cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Meta-programming with names and necessity

Meta-programming languages provide infrastructure to generate and execute object programs at run-time. In a typed setting, they contain a modal type constructor which classifies object code. These code types generally come in two flavors: closed and open. Closed code expressions can be invoked at run-time, but the computations over them are more rigid, and typically produce less efficient residual object programs. Open code provides better inlining and partial evaluation of object programs, but once constructed, expressions of this type cannot in general be evaluated.Recent work in this area has focused on combining the two notions into a sound system. We present a novel way to achieve this. It is based on adding the notion of names from the work on Nominal Logic and FreshML to the λ -calculus of proof terms for the necessity fragment of modal logic S4. The resulting language provides a more fine-grained control over free variables of object programs when compared to the existing languages for meta-programming. In addition, this approach lends itself well to addition of intensional code analysis, i.e. ability of meta programs to inspect and destruct object programs at run-time in a type-safe manner, which we also undertake.
Electromagnetic scattering by arbitrarily oriented ice cylinders.

The scattering of electromagnetic waves by arbitrarily oriented, infinitely long circular cylinders is solved by following the procedures outlined by van de Hulst. The far-field intensities for two cases of a linearly polarized incident wave are derived. The scattering coefficients involve the Bessel functions of the first kind, the Hankel functions of the second kind, and their first derivatives. Calculations are made for ice cylinders at three wavelengths: 0.7, 3, and 10 microns. The numerical results of intensity coefficients are presented as functions of the observation angle. A significant cross-polarized component for the scattered field, which vanishes only at normal incidence, is obtained. It is also shown that the numerous interference maxima and minima of the intensity coefficients due to single-particle effects depend on the size parameter as well as on the oblique incident angle.
The Work of Kurt Godel

I first heard the name of Kurt Gddel when, as a graduate student at Princeton in the fall of 1931, I attended a colloquium at which John von Neumann was the speaker. von Neumann could have spoken on work of his own; but instead he gave an exposition of Gddel's results of formally undecidable propositions [1931]. Today I shall begin with Gddel's paper [1930] on The completeness of the axioms of the functional calculus of logic, or of what we now often call "the first-order predicate calculus", using "predicate" as synonymous with "propositional function". Alonzo Church wrote ([1944, p. 62] and [1956, pp. 288-289]), "the first explicit formulation of the functional calculus of first order as an independent logistic system is perhaps in the first edition of Hilbert and Ackermann's Grundziige der theoretischen Logik (1928)." Clearly, this formalism is not complete in the sense that each closed formula or its negation is provable. (A closed formula, or sentence, is a formula without free occurrences of variables.) But Hilbert and Ackermann observe, "Whether the system of axioms is complete at least in the sense that all the logical formulas which are correct for each domain of individuals can actually be derived from them is still an unsolved question." [1928, p. 68]. This question Godel answered in the affirmative in his Ph.D. thesis (Vienna, 1930), of which the paper under discussion is a rewritten version. I shall not describe Gddel's proof. Perhaps no theorem in modern logic has been proved more often than Gddel's completeness theorem for the first-order predicate calculus. It stands at the focus of a complex of fundamental theorems, which different scholars have approached from various directions (e.g. Kleene [1967, Chapter VI]). The theorem says that, for each formula A of the first-order predicate calculus, either A is provable or its negation iA is satisfiable in the domain {O,1,2, * } of the natural numbers. (So, if A is valid, A is provable.) Equivalently, each formula A either is "refutable" (i.e. its negation is provable) or is satisfiable in {0, 1, 2, * }. A formula which is satisfiable in some nonempty domain cannot be refutable. Hence Gddel's completeness theorem includes the Lowen-
Oxidation of dissolved elemental mercury by thiol compounds under anoxic conditions.

Mercuric ion, Hg2+, forms strong complexes with thiolate compounds that commonly dominate Hg(II) speciation in natural freshwater. However, reactions between dissolved aqueous elemental mercury (Hg(0)aq) and organic ligands in general, and thiol compounds in particular, are not well studied although these reactions likely affect Hg speciation and cycling in the environment. In this study, we compared the reaction rates between Hg(0)aq and a number of selected organic ligands with varying molecular structures and sulfur (S) oxidation states in dark, anoxic conditions to assess the role of these ligands in Hg(0)aq oxidation. Significant Hg(0)aq oxidation was observed with all thiols but not with ligands containing no S. Compounds with oxidized S (e.g., disulfide) exhibited little or no reactivity toward Hg(0)aq either at pH 7. The rate and extent of Hg(0)aq oxidation varied greatly depending on the chemical and structural properties of thiols, thiol/Hg ratios, and the presence or absence of electron accepto...
Electrochemical Detection for Capillary Electrophoresis Microchips: A Review

Electrochemistry detection offers considerable promise for capillary-electrophoresis (CE) microchips, with features that include remarkable sensitivity, portability, independence of optical path length or sample turbidity, low cost and power requirements, and high compatibility with modern micromachining technologies. This article highlights key strategies in controlled-potential electrochemical detectors for CE microchip systems, along with recent advances and directions. Subjects covered include the design of the electrochemical detection system, its requirements and operational principles, common electrode materials, isolation from the separation voltage, derivatization reactions, typical applications, and future prospects. It is expected that electrochemical detection will become a powerful tool for CE microchip systems and will lead to the creation of truly portable (and possibly disposable) devices.
Energy conservation in the industrial sector of developing countries

Abstract This paper begins by examining the most energy-intensive industries and methods by which fuel efficiency can be improved. Next the author analyses the economics of energy conservation using specific case studies drawn from India. It is shown that investing in energy efficiency is more economical Btu per Btu than investing in the enhancement of domestic energy resources. The author also assesses changes in the economics of conservation for private firms when there are government incentives. Finally government policies that can overcome economic and non-economic disincentives for investing in energy conservation are examined.
Resolution of conjunctival Kaposi sarcoma after institution of highly active antiretroviral therapy alone

We present a case of conjunctival Kaposi sarcoma that resolved after treatment with highly active antiretroviral therapy alone. A 53-year-old man from Ghana was diagnosed with human immunodeficiency virus in July 2005 and presented on March 2006 with a 2-week history of itching, redness and pain in the right eye. His examination showed a large, mobile, slightly tender lesion of the conjunctiva, not involving caruncle (fig 1). At that time his CD4+ T cell count was 38 cells/μl. He had simultaneous lesions on his feet consistent with Kaposi sarcoma. Biopsy of his foot …
Environmental chamber for microscopic observation

An environmental chamber will be constructed to monitor and control factors that mimic physiologic conditions while studying live cells and tissue cultures. The chamber to be installed on different varieties of inverted microscopes and has to enclose the space around the stage for proper measurement and control. The system will monitor temperature, CO 2 /pH, as well as humidity in a closed feedback loop to keep the parameters nearly constant during microscopy. The control of the parameters must be effective and be constant throughout the chamber, which means good circulation and distribution of heat, humidity, and CO 2 . For the control and monitoring, a microprocessor based on an Arduino board was being studied to take measurements as well as initiate the feedback system to keep parameters constant. The design of the environmental chamber has been finalized and construction will begin shortly after the ordered materials arrive, and the computer interface and control will be done for the measurement of parameters and coupled with the sensors to begin testing.
Behavioral research and intervention in youth sports

The sport environment is an inviting but largely untapped naturalistic laboratory for behavioral research and intervention. We discuss some of the advantages that this environment offers psychological researchers, then illustrate the manner in which basic and applied behavioral research can be carried out in the area of youth sports. Two programs of research and intervention are described. The first involved the use of behavioral assessment to study the effects of coaching behaviors on child athletes and to develop and evaluate a cognitive-behavioral coach training program. The second research program studied the interactive effects of life stress, social support, and cognitive-behavioral coping skills on injury vulnerability in adolescent athletes. Implications of the findings for behavioral intervention programs designed to reduce injury vulnerability are discussed.
Screening for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis in the United States: results of a national survey.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the dreaded complications of cirrhosis. Although there are no randomized controlled studies showing improved survival with screening, patients with cirrhosis are screened for HCC. Little is known about the practice of HCC screening in the United States. Our aim was to describe the practice of HCC screening in patients with cirrhosis in the United States. METHODS: In March 1998, we mailed a standard questionnaire to 1021 physician members of the American Association of Study for Liver Diseases and the same questionnaire was re-sent to nonrespondents 4 weeks later. RESULTS: We received a response from 554 members (54%). After excluding those not involved in active adult patient care, 473 responses were eligible for analysis. Eighty-four percent of the respondents routinely screened patients with cirrhosis for HCC (screening respondents). Nearly half of the screening respondents limited the HCC screening to patients with high-risk etiologies such as hepatitis B or C or hemochromatosis. Although alpha-fetoprotein (99.7%) and ultrasound (93%) were the two most frequently used screening methods, a sizable proportion of the screening respondents (25%) used abdominal computed tomography for routine screening. On multivariate analysis, the following variables predicted screening for HCC by the respondents: seeing more than one new cirrhotic per week (odds ratio [OR]: 5.4, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.5–11.7); practicing for CONCLUSIONS: The majority of respondents routinely screen patients with cirrhosis for HCC. Approximately half of the screening respondents limit their screening to only patients with high-risk etiologies. On multivariate analysis, several variables predicted screening for HCC by the respondents.
Acute effects of prolonged exercise on serum lipids

Abstract The acute effects of a single prolonged exercise session on the serum concentrations of cholesterol, triglycerides (TG), glycerol, high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and the major HDL protein, apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I), were examined in 12 trained male runners participating in a 42-km footrace. Serum TG levels were unchanged up to 4 h after the race, but at 18, 42, and 66 hr mean reductions of 65%, 39%, and 32% were observed. Free glycerol concentrations were increased fivefold immediately after the race, but did not differ from prerace levels by 4 hr. Total cholesterol concentration did not change immediately after exercise, but unexpected significant reductions of 6%–10% were found at 4–66 hr. Only small and transient increases in HDL cholesterol and apoA-I levels were noted after exercise. These results suggest that prolonged exercise acutely lowers TG and total cholesterol, but has little effect on HDL mass.
Effects of desipramine on autonomic input to the heart.

ABSTRACT Objective To examine the impact of age on the effects of desipramine (DMI) on autonomic input to the heart. Method Twenty-four-hour electrocardiograms were obtained from 42 subjects, aged 7 to 66 years, while off and on DMI. To obtain measures of autonomic input to the heart, heart rate variability was assessed via spectral analysis of RR interval variability. Results DMI treatment was associated with a significant increase in 24-hour mean heart rate and significant decreases in RR interval variability in all spectral bands, including in the high-frequency band, which provides a measure of parasympathetic input to the heart. RR interval variability was greater in younger individuals both off and on DMI. Conclusions DMI treatment was associated with a marked decline in RR interval variability, indicating that DMI affects autonomic input to the heart. Specifically, DMI reduced parasympathetic input, which, in theory, may increase vulnerability to arrhythmias. However, the magnitude of DMI's impact on RR interval variability did not vary with age. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry , 1999, 38(9):1186–1192.
A New Relief showing Claudius and Britannia from Aphrodisias

Since 1961, excavations conducted at the ancient Carian city of Aphrodisias, in southwestern Turkey, have yielded an amazingly rich and varied harvest of archaeological information of singular importance to the prehistory and history of the site as well as those of western Anatolia. The quantity and quality of monuments of the Imperial period, when Aphrodisias reached the apogee of its prosperity, are particularly striking and provide us with significant, fresh data for the history of Graeco-Roman art and architecture. Above all, the unprecedented amount of sculptural finds confirms beyond any reasonable doubt the originality and multiple activities of Aphrodisias sculptors.
Identification of differentially expressed thyroid hormone responsive genes from the brain of the Mexican Axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum).

The Mexican axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) presents an excellent model to investigate mechanisms of brain development that are conserved among vertebrates. In particular, metamorphic changes of the brain can be induced in free-living aquatic juveniles and adults by simply adding thyroid hormone (T4) to rearing water. Whole brains were sampled from juvenile A. mexicanum that were exposed to 0, 8, and 18 days of 50 nM T4, and these were used to isolate RNA and make normalized cDNA libraries for 454 DNA sequencing. A total of 1,875,732 high quality cDNA reads were assembled with existing ESTs to obtain 5884 new contigs for human RefSeq protein models, and to develop a custom Affymetrix gene expression array (Amby_002) with approximately 20,000 probe sets. The Amby_002 array was used to identify 303 transcripts that differed statistically (p 1.5) as a function of days of T4 treatment. Further statistical analyses showed that Amby_002 performed concordantly in comparison to an existing, small format expression array. This study introduces a new A. mexicanum microarray resource for the community and the first lists of T4-responsive genes from the brain of a salamander amphibian.
Size and scaling of the double-helicity-flip hadronic structure function.

Recently, Jaffe and Manohar identified a new leading-twist structure function {Delta}({ital x},{ital Q}{sup 2}), which can be measured in deep-inelastic scattering from polarized targets with spin {ge}1. We calculate the scaling behavior of {Delta}({ital x},{ital Q}{sup 2}) in QCD, both by computing the anomalous dimensions of the associated operators and by finding the splitting function for the appropriate parton density. We also estimate the size of the lowest moment of {Delta}({ital x},{ital Q}{sup 2}) in the bag model. In an appendix we give the complete cross section for electroproduction from a spin-1 target of arbitrary polarization.
The local mixing model with sputtering/redeposition and projectile-implanted atom interaction

Abstract A previously discussed local mixing model (LMM) accurately describes the buildup of implanted hydrogen to saturation concentration and subsequent isotope exchange for implantation into a variety of materials of interest to the fusion community. Sputtering and surface deposition were not initially included in this model. We have now incorporated into the LMM the effects of sputtering and target-atom redepostion and have also included (in an approximate fashion) the slowing and scattering of implanted ions by previously implanted impurity species. This latter effect has important consequences for high fluence implants. Equations are derived which govern the evolution of the depth profiles of the implanted species and a formal solution is given for conditions which often are encountered in laboratory experiments. The time (fluence) dependence of the depth profile is discussed, and numerical results are compared with experiment for oxygen implantation into graphite at energies for which surface erosion is a significant effect. Solutions to the equations are also discussed for cases in which surface redeposition is significant. These latter solutions are pertinent to impurity and hydrogen isotope buildup in first wall components in operating fusion reactors.
Oxygen isotopes in meteoric calcite cements as indicators of continental paleoclimate

Because meteoric water δ 18 O values decrease with decreasing ambient temperature and increasing latitude, δ 18 O values of meteoric calcite cement should exhibit a similar relation with paleolatitude and be an indicator of continental paleotemperatures. To test this, we compiled isotopic and paleolatitude data for 20 meteoric cements and nine speleothems ranging in age from Devonian to modern and in paleolatitude from 3.5° to 83°. Mean δ 18 O values for meteoric cements and speleothems both show the same negative correlation with paleolatitude. The δ 18 O vs. latitude trend for these carbonates is almost identical to that predicted for modern inland environments, but differs from the trend for coastal environments. This suggests that the ground water controlling the ultimate composition of meteoric cement is derived predominantly from inland recharge. If it is assumed that the modern meteoric water δ 18 O vs. temperature relation is valid for the past and that insignificant evaporation occurred prior to carbonate precipitation, then coastal and inland paleotemperatures can be calculated from the δ 18 O values of meteoric calcite (δ 18 O mcl ) and seawater (δ 18 O sw ) by using the equations T coastal =13.3 ±32.6[-0.231- 0.0613(δ 18 O mcl + δ 18 O sw ) ½ and T inland =17.8 ±16.2[-0.572 - 0.1233(δ 18 O mcl + δ 18 O sw ) ½ , where T is temperature in °C. Calcite precipitated from coastal meteoric water at temperatures between 0 and 25 °C will exhibit a narrow range in δ 18 O(-6‰ to -4‰, where δ 18 O sw = 0‰). The δ 18 O of calcite precipitated from inland meteoric water will be sensitive to paleotemperature, ranging from -14‰ to -5‰ (where δ 18 O sw = 0‰) for temperatures of 0 to 25 °C.
Solubility of alumina in orthopyroxene plus spinel as a geobarometer in complex systems. Applications to spinel-bearing alpine-type peridotites

The addition of Fe and Cr to the simple system MgO-SiO2-Al2O3 markedly affects the activities of phases involved in the equilibrium $$\begin{gathered} {\text{Mg}}_{\text{2}} {\text{SiO}}_{\text{4}} {\text{ + MgAl}}_{\text{2}} {\text{SiO}}_{\text{6}} {\text{ = MgAl}}_{\text{2}} {\text{O}}_{\text{4}} {\text{ + Mg}}_{\text{2}} {\text{Si}}_{\text{2}} {\text{O}}_{\text{6}} \hfill \\ {\text{Olivine + Opx}}_{{\text{solid solution}}} {\text{ = Spinel + Opx}}_{{\text{solid solution}}} \hfill \\ \end{gathered}$$ . In particular, the activity of MgAl2O4 in many natural spinels is decreased, which gives lower calculated pressures when the formula $$P = 1 + \left\{ {(9,116 - 5.065{\text{ }}T_0 ) - {\text{RT}}_{\text{0}} \ln \left( {\frac{{(X_{{\text{Mg}}} )_{{\text{SP}}} (X_{{\text{Al}}} )_{{\text{SP}}}^{\text{2}} (X_{{\text{Mg}}}^{{\text{M1}}} )_{{\text{OPX}}} }}{{(X_{{\text{Mg}}} )_{{\text{OL}}}^{\text{2}} (X_{{\text{Al}}}^{{\text{M1}}} )_{{\text{OPX}}} }}} \right)} \right\}/\Delta V_\Gamma$$ derived from the experimental data of MacGregor (1974) is applied to complex systems containing Fe and Cr. Most “cold slab” alpine-type peridotites appear to have recrystallized at low to moderate pressure (≦15kb), consistent with an origin in the upper oceanic mantle and subsequent emplacement in continental crust. Taken individually or as a group, alpine-type peridotites do not record “pyroxene geotherms”. Present methods of calculating re-equilibration pressure for spinel peridotites may have large systematic errors and should be applied cautiously.
Preventing recurring injuries from violence: the risk of assault among Cleveland youth after hospitalization.

OBJECTIVES: Although interpersonal violence has increased among urban youth, its epidemiology remains unclear. To prevent such violence, identifying the susceptible population is important. METHODS: Medical records for 998 patients aged 5 to 25 years at an urban hospital were reviewed to compare data for patients admitted for assault-related injuries, those admitted for unintentional injuries, and those for problems other than injuries. RESULTS: Those initially admitted for treatment of assault were found to be at greater risk of subsequent treatment for assault than those admitted for noninjuries. CONCLUSIONS: Admission for injuries caused by violence may increase risk for future assaults; hospitalization may offer an opportunity to interrupt these patterns.
Results on rotation symmetric polynomials over GF(p)

In this paper, we generalize the recent counting results about rotation symmetric Boolean functions to the rotation symmetric polynomials over finite fields GF(p). By using Mobius function, we obtain some formulas for more general n, the number of variables. Some known formula in Boolean case are simplified.
The origin of the tsunami excited by the 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake —Faulting or slumping?

We investigated the tsunami recorded at Monterey, California, during the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake (M_W=6.9). The first arrival of the tsunami was about 10 min after the origin time of the earthquake. Using an elastic half space, we computed vertical ground displacements for many different fault models for the Loma Prieta earthquake, and used them as the initial condition for computation of tsunamis in Monterey Bay. The synthetic tsunami computed for the uniform dislocation model determined from seismic data can explain the arrival time, polarity, and amplitude of the beginning of the tsunami. However, the period of the synthetic tsunami is too long compared with the observed. We tested other fault models with more localized slip distribution. None of the models could explain the observed period. The residual waveform, the observed minus the synthetic waveform, begins as a downward motion at about 18 min after the origin time of the earthquake, and could be interpreted as due to a secondary source near Moss Landing. If the large scale slumping near Moss Landing suggested by an eyewitness observation occurred about 9 min after the origin time of the earthquake, it could explain the residual waveform. To account for the amplitude of the observed tsunami, the volume of sediments involved in the slumping is approximately 0.013km^3• Thus the most likely cause of the tsunami observed at Monterey is the combination of the vertical uplift of the sea floor due to the main faulting and a large scale slumping near Moss Landing.
A retinal projection to the lateral hypothalamus in the rat

This study presents evidence for a retinal projection to neurons in the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) of the albino rat. In Golgi-Kopsch material dendrites from LHA-neurons are observed to extend through the supraoptic commissures into the optic tract. The presence of dendrites in the optic tract is confirmed by electron microscopy. Numerous axon terminals are observed forming asymmetric synaptic contacts with these dendritic profiles. Following bilateral enucleation, many of the preterminal axons and terminals in synaptic contact with dendrites in the optic tract demonstrate dark degeneration. After intraocular injection of horseradish peroxidase, there is marked labeling of preterminal axons and terminals in the optic tract. These observations indicate that LHA neurons receive a direct retinal projection from terminals making synaptic contact with dendrites of LHA-neurons extending into the optic tract.
The role of mediated sports programming on implicit racial stereotypes

Previous content analyses show that televised sports programming attributes athletic success achieved by Black athletes to athleticism whereas success for White athletes is attributed to hard work ...
17O NMR investigation of phosphite hydrolysis mechanisms

The use of solution 17O NMR spectroscopy in verifying the mechanism of trialkyl phosphite hydrolysis is presented. Trimethyl phosphite was reacted with 17O-labeled H2O at different temperatures and two reactant concentrations, with the reaction being monitored by 17O NMR. Kinetic details elucidated from the NMR spectra are also discussed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sonic Hedgehog Is Neuroprotective in the Cavernous Nerve with Crush Injury

Introduction The cavernous nerve (CN) is commonly injured during prostatectomy, resulting in erectile dysfunction (ED). Although peripheral nerves have a limited ability to regenerate, a return of function typically does not occur due to irreversible down stream morphological changes in the penis that result from CN injury. We have shown in previous studies that sonic hedgehog (SHH) is critical for CN regeneration and improves erectile function after crush injury.
Universal meshes: A method for triangulating planar curved domains immersed in nonconforming meshes

SUMMARY We introduce a new method to triangulate planar, curved domains that transforms a specific collection of triangles in a background mesh to conform to the boundary. In the process, no new vertices are introduced, and connectivities of triangles are left unaltered. The method relies on a novel way of parameterizing an immersed boundary over a collection of nearby edges with its closest point projection. To guarantee its robustness, we require that the domain be C2-regular, the background mesh be sufficiently refined near the boundary, and that specific angles in triangles near the boundary be strictly acute. The method can render both straight-edged and curvilinear triangulations for the immersed domain. The latter includes curved triangles that conform exactly to the immersed boundary, and ones constructed with isoparametric mappings to interpolate the boundary at select points. High-order finite elements constructed over these curved triangles achieve optimal accuracy, which has customarily proven difficult in numerical schemes that adopt nonconforming meshes. Aside from serving as a quick and simple tool for meshing planar curved domains with complex shapes, the method provides significant advantages for simulating problems with moving boundaries and in numerical schemes that require iterating over the geometry of domains. With no conformity requirements, the same background mesh can be adopted to triangulate a large family of domains immersed in it, including ones realized over several updates during the coarse of simulating problems with moving boundaries. We term such a background mesh as a universal mesh for the family of domains it can be used to triangulate. Universal meshes hence facilitate a framework for finite element calculations over evolving domains while using only fixed background meshes. Furthermore, because the evolving geometry can be approximated with any desired order, numerical solutions can be computed with high-order accuracy. We present demonstrative examples using universal meshes to simulate the interaction of rigid bodies with Stokesian fluids. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Volatilizable Biogenic Organic Compounds (VBOCs) with two dimensional Gas Chromatography-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (GC × GC-TOFMS): sampling methods, VBOC complexity, and chromatographic retention data

Abstract. Two dimensional gas chromatography (GC × GC) with detection by time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOFMS) was applied in the rapid analysis of air samples containing highly complex mixtures of volatilizable biogenic organic compounds (VBOCs). VBOC analytical methodologies are briefly reviewed, and optimal conditions are discussed for sampling with both adsorption/thermal desorption (ATD) cartridges and solid-phase microextraction (SPME) fibers. Air samples containing VBOC emissions from leaves of two tree species (Cedrus atlantica and Calycolpus moritzianus) were obtained by both ATD and SPME. The optimized gas chromatographic conditions utilized a 45 m, 0.25 mm I.D. low-polarity primary column (DB-VRX, 1.4 μm film) and a 1.5 m, 0.25 mm I.D. polar secondary column (StabilwaxTM, 0.25 μm film). Excellent separation was achieved in a 36 min temperature programmed GC × GC chromatogram. Thousands of VBOC peaks were present in the sample chromatograms; hundreds of tentative identifications by NIST mass spectral matching are provided. Very few of the tentatively identified compounds are currently available as authentic standards. Minimum detection limit values for a 5 l ATD sample were 3.5 pptv (10 ng m−3) for isoprene, methyl vinyl ketone, and methacrolein, and ~1.5 pptv (~10 ng m−3) for monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. Kovats-type chromatographic retention index values on the primary column and relative retention time values on the secondary column are provided for 21 standard compounds and for 417 tentatively identified VBOCs. 19 of the 21 authentic standard compounds were found in one of the Cedrus atlantica SPME samples. In addition, easily quantifiable levels of at least 13 sesquiterpenes were found in an ATD sample obtained from a branch enclosure of Calycolpus moritzianus. Overall, the results obtained via GC × GC-TOFMS highlight an extreme, and largely uncharacterized diversity of VBOCs, consistent with the hypothesis that sesquiterpenes and other compounds beyond the current list of typically determined VBOC analytes may well be important contributors to global atmospheric levels of organic particulate matter.
Five Reasons to Doubt the Existence of a Geometric Module

It is frequently claimed that the human mind is organized in a modular fashion, a hypothesis linked historically, though not inevitably, to the claim that many aspects of the human mind are innately specified. A specific instance of this line of thought is the proposal of an innately specified geometric module for human reorientation. From a massive modularity position, the reorientation module would be one of a large number that organized the mind. From the core knowledge position, the reorientation module is one of five innate and encapsulated modules that can later be supplemented by use of human language. In this paper, we marshall five lines of evidence that cast doubt on the geometric module hypothesis, unfolded in a series of reasons: (1) Language does not play a necessary role in the integration of feature and geometric cues, although it can be helpful. (2) A model of reorientation requires flexibility to explain variable phenomena. (3) Experience matters over short and long periods. (4) Features are used for true reorientation. (5) The nature of geometric information is not as yet clearly specified. In the final section, we review recent theoretical approaches to the known reorientation phenomena.
Effect of Intrastrain Variation in the Amount of Capsular Polysaccharide on Genetic Transformation of Streptococcus pneumoniae: Implications for Virulence Studies of Encapsulated Strains

The degrees of competence of opaque and transparent colony variants of Streptococcus pneumoniae were compared. The transparent variants were transformed at 9- to 670-fold-higher rates than the opaque variants, independent of the DNA incorporated, due to decreased expression of capsular polysaccharide. Genetic transformation, therefore, tends to select for a less-encapsulated subpopulation.
Physician-Patient Racial Matching, Effectiveness of Care, Use of Services, and Patient Satisfaction

The authors examined how racial matching between older patients and physicians relates to effectiveness of care, use of services, and satisfaction with care. In this cross-sectional, community-based cohort study, 2,867 elderly African American and White North Carolina residents with regular physicians were interviewed and screened for hypertension (HBP). African Americans were more likely than Whites to be told they had HBP, to receive HBP medication, and to take it regardless of their physician’s race. White elders with African American physicians were more likely to report that they delayed care quite often. African American elders were less likely to delay care quite often, regardless of their physicians’ race. These results did not support the position that African Americans require treatment by African American physicians to achieve better care. Although elders of both races who had African American physicians were less satisfied with care received, interpretation of this finding is difficult without...
In vitro fertilizability of rabbit ova from donors isoimmunized with sperm.

Ovulated ova in cumulus masses were obtained from rabbits following isoimmunization with rabbit sperm. They were inseminated in vitro with capacitated sperm, cultured and examined for cleavage and cumulus dispersion. In five experiments only 11 of the 81 (13.6%) ova from the immunized females cleaved compared to 15 out of 41 (36.5%) from the inseminated control females. The cumulus masses of ova from immunized donors dispersed more slowly than controls following insemination.
Effect of storage characteristics on wind intermittency mitigation effectiveness

Stochastic variations and unpredictability of wind energy are the major concerns of power industry and hinder the wide scale adoption of wind power. Compensation of short term variability is one of the major challenges that the industry will face in the coming years. We analyze the potential impact of advanced control and storage technologies in reducing the intermittency of wind power. Using the convex optimization techniques we study the theoretical limits on the performance of storage technologies. Specifically we analyze the interplay between the variations of electric power fluctuations and the technical characteristics of storage available in the system. We quantify the trade-off between the reduction in power intermittency, storage capacity, power rating, and overall system efficiency.
Community Factors in Differential Responses of Child Protective Services.

OBJECTIVE: In response to criticisms of the traditional investigative model of child protective services (CPS) as adversarial, a Differential Response Model has emerged, with investigative and noninvestigative alternative response (AR) paths. The purpose of this study was to identify relationships of county-level community variables to response paths. DESIGN AND SAMPLE: Secondary analysis used data from the National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System linked to county-level variables from the American Community Survey. The final dataset included 62,499 cases and 98 counties from five states. MEASURES: Multilevel modeling was used to analyze the binary outcome variable of CPS response path (AR, non-AR). Predictor variables included indicators at child, county, and state levels. RESULTS: County-level variables (housing vacancy, child poverty, unemployment, and households with public assistance) were significant predictors (p CONCLUSION: County-level community variables have significant relationships with CPS response paths and impact how CPS units respond to new referrals. Research is needed to apply advanced multilevel analytic procedures to more accurately model nested relationships. Language: en
Optimal Gabor filters for texture segmentation

Texture segmentation involves subdividing an image into differently textured regions. Many texture segmentation schemes are based on a filter-bank model, where the filters, called Gabor filters, are derived from Gabor elementary functions. The goal is to transform texture differences into detectable filter-output discontinuities at texture boundaries. By locating these discontinuities, one can segment the image into differently textured regions. Distinct discontinuities occur, however, only if the Gabor filter parameters are suitably chosen. Some previous analysis has shown how to design filters for discriminating simple textures. Designing filters for more general natural textures, though, has largely been done ad hoc. We have devised a more rigorously based method for designing Gabor filters. It assumes that an image contains two different textures and that prototype samples of the textures are given a priori. We argue that Gabor filter outputs can be modeled as Rician random variables (often approximated well as Gaussian rv's) and develop a decision-theoretic algorithm for selecting optimal filter parameters. To improve segmentations for difficult texture pairs, we also propose a multiple-filter segmentation scheme, motivated by the Rician model. Experimental results indicate that our method is superior to previous methods in providing useful Gabor filters for a wide range of texture pairs. >
Strategic Self-Renewal: A Planning Framework for Today

Fewer new growth opportunities and increased global competition will make “star” businesses a rarity in the late 1980s. Furthermore, divesting “dog” businesses may become difficult because of increased stakeholder activism. Firms therefore may have to decrease their reliance on portfolio planning and increasingly emphasize product extensions and business rejuvenations. A planning framework for managing such a self-renewal is outlined.
Collective Information Extraction with Relational Markov Networks

Most information extraction (IE) systems treat separate potential extractions as independent. However, in many cases, considering influences between different potential extractions could improve overall accuracy. Statistical methods based on undirected graphical models, such as conditional random fields (CRFs), have been shown to be an effective approach to learning accurate IE systems. We present a new IE method that employs Relational Markov Networks (a generalization of CRFs), which can represent arbitrary dependencies between extractions. This allows for "collective information extraction" that exploits the mutual influence between possible extractions. Experiments on learning to extract protein names from biomedical text demonstrate the advantages of this approach.
The rate at which a long bubble rises in a vertical tube

As a viscous fluid in a vertical tube drains under the effect of gravity, a finger of air rises in the tube. The shape of the interface and the rate at which the finger rises is determined numerically for different values of the dimensionless parameter G = ρgb2/T, where ρ is the density difference between the viscous fluid and the air, b is the radius of the tube, and T is the interfacial tension. A relationship between the Bond number G and the capillary number Ca = μU/T is found and compared with the perturbation result of Bretherton (1961), where μ is the viscosity of the fluid and U is the constant velocity at which the finger rises. The numerical results support Bretherton's conclusions for very small values of Ca and extend the relationship between G and Ca to a region where the perturbation expansion is no longer valid. The results are also valid for long bubbles rising in a tube.
Identification of a novel potential biomarker in a model of hemorrhagic shock and valproic acid treatment.

Background The initial management of a poly-trauma patient requires evaluation for potential hemorrhage and ongoing monitoring to assess the efficacy of treatment and avoid complications related to massive blood loss. Certain serum protein levels may be altered in response to hemorrhagic shock, and may serve as useful biomarkers to guide diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutics in traumatic hemorrhagic shock (HS). Treatment with valproic acid (VPA) has been shown to up-regulate various survival pathways and improve outcome. Here we determine whether these changes would result in altered serum biomarkers. Methods Wistar-Kyoto rats underwent hemorrhagic shock (60% blood loss) followed by treatment with or without VPA (300 mg/kg). Using surface enhanced laser desorption-time of flight mass spectrometry (SELDI or SELDI-TOF MS) technology, we screened serum samples obtained from five rats at different time points (baseline, post-hemorrhagic shock, and post-VPA treatment) in a lethal model of hemorrhagic shock (HS). Additionally, we used isobaric tag labeling for relative quantitation (iTRAQ) to identify potential biomarkers in the serum. Western blots were performed to validate iTRAQ-identified biomarker from independent serum samples, and to analyze protein biomarker levels in the intestine during hemorrhagic shock and treatment. Results HS and treatment with VPA affected serum levels of many proteins. One such protein with a mass spectrum around 22.7 kDa was detected in all five rats. The same serum samples subjected to iTRAQ resulted in our identification of claudin-3, a 23 kDa tight junction protein. HS elevated serum claudin-3 protein levels, which was reversed by VPA treatment in a pattern similar to the SELDI-TOF MS studies. Further validation with independent serum and intestine samples from individual rats by Western blots confirmed that HS increased the protein level of claudin-3 in serum and decreased its level in the intestine. Treatment with VPA reversed the hemorrhagic shock-induced alteration in claudin-3 to sham levels. Conclusions HS causes an acute rise in serum claudin-3 protein levels and a concurrent decrease in intestinal claudin-3 protein expression. VPA treatment attenuates these alterations and stabilizes intestinal claudin-3 levels. Our results demonstrate for the first time that claudin-3 is a potential biomarker in HS and treatment.
Synthetic antiferromagnetic soft underlayers for perpendicular recording media

Synthetic antiferromagnetically coupled films have been studied for soft underlayers for perpendicular media. Initially, FeCo bilayers were prepared by dc magnetron sputtering with a structure of glass-Ru(2.5 nm)-FeCo(t/sub F/)-Ru(t/sub Ru/)-FeCo(t/sub F/)-Ru (10 nm), where t/sub F/ was varied from 5 to 200 nm and t/sub Ru/ from 0.2 to 1.4 nm. The antiferromagnetic coupling showed a maximum at t/sub Ru/=0.6-1.0 nm as expected, depending on t/sub F/. However, the surface coupling energy J/sub AF/ decreased very rapidly with t/sub F/ from 2.8 erg/cm/sup 2/ at t/sub F/=5 nm to 0.6erg/cm/sup 2/ at t/sub F/=10 nm. A structure of glass-Ru(2.5 nm)-FeCo(50 nm)-Ru(1.0 nm)-FeCo(55 nm)-Ru (10 nm) showed nearly zero remanence and very well separated hysteresis segments at /spl plusmn/30 Oe along the FeCo easy axis and a single narrow hysteresis loop with coercivity of 3.5 Oe along the hard axis. These characteristics were thermally stable up to at least 200/spl deg/C, which is superior to IrMn exchange-biased systems. Further optimization was achieved with a trilayer structure of glass-Ru(2.5 nm)-FeCo(25 nm)-Ru(1.0nm)-FeCo(45nm)-Ru(1.0 nm)-FeCo(25 nm)-Ru (10 nm).
DTP: Double-Pairwise Time Protocol for Disruption Tolerant Networks

Network time synchronization (NTS) is essential for any distributed systems, including disruption tolerant networks (DTNs). The feature of frequent contact disruptions and discontinuous network connections in DTNs raises a new challenge in providing the NTS service: synchronization operations may be interrupted for a long period of time when links between the time synchronization peers are opportunistic. To address this challenge, we propose double- pairwise time protocol (DTP) that can achieve better clock estimations and synchronization results in DTNs than NTP-Core, which models the major functionality of processing synchronization messages in network time protocol (NTP) that is the time-keeping standard in the Internet. The characteristics of DTP include: i) DTP achieves approximately half of the maximum time error achieved by NTP-Core; and ii) DTP only requires minor modifications to be implemented in the current architecture of NTP. Simulation results based on trace data collected from existing DTN testbeds validate such characteristics of DTP.
Dynamic observation of pulmonary perfusion using continuous arterial spin-labeling in a pig model.

The continuous arterial spin-labeling (CASL) method of perfusion MRI is used to observe pulmonary perfusion dynamically in an animal model. Specifically, a respiratory-triggered implementation of the CASL method is used with approximate spatial resolution of 0.9 x 1.8 x 5.0 mm (0.008 cc) and 2-minute temporal resolution. Perfusion MRI is performed dynamically during repeated balloon occlusion of a segmental pulmonary artery, as well as during pharmacological stimulation. A total of three Yorkshire pigs were studied. The results demonstrate the ability of the endogenous spin-labeling method to characterize the dynamic changes in pulmonary perfusion that occur during important physiological alterations.
Accelerated gate-oxide breakdown in mixed-voltage I/O circuits

This paper describes a new mechanism of gate-oxide breakdown fails observed in mixed-voltage I/O circuits during an accelerated product stress. Although no gate-oxide breakdown was expected from Fowler-Nordheim stress, gate-oxide fails were observed only in short-channel PMOSFETs of the mixed-voltage I/O circuits. Accelerated gate-oxide breakdown was attributed to non-conductive channel hot-electron injection at the drain edge.
Computing Elastic‐Rebound‐Motivated Earthquake Probabilities in Unsegmented Fault Models: A New Methodology Supported by Physics‐Based Simulators

A methodology is presented for computing elastic‐rebound‐based probabilities in an unsegmented fault or fault system, which involves computing along‐fault averages of renewal‐model parameters. The approach is less biased and more self‐consistent than a logical extension of that applied most recently for multisegment ruptures in California. It also enables the application of magnitude‐dependent aperiodicity values, which the previous approach does not. Monte Carlo simulations are used to analyze long‐term system behavior, which is generally found to be consistent with that of physics‐based earthquake simulators. Results cast doubt that recurrence‐interval distributions at points on faults look anything like traditionally applied renewal models, a fact that should be considered when interpreting paleoseismic data. We avoid such assumptions by changing the “probability of what” question (from offset at a point to the occurrence of a rupture, assuming it is the next event to occur). The new methodology is simple, although not perfect in terms of recovering long‐term rates in Monte Carlo simulations. It represents a reasonable, improved way to represent first‐order elastic‐rebound predictability, assuming it is there in the first place, and for a system that clearly exhibits other unmodeled complexities, such as aftershock triggering.