cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Retrieval using texture features in high-resolution multispectral satellite imagery

Texture features have long been used in remote sensing applications to represent and retrieve image regions similar to a query region. Various representations of texture have been proposed based on the Fourier power spectrum, spatial co-occurrence, wavelets, Gabor filters, etc. These representations vary in their computational complexity and their suitability for representing different region types. Much of the work done thus far has focused on panchromatic imagery at low to moderate spatial resolutions, such as images from Landsat 1-7 which have a resolution of 15-30 m/pixel, and from SPOT 1-5 which have a resolution of 2.5-20 m/pixel. However, it is not clear which texture representation works best for the new classes of high resolution panchromatic (60-100 cm/pixel) and multi-spectral (4 bands for red, green, blue, and near infra-red at 2.4-4 m/pixel) imagery. It is also not clear how the different spectral bands should be combined. In this paper, we investigate the retrieval performance of several different texture representations using multi-spectral satellite images from IKONOS. A query-by-example framework, along with a manually chosen ground truth dataset, allows different combinations of texture representations and spectral bands to be compared. We focus on the specific problem of retrieving inhabited regions from images of urban and rural scenes. Preliminary results show that 1) the use of all spectral bands improves the retrieval performance, and 2) co-occurrence, wavelet and Gabor texture features perform comparably.
The Surgical Treatment of Cranial Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas

The surgical treatment of dural arteriovenous fistulas at the beginning of the 21st century remains a cornerstone of treatment of these difficult lesions. The rapid advancement of endovascular treatments has allowed combined strategies with endovascular and surgical treatments to successfully treat previously untreatable lesions with minimal morbidity and mortality. There are also dural arteriovenous fistula types which remain preferentially treatable with surgery, and surgical expertise in this area remains an essential component of any treatment team. Advances in the surgical treatment of these lesions are based also on a better understanding of the natural history of these lesions, which dictates the importance of definitive treatment if at all possible. Modern imaging has also significantly advanced our understanding of these complex lesions.
The Escherichia coli dnaA gene: Four functional domains

The Escherichia coli DnaA protein is a sequence-specific DNA binding protein that promotes the initiation of replication of the bacterial chromosome, and of several plasmids including pSC101. Twenty-eight novel missense mutations of the E. coli dnaA gene were isolated by selecting for their inability to replicate a derivative of pSC101 when contained in a lambda vector. Characterization of these as well as seven novel nonsense mutations and one in-frame deletion mutation are described here. Results suggest that E. coli DnaA protein contains four functional domains. Mutations that affect residues in the P-loop or Walker A motif thought to be involved in ATP binding identify one domain. The second domain maps to a region near the C terminus and is involved in DNA binding. The function of the third domain that maps near the N terminus is unknown but may be involved in the ability of DnaA protein to oligomerize. Two alleles encoding different truncated gene products retained the ability to promote replication from the pSC101 origin but not oriC, identifying a fourth domain dispensable for replication of pSC101 but essential for replication from the bacterial chromosomal origin, oriC.
Identification of Essential Residues in Thermus Thermophilus DNA Ligase

DNA ligases play a pivotal role in DNA replication, repair and recombination. Reactions catalyzed by DNA ligases consist of three steps: adenylation of the ligase in the presence of ATP or NAD+, transferring the adenylate moiety to the 5'-phosphate of the nicked DNA substrate (deadenylation) and sealing the nick through the formation of a phosphodiester bond. Thermus thermophilus HB8 DNA ligase (Tth DNA ligase) differs from mesophilic ATP-dependent DNA ligases in three ways: (i) it is NAD+ dependent; (ii) its optimal temperature is 65 instead of 37 degrees C; (iii) it has higher fidelity than T4 DNA ligase. In order to understand the structural basis underlying the reaction mechanism of Tth DNA ligase, we performed site-directed mutagenesis studies on nine selected amino acid residues that are highly conserved in bacterial DNA ligases. Examination of these site-specific mutants revealed that: residue K118 plays an essential role in the adenylation step; residue D120 may facilitate the deadenylation step; residues G339 and C433 may be involved in formation of the phosphodiester bond. This evidence indicates that a previously identified KXDG motif for adenylation of eukaryotic DNA ligases [Tomkinson, A.E., Totty, N.F., Ginsburg, M. and Lindahl, T. (1991) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 88, 400-404] is also the adenylation site for NAD+-dependent bacterial DNA ligases. In a companion paper, we demonstrate that mutations at a different Lys residue, K294, may modulate the fidelity of Tth DNA ligase.
Local Police Force Size and the Severity of the 1960s Black Rioting

The repressive power of a government to quell rebellious activity is a central variable in all social science theories of rebellion. Several previous studies of the 1960s black riots have tried to incorporate the repressive-power construct into city-level explanations of riot activity. This article continues in this tradition and focuses on the relationship between relative police force size and the severity of black rioting that cities incurred during the 1960s. It is the first study of this relationship to use data on the entire rioting era (1964-1971). Controlling for other causally relevant predictors (e.g., black population size and racial inequality), the regression of a composite measure of riot severity on relative police force size (the number of police per 10,000 blacks) reveals a significant—inverse “U”—curvilinear relationship. These results fit a pattern previously uncovered at the cross-national level of analysis.
Use of just-about-right scales and penalty analysis to determine appropriate concentrations of stevia sweeteners for vanilla yogurt

With the mainstream emergence of natural sweeteners such as stevia, which is available in different commercial formulations, suitability for yogurt needs to be validated. The present study aimed to determine the appropriate concentration level of 3 processed stevia sweeteners/supplements in commercial plain low-fat yogurt flavored with natural vanilla. Three different levels of sucrose, aspartame, an erythritol and 95% rebaudiana A stevia sweetener, a 95% pure mix of maltodextrin and steviol glycosides, and a cold water stevia extract were used in the study. The just-about-right level for each sweetener and consumer acceptability of each naturally flavored low-fat vanilla yogurt were evaluated. Results from penalty analysis demonstrated that only 0.7% of stevia containing maltodextrin and 95% steviol glycoside was necessary, whereas higher levels (between 4.0 to 5.5%) were more appropriate for stevia containing erythritol and 95% rebaudiana A or cold water extract of stevia, respectively. The concentrations of stevia sweeteners used influenced the perceived sweetness and sourness. In general, consumers disliked the yogurt sweetened with stevia or aspartame, and neither disliked nor liked the yogurt sweetened with sucrose, which was largely driven by perceived sourness of the base yogurt. The findings underline the importance of careful selection of stevia type and concentration as well as optimizing yogurt cultures and fermentation conditions before product launch.
Construct validity and responsiveness of the Child Health Questionnaire in children with acute asthma

Objective To examine the validity and responsiveness of the Child Health Questionnaire (CHQ-PF28) in the context of acute exacerbation of asthma in children. Design and Methods This was a prospective cohort study of children age 5 years and older treated for acute asthma at two urban pediatric emergency departments (EDs). At 14 days after the visit, all patients were contacted by telephone and the CHQ-PF28 (modified to have a 2-week recall period) was administered. Poor 14-day outcome was defined as one or more of the following: child or parent missed at least 5 days of school/day care/work; child still having asthma symptoms above baseline at 14 days; or unscheduled care within 7 days after the ED visit. Results A total of 732 subjects (median age, 9 years) were enrolled; 622 (85%) had successful follow-up at day 14. At the 14-day follow-up, 254 (43%) were classified as having a poor outcome. The mean physical subscale score of the CHQ-PF28 was 48.2 among those with a good outcome, vs 35.9 among the poor outcome group (difference = 12.3; 95% confidence interval, 10.2 to 14.3). For the psychosocial subscale the average difference between groups was 6.9 (95% confidence interval, 5.1 to 8.7). Among the 146 patients at one site who also had a CHQ score obtained at the initial visit, there was a significant improvement in mean physical subscale score among those with good, but not poor, outcome. However, the relative responsiveness was moderate, with an effect size of only 0.37. Conclusions Both the physical and psychosocial subscales of the CHQ-PF28 administered 14 days after an ED visit for acute exacerbation of asthma are correlated with poor short-term functional outcome, but scores are only moderately responsive to acute changes in functional status.
Building the bridge as you walk on it: Didactic behaviors of elementary teachers in a dual language program

Abstract While there is evidence that the dual language model has the potential to raise the academic achievement of English language learners (ELLs), the policies mandated through the No Child Left Behind Act do not support maintenance of the student's heritage language which is an integral part of the model. Using symbolic interactionism as a framework, this study explored the experiences of dual language elementary teachers as they operate under the authority of current educational policy. The findings, presented as a concept model, reveal the didactic behaviors exhibited by teachers and suggest a dynamic process of negotiation is at work which informs their professional identities.
Some observations on the chemical behaviour of carrier-free antimony-125

Abstract The preparation and stability of 125Sb(III) and 125Sb(V) in HCl, H2SO4 and HClO4 have been studied as well as the effect of various oxidizing and reducing agents on the oxidation states of 125Sb. Oxygen and ordinary fluorescent laboratory light causes oxidation of 125Sb(III). Contrary to the behaviour of Sb(V) at ordinary concentrations, 125Sb(V) is reduced by chloride ion in strong HCl solutions. The adsorption of 125Sb by Pyrex at various pH values is independent of the oxidation state of 125Sb. Some radiocolloidal and coprecipitation studies are reported.
Accurate calculations of dissociation energies of weakly bonded He2 and Be2 molecules by MRCI method

The He2 and Be2 ground state potential curves have been calculated by extrapolating to an infinite basis BSSE corrected MRCI total energies obtained with large Gaussian basis sets, large reference configuration spaces, and pseudo-natural molecular orbitals. The calculated D e = 11.0031 K and R e = 5.607 a.u. of He2 are in an excellent agreement with D e = 11.006 ± 0.004 K and R e = 5.608 ± 0.012 a.u. obtained recently by SAPT with SM energy correction. The obtained Be2 non-relativistic D e = 822 cm−1 and relativistically corrected D e = 818 cm−1 are in a good agreement with experimental D e = 790 ± 30 cm−1 and the value of 829 ± 64 cm−1 obtained recently by a quantum Monte Carlo method.
Anomalous heat capacity of superconducting vanadium

Introduction of H or D into V produces a specific-heat anomaly in the superconducting state near 1 K which can dominate the normal lattice contribution. No evidence is found in the heat capacity for a second, very small superconducting energy gap.
Hemodynamic and thermoregulatory responses to lower body water immersion.

Introduction Lower body water immersion (LBWI) is experienced in the marine industry but the physiological responses to LBWI are unclear. The purpose of the current experiment was to test the effects of water temperature and immersion duration on rectal temperature, heart rate, stroke volume, blood pressure, metabolic rate, and thermal sensation in healthy subjects. Methods Nine young men underwent two 60-min trials of seated LBWI to the iliac crest in a counterbalanced fashion. On one occasion, the water was 35 degrees C (LBWI-Neutral) and on the other it was 13 degrees C (LBWI-Cold); the upper body remained thermoneutral and dry throughout. Results As expected, exposure to cold water reduced mean skin temperature and individuals reported cold thermal sensation. Mean arterial pressure was significantly higher at 60 min of LBWI-Cold (86 +/- 7 mmHg) compared to LBWI-Neutral (76 +/- 5 mmHg) while heart rate tended to be lower. The change in rectal temperature from baseline to 30 min of LBWI-Cold (delta = -0.01 +/- 0.21degrees C) was significantly smaller than the change in T(re) from 30 to 60 min of LBWI-Cold (delta = -0.46 +/- 0.16 degrees C). Despite this accelerated drop in core temperature during minutes 30-60, metabolic rate did not increase significantly. Conclusion LBWI-Cold reduces core temperature and increases arterial blood pressure via an increase in total peripheral resistance. This experimental model may help scientists better understand the body during cold stress. Further, people who are occupationally exposed to cold water (when the torso, hands, and arms remain thermoneutral) may be at increased risk for hypothermia.
Effect of Al(CO)x complexation on the aluminum oxidation process

Abstract A comparison of the AlO B 2 Σ + state population distributions observed for the multiple collision Al+Ar+O 3 →AlO * ( B 2 Σ + )+Ar+O 2 and Al+ n CO+O 3 →AlO * ( B 2 Σ + )+ n CO+O 2 reactive encounters suggests that Al(CO) x adducts are formed via the entrainment of aluminum atoms in CO. The subsequent oxidation of these adducts with O 3 produces an AlO B 2 Σ + state population distribution which reflects a smaller reaction exothermicity and shorter range reactive encounter than the oxidation of bare Al atoms. Differences in the observed population distributions are attributed to an Al(CO) 2 +O 3 reaction. This conclusion is also based, in part, on the similarity between the AlO B state population distributions associated with the Al(CO) 2 +O 3 reaction and that previously measured for the Al+N 2 O multiple collision reactive encounter. This assignment is further supported by matrix isolation studies where only Al(CO) 2 has been observed.
Steel-reinforced restorations

Abstract A method for restoration of teeth, previously considered to be in a hopeless condition, by means of steel reinforcing rods has been described. Minimal additional sacrifice of tooth structure is necessary in the technique. The procedure is biologically and mechanically sound.
Sonic phase delay from trachea to chest wall: spatial and inhaled gas dependency.

A parametric phase delay estimation technique is used to determine the spatial and inhaled gas composition dependencies of sound propagation time through an intact human lung at frequencies of 150–1200 Hz. Noise transmission measurements from the mouth to the extrathoracic trachea and six sites on the posterior chest wall are performed in 11 healthy adult subjects at resting lung volume after equilibration with air, an 80% helium-20% oxygen mixture, and an 80% sulfurhexafluoride-20% oxygen mixture. The phase delay, τ(f), exhibits a bilateral asymmetry with relatively decreased delays to the left posterior chest as compared with the right. The phase delay to lower lung sites is greater than to upper sites at frequencies below 300 Hz; yet the opposite is found at higher frequencies, indicating changing propagation pathways with frequency. There is no measurable effect of inhaled gas composition on τ(f) below 300 Hz. At higher frequencies, changes in τ(f) that reflect the relative sound speed of the particular inhaled gas are observed. These findings support and extend previous measurements and hypotheses concerning the strong frequency dependence of the acoustical properties of the intact respiratory system.
Understanding Phonological Memory Deficits in Boys with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Dissociation of Short-term Storage and Articulatory Rehearsal Processes

The current study dissociated and examined the two primary components of the phonological working memory subsystem—the short-term store and articulatory rehearsal mechanism—in boys with ADHD (n = 18) relative to typically developing boys (n = 15). Word lists of increasing length (2, 4, and 6 words per trial) were presented to and recalled by children following a brief (3 s) interval to assess their phonological short-term storage capacity. Children's ability to utilize the articulatory rehearsal mechanism to actively maintain information in the phonological short-term store was assessed using word lists at their established memory span but with extended rehearsal times (12 s and 21 s delays). Results indicate that both phonological shortterm storage capacity and articulatory rehearsal are impaired or underdeveloped to a significant extent in boys with ADHD relative to typically developing boys, even after controlling for age, SES, IQ, and reading speed. Larger magnitude deficits, however, were apparent in short-term storage capacity (ES = 1.15 to 1.98) relative to articulatory rehearsal (ES = 0.47 to 1.02). These findings are consistent with previous reports of deficient phonological short-term memory in boys with ADHD, and suggest that future attempts to develop remedial cognitive interventions for children with ADHD will need to include active components that require children to hold increasingly more information over longer time intervals.
Forced normalisation precipitated by lamotrigine

Summary Purpose: To report two patients with lamotrigine-induced forced normalization (FN). Methods: Evaluation of the patient files, EEG, and video-EEG records, with special reference to the parallel clinical and EEG changes before, during, and after FN. Results: This is the first documented report of lamotrigine-induced FN. The two epileptic patients (one of them was a 10-year-old girl) were successfully treated with lamotrigine. Their seizures ceased and interictal epileptiform events disappeared from the EEG record. Simultaneously, the patients displayed de novo occurrence of psychopathologic manifestations and disturbed behaviour. Reduction of the daily dose of LTG led to disappearance of the psychopathological symptoms and reappearance of the spikes but not the seizures. Conclusions: Lamotrigine may precipitate FN in adults and children. Analysis of the cases showed that lamotrigine-induced FN is a dose-dependent phenomenon and can be treated by reduction of the daily dose of the drug.
Alpha1-Antitrypsin Deficiency Deaths in the United States From 1979-1991 : An Analysis Using Multiple-Cause Mortality Data

Objective To describe trends of reported α 1 -antitrypsin deficiency mortality in the United States from 1979-1991. Methods We analyzed death certificate reports in the multiple-cause mortality files compiled by the National Center for Health Statistics. Results Of the 26,866,600 deaths that occurred during the 13-year period, 1,930 had α 1 -antitrypsin deficiency listed as a cause of death. Over this period, we would have expected 5,400 to 13,400 persons with this condition to die. The age-adjusted mortality rate with reported ax-antitrypsin deficiency listed increased 86%, from 4.3 per 10 million in 1979 to 8.0 per 10 million in 1991. α 1 -Antitrypsin deficiency mortality rates were higher among whites than among blacks or persons of other races. ax-Antitrypsin deficiency was listed in 2.7% of all deaths with obstructive lung disease among persons aged 35-44 years old and in 1.2% of all deaths listing hepatic disease among children aged 1 to 14 years old. Conclusions ax-Antitrypsin deficiency is an important risk factor for obstructive lung disease and hepatic disease in the United States, and it was reported with increasing frequency through the study period, although it is still likely underreported.
It's not over when it's over: long-term symptoms in cancer survivors--a systematic review.

Background:The number of cancer survivors is steadily increasing. Following completion of primary cancer treatment and many years thereafter, specific symptoms continue to negatively affect cancer survivors. The purpose of this article is to review the evidence of symptom burden following primary treatment for cancer in survivors of the most common types of cancer (breast, gynecological, prostate, and colorectal).Methods:A systematic review of literature published between the years 2000–2008 that reported late-effects and/or long-term psychosocial symptoms associated with cancer survivorship post-completion of primary cancer treatment was conducted. The symptoms include physical limitations, cognitive limitations, depression/anxiety, sleep problems, fatigue, pain, and sexual dysfunctions.Results:Symptom burden associated with cancer survivorship was consistent among the four most common types of cancer (breast, gynecological, prostate, and rectal/colon), despite various types of treatment exposure. Genera...
Water Vapor Pressure over Complex Particles, I: Sulfuric Acid Solution Effect

ABSTRACT The equilibrium vapor pressures of water are calculated for two different geometric configurations: a liquid cap formed on a single substrate sphere and a liquid pendular ring formed about the contact point of a pair of adhering, identical spheres. The substrate is a structureless, macroscopic (i.e., radius R > 50 nm), relatively hydrophobic sphere. For each configuration, pure water and sulfuric acid solution are used separately as the interface liquid. In addition to the available surface tension measurements of sulfuric acid solution against air, our calculations utilize the tabulated data of activity of water over the sulfuric acid solution and the solution density. The substrate's interfacial tension against air is treated as a parameter in these calculations. Then, by using Young's equation as a constraint in our calculation, we can determine the contact angle of the surface liquid residing on substrate spheres for both configurations. We apply Kelvin's equation in combination with both wat...
Defining Disability for Women and the Problem of Unpaid Work

National policy and much of scholarly research on disability overlook the importance of unpaid family work and instead focus on disability in paid work, largely in male samples. Because of societal expectations about appropriate social roles for men and women, women tend to assume responsibility for unpaid work in the family and also tend to have paid work that is characterized by low pay and limited autonomy. This article discusses the political, theoretical, and methodological issues relating to defining and measuring paid and unpaid work disability for women and men within the context of these structural factors. The results of a study analyzing disability in both paid work and unpaid family work among a sample of 206 women with rheumatoid arthritis are presented. The study demonstrates the feasibility of measuring disability in family work and shows that women experience significant limitations in homemaker functioning as well as in paid work roles.
65.2: Invited Paper: Technologies for High Quality TV Image on PDPs

For the improvement of TV image quality on plasma displays (PDPs), one of the most important technologies is video signal processing. The video signal processing shows its highest performance, when both the device characteristics and the signal processing are optimized to each other. Several techniques, i.e. noise reduction, signal format conversion, edge enhancement and gradation are developed and optimized for PDP with consideration of its device characteristics. The developed video signal processing shows high image quality in terms of video SN, contrast, resolution, color and gradation of the image.
Structuralist logic: Implications, inferences, and consequences

On a structuralist account of logic, the logical operators, as well as modal operators are defined by the specific ways that they interact with respect to implication. As a consequence, the same logical operator (conjunction, negation etc.) can appear to be very different with a variation in the implication relation of a structure. We illustrate this idea by showing that certain operators that are usually regarded as extra-logical concepts (Tarskian algebraic operations on theories, mereological sum, products and negates of individuals, intuitionistic operations on mathematical problems, epistemic operations on certain belief states) are simply the logical operators that are deployed in different implication structures. That makes certain logical notions more omnipresent than one would think.
Fractal boundaries are not typical

Abstract Let M be a C 1 n -dimensional compact submanifold of R n . The boundary of M , ∂ M , is itself a C 1 compact ( n − 1 ) -dimensional submanifold of R n . A carefully chosen set of deformations of ∂ M defines a complete subspace consisting of boundaries of compact n -dimensional submanifolds of R n , thus the Baire Category Theorem applies to the subspace. For the typical boundary element ∂ W in this space, it is the case that ∂ W is simultaneously nowhere-differentiable and of Hausdorff dimension n − 1 .
Liberty Versus Equal Opportunity

Liberalism has often been viewed as a continuing dialogue about the relative priorities between liberty and equality. When the version of equality under discussion requires equalization of outcomes, it is easy to see how the two ideals might conflict. But when the version of equality requires only equalization of opportunities, the conflict has been treated as greatly muted since the principle of equality seems so meager in its implications. However, when one looks carefully at various versions of equal opportunity and various versions of liberty, the conflict between them is, in fact, both dramatic and inescapable. Each version of the conflict poses hard choices which defy any systematic pattern granting priority to one of these basic values over the other. In this essay, I will flesh out and argue for this picture of fundamental conflict, and then turn to some more general issues about the kinds of answers we should expect to the basic questions of liberal theory.
Intraorbital Foreign Bodies

A high index of suspicion is important in evaluating any penetrating orbital injury. Likewise, any chronically infected orbit must be suspected of harboring an IOrbFB. Careful history and examination are mandatory for both clinical and medicolegal purposes. Appropriate imaging studies, usually including CT scanning, must be employed. Antibiotic therapy may be crucial in preventing infectious complications, including those involving the central nervous system. The decision regarding surgery must be individualized and should consider visual status, form and composition, and localization of an IOrbFB. The possibility of orbitocranial extension should always be considered and ruled out. Following these general rules, an injury with a small but real potential for clinical disaster may be mitigated, and visual and neurological outcome may be optimized.
Disruption tolerant networking proxies for on-the-move tactical networks

A major tenet of network centric warfare is that information sharing is vital to future battlefield superiority. Many plans for implementing NCW envision using IP as the network infrastructure to support information sharing, from wired and satellite networks to tactical networks. Unfortunately, IP implementations depend on the existence of stable end-to-end paths. If a router receives a packet and has nowhere to send it, the packet is dropped. Many tactical networks exhibit disconnections in connectivity that can severely impair, or completely halt, IP traffic. Disconnection tolerant networking (DTN) provides an end-to-end communications service in the presence of network disruptions, including (non-permanent) network partitions. DTN provides its own application programming interface, which is different from the sockets interface commonly used for TCP/IP. One way to adapt existing applications to use DTN is via application layer proxies. These proxies translate from applications' native use of end-to-end IP-based protocols such as TCP and UDP into DTN messages (bundles) that can traverse disrupted networks. This paper describes how DTN application layer proxies can be used with a CONDOR Jump-C2 class vehicle, using an HTTP (Web)-to-DTN proxy as an example.
Effect of parasitic elements on parametric amplifier nonresonant gain maximum

A varactor diode having parasitic case capacitance and lead inductance, used in a parametric amplifier with resonant signal and idler circuits, gives a frequency of maximum gain which is slightly less than the resonant frequency, and is determined by the values of the parasitic elements and of the gain.
Investigation of Ht1080 Tumor Growth Dynamics and ECM Invasion in 3D

Tumors are complex arrangements of tissues made up of several components, including dense masses of cancer cells and re-organized extracellular matrix (ECM). Recent studies have revealed the crucial role that extracellular matrix components have on single cancer cell behavior, but how the interaction of ECM components affects the growth dynamics of an entire tumor is not fully understood. Here, we use human derived fibrosarcoma cell (HT1080) aggregates in combination with live cell imaging, cryo-stat sectioning, immunostaining, and confocal imaging to study changes in cell aggregate size, proliferation, and spatial distribution within three dimensional (3D) matrices. We compare our experimental observations with a coupled partial differential equations based mathematical model to predict cell aggregate growth and cell density distribution and determine how cell interactions play a significant role in this dynamic growth. using this model, we investigate the distinct contributions from cell migration, proliferation, cell-matrix interactions, and matrix remodeling to the aggregate dynamics.
Fatal Fulminant Hepatitis with Hemolysis in Wilson's Disease Criteria for Diagnosis

We report a child with the presentation of Wilson's disease as acute fulminant hepatic failure and severe hemolysis. Our review of the literature suggests the following criteria for considering this diagnosis in the child with acute liver failure: discordance between mildly elevated serum transaminases and extremely elevated bilirubin levels; anemia associated with hemolysis (increased reticulocytes in the absence of bleeding); elevated hepatic copper; and other copper metabolic abnormalities (elevated serum copper, excessive 24-hour urine copper excretion, and reduced serum ceruloplasmin). Establishing the correct diagnosis enhances the possibility of detecting asymptomatic siblings or other family members in whom early inauguration preventative therapy should be successful.
Developing and Presenting Auditory Demonstrations: Two Sound Editor Programs

Experiencing examples of auditory phenomena can clarify textbook and lecture explanations. The addition of visual displays to auditory demonstrations can make them more understandable. Two sound editor programs, Audacity® and Adobe Audition Pro 2.0®, provide excellent capabilities for the display and authoring of auditory demonstrations. Audacity possesses a considerable price advantage, whereas Audition has better capabilities for presenting and producing demonstrations.
Electrical conductivity values used with the bidomain model of cardiac tissue

Electrical conductivities in the bidomain model of cardiac tissue are expressed as functions of four parameters. These expressions allow simulations to be performed using nominal, equal, and reciprocal anisotropy without introducing undesired effects, such as length constant variations. Relative values of the bidomain conductivities are estimated to be: /spl sigma//sub iL/=1, /spl sigma//sub iT/=0.1, /spl sigma//sub eL/=1, and /spl sigma//sub eT/=0.4.
The F8H Glycosyltransferase is a Functional Paralog of FRA8 Involved in Glucuronoxylan Biosynthesis in Arabidopsis

The FRAGILE FIBER8 ( FRA8 ) gene was previously shown to be required for the biosynthesis of the reducing end tetrasaccharide sequence of glucuronoxylan (GX) in Arabidopsis thaliana . Here, we demonstrate that F8H, a close homolog of FRA8, is a functional paralog of FRA8 involved in GX biosynthesis. The F8H gene is preferentially expressed in xylem cells, in which the secondary walls contain an abundant amount of GX, and the F8H protein is targeted to the Golgi where GX is synthesized. Overexpression of F8H in the fra8 mutant completely complemented the fra8 mutant phenotypes including the secondary wall thickness of fi bers and vessels, vessel morphology, GX content and the abundance of the reducing end tetrasaccharide sequence of GX, indicating that F8H shares the same biochemical function as FRA8. Although the f8h mutant alone did not show any detectable cell wall defects, the f8h / fra8 double mutant exhibits an additional reduction in cell wall xylose level, a more severe deformation of vessels and an extreme retardation in plant growth compared with the fra8 mutant. Together, our fi ndings suggest that F8H and FRA8 are functional paralogs and that they function redundantly in GX biosynthesis during secondary wall formation in the xylem.
Many-Body Terms in van der Waals Cohesion Energy of Nanotubes

We have developed a model for the calculation of van der Waals force for layered systems with axial symmetry. Our result can be applied to compute the cohesion of a carbon nanotube to a substrate, the cohesion between nanotubes, and between shells of multiwall nanotubes. We have obtained unusal power laws for the distance dependence of the many-body van der Waals potential.
THE INDUCTION OF RECESSIVE LETHALS IN DROSOPHILA OOCYTES

ORK on recessive lethal mutation in Drosophila sperm has suggested ways win which chromosome breakage may be related to recessive lethal mutation, through position effect, deficiency, and as a direct result of breakage. The increase in aged oocytes of radiation-induced dominant lethals (PARKER 1959) and of rearrangement, the slower rejoining of breaks (PARKER and HAMMOND 1958) , and the higher yield of deficiency and of exchange between attachedX and a major autosome (PARKER and MCCRONE 1958), suggest that the effects of the aging of these cells on the induction of recessive lethals by irradiation might throw some light on the possible relation of their induction to breakage and rejoining. The probability that a break will restitute, rejoin, or fail to rejoin may differ considerably in different stages. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
Flanking Loss Calibration for a Calibrated Hot Box

Calibrated hot boxes are used to measure heat flow through building envelope components such as walls. To determine the specimen heat flow, the energy input to the metering chamber must be corrected for extraneous losses. Originally, these extraneous losses were assumed to occur only through the chamber walls. Recent events in the technical community have demonstrated that significant heat flow also occurs between the metering chamber and the climatic chamber through the specimen frame. This heat flow is called flanking loss. Hot box calibrations must account for flanking loss in addition to chamber wall loss in order to achieve highly accurate results. This paper describes the flanking loss calibration for an existing calibrated hot box. A flanking loss model was developed, then tests were run on specimens of known thermal conductivity. For these tests, the specimen heat flow was determined based on the known conductivity and measured temperatures. The flanking loss was then found from an energy balance on the metering chamber. Finally, these data were used to upgrade the flanking loss model. The result was an empirical equation relating flanking loss to the temperature difference between the two chambers, the associated mean temperature, and the specimen thickness.
Genomic targeting with purified Cre recombinase

Abstract Purified Cre recombinase protein introduced directly into cultured mammalian cells by lipofection catalyzes both site-specific chromosomal integration of a co-transfected lox targeting vector and precise excision of genomic DNA flanked by directly repeated lox sites. This procedure eliminates the need to transfect cre expression plasmids to activate recombination at lox sites. We used this simplified procedure to investigate the effect on targeting efficiency of both lox vector design and chromosomal position of the lox target. We show that such chromosomal position effects can exert at least a 50-fold per lox target difference in targeting efficiency in a human osteosarcoma cell line.
LiDAR Data for Characterizing Linear and Planar Geomorphic Markers in Tectonic Geomorphology

This paper provides a brief review of airborne light detection and ranging (LiDAR) data for characterizing linear and planar geomorphic markers in tectonic geomorphology, including traces of active faults and surface deformation caused by earthquakes. Challenges and opportunities of LiDAR for the study of tectonic geomorphology and coseismic deformation are also discussed.
Augmentation of renal citrate excretion by oral potassium citrate administration: time course, dose frequency schedule, and dose-response relationship

The time course, dose frequency schedule, and dose-response relationship of the citraturic response to orally administered potassium citrate was examined in 22 normal volunteers and 21 patients with uric acid or calcium nephrolithiasis. The slow-release (wax matrix) preparation of potassium citrate produced a rapid and sustained rise in urinary citrate lasting for up to 12 hours following a single oral administration. Probably owing to this prolonged action, the slow-release preparation when given in a twice-daily or thrice-daily schedule at a dosage of 60 meq or 3.78 Gm citrate/day virtually eliminated the normally wide circadian fluctuation in urinary citrate and maintained urinary citrate at a higher, more constant level throughout the day. The liquid preparation of potassium citrate was less effective in this regard. However, the two preparations of potassium citrate caused an equivalent rise in total 24-hour urinary citrate. When 24-hour excretions of citrate were examined, urinary citrate was shown to reach its peak level by the second day of potassium citrate treatment and to return to the pretreatment level by the second day after the treatment was stopped. The rise in urinary citrate produced by treatment was directly proportional to the dose of potassium citrate. In most hypocitraturic patients with renal stones, potassium citrate 60 meq/day restored normal urinary citrate (greater than 320 mg/day).
Development of a critical-angle transmission grating spectrometer for the International X-Ray Observatory

We present a high-resolution soft x-ray grating spectrometer concept for the International X-Ray Observatory (IXO) that meets or exceeds the minimum requirements for effective area (> 1, 000 cm 2 for E 3, 000). At the heart of the spectrometer is an array of recently developed highefficiency blazed transmission gratings, the so-called critical-angle transmission (CAT) gratings. They combine the advantages of traditional transmission gratings (very low mass, extremely relaxed alignment and flatness tolerances) with those of x-ray reflection gratings (high efficiency due to blazing in the direction of grazing-incidence reflection). In addition, a CAT grating spectrometer is well-suited for co-existence with energy-dispersive highenergy focal plane detectors, since most high-energy x rays are neither absorbed, nor diffracted, and contribute to the effective area at the telescope focus. Since our initial successful x-ray demonstrations of the CAT grating concept with large-period and lower aspect-ratio prototypes, we have now microfabricated 200 nm-period silicon CAT gratings comprised of grating bars with the required dimensions (6 micron tall, 40 nm wide, aspect ratio 150), optimized for the 0.3 to 1.0 keV energy band. Preliminary analysis of recent x-ray tests show blazing behavior up to 1.28 keV in accordance with predictions.
Analytical and Numerical Evaluation of Continuously Stiffened Composite Web Shear Links

AbstractA concept for providing continuous out-of-plane web stiffness in shear-dominated links subjected to cyclic loading was investigated as an alternative to using discrete web stiffeners. The continuously stiffened web consisted of an elastic core bonded to two steel face plates. An analytical relationship was developed for determining the core thickness to achieve stiffness equivalent to discrete stiffeners. A parametric numerical study using experimentally validated nonlinear finite-element models was also conducted for two different web aspect ratios in order to investigate the influence of the core elastic modulus and the core thickness on the hysteretic performance. The overall web behavior and the hysteretic response of the links improved as the core elastic modulus and the core thickness increased. The analytically derived core thickness values were found to be conservative as long as a minimum core elastic modulus of 69 MPa (10 ksi) was provided to alleviate localized plastic deformations in t...
BEDTools: The Swiss‐Army Tool for Genome Feature Analysis

Technological advances have enabled the use of DNA sequencing as a flexible tool to characterize genetic variation and to measure the activity of diverse cellular phenomena such as gene isoform expression and transcription factor binding. Extracting biological insight from the experiments enabled by these advances demands the analysis of large, multi-dimensional datasets. This unit describes the use of the BEDTools toolkit for the exploration of high-throughput genomics datasets. Several protocols are presented for common genomic analyses, demonstrating how simple BEDTools operations may be combined to create bespoke pipelines addressing complex questions.
Optimized distortion correction technique for echo planar imaging

kspace filtering technique (3) It was recently reported (4) that EPI distortions can be effectively reduced using both gradientecho imaging based field maps and multi-channel modulation algorithm. However, none of these method can correct the geometric distortions originating from the phase-blips related eddy current effect. We have developed an optimized EPI correction technique to simultaneously remove distortions due to all off-resonance factors, including phase-blips eddy current effect. This efficient correction is achieved in two steps First, a new phase-shifted EPI pulse sequence is developed to simultaneously encode all off-resonance factors; second, distortion-free EPI images are generated from the encoded offresonance factors using the previously reported multi-channel modulation post-processing algorithm (4). In comparison to previous methods, the new technique encodes a more complete information of time-dependent off-resonance factors and is therefore more effective. Implementations of the new method with different versions of EPI acquisitions (such as spin-echo / gradient-echo, single-shot / multi-shot, one-way / two-way kspace sampling) are presented. Methods The pulse sequences of EPI (for dynamic scan) and the corresponding phase-shifted EPI (for field mapping) are shown in Figs. la and lb, respectively. It is shown that the amplitude of the fust phase gradient lobe varies in each step of the phaseshifted EPI sequence. Multiple phase maps can be reconstructed from 3D reciprocal space data (4) acquired with phase-shifted EPI sequence. Due to the fact that both sequences have identical readout and phase-blipped gradient waveforms, the derived multiple phase maps completely encode the phase errors in the actual EPI data. These multiple phase maps can then be used in generating an artifact-free EPI image with multi-channel modulation algorithm (4) without a complicated unwrapping procedure.
Management of type 2 diabetes mellitus: is it time for a paradigm shift?

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a multi-organ disease that results from the combination of insulin resistance and a β-cell secretory defect. The worldwide prevalence of type 2 diabetes has increased substantially during the past decade, and patients with this disease continue to experience a high incidence of morbidity and mortality. Because the complications associated with this disease affect multiple organ systems and have a dramatic impact on daily life, the importance of lowering glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels to within the normal range cannot be overemphasized. The introduction in the past decade of several new classes of pharmacological agents to treat patients with type 2 diabetes now provides the opportunity to focus therapy on treating the underlying disease process instead of just reacting to the blood glucose levels. The thiazolidinediones are unique in their ability to modulate free fatty acid metabolism and to improve insulin sensitivity. These agents also exert numerous nonglycemic effe...
Effects of Water Chemistry on Hematite Selective Flocculation and Dispersion

The only industrially proven method for the beneficiation of fine-grained (<25 µm) hematite ores is selective flocculation and dispersion desliming followed by reverse cationic flotation. This process is reliant upon both water chemistry and proper reagent selection and dosing for effective separation of the hematite from gangue minerals. This study was performed to assess the effects of water chemistry on the beneficiation process in a pilot-scale deslime thickener. Grade versus recovery curves were constructed at varying water chemistries. In each set of experiments the concentration of one water chemistry parameter was varied while all others were held constant. The varied parameters included pH, sodium concentration and calcium concentration.The optimal pH for the separation of hematite from silica was found to be around 10.5. This was hypothesized to be due to a maximization in starch selective adsorption. Minimization in the sodium concentration showed increases in both the grade and the recovery of...
Stationarity of Synaptic Coupling Strength Between Neurons with Nonstationary Discharge Properties

Based on a general non-stationary point process model, we computed estimates of the synaptic coupling strength (efficacy) as a function of time after stimulus onset between an inhibitory interneuron and its target postsynaptic cell in the feline dorsal cochlear nucleus. The data consist of spike trains from pairs of neurons responding to brief tone bursts recorded in vivo. Our results suggest that the synaptic efficacy is non-stationary. Further. synaptic efficacy is shown to be inversely and approximately linearly related to average presynaptic spike rate. A second-order analysis suggests that the latter result is not due to non-linear interactions. Synaptic efficacy is less strongly correlated with postsynaptic rate and the correlation is not consistent across neural pairs.