatment received (wide local excision (WLE) alone versus WLE plus additional surgical or medical treatment (WLE+)). One hundred sixty melanoma survivors (51 % male; 61 % long-term; 73 % WLE+) provided evaluable data. On average, patients were 62 years of age (SD = 14), highly educated (75 % college degree), and Caucasian (94 %). Overall, participants rated anxiety as the most prevalent symptom (34 %). Seventy percent reported that their health provider did not address their symptoms, and 53 % requested education about melanoma-specific issues. Following treatment, women spent significantly less time seeking a tan compared with men (p = 0.01), had more extremity swelling (p = 0.014), and expressed higher need for additional services (p = 0.03). Long-term survivors decreased their use of tanning beds (p = 0.03) and time spent seeking a tan (p = 0.002) and were less likely to receive skin screening every 3–6 months (p < 0.001) compared with short-term survivors. WLE+ survivors reported greater physical long-term effects than WLE survivors (p ≤ 0.001) following treatment. Melanoma survivors experience continuing symptoms long after treatment, namely anxiety, and they express a need for information about long-term melanoma effects, psychosocial support, and prevention of further skin cancer.
Overexpression of mutated IκBα inhibits vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and intimal hyperplasia formation

Abstract Purpose Vascular injury and inflammation are associated with elaboration of a number of cytokines that signal through multiple pathways to act as smooth muscle cell (SMC) mitogens. Activation of the nuclear factor–kappa B (NF-κB) transcription factor is essential for SMC proliferation in vitro and is activated by vascular injury in vivo. Activation of NF-κB is controlled by several upstream regulators, including the inhibitors of kappa B (IκB). These proteins bind to and keep NF-κB inactivated. The purpose of this study was to determine whether adenoviral gene transfer of a mutated IκBα super-repressor (AdIκBα SR ) could inhibit development of intimal hyperplasia in vivo and to investigate how over-expression of this construct influences in vitro SMC proliferation and cell cycle regulatory proteins. Methods A rat carotid injury model was used to study prevention of intimal hyperplasia. Arteries were assayed 14 days after injury and infection with AdIκBαSR or adenoviral β-galactosidase (AdLacZ). Untreated SMC or SMC infected with AdLacZ or AdIκBαSR were stimulated with 10% fetal bovine serum, interleukin-1β, or tumor necrosis factor-α. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays were used to assay for NF-κB activation. Protein levels of IκBα and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p21 Cip1/Waf1 and p27 Kip1 were determined with Western blot analysis. Proliferation was measured with 3 H-thymidine incorporation assays. Results AdIκBαSR inhibited the development of intimal hyperplasia by 49% ( P Cip1/Waf1 and p27 Kip1 protein levels. Conclusions Gene transfer of IκBα super-repressor inhibited development of intimal hyperplasia in vivo and SMC proliferation in vitro. The antiproliferative activity may be related to cell cycle arrest through upregulation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p21 and p27. Overexpression of IκBα may be a future therapeutic option in treatment of vascular diseases.
The Proportional Consistency and Geometry of Leonardo's Giant Crossbow

The traditional scholarly appraisal of Leonardo's Giant Crossbow design dismisses it as a fanciful object, although often with praise of it as a quintessential example of his technical draftsmanship. The author offers evidence of Leonardo's likely intent that the drawing function as a reliable plan with which readers of a treatise on military engineering could consider a strategy, or an imaginative solution (a fantasia), for building the full-scale giant crossbow. At issue are the agreements between the illustrated dimensions and the written specifications, the proportional consistency of those dimensions and the possible use of Archimedean geometry to determine the primary dimensions.
SAMPLING SEQUENCES OF COMPACTLY SUPPORTED DISTRIBUTIONS IN Lp(R)

The aim of the paper is to obtain some generalizations of the so-called Plancherel–Polya inequalities which are also known as frame inequalities. By using these inequalities we show that a function f ∈ Lp(R), 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞, which is entire function of exponential type is uniquely determined by a set of numbers {Φj(f)}, j ∈ ℕ where {Φj}, j ∈ ℕ is a countable sequence of compactly supported distributions. In the case p = 2 we offer two reconstruction methods of a function f from a sequence of samples {Φj(f)}, j ∈ ℕ. The first reconstruction algorithm is given in terms of frames. To describe our second algorithm we introduce the so-called average variational splines.
Distribution of species of Cliona (boring sponge) on the Eastern Shore of Virginia in relation to salinity

Four species ofCliona occur on both the Seaside and the Bayside of the Eastern Shore peninsula of Virginia:C. celata Grant,C. vastifica Hancock,C. lobata Hancock, andC. truitti Old.C. celata, the most abundant boring sponge in the high salinity bays of the Seaside, is the least abundant species in the lower salinities of Bayside creeks.C. truitti, rare on the Seaside, is the most abundant species in Bayside creeks and becomes more and more predominant as the salinity gets lower, going up the Chesapeake Bay shore.
So2 content in precipitation and its relationship with surface concentrations of So2 in the air

Abstract As part of the MAP3S program, SO 2 atmospheric concentration has been monitored continuously since October 1978 and precipitation samples have been collected during the same period with two different types of collectors: the Battelle and Aerochem models. The data provided by both collectors, together with the temperature and the SO 2 data have been analyzed in order to establish the degree of correlation between the sulfur dioxide contained in the rain samples and the SO 2 air concentration, and also the contribution of the dissolved SO 2 to the acidity of the precipitation. The results can be summarized as follows: 1. (1) The S IV content in the rain samples collected with the Battelle collector is close to the equilibrium values corresponding to the surface SO 2 concentration in the air. The values found in the samples collected with the Aerochem are lower. These results suggest that equilibrium between the gas and liquid phases is rapidly established in the falling rain and that the equilibrium values are preserved when the samples are adequately collected and stored. 2. (2) The contribution to the total free acidity by S IV reaches up to 13 % in the winter time and goes down to practically zero in the summer. 3. (3) The SO 4 2− content in the rain is negatively correlated with the SO 2 concentration in air at the surface.
Dynamic distortions in the YTiO3 ferromagnet

The orbitally ordered YTiO3 ferromagnet is revisited to investigate the influence of local lattice dynamics on the magnetic transition. By probing the local lattice dynamics using inelastic neutron scattering and the dynamic pair density function (DPDF) analysis, we find that strong, local anharmonic fluctuations persist up to 60 meV. The spread in energy is expected of fluctuations that are well-defined in real-space. The anharmonicity is manifested in the form of a double-well potential, where the spectral weight of the DPDF peak involving Y–O correlations shifts away from the central peak to two new peaks as a function of energy. This transition occurs around 40 meV. The weight distribution between the two peaks is temperature dependent that corresponds to a change in the nature of the local modes. The anharmonicity in the Y–O local modes most likely affects the Ti orbital overlap leading to a temperature dependent spin disorder.
A novel O‐acetylated ganglioside detected by anti‐GD2 monoclonal antibodies

Murine monoclonal antibody (MAb) 3F8 was previously shown to react with disialoganglioside GD2, but not with GD3, GT1b, GD1b, GD1a, GM1, GM3 and GM4. However, when the base-treatment step was ommitted from the standard neuroblastoma ganglioside extraction procedure, immuno-thin-layer-chromatography (ITLC) using 3F8 and other anti-GD2 MAbs revealed a new ganglioside band, abbreviated as NG (Rf 0.342) besides GD2 (R 0.183). It migrated below GD3 (Rf 0.358) on high-performance (HP) TLC plate and its binding to 3F8 on ITLC could be inhibited by rat anti-3F8 idiotypic antibody Idio-2, while the binding of GD2 to MAb 3F8 was not affected. Immunochemical analysis showed that this new neuroblastoma ganglioside contained alkali-sensitive O-acetylated sialic-acid residues recognized by MAb DI.I. After base treatment, its subsequent identity on ITLC was confirmed to be GD2. Lactonization of GD2 yielded 2 major bands, with Rf values (0.401, 0.583) distinct from that of the new ganglioside band. In addition, MAb DI.I did not bind to any of these GD2 lactones. Of 15 anti-GD2 MAbs studied, 13 reacted strongly with the novel ganglioside NG. By ITLC, this NG was found in ganglioside extracts of fresh surgical tumor specimens (4/4 neuroblastomas, I/I schwannoma and I/I anaplastic astrocytoma), and nude mice/rat xenografts (2/2 neuroblastomas, 2/2 osteogenic sarcomas). These data provided the first evidence that O-acetylated GD2 is a naturally occurring ganglioside derivative in human tumors and that it could cross-react with most anti-GD2 antibodies.
Charge order, orbital order, and electron localization in the Magnéli phase Ti4O7

The metal–insulator transition of the Magneli phase Ti4O7 is studied by means of augmented spherical wave (ASW) electronic structure calculations as based on density functional theory and the local density approximation. The results show that the metal–insulator transition arises from a complex interplay of charge order, orbital order, and singlet formation of those Ti 3d states which mediate metal–metal bonding inside the four-atom chains characteristic of the material. Ti4O7 thus combines important aspects of Fe3O4 and VO2. While the charge ordering closely resembles that observed at the Verwey transition, the orbital order and singlet formation appear to be identical to the mechanisms driving the metal–insulator transition of vanadium dioxide.
Anaerobic Ammonium Oxidation (Anammox) in Chesapeake Bay Sediments

Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) has recently been recognized as a pathway for the removal of fixed N from aquatic ecosystems. However, the quantitative significance of anammox in estuarine sediments is variable, and measurements have been limited to a few estuaries. We measured anammox and conventional denitrification activities in sediments along salinity gradients in the Chesapeake Bay and two of its sub-estuaries, the Choptank River and Patuxent River. Homogenized sediments were incubated with 14/15N amendments of $$ {\text{NH}}^{ + }_{4} $$ , $$ {\text{NO}}^{ - }_{3} $$ , and $$ {\text{NO}}^{ - }_{2} $$ to determine relative activities of anammox and denitrification. The percent of N2 production due to anammox (ra%) ranged from 0 to 22% in the Chesapeake system, with the highest ra% in the freshwater portion of the main stem of upper Chesapeake Bay, where water column $$ {\text{NO}}^{ - }_{3} $$ concentrations are consistently high. Intermediate levels of relative anammox (10%) were detected at locations corresponding to tidal freshwater and mesohaline locations in the Choptank River, whereas anammox was not detected in the tidal freshwater location in the Patuxent River. Anammox activity was also not detected in the seaward end of Chesapeake Bay, where water column $$ {\text{NO}}^{ - }_{3} $$ concentrations are consistently low. The ra% did not correlate with $$ {\text{NH}}^{ + }_{4} $$ accumulation rate in anoxic sediment incubations, but ra% was related to water column $$ {\text{NO}}^{ - }_{3} $$ concentrations and salinity. Anammox bacterial communities were also examined by amplifying DNA extracted from the upper Chesapeake Bay sediment with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers that are specific for 16S rRNA genes of anammox organisms. A total of 35 anammox-like sequences were detected, and phylogenetic analysis grouped the sequences in two distinct clusters belonging to the Candidatus “Scalindua” genus.
Limbic-Cortical Neuronal Damage and the Pathophysiology of Schizophrenia

Neurobiological studies of patients with schizophrenia suggest that abnormalities of both anatomy and function occur in limbic-cortical structures. An anatomical circuit links the functioning of the ventral striatum (i.e., nucleus accumbens) with the hippocampus and other limbic-cortical structures where neurobiological abnormalities have been found. In animals, lesions of limbic-cortical neurons cause decreases in glutamatergic input to the nucleus accumbens and are also associated with decreases in presynaptic dopamine release, increases in the density of D2-like dopamine receptors, and insensitivity to the actions of dopamine antagonists such as haloperidol. These experiments suggest a plausible pathophysiology of schizophrenia, in that schizophrenic symptoms may be caused by an abnormal dopaminergic state brought about by a primary limbic-cortical lesion and deficits in glutamatergic inputs to the ventral striatum.
Analyses of atomic oxygen, the Green Line, and Herzberg Bands in the lower thermosphere

Measured altitude profiles of atomic oxygen, 557.7-nm emissions, and Herzberg I emission between 80 and 120 km were used to test the proposed mechanisms leading to these emissions. As generally assumed, the O2(A 3 Sigma u +) that emits the Herzberg I bands is excited by three-body recombination of atomic oxygen. The quenching of this state is by N2 or O2; for N2 the lifetime times the rate is 2.75 x 10 to the -13th per cu cm; other quenchers are insignificant. It is found that the atomic oxygen O(1S) emitting the green line is excited by the Barth mechanism.
Loss of PDZK1 Causes Coronary Artery Occlusion and Myocardial Infarction in Paigen Diet-Fed Apolipoprotein E Deficient Mice

Background: PDZK1 is a four PDZ-domain containing protein that binds to the carboxy terminus of the HDL receptor, scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI), and regulates its expression, localization and function in a tissue-specific manner. PDZK1 knockout (KO) mice are characterized by a marked reduction of SR-BI protein expression (,95%) in the liver (lesser or no reduction in other organs) with a concomitant 1.7 fold increase in plasma cholesterol. PDZK1 has been shown to be atheroprotective using the high fat/high cholesterol (‘Western’) diet-fed murine apolipoprotein E (apoE) KO model of atherosclerosis, presumably because of its role in promoting reverse cholesterol transport via SR-BI. Principal Findings: Here, we have examined the effects of PDZK1 deficiency in apoE KO mice fed with the atherogenic ‘Paigen’ diet for three months. Relative to apoE KO, PDZK1/apoE double KO (dKO) mice showed increased plasma lipids (33% increase in total cholesterol; 49 % increase in unesterified cholesterol; and 36% increase in phospholipids) and a 26% increase in aortic root lesions. Compared to apoE KO, dKO mice exhibited substantial occlusive coronary artery disease: 375% increase in severe occlusions. Myocardial infarctions, not observed in apoE KO mice (although occasional minimal fibrosis was noted), were seen in 7 of 8 dKO mice, resulting in 12 times greater area of fibrosis in dKO cardiac muscle. Conclusions: These results show that Paigen-diet fed PDZK1/apoE dKO mice represent a new animal model useful for studying coronary heart disease and suggest that PDZK1 may represent a valuable target for therapeutic intervention.
Volume rendering of 3D scalar and vector fields at LLNL

Simulation of complex 3D phenomena generate data sets which are hard to comprehend using conventional 2D oriented visualization tools. One way to overcome this limitation is to use various volume visualization techniques. While early volume visualization techniques worked well on simple scalar volumes they failed to exploit frame buffer hardware capabilities and handle higher order data such as vector fields. Work at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory has centered on developing new techniques and extending existing techniques. This paper describes the various algorithms developed for volume rendering, and presents new methods of examining vector fields in a volumetric fashion.
Indications for the Immunological Evaluation of Patients with Meningitis

Although people with bacterial meningitis lack adequate protective antibody against the invading pathogen, most do not have an underlying immunodeficiency. Certain comorbid conditions increase the risk for development of bacterial sepsis and meningitis. In addition, certain congenital complement deficiencies, defects of antibody production, or asplenia may be first recognized by the occurrence of bacterial meningitis, particularly when it occurs in infants or young children. Deficiencies of the terminal components of complement (C5-C9) or properdin have been associated with recurrent or invasive neisserial infections, and asplenia, agammaglobulinemia, and deficiencies of the early components of complement (e.g., C1-C3) are associated with risks of infections caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and meningococci. The presence of congenital or acquired immunodeficiencies should be considered in persons who present with bacterial meningitis on the basis of the etiology, clinical epidemiology, and presence of other risk factors.
OaaS: Organization as a service — Gradient resource structure based on shared service ability

To obtain scalable performance and cost efficiency, there is a great demand for “shared BPO (Business Process Outsourcing)” services. In analogy to the SaaS paradigm, this paper proposes an "Organization as a Service" (OaaS) model for shared BPO services. This model quantifies operational risks of sub-services taking into consideration the variability of human resource behavior. Based on this risk gradient resource structures are created. The approach is validated by means of simulations. The evaluation shows our approach strikes a good balance between performance and training cost.
A Control Approach for Actuated Dynamic Walking in Biped Robots

This paper presents an approach for the closed-loop control of a fully actuated biped robot that leverages its natural dynamics when walking. Rather than prescribing kinematic trajectories, the approach proposes a set of state-dependent torques, each of which can be constructed from a combination of low-gain spring-damper couples. Accordingly, the limb motion is determined by interaction of the passive control elements and the natural dynamics of the biped, rather than being dictated by a reference trajectory. In order to implement the proposed approach, the authors develop a model-based transformation from the control torques that are defined in a mixed reference frame to the actuator joint torques. The proposed approach is implemented in simulation on an anthropomorphic biped. The simulated biped is shown to converge to a stable, natural-looking walk from a variety of initial configurations. Based on these simulations, the mechanical cost of transport is computed and shown to be significantly lower than that of trajectory-tracking approaches to biped control, thus validating the ability of the proposed idea to provide efficient dynamic walking. Simulations further demonstrate walking at varying speeds and on varying ground slopes. Finally, controller robustness is demonstrated with respect to forward and backward push-type disturbances and with respect to uncertainty in model parameters.
Molecular imaging of hepatocellular carcinoma

Molecular imaging may be defined as spatially localized and/or temporally resolved sensing of molecular and cellular processes in vivo. An imageable molecular event may be the result of the overexpression of a gene that produces a specific messenger RNA. The overexpressed protein could be an enzyme or could be incorporated into cell-surface transporters or receptors. Any step of this process is a potential target for molecular imaging. Current molecular imaging modalities include magnetic resonance imaging, nuclear imaging, ultrasound, and optical imaging. Nuclear medicine has been at the forefront of molecular imaging because of the relatively high sensitivity to detect nanomolar or picomolar quantities of the radiolabeled imaging probe. Imaging has had a central role in the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which is considered the fifth most frequent malignancy worldwide. Nuclear imaging was one of the earlier modalities used for liver imaging. Traditional tracers included technetium 99m ( 99m Tc) sulfur colloid, gallium 67, and 99m Tc iminodiacetate acid analogues. Other less traditional probes include 99m Tc diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid-galactosyl-human serum albumin for evaluation of functional liver volume and 99m Tc-labeled tetrofosmin and methoxisobutylisonitrile for detecting drug resistance. Fluorodeoxyglucose is the most widely used probe for positron emission tomography (PET) tumor imaging; however, carbon 11–labeled acetate appears to show improved sensitivity and specificity for HCC. Oxygen 15 PET imaging allows for the measurement of hepatic and tumor blood flow. Difficulties developing specific imaging methods for HCC are caused by the lack of obvious specific molecular targets, problems with drug delivery, and poor contrast-to-noise. No magic molecular imaging method exists today to accurately detect, characterize, and monitor HCC in vivo.