cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SU‐E‐CAMPUS‐T‐04: Plan Quality of Proton Vs. Photon IMRT for Whole Ventricle Irradiation

Purpose: To assess whether photon IMRT is an alternative to protons for whole ventricle irradiation (WVI), we compare dosimetric plans of helical tomotherapy with passively‐scattered protons for WVI based upon target dose uniformity and conformity and organ‐at‐risk (OAR) sparing. Methods: Six representative pediatric patients treated for CNS disease were evaluated retrospectively. A 3 mm isotropic expansion of the ventricles' contour was designated as the PTV and prescribed to 24 Gy. Among the OARs considered were the temporal lobes, optic chiasm, optic nerves, inner ears, and lenses. Tomotherapy plans were generated using the TomoTherapy planning system v. 4.2 (Accuray, Inc.) with the longitudinal jaw size of 2.5 cm and the pitch of 0.287. Three‐field proton plans were created using CMS XiO v. 4.70 (Elekta, Inc.), using a passively‐scattered proton beam model with maximum range of 32 g/cm2 (225 MeV), range modulation in 0.5 g/cm2 increments, and Lucite range compensators. Plan quality was compared using a series of parameters including conformity index (CI), uniformity index (UI), and a EUD‐based plan quality index (fEUD), a composite value calculated using the generalized EUD of all targets and OARs. Results: Among the 6 patients, proton plans exhibited slightly better CI for 4 cases and slightly better UI for 5 cases. If all OARs are considered, the proton plans had slightly better fEUD (0.20 vs. 0.17). This was attributed to the total avoidance of the eyes and lenses among the proton plans. If the eyes and lenses are excluded, the average fEUD is equal to 0.20 for both planning techniques. Conclusion: For WVI, if the sparing of distal ROIs such as the eyes and lenses is a concern, classical proton planning is a more favorable choice. Otherwise, the overall dose to the target and proximal OARs are comparable for both planning techniques.
New nonequilibrium phonon state.

Evidence for a new optically driven nonequilibrium phonon state has been observed experimentally. Among the properties which differentiate this state is that the nonequilibrium state has two decay rates in the picosecond regime, rather than the single decay rate observed under thermal equilibrium. The magnitudes of the two decay rates depend strongly on the phonon occupation numbers. For the most part, the observed properties of the new state correspond well to theoretical predictions. The new state appears as a precursor to laser damage under the present experimental conditions.
Altered trunk position sense and its relation to balance functions in people post-stroke.

Objective:To determine whether trunk position sense is impaired in people with poststroke hemiparesis.Background:Good trunk stability is essential for balance and extremity use during daily functional activities and higher level tasks. Dynamic stability of the trunk requires adequate flexibility, mu
Ozone-forming potential of organic emissions from alternative-fueled vehicles

Abstract Ozone-forming potentials of emissions from various alternative-fueled vehicles and gasoline-fueled vehicles have been evaluated using currently available data on the composition of organic emissions from such vehicles. Ozone-forming potentials are computed using three different methods: (1) a relative reactivity method; (2) an incremental reactivity method; and (3) a direct method using a photochemical trajectory model and detailed organic composition data for vehicular emissions. The three different methods give consistent results when the compositions of non-methane hydrocarbon (NMHC) emissions are similar. In those cases, the simplified relative reactivity or incremental reactivity methods are useful. However, when the compositions of NMHC emissions are not similar, a method which considers the detailed speciated organic emissions data, such as the direct method, is needed. More reliable, statistically significant data for organic composition of emissions from alternative-fueled vehicles as well as gasoline-fueled vehicles are needed to improve the estimates of ozone-forming potentials.
AVOIDANCE BEHAVIOR IN VOCATIONAL MOTIVATION

A presentation of vocational motivation theories as specific cases of the more general motivational theories is made, noting the strict adherence of the theorists to taxonomies of positive motives. It is proposed that avoidance behavior be included in the theories, noting support from the work of Miller and Mowrer. Two cases of apparent career avoidance behavior are presented, along with a third case which demonstrates the development of neither positive nor negative attributes to the idea of a career. It is suggested that vocational guidance instruments attempt to measure avoidance behavior, and that the naive view that everyone has some positive motivation toward work be discarded.
Seasonal Cycle Forcing of El Niño-Southern Oscillation in a Global, Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere GCM

Abstract Recent advances in computer power and climate modeling capability have provided the opportunity for several modeling groups to undertake extended integrations with global coupled ocean-atmosphere climate models that allow the study of coupled processes thought to be important in producing Southern Oscillation and El Nino phenomena. Results are shown here from such a coupled model, developed at the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), that consists of a global, spectral (R15) atmospheric general circulation model (GCM) coupled to a global, 5° latitude-longitude, four-layer, ocean GCM. In spite of limitations of the coarse model grid, Southern Oscillation-type interannual variability of the ocean-atmosphere system is inherent in the coupled model. One of the mysteries of the Southern Oscillation cycle is how the system makes the transition from cold to warm phase and back again in the tropical Pacific in northern spring. Evidence is shown from the NCAR coupled model that a modulation of...
Comparative performance of tests of normality in detecting mixtures of parallel regression lines

This paper addresses the problem of detecting a mixture of parallel regression lines when information about group member¬ship of individual cases is not given. The problem is approached as a missing variable problem, with the missing variables being the dummy variables that code for groups. If a mixture of par¬allel regression lines with normally distributed error terms is present, a simple regression model without dummy variables will produce residuals that follow approximately a mixed normal dis¬tribution. In a simulation studyr several goodness-of-fit tests of normality were used to test the residuals obtained from mis-specified models that excluded dummy variables, Factors varied in the simulation included the number and the separation of the parallel lines and the sample size, The goodness-of-fit test based on the sample kurtosis (82) was overall most powerful in detecting mixtures of parallel regression lines, Applications are discussed.
Child Death From Pediatric Illness: Conceptualizing Intervention From a Family/Systems and Public Health Perspective.

Despite the universal and understandable distress associated with the death of a child from pediatric illness, do psychologists help surviving families in ways that match their need for assistance? Many families do not seek psychological help and cope adaptively with their loss. Indications for psychotherapy with bereaved families are based largely on experience with families who engage in treatment and who have greater distress. Other families may not receive sufficient services but are at risk for ongoing difficulties and unlikely to engage in treatment. Suggestions for intervention are made, with attention to the fit of therapeutic approaches with family needs.
Adrenocortical stem and progenitor cells: Unifying model of two proposed origins

The origins of our understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which signaling pathways and downstream transcription factors coordinate the specification of adrenocortical cells within the adrenal gland have arisen from studies on the role of Sf1 in steroidogenesis and adrenal development initiated 20 years ago in the laboratory of Dr. Keith Parker. Adrenocortical stem/progenitor cells have been predicted to be undifferentiated and quiescent cells that remain at the periphery of the cortex until needed to replenish the organ, at which time they undergo proliferation and terminal differentiation. Identification of these stem/progenitor cells has only recently been explored. Recent efforts have examined signaling molecules, including Wnt, Shh, and Dax1, which may coordinate intricate lineage and signaling relationships between the adrenal capsule (stem cell niche) and underlying cortex (progenitor cell pool) to maintain organ homeostasis in the adrenal gland.
Clinical characteristics of patients with rheumatic disorders who possess antibodies against ribonucleoprotein particles.

IgG was purified from 91 serum samples obtained from patients with systemic rheumatic diseases and examined for the presence of antinuclear antibodies reactive with small ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes. Antibody specificity was determined by autoradiographic detection of 32P labeled RNA which had been separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. This RNA was extracted from immune complexes formed by adding purified IgG to a homogenate of 32P labeled HeLa cells. Anti-RNP antibodies were detected in 70% of these samples. Specific antibodies detected were anti-(U1)-RNP (35%), anti-Sm (30%), anti-Ro (24%), and anti-La (10%). Other antibodies (9%) were reactive with structures containing 5S and 5.8S RNA or 4S RNA. There was a significant relationship between the presence of anti-RNP antibodies in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) (78%) as opposed to their presence in patients with non-SLE rheumatic disorders (45%). However, taken individually, anti-Ro was the only antibody whose presence in SLE patients (30%) was significantly greater than its presence in non-SLE patients (5%). Vasculitis was the only clinical manifestation found to correlate with the presence of a particular antibody, anti-(U1)RNP. There is some suggestion of a racial distribution of antibody types.
What is Adult Attachment

This paper explores the concept of adult attachment. Although attachment theory is now getting a great deal of attention, there is not yet a clear picture of what it means to be attached in adulthood or what the clinical applications of the approach might be. Using Bowlby’s distinctive ethological-evolutionary framework and updating it with findings from neurobiology and attachment research, it is proposed there is an attachment behavioral system that operates throughout the lives of adults and that this changes the way we understand our clients’ distress and carry out psychotherapy.
Screening for Chronic Kidney Disease in HIV-Infected Patients

With improved survival afforded by highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), CKD has emerged as one of the primary comorbid conditions affecting HIV-infected individuals. Although CKD in HIV-infected individuals is classically thought of as a consequence of advanced HIV infection such as in the case of HIV-associated nephropathy, several factors likely contribute to the development CKD in HIV infection. These factors include genetic predisposition, age-related decline in kidney function, HAART-related metabolic changes, exposure to multiple nephrotoxic medications, and concurrent conditions such as hepatitis C or illicit drug use. Similar to the general population, proteinuria and impaired kidney function are associated with faster progression to acquired immune deficiency syndrome and death. Given the prevalence and impact of kidney disease on the course of HIV infection and its management, current guidelines recommend screening all HIV-infected individuals for kidney disease. This review focuses on the current guidelines for kidney disease screening and discusses traditional as well as promising strategies for detecting CKD in this vulnerable population.
Identification and molecular mapping of two soybean aphid resistance genes in soybean PI 587732

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] continues to be plagued by the soybean aphid (Aphis glycines Matsumura: SA) in North America. New soybean resistance sources are needed to combat the four identified SA biotypes. The objectives of this study were to determine the inheritance of SA resistance in PI 587732 and to map resistance gene(s). For this study, 323 F2 and 214 F3 plants developed from crossing PI 587732 to two susceptible genotypes were challenged with three SA biotypes and evaluated with genetic markers. Choice tests showed that resistance to SA Biotype 1 in the first F2 population was controlled by a gene in the Rag1 region on chromosome 7, while resistance to SA Biotype 2 in the second population was controlled by a gene in the Rag2 region on chromosome 13. When 134 F3 plants segregating in both the Rag1 and Rag2 regions were tested with a 1:1 mixture of SA Biotypes 1 and 2, the Rag2 region and an interaction between the Rag1 and Rag2 regions were significantly associated with the resistance. Based on the results of the non-choice tests, the resistance gene in the Rag1 region in PI 587732 may be a different allele or gene from Rag1 from Dowling because the PI 587732 gene showed antibiosis type resistance to SA Biotype 2 while Rag1 from Dowling did not. The two SA resistance loci and genetic marker information from this study will be useful in increasing diversity of SA resistance sources and marker-assisted selection for soybean breeding programs.
Geophysical interpretation of ground‐water levels

The theory of rock-pressure as a cause of artesian-head dates back at least to early Grecian times. Thus the philosopher Thales, about 600 B.C., taught that the springs derive their water from the ocean through subterranean channels and that the water is lifted to the springs by rook-pressure. The theory of rock-pressure has had a number of recent advocates, chief among whom was the British geologist, J. W. Gregory, but apparently no effective attempt was made by any of them to apply critical data to the problem. In general, geologists and hydrologists have rejected rock-pressure as a vague heresy and have assumed that the artesian formations function as perfectly rigid and inert containers, not recognizing the fact that the data in regard to the performance of wells appear to conflict with such an interpretation.
Long-term medical management of the liver transplant recipient: what the primary care physician needs to know

Recognition, management, and prevention of medical complications and comorbidities after liver transplant is the key to improved long-term outcomes. Beyond allograft-related complications, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, renal dysfunction, and malignancies are leading causes of morbidity and mortality in this patient population. Primary care physicians have an important role in improving outcomes of liver transplant recipients and are increasingly relied on for managing these complex patients. This review serves to assist the primary care physician in the long-term management issues of liver transplant recipients.
Working the circuit: An explanation of employee turnover in the restaurant industry

(1983). Working the circuit: An explanation of employee turnover in the restaurant industry. Sociological Spectrum: Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 19-33.
Concurrent decrease of enzymic activities concerned with the synthesis of coenzyme B12 and of propionic acid in Propionibacteria

Cells of Propionibacterium shermanii grown aerobically produce far less of the corrin ring of vitamin B12 than those cells grown anaerobically. The decreased amount of the corrin ring is in part explained by the diminished activities of enzymes concerned with the synthesis of the porphyrin-like ring of B12. It has been found that the activity of δ-aminolevulinic acid synthetase in extracts of aerobically grown cells is about 60% of that found in extracts of anaerobically grown cells. Furthermore, the δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydrase activity in aerobic extracts is either not demonstrable, or only about 10% of that in extracts of anaerobically grown cells. The diminished concentration of coenzyme B12 in aerobically grown cells is reflected in the fatty acid composition of the fermentation products. Propionic acid, the predominant fatty acid among the products of the anaerobic fermentation, occurs in much smaller quantities as a product of aerobic fermentation. This is consistent with the well-known dependence of the methylmalonyl CoA-succinyl CoA isomerase reaction on coenzyme B12. The addition of coenzyme B12 to extracts of aerobically grown cells restores the propionate-succinate conversion to only about 30–50% of that found in extracts of anaerobically grown cells. It appears, therefore, that along with the decreased activities of enzymes concerned with B12 synthesis, there is a concurrent decreased activity of an enzyme system which depends in part on coenzyme B12. Since the cellular biotin concentration appears to be dependent on the amount of the biotin-dependent enzymes, the finding that extracts of aerobically grown cells contain less biotin than those of cells grown anerobically may be the result of the decreased amount of the functional biotin dependent enzyme.
Germ‐line mosaicism in Waardenburg syndrome

A family with three children with Waardenburg syndrome born to normal, unrelated parents is reported. This appears to be the first report suggesting germ-line mosaicism in Waardenburg syndrome.
The role of social media in higher education classes (real and virtual) – A literature review

Abstract The ubiquity of social media (e.g., Facebook, Twitter) is no more apparent than at the university. Social media are increasingly visible in higher education settings as instructors look to technology to mediate and enhance their instruction as well as promote active learning for students. Many scholars argue for the purposeful integration of social media as an educational tool. Empirical evidence, however, has lagged in supporting the claim. Most of the existing research on the utility and effectiveness of social media in the higher education class is limited to self-reported data (e.g., surveys, questionnaires) and content analyses. This paper summarizes the scholarly writings as well as reviews the findings of empirical investigations. Some limitations are discussed, and future areas of research are proposed.
Validity of Seguin formboard with retarded children.

Correlations for 172 retarded children (aged 6 to 15 yr.) of WISC standard scores and converted Seguin Formboard scores were small, only rs with Digit Span and Comprehension being significant. It was concluded that the Seguin is not valid with such children.
Higher leuprolide dose does not diminish the ovarian response to gonadotropins in a protocol using pre-treatment with oral contraceptives.

This report discusses a study conducted to investigate whether higher leuprolide doses altered ovarian stimulation cycle cancellation rates IVF outcomes or baseline ovarian cysts compared with lower doses. The results indicate that higher leuprolide doses do not diminish the ovarian response or impair fertilization in a stimulation protocol using pre-treatment with oral contraceptives.
Microwave ablation using 915-MHz and 2.45-GHz systems: what are the differences?

Objectives This study was conducted to evaluate differences between 915-MHz and 2.45-GHz microwave ablation (MWA) systems in the ablation of hepatic tumours.
A decision support system for dynamic truck dispatching

Abstract The feasibility of developing and implementing a real-time Decision Support System (DSS) on a microcomputer to assist line managers in making decisions, which have many subjective and intangible constraints, is demonstrated. A dynamic truck dispatching system was chosen as a prototype example. The results of the research presented here are twofold. First, insight was gained in how tasks should be divided between the computer and the human operator and in the required colorgraphics interface between them in complex decision making processes. Second, a prototype DSS for a real-time vehicle dispatching system was developed on a microcomputer based upon these insights. The DSS was designed to accommodate all the characteristics of a large corporation's national dispatch system using contract carriers.
Aromatic carbozylic acids isolated from the Colorado Green River Formation (Eocene)

Aromatic carboxylic acids isolation from Colorado River Eocene formation shale, discussing gas- liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry
Temperature-programmed desorption and infrared study of CO and H2 adsorption on Cu/ZnO catalysts

The authors have characterized a series of Cu/ZnO catalysts prepared by several methods, using a combination of adsorbate uptake measurements, temperature-programmed desorption, and FTIR spectroscopy applied to CO, H/sub 2/, and O/sub 2/ adsorbates. Adsorbed CO is present on the reduced catalysts in several adsorption states which are distinguished by different vibrational frequencies in the range 2104-2067 cm/sup -1/, and which desorb with apparent activation energies in the range 10-16 kcal/mol. When CO is adsorbed on oxidized catalysts, the frequencies shift to 2136-2110 cm/sup -1/ and the highest desorption energy increases to 19 kcal/mol. For H/sub 2/ adsorbed on reduced catalysts, a single desorption state which has an apparent activation energy of 20-21 kcal/mol is observed. When H/sub 2/ is adsorbed on oxidized catalysts, the desorption energy of this state increases to 26-27 kcal/mol. For the reduced catalysts, the amounts of reversible CO and H/sub 2/ adsorbed are found to correlate linearly with the amount of O/sub 2/ chemisorption measured at 98 K, with relative uptakes for CO, H/sub 2/, and O/sub 2/ in the ratio 9:2:10. These results are interpreted to suggest that Cu is present as metallic clusters which expose a large fraction of high-index surface planes andmore » that the chemical behavior of these planes is significantly differed from that of low-index single crystal planes. 38 references.« less
Determination of the optical constants and thickness profile of a tapered Inconel film by reflection ellipsometry

Abstract Ellipsometry is used to determine the optical constants n and k (at λ = 632.8 nm) and the thickness d ( P ) as a function of position of a tapered Inconel film on a glass slide. The inversion procedure necessary to derive the film characteristics ( n, k and d ) from ellipsometric data (ψ and Δ) is also presented.
The gamma ray line of 44Ti, combined with radio observations, as a probe of supernovae

Abstract The decay of 44 Ti can be used to search for young Galactic supernova remnants (SNRs). While these objects may be hidden in obscured regions toward the inner Galaxy not accessible to optical telescopes, observations at both gamma ray and radio wavelengths can be used to discover and explore these objects. The OSSE instrument on the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory can observe the gamma ray lines accompanying 44 Ti 44 Sc 44 Ca decay, especially the 1.16 MeV line, and detect recent supernovae (SNe) with ages up to several centuries. Centimeter wavelength radio continuum observations can then be used to identify the young SNRs associated with the gamma-ray detections. The radio observations provide information on the interaction of the SN blast wave with the progenitor star's circumstellar environment and local ISM, together with information on the expansion velocity and small scale structure of young SNRs. The determination of the radio morphology of young SNRs, whose SN type can be inferred from the gamma-ray observations, provides valuable insight into the interpretation of existing radio observations of older SNRs.
The effects of dimethyl sulfoxide on the kinetics of tubulin assembly.

Abstract The kinetics of tubulin assembly were examined in the absence and presence of dimethyl sulfoxide at 37°C. Inclusion of 1.4 M (10%) dimethyl sulfoxide lowered the critical protein concentration about 8–10-fold, from 9.4 μM in the absence of the organic solvent to 1.1 μM in its presence. This decrease was due solely to an effect on k − , the off rate constant. The on rate constant k + , was essentially unaffected. Another effect of dimethyl sulfoxide was in the nucleation process. The pseudo-first-order rate constant of elongation, k app ( k +[m]), was greatly increased by inclusion of dimethyl sulfoxide. This was due to an increase in the microtubule number concentration, [ m ]. The microtubules formed in the presence of dimethyl sulfoxide were much shorter than those formed in its absence, accounting for the higher number concentration. The nucleation number, n , was calculated by plots of in k app vs. in c 0 or in t 10% vs. in c 0 , and the value appeared to be about 4 to 5, although some variability was found. It was shown that a plot of k app vs. c 0 to determine n , is not appropriate because of the inability to distinguish between linear and curved plots in the range of tubulin concentration used in assembly studies.
Robust scalability analysis and SPM case studies

Scalability has become an attribute of paramount importance for computer systems used in business, scientific and engineering applications. Although scalability has been widely discussed, especially for pure parallel computer systems, it conveniently focuses on improving performance when increasing the number of computing processors. In fact, the term "scalable" is so much abused that it has become a marketing tool for computer vendors independent of the system's technical qualifications. Since the primary objective of scalability analysis is to determine how well a system can work on larger problems with an increase in its size, we introduce here a generic definition of scalability. For illustrative purposes only, we apply this definition to PC clusters, a rather difficult subject due to their long communication latencies. Since scalability does not solely depend on the system architecture but also on the application programs and their actual management by the run-time environment, for the sake of illustration, we evaluate scalability for programs developed under the super-programming model (SPM) (Jin and Ziavras in IEEE Trans. Parallel Distrib. Syst. 15(9):783---794, 2004; J. Parallel Distrib. Comput. 65(10):1281---1289, 2005; IEICE Trans. Inf. Syst. E87-D(7):1774---1781, 2004).
Analyzing Story Characters: Facilitating Higher Level Comprehension Skills in Students with Learning Disabilities

Theory into Practice (formerly called “Tips for Teachers”) is a regular department presenting practical teaching suggestions in the areas of reading, mathematics, written language, content areas, and organizational and social skills that can be used in a classroom or clinical setting. What practical ideas or suggestions do you find useful in your teaching or clinical situations? We encourage you to submit ideas and suggestions to one of the column co-editors: Dr. Peggy L. Anderson, Theory into Practice Co-Editor, Metropolitan State College of Denver, Department of Early Childhood/Elementary Education, PO Box 173362, Denver, CO 80217, or Dr. Mary E. Cronin, Theory into Practice Co-Editor, Department of Special Education and Habilitative Services, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70148.-PLA&MEC
Thyroxine and propylthiouracil supplements reduce the lithogenic index and cholesterol gallstones in hamsters

Abstract Alteration of thyroid status affects cholesterol and bile acid metabolism. In the present study, dietary supplements of DL-thyroxine and propylthiouracil were used to modulate plasma thyroxine levels, plasma lipoproteins, bile acid composition, and gallstone formation in hamsters. Male Syrian hamsters (Lakeview strain) were fed a gallstone-inducing purified diet (5% butter, 0.4% cholesterol) or the same diet supplemented with 0.005% thyroxine or 0.05% propylthiouracil for 5 weeks. Thyroxine administration greatly increased plasma triiodothyroxine (total T 3 ) and thyroxine (total T 4 ), whereas propylthiouracil depressed both. Compared with the gallstone diet, plasma cholesterol and triglycerides were significantly elevated by thyroxine and depressed by propylthiouracil. On autopsy, three of 10 hamsters fed the gallstone diet had cholesterol gallstones. No cholesterol gallstones were found in hamsters treated with thyroxine, but 9 of 10 animals had pigment stones. By contrast, only one of 10 hamsters supplemented with propylthiouracil had cholesterol stones, whereas 9 of 10 were without any stones. The lithogenic index was significantly reduced with thyroxine (1.1 ± 0.4) compared with the gallstone diet (2.6 ± 0.7), while the lithogenic index in hamsters fed propylthiouracil was intermediate (1.8 ± 0.7). With the gallstone diet, the cheno pool was slightly larger than the cholate pool. Thyroxine resulted in three times more cholate than cheno (percent distribution), while propylthiouracil resulted in twice as much cheno as cholate. As a result the cholate to cheno ratio was tripled by thyroxine and reduced 40% by propylthiouracil compared with the gallstone diet. Thus, despite enhanced lipemia, thyroxine-treated hamsters were protected against cholesterol gallstones, possibly by their ability to maintain a predominantly cholate bile acid profile. On the other hand, propylthiouracil protected against gallstones of all types despite a high cheno profile and elevations in hydrophobicity index. These results indicate that cholesterol gallstone formation in hamsters does not depend solely on plasma hyperlipemia, the bile acid profile, or either the lithogenic index or hydrophobicity index.
Stuart Schreiber: biology from a chemist’s perspective

Stuart L. Schreiber is Morris Loeb Professor and Chair of the Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology at Harvard University, and an Investigator at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. He founded Harvard's ICCB and directs the NIH-funded Initiative for Chemical Genetics (ICG). He is also a faculty member of the Broad Institute, a joint initiative by Harvard University and MIT that is 'dedicated to leveraging different disciplines to create a new toolkit for genomic medicine'. Following doctoral studies at Harvard University in the laboratory of R. B. Woodward and Y. Kishi, he joined the faculty at Yale University in 1981, where he was promoted to Full Professor in 1986. In 1988, he returned to Harvard, where, in addition to his main roles described above, he is an affiliate of both the Harvard Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Harvard Medical School Department of Cell Biology. He is also a member of the Graduate Programs in Biophysics at Harvard University and in Immunology at the Harvard Medical School. In keeping with his multiple roles at Harvard, Schreiber is renowned for taking an integrative and systematic approach to exploring biology. His pioneering work in the field of chemical biology has resulted in the characterisation of many cellular pathways, including (in collaboration with researchers at Stanford University) the identification of the calcium-calcineurin-NFAT signalling pathway. His lab has developed several methodologies including diversity-oriented synthesis (DOS) and in 2003 launched the Chembank public database (), a suite of informatic tools and databases to promote the use of chemical genetics. Schreiber has received many awards and honours including the Tetrahedron Prize for Creativity in Organic Chemistry (1997) and most recently the Society for Biomolecular Screening Achievement Award (2004). He has founded several successful biotechnology firms, including Vertex Pharmaceuticals in 1989, ARIAD Pharmaceuticals in 1991, and Infinity Pharmaceuticals in 2001. He was also founding editor of the journal Chemistry & Biology, which is now in its tenth year of publication.
Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Incident Diabetes: The FIT (Henry Ford ExercIse Testing) Project

OBJECTIVE Prior evidence has linked higher cardiorespiratory fitness with a lower risk of diabetes in ambulatory populations. Using a demographically diverse study sample, we examined the association of fitness with incident diabetes in 46,979 patients from The Henry Ford ExercIse Testing (FIT) Project without diabetes at baseline. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Fitness was measured during a clinician-referred treadmill stress test performed between 1991 and 2009. Incident diabetes was defined as a new diagnosis of diabetes on three separate consecutive encounters derived from electronic medical records or administrative claims files. Analyses were performed with Cox proportional hazards models and were adjusted for diabetes risk factors. RESULTS The mean age was 53 years with 48% women and 27% black patients. Mean metabolic equivalents (METs) achieved was 9.5 (SD 3.0). During a median follow-up period of 5.2 years (interquartile range 2.6–8.3 years), there were 6,851 new diabetes cases (14.6%). After adjustment, patients achieving ≥12 METs had a 54% lower risk of incident diabetes compared with patients achieving <6 METs (hazard ratio 0.46 [95% CI 0.41, 0.51]; P -trend < 0.001). This relationship was preserved across strata of age, sex, race, obesity, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that higher fitness is associated with a lower risk of incident diabetes regardless of demographic characteristics and baseline risk factors. Future studies should examine the association between change in fitness over time and incident diabetes.
26.2: Flexible Hybrid Substrates of Roll‐to‐Roll Manufacturing for Flexible Display Application

A flexible hybrid substrate was demonstrated for Roll-to-Roll (R2R) manufacturing. Layer-by-layer misalignment can be well controlled within 5μm. Amorphous InGaZnO (a-IGZO) TFT was fabricated on the flexible hybrid substrate by R2R process for the first time. A segment-type reflective EPD display was also demonstrated to show the R2R capability of flexible substrates.
Reparameterization to Implementing Kinetic Constraints in Pharmacokinetics

Polyexponential expressions are widely used in pharmacokinetic system analysis to represent various functions and pharmacokinetic responses. It is often necessary to impose simple constraints (e.g., non-negativity, monotonicity, etc.) to make such expressions agree with obvious kinetic conditions or general assumptions made. Enforcement of such constraints is typically obtained by specifying upper and/or lower limits for the polyexponential parameters in the curve fitting procedure. However, this method often limits the search to only a subset of all possible polyexponentials expressions which satisfy the specified constraints. A less restricted search may be performed by not specifying a lower or upper limit on some polyexponential parameters, but this may occasionally result in violations of the constraints. A reparameterization approach is presented to overcome the above problems. Various schemes are presented that allow a completely unrestricted search to be done among all possible polyexponential expressions which satisfy various constraint configurations. The practical significance of this approach is discussed and demonstrated with some examples. It is pointed out that evaluation of various pharmacokinetic processes in the context of specific models or families of models may intrinsically impose certain constraints that may not be justified when the kinetics is analyzed in a more general system analysis context. The application of system analysis principles in conjuction with an enforcement of functional constraints in a "model-free" context by reparameterization appears to be a rational alternative to current methods.
Spatial scale and cross-taxon congruence of terrestrial vertebrate and vascular plant species richness in China

In ecology and biogeography it is often recognized that the species richness of different groups of organisms is spatially congruent (and thus positively correlated). However, ecological phenomena are often scale dependent and can change with spatial scale (i.e., grain size and extent). Because species richness gradients are also correlated with environmental gradients and plant species richness is thought to influence animal species richness, the relative roles of environment and plant richness in influencing cross-taxon congruence of animal richness at different spatial scales remain poorly explored. In this study, we examine the spatial concordance in species richness among terrestrial vertebrates and vascular plants at two spatial grain sizes (local and regional) across China. We hypothesize that (H1) cross-taxon richness relationships are weaker at the local scale; (H2) climatic predictors of species richness are stronger at the regional scale; (H3) effects of habitat heterogeneity on species richness are stronger at the local scale; (H4) plant richness positively affects vertebrate richness after accounting for environmental effects; and (H5) the plant-vertebrate richness relationship is weaker at the regional scale. We found significant and positive correlations between species richness of the groups, with correlations being stronger at the regional scale than at the local scale (supporting H1). Climate has weaker effects on species richness at the regional scale than at the local scale (rejecting H2), and for vertebrates (but not for plants) effects of habitat heterogeneity are stronger at the local scale (supporting hypothesis H3). Plant richness positively affects vertebrate richness after accounting for environmental effects (supporting H4), but the effect is stronger for the two endothermic groups (mammals and birds) than for the two ectothermic groups (reptiles and amphibians). In contrast to hypothesis H5, the effect of plant richness on species richness of vertebrates is stronger at the regional scale than at the local scale. Our study suggests that plant richness has a significant influence on animal species richness across spatial scales and that the strength of the effects of plant species richness, climate, and topographic heterogeneity on animal species richness depends on the spatial grain size of sampling units.
Raiders or saviors? The evidence on six controversial investors

Abstract Carl Icahn, Irwin Jacobs, Carl Lindner, David Murdock, Victor Posner, and the late Charles Bluhdorn are usually portrayed as corporate ‘raiders’. The evidence here, however, shows that between 1977 and 1982 when it was first announced that they had purchased stock in a given firm, stock prices on average increased significantly. The investors' activities in target firms for the two years following the initial stock purchase are likewise inconsistent with ‘raiding’. We discuss two hypotheses that are consistent with the evidence: first, these investors improve the management of target firms; second, they are systematically able to identify under-priced stocks.
Adaptive hypermedia: a new paradigm for educational software.

Traditional online dental education courses follow the broadcast paradigm which centers on the teacher, not the student. This one-size-fits-all approach resembles a mass-production idea which cannot take individual learner characteristics into account. Most online course designs do not address the issue that users with different goals and knowledge may be interested in different pieces of information about a topic. Adaptive hypermedia (AH) is an emerging field in education research which investigates how computer systems can overcome this problem. AH can be applied to any course content. This learner-centered approach first considers the learning goal(s), then evaluates the user’s abilities and determines the individual learning style, to structure and tailor the curriculum most efficiently. The presented AH environment exploits various concepts of AH. The system collects data to create a model of the individual user, which is continuously refined based on test results throughout the course. The system th...
The challenge of logistics facilities development

The paper discusses the experiences of a group of engineers and logisticians at John F. Kennedy Space center in the design, construction and activation of a consolidated logistics facility for support of Space Transportation System ground operations and maintenance. The planning, methodology and processes are covered, with emphasis placed on unique aspects and lessons learned. The project utilized a progressive design, baseline and build concept for each phase of construction, with the Government exercising funding and configuration oversight.
Population dynamics and reproductive biology of the commensal isopod Colidotea rostrata (Crustacea: Isopoda: Idoteidae)

Colidotea rostrata (Benedict, 1898) is the only known commensal idoteid isopod, living on and mimicking the color of two northeastern Pacific sea urchins of the genus Strongylocentrotus. The population dynamics and reproductive biology of C. rostrata on its host urchins were studied at a low rocky intertidal area in southern California (33°40′N; 118°30′W) from December 1984 to December 1986. Isopod populations remained relatively stable throughout the 2 yr study, with isopods inhabiting an average of 56.1% of the urchins at 6.1±0.6 (x±2 SE) isopods per urchin. Female isopods reach sexual maturity at a length of 6.8 mm. Fecundity in C. rostrata averaged 11.8±0.9 (x±2 SE) embryos per brood, and increased with female body size. Breeding occurs all year long in C. rostrata, with a main reproductive period between the warmer spring and summer months. Newly released mancas and juvenile isopods were present during all months of the study. C. rostrata differs from the free-living Idoteidae in its smaller maximum size, reduced fecundity, 1:1 sex ratio, and low juvenile mortality. These features may represent adaptations to a commensal life style that reflect a reduced mortality pressure on these isopods.
Linking Greenhouse Gas Emissions to Greenhouse Gas Reduction Policies at the Local Government Level in Florida

Greenhouse gas (GHG) inventories have emerged in the last decade as a key policy and management tool for local governments to address global warming. Yet, it is evident that there are many different methodologies available to local government staff involved with developing a measure of emissions for their communities. A review of methodologies utilized by state and local governments in Florida indicates that there are highly variable approaches used to calculate inventories from different emission categories. In addition, the procedures that are used may not be appropriate for the scale of a local jurisdiction due to problems associated with generalizing or averaging emissions data. It is suggested that a more standardized approach be developed and that a clearinghouse for GHG data be established. Such an effort would help to develop clear methodologies for assessing and measuring GHG emissions at different levels of government with the goal of tracking the effectiveness of specific GHG policies. This art...
Demonstrating edge data across multiple resolution levels

This work discusses edge detection based on the discrete wavelet transform, especially for biological images. In particular, we examine multiple octaves of an image, decomposed then reconstructed using the discrete wavelet transform. We show that this technique picks out edges from the background well.
Scalability of Sub-100 nm InAs HEMTs on InP Substrate for Future Logic Applications

We have experimentally studied the scaling behavior of sub-100-nm InAs high-electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) on InP substrate from the logic operation point of view. These devices have been designed for scalability and combine a thin InAlAs barrier and a thin channel containing a pure InAs subchannel. InAs HEMTs with gate length down to 40 nm exhibit excellent logic figures of merit, such as ION/IOFF = 9 × 104, drain-induced-barrier lowering = 80 mV/V, S = 70 mV/dec, and an estimated logic gate delay of 0.6 ps at VDS = 0.5 V. In addition, we have obtained excellent high-frequency operation with Lg = 40 nm, such as fT = 491 GHz and fmax = 402 GHz at VDS = 0.5 V. In spite of the narrow bandgap of InAs subchannel, under the studied conditions, our devices are shown not to suffer from excessive band-to-band tunneling. When benchmarked against state-of-the-art Si devices, 40-nm InAs HEMTs exhibit ION = 0.6 A/μm at ILeak = 200 nA/μm. This is about two times higher ION than state-of-the-art high-performance 65-nm nMOSFET with comparable physical gate length and ILeak.
In Vitro Zonation and Toxicity in a Hepatocyte Bioreactor

The complex architecture of the liver is intertwined with its response to xenobiotic compounds. In particular, hepatocyte subpopulations are distributed along the sinusoid in zones 1 to 3, leading to prototypical "periportal" and "centrilobular" patterns of cell death in response to a toxic insult. In vitro models that more closely represent these zones of sub-specialization may therefore be valuable for the investigation of hepatic physiology and pathophysiology. We have established a perfused hepatocyte bioreactor that imposes physiologic oxygen gradients on co-cultures of rat hepatocytes and non-parenchymal cells, thereby producing an in vitro model of zonation. In order to predict and control oxygen gradients, oxygen transport in a parallel-plate bioreactor containing co-cultures was first mathematically modeled and experimentally validated. Co-cultures exposed to these physiologic oxygen gradients demonstrated regionally heterogeneity of CYP2B and CYP3A protein that mimics the distribution seen in the zonated liver. The distribution of CYP expression in the bioreactor was shown to vary with exposure to different chemical inducers and growth factors, providing a potential platform to study physiologic zonal responses. In order to explore zonal hepatotoxicity, bioreactors were perfused with APAP (acetominophen) for 24 h, resulting in maximal cell death at the low-oxygen outlet region similar to centrilobular necrotic patterns observed in vivo. This hepatocyte bioreactor system enables further in vitro investigation into zonation-dependent phenomena involving drug metabolism and toxicity.
Effect of Perceived Anonymity in Assessments of Eating Disordered Behaviors and Attitudes

Objective: The present study assessed the effect of perceived anonymity on endorsements of eating disordered behaviors and attitudes across multiple response formats. Method: Four hundred sixty-nine undergraduate women responded using one of three questionnaire formats: a nominally anonymous true/false condition, an unmatched count condition, or a randomized-response condition. Both the unmatched count and randomized response conditions provided complete response anonymity. Results: Significantly different endorsement rates were found for the majority of items when comparing the standard and unmatched count conditions, whereas differences were found for fewer items when comparing the standard and randomized response conditions. Perceived anonymity significantly differed across conditions, with the highest and lowest perceptions of anonymity found for the unmatched count and standard conditions, respectively. Discussion: Perceived anonymity and response format affect endorsements of eating disordered behaviors and attitudes, highlighting the necessity of understanding factors that contribute to response bias. © 2009 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2009
Calcitonin: antagonism at intestinal muscarinic receptors.

Abstract The action of calcitonin was studied on the motility of isolated innervated segments of rabbit and guinea-pig intestines as well as longitudinal muscle with adherent myenteric plexus dissected from the guinea-pig ileum. Calcitonin (0.25 muM) antagonized contractile responses to acetylcholine and the cholinergic response to electrical field stimulation. This hormonal effect was relatively specific since it was not observed at nicotinic receptors or adrenoceptors, nor did calcitonin act as a local anaesthetic or directly on the contractile machinery of smooth muscle. Perivascular adrenergic and intrinsic non-adrenergic inhibitory responses also were unaffected by calcitonin. However, calcitonin did have antihistaminic properties directed against H1-receptors. The concentration of calcitonin required to achieve muscarinic antagonism in our experiments is not reached at the resting level of circulating hormone.