cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Counterregulatory Responses to Insulin-Induced Glucose Reduction in the Elderly

The impact of age on counterregulatory responses to moderate reductions in blood glucose induced by aconstant insulin infusion (20 mU/m2-min) was studied in normal young (n = 7; aged 20–42 yr) and old (n = 7; aged 66–77 yr) nonobese subjects. Insulin was infused until the whole blood glucose level fell to or below 60 mg/dl. This required an infusion time of 39 ± 3 (±SE) min in the young and 36 ± 3 min in the old. Mean basal glucose [young, 88 ± 2 (±SE); old, 88 ± 2 mg/ dl), minimum glucose (young, 51 ± 2; old, 54 ± 1 mg/dl), time to nadir (young, 48 ± 3; old, 44 ±3), and time to recovery were similar in both groups. Maximal (young, 40.3 ± 2.3; old, 42.1 ± 3.3 /eU/ml) insulin levels were also similar. Basal and maximal levels of glucagon, epinephrine, and GH were similar in the two groups. Although basal norepinephrine values were higher in the old subjects (young, 243 ± 38; old, 364 ± 23 pg/ml; P =0.02), increments above basal during reduction in blood glucose were not affected by age. Basal cortisol valu...
Hyperglycemic but not normoglycemic global ischemia induces marked early intraneuronal expression of β-amyloid precursor protein

Preischemic hyperglycemia is known to accentuate acute ischemic injury to neurons, microglia, and endothelia. In the present study, we used a monoclonal antibody to the N-terminal portion of beta-APP to examine how the immunoreactivity of this normal membrane glycoprotein is differentially influenced by transient cerebral ischemia when carried out under normoglycemic vs. hyperglycemic conditions. Anesthetized, physiologically regulated rats received 12.5 min of global forebrain ischemia by bilateral carotid artery occlusions plus systemic hypotension. Hyperglycemia was induced by intraperitoneal dextrose administration prior to ischemia. One or three days later, brains were examined by beta-APP immunohistochemistry. Ischemia under hyperglycemic conditions led to the robust, widespread intraneuronal expression of beta-APP immunoreactivity in neocortex, hippocampus, thalamus, and striatum of all 11 rats; this was most prominent at 24 h postischemia. Compared to rats with normoglycemic ischemia, numbers of beta-APP-immunopositive neurons in the parietal cortex of hyperglycemic rats were increased by 5.9 fold at 24 h, and by 10.6 fold at 3 days postischemia. beta-APP-immunopositive neurons in hyperglycemic rats often exhibited striking morphological alterations typical of ischemic necrosis; however, no beta-APP immunoreaction was observed in zones of frank infarction. Brains of normoglycemic rats (n=11), by contrast, showed only weak beta-APP immunostaining in occasional non-necrotic pyramidal neurons of parietal neocortex; no necrosis was present in thalamus. In sham-operated hyperglycemic rats, beta-APP immunostaining of thalamic neurons was somewhat increased at 24 h. Western analysis revealed that the hyperglycemia-induced intraneuronal overexpression of beta-APP was not associated with an overall increase in tissue levels. The results of this study demonstrate that transient forebrain ischemia under hyperglycemic conditions leads to the early intraneuronal expression of beta-APP within neuronal populations showing a heightened susceptibility to hyperglycemia-induced accentuation of ischemic injury. Our data suggest that beta-APP or its metabolites may be involved in the injury process.
Screw pressing of whole and dehulled flaxseed for organic oil

Flaxseed oil, a rich source of dietary n−3 FA, is commonly obtained by cold pressing whole seed. Furthermore, flaxseed hulls are emerging as a valuable lignan-rich product for functional food use; therefore, the pressing characteristics of dehulled seed need to be understood. Screw press performance was measured for pressing of whole and dehulled flaxseed. When whole Omega flaxseed was pressed through a 6-mm choke, an inverse relationship between seed moisture content (6.1–11.6% range) and oil recovery (70.1–85.7%) was observed. However, peak oil recovery from pressing dehulled Omega flaxseed of 72.0% was found at 10.5% moisture content in the moisture content range of 7.7–11.2%. Although oil recovery from dehulled Omega flaxseed was lower than from whole Omega flaxseed, the weight of oil produced from dehulled Omega flaxseed per unit time was higher. The dependence of capacity on moisture content was less evident with the 6-mm choke than with the 8-mm choke. An inverse relationship between moisture content of whole flaxseed and oil and meal temperature was observed. The oil and meal temperatures from pressing dehulled flaxseed were significantly lower than those from whole flaxseed. Therefore, pressing dehulled flaxseed appears to offer advantages in organic flaxseed oil production.
Modeling, praising, and collaborating: Effects of adult behavior on children of the same sex and opposite sex

Abstract The study assessed children's responsiveness to adults of both sexes as a function of the adults behavior. Paris of male and female adults administered games to 96 children. Each child was assigned to either the modeling, praise, or collaboration condition. Depending on the condition, each adult, in turn, (a) modeled selection of a specific set of play materials, (b) praised the child for playing with the materials, or (c) collaborated with the child while they played together with the materials. Results showed a greater responsiveness to the same-sex adult in the collaboration condition and to the cross-sex adult in the praise condition, as measured by the time spent playing with the materials previously associated with each adult and by comments to each adult. In the modeling condition, there was a nonsignificant same-sex effect for children's actual responsiveness, but a significant same-sex effect for self-reported responsiveness. Sex-typing scores, which were independently assessed, were related to same-sex responsiveness in the collaboration condition only. Different, and perhaps complementary, influences of same-sex and cross-sex adults on children's sex-typed preferences are considered.
Allogeneic stem cell transplantation reduces disease progression compared to autologous transplantation in patients with multiple myeloma

This study compares the probability of disease progression, progression-free survival, and overall survival between patients undergoing an allogeneic or autologous transplant for multiple myeloma using an identical preparative regimen. Patients received a preparative regimen of TBI, busulfan, and cyclophosphamide followed by an allogeneic or autologous transplant. In the allogeneic group (n = 21), six patients received bone marrow and 15 received G-CSF mobilized PBSC; all autologous patients (n = 35) received PBSC mobilized with cyclophosphamide and G-CSF. Allogeneic donors were HLA-identical (n = 20) or one-antigen mismatched (n = 1) siblings. Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis consisted of tacrolimus (n = 10), tacrolimus/methotrexate (n = 6), cyclosporine/methotrexate (n = 4), or cyclosporine (n = 1). The groups were evenly matched for gender, pretransplant therapy, disease status at time of transplant, myeloma subtype, and time from diagnosis to transplant. The median age was significantly lower in the allogeneic group (48 vs 55 years, P < 0.01). In the allogeneic group the probabilities of developing acute GVHD grade II-IV and chronic GVHD were 55% and 82%, respectively. The Kaplan–Meier probability of disease progression was significantly lower in the allogeneic group (11% vs 64%, P < 0.001) compared to the autologous group. Although progression-free (60% vs 30%, P = 0.19) and overall survival at 2 years (60% vs 42%, P = 0.39) favored the allogeneic group, this did not reach statistical significance. Within the allogeneic transplant group, patients age 50 years or under had a 3-year overall survival significantly higher when compared to older patients (79% vs 29%, P = 0.03). Using identical preparative regimens, allogeneic transplantation reduced disease progression compared to autologous transplantation for myeloma. This suggests that allogeneic transplantation induces a graft-versus-myeloma (GVM) effect. Bone Marrow Transplantation (2001) 27, 801–807.
Atomic force microscopy of the three-dimensional crystal of membrane protein, OmpC porin.

Abstract Three-dimensional microcrystals of OmpC osmoporin were air-dried slowly and imaged in air with an atomic force microscope (AFM). The overall structural features in AFM images are in good agreement with the X-ray diffraction data of these OmpC osmoporin crystals: monoclinic P2 1 with the unit cell constants a =117.6 A, b =110 A, c =298.4 A, β =97°. Such a good correspondence between X-ray diffraction and AFM data suggests that the slow and mild air-drying of these crystals did not induce any significant alterations in the crystal lattices as expected upon crystal dehydration. At the (100) crystal face, individual trimeric protein–detergent complexes were resolved. These results show the potential for studying the molecular structure of microcrystals of integral membrane proteins. This study also suggests that the crystal grew in a fashion of rapid two-dimensional expansion along the bc plane followed by a slow deposition along the a axis, perhaps as a rate-limiting nucleation process. Thus, AFM imaging of air-dried crystals would also be of considerable use in the early stages of a project to grow large three-dimensional crystals of membrane proteins suitable for high-resolution X-ray diffraction studies.
Latent structure of facets of alcohol reinforcement from a behavioral economic demand curve

Rationale Behavioral economic demand curves are quantitative representations of the relationship between consumption of a drug and its cost. Demand curves provide a multidimensional assessment of reinforcement, but the relationships among the various indices of reinforcement have been largely unstudied.
Phase Diagram of Solutions of Associative Polymers

An analytical expression for the free energy of solutions of associative polymers is obtained in the entire polymer concentration-temperature range. This expression is derived under assumption that both local intrachain loops as well as interchain associations contribute to combinatorial part of the system free energy. In a good solvent regime, theory takes into account the swelling of polymer chains and suppression of pairwise associations due to strong monomer-monomer repulsive interactions. Analysis of the general expression of the system free energy shows that associations between functional groups can lead to a collapse of a chain and phase separation even under good solvent conditions for polymer backbone. In a good solvent, changing the fraction of associative groups per chain can trigger a phase separation.
The Complex Nature of the Animal Protein Factor

Abstract Pure vitamin B12 has been reported by several groups of workers to promote growth responses in chicks, under their experimental conditions, comparable to those obtained with crude sources of the animal protein factor. The experiment reported here, however, furnishes evidence for the existence of additional factors in fish meal and in some batches of dried brewers’ yeast. The basal diet fed in this experiment consisted of 23.5% alpha-protein (The Glidden Company), 65.0% cerelose, 2% soybean oil, 3% cellophane, 0.3% L-cystine, 0.3% D-L methionine, 0.3% glycine, 1% fish liver oil (2000 AOAC units of vitamin A and 400 IU of vitamin D per gram), 1.1% pulverized limestone, 1.7% dicalcium phosphate, 0.8% dibasic potassium phosphate, 0.5% salt, 0.5% magnesium sulfate and the trace minerals and vitamins as described by Hill et al. (1944) except that the thiamine HC1 was increased to 1 mg and 50 μg of folic acid and 1.16 μg . . .
3D In Vivo optical coherence tomography based on a low-voltage, large-scan-range 2D MEMS mirror

3D in vivo optical imaging on a mouse has been obtained using a 2D MEMS mirror for lateral scanning in a time-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) system. The MEMS mirror aperture size is 1 x 1 mm(2), and the device footprint is 2 x 2 mm(2). The MEMS mirror scans +/- 30 degrees optical angles about both x and y-axis at only 5.5V DC voltage. An endoscopic probe with an outer diameter of 5.8 mm has been designed, manufactured and packaged. The probe scans an average transverse area of 2 mm x 2 mm. The imaging speed of the probe is about 2.5 frames per second, limited by the speed of the employed optical delay line.
Thioredoxin and protein nitrotyrosine in bone marrow supernatant from patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection

Background Balance and imbalance between oxidant stress and antioxidants contributes to the manifestations of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Previously, we demonstrated a characteristic cytokine pattern in marrow supernatant from HIV patients who underwent diagnostic examinations. Methods In this report, we have determined the protein nitrotyrosine (pNT) concentration (an indicator of nitric oxide-superoxide interaction) as well as the concentration of the redox enzyme thioredoxin (Trx) in marrow supernatant from HIV patients, healthy controls, and other patients, and in serum from comparable subjects. Results pNT concentrations were similar in serum and marrow supernatant and did not differ between subject subsets. Trx concentrations in both marrow supernatant and serum were higher for HIV patients than for other subjects; serum Trx concentrations were significantly higher than marrow Trx concentrations for the non-HIV patients and controls. The ratios of pNT/Trx concentrations in serum were similar in all subsets tested. In marrow aspirate, however, these ratios differed widely and significantly, with the highest values observed in non-HIV patients and the lowest in HIV patients. Only for HIV patients were serum and marrow supernatant pNT/Trx ratios similar. In HIV patients, marrow Trx concentrations correlated with CD4 count, CD4/CD8 ratio, and marrow colony-forming unit E (CFU-E) concentration; marrow pNT concentration correlated with the concentration of tumor necrosis factor in marrow supernatant, and with platelet count. No correlations were observed in other subject subsets. Conclusions These findings suggest that there is a degree of local regulation of the redox state of the marrow microenvironment that varies with the patients9 clinical statuses, and which is associated with effects on hematopoiesis.
Local measurements of tearing mode flows and the magnetohydrodynamic dynamo in the Madison Symmetric Torus reversed-field pinch

The first localized measurements of tearing mode flows in the core of a hot plasma are presented using nonperturbing measurements of the impurity ion flow. Emission from charge exchange recombination is collected by a novel high optical throughput duo spectrometer providing localized (±1 cm) measurements of C+6 impurity ion velocities resolved to <500 m/s with high bandwidth (100 kHz). Poloidal tearing mode flows in the Madison Symmetric Torus reversed-field pinch are observed to be localized to the mode resonant surface with a radial extent much broader than predicted by linear magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) theory but comparable to the magnetic island width. The relative poloidal flow amplitudes among the dominant core modes do not reflect the proportions of the magnetic amplitudes. The largest correlated flows are associated with modes having smaller magnetic amplitudes resonant near the midradius. The MHD dynamo due to these flows on the magnetic axis is measured to be adequate to balance the mean Ohm’s la...
Fabrication of a 60-nm-diameter perfectly round metal-dot array over a large area on a plastic substrate using nanoimprint lithography and self-perfection by liquefaction.

Typically, nanopatterning on plastic substrates has poor fidelity, poor adhesion, and low yield. Here the proposal of and the first experiment using a new fabrication method that overcomes the above obstacles and has achieved arrays of 60-nm-diameter, perfectly round metal dots over a large area on a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate with high fidelity and high yield is reported. This new method is based on the use of a thin hydrogen silsesquioxane (HSQ) layer on top of PET, nanoimprint lithography, and self-perfection by liquefaction (SPEL). The HSQ layer offers excellent thermal protection to the PET substrate during SPEL, as well as good surface adhesion and etching resistance. Nanoimprinting plus a lift off created a large-area array of Cr squares (100nm � 130nm) on HSQ and SPEL changed each Cr square into a perfectly round Cr dot with a diameter of 60nm, reducing the Cr footprint area by 78%. Compared to bare PET, theuseof HSQalso reducedthevariationin thediameterof theCr dots from 11.3nm (standard deviation) to 1.7nm, an improvement of over 660%. This new technology can be scaled to much larger areas (including roll-to-roll web processing) and thus potentially has applications in various fields.
On the Moral Agency of Computers

Can computer systems ever be considered moral agents? This paper considers two factors that are explored in the recent philosophical literature. First, there are the important domains in which computers are allowed to act, made possible by their greater functional capacities. Second, there is the claim that these functional capacities appear to embody relevant human abilities, such as autonomy and responsibility. I argue that neither the first (Doman-Function) factor nor the second (Simulacrum) factor gets at the central issue in the case for computer moral agency: whether they can have the kinds of intentional states that cause their decisions and actions. I give an account that builds on traditional action theory and allows us to conceive of computers as genuine moral agents in virtue of their own causally efficacious intentional states. These states can cause harm or benefit to moral patients, but do not depend on computer consciousness or intelligence.
Computing the metric dimension of wheel related graphs

Abstract An ordered set W = { w 1 , … , w k } ⊆ V ( G ) of vertices of G is called a resolving set or locating set for G if every vertex is uniquely determined by its vector of distances to the vertices in W . A resolving set of minimum cardinality is called a basis for G and this cardinality is the metric dimension or location number of G, denoted by β ( G ) . In this paper, we study the metric dimension of certain wheel related graphs, namely m -level wheels, an infinite class of convex polytopes and antiweb-gear graphs denoted by W n , m , Q n and AWJ 2 n , respectively. We prove that these infinite classes of wheel related graphs have unbounded metric dimension. The study of an infinite class of convex polytopes generated by wheel, denoted by Q n also gives a negative answer to an open problem proposed by Imran et al. (2012) in [8]: Open Problem : Is it the case that the graph of every convex polytope has constant metric dimension? It is natural to ask for characterization of graphs with unbounded metric dimension.
Participant uptake of the fecal immunochemical test decreases with the two-sample regimen compared with one-sample Fit

BackgroundFecal immunochemical tests (FITs) are recommended to screen average-risk adults for colorectal cancer (CRC). Little research has examined whether a two-sample FIT affects participant uptake, compared with a one-sample FIT. Examining participant uptake is important, as evidence suggests tha
Glass in garnet pyroxenite xenoliths from Kaula Island, Hawaii: Product of infiltration of host nephelinite

Garnet-bearing, mantle-derived pyroxenites have been found at a new locality in Hawaii, Kaula Island. They occur as xenoliths in a nephelinite tuff. Some of the pyroxenites contain basaltic glasses, a common feature in mantle-derived xenoliths. Results of petrography, mineral chemistry, and least-squares mixing calculations show that the glasses are products of infiltration of the host nephelinite into the xenoliths and partial assimilation of garnet, spinel, and clinopyroxene. These results should encourage others to thoroughly test petrographically viable explanations for glasses in xenoliths before invoking absent phases or metasomatic fluids as explanations for the glasses.
Molecular mechanisms of cytotoxicity mediated by Entamoeba histolytica: Characterization of a pore‐forming protein (PFP)

Entamoeba histolytica is the human pathogen responsible for amebiasis. This infection is characterized by an invasive enteric illness that may spread to multiple organs. The parasite E histolytica may now be cultivated in vitro, with Diamond's axenic medium [1]. In culture, this protozoan remains cytolytic to a variety of cell types, including neutrophils and macrophages (reviewed in [2]). The mechanism(s) involved in the expression of this potent cytolysis remain(s) unclear. Previous studies from several laboratories have suggested that the cell killing mediated by amoeba is dependent on intimate contact of amoeba with the target cell membrane [3–9]. Following contact, the amoeba readily ingests the target cell (Fig. 1A). However, more recent cinemicroscopic and kinetic studies [8,9] (see also Fig. 1B) indicate that the cytolysis mediated by amoeba may occur prior to phagocytosis, raising the possibility of an extracellular cytolytic event triggered by surface contact. Previous work from this laboratory has described the properties of a highly enriched plasma membrane fraction and surface polypeptides from axenically grown E histolytica [10,11]. Studies from this laboratory on its extensive vacuolar apparatus and its role in pinocytosis and intracellular acidification have also been published [12,13]. Here, we review some recent evidence for the isolation and characterization of a pore-forming protein (PFP) extracted from this protozoan, which may be closely related to the killing of target cells mediated by pore-forming proteins of the immune system (the complement cascade as well as proteins extracted from granules of different immune cells [Young et al, in preparation]), which may thereby suggest a very similar and general mechanism of cell-mediated cytotoxicity.
Evolution of a Watershed-Management Framework in the Kentucky River Basin

AbstractFollowing an increased emphasis on watershed management by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in the 1990s, the Kentucky Division of Water (KDOW) developed and implemented a watershed-management framework process for the state of Kentucky in 1997. The Kentucky Water Resources Research Institute (KWWRI) coordinated the first implementation of the framework process in the Kentucky River basin beginning in 2000. After an evaluation of the program that followed the completion of the first five-year cycle of the framework, the KWRRI made significant changes to the framework so as to incorporate greater stakeholder involvement and to place a greater focus on the development and implementation of watershed plans at a local level. This paper provides a summary of the watershed activities in the Kentucky River basin over the past 15 years and evaluates the lessons learned during that process. It is hoped that these observations will be useful to other agencies and organizations that are engaged...
Enteric Nervous System: The Brain-in-the-Gut

Abstract The enteric nervous system (ENS) is an independent “brain-in-the-gut” that integrates gastrointestinal motility, secretion, and blood flow into homeostatic patterns of gut behavior that have susceptibility to becoming clinically disordered. Heuristic models for the ENS are the same as for all independent integrative nervous systems, whether in the mammalian brain and spinal cord or in invertebrate animals. The ENS coordinates and organizes the behavior of the musculature, secretory glands, and vascular system, in each of the specialized organs of the gastrointestinal tract, into meaningful behavior of each organ. Propulsive motility occurs as a contractile complex with two linked components based on neurogenically controlled contractile behavior of the longitudinal and circular muscle coats. Linked propulsive components consist of a propulsive segment connected in the direction of propulsion with a receiving segment. A “hardwired” polysynaptic circuit in the ENS is responsible for all propulsive motility in the tubular organs. This circuit occupies the lowest complexity level of the hierarchical organization of neural motility control. Networks in the ENS contain central pattern generators (CPGs), which activate the basic circuit in recurrent fashion to generate motility patterns linked with intestinal secretion. Validity of the classic dogma that muscle responses, which are seen when the investigator stretches the intestinal wall or stimulates the mucosa, reflect a classic reflex is questionable. CPGs in the ENS are neural circuits that generate organized and repetitive motor patterns independent of sensory input. CPGs rather than sensory afferent-evoked reflexes are responsible for the patterns of propulsive contractile behavior and secretion, which recur rhythmically in response to distension, during mucosal application of nutrients or ENS exposure to mediators released by immune/inflammatory cells. Paracrine communication with the ENS by inflammatory/immune cells is key to understanding motility and secretory pathophysiology in food allergies, infectious enteritis, radiation-induced enteritis, idiopathic enteritis (e.g., ulcerative colitis), as well as, stress-evoked events in functional gastrointestinal disorders. Advances in understanding at upper levels of hierarchical ENS organization are essential for answers to perplexing questions related to significance of Parkinsonian-like Lewy bodies and dopaminergic neurotransmission known to be in the ENS, as well as prion-like proteins that may be signs of Creutzfeldt-Jakob and Alzheimer alterations in the gut's brain. Advanced computational approaches to research and understanding of CPGs, locomotor, and secretory circuits is advocated as an investigative direction for expansion of insight into the neurophysiology of the ENS. Computational modeling of neural circuits with CPGs yields explanations for features of motor behavior that are not explainable within the classic framework of a reflex arc.
Successful Management of a Pregnant Woman with a TSH Secreting Pituitary Adenoma with Surgical and Medical Therapy

We described a 39-yr-old asian female who was initially diagnosed with prolactinoma and presented with increase nervousness and weight loss. Laboratory evaluation revealed an inappropriately normal TSH level with elevated free T4, total T3, alpha-subunit and prolactin level. The alpha-subunit/TSH molar ratio was 4. MRI showed a macroadenoma extending to the suprasellar cistern. Treatment was begun with propylthiouracil and bromocriptine. After 5 months of therapy, she became pregnant. At 27 weeks of gestation, she developed headache and decreased visual acuity in her left eye. MRI showed a slightly increase in tumor size compressing the optic chaiasm. Transphenoid macroadenectomy was performed with immediate relief of the visual field abnormality. At 39 weeks gestation a baby with no malformations was delivered. This is the second case report of TSH secreting pituitary adenoma which was exarcerbated during pregnancy. In contrast to the first case, our case was managed with both surgical and medical approach. The judicious use of both medical and surgical therapy can result in a successful outcome to mother and fetus in a patient with TSH secreting pituitary adenoma.
Summary of the special session in pion production

Abstract At Few-Body XIII a special afternoon session on Pion Production was held. The following is both an introduction to the subject and the summary of the session. The opinions expressed are personal, and perhaps biased.
The modified Fontan procedure: early and late results in 132 adult patients.

Abstract Objective The modified Fontan procedure, usually performed in children, is used for the treatment of anomalies with a single functional ventricle. We reviewed our experience with the modified Fontan procedure performed in the adult patient. Methods Between October 1973 and May 2001, the modified Fontan procedure was performed on 132 adult patients (74 men, 58 women). Median age was 23 years (range, 18 to 53 years). Diagnoses included tricuspid atresia in 34 patients (26%), double-inlet left ventricle in 48 (36%), and complex lesions in 50 (38%). The majority of patients (89%) had at least one prior palliative procedure; the most common procedures were Blalock-Taussig shunt in 85 patients and Glenn anastomosis in 31. Results Operations included an atriopulmonary connection in 74 patients, lateral tunnel in 27, intra-atrial conduit in 14, right atrium-to-right ventricle in 9, extra-cardiac conduit in 3, and other in 5. Overall early mortality was 8.3%. Mortality was 6.5% for operations performed after 1980. This is comparable to the mortality of the modified Fontan procedure performed in children during the same time interval at our institution. All 7 of the early deaths since 1980 occurred in the complex lesion group. Morbidity included prolonged pleural effusion in 36 patients, atrial arrhythmias in 25, reoperation for bleeding in 13, permanent pacemaker in 8, and stroke in 2. Mean follow-up was 9.1 years with a maximum of 21.2 years. Actuarial survival for early survivors was 89% (84,95), 75% (67,84), and 68% (58,79) at 5, 10, and 15 years, respectively. Freedom from late reoperation was 89% (83,95), 85% (78,93), and 80% (70,91) at 5, 10 and 15 years, respectively. The majority (90%) of present survivors were New York Heart Association class I or II at follow-up. Conclusions In properly selected adult patients with functional single ventricle, the modified Fontan procedure can be performed with early mortality similar to younger patients. Early mortality is more likely with complex lesions. The majority of late survivors have a good quality of life.
Enzymatic Degradation of Methacrylated Dextrans

Dextran and methacrylated dextrans (dex-MA) were degraded with dextranase, and the formed degradation products were characterized by electrospray mass spectrometry. It was shown that the main degra...
Network prime‐time programming strategies in the 1980s

This study examines trends in prime‐time network programming strategies, factoring in viewing share trends, competition from new video media, and the assumptions of inter‐network rivalry. A programmers’ dilemma theory was proposed and tested as the framework to predict and explain the programming strategies. Study findings generally confirmed the proposition that exogenous competition is prompting the networks to gradually alter their strategy, in order to optimize viewing shares and consolidate any potential risk. Substantive empirical support was also found for the theoretical assumptions advanced.
Tillage Effects on Water Use and Grain Yield of Winter Wheat and Green Pea in Rotation

Under water-limited conditions, increasing water use efficiency (WUE) is essential for successful crop production. A 7-yr study (1977-1982, and 1985) to evaluate tillage and tillage timing effects on soil water storage, crop water use, and grain yield of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and spring green pea (Pisum sativum L.) in rotation, was conducted near Pendleton, OR. Treatments included (i) fall plow (FP)-fall moldboard plow after wheat and after pea, (ii) maximum tillage (MT)-fall roto-till after wheat and fall sweep after pea, (iii) spring plow (SP)-spring moldboard plow after wheat and fall moldboard plow after pea, and (iv) minimum tillage (MinT)-no-till (NT) after wheat and fall sweep after pea. During the wheat phase, water storage efficiency was 44, 40, 38, and 34%, for FP, MT, SP, and MinT, respectively. Corresponding values during the pea phase were 50, 53, 59, and 57%, for FP, MT, SP, and MinT, respectively. Wheat used all of the stored water and an additional 31, 41,43, and 61% more water than water stored under FP, MT, SP and MinT, respectively. Pea used 71, 67, 67, and 60% of stored water under FP, MT, SP and MinT, respectively. Wheat and pea yields under MT, FP, and SP were not different. Lowest yield was obtained under MinT during both wheat and pea phases. WUE was highly correlated with yield and was lowest under MinT. Improving weed control, retaining stubble for soil erosion control, and reducing sweep operations in MinT should improve yields in this treatment.
Os acromiale as a cause for shoulder pain in a competitive swimmer: a case report.

Shoulder pain is the most common orthopaedic complaint of competitive swimmers. Epidemiological studies have reported the incidence and recurrence rates of shoulder pain to be as high as 80% among top US competitors.16 Although the precise origin of pain may be elusive, the term “swimmer’s shoulder” has been used to describe the inflammation resulting from dynamic impingement of the rotator cuff and coracoacromial arch. Long training seasons, repetitive overhead arm motion, overuse fatigue, increased glenohumeral laxity, and poor swimming technique may all contribute to the shoulder pain that frequently occurs in this unique group of athletes.2,10,11,15,17 In this report, we present a female Division I collegiate swimmer with shoulder pain secondary to a symptomatic os acromiale. This patient’s presentation serves to provide clinicians a sentinel reminder to consider all potential causes of shoulder pain in competitive athletes, particularly in the setting of a more common, confounding diagnosis.
Challenges in modelling of turbulence-chemistry interactions with large eddy simulations

The complexity of turbulent combustion places severe demands on computer resources, as a wide range of turbulence-chemistry interactions needs to be included in modelling of advanced combustors. A brief review on current status and future trends of models for turbulence-chemistry interactions is given with the view toward their applications to large eddy simulations (LES). Challenges in specific modelling areas are outlined and opportunities for advancements in computational techniques are suggested.
Effects of amino acid starvation upon constitutive tryptophan messenger RNA synthesis.

Abstract The effect of amino acid starvation upon the level and rate of synthesis of tryptophan messenger RNA has been studied in RCstr and RCrel Escherichia coli strains. Tryptophan mRNA was assayed by hybridization with DNA from a non-defective tryptophan transducing phage (φ80pt190). In both stringent and relaxed strains, starvation for arginine decreases the level of tryptophan mRNA appreciably (fivefold and sevenfold). Tryptophan mRNA synthesis, as reflected in the rate of labeling by [3H]uridine, is also greatly decreased by arginine starvation in both strains. Apparently tryptophan mRNA is subject to a type of amino acid control which is distinct from the RCstr system described by Stent & Brenner (1961). Hybridization experiments with E. coli DNA show that other species of mRNA do not respond to amino acid starvation in the same way as tryptophan messenger. These experiments, carried out with the same RNA preparations used to measure tryptophan mRNA synthesis, gave results much like those obtained by Friesen (1966). Arginine starvation reduced total mRNA labeling 1.6-fold in the RCrel strains and 4.3-fold in the RCstr strain.
Tunable membrane mirrors used with real-time holography

Space-based inflatable technology is of current interest to NASA, DOD, and in particular to the Air Force Research Laboratory. Potentially large gains in lowering launch costs, through reductions in structural mass and volume are driving this activity. Diverse groups are researching and developing this technology for radio and radar antennae, optical telescopes, and solar power and propulsion applications. Regardless of the use, one common requirement for successful application is the accuracy of the inflated surface figure. This paper gives a very cursory description of the research being performed at the Air Force Research Laboratory in the fields of membrane mirrors and real time holography. First, the article will show a shape modification method for the membrane mirror, achieved through enforced boundary displacements. The membrane mirror shape modification, resulted in moving the inflated membrane shape towards a desired optical profile. Minimization of the optical figure error is further discussed. Next, the optical requirements levied from the membrane mirror to an optically addressed spatial light modulator performing real time holographic correction are discussed. A proposed optical configuration in which a real time holographic optical element could be combined with the membrane mirror to achieve near diffraction limited optical performance is discussed.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
1506 SINGLE DOSE AMOXICILLIN (S) TREATMENT OF UNCOMPLICATED URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS (UTI) AS EFFECTIVE AS CONVENTIONAL THERAPY (C)

Forty children, aged 2½ to 12 years, with acute, uncomplicated UTI's due to amoxicillin-sensitive organisms were randomized to receive either single oral dose (30 mg/kg) or 10 days of conventional dose amoxicillin. Urine cultures were performed X2 on entrance to the study, and 1 and 4 weeks after treatment. Sedimentation rates (SR), C-reactive protein (CRP) and antibodycoated bacteria testing (ACB) were performed prior to therapy; IVP's and VCUG's, 6 to 8 weeks after. Results were: SR, CRP, and ACB did not correlate with either radiology or treatment outcome. However, response to S did, with those failing S treatment having a high rate of xray abnormalities, while those responding having a low probability of abnormalities. The results suggest that S treatment is as effective as C. As well as being associated with better compliance and decreased cost, S may provide useful information for future patient management.
Mixed Sensitivity H-Infinity Control Design With Frequency Domain Uncertainty Modeling for a Pilot Operated Proportional Control Valve

In this work, a method is developed for modeling uncertainty in the frequency domain which can be used to predict, or design systems with a specified, probability of failure to meet performance objectives. The work is an application of a probability stability/performance analysis technique being developed by the authors. An example of this technique is presented using a pilot operated proportional control valve (POPCV) system. Thirty replications of the pilot stage of a proportional control valve system were obtained by the University of Missouri and tested with one main stage valve. A model of the system is developed and used in Monte Carlo simulations based on distributions of the physical variations of the pilot valve. A mixed sensitivity H-infinity control system is developed using a frequency domain uncertainty model that only bounds a fraction of specified plants. It is shown that when the controller is implemented in a closed-loop system, only the fraction of the plants bounded in the uncertainty model are able to meet specified performance objectives. This technique allows a control designer to design higher performance control systems for mass produced systems with model uncertainty at the expense of having a specified fraction of systems not achieve a performance objective.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
“What’s a Mother To Do?”: Gentrification, School Selection, and the Consequences for Community Cohesion

Investigating the dynamics of gentrification in Greenpoint, Brooklyn, a community in New York City, this article examines the actions of gentrifiers and the ways in which the process of gentrification affects ordinary people in their everyday lives. The focus is on school selection for children, documenting the strategies used by women, on behalf of their gentry families, to gain admission of their children to public schools outside the neighborhood. This behavior is contrasted with that of working-class and low-income residents whose children attend local schools. The rejection of local social/physical space by the gentry creates a dynamic whereby social relations between gentrifiers and lower income residents are segregated and stratified. Using participant observation and interviews, with a sample made up primarily of women, this article examines “women’s work” in the process of gentrification.
Manifold Narratives: Metafiction and Ideology in Picture Books

Arlene MoseL The Funny Little Woman While variations on the traditional picture book have existed almost as long as the genre itselt~ the incidence of variation in picture book structure has increased in the last twenty years. Prominent among these variations are pic ture books that develop more than one narrative line by i ndud ing two or more sets of separate pictures on the page. Having w o n the 199 1 Caldecott, Black a n d White by David Macaulay is the most conspicuous of these books. But Blair Lent's illustrations for Arlene Mosel's The F u n n y Little W o m a n operate on the same basic principle: The main figural narrative unfolds in color on the bo t t om of each page, but a separate monochrome picture at the top of each page tells the complementary story about wha t happens to the woman ' s house whi le she is in the underwor ld land of the Onis. Trina Schart Hyman illustrates Margaret Hodge 's Sain t George a n d the Dragon with fxames that supplement the story wi th narratives other than those in the main pictures. Jan Brett, Molly Bang= and Graeme Base also use frames to provide subnarratives that complement the naia~tives in their books)
The Effects of the Catalytic Converter and Fuel Sulfur Level on Motor Vehicle Particulate Matter Emissions: Gasoline Vehicles

Scanning mobility and electrical low-pressure impactor particle size measurements conducted during chassis dynamometer testing reveal that neither the catalytic converter nor the fuel sulfur content has a significant effect on gasoline vehicle tailpipe particulate matter (PM) emissions. For current technology, port fuel injection, gasoline engines, particle number emissions are ≤ 2 times higher from vehicles equipped with blank monoliths as compared to active catalysts, insignificant in contrast to the 90+% removal of hydrocarbons. PM mass emission rates derived from the size distributions are equal within the experimental uncertainty of 50−100%. Gravimetric measurements exhibit a 3−10-fold PM mass increase when the active catalyst is omitted, which is attributed to gaseous hydrocarbons adsorbing onto the filter medium. Both particle number and gravimetric measurements show that gasoline vehicle tailpipe PM emissions are independent (within 2 mg/mi) of fuel sulfur content over the 30−990 ppm concentration...
Location of the receptor-interaction site on CheB, the methylesterase response regulator of bacterial chemotaxis.

Sensory adaptation in bacterial chemotaxis is mediated by covalent modification of chemoreceptors, specifically methylation and demethylation of glutamates catalyzed by methyltransferase CheR and methylesterase CheB. The methylesterase is a two-domain response regulator in which phosphorylation of the regulatory domain enhances activity of the catalytic domain. InEscherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium, a crucial determinant of efficient methylation and demethylation is a specific pentapeptide sequence at the chemoreceptor carboxyl terminus, a position distant from sites of enzymatic action. Each enzyme binds pentapeptide, but the site of binding has been located only for CheR. Here we locate the pentapeptide-binding site on CheB by assessing catalytic activity and pentapeptide binding of CheB fragments, protection of CheB from proteolysis by pentapeptide, and interference with pentapeptide-CheB interaction by a CheB segment. The results place the binding site near the hinge between regulatory and catalytic domains, in a segment spanning the carboxyl-terminal end of the regulatory domain and the beginning of the linker that stretches to the catalytic domain. This location is quite different from the catalytic domain location of the pentapeptide-binding site on CheR and is likely to reflect the rather different ways in which pentapeptide binding enhances enzymatic action for the methyltransferase and the methylesterase.
The Role Of Fiber Optics In Mass Spectrometer Electro-Optical Ion Detection

This paper describes the development of an electro-optical ion detector combining the best features of photographic and electrical ion detection (i.e., wide mass range coverage and low ion detection threshold respectively). A nineteen fold fiber optic image dissector is discussed which reformats the 1 mm x 361 mm mass spectrometer focal plane format to a 19 mm x 19 mm format suitable for vidicon imaging and electronic display of the data.
It Pays to Switch? Consequences of Changing Answers on Multiple-Choice Examinations

Common observation indicates a widely held folk-admonition among students and teachers that it is unwise to switch answers to questions on multiple-choice tests because the first response selected is more apt to be correct than a subsequently selected alternative answer. With Ss from two introductory college psychology courses which differed in terms of instructors, format of tests used, and enrollment (222 vs 162), it was found that across four examinations in each of the courses: (a) about 55% of all changes of answers made were positive (i.e., from an incorrect to the correct alternative), (b) approximately 24% of all changes made were neutral (i.e., from one wrong alternative to another such answer), and (c) less than 22% of all changes made were negative (i.e., from an initially correct answer to an erroneous response). In addition, to provide this information—which clearly invalidates the folk-admonition to students—did not alter the average rate at which they switched answers.
Energy Absorption and Propagation in Laser-Created Sparks

The energy absorption and laser propagation characteristics of air and argon sparks at one atmosphere have been investigated. To create the sparks, 532 nm pulses from a frequency doubled Q-switched Nd : YAG laser are used. We employed 2 ns gated fast photography for studying the time evolution of the kernel at early times. Optical emission spectroscopy is used to infer temperature and density of the sparks. Significant energy absorption by the plasma is observed just above the breakdown threshold. The energy absorption and propagation in the spark indicated that argon plasma is more absorptive than air plasma. The absorption of the spark increases with laser energy, and at higher energies absorption saturation is observed. A spiky behavior is observed in the transmitted temporal profiles of lasers at higher energies and this is explained as due to the formation of a self-regulating regime.
THE FUNCTION OF CAROTENOIDS IN A PHOTOCHROMOGENIC BACTERIUM

— The role of carotenoids in protecting a photochromogenic Mycobacterium has been investigated. Bacteria previously induced to synthesize carotenoids by low intensity white light are not killed by high intensity white light while uninduced (carotenoid-free bacteria) are. If high intensity irradiation with white light is carried out at O°, carotenoids still protect these organisms although at a reduced level. This finding is taken to mean that carotenoids can protect these organisnis from photodynamic death by shading photosensitizing pigments.