cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measurement of the geometric parameters of the aortic bifurcation from magnetic resonance images

This paper presents a method for measuring arterial geometryin vivo using MRI. The approach was validated using MR images of three perfused compliant casts of human aortic bifurcations whose geometry was known. Preliminary human studies demonstrated the reproducibility of the technique. The approach was applied to 20 normal individuals to study the effects of age, race, and gender on the geometry of the aortic bifurcation. The results show that older people tend to have a smaller bifurcation angle, lower planarity, and larger angular asymmetry than younger people. Asians have larger bifurcation angles than whites. The bifurcation of males is more asymmetric than that of females. These results may have implications regarding the heritability of arterial geometry, the similarities of cardiovascular risk within families, and differences in risk among groups.
Metronidazole and the isolation of temperature-sensitive photosynthetic mutants in cyanobacteria.

A procedure has been developed for use of metronidazole (2-methyl-5-nitroimidazole-1-ethanol) as an enrichment agent during the isolation of temperature-sensitive, photosynthetic mutants in the cyanobacteriumSynechococcus cedrorum. The protocol includes incubation with this drug following mutagenesis withN-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. Incubation of photosynthetically activeS. cedrorum cells with 1 mM metronidazole causes a light-dependent reduction of cell viability. Maximum reduction in cell viability occurred following 6 h of incubation. Cessation of electron transport reduced the impact of the drug by five orders of magnitude. Yet during the time of incubation, metronidazole did not influence the electron transport capacities of theS. cedrorum cells, suggesting that the thylakoid membrane was not the target of the toxic effects of this drug. In addition, this drug was found to be an effective electron acceptor to photosystem I although high concentrations were required to observe maximum rates of electron transfer. Metronidazole interacted in a noncompetitive manner with methyl viologen, which suggested that those two acceptors to photosystem I have unique reduction sites on theS. cedrorum thylakoid membrane. The temperature-sensitive strains that were isolated using the procedure presented here were assessed for photosynthetic electron transport and chlorophyll fluorescence (induction kinetics and low-temperature emission spectra) characteristics. Approximately one-half of the temperature-sensitive mutants isolated possessed abnormal photosynthetic properties when shifted to the restrictive temperature (40°C). A total of 31 strains have been characterized and initially classified, showing abnormalities throughout the photosynthetic electron-transport chain.
Some thoughts on an O(N3)-algorithm for the optimal control of arrivals in a GI/M/1/ N queue

A formerly presented O(N^3)-algorithm for the optimal control of arrivals in a GI/M/1/N queue is extended for solving the problems with the average reward criterion and with a general action space.
Comparison of lectin receptor and membrane coat-associated glycoproteins of milk lipid globule membranes.

Abstract 1. 1. Glycoproteins of bovine ( Bos taurus ) and human ( Homo sapiens ) milk lipid globule membranes were characterized by ability to bind lectins after electrophoretic separation. 2. 2. Seven lectin receptor glycoproteins were detected in bovine and five in human milk lipid globule membranes. Bovine and human globule membrane glycoproteins differed in ability to interact with certain lectins. 3. 3. Two major nonionic detergent insoluble glycoproteins were present in bovine and human lipid globule membrane; these constituents had apparent molecular weights of 155,000 and 69,000. Detergent-insoluble polypeptides with similar or identical electrophoretic mobilities were found in milk lipid globule membranes from four other species, rat ( Rattus norvegicus ), sheep ( Ovis aries ), pig ( Sus scrofa ) and goat ( Capra hircus ). Tryptic peptide mapping revealed these polypeptides to be nonidentical among species.
Application of maximum likelihood paired comparison ranking to estimation of a linear dominance hierarchy in animal societies

Abstract Dominance hierarchies have been widely used for describing the outcome of competitive interactions in an animal group. We present a procedure for estimating the linear dominance hierarchy. The procedure uses the statistical method of paired comparisons, assuming weak stochastic transitivity to model interactions within a linear dominance hierarchy. The linear dominance hierarchy is estimated using a maximum likelihood ranking procedure. This method allows unequal numbers of encounters between pairs and does not require all pairs to have observed encounters. The method is illustrated by application to behavioural data from a group of 10 baboons ( Papio cynocephalus anubis ).
Natural convection heat transfer from a horizontal cylinder embedded in a porous medium

Abstract This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation of heat transfer by natural convection from a horizontal cylinder embedded in porous media consisting of randomly packed glass spheres saturated by either water or silicone oil. It is shown that the overall range of the Rayleigh number, Ra, can be divided into two subregions, called ‘low’ and ‘high’, in each of which the Nusselt number, Nu, behaves differently. It is demonstrated that the low Ra region corresponds to Darey flow and the high to Forchheimer flow. Correlation equations for Nu for the Darcy regime are presented that account for viscous dissipation, and others for the Forchheimer regime that involve the first and second Forchheimer coefficients. The variation of properties with temperature and the wall effect on porosity (and consequently on heat transfer) are considered. The paper includes information concerning the resistance to flow in porous media that was obtained in conjunction with the heat transfer study.
Social policy, imperiled communities and HIV/AIDS transmission in prisons: a call for zero tolerance

Abstract HIV/AIDS and African-American male imprisonment contribute to the destruction of African-American communities. African-American men and HIV/AIDS are disproportionately represented throughout all sectors of the criminal justice industry, including the juvenile justice system. The criminal justice system contributes to unacceptably high African-American male imprisonment rates and HIV prevalence directly via the ‘war on drugs’ and lax enforcement of institutional policy among other things, and indirectly through perpetuation of economic hardship which further exacerbates imprisonment rates, thus closing the loop of a vicious cycle of revolving prison doors and HIV contraction. This article briefly introduces surrounding socio-political issues that contextualizes the ensuing discussion. It then considers the State of Georgia to explore issues of incidence and how HIV transmission occurs in prisons, uses Prison Rape Elimination Act data to shed light on accountability issues and the degree to which the nature of sex in prisons is romantic or violent, and concludes by offering overarching solutions and encouraging action in response to the myriad associated problems.
Transport in two dimensions. II the thermal conductivity coefficient

Abstract The study of generalized transport coefficients in two dimensions is continued. In this article, the thermal conductivity coefficient is examined. The Mori formalism is used and the set of variables consists of all finite multilinear products of two collective conserved variables, the energy density and the momentum density. The tensorial symmetry of Euler and dissipative matrix elements is taken into account explicitly. Two simultaneous non-linear integral equations are obtained, the asymptotic solution for which behave in the same manner as the self-diffusion coefficient studied in an earlier paper. However, the coefficient is dependent upon the intermolecular potential. The heat current auto-correlation function decays asymptotically as [t In 1 2 t] −1 . The asymptotic form for the shear viscosity coefficient is examined briefly and found to be independent of the intermolecular potential. A better approximation for the coefficient of the asymptotic form of the self-diffusion coefficient is presented.
Modified nitric acid plant tissue digest method

Abstract The Colorado State University biosolids research program has routinely used concentrated nitric acid for digesting plant tissue for subsequent inductively coupled plasma‐atomic emission spectrometry analyses. The original method outlined by Havlin and Soltanpour calls for samples to be heated on an aluminum block at 125°C until the liquid volume is reduced to 2–3 mL. However, some plant species require >17 hours to reduce to 3 mL, while other plant species boil out of the digestion tubes at 125°C; some do both. The objective of this research was to determine if a timed digestion period could yield similar results to the original volume reduction method for plant species routinely analyzed in our laboratory. We performed digests on winter wheat grain and straw (Triticum aestivum L., ‘TAM 107'), fringed sage (Artemisia frigida Willd.), and an NIST wheat flour standard (NIST Standard Reference Material 1567a). We predigested 1.00 g plant material in 10 mL of concentrated nitric acid (69% by weight) ...
Lineshape theory and photon counting statistics for blinking quantum dots: a Lévy walk process

Abstract Motivated by recent experimental observations of power-law statistics both in spectral diffusion process and fluorescence intermittency of individual semiconductor nanocrystals (quantum dots), we consider two different but related problems: (a) a stochastic lineshape theory for the Kubo–Anderson oscillator whose frequency modulation follows power-law statistics and (b) photon counting statistics of quantum dots whose intensity fluctuation is characterized by power-law kinetics. In the first problem, we derive an analytical expression for the lineshape formula and find rich type of behaviors when compared with the standard theory. For example, new type of resonances and narrowing behavior have been found. We show that the lineshape is extremely sensitive to the way the system is prepared at time t =0 and discuss the problem of stationarity. In the second problem, we use semiclassical photon counting statistics to characterize the fluctuation of the photon counts emitted from quantum dots. We show that the photon counting statistics problem can be mapped onto a Levy walk process. We find unusually large fluctuations in the photon counts that have not been encountered previously. In particular, we show that Mandel’s Q parameter may increase in time even in the long time limit.
Vocational or university education? A new look at their effects on economic growth

Abstract This paper shows that the effect of vocational education on economic growth appears to be greater than that of university education. Additionally, the reversed effect of economic growth on vocational education seems to be stronger than on university education.
Grazing-incidence X-ray Absorption and Emission Spectroscopy

### Grazing-incidence X-ray methods Although the advantages of using grazing incidence (GI) techniques in X-ray scattering and spectroscopy have been known for a long time (Yoneda and Horiuchi 1971), the use of such geometry has only been developed fully with the advent of highly collimated X-ray sources, particularly synchrotrons. It is now possible to place the entire output of a synchrotron insertion device (wiggler or undulator) onto the surface of a flat crystal or analogous sample with minimal angular divergence at the critical angle for total external reflection. This allows the application of unprecedented X-ray intensity in a region confined within a few nm of the surface. Such intensity allows for measurement of the X-ray absorption and emission spectrum with sufficient counting statistics so that extremely small surface coverages of impurities, precipitates or sorbed species can be structurally probed. This is of value to environmental geochemistry, as the majority of toxic pollutants in the environment do not occupy mineral surfaces with anything like monolayer (ML) coverages. Hence the majority of X-ray experiments to date deal with unrealistically high surface loadings, relatively thick surface precipitates, or natural samples with high levels of contaminants. This is of special significance because small quantities of surface complexes may bind to defect or otherwise unrepresentative low density sites on a surface, and hence would not behave like species sorbed at higher densities. In addition, the use of single crystal samples allows the polarization of the synchrotron radiation to be used to probe specific directions with respect to the surface plane (for K and L1 edges), hence potentially obtaining additional crystallographic information about oriented adsorbates, precipitates or epitaxial layers. One can select the type of substrate, the plane (hkl) of the substrate, and the orientation of that plane with respect to the propagation direction and electric vector polarization of …
Nitrous Acid as a Source of NO and NO2 in the Reaction with a Macrocyclic Superoxorhodium(III) Complex

The title reaction takes place according to the stoichiometry 2L2RhOO2+ + 3HNO2 + H2O → 2L2Rh(OH2)3+ + 3NO3- + H+ (L2 = meso-Me6-[14]ane-N4). The kinetics are second order in HNO2 and independent of the concentration of L2RhOO2+, rate = (k1 + k2[H+])[HNO2]2, where k1 = 10.9 M-1 s-1 and k2 = 175 M-2 s-1 at 25 °C and 0.10 M ionic strength. The reaction produces two observable intermediates, the nitrato (L2RhONO22+) and hydroperoxo (L2RhOOH2+) complexes. The product analysis and kinetics are indicative of the initial rate-controlling formation of NO and NO2, both of which react rapidly with L2RhOO2+ in subsequent steps. The reaction with NO produces mainly L2RhONO22+, which hydrolyzes to L2Rh(OH2)3+ and NO3-. Another minor pathway generates the hydroperoxo complex, which was detected by its known reaction with Feaq2+. The reaction of NO2 with L2RhOO2+ requires an additional equivalent of HNO2 and produces L2Rh(OH2)3+ and NO3- via a proposed peroxynitrato complex L2RhOONO22+. This work provides strong evidenc...
162. Exploring orbitofrontal dysfunction in schizophrenia: a neuropsychological assay

regions of interest were used, 5-HT2AR changes may have been missed in some brain areas. Therefore, data were analyzed further using Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM), which compares all voxels of the brain. We also used this method to examine the relationship between 5-HT2AR binding potential (BP) and 5 PANSS-derived factors: negative, positive, activation, dysphoric and autistic preoccupation (Psychopathology 1997;30:263–274). Twelve antipsychotic-free schizophrenic patients (10M, 2F; age 30 6 6 y) and 24 age-matched controls (10M, 14F; age 29 6 6 y) were scanned. The 5-HT2AR BP was estimated for each voxel by the ratio to the cerebellum between 65 and 90 min after [F]setoperone bolus injection. The resulting parametric 5-HT2AR BP images were spatially normalized using a ligand specific template (NeuroImage 1999;9:545– 553). Analyses of covariance were done by SPM96 with age as covariate of no interest and applying no global normalization. Corrected p values ,0.05 at cluster or voxel level were considered significant. The patients and controls were compared using a 1-subject-2-conditions paradigm. Correlations between 5-HT2AR BP and the 5 factors were tested for patients only using a 1-subject-1-covariate-of-interest paradigm. No significant differences were detected between patients and controls and no significant correlations were observed between 5-HT2AR BP and any of the 5 factors. Thus, SPM analysis confirmed the lack of substantial 5-HT2AR BP differences between schizophrenic patients and controls.
Some Interpersonal Correlates of Cognitive Impulsivity in Fourth-Graders.

Abstract Two dimensions of cognitive impulsivity, accuracy and latency, were assessed in fourth graders by the Matching Familiar Figures Test (MFF) and were related to teacher's ratings of adjustment and peers' sociometric preferences. MFF accuracy entered into a greater number of significant relationships than did MFF latency. The importance of cognitive impulsivity with regard to interpersonal functioning was found to vary with the situations sampled and the sexes of the participants. Implications for adjustment and remediation are discussed.
Willingness of US Men Who Have Sex with Men (MSM) to Participate in Couples HIV Voluntary Counseling and Testing (CVCT)

Background We evaluated willingness to participate in CVCT and associated factors among MSM in the United States.
Studies on the ionic mechanism for the neuromodulatory actions of adenosine in the brain.

Although much evidence exists to support the modulation of neurotransmitter release by adenosine in both the central and peripheral nervous systems, the ionic mechanisms involved in this process are still not established. In our initial series,of studies, the effects of adenosine analogs on depolarization-induced45Ca influx into synaptosomes were examined, but no reduction in45Ca uptake was observed in the presence of these agents, regardless of whether synaptosomes were depolarized by KCl or veratridine. The possibility that synaptosomal adenosine receptors are coupled directly to K+ channels and that an increase in K+ conductance is the primary ionic event initiated by adenosine was examined in resealed synaptic plasma membranes. We followed the movement of K+ through the use of the labeled lipophilic anion [35S]thiocyanate ([35S]SCN−), which distributes across membranes according to the existing membrane potential. Both 2-chloroadenosine and adenosine-5′-cyclopropyl car☐amide produced dose-dependent increases in SCN− uptake, indicating enhanced K+ fluxes across the synaptic membranes. These effects of adenosine receptor agonists on membrane K+ conductance were blocked by receptor antagonists such as isobutylmethylxanthine. In addition, the placement of a K+-selective microelectrode in the caudate nuclei of intact, anesthetized rats revealed a substantial increase in the extracellular K+ concentration when adenosine was released onto the cells from a pipet in the assembly containing the ion-selective microelectrode. The results of these studies at both the membrane level and in the intact brain suggest that the initial event in the neuromodulatory actions of adenosine is an increase in the membrane conductance for K+ rather than inhibition of the voltage sensitive Ca2+ channels.
Long-term study of partial arytenoidectomy with primary mucosal closure in 76 Thoroughbred racehorses (1992-2006).

Summary Reasons for performing study: The effectiveness and best method to perform a partial arytenoidectomy in racehorses is unclear. This study was performed to evaluate the success of and complications that can occur after a unilateral partial arytenoidectomy with primary mucosal closure in Thoroughbred racehorses. Hypothesis: Partial arytenoidectomy is an effective surgical procedure to return Thoroughbred racehorses, afflicted by arytenoid chondropathy or a failed laryngoplasty, to preoperative levels of performance. Methods: Seventy-six Thoroughbred racehorses admitted to the New Bolton Centre between 1992 and 2006 were assessed. Information was obtained from the medical records about the horse, laryngeal abnormalities, surgery and other findings during hospitalisation. Racing information was evaluated relative to those independent variables by an analysis of variance with a level of significance of P<0.05. Results: Arytenoid chondropathy was the presenting complaint in 54 horses and failed laryngoplasty in 22 horses. Thirteen horses (17%) underwent a second surgery for laser excision of intralaryngeal granulation tissue at the arytenoidectomy site. Seventy-three horses were discharged from the hospital and racing outcome was evaluated. Sixty horses (82%) raced after surgery and 46 horses (63%) raced 5 or more times after surgery. The median time from surgery to the first start was 6 months. The average earnings/start was not significantly different before and after surgery. There was no association between earnings after surgery and age, gender, location of lesion, type of lesion, duration of tracheal intubation or undergoing a second surgery. Conclusions and potential relevance: A Thoroughbred racehorse is likely to race after a unilateral partial arytenoidectomy with primary mucosal closure and return to a preoperative level of performance.
Reactivity of human iris-sphincter to muscarinic drugs in vitro

From tissue to tissue the contractile response of human irides to carbachol varied by 40 fold. The mean EC50 value of carbachol in tissues remaining in an in vitro environment for 24–37 h was equal, however, to that obtained from tissues examined during 79–161 h. The maximum response of the tissue to the highest concentration of carbachol increased up to 24 h, then a gradual decline in the maximum occurred. In 38 observations, the average decline after 72 h was ∼30%. A plot of negative log EC50 values (n = 38) of carbachol exhibited normal Gaussian curve. The geometric mean EC50 value of carbachol was 0.38 μmol/l (0.28–0.51 μmol/1, 95% C.L.). Based on EC50 values, the rank order of potency of cholinergic agonists is as follows: Muscarine = carbachol, 1 > pilocarpine, 115 > methacholine, 1/23 > bethanechol, 1/29 > acetylcholine, 1/1310. The percent maximum contraction of irides to muscarine, carbachol, pilocarpine, methacholine and bethanechol were 100, 100, 80, 76 and 95, respectively. Acetylcholine at the highest concentration tested produced 71% of the maximum produced by carbachol. Within a concentration range of 1 to 100 μmol/1, physostigmine consistently contracted isolated irides. The mean EC50 value was 6.73 μmol/1. The effect was sensitive to blockade by atropine.
Sodium alkyl sulfates as maximum suppressors

Summary Droptime, current-voltage and current-time curves were used to study the influence of sodium alkyl sulfates, C 8 to C 18 , on polarographic processes at the dropping mercury electrode. The adsorption at the mercury-solution interface increases with the length of the alkyl chain. However, the usefulness of the C 14 , C 16 , and C 18 alkyl sulfates as maximum suppressors is limited by formation of micelles and insoluble salts. The alkyl sulfates function more efficiently as maximum suppressors the more positive the break-off potential of the maximum. For the alkyl sulfates of chain length C 14 and less, the maximum suppression points were found to occur at much lower concentrations than the critical micelle concentrations. Thus, contrary to earlier findings, these two parameters are not the same.
Statins as antiinflammatory and immunomodulatory agents: a future in rheumatologic therapy?

Hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A inhibitors (HMG-CoA inhibitors, or statins) were initially identified as fungal extracts in 1976 (1). They were subsequently developed as cholesterol-lowering drugs, and have been shown in numerous clinical trials to reduce both cardiovascular morbidity and mortality (2–6). However, studies also revealed that statins yield a larger mortality benefit than can be readily explained by their cholesterol-lowering effects alone, since their benefits occur too quickly to be explained by effects on atherosclerotic plaque (7), and are greater than lipid-lowering alone would predict (8). Additionally, statins appear to have beneficial effects on human diseases, such as multiple sclerosis (MS) (9) and osteoporosis (10), that have no direct association with cholesterol levels. These findings, together with growing awareness that atherosclerosis is itself an inflammatory disease, led to the suggestion that, in addition to lowering cholesterol, statins modify atherosclerosis via antiinflammatory mechanisms. A broader hypothesis followed naturally: that statins might have general antiinflammatory and/or immunomodulatory effects. Research over the last 10 years has elucidated a number of mechanisms by which statins may exert antiinflammatory effects (7,11). In this article, we review the mechanisms of the action of statins, and the specific signaling pathways they modulate. We summarize the known potential antiinflammatory and immunomodulatory effects of statins at the cellular level. Finally, we review the data on the possible efficacy of statins in autoimmune/inflammatory diseases in both animal models and human trials.
Chimeric ferritin nanocages-based imaging probes

Ferritin is a family of proteins found in different forms in most living organisms. Each ferritin is made up of 24 subunits, which self-assemble to form a cage-like nanostructure, with external and internal diameters of 12 and 8 nm, respectively. This unique architecture provides two interfaces—one outside and one inside—for possible functional loading. These interesting features make ferritin a powerful, capacious nanoplatform with potential in a wide spectrum of applications.
Effect of a prefabricated anterior bite stop on electromyographic activity of masticatory muscles

Abstract Statement of problem. Patients are often treated for signs and symptoms in the masticatory musculature, which may be manifested as pain and/or conditions that cause difficulty in recording jaw relation records. A quick, easy method to alleviate these signs and symptoms would be helpful. Purpose. This study measured the effect of a prefabricated anterior bite stop on the electromyographic activity of the anterior temporalis, posterior temporalis, masseter and anterior digastric during clenching, and grinding tasks. Material and methods. A prefabricated anterior bite stop was fabricated for 30 randomly selected subjects. Electromyographic surface electrodes were placed on the right and left sides of these muscles. Electromyographic activity was measured during clenching and grinding both with and without the anterior bite stop. Results. The anterior bite stop had a significant effect in decreasing electromyographic activity for both clenching and grinding for all the tested muscles, except the anterior digastric. Conclusions. For this patient population, the ready-made anterior bite stop reduced electromyographic muscle activity for the anterior and posterior temporalis and the masseter muscles during both clenching and grinding. (J Prosthet Dent 1999;82:22-6.)
The crystal chemistry of submandibular and parotid salivary gland stones

The mineral composition of 38 human salivary gland stones was described qualitatively on the basis of X-ray diffraction and chemical analysis. In 32 submandibular stones, hydroxyapatite was the most frequently observed phase with a magnesium-substituted whitlockite co-phase (octacalcium phosphate was rarely present). In six parotid gland stones, apatite, magnesium substituted whitlockite and octacalcium phosphate were noted to be the major crystalline phases. Brushite was rarely found in either submandibular or parotid stones. This is the first report of octacalcium phosphate in salivary gland stones. All stones had ash weights ranging from 75--80%, but their Ca/P ratios could not be used to predict the crystalline phases present. Whitlockite was observed more frequently in the central regions of the submandibular stones than in the outer crusts. Possible explanations for the presence of each of these phases are discussed.
Emerging methodologies in encoding airborne sensor video and metadata

The Defense Information Systems Agency (DISA) has been supporting dissemination of airborne sensor Full Motion Video (FMV) since the inception of the Global Broadcast Service (GBS). DISA actively investigates emerging video technologies and participates in DoD and industry conferences related to FMV. In 2006, DISA increased its involvement in FMV dissemination through support to several US Central Command (USCENTCOM) Joint Urgent Operation Needs Statements (JUONS). These JUONS established a two-way, IP based satellite architecture for backhaul and dissemination of tactical aerial sensor content from the USCENTCOM Area of Operations based on the Digital Video Broadcast -Return Channel Satellite (DVB-RCS) standard. A key component of FMV service in the DVB-RCS network is the video encoding technology. The video encoder compresses and encodes source video and accompanying metadata for further dissemination. Video encoders fielded during the initial deployment of the USCENTCOM DVB-RCS network several years ago provided advanced video services at that time. However this installation base no longer provides the most efficient compression capabilities and also lacks support for emerging metadata formats. Newer Commercial-off-the-Shelf (COTS) encoder models are currently being assessed to satisfy the challenge of an increasing number of end users as well as expanding FMV capabilities requirements. This paper will discuss the emerging techniques, challenges, and lessons learned in encoding full motion video and metadata generated by airborne sensors.
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in biota representing different trophic levels of the Hudson River, New York: from 1999 to 2005.

It has been hypothesized that a principal route of human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), used as flame retardants, is through fish consumption. Between 1999 and 2005 PBDE-47, -99, -100, -153, and -154 were analyzed in 3797 biological samples of 33 species of the Hudson River, New York. Approximately 98.4% of the samples contained PBDEs between 0.5 and 37 169 ng g−1 lipid, with a median concentration of 772 ng g−1 lipid. Yearly median ΣPBDE concentrations fluctuated. Samples from river miles 112 and 153 contained higher ΣPBDEs than those from other locations of the river. The 7-year median ΣPBDE concentrations were the highest in large carnivorous fishes and the lowest in insects. The median abundance of congener PBDE-47 decreased from 80% to 63% with decreasing levels of ΣPBDEs in the samples, while an increase from 2% to 23% was observed for PBDE-99. The median abundance of other congeners did not change with concentrations of ΣPBDEs. Positive-, negative-, and no-correlation between Σ...
Binding Energy of Donor Impurity in a Rectangular Semiconductor GaAs Quantum Dot with Electric Field

Within the quasi-one-dimensional effective potential model and effective mass approximation, we calculate the ground and the first few excited state binding energies of a donor impurity in a rectangular quantum dot (RQD) in the presence of electric field. We discuss detailedly dependence of the binding energies on the impurity positions. The results show that the binding energy is the largest when the impurity is located at the center of RQD with zero field and is lowest when the impurity is located at the corner of the RQD. The peak strengths and positions of the probability density in RQD appear to be the critical control on such impurity-induced dependence. We believe our results can provide an indication for design of some photoelectric devices constructed based on GaAs RQD structures.
The importance of genetic verification for determination of Atlantic salmon in north Pacific waters

Genetic analyses of two unknown but putative Atlantic salmon Salmo salar captured in the Copper River drainage, Alaska, demonstrated the need for validation of morphologically unusual fishes. Mitochondrial DNA sequences (control region and cytochrome b) and data from two nuclear genes [first internal transcribed spacer (ITS-1) sequence and growth hormone (GH1) amplification product] indicated that the fish caught in fresh water on the Martin River was a coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch, while the other fish caught in the intertidal zone of the Copper River delta near Grass Island was an Atlantic salmon. Determination of unusual or cryptic fish based on limited physical characteristics and expected seasonal spawning run timing will add to the controversy over farmed Atlantic salmon and their potential effects on native Pacific species. It is clear that determination of all putative collections of Atlantic salmon found in Pacific waters requires validation. Due to uncertainty of fish identification in the field using plastic morphometric characters, it is recommended that genetic analyses be part of the validation process.
Beyond Diversity: Cultural Competence, White Racism Awareness, and European–American Theology Students

As the population within our religious institutions and the United States grows increasingly diverse, the need for a greater awareness of cultural and racial differences is a challenge facing theology students who will live and work within a changing context. For European American students this challenge includes an understanding of the power dynamics inherent in “whiteness” and how the resultant social power affects persons of other races and cultures. This article focuses on the need for cultural competence among current theology students, and outlines a five-stage developmental process whereby they have an opportunity to enhance their understanding of multiculturalism and anti-racism within their own context.
Reticular Synthesis of Covalent Organic Borosilicate Frameworks

This paper reports the synthesis and characterization of a new crystalline 3D covalent organic framework, COF-202: [C(C6H4)4]3[B3O6 (tBuSi)2]4, formed from condensation of a divergent boronic acid, tetra(4-dihydroxyborylphenyl)methane, and tert-butylsilane triol, tBuSi(OH)3. This framework is constructed through strong covalent bonds (Si−O, B−O) that link triangular and tetrahedral building units to form a structure based on the carbon nitride topology. COF-202 demonstrates high thermal stability, low density, and high porosity with a surface area of 2690 m2 g−1. The design and synthesis of COF-202 expand the type of linkage that could be used to crystallize new materials with extended covalent organic frameworks.
Horizon irregularity induced by turbulence

At any instant the optical effects of atmospheric turbulence can result in a somewhat distorted image. As a consequence, the image of the horizon that ought to appear to be a smooth straight line may instead appear somewhat irregular. When we consider turbulence effects we call into question the idea that a small object that we expect to see just above the horizon will stand out (i‥e., will be detectable) because it appears as a bump on what is otherwise a smooth straight horizon line. The degree of irregularity that turbulence may be expected to introduce in the image of the horizon is studied, and a theory that permits evaluation of the vertical irregularity as a function of horizontal extent is developed. It is concluded that for a sample case the effect is small but that, for an object close enough to the horizon line, the detection of this object could be interfered with by this effect.
Some ‘homological’ properties of the stable Higson corona

We establish certain ‘homological properties’ of the stable Higson corona used by Emerson and Meyer to study the Dirac-dual-Dirac approach to the Baum-Connes conjecture [5]. These are used to obtain explicit isomorphisms between the K-theory of the stable Higson corona of certain spaces X and the topological K-theory of natural geometric boundaries of X. This is sufficient to give a simple proof of the strong Novikov conjecture for torsion free hyperbolic groups and torsion free groups acting properly and cocompactly on CAT (0) spaces, and also provides an input into an index theorem in single operator theory [15, 16].
Corrosion Problems with Pressure Vessels

With the application of fired and unfired pressure vessels increasing notably in such industries as the chemical, petroleum, food processing and paper, the problem of corrosion control heightens. Causes of failure in pressure vessels have often been corrosion or erosion of the metal.
The efficacy of nonviolent movements

Why civilian resistance works: The strategic logic of nonviolent conflict, by Erica Chenoweth and Maria J. Stephan, New York, Columbia University Press, 2011, xii + 228 pp., epilogue to p. 232, app...
Unsteady-state gas permeability of wood.

Steady-state permeability experiments yield a single value for permeability in each of the three structural directions of wood. A high value indicates that passage through the wood is easy, but it does not necessarily mean that all voids are filled readily with a fluid.
Asymmetric 13C NMR multiplet relaxation and dipolar-CSA cross correlation for glycine 13Cα methylenes in peptides

Abstract Chemical shift anisotropy (CSA) can be an important contribution to nuclear spin relaxation. This is particularly the case for 13 C at high magnetic field strength. Normally, CSA is treated as an often discarded correction in NMR relaxation data analysis. Here, CSA is exploited in the 13 C multiplet effect of methylene in ethanol, glycine, and synthetic peptides which have been selectively 13 C-enriched in terminal and internal glycine positions. Simple inversion—recovery experiments demonstrate large differences between relaxation rates of left and right outer lines of 13 C triplet NMR spectra at 90 and 150 MHz. Model analyses are performed where dipolar and dipolar—CSA relaxation mechanisms are taken into account. Both the restricted rotational diffusion model and the model-free approach are able to describe the experimental sign and amplitude of the dipolar—CSA cross correlation at some orientation of the CSA tensor with respect to the molecular frame. The popular wobbling-in-a-cone model, however, gives the opposite sign of this cross-correlation function under all conditions examined.
Feasible Newton-type methods for large scale problems

A class of Newton-like methods is introduced which is feasible for large scale minimization problems. The methods are essentially an imbedding of Gauss-Newton or Newton-type nonlinear algorithms into any of several well known linear iterative methods. The resulting composite algorithms are simple to implement, converge quickly, and require only reasonable amounts of computer storage. Numerical comparisons indicate that for optimal control problems such an approach can be superior to the conjugate direction methods in Rn.
Testing Theories of Dietary Behavior Change in Youth Using the Mediating Variable Model with Intervention Programs

Abstract Objective To review and critique current experimentally-based evidence of theoretical mechanisms of dietary behavior change in youth and provide recommendations on ways to enhance theory evaluation. Methods Interventions that examined mediators of dietary behavior change in youth (age 5-18 years) were identified via electronic database searches and reference scanning. Selected studies were reviewed for quality and content and findings were tabulated. Results Seven published interventions were found. All were school-based but differed substantially in dietary outcome, target population, measures, methods of mediation analyses, and theoretical framework. Interventions were relatively unsuccessful in changing mediators. Self-efficacy and outcome expectations were the mechanisms most consistently associated with dietary behavior change. However, only outcome expectancies were identified as mediators in multiple interventions. Conclusions and implications Few interventions have assessed the validity of theoretical mechanisms of dietary behavior change in youth. The variability in the design and target populations across studies makes it impossible to draw conclusions regarding the validity of theories and mediators of dietary behavior change in youth. Future intervention trials need to focus on the identification of effective procedures for mediator change and adopt a more rigorous and systematic approach to theory testing. This is likely to result in more effective interventions.
Transcription Factors STAT6 and KLF4 Implement Macrophage Polarization via the Dual Catalytic Powers of MCPIP

Macrophage polarization plays a critical role in tissue homeostasis, disease pathogenesis, and inflammation and its resolution. IL-4-induced macrophage polarization involves induction of STAT6 and Kruppel-like factor 4 (KLF4), which induce each other and promote M2 polarization. However, how these transcription factors implement M2 polarization is not understood. We report that in murine macrophages MCP-1-induced protein (MCPIP), induced by KLF4, inhibits M1 polarization by inhibiting NF-κB activation and implements M2 polarization using both its deubiquitinase and RNase activities that cause sequential induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and autophagy required for M2 polarization. MCPIP also induces C/EBPβ and PPARγ, which promote M2 polarization. Macrophages from mice with myeloid-targeted overexpression of MCPIP show elevated expression of M2 markers and reduced response to LPS, whereas macrophages from mice with myeloid-specific deletion of MCPIP manifest elevated M1 polarization with enhanced phagocytic activity. Thus, both in vivo and in vitro experiments demonstrate that the transcription factors STAT6 and KLF4 implement IL-4-induced M2 polarization via the dual catalytic activities of MCPIP.
Commentary: Who, How, What, and Why?

Abstract Drawing on established literature on mothering practices, my commentary addresses four dimensions pertaining to the six case studies in this issue: (1) Who, in each case study, constitutes the cast of characters who provide mothering and why; (2) how do discrete interactions between mothering figures and children provide us with examples of overt socializing efforts and implicit enculturation; (3) what can we infer about the intersubjectivity of the mothering process; and (4) in each instance, what is the ecological and historical context that shapes mothering? [mothering; socialization; enculturation; childcare]
Correlation of proton MR spectroscopic imaging with gleason score based on step-section pathologic analysis after radical prostatectomy.

PURPOSE: To determine whether hydrogen 1 magnetic resonance (MR) spectroscopic imaging can be used to predict aggressiveness of prostate cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All patients gave informed consent according to an institutionally approved research protocol. A total of 123 patients (median age, 58 years; age range, 40–74 years) who underwent endorectal MR imaging and MR spectroscopic imaging between January 2000 and December 2002 were included. MR imaging and spectroscopy were performed by using combined pelvic phased-array and endorectal probe. Water and lipids were suppressed, and phase-encoded data were acquired with 6.2-mm resolution. Voxels in the peripheral zone were considered suspicious for cancer if (Cho + Cr)/Cit was at least two standard deviations above the normal level, where Cho represents choline-containing compounds, Cr represents creatine and phosphocreatine, and Cit represents citrate. Correlation between metabolite ratio and four Gleason score groups identified at step-section patho...
Influence of pregnancy, lactation and involution on glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase in the rat mammary gland.

The multiple molecular forms (isoenzymes) of glucose–6–phosphate dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase at various states of differentiation in the functional rat mammary gland were examined and the isoenzyme changes were related to DNA, RNA and protein levels. Three isoenzymes of glucose–6–phosphate dehydrogenase were demonstrated. In terms of activity, one species (G6PD–3) remained relatively unchanged during the periods of study; one species (G6PD–2) increased in both pregnancy and lactation, apparently correlated with increased estrogen levels; and a third species (G6PD–1) only appeared in late pregnancy, and increased markedly during lactation becoming the predominant species. Involution brought about a return of the glucose–6–phosphate dehydrogenase isoenzyme pattern to that seen in the quiescent state. The activities of the muscle—type lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes (LDH–5, LDH–4) increased substantially in activity during lactation, while LDH–3, LDH–2 and LDH–1 showed little or no change. These...
Low-loss polysilicon waveguides suitable for integration within a high-volume electronics process

Polysilicon waveguides are fabricated in a 300 mm wafer process representative of a complete high-volume electronic memory process. 6.2 dB/cm end-of-line loss is measured for narrow waveguides with a confinement factor scaling of 5.1 cm−1.
Irradiation effects on meat color - a review.

Irradiating fresh meat, even at low doses, can result in off-odors and flavors which have been described as rotten egg, bloody, fishy, barbecued corn, burnt, sulfur, metallic, alcohol or acetic acid. The odors vary with the type of meat, temperature during irradiation, oxygen exposure during and/or after the irradiation process, packaging and presence of antioxidative substances. Irradiation can induce formation of isooctane-soluble carbonyl compounds in the lipid fraction and low molecular weight, acid-soluble carbonyls in the protein fraction of meat. Increasing irradiation dose increases these compounds however, cooking reduces them. Among the volatile components, 1-heptene and 1-nonene are influenced most by irradiation dose, and aldehydes (propanal, pentanal, hexanal) are influenced most by packaging type (aerobic vs vacuum). Sulfur-containing volatiles formed from sulfur-containing compounds (primarily amino acids) also contribute to irradiation odor. Dimethyltrisulfide is one of the most potent off-odor compounds, contributing fishy, putrid odors, followed by bismethylthiomethane (sulfurous). Reducing the temperature during the irradiation process reduces the effects on odor/flavor because free radical generation and dispersion are reduced. Ultimately, radiolysis of water into free radical species (OH,H, H(3)0(+), e(aq)(-)) may be the initiators of both lipid oxidation breakdown products and sulfur-containing volatiles responsible for irradiation odor. Methods to decrease the detrimental effects of irradiation include oxygen exclusion (vacuum packaging), replacement with inert gases (nitrogen), addition of protective agents (antioxidants), and post-irradiation storage to allow flavor to return to near-normal levels (re-packaging or double packaging in oxygen permeable film).
Room Air Entrainment During β-Agonist Delivery With Heliox

Studies of the efficacy of heliox in patients with severe asthma have shown mixed results. Among the factors that are responsible for variable outcomes, the failure of heliox delivery systems to prevent room air entrainment (RAE) during β-agonist delivery is probably the most critical. While keeping the rotameter flow rate (FR) of heliox mixed 70:30 to a nebulizer at 10 L/min, the FR of heliox from a second gas source to a T-connector (TC) was increased during the delivery of the β-agonist with a conventional T-nebulizer delivery system (TNDS). A negative peak inspiratory flow (pneumotachometer reading) or a helium concentration of