cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Conceptual and operational issues in incorporating segregation measurements in hedonic price modeling

The essence of hedonic price modeling is to establish the relationship between housing prices and housing attributes. Typically, housing attributes refer to structural characteristics of the unit. However, it is obvious that the price of a house is not just determined by its structural attributes, but also attributes of the neighborhood in which the unit is located. Neighborhood attributes can be physical properties of the neighborhood, such as street condition and proximity of employment centers, or environmental characteristics such as the types of vegetative cover. Another set of neighborhood attributes is associated with the demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of the residents. The intensity and nature of interaction between the population and the physical environment can also be regarded as neighborhood characteristics.
Rhesus macaque model of chronic opiate dependence and neuro-AIDS: longitudinal assessment of auditory brainstem responses and visual evoked potentials.

Our work characterizes the effects of opiate (morphine) dependence on auditory brainstem and visual evoked responses in a rhesus macaque model of neuro-AIDS utilizing a chronic continuous drug delivery paradigm. The goal of this study was to clarify whether morphine is protective, or if it exacerbates simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-related systemic and neurological disease. Our model employs a macrophage tropic CD4/CCR5 coreceptor virus, SIVmac239 (R71/E17), which crosses the blood-brain barrier shortly after inoculation and closely mimics the natural disease course of human immunodeficiency virus infection. The cohort was divided into three groups: morphine only, SIV only, and SIV + morphine. Evoked potential (EP) abnormalities in subclinically infected macaques were evident as early as 8 weeks postinoculation. Prolongations in EP latencies were observed in SIV-infected macaques across all modalities. Animals with the highest cerebrospinal fluid viral loads and clinical disease showed more abnormalities than those with subclinical disease, confirming our previous work (Raymond et al., J Neurovirol 4:512–520, 1998; J Neurovirol 5:217–231, 1999; AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 16:1163–1173, 2000). Although some differences were observed in auditory and visual evoked potentials in morphine-treated compared to morphine-untreated SIV-infected animals, the effects were relatively small and not consistent across evoked potential type. However, morphine-treated animals with subclinical disease had a clear tendency toward higher virus loads in peripheral and central nervous system tissues (Marcario et al., J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 3:12–25, 2008) suggesting that if had been possible to follow all animals to end-stage disease, a clearer pattern of evoked potential abnormality might have emerged.
A FORTRAN 77 program for testing trends among independent correlations

A FORTRAN 77 program is presented which computes a procedure developed by Levy (1976) for testing a priori trends among independent correlations.
Dependence of proton generation on aerobic or anaerobic metabolism and implications for tumour pH

Since low intracellular pH potentiates the hyperthermia response, the number of protons generated within the cell is calculated for both aerobic and anaerobic metabolism. The calculations incorporate the most recent estimates for the P:O ratio in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, and include the hydrolysis of ATP as well as its synthesis. Anaerobic glycolysis of glucose to lactate generates two proton equivalents per mol of glucose, due to the complete dissociation of lactic acid. This corresponds to 1·00 proton per ATP, and is independent of pH. For aerobic metabolism of glucose to CO2 and water, protons are generated in the cell by dissociation of carbonic acid, and the exact number depends upon cytosolic pH. In the physiological pH range, one finds 4·1–5·9 mol of hydrogen ion per mol of glucose, which corresponds to 0·14–0·20 per ATP. Thus, anaerobic metabolism generates 5–7x as much acid within the cell as aerobic metabolism if the two are operating at the same rate in terms of ATP generation p...
A reliability field surveillance program

This paper discusses the pertinent factors involved in the development of a comprehensive reliability field surveillance program for complex electronic or electro-mechanical systems through use of a large scale digital computer such as the IBM 704.
SCID mice and the study of parasitic disease.

INTRODUCTION 126 BIOLOGY OF SCID 126 USE OF SCID MICE TO ESTABLISH ANIMAL MODELS OF PARASITIC DISEASES 127 Filariasis 127 Amebiasis 128 USE OF SCID MICE IN SELECTIVE RECONSTITUTION EXPERIMENTS TO ELUCIDATE THE ROLE OF LYMPHOCYTE-BASED IMMUNITY IN PARASITIC DISEASES 129 Leishmaniasis 129 Cryptosporidiosis 130 Toxoplasmosis 130 Malaria 131 Schistosomiasis 131 USE OF SCID MICE AS XENOGRAFT RECIPIENTS 131 Theileriosis 131 Malaria 132 Schistosomiasis 132 CONCLUSIONS 132 REFERENCES 132
Mapping the results of local statistics: Using geographically weighted regression

The application of geographically weighted regression (GWR) - a local spatial statistical technique used to test for spatial nonstationarity - has grown rapidly in the social, health and demographic sciences. GWR is a useful exploratory analytical tool that generates a set of location-specific parameter estimates which can be mapped and analysed to provide information on spatial nonstationarity in relationships between predictors and the outcome variable. A major challenge to GWR users, however, is how best to map these parameter estimates. This paper introduces a simple mapping technique that combines local parameter estimates and local t-values on one map. The resultant map can facilitate the exploration and interpretation of nonstationarity.
Theoretical study of the interaction of molecular oxygen with a reduced TiO2 surface

Abstract We investigate the re-oxidation of the reduced TiO2 (1 1 0) surface by adsorption of molecular oxygen using quantum-chemical, ab-initio periodic Hartree–Fock calculations. The absorption sites considered are anion defects and cation Ti(5f) positions. The results show evidence of strong charge transfer from the defect surface to the O2 molecule. In agreement with experiment, we find that the most stable species is one in which molecular oxygen adsorbs at the defect sites as O2−. Adsorption of three O2 molecules per vacancy site is thermodynamically favored compared to one or two adsorbed molecules.
A Review of an Unfavorable Subset of Breast Cancer: Estrogen Receptor Positive Progesterone Receptor Negative

Estrogen receptor (ER)(+) progesterone receptor (PR)(-) tumors are a distinct subset of breast cancers characterized by aggressive behavior and tamoxifen resistance in spite of being ER(+). They are categorized as luminal B tumors and have greater genomic instability and a higher proliferation rate. High growth factor (GF) signaling and membranous ER activity contribute to the aggressive behavior of these tumors. The absence of PR is attributable to low serum estrogen, low levels of nuclear ER, and features of molecular crosstalk between GFs and membranous ER. PR expression is also downregulated by expression of mutated epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFRvIII). This subset of patients has greater expression of human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER)-1 and HER-2 and active GF signaling mediated by the phosphoinositide 3-kinase-Akt-mammalian target of rapamycin pathway. Currently, aromatase inhibitors, fulvestrant, and chemotherapy may be the favored treatment approaches for this subset of patients. Overcoming tamoxifen resistance with targeted therapies such as gefitinib is being evaluated and strategies involving short courses of tamoxifen have been postulated for prevention of recurrence of this subtype. Understanding the interplay between molecular endocrinology and tumor biology has provided experimental therapeutic insights, and continued work in this area holds the promise of future advances in prognosis.
Flavobacterium columnare genomovar influences mortality in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus).

Abstract Flavobacterium columnare, causal agent of columnaris disease, is pathogenic to many species of freshwater fish throughout the world. The United States channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) aquaculture industry is severely impacted by columnaris disease. The majority of the F. columnare isolates recovered from diseased channel catfish belonged to either genomovars I or II. The objective of the present study was to determine if differences existed in the ability of these genomovars to induce mortality in channel catfish. Single strand conformation polymorphism analysis (SSCP) was used to ascribe the isolates used in this study to the appropriate genomovar. Immersion challenge experiments (15 min immersion exposure to ∼5 × 105 to 1 × 106 CFU/mL) were carried out to assess virulence of genomovar I and II isolates to channel catfish. The results demonstrated that genomovar II (n = 4) isolates were significantly (P
The road to maleness: from testis to Wolffian duct

The establishment of the male internal reproductive system involves two crucial events: the formation of the testis and the maintenance and differentiation of the Wolffian duct. Testis formation, particularly the specification of Sertoli cell and Leydig cell lineages, is controlled strictly by genetic components initiated by the testis-determining gene SRY (sex-determining region of the Y chromosome). Conversely, Wolffian duct differentiation is not directly mediated via the composition of the sex chromosome or SRY; instead, it relies on androgens derived from the Leydig cells. Leydig cells do not express SRY, indicating that a crosstalk must be present between the SRY-positive Sertoli and Leydig cells to ensure normal androgen production. Recent advancement of genetic and genomic approaches has unveiled the molecular pathways for differentiation of Sertoli cells and Leydig cells as well as development of the Wolffian duct.
Five hundred years of hurricanes in the Caribbean: Their relationship with global climatic variabilities

A time series of hurricanes in the Caribbean basin extending from 1500 to 1990 is investigated with the purpose of establishing the years, time of year, and locations that have been hit by tropical cyclones. The Windward Islands show higher hurricane frequency earlier in the season (July–August) than the Leeward Islands and the Greater Antilles (September–October). In the course of the centuries a certain shift towards a later onset and peak of the season might have occurred, but imperfect early observations subtract validity from this finding. For the same reason it is difficult to prove that hurricane frequency has increased in later centuries. Nevertheless, a concentration of observed hurricanes in particular years, or clusters of years, stands out in the series and allows to distinguish periods of heightened or lowered hurricane activity. When comparisons are made with major climatic fluctuations in the tropical belt, it becomes evident that lesser numbers of hurricanes occur during El Nino conditions in the tropical Pacific and increased numbers tend to develop during Anti-Nino episodes. It also seems that years of high hurricane incidence occur in a conspicuous temporal “vicinity” to major El Nino events, which suggests brisk changes in ocean/atmosphere conditions (Nino to Anti Nino, or vice versa) theoretically explained by “cusp catastrophe” or “chaos theory”.
Linear operator equations with applications in control and signal processing

The author gives several definitions, including the definition of linear vector spaces, inner products, and Hilbert spaces. He defines linear operators and the Hilbert adjoint operator, and gives several illustrative examples. He presents a diagram which he says is key to understanding linear operator equations. It is a pedagogically important tool for understanding linear operators. Its details are discussed. When attention is restricted to linear matrix equations, the singular-value decomposition completely characterizes the fundamental subspaces of the operator, as is also discussed. The author presents several applications of the theory, including least squares, minimum-norm solutions, controllability and observability of linear systems, optimal control, optimal estimation, and modeling mechanical systems. The examples were chosen to illustrate the wide variety of problems that can be solved using the theory presented in the previous sections.
The anatomy of an acrylic acid runaway polymerization

The details of an unscheduled polymerization of acrylic acid initiated by indirect heating have been characterized by in-depth analysis of the polymer, kinetic and thermodynamic calculations, and heat and material balances on the system. The data fit together to give a consistent picture of the polymerization scenario. The fact that the acrylic acid polymerization was not violent was primarily due to the presence of about 10 ppm phenothiazine, which delayed the onset of free radical polymerization until about 2 to 3 hours after the monomer had reached its boiling point. Since much of the acrylic acid was converted to dimer during this induction period, the ultimate energy release was greatly limited. Other moderating factors were a relatively slow heatup of the tank contents in the external heat exchange recycle loop, free vapor venting, and the incursion of fire monitor water into the tank.
Equitable Skill Scores for Categorical Forecasts

Abstract Many skill scores used to evaluate categorical forecasts of discrete variables are inequitable, in the sense that constant forecasts of some events lead to better scores than constant forecasts of other events. Inequitable skill scores may encourage forecasters to favor some events at the expense of other events, thereby producing forecasts that exhibit systematic biases or other undesirable characteristics. This Paper describes a method of formulating equitable skill scores for categorical forecasts of nominal and ordinal variables. Equitable skill scores are based on scoring matrices, which assign scores to the various combinations of forecast and observed events. The basic tenets of equitability require that (i) all constant forecasts—and random forecosts—receive the same expected score, and (ii) the elements of scoring matrices do not depend on the elements of performance matrices. Scoring matrices are assumed here to be symmetric and to possess other reasonable properties related to the natu...
Depression and a Stepped Care Model

Given the public health significance of depression and the limited resources available for providing evidence-based treatment, there is a need to develop effective models of care to reduce the personal and societal costs of the disorder. Within stepped care service provisions, all patients presenting with symptoms of depression generally are first offered the lowest intensity and least intrusive intervention deemed necessary following assessment and triage. Only when patients do not show improvement do they move to higher, more intensive levels of care. However, stepped care models also provide information to aid clinicians in decision making regarding selection of treatment strategies that are most appropriate for an individual patient. For some individuals, lower levels of care would never be appropriate or may not be preferred by the consumer. Thus, stepped interventions offer a variety of treatment options to match the intensity of the patient’s presenting problem as well as potential patient preference.
“Renovating an Industry”: The Expanding Role of Interior Design in Times of Recession

ABSTRACTThis article examines the Home Planning Project, an interior design undertaking that developed in response to the Great Depression. Spearheaded by New York City's Henry Street Settlement and the federal Works Progress Administration's (WPA) interior design staff, the Home Planning Project was a consumer education initiative that provided guidance to public housing tenants on how to efficiently and comfortably arrange their apartments to better suit their individual needs. By stressing design's responsiveness to different tenants' needs, from single-family homes to multi-generational homes, the Home Planning Project underscored the social aspects of the developing interior design field. In particular, the project highlighted how interior design knowledge could be utilized to enhance the physical and social well being of clients regardless of their socioeconomic backgrounds. Today, as designers find new ways to work within declining economies and bring good design within the reach of a larger and le...
La voie d'abord vaginale des fistules vésico-vaginales non irradiées

We herein report our experience in the transvaginal repair of 30 consecutive cases of non-radiated Vesicovaginal Fistulae. The new principles applied include: early surgery as soon as the fistula is recognized, no excision of the fistulous tract to avoid retraction and bleeding of the margins as well as to provide protection of the ureteric orifices, closure of the intact fistula in two layers, rotation and advancement of the vaginal flap to cover the fistula avoiding overlapping of suture lines, and finally assurance of adequate bladder decompression with both a suprapubic tube and an urethral catheter. In the followup period of 6 to 72 months, we experienced a 94% success rate at primary repair with only two failures which are now dry after subsequent trans-vaginal closure. In spite of size, location or proximity to the ureteric orifices, the vaginal approach has proved to be amenable in all cases with minimal discomfort for the patient, a shorter hospital stay and equal or even better results than the more extensive abdominal approach.
A Hypothetical Mechanism for Rubber Abrasion

Abstract A hypothetical mechanism for creating subsurface cracks during frictional sliding has been proposed as part of the process of abrasive wear of rubber. It consists of the unbounded elastic expansion of microscopic precursor voids until they burst open as cracks, under the action of internal pressure or of a triaxial tension in the surrounding rubber. This conjecture accounts for enhanced resistance to abrasion for compounds reinforced with carbon black, in terms of increased stiffness without much loss of extensibility, and for the lack of correlation of abrasion resistance with other measures of strength. It. should be noted that it is specific to soft, extensible materials, and thus it also accounts for marked differences in the nature of the wear process in rubbery materials compared to plastics and metals. Only rubbery materials appear to abrade away by a linking up of microcracks at right angles to the sliding direction to produce characteristic wear ridges known as the Schallamach abrasion p...
THE DELINKING OF SEX AND MARRIAGE: PATHWAYS TO FERTILITY AMONG YOUNG FILIPINO WOMEN

Partnership and fertility patterns of young Filipinos have changed dramatically from previous generations, with a widening gap between sexual initiation and marriage, and concurrent increases in teenage pregnancy and unwanted fertility. Further understanding of young adults' social contexts and partnership patterns are needed to inform reproductive health programmes and policies affecting young Filipinos. Multivariate Poisson regression models were conducted with longitudinal and inter-generational data from the Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey (1998-2009) to examine the predictors of young women's fertility. Age at first sex, and number and duration of partnerships each independently and significantly predicted women's fertility by 2009 after controlling for contextual influences. Young women with more conservative attitudes towards dating, sex and marriage, and who perceived their mothers to have more conservative attitudes, had higher fertility than their peers, as did young women with mothers who reported more adolescent sexual behaviours. In contrast, fertility was lower among daughters who had higher levels of communication with their mothers. Given high levels of unintended fertility and teenage pregnancy in the Philippines, the findings indicate that the interval between sexual initiation and first and subsequent partnerships may be ideal intervention points for reproductive health services for young Filipinos.
Secondary choral directors’ multicultural teaching practices, attitudes and experiences in international schools

The purpose of this study was to determine whether secondary choral directors employed at international schools implemented a multicultural education in their programs. Participants (N = 126) were secondary choral directors working at international schools in 59 different countries. A researcher-designed questionnaire was used to collect information on director backgrounds, opinions, methods, and experiences relating to multicultural music in international school secondary choral programs. Results showed that 62% of directors who teach in international schools reported current use of multicultural teaching practices. Most choral directors who implemented multicultural teaching practices were confident in teaching music from many cultures, considered their students’ backgrounds when selecting repertoire and included nonwestern music selections in their concerts. The resources and repertoire that directors used for multicultural music lessons were numerous and varied. Additionally, 88% of directors noted that working at an international school had positively influenced their multicultural teaching practices.
Optimization slowly changing dimensions of a data warehouse using object-relational

A Data Warehouse is designed with a multidimensional structure using fact tables and dimension tables, oriented towards indicator systems that support decision-making. The most common loads associated with these systems are applied to the fact table, assuming that all dimensions are common or time-independent, which can lead to abnormalities in data representation at the Front End level. Proposals have been made for updating the dimension tables which call this process Slowly Changing Dimensions (SCD), focusing on relational database design. In this research, an improved response time is shown for queries associated with a Data Warehouse design for Changing Dimensions tables, comparing response times for SCD data in Relational Database and Object-Relational. The research focuses on proposing a general design for Object-Relational of SCD data types 1-4, illustrated with an example that allows to compare the performance.
The Obesogenic Environment of Commercial Trucking: A Worksite Environmental Audit and Implications for Systems-Based Interventions.

Background: Commercial trucker health is a vital public health concern. Enhanced understanding of the multiplicity, diversity, interdependence, and complexity of policies, resources, and stakeholders relevant to healthful living in trucking worksites can guide future interventions. Purpose: This article examines how the environmental attributes of commercial trucking worksites influence truck drivers' opportunities for healthful eating and active living and provides a preliminary discussion on how complexity science can help design more efficacious interventions. Methods: A 250-item audit instrument was used to measure the presence of corporate, social, and built environment attributes of 25 diverse trucking worksites that can influence food choices and physical activity of truckers. Results: Findings from truckstops, trucking terminals, warehouses, and highway rest areas along key transportation routes revealed that these worksites are severely burdened by structural and institutional barriers and essent...
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF HYPERTENSION AND INSULIN RESISTANCE SYNDROME

UNLABELLED INSULIN RESISTANCE SYNDROME: Insulin resistance syndrome (syndrome X) indicates that insulin resistance is associated with and may be the cause of several metabolic conditions including hypertension, dyslipidemia, non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). HYPERTENSION Although the association between insulin resistance and hypertension remains somewhat controversial, hypertensive subjects are clearly at increased risk of developing NIDDM. Insulin concentrations are a relatively weak predictor of the development of hypertension. It is possible that the relation between insulin, blood pressure and atherosclerosis may be weaker in blacks. However, antihypertensive agents that worsen insulin resistance may further increase the risk of NIDDM already present in subjects with hypertension.
A phase field model of solid electrolyte interface formation in lithium-ion batteries

A phase field model is developed to investigate the formation of a solid electrolyte interface layer on the anode surface in lithium-ion batteries. Numerical results show that the growth of solid electrolyte interface exhibits power-law scaling with respect to time, and the growth rate depends on various factors such as temperature, diffusivity of electrons, and rates of electrochemical reactions.
Ellen Berscheid, Elaine Hatfield, and the Emergence of Relationship Science:

In the past 25 years, relationship science has grown from a nascent research area to a thriving subdiscipline of psychological science. In no small measure, this development reflects the pioneering contributions of Ellen Berscheid and Elaine Hatfield. Beginning at a time when relationships did not appear on the map of psychological science, these two scholars identified relationships as a crucial subject for scientific psychology and began to chart its theoretical and empirical territory. In this article, we review several of their most influential contributions, describing the innovative foundation they built as well as the manner in which this foundation helped set the stage for contemporary advances in knowledge about relationships. We conclude by discussing the broader relevance of this work for psychological science.
The Analysis of the Information Needed for the Planning of Active Distribution System

As the increasing application of ICT technology in power system, the information available is getting more and more, which has provided a firm foundation and possibility to the implementation of Active Distribution System (ADS). The key challenges at the ADS planning is how to integration with the optimization operation of DER (generation (DG, RES), Electricity Energy storage (EES) and interactive load). The questions firstly is how to make use of the available information,secondly is which information is primary needed and have to be provided , and thirdly is how to coordinate the information resources. This paper presents an analysis of the information which is necessary to be used on the planning and optimization of passive distribution networks (PDNs),including existing information system and available information, then analyses the differences between PDN and ADS, lastly, presents a simplified the future information model for ADS planning. (4 pages)
Vascular Endothelial Nitric Oxide, Insulin Signaling and Insulin Transport: A Delicate Balance

Vascular endothelial dysfunction, characterized by a deficiency of bio-available nitric Oxide (NO), has been found to precede the development of type 2 diabetes and is significantly correlated with insulin resistance [1]. Vascular Endothelial Cells (ECs) have pleiotropic functions and regulate a large variety of cellular processes including coagulation, fibrinolysis, angiogenesis, adhesion and transmigration of inflammatory cells and vasculature hemodynamics. Another very important vascular endothelial function is providing a barrier that regulates entry of nutrients and hormones into the interstitium of peripheral tissues [2]. This is particularly true for skeletal muscle, a major site of fuel use, where its continuous vascular endothelium has well-developed junctional structures and abundant caveolae that provides a relatively tight diffusional barrier. This is in stark contrast to the discontinuous endothelium with gaps between ECs in liver. Muscle’s tight endothelium has constituted the structural basis for a strong argument that the transit of insulin from the vascular to the interstitial compartment within skeletal muscle is rate limiting for insulin’s metabolic action [2]. Most importantly, this rate-limiting step for peripheral insulin action is delayed in insulin-resistant obese subjects [3-5]. Current evidence indicates that insulin trans-endothelial transport (TET) is mediated by the molecular transcytotic machinery
Effects of Exogenous Melatonin on the Gene Expression of BMP2 in the Skin of Inner Mongolia Cashmere Goat

The aim of this study was to investigate the expression laws of bone morphogenetic protein 2(BMP2)gene in the development skin hair follicles of Inner Mongolia Cashmere Goat in a complete period and the effects of implanting melatonin(MT)on its expression. Eight female mature Inner Mongolia Cashmere Goats were randomly divided into 4 groups. MT in group 1-3 was implanted in animals(test groups) and the fourth group in which MT was not implanted was control group. The samples of skin from lateral part were collected during one year to detect the expression of BMP2 gene in developmental stage of hair follicles by real-time quantitative PCR. The results showed that the expression amount of BMP2 gene in prosperous period and resting period of hair follicle′s development was slowly increased and the expression amount in resting period was higher than that in growing period. The expression amount of BMP2 gene in resting period was reduced after implanting MT and there was no significant difference of the expression amount during the whole growth period. The expression amount of BMP2 in the skin of Inner Mongolia Cashmere Goat was closely related with the periodic growth of hair follicles. The expression model of BMP2 gene in the growth period of hair follicles was changed after implanting MT. It was speculated that BMP2 gene might be involved in regulating the growth and development of skin hair follicles in Inner Mongolia Cashmere Goat.
The production of shock in rats by the drum method.

Summary1. Varying degrees of shock can be produced in rats by subjecting them to various periods of trauma in Noble-Collip drums. The method appears to be suitable for use where graded and reproducible degrees of trauma are desired.2. The percentages of survival were: for 5 minutes of tumbling, 100%; for 8 minutes, 65.6%; for 10 minutes, 71.4%; for 12 minutes, 47.2%; for 13 minutes, 9.5%; and for 15 minutes, 4.3%.3. The Sprague-Dawley strain and a cancerresistant strain of rats were found to be less resistant to trauma of the Noble-Collip type than were rats used by other investigators.4. Survival of previous hemorrhage did not increase resistance to Noble-Collip trauma, but appeared to decrease resistance to some extent.5. Adrenal enucleation decreased the resistance of rats to Noble-Collip trauma although regeneration of cortical tissue had been sufficient to support normal growth and to maintain the rats in a healthy state.6. Protection to the abdomen and taping of the paws gave only limited protection...
Diffusion tensor imaging with three-dimensional fiber tractography of traumatic axonal shearing injury: an imaging correlate for the posterior callosal "disconnection" syndrome: case report.

Objective To demonstrate that magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) with three-dimensional (3-D) fiber tractography can visualize traumatic axonal shearing injury that results in posterior callosal disconnection syndrome. Methods A 22-year-old man underwent serial magnetic resonance imaging 3 days and 12 weeks after blunt head injury. The magnetic resonance images included whole-brain DTI acquired with a single-shot spin echo echoplanar sequence. 3-D DTI fiber tractography of the splenium of the corpus callosum was performed. Quantitative DTI parameters, including apparent diffusion coefficient and fractional anisotropy, from the site of splenial injury were compared with those of a normal adult male volunteer. Results Conventional magnetic resonance images revealed findings of diffuse axonal injury, including a lesion at the midline of the splenium of the corpus callosum. DTI performed 3 days posttrauma revealed that the splenial lesion had reduced apparent diffusion coefficient and fractional anisotropy, reflecting a large decrease in the magnitude of diffusion parallel to the white matter fibers, which had partially recovered as revealed by follow-up DTI 12 weeks postinjury. 3-D tractography revealed an interruption of the white matter fibers in the posteroinferior aspect of the splenium that correlated with the patient's left hemialexia, a functional deficit caused by disconnection of the right visual cortex from the language centers of the dominant left hemisphere. Conclusion DTI with 3-D fiber tractography can visualize acute axonal shearing injury, which may have prognostic value for the cognitive and neurological sequelae of traumatic brain injury.
Psychotherapy for people with multiple sclerosis.

In this issue Neuropsychiatric Practice and Opinion inaugurates an occasional series of articles exploring the psychological management of patients with brain disease. Neuropsychiatrists differ in theoretical outlook and therapeutic approach, but we all should have in common subtlety and skill in the psychological understanding and treatment of patients with cerebral dysfunction. This first article, by Sarah Minden, M.D., describes the psychotherapy of patients with multiple sclerosis. Her discussion is based on a grasp of the vicissitudes of the illness and their meaning to patients, an understanding of the psychopathological consequences of the cerebral dysfunction, sensitivity to patients’ human needs, and extensive clinical experience. Dr. Minden is a psychiatrist at the Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston.
The Disintegration of Rh 102

The disintegration of ${\mathrm{Rh}}^{102}$ has been investigated using a beta-ray spectrometer. It was found that it decays by the emission of a negatron of end-point energy of 1150 kev and three positrons of end-point energies of 400 kev, 760 kev, and 1240 kev. Five gamma rays were also found in its disintegration of 86 kev, 124 kev, 195 kev, 353 kev, and 475 kev.
The Exoskeleton and Insect Proprioception: II. Reflex Effects of Tibial Campaniform Sensilla in the American Cockroach, Periplaneta Americana

1.Mechanical stimulation of individual tibial campaniform sensilla produces specific reflex effects upon motoneurones to leg muscles. 2.The reflex effects of a campaniform sensillum depend upon the orientation of its cuticular cap. The proximal sensilla, oriented perpendicular to the long axis of the tibia, excite slow motoneurones to the extensor tibiae and extensor trochanteris muscles and inhibit slow motoneurones to the flexor tibiae and flexor trochanteris muscles. The distal sensilla, oriented parallel to the tibia, exhibit reflexes of opposite sign, inhibiting the extensors and exciting the flexors. 3.These reflexes constitute a negative feedback system. Individual sensilla specifically excite motoneurones which innervate muscles whose resultant tensions decrease the firing of those sensilla. 4.It is postulated that individual campaniform sensilla can detect loading of the leg in various postures and can excite appropriate motoneurones in compensation. These receptors can also detect strains caused by large, resisted contractions of the antagonist muscles and inhibit the corresponding motoneurones.
Climate communication and the exclusion of indigenous knowledge

This paper presents the preliminary findings of an ongoing discourse analysis of the language of inclusivity and holism in Working Group II's report to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. The paper examines whether indigenous knowledge practices, which are cited within the report as important to adaptation and mitigation strategies, are being represented in climate discourse. Focusing on extending past discourse analyses of climate communication, this paper identifies a need for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and other policy organizations to more effectively communicate the ethics of inclusive policies in the field of climate science, particularly the effects of such policies on indigenous populations. Furthermore, the paper examines the make-up of Working Group II to determine whether indigenous knowledge and perspectives are included in the authoring of the reports themselves. Language indicating a need to consider multiple perspectives does not, in this case, lead to the just representation of those perspectives.
OUTCOMES AFTER PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTION AMONG PATIENTS WITH A HISTORY OF TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK OR CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT: INSIGHTS FROM THE BLUE CROSS BLUE SHIELD OF MICHIGAN CARDIOVASCULAR CONSORTIUM

Background: Due to shared risk factors between coronary artery disease and cerebrovascular disease, patients (pts) with a history of transient ischemic attack (TIA) or cerebrovascular accident (CVA) often undergo percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). We examined the association between a history
Metal-Foam-Based Ultrafast Electronucleation of Hydrates at Low Voltages.

The induction time for the nucleation of hydrates can be significantly reduced by electronucleation, which consists of applying an electrical potential across the hydrate precursor solution. This study reveals that open-cell aluminum foam electrodes can reduce the electronucleation induction time by 150× when compared to nonfoam electrodes. Experiments with tetrahydrofuran hydrates show that aluminum foam electrodes trigger near-instantaneous nucleation (in only tens of seconds) at low voltages. Furthermore, this study suggests that two distinct interfacial mechanisms influence electronucleation, namely, electrolytic bubble generation and the formation of metal ion complex-based coordination compounds. These mechanisms (which depend on the electrode material and polarity) affect the induction time to vastly different extents. Coordination compound formation (verified via detection of metal ions in solution) exerts a much greater influence on electronucleation than the mechanistic effects associated with b...
Abstract 4618: TGF-B upregulates GSK3B and mediates NK dysfunction in cancer

Transforming growth factor-B (TGF-B) is an important regulator of tumorigenesis. Initially, it was discovered to have anti-cancer activities by promoting apoptosis and preventing hyperproliferation of cells. However, abundant presence of TGF-B in the tumor microenvironment is known to hinder cancer eradication by suppressing anti-tumor activities of immune cells. The molecular switches that regulate the role of TGF-B are not fully understood. One main target of TGF-B-mediated immune cell dysfunction are natural killer (NK) cells. NK cells are innate immune cells that lyse virally-infected and cancer cells. Recently, we have discovered that glycogen synthase kinase 3-beta (GSK3B) upregulation in NK cells leads to NK dysfunction. Another study has indicated that GSK3 phosphorylates SMAD3 to inhibit TGF-B-mediated growth dysfunction in AML12 cells. In addition, GSK3B inhibition has been linked to increased sensitivity of cancer cells to NK killing but the role of GSK3B in NK function is understudied. This study examines how the role that GSK3B has on TGF-B-mediated NK cell dysfunction. Methods: NK cells were isolated from the peripheral blood of healthy donors and expanded in vitro for 14 days. NK cells were either treated with or without 5ng/mL TGF-B for 72 hours, and GSK3B expression, and the expression of NK activating receptors was measured via flow cytometry. In addition, GSK3B expression is abrogated using a siRNA in NK cells. The NK cells were treated with or without TGF-B, and NK cell cytotoxicity is measured with a fluorometric cytotoxicity assay. Results: TGF-B pretreatment of NK cells led to 2-fold GSK3B expression in NK cells. TGF-B pretreatment led to decreased expression of NK activating receptors NKp46 and NKG2D. Also, TGF-B led to decreased expression of lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1), an adhesion molecule necessary for NK cells to adhere to target cells prior to lysis of the target cells. TGF-B pretreatment of NK cells led to 33.3% reduced killing of both leukemic and solid tumor targets. Pharmacologic and genetic abrogation of GSK3 minimized TGF-B-mediated NK dysfunction as measured by calcein-AM based cytotoxicity assays. Importantly, inhibiting GSK3B activity with TGF-B treatment rescued NK cell cytotoxic function. Discussion: Our data suggests that TGF-B leads to upregulated GSK3B expression, and downregulation of NK activating receptors. In addition, TGF-B reduced NK killing of cancer cells. We believe that TGF-B-mediated NK dysfunction is facilitated by GSK3B upregulation. Further studies are underway to determine how TGF-B affects the expression of other NK receptors, and to elucidate the mechanism by which TGF-B directs GSK3B upregulation. Citation Format: Evelyn Ojo, Folashade Otegbeye, Stephen Moreton, David Wald. TGF-B upregulates GSK3B and mediates NK dysfunction in cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 4618. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-4618
Conditional Brownian Motion, Whitney Squares and the Conditional Gauge Theorem

Let (X, P x ) be Brownian motion killed at τ D = inf {t > 0: X t ∉ D}, D a domain in ℝ2 and (X, P z x ) this motion conditioned on X τD = z. For Kato class potentials q we show \( E_x^x\left[ {\exp \left\{ { - \int\limits_0^{{\tau D}} {q\left( {{X_s}} \right)ds} } \right\}} \right] \)is bounded from zero and infinity with little or no assumption on the smoothness of the boundary.
Proving causation in environmental litigation.

Proving both general and specific causation in tort claims alleging harm from environmental toxicity is difficult. Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association.
APPLICATIONS OF CLINICAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY

Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) detects electromagnetic signals produc- ed by the atomic nuclei within molecules that are present in living tissues. It can be used to obtain in situ concentration measures for certain chemicals in living systems. This chapter will introduce the physics and technology of MRS signal detection. It will also introduce a few basic biochemical concepts that are relevant to MRS.
On the measurement of normal stress differences in steady shear flow

Compared to the similar pressure-distribution cone-and-plate apparatus of Adams and Lodge (4), the new apparatus' improvements include: temperature control of the cone (as well as the plate); increased stiffening of the frame; four (not three) pressuremeasuring holes in the cone/plate region; inclusion of a pressure-measuring hole on the axis under the cone truncation; exclusive use of a vertical free liquid boundary at the cone rim (without a “sea” of liquid). Temperature control of the rotating cone and of the fixed plate leads to acceptable temperature uniformity in the test liquid for working temperatures within 10°C or 20°C of ambient; the corresponding interval is about 1°C if the cone temperature control is abandoned. Pressure gradients measured using a Newtonian liquid agree with those calculated using Walters' eq. (3). For a viscoelastic liquid, after subtracting inertial contributions, pressure distributions measured at a given shear rate in the cone/plate region do not change when the gap angle is changed from 2° to 3°, showing that the effects of secondary flow are negligible. Values ofN 3 =N 1 + 2N 2 obtained from the gradients of these distributions are believed to be in error by not more than ±1 Pa, in favorable cases. The present most useful ranges are: 10 to 5000 Pa forN 3; 0.1 to 200 sec−1 for shear rate; up to 5 Pa s for viscosity; and 5 to 40°C for temperature. As an application, it is shown that adding 0.1% of a high molecular weight polyisobutylene to a 2% polyisobutylene solution doublesN 3 and has no detectable effect on the viscosity measured at low shear rates with a Ferranti-Shirley viscometer.
Oblique human symphyseal angle is associated with an evolutionary rate-shift early in the hominin clade.

Abstract The rate of change in primate mandibular symphyseal angles was modeled with particular aim of locating a rate-shift within the hominin clade. Prior work noted that the human symphyseal angle must have experienced a rapid rate of change in order to assume the modern human form, suggestive of the non-random work of natural selection. This study indicates that the rate of symphyseal evolution rose dramatically between Australopithecus anamensis and Australopithecus afarensis and continued throughout the diversification of the hominin clade. Noting the timing of this event, we speculate as to what ecological factors could have been at play in driving this rearrangement of the anterior mandible, contributing to the eventual appearance of the human chin.
A simple and fast adaptive nonlocal multispectral filtering algorithm for efficient noise reduction in magnetic resonance imaging

Abstract Purpose We recently introduced a multispectral (MS) nonlocal (NL) filter based on maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) of voxel intensities, termed MS-NLML. While MS-NLML provides excellent noise reduction and improved image feature preservation as compared to other NL or MS filters, it requires considerable processing time, limiting its application in routine analyses. In this work, we introduced a fast, simple, and robust filter, termed nonlocal estimation of multispectral magnitudes (NESMA), for noise reduction in multispectral (MS) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Methods Through extensive simulation and in-vivo analyses, we compared the performance of NESMA and MS-NLML in terms of noise reduction and processing efficiency. Further, we introduce two simple adaptive methods that permit spatial variation of similar voxels, R, used in the filtering. The first method is semi-adaptive and permits variation of R across the image by using a relative Euclidean distance (RED) similarity threshold. The second method is fully adaptive and filters the raw data with several RED similarity thresholds to spatially determine the optimal threshold value using an unbiased criterion. Results NESMA shows very similar filtering performance as compared to MS-NLML, however, with much simple implementation and very fast processing time. Further, for both filters, the adaptive methods were shown to further reduce noise in comparison with the conventional non-adaptive method in which R is set to a constant value throughout the image. Conclusions NESMA is fast, robust, and straightforward to implement filter. These features render it suitable for routine clinical use and analysis of large MRI datasets.