cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effect of antiresorptives on bone quality.

Background Currently, antiresorptive therapy in the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis includes bisphosphonates, estrogen replacement, selective estrogen receptor modulators (raloxifene), and denosumab (a human antibody that inactivates RANKL). The original paradigm driving the development of antiresorptive therapy was that inhibition of bone resorption would allow bone formation to continue and correct the defect. However, it is now clear increases in bone density account for little of the antifracture effect of these treatments.
Preparation of water-soluble palladium nanocrystals by reverse micelle method: Digestive ripening behavior of mercaptocarboxylic acids as stabilizing agent

Abstract Worm-like palladium nanoparticles are formed in the reverse micellar organic phase by means of chemical reduction in the water pools of reverse micelles. Water-soluble, spherical Pd nanocrystals are extracted from the worm-like Pd nanoparticles through the digestive ripening behavior of mercaptocarboxylic acids as stabilizing agents. It was found that during the reaction the production of spheres occurs in parallel with the formation of worm-like structure by association of the spheres on increasing the reaction time and the crystallization process occurs even during the extraction.
Development of visual acuity in infant monkeys (Macaca nemestrina) during the early postnatal weeks

Abstract A forced-choice preferential looking technique was used to assess grating acuity in infant pigtail macaque monkeys. On the average, infants resolved gratings with stripes subtending about 15′, 12′, 8′ and 5′ (2, 2.5, 4 and 6c/deg) in weeks 1, 2, 3 and 5 respectively. Within each age, acuity varied over about 1.5 octaves among individual infants. The data are compared to acuity values found in studies of normal development in human infants. Comparison of the present acuity norms to previous acuity values from dark-reared macaques suggests the possibility that dark-rearing may arrest the development of acuity, but may not disrupt acuity levels established before the onset of dark-rearing.
MORPHOLOGY, TERRITORIALITY AND MATING SYSTEM OF THE PINTAILED WHYDAH VIDUA MACROURA

Summary Savalli, U. M. 1995. Morphology, territoriality and mating system of the Pintailed Whydah Vidua macroura. Ostrich 66: 129–134. The biology of the Pintailed Whydah Vidua macroura was studied at the Kakamega Forest, western Kenya. This species is sexually dimorphic in plumage and size (males are brighter, long tailed and larger). Males defended large (1.4 ha) territories which contained areas of bare ground (9% of total area) suitable for feeding on grass seeds such as Paspalum scrobiculatum. There were two breeding peaks: during the long rains (April-August) and the short rains (November-December). Territorial interactions were frequent; a previously unreported tail-uphill-wiping display is described. Females frequently visited male territories and were pursued and courted by the males. Male tarsus length was weakly, but positively, related to the size of feeding area (a possible indicator of territory quality), but there were no other significant correlates with territory size, or frequency of int...
Extracting turbulent spectral transfer from under-resolved velocity fields

The strong nonlinearities in turbulent flows drive the transfer of energy and other quantities between different scales of motion. In three-dimensional (3D) turbulence, this transfer organizes into the classic Richardson–Kolmogorov cascade of energy to small scales; in two-dimensional (2D) turbulence, it leads to an inverse cascade of energy to large scales and a forward cascade of enstrophy to small scales. Directly measuring this spectral transfer is difficult, particularly in experiments. Recently developed filtering techniques allow spectral fluxes to be measured locally, but have been assumed to require finely resolved velocity fields that are typically not available in 3D experiments. Here we show, using experimental data in 2D and the results of a 3D simulation, that poorly resolved velocity fields can still be used to extract information about spectral transfer processes. Our results suggest new useful ways of analyzing data from turbulence experiments with limited spatial resolution.
Zinc Coordination to Multiple Ligand Atoms in Organic-Rich Surface Soils

We report on the solid-phase speciation of naturally occurring Zn in metalliferous organic-matter-rich surface soils. Synchrotron-based studies were used to probe elemental distribution and associations in soil particles (micro-XRF) together with the mineralogy (micro-XRD) and Zn bonding environment (Zn-micro-XANES) at the micrometer-scale level. The average bonding environment of Zn was also probed for bulk soils using XANES. We found the distribution of elements within soil particles to be heterogeneous; however, some elements are consistently co-located. While conventional XRD analyses of whole soils did not identify any Zn mineral phase, synchrotron-based-micro-XRD analyses indicated that sphalerite (ZnS) is present in a particle from a wetland soil (soil labeled G3). Linear combination fit (LCF) analyses of XANES spectra collected for bulk soils (Zn-XANES) and microm-regions (Zn-micro-XANES) within soil particles suggest Zn bonds to oxygen-, nitrogen-, and sulfur-functional groups in these sulfur-, nitrogen-, and zinc-rich organic surface soils. The XANES spectra of all bulk soils and of all microm-regions except for the wetland soil (G3), where ZnS was the most significant constituent, were best fitted by the Zn-arginine reference compound and therefore seems to indicate Zn bonding to nitrogen. Thus, these results provide compelling evidence of the formation of highly covalent Zn-organic bonds in the organic-rich surface soils that were studied. This may explain in part why metal partition coefficients (Kd) are generally higher in organic soils, and why the toxic thresholds for total metal concentrations are higher in organic than in mineral soils.
Feeding Style Differences in Food Parenting Practices Associated With Fruit and Vegetable Intake in Children From Low-income Families

Abstract Objective To examine the moderating effects of feeding styles on the relationship between food parenting practices and fruit and vegetable (F & V) intake in low-income families with preschool-aged children. Design Focus group meetings with Head Start parents were conducted by using the nominal group technique. Parents completed information on food parenting practices and feeding styles. Three dietary recalls were collected on each child. Setting Parents completed measures in Head Start centers and/or over the telephone. Participants 667 parents of preschool-aged children participated. Outcomes Food parenting practices and F & V intake. Analysis Mean differences in the food parenting practices across the 4 feeding styles were established through multivariate general linear modeling using MANOVA. Moderated multiple regression analysis was conducted to examine the moderating role of feeding style on food parenting practices and child F & V intake. Results The indulgent feeding style moderated the relationship between food parenting practices and child F & V intake. Conclusions and Implications This study indicates that parents' feeding styles have a moderating effect on the relationship between the food parenting practices and children's F & V intake. This finding can facilitate the development of interventions aimed at reducing childhood overweight.
Reducing far-field diffraction by structured apertures

We demonstrate significant reduction in the angular distribution of the far field diffraction pattern from a wavelength-sized slit when we place a narrow (sub-wavelength) strip in the middle of the slit. The higher directionality is attributed to constructive and destructive interference in the central and lateral parts of the diffracted beam, respectively. Measurements in the visible and near-IR agree well with numerical simulations.
Realism, Positivism and Reference

Depending on the realist or instrumentalist twist that is given to positivism, interesting arguments can be made for both causal and classical theories of reference with regard to the use of scientific terms in the language of theory. But my claim is that the rigid foundationalism that supports the theoretical terms via the correspondence rules of the Received View undercuts the notion that it is possible to argue coherently for a causal theory of reference as allied to a positivistic view.
COGNITIVE THERAPY OF DELUSIONAL BELIEFS

The present article articulates a cognitive theoretical perspective of delusional beliefs. In contrast to the focus of psychoanalytic therapy (theoretically-derived phenomena beyond personal awareness), the cognitive therapist focuses primarily on the conscious cognitive-experiential level in the treatment of delusional beliefs, thereby emphasizing a 'common-sense' level of analysis or reasoning shared by the delusional patient. Unlike noncognitive behavioral approaches, which focus on topographical 'verbal behavior' as such, cognitive therapy directly targets specific delusional beliefs which theoretically give rise to the disordered verbal behavior. In this article, the adaptation of cognitive therapy to the treatment of delusions is described, with special attention to the following issues: special problems in collaboration; difficulties in obtaining conviction ratings; how to avoid and reduce confrontation through the Socratic method; the collaborative design of homework experiments; distancing strategies; interpersonal relationship issues; and the necessity to identify and explore the emotions associated with the various delusions, especially feelings about the possibility that the delusions may be incorrect.
Hollow Fiber Membrane (HFM) Facilitated CO2 Delivery to a Cyanobacteria Layer for Biofuel Production

Photosynthetic bacteria have been shown to be advantageous organisms for biofuel production due to high CO2 fixation efficiencies, fast growth rates, and lower water requirements. Recently, cyanobacteria been metabolically engineered to efficiently secrete their products into a surrounding solution. This has the advantage of potentially eliminating the requirement to harvest and post-process the organisms in order to extract a biofuel, which is one of the most energy and water expensive processes in most biodiesel production strategies. Lagging behind the development of these organisms however has been the development of new photobioreactor (PBR) strategies that can efficiently delivery light and inorganic carbon to the bacteria while extracting the secreted product and O2 from the solution phase. Hollow fiber membranes (HFMs) are a method for bubble-less gas exchange that has been shown to be effective at enhancing mass transfer in applications such as wastewater and landfill treatment. HFM technology could be used to overcome the mass transport challenges associated with photobioreactors. HFM modules have been used to increase mass transfer of CO2 to the bulk media in bench scale PBRs; however, the use of HFM fibers as both a mean to exchange and deliver a gas phase throughout a PBR has not been explored. We have characterized the passive transport along a single fiber in a miniature reactor in previous work. Here we extend our work to arrays of HFM fibers. We performed a range of experiments to characterize bacteria growth rate and distribution as a function fiber spacing and active transport through the fibers, and report optimized values for these variables.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Compliance Training in an Adult With Dementia of the Alzheimer’s Type and Down Syndrome

The authors describe the treatment of noncompliance and public stripping in a 53-year-old man with Down syndrome and dementia. Based on a review of the relevant literature and a comprehensive functional behavioral analysis, an intervention procedure utilizing contingent reinforcement of compliance was conducted. Compliance with requests to allow assistance getting dressed was reinforced with a combination of verbal praise, physical contact, and edible reinforcers. Noncompliance had decreased by 85.22% at follow-up. Factors responsible for intervention success and implications for clinicians are discussed.
The C19 position of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 faces outward in the vitamin D sterol-Binding pocket of vitamin D-Binding protein

The radiolabeled affinity and photoaffinity analogues of 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) (25-OH-D(3)) with probes at the C-19 position failed to specifically label the 25-OH-D(3)-binding pocket of vitamin D-binding protein (DBP). However, a hybrid analogue, with a bromoacetate affinity probe and a photoaffinity probe at C(3)-OH and C(19) positions, respectively, specifically labeled the ligand-binding pocket, suggesting that C(3)-OH points towards the 'inside' of the binding cavity while the C(19) position faces away from it.
Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 in the detection of fetal Down syndrome pregnancies.

Objective: To study the usefulness of maternal serum insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3, a potential cell growth inhibitor, in second trimester prenatal screening for fetal Down syndrome. Methods: Three hundred and forty-two samples from normal pregnancies and nine fetal Down syndrome pregnancies were analyzed for insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 levels by radioimmunoassay. Data were converted to multiples of median (MoM) and analyzed statistically to compare the differences between control and Down syndrome pregnancies. Results: The mean insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 MoM of Down syndrome–affected pregnancies (1.09) was significantly higher than that of the normal pregnancies (1.00) (P < .01). Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3, in combination with maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (MSAFP), hCG, and maternal age, detected 89% of Down syndrome pregnancies at a screen positive rate of 2.1%. This compares favorably to the standard combination of MSAFP, hCG, and unconjugated estriol (E3), which had a 66.7% Down syndrome detection rate and a 4.1% screen positive rate in our study samples. Conclusion: This retrospective analysis suggested that the inclusion of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 into the triple screen program to replace unconjugated E3 might enhance the detection rate of fetal Down syndrome pregnancies. These data need to be confirmed by a larger prospective study.
Selective growth of Co nanoislands on an oxygen-patterned Ru(0001) surface

We present a combined low energy electron microscopy and photoemission electron microscopy study of Co nanoislands grown on pure and partially oxidized Ru(0001) surfaces at 650--850 K. When Co is deposited on pure Ru(0001) at the temperature above $\ensuremath{\approx}700\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$, it first forms a wetting monolayer and then Co nanoislands abruptly nucleate. Partial oxidization of the clean Ru(0001) surface gives rise to large rhombus-shaped Ru--O patches (of $10\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$ scale). On this surface at $\ensuremath{\approx}730\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$ the Co islands form with different density in the Ru and Ru--O regions, and at $\ensuremath{\approx}800\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$ the Co islands only grow in the pure Ru regions. We attribute this selectivity to differences in the temperature dependence of the sticking coefficients for Co on the pure Ru and Ru--O regions.
An electrochemical study of the neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine and its oxidation products☆

Cyclic voltammetric and chronoamperometric experiments were performed on the neurotoxin, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), and its oxidative metabolites, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-2,3-dihydropyridinium ion (MPDP+) and 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP+). In neutral phosphate buffer electrolyte, MPTP underwent a 2-electron, 1-proton electrooxidation to MPDP+ according to an ECE mechanism where U2o < U1o. Further oxidation could be achieved in alkaline solution. MPDP+ could be reduced to the radical state (Uo ⩽ −0.560 V versus SHE) followed by dimerization and other side reactions. It was also shown that MPDP+ gradually disproportionates to produce MPTP and MPP+. With an Uo = −1.067±0.010 V, MPP+ underwent a 1-electron reduction, followed by dimerization. The redox potentials of MPP+ and possibly even MPDP+ were beyond the limits of known physiological reducing potentials; therefore, the primary cytotoxic action of MPP+ does not proceed via redox cycling of its reduction radical, as do other pyridinium-based toxins such as methyl viologen.
Computing with quantum knots.

A machine based on bizarre particles called anyons that represents a calculation as a set of braids in spacetime might be a shortcut to practical quantum computation
GROWTH IN INFANTS WITH BRONCHOPULMONARY DYSPLASIA AFTER INITIAL HOSPITAL DISCHARGE. 1595

Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (BPD) is often associated with long term growth problems. This study was designed to examine current rates of growth failure in infants with BPD and to prospectively determine risk factors associated with growth failure. After initial hospital discharge, the growth of 40 infants with mean gestational age of 27 ± 2 weeks, was followed with 7 monthly home visits. Potential risk factors included, low energy intake, feeding problems, difficult temperament, low socioeconomic status (SES), post discharge illness/hospitalization, and compromised caregiver-infant feeding relationship. Z score differences were calculated between the first visit and the last visit. Twenty nine infants (73%) experienced a drop in weight for age Z score, and 8 infants (20%) experienced a drop in height for age Z score. Risk of growth failure, defined as weight or length less than the 5th percentile at the last visit and experienced by 18 (45%) infants, was increased by low socioeconomic status (RR 2.13, 95% CI 1.04,4.33), significant feeding difficulties (RR 2.33, 95% CI 1.24,4.38), and difficult temperament(RR 2.08, 95% CI 1.04,4.19). Problems associated with feeding were common and included choking, coughing, cyanosis, crying, and fatigue. Infants with growth failure were more likely to have a “suspect” finding on the Denver II (Chi square 6.05, p=0.014). Growth failure and feeding problems continue to be a problem for infants with BPD. We found that growth was adversely affected by low socioeconomic status, feeding difficulties, and difficult temperament. High risk infants may benefit from frequent nutrition assessment and intervention for feeding problems.
Effects of kynurenate on root potentials evoked by synaptic activity and amino acids in the frog spinal cord.

The effects of kynurenate (Kyn) on synaptic- and excitatory amino acid-mediated responses in isolated, hemisected spinal cords of frog were examined. Kyn (0.5 mM) rapidly and reversibly blocked greater than 90% of the synaptically mediated ventral root potential (VRP) produced by stimulation of the dorsal root. Spontaneous activities recorded from both ventral and dorsal roots were also reversibly blocked by Kyn. However, Kyn had no effect on action potentials or excitability per se, nor was it a general inhibitor of synaptic transmission since Kyn concentrations as high as 2.5 mM had no effect on synaptically mediated dorsal root potentials produced by stimulation of the ventral root. In addition, Kyn had no effect on synaptic transmission in sympathetic ganglia of frog. Although Kyn (2.5 mM) by itself produced no ventral root response in spinal cords treated with tetrodotoxin, it antagonized those induced by the excitatory amino acids N-methyl-D,L-aspartate, quisqualate, kainate, aspartate, and glutamate. The ventral root responses to all concentrations of quisqualate tested were depressed by 2.5 mM Kyn. In addition, when Kyn was washed out, the rate of recovery from Kyn block was accelerated by the presence of quisqualate. These results indicate that quisqualate and Kyn compete for common binding sites. However, low concentrations of Kyn (e.g. 0.1 mM) potentiated the peak of the response to saturating concentrations of quisqualate by as much as 30%. The durations of the potentiated quisqualate responses were significantly shorter than the control responses. Thus, Kyn does not act simply as a competitive inhibitor of quisqualate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Ion-Exchange Chromatography of Metal Ions with Ethanolamine Eluents

Abstract Copper, nickel, zinc, cadmium and four other metals were separated on cation-exchange resins, using as eluents solutions of mono-, di- and triethanolamine with their chloride and nitrate salts. Column chromatography was used, also chromatography on resin-impregnated paper. Under suitable conditions Cu(II) is not retained by the resin at all; this fact is attributed to the formation of uncharged hydroxy-complexes. This may also occur with Ag(I).
Functional specifications of a subsystem for data base integrity

This paper defines an integrity subsystem for an integrated data base management system, and shows how integrity is distinguished from the related areas of security, consistency, and reliability. The integrity subsystem guards the data base against semantic errors by permitting users to make assertions which define the correctness of the data base, and to specify actions to be taken when the assertions are not satisfied. Several categories of assertions are considered, including tuple-vs. set-oriented, state- vs. transition-oriented, immediate vs. delayed, and "hard" vs. "soft" assertions. The related areas of data definition facilities, compatibility of data items, and handling of null values are explored. Facilities are specified by means of which a user may create, drop, or examine integrity assertions.
A processual study of Inka state formation

Abstract Traditional interpretations of how the Inka empire developed emphasize the disjunctive transformation of a village-level society through the agency of a single charismatic ruler. New evidence from the Inka heartland indicates that it was in fact the formation of a centralized state in the Cusco Valley of highland Peru that enabled the rapid campaigns of Inka territorial expansion during the 15th and 16th centuries. By using archaeological data and ethnohistoric documents to develop independent lines of evidence, it is possible to describe Inka state formation processes anthropologically. Settlement and excavation data from the Vilcanota Valley provide several indicators of the development of a centralized Inka state during the Killke Period (c. A.D. 1000–1400), while multiple accounts of the Inka past describe the transformation of Inka society over a period of several generations leading up to the first campaigns of imperial conquest. Both lines of evidence are consistent with the kinds of changes described for other known cases of state formation. The formation of the Inka state and its expansion in the Cusco region created conditions in which the agency of Inka rulers could direct the expansion of a mighty empire in only a few generations of conquest.
Calcitroic acid: Biological activity and tissue distribution studies

Abstract Calcitroic acid was recently identified as a major metabolite of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 (Esvelt, Schnoes, and DeLuca, Biochemistry 18 , 3977, 1979). The metabolite was found to have little, although significant, activity in healing rickets, and causing bone mineral mobilization but elicited no significant elevation in intestinal calcium transport. The compound showed little affinity for either the serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D binding protein or the intestinal cytosol receptor for 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 . Various tissues of the rat were examined for the presence of calcitroic acid following a 120-ng dose of 1,25-dihydroxy-[3α- 3 H]vitamin D 3 . The metabolite was detected in liver, intestinal mucosa, kidneys, and blood with livers and mucosa containing the highest concentrations. In each of these tissues the calcitroic acid content increased during the period between 4 and 12 h after the dose. The presence of calcitroic acid in femurs was indicated but could not be confirmed. Bile duct cannulation reduced but did not abolish the intestinal calcitroic acid content. In addition to calcitroic acid, other polar metabolites of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 were detected in these experiments.
Novel protection strategy for pulmonary transplantation.

Abstract Background. Ischemia-reperfusion injury continues to represent a significant challenge to successful lung transplantation. Traditional pulmonary ischemic protection is performed using hypothermic hyperkalemic depolarizing solutions to reduce the metabolic demands of the ischemic organ. Measures to further reduce the effects of ischemic injury have focused on the reperfusion period. We tested the hypothesis that novel physiologic hyperpolarizing solutions—using ATP-dependent potassium channel (KATP) openers—given at the induction of ischemia, will reduce cellular injury and provide superior graft function even after prolonged periods of ischemia. Methods. An isolated blood-perfused ventilated rabbit lung model was used to study lung injury. Airway, left atrial, and pulmonary artery pressures were measured continuously during the 2-h reperfusion period. Oxygenation, as a surrogate of graft function, was measured using intermittent blood gas analysis of paired left atrial and pulmonary artery blood samples. Graft function was measured by oxygen challenge technique (FiO2 = 1.0). Wet-to-dry ratio was measured at the conclusion of the 2-h reperfusion period. Control (Group I) lungs were perfused with modified Euro-Collins solution (depolarizing) and reperfused immediately (no ischemia). Traditional protection lungs were perfused with modified Euro-Collins flush solution and stored for 4 h (Group II) or 18 h (Group III) at 4°C before reperfusion. Novel protection (Group IV) lungs were protected with a hyperpolarizing solution containing 100 nM Aprikalim, a specific KATP channel opener, added to the modified Euro-Collins flush solution and underwent 18 h of ischemic storage at 4°C before reperfusion. Results. Profound graft failure was measured after 18 h of ischemic storage with traditional protection strategies (Group III). Graft function was preserved by protection with hyperpolarizing solutions even for prolonged ischemic periods (Group IV). Wet-to-dry weight ratio, airway, left atrial, and pulmonary artery pressures were not significantly different between the groups. Conclusions. We have created a model of predictable lung injury. Membrane hyperpolarization with a KATP channel opener (PCO) provides superior prolonged protection from ischemia-reperfusion injury in an in vitro model of pulmonary transplantation.
On the mechanism of the comutagenic effect of Cu(II) with ultraviolet light

Although CuCl2 alone is not mutagenic in E. coli or in Chinese hamster cells, exposure of E. coli to CuCl2 during UV-irradiation causes enhancement of UV-mutagenesis. The mechanism for this comutagenic effect appears to be owing to increased DNA damage by the combined treatment of UV and Cu(II) compared with UV or Cu(II) alone. Using a sequencing gel approach, UV alone is found to cause a particular pattern of alkali-labile sites, whereas CuCl2 alone caused few such sites. The combined action of UV + CuCl2 greatly increased the amount of sites over that of UV alone, and caused a change in their pattern. In the presence of high NaCl concentrations, however, Cu(II) is able to induce DNA damage. This latter effect is most likely owing to the formation of hypochlorite ion. The hypothesis that the comutagenic effect of Cu(II) plus UV might be owing to hydroxyl radical formed via a Fenton reaction involving Cu(II) and UV-generated H2O2 was not supported, since no H2O2 is detectable in aqueous medium after UV irradiation, and catalase did not block the DNA damage. These results favor the hypothesis that UV-irradiation of Cu(II) causes a photoactivation, enabling it to generate free radicals, perhaps by reacting with dissolved oxygen.
Obesity is induced in mice heterozygous for cyclooxygenase-2.

Abstract In mice heterozygous for the cyclooxygenase-2 gene (COX-2±) the body weight was enhanced by 33% as compared to homozygous COX-2−/− mice. The weights of the gonadal fat pads in COX-2± mice were enhanced by 3.5 to 4.7 fold as compared to COX-2−/− mice and by 1.5 to 3.5 fold as compared to wild-type controls+/+. Serum leptin levels and leptin release by cultured adipose tissue of COX-2± mice were both elevated as compared to either control or COX-2−/− animals. The basal release of PGE2 or 6 keto PGF1α per fat pad over a 24 h incubation of adipose tissue was reduced by 80% and 95% respectively in tissue from COX-2−/− mice. NS-398, a specific COX-2 inhibitor, inhibited leptin release by 27% in adipose tissue from control mice, 31% in tissue from COX-1−/− mice and by 23% in tissue from COX-2± mice while having no effect on leptin release by adipose tissue from COX-2−/− mice. These data indicate that heterozygous COX-2 mice develop obesity which is not secondary to a defect in leptin release by adipose tissue.
SECONDARY EXPANSION OF HIGH‐ALUMINA REFRACTORIES*

Several mixtures of raw and calcined diaspore and bauxite with raw and calcined fire clays were prepared and fired at 2700°F. Specimens were refired at higher temperatures, and the linear changes were determined. Bodies composed of high-alumina grog and fire clay expand in the refire, whereas specimens of fire-clay grog that are bonded with ground raw diaspore exhibit shrinkage. The cause of the secondary expansion and shrinkage of these bodies is discussed.
Second malignant neoplasms occuring in survivors of osteosarcoma

BACKGROUND Second malignant neoplasms have been noted infrequently in survivors of osteosarcoma treated before 1970. METHODS For the above reason, the authors surveyed their patients to determine the actuarial incidence and relative risk of second malignancies among patients treated with adjuvant chemotherapy for osteosarcoma. RESULTS Between March 1962 and March 1996, 334 patients received chemotherapy for newly diagnosed primary or metastatic osteosarcoma. Of these patients, 47 presented with metastases, 14 had multifocal osteosarcoma, and 273 had localized disease. Nine patients developed second malignant neoplasms 0.45-17.8 years (median, 6.3 years) after receiving definitive surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy for primary osteosarcoma; 2 of these patients had pulmonary metastasectomies before receiving adjuvant chemotherapy. The second neoplasms comprised two cases of malignant fibrous histiocytoma and one case each of melanoma, glioblastoma multiforme, chondrosarcoma, and carcinoma of the breast: stomach, colon, rectum. The overall 10-year cumulative incidence of second malignancies was 2% ± 1%; by comparison, this rate was 2% ± 1% for patients with localized osteosarcoma but was 8% ± 5% (P = 0.15) for those who presented with metastatic disease. CONCLUSIONS Since the advent of successful adjuvant chemotherapy, more patients are surviving primary osteosarcoma; therefore, the number of osteosarcoma patients who develop second malignancies can be expected to increase. Recognition of osteosarcoma patients who are members of families with Li-Fraumeni syndrome may lead to earlier intervention for these individuals. Cancer 1997; 80:960-5. © 1997 American Cancer Society.
Resonant-Brillouin-scattering linewidth in a weak magnetic field: Direct evidence for the k -linear effect in the A exciton in CdS

The linewidths of Brillouin components involving lower-branch A-exciton polaritons in the resonant-Brillouin-scattering spectra of CdS in a weak magnetic field have been investigated. Line narrowing, broadening, and splitting of the Stokes LA 2-2' Brillouin components were observed near a laser frequency of \ensuremath{\omega}\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}\ensuremath{\approxeq}\ensuremath{\omega}${\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}_{\mathrm{cr}}$ (20 594.0 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$) due to the cancellation or enhancement of the k-linear mixing of the ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{5T}$(A)-polariton and ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{6}$(A)-exciton states by appropriate magnetic fields. Significant differences between the linewidths observed with oppositely oriented magnetic fields provide the first direct evidence for the k-linear interaction of the A exciton in CdS which was proposed in our previous publication on the frequency-dependent damping constant of exciton-polaritons.
Psychiatric evaluation of the hyperkinetic child

Summary The “exceptional child” presents a challenge to the diagnostic acumen of every physician, psychologist, orthopsychiatrist, and educator who must contribute toward the satisfactory home and school adjustment of this child. An effort has been made in this paper to correlate material from diversified fields all interested in understanding and treating the behavior deviations of children. Emphasis has been placed upon physical abnormalities which directly or through their psychogenic implications affect the child's behavior to produce what is termed the “hyperkinetic child”. It is incumbent upon every physician to conscientiously evaluate the importance of these physical aberrations as they may or may not contribute to the children's behavior disorders. When the physician is satisfied that the sum of minor or major physical abnormalities does not constitute the etiology of the disorder, he should frankly search for psychogenic factors or refer to those physicians or agencies where examinations can be made to ascertain and deal understandingly with these features of conduct. He should not be among those who contribute to the “miscomprehensions of parents concerning child health and behavior”—a subject so recently studied and reported by Jacques 22 from the Harvard University Psychological Clinic.
The mass of the glueball

Abstract Using a strong-coupling argument in the SU( N ) lattice gauge theory without quarks, I estimate the glueball mass in these theories. For SU(3), the result is m g = 1.4 GeV with an uncertainty of about fifty percent.
Replacing ganciclovir implants.

Purpose: The authors report their surgical experience replacing empty ganciclovir implants in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis. Methods: A chart review of all patients receiving two or more ganciclovir implants was performed. Results: Nine eyes in eight patients received two or more implants. The average time before a second implant was needed was 6 months. Cytomegalovirus retinitis was controlled in all patients except one. Three patients required intermittent intravenous exogenous anti-CMV therapy, one for persistent CMV retinitis and two for systemic CMV. Visual acuity of 20/40 or better was maintained in five of eight patients, despite a longstanding history of CMV retinitis. Conclusion: In this small series, most patients retained good vision after ganciclovir implant replacement.
Role of the Glucagon-Like-Peptide-1 Receptor in the Control of Energy Balance

The peripheral and central glucagon-like-peptide-1 (GLP-1) systems play an essential role in glycemic and energy balance regulation. Thus, pharmacological targeting of peripheral and/or central GLP-1 receptors (GLP-1R) may represent a potential long-term treatment option for both obesity and type-II diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Uncovering and understanding the neural pathways, physiological mechanisms, specific GLP-1R populations, and intracellular signaling cascades that mediate the food intake inhibitory and incretin effects produced by GLP-1R activation are vital to the development of these potential successful therapeutics. Particular focus will be given to the essential role of the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) in the caudal brainstem, as well as the gut-to-brain communication by vagal afferent fibers in mediating the physiological and behavioral responses following GLP-1R activation. The paper represents an invited review by a symposium, award winner or keynote speaker at the Society for the Study of Ingestive Behavior [SSIB] Annual Meeting in Portland, July 2009.
Interaction energies for blends based on glycidyl methacrylate copolymers

Abstract The phase behaviour of blends of glycidyl methacrylate/methyl methacrylate (GMA/MMA) copolymers with styrene/acrylonitrile (SAN) copolymers and of GMA/styrene copolymers with tetramethyl polycarbonate and poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) has been determined and analysed using two theoretical approaches. Binary interaction densities for repeat-unit pairs were evaluated from the lower critical solution temperature type phase behaviour using the lattice-fluid theory of Sanchez and Lacombe and from copolymer composition miscibility boundaries using the Flory-Huggins theory. For the GMA/MMA-SAN system the interaction energies obtained by the two approaches agree quite well with each other and with independent information obtained by the critical molecular-weight method.
Terminating Entitlements: Veterans' Disability Benefits in the Depression

A new term, entitlement, has appeared in the federal lexicon with increasing frequency during the last few years. Although in common use, its definition receives little attention in agency glossaries and its impact even less by those who legislate and administer them. This article first considers the pragmatic meaning of the term and then analyzes the difficulty of limiting such benefits once they have been authorized, by examining a short-lived attempt to reduce entitlement benefits for veterans during the era of the Depression. After documenting the social and political conditions which facilitated the entitlement reduction, attention is directed to the process through which political pressure was mobilized and focused in order to force a reversal of congressional action. This historical episode is then compared to an ill-fated, modern-day attempt by DHEW to limit free social service programs under the terms of the Social Security Act.
Demonstration of Imaging Fourier Transform Spectrometer (FTS) Performance for Planetary and Geostationary Earth Observing

The combination of massively parallel spatial sampling and accurate spectral radiometry offered by imaging FTS makes it extremely attractive for earth and planetary remote sensing. We constructed a breadboard instrument to help assess the potential for planetary applications of small imaging FTS instruments in the 1 - 5 micrometer range. The results also support definition of the NASA Geostationary Imaging FTS (GIFTS) instrument that will make key meteorological and climate observations from geostationary earth orbit. The Planetary Imaging FTS (PIFTS) breadboard is based on a custom miniaturized Bomen interferometer that uses corner cube reflectors, a wishbone pivoting voice-coil delay scan mechanism, and a laser diode metrology system. The interferometer optical output is measured by a commercial infrared camera procured from Santa Barbara Focalplane. It uses an InSb 128x128 detector array that covers the entire FOV of the instrument when coupled with a 25 mm focal length commercial camera lens. With appropriate lenses and cold filters the instrument can be used from the visible to 5 micrometers. The delay scan is continuous, but slow, covering the maximum range of +/- 0.4 cm in 37.56 sec at a rate of 500 image frames per second. Image exposures are timed to be centered around predicted zero crossings. The design allows for prediction algorithms that account for the most recent fringe rate so that timing jitter produced by scan speed variations can be minimized. Response to a fixed source is linear with exposure time nearly to the point of saturation. Linearity with respect to input variations was demonstrated to within 0.16% using a 3-point blackbody calibration. Imaging of external complex scenes was carried out at low and high spectral resolution. These require full complex calibration to remove background contributions that vary dramatically over the instrument FOV. Testing is continuing to demonstrate the precise radiometric accuracy and noise characteristics.
Fluphenazine Enanthate in the Outpatient Treatment of Late Paraphrenia

Fluphenazine enanthate parenterally was compared to an antipsychotic drug (haloperidol) given orally for the "crisis intervention" treatment of elderly outpatients with late paraphrenia. In the fluphenazine group, 11 of 13 patients improved, compared to only 3 of 13 in the oral drug group (p less than 0.01). The superiority of fluphenazine probably was attributable to improved compliance with the prescribed regimen by patients receiving parenteral depot medication. Despite the advanced age of the subjects, significant adverse drug effects were uncommon.
Disruption of glutamate receptor-interacting protein in nucleus accumbens enhances vulnerability to cocaine relapse

Trafficking and stabilization of AMPA receptors at synapses in response to cocaine exposure is thought to be critical for expression of cocaine addiction and relapse. Glutamate receptor-interacting protein (GRIP) is a neuronal scaffolding protein that stabilizes GluA2 AMPARs at synapses but its role in cocaine addiction has not been examined. The current study demonstrates that conditional deletion of GRIP within the nucleus accumbens potentiates cue-induced reinstatement of cocaine seeking without affecting operant learning, locomotor activity, or reinstatement of natural reward seeking. This is the first study to demonstrate a role for accumbal GRIP in behavior. Electrophysiological recordings revealed increased rectification of AMPAR-mediated currents in the nucleus accumbens and increased AMPAR sensitivity to the GluA2-lacking AMPAR antagonist, 1-naphthylacetyl spermine, indicative of an increased contribution of GluA2-lacking calcium-permeable AMPARs. In addition, accumbal GRIP deletion was associated with blunted long-term depression, similar to what is seen following cocaine self-administration. Taken together, these results indicate that GRIP may modulate addictive phenotypes through its regulation of synaptic AMPARs by controlling their subunit composition and susceptibility to LTD. These effects are associated with changes in vulnerability to cocaine relapse and highlight GRIP as a novel target for the development of cocaine addiction therapeutics.
Model for the Origin of Ferromagnetism in Fe: Average-Moment Internal-Field Variations in Fe Si and Fe Al Alloys

A detailed indirect-coupling model is given for the origin of ferromagnetism in Fe. With no free parameters this model describes the difference in behavior of the average moments and hyperfine fields in $\mathrm{Fe}\mathrm{Si}$ and $\mathrm{Fe}\mathrm{Al}$ alloys. The hyperfine-field results lead to a possible operational distinction between localized and nonlocalized $d$ electrons.
How to interpret data from the superficial femoral artery stenting trials and registries

Recent advances in endovascular technologies have made catheter-based interventions a preferred treatment strategy in patients with intermittent claudication or ischemic rest pain of the lower extremity. Although the current body of literature is inundated with clinical reports favoring countless endovascular devices and treatment techniques for femoropopliteal occlusive disease, analysis of available clinical reports regarding femoropopliteal lesions can be an overwhelming undertaking. In this report, we examine various challenges associated with data interpretation of clinical literature on endovascular treatment of femoropopliteal occlusive disease. Particular attention is focused on prospective randomized trials and clinical registries evaluating treatment efficacy of self-expanding nitinol stent implantation in femoropopliteal lesions. Prospective trials on the efficacy of drug-eluting stent placement and covered stent implantation of the superficial femoral artery are also discussed. Understanding current literature related to prospective randomized trials on femoropopliteal disease interventions is important to formulate an optimal treatment strategy based on appropriate patient selection and disease stratification so that successful treatment outcome can be achieved.
Langmuir−Blodgett Films of a Thermally Labile 1:1 Adduct of C60 Fullerene and 8-(9-Anthryl)-7-oxaoctanoic Acid

A novel amphiphilic C60 derivative, C60−AOOA, was prepared for Langmuir−Blodgett (LB) films by a thermally reversible Diels−Alder reaction of C60 and an anthracene derivative with a carboxylic acid group side chain. This derivative showed a limiting surface area per molecule (at zero pressure) as large as 0.92 nm2, which is reasonable for a true Langmuir monolayer of a C60 derivative. LB films were formed on various substrates. Their structure and thermal behavior were studied by X-ray diffraction and FT-IR: the transferred C60−AOOA decomposes upon heat treatment, to form a C60 layer and/or C60/C60−AOOA mixed layers.
MultiWaveLink: An interactive data base for the coordination of multiwavelength and multifacility observations

MultiWaveLink is an interactive, computerized data base that was developed to facilitate a multi-wavelength approach to studying astrophysical sources. It can be used to access information about multiwavelenth resources (observers, telescopes, data bases and analysis facilities) or to organize observing campaigns that require either many telescopes operating in different spectral regimes or a network of similar telescopes circumspanning the Earth.
Compact myelin dictates the differential targeting of two sodium channel isoforms in the same axon.

Summary determine the role of myelination in the expression and localization of sodium channels in unmyelinated and Voltage-dependent sodium channels are uniformly distributed along unmyelinated axons, but are highly myelinated regions of the same axons. Here we show that in adult rats, Nav1.2 is preferentially localized to concentrated at nodes of Ranvier in myelinated axons. Here, we show that this pattern is associated with the unmyelinated zone of RGC axons, while Nav1.6 is
Energy calculations with the extended-hückel method

Abstract The reliability of various modifications of the extended-Huckel method in calculating several energy-related quantities was investigated for a group of diatomic molecules. It was found that the total energy can be computed fairly accurately, the accuracy increasing as the charge distribution is more uniform. Relatively good estimates of dissociation energies can also be obtained, using the molecular orbital energies and the elements of the H matrix used to compute the molecular wavefunction.
Lexicon-phonology relationships and dynamics of early language development--a commentary on Stoel-Gammon's 'Relationships between lexical and phonological development in young children'.

We applaud Stoel-Gammon's (this issue) call for a more comprehensive account of the relationship between lexicon and phonology, and we strongly endorse her suggestions for future research. However, we think that it will not be enough simply to integrate findings and methods from the adult-centered and child-centered literatures. Both of these literatures suggest that we need to rethink standard assumptions about what phonological representations are and how they emerge to support the very large vocabularies that speakers develop over the course of a lifetime. Our commentary focuses on three themes relevant to this reconceptualization.