cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Transfer Approach to the Ore

Summary.-The present study was conducted to test Lovejoy's attentional hypothesis concerning the effect of difficulry in a discrimination task on the overtraining reversal effect (ORE). Results indicated that either criterion or overtraining on a difficult problem produced efficient reversal acquisition. However, significantly rapid reversal performance only occurred when overtraining was combined with a difficult discrimination. Lovejoy's approach to the ORE was supported. Using a black-white discrimination problem, Reid (1953) found that rats which were overtrained on this task learned the reversal problem significantly faster than criterion trained rats. Reid's results were contradictory to the predictions of Hull's ( 1943) habit strength model. The phenomenon of overtraining resulting in rapid reversal acquisition has come to be called the overtraining reversal effect (ORE). Since Reid's finding, many researchers (e.g., Birch, Ison, & Sperling, 1960; Bruner, Mandler, O'Dowd, & Wallach, 1958; Capaldi & Stevenson, 1957; D'Amato & Jagoda, 1961; Pubols, 1956) have worked with the ORE and have offered varying explanations for the conditions conducive to its presence and/or absence. Within recent years, a number of investigators (e.g., Lovejoy, 1966; Mackintosh, 1962, 1965a, 1965b, 1968" Sitterley & Capehart, 1966; Siltherland, 1959; Sutherland & Holgate, 1966; Tempone, Capehart, Atwood, & Golding, 1966) have focused on the role that attention plays not only in the general area of discrimination learning, but more specifically, in the ORE. The consensus of these researchers seems to be that attention occupies a central role in the ORE phenomenon. Lovejoy's (1966) interpretation of the ORE is a formal presentation and elaboration of Sutherland and Mackintosh's attention theory. In his analysis of the ORE, Lovejoy has devised a two-stage mathematical model through the use of computer "stat-rats." In this model, learning to attend to the relevant stim~llus dimension and to make the correct choice response comprise the two stages of discrimination learning. Lovejoy assumes that the probability of attending to the relevant stimulus
On the Use of Experimental Methods to Improve Confidence in Educed Impedance

Results from impedance eduction methods developed by NASA Langley Research Center are used throughout the acoustic liner community. In spite of recent enhancements, occasional anomalies persist with these methods, generally at frequencies where the liner produces minimal attenuation. This investigation demonstrates an experimental approach to educe impedance with increased confidence over a desired frequency range, by combining results from successive tests with different cavity depths. A series of tests is conducted with three wire-mesh facesheets, for which the results should be weakly dependent on source sound pressure level and mean grazing flow speed. First, a raylometer is used to measure the DC flow resistance of each facesheet. These facesheets are then mounted onto a frame and a normal incidence tube is used to determine their respective acoustic impedance spectra. A comparison of the acoustic resistance component with the DC flow resistance for each facesheet is used to validate the measurement process. Next, each facesheet is successively mounted onto three frames with different cavity depths, and a grazing flow impedance tube is used to educe their respective acoustic impedance spectra with and without mean flow. The no-flow results are compared with those measured in the normal incidence tube to validate the impedance eduction method. Since the anti-resonance frequency varies with cavity depth, each sample provides robust results over a different frequency range. Hence, a combination of results can be used to determine the facesheet acoustic resistance. When combined with the acoustic reactance, observed to be weakly dependent on the source sound pressure level and grazing flow Mach number, the acoustic impedance can be educed with increased confidence. Representative results of these tests are discussed, and the complete database is available in electronic format upon request.
Nonlinear ground state fluctuations (zero point motion) as the source of the nonlinear optical properties of polyacetylene

Abstract Third harmonic generation (THG) is used to probe the nonlinear susceptibility (χ(3)) of polyacetylene. The magnitude of χ ∥ (3) (3ω;ω,ω,ω) is (4±2)×10 −10 esu with h ω=1.17 eV ; the only important component is that associated with π-electron motion along the backbone. Comparison of THG in cis - and trans -(CH)x shows that χ∥(3)|trans is 15–20 times larger, implying a mechanism sensitive to the existence of a degenerate ground state. The results are consistent with calculations of χ∥(3) based on virtual generation of solitons enabled by nonlinear zero point fluctuations (instantons).
Feasibility of Space Vehicle Debris Hazard Airspace Stratification

knowledge of the initial state vector, ambient wind conditions, and the key parameters including the maximum and minimum ballistic coecients. In addition, propagation of all debris pieces to the ground would require extensive computer time. In this paper, we study the feasibility in terms of the technical computational constraints needed to identify hazarded altitude layers at dierent times. We describe all assumptions employed along with their justication. Moreover, we demonstrate the sensitivity of the results to the values of key parameters including the maximum and minimum ballistic coecients of the vehicle debris, and ambient wind conditions.
A MATLAB-based three-dimensional viewer☆

Rarely is subsurface structure one- or two-dimensional and interpretation of information derived from geologic mapping, well logs, and geophysical measurements can be enhanced when viewed in three dimensions with proper perspective. A MATLAB-based three-dimensional viewer is presented that allows the display of the three-dimensional volume as user-selected orthogonal slices, rendering of the entire volume with chair cuts, and the display of bounding surfaces in three dimensions.
THE HYDROGEN FLUORIDE SOLVENT SYSTEM. I.A. QUALITATIVE SURVEY OF ACIDS

Abstract In accord with the idea that, as in water and ammonia, acid-base reactions should be possible in hydrogen fluoride and since only substances basic with respect to this solvent were known, a search was undertaken for acids belonging to the hydrogen fluoride system. It was found, as expected, that due to the extremely acid nature of the solvent, the substances capable of acting as acids in it were indeed limited in number. Of all the acids investigated (covering a large portion of the possibilities) the hydrogen fluoride solutions of only four—SbF 5 , AsF 5 , BF 3 , and SnF 4 —were found to be capable of dissolving electropositive metals. Many evidences, such as salt formation, were found for the existence of weaker acids. Thus argentous salts were prepared from solutions in HF of BF 3 , SiF 4 , GeF 4 , SnF 4 , TiF 4 , SeF 4 , PF 5 , AsF 5 , SbF 5 , IF 5 , VF 5 , NbF 5 , TaF 5 , TeF 5 , TeF 6 , MoF 6 , WF 6 , and probably ReF 6 . A typical example is the salt AgAsF 6 . Many of these salts were insoluble in hydrogen fluoride. The phenomenon of amphoterism was demonstrated for salts of trivalent chromium, trivalent antimony, aluminium, and beryllium. Zinc, tripositive iron, and tripositive cobalt were found to be non-amphoteric. The restrictive effect of co-ordination number was found to be a much severer limitation on the acidity of the fluoroacids than in the case of oxyacids, due to the larger number of fluorine atoms required to form the negative ions. This can easily be seen by comparing PO 4 −3 and PF 6 − .
Quenching in coupled adiabatic coils

The prediction of the effects of a quench on stress and temperature is an important aspect of the design of superconducting magnets. Of particular interest, and the exclusive topic of this study, is the prediction of the effects of quenching in coupled adiabatic coils, such as the multi-section windings of a high field NMR spectrometer magnet. The predictive methods used here are based on the measurement of the time of propagation of quench between turns. From this measurement an approximate algorithum for the propagation time is used in a code which solves the linear differential equations for the coil currents and calculates the movement of normal zone boundaries and hence the associated winding resistance.
An approach to software system modelling and analysis

A scheme is presented for the modelling of a software system's operation and it is shown how this scheme may be used in software system analysis. The scheme is primarily intended for the description of large-scale, complex software systems having (actual or conceptual) parallelism. The modelling scheme is shown equivalent to a large number of previously defined schemes for modelling systems with concurrency. An algorithm is given for deriving a non-procedural representation of a system's behavior from a model of its operation and several ways are outlined by which analysis may be performed using the information derived by such an algorithm.
Numerical Simulation of HiPEP Ion Optics

The ffx code was used to investigate the lifetime and propellant throughput capability of the High Power Electric Propulsion (HiPEP) thruster ion optics as part of NASA’s Project Prometheus. Erosion predictions are presented as a function of beamlet current, accel grid voltage, and propellant utilization efficiency. These predictions were then compared to the lifetime goals of the thruster, and for nominal operating conditions, the ffx code indicates that the HiPEP thruster will have propellant throughput capability of 100 kg/kW and lifetimes in excess of 135 khrs. In addition to lifetime assessment, a detailed study was completed where grid design parameters were varied in a systematic manner to determine their effects on beamlet current limitations and electron backstreaming margins. The parameters that were varied included the net and total accelerating voltage, grid spacing, aperture center-to-center distance, accel grid thickness, screen grid thickness, discharge voltage, and accel grid aperture diameter.
The association between perceived discrimination and obesity in a population-based multiracial and multiethnic adult sample.

Objectives. We examined whether perceived chronic discrimination was related to excess body fat accumulation in a random, multiethnic, population-based sample of US adults.Methods. We used multivariate multinomial logistic regression and logistic regression analyses to examine the relationship between interpersonal experiences of perceived chronic discrimination and body mass index and high-risk waist circumference.Results. Consistent with other studies, our analyses showed that perceived unfair treatment was associated with increased abdominal obesity. Compared with Irish, Jewish, Polish, and Italian Whites who did not experience perceived chronic discrimination, Irish, Jewish, Polish, and Italian Whites who perceived chronic discrimination were 2 to 6 times more likely to have a high-risk waist circumference. No significant relationship between perceived discrimination and the obesity measures was found among the other Whites, Blacks, or Hispanics.Conclusions. These findings are not completely unsupport...
Effect of continuous vagal enhancement on concealed conduction and refractoriness within the atrioventricular node

This study examined the complex interaction between vagal enhancement and how a concealed atrial impulse alters atrioventricular (AV) nodal function. In theory, vagal augmentation could increase or decrease the effect that a premature atrial beat has on the subsequent beat. In 10 patients we established the AV nodal effective refractory period (ERP) without and with a conditioning atrial stimulus (Sc); the stimulation protocol was then repeated after enhancing reflex vagal tone with a continuous phenylephrine infusion. During phenylephrine infusion, the sinus cycle length prolonged from 827 +/- 99 to 1,029 +/- 223 ms (p < 0.001) and AV nodal ERP increased from 331 +/- 51 to 425 +/- 64 ms (p < 0.005). At control, AV nodal ERP in the presence of Sc prolonged to 536 +/- 69 ms (p < 0.001), and during phenylephrine infusion increased to 579 +/- 57 ms (p < 0.01), a change significantly less than during control (58 +/- 14% vs 31 +/- 14%, respectively, p < 0.01). Further experiments suggest that the effect of Sc was reduced because it occurred earlier relative to the vagally prolonged AV nodal ERP. In conclusion, this study demonstrates a complex relation between the timing of a premature atrial beat causing concealed conduction and the degree of vagal tone. The concealed beat, as related to the AV node ERP, has a substantial effect on subsequent AV nodal conduction. These data give insights into clinical AV nodal function.
Radiation enteritis as a complication in radiotherapy of cervical cancer

1. Radiation enteritis may be decreased in occurrence by constant attention to preventative measures.
LHC Phenomenology of SO(10) Models with Yukawa Unification II

In this paper we study an SO(10) SUSY GUT with Yukawa unification for the third generation. We perform a global ${\ensuremath{\chi}}^{2}$ analysis given to obtain the GUT boundary conditions consistent with 11 low-energy observables, including the top, bottom and tau masses. We assume a universal mass, ${m}_{16}$, for squarks and sleptons and a universal gaugino mass, ${M}_{1/2}$. We then analyze the phenomenological consequences for the LHC for 15 benchmark models with fixed ${m}_{16}=20\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{TeV}$ and with varying values of the gluino mass. The goal of the present work is to (i) evaluate the lower bound on the gluino mass in our model coming from the most recent published data of CMS and (ii) to compare this bound with similar bounds obtained by CMS using simplified models. The bottom line is that the bounds coming from the same-sign dilepton analysis are comparable for our model and the simplified model studied assuming $\mathcal{B}(\stackrel{\texttildelow{}}{g}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}t\overline{t}{\stackrel{\texttildelow{}}{\ensuremath{\chi}}}_{1}^{0})=100%$. However the bounds coming from the purely hadronic analyses for our model are 10%--20% lower than obtained for the simplified models. This is due to the fact that for our models the branching ratio for the decay $\stackrel{\texttildelow{}}{g}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}g{\stackrel{\texttildelow{}}{\ensuremath{\chi}}}_{1,2}^{0}$ is significant. Thus there are significantly fewer b-jets. We find a lower bound on the gluino mass in our models with ${M}_{\stackrel{\texttildelow{}}{g}}\ensuremath{\gtrsim}1000\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GeV}$. Finally, there is a theoretical upper bound on the gluino mass which increases with the value of ${m}_{16}$. For ${m}_{16}\ensuremath{\le}30\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{TeV}$, the gluino mass satisfies ${M}_{\stackrel{\texttildelow{}}{g}}\ensuremath{\le}2.8\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{TeV}$ at 90% C.L. Thus, unless we further increase the amount of fine-tuning, we expect gluinos to be discovered at LHC 14.
Structure, magnetic, and magnetocaloric properties of amorphous and crystalline La0.4Ca0.6MnO3+δ nanoparticles

Abstract We report a systematic study of the effects of size reduction on the magnetic and magnetocaloric properties of amorphous and crystalline La 0.4 Ca 0.6 MnO 3+ δ nanoparticles. The materials were synthesized using a modified wet chemical Pechini route, starting with nitrate precursors to produce the perovskite structure. Phase purity, structure, size, and crystallinity were investigated using XRD and TEM. Thermal treatments resulted in nanocrystals with average diameters of 25 nm, 50 nm, and 130 nm, as well as amorphous particles ∼10 nm in diameter. Magnetic measurements revealed broad, second order ferromagnetic transitions in the nanocrystals. As particle size increased from 10 nm to 130 nm, the Curie temperature shifted from 40 K to 255 K. Magnetization, magnetic entropy change (Δ S M ), and refrigerant capacity ( RC ) also increased with size in the nanocrystalline samples. For a field change of 5 T, the 130 nm particles exhibit a magnetic entropy change of 2.8 J/kg K and a large refrigerant capacity of ∼240 J/kg at 250 K. Interestingly, the 10 nm amorphous particles undergo the sharpest magnetic transition, leading to a larger value of Δ S M than in the 25 nm or 50 nm crystalline particles. These results reveal that size reduction has a significant impact on the magnetic and magnetocaloric properties of La 0.4 Ca 0.6 MnO 3+ δ .
Understanding Giftedness and Underachievement: At the Edge of Possibility

Although many ways of doing research exist in education, mulch of the research conducted has focused on identifying or defining strategies to fit learners to existing theories of education and schooling. This article examines historical styles of research Conducted around the construct of gifted underachievement. It then explores possibilities of implementing alternative approaches and theoretical arguments in practical applications in this area. Goals include providing an overview of research focused on gifted underachievement, examining research positions (paradigms) that more vividly represent complexity inherent in educating gifted individuals, and providing precepts that guide practitioners and scholars to alternative views of the research process and use of research outcomes.
The fabric of an event: Different sources of temporal invariance differentially affect 24-month-olds' recall

A robust finding in the literature on event representation and recall is that enabling relations in events facilitate memory for temporal order. In the study presented here we tested whether, with increased experience, enabling relations continue to provide a relative organizational advantage, or whether arbitrarily ordered events become as well organized. Using elicited imitation, we compared 24-month-olds' ordered recall of events constrained by enabling relations with that of arbitrarily ordered events equated for familiarity and temporal invariance. In Experiment 1 we examined recall of novel laboratory events having high numbers of enabling connections or low numbers of enabling connections; the temporal invariance of the events was established through repeated presentation. In Experiment 2 we tested recall of highly familiar, temporally invariant routines having high numbers of enabling connections or low numbers of enabling connections. In both experiments, children's ordered recall of events constrained by enabling relations was superior to that of arbitrarily ordered ones. The results indicate that even after considerable experience with an event in invariant temporal order, enabling relations provide a relative organizational advantage. Implications of this finding for the source of facilitation afforded by enabling relations are discussed.
Normal rat kidney proximal tubule cells in primary and multiple subcultures

An in vitro model to establish primary and subcultures of rat kidney proximal tubule (RPT) cells is described. After excising the kidneys and separating the cortex, the cortical tissue is digested with the enzymes DNAse-collagenase (Type I) resulting in a high yield of viable RPT Cells. The isolated RPT cells are then seeded onto rat tail collagen-coated surfaces and grown to confluency in a serum-free, hormonally defined medium. The cell yield can be increased by transferring the conditioned medium on Day 1 to more rat tail collagen-coated surfaces. RPT cell attachment and morphology was better on rat tail collagen-coated surfaces than on bovine collagen Type I coated surfaces. The culture medium was a 1:1 mixture of Ham's F-12 and Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium supplemented with bovine serum albumin, insulin, transferrin, selenium, hydrocortisone, triiodothyronine, epidermal growth factor, and glutamine. The RPT cells became confluent in 7-10 d, at which point they could be subcultured by trypsinizing and growth in the same medium. In some studies, 10 ng/ml cholera toxin was added to the culture medium. We could passage the RPT cells up to 14 times in the presence of cholera toxin. The cells were investigated for activity of several markers. The cells were histochemically positive for alkaline phosphatase and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activity and synthesized the intermediate filament pankeratin. The RPT cells displayed apically directed sodium-dependent active glucose transport in culture. Hence, the RPT cells retain structural and functional characteristics of transporting renal epithelia in culture. This rat cell culture model will be a valuable tool for substrate uptake and nephrotoxicity studies.
Low-thrust chemical orbit transfer propulsion

The need for large structures in high orbit is reported in terms of the many mission opportunities which require such structures. Mission and transportation options for large structures are presented, and it is shown that low-thrust propulsion is an enabling requirement for some missions and greatly enhancing to many others. Electric and low-thrust chemical propulsion are compared, and the need for an requirements of low-thrust chemical propulsion are discussed in terms of the interactions that are perceived to exist between the propulsion system and the large structure.
The phase-plane method in the study of blood pressure

A framework for the mathematical modeling of the evolution of pressure with age in humans is presented. It is shown that when pressure changes with respect to times are represented in the phase plane, it becomes clear that the evolution of systolic pressure and that of diastolic pressure have two distinct phases during a lifetime. There exists a critical age before which pressure acceleration is negative. After this critical age, pressure acceleration becomes positive. In both cases, pressure velocity is positive. The point of zero acceleration is the inflexion point on the age-versus pressure curve. The author (1) presents data from national surveys that have been interpreted in the phase plane; (2) shows that these results hold valid across a variety of parameters, including sex and race; and (3) interprets the data in the phase plane to relate them to the effects of cardiovascular disease. >
Estrogen Regulates Functional Inhibition of Hippocampal CA1 Pyramidal Cells in the Adult Female Rat

Previous studies have focused considerable attention on the effects of estrogen on excitatory synaptic input to hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells. Estrogen increases the density of dendritic spines and synapses on CA1 pyramidal cells and increases the sensitivity of these cells to excitatory synaptic input. Little is known, however, about the effects of estrogen on inhibitory synaptic input to CA1 pyramidal cells. We have used immunohistochemistry for glutamic acid decarboxylase and whole-cell voltage-clamp recording of IPSCs and EPSCs at multiple time points after estrogen treatment to (1) investigate estrogen regulation of synaptic inhibition in CA1 and (2) evaluate how estrogen affects the interaction between inhibitory and excitatory input to CA1 pyramidal cells. We find that estrogen transiently suppresses GABA(A)-mediated inhibition of CA1 pyramidal cells at a time point before changes in excitatory input to these cells occur. This finding is consistent with the suggestion that transient disinhibition of CA1 pyramidal cells is involved in estrogen-induced dendritic spine formation. We have also found that at a later time after estrogen, inhibition of CA1 pyramidal cells recovers in parallel with enhancement of NMDA-mediated excitatory input. The concurrent enhancement of GABA(A) and NMDA-mediated input to CA1 pyramidal cells restores a balance of excitatory and inhibitory input to these cells and increases the potential dynamic range of CA1 pyramidal cell responses to synaptic input.
ON HYBRID SIMULATION SCHEMES FOR STOCHASTIC REACTION DYNAM ICS

The existing literature on stochastic simulation of chemical reaction networks has a tendency to move as quickly as possible to the abstract formulation of the stochastic dynamics in terms of probabilities based on the concept of the Chemical Master Equation (CME), largely ignoring sample path representation. In this publication we discuss both theoretical basis and numerical approach for the problems in this area using sample path methods as a crucial part of the process. Relying as it does on a representation of the underlying stochastic processes as a weak solution of a system of stochastic differential equations d riven by Poisson random measures this approach brings to bear a heretofore ignored but quite effective problem solving methodology. We first present a simple and intuitive way of partitioning sp ecies and reactions of the interaction network into differe nt groups. We then discuss how original stochastic dynamics with state dependent intensities of transitions can be reformulated in terms of jump-diffusion stochastic differential equations driven by both Wiener noise sources and Poisson random measures. Finally, we show that this approach facilitates the construction of hybrid simulation techniques, an important step in the creation of efficient techniques for modeling multi-scale stoch astic dynamics of the reaction networks. Numerical methods related to sampling events from Poisson random measures are demonstrated on simple intuitive examples. Error control analysis of the finite differences scheme is also pre sented.
A complete factorization of paraunitary matrices with pairwise mirror-image symmetry in the frequency domain

The problem of designing orthonormal (paraunitary) filter banks has been addressed in the past. Several structures have been reported for implementing such systems. One of the structures reported imposes a pairwise mirror-image symmetry constraint on the frequency responses of the analysis (and synthesis) filters around /spl pi//2. This structure requires fewer multipliers, and the design time is correspondingly less than most other structures. The filters designed also have much better attenuation. We characterize the polyphase matrix of the above filters in terms of a matrix equation. We then prove that the structure reported in a paper by Nguyen and Vaidyanathan (1988), with minor modifications, is complete. This means that every polyphase matrix whose filters satisfy the mirror-image property can be factorized in terms of the proposed structure. >
Correlates of Electronic Health Record Adoption in Office Practices: A Statewide Survey

Objective: Despite emerging evidence that electronic health records (EHRs) can improve the efficiency and quality of medical care, most physicians in office practice in the United States do not currently use an EHR. We sought to measure the correlates of EHR adoption. Design: Mailed survey to a stratified random sample of all medical practices in Massachusetts in 2005, with one physician per practice randomly selected for survey. Measurements: EHR adoption rates. Results: The response rate was 71% (1345/1884). Overall, while 45% of physicians were using an EHR, EHRs were present in only 23% of practices. In multivariate analysis, practice size was strongly correlated with EHR adoption; 52% of practices with 7 or more physicians had an EHR, as compared with 14% of solo practices (adjusted odds ratio, 3.66; 95% confidence interval, 2.28–5.87). Hospital-based practices (adjusted odds ratio, 2.44; 95% confidence interval, 1.53–3.91) and practices that teach medical students or residents (adjusted odds ratio, 2.30; 95% confidence interval, 1.60–3.31) were more likely to have an EHR. The most frequently cited barriers to adoption were start-up financial costs (84%), ongoing financial costs (82%), and loss of productivity (81%). Conclusions: While almost half of physicians in Massachusetts are using an EHR, fewer than one in four practices in Massachusetts have adopted EHRs. Adoption rates are lower in smaller practices, those not affiliated with hospitals, and those that do not teach medical students or residents. Interventions to expand EHR use must address both financial and non-financial barriers, especially among smaller practices.
Robot-Assisted Neck Dissection in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma

Traditionally, total thyroidectomy was performed through an open transcervical incision and in cases where there was evident nodal metastasis, the conventional surgical method was to make an extended single transverse incision or any other long transcervical incisions to complete the required neck dissection. Recently, there have been many efforts towards thyroidectomy in order to decrease the patient’s burden. Minimally invasive surgical techniques have been developed and applied by many institutions worldwide, and more recently, various techniques of remote access surgery have been suggested and actively applied. Since the advent of robotic surgical systems, some have adopted the concept of remote access surgery into developing various robotic thyroidectomy techniques. The more former and widely acknowledged robotic thyroidectomy technique uses a transaxillary (TA) approach which has been developed by Chung et al. in Korea. Terris et al. realized some shortcomings of robotic TA thyroidectomy especially in their patients in the United States and developed and reported the feasibility of robotic facelift thyroidectomy. In cases of thyroid carcinomas with lateral neck node metastases, Chung et al. have attempted to perform concomitant modified radical neck dissection (MRND) after robotic thyroidectomy through the same TA port. This type of robot-assisted neck dissection (RAND), however, had some inherent limitations due to fact that lymph nodes of the upper neck were difficult to remove.
Laboratory study of anti-Stokes Langmuir waves in a magnetized plasma

Summary form only given, as follows. Anti-Stokes Langmuir waves were observed in our ionospheric plasma heating experiments at Arecibo, Puerto Rico. They are referred to as frequency upshifted Langmuir waves excited by injected high power HF waves. The frequency shifts are found to be inversely proportional to the HF pump wave frequencies, and of the magnitudes of the lower hybrid wave frequencies in the ionosphere. Kuo and Lee (1992) suggest that these anti-Stokes Langmuir waves are caused by the nonlinear scattering of HF wave-produced Langmuir waves off lightning induced lower hybrid waves. Laboratory experiments with a large toroidal plasma machine known as the Versatile Toroidal Facility (VTF) have been conducted to investigate this nonlinear scattering process. In VTF, a background plasma is created by a Taylor discharge device which has a peak plasma frequency greater than the electron gyro-frequency by a factor of 3-5. This factor has been chosen in order to simulate the ionospheric plasma environment. Overdense heating of the VTF plasma by injected microwaves can generate Langmuir waves and ion acoustic waves via the decay instability. These Langmuir waves may then be scattered by lower hybrid turbulence existing in the background VTF plasmas to produce the anti-Stokes modes. Preliminary results of our laboratory experiments are presented and compared with results of field experiments and theory.
Availability requirement for a fault-management server in high-availability communication systems

This paper investigates the availability requirement for the fault management server in high-availability communication systems. This study shows that the availability of the fault management server does not need to be 99.999% in order to guarantee a 99.999% system availability, as long as the fail-safe ratio (the probability that the failure of the fault management server does not bring down the system) and the fault coverage ratio (probability that the failure in the system can be detected and recovered by the fault management server) are sufficiently high. Tradeoffs can be made among the availability of the fault management server, the fail-safe ratio, and the fault coverage ratio to optimize system availability. A cost-effective design for the fault management server is proposed.
Memory systems in the brain and localization of a memory

It is now clear that there are a number of different forms or aspects of learning and memory that involve different brain systems. Broadly, memory phenomena have been categorized as explicit or implicit. Thus, explicit memories for experience involve the hippocampus-medial temporal lobe system and implicit basic associative learning and memory involves the cerebellum, amygdala, and other systems. Under normal conditions, however, many of these brain-memory systems are engaged to some degree in learning situations. But each of these brain systems is learning something different about the situation. The cerebellum is necessary for classical conditioning of discrete behavioral responses (eyeblink, limb flexion) under all conditions; however, in the "trace" procedure where a period of no stimuli intervenes between the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus the hippocampus plays a critical role. Trace conditioning appears to provide a simple model of explicit memory where analysis of brain substrates is feasible. Analysis of the role of the cerebellum in basic delay conditioning (stimuli overlap) indicates that the memories are formed and stored in the cerebellum. The phenomenon of cerebellar long-term depression is considered as a putative mechanism of memory storage.
Sleep in America: Role of racial/ethnic differences

Sleep duration in America has gradually declined over the last four decades and appears to have reached a plateau for the last six years, with recent studies reporting that the population's current average sleep duration is approximately 6 h. In this paper, we examine epidemiologic and community-based data on sleep complaints reported by American adults, specifically addressing the role of race/ethnicity in the subjective report of sleep problems. Subjective and objective findings indicate that black (throughout the text, we use the term black in lieu of African American for there are instances where we refer to individuals with self-ascribed race/ethnicity as black, African American, African, or Caribbean American; the term white is used to denote individuals of European descent). Americans have higher rates of long (≥9 h) and short (≤5 h) sleep than their white counterparts, and this may mediate a higher risk of cardiovascular disease, obesity and diabetes among blacks. In addition, studies show mixed results on sleep complaints among blacks compared to those among other ethnicities. This paper explores factors that may contribute to racial/ethnic differences in sleep including intra-ethnic variation, cultural biases, genetics and psychosocial factors.
Computer-aided assembly process planning with resource assignment

In process planning, after deciding on an assembly operation sequence, a planner assigns resources to assembly operations, taking account of the cost and cycle time. To support this step, a relational model is proposed. Propositional logic expressions are introduced that represent the sequence of operations, resources for operations, and resource management. These expressions are generated by using the relational model. Resources are allocated to operations by using an assumption-based truth maintenance system (ATMS) with the generated logic expressions. Process plans generated by the ATMS are evaluated by a production line simulator. A planner can then select a good plan on the basis of the simulation results. >
A giant step towards artificial life

Step by step, the components of an artificial form of cellular life are being assembled by researchers. Lipid vesicles the size of small bacteria can be prepared and under certain conditions are able to grow and divide, then grow again. Polymerase enzymes encapsulated in the vesicles can synthesize RNA from externally added substrates. Most recently, the entire translation apparatus, including ribosomes, has been captured in vesicles. Substantial amounts of proteins were produced, including green fluorescent protein used as a marker for protein synthesis. Can we now assemble a living cell? Not quite yet because no one has produced a polymerase that can be reproduced along with growth of the other molecular components required by life. But we are closer than ever before.
Textbooks, leisure reading, and the academic library

Textbooks and leisure reading materials are two types of material that are not traditionally collected by academic libraries, yet many libraries hold a substantial number of one or both types of materials. The study reported here included a survey targeting academic collection development and acquisition librarians and an analysis of academic collection development policies. It investigated the treatment of these materials within academic libraries, including the reasoning behind library policies, the impact that faculty and students have on possible policy changes, and several contributing factors, such as the number of resident students, access to local public libraries, and institution type.
Using the concept of a measurement system to characterize measurement models used in psychometrics

The philosophy of measurement in the social and behavioral sciences is seen (from without) as typically following the representational viewpoint. However, in practice, this is not the case for the great majority of measures that are developed in this area. The paper surveys several approaches to measurement in the social sciences (i.e., Classical Test Theory, Guttman Scaling, Item Response Theory, Rasch Scaling, and Construct Modeling), as examples of measurement approaches in the area of psychometrics, and uses the foundational concept of a measuring system, as developed by Mari [1], to explicate the logic on which these approaches are based and thus enable a comparison with measurement approaches used by other fields such as engineering and physics. The paper uses the underlying concept of the standard reference set (one of the essential features of Mari’s formalization) to show how the five approaches differ, and also how they are related. The importance of these differences, and the consequences for measurement using those approaches are also explicated and discussed.
Effects of Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibition on Ventricular Remodeling Due to Volume Overload

Background— Left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy and dilatation are important compensatory responses to chronic volume overload. Although LV function is initially preserved by these responses, the continued structural remodeling of the myocardium ultimately becomes maladaptive, leading to the development of heart failure. We have shown previously that increased myocardial matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity precedes LV dilatation induced by a chronic volume overload. Accordingly, this study focused on the effects of MMP inhibition therapy (PD 166793, 1 mg · kg−1 · d−1) on LV size and function in a rat model of volume overload–induced heart failure. Methods and Results— Rats were divided into the following groups: treated and untreated infrarenal abdominal aortocaval fistula and treated and untreated sham-operated (control). LV weights of both fistula groups were increased above that of the control group (868±79 mg; P≤0.001); LV weights in the treated fistula group, however, were lower than in the untreat...
Observation of fidelity saturation in a δ-kicked rotor potential

We experimentally investigate the effect of atomic delta-kicked rotor potentials on the mutual coherence between wavepackets in an atom interferometer, and demonstrate fidelity saturation in phase-space displacement echoes at quantum resonance.
Left Main Coronary Artery to Left Atrial Fistula Causing Mild Pulmonary Hypertension

A 73-year-old man with a 6-month history of exertional chest tightness and dyspnea was referred for evaluation. No risk factors for coronary atherosclerosis were present. Left cardiac catheterization revealed coronary arteries without significant stenoses and mildly impaired left ventricular function (ejection fraction, 55%). A fistula from the main stem …
Evidence for Climate Change From Desert Basin Palaeolakes

Lakes have long been recognized as being rich storehouses of environmental information. A lake basin collects water, but also sediment, much of which has been weathered and transported via fluvial processes from the near and far reaches of its drainage basin. The amount of water held in a lake is recorded on the landscape in coastal erosional and depositional landforms created at the water’s edge. The sediments deposited on the bottom of the lake can be clastic, geochemical, or biogenic, and include materials derived within the standing water body itself, such as through coastal erosion, chemical precipitation, or biogenic concentration, as well as those delivered to the lake from the surrounding drainage basin. In most cases only a small percentage of a lake’s sediment load is delivered from outside of the drainage basin as aeolian fallout. Because, under natural conditions, climate is the main determinant of the amount of water in a lake and because it influences some important characteristics of the lacustrine sediments and biota, changing climatic conditions are represented in the suites of abandoned shorelines and accumulations of sediments left by the lake over time (Fig. 25.1). This archival property makes the geomorphic and sedimentologic evidence of present and past lakes valuable as environmental and palaeoenvironmental indicators. Such evidence from late Quaternary palaeolakes, in fact, ranks among of the most complete and accessible sources of palaeoclimatic proxy
MicroRNA Mirn140 modulates Pdgf signaling during palatogenesis

Disruption of signaling pathways such as those mediated by sonic hedgehog (Shh) or platelet-derived growth factor (Pdgf) causes craniofacial abnormalities, including cleft palate. The role that microRNAs play in modulating palatogenesis, however, is completely unknown. We show that, in zebrafish, the microRNA Mirn140 negatively regulates Pdgf signaling during palatal development, and we provide a mechanism for how disruption of Pdgf signaling causes palatal clefting. The pdgf receptor alpha (pdgfra) 3' UTR contained a Mirn140 binding site functioning in the negative regulation of Pdgfra protein levels in vivo. pdgfra mutants and Mirn140-injected embryos shared a range of facial defects, including clefting of the crest-derived cartilages that develop in the roof of the larval mouth. Concomitantly, the oral ectoderm beneath where these cartilages develop lost pitx2 and shha expression. Mirn140 modulated Pdgf-mediated attraction of cranial neural crest cells to the oral ectoderm, where crest-derived signals were necessary for oral ectodermal gene expression. Mirn140 loss of function elevated Pdgfra protein levels, altered palatal shape and caused neural crest cells to accumulate around the optic stalk, a source of the ligand Pdgfaa. These results suggest that the conserved regulatory interactions of mirn140 and pdgfra define an ancient mechanism of palatogenesis, and they provide candidate genes for cleft palate.
On measure repleteness and support for lattice regular measures

The present paper is mainly concerned with establishing conditions which .assure that all lattice regular measures have additional smoothness properties or that simply all two-valued such measures have such properties and are therefore Dirac measures. These conditions are expressed in terms of the general Wallman space. The general results are then applied to specific topological lattices, yielding new conditions for measure compactness, Borel measure compactness, clopen measure repleteness, strong measure compactness, etc. In addition, smoothness properties in the general setting for lattice regular measures are related to the notion of support, and numerous applications are given.
Using eLearning To Build Workforce Capacity Among Business Professionals

In the current evolving economic environment, developing and implementing effective processes to improve the skills and capability of employees are seen as central to improving individual, organizational and national performance and global competitiveness. Recognizing that universities and colleges are critical to their state’s growth and economic prosperity, many governors and state policymakers have been considering how best to get more students to both enter college and get college degrees. A growing number of policymakers have come to recognize that higher education, including community colleges, four-year colleges, and research universities, cannot help drive economic growth in their states unless students’ academic success is linked to the needs of the marketplace. For example, to address this need, the Louisiana GRAD Act (HB1171) was recently enacted to support the state's post-secondary education institutions in increasing their overall effectiveness. Institutions develop specific measurable performance objectives aimed at improving college completion and meeting the state's current and future workforce and economic development. One of the Act's student success indicators cites, “Increase the use of technology for distance learning to expand educational offerings.” At all levels of education, online learning is one of the fastest growing trends in educational uses of technology (www.ed.gov). It is now commonly agreed on that educational benchmarks and expectations can be achieved equally well, and in some cases better, than with traditional face-to-face courses (www.ed.gov). Many faculty choose to combine multiple forms of synchronous and asynchronous online interactions. A successful eLearning experience will use a combination of the technologies most appropriate for the practitioner, the learner group, the course content, and course assessment.
Calcium channel genes associated with bipolar disorder modulate lithium's amplification of circadian rhythms

Abstract Bipolar disorder (BD) is associated with mood episodes and low amplitude circadian rhythms. Previously, we demonstrated that fibroblasts grown from BD patients show weaker amplification of circadian rhythms by lithium compared to control cells. Since calcium signals impact upon the circadian clock, and L-type calcium channels (LTCC) have emerged as genetic risk factors for BD, we examined whether loss of function in LTCCs accounts for the attenuated response to lithium in BD cells. We used fluorescent dyes to measure Ca2+ changes in BD and control fibroblasts after lithium treatment, and bioluminescent reporters to measure Per2::luc rhythms in fibroblasts from BD patients, human controls, and mice while pharmacologically or genetically manipulating calcium channels. Longitudinal expression of LTCC genes (CACNA1C, CACNA1D and CACNB3) was then measured over 12–24 h in BD and control cells. Our results indicate that independently of LTCCs, lithium stimulated intracellular Ca2+ less effectively in BD vs. control fibroblasts. In longitudinal studies, pharmacological inhibition of LTCCs or knockdown of CACNA1A, CACNA1C, CACNA1D and CACNB3 altered circadian rhythm amplitude. Diltiazem and knockdown of CACNA1C or CACNA1D eliminated lithium's ability to amplify rhythms. Knockdown of CACNA1A or CACNB3 altered baseline rhythms, but did not affect rhythm amplification by lithium. In human fibroblasts, CACNA1C genotype predicted the amplitude response to lithium, and the expression profiles of CACNA1C, CACNA1D and CACNB3 were altered in BD vs. controls. We conclude that in cells from BD patients, calcium signaling is abnormal, and that LTCCs underlie the failure of lithium to amplify circadian rhythms.
A top-down compiler for sentential decision diagrams

The sentential decision diagram (SDD) has been recently proposed as a new tractable representation of Boolean functions that generalizes the influential ordered binary decision diagram (OBDD). Empirically, compiling CNFs into SDDs has yielded significant improvements in both time and space over compiling them into OBDDs, using a bottom-up compilation approach. In this work, we present a top-down CNF to SDD compiler that is based on techniques from the SAT literature. We compare the presented compiler empirically to the state-of-the-art, bottom-up SDD compiler, showing orders-of-magnitude improvements in compilation time.