cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gender, Mathematics, and Science

Males have greater access to science and technical fields and greater earning power than females. Many argue that cognitive and psychosocial gender differences explain these career differences. In contrast, evidence from meta-analysis and process analysis indicate that (a) gender differences on cognitive and psychosocial tasks are small and declining, (b) gender differences are not general but specific to cultural and situational contexts, (c) gender differences in cognitive processes often reflect gender differences in course enrollment and training, and (d) gender differences in height, physical strength, career access, and earning power are much larger and more stable than gender differences on cognitive and psychosocial tasks. These trends imply that small gender differences in cognitive and psychosocial domains be deemphasized and instead that learning and earning environments be redesigned to promote gender equity.
Blind deconvolution of discrete-valued signals

The paper shows that when the input signal to a linear system is discrete-valued the blind deconvolution problem of simultaneously estimating the system and recovering the input can be solved more efficiently by taking into account the discreteness of the input signal. Two situations are considered. One deals with noiseless data by an inverse-filtering procedure which minimizes a cost function that measures the discreteness of the output of an inverse filter. For noisy data, observed from FIR systems, the Gibbs sampling approach is employed to simulate the posteriors of the unknowns under the assumption that the input signal is a Markov chain. It is shown that in the noiseless case the method leads to a highly efficient estimator for parametric systems so that the estimation error decays exponentially as the sample size grows. The Gibbs sampling approach also provides rather precise results for noisy data, even if the initial and transition probabilities of the input signal and the variance of the noise are completely unknown. >
Alternative Donor Transplantation for Aplastic Anemia

Patients with severe aplastic anemia who do not have a human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-identical sibling generally receive immunosuppressive therapy as a first-line therapy, with allogeneic transplantation being reserved for those who do not have an adequate sustained response. Barriers to the use of unrelated-donor transplantation for aplastic anemia include identifying a suitable alternative donor, and risks of graft failure, regimen-related toxicity, and graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Despite the more than 14 million adults registered with donor registries worldwide, only approximately 50% of patients of Caucasian descent will have an available and fully HLA-matched unrelated adult donor; the rate is substantially lower for non-Caucasians. While umbilical cord blood allows transplantation with greater donor-recipient HLA disparity (without excessive risk of GVHD), risks of graft failure and transplant-related mortality are higher than after transplantation of adult donor grafts. Among patients with a suitable donor, recent changes in pre-transplant conditioning regimens have lowered the risks of organ toxicity and graft failure. Although advances in donor HLA typing and selection practices and improved GVHD prophylaxis have lowered the risk, GVHD remains an important obstacle to long-term symptom-free survival. Despite these limitations, unrelated-donor transplantation offers the best chance of long-term survival for many patients in whom current immunosuppression strategies are not effective. Wider applicability of alternative-donor transplantation for aplastic anemia will require better approaches to prevent graft failure and GVHD and to expand the pool of unrelated-donor grafts. This includes exploring strategies to effectively use alternative grafts such as umbilical cord blood.
Relative growth and appearance of young dairy calves fed two levels of milk with a simple or complex calf starter.

Summary One hundred and sixty Holstein heifer calves were used on a 7-wk. factorial growth experiment to compare 350 vs. 250 lb. of whole milk and a simple vs. a complex dry calf starter. The experiments were conducted during a fall and summer season with calves housed in four calf units, consisting of pens and tie stalls. Calves consuming 350 lb. of whole milk gained 1.20 lb. per day, which was significantly (P
Literature and Politics in the Central American Revolutions

Literature and Politics in the Central American Revolutions. John Beverley and Marc Zimmerman. Austin: University of Texas Press, I990. xvi. 252 pp. $27.50 (cloth), $12.95 (paper). ISBN 0-292-74672-5, ISBN 0-292-74666-0.
Shielded Coupled-Strip Transmission Line

An analysis is made of the odd and even TEM modes on a pair of parallel co-planar strips midway between ground planes. Rigorous formulas are presented for the case of zero-thickness strips, while approximate formulas are given for strips of finite thickness and for strips printed on opposite sides of a thin dielectric sheet supported in air between ground planes (AIL construction). The characteristic impedances and the phase velocities of the two modes are necessary and sufficient information for the design of directional couplers, coupled-line filters, and other components utilizing the coupling between parallel-strip lines. In order to facilitate design work, nomograms are included in the paper which give the dimensions of the coupled-strip cross section in terms of the odd- and even-mode characteristic impedances. The characteristic-impedance scales of these nomograms may be read to an accuracy of better than one per cent over a wide range of values that is sufficient for most purposes.
Max-Min Fair Scheduling in OFDMA-Based Multi-Hop WiMAX Mesh Networks

The emerging WiMAX technology (IEEE 802.16) is a fourth generation standard for low-cost, high-speed and long range wireless communications for a large variety of civilian and military applications. IEEE 802.16j has introduced the concept of mesh network model and a special type of node called Relay Station (RS) for traffic relay for Subscriber Stations (SSs). A WiMAX mesh network is able to provide larger wireless coverage, higher network capacity and Non-Line-Of-Sight (NLOS) communications. This paper studies a Multi-hop FAir Scheduling for Throughput Optimization (MFASTO) problem in WiMAX mesh networks. The goal here is to maximize the minimum satisfaction ratio among all the SSs. In order to solve the MFASTO problem, an ILP formulation and an efficient heuristic algorithm are proposed in this work. Simulation results are presented to justify the performance and efficiency of our proposed solutions.
Helicobacter pylori tissue tropism: mouse-colonizing strains can target different gastric niches

Studies with the mouse-adapted Helicobacter pylori strain SS1 had supported an idea that infections by this pathogen start in the gastric antrum and spread to the corpus after extensive mucosal damage. This paper shows that the unrelated strain X47 colonizes the corpus preferentially. Differences between strains in preferred gastric region were detected by co-inoculating mice with a mixture of SS1 and X47, and genotyping H. pylori recovered after 2–8 weeks of infection by vacA s allele PCR and RAPD fingerprinting. Mixed infections were found in each of 59 co-inoculated young C57BL/6J mice. On average, however, SS1 was fourfold more abundant than X47 in the antrum and X47 was threefold more abundant than SS1 in the corpus. Similar results were obtained in mice inoculated first with one strain and then the other strain 2 weeks later. SS1 was even more abundant in the antrum of elderly (>1 year old) mice (97 % of isolates). Qualitatively similar SS1 and X47 tissue distributions were seen using unrelated mouse lines (AKR/J, A/J, DBA/2J, BALB/cJ, LG/J, SM/J), but with significantly different SS1 : X47 ratios in some cases. These results suggest the existence of at least two distinct gastric niches whose characteristics may be affected by host genotype and age (physiology), and indicate that strains differ in how effectively they colonize each niche. Differences among gastric regions and the mixed infections that these allow may contribute to H. pylori diversity and genome evolution.
Sub-300-ps CBL circuits

Advanced charge-buffered-logic (CBL) circuits featuring double-poly self-alignment, a 'free' epi-base lateral p-n-p (cutoff frequency=300 MHz only), and deep trench isolation are discussed. Using 1.2- mu m design rules and a modified push-pull output stage, a gate delay (fan-in=3) of 278 ps was obtained at a DC current of 30 mu A/gate. The low power-delay product underlies the speed and power potential of CBL as an attractive practical approach to bipolar complementary transistor logic. >
Ion‐neutral complex‐mediated hydrogen exchange in ionized n‐butanol: A mechanism for ‘non‐specific’ hydrogen migrations

Water elimination from ionized n-butanol reflects near randomization of all hydrogens in ions decomposing after ∼10−5s. This probably takes place in ion-neutral complexes by formation of a cyclobutane ion–H2O complex and/or rearrangement within [C4H8]+˙ in open-chain [C4H8+˙H2O] complexes, in either case accompanied by hydrogen exchange between water and open-chain hydrocarbon moieties. Extensive hydrogen rearrangements in which restraints on conventional transition-state ring size have little apparent influence may generally be ion–neutral complex-mediated processes.
Research Issues in Global Information Technology Management

Information technology IT is rapidly becoming an essential requirement for the conduct of international business. In many cases, IT is a driving force as evinced by its role in business expansion and competitive advantage in worldwide markets. Anecdotal accounts of innovative uses of IT in international business continue to appear in popular press as well as in many practitioner journals. Lately, the academic research community has taken note of IT in international business and has begun inquiry into global IT management. Yet at this early stage of inquiry, neither the issues nor their relative importance are clearly known. This article is an attempt to define the appropriate research issues and their relative importance in global IT management GITM. Based on opinions of a large sample of IS professionals, six topical areas in GITM have been identified. The topical areas as well as specific research issues are further evaluated for their relative importance. The article should be of value and provide direction to researchers in this challenging and growing subdomain of MIS. It is also intended to stimulate further interest and investigation by a greater number of researchers.
Lighting a dark state by shaping of light-induced potentials

We show that careful shaping of light-induced potentials offers a general method for selective population transfer, even when the desired final state is a dark state. Results are presented for a threestate model of the sodium dimer in which the objective is to populate the outer well of the double-well potential.
Theory of Magnetic Phase Transitions

This article discusses magnetic order and a class of physical phenomena that can be described as magnetic phase transitions. We describe the thermodynamics of magnetic ordering transitions, the order of the transitions, critical exponents, and thermodynamic variables. We further describe magnetic phase transitions within the framework of the mean field Landau theory of phase transitions with discussion of several magnetic equations of state. We end with an application to magnetocaloric materials. Keywords: magnetic order; magnetic phase transitions; thermodynamics; critical exponents; Landau theory
IL-27R-mediated regulation of IL-17 controls the development of respiratory syncytial virus-associated pathogenesis.

IL-27 is a heterodimeric cytokine composed of the subunits p28 and Epstein-Barr virus induced gene (EBI)-3 and is known for its effects on T-cell function and differentiation. IL-27 signals through the widely expressed IL-27 receptor (IL-27R), composed of the ligand-specific IL-27Rα chain and gp130. Engagement of the IL-27R activates STAT1 signaling, induces the expression of the type 1 helper T-cell (Th1) cytokine, interferon γ, and suppresses the differentiation of Th2 and Th17 cells. This study investigates the role of IL-27 signaling in respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection using IL-27Rα–deficient mice (IL-27rKO). Analysis of lungs from RSV-infected IL-27rKO mice showed exacerbation of mucus secretion compared with wild type, as well as enhanced expression of Muc5ac and Gob5 mRNA, markers of goblet cell metaplasia/hyperplasia. When compared with wild-type mice, RSV-challenged IL-27rKO mice had enhanced expression of Th17-associated cytokine IL-17a and an imbalance between Th1 and Th2 cytokine levels. Neutralization of IL-17 in RSV-infected IL-27rKO mice resulted in a significant decrease in the pulmonary mucus response and inhibition of the Th2-associated cytokines. Interestingly, IL-17 blockage led to an increase in the expression of IL-27 subunits p28 and EBI-3 in the lungs and lymph nodes of RSV-infected mice. Thus, IL-27 functions as a regulatory cytokine during RSV pathogenesis by suppressing the development of Th17 cells, but it also appears to be regulated by IL-17 induced by the virus.
MUSIC algorithm implementation for shipboard HF radio direction finding

A high-resolution, high-frequency direction finding system for shipboard applications based on the multiple signal classification (MUSIC) algorithm has been developed. The half-rack system has successfully undergone at-sea and pier-side tests on several ship classes, and at several field sites. Using a 3- to 5-m antenna aperture, the system demonstrates groundwave line-of-bearing accuracies of +or-3 degrees over the full HF band (3 to 30 MHz) at shore sites and +or-5 degrees on ships. The system effectively operates against skywave and groundwave signals, calculating the elevation and azimuth angle of the incoming wave front. For shipboard applications, three-element bow and stern antenna arrays overcome the typical field deformations caused by superstructure interactions. A detection and selection algorithm selects the best array based on field uniformity and signal-to-noise ratios. Spatial smoothing and sector search pattern algorithms help to reduce re-radiation effects. >
Micro-gear resonator for direct coupling to normal-incident waves

We show a diffraction-based coupling scheme that allows a high-Q micro-resonator to directly manipulate a free-space optical beam at normal incidence. The normal-incident transmission and reflection change 40% over a wavelength range of 0.3 nm.
Updating the hippocampal representation of space: place cell firing fields are controlled by a novel spatial stimulus.

To ask if the properties of spatial learning supported by the hippocampus are distinct from the properties of conditioning, we conducted a blocking-like experiment in which the measured variable was not a conditioned response but rather the ability of a novel visual stimulus to control the location of place cell firing fields after being briefly combined with a familiar, salient stimulus to form a compound stimulus. For most rats, we found that rotations of the novel stimulus on the wall of a cylindrical recording chamber produced equal rotations of firing fields, whether exposure to the compound stimulus lasted 10 min or 60 min. Thus, there was little indication that the blocking phenomenon (Kamin, 1969) acted to prevent the rapid inclusion of a new stimulus into a previously experienced cue constellation. This result is in agreement with the finding of Doeller and Burgess (2008) that blocking is seen for landmark stimuli inside an arena but not for boundary stimuli that circumscribe the arena. We conclude that the rules governing incidental spatial learning are different for the hippocampal representation of a rat's environment than for conditioning. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Role Perceptions of Foster Care in African American Kinship and Nonkinship Foster Parents: A Quantitative Analysis

ABSTRACT This article reports on a study that examined a cohort of African American kinship (n = 57) and nonkinship (n = 53) foster parents' perceptions of their role responsibilities as a foster care provider. The Foster Parent Role Perception (FPRP) scale was used to measure perceived role responsibility. Results indicated that both the kinship and nonkinship foster parents perceived their primary role responsibilities as that of caring for the needs of the foster child(ren), while perceiving much less role responsibility for working with the biological family of the child(ren) or partnering with the agency. The implications of these findings for practice are discussed.
Modeling the local excitation fluence rate and fluorescence emission in absorbing and strongly scattering multilayered media

We present computationally efficient and accurate semiempirical models of light transfer for real-time analysis of multilayer fluorescing media exposed to normally incident excitation light. The model accounts for absorption and strong forward scattering as well as for internal reflection at the interface between the medium and the surrounding air. The absorption and scattering coefficients are assumed to be constant with depth; the fluorophore concentration is considered piecewise constant. The refractive index ranges from 1.0 to 2.0, and the transport single scattering albedo between 0.50 and 0.99. First, simple analytical expressions for local excitation fluence rate within the medium and surface fluorescence intensity emerging from its surface were derived from the two-flux approximation. Then, parameters appearing in the analytical expression previously derived were fitted to match results from more accurate Monte Carlo simulations. A single semiempirical parameter was sufficient to relate the diffuse reflectance of the medium at the excitation wavelength to the local excitation fluence rate within the medium and to the surface fluorescence emission intensity. The model predictions were compared with Monte Carlo simulations for local fluence rate and total surface fluorescence emission from (i) homogeneous semi-infinite fluorescing media, (ii) media with a semi-infinite fluorescing layer beneath a nonfluorescing layer, and (iii) media with a finite fluorescing layer embedded in a nonfluorescing semi-infinite layer. The model predictions of the local excitation fluence rate and of the total surface fluorescence emission fell to within 5% of predictions by Monte Carlo simulations for single scattering albedo greater than 0.90. The current model can be used for a wide range of applications, including noninvasive diagnosis of biological tissue.
From the outside-in: embodied attention in toddlers

An important goal in cognitive development research is an understanding of the real-world physical and social environment in which learning takes place. However, the relevant aspects of this environment for the learner are only those that make contact with the learner's sensory system. We report new findings using a novel method that seeks to describe the visual learning environment from a young child's point of view. The method consists of a multicamera sensing environment consisting of two head-mounted mini cameras that are placed on both the child's and the parent's foreheads respectively. The main results is that the adult and child's view are fundamentally different in that the child's view is more dynamic and centered on one object at time. These findings have broad implications for how one thinks about toddler's attentional task as opposed to adults. In one sense, toddlers have found cheap solution: Selectively attend not by changing internal weights by bringing the attended object close to your eyes so it is the only one in view.
3′ RNA Elements in Hepatitis C Virus Replication: Kissing Partners and Long Poly(U)

The hepatitis C virus (HCV) genomic RNA possesses conserved structural elements that are essential for its replication. The 3' nontranslated region (NTR) contains several of these elements: a variable region, the poly(U/UC) tract, and a highly conserved 3' X tail, consisting of stem-loop 1 (SL1), SL2, and SL3. Studies of drug-selected, cell culture-adapted subgenomic replicons have indicated that an RNA element within the NS5B coding region, 5BSL3.2, forms a functional kissing-loop tertiary structure with part of the 3' NTR, 3' SL2. Recent advances now allow the efficient propagation of unadapted HCV genomes in the context of a complete infectious life cycle (HCV cell culture [HCVcc]). Using this system, we determine that the kissing-loop interaction between 5BSL3.2 and 3' SL2 is required for replication in the genotype 2a HCVcc context. Remarkably, the overall integrity of the 5BSL3 cruciform is not an absolute requirement for the kissing-loop interaction, suggesting a model in which trans-acting factor(s) that stabilize this interaction may interact initially with the 3' X tail rather than 5BSL3. The length and composition of the poly(U/UC) tract were also critical determinants of HCVcc replication, with a length of 33 consecutive U residues required for maximal RNA amplification. Interrupting the U homopolymer with C residues was deleterious, implicating a trans-acting factor with a preference for U over mixed pyrimidine nucleotides. Finally, we show that both the poly(U) and kissing-loop RNA elements can function outside of their normal genome contexts. This suggests that the poly(U/UC) tract does not function simply as an unstructured spacer to position the kissing-loop elements.
Repair of Acute Traumatic Rupture of the Aorta Without Extracorporeal Circulation

n this era of rapid transportation, the increasing incidence of traumatic rupture of the thoracic aorta has almost paralleled the inI creasing number and speed of highway vehicles. Strassmann [231 found only a 1% incidence of aortic rupture in 7,000 autopsies in 1947. Recent reports from both the United States [8] and Europe [241 show that the incidence of traumatic rupture of the aorta is now between 10 and 15% in automobile fatalities. Traumatic rupture of the thoracic aorta carries a grave but not necessarily hopeless prognosis if it is managed adequately. Death by exsanguination is instantaneous in 80 to 90% of the patients who sustain aortic rupture [lo, 171. In the remaining 10 to 20% the aortic blood is contained by the adventitia, pleura, and surrounding tissue. A false aneurysm is formed, and the patient survives at least temporarily. Since most of these patients will die from lethal secondary hemorrhage within three weeks if they are not treated [lo, 171, it is imperative that the diagnosis be established quickly and that repair be carried out.
Mixed messages: unsettled cosmopolitanisms in Nepali pop

This is an age of . This is an age of having long, tangled hair, and of [young men] wearing an earring, and of wearing caps backwards [with the visor in the back]. And it is also a period of rap. Some raps are known as bhatti rap and some are known as party rap. And some are meaningless raps. But at this moment it is a time of deusee rap. Deusee Xa:p!!
Endogenous miR-29a regulates HSC function in mammals.

In this issue of Blood , [Hu et al][1] identify a critical role for endogenous miR-29a in hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) homeostasis, including the regulation of HSC proliferation and survival.[1][2] ![Figure][3] miR-29a targets Dnmt3a , a DNA methyltransferase, in HSCs. These molecular
A Diagnostic Evaluation of Rainfall Predictability for Tropical Storm Agnes, June 1972

Abstract The problem of rainfall prediction for a tropical storm over the United States is examined from a diagnostic point of view. A moisture budget is constructed and the differences between the computed and observed precipitation are discussed. Although the areal averages were comparable, the point-by-point agreement was only fair. Stable and convective precipitation are then computed using methods common to many numerical models. The discrepancies between forecast and observed precipitation is assumed to be due to the incomplete formulation of the amount of moisture available for convection. This leads to an expression for the subgrid-scale moisture supply that provides the missing precipitation. Methods are then suggested in which the deficiencies of a parameterization scheme could be corrected during its use in a prognostic model.
An Empirical Study of the Dimensionality of Selling Team Performance

The study reported on here explores an important issue in team selling. Data were collected to address the question of whether sales managers take multiple dimensions of performance into account when they make judgments concerning team performance. Empirical results are presented, and managerial implications are discussed.
Heavy Metal Toxicology

Heavy metals such as mercury, cadmium, and arsenic may be found in some foods. Mercury, occurring in some fish as methylmercury, at sufficiently high dose exposures, has been associated with human fetal brain malformations and severe brain disorders. Cadmium found in some foods near ore mining sites poses a risk, in sufficiently high doses, of chronic renal dysfunction, bone disease, and hypertension. Arsenic found in some seafood and wine typically in seafood exists as a nontoxic organic form of arsenic. In areas with high well water arsenic, peripheral vascular disease, cancer, and some other disorders have been reported. Avoidance of heavy metals in foods requires knowledge of the sources and types of foods to decrease exposure to such metals via consumption of foods.
Racial and ethnic disparities in outcomes after heart transplantation: A systematic review of contributing factors and future directions to close the outcomes gap

The demographics of patients undergoing heart transplantation in the United States have shifted over the last 10 years, with an increasing number of racial and ethnic minorities undergoing heart transplant. Multiple studies have shown that survival of African American patients after heart transplantation is lower compared with other ethnic groups. We review the data supporting the presence of this outcome disparity and examine the multiple mechanisms that contribute. With an increasingly diverse population in the United States, knowledge of these disparities, their mechanisms, and ways to improve outcomes is essential.
Volume-equated high- and low-repetition daily undulating programming strategies produce similar hypertrophy and strength adaptations

The overarching aim of this study was to compare volume-equated high-repetition daily undulating periodization (DUPHR) versus a low-repetition daily undulating periodization (DUPLR) program for muscle performance. Sixteen college-aged (23 ± 3 years) resistance-trained males were counterbalanced into 2 groups: (i) DUPHR (n = 8), with a weekly training order of 12 repetitions (Day 1), 10 repetitions (Day 2), and 8 repetitions (Day 3); and (ii) DUPLR (n = 8), with a weekly training order of 6 repetitions (Day 1), 4 repetitions (Day 2), and 2 repetitions (Day 3). Both groups trained 3 times/week for 8 weeks on nonconsecutive days, with pre- and post-training testing during weeks 1 and 8. Participants performed only squat and bench press exercises each session. Changes in one-repetition maximum (1RM) strength, muscle thickness (MT), and muscular endurance (ME) were assessed. Both groups significantly increased 1RM strength for both squat and bench press (p 0.05). Similarly, both groups experienced significant increases in chest, lateral quadriceps distal, and anterior quadriceps MT (p 0.05). ME did not significantly change in the squat or bench press for either group (p > 0.05); however, for squat ME, a moderate effect size was observed for DUPHR (0.57) versus a trivial effect size for DUPLR (0.17). Our findings suggest that in previously trained males, training volume is a significant contributor to strength and hypertrophy adaptations, which occur independently of specific repetition ranges.
Differential Cross Section for e + +e - -->W + +W - -->e - +ν̄ e +μ + +ν μ

The cross section ${e}^{+}+{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{W}^{+}+{W}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{+}+{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}+{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}+{\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}}_{e}$ in which ${e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ and ${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{+}$ are detected in coincidence in the colliding-beam experiment is computed with the mass, magnetic moment, and leptonic mode branching ratio of the $W$ boson as parameters. The kinematical correlations necessary for the identification and mass determination of the $W$ meson are discussed. Numerical examples show that the energy-angle correlations of the final $e$ and $\ensuremath{\mu}$ are very sensitive to the $W$ mass. The analytical expression for the cross section was obtained by an electronic computer. The characteristics of dynamical correlations were investigated by numerical examples of angular distributions of ${e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ and ${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{+}$ for different values of magnetic moment of $W$. It was found that the rate of increase of cross section with respect to the relative angle between the final electron and muon is the most sensitive dynamical correlation needed for the determination of the $W$ magnetic moment. We ignore the possibility that $W$ may have form factors and an anomalous quadrupole moment. Symmetries in the differential cross section are discussed. Because of one-photon exchange, the differential cross section ${e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ and ${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{+}$ must be symmetric with respect to the plane perpendicular to the incident beam. Because of time-reversal invariance, the differential cross section for ${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{+}$ must be symmetric with respect to the plane formed by the incident beam and the final electron. Similarly the differential cross section for ${e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ must be symmetric with respect to the plane formed by the incident beam and the ${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{+}$. It is also shown that the charge-conjugate decay mode ${e}^{+}+{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{W}^{+}+{W}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{+}+{\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}+{e}^{+}+{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{e}$ can be obtained from our result by simply putting ${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ and ${e}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{e}^{+}$ in the final state if one considers only the lowest order process. It is pointed out that the techniques used in this paper can be employed to calculate many other processes in which two unstable particles are produced.
Assessment of Various Electronic Structure Methods for Characterizing Temporary Anion States: Application to the Ground State Anions of N2, C2H2, C2H4, and C6H6

The theoretical characterization of temporary anions is an especially challenging problem. In the present study we assess the performance of several electronic structure methods when used in conjunction with the stabilization method to characterize temporary anion states. The ground state anions of N2, C2H2, C2H4, and C6H6 are used as the test systems, with the most extensive testing being done for N2. For the 2Πg anion state of N2– the ADC(2), EOM-MP2, and EOM-CCSD methods give values of the resonance parameters in excellent agreement with the results of prior high-level calculations. For the hydrocarbon systems, the EOM-MP2 method consistently provides excellent agreement with the EOM-CCSD results for the test systems, whereas the ADC(2) considerably underestimates the widths for ethylene and benzene. Several density functional theory (DFT) approaches are tested and, although none performs as well as the EOM-MP2 method, it is found that inclusion of Hartree–Fock exchange greatly improves the results. Of...
Human Capital Investment of Female University Students: An Analysis

China is a country rich in human resources but ironically confronted with the shortage of human capital. Constituting a considerable portion in the nation's population, the university students can exert a remarkable and positive influence on the economic development. The capacity building and potential development of the female university students, who make up almost half the university student population, should be regarded as a matter of top priority in order to realize a sustainable social development.
Chronic Ingestion of Coal Fly-Ash Contaminated Prey and Its Effects on Health and Immune Parameters in Juvenile American Alligators (Alligator mississippiensis)

Coal-burning power plants supply approximately 37 % of the electricity in the United States. However, incomplete combustion produces ash wastes enriched with toxic trace elements that have historically been disposed of in aquatic basins. Organisms inhabiting such habitats may accumulate these trace elements; however, studies investigating the effects on biota have been primarily restricted to shorter-lived, lower-trophic organisms. The American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis), a long-lived, top-trophic carnivore, has been observed inhabiting these basins, yet the health or immune effects of chronic exposure and possible accumulation remains unknown. In this study, we investigated how chronic dietary ingestion of prey contaminated with coal combustion wastes (CCWs) for 25 months, and subsequent accumulation of trace elements present in CCWs, affected juvenile alligator immune function and health. Alligators were assigned to one of four dietary-treatment groups including controls and those fed prey contaminated with CCWs for one, two, or three times a week. However, no effect of Dietary Treatment (p > 0.05) was observed on any immune parameter or hematological or plasma analyte we tested. Our results suggest that neither exposure to nor accumulation of low doses of CCWs had a negative effect on certain aspects of the immune and hematological system. However, future studies are required to elucidate this further.
A New Asset Pricing Model based on the Zero-Beta CAPM: Theory and Evidence

This paper utilizes Black's (1972) zero-beta CAPM to derive an alternative form dubbed the ZCAPM. The ZCAPM posits that asset prices are a function of market risk composed of two components: average market returns and cross-sectional market volatility. Market risk associated with average market returns in the CAPM market model is known as beta risk. We refer to market risk related to cross-sectional market volatility as zeta risk. Using U.S. stock returns from January 1965 to December 2015, out-of-sample cross-sectional asset pricing tests show that both market forces in the ZCAPM are significantly priced. For example, using beta-zeta sorted portfolios, the market prices of beta and zeta risks have t-values of 11.2 and 23.1, respectively, which far exceed the significance of any previous cross-sectional tests of various factors in asset pricing models. These and other empirical tests lead us to conclude that the ZCAPM represents a major breakthrough in asset pricing models.
Parameters of Preventing Substance Misuse in Adolescents

Key to prevention of substance use disorders involves understanding the antecedents of drug misuse that often occur or surface in childhood and increase the likelihood of subsequently developing a range of risky behaviors in adolescence. Targeting these antecedent factors prior to their full emergence through effective preventive interventions has great potential to redirect the developmental trajectory towards healthy behaviors throughout the life span. In this chapter, we present examples of prevention program contents that aim to modify antecedents at different levels of analysis (neurobiological to large social environment). Although by adolescence, antecedent factors may have already exerted an influence, this is a highly plastic period of development with potential to alter malleable processes that may have been affected. Various modalities of program delivery are discussed in this context with an explanation of how programming might vary as a function of developmental age and risk status. Also, we delve into the debate about whether programming should focus on a single drug, all drugs, or more broadly on healthy lifestyles. In addition, we discuss the multiple challenges of translating scientific findings to programming. And finally, we suggest several future needs for innovations in prevention research and practice based on the scientific evidence.
Adolescent Relationship Abuse in Clinical Settings: Opportunities for Prevention and Intervention

Adolescent relationship abuse is prevalent from the middle school years throughout adolescence, peaks in young adulthood, and is associated with multiple poor physical and mental health consequences for youth. By offering universal education and brief anticipatory guidance with all adolescent patients about healthy and unhealthy relationships, health care providers can help to promote healthy relationships, ensure youth know about available resources and supports for relationship abuse, and facilitate connections to victim service advocates—both prevention and intervention.
Blanchability and sensory quality of large runner peanuts blanched in a radiant wall oven using infrared radiation.

The main factors behind the growing popularity of infrared radiation heating in food processing include its energy efficiency, food quality retention and process speed, as well as the simplicity of equipment. Infrared radiation was employed as an alternative heat treatment to the conventional hot air method used in peanut blanching. The present study aimed to investigate the application of infrared heating for blanching peanuts and determine their blanchability and sensory quality under various processing conditions.; Results: The total blanchabilities (expressed as a percentage of total blanched) of the infrared radiation trials (radiant wall oven) at 343 °C for 1.5 min, 316 °C for 1.5 min, 288 °C for 1.5 min and 343 °C for 1 min did not differ significantly compared to the hot air control trials (impingement oven) at 100 °C for 30 and 20 min. All infrared trials had significantly lower (P < 0.05) numbers of split kernels compared to those of the conventional trials and all blanched peanuts in the experiment remained raw. A descriptive sensory shelf-life study with one control and three infrared samples demonstrated the possible initiation of oxidation for the conventionally blanched sample at 18 weeks of storage at 24 °C (room temperature), with no indication of oxidation in the infrared samples stored at the same temperature.; Conclusion: Infrared radiation peanut blanching is a viable alternative to conventional hot air blanching because of the shorter process time and longer shelf-life, as evident from the sensory storage study. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.; © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
A web service-based approach for developing self-adaptive systems

Abstract The current development on self-adaptive systems mainly focuses on autonomy and self-containment where decision-making solely depends on the local knowledge base within the system. This limits the evolution of the knowledge base for making more precise decisions. There have been some recent works using the cloud for the knowledge base. However, they suffer from the overhead caused by the communication with the cloud. In this work, we propose a hybrid approach for developing self-adaptive systems using both the local knowledge base in the vehicle and the global knowledge base provided via a web service. The global knowledge base is shared and evolves by multiple vehicles through the web service. We validate the approach using Gazebo, a 3D simulation environment for robotic systems. The results show 96% precision in identifying objects with a viable overhead introduced by the web service and 40% improvement in precision over the traditional approach.
Analysis of a Direct Antenna Modulation Transmitter for Wideband OOK With a Narrowband Antenna

The characteristics of a narrowband antenna transmitting a broadband on–off-keyed signal using direct antenna modulation (DAM) are studied. The DAM technique has previously been proposed to generate a broadband signal using a rapidly time-varying antenna, but the signals produced using this technique and its limitations are not well understood. In this paper, we quantitatively compare the performance of a DAM transmitter to a conventional time-invariant transmit antenna. We show that the fall time of an RF pulse produced with the DAM configuration is measurably shorter than with the conventional system; however, the pulse rise time using both systems is identical. The performance of each system is then analyzed in terms of the bit error rate over a simple point-to-point link using analytical models, numerical simulation, and measurement. DAM reduces the intersymbol interference (ISI) by reducing the discharging time; however, the overall performance remains similar to the conventional system because of their similar charging times. While the DAM configuration does radiate a qualitatively broader spectrum as observed in previous studies, this does not translate into quantitative improvement in the characteristics of a transmitted data signal.
Parent-Child and Sibling Relational Problems

There is an extensive body of literature describing the crucial role of parenting practices and other familial processes on children’s mental health and related developmental outcomes, including behavioral, cognitive, and affective functioning. According to the DSM-5, relational problems reflect significant clinical distress or disturbance of key relationships such as the parent-child or sibling relationship. The cornerstone of the DSM-5’s definition of parent-child relational problems is that the quality of the parent-child relationship is affecting the course, prognosis, or treatment of a mental or other medical disorders; similarly, the definition of sibling relational problems emphasizes significant impairments in individual or family functioning. This chapter presents a description of parent-child and sibling relational problems, reviews their history in the DSM, and summarizes the relevant research with a focus on etiology, symptom presentation, associated impairments and comorbidities, course and developmental challenges, and treatment and outcomes. The role of family dysfunction as a broad risk factor in the development of parent-child and sibling relational problems is discussed, and preventive and other intervention programs that target family relational processes are reviewed. A strong base of research demonstrates that with early and appropriate assessment and intervention, parent-child and sibling relational problems can see marked improvement over time.
A transient model of interior permanent magnet machines under stator winding inter-turn short circuit faults

For the widely-adopted inverter-fed drives, the stator winding insulation is more prone to various stresses compared to the line-start machines, i.e. the high rates of voltage change due to inverter switching (dv/dt), which will result in higher chances of insulation breakdown. To better illustrate the dynamic behaviors of the IPM machines under the stator turn fault, this paper presents a transient model of the in the dqr rotor reference frame where most control algorithms are designed upon, instead of the traditional modeling work commonly adopted in the abc reference frame. In addition, a state-space representation of the dynamic equations is provided by considering the shifts of the three-phase line-to-neutral voltages. Finally, a simplified form of the proposed model in the early-stage turn fault period is proposed and various machine characteristics are illustrated in detail with different severities of the stator turn fault. This model is beneficial for investigating the machine characteristics under various motor control algorithms as the turn fault propagates to the neighboring turns and eventually turn into a complete line-to-ground fault.
Can Six Minutes of Culturally Competent Evolution Education Reduce Students' Level of Perceived Conflict Between Evolution and Religion?

Evolution is foundational to biology but is controversial for many undergraduate students. Although evolution and religion are potentially compatible, students' perceived conflict between their religious beliefs and evolution can negatively affect their acceptance of evolution. In a previous study, we found that illustrating the potential compatibility of religion and evolution decreased the number of students who perceived a conflict between religion and evolution by 53 percent. However, in the previous study, the instruction on the potential compatibility of religion and evolution took a significant amount of instructional time, which could be a barrier for implementation. In this current study, we condensed the instruction illustrating the potential compatibility of religion and evolution to six minutes. By conducting qualitative analyses on data gathered from ten students who perceived a conflict before the evolution module, we found that eight of these students reduced their level of perceived conflict after the evolution module. We identified eight distinct aspects of the evolution instruction that students stated reduced their perceived conflict, including that the instructor did not force student acceptance of evolution, the instructor was respectful of students with multiple viewpoints on evolution, and students experienced a greater exposure to evolution content.
Admissibility and Constitutional Issues of the Concealed Information Test in American Courts: An Update

Abstract Research on the detection of concealed information has become increasingly sophisticated over the past 25 years. Although there is a substantial body of literature devoted to the development of concealed information tests, fewer scholars have written on the potential legal hurdles that concealed information tests face that may limit their practical use. This chapter describes those potential hurdles and the main legal arguments in this arena. After outlining the basic American law underpinning the admissibility of scientific evidence, the chapter outlines the key evidentiary issues that concealed information tests will need to overcome to be admissible in American courts. Finally, the chapter describes other constitutional problems that may limit the use of concealed information tests, including the Fourth Amendment protection against unreasonable searches and the Fifth Amendment protection against compelled self-incrimination.
Nonlinear Protein Binding: Not What You Think

Nonlinear protein binding is traditionally thought of as an increasing fraction unbound with increasing total drug concentration. In the past several years, research into the protein binding of several tetracyclines has shown that an unexpected and counterintuitive phenomenon has been observed, specifically that of decreasing unbound drug fraction with increasing total concentrations of drug over certain concentration ranges. Although several studies of tigecycline have shown the importance calcium and its chelation may play in the protein-drug interaction, the potential clinical implications and relevance have not been explored. Here, we define typical and atypical nonlinear protein binding, overview protein binding theory, and discuss theoretical implications on pharmacokinetics. Using tigecycline as an example, in silico simulations and calculations show how when atypical nonlinear protein binding is not accounted for free drug exposure, and drug tissue penetration may be overestimated. It is important to revisit the impacts of nonlinearity in protein binding on clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, and ultimately, clinical efficacy. Although this phenomenon could potentially warrant clinical dose adjustment for certain compounds, it also presents a potential opportunity to exploit underlying mechanisms to develop new therapies and better understand molecular interactions of xenobiotics within the physiological system.