cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Access to Health Care Among Adults in the United States: A 20-Year National Health Interview Survey Analysis, 1999–2018

ABSTRACT Importance Racial and ethnic disparities plague the US health care system despite efforts to eliminate them. To understand what has been achieved amid these efforts, a comprehensive study from the population perspective is needed. Objectives To determine trends in rates and racial/ethnic disparities of key access to care measures among adults in the US in the last two decades. Design Cross-sectional. Setting Data from the National Health Interview Survey, 1999–2018. Participants Individuals >18 years old. Exposure Race and ethnicity: non-Hispanic Black, non-Hispanic Asian, non-Hispanic White, Hispanic. Main outcome and measures Rates of lack of insurance coverage, lack of a usual source of care, and foregone/delayed medical care due to cost. We also estimated the gap between non-Hispanic White and the other subgroups for these outcomes. Results We included 596,355 adults, of which 69.7% identified as White, 11.8% as Black, 4.7% as Asian, and 13.8% as Hispanic. The proportion uninsured and the rates of lacking a usual source of care remained stable across all 4 race/ethnicity subgroups up to 2009, while rates of foregone/delayed medical care due to cost increased. Between 2010 and 2015, the percentage of uninsured diminished for all, with the steepest reduction among Hispanics (−2.1% per year). In the same period, rates of no usual source of care declined only among Hispanics (−1.2% per year) while rates of foregone/delayed medical care due to cost decreased for all. No substantial changes were observed from 2016–2018 in any outcome across subgroups. Compared with 1999, in 2018 the rates of foregone/delayed medical care due to cost were higher for all (+3.1% among Whites, +3.1% among Blacks, +0.5% among Asians, and +2.2% among Hispanics) without significant change in gaps; rates of no usual source of care were not significantly different among Whites or Blacks but were lower among Hispanics (−4.9%) and Asians (−6.4%). Conclusions and Relevance Insurance coverage increased for all, but millions of individuals remained uninsured or underinsured with increasing rates of unmet medical needs due to cost. Those identifying as non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic continue to experience more barriers to health care services compared with non-Hispanic White individuals. KEY POINTS Question In the last 2 decades, what has been achieved in reducing barriers to access to care and race/ethnicity-associated disparities? Findings Using National Health Interview Survey data from 1999–2018, we found that insurance coverage increased across all 4 major race/ethnicity groups. However, rates of unmet medical needs due to cost increased without reducing the respective racial/ethnic disparities, and little-to-no change occurred in rates of individuals who have no usual source of care. Meaning Despite increased coverage, millions of Americans continued to experience barriers to access to care, which were disproportionately more prevalent among those identifying as Black or Hispanic.
An Amidoxime-Functionalized Porous Reactive Fiber against Toxic Chemicals

The prevalence of toxic chemicals, ranging from chemical warfare agents (CWAs) to toxic industrial chemicals (TICs), emphasizes the importance of developing materials that can address these threats...
Modeling of Soft Cliff Erosion by Oblique Breaking Waves during a Storm

Abstract Soft cliff (bluff) erosion during a storm is investigated using available wave basin data and a cross-shore numerical model for dune erosion. The measured cliff recession rates under obliq...
Book review: Afghanistan Legal Education Project, An Introduction to the Constitutional Law of Afghanistan (Stanford Law School, Rule of Law Program, 2nd Edition, 2015)

The book under review is dedicated to exploring the history of the 2004 Afghanistan Constitution and providing an overview of the said document. This article aims to place the book and its underlyi...
Factors predicting long-term recovery from post-stroke aphasia

It remains widely accepted that spontaneous recovery from aphasia is largely limited to the first related factors. This has direct implications for acute and chronic interventions for aphasia. few ...
Comrades, Friends and Companions: Utopian Projections and Social Action in German Literature for Young People 1926-1934

Comrades, Friends and Companions provides the first critical analysis of classic German novels for young people of the late Weimar Republic. The author reveals how purportedly realistic portrayals of youth in groups projected a better world in the years of social and political crisis. These alternative realities in the German adolescent novel of the time evince the pedagogical and ideological struggles that were endemic in Weimar Culture. This study also confronts the early work of Erich Kaestner and his restructuring of authority in the Enlightenment pattern of the model child.
The prevalence and characteristics of tinnitus in the youth population of the United States.

Objectives/Hypothesis To evaluate the prevalence, characteristics, and associated risk factors of tinnitus in U.S. adolescents. Study Design Cross-sectional analyses of U.S. representative demographic and audiometric data, the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005 to 2008. Methods The study population consisted of 3,520 individuals aged 12 to 19 years with complete tinnitus-related data. Tinnitus was defined as the presence of ringing or buzzing in the ears lasting for at least 5 minutes during the preceding 12 months. In addition, we defined a chronic tinnitus subgroup as being bothered by tinnitus for more than 3 months. Demographic and other data regarding tinnitus, smoking, body mass index (BMI), anemia, hypertension, history of ear infections, tympanostomy tube placement, otoscopy, tympanometry and hearing thresholds, history of firearm use, and recreational and occupational exposure to noise were extracted and analyzed. Results Overall, tinnitus lasting 5 minutes or more in the preceding 12 months was reported by 7.5% of the 12- to 19-year-old population. This represents about 2.5 million adolescents in the United States. The prevalence of chronic tinnitus was 4.7%, corresponding to about 1.6 million adolescents in the United States. Multivariable-adjusted analysis revealed that both overall and chronic tinnitus were associated with female gender, low income, exposure to passive smoking, type A tympanogram, and occupational and recreational noise exposure. History of ≥3 ear infections and history of tympanostomy tube placement were associated only with overall tinnitus. Conclusions Tinnitus afflicts a substantial portion of the youth population. Further investigation of the association between tinnitus and the identified risk factors is warranted. Level of Evidence N/A. Laryngoscope, 123:2001-2008, 2013 © 2013 The American Laryngological, Rhinological and Otological Society, Inc.
Technology, Terrorism, and the Fishbowl Effect: An Economic Analysis of Surveillance and Searches

The dual forces of terrorism and technology have eroded our understanding of privacy, confronting us with the difficult question, "What balance should we strike between privacy and public safety?" This paper offers an economic framework for analyzing when and to what degree privacy should be protected. It starts from the observation that surveillance can prevent and deter harm but creates disutility from loss of privacy, social costs from avoidance, defensive costs spent on protecting privacy, and administrative costs. The framework has several implications for law governing surveillance and searches. Specifically, with respect to Fourth Amendment doctrine, the framework suggests that courts should adopt different standards of scrutiny, engage in forum-based analysis, and give greater protection to hybrid rights involving speech and privacy.
Derivation and Integration

Preface Acknowledgments 1. Preliminaries 2. Charges 3. Variations of charges 4. Charges and BV functions 5. Integration 6. Extending the integral Bibliography List of symbols Index.
Rise time of BC-422 plastic scintillator < 20 ps

The rise time of the plastic scintillator BC-422 has been determined to be less than 20 ps. To make the measurement, scintillator excitation was produced by X-ray pulses generated by focusing 20-ps, 2.5-TW laser pulses onto gold targets. Scintillator output was recorded with an optical streak camera whose response is 15 ps. This fast rise time identifies BC-422 as a possible radiation-to-light converter for 20-ps detectors. >
How do the biomechanics of walking constrain the visual control of stepping over obstacles

The normal human gait cycle is to a significant degree driven by the passive physical forces acting on the structure of the body, but must be adjusted on the basis of visual information when walking over complex terrain. Visual information about the layout of flat terrain features is picked up two steps ahead in order to enact adjustments that secure foot placement on the basis of passive physical forces, which suggests that the use of visual information is constrained by the biomechanics of walking. When the terrain also contains raised obstacles, foot placement must be controlled with respect to an obstacle's location ahead of time, but foot elevation, which depends on obstacle size, requires additional muscle activation in the lower limbs throughout the crossing steps. As such, information about an obstacle's size may be needed at a different time than information about obstacle location. In the present study, we tested this prediction by instructing subjects to step over obstacles in a virtual environment viewed through a head-mounted display and manipulating the availability of visual information about the obstacle's size. The obstacle's location was always visible, but its size was not apparent until subjects reached a visibility window located at different points during approach. The size of the obstacle and timing of the visibility window varied between trials. Performance measures and gait parameters from an initial experiment suggest that information about an obstacle's size is not necessary until just prior to obstacle crossing. As such, information about obstacle size may be picked up later than information about obstacle location in order to raise the feet on the basis of active adjustments to the gait cycle during crossing. We discuss how these findings support the broader theoretical claim that the use of visual information is constrained by the biomechanics of walking. Meeting abstract presented at VSS 2015. Language: en
Symbolic execution of alloy models

Symbolic execution is a technique for systematic exploration of program behaviors using symbolic inputs, which characterize classes of concrete inputs. Symbolic execution is traditionally performed on imperative programs, such as those in C/C++ or Java. This paper presents a novel approach to symbolic execution for declarative programs, specifically those written in Alloy - a first-order, declarative language based on relations. Unlike imperative programs that describe how to perform computation to conform to desired behavioral properties, declarative programs describe what the desired properties are, without enforcing a specific method for computation. Thus, symbolic execution does not directly apply to declarative programs the way it applies to imperative programs. Our insight is that we can leverage the fully automatic, SAT-based analysis of the Alloy Analyzer to enable symbolic execution of Alloy models - the analyzer generates instances, i.e., valuations for the relations in the model, that satisfy the given properties and thus provides an execution engine for declarative programs. We define symbolic types and operations, which allow the existing Alloy tool-set to perform symbolic execution for the supported types and operations. We demonstrate the efficacy of our approach using a suite of models that represent structurally complex properties. Our approach opens promising avenues for new forms of more efficient and effective analyses of Alloy models.
Barriers, facilitators, and interventions for tofu adoption among future nutritional gatekeepers (631.4)

Objective: Although soy foods such as Tofu are generally considered as healthful and sustainable, Tofu is unfamiliar and irregularly cooked at home by most non-vegetarian Westerners. To begin encouraging a wider adoption of Tofu among non-Asian, non-vegetarians, this research examines what factors impact the adoption of Tofu by future by nutritional gatekeepers, those who will eventually control the majority of the foods that are eaten within their households. Methods: In-depth laddering interviews were conducted with 83 young non-vegetarian women and new mothers who were enthusiastic lovers of tofu. Following this, a questionnaire was designed and 502 women ranging from 20-35 years old were surveyed through the internet. Finally, laboratory and in-home cooking test were conducted to validate the impact of identified barriers on Tofu adoption Results: Several key barriers based in misinformation, including “Tofu is expensive” and “Tofu is difficult to cook” as well as “I don’t know how to cook Tofu” accou...
1970s--Now or Never Decade for Minerals and Fuels: ABSTRACT

In characterizing the 1970s as the "now or never" decade for meeting the challenge of environmental quality, President Richard Nixon has established a monumental goal for America and American industry. Looking only at the projected demands for metals, nonmetals, and fuels during the next 10 years we can see that achieving that goal and, at the same time, assuring our people continuing adequate supplies of minerals and energy at reasonable costs will take all the ingenuity--all the innovative ability--that our mineral and fuel industries can muster. Not only must our ability to find new deposits of minerals and fuels at greater depths and in alien environments be significantly extended, but we must devise far better methods for extracting, processing, and utilizing these essential raw materials. National concern for environmental quality can be expected to govern virtually every facet of mineral exploration and development in the decade we have just entered. Skilled, highly motivated, and intensively trained manpower represents an urgent industrial need. National concern only now is beginning to focus meaningfully on this critical aspect of the problem and, although the hour is late, there are indications that it may not be too late for the solutions we so desperately need. End_of_Article - Last_Page 844------------
Dynoc—A dynamic optimal cluster-seeking technique

A new technique for automatic clustering of multivariate data is proposed. In this approach a performance index for determining optimal clusters is introduced. This performance index is expressed in terms of the ratio of the minimum interset distance to maximum intraset distance. The optimal clusters are found when the performance index reaches a global maximum. If there are alternative groupings with equal number of clusters, the one with the largest performance index is chosen.
An inexpensive and fast method for infiltration coating of complex geometry matrices for ISOL production target applications

Abstract An inexpensive, fast, and close to universal infiltration coating technique has been developed for fabricating fast diffusion-release ISOL targets. Targets are fabricated by deposition of finely divided (∼1 μm) compound materials in a paint-slurry onto highly permeable, complex structure reticulated-vitreous-carbon-foam (RVCF) matrices, followed by thermal heat treatment. In this article, we describe the coating method and present information on the physical integrity, uniformity of deposition, and matrix adherence of SiC, HfC and UC 2 targets, destined for on-line use as targets at the Holifield Radioactive Ion Beam Facility (HRIBF).
The cellular basis for volume changes in the rat cortex during puberty: white and gray matter.

Abstract: We have found that developmental changes through the adolescent period in the rat cerebral cortex provide parallels to those seen in the human cortex. Like humans, the rat cerebral white matter increases during this time due to increases in the number of axons that become myelinated even while the total number of axons decreases. We have preliminary evidence that estrogen decreases the rate of myelination, which results in a sex difference in adult rats. Another parallel to the human cortex is the nonlinear changes in the size of the cortex. We have found that in some cortical regions, female rats show decreases in cortical volume and number of neurons across the time of puberty, and removal of the ovaries stops these decreases. The rat cortex may serve as a model for the cellular changes underlying the volume changes seen in adolescent humans.
Enzymatic and chemoenzymatic approaches to polymer synthesis.

The function of many specialized polymers calls for properties such as chirality and biodegradability. The stereo, -positional-and chemo-selectivities characteristic of enzymatic catalysis are highly desirable attributes for incorporation into strategies for synthesizing such polymers. Enzymes alone, or in combination with chemical synthesis (i.e. chemoenzymatic methodologies), are finding increased use in the synthesis of novel materials. Potential applications include water-absorbents, hydrogels, biodegradable materials, chiral adsorbents, liquid crystals and permselective membranes.
Application of tilt modulation of the scatter cross-sections to distinguish between different non-Gaussian rough surfaces: unified full wave approach

Abstract The tilt modulations of the like- and cross-polarized cross-sections for arbitrarily oriented resolution cells are determined using the unified full-wave approach. A broad family of non-Gaussian rough surfaces characterized by the gamma surface height probability density functions of order K are considered. Furthermore a Pearson-Moskowitz surface height spectral density function is assumed for the sea surface. The surface height autocorrelation function is also assumed to be non-Gaussian. An arbitrarily oriented mean plane associated with the resolution cell is characterized by tilt angles in and perpendicular to a fixed reference plane of incidence. The ‘tilt modulation’ of the scattering cross-sections is determined as functions of the wavelength of the incident field &#x1d6cc;0 and the backscatter angle 0i 0. Each resolution cell represents the real (or synthetic) radar footprint. The size of the resolution cell, orientation, and the statistical characteristics of the non-Gaussian surface determine th...
Geometric and electronic properties of Cs structures on III-V (110) surfaces: From 1D and 2D insulators to 3D metals.

We report the structural and electronic properties of Cs adsorbed on room-temperature GaAs and InSb (110) surfaces as observed with scanning tunneling microscopy. Cs initially forms long one-dimensional (1D) zigzag chains on both surfaces. Additional Cs adsorption on GaAs(110) results in the formation of a 2D overlayer consisting of five-atom Cs polygons arranged in c(4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}4) superlattice. The tunneling gap measured over these insulating structures narrows with the transition from 1D to 2D, with metallic characteristics observed following saturation with a second Cs overlayer.
Historical Aspects of Inner Ear Anatomy and Biology that Underlie the Design of Hearing and Balance Prosthetic Devices

This review presents some of the major historical events that advanced the body of knowledge of the anatomy of the inner ear and its sensory receptors as well as the biology of these receptors that underlies the sensory functions of hearing and balance. This knowledge base of the inner ear's structure/function has been an essential factor for the design and construction of prosthetic devices to aid patients with deficits in their senses of hearing and balance. Prosthetic devices are now available for severely hearing impaired and deaf patients to restore hearing and are known as cochlear implants and auditory brain stem implants. A prosthetic device for patients with balance disorders is being perfected and is in an animal model testing phase with another prosthetic device for controlling intractable dizziness in Meniere's patients currently being evaluated in clinical testing. None of this would have been possible without the pioneering studies and discoveries of the investigators mentioned in this review and with the work of many other talented investigators to numerous to be covered in this review.
Religion in Consumer Society: Brands, Consumers and Markets

This is an extremely valuable book—on two counts. Firstly, it exhibits a high degree of theoretical adventurousness as it explores the relationship between religion and consumer culture. Secondly, ...
Pain's peptide signature.

Chronic pain, and especially persistent pain caused by an identifiable lesion to the nervous system (neuropathic pain), is a clinical concern of intense ongoing research. There is clearly a need for improved therapies. Multiple mechanisms have been discovered and illuminated within this field (reviewed in [1]) and medical research has in a few notable cases, such as gabapentin, resulted in tangible benefit [6]. Much work remains, however, in order that the mechanisms that underlie the generation of neuropathic pain can be elucidated and novel therapies developed rationally. Within the last few decades, genomic science has been added to the tool box of methods that can be used to define and understand this disease. Among these methods are cloning, transcript abundance quantification, genetic trait association, and genetic manipulation of model organisms. As technology improves, each of these methods aspires to be genome-wide, which will allow us, in theory, to peer at will into the innermost workings of an organism ([9] and references within this issue). These nucleic acid based methods have become so fashionable that it is rare to see a research article that does not contain them. Unfortunately, this focus on DNA and RNA often ignores the fact that a cell is made of protein and that the principle method of communication within the nervous system is electrical, i.e. via action potentials. Of course the body is the product of genes, proteins and physiology and each mechanism must be considered in context, which is why the advent of protein quantification en masse is such an exciting step forward.
Limb specialization in living marsupial and eutherian mammals: constraints on mammalian limb evolution

Evolution of the marsupial forelimb complex is argued to be constrained by the functional requirements of the newborn's crawl to the teat. This constraint is often used to explain why marsupials are limited in their diversity relative to eutherians. However, despite the constraint's importance to mammalian evolution, one of its fundamental corollaries, that marsupials exhibit less forelimb specialization than eutherians, has not been tested explicitly. We used morphometric analyses of mammalian limbs to test 2 hypotheses concerning their specialization: marsupials have less-specialized forelimbs than eutherians, and marsupials tend to specialize their hind limbs rather than forelimbs and eutherians their forelimbs rather than hind limbs. In support of the 1st, marsupial forelimbs are more similar among functional groups, display smaller morphospaces, and have lower morphologic divergence from the average mammalian state than eutherian forelimbs. In support of the 2nd, marsupial hind limbs are more dissimilar than forelimbs and display higher morphological divergence, but the opposite is true for eutherians. Results suggest fundamental differences in the mechanistic underpinnings of limb specialization in marsupials and eutherians and support a constraint on the marsupial forelimb complex, and possibly the mammalian hind limb.
Eukaryotic proteins expressed in Escherichia coli: an improved thrombin cleavage and purification procedure of fusion proteins with glutathione S-transferase.

Abstract Several systems have been developed to allow for rapid and efficient purification of recombinant proteins expressed in bacteria. The expression of polypeptides in frame with glutathione S-transferase (GST) allows for purification of the fusion proteins from crude bacterial extracts under nondenaturing conditions by affinity chromatography on glutathione agarose ( D. B. Smith and K. S. Johnson, 1988 , Gene67, 31–40). This vector expression system has also incorporated specific protease cleavage sites to facilitate proteolysis of the bacterial fusion proteins. In our hands, the cleavage of these fusion proteins at a thrombin cleavage site proceeded slowly. To facilitate the cleavage of fusion proteins, we have introduced a glycine-rich linker (glycine kinker) containing the sequence P·G·I·S·G·G·G·G·G located immediately following the thrombin cleavage site. This glycine kinker greatly increases the thrombin cleavage efficiency of several fusion proteins. The introduction of the glycine kinker into fusion proteins allows for the cleavage of the fusion proteins while they are attached to the affinity resin resulting in a single step purification of the recombinant protein. More than 2 mg of the highly purified protein was obtained from the equivalent of 100 ml of bacterial culture within a few hours when a protein tyrosine phosphatase was employed as a test protein. The vector, pGEX-KG, has also been modified to facilitate cloning of a variety of cDNAs in all reading frames and has been successfully used to express several eukaryotic proteins.
Introduction to the Special Issue: Recent Developments in Childhood Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is a complex and heterogeneous condition, withwide variations in symptom presentation, associated clinical characteristics, and responseto treatment (Keeley et al. 2008; McKay et al. 2004). Further, OCD has been associatedwith serious functional impairment due to the multiple behavioral and emotional domainsaffected by its manifestation (Markarian et al. 2010). As the ﬁeld has come to recognize thecomplexity of the disorder, the movement to understand central features and commonancillary symptoms has been the source of increased research scrutiny. This has been truein the case of adults and children with the condition.This special issue is devoted to examination of several important lines of research forchildhood OCD. To start, assessment of symptoms and severity has been investigated, withmost measures simply downward extensions of existing adult measures. However, to add tothe complexity of OCD, the domains of symptoms evident in children may not necessarilycorrespond to adult manifestations (i.e., McKay et al. 2006). And, the current state ofavailable assessment measures may be limited to the degree that all relevant symptomdomains are adequately assessed (Grabill et al. 2008). Accordingly, Lewin and Piacentini(this issue) begin the issue with a critical evaluation of the existing measures for assessingOCD and related constructs with recommendations for tying treatment to the speciﬁcdomainsassessed,andunderstandingmethodsofassessingtreatmentresponseandremission.Treatment has likewise progressed to address complex syndromal features of OCD. Forexample, recent conceptualizations have examined difﬁculties routinely encountered incognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT; Marques et al. 2010; McKay et al. 2009, 2010; Storchet al. 2008). It has also been shown that treatment delivery has improved dramatically, andrecent benchmarking research demonstrates that empirically supported approaches can besuccessfully implemented in community settings for childhood OCD (Farrell et al. inpress). While this last point is encouraging, the ﬁndings of Farrell et al. (in press) showed
The Role of the Internet in Presidential Campaigns

This essay examines the various roles and functions of the Internet predominantly in the Democratic primaries from January 1, 2008 through June 3, 2008. After tracing the emergence of the Internet in presidential campaigns since 1996, three functions of the Internet during the 2008 primary campaigns are examined. First, Democratic candidates employed their Web sites to create ideological unity, involvement, and commitment among their supporters and as a foundation for a new source of campaign funding, especially among small donors. Second, the Internet provides a foundation for tracking, if not predicting, the success of specific candidates at different stages in the campaign process. Third, while only an emergent force, the Internet increasingly appears to be functioning as an independent, if not discrete, sociopolitical system with unique modes of interaction, its own rules and procedures, and ultimately its own standards and guidelines for presidential campaigns. It is concluded that while the Internet...
Authentication and protection for e-finance consumers: the dichotomy of cost versus ease of use

Multifactor authentication is a tool to combat identity theft and is mandated by the Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council. However, there are only a few US financial institutions that have implemented two-factor authentication. A goal for financial institutions is to provide both a secure and easy-to-use system for customers. This article describes web authentication technologies that are currently available to financial institutions and provides an interpretation of survey results to identify the perceptions/expectations of online customers. In our online banking customer survey, we found that online banking customers are willing to sacrifice some ease-of-use for more secure online banking transactions.
Lost childhood, lost generations: The intergenerational transmission of trauma

(2003). Lost childhood, lost generations: The intergenerational transmission of trauma. Journal of Human Rights: Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 173-181.
Cardiac Arrest Alert System

According to the American Heart Association, approximately 166,200 out-of-hospital cardiac arrests occur each year. It is estimated that a victim's chances of survival are reduced by 7-10 percent for every minute that passes without treatment. Obviously, time is very critical in such situations. In most cardiac arrest cases, there is little to no warning to the victim that their heart has stopped and thus no time to notify others that emergency care is immediately required. To help alert the victim and others that a cardiac arrest episode has occurred, an ambulatory alarm and notification system has been built for individuals at high risk of cardiac arrest. The cardiac arrest alert system uses a ring-style photoplethysmograph that is connected to an armband unit which performs signal processing and wireless transmission and possesses an audible alarm. A wristband interface provides visual and tactile warnings, a reset button and a threshold adjuster. If the user's heart rate goes outside the preset range or is not detected by the system, a visual and tactile warning notifies the user of the situation. If the device is not reset or the problem not rectified within several seconds, the device then goes into full activation mode and sounds a loud alarm to notify nearby individuals who may be able to provide emergency assistance to the user. In full activation mode, the device also wirelessly transmits a signal to a central unit that, when signaled, automatically calls 911 and plays a pre-recorded message that states the incident and specifies the location. An additional phone number can also be stored so that another notification call is automatically performed. The central unit has a speaker so that the notification message is locally audible as well. In emergency situations, the cardiac arrest alert system will provide a life-saving service by rapidly alerting the user as well as nearby individuals and emergency respondents who can provide immediate assistance.
Noncomparability of benefits given and received: A cue to the existence of friendship.

In three studies subjects read paragraphs describing one person benefiting another, then the other benefiting the person. In the first two studies, the comparability of the benefits was varied. In the second, length of the delay between benefits was also varied. After reading each paragraph, subjects judged the degree offriendship between the two people. In both studies perceived friendship was greater when benefits were noncomparable than when they were comparable. Delay did not influence perceivedfriendship. In the third study, subjects read the paragraphs from the second study and explained why the second benefit was given. Benefits comparable to prior benefits were more likely to be perceived as repayments than were noncomparable benefits. Delay did not affect the reasons given. These results are discussed in terms of Clark and Mills's (1979) distinction between communal and exchange relationships.
Representationalism and the transparency of experience

Representationalism is a thesis about the phenomenal character of experiences, about their immediate subjective 'feel'.' At a minimum, the thesis is one of supervenience: necessarily, experiences that are alike in their representational contents are alike in their phenomenal character. So understood, the thesis is silent on the nature of phenomenal character. Strong or pure representationalism goes further. It aims to tell us what phenomenal character is. According to the theory developed in Tye 1995, phenomenal character is one and the same as representational content that meets certain further conditions. One very important motivation for this theory is the so-called "transparency of experience." The purpose of this paper is to elucidate the appeal to transparency more carefully than has been done hithertofore, to make some remarks about the introspective awareness of experience in light of this appeal, and to consider one problem case for transparency at some length, that of blurry vision. Along the way, I shall also address some of the remarks Stephen Leeds makes in his essay on transparency.
The Role of Statins in the Prevention of Heart Failure After Acute Coronary Syndrome

Patients who have acute coronary syndrome complicated by heart failure have increased short- and long-term morbidity and mortality. Besides the proven action in reducing cardiovascular events and mortality, statins also reduce the risk of developing heart failure after acute coronary syndrome. The pathways responsible for this benefit are likely a result of the "pleiotropic" actions of statins. The ongoing trials of statins in patients who have heart failure will help to further characterize this benefit.
Abstract IA17: Functional genomics, small RNAs and cancer

Abstract Efforts to sequence cancer genomes have begun to uncover comprehensive lists of genes altered in cancer. Unfortunately, the complexity and sheer volume of data that emerges from these efforts has made dissecting the underlying biology of cancer difficult. In addition, the number and types of candidate targets that require functional validation in vivo represent a significant barrier to using this information as a starting point for drug development programs, since many do not represent targets amenable to traditional small molecule or antibody-based therapeutic approaches. To address this problem, we have combined comprehensive analyses of cancer genomes with novel materials science to develop a platform that enables the ready in vivo validation of cancer targets. Specifically, we have developed a screening platform to perform loss of function screens at genome scale and have applied this in a massively parallel manner to screen several hundred full characterized cancer cell lines. We have combined the outputs of these screens with data emerging from the study of cancer genomes to identify candidate oncogenes. To credential these targets in vivo, we have helped develop novel nanocomplexes formed from siRNA bound to tandem peptides containing tumor-penetrating, endosomal escape and siRNA-binding domains that permit deep penetration in tumor. We use these nanoparticles to target a hitherto undiscovered ovarian cancer oncogene, ID4, an undruggable transcriptional regulator, and show that these tumor-penetrating nanocomplexes induced complete suppression of tumor growth and significant improvement of survival. Taken together, these studies provide a platform for the discovery and initial validation of candidate cancer targets. Citation Format: William C. Hahn. Functional genomics, small RNAs and cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Noncoding RNAs and Cancer; 2012 Jan 8-11; Miami Beach, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(2 Suppl):Abstract nr IA17.
Raman spectral studies of molten lithium nitrate-lithium perchlorate mixtures

Abstract The Raman spectra of molten LiNO 3 , LiClO 4 , and mixtures of the two salts are reported. All bands appear to arise from highly localized vibrational modes. The spectral features of molten LiNO 3 can be accounted for by the hypothesis that two non-equivalent environments are available to the nitrate ion.
Effects of metamorphosis and captivity on the in vitro sensitivity of thyroid glands from the tiger salamander, Ambystoma tigrinum, to bovine thyrotropin.

Abstract The sensitivity of thyroid glands from the tiger salamander, Ambystoma tigrinum , to bovine thyrotropin (bTSH) was tested in vitro . Thyroids were taken from subjects representing metamorphic stages I (premetamorphic larvae), II (onset of climax), and VII (completion of gill resorption), as well as from captivity control larvae. Exogenous TSH reduced the cumulative uptake of 125 I in vitro by thyroids from stage I larvae after 24 and 48 hr. The capacity of thyroids to release thyroxine (T 4 ) in vitro was used subsequently as a measure of their responsiveness to TSH. Baseline levels of T 4 release in vitro were variable but did not differ significantly among developmental stages. A low dose of bTSH (5 × 10 −6 IU/ml) did not increase in vitro T 4 release compared with that of controls. A larger dose (5 × 10 −4 IU/ml) caused greater increases in T 4 release from thyroids of stage II and VII subjects than from those of controls. This dose produced only a small response by thyroids from captivity-control subjects. The results suggest that the thyroids of Ambystoma increase in their capacity to respond to TSH during the process of metamorphosis.
Finite-dimensional hopf algebras are free over grouplike subalgebras

Abstract Let H be a finite-dimensional Hopf algebra over a field k , and let G be a subgroup of the group of grouplikes of H . Then every left ( H , kG )-Hopf module is free as a left kG -module. If k is algebraically closed and C is a simple subcoalgebra of H with gC = C for all g ∈ G , then the exponent of G and (in characteristic p > 0) the p -part of | G | divide n , where n 2 is the dimension of C .
Controlling the avoidable causes of cancer: needs and opportunities for etiologic research.

This meeting of the President's Cancer Panel was designed to provide an overview of known and suspect causes of cancer and to indicate those that might be considered avoidable. Two complex concepts...
An altered intestinal mucosal microbiome in HIV-1 infection is associated with mucosal and systemic immune activation and endotoxemia

Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infection disrupts the intestinal immune system, leading to microbial translocation and systemic immune activation. We investigated the impact of HIV-1 infection on the intestinal microbiome and its association with mucosal T-cell and dendritic cell (DC) frequency and activation, as well as with levels of systemic T-cell activation, inflammation, and microbial translocation. Bacterial 16S ribosomal DNA sequencing was performed on colon biopsies and fecal samples from subjects with chronic, untreated HIV-1 infection and uninfected control subjects. Colon biopsies of HIV-1-infected subjects had increased abundances of Proteobacteria and decreased abundances of Firmicutes compared with uninfected donors. Furthermore at the genus level, a significant increase in Prevotella and decrease in Bacteroides was observed in HIV-1-infected subjects, indicating a disruption in the Bacteroidetes bacterial community structure. This HIV-1-associated increase in Prevotella abundance was associated with increased numbers of activated colonic T cells and myeloid DCs. Principal coordinates analysis demonstrated an HIV-1-related change in the microbiome that was associated with increased mucosal cellular immune activation, microbial translocation, and blood T-cell activation. These observations suggest that an important relationship exists between altered mucosal bacterial communities and intestinal inflammation during chronic HIV-1 infection.
Motor “Binding:” Do Functional Assemblies in Primary Motor Cortex Have a Role?

In this issue of Neuron, Jackson and colleagues describe a functional correlate of neural synchrony related to movement control. Synchrony strength in cortico-motoneuronal output neurons in primary motor cortex depended upon similarity of these neurons' connectivity pattern with the spinal cord. These results could form the foundation for subsequent investigations of motor binding.
Particle concentration effects on shear coagulation in the presence of repulsive interparticle forces

Abstract The shear stability of monodisperse polystyrene latices, both in the presence and absence of surfactants, was observed as a function of particle concentration in the range of particle volume fractions from 4.29 × 10 −5 to 6.86 × 10 −4 . Two different latices were tested; one containing ionizable groups chemically attached to the particle surface and one without such groups. All latices were tested in a Couette device capable of generating shear rates as high as 29000 s −1 . Both the Smoluchowski theory and the more recent trajectory analysis approach predict that the coagulation rate should increase linearly with the particle volume fraction. This behavior was observed for latex particles which possessed only weak repulsive forces. For latex particles with significant repulsive forces, whether arising from adsorbed surfactants or chemically bound surface groups, the shear coagulation rate was observed to decrease with increasing particle volume fraction. This decrease in rate must be due to a decrease in the collisional efficiency with increasing particle volume fraction. A more definitive explanation of the effect must await future improvements in the theoretical description of the shear coagulation process.
Spinal Deformity in Bethlem Myopathy.

Abstract Study Design Retrospective review. Objectives To report the characteristics of spinal deformity in a series of 3 patients with Bethlem myopathy. Summary of Background Data Bethlem myopathy presents with mild muscular weakness and typically has a benign course. Severe scoliosis in patients affected with Bethlem myopathy has not been previously reported. Methods Clinical records of 3 brothers with Bethlem myopathy were reviewed. Clinical and radiographic features of the spinal deformity are presented. Results All 3 patients had progressive scoliosis with coronal and sagittal imbalance. At a minimum of 26 months of follow-up after posterior instrumented fusion, there were no complications and deformity correction was maintained. Posterior instrumentation and fusion did not negatively affect the pulmonary function in this group of patients with Bethlem myopathy. Conclusions Bethlem myopathy may present with severe scoliosis along with proximal muscle weakness. This condition should be included in the differential diagnosis of adolescent patients with progressive spinal deformity.
Springtime Intensification of the Great Plains Low-Level Jet and Midwest Precipitation in GCM Simulations of the Twenty-First Century

Abstract Simulations from 18 coupled atmosphere–ocean GCMs are analyzed to predict changes in the climatological Great Plains low-level jet (GPLLJ) and Midwest U.S. hydrology resulting from greenhouse gas increases during the twenty-first century. To build confidence in the prediction, models are selected for analysis based on their twentieth-century simulations, and their simulations of the future are diagnosed to ensure that the response is reasonable. Confidence in the model projections is also bolstered by agreement among models, in a so-called multimodel ensemble, and by analogy with present-day interannual variability. The GCMs agree that the GPLLJ will be more intense in April, May, and June in the future. The selected models even agree on the reason for this intensification, namely, a westward extension and strengthening of the North Atlantic subtropical high (the Bermuda high) that occurs when greenhouse gas–induced warming over the continental United States exceeds that of the subtropical Atlant...
Distribution of added iron and polyphosphate phosphorus in cow's milk.

Abstract The distribution of iron and polyphosphate phosphorus added to cow's milk was investigated by both analytical and radiochemical techniques. Whole milk was separated isoelectrically and/or centrifugally into three major fractions, cream, casein, and whey, after the addition of ferripolyphosphate and other iron or polyphosphate compounds. Casein, a phosphoprotein, had a greater affinity for iron binding than for phosphorus binding: 85 to 95% of the iron and 50 to 55% of the phosphorus was bound to acid-precipitated casein; and when the casein was obtained by centrifugation, 60 to 70% of the iron was micellar-bound while 50 to 55% of the phosphorus was bound by micelles.
A simplified method for determining phenotypic traits in patients with obstructive sleep apnea

We previously published a method for measuring several physiological traits causing obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). The method, however, had a relatively low success rate (76%) and required mathemat...