cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
AN EVALUATION OF PROGRAMMED TREATMENT‐INTEGRITY ERRORS DURING DISCRETE‐TRIAL INSTRUCTION

This study evaluated the effects of programmed treatment-integrity errors on skill acquisition for children with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) during discrete-trial instruction (DTI). In Study 1, we identified common treatment-integrity errors that occur during academic instruction in schools. In Study 2, we simultaneously manipulated 3 integrity errors during DTI. In Study 3, we evaluated the effects of each of the 3 integrity errors separately on skill acquisition during DTI. Results showed that participants either demonstrated slower skill acquisition or did not acquire the target skills when instruction included treatment-integrity errors.
Semiconductor Electrodes LI . Efficient Electroluminescence at Electrode in Aqueous Electrolytes

Electroluminescence (EL) on was studied in aqueous solutions containing various redox species. For species able to generate strongly oxidizing intermediates, such as peroxydisulfate or hydrogen peroxide, bright blue luminescence was observed during cathodic polarization at potentials near to or negative of flatband potential of . For solutions containing supporting electrolyte alone at various pH's, no emission was detectable even at potentials 7V negative of . This suggests that minority carrier (hole) injection is responsible for the initiation of EL. The peak energy of the EL spectrum was much smaller (by 1 eV) than the bandgap of , suggesting that the radiative recombination is through intermediate luminescent centers. Under steady‐state conditions, the EL intensity was proportional to the square of the current, suggesting that EL intensity is dominated by the recombination of electron hole pairs at luminescent centers. In the early part of a potential pulse (especially the first pulse), the growth behavior of EL intensity was strongly affected by the electron trapping of the empty upper luminescent states. The location of the EL spectra depended on the current density and EL intensity; with increasing EL intensity, a significant blue shift of the emission peak was observed. These results suggest that the overall radiative recombination rate might be limited by electron transfer (through a tunneling mechanism) from the occupied upper luminescent states to the empty lower luminescent states. An EL efficiency of 0.2% can be achieved by operating at a current density of 25 mA/cm2.
Diminished Ang-2 Expression and Microvascular Density in COX-2 Knock-out Mouse Cerebral Cortex in Moderate Hypobaric Hypoxia

Normal brain function is dependent on continuous and controlled oxygen delivery. Prolonged hypoxia leads to angiogenesis, suggesting a modulatory role for oxygen in expression of angiogenic factors...
Object oriented design, the very big picture

Teaching at a faith based, liberal arts, college requires relating one's academic discipline to other disciplines and to religious beliefs. I have found guidance on how to do this as a computer scientist to be sparse. However, Object Oriented Design (OOD) provides a rich set of connections to other sciences, philosophy, theology, and ultimately a better understanding of self. This paper looks at how OOD dialogs with these other areas and how this might fit pedagogically.
A New Approach to the Numerical Evaluation of the Inverse Radon Transform with Discrete, Noisy Data

The inner (singular) integral in the inverse Radon transform for parallel beam computerized tomography devices can be integrated analytically if the Radon transform considered as a function of the ray position along the detector, is a cubic polynomial spline. Furthermore by using some spline identities, large terms that cancel can be eliminated analytically and the calculation of the resulting expression for the inner integral done in a numerically stable fashion. We suggest using smoothing splines to smooth each set of projection data and by so doing obtain the Radon transform in the above spline form. The resulting analytic expression for the inner integral in the inverse transform is then readily evaluated, and the outer (periodic) integral is replaced by a sum. The work involved to obtain the inverse transform appears to be within the capability of existing computing equipment for typical large data sets. In this regularized transform method the regularization is controlled by the smoothing parameter in the splines. The regularization is directed against data errors and not to prevent unstable numerical operations. Strip integral as well as line integral data can be handled by this method. The method is shown to be closely related to the Tihonov form of regularization.
The road to linking genomics and proteomics of pathogenic bacteria: from binary protein complexes to interaction pathways

Background The availability of fully sequenced genomes of many bacterial organisms has enabled mapping networks of binary protein interactions that form the basic building blocks of molecular pathways and dynamic assemblies defining all cellular activities. Few proteome-scale studies have been reported for pathogenic bacteria though, suggesting that a systems-wide network analysis of binary interaction partners could reveal groups of proteins that coordinate to achieve specific biological tasks important to pathogenesis and provide a functional map useful to the discovery of new antibiotics, vaccines, and diagnostic tools.
Delta Opioid activation of the Mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade does not require transphosphorylation of Receptor Tyrosine Kinases

In this study, we investigated the mechanism(s) by which delta opioids induce their potent activation of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases (ERKs) in different cell lines expressing the cloned δ-opioid receptor (δ-OR). While it has been known for some time that OR stimulation leads to the phosphorylation of both ERK isoforms, the exact progression of events has remained elusive. Our results indicate that the transphosphorylation of an endogenous epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in the human embryonic kidney (HEK-293) cell line does not occur when co-expressed δ-ORs are stimulated by the δ-opioid agonist, D-Ser-Leu-enkephalin-Thr (DSLET). Moreover, neither pre-incubation of cultures with the selective EGFR antagonist, AG1478, nor down-regulation of the EGFR to a point where EGF could no longer activate ERKs had an inhibitory effect on ERK activation by DSLET. These results appear to rule out any structural or catalytic role for the EGFR in the δ-opioid-mediated MAPK cascade. To confirm these results, we used C6 glioma cells, a cell line devoid of the EGFR. In δ-OR-expressing C6 glioma cells, opioids produce a robust phosphorylation of ERK 1 and 2, whereas EGF has no stimulatory effect. Furthermore, antagonists to the RTKs that are endogenously expressed in C6 glioma cells (insulin receptor (IR) and platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR)) were unable to reduce opioid-mediated ERK activation. Taken together, these data suggest that the transactivation of resident RTKs does not appear to be required for OR-mediated ERK phosphorylation and that the tyrosine-phosphorylated δ-OR, itself, is likely to act as its own signalling scaffold.
EXIT INTERVIEW: HENRY SNYDER

Henry Snyder was born in Hayward, California in 1929 and did his undergraduate and graduate work at the University of California, Berkeley, receiving his PhD in history in 1963. He has taught and held administrative positions at University of Kansas, Louisiana State University, and University of California, Riverside. He has been director of the North American English Short-Title Catalogue (ESTC) project since 1978. In that time, the project has expanded from its original focus on eighteenth-century imprints to include records for letterpress items in any language printed between 1473 and 1800 in England or any of its dependencies, and works . . .
Cellulase binding to cellulose fibers in high shear fields

Abstract Cellulase binding onto cellulose fiber was investigated in a turbulent mixing environment created by an axial flow impeller. The binding of the enzyme was found to be associated with various process variables studied, e.g., intensity of agitation, reaction time, pulp consistency, pH, temperature, and concentration of enzyme. The similarity between trends in enzyme binding and enzyme activity confirmed that the reduction of binding with increasing intensity of agitation over time was due to denaturation of the enzyme by shear. Physical forces like shear can disrupt the structure of the enzyme resulting in the loss of binding ability and activity. It also appeared that mild mixing did not denature the enzyme, but rather the enzyme dispersed better into the pulp slurry, resulting in a higher percentage of enzyme bound to fiber. However, increasing shear resulted in a reduction in binding and activity. At a low rpm, the binding increased initially with time, reached a peak at about 3 to 5 min, and then decreased gradually. With respect to time and shear rate, the reduction in binding and activity was much more significant at 10 min of mixing. It is concluded that a high shear and/or a prolonged exposure to a low shear can disrupt the structure of enzyme resulting in the loss of binding ability and activity. At low enzyme concentrations, the binding of enzyme onto fiber increases with increasing concentration of enzyme. Similarly, the percentage of enzyme bound increased with increasing pulp consistency. Since cellulase needs mild temperatures and acidic environments to maintain its activity, high temperature and pH caused a reduction in binding. A pH of 4 and a temperature of 30°C yielded the highest percent binding among the conditions studied.
Intermittent ST depression and mortality after myocardial infarction.

BACKGROUNDWe conducted a case-control analysis to determine the contribution made to mortality by intermittent ST depression (STD) among patients enrolled in the already completed Beta Blocker Heart Attack Trial.METHODS AND RESULTSSTD was determined by computer analysis of 24-hour ECG tapes as a change in ST level by +/- 0.1 mV or more from the median value of ST of all normally conducted complexes for greater than or equal to 1 minute. All computer-detected ST events were verified by trained readers. To estimate risk of dying associated with STD, 261 deaths were compared with controls matched for age, sex, drug status, and time elapsed since acute myocardial infarction. In a model including relevant covariates, STD had a relative risk (RR) of 1.73 (95% confidence interval, 1.09-2.73). The RR was 2.56 (1.39-4.71) in untreated patients and 0.98 (0.48-2.00) in propranolol-treated patients. A history of angina, although not independently significant, was found to enhance these RRs. A gradient of risk was sho...
Structural and Electronic Properties of a Clathrate-Like Model of Amorphous Germanium

The tetrahedral network of the xenon hydrate structure exhibits bond distortions and five-atom rings. Hence, this clathrate network is a simple model of amorphous Ge which is presumed to contain these structural elements. The radial distribution function and electronic density of states, using a tight-binding Hamiltonian, are calculated for this model and are found to have many similarities with those of amorphous Ge. Ľarrangement atomique tetragonal de la structure de xenon hydratee montre des distortions dans les liaisons et des anneaux constitues de cinq atomes. Cet arrangement atomique est un modele simplifye du Ge en phase amorphe dans lequel on s'attend a une telle structure. La fonction de distribution radiale et la densite d'etats des electrons sont caleulees a partir de ce modele dans une approximation en liaisons fortes. On remarque de nombreuses similitudes avec les experiences faites sur Ge amorphe.
Nonlinear Modelling of Spacecraft Relative Motion in the Configuration Space

A reduced-input system problem is formed with the objective of preserving system input–output properties. For exogenous inputs, a reduced-order input system H∞ norm is maximized and an analytic solution is given. For control inputs, a reduced-order input system Hankel norm is maximized. Necessary conditions for the Hankel norm maximization are stated and an iterative solution is proposed. Although global convergence cannot be guaranteed, many practical applications have shown the achieved maxima to be very close to a known upper bound.
Lifetime system with stabilized timing discriminators

Abstract A lifetime system capable of making highly reliable measurements of the very short decay components (≲ 100 ps) characteristic of positron annihilation in metals containing vacancies is described. This system has several features which serve to reduce, by an order of magnitude, some of the systematic timing errors usually found in lifetime systems. Under normal operating conditions the time shift with pulse height, the time shift with changes in ambient temperature, and the time shift with counting rate are all less than or equal to 5 ps.
Interfacial behavior of thymine, thymidine and thymidine mononucleotides at the mercury-solution interface

Abstract The adsorption of thymine, thymidine and thymidine mononucleotides has been studied by a differential capacitance method at pH 9 at the dropping mercury electrode. The area occupied by one molecule of thymine adsorbed at the mercury-electrolyte solution interface is 55±2 A 2 which corresponds closely to the area expected for a thymine molecule adsorbed flat on the electrode surface. The area occupied by thymidine, TMP, TDP and TTP ranges from 100→200 A 2 . This suggests that an appreciable fraction of the electrode surface is covered with deoxyribose or deoxyribosephosphate. In this respect the interfacial behavior of thymidine and thymidine mononucleotides differs significantly from the deoxynucleoside and monodeoxynucleotides of adenine where the deoxyribose or deoxyribosephosphate groups are largely tilted away from the electrode surface.
GOLIATH'S ARMOR AND ISRAELITE COLLECTIVE MEMORY

Two interpretive paradigms have been applied to the battle of David and Goliath. One school interprets the battle as historically accurate, and mines it for information on 11th century reality; another views it as a work of fiction or royal propaganda. This article argues for a third view: the battle narrative retrojects the historical reality of 6th century Palestine (when DtrH is redacted), at which time the residents of biblical Philistia are culturally Greek, onto the early tradition of the battle. The characterization of the battle, including Goliath's armor, undermines the Greek epic tradition and, indeed, may be seen as a polemic intertextual engagement of the Iliad.
Interaction between chronic amphetamine and neuroleptic treatments on oral behavior in rats

The interaction of concurrently administered amphetamine (AMPH) and haloperidol (HAL) on behavior was examined. Rats were divided into four groups: drug naive controls; HAL-treated for 6 months; AMPH-treated for 1 month; and rats administered both continuous HAL for 6 months and concurrent AMPH treatment during the 2nd month of HAL administration. AMPH alone increased locomotor activity, and this effect was blocked by concurrent haloperidol administration; however, the AMPH-induced reduction of body weight was unaltered by concurrent haloperidol treatment. Oral behavior, monitored both by a human observer and a computerized system, was not significantly altered by HAL alone, or by AMPH alone, but increases in tremorous oral behavior appeared in the concurrent administration group 4 months after AMPH treatment was discontinued. These results could have implications for tardive dyskinesia.
BDNF protection of auditory neurons from cisplatin involves changes in intracellular levels of both reactive oxygen species and glutathione

Previous studies have shown that brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) can protect auditory neurons from cisplatin toxicity in vitro. To explore the mechanism of BDNF mediated neuronal protection sequential confocal microscopic sampling of auditory neurons measured intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in response to withdrawal of BDNF supplementation, cisplatin exposure, and BDNF protection from cisplatin damage in normal and oxidative stress states. Additionally, we examined intraneuronal levels of the free radical scavenger glutathione (GSH) in response to withdrawal of BDNF. Withdrawal of BDNF resulted in increased production of ROS and decreased survival of auditory neurons. Levels of GSH within neurons increased after BDNF withdrawal, and this increase was shown to lag behind the production of ROS. Auditory neurons in cultures supplemented with BDNF and exposed to cisplatin showed significantly lower levels of ROS and increased survival compared to neurons in unprotected, cisplatin exposed cultures. Neurons treated with buthionine sulfoximine (an inhibitor of GSH synthesis), supplemented with BDNF, and exposed to cisplatin showed significantly higher intracellular levels of ROS compared to the neurons in BDNF supplemented cultures exposed to cisplatin. These results suggest that intracellular levels of ROS play an important role in cisplatin induced cell death of auditory neurons and that production of ROS can be ameliorated through supplementation with BDNF. GSH appears to mediate BDNF protection of these neurons from cisplatin induced ROS and subsequent damage.
Naloxone attenuates the hypotension induced by Hageman factor.

The hypotension induced in the pentobarbital anesthesized rat by the i.v. administration of an active Hageman factor fragment (Hff) is significantly attenuated by naloxone. This effect is specific because the opiate antagonist does not modify the hypotension elicited by rat urinary kallikrein, bradykinin or nitroglycerin. These results suggest that the contact activation of endogenous Hageman factor could result in the generation of vasoactive opioid peptides derived from circulating large molecular weight precursors.
A 500-MHz multi-banked compilable DRAM macro with direct write and programmable pipelining

This work describes a 500-MHz compiled eDRAM macro offered in a 90-nm logic-based process. The macro architecture is optimized for high bandwidth while enabling compilation in bank and data-word dimensions. A direct write scheme simultaneously improves random bank cycle time and row access time without signal loss. The benefits of ground sensing, reference cells, and bitline twisting was reviewed. A variable stage pipeline extends the macro bandwidth while offering flexibility in clock frequencies. The redundancy system is modified to support direct write and piping. Finally, BIST was enhanced to utilize electrically blown fuses, enabling one-touch test and repair. Hardware results was presented.
The testis-specific proteasome subunit Prosα6T of D. melanogaster is required for individualization and nuclear maturation during spermatogenesis

Most regulated proteolysis in eukaryotes is carried out by the 26S proteasome. This large, multisubunit complex comprises a catalytic core particle (20S proteasome) and a regulatory particle (19S regulator) capping each end. In Drosophila, about a third of the 32 proteasome subunits are found to have testis-specific isoforms, encoded by paralogous genes. Here, we characterize in detail the spermatogenic expression of the core particle subunit Prosalpha6 (Pros35) and its testis-specific isoform Prosalpha6T. Using GFP-tagged transgenes, it is shown that whereas the Prosalpha6 subunit is expressed in early stages of spermatogenesis, gradually fading away following meiosis, the testis-specific Prosalpha6T becomes prominent in spermatid nuclei and cytoplasm after meiosis, and persists in mature sperm. In addition, these subunits are found in numerous ;speckles' near individualization complexes, similar to the previously described expression pattern of the caspase Dronc (Nedd2-like caspase), suggesting a link to the apoptosis pathway. We also studied the phenotypes of a loss-of-function mutant of Prosalpha6T generated by targeted homologous recombination. Homozygous males are sterile and show spermatogenic defects in sperm individualization and nuclear maturation, consistent with the expression pattern of Prosalpha6T. The results demonstrate a functional role of testis-specific proteasomes during Drosophila spermatogenesis.
Weak mixing of a transformation similar to Pascal

We construct a class of transformations similar to the Pascal transformation, except for the use of spacers, and show that these transformations are weakly mixing.
The Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen physical reality is completely described by quantum mechanics

Abstract Quantum mechanics can completely describe what may actually be predicted about any system, contrary to the argument of Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen. One does not however need to restric predictions to specified experimental arrangements as Bohr did.
3H-URIDINE INCORPORATION IN THE PREMITOTIC STAGE OF RHIZOID CELL DIFFERENTIATION IN PTERIS VITTATA L.'

The premitotic rhizoid stage (corona stage) of P. vittata gametophytes was pulsed in radioactive uridine for 5, 15, or 30 min and the data analyzed quantitatively by autoradiography. After 5 min, only the nucleoplasmic compartment is labelled significantly, suggesting that this short pulse is insufficient time for labelled precursor to be fixed in the nucleolus or to be transported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Since after 15 and 30 min, all compartments are labelled, with the greatest proportional increase over the nucleolus, it is concluded that cytoplasmic labelling is nuclear in origin and that nucleolar RNA activity is relatively high in this stage. THE CYTOPLASM of thallus cells of Pteris vittata L. which are beginning the differentiation of rhizoids shows pyroninophilic staining around the nucleus (Crotty, 1967). This was called the "corona" stage (Fig. 1), and histochemical tests indicated that the pyronin staining resulted from the presence of RNA. This paper deals with the use of a labelled precursor of RNA, 5-3H-uridine, and an autoradiographic technique (Cohen, Crotty, and Lewis, 1973) to confirm the presence of RNA in the corona material and to provide specific evidence concerning the suggested nuclear origin of this premitotic RNA. The autoradiographic technique used here allows for a more precise localization of RNA by cellular compartment and for a more quantitative description of RNA synthetic activity in the corona stage.
Using DNA Shuffling to Create Novel Infectious Bronchitis Virus S1 Genes: Implications for S1 Gene Recombination

We employed the staggered extension process (StEP) to shuffle the S1 genes from four infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) strains representing four unique serotypes. Upon creating a shuffled S1 gene library, we randomly selected 25 clones and analyzed them by DNA sequencing. In total, eleven clones contained novel S1 gene recombinants. Based on sequence data, each recombinant was unique and contained a full-length open reading frame. The average number of crossovers per recombinant was 5 and the average number of point mutations was 1.3, leading mostly to non-synonymous amino acid changes. No recombinant contained sequences from all four parental genes and no recombinant contained any sequence from the distantly related Delaware 072 strain. Our data suggests that recombination between distantly related IBV strains within the S1 gene probably does not readily occur. This finding is extremely important in light of the common industry vaccination practice of mixing different live-attenuated IBV strains.
Sexual Concerns After Myocardial Infarction

Despite a decrease in mortality from myocardial infarction during the past ten years, many patients suffer adverse emotional reactions subsequent to the heart attack. These authors investigated some of the psychological aspects of a patient's own outlook following his myocardial infarction and the quantity and quality of communication between the patient and his physician regarding these concerns. When 100 married male VA patients were questioned about their concerns in a variety of areas which might occur following discharge, a significant number expressed fears about their marital relationship and about their sexual functioning. Although these same patients indicated stress prior to infarction, the major problem area was employment, whereas only a small number reported concerns about sexual activity. The study also shows that few of the patients communicated their concerns to their physician and those discussions which were held were usually initiated by the patient.
Fluctuating Thermal Field in the Near Hole Region for Film Cooling Flows

The film cooling flow field is the result of a highly complex interaction between the film cooling jets and the mainstream. Understanding this interaction is important in order to explain the physical mechanisms involved in the rapid decrease of effectiveness, which occurs close to the hole exit. Not surprisingly, it is this region that is not modeled satisfactorily with current film cooling models. This study uses a high-frequency-response temperature sensor, which provides new information about the film cooling flow in terms of actual turbulence levels and probability density functions of the thermal field. Mean and rms temperature results are presented for 35 deg round holes at a momentum flux ratio of I = 0.16, at a density ratio of DR = 1.05. Probability density functions of the temperature indicate penetration of the mainstream into the coolant core, and ejection of coolant into the mainstream. Extreme excursions in the fluctuating temperature measurements suggest existence of strong intermittent flow structures responsible for dilution and dispersion of the coolant jets.
Extant models of the psychophysical function: a comparison.

Summary.-Previous research has tested the efficacy of the decerministicsensory model versus probabilistic-sensory-learning model for psychophysical relationships when cognitive factors were manipulated. The present study attempted to expand those findings by holding cognitive factors constant and varying a perceptual factor within a stimulus class. Subjects made magnitude estimations of skin-area contact for each of two sets of weights which varied identically in surface area but differed in that one set also varied in accelerative force whereas the other did not. A power function was obtained only for that set which varied with respect to accelerative force, supporting the deterministicsensory model. These results are consistent with those of electro-physiological studies which have related transducer activity to the dynamic component of a mechanical stimulus. It was suggested that better conceptualization of "cognitive" and "perceptual" factors 1s needed before further research in this area is undertaken. Baird, Kreindler, and Jones (1971) describe two opposing theories which purport to account for the psychophysical function. These theories are alike in that both maintain the psychophysical relation is expressed accurately by the power function R = US" where R represents the subject's response, which depends on the magnitude of the stimulus, S, which is raised to a power indicated by the exponent n. The theories differ in that one (the deterministic-sensory model) attributes psychophysical results solely to the action of sensory mechanisms while the other (the probabilistic-sensory-learning model) attributes them to both sensory (perceptual) factors and learning (cognitive) factors. Thus, according to the second model, the psychophysical relation is more accurately expressed by the equation R = US''" where p and c refer to the values of perceptual and cognitive factors, respectively. In an investigation of these models, Baird, et a!. manipulated a cognitive factor (instructions) while holding a perceptual factor (line length) constant. To accomplish this, they used a modified method of magnitude estimation by designating the two end-stimuli of a series as standards and informing subjects that the values assigned to the larger standard of a series need not represent the actual physical ratios existing between the two standards. This cognitive factor was manipulated by assigning different values to the larger standard in each series for different groups of subjects. Under these conditions, the subjective judgments produced, for some stimulus ranges, power functions having different exponential values and, therefore, it was concluded that the model appeared applicable only when
Physical Aspects of Spindle Assembly

The spindle is a complex assembly of microtubules, motors, and other associated proteins, which segregate chromosomes during cell division.In metaphase, the spindle exists in a steady-state with a constant flux of molecules and energy continuously modifying and maintaining its architecture. While the self-organization of systems of microtubules and motors have been investigated using theory and experiments, there have been few attempts to test if the proposed theories can be used to understand the dynamics and structure of complex biological systems in vivo. Here we use polarized light microscopy, 3D time-lapse spinning disk confocal microscopy, single molecule imaging, second harmonic generation microscopy, and mechanical measurements to test the validity of continuum models of metaphase spindles. Our results show that a simple continuum model can quantitatively explain spindle structure and dynamics, demonstrate that rigorous physical theories can be used to quantitatively describe complex subcellular systems, and provides a framework for understanding the structure of the spindle and its response to physical and molecular perturbations.
Effect of chronic subcutaneous or intramural administration of heparin on femoral artery restenosis after balloon angioplasty in hypercholesterolemic rabbits. A quantitative angiographic and histopathological study.

BACKGROUND Heparin is known to have antithrombotic, anticoagulant, and antiproliferative effects. We hypothesized that chronic subcutaneous and/or direct intramural administration of heparin would reduce restenosis and inhibit plaque growth after balloon angioplasty. METHODS AND RESULTS Focal atherosclerosis was induced bilaterally in the femoral arteries of 59 rabbits by air desiccation intimal injury and a 2% cholesterol diet. After angioplasty, the rabbits were assigned to one of four treatment groups. Control arteries (n = 21) received no additional heparin. A second group of 20 arteries was treated with a porous balloon that delivered heparin (1,500 units) directly into the arterial wall. A third group (n = 29) received subcutaneous heparin (350 units.kg-1.day-1) for 28 days, and a fourth group (n = 23) was treated with subcutaneous and intramural heparin. Quantitative angiography showed a modest reduction in restenosis (defined as the change in minimal luminal diameter from immediately after angioplasty to 28 days) with subcutaneous heparin compared with control arteries (0.32 +/- 0.18 versus 0.58 +/- 0.34 mm, p < 0.01); however, luminal diameter was not improved at 28 days compared with before angioplasty. Intramural delivery of heparin by the porous balloon catheter was confirmed by use of fluoresceinated heparin in one animal. Angiographic restenosis was not reduced in arteries treated with intramural heparin versus controls (0.61 +/- 0.54 versus 0.58 +/- 0.34 mm, p = NS). Blinded planimetric analysis of histological sections showed no differences in luminal cross-sectional area narrowing by atherosclerotic plaque, in plaque area, or in plaque/media ratio at 28 days among the four treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS Chronic subcutaneous heparin after balloon angioplasty results in a modest reduction in angiographic restenosis in this model; however, the absolute luminal diameter is not improved compared with before angioplasty, and plaque area and percent luminal narrowing by plaque were not different among the four treatment groups. Heparin can be delivered into an atherosclerotic plaque by a porous balloon, but this treatment does not reduce restenosis after angioplasty in this model.
Transparency as the Route to Evidence-Informed Professional Education:

The author suggests that transparency in all venues, including social work education, practice and policy, and the conduct and reporting of related research, will be required to advance the effectiveness of professional education. Possibilities for improving the quality of professional education differ in terms of how evidence-informed practice is viewed. The process and philosophy of evidence-based practice (EBP) as described in original sources are systemic in focus calling for radical change in multiple venues, including professional education (moving to problem-based learning [PBL]), practice (e.g., involving clients as informed participants), and reporting of research (e.g., accurately describing methodological limitations). In PBL, students are repeatedly confronted with their ignorance and given repeated opportunities to hone self-learning skills. A narrow view of EBP as using EBPs (evidence-based practice guidelines) requires much less change and, the author suggests, much less potential for impro...
A closed-form solution to the minimum $${\Delta V_{\rm tot}^2}$$ Lambert’s problem

A closed form solution to the minimum \({\Delta V_{\rm tot}^2}\) Lambert problem between two assigned positions in two distinct orbits is presented. Motivation comes from the need of computing optimal orbit transfer matrices to solve re-configuration problems of satellite constellations and the complexity associated in facing these problems with the minimization of \({\Delta V_{\rm tot}}\). Extensive numerical tests show that the difference in fuel consumption between the solutions obtained by minimizing \({\Delta V_{\rm tot}^2}\) and \({\Delta V_{\rm tot}}\) does not exceed 17%. The \({\Delta V_{\rm tot}^2}\) solution can be adopted as starting point to find the minimum \({\Delta V_{\rm tot}}\). The solving equation for minimum \({\Delta V_{\rm tot}^2}\) Lambert problem is a quartic polynomial in term of the angular momentum modulus of the optimal transfer orbit. The root selection is discussed and the singular case, occurring when the initial and final radii are parallel, is analytically solved. A numerical example for the general case (orbit transfer “pork-chop” between two non-coplanar elliptical orbits) and two examples for the singular case (Hohmann and GTO transfers) are provided.
A comparison of the role of protein synthesis in cell-mediated cytotoxic reactions.

Abstract Pactamycin, an irreversible inhibitor of protein synthesis, was employed to investigate the requirement for protein synthesis during in vitro cell-mediated cytotoxic reactions. The cellular reactions examined included direct cell-mediated cytolysis (DCMC) of EL-4 tumor cells by alloimmune lymphocytes, antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytolysis of HEp-2 tumor cells (ADCC-T), and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytolysis of chicken erythrocytes (CRBC) (ADCC-E). Pretreatment of alloimmune lymphocytes with pactamycin (PAC) did not alter the DCMC reactivity osf the effector cells even though protein synthesis was inhibited by >90%. Similarly, inhibition of protein synthesis followed by 6 hr of in vitro incubation prior to the assay did not significantly reduce reactivity. Pretreatment of normal lymphocytes failed to inhibit cytotoxic reactivity when employed in an ADCC assay against HEp-2 cells, but produced partial inhibition of ADCC reactivity against CRBC. Incubation following PAC treatment had no effect on ADCC-T, but abrogated all ADCC-E activity within 3 hr. The data presented indicates that the effector cells mediating ADCC-E and those mediating both ADCC-T and DCMC differ markedly in their requirements for continued protein synthesis.
Circular polarization intrinsic optical signal recording of stimulus-evoked neural activity

Linear polarization intrinsic optical signal (LP-IOS) measurement can provide sensitive detection of neural activities in stimulus-activated neural tissues. However, the LP-IOS magnitude and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) are highly correlated with the nerve orientation relative to the polarization plane of the incident light. Because of the complexity of orientation dependency, LP-IOS optimization and outcome interpretation are time consuming and complicated. In this study, we demonstrate the feasibility of circular polarization intrinsic optical signal (CP-IOS) measurement. Our theoretical modeling and experimental investigation indicate that CP-IOS magnitude and SNR are independent from the nerve orientation. Therefore, CP-IOS promises a practical method for polarization IOS imaging of complex neural systems.
In vitro measurement of attenuation and nonlinear scattering from echogenic liposomes.

Abstract Echogenic liposomes (ELIP) are an excellent candidate for concurrent imaging and drug delivery applications. They combine the advantages of liposomes-biocompatibility and ability to encapsulate both hydrophobic and hydrophilic drugs-with strong reflections of ultrasound. The objective of this study is to perform a detailed in vitro acoustic characterization – including nonlinear scattering that has not been studied before – along with an investigation of the primary mechanism of echogenicity. Both components are critical for developing viable clinical applications of ELIP. Mannitol, a cryoprotectant, added during the preparation of ELIP is commonly believed to be critical in making them echogenic. Accordingly, here ELIP prepared with varying amount of mannitol concentration are investigated for their pressure dependent linear and non-linear scattered responses. The average diameter of these liposomes is measured to be 125–185 nm. But they have a broad size distribution including liposomes with diameters over a micro-meter as observed by TEM and AFM. These larger liposomes are critical for the overall echogenicity. Attenuation through liposomal solution is measured with four different transducers (central frequencies 2.25, 3.5, 5, 10 MHz). Measured attenuation increases linearly with liposome concentration indicating absence of acoustic interactions between liposomes. Due to the broad size distribution, the attenuation shows a flat response without a distinct peak in the range of frequencies (1–12 MHz) investigated. A 15–20 dB enhancement with 1.67 μg/ml of lipids is observed both for the scattered fundamental and the second harmonic responses at 3.5 MHz excitation frequency and 50–800 kPa amplitude. It demonstrates the efficacy of ELIP for fundamental as well as harmonic ultrasound imaging. The scattered response however does not show any distinct subharmonic peak for the acoustic excitation parameters studied. Small amount of mannitol proves critical for echogenicity. However, mannitol concentration above 100 mM shows no effect.
In vitro translation of epidermal RNA from different anatomical regions and metamorphic stages of Hyalophora cecropia.

Abstract Epidermal RNA isolated from different anatomical regions and metamorphic stages of Hyalophora cecropia was translated in vitro with commercial wheat germ and rabbit reticulocyte systems. The translation products were analyzed by 2D gel electrophoresis. The two systems yielded identical products if canine microsomal membranes were added to remove signal peptides from the reticulocyte products. The endogenous processing by the wheat germ extract occurred even in the presence of protease inhibitors. Some of the processed translation products co-migrated with unlabeled cuticular protein standards. All of the major cuticular proteins could be identified, but only when translations were carried out with RNA from epidermis underlying cuticle containing these proteins. Hence, cuticular protein distribution is due to differential synthesis and not to differential extractability. For larval abdominal RNA, most of the major translation products did not co-migrate with known larval cuticular proteins or with proteins synthesized and retained by the epidermis. These unknown products were lower in apparent molecular weight than the cuticular proteins. Their identity remains unknown; they may be premature translation products, but altering translation conditions did not reduce their abundance.
The intracellular release of methotrexate from a synthetic drug carrier system targeted to Fc receptor-bearing cells

Methotrexate was conjugated to trinitrophenyl (TNP)-labeled poly (d-lysine) either directly, or through a disulfide or a triglycine spacer. Conjugates were complexed with heparin and anti-TNP antiserum and tested for their growth inhibitory effects in cultured cells. When tested in Fc receptor-positive WEHI-3 cells, the anti-TNP immune complex of the conjugate with the disulfide spacer was more effective than that with the triglycine spacer. It had no effect on the growth of Fc receptor-negative L-929 cells. Without spacer, the direct conjugate was ineffective in both cell lines. The growth inhibitory effect of the drug-containing immune complexes was partially abolished in presence of an irrelevant, drug-free immune complex. NH4Cl at 3 mM did not increase the cytotoxicity of the disulfide conjugate complexes, and decreased the effect of the triglycine conjugate complexes. These findings suggest that: (1) hapten-polymer conjugates can be used as drug carriers for targeting Fc receptor-bearing cells when given with an anti-hapten antibody, (2) disulfide spacers are effectively cleaved following Fc receptor-mediated endocytosis of a drug-carrying immune complex, (3) disulfide spacers are most likely to be cleaved in compartments other than endosomes or lysosomes.
Inhibition of the catalytic subunit of phosphorylase phosphatase by oxalyl thioesters and its possible relevance to the mechanism of insulin action

Oxalyl thioesters, especially S-oxalylglutathione, are shown to be effective inhibitors of the catalytic subunit of phosphorylase phosphatase. The amount of inhibition was found to be time dependent and partially reversed by thiols, thus suggesting that at least part of the inhibition is due to oxalylation of an enzymic thiol group. The possibility that the inhibition of the phosphatase by oxalyl thioesters may be important in vivo and that oxalyl thioesters may be functioning as negative intracellular messengers for insulin is discussed.
An Example of the Value of Strong Climatological Signals in Tropical Cyclone Track Forecasting: Hurricane Ivan (2004)

Abstract Since 1970, tropical cyclone (TC) track forecasts have improved steadily in the Atlantic basin. This improvement has been linked primarily to advances in numerical weather prediction (NWP) models. Concurrently, with few exceptions, the development and operational use of statistical track prediction schemes have experienced a relative decline. Statistical schemes provided the most accurate TC track forecasts until approximately the late 1980s. In this note, it is shown that increased reliance on the global NWP models does not always guarantee the best forecast. Here, Hurricane Ivan is used from the 2004 Atlantic TC season as a classical example, and reminder, of how strong climatological signals still can add substantial value to TC track forecasts, in the form of improved accuracy and increased timeliness at minimal computational cost. In an 8-day period in early September 2004, Hurricane Ivan was repeatedly, and incorrectly, forecast by 12 operational NWP models to move with a significant northw...
Using PACS Audit Data for Process Improvement

Today, all types of data are used in various ways to provide useful information. PACS Audit data have not been typically used as a data source although it includes information that can be used for various purposes such as process improvement (PI). In a typical radiology workflow, examinations do not show up on a radiologist’s unread worklist until the examination has been verified. An issue with clinical access to radiology reports was determined to be partly due to delays in the verification step. A PI goal was created to reduce this wait time. PACS audit data were mined using an in-house application to provide workflow time span information, and the particular span from arrived to verified was measured. The report also allowed specific examinations and users to be identified, and these data were used as a PI educational tool. The end result was a dramatic reduction in examinations taking longer than 1 h to be verified which reduced the time for report production and enhanced patient care.
Deformation of chlorite-mica aggregates in cleaved psammitic and pelitic rocks from Islesboro, Maine, U.S.A.

Abstract Chlorite—white mica aggregates are large porphyroblasts found in weakly metamorphosed and deformed pelitic and psammitic rocks throughout the world. They are usually considered to originate either as detrital white mica layers surrounded by crystallized chlorite or as synkinematic porphyroblasts. In chlorite—muscovite aggregates observed at Islesboro, the chlorite layers were found to represent prekinematic porphyroblasts that have been strongly deformed and rotated during cleavage development. The muscovite layers in the aggregates formed by crystallization along split and dislocated (001) surfaces in the chlorite, or by alteration within intensely deformed sections of chlorite grains, such as kink-bands.
Political Rights in the Age of Migration: Lessons from the United States

Voting is reserved for citizens, right? No. It is not widely known that immigrants, or noncitizens, currently vote in local elections in Chicago and Maryland. Moreover, campaigns to expand the franchise to noncitizens have been launched in at least a dozen other jurisdictions from coast to coast since 1990, including New York, Massachusetts, Washington D.C., California, Maine, Colorado, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Connecticut, Vermont, New Jersey, North Carolina, and Texas. These contemporary practices have their roots in another little-known fact: for most of US history—from the founding until the 1920s—noncitizens voted in 40 states and federal territories in local, state, and even federal elections. Moreover, noncitizens were permitted to—and did—hold public office such as alderman, coroner, and school board member. For most of America’s history and in the vast majority of the USA, voting by noncitizens was the norm, not the exception. These policies reflect the impact of massive demographic shifts and the spread of democratic ideas. Noncitizens pay taxes, own businesses and homes, send their children to public schools, and can be drafted or serve in the military, yet proposals to grant them voting rights are often met with great resistance. But in a country where “no taxation without representation” was once a rallying cry for revolution, such a proposition is not, after all, so outlandish. This essay examines the politics and practices of immigrant voting in the USA, chronicling the rise and fall—and reemergence—of immigrant voting. In addition, this essay looks at the arguments for and against noncitizen voting and its impact and on policy and American political development.
Imaging of spontaneous canine mammary tumors using fluorescent contrast agents.

Abstract— We present near-infrared frequency-domain photon migration imaging for the lifetime sensitive detection and localization of exogenous fluorescent contrast agents within tissue-simulating phantoms and actual tissues. We employ intensity-modulated excitation light that is expanded and delivered to the surface of a tissue or tissue-simulating phantom. The intensity-modulated fluorescence generated from within the volume propagates to the surface and is collected using a gain-modulated image-intensified charge-coupled device camera. From the spatial values of modulation amplitude and phase of the detected fluorescent light, micromolar volumes of dieth-ylthiatricarbocyanine iodide (π= 1.17 ns) and indocyanine green (ICG) (π= 0.58 ns) embedded 1.0 cm deep in a tissue phantom are localized and discriminated on the basis of their lifetime differences. To demonstrate the utility of frequency-domain fluorescent measurements for imaging disease, we image the fluorescence emitted from the surface of in vivo and ex vivo canine mammary gland tissues containing lesions with preferential uptake of ICG. Pathology confirms the ability to detect spontaneous mammary tumors and regional lymph nodes amidst normal mammary tissue and fat as deep as 1.5 cm from the tissue surface.