cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract 1847: Effect of rapamycin and metformin on skin tumor promotion in mice overweight and obese

The prevalence of obesity in the US has risen drastically over the past few decades and is an established risk factor for several human cancers. Insights into the mechanisms underlying this link are urgently needed to develop strategies for treatment and prevention. Various studies have shown that calorie restriction (CR) during tumor promotion in the two-stage model of skin carcinogenesis causes a significant reduction in tumorigenesis. In addition, diet induced obesity (DIO) leads to insulin resistance, increased circulating levels of IGF-1 and increased susceptibility to tumor development. Current data indicate that signaling through the IGF-1R and EGFR as well as several downstream signaling pathways plays an important role in dietary energy balance effects on tumor promotion during epithelial carcinogenesis. The current study was designed to evaluate the ability of rapamycin (an established mTORC1 inhibitor) to inhibit or reverse the effects of overweight/obesity on skin tumor promotion in mice. In initial experiments using female FVB mice on an AIN76A diet, rapamycin (5-1000 nmol per mouse) was found to be a potent inhibitor of skin tumor promotion by TPA. In this regard, rapamycin reduced both tumor multiplicity and incidence in a dose dependent manner. A dose of 5 nmol rapamycin given 30 min before each TPA treatment reduced the number of papillomas per mouse by approximately 50%. Rapamycin treatment inhibited TPA-induced mTORC1 activation as well as downstream signaling proteins p70S6KT389, prS6S240/244 and p4EBP1T37/46. Multiple treatment experiments were performed to evaluate the effects of rapamycin (5-200 nmol per mouse) on TPA-induced epidermal hyperproliferation (as assessed by epidermal hyperplasia and epidermal labeling index). Rapamycin significantly inhibited TPA-induced epidermal hyperproliferation in a dose dependent manner. In addition, immunohistochemical analyses of the skin from mice in this multiple treatment experiment revealed that rapamycin significantly decreased the number of infiltrating macrophages, T-cells, neutrophils, and mast cells seen in the dermis following TPA treatment. Moreover, topical application of rapamycin to existing papillomas induced regression and/or inhibited their growth. Two-stage skin carcinogenesis studies are currently underway to further evaluate the impact of rapamycin treatment on mice made overweight (AIN76A) or obese (DIO diet; 60 Kcal % fat) via dietary energy balance manipulation. In addition, groups of mice are also being treated with metformin. These ongoing studies will clarify whether suppression of the mTORC1 signaling pathway is a viable strategy for reversing the effects of obesity on tumor development in this well established model of epithelial carcinogenesis. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1847. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-1847
The Tragedy of the Network

In many social contexts, individuals choose a set of social interactions to maximize their private benefit, but the resulting social network structure is a public phenomenon that affects all member...
Laryngeal regulation of airway resistance. II. Pulmonary receptor reflexes.

The response of laryngeal airway resistance to pulmonary receptor stimulation was studied in 20 mongrel dogs anesthetized with α-chloralose (80 mg/kg). Stimulation of pulmonary stretch receptors by lung inflation inhibited the phasic variation of laryngeal resistance during respiration and produced a sustained reduction of laryngeal resistance, which was related to lung inflation pressure. Stimulation of pulmonary J-receptors with capsaicin produced apnea and a large increase in laryngeal resistance. Capsaicin produced this reflex when injected into the pulmonary circulation but not when injected into the systemic circulation. Irritant receptor stimulation with histamine hydrochloride produced tachypnea and a reduction in inspiratory laryngeal resistance. Pulmonary receptor reflexes were abolished by dividing the vagus nerves distal to the origin of the recurrent laryngeal nerves. Laryngeal reflexes may be important in the regulation of respiration and the production of physiologic and pathologic alterati...
Monitoring adult flight of Pholetesor ornigis (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a parasitoid of the spotted tentiform leafminer (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae)

Two methods of trapping Pholetesor ornigis (Weed) adults were investigated. Sticky traps of different colors were tested, and lemon yellow was most attractive to the parasitoids. Other traps were baited with live parasitoids. Live virgin females were very attractive to males, whereas few parasitoids were caught in traps baited with virgin males, mated females, or no insects. Both types of traps were used for season-long monitoring of P. ornigis in three orchards in 1984. Yellow traps caught P. ornigis mainly during the midsummer generation, whereas traps baited with live virgin females showed flight periods corresponding to each generation of the host insect, the spotted tentiform leafminer, Phyllonorycter blancardella (F.).
Laboratory Investigations of Groundwater Interactions with Buried Radioactive Sodium Wastes and Attendant Release and Migration of Tritium in Adjacent Soil

Shallow land burial of sodium-bearing low-level wastes requires an assessment of safety consequences relating to (1) groundwater interactions with the residual sodium in the event of a breach of containment and (2) release of tritium dissolved in sodium along with hydrogen (both of which will permeate through adjacent soil). This paper describes the tests and evaluations being performed to establish a data base on safety consequences of burying low-level radioactive sodium wastes (RSW). This data base can be used in establishing the amounts of sodium that may be tolerated in burying RSW and in establishing related criteria.
Synthesis of N-(3-Tetradecyl alkoxy-2-hydroxy-propyl)-N,N-dimethyl Betain

N-(3-Tetradecyl alkoxy-2-hydroxy-propyl)-N,N-dimethyl betain was synthesized via a three-step process,using dodecanol,epichlorohydrin,dimethylamine and chloroacetic acid sodium as the starting materials.The influential factors such as reaction temperature,molar ratio of reactant,reaction time and amount of catalyst were investigated,and the optimal conditions were obtained.For 3-tetradecyl alkoxy-2-hydroxy-1-chloropropane,the optimal synthetic conditions were obtained as follows: using benzyltriethylammonium chloride as catalyst,pH value was 9,molar ratio of reactant was 1∶1.1,epichlorohydrin dropping temperature was 65℃,dropping time was 1.5 hours,reaction temperature was 95℃,reaction time was 5 h;For N-(3-tetradecyl alkoxy-2-hydroxy-propyl)-N,N-dimethyl tertiary amine,the optimal synthetic conditions were obtained as follows: reaction temperature was 85℃,molar ratio of reactant was 1∶1.2,reaction time was 20 hours;For N-(3-tetradecyl alkoxy-2-hydroxy-propyl)-N,N-dimethyl betain,the optimal synthetic conditions were obtained as follows: reaction temperature was 80℃,reaction time was 4 hours,molar ratio of reactant was 1∶1.1.The yield of the product was 85.3% under above conditions.The product was characterized by infrared spectrum.The surface tension of the surfactant product water solution was 23.4 mN·m-1 at critical micelle concentration of 8.0 mmol·L-1.The surfactant product showed good surface activity.
Composition Analysis of Gansu Quartz Sand

In this paper, the phase composition and chemical composition of the quartz sand from Gansu region were studied by using X-ray diffraction(XRD) technique and X-ray fluorescence(XRF) analysis. Employing the analytic Jade software of Xray diffraction data, the phase analysis was conducted. The mass percentages of the main phases were calculated by the adiabatic method for the quartz samples, and compared with the XRF data. The results showed that the main phases of the two samples were quartz(α-SiO2), Albite(Na(Si3Al)O8), potassium feldspar(KAlSi3O8) and gismondine(Ca2Al2Si2O8 ·4H2O).
Synthesis of Heterogeneous Ir0∼600–900/γ-Al2O3 in One Pot From the Precatalyst Ir(1,5-COD)Cl/γ-Al2O3: Discovery of Two Competing Trace “Ethyl Acetate Effects” on the Nucleation Step and Resultant Product

In 2010 we reported a two-step synthesis of a Ir0∼900/γ-Al2O3 supported-nanoparticle catalyst. In that study, a well-defined Ir(1,5-COD)Cl/γ-Al2O3 precatalyst was isolated and characterized before being reduced in contact with acetone solvent and cyclohexene and under H2 in a second step. Synthetically, one would like to remove the Ir(1,5-COD)Cl/γ-Al2O3 precatalyst isolation step, shortening the precatalyst synthesis and allowing the overall synthesis to be accomplished more efficiently in one pot. However, herein we report that the one-pot synthesis starting from commercially available [Ir(1,5-COD)Cl]2 and γ-Al2O3 yields an order of magnitude increase in the observed nucleation rate constant, k1,obs, as well as a decrease in the average particle size from Ir0∼900 to Ir0∼600. Mechanistic experiments reveal that the origin of this effect, amazingly, is the presence of residual ethyl acetate employed in the isolated precatalyst synthesis, which is not present in the one-pot synthesis. Additional mechanistic...
Focusing on cognitive rehabilitation and evidence-based practices will improve treatments for alcoholism

I we define alcoholism as: “A chronically relapsing disease” we are, in effect, admitting that our treatment programs are inadequate. No one expects 100% of persons treated for alcoholism to emerge transformed from a usually troubled habitual drinker of toxic amounts of ethanol into a happy, flourishing person who does not drink. However, if we attended to what has scientifically been discovered, treatments can be transformed, hence allowing for transformation of our clients. We can continue to hope for some magical, spiritual transformation to finally bring enlightenment to those beset by the disease of alcoholism. Or, we can hope for eventually discovering a medicine fixing the inherent problem of the alcoholic. Or, for the better, we can incorporate recently derived knowledge and step by step design treatments that will make relapse to drinking toxic amounts of ethanol uncommon rather than a definition of a problem needing resolution. I will show that prescribing naltrexone is merely a setting condition for correcting the toxic effects of ethanol on brain that, in turn, has reduced the cognitive ability to make the needed changes in life-styles to support continuing abstinence. Although we used to think that a brain once damaged was not repairable, I will show that he can provide computer-assisted game-like programs that will undue the cognitive decline caused by chronic intoxication thereby enhancing the ability to resist temptations, be less impulsive and develop new life-styles. New knowledge directs us to focus on cognitive rehabilitation for improving treatment outcomes.
Mirth, Laughter and Gelastic Seizures

One patient with laughter-associated seizures originating in the anterior cingulate gyrus and two patients with complex partial seizures who exhibited mirth and laughter following direct cortical stimulation of the parahippocampal and fusiform gyri are reported from the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.
Soils of Alaska: LRRs W1, W2, X1, X2, and Y

Alaska covers 1,508,120 km2, about 25 % of the contiguous USA. Alaska is organized into three Land Resource Regions (LRRs): Southern and Aleutian Alaska (W1, W2), Interior and Western Alaska (X1, X2), and Northern Alaska (Y). The soil moisture regimes range from subhumid and humid in northern, interior, and western Alaska to humid and perhumid in southern Alaska. The soil temperature regime ranges from cryic in southern Alaska to pergelic in northern Alaska. Northern Alaska has continuous permafrost, and thus, the soils are dominantly Gelisols formed under tundra with gelic Inceptisols and Entisols in areas shallow to bedrock and along streams. Very small areas of gelic Mollisols are found on well-drained uplands with calcareous parent materials. Interior and Western Alaska are in the zone of discontinuous permafrost . Gelisols dominate northerly slopes under black spruce forest and peatlands. Inceptisols dominate southerly slopes and well-drained uplands under white spruce and deciduous forests. Histels or Histic Gelisols dominate poorly drained lowlands and depressions. In southern and western Alaska, moderately leached Spodosols form in volcanic ash and glacial deposits under conifer forests, and Andisols form under herbaceous and grassy vegetation. Histosols form in extensive peatlands in southern Alaska. There are limited areas in Interior and Southern Alaska under cultivation for grains, hay, and vegetables. Urban use of land is limited because of small population in the state. Most lands are in native forest and rangelands supporting wildlife habitat.
Child Chaucer and the Play of Imagination

Positioned within the context of cognitive theory of the twelfth century, namely Richard of St. Victor’s Benjamin Minor, is a figure for the Chaucerian imagination I am calling “Child Chaucer.” Based on an obscure manuscript illumination of the author as a boy, Child Chaucer represents the elan vital that animates the voices of naive narrators such as Geffrey in Sir Thopas, the Squire, and speakers of the House of Fame, the Parliament of Fowls, An ABC, and the Legend of Good Women. When Chaucer’s narrators exhibit a propensity for getting carried away by the exuberance of storytelling, or slyly indicting readers for their shortcomings, or mischievously manipulating the precepts of Nature, Child Chaucer is at play.
Influences of speech familiarity on immediate perception and final comprehension

Unfamiliar speech-spoken in a familiar language but with an accent different from the listener's-is known to increase comprehension difficulty. However, there is evidence of listeners' rapid adaptation to unfamiliar accents (although perhaps not to the level of familiar accents). This paradox might emerge from prior focus on isolated word perception and/or use of single comprehension measures. We investigated processing of fluent connected speech spoken either in a familiar or unfamiliar accent, using participants' ability to "shadow" the speech as an immediate measure as well as a comprehension test at passage end. Shadowing latencies and errors and comprehension errors increased for Unfamiliar relative to Familiar Speech conditions, especially for relatively informal rather than more academic content. Additionally, there was evidence of less adaptation to Unfamiliar than Familiar Speech. These results suggest that unfamiliar speech imposes costs, especially in the immediate timescale of perceiving speech.
Coordinate Systems and Projections

We are living on a spherical earth and the location of any feature can be determined by using a coordinate system.
Dizziness: An Evidence-Based Approach (Better than MRI?)

A 45-year-old patient with a history of well-controlled hypertension and mildly elevated cholesterol comes to the emergency department (ED) for 8 h of continuous dizziness that began rapidly. The patient describes severe light-headedness. There is no headache or neck pain. Vital signs and general physical examination are normal. On examining the eyes, horizontal nystagmus that beats toward the left is present. Skew deviation is absent. On head impulse testing, there is a corrective saccade when moving toward the right. The remainder of the neurological examination is normal.
The Hard, Simple Truth about Gun Control

Gun control can be extremely effective at significantly reducing homicides, suicides, and gun-related robberies, assaults, and injuries. There is substantial evidence supporting that conclusion. However, the simple, hard truth is that only one form of gun control has been shown to be effective – namely, anything that significantly reduces the number of handguns in general circulation. The implications of that argument are enormous. In 2008, the United States Supreme Court held that individuals have a constitutional right to have handguns in their homes, and therefore a system of regulation designed to reduce the number of handguns in American homes would be unconstitutional. Gun control advocates faced political obstacles before that ruling. Rather than acknowledge the simple, hard truth, they opted instead to advocate so-called common sense measures, even though there is little evidence suggesting modest measures are likely to be effective. That strategy led to Pyrrhic victories. The strategy was counterproductive for public opinion over the long run, and it may well have misled Supreme Court justices into believing that their Second Amendment decision had no adverse public health consequences. It is, therefore, important to be clear about the choice before us. The choice is not whether America will have effective gun control today. It can’t. The choice is whether America will have effective gun control in the future. While public opinion, politics, and constitutional law currently bar the way, all three are malleable. The public, politicians, and judges can all be educated. That must begin, however, with telling the simple, hard truth about gun control.
Dual Binding Configurations of Subphthalocyanine on Ag(100) Substrate Characterized by Scanning Tunneling Microscopy, Tip-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy, and Density Functional Theory

In order to fully characterize interfacial systems at the smallest scales, advanced analytical surface techniques have to be employed to render a complete picture of molecular assemblies. In this study, we carried out ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) experiments on subphthalocyanine (SubPc) molecules, which are self-assembled on a Ag(100) substrate. The UHV STM experiments were complemented by tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS), surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The TERS spectrum shows a high signal intensity (>600 ADU·mW–1·s–1) due to piezo-driven in-vacuo excitation and collection lenses with large numerical apertures (NA = 0.4). A new two-dimensional molecular superstructure of SubPc was discovered to consist of two distinct molecular binding configurations, both of which interact relatively weakly with the underlying metallic substrate as revealed by high-signal-to-noise enhanced Raman spectra. Our results demons...
Performance evaluation of the current construction of the Great Wall of China in Jinshanling: using a fuzzy system

ABSTRACTThis research paper focuses on evaluating the performance of the Great Wall of China in Jinshanling using the Fuzzy Performance Tree Analysis (FPTA), Baldwin’s fuzzy-set rotational model, and defuzzification using the centroid and mean methods. The inputs for the performance tree analysis and Baldwin’s model are derived from the knowledge base of the authors’ earlier study. The outputs from the defuzzification process show that the Jinshanling section of the Great Wall is fairly severe in terms of damages, and immediate repair should be performed to prevent additional damages, especially in the eastern and western Jinshanling sections. The results derived from this evaluation process provide consistent, quantitative, and systematic conclusions concerning the current performance of the structure. The authors hope that these scientific methodologies introduced in this paper would be further researched and implemented in evaluating the performance of other facilities, both ancient and modern.
Role of Exosomes in Development of Premetastatic Niche

Abstract Exosomes play decisive roles in creating a favorable environment for distant organ metastasis. Recent studies show that exosomes can act as signalosomes carrying organotropic signatures that include protumorigenic miRNAs, snRNAs, long noncoding RNAs, proteins, and pro-EMT molecules from primary tumor to distant organs. The mechanism of action of these molecules in exosomal cargo could vary from modulating immunosuppression and/or induction of angiogenesis, inflammation, extracellular remodeling, and metabolic reprogramming. Together, these interactions lead to the formation of the “premetastatic niche,” enabling the entry of circulating primary tumor cells in the secondary organ, causing metastatic secondary outgrowth. In addition to their established role in development of premetastatic sites, distinct signature molecules detected in exosomes in the circulatory system also serve as valuable biomarkers with predictive and prognostic potential. Furthermore, understanding the biology and tropism of exosomes in development of metastasis and tumor progression should provide new avenues for therapeutic intervention.
Cancer Stem Cells: Novel Target Using Dietary Components for Prevention and Treatment

Cancer is the second leading cause of mortality in the United States and no significant treatment is currently available. Although an increasing number of therapeutic options exist for patients with advanced disease, their efficacy is time limited and non-curative. Presently approximately close to 60% of cancer patients in the United States are believed to utilize therapies derived from plants, herbs, flowers, or nutrients either exclusively or concurrently with traditional chemotherapy or radiation therapy. A growing body of evidence suggests that cancer stem cells within a solid tumor initiate and sustain tumor growth and could be quiescent even after therapeutic intervention by common anti-cancer drugs. Identification of important signaling pathways that regulate cancer stem cells could lead to novel targets for drug intervention. Dietary compounds have been shown to interfere in cancer stem cell related pathways and therefore offer a promising approach for prevention.
Fertility Preservation in the Male Adolescent Patient

Over 15,000 children develop cancer in the United States (US) each year (Ward et al., CA Cancer J Clin 64(2):83–103, 2014), with a 5-year survival rate for childhood cancer being roughly 80% (Robison and Hudson, Nat Rev Cancer 14(1):61–70, 2014). This extrapolates to over 385,000 childhood cancer survivors living in the United States (Phillips et al., Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 24(4):653–663, 2015). With a growing number of childhood cancer survivors, oncologic counseling has seen a shift in focus from concentrating solely on short- and long-term survival benefits of treatment regimens to survivorship and long-term effects of treatments. With this shifting paradigm, short- and long-term gonadotoxic effects of cancer treatment have become a major concern for clinicians treating and patients diagnosed with malignancies. Because of this, fertility preservation (FP) among adolescent and young adult (AYA) cancer patients has become a significant area of interest and research.
As Time Goes By: Current Status and Future Directions in the Controversy Over Stenting

Drug-eluting stents (DES) have dramatically transformed the landscape of interventional cardiology largely on the basis of empirical evidence showing profound reduction in angiographic and clinical restenosis without any significant increase in adverse events. Recent data, however, raise questions regarding the increased risk of late stent thrombosis associated with DES in more complex lesions and higher-risk patients than those evaluated in the initial clinical trials or Food and Drug Administration-approved indications, the challenge of continuing long-term antiplatelet therapy, and the danger of early discontinuation of antiplatelet therapy. We herein review the current status of this controversy, describe the additional evidence needed for its resolution, and offer recommendations for regulatory reform and 3 specific recommendations to encourage evidence-based patient management: 1) an emphasis on medical therapies with proven long-term benefit; 2) the use of kinetic modeling to estimate long-term outcomes of therapies based on the available near-term data; and 3) the restructuring of reimbursement incentives to encourage the use of evidence-based clinical management strategies.
Public Health Measures: Food Inspections and Enforcement Systems

Government regulators use food inspection at multiple levels to protect consumers from foodborne hazards and to deter the adulteration of food. Training of staff, frequency of inspections, laboratory capabilities, registration of food facilities, and surveillance systems can all influence the effectiveness of an inspection system. Compliance with food safety standards are mostly enforced via government sanctions. Government enforcement tools include detention, seizure, injunction, and civil or criminal penalties. Advancements in food safety practices over time have changed the scope and purpose of inspections and have put more emphasis on prevention rather than enforcement.
Newtonian and Post-Newtonian Calculations of Coalescing Compact Binaries

Coalescing binary neutron stars are important sources of gravitational waves that should become detectable with the laser interferometers now being built as part of LIGO, VIRGO and GEO. Post-Newtonian (PN) approximation methods have been used to calculate waveform templates in the low-frequency, slow-inspiral phase of the binary evolution. These theoretical templates can be used to extract parameters such as the neutron star (NS) masses and spins. In the slowinspiral phase the two stars are still well separated and can be treated essentially as point masses. Near the end of the coalescence, however, hydrodynamic effects and the interior structure of the stars play an increasingly important role. Hydrodynamics becomes dominant when the two stars finally merge together into a single object. The shape of the corresponding burst of gravitational waves provides a direct probe into the interior structure of a NS and the nuclear equation of state (EOS). The interpretation of the gravitational waveform data will require detailed theoretical models of the complicated 3D hydrodynamic processes involved. This review summarizes recent work on the hydrodynamic aspects of NS binary coalescence. Newtonian and, more recently, relativistic calculations have been performed. The methods include both approximate quasi-analytic techniques and large-scale numerical hydrodynamics calculations on supercomputers. Also included here is a brief discussion of coalescing white dwarf (WD) binaries, which are important sources of very low-frequency gravitational waves, potentially detectable by LISA.
Facing up to the Reading Dilemma: A Review and Critical Overview of Pynchon Studies

The title of David Seed's recent book and the description on the jacket flap may lead readers to expect an Ariadne--or at least some guiding thread--to help them find their way out of the disturbing complexities of pynchon's fiction.
The Roles of E93 and Kr-h1 in Metamorphosis of Nilaparvata lugens.

Metamorphosis is a crucial process in insect development. Ecdysone-induced protein 93 (E93) is a determinant that promotes adult metamorphosis in both hemimetabolous and holometabolous insects. Kruppel-homolog 1 (Kr-h1), an early juvenile hormone (JH)-inducible gene, participates in JH signaling pathway controlling insect metamorphosis. In the current study, an E93 cDNA (NlE93) and two Kr-h1 cDNA variants (NlKr-h1-a and NlKr-h1-b) were cloned from Nilaparvata lugens (Stal), one of the most destructive hemimetabolous insect pests on rice. Multiple sequence alignment showed that both NlE93 and NlKr-h1 share high identity with their orthologs from other insects. The expression patterns revealed that decreasing NlKr-h1 mRNA levels were correlated with increasing NlE93 mRNA levels and vice versa. Moreover, RNA interference (RNAi) assays showed that the knockdown of one of the two genes resulted in significantly upregulated expression of the other. Correspondingly, phenotypical observation of the RNAi insects revealed that depletion of NlE93 prevented nymph-adult transition (causing a supernumerary nymphal instar), while depletion of NlKr-h1 triggered precocious formation of incomplete adult features. The results suggest that Nlkr-h1 and NlE93 are mutual repressors, fitting into the MEKRE93 pathway. The balance between these two genes plays a critical role in the metamorphosis of N. lugens determining the proper timing for activating metamorphosis during the nymphal stage.
Predictors of successful percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation (PTNS) in the treatment of overactive bladder syndrome

Multiple publications have demonstrated the efficacy of percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation (PTNS) for overactive bladder syndrome (OAB). However, patient characteristics associated with successful treatment have not been well established. The aim of this study was to identify prognostic factors for successful PTNS treatment. This was a retrospective chart review of women who underwent PTNS therapy for OAB between January 2011–Decemeber 2017. Treatment success was defined by subjective improvement according to patient self-report and objective bladder diary parameters including the intervoiding interval, nocturia episodes and urgency urinary incontinence (UUI) episodes per day, before and after PTNS treatment. Baseline symptoms were dichotomized for each symptom based on severity. One hundred sixty-two women with a mean age of 72.7 ± 11.3 years and BMI of 28.5 ± 7.1 were included in the study. There was a statistically significant improvement in all three OAB symptoms after treatment. Multivariable analysis revealed that a history of depression and anxiety was associated with subjective improvement, whereas decreased subjective improvement was associated with a history of hypertension, prior intravesical onabotulinnumtoxinA injection and sacral neuromodulation. While dichotomizing subjects into two groups defined by < 50% versus ≥ 50% improvement, depression/anxiety, urodynamic volume at first sensation to void and more severe baseline urgency urinary incontinence severity were all significant predictors of subjective improvement. Among women treated with PTNS for refractory OAB, a history of depression/anxiety and severe baseline urgency urinary incontinence were positive predictors of a successful PTNS outcome.
Rattlesnake venom-induced recurrent coagulopathy in first trimester pregnant women – Two Cases

Delayed or recurrent coagulopathy can occur up to 14 days after North American rattlesnake envenomation in patients that have been treated with Crotalidae Polyvalent Immune Fab (CroFab). There is little data in the literature characterizing the sequelae of North American rattlesnake envenomation in pregnancy and no previously published reports of recurrent coagulopathy in pregnancy. CASE REPORT: We present 2 cases of first trimester pregnant women requiring readmission and retreatment with Crotalidae Polyvalent Immune Fab (CroFab) after developing recurrent/late coagulopathy following North American Rattlesnake Envenomation. Both patients were initially admitted and treated with CroFab following snakebite and discharged home without coagulopathy. One patient developed significant hypofibrinogenemia and subsequent hemorrhage after spontaneous abortion secondary to recurrent venom induced hypofibrinogenemia. DISCUSSION: Pregnant women with recurrent or late coagulopathy may be at higher risk for hemorrhage and spontaneous abortion and require more frequent laboratory monitoring after initial hospitalization and treatment with antivenom. A lower threshold for re-treatment with CroFab may be warranted in patients with fibrinogen less than 100mg/dL even in the setting of a normal platelet count.
Puzzling Politics: A Methodology for Turning World-Systems Analysis Inside-Out

Can world-systems analysis illuminate politics? Can it help explain why illiberal regimes, outsider parties, and anti-immigrant rhetoric seem to be on the rise? Can it help explain any such nationalchanges that seem destined to shift how nations relate to world markets? Leading surveys of historical sociology seem to say no. We disagree. While there are problems with Wallerstein’s early mode of analyzing politicsin the capitalist world-system from the outside-in, historical sociologists have been too quick to dismiss world-systems analysis. We propose an alternative inside-out approach anchored in a methodology for selecting what to study: those national political transformations which constitute puzzling instances within a given world-historical political process. We recommend promising theoretical lineages to guide empirical research on the selected puzzle: those that specify the elite social bases of politics. We thereby turn world-systems analysis inside-out. Our inside-out approach advances the project of world-systems analysis as a methodology, rather than a theoretical prescription in several ways. First, it addresses an important but largely overlooked question: how to select what to study. Second, it devises a methodology that can, but does not have to, pair with the methodology of incorporated comparisons. Third, it offers a methodology that stimulates, rather than forecloses, theoretical flexibility and fresh interpretations of politics and the world-economy. We illustrate the strengths of this new approach with three books, two of which won the best book award from ASA’s Political Economy of the World System (PEWS) Section.
A Quasi-Diabatic Representation of the 1,21A States of Methylamine.

We report a full 15-dimensional two-state quasi-diabatic potential energy matrix (PEM) for the 1,21A states of methylamine (CH3NH2) suitable for the description of its two distinct photodissociatio...
Preservation of Autogenic Processes and Allogenic Forcings in Set-Scale Aeolian Architecture II: The Scour-and-Fill Dominated Jurassic Page Sandstone, Arizona, U.S.A.

The stratigraphic architecture of aeolian sandstones is thought to record signals originating from both autogenic dune behavior and allogenic environmental boundary conditions within which the dune field evolves. Mapping of outcrop-scale surfaces and sets of cross-strata between these surfaces for the Jurassic Page Sandstone near Page, Arizona, USA, demonstrates that the stratigraphic signature of autogenic behavior is captured by variable scour depths and subsequent fillings, whereas the dominant signatures of allogenic boundary conditions are associated with antecedent surface topography and variable water-table elevations. At the study area, the Page Sandstone is ~ 60 m thick and is separated from the underlying Navajo Sandstone by the J-2 regional unconformity with meters of relief. Thin, climbing sets of cross-strata of the basal Page representing early dune-field accumulations fill J-2 depressions. In contrast, the overlying lower and middle Page consist of cross-strata that are one to a few meters thick, and packaged between outcrop-scale bounding surfaces. These bounding surfaces have been previously correlated to high stand deposits of the adjacent Carmel sea and at this site possess meters of erosional relief produced by dune scour. Notably absent within packages of cross-strata bounded by these outcrop-scale surfaces are strata of early dune-field accumulations, any interdune deposits, and climbing-dune strata. Instead, these packages preserve a scour-and-fill architecture created by large migrating dunes migrating within a dry, mature, dune field undergoing negligible bed aggradation. Any record of early phases of dune-field construction for the lower and middle Page are interpreted to have been cannibalized by the deepest scours of later, large dunes. Interpretations are independently supported by the relatively large coefficients of variation in lower and middle Page set thicknesses, which are consistent with set production by successive deepest trough scours, and the relatively low coefficient of variation for the depression-filling basal Page sets consistent with a significant component of bed aggradation. Numerical modeling presented here and more completely in the companion paper demonstrates how this cannibalization of early-phase stratigraphy is an expected outcome of autogenic dune-growth processes, and that early-phase strata can be preserved within antecedent depressions. Relative rise of the inland water table from basin subsidence and Carmel sea level forced preservation of multiple stacked packages composed of scour-and-fill architecture. Without these allogenic forcings, the Page would be little more than an erosional surface.
Attentional bias to diabetes cues mediates disease management improvements in a pilot randomized controlled trial for adolescents with type 1 diabetes

For type 1 diabetes management, the role of attentional bias remains unclear. This secondary analysis examined type 1 diabetes attentional bias and adolescent type 1 diabetes management prior to and during a cognitive and behavioral intervention. Youth with type 1 diabetes and above target glycemic control were assigned to intervention or usual care control. Participants completed baseline and follow-up type 1 diabetes Stroop tasks, HbA1c tests, and blood glucose meter downloads. Intervention was associated with greater reductions in type 1 diabetes attentional bias than control, and these reductions partially mediated the effect of treatment on diabetes management behaviors. Type 1 diabetes attentional bias is a potential target to improve type 1 diabetes management.
Perioperative Infection Transmission: the Role of the Anesthesia Provider in Infection Control and Healthcare-Associated Infections

This review aims to highlight key factors in the perioperative environment that contribute to transmission of infectious pathogens, leading to healthcare-associated infection. This knowledge will provide anesthesia providers the tools to optimize preventive measures, with the goal of improved patient and provider safety. Over the past decade, much has been learned about the epidemiology of perioperative pathogen transmission. Patients, providers, and the environment serve as reservoirs of origin that contribute to infection development. Ongoing surveillance of pathogen transmission among these reservoirs is essential to ensure effective perioperative infection prevention. Recent work has proven the efficacy of a strategic approach for perioperative optimization of hand hygiene, environmental cleaning, patient decolonization, and intravascular catheter design and handling improvement protocols. This work, proven to generate substantial reductions in surgical site infections, can also be applied to aide prevention of SARS-CoV-2 spread in the COVID-19 era.
Vasculitis Involving the Gastrointestinal System Is Often Incidental but Critically Important.

OBJECTIVES This study was aimed to investigate the significance of unexpected vasculitis identified in gastrointestinal (GI) specimens by determining its prevalence and correlation with clinical outcomes. METHODS GI specimens with histologic evidence of vasculitis were identified in our pathology database over a 10-year period (January 2008 to August 2018). Clinical history, treatment, and follow-up were reviewed. RESULTS Of the 131,367 GI pathology cases received over the 10-year study period, 29 (0.02%) cases showed histologic evidence of GI vasculitis. The majority (69%, 20/29) were not clinically suspected. Of these, 20% (4/20) of patients were subsequently diagnosed with systemic vasculitis. During the mean follow-up period of 34.0 months, 24% (4/17) of the patients with this unexpected diagnosis died as the result of direct complications of GI vasculitis. We also found that 95% of cases with unexpected vasculitis in their GI pathology specimens were communicated in a timely manner to the ordering physicians, which necessitated the immediate initiation of additional workups in 85% of these patients. CONCLUSIONS The GI involvement of vasculitis is rarely encountered by pathologists, but its diagnosis carries tremendous clinical significance with a high mortality rate. Therefore, timely communication is highly recommended for the early diagnosis and treatment of this disease.
The effects of oxygen-induced phase segregation on the interfacial electronic structure and quantum efficiency of Cs3Sb photocathodes

High-performance photocathodes for many prominent particle accelerator applications, such as x-ray free-electron lasers, cannot be grown in situ. These highly reactive materials must be grown and then transported to the electron gun in an ultrahigh-vacuum (UHV) suitcase, during which time monolayer-level oxidation is unavoidable. Thin film Cs3Sb photocathodes were grown on a variety of substrates. Their performance and chemical state were measured by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy after transport in a UHV suitcase as well as after O2-induced oxidation. The unusual chemistry of cesium oxides enabled trace amounts of oxygen to drive structural reorganization at the photocathode surface. This reorganization pulled cesium from the bulk photocathode, leading to the development of a structurally complex and O2-exposure-dependent cesium oxide layer. This oxidation-induced phase segregation led to downward band bending of at least 0.36 eV as measured from shifts in the Cs 3d5/2 binding energy. At low O2 exposures, the surface developed a low work function cesium suboxide overlayer that had little effect on quantum efficiency (QE). At somewhat higher O2 exposures, the overlayer transformed to Cs2O; no antimony or antimony oxides were observed in the near-surface region. The development of this overlayer was accompanied by a 1000-fold decrease in QE, which effectively destroyed the photocathode via the formation of a tunnel barrier. The O2 exposures necessary for degradation were quantified. As little as 100 L of O2 irreversibly damaged the photocathode. These observations are discussed in the context of the rich chemistry of alkali oxides, along with potential material strategies for photocathode improvement.
Advancing the safety, health, and well-being of commercial driving teams who sleep in moving semi-Trucks the tech4rest pilot study

Objective To test the feasibility, acceptability, and potential effectiveness of engineering and behavioral interventions to improve the sleep, health, and well-being of team truck drivers (dyads) who sleep in moving semi-trucks. Methods Drivers (n = 16) were exposed to Condition A: a new innerspring mattress, and Condition B: a novel therapeutic mattress. A subsample of drivers (n = 8) were also exposed to Condition C: use of their preferred mattress (all chose to keep B), switching to an active suspension driver's seat, and completing a behavioral sleep-health program. Primary outcomes were sleep duration, sleep quality, and fatigue. Behavioral program targets included physical activity and sleep hygiene. Results Self-reported sleep and fatigue improved with mattress A, and improved further with mattress B which altered vibration exposures and was universally preferred and kept by all drivers. Condition C improved additional targets and produced larger effect sizes for most outcomes. Conclusions Results support these interventions as promising for advancing team truck drivers' sleep, health, and well-being.
The HyperText Transfer Protocol

The HyperText Transfer Protocol, HTTP, is the lingua franca of the Internet. It is a client–server application level protocol. It is used by clients, which can be web browsers, phone apps, utilities, and other application programs, to request and update data from applications serving as HTTP providers. This chapter covers the definition of HTTP, its use over socket connections, and the use of the “requests” module to allow programmatic control of HTTP from our client applications. We also discuss “curl” as a command-line method of making HTTP requests.
BioSTEAM-LCA: An Integrated Modeling Framework for Agile Life Cycle Assessment of Biorefineries under Uncertainty

Biorefineries will play a critical role in sustainable bioeconomies, but projections of their environmental impacts vary widely. A core challenge with life cycle assessments (LCAs) of biorefineries...
Making progress: Engaging maker education in science classrooms to develop a novel instructional metaphor for teaching electric potential

Physics educators often struggle with how to tackle complex content such as electric potential. As a result, high school students are typically not engaged in developing a deep understanding of thi...
Pride in a Time of Crisis

Philosophic pride is a metaphysical concept for Augustine, for it entails arrogating to ourselves a more elevated place in the metaphysical hierarchy than nature has assigned us. The question I press is whether, in order to understand our politics, we need a concept whose application to political life presupposes a hierarchy of metaphysical status within which we human beings try to situate ourselves, or whether concepts which appeal to some other kind of status hierarchy will do. In mid-twentieth century, the great historian Richard Hofstadter deployed concepts of the latter kind to explain pathologies of American life which political theory still needs to confront. Hofstadter’s insights do not provide the sole key to the depth of understanding that political theory seeks. But if we think an adequate explanation could accommodate Augustine’s insight about the role of status-seeking in human affairs by referring to social rather than metaphysical status, then it would seem that we do not need pride as Augustine understood it to make sense of the pathologies of our age. Those who do not think such a narrative would be explanatorily adequate would then be obligated to say which of those pathologies Augustine’s concept of metaphysical pride is needed to explain.
Prediction of sulfamerazine and sulfamethazine solubility in some cosolvent mixtures using non-ideal solution models

Introduction: Experimental Solubilities of sulfamerazine (SMR) and sulfamethazine(SMT) in some (methanol + water), (ethanol + water) and (1-propanol +water) cosolvent mixtures were collected from the literature at five temperaturesfrom 293.15 to 313.15 K. Methodology: The results were analyzed with the van’tHoff, Apelblat modified, Buchowski-Ksiazaczak λh, van’t Hoff-Yaws model, twoparameterWeibull function model. It was determined that the models that bestdescribe the solubility of these sulfonamides in (alcohol + water) mixtures were thevan’t Hoff and Apelblat models, obtaining correlation indices greater than 0.99 in allcases. Results: The results obtained with the Modified Apelblat equation presents ahigh correlation index for the solubility of SMR and SMT in cosolvent mixtures,followed by the van’t Hoff-Yaws model that presents a high fit of the estimated datawith respect to the theoretical ones. According to the two-parameter Weibull functionmodel, the solubility of SMR and SMT in the co-solvent mixtures shows importantdeviations from ideality, which is consistent with the literature. The results arediscussed in terms of the solute-solvent interactions that occur in this system.
Food production and Earth’s limits to growth in the Anthropocene

First paragraph: Agriculture is the human activity that is acting as a major planetary force in the Anthropo­cene. Although the authors of Breaking Boundaries: The Science of Our Planet dedicated only one chapter to food production (Chapter 11), they contended that four of the nine planetary boundaries within which humanity operates have been overcome by agriculture. The book is organized into three acts or sections. Act I contains four chapters describing keystone events that shaped our planet. It describes a lifeless origin dominated by geophysical processes to the onset of life and the changes brought about by photosynthesis, which spurred aerobic life and multicellular organisms. Earth is a complex system undergoing continuous changes, yet it evolved self-regulating mechanisms to regain homeostasis from disturbances (Chapter 1).