cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Near-UV electroluminescence in unipolar-doped, bipolar-tunneling GaN/AlN heterostructures

Cross-gap light emission is reported in n-type unipolar GaN/AlN double-barrier heterostructure diodes at room temperature. Three different designs were grown on semi-insulating bulk GaN substrates using molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). All samples displayed a single electroluminescent spectral peak at 360 nm with full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) values no greater than 16 nm and an external quantum efficiency (EQE) of ≈0.0074% at 18.8 mA. In contrast to traditional GaN light emitters, p-type doping and p-contacts are completely avoided, and instead, holes are created in the GaN on the emitter side of the tunneling structure by direct interband (that is, Zener) tunneling from the valence band to the conduction band on the collector side. The Zener tunneling is enhanced by the high electric fields (~5 × 106 V cm−1) created by the notably large polarization-induced sheet charge at the interfaces between the AlN and GaN. Narrow-band ultraviolet electroluminescence has been observed from unipolar GaN/AlN heterostructures. Ever since the realization of GaN light-emitting diodes in the early 1990s, GaN photonics has been growing steadily, but a significant bottleneck has been p-type GaN contacts, which are hard to grow and to realize uniform injection of carriers. Now, Paul Berger of Ohio State University and co-workers have developed devices that eliminate the need for p-type GaN doping by using a bipolar tunneling scheme for charge injection. The light emission of the devices was centered on a wavelength of 360 nanometers and had a narrow spectral width of less than 16 nanometers. While the devices had an optical power on the microwatt scale and a low quantum efficiency, the team anticipates that their performance can be improved by subsequent optimization.
Postcolonialism: Dialectic of Autonomy and Determinism

As we have seen, thought or philosophical discourse has as much determinate effect on the literary as does the materiality of production. In this chapter, I track the contours of the discourse on autonomy in African literature and culture in order to lay the groundwork for establishing the connections between literary criticism and editorial criticism as a relation of autonomy and determinism. It is worth pointing out that academics such as Abiola Irele and Simon Gikandi are the empirical connections between the practice of literary criticism and editorial criticism precisely because of their role as publishers’ readers. This shows how wrong we would be to pretend that literary scholarship is happening entirely outside the field of literary production rather than from certain determinate positions to, or within, it. Any engagement with an editor or publisher is an indirect engagement with a critic or scholar, whose specialist opinion the editor mostly takes into consideration before accepting or rejecting a manuscript or recommending a revision.
Embedded Low-Power Processor for Personalized Stress Detection

Personal monitoring systems require sampling and processing on multiple streams of physiological signals to extract meaningful information. These systems require a large number of digital signal processing and machine learning kernels, which typically require significant amounts of power. However, to be used in a wearable environment, the processing system needs to be low-power, real-time, and light-weight. In this brief, we present a personalized stress monitoring processor that can meet these requirements. First, various physiological features are explored to maximize stress detection accuracy using two machine learning classifiers including support vector machine (SVM) and ${K}$ -nearest neighbors (KNN). Among different extracted features from four physiological sensors, heart rate and accelerometer features have 96.7% (SVM) and 95.8% (KNN) detection accuracy. In the second part, two fully flexible and multi-modal processing hardware designs are presented that consist of feature extraction and classification algorithms. We first demonstrate the ASIC post-layout implementation of both designs in 65-nm CMOS technology as well as the implementation on Artix-7 field-programmable gate array (FPGA). The proposed SVM and KNN processors on the ASIC platform occupy an area of 0.17 mm2 and 0.3 mm2 and dissipate 39.4 mW and 76.69 mW power, respectively. The ASIC implementation improves the energy efficiency by $42{\times }$ (SVM) and $12{\times }$ (KNN) over FPGA implementations. The entire stress monitoring system is further evaluated against a number of other platforms including Raspberry Pi 3B, NVIDIA TX1 GPU, and NVIDIA TX2 GPU. The experimental results indicate that ASIC and FPGA platforms have the highest throughput (decision/sec) as well as lowest power consumption over all other platforms. The ASIC/FPGA implementations improve the energy efficiency (throughput/power) by 6/5 and 5/4 order of magnitude compared to TX1 GPU and Raspberry pie ARM platforms, respectively.
Five-factor model in bereaved adults with and without complicated grief.

ABSTRACTKnowledge about what psychological characteristics underlie complicated grief (CG) is limited. The current study examined the five-factor personality traits in 81 bereaved adults with (n = ...
Connection Between Mathematical Ideas

There is lack of attention to the connection between geometrical concepts and fundamental mathematical ideas. Connections, as one of the five Process Standards stipulated by the National Council of Teachers in Mathematics (NCTM, 2000), emphasize students’ ability to understand the connections among mathematical ideas. The purpose of this chapter is to present how mathematical ideas can be connected to promote deeper conceptual understanding.
Solid-Solution Strengthening in Fe—Cr Alloys Using Mössbauer Spectroscopy

This paper briefly describes a coupling of stress—microstrain measurements with Mossbauer spectroscopy to study the mechanism o s solution strengthening in dilute Fe—Cr alloys (0.00 to 4.46 wt %). The observed spectra consist of three superimposed hyperfine spectra characteristic of iron atoms with zero, one, and two chromium neighbors. The observed isomer shifts and hyperfine field shifts are interpreted in terms of competing short-range and long-range effects.
An Integrated Economic Model for Inventory and Statistical Process Control

Determining the optimal design of a quality control chart has been the subject of study of many authors over the past four decades. In this paper, we present an optimization model for the design of a Shewhart X chart, taking into account both inventory and statistical process control considerations. The system consists of a single item produced at a fixed rate in finite-length production runs or batches. The production process experiences at random a single assignable cause that shifts the mean of the quality characteristic. Demand is assumed to follow a Poisson distribution. Search and repair times are assumed to be stochastic. The objective is to minimize the sum of quality-related and inventory-related expected costs per time unit. The model is based on a Markov-chain model for the analysis of an inventory system controlled with an X chart by Del Castillo [3] and a model for the economic design of a control chart in finite-length production runs by Ladany and Bedi [5]. A sensitivity analysis is performed on the optimization model based on results from a large experiment. Second order polynomial surfaces were fitted as smooth approximations of the actual responses of interest, some of which, although available in analytic form, were too complicated and non-linear to clarify the underlying relationships. Included is a discussion resolving the apparent trade-offs that exist between having increasingly better quality and improved production-inventory operations. It is shown that a continuous improvement program that reduces the rate of assignable causes and the time for repairs improves all performance metrics, both inventory-related and quality-related.
Successful prevention of perinatal HIV transmission utilizing direct observation therapy in the setting of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) and progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy.

Abstract We report a case of a 22-year-old G1P0010 African-American female with poorly controlled perinatally acquired HIV/AIDS and recent diagnosis of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). She presented to a tertiary care facility for prenatal care and direct observation therapy after poor medication adherence during pregnancy. After multiple attempts at outpatient ART management, the patient was admitted at 35 weeks’ gestation for direct observation therapy for both antiretroviral therapy and anti-seizure medication. Viral load at that time was 22,487 copies/mL and she was admitted and started on a salvage regimen which included: dolutegravir, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine, darunavir, ritonavir, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole for Pneumocystis jirovecii prophylaxis. The patient remained on direct observation therapy throughout her two-week hospital stay with final viral load of 1211 copies/mL, CD4 284/uL at time of delivery at 37 weeks’ gestation, with minimal seizure activity. The infant received postnatal antiretroviral therapy including three doses of zidovudine and nevirapine with negative HIV PCR at birth, 2, 4, and 6 months postpartum and is currently HIV negative.
A Survey Assessing Pediatric Transport Team Composition and Training.

Objective The aim of this study was to assess national pediatric/neonatal specialty transport teams' composition and training requirements to determine if any current standardization exists. Methods This was a survey of the transport teams listed with the American Academy of Pediatrics via SurveyMonkey. Results While most of the teams maintain internal criteria for team competency and training, there is large variation across team compositions. The vast majority of the teams have a nurse-led team with the addition of another nurse, medic, and/or respiratory therapist regardless of mode of transport. Many of the teams report adjusting team composition based on acuity. Fewer than 15% of teams have a physician as a standard team member. More than 80% required a minimum number of supervised intubations prior to independent practice; however, the number varied largely from as little as 3 to as many as 30. Eighty-eight percent of the teams report using simulation as part of their education program, but again there were marked differences between teams as to how it was used. Conclusions There is tremendous variability nationally among pediatric/neonatal transport teams regarding training requirements, certifications, and team composition. The lack of standardization regarding team member qualifications or maintenance of competency among specialized transport teams should be looked at more closely, and evidence-based guidelines may help lead to further improved outcomes in the care of critically ill pediatric patients in the prehospital setting.
Visual-graphic symbol acquisition in school age children with developmental and language delays

Augmented language systems have become both an integral component of communication intervention programs for children with severe communicative impairments and spurred research on their language an...
Effective Surface Enhancement of Nanomechanical Disk Resonators Using CNT for Mass Sensing Applications

This work presents fabrication of thermal-piezoresistive nanoelectromechanical (NEM) silicon disk resonators and their characterization as highly sensitive mass sensors. Forests of carbon nanotubes (CNT) have been grown on top surface of the resonators increasing the effective surface area of the resonator which in turn increases adsorption capacity of the sensor in molecular or particulate detection applications. To characterize the mass sensitivity, devices were exposed to a solution of manganese sulfate (0.02M) for different deposition times. MnO 2 nanoparticles were gradually deposited on CNTs adding to the resonator mass. The resonance frequency shift due to added MnO 2 mass was recorded accordingly. The calculated mass sensitivity from experimental results shows mass sensitivity as high as 5 Hz/femtogram for a $20\mu\mathrm{m}$ diameter disk resonator.
Function and Development of Coronary Collateral Vessels

It is well recognized that coronary collateral vessels help to preserve jeopardized myocardium in regions distal to a high grade stenosis (1, 2). However, there is substantial variation between species in their ability to develop collateral vessels. The dog in particular responds by developing these vessels to a substantial degree (3). Other species, such as humans and swine, have a much less well developed collateral circulation following chronic gradual coronary occlusion (4, 5). The purpose of this chapter is to examine the function and development of the coronary collateral circulation in dog and swine, with attention to underlying mechanisms.
Studies on the Radiosensitivity of Bone Marrow: I. The Relative Sensitivity of Erythroid and Myeloid Elements

Abstract 1. Data are presented on (a) comparison of the regenerative capacity of erythroid tissue in the irradiated and nonirradiated cat after the stimulus of acute hemorrhage resulting in a 40 per cent reduction in the peripheral erythrocyte level; (b) comparison of the relative regenerative capacity of myelopoietic and erythropoietic tissue in the same animals after 200 r delivered to the whole body. 2. Recovery from standard anemia produced by hemorrhage immediately prior to irradiation injury was only slightly less rapid in the irradiated than in the control group. Estimates of functional reserve indicate that the cats exposed to 200 r were still able in the first 20 days after exposure to produce erythrocytes at nearly twice the normal production rate in the nonanemic, normal animal. 3. In sharp contrast to the findings for erythropoiesis, myelopoiesis as judged by peripheral leukocyte counts was severely depressed for about 30 days and final recovery delayed for 40 to 50 days after 200 r. In the face of the stimulus of leukopenia developing shortly after the radiation exposure, myeloid tissue appeared incapable of operating at more than a fraction of its normal productive capacity for a long period of time. 4. The data indicate that on the basis of functional impairment erythropoietic tissue is significantly less sensitive to radiation injury than is the myelopoietic tissue of the same animal under the conditions of this experiment.
Annual Research Review: Adolescent mental health in the digital age: facts, fears, and future directions

Adolescents are spending an increasing amount of their time online and connected to each other via digital technologies. Mobile device ownership and social media usage have reached unprecedented levels, and concerns have been raised that this constant connectivity is harming adolescents’ mental health. This review synthesized data from three sources: (a) narrative reviews and meta-analyses conducted between 2014 and 2019, (b) large-scale preregistered cohort studies and (c) intensive longitudinal and ecological momentary assessment studies, to summarize what is known about linkages between digital technology usage and adolescent mental health, with a specific focus on depression and anxiety. The review highlights that most research to date has been correlational, focused on adults versus adolescents, and has generated a mix of often conflicting small positive, negative and null associations. The most recent and rigorous large-scale preregistered studies report small associations between the amount of daily digital technology usage and adolescents’ well-being that do not offer a way of distinguishing cause from effect and, as estimated, are unlikely to be of clinical or practical significance. Implications for improving future research and for supporting adolescents’ mental health in the digital age are discussed.
Going out for a Pint: Exploring the Relationship between Craft Brewery Locations and Neighborhood Walkability

The purpose of this paper is to explore the relationship between neighborhood walkability and craft brewery locations. Craft breweries are emerging as Third Places across the United States as a par...
Second-Opinion Reads in Interstitial Lung Disease Imaging: Added Value of Subspecialty Interpretation.

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this study was to determine how often a second-opinion interpretation of interstitial lung disease (ILD) by an academic cardiothoracic radiologist is discordant with the initial interpretation by a nonacademic radiologists and how often the clinical diagnosis determined by multidisciplinary consensus agrees with the initial and second-opinion interpretations. Methods This retrospective study included 364 consecutive second-opinion CT examination reports of imaging from nonacademic radiology practices from July 2014 to May 2016. The second-opinion interpretations, provided by seven fellowship-trained cardiothoracic radiologists, were compared with the initial interpretations and the clinical diagnoses determined by multidisciplinary consensus. Results Two hundred ninety-six consecutive reports met the inclusion criteria, and two hundred had findings of ILD. The initial interpretations lacked specific diagnoses in 41% of reports, but the second-opinion reports lacked specific diagnoses in only 7%. When a diagnosis was provided, the second-opinion diagnosis disagreed with the initial interpretation in 25% of cases. The clinical-consensus diagnosis was concordant with that of the academic radiologists 85% of the time but concordant with the initial interpretation only 44% of the time. The academic radiologists’ diagnostic sensitivity was higher than that of the initial radiologists for the four most common diagnoses: usual interstitial pneumonitis (0.91 versus 0.4), sarcoidosis (0.94 versus 0.60), hypersensitivity pneumonitis (0.79 versus 0.17), and nonspecific interstitial pneumonitis (0.72 versus 0.14). Conclusions Academic cardiothoracic radiologists were more likely to provide specific diagnoses for ILD, and these diagnoses were more likely to be concordant with the multidisciplinary consensus.
Magnetic Needle Steering Model Identification Using Expectation-Maximization

Deep Brain Stimulation is used to treat Parkinson’s disease and other neurological disorders by implanting an electrode into the brain via a straight-path needle insertion. Enabling course correction and curved trajectories by using a steerable needle has the potential to improve operative outcomes. In this work, a physically motivated dynamic model for an actively steered magnetic-tipped needle is derived. Process and measurement noise covariances and model parameter curvature gain are identified using an expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm. Parameter convergence and accuracy are evaluated, and an RMS position trajectory accuracy of 0. 8lmm is calculated for expected conditions. The EM algorithm converged for expected parameter variations in simulation, which supports the EM implementation’s use in identifying the parameters of the model in a physical system.
Multifrequency beam-based migration in inhomogeneous media using windowed Fourier transform frames

We consider the problem of inhomogeneous subsurface imaging using beam waves. The formulation is based on the ultra-wide-band phase-space beam summation (UWB-PS-BS) method, which is structured upon windowed Fourier transform (WFT) expansions of surface fields and sources. In this approach, the radiated field is given as a superposition of beam propagators. Here, we use the beams first for expanding the surface sources and the scattered data, and then for imaging where we use the backpropagation and cross-correlation of beams. This formulation enables a target oriented imaging approach, where we take into account only pairs of source and receiver beams that pass near a region of interest, and thus extract only the relevant data arriving from this region. It also leads to a priori sparse representation of both the beam domain data and the beam propagators. A physical cogent for the beam domain data is obtained under the Born approximation. The beam domain data can be approximated as the local interaction between the beam propagators and the medium reflectivity. Thus, one may interpret the beam domain data as a local Snell's law reflection in the direction defined by the vector summation of the incident beam and backpropagated beam ray parameters. We demonstrate a physical model for the beam domain data and the salient features of the proposed imaging algorithm using numerical examples.
Robust Mean Estimation in High Dimensions via $\ell_0$ Minimization

We study the robust mean estimation problem in high dimensions, where $\alpha <0.5$ fraction of the data points can be arbitrarily corrupted. Motivated by compressive sensing, we formulate the robust mean estimation problem as the minimization of the $\ell_0$-`norm' of the outlier indicator vector, under second moment constraints on the inlier data points. We prove that the global minimum of this objective is order optimal for the robust mean estimation problem, and we propose a general framework for minimizing the objective. We further leverage the $\ell_1$ and $\ell_p$ $(0<p<1)$, minimization techniques in compressive sensing to provide computationally tractable solutions to the $\ell_0$ minimization problem. Both synthetic and real data experiments demonstrate that the proposed algorithms significantly outperform state-of-the-art robust mean estimation methods.
Association between vitamin D and ovarian cancer development in BRCA1 mutation carriers.

Objective Women with inherited mutations in BRCA1 gene have a high (40-70%) genetic risk of developing ovarian cancer. Epidemiological studies suggest an inverse correlation between serum vitamin D (VD) levels and the risk of ovarian cancer, but there is a lack of data from BRCA1 mutation (BRCA1 mut) carriers. Therefore, we investigated VD levels and actions in cancer free women with BRCA1 mutations. Materials and methods Blood, ovary and fallopian tube samples were collected from healthy pre-menopausal women with BRCA1 mut and without BRCA1 mutations (BRCA wt). Serum calcifediol (major circulating form of VD) concentrations were measured by electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. Immunohistochemistry was performed on paraffin-embedded ovarian and fallopian tube sections to determine vitamin D receptor (VDR) expression. Ovarian surface epithelial cells (OSEs) from BRCA1 mut carriers were cultured with or without calcitriol supplementation for 72 hrs. VDR protein levels, cell proliferation and cell viability were analyzed. Results BRCA1 mut women had lower serum calcifediol levels compared to BRCA wt women (p = 0.003). VDR protein expression was evident in ovarian and the fallopian tube epithelium of BRCA wt patients, but was reduced in BRCA1 mut women. Calcitriol (biologically active VD) supplementation elevated VDR expression in cultured BRCA1 mut OSEs (p = 0.005) and decreased cell proliferation rates in a dose-dependent manner without inducing apoptosis. Conclusions VD biosynthesis and signaling via VDR in the ovarian and fallopian tube epithelium are impaired in BRCA1 mut women. VD treatment may limit BRCA1 mut epithelial cell proliferation without affecting cell viability, providing a rationale for exploring the potential for VD in ovarian cancer prevention in BRCA1 mut carriers.
Long-Term Levels of LDL-C and Cognitive Function: The CARDIA Study.

Objectives: It is uncertain if long-term levels of low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) affect cognition in middle age. We examined the association of LDL-C levels over 25 years with cognitive function in a prospective cohort of black and white US adults. Methods: Lipids were measured at baseline (1985–1986; age: 18–30 years) and at serial examinations conducted over 25 years. Time-averaged cumulative LDL-C was calculated using the area under the curve for 3,328 participants with ≥3 LDL-C measurements and a cognitive function assessment. Cognitive function was assessed at the Year 25 examination with the Digit Symbol Substitution Test [DSST], Rey Auditory Visual Learning Test [RAVLT], and Stroop Test. A brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sub-study (N = 707) was also completed at Year 25 to assess abnormal white matter tissue volume (AWMV) and gray matter cerebral blood flow volume (GM-CBFV) as secondary outcomes. Results: There were 15.6%, 32.9%, 28.9%, and 22.6% participants with time-averaged cumulative LDL-C <100 mg/dL, 101–129 mg/dL, 130–159 mg/dL, and ≥160 mg/dL, respectively. Standardized differences in all cognitive function test scores ranged from 0.16 SD lower to 0.09 SD higher across time-averaged LDL-C categories in comparison to those with LDL-C < 100 mg/dL. After covariate adjustment, participants with higher versus lower time-averaged LDL-C had a lower RAVLT score (p-trend = 0.02) but no differences were present for DSST, Stroop Test, AWMV, or GM-CBFV. Conclusion: Cumulative LDL-C was associated with small differences in memory, as assessed by RAVLT scores, but not other cognitive or brain MRI measures over 25 years of follow-up.
Effect of drought stress at different growth stages on grain yield of indica hybrid rice

[Objectives]Many of the rice-growing areas lack adequate irrigation facilities.This study explored the effect of drought stress at different growth durations on grain yield of indica hybrid rice in the plateau mountain region of southwest China.[Methods]We excepted to provide very useful information to cope with seasonal drought which occurred frequently in the local areas.Three indica hybrid rice cultivars including‘Liangyou 585' ‘Jinyou 785 'and ‘Ziyou 93 ' were used as materials for tanks-experiment in two years.Ten days after transplanting,water was controlled by relative water content of soil at a 20cm depth around 70% in six growth periods,i.e.,productive tillering stage(PTS),unproductive tillering stage(NPTS),early stage of panicle initiation(EPDS),late stage of panicle initiation(LPDS),ear sprouting stage(ESS),grain filling stage(GFS) and continuous flooding as control check(CK).Each of six stress treatments was flooded after 20 days of drought treatment,respectively.[Results]Compared with CK,grain yields of all six drought stress treatments decreased by 3.6%-31.1%.Among these drought stress treatment,the highest grain yield was achieved by the drought stress at unproductive tillering stage.And the lowest grain yields were achieved by drought stress at productive tillering stage or early stage of panicle initiation,followed by drought stress at heading period,late stage of panicle initiation and grain filling stage.Compared with CK,productive panicles per unit area were reduced by drought stress treatment in productive tillering growth period,the number of spikelet per panicle and seed setting rate was reduced by drought stress in panicle initiation growth period,and 1 000-grain weight was reduced by drought stress in grain filling period.In the rice population forming process,tiller growth was restrained by drought stress in productive tillering period,which caused smaller biomass accumulation de-spite higher effective spike rate.The top three leaves and productive leaves were restrained by drought stress in panicle initiation period,lower LAI caused smaller dry matter accumulation,and dry matter translocation and distribution was reduced by drought stress in heading and grain filling periods.[Conclusions]Long period(20d) moderate drought stress at different development stages led to the yield losses of hybrid indica rice in varing degrees,which could not be completely compensated even by rewatering.
An Evaluation of Aerosolized Medication Overrides in a Children’s Hospital

Background: Automated Dispensing Cabinets (ADC) are a pharmacy adjunct that assists hospital pharmacies in ensuring medication is safely stored and delivered at the point of care. One of the functions of ADC is the ability for users to override medications. The Joint Commission recommends that medication overrides only occur in emergent situations. When medications are removed via override, the risk for adverse events increases. We aimed to establish a benchmark for ADC overrides for aerosolized medications at a children’s health care system. Methods: IRB approval was obtained to conduct this retrospective single-center study. This study was performed at a 200-bed pediatric hospital (Level 1 Trauma Center, Level 4 NICU) and was part of a performance improvement project. The observation time of this trial was from January 1st to March 31st, 2019. All medications were maintained and dispensed via Pyxis ADC using standard medication procurement procedures. The override function allows for the clinician to obtain medications independent of a physician’s order if approved by the institution. A standard dispense is any medication dispensed with the patient’s name, medical record number, and physician’s order. An override dispense is any medication dispensed to a clinician without a physician order as required for a standard dispense. The pharmacy team downloaded all medication data from the Pyxis server to an Excel spreadsheet for review. The following data was collected: number of drugs dispensed, date and time of dispense, name and profession of the clinician requesting the medication, type of medication, and type of dispense (standard or override). Results: A total of 24,114 aerosolized medications were dispensed in the 3-month observation phase. 0.8% of the aerosolized medications were obtained via ADC override. See graph for additional information. Conclusions: This study can be used to develop and establish a benchmark for aerosolized ADC medication overrides. The total number of aerosolized medications that were overridden by the RT Team was minimal but accounted for 16.5% of total ADC medications for our institution. It is important to utilize the medication safety processes that are in place to protect our patients. Further studies should be completed to assess the impact of medication overrides in the field of Respiratory Care. Future research should also focus on the establishment of a similar benchmark for the adult patient population.
Splenic embolization

While transcatheter embolization of the spleen has shown promise in the treatment of a wide spectrum of disorders, the incidence of serious complications with this technique has limited its use as an alternative to operative splenectomy. In our institution 41 patients were treated with a modified technique involving partial splenic embolization, careful antibiotic prophylaxis, and adequate pain control. There was no mortality and only few instances of clinically significant complications: a splenic abscess in one patient, pancreatitis in one patient, severe pleural effusions in two patients, and pneumonia in five patients.
Structure of the product of the enzymatic reaction between maleimides and substituted 4-carbon amino acids. Spectroscopic properties of hydrazone derivatives.

In elimination reactions, catalyzed by pyridoxal phosphate enzymes, from β- or γ-substituted 4-carbon amino acids, a transient intermediate is trapped by N-ethylmaleimide, leading to the accumulation of a new product in place of α-ketobutyrate. From examination of degradation products, this compound has tentatively been assigned the structure α-keto-3-[3'-(N'-ethyl-2',5'-dioxopyrrolidyl)]butyric acid (KEDB). KEDB has now been isolated in pure form as its dinitrophenylhydrazone (DNPH) derivative, as has the corresponding compound, α-keto-3-[3'-(2',5'-dioxopyrrolidyl)]butyric acid (KDB), formed when maleimide was substituted for N-ethylmaleimide. The molar specific radioactivity (compared with that of a labeled precursor) and ultraviolet absorbance of KEDB-DNPH were compatible with the molecular weight, 407, of the proposed structure, and the infrared spectrum indicated the presence of an intact succinimide ring. The presence or absence of optical activity could not be determined because of rapid racemization, as shown by interconversion of diastereoisomers, during the isolation procedure. The elementary composition of all the ions in a mass spectrum of KEDB-DNPH was determined. The peak of highest mass corresponded to the proposed structure less CO2. However, the spectrum of α-ketobutyrate-DNPH also showed only a weak molecular ion, and an intense peak reflecting decarboxylation. The spectrum of KDB-DNPH served to distinguish fragments originating from DNPH, which were of the same mass as those from KEDB-DNPH, from those containing the succinimidyl group, which were 28 mass units (C2H4) lower. The elemental composition of fragments thus shown to be derived from the succinimidyl moiety (C10H13NO4) of KEDB-DNPH, and containing 9, 8, or 6 carbon atoms, was consistent with plausible fragmentations of a structure in which N-ethylsuccinimide is connected with the carbonyl carbon of the α-keto acid moiety by —(CH3)CH—, whereas the low abundance of 7-carbon fragments was evidence against a linkage through a —CH2CH2— bridge.
Using SAP ERP software in online distance education

This paper describes the design, delivery and outcomes at one university when using SAP's enterprise resource planning (ERP) software in a management information systems (MIS) course. The course provides students "hands on" experience using SAP software to learn how an ERP system could help a company streamline business processes, improve communication among departments, and facilitate sharing of information. Topics include joining SAP's University Alliances (UA) program, using SAP's University Competency Center (data center), instructors' education and preparation for students, administration during class, and learning outcomes. Discussed are successes and failures when incorporating SAP ERP software in an online distance education class. Also discussed is a more successful alternative using a simulator for SAP ERP. Other universities and colleges considering, or having implemented, SAP ERP into their curricula may benefit from lessons learned.
Another Look at Differentiability in Quadratic Mean

This note revisits the delightfully subtle interconnections between three ideas: differentiability, in an S 2 sense, of the square-root of a probability density; local asymptotic normality; and contiguity.
Very high resolution calculations of very young supernova remnants

After the supernova shock wave has swepted up about 8–10 stellar masses of interstellar material, the SNR structure is well described by blast wave theory (eg. Sedov 1959, Chevalier 1977). In fact, both numerical calculations of the early phases (Jones, Smith, and Straka 1981) and small scale, laboratory simulations (Wilke 1982) show transition to blast wave at 8–10 masses. While the late stages have been well understood for some time, the early stages have only been crudely modeled until very recently.
American Evaluations of European Agriculture

T HE development of American agricultural techniques in the period prior to i8oo may be thought of as occurring through the amalgamation of the techniques and resources of the Old World and the New. The first half of the nineteenth century, though dominated by the changes imposed by agricultural expansion on the frontier and by a growing urban population, featured also careful evaluation of the differences between American and European agriculture, a process that resulted in extensive but selected borrowings. The middle of the century witnessed declarations of American technical independence on the basis of equality and indeed superiority over Europe in some areas and the dominance of the idea that henceforth agricultural progress would depend on America's own exploration and experimentation. The agricultural problem in the nineteenth century was the exploration of the continent's possibilities in the light of its own fauna and flora, its climatic peculiarities, its unknown soil capacities and market opportunities, and the reaction of these upon the imported culture. Long before i8oo, these mixed pressures and opportunities had produced a uniquely American pattern in techniques and institutions. Forced changes in such a situation occurred chiefly as the moving frontier presented conditions that required adjustment of both those who labored on it and those in the older regions. Although the American techniques yielded their practitioners a return far greater than was possible in Europe, they were nevertheless the target of numerous critics, domestic and foreign. Condemnation was heaped on the farmer's apparent slovenliness, the destructive nature of his use of soils, his reliance on certain crops to the neglect of others, and his treatment of livestock in a way that emphasized hardiness at the expense of quality. Much of this criticism reflected a failure to understand the economics of the American farmer's position. These judgments seemed to be based on intensity of soil use, and by that standard, as was pointed out a century ago, the agriculture of the Dutch and Flemish led Europe while that of the Chinese led the world. The implication that superiority in productivity per acre was identical with superiority in production per man was an error which may explain in large part the lack of mutual understanding between practical farmers and many of those who wrote about farming.
Probing the Electronic Structure of [2Fe-2S] Clusters with Three Coordinate Iron Sites by Use of Photoelectron Spectroscopy

Five series of [2Fe-2S] complexes, [Fe2S2Cl2-x(CN)x]-, [Fe2S2(SEt)2-xClx]-, [Fe2S2(SEt)2-x(CN)x]-, [Fe2S2Cl2-x(OAc)x]- (OAc = acetate), and [Fe2S2(SEt)2-x(OPr)x]- (OPr = propionate) (x = 0−2), were produced by collision-induced dissociation of the corresponding [4Fe-4S] complexes, and their electronic structures were studied by photoelectron spectroscopy. All the [2Fe-2S] complexes contain a [Fe2S2]+ core similar to that in reduced [2Fe] ferredoxins but with different coordination geometries. For the first three series, which only involve tricoordinated Fe sites, a linear relationship between the measured binding energies and the substitution number (x) was observed, revealing the independent ligand contributions to the total electron binding energies. The effect of the ligand increases in the order SEt → Cl → CN, conforming to their electron-withdrawing ability in the same order. The carboxylate ligands in the [Fe2S2Cl2-x(OAc)x]- and [Fe2S2(SEt)2-x(OPr)x]- complexes were observed to act as bidentate liga...
Effect of long-term high intensity aerobic training on left ventricular volume during maximal upright exercise.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine whether high intensity, long-term aerobic training causes the left ventricle to develop different mechanisms for increasing cardiac output during submaximal and maximal upright bicycle exercise. Fifteen competitive collegiate long distance runners and 14 healthy sedentary adults were studied with use of subcostal view four chamber two-dimensional echocardiography at rest and during and at peak maximal upright bicycle exercise. At rest, the athletes had a larger end-diastolic volume index (85 ± 14 ml/m2) (mean ± 1 SD) than that of the sedentary adults (62 ± 14 ml/m2) and a larger end-systolic volume index (37 ± 11 versus 21 ± 6 ml/m2). During low and moderate intensity exercise, end-diastolic and stroke volume indexes increased in both groups, but at high intensity exercise and at peak exercise the end-diastolic volume index of both groups decreased significantly below rest value (athletes, 61 ± 14; sedentary subjects, 46 ± 10 ml/m2, both p Therefore, although long distance runners have a dilated left ventricle at rest, they utilize the same mechanisms as sedentary adults for increasing cardiac output during upright dynamic exercise. At low and moderate level exercise, the Frank-Starling mechanism is a dominant mechanism for increasing cardiac output, but at peak exercise, probably because of reduced diastolic left ventricular filling, enhanced contractility is the major mechanism for maintaining stroke volume.
The Falklands war and government popularity in Britain: Rally without consequence or surge without decline?

Abstract There is little agreement on what war does to government support in the mass public. The examples of American public opinion on Korea and Vietnam contradict the notion that war enhances such support. This paper probes the effect of the Falklands War of 1982 on the popularity of Prime Minister Thatcher and the Conservative Party. Four basic intervention models are estimated by way of a Box-Tiao time series analysis using monthly popularity measures from June 1979 to July 1985. The evidence favors the gradual-temporary type of model: a surge of government support distributed over the three months of the war is followed by a slow decline. Mrs Thatcher's gains register earlier and more strongly than those of her party. Nevertheless, the gains of the Conservative Party, according to this analysis, prove worth approximately six points in the 1983 general election.
Stark's Age of Faith Argument and the Secularization of Things: A Commentary

Rodney Stark has recently argued that secularization theory stands or falls with the historical existence of an age of faith, which is thought to present a contrast with our present religiously-mixed situation. He presents much recent evidence that the medieval period does not fit that description. But he misconceives the issues. First, faith is not the most natural description of medieval religion, which is better seen as religious culture. As Lucien Febvre pointed out, those populations literally could not express themselves outside of a religious idiom, unlike today. Therefore, we commonly adopt a different sense of the term secularization in reference to culture (things or institutions) than when referring to people (beliefs). Second, although Stark warns that in assessing religion today we must remember not to restrict ourselves to Christianity, he violates that principle in insisting on proper religion when assessing medieval society. Third, he assumes that in speaking of secularization, one must mean secularization theory. This ignores a descriptive sense used in historical scholarship. Thus, Stark is announcing the demise of the concept of secularization just when it is becoming a larger and more important problem for scholars
A bromoacetylated analogue of cyanopindolol: an irreversible antagonist at rat beta-adrenoceptors.

A high affinity, chemically reactive cyanopindolol derivative. N8-bromoacetyl-N1-3'-(2-cyano-4-indolyloxy)-2'-hydroxypropyl-[Z]-1 ,8-diamino-p-menthane (Br-CYP) was synthesized and its interaction with beta-adrenoceptors characterized. Studies with rat heart, lung, brain, and red blood cell membranes indicated that the compound displaced 3H-dihydroalprenolol (3H-DHA) from beta-adrenoceptors with IC50 values in the nanomolar range. The concentration of functional beta-adrenoceptors in membranes was markedly reduced when membranes were preincubated with Br-CYP and then extensively washed prior to assay. (+/-)Alprenolol and (-)isoproterenol, but not (+)isoproterenol, when included in the preincubation prevented this reduction in binding sites by Br-CYP. Br-CYP was active in vivo when injected intraperitoneally into rats. A dose of 10 micrograms/kg reduced the concentration of binding sites in membranes from heart by 30%, lung by 36%, and RBC by 70%, but did not affect sites on brain membranes 16 hours after injection. Higher doses blocked virtually all the 3H-DHA binding sites in the peripheral organs studied. Br-CYP reduced the concentration of beta-adrenoceptors in membranes from these same tissues (but not brain tissue) as long as two weeks after injection with recovery of binding occurring more rapidly in heart tissue than lung and red blood cells. These results suggest that Br-CYP may be a useful compound for in vivo studies of the biochemistry and pharmacology of beta-adrenergic systems.
Social anxiety in body dysmorphic disorder

Although clinical impressions suggest that patients with body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) experience distress in social situations, social anxiety in BDD has received little investigation. This study examined social anxiety in 81 patients with BDD and change in social anxiety with pharmacotherapy. Subjects completed the Social Avoidance and Distress Scale (SADS) and were assessed with measures of BDD symptomatology. Participants in a placebo-controlled fluoxetine trial completed measures at baseline and endpoint. The mean SADS score was 1.3 SD units higher than nonclinical sample means but consistent with other clinical sample means. Social anxiety was significantly correlated with BDD severity. Greater depressive symptoms as well as comorbid avoidant personality disorder, but not comorbid social phobia, were also associated with higher SADS scores. Social anxiety did not improve more with fluoxetine than placebo, yet it improved significantly more in fluoxetine responders than in nonresponders. Understanding social anxiety in BDD has implications for reducing rates of misdiagnosis and treatment dropout.
Hadron masses with two flavors of dynamical fermions

Abstract We present preliminary results of a hadron mass spectrum calculation using two flavors of dynamical fermions on lattices as large as 10 3 × 24. We use these masses to estimate the lattice spacing and hence the chiral symmetry restoration temperature. We also investigate screening masses in the high temperature phase.
Micromechanics-based magnetomechanical modeling of ferromagnetic-particle-reinforced active composites

We study the magnetomechanical behavior of two-phase composites containing randomly dispersed ferromagnetic particles and nonmagnetic matrix. Starting from Green's functions we investigate the magnetic and elastic fields for two particles embedded in the infinite domain and define pair-wise interaction between particles. Macroscopically, we derive the averaged stress and strain fields over the composite and two phases. We then present effective magnetostriction and elasticity of composites and simulate the magnetomechanical coupling behavior during combined magnetomechanical loading conditions. Simulations are compared with other methods and experimental data to demonstrate the capability of the proposed method.
Tyrosinase: A Central Regulatory Protein for Cutaneous Pigmentation

Cutaneous pigmentation or skin color is the body's natural protection against sun-induced damage. Skin color is determined primarily by melanin, a biopolymer that is synthesized within epidermal melanocytes, packaged in cellular organelles called melanosomes, and then dispersed to neighboring keratinocytes. The process of melanogenesis involves numerous molecules and intracellular pathways that are subject to regulation by endogenous and exogenous factors. Tyrosinase is the central and rate-limiting enzyme in melanin biosynthesis. Therefore, elucidation of the molecules and pathways that regulate tyrosinase levels and activity could identify target areas for the development of compounds to decrease excessive pigmentation on one hand or induce pigmentation on the other. The following commentary will summarize the key regulatory molecules and pathways involved in tyrosinase function.
Poster: Icexplorer: Studying Great Lakes Ice cover

IceXplorer is a tool for analyzing variations in ice cover on Lake Erie. It enhances the data and pre-packaged analysis currently available in the Great Lakes Ice Atlas and serves as an example of a small, focused application where simple but carefully-chosen visualizations, interaction techniques, and automated data analysis are combined to create an effective tool for advancing scientific research.