cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How to write a manuscript

Abstract It was flattering to be asked to write the article, but maybe it was a logical choice, since I was a member of the Editorial Board of the Journal of Neurosurgery for 10 years, Editor of Surgical Neurology for 7 years, and have had various appointments as Associate Editor on other journals. Thus, I should have some experience that would be of value. However, like most other people, I found it very difficult to get started, and the article very difficult to write.
Chemical and isotopic measurement of cholesterol absorption in the rat

Data are presented on cholesterol absorption in 6 non-fasted lymph duct-cannulated rats during continuous infusion of oil or oil plus cholesterol (mass + isotope). Endogenous thoracic duct lymph cholesterol averaged 2 mumoles/h during infusion of triolein. Lymph cholesterol flux increased to 3.3 mumoles/h during infusion of oil plus a low dose of cholesterol (1.7 mumoles/h), to 4.8 mumoles/h at a medium dose (4.4 mumoles/h) and to 8.9 mumoles/h during infusion of a high dose of cholesterol (30 mumoles/h). The transport of endogenous cholesterol was significantly decreased by the high infusion rate of cholesterol. At each level of cholesterol infusion, about 90% of the increase in lymph cholesterol was due to cholesteryl ester. Radioactive cholesterol significantly under-estimated the percent of cholesteryl ester in the increased cholesterol flux due to cholesterol infusion, especially at the low dose. The percent of infused radioactive cholesterol absorbed was a fairly accurate monitor of the increase in lymph cholesterol due to the exogenous loads. However, small numerical discrepancies at the medium and high doses suggest that the use of isotopic cholesterol to measure cholesterol absorption in careful balance studies may have limitations.
Salvinorin A Analogs as Probes in Opioid Pharmacology

The opium poppy, Papaver somniferum, is one of several plants that have profoundly affected human history.1 It has provided an unmatched medicine for the relief of pain for centuries.2 More than 30 alkaloids have been identified in opium, and among the most relevant are morphine (1a) and codeine (1b) (Figure 1).3 These alkaloids are important for modern medicine as an analgesic and a cough suppressant, respectively. These and related opiates exert their pharmacological effects by interacting with opioid receptors.4
Ovarian hormones and meal patterns in rats: Effects of progesterone and role of gastrointestinal transit ☆

Abstract Three experiments determined: (1) whether progesterone treatment would reverse the effects of estradiol benzoate (EB) on meal patterns of ovariectomized (OVX) rats, and (2) whether changes in gastrointestinal transit were responsible for the EB-induced changes in meal patterns. Progesterone (5 mg/day) reversed the effects of EB by increasing meal size and decreasing meal frequency in OVX, EB-treated rats. Progesterone had no effect on these measures in OVX rats that were not given EB. In a comparison of the rate of gastrointestinal transit, the rate of gastrointestinal transit was found to be faster in OVX rats injected with EB daily for two weeks than in OVX, oil-treated controls as measured under anesthesia with infusion of ten ml of liquid diet. However, this alteration in gastrointestinal transit does not appear to be responsible for the decreased meal size of EB-treated, OVX-rats, because the gastrointestinal changes are not observed 34–38 hr after an EB injection, a time at which meal size is already affected.
Do juvenile curfew laws work? A time-series analysis of the New Orleans law

Juvenile curfew laws are one of the most recent weapons for combating delinquency, but little is known about their effectiveness. This study examines the impact of the juvenile curfew law in New Orleans, Louisiana on victimizations, juvenile victimizations, and juvenile arrests. Interrupted time-series analyses are used to compare victimizations and arrests before and after the curfew was implemented. The results show the ineffectiveness of the curfew. Victimizations, juvenile victimizations, and juvenile arrests during curfew hours did not decrease significantly after the law went into effect; some victimizations during non-curfew hours increased significantly after the law was implemented.
Computer integrated manufacturing: An exploratory study of key organizational barriers

Abstract Despite claims in recent research and popular business press that a number of attractive benefits can accrue through the use of computer integrated manufacturing systems (CIM), there has generally been only sporadic attempts to adopt and implement them. Case-oriented research using in-depth interviews with multiple respondents in three large corporations was performed during the period 1987 to early 1989; two of the corporations were users of these technologies and the third a vendor of CIM systems. The results of these interviews reinforce the preponderance of managerial and organizational issues over technological issues as a major barrier to effective implementation and use of CIM. Furthermore, the findings point out the prudence of an incremental approach to adoption and implementation of CIM to insure adequate corporate sponsorship. The significant cultural upheaval and organizational changes that occur with introduction of CIM-type technologies are critical factors to be recognized and managed. This exploratory case-based empirical study did not find support for a few of the other issues reported in past research to be problems such as lack of collaboration arrangement between the vendor of the systems and customer, or poor product-process fit or inadequate comparison of technological alternatives when embarking on CIM-type investments. Based on the findings from this study, a number of issues worthy of future research have been pointed out.
Mechanism Analysis of Process Parameters Effects on Bondability in Ultrasonic Ball Bonding

Optimization of ultrasonic bonding process is a time consuming work and still remains a great technological challenge in microelectronic packaging industry due to poor understanding of the mechanism of process parameters effects. In this work, ultrasonic gold ball bonding on aluminum pad was carried out to study the effect of process parameters including bonding power and bonding force on bondability and bond pattern. The evolution of bond pattern and slip area was attributed to the variation of bondability. It is shown that the effects of process parameters on bondability can be explained by the mechanism proposed in this study.
Enrichment of PCBs in Lake Michigan Surface Films

Abstract The processes of exchange of PCBs and related organics at the surface of large bodies of water such as the Great Lakes are unavoidably linked to the unique properties of surface films. We have observed a 3 to 8 fold enrichment of PCB over underlying water in surface film samples taken from Lake Michigan with a Garrett screen sampler. The particle association of the PCBs was highest in the microlayer, averaging 50% compared to 20% on particles in the subsurface water and less than 5% in the air. The PCBs in the samples were identified as Aroclor 1254 and Aroclor 1242. The percentage composition of the two Aroclors varied between the air and the water as follows: the air was 30.2% Aroclor 1254 and the water (microlayer plus subsurface) was 57.6% Aroclor 1254.
Abstract 2361: Establishing a patient-derived heterotransplant mouse model of head and neck squamous carcinoma (HNSCC)

There are approximately 47,000 new cases of head and neck cancer diagnosed in the United States each year. The survival rate has not improved significantly in the past 30 years. The development of new therapies for HNSCC and the understanding of its biology both depend upon clinically relevant animal models. There are several existing animal models for HNSCC that include chemically-induced cancer models, syngeneic models using animal cancer cells, transgenic mice, and xenograft models using cultured human HNSCC cell lines injected into immunocompromised mice, either subcutaneously or orthotopically. An increasingly promising xenograft model, the heterotransplant model, is developed by surgically implanting tumor tissue directly from a patient into an immunocompromised mouse. The resulting tumor is serially passaged in vivo and never cultured on plastic. We have transplanted 20 HNSCC primary tumors from untreated patients directly into mice that included 17 tongue tumors, one maxillary gingival tumor, and two from the floor of the mouth. Although several tumors grew initially in mice, only 2 of 20 (10%) established tumors that could be serially passaged and used for therapeutic and mechanistic studies. One cell line has been established from a tongue heterotransplant (HOSC1). The two established heterotransplants maintained the histological appearance of the original tumors. To test the biological and molecular signaling response of HNSCC to targeted therapy, we utilized one heterotransplant that was passaged into 40 mice. Both the Src inhibitor dasatinib and the JAK inhibitor INCB16562 modestly inhibited tumor growth; the combination was significantly more effective than the single agents. Likewise, the tumors treated with the combination had significantly more apoptosis and less proliferation than control tumors. Consistent with our published in vitro results, Src inhibition did not result in STAT3 inhibition, but JAK inhibition abrogated STAT3 activation. Src was inhibited in vivo by dasatinib. Our results demonstrate that the heterotransplant model of HNSCC has promise as an in vivo model to test the efficacy of anti-cancer drugs. The low “take rate” is problematic but will be addressed in the future by intra-operative biopsies and larger tumor specimens. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2361. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-2361
The Development of Girls' Sex-Role Attitudes.

The present study investigated girls' perceptions of the adult female role. It focused upon the relative impacts of maternal variables, societal stereotypes, and age upon girls' sex-role concepts. Subjects were 150 girls, ages 6--8 and 10--12, from working-class families in rural Ohio. Several measures were administered to each girl to assess the nature of her sex-role attitudes and aspirations. Questionnaires were sent home to participating mothers to determine maternal sex-role attitudes and aspirations. Questionnaires were sent home to participating mothers to determine maternal sex-role attitudes, maternal employment status, and maternal role satisfaction. The results supported a cognitive-developmental explanation of sex-role attitude development. Younger girls had significantly more sex-typed role prescriptions and aspirations than older girls. The older girls' sex-role attitudes and aspirations correlated significantly with their mothers' sex-role attitudes and goals for their daughters' futures. Maternal employment had no effect on girls' perceptions of the adult female role. It is suggested that this lack of effect may be due to the working-class background of the subjects.
The effect of ultra-violet light on the toxicity and the enzymatic and antigenic activities of snake venom

Abstract Snake venom ( Agkistrodon piscivorus ) was exposed to ultra-violet light and tested for toxicity in mice, enzymatic activity (phospholipase A, proteinase, phosphodiesterase), and antigenic activity in rabbits. A decrease in toxicity and inactivation of all three enzymes studied was clearly shown. No difference could be detected in the immunological response of rabbits to untreated and irradiated venom.
Gold(I) Triphenylphosphine Complexes Incorporating Pentaarylfulleride Ligands

Two gold(I) complexes, (Ph(3)P)Au[C(60)(4-MeC(6)H(4))(5)] (1) and (Ph(3)P)Au[C(60)(4-t-BuC(6)H(4))(5)] (2), were prepared in excellent yield and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Complex 1, grown from two solvent systems, has different coordination modes of the fullerene-embedded Cp ring to the (PPh(3))Au fragment. For 1.(ODCB)(2), the cyclopentadienyl ring coordinates to the (Ph(3)P)Au fragment in an eta(1) fashion distorted toward eta(3) geometry, while in 1.(CHCl(3))(2)(CS(2)), crystal packing forces produce enough distortion to give near eta(2) coordination.
Rapid assay for tryptophanase using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography.

Abstract A rapid and sensitive high-performance liquid-chromatogaphic assay for trytophanase based upon the fluorometric measurement of the enzymatically liberated indole was developed. The total incubation time is 20 min, and the reversed-phase separation is fast (elution time of indole is 8 min) and reproducible. The sensitivity of the method is in the nanomole range. This method was tested in the assay of tryptophanase activity in E. coli, giving an average activity of 6589.6 U/g of cells. Because of its speed, high sensitivity and minimal sample preparation, this method circumvents several problems commonly encountered in standard spectro- photometric methods of analysis.
Parallelism and the maximal path problem

Abstract The maximal path problem is the following: Given a graph G = (V, E) and a vertex r, find a path starting at r that cannot be extended without encountering a node that is already on the path. We shall show that if all nodes have degree at most D(n), the problem can be solved in O(D(n) log3 n) time using O(n2) processors. We also obtain an NC algorithm for the maximal path problem in planar graphs. Finally, we show that the problem of computing the lexicographically minimal maximal path is P-complete, even when restricted to planar graphs.
Detecting Growth Shape Misspecifications in Latent Growth Models: An Evaluation of Fit Indexes

In this study, the authors compared the likelihood ratio test and fit indexes for detection of misspecifications of growth shape in latent growth models through a simulation study and a graphical analysis. They found that the likelihood ratio test, MFI, and root mean square error of approximation performed best for detecting model misspecification when a linear model was fit to scores presenting nonlinear growth trajectories, in terms of being sensitive to severity of misspecification, and providing stable results with different types of nonlinearity and sample sizes.
Mobile cardiac catheterization laboratories increase use of cardiac care in women and African Americans.

Background Women and minorities traditionally have shown less use of diagnostic cardiac catheterization. We sought to determine whether mobile cardiac catheterization laboratories may increase the use of catheterization among women and minorities by bringing the technology to remote communities. Methods We collected data on consecutive patients undergoing cardiac catheterization at mobile laboratories located at 15 community hospitals in North Carolina and Virginia from 1994 to 2005. These data were compared with those from similar consecutive outpatients at the Duke University Medical Center (Durham, NC) cardiac catheterization laboratory over the same period. Logistic regression modeling techniques were used to determine which patient factors were associated with the decision to use a particular facility. Results Women comprised 48% of the patients undergoing cardiac catheterization via mobile laboratory versus 42% of those patients receiving outpatient catheterization at the medical center laboratory (P Conclusions The strongest predictor of mobile laboratory use was the patient's proximity to the mobile facility. When compared with a traditional tertiary referral outpatient hospital setting, a greater percentage of women and African Americans received cardiac catheterization at mobile laboratories. The availability of mobile laboratories may increase the use of cardiac procedures among women and African Americans.
α1-Antitrypsin deficiency: A defect in protein synthesis

Abstract The half-life of human α 1 -antitrypsin in plasma was determined in normal individuals and homozygotes for a deficiency gene. The half-life in normal individuals was 3 days and 22 hours ± 32 hours (S.D.). The deficient individuals had similar values. We conclude that in deficient individuals the catabolic rate of serum α 1 -antitrypsin is the same as in normals and that consequently a defect in synthesis is probably responsible for the low levels of this protein in plasma.
Adaptive geolocation based interference control for hierarchical cellular network with femtocells

This paper presents an adaptive interference control method to mitigate undesirable interference from femtocells to macrocell users in hierarchical cellular networks. Such mechanisms usually require over-the-air signalling for estimation of interference resulting significant bandwidth overhead. The proposed ‘Adaptive Interference Scaling’ (AIS) method uses geolocation information for femtocell power control for interference avoidance. In this approach, each femtocell calculates interference contributed to nearby macrocell users and adjusts the power to meet specific target signal-to-interference-plus-noise (SINR) level. Results from simulations show that AIS is able to increase the number of macrocell users achieving target data rates by up to 158% relative to baseline without adaptive control, while resulting in only 12.2% femtocell users receiving rates below the target. AIS achieves improved performance by using location information to calculate and limit the interference power contributed by femtocells to macrocell users, while allowing the network operator to set any desired target rates.
Characterization of hydrophilic—hydrophobic polymeric surfaces by contact angle measurements

Abstract Polymeric solid surfaces were prepared by a radiation-induced graft copolymerization technique using various mixtures of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and ethyl methacrylate (EMA). Low-density polyethylene (PE) films were used as graft substrates. Contact angles on these polymeric surfaces were determined in air and under water. The critical surface tension ( γ c ) of each polymeric surface in air was estimated by the Zisman method. Geometric mean and harmonic mean approximation methods were utilized to estimate the dispersion force contribution ( γ s d ) and the polar contribution ( γ s p ) to the total surface free energy ( γ s ) from contact angle data in air. The geometric mean approximation was also used to estimate γ s d′ and γ s p′ from contact angles under water. The calculated values of γ s d , γ s p are strongly dependent on the pair of liquids chosen for the calculation regardless of the approximation adopted. The values of γ s , calculated as the sum of γ s d and γ s p , are close to the γ c values and are less dependent on the pair of liquids used. A comparison of the ratio γ s d / γ s p for the same surface in air and under water suggests that major polymer chain conformational changes occur, particularly with respect to the hydroxyl side chain, when such surfaces are immersed in water.
Mouse adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells undergo osteogenic differentiation in vitro and in vivo

Abstract Introduction: Although the multilineage potential of human processed lipoaspirate has previously been demonstrated, few studies exist utilizing mouse adipose-derived mesenchymal cells (ADMSCs) in vitro or in vivo. Here, we develop a method for osteogenic differentiation of ADMSCs in vitro and utilize them to repair calvarial defects in vivo. Methods: ADMSCs were harvested from 3 week old female FVB mice. ADMSCs were cultured in standard osteogenic media with various concentrations of BMP-2 or retinoic acid (RA) for 3 weeks. Growth and differentiation were assessed via cell counting, Oil Red O (ORO), alkaline phosphatase (AP), and von Kossa (VK) staining. Apatite-coated poly-lactic co-glycolic acid (PLGA) scaffolds were then seeded with ADMSCs and implanted into critical sized (4mm) calvarial defects in adult male mice. Calvarial regeneration was assessed using histology and radiography. Results: Only slight differences in proliferation were seen in response to BMP2, RA, or BMP2 + RA. ORO staining was dramatically decreased in treated cells. AP and von Kossa staining were induced in a synergistic fashion by BMP2 + RA. In vivo experiments revealed successful healing of calvarial defects by 12 weeks after surgery. ADMSC-seeded scaffolds produced significant intramembranous bone formation by 2 weeks, and areas of complete bony bridging by 12 weeks as demonstrated by X-ray and histology. Conclusions: Our data demonstrate successful osteogenic differentiation of ADMSCs in vitro and in vivo. This novel mouse model potentiates further investigation into the mechanisms governing osteogenesis and the epigenetic manipulations that can be used to enhance this process.
The quenching of singlet oxygen by amino acids and proteins.

Abstract— The physical quenching of singlet molecular oxygen (1Δg) by amino acids and proteins in D2O solution has been measured by their inhibition of the rate of singlet oxygen oxidation of the bilirubin anion. Steady-state singlet oxygen concentrations are produced by irradiating the oxygenated solution with the 1–06 μm output of a Nd-YAG laser, which absorbs directly in the electronic transition 1Δg+ 1v→3Σg-. The rate of quenching by most of the proteins studied is approximated by the sum of the quenching rates of their amino acids histidine, tryptophan and methionine, which implies that these amino acids in the protein structure are all about equally accessible to the singlet oxygen. The quenching constants differ from those obtained by the ruby-laser methylene-blue-photosensitized method of generating singlet oxygen, or from the results of steady-state methylene-blue-photosensitized oxidation, where singlet oxygen is assumed to be the main reactive species. The singlet oxygen quenching rates in D2O, pD 8, are (107? mol-1 s-1): alanine 0–2, methionine 3, tryptophan 9, histidine 17, carbonic anhydrase 85, lysozyme 150, superoxide dismutase 260, aposuperoxide dismutase 250.
GABA interacts with photic signaling in the suprachiasmatic nucleus to regulate circadian phase shifts

Circadian rhythms of physiology and behavior in mammals are driven by a circadian pacemaker located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus. The majority of neurons in the suprachiasmatic nucleus are GABAergic, and activation of GABA receptors in the suprachiasmatic nucleus can induce phase shifts of the circadian pacemaker both in vivo and in vitro. GABA also modulates the phase shifts induced by light in vivo, and photic information is thought to be conveyed to the suprachiasmatic nucleus by glutamate. In the present study, we examined the interactions between GABA receptor agonists, glutamate agonists, and light in hamsters in vivo. The GABAA receptor agonist muscimol and the GABAB receptor agonist baclofen were microinjected into the suprachiasmatic nucleus at circadian time 13.5 (early subjective night), followed immediately by a microinjection of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA). Both muscimol and baclofen significantly reduced the phase shifting effects of NMDA. Further, coadministration of tetrodotoxin with baclofen did not alter the inhibition of NMDA by baclofen, suggesting a postsynaptic mechanism for the inhibition of NMDA-induced phase shifts by baclofen. Finally, the phase shifting effects of microinjection of muscimol into the suprachiasmatic nucleus during the subjective day were blocked by a subsequent light pulse. These data suggest that GABA regulates the phase of the circadian clock through both pre- and postsynaptic mechanisms.
PROPER: comprehensive power evaluation for differential expression using RNA-seq.

Motivation: RNA-seq has become a routine technique in differential expression (DE) identification. Scientists face a number of experimental design decisions, including the sample size. The power for detecting differential expression is affected by several factors, including the fraction of DE genes, distribution of the magnitude of DE, distribution of gene expression level, sequencing coverage and the choice of type I error control. The complexity and flexibility of RNA-seq experiments, the high-throughput nature of transcriptome-wide expression measurements and the unique characteristics of RNA-seq data make the power assessment particularly challenging. Results: We propose prospective power assessment instead of a direct sample size calculation by making assumptions on all of these factors. Our power assessment tool includes two components: (i) a semi-parametric simulation that generates data based on actual RNA-seq experiments with flexible choices on baseline expressions, biological variations and patterns of DE; and (ii) a power assessment component that provides a comprehensive view of power. We introduce the concepts of stratified power and false discovery cost, and demonstrate the usefulness of our method in experimental design (such as sample size and sequencing depth), as well as analysis plan (gene filtering). Availability: The proposed method is implemented in a freely available R software package PROPER. Contact: ude.yrome@uw.oah, ude.nworb@uw_nijihz. Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
PGC-1 Coactivators in Cardiac Development and Disease

The beating heart requires a constant flux of ATP to maintain contractile function, and there is increasing evidence that energetic defects contribute to the development of heart failure. The last 10 years have seen a resurgent interest in cardiac intermediary metabolism and a dramatic increase in our understanding of transcriptional networks that regulate cardiac energetics. The PPAR-γ coactivator (PGC)-1 family of proteins plays a central role in these pathways. The mechanisms by which PGC-1 proteins regulate transcriptional networks and are regulated by physiological cues, as well as the roles they play in cardiac development and disease, are reviewed here.
Working nonlinear transient eddy current problems with time harmonic solutions

The classical approach to solving transient problems is a finite difference-based time-stepping procedure. A powerful alternative when motion is not involved is to use time harmonic solutions to build the transfer function of the system, appropriate for a spectrum of source excitations. This paper shows how nonlinear problems are approached with this method, and how the transfer function is derived using variable metrics and multivariate splines.
Transglycation—A Potential New Mechanism for Deglycation of Schiff's Bases

Nonenzymatic glycation is believed to play a major role in the de- velopment of diabetic complications. Over the past several years we and others have shown that in cells this nonenzymatic process can be reversed by an ATP- dependent reaction catalyzed by fructosamine-3-kinase (FN3K) and possibly by its isozyme, fructosamine-3-kinase-related protein (FN3KRP). In this study we provide the first evidence that this FN3K-dependent deglycation, acting on the Amadori products, is complemented by another deglycation process oper- ating on the very first product of nonenzymatic glycation, glucosylamines (Schiff's bases). We postulate that the first step in this Schiff's-base deglycation process occurs by transfer of the sugar moiety from macromolecule-bound glu- cosylamine to one of the low-molecular weight intracellular nucleophiles—in particular, glutathione. We term this reaction transglycation, and in this study we demonstrate that it occurs readily and spontaneously in vitro. We further propose that one of the spontaneously formed glucose-glutathione adduct(s) is subsequently removed from cells by a multidrug-resistance pump (MRP, MDR-protein, ATP-binding-cassette protein), metabolized, and excreted in urine. In support of this latter contention, we show that at least one transgly- cation product, glucose-cysteine, is found in human urine and that its concen- trations are increased in diabetes.
The Role of Statistics in the Data Revolution

La nature des donnees change rapidement. Les fichiers de donnees deviennent de plus en plus volumineux et complexes. La methodologie moderne pour analyser ces nouveaux types de donnees provient des domaines de la gestion des bases de donnees, de l'intelligence artificielle, de la reconnaisance de caracteres, et de la visualisation de donnees. Pour l'instant, la statistique, en tant que discipline, n'a joue qu'un role mineur. Cet article explore certaines des causes de cette situation, et s'interroge sur les raisons pour lesquelles les statisticiens devraient etre interesses a participer au developpement de nouvelles methodes pour traiter les fichiers de donnees volumineux et complexes.
GACV for quantile smoothing splines

Quantile smoothing splines provide nonparametric estimation of conditional quantile functions. Like other nonparametric smoothing techniques, the choice of smoothing parameters considerably affects the performance of quantile smoothing splines. The robust cross-validation (RCV) has been commonly used as a tuning criterion in practice. To explain its success, Oh et al. (J. Roy. Statist. Soc. Ser. A, in press) argued that the RCV curve, as a function of smoothing parameters in quantile smoothing splines, differs from the mean squared error (MSE) curve only by a constant. In this article, we consider an alternative loss function, the generalized comparative Kullback-Leibler distance (GCKL) for the quantile smoothing spline. We argue that RCV is an estimator of GCKL. A disadvantage of RCV is its computational intensity. To reduce the associated computational cost, Nychka et al. (J. Amer. Statist. Assoc. 90 (432) (1995) 1171) has previously proposed an approximation to RCV, namely ACV. However, we find in our simulations that the ACV-based tuning method will often fail in practice. We first reexamine the theoretical basis for ACV. This exercise enables us to explain the failure of ACV. Then we continue to propose a remedy, the generalized approximate cross-validation (GACV) as a computable proxy for the GCKL. Some preliminary simulations suggest that the GACV score is a good estimate of the GCKL score and that the GACV-based tuning technique compares favorably with both ACV and another commonly used criteria, Schwartz information criterion. A real dataset is examined to illustrate the empirical performance of the proposed method.
Geometric morphometrics of corpus callosum and subcortical structures in the fetal-alcohol-affected brain

Background: Although experienced clinicians have been diagnosing fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) for nearly 30 years, the rest of the spectrum of fetal alcohol damage is not being classified effectively. This article describes a quantification of neuroanatomical structure that may supply a useful discriminator of prenatal brain damage from alcohol. It is demonstrated in a data set of adults of both sexes. Methods: Ninety adults (45 males) were examined by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). These subjects were group-matched for age and ethnicity across three diagnoses: FAS, fetal alcohol effects (FAE), and normals. All FAS and FAE were heavily alcohol-exposed in utero; normals were not. From T1-weighted MR brain images, we extracted 3D morphometric representations of shape for 33-landmark point configurations and 40-point outlines of the corpus callosum along its midline (a slightly nonplanar structure). Results: There are striking differences between exposed and unexposed in the statistical distributions of these two shapes. The differences are better characterized by excess variance in the exposed group than by any change in average landmark or outline shape. For each sex, combining the callosal outline data with the landmark data leads to a powerful quadratic discriminator of exposed from unexposed. The discriminating features include the relationship of brain stem to diencephalon, and localized variabilities of callosal outline shape, but not diagnosis (FAS vs. FAE). Conclusions: Statistical analysis of brain shape is a powerful new source of information relevant to fetal alcohol spectrum nosology and etiology. Patients with FAS and FAE do not differ in these brain shape features, but both differ from the unexposed. The aspects of brain shape that are especially variable may be entailed in the underlying neuroteratogenetic mechanisms.
Lung involvement in systemic sclerosis

Scleroderma is a multisystem disease characterized by a severe inflammatory process and exuberant fibrosis. Lung involvement is a frequent complication and a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in this syndrome. Two major pulmonary syndromes are associated with scleroderma; a pulmonary vascular disorder evolving over time into relatively isolated pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), and interstitial lung disease (ILD). Each syndrome, when present, is a cause of morbidity and significantly reduces survival of scleroderma patients when compared to patients free of lung complication. When pulmonary hypertension and ILD are combined, survival is further reduced. Current therapy appears to have no meaningful effect on either condition and, thus, there is a need for better understanding of underlying pathogenic mechanisms. This review focuses on clinical, diagnostic, and therapeutic features of PAH and ILD as well as other frequent but less debilitating lung complications of scleroderma.
ENGLISH LANGUAGE LEARNING AND TECHNOLOGY: LECTURES ON APPLIED LINGUISTICS IN THE AGE OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY

ENGLISH LANGUAGE LEARNING AND TECHNOLOGY: LECTURES ON APPLIED LINGUISTICS IN THE AGE OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY. Carol Chapelle. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 2003. Pp. xv + 211. $39.95 paper.In this volume compiled from several years of recent lectures, Chapelle synthesizes research on technology and language learning to lay bare theoretical questions of SLA and second language (L2) assessment that can be reformulated, pushed forward, and reevaluated through technology. She argues that, in order to do so, it is necessary that the field of applied linguistics “engage more consciously and proactively with the complex language-technology reality in which the profession is working” (p. xii) and that technology must not be viewed simply as a tool of efficiency in L2 research and assessment.
Versatile Autonomous Smartgrid Testbed (VAST): A flexible, reconfigurable testbed for research on autonomous control for critical electricity grids

Microgrids are an emerging technology with aspects that are constantly changing. The Versatile Autonomous Smartgrid Testbed (VAST) is a system that allows microgrid research to be conducted in a more efficient manner. The VAST system is highly customizable and reconfigurable to adapt to new technologies that are developed in terms of inverter control algorithms, communications protocols, and grid structure. VAST will eliminate the need to build specialized testbeds to conduct research on a single aspect of the microgrid such as inverter control. VAST will allow for flexible rapid prototyping of microgrid technologies, and decrease the time spent on building customized microgrid testbeds.
Homogeneous nucleation: theory and experiment

Recent theoretical and experimental advances in the study of homogeneous nucleation are reviewed, with emphasis placed on phase transitions involving single-component liquids (condensation, cavitation, and crystallization from the melt). Extensions of classical nucleation theory are described and compared with new experiments that now directly measure nucleation rates. Novel methods of statistical mechanics, including density-functional theory and computer simulations, are presented. The recent rapid evolution of this field has opened up many new questions for further research.
Uncertainty quantification in kinematic-wave models

We develop a probabilistic approach to quantify parametric uncertainty in first-order hyperbolic conservation laws (kinematic wave equations). The approach relies on the derivation of a deterministic equation for the cumulative density function (CDF) of a system state, in which probabilistic descriptions (probability density functions or PDFs) of system parameters and/or initial and boundary conditions serve as inputs. In contrast to PDF equations, which are often used in other contexts, CDF equations allow for straightforward and unambiguous determination of boundary conditions with respect to sample variables. The accuracy and robustness of solutions of the CDF equation for one such system, the Saint-Venant equations of river flows, are investigated via comparison with Monte Carlo simulations.
In Situ Modification of Metal–Organic Frameworks in Mixed‐Matrix Membranes

Processable films of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have been long sought to advance the application of MOFs in various technologies from separations to catalysis. Herein, MOF–polymer mixed-matrix membranes (MMMs) are described, formed on several substrates using a wide variety of MOF materials. These MMMs can be delaminated from their substrates to create free-standing MMMs that are mechanically stable and pliable. The MOFs in these MMMs remain highly crystalline, porous, and accessible for further chemical modification through postsynthetic modification (PSM) and postsynthetic exchange (PSE) processes. Overall, the findings here demonstrate a versatile approach to preparing stable functional MMMs that should contribute significantly to the advancement of these materials.
Transition Goals and Experiences of Females with Disabilities: Youth, Parents, and Professionals

This study examined the influence of gender on the transition goals and experiences of female students with disabilities. Data were gathered from 146 participants, including female youth with disabilities (n = 67), parents of young women with disabilities (n = 34), and professionals who work with them (n = 45). Findings suggest that females with disabilities have unique experiences related to (a) type of transition goals established for them; (b) factors that shape these transition goals, such as self-perception, mentors, peers, family, and exposure to opportunities; (c) sources of support and impediments to transition to adulthood, such as special education personnel and programs; and (d) contextual issues, such as cultural and linguistic diversity. Practice and future research implications are discussed.
Transgene-induced silencing identifies sequences involved in the establishment of paramutation of the maize p1 gene.

A transgene carrying a distal enhancer element of the maize P1-rr promoter caused silencing of an endogenous P1-rr allele in the progeny of transgenic maize plants. Expression of both the transgene and the endogenous P1-rr allele was reduced in the affected plants. The silenced phenotype was observed in the progeny of seven of eight crosses involving three independent transgenic events tested (average frequency of 19%). This phenotype was associated with an induced epigenetic state of the P1-rr allele, termed P1-rr′, which is characterized by increased methylation of the P1-rr flanking regions and decreased levels of P1-rr transcript. The P1-rr′ epiallele is highly heritable in the absence of the inducing P1.2b::GUS transgene, and it can impose an equivalent state on a naive P1-rr allele in subsequent crosses (paramutation). In contrast, parallel experiments with two other P::GUS transgenes that contained the same basal P1-rr promoter fragment but different upstream sequences revealed no detectable silencing effect. Thus, transgenes carrying a specific enhancer fragment of the P1-rr gene promoter can trigger a paramutant state (P1-rr′) of the endogenous P1-rr gene that is maintained in the absence of the inducing transgene. We discuss the potential role of the P1-rr distal enhancer element in the establishment and propagation of a paramutation system in maize.
The ultrastructure of mouse lung: the alveolar macrophage.

Free alveolar macrophages of normal mouse lung have been studied in the electron microscope. The tissue was obtained from several young adult white mice. One other animal was instilled intranasally with diluted India ink 1½ hours prior to the removal of the lung. Thin sections of the osmium-fixed, methacrylate-embedded tissue were examined either in an RCA EMU 2 electron microscope or in a Siemens and Halske Elmiskop I b. A few thick sections obtained from the same embeddings were stained for iron. The normal alveolar macrophages, which are usually in contact with the alveolar epithelium, were found to contain a variety of inclusion bodies, along with the usual cytoplasmic components like mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and Palade granules. Another typical component of the cytoplasm of these cells which appears as small (∼6 mµ) very dense granules of composite fine structure is interpreted as ferritin. It is assumed that this ferritin is formed from red blood cells ingested by the alveolar macrophages. The macrophages in the alveoli were found to phagocytize intranasally instilled India ink particles. Such cells, with engulfed India ink particles, were often of more rounded form and the particles were frequently seen lying inside membrane-bound vacuoles or vesicles of the cytoplasm. The membrane of a few vesicles containing India ink particles was seen as the invaginated portion of the cell plasma membrane, and in one instance these same vesicles were seemingly interconnected with a rough surfaced cisterna of the endoplasmic reticulum. The process of phagocytosis is recognized as related to the "normal" process of pinocytosis.
Fludarabine- (C2-methylhydroxyphosphoramide)- [anti-IGF-1R]: Synthesis and Selectively “Targeted”Anti-Neoplastic Cytotoxicity against Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma (A549)

Fludarabine- (C2-methylhydroxyphosphoramide)-[anti-IGF-1R]: Synthesis and Selectively “Targeted”Anti-Neoplastic Cytotoxicity against Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma (A549) Introduction: Many if not most conventional small molecular weight chemotherapeutics are highly potent against many forms of neoplastic disease. Unfortunately, majority of an administered dose unintentionally diffuses passively into normal tissues and healthy organ systems following intravenous administration. One strategy for both increasing potency and reducing dose-limited sequela is the selective “targeted” delivery of conventional chemotherapeutic agents. Materials and Methods: The fludarabine-(C2- methylhydroxyphosphoramide)-[anti-IGF-1R] was synthesized by initially reacting fludarabine with a carbodiimide to form a fludarabine carbodiimide phosphate ester intermediate that was subsequently reacted with imidazole to create an amine-reactive fludarabine- (C2-phosphorylimidazolide) intermediate. Monoclonal anti-IGF-1R immunoglobulin was combined with the amine-reactive fludarabine- (C2-phosphorylimidazolide) intermediate resulting in the synthesis of covalent fludarabine-(C2-methylhydroxyphosphoramide)- [anti-IGF-1R] immunochemotherapeutic. Residual fludarabine and un-reacted reagents were removed by serial microfiltration (MWCO 10,000) and monitored by analytical-scale HP-TLC. Retained IGF-1R binding-avidity of fludarabine-(C2- methylhydroxyphosphoramide)-[anti-IGF-1R] was established by cell-ELISA using pulmonary adenocarcinoma cell (A549) which over-expresses IGF-1R and EGFR. Anti-neoplastic cytotoxic potency of fludarabine-(C2-methylhydroxyphosphoramide)-[anti- IGF-1R] was determined against pulmonary adenocarcinoma (A549) using an MTT-based vitality stain methodology. Results: The fludarabine molar-incorporation-index for fludarabine- (C2-methylhydroxyphosphoramide)-[anti-IGF-R1] was 3.67:1 while non-covalently bound fludarabine was not detected by analytical scale HP-TLC following serial micro-filtration. Sizeseparation fludarabine-(C2-methylhydroxyphosphoramide)-[anti- IGF-1R] by SDS-PAGE with chemo luminescent autoradiography detected only a single 150-kDa band. Cell-ELISA of fludarabine- (C2-methylhydroxyphosphoramide)-[anti-IGF-1R] measuring total immunoglobulin bound to exterior surface membranes of pulmonary adenocarcinoma (A549) increased with elevations
Open Science and the Three Cultures: Expanding Open Science to all Domains of Knowledge Creation

The Open Science movement has been most successful in transforming disciplines traditionally associated with science. Social science and humanities disciplines, especially those in the United States, are less well represented. To include all domains of knowledge, the Open Science movement must bridge these ‘three cultures’ through projects that highlight multiple lines of inquiry, research methods, and publishing practices. The movement should also consider changing its moniker to Open Knowledge in order to include academic disciplines that do not self-identify as science.
The rhetoric of campus architecture

Courses: Rhetorical Criticism, Persuasion, Rhetoric and Architecture, Visual Rhetoric.Objectives: This single class activity is designed to raise student awareness about the rhetorical nature of architecture and campus planning; to shift student perceptions away from taking their physical surroundings as “a given” and toward seeing them as the product of strategic human choices and decision making; to foster a spirit of curiosity about how buildings can influence our emotions and behavior; and to reduce student uncertainty about unfamiliar course content.
A Reading of Kleist's Michael Kohlhaas

In Michael Kohlhaas, Kleist brings two kinds of law, human and extra-human, into conflict with each other. Kohlhaas, denied the protection of the written law, is driven to rebellion. Simultaneously, he gains the aid of the laws of fate through the gypsy soothsayer, who is an agent of Nemesis, goddess of justice. Kohlhaas is associated with the animal figures in the work, the horses and the stag, in his virtual death at the hands of men and his return from the dead with the aid of supernatural law to wreak his inhuman vengeance on the Elector of Saxony. The latter is depicted as a pragmatist whose attempts to deal with Kohlhaas within the rational written law are doomed from the start. It is the basic tragedy of the work that the rational ruler and his passionate subject are drawn into mortal conflict with each other because each operates according to a different kind of law. This underlying conflict between human and extra-human justice accounts for the paradox and irony, as well as for the complex plotting, of the work. Kleist creates an ambiguous world in which all the figures, including the judges and the judged, are at once innocent and guilty.
High Resolution Observation of Void Motion in Passivated Metal Lines Under Electromigration Stress

Using a 120 kV STEM equipped with a backscattered electron detector and operated as a conventional SEM. voids in metal lines can be detected through 1 μm of passivation. By applying current to passivated thin metal lines while in the microscope, voids can be observed while electromigration is in progress. Voids move significant distances during electromigration. On at least some occasions. failure of the line is not the result of a void growing until the width of the line is reached. On these occasions, when the size of the void approaches the width of the line. the void breaks up into smaller voids.