cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
HYBRIDIZATION AND CRYPTIC SPECIES IN DICAMPTODON (CAUDATA: DICAMPTODONTIDAE)

The salamander genus Dicamptodon consists of at least four genetically divergent groups of populations with 10-19 fixed allelic differences (out of 31 loci scored) between populations in alternative groups. One of these groups corresponds to D. copei; the other three until now usually have been considered to belong to the single morphologically homogeneous species D. ensatus. Two instances of geographic contact between genetic units occur in the genus, one between D. copei and "D. ensatus" in northern Oregon and the other between two highly divergent types of "D. ensatus" in coastal northern Calfornia. In the former case no hybridization occurs, while in the latter a narrow hybrid zone has been observed. There appears to be selection against hybrids within this hybrid zone, and introgression beyond the zone is apparently nonexistent. The population groups therefore appear to be genetically independent units, and Dicamptodon is best considered to consist of four species: D. copei, D. ensatus, D. tenebrosus, and D. aterrimus.
Gender Choices, Business Valuation, & State Specific Variables in the Division of Marital Assets

The value of a closely held company may represent a significant component of a marital estate. Business valuation services play an increasingly crucial role in determining the value of a closely held family business and often facilitate a divorce settlement by providing an appraisal estimate in the absence of an actual sale as a basis to distributing marital assets. The results of the current study investigate the family court’s decision in cases where the marital estate includes a closely held company. The decision was influenced by two factors: state law (community property versus equitable distribution) and the owner of the business (the husband alone or either the wife alone or as co-owner). Cases in equitable distribution states were over four times more likely to result in a decision for the wife than cases in community property states, and cases in which the wife was either the sole owner or co-owner of the business, the court was over four times more likely to render a decision for the wife.
Control of gastric acid secretion. Histamine H2-receptor antagonists and H+K(+)-ATPase inhibitors.

Gastric acid secretion is regulated by an intricate interplay of neural (acetylcholine), hormonal (gastrin), and paracrine (histamine, somatostatin) mechanisms. Receptors for each of these agents and the signal transduction pathways to which these receptors are coupled have been identified on the parietal cell. The stimulatory effect of acetylcholine and gastrin is mediated by an increase in cytosolic calcium, whereas that of histamine is mediated by activation of adenylate cyclase and generation of cAMP. Strong potentiation between histamine and either gastrin or acetylcholine reflects postreceptor interaction between the distinct pathways as well as the ability of acetylcholine and gastrin to release histamine from mucosal ECL cells. The inhibitory effects of somatostatin on acid secretion are mediated by receptors coupled by guanine nucleotide-binding proteins to inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity. All the pathways converge on and modulate the activity of the luminal enzyme, H+K(+)-ATPase, the proton pump of the parietal cell. Precise information on the mechanisms involved in gastric acid secretion has led to the development of potent drugs capable of inhibiting acid secretion. These include competitive antagonists that interact with stimulatory receptors (e.g., histamine H2-receptor antagonists) as well as noncompetitive inhibitors of H+K(+)-ATPase (e.g., omeprazole). The histamine H2-receptor antagonists (cimetidine, ranitidine, famotidine, and nizatidine) continue as first-line therapy for peptic ulcer disease and are effective in preventing relapse. Although they are generally well tolerated, histamine H2-receptor antagonists may cause untoward CNS, cardiac, and endocrine effects as well as interference with the absorption, metabolism, and elimination of various drugs. Omeprazole is a weak base that reaches the parietal cell through the bloodstream, diffuses through the cytoplasm, and becomes activated and trapped as a sulfenamide in the acidic canaliculus of the parietal cell. It covalently binds to H+K(+)-ATPase, thereby irreversibly blocking acid secretion in response to all modes of stimulation. The main drawback to its use is its extreme potency, which leads to virtual anacidity, gastrin and ECL cell hyperplasia, hypergastrinemia, and, in rats, to the development of carcinoid tumors.
The Interaction of Local Anesthetics with Lecithin Monolayers

The pressure-area curves were determined for synthetic L-α-(dipalmitoyl) lecithin monolayers on subsolutions containing the minimum blocking concentrations of the local anesthetics β-naphthol thymol, ephedrine, procaine, tetracaine, phenyltoloxamine, quinine, and dibucaine. It is shown that there is an approximately linear relationship between the log of the rate of change of the surface pressure with concentration of these anesthetics and the product of the mole refraction and ionization potential. This correlation is related to a partition function based upon the London interaction energy.
Initial Experiences with Percutaneous and Transurethral Ablation of Postoperative Ureteral Strictures in Children

A transurethral or percutaneous procedure was used in 11 children and 1 young adult in an attempt to correct obstruction at the site of previous pyeloplasty, ureteroenterostomy or vesicoureteral reimplantation into the bladder. When a guide wire could be passed through the obstructed segment a balloon would always pass over the wire. The balloon could then be inflated to dilate the narrowed area. Five patients in whom the obstruction was detected and treated in this manner within a few months after the initial operation exhibited relief of obstruction and these good results have persisted. The exception to this generalization is a 5-year-old girl who did not experience durable improvement in obstruction when treated 3 months after ureteral implantation. Four additional children with ureteral strictures diagnosed 1 to 4 years postoperatively also were not improved by dilation, even when a post-dilation stent (usually a double-J catheter) was used for 6 to 8 weeks. Two boys with recurrent ureteropelvic junction obstruction after pyeloplasty underwent percutaneous resection of the ureteropelvic junction. In 1 boy the hook electrode and cautery were used and stenosis recurred, apparently due to thermal injury. In the other boy a sharpened hook electrode was used to incise the ureteropelvic junction, which has stayed open for 18 months, and he is our longest followup.
Smaller, better, more: Five decades of advances in geochemistry

Many of the discoveries made in geochemistry over the last 50 yr have been driven by technological advances that have allowed analysis of smaller samples, attainment of better instrumental precision and accuracy or computational capability, and automation that has provided many more data. These advances occurred during development of revolutionary concepts, such as plate tectonics, which has provided an overarching framework for interpreting many geochemical studies. Also, spacecraft exploration of other planetary bodies, including analyses of returned lunar samples and remote sensing of Mars, has added an additional dimension to geochemistry. Determinations of elemental compositions of minerals and rocks, either through in situ analysis by various techniques (e.g., electron microprobe, secondary ion mass spectrometry [SIMS], synchrotron X-ray fl uorescence [XRF], laser ablation) or bulk analysis (e.g., XRF, inductively coupled plasma‐atomic emission spectrometry [ICP-AES], inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry [ICP-MS]), have become essential approaches to many geochemical studies at levels of sensitivity and spatial resolution undreamed of fi decades ago. Although major-element distributions in igneous rocks have been understood at a basic level for some time, advances using major-element abundances to understand sedimentary provenance and processes have been especially noteworthy during the past half-century. The great diversity of trace elements in terms of geochemical behavior (e.g., lithophile, siderophile, etc.) has made them invaluable to many studies, providing unique constraints on redox conditions, mineral-melt and mineral-fl uid reactions, and planetary differentiation.
A Theory of Pseudo-Wealth

Recent events in the US and Europe have witnessed the limitations of conventional macroeconomic models to predict and explain large economic recessions and crises, and to provide guidance for policies that attempt to resolve them.
Visualization Tools for Traffic Congestion Estimation

The rapid growth of urban population and number of private cars in this modern era, results in increasingly urgent transportation problem in cities throughout the world. Road traffic congestion is an omnipresent problem, which leads to delays, time loss, human stress, energy consumption, environmental pollution etc. In order to decrease traffic congestion, there is a need for simulating and optimizing traffic control and improving traffic management. There are different ways for traffic congestion monitoring and analysis such as using video monitoring and surveillance systems, or static and dynamic sensors which allow traffic management in real time. There are also other methods using non real time analysis where traffic congestion can be extracted from historical patterns of traffic congestion. The historical patterns can be gained from the stored travel time and speed data. The goal of enhancing driver convenience is achieved by providing applications based on road traffic condition that mainly identifies congestion status. This section presents a web application which uses live traffic congestion data from Google Maps™ traffic layer for real time congestion calculation. A technique utilized for estimating the level of congestion is image processing. The main objective is to provide an automated and yet interactive visualization tool for congestion analysis in real time. The aim is reducing the traffic congestion on roads which will lead to decrease in the number of accidents. The application can provide important data which can help road traffic management. Thus, it is mainly dedicated to traffic managers, operators and analysts. Nevertheless, it can be implemented also by road users. Unlike most sensor based applications, it makes quantified congestion data available even in regions with limited traffic data information.
Justice Across Borders: No Safe Haven: Human Rights Cases Challenging Foreign Countries and Nationals

CHAVEZ V. CARRANZA In August, 1983, plainclothes El Salvadoran security forces abducted Daniel Alvarado. They took him to the headquarters of the Treasury Police and tortured him for four days. The officers “connected wires to Alvarado's toes and ran an electric current through his body…[and] placed a hood over his head and beat him.” They claimed Alvarado was responsible for the murder of U.S. military adviser, Lieutenant Commander Albert Schaufelberger. After four days, Alvarado signed a statement confessing to the murder. As he recalled, after the torture “I said that I would sign…they threw me on the floor and they left me there. In the paper, it said that I had assassinated the American advisor.” “After several days of torture,” Alvarado recalled, “I could no longer endure it and I didn't want any more, and, well, that's why I signed.” Officials took Alvarado and forced him to admit to the crime at a press conference at the Treasury Police headquarters. Nicolas Carranza, director of the Treasury Police, presided over the press conference. The torture continued, however, until eighteen days later when he was interviewed by two U.S. officials. During the interview Alvarado was subjected to a polygraph exam, “which confirmed Alvarado ‘had been tortured and that he did not participate in the Schaufelberger assassination.’”
Clinically Important Effects in New Drug Development

In new drug development, demonstrating a clinically important effect of the new drug is a key element of efficacy evaluations instead of simply showing a statistical significance. However, approaches to demonstrate clinically important effects are unclear and not well recognized among many investigators and sponsors. The minimal clinically important change from baseline (MCIC) and minimal clinically important difference between groups (MCID) are used to assess the clinically important effect. We state the roles of MCIC and MCID in each phase of new drug development and common approaches to establishing MCIC and MCID. Furthermore, we provide some common approaches on how to practically compare the clinical trial results with the MCIC and MCID and interpret the clinical importance from applications in new drug development. We also suggest incorporating the clinical importance at the planning phase of trials.
Debriefing After Simulation

Definitions of the term “Debriefing” generally describe a process to elicit information pertaining to an experienced event in order to gain a better understanding of it. This process is further distinguished by the requirement that the information elicited be from the event’s participants.
Seeing: An African Way

Why qualify the way of seeing? Are we doing justice to seeing when it is qualified? Doesn’t the qualification of the way of seeing undermine the universal way of seeing and thus deprive it of its essential nature? Evidently, the qualification of seeing suggests that there are multiples ways of seeing, and an African way of seeing is but one among other possible ways. This suggestion should be taken for what it is—namely, a suggestion. As such, it could be erroneous if it turns out that seeing is seeing without qualification. So, how is it with seeing? More specifically, what is African about seeing?
The low-order wavefront control system for the PICTURE-C mission: high-speed image acquisition and processing

The Planetary Imaging Concept Testbed Using a Recoverable Experiment - Coronagraph (PICTURE-C) mission will directly image debris disks and exozodiacal dust around nearby stars from a high-altitude balloon using a vector vortex coronagraph. The PICTURE-C low-order wavefront control (LOWC) system will be used to correct time-varying low-order aberrations due to pointing jitter, gravity sag, thermal deformation, and the gondola pendulum motion. We present the hardware and software implementation of the low-order ShackHartmann and reflective Lyot stop sensors. Development of the high-speed image acquisition and processing system is discussed with the emphasis on the reduction of hardware and computational latencies through the use of a real-time operating system and optimized data handling. By characterizing all of the LOWC latencies, we describe techniques to achieve a framerate of 200 Hz with a mean latency of ∼378 μs
A Bayesian framework for performance assessment and comparison of imaging biomarker quantification methods.

Quantitative biomarkers derived from medical images are being used increasingly to help diagnose disease, guide treatment, and predict clinical outcomes. Measurement of quantitative imaging biomark...
A Practical Guide to Experimental Geometrical Optics

A concise, yet deep introduction to experimental, geometrical optics, this book begins with fundamental concepts and then develops the practical skills and research techniques routinely used in modern laboratories. Suitable for students, researchers and optical engineers, this accessible text teaches readers how to build their own optical laboratory and to design and perform optical experiments. It uses a hands-on approach which fills a gap between theory-based textbooks and laboratory manuals, allowing the reader to develop their practical skills in this interdisciplinary field, and also explores the ways in which this knowledge can be applied to the design and production of commercial optical devices. Including supplementary online resources to help readers track and evaluate their experimental results, this text is the ideal companion for anyone with a practical interest in experimental geometrical optics.
Adult stakeholder perceptions of 4th grade participation in children’s forest environmental education programming

An environmental education (EE) consortium located in the pacific northwest United States coalesced an external evaluation team to research its K-5 EE programming. The purpose of this article is to...
Epidemiology of ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction in Major and Minor League Baseball pitchers: comprehensive report of 1429 cases.

Background The primary purpose of this work is to provide an epidemiologic report on every known ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) reconstruction performed in professional baseball with a special focus on outcomes and survivorship. Methods Three resources, including the Major League Baseball (MLB) injury tracking system, were combined and cross-referenced to identify all known professional baseball pitchers who had ever undergone UCL reconstruction from 1974 to 2016. Variables analyzed included injury date, surgery date, return to play rates, time out of play, and revision status. Trends over time were analyzed collectively and by level of play at the time of surgery. A minimum of 2 years of follow-up was required for return to play analysis. Results We identified 1429 UCL reconstructions. The annual rate of primary and revision UCL reconstructions rose significantly (P Conclusions This study represents the most robust epidemiologic report of UCL reconstruction in baseball to date, and a multitude of novel findings are reported.
Fundamentals of Operating Room Setup and Surgical Instrumentation

The focus of this chapter will be to introduce the general principles of how operating rooms are designed in order to provide surgical interventions that improve patients’ lives. Although the basic operating room design was first heralded in the nineteenth century, today’s advances have introduced complex surgical equipment that necessitates integration in a fixed space. Moreover, in order to be able to effectively and efficiently carry out a surgical procedure, a highly reliable interdisciplinary and integrated team is necessary. This chapter will provide the reader with a basic overview of the operating room, the key players that work in this environment, and the commonly utilized equipment and instruments.
The nonallergic rhinitis of chronic fatigue syndrome.

Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is an enigmatic and often disputed illness. The initial cases were described as rapid onset fatigue with flu-like symptoms of malaise, myalgia and a sensation of feverishness that were detected in infection-like epidemiological clusters. Almost 74% of CFS subjects have nonallergic rhinitis of probable neurogenic origin. Other potential pathological mechanisms such as allergy, infection and immune deviation are unlikely to play causative roles. These subjects are likely to find their way into our offices making it imperative that we learn to recognize the condition and its allied syndromes, and develop an empathetic but structured approach to their long-term care.
Theories of Emotion and Emotion-Behavior Relationships

Although McDougall’s theory (1908) linked emotions and “conation” and his work and Freud’s (1938) laid the groundwork for relating emotions, motivations, and behavior, one of the persistent problems in the human sciences is that most theories of personality, theories of behavior, and theories of emotion have been created independently of each other. The majority of personality theories have typically not concerned themselves with the problem of emotion. Most personality theorists make use of one or more concepts of motivation, but they have very infrequently made use of discrete emotion concepts as motivational variables. On the other hand, investigators in the field of emotions have typically been concerned with one or more components of the emotion process—its neurophysiology, its expression, or its phenomenology—and with only a few exceptions (e.g., Tomkins, 1962, 1963), they have done little to relate their findings to personality or the behavior of the organism as a whole. This chapter will consider some of the major approaches to the study of emotion and discuss where possible the relevance of a given approach to the study of other functions of the organism or to personality as a whole.
The Primary Structure of Rabbit and Mouse Immunoglobulin Light Chains: Structural Correlates of Allotypy

Studies of immunoglobulin structure have been advancing at a considerable rate in the last few years. In spite of the obstacles of heterogeneity, information has become available concerning the overall structure of antibody molecules. A number of laboratories, particularly those of Porter (Porter, 1959; Fleischman et al., 1963) and Edelman (Edelman and Gaily, 1966), have contributed to the elucidation of the general structure of immunoglobulins. Immunoglobulins are multichain proteins made up of light and heavy chains linked by noncovalent interactions (Edelman and Poulik, 1961) and by disulfide bonds. A number of immunoglobulin classes have been defined according to serologically recognized determinants located in their heavy chains. Within a given class of heavy chains, subclasses have been distinguished by further antigenic determinants. Two major classes of light chains, κ and λ, are found associated with all classes of immunoglobulins. Although the immunoglobulins share the same overall structure, within a single class or subclass they are a heterogeneous mixture of chemically different molecules. Chemically homogeneous immunoglobulins are however available in large amounts as the protein secreted by cells of multiple myeloma tumors in men and mice. These proteins, considered earlier as “paraproteins” or abnormal products of tumor metabolism, have been clearly shown to have the same structure as normal immunoglobulins, and they appear to be made up of one or another of the many different molecules present in normal heterogeneous immunoglobulins (Edelman and Gally, 1962; Kunkel, 1965). Results of work over the past several years in amino acid sequence analysis of myeloma proteins, particularly Bence-Jones proteins (light chains) and more recently heavy chains, have established that the carboxyl-terminal portions of these peptide chains have essentially invariant sequences within each class or subclass. Limited variability occurs which is heritable in accordance with simple Mendelian principles (Terry et al., 1969). The amino-terminal portions of immunoglobulin peptide chains, on the other hand, possess a high degree of variability in amino acid sequence. To account for this unusual structural arrangement, it has been suggested that two separate genes may specify the sequence of each variant and invariant region, and that sequence variation in antibodies may arise as a result of processes in addition to natural selection during evolution (Dreyer and Bennett, 1965). A debate has been generated, but a clear solution to the problem of the genetic origin of antibody variability and its relationship to specificity and to the biology of the selective immune response has not yet been provided.
The Dynamics of Ion-Solid Interactions: A Basis for Understanding SIMS

A fundamental understanding of the SIMS process requires first a knowledge of how the nuclear positions of the atoms or molecules in the sample change with time in response to the impact of the primary ion. Secondly, a quantitative description of the ionization processes is required for those species which leave the sample surface as ions and are subsequently detected by the mass spectrometer. Both of these tasks are exceedingly complex to treat theoretically, given the large number of perturbed particles and the tremendous range of kinetic energies and subsequent ejection mechanisms that need to be considered. For example, in Fig. 1a is shown a model microcrystallite of Cu(OOl) about to be struck by a 600 eV Ar+ ion at normal incidence. From the results of the classical dynamics calculations we have been exploring, the state of the crystallite after the last Cu atom has left the surface is shown in Fig. 1b. Note that virtually every atom has moved from its original position after a time of only 194 fsec (1.94 × 10–13 sec). In addition, the kinetic energy of the atoms in the solid varies from nearly 0 to as high as 250 eV.
PO-267 Effects of long-term exercise on executive function for young people

Objective Executive function is a cognitive control process that monitors, adjusts and plans task activities. Relevant studies have shown that exercise have positive impacts on executive function of human body, but previous studies mostly focus on children or elderly, the study of young people is not in-depth. This study explores whether exercise affects the executive control function of young people by comparing who have the habit of exercising all the year round with who have been sedentary. Methods 12 graduate students from the Graduate School of Capital University of Physical Education and sports were taken as participants. According to the exercise habits, 6 participants with long-term exercise habits were divided into exercise group and 6 participants with sedentary and low-activity habits were divided into control group. The E-prime software was used to program classic arrows Flanker task to measure the execution control function of participants. The formal experimental procedure was divided into four blocks. The first and third blocks were consistent tasks, the second and fourth blocks were inconsistent tasks. The SPSS23.0 was used to analyze the experimental data. Results The behavior data were analyzed with 2 (exercise habit group)*2 (task type) repeated measurement ANOVA to investigate the responsiveness of different exercise habits to flanker task. The results showed that for accuracy, the main effect of task type was significant F (1,10) = 21.729, P =.001, 2 =.685, and the interaction effect between task type and group was significant F (1,10) = 7.519, P =.021, 2 =.429, indicating that the participants with long-term exercise habits had higher accuracy than those who with sedentary. The accuracy of consistent tasks is higher than inconsistent tasks. For response time, the main effect of task type was significant F (1,10) = 5.277, P =. 044, 2 =. 345; the interaction effect of task type and group was not significant F (1,10) =. 107, P =. 751, 2 =. 011, indicating that there were differences in response time between participants in the process of accomplishing consistent and inconsistent tasks, but there was no significant difference in the reaction time between participants with long-term exercise habits and sedentary. Conclusions Long-term exercise may has positive effects on executive function of young people, especially on accuracy of completing cognitive process, and the related brain mechanisms need to be further studied.
Plasma xanthine oxidase activity is related to increased sodium and left ventricular hypertrophy in resistant hypertension

Abstract Background The extra-renal effects of aldosterone on left ventricular (LV) structure and function are exacerbated by increased dietary sodium in persons with hypertension. Previous studies demonstrated endothelial dysfunction and increased oxidative stress with high salt diet in normotensive salt-resistant subjects. We hypothesized that increased xanthine oxidase (XO), a product of endothelial cells, is related to 24-h urinary sodium and to LV hypertrophy and function in patients with resistant hypertension (RHTN). Methods The study group included persons with RHTN (n = 91), defined as a blood pressure > 140/90 mmHg on ≥ 3 medications at pharmacologically effective doses. Plasma XO activity and 24-h urine were collected, and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed to assess LV function and morphology. Sixty-seven normotensive persons on no cardiovascular medications served as controls. A subset of RHTN (n = 19) received spironolactone without salt restriction for six months with follow-up XO activity measurements and MRI analyses. Results XO activity was increased two-fold in RHTN vs. normal and was positively correlated with LV mass, LV diastolic function, and 24-h urinary sodium. In RHTN patients receiving spironolactone without salt restriction, LV mass decreased, but LV diastolic function and XO activity did not improve. Baseline urinary sodium was positively associated with rate of change of LV mass to volume ratio and the LV E/A ratio. Conclusions These results demonstrate a potential role of endothelium-derived oxidative stress and excess dietary salt in the pathophysiology of LV hypertrophy and diastolic dysfunction in persons with RHTN unaffected by the addition of spironolactone.
Permanent inferior vena cava filters in patients with active malignancy.

e17655 Background: The use of inferior vena cava (IVC) filters continues to rise in the cancer population. However, data regarding efficacy and complication rates are limited. In this study, we exa...
Cereal rye cover crop and herbicide application method affect cotton stand, Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) control, and cotton yield

Six on-farm studies determined the effects of a rolled rye cover crop, herbicide program, and planting technique on cotton stand, weed control, and cotton yield in Georgia. Treatments included: (1) rye drilled broadcast with 19-cm row spacing and a broadcast-herbicide program (2) rye drilled with a 25-cm rye-free zone in the cotton row and a broadcast-herbicide program (3) rye drilled with a 25-cm rye-free zone in the cotton row with PPI and PRE herbicides banded in the cotton planting row, and (4) no cover crop (i.e., weedy cover) with broadcast herbicides. At two locations, cotton stand was lowest with rye drilled broadcast; at these sites the rye-free zone maximized stand equal to the no-cover system. At a third location, cover crop systems resulted in greater stand, due to enhanced soil moisture preservation compared with the no-cover system. Treatments did not influence cotton stand at the other three locations and did not differ in the control of weeds other than Palmer amaranth at any location. Treatments controlled Palmer amaranth equally at three locations; however, differences were observed at the three locations having the greatest glyphosate-resistant plant densities. For these locations, when broadcasting herbicides, Palmer amaranth populations were reduced 82% to 86% in the broadcast rye and rye-free zone systems compared with the no-cover system at harvest. The system with banded herbicides was nearly 21 times less effective than the similar system broadcasting herbicides. At these locations, yields in the rye broadcast and rye-free zone systems with broadcast herbicides were increased 9% to 16% compared with systems with no cover or a rye-free zone with PPI and PRE herbicides banded. A rolled rye cover crop can lessen weed emergence and selection pressure while improving weed control and cotton yield, but herbicides should be broadcast in fields heavily infested with glyphosate-resistant Palmer amaranth.
PAX8 positivity in nested variant of urothelial carcinoma: a potential diagnostic pitfall

Nested variant of urothelial carcinoma is a rare variant of urothelial carcinoma morphologically characterized by infiltrative nests of cytologically bland urothelial cells. It is widely recognized that nested variant of urothelial carcinoma can closely mimic von Brunn nests. However, nested variant of urothelial carcinoma with tubule formation can also resemble nephrogenic adenoma, where immunohistochemical positivity for PAX8 has been used to establish the diagnosis of nephrogenic adenoma. Following anecdotal examples of PAX8 positive nested variant of urothelial carcinoma, we formally evaluated 23 cases of nested variant of urothelial carcinoma from 2011 to 2018. Cases were collected from our institution and evaluated for their architectural pattern and PAX8 expression. Except for 1 case from the renal pelvis, cases were located in the bladder. The majority (14/23 [61%]) showed solid nests with at least focal tubular differentiation. PAX8 immunoreactivity was strong (3+) in 7 (30%), moderate (2+) in 6 (26%), and negative in 10 (44%) cases. Four (57%) of the cases with strong expression and 3 (50%) of those with moderate staining showed diffuse immunoreactivity. Moderate-strong immunoreactivity was seen in 4/6 (66.7%) cases with solid nests, 8/14 (57.1%) with solid nests and tubules, and 1/3 (33.3%) with large nests. In conclusion, PAX8 can be positive in a significant proportion of nested variant of urothelial carcinoma cases, and recognition of this finding is important to avoid misdiagnosis of nested variant of urothelial carcinoma as nephrogenic adenoma based on PAX8 expression, particularly in cases with tubular differentiation and limited sampling.
Underrepresented Students' Confidence in Information Technology Content Areas

Coyler & Woodward surveyed students within the IT discipline and assessed student self-confidence in various content areas (e.g., computer programming, mathematics, crytography, etc.) and recommended that additional content-based questions be developed to assess student self-confidence [1]. This work-in-progress manuscript proposes a reinspection of student self-confidence as pertains to IT content areas, as well as an exploration of potential differences in self-confidence for students in underrepresented groups.
Tibial Osteolysis After Long-Term Isolated Polyethylene Patellar Resurfacing.

Abstract Isolated patellar resurfacing served as an early treatment for patellofemoral arthritis but was abandoned because of erosion of the native femoral trochlear groove over time. We present the case of a large native tibial osteolytic lesion 20 years after isolated patellar resurfacing with a cemented polyethylene component. The patient had severe tricompartmental arthritic changes. The patellar component was very worn, and the resultant particle debris produced a large cavitary lesion in the proximal tibia. Osteolysis is a rare complication in patellofemoral arthroplasty, and, to our knowledge, this is the first reported case of native tibial osteolysis after isolated patellar resurfacing. The patient was treated with initial curettage and bone grafting of the lesion followed by total knee arthroplasty with a tibial cone and stemmed tibial fixation.
Photoacoustic computed tomography for functional human brain imaging [Invited]

The successes of magnetic resonance imaging and modern optical imaging of human brain function have stimulated the development of complementary modalities that offer molecular specificity, fine spatiotemporal resolution, and sufficient penetration simultaneously. By virtue of its rich optical contrast, acoustic resolution, and imaging depth far beyond the optical transport mean free path (∼1 mm in biological tissues), photoacoustic computed tomography (PACT) offers a promising complementary modality. In this article, PACT for functional human brain imaging is reviewed in its hardware, reconstruction algorithms, in vivo demonstration, and potential roadmap.
Electro-kinetically tailored interfaces for chemical enhanced oil recovery in carbonates

Abstract SmartWater flooding through the injection of optimized chemistry water has lately become an attractive proposition for improved/enhanced oil recovery (IOR/EOR) in carbonate reservoirs. The wettability alteration towards water-wet conditions caused by favorable surface charge alteration is identified as the main mechanism responsible for oil recovery. In this experimental investigation, the impact of SmartWater/surfactant synergy on wettability alteration was thoroughly studied by measuring zeta-potentials at calcite/brine and crude oil/brine interfaces using electrophoresis technique. Different types of surfactants are considered including: anionic, amphoteric and non-ionic. Four different low salinity water recipes including SmartWater (10-times reduced high salinity water) as well as the high salinity water (HSW) were chosen for zeta potential measurements. The results showed that both anionic surfactants increased the magnitude of the negative zeta-potentials at the interfaces by almost same order of magnitude. The negative zeta-potentials were increased the most with anionic surfactants in the low salinity NaCl brine, from (−15 to −21 and up to −37 mV) at the calcite interface and from (−6 to −19 mV) at the oil interface. SmartWater showed relatively higher negative zeta-potentials for calcite when compared to low salinity Na2SO4 brine and HSW in the presence of anionic surfactant. These results indicate that both NaCl brine and SmartWater can synergistically combine with anionic surfactants for effective wettability alteration in carbonates. Amphoteric surfactant showed a negligible impact on electrical double layer (EDL) expansion and consequently the wettability alteration. The nonionic surfactant induced electrostatic repulsion forces at both calcite/brine by shifting the zeta potentials from (+5.9 to −6.3 mV) and crude oil/brine interface from (−0.2 to −4.7 mV) respectively in high salinity water. As a result, nonionic surfactant can be considered as the best chemical formulation to reduce interfacial tension and cause wettability alteration in conventional chemical flooding processes. The negligible impact of adding surfactant chemicals on the measured di-electric constant of different brines confirmed the robustness of zeta-potential values reported in this study. This work for the first time evaluated the synergistic effects of different brines including the SmartWater with surfactant chemicals by measuring zeta-potentials at calcite/brine and oil/brine interfaces. The optimally suited water recipes were identified to synergistically combine with these chemicals to enhance wettability alteration in carbonates. The new knowledge gained from this electro-kinetic study will provide practical guidance on how to design efficient chemical flooding processes for wettability alteration and enhanced oil recovery in carbonates.
The gut microbiome in feast and famine.

Dietary fibre supports gut health and microbial ecology. Thus, characterizing the effects of inadequate fibre and intake of specific fibre formulations on the gut microbiome provides necessary information to move us towards diet–microbiome target treatments to support health.
Paleontological Survey of Grand Teton National Park

A comprehensive paleontological survey of Grand Teton National Park (GTNP) was completed during the 2002 and 2003 field seasons. A number of formations from within the park have yielded a variety of invertebrate, vertebrate, and plant fossils. The following formations (listed in stratigraphic sequence from oldest to youngest) were surveyed in this study: the Gros Ventre, Gallatin Limestone, Bighorn Dolomite, Darby, Madison Limestone, Amsden, Tensleep Sandstone, Phosphoria, Dinwoody, Chugwater, Gypsum Springs, Sundance, Morrison, Cloverly, Thermopolis, Mowry Shale, Frontier, Cody Shale, Bacon Ridge Sandstone, Sohare, Mesaverde, Meeteetse, Harebell, Pinyon Creek, Hominy Peak, Colter, Teewinot, and Huckleberry Ridge Tuff. Comments on the depostional environments of the various formations are based on field observations and analysis of voucher specimens. This study provides a greater understanding of the extensive paleontological resources present in the park.
Stratification of Fat-Free Mass Index Percentiles for Body Composition Based on National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III Bioelectric Impedance Data:

Background: Loss of protein mass and lower fat-free mass index (FFMI) are associated with longer length of stay, postsurgical complications, and other poor outcomes in hospitalized patients. Normative data for FFMI of U.S. populations do not exist. This work aims to create a stratified FFMI percentile table for the U.S. population using the large bioelectric impedance analysis data obtained from National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES). Methods: Fat-free mass (FFM) was calculated from the NHANES III bioelectric impedance analysis and anthropometric data for males and females ages 12 to >90 years for 3 race/ethnicities (non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, and Mexican American). FFM was normalized by subject height to create an FFMI distribution table for the U.S. population. Selected percentiles were obtained by age, sex, and race/ethnicity. Data were collapsed by race/ethnicity before and after removing obese and underweight participants to create an FFMI decile table for males and f...
The Malignant Tumors of the Peripheral Nerves

There are two groups of malignant tumors which develop in peripheral nerves: those which have the morphological characteristics of malignant fibroblastic tumors and those which are epithelial in type and reproduce in a more or less recognizable form embryonal or adult neuro-ectodermal structures. Both classes develop from structures in the nerve sheaths but not from the nerve fibers themselves. Of the first group, which is by far the more common, the great majority develop in individuals suffering from von Recklinghausen's disease. It will be shown that most of these tumors may properly be called fibrosarcomas, while a few with slightly different morphology are better termed malignant neurofibromas. All of these tumors are characterized by persistent growth, with a marked tendency to reappear after attempts at removal, and a great many have proved fatal, although metastases are uncommon. The second group of tumors is represented by a very few cases, each one of which differs from the others. The only features which are common to all of them are a probable common origin from neuroectoderm and the fact that all are malignant. It is the purpose of this communication to present the evidence which seems to support the above statements, derived from an analysis of published cases and from 8 new cases which have come to the writer's attention. For the purposes of this discussion the term “peripheral nerves” includes not only the derivatives of the spinal nerve roots but also the extradural portions of the cranial nerves, excluding the optic nervc. They are extremely radioresistant. The second group of tumors is represented by a very few cases, each one of which differs from the others. The only features which are common to all of them are a probable common origin from neuroectoderm and the fact that all are malignant.
A polyclonal model for B-cell tolerance. II. Linkage between signaling of B-cell egress from G0, class II upregulation and unresponsiveness.

Abstract Overnight exposure of adult splenic B cells to anti-Ig, a surrogate for antigen/tolerogen, can result in a hyporesponsive state in terms of antibody synthesis. Since B cells treated with either intact of F(ab′) 2 fragments of anti-Ig will exit the G 0 phase of the cell cycle and enter G 1 or S, respectively, we examined which steps in B-cell activation were required for this form of hyporesponsiveness. We found that B-cell hyporesponsiveness could be induced under conditions leading to either abortive or productive B-cell cycle progression, depending on the immunogenic challenge employed. Thus, PMA + ionomycin, concanavalin A, PMA alone, or ionomycin alone induced hyporesponsiveness. Each of these reagents is able to drive B-cell exit from G 0 into G 1 and cause class II hyperexpression. We next examined the effect of cyclosporin A (CSA), a reagent that blocks anti-Ig but not by PMA-induced class II hyperexpression. Interestingly, CSA only interfered with the induction of B-cell hyporesponsiveness with anti-Ig. These results suggest that upregulation of MHC class II may be coincident with a CSA-sensitive tolerance pathway in B cells stimulated by anti-Ig. Finally, IL-4 pretreatment was found to ablate hyporesponsiveness induced by either intact anti-Ig or PMA. These results parallel the Fc-dependent induction of hyporesponsiveness reported earlier (G. Warner and D. W. Scott, J. Immunol. , 146 , 2185, 1991) . We propose that crosslinking of surface Ig, leading to cell cycle progression out of G 0 as well as class II hyperexpression, in the absence of a cognate T cell signal, leads to B-cell hyporesponsiveness.
Fly spy: lightweight localization and target tracking for cooperating air and ground robots

Motivated by the requirements of micro air vehicles, we present a simple method for estimating the position, heading and altitude of an aerial robot by tracking the image of a communicating GPS-localized ground robot. The image-to-GPS mapping thus generated can be used to localize other objects on the ground. Results from experiments with real robots are described.
Immune‐monitoring in Kawasaki disease patients treated with infliximab and intravenous immunoglobulin

The expansion of regulatory T cells (Treg ) controls inflammation in children with acute Kawasaki disease (KD). Blockade of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α is an emerging therapy for KD patients with refractory inflammation, but there is concern that this therapy could impede the host immune regulation. To define the effect of TNF-α blockade, we conducted ex-vivo immune-monitoring in KD subjects who participated in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial of the addition of infliximab to standard intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) therapy. We enumerated circulating myeloid and plasmocytoid dendritic cells (DC), regulatory T cells (Treg ) and memory T cells (Tmem ) in 14 consecutive, unselected KD patients (seven treated with IVIG, seven with IVIG + infliximab) at three time-points: (i) acute phase prior to treatment, (ii) subacute phase and (iii) convalescent phase. Myeloid DC (mDC), but not plasmacytoid DC (pDC), were numerous in the peripheral blood in acute KD subjects and decreased in the subacute phase in both IVIG(-) and IVIG (+) infliximab-treated groups. The co-stimulatory molecule for antigen presentation to T cells and CD86 decreased in mDC from acute to subacute time-points in both treatment groups, but not in the single patient who developed coronary artery aneurysms. We also defined tolerogenic mDC that expand in the subacute phase of KD not impaired by infliximab treatment. Treg and Tmem expanded after treatment with no significant differences between the two groups. Treatment of KD patients with infliximab does not adversely affect generation of tolerogenic mDC or the development of T cell regulation and memory.
Microinjection of mRNA into Somatic Cells

Microinjection of messenger RNA (mRNA) represents a convenient, effective approach to probe protein functions during specific period of the cell cycle. Keywords: protein expression; mitosis; mRNA; microinjection
Multiple isoelectric forms of detergent-solubilized bovine rhodopsin: I. Identity, composition and properties

Abstract Isoelectric focusing was performed on crude bovine rhodopsin (a detergent extract of rod outer segments) and on rhodopsin after purification by adsorption chromatography on calcium phosphate-Celite and affinity chromatography on Con A-Sepharose. The purified unbleached (native) material resolved into three forms of nearly equal amounts having isoelectric points (p I ) of 5.19, 5.58 and 6.14. Each form was stable to refocusing. The composition of the three forms as determined by amino acid analysis, phosphate analysis and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was the same as that found for unfocused rhodopsin. Each isoelectric form cross-reacted with rabbit antibody to bovine rhodopsin. After photobleaching, one form of opsin was observed, having an isoelectric point of 5.58. While crude rhodopsin showed a single species in the native state (p I of 6.20), multiple forms were revealed after treatment with phospholipase. Purified rhodopsin, after reduction, showed a single major isoelectric point of 6.09 rather than the multiple forms. Exposure of rod outer segments or rhodopsin to antioxidants or removal of phospholipids led to an alteration in the relative abundance of the multiple isoelectric forms, but not to a change in their isoelectric point.