cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measuring the impact of child mortality on fertility: A methodological note

Recent studies of the impact of child mortality on children ever born have used the “replacement factor” to measure mortality. When microlevel data are used, however, use of the replacement factor (or other variables which are nonlinear in the family’s experienced child mortality rate) yields biased coefficients. An alternative model suggests a sequential, rather than a static, decision-making process to relate the decision to have an additional child to the reproductive experience to date. In this case, unbiased coefficients are obtained if the functional form is correctly specified. In the absence of a priori knowledge of the functional form, it is difficult to untangle true effects from spurious ones.
Expression of optineurin, a glaucoma-linked gene, is influenced by elevated intraocular pressure

Abstract Optineurin (optic neuropathy inducing protein; OPTN) was recently linked to 16.7% of families with primary open-angle glaucoma. The function of OPTN in the eye is not known, but is present in the trabecular meshwork, which is responsible for maintenance of intraocular pressure (IOP). To gain insight into the role of OPTN in the development of glaucoma we studied its expression in response to factors known to be associated with the disease: elevated IOP, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), and dexamethasone (DEX). We performed the treatments in human organ cultures under conditions mimicking physiological pressure. We find OPTN significantly upregulated after 2, 4, and 7 days of sustained elevated IOP. OPTN expression is also induced 2.3-fold by TNFα and 2.6-fold by prolonged DEX treatment. These results demonstrate that OPTN is part of the transcriptome responding to glaucomatous insults and support the protective role of this protein in the trabecular meshwork.
Systems characteristics in information systems design

Although many information systems (IS) design methods and techniques are available to IS professionals, none of them completely supports the design process. One of the problems is that there is a mismatch between IS design methods and the system to be built. Actually, in designing an IS, the methods or techniques employed should match the types and characteristics of the system to be built. This paper will explore the relationship between IS types/characteristics and systems design methods, and provide IS designers with a systems framework to develop methods or techniques that match the types and characteristics of IS. 33 refs.
Correlation of Alaskan varve thickness with climatic parameters, and use in paleoclimatic reconstruction

The thickness of varves in the sediments of Skilak Lake, Alaska, are correlated with the mean annual temperature (r = 0.574), inversely correlated with the mean annual cumulative snowfall (r = −0.794), and not correlated with the mean annual precipitation (r = 0.202) of the southern Alaska climatological division for the years 1907–1934 A.D. Varve thickness in Skilak Lake is sensitive to annual temperature and snowfall because Skilak Glacier, the dominant source of sediment for Skilak Lake, is sensitive to these climatic parameters. Trends of varve thickness are well correlated with trends of mean annual cumulative snowfall (r = −0.902) of the southern Alaska climatological division and with trends of mean annual temperature of the southern (r = 0.831) and northern (r = 0.786) Alaska climatological divisions. Trends of varve thickness also correlate with trends of annual temperature in Seattle and North Head, Washington (r = 0.632 and 0.850, respectively). Comparisons of trends of varve thickness with trends of annual temperature in California, Oregon, and Washington suggest no widespread regional correlation. Trends of annual snowfall in the southern Alaska climatological division and trends of annual temperature in the southern and northern Alaska climatological divisions are reconstructed for the years 1700–1906 A.D. Climatic reconstructions on the basis of varve thickness in Skilak Lake utilize equations derived from the regression of series of smoothed climatological data on series of smoothed varve thickness. Reconstruction of trends of mean annual cunulative snowfall in the southern Alaska climatological division suggests that snowfall during the 1700s and 1800s was much greater than that during the early and mid-1900s. The periods 1770–1790 and 1890–1906 show marked decreases in the mean annual snowfall. Reconstructed trends of the annual temperature of the northern and southern Alaska climatological divisions suggest that annual temperatures during the 1700s and 1800s were lower than those of the early and mid-1900s. Two periods of relatively high annual temperatures coincide with the periods of low annual snowfall thus determined.
Are Our Courses Working? Measuring Student Learning

This article describes an assessment carried out in collaboration with the administrators of a large freshman English course. The assessment team worked with instructors to identify course goals and to design tasks that the instructors felt would fairly assess the extent to which the students achieved the goals. Students who did and did not take the course were both pre- and posttested on five central goals: critical reading, argument identification, differentiation of summary and paraphrase, understanding of key terms used in the course, and practical strategies for writing academic papers. Results of the assessment failed to indicate any substantial improvement on any of the five course goals for students who took the course. These results contrasted with positive outcomes obtained by the same assessment team with introductory history and statistics courses. The article concludes with reflections on why instructors may fail to recognize that their courses are not working.
Peripheral testosterone in boars after administration of hCG, ACTH and testosterone at three ages

Abstract Forty-four purebred Yorkshire boars, reared outdoors on concrete, were randomly assigned to one of three age groups (150 ± 7, 200 ± or 250 ± 7 days of age) for the purpose of examining endogenous testosterone concentration in response to one of four exogenously administered treatments. Four boars from each age group were administered either human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG; 1000 U.S.P. units intravenous), adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH; 100 IU intravenous), or testosterone proprionate (TP; 25 mg intramuscular). The remaining boars served as controls and were given saline (S; 5 ml IV). Blood samples were collected from each boar at −120, −90, −60, −30, and 0 min pre-treatment and at 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240, 270, 300, 330, and 360 min post-treatment via an indwelling anterior vena cava catheter. Plasma testosterone was quantified by radioimmunoassay. Within treatment, boars receiving hCG, ACTH or S responded similarly (P>.10) across the three age groups for measured testosterone. Plasma testosterone was elevated (P X ± SEM) and 15 min (5.5 ± 1.1 ng/ml) post-treatment in boars administered hCG and ACTH, respectively, when compared with the S (1.0 ± .3 ng/ml) group. Testosterone in hCG treated boars peaked by 90 min (21.8 ± 1.8 ng/ml) post-treatment, declined slightly until 210 min (18.8 ± 1.8 ng/ml) post-treatment and increased thereafter. Hormone levels in ACTH treated boars plateaued by 45 min (7.5 ± 1.4 ng/ml) post-treatment and began to decline by 90 min post-treatment. Plasma testosterone for TP treated boars differed (P
Identification and partial characterization of multiple discrete polyadenylic acid containing RNA components coded for by HeLa cell mitochondrial DNA.

Poly(A)-containing RNA isolated from the components of a HeLa cell mitochondrial lysate which sediment in the polysome region of a sucrose gradient have been analyzed for the presence of discrete species. Eight distinct components have been identified by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis after formaldehyde treatment. These components, which are highly reproducible in their occurrence and relative amounts under widely varying conditions of isolation, have been characterized as to their sedimentation behavior under denaturing conditions, poly(A) content and homology to separated strands of mitochondrial DNA. One of the discrete components was previously shown to have a sedimentation coefficient of about 7 S in the native state and a molecular weight of about 9.0 × 104, as estimated from its sedimentation rate in formaldehyde. The molecular weights of the other seven components, as derived from sedimentation data, range between 2.6 and 5.3 × 105. The 7 S RNA is complementary to the light mitochondrial DNA strand, while the other seven components are complementary to the heavy strand. Together with the two mitochondrial rRNA species and with mitochondrial 4 S RNA, the eight poly(A)-containing RNA components, if distinct in sequence, would account for about 70% of the single-strand informational content of HeLa mitochondrial DNA.
Basic International Reference Sources

Numerous reference sources are available to help librarians answer questions regarding the geographical and cultural characteristics of nations. In this article, Lucretia McCulley identifies the features that determine the quality of such materials, and explains how each of 13 research aids meets her criteria.
ELDER ABUSE THE CONTINUUM OF FAMILY VIOLENCE

Abstract Both the life expectancy of women and the number of older women in the United States are increasing. Accompanying these trends is emerging knowledge about the prevalence, signs, and symptoms of elder abuse. It is necessary for physicians to extend their knowledge about woman battering to the older woman who may now become a victim of elder abuse. This article provides information about the risk factors for abuse, interview techniques for the physician’s routine inquiry about elder abuse, identification of the presenting signs and symptoms of an abused elder woman, and the formulation of an action plan which incorporates referral agencies in the community to achieve a safer environment for the victim.
Sensitivity of phase-based doa estimators to beamformer mismatch

Phase-based direction-of-arrival (DOA) techniques estimate the phase difference between the output signal of a conventional beamformer and that of a related parallel beamformer. Since the two beamformers share the same weights in a specific known manner, the DOA estimators are affected by any phase mismatch of the beamformer weights relative to the direction vector of the signal of interest. This paper investigates the sensitivity of two phase-based DOA estimators to such beamformer mismatch via a theoretical analysis, and presents an example computer simulation to illustrate their properties.
Phosphorus diffusion in gallium arsenide

Abstract The formation of monocrystalline GaAs 1− x P x by the solid state diffusion of phosphorus into monocrystalline GaAs at a phosphorus pressure of 35 atm has been confirmed by X-rays and reflectivity measurements. Phosphorus distribution in GaAs specimens diffused in the temperature range 800–1100°C has been determined by reflectance studies. The diffusion coefficient and the activation energy computed from the known phosphorus distributions in the diffused specimens are found to depend on the content of phosphorus in the diffused region. The variation of the depth of GaAs 1− x P x -GaAs junction with time (at a fixed temperature, 1000°C) and temperature (for a fixed time, 24.5 hr) has been studied.
Biological and Economic Effects of Increasing the Minimum Legal Size of American Lobster in Maine

Abstract The Northeast Marine Fisheries Board recently completed a comprehensive management plan for American lobster Homarus americanus, the most important provision of which is to raise the legal minimum size of lobsters from 81 to 88.9 mm carapace length incrementally over 5 years. Its objective is to increase egg production and recruitment, and thus reduce the likelihood of stock failure; economic benefits are anticipated for fishermen. However, a model used to analyze the frequency distributions of some 9,000 Maine lobsters demonstrates that in every year the legal minimum size is increased, smaller numbers and less weight of lobsters would be landed than at present. After the legal measure reaches 88.9 mm, there most likely still would be fewer lobsters harvested, but a 7.9% increase in landed weight due to increases in yield/recruit. An economic analysis by two-stage least-squares regression demonstrates that these changes in catches would result in a loss in total revenue to the Maine lobster indu...
Manifold construction and parameterization for nonlinear manifold-based model reduction

We present a new manifold construction and parameterization algorithm for model reduction approaches based on projection on manifolds. The new algorithm employs two key ideas: (1) we define an ideal manifold for nonlinear model reduction to be the solution of a set of differential equations with the property that the tangent space at any point on the manifold spans the same subspace as the low-order subspace (e.g., Krylov subspace generated by moment-matching techniques) of the linearized system; (2) we propose the concept of normalized integral curve equations, which are repeatedly solved to identify an almost-ideal manifold.The manifold constructed by our algorithm inherits the important property in [1] that it covers important system responses such as DC and AC responses. It also preserves better local distance metrics on the manifold, thanks to the employment of normalized integral curve equations. To gauge the quality of the resulting manifold, we also derive an error bound of the moments of linearized systems, assuming moment-matching techniques are employed to generate low-order subspaces for linearized systems. The algorithm is also more systematic and generalizable to higher dimensions than the ad hoc procedure in [1].We illustrate the key ideas through a simple 2-D example. We also combine this new manifold construction and parameterization algorithm with maniMOR [1] to generate reduced models for a quadratic nonlinear system and a CMOS circuit. Simulation results are provided, together with comparisons to full models as well as TPWL reduced models [2].
The effect of repeated occasions of alcohol intoxication on two processes involved in the visual discrimination of movement.

The focus of this study was the effect of repeated episodes of alcohol intoxication on two processes involved in visual movement discrimination: visual sensitivity and decision-making. Four female subjects were asked to discriminate between a stationary light signal and one that changed position in the center of a dark visual field. Prior to each of 15 alcohol testing sessions, a dose of .66 ml of 95% USP ethanol per kg body weight was administered to each subject and BAL was sampled frequently within sessions. Differences in subjects' pre- and postalcohol performance were evaluated within the framework of a psychophysical model that mathematically characterizes the problem of movement discrimination and yields independent estimates of visual sensitivity and decisional aspects of subjects' performance. Evidence for specificity in the development of sensory versus decisional process tolerance to intoxication effects was found. The major result was that each subject made large and statistically reliable shi...
Static/dynamic distributed interacting multiple model fusion algorithms for multiplatform multisensor tracking

Zhen DingLang HongWright State UniversityDepartment of Electrical EngineeringDayton, Ohio 45435E-mail: lhong@delta.cs.wright.eduAbstract. Static and dynamic distributed interacting multiple model(IMM) fusion algorithms for multiplatform multisensor tracking are devel-oped. Each platform contains a model set, which may or may not be thesame as that of other platforms. An interacting multiple model ﬁltering isperformed on each platform. An equivalent platform model and anequivalent global model are constructed. To save the bandwidth of aninterplatform communication datalink, only combined IMM tracks are al-lowed to communicate. Taking advantage of the equivalent models, bothstatic and dynamic fusion algorithms have very decent and comparableresults. But simulations show that the computation complexity for thedynamic fusion algorithm is far lower than that of the static fusion algo-rithm. Both algorithms beneﬁt from multiple models and distributed track-ing.
U.S. NRC Experience with Undervoltage Trip Attachments on Reactor Trip Switchgear

An overview of the failures of reactor trip switchgear to trip soley on loss of voltage is presented. There are three types of switchgear in reactor protection systems in pressurized water reactors in the United States. The review of the failures to date and the corrective actions taken suggest that proper maintenance and surveillance testing of existing undervoltage trip attachments on reactor trip switchgear should reduce substantially the number of failures.
CAE functionality for verification of diagnostic programs

A feasibility study that has identified computer-aided engineering (CAE) features and a methodology approach that will support BIT (built-in-test) verification through fault simulation are described. With an example, the authors illustrate the evolutionary fault simulation features and the attendant methodology to support BIT verification by simulation. The simulator functionality and methodology will support the complex simulation of an embedded BIT program. These enhancements can also be effective in verification of ATE (automatic test equipment) functional tests for higher density integrated circuits and boards. >
Addressing the strategy synthesis approach for accomplishing the strategic fit in new product development projects and programs: A literature review

How the strategic alignment for New Product Development Projects and Programs may be carried out is critical in actual business environments. Then formulating and implementing the right strategic chosen priorities are key tasks to be developed for achieving successful NPD projects and programs. Thus the main purpose of this paper is to address the strategic synthesis approach that may leverage into more efficient and effective way of accomplishing strategic fit for them. Thus the first goal is to give a better understanding of these topics for further research. To do so, first a literature review of contemporary strategies school of thoughts was developed. Second, the actual fragmentation-integration in the strategic management field is stated. Next the synthesis schools are mentioned as boundary of firms, dynamic capabilities, and strategy configurations. Further the dynamic capabilities approach is developed from a theoretical and empirical research views. Finally, research gaps are stated and further research is proposed.
The Arab Military in the Arab Spring: Agent of Continuity or Change? A Comparative Analysis of Tunisia, Egypt, Syria, and Libya

This paper explains the divergent military behavior in the “Arab Spring” uprisings in Tunisia, Egypt, Libya, and Syria using thorough case studies that analyze five factors shaping military behavior: ethnic favoritism, regulated patronage, unregulated patronage, perceived legitimacy, and tactical control. Drawing on the divergence between Libya and Syria, as well as the nuanced nature of Egyptian military behavior, the paper underlines the need to embrace complexity and reject monocausal explanations, dichotomous outcomes, and unitary actors in the analysis of civil-military relations. Instead, the paper develops and advances a two-stage game tree in which the military leadership can attempt to retain, replace, or remove the authoritarian regime, and the military rank-and-file can then react to the leadership’s decision in terms of its rate of defections or its acceptance of change. Additionally, the analysis highlights the importance of the regime’s control of the military at the micro-level in determining the behavior of the military (which is so closely linked to transition outcomes) at the macro-level.
Color appearance of surfaces viewed through fog.

How do the colors of surfaces seen through fog depend on the chromatic properties of the fog? Prior work (eg Chen and D'Zmura, 1998 Perception27 595–608) shows that the colors of surfaces seen through a transparent filter can be described by a convergence model. The convergence model takes into account color shift and change in contrast. Whether the convergence model can also be applied to fog was tested experimentally with an asymmetric matching task. In computer graphic simulation, observers adjusted the color of a surface seen through fog in order to match the color of a surface seen in the absence of fog. The convergence model fits the data well. The results suggest that the color constancy revealed in this task with fog is described best by a model that takes into account both shift in color and change in contrast.
A Novel Image-guided Balloon Vaginoplasty Method to Treat Obstructive Vaginal Anomalies

Obstructive anomalies of the vagina that impair uterovaginal outflow and lead to hematocolpos have conventionally been corrected with surgery, but emerging nonsurgical therapies may offer an attractive alternative. The present report describes a method of serial balloon dilation over a transvaginally inserted guide wire to create a durable outflow tract from the uterus to the lower vagina. This technique was successfully used to treat one case each of vaginal atresia and transverse vaginal septum without the immediate need for surgery.
Disruption of Neuroendocrine Control of Luteinizing Hormone Secretion by Aroclor 1254 Involves Inhibition of Hypothalamic Tryptophan Hydroxylase Activity

Mechanisms governing the effect of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) toxicity on hypothalamic serotonergic function and the neuroendocrine system controlling LH secretion were investigated in Atlantic croaker (Micropogonias unulatus) exposed to the PCB mixture Aroclor 1254 (1 mg g body weight 21 day 21 )i n the diet for 30 days. PCB treatment caused a decrease in hypothalamic 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) concentrations and significant inhibition of hypothalamic tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH), the rate-limiting enzyme in 5-HT synthesis, but did not alter the activity of monoamine oxidase, the catabolic enzyme. Further, PCB treatment caused significant decreases in GnRH content in the preoptic-anterior hypothalamic area. Significant decreases in pituitary GnRH receptor concentrations and the LH response to the GnRH analogue (GnRHa) were also observed in PCB-exposed fish, possibly as a consequence of a decline in GnRH release. The possible association between impaired serotonergic and neuroendocrine functions after PCB treatment was explored using serotonergic drugs. Treatment of croaker with p-chlorophenylalanine, an irreversible TPH inhibitor, mimicked the effects of PCB on the GnRH system and the LH response to GnRHa. Bypassing the TPH-dependent hydroxylation step with the administration of 5-hydroxytryptophan restored 5HT to control levels and prevented the deleterious effects of PCB on the neuroendocrine parameters. Moreover, slow-release GnRH implants prevented the PCB-induced decline in GnRH receptors and restored the LH response to GnRHa, suggesting that GnRH therapy can reverse PCB-induced disruption of LH secretion. These results demonstrate that TPH is one of the targets of PCB neurotoxicity and indicate that a decrease in 5-HT availability in PCB-exposed croaker results in disruption of the stimulatory 5-HT/GnRH pathway controlling LH secretion. gonadotropin-releasing hormone, luteinizing hormone, polychlorinated biphenyls, serotonin, tryptophan hydroxylase
Spaces of contention: spatialities and social movements

This collection brings together a series of essays aiming to show the centrality of different and overlapping spatial relations in the dynamics of activism and social movements. Besides a clear and...
Phase Equilibria in the Systems NiO-Cr2,O3,-O2, MgO-Cr2O3−O2, and CdO-Cr2,O3,-O2, at High Oxygen Pressures

Phase equilibria were determined for the systems NiO-Cr2O3−O2, MgO-Cr2O3,-O2, and CdO-Cr2O3−O2 from 450° to above 850° C and at oxygen pressures of from 2 to 3500 atm. Only two intermediate phases were found in the nickel system: NiCrO., (CrVO4 structure) and the spinel NiCr2O4. The magnesium and cadmium systems are similar in that they have three analogous phases: the low-temperature α-MgCrO4 and α-CdCrO4 (both with the CrVO4 structure), the high-temperature β-MgCrO4 and β-CdCrO4 (both with the α-MnMoO4 structure), and the spinels MgCr2O4 and CdCr2O4. The cadmium system contains an additional phase, Cd2CrO5, which is primitive monoclinic.
Osteoblast-specific Knockout of the Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF) Receptor Gene Reveals an Essential Role of IGF Signaling in Bone Matrix Mineralization

To examine the local actions of IGF signaling in skeletal tissue in a physiological context, we have used Cre-mediated recombination to disrupt selectively in mouse osteoblasts the gene encoding the type 1 IGF receptor (Igf1r). Mice carrying this bone-specific mutation were of normal size and weight but, in comparison with normal siblings, demonstrated a striking decrease in cancellous bone volume, connectivity, and trabecular number, and an increase in trabecular spacing. These abnormalities correlated with a striking decrease in the rate of mineralization of osteoid that occurred despite an unexpected osteoblast and osteoclast hyperactivity, detected from the significant increments in both osteoblast and erosion surfaces. Our findings indicate that IGF1 is essential for coupling matrix biosynthesis to sustained mineralization. This action is likely to be particularly important during the pubertal growth spurt when rapid bone formation and consolidation are required.
Combined Electrostatically Embedded Multiconfiguration Molecular Mechanics and Molecular Mechanical Method: Application to Molecular Dynamics Simulation of a Chemical Reaction in Aqueous Solution with Hybrid Density Functional Theory.

We here combine the electrostatically embedded multiconfiguration molecular mechanics (EE−MCMM) method for generating global potential energy surfaces in the presence of an electrostatic potential with molecular mechanics (MM). The resulting EE−MCMM/MM method is illustrated by applying it to carry out a molecular dynamics simulation for the symmetric bimolecular reaction Cl− + CH3Cl′ → ClCH3 + Cl′− in aqueous solution with hybrid density functional theory as the quantum mechanical level. The potential of mean force is calculated, and the free energy barrier is found to be 25.3 kcal/mol, which is in good agreement with previous work. The advantage of the combined EE−MCMM and MM method is that the number of quantum mechanical calculations required for the active subsystem is very small compared to straight direct dynamics.
Differential Dynamic Logics

Designing and analyzing hybrid systems, which are models for complex physical systems, is expensive and error-prone. The dissertation presented in this article introduces a verification logic that is suitable for analyzing the behavior of hybrid systems. It presents a proof calculus and a new deductive verification tool for hybrid systems that has been used successfully to verify aircraft and train control.
Epistatic role of base excision repair and mismatch repair pathways in mediating cisplatin cytotoxicity

Base excision repair (BER) and mismatch repair (MMR) pathways play an important role in modulating cis-Diamminedichloroplatinum (II) (cisplatin) cytotoxicity. In this article, we identified a novel mechanistic role of both BER and MMR pathways in mediating cellular responses to cisplatin treatment. Cells defective in BER or MMR display a cisplatin-resistant phenotype. Targeting both BER and MMR pathways resulted in no additional resistance to cisplatin, suggesting that BER and MMR play epistatic roles in mediating cisplatin cytotoxicity. Using a DNA Polymerase β (Polβ) variant deficient in polymerase activity (D256A), we demonstrate that MMR acts downstream of BER and is dependent on the polymerase activity of Polβ in mediating cisplatin cytotoxicity. MSH2 preferentially binds a cisplatin interstrand cross-link (ICL) DNA substrate containing a mismatch compared with a cisplatin ICL substrate without a mismatch, suggesting a novel mutagenic role of Polβ in activating MMR in response to cisplatin. Collectively, these results provide the first mechanistic model for BER and MMR functioning within the same pathway to mediate cisplatin sensitivity via non-productive ICL processing. In this model, MMR participation in non-productive cisplatin ICL processing is downstream of BER processing and dependent on Polβ misincorporation at cisplatin ICL sites, which results in persistent cisplatin ICLs and sensitivity to cisplatin.
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Quantitating the Humoral Immune Response to the Colonization Factor Antigen of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli

The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique was used to quantitate, in milligrams per milliliter, anti-colonization factor antigen/I (CFA/I) immunoglobulin G (IgG) in acute- and convalescent-phase sera of individuals who experienced diarrhea associated with CFA/I-positive enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Purified CFA/I was used as antigen to coat polystyrene Microtiter plate wells for the determination of anti-CFA/I antibody. A reference anti-CFA/I IgG preparation was obtained by affinity chromatography of a high-titered serum with a CFA/I-Sepharose 4B column; IgG was the only class of immunoglobulin detectable in this serum as anti-CFA/I. Goat anti-human IgG conjugated to alkaline phosphatase was used in the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Quantitation of IgG in the reference anti-CFA/I serum was achieved by comparison with a known sample of pure human IgG. Anti-CFA/I in test sera was quantitated by titration with CFA/I-coated Microtiter plate wells in the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, using a standard curve obtained with the reference anti-CFA/I serum. Anti-CFA/I IgG in paired sera was determined as percentage of total IgG by using the radial immunodiffusion technique to quantitate total IgG for each test serum. Diarrhea with isolation of CFA/I-positive enterotoxigenic E. coli was associated with a significant rise in serum anti-CFA/I IgG when these values were expressed as either milligrams of IgG per milliliter or as percentage of total IgG, although the response varied quantitatively and nonresponders were detected. None of the matched controls showed an anti-CFA/I IgG response. Further elucidation of the immune response to enterotoxigenic E. coli can now be accomplished by applying these methods to determine the class and specificity of immunoglobulins in external secretions such as saliva and intestinal contents.
EVOLUTION OF COLONIALITY VIA COMMODITY SELECTION: WHAT ABOUT VARIANCE?

How DOES COLONIALITY evolve? The answer to that question remains elusive despite decades of research (Ward and Zahavi 1973, Siegel-Causey and Kharitonov 1990, Hoogland 1995, Brown and Brown 1996, Danchin et al. 1998, Rolland et al. 1998). Scientists traditionally approached coloniality from an economic framework (Ward and Zahavi 1973, Witttenberger and Hunt 1985, Richner and Heeb 1995, Brown and Brown 1996). This research program weighed potential costs and benefits in an attempt to uncover the overriding advantages that produce coloniality. Recently, Danchin and Wagner (1997) suggested an abandonment of the economic approach and proposed commodity selection as a better conceptual framework for the study of coloniality. With commodity selection, benefits are irrelevant for colony formation and the subsequent evolution of coloniality. This framework shifted the focus from benefits of coloniality to mechanisms responsible for coloniality. Commodity selection, the synthesis of the hidden lek hypothesis and the performancebased conspecific attraction hypothesis, describes a behavior in which individuals select a commodity (e.g. habitat or mates) and, as a byproduct, aggregate at that location (Danchin and Wagner 1997, Wagner et al. 2000). For example, animals might prospect potential breeding habitats and choose to breed in favorable environments. Such a scenario could indirectly result in colonial breeding. Selecting suitable
Teaching the Meaning of “Theory” in Science

Abstract There is increasing emphasis on teaching science as a way of knowing about the natural world. Central to this effort is fostering an understanding of the differences between facts, laws, and theories. Among these, the concept of a scientific theory is typically the most challenging to teach. Many students have a preconceived, colloquial notion of theories as purely speculative explanations that can be legitimately assessed by cursory examination. The exercise presented here engages students in the process of theory development and testing, thus clarifying the central role that theories play in science.
Work-Based Social Interactions, Perceived Stress, and Workload Incongruence as Antecedents of Athletic Trainer Burnout

Context: Burnout is an important psychological health concern for working professionals. Understanding how psychological stress and markers of workload contribute to athletic trainers' (ATs') perc...
Joyous Discipline: Native Autonomy and Culturally Conservative Two-Spirit People

The problem driving this essay is how we, as scholars, can account for the complexities of the seemingly unified elements that make up tribally specific identity held among many gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender, queer and two-spirit (GLBTQ2) American Indians while asking them to disrupt oppressive sex and gender stabilities within the communities to which they are committed. These unified elements are the social practices, identity categories and historical depths that allow tribal peoples to know who they are and force non-Indians to know who they are not. I do not seek to problematize Native GLBTQ2 as a sexuality, sexual or gender identity. Rather, I am seeking to problematize the forms of power that come to bear on our analysis of on-the-ground identity experience; the ways we position ourselves and are positioned from uneven locations of power. Further, I seek to analyze the ways in which academic constructions of Native and GLBTQ2 identities have the potential to endorse and overinvest in certain ...
The einstein-picasso question: Neo-idealist abstraction in the decorative arts and manufactures

The theories of relativity in physics and the style known as Cubism in painting found a favorable reception by theoretical physicists, on the one hand, and avant-garde art dealers and patrons, on the other hand, across the seven years before the First World War. The climate in bourgeois Europe contributing to this rapid assimilation of revolutionary, intellectual work is examined from the point of view of material culture. Emphasis is placed on Neo-Idealist abstraction in urban decoration and design, with a focus on Oriental carpets, wallpaper, and electrical lighting. Elements from all three domains are found in Cubism, and relativity assimilated both vocabulary and images from newly electrified cities.
Serotonin in the solitary tract nucleus shortens the laryngeal chemoreflex in anaesthetized neonatal rats.

New Findings What is the central question of this study? Failure to terminate apnoea and arouse is likely to contribute to sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Serotonin is deficient in the brainstems of babies who died of SIDS. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that serotonin in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) would shorten reflex apnoea. What is the main finding and its importance? Serotonin microinjected into the NTS shortened the apnoea and respiratory inhibition associated with the laryngeal chemoreflex. Moreover, this effect was achieved through a 5-HT3 receptor. This is a new insight that is likely to be relevant to the pathogenesis of SIDS. The laryngeal chemoreflex (LCR), an airway-protective reflex that causes apnoea and bradycardia, has long been suspected as an initiating event in the sudden infant death syndrome. Serotonin (5-HT) and 5-HT receptors may be deficient in the brainstems of babies who die of sudden infant death syndrome, and 5-HT seems to be important in terminating apnoeas directly or in causing arousals or as part of the process of autoresuscitation. We hypothesized that 5-HT in the brainstem would limit the duration of the LCR. We studied anaesthetized rat pups between 7 and 21 days of age and made microinjections into the cisterna magna or into the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS). Focal, bilateral microinjections of 5-HT into the caudal NTS significantly shortened the LCR. The 5-HT1a receptor antagonist, WAY 100635, did not affect the LCR consistently, nor did a 5-HT2 receptor antagonist, ketanserin, alter the duration of the LCR. The 5-HT3 specific agonist, 1-(3-chlorophenyl)-biguanide, microinjected bilaterally into the caudal NTS significantly shortened the LCR. Thus, endogenous 5-HT released within the NTS may curtail the respiratory depression that is part of the LCR, and serotonergic shortening of the LCR may be attributed to activation of 5-HT3 receptors within the NTS. 5-HT3 receptors are expressed presynaptically on C fibre afferents of the superior laryngeal nerve, and serotonergic shortening of the LCR may be mediated presynaptically by enhanced activation of inhibitory interneurons within the NTS.
Papaverine-Induced Penile Blood Flow Acceleration in Impotent Men Measured by Duplex Scanning

AbstractWe assessed the value of penile blood flow acceleration as a parameter in the evaluation of the penile arteries. Duplex sonography and pulsed Doppler analysis with papaverine were performed in 50 impotent men. Measured parameters included cavernous artery diameters before and after papaverine, post-papaverine peak blood flow velocity and blood flow acceleration. Erections were graded subjectively on a scale of 1 to 4, with 4 being a full erection. Penile blood flow acceleration appeared to correlate with vessel dilatability and poor erectile response, and was subjectively more discriminating than peak blood flow velocity. This parameter provides additional measurable data about arterial function and should be obtained in addition to the other 2 parameters. (J. Urol., 144: 897–899, 1990)
Photosystem I Function and Assembly in Tobacco Chloroplast Mutants

Photosystem I is a thylakoid membrane complex that functions as a plastocyaninferredoxin oxidoreductase (1). Light energy is captured by antenna pigments and rapidly transferred to the reaction center chlorophylls, P700 and electron transfer is initiated. Electrons pass through the intermediary electron acceptors A0, A1, FX, FA and FB to ferredoxin. Photosystem I consists of at least thirteen individual polypeptides named PsaA-PsaN (depending on the organism). All electron transfer intermediates between plastocyanin and ferredoxin are coordinated by three chloroplast encoded proteins, PsaA, PsaB and PsaC. The chloroplast genome also encodes Psa1, PsaJ, Ycf3 and Ycf4 that are either associated with photosystem I or required for its stable accumulation. The function of these open reading frames in photosystem I biogenesis is not well established. Deletion of PsaI and PsaJ in cyanobacteria (2,3) and Chlamydomonas (4) has no significant impact on photosystem I phenotype. Biochemical analysis suggests PsaI and PsaJ may be required for structural organization of PsaL and PsaF, respectively (2, 3). Ycf3 and Ycf4 have not yet been identified as structural components of photosystem I, but are required for its normal accumulation (5, 6). As part of a wider study of the function of unidentified chloroplast open reading frames in tobacco we are generating deletion and site-directed mutations of the aforementioned genes that should improve our understanding of the role of the chloroplast encoded proteins in photosystem I biogenesis.
Abstract 4880: A high-throughput siRNA screen identifies Nucleoside Diphosphate Kinase (NME3) as a novel host regulator of NF-êB signaling in response toSalmonella-induced activation of TLR-5

Bacterial flagellin is a potent activator of NF-eB signaling, inflammation and host innate immunity. In comparison to TNFa, perhaps the most studied NF-eB-inducing ligand, flagellin elicits an overlapping, yet unique downstream transcriptional response by host cells. In contrast to the pro-oncogenic functions of TNFa, recent data indicate that flagellin may represent a novel anti-tumor ligand that acts through TLR5 and the NF-eB pathway to induce host immunity and to aid in the clearance of tumor xenografts. To begin to characterize the molecular basis for the anti-tumor effect of flagellin and to identify downstream innate signaling components of NF-eB that are responsible for the pro-inflammatory program necessary for these anti-tumor effects, we employed a high throughput screen. Utilizing HCT116 colon carcinoma cells expressing a dynamic NF-eB bioluminescent reporter and Salmonella typhimurium expressing flagellin, we performed a live cell screen of a siRNA library targeting 691 known and predicted human kinases to identify novel modulators of flagellin-induced NF-eB activation. This screen uncovered nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NME3) as a previously unrecognized, positive regulator of NF-eB signaling in response to flagellin. Targeted knockdown and overexpression assays confirmed the regulatory contribution of NME3. Furthermore, Kaplan-Meier survival analysis for breast, lung and ovarian cancer patients showed that high level expression of NME3 correlated with increased overall survival. Together, these data identify a novel pro-inflammatory role for NME3 in NF-eB signaling that may potentially be exploited to optimize cancer immunotherapy. Citation Format: Caleb Gonzalez, Kelly Flentie, Brandon Kocher, Jayne Jayne Marasa, David Piwnica-Worms. A high-throughput siRNA screen identifies Nucleoside Diphosphate Kinase (NME3) as a novel host regulator of NF-eB signaling in response to Salmonella -induced activation of TLR-5. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 4880.
Precise Direction of Symmetrically Tilt Small Angle Boundaries Developed during Recrystallization of Cross Rolled Aluminium

A 6°and 3° [001] symmetrical tilt small angle grain boundaries in Al obtained by cross rolling and annealing have been investigated by High Resolution Electron Microscopy (HREM) and Molecular Dynamic Simulation (MDS) techniques. Both HREM and simulated images reveal that the grain boundary planes in these boundaries run along a direction that is close to , but the simulated images give a more precise direction of the grain boundary plane. The simulated images reveal that the boundaries in their lowest energy configuration follow a direction that lies along a lattice vector that has either the magnitude of the square root of a non- prime odd integer or an integral multiple of a non-prime odd integer. The relationships between grain boundary plane and the lattice vector with the magnitude that is the square root of a nonprime odd integer and run along the grain boundary will be discussed in the light of the alignment of dislocations in the formation of small angle grain boundaries.
Malignant Mesothelioma of the Tunica Vaginalis Testis: Outcomes Following Surgical Management Beyond Radical Orchiectomy.

Objective To describe clinical management and outcomes of a cohort of patients with malignant mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis testis (MMTVT) who received treatments beyond radical orchiectomy. Methods Patients with confirmed MMTVT at a single tertiary care institution were identified. Treatments, pathologic outcomes, and survival were recorded. Prognostic variables associated with survival were analyzed with a Cox proportional hazards model and Kaplan-Meier curves. Results Overall, 15 patients were included. Initial presentation was a scrotal mass in 7 of 15 (47%) and hydrocele in 5 of 15 (33%) patients. Clinical staging revealed enlarged nodes in 5 of 15 (33%) patients. Radical orchiectomy was the initial treatment in 5 of 15 (33%) patients. Positive surgical margins were found in 6 of 14 (43%) radical orchiectomies and were associated with worse survival (P = .007). The most frequent histologic subtype was epithelioid, associated with better survival (P = .048). Additional surgeries were performed on 12 of 15 (80%) patients. Pathologic examination revealed MMTVT in 6 of 12 (50%) hemiscrotectomies, 7 of 8 (88%) retroperitoneal lymph node dissections, 1 of 7 (14%) pelvic lymph node dissections, and 10 of 10 (100%) groin dissections. Five patients received adjuvant chemotherapy. Two also received adjuvant radiation therapy. Three patients with lymph node involvement remain no evidence of disease over 6 years after diagnosis. After a median follow-up of 3.5 years (interquartile range: 1.2-7.2), 5 patients have died, all of MMTVT; the median overall survival has not been reached. Common sites of relapse were lungs (5 of 7) and groin (3 of 7). Conclusion The pattern of metastatic spread of MMTVT is predominantly lymphatic. Nodes in the retroperitoneum and the groin are commonly involved. Prognosis is poor, but there may be a role for aggressive surgical resection including hemiscrotectomy, and inguinal and retroperitoneal lymph nodes.
Multiple emitters in a waveguide: Nonreciprocity and correlated photons at perfect elastic transmission

We investigate interference and correlation effects when several detuned emitters are placed along a one-dimensional photonic waveguide. Such a setup allows multiple interactions between the photons and the strongly coupled emitters, and underlies proposed devices for quantum information processing. We show, first, that a pair of detuned two-level systems (2LS) separated by a half wavelength mimic a driven $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}$-type three-level system (3LS) in both the single- and two-photon sectors. There is an interference-induced transparency peak at which the fluorescence is quenched, leaving the transmitted photons completely uncorrelated. Slightly away from this separation, we find that the inelastic scattering (fluorescence) is large, leading to nonlinear effects such as nonreciprocity (rectification). We connect this nonreciprocity to inelastic scattering caused by driving a dark pole and so derive a condition for maximum rectification. Finally, by placing a true 3LS midway between the two 2LS, we show that elastic scattering produces only transmission, but inelastic scattering nevertheless occurs (the fluorescence is not quenched) causing substantial photon correlations.
A critical discourse analysis of how the telecommunications industry influenced VoIP deregulation legislation in 36 states

About 36 U.S. states have enacted legislation that eliminates or reduces the authority of local and state agencies to regulate voice-over Internet protocol (VoIP) telephone services. This study draws on critical discourse analysis to examine how lawmakers and telecommunications providers associated widely supported policy goals — including job creation, technological innovation, consumer protection, digital equity and modernization — with less government oversight of phone and broadband services. The discourse surrounding passage of VoIP deregulation provides key insights into how the telecommunications industry, and legislative sponsors of the bills, adopted culturally symbolic phrases and touted populist goals to legitimize policies that weaken consumer protections. Ultimately, these policy frames — found within the dialogues and texts presented to various audiences — shape the rules and regulations governing a technology integral to daily life.