cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Introductory: Contexts and their Loss

Hellenistic epigrams are mainly brief pieces of four to eight lines, and the view is sometimes expressed that epigram is ‘a minor form’. But ‘minor’ as individual epigrams may seem, they are often conceptually more dense than any other ancient poetic form; and in aggregate the surviving epigrammatic corpus of the Hellenistic period alone reaches an epic length that testifies to its cultural, intellectual and social importance: the epigrams in Gow and Page's Hellenistic Epigrams total 4749 lines. The definition of ‘Hellenistic’ adopted in the present monograph extends the Hellenistic period to around the middle of the first century BC, and thus embraces portions of their Garland of Philip too, so adding substantial numbers of lines. Moreover, the extant Hellenistic epigrams are a small fraction of the production of the age. A Vienna papyrus probably of the last quarter of the third century BC contains 226 epigram incipits; of these only one can be recognised as a surviving item, Asclepiades AP 12.46 = 15 HE . Similarly P.Oxy. LIV no. 3724, of the “later first century” (65), “mentions about 175 epigrams”, of which “only 31 have been identified elsewhere.” (66). In other, smaller, ancient lists of epigram incipits and epigrams the proportion of items already known varies. P.Oxy. LIV no.3724 suggests that the overall survival rate of Hellenistic epigrams is between 10% and 20%, but it may give an overhigh impression since of the 112 Posidippan epigrams of P.Mil.Vogl. VIII.309 only two were previously known. Equally significantly, some classes of epigrams ( lithika , oionoskopika , andriantopoiika , and iamatika ) found in considerable numbers in P.Mil.Vogl. VIII.309, are either absent from or poorly represented in the Palatine and Planudean Anthologies . But P.Mil.Vogl. VIII.309 is notably deficient in the erotic, sympotic and scoptic types which are well exemplified in the Anthologies ; in contrast the epigram incipits of P.Oxy. LIV no.3724 show “a clear preponderance of erotic (including homosexual) and sympotic themes” (67). These signs of the preferences of anthologisers imply even larger losses in some epigrammatic types. Overall the literary epigrammatic production of antiquity from the eighth century BC on, of which a substantial proportion will have been Hellenistic, probably amounted (at the very least) to twenty times the bulk of the Greek Anthology .
ENSO in the CMIP5 Simulations: Life Cycles, Diversity, and Responses to Climate Change

AbstractFocusing on ENSO seasonal phase locking, diversity in peak location, and propagation direction, as well as the El Nino–La Nina asymmetry in amplitude, duration, and transition, a set of empirical probabilistic diagnostics (EPD) is introduced to investigate how the ENSO behaviors reflected in SST may change in a warming climate.EPD is first applied to estimate the natural variation of ENSO behaviors. In the observations El Ninos and La Ninas mainly propagate westward and peak in boreal winter. El Ninos occur more at the eastern Pacific whereas La Ninas prefer the central Pacific. In a preindustrial control simulation of the GFDL CM2.1 model, the El Nino–La Nina asymmetry is substantial. La Nina characteristics generally agree with observations but El Nino’s do not, typically propagating eastward and showing no obvious seasonal phase locking. So an alternative approach is using a stochastically forced simulation of a nonlinear data-driven model, which exhibits reasonably realistic ENSO behaviors and...
Failure to Rescue and Mortality Following Resection of Intracranial Neoplasms.

Background There is growing recognition that perioperative complication rates are similar between hospitals, but mortality rates are lower at high-volume centers. This may be due to differences in the ability to rescue patients from major complications. Objective To examine the relationship between hospital caseload and failure to rescue from complications following resection of intracranial neoplasms. Methods We identified adults in the Nationwide Inpatient Sample diagnosed with glioma, meningioma, brain metastasis, or acoustic neuroma, who underwent surgical resection between 1998 and 2010. We stratified hospitals by low, intermediate, and high surgical volume tertiles and calculated failure to rescue rates (mortality in patients after a major complication). Results A total of 550 054 patients were analyzed. Overall risk-adjusted complication rates were comparable between low- and medium-volume centers, and slightly lower at high-volume centers (15.3% [15.2, 15.5] vs 15.7% [15.5, 15.9] vs 14.3% [14.1, 14.6]). Risk-adjusted mortality decreased with increasing hospital surgical volume (10.3% [10.2, 10.5] vs 9.0% [8.9, 9.1] vs 7.1% [7.0, 7.2]). The overall risk-adjusted failure to rescue rate also decreased with increasing surgical volume (26.9% [26.3, 27.4] vs 24.8% [24.3, 25.3] vs 20.9% [20.5, 21.5]). Conclusion While complication rates were similar between high-volume and low-volume hospitals following craniotomy for tumor, mortality rates were substantially lower at high-volume centers. This appears to be due to the ability of high-volume hospitals to rescue patients from major perioperative complications.
Hidden factors that influence success in the optics workforce

Successful employees in the optics industry have characteristics that are not frequently emphasized in undergraduate physics programs.
Surgical knot performance in sutures

Abstract: The chapter describes procedures and materials used and results obtained from several important studies of the mechanical performance of surgical sutures and the clinical factors that influence their behavior. Key features of successful suture assembly are the material used, structure of the thread, surface treatment, knot strength, and security, the in vivo environment and compatibility of the tensile properties of the thread with those of the tissues approximated during and after surgery. To improve suture success in terms, particularly, of knot performance, coupling of thermal and chemical energies in conjunction with mechanical interlacing have been experimented with.
Propylthiouracil (PROP) Taste

Genetic variability in oral sensory perception affects the sensory properties of food and other ingested items (e.g., tobacco smoke, alcohol). Variation in sensation leads to variation in food preferences and intake, which affects risks for disorders involving diet; variation in alcohol consumption and smoking affects risk factors for additional disorders. Thus the discovery more than 70 years ago of taste blindness to PTC and PROP triggered an array of modern studies that have important implications for long-term health.
Isozymes and the Analysis of Genetic Structure in Plant Populations

Ecologists and plant evolutionary biologists have long recognized that plants are not distributed at random within communities but, rather, are clustered in distinct patches. Environmental heterogeneity is usually cited as playing a critical role but colonization patterns and stochastic events affecting establishment and mortality are also important. More recently plant evolutionary biologists have demonstrated that genetic variation in plant populations is also distributed nonrandomly (Antonovics, 1971; Allard et al. 1972; Hamrick and Allard, 1972; Turkington and Harper, 1979). Rather, like the plants themselves, genes and genotypes tend to be clumped, with marked genetic differences occurring over short distances. This nonrandom distribution of genetic variation is often referred to as the genetic structure of a population (Loveless and Hamrick, 1984).
Pharmacology of Cocaine

Cocaine is a naturally occurring alkaloid extracted from the leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca. Early European explorers reported the habit of chewing of coca leaves by native populations, and systematic investigations of the effects of cocaine were conducted in the late nineteenth century by Sigmund Freud and others. For a review of the older literature on cocaine, the reader is referred to VanDyke and Byck (1974). Cocaine possesses short-acting local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor properties, which make it clinically useful for topical application. Its actions as a local anesthetic are due to inhibition of neuronal sodium channels which results in blockage of the initiation and conduction of nerve impulses. This area is not discussed in detail in this chapter. Cocaine is a Schedule II drug in the United States. Its abuse is associated with enormous costs to both addicted individuals and to society as a whole. Valuable perspectives on the abuse of cocaine and other stimulants were provided by Gawin and Ellinwood (1988).
Copper-Catalyzed Synthesis of Hindered Ethers from α-Bromo Carbonyl Compounds

A catalytic method for the synthesis of sterically hindered ethers and thioethers from α-bromo carbonyl compounds and the corresponding nucleophiles using an inexpensive Cu(I) catalytic system is reported. This facile transformation takes place at ambient temperature and does not require the exclusion of air or moisture; thus, it is well-suited for the functionalization and derivatization of complex organic molecules.
Kidney transplantation in older recipients: Preemptive high KDPI kidney vs lower KDPI kidney after varying dialysis vintage.

Kidney transplantation in older recipients: Preemptive high KDPI kidney vs lower KDPI kidney after varying dialysis vintage
What Makes Hierarchical Networks Succeed? Evidence from Hurricane Katrina

Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Association of Public Policy and Management, November 2-4, 2006, Madison, Wisconsin.
IT ALL STARTED WITH A SNEEZE: AN UNFORTUNATE TALE OF INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS

Infective endocarditis is a well known disease process and its guidelines are well established. However, the treatment remains a challenge due to increased use of indwelling devices and antimicrobial resistance. A 32 year old male presented with worsening shortness of breath, night sweats, right
Competitive B2 and B33 Nucleation during Solidification of Ni50Zr50 Alloy: Molecular Dynamics Simulation and Classical Nucleation Theory

We investigated the homogenous nucleation of the stoichiometric B2 and B33 phases in the Ni50Zr50 alloy using the persistent embryo method and the classical nucleation theory. The two phases become very close competitors at large supercoolings, which is consistent with the experimental observations. In the case of the B2 phase, the linear temperature dependence of the solid–liquid interface (SLI) free energy extrapolated to the melting temperature leads to the same value as the one obtained from the capillarity fluctuation method (CFM). In the case of the B33 phases, the SLI free energy is also a linear function of temperature at large supercoolings, but the extrapolation to the melting temperature leads to a value which is considerably different from the CFM value. This is consistent with the large anisotropy of the SLI properties of the B33 phase nearby the melting temperature observed in the simulation of the nominally flat interface migration.
A Reconfigurable 64-Dimension K -Means Clustering Accelerator With Adaptive Overflow Control

This brief presents a novel reconfigurable $K$ -means clustering accelerator that is suitable for integration in both IoT and data center system. The high vector dimension reconfigurability and design cost reduction is achieved through vector-streaming and adaptive overflow control to adapt distance computation using as-needed precision (dynamic 16-bit fixed-point data format). A two-stage shift-bit counted comparator is proposed. It can determine most results through only turning on the shift-bit comparator (3-bit), reducing the power consumption by $7\times $ compared to the direct full dynamic range comparison. Four vectors with two cluster centroids are processed simultaneously. Up to 8-dimension cluster vectors are stored in local buffer to reduce data exchange between the main memory and the processing engine. A prototype accelerator was implemented in TSMC 65 nm. The accelerator occupied 0.26 mm2 and can support up to 64-D vector clustering. It achieved 31.2M query vectors/s with 41-mW power consumption at 250-MHz clock (cluster number: 2, vector dimension: 64) and an energy efficiency of 0.41 TOPS/W at 30 MHz clock.
Dire la migration, « Khady Demba » dans Trois femmes puissantes de Marie NDiaye

AbstractLe recit de Khady Demba dans Trois femmes puissantes de Marie NDiaye est un texte sur l’immigration irreguliere. Une sous-categorie du roman de l’immigration relativement peu exploree. Pour...
Abstract 2876: p21-activated kinase 1 is a novel therapeutic target for metastatic osteosarcoma harboring p27 mislocalization

Lung metastasis is the leading cause of death in osteosarcoma (OS), the most common bone cancer in children and young adults. Due to a lack of biomarkers and therapeutic targets, significant progress has not been made in the treatment of metastatic OS over the past three decades. The survival of metastatic patients remains dismal. We have previously reported that the tumor suppressor protein p27 (KIP1, CDKN1B) is frequently mislocalized in the cytoplasm of OS, which promotes the motility and invasiveness of the tumor cells and the development of pulmonary metastases in mice. In this study, we showed that a higher proportion score of cytoplasmic p27 significantly correlated with metastases developed within 3- or 5-year of follow-up, and poor disease-specific and event-free survival in a large OS cohort (n=136). Using immunoprecipitation followed by mass spectrometry, we demonstrated that cytoplasmic p27 interacted with p21-activated kinase 1 (PAK1), where the two proteins co-localized in the cytoplasm of OS cells. PAK1 is a serine/threonine kinase that has been implicated in various cancers; however, its role in OS is still elusive. We showed that the phosphorylations at serine-144 and threonine-423 residues of PAK1 were higher in the p27-mislocalized cells relative to the control cells. The PAK1 phosphorylations increased actin stress fiber formation in the tumor cells. Gene silencing or therapeutic inhibition of PAK1 reduced the motility of p27-mislocalized cells in vitro . Similar results were observed in other cancer cell lines known to have the p27 mislocalization, suggesting PAK1 is a common and potential downstream effector of p27-mediated metastasis. An experimental metastasis mouse model further showed that a PAK1-silenced mutant had a significant impairment in the development of pulmonary metastasis. In summary, our study indicates that cytoplasmic p27 is a novel prognostic biomarker in OS. In the tumor cell, the mislocalization activates PAK1-mediated cell motility and metastasis. Targeting PAK1 in metastatic OS harboring the p27 mislocalization may be exploited as a potential therapeutic intervention to improve the poor outcome of the affected children. Citation Format: Xiang Chen, Justin Cates, Yuchen Du, Yun Jung Sung, Xiao-nan Lo, John Hicks, Tsz-Kwong Man. p21-activated kinase 1 is a novel therapeutic target for metastatic osteosarcoma harboring p27 mislocalization [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 2876.
Adaptive Communication and Control Co-design For Multi-agent Coordination with Second-order Dynamics

This paper focuses on developing an adaptive communication and control co-design approach for the coordination of networked agents with second-order dynamics. In contrast to the existing results on coordination of networked agents based on the assumption that the network topology is modeled using either communication-free models or fixed communication ranges, we propose to develop a new control technique to adjust the communication range of each agent and agents' motion adaptively. In order to derive the adaptive communication control law for each agent, the existing cooperative control algorithms cannot be applied due to the need for predicting agents' future behavior. We first redesign the cooperative control algorithm and then derive an explicit bound to determine the communication ranges needed for all agents. Then rigorous analysis is provided to show the convergence of the new adaptive communication and control algorithms. Simulation examples are finally provided to show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms and its comparison with some existing algorithm on energy efficiency.
Group round robin

We present group round-robin (GRR) scheduling, a hybrid fair packet scheduling framework based on a grouping strategy that narrows down the traditional trade-off between fairness and computational complexity. GRR combines its grouping strategy with a specialized round-robin scheduling algorithm that utilizes the properties of GRR groups to schedule flows within groups in a manner that provides O(1) bounds on fairness with only O(1) time complexity. Under the practical assumption that GRR employs a small constant number of groups, we apply GRR to popular fair queuing scheduling algorithms and show how GRR can be used to achieve constant bounds on fairness and time complexity for these algorithms. We also present and prove new results on the fairness bounds for several of these fair queuing algorithms using a consistent fairness measure. We analyze the behavior of GRR and present experimental results that demonstrate how GRR can be combined with existing scheduling algorithms to provide much lower scheduling overhead and more than an order of magnitude better scheduling accuracy in practice than scheduling algorithms without GRR.
Skew Spectra of Oriented Graphs

An oriented graph $G^{\sigma}$ is a simple undirected graph $G$ with an orientation $\sigma$, which assigns to each edge a direction so that $G^{\sigma}$ becomes a directed graph. $G$ is called the underlying graph of $G^{\sigma}$, and we denote by $Sp(G)$ the adjacency spectrum of $G$. Skew-adjacency matrix $S( G^{\sigma} )$ of $G^{\sigma}$ is introduced, and its spectrum $Sp_S( G^{\sigma} )$ is called the skew-spectrum of $G^{\sigma}$. The relationship between $Sp_S( G^{\sigma} )$ and $Sp(G)$ is studied. In particular, we prove that (i) $Sp_S( G^{\sigma} ) = {\bf i} Sp(G)$ for some orientation $\sigma$ if and only if $G$ is bipartite, (ii) $Sp_S(G^{\sigma}) = {\bf i} Sp(G)$ for any orientation $\sigma$ if and only if $G$ is a forest, where ${\bf i}=\sqrt{-1}$.
Overview of Mergers and Acquisitions

Mergers & Acquisitions are a means of creating shareholder value by exploiting synergies, increasing growth, replacing inefficient managers, gaining market power, and extracting benefits from financial and operational restructuring. However, for value to be created, the benefits of these motives must exceed the costs. Growth is often considered vital to the health of a company. A stagnating company may have difficulty attracting high-quality management.
Sound generation by water drop impact on surfaces

Abstract In this work, we experimentally study the acoustic response of water drop impacts onto a variety of surfaces using both audio recording and high-speed imaging. Audio recordings of the airborne sound emitted by single drop impacts on deep pools, thin liquid films, and dry aluminum and masonry surfaces are captured in the laboratory. Longer audio recordings are also collected for natural rainfall on wet concrete surfaces. These airborne sound pressure versus time measurements are converted to power spectra using the fast Fourier transform. Each impact type results in unique features in the spectra from 1 to 20 kHz that can be related to the impact and subsequent fluid phenomena. For example, in the case of water drops impacting a deep pool of water, we observe two distinct sound events: one as the drop breaks through the free surface of the pool with frequency content centered around 10 kHz and then approximately 50 ms later at the time of air cavity collapse and Worthington jet formation with frequency content around 4 kHz. A Helmholtz resonator model for the collapse of an air cavity describes the observed acoustic signature well. The acoustic spectra of various natural rainfall events on wet surfaces are comparable to those of discrete drops recorded in the laboratory, but upshifted in frequency.
The $L^{2P}$ Canceller

In this manuscript a treatment of the $L^{2P}$ canceller is presented for real and complex inputs. The $L^{2P}$ canceller seeks to minimize the $2P$ -norm for integer values of $P$ . Minimizing the $2P$ -norm approximates the mini-max function as $P$ increases.
Navigating Local Politics: Women’s Careers and Strategies

Through a study of individual political careers and collective attempts at intraparty reform, this chapter identifies strategies women adopt to survive and succeed in local politics. Accommodation of existing norms prevails among women’s strategies even though reconciling political ambition with permissible female behavior is a highly contradictory task. Those who engage in proactive career development often succeed alone. In an individualist setting, many initiatives for party change have ephemeral effects bearing fruit only for one particular female politician. Women’s capacity to alter the intraparty rules also depends on their capacity to imagine change. Each political party shapes the horizon of possibilities for its female members differently, and only in pro-Kurdish parties is collective action valorized.
Protein-carbohydrate regulation and nutritionally mediated responses to Bt are affected by caterpillar population history.

BACKGROUND The widespread adoption of genetically modified crops, including Bacillius thuringensis (Bt) crops that target chewing insects, has transformed agricultural pest management. This increased use of Bt has raised concerns about the onset of resistance amongst target pests. Recent studies have shown that for some caterpillars, nutritional foraging (e.g. the ratio of proteins and carbohydrates consumed) can affect the insect susceptibility to the Bt toxin Cry1Ac. However, studies on both nutritional foraging and Bt susceptibility tend to rely on laboratory colonies without specifically addressing physiological differences that may occur between populations of the same species. Here, we used choice assays, no choice assays and dose response assays to address two overarching questions: Do populations of Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) vary in their protein-carbohydrate foraging behavior? and Does protein-carbohydrate intake impact S. frugiperda's susceptibility to the Bt toxin Cry1F? RESULTS All three of our S. frugiperda populations actively regulated their protein-carbohydrate intake, but we observed significant differences between populations with respect to their self-selected protein-carbohydrate intake. We also found that feeding at the protein-carbohydrate intake target slightly increased Cry1F susceptibility for one S. frugiperda population, but had no effect on the other two populations. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that inherent differences exist in the nutritional physiology of three S. frugiperda populations, possibly related to the time spent in culture. This suggests that population-level differences are an important consideration when drawing parallels between field-collected and laboratory-reared insects.
Moiré pattern of interference dislocations in condensate of indirect excitons.

Interference patterns provide direct measurement of coherent propagation of matter waves in quantum systems. Superfluidity in Bose-Einstein condensates of excitons can enable long-range ballistic exciton propagation and can lead to emerging long-scale interference patterns. Indirect excitons (IXs) are formed by electrons and holes in separated layers. The theory predicts that the reduced IX recombination enables IX superfluid propagation over macroscopic distances. Here, we present dislocation-like phase singularities in interference patterns produced by condensate of IXs. We analyze how exciton vortices and skyrmions should appear in the interference experiments and show that the observed interference dislocations are not associated with these phase defects. We show that the observed interference dislocations originate from the moire effect in combined interference patterns of propagating condensate matter waves. The interference dislocations are formed by the IX matter waves ballistically propagating over macroscopic distances. The long-range ballistic IX propagation is the evidence for IX condensate superfluidity.
Clostridium difficile infection and its susceptibility factors in children with inflammatory bowel disease

OBJECTIVE To investigate the incidence rates of Clostridium difficile colonization and Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) in children with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and the susceptibility factors for CDI in children with IBD. METHODS A total of 62 children diagnosed with IBD were enrolled as the IBD group. Forty-two children who attended the hospital due to persistent or chronic diarrhea and were excluded from IBD were enrolled as the non-IBD group. The incidence rate of CDI was compared between the two groups. According to the presence or absence of CDI, the IBD group was subdivided into two groups:IBD+CDI (n=12) and non-CDI IBD (n=50), and the clinical data were collected from the two groups to analyze the susceptibility factors for CDI. RESULTS The IBD group had a significantly higher incidence rate of CDI[19% (12/62) vs 2% (1/42); P < 0.05] than the non-IBD group (P < 0.05). Compared with the non-CDI IBD group, the IBD+CDI group had a significantly longer disease course (P < 0.05), and a significantly higher proportion of children with fever, diarrhea, or abdominal pain (P < 0.05). The IBD+CDI group had significantly higher activity indices of pediatric Crohn's disease, C-reactive protein levels and erythrocyte sedimentation rate than the non-CDI IBD group (P < 0.05). The univariate analysis showed that compared with the non-CDI IBD group, the IBD+CDI group had a significantly higher proportion of children with moderate-to-severe disease, use of glucocorticoids, or treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics for more than 14 days before diagnosis (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The children with IBD have a higher incidence of CDI than those without IBD. Severe disease conditions and use of broad-spectrum antibiotics or glucocorticoids may be associated with an increased incidence of CDI in children with IBD.
Criteria Used by Endourology Society Fellowship Program Directors for the Selection and Evaluation of Fellows.

Introduction An understanding of which trainee factors Endourology Society (ES) fellowship program directors (PDs) value may help urology residents optimize their fellowship candidacy and help current fellows optimize their fellowship performance. In the present study, we evaluated which factors are most important to ES PDs in selecting fellowship candidates and evaluating current fellows. Methods A survey was constructed using REDCap software and emailed to PDs of fellowships registered with the ES. Fellowships in the ES include Endourology-Stone Disease (ESD) programs, robotic-laparoscopic surgery programs (MIS), and combination programs. A Likert scale ranging from 1 (not important) to 5 (extremely important) was used to rank the criteria for selecting and evaluating fellows. The survey captured program demographics such as geographic region, program type, and program duration. Results Of the 52 ES PDs, 35 (67%) responded. Respondents represented 8 (23%) ESD programs, 7 (20%) MIS programs, and 20 (57%) combination programs. Furthermore, sixteen (46%) represented one-year programs and 19 (54%) represented two-year programs. The top-five factors for candidate selection were perceived fit of the applicant, perceived level of applicant interest, initial interview, personal emails from applicants' advocates, and personal phone calls from applicants' advocates. Advocacy on behalf of the applicant appeared to be especially important for two-year fellowships. The top-five factors for the evaluation of fellows in training were patient interactions, professionalism, attitude/demeanor, operative skills, and interactions with ancillary staff. Research productivity was of greater importance for the evaluation and selection of two-year fellows and ESD fellows. Conclusions Applicants for ES fellowships should focus on the initial interview and recruiting supportive mentors to advocate for their applications, particularly for two-year programs. Though PDs value both clinical skills and research productivity, research productivity was more important for two-year programs and ESD programs. Further research into applicant perspectives on the fellowship application process is warranted.
Comparison of Damage Classification Between Recursive Bayesian Model Selection and Support Vector Machine

All damage identification activities inevitably involve uncertainties, and the resulting classification ambiguity in contaminated structural health monitoring (SHM) features can dramatically degrade the damage assessment capability. Probabilistic uncertainty quantification (UQ) models characterize the distribution of SHM features as random variables, and the UQ models facilitate making decisions on the occurrence, location, and type of the damages. A Bayesian framework will be adopted and the damage classification is transformed into a model selection process, in which the most plausible structural condition is determined by means of the recursively updated posterior confidence. In contrast to the probabilistic approach, machine learning is another candidate approach, which employs training data and extracts features from the recorded measurements. A support vector machine (SVM) is employed to classify the frequency response function data obtained from rotary machine under different damaged conditions. With different size of feature and different kernel functions, the classification of ball bearing damages are studied. Comparison between the Bayesian model selection approach and SVM is concluded in this paper.
Representations of Commonsense Knowledge

A central goal of artificial intelligence is to give a computer program commonsense understanding of basic domains such as time, space, simple laws of nature, and simple facts about human minds. Many different systems of representation and inference have been developed for expressing such knowledge and reasoning with it. "Representations of Commonsense Knowledge" is the first thorough study of these techniques. The first three chapters of the book establish a general framework in domain-independent terms, discussing methodology, deductive logics, and theories of plausible inference. Subsequent chapters each deal with representations and inferences in specific domains: quantities, time, space, physics, knowledge and belief, plans and goals, and interactions among agents. The power of these representations in expressing world knowledge and in supporting significant inferences is analyzed using many detailed examples. The discussion includes both representations that have been used in successful AI programs and those that have been developed in purely abstract settings. Representations of Commonsense Knowledge is an essential reference for AI researchers and developers. It can also be used as a textbook in advanced undergraduate or graduate courses; each chapter contains exercises and suggestions for further reading. Readers who have completed the book will be prepared to read original technical papers in the area and to begin their own work in developing useful representations for AI programs.
Cardiac and vascular KATP channels in rats are activated by endogenous epoxyeicosatrienoic acids through different mechanisms.

We have reported that epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), the cytochrome P450 (CYP) epoxygenase metabolites of arachidonic acid (AA), are potent sarcolemmal ATP-sensitive K+ (KATP) channel activators. However, activation of cardiac and vascular KATP channels by endogenously produced EETs under physiological intracellular conditions has not been demonstrated and direct comparison of the mechanisms whereby EETs activate the KATP channels in cardiac myocytes versus vascular smooth muscle cells has not been made. In this study, we examined the effects of AA on KATP channels in freshly isolated cardiac myocytes from rats, wild-type (WT) and transgenic mice overexpressing CYP2J2 cDNA, and mesenteric arterial smooth muscle cells from rats. We also compared the activation of cardiac and vascular KATP channels by extracellularly and intracellularly applied 11,12-EET. We found that 1 μm AA enhanced KATP channel activities in both cardiac and vascular smooth muscle cells, and the AA effects were inhibited by preincubation with CYP epoxygenase inhibitors. Baseline cardiac KATP current densities in CYP2J2 transgenic mice were 190% higher than those of WT mice, and both were reduced to similar levels by CYP epoxygenase inhibition. Western blot analysis showed that expression of Kir6.2 and SUR2A was similar between WT and CYP2J2 transgenic hearts. 11,12-EET (5 μm) applied intracellularly enhanced the KATP currents by 850% in cardiac myocytes, but had no effect in vascular smooth muscle cells. In contrast, 11,12-EET (5 μm) applied extracellularly increased KATP currents by 520% in mesenteric arterial smooth muscle cells, but by only 209% in cardiac myocytes. Preincubation with 100 μmm-iodobenzylguanidine or 5 μm myristoylated PKI amide did not alter the activation of cardiac KATP channels by 5 μm 11,12-EET, but significantly inhibited activation of vascular KATP channels. Moreover, EET only enhanced the inward component of cardiac KATP currents, but activated both the inward and outward components of vascular KATP currents. Our results indicate that endogenously derived CYP metabolites of AA potently activate cardiac and vascular KATP channels. EETs regulate cardiac electrophysiology and vascular tone by KATP channel activation, albeit through different mechanisms: the cardiac KATP channels are directly activated by EETs, whereas activation of the vascular KATP channels by EETs is protein kinase A dependent.
Extracellular Control of Limb Regeneration

Adult newts possess the ability to completely regenerate organs and appendages. Immediately after limb loss, the extracellular matrix (ECM) undergoes dramatic changes that may provide mechanical and biochemical cues to guide the formation of the blastema, which is comprised of uncommitted stem-like cells that proliferate to replace the lost structure. Skeletal muscle is a known reservoir for blastema cells but the mechanism by which it contributes progenitor cells is still unclear. To create physiologically relevant culture conditions for the testing of primary newt muscle cells in vitro, the spatio-temporal distribution of ECM components and the mechanical properties of newt muscle were analyzed. Tenascin-C and hyaluronic acid (HA) were found to be dramatically upregulated in the amputated limb and were co-expressed around regenerating skeletal muscle. The transverse stiffness of muscle measured in situ was used as a guide to generate silicone-based substrates of physiological stiffness. Culturing newt muscle cells under different conditions revealed that the cells are sensitive to both matrix coating and substrate stiffness: Myoblasts on HA-coated soft substrates display a rounded morphology and become more elongated as the stiffness of the substrate increases. Coating of soft substrates with matrigel or fibronectin enhanced cell spreading and eventual cell fusion.
Facing the Veil in Education: Todd and the “Veiling” Question

So when one expresses concern about seeing, or not seeing, the face of the student or the teacher, when one demands “that the face — not just the eyes — be visible so that one can better ‘read’ it and thereby form ‘proper’ communicative relations,” what is one referring to in the context of Levinas? When reading Levinas, Biblical connotations to “the face” must be kept in mind, as well as references to Franz Rosenzweig’s writings. Very familiar with Rosenzweig’s work, Levinas wrote a “Foreword” for Stephane Moses’s System and Revelation, in which Moses discusses Rosenzweig’s use of “the human face” as “the way the transcendence of the other is revealed to me,” harking back to “the face of God” and “Truth.” Sean Hand recalls that, in Totality and Infinity already, “[t]he term ‘face’...denotes the way in which the presentation of the other to me exceeds all idea of the other in me,” and Michael Smith writes: “The face of the other is the locus of transcendence in that it calls into question the I in its existence as a being for itself.”
Dry Spinning of Polymer Fibers in Ternary Systems

Abstract In this work, predictions based on the 2D dry spinning model developed in Part I of this work [2] along with a die swell subroutine supplied by an industrial company, are used to compare with fiber concentration and elongation to break data from an industrial spinline. Die swell ratio predictions agree well with measured values and solidification along the spinline is shown to be due to homogeneous glass transition in the absence of phase separation. Concentration profiles along the spinline are well fit by the model using previously determined prefactors for the diffusion coefficients. A good correlation of elongation at break data is found to occur with a characteristic variable σGTP, the ratio of the rheological force of the viscoelastic Giesekus contribution to the total rheological force (Giesekus + viscous) at the glass transition point. Moreover, the regression obtained from this fit can be further used to make predictions for elongation at break under different operating conditions. Final...
Effects of ribavirin and adenine arabinoside on tobacco mosaic virus in Nicotiana tabacum L. var Xanthi tissue cultures

Although both ribavirin (1-β-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazole-3carboxamide) and adenine arabinoside inhibited the multiplication of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) in mechanically inoculated leaf tissues, neither chemical inhibited virus multiplication in unorganized tobacco callus after in vitro inoculation. The adenine deaminase inhibitor, pentostatin, did not increase the activity of adenine arabinoside in cultured cells. Several different developmental conditions and media did not increase the ability of either chemical to eradicate the virus from tobacco tissue cultures. However, the virus was eradicated from TMV-infected callus when grown in the presence of combinations of ribavirin and adenine arabinoside in shoot inducing medium.
Design and Analysis of Contracts for Software Outsourcing

Outsourcing of software development allows a business to focus on its core competency and take advantage of vendors' technical expertise, economies of scale and scope, and their ability to smooth labor demand fluctuations across several clients. However, contracting a software project to an outside developer is often quite challenging because of information asymmetry and incentive divergence. A typical software development contract must deal with a variety of interrelated issues such as the quality of the developed system, the timeliness of delivery, the effort and cost associated with the project, the contract payment, and the postdelivery software support. This paper presents a contract-theoretic model that incorporates these factors to analyze how software outsourcing contracts can be designed. We find that despite their relative inefficiency, fixed-price contracts are often appropriate for simple software projects that require short development time. Time-and-materials contracts work well for more complex projects when the auditing process is efficient and effective. We also examine a type of performance-based contract called quality-level agreement and find that the first-best solution can be reached with such a contract. Finally, we consider profit-sharing contracts that are useful in situations where the developer has more bargaining power.
Biology of the Leishmania surface: with particular reference to the surface proteinase, gp 63

The protistan parasite Leishmania is a dimorphic cell that survives as a motile promastigote in the insect digestive tract, and a non-motile, amastigote from within the phagolysosomal compartment of the vertebrate host’s phagocytes. The surface of Leishmania must interface with a range of differing environments and facilitate uptake of nutrients, whilst protecting the parasite from various host defence mechanisms. This review discusses the organization of the leishmanial cell, and the biology of its major surface constituents, the lipophosphoglycan and the surface proteinase, gp63.
Improved efficiency in cryo-EM secondary structure topology determination from inaccurate data.

The determination of the secondary structure topology is a critical step in deriving the atomic structure from the protein density map obtained from electron cryo-microscopy technique. This step often relies on the matching of two sources of information. One source comes from the secondary structures detected from the protein density map at the medium resolution, such as 5–10 A. The other source comes from the predicted secondary structures from the amino acid sequence. Due to the inaccuracy in either source of information, a pool of possible secondary structure positions needs to be sampled. This paper studies the question, that is, how to reduce the computation of the mapping when the inaccuracy of the secondary structure predictions is considered. We present a method that combines the concept of dynamic graph with our previous work of using constrained shortest path to identify the topology of the secondary structures. We show a reduction of 34.55% of run-time as comparison to the naive way of handling the inaccuracies. We also show an improved accuracy when the potential secondary structure errors are explicitly sampled verses the use of one consensus prediction. Our framework demonstrated the potential of developing computationally effective exact algorithms to identify the optimal topology of the secondary structures when the inaccuracy of the predicted data is considered.
Derivation of a matrix Painlevé equation germane to wave scattering by a broken corner

Abstract The problem of wave scattering by a broken corner is considered. This is a linear problem whose analysis, however, is reduced—in a sense described below—to a nonlinear ordinary matrix differential equation. For scattering from a strip, a Painleve equation, was derived some time ago. The present work shows that matrix Painleve equations also arise naturally in physical problems.
Adaptation to prolonged constant angular acceleration.

Two independent groups of normal human subjects were exposed to a number of long-duration (up to 96 sec), relatively high-intensity (3d`/ sec2-24d`/sec2), constant, angular accelerations. Nystagmic decrements during stimulation were clearly evident. The decrements were initiated at about the same time after stimulus onset (28–32 sec) for all accelerations used. The decrements in the nystagmic responses were compared to related findings for both subjective and electrophysiological responses.
THE USE OF METADISCOURSE IN GOOD AND POOR ESL ESSAYS

Abstract A text is composed of two parts: propositional content and metadiscourse features. Metadiscourse features are those facets of a text which make the organization of the text explicit, provide information about the writer's attitude toward the text content, and engage the reader in the interaction. In this study, we analyze the metadiscourse in persuasive essays written by English as a second language (ESL) university students. Half of the essays received good ratings and half received poor ratings. Differences between the two sets were found in the number of words, number of T-units, and density of metadiscourse features. When features were analyzed as a proportion of number of T-units, differences were found in all categories. Furthermore, the good essays showed a greater variety of metadiscourse features within each category than the poor essays. It is proposed that skilled writers have an awareness of the needs of their readers and control the strategies for making their texts more considerate and accessible to the reader. Poor writers, on the other hand, are not able to generate considerate texts.
Optimizing dosages of seaweed extract-based cytokinins and zeatin riboside for improving creeping bentgrass heat tolerance.

Seaweed (Ascophyllum nodosum Jol.) extract-based cytokinins (SWEC) have been used to improve turfgrass stress tolerance, but optimum dosages for improving creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.) heat tolerance are lacking. This study was designed to examine effects of SWEC at various dosages on creeping bentgrass heat tolerance and to compare their effects to a trans-zeatin riboside (t-ZR)-standard in a growth chamber. The SWEC and t-ZR were applied to the foliage of 'L-93' creeping bentgrass four times (14-d interval) at 1, 10, and 100 μM. After the second application, the grass was subjected to heat stress for 49 d at 35/25°C (day/ night) in the initial experiment or 38/28°C (day/ night) in the second experiment. The SWEC and t-ZR treatments at 10 and 100 μM alleviated the decline of turfgrass quality and chlorophyll content. They also increased leaf t-ZR content and nitrate reductase (NR) activity, relative to the control, especially under 38/28°C (day/night). These data indicate that improvements under heat stress may be associated with an increase in plant t-ZR levels and NR activity due to SWEC or t-ZR application. Results suggest that repeated foliar application of SWEC at 10 μM may be an effective approach for improving turfgrass performance and heat stress tolerance.
Self-help and science in the treatment of addiction.

THE ARTICLE BY Khantzian and Mack (this issue) on how to better understand and utilize the methods of Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) in their treatment of patients with alcoholism should be very useful to clinicians working with such patients. Khantzian is perhaps the current leading psychodynamic theorist of addictive behavior, and clinicians who utilize psychodynamic theory in their work are likely to find this article particularly useful. Even clinicians who do not utilize psychodynamic theory are likely to benefit from the article’s explication of how AA meetings can regulate affect as well as the behavior of addicted individuals (at least of those who regularly attend meetings). Clinicians interested in this topic are also likely to benefit from reading Getting Better: Inside Alcoholics Anonymous, a book on AA by Nan Robertson (1988), a professional journalist and herself an AA member. Moreover, the publication of the Khantzian and Mack article in a scientific journal concerned with substance abuse treatment raises some questions about the relationship between formal scientific methods and the practice of substance abuse treatment, particularly 1Zstep approaches to treatment. Of course, the Khantzian and Mack article is intended to provide teaching/clinical guidance and does not purport to be an original data contribution. Nevertheless, it is worthwhile to consider some of the differences between this article and the “standard scientific” articles published in the Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. First, the data were collected and analyzed by persons with strong interests in the behavior of the subjects. Second, the data presented in the article consist of selected