cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Caspase-1-induced pyroptosis is an innate immune effector mechanism against intracellular bacteria

Macrophages mediate crucial innate immune responses via caspase-1-dependent processing and secretion of interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and IL-18. Although infection with wild-type Salmonella typhimurium is lethal to mice, we show here that a strain that persistently expresses flagellin was cleared by the cytosolic flagellin-detection pathway through the activation of caspase-1 by the NLRC4 inflammasome; however, this clearance was independent of IL-1β and IL-18. Instead, caspase-1-induced pyroptotic cell death released bacteria from macrophages and exposed the bacteria to uptake and killing by reactive oxygen species in neutrophils. Similarly, activation of caspase-1 cleared unmanipulated Legionella pneumophila and Burkholderia thailandensis by cytokine-independent mechanisms. This demonstrates that activation of caspase-1 clears intracellular bacteria in vivo independently of IL-1β and IL-18 and establishes pyroptosis as an efficient mechanism of bacterial clearance by the innate immune system.
Synthesis and Electrochemical Properties of Monoclinic LiMnBO3 as a Li Intercalation Material

We investigated the structural stability and electrochemical properties of LiMnBO3 in the hexagonal and monoclinic form with ab initio computations and, for the first time, report electrochemical data on monoclinic LiMnBO3 . In contrast to the negligible Li-storage capacity in the hexagonal LiMnBO3 , a second cycle discharge capacity of 100mAh/g was achieved in the monoclinic LiMnBO3 , with good capacity retention over multiple cycles. Elevated temperature cycling indicates that the capacity of monoclinic LiMnBO3 is kinetically limited, and further improvement may be expected by addressing the Li ion and/or electron transport limitations.
Quantification of liver herniation in fetuses with isolated congenital diaphragmatic hernia using two-dimensional ultrasonography.

Objectives To describe a method of quantifying the amount of liver herniation in fetuses with isolated congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) using two-dimensional ultrasonography and to correlate this finding with neonatal outcome. Methods Ultrasound images obtained from 77 consecutive fetuses that presented with isolated CDH between January 2004 and July 2012 were reviewed. Liver herniation and thoracic area were measured in a cross-sectional plane of the fetal chest at the level of the four-chamber view of the heart (the same section as is used to measure the lung area-to-head circumference ratio) and the ultrasound-derived liver-to-thoracic area ratio (US-LiTR) was calculated by dividing the liver herniation area by the thoracic area. Receiver–operating characteristics (ROC) curve analysis was used to evaluate the performance of US-LiTR in predicting neonatal outcome (survival to 6 months after delivery and need for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO)). In addition, the US-LiTR was compared with the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-derived volume ratio (MRI-LiTR) and percentage of liver herniation (MRI-%LH). Results The overall neonatal mortality in the 77 cases with isolated CDH was 20.8% (16/77). ECMO was needed in 35.5% (27/76) of the newborns, with a survival rate of 52%. The US-LiTR was associated statistically with mortality (P < 0.01) and with the need for ECMO (P < 0.01). Good correlations were observed between US-LiTR and MRI-LiTR (r = 0.87; P < 0.001) and between US-LiTR and MRI-%LH (r = 0.90; P < 0.001). Based on ROC curve analysis, all three parameters had similar accuracy in predicting mortality (US-LiTR: area under the ROC curve (AUC), 0.78 (95% CI, 0.65–0.92), P < 0.01; MRI-LiTR: AUC, 0.77 (95% CI, 0.63–0.90), P < 0.01; MRI-%LH: AUC, 0.79 (95% CI, 0.65–0.92), P < 0.01, respectively) as well as the need for ECMO (US-LiTR: AUC, 0.72 (95% CI, 0.60–0.84), P < 0.01; MRI-LiTR: AUC, 0.73 (95% CI, 0.60–0.88), P < 0.01; MRI-%LH: AUC, 0.77 (95% CI, 0.64–0.89), P < 0.01, respectively). Conclusions Two-dimensional ultrasound measurement of the amount of liver herniation in fetuses with isolated CDH is feasible and demonstrates a predictive accuracy for neonatal outcome similar to that of MRI. Copyright © 2014 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
A Methodology for Estimating and Comparing the Lifecycles of High-Build and Conventional Waterborne Pavement Markings on Primary and Secondary Roads in South Carolina

Highway pavement markings constitute a vital component in roadway transportation systems and provide crucial visual cues for drivers to follow the road. In 2008, the South Carolina Department of Transportation (SCDOT) initiated a study to evaluate pavement markings on noninterstate primary and secondary roads in South Carolina. This article discusses development of a method for estimating and comparing the lifecycles of high-build waterborne and conventional waterborne pavement markings based on retroreflectivity levels. The method was developed using nearly 3 years of field data from 66 sites throughout South Carolina. The article provides an overview of data collection and analysis methods employed in model development. The analysis indicates that high-build markings are predicted to considerably outlast waterborne markings and are also more cost-effective, based on cost per linear foot per year, for two-way Annual Average Daily Traffic (AADT) volume levels up to 2,000 vehicles per day.
Making Mathematics Work for All Children: Issues of Standards, Testing, and Equity:

“Mathematics Education is a civil rights issue,” says civil rights leader Robert Moses, who argues that children who are not quantitatively literate may be doomed to second-class economic status in our increasingly technological society. The data have been clear for decades: poor children and children of color are consistently shortchanged when it comes to mathematics. More broadly, the type of mathematical sophistication championed in recent reform documents, such as the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics’ (2000) Principles and Standards for School Mathematics, can be seen as a core component of intelligent decision making in everyday life, in the workplace, and in our democratic society. To fail children in mathematics, or to let mathematics fail them, is to close off an important means of access to society’s resources. This article discusses the potential for providing high quality mathematics instruction for all students. It addresses four conditions necessary for achieving this goal: high qu...
SOURCES OF MOTIVATION TO CHOOSE EMPLOYEE OWNERSHIP AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO JOB LOSS

Survey data from 943 supermarket-chain employees facing a shutdown indicated that those inclined toward employee ownership held stronger entrepreneurial and collective attitudes than other employee...
Epigenetics: a new way to look at kidney diseases

Only a few percent of the 3 billion pairs of chemical letters in the human genome is responsible for protein-coding sequences. Recent advances in the field of epigenomics have helped us to understand how most of the remaining sequences are responsible for gene regulation at baseline and in disease conditions. Here we discuss recent advances in the area of epigenetics—specifically in cytosine modifications—and its application in the field of nephrology.
Activity of Clarithromycin or Rifampin Alone or in Combination against Experimental Rhodococcus equi Infection in Mice

Treatment of mice with the combination of clarithromycin with rifampin resulted in a significantly lower number of Rhodococcus equi CFU in the organs of mice than treatment with either drug alone or placebo. There was no significant difference in the number of R. equi CFU between mice treated with clarithromycin monotherapy, rifampin monotherapy, or placebo. The combination of clarithromycin with rifampin conferred a clear advantage over either drug as monotherapy in this model of chronic R. equi infection.
Experience with Implementation of a Turbojet Engine Control Program on a Multiprocessor

A control program for a turbojet engine has been implemented on a four processor computer, achieving a speedup of 3.38 times the speed of a sequential version of the same program on a single processor. The concurrent program was produced from a sequential program by subjecting the sequential program to global, hierarchical interprocedural data-flow analysis and timing measurements. A static schedule for the constituent tasks of the control program on the four processors was determined using a heuristic algorithm based on the critical path method. The program is implemented on a bus-based multiprocessor with private memory for each processor's code and data, and shared memory for data passed between processors. An application-independent supervisor program on each processor controls the execution of tasks by ensuring that all data dependencies are met and copying values from shared memory before execution of each task, then copying values to shared memory and notifying tasks on other processors after a task has completed execution. This work is significant for the largely automated transformation of a sequential program via coarse-grain data-flow analysis to an efficient parallel implementation. The approach should be applicable to a variety of control and related programs where iterative tasks with well-bounded execution times are computed in systems with hard real-time requirements.
A Case of Floating Gel

Two unrelated patients underwent coronary angiography and a percutaneous intervention. At the end of the procedures, blood was collected (Vacutainer® SST™; BD) for troponin, creatine kinase (CK), and CK-MB isoenzyme analysis. After centrifugation with the Roche Modular Pre-Analytics system (Roche Diagnostics), pipetting error alerts were triggered on the aliquoting module of the Pre-Analytics system. Investigation revealed that the separator gel had migrated above the serum (Fig. 1A), preventing separation of the serum from the …
A two port network model of CNT-FET for RF characterization

In this paper, we propose a two-port network model of a single walled (SW) carbon nanotube field effect transistor (CNT-FET) which includes contacts for analyzing S-parameter measurement results. The radio frequency (RF) transmission properties of single walled CNT-FETs have been characterized up to 12 GHz using the proposed two-port network model. The analytical results are in good agreement with the published experimental results.
Reply letter to: Salvage radiotherapy: A plea for dose-escalation with intensity modulated radiotherapy

We thank Dr. Ost and colleagues for acknowledging our recent article and for their thoughtful commentary. They correctly point out that since our analysis was performed, two important articles regarding salvage radiotherapy (SRT) for prostate cancer have been published. Both are reviews of single-institution experiences that indicate that high-dose (>70 Gy) SRT can be delivered safely and effectively when advanced treatment techniques such as intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) are employed. Grade P3 late gastrointestinal toxicity rates were approximately 1% in each series. Based on our review, that toxicity rate would be expected following SRT to a dose of approximately 65 Gy using standard three-dimensional techniques. Thus, the use of IMRT seems to shift the dose–response curve for GI toxicity to the right by approximately 5–10 Gy. This can be expected to increase the “optimal” SRT dose, however that is defined. While SRT dose escalation using advanced techniques seems safe and should be evaluated in prospective studies, reviews by our group and others suggest that 5-year biochemical progression free survival (bPFS) rates greater than 70–75% will not be achieved with dose escalation alone. Other improvements in SRT implementation, such as better identification of patients with
Equal Outcomes with and without Human-to-Horse Eye Contact When Catching Horses and Ponies in an Open Pasture

Each of 104 horses and ponies was approached for catching at pasture by the same human handler in a standard manner, either maintaining human-to-animal eye contact (ECþ ;n ¼ 51) or avoiding eye contact (EC� ; n ¼ 53). A subset of 74 of these subjects were reevaluated 3 weeks later under similar standard conditions except with the eye contact condition opposite to that used in the first round. Nonparametric statistical methods were used to evaluate between subjects (round 1, n ¼ 104) and within subjects (rounds 1 and 2, n ¼ 74) comparisons of successful or unsuccessful catching outcome with ECþ and EC� . Catching outcomes were similar with eye contact condition. Although this study represents a single handler at one study site, results suggest that human-to-horse eye contact may not be an important influence on catching pastured horses. Certainly, further work is needed to better understand the role of eye contact in horse handling.
DSM-IV schizotypal personality disorder: a taxometric analysis among individuals with and without substance use disorders in the general population

This study examined the underlying structure of DSM-IV schizotypal personality disorder (SPD) among individuals with and without a substance use disorder. Using a nationally representative sample of U.S. adults, taxometric analyses were conducted on SPD in the total sample and among individuals with and without a substance use disorder. The structure of SPD in the total sample and among individuals without substance use disorders was dimensional (comparison curve fit indices (CCFI): 0.440, 0.365) whereas a taxonic structure was demonstrated among individuals with a substance use disorder (CCFI: 0.679). Taxonicity underlying schizotypy and SPD in prior taxometric research may have been the result of sampling high risk subsamples of the population. Taxometric research on SPD and other personality psychopathology among high risk subgroups of the population can help elucidate the complex etiology of SPD and the role played by comorbid substance use disorders in the expressivity of these disorders.
The Impact of Adult Behaviors and Vocalizations on Infant Distress during Immunizations

CAMPIS-IV. A series of three lag sequential analyses were used to examine the immediate and delayed effects of each of the CAMPIS-IV criterion behaviors, as well as the effects of the onset of each behavior, on infant distress. Results Strong support was found for beneficial effects of the infants playing with an object and sucking, and for adults’ belly-to-belly contact and nonprocedural talk to infant. Some benefit was found for bouncing, patting, and rocking the infant. Apologizing, empathizing, and reassuring the infant received no support, with some indication of detrimental effects. Conclusions The CAMPIS-IV was useful for identifying modifiable risk and protective factors for infants undergoing injections.
Popliteal Vein Aneurysm : A Case Report and Review of Literature

The authors report a case of popliteal vein aneurysm (PVA) in a healthy patient who presented with symptoms and review the literature. A 40-year-old healthy male presented with hypoxia secondary to pulmonary emboli. He underwent diagnostic tests revealing a suprageniculate saccular PVA, which was treated by aneurysmectomy and lateral venorrhaphy. A follow-up duplex scan after 18 months showed patent popliteal vein in an asymptomatic patient. A review of 120 cases identified revealed that the most common presentation of PVA is because of thromboembolic complications, often having saccular morphology. Patients were at risk of thromboembolic complications whether intraluminal thrombi were present (63% of the cases) or not. Patients treated with anticoagulation alone had a failure rate of 43%, with thromboembolic complications. Surgical repair of PVA--regardless of the aneurysm size--should be considered in all patients to decrease the risk of thromboembolization.
MHC-mismatched mixed chimerism augments thymic regulatory T-cell production and prevents relapse of EAE in mice

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune inflammatory disease of the central nervous system with demyelination, axon damage, and paralysis. Induction of mixed chimerism with allogeneic donors has been shown to not cause graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) in animal models and humans. We have reported that induction of MHC-mismatched mixed chimerism can cure autoimmunity in autoimmune NOD mice, but this approach has not yet been tested in animal models of MS, such as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Here, we report that MHC-mismatched mixed chimerism with C57BL/6 (H-2(b)) donor in SJL/J (H-2(s)) EAE recipients eliminates clinical symptoms and prevents relapse. This cure is demonstrated by not only disappearance of clinical signs but also reversal of autoimmunity; elimination of infiltrating T, B, and macrophage cells in the spinal cord; and regeneration of myelin sheath. The reversal of autoimmunity is associated with a marked reduction of autoreactivity of CD4(+) T cells and significant increase in the percentage of Foxp3(+) Treg among host-type CD4(+) T cells in the spleen and lymph nodes. The latter is associated with a marked reduction of the percentage of host-type CD4(+)CD8(+) thymocytes and an increase of Treg percentage among the CD4(+)CD8(+) and CD4(+)CD8(-) thymocytes. Thymectomy leads to loss of prevention of EAE relapse by induction of mixed chimerism, although there is a dramatic expansion of host-type Treg cells in the lymph nodes. These results indicate that induction of MHC-mismatched mixed chimerism can restore thymic negative selection of autoreactive CD4(+) T cells, augment production of Foxp3(+) Treg, and cure EAE.
Parent Perception of Provider Interactions Influences HPV Vaccination Status of Adolescent Females

Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination coverage among adolescent females is well below national public health goals. Many known barriers to HPV vaccine receipt can be addressed in parent-physician conversations. This study sought to explore parent experiences and attitudes related to HPV vaccination of adolescent girls, focused on interactions with providers. We conducted a cross-sectional survey of parents using a nationally representative online panel. Among parents with ≥1 daughter aged 11 to 17 years, provider recommendations for HPV vaccine and specified age to begin the HPV vaccine series were associated with HPV vaccine status. Parents who reported their daughters were unlikely to complete the HPV series were more likely to have had no discussion of HPV vaccine with the provider. Efforts to increase HPV vaccination rates among adolescent females should continue to focus on improving provider discussion of HPV vaccine.
NOX as a Function of Fuel Type: C1-to-C16 Hydrocarbons and Methanol

The response of NOX to fuel type is determined for lean-prevaporized-premixed combustion in on atmospheric pressure jet-stirred reactor (JSR). Pure, straight chain, alkane fuels from C1 (methane) to C16 (hexadecane) and methanol are tested. Testing is conducted under three conditions, each of which is obtained using a particular inlet-jet nozzle for the JSR. For a selected condition, the fuels are burned under nearly identical macroscopic thermal and fluid mechanical fields in the JSR. A constant mixture inlet total temperature is used that provides for complete vaporization of all of the fuels tested without causing pre-flame reactions in the premixer. Two of the nozzles used have single, centered jets and provide a nominal combustion temperature of 1790 K. The third nozzle has eight diverging jets. In this case, the fuel-air equivalence ratio is increased, providing a nominal combustion temperature of 1850 K.Lowest levels of NOX are measured when methanol is burned. Upon switching to methane, the NOX concentration increases by 62±10%. For the alkane fuels, methane combustion yields the least amount of NOX. Upon switching from methane to ethane, the NOX increases by 22±2%. Further increases in the size of the alkane fuel molecule (from C2 to C16) show small increases (8±5%) in the NOX concentration. Although the JSR-condition selected affects the absolute NOX concentration, the trends in NOX concentration with respect to fuel-type are the same for the three conditions used.The JSR is modeled as a single perfectly stirred reactor (PSR) operating at the experimental residence time and combustion temperature. This modeling shows that the increase in the NOX measured for the alkane fuels may be explained in terms of the increase in O-atom concentration with increasing C/H ratio. In order to explore the effect of Fenimore prompt NOX, a two-PSRs-in-series model is used. The first PSR is assigned a residence time equal to 5% the total residence time of the reactor. The second PSR accounts for the remaining 95% of the reactor residence time. Because of its short lifetime, the CH radical is effectively restricted to the first PSR, and prompt NOX mainly forms in this zone. Mechanisms directly dependent on the O-atom form NOX throughout the reactor. The modeling suggests that prompt NOX is responsible for the greater concentration of NOX found in the methane combustion compared to the methanol combustion.© 1999 ASME
Multilayer Flexible Oxide Superconducting Tapes

Superconducting Y-Ba-Cu-O films have been grown on mirror-finished flexible stainless steel substrates. Plasma assisted laser deposition (PLD) technique enabled us to grow these films at a reduced substrate temperature of 550°C. Superconducting properties of these as-deposited films depend largely on the surface condition of the substrate. In-situ oxidation of the substrate, Ar ion milling, and buffer layer growth, prior to Y-Ba-Cu-O deposition, produced films with critical temperatures ranging from 78–83K. Critical currents of 3 × 103–104 A/cm2 at 40K have been obtained. Scanning electron microscopy and Auger spectroscopy have been utilized to study the surface morphology and the interfacial diffusion of the films.
On the measurement of low self-control in Add Health and NLSY79

ABSTRACTLimited attention has been devoted to the dimensionality of the low self-control scales commonly constructed in two nationally representative datasets routinely used to test self-control theory (SCT) – Add Health and NLSY79. We assess the measurement properties of the low self-control scales by comparing a series of exploratory and confirmatory models that are appropriate for the categorical nature of the observed items, including unidimensional, correlated factors, second-order factor, and bifactor models. Additionally, based on these results we explore the predictive validity of the respective scales on adolescents’ delinquent behavior. The results indicate that the low self-control scales in these data have acceptable levels of internal consistency but do not represent unidimensional latent factors. Rather, scales are best represented by a second-order factor structure. When measured this way, our Add Health scale is associated with delinquency in a cross-sectional context and our NLSY79 scale ...
The Use of Social Media Policies by US Municipalities

ABSTRACTAs the use of social media technologies becomes ever more ingrained in the day-to-day functions of public organizations, it is important to develop relevant social media policies to guide their effective use and enable increasingly transparent engagement with citizens. Analyzing the content of such policies can inform scholars about the intended purpose of government’s use of social media. Hence, to build the foundation for a research agenda focused on the role of policy in government’s ability to effectively engage citizens, this exploratory study first identified 156 US cities with a recognizable social media presence and then employed a content analysis to analyze the key elements of their social media policies. Based on our findings, most cities have integrated social media into daily operations, however, many do not provide effective social media policies to guide such use.
A Monitor Mobile Support System Based on Parallel Mechanism

A monitor mobile supporting system is brought forth based on a type of parallel mechanism.Both direct and inverse kinematic problems of this parallel mechanism are analyzed.Its workspace is established and the structure parameters are also designed and optimized by using MATLAB software.These analytical results are important theoretical foundations for structure and control system design of the monitor mobile supporting system.
Analysis of hygienic quality of bottled drinking water in Haiyan county

[Objective]To know the hygienic quality of bottled drinking water in Haiyan County provide the scientific basis of hygienic supervision and food safety management.[Method]According to national standards examination methods of various types of bottled water,we detect each physi - chemical and microorganic item of bottled water of production and marketing in haiyan from 2003 to 2009.[Result]A total of 492 cases of bottled drinking water were detected in 7 years,and the total qualified rate was 86.38%.The qualified rate of purified water was 88.68%,natural mineral water was 79.41%and drinking water was 86.67%.There was no significant difference among the qualified rate of three types of bottled drinking water.There was no significant difference between Haiyan and other places,too.The qualified rate of total bacterial count was the lowest in the microorganic items and the qualified rate of pathogenic bacteria was the highest.All of physic - chemical items were qualified. The qualified rate of sample voluntary testing was significantly higher than that of sample supervision testing.[Conclusion]The low qualified rate of microorganic items is the main reason of the hygienic quality of bottled drinking water in Haiyan County and the sampling also affect the test results directly or indirectly.It is necessary to enhance the hygienic management and supervision of bottled drinking water production.
Should PEEP Titration Be Based on Chest Mechanics in Patients With ARDS

Functional residual capacity (FRC) is essentially the alveolar volume and a determinant of both oxygenation and respiratory system compliance (CRS). ARDS decreases FRC, and sufficient PEEP restores FRC; thus, assessments of PEEP by its impact on oxygenation and CRS are intimately linked. PEEP also can ameliorate or aggravate ventilator-induced lung injury. Therefore, it can be argued that PEEP should be titrated primarily by its impact on CRS The pro position argues that the heterogeneous nature of lung injury and its unique presentation in individual patients results in an uncoupling between oxygenation and CRS Therefore, relying upon oxygenation alone may enhance lung injury and mortality risk, particularly in those with severe ARDS. The con argument is that the preponderance of preclinical and clinical evidence suggests that a relatively narrow range of PEEP is required to manage all but the most severe cases of ARDS. In addition, pathological alterations in chest wall compliance confuse the interpretation of chest mechanics. Moreover, ambiguities and technical limitations in advanced techniques, such as esophageal manometry and pressure-volume curves, add a layer of complexity that renders its broader application in all ARDS patients both impractical and unnecessary. Whether sophisticated monitoring of chest mechanics in severe ARDS might improve outcomes further is open to question and should be studied further. However, it is highly improbable that we will ever discover a PEEP strategy that optimizes all aspects of cardiorespiratory function and chest mechanics for individual patients suffering from ARDS.
Graph-Based Anomaly Detection Applied to Homeland Security Cargo Screening.

Protecting our nation’s ports is a critical challenge for homeland security and requires the research, development and deployment of new technologies that will allow for the efficient securing of shipments entering this country. Most approaches look only at statistical irregularities in the attributes of the cargo, and not at the relationships of this cargo to others. However, anomalies detected in these relationships could add to the suspicion of the cargo, and therefore improve the accuracy with which we detect suspicious cargo. This paper proposes an improvement in our ability to detect suspicious cargo bound for the U.S. through a graph based anomaly detection approach. Using anonymized data received from the Department of Homeland Security, we demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach and its usefulness to a homeland security analyst who is tasked with uncovering illegal and potentially dangerous cargo shipments.
Lipid Residues Preserved in Sheltered Bedrock Features at Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monument, New Mexico

[Research Article] Bedrock features represent various economic, social, and symbolic aspects of past societies, but have historically received little study, particularly in North America. Fortunately, new techniques for analyzing spatial configurations, use-wear, and organic residues are beginning to unlock more of the interpretive potential of these features. Though preliminary in nature, the present study contributes to this trend by documenting an application of lipid analysis to bedrock features in a dry rockshelter. Results of this initial application indicate that bedrock features in dry rockshelters may provide especially favorable conditions for the preservation and interpretation of ancient organic residues. Abundant lipids, comparable to concentrations present in some pottery sherds, were extracted from a bedrock grinding surface at Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monument and analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Though the lipids were highly oxidized, degradation products indicative of former unsaturated fatty acids were retained. Comparisons to experimentally aged residues, and absence of a known biomarker for maize, indicate that the bulk of the lipids preserved in the milling surface probably derive from processing an oily nut or seed resource, and not from processing maize. Substantially lower amounts of lipids were recovered from a small, blackened cupule. It is hypothesized that some portion of the lipids in the blackened cupule was deposited from condensed smoke of cooking and heating fires in the caves. Potential for the preservation of organic residues in similar sheltered bedrock contexts is discussed, and a practical method for sampling bedrock features in the field is described.
Review of Melvin Konner’s The Evolution of Childhood : Relationships , Emotion , Mind (Harvard University Press, 2010)

This massive book (750 pages of text and another 150 pages of references) is a comprehensive, integrative treatment of what is known about human childhood and how to think about it from an evolutionary perspective. It is a landmark reference book, suitable for use by a grad student or scholar, and usable in a graduate seminar, but the book’s length and density precludes it being very useful in lower-level classes, andmany audiences unfamiliar with aspects it covers will find the terminology and going dense. It feels like a real investment to read and engage such a volume in the day and age of the tweet, not to mention short scientific articles and books. For serious students of childhood, however, reading the book is well worth the investment of time. The author not only gives a clear overview of what he and others have learned about childhood over his long career, he provides an integrative organizing framework that helps to distinguishwhat we know about childhood from what we can have the tools to investigate. In that sense, this volume is as much a blueprint for future work as a synthesis of past and present findings. Human childhood is a topic of great interest to a variety of disciplines, including psychology, biology, pediatrics and social work, the practitioners of which are all potential readers of Human Nature. The tip-off that this book is written by an anthropologist comes from its organization into four sections: evolution, maturation, socialization, and enculturation. Konner makes it clear that although all species mature and many are socialized during childhood, humans are perhaps the only species whose childhood also involves enculturation. It is a nifty way to include humans within the spectrum of animal continuity yet point to a feature of humans that requires its own set of definitions and analyses. There is no way I can do justice to this book in a single essay. Its multitude of themes, countless examples, and overarching integrative structure defy simple characterization. So I have chosen to highlight the points that I found particularly interesting, provocative, or Hum Nat (2014) 25:430–441 DOI 10.1007/s12110-014-9207-2
Top-k Frequent Item Maintenance over Streams

We consider the problem of finding the most frequent items in a data stream. Given a data stream \(a_{1},a_{2},\ldots,a_{n}\), where each \(a_{i} \in \{1,\ldots,m\}\), we would like to identify the items that occur most frequently in one pass over the data stream using a small amount of storage space. Such problems arise in a variety of settings. For example, a search engine might be interested in gathering statistics about its query stream and in particular, identifying the most popular queries. Another application is to detecting network anomalies by monitoring network traffic. We describe a variety of approaches that have been proposed to solve these problems. Our goal is to give a flavor of the various techniques that have been used in this area.
Multicenter Study of Planar Technetium 99m Pyrophosphate Cardiac Imaging: Predicting Survival for Patients With ATTR Cardiac Amyloidosis.

Importance Transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis (also known as ATTR cardiac amyloidosis) is an increasingly recognized cause of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. In single-center studies, technetium 99m pyrophosphate (Tc 99m PYP) cardiac imaging noninvasively detects ATTR cardiac amyloidosis, but the accuracy of this technique in a multicenter study and the association of Tc 99m PYP myocardial uptake with survival are unknown. Objective To assess Tc 99m PYP cardiac imaging as a diagnostic tool for ATTR cardiac amyloidosis and its association with survival in a multicenter study. Design, Setting, and Participants Retrospective cohort study performed at 3 academic specialty centers for cardiac amyloidosis in the United States in which 229 participants were evaluated for cardiac amyloidosis and also underwent Tc 99m PYP cardiac imaging. The date of analysis and final confirmation from the statistician was May 4, 2016. Exposure Tc 99m PYP cardiac imaging for detection of ATTR cardiac amyloidosis. Main Outcomes and Measures Retention of Tc 99m PYP in the heart was assessed using both a semiquantitative visual score (range, 0 [no uptake] to 3 [uptake greater than bone]) and a quantitative heart to contralateral (H/CL) ratio. The H/CL ratio was calculated as total counts in a region of interest over the heart divided by background counts in an identical size region of interest over the contralateral chest. The outcome measured was time to death after Tc 99m PYP imaging. Results Tc 99m PYP imaging of 171 participants (121 with ATTR cardiac amyloidosis and 50 with non-ATTR cardiac amyloidosis [34 with AL amyloidosis and 16 with nonamyloid heart failure with preserved ejection fraction]; 86% male; median [IQR] age, 73 years [65-79 years]) demonstrated 91% sensitivity and 92% specificity for detecting ATTR cardiac amyloidosis with an area under the curve of 0.960 (95% CI, 0.930-0.981). Univariable and multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression analyses among participants with ATTR cardiac amyloidosis showed that an H/CL ratio of 1.6 or greater predicted worse survival (hazard ratio, 3.911 [95% CI, 1.155-13.247]; P = .03 for univariable analysis and 7.913 [95% CI, 1.679-37.296]; P = .01 for multivariable analysis). In Kaplan-Meier analysis over a 5-year follow-up period, survival was significantly worse if the H/CL ratio was 1.6 or greater rather than less than 1.6 (log-rank P = .02). Conclusions and Relevance In this multicenter study, Tc 99m PYP cardiac imaging conferred a high level of sensitivity and specificity for differentiation of patients with ATTR cardiac amyloidosis (irrespective of genotype) from patients with AL cardiac amyloidosis and patients with nonamyloid heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. An H/CL ratio of 1.6 or greater was associated with worse survival among patients with ATTR cardiac amyloidosis. Among patients for whom there is a high clinical suspicion of cardiac amyloidosis, Tc 99m PYP may be of diagnostic and prognostic importance.
Simple LC-MS Method for Differentiation of Isobaric Phosphatidylserines and Phosphatidylcholines with Deuterated Mobile Phase Additives.

Lipids from different classes sometimes can exhibit the same exact mass upon electrospray ionization; this presents an analytical challenge in lipidomics. In the negative ionization mode, for example, this can occur with phosphatidylcholines (PCs) and phosphatidylserines (PSs), making them indistinguishable in the absence of fragmentation data. PSs are found at low concentrations in biological samples, making MS/MS spectra difficult to obtain. Moreover, while PCs and PSs are distinguishable in the positive mode, PSs do not ionize as well as PCs, and their ionization is suppressed by the PCs. Here, we show that, in the negative ionization mode, substituting protiated LC-MS additives with their deuterated forms provides a way to distinguish PCs and PSs without chemical derivatization. The method described leverages the differential ionization mechanism of PCs and PSs. PCs are ionized via adduction with salts, whereas PSs ionize via hydrogen abstraction. Substituting the salts used for LC-MS with their deute...
Temporal Evolution of Brain Functional Connectivity Metrics: Could 7 Min of Rest be Enough?

Unaccounted temporal dynamics of resting-state functional connectivity (FC) metrics challenges their potential as biomarkers for clinical applications in neuroscience. Here we studied the scan time required to reach stable values for various FC metrics including seed-voxel correlations and spatial independent component analyses (sICA), and for the local functional connectivity density (lFCD), a graph theory metric. By increasing the number of time points included in the analysis, we assessed the effects of scan time on convergence of accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, reproducibility, and reliability of these FC metrics. The necessary scan time to attenuate the effects of the temporal dynamics by 80% varied across connectivity metrics and was shorter for lFCD (7 min) than for FC (11 min) or for sICA (10 min). Findings suggest that the scan time required to achieve stable FC is metric-dependent, with lFCD being the most resilient metric to the effects of temporal dynamics. Thus, the lFCD metric could be particularly useful for pediatric and patient populations who may not tolerate long scans.
Pairing and charge-density correlations in the three-dimensional negative-U Hubbard model on the fcc lattice.

Using symmetry considerations and exact-diagonalization techniques, we examine s-wave pairing and charge-density correlations in the three-dimensional negative-U Hubbard model on the fcc lattice. The correlations as functions of band filling and hopping and interaction parameters are studied. Results are presented for general cases. Implications for properties of alkali-metal-intercalated C 60 materials are discussed
Ultra-broadband material spectroscopy from scattering parameters obtained from time domain measurements

Scattering parameter measurements can provide a key insight towards understanding material properties, pertaining to permittivity. The relaxation phenomena (e.g. free and bond water relaxation) and the frequencies at which they occur can convey valuable information in dielectric spectroscopy for material process monitoring and biology research. These relaxations can range from kHz to GHz range. Extracting the reflection/transmission coefficients or scattering parameters from time domain measurements over a broad range of frequencies, from kHz to GHz, can be challenging. The current approach often employed by material scientists involves performing Laplace transform, through a numerical integration, on the time domain data. On the other hand, the more computationally efficient fast Fourier transform (FFT) techniques have been well-developed and widely used in the engineering community. In this study, we propose a method, based on fast Fourier transform (FFT) of non-uniformly sampled time domain reflectometry (TDR) data, to obtain the frequency domain information in an ultra-broadband range from kHz to GHz. We test this method to known lossy materials.
Optimal fault tolerant network-based servo control

This paper focuses on the analysis and synthesis of optimal servo control for network-based systems subjected to connection failure. It is shown that for an open loop stable system containing integral control action, existence conditions as well as the initial feasible controller gains are solely dependent on a set of interaction indices which can be computed directly from the open loop DC gains of the system. It is the objective of this paper to provide a procedure to synthesize an optimal control for the system with the nominal operation reformulated as an optimization constraint. The synthesis process is carried out using nonlinear optimization techniques to minimize a discrete-time Lyapunov equation performance index to obtain the optimal control parameters. An example is also provided to illustrate the key properties of this approach.
The Origins of the Nationalist Movement of 1780–1783: Congressional Administration and the Continental Army

Historians have generally agreed that the Nationalist movement of 1780-1783 emerged during the nadir of the Revolutionary War and sought to increase the powers of Continental Congress. Reexamination of the origins, composition, program, and purpose of the Nationalist movement reveals first that the initial impulse to strengthen the national government began in 1780, not 1781. Second, this impulse emerged primarily from the failure of congressional administrative policies and the terrifying consequences of military defeat. By almost any standard, congressional administration of the Continental army was inadequate through the war, as evidenced by the failure to furnish the army with sufficient food, clothing, camp equipment, and medical supplies. The idea of restructuring congressional administrative boards was only one part of the most comprehensive plan put forth by any Nationalist in 1780. During most of 1780 the Nationalists were a distinct minority in Congress. As a result, they had little success in implementing their program or relieving the distress of the army.
Two Models of Evolution of the Class I MHC

Two models have been proposed for the evolution of the class I MHC in mammals: (1) a model of inter-locus homogenization by gene conversion; (2) a model of frequent duplication and deletion. Data from both primates and rodents now strongly favor the latter hypothesis. The MHC evolves much as do other multigene families. Features unique to the MHC are consequences of positive selection on antigen-binding regions.
Trade-offs in cost and emission reductions between flexible and normal carbon capture and sequestration under carbon dioxide emission constraints

Abstract Relative to “normal” amine-based post-combustion capture carbon and sequestration (CCS), flexible CCS adds a flue gas bypass and/or solvent storage system. Here, we focus on flexible CCS equipped with a solvent storage system. A primary advantage of flexible over normal CCS is increased reserve provision. However, no studies have quantified system-level cost savings from those reserves, which could drive the public benefits and rationale for policy support of flexible over normal CCS. Here, we quantify total power system costs, including generation, reserve, and capital costs, as well as carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions of generator fleets with flexible versus normal CCS. We do so under a moderate and strong CO2 emission limit. Relative to normal CCS, solvent storage-equipped flexible CCS reduces system-wide operational plus annualized CCS capital costs but increases system-wide CO2 emissions under the moderate limit, whereas it reduces system-wide costs and emissions under the strong limit. Under both limits, we find that reductions in reserve costs constitute 40–80% of the reductions in total operational costs with flexible CCS rather than normal CCS. Thus, flexible versus normal CCS deployment decisions pose cost and emissions tradeoffs to policymakers under a moderate emission limit as well as tradeoffs between near- and long-term policy objectives.
Modularity clustering based detection of coherent groups of generators with generator integrity indices

Coherent groups of generators, i.e., machines with perfectly correlated rotor angles, play an important role in power system stability analysis. Traditionally, the coherency analysis is carried out offline, whereby the number of coherent groups of generators is determined in advance. We present an alternative real-time methodology for coherency detection based on modularity clustering of synchronization coefficient matrix. The proposed approach not only accomplishes real time coherency detection but also provides the network integrity indices (splitting, connectivity and modularity indices) for studying the dynamic behavior of the power system. Our methodology is simple, fast, and computationally attractive. A simulation case study on the IEEE 39 bus system consisting of 10 generators following a typical fault demonstrates the efficacy of our approach.
Direct conversion of injury-site myeloid cells to fibroblast-like cells of granulation tissue

Inflammation, following injury, induces cellular plasticity as an inherent component of physiological tissue repair. The dominant fate of wound macrophages is unclear and debated. Here we show that two-thirds of all granulation tissue fibroblasts, otherwise known to be of mesenchymal origin, are derived from myeloid cells which are likely to be wound macrophages. Conversion of myeloid to fibroblast-like cells is impaired in diabetic wounds. In cross-talk between keratinocytes and myeloid cells, miR-21 packaged in extracellular vesicles (EV) is required for cell conversion. EV from wound fluid of healing chronic wound patients is rich in miR-21 and causes cell conversion more effectively compared to that by fluid from non-healing patients. Impaired conversion in diabetic wound tissue is rescued by targeted nanoparticle-based delivery of miR-21 to macrophages. This work introduces a paradigm wherein myeloid cells are recognized as a major source of fibroblast-like cells in the granulation tissue.
Ankyloglossia and Dysphagia

As there is a national and global trend to encourage and promote the benefits of breastfeeding in newborns, there has been a rise in the discussion and controversy around the impact of congenital ankyloglossia on breastfeeding for mothers. Ever since the public health message promoting the significant health, social, economic, and other benefits of breastfeeding, there seems to be an increase in the last decade regarding the diagnosis and utilization of frenotomy for ankyloglossia in newborns. We present some of the clinical considerations, evidence, and controversy surrounding ankyloglossia, more commonly referred to as a tongue-tie and dysphagia in newborns and children.