cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Structural, Electrical, Magnetic, and Spectroscopic Properties of Ring-Oxidized Molecular Metals Produced by Iodination of Metal-Free and Nickel Tetrabenzporphyrins.

Detailed studies of the structure, conductivitity, magnetoresistance, optical spectra, and magnetic properties (susceptibility, EPR) for the new molecular metal tetrabenzporphyrin iodide (H(2)(tbp)I) and the electrical, spectral, and magnetic properties of Ni(tbp)I are reported. Paramagnetic transition-ion impurities were carefully excluded during the synthesis of H(2)(tbp)I and Ni(tbp)I, and both materials show much higher, metal-like conductivites than previously seen for less-pure Ni(tbp)I. Comparison of the specular reflectance data for Ni(tbp)I and H(2)(tbp)I allows a distinction between purely ring pi-transitions and metal-involved charge-transfer transitions, and the spectra fix the energy levels of the pi orbitals involved in conduction. Transport, magnetic, and optical properties show that both H(2)(tbp)I and Ni(tbp)I are ring-based conductors that have metal-like conductivities, varying as approximately 1/T, down to ca. 30-40 K. However, the remaining level of defects is higher in the tbp conductors than in H(2)(pc)I, and whereas the latter is metallic down to the mK temperature range, the defects in the (tbp) compounds localize the conduction electrons at approximately 10 K (Ni(tbp)I) and approximately 30 K (H(2)(tbp)I), leading to transport through one-dimensional variable-range hopping. EPR g-values for H(2)(tbp)I and Ni(tbp)I are close to that for the free electron and are nearly temperature-independent. The line widths for both samples are extremely narrow and also are nearly temperature-independent. These results show that Ni(tbp)I does not display doubly-mixed valence, as thought earlier: Paramagnetic impurities significantly altered the EPR signals of the prior samples. H(2)(tbp)I crystallizes in the space group P4/mcc with cell constants of a = 14.173(10) A and c = 6.463(4) A. Full-matrix least-squares refinement of 63 variables gave an R index of 0.061 on F(o)(2).
Tables of electron density as a function of the halfwidth of Stark-broadened hydrogen lines☆

Abstract Tables of the electron density as a function of the halfwidth of Stark Broadened Ly-α, Ly-β, Hα, Hβ, Hγ and Hδ emission lines have been prepared by interpolating the tables of S(α) of Griem, Kolb and Shen. Graphs contructed from these tables provide a rapid means of estimating electron densities from experimentally obtained line profiles.
Kinetics of human and porcine insulins in normal and type I diabetic subjects.

Human and porcine insulin were infused intravenously at various rates into 4 normal and 6 Type I diabetic subjects, using a double-blind cross-over design and a euglycaemic glucose clamp, to study the relationship between the steady state plasma free insulin concentration and its plasma disappearance rate. By mathematical model validation procedures both human and porcine insulin were found to obey saturation kinetics in normal subjects and first order kinetics in diabetic subjects in the insulin concentration range studied (0–2 nmol/l).
American Society of Clinical Oncology/Oncology Nursing Society chemotherapy safety standards.

Oncology nurses have used chemotherapy standards to develop educational materials and guidelines for standardization and safety and anticipate future opportunities to partner in translating evidence into practice.
Hepatitis B treatment: Lessons for the nephrologist.

Hepatitis B affects approximately 350 million people worldwide, and an estimated 1.25 million people in the United States. Although most people infected with the virus do not develop significant hepatic disease from hepatitis B, 15–40% will develop serious complications. These complications include cirrhosis, the development of hepatocellular carcinoma, and hepatic decompensation. Patients with renal failure have increased risk of acquiring the virus through blood transfusions and contact with bodily fluids at hemodialysis centers, and of developing complications from hepatitis B virus infection. Renal transplant patients are at increased risk for exacerbations of hepatitis B with immunosuppression. Thus, it is crucial for the nephrologist to have a clear understanding of the natural history and treatment of hepatitis B, both pre- and post-renal transplant.
Health expenditure estimation and functional form: applications of the generalized gamma and extended estimating equations models

Health-care expenditure regressions are used in a wide variety of economic analyses including risk adjustment and program and treatment evaluations. Recent articles demonstrated that generalized gamma models (GGMs) and extended estimating equations (EEE) models provide flexible approaches to deal with a variety of data problems encountered in expenditure estimation. To date there have been few empirical applications of these models to expenditures. We use data from the US Medical Expenditure Panel Survey to compare the bias, predictive accuracy, and marginal effects of GGM and EEE models with other commonly used regression models in a cross-validation study design. Health-care expenditure distributions vary in the degree of heteroskedasticity, skewness, and kurtosis by type of service and population. To examine the ability of estimators to address a range of data problems, we estimate models of total health expenditures and prescription drug expenditures for two populations, the elderly and privately insured adults. Our findings illustrate the need for researchers to examine their assumptions about link functions: the appropriate link function varies across our four distributions. The EEE model, which has a flexible link function, is a robust estimator that performs as well, or better, than the other models in each distribution.
A bottom-up engineered broadband optical nanoabsorber for radiometry and energy and harnessing applications

Optical absorbers based on vertically aligned multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), synthesized using electric-field assisted growth, are described here that show an ultra-low reflectance, 100X lower compared to Au-black from wavelength λ ~ 350 nm - 2.5 μm. A bi-metallic Co/Ti layer was shown to catalyze a high site density of MWCNTs on metallic substrates and the optical properties of the absorbers were engineered by controlling the bottom-up synthesis conditions using dc plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD). Reflectance measurements on the MWCNT absorbers after heating them in air to 400°C showed negligible changes in reflectance which was still low, ~0.022 % at λ ~ μm. In contrast, the percolated structure of the reference Aublack samples collapsed completely after heating, causing the optical response to degrade at temperatures as low as 200°C. The high optical absorption efficiency of the MWCNT absorbers, synthesized on metallic substrates, over a broad spectral range, coupled with their thermal ruggedness, suggests they have promise in solar energy harnessing applications, as well as thermal detectors for radiometry.
Water weakening of clinopyroxene in the dislocation creep regime

We performed a series of triaxial compressive creep experiments at two different water fugacities to investigate the effect of water on the creep strength of a natural clinopyroxenite. Samples were deformed under water-saturated conditions at temperatures between 1373 and 1473 K, confining pressures of 150 and 300 MPa, and differential stresses from 34 to 261 MPa. Strain rates were in the range 10 -7 to 10 -5 s -1 . Water fugacity was controlled at either 140 or 280 MPa. The creep results yield a stress exponent of 2.7 ± 0.3 and an activation energy of 670 ± 40 kJ/mol. Compared to dry clinopyroxene, wet samples creep over 100 times faster at a given temperature, confining pressure, water fugacity, and differential stress. The creep rate of clinopyroxene is proportional to the water fugacity to the 3.0 ± 0.6 power, with an activation volume of 0 m 3 /mol. One possible water-weakening mechanism is an enhancement of the rate of dislocation climb associated with increases in the concentration of jogs and the diffusivity of silicon ions. Compared to other major minerals in Earth's lower crust, specifically olivine and plagioclase, the water-weakening effect is most significant for clinopyroxene. Under hydrous conditions the strengths of clinopyroxene and anorthite are comparable over the investigated stress range, and both phases are weaker than olivine. Since the mineral assemblages in Earth's lower continental crust are often dominated by plagioclase and pyroxene, in places where a wet flow law applies, the mechanical behavior of clinopyroxene will have a substantial effect on creep strength.
Importance of the Venous Outflow Pattern in Predicting Hyperemic Complications after Treatment of Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations

odern treatment of cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) has evolved in the era of preoperative M embolization and radiosurgical treatment into a multidisciplinary, patient-specific approach that carefully balances the natural history of the disease with the inherent risks of surgical, endovascular, or radiosurgical treatments. Despite excellent results of AVM obliteration, the postoperative course of these patients can be complicated by hyperemic events, which can result in cerebral edema and intracerebral hemorrhages (3). Whether hyperemia occurs secondary to reperfusion of previously hypoperfused areas owing to poor arterial autoregulation (normal perfusion pressure breakthrough) or active hyperemia (2, 8) or secondary to occlusion of venous outflow (occlusive or passive hyperemia (1)), it has a significant impact on the morbidity and mortality of these patients. As previously shown by several studies, larger, more complex AVMs are associated with higher rates of hyperemic complications (7), but the pathophysiology of these events is unclear, and a predictive tool to identify patients with higher risks of hyperemic complications could modify postoperative care and improve patient outcomes.
Framingham cardiovascular risk profile correlates with impaired hippocampal and cortical vasoreactivity to hypercapnia

Vascular risk factors affect cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cerebral vascular reactivity, contributing to cognitive decline. Hippocampus is vulnerable to both Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology and ischemia; nonetheless, the information about the impact of vascular risk on hippocampal perfusion is minimal. Cognitively, healthy elderly (NL=18, 69.9±6.7 years) and subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI=15, 74.9±8.1 years) were evaluated for the Framingham cardiovascular risk profile (FCRP). All underwent structural imaging and resting CBF assessment with arterial spin labeling (ASL) at 3T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In 24 subjects (NL=17, MCI=7), CBF was measured after a carbon dioxide rebreathing challenge. Across all subjects, FCRP negatively correlated with hippocampal (ρ=−0.41, P=0.049) and global cortical (ρ=−0.46, P=0.02) vasoreactivity to hypercapnia (VRh). The FCRP–VRh relationships were most pronounced in the MCI group: hippocampus (ρ=−0.77, P=0.04); global cortex (ρ=−0.83, P=0.02). The FCRP did not correlate with either volume or resting CBF. The hippocampal VRh was lower in MCI than in NL subjects (Z=−2.0, P=0.047). This difference persisted after age and FCRP correction (F[3,20]=4.6, P=0.05). An elevated risk for vascular pathology is associated with a reduced response to hypercapnia in both hippocampal and cortical tissue. The VRh is more sensitive to vascular burden than either resting CBF or brain volume.
Agronomic and economic response to furrow diking tillage in irrigated and non-irrigated cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.).

Abstract The Southeast U.S. receives an average of 1300 mm annual rainfall, however poor seasonal distribution of rainfall often limits production. Irrigation is used during the growing season to supplement rainfall to sustain profitable crop production. Increased water capture would improve water use efficiency and reduce irrigation requirements. Furrow diking has been proposed as a cost effective management practice that is designed to create a series of storage basins in the furrow between crop rows to catch and retain rainfall and irrigation water. Furrow diking has received much attention in arid and semi-arid regions with mixed results, yet has not been adapted for cotton production in the Southeast U.S. Our objectives were to evaluate the agronomic response and economic feasibility of producing cotton with and without furrow diking in conventional tillage over a range of irrigation rates including no irrigation. Studies were conducted at two research sites each year from 2005 to 2007. Irrigation scheduling was based on Irrigator Pro for Cotton software. The use of furrow diking in these studies periodically reduced water consumption and improved yield and net returns. In 2006 and 2007, when irrigation scheduling was based on soil water status, an average of 76 mm ha−1 of irrigation water was saved by furrow diking, producing similar cotton yield and net returns. Furrow diking improved cotton yield an average of 171 kg ha−1 and net return by $245 ha−1 over multiple irrigation rates, in 1 of 3 years. We conclude that furrow diking has the capability to reduce irrigation requirements and the costs associated with irrigation when rainfall is periodic and drought is not severe.
Mechanisms of neuroblastoma regression

Recent genomic and biological studies of neuroblastoma have shed light on the dramatic heterogeneity in the clinical behaviour of this disease, which spans from spontaneous regression or differentiation in some patients, to relentless disease progression in others, despite intensive multimodality therapy. This evidence also suggests several possible mechanisms to explain the phenomena of spontaneous regression in neuroblastomas, including neurotrophin deprivation, humoral or cellular immunity, loss of telomerase activity and alterations in epigenetic regulation. A better understanding of the mechanisms of spontaneous regression might help to identify optimal therapeutic approaches for patients with these tumours. Currently, the most druggable mechanism is the delayed activation of developmentally programmed cell death regulated by the tropomyosin receptor kinase A pathway. Indeed, targeted therapy aimed at inhibiting neurotrophin receptors might be used in lieu of conventional chemotherapy or radiation in infants with biologically favourable tumours that require treatment. Alternative approaches consist of breaking immune tolerance to tumour antigens or activating neurotrophin receptor pathways to induce neuronal differentiation. These approaches are likely to be most effective against biologically favourable tumours, but they might also provide insights into treatment of biologically unfavourable tumours. We describe the different mechanisms of spontaneous neuroblastoma regression and the consequent therapeutic approaches.
Exercise-related goals and self-efficacy as correlates of aquatic exercise in individuals with arthritis

Objective To examine whether aquatic exercise–related goals, task self-efficacy, and scheduling self-efficacy are predictive of aquatic exercise attendance in individuals with arthritis. A secondary objective was to determine whether high attendees differed from low attendees on goals and self-efficacy. Methods The sample comprised 216 adults with arthritis (mean age 69.21 years). Measures included exercise-related goal difficulty and specificity, task and scheduling self-efficacy, and 8-week aquatic exercise attendance. Results Results of a multiple hierarchical regression analysis were significant (P < 0.01). Goal difficulty, specificity, and task self-efficacy were independent predictors of attendance (P < 0.05). A significant multivariate analysis of variance (P < 0.01) indicated that high attendees had higher task and scheduling self-efficacy and lower goal difficulty than did low attendees (P < 0.05). Conclusion Support for the importance of exercise-related goal setting and self-efficacy was demonstrated. Implications pertain to the design of interventions to impact aquatic exercise.
Dendrogeomorphological analysis of mass movement on Table Cliffs Plateau, Utah

Abstract A rock glacier-like boulder deposit on the Table Cliffs Plateau, Utah, has moved slowly over a long period of time and has affected over 220 trees growing on it. Analyses of annual rings of trees affected by this and other slope movements show events such as inclination, shear, corrasion, burial, exposure, inundation, and nudation. Datable responses to these events are reaction-wood growth, growth suppression and release, ring termination and new callous growth, sprouting, succession, and miscellaneous structural and morphological changes. Various events may produce delayed, antagonistic, interfering, or irrelevant event responses, necessitating procedural caution. A modified skeleton plot of yearly event responses was constructed for each sample in this study with only strongly replicating dates from within trees considered valid. The resulting event-response curve shows peak periods of movement centered around the years 1781, 1803, 1827, 1849, 1869, 1885, 1890, 1907, 1910, 1923, 1938, 1942, 1944, and 1958. Spectral analysis of the event-response curve, mean annual precipitation, and an independently derived tree-ring precipitation surrogate suggests a possible relation between precipitation and slope movement. Analyses of temperature data did not produce results in spite of the presence of internal ice which might be expected to contribute to movement. Map plots of movement through time show event responses scattered in linear zones throughout the slope during main episodes of movement in any given year, with little evidence of long-term surges. Different parts of the slope move at different times and some parts move more than others.
SYNTHESIS AND BIOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF AN ALKENYLDIARYLMETHANE (ADAM) WHICH ACTS AS A NOVEL NON-NUCLEOSIDE HIV-1 REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITOR

Abstract ADAM, a novel non-nucleoside HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor, was synthesized and found to inhibit a variety of HIV-1 strains. In common with other known NNRTIs, ADAM is inactive against HIV-2, and it is much more active as an inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase with poly(rC).oligo(dG) as the template/primer than it is with poly(rA).oligo(dT) as the template/primer.
Operating Room Nurse Managers—Competence and Beyond

Operating room nurse managers supervise and direct a complex, highly technical, and expensive organization. To be successful, they must possess certain competencies or skills that have not been studied extensively. A replication of one study was conducted to determine which competencies characterize OR nurse managers who are considered competent and superior. The randomly selected, national sample comprised OR nurse managers who completed an Operating Room Nurse Manager Questionnaire. Analysis of 120 useable questionnaires revealed that human and leadership competencies were valued most and conceptual and technical competencies were valued least in OR nurse managers.
Use of azo dye ligand chromatography for the partial purification of a novel extracellular peroxidase from Streptomyces viridosporus T7A.

Crude peroxidase preparations from the lignocellulose-degrading actinomycete, Streptomyces viridosporus T7A, were shown to decolorize several azo dye isomers and showed a correlation of dye structure to degradability similar to that shown by fungal Mn-peroxidase, an enzyme not previously described in actinomycetes. Addition of the heme-peroxidase inhibitor KCN did not significantly change the ability of the T7A enzyme(s) to decompose the dyes. These results suggest that T7A may produce a Mn- or other peroxidase with similar substrate specificity to Mn-peroxidase. Affinity chromatography using immobilized azo dye isomers was used for purifying peroxidases from T7A. A significantly purified peroxidase preparation was obtained irrespective of the azo dye used. In comparison, concanavalin A lectin affinity chromatography showed very poor binding and resolution for T7A peroxidases. Azo dye affinity purification gave preparations sufficiently purified to allow amino acid microsequencing for two of the bound proteins. N-terminal amino acid sequences were found to share significant homology with a fungal Mn-peroxidase and actinomycete cellulases.
Synthesis and characterization of synthetic mica-bionanocomposites

Bionanocomposites of low charge swelling mica with several functional organic moieties have been synthesized under mild hydrothermal conditions at 120 °C and characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy and ultraviolet, infrared and energy dispersive spectroscopies. The low charge mica showed affinity for the intercalation of a range of organic guest molecules including cellulose and fructose. All nanocomposites retained the parent mica layered structure with guest molecules occupying the mica interlamellar space.
Defending against Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) Attacks with Queue Traffic Differentiation over Micro-MPLS-based Wireless Networks

Traditional security research has been on privacy or authentication. Unfortunately, attacks on wireless media cannot be simply addressed using traditional security methods [1]. An example of a security threat which is difficult to address using traditional network security techniques is Denial of Service (DoS) attacks. Under DoS attacks it is difficult to provide legitimate users their fair shares of bandwidth. However, it is important to allocate a fair share of bandwidth for multimedia traffic requiring Quality of Service. In this paper we address the issue of DoS attacks between mobile nodes and MPLS domains by proposing a queue differentiation policy at the entry point of the MPLS domain. We also investigated DoS attacks of the entry point (Foreign Domain Agent) into Micro-MPLS-based networks (otherwise know a Hierarchical Mobile MPLS (HMPLS)) [2]. Our simulation results show that our proposed technique provides maximum resource utilization by increasing the throughput of multimedia traffic while the network is under DoS attacks.
Heat pulse measurements on uranium compounds

Thermal diffusivities and heat capacities of uranium monocarbide, uranium monosulfide and uranium monophosphide were measured at room temperature by a heat pulse method. The front surface of a thin small plate was heated with a pulse of thermal energy and the resultant rear surface temperature rise was detected by a thermocouple. From an analysis of the rate and extent of this rise, the thermal diffusion coefficient and heat capacity were obtained. The thermal conductivity was then calculated from the product of the density, thermal diffusivity and specific heat. The thermal conductivities of uranium monocarbide and uranium monophosphide corrected to theoretical density were 0.055 and 0.025 cal/ cm·sec·°C, respectively. Uranium monosulfide with a density of 96.4 % of theoretical had a thermal conductivity of 0.019 cal/cm·sec·°C. Effects of porosity on this type of measurement are considered. The data are compared with heat capacity and thermal conductivity values obtained by other investigators.
The incorporation of fluorine in tourmaline: internal crystallographic controls or external environmental influences?

The manner in which F is incorporated into the tourmaline structure depends on internal influences such as crystallographic constraints and on external influences such as temperature, pressure, local mineral assemblage and fluid composition. Tourmaline has a general formula XY 3 Z 6 ( T 6 O 18 )(BO 3 ) 3 V 3 W , with the most common site-occupancies being: X = Ca 2+ , Na 1+ , K 1+ , X □ (vacancy); Y = Li 1+ , Mg 2+ , Fe 2+ , Mn 2+ , Al 3+ , Cr 3+ , Fe 3+ ; Z = Al 3+ , Mg 2+ , Fe 3+ , Cr 3+ ; T = Si 4+ , Al 3+ ; B = B 3+ ; V ≡ [O(3)] = OH 1− , O 2− ; W ≡ [O(1)] = OH 1− , F 1− , O 2− . Of particular importance for understanding F 1− incorporation in tourmaline is that F 1− occurs solely at the O(1) site. Substitution of F 1− at this site is influenced by the occupancy (total charge) of the X and the Y sites. The X site is generally occupied by cations of variable charge (+1 or +2) or is vacant (zero charge). There are three Y -site cations, which can have charges of +1, +2, +3 or +4. However, the charge of the local bond-valence arrangements of the Y -site cations are most commonly between +6 ( e.g. , Mg 3 ) and +7 ( e.g. , Mg 2 Al). Because of local bonding of the O(1)-site anion to three neighboring Y -site cations and an X -site cation, the charges at the X and Y sites affect the F 1− occupancy at the W site. Disorder of Mg and Al at the Y and Z sites influences the local charge, and consequently, the F content. The accumulated data on tourmaline verify the general crystallographic influences. A summary of >8800 tourmaline compositions from different lithologic environments illustrates that for tourmaline with an average X -site charge exceeding +0.9, there is a range from 0 to a maximum of 1.0 apfu F. As the X -site charge decreases, the maximal amount of F decreases, with the maximal amount of F being less than 0.2 apfu for those tourmalines with an X -site charge of less than +0.5. Petrological factors superimpose local environmental influences on F concentrations. The presence of minerals with a fixed high F content, such as fluorite, local assemblages of minerals and the degree of fractionation in a magma or fluid control the amount of F that is available to tourmaline within the crystallographic constraints imposed by local X - and Y -site charge.
Bedside to bench: interfering with leukemic stem cells.

Kinase inhibitors such as imatinib (Gleevec) have improved the outlook for many people with chronic myeloid leukemia and related blood disorders. But such drugs do not target the leukemia stem cell population and may not be curative. Krause and Van Etten discuss several clinical studies that suggest that interferon-α may provide a solution by selectively eliminating leukemic stem cells—although only more basic research will tell us whether this is true and how it may happen.
WPW syndrome during pregnancy: increased incidence of supraventricular arrhythmias.

cal prolonged QT syndrome is strongly promoted by excessive adrenergic influence, such as might have arisen from the patient’s septic, dehydrated state3 Intravenous adenosine possesses a significant short-lived antiadrenergic effect.6 However, in this case any potential beneficial antiadrenergic effect was overridden by adenosine-induced bradycardia. Moreover, there is no indication that the antiadrenergic effect of adenosine would favorably rectify the sympathetic imbalance and dispersion of repolarizations associated with adrenergic-dependent prolonged QT syndrome.3 An effect or role of adenosine in the mechanism of early afterdepolarizations has not been established. In summary, extreme caution should be used when administering intravenous adenosine and other agents that promote bradycardia in the presence of a prolonged QT interval. Unlike the present case, this situation is most likely to arise during the concomitant use of antiarrhythmic drugs known to prolong the QT interval.3 Intravenous adenosine should not be administered in the presence of established prolonged QT syndrome.
A collander‐type experiment in large tanks of solution culture

Abstract Several different plant species were grown together in large (400 1) tanks of solution culture in the pattern of the original Collander experiment (Plant Physiol. 16:691) except in the present one, plants were spaced far enough apart that roots could not become entangled so that root‐shoot partitioning could be studied. Two sets of plants were grown in the tanks. One set was with agricultural species and the other was with native desert plants. One tank contained a standard nutrient solution and the second contained the same solution with addition of several cations: Na, Cd, Li, Ni, Cr, Pb, Sr, Ba. Plant species behaved differentially to the mixture of cations with differential partitioning among plant parts. Exclusion phenomena discussed in the original Collander paper are mostly retention in roots with little transloca‐tion to shoots. The extra cations in some cases increased yields, in some cases decreased yields with no differences in others. Several‐nutrient element interactions were indicat...
Chemical “kick start” for the autocatalytic formaldehyde‐free electroless copper plating process

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the use of additives in formaldehyde‐free copper‐plating solutions with low reducing agent (RA) concentration to improve the start reaction of electroless copper deposition and to enable a copper‐plating process which is more environmentally friendly.Design/methodology/approach – Different additives were investigated and their influence on the plating reaction and deposition rate was elucidated using several deposition trials.Findings – On palladium‐activated base material, the additives reacted with the palladium and generated additional electrons in the initial phase of the deposition. Thus, the adequate supply of electrons from two sources (RA and additive) permits the deposition of a homogeneous and compact copper layer.Research limitations/implications – At the present time, formaldehyde is the established RA in the electroless copper metallization process used with plated through‐holes. Because of its environmental impact, there is a need to replace ...
Phosphomonoesters and phosphodiesters derived from the photohydrolysis of 2-methoxy-5-nitrophenyl substituted phosphotriesters

Abstract Phosphotriesters composed of one or two 2-methoxy-5-nitrophenyl group(s) can be quantitatively photohydrolyzed in aqueous acetonitrile to yield the desired phosphodiester or phosphomonoester, respectively. Photohydrolysis occurs by attack of hydroxide at both the phosphoryl phosphorus and at the ipso-carbon in the triplet exited state of the 2-methoxy-5-nitrophenyl substituted phosphoesters. The photophysical studies described within imply that this type of reaction may be synthetically useful.
On the Maxwell–Garnett model of chiral composites

The Maxwell–Garnett model for isotropic chiral spherical inclusions in free space has been briefly reviewed, and pertinent results for the effective intrinsic and extrinsic properties of the composite medium, along with useful Taylor expansions, have been obtained in the Drude–Born–Fedorov representation. It has been shown that this model does not yield the chirality parameter of the composite independently of the permeability and the permittivity, and treats the permeability and the permittivity as duals of each other. Finally, even if the inclusions are nonmagnetic, the composite medium may not be necessarily so. It is anticipated that the formulae derived here will not only assist in the formulation of more rigorous multiple scattering theories, but will also aid designers of chiral composites.
High α-linolenic acid and fish oil ingestion promotes ovulation to the same extent in rats.

Abstract Prostaglandins (PG) have a regulatory influence on ovulation. α -Linolenic acid (ALA) vs eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) differently influence PG biosynthesis. Whereas high EPA/DHA reduces PGE 2 , enhancing ovulation, we hypothesized that ALA would not affect ovulation. Our objective was to determine the effect of low and high ALA intake vs EPA/DHA on ovarian phospholipids, ovulation, and PG synthesis in rats. Following 27 days on diet and ovulation induction, ovaries were isolated and analyzed in 22 pups per diet. Ovarian phospholipid (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) incorporation increased with EPA/DHA ingestion. With significant ovarian (n-3) PUFA or EPA ( P 2 combined with increased PGE 3 . When EPA alone was elevated, PGE was reduced, whereas PGF was increased. Results indicate that very high ALA intake enhances ovulation similar to very high EPA/DHA ingestion, an effect potentially mediated via similar patterns of PGF 2 α and PGE 2 synthesis.
PrimerProspector: de novo design and taxonomic analysis of barcoded polymerase chain reaction primers

Motivation: PCR amplification of DNA is a key preliminary step in many applications of high-throughput sequencing technologies, yet design of novel barcoded primers and taxonomic analysis of novel or existing primers remains a challenging task. Results: PrimerProspector is an open-source software package that allows researchers to develop new primers from collections of sequences and to evaluate existing primers in the context of taxonomic data. Availability: PrimerProspector is open-source software available at
Two-Photon Processes: Dynamics and Applications

Recent advances in producing highly efficient two-photon up-converters have opened up a great number of potential applications. This paper describes our effort in the development of highly efficient organics with direct two-photon absorption and inorganics with sequential as well as cooperative two-photon processes. An important part of our program is characterization of the two-photon excitation dynamics using femtosecond time-resolved studies for a direct two-photon absorption process in organics. A major effort of our program is developing two-photon technology. In this paper two specific applications are reviewed: (i) Optical power limiting and (ii) Optical tracking of chemotherapy.
Sex Differences in Brain Function

Sex differences in the brain come in many sizes, shapes and forms. The most robust differences between males and females are not surprisingly those directly relevant to reproduction. The neural underpinnings controlling sex behaviour and control of gonadal function are establishing during a developmental sensitive period by the differential hormonal milieu found in males versus females. Considerable advances have been made in identifying the cellular mechanisms of early organizational effects of testosterone and its metabolite estradiol, which then determine adult physiology and behaviour. These mechanisms are highly region-specific and impact on cell death, axonal projections and synaptogenesis, resulting in a brain that combines varying degrees of maleness and femaleness. The study of reproductive endpoints is not only valid in its own right but also provides insight into the more subtle sex differences associated with cognition, emotionality, social behaviour and relative risk of neurological disorders and diseases of mental health. Key Concepts: During development sex-specific hormones organize the brain into a male or female phenotype which is then activated by hormones in adulthood. The largest magnitude sex differences in the brain are in areas associated with control of reproduction. Hormones regulate growth factors, cell death, cell genesis and synaptogenesis to build sexually dimorphic neural circuits. There are multiple cellular mechanisms of hormonally mediated sexual differentiation which vary by brain region and endpoint. Because of the myriad of mechanisms and the impact of environment and experience, ultimately every brain is a moasic of masculine and feminine in varying degrees. Keywords: testosterone; estradiol; preoptic area; hypothalamus; sexual differentiation; glutamate; GABA; prostaglandins; synaptogenesis
Dowry Increase and Increments in Wealth in Medieval Ragusa (Dubrovnik)

Certain data from the familial world have value as a means for charting increments in wealth over the long term. Dowries from medieval Ragusa (Dubrovnik), 1235 to 1460, provide such evidence where other surviving records prove inadequate. Social cohesion and endogamy allowed the noble merchant citizenry to utilize dowries to redistribute personal fortunes broadly, thereby creating broad-based wealth. Comparisons with Italian towns indicate dowry increase was widespread but often served different social and economic purposes. Analyzing dotal strategies at Ragusa allows a glimpse of the means a cohesive elite could employ to promote economic growth.
Four phosphoproteins with common amino termini are encoded by human cytomegalovirus AD169.

In this report, the authors identify the proteins encoded by the 2.2-kilobase class of early transcripts arising from a region of the strain AD169 human cytomegalovirus genome (map units 0.682 to 0.713) which contains cell-related sequences. These transcripts, encoded by adjacent EcoRI fragments R and d, have a complex spliced structure with 5' and 3' coterminal ends. Antiserum directed against a synthetic 11-amino-acid peptide corresponding to the predicted amino terminus of the proteins was generated and found to immunoprecipitate four-infected-cell proteins of 84, 50, 43, and 34 kilodaltons. These proteins were phosphorylated and were associated predominantly with the nuclei of infected cells. The 43-kilodalton protein was the most abundant of the four proteins, and its level of expression remained relatively constant throughout the infection. Expression of the other proteins increased as the infection progressed. Pulse-chase analysis failed to show a precursor-product relationship between any of the proteins. A comparison of the (/sup 35/S)methionine-labeled tryptic peptide maps of the four proteins from infected cells and an in vitro-generated polypeptide derived from the putative first exon showed that all four infected-cell proteins were of viral origin and contained a common amino-terminal region.
B cell mediated lysis of JHMV infected targets.

Humoral immunity has been implicated in various models of mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) central nervous system (CNS) infection (Stohlman, et al., 1999). However, the lack of neutralizing Ab until the virus has been cleared suggested that humoral immunity played little or no role in clearance of JHMV from the CNS. Infection of mice lacking the ability to produce Ab showed that following acute clearance, infectious virus reactivates within the CNS (Lin et al., 1999), demonstrating an essential role for humoral immunity in preventing CNS virus reactivation. The absence of both B cells and Ab in these mice leaves open the question of whether the B cells limit CNS virus reactivation, a role potentially masked by Ab mediated neutralization (Lin et al. 1999). B cells from naive mice interact with MHV-A59 infected cells resulting in lysis (Holmes et al. 1986, Welsh et al. 1986). Lysis is blocked by neutralizing Ab (Wysocka et al. 1989), suggesting a role of the S protein. B cells, although resistant to MHV infection, express high levels of the MHV receptor (MHV-R) (Coutelier et al 1994). Interactions between the S protein and MHV-R appear to result in cytolysis via cell-cell fusion (Wysocka et al. 1989) and is independent of Fas/FasL interactions and TNF-α (Nishioka et al 1993). These studies were initiated to explore the potential role of B cell-MHV-R interactions in contributing to the suppression of infectious virus within the CNS.
Hotel Managers' Predictions of Satisfaction with Unexpected Outcomes:

A great deal of research has focused on the relationship between individuals' expectations and their satisfaction with outcomes. This article describes a field study involving hotel managers who were asked about affective expectations related to real-life outcomes. Results show that managers were not as satisfied as they had predicted they would be with outcomes that exceeded expectations. Similarly, they were not as dissatisfied as they had predicted they would be with outcomes that fell short of expectations. Implications of these findings are discussed and suggestions for future research are noted.
Transitional Objects, Phenomena, and Relatedness: Understanding and Working with Individuals with Borderline Personality Disorder

Transitional objects, transitional phenomena, and transitional relatedness are concepts that can be helpful both in clarifying normal aspects of development and in understanding individuals with borderline personality disorder. Valued objects of childhood and the mature interests of adulthood are useful in providing soothing comfort and feelings of self enhancement. Individuals with borderline personality disorder may use childhood transitional objects or pathologic transitional phenomena to soothe or comfort themselves. Nurse therapists can learn to both recognize these types of phenomena and apply this awareness in their therapeutic interactions to help explore traumatic past events, current insecurities, and new self-soothing methods, and thereby enhance treatment efficacy.
Electrical‐Mechanical Analog Applied to Crack Growth in Glass‐ Glass‐Ceramic Composites

It has been shown that the electrical-mechanical analog is exact under certain conditions. This exactness was confirmed by determining voltage as a function of crack size on a center-cracked and an edge-cracked aluminum foil. The technique was also used to determine the crack velocity-stress intensity factor diagram from the growth of a microcrack in a glass-glass-ceramic composite system. The crack length-time relation was determined by measuring voltage-time across a vapor-deposited gold film on the specimen surfaces.
Inhibition of hydrocarbon biosynthesis in the housefly by 2‐Octadecynoate

The elongation of [9,10-3H]oleoyl-CoA with malonyl-CoA to form 20, 22, and 24 carbon monounsaturated fatty acids was demonstrated in housefly microsomes by radio-GLC. These elongation reactions, which have been postulated to be involved in hydrocarbon biosynthesis, have not been previously demonstrated in insects. 2-Octadecynoate (18:1 Δ2=) inhibited the in vivo incorporation of [1-14C]acetate into both fatty acids and hydrocarbons in a dose-dependent manner. At doses of 10 μg per female housefly of the alkynoic acid, the incorporation of [1-14C]acetate into hydrocarbon was inhibited 93%, the incorporation of [9,10-3H]oleate into hydrocarbon was inhibited 64%, and the incorporation of [1-14C]acetate into total internal lipid was inhibited 65%. Partially purified FAS was inhibited 50% and 95% at 15 μM and 40 μM, respectively, of the alkynoic acid. These results show that 2-octadecynoate inhibits hydrocarbon biosynthesis in the housefly by inhibiting FAS, and the in vivo data suggest that the elongation of 18:1 to longer chain fatty acids is also inhibited.
Peripheral antigen-expressing cells in type 1 diabetes.

Studies in both humans and rodent models provide new insight into key mechanisms regulating tolerance to selfmolecules. There is evidence that tissue-specific molecules are expressed in the thymus and peripheral lymphoid tissues (PLTs) by specialized antigen-presenting cells (APCs), and that such expression is critical for self-tolerance. Insulin, a key hormone exclusively produced by pancreatic b cells and a critical autoantigen in type 1 diabetes, provides an excellent example of a molecule with tissue-restricted expression that is ectopically expressed by APCs in both thymus and PLTs. APCs may play a role in insulin presentation in both the central and peripheral immune system. Functional data from several transgenic and knockout mouse models, some specific for the expression of insulin, help dissect the significance of self-molecule presentation by APCs and its role in autoimmune diabetes.
Secure Behavior of Web Browsers to Prevent Information Leakages

Recently Web browsers are widely used as client-side application platforms beyond the traditional use of Web browsers. One of main reasons for such evolution of the browsers is the client-side JavaScript language that can execute programs embedded in a document. However, Web applications with client-side JavaScript programs have problems of leaking private information (such as cookie information) due to interactions between the browser and scripts embedded in the document. We propose a new calculus representing browser behavior that prevents information from leakage by means of language-based information flow. The proposed calculus can deal with script rewriting and higher-order functions. In addition, our calculus has a noninterference property depending on a security policy statically given by the user.
Amplification Options in the Treatment of Auditory Neuropathy

Summary There is no consensus withinthe audiological community con-cerning the efficacy of amplificationfor patients with AN. Until more isknown about the subcategories ofAN and their characteristic re-sponse to amplification, it seemsprudent to address each case indi-vidually. One suggested approachis to provide a carefully monitoredtrial period with amplification inaccordance with the patient’s be-havioral thresholds.When an infant’s test findingsare consistent with AN, immediatereferrals should be made to earlyintervention services, otology, oph-thalmology, and medical genetics.This is the same group of referralsthat would be made when senso-rineural hearing loss or mixed hear-ing loss is identified. What differsbetween referrals for patients withAN and referrals for more typicalhearing loss is that amplificationmay be deferred until behavioralaudiometric findings are obtainedand stability of thresholds is estab-lished.Some patients may present witha combination of findings suggest-ing AN as well as a sensory hear-ing loss. These patients exhibit mea-surable OAEs and cochlear micro-phonics, absent middle ear reflexes,and measurable Wave Vs on theABR that are consistent with ob-served auditory responsiveness. Ifthese individuals are not able toperform behavioral audiometry, theABR thresholds could be used as afirst approximation of behavioralthresholds. These initial Wave Vthresholds or behavioral thresholdswould be used in a systematic am-plification protocol (Pediatric Work-ing Group, 1996). For older children and adultswho can provide input about audi-bility, comfort, and quality, pre-scriptive approaches can be modi-fied in accordance with their sub-jective reports. For young children,indispensable information to guidethe fitting process is obtained fromthe observations of parents,caregivers, and early intervention-ists. Monitoring of auditory respon-siveness, in combination with closemonitoring of thresholds and OAEs,is critical during the amplificationtrial period. The length of the trialwith amplification will vary on acase-by-case basis. Finally, regard-less of the etiology of hearing loss,amplification must be used in com-bination with a comprehensive re-habilitation program.
Enlarged vestibular aqueduct syndrome mimicking otosclerosis in adults.

Abstract Introduction An enlarged vestibular aqueduct (EVA) results in hearing loss which is often progressive and heterogenous, the long-term natural history of which is not well understood. Patients born before the era of newborn hearing screening can present as adults with previously undiagnosed EVA. Methods A retrospective chart review of patients seen at a tertiary adult academic otologic clinic from 2004 to 2012 were reviewed and cases of EVA were identified. Results Adult EVA was found to present with a mixed progressive hearing loss with absent stapedial reflexes. Conclusion Enlarged vestibular aqueduct abnormality can present in adulthood and mimic other more common pathology such as otosclerosis.
Rain Rates Based on SSM/I, OLR and Raingauge Data Sets

In this paper we present a methodology for evaluating rain rates from a mix of satellite and surface based observations. The component data sets include the outgoing longwave radiation (OLR), microwave radiometric data from the special sensor microwave imager (SSM/I) and surface raingauge data from the World Weather Watch. We have noted some deficiencies in the SSM/I algorithm-based rain rate over land areas; the OLR-based rain rates exhibit a larger lateral spread and lower intensities than the observed rainfall structures. The proposed combined method assimilates these three data sets to provide improved fields of global tropical rainfall.