cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The ‘fiver’: Germanic ‘finger’, Balto-Slavic de-numeral adjectives in *-ero- and their Indo-European background

Proto-Germanic *fingraz ‘finger’ – long connected to PIE *penkʷe ‘5’, but without a convincing derivational scenario – can be interpreted as *pēnkʷ-ro-, a genitival R(V)-o- vrddhi derivative to *penkʷerom ‘set of 5’. This latter form is the substantivization of *penkʷero- ‘5-fold, counting 5’ – a form belonging to a series of de-numeral adjectives which, it is argued, is the single type underlying the Baltic pluralia tantum numerals (Lith. penkeri ‘5.pl.tant’) and the Slavic collectives and distributives (PSl. *petero ‘group of 5’, *peterъ ‘5-fold’). It is further hypothesized that (Post-)PIE forms like *penkwero-, *sweḱsero-, *septmmero- need not rest upon false segmentation of a thematic derivative of ‘4’ (*kwetwer-o-), as is most commonly assumed; rather, they can be explained as simple thematic derivatives of an *-er locative of the type *penkʷer ‘in/on/at 5’ = ‘in a group of 5’ (a close parallel of this semantic relationship is provided by Lith. arch. trisu ‘3.loc’ = ‘in a group of 3’, or even by French a trois). The posited type *penkʷer also yields a back-formed substantive *penkʷōr ‘set of 5-s’, a possible source of the Tocharian B distributive numerals in -ār (piśār ‘by 5-s’ << *penkʷōr-en, *penkʷōr-i or similar), which – being athematic – cannot be explained via the standard theory starting from *kʷetwer-o-.
How Judges Fool Themselves

This is a paper about a metaphorical sacred cow — the claim that judges find the law rather than make it — and I’d like to start by telling a story of authentic sacred cows which presents the problem rather crisply.
Peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumours other than neuroblastoma

These are extracranial neoplasms arising generally in soft tissues and displaying a primitive microscopic structure in which evidence of neural differentiation is demonstrated. The light microscopic features resemble those of many small-cell tumours, but more especially sympathetic neuroblastoma or Ewing’s sarcomal . Their precise origin is unclear, and they may arise from a pluripotential stem cell. either of embryonic neural crest or mesenchymal origin2. Entities that qualify for inclusion in this category continue to increase in number and complexity1.
What accounts for poor functioning in people with schizophrenia: a re-evaluation of the contributions of neurocognitive v. attitudinal and motivational factors.

BackgroundNeurocognitive deficits are often seen as core features of schizophrenia, and as primary determinants of poor functioning. Yet, our clinical observations suggest that individuals who score within the impaired range on standardized tests can reliably perform better in complex real-world situations, especially when performance is embedded within a positive socio-affective context.MethodsWe analyzed literature on the influence of non-neurocognitive factors on test performance in order to clarify their contributions.ResultsWe identified seven non-neurocognitive factors that significantly contribute to neurocognitive test performance: avolition, dysfunctional attitudes, effort, stress, negative emotions, asociality, and disorganized symptoms. We then proposed an alternative model based on dysfunctional (e.g. defeatist) attitudes and their consequences for motivation and sustained task engagement. We demonstrated that these factors account for substantial variance in negative symptoms, neurocognitive test performance, and functional outcomes. We then demonstrated that recovery-oriented cognitive therapy – which is derived from this alternative model and primarily targets dysfunctional beliefs – has been successful in the treatment of low functioning individuals with schizophrenia.ConclusionThe contributions of neurocognitive impairments to poor real-world functioning in people with schizophrenia may be overstated in the literature, and may even be limited relative to non-neurocognitive factors. We offer suggestions for further research to more precisely quantify the contributions of attitudinal/motivation v. neurocognitive factors in schizophrenia.
Agronomic Benefits of Agricultural, Municipal, and Industrial By-Products and Their Co-Utilization: An Overview

As landfills close and traditional options for disposal of wastes decrease, many by-product materials are viewed as resources for agronomic uses. Many materials termed wastes are rich sources of nutrients and organic material for use in crop production, improvement in soil physical or chemical properties, or as feed for livestock production. Agricultural, municipal, or industrial by-products may be co-utilized, or combined, so that the materials are more easily land applied, provide more complete nutrition, or enhance the soil conditioning, economic, or environmental value of the individual by-products.
Improvement of Small-Seeded Race Mesoamerica Cultivars

Among all Phaseolus beans of American origin, the small-seeded common bean (P. vulgaris L.) cultivars occupy by far the largest hectarage in the world (>6 million ha) and have the longest history of genetic improvement. A brief description of these beans, their major market classes, production regions, and production problems will be given in this chapter. This will be followed by the history of how beans have been improved, the genetic progress which has been achieved, current difficulties and challenges, breeding objectives and strategies, and future prospects.
Treatment algorithms and critical pathways for acute coronary syndromes.

Although numerous clinical trials have identified many advances in the treatment of patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS), registries of clinical practice have identified that in clinical practice a large proportion of patients do not receive guideline-recommended therapies. In addition to development and dissemination of national guidelines, there is a need for specific tools to ensure that the guideline recommendations are implemented on a patient-by-patient basis. Better adherence to practice guidelines has been found to be associated with improved outcomes. Critical pathways and/or the process of Continuous Quality Improvement (CQI) are means of trying to improve care. Critical pathways are standardized protocols that aim to optimize and streamline patient care, which usually involve standardized order sets, (or computerized ones), and/or simple pocket cards, reminders, or checklists of the appropriate therapies. Another key part of an overall CQI effort is to monitor data on performance-i.e. utilization of guideline recommended therapies. Several well-conducted studies, showing that particular use of critical pathways, can lead to improve quality of care.
Sonographic Evaluation of Inferior Vena Cava Tumor Thrombus in Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Case Study of a Rare Condition:

Inferior vena cava (IVC) tumor thrombus in renal cell carcinoma is a rare entity that suggests heightened biologic behavior and a surgical challenge during the course of treatment. Tumor thrombus c...
Pucciniamodiolae in North America: distribution and natural host range

Pucciniamodiolae, a rust fungus pathogen of Carolina bristlemallow, Modiolacaroliniana (Malvaceae), is newly reported from North America, appears to be well established along the Gulf coast and is likely to have been introduced from South America. Its taxonomy, distribution and natural host range are discussed and a lectotype designated for this species. Malvasylvestris and Alcearosea are reported as new hosts for the rust. Additional new records for Malvaceae rusts are made for P.modiolae on Alcearosea from Brazil, P.heterospora on Herissantiacrispa in Florida and P.heterogenea on Malva sp. in Peru. Finally, an identification key for the microcyclic Puccinia species on members of Malvaceae in North America is provided.
Cyclic Combustion Variations in Diesel–Natural Gas Dual Fuel Engines

Dual fuel combustion is achieved by using a combination of two fuels with extremely different ignition characteristics. For instance, a low-reactivity fuel such as natural gas is compression-ignited using a calibrated amount of appropriately timed, high-pressure, high-reactivity diesel spray. The ensuing combustion occurs at predominantly fuel-lean conditions and is therefore devoid of soot emissions, and the relatively small amount of diesel fuel used also results in the simultaneous reduction in nitrogen oxide emissions. In addition, the use of natural gas, which is predominantly composed of methane, offers the necessary fuel flexibility required to reduce carbon dioxide emissions from conventional neat diesel fired power trains in transportation and power generation applications. The greatest reductions in carbon dioxide emissions are achieved with highest natural gas substitution. However, this also causes problems with high cyclic combustion variations leading to an increased propensity to misfire and high engine-out hydrocarbon emissions. This chapter reviews the current state of the art in strategies to mitigate cyclic combustion variations in dual fuel natural gas engines and provides substantial insights gleaned from past experimental dual fuel combustion research conducted by the authors. In particular, the chapter discusses opportunities and challenges associated with low-temperature dual fuel combustion engines.
Changes in United States Latino/a High School Students’ Science Motivational Beliefs: Within Group Differences Across Science Subjects, Gender, Immigrant Status, and Perceived Support

Science motivational beliefs are crucial for STEM (science, technology, engineering, and math) performance and persistence, but these beliefs typically decline during high school. We expanded the literature on adolescents' science motivational beliefs by examining: (1) changes in motivational beliefs in three specific science subjects, (2) how gender, immigrant generation status, and perceived support from key social agents predicted differences in adolescents' science motivational beliefs, and (3) these processes among Latino/as in the United States, whose underrepresentation in STEM is understudied. We used hierarchical linear modeling to estimate the changes in 104 (40% female) Latino/a high school students' physics, chemistry, and biology motivational beliefs from 9th to 11th grade. Subject-specific ability self-concept, interest, and utility were regressed on gender, immigrant generation status, and perceived science support while controlling for family income, parent education, and adolescents' school. Adolescents' utility declined from 9th to 11th grade whereas their interest remained stable for all three science subjects. Adolescents' ability self-concept increased for biology, decreased for physics, but remained stable for chemistry. Gender differences in adolescents' motivational beliefs at 9th grade only emerged for physics utility as well as physics and chemistry interest; yet, there were no gender differences in how adolescents' science motivational beliefs changed over time. Contrary to expectations, immigrant generation status was not significantly associated with adolescents' science motivational beliefs at 9th grade or in terms of how they changed over time. Adolescents who perceived higher science support generally had higher motivational beliefs in 9th grade, but did not differ on their rate of change. Our findings highlight the need to examine specific science subjects, and that typical gender differences in adolescents' motivational beliefs discussed in the literature may not generalize to all racial and ethnic groups.
Factors Associated With Acute Pain Estimation, Postoperative Pain Resolution, Opioid Cessation, and Recovery: Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance Acute postoperative pain is associated with the development of persistent postsurgical pain, but it is unclear which aspect is most estimable. Objective To identify patient clusters based on acute pain trajectories, preoperative psychosocial characteristics associated with the high-risk cluster, and the best acute pain predictor of remote outcomes. Design, Setting, and Participants A secondary analysis of the Stanford Accelerated Recovery Trial randomized, double-blind clinical trial was conducted at a single-center, tertiary, referral teaching hospital. A total of 422 participants scheduled for thoracotomy, video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery, total hip replacement, total knee replacement, mastectomy, breast lumpectomy, hand surgery, carpal tunnel surgery, knee arthroscopy, shoulder arthroplasty, or shoulder arthroscopy were enrolled between May 25, 2010, and July 25, 2014. Data analysis was performed from January 1 to August 1, 2018. Interventions Patients were randomized to receive gabapentin (1200 mg, preoperatively, and 600 mg, 3 times a day postoperatively) or active placebo (lorazepam, 0.5 mg preoperatively, inactive placebo postoperatively) for 72 hours. Main Outcomes and Measures A modified Brief Pain Inventory prospectively captured 3 surgical site pain outcomes: average pain and worst pain intensity over the past 24 hours, and current pain intensity. Within each category, acute pain trajectories (first 10 postoperative pain scores) were compared using a k-means clustering algorithm. Fifteen descriptors of acute pain were compared as predictors of remote postoperative pain resolution, opioid cessation, and full recovery. Results Of the 422 patients enrolled, 371 patients (≤10% missing pain scores) were included in the analysis. Of these, 146 (39.4%) were men; mean (SD) age was 56.67 (11.70) years. Two clusters were identified within each trajectory category. The high pain cluster of the average pain trajectory significantly predicted prolonged pain (hazard ratio [HR], 0.63; 95% CI, 0.50-0.80;P Conclusions and Relevance This study has shown a possible uniform predictor of remote postoperative pain, opioid use, and recovery that can be easily assessed. Future work is needed to replicate these findings. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:NCT01067144
The Hopf Bifurcation

Let X = Σ Xi∂i = Σ piξi∂i be a vectorfield on Δ. X is a function from Δ to RI. We define the Hessian of X at p, HPX: Tp Δ × Tp Δ → R to be the bilinear form defined by: $$ {H_P}X\left( {{Y^1}{Y^2}} \right) = {\left( {{d_P}X\left( {{Y^1}} \right),{Y^2}} \right)_P}. $$ (1.1) .
Green Information Extraction from Family Books

There is rising demand for the retrieval of genealogical information from semi-structured books. Nuggets of personal interest are currently transcribed piecemeal by volunteers. GreenBook is an effective alternative for recovering most of the desired information from any of the hundreds of thousands of books of ancestral records that have already been scanned and digitized. It minimizes human intervention by letting the user benefit from automatically compiled statistics from the book, and lets computer search benefit from user insights. GreenBook combines enhanced template matching with spreadsheet-based interaction for the rapid specification of the text to be extracted. The accuracy and completeness of the extracted information are limited only by the user’s stamina. About 3 h of user interaction yielded 99% precision and 97% recall on books of Scottish birth and marriage records, Ohio funeral home records, and a family history spanning 300 years. The system is designed to facilitate transition to new books.
Association of Sex With Postoperative Mortality Among Patients With Heart Failure Who Underwent Elective Noncardiac Operations.

Importance Sex differences in postoperative outcomes in patients with heart failure (HF) have not been well characterized. Women generally experience a lower postoperative mortality risk after noncardiac operations. It is unclear if this pattern holds among patients with HF. Objectives To determine if the risk of postoperative mortality is associated with sex among patients with HF who underwent noncardiac operations and to determine if sex is associated with the relationship between HF and postoperative mortality. Design, Setting, and Participants This multisite cohort study used data from the US Department of Veterans Affairs Surgical Quality Improvement Project database for all patients who underwent elective noncardiac operations from October 1, 2009, to September 30, 2016, with a minimum of 1 year follow-up. The data analysis was conducted from May 1, 2018, to August 31, 2018. Exposures Heart failure, left ventricular ejection fraction, and sex. Main Outcomes and Measures Postoperative mortality at 90 days. Results Among 609 735 patients who underwent elective noncardiac operations from 2009 to 2016, 47 997 patients had HF (7.9%; mean [SD] age, 68.6 [10.1] years; 1391 [2.9%] women) and 561 738 patients did not have HF (92.1%; mean [SD] age, 59.4 [13.4] years; 50 862 [9.1%] women). Among patients with HF, female sex was not independently associated with 90-day postoperative mortality (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.97; 95% CI, 0.71-1.32). Although HF was associated with increased odds of postoperative mortality in both sexes compared with their peers without HF, the odds of postoperative mortality were higher among women with HF (aOR, 2.44; 95% CI, 1.73-3.45) than men with HF (aOR, 1.64; 95% CI, 1.54-1.74), suggesting that HF may negate the general protective association of female sex with postoperative mortality (Pfor interaction of HF × sex = .03). This pattern was consistent across all levels of left ventricular ejection fraction. Conclusions and Relevance Although HF was associated with increased odds of postoperative mortality in both sexes compared with their peers without HF, the odds of postoperative mortality were higher among women with HF than men with HF, suggesting that HF may negate the general protective association of female sex with postoperative mortality risk in noncardiac operations.
Modeling and verification of contingency resolution strategies for multi-robot missions using temporal logic:

This article presents an approach for assessing contingency resolution strategies using temporal logic. We present a framework for nominal mission modeling, then specifying contingency resolution s...
Religion in the Lives of LGBTQ-Parent Families

This chapter reviews the existing research on the role of religion in the lives of LGBTQ-parent families. After a brief overview of the trauma that many LGBTQ individuals have experienced in religious spaces, this chapter offers background on various religious denominations’ approaches to inclusion for LGBTQ individuals and their families. Religious inclusion can be silent, tolerant, or affirming, and I offer examples of each. This chapter includes an analysis of public perceptions of LGBTQ-parent families and the complex motivating factors that shape LGBTQ- parent families’ relationship with religion. Within this area, research on gay and lesbian parents is overrepresented, as is research on Christian denominations. Research on bisexual or transgender parent families or LGBTQ-parent families who are not Christian are severely understudied. The chapter concludes with implications for the practice.
Incremental and Approximate Computations for Accelerating Deep CNN Inference

Deep learning now offers state-of-the-art accuracy for many prediction tasks. A form of deep learning called deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are especially popular on image, video, and time series data. Due to its high computational cost, CNN inference is often a bottleneck in analytics tasks on such data. Thus, a lot of work in the computer architecture, systems, and compilers communities study how to make CNN inference faster. In this work, we show that by elevating the abstraction level and re-imagining CNN inference as queries, we can bring to bear database-style query optimization techniques to improve CNN inference efficiency. We focus on tasks that perform CNN inference repeatedly on inputs that are only slightly different. We identify two popular CNN tasks with this behavior: occlusion-based explanations (OBE) and object recognition in videos (ORV). OBE is a popular method for “explaining” CNN predictions. It outputs a heatmap over the input to show which regions (e.g., image pixels) mattered most for a given prediction. It leads to many re-inference requests on locally modified inputs. ORV uses CNNs to identify and track objects across video frames. It also leads to many re-inference requests. We cast such tasks in a unified manner as a novel instance of the incremental view maintenance problem and create a comprehensive algebraic framework for incremental CNN inference that reduces computational costs. We produce materialized views of features produced inside a CNN and connect them with a novel multi-query optimization scheme for CNN re-inference. Finally, we also devise novel OBE-specific and ORV-specific approximate inference optimizations exploiting their semantics. We prototype our ideas in Python to create a tool called Krypton that supports both CPUs and GPUs. Experiments with real data and CNNs show that Krypton reduces runtimes by up to 5× (respectively, 35×) to produce exact (respectively, high-quality approximate) results without raising resource requirements.
Development of a Low-cost, High-fidelity Skin Model for Suturing.

Abstract Background In a survey of students at our institution, suturing was the most desired workshop for simulation; however, cost, quality, and availability of skin pads is often prohibitive for suturing workshops. In-hospital fabrication may be utilized to manufacture noncommercial, high-fidelity, and low-cost simulation models. We describe the production, value, and face validation of our simulated skin model. Materials and methods Using an in-hospital fabrication laboratory, we have developed a model for skin and subcutaneous tissue. Our model uses a variety of commercially available materials to simulate the epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous fat, fascia, and muscle. A cost analysis was performed by comparing it with other commonly used commercial skin models. Expert surgeons assessed the material characteristics, durability, and overall quality of our model in comparison with other commercial models. Results The materials cost of our novel skin pad model was 30.9% of the mean cost of five different commonly used foam and silicone-based commercial skin models. This low-cost model is more durable than the commercial models, does not require skin pad holders, and is of higher fidelity than the commercial products. In addition to skin closure, our model may be used to simulate fascial closure or fasciotomy. Conclusions Model creation using in-hospital workspaces is an effective strategy to decrease cost while improving quality of surgical simulation. Our methods for creation of an inexpensive and high-fidelity skin pad may be purposed for several soft tissue models.
Hitting the ‘reset button’: The role of digital reorientation in successful turnarounds

Abstract Seismic shifts in industries brought about by radical technological innovations usually lead to a misalignment between the capabilities of many incumbent firms, the requisites of their new environment, and eventually, organizational decline. The current turnaround literature, while emphasizing operating and strategic responses to organizational decline that focus on efficiency and fine tuning product/market strategy respectively, ignores such organizational decline that requires fundamental reengineering of the whole firm and its value chain. This paper introduces the concept of digital reorientation as a long term turnaround strategy to respond to situations in which a firm's environment has been fundamentally restructured. Digital reorientation is a technology-enabled, simultaneous and multilevel change that transforms the organization's core architecture and the way it serves its customers. We develop a framework to understand this turnaround strategy relative to traditional operational and strategic options and formulate propositions on internal and external contingencies that will likely influence the effectiveness of its implementation. Finally, using the newspaper publishing industry as an example of an environment that has undergone such disruptive change driven by digital technological innovations, we examine how the use of digital reorientation could help declining firms in that industry successfully turnaround their performance.
Impact of Multilevel Retention Characteristics on RRAM based DNN Inference Engine

In this work, the retention characteristics of multilevel HfO 2 resistive random access memory (RRAM) based synaptic array was statistically measured from a 90 nm test chip and modeled at different temperatures. We found that not only the average conductance (especially at the intermediate states) drifts but also the variance of conductance exacerbates at elevated temperatures. To investigate the impact of the synaptic weight drift on deep neural network, the experimental data are modeled into the ResNet-18 simulation with 1-4 weight bit precisions. The result shows that the inference accuracy drops significantly at 55°C or above, which implies further engineering on RRAM retention or circuit/algorithmic techniques are yet to be applied.
Is stealing still a crime? Comment on left internal mammary artery side branch intervention in the management of coronary steal syndrome following coronary artery bypass grafting

Post-coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) angina has been attributed unligated thoracic side branches competing with LIMA-LAD flow. Case reports suggest thoracic branch occlusion can relieve angina. Phasic arterial blood flow and direct measurements argue against the existence of LIMA steal.
Association of Functional Outcomes in Tracheoesophageal Voicing With Intratracheal Pressures and Esophagram Findings.

Importance Tracheoesophageal voice prosthesis (TEP) is a commonly used device for alaryngeal voicing following total laryngectomy. Variability in TEP voice and speech production may be reflected in differences in intratracheal pressures. Objective To examine the association between intratracheal manometric pressure (IMP), speech function, and proximal esophageal abnormalities in patients with TEP. Design, setting, and participants This retrospective cohort study was conducted at a single academic institution and included all patients with a history of total laryngectomy and TEP who completed a radiographic esophagram and intratracheal manometry between September 9, 2019, and December 4, 2019. Main outcomes and measures Intratracheal manometric pressures during sustained phonation, conversational speech, and maximum loudness tasks were obtained for 22 patients. Pressure metrics, phonation duration time, and fluency of speech production were compared between patients with dysphagia with those without swallowing complaints. The association between pressure and speech metrics was also assessed. Results Of 22 patients, 17 (77.2%) were men, 5 (22.7%) were women, and the mean (SD) age was 66.6 (8.8) years. The mean (SD) sustained phonation duration time was 9.3 (5.2) seconds, and the mean (SD) IMP during sustained phonation was 50.5 (21.4) cm H20. The IMPs during sustained phonation were strongly correlated with conversational speech (r = 0.712; 95% CI, 0.384-1.039) and moderately correlated with maximum loudness tasks (r = 0.524; 95% CI, 0.127-0.921). The IMPs during conversational speech were moderately correlated with maximum loudness task (r = 0.538; 95% CI, 0.145-0.931). Increased IMP during sustained phonation was moderately correlated with decreased sustained phonation duration time (r = -0.450; 95% CI, -0.867 to -0.034) and conversational speech was moderately correlated with decreased sustained phonation duration time (r = -0.524; 95% CI, -0.921 to -0.127). Patients with subjective swallowing complaints and proximal esophagus abnormalities had a shorter maximum phonation time (mean [SD], 7.08 [5.03] seconds) compared with patients without subjective dysphagic complaints (mean [SD], 11.95 [4.40] seconds), with a large effect size (Cohen d = 1.031; 95% CI, 0.141-1.92). All patients with nonfluent TEP speech production had structural abnormalities of the proximal esophagus. No difference in pressure or speech metrics was observed for primary closure vs reconstructive flap type. Conclusions and relevance This cohort study found that increased IMP and abnormalities of the proximal esophagus were associated with worse TEP speech quality. Evaluation of the esophagus should be considered in patients who are experiencing difficulties with TEP voicing. Further investigation of intratracheal manometry as a biofeedback tool to improve TEP voicing is needed.
Beliefs also make social-norm preferences social

Abstract A growing body of research reveals that various pro-social behaviors result from a desire to follow social norms. Indeed, a recent study by Kimbrough and Vostroknutov (2016) introduced the Rule-following (RF) Task and finds that an individual’s willingness to follow rules in the RF Task predicts her pro-social behavior across many experimental settings. We conduct four experimental studies that use the RF Task. We find that an individual’s willingness to follow rules depends on her belief about others’ rule following and not just an individual-level fixed trait for norm compliance. We discuss the implications of our results for our larger understanding of human pro-sociality.
SERS from Adsorbed Molecules on Metal Surfaces

Several key questions to distinguish between various microscopic models for surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) are discussed. Most experimental results stress the importance of bonding between adsorbates and metal and the influence of surface roughness, which can be well explained with mechanisms involving electron-hole pair excitations. The coupling mechanism to the adsorbed molecules could not be unambigeously identified up to now. It has to explain the strong intensity cariation of SERS from certain substrates and the change of Raman selection rules.
Interorganizational System Standards Diffusion: The Role of Industry-Based Standards Development Organizations

Integrating cross-company business process standards in an interorganizational system (IOS) context is an emerging phenomenon on several business fronts. The practice is viewed as an enabler towards solidifying business to business connections, streamlining cross-company processes and providing a foundation for web-services. Although the practice is not new, most notably electronic data interchange (EDI) with X12 standards, recent technological innovations have enabled the emergence of IOS standards that are web-enabled, modular, scaleable, cost efficient, and structured around cross-company business process standards. Despite their inherent benefits, the adoption and diffusion of web-based IOS standards has been an extraordinary challenge throughout many industrial groups. This paper examines the diffusion of interorganizational system standards among members of industrial groups where an IOS standards development organization (SDO) exists. A conceptual innovation diffusion model is developed as a basis to understand the factors and determinants concerning the diffusion of IOS standards. The innovation--organizational--environmental (IOE) lens is employed in the research design and extended to include attributes associated with the SDO, cross-company business processes and the perceived network effects. The diffusion process is examined through a multi-stage technology assimilation scale. An empirical study is conducted based on cross-sectional surveys of 102 firms from 10 industrial groups encompassing 15 SDOs. The significant determinants of web-based IOS standards diffusion were found to be: installed base, top management support, feasibility, SDO participation level, direct network effects, mission and conduciveness towards interoperability. Comparisons between determinants of adoption versus deployment stages are provided. We also examine the role of industry-based voluntary-consensus standards development organizations, the IOS standards development process, and industrial group coordination of IOS standards.
Isolation and Characterization of an Escherichia coli Mutant Tolerant to Colicins Ia and Ib

Two classes of spontaneous colicin I insensitive mutants of Escherichia coli have been isolated. The first class (called cir) has lost its ability to adsorb either colicin Ia or Ib, maps at 41 min on the E. coli genetic map, and retains sensitivity to all other colicins tested. The cir phenotype is probably due to an alteration in the colicin I receptor. The second class of mutant (called tolI) retains full capacity to adsorb [(125)I]colicin I and, therefore, represents the isolation of a mutant tolerant to colicin I. The tolI mutant is sensitive to all other colicins tested and has a map location of 89-1 min. The tolI mutant grows with a reduced mass yield when glucose is used as a carbon source and cannot utilize succinate or acetate for growth. The tolI mutant shows a reduced sensitivity to sodium azide and phenethylalcohol. It is suggested that tolI is deficient in some aspect of aerobic metabolism which must be operative for colicin I sensitivity.
Pyrolysis and Combustion Kinetics of Raw and Carbonized Cottonwood and Switchgrass Agroforests

Raw biomass is not commonly suitable as feedstock for existing power plants, mainly because of the substantial required infrastructural changes. As a result, most raw feedstock requires pre-treatment to improve its physical and thermal characteristics. Biomass carbonization is one of the pre-treatments that produces charcoal-like feedstock. This paper explores the effects of the carbonization process on the physiochemical characteristics of biomass produced from two cottonwood clones, S7C20 and ST66, and switchgrass (var. Alamo). Additionally, it studies the thermal degradation kinetics of raw and carbonized agroforestry products in nitrogen and air environments. Feedstock samples were carbonized in a batch reactor at 400 °C in an oxygen-free environment for 2 hours. Carbonization decreased biomass bulk density, moisture content, and volatile solids while increasing fixed carbon, ash content, pH, and heating values. The heating value of S7C20, ST66, and switchgrass increased by 58.6%, 60.3%, and 69.7%, respectively. Carbonization increased the activation energy values under the condition of pyrolysis and decreased these values under the condition of combustion. The carbonization process produced a charcoal-like feedstock that may be processed with coal or even replace it.
What Difference Does Difference Make? The Persistence of Inequalities in Healthcare Delivery

Scholars across many disciplines have amassed a mountain of research documenting how social differences along lines of race, class, gender, and sexuality shape how those who need medical attention are cared for in the US healthcare system. Here, we aim to succinctly review a selection of studies that have considered the many ways both patients' and healthcare providers' social identities can impact care delivery. After establishing how these differences influence patient–provider interactions and patient diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes, we argue that a critical sociological perspective can help us to better understand why these inequities persist despite decades of research calling attention to them. Specifically, we suggest that research guided by symbolic interactionist and intersectional frameworks can generate more comprehensive analyses of inequality in healthcare delivery and help researchers delve deeper into the complex interactional processes undergirding disparities in care provision. We conclude by highlighting recent work that illustrates the value of this approach.
How Our Lady of Guadalupe Became Lutheran: Latin American Migration and Religious Change

International migration is initiating myriad processes of religious change from the level of individual conversion to the institutional transformation of religious structures and practices. An approach combining a transnational perspective and the concept of diaspora space facilitates the analysis of the different scales, agents, and actions involved in migration-caused religious change. The article analyzes the broadening of Lutheranism to incorporate Latino Catholic culture into the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (elca) in Madison, Wisconsin. Under the leadership of their pastor, Latin American immigrants in Madison are agents redefining the understanding of the category Lutheran through the incorporation of popular Catholicism. Though strongly contested by the Roman Catholic Church, the elca accepts these processes due to its institutional interest in the recruitment of new Latino worshippers. Resumen Las migraciones internacionales causan varios procesos de cambio religioso desde el nivel de la conversion individual hasta la transformacion institucional de las morfologias religiosas. Para facilitar el analisis de las diferentes escalas, agentes y acciones relacionados con los procesos migratorios que resultan en el cambio religioso, este articulo sugiere la combinacion de una perspectiva transnacional y del concepto de espacio diasporico. Despues de la discusion de este cuadro teorico, el articulo analiza la expansion de la morfologia de la iglesia evangelica luterana en America en Madison, Wisconsin, para incorporar la cultura catolica latina. Exigiendo la incorporacion del catolicismo popular, inmigrantes latinoamericanos en Madison determinan la redefinicion del significado de la categoria luterano bajo el liderazgo de su pastor. Aunque la iglesia catolica romana rechaza estos procesos, la elca los acepta por su interes institucional en el reclutamiento de los feligreses inmigrantes latinoamericanos.
Economic Liberalism in Illiberal Regimes: Authoritarian Variation and the Political Economy of Trade

Over the last few decades, a vast literature has emerged examining the relationship between democratic political institutions and trade policy outcomes. While this literature has added significantly to our knowledge, it has effectively ignored policymaking in dozens of important states—those that remain autocratic. This paper fills that hole by exploring the effects of authoritarian variation on national trade policies. Our contention is that more institutionalized authoritarian regimes will tend to adopt more open trade policies. This relationship should hold, we argue, for two distinct reasons. First, we argue that autocratic regimes with larger “selectorates” should have greater incentives to provide public rather than private goods. As a result, we expect that multiparty, and to a lesser extent single-party, autocracies will tend to prefer more open trade policies than non-party (often personalistic) dictatorships, monarchies, and military juntas. Second, we contend that more stable autocratic regimes will have longer time horizons and therefore greater incentives to adopt policies, such as trade openness, that may strengthen long-run economic performance. We find strong support for these arguments using several cross-national time-series models of all autocracies ranging from 1962 to 2007 (contingent on data availability).
Approaches for Imaging Pancreatic Islets: Recent Advances and Future Prospects

Many questions about the natural history of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes remain unanswered, mostly because our present knowledge is derived from either in vitro studies or quite indirect in vivo measurements. Methods to noninvasively and repeatedly evaluate the mass and function of β-cells in vivo, two parameters that are central to the study of diabetes, are expected to change our understanding of this disease. However, and in spite of remarkable progress in many imaging techniques, no method yet fulfills the minimal requirements required for such an imaging, because of a combination of anatomical, biological, and technological problems. Here, we briefly review the major optical methods, which have been applied in imaging of the pancreatic β-cells, as well as the nonoptical methods, which may become relevant for the clinical assessment of islets, with particular attention to the individual advantages and limits of each approach.
Study of 3He+-bombarded palladium using nuclear magnetic resonance techniques

Abstract The nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) from ion-implanted 3He atoms has been observed in 3He+-bombarded palladium. Two 1 μm palladium thin films, one on each side of a copper foil substrate, were bombarded at 75°C with 75 and 140 keV 3He+-ions to a fluence of ∼10 18 3 He + / cm 2 for each energy. Spin-lattice ( T 1 ) and spin-spin ( T 2 ) relaxation times were measured at 10, 20, and 35 MHz in the temperature range 1–4K. The 3He nuclear relaxation data indicate that the implanted atoms after the 75°C bombardment are situated in small clusters within the Pd thin films.
Some measurements of the angular distribution and polarization of surface plasmon radiation from Ag films

Abstract We present here measurements of the angular distribution of the radiation emitted in the decay of surface plasmons on Ag films. The radiation patterns have been measured in planes both parallel and perpendicular to the plane of incidence. Certain features of these patterns suggest that a scattering mechanism is present in the plasmon-photon conversion process that may be attributable to grain boundaries. A qualitative model is suggested for this grain boundary interaction in order to interpret the data. A brief comparison to the available theories is made.
Environmental Justice Research and Action: A Case Study in Political Economy and Community-Academic Collaboration

Community-university partnerships increasingly are being created to study and address environmental injustices. This article describes a case study of one such effort and its contributions to a decade-long community struggle to curb the growth of industrial hog operations and their adverse health effects in the United States' rural south. Worldwide transformation of livestock production from family farms to large-scale industrial agricultural complexes has resulted in the degradation of local environments, with negative impacts on public health. In the rural south, the concentration of industrial livestock operations has been most pronounced in low income African-American communities. Using political economy and community-based participatory research (CBPR) as a conceptual framework, this article explores the partnership between a strong community-based organization, Concerned Citizens of Tillery, and researchers at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, School of Public Health to study and address this problem. The political, economic, and historical context of the partnership is examined, as are the challenges faced, and the partnership's contributions to maintaining grassroots community organizing and activism and affecting local policy change. Implications for other CBPR partnerships are discussed.
Conversion of malonate and malate to oxalate in aqueous peroxo molybdate(VI) solutions. Synthesis and structure of potassium oxodiperoxooxalatomolybdate(VI)

Etude de la conversion catalytique de 2 ions dicarboxylato utilises comme heterocoordinats dans des systemes aqueux de peroxomolybdate(VI). Etude RX de la structure de [MoO(O 2 ) 2 (C 2 O 4 )] 2−
Implementing Evidence-Based Practice in Social Work Education: Principles, Strategies, and Partnerships

This article views social work education as fundamentally a knowledge implementation enterprise. It proposes principles, partnerships, and strategies through which schools can advance evidence-based practice in social work. Such strategies should meet five criteria: They must be deliberate and strategic, they should be knowledge based, they should reflect the complexity of social work practice, they should capitalize on school and agency core activities and resources, and they should build on natural partnerships inherent in professional education. Their savvy and ingenuity in leveraging existing resources may be the key to schools' success in preparing social work professionals for evidence-based practice.
Necessity of Oligonucleotide Aggregation for Toll-like Receptor 9 Activation

Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9), a member of the interleukin-1 (IL-1) family of pathogen-associated molecular pattern receptors, is activated by unmethylated CpG-containing sequences in bacterial DNA or synthetic oligonucleotides (ODNs) in the endosomal compartment. The stimulation of an IL-1 response is thought to require the aggregation of its receptor. By analogy, we postulated that the potency of a TLR9 ligand should depend first on its ability to enter cells and gain access to TLR9 and second on its capacity to form a multimeric complex capable of cross-linking these receptors. Previously, we selected from a random library a series of phosphodiester ODNs with enhanced ability to permeate cells. Here, we studied the structural requirements for these penetrating ODNs to elicit a functional TLR9 response, as assessed by cytokine production from bone marrow-derived mouse mononuclear cells. The presence of a prototypic murine immunostimulatory DNA hexameric sequence (purine-purine-CG-pyrimidine-pyrimidine) in the ODNs was not sufficient for stimulation. In addition, the TLR9-activating ODNs had to have the ability to form aggregates and often to form secondary structures near the core CpG motifs. Multimerization was promoted by the presence of a guanine-rich 3′-terminus. The phosphodiester ODNs with CpG motifs that did not aggregate antagonized the effects of the multimeric TLR9 activators. These findings suggest that an optimal TLR9 agonist needs to contain a spatially distinct multimerization domain and a receptor binding CpG domain. This concept may prove useful for the design of new TLR9-modulating agents.
Getting our hands wet: AGU participates in 2012 USA Science and Engineering Festival

At the 2nd USA Science & Engineering Festival, held in Washington, D. C., from 27 to 29 April, AGU's Education Division (http://education.agu.org/) joined the Centers for Ocean Sciences Education Excellence (COSEE; http://www.cosee.net/) in presenting a series of hands-on activities for children. Titled “Get Your Hands Wet,” these activities were developed by COSEE and focused on chemical oceanography, climate change, ocean exploration/measurement, contaminants, physical oceanography, and marine biology. AGU education staff helped to run events such as making sand cards to illustrate the various stages of weathering of rocks and teaching a carbon cycle game, which allowed students to “become” carbon molecules and travel throughout the Earth system. AGU videographer Derek Sollosi captured some of the action at the COSEE/AGU booth on film, along with images of the rest of the festival (seehttp://youtu.be/oX8wPxYZj48). Other popular exhibits included models of NASA rovers, a jet from the U.S. Air Force, and remotely operated vehicles from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Celebrities from Mythbusters, The Big Bang Theory, NCIS, and other popular television shows made appearances on stage. For more about these and other exhibits and festival events, see http://www.usasciencefestival.org/.
MAGNETIC FIELD GENERATION IN HIGH-INTENSITY-LASER-MATTER INTERACTIONS

A multifluid implicit plasma simulation code has been used to study the transport of hot electrons generated by an intense $(\ensuremath{\ge}3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{18}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\mathrm{W}/\mathrm{cm}{}^{2})$ short-pulse 1.06 \ensuremath{\mu}m laser into plasma targets over a broad range of densities $[(0.35--200){n}_{\mathrm{crit}}]$, as arising in the Fast Ignitor approach to inertial confinement fusion. The most intense (16--250 MG) magnetic fields generated in this interaction are traced to the ponderomotive push on background electrons, and tardy electron shielding. These fields can focus the heated electrons toward the axis of the beam, while impeding the direct return flow of background electrons.