cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fiber analysis of the pyramidal tract of the laboratory rat.

Abstract Light and electron microscopic study of the pyramidal tract of the laboratory rat at a midbulbar level revealed the total number of myelinated fibers on one side to be about 200,000. They ranged from 0.2 μm to more than 5 μm, but clustered strongly in the neighborhood of 1.0 μm (mode of 0.9 μm and mean of 1.2 μm), forming the highly skewed fiber spectrum so familiar for mammalian pyramidal tracts and other central fiber pathways. Numerous small clusters of unmyelinated axons were found scattered throughout the tract, adding another 100,000 axons to the estimated number. Not only were the fibers exceedingly small, but also the degree of myelination relative to axon diameter varied widely, suggesting that conduction speed within the tract is not optimal for all fibers. In fact, about half of the fibers in the pyramidal tract would, in theory, conduct faster if they had no myelin wrapping.
Aquinas and Suarez on the Essence of Continuous Physical Quantity

Nous considerons ici le developpement de la notion de quantite physique continue, d’Aristote a Thomas d’Aquin a Suarez. Nous concluons que la definition d’Aristote en termes de divisibilite ne parvient pas a degager le noyau ontologique de la quantification materielle. Encore que le germe fondamental de la solution au probleme soit decouvert par Thomas d’Aquin, c’est Suarez qui articule pleinement l’essence de la quantite physique continue, grâce a son concept explicite d’extension « aptitudinale » — dont les implications theologiques sont cruciales.
Perceptions and use of news media by college students

College students' use of and attitudes toward traditional and nontraditional news media were examined. Also investigated were the role of the Cable News Network and the integration of CNN into evolving news consumption patterns. Significant differences by year in college were identified, with later college years associated with heavier news consumption. CNN viewers were found to differ significantly from non‐CNN viewers in their heavier use of daily newspapers, weekly news magazines, and late night local news viewing.
Cholera Toxin B Conjugated Quantum Dots for Live Cell Labeling

Cholera toxin subunit B (CTB)--quantum dot conjugates were developed for labeling mammalian cells. The conjugates were internalized by all tested cell lines into small vesicles dispersed throughout the cytoplasm, while commercially available polyarginine conjugates rapidly accumulated in large perinuclear endosomes. Although a large proportion of CTB conjugates eventually also accumulated in perinuclear endosomes, this accumulation required several days, and even then many CTB conjugated quantum dots remained in small vesicles dispersed throughout the cytoplasm. Thus CTB conjugates are a practical alternative to polyarginine conjugates for the general labeling of mammalian cells.
Resolved Spectroscopy of the Narrow-Line Region in NGC 1068. I. The Nature of the Continuum Emission*

We present the first long-slit spectra of the Seyfert 2 galaxy NGC 1068 obtained by the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS); the spectra cover the wavelength range 1150-10270 A at a spatial resolution of 005-01 and a spectral resolving power of λ/Δλ ≈ 1000. In this first paper, we concentrate on the far-UV to near-IR continuum emission from the continuum "hot spot" and surrounding regions extending out to ±60 (±432 pc) at a position angle of 202°. In addition to the broad emission lines detected by spectropolarimetry, the hot spot shows the "little blue bump" in the 2000-4000 A range, which is due to Fe II and Balmer continuum emission. The continuum shape of the hot spot is indistinguishable from that of NGC 4151 and other Seyfert 1 galaxies. Thus, the hot spot is reflected emission from the hidden nucleus, due to electron scattering (as opposed to wavelength-dependent dust scattering). The hot spot is ~03 in extent and accounts for 20% of the scattered light in the inner 500 pc. We are able to deconvolve the extended continuum emission in this region into two components: electron-scattered light from the hidden nucleus (which dominates in the UV) and stellar light (which dominates in the optical and near-IR). The scattered light is heavily concentrated toward the hot spot, is stronger in the northeast, and is enhanced in regions of strong narrow-line emission. The stellar component is more extended, concentrated southwest of the hot spot, is dominated by an old (≥2 × 109 yr) stellar population, and includes a nuclear stellar cluster that is ~200 pc in extent.
Hereditary Bovine Syndactyly. II. Hyperthermia

Abstract Five syndactylous and five control female cattle were subjected to standardized, moderate temperature stress in a climate chamber. All syndactylous cattle developed clinical signs of hyperthermia including elevated rectal temperatures (41.5 to 45C), tachycardia, and tachypnea. Three syndactylous females became recumbent and paralyzed, and two subsequently died. One died without premonitory signs after 96h exposure. Blood chemical changes were slight except for preterminal hyperglycemia in two syndactylous cows. Total leucocyte count changed little; however, relative and absolute eosinopenia and lymphopenia and neutrophilia occurred in the syndactylous cattle. Gross pathologic lesions were widespread parenchymatous degeneration, cerebral and cerebellar edema, and degeneration. Thus, syndactyly, a hereditary morphological defect, is correlated with a functional defect, hyperthermia.
1. Synthesis of the common C.1–C.13 hydrophobic domain of the B-type amphidinolides

Abstract In this letter, the first of two in this issue, we describe the synthesis of the C.1–C.13 hydrophobic domain common to the B-type amphidinolides.
SIMS Studies of Semi‐Insulating InP Amorphized by Mg and Si

Using secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) the annealing characteristics of amorphizing implants of Mg and Si in semi‐insulating have been examined. Substantial redistribution of Mg and Fe occurs during 30 min anneals of implanted with 1015 cm−2, 250 keV Mg. Atomic profiles indicate that Mg and Fe are gettered out of the amorphous zone into an implant damaged, bulk region. Examination of electron channelling patterns (ECP) from samples annealed for 30 min at 550° and 650°C show no discernible patterns at the surface or at depths near the theoretical damage profile peak. Weak channelling patterns are visible at the calculated peak damage depth, however, in samples annealed at 750°C for 30 and 60 min. Flat tails of Mg extending over a distance of about 1 μm are seen in the bulk. Little redistribution of Si occurs during 30 min, 750°C anneals of , 240 keV Si implants. Redistribution of Fe is observed in these Si implanted samples, however, resulting in an accumulation region near the implanted Si peak.
O2AIBN, free-radical method for the stereospecific oxidation of nucleoside trialkyl phosphites: new preparation of the individual, diastereomeric, 18O-labeled thymidine 3′, 5′-cyclic monophosphates.

Abstract An experimentally easy method for reqio- and stereospecific introduction of isotopic 18 O or 17 O) oxygen into phosphorus di- and triesters of biological interest is described and applied to 18 O-labelinq of cTMP's.
SU‐E‐J‐164: An Investigation of a Low‐Cost ‘dry’ Optical‐CT Scanning System for 3D Dosimetry

Purpose: To characterize and explore the efficacy of a novel low-cost, lowfluid, broad-beam optical-CT system for 3D-dosimetry in radiochromic Presage dosimeters. Leading current optical-CT systems incorporate expensive glass-based telecentric lens technology, and a fluid bath with substantial amounts of fluid (which introduces an inconvenience factor) to minimize refraction artifacts. Here we introduce a novel system which addresses both these limitations by: (1) the use of Fresnel lenses in a telecentric arrangement, and (2) a ‘solid’ fluid bath which dramatically reduces the amount of fluid required for refractive-index (RI) matching. Materials Methods: A fresnel based telecentric optical-CT system was constructed which expands light from a single red LED source into a nominally parallel beam into which a cubic ‘dry-tank’ is placed. The drytank consists of a solid polyurethane cube (with the same RI as Presage) but containing a cylindrical cavity (11.5cm diameter × 11cm ) into which the dosimeter is placed for imaging. A narrow (1-3mm) gap between the walls of the dosimeter and dry-tank is filled with a fluid of similar RI. This arrangement reduces the amount of RI fluid from about 1000cc to 75cc, yielding substantial practical benefit in convenience and cost. The new system was evaluated in direct comparison against Eclipse planning system from a 4-field parallel-opposed treatmen Results: Gamma calculations of dose from DFOS-dry system versus Eclipse showed 92% and 97% agreement with 4mm/4% and 5mm/5% criteria, respectively, in the central 80% of dose distribution. Reconstructions showed some edge artifacts, as well as some dose underestimation towards the dosimeter edge. Conclusion: The implementation of Fresnel based ‘dry’ optical-CT for 3Ddosimetry would represent an important advance enhancing costeffectiveness and practical viability. The performance of the prototype presented here is not yet comparable to the state-of-the-art, but shows sufficient promise for further investigation to elevate image quality to match gold-standard optical-CT systems. This work was supported by NIH R01CA100835
Neuroanatomy of creativity.

Creativity has long been a construct of interest to philosophers, psychologists and, more recently, neuroscientists. Recent efforts have focused on cognitive processes likely to be important to the manifestation of novelty and usefulness within a given social context. One such cognitive process – divergent thinking – is the process by which one extrapolates many possible answers to an initial stimulus or target data set. We sought to link well established measures of divergent thinking and creative achievement (Creative Achievement Questionnaire – CAQ) to cortical thickness in a cohort of young (23.7 ± 4.2 years), healthy subjects. Three independent judges ranked the creative products of each subject using the consensual assessment technique (Amabile, 1982) from which a “composite creativity index” (CCI) was derived. Structural magnetic resonance imaging was obtained at 1.5 Tesla Siemens scanner. Cortical reconstruction and volumetric segmentation were performed with the FreeSurfer image analysis suite. A region within the lingual gyrus was negatively correlated with CCI; the right posterior cingulate correlated positively with the CCI. For the CAQ, lower left lateral orbitofrontal volume correlated with higher creative achievement; higher cortical thickness was related to higher scores on the CAQ in the right angular gyrus. This is the first study to link cortical thickness measures to psychometric measures of creativity. The distribution of brain regions, associated with both divergent thinking and creative achievement, suggests that cognitive control of information flow among brain areas may be critical to understanding creative cognition. Hum Brain Mapp, 2010. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Characterizing expansion and stiffening of the canine liver with increasing hepatic pressure

Hepatic venous pressure is increased in advancing liver disease and is considered the primary source of of complications (such as variceal bleeding and ascites). Measurement of clinically significant increases in portal pressure is important for managing liver disease and is performed using the invasive method, hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG). We have previously reported that ARFI based shear wave speed (SWS) estimate increases with increasing hepatic venous pressure require an underlying tissue deformation. However, the mechanical behavior of the liver during pressurization is not well understood. In this work, tissue deformation during hepatic pressurization was tracked using successively acquired 3-D B-mode volumes and compared with concurrently accrued SWS datasets.
The "Ospedale degli Innocenti" and the "bambino" of the American Academy of Pediatrics.

For 60 years, the drawing of the infant in swaddling clothes has been a familiar symbol to fellows of the American Academy of Pediatrics (Fig 1). It is derived from 1 of 10 brightly glazed terra cotta bas-reliefs sculpted by Andrea Della Robbia1,2 that adorn the “Ospedale degli Innocenti,” or Foundling Hospital on the “Piazza della SS. Annunziatia” in Florence, Italy. There is historic and symbolic importance to this sculptured infant, but pediatricians might well be interested in the greater significance of the building, the “Ospedale degli Innocenti.” It is the oldest known institution continuously devoted to the welfare of children. Historians of architecture identify it as the first truly Renaissance structure.3–5 It was also the first commission of Filippo Brunelleschi, the extraordinary architect and engineer of the early Italian Renaissance. Finally, the building itself and how it came into being represents an important social and cultural landmark of Humanism during the “quattrocento.” Fig 1. The current insignia of the AAP. Adapted from Beaven.10 Reprinted with the permission of the American Academy of Pediatrics. In 1294, the General Council of the Florentine Population delegated responsibility for the care of the “innocenti” to a powerful guild in the city, the “Arte della Seta,” or Silk Guild. For more than a century, the guild had had substantial experience in providing sanctuary for foundlings. In 1419, they requested and obtained the right to a bequest of 1000 florins to build a facility entirely for children. “Arte della Seta” planned to present the “Ospedale degli Innocenti” to Florence as a grand demonstration of their beneficence to the city. It also reflected the importance they assigned to the care of abandoned infants “deserted by their parents contrary to the law of nature”.3 According to Saalman, “Ospedali” in Florence …
Accelerated Heat-Aging Studies on Fluorosilicone Rubber

Abstract The accelerated aging of a vulcanizate of fluorosilicone rubber was studied by four methods: infrared spectroscopy, GPC, weight loss, and stress relaxation, with the object of gathering information pertinent to understanding the basic mechanism of its aging. No changes were observed in infrared spectra of the rubber aged in air up to 315°C although severe degradation took place, as evidenced by high weight loss and drastic change in the physical condition of the test samples. It was concluded that although the polymer degrades, there is no change detectable within the precision of the analytical methods in the structure of the repeat unit of the elastomer. The gel-permeation chromatogram of unheated rubber showed peaks at MW 450 000 (95%) and 630 (5%). The low-molecular-weight component is very likely the cyclic tetramer of λ,λ′,λ″-trifluoropropylmethylsiloxane, the principal monomer of the FVMQ used. Heat aging increased the concentration of the 630 MW component, but rate studies were prevented ...
Variability of Breathlessness Measurement in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

The purpose of our study was to evaluate the reproducibility of a Borg rating of dyspnea in patients with COPD. We examined nine patients with COPD who performed a SST on four separate days within a ten-day period. The patients walked on a treadmill for 6 min. At the end of each minute, patients matched a Borg rating to the intensity of their breathlessness. We measured the HR, VE, VO2, VT and f at the end of each minute. While the mean VO2, VE, HR, VT and f stabilized after one or two attempts, the Borg ratings decreased with successive tests. We conclude that the Borg scale for measuring breathlessness shows progressive decreases with repetition whereas VO2, VE, HR, VT and f stabilize after one or two practice attempts. This suggests that desensitization to dyspnea may play a role in the improvement of patients after exercise.
Odd and even group divisible designs with two groups and block size four

We show the necessary conditions are sufficient for the existence of GDD(n,2,4; @l"1, @l"2) with two groups and block size four in which every block intersects each group exactly twice (even GDD's) or in which every block intersects each group in one or three points (odd GDD's). We give a construction for near 3-resolvable triple systems TS(n,3,6) for every n>=4, and these are used to provide constructions for several families of GDDs.
PROBLEMS OF CHANGE IN AUSTRALIAN AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS

There has been a low level of methodological controversy within the Australian agricultural economics profession. Johnson's 1963 paper is the most significant and in it he passed criticisms on agricultural production economists not unlike those currently being made by political economists of economics in general. These past criticisms have in the main been ignored by the Australian profession but it is suggested that they are now being pushed with renewed vigour and they can no longer be ignored. It is argued that our policy work has by and large been successful and effective except for significant areas where our methodology was of restricted usefulness. In farm management the Johnsonian strictures would seem to apply but a more charitable interpretation is provided which should meet the approval of the political economists. Our almost complete neglect of development economics must soon draw to an end and we will find that the methodologies which we have relied on heavily and fairly successfully must be augmented as we become more involved in this field. The political economics challenge should be recognized and accepted with relish because the nature of our work is changing and will continue to change in the future. We have adapted fairly well as adjustment and equity have become major policy concerns. Meeting the political economics challenge will help this process of adaptation.
Apocalyptic Movements in Contemporary Politics: Christian and Jewish Zionism

Straddling disciplines ranging from Religious Studies and Political Science to Peace Studies and International Studies, Carlo Aldrovandi’s Apocalyptic Movements in Contemporary Politics: Christian ...
Evolution and assembly of an extremely scrambled gene

The process of gene unscrambling in hypotrichous ciliates represents one of nature's ingenious solutions to the problem of gene assembly. With some essential genes scrambled in as many as 51 pieces, these ciliates rely on sequence and structural cues to rebuild their fragmented genes and genomes. Here we report the complex pattern of scrambling in the DNA polymerase α gene of Stylonychia lemnae. The germline (micronuclear) copy of this gene is broken into 48 pieces with 47 dispersed over two loci, with no asymmetry in the placement of coding segments on either strand. Direct repeats present at the boundaries between coding and noncoding sequences provide pointers to help guide assembly of the functional (macronuclear) gene. We investigate the evolution of this complex gene in three hypotrichous species.
Treatment Guidelines for Alzheimer's Disease: Redefining Perceptions in Primary Care

Background: Current treatment guidelines for Alzheimer's disease (AD) do not reflect more recently collected data on therapeutic outcomes other than cognitive function and memory, and this has led to a limited understanding of the value of drug therapy in AD. Objectives: To evaluate the need to revise treatment guidelines for AD, to review data that have become available since the publication of current guidelines, and to communicate how existing guidelines and relevant new data can be valuable to the primary care provider who assesses and treats patients with AD. Data Sources: A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify existing treatment guidelines using the MeSH headings Alzheimer disease–drug therapy AND practice guidelines. The alternative terms treatment guidelines, practice parameter, and practice recommendation were also searched in conjunction with the MeSH term Alzheimer disease–drug therapy. Additionally, MEDLINE was searched using the term dementia and publication type “practice guideline.” All searches were limited to articles published within the last 10 years, in English. A total of 116 articles were identified by these searches. Additional publications were identified by manually searching the reference lists of these articles and of published clinical trials of AD therapies. Study Selection and Data Extraction: Current AD treatment guidelines and clinical trial results for AD treatment options were extracted, reviewed, and summarized to meet the objectives of this article. Data Synthesis: Current guidelines support the use of cholinesterase inhibitors in patients with mild to moderate AD. More recent clinical research indicates that cholinesterase inhibitor treatment provides effectiveness across a wide range of dementia severity and multiple symptom domains. These medications also significantly decrease caregiver burden and may lower the risk for nursing home placement. Conclusions: The expanding literature on AD medications suggests that treatment guidelines need to be reexamined. Recent data emphasize preservation of abilities and delay of adverse outcomes in AD patients rather than short-term improvements in cognitive test scores. Treatment appears to provide the greatest benefit when it is initiated early in the course of the disease and maintained over the long term. Revised treatment guidelines should address newer medications and more recent outcomes considerations, as well as provide guidance on how long to continue and when to discontinue pharmacotherapy for AD.
A model for viscoplastic materials with temperature dependence

Abstract This paper extends an isothermal viscoplastic model proposed by the authors to include temperature dependence. The underlying hypotheses are a superposition of viscoelastic and plastic response in conjunction with thermorheologically simple behavior with temperature. Techniques are described for using experimental data to determine the functions that define the model and these techniques are applied to one set of such data.
Taste Sensitivity and Aesthetic Preferences: Is Taste Only a Metaphor?:

“Taste” is often used to describe sensitivity to both foods and visual art. We examined whether a biological marker of physical taste sensitivity influenced aesthetic preferences. In three studies, we measured physical taste sensitivity by exposing participants to the chemical phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) and having them rate how bitter it tasted (if they tasted it at all). Across all studies, miscalibrated physical taste sensitivity (extremely high and low taste bud density) related to extreme negative responses to disturbing and provocative artwork. Miscalibrated physical taste sensitivity was related specifically to avoiding (high disgust) disturbing artwork, but not to approach-related negative affect (anger). These findings provide novel evidence regarding biological influences on aesthetic preferences.
XAFS and X-ray reflectivity studies of buried interfaces

Abstract Many of the properties of materials are not due to single-crystal properties, but rather the structure and behavior of internal interfaces. Unlike a free surface, however, there are few ways to nondestructively probe these “buried” interfaces. Here, results are presented on several systems, including semiconductor heterointerfaces exhibiting complex reconstruction, and internal interfaces in metals and semiconductors showing anisotropic atomic motion. In discussing these results, it is shown how X-ray Absorption Fine-structure Spectroscopy (XAFS), X-ray diffraction, and X-ray reflectivity measurements complement one another.
THEORY FOR THE ABLATION OF FIBERGLAS-REINFORCED PHENOLIC RESIN

A model is presented to describe stagnation point ablation for an axially symmetric body consisting of a heterogeneous dispersion of carbon particles in glass. Ablation for this system'approximates important dynamic ablation characteristics of Fiberglas-reinforced phenolic resin materials. Endothermic carbon-silica reaction enters as a significant mechanism of ablation and produces a sharp cutoff temperature for any given stagnation point pressure, thus giving rise to a surface-adjacent zone where all chemical reaction occurs. Other processes encompassed in the mathematical model are energy transport, molten glass flow, and mass addition to the boundary layer. Numerical results are in encouraging agreement with experiment.
Reconnections of vortex filaments

The process of break-down and reconnection of vortex filaments is considered by the method of three-dimensional vortex singularities (vortons) in various situations, including oblique interaction of a vortex ring with a boundary in shear flow, shedding of a vortex ring from a horseshoe vortex, instability of elliptic vortex ring, Crow instability of two perturbed antiparallel vortex filaments, merging and subsequent splitting of vortex rings. Special attention is paid to the global integrals (vorticity, momentum, angular momentum) and to the inviscid dissipation of energy. The visualization of the effective vortex core, created by the interference of the vorticity fields of vortons, is presented. The comparisons with other methods of simulation of three-dimensional vortex interactions and with the observations have been made.
Biased processing of sad faces: An ERP marker candidate for depression susceptibility

Depression has been associated with task-relevant increased attention toward negative information, reduced attention toward positive information, or reduced inhibition of task-irrelevant negative information. This study employed behavioural and psychophysiological measures (event-related potentials; ERP) to examine whether groups with risk factors for depression (past depression, current dysphoria) would show attentional biases or inhibitory deficits related to viewing facial expressions. In oddball task blocks, young adult participants responded to an infrequently presented target emotion (e.g., sad) and inhibited responses to an infrequently presented distracter emotion (e.g., happy) in the context of frequently presented neutral stimuli. Previous depression was uniquely associated with greater P3 ERP amplitude following sad targets, reflecting a selective attention bias. Also, dysphoric individuals less effectively inhibited responses to sad distracters than non-dysphoric individuals according to behavioural data, but not psychophysiological data. Results suggest that depression risk may be most reliably characterised by increased attention toward others' depressive facial emotion.
Syntheses and some chemistry of stable isoporphyrin systems

Isoporphyrin zinc(II) complexes can be synthesized using the MacDonald ["2+2"] approach, with suitably substituted dipyrromethanes and 5,5-dialkyldipyrromethanes. The zinc(II) complexes are stable, show characteristic optical and 1H NMR spectra, and have been characterized as perchlorate salts by X-ray diffraction. Attempts to prepare other metal salts of isoporphyrins (Ni, Cu, Fe), either by metalation during ring synthesis or by subsequent metalation of metal-free isoporphyrins, were unsuccessful. Evidence shows that a metal-free isoporphyrins can synthesized by demetalating the corresponding zinc(II) complexes with TFA. However, workup with base after the reaction must be avoided. The optical spectra of relatively unstable metal-free isoporphyrins (λmax (CH2Cl2) 430, 700 nm) are blue shifted relative to their zinc(II) complexes (λmax (CH2Cl2) 416, 731, 797 nm), and can be remetalated with zinc(II) acetate, to generate the fully characterized zinc(II) salts.
Calculation of the rotational constants A and C for isotopic species of slightly perturbed CH3CN symmetric top molecules

A technique which was employed earlier to calculate the rotational constants of CH3CCH has been extended to the ground and two vibrational levels in thev 8 vibration of CH3CN for several isotopic species. The moments of inertia and a computer iteration technique over experimental data for each isotopic species were employed to evaluate the constantA v in an excited vibrational state for a symmetric top molecule. This method gave good estimates forA v for each isotope. The angle of bending and the orientation of each molecular system in reference frames, one fixed on the carbon atom at the -C≡N site and the other at the center of mass, were explored. These results are discussed in this paper. The method, which was applied by Tam and Roberts to the nv10,n=1, 2, 3, 4, vibrations of CH3CCH earlier and which was extended to thev 10=1 vibration of CH3CCH with13C isotopic species, has been applied to13C isotopic species of CH3CN and seems to be a useful tool to extract the value ofA 0. Each of these molecules shows reasonable dependency ofA v over vibrational levels. Values ofA v calculated from the geometrical model are in good agreement with those obtained by fitting the terms in the frequency equations, which containedA v , to the experimental data through an iteration technique in which the value ofA was allowed to vary.
Dissociation of intermolecular disulfide bonds in P22 tailspike protein intermediates in the presence of SDS

Each chain of the native trimeric P22 tailspike protein has eight cysteines that are reduced and buried in its hydrophobic core. However, disulfide bonds have been observed in the folding pathway and they are believed to play a critical role in the registration of the three chains. Interestingly, in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) only monomeric chains, rather than disulfide-linked oligomers, have been observed from a mixture of folding intermediates. Here we show that when the oligomeric folding intermediates were separated from the monomer by native gel electrophoresis, the reduction of intermolecular disulfide bonds did not occur in the subsequent second-dimension SDS–gel electrophoresis. This result suggests that when tailspike monomer is present in free solution with SDS, the partially unfolded tailspike monomer can facilitate the reduction of disulfide bonds in the tailspike oligomers.
Predicting poor-communication status in preschool children using risk factors present at birth.

The speech and language status of 662 children between the ages of 30 months and 5 years was determined through the use of parent report information. Twelve of these children were reported by their...
Age of onset of polycystic ovarian syndrome in girls may be earlier than previously thought.

Abstract Objectives To study the age at diagnosis of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) in a pediatric population. To compare risk factors involved in causing PCOS in preadolescent and adolescent girls. To review the current literature on the reported age of PCOS in girls. Design A retrospective chart review and systematic review of the literature. Participants Patients included 58 girls (age ≤18 yrs) with a diagnosis of PCOS based on the Rotterdam criteria. Girls were grouped as preadolescents ( Main Outcome Measures Age at diagnosis. Differences in risk factors for PCOS (Ethnicity, obesity, family history of PCOS, birth weight, age at pubarche, thelarche and menarche, evidence of hyperandrogenism and/or insulin resistance) were compared between the two groups. Results There were 26% (15/58) preadolescent girls (9–12 yrs) vs 74% (43/58) adolescents (13–18 yrs). There was no significant difference between the two groups in ethnicity, BMI z-score, family history of maternal PCOS, birth weight, hyperandrogenism, or insulin resistance. Preadolescents with PCOS had significantly earlier onset of pubarche and thelarche than adolescents with PCOS, by 1.9 and 1.5 yrs, respectively (P = 0.018, 0.030). In addition to earlier puberty, PCOS developed 2.1 years sooner after thelarche in preadolescents than in adolescents. (P = 0.008) Preadolescents were significantly taller for age than adolescents (72nd % vs 43rd %) (P = 0.005). A review of the 28 studies published in the last 3 years that included PCOS patients with age Conclusion Increased awareness of PCOS in young females is needed. PCOS may occur at a younger age in girls who develop early pubarche and thelarche. Therefore, the diagnosis and workup should be considered in young girls with risk factors suggestive of PCOS.
CRYAB and HSPB2 deficiency alters cardiac metabolism and paradoxically confers protection against myocardial ischemia in aging mice

The abundantly expressed small molecular weight proteins, CRYAB and HSPB2, have been implicated in cardioprotection ex vivo. However, the biological roles of CRYAB/HSPB2 coexpression for either isc...
Quasi-Cyclic LDPC Codes on Cyclic Subgroups of Finite Fields

A new class of quasi-cyclic LDPC codes whose parity-check matrices are arrays of circulant permutation matrices constructed based on cyclic subgroups of finite fields is presented. This class of codes contains several known classes of algebraic quasi-cyclic LDPC codes as subclasses. Experimental results show that the codes constructed perform very well over the AWGN channel when decoded with iterative decoding based on belief propagation. This class of new QC-LDPC codes contains a subclass of codes which have large minimum distances. Combinatorial expressions for the ranks of the parity-check matrices of a subclass of codes constructed based on fields of characteristic two are given.
Large bulk matter search for fractional charge particles

We have carried out the largest search for stable particles with fractional electric charge, based on an oil drop method that incorporates a horizontal electric field and upward air flow. No evidence for such particles was found, giving a 95% confidence level upper limit of $1.17\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}22}$ particles per nucleon on the abundance of fractional charge particles in silicone oil for $0.18el~|{Q}_{\mathrm{residual}}|l~0.82e.$ Since this is the first use of this new method we describe the advantages and limitations of the method.
Reducing Value Chain Vulnerability to Terrorist Attacks

Like most U.S. chemical companies, you probably know where your security-sensitive inventories are located within your sites and have assured yourself that you have taken reasonable precautions to reduce the risk of their being used in a terrorist attack. What about when you ship them? How secure are the various parts of your value chain—offsite storage and transportation of your products, raw materials, intermediates, and wastes, and processing of ordering and invoicing transactions? Value chain security focuses on tampering and misuse of materials handled outside the plant boundaries. At FMC, we took a three-stage approach to identifying and dealing with potential security issues posed by materials in transit. Stage 1 was a quick review to determine which of our products, intermediates, or raw materials might be potentially useful to terrorists. In Stage 2 we looked for specific security-emergency scenarios that might involve those chemicals, estimated the risk of those scenarios, and made recommendations to reduce the vulnerability to terrorist attack. In Stage 3 we are implementing the plans we developed. FMC's approach has successfully focused our efforts and used familiar techniques to break down complex Value Chains into manageable sections and then to identify the possible scenarios and (relative) risks at each section. We were able to do this with minimal travel costs. This paper describes the general organization of FMC's value chain security efforts and our analysis technique, and discusses lessons (including a few surprises) that we have learned from the analyses. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2005
The Lichens of Parashant National Monument, Arizona: A Preliminary Study

Abstract One hundred seventy species in 57 lichen genera are reported from the Parashant National Monument. Collections were made from 16 sites visited during the study. Data reported in this study correlates with previous studies from the surrounding areas, and 38 species are reported as new to this region in northwestern Arizona. In addition, a second record of Letharia vulpina is reported for the state. The data presented here serve as a baseline for future studies related to lichen biodiversity or air quality monitoring in northwestern Arizona.
Topo-edaphic controls over woody plant biomass in South African savannas

Abstract. The distribution of woody biomass in savannas reflects spatial patterns fundamental to ecosystem processes, such as water flow, competition, and herbivory, and is a key contributor to savanna ecosystem services, such as fuelwood supply. While total precipitation sets an upper bound on savanna woody biomass, the extent to which substrate and terrain constrain trees and shrubs below this maximum remains poorly understood, often occluded by local-scale disturbances such as fire and trampling. Here we investigate the role of hillslope topography and soil properties in controlling woody plant aboveground biomass (AGB) in Kruger National Park, South Africa. Large-area sampling with airborne Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) provided a means to average across local-scale disturbances, revealing an unexpectedly linear relationship between AGB and hillslope-position on basalts, where biomass levels were lowest on crests, and linearly increased toward streams (R2 = 0.91). The observed pattern was different on granite substrates, where AGB exhibited a strongly non-linear relationship with hillslope position: AGB was high on crests, decreased midslope, and then increased near stream channels (R2 = 0.87). Overall, we observed 5-to-8-fold lower AGB on clayey, basalt-derived soil than on granites, and we suggest this is due to herbivore-fire interactions rather than lower hydraulic conductivity or clay shrinkage/swelling, as previously hypothesized. By mapping AGB within and outside fire and herbivore exclosures, we found that basalt-derived soils support tenfold higher AGB in the absence of fire and herbivory, suggesting high clay content alone is not a proximal limitation on AGB. Understanding how fire and herbivory contribute to AGB heterogeneity is critical to predicting future savanna carbon storage under a changing climate.
Information understanding: integrating data fusion and data mining processes

Data fusion and data mining are complementary processes that contribute abductive-inductive (learning and discovery) and deductive (detection) capabilities. Not to be confused with each other, the processes offer distinct and reciprocal capabilities that, once integrated, provide powerful tools for improving the automatic recognition of targets by complex, nonliteral signatures from multiple sources. ERIM International is developing and applying this integrated technology to improve the performance of traditional data fusion processes.
Psychological sense of community & belonging in engineering education

Using previously validated measures, belonging and psychological sense of community are measured in a cross section of engineering communities including engineering classes at the sophomore and junior level at a major Research 1 University and various conference venues and research center retreats. Belonging and sense of community vary among the venues examined. As students become more invested in their community of practice (moving from undergraduate to graduate level), belongingness and psychological sense of community (PSC) increase. Differences in belonging and PSC also occur within different groups of graduate students but remain surprisingly consistent among undergraduates. Both of these affective/relational measures are important to academic outcomes and student experience as they mediate academic engagement and are mediated by extraversion, making it more difficult for the introvert-dominated engineering student population to attain strong connections to community.
The End of the Superworld

Our discipline of elementary particle physics confronts the three great pincers of the Big Squeeze: we suffer from a lack of adequate funding, a theory that works too well, and a bit too much religious zeal.
Religion and Comparative Political Sociology

In the last decade, religious politics seemed to sweep the world. Calls have been issued for religion to regain its rightful place in the study of politics. We contend that the influence of religion on politics is hardly novel and that religious beliefs and organizations have had a profound effect on polities both in the developed democracies and in developing societies. Drawing widely on the comparative sociology of politics, we trace the role of religion in the generation of political attitudes and preferences, in the process of democratization, in the formation of interest organizations and confessional parties, and consider the contemporary debate concerning religious violence. We will demonstrate the importance of religion in inspiring political behavior, including both electoral and non-electoral politics, and in the shaping of political institutions and the regulatory framework surrounding the religious sphere. Our survey indicates that neither arguments concerning the secularization of polity and society nor for the recent return of religious fervor to politics is persuasive. Religion is, and has been, fundamental to modern politics.
Influence of daylength experienced by dams on post-natal development of young meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus)

Abstract Meadow voles born to dams kept in short days (SD) beginning 5 or 11 weeks before parturition (SD-5, SD-11) had less developed testes, gained weight more slowly and built larger nests than did young gestated and maintained in long days (LD). Pelage development was greater in SD than in LD young at 21 and 45 days of age. At weaning, SD-5 young had less dense fur and shorter guard hairs than did SD-11 young, indicating that the photoperiodic history of dams before insemination affects the post-natal pelage development of their progeny. Short daylengths experienced by dams before mating may facilitate winter preparedness of their offspring.
Postconsolidation Maintenance and Monitoring in Patients With Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia

Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is a unique subtype of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Its exclusivity is reflected by both the clinical course and the management of patients. This article discusses 2 aspects of the unique management of patients with APL: the role of maintenance therapy and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) monitoring. Despite common practice, the efficacy of maintenance therapy in APL is still debated, and the introduction of arsenic trioxide into frontline protocols makes this debate even more challenging. This article also attempts to clarify details regarding the type and duration of maintenance treatment. The presence of residual leukemic cells, seen using PCR analysis of the PML/RARα fusion gene product, in patients who have experienced a complete response has been shown to have a high correlation with subsequent relapse. This fact led to the broad use of PCR monitoring techniques in patients with APL. Practicing clinicians face several questions with regard to monitoring, such as what is the best technique for monitoring patients with APL, who can benefit the most from these tests, what are the best time points, and for how long is monitoring recommended. These questions are addressed in this article.
The development of human fetal activity and its relation to postnatal behavior.

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the development of human fetal behavior. Discovery of the causes and mechanisms involved in behavior depends upon acquiring a more complete knowledge of the developmental sequence of the reactions of the fetus to its total environment. Reports on human fetal reflexes have appeared during recent years. Most of the data are from observations on older fetuses and premature infants. It has not been possible either to determine satisfactorily the total number of cases studied or to correlate activity with fetal age in many instances. The current account of human fetal activity is based almost entirely on the observations begun in 1932 by Davenport Hooker at the University of Pittsburgh. The investigations on fetal activity include premotile embryos and a total of 136 motile fetuses and premature infants. Motion picture records are available for the majority of these cases and dictated records for the others. The chapter presents interpretation based on the analysis of these motion picture records.
THz Magneto-Spectroscopy of Semiconductor Nanostructures

I will describe our recent THz magneto-optical experiments on semiconductors. Both THz quantum cascade lasers and time-domain THz spectroscopy were used. The development of an ultracompact optically-detected THz spectroscopy system will be discussed.
Front-end oscillator system for the National Ignition Facility

The National Ignition Facility (NIF) is currently under design by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and other Department of Energy laboratories. It is a 192-beam frequency-converted Nd:glass laser with 1.8 mJ of output energy at 351 nm. The goal for this system is to achieve ignition for a D–T fusion capsule in the laboratory. The laser front-end is designed to inject as much as 9 J in a beam precisely controlled for temporal pulse shape, spatial intensity profile, and beam bandwidth. The NIF front-end consists of a fiber based oscillator system, phase modulators, fiber amplification and distribution, amplitude modulation, a regenerative amplifier, and a 2.5-cm-square-aperture four-pass amplifier.
Abstract 35: Identification of a Mouse Strain Modifier Locus for Factor V Leiden/Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor Dependent Thrombosis

Factor V Leiden (FVL) is the most common genetic risk factor for venous thromboembolism (VTE). FVL is incompletely penetrant as only 10% of FVL heterozygotes develop VTE. Previously, nearly uniform perinatal lethality was observed in C57BL/6J (B6) mice hemizygous for tissue factor pathway inhibitor (Tfpi+/-) on a homozygous FVL background (FVQ/Q). However, inbred mouse strains exhibit significant genetic variation and can exert a profound influence on phenotype. We tested the lethality of FVQ/Q Tfpi+/- on the DBA/2J inbred strain background by crossing FVQ/+ Tfpi+/- to DBA/2J followed by a double heterozygous (FVQ/+ Tfpi+/-) x FVQ/Q cross. Surprisingly, FVQ/Q Tfpi+/- mice on the DBA/2J genetic background are born at expected Mendelian frequencies (N=62, nexp=15, nobs=15, N.S.) and display no overt thrombosis. This demonstrates the existence of dominant antithrombotic DBA/2J strain-specific thrombosis modifier gene(s). Analysis of progeny from a DBA/2J-B6 F1 FVQ/Q Tfpi+/- x B6 FVQ/Q cross yielded equal proportions of FVQ/Q Tfpi+/- and FVQ/Q Tfpi+/+ (N=130, nexp=43, nobs=63, p
Nanosecond Dielectric Barrier Discharge Plasma Actuator Flow Control ofCompressible Dynamic Stall

This work presents results of an experimental investigation of dynamic stall flow control using nanosecond dielectric barrier discharge (NS-DBD) plasma actuation on a pitching NACA 0015 airfoil. This airfoil was subjected to pitch oscillations at a reduced frequency of 0.05 at Mach numbers of 0.2 and 0.4 with mean Reynolds numbers of 1.2 and 2.2 million, respectively. The results presented document the effect of NS-DBD plasma actuation at 4% chord and F + ranges from approximately 0.4 to 6.0. Actuation at certain F + values resulted in a weaker dynamic stall vortex with improvements in the post-stall regime and an earlier pressure recovery.