cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Structure Development Study of Pb (Zr, Ti)O3 Thin Films by an Optical Method

Lead zirconate titanates (Pb(Zr[sub x]Ti[sub 1[minus]x])O[sub 3] or PZT) are well-known materials with useful ferroelectric properties for nonvolatile memory applications. The device applications usually require processes which form the ferroelectric perovskite phase at low temperatures. Understanding the various aspects of structure development of PZT films is the key to develop low-temperature processes. An effective, versatile, and nondestructive optical method was developed for the study of the structure development in PZT films. Also, models for the structure development were proposed and were verified by this optical method. Using this method, the characteristic temperatures at which both pyrochlore phase and perovskite phase are initiated and completed were identified. The pyrochlore-perovskite transformation was initiated at lower temperature and completed faster for the films on the titanium-rich side than those on the zirconium-rich side. In addition, the volume fractions of the perovskite phase were obtained as a function of annealing temperature by this optical method.
Electrophilic Cleavage of Cyclopropanes. Acetolysis of Bicyclic and Tricyclic Cyclopropanes

Acetolyse d'une serie de bicyclo [n.1.0] alcanes et de [n.m.l] propellanes. On etudie l'effet de la taille du cycle sur la vitesse et les produits de la reaction
Interchain coulomb interactions and the neutral-ionic interface

Abstract Long-range Coulomb interactions −Vα stabilize both the neutral(n) and ionic(i) lattice against charge-transfer (CT) excitations for Madelung constants α > 1 and lead to a finite ionicity jump Δq(x) at the n-i interface of the linear array for x = ⋎ t ⋎ / V (α 1 −1) x c = 0.33 . Interchain contributions −Vα′ lead in mean field to larger Δq for attractive (α′ > 0) interactions and to mixed phases for α′ 0 (
Purposes and effects of lying

This paper reports the results of three exploratory studies aimed at describing the purposes and consequences of lies. Observational modes were: a partly open‐ended questionnaire, content analysis of several tape‐recorded interviews, and a large‐scale survey. Several results appeared in all three studies. Two of three lies are told for selfish reasons, and three of four are told to social or economic superiors. These and other results are interpreted to mean that a dominant reason for lying is to equalize imbalanced interpersonal relations. Furthermore, liars are consistently more satisfied with their lies than with themselves. Therefore, the report concludes that the social proscription against deceit creates personal costs for the liar. As a consequence, lying takes place only when rewards are both large and assured. Many lies are told repeatedly—in identical situations—and so are presumably field‐tested for both costs and benefits.
Competitive bidding and proprietary information

Abstract We consider the sale of an object by sealed-bid auction, when one bidder has private information and the others have access only to public information. The equilibria of the bidding game are determined, and it is shown that at equilibrium the informed bidder's distribution of bids is the same as the distribution of the maximum of the others' bids. The expected profit of the informed bidder is generally positive, while the other bidders have zero expected profits. The equilibrium bid distributions and the bidders' expected profits are shown to vary continuously in the parameters of the bidding game.
The effect of oral ibuprofen on patch test reactivity in subjects allergic to poison ivy/oak

These outgrowths resembled transversally cut logs (Fig. 2). The largest were from 2 to 3 cm in height and their base ranged from 1 to 2 cm in diameter. The palms and soles 'were thickened but did not show these excrescences. The scalp, face, nails, and genitalia were unaffected. HJstopathologic examination revealed marked hyperkeratosis and acanthosis. The granular layer was prominent and vacuolated with fragmentation of the keratohyalin granules. The stratum malpighii was edematous. There was a mild inflammatory infiltrate in the papillary dermis.
Stress Release, Joints, and Instability on Submarine Slopes: ABSTRACT

Mass movements related to gradual stress release within a sediment section may be quantitatively important on submarine slopes, particularly when such stress release involves joint sets. The sequence of events that promotes this phenomenon has been established by numerous terrestrial studies. The process involves: (1) mass wasting or erosion to remove vertical stress (overburden) or lateral stress (such as through canyon cutting); (2) consequent elastic rebound of the unloaded section; and (3) opening of existing joints and/or formation of new joint sets. The presence of joints, which constitute planes of weakness within the sediment section, controls and reduces the stability of the affected slope; that is, the stability of the slope may no longer be dependent on the inh rent strength of the sediments. The results of this process have been observed on the continental slope off the Mid-Atlantic coast of the United States. There, exposed Tertiary sediments have a well-developed joint pattern that has been observed in sidescan-sonar images, from submersible operations, and in a piston core. The measured preconsolidation stress on an Eocene core sample suggests that more than 100 m (330 ft) of overburden may have been removed from parts of the area. Intact Eocene blocks, which represent apparent failure along joint planes, have fallen from canyon walls on the lower slope and moved onto the upper rise. We suggest that this process has the potential to operate on most deeply eroded surfaces and that exhumed (overconsolidated) sediments do not necessarily represent stable conditions despite their typical relatively high shear strengths. End_of_Article - Last_Page 455------------
Geographic and Demographic Profiles of Morning Peak-Hour Commuters on Highways in North Metropolitan Atlanta, Georgia

During the summer of 2006, license plate data on morning peak-hour commuters were collected to assist with the creation of a potential participant pool for the congestion pricing phase of the Commute Atlanta (Atlanta, Georgia) instrumented-vehicle study. The Commute Atlanta study needed to identify census block groups with the highest probability of yielding study participants eligible for recruitment. Approximately 17,000 unique vehicle registration addresses in a six-county area were obtained from the license plates of vehicles observed traveling on several metropolitan Atlanta highways. The data collection enabled further geographic and demographic analyses of peak-hour commuters at the census block group level, providing new insight on limited-access highway commutersheds and demographic characteristics, such as the census block group income distribution, the travel modes, and the travel times of the highway-based commuters who contributed substantially to the region's traffic congestion and worsening...
Charge ordering and long-range interactions in layered transition metal oxides: A quasiclassical continuum study

The competition between long-range and short-range interactions among holes moving in an antiferromagnet (AF) is studied within a model derived from the spin-density-wave picture of layered transition metal oxides.A novel numerical approach is developed that allows one to solve the problem at finite hole densities in very large systems (of the order of hundreds of lattice spacings), albeit in a quasiclassical limit, and to correctly incorporate the long-range part of the Coulomb interaction. The focus is on the problem of charge ordering and the charge phase diagram: at low temperatures four different phases are found, depending on the strength of the magnetic (dipolar) interaction generated by the spin-wave exchange and the density of holes. The four phases are the Wigner crystal, diagonal stripes, a grid phase (horizontal-vertical stripe loops), and a glassy-clumped phase. In the presence of both in-plane and out-of-plane charged impurities the stripe ordering is suppressed, although finite stripe segments persist. At finite temperatures multiscale (intermittency) dynamics is found, reminiscent of that in glasses. The dynamics of stripe melting and its implications for experiments is discussed. (c) 2000 The American Physical Society.
The case for a multicultural approach to teaching criminal justice

This paper provides a framework for discussing the multicultural approach to teaching criminal justice: how it is useful, why it is important, what it can and cannot do, and how to address the legitimate criticisms to which it is subject. Suggestions about the shape of multiculturalism in criminal justice curriculum are also made. It is hoped that this paper provides a framework for ongoing discussion and, in doing so, fosters continued and constructive discourse.
Amplitude Integrated EEG in the Preterm Population: A “Trend” in the Right Direction

Abstract There are several uses for aEEG in the preterm population today. Many studies have shown that cEEG patterns and aEEG patterns change with increasing gestational and postnatal age. As the understanding the typical aEEG patterns for premature infants has grown, the potential day-to-day practical bedside uses of aEEG in this population are becoming more apparent. Sufficient evidence exists to use aEEG in preterm infants but several questions remain: when to monitor, how long, what will it tell us, and what should I do with the information?
Is there a role for serum human tissue kallikrein in detection of prostate cancer

Objectives To retrospectively evaluate the diagnostic performance of a serum human tissue kallikrein 11 (hK11) assay to predict the presence of prostate cancer in a screened population of men with a total prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level between 2.5 and 10.0 ng/mL. Methods Frozen serum samples from 114 men with a total PSA level between 2.5 and 10.0 ng/mL who had undergone transrectal prostate ultrasound-guided biopsy with at least 10 cores were retrospectively analyzed for hK11. The performance characteristics of hK11, PSA, hK11/PSA ratio, and hK11 density (hk11/prostate volume) were analyzed for their ability to differentiate cancer from noncancer. The results obtained were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test, chi-square test, and receiver operating characteristic curves. Results Prostate cancer was diagnosed in 36 (32%) of the 114 men whose serum samples were analyzed. No significant differences were found in hK11 (median 0.71 ng/mL versus 0.69 ng/mL), PSA level (median 3.9 ng/mL versus 4.1 ng/mL), hK11/PSA ratio (median 0.15 versus 0.17), or hK11 density (median 0.015 versus 0.016) between men with and without prostate cancer. A comparison of the areas under the curve for hK11 (0.491), PSA (0.540), hK11/PSA ratio (0.505), and hK11 density (0.589) showed no significant differences. Conclusions In this retrospective study, hK11, hK11/PSA ratio, and hK11 density showed no diagnostic advantage compared with PSA in differentiating cancer from noncancer in men whose total PSA level was in the range of 2.5 to 10.0 ng/mL.
Species packing and the competition function with illustrations from coral reef fish.

Abstract This paper concerns the contrast between guilds whose species show resource partitioning and those that show extensive overlap. Using a Lotka-Volterra model, the ease of invasion by a third species into a guild already containing two species is examined for various shapes of resource utilization curves. I show that (a) a guild is more easily invasible and allows tighter packing if its member species have leptokurtic (thick-tailed) resource utilization curves than if they have platykurtic (thin-tailed) curves; (b) the distribution of niche separation distances is bimodal in a “thin-tailed” guild and is unimodal in a “thick-tailed” guild; (c) there are three-species guilds such that removal of one particular species leaves a two-species system in which one of the remaining species excludes the other. In this context, competition pressure is a force maintaining species diversity. Groupers ( Serranidae ) appear to be a thin-tailed guild, and Parrotfish ( Scaridae ) and Surgeonfish ( Acanthuridae ) together appear to be a thick-tailed guild, and these guilds show many properties predicted by the model. I conjecture that thick-tailed guilds form when the constituent species are selected to be generalists and apply this idea to tropical fruit- and flower-feeding birds.
Chemically modified tetracyclines inhibit VEGF secretion by breast cancer cell lines.

Abstract Chemically Modified Tetracyclines (CMTs) are antiproteolytic agents that have been shown to inhibit tumor invasiveness and metastasis. CMT 300 has shown promise in phase I clinical trials in patients with Kaposi’s Sarcoma, which is characterized by over-production of the pro-angiogenic cytokine vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). In this study, we report a novel activity of CMT 308, a 9-amino derivative of CMT 300, on reducing levels of VEGF secreted by breast cancer cell lines. CMT 308, at sub-cytotoxic concentrations, reduced basal levels of secreted VEGF in the poorly invasive MCF-7 cell line as well as the more aggressively invasive MDA-MB-435s cell line in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, CMT 308 also reduced transforming growth factor β (TGFβ)-induced VEGF secretion in both cell lines. While VEGF could be detected in the conditioned media of untreated MCF-7 cells within 4 h, levels of secreted VEGF in CMT 308-treated cells remained undetectable up to 8 h. CMT 308 diminished secretion of VEGF from MCF-7 cells up to 8 h regardless of previous time in culture. CMT 308 did not reduce the levels of basal VEGF mRNA in either cell line, but did reduce pools of total intracellular VEGF protein. Although TGFβ stimulated an increase in VEGF levels in the conditioned media as well as in the cytoplasm, TGFβ treatment did not increase VEGF mRNA levels. Thus, augmented expression of VEGF protein by breast cancer cell lines in the presence of TGFβ appears to involve upregulation at a step beyond transcription. Moreover, the data strongly indicate that in these breast cancer cell lines, CMT 308 reduces VEGF secretion by targeting some post-transcriptional event. The capacity of CMT 308 to diminish levels of a major pro-angiogenic signal makes the nonantimicrobial tetracycline derivative an attractive candidate for anti-angiogenic therapy in management of breast cancer.
Genetic programming of conventional features to detect seizure precursors

This paper presents an application of genetic programming (GP) to optimally select and fuse conventional features (C-features) for the detection of epileptic waveforms within intracranial electroencephalogram (IEEG) recordings that precede seizures, known as seizure precursors. Evidence suggests that seizure precursors may localize regions important to seizure generation on the IEEG and epilepsy treatment. However, current methods to detect epileptic precursors lack a sound approach to automatically select and combine C-features that best distinguish epileptic events from background, relying on visual review predominantly. This work suggests GP as an optimal alternative to create a single feature after evaluating the performance of a binary detector that uses: (1) genetically programmed features; (2) features selected via GP; (3) forward sequentially selected features; and (4) visually selected features. Results demonstrate that a detector with a genetically programmed feature outperforms the other three approaches, achieving over 78.5% positive predictive value, 83.5% sensitivity, and 93% specificity at the 95% level of confidence.
ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS IN FRESH AND IN FROZEN SPINACH AND COLLARDS

The content of 14 essential elements was determined in raw and frozen spinach, and in raw and frozen collards. Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) was used for all the elements except Cl. The effect of commercial freezing on the contents of these mineral elements was also studied. All the elements tested were detected in raw and frozen samples of both vegetables, with the exception of chromium, cobalt and molybdenum which were at levels below the sensitivity limits of the AAS instrument. Statistical analysis of the data showed that commercial freezing caused significant losses of eight elements in spinach and of ten elements in collards at either the 1% or the 5% level of significance. The retention of chloride, copper, magnesium, manganese, nickel, phosphorus and zinc in frozen spinach and frozen collards ranged from 82–97%. The retention of iron, potassium and sodium in frozen spinach was 73%, 74% and 71% respectively. In frozen collards, the retention was 74%, 86% and 73% respectively. Calcium content was higher in the frozen than in the raw samples of both vegetables. The increase was probably caused by absorption of calcium by the raw vegetables from the blanching and cooling waters.
Improving the accuracy of protein pKa calculations: Conformational averaging versus the average structure

Several methods for including the conformational flexibility of proteins in the calculation of titration curves are compared. The methods use the linearized Poisson-Boltzmann equation to calculate the electrostatic free energies of solvation and are applied to bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI) and hen egg-white lysozyme (HEWL). An ensemble of conformations is generated by a molecular dynamics simulation of the proteins with explicit solvent. The average titration curve of the ensemble is calculated in three different ways: an average structure is used for the pKa calculation; the electrostatic interaction free energies are averaged and used for the pKa calculation; and the titration curve for each structure is calculated and the curves are averaged. The three averaging methods give very similar results and improve the pKa values to approximately the same degree. This suggests, in contrast to implications from other work, that the observed improvement of pKa values in the present studies is due not to averaging over an ensemble of structures, but rather to the generation of a single properly averaged structure for the pKa calculation.
Globalizations and the Transformation of Environmental Activism: Turkey since the 1980s

Social scientists have developed two main arguments regarding the impacts of globalization on environmental activism and politics. Environmental activism is thought to be associated with instances of local resistance to transnational corporations, and also with a diffusion of environmentalist ideas, practices, and regulations from global core to periphery. Alternatively, this paper argues that by eroding states' sovereignty and supporting ethnic and religious minority groups within and across nations, globalization processes have fused environmental politics with ethnic and religious identity politics worldwide. The environmentalist discourses and activities of Islamist intellectuals and Alevis (a large religious minority) in Turkey since the 1980s illustrate the limited applicability of center–periphery models of globalization, and the complexity of globalizations' impacts on environmental activism and politics. A Chinese version of this article's abstract is available online at: www.informaworld.com/rglo
Diatoms as indicators of Pleistocene climatic fluctuations in the Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean

Abstract Present diatom species distribution in both the water masses and the surface sediment of the Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean is temperature dependent, with different species complexes existing north and south of the Antarctic Polar Front (Convergence). Ten long cores have been examined and three different diatom assemblages found. Zone ω − ψ contains cold water forms and extends from the Recent through the upper part of the Pleistocene. Zone χ contains a warm water flora and is lower Pleistocene in age. Zone φ is characterized by warm water Tertiary (probably Pliocene) diatoms. This sequence of zones suggests a gradual cooling of the Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean during Pleistocene time.
Allocative behaviour under risk aversion through quadratic programming experiments

The impact of risk aversion on optimal allocative behaviour and its correspondence with the observed acreage allocation pattern are empirically examined here in terms of quadratic risk programming models applied to vegetable farming in Oxnord Plain, Ventura County, California. The results show among other things that water shadow prices are dependent on the risk aversion measure assumed in the models.
Prediction of birthweight from third-trimester ultrasound in morbidly obese women

Objective The gestation-adjusted projection method (GAP method) uses third trimester ultrasound fetal weight to predict birthweight. Our study sought to assess if the accuracy of the GAP method in morbidly obese women depended on (1) ultrasound timing or (2) extreme elevations in maternal body mass index (BMI). Study Design We conducted a diagnostic accuracy study from 2007 to 2012 of all singleton pregnancies with BMI >40 kg/m 2 at the time of delivery that had fetal growth assessment between 30+0 and 35+0 weeks (EARLY) and greater than 35+0 weeks (LATE). Next, a ‘reference' BMI group (30-35) was compared with subcategories of women with BMI ≥40. Paired t tests, χ 2 tests and analysis of variance were used to determine significance. Results A total of 235 pregnancies for the first objective and 430 for the second objective were included. The mean absolute percent error was comparable between the 2 periods (EARLY 7.9 ± 6.7%, LATE 7.4 ± 5.6%; P = .33) and across BMI categories (30-35: 7.6 ± 6.3%, 40-50: 7.2 ± 5.7%, >50: 7.8 ± 6.0%; P = .79). The sensitivity and specificity of the GAP method to predict macrosomia during the EARLY time period was 46% (95% confidence interval 28–66) and 97% (94–99) and in the 40-50 BMI subcategory was 72% (47–90) and 96% (90–99), respectively. Conclusion Prediction of birthweight using the GAP method in obese women does not appear to be influenced by timing of ultrasound or extreme BMI. In a population where clinical estimated fetal weight is difficult, the GAP method may aid in delivery planning.
Keeping Our Nation's Mathematics Teachers

Teacher retention has been an issue that has influenced education for many years. The purpose of this research was to uncover the factors that influence a mathematics teacher’s decision to leave the teaching profession. This study compared teachers’ responses by regions of the country, as well as responses between middle school and high school mathematics teachers. Findings from the study indicate an alarmingly high rate of teachers who will be leaving the teaching field for reasons other than retirement. The role of administrators in teacher retention is significant, and implications from the research suggest that an increase in administrator training could play a major role in keeping our nation’s mathematics teachers in the classroom.
THE NORMAL APEX CARDIOGRAM: ITS TEMPORAL RELATIONSHIP TO ELECTRICAL, ACOUSTIC, AND MECHANICAL CARDIAC EVENTS.

The configuration of the apex cardiogram and its temporal relationship to the electrocardiogram, phonocardiogram, carotid pulse, and jugular venous pulse were analyzed in 25 normal subjects. In two patients with rheumatic valvular disease simultaneous electrocardiograms, phonocardiograms, left intraventricular pressure and apex cardiograms were obtained. In all cases the apex cardiogram showed a characteristic and reproducible contour in both its systolic and diastolic components. The curves of the apex cardiogram display all consecutive phases of the cardiac cyle; contraction-and-emptying and relaxation-and-filling. It bears a constant relationship to the phonocardiogram and is more useful as a reference tracing for acoustic events than the electrocardiogram, carotid pulse, or jugular venous pulse. The onset of the systolic wave of the apex cardiogram precedes the rise of left intraventricular pressure and mitral valve closure. The maximal systolic peak of the apex cardiogram occurs simultaneously with the onset of left ventricular ejection and the rise of the carotid pulse pressure. Small deflections are frequently inscribed on the apex cardiogram at the time of mitral, tricuspid, and aortic valve closure. The wave form of the apex cardiogram is caused primarily by movements of the left ventricle against the chest wall. It is thus a translation of the sequence of hemodynamic events occurring in the underlying left ventricle. The inaccuracy of the jugular venous pulse for timing right- and left-sided cardiac events is emphasized.
An Empirical Approach to the Prisoners' Dilemma Game

Introduction, 424. — A behavioral theory for optimizing in the prisoners' dilemma, 425. — Experiments: method, 428. — Results and discussion, 430. — Conclusion and summary, 435.
Organisation of the tomato polyphenol oxidase gene family

We report the isolation and characterization of seven nuclear genes encoding polyphenol oxidase (PPO) in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum cv. VFNT Cherry). The seven genes (PPOs A, A′, B, C, D, E and F) fall into three structural classes (I, II, and III) based on Eco RI and Hind III restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP). RFLP mapping and PFGE analysis demonstrated that the genes reside on chromosome 8, and may be clustered within a 165 kb region. Phage insert mapping demonstrated PPO E and PPO F (both class III), and PPOs B, D and A (classes I, II and I respectively) are grouped within separate 12.4 kb clusters. The complete nucleotide sequence was determined for each gene. Comparison to cDNAs revealed that the PPOs lack introns. A transcript of about 2 kb is expected for each PPO. Each PPO possesses a region encoding a transit peptide characteristic of polypeptides targeted to the thylakoid lumen. Predicted precursor polypeptides range in mass from 66 to 71 kDa and predicted mature polypeptides range from 57 to 62 kDa. All the PPOs encode two putative copper-binding sites characteristic of bacterial, fungal and mammalian tyrosinases. Five of the seven PPOs possess divergent DNA sequences in their 5′ promoter regions. These flanking sequence differences may regulate the differential expression of PPO genes.
Composition and Diagenesis of Upper Cretaceous San Miguel Sandstone, Northern Webb County, Texas: ABSTRACT

In northern Webb County, Texas, the Upper Cretaceous San Miguel Formation of the Maverick basin contains sandstones that range in composition from feldspathic litharenites to lithic arkoses. Data include petrographic analysis of sidewall cores from two wells and cuttings from two additional wells. Volcanic rock fragments represent the predominant lithic constituents and consist of trachytic keratophyres. Plagioclase phenocrysts occur in a trachytic groundmass of albite-oligoclase laths and microlites. Known Late Cretaceous volcanics, which have been reported from eruption centers to the north and northwest, consist of labradorite-olivine-basalt, nephelite-melilite "basalts," phonolite, nephelinite, and serpentinized basalts. This assemblage suggests that the keratophyric grains were derived from a different volcanic province. The most likely potential source areas for these keratophyric volcanic centers existed to the west or southwest, probably in Mexico. No Late Cretaceous keratophyric volcanics have been reported within this area. Perhaps such eruption centers did exist in Mexico and subsequently were buried or obscured by Cenozoic volcanic centers. Sandstones from the superjacent Olmos Formation, in the same area, contain only 5 to 10% keratophyric rock fragments. This small percentage suggests that the keratophyric volcanic center had become dormant or extinct by the end of San Miguel "time," and the eroded volcanic centers were shedding much less debris during Olmos "time." Major porosity-occluding cements in the San Miguel are chlorite, kaolinite, and ferroan calcite. Much secondary porosity was created by partial to complete solution of plagioclase and volcanic rock grains. In many intervals large primary and secondary voids are lined by chlorite and filled by kaolinite. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1432------------
Non‐Western orientations to strategic intelligence and their relevance for American national interests

Abstract Intelligence is not a conceptually autonomous reference. Rather, it is a derivative or expression of the particular culture, ideology, or society in terms of which it is being activated. Since this means that there are as many variations on the theme of intelligence as there are actors in world politics, it should be incumbent on each intelligence service to assess the mindsets, values, and standing interests of all other players in a given contingency so as to guide policy formation and decision‐making along realistic lines. The present essay suggests that the United States has not been on the qui vive in this respect and that most recent policy failures are attributable to this neglect.
Capsule Commentary on Berkowitz et al., Building Equity Improvement into Quality Improvement: Reducing Socioeconomic Disparities in Colorectal Cancer Screening as Part of Population Health Management

Berkowitz et al.1 investigated an integrated health information technology (IT) and systemwide population-based intervention to reduce socioeconomic disparities in colorectal cancer (CRC) screening. The authors used non-visit–based, IT surveillance for identifying and tracking patients overdue for screening. Identified patients were contacted by letter or by a scheduler, with or without physician involvement. High-risk patients were given intensive patient navigation. The investigators obtained a 3 % increase in CRC screening overall and modestly reduced screening disparity (by 0.7 %) among those with low educational achievement. As the population becomes more diverse, it is increasingly important to address health disparities. Although there is evidence for transforming the delivery of care from one-on-one office visits to a patient-centered approach, the most effective and efficient intervention is still unknown. The magnitude of the absolute reduction in disparities in this study is modest, likely due to better high-baseline screening rates at the study location. Nevertheless, from a population health standpoint, it demonstrated overall screening improvement. Also, this study is a proof of concept that both quality and equity can be addressed at the same time in a single intervention. As the author suggested, this study may not be generalizable to other practices. In addition to education attainment, the disparities in screening could also be due to other factors, such as race, income, insurance type and perception of screening,2 which were not explored in this paper. Inequities in CRC screening rates also differ across ethnic groups where sociocultural factors play an important role in screening. These differences were partially explained by socioeconomic status and access to care, suggesting that disparities will persist unless interventions are tailored to these groups.3 Disparities in health and improvement in overall quality of care may result in cost burden.4Successful large scale application of this intervention requires a multi-faceted approach that includes extensive training of involved personnel, interventions optimized to local workflow needs, and financial models that foster non-visit–based care.4,5 Future studies designed to reduce health inequalities should be formally evaluated using cost-effective analysis.
Agrobiotechnology and Competitiveness

By now the story of agrobiotechnology is well known. After almost twenty years in the lab and the experimental fields, agrobiotechnology arrived at the market in the mid-1990s and was quickly embraced by farmers in key agricultural producing countries (James). Consumers in Europe, and more recently in other parts of the world, however, have been skeptical and often combative toward the new technology (Gaskel, Bauer, and Durant). This apparent dissonance between technology providers and users, on the one hand, and some consumer quarters on the other hand, has led some to speculate that agrobiotechnology is heading the way of nuclear energy--a promising technology but ultimately one with unfulfilled expectations (Mitsch and Mitchell). Interestingly, such gloomy predictions coincided with others that hailed agriculture as the primary beneficiary of the emerging genomics revolution (Abelson). Will agrobiotechnology live up to the high expectations set out by its purveyors for over a quarter of a century? While it may be difficult to predict the future trajectories of agrobiotechnology, the factors that will shape them are more or less understood. Technical prospects, institutions, and markets will shape the future of agrobiotechnology. In this paper, the author looks at emerging trends in these key factors and discusses their implications for the future of agrobiotechnology and for national competitiveness.
Induction of Ovarian Cysts in Progesterone- Synchronized Immature Rats: Evidence that Suppression of Follicular Aromatase Activity Is not a Prerequisite for the Induction of Cystic Follicles

Serum hormone profiles for women and animals with cystic ovaries have led to the hypothesis that elevated serum LH and androgens are involved in the induction of ovarian follicular cysts. To test the ability of LH-like activity to induce cysts, immature rats (bearing progesterone implants to suppress endogenous LH secretion) were assigned to treatment groups that received 0 (control), 0.1, 0.5, or 1.5 IU hCG twice daily for 9 days beginning on day 27 of life. Serum progesterone concentrations were maintained at approximately 156 ng/ml throughout the in vivo treatment period. By the morning of day 36 (day 10 of treatment) the largest follicles in ovaries from control animals were at the small antral stage of development. In contrast, the largest follicles in ovaries from rats receiving 0.1, 0.5, and 1.5 IU hCG were primarily at the large antral, precystic, and cystic stages of development, respectively. On all days tested, progesterone, androstenedione, and estradiol accumulation in medium alone was greate...
Characterization of foam flow in horizontal pipes by using two-flow-regime concept

Abstract Foam has been widely used in numerous scientific and engineering applications. Although foam has relatively low fluid density because of high gas content, it can exhibit a viscosity value enormously higher – often several orders of magnitude higher – than that of bulk gas or liquid phase. Since foam typically exists as a complex fluid system with internal gas bubbles and external liquid phase, understanding and characterizing its flow behavior is very challenging. The objective of this study is to investigate the characteristics of foam rheology in horizontal pipes in a wide range of experimental conditions—two different pipe materials (stainless steel and nylon pipes with about 0.5 in in outer diameter and 12 ft in length), three surfactant formulations (Cedepal FA-406, Stepanform-1050, and Aquet-944), and three surfactant concentrations (0.1, 0.5, and 5 wt%). The experimental data can be collected in terms of (i) pressure measurements at several positions along the pipes and (ii) visual analysis of bubble size and bubble-size distribution during the shear flow. The concept of “two foam-flow regimes” consisting of high-quality regime and low-quality regime is at the heart of interpreting the experimental outcome. The experimental results showed that there were two distinct high-quality and low-quality foam flow regimes which could be identified by both pressure responses and direct visual observations. The results further showed that the high-quality regime was characterized by unstable and oscillating pressure responses represented by the repetition of fine-textured foam and free gas (i.e., slug flow), while the low-quality regime was characterized by stable pressure responses represented by either the flow of fine-textured foams (i.e., plug flow) or the flow of upper-layer foams and lower-layer liquid (i.e., segregated flow). These two regimes, separated by a locus of fg⁎ in the contour plot, were shown to have different sensitivities to the change in gas and liquid velocities: (1) foam rheology in the high-quality regime was dependent upon both gas and liquid velocities because the lengths of fine-textured-foam and free-gas sections were altered to adjust to the new flow conditions, and (2) foam rheology in the low-quality regime was primarily dependent upon gas velocity because of the development of fine-textured foams with increase in shear rates, and was relatively independent of liquid velocity because of lubricating effect and drainage effect. The implication of these experimental findings is discussed for applications such as foam-assisted underbalanced drilling processes and foam fracturing treatments in the petroleum industry.
Community Participation in Water and Sanitation

This paper addresses community participation issues in the water and sanitation sector. A brief introduction is provided, including a historical explanation of the origins of participation in water and sanitation projects. Subsequently, participation is defined, and the focus is directed to the types and levels of participation and their advantages and disadvantages. In order to better understand emerging issues when designing and implementing a water and sanitation project, a case study from Ecuador is presented and analyzed. Finally, conclusions are drawn, and recommendations for future projects are given.
Hydration and pH of microbially spoiling beef.

Summary. The extract-release volume (ERV) technique was used to study the relationship between the hydration and pH of ground beef undergoing microbial spoilage at refrigeration temperatures. The ERV of samples of meat at various stages of freshness and spoilage was determined after adjusting their pH values to between 4.5 and 7.0. ERV responded instantly to pH change and, regardless of the microbial quality of the meat, minimum hydration or maximum ERV occurred at pH 5.5. Since most of the decrease in ERV during the spoilage of beef resulted from the increase in hydration of its proteins, it was concluded that the significant correlation noted previously between ERV and the bacterial quality of beef is highly dependent on the increase in pH value of the meat during spoilage.
Effect of Long-Term Cryogenic Storage and Conidial Suspending Agents on the Virulence of Beauveria bassiana toward Solenopsis invicta

Abstract Storage in liquid nitrogen has become a widespread tool in collections of microbial germplasm. However, little information on the effects of cryogenic storage on the virulence of entomopathogenic fungal strains is available. In this work we compared the virulence of two subcultures of a Beauveria bassiana strain, one of which was maintained for 4 years in liquid nitrogen and the other which was maintained under standard laboratory conditions, passed through susceptible hosts (harvester ants, Pogonomyrmex barbatus ) and artificial media. Concurrently, we evaluated the effects on virulence of three methods used to obtain B. bassiana conidia in aqueous suspensions (centrifugation, sonication, or the detergent Tween 80). Adult workers of the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicia Buren (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), were used for bioassays. We compared treatments consisting of combinations of maintenance conditions and conidial suspension methods. Each treatment was tested at two conidial concentrations (5 × 10 5 and 5 × 10 7 conidia/ml). Ants were shaken in conidial suspensions and incubated in moist chambers. Mortality among ants at Day 6 postinoculation was used for data analysis. Strain maintenance conditions (storage in liquid nitrogen or maintenance under standard laboratory conditions) did not have an effect on mortality levels of S. invicta workers nor did conidial suspension treatments have a significant effect on mortality. Percentage mortality was mainly dependent upon the conidial concentration used and ranged from 70.7 to 94.2% (mean values) for the high concentration and from 24.0 to 72.5% for the low concentration. Storage in liquid nitrogen (-196°C) did not significantly modify the virulence of this B. bassiana strain, compared to that of the same strain maintained metabolically active in a thermal window of 4-25°C on live hosts and artificial media.
Processing and characterization of high porosity aerogel films

Aerogels are highly porous solids having unique morphology among materials because both the pores and particles making up the material have sizes less than wavelengths of visible light. Such a unique morphology modifies the normal molecular transport mechanisms within the material, resulting in exceptional thermal, acoustical, mechanical, and electrical properties. For example, aerogels have the lowest measured thermal conductivity and dielectric constant for any solid material. Special methods are required to make aerogel films with high porosity. In this paper, we discuss the special conditions needed to fabricate aerogel films having porosities greater than 75% and we describe methods of processing inorganic aerogel films having controllable thicknesses in the range 0.5 to 200 micrometers. We report methods and results of characterizing the films including thickness, refractive index, density (porosity), and dielectric constant. We also discuss results of metallization and patterning on the aerogel films for applications involving microminiature electronics and thermal detectors.
The Convergence of the Mentally Disordered and the Jail Population.

Summary This paper addresses the prevalence and implications of the mentally ill, developmentally disabled, substance abuser, and other mentally impaired offenders in the jail system. Drawing on data from a jail's central intake screening system, the authors argue for more systematic attention by service providers in the community and criminal justice personnel to the disabling conditions that may precipitate and reinforce criminal behavior. Differential responses to these special needs or “pseudo-offenders” are recommended.
Onsager’s Ensemble for Point Vortices with Random Circulations on the Sphere

Onsager’s ergodic point vortex (sub-)ensemble is studied for N vortices which move on the 2-sphere $\mathbb{S}^{2}$ with randomly assigned circulations, picked from an a-priori distribution. It is shown that the typical point vortex distributions obtained from the ensemble in the limit N→∞ are special solutions of the Euler equations of incompressible, inviscid fluid flow on $\mathbb{S}^{2}$ . These typical point vortex distributions satisfy nonlinear mean-field equations which have a remarkable resemblance to those obtained from the Miller-Robert theory. Conditions for their perfect agreement are stated. Also the non-random limit, when all vortices have circulation 1, is discussed in some detail, in which case the ergodic and holodic ensembles are shown to be inequivalent.
Abnormal Uterine Bleeding in Reproductive-aged Women

Abnormal uterine bleeding is a common medical condition with several causes. The International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics published guidelines in 2011 to develop universally accepted nomenclature and a classification system. In addition, the American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology recently updated recommendations on evaluation of abnormal uterine bleeding and indications for endometrial biopsies. This article reviews both medical and surgical treatments, including meta-analysis reviews of the most effective treatment options.
Culturally Oriented Techniques

This column provides an opportunity for readers to share with their colleagues some of the creative techniques that they have successfully developed or adapted in their work with couples and famili...
Complex excitations in the thermodynamic Bethe-anzatz approach.

We relate the complex solutions of the thermodynamic Bethe-ansatz equations to the excited states in factorizable massive models. This approach permits one to recover exactly the ultraviolet behavior of these excitations. In order to illustrate our method we consider several unitary and nonunitary integrable models. We also comment on the calculation of critical exponents in massless integrable models.
Spanish colonial effects on native American mating structure and genetic variability in northern and central Florida: Evidence from Apalachee and western Timucua

Standard population genetic analyses are implemented for a series of precontact and contact period samples from central and northern Florida to investigate changes in genetic variability and population affinity coincident with the establishment of Spanish missions during the 17th century. Estimates of F(ST) based on odontometric data indicate limited heterogeneity for the Apalachee samples, suggestive of some degree of within-group endogamy for this ethnic group prior to contact. This corresponds well with ethnohistoric reconstructions indicating that Apalachee were populous, partially linguistically isolated from its neighbors, and involved in persistent cycles of warfare with neighboring groups. Estimates of extralocal gene flow for the Apalachee samples indicate limited initial changes in the mating structure of these populations. After 1650, however, extralocal gene flow increases, consistent with evidence for dramatic population movements throughout northern Florida and increased Spanish presence in the province, particularly at the mission of San Luis. Inclusion of non-Apalachee outgroups does not increase estimates of genetic heterogeneity, as was expected based on ethnohistoric data. The pattern of genetic distances suggests a biological division between north and south Florida population groups, consistent with archaeological and ethnohistoric data, and similarly indicates some distinction between precontact and postcontact local groups. Differential extralocal gene flow experienced by pre-1650 Apalachee and Timucua populations suggests localized mission experience. The Apalachee, with large, dense populations, experienced limited initial changes in genetic diversity or mating structure. However, after 1650 they were apparently involved in a much more expansive mating network that may have included Spaniards and immigrant Native American groups to the region. These results are in contrast to the mission experience of the Guale Indians of the Georgia coast.
New Generation Microcomputers: Part I: 80386 Machines

This article presents a review of new generation microcomputers using the Intel 32-bit 80386 processor. They include ISM PSI2 Model 80, Compaq Deskpro 386, Kaypro 386, ALR Access 386, and Tandy 4000. Some of the powerful 16-bit 80286-based machines introduced into the market recently are also reviewed. They include the IBM PS/2 Models 50 and 60 and Compaq Portable III.
β-Adrenergic receptor binding in frontal cortex of suicide victims

The high-affinity binding of the beta-adrenergic receptor antagonist, [3H]dihydroalprenolol, was measured in homogenates of frontal cortex (Brodmann's areas 8 and 9) of suicide victims and matched controls. Suicides were classified as violent if gunshot, hanging, or jumping was the cause of death and as nonviolent if carbon monoxide poisoning or drug overdose was the cause of death. No significant difference were found between controls and nonviolent or violent suicide victims with regard to the number of beta-adrenergic receptors (Bmax), or the binding affinity (Kd) of the receptor. Beta-Adrenergic receptor binding was not significantly affected by sex, age, race, or postmortem interval. Serotonin-2 receptor binding (Bmax) in homogenates from the same tissue specimens was previously reported to be significantly increased in violent suicides (Arora and Meltzer 1989). In these sample groups, suicide by violent means appears to be associated with an increase in the number of serotonin-2, but not beta-adrenergic, receptors in frontal cortex.