cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Published Evidence Demonstrating the Causation of Glenohumeral Chondrolysis by Postoperative Infusion of Local Anesthetic Via a Pain Pump

Background: Glenohumeral chondrolysis is the irreversible destruction of previously normal articular cartilage, occurring most commonly after shoulder surgery in young individuals. The reported incidence of this complication has risen rapidly since the early 2000s. As chondrolysis cannot be reversed, its occurrence can only be prevented by establishing and avoiding its causes. Methods: We analyzed all published cases of glenohumeral chondrolysis, including the relevant published laboratory data, to consolidate the available evidence on the causation of this complication by the postoperative intra-articular infusion of local anesthetic via a pain pump. Results: Analysis of the published evidence demonstrated a causal relationship between the infusion of local anesthetic and the development of glenohumeral chondrolysis. The risk of this complication in shoulders receiving intra-articular infusions via a pain pump was significantly greater with higher doses of local anesthetic: twenty of forty-eight shoulders receiving high-flow infusions developed chondrolysis, whereas only two of twenty-five shoulders receiving low-flow infusions developed this complication (p = 0.0029). Eleven of twenty-two shoulders receiving 0.5% bupivacaine developed chondrolysis, whereas none of six shoulders receiving 0.25% bupivacaine developed this complication (p = 0.05). Of twenty-two shoulders infused with 0.5% bupivacaine, the eleven that developed chondrolysis had a mean pain pump delivery volume of 377 mL, whereas the eleven that did not develop chondrolysis had a mean volume of 187 mL (p = 0.003). Among shoulders in which an intra-articular pain pump was used, the risk of chondrolysis was significantly greater when suture anchors were placed in the glenoid for labral repair (p < 0.001). Conclusions: The published evidence indicates that the preponderance of cases of glenohumeral chondrolysis can be prevented by the avoidance of the intra-articular infusion of local anesthetic via a pain pump. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Human parainfluenza virus type 3: analysis of the cytoplasmic tail and transmembrane anchor of the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase protein in promoting cell fusion.

Abstract The role of the cytoplasmic tail and transmembrane anchor of the human parainfluenza virus type 3 (HPIV3) hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) glycoprotein in promoting cell fusion was investigated. A series of amino terminal deletion mutants (d10, d20, d27, d31, d40, d44, and d73) were compared for processing, cell surface expression, and maintenance of their biological attributes by recombinant expression of mutant genes using a plasmid vector (pcDL-SR alpha-296) in CV-1 and HeLa cells. To determine the fusion promoting activity (FPA) of the various mutant proteins, a simple assay was developed which quantified the fusion of two different HeLa cell types. One of the cell types, HeLa-tat, constitutively expressed the human immunodeficiency virus type I (HIV-1) tat protein from a Moloney murine leukemia virus long terminal repeat (LTR), while the second cell type, HeLa β-gal, contained a reporter gene, beta-galactosidase, under the control of an HIV1-LTR. Fusion of mixed HeLa cell monolayers (50:50, HeLa-tat: HeLa β-gal), following transfection with appropriate plasmids, resulted in transactivation of the reporter gene which was then measured by direct staining of cells or using cell lysates with appropriate substrates. Cell fusion was observed only when both the HPIV3 F and functional HN proteins were both co-transfected into cells. Of the seven deletion mutants examined, only d10, d20, d27 and d31 were expressed to significant levels on the cell surface and only these four mutant proteins maintained FPA. Compared with the wt HN at 48 h post transfection, d10 and d20 had enhanced FPA (119% and 158%, respectively), while d27 and d31 were diminished (74% and > 4%, respectively). Analysis of protein expression suggested that the reason for the increase in FPA of the mutant proteins was that the levels of protein expressed at the cell surface was twofold or threefold higher for d10 and d20, respectively, compared to the wt HN.
An interactive tool for placing curved surfaces without interpenetration

We present a surface representation and a set of algorithms that allow interactive placement of curved parametric objects without interpenetration. Using these algorithms, a modeler can place an object within or on top of other objects, find a stable placement for it, and slide it into new stable placements. Novel algorithms are presented to track points of contact between bodies, detect new points of contact, and delete vanishing contacts. Interactive speeds are maintained even when the moving body touches several bodies at many contact points. We describe a new algorithm that quickly brings a body into a stable configuration with respect to a set of external forces, subject to the constraint that it not penetrate a set of fixed bodies. This algorithm is made possible by sacrificing the requirement that a body behave physically over time. Intuitive control is still achieved by making incremental, "pseudo-physical" changes to the body’s placement, while enforcing the non-interpenetration constraint after each change. CR
Characterization of a recovery global cerebral ischemia model in the mouse.

Abstract Transgenic/knockout murine variants allow roles of specific proteins to be studied in cerebral ischemia. Because of the size of mice, however, study of prolonged recovery from global ischemia has been limited. This project characterized an adaptation of the rat two-vessel occlusion model of global ischemia for use in the mouse. C57Bl/6J mice (8 weeks old; 21±1 g) were overnight fasted, anesthetized with halothane, intubated and mechanically ventilated. The right internal jugular vein and femoral artery were cannulated. Pericranial temperature was held at 37.0°C. The carotid arteries were occluded and mean arterial pressure was reduced to 35 mmHg with 0.3 mg intra-arterial trimethaphan and venous exsanguination. Electroencephalographic isoelectricity was confirmed in cohort mice. Ten minutes later ischemia was reversed. Mice were allowed 1, 3 or 5 days survival followed by histologic analysis. Regional cerebral blood flow (CBF) was determined autoradiographically. Outcome effects of intra-ischemic hyperglycemia (≈350 mg/dl) or hypothermia (34°C) were also examined. The mortality rate was less than 10% in all recovery groups. Ischemia caused reduction of CBF to
Intracystic papillary carcinoma of the breast after mastectomy, radiotherapy or excisional biopsy alone

Intracystic papillary carcinoma of the breast (IPC) was distinguished from the more common papillary intraductal carcinoma (DCIS) and infiltrating duct carcinoma with a papillary pattern. IPC was defined as a solitary tumor with a pattern recognizable as carcinoma which is confined to a dilated duct. A series of 41 such cases was collected from three institutions. Twenty-nine patients underwent mastectomy; 11 of them had axillary dissections. None of these patients had metastatic disease in the axillary lymph nodes or recurrence in the follow-up period which averaged five years. Eleven patients did not have mastectomy or radiotherapy. Eight of these patients (followed for an average of ten years) had no recurrence. The only patients who developed invasive carcinoma were those with DCIS as well as IPC in the excisional biopsy. The data suggest that IPC is much more likely to be cured by local treatment than is IPC accompanied by DCIS.
Response to comments on "A bacterium that can grow using arsenic instead of phosphorus"

Concerns have been raised about our recent study suggesting that arsenic (As) substitutes for phosphorus in major biomolecules of a bacterium that tolerates extreme As concentrations. We welcome the opportunity to better explain our methods and results and to consider alternative interpretations. We maintain that our interpretation of As substitution, based on multiple congruent lines of evidence, is viable.
Tobacco Use and Interest in Smoking Cessation Among Latinos Attending Community Health Fairs

Health fairs are vital for reaching underserved Latinos providing access to health services including smoking cessation. The purpose of this study is to describe tobacco use and interest in smoking cessation among Latino smokers attending community health fairs. We surveyed 262 self-identified Latinos attending health fairs; we assessed smoking behavior and attitudes of 53 (20.2%) current smokers. Smokers were mostly uninsured (98.1%), male (54.7%), recent immigrants (96.2%) with limited English proficiency (60.4% spoke Spanish at home), and were mainly light (86.3%) and nondaily (58.7%) smokers. Although most participants attempted to quit smoking at least once in the past year, only 5.0% of current smokers reported ever using cessation medication and 94.3% were unaware of free-telephone counseling. The majority of smokers were ready to quit within 30 days and were interested in participating in cessation programs. Health fairs provide a unique opportunity to address smoking cessation among underserved Latinos with limited knowledge of access to, and use of effective cessation services.
Boolean algebras, Stone spaces, and the iterated Turing jump

We show, roughly speaking, that it requires ω iterations of the Turing jump to decode nontrivial information from Boolean algebras in an isomorphism invariant fashion. More precisely, if α is a recursive ordinal, is a countable structure with finite signature, and d is a degree, we say that has αth-jump degreed if d is the least degree which is the αth jump of some degree c such there is an isomorphic copy of with universe ω in which the functions and relations have degree at most c. We show that every degree d ≥ 0(ω) is the ωth jump degree of a Boolean algebra, but that for n < ω no Boolean algebra has nth-jump degree d < 0(n). The former result follows easily from work of L. Feiner. The proof of the latter result uses the forcing methods of J. Knight together with an analysis of various equivalences between Boolean algebras based on a study of their Stone spaces. A byproduct of the proof is a method for constructing Stone spaces with various prescribed properties.
Complexity and economics: computational constraints may not matter empirically

Recent results in complexity theory suggest that various economic theories require agents to solve intractable problems. However, such results assume the agents are optimizing explicit utility functions, whereas the economic theories merely assume the agents' behavior is rationalizable by the optimization of some utility function.For a major economic theory, the theory of the consumer, we show that behaving in a rationalizable way is easier than the corresponding optimization problem. Specifically, if an agent's behavior is at all rationalizable, then it is rationalizable using a utility function that is easy to maximize in every budget set.
TECHNIC FOR HYPOPHYSECTOMY OF PIGEONS1

THE EXTENSIVE use of hypophysectomizied pigeons in the study of anterior pituitary functions and in testing hormone preparations has made it desirable to develop for these animals a reliable and rapid operative technic. The procedures of earlier workers (1, 2, 3) were tried and certain features of their methods adopted. The procedures and instruments which serve best in our hands after much experience are here described in detail. The earlier experience of Dr. C. S. Moran in this laboratory (unpub'lished) indicated that both the orbital approach (4, 5) and the transbuccal approach (1, 2) involve danger of infection and interference with the feed' ing mechanisms. Although pigeons are notably resistant to bacterial infec' tion many birds which lived for some weeks after operation developed prc tosoan (Trichomonas sp.) infection at the operative site, and these infections were often the apparent cause of death.
Deprotonation of D96 in Bacteriorhodopsin Opens the Proton Uptake Pathway

Summary Despite extensive investigation, the precise mechanism controlling the opening of the cytoplasmic proton uptake pathway in bacteriorhodopsin (bR) has remained a mystery. From an analysis of the X-ray structure of the D96G/F171C/F219L triple mutant of bR and 60 independent molecular dynamics simulations of bR photointermediates, we report that the deprotonation of D96, a key residue in proton transfer reactions, serves two roles that occur sequentially. First, D96 donates a proton to the Schiff base. Subsequently, the deprotonation of D96 serves to "unlatch" the cytoplasmic side. The latching function of D96 appears to be remarkably robust, functioning to open hydration channels in all photointermediate structures. These results suggest that the protonation state of D96 may be the critical biophysical cue controlling the opening and closing of the cytoplasmic half-channel in bR. We suspect that this protonation-switch mechanism could also be utilized in other proton pumps to minimize backflow and reinforce directionality.
Harmonic analysis on SL(2,R) and smoothness of the density of states in the one-dimensional Anderson model

We consider infinite Jacobi matrices with ones off-diagonal, and independent identically distributed random variables with distributionF(v)dv on-diagonal. IfF has compact support and lies in some Sobolev spaceL α 1 , then we prove that the integrated density of states,k(E), isC ∞ inE.
A new methodology for the design and the analysis of a class of interconnection networks

This paper introduces a novel and efficient modeling technique for the analysis and the control of a class of interprocessor communication networks, enhanced hypercubes. The proposed model provides a mechanism that links the essential properties of the network with its control structure. An application of the proposed model is presented in each of the following two areas: (1) establishing parallel paths between a pair of nodes and (2) developing algorithms for embedding other topologies, such as rings and linear arrays in the network. Algorithms developed using the proposed modeling technique generate a set of rules, referred to as control sequences. We will show that these control sequences can produce the same topology, independent of the source node in the network.
Optimal decorrelating receivers for DS-CDMA systems: a signal processing framework

Code division multiple access (CDMA) schemes allow a number of asynchronous users to share a transmission medium with minimum cooperation among them. However, sophisticated signal processing algorithms are needed at the receiver to combat interference from other users and multipath effects. A discrete-time multirate formulation is introduced for asynchronous CDMA systems, which can incorporate multipath effects. This formulation reveals interesting links between CDMA receivers and array processing problems. In this framework, linear receivers are derived that can completely suppress multiuser interference (decorrelating receivers). A criterion is introduced, which guarantees the decorrelating property, while providing optimal solutions in the presence of noise. Parametric FIR designs as well as nonparametric solutions are delineated, and their performance is analyzed. The proposed receivers are resistant to near-far effects and do not require the estimation of the users' and noise powers.
Enhancement of Cr(III) phytoaccumulation.

Abstract Chromium (III) accumulation in high biomass agricultural crops, sunflower (Helianthus annum) and Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) was studied using four soils (pH 4.6 to 7.6) contaminated with different rates of CrCl3.6H2O in the presence of synthetic chelate and organic acids. Chromium is essential for normal glucose metabolism in humans and animals, but its contamination and recovery from soils is of environmental concern. Adding ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), citric acid, or oxalic acid to Cr(III)‐contaminated soils significantly increased Cr concentration in plant shoots and roots. Adding Cr(III) complexes of EDTA, citric acid, and oxalic acid to soils dramatically increased (>200‐fold) Cr concentration in shoots and roots. Plant growth was severely decreased but was dependent on soil type, chelate rate, form, and time of chelate application. Chelates and organic acids enhanced Cr(III) accumulation, but its toxic effects were not avoided. Chromium(III) complexes were as toxic to plan...
Sources of state capacity in Latin America: commodity booms and state building motives in Chile

The pursuits of private profit and distributional political advantage can be powerful state building motives. This article describes how each motive can trigger a distinct causal sequence amid commodity booms, which can result in the growth of state capacity. First, when pursuing profit during booms, export-oriented actors regularly seek new state-supplied public goods, the provision of which promotes the expansion of state capacity. Second, when booms enrich rivals to the ruling coalition, coalition members may respond with institution building to preserve their existing political advantages. A case study of Chile (1848–1883) and supplementary evidence from Argentina, Central America, Colombia, and Peru indicate that these causal sequences may have been central to state building in Latin America historically.
Two counterexamples to the spectral mapping theorem for semigroups of positive operators

LetX be anL1- orL2-Banach lattice. Let (W(t))t≥0 be aC0-semigroup of positive operators onX with generator−T. Two examples ofC0-semigroups are presented for which the identity\(e^{\sigma ( - T)t} = \sigma (W(t)) - \left\{ 0 \right\}\) fails for almost allt>0.
Risk-taking by firms near bankruptcy

Abstract Using the Rothschild-Stiglitz notion of mean-preserving spreads, I show here that, when ‘me-first’ rules are not enforced, increases in risk can make bankruptcy less likely.
Mechanics of quantum and Sharvin conductors

Previously, the authors reported direct evidence of channel saturation and conductance quantization in atomic-sized gold constrictions through mechanical perturbation studies, and also showed that peaks in conductance histograms are insufficient in evaluating their mechanical stability [Armstrong et al., Phys. Rev. B 82, 195416 (2010)]. In the present study, gold constrictions spanning the range from quantum to semiclassical (Sharvin) conductance regimes are mechanically probed with picolevel resolution in applied force and deformation, along with simultaneous measurements of conductance. While reconfiguration from one constriction size to another is known to occur by apparently random discrete atomic displacements, results reveal a remarkable simplicity---the magnitude of discrete atomic displacements is limited to a small set of values that correspond to elementary slip distances in gold rather than Au-Au interatomic distance. Combined with measurements of the spring constant of constrictions, results reveal two fundamental crossovers in deformation modes with increasing contact diameter---first, from homogeneous shear to defect-mediated deformation at a diameter that is in close agreement with previous predictions [S\o{}rensen et al., Phys. Rev. B 57, 3283 (1998)]; and second, the discovery of another crossover marking surface- to volume-dominated deformation. A remarkable modulus enhancement is observed when the size of the constrictions approaches the Fermi wavelength of the electrons, and in the limit of a single-atom constriction it is at least two times that for bulk gold. Results provide atomistic insight into the stability of these constrictions and an evolutionary trace of deformation modes, beginning with a single-atom contact.
Phase transitions in isolated molecules

Abstract It is shown that an isolated polyatomic molecule can undergo a structural phase transition when optically pumped.
Influence of Relative Density on Static Soil–Structure Frictional Resistance of Dry and Saturated Sand

Soil–structure frictional resistance is required while designing foundation systems and retaining walls. Although much more attention has been paid in recent years regarding soil–structure interaction for dynamic loading, highly conservative values of the static frictional resistance between soil and structure are used in design. Not much emphasis has been given lately to evaluate static frictional resistance between soil and structure. In this study, a well graded sand, as per USCS classification system, was prepared in the laboratory at different relative densities and moisture contents i.e. dry and saturated, and frictional resistances of those soils were measured. Those soil samples were also sheared against wood, concrete, and steel blocks and corresponding soil–structure frictional resistances were measured. Moreover, similar experiments were performed for saturated and loose poorly graded sand (SP), silty sand (SM) and poorly graded sand with silt (SP–SM). The study result shows that the difference between frictional resistance of soil and skin friction depends on the type of soil, relative density and the moisture content. Interestingly, shear envelopes for soil–soil and soil–structure shearing resistance exhibited curvature. The traditionally adopted soil–structure frictional resistance values adopted by various geotechnical manuals were found to be highly conservative.
Geometric decomposition of 3D surface meshes using Morse theory and region growing

This paper presents a new algorithm for decomposition (segmentation) of surfaces using curvature labeling, Morse theory, and region growing technologies. The geometric properties are estimated on triangular meshes and all mesh elements (vertices and triangles) are labeled with different surface types. The surface decomposition method proposed consists of two steps: initial segmentation and refinement. The initial segmentation is performed by grouping the topologically adjacent mesh elements with the same surface type using the region growing technique. A Morse function is then defined based on the smoothed curvatures using bilateral filtering to extract the critical points of a triangular surface mesh. The final segmentation is obtained by a combination of the steepest ascent/descent strategy and region growing technique. The experimental results on many 3D models, particularly molecular surfaces, have demonstrated the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed segmentation method.
Responding to amniotic fluid embolism.

ABSTRACT Amniotic fluid embolism (AFE), an uncommon disorder with a high fatality rate, is an obstetric emergency that requires swift recognition and intervention to save both the mother's life and that of her child. The high mortality rate and varying theories as to its cause make it difficult to diagnose AFE, which can occur at any point during labor and delivery, including during cesarean birth. These factors make it important for perioperative nurses to understand and recognize AFE when it occurs in the OR. Rapid delivery of the fetus is imperative for the survival of both mother and child. Monitoring and aggressively providing respiratory and circulatory support interventions are required if the mother is to survive AFE. AORN J 89 (June 2009) 1079–1088. © AORN, Inc, 2009.
On the satisfiability of circumscription

Abstract Etherington, Mercer and Reiter showed, on the basis of ideas of Bossu and Siegel, that circumscription cannot lead to inconsistency for universal formulas. We extend this result in three directions: to formulas of a more general syntactic form, to circumscription with some predicate symbols allowed to vary, and to prioritized circumscription.
Using scene features to improve wide-area video surveillance

We introduce two novel methods to improve the performance of wide area video surveillance applications by using scene features. First, we evaluate the drift in intrinsic and extrinsic parameters for typical pan-tilt-zoom (PTZ) cameras, which stems from accumulated mechanical and random errors after many hours of operation. When the PTZ camera is out of calibration, we show how the pose and internal parameters can be dynamically corrected by matching the scene features in the current image with a precomputed feature library. Experimental results show that the proposed method can keep a PTZ camera calibrated, even over long surveillance sequences. Second, we introduce a classifier to identify scene feature points, which can be used to improve robustness in tracking foreground objects and detect jitter in surveillance videos sequences. We show that the classifier produces improved performance on the problem of detecting counterflow in real surveillance video.
Further evidence for an amphetamine-like mechanism of action of the alkaloid cathinone.

Abstract The alkaloid (−)cathinone is a potent stimulant with pharmacological properties closely resembling those of (+) amphetamine. Since (−)cathinone is capable of inducing release at physiological catecholamine storage sites, it has been suggested that (−)cathinone and (+)amphetamine have the same mechanism of action. In the present study, the potency of (−)cathinone in inducing the release of radioactivity from 3 H-dopamine prelabelled tissue of the rat caudate nucleus was compared to that of several structural analogs, i.e. to that of four other aminophenones. (−)Cathinone was found to be the most potent of the compounds under investigation, and among these only demethylcathinone had an effect that was within the same order of magnitude as that of (−)cathinone. Furthermore, (−)cathinone and two of its analogs were evaluated in behavioral experiments with regard to their ability to substitute for (+) amphetamine in rats trained to discriminate between (+) amphetamine and saline. It was found that, unlike the other aminophenones, (−)cathinone is capable of producing (+)amphetamine-like stimulus effects, and these can be antagonized by haloperidol in a dose-related manner. Taken together, these findings support the hypothesis that (+)amphetamine and (−)cathinone produce their central stimulant effect via the same dopaminergic mechanism.
Studies on the copper binding affinity of fibers in the peripheral nervous system of the quaking mouse.

Abstract The cationic ion binding affinity of peripheral nervous system fibers in quaking and littermate control mice was investigated with the technique described by Langley & Landon (1969) . In many fibers from controls, the electron dense material was localized on the nodal axolemma as well as within the axoplasm. In fibers from quaking mice, the electron dense material was similarly localized at the well-formed node although it was less intense and less consistent. In immature nodes and non-myelinated segments of fibers from quaking mice, there was no recognizable additional electron dense material on the axolemma. Such a difference in the localization of the electron dense material on the axolemma may be due to possible differences in the concentration of sodium channels in the axolemma of certain peripheral fibers in quaking mice. However, the presence of the electron dense product in the Schmidt-Lanterman incisures and periaxonal spaces of some fibers may suggest some diffusible chemical substances as a sodium reservoir in these regions.
A synthetic 13-residue peptide designed to resemble the primary binding site of the basic pancreatic trypsin inhibitor.

A peptide, AC-Pro-Cys-Lys-Ala-Arg-Ile-DPhe-Pro-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Cys-Arg-NH2, which resembles the binding site of the basic pancreatic trypsin inhibitor, has been prepared by solid-phase peptide synthesis. A partially protected peptide was first obtained from the solid-phase product by removal of all side-chain protecting groups except the acetamidomethyl (Acm) groups on the cysteines. This di-Acm-peptide was deprotected, with concomitant formation of the cyclic product, by treatment with I2 in AcOH. The cyclic 13-residue peptide is a reversible, competitive inhibitor of trypsin with a Ki (app) of 2 . 10(-6) M, but loses its inhibitory activity upon incubation with trypsin. The di-Acm-peptide precursor has a Ki (app) of 5 . 10(-5) M and is deactivated more rapidly by trypsin. The effectiveness of the 13-residue peptides as inhibitors is in part attributed to the conformation induced by the beta-turn directing the -DPhe-Pro portion of the sequence.
TNF-α, PDGF, and TGF-β1 Expression by Primary Mouse Bronchiolar-Alveolar Epithelial and Mesenchymal Cells: TNF-α Induces TGF-β1

The bronchiolar-alveolar epithelium (BAE) is a primary target site for inhaled agents that cause lung injury. These cells, consequently, release a broad range of mediators that influence other cell populations, including interstitial lung fibroblasts that are central to the development of interstitial pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). A number of peptide growth factors (GF) have been postulated to be essential in the pathogenesis of IPF. We demonstrate here that primary populations of mouse BAE and mesenchymal cells, maintained in culture, synthesize four potent GF. These are platelet-derived growth factor isoforms (PDGF) A and B, transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-beta(1)), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha). A mouse lung epithelial cell isolation technique pioneered in this laboratory has been used to purify the BAE cells to greater than 85% (80 +/- 5.6% alveolar type II and 9 +/- 2.3% Clara cells) in culture. Northern analysis, RNase protection assay, and immunocytochemistry (ICC) were used to establish mRNA and protein expression of the GF over time in the cultured BAE and mesenchymal cells. We show for the first time in these primary mouse lung cells that treatment of both cell types with TNF-alpha upregulates expression of TGF-beta(1). The four GF are produced by both epithelial and mesenchymal cells but with different temporal patterns. TGF-beta(1) is expressed constitutively by BAE and mesenchymal cells, whereas TNF-alpha expression wanes over time. The findings by ICC were consistent with levels of mRNA expression in both cell types. As genetically defined and altered mouse strains are becoming increasingly valuable for modeling lung disease, studying the gene expression patterns of target cells from these animals in vitro would be useful in sorting out the complex responses by individual cell types of the lung and the interactions among the multitude of mediators that are released during lung cell injury.
Characteristics of the hydraulic refrigeration system (HRS) using n-butane as the refrigerant

Abstract The HRS is a recent invention, the theoretical basis of which (using CFCs as the refrigerant) was discussed in an earlier paper. It is a vapor-compression refrigeration system, not an absorption system, and accomplishes the compression and condensation processes in a very unconventional way. The earlier work gave details of the analytical modeling and of computer-implemented calculations to determine component sizes and the expected performance of the system. Results were presented using several different CFC refrigerants. However, the HRS can safely use hydrocarbon refrigerants. Herein, the principles of the HRS are reviewed, and the results of calculations of component sizes and of distances and of the performance characteristics are presented for the use of n -butane as the refrigerant in an HRS. It is shown that the HRS components are about the same size as for the use of a CFC refrigerant and that the performance is somewhat better. The HRS achieves excellent performance mainly because the compression process is virtually isothermal. A description is given of a 10 ton HRS using n -butane and achieving an EER of approx. 15 with a 45°F evaporator temperature, with water circulating in the HRS at 100°F. It is shown that the HRS offers exceptional opportunities for modulation-type control that can further improve the values of the SEER.
Power management in multicore systems-on-chip

Nowadays, many embedded systems ranging from set-top boxes to mobile phones and PDAs are designed using complex multicore SoC platforms. For such platforms, the abundance of the computational resources places tremendous demands on the communication infrastructure. Consequently, the power management techniques suitable for such multicore platforms need to be driven by the concept of “network” which lies at the forefront of multicore processing.
Miniemulsion polymerization of vinyl acetate with nonionic surfactant

The stability of vinyl acetate miniemulsions employing polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) as the surfactant, and hexadecane and/or various polymers as the cosurfactant, were studied. Shelf lives (to phase separation) and monomer droplet sizes were measured. The results indicate that it is possible to prepare stable miniemulsions using a nonionic surfactant (PVOH) and hexadecane as the cosurfactant. Polymeric cosurfactants do not create stable miniemulsions but retard Ostwald ripening to an extent that allows predominant droplet nucleation. The polymerization behavior of these miniemulsion systems was investigated using on-line conductance measurements to differentiate droplet versus micellar/homogeneous nucleation. The effect of cosurfactant concentration on the reaction rate was compared for hexadecane and polymeric cosurfactants. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Gasp IV urban model of cadmium flow

The 60-square-mile region of extreme northwest Indiana, which includes the cities of Gary and East Chicago, is a highly urbanized and industrialized area. Pollution data over the region show high levels of cadmium, a toxic metal. There are several hundred sources of cadmium in the area, and the impact of each type of source is unclear. An accurate representation of the flow of cadmium would make it possible to structure a reasonable and efficient policy for controlling cadmium pollution. This paper describes a GASP IV computer model for that flow.The basic model is an aggregate continuous model which displays the time behavior of cadmium levels in each of nineteen compartments over a two-year period. This aggregate model raises several ques tions regarding the effects of discrete events such as rainfall. Since the GASP IV language is capable of combined continuous-discrete simulation, these new factors are easily incorporated into the model. Results of the simulation show the relative impact of the variou...
Review: cholinesterase inhibitors reduce burden and care time for informal carers of people with Alzheimer's disease.

Lingler JH, Martire LM, Schulz R. Caregiver-specific outcomes in antidementia clinical drug trials: a systematic review and metaanalysis. J Am Geriatr Soc 2005;53:983–90. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Number and Sizes of Reconstructed Peripheral Autonomic, Sensory and Motor Neurons in a Case of Dysautonomia

Motor, spinal ganglion, intermediolateral and sympathetic trunk neurons were reconstructed by morphometric sampling of their cell bodies at L5 and T7 segments and at various levels of spinal roots and peripheral nerves in a 31-year-old patient with dysautonomia and compared to reference cases. The patient had strikingly fewer intermediate motoneuron column neurons and intermediate ventral root axons (probably gamma motoneurons), spinal ganglion neurons, preganglionic autonomic neurons and sympathetic trunk neurons that did controls (approximately 10--30% of reference values). The striking agreement between selective absence of intermediate-diameter cytons (Ci) and of intermediate diameter myelinated fibers (Ai), which are thought to be gamma efferent, of L5 motoneuron columns provides further confirmation to our previous suggestion that the Ci peak of motoneuron columns are somas of gamma efferent neurons. The number and size of alpha motoneuron cell bodies and their proximal axons were like those of controls but their distal axons were probably atrophic. This finding probably explains the small reduction in maximum conduction velocity of motor nerve fibers found in this disorder. The brunt of the pathologic process in this disorder has been borne by intermediate and small neurons preferentially.
Local Structure of Ferroelectric Materials

AbstractMost of the ferroelectric and piezoelectric materials used in transducers and electronics are complex mixed-ion alloys, in which atomic disorder plays an important role in the ferroelectric properties. The extreme case is relaxor ferroelectric solids with diffuse ferroelectric transition and glass-like relaxation behavior. In this review I discuss how advanced characterization techniques, such as neutron scattering, enabled a determination of the local structure and facilitated the understanding of the ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties of these complex systems. In particular, I focus on the role of Pb2+ ions in mixed ferroelectrics and the atomistic mechanism of relaxor ferroelectrics.
Pathways to Self-Harmful Behaviors in Young Women with and without ADHD: A Longitudinal Examination of Mediating Factors.

Background: Rates of suicide attempts and nonsuicidal self-injury [(NSSI); e.g., cutting, burning] peak in adolescence and early adulthood; females and individuals with psychiatric symptoms and diagnoses appear to be at particular risk. Hinshaw et al. [Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, (2012), 80, 1041] reported that young women with histories of childhood ADHD diagnoses reported higher rates of suicide attempts and NSSI than nondiagnosed, comparison women. Methods: Via analyses of an ongoing longitudinal investigation, our aims are to examine, with respect to both aspects of self-harmful behavior, (a) ADHD subtype differences and effects of diagnostic persistence (vs. transient and nondiagnosed classifications) and (b) potential mediating effects of impulsivity and comorbid psychopathology, ascertained during adolescence. Results: Young adult women with a childhood diagnosis of ADHD-Combined type were at highest risk for suicide attempts as well as the most varied and severe forms of NSSI compared with those with ADHD-Inattentive type and those in the comparison group; participants with a persistent ADHD diagnosis were at higher risk than those with a transient diagnosis or those never meeting criteria for ADHD. Mediator analyses revealed that, during adolescence, an objective measure of impulsivity plus comorbid externalizing symptoms were simultaneous, partial mediators of the childhood ADHD-young adult NSSI linkage. Adolescent internalizing symptoms emerged as a partial mediator of the childhood ADHD-young adult suicide attempt linkage. Conclusions: ADHD in females, especially when featuring childhood impulsivity and especially with persistent symptomatology, carries high risk for self-harm. Psychiatric comorbidity and response inhibition are important mediators of this clinically important longitudinal association. We discuss limitations and implications for prevention and intervention. Keywords: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, self-harm, self-injury, adulthood, comorbidity.
Promise and Perils of Surveillance in Addressing Violence Against Women

Surveillance in the field of violence against women holds great promise as a tool to establish and track prevalence over time, identify risk groups and factors, and evaluate interventions. Appropriate surveillance systems are population based and can be used as the basis for informed public policy formation and evaluation, and public attitude assessment and analysis. They can also decrease research costs and can be established in all of the systems (legal, health, and social services) that interact with victims. Yet surveillance is not a perfect system. This article examines the issues with surveillance in this field, including its assumptions, prevalence variations, sensitivity and specificity issues, and safety concerns. The conclusion offers some creative approaches to address these problems.
Optogenetic Stimulation of Adrenergic C1 Neurons Causes Sleep State–Dependent Cardiorespiratory Stimulation and Arousal with Sighs in Rats

Rationale: The rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) contains central respiratory chemoreceptors (retrotrapezoid nucleus, RTN) and the sympathoexcitatory, hypoxia-responsive C1 neurons. Simultaneous optogenetic stimulation of these neurons produces vigorous cardiorespiratory stimulation, sighing, and arousal from non-REM sleep. Objectives: To identify the effects that result from selectively stimulating C1 cells. Methods: A Cre-dependent vector expressing channelrhodopsin 2 (ChR2) fused with enhanced yellow fluorescent protein or mCherry was injected into the RVLM of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-Cre rats. The response of ChR2-transduced neurons to light was examined in anesthetized rats. ChR2-transduced C1 neurons were photoactivated in conscious rats while EEG, neck muscle EMG, blood pressure (BP), and breathing were recorded. Measurements and Main Results: Most ChR2-expressing neurons (95%) contained C1 neuron markers and innervated the spinal cord. RTN neurons were not transduced. While the rats were under anesthesia, the C1 cells were faithfully activated by each light pulse up to 40 Hz. During quiet resting and non-REM sleep, C1 cell stimulation (20 s, 2–20 Hz) increased BP and respiratory frequency and produced sighs and arousal from non-REM sleep. Arousal was frequency-dependent (85% probability at 20 Hz). Stimulation during REM sleep increased BP, but had no effect on EEG or breathing. C1 cell–mediated breathing stimulation was occluded by hypoxia (12% FIO2), but was unchanged by 6% FiCO2. Conclusions: C1 cell stimulation reproduces most effects of acute hypoxia, specifically cardiorespiratory stimulation, sighs, and arousal. C1 cell activation likely contributes to the sleep disruption and adverse autonomic consequences of sleep apnea. During hypoxia (awake) or REM sleep, C1 cell stimulation increases BP but no longer stimulates breathing.
Antennal electrophysiological responses of the giant swallowtail butterfly, Papilio cresphontes, to the essential oils of Zanthoxylum clava-herculis and related plants

We used the electroantennogram (EAG) technique to compare the antennal sensitivity of both sexes of the giant swallowtail butterfly, Papilio cresphontes to four doses (1, 10, 100, and 1,000 μg) of the leaf essential oils of Zanthoxylum clava-herculis and Ptelea trifoliata (key host plants) and Sassafras albidum (a marginal or non-host plant). The main hypothesis tested was that P. cresphontes will show greater olfactory sensitivity to volatiles of the key host plants than to volatiles of the marginal host plant, in particular at low doses. At the lower doses, extract of the key host plant, Z. clava-herculis elicited greater EAG responses in both sexes than extracts of the remaining two plants. At higher doses, however, extracts of P. trifoliata and S. albidum elicited greater EAG responses than extract of Z. clava-herculis. These results partly support our hypothesis and may suggest that Z. clava-herculis is a more preferred host plant of P. cresphontes than P. trifoliata. In general, female butterflies showed greater EAG responses than males to the three plant extracts at the higher doses. Preliminary coupled gas chromatography-electroantennogram (GC-EAD) tests revealed four components each from Z. clava-herculis and P. trifoliata (three peaks common to both extracts) and seven from S. albidum (one shared with Z. clava-herculis) which elicited GC-EAD activity in P. cresphontes females, but the peaks were un-indentified because most were detected in trace amounts. In addition, the chemical composition of the leaf essential oil of Z. clava-herculis was analyzed by GC–MS. The leaf essential oils consisted of 25 components, largely menthane monoterpenoids, dominated by limonene and 1,8-cineole, but neither of the two major components elicited significant GC-EAD response in P. cresphontes. These results are discussed in relation to host-plant selection in P. cresphontes.
Hypermethylation pathways to colorectal cancer: Implications for prevention and detection

Epigenetic changes play an important role in the development and progression of colorectal cancer. The best characterized of these changes is the promoter region methylation of CpG islands of genes that play key roles in this disease. These changes compliment and lead to genetic changes that are well established as central to colorectal cancer progression. They may also prove useful in molecular detection approaches.
Flammability zone prediction using calculated adiabatic flame temperatures

This paper describes our work to predict the flammability zone for any mixture of fuel, oxygen and nitrogen. The method utilizes a commercially available equilibrium program to determine the calculated adiabatic flame temperature (CAFT). The model is compared with our extensive experimental data obtained in a 20 L sphere at an initial pressure of 1 atm and 298 K. The data and model compare well over the entire flammability zone for two pure species, methane and ethylene, and not as well for a 50/50 mixture of methane/etbylene. Our results show that a good prediction of the flammability zone is obtained using a CAFT criteron of 1200 K. Furthermore, the intermediate species and solid carbon must be included in the equilibrium calculation to fit the fuel rich part of the zone. The intermediate species were selected by the equilibrium program using a built-in species selection criteria. For a gas mixture of methane and ethylene, we were unable to identify, mixing rules for estimating KG and Pmax from pure component data. This method provides a direct approach to full flammability zone prediction.
RELATIVE STRENGTH OF TOP-DOWN, BOTTOM-UP, AND CONSUMER SPECIES RICHNESS EFFECTS ON POND ECOSYSTEMS

Theory and experiments demonstrate that the number of species in a local area can determine rates of ecosystem processes, but we know little about how the strength of that control compares with other influences or how it might vary across ecological gradients. Here I report results of a pond mesocosm experiment where consumer (snail) species richness, predation intensity, and nutrient availability were crossed in a full-factorial design. This design allowed a direct comparison of the strength of the different factors on food web properties and ecosystem functioning (i.e., system-level fluxes of energy or matter), and an evaluation of how the factors may interact. Systems with higher snail species richness had greater secondary production, consumer biomass, ecosystem respiration, and macrophyte stem growth, and lower epiphyton and periphyton biomass. However, snail species richness effects on periphyton and epiphyton were context dependent; predators reduced the effect of increasing snail richness on the b...
Molecular Beacons: A Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay for Detecting Salmonella

Molecular beacons are oligonucleotide probes that become fluorescent upon hybridization. We developed a real-time PCR assay to detect the presence of Salmonella species using these fluorogenic reporter molecules. A 122-base-pair section of the himA was used as the amplification target. Molecular beacons were designed to recognize a 16-base-pair region on the amplicon. As few as 2 colony-forming unit (CFU) per PCR reaction could be detected. We also demonstrated the ability of the molecular beacons to discriminate between amplicons obtained from similar species such as Escherichia coli and Citrobacter freundii in real-time PCR assays. These assays could be carried out entirely in sealed PCR tubes, enabling fast and direct detection of Salmonella in a semiautomated format.