cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Second International Symposium In Hydrology: Fort Collins, Colorado September 11”13, 1972

Approximately 150 persons from 25 countries participated in the Second International Symposium in Hydrology at Fort Collins last summer. The symposium addressed itself to three subjects: floods, droughts, and decision making with inadequate data. The symposium was cosponsored by the American Society of Civil Engineers, the section of hydrology of the American Geophysical Union, the International Association of Hydrological Sciences, Unesco, the U.S. National Committee for the International Hydrological Decade, and Colorado State University. The first two topics of the symposium, floods and droughts, critically reviewed existing concepts and methodologies used in past water resource applications as well as new concepts and methods from research activities. The five sessions on floods discussed precipitation probability, deterministic systems in surface runoff, hydrologic system simulation, flood frequency analysis, and regional flood frequency analysis. The two sessions relating to drought studies concerned moisture availability as it relates to droughts and the statistical evaluation of droughts. Papers ranged from analyses of specific agricultural droughts to generalized models and the regional economic impacts of droughts. The potential effects of weather modification were also considered. The statistical studies reported included consideration of the temporal and spatial structure of drought events and discussions of old and new distributions to describe the drought processes.
An in vitro hydroxyl radical generation assay for microdialysis sampling calibration.

Abstract A xanthine oxidase hydroxyl radical (·OH)-generating system was created for sustained in vitro production of ·OH. This assay was coupled with microdialysis sampling to elucidate the factors that influence microdialysis calibration during radical trapping. A ·OH trapping agent, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, was included either in the microdialysis perfusion fluid or in the medium external to the microdialysis probe. Xanthine oxidase enzymatic activity was reproducible and had an average activity measured by UV absorbance of produced uric acid of 0.037 ± 0.005 ΔAU/min (n = 5). A considerable amount of variance in the rate and amount of the product, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (3,4-DHBA), was observed when one microdialysis probe was placed in the reaction mixture. When two microdialysis probes were placed in the reaction mixture, a greater rate and amount of 3,4-DHBA was observed. Different concentrations of 3,4-DHBA were obtained between quiescent and stirred systems.
Nuclear level densities in the static-path approximation: (I). A solvable model

Abstract We investigate the static-path approximation (SPA) and mean-field approximation (MFA) for the level density within a solvable SU(2) model. Comparing the SPA level density to the MFA one, we find an enhancement with a great sensitivity to the interaction strength, in agreement with exact analytic results. This enhancement compensates for a corresponding suppression which occurs at negative temperatures. The saddle-point approximation used in converting the partition function to the level density works well at all but low energies.
Neighborhood Models of Plant Population Dynamics. 4. Single-Species and Multispecies Models of Annuals with Dormant Seeds

Neighborhood population-dynamic models are developed for single-species and multispecies communities of annual plants with seeds that may lie dormant through one or more growing seasons. Dormancy-induced changes in lifetime germination successes affect the equilibrium densities of plants and the local stability of equilibria. Dormancy-induced population-dynamic time lags, in contrast, do not affect equilibrium densities of post-germination plants or the ability of an invader to successfully colonize a multispecies community. In single-species populations, time lags are never destabilizing but may be stabilizing. Specifically, some strategies of dormancy (a way to partition lifetime germination success among the various age classes of seeds) cause an otherwise oscillatory monoculture (eigenvalue less than negative one) to have a locally stable positive equilibrium. The maximum distance over which a plant of one species can interfere with a plant of another species is termed the neighborhood radius. The pop...
Eccrine sweat gland adenoma, clear cell type. A histochemical study.

Five examples of eccrine sweat gland adenoma (nodular eccrine hidradenoma), clear cell type, are presented. Several histogenetic theories pertaining to this neoplasm are discussed and the world's literature is reviewed. Data obtained from mucin and enzyme histochemical studies are presented which clearly relate this tumor to the “clear” cells of the eccrine secretory coil. The significance of these observations are discussed and related briefly to other eccrine sweat gland adenomas whose histogenesis previously has been established.
Partitioning of hydrophobic organic contaminants to resuspended sediments and plankton in the mesohaline Chesapeake Bay

Abstract Concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were measured in four sizes of suspended particles and in the dissolved phase in surface and bottom waters of the mesohaline Chesapeake Bay from 1990 to 1992. The distribution of these hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs) between particles from differing sources (i.e. primary production or sediment resuspension) was measured. Suspended particles in Chesapeake Bay surface waters (3 m depth) are mainly plankton while those in bottom waters (2 m above bottom) are a mixture of resuspended surficial sediments and plankton and detritus which have settled from surface waters. On a dry weight basis, concentrations of most of the particulate HOCs studied were higher in the surface waters of the Chesapeake Bay than in the bottom waters, or in the flocculent and consolidated surficial sediments. Elevated concentrations of HOCs in large (> 202 μm) particles (up to 500 ng/g of total PCB and 4 μg/g of dibenz[a,h]-anthracene) may be due to accumulation in Zooplankton. Despite this enrichment, settling of these large particles contributes little to the overall HOC settling fluxes because the large particles comprise a very small fraction (0.5–2.8% by weight) of the particle population. On short time scales (e.g. hours to days), intense episodes of sediment resuspension may control the concentrations and distributions of HOCs in the water column of the Chesapeake Bay. However, over longer time scales, incorporation of HOCs into organic-rich particles and burial in bottom sediments likely controls the cycling and long-term residence times of HOCs.
Cu(I)···H–C Bonding in Cu(2,3-Diphenylquinoxaline)ClO4

Copper(II) perchlorate was comproportionated with copper metal in the presence of 2,3-diphenylquinoxaline (Ph2Qox) to produce two 1-D polymeric Cu(I) complexes, depending on reaction conditions used. Red complex 1, Cu(Ph2Qox)ClO4, crystallized in the monoclinic P21/n space group with cell parameters: a = 8.6254(4) A, b = 17.4097(7) A, c = 11.9174(5) A, β = 103.3050(16), V = 1,741.55(13) A3, and Z = 4. It contains a Cu–O perchlorate bond and shows a remarkably close interaction of C–H with Cu. The latter interaction is best described as a weak hydrogen bond between C–H and the metal center. In addition, weak hydrogen bonding is seen between the same C–H and two of the ClO4 oxygen atoms. Complex 2, [Cu(Ph2Qox)(H2O)]ClO4·0.5CH2Cl2, crystallizes as a racemic twin in the orthorhombic P21212 space group with cell parameters: a = 12.8184(10) A, b = 17.5539(14) A, c = 9.1166(7) A, V = 2,051.4(3) A3, and Z = 2. It contains non-coordinated perchlorate. Hydrogen bonding produces (H2O)2(ClO4)2 rings that bridge the polymer chains into sheets. Polymeric complexes of copper(I) perchlorate with 2,3-diphenylquinoxaline (Ph2Qox) Cu(Ph2Qox)ClO4 (1) and [Cu(Ph2Qox)(H2O)]ClO4·0.5CH2Cl2 (2) are reported. Complex 1 contains a remarkably close Cu···C–H interaction best described as a weak hydrogen bond.
Modeling Electrochemical Impedance Spectra in SOFC Button Cells with Internal Methane Reforming

A time-accurate transient model of an anode-supported solid-oxide-fuel-cell (SOFC) membrane-electrode assembly (MEA) is developed and used as the basis for simulating electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS). The one-dimensional model includes porous-media transport, elementary heterogeneous chemical reaction, ion conduction, and electrochemical charge transfer. Porous-media transport is represented by the dusty-gas model and electrochemical charge-transfer is modeled with a modified Butler-Volmer formulation. A button-cell configuration is used, with the fuel and air flows modeled as perfectly stirred reactors. Impedance spectra are determined by imposing oscillating electric currents over a range of frequencies and observing the resulting cell voltage. Results are discussed for hydrogen and methane fuels, including the effects of internal methane reforming chemistry.
Some results on the computational complexity of symmetric connectionist networks

Connectionists models are currently being investigated actively by many researchers in artificial intelligence, information theory and computational neuroscience. These networks have been shown to be applicable to a wide range of domains such as content addressable memories, semantic nets, computer vision, natural language parsing, speech recognition, and approximation schemes for difficult optimization problems. In this paper, we address several basic problems related to the computational complexity of discrete Hopfield nets (connectionist networks with symmetric connections).
Fusing structure and function: a structural view of the herpesvirus entry machinery

Herpesviruses are double-stranded DNA, enveloped viruses that infect host cells through fusion with either the host cell plasma membrane or endocytic vesicle membranes. Efficient infection of host cells by herpesviruses is remarkably more complex than infection by other viruses, as it requires the concerted effort of multiple glycoproteins and involves multiple host receptors. The structures of the major viral glycoproteins and a number of host receptors involved in the entry of the prototypical herpesviruses, the herpes simplex viruses (HSVs) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), are now known. These structural studies have accelerated our understanding of HSV and EBV binding and fusion by revealing the conformational changes that occur on virus-receptor binding, depicting potential sites of functional protein and lipid interactions, and identifying the probable viral fusogen.
IN MEMORY OF BRUCE SMITH

Bruce Smith was a brilliant economist who made important contributions in several fields, most notably monetary and financial economics, monetary history, economic growth, business cycle theory, and development economics. Bruce was a prolific author with nearly 100 published papers and about a dozen unpublished papers. I will try in this short article to describe his way of doing economics and being an economist. Even though Bruce's research agenda was wide, his distinctive style was clear on every page of his writings.
Shunting: a hardware/software architecture for flexible, high-performance network intrusion prevention

Stateful, in-depth, inline traffic analysis for intrusion detection and prevention is growing increasingly more difficult as the data rates of modern networks rise. Yet it remains the case that in many environments, much of the traffic comprising a high-volume stream can, after some initial analysis, be qualified as of "likely uninteresting." We present a combined hardware/software architecture, Shunting, that provides a lightweight mechanism for an intrusion prevention system (IPS) to take advantage of the "heavy-tailed" nature of network traffic to offload work from software to hardware.The primary innovation of Shunting is the introduction of a simple in-line hardware element that caches rules for IP addresses and connection 5-tuples, as well as fixed rules for IP/TCP flags. The caches, using a highest-priority match, yield a per-packet decision: forward the packet; drop it; or divert it through the IPS. By manipulating cache entries, the IPS can specify what traffic it no longer wishes to examine, including directly blocking malicious sources or cutting through portions of a single flow once the it has had an opportunity to "vet" them, all on a fine-grained basis.We have implemented a prototype Shunt hardware design using the NetFPGA 2 platform, capable of Gigabit Ethernet operation. In addition, we have adapted the Bro intrusion detection system to utilize the Shunt framework to offload less-interesting traffic. We evaluate the effectiveness of the resulting system using traces from three sites, finding that the IDS can use this mechanism to offload 55%-90% of the traffic, as well as gaining intrusion prevention functionality.
Neuropathic Pain Scale Based Clustering for Subgroup Analysis in Pain Medicine

Neuropathic pain (NeuP) is often more difficult to treat than other types of chronic pain. The ability to predict outcomes in NeuP, such as response to specific therapies and return to work, would have tremendous value to both patients and society. In this work, we propose an adaptive clustering algorithm using the Neuropathic Pain Scale (NPS) to develop a set of standard patient templates. These templates may be useful in studying treatment response in NeuP. The approach is evaluated on 108 subjects' baseline data and results demonstrate the efficacy of utilizing neuropathic pain scale (NPS) metrics and our proposed method.
Relationship between the Quantity of Progesterone Receptor and the Antagonism of Estrogen-Induced Uterotropic Response*

The ability of the uterus to respond to progesterone was examined as a function of cytosol progesterone receptor levels. The response was assessed by measuring the capacity of progesterone to antagonize estradiol-induced uterine fluid accumulation in uteri containing either high or low levels of progesterone receptor. High receptor levels (4-12 pmol/uterus) were induced by estradiol treatment (1.0 μg/rat/day for 2 days) in ovariectomized rats. Low levels (≤2 pmol/uterus) were obtained by injecting estrogen-primed rats with 0.5 mg progesterone and waiting 24 h before subsequent treatment. Progesterone (0.5 mg) was very effective in inhibiting estradiol-induced uterine fluid accumulation in uteri with high levels of receptor, whereas the same dose of progesterone was without effect in uteri with low levels of receptor. These data demonstrate that the level of cytosol progesterone receptors is correlated with the ability of the uterus to respond to progesterone. The reduction in progesterone receptors observ...
Coifman wavelets in 3-D scattering from very rough random surfaces

The Coifman wavelets are employed to perform Galerkin's procedure in the method of moments (MoM). The Coiflets are continuous, smooth, overlapping, yet orthogonal, which permit significant reduction of the sampling rate and dramatic compression of the matrix size with respect to the pulse based MoM. In addition, the wavelet based impedance matrix is sparse. More importantly, the vanishing moments of the Coiflets of order L=4 provide us with high precision O(h/sup 5/) one-point quadrature, which knocks down the computational effort in filling the matrix entries from O(n/sup 2/) to O(n). Our approach is different from the conventional wavelet technique, which employs wavelets to sparsify an existing impedance matrix under similarity transformation with computational cost in O(n/sup 2/). Excellent agreement between this Coifman wavelet method and the previous publications is observed.
Effects of gender, body composition, and menopause on plasma concentrations of leptin.

Circulating concentrations of leptin ([leptin]) vary directly with body mass index and percentage body fat, and may thus constitute an afferent limb of a system regulating body fatness. We tested the hypotheses that: 1) Plasma [leptin] vary more directly with absolute fat mass than with fractional body fatness per se: and 2). The relationship between fat mass and [leptin] is significantly affected by gender and by menopausal status. [Leptin] in the post-absorptive state was examined in 67 subjects (26 male, 20 premenopausal female, 21 postmenopausal females; 43 never-obese, 24 obese) at usual body weight. Body composition was determined by hydrodensitometry, and [leptin] was determined by a double antibody ELISA assay. In male and pre-menopausal female subjects, subcutaneous adipose tissue aspirations were performed for determination of adipocyte volume by the osmium fixation method, and a 3 hour oral glucose tolerance tests was performed. At usual body weight, ([leptin]) was better correlated with absolu...
Signal detection in Gaussian noise of unknown level: An invariance application

The concept of invariance in hypothesis testing is brought to bear on the problem of detecting signals of known form and unknown energy in Gaussian noise of unknown level. The noise covariance function is assumed to be K(t,u) = \sigma^2 \pho(t,u) where \rho(t,u) is the known form of the covariance function and \sigma^2 is the unknown level. Classical approaches to signal detection depend on the assumption that K(t,u) is known completely. Then, a correlation-type receiver that is the uniformly most powerful (UMP) test of H_o (signal absent) versus H_1 (signal present) can be derived. When \sigma^2 is unknown, there exists no UMP test. However, it is shown in this paper that there exists a test of H_o versus H_1 that is UMP-invariant for a very natural group of transformations on the space of observations. The derived test is found to be independent of knowledge about the noise level \sigma^2 , since the derived test (receiver) contains an error-free estimate of \sigma^2 . This utopian conclusion is reconciled by noting that the derived receiver can never be physically realized. It is shown that any physically realizable version of the receiver has a t -distributed test statistic. This permits choice of operating receiver thresholds and evaluation of performance characteristics.
Case Manager Ratings of the Clinical Status of Dually Diagnosed Outpatients

Objective: The researchers' aim was to evaluate the construct validity of a rating scale used by case managers to assess the clinical status of clients in a large out-patient treatment program for persons with severe mental illness and concurrent drug or alcohol problems. Methods: A standardized rating scale for assessing clients' levels of four key clinical problems—psychiatric symptoms, substance use, treatment noncompliance, and overall level of dysfunction—was developed for use by case managers. After being trained in use of the instrument, 20 case managers rated 302 clients along these dimensions. Case manager ratings were compared with data on clients' diagnoses and the level of structure they required in their treatment program. Results: About 42 percent of the clients assessed had schizophrenia, 28 percent had bipolar disorder, 14 percent had major depression, and 11 percent had other psychotic disorders. The case manager ratings were significantly related to clients' diagnosis and the level of st...
The evidence does not speak for itself: The role of research evidence in shaping policy change for the implementation of publicly funded syringe exchange programs in three US cities.

Background A breadth of literature exists that explores the utilization of research evidence in policy change processes. From this work, a number of studies suggest research evidence is applied to change processes by policy change stakeholders primarily through instrumental, conceptual, and/or symbolic applications, or is not used at all. Despite the expansiveness of research on policy change processes, a deficit exists in understanding the role of research evidence during change processes related to the implementation of structural interventions for HIV prevention among injection drug users (IDU). This study examined the role of research evidence in policy change processes for the implementation of publicly funded syringe exchange services in three US cities: Baltimore, MD, Philadelphia, PA, and Washington, DC.
Enhancing T cell persistence of CAR-redirected T cells in solid tumors

Meeting abstracts T cell persistence is likely to promote long-term anti-tumor effects after adoptive T cell transfer. We have recently shown that incorporation of the ICOS intracellular domain into chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) significantly increased Th17 cell persistence in vivo , compared
Effects of non-Maxwellian electron velocity distribution functions and nonspherical geometry on minor ions in the solar wind

A previous model has shown that in order to account for the charge state distribution in the low-speed solar wind, a high coronal temperature is necessary and that this temperature peak goes together with a peak of nx/np in the corona. In the present paper, one of the assumptions made previously, i.e., that coronal electrons are Maxwellian, is relaxed, and a much cooler model is presented, which could account for the same oxygen charge states in the solar wind due to the inclusion of non-Maxwellian electrons. Also, due to a different choice of the coronal magnetic field geometry, this model would show no enhancement of the coronal nx/np. Results of the two models are then compared, and observational tests to distinguish between the two scenarios are proposed: comparison of directly measured coronal Te to charge state measurements in the solar wind, determination of the coronal nx/np measurement of ion speeds in the acceleration region of the solar wind, and measurement of the frozen-in silicon charge state distribution.
Examining the Spatial Distribution of Law Enforcement Encounters among People Who Inject Drugs after Implementation of Mexico’s Drug Policy Reform

In 2009, Mexico decriminalized the possession of small amounts of illicit drugs for personal use in order to refocus law enforcement resources on drug dealers and traffickers. This study examines the spatial distribution of law enforcement encounters reported by people who inject drugs (PWID) in Tijuana, Mexico to identify concentrated areas of policing activity after implementation of the new drug policy. Mapping the physical location of law enforcement encounters provided by PWID (n = 461) recruited through targeted sampling, we identified hotspots of extra-judicial encounters (e.g., physical/sexual abuse, syringe confiscation, and money extortion by law enforcement) and routine authorized encounters (e.g., being arrested or stopped but not arrested) using point density maps and the Getis-Ord Gi* statistic calculated at the neighborhood-level. Approximately half of the participants encountered law enforcement more than once in a calendar year and nearly one third of these encounters did not result in arrest but involved harassment or abuse by law enforcement. Statistically significant hotspots of law enforcement encounters were identified in a limited number of neighborhoods located in areas with known drug markets. At the local-level, law enforcement activities continue to target drug users despite a national drug policy that emphasizes drug treatment diversion rather than punitive enforcement. There is a need for law enforcement training and improved monitoring of policing tactics to better align policing with public health goals.
The influence of variable gastric emptying and intestinal transit rates on the plasma level curve of cimetidine; an explanation for the double peak phenomenon

A physiological flow model is presented to account for plasma level double peaks based on cyclical gastric emptying and intestinal motility in the fasted state. Central to the model is the assumption that gastric emptying and intestinal transit rates will vary directly with the strength of the contractile activity characteristic of the fasted state motility cycle. Simulated curves clearly indicate that variable gastric emptying rates can result in variable absorption rates from the gastrointestinal tract and double peaks in the plasma level curves of cimetidine. Vital to the occurrence of double peaks are (i) dosing time relative to phasic activity, (ii) variability in flow out of the stomach, and (iii) a small emptying rate constant Qs/Vs, for a period of time within the first hour after administration. Variability in intestinal flow rates alone does not cause a double peak in the plasma level curve. Results of the simulations, as well as experimental results, can be categorized according to the shapes of the plasma level curves into four types: type A, Cpmax(1) Cpmax(2); type D, Cpmax(1)=Cpmax(2). Assuming that the experimental results were obtained from fasted subjects, with the time of dose administration being a random variable, the frequency of the experimental curves having shape A, B, C, or D correlates extremely well with theoretical predictions. It is concluded that variable gastric emptying rates due to the motility cycle can account for plasma level double peaks. Furthermore, variable gastric emptying rates combined with the short plasma elimination half-life and poor gastric absorption of cimetidine can be the cause of the frequently observed plasma level double peaks.
Speciation in Sapsuckers (Sphyrapicus). II: Sympatry, hybridization, and mate preference in S. ruber daggetti and S. nuchalis

The Red-breasted Sapsucker (Sphyrapicus tuber daggetti) and Red-naped Sap- sucker (S. nuchalis) are sympatric and hybridize in south-central Oregon, northeastern Cali- fornia, along the California-Nevada border, and in southern Nevada. We examined the overlapping distribution, nature of hybridization, and mate preference in these two taxa. Using a "hybrid index" system, we identified 13 phenotypic classes that represent the range of variation seen in typical parental types and their hybrids. Variation of parental forms in regions of allopatry was used to distinguish parental phenotypes from hybrids in the zone of overlap and hybridization. The percentage representation of various categories of mating (conspecific, 75.8%; backcross, 16.6%; hybrid, 1.4%; and interspecific, 6.2%) shown by 145 nesting pairs in the zone of overlap was used to infer the relative fitness of Fand F= generation hybrids. Although interspecific matings produce fully viable Foffspring in num- bers proportional to expectation, hybrid and backcross matings apparently are selected against. We suspect that Findividuals and various recombinants have partial sterility barriers. In interspecific matings and in backcrosses, the male nearly always is S. r. daggetti or the redder mate. The data agree most closely with the dynamic-equilibrium model (stable-zone hy- pothesis), which has been proposed to explain zones of sympatry and hybridization in which gene flow from the extensive regions of allopatry of parental forms is balanced by selection against hybrids. In view of the preponderance of conspecific matings where S. r. daggetti and S. nuchalis occur together, they are regarded as biologic species. This decision is most appro- priate for these taxa despite their low degree of hybridization and their near genetic identity as shown by electrophoresis. Received 9 March 1984, accepted 5 September 1984.
Dynamic frictionless contact in linear viscoelasticity

In this work, we formulate a dynamic frictionless contact problem with linear viscoelasticity of Kelvin-Voigt type, based on the Signorini contact conditions. We show existence of solutions, and investigate the possibility for obtaining an energy balance. Employing time discretization and the finite-element method, we compute numerical solutions. Our numerical scheme is implemented with non-smooth Newton's method which solves the complementarity problem. The numerical results support the idea that the energy losses in the limit of the numerical solution are equal to the losses due to viscosity.
Subcritical string and large N QCD

We pursue the possibility of using subcritical string theory in 4 spacetime dimensions to establish a string dual for large N QCD. In particular we study the even G-parity sector of the 4 dimensional Neveu-Schwarz dual resonance model as the natural candidate for this string theory. Our point of view is that the open string dynamics given by this model will determine the appropriate subcritical closed string theory, a tree level background of which should describe the sum of planar multiloop open string diagrams. We examine the one-loop open string diagram, which contains information about the closed string spectrum at weak coupling. Higher loop open string diagrams will be needed to determine closed string interactions. We also analyze the field theory limit of the one-loop open string diagram and recover the correct running coupling behavior of the limiting gauge theory.
Phylogeny of Noctuoid Moths and the Utility of Combining Independent Nuclear and Mitochondrial Genes

Phylogenies based on single genes can be discordant with organismal phylogenies. One solution to this problem is to sequence independent genes and combine the data in phy? logeny estimates. The mitochondrial gene ND1 was sequenced for representative noctuoid moths to complement a nuclear ribosomal RNA (rRNA) data set. Before combining the two data sets, the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) data were analyzed under different assumptions of character treatment (unweighted sites, trans version parsimony, third codon site omitted). Although the? oretical justifications exist for differentially weighting transversions and codon sites, these ap? proaches did not improve our phylogeny estimates of noctuoid relationships based on only the mtDNA sequences. However, the contribution of the relatively small (25% of total data) but independent nuclear rRNA data set had a substantial impact on our analysis. The trees produced from the combined data do not support the monophyly of the largest family, the cutworms (Noctuidae). We suggest that cutworms are a grade rather than a clade in the superfamily. We mapped the replacement pathways of the ND1 amino acids using transformation series analysis and the most robust noctuoid tree. The resulting cladogram characters show that different amino acid replacement pathways exist for the same set of amino acid residues at different positions in the molecule. These replacement pathways do not conform to models proposed for protein evolution. (Molecular phylogenies; Noctuoidea; Lepidoptera; ribosomal RNA; mitochondrial DNA; ND1 gene; character weighting; amino acid evolution.)
EVA: Large-scale analysis of secondary structure prediction

EVA is a web-based server that evaluates automatic structure prediction servers continuously and objectively. Since June 2000, EVA collected more than 20,000 secondary structure predictions. The EVA sets sufficed to conclude that the field of secondary structure prediction has advanced again. Accuracy increased substantially in the 1990s through using evolutionary information taken from the divergence of proteins in the same structural family. Recently, the evolutionary information resulting from improved searches and larger databases has again boosted prediction accuracy by more than 4% to its current height around 76% of all residues predicted correctly in one of the three states: helix, strand, or other. The best current methods solved most of the problems raised at earlier CASP meetings: All good methods now get segments right and perform well on strands. Is the recent increase in accuracy significant enough to make predictions even more useful? We believe the answer is affirmative. What is the limit of prediction accuracy? We shall see. All data are available through the EVA web site at [cubic.bioc.columbia.edu/eva/]. The raw data for the results presented are available at [eva]/sec/bup_common/2001_02_22/.
Application of SKIPSM to the pipelining of certain global image processing operations

An overview of SKIPSM (eparated-eme1 jmage £rocessing using Finite state Machines) and some of its applications are presented in a set of companion pers35 This paper describes the application of SKJPSM to certain global image processing operations that are normally considered to be difficult or impossible to perform in a pipelined configuration. These expanded capabilities for pipelined systems are based on the following key theoretical developments: S the separation of certain 2-D image processing operations into a row operation followed by a column operation, S the formulation of these row and column operations in a form compatible with pipelined operation, . the implementation of the resulting operations as simple finite-state machines, and . the automated generation of the finite-state machine configuration data. The operations discussed in this paper are listed below. Many other operations are also possible. S Column,row, and area summation, either over whole images or over sub-regions. . Generation of standard images, such as grey-level wedges with various repeat cycles and directions. S Blob fill and patterned blob fill with arbitrary binary or grey-level texture patterns. . Binarymn-length encoding on the rows or columns of an image. . Multi-levelmn-length encoding on the rows or columns of an image. Speed increases and/or neighborhood size increases by factors of 100 or more can be achieved using conventional pipelined hardware in this new way. Alternatively, inexpensive off-the-shelf "chips" can be configured to carry out the same operations as conventional real-time image processing hardware. Corresponding "speedups" are achieved when the SKJPSM approach is implemented in software. KEYWORDS: image processing, real time, implementations, finite-state machines, global, run-length encoding
Feeding Interactions in a Cross Section of HIV-Exposed Infants

In a purposive sample of HIV-exposed infants, Nursing Child Assessment Satellite Training (NCAST) Feeding Scale measurements of caregiver-infant interaction during one feeding occasion in a clinic demonstrated both strengths and weaknesses in the interaction. Twelve dyads included 6 birth mothers, 2 biological fathers, 3 foster mothers, and 1 kinship guardian, who were primary caregiversfor4Hispanic, 1 Vietnamese, and 7 African American infants, ranging in age from 2 weeks to 12 months. Caregivers were sensitive to infants'cues and responsive to their distress, and infants were clear in conveying cues and responsive to their caregivers. The use of the feeding interaction to foster social-emotional growth was less than expected. Contingency of behavior between caregivers and infants was also deficient. Four dyads had caregiver scores at or below the risk cutoffpoint.
The Origins of Neutron Scattering Society of America – NSSA

This year is the Twentieth Anniversary of the Neutron Scattering Society of America (NSSA). NSSA was founded on January 11, 1992 in the conference room of a Chicago hotel by a Steering Committee co...
Noncontact Methods for Measuring Thermal Barrier Coating Temperatures

Three noncontact, optical methods for measuring temperature are reviewed with an emphasis on their application to the measurement of temperatures of thermal barrier coatings (TBCs). The methods are: infrared pyrometry, Raman spectroscopy, and photo-stimulated luminescence from lanthanide-doped coatings. Although each has the capability of measuring temperatures pertinent to monitoring TBCs, the finite thickness of typical coatings together with the optical properties of zirconia place severe restrictions on the depth from which the temperature sensing can be obtained. Some of these limitations can be circumvented using photo-stimulated luminescence with coatings containing dopants at specific locations. To illustrate this, it is demonstrated that by depositing coatings with a lanthanide dopant, such as Eu3+, at specific locations, for instance in contact with the metallic alloy, temperature sensing can be performed with much higher spatial resolution.
The anatomy and fine structure of the eye of teleost. I. The choroid body in Fundulus grandis.

Abstract The choroid body of fish eye is a rete mirabile whose function, as a counter-current system, is to elevate the oxygen tension in the retina by many fold. In Fundulus it is a “Y”-shaped organ straddling the optic nerve just beneath the sclera of the eyeball. Blood flows from the choroid body to the choriocapillaris and returns. There is no vascularization of the internal (vitreous) surface of the retina. Detailed anatomy and fine structure of the body is described. Comparison is made to the rete mirabile of the swim bladder where gases are also concentrated.
Doggerel: Motherese in a New Context

Four master–dog dyads were studied to determine whether the language that is used in speaking to dogs (doggerel) resembles the language that is used in speaking to children (motherese). The structural properties of doggerel are strikingly similar to those that have been reported for motherese. Certain differences between motherese and doggerel may arise in functional and social areas. The similarities between the two language registers suggest that motherese is not elicited in response to either the linguistic level or the cognitive/intellectual level of the child. Rather, the social responsiveness of the listener may be sufficient to elicit the motherese register.
Immunologic effects of marine- and plant-derived n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in nonhuman primates.

The effect of marine- and plant-derived n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on T cell-mediated immune response was studied in cynomolgus monkeys. Animals were first fed a l4-wk baseline diet; 10 animals were then fed diets contain- ing 1.3% or 3.3% of energy as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) plus docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) while the other 10 were fed diets containing 3.5% or 5.3% of energy as a-linolenic acid (ALA) for two consecutive 14-wk periods. Both diets significantly decreased the percentage of T cells (except 1.3% EPA + DHA), T helper cells (except I.3% EPA + DHA and 3.5% ALA), and T suppressor cells. Proliferative response of lymphocytes to T cell mitogens significantly increased after the diet containing 3.3% EPA + DHA. Interleukin 2 production significantly increased after the diets containing 1.3% and 3.3% EPA + DHA. No significant changes in mitogenic response or interleukin 2 production were found after ALA diets. Feeding 1.3% or 3.3% EPA + DHA or 5.3% ALA significantly suppressed prostaglandin E2 production in response to T cell mitogens. Plasma tocopherol concentrations were decreased significantly only in monkeys fed ALA diets. We conclude that after adjustment for the tocopherol concentration, marine-derived n- 3 PUFAs but not plant-derived n- 3 PUFAs increased T cell-mediated mitogenic response and interleukin 2 production. This is most likely due to diet-induced quantitative differences in cellular fatty acid composition and, thus, in pros- taglandin E2 production and tocopherol status. Am J Clin Nutr 1996;63:273-80.
Maltreatment histories of aging out foster youth: A comparison of official investigated reports and self-reports of maltreatment prior to and during out-of-home care.

This study compared official investigated reports of child maltreatment with retrospective self-reports prior to and during out-of-home care for a sample of foster youth who reached the age of majority in out-of-home care in Illinois. Using matched administrative and self-reported data for 474 youth who completed a baseline interview in the Midwest Evaluation of Adult Functioning of Former Foster Youth (i.e. the Midwest study) at ages 17-18, and 386 youth who completed a follow up interview at age 19, this study finds that official reports and self-reports of maltreatment prior to and during out-of-home care differ significantly. FINDINGS from this study add insight into measurement discrepancies, and help to inform understanding of the extent of maltreatment experienced by this sub-sample of young people exiting out-of-home care in adulthood. Study findings have implications for independent living policy and practice in child welfare. Language: en
Acute graft-versus-host disease

Despite advances in HLA typing, acute GvHD remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among allogeneic transplant recipients. It is estimated that 30–50% of patients who receive stem cell products from HLA-identical siblings will develop grades 2–4 GvHD, while rates of GvHD in matched unrelated donor transplants are estimated to be between 50 and 70%. Acute GvHD has historically been defined as occurring prior to day +100 and chronic GvHD as occurring after day +100. However, recently there has been a move to define GvHD based on the clinical symptoms and pathologic findings rather than by an arbitrary timeline. The outcome of acute GvHD is dependent on the overall grade of GvHD and the patient’s response to initial treatment.
In Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and CV Disease, Empagliflozin Reduces CV and All-Cause Mortality.

In patients with established CV disease and type 2 diabetes, the addition of empagliflozin to standard therapy reduces all-cause mortality and CV mortality. This is notable because empagliflozin is the only drug other than metformin to demonstrate a mortality benefit, albeit for a fairly narrow group of patients.
Cognitive Factors in Male Intimate Violence

In intimate relationships, male violence against female partners is a serious problem. National survey data suggest that each year, one out of every eight husbands will use physical aggression against his wife, and up to 2,000,000 women will be severely assaulted by their husbands (Straus & Gelles, 1990). In addition, a wide range of negative consequences, for both women and children living in violent homes, are associated with male intimate violence; these include physical injury and psychological problems (see review in Holtzworth-Munroe, Smutzler, & Sandin, 1997). Although both men and women engage in physical aggression against their partners, a growing body of research demonstrates that male-tofemale violence has more negative consequences (e.g., injury, depression, stress, lowered self-esteem) than female-to-male violence; this is true even among less severely violent couples, such as those studied in national surveys and those seeking marital therapy, and among couples in which both spouses are physically aggressive (see review in Holtzworth-Munroe, Smutzler, & Bates, 1997). Thus, this special issue focuses on the problem of male intimate violence. Given the focus of Cognitive Therapy and Research and the interests of its readers, the articles included in this special issue were chosen to highlight recent research on the role of cognitive factors in male intimate violence. In doing so, a decision was made to include studies examining the problem of husband violence from several perspectives. Thus, the special issue includes articles on the men who perpetrate violence, the women toward whom they are violent, and the children living in these violent homes. This variety of perspectives demonstrates the usefulness of considering cognitive processes in multiple foci of study in this area. The first three articles focus on the perpetrators—on men who have engaged in physical violence against their female intimate partners. Eckhardt and Dye’s manuscript leads the special issue because it reviews past research on the cognitive characteristics of maritally violent men. This overview provides a starting point from which to understand the other articles in this issue. Although research on cognitive factors in general marital processes is increasingly theoretically driven and methodologically sophisticated (e.g., Fincham, 1994), research on cognitive factors in husband violence has lagged behind. The majority of
Proposed Diagnostic Criteria, Classification Schema, and Review of Literature of Notochord- Derived Ecchordosis Physaliphora

Ecchordosis physaliphora (EP) is a benign notochordal remnant derived from ectopic nests found along the craniospinal axis. It typically presents asymptomatically and is diagnosed using classic radiologic features, particularly location, T1-hypointensity, T2-hyperintensity, and lack of enhancement following gadolinium (Gd) contrast administration. Distinguishing EP from its malignant counterpart, chordoma, is of paramount importance, given the aggressive nature of the latter. Advances in imaging and immunohistochemistry have aided in diagnosis to an extent but, to our knowledge, identification of the genetic fingerprint of EP has yet to take place. Further cytological analysis of these lesions in search of a genetic link is warranted. We propose here a set of diagnostic criteria based on features consistently cited in the literature. In this literature review, 23 case reports were identified and collated into a summary of symptomatic cases of ecchordosis physaliphora. An illustrative case report of two patients was also included.
Calcined Shale as Low Cost Supplementary Cementitious Material

Despite the various benefits of using metakaolin as a supplementary cementitious material (SCM), the high price of metakaolin limits its use in concrete to premium applications. However there are other sedimentary minerals, such as calcined shale, that may be able to fill the need for low cost, abundant SCMs in concrete construction. The study presented here investigated a low cost calcined shale, sourced from a lightweight aggregate producer, and compared its performance as an SCM to that of a commercially available metakaolin. The effect of both SCMs on compressive strength, resistance to alkali silica reaction and mixture workability were evaluated. Results show that, other than early age compressive strength, the performance of calcined shale in cementitious mixtures is comparable to that of metakaolin. Differences in behavior of the SCMs are discussed in the context of their chemical and physical properties.
Improving Similar Document Retrieval Using a Recursive Pseudo Relevance Feedback Strategy

We present a recursive pseudo relevance feedback strategy for improving retrieval performance in similarity search. The strategy recursively searches on search results returned for a given query and produces a tree that is used for ranking. Experiments on the Reuters 21578 and WebKB datasets show how the strategy leads to a significant improvement in similarity search performance.
Technocracy and Democracy: Talking about Risk

Chapter 8 talked about the importance of shifting popular science writing from an epideictic orientation that invites readers to admire science to a deliberative orientation that invites thoughtful engagement. Nowhere is such deliberation more crucial—and nowhere are the booster and critical approaches more at odds—than in discussions of risk. The opposition between these approaches is reflected in the way that risk discourse tends to divide between technocratic and democratic views of how risk should be managed.
Surface plasmon polaritons excited by electromagnetic waves

We investigate surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) excited by electromagnetic waves at an interface of two media. In sharp contrast to the current understanding of SPPs, we found that when the excitation field is present, the tangential components of the electrical field and the magnetic field at the boundary cannot be simultaneously continuous for SPPs. Surface current and/or charge densities will have to be non-zero to maintain the self-consistency of the Maxwell's equations. In addition, SPPs can exist for both polarizations and are intimately related to the well-known skin effect of the AC current in metal conductors. We present the results of general conditions for SPP excitation, the non-zero surface source distributions, and the skin depth of the SPPs.