cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prediction of enthalpies of sublimation of fullerenes from first-order molecular connectivity theory

Abstract The first-order molecular connectivity, 1 χ v , is determined for each C 2 n (fullerene) and used to predict the enthalpy of sublimation, Δ H sub , of each C 2 n solid. The prediction is based upon a linear regression fit of the enthalpies of vaporization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as a function of 1 χ v . For C 60 and C 70 , the calculated (and experimental) values - in kcal/mol - are C 60 : 40.8 (40.5) and C 70 : 46.6 (45). The theory is also used to predict the van der Waals volume, V , of the fullerenes. It is evident that this simple approach works for Δ H sub for C 60 and C 70 , but it needs to be checked with experimental data for the larger fullerenes.
Variation in dentists' clinical decisions.

Objectives The first comprehensive review of the recent literature regarding variation in dentists' clinical treatment decisions is presented. Methods Variation among dentists in the clinical decisions they make as well as the methods used for assessing this variation are examined at three levels of aggregation of clinical decisions: the dental practice (or dentist), the patient, and the individual tooth. Results The extent to which differences in dentists' clinical decisions have been examined is limited. Studies are particularly sparse at the level of the dental practice, where the aggregate of dentists' treatment decisions is reflected. Further, the methods and measures used to assess variation tend to be different across studies, making quantification of variation difficult. Nevertheless, the available information reflects substantial variation in measures such as rates of provision of specific procedures; cost and numbers of procedures recommended for specific patients; and diagnoses, intervention decisions, and treatment selections for individual teeth. Conclusions Even when differences in patients are controlled, variation in dentists' clinical decisions is ubiquitous. While its consequences remain undetermined, the variation in basic clinical decisions such as caries diagnosis signals the need to consider the extent to which the appropriateness of care is affected.
Fragmentation energetics of small peptides from multiple-collision activation and surface-induced dissociation in FT-ICR MS

Abstract Multiple-collision activation (MCA-CID) using the sustained off-resonance irradiation (SORI) method and surface-induced dissociation (SID) of protonated tri- and tetraalanine (AAA)H+ and (AAAA)H+ were investigated using a 7 T Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometer (FT-ICR MS). Energy-resolved fragmentation efficiency curves (FECs) obtained using both activation techniques were modeled using RRKM/QET formalism. Comparison of rates of formation of fragment ions originating from C- and N-terminal dissociation of protonated tetraalanine as a function of collision energy demonstrates that threshold energies for these dissociation channels are identical and that entropic factors are very similar. For tetraalanine modeling of both SID and MCA-CID experimental results provides reliable values for dissociation thresholds for the principal dissociation channels. However, this is not the case for protonated trialanine, where C-terminal fragmentation is preferred entropically but has higher dissociation energy and a slower rate over the range of collision energies investigated. Dissociation thresholds for the formation of y ions extracted from MCA-CID data for trialanine were substantially higher than thresholds obtained from SID data. Because our modeling approach assumes instantaneous ion activation, this difference is attributed to the slow nature of MCA-CID that becomes apparent for competing reactions with a substantial difference between dissociation thresholds. In this case, fragmentation via a higher-energy channel competes with stepwise ion activation. Consequently, MCA-CID results in effective discrimination against higher activation energy fragmentation pathways. For the series di-, tri-, and tetraalanine the lowest energy dissociation channels have thermochemical thresholds of 2.11, 1.46 and 1.20 eV, respectively based on our SID results. This demonstrates that thermochemical stability decreases with increasing size of the peptide.
COCKPIT DISTRACTIONS: PRECURSORS TO EMERGENCIES

The Federal Aviation Administration promulgated the “Sterile Cockpit Rule” in mid-1981 in order to reduce incidents resulting from distractions occurring in the cockpit during critical phases of fl...
Effect of frictional heating on brake materials

An exploratory study of the properties of aircraft brake materials was made to determine ways of improving friction and wear behavior while minimizing surface temperatures. It is found that frictional variation at high temperature involves material softening and metal transfer, formation of oxides, and surface melting. The choice of proper materials to combat these effects is discussed. Minimum surface temperatures are found to result from use of materials with large density-specific heat and density-specific heat-conductivity factors, use of a higher load-lower friction system, and maximization of the contact area. Some useful trade-off criteria for the size of brake disks against weight considerations are suggested. Additional information on material behavior and peak braking temperatures was gathered from an inspection of used brake pads and rotor disks.
Ultra-small coherent thermal conductance using multi-layer photonic crystal

A multi-layer photonic crystal can be used to suppress coherent thermal conductance below the vacuum conductance value, over the entire high-temperature range. With interlacing layers of silicon and vacuum, heat can only be carried by photons. The thermal conductance of the crystal would then be determined by the photonic band structure. Partial photonic band gaps that present over most of the thermal spectrum, as well as the suppression of evanescent coupling of photons across the vacuum layers at high frequencies, would reduce the amount heat conducting photon channels below that of the vacuum. Thus such multi-layer structures can be very efficient thermal insulators. Besides, the thermal conductance of such structures can exhibit substantial tunability, by merely changing the size of the vacuum spacing.
Learning of blood pressure responses in the noncurarized rat: Transfer to the curarized state

Abstract Nine free-moving rats were trained to increase, and eight to decrease, systolic blood pressure in order to avoid and/or escape electric shock. The initial difference in blood pressure between the two groups was small and did not approach significance. The training produced changes in the rewarded directions, with the difference between the changes being reliable and producing an overall difference of 9.7 mm Hg. No corresponding changes were found for heart rate or gross skeletal acfivity. The blood pressure responses failed to transfer to the curarized state. However, subsequent training in the curarized state produced a difference between the increase and decrease groups of 21.2 mm Hg. There was some indication that the blood pressure responses in the curarized and noncurarized training sessions were positively correlated.
Role of liver function tests (LFT) and ultrasound scan in identifying choledocholithiasis in patients with prior endoscopic sphincterotomy (ES)

Role of liver function tests (LFT) and ultrasound scan in identifying choledocholithiasis in patients with prior endoscopic sphincterotomy (ES)
The N-terminal extensions of Deinococcus radiodurans Dps-1 mediate DNA major groove interactions as well as assembly of the dodecamer.

Abstract Dps (DNA protection during starvation) proteins play an important role in the protection of prokaryotic macromolecules from damage by reactive oxygen species. Previous studies have suggested that the lysine-rich N-terminal tail of Dps proteins participates in DNA binding. In comparison with other Dps proteins, Dps-1 from Deinococcus radiodurans has an extended N terminus comprising 55 amino acids preceding the first helix of the 4-helix bundle monomer. In the crystal structure of Dps-1, the first ∼30 N-terminal residues are invisible, and the remaining 25 residues form a loop that harbors a novel metal-binding site. We show here that deletion of the flexible N-terminal tail obliterates DNA/Dps-1 interaction. Surprisingly, deletion of the entire N terminus also abolishes dodecameric assembly of the protein. Retention of the N-terminal metal site is necessary for formation of the dodecamer, and metal binding at this site facilitates oligomerization of the protein. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays using DNA modified with specific major/minor groove reagents further show that Dps-1 interacts through the DNA major groove. DNA cyclization assays suggest that dodecameric Dps-1 does not wrap DNA about itself. A significant decrease in DNA binding affinity accompanies a reduction in duplex length from 22 to 18 bp, but only for dodecameric Dps-1. Our data further suggest that high affinity DNA binding depends on occupancy of the N-terminal metal site. Taken together, the mode of DNA interaction by dodecameric Dps-1 suggests interaction of two metal-anchored N-terminal tails in successive DNA major grooves, leading to DNA compaction by formation of stacked protein-DNA layers.
Path Independent Inequality Measures

Abstract This paper explores a natural decomposition property motivated by Shorrocks (1980, Econometrica 48 , 613–625) and Anand (1983, “Inequality and poverty in Malaysia,” Oxford University Press) that we call path independent decomposability . Between-group inequality is found by applying the inequality measure to the smoothed distribution, which replaces each income in a subgroup with its representative income. Within-group inequality is the measure applied to the standardized distribution, which rescales subgroup distributions to a common representative income level. Path independence requires overall inequality to be the sum of these two terms. We derive the associated class of relative inequality measures—a single parameter family containing both the second Theil measure (the mean logarithmic deviation) and the variance of logarithms. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: C43, D31, D63, 015.
The light-cone gauge M−i generator and invariant string field theory

Abstract It is shown how the light-cone gauge M−i generator can be used to infer the gauge symmetry of invariant string field theory.
Increased Accuracy in Measuring Leadership Impacts

This study sought to determine the change in level of leadership skills of participants in a community leadership program and the degree of response shift (change in level of understanding of leadership skills) in the self-report measures employed. While most of the participants reported increases in their leadership skills at the end of the program, differences were found between their self-report ratings using the pretest/posttest approach and the then/posttest approach. The degree of response shift (pre/then comparison) was also evident. The findings from this study together with other studies cited suggest that when employing self-report measures, the then/post approach provides a less conservative and more accurate means of assessing leadership skill development than would the traditional pretest/posttest approach. Suggestions for reducing the effects of response shift are also offered.
Localization of PiUS, a stimulator of cellular phosphate uptake to human chromosome 3p21.3.

A novel gene, PiUS, was recently cloned and shown to increase phosphate uptake when expressed in oocytes, indicating that it may be an important regulator of cellular phosphate homeostasis. The phosphate wasting disease autosomal dominant hypophosphatemic rickets (ADHR) was previously mapped to chromosome 12p13 by linkage analysis. PiUS’ role as a modulator of phosphate transport, as well as its intestinal and renal expression made the gene an appropriate candidate for ADHR. The purpose of our study was to determine the chromosomal localization of the human PiUS gene through the use of somatic cell hybrids and radiation hybrid mapping. In the present work, PiUS was localized to human chromosome 3q21.3 and is therefore not the ADHR gene.
Influence of amalgam, alloy, and mercury on the in vitro growth of Streptococcus mutans: II. Comparison of amalgams and alloys

The influence of three alloys and their amalgams on the in vitro growth of Streptococcus mutans has been estimated. Spherical, fine cut, and dispersion alloys were studied. Dispersion alloy amalgams seem to inhibit bacterial growth more than amalgams prepared from the other alloys in a similar fashion.
Mechanisms of Hyperhomocysteinemia Induced Skeletal Muscle Myopathy after Ischemia in the CBS−/+ Mouse Model

Although hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) elicits lower than normal body weights and skeletal muscle weakness, the mechanisms remain unclear. Despite the fact that HHcy-mediated enhancement in ROS and consequent damage to regulators of different cellular processes is relatively well established in other organs, the nature of such events is unknown in skeletal muscles. Previously, we reported that HHcy attenuation of PGC-1α and HIF-1α levels enhanced the likelihood of muscle atrophy and declined function after ischemia. In the current study, we examined muscle levels of homocysteine (Hcy) metabolizing enzymes, anti-oxidant capacity and focused on protein modifications that might compromise PGC-1α function during ischemic angiogenesis. Although skeletal muscles express the key enzyme (MTHFR) that participates in re-methylation of Hcy into methionine, lack of trans-sulfuration enzymes (CBS and CSE) make skeletal muscles more susceptible to the HHcy-induced myopathy. Our study indicates that elevated Hcy levels in the CBS−/+ mouse skeletal muscles caused diminished anti-oxidant capacity and contributed to enhanced total protein as well as PGC-1α specific nitrotyrosylation after ischemia. Furthermore, in the presence of NO donor SNP, either homocysteine (Hcy) or its cyclized version, Hcy thiolactone, not only increased PGC-1α specific protein nitrotyrosylation but also reduced its association with PPARγ in C2C12 cells. Altogether these results suggest that HHcy exerts its myopathic effects via reduction of the PGC-1/PPARγ axis after ischemia.
Extraumbilical insertion of the operative laparoscope in patients with extensive intraabdominal adhesions

In 12 patients who had known or suspected intraabdominal adhesions, we evaluated the benefit of using Palmer's point for inserting the Veress needle and primary cannula during laparoscopic adhesiolysis to prevent direct intestinal injury. After inserting the laparoscope through this point, four women were found to have extreme intestinal adhesions around the umbilical area, and intestinal or severe omental injury might occur if the cannulas were inserted directly through the umbilical fossa. The other eight patients had omentum, partial to severe, adherent to the anterior abdominal wall. No complication occurred during insertion of the Veress needle and primary cannula through Palmer's point. Nine patients had successful laparoscopic adhesiolysis and were discharged within 2 days. In the other three women the procedure was converted to laparotomy because of extensive intestinal adhesions (2 patients) and small bowel injury during laparoscopic adhesiolysis (1). Palmer's point can be considered a safe and good alternative site for inserting the Veress needle and primary cannula to lyse dense intestinal and extensive omental adhesions. This technique should provide the surgeon with wider visual angel and surgical field, thus making adhesiolysis much easier to perform.
Computers and Creativity

edited by Jon McCormack and Mark d’Inverno, Springer, Berlin, 2012, 430 pp., US$129.00, Hardcover, ISBN-13: 978-3-642-31726-2 Can one develop a software system to implement an autonomous artist? Th...
The spectrum and toughness of regular graphs

In 1995, Brouwer proved that the toughness of a connected k-regular graph G is at least k/@l-2, where @l is the maximum absolute value of the non-trivial eigenvalues of G. Brouwer conjectured that one can improve this lower bound to k/@l-1 and that many graphs (especially graphs attaining equality in the Hoffman ratio bound for the independence number) have toughness equal to k/@l. In this paper, we improve Brouwer's spectral bound when the toughness is small and we determine the exact value of the toughness for many strongly regular graphs attaining equality in the Hoffman ratio bound such as Lattice graphs, Triangular graphs, complements of Triangular graphs and complements of point-graphs of generalized quadrangles. For all these graphs with the exception of the Petersen graph, we confirm Brouwer's intuition by showing that the toughness equals k/([email protected]"m"i"n), where @l"m"i"n is the smallest eigenvalue of the adjacency matrix of the graph.
Computational hypertext in biological modelling

This paper describes an application of hypertext to a biological research problem. An individual energetics model for Cassin's Sparrow was developed in which the computations and intellectual activities associated with each phase of the research were performed within an integrated hypertext environment. The study demonstrates the effectiveness of computational hypertext in meeting the personal information management requirements of individual researchers in the natural sciences and its ability to speed the dissemination of research results within a community of scholars. Most important, the study shows how hypertext can be “phased in” to support traditional scholarship in disciplines that are otherwise slow to respond to emerging computer technologies.
The geometries and electronic structures of two terminal-phosphinidene complexes

Abstract Ab initio MO calculations have been carried out on the terminal-phosphinidene complexes HPCr(CO)5 and HPNi(CO)3.
Primary pulmonary hypertension as a risk factor for the development of obliterative bronchiolitis in lung allograft recipients.

Study objectives Obliterative bronchiolitis (OB) is a major factor limiting long−term survival after lung transplantation. The etiology of this disease process remains incompletely understood. Several risk factors have been identified previously, including acute rejection and cytomegalovirus pneumonitis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate primary pulmonary hypertension (PPH) as a potential risk factor for the development of OB after lung transplantation. Design and patients We retrospectively analyzed 107 lung allograft recipients (28 heart−lung, 18 bilateral sequential single−lung, 61 single−lung) who underwent transplantation between May 1, 1986, and April 30, 1994, and survived at least 3 months posttransplant. Mean follow−up posttransplant was 28.6 months (range, 3.5 to 99 months). Actuarial survival was estimated for patients with or without PPH and for those who did or did not develop OB. Results In all, 25 patients (23.4%) developed OB, diagnosed by strict histologic criteria. Of 23 patients with PPH, 9 (39.1%) developed OB, compared with 16 (19.0%) of 84 patients without PPH (p=0.044). Actuarial survival, sex, time on waiting list, and follow−up posttransplant were not significantly different between groups. PPH was the major determinant for the development of OB (p=0.0468) when evaluating PPH and cytomegalovirus pneumonitis together as risk factors. Patients with PPH also developed OB significantly earlier posttransplant, compared with patients with other primary disease (p=0.05). Conclusions Patients with PPH who undergo lung transplantation are at increased risk for the development of OB, which also occurs at a shorter time interval posttransplant. This subgroup needs aggressive monitoring for diagnosis and treatment of OB.
Novel Mitochondrial Substrates of Omi Indicate a New Regulatory Role in Neurodegenerative Disorders

The mitochondrial protease OMI (also known as HtrA2) has been implicated in Parkinson's Disease (PD) and deletion or protease domain point mutations have shown profound neuropathologies in mice. A beneficial role by OMI, in preserving cell viability, is assumed to occur via the avoidance of dysfunctional protein turnover. However relatively few substrates for mitochondrial Omi are known. Here we report our identification of three novel mitochondrial substrates that impact metabolism and ATP production. Using a dual proteomic approach we have identified three interactors based upon ability to bind to OMI, and/or to persist in the proteome after OMI activity has been selectively inhibited. One candidate, the chaperone HSPA8, was common to each independent study. Two others (PDHB subunit and IDH3A subunit) did not appear to bind to OMI, however persisted in the mito-proteome when OMI was inhibited. Pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) and isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) are two key Kreb's cycle enzymes that catalyse oxidative decarboxylation control points in mitochondrial respiration. We verified both PDHB and IDH3A co-immunoprecipitate with HSPA8 and after elution, were degraded by recombinant HtrA2 in vitro. Additionally our gene expression studies, using rotenone (an inhibitor of Complex I) showed Omi expression was silenced when pdhb and idh3a were increased when a sub-lethal dose was applied. However higher dose treatment caused increased Omi expression and decreased levels of pdhb and idh3a transcripts. This implicates mitochondrial OMI in a novel mechanism relating to metabolism.
Visual and auditory affect recognition in singly diagnosed mentally retarded patients, mentally retarded patients with autism and normal young children

Five groups were tested for facial and postural affect recognition by use of word and tonal prompts. Group 1 contained normal young children. Groups 2 and 3 were moderately retarded and Groups 4 and 5 were severely retarded. Retardation was complicated by autism in Groups 3 and 5. There were eight conditions. In Condition 1, happy, sad and angry faces were displayed simultaneously in each of 18 trials, with the subjects prompted verbally to point to one of the affects (e.g., the angry face) in a given trial. In Condition 2, full figures (with facial features omitted) were used instead of the faces, and emotion was conveyed by use of body position and muscle tone. The same procedure was followed as before. Conditions 3 and 4 were repeated of 1 and 2, except that descriptive word prompts were used (e.g., point to the yelling picture). Conditions 5 and 6 were the same as 1 and 2, except that affective voice intonations were used instead of word prompts. The subjects had to identify the voice tones by using affective words (e.g., happy) in Condition 7, and descriptive words (e.g., laughing) in Condition 8. An analysis of the error data indicated that retarded subjects had particular difficulty recognizing angry stimuli with both affective and descriptive word prompting. In addition, they tended to confuse happy with angry voice tones.
Properties and purification of a colony‐stimulating factor of granulocytes and macrophages produced by mouse spleen cells

Mouse splenocytes are induced by pokeweed mitogen to secrete a factor that stimulates mouse hemopoetic (spelling per Nomina Histologica in the Nomina Anatomica, 5th edition, 1983, Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore) progenitor cells to undergo proliferation and differentiation into granulocytes and macrophages in a semi-solid culture system. The granulocyte and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) was purified with a four-step procedure that includes ultrafiltration, chromatography on DEAE-agarose, Sephacryl S-200, and chromatofocusing gel. The isoelectric point (pI) of 4.2 of the GM-CSF was determined by analytical isoelectrofocusing gel electrophoresis. The sensitivity of the biological activity of GM-CSF to digestion by trypsin and neuraminidase suggests that GM-CSF is a glycoprotein with its sugar moieties at the active site. The GM-CSF is also sensitive to heat denaturation at 60 degrees C or higher suggesting that a three-dimensional conformation is required for its biological activity. The molecular weight of GM-CSF is approximately 57,000 Daltons as determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate.
FOUR METHODS HAVING MEDICAL AND BEHAVIORAL DIAGNOSTIC POTENTIAL: A PROPOSAL.

Summasy.-lr is proposed that light reflected through various body parts, chemical analyses of gases emanating from the skin, magnified neuromuscular motion of extended limbs, and physiologically weighted subtest scores on a basic human skills test may have possible diagnostic value. The human eye and the various body fluids are presently subjected in routine physical examination of patients to intensive study, both structurally and chemically, in order to elicit diagnostic clues. Physiological and neurological measurements have been continually refined, with greater precision and accuracy now provided by the application of electronic principles and devices. The characteristics of the skin have been used for centuries as rough indicators of disease conditions and mental states. Without need to touch a patient, a person lacking medical sophistication easily interprets an acquaintance's pale or flushed visage. "Goose-pimples," a blush, the alcoholic's red nose, or the sudden pallor of emotional shock-none requires physical contact for interpretation. Yet, relatively little systematic study of the skin's potential with modern techniques has been directed toward development of diagnostic clues. One exception is the work done with the psychogalvanometer in measuring skin resistance (1, 5, 7, 8). This focus, unfortunately, has been of limited usefulness. One method for systematic study involves reflected 1ight.l Normative data are to be collected for various disease entities using the neutral light reflected from the skin or filtered through certain body areas, such as the ear lobes. The expected contamination of an experimental skin by exogenous agents must be neutralized. Chemico-physiological skin changes which may be prodromal to disease states and of prognostic significance will be assessed spectro-analytically, relayed electronically and, in turn, mechanically recorded for visual interpretation (2, 3). A second procedure, chemical analysis of minute quantities of gas emanating from the skin, should also be explored, with norms developed for various disease and tension states.l A third exploration of possible diagnostic value is the analysis of magnified neuromuscular motion under physiological tension created by placing the 'The technical aspects of constructing the apparatus have been discussed with several electronic and chemical engineers. Instruments are available for breath analysis which could be converted for skin emanation analysis. The initial effort involves use of chromarographs and spirometers currently available.
Whose Best Tricks? Makr-i zan as a Topos in Persian Oral Literature

serves as a generic title for a large, but shifting, corpus of individual tales which are perceived by their tellers as primarily concemed with the topos (though the tales may be otherwise identified or characterized by other sources, including literary ones).2 Indeed, from the general perspective of a strongly patriarchal popular ideology which promotes male authority over female action, any and all female-initiated action ("female agency") may be construed, explicitly or implicitly, as subversive of the ideal order of patriarchy. While the female actor and female agency are marked as "other" (than ideal) by the topos (or stereotype), women as well as men perform tales about makr-i zan. This paper begins the task of sorting out perspectives on this "otherness" and agency as reflected in the repertoires of various male and female traditional storytellers, in individual oral performances in which makr-i zan are central. The primary examples for this discussion were all recorded on tape by Persian speakers from Herat and Kabul, from the mid- 1970s into the 1990s. On the basis of this sample, I hypothesize that the general configuration of the topos is significantly different in oral tradition from its general contours in classical literature.3 Issues of literary and oral textuality are compounded by those of audience and performer diversity (gender, class, age, professional background, education, perhaps region of residence) and general patterns of recent social history in approaching these contemporary oral texts. A full treatment of this topic in oral tradition, with an appropriate published selection of oral performance texts,
Effect of Microstructure on the Mechanical Behavior of Continuous‐Fiber‐Reinforced Ceramic‐Matrix Composites

The mechanical behavior of a unidirectional continuous-fiber ceramic-matrix composite (CFCMC) was correlated with matrix-rich channels in the microstructure. A large population of CFCMCs was prepared via alkoxide infiltration, which incorporated either uncoated Nicalon fibers (64 samples) or BN-coated fibers (118 samples). No structure/property correlation was observed for the uncoated composites, because of the uniformity of the microstructure. For the BN-coated composites, both the flexure strength and work of fracture (WOF) were correlated with oriented matrix-rich channels. The channels were <90 μm wide and were distributed throughout the cross section. The BN-coated CFCMCs exhibited laminate-like behavior: the strength was statistically higher when the channels were aligned parallel with the applied load and the WOF was statistically higher when the channels were perpendicular to the load. Grouping the specimens on the basis of channel orientation, relative to applied load, reduced the variance in strength and WOF. This categorization also resulted in consistent, predictable failure behavior. This observation implies that prior CFCMC data that do not consider microstructure orientation may show wider scatter in mechanical behavior than is warranted.
Entry Deterrence in a Duopoly Market

Can an imperfectly competitive industry prevent entry by controlling access to distribution? To answer this question, this paper considers a capacity competition model with two incumbents and one potential entrant. When the potential entrant can commit to capacity and then auction it to the incumbents, entry is not deterred by control of distribution alone. The incumbents are willing to pay more for the entrant’s capacity than they would for new capacity because they realize that if they don’t buy it their rival will. If the cost of capacity is sufficiently small, entry deterrence can still be achieved non-cooperatively by committing to more capacity then is optimal absent the threat of entry, though the equilibrium may be asymmetric. If the cost of capacity is large, entry is accommodated.
A comparative review of real and complex Fourier-related transforms

Major continuous-time, discrete-time, and discrete Fourier-related transforms as well as Fourier-related series are discussed both with real and complex kernels. The complex Fourier transforms, Fourier series, cosine, sine, Hartley, Mellin, Laplace transforms, and z-transforms are covered on a comparative basis. Generalizations of the Fourier transform kernel lead to a number of novel transforms, in particular, special discrete cosine, discrete sine, and real discrete Fourier transforms, which have already found use in a number of applications. The fast algorithms for the real discrete Fourier transform provide a unified approach for the optimal fast computation of all discrete Fourier-related transforms. The short-time Fourier-related transforms are discussed for applications involving nonstationary signals. The one-dimensional transforms discussed are also extended to the two-dimensional transforms. >
Which Patients with Stage III Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Should Undergo Surgical Resection?

The treatment of patients with stage III NSCLC remains controversial. Stage III NSCLC comprises a fairly heterogeneous group of tumors, and furthermore only sparse data from randomized clinical trials exist to guide therapy decisions. This review article proposes a management algorithm for patients with stage III NSCLC that is based upon the currently available data on surgical therapy, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. By necessity, given the paucity of strong data, a good deal of opinion is offered. The choice to proceed with aggressive, combined modality treatment is presented in light of extent of local disease as well as patient performance status.
Protein aggregation can inhibit clathrin-mediated endocytosis by chaperone competition

Protein conformational diseases exhibit complex pathologies linked to numerous molecular defects. Aggregation of a disease-associated protein causes the misfolding and aggregation of other proteins, but how this interferes with diverse cellular pathways is unclear. Here, we show that aggregation of neurodegenerative disease-related proteins (polyglutamine, huntingtin, ataxin-1, and superoxide dismutase-1) inhibits clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) in mammalian cells by aggregate-driven sequestration of the major molecular chaperone heat shock cognate protein 70 (HSC70), which is required to drive multiple steps of CME. CME suppression was also phenocopied by HSC70 RNAi depletion and could be restored by conditionally increasing HSC70 abundance. Aggregation caused dysregulated AMPA receptor internalization and also inhibited CME in primary neurons expressing mutant huntingtin, showing direct relevance of our findings to the pathology in neurodegenerative diseases. We propose that aggregate-associated chaperone competition leads to both gain-of-function and loss-of-function phenotypes as chaperones become functionally depleted from multiple clients, leading to the decline of multiple cellular processes. The inherent properties of chaperones place them at risk, contributing to the complex pathologies of protein conformational diseases.
Comparison of NiMH and Li-ion batteries in automotive applications

The pressing need to decrease the greenhouse gases and to improve the efficiency of the existing fleet of vehicles it is imperative that they use some cleaner energy to run the vehicle. Electrical energy can be used in addition with gasoline used by the internal combustion engine of a conventional vehicle to supplement the incremental demand of power above the average power required by the vehicle. This requires for an on-board energy storage system and batteries like NiMH and Li-ion have proven to be efficient storage devices. This paper provides a comprehensive comparison of these batteries used in hybrid electric and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles.
ON THE CORRECT TREATMENT OF INVERTED EARTH

: The Inverted Earth case has seen fierce debate between Ned Block, who says it defeats the causal-covariational brand of wide representationalism about qualia, and Michael Tye and Bill Lycan, who say it does not. The debate has generated more heat than light because of a failure to get clear on who is supposed to be proving what, and what premises can be deployed in doing so. I argue that a correct understanding of the case makes it clear that the causal covariation theory is in deeper trouble over Inverted Earth than is generally supposed even by the theory's detractors.
Navigational complexity in web interactions

As the web grows in size, interfaces & interactions across websites diverge - for differentiation and arguably for a better user experience. However, this size & diversity is also a cognitive load for the user who has to learn a new user interface for every new website she visits. Several studies have confirmed the importance of well designed websites. In this paper, we propose a method for quantitative evaluation of the navigational complexity of user interactions on the web. Our approach of quantifying interaction complexity exploits the modeling of the web as a graph and uses the information theoretic definition of complexity. It enables us to measure the navigational complexity of web interaction in bits. Our approach is structural in nature and can be applied to both traditional paradigm of web interaction (browsing) and to emerging paradigms of web interaction like web widgets.
Intestinal plasma membrane calcium pump protein and its induction by 1,25(OH)2D3 decrease with age

The plasma membrane Ca pump of intestinal absorptive cells has been proposed as a component in the vitamin D-dependent active transport of Ca. Because intestinal Ca transport declines with age, the...
Analogical learning and transfer: what develops?

Introduction Inductive reasoning is ubiquitous in human thinking. Children, like adults, must constantly make inferences that are not deductively valid. Predictions, generalizations, and inductive projections from known instances are all examples of inductive reasoning; all involve the transfer of the known to the unknown. Such flexible use of knowledge is often cited as a hallmark of human intelligence. At the same time, transfer is thought to be an elusive quality. Herein lies a conundrum. How can one simultaneously hold that the existing state of knowledge profoundly affects learning and that transfer of knowledge across situations is difficult to engineer without heroic effort? Taken at face value, there is an uneasy sense of contradiction in the juxtaposition of these two widely held beliefs. Nowhere is this juxtaposition more apparent than in discussions of children's learning. One of the more ubiquitous claims concerning young children is that they tend to acquire knowledge in such a way that it is closely tied, restricted, or welded to habitual occasions of use. Flexible application of knowledge is not thought to characterize the reasoning processes of the young (Brown, 1974, 1982; Rozin, 1976). But, whereas theories of encapsulated knowledge are widely held, so too are theories that attribute many developmental differences solely to disparities in knowledge between children, “universal novices” (Brown & DeLoache, 1978), and adults, who are comparative experts in many domains. But how can young children be prisoners of a knowledge base that they cannot access? In this chapter, I will attempt to resolve this apparent paradox by considering what is known about analogical transfer in children.
Effect of melatonin supplementation on the ontogeny of immunity in the Large White turkey poult

Abstract An experiment was performed to determine the effect of melatonin supplementation on the ontogeny of immunity in the Large White turkey poult. Melatonin (50 microg/mL) or diluent only (control) was administered via the drinking water from hatch to 28 d of age. The cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity (CBH) reaction to phytohemagglutinin (PHA-P) and primary antibody responses to Chukar red blood cells (CRBC) were determined at five intervals; 0, 1, 7, 14, and 21 d posthatch. At each of these times, including 28 d posthatch, 10 poults were killed and lymphoid organ and body weights were determined. Melatonin administration accelerated (P
Personal computer networks and graphical animation: Rationale and practice for education

This paper examines how progress in computer hardware and software may be applied to solve several serious problems in teaching computer science courses. It is concerned primarily with two such problems: 1) the lack of immediate reinforcement of computing concepts because of long delays between learning and practice, and 2) the difficulty instructors have motivating and explaining complex topics with currently available instruction tools and techniques. The paper first reviews the involvement of educational institutions in the evolution of computing. It then briefly surveys recent experiments in powerful personal computing. It describes an experiment in the application of new personal computer technology at Brown University which addresses the two educational problems noted above. It then outlines in detail the initial courseware for the environment. Finally, it discusses what changes in pedagogy will be needed to make such technology usable on a wide-scale.
Interpolation methods for vertical linear array element localization

Array element localization is crucial for applications such as ocean acoustic tomography. Loss of navigation data makes it difficult to compensate for array motion when implementing operations such as mode filtering or beamforming. This paper presents a method for estimating missing array navigation data using an empirical orthogonal function (EOF) model. The method can be applied to estimate the location of some vertical array elements based on the location of the other elements. It assumes that second order statistics can be estimated from a set of navigation measurements for the full array. The paper applies the EOF-based method to estimate missing navigation data for the long range ocean acoustic propagation experiment (LOAPEX). The results are evaluated by examining how the errors in mooring motion estimation affect mode processing. In particular the paper analyzes the degradation in array gain and the errors in time of arrival for the low order modes. The error statistics indicate that use of the EOF method has a negligible effect on mode processing.
Xbox movies recommendations: variational bayes matrix factorization with embedded feature selection

We present a matrix factorization model inspired by challenges we encountered while working on the Xbox movies recommendation system. The item catalog in a recommender system is typically equipped with meta-data features in the form of labels. However, only part of these features are informative or useful with regard to collaborative filtering. By incorporating a novel sparsity prior on feature parameters, the model automatically discerns and utilizes informative features while simultaneously pruning non-informative features.The model is designed for binary feedback, which is common in many real-world systems where numeric rating data is scarce or non-existent. However, the overall framework is applicable to any likelihood function. Model parameters are estimated with a Variational Bayes inference algorithm, which is robust to over-fitting and does not require cross-validation and fine tuning of regularization coefficients. The efficacy of our method is illustrated on a sample from the Xbox movies dataset as well as on the publicly available MovieLens dataset. In both cases, the proposed solution provides superior predictive accuracy, especially for long-tail items. We then demonstrate the feature selection capabilities and compare against the common case of simple Gaussian priors. Finally, we show that even without features, our model performs better than a baseline model trained with the popular stochastic gradient descent approach.
Unraveling Graft-versus-Host Disease and Graft-versus-Leukemia Responses Using TCR Vβ Spectratype Analysis in a Murine Bone Marrow Transplantation Model

The optimum use of allogeneic blood and marrow transplantation (BMT) as a curative therapy for hematological malignancies lies in the successful separation of mature donor T cells that are host reactive and induce graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) from those that are tumor reactive and mediate graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) effects. To study whether this separation was possible in an MHC-matched murine BMT model (B10.BR→CBA) with a CBA-derived myeloid leukemia line, MMC6, we used TCR Vβ CDR3-size spectratype analysis to first show that the Vβ13 family was highly skewed in the B10.BR anti-MMC6 CD8+ T cell response but not in the alloresponse against recipient cells alone. Transplantation of CD8+Vβ13+ T cells at the dose equivalent of their constituency in 1 × 107 CD8+ T cells, a dose that had been shown to mediate lethal GVHD in recipient mice, induced a slight GVL response with no concomitant GVHD. Increasing doses of CD8+Vβ13+ T cells led to more significant GVL responses but also increased GVHD symptoms and associated mortality. Subsequent spectratype analysis of GVHD target tissues revealed involvement of gut-infiltrating CD8+Vβ13+ T cells accounting for the observed in vivo effects. When BMT recipients were given MMC6-presensitized CD8+Vβ13+ T cells, they displayed a significant GVL response with minimal GVHD. Spectratype analysis of tumor-presensitized, gut-infiltrating CD8+Vβ13+ T cells showed preferential usage of tumor-reactive CDR3-size lengths, and these cells expressed increased effector memory phenotype (CD44+CD62L−/lo). Thus, Vβ spectratyping can identify T cells involved in antihost and antitumor reactivity and tumor presensitization can aid in the separation of GVHD and GVL responses.
Heterochrony, modularity, and the functional evolution of the mechanosensory lateral line canal system of fishes

The canals of the mechanosensory lateral line system are components of the dermatocranium, and demonstrate phenotypic variation in bony fishes. Widened lateral line canals evolved convergently in a limited number of families of teleost fishes and it had been hypothesized that they evolved from narrow canals via heterochrony and explore modularity in the lateral line system. Two species of cichlids with different canal phenotypes were used to test a hypothesis of heterochrony. Histological material prepared from ontogenetic series of Aulonocara stuartgranti (widened canals) and Tramitichromis sp. (narrow canals) was analyzed using ANCOVA to determine rates of increase in canal diameter and neuromast size (length, width) and to compare the timing of onset of critical stages in canal morphogenesis (enclosure, ossification). A faster rate of increase in canal diameter and neuromast width (but not length), and a delay in onset of canal morphogenesis were found in Aulonocara relative to Tramitichromis. However, rates of increase in canal diameter and neuromast size among canals, among canal portions and among canals segments reveal similar trends within both species. The evolution of widened lateral line canals is the result of dissociated heterochrony - acceleration in the rate of increase of both canal diameter and neuromast size, and delay in the onset of canal morphogenesis, in Aulonocara (widened canals) relative to Tramitichromis (narrow canals). Common rates of increase in canal diameter and neuromast size among canal portions in different dermatocranial bones and among canal segments reflect the absence of local heterochronies, and suggest modular integration among canals in each species. Thus, canal and neuromast morphology are more strongly influenced by their identities as features of the lateral line system than by the attributes of the dermatocranial bones in which the canals are found. Rate heterochrony manifested during the larval stage ensures that the widened canal phenotype, known to be associated with benthic prey detection in adult Aulonocara, is already present before feeding commences. Heterochrony can likely explain the convergent evolution of widened lateral line canals among diverse taxa. The lateral line system provides a valuable context for novel analyses of the relationship between developmental processes and the evolution of behaviorally and ecologically relevant phenotypes in fishes.
“Hope, Danger’s Comforter”: Thucydides, Hope, Politics

With its ascendancy in American political discourse during the past few years, hope has become a watchword of politics, yet the rhetoric has failed to inquire into the actual function of hope in political life. This essay examines elpis, the Greek word for “hope,” in Thucydides’ History and offers a theoretical account of this concept and its connection to successful political action. I suggest that a complex understanding of hope structures Thucydides’ narrative: Hope counts as among the most dangerous political delusions, yet it also offers the only possible response to despair. Thucydides’ text educates the judgment of his readers, chastening hope while showing its importance despite its flaws. The History thus offers an alternative for considering the politics of hope, one that challenges hope’s ardent proponents today.