cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Providing Sedentary Adults with Choices for Meeting Their Walking Goals

Abstract Background. This study was designed to test different ways of meeting the new ACSM/CDC recommendations for physical activity stating that all Americans at least 2 years of age should obtain 30 minutes of moderate intensity activity on most days of the week. Methods. Thirty-two sedentary 18- to 55-year-old adults were randomly assigned to three groups of brisk walking/6 days per week: 30 continuous minutes, three 10-minute bouts, and 30 minutes in any combination of bouts as long as each bout was at least 5 minutes. Aerobic fitness, blood pressure, body composition, and physical activity were assessed at baseline, at end of program (16 weeks), and at follow-up (32 weeks). Results. All groups significantly ( P ≤ 0.05) improved their aerobic fitness and systolic blood pressure and increased their physical activity at the end of the program. At follow-up all groups maintained these changes, while additionally reducing their percentage body fat and diastolic blood pressure. Conclusion. These findings demonstrate that a walking prescription of 30 minutes per day on most days of the week with the choice to walk in as little as 5 minute bouts can improve cardiovascular health and body composition, as well as help sedentary people maintain those improvements over time. This is supported by all participants indicating that “making walking part of my lifestyle” was the most important factor in maintaining their walking habits.
Selected Papers on Computer Science

From the Publisher: The author's influence in computer science ranges from the invention of literate programming to the development of the TeX programming language. This collection includes articles on the history of computing, algorithms, numerical techniques, computational models, typesetting, and more.
Rural Gentrification as Permanent Tourism: The Creation of the ‘New’ West Archipelago as Postindustrial Cultural Space:

In this paper I describe rural gentrification—ie the in-migration of relatively young, ex-urban members of the postindustrial middle class (PIMC)—in the northern Rocky Mountains as a form of ‘permanent tourism’. The colonization of previously industrial landscapes—ie those created according to a regime that prioritizes the production/consumption of commodities—by the PIMC has led to the expansion of postindustrial class – cultural space and the creation of the ‘New’ American West. This shift in what constitutes the ‘highest and best’ use of these lands resonates with the character of late-Modern tourism in that this emerging regime emphasizes the production/consumption of ‘experiences' to a greater degree than does the extant regime. Thus, rural gentrifiers are enacting cultural projects that are akin to those of tourists but doing so with the intention of permanently writing them into the social and physical landscape. Drawing on ethnographic examples from my fieldwork in south – central Montana, I demon...
Teaching aseptic technique for central venous access under ultrasound guidance: A randomized trial comparing didactic training alone to didactic plus simulation-based training

BACKGROUND:Our goal was to determine whether simulation combined with didactic training improves sterile technique during ultrasound (US)-guided central venous catheter (CVC) insertion compared with didactic training alone among novices. We hypothesized that novices who receive combined didactic and simulation-based training would perform similarly to experienced residents in aseptic technique, knowledge, and perception of comfort during US-guided CVC insertion on a simulator. METHODS:Seventy-two subjects were enrolled in a randomized, controlled trial of an educational intervention. Fifty-four novices were randomized into either the didactic group or the simulation combined with didactic group. Both groups received didactic training but the simulation combined with didactic trained group also received simulation-based CVC insertion training. Both groups were tested by demonstrating US-guided CVC insertion on a simulator. Aseptic technique was scored on 8 steps as “yes/no” and also using a 7-point Likert scale with 7 being “excellent technique” by a rater blinded to subject randomization. After initial testing, the didactic group was offered simulation-based training and retesting. Both groups also took a preand posttraining test of knowledge and rated their comfort with US and CVC insertion pre- and posttraining on a 5-point Likert scale. Subsequently, 18 experienced residents also took the test of knowledge, rated their comfort level, and were scored while performing aseptic US-guided CVC insertion using a simulator. RESULTS:The simulation combined with didactic group achieved a 167% (confidence interval [CI] 133%‐167%) incremental increase in yes/no scores and 115% (CI 112%‐127%) incremental increase in Likert scale ratings on aseptic technique compared with novices in the didactic group. Compared with experienced residents, simulation combined with didactic trained novices achieved an increase in aseptic scores with a 33.3% (CI 16.7%‐50%) increase in yes/no ratings and a 20% (CI 13.3%‐40%) increase in Likert scaled ratings, and scored 2.5-fold higher on the test of knowledge. There was a 3-fold increase in knowledge and 2-fold increase in comfort level among all novices (P!0.001) after combined didactic and simulation-based training. CONCLUSION:Simulation combined with didactic training is superior to didactic training alone for acquisition of clinical skills such as US-guided CVC insertion. After combined didactic and simulation-based training, novices can outperform experienced residents in aseptic technique as well as in measurements of knowledge. (Anesth Analg 2011;X:!!!‐!!!)
The preparation of allylsilanes from vinyl cuprates

Abstract Gilman reagents derived from vinylic nucleophiles react with iodomethyltrimethylsilane or trimethylsilylmethyltrifluoromethane sulfonate to afford allylsilanes not readily accessible by other procedures.
Policy Issues and Empirical Assessment of Economic Performance: The Cases of African Countries, 1970-1999

This study uses international data to examine the relationship between economic performance and its determinants for selected countries in the African Region. Performance is defined as a positive i...
Role of the CYP4A/20-HETE pathway in vascular dysfunction of the Dahl salt-sensitive rat

20-HETE (20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid), a vasoconstrictor metabolite of arachidonic acid formed through the action of CYP4A (cytochrome P450-4A) in vascular smooth muscle cells, has been implicated in the development of hypertension and vascular dysfunction. There have been a number of reports in human subjects demonstrating an association between elevated urinary excretion of 20-HETE and hypertension, as well as increased 20-HETE production and vascular dysfunction. The Dahl SS (salt-sensitive) rat is a genetic model of salt-sensitive hypertension that exhibits vascular dysfunction, even when maintained on a normal-salt diet and before the development of hypertension. This mini-review highlights our current research on the role of CYP4A and 20-HETE in the vascular dysfunction of the Dahl SS rat. In our studies, the SS rat is compared with the consomic SS-5BN rat, having chromosome 5 from the salt-resistant Brown Norway rat (carrying all CYP4A genes) introgressed on to the SS genetic background. Our laboratory has demonstrated restoration of normal vascular function in the SS rat with inhibition of the CYP4A/20-HETE pathway, suggesting a direct role for this pathway in the vascular dysfunction in this animal model. Our studies have also shown that the SS rat has an up-regulated CYP4A/20-HETE pathway within their cerebral vasculature compared with the SS-5BN consomic rat, which causes endothelial dysfunction through the production of ROS (reactive oxygen species). Our data shows that ROS influences the expression of the CYP4A/20-HETE pathway in the SS rat in a feed-forward mechanism whereby elevated ROS stimulates production of 20-HETE. The presence of this vicious cycle offers a possible explanation for the spiralling effects of elevated 20-HETE on the development of vascular dysfunction in this animal model.
A successive cancellation algorithm for fetal heart-rate estimation using an intrauterine ECG signal

In this paper, we present a two-stage successive cancellation (SC) algorithm that sequentially separates fetal and maternal heartbeats from an intrauterine electrocardiogram (IuECG) signal containing both fetal and maternal QRS complexes. The ECG signal is modeled as a series of fetal, maternal, and noise events. Peak detection is first employed to locate the potential fetal and maternal QRS complexes, referred to as candidate events. Each stage automatically generates a template of a source from the candidate events in the initialization period, and thereafter performs classification of the remaining candidate events based on a template matching technique. The detected events of the stronger signal are subtracted from the composite ECG signal prior to initialization and classification of the weaker signal. Once the fetal and maternal complexes are successfully detected and separated, a counting mechanism is utilized to derive the corresponding heart rates. Computer simulation results on real IuECG data demonstrate the effectiveness of the SC algorithm.
Child Abuse and Hypnotic Ability

Earlier empirical and theoretical work has suggested that there is a relationship between higher hypnotic susceptibility and severity of childhood punishment. The present study examines the hypnotizability of young adults who were physically abused as children. The hypnotizability scores of three groups were compared: an abused group whose members were physically abused before the age of ten (n = 23); a family-disruption group whose members reported divorce or death in the family before age ten, but no physical abuse (n = 27); a baseline/control group whose members reported neither abuse nor family disruption (n = 346). The abused group was significantly more hypnotizable than either the family-disruption or baseline/control group. The effect was substantial, with 65 percent of abused subjects in the high hypnotizable classification (compared to 14.8% and 35.3% for the family disruption and baseline/control groups respectively). Two explanations of this relationship are offered, and suggestions are made f...
Text, image, code, comment: Writing in Flash

Closely analyzing the software with which we write can help us understand what writing means today inside and outside of the classroom. An analysis of Adobe Flash shows that writing plays diverse and important functions in a program that is mostly known for multimodal composing. Writing happens in Flash as text, image, code, and code comment, and in each of these categories we see writing being transformed and redefined.
A meaningful occupation: The just right challenge

This article illustrates the academic, clinical and personal perspective of an occupational therapy clinician working in Child Mental Health in New Zealand. It reflects her enthusiasm, beliefs and values, and the ‘just right challenge’ in her work that stimulate her inner drive to succeed. It incorporates the conference theme of ‘common threads’, the dynamic, interwoven relationships between persons and environment, and a belief in sharing knowledge with others. The influences of life experiences, mentors and colleagues on self-directed learning are outlined, together with the impact this has on professional and clinical development. In particular, the development of training packages for students on clinical placement, supervision, social interaction and roles of occupational performance in children with emotional, psychosocial and behavioural disturbances are highlighted. Included are descriptive vignettes outlining casework with children and their families, and the conscious use of self as an effective tool in the evaluation and intervention process.
Vibration Damping Using Low-Wave-Speed Media: Complex Wavenumber and Energy Approximations

Significant damping of structural vibration can be attained by coupling to the structure a low-density medium (such as a powder or foam) in which the speed of sound propagation is relatively low. We describe a set of experiments in which flexural vibration of aluminum beams over a broad frequency range is damped by introduction of a layer of lossy low-wave-speed foam. At frequencies high enough to set up standing waves through the thickness of the foam, loss factors as high as 0.05 can be obtained with a foam layer whose mass is 3.9% of that of the beam. In our prior studies [1,2], we modeled the foam as a continuum in which waves of dilatation and distortion can propagate and obtained approximate solutions for the frequency response of the system by means of a modal expansion. However, these modal expansion models are cumbersome for design and quick calculation. In this paper, we develop a simple approximation for the system loss factor based on the complex wavenumber associated with wave propagation, and find that the damping estimates are in close agreement with measured responses and those predicted by modal expansion methods and strain energy approximations. Finally, we extend this approach to longitudinal vibration in a bar coupled to foam and obtain estimates for the system loss factor.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
The Study and Transformation of Experience

The academy can be a safe, useful place to learn from and for experiences that occur outside of it. Studies incorporating these experiences become relevant to and transformative for the lives of the participants, both teachers and students. Detailed analyses of two cases reveal the skills, attitudes, policies, and circumstances that make such studies successful. These include improvisation, collaboration, flexibility, the acknowledgement of uncertainty, and the acceptance of unpredictability. We suggest that these conditions of experientially meaningful academic dialogue are also the virtues of association among citizens in a deliberative democracy.
CLEARING A POLYGON WITH TWO 1-SEARCHERS

We present an algorithm for a pair of pursuers, each with one flashlight, searching for an unpredictable, moving target in a 2D environment (simple polygon). Given a polygon with n edges and m concave regions, the algorithm decides in time O(n2 + nm2 + m4) whether the polygon can be cleared by the two 1-searchers, and if so, constructs a search schedule. The pursuers are allowed to move on the boundary and in the interior of the polygon. They are not required to maintain mutual visibility throughout the pursuit.
Degrees of freedom in the Caribbean: Archaeological explorations of transitions from slavery

The anniversary of the abolition of slavery was justly celebrated worldwide in 2007. But what is the character of freedom, how does it relate to material culture, and how can archaeology study it? The author here summarises ideas he has been developing in Jamaica and York over the past two years.
Environmental copper: Its dynamics and human exposure issues

This article provides an overview of the environmental patterns and dynamics of copper from the perspective of issues that affect our ability to examine current human exposures. It presents selected sum mary information on the levels of copper found in various media and exposure pathways from a variety of information sources, and discusses the breadth and the limitations of this information. The analysis presented focuses on the ability to provide quantitative values for both external metrics of exposures (microenvironmental levels) and internal biological markers of exposure. The status of the current information on environmental copper is placed within a conceptual framework that can be used to identify data gaps, assess the utility of current biological markers of exposure, and examine the need for systematic and consistent data-gathering studies to improve our ability to com plete exposure assessments. A primary concern is the exposure to copper through potable water supplies; this is considered withi...
Health-Related Quality of Life in Children and Adolescents With Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to assess health-related quality of life (QoL) in children with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), including development and field-testing of a DMD-specific module integrated with the core Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL). METHODS: The PedsQL 4.0 Generic Core and DMD Module Scales were completed by 203 families, including 200 parents and 117 boys with DMD. Scores on the PedsQL Core Scales were compared with those of matched healthy children. Relationships between PedsQL scores and patient characteristics were examined. RESULTS: By both parent report and child self-report, mean PedsQL scores for boys with DMD were significantly lower than those for healthy children for physical and psychosocial QoL ( P P = .05) and was not significantly associated with use of mobility aids. Although parents reported higher Daily Activities scores in boys receiving steroids ( P = .01), boys receiving steroids reported no difference in Daily Activities but significantly less worry ( P = .004). Parent–child concordance was generally in the fair to poor range. Internal consistency reliability coefficients for PedsQL DMD module scales ranged from 0.66 to 0.86. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, boys with DMD reported significantly lower QoL than their healthy peers. Despite decreased physical functioning, older boys seem to perceive better psychosocial QoL than perceived by their parents and by younger boys, unrelated to their need for mobility aids.
Positive Train Control With Dynamic Headway Based on an Active Communication System

Safety, capacity, and timely schedules are some of the most crucial objectives in railway operations. Positive train control (PTC) is a concept whose goal is to improve the safety and efficiency of railway operations by using advanced information technologies. Information technologies such as active communications enable the use of a dynamic headway policy, which can increase the track capacity and improve dispatching efficiency in addition to improving safety. In this paper, we propose a dynamic headway system for PTC based on active communications, which we integrate with a dynamic dispatching model in order to improve track capacity and safety in railway operations. We use a simulation model of a rail network in southern California to demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed approach. The simulation results of different scenarios show reductions in train delays of at least 55% and reductions in travel time of at least 35% when using the dynamic headway versus using a fixed headway.
Moral Explanations, Thick and Thin

Cornell realists maintain that irreducible moral properties have earned a place in our ontology in virtue of the indispensable role they play in a variety of explanations. These explanations can be divided into two groups: those that employ thin ethical concepts and those that employ thick ethical concepts. Recent work on thick concepts suggests that they are not inherently evaluative in their meaning. If correct, this creates problems for the moral explanations of Cornell realists, since the most persuasive moral explanations are those that employ thick concepts. If thick concepts are not inherently evaluative, then the most plausible explanations on offer cannot support Cornell realism. Moral explanations employing thin concepts, however, are too flimsy to support the view. Unless proponents can develop a compelling story about thick concepts or thin explanations, Cornell realism is in trouble.
The Economics of the Ever-Normal Granary

The "ever-normal granary" was a favorite notion with Henry A. Wallace for at least 10 to 15 years before he entered the Roosevelt Cabinet. As early as 1926 he coined the phrase, taken from the Chinese. From a bright idea to play with, it increasingly became a central element in his agro-political thinking. The 1934 drought impelled him, as Secretary of Agriculture, to bring it repeatedly before farmers and the general public, inviting serious discussion. Soon he urged. its outright incorporation in our agricultural policy. Congress responded in part in August 1935, but the Supreme Court decision early in 1936 interposed a severe check. This year, "with profound conviction," the Secretary has vigorously pressed the ever-normal granary as "the heart" of proposed "permanent" legislation. In some form not yet clear, provision for it will presumably be included in the new Agricultural Adjustment Act. If the scheme in practice should measure up to the high expectations held out, the lion's share of the credit will belong to Secretary Wallace, its persistent sponsor and outstanding spokes-
Relationships Among Geomagnetic Storms, Interplanetary Shocks, Magnetic Clouds, and Sunspot Number During 1995 – 2012

During 1995 – 2012, the Wind spacecraft has recorded 168 magnetic clouds (MCs), 197 magnetic cloud-like structures (MCLs), and 358 interplanetary (IP) shocks. Ninety-four MCs and 56 MCLs had upstream shock waves. The following features are found: i) The averages of the solar wind speed, interplanetary magnetic field (IMF), duration ( $\langle \Delta t \rangle$ ), the minimum of $B_{\min}$ , and intensity of the associated geomagnetic storm/activity ( $\mbox{Dst}_{\min}$ ) for MCs with upstream shock waves ( $\mbox{MC}_{\mathrm{shock}}$ ) are higher (or stronger) than those averages for the MCs without upstream shock waves ( $\mbox{MC}_{\mathrm{no}\mbox{-}\mathrm{shock}}$ ). ii) The average $\langle \Delta t \rangle$ of $\mbox{MC}_{\mathrm{shock}}$ events ( ${\approx}\,19.8~\mbox{h}$ ) is 9 % longer than that for $\mbox{MC}_{\mathrm{no}\mbox{-}\mathrm{shock}}$ events ( ${\approx}\,17.6~\mbox{h}$ ). iii) For the $\mbox{MC}_{\mathrm{shock}}$ events, the average duration of the sheath ( $\langle\Delta t_{\mathrm{sheath}}\rangle$ ) is 12.1 h. These findings could be very useful for space weather predictions, i.e. IP shocks driven by MCs are expected to arrive at Wind (or at 1 AU) about 12 h ahead of the front of the MCs on average. iv) The occurrence frequency of IP shocks is well associated with sunspot number (SSN). The average intensity of geomagnetic storms measured by $\langle \mbox{Dst}_{\min}\rangle$ for $\mbox{MC}_{\mathrm{shock}}$ and $\mbox{MC}_{\mathrm{no}\mbox{-}\mathrm{shock}}$ events is −102 and $-31~\mbox{nT}$ , respectively. The average values $\langle \mbox{Dst}_{\min} \rangle$ are −78, −70, and $-35~\mbox{nT}$ for the 358 IP shocks, 168 MCs, and 197 MCLs, respectively. These results imply that IP shocks, when they occur with MCs/MCLs, must play an important role in the strength of geomagnetic storms. We speculate about the reason for this. Yearly occurrence frequencies of $\mbox{MC}_{\mathrm{shock}}$ and IP shocks are well correlated with solar activity (e.g., SSN). Choosing the correct $\mbox{Dst}_{\min}$ estimating formula for predicting the intensity of MC-associated geomagnetic storms is crucial for space weather predictions.
Cicero and Political Conversations between Citizens

As opposed to deliberative democrats, I argue here that popular deliberation is most constructive as a conversation among friends, not strangers. By “conversation among friends,” I mean more than a discussion among familiar persons who care for each other, though most political conversations among regular citizens are between actual friends. “Friends” here is intended to be understood in a broader, metaphorical sense to indicate like-minded persons. Similarly, “conversation among strangers” denotes a conversation among persons who disagree significantly about basic political values. I develop my thesis by analyzing the deliberative democratic model in relation to Cicero’s conception of conversation or sermo. Deliberative democracy envisions conversations among strangers. The absence of friendship in deliberative democratic discourse implies the lack of goodwill and trust that is necessary for productive political conversation. Cicero’s political conversation, in contrast to deliberative democracy, links conversation with friendship.
Inhibition of microRNA-210 provides neuroprotection in hypoxic–ischemic brain injury in neonatal rats

Abstract Perinatal hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is associated with high neonatal mortality and severe long-term neurologic morbidity. Yet the mechanisms of brain injury in infants with HIE remain largely elusive. The present study determined a novel mechanism of microRNA-210 (miR-210) in silencing endogenous neuroprotection and increasing hypoxic–ischemic brain injury in neonatal rats. The study further revealed a potential therapeutic effect of miR-210 inhibition using complementary locked nucleic acid oligonucleotides (miR-210-LNA) in 10-day-old neonatal rats in the Rice–Vannucci model. The underlying mechanisms were investigated with intracerebroventricular injection (i.c.v) of miR-210 mimic, miR-210-LNA, glucocorticoid receptor (GR) agonist and antagonist. Luciferase reporter gene assay was conducted for identification of miR-210 targeting GR 3′untranslated region. The results showed that the HI treatment significantly increased miR-210 levels in the brain, and miR-210 mimic significantly decreased GR protein abundance and exacerbated HI brain injury in the pups. MiR-210-LNA administration via i.c.v. 4 h after the HI insult significantly decreased brain miR-210 levels, increased GR protein abundance, reduced HI-induced neuronal death and brain infarct size, and improved long-term neurological function recovery. Of importance, the intranasal delivery of miR-210-LNA 4 h after the HI insult produced similar effects in decreasing HI-induced neonatal brain injury and improving neurological function later in life. Altogether, the present study provides evidence of a novel mechanism of miR-210 in a neonatal HI brain injury model, and suggests a potential therapeutic approach of miR-210 inhibition in the treatment of neonatal HIE.
HIV Integration Site Analysis of Cellular Models of HIV Latency with a Probe-Enriched Next-Generation Sequencing Assay

ABSTRACT Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is successful in the suppression of HIV but cannot target and eradicate the latent proviral reservoir. The location of retroviral integration into the human genome is thought to play a role in the clonal expansion of infected cells and HIV persistence. We developed a high-throughput targeted sequence capture assay that uses a pool of HIV-specific probes to enrich Illumina libraries prior to deep sequencing. Using an expanded clonal population of ACH-2 cells, we demonstrate that this sequence capture assay has an extremely low false-positive rate. This assay assessed four cellular models commonly used to study HIV latency and latency-reversing agents: ACH-2 cells, J-Lat cells, the Bcl-2-transduced primary CD4+ model, and the cultured TCM (central memory) CD4+ model. HIV integration site characteristics and genes were compared between these cellular models and to previously reported patient data sets. Across these cellular models, there were significant differences in integration site characteristics, including orientation relative to that of the host gene, the proportion of clonally expanded sites, and the proportion located within genic regions and exons. Despite a greater diversity of minority integration sites than expected in ACH-2 cells, their integration site characteristics consistently differed from those of the other models and from the patient samples. Gene ontology analysis of highly represented genes from the patient samples found little overlap with HIV-containing genes from the cell lines. These findings show that integration site differences exist among the commonly used cellular models of HIV latency and in comparison to integration sites found in patient samples. IMPORTANCE Despite the success of ART, currently there is no successful therapy to eradicate integrated proviruses. Cellular models of HIV latency are used to test the efficacy of latency-reversing agents, but it is unclear how well these models reflect HIV integration into the human genome in vivo. We have developed a novel probe-based sequence enrichment assay to sequence and analyze integrated HIV. We compared HIV integration site characteristics between four cellular models and to previously described patient data sets. Significant differences were detected in the distribution of HIV integration sites between cellular models of HIV latency and compared to data sets from patient samples. The results from this study have implications for how well these cellular models of HIV infection truly reflect HIV integration in vivo and their applicability in drug discovery for novel latency-reversing agents.
Eleventh Annual Herbert Lourie Memorial Lecture on Health Policy - Health Promotion for Older Adults: What is the Potential?

As a greater number of people reach old age, medicine is challenged to develop new approaches to this population. Health promotion, not just treatment of disease but improving the quality of life for older persons, must play a role. What happens to individuals in terms of health status as they get older, and what are the implications for health care needs? Where should we focus to get the biggest benefits in terms of health promotion? Overall, we have learned a tremendous amount over the last 25 years about the components of health as people get older, and what modifies their health. We know, for example, that the health status of older adults is a composite of the chronic diseases that they may have, of how many chronic diseases are present, and of underlying physiological changes of aging, such as a decline in muscle strength, that appear to be an intrinsic part of the aging process. Disability can result from chronic disease. In addition, people are more susceptible to acute illnesses and injuries as they get older.
Oncolytic effect of viruses in tissue cultures.

SummaryTumor implants, growing in roller tube cultures, demonstrated a marked oncolytic response to St. Louis encephalitis infection. Two human and 2 rodent tumors were destroyed completely by SLE virus, less completely by neurotropic influenza virus. Infections with Lansing poliomyelitis, Newcastle disease, herpes and chick embryo adapted influenza A viruses did not interfere with growth of tissue implants. Rabies virus appeared to stimulate the growth of such tumor implants. The tissue culture technic can be used as a survey tool in rapidly determining the cytopathogenic effect of viral agents on tumors.
Shelf Space Elasticity: Reply

condition. Closer examination of individual elasticities and other relationships suggested by Lynch fails to support his hypothesis. Even though items with "extremely high or low estimated coefficients of elasticity" were excluded from my sample (e.g., elasticities outside the range + 2.0), intrastore variability was indeed large. Although store averages are close, ranges and standard deviations are shown to be relatively large in the following table:
Initial Stages of Atomic Layer Deposition of Tantalum Nitride on SiO2 and Porous Low-κ Substrates Modified by a Branched Interfacial Organic Layer: Chemisorption and the Transition to Steady-State Growth

We have examined the initial stages of atomic layer deposition (ALD) of TaNx on SiO2, a porous low-κ SiO2-based material, and both of these substrates modified by a branched interfacial organic layer, using in situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) as the primary analytical method. The interfacial organic layer examined was poly(ethylene imine) (PEI), a branched molecule with amine functionality. We find that PEI alters both the density and nature of the species formed after the chemisorption of Ta[N(CH3)2]5, which represents the first half-cycle of ALD. In particular, PEI suppresses chemisorption of Ta[N(CH3)2]5 on SiO2 while enhancing it on low-κ. Results from XPS suggest that the Ta species on low-κ and both surfaces modified by PEI are formed in reduced concentrations while also retaining more N(CH3)2 ligands. From angle-resolved XPS, PEI acts as an effective barrier to Ta penetration of porous low-κ, even for exposures to Ta[N(CH3)2]5 at many mTorr of partial pressure. Concerning ALD, growth on ...
A Human Factors Approach for Root Cause Analysis A Case of Duplicate Medical Record Number

Health care organizations have deployed the root cause analysis (RCA) method to identify factors that could have contributed to the event. An organization that appropriately takes a system approach...
Severe dyspnoea with alteration of the diffusion capacity of the lung associated with fingolimod treatment

In phase II clinical trial, fingolimod at a dose of 5.0mg (ten times higher than the currently approved dose) induced dyspnoea and decreased forced expiratory flow in some patients, probably trought an airways constriction S1P4-mediated. In phase III trials, respiratory adverse events associated with fingolimod treatment as dyspnoea, cough, oropharingeal pain and nasal congestion are reported with the same incidence of placebo. Here we report two cases of severe dyspnoea with alteration of the diffusion capacity of the lung associated with fingolimod treatment, which led to permanent treatment withdrawal.
Process Synchronization, Lexical Ambiguity Resolution, and Aphasia

Publisher Summary The chapter introduces concepts of ambiguity within a processing control paradigm based on current understanding of neural processes. It presents a model—HOPE model—that includes representation of ambiguity on many levels, in the representations as well as in the actual computations which are applied to the representations. HOPE demonstrates how context in a time-course process can effectively be used to disambiguate meanings. The chapter furthermore illustrates the possible misinterpretations that can occur due to de-synchronization of activity signal affected within a naturally constrained processing model. The chapter explains ambiguity as an integral part of a functioning system. The direct confrontation of the ambiguity problem can result in understanding its complexity.
Philadelphia's Fincher's Trades' Review: Labor, War, and History

Philadelphia has always had a rich working-class tradition and it seems appropriate that it was home to one of the nation’s largest and most progressive labor newspapers during the Civil War. Published by machinist Jonathan C. Fincher, the first issue of Fincher’s Trades’ Review appeared on June 6, 1863, and the paper continued to report on both labor and the war through 1866.
The Lived Experience of Market-Based School Reform: An Ethnographic Portrait of Teachers’ Policy Enactments in an Urban School:

In 2010, the Obama administration called for schools with low standardized test scores, often in high poverty, urban communities, to be targeted for rapid school improvement through reforms in teacher professional development, curriculum, and other areas. Since that time, many of schools deemed in need of improvement have experienced a vast array of reform mandates and intense pressure to put mandates into practice without delay. This article presents a critical policy analysis and an ethnographic portrait of the ways math teachers at a low-performing New Jersey public school make sense of multiple, often incoherent, policy mandates. Using a policy enactment lens, which highlights the discursive dimensions of policy and the significance of context, the author interrogates the ways national discourses—in particular, the promise of private companies’ research-based products and services and the teacher as bad or resistant—enter into the school and inform or delimit teachers’ policy enactments. The author pr...
Application QoS-Based Time-Critical Automated Resource Management in Battle Management Systems

This paper summarizes some of our unclassified work on concepts and techniques for performing automated run-time time-critical resource management (especially scheduling) in large scale, dynamic, control systems such as for battle management. The approach described here is based on application-level quality of service metrics, such as track quality and weapon spherical error probable. These metrics are used to derive parameters for thread time constraints in the form of time/utility functions. Threads are scheduled according to application-specific optimality criteria that seek to maximize accrued utility to the system. Two worked examples illustrate the cost-effectiveness of this approach for this class of application.
Outcome disparities between African Americans and Caucasians in contemporary kidney transplant recipients.

Abstract Background Racial disparities in African-American (AA) kidney transplant have persisted for nearly 40 years, with limited data available on the scope of this issue in the contemporary era of transplantation. Methods Descriptive retrospective cohort study of US registry data including adult solitary kidney transplants between Jan 1, 2005 to Dec 31, 2009. Results 60,695 recipients were included; 41,426 Caucasians (68%) and 19,269 AAs (32%). At baseline, AAs were younger, had lower college graduation rates, were more likely to be receiving public health insurance and have diabetes. At one-year post-transplant, AAs had 62% higher risk of graft loss (RR 1.62, 95% CI 1.50–1.75) which increased to 93% at five years (RR 1.93, 95% CI 1.85–2.01). Adjusted risk of graft loss, accounting for baseline characteristics, was 60% higher in AAs (HR 1.61 [1.52–1.69]). AAs had significantly higher risk of acute rejection and delayed graft function. Conclusion AAs continue to experience disproportionately high rates of graft loss within the contemporary era of transplant, which are related to a convergence of an array of socioeconomic and biologic risk factors.
Abstract A06: Identification of tumor-specific antibodies using phage display selections on pancreatic ductal organoids

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a lethal malignancy with a five year survival rate at 6%. The high mortality of this disease is associated with its late diagnosis. Developing accurate means of early detection will allow for curative surgery and significantly improve patient outcomes. Monoclonal antibodies against tumor-associated neoepitopes are promising tools for identifying novel biomarkers due to their exquisite specificity. To generate antibodies specific to pancreatic tumor cells, we have adapted previously established screening methods with synthetic phage displayed Fab libraries to the pancreatic ductal organoid system, a recently developed ex vivo platform for culturing both normal and malignant pancreatic tissue. This antibody screen employs negative selection of Fabs binding normal organoids to eliminate those cell surface markers elevated during normal ductal cell proliferation, a state similar to the proliferation observed in the pancreas during inflammatory conditions. This is significant because the ability of novel biomarkers to accurately detect pancreatic cancer depends on their capacity to distinguish PDAC from benign diseases of the pancreas. Using this method, we have isolated five unique Fabs that preferentially bind cell surface antigens on tumor but not normal organoids derived from human PDAC and non-diseased patients respectively. Characterization of the cognate antigens of these antibodies and validation of their binding to human tissue are ongoing. We demonstrate that pancreatic ductal organoids provide a systematic platform to screen antibody libraries for the discovery of biomarkers specific to the neoplastic state. Citation Format: Tobiloba E. Oni, Carmelita Bautista, Bryce Nelson, David A. Tuveson.{Authors}. Identification of tumor-specific antibodies using phage display selections on pancreatic ductal organoids. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Pancreatic Cancer: Advances in Science and Clinical Care; 2016 May 12-15; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(24 Suppl):Abstract nr A06.
Dephasing-covariant operations enable asymptotic reversibility of quantum resources

We study the power of dephasing-covariant operations in the resource theories of coherence and entanglement. These are quantum operations whose actions commute with a projective measurement. In the resource theory of coherence, we find that any two states are asymptotically interconvertible under dephasing-covariant operations. This provides a rare example of a resource theory in which asymptotic reversibility can be attained without needing the maximal set of resource non-generating operations. When extended to the resource theory of entanglement, the resultant operations share similarities with LOCC, such as prohibiting the increase of all Renyi $\alpha$-entropies of entanglement under pure state transformations. However, we show these operations are still strong enough to enable asymptotic reversibility between any two maximally correlated mixed states, even in the multipartite setting.
Sexting from a Health Perspective: Sexting, Health, and Risky Sexual Behaviour

With the advent and ubiquity of smartphones being less than a decade old, it is not surprising that research on teen sexting is in its infancy. Although it has consistently been shown that sexting is related to actual sexual behaviour, research on the link between sexting and adverse health outcomes is less clear. The current chapter will review the evidence examining the link between teen sexting and (1) sexual behaviour, (2) risky sexual behaviour, and (3) psychosocial health. Practical strategies will be provided on how to address sexting with teens and teens’ parents, when concerns about sexting are justified, and potential methods to prevent coercive sexting. Arguments will be supported with original data from an ongoing longitudinal study of adolescent health.
“What is it that We Call the Nation”: Cecilia Lillian Tshabalala’s definition, diagnosis, and prognosis of the nation in a segregated South Africa

This paper examines the ideology of Cecilia Lillian Tshabalala who spent 18 years in the United States from 1912 to 1930. Within two years of returning to South Africa, she founded the self-help gr...
Examining the Value Aspiring Principals Place on Various Instructional Strategies in Principal Preparation

Abstract: This article reports on a study of the value master’s students in a principal preparation program placed on a variety of instructional strategies. The aspiring principals completed a survey with fixed-response and open-ended items. The students’ most valued class discussions were about how their personal experiences related to the class topic and how to apply the topic to practice. Class activities valued most highly by the aspiring principals were problem solving, simulations, small-group discussions, and whole-group discussions. Out-of-class assignments rated most highly included writing reflective papers, conducting interviews and observations, and performing leadership activities in schools. The types of readings the master’s students most appreciated were case studies and journal articles. In describing their “outstanding professor,” the aspiring principals focused on the professor’s personal qualities, creation of a positive learning environment, and constructivist teaching.Â Â
A Social-Emotional Leadership Framework for School Counselors:

Social-emotional learning (SEL) is an effective intervention focus associated with personal growth, student achievement, and behavioral regulation. The authors suggest that school counselors extend...
Electrodeposition of copper on thermally oxidized 316 L stainless steel substrates

The effect of thermal oxidation of 316 L stainless steel cathode blanks used in copper electrodeposition was studied. Current and potential step experiments were performed to evaluate electrochemical changes caused by the oxidation treatments. SEM and AES were used to characterize the stainless steel substrates and the deposited copper films. Particular emphasis was given to the initial stages of copper nucleation and growth. The copper electrocrystallization process was strongly influenced by the temperature employed in oxidizing the stainless steel. Dense, uniform and fine copper nuclei were obtained on the stainless steel substrate oxidized in air at 200°C and 300°C for 3h. The copper nucleation density and uniformity decreased considerably on substrates treated at 500°C and 600°C. Attempts were made to identify changes in the mechanism of copper nucleation on the various oxidized stainless steel substrates using models developed by Thirsk and Harrison.
Biological Predictors of Problem Drinking

The strongest known predictor of alcoholism occurring in a particular individual is the presence of alcoholism in his or her family. It is, in fact, the only known predictor. The way alcoholism is transmitted from generation to generation in families is not known, but there is growing evidence that biological factors (i.e., heredity) influence the transmission. The first section of this chapter reviews this evidence in detail.
A History of Molecular Electro-Optics

Before describing Kerr’s discovery of the first electro-optic effect to be detected, let us consider the physical principles of the phenomenon. Figure 1 illustrates the electric double refraction, or birefringence, and introduces conventional terminology. A plane polarized light beam enters a sample placed between plane parallel electrodes connected to an external voltage source. The direction of polarization of the light beam is specified by the direction of its electric vector, E i, which is normally oriented at 45° with respect to the direction of the applied electric field, as illustrated in the view along the direction of the light beam in Fig. 1 (a). The vector of the incident light, E i, may be decomposed into two components, one parallel to the direction of the applied electric field, designated E║, and the other, E┴, perpendicular to the direction of the applied electric field. These two vectors are in phase as the electromagnetic radiation enters the medium. Under the influence of the external field the refractive indexes of the medium change and become unequal for the parallel and the perpendicular components; the sample behaves like a uniaxial crystal with its unique optic axis in the direction of the applied field. The two component rays traverse the medium at different velocities, and emerge out of phase, as illustrated in Fig. 1 (b). The resultant, Ee, produces a vector which describes an ellipse.
Mentors That Matter: International Student Leadership Development and Mentor Roles.

Leadership development has been identified as an important outcome of higher education in the United States. However, relatively few scholars have investigated leadership development outcomes of international students studying in U.S. postsecondary contexts. Using data from the Multi-Institutional Study of Leadership, the purpose of this quantitative study was to investigate the role of mentors in fostering leadership development outcomes for international students. Results suggest that international students whose primary college mentor is a faculty member or a student affairs professional demonstrate higher levels of both socially responsible leadership capacity and leadership self-efficacy than those international students who identify their most significant mentor as another student.