cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Parallel computing and multitasking

Abstract Over the past decade we have witnessed an evolution of scientific computers in which more and more concurrent or parallel arithmetic operations are allowed. The segmented pipeline arithmetic functional units, direct vectorization, indirect vectorization, multiprocessing and finally multitasking represent stages of development of parallel computation. Algorithms for the solution of physics problems must be tailored, if possible, to the forms required for these various kinds of parallelism. We report on some experiences we have had building and running various parallelized physics codes with particular emphasis on the Cray-2. We show that the implementation of multitasking and the subsequent debugging effort are straightforward. These techniques are applicable to more methods, including implicit ones, than was originally predicted. We present arguments that favor the use of interactive timesharing operating systems, particularly for the multitasking situation.
Electron Beam-Induced Fragmentation and Dispersion of Bi−Ni Nanoparticles

We report the use of electron beam-induced fragmentation (EBIF) to produce arrays of nonoverlapping bimetallic Bi−Ni nanoparticles. Factors influencing this fragmentation process include the precursor particle composition, morphology, melting temperature, type of melting (peritectic vs eutectic), and the ability to dissipate thermal energy and charge. Based on this study, a plausible mechanistic explanation for the observed trends is discussed based on partial melting and charge accumulation fueled by the high-energy electron beam. EBIF finds potential application in the controlled production of nanoparticle arrays that allow the efficient exploration of size- and composition-dependent physical and chemical properties.
A novel one step approach to small scale labeling of organic compounds with hydrogen isotopes

A rapid method to generate tritium gas for small scale labeling is described. Tritium labelled sodium borohydride is used with cobalt (II) chloride to generate isotopic hydrogen gas. The reaction was carried out in a closed vessel and three different compounds were concurrently labelled. This simple and inexpensive method can be applied to a broad range of molecules and does not require any special set up.
Symbolic computation of derivations using labelled trees

We discuss the effective symbolic computation of operators under composition. We analyse data structures consisting of formal linear combinations of rooted labelled trees. We define a multiplication on rooted labelled trees, thereby making the set of these data structures into an associative algebra. We then define an algebra homomorphism from the original algebra of operators into this algebra of trees. The cancellation which occurs when non-commuting operators are expressed in terms of commuting ones occurs naturally when the operators are represented using this data structure. This leads to an algorithm which, for operators which are derivations, speeds up the computation exponentially in the degree of the operator.
Diagnosis and management of recurrent urinary tract infections in non-pregnant women

#### Summary points Recurrent acute cystitis, or recurrent urinary tract infection (UTI), is common in women, and most primary care providers will encounter this clinical entity many times in their practice. Women who have two or more infections in six months or three or more in one year meet the traditional definition of recurrent UTI that has been used for studies on prophylaxis, risk factors, and self initiated management.1 2 3 4 5 6 However, from a clinical perspective, any second episode of UTI warrants consideration as a recurrence and requires an informed approach to diagnosis and management. Most of these recurrences are considered to be reinfections rather than relapse or failure of initial therapy, although reinfection with the same strain can occur. Modifiable risk factors are few, and retrospective case-control observational studies indicate that genetic predisposition may play a role.7 8 This review will focus on the causes of recurrent UTI, when and how to investigate women who present with this problem, and how to manage and prevent recurrent infections. The recommendations are limited to non-pregnant adult women without comorbidities apart from diabetes. It is important to distinguish between this population …
Synthesis and structural characterization of uranium ansa-metallocene complexes containing organoimido functional groups; electronic effects of ancillary ligands

Abstract Complexes of U(IV) employing the chelating bis(cyclopentadienyl) ligand sets [Me2Si(η5-C5Me4)2]2− and [Me2Si(η5-C5Me4)(η5-C5H4)]2− have been prepared to examine their utility in generating organoimido complexes of uranium. The chloride complexes [Me2Si(C5Me4)2]UCl2·2LiCl·4(Et2O) (1) and [Me2Si(C5Me4)(C5H4)]-UCl2·2LiCl·4(THF) (2) may be generated at room temperature by reaction of UCl4 with the corresponding bis(cyclopentadienyl) dilithio salt in diethyl ether and tetrahydrofuran, respectively. Complex 1 may be recrystallized from toluene in the presence of TMEDA to yield the complex [Me2Si(C5Me4)2]U(μ-Cl4){Li(TMEDA)}2 (1·TMEDA). The molecular structure of this complex has been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Compounds 1 and 2 may be alkylated by Grignard reagents. While the dimethyl complex [Me2Si(C5Me4)2]UMe2 (3) may be isolated, the analogous complex and [Me2Si(C5Me4)(C5H4)]UMe2 appears to be thermally unstable. Benzyl derivatives employing both ligand sets (4, 5) have been prepared. These alkyl complexes are protonated by N,N′-diphenylhydrazine to yield phenylimido-containing products. Surprisingly, while reaction of compounds 3 or 4 with N,N′-diphenylhydrazine yields the expected U(VI) complex [Me2Si(C5Me4)2]U(NC6H5)2, reactions employing 5 generate only the U(IV) monoimido dimer [Me2Si(C5Me4)(C5H4)]U(NC6H5)]2 (8). The molecular structure of 8 has been determined; the compound exists as a dimer with asymmetric organoimido bridging ligands. Electrochemical investigations of the chloride compounds 1 and 2 suggest that the ancillary ligands have the capacity to significantly alter the redox activity of the metal center. The use of electron-rich ancillary ligands appears to be important in the isolation of high-valent organouranium complexes.
Recovery System Termination Load Reduction through the use of a Central Load Core

A study is presented of the development and testing of a parachute central load core, an adaptive device whose primary function is to minimize parachute stored elastic energy while providing adequate rotational stiffness to prevent shroud line fouling from twisting and sufficient resistive torque for any balloon gondola positioning requirements. Empirical relations are given for the uninhibited drag area growth which are derived in the classical nondimensional form. Attention is given to development considerations and design along with model simulations, small and midscale drop test data, full-scale flight data, and instrumentation applications.
Mumps Meningo-Encephalitis. Isolation in Chick Embryos of Virus from Spinal Fluid of a Patient.∗

SummaryA virus has been isolated from the spinal fluid of a patient with meningoencephalitis without parotitis by inoculation of chick embryos by the amniotic route. This agent has been identified as mumps virus.
Enhanced superplasticity and strength in modified Ti-6AI-4V alloys

Although Ti-6A1-4V displays extensive superplasticity at 1200 K, lower superplastic forming temperatures are desirable. A study was conducted with the goal of modifying the composition of the Ti-6A1-4V alloy to lower the optimum superplastic forming temperature. Computer modeling results and previous experimental data suggested that additions to Ti-6A1-4V of beta-stabilizing elements which have high diffusivity in the beta-phase would permit lower superplastic forming temperatures. A series of modified alloys with 2 wt pct additions of Fe, Co, and Ni was prepared for experimental evaluation. The modified alloys achieved desirable microstructures for superplasticity at 1088 K,i.e., the grain size was approximately 5 µm and roughly equal volume fractions of the alpha- and beta-phases were present at the deformation temperature. The superplastic properties of the modified alloys were measured at 1088 K and 1144 K. The modified alloys produced values of flow stress, strain rate sensitivity, and total elongation at 1088 K approaching those of the base Ti-6A1-4V alloy at its standard superplastic forming temperature of 1200 K. In addition to lowering the superplastic forming temperature, the β-stabilizing additions also increased room temperature strength levels above those normally found for Ti-6A1-4V. Based on the room temperature and elevated temperature tensile properties, addition of selected beta-stabilizing elements to Ti-6A1-4V simultaneously raises resistance to deformation at room temperature and lowers resistance to deformation at elevated temperatures. This reversal in behavior is explained by considering the effect of beta-stabilizer additions on the deformation mechanisms at room temperature and at elevated temperatures.
Efficacy of clinical laboratory: therapeutic TAT, safety, and medical errors.

Health care services rely on continued technological advances and management of the operational systems for optimum reduction of medical errors. Significant gains in health care outcomes as indicated by recorded increases in life expectancies have been achieved due to the availability and application of technological advances for medical services. The inadequacies in the application of these systems for maximum benefit of the health care systems have however been the subject of recent publications dealing with patient safety and medical errors [Kohn Linda T, Corrigan Janet M, Donaldson Molla S, editors. To err is human: building a safer health system. Washington, DC: Institute of Medicine, National Academy Press; 2000; Brennan TA, Leape LL. Adverse events, negligence in hospitalized patients: results from the Harvard Medical Practice Study. Perspect Healthc Risk Manage 1991;11(2):2–8; Leape LL, Brennan TA, Laird N, et al. The nature of adverse events in hospitalized patients. Results of the Harvard Medical Practice Study II. New Engl J Med 1991;324(6):377–84; Thomas EJ, Studdert DM, Burstin HR, et al. Incidence and types of adverse events and negligent care in Utah and Colorado. Med Care 2000;38(3):261–71]. Estimates by the Institute of Medicine (IOM) indicate that approximately 44,000–98,000 deaths occur each year as a consequence of inadequate safety and failure to prevent errors in the health care system. This puts medical errors in the top four leading causes of deaths per the IOM report. Other studies in the USA states of Colorado, Utah, and New York suggest that medical errors occur in 2–4% of hospitalizations. The paper by Raab et al. denoted a 6.7% discrepancy between original report and secondary case review, and 5% of the discrepancies have modest to significant effect on patient care [Raab SS, Grzybicki DM, Zarbo RJ, Meier FA, Geyer SJ, Jensen C. Anatomic pathology databases and patient safety. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2005;129:459–66]. This presentation focuses on the health care safety and medical errors relative to clinical laboratory. The impact of laboratory operations with resultant delays in test turn around times (TAT) and other laboratory errors on the health care services are presented. The role of governmental (US Department of Health and Human Services) and non-governmental regulatory agencies (CAP, AACC, IFCC, CLSI, etc) in mitigating these clinical laboratory errors is discussed. The use of payment system as a mechanism for improving the quality of laboratory services is also presented to illustrate the checks and balance systems aimed at reduction of medical errors. The presentation will conclude with the recommendation that majority of the clinical laboratory delays in turn around time and other errors can be prevented with appropriate analytical systems and operational processes under the overall guidance of the right regulatory agencies.
Harvest uncertainty and the tragedy of the commons

Abstract This paper demonstrates that a fixed number of risk-averse firms faced with harvest uncertainty owing to resource stock uncertainty will typically reduce their exploitation of a commons. In addition, the total exploitation of the industry will decrease when entry is permitted and uncertainty is compared with certainty. This result holds for perfectly competitive output markets and also characterizes imperfectly competitive output markets with linear market demand and risk-neutral firms. In the latter case, the socially optimum number of firms is determined based upon the degree of uncertainty, the price elasticity of market demand, and the elasticity of input productivity.
On the denominator of generalized Bernoulli numbers

Abstract The generalized Bernoulli numbers Ak(x) are polynomials with rational coefficients defined by ( t (e t −1) ) x = Σ k≥0 A k (x)( t k k! ) . We compute the least common multiples of the denominators of the coefficients of Ak(x).
Mechanistic Diversity of Fosfomycin Resistance in Pathogenic Microorganisms

Microbial resistance to the antibiotic fosfomycin [(1R,2S)-epoxypropylphosphonic acid, 1] is known to be mediated by thiol transferase enzymes FosA and FosB, which catalyze the addition of glutathione and l-cysteine to C1 of the oxirane, respectively. A probe of the microbial genome database reveals a related group of enzymes (FosX). The genes mlr3345 from Mesorhizobium loti and lmo1702 from Listeria monocytogenes were cloned and the proteins expressed. This heretofore unrecognized group of enzymes is shown to catalyze the Mn(II)-dependent addition of water to C1 of the oxirane. The ability of each enzyme to confer resistance in Escherichia coli is correlated with their catalytic efficiency, such that the M. loti protein confers low resistance while the Listeria enzyme confers very robust resistance. The crystal structure of the FosX from M. loti was solved at a resolution of 1.83 A. The structure reveals an active-site carboxylate (E44) located about 5 A from the expected position of the substrate that appears to be poised to participate in catalysis. Single turnover experiments in H218O and kinetic analysis of the E44G mutant of the FosX enzymes indicate that the carboxylate of E44 acts as a general base in the direct addition of water to 1. The FosX from M. loti also catalyzes the addition of glutathione to the antibiotic. The catalytic promiscuity and low efficiency of the M. loti protein suggest that it may be an intermediate in the evolution of clinically relevant fosfomycin resistance proteins such as the FosX from Listeria monocytogenese.
Adjustment and evaluation of an LDA probe for accurate flow measurement

An LDA probe with optimized measuring volume was obtained based on repeated adjustments of a preconfigured LDA system with a calibrated spinning disc. A retriggerable pulse-width-and-time-delay module was used to trigger and freeze favorable Doppler bursts. After a repeated beam-steering procedure and a fringe-pattern analysis, we found that the variation of fringe spacing throughout the measuring volume was reduced from 3% to 0.28%, such that the adjusted probe gave more accurate measurements. To verify this applicability in velocity calibration, the fringe spacing of the adjusted LDA measuring volume was treated as a velocity coefficient, and its mean and measurement uncertainty was experimentally estimated. Analysis shows that the expanded uncertainty of the coefficient was 0.10% at the 95% level of confidence for both the components of the LDA. The results demonstrated that the adjusted LDA system was qualified to perform accurate flow measurement.
An integrated small computer laboratory using a central disk storage facility

One of the most important developments in the 70's has been the introduction of microcomputers. The impact of these systems presents a major challenge for computer educators today and in the foreseeable future.Though educators have tried to adapt to this rapid change in technology, only recently have articles appeared describing experiences in integrating micro-systems in Computer Science curricula (5,6). Though each paper covers different topics in varying degrees of depth, almost all the authors agree that having a micro-lab facility provides students with exposure to concepts and problems such as:- actual hardware- computer operation- operating systems- backup procedures- time dependent coding- program size problems- inter-computer communications- scheduling- maintenance- computer management.These are the types of problems students will encounter after graduation and this laboratory provides them with actual experience that previously was not available.
Ontogenesis of the pituitary-adrenal axis in the chick embryo.

The concentration of corticosteroids and their metabolites in the allantoic fluid of intact and hypophysectomized chick embryos were determined for the incubation interval, 10.5 to 17.5 days. Hypophysectomy at 33–38 hr of incubation resulted in an initial reduction of allantoic fluid corticosteroids at 14.5 days of incubation; this reduction continued throughout the remainder of the incubation interval studied. Pituitary transplants, as well as ACTH administration, to hypophysectomized chick embryos restored allantoic corticosteroid concentrations to values characteristic of intact embryos. These results are considered evidence for the conclusion that in the chick embryo the pituitary-adrenal axis is established by day 14.5 of incubation. Hypophysectomy of the chick embryo increased allantoic fluid volumes during the incubation interval, 15.5 to 17.5 days. Pituitary transplants to hypophysectomized embryos partially restored allantoic fluid volumes to normal values.
Student ratings of instruction: Ethics and practice

Student-ratings systems involve more than questionnaires, answer sheets, and reports of results. The reliability and validity of ratings systems can also be affected by the ethical decisions of those who evaluate and those who are evaluated.
The Earth's Core and the Phase Diagram of Iron

The phase diagram of iron is presented for P < 330 GPa. The melting curve is derived from Stevenson's generalized form of Lindemann's law, successfully connecting the low-pressure (5-20 GPa) measurements to the new shock-wave measurements of 250 GPa. The isothermal equation of state of e-iron (h.c.p.) and y-iron (f.c.c.), indicate that the inner core density is that of pure solid iron. The present experiments cannot distinguish between the e or y phase for the inner core, but preference is given to y-iron. From these constructions, it is concluded that the melting temperature of iron at the inner core - outer core boundary pressure, Ti (i.c.b.), is 5200-6600 K. A likely model of the outer core temperature is presented by taking 5800 K as the probable value of Ti (i.c.b.), and assuming a temperature drop of 1000 K due to chemically induced melting point depression. This yields 3620 K for the T of the core side of the core-mantle boundary (c.m.b.). This model results in a large AT(D"), (700 K), at the c.m.b., but the shock-wave data also allow other models where AT(D") is less. A numerical experiment reveals that the value for AT(D") of 700 K does not lead to distortion of the density profile. The (y-E-liquid) triple point is beyond the i.c.b. Thus, diluted y-iron in the liquid phase constitutes the outer core. The experiments support a thermally driven model of the geomagnetic dynamo, and further support a model of a slowly freezing inner core for the energy source.
Stability profiles of drug products extended beyond labeled expiration dates.

The American Medical Association has questioned whether expiration dating markedly underestimates the actual shelf life of drug products. Results from the shelf life extension program (SLEP) have been evaluated to provide extensive data to address this issue. The SLEP has been administered by the Food and Drug Administration for the United States Department of Defense (DOD) for 20 years. This program probably contains the most extensive source of pharmaceutical stability data extant.Thisreportsummarizesextendedstabilityprofilesfor122differentdrugproducts (3005 different lots). The drug products were categorized into five groups based on incidence of initial extension failures and termination failures (extended lot eventually failed upon re-testing). Based on testing and stability assessment, 88% of the lots were extended at least 1 year beyond their original expiration date for an average extension of 66 months, but the additional stability period was highly variable. The SLEP data supports the assertion that many drug products, if properly stored, can be extended past the expiration date. Due to the lot-to-lot variability, the stability and quality of extended drug products can only be assured by periodic testing and systematic evaluation of each lot. 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 95:1549-1560, 2006
Emittance characterization of thermal control paints, coatings and surfaces using a calorimetric technique

Thermal control surfaces are used in every spacecraft thermal management system to dissipate heat through radiant heat transfer. This paper describes the thermal performance of several thermal control paints, coatings, and surfaces, as characterized by a calorimetric vacuum emissometer. The emissometer is designed to measure the functional emittance of a surface based on heat transfer from an underlying substrate to the surface and from the surface or near surface to a surrounding cold wall. Emittance measurements were made between 200 and 350 K. Polished aluminum, used here as a standard, was found to have a total hemispherical emittance of 0.06, as expected. A velvet black paint, also used here as a standard, was found to have an emittance of 0.94 at room temperature. Other surfaces of interest included a polyurethane-based black paint designated Z-306, a highly polished 316L stainless steel, and an atomic oxygen beam-textured carbon-carbon composite.
An approach to the diagnosis of occupational asthma

Background Occupational Asthma (OA) is a common disorder attributable to causes and conditions found in the workplace. Occupational asthma may have an immunologic or nonimmunologic basis and may be caused by several hundred agents. A number of factors may increase the risk of developing OA including genetic, industrial, meteorologic, social, and medical factors. Methods The diagnosis is best made by fulfilling well-defined clinical criteria by way of a meticulous and oftentimes arduous evaluation. Pre-existing asthma and allergy, along with other special variants of asthma and unrelated pulmonary disorders which can masquerade as asthma, must be ruled out. Conclusion Convincing physiologic evidence that demonstrates a cause-and-effect relationship must be obtained before a definitive diagnosis of work-related asthma is made.
Longitudinal structures in the equatorial ionosphere during deep solar minimum

Abstract The plasma densities detected by the Planar Langmuir Probe (PLP) on board the Communication/Navigation Outage Forecasting System (C/NOFS) satellite have been analyzed in detail from launch in April 2008 through December 2009 period. The initial period just after launch which corresponds to one of the quietest periods in the space era, exhibited broad plasma decreases (BPDs) which we have reported previously. In order to treat the data quantitatively, we have detrended the PLP data by using the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) model to remove variations in density due to changes in spacecraft altitude and latitude along the orbit. In this paper we present results of a statistical analysis of C/NOFS detrended plasma densities as well as neutral densities from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) measured during the same period. The results show periodic structures in both charged and neutral species, most evident in limited local times. These structures resemble wave-4 nonmigrating tides. BPDs persist in the detrended data and appear as one of the minima in the longitudinal signatures, most strikingly on the nightside. Statistical averages of meridional velocities from the Ion Velocity Meter (IVM), also on C/NOFS, during the same period shows that the locations of BPDs coincide with measurements of large downward-directed velocities.
Electrochemical study of some three-derivative compounds of 1-phenyl-4-butyldithiocarboxylate-5-hydroxypyrazol (3D-FBDTCHP)

An electrochemical study related to the electrooxidation of the 3-hydroxyl and 3-methyl derivatives of 1-phenyl-4-butyldithiocarboxylate-5-hydroxypyrazol in aqueous ethanolic solutions covering a wide pH interval has been performed. In this study, these compounds are considered as potential collector agents for copper mineral sulfide flotation. From the potentiodynamic parameters for both compounds in solution, as well as for the 3-methyl derivative adsorbed on a glassy carbon electrode surface, it was established that these compounds undergo a dimerization process involving the formation of the respective bisthiocarbonyl disulfide derivative. On the basis of the voltammetric and coulometric data, as well as from the analysis of the product obtained after a preparative electrolysis carried out with the 3-methyl derivative, a mechanism accounting for the nature of the reaction product in aqueous ethanolic solutions is proposed.
A concurrent migration extension to an end-to-end host mobility architecture

With the proliferation of mobile devices and the emergence of the internet as a global communication and business medium, there is significant interest in providing robust, high-performance, internet connectivity to protable devices. This requires seamless delivery of data between the peers even as they change location. The accepted solution for mobility is Mobile IP, an IETF standard supporting mobility in the network layer. Recently, Snoren and Balakrishnan suggested an end-to-end implementation that uses dynamic DNS updates and transport layer connection migration to implement seamless mobility. This approach has several advantages and it is conceivable that it will replace (or co-exist) with Mobile IP to implement mobility. One of the restrictions in the proposed implementation is that it does not support the case where both peers can migrate. In this note, we propose an extension to the end-to-end implementation to allow concurrent peer migration.
The Study of Ancient Iran in the Twentieth Century

The following article discusses the development of ancient Iranian studies, namely the important philological, archaeological, religious, and historical discoveries in the twentieth century and how they have changed our views of ancient Iran and its impact on modern Iranian identity. The essay also previews the use and abuse of ancient Iranian studies by the state and their focus on the newly discovered Achaemenid Empire at the cost of Arsacid and Sasanian dynasties.
Accumulation of Perfluorooctane Sulfonate in Marine Mammals

Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) is a perfluorinated molecule that has recently been identified in the sera of nonindustrially exposed humans. In this study, 247 tissue samples from 15 species of marine mammals collected from Florida, California, and Alaskan coastal waters; the northern Baltic Sea; the Arctic (Spitsbergen); and Sable Island in Canada were analyzed for PFOS. PFOS was detected in liver and blood of marine mammals from most locations including those from Arctic waters. The greatest concentrations of PFOS found in liver and blood were 1520 ng/g wet wt in a bottlenose dolphin from Sarasota Bay, FL, and 475 ng/mL in a ringed seal from the northern Baltic Sea (Bothnian Sea), respectively. No age-dependent increase in PFOS concentrations in marine mammals was observed in the samples analyzed. The occurrence of PFOS in marine mammals from the Arctic waters suggests widespread global distribution of PFOS including remote locations.
Classification behavior and measures of intelligence: Dimensional identity versus overall similarity

Individuals tend to adopt either analytic or holistic modes of categorizing objects. In two studies, we examined the relation between these categorization tendencies and cognitive abilities as measured by standard psychometric instruments. The participants in both studies were pretested with a restricted classification task in which it was possible for them to classify simple stimuli by dimensional identity or overall similarity. Those making a large number of either type of categorization were then tested with subtests of the WAIS-R and with the Raven’s progressive matrices. Across both studies, the analytic individuals (many dimensional identity classifications) scored higher than the holistic individuals (many overall similarity classifications) on some but not all of the subtests. The results are consistent with the idea that holistic modes of categorization may be more “primitive” than analytic modes. The findings are discussed in terms of the association between categorization mode and either general or specific cognitive abilities.
Use of value functions as a possible suitability scaling procedure in automated composite mapping.

The application of composite suitability mapping integrated with a geographic information system is progressing at a much faster rate than the methodological improvements necessary for optimal use in the public planning context. The use of value functions is suggested as an alternative scaling procedure that is scientifically and operationally preferable to existing procedures. Value functions limit the operational subjectivity and enhance the potential for replication and verification of the analysis. Value functions are conducive to increased automation of the land planning and decision process while being comprehensible to non-expert decision-makers and the public.
Simulation of electrowetting lens and prism arrays for wavefront compensation

A novel application of electrowetting devices has been simulated: wavefront correction using an array of electrowetting lenses and prisms. Five waves of distortion can be corrected with Strehl ratios of 0.9 or higher, utilizing piston, tip–tilt, and curvature corrections from arrays of 19 elements and fill factors as low as 40%. Effective control of piston can be achieved by placing the liquid lens array at the focus of two microlens arrays. Seven waves of piston delay can be generated with variation in focal length between 1.5 and 500 mm.
Cyclic and isothermal exposures of 310SS to 10%CH4/H2 carburizing gas mixture at high temperatures

Abstract Carburization of 310 stainless steel (310SS) has been investigated after cyclic and isothermal exposures to 10%CH 4 /H 2 carburizing gas mixtures at 900–1100 °C for 500 h. At 900 °C in 10%CH 4 /H 2 , 310SS suffered external and internal carburization with some external oxidation, and a continuous layer consisting predominantly of Cr/Fe-carbides was formed on the alloy surface. At 1000 and 1100 °C in 10%CH 4 /H 2 , however, external carburization occurred exclusively, semi-continuous and discontinuous external layers of Cr/Fe-carbides were formed, respectively. These experimental results are approximately consistent with the thermodynamic analysis. Cr segregation has been proposed to be associated with carburization modes and continuity of an external layer. The continuity of an external layer is primarily dependent on temperature rather than exposure duration, while the size and morphology of surface carbides are both temperature- and time-dependent. Metal dusting was not experienced in this study.
Ultrastructural basis of the mechanism of rouleaux formation

Abstract The degree of aggregation of red blood cells (RBC) in dextrans with various molecular weights and at different concentrations was quantified by direct microscopic observation, determination of erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and measurement of low-shear viscosity. With increasing molecular weights, dextran fractions became increasingly more effective in causing rouleaux formation. Electron microscopy showed that the adjacent cell surfaces in the rouleaux were parallel to each other with a rather uniform intercellular distance, which varied in the same direction as the molecular size of the dextran used. The results have led to the postulation of a model of red cell aggregation by monolayer bridging of macromolecules. The stability of the aggregation depends upon the balance of the surface-bridging force (between the macromolecule and the cell) vs. the electrical repulsive force, the mechanical shear force, and the membrane-bending force. The larger molecular dextrans are more effective in inducing red cell aggregation because of (a) a weaker electrical repulsion due to the longer intercellular distance, and (b) a stronger bridging force due to the larger adsorption area on the cell surface.
What quenches the helium shell flashes

An analysis is conducted of a typical stellar helium shell flash cycle. A sequence of 12 flashes for a population I star is considered. The changes taking place at a constant mass layer in the helium-burning shell are studied as the flash develops. A highly simplified mathematical description is presented, taking into account the three necessary conditions for the occurrence of the flash and the pressure-density and temperature-density relationships. Quantities which are helpful in explaining what triggers the flash are found to be useful in explaining what quenches the flash.
Improving software team productivity

Choosing the most effective quantitative process design approach will not only improve a firm's project management but, ultimately, the bottom line.
On Style in Karl Barth

Karl Barth exacts a heavy punishment on his critics. Reading his many volumes is toil as well as pleasure, as Barth himself observed, in the special irony he reserved for his own work. But it is not the length of the Church Dogmatics, the scripture commentaries, the sermons or the letters, however great, that weighs on the critic. Critics are bothered — for lack of a better term — by his style.
Island biogeography theory and conservation practice.

The application of island biogeography theory to conservation practice is premature. Theoretically and empirically, a major conclusion of such applications—that refuges should always consist of the largest possible single area—can be incorrect under a variety of biologically feasible conditions. The cost and irreversibility of large-scale conservation programs demand a prudent approach to the application of an insufficiently validated theory.
Cell adhesion on a polymerized peptide-amphiphile monolayer.

Abstract We report the synthesis and characterization of a stable polymerized monolayer of peptide–amphihiles on a planar solid support that promotes mouse fibroblast cell adhesion and spreading. Peptide–amphiphiles consisting of a polymerizable fatty acid attached to a short RGD containing peptide sequence are self-assembled and polymerized at the water–air interface by means of the Langmuir– Blodgett technique. The surface concentration of the peptide–amphiphile is varied by co-spreading the peptide–amphiphile with an analogous non-modified polymerizable amphiphile at the water/air interface, prior to UV light-induced polymerization. The polymerized monolayer is transferred onto a hydrophobized smooth mica surface and the resulting surfaces have been investigated with respect to directing the cell adhesion and spreading of mouse fibroblast cells in a serum-free medium. Fibroblast cells adhere and spread on surfaces exposing the bioactive ligand but do not spread on reference surfaces without peptide. We find a maximum number of adherent cells at rather high peptide surface concentrations of about 10 mol% in the mixed monolayer, equivalent to more than 50 pmol/cm2 peptide on the surface of the film. We attribute this finding to a limited accessibility of the ligands by the integrins. Because of the stability of the polymerized peptide–amphiphile monolayer, these surfaces can be re-seeded multiple times with cells, i.e. adherent cells can be removed from the surface, the surface can be sterilized and cells can be re-attached.
PATTERNS OF LH & FSH RELEASE STIMULATED BY LUTEINIZING HORMONE RELEASING FACTOR (LRF) IN 18 CHILDREN

18 subjects, 5-20 yrs, received LRF to determine if the responses of serum LH & FSH might be useful in specific situations. The subjects who received LRF, 50-100 ugs IV, had hypopituitarism, intrasellar mucocoele (A); constitutional delay, normal female (B); delayed puberty & anosmia, anorchia & encephalocoele (C); obesity (D); anorexia nervosa (E) & gonadal dysgenesis (F). A prepubertal hypopit had FSH 0.7 mIU/ml (peak 4.5); LH was basal 16.0 (peak 31.7). B had no LH, FSH abnormality. LH did not rise in anorchia; C had no FSH peaks. D had no peaks but basal LH, FSH were higher than expected for age. E had low LH & no rise in FSH (N) in one. F had elevated LH, FSH. The LRF test is useful for evaluation of suspected htypothalamic-pituitary disorders.
Design of energy-efficient circuits and systems using tunnel field effect transistors

Energy efficiency is considered to be the most critical design parameter for ubiquitous and mobile computing systems. With consumers expecting improved functionality and performance from these systems without compromising on battery life, there is urgent need to explore emerging technologies that can overcome the limitations of CMOS and deliver greater energy efficiency. The potential of one such prospective metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor replacement device, the tunnel FET (TFET), is evaluated in this study. Novel circuit designs are presented to overcome unique design challenges posed by TFETs. Further, the impact of TFETs at different levels of design abstraction is characterised by evaluating a novel sparse prefix tree adder and a field programmable gate array. A considerable improvement in delay and significant reduction in energy is observed because of the combined impact of circuit and technology co-exploration.
Attention Distribution and Decision Making in Tactical Air Combat

Tactical decision making in the air combat environment requires the rapid processing of large amounts of data in a complex and unpredictable environment. To investigate decision making in this domain, we conducted a study in which 10 experienced fighter pilots provided tactical decisions and performed a target replacement task on a tactical situation display showing a wide variety of tactical situations based on the de Groot memory paradigm. Results were analyzed to determine features related to pilot attention distribution in processing tactical situation displays and their correspondence to tactical decision making. Evidence is provided for the effect of target quantity, target location, and overall target density distribution on decision making and attention. In addition, substantial variation in decision making was found between participants. Systematic biases in attention were also discovered which have implications for decision making in combat situations. Evidence of chunking in processing the disp...
On reasoning with the global time assumption

Concurrency in distributed systems is usually modeled by a nondeterministic interleaving of atomic events. The consequences of this interleaving (or global time) assumption on the specifications and proofs of distributed programs are examined in this paper. A construction for atomic registers is presented; this construction has the surprising property that it is correct with respect to a specification based on partial orders but is incorrect with respect to a naively derived specification based on global time.
Catalysts made of earth-abundant elements (Co, Ni, Fe) for water splitting: Recent progress and future challenges

This article reviews recent significant advances in the field of water splitting. Catalysts play very important roles in two half reactions of water splitting - water reduction and water oxidation. Considering potential future applications, catalysts made of cheap and earth abundant element(s) are especially important for economically viable energy conversion. This article focuses only on catalysts made of cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni) and iron (Fe) elements for water reduction and water oxidation. Different series of catalysts that can be applied in electrocatalytic and photocatalytic water spitting are discussed in detail and their catalytic mechanisms are introduced. Finally, the future outlook and perspective of catalysts made of earth abundant elements will be discussed.
Mentoring in business and industry: the need for a phenomenological perspective

Determining the potential benefits of mentoring is confounded by the lack of clarity surrounding the definition of mentoring in business and industry. Key dimensions of mentoring that are affected by the way in which mentoring is defined are explored, including prevalence, outcomes, gender and formal/informal relationships. This definitional conundrum limits our ability to apply findings to practice and suggests the need for a different research focus—that of determining the essential attributes of mentoring across the various types of mentoring relationships found in business settings. Using a phenomenological approach to gain a deeper understanding of the mentoring experience will provide unique insights into the attributes that must be present for relationships to be perceived as mentoring in the business and industry context.
A retrospective follow-up study of body dysmorphic disorder.

Abstract Background Although research on body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is increasing, no follow-up studies of this disorder's course of illness have been published. Methods The status of 95 outpatients with BDD treated in a clinical practice was assessed by chart review. Standard scales were used to rate subjects at baseline and the most recent clinic visit (mean duration of follow-up, 1.7 ± 1.1; range, 0.5-6.4 years). Ratings were also done at 6-month intervals over the first 4 years of follow-up. Results Allowing for censoring, life table analysis estimated that the proportion of subjects who achieved full remission from BDD at the 6-month and/or 12-month assessment was 24.7%; the proportion who attained partial or full remission at 6 months and/or 12 months was 57.8%. After 4 years of follow-up, 58.2% had experienced full remission, and 83.8% had experienced partial or full remission, at one or more 6-month assessment points. Of those subjects who attained partial or full remission at one or more assessment points, 28.6% subsequently relapsed. Between baseline and the most recent assessment, BDD severity and functioning significantly improved: at the most recent assessment, 16.7% of subjects were in full remission, 37.8% were in partial remission, and 45.6% met full criteria for BDD. Greater severity of BDD symptoms and the presence of major depression or social phobia at baseline were associated with more severe BDD symptoms at study end point. All subjects received at least one medication trial, and 34.3% received some type of therapy during the follow-up period. Conclusions A majority of treated patients with BDD improved, although improvement was usually partial. Prospective longitudinal studies are needed to further elucidate the course of BDD.
On vector transformation

It has been shown that a vector transform is a good tool for digital filtering and image coding. This paper addresses some of the issues related to vector transforms. First, a fundamental difference between vector transforms and conventional transforms is examined. Second, two approaches to constructing vector transforms are discussed. Finally, an application of vector transformation to an efficient implementation of 2-D nonseparable digital filters is proposed. >
Development of HSV-specific CD4+ Th1 responses and CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes with antiviral activity by vaccination with the HSV-2 mutant ICP10ΔPK

A growth compromised herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) mutant which is deleted in the PK domain of the large subunit of ribonucleotide reductase (ICP10DeltaPK) protects from HSV-2 challenge in the mouse and guinea pig cutaneous and vaginal models and reduces the incidence and frequency of recurrent disease (Vaccine (17) (1999) 1951; Vaccine (19) (2001) 1879). The present studies were designed to identify the immune responses induced by ICP10DeltaPK and define the component responsible for protective activity. We found that ICP10DeltaPK elicits a predominant HSV-specific T helper type 1 (Th1) response, as evidenced by: (1) higher levels of HSV-specific IgG2a (Th1) than IgG1 (Th2) isotypes and (2) higher numbers of CD4+ IFN-gamma than IL-10 secreting T cells in popliteal lymph nodes. This Th1 response pattern was associated with a significant increase in the levels of IL-12 produced by dendritic cells from ICP10DeltaPK than HSV-2 immunized animals. Lymph node cells (LNCs) from ICP10DeltaPK immunized mice had significantly higher levels of HSV-2 specific cytolytic activity than LNCs from mice immunized with HSV-2 and it was mediated by CD8+ T cells. CD8+ CTL were not seen in LNCs from HSV-2 immunized mice. In adoptive transfer experiments, CD8+ T cells and, to a lower extent, CD4+ T cells from ICP10DeltaPK immunized mice inhibited HSV-2 replication, suggesting that they are involved in the protective immunity induced by ICP10DeltaPK vaccination.
Experiencing second-wave feminism in the USA

How has feminism mattered in the lives of particular academic feminists? Three scholars in education whose careers developed during the era of second-wave feminism describe how their personal and political stances were affected by theories, methodological advances, the milieus of academia as well as legal, and political events in the USA. The article relies on three narratives, a popular feminist form, to suggest how discourses of second-wave feminism imbued the work of these women.
Fear-enhanced acoustic startle is not attenuated by acute or chronic imipramine treatment in rats.

The effect of acute or chronic administration of imipramine on fear-enhanced startle (potentiated startle) in rats was investigated. Thirty male albino rats were initially given preliminary startle testing, assigned to one of three matched groups, and trained for potentiated startle by presenting ten light-shock pairings on each of 2 days. Subsequent startle testing following a single injection of 0, 5 or 10 mg/kg imipramine revealed that the degree of startle potentiation (increased responding in the presence of the light previously paired with shock) was similar across treatment conditions. A significant and comparable potentiation of startle was observed in animals treated chronically with saline or imipramine (10 mg/kg/day) for 21 days between training and testing. Potentiated startle was also observed in these animals on the next (22 nd) day after injection of an additional dose of the drug (10 mg/kg) 5 min prior to testing. Plasma levels of imipramine and its metabolite, desipramine, were relatively high after each of these treatments. Since previous studies have shown that potentiated startle is decreased by diazepam, the present findings suggest that the potnetiated startle paradigm is a valid model for studying simple fear or anxiety rather than panic disorder.