cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Führung in Zeiten der Ungewissheit – die Rolle einer konstruktiven Fehlermanagement- und Vertrauenskultur als Ressource in Krisenzeiten

Krisen belasten Organisationen und die darin arbeitenden Menschen nicht nur aufgrund ihrer unvorhersehbaren Veranderungen und standigen Unsicherheit. Sie konfrontieren uns auch mit den Schwachen unseres Systems und zeigen Schwachstellen auf, die im Normalbetrieb unserer Arbeitswelt meist noch kaschiert werden konnen. Prasente Fuhrung ist in einer solchen Zeit der Ungewissheit umso wichtiger. Doch auch Fuhrungskrafte stehen unter solchen Bedingungen vor der Herausforderung, wie sie vor dem Hintergrund fehlender oder sich standig verandernder Informationen mit ihren Mitarbeitern kommunizieren sollen, wie sie die Zusammenarbeit in ihren Teams strukturieren und welche Masnahmen sie auf Ebene der Organisation ergreifen sollen. In diesem Beitrag der Zeitschrift Gruppe. Interaktion. Organisation. (GIO) wird der Einfluss einer konstruktiven Fehlermanagement- und Vertrauenskultur unter Unsicherheit diskutiert. Es werden verschiedene Handlungsstrategien auf Ebene des einzelnen Mitarbeiters, des Teams und der Organisation aufgezeigt, wie Fuhrungskrafte in Zeiten der Ungewissheit fur Orientierung, Sicherheit und eine konstruktive Fehlermanagement- und Vertrauenskultur sorgen konnen.
Soil thermal diffusivity and water transport in unsaturated, nonisothermal, salty soil

This paper presents a new method for combining the individually determined harmonic by harmonic values of thermal diffusivity obtained from a multi-harmonic analysis of temperature observations into a single combined value of thermal diffusivity for each soil layer or depth. The new method uses Fourier analysis and variance fractioning of soil tem­ perature observations. First, temperature observations are described by Fourier series. Next, soil apparent thermal diffusivity for each harmonic is calculated using nonuniform soil heat transfer analysis. Finally, the harmonic associated values of soil apparent thermal dif­ fusivity are combined by using a weighted average approach into a single overall composite value of apparent diffusivity. The weighted average thermal diffusivity is determined by weighting individual harmonic values according to the variance fraction of the temperature observations de­ scribed by the associated harmonic. The variance fraction of soil temperature observations described by a given harmonic can be calculated as the ratio of one-half the squared amplitude (the square of the ampli­ tude for the last harmonic) to the total variance. Thus, the method is general in that n-harmonics (where n implies a variable number) can be used. This paper presents applications of the method for determining soil apparent thermal diffusivity by analyzing field temperature observations from nonuniform soil profiles.
The Mind of the Master Class: History and Faith in the Southern Slaveholders' Worldview

Part I. Cradled in the Storms of Revolution: 1. 'That Terrible Tragedy' 2. The age of revolution through slaveholding eyes 3. 'The Purest Sons of Freedom' Entr'Acte: the bonds of slavery Part II. The Inescapable Past: 4. History as moral and political instruction 5. The slaveholders' quest for a history of the common people 6. World history and the politics of slavery 7. History as the story of freedom Part III. Ancient Legacies, Medieval Sensibility, Modern Men: 8. In the shadow of antiquity 9. Coming to terms with the Middle Ages 10. The chivalry 11. Chivalric slave masters 12. Chivalric politics: Southern ladies take their stand Part IV. A Christian People Defend the Faith: 13. A Christian people 14. Unity and diversity among the faithful 15. War over the Good Book 16. Slavery: proceeding from the Lord 17. The Holy Spirit in the word of God 18. Jerusalem and Athens - against Paris 19. Serpent in the garden: liberal theology in the South 20. Theopolitics: golden rule, higher law, and slavery Coda: St. John of Pottawatamie Part V. At the Rubicon: 21. Between individualism and corporatism: from the reformation to the war for Southern Independence 22. Past and future Caesars Epilogue: King Solomon's dilemma.
An Argument for Comparative Probability

We undertake to argue in favor of generalizing the formal concept of probability by replacing the usual quantitative formulation by the hitherto largely ignored comparative formulation. The theory of comparative probability (CP) is a theory of statements of the forms ‘event A is more probable than event B’, ‘events A, B are equally probable’, ‘event A is at least as probable as event B’, having the respective symbolic representations, ‘A > B’, ‘A ~ B’, ‘A ≳ B’. Comparative probability seems to have first been studied by Bernstein (1917), Keynes (1921), de Finetti (1931), and Koopman (1940). The modern era of CP studies perhaps dates from the work of Carnap (1950), Savage (1954), and Kraft et al. (1959). Relatively recent contributors include Scott (1964), Luce (1967, 1968), Fishburn (1970, 1975), Domotor (1969), Fine (1971a, b, 1973), Fine and Gill (1976), Fine and Kaplan (1976), Kaplan (1971, 1974), and Narins (1974).
SELECTIVE ATTENTION AND LEARNING

What do we notice and how does this affect what we learn and come to believe? I present a model of an agent who learns to make forecasts on the basis of readily available information, but is selective as to which information he attends to: he chooses whether to attend as a function of current beliefs about whether such information is predictive. If the agent does not attend to some piece of information, it cannot be recalled at a later date. He uses Bayes' rule to update his beliefs given attended-to information, but does not attempt to fill in missing information. The model demonstrates how selective attention may lead the agent to persistently fail to recognize important empirical regularities, make systematically biased forecasts, and hold incorrect beliefs about the statistical relationship between variables. In addition, it identifies factors that make such errors more likely or persistent. The model is applied to shed light on stereotyping and discrimination, persistent learning failures and disagreement, and the process of discovery.
The Role of Social Autonomy in Perceptions of 'Other' in the International System

This paper offers early development of a theory of how a society's identity system affects its ability to change its perception of an adversary following a conflict. The author first presents separately researched findings regarding the ability of established theoretical schools to explain variation in inter-state reconciliation outcomes, thus providing a basis to assess the relative usefulness of a new identity theory. Second, the author develops a formal model that captures the core aspects of his identity theory, and describes the results of experimentation with that model. Finally, the author assesses the relevance of his experimentation findings for the broader reconciliation literature.
Daubert on a Tilted Playing Field

Several commentators have suggested that standards governing admission of scientific evidence should be different in criminal and civil cases and that the prosecution in criminal cases should be held to a higher standard than the defense because the prosecution has a higher burden of proof. I prefer to see reasonable doubt as a sufficiency standard that has no impact at the admissibility stage. The reasonable doubt standard should be applied by the trier at the end of the trial, when all the evidence is in.
What do youth referred for anxiety problems worry about? Worry and its relation to anxiety and anxiety disorders in children and adolescents.

This study examined worry and the parameters of worry that may be associated with clinical anxiety in a sample of 119 children and adolescents referred to a childhood anxiety disorders specialty clinic. Using an interviewing procedure, results indicated that the types of worries reported by the children were similar to those reported in previous studies of nonreferred community children. Also similar to previous community studies were findings showing moderate but significant correlations between different indices of worry (i.e., number, intensity, and frequency of the worries) and children's scores on self-rating scales of anxiety. Results further indicated that worry contributed additional variance beyond that of anxiety in predicting fear. In addition, intensity differentiated clinic children's worries from nonreferred children's. Intensity and number of worries differentiated subsamples of children within the clinic-referred sample (i.e., children with overanxious disorder or generalized anxiety disorder and children with simple phobia). The importance of examining children's worries to further understand anxiety and its disorders in youth is discussed.
Strategies for Approaching Retinoblastoma Tumor Suppressor Gene Therapy

Publisher Summary The first ever identified tumor suppressor gene is the retinoblastoma gene ( RB ) that causes hereditary retinoblastoma. The functional aspects of the RB gene and the RB proteins (pRB) have been reviewed frequently. That the RB tumor suppressor gene and pRB may play a broad role in human malignancies have been reinforced by abundant studies indicating replacement of the normal RB gene into RB -defective tumor cells could suppress their tumorigenic activity in immunodeficient mice. Suppression of tumorigenicity of RB - tumor cells in vivo by reexpressing the wild-type pRB implies that the RB gene could be a potential therapeutic target for human cancer. Furthermore, the inhibition of invasiveness of RB -defective tumor cells by pRB has been apparently well correlated with suppression of tumorigenicity in vivo . These findings, taken together, may intimate that RB -mediated tumor suppression has a broader biological basis that certainly makes the emerging RB tumor suppressor gene therapy for human cancer even more attractive. There have been remarkable advancements in understanding of the molecular basis of tumor suppressor genes, but many obstacles remain to be overcome before tumor suppressor gene therapy can be more effective in cancer treatment. Currently, one of the main problems is the difficulty in delivering the target tumor suppressor gene efficiently and specifically into the majority of tumor cells in a patient. Another obstacle to RB gene therapy, and potentially also to other kinds of tumor suppressor gene therapy, is tumor suppressor resistance (TSR). As tumor suppressor resistance may reduce the efficacy of the RB gene or any other tumor suppressor gene therapy for human cancers, new strategies would be required to improve the potential treatment. Alternative strategies might be used in the near future to surmount possible tumor suppressor resistance and to make RB anticancer gene therapy more effective.
Narrow-pitch n-channel superjunction UMOSFET for 40–60 V automotive application

We report on ultra-low on-resistance 40–60 V-class n-channel superjunction UMOSFET (SJ-UMOS) with sufficient robustness for automotive applications. In the newly developed SJ-UMOS, we design a leading minimal pitch SJ structures with sub-micron wide p-type regions fabricated by high-energy multiple ion implantations of boron. This structure drastically improves the tradeoff between on-resistance and breakdown voltage (V B ), which has limited the performance of conventional SJ-UMOS. Record low specific on-resistance (R SP ) of 9.1 mΩmm2 and 16.1 mΩmm2 (V GS = 10 V) are obtained for V B of 44.8 V and 61.0 V, respectively. We also confirm high avalanche immunity for the chips showing the best performance.
RNA-Dependent DNA Polymerase Activity in Preparations of a Mutant of Newcastle Disease Virus Arising from Persistently Infected L Cells

RNA-dependent DNA polymerase activity was found in peparations of a mutant of Newcastle disease virus. The enzyme activity was not found in wild-type virus preparations.
E-Commerce: The Next Global Frontier For Small Businesses

This paper discusses the growth of E-Commerce and its advantages to small business firms. Guidelines for small businesses to create a successful E-Commerce sites on the Internet are offered. Furthermore, tools for the trade and strategies for E-Commerce are discussed. Business on the Internet will continue to develop as technologies for the Internet evolve, and the evolution seems to be progressing at an ever-increasing pace.
Enhanced Cleavage of an Atypical Intron of Dopamine D3-Receptor Pre-mRNA in Chronic Schizophrenia

The D2-class of dopamine receptors (D2, D3, and D4) is a target for typical and atypical neuroleptic drugs. They have been considered, therefore, as factors that may contribute to the pathophysiology of psychotic disorders. Interestingly, in cortical brain tissues obtained postmortem form patients with chronic schizophrenia D3 mRNA was found to be significantly lower than in the corresponding anatomic regions of controls. Because the expression of a truncated D3-like mRNA (named D3nf) appeared to be unaffected in schizophrenic brains, these findings suggest the possibility that the loss of D3 mRNA results from an abnormal splicing of D3 pre-mRNA in schizophrenia that is accompanied by an increased accumulation of the truncated D3nf mRNA. To test this, three approaches were taken. (1) Substrate D3 pre-mRNA was spliced in vitro in HeLa nuclear extracts. Results from these experiments show that D3nf mRNA results from the alternative removal of a short spliceosomal intron in D3 pre-mRNA that has a noncanonical 3′ splice site. (2) Substrate D3 pre-mRNA was spliced in vivo in stably transfected rat GH3 cells. Despite the atypical 3′ cleavage that is necessary to generate D3nfmRNA, D3 and D3nf mRNA were found to be processed at similar amounts. (3) The relative D3/D3nf splicing efficiencies were then determined in the anterior cingulate cortex of postmortem brains obtained from controls and from patients with chronic schizophrenia. Significant differences were found between the relative levels of D3 and D3nf mRNA, suggesting that an enhanced D3nf-specific splicing of D3 pre-mRNA in schizophrenia leads to a decreased expression of D3mRNA.
Selective sweeps and intercontinental migration in the cosmopolitan moss Ceratodon purpureus (Hedw.) Brid.

The moss Ceratodon purpureus has long been used as a model system in plant development and physiology. However, the molecular population genetics of the species remains virtually unexplored. In this study, we used population genetic analyses of DNA sequence data from three unlinked loci ( atpB-rbcL spacer, adk , and phy2 ) to examine biogeographical patterns in a global sample of this species. The three loci differed significantly in mutation frequency spectra and implied population structure. Pairs of haplotypes from single populations were frequently more divergent than haplotypes sampled from widely disjunct populations. In the atpB-rbcL spacer and adk samples, Australasian haplotypes were more closely related to Northern Hemisphere haplotypes than to haplotypes found in the equatorial regions. In contrast, the phy2 sample showed that the north and south temperate regions were genetically divergent, with the equatorial regions intermediate. Maximum-likelihood estimates (MLE) of the rates of migration between the two hemispheres were significantly different for the two nuclear genes. The frequency spectra of mutations indicated that differences in implied population structure among the three loci resulted from directional selection on the chloroplast genome and on the chromosomal segment containing adk . Collectively, these data suggest that long-distance migration within the Northern Hemisphere and Australasian regions is common (relative to the mutation rate) and that migration between these two regions, potentially via equatorial populations, is more frequent than migration among equatorial populations.
Enhancement of cloud cover and suppression of nocturnal drizzle in stratocumulus polluted by haze

Recent satellite observations indicate a significant decrease of cloud water in ship tracks, in contrast to an ensemble of in situ ship-track measurements that show no average change in cloud water relative to the surrounding clouds. We find through large-eddy simulations of stratocumulus that the trend in the satellite data is likely an artifact of sampling only overcast clouds. The simulations instead show cloud cover increasing with droplet concentrations. Our simulations also show that increases in cloud water from drizzle suppression (by increasing droplet concentrations) are favored at night or at extremely low droplet concentrations.
Surface topography and distribution of cell types in the rat nasal respiratory epithelium: Scanning electron microscopic observations

Several cell types were identified in the rat nasal respiratory epithelium using scanning electron microscopy. In addition to the previously described ciliated, nonciliated, and goblet cells, the nasal brush cell was identified based on its surface characteristics and its location between nonciliated epithelial cells. Scanning electron microscopy clearly showed the differences in distribution of cell types in the nasal mucosa. The ciliated cells increase in number from the anterior to the posterior areas of the respiratory epithelium with a corresponding decrease in nonciliated cells. However, even at a single cross-sectional area of the nasal cavity, the various surfaces have different proportions of ciliated versus nonciliated cells, e.g., the medial surface of the nasal concha has more ciliated cells than other surfaces. Brush cells are distributed between nonciliated cells of the respiratory epithelium on most surfaces of the nasal cavity including the conchae and the lateral wall. Based on the available information, scanning electron microscopy will be useful in future studies to determine the effects that inhaled toxicants have on cells and on the location of lesions.
Surface charge in foreign body carcinogenesis

The importance of surface charge in foreign body carcinogenesis was evaluated by implanting in C3H/HeJ male mice, bipolar polystyrene thermoelectrets formed in variously charged electrical fields. Charged electrets had tumor rates similar to control groups. The cumulative probability of tumor development was highest in the charged electret group being 0.58 at 133 weeks after implantation. The tumor rate for all charged electrets was 27% as compared to 17% and 6% for the control groups. The latent period of tumor induction varied little between groups and averaged approximately 700 days. No conclusions regarding the tumorigenic effect of electropositive versus electronegative sides of the electret were made although the majority of tumors arose on the electronegative (body) side of the electrets. An occasional tumor (2/25) arose on both sides of a single electret. The antigenicities of tumors tested by excise and challenge techniques were weak. The immunologic relationship between top and bottom growing tumors on a single electret could not be adequately determined because of the weak antigenicity.
R&D Investment Dynamics in Agglomerations under Weak Appropriability Regimes

R&D activity by local and foreign firms is increasing in environments with weak intellectual property rights (IPR). What are the dynamics of R&D investment when firms from multiple industries co-locate in such environments? Given that co-location can result in knowledge spillovers, we argue that local firms can ‘free-ride’ on nearby foreign and local firms. Furthermore, local firms are expected to free-ride more from other local firms within their industry and from foreign firms from other industries. Relying on fieldwork and analysis of a unique sample of 3,475 R&D lab investment decisions during 2003-2010 in India, we find that local firms free-ride from other local firms both within and across industries. Our results contribute a more nuanced view of knowledge spillovers in environments with weak IPR.
Potential climate impact of Mount Pinatubo eruption

The GISS global-climate model is used to make a preliminary estimate of Mount Pinatubo's climate impact. Assuming the aerosol optical depth is nearly twice as great as for the 1982 El Chichon eruption, the model forecasts a dramatic but temporary break in recent global warming trends. The simulations indicate that Pinatubo occurred too late in the year to prevent 1991 from becoming one of the warmest years in instrumental records, but intense aerosol cooling is predicted to begin late in 1991 and to maximize late in 1992. The predicted cooling is sufficiently large that by mid 1992 it should even overwhelm global warming associated with an El Nino that appears to be developing, but the El Nino could shift the time of minimum global temperature into 1993. The model predicts a return to record warm levels in the later 1990s. The effect is estimated of the predicted global cooling on such practical matters as the severity of the coming Soviet winter and the dates of cherry blossoming next spring.
Scattering From Isotropic Connected Wire Medium Metamaterials: Three-, Two-, and One-Dimensional Cases

Scattering problems involving wire media are computationally intensive due to the spatially dispersive nature of homogenized wire media. In this work, an integro-differential equation based on a transport formulation is proposed instead of the convolution-form integral equation that directly arises from spatial dispersion. The integro-differential equation is much faster to solve than the convolution equation form, and its effectiveness is confirmed by solving several examples in one-, two-, and three-dimensions. As experimental confirmation of both the integro-differential equation formulation and the homogenized wire medium parameters, several isotropic connected wire medium spheres have been fabricated on a rapid-prototyping machine, and their measured extinction cross sections compared with simulation results. Wire parameters (period and diameter) are varied to the point where homogenization theory breaks down, which is reflected in the measurements.
Magnetic resonance of calcified tissues

MRI of the human body is largely made possible by the favorable relaxation properties of protons of water and triacyl glycerides prevalent in soft tissues. Hard tissues – key among them bone – are generally less amenable to measurement with in vivo MR imaging techniques, not so much as a result of the lower proton density but rather due to the extremely short life-times of the proton signal in water bound to solid-like entities, typically collagen, or being trapped in micro-pores. Either mechanism can enhance T2 relaxation by up to three orders of magnitude relative to their soft-tissue counterparts. Detection of these protons requires solid-state techniques that have emerged in recent years and that promise to add a new dimension to the study of hard tissues. Alternative approaches to probe calcified tissues exploit their characteristic magnetic properties. Bone, teeth and extra-osseous calcium-containing biomaterials are unique in that they are more diamagnetic than all other tissues and thus yield information indirectly by virtue of the induced magnetic fields present in their vicinity. Progress has also been made in methods allowing very high-resolution structural imaging of trabecular and cortical bone relying on detection of the surrounding soft-tissues. This brief review, much of it drawn from work conducted in the author’s laboratory, seeks to highlight opportunities with focus on early-stage developments for image-based assessment of structure, function, physiology and mechanics of calcified tissues in humans via liquid and solid-state approaches, including proton, deuteron and phosphorus NMR and MRI.
Getting to the Point: Using Research Meetings and the Inverted Triangle Visual to Develop a Dissertation Research Question

This article contributes to the research training environment literature by presenting a method to guide the development of a dissertation research question. The method relies on 2 essential components: (a) informal doctoral student research team meetings to provide a mentoring environment in which conversation and discussion about dissertation questions takes place and (b) an inverted triangle visual to identify specific steps in the question-development process. The first author's experience and that of 3 other participants with this method are chronicled to illustrate its efficacy.
EDUCATING FOR AN ENGAGED SPIRITUALITY: DOROTHY DAY AND THICH NHAT HANH AS SPIRITUAL EXEMPLARS

Abstract This article seeks to offer a holistic understanding of the spiritual life by describing an “engaged spirituality.” A particular type of spiritual commitment exists in the lives of certain individuals, a commitment which combines disciplined exploration of spiritual resources with intentional acts of compassion and justice in response to the needs of the world. Through an investigation of the lives of Dorothy Day and Thich Nhat Hanh, an understanding of the formative influences which gave shape to their engaged spiritualities is offered, as well as several suggestions for communities of faith that might wish to cultivate a similar commitment in their own settings.
Perspectives on the Treatment of Orthostatic Hypotension Associated With Hypertension

Orthostatic hypotension is defined as a reduction in systolic blood pressure of at least 20 mmHg or a reduction in diastolic blood pressure of at least 10 mmHg within 3 minutes of standing up. The frequent and rapid cardiovascular adjustments essential for homeostatic control of blood pressure are not accomplished in patients with orthostatic hypotension, who experience symptomatic and often extreme high and low blood pressure variations. In most cases, the underlying cause of orthostatic hypotension is not amenable to correction, and patients have lifelong symptoms. Current treatment strategies are directed at improving patients' symptoms by raising blood pressure. Such interventions, however, do not address the coincident problems of extreme high blood pressure, nocturnal hypertension, and resultant end-organ damage present in these patients.
Effect of lattice instability on superconductivity in sodium tungsten bronze

The effect of lattice instability on the electronic properties of the tungsten bronzes, ${M}_{x}\mathrm{W}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}(0lxl1)$, is considered. A model of the free energy which describes the various phases as local minima in configuration space is shown to provide a basis for understanding the structures observed and transformations between them when $M$ is an alkali metal. For the case of ${\mathrm{Na}}_{x}\mathrm{W}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$, the effect on the superconducting transition temperature of a phonon which is assumed to soften as a function of $x$ is explicitly calculated. Tunneling between the local free-energy minima is assisted by this soft phonon. Good agreement is obtained with recent experimental observations of a dramatic increase in ${T}_{c}$ as $x$ decreases and approaches the critical value for transition between the superconducting and semiconducting tetragonal phases. Noteworthy features of this work are that the structural transformation does not correspond to a simple condensation of the soft phonon, and also that the phonon softening and configurational tunneling are considered simultaneously.
Investigation of metallic oxides as sorbents and their interactions with organic sorbates by gas-solid chromatography

Abstract Several metal oxides (V 2 O 3 , V 2 O 4 , V 2 O 5 , SnO 2 , TiO, ZnO), which are also catalysts, were investigated as possible chromatographic supports. Chromatographic evidence of specific interactions were substantiated using attenuated total reflectance in the infrared region. This technique is well adapted to surface studies and enables one to use the column packing as the reflecting surface. Thermodynamics provided the theoretical and experimental framework for judging the characteristics of the sorbates and generalizations concerning the nature of observed interactions. Some catalytic activity was noted by this gas-solid chromatography technique which serves to illustrate its use as a screen for potential chemical reactions at surfaces.
Early blockade of injured primary sensory afferents reduces glial cell activation in two rat neuropathic pain models

Satellite glial cells in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG), like the better-studied glia cells in the spinal cord, react to peripheral nerve injury or inflammation by activation, proliferation, and release of messengers that contribute importantly to pathological pain. It is not known how information about nerve injury or peripheral inflammation is conveyed to the satellite glial cells. Abnormal spontaneous activity of sensory neurons, observed in the very early phase of many pain models, is one plausible mechanism by which injured sensory neurons could activate neighboring satellite glial cells. We tested effects of locally inhibiting sensory neuron activity with sodium channel blockers on satellite glial cell activation in a rat spinal nerve ligation (SNL) model. SNL caused extensive satellite glial cell activation (as defined by glial fibrillary acidic protein [GFAP] immunoreactivity) which peaked on day 1 and was still observed on day 10. Perfusion of the axotomized DRG with the Na channel blocker tetrodotoxin (TTX) significantly reduced this activation at all time points. Similar findings were made with a more distal injury (spared nerve injury model), using a different sodium channel blocker (bupivacaine depot) at the injury site. Local DRG perfusion with TTX also reduced levels of nerve growth factor (NGF) in the SNL model on day 3 (when activated glia are an important source of NGF), without affecting the initial drop of NGF on day 1 (which has been attributed to loss of transport from target tissues). Local perfusion in the SNL model also significantly reduced microglia activation (OX-42 immunoreactivity) on day 3 and astrocyte activation (GFAP immunoreactivity) on day 10 in the corresponding dorsal spinal cord. The results indicate that early spontaneous activity in injured sensory neurons may play important roles in glia activation and pathological pain.
Helmholtz operators and symmetric space duality

We consider the property of vanishing logarithmic term (VLT) for the fundamental solution of the shifted Laplace-d’Alembert operators □ + b (b a constant), on pseudo-Riemannian reductive symmetric spaces M. Our main result is that such an operator on the c-dual or Flensted–Jensen dual of M has the VLT property if and only if a corresponding operator on M does. For Lorentzian spaces, where the □ + b are hyperbolic, VLT is known to be equivalent to the strong Huygens principle. We use our results to construct a large supply of new (space, operator) pairs satisfying Huygens’ principle.
The highs and lows of caregiving for chronically ill lesbian, gay, and bisexual elders.

This study examines informal caregivers’ and LGB care recipients’ best and worst experiences of care within their relationship. Communal relationship theory guides the research. The work uses qualitative interview data from a sample of 36 care pairs (N = 72), divided between committed partners and friends, to understand the similarities and differences in the care norms employed in varied relationship contexts. Findings from the study show that relationship context influences the experiences that caregivers and care recipients identify as best and worst, but often focus on the relationship and needs met at bests, and conflict and fear of worsening health as worsts.
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone and a homologous peptide in the reproductive system of the female rat and pig.

Abstract TRH and a TRH homologous peptide have been shown to occur throughout the female rat and pig reproductive systems by TRH radioimmunoassay, SP-Sephadex C-25 cation exchange chromatography, and parallel line analysis of the assays. The total amount of TRH and TRH homologous peptide immunoreactivity was highest in the oviducts followed by the ovary and then uterus. The concentration of TRH immunoreactivity in all reproductive organs of the rat fell gradually from one month of age. TRH and the TRH homologous peptide were not parallel on serial dilution and measurement in the same TRH radioimmunoassay. The rapid degradation of TRH by pig follicular fluid may explain the higher measured concentration of TRH homologous peptide compared to TRH not only in pig follicular fluid but also in the pig ovary as a whole.
Hydrothermal stability of vinyl-type polymer concrete containing tricalcium silicate (C3S)☆

Abstract Infrared analysis (IR) studies and measurements of the mechanical and physical properties of vinyl-type polymer concrete (PC) containing tricalcium silicate (C 3 S) as a constituent of the inorganic phase were performed after exposure of the composite to a 25% simulated geothermal brine at 240°C. The purpose of the study was to determine the physical effects and the chemical reaction mechanism produced by the apparent interactions between the vinyl-type polymers, C 3 S, and the hydration products of C 3 S. Infrared analysis indicated that ionic bonding between carboxylate anion (−COO θ ) groups in the polymer produced by the hydrothermal reaction and Ca 2+ ions of C 3 S occurred. The addition of silica flour, calcium carbonate, and calcium hydroxide to the filler system did not produce results similar to those produced by the C 3 S.
Remote substituent effects in microbial reductions of 3-ketoglutarate and 3-ketoadipate esters

Abstract The enantioselectivity of yeast mediated reductions of prochiral 3-ketoglutarate and 3-ketoadipate esters to the corresponding 3-hydroxyesters can be influenced by simple differences in the ester groups.
DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF PROTOTYPE CONCRETE SHELL–PART I

Hyperbolic natural-draft cooling towers are large thinshelled structures subject to dynamic loads from wind, seismic activity, and operating conditions. Since 1965 the height of these structures has increased by nearly 20 percent to the present 170 m (560 ft), with taller towers being contemplated. The wall thickness for these towers is nominally in the range of 20 to 30 cm (8 to 10 in.). This paper describes the techniques and results of an experimental program of ambient vibration measurements of a prototype cooling tower located at the Tennessee Valley Authority's Hartsville Distribution Center.
Synthesis and characterization of radio-opaque thermosensitive poly[N-isopropylacrylamide-2,2′-(ethylenedioxy)bis(ethylamine)-2,3,5-triiodobenzamide]

BACKGROUND:In situ gelling polymers, like poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (poly(NIPAAm)), have many potential medical applications due to their biocompatibility and thermosensitivity. RESULTS: Radio-opaque thermosensitive poly(NIPAAm) grafted with 10.7 wt% 2,2′-(ethylenedioxy)bis(ethylamine)-2,3,5-triiodobenzamide was successfully synthesized and characterized. The conjugated polymer showed good visibility with X-ray fluoroscopy. The polymer had a lower critical solution temperature of 30 °C after conjugation with triiodobenzamide as determined by cloud point determination and a transition peak temperature of 33.3 ± 0.57 °C as determined by differential scanning calorimetry. CONCLUSION: The polymer synthesized was highly visible under X-rays, based upon the percentage incorporation of triiodobenzamide. After conjugation of the NIPAAm to the triiodobenzamide through a bis(ethylamine) linkage, the resultant polymer retained lower critical solution temperature characteristics in a temperature region that makes it physiologically useful. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Constitutively active mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 6 (MKK6) or salicylate induces spontaneous 3T3-L1 adipogenesis

Although much has been learned regarding the importance of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in inflammatory and stress responses, relatively little is known concerning its role in differentiation processes. Recently, we demonstrated that p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activity is necessary for the differentiation of 3T3-L1 fibroblasts into adipocytes (Engelman, J. A., Lisanti, M. P., and Scherer, P. E. (1998) J. Biol. Chem. 273, 32111–32120). p38 activity is high during the initial stages of differentiation but decreases drastically as the fibroblasts undergo terminal differentiation into adipocytes. However, it remains unknown whether activation of p38 is sufficient to stimulate adipogenesis and whether the down-regulation of p38 activity in mature adipocytes is critical for maintaining adipocyte homeostasis. In this report, we have directly addressed these questions by analyzing 3T3-L1 cell lines harboring a specific upstream activator of p38 (a constitutively active mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 6 (MKK6) mutant, MKK6(Glu)) under the control of an inducible promoter. Induction of MKK6(Glu) in 3T3-L1 fibroblasts spurs adipocyte conversion in the absence of the hormonal mixture normally required for efficient differentiation of wild-type cells. However, activation of p38 in adipocytes leads to cell death. Furthermore, treatment of 3T3-L1 fibroblasts with salicylate, a potent stimulator of p38, produces adipocyte-specific changes consistent with those observed with induction of MKK6(Glu). Expression of MKK6(Glu) in NIH-3T3 fibroblasts (cells that do not differentiate into adipocytes under normal conditions) is capable of converting these fibroblasts into lipid-laden fat cells following hormonal stimulation. Thus, p38 activation has pro-adipogenic effects in multiple fibroblast cell lines.
Hyperglycemia predicts mortality after CABG: postoperative hyperglycemia predicts dramatic increases in mortality after coronary artery bypass graft surgery

Abstract Objective Risk of morbidity and mortality after coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) is higher in patients with clinical diabetes mellitus (DM). We evaluated whether outcomes are affected by postoperative hyperglycemia in CABG patients independent of preoperative DM diagnosis. Research Design and Methods A total of 2297 consecutive CABG patients were studied. The first glucose value after surgery completion (mean 15 min) was tested as a predictor of outcome. Primary outcome variables were prolonged ventilation (>24 h), deep sternal wound infection, renal failure, permanent stroke, any reoperation, length of stay (>14 days) and mortality. All outcomes except for prolonged ventilation and length of stay were tracked out to 30 days postoperatively. Patients were stratified by glycemic control: Low (glucose 200 mg/dl). Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine the independent predictive value of glycemic groups, adjusted for outcome specific risk scores from the Society of Thoracic Surgeons model. Results Patient distribution among groups low through very high were 44 (1.9%), 476 (20.7%), 1425 (62.0%) and 352 (15.3%). Greater complication rates were noted in the very high group when compared with the referent group: prolonged ventilation (adjusted odds ratio (OR)=2.66, P 14 days (adjusted OR=2.06, P =.004) and mortality (adjusted OR=7.71, P Conclusion Patients with blood glucose values >200 mg/dl immediately after CABG had an increased risk of complications, including mortality, independent of a clinical diagnosis of DM. This study documents the high risk associated with early postoperative hyperglycemia in this group, suggesting the need for prospective trials of glycemic control.
Accessibility of Calcium Ions to Anionic Sites of Lipid Monolayers

ALTHOUGH the calcium ion is believed to play a functional role in various membrane phenomena such as nervous excitation, muscular contraction and cell permeation by interacting with the reactive sites of the membrane, little is known about the binding characteristics of calcium with the anionic sites of the well specified lipid membrane1,2.
Some effects of variable porosity and geometry on flow around model barriers

Abstract Horizontal velocity and turbulence intensity and pressure were measured in an accelerating turbulent shear flow around model barriers in the wind tunnel. Data were obtained for model barriers with the following porosities and geometries: 25, 50 and 75% porous circular hole (CH), vertical lath (VL) and horizontal lath (HL). Results include estimates of drag force, wall shear stress and shelter effect.
The Sustainability of Inclusive School Reform

For over a decade, University of Florida researchers worked with middle schools in a large urban and suburban south Florida district, as they developed and then worked to sustain inclusive reform. One middle school, Socrates, was notably successful, having built its inclusion model on a foundation of previous reform and a school culture characterized by shared decision making, collaboration, and teaming. For 4 years, we studied Socrates and the sustainability of its program. Inclusion was not sustained; our analysis of teacher and administrator interviews revealed three primary factors that help explain why: leadership change, teacher turnover, and state and district assessment policy change. Reduced support for the program, a by-product of the primary factors, also contributed to the lack of sustainability.
Crystal chemistry and magnetic properties of Eu2TiO4 and Eu3Ti2O7

Abstract The materials Eu2TiO4 and Eu3Ti2O7 have been found to be ferromagnets with Curie temperatures of about 9°K and 8.5°K respectively. An attempt was made to understand their magnetic properties by considering the crystal chemical relationships which exist among the compounds EuO, EuTiO3, Eu2TiO4 and Eu3Ti2O7 and the implications of this crystal chemistry for the magnetic interactions.
Equilibrium and dynamic behavior for systems containing nonionic surfactants, n-hexadecane, triolein and oleyl alcohol

Abstract Phase behavior and electrical conductivity experiments were carried out for systems containing water, nonionic surfactants, triolein, n-hexadecane and oleyl alcohol. In systems where the amount of triolein was equal to or greater than the amount of n-hexadecane, the surfactant appeared successively in the lamellar liquid crystalline phase Lα, the sponge phase D′, a bicontinuous microemulsion D and an oil-rich microemulsion Om as the system was made more lipophilic. The temperatures of the various phase transitions decreased with increasing hydrocarbon content. In one system five phases were found to coexist simultaneously: Lα, D′, D, and excess water and oil. Conductivity measurements indicated no major change in microstructure of either D′ or D phases when the n-hexadecane-to-triolein ratio was changed from zero to one. In systems where the amount of hydrocarbon was much greater than the amount of triolein, the usual microemulsion phase behavior was seen with continuous variation of oil and water solubilization over a wide range. Videomicroscopy contacting experiments were consistent with the phase behavior results in that the D′ phase was observed as one intermediate phase when drops rich in triolein were injected into aqueous surfactant solutions but not when the drops were mainly hydrocarbon. In the latter case, microemulsions were seen which inverted continuously until the surfactant concentration in the drops became high enough that the lamellar phase formed.
Increased sensitivity to d- and l-amphetamine action after midbrain raphe lesions as measured by locomotor activity.

Abstract This study examined the effects of d - and l -amphetamine on locomotor activity and stereotyped behavior in control rats and rats with lesions in the raphe nuclei (RN) and dorsolateral tegmentum (DLT). Raphe nuclei lesions produced a large (93%) and selective depletion of the telencephalic content of serotonin and an enhancement of both d - and l -amphetamine action on locomotor activity that was characterized by a shift in the dose-effect curve to the left of controls. The ED50 for the locomotor increasing effects of both d - and l -amphetamine was significantly reduced by the RN lesions to approximately one-third of control values. In addition, RN lesions significantly increased the maximum levels of locomotor responding to d - but not l -amphetamine. Finally, rats with RN lesions demonstrated a significantly greater incidence of stereotyped behavior at lower dosages of d - but not l -amphetamine than did controls. Dorsolateral tegmentum lesions that produced a selective but small (54%) decrease in the telencephalic content of norepinephrine had no effect on either d - or l -amphetamine action.
Effects of Exchange Controls on Black Market Exchange Rate in a Less Developed Country

A reduced form smuggling model is used to estimate the effects of official exchange control policies on black market exchange rate in Ghana between 1972 and 1986. It is found that an appreciation of official exchange rate or an increase in government policing efforts depreciates the domestic currency on the black market. Recent exchange policy reforms, however, seem to have changed the structure of the relationship between official exchange rate and the black market rate. [431]
Antibiotic Resistance Among Anaerobes: What Does it Mean?

Abstract Antibiotic resistance among anaerobes is increasing, with significant resistance to clindamycin, cephalosporins, cephamycins, and penicillins noted at community hospitals and major medical centers. A total of 615 anaerobes isolated from various Chicago area hospitals in 1996 were tested against 13 antibiotics, and the resistance patterns compared with similar data from 1991. For the Bacteroides fragilis group anaerobes, the most effective antibiotics were the β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor combination agents, carbapenems, trovafloxacin and metronidazole. High levels of resistance to clindamycin, piperacillin, cefoxitin and ceftizoxime were seen 1996. For non- B. fragilis group anaerobes, resistance was mush lower, and was notable only in Clostridium spp. (clindamycin and cephamycins) and Prevotella spp. (clindamycin and piperacillin). Despite the prevalence of antibiotic resistance among anaerobes, the frequency of antimicrobial susceptibility testing of anaerobes is declining. There are a number of factors that account for this decline, including a general reduction in funding of hospital clinical laboratories, a concomitant loss of expertise at these institutions, a lack of automated testing for anaerobes, and a failure to consider resistance as important to clinicians. The case for increased susceptibility testing is built upon the changing patterns of resistance such as those reported in this paper, the identification and transfer of genetic determinants corresponding to antibiotic resistance, as well as the correlation of resistance and clinical outcome.
The great school milk conspiracies of the 1980s

Various dairy companies' allocation of school milk contracts using signalling, sham bids to honor incumbency and other devices are examined to determine whether bidding was collusive or pure oligopolistic interdependent behavior following noncooperative game theory. The schemes used to allocate contracts were found to be efficient methods for reaching agreements. Since pure interdependent (noncoorperative) behavior requires rivals to corelate signals, coordinate expectations, and resolve timing-uncertainty problems within sealed-bidding constraints, detailed analysis of the economic evidence of bidding practices requires rejection of a Nash equilibrium explanation for the behavior.