cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inter- and intrafractional dose uncertainty in hypofractionated Gamma Knife radiosurgery

The purpose of this study is to evaluate inter- and intrafractional dose variations resulting from head position deviations for patients treated with the Extend relocatable frame system utilized in hypofractionated Gamma Knife radiosurgery (GKRS). While previous reports characterized the residual setup and intrafraction uncertainties of the system, the dosimetric consequences have not been investigated. A digital gauge was used to measure the head position of 16 consecutive Extend patients (62 fractions) at the time of simulation, before each fraction, and immediately following each fraction. Vector interfraction (difference between simulation and prefraction positions) and intrafraction (difference between postfraction and prefraction positions) shifts in patient position were calculated. Planned dose distributions were shifted by the offset to determine the time-of-treatment dose. Variations in mean and maximum target and organ at risk (OAR) doses as a function of positional shift were evaluated. The mean vector interfraction shift was 0.64 mm (Standard Deviation (SD): 0.25 mm, maximum: 1.17 mm). The mean intrafraction shift was 0.39 mm (SD: 0.25 mm, maximum: 1.44 mm). The mean variation in mean target dose was 0.66% (SD: 1.15%, maximum: 5.77%) for inter-fraction shifts and 0.26% (SD: 0.34%, maximum: 1.85%) for intrafraction shifts. The mean variation in maximum dose to OARs was 7.15% (SD: 5.73%, maximum: 30.59%) for interfraction shifts and 4.07% (SD: 4.22%, maximum: 17.04%) for intrafraction shifts. Linear fitting of the mean variation in maximum dose to OARs as a function of position yielded dose deviations of 10.58%/mm for interfractional shifts and 7.69%/mm for intrafractional shifts. Positional uncertainties when per-forming hypofractionated Gamma Knife radiosurgery with the Extend system are small and comparable to frame-based uncertainties (< 1 mm). However, the steep dose gradient characteristics of GKRS mean that the dosimetric consequences of positional uncertainties should be considered as part of treatment planning. These dose uncertainties should be evaluated in the context of tumor response and OAR tolerance for hypofractionated treatment scenarios where any increase in dose may be tempered by the increased protection hypofractionation provides to normal tissue.
The AccEL Program: Retreading the B.S. Degree

This paper describes a flexible and inexpensive approach to turning math and science majors into engineers. The AccEL program has very nicely overcome some of the problems of the NSF funded programs. The reasons are flexibility and cost. Because the program is not necessarily limited to one year’s duration, it can accommodate the student whose background is weak, or who wants to study only part-time and possibly gain some on-the-job experience along the way. Direct costs were limited to publicity, mailings and a small amount of faculty release time for administrative purposes. Since the overall enrollment in the School of Engineering was measurably increased with minimal cost, the program is profitable in terms of net revenues (student fees and state allocations). The AccEL program was developed at the School of Engineering of the University of Alabama, in Birmingham, Alabama, during the 1978-79 academic year.
Learning and Predicting Pilot Behavior in Uncontrolled Airspace

A new probabilistic method is presented for trajectory prediction in the absence of intent information. Predicted trajectories are drawn from a novel navigation model that represents aircraft motion as a Markov chain of maneuver mode change points, learned by clustering prior observations of aircraft mode change points by position and type of maneuver. The navigation model maps current aircraft state in continuous space to a discrete sequence of mode change points, and generalizes this to predict the position of the aircraft at some time in the future. This approach addresses the weakness of previous Markov model-based approaches that require a fine discretization of the state space by representing only features of the state space where a branch in aircraft trajectory is likely to occur. Learning these features can be achieved with a much smaller training data set than required for other a large, finely discretized Markov model. Since the number of nodes in the navigation model is small relative to the size of the state space, this approach also allows very computationally efficient prediction to be performed in real time. The resulting trajectory predictions are shown to be far more accurate over along time period than can be achieved with current practical algorithms such as TCAS and TSAA, particularly in the challenging uncontrolled airport environment.
Microscopy & Microanalysis 2010

On August 1–5, 2010, the Microscopy & Microanalysis meeting was held in Portland, Oregon. This annual meeting is sponsored by the Microscopy Society of America and the Microbeam Analysis Society. The meeting was enhanced by participation of the International Metallographic Society and the Microscopical Society of Canada, both of which held their annual meetings in conjunction with M&M. The conference attracted a total of 2,768 attendees from 34 countries, making the meeting the third largest in attendance after Philadelphia in 2000 and Chicago in 2006. The equipment exhibition, always a key element of any M&M meeting, was a great success with 1,007 exhibitor attendees from 108 companies occupying 333 booths, totaling 33,300 square feet (3,094 sq metres).
Identification of a RhoA- and SRF-Dependent Mechanism of Androgen Action that is Associated with Prostate Cancer Progression

Androgen receptor (AR) action is critical for prostate cancer (CaP) progression, but is not inhibited fully by available androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). One of the limitations to current ADT is that it targets all androgen action in CaP, and other, cells irrespective of clinical relevance. The resulting off-target effects are responsible for ADT associated side effects that affect negatively a patient's quality of life. Isolation of the AR-dependent events that drive CaP progression may lead to novel forms of ADT that are at least as effective but more selective. Here, an approach is described that starts from insights in the basic mechanism(s) by which AR regulates target gene expression to identify novel drugable targets downstream of AR. Exploration of the molecular events that underlie androgen regulation of the AR-associated coregulator FHL2 led to the isolation of a novel indirect mechanism of androgen action that is mediated by the secondary transcription factor Serum Response Factor (SRF). Using a combination of oligoarray and in silico analyses, an SRF-dependent fraction of AR action was identified that is enriched in CaP tissues, is able to discriminate between benign and malignant prostate, and correlates with aggressive disease and biochemical failure. The RhoA signaling axis, a well known upstream stimulator of SRF action that harbors drugable targets, conveyed androgen-responsiveness to SRF, and was activated in CaP where it correlates with increased CaP aggressiveness and poor outcome after surgery.
Surgery for ovarian cancer

Surgery is a critical component of the multimodality approach to ovarian cancer. Surgery confirms the diagnosis and establishes the stage of disease, especially important when the tumor appears to be limited to the ovaries. In advanced disease, surgical cytoreduction improves response to chemotherapy and survival. Second-look laparotomy provides a means for assessing response to therapy, predicting prognosis, and determining the need for further therapy. Surgery can also provide palliation of intestinal obstruction.
Thiourea Leaching of Gold and Silver — Technology Update and Additional Applications

The hydrometallurgical application of thiourea in processing precious metal ores and concentrates has reached the development stage. This paper reviews recent technical literature covering the process development of thiourea leaching. In addition, recent fundamental contributions are discussed. Most of the interest in thiourea leaching has involved treating high grade concentrates that have sufficient value to justify the use of thiourea as a reagent. An important development in thiourea technology is the addition of SO2 to the leaching solution. This procedure effectively reduces the decomposition of thiourea and eliminates the problems of passive surface layers that limit the leaching efficiency. Results for the thiourea leaching of a bulk sulfide concentrate and a residue from the autoclave leaching of a smelter flue dust are also reported. As determined by a standard bottle roll cyanidation test, the bulk concentrate was extremely resistive to cyanide leaching yielding only 16% gold and 2% silver extraction in 24 hours. Leaching with a relatively concentrated thiourea solution (1MCS (NH2)2) resulted in 83% gold and 75% silver extraction in four hours. With the treated flue dust residue, gold extraction was about 60%. Gold and silver extraction with cyanide was sensitive to both cyanide concentration and oxidizing conditions. Cyanidation resulted in 59% gold extraction and 77% silver extraction in 24 hours.
Epilogue: Past is Prologue

When this book began, Hollywood was “in a hurry to grow up.” Now as we venture further into the new century, it seems that Classical Hollywood is retreating into its own past. More an artifact than a living presence, it’s on display in memorabilia auctions and in museums, congratulating itself in endless awards ceremonies, nostalgia channels and celebrity cruises. It streams across cable and internet, incestuously feeding on itself, recycling its own past in endless generic reboots, retreads, and sequels, its big-screen glory reduced in size to hand-held mobile devices. At the helm is the new “Auteur,” the Fan Editor, who co-opts the work of others on laptop computers.
A Review of Outcomes for Colorectal Adenomas.

Objectives: Using data from former reports, this study reviews and analyzes the outcomes of tumor recurrence, tumor progression, and tumor-specific survival of patients with colorectal adenomas. Methods: Data were collected from 32 longitudinal studies of outcomes after the first diagnosis of colorectal adenoma and collected as individual patient results, that is, as failure times from the first tumor to the three outcomes. Altogether, there were 45,286 patients, including 22,148 for the outcome of additional adenomas, 23,796 for the outcome of progression to invasive carcinoma, and 2,602 for the outcome of disease-specific survival (some patients were available for more than one outcome). Results: In these data, the mean time to additional adenomas was 6 years, the mean time to invasive carcinoma was 15.9 years, and the mean tumor-specific survival time was 21.9 years. Conclusions: Although greater than 50% of those with colorectal adenomas will have additional adenomas, few progress to invasive tumor or die of colorectal cancer.
How Should Urban Planners Be Trained to Handle Big Data

Historically urban planners have been educated and trained to work in a data poor environment. Urban planning students take courses in statistics, survey research and projection and estimation that are designed to fill in the gaps in this environment. For decades they have learned how to use census data, which is comprehensive on several basic variables, but is only conducted once per decade so is almost always out of date. More detailed population characteristics are based on a sample and are only available in aggregated form for larger geographic areas.
Personas and Scenarios to Design Technologies for North Korean Defectors with Depression

Depression among North Korean defectors is becoming more common in South Korea. Our goal was to design technologies for North Korean defectors with depression. To identify the needs of our target population, we created personas and scenarios by incorporating known factors from previous studies. The findings from our work highlight that North Korean defectors may have special needs due to their special backgrounds. With these special requirements, we will attempt to produce a solution by designing technologies to support the defectors experiencing depression.
A Framework for Additive Manufacturing Process Monitoring & Control

Fused deposition modelling, like other additive manufacturing methods, has largely remained an open loop process in the absence of rigorous process monitoring and diagnostic functionality. By creating a framework that integrates quantitative diagnostic tools whose measurements are coordinated with the printing process and the system which commands the printer hardware, this paper demonstrates the feasibility of closing the loop in additive manufacturing systems. Specifically, this paper introduces the use of ultrasonic excitation as a means of detecting filament bonding failures introduced by manipulating the print bed temperature during the fused deposition modelling build process. Furthermore, this work demonstrates the capability of correcting these filament bonding failures using a correction mechanism introduced through tunable control of another process parameter of the printer. By demonstrating the detection and correction of filament bonding failures in situ, this work has demonstrated the progress toward fully closed loop control for fused deposition modeling processes.
Perturbation of DROSHA and DICER expression by human papillomavirus 16 oncoproteins

Many tumors, including cervical carcinoma, show dysregulated expression of the microRNA processing machinery, specifically DROSHA and DICER. Some cervical cancers exhibit chromosome 5p amplifications and DROSHA is the most significantly upregulated transcript and is observed in all tumors with 5p gain. DROSHA and DICER mRNA levels, however, are higher in HPV positive cancer lines than in an HPV negative cervical carcinoma line. We show that high-risk HPV E6/E7 expression in HPV negative C33A cervical carcinoma cells and primary human epithelial cell causes increased expression of DROSHA and DICER mRNA and protein. Most importantly, many DROSHA regulated microRNAs are dysregulated in HPV16 E6/E7 expressing cells. These results suggest that increased DROSHA levels contribute to HPV16 E6/E7 dysregulation of cellular microRNA expression.
Adaptive periodic paralysis allows weaning deep sedation overcoming the drowning syndrome in ECMO patients bridged for lung transplantation: A case series.

Abstract Purpose Sedation in extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is challenging. Patients require deep sedation because of extremely high respiratory rates and increased work of breathing (“Drowning Syndrome”) resulting in altered intra-thoracic pressure and reduced pump flow associated with hemodynamic compromise and decreased oxygenation. However, deep sedation impedes essential active rehabilitation with physical therapy. Methods We reviewed data on 3 ECMO patients for whom we used a novel approach to replace continuous drips with periodic sedation/paralysis. Initially our patients were on high dose narcotics, propofol, and dexmedetomidine and unable to interact and breathe comfortably. IV narcotics were weaned over 24 h and were replaced by methadone. Dexmedetomidine was continued in order to block hyperadrenergic events. Propofol was weaned at a prescribed rate. When patients demonstrated agitation, decreased pump flow and hemodynamic compromise, diazepam was given in combination with a paralytic. Results By replacing IV narcotic and propofol, with PRN diazepam and vecuronium, patients were off continuous drips in 1 week and were able to actively participate in physical therapy. Conclusion Allowing patients to wake up by rapid weaning of continuous narcotics and anesthetic agents using Dexmedetomidine and periodic paralysis to favorably alter hemodynamics is a successful method to wean deep sedation in ECMO.
MicroCT imaging as a tool to study vessel endings in situ

Premise of the study Despite the strong influence of the frequency and distribution of vessel endings on both hydraulic safety and efficiency, detailed anatomical descriptions or measurements of these structures are generally lacking. Methods Here we used high-resolution x-ray microcomputed tomography (microCT) to identify and describe xylem vessel endings within Acer rubrum root segments (1.0-2.1 mm diameter, ∼2 mm long). We then compared vessel-lumen diameter, pit density, vessel element length, and perforation plate angle between non-ending vessels (those that traverse an entire segment) and those that end within a segment using three-dimensional image analysis. Key results We found 214 vessel endings, 37 complete vessels, and 385 non-ending vessels within four A. rubrum root segments. Vessels that ended within the segments tended to have more acute perforation plate angles and had a smaller diameter than those that did not end within the segments. Most vessel diameters tapered within the last few vessel elements, but the perforation plate angle apparently changed over longer distances. Intervessel pit density and vessel element length did not differ between ending and non-ending vessels. Conclusions Vessel endings were surprisingly frequent in A. rubrum roots despite the common perception that root vessels are longer than vessels in other tissues. MicroCT proved to be a useful tool for studying the three-dimensional arrangement of vessel endings within xylem networks, and these data will be helpful in developing a better understanding of vessel ending microstructure and function.
Was it worthwhile? Where have the benefits of rooftop solar photovoltaic generation exceeded the cost?

We estimate the lifetime magnitude and distribution of the private and public benefits and costs of currently installed distributed solar PV systems in the United States. Using data for recently-installed systems, we estimate the balance of benefits and costs associated with installing a non-utility solar PV system today. We also study the geographical distribution of the various subsidies that are made available to owners of rooftop solar PV systems, and compare it to distributions of population and income. We find that, after accounting for federal subsidies and local rebates and assuming a discount rate of 7%, the private benefits of new installations will exceed private costs only in seven of the 19 states for which we have data and only if customers can sell excess power to the electric grid at the retail price. These states are characterized by abundant sunshine (California, Texas and Nevada) or by high electricity prices (New York). Public benefits from reduced air pollution and climate change impact exceed the costs of the various subsidies offered system owners for less than 10% of the systems installed, even assuming a 2% discount rate. Subsidies flowed disproportionately to counties with higher median incomes in 2006. In 2014, the distribution of subsidies was closer to that of population income, but subsidies still flowed disproportionately to the better-off. The total, upfront, subsidy per kilowatt of installed capacity has fallen from $5200 in 2006 to $1400 in 2014, but the absolute magnitude of subsidy has soared as installed capacity has grown explosively. We see considerable differences in the balance of costs and benefits even within states, indicating that local factors such as system price and solar resource are important, and that policies (e.g. net metering) could be made more efficient by taking local conditions into account.
The Method of Random Determinants for Estimating the Permanents of Matrices and the Canonical Equation K14 for Random Gram Matrices

In this chapter, we consider degenerate linear random functionals in Theorem 13.1, i.e., functionals whose Laplace transforms are equal to $$ \begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {E exp \{ - s{\theta _{1\alpha }}\{ {\eta _\alpha }(*,*,t),z\} \} = \exp \left\{ {\;\left. { - s\;\int_0^\gamma {{\sigma ^2}} (\upsilon ,\;z)\;[E\eta \;(\omega ,\;\upsilon ,\;t)]\,d\upsilon } \right\},} \right.}\\ {E exp \{ - s{\theta _{2\alpha }}\{ {G_\alpha }(*,*,t),z\} \} = \exp \left\{ {\;\left. { - s\;\int_0^\gamma {{\sigma ^2}} (\upsilon ,\;z)\;[\int_0^1 {y\;{{\rm{d}}_y}G} \;(y,\;\upsilon ,\;t)]\,d\upsilon } \right\}.} \right.} \end{array} $$
Psychoactive Drugs in the Psychotic and Affective Disorders

The neuropsychological assessment of psychiatric patients is often complicated by the medications or treatments that are being administered. The clinician must discern whether impaired test performance reflects disease-related or iatrogenically induced cognitive deficit. In this chapter we review the literature investigating the effects of neuroleptics, antidepressants, and lithium on the neuropsychological test performance of psychiatric patients. For a review of the cognitive effects of these medications in normal subjects we refer the reader to Judd, Squire, Butters, Salmon, and Palier (1987). This review focuses on measures that are commonly used in the context of neuropsychological assessment. It is organized by medication and particular cognitive function or test that might be affected. At the end of each section we propose some clinical guidelines and theoretical hypotheses that can be generated on the basis of this literature.
Cyclic loading of rotator cuff repairs: A comparison of bioabsorbable tacks with metal suture anchors and transosseous sutures

Abstract Purpose: The purposes of the study were (1) to compare rotator cuff repair strengths after cyclic loading of 2 bioabsorbable nonsuture-based tack-type anchors, transosseous sutures, and a metal suture-based anchor, and (2) to correlate bone mineral density with mode of failure and cycles to failure. We hypothesized that specimens with a lower bone density would fail through bone at a lower number of cycles independent of the method of cuff fixation. Type of Study: Ex vivo biomechanical study. Methods: Standardized full-thickness rotator cuff defects were created in 30 fresh-frozen cadaveric shoulders that were randomized to 1 of 4 repair groups: transosseous sutures; Mitek Super suture anchors (Mitek Surgical Products, Westwood, MA); smooth bioabsorbable 8-mm Suretacs (Acufex, Smith & Nephew Endoscopy, Mansfield, MA); or spiked bioabsorbable 8-mm Suretacs (Acufex). All repairs were cyclically loaded from 10 to 180 N; the numbers of cycles to 50% (gap, 5 mm) and 100% (gap, 10 mm) failure were recorded. Results: In comparing the repair groups, we found only 1 significant difference: the number of cycles to 100% failure was significantly higher ( P P ≤.05) differences in bone mineral densities with regard to each specimen's mode of failure. Conclusions: Our results suggested that immediate postoperative fixation provided by bioabsorbable tacks was similar to that provided by Mitek anchors and more stable than that provided by transosseous sutures. Therefore, the immediate postoperative biomechanical strength of bioabsorbable tacks seems comparatively adequate for fixation of selected small rotator cuff tears. However, additional evaluation in an animal model to examine degradation characteristics and sustained strength of repair is recommended before clinical use. Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery, Vol 17, No 4 (April), 2001: pp 360–364
Publications by Charles Coulston Gillispie

1. Genesis and Geology: A Study in the Relations of Scientific Thought, Natural Theology, and Social Opinion in Great Britain, 1790–1850. Harvard Historical Studies, Vol. LVIII. Harvard University Press, 1951, xv + 315 pp., 2nd printing, 1969; Harper Torch Book Edition, 1959. New edition, with forward by Nicolaas Rupke and new preface, Harvard University Press, 1996. Chinese translation, 1999. 2. A Diderot Pictorial Encyclopedia of Trades and Industry: Manufacturing and the Technical Arts in Plates Selected from L’Encyclopedie of Denis Diderot. Dover Publications, New York, 1959, 2 volumes; 485 plates; xxx + 920 pp. 3. The Edge of Objectivity: An Essay in the History of Scientific Ideas. Princeton University Press, 1960, 562 pp. Oxford University Press edition, 1960. Translations: Japanese, 1966; Greek, 1975; Korean, 1981; Italian, II Mulino, Bologna, 1981; Rumanian, 2010. Reissued with a new preface, Princeton University Press, 1990.
The Hydrogen Atom

We have here a two-body problem, of an electron of charge -e and mass m, and a proton of charge +e and mass M. By using CM and relative coordinates and working in the CM frame, we can reduce the problem to the dynamics of a single particle whose mass µ = mM /(m + M) is the reduced mass and whose coordinate r is the relative coordinate of the two particles. However, since m/M ≃ 1/2000, as a result of which the relative coordinate is essentially the electron's coordinate and the reduced mass is essentially m, let us first solve the problem in the limit M→∞. In this case we have just the electron moving in the field of the immobile proton. At a later stage, when we compare the theory with experiment, we will see how we can easily take into account the finiteness of the proton mass.
The effect of graphite flake morphology on the thermal diffusivity of gray cast irons used for automotive brake discs

Thermal diffusivity of automotive grade SAE G3000 (d) gray cast iron has been measured as a function of graphite flake morphology, chemical composition and temperature. Cast iron samples used for this investigation were cut from “step block” castings designed to produce iron with different graphite flake morphologies resulting from different cooling rates. Samples were also machined from prototype and commercial brake rotors, as well as from a series of cast iron slugs with slightly varying compositions. Thermal diffusivity was measured at room and elevated temperatures via the flash technique. Graphite flake morphology of the various cast iron samples was quantified stereologically with image analysis techniques. Several geometric features of the graphite flake morphology were quantified. It was found that the thermal diffusivity of these gray cast irons increases with carbon equivalent and has a strong linear correlation to graphite flake length. For gray iron with the same chemical composition, a four fold increase in the graphite flake size results in a 50% increase in thermal diffusivity. Amongst the commercial rotors, room temperature thermal diffusivity varied from 0.156 to 0.200 cm2/s.
Genetic conservation in captive populations and endangered species

Many rare and endangered species require genetic conservation strategies involving an ex situ management phase prior to their reintroduction in nature. Since small populations are likely to lose genetic variation and suffer from inbreeding depression, these strategies are designed in genetic terms to monitor and avoid these effects as short-term goals, and to retain reestablishment or adaptive potential in nature as the long-term goal. Population genetic theory helps us define the concepts of effective population size, inbreeding and population subdivision, and discuss changes in homozygosis, genetic variance, and fitness in small populations. Estimates of several parameters in these models are presented for three examples (Cheetah, Przewalski’s horse, Speke’s gazelle). Intermatings among different populations bred in captivity or conserved in natural habitats can be guided (but not exactly prescribed) by the genetic models of migration, mating systems, and drift. Rates of changes in the level of inbreeding can be monitored to avoid drastic fitness losses, and thereby evolving tolerance of certain amount of inbreeding. These ex situ methods are designed to supplement and never to substitute for in situ conservation.
The Polyrotaxane Architecture. A New Approach to Molecular Engineering

In principle there are many subclasses of polyrotaxanes, differing in the nature and location of the covalent and physical linkages: main chain (1, 2) and side chain (3, 4) systems. These systems may possess bulky end blocking groups to ensure thermodynamic stability as in la, 2a, 3a and 4a or they may rely on kinetic retardation of dethreading due to random coiling, etc. as in lb, 2b, 3b and 4b. Homorotaxanes are comprised of cyclic and linear species which are chemically equivalent. Heterorotaxanes, on the other hand, involve cyclic and linear species having different chemical structures.
Eyebrow Position After Paramedian Forehead Flap Nasal Reconstruction

This study compared preoperative and postoperative photographs of patients who underwent nasal reconstruction with paramedian forehead flaps to analyze differences in eyebrow position.
Atypical Bacterial Growth within Units of Platelets Challenges Transfusion Medicine Dogma.

Although transfusion-transmitted bacterial infection is relatively rare, mitigation of bacterial contamination of platelet units is arguably the top current transfusion-related safety concern. Several different technologies have been employed to detect or neutralize bacteria in platelet concentrates. However, studies of the efficacy of these systems have been hampered by problematic definitions of what represents a "true-positive" versus a "false-positive" culture result. In the current issue of the Journal of Clinical Microbiology (M. Cloutier, M.-E. Nolin, H. Daoud, A. Jacques, M. J. de Grandmont, E Ducas, G. Delage, and L. Thibault, J Clin Microbiol 56:e01105-18, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.01105-18), it was demonstrated that the growth of Bordetella holmesii is inhibited by the platelet storage environment, which may explain why the results of initial positive platelet cultures are not always confirmed by subsequent cultures later during the storage period. This important finding is at odds with the generally held belief within the field of transfusion medicine that initially positive platelet cultures that are not confirmed on repeat testing are instrumentation-based false positives. The clinical risk profile of organisms demonstrating storage-related low viability is worthy of further study.
Human Cytomegalovirus Immediate Early 86-kDa Protein Blocks Transcription and Induces Degradation of the Immature Interleukin-1β Protein during Virion-Mediated Activation of the AIM2 Inflammasome.

ABSTRACT Secretion of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) represents a fundamental innate immune response to microbial infection that, at the molecular level, occurs following activation of proteolytic caspases that cleave the immature protein into a secretable form. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is the archetypal betaherpesvirus that is invariably capable of lifelong infection through the activity of numerous virally encoded immune evasion phenotypes. Innate immune pathways responsive to cytoplasmic double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) are known to be activated in response to contact between HCMV and host cells. Here, we used clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)–CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) genome editing to demonstrate that the dsDNA receptor absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) is required for secretion of IL-1β following HCMV infection. Furthermore, dsDNA-responsive innate signaling induced by HCMV infection that leads to activation of the type I interferon response is also shown, unexpectedly, to play a contributory role in IL-1β secretion. Importantly, we also show that rendering virus particles inactive by UV exposure leads to substantially increased IL-1β processing and secretion and that live HCMV can inhibit this, suggesting the virus encodes factors that confer an inhibitory effect on this response. Further examination revealed that ectopic expression of the immediate early (IE) 86-kDa protein (IE86) is actually associated with a block in transcription of the pro-IL-1β gene and, independently, diminishment of the immature protein. Overall, these results reveal two new and distinct phenotypes conferred by the HCMV IE86 protein, as well as an unusual circumstance in which a single herpesviral protein exhibits inhibitory effects on multiple molecular processes within the same innate immune response. IMPORTANCE Persistent infection with HCMV is associated with the operation of diverse evasion phenotypes directed at antiviral immunity. Obstruction of intrinsic and innate immune responses is typically conferred by viral proteins either associated with the viral particle or expressed immediately after entry. In line with this, numerous phenotypes are attributed to the HCMV IE86 protein that involve interference with innate immune processes via transcriptional and protein-directed mechanisms. We describe novel IE86-mediated phenotypes aimed at virus-induced secretion of IL-1β. Intriguingly, while many viruses target the function of the molecular scaffold required for IL-1β maturation to prevent this response, we find that HCMV and IE86 target the IL-1β protein specifically. Moreover, we show that IE86 impairs both the synthesis of the IL-1β transcript and the stability of the immature protein. This indicates an unusual phenomenon in which a single viral protein exhibits two molecularly separate evasion phenotypes directed at a single innate cytokine.
Accuracy of Synthetic 2D Mammography Compared With Conventional 2D Digital Mammography Obtained With 3D Tomosynthesis

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to compare the diagnostic performance of synthetic 2D imaging generated from 3D tomosynthesis (DBT) with traditional 2D full-field digital mammography (FFDM...
Combining LTL monitoring with model invalidation for improved fault detectability analysis for hybrid systems: poster abstract

In this work, we consider detectability analysis for faults in systems governed by switched affine dynamics. By a fault, we mean a sudden and permanent change in the system dynamics. Given the model of the healthy system, such a fault can be detected via a model invalidation approach, i.e., by collecting historic observations over a finite horizon and checking whether these observations can be generated by the healthy system model. Whenever the faulty system model is also available, it is possible to find T, the minimum length of the horizon, with which the fault is guaranteed to be detected eventually (with a T-delay at most). The main contribution of this work is to show the possibility of reducing the value of T, by augmenting the fault detectability analysis with additional linear temporal logic (LTL) constraints on the switching signals, if any. We express the LTL constraints (restricted in a finite horizon) with a nondeterministic finite automaton (NFA), which is then transformed into a set of mixed integer linear constraints that can be easily integrated in the detectability analysis.
On Stable and Unstable Periodic Solutions of N-Dimensional Discrete Dynamical Systems

This paper presents a methodology to analytically predict the stable and unstable periodic solutions for n-dimensional discrete dynamical systems. The positive and negative iterative mappings of discrete maps are introduced for the mapping structure of the periodic solutions. The complete bifurcation and stability of the stable and unstable periodic solutions relative to the positive and negative mapping structures are presented. A discrete dynamical system with the Henon map is investigated as an example. The Poincare mapping sections relative to the Neimark bifurcation of periodic solutions are presented, and the chaotic layers for the discrete system with the Henon map are observed.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Impact of electronic cardiac (ECG) monitoring on delivery room resuscitation and neonatal outcomes.

Abstract Aim In 2016, the neonatal resuscitation guidelines suggested electronic cardiac (ECG) monitoring to assess heart rate for an infant receiving positive pressure ventilation immediately after birth. Our aim was to study the impact of ECG monitoring on delivery room resuscitation interventions and neonatal outcomes. Methods Observational cohort study compared maternal, perinatal and infant characteristics, before (retrospective cohort, calendar year 2015) and after (prospective cohort, calendar year 2017) implementation of ECG monitoring in the delivery room. Association of ECG monitoring with delivery room resuscitation practice interventions and neonatal outcomes was assessed using unadjusted and adjusted multivariable regression analyses. Results Of 632 newly born infants who received positive pressure ventilation in the delivery room, ECG monitoring was performed in 369 (the prospective cohort) compared with no ECG monitoring in 263 (the retrospective cohort). Compared to neonates in the retrospective cohort, neonates with ECG monitoring had a significantly lower endotracheal intubation rate (36% vs 48%, P Conclusion Introduction of ECG monitoring in the delivery room was associated with fewer endotracheal intubations, and an increase use of chest compressions with no difference in mortality.
What Happens When a Hospital Buys a Nursing Home? An Examination of the Effects of Hospital Vertical Integration into Skilled Nursing Facilities on Hospital Operating Margin

As value based payment mechnisms linking reimbursement to quality outcomes along the care continuum become more prevelant, hospital managers are focusing on ways to improve quality of care and cost of care metrics though the integration of providers along the care continuum. Hospital vertical integration into Skilled Nursing Facilities (SNFs) is one strategy adopted to develop more integrated systems which has the potential to enable hosptitals to perform better and manage the pressures of value based payment systems. The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between hospital vertical integration into SNFs and financial performance. Using Transaction Cost Economics as a theoretical framework, we use a longitudinal panel study design with hospital and year fixed effects to examine the relationship between hospital vertical integration into skilled nursing facilities and hospital financial performance, as measured by operating margin. Overall, we found very little evidence that there is a significant relationship between hospital vertical integration into SNFs and hospital financial performance. The findings of this study are important because they provide valuable insight into our understanding of the outcomes organizations may observe as a result of adopting a vertical integration into SNF strategy. In addition, it also suggests that hospital managers may be motivated by non-financial goals or objectives when choosing to adopt a vertical integration into SNF strategy.
The Ontogeny of Human Multisensory Object Perception: A Constructivist Account

This chapter argues that the development of the multisensory object concept is constructed gradually in infancy. Empirical findings that illustrate this point are drawn from three areas. One shows that infants’ ability to perceive low-level audio-visual relations (e.g., intensity and synchrony) is present early in infancy and that the ability to perceive higher-level and arbitrary intersensory relations emerges later in infancy. The second shows that whereas young infants exhibit what seems like a peculiar ability to link the multisensory attributes of nonnative multisensory inputs because of their sensitivity to low-level perceptual cues, older infants no longer exhibit such broad perceptual tuning because of their selective experience with native-only multisensory inputs and their emerging sensitivity to higher-level multisensory cues. The final area of research reviewed concerns infant perception and learning of audio-visual sequences, suggesting that the ability to learn multisensory sequences undergoes major changes during infancy as well. Overall, the evidence reviewed not only provides support for both classic theoretical views of intersensory development – by showing that developmental differentiation and developmental integration drive the emergence of the multisensory object concept – but also demonstrates that a previously unacknowledged process, namely perceptual narrowing, also contributes to the emergence of the object concept.
INTRODUCING THE *WU ZE YOU XING TU MANUSCRIPT FROM MAWANGDUI

The *Wu ze you xing tu 物則有形圖 silk manuscript was discovered inside a lacquer case in Mawangdui Tomb 3. This little-known manuscript of unusual design contains a philosophical text on the relationships between things (wu 物), forms (xing 形), names (ming 名), and speech (yan 言), and the text is arranged on the surface of the silk in the form of a densely clustered spiral within a ring inside a square. The writing on the manuscript is also accompanied by colors and shapes that represent a domed Heaven (tian 天) above a square Earth (di 地). Since it was first catalogued in 2004, just a few studies of the *Wu ze you xing tu have been published in Chinese, and the manuscript is almost entirely absent from Western scholarship. This article aims to remedy this situation by providing a detailed description of the manuscript, transcriptions and translations of its contents, a consideration of its philosophical context, and an analysis of its design. In the process, I show that this silk document functioned not just as a convenient surface or carrier for an important philosophical text, but as a material artifact in its own right, one that was designed to have a powerful impact on its viewers, readers, and users, forcing them to move their eyes and bodies in ways that reinforced its central philosophical message.
Appropriateness of tacrolimus therapeutic drug monitoring timing in the emergency department.

Abstract Purpose Evaluate the appropriateness of the timing of serum samples collected in the emergency department (ED) for tacrolimus (TAC) measurement. Methods Single-center, retrospective review of TAC samples collected in the ED from September 1 to October 31, 2017. The primary evaluation was incidence of inappropriate sample collection for TAC measurement, defined as samples not collected 12 h (±2 h; 10–14 h) after the last dose, or within 2 h of the next dose if last known dose time was not documented. Incidence of repeat TAC measurements obtained within 24 h of ED presentation (if initial sample collection inappropriate), inappropriate TAC regimen adjustments, and healthcare costs of inappropriate TAC measurements was evaluated. Data collection included patient demographics, ED visit information, TAC measurement and timing related to last or next dose, changes to TAC regimen, and ED disposition. Descriptive data are reported. Results Sixty-two patients were included. Forty-one (66%) initial TAC measurements were collected inappropriately in the ED. No patients had a regimen adjustment as a result of inappropriate concentration collection, but 32 patients (78%) did require a repeat measurement within 24 h of ED presentation due to initial inappropriate collection. Costs associated with incorrectly collected TAC measurements were $2,647.78 for the two-month time period and this is extrapolated to an estimated $15,886.68 annual expense for patients. Conclusions Inappropriate sample collection for TAC measurements was common in the ED, resulting in frequent repeat laboratory draws and increased healthcare costs.
Undergraduate Student Thriving: An Assessment and Comparison of Nutrition Science and Dietetics Students

This study utilizes the Thriving Quotient to determine the factors of student thriving for students in a nutrition and dietetics program at a large university in Southern California. Additionally, the study compared these students to the national averages for the factors of thriving. The Thriving Quotient assesses student levels of engagement, academic determination, positive perspective, social connectedness, and diverse citizenship. The largest influence on thriving for the sample population were engagement and academic determination. Comparisons to the national average and implications on practice are discussed.
Is Fair Market Value Just Compensation An Underlying Issue Surfaced in Kelo

This chapter explores how just compensation is determined when redevelopment projects utilize eminent domain for land assembly. It begins by looking at the general rule of valuation and its application in four different cases. It next addresses two major concerns that arise when the fundamental rule is applied: 1) precondemnation government action may unfairly diminish the landowner’s eventual compensation; and 2) the fair market value measure of compensation may not make the property owner whole. Finally, this chapter examines what components are taken into account when valuing property that is being condemned to facilitate economic development by private entities and whether some type of premium can be awarded when “A is losing property for the economic benefit of B.”
Cross-lagged model of bullying victimization and mental health problems in children with autism in middle to older childhood.

Youth with autism spectrum conditions have been shown to be at an increased risk for bullying victimization. The overall aim of this study was to identify factors associated with increased risk for...
Quantifying the collective influence of social determinants of health using conditional and cluster modeling

Objectives Our objective was to analyze the collective effect of social determinants of health (SDoH) on lumbar spine surgery outcomes utilizing two different statistical methods of combining variables. Methods This observational study analyzed data from the Quality Outcomes Database, a nationwide United States spine registry. Race/ethnicity, educational attainment, employment status, insurance payer, and gender were predictors of interest. We built two models to assess the collective influence of SDoH on outcomes following lumbar spine surgery—a stepwise model using each number of SDoH conditions present (0 of 5, 1 of 5, 2 of 5, etc) and a clustered subgroup model. Logistic regression analyses adjusted for age, multimorbidity, surgical indication, type of lumbar spine surgery, and surgical approach were performed to identify the odds of failing to demonstrate clinically meaningful improvements in disability, back pain, leg pain, quality of life, and patient satisfaction at 3- and 12-months following lumbar spine surgery. Results Stepwise modeling outperformed individual SDoH when 4 of 5 SDoH were present. Cluster modeling revealed 4 distinct subgroups. Disparities between the younger, minority, lower socioeconomic status and the younger, white, higher socioeconomic status subgroups were substantially wider compared to individual SDoH. Discussion Collective and cluster modeling of SDoH better predicted failure to demonstrate clinically meaningful improvements than individual SDoH in this cohort. Viewing social factors in aggregate rather than individually may offer more precise estimates of the impact of SDoH on outcomes.
The State of Black Arizona: Education and the Law

Since the early days of African American migration to Arizona, equal opportunity in education has been a primary goal for the Black citizens of Arizona. Almost 100 years of activism has been instrumental in lifting (but not eradicating) the stigma of slavery, Jim Crow laws, de facto and de jure segregation, racial discrimination, and Black citizens being treated as second class citizens. Some proponents of desegregation of public schools merely pushed for African American children to be educated in the same schools, with the same curriculum,and by the same teachers as White students.
Peripheral intravenous catheters in hospitalized patients: Practice, Dwell times, and factors impacting the dwell times: A single center retrospective study.

Background:Despite being the most common hospital procedure, limited information is available on the peripheral intravenous (PIV) catheter insertion practices. This study was designed to evaluate t...