cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The additive effect of carbon dioxide on mortality of the cigarette beetle Lasioderma serricorne (Coleoptera: Anobiidae) in low-oxygen atmospheres

Low-oxygen (O2)-controlled atmospheres (CAs) for tobacco pest control require long operation times at moderate temperatures (≤25 °C), causing low throughput and high costs except during summer. The additive effect of CO2 on the mortality of the cigarette beetle Lasioderma serricorne (F.) in 0.5 % O2 was evaluated to improve the effectiveness of low-O2 CAs. The lethal times for eggs, larvae, and adults in 0.5 % O2 were mostly reduced when 3 % CO2 was added. However, the differences were small—only a few percent—and not sufficient to shorten the practical operation times of low-O2 CAs.
Fabrication of CaO insulator coatings by MOCVD for application in vanadium/lithium blankets

The blanket system is one of the most important components in a fusion reactor because it has a major impact on both the economics and safety of fusion energy. The primary functions of the blanket in a deuterium/tritium-fueled fusion reactor are to convert the fusion energy into sensible heat and to breed tritium for the fuel cycle. The self-cooled liquid metal blanket concept requires an electrically insulating coating on the first-wall structural material to minimize the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) pressure drop that occurs during the flow of liquid metal in a magnetic field. Calcium oxide is a possible coating material because it is an excellent electrical insulator and it has large negative free energy to prevent the attack from liquid lithium. In this paper, details are presented on the metallorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) method that was used to fabricate the CaO coating. The as-deposited CaO coating was annealed in calcium vapor to prevent coating spallation. Composition and phase analyses of the coating were performed by energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that the coating did not crack after several thermal cycles from room temperature to 715 °C. The resistance of the coating was high enough for application as an insulating coating for the self-cooled lithium blanket in fusion systems. The information on Li compatibility is only preliminary and additional effort is needed to evaluate their long-term performance in fusion-relevant conditions.
Changes in leucocyte populations following murine bifunctional antibody infusion in colon cancer patients

This study was undertaken to determine whether infusion of a unique ZCE/CHA bifunctional antibody (BFA, 5-40 mg) could alter the composition and functions of peripheral blood leucocytes in 18 patients with colon cancer. The BFA is made by combining chemically the Fab' fragments of two murine monoclonal antibodies. One fragment (ZCE 025) binds to the carcino-embryonic antigen (CEA) and the other (CHA 225) to an epitope, present on an 111In-benzyl EDTA analog of bleomycin (BLEDTA IV) and on 111In-hydroxy-ethyl-thiourea benzyl EDTA (EOTUBE). The radiolabelled epitope (111In-BLEDTA IV or 111In-EOTUBE) was given 4 days after prelocalization with BFA. Peripheral blood samples were tested before BFA infusion, at the end of infusion (1 h later), and at 4 and 7 days post-infusion. A 50% or greater suppression in lymphocyte responsiveness to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and concanavalin A (Con A) was seen in 13 out of 18 and 12 out of 18 subjects, respectively, at some time after BFA infusion; this was especially evident in those patients with pre-infusion stimulation indices of greater than 50 (PHA) and/or greater than 10 (Con A). In contrast, natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity and oxygen radical production increased in five out of 15 and in seven out of 18 subjects, respectively. Little or no change was observed in CD3, CD4, CD8, CD16, and CD19 markers on lymphocyte subpopulations as determined by flow cytometry. These data suggest that significant changes in mitogen-induced lymphoproliferation. NK cell cytotoxicity, and oxygen radical production can occur in a substantial proportion of cancer patients after infusion of the ZCE/CHA bifunctional antibody system. The immunomodulation was unrelated to initial BFA dose, dose of BFA as a carrier, or to subsequent infusion of either form of the 111In epitope. The clinical significance of these phenomena, if any, remains to be determined.
Generation and analysis of reduced-part-count truss geometries for space-based applications

A technique for deriving truss structures with reduced part count from the octahedral-tetrahedral (octet) truss by removal of struts and nodes is described. The technique is based on an understanding of the geometry and symmetry of the octet truss. Six example reduced-part-count structures are analyzed and compared with the parent octet truss with regard to part count, redundancy, mass, and free-free fundamental frequency. Part count reductions of 12 to 37 percent, mass reductions of 7 to 33 percent, and fundamental frequency reductions of 18 to 30 percent are demonstrated. Increases in strut cross-sectional area and truss depth are considered for the purpose of increasing the stiffness of the reduced structures.
A new potential for quarkonium

Abstract We suggest a new potential for bound states of a heavy quark-antiquark pair. This potential has a logarithmic piece interpolating between a confining linear part at large distances and an asymptotically free Coulombic part at short distances. We show that the logarithmic piece of our potential considerably influences the ψ J -family spectrum, and dominates the ϒ-family. An excellent fit to the psi; J data below the DD threshold and the correct ϒ′−ϒ mass splitting is obtained in a natural way. We suggest a possible test for this new potential through the leptonic widths of the ϒ-family.
X-ray-induced mutants resistant to 8-azaguanine. I. Effects of cell density and expression time.

Abstract Asynchronous Chinese hamster ovary cells were irradiated and colony survival in Alpha MEM medium with dialyzed serum was determined with or without 15 μg/ml 8-Azaguanine (AG). Data indicated that a reproducible assay for the system was dependent upon controlling cell density at least two days prior to induction as well as throughout the expression period. Generally, spontaneous and radiation-induced mutant frequencies decreased when cell densities exceeded a critical density of 3–6 × 10 4 cells/cm 2 . Infrequently, the critical density was exceeded by a factor of two with no observed decrease, possibly correlated with a longer cell doubling time. Drug depletion artifacts can occur because of drug degradation, or because wild-type cells utilize the drug or produce conditions which reduce uptake of the drug. Thus, as the effective drug concentration is lowered, the observed mutant frequency increases because a spectrum of mutaants resistant to only low concentrations can now survive. In fact, refeeding with AG at intervals during the incubation period lowered spontaneous and radiation-induced frequencies approx. 5-fold. Therefore, to standardize conditions, cells were trypsinized at the end of the expression time and replated at a constant cell number for mutant selection by AG. Over two generations of growth during the expression period were required for optimal manifestation of induced mutants, and when densities were kept below 4 × 10 4 cells/cm 2 at all times, observed mutant frequencies did not change significantly over a period between 80 and 140 h post-induction (over 4 generations for irradiated cells and over 6 generations for controls). Previous reports of observed mutant frequencies decreasing beyond three generations may be due to cell interaction prior to mutant selection.
What is Skill

The concept of skill plays an important role in sociological research, from studies of the labor process to debates over equal worth. This article provides a theoretical analysis of the ambiguities and difficulties involved in current sociological conceptions of skill, contrasting four distinct approaches to skill: positivist, ethnomethodological, Weberian, and Marxist. Some of the impasses in industrial sociology arguably stem from the fact that opposed traditions are using very different notions of skill or are blind to their own preconceptions regarding skill. The article draws out the implications of this for empirical research.
Standardized photography in facial reconstructive surgery: clinical pearls to simplify a complicated task.

Juan-Carlos Martinez, MD, has indicated no significant interest with commercial supporters.
Solvation studies of electrospray ions—method and early results

Experiments are described in which bare (completely desolvated) ions are separated from their source gas and mixed with a bath gas of any desired temperature and precisely controlled composition. The resulting mixture of ions and bath gas is transported by free jet expansion into a vacuum system for mass analysis to reveal the extent to which the ions have formed adducts with other species in the bath gas. Because the ions are separated from their source gas or vapor before they are mixed with the bath gas, the compositions of the bath gas and source gas are completely independent. Thus, one can examine solvation or adduction by any desired species contained in the bath gas without any interference from other species that might be present in the source gas. Reported here are results obtained on the solvation of electrospray ions of a small peptide, leucine-enkephalin, by water and several alkanols. One provocative finding is that a substantial fraction of ions thought to be singly charged monomers turned out to be doubly charged dimers.
Getting through the IRB: Covenant Medical Center Nursing Research Committee's experience.

This is the first publication of The Research Column . Please send contributions to Jane Koziol-McLain (see information for Authors, pages 15A and 16A).
A JANUS FACE UPON RELIGION FROM SCIENTIFIC MATERIALISM

Abstract. Bjorn Grinde's article is a Janus face from a scientific insider looking out toward religion and from a religious outsider looking in. His scientific story of the evolutionary and present advantages of religion is laudable but incomplete, as the logic of commitment strategies might provide a fuller account of what produces the value of religious faith. His scientific presuppositions nevertheless might be taken as exhibiting some hubris, particularly in the limits of his instrumental ethics. Finally, the variety and potential incommensurability of both theistic and nontheistic religious views render his distinction between “minimal” and “elaborated” views of God problematic as a route to finding a scientifically credible view by which science might move to optimize the value of religion. Nevertheless, the goal of doing so might be supported by several structural features of religious views, of individual transformation and of hopes for the future, which may be supported by the evolutionary logic of commitment strategies at both individual and group levels.
Reconnection layer at the flank magnetopause in the presence of shear flow

We present hybrid simulations of reconnection layer at the flank magnetopause, where a large plasma flow speed is present in the magnetosheath. It is found that there exists a threshold flow speed v(sub *) such that for the magnetosheath flow speed v(sub s) less than v(sub *) (v(sub s) greater than v(sub *)), the rotational discontinuity with a larger field rotation angle exists on the magnetosheath (magnetospheric) side of the reconnection layer. The threshold speed is found to be v(sub *) = v(sub Am) - v(sub As), where v(sub Am) (v(sub As)) is the Alfven speed on the magnetospheric (magnetosheath) side of the reconnection layer. Furthermore, for v(sub s) much less than v(sub *), the rotational discontinuity on the magnetosheath side is very thin, and an accelerated high-speed flow is located earthward of the rotational discontinuity, as observed at the dayside magnetopause. For v(sub s) approximately v(sub *), the magnetic field transition region is thick, and the accelerated flow is present in the entire field transition region, as observed at the flank magnetopause.
Microwave spectra, structure, and barrier to internal rotation of CH3SnH2D, CH3SnHD2 and CH3SnD3

The microwave spectra from 12.5 to 39.0 GHz of CH3SnH2D, CH3SnHD2, and CH3SnD3 have been measured and assigned for the ground vibrational state for the three most naturally abundant tin isotopes, 120Sn, 118Sn, and 116Sn. From a diagnostic least-squares adjustment to fit 20 rotational constants, the following ro structural parameters were obtained: r(Sn-H) = 1.708 ± 0.001 A, r(CSn) = 2.140 ± 0.001 A, r(CH) = 1.083 ± 0.005 A, <CSnH = 109.36 ±°, and <SnCH = 110.36 ± 0.04°. The rs structural parameters were also obtained for the SnH3 moiety and were found to be r(SnH) = 1.713 ± 0.005 A and <CSnH = 110.01 ± 0.03°. The barrier to internal rotation was determined by the splitting method to be 595 ± 8 cal/mol. These data are compared to the corresponding quantities for some similar molecules.
On the Use of Infrared Spectroscopy To Determine Hydroxyl Content and Reactivity of O−Acetylated and O−Alkylated Coals

Infrared spectroscopy was used to examine the O-alkylation and O-acetylation of two bituminous coals with a series of reagents. Two related aspects were investigated: We attempted to apply quantit...
Mentorship Matters: Does Early Faculty Contact Lead to Quality Faculty Interaction?.

This study seeks to understand the factors that contribute to a type of student–faculty interaction known to have particular benefits for students, faculty mentorship. Using three-time-point data from the Cooperative Institutional Research Program at the University of California, Los Angeles, this study employed structural equation modeling to investigate the relationship between contact and communication with faculty in the first year of college and faculty mentorship in the senior year. Results suggest that early interaction with faculty serves as a socialization process in college that leads students to have more meaningful interactions with faculty later in college, in the form of mentorship. The study extends the field’s understanding of faculty mentorship and offers important implications for institutional practices.
Effects of Elicitation Task Variables on Speech Production by Children with Cochlear Implants

Given the interest in comparing speech production development in children with normal hearing and hearing impairment, it is important to evaluate how variables within speech elicitation tasks can d...
Tolerance of aggressive and non-aggressive isolates of Ceratocystis ulmi to organotin fungicides

The effect of triorganotin compounds, R3SnX, on the growth of three wild strains of Ceratocystis ulmi (C. ulmi) fungus, two aggressive and one non-aggressive strains, was evaluated in shake culture. In all cases, the triphenyltins were the more effective organotins for the inhibition of C. ulmi in vitro. The anionic group, X, did not have a significant role in the inhibition, suggesting that the species involved in the inhibition is the triphenyltin moiety (Ph3Sn+) or the hydrated triphenyltin moiety (Ph3Sn(H2O)+2). It is further suggested that the triphenyltin species Ph3SnOH and Ph3SnOAc are the preferred compounds for the control of Dutch elm disease. The tolerance of aggressive isolates to fungitoxins appears to depend more on the nature of the fungicide than on the type of fungus.
From motives to results: Improving the effectiveness of quality improvement

t A r t c d ecent reports have confirmed that there is a “chasm” between the current quality of health care delivery and what many consider achievable uality (1–3). From prenatal care to end-of-life care, peole in the United States frequently fail to receive benefiial services (4,5) and too often receive services that are nnecessary or even potentially harmful (6,7). Despite he alarm sounded by accumulated research results, most rofessionals, healthcare organizations, and members of he public have been slow to notice or to respond (8). Some organizations have worked to motivate change ince the early 1990s. For example, the National Committee or Quality Assurance (NCQA) has publicized the state of uality in health plans each year (9). The Committee also ccredits health plans and, in this oversight role, has reuired health plans to report on their quality improvement rograms. Over the years, the NCQA has accumulated a atabase of quality improvement projects that may be one of he largest in the United States, but it has not been subjected o the scrutiny of researchers until now. In this issue of the Journal, the study by Borenstein and olleagues (10) used NCQA’s database of projects to anwer a simple question: are quality improvement projects ssociated with higher subsequent quality of care when ssessed 2 years later? The authors compared results of lans with quality improvement projects that targeted pecific clinical services to the results of plans not reportng such projects. No consistent association was found etween the projects and the quality scores of health lans. The authors conclude that although some projects ay be effective, voluntary quality improvement efforts re not associated with better clinical performance. They uggest that the NCQA no longer use health plans’ reorted quality improvement projects as a factor in the ccreditation decision. Should we also conclude that health plans’ quality imrovement projects are ineffective and should be abanoned? Several other research studies might lead us to his conclusion, particularly those that demonstrated no mpact of seemingly well-designed continuous quality mprovement projects (11). Nevertheless, we agree with orenstein and colleagues that it would be simplistic for
Modification of the Mg/DOBDC MOF with Amines to Enhance CO2 Adsorption from Ultradilute Gases.

The MOF Mg/DOBDC has one of the highest known CO2 adsorption capacities at the low to moderate CO2 partial pressures relevant for CO2 capture from flue gas but is difficult to regenerate for use in cyclic operation. In this work, Mg/DOBDC is modified by functionalization of its open metal coordination sites with ethylene diamine (ED) to introduce pendent amines into the MOF micropores. DFT calculations and experimental nitrogen physisorption and thermogravimetric analysis suggest that 1 ED molecule is added to each unit cell, on average. This modification both increases the material’s CO2 adsorption capacity at ultradilute CO2 partial pressures and increases the regenerability of the material, allowing for cyclic adsorption–desorption cycles with identical adsorption capacities. This is one of the first MOF materials demonstrated to yield significant adsorption capacities from simulated ambient air (400 ppm CO2), and its capacity is competitive with the best-known adsorbents based on amine–oxide composites.
Effect of low vitamin A diets with high-moisture or dry corn on marbling and adipose tissue fatty acid composition of beef steers

Angus-cross steers (n = 165; 295 +/- 16 kg of BW) were used evaluate the effect of low vitamin A diets with high-moisture corn (HMC) or dry corn (DC) on marbling and fatty acid composition. Steers were allotted to 24 pens (7 steers/pen), such that each pen had the same average initial BW. Treatments were randomly allotted to the pens. The experiment had a completely randomized design, with a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments: low vitamin A (Lo, no supplemental vitamin A) and HMC (LoHMC); LoDC; high vitamin A (Hi, supplemented with 2,200 IU of vitamin A/kg of DM) and HMC (HiHMC); and HiDC. Diets contained 76% corn, 10% corn silage, 11% protein supplement, and 3% soybean oil (DM basis). Samples of feed ingredients were collected for carotenoid analysis. Blood samples were collected for serum retinol determination. Steers were slaughtered after 145 d on feed. Carcass characteristics and LM composition were determined. Samples from the s.c. fat depot were analyzed for fatty acid composition. High-moisture corn had a greater vitamin A content, based on its carotenoid content, than DC (614 vs. 366 IU/kg of DM, P 0.05). Marbling score and USDA quality grade were greater (P 0.05). Vitamin A and corn type did not affect LM composition (DM, ash, CP, or ether-extractable fat, P > 0.05). Vitamin A supplementation increased (P 0.05). A vitamin A x corn type interaction was observed (P 0.05). The CLA content of adipose tissue was not affected by the treatments. Regardless of the corn type used, feeding low vitamin A diets for 145 d to Angus-cross steers increased marbling and quality grade without affecting yield grade, animal health, or performance.
The Role of Values in Defining the 'Goodness' of Theories in Organizational Science

Previous analyses indicated that the goodness of a theory as perceived by knowledgeable scholars had no relationship to the theory's scientific validity or usefulness in application. Additional analyses utilizing the same data now indicate that humanistic values played an important role in this finding. Scholars with strong humanistic values are particularly prone to nominate humanistic theories. When only scholars with weak humanistic values are considered, the perceived goodness of a theory and its validity are positively related. The implications of these findings for the evaluation of theories in organizational science are discussed.
A partially purified membrane protein specific to the brain

Abstract A brain-specific protein was partially purified from the particulate fraction of the cerebral cortex by dissociation with lithium diiodosalicylate, phenol treatment and ethanol precipitation. The product was water-soluble and showed several bands on polyacrylamide electrophoresis. Only one of these bands showed antigenic activity. The antigenicity was destroyed by trypsin but not by deoxyribonuclease, ribonuclease, neuraminidase or periodate oxidation. The antigen was not precipitable by vinblastine. The antiserum against this protein did not cross-react with S-100 protein, the myelin basic protein, and the liver membrane proteins. The immunological activity of the serum toward the brain protein was not affected by adsorption with membranes from liver, kidney and muscle, but was completely abolished after adsorption with cerebral membranes. The protein antigen was sensitive to acid but resistant to alkali. At physiological pH it was heat-stable. In contrast to most proteins, the protein band took up a pink color rather than blue when stained with Coomassie brilliant blue. The antigen had a molecular weight of 42 000 and appeared to consist of dissociable subunits.
Step-frequency radar imaging for nondestructive evaluation (NDE) and ground-penetrating radar (GPR) applications

We describe a step-frequency microwave radar imaging system that is suitable for nondestructive evaluation (NDE) and ground-penetrating radar (GPR) applications. The system includes a computer-automated microwave measurement apparatus along with nonlinear inverse scattering imaging algorithms. Through the use of an inverse Fourier transform, the SFR data is transformed into a synthetic time-domain pulse, and imaging algorithms are applied to the time-domain data. A calibration procedure involving the use of calibration targets is described in order to remove pulse distortions due to the effective aperture and dispersive nature of the antennas, as well as those distortions due to connectors, transmission lines, directional couplers and amplifiers. Reconstructions of various metallic and dielectric scattering objects including metallic rods, glass rods and plastic PVC pipes from real measurement data collected in our laboratory are shown.
THE EMBRYO OF STREPTOCHAETA AND ITS BEARING ON THE HOMOLOGY OF THE COLEOPTILE

THE PROBLEM of homologies in the embryos of the Gramineae has long interested students of morphology and anatomy. Extensive developmental studies of embryos and seedlings of members of this group have been carried on for almost a century and a half, and the first description of grass embryos was published more than a century earlier by Malpighi in 1687. It would seem, therefore, that homologies would have been well worked out, but that this is not the case is evidenced by the conflicting views held by various authors continuing to the present time. Bennett (1944) states: "The homologies of these organs [scutellum, epiblast, and coleoptile] are still a controversial subject", and Artschwager and McGuire (1949) go so far as to say: "Homologies in grass embryos and seedlings . . . today remain one of the most controversial subjects in botany." They conclude their paper with the following statement: ". . . objective interpretation of the nature of scutellum, coleoptile, and axis interval between first node and coleoptile offers approximately the same difficulties as when workers on embryo and seedling structure in grasses first attempted it more than a century ago." Since extensive reviews of the literature are to be found in papers by Van Tieghem (1872), Bruns (1892), Kennedy (1899), Avery (1930), and McCall (1934), it seems unnecessary to present here more than a summary of the conflicting views. The present study contributes only to the interpretation of the homology of the coleoptile, hence discussion will be largely confined to that organ. A review of the literature on this subject reveals that the coleoptile has been interpreted in the following ways: (1) The coleoptile is the first leaf of the plumule, or the second leaf of the plant, the scutellum being the cotyledon. Some authors have considered the epiblast to be a rudimentary cotyledon, and in this case the coleoptile would be the third, rather than the second, leaf of the plant. It would still be, however, the first leaf of the plumule. (2) The scutellum and the coleoptile together form the cotyledon. The coleoptile is variously interpreted as a ligule, as a pair of fused stipules, or as an extension of the cotyledonary sheath. (3) The coleoptile is the cotyledon and the scutellum is an outgrowth of the radicle or of the axis. (4) The coleoptile and scutellum are structures
Diagnosis and treatment of uncomplicated acute bacterial rhinosinusitis: summary of the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research evidence-based report.

Abstract Purpose: The goal was to critically examine evidence regarding the performance of diagnostic tests and the efficacy of antibiotic and other treatments for uncomplicated acute bacterial rhinosinusitis (ABR). Methods: Scientific literature was reviewed, and meta-analysis methods were used to assess diagnostic test and antibiotic efficacy. A decision analysis and cost-effective analysis were performed. Results: Although more sensitive than clinical examination for diagnosis of ABR, sinus radiograms are not cost-effective as an initial management strategy. Antibiotics reduce the incidence of clinical failures by one half compared to no treatment and, when coupled with clinical criteria-based diagnosis, present the most cost-effective treatment strategy. However, without antibiotics, symptoms in two thirds of patients improve by 14 days with no serious complications. The risk of treatment failure does not differ significantly between amoxicillin or folate inhibitors and newer, more expensive antibiotics. Conclusions: The current literature shows that treatment of uncomplicated ABR with amoxicillin or folate inhibitors and based on clinical criteria is the most cost-effective strategy. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2000;122:1-7.)
Adjustable vs set-pressure valves decrease the risk of proximal shunt obstruction in the treatment of pediatric hydrocephalus

Introduction The use of programmable shunt valves has increased dramatically in the practice of pediatric hydrocephalus. Despite theoretical advantages, it remains unclear if the use of programmable vs set-pressure valves affects shunt outcome.
Routine Newborn HIV Testing: An Idea Whose Time Has Come: In Reply

The recent American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) policy statement1 is completely harmonized with current Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommendations2 and recommends routine HIV screening for all pregnant women and all newborn infants whose mother's HIV status is unknown. Alverson …
Effect of comonomer ratio on hydrocortisone diffusion from sustained‐release composite capsules

The daily in vitro release of hydrocortisone from composite polymer capsules is reported here for over 120 days. Increase in vinyl acetate comonomer content of the ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer matrix brought about an increase in the diffusion rate. Variation in the initial drug content of the capsules from 40 mg to 20 mg affects the daily drug release less significantly than the variation in copolymer ratio. The correlation between vinyl acetate comonomer content and the percent crystallinity of the copolymer matrix is suggested as one of the possible major factors in controlling diffusion rate from this drug-polymer system. The diffusion constant (D) calculated was 0.212 X 10(10) cm2/sec when the copolymer carrier has 30% vinyl acetate content and 0.430 X 10(11) cm2/sec when the copolymer carrier has 20% vinyl acetate content for capsules with 20 mg initial drug content, and 0.118 X 10(-11) cm2/sec and 0.226 X 10(-11) cm2/sec, respectively, for capsules with 40 mg initial drug content.
Queen: Estimating Packet Loss Rate between Arbitrary Internet Hosts

Estimate of packet-loss rates between arbitrary Internet hosts is critical for many large-scale distributed applications, including overlay routing, P2P media streaming, VoIP, and edge-server location in CDNs. iPlane has been recently proposed to estimate delay, packet-loss rates, and bandwidth between arbitrary hosts [1]. To our knowledge, iPlane is the only published technique for estimating loss rates between arbitrary Internet hosts. In this paper, we present Queen, a new methodology for estimating packet-loss rates between arbitrary hosts. Queen, extending the King [2] methodology for estimating delay, takes advantage of the open recursive DNS name servers. Queen requires neither additional infrastructure deployment nor control of the DNS recursive servers. After describing the methodology, we present an extensive measurement validation of Queen's accuracy. Our validation shows that Queen's accuracy is reasonably high and, in particular, significantly better than that of iPlane for packet-loss rate estimation.
Automatic Pose Recovery for High-Quality Textures Generation

This paper proposes new techniques to generate high quality textures for urban building models by automatic camera calibration and pose recovery. The camera pose is decomposed into an orientation and a translation, an edge error model and knowledge-based filters are used to estimate correct vanishing points with heavy trees occlusion, and the vanishing points are used for the camera calibration and orientation estimation. We propose new techniques to estimate the camera orientation with infinite vanishing points and translation with under-constraints. The final textures are generated using color calibration and blending with the recovered pose. A number of textures for outdoor buildings are automatically generated, which shows the effectiveness of our algorithms.
Perceived Injustice and School Violence: An Application of General Strain Theory

We examine the effect of perceived school fairness on one’s likelihood of participating in school violence and how social support influences this relationship. General strain theory (GST) and procedural justice theory suggest that when students perceive unfairness in school rules or treatment from teachers, they will be more likely to participate in violence. GST proposes that the strength of these relationships may be reduced by social support. Data from the 2009 School Crime Supplement of the National Crime Victimization Survey show that students who perceive unfair treatment from teachers are more likely to bring a weapon to school and fight at school than are students who believe that their teachers are fair. Students who perceive that rules are unfair are more likely to bring a weapon to school than are students who believe rules are fair. Perceived support from adults at school reduces the impact of teacher/rule unfairness on school violence.
Carbohydrate biomarker recognition using synthetic lectin mimics

Carbohydrate biomarkers play very important roles in a wide range of biological and pathological processes. Compounds that can specifically recognize a carbohydrate bio- marker are useful for targeted delivery of imaging agents and for development of new diag- nostics. Furthermore, such compounds could also be candidates for the development of thera - peutic agents. A tremendous amount of active work on synthetic lectin mimics has been reported in recent years. Amongst all the synthetic lectins, boronic-acid-based lectins (boronolectins) have shown great promise. Along this line, four classes of boronolectins including peptide-, nucleic-acid-, polymer-, and small-molecule-based ones are discussed with a focus on the design principles and recent advances. We hope that by presenting the potentials of this field, this review will stimulate more research in this area.
Differential Effect of Genistein on the Stimulation of Cholesterol Production by Basic Protein II in Normal and HyperapoB Fibroblasts

We studied further the basis for the abnormal effect of human serum basic protein II (BP II) on cholesterol production in hyperapobetalipoproteinemia (hyperapoB) fibroblasts and whether this effect involves protein tyrosine kinase phosphorylation (TKP). Genistein, a specific inhibitor of TKP was used as a probe. Compared with normal cells, BP II stimulated significantly the cellular mass of total cholesterol (6.4-fold), unesterified cholesterol (3.6-fold), and esterified cholesterol (6.7-fold) in hyperapoB fibroblasts. The addition of genistein to BP II in hyperapoB cells markedly inhibited these abnormal stimulatory effects of BP II on cell sterol mass. In normal cells, the addition of genistein to BP II produced an opposite effect: a marked stimulation in the mass of total (5.5-fold) and esterified (18.3-fold) cholesterol and a decrease in unesterified cholesterol (3.4-fold). These effects of genistein on the formation of cellular cholesterol by BP II were both time and concentration dependent. The inhibition of the stimulatory effect of BP II on cholesterol production by genistein in hyperapoB cells may be mediated through 3-hydroxy 3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase, the rate-limiting enzyme of cholesterol biosynthesis, since the rate of incorporation of [14C]acetate, but not [3H]mevalonate, into unesterified cholesterol was decreased by genistein in the hyperapoB cells. When the mass of cell total cholesterol in the cells treated with BP II was subtracted from those treated with BP II plus genistein, a negative number was produced in each of the six hyperapoB cell lines, while each of the normal cell lines retained a positive number. The mean difference for the mass of total cholesterol between the hyperapoB and normal fibroblasts under these conditions was 128.2 nmol/mg cell protein, a difference that was separated by >3 SD. This study supports further the tenet that there is a defect in the response of hyperapoB cells to BP II and that this defect results in an abnormality in cholesterol metabolism that appears mediated through a protein TKP-mediated process.
Direct utilization of planning applications in the real-time environment

This paper describes how the power system modeling framework currently available in transmission planning can be used to make existing applications such as power flow, contingency analysis, and voltage stability available in the EMS real-time environment. We propose a new same- model topology processing algorithm that allows a full-topology power system model to be viewed as a planning case, hence enabling the utilization of the existing solution routines. In addition, the same-model architecture allows engineers to explore both the EMS full-topology and the planning representations using the same graphical user interface (GUI). The tool is demonstrated for power flow, contingency analysis, and voltage stability on actual real-time models of large ISO systems.
Hydrothermal synthesis and solid-state structure of Tc2(μ-O2CCH3)4Cl2

Abstract Tc2(μ-O2CCH3)4Cl2 is a key starting material for further explorations of dinuclear technetium(III) chemistry and is obtained in 70% yield from readily available starting materials via hydrothermal techniques. Its single crystal X-ray structure reveals the familiar paddle-wheel motif of four bridging acetate groups spanning a short Tc–Tc bond (2.1758(3) A), augmented by axial chlorides at a Tc–Cl separation of 2.5078(4) A. The Tc–Tc quadruple bond length is slightly shorter than the one found in the pivalate derivative, Tc2(O2CCMe3)4Cl2 (2.192(1) A), and slightly longer than found in [Tc2(O2CCH3)4](TcO4)2 (2.149(1) A), the only other structurally characterized members of the small family of Tc2(O2CR)4X2 dimers.
Patient preferences in breast cancer screening: lessons to be learned from the US Preventive Services Task Force.

Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death among women in United States (1). In a departure from current guidelines, the most recent update of United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommends biennial screening film mammography for women age 50–74 years. For women age 40–49 years, no recommendation for screening is made; rather, the decision is left to the individual woman and her physician. Finally, there is no recommendation for screening in women 75 years of age or older because of insufficient evidence to assess the additional benefits and harms of screening mammography (1). This update was based on a new systematic review (2) investigating ‘‘mortality’’ and ‘‘life year gained’’ with the implementation of screening mammography in women age 40–49 years and assessing the benefit of screening versus the harms (eg, a higher falsepositive result rate) in this age group (1). Furthermore, they concluded that the current evidence is insufficient to assess the additional benefits and harms of clinical breast examination, digital mammography, or magnetic resonance imaging as other screening modalities for breast cancer (1).
Persistent Antigen Presentation after Acute Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Infection

Long-term antigen expression is believed to play an important role in modulation of T-cell responses to chronic virus infections. However, recent studies suggest that immune responses may occur late after apparently acute infections. We have now analyzed the CD8 T-cell response to vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), which is thought to cause to an infection characterized by rapid virus clearance by innate and adaptive immune system components. Unexpectedly, virus-encoded antigen was detectable more than 6 weeks after intranasal VSV infection in both draining and nondraining lymph nodes by adoptively transferred CD8 T cells. Infection with Listeria monocytogenes expressing the same antigen did not result in prolonged antigen presentation. Weeks after VSV infection, discrete T-cell clustering with dendritic cells within the lymph node was observed after transfer of antigen-specific CD8 T cells. Moreover, memory CD8 T cells as defined by phenotype and function were generated from naive CD8 T cells entering the response late after infection. These findings suggested that protracted antigen presentation after an apparently acute virus infection may contribute to an ongoing antiviral immune response.
Non-Mendelian Inheritance

Most hereditary transmission can be assigned to the chromosomes of the nucleus in eukaryotic cells; however, the cytoplasm can also play a role in hereditary transmission. Cytoplasm is that part of the cell that includes all of the protoplasm outside of the nucleus, and hereditary determinants can exist in certain organelles found in the cytoplasm. Cytoplasmic inheritance favors transmission from one of the two parents, usually the maternal parent. This type of inheritance is non-Mendelian due to the differences observed in the progeny from reciprocal crosses. Recall that a reciprocal cross is one that is identical to the initial cross as far as the trait or traits are concerned, but the sexes of the parents are reversed relative to these traits. For example, a female AA crossed with a male aa and a female aa crossed with a male AA would constitute a reciprocal cross in diploid organisms.
Spatial stiffness synthesis with a hybrid connection of simple compliances

Achieving adequate force control is an important problem in the application of robotics technology to manufacturing tasks. This is particularly true for assembly tasks that require constrained interaction between a robotic manipulator and a workpart. One approach to this problem is the use of passive compliance. A number of methods have been proposed for designing a passive compliance mechanism with a prescribed spatial stiffness (compliance) matrix using a parallel (serial) connection of elastic devices. If the spatial stiffness or compliance matrix is isotropic, the constituent elastic devices are simple in the sense that they are strictly translational or rotational. Non-isotropic stiffness and compliance matrices require the use of elastic screw devices that couple translation and rotation. These screw devices are of a more complicated nature than the simple elastic devices that are sufficient for the isotropic case. In this article the authors demonstrate how these screw devices can be eliminated by using a hybrid connection of parallel and serial configurations consisting of only simple elastic devices. This method can be used to achieve any prescribed non-isotropic stiffness or compliance matrix.
Organization of cortical and thalamic input to pyramidal neurons in mouse motor cortex

Determining how long-range synaptic inputs engage pyramidal neurons in primary motor cortex (M1) is important for understanding circuit mechanisms involved in regulating movement. We used channelrhodopsin-2-assisted circuit mapping to characterize the long-range excitatory synaptic connections made by multiple cortical and thalamic areas onto pyramidal neurons in mouse vibrissal motor cortex (vM1). Each projection innervated vM1 pyramidal neurons with a unique laminar profile. Collectively, the profiles for different sources of input partially overlapped and spanned all cortical layers. Specifically, orbital cortex (OC) inputs primarily targeted neurons in L6. Secondary motor cortex (M2) inputs excited neurons mainly in L5B, including pyramidal tract neurons. In contrast, thalamocortical inputs from anterior motor-related thalamic regions, including VA/VL (ventral anterior thalamic nucleus/ventrolateral thalamic nucleus), targeted neurons in L2/3 through L5B, but avoided L6. Inputs from posterior sensory-related thalamic areas, including POm (posterior thalamic nuclear group), targeted neurons only in the upper layers (L2/3 and L5A), similar to inputs from somatosensory (barrel) cortex. Our results show that long-range excitatory inputs target vM1 pyramidal neurons in a layer-specific manner. Inputs from sensory-related cortical and thalamic areas preferentially target the upper-layer pyramidal neurons in vM1. In contrast, inputs from OC and M2, areas associated with volitional and cognitive aspects of movements, bypass local circuitry and have direct monosynaptic access to neurons projecting to brainstem and thalamus.
Dosage Intervals Based on Mean Residence times

It is shown that a suitable dosage interval, τ, can be estimated by a factor times the sum of the mean residence time (MRT) of the central compartment (MRTC) and the MRT of the absorption site (MRTA). This value of τ will provide a ratio, maximum steady-state plasma concentration; minimum steady-state plasma concentration, which averages ˜2, such that the percent variation of the steady-state drug concentration is ±33%. It is shown that this approach produces vastly improved steady-state concentrations compared with those obtained when the τ value is chosen as equal to the apparent elimination half-life, which, classically, has been the approach usually used. When the drug is administered intravenously, the MRT of the absorption site in the above relationship is equal to zero. Suitable values of the “factor” in the above relationship were found to be 0.75 for the two-compartment open models with bolus iv administration, unity for the one-compartment open model with first-order absorption and elimination, and 1.35 for the classical two-compartment open model with first-order absorption.
Reliability and Consensus of Experienced Wine Judges: Expertise Within and Between?

This paper considers the levels of reliability and consensus of wine quality judgments found in studies of experienced wine judges. Both reliability, which concerns the similarity of repeat judgments of a particular wine by the same judge, and consensus, which concerns the similarity of judgments of a particular wine across judges, are necessary requirements for expertise in wine judging. Reliability and consensus levels found in wine judging are compared to those documented by a large body of research in six other fields: medicine, clinical psychology, business, auditing, personnel management, and meteorology. In all fields, including wine judging, reliability is greater than consensus. Both reliability and consensus are, on average, substantially lower in wine judging than in other fields, although tremendous variability exists across judges in every field. Overall, little support is found for the idea that experienced wine judges should be regarded as experts. (JEL Classification: C91)
TIBIOFEMORAL KINEMATICS AND CONDYLAR MOTION DURING THE STANCE PHASE OF GAIT

Accurate knowledge of the dynamic knee motion in-vivo is instrumental for understanding normal and pathological function of the knee joint. However, interpreting motion of the knee joint during gait in other than the sagittal plane remains controversial. In this study, we utilized the dual fluoroscopic imaging technique to investigate the six-degree-of-freedom kinematics and condylar motion of the knee during the stance phase of treadmill gait in eight healthy volunteers at a speed of 0.67 m/s. We hypothesized that the 6DOF knee kinematics measured during gait will be different from those reported for non-weightbearing activities, especially with regards to the phenomenon of femoral rollback. In addition, we hypothesized that motion of the medial femoral condyle in the transverse plane is greater than that of the lateral femoral condyle during the stance phase of treadmill gait. The rotational motion and the anterior-posterior translation of the femur with respect to the tibia showed a clear relationship with the flexion-extension path of the knee during the stance phase. Additionally, we observed that the phenomenon of femoral rollback was reversed, with the femur noted to move posteriorly with extension and anteriorly with flexion. Furthermore, we noted that motion of the medial femoral condyle in the transverse plane was greater than that of the lateral femoral condyle during the stance phase of gait (17.4+/-2.0mm vs. 7.4+/-6.1mm, respectively; p<0.01). The trend was opposite to what has been observed during non-weightbearing flexion or single-leg lunge in previous studies. These data provide baseline knowledge for the understanding of normal physiology and for the analysis of pathological function of the knee joint during walking. These findings further demonstrate that knee kinematics is activity-dependent and motion patterns of one activity (non-weightbearing flexion or lunge) cannot be generalized to interpret a different one (gait).