cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ventilation-perfusion relationships after hemorrhage and resuscitation: an inert gas analysis

Previous investigations suggest that ventilation-perfusion (VA/Q) relationships after hemorrhagic shock are primarily dependent on regional distribution of pulmonary blood flow and implicated early VA/Q heterogeneity secondary to disproportionate redistribution of pulmonary blood flow to dependent lung regions. Multiple inert gas elimination analysis, as described by Wagner et al. (J. Appl. Physiol.: Respirat. Environ. Exercise Physiol. 36: 588-599, 1974), was applied to a standard hemorrhagic shock preparation to test this hypothesis. Soon after hemorrhage, VA/Q distributions shifted homogeneously into high VA/Q compartments, preserving base-line VA/Q relationships around a new mean VA/Q ratio. Although the mean VA/Q and VA/Q distribution returned to base line after resuscitation with autologous blood, absolute dead space ventilation persisted. Gas exchange defects included increased Bohr dead space ventilation, which could be attributed to 1) a homogeneous shift of VA/Q distributions into high VA/Q compartments, and 2) new absolute dead space ventilation associated with observed intravascular leukostasis and vascular occlusion. In contrast to previous investigations, these data suggest that VA/Q heterogeneity does not occur after hemorrhage, but rather pulmonary blood flow decreases proportionately throughout all lung regions, preserving base-line VA/Q patterns around a new mean VA/Q ratio.
Expression of human interleukin-3 (multi-CSF) is restricted to human lymphocytes and T-cell tumor lines.

While the cellular sources for granulocyte-macrophage colony- stimulating factor (GM-CSF) are known to be widely distributed among several cell types, interleukin-3 (IL-3) gene expression has been demonstrated in only certain T-cell clones and in blood mononuclear cells stimulated with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and phorbol-myristate- acetate (PMA). To determine which blood cells were responsible for this expression, we fractionated PHA/PMA-stimulated mononuclear cells and identified T lymphocytes as the source of IL-3 mRNA. Low-level IL-3 expression was detected as well in several stimulated human T-cell lines. Hematopoietic stromal cells such as fibroblasts and endothelial cells could not be induced to express IL-3 mRNA. The kinetics of IL-3 mRNA induction in mononuclear cells and lymphocytes stimulated with PHA/PMA or anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody (MoAb) and interleukin-1 (IL-1) were similar to those observed for GM-CSF expression.
Mechanism of Action of (-)-(2R,4R)-1-(2-hydroxymethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)thymine as an anti-HIV agent

(-)-(2R,4R)-1-(2-Hydroxymethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4yl)thymine (DOT) is a thymidine analogue that has potent in vitro activity against wild-type and nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI)-resistant HIV. For nucleoside analogues to inhibit viral replication, they must be metabolized to the active triphosphate, which inhibits the viral reverse transcriptase (RT). Using purified enzymes, the kinetics of DOT phosphorylation, inhibition of wild-type and drug-resistant HIV-1 reverse transcriptase activity, and excision of DOT-5'-monophosphate (DOT-MP) from a chain-terminated primer were examined. DOT was phosphorylated by human thymidine kinase-1 (TK-1) but not by other pyrimidine nucleoside kinases, including the mitochondrial thymidine kinase (TK-2). Resistance to NRTIs involves decreased binding/incorporation and/or increased excision of the chain-terminating NRTI. RTs containing the D67N/K70R/T215Y/K219Q or T695-SS/T215Y mutations show enhanced removal of DOT-MP from terminated primer as well as approximately four-fold decreased binding/incorporation. The Q151M and K65R mutations appear to cause decreased inhibition by DOT-TP. However, both the K65R and Q151M mutations show decreased excision, which would confer greater stability on the terminated primer. These opposing mechanisms could offset the overall resistance profile and susceptibility. Little or no resistance was observed with the enzymes harbouring mutations resistant to lamivudine (M184V) and non-nucleoside RT inhibitors (K103N).
Time and dose relationships in estriol-estradiol interaction.

SummaryUterine response to estradiol in immature female mice is inhibited significantly by concurrent injection of estriol. Extent of inhibition is proportional to amount of estriol added. Impeding interaction occurs along the ascending segment of the estradiol dose-response curve and with higher doses as well. In no case does a combination of estrogens have a positive additive action. These conclusions are based on both wet and dry uterine weight observations. Day by day analysis shows that uterine weight gain of each 24 hour period during 3 day estradiol treatment is inhibited when estriol is given concurrently. These studies negate the possibilities that estriol-estradiol interaction is a masked-summation effect in which time of maximum effect has shifted, or that an additive effect occurs in which two estrogens combined exceed maximum response dose. Rather, it appears that estriol competes actively at a physiologic site essential in development of usual estradiol stimulation of the uterus.
Detecting and Clinical significance of Serum Interleukin 8 in Children with Primary nephritic syndrome

Objective To explore the change of serum Interleukin 8 in children with primary nephritic syndrome(PNS).Methods The levels of serum Interleukin 8 and albumin A were determined in children with primary nephritic syndrome in acute and stable stage respectively by ELISA.Results The level of serum Interleukin 8 in children with PNS in acute stage was obviously higher than those in stable stage and control group.There was no significant difference in serum Interleukin 8 between the PNS group in stable stage and the control group.The level of serum albumin A in PNS group was distinctly lower than that in the control group as well as that in PNS group in acute stage was lower than in stable stage.There was a negative correlation between the level of Interleukin 8 and the level of albumin A in children with PNS.Conclusion It is concluded that the level of serum Interleukin 8 in children with PNS was correlate with the impary in renal corpuscle.The measurement of Interleukin 8 may be used as an index to evaluate the degree of renal damnify and the prognosis in children with PNS.
Protein-Protein Interactions and Secondary Structure affect Helix Stability in Crowded Environments

The dense, heterogeneous cellular environment is known to affect protein stability through interactions with other biomacromolecules. The effect of excluded volume due to these biomolecules, also known as crowding agents, on a protein of interest, or test protein, has long been known to increase the stability of a test protein. Recently, it has been recognized that attractive protein-crowder interactions play an important role. These interactions affect protein stability and can destabilize the test protein. Here, we use multicanonical molecular dynamics and a coarse-grained protein model to study the folding thermodynamics of a small helical test protein in the presence of crowding agents that are themselves proteins. In order to separate the roles of crowder hydrophobicity and secondary structure, two series of simulations were conducted. Each series covered a range of crowder hydrophobicities: in one series the crowding agents were alpha-helices; in the second, they were beta-hairpins. Our results show that the stability of the test protein depends on both the hydrophobicity and secondary structure of the surrounding biomolecules. For hydrophilic crowding agents, the peptide is stabilized through entropic factors, for moderately hydrophilic crowders, the peptide is destabilized through crowder-induced stabilization of its unfolded states, and for hydrophobic crowders, the peptide is either stabilized through packing of crowding agents around the peptide or destabilized due to beta-sheet formation.
Patterns in the Initial Teaching Assignments of Secondary English Teachers: Implications for Teacher Agency and Retention.

ABSTRACTThis study examined the teaching assignments of English teachers in 13 Mid-Atlantic high schools across five states. Data on the experience levels of 175 English teachers teaching 246 classes and surveys from 85 teacher participants were collected. Findings reveal that major agency-thwarting challenges face new English teachers: They typically are assigned to teach the students who need the most assistance, do not have their own classrooms and believe that teacher tracking occurs in their schools. Results suggest that in order to increase teacher agency, retention, and student learning, we must shift the working conditions, rhetoric, and culture around new teachers.
Toward the Professionalization of Sport Psychology

The application and professionalization of sport psychology has attracted increased attention from various sources including colleagues in the field, sport science and psychology departments, collegiate, Olympic, and professional sport organizations, and the media. Unfortunately, the attention generated has not resulted in significant organizational progress on issues crucial to the integrity of a developing specialization such as sport psychology. These crucial professional issues include the orderly growth of the field, requirements for the establishment of a recognized profession in sport psychology, the training of future sport psychologists, and the process and procedures required to develop and implement the certification of sport psychologists. The present paper was written to address these critical issues, identify progressive steps currently being taken, and recommend subsequent actions that can advance the field toward the professionalization of sport psychology without compromising the integrit...
Probing resonant linewidth narrowing in quantum dot emission with above-band light

An above-band laser can increase the brightness from quantum dots states. Homogeneous and inhomogeneous linewidth and line-shape of semiconductor quantum dots under resonant fluorescence are investigated for such states.
RATIO THEOREMS OF TRANSITION PROBABILITIES AND APPLICATIONS

This chapter focuses on ratio theorems of transition probabilities. The chapter reviews taboo probabilities. Generally, relations involving taboo states are verified by considering the first or last occurrenceof some event.This duality between first and last plays an important role in many areas of probability theory. This is particularly true in the case of sums of identically and independently distributed random variables where there is a complete equivalence between these concepts. The existence of generalized stationary distributions is reviewed. The chapter presents an interpretation of generalized stationary distributions, and reviews regular, super-regular, and subregular sequences for Markov chains. The chapter reviews some of the simple aspects of the elegant theory, which also embodies the elements of potential theory Markov matrix operators.
Comparison of Suicide Attempts/Behaviors Following Smoking Cessation Treatments Among Schizophrenic Smokers

Abstract Background Smoking cessation may lead to depression in some smokers and result in increased risk of suicide. Objective To compare the risk of suicide attempts/behaviors associated with different smoking cessation medications among schizophrenic patients. Methods A retrospective cohort study was conducted using General Electric (GE) medical record database (1995–2011). The first day of being prescribed a smoking cessation medication defined as index date. Patients were followed up to one year from index date. Patients' suicide behaviors or attempts were identified through ICD-9 codes and E-codes. Cox proportional hazards model was applied to examine the association between smoking cessation medication and suicidal/self-injurious behaviors. Results Our cohort consisted of 3925 patients with diagnosis of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder who initiated cessation medication. Among them, 104 (2.65%) had suicide attempts or behavior within one-year follow up. However, statistically significant difference in the risk of suicide attempts/behaviors was not detected across cessation regimens in the Cox proportional hazard analysis. Only comorbidity index was found to be associated with suicide, which showed that higher Charlson comorbidity index was associated with higher risks of suicide behaviors within one year (HR = 1.15, 95% CI = 1.04–1.27). Conclusion There were no significant differences in suicide attempts/behaviors with different cessation medications.
Prognostic Implications of Creatine Kinase-MB Elevation After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Results From the Evaluation of Drug-Eluting Stents and Ischemic Events (EVENT) Registry

Background—Creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) elevation after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has been associated with increased risk for mortality. Although most studies have defined periprocedural myocardial infarction (pMI) as an elevation in CK-MB >3× upper limit of normal (ULN), use of different CK-MB assays and variation in site-specific definitions of the ULN may limit the value of such relative thresholds. Methods and Results—We used data from the multicenter Evaluation of Drug-Eluting Stents and Ischemic Events (EVENT) registry to examine the impact of variations in site-specific thresholds for CK-MB elevation on the incidence of pMI as well as the relationship between absolute peak levels of CK-MB after PCI and 1-year mortality. The study cohort consisted of 6347 patients who underwent nonemergent PCI and had normal CK-MB at baseline. Across the 59 study centers, the ULN for CK-MB ranged from 2.6 to 10.4 ng/mL (median, 5.0 ng/mL), and there was an inverse relationship between the site-specific ...
Ceruloplasmin Is Essential for the Mobilization of Tissue Iron Stores.

Abstract In extracellular fluid, iron is in the ferric (oxidized form) but the intracellular form is ferrous iron (reduced). The outflow of iron from cells is dependent on oxidase activity that converts ferrous to ferric iron. Iron-absorbing enterocytes possess a unique iron oxidase, hephaestin. It is presumed that the circulating hephaestin paralog ceruloplasmin fulfils this role in hepatocytes and macrophages. The DiSnA mouse lacks ceruloplasmin. We hypothesized that iron homeostasis in this mouse would be unusually dependent on dietary iron because the mouse would not be able to mobilize iron from tissue stores in hepatocytes and macrophages. We fed 4-week-old DiSnA and wildtype (WT) mice a high iron (1%) diet for 4 weeks to load tissue stores. We then switched them to an iron-deficient diet and analyzed them weekly to measure iron and hemoglobin concentrations. Even on the high iron diet, DiSnA mice had lower serum iron concentrations than WT control (32.9±17.9 vs. 53.5±17.6 μM, p=0.05) but after two weeks on the iron deficient diet, the DiSnA mice had almost undetectable serum iron (4.2±1.8 μM) whereas the WT controls had only declined slightly (43.2±9.6 μM, p
The effect of chemotherapy-induced anemia on the risk of dose delay and dose reduction.

e20689 Background: Chemotherapy-induced neutropenia has been shown to be associated with dose delay and dose reduction. The effect of anemia is less known. The current study aims to evaluate modera...
Economic Evaluation of High-Strength Materials in Stocky Reinforced Concrete Shear Walls

AbstractPrevious numerical research has shown that high-strength steel reinforcing bars (rebar) combined with high-strength concrete can increase the lateral strength of stocky (i.e., low height-to...
Are Drug Eluting Stents Worth Triple Therapy

Approximately 8% patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention are on anticoagulation, which creates difficult choices regarding stent type and antiplatelet use.[1][1] Drug eluting stents (DES) are usually preferred over bare metal stents (BMS) because of less restenosis and fewer repeat
River food webs: an integrative approach to bottom‐up flow webs, top‐down impact webs, and trophic position

The majority of food web studies are based on connectivity, top-down impacts, bottom-up flows, or trophic position (TP), and ecologists have argued for decades which is best. Rarely have any two been considered simultaneously. The present study uses a procedure that integrates the last three approaches based on taxon-specific secondary production and gut analyses. Ingestion flows are quantified to create a flow web and the same data are used to quantify TP for all taxa. An individual predator's impacts also are estimated using the ratio of its ingestion (I) of each prey to prey production (P) to create an I/P web. This procedure was applied to 41 invertebrate taxa inhabiting submerged woody habitat in a southeastern U.S. river. A complex flow web starting with five basal food resources had 462 flows >1 mg·m-2 ·yr-1 , providing far more information than a connectivity web. Total flows from basal resources to primary consumers/omnivores were dominated by allochthonous amorphous detritus and ranged from 1 to >50,000 mg·m-2 ·yr-1 . Most predator-prey flows were much lower ( 1,000 mg·m-2 ·yr-1 . The I/P web showed that 83% of individual predator impacts were weak ( 90%). Quantitative estimates of TP ranged from 2 to 3.7, contrasting sharply with seven integer-based trophic levels based on longest feeding chain. Traditional omnivores (TP = 2.4-2.9) played an important role by consuming more prey and exerting higher impacts on primary consumers than strict predators (TP ≥ 3). This study illustrates how simultaneous quantification of flow pathways, predator impacts, and TP together provide an integrated characterization of natural food webs.
The Redundant Free Exercise Clause

This article, forthcoming in Loyola (Chicago) Law Review, examines the protection religious exercise receives independent of the Free Exercise Clause as currently construed. Much religious exercise is protected as speech or as symbolic speech. Under current free speech doctrine, religious practices that are speech or symbolic speech receive approximately the same protection as, or even somewhat more protection than, those practices receive under current Free Exercise doctrine. Government may not discriminate against religious speech, a result reached under current free exercise doctrine through a different route. Religious practices that are not speech or symbolic speech receive minimal protection under current Free Exercise doctrine, and little if any protection under the Free Speech Clause. The right of expressive association as articulated in Boy Scouts v. Dale provides additional protection for religious practices, particularly because Dale requires the courts to defer to associations' own definitions of the messages they wish to send and to their claims that including others in the association would interfere with those messages. Taken together, free speech doctrine and the right of expressive association may provide as much protection for religious practices as does the Free Exercise Clause as currently interpreted. The alternative doctrines, thus, may render the Free Exercise Clause redundant.
RECOVERY OF UNDEREXPOSED IMAGES BY AUTORADIOGRAPHIC INTENSIFICATION METHOD

Abstract The radiochemical technique known as autoradiographic intensification method (AIM) for recovery of underexposed, developed and processed images with special emphasis on the use of 35 S thiourea is reviewed. The use of subtractive photographic reducer (mixture of potassium ferricyanide and sodium thiosulfate) to decrease the fog level and thereby increase the contrast of the intensified image, is demonstrated. Some recent applications on the successful recovery of underexposed images of routine autoradiographs and medical x-rays using AIM are given. When fully developed, it is hoped that AIM will have several applications in science, medicine, and technology. In routine autoradiography, AIM offers the possibility of reducing the Initial exposure time that usually requires many days to several months to accomplish. In medical radiography, AIM offers the possibility of reducing radiation exposure to patients undergoing radiologic examinations such as mammographic screening tests and x-rays of pregnant women. In aerial reconnaissance, AIM can be used for mineral resources management and surveillance. It involves the recovery of either accidentally or intentionally underexposed images. In forensic science, AIM can be used for proper identification of a criminal involved in a robbery where accidentally underexposed photographs were taken.
Growth and Reproductive Traits in Beef Heifers Implanted with Zeranol

Weaned replacement heifers were implanted with zeranol at 8 and 11 mo of age in two trials to evaluate growth and reproductive traits. Approximately 100 beef heifers were used in each trial, and the heifers were divided into categories of heavier than average (H) and lighter than average (L) weaning weight. Weight categories were further divided into control (HC and LC) and zeranol-implanted (HI and LI) groups. Heifers were kept in drylot from weaning to just before the start of the breeding season and were fed to reach a predetermined body weight by the start of the breeding season and were fed to reach a predetermined body weight by the start of the breeding season. Rates of gain in the drylot were greater in implanted than in control heifers in both trial 1 (.53 vs .48 kg/d; P less than .09) and trial 2 (.70 vs .63 kg/d; P less than .01). Pelvic areas were greater (P less than .01) in implanted than in control heifers of both trial 1 (175 vs 159 cm2) and trial 2 (175 vs 164 cm2). This increase in pelvic size was still present at the end of the summer pasture period, which followed the drylot period. Zeranol had no major effect (P greater than .10) on age of weight at puberty. Fall pregnancy rate was 16% lower in implanted heifers than in control heifers in trial 1 (62 vs 78%, P = .08) but did not differ in trial 2 (88 vs 87%, I and C, respectively).
Challenges in Enteric Epidemics: Barometers of Inadequate Water and Sanitation

Infectious diarrheal illnesses, markers of inadequate water and sanitation systems, rank among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, disproportionately so in low-income countries and among children [1–3]. Following the recognition of water as a vehicle for enteric pathogen transmission, a sanitary revolution swept across Europe and North America, reducing the burden to primarily sporadic outbreaks of limited extent [4–6]. For the majority of the world’s population, however, the health benefits of clean water and “flush” toilets are far from reach. The most recently headlined barometer of inadequate water and sanitation came roaring out of deplorable sanitary conditions in earthquake-devastated Haiti in October 2010. In a matter of 8 weeks, an introduced cholera epidemic (caused by Vibrio cholerae O1) surged through the Haitian population, causing an astonishing 121,518 cases where the disease had not existed for decades [7, 8]. The use of intravenous and oral rehydration therapy (ORT) for patients with rapid dehydration kept the epidemic case fatality rate (CFR) to 2.1 % and was a reminder of the simple yet vital importance of fluid resuscitation [8]. Shown to be effective in 80 % of cholera cases as well as for other acute diarrheal diseases, ORT has likely saved more than 40 million lives since its advent in the 1960s and thus has made more contributions to reducing mortality due to cholera and other diarrheal illnesses globally than any other therapy [9]. Yet, 2.6 billion people (42 % of the world’s population) remain at risk of life-threatening diarrheal illness simply for lack of clean water and sanitation [4, 10]. Moreover, morbidity due to epidemic and endemic infectious diarrhea may actually be increasing [2]. Contributing to the overall burden of diarrheal disease is the recently recognized long-term deleterious sequelae of enteropathogens on impaired early childhood development and associations with malnutrition even in the absence of loose stools [11]. The myriad potential of enteric pathogens to viciously ravage susceptible populations, as well as to stealthily rob at-risk children of their maximum potential, poses one of the greatest challenges of the twenty-first century.
Profitability and efficacy of soybean seed treatment in Michigan

Abstract Soybean (Glycine max Merr.) is a globally important oilseed crop. Use of seed treatments to avert yield loss by managing seedling pathogens, early-season insects, and nematodes has become more common. Seed treatments may effectively protect plant stand and plant health in the presence of pathogens and pests, but the profitability of prophylactic seed treatment use across diverse environments remains in question, particularly when pests and pathogen populations are low or absent. Seed treatments, including a non-treated control (NTC), fungicide (F), fungicide-insecticide (FI), and fungicide-insecticide-biological nematode protectant (FIN), were evaluated on four soybean varieties at seven field sites in 2013, 2014, and 2015. In 2013, yield data was collected, and in subsequent years additional parameters were measured. FIN significantly improved plant stand at two sites in 2014 and three sites in 2015. Scant soybean aphid (Aphis glycines Matsumura) numbers were found at four sites across 2014 and 2015. Soybean aphid populations in FI plots were lower relative to the NTC at two of the four sites. Soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines Ichinohe) (SCN) was present in one field in 2015, but FIN treatment did not significantly reduce SCN reproduction or population relative to the NTC. Yield across soybean varieties was significantly improved by FIN at the Allegan county sites in 2013 and 2015. Across sites in 2013, no seed treatment significantly improved net returns relative to the NTC. Across sites in 2014 and 2015, FIN significantly reduced net returns relative to the NTC. The probability that a seed treatment would result in economically neutral or positive outcomes was estimated by using Maximum Likelihood Estimation. Results from these planting dates and seeding rates indicate that seed treatments may not benefit all soybean growers. Seed treatment benefits may be affected by soybean variety, soil, environmental conditions, planting population, and planting date. Early planting dates and reduced seeding rates may see an increase in seed treatment profitability.
Fully Automated Spleen Localization And Segmentation Using Machine Learning And 3D Active Contours

Automated segmentation of the spleen in CT volumes is difficult due to variations in size, shape, and position of the spleen within the abdominal cavity as well as similarity of intensity values among organs in the abdominal cavity. In this paper we present a method for automated localization and segmentation of the spleen within axial abdominal CT volumes using trained classification models, active contours, anatomical information, and adaptive features. The results show an average Dice score of 0.873 on patients experiencing various chest, abdominal, and pelvic traumas taken at different contrast phases.
Modeling Chemical Reactions with the Gaussian Gun

In this article, we describe how the Gaussian Gun, a simple configuration of magnets and ball bearings, can be leveraged to connect ideas from physics to representations and ideas that are central to chemistry and challenging for students to learn. In particular, we show how the Gaussian Gun, an arrangement of ball bearings and magnets, models much of the physics behind chemical bonds and exothermic reactions, and develops students’ understanding of reaction maps.
Three-dimensional hernia analysis: the impact of size on surgical outcomes

BMI and hernia defect size are strongly associated with outcomes after open ventral hernia repair (OVHR). The impact of abdominal subcutaneous fat (SQV), intra-abdominal volume (IAV), hernia volume (HV), and ratio of HV to intra-abdominal volume (HV:IAV, representing visceral eventration) is less clearly elucidated. This study examines the interaction of multiple markers of adiposity and hernia size in OVHR. OVHR with preoperative CT scans were identified. 3D volumetric software measured HV, SQV, IAV, and HV:IAV was calculated. A principal component analysis was performed to create new component variables for collinear variables. Hernia PC was composed primarily of hernia dimensions, EAV (extra-abdominal volume PC) included SQV and BMI, and IAV PC included IAV. A total of 1178 OVHR patients had a preoperative CT scan. Their demographics included a mean age of 58.5 ± 12.4 years, BMI of 34.2 ± 7.7 kg/m2, and 57.8% were female. The mean defect area was 150.8 ± 136.7 cm2, and 66.0% were recurrent, Patients had mean SQV of 6719.4 ± 3563.9 cm3, HV of 966.9 ± 1303.5 cm3, IAV of 4250.2 ± 2118.1 cm3, and a HV:IAV of 0.29 ± 0.46. In multivariate analysis, Hernia PC was associated with panniculectomy (OR 1.52, CI 1.37–1.69) and component separation (OR 1.34, CI 1.21–1.49) and was negatively associated with fascial closure (OR 0.78, CI 0.69–0.88). Hernia PC was also associated with reoperation, readmission, and development of wound complications (OR 1.18, CI 1.08–1.30; OR 1.15, CI 1.04–1.27; OR 1.28, CI 1.16–1.41, respectively). EAV PC was associated with performance of a panniculectomy (OR 1.33, CI 1.20–1.48), readmission (OR 1.18, CI 1.06–1.32), and wound complications (OR 1.41, CI 1.27–1.57). IAV PC was not associated with adverse outcomes. Values of hernia area, volume, IAV, HV:IAV, BMI, and SQV are collinear markers of patient obesity and hernia proportions. They are distinct enough to be represented by three principal component variables, indicating more nuanced discrete influences on variability of surgical outcomes other than BMI.
Structures of 355-1355-1355-1tricarbonyl: structural evidence for the near-electroneutrality of the dialkylacetal substituent

The structures of the (benzene dialkylacetal)tricarbonyl chromium complexes [η6-C6H5-CH(OR)2]Cr(CO)6 (R=Me,1; Et,2), are reported. The compounds were examined as part of a study of the conformations of the tripodal tricarbonylchromium group. For [η6-C6H5-CH(OMe)2]Cr(CO)3,1, monoclinic,P21/c (# 14),a=15.235(1) A,b=6.5304(5) A,c=12.702 A, β=103.197(1)o,Z=4. For [η6-C6H5-CH(OEt)2]Cr(CO)3,2, monoclinic,P21/c (# 14),a=9.859(3) A,b=10.547(3) A,c=15.138(3) A, β=108.42(2)o,Z=4. The data show that the molecules adopt the expected “three-legged piano stool” structure. The carbonyl ligands in1 adopt an eclipsed arrangement with respect to the arene ring and its substituent, while those in2 are staggered. These conformations are consistent with the notion that the acetal substituent behaves largely as an electroneutral group, or at most as a weak electronic acceptor.
Domains of Functional Impairment and Their Associations with Thwarted Belonging and Perceived Burden in Older Adults

Objectives: Functional impairment and social disconnection are risk factors for suicide in later life. This paper examines associations between domains of functional impairment and two forms of soc...
Conversations Regarding Personhood: Use of the Patient Dignity Question in an Outpatient Psycho-Oncology Clinic

Abstract Background: The Patient Dignity Question (PDQ) is a single question, which directly asks the patient, “What should I know about you as a person to help me take the best care of you that I ...
Al 0.65 Ga 0.35 N/Al 0.4 Ga 0.6 N Micro-Channel Heterojunction Field Effect Transistors With Current Density Over 900 mA/mm

We report on the demonstration of high current density in Al0.65Ga0.35N/Al0.4Ga0.6N heterojunction field effect transistors with micro-channels enabled by enhanced contact injection. Devices with a gate length of 100 nm exhibited a maximum current density of 910 mA/mm and a maximum transconductance of 140 mS/mm. A current gain cut off frequency of 20 GHz and maximum oscillation frequency of 36 GHz were obtained. Large-signal load-pull characterization of the transistors showed output power density of 2.7 W/mm at 10 GHz. The current density and output power density represent the state-of-art performance for high Al-composition AlGaN channel transistors.
Chitosan-Based Systems for Gene Delivery

Conventional methods for gene delivery with non-viral or viral delivery carriers are beset with various disadvantages such as immune reactions, low transfection efficiency, and toxicity. Innumerable methods are under investigation to help improve the development of biodegradable polymers with low cytotoxicity, transcellular transport ability, favorable physicochemical properties, ease of modification by targeting ligands, and high transfection efficiency. Chitosan is a biodegradable polymer that has attained a lot of attention as a gene delivery vector due to its ease of modification, high transfection efficiency, and exceptional biocompatibility. Chitosan being cationic in nature can form polyelectrolyte complexes with negatively charged DNA allowing nucleic acid condensation along with protection from nucleases, which is widely beneficial in gene therapies. Moreover, factors such as pH, degree of acetylation, N/P ratio, and surface modifications can be suitably investigated to improve transfection efficiency of chitosan-based vectors. Various chitosan-based gene delivery systems developed in the past decade including chitosan-based polyplexes, nanoparticles, and DNA vaccines have been discussed in this chapter. The goal of this book chapter is to review recent advancements in gene therapy with major focus on chitosan and its applications as a gene delivery vector.
USING FLUORODEOXYGLUCOSE (18F-FDG) PET/CT TO MONITOR TREATMENT RESPONSE IN CARDIAC SARCOIDOSIS

Isolated cardiac sarcoidosis(CS) is a life-threatening condition that can be difficult to diagnose. This case report provides an example in which 18F-FDG- and 82Rb- PET/CT studies were crucial for diagnosis and treatment of a patient with CS. A 51 year old male presented after witnessed cardiac
A Blockchain Technology Approach for the Security and Trust of the IC Supply Chain

In trying to lower the costs of integrated circuit (IC) fabrication, the IC supply chain is becoming global. However, if the foundry or the supply chain, to which the fabrication process is outsourced, is not reliable or trustworthy, it may result in the quality of ICs being compromised. There have been well documented instances of counterfeit chips, and chips secretly implanted with Trojans, creeping into the supply chain. With the above background in mind, we propose to strengthen the supply chain process by attempting to use a very secure technique which has been widely used in many other fields, namely, the blockchain technology. Blockchain, first introduced for the security and mining of bitcoins, is one of the most trusted security techniques in today’s world. In this paper, we propose a blockchain technology enabled ‘smart contract’ approach for ensuring the security and trust of these ICs by tracking down the stage of alteration at which the chip may have been compromised in the IC supply chain.
The Needle in the Haystack: Identifying Credible Mobile Health Apps for Pediatric Populations during a Pandemic and beyond.

Background The COVID-19 pandemic has ignited wider clinical adoption of digital health tools, including mobile health apps (mHealth apps), to address mental and behavioral health concerns at a distance. While mHealth apps offer many compelling benefits, identifying effective apps in the crowded and largely unregulated marketplace is laborious. Consumer demand and industry productivity are increasing, although research is slower, making it challenging for providers to determine the most credible and safe apps for patients in need. Objectives/methods This commentary offers a practical, empirically guided framework and associated resources for selecting appropriate mHealth apps for pediatric populations during the pandemic and beyond. Results In the first stage, Narrow the target problem, end user, and contender apps. Beginning the search with continuously updated websites that contain expert app ratings can help expedite this process (e.g., Psyberguide). Second, Explore each contender app's: (a) scientific and theoretical support (e.g., are app components consistent with health behavior change theories?), (b) privacy policies, and (c) user experience (e.g., through crowdsourcing feedback about app usability and appeal via social media). Third, use clinical expertise and stakeholder feedback to Contextualize whether the selected app is a good fit for a particular patient and/or caregiver (e.g., by considering age, race/ethnicity, ability, gender, sexual orientation, technology access), including conducting a brief self-pilot of the app. Conclusion Youth are increasingly turning to technology for support, especially during the pandemic, and pediatric psychologists must be primed to recommend the most credible tools. We offer additional recommendations for rapidly disseminating evidence-based apps to the public.
Mapping the Spatial Dependence of Charge-Collection Efficiency in Semiconductor Devices Using Pulsed-Laser Testing

By scanning the charge-deposition profile produced by a pulsed laser throughout a device, the spatially dependent charge-collection efficiency (CCE) can be determined. This is demonstrated by extracting the depth-dependent CCE in two photodiodes. The resulting collection efficiency curves are found to be consistent with their device structures and the expected charge-collection mechanisms. By applying the efficiency curves to the charge-deposition curves for both heavy ions and pulsed X-rays, the calculated collected charge values show very good agreement with experimental results. This suggests that the profiles extracted using the laser can help predict charge-collection data from other excitation sources and could improve modeling efforts by determining sensitive volumes.
Assessing computational thinking through the lenses of functionality and computational fluency

Background and Context: This study looks at computational thinking (CT) assessment of programming artifacts within the context of CT integrated with science education through computational modeling...
A Review of Literature on Long-Term Outcomes of Proximal Hypospadias — Urinary, Sexual, and Psychosocial

Proximal hypospadias management involves complex surgical interventions that can lead to the need for long-term specialized care. This review aims to explore the urinary, sexual, and psychosocial outcomes in patients with proximal hypospadias. Patients undergoing surgical correction of proximal hypospadias have generally acceptable urinary flow rates but can still suffer from increased rates of urinary tract infections, voiding difficulties, and leakage as compared to controls. Sexual outcomes of surgical repair closely mimic those of controls. However, a significant proportion of patients report dissatisfaction with their penile appearance after cosmetic surgery. While patients may report hesitancy in approaching sexual or emotional relationships, overall psychosocial outcomes were close to those reports in controls. While still generally very successful, proximal hypospadias surgery has been shown to have more complications in these areas than other milder forms of hypospadias and thus care must be taken to ensure patients are being treated with a holistic mindset throughout their journey.
Overcoming the Impact of COVID-19 on Surgical Mentorship: A Scoping Review of Long-distance Mentorship in Surgery.

Background Mentorship in the surgical field has been increasingly recognized as a crucial component of career success. Distance mentorship models may be utilized to overcome geographic limitations, increase mentorship access, and strengthen mentoring relationships in surgery. Objective This review aimed to identify the scope of literature on distance mentoring in surgery, the range of its application, its effectiveness, and any gaps in the literature that should be addressed in order to enhance mentorship in the surgical field. Design A comprehensive PubMed review was performed in January 2021 on distance mentorship of students, trainees, and surgeons in the surgical field. Reviews, replies, and non-English articles were excluded. Data was extracted regarding publication year, author's country, specialty, subjects, aim of mentorship model, and efficacy. Results 134 total studies met inclusion and exclusion criteria. Most studies were published in 2020, written by authors in the United States, from general surgery, and featured an expert surgeon paired with a more junior fully trained surgeon. In all, 93.3% of studies utilized distance mentorship to enhance surgical skill through telementoring and only 4.5% were focused on mentorship to enhance careers through professional development. The remaining studies utilized distance mentorship models to increase surgical research (0.7%) and clinical knowledge (1.5%). Conclusion The results of this review suggest successful implementation of distance mentoring in surgery through telementoring, but a lack of professionally aimed distance mentorship programs. Amidst COVID-19, distance mentorship is particularly important because of decreased face-to-face opportunity. Future studies in the surgical field should investigate distance mentoring as a means of increasing mentorship for professional development.
Adaptive monitoring in support of adaptive management in rangelands

On the Ground • Monitoring supports iterative learning about the effectiveness of management actions, information that can help managers plan future actions, facilitate decision-making, and improve outcomes. • Adaptive monitoring is the evolution of a monitoring program in response to new management questions; new or changing environmental or socioeconomic conditions, improved monitoring methods, models, and tools; and experience implementing the monitoring program. • Adaptive monitoring is connected to research and management through the exchange of data; analytical, methodological, and technological developments; information; and understanding. • We review recent advances in adaptive monitoring and discuss new opportunities for both the research and management communities to improve monitoring in the years ahead.
Protective effect of 6-azathymine and 6-azauracil against the lethal effect of ultraviolet irradiation. II. Isolation of thymine photoproducts from the nucleic acids of Streptococcus faecalis.

Abstract Streptococcus faecalis (ATCC 8043) grown in the presence of either [ 3 H]thymidine or [2- 14 C]thymine (8 μM) and a partially inhibitory concentration of either 6-azathymine (60 μM) or 6-azauracil (660 μM) showed, after ultraviolet irradiation (2537 A), a 10-20-fold higher number of survivors than cells grown in a limiting concentration of either thymine or thymidine (4 μM). No significant difference was found between the various treatments in the amount of thymine dimer formed in the acid-insoluble fraction on irradiation. In addition to thymine dimer, a second photoproduct, occurring in smaller amounts was detected. Growth in the presence of the analogs did not select a population of higher resistance to the lethal effects of ultraviolet irradiation. The presence of a mixed dimer of thymine and 6-azathymine was not detected.
Long‐term post‐synaptic consequences of methamphetamine on preprotachykinin mRNA expression

Exposure to repeated high doses of methamphetamine produces long-term toxicity to central monoamine systems and alters striatonigral pathway function 3 weeks after exposure. To determine whether these changes in the striatonigral pathway persist for longer we examined neuropeptide mRNA expression in the striatum and cytochrome oxidase activity in the output nuclei of the basal ganglia after treatment with multiple high doses of methamphetamine. Rats exposed to multiple high doses of methamphetamine had significant depletion in dopamine and serotonin content, decreases in tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity, and decreases in preprotachykinin mRNA expression, 6 and 12 weeks after methamphetamine treatment. Preprotachykinin mRNA expression was significantly reduced by approximately 20% in the middle striatum and approximately 32% in the caudal striatum, 6 weeks after treatment. Twelve weeks after treatment, preprotachykinin mRNA expression continued to be significantly reduced by approximately 20% in the middle striatum and approximately 14% in the caudal striatum. Cytochrome oxidase histochemical staining in the entopeduncular nucleus and substantia nigra pars reticulata was not significantly different from that in controls at either time point. These data suggest that neurotoxic regimens of methamphetamine induce changes in striatonigral neurons that persist for up to 3 months, although there is some recovery.
Embryogenesis of peripheral nerve pathways in grasshopper legs. III. Development without pioneer neurons.

Abstract We have examined the consequence of deleting the first pathfinding neurons to differentiate in the metathoracic leg, cell pair tibial 1 (Ti1) ( C. M. Bate, 1976 , Nature (London) 260, 54–56; H. Keshishian, 1980 , Dev. Biol. 80, 388–397) on the development of two uniquely identifiable follower sensory neurons, and upon the subsequent development of nerve 5B1 in the leg. Following the equivalent of 10–15% of embryonic development in culture the follower sensory neurons were found to have formed topologically normal axonal trajectories in the leg, and to have established contacts with later differentiating sensory and motor axons in an essentially normal fashion. The results show that followers can navigate the route normally taken by the pioneers, and suggest that the pioneers do not have unusual pathfinding capabilities.
Preliminary Results on the Effect of Feeding Heat-Treated Colostrum on Health and Growth in Preweaned Dairy Calves.

Previous research showed that heat-treatment of colostrum at 140°F (60°C) for 60 minutes results in a significant reduction in colostral bacteria counts without affecting colostral immunoglobulin concentrations. Moreover, calves fed heat-treated colostrum have improved serum lgG levels when compared to calves fed raw colostrum. It is unclear whether feeding heat-treated colostrum will improve growth or health in preweaned calves. The objective of this study was to describe the effect of feeding heat-treated colostrum on average daily gain (ADG), risk for morbidity, and mortality in pre-weaned calves.
Adsorption of surfactants on mineral oxide surfaces from aqueous solutions: III. Binary mixtures of anionic and nonionic surfactants

Abstract Individual surfactant adsorption was measured for well-defined mixtures of isomerically pure alkylbenzene sulfonates and polydisperse alkylphenol polyethoxylates adsorbing on kaolinite and alumina from aqueous solutions. All studies were at surfactant concentrations well above the CMC. These mixtures, which form nonideal mixed micelles, were also found to form nonideal mixed hemimicelles; i.e., adsorption is higher than that predicted for a mixture where inter-component lateral interactions are of magnitude similar to those between like components. Therefore, total adsorption of these mixtures can be higher than that of the individual surfactants of which they are composed. However, if one of the surfactant components adsorbed negligibly, mixed hemimicelles were not formed and both component and total mixture adsorption could be very low. This can be achieved by using nonionic surfactants with a large number of ethylene oxide units. The length of the anionic alkyl chain has little effect, and that of the nonionic surfactant has a small effect on the nonideality of the mixed hemimicelles. Results on the two substrates are qualitatively consistent with each other.
Motor and sensory set effects on grab-start times of champion female swimmers.

Requiring outstanding swimmers to consciously attend to the components of the grab-start rather than to the starting signal which evokes the response is referred to as enforced motor set. The prese...
Digitization requirements for digital radar arrays

As the increasing digitization of radars progresses towards the antenna, this paper explores how digital the antenna of a phased-array radar must be in order to meet particular performance requirements. This paper addresses the often asked questions "how many digital subarrays are needed" and "is element-level digitization required"?.