cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Social memory and trauma in northwestern Tanzania Organic, spontaneous community collaboration

This essay assesses current oral social memory near the best documented ancient sacred site in Africa, the ‘Olduvai Gorge of the Iron Age’ (as locals now call it), located just west of Lake Victoria. Marked by Kaiija tree, this site is known for its antiquity and the rich panoply of myth and history attached to it. However, the deaths of older care-takers and tradition-keepers caused by HIV/AIDS and the destruction of once sacred shrines have permanently changed how history is now kept and remembered. A spontaneous initiative taken by local residents - a kind of therapeutic healing through heritage - is revitalizing the shrines and leading to a community re-examination of oral traditions to establish how the loss of these powerful mnemonics and older keepers of history has affected historical knowledge.
Wartime Adventures in Equitable Distribution Short of Rationing: Control of Merchants' Inventories:

H OARDING is one of the earliest manifestations of impending scarcity. It starts when the earliest rumors begin to circulate that there is likely not to be enough of a commodity to go around. It may be precipitated by the earliest difficulties or delays experienced by buyers in obtaining the article; it may be started by the mere intimation that such difficulties or delays are likely to occur. The term hoarding is usually applied only to the practice of the ultimate consumer in buying more of a potentially scarce article than he expects to use currently. He stores or hoards the surplus as a provision for the future. Probably there is hardly a household in the land in which excess buying has not occurred to some extent during the past three or four years.1 If the practice of hoarding a commodity becomes sufficiently widespread and the public hysteria which gives rise to it becomes sufficiently violent, rationing may become necessary even though the supply is ample to satisfy all reasonable needs. But the practice of hoarding in anticipation of scarcity is not confined to ultimate consumers. Merchants also are guilty of it. As supply shrinks, they cease
A “National Distemper”: The National Hotel Sickness of 1857, Public Health and Sanitation, and the Limits of Rationality

During the inauguration in 1857, a mysterious and lethal outbreak afflicted guests at the National Hotel in Washington, DC. The aftermath suggests a revision to the standard narrative of urban history in the antebellum years: a relatively smooth trajectory of improvement culminating in the prominence of experts during the Progressive Era. The response to the National Hotel sickness, in contrast, highlights the political tension attending this period—in one of the most planned American cities to date. The media fueled speculation about the disease to promote perceptions of bureaucratic incompetence, conspiracy, and mistrust toward city officials.
Tensile Mechanics of Coiled Coil Protein Structures

A coiled-coil protein structure consists of two or more interacting α-helical strands that together form a supercoil structure. Coiled-coil structures entail unique mechanical properties that are critical to the function and integrity of various motor proteins, cytoskeletal filaments and extra-cellular matrix proteins. Here we present a thermodynamic model to predict the mechanical properties of a given coiled-coil structural motif. Within the proposed model we identify and quantify various energetic and entropic effects, responsible for dimerization of two helical polypeptides into a coiled coil structure. We determine our model parameters by examining a large body of solved protein structures that contain coiled coil motifs. This would allow us to develop a thermodynamic model for predicting the propensity of given amino acid sequence to form a coiled coil structure. Further incorporation of the above model into our previously developed α-helix tensile mechanics model would enable us to predict the structural response of a given coiled coil motif to a tensile stress.
In Vitro Assessment of Apoptosis and Necrosis Following Cold Storage in a Human Airway Cell Model.

As advances in medical technology improve the efficacy of cell and tissue transplantation, a void remains in our knowledge base as to the specific molecular responses of cells to low-temperature storage. While much focus has been given to solution formulation for tissue perfusion during storage, investigations into cold exposure-induced complex molecular changes remain limited. The intent of this study was to quantify the levels of cell death following hypothermic storage in a lung cell model, establishing a foundation for future in-depth molecular analysis. Normal human lung fibroblasts (IMR-90) were stored for 1 day or 2 days and small airway epithelial cells (SAEC) were stored for 5 days or 7 days at 4°C in complete media, ViaSpan, or ViaSpan + pan-caspase (VI) inhibitor. (Poststorage viability was assessed for 3 days using alamarBlue™.) Sample analysis revealed that IMR-90 cells stored in ViaSpan remained 80% (±9) viable after 1 day of storage and 21% (±7) viable after 2 days of storage. SAEC cells st...
Evidenced-Based Care of Adolescents and Families in Crisis

This article examines the challenges faced by adolescents and their families as the young person matures into adulthood. Crises are the result of unpredictable situations or events that overwhelm the individual or individuals and render their resources and coping skills ineffective in mediating the stress. Crises can be situational, maturational, or adventitious. Nurses of all specialties may encounter the individual or family in crisis and need to provide crisis interventions services while assisting them to access the services of a skilled mental health professional.
Psychiatric Residency Training in the Consideration of Alternatives to Hospitalization

Residency training should prepare one to accommodate to the current rapid changes in the political, economic, and legal climate as well as to biologic developments in psychiatry. One goal of training should be to remain open-minded to creative treatment approaches and disposition options for a wide variety of psychiatric patients.
Abstract 18434: Coronary Artery Calcium Progression and Atrial Fibrillation: The Multi-ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)

Introduction: Coronary artery calcium (CAC) measured at a single time point has been associated with an increased risk for atrial fibrillation (AF). It is currently unknown whether CAC progression over time carries a similar risk. Methods: A total of 5,612 study participants (mean age 62 ± 10; 52% women; 39% whites; 27% blacks; 20% Hispanics; 12% Chinese-Americans) from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) were included in this analysis. Phantom-adjusted Agatston scores for baseline and follow-up measurements were used to compute the change in CAC per year (1 to 100, 101 to 300, and >300 units/year) compared with participants with ≤0 change. The mean time between CT scan for study participants was 2.4 ± 0.84 years. AF was ascertained by review of hospital discharge records and from Medicare claims data through December 31, 2010. Cox regression was used to compute hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) for the association between CAC progression and AF and models were adjusted for socio-demographics, cardiovascular risk factors, and baseline CAC. Results: At baseline, 2,904 (52%) participants had no evidence of CAC and 2,708 (48%) had CAC values >0. The mean CAC progression for those with baseline CAC was 46.1 ± 85.2 units per year and for those without baseline CAC was 0.84 ± 4.8 units per year. Over a median follow-up of 5.6 years, a total of 203 (3.6%) incident AF cases occurred. Any CAC progression (>0/year) was associated with an increased risk for AF (HR=1.55, 95%CI=1.10, 2.19) and the risk increased with higher levels of CAC progression per year (≤0/year: HR=1.0 [reference]; 1 to 100/year: HR=1.47, 95%CI=1.03, 2.09; 101 to 300/year: HR=1.92, 95%CI=1.15, 3.20; >300/year: HR=3.23, 95%CI=1.48, 7.05). An interaction was observed by age with the association of CAC progression with AF being stronger for younger ( Conclusion: CAC progression during an average of 5-6 years of follow-up is associated with an increased risk for AF. The associated risk is greater in individuals with faster CAC progression.
Trilobites from the Cedarina dakotaensis zone, lowermost part of the Deadwood Formation (Marjuman Stage, Upper Cambrian), Black Hills, South Dakota

Trilobites assigned to 14 genera and 14 species are reported from basal part of the Deadwood Formation in the Black Hills of South Dakota. Six additional taxa are left in open nomenclature. One new species, Cedarina dakotaensis, is described. These trilobites are assigned to a new zone, the Cedarina dakotaensis Zone, named after the most abundant trilobite species.Species of Cedarina and Modocia are the most abundant in the Cedarina dakotaensis Zone, accompanied by less common specimens of species of Arapahoia, Menomonia, Hardyoides, Welleraspis, Kormagnostus, and Kingstonia. Cedarina dakotaensis and Modocia centralis are the most abundant species in the nearshore sandstone lithofacies, whereas Arapahoia spatulata is the predominate taxon in the offshore limestone lithofacies.The fauna of the Cedarina dakotaensis Zone (which lacks species of Cedaria) occupies the biostratigraphic interval of the traditional Cedaria Zone of the Marjuman Stage. Trilobites from the Cedarina dakotaensis Zone can be used to correlate the basal part of the Deadwood with coeval strata elsewhere in North America.
Hormonal Control of Pregnancy and Lactation

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the events that take place during fertilization and pregnancy and the mechanisms of hormonal regulation during pregnancy and lactation. Ovarian hormones prepare the maternal body for successful internal fertilization and hospitable acceptance of the embryo; while hormones, subsequently arising from the placenta direct the maternal adaptations to ensure optimal conditions for fetal development. The placenta produces progesterone to maintain pregnancy; it also produces large amounts of estrogens, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), and human chorionic somatomammotropin (hCS), also called as human placental lactogen (hPL), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH), corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH), and a long list of other biologically active peptides. These placental hormones are largely responsible for orchestrating adjustments in maternal physiology as pregnancy progresses. Progesterone is essential for maintaining all stages of pregnancy and sustains pregnancy by opposing the forces that conspire to increase uterine contractility and expel the fetus. Estrogens, throughout the pregnancy, act through a positive feedback mechanism not only to increase their own production but also to increase synthesis of progesterone, which suppresses their excitatory effects. Oxytocin is a neurohormone secreted by nerve endings in the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland that stimulates powerful slow and prolonged contractions of the myometrium at the end of pregnancy. Prolactin acts on alveolar epithelial cells and sets in signaling cascades of the various events that accompany growth of the secretory alveoli and production of milk. Menstrual cycles resume as early as 6 to 8 weeks after delivery in women who do not nurse their babies. However with breastfeeding, the reappearance of normal ovarian cycles may be delayed for many months.Maternal adaptations to pregnancy are driven largely by hormones secreted into the maternal circulation by the placenta and include adaptations in cardiovascular, renal, respiratory, metabolic activities.
Sociolinguistic Variation in Face-Threatening Speech Acts

The cross-cultural study of speech acts is vital to the understanding of international communication. In reviewing this area of research, we realize that face-threatening acts are particularly important to study because they are the source of so many cross-cultural miscommunications. Research has been done on a number of face-threatening speech acts1—for example, on apologies (BlumKulka & Olshtain, 1984; Blum-Kulka, House, & Kasper, in press; Borkin & Reinhart, 1978; Cohen & Olshtain, 1981, 1985; Coulmas, 1981; Godard 1977; Olshtain, 1983; Olshtain & Cohen, 1983); requests (Blum-Kulka 1982; BlumKulka & Olshtain, 1984; Blum-Kulka, House, & Kasper, in press; Tanaka & Kawade, 1982); refusals (Beebe & Cummings, 1985; Beebe, Takahashi, & Uliss-Weltz, in press; Takahashi & Beebe, 1986, 1987); complaints (Bonikowska, 1985; Olshtain & Weinbach, 1986); disagreement (LoCastro, 1986; Pomerantz, 1984); expressions of disapproval (D’Amico-Reisner, 1983); and expressions of gratitude (Eisenstein & Bodman, 1986).1 The evidence provided in these studies suggests that second-language (L2) learners are faced with the great risk of offending their interlocutors or of miscommunication when performing face-threatening acts.
Mathematical Intelligence and Mathematical Creativity: A Causal Relationship

This study investigated the causal relationship between mathematical creativity and mathematical intelligence. Four hundred thirty-nine 8th-grade students, age ranged from 11 to 14 years, were included in the sample of this study by random cluster technique on which mathematical creativity and Hindi adaptation of mathematical intelligence test were administered with 4-month time lag. Cross-lagged panel analysis was used to analyze the data. The uncorrected cross-lagged correlations appeared to show no causal relation between mathematical creativity and mathematical intelligence. But after the correction the difference in the cross-lagged correlations was found to be small and does not give guarantee of unidirectional causal relation between these two constructs. It revealed that there is a mutually reinforcing (symmetric) relationship between mathematical intelligence and mathematical creativity, i.e., mathematical intelligence causes mathematical creativity and vice-versa.
Recent Progress and New Challenges in Quantum Fluids and Solids

Quantum fluids and solids have been a primary topic in low temperature physics. While many physical concepts and experimental techniques developed in this field have made impacts on other related areas in the last century, recent research activities demonstrate active infusion of techniques and physical ideas developed in other fields. In this paper, we present a short review of the recent progress and new challenges in this field, focusing on the superfluid phases of $$^{3}$$ He and $$^{4}$$ He.
Sacramentally Imagining Sports as a Form of Worship: Reappraising Sport as a Gesture of God

We live in a world in which God is made known in and through God’s material works, which are other than himself. That is, they are signs of God’s presence whether in the natural world or the world ...
Contraceptive Care of Obese Women.

Importance In the United States, 27% of reproductive-aged women are overweight, and 35% are obese. Until recently, contraceptive research excluded women greater than 130% of their ideal body weight. Gaps in data limit evidence-based decision making for effective contraceptive counseling and management in this rapidly growing population. Objectives The aims of this summary are to review the benefits, adverse effects, and risk factors associated with contraceptive methods in obese women, with special attention to effectiveness, and provide contraceptive management and counseling recommendations for best clinical practice. Evidence Acquisition We performed a thorough search of PubMed for current literature, including original research articles, review articles, and guidelines on contraceptive counseling and management in obese women in the United States. We reviewed the body of evidence with special attention to studies published since recent Cochrane and systematic reviews on this topic. Conclusions Contraceptive use is safer than pregnancy, especially for obese women who have increased pregnancy risks. Baseline health is compromised by obesity, but contraceptive risks remain low. Long-acting, reversible contraceptive methods offer superior effectiveness, minimal risk, and numerous noncontraceptive benefits across body mass index groups. No substantial evidence supports ineffectiveness of any method in obese women except oral emergency contraception and the patch. Pharmacokinetic changes of obesity associated with other oral methods do not seem to result in clinically significant declines in effectiveness. Future contraceptive efficacy studies should include obese women to better discuss their contraceptive needs. Relevance This review is beneficial for all providers caring for reproductive-aged women wanting to avoid unintended pregnancy.
Informing changes to riparian forestry rules with a Bayesian hierarchical model

Abstract In 2012 the Oregon Board of Forestry (Board) determined that current forestry rules were insufficient at preventing the degradation of cold water in salmonid-bearing streams. Consequently, the Oregon Department of Forestry required a means for evaluating and comparing the effectiveness of newly-proposed harvest scenarios. We derived a field-data based method for simulating riparian harvest and modeling the resulting effects on stream temperature that could be used for evaluating different harvest scenarios. We simulated prescribed harvests by using previously-collected riparian stand data. To create a predictive model, we modified and joined two earlier stream temperature and shade models from Groom et al. (2011b) into a Bayesian hierarchical model. The predictive model produced parameter estimates and temperature change metrics that aligned with the previous findings. The model predicted that harvest according to a full implementation of the State forest harvest plan would on average result in a 0.19 °C increase, while the model predicted that a similarly-scaled harvest to current private forest regulation specifications would lead to an average increase of 1.45 °C. Further simulations suggested that employing a no-cut slope-distance riparian zone of 27.4 m would result in average warming below 0.3 °C of unharvested conditions. The Board considered these results along with other information and directed the Oregon Department of Forestry to develop harvest rule revisions. Those revisions became effective as of July 2017.
Developmental and Psychosocial Aspects of Suicide: Treating Patients and Understanding Survivors

This paper introduces the special section on suicide, reviewing papers written by researchers and clinicians who have considerable experience working with suicidal adolescents and adults. Using a d...
Rpp29 regulates histone H3.3 chromatin assembly through transcriptional mechanisms.

The histone H3 variant H3.3 is a highly conserved and dynamic regulator of chromatin organization. Therefore, fully elucidating its nucleosome incorporation mechanisms is essential to understanding its functions in epigenetic inheritance. We previously identified the RNase P protein subunit, Rpp29, as a repressor of H3.3 chromatin assembly. Here, we use a biochemical assay to show that Rpp29 interacts with H3.3 through a sequence element in its own N terminus, and we identify a novel interaction with histone H2B at an adjacent site. The fact that archaeal Rpp29 does not include this N-terminal region suggests that it evolved to regulate eukaryote-specific functions. Oncogenic H3.3 mutations alter the H3.3–Rpp29 interaction, which suggests that they could dysregulate Rpp29 function in chromatin assembly. We also used KNS42 cells, an H3.3(G34V) pediatric high-grade glioma cell line, to show that Rpp29 1) represses H3.3 incorporation into transcriptionally active protein-coding, rRNA, and tRNA genes; 2) represses mRNA, protein expression, and antisense RNA; and 3) represses euchromatic post-translational modifications (PTMs) and promotes heterochromatic PTM deposition (i.e. histone H3 Lys-9 trimethylation (H3K9me3) and H3.1/2/3K27me3). Notably, we also found that K27me2 is increased and K36me1 decreased on H3.3(G34V), which suggests that Gly-34 mutations dysregulate Lys-27 and Lys-36 methylation in cis. The fact that Rpp29 represses H3.3 chromatin assembly and sense and antisense RNA and promotes H3K9me3 and H3K27me3 suggests that Rpp29 regulates H3.3-mediated epigenetic mechanisms by processing a transcribed signal that recruits H3.3 to its incorporation sites.
Molecular Psychology of Personality

In this article, we provide a historical account of studies of the biological basis of personality, reviewing studies of gene–trait associations, endophenotypes, whole-genome associations, and gene-by-environment interactions. Taken together, this body of research highlights the importance of developing a molecular psychological approach in order to uncover the underlying mechanisms by which genetic and environmental variables affect behavior.
Neuroanatomical Correlates of Motor Skill Learning: Inferences from Neuroimaging to Behavior

Publisher Summary The learning of motor skills is important from both theoretical and applied perspectives. This chapter uses Fitts and Posner's model as a framework to describe present advances in motor learning. According to Fitts and Posner, the first stage of learning, known as the cognitive stage, is marked by an “intellectualization” of the task. This intellectualization includes learning the importance of cues, responses, and events that are necessary for task success. The cognitive stage is essentially a patchwork of old habits put together in a novel fashion and supplemented by a few new habits. The second stage of the Fitts and Posner model is known as the associative stage because it is the stage in which perceptual and motor aspects of the task are associated. During this stage, the shift in activation patterns from the cerebellum to the parietotemporal and occipitotemporal association areas may support gradual elimination of performance errors. Behavioral errors in this stage of learning may consist of inappropriate subroutines, incorrect sequences of acts, or responses to unimportant cues. The progression from associative stage to the autonomous stage of learning has been operationally defined as the ability to perform the skill independently, with less cognitive effort than either the cognitive or the associative stage of learning. The performer is also able to perform the skill without interference in the presence of environmental distractions or ongoing activities.
Performance investigation and economic benefits of new control strategies for heat pump-gas fired water heater hybrid system

Abstract More recently, the hybrid system equipped with the combination of heat pump and gas fired water heater in one device is increasingly attracting people’s attention from both the industry and academia. In this study, the hybrid system with two control strategies is presented as the alternative option for domestic hot water supply and space heating with the aim of revealing its economic benefits. For the control strategy I, the two heating sources, i.e. heat pump and gas heater, can be switched and there are only two modes: heat pump mode, and gas heater mode. While for the control strategy II, the two heating sources could be handled with the proper arrangement for the loading share. There are 3 modes under this control strategy: heat pump mode, hybrid mode, and gas heater mode. The auxiliary resistance heater is used for heat pump mode if necessary, not for the hybrid mode. Various climate conditions, water initial temperature and final temperature are investigated for the hybrid system, and different heating supply forms are compared. Regarding the domestic hot water demand of 70 L per apartment per day, the gas heater can lead to a ∼38% operation energy cost saving from electric heater, and both of the two control strategies with hybrid system can result in a ∼20% to ∼65% more operation energy cost reduction than gas heater under climate condition of −5 °C to 20 °C, with a more pronounced reduction towards hot climates. Control strategy II, as the most cost-efficient option, can achieve a ∼10% to ∼23% more energy cost saving than strategy I, especially under climate condition of 0 °C to −12 °C. In the hybrid mode with strategy II, a decrease of the final temperature, results in a better economic merit. Regarding the hourly under-flooring heating case, the control strategy II, as the best option, can lead to a ∼6% to ∼70% more hourly process energy cost saving compared with the gas heater from −15 °C to 20 °C ambient conditions. During the typical heating season with ambient (−15 °C to 7 °C), the lowest process energy cost can be achieved by control strategy II. In the same external conditions, the under-flooring heating application has a lower system operation energy process cost than the indoor radiator heating case.
Secure Feature Extraction in Computational Vision Using Fully Homomorphic Encryption

Cloud computing is an important part of today’s critical infrastructure because of its integration to all aspects of modern day services. One such set of services are those relying on computational vision systems. The reliability and quality of service for such systems depend on the accuracy of extracted visual features. As such the security of extracting these features is a single point of failure in a distributed computing architecture. This research investigates implementing Speeded-Up Robust Features (SURF) and Histograms of Oriented Gradients (HOG) in the encrypted domain using Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE). This provides a method for a user to reduce their risk in offloading processing to a computationally powerful cloud resource. A framework is developed for two different numerical format systems to support real numbers in the FHE realm. Bounding the error introduced in the framework is also investigated to enable the system to provide desired numerical accuracy. Results of implementing the framework in SURF and HOG shows these feature extraction algorithms can be computed securely in the encrypted domain.
Familial adenomatous polyposis in association with thyroiditis. Report of two cases.

The authors report two patients with familial adenomatous polyposis and thyroiditis. One patient was discovered at autopsy to have, in addition, a follicular carcinoma of the thyroid and focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver. The other patient had a sister with familial adenomatous polyposis and a papillary carcinoma of the thyroid. The association between familial adenomatous polyposis and thyroiditis has not been previously reported.
Prenatal opioid exposure heightens sympathetic arousal and facial expressions of pain/distress in term neonates at 24–48 hours post birth

Purpose: The rising issue of opioid use during pregnancy poses an increased risk of fetal exposure to opioids in-utero and the development of neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS). The cessation of ex...
Parallel Graph Connectivity in Log Diameter Rounds

Many modern parallel systems, such as MapReduce, Hadoop and Spark, can be modeled well by the MPC model. The MPC model captures well coarse-grained computation on large data — data is distributed to processors, each of which has a sublinear (in the input data) amount of memory and we alternate between rounds of computation and rounds of communication, where each machine can communicate an amount of data as large as the size of its memory. This model is stronger than the classical PRAM model, and it is an intriguing question to design algorithms whose running time is smaller than in the PRAM model. One fundamental graph problem is connectivity. On an undirected graph with n nodes and m edges, O(log n) round connectivity algorithms have been known for over 35 years. However, no algorithms with better complexity bounds were known. In this work, we give fully scalable, faster algorithms for the connectivity problem, by parameterizing the time complexity as a function of the diameter of the graph. Our main result is a O(log D log log_m/n n) time connectivity algorithm for diameter-d graphs, using Θ(m) total memory. If our algorithm can use more memory, it can terminate in fewer rounds, and there is no lower bound on the memory per processor. We extend our results to related graph problems such as spanning forest, finding a DFS sequence, exact/approximate minimum spanning forest, and bottleneck spanning forest. We also show that achieving similar bounds for reachability in directed graphs would imply faster boolean matrix multiplication algorithms. We introduce several new algorithmic ideas. We describe a general technique called double exponential speed problem size reduction which roughly means that if we can use total memory n to reduce a problem from size n to n/k, for k=(N/n)^Θ(1) in one phase, then we can solve the problem in O(loglog_N/n n) phases. In order to achieve this fast reduction for graph connectivity, we use a multistep algorithm. One key step is a carefully constructed truncated broadcasting scheme where each node broadcasts neighbor sets to its neighbors in a way that limits the size of the resulting neighbor sets. Another key step is random leader contraction, where we choose a smaller set of leaders than many previous works do.
On the Causal Effect of Fame on Citations

Papers published in economics journals whose first authors are famous have more citations than papers whose second or third authors are famous. As a paper ages, its citation rate varies most with variation in the fame of the first author and less so with the fame of second and third authors. Author order is alphabetical so these patterns are unrelated to underlying quality. The magnitudes we find are large: a three-author paper written by the most prolific author in economics and his two research assistants would receive, on average, more than double the citations if the prolific author were first rather than second or third. The effect is especially pronounced in three, rather than two, author papers, suggesting that burying a famous author in the “et al” reduces citations even further.
Creating a Culture of Inclusion Through Diversity and Equity

This chapter focuses on the importance of equity, diversity, and inclusion (EDI) as critical workforce and leadership issues in health care. It highlights the business case for EDI, and shows how inclusivity leads to employee engagement that directly impacts services and outcomes. Inclusive leadership is offered as the best practice in optimizing diversity and creating cultures of inclusion where all people are valued equally with proportional representation and equitable inclusion. Four inclusive leadership competencies are singled out to be of particular importance in the health care context, namely: (1) engagement through relational practice, (2) enablement by creating environments for others to flourish, (3) empowerment by building confidence and communities, and (4) recognizing and developing talent. This chapter also features examples of everyday workplace triggering events that make inequity or discrimination noticeable, that might spark diversity-based conflict, and poses corrective boundary spanning organizational strategies to deal with these conflicts. The section on managing inequities and insensitivities focuses on practical applications dealing with LGBTQi issues and sexual harassment in the workplace and concludes with a case study of action taken by an exemplary health care institution in an effort to raise awareness about unconscious bias in light of the #MeToo movement. Lastly, this chapter identifies pearls and pitfalls in leading EDI and concludes with a clear message: The absence of effective EDI practices comes at a significant cost. Courageous and bold inclusive leadership action is needed to develop and sustain a strong EDI culture in the health care industry.
Ileostomy reversal after subtotal colectomy in Crohn’s disease: a single institutional experience at a high-volume center

Our aim was to evaluate factors leading to ostomy reversal among a group of 44 patients with Crohn’s disease (CD) who underwent subtotal colectomy (STC) between June 2011 and September 2018. Our study design was a retrospective chart review. Patients with CD who underwent STC were included. Logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate several risk factors for non-reversal including medications received prior to surgery and indication for STC. Of 44 STCs performed, 31 (70.5%) were completed laparoscopically and 13 required an open approach (29.5%). Nine patients (20.4%) underwent ostomy reversal, and the mean time to reversal was 8.4 months. Preoperative therapy with an immunomodulator or biologic was associated with ostomy reversal (OR and CI: 0.43, 0.09–0.93; 0.47, 0.10–0.96), as was a diagnosis of intraabdominal abscess (0.43, 0.09–0.93). Ileostomy reversal after STC in Crohn’s disease is uncommon. Certain treatment regimens and diagnostic factors may impact the likelihood of ostomy reversal. Based on the available data, patients with CD whose disease is severe enough to require STC should be counseled that their ostomy will most likely be permanent. However, due to the low incidence of this procedure for CD, more data is needed.
Noel R. Rose 1927–2020

Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA David W. Scott National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA Rachel R. Caspi Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA Kamal D. Moudgil You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar Correspondence to David W. Scott. Reprints and Permissions Scott, D.W., Caspi, R.R. & Moudgil, K.D. Noel R. Rose 1927–2020. Nat Immunol (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41590-020-0790-6 Download citation Published: 07 September 2020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41590-020-0790-6
Pufendorf’s Theory of the Origin of Property Rights and Its Relationship to Locke’s Ideas

Samuel von Pufendorf’s theory of the origin of property rights is a strictly positive theory, not at all normative. It has three central propositions: (1) Ownership requires implicit or explicit agreement. (2) Ownership institutions will be whatever people decide they will be. (3) People are motivated to establish ownership institutions by considerations of efficiency. John Locke’s theory of property seems intended as a commentary on Pufendorf’s theory, though Locke does not mention Pufendorf by name. The key difference between Locke and Pufendorf arises because Locke treats Pufendorf’s first proposition as if it was intended to be normative, so that Pufendorf would have been claiming rightful ownership requires agreement. Locke then argues that agreement is not needed for rightful ownership when natural opportunities are abundant and, implicitly, people are not in community with one another. Locke’s normative argument is valid under these conditions, but not otherwise.
The Authoritative Sway of Artificial Boundaries of Sexual Orientation: An Ethical Imperative for Public Administration

Public administrators implement and direct the powers of government. Public administration ethics, combined with social equity, is positioned to direct these powers and to thereby advance the right...
Management of GERD in Duodenal Switch

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and obesity are frequent co-morbid conditions and the management of one frequently entails addressing the other. Biliopancreatic Diversion with Duodenal Switch (BPD-DS), is the most effective treatment for morbid obesity and associated co-morbidities with the exception of GERD. There is a dearth of literature on the subject of the treatment of GERD in patients undergoing BPD-DS. We therefore looked to the literature on the management of GERD in patients who undergo vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG) as both these operations share similar anatomic properties. Preoperative screening for GERD, addressing hiatal hernias, treating subsequent hernias and surgical revision to Roux-en-Y gastric bypass are noted to be important factors in the management of GERD in the VSG population. Extrapolating the evidence from VSG to the management of GERD in Duodenal Switch is our best option until literature specific to this population becomes available.
Engineered and Artificial Metalloenzymes for Selective C-H Functionalization.

The direct functionalization of C–H bonds constitutes a powerful strategy to construct and diversify organic molecules. However, controlling the chemo- and site-selectivity of this transformation, particularly in complex molecular settings, represents a significant challenge. Metalloenzymes are ideal platforms for achieving catalyst-controlled selective C–H bond functionalization as their reactivities can be tuned by protein engineering and/or redesign of their cofactor environment. In this review, we highlight recent progress in the development of engineered and artificial metalloenzymes for C–H functionalization, with a focus on biocatalytic strategies for selective C–H oxyfunctionalization and halogenation as well as C–H amination and C–H carbene insertion via abiological nitrene and carbene transfer chemistries. Engineered heme and nonheme iron dependent enzymes have emerged as promising scaffolds for executing these transformations with high chemo-, regio-, and stereocontrol as well as tunable selectivity. These emerging systems and methodologies have expanded the toolbox of sustainable strategies for organic synthesis and created new opportunities for the generation of chiral building blocks, the late-stage C–H functionalization of complex molecules, and the total synthesis of natural products.
Current Surgical Management of Inflammatory Breast Cancer

Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is a rare and aggressive breast cancer characterized by erythema and edema of at least one-third of the breast. The diagnosis remains a clinical one. Standard of care involves trimodality therapy with anthracycline-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-directed therapy if HER2 positive, followed by modified radical mastectomy and post-mastectomy radiation therapy to the chest wall in addition to regional nodal basins including supraclavicular and internal mammary nodes. Current evidence does not support de-escalation of surgical therapy in the breast and axilla in IBC, and positive surgical margins have been associated with worse outcomes. Furthermore, sentinel node biopsy for axillary staging has a high false negative rate prohibiting its use in IBC. Delayed reconstruction is recommended for IBC due to a high recurrence rate and a potential for delay in adjuvant therapy. Contralateral prophylactic mastectomy may be considered at the time of delayed reconstruction. In this paper, we discuss available evidence and controversies in the current surgical management of patients with IBC.
Identification and targeting of a pan-genotypic influenza A virus RNA structure that mediates packaging and disease

Currently approved anti-influenza drugs target viral proteins, are subtype limited, and are challenged by rising antiviral resistance. To overcome these limitations, we sought to identify a conserved essential RNA secondary structure within the genomic RNA predicted to have greater constraints on mutation in response to therapeutics targeting this structure. Here, we identified and genetically validated an RNA stemloop structure we termed PSL2, which serves as a packaging signal for genome segment PB2 and is highly conserved across influenza A virus (IAV) isolates. RNA structural modeling rationalized known packaging-defective mutations and allowed for predictive mutagenesis tests. Disrupting and compensating mutations of PSL2s structure give striking attenuation and restoration, respectively, of in vitro virus packaging and mortality in mice. Antisense Locked Nucleic Acid oligonucleotides (LNAs) designed against PSL2 dramatically inhibit IAV in vitro against viruses of different strains and subtypes, possess a high barrier to the development of antiviral resistance, and are equally effective against oseltamivir carboxylate-resistant virus. A single dose of LNA administered 3 days after, or 14 days before, a lethal IAV inoculum provides 100% survival. Moreover, such treatment led to the development of strong immunity to rechallenge with a ten-fold lethal inoculum. Together, these results have exciting implications for the development of a versatile novel class of antiviral therapeutics capable of prophylaxis, post-exposure treatment, and "just-in-time" universal vaccination against all IAV strains, including drug-resistant pandemics. One Sentence SummaryTargeting a newly identified conserved RNA structure in the packaging signal region of influenza segment PB2 abrogates virus production in vitro and dramatically attenuates disease in vivo.
NASA's Microgravity Technology Report: Summary of Activities 1997

The purpose of the 1997 NASA Microgravity Technology Report is to update the Microgravity Research Program's technology development policy and to present and assess current technology related activities and requirements identified within its research and technology disciplines.
The Marshall-Brennan Effect: The Benefits of Teaching Constitutional Literacy for Law Students

Although many new law students start their studies intending to work in public interest law upon graduation, few ultimately embark on such careers. This phenomenon has been labeled "public interest drift." Given concerns from the legal profession about this drift, researchers have sought to identify factors that lead to drift and may help to quell it. One promising finding is that drift is minimized in law school programs that provide "subcultural support" for students seeking to practice public interest law. The current study seeks to further explore this finding and examine whether participation in a non-traditional, public service-oriented law school program promotes practicing public interest law after graduation. To examine this issue, we surveyed alumni students (Alumni Fellows) who participated in the American University Washington College of Law’s Marshall-Brennan Constitutional Literacy Project. Our study revealed two important findings that should deepen and enrich the current public interest drift discussion. First, we observed a "reverse drift" phenomenon among the Alumni Fellows. Although the traditional public interest drift literature posits that law students drift from public interest career plans into private practice, over half of the Alumni Fellows who planned to work in private practice are currently working in government civil service or non-government public interest jobs. Second, we observed that many of the Alumni Fellows who "drifted" from initial public interest career plans drifted into government jobs rather than into private practice. Our research suggests that the traditional questions and definitions used when researching drift deserve reexamination.
Chain packing in two aromatic heterocyclic polymers, one of which has a ladder structure

A semiempirical method was used to calculate the interaction energies in the ladder polymer poly(3,6-dioxo-1H-2,3,6,6a-tetrahydro-2,6a,11-triazaindeno[1,2-b]pyrene-2,8,9-triyl-1-ylidene-1-nitrilo) (BBL, 1) and the single-strand polymer poly(5,8-dioxo-4b,5,8,8a-tetrahydro-4b,8a,13,16-tetraazadiindeno[1,2-a:1,2-i]pyrene-3,10-diyl) (BBB, 2), in order to elucidate their chain packing. The van der Waals contribution to the total intermolecular interaction energies was found to be more significant than the Coulombic one. The prediction of short-range interplanar spacings in the neighborhood of 3,3 A along the z axis (chains above one another) and 8,8 A along the y axis (chains alongside one another) is in good agreement with X-ray diffraction results.
Generating RSA Keys on a Handheld Using an Untrusted Server

We show how to efficiently generate RSA keys on a low power handheld device with the help of an untrusted server. Most of the key generation work is offloaded onto the server. However, the server learns no information about the key it helped generate. We experiment with our techniques and show they result in up to a factor of 5 improvement in key generation time. The resulting RSA key looks like an RSA key for paranoids. It can be used for encryption and key exchange, but cannot be used for signatures.
PARTICLE TRANSPORT IN GASES, PLASMAS, SEMICONDUCTORS, AND NUCLEAR SYSTEMS: THE SIXTEENTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON TRANSPORT THEORY

This conference, informally (and in its logo) referred to as ICTT-16, took place on the campus of Georgia Tech, in the Manufacturing Research Center. Funding was provided by the College of Engineer...
The excitation of type II radio bursts in the corona

Simultaneous radioheliograph and orbital coronagraph observation of coronal transient activity shows metric type II radio emission originating early in the event, well below the visible white light transient. It is suggested that the shock which excites the type II emission is independent of the transient, in the sense that it is initiated in the low corona (probably in association with a flare) and travels through the already-existing transient disturbance with a propagation speed significantly greater than that of the front edge of the transient itself. Radio emission then results when the flare shock overtakes, first, the region of principal density pile-up along the sides of the expanding transient and only later the top of the transient.
Perspectives of Students with Disabilities Toward Physical Education: A Qualitative Inquiry Review

The purpose of this article is to review published qualitative inquiries that examine the perspective of students with disabilities toward experiences in physical education. Keyword searches were used to identify articles from electronic databases published from 1995 to 2014. Thirteen articles met all inclusion criteria, and findings were extracted. The 13 located qualitative articles were subject to a narrative analysis, and study characteristics were tabulated. The findings of targeted studies were explored and 3 thematic clusters emerged: (a) perspectives toward typically developing peers, (b) perspectives toward physical educators, and (c) perspectives toward inclusion and exclusion. Findings from this review support the notion that positive attitudes of physical educators may be a critical feature in ensuring meaningful learning experiences for students with disabilities. Meaningful learning experiences can be constructed through modifications and accommodations during activities, creating a welcomin...