cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The SHARE program for dementia: Implementation of an early-stage dyadic care-planning intervention:

This article describes the implementation of SHARE (Support, Health, Activities, Resources, and Education), a counseling-based care-planning intervention for persons living with early-stage dementia and their family caregivers (CGs). The foundation of SHARE is built upon assessing and documenting the person living with dementia's care values and preferences for future care. Using the SHARE approach, CGs are given an opportunity to achieve an understanding of their loved one's desires before the onset of disease progression when the demand for making care decisions is high. Through working together with a SHARE Counselor, the care dyad begins to identify other sources of support, such as family and friends and service providers, in order to build a more balanced and realistic plan of care for the future. Data were collected from 40 early-stage dementia care dyads to determine the acceptability of having structured discussions about future care in the early stages of dementia. Findings from this study demonstrate the importance of planning in the early stages when persons with dementia can voice their care values and preferences for future care. Finally, this paper illustrates the use of supportive strategies such as rapport building, establishing buy-in, and communication to initiate care-related discussions with care dyads in the early stages that will help lead to more effective decision making in the future.
Genetic patterns across an invasion's history: a test of change versus stasis for the Eurasian round goby in North America.

Biological invasions comprise accidental evolutionary experiments, whose genetic compositions underlie relative success, spread and persistence in new habitats. However, little is known about whether, or how, their population genetic patterns change temporally and/or spatially across the invasion's history. Theory predicts that most would undergo founder effect, exhibit low genetic divergence across the new range and gain variation over time via new arriving propagules. To test these predictions, we analyse population genetic diversity and divergence patterns of the Eurasian round goby Neogobius melanostomus across the two decades of its North American invasion in the Laurentian Great Lakes, comparing results from 13 nuclear DNA microsatellite loci and mitochondrial DNA cytochrome b sequences. We test whether 'genetic stasis', 'genetic replacement' and/or 'genetic supplement' scenarios have occurred at the invasion's core and expansion sites, in comparison with its primary native source population in the Dnieper River, Black Sea. Results reveal pronounced genetic divergence across the exotic range, with population areas remaining genetically distinct and statistically consistent across two decades, supporting 'genetic stasis' and 'founder takes most'. The original genotypes continue to predominate, whose high population growth likely outpaced the relative success of later arrivals. The original invasion core has stayed the most similar to the native source. Secondary expansion sites indicate slight allelic composition convergence towards the core population over time, attributable to some early 'genetic supplementation'. The geographic and temporal coverage of this investigation offers a rare opportunity to discern population dynamics over time and space in context of invasion genetic theory vs. reality.
Solution-Synthesized In4SnSe4 Semiconductor Microwires with a Direct Band Gap

Semiconductor materials having direct band gaps that overlap well with the solar spectrum are important for a variety of applications in solar energy conversion and optoelectronics. Here, we identify the ternary chalcogenide In4SnSe4 as a direct band gap semiconductor having a band gap of approximately 1.6 eV. In4SnSe4, which contains isolated tetrahedral [SnIn4]8+ clusters embedded in an In–Se framework, was synthesized by precipitation from solution at 300 °C. The In4SnSe4 product consists of microwires having lengths of approximately 5–20 μm and widths of approximately 100–400 nm. Band structure calculations predict a direct electronic band gap of approximately 2.0 eV. Diffuse reflectance UV–visible spectroscopy qualitatively validates the predicted direct band gap, yielding an observed optical band gap of 1.6 eV.
Think Weak, Act Weak: A Look into State Mentalities

Weak states, in believing they are weak, act in terms of their capability. The same can be said about great powers. Mentalities ultimately create state behavior and define the range of foreign policy options available to a state. I will test this supposition by applying the analysis to a state that went from weak to great and back to weak again: Weimar Germany’s transformation into Nazi Germany and then to defeated Germany.
‘Truth’, ‘Fiction’ and Collaboration in The Autobiography of a Charwoman

This chapter explores some of the qualities of Elizabeth Dobbs/Martha Grimes’s mediated narrative of a difficult life, as told to her employer Annie Wakeman. Elizabeth worked as a servant, singer, boarding-house keeper, shoemaker’s assistant and, after a series of family reverses, charwoman, and her oral Autobiography recorded the often idiosyncratic views of a determined member of the urban underclass. Since the account by “Dobbs” differs in some details from that of the census records, her Autobiography raises questions of the extent to which she may have reshaped her past to accord with class-based notions of acceptable behavior, why her employer may have done likewise, and the degree to which their motives for censorship or concealment may have diverged.
Transparenz, Information und Service – wie ein faires Miteinander zu mehr Kundenzufriedenheit und Wettbewerbsvorteilen führen kann

Die Finanz- und Wirtschaftskrise hat im Laufe des Jahres 2008 tiefe Spuren im Geschaftsleben und speziell im Finanzsektor hinterlassen. Zahlreiche, teils renommierte Banken hatten mit massiven Problemen zu kampfen. Einige Institute verschwanden von der Bildflache, andere schlupften gerade noch rechtzeitig unter den Schirm einer ubernehmenden Bank.
Partisan Dimensions of Confidence in the U.S. Military, 1973–2016:

Americans express more confidence in their military than any other institution. The components and causes of confidence have been little studied, especially as a partisan phenomenon. This study ass...
NON-STEMI COMPLICATED BY CARDIOGENIC SHOCK REQUIRING PERCUTANEOUS MECHANICAL SUPPORT HAVE WORSE OUTCOMES

The survival of patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock (AMICS) remains modest in the STEMI population. This population has the benefit of immediate revascularization upon arrival to any PCI center. More frequently, patients presenting with Non-STEMI obtain
Globalization, Leadership, and Organizational Change

This paper examines the current trends in multinational organizational leadership. I review historical trends in organizational leadership styles and ethical decision-making. Then, I examine the successes of American organizations located in Asia to the failures of Chinese companies in the same locale. Findings suggest that successful organizations are those which employ local managers who understand the culture and can capitalize on the local talents. Companies that bring in ex-patriots as managers are unsuccessful, and will build resentment and mistrust within the organization's indigenous employee structure.
The Syndemics of Removal: Trauma and Substance Abuse

This is a mixed-methods study conducted among heroin-using deportees in the Dominican capital of Santo Domingo, from 2008 to 2010. The study illustrates how forced mobility in transnational groups can lead to sudden changes in cultural environment, which promote risk-seeking attitudes, such as substance abuse, in the absence of structural checks and balances on high-risk behavior. In this study I adapt Merrill Singer’s Syndemics model to illustrate how social isolation, mental health issues, and substance abuse are synergistic forces that aggravate the deportee’s risk for serious health conditions. Data were gathered through a combination of (a) participant observation (inside shooting galleries, private homes, and public spaces); (b) life-histories, open-ended (N = 12); and (c) semi-structured interviews (N = 120). Risk factors that may encourage risk seeking behavior and substance abuse are the lack of positive social networks, lack of financial means of subsistence, lack of adequate health care services, and institutional and structural stigmatization. Additionally, deportation-related trauma heightens the returnee’s likelihood to suffer from mental health conditions.
Sintering and Catalytic Implications. A Surface Thermodynamics Approach

Abstract Various surface thermodynamic considerations relevant to supported metal catalysts are presented. They include the thermodynamics of (1) spreading of the active catalyst on the support, (2) crystallite vs. film stability, (3) thin planar patches, (4) the phase separation on the substrate, and (5) the rupture of thin films. These thermodynamic considerations explain a number of phenomena observed during experiments with model catalysts.
Outcomes with lower intensity therapy in TP53-mutated AML.

7017Background: TP53 mutations confer an adverse prognosis in patients (pts) with AML treated with standard chemotherapy. A recent study reported high response rates using a 10-day regimen of decit...
High-resolution light-field imaging via phase space retrieval

By combining a high-resolution image from a standard camera with a low-resolution light-field image from a lenslet array, we numerically reconstruct a high-resolution light-field image. We experimentally demonstrate the method by creating a high-definition 3D image of a human cheek cell with a commercially available microscope.
Downregulation of M-channels in lateral habenula mediates hyperalgesia during alcohol withdrawal in rats.

Hyperalgesia often occurs in alcoholics, especially during abstinence, yet the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. The lateral habenula (LHb) has been implicated in the pathophysiology of pain and alcohol use disorders. Suppression of m-type potassium channels (M-channels) has been found to contribute to the hyperactivity of LHb neurons of rats withdrawn from chronic alcohol administration. Here, we provided evidence that LHb M-channels may contribute to hyperalgesia. Compared to alcohol naive counterparts, in male Long-Evans rats at 24-hours withdrawal from alcohol administration under the intermittent access paradigm for eight weeks, hyperalgesia was evident (as measured by paw withdrawal latencies in the Hargreaves Test), which was accompanied with higher basal activities of LHb neurons in brain slices, and lower M-channel protein expression. Inhibition of LHb neurons by chemogenetics, or pharmacological activation of M-channels, as well as overexpression of M-channels’ subunit KCNQ3, relieved hyperalgesia and decreased relapse-like alcohol consumption. In contrast, chemogenetic activation of LHb neurons induced hyperalgesia in alcohol-naive rats. These data reveal a central role for the LHb in hyperalgesia during alcohol withdrawal, which may be due in part to the suppression of M-channels and, thus, highlights M-channels in the LHb as a potential therapeutic target for hyperalgesia in alcoholics.
Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus after esophagectomy in a patient with remote history of lithium treatment: A case report.

Abstract Introduction Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus occurs in patients on chronic lithium treatment even after lithium discontinuation. Patients affected by this disorder are highly vulnerable to hypernatremia when they cannot respond to their thirst mechanism. We report a rare case of hypernatremia due to undiagnosed nephrogenic diabetes insipidus post esophagectomy in a patient with remote history of lithium use. Presentation of case A 70-year-old female with past medical history of bipolar disorder, chronic kidney disease and pheochromocytoma underwent an elective esophagectomy for esophageal adenocarcinoma. Lithium was discontinued 10 years prior to her presentation. She was kept nil per os post operatively and subsequently developed altered mental status necessitating intubation. Her sodium level was found to be 156 mmol/L. A water deprivation test and desmopressin trial confirmed nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Days after dextrose 5% in water infusion, free water flushes through the jejunostomy tube and hydrochlorothiazide, her hypernatremia improved slowly with subsequent improvement in her mental status. Discussion Several mechanisms have been described in literature to explain the persistent damage caused by lithium on the kidneys. When patients lose access to a source of free water and are resuscitated with normal saline post operatively, they are at risk of developing life-threatening hypernatremia. This can be avoided by aggressive hydration with appropriate fluid replacement. Conclusion Surgeons should be aware of the persistent renal defects caused by long term lithium use and development of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus even years after medication cessation.
Late, new-onset thrombocytopenia following rattlesnake envenomation without early thrombocytopenia or post-antivenom platelet increase.

To the editorA 19-year-old male, with no significant past medical history, was bitten by a rattlesnake of unknown species on the dorsum of the hand and developed late, new-onset thrombocytopenia th...
Analysis on surveillance results of Kaschin-Beck disease from monitoring site in Henan Province in 2008

Objective To understand Kaschin-Beck disease(KBD) status in Henan Province and provide the basis for the further prevention and treatment of KBD. Methods Children aged 7 to 12 in 3 villages(Yaodian, Miaowa and Zhuyang) with the same environment such as topography, physiognomy,production mode and living habits in Shan County and Lingbao City were selected to undertake KBD clinical examination in 2008, X-ray examination of right hand and child hair samples and food samples were collected to determine the content of selenium. Selenium was determined using 2,3-Diaminonaphthalene method. Adults who were 16 years or older in 5 counties(Luoning, Lingbao, Mianchi, Shah and Lushi) were selected and examined for KBD. Results One hundred and ninty children aged 7 to 12 were clinically examined and clinical KBD were found, whereas 3 children were diagnosed as KBD by X-ray examination, the positive rate was 1.58% (3/190). All 20 521 adults were clinically examined and KBD prevelance rate was 6.10%(1251/20 521), including degree Ⅰ (3.97%,814/20 521), degree Ⅱ (1.77%, 364/20 521 ), degree Ⅲ (0.36%, 73/20 521). The average selenium contents in hair and food samples were (0.319±0.128)mg/kg and (0.031±0.009)mg/kg, respectively. Conclusions Child KBD in Henan Province is under control or almost under control, whereas the prevalence of adult KBD was relatively serious, which suggested that secondary prevention with the objective of clinically treating KBD patients should be strengthened. Key words: Kaschin-Beck disease; Children; Adults; Epidemiological monitoring; Outcome assessment
Collective criticality: towards sustainable socially just teacher education programmes

Teacher educators report preservice teachers often have difficulty understanding the structural nature of oppression in the United States. A common explanation for this disconnect is the lack of ti...
Third-Party Testing Nutritional Supplement Knowledge, Attitudes, and Use Among an NCAA I Collegiate Student-Athlete Population.

Dietary supplements, sports foods, and ergogenic supplements are consumed to increase performance, recovery, and health, but risk contamination with illegal substances. Third-party testing programs may assist in regulating the purity and safety of supplements, yet athletes' attitudes and use of such programs are not widely reported. This study examined nutritional supplement knowledge, attitudes, and use, as well as the purchase of third-party tested supplements among university student-athletes (N = 138). Knowledge of nutritional supplements yielded a median and (IQR) score of 25% (17 to 42%). Sixteen percent of student-athletes said they were knowledgeable about supplements and their effects, p < 0.001. All athletes stated they used a dietary supplement or sports food at least once within the last 12 months, and 77% consumed at least one "claimed to be" ergogenic supplement. Sixty-six percent of student-athletes purchased nutritional supplements not provided by the athletic department. Females athletes were more likely to consume a combination of vitamins and single minerals, a larger variety of sports foods, exotic berries, herbs, maca root powder, ribose, ephedra, colostrum, and hydroxy-methyl-buterate (HMB) than males. Over 90% believed it was essential to know if a supplement was third-party tested. However, only 57% stated the supplements bought were third-party tested. No sex differences were found for nutritional supplement knowledge, attitudes, and use of third-party testing programs. Our results indicate a need to improve student-athletes' attitudes toward and knowledge of nutritional supplements, and the initiation of programs to assist in the choosing and consuming of third-party tested supplements.
Exploring the heterogeneity in relationship between heat exposure and land development in Mumbai, India: a framework to address urban vulnerability in developing megacities

Informal settlements in developing megacities are often vulnerable to extreme heat and other environmental hazards. Yet, understanding of this vulnerability remains limited due to inadequate attent...
Defining Hypoperfusion in Chronic Aphasia: An Individualized Thresholding Approach

Within the aphasia literature, it is common to link location of lesioned brain tissue to specific patterns of language impairment. This has provided valuable insight into the relationship between brain structure and function, but it does not capture important underlying alterations in function of regions that remain structurally intact. Research has demonstrated that in the chronic stage of aphasia, variable patterns of reduced cerebral blood flow (CBF; hypoperfusion) in structurally intact regions of the brain contribute to persisting language impairments. However, one consistent issue in this literature is a lack of clear consensus on how to define hypoperfusion, which may lead to over- or underestimation of tissue functionality. In the current study, we conducted an exploratory analysis in six individuals with chronic aphasia (>1 year post-onset) using perfusion imaging to (1) suggest a new, individualized metric for defining hypoperfusion; (2) identify the extent of hypoperfused tissue in perilesional bands; and (3) explore the relationship between hypoperfusion and language impairment. Results indicated that our individualized metric for defining hypoperfusion provided greater precision when identifying functionally impaired tissue and its effects on language function in chronic aphasia. These results have important implications for intervention approaches that target intact (or impaired) brain tissue.
In situ sensors for blood-brain barrier (BBB) on a chip

Abstract The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is critical for the central nervous system, as its integrity protects neurons and other brain cells from harmful toxicants and disease-associated molecules, while it also blocks the delivery of therapeutic drugs to brain. Understanding the function and physiology of BBB have made slow progress due to the relative lack of effective models. Microfluidic BBB-on-a-chip models have gained attentions recently through recreating a more accessible, in vivo-like microenvironments. Although many fabrication and application methods have been demonstrated and improved for BBB-on-a-chip, the detection methods used in those systems seem to heavily reply on conventional analytical instruments, which are bulky, expensive, time-consuming, and not suitable for large-scale industrial operations. The TEER (transendothelial electrical resistance) measurement has become popular for identifying the integrity of BBB due to its compatibility, noninvasiveness, and rapid readings. While the TEER sensor has been a major success in BBB-on-a-chip, this may be the only major in situ sensor that have been successfully incorporated in BBB-on-a-chip models. In this review paper, we (1) compared the current BBB experimental models, (2) briefly summarized their fabrication considerations, (3) discussed the detection techniques used in such models, and (4) provided suggestions to incorporate various in situ biosensors/sensors into these models. The coming years will likely see the continued development of BBB-on-a-chip models, powerful detection techniques applied on these models will assist in improving our understanding of BBB function, providing new insights on neurological disease, as well as developing and screening novel therapeutic drugs.
The Age-Graded Consequences of Justice System Involvement for Mental Health:

Objectives:Drawing on the life course and social stress perspectives, this paper examines age variation in the mental health consequences of justice system involvement by assessing arrest, convicti...
A future of assessment without testing

As with most aspects of life, assessment practices have been challenged by the events of 2020. The combination of the consequences of COVID-19 restrictions and the increased awareness and reckoning with systemic racism requires the field to take a hard look at our assessment systems. The main function of assessment is to gather evidence by which one makes inferences about what people know and can do. Over the past decade, our digital capabilities have increased exponentially and offer the potential to approach assessment differently. We now have digital learning environments that capture the actions of students as they engage in learning activities. It is possible to consider using this information as evidence such that assessment does not have to be a one-time event and we can have assessment without tests. There are some promising inroads in this direction, but also some lingering challenges remain.
Bridging the Gaps: An Interdependent Model for Educating Accountable Practitioners

Abstract This article presents an Interdependent Model that integrates field instruction with the clinical and research curricula to educate students to become accountable practitioners. It describes the application of this model in teaching single-system evaluation to social work students with support from faculty, field advisers, and agency practitioners who provide field supervision. The merits of using this model as compared to other more common, less comprehensive approaches to social work education are examined. Issues relating to the implementation of the Interdependent Model are also discussed.
The impact of international listings on risk

Abstract In this paper, we examine the impact of international listing on common-stock risk. While previous research has used event study methodology, our research focuses on permanent shifts in risk. Different measures of risk are estimated to test for intertemporal shifts in risk attributable to an overseas listing. No significant shifts in risk from international listing are documented. The results are robust with respect to the location and year of listing. These findings suggest that: (1) markets are already reasonably well integrated; or (2) listing is an ineffective mechanism for reducing segmentation.
Optimal layer assignment for interconnect

Connaissant la forme geometrique des fils de connexion d'un circuit integre on relie les segments de fils aux couches pour obtenir le fonctionnement optimal. Cas particulier de la minimisation du nombre total de changement de couches le long des fils (realise par des contacts). On demontre que pour mesurer le caractere optimal, qui depend de la somme des performances de chaque fil pris isolement, on peut resoudre le probleme d'attribution des couches pour deux couches dans un temps polynomial a l'aide de l'algorithme de coupure-masse des graphes planaires. Evidemment, cette possibilite est en contradiction avec la conjecture du caractere NP-complet. La comprehension du probleme progresse et on obtient d'autres criteres d'optimalite, tel que la maximisation du metal
Developing Individuals' Transactive Memories of Their Ego-Centric Networks to Mitigate Risks of Knowledge Sharing: The Case of Professionals Protecting CyberSecurity

A memory of who knows what, so called transactive memory, can be an important cognitive structure in facilitating knowledge sharing in situations where successful collaboration depends on simultaneously maximizing sharing while mitigating its risks. We examine the development of transactive memory in crossorganizational networks—or ego-centric networks—that individuals build and maintain in their work. How do individuals develop transactive memory about who knows what in personally driven social networks that operate at the boundaries of cross-organizational work? In this paper, we advance a model of factors affecting the development of an individual’s transactive memory of his/her ego-centric work network and test the model with a group of professionals engaged in responding to unforeseen events related to national security. Overall, we find that frequent use of dialogic practices explain much of the degree to which an individual has developed a transactive memory of his/her ego-centric network. Dialogic practices are, in turn, affected by the degree to which the task is perceived as interdependent on the knowledge and actions of others and organizational support for learning. We note theoretical extensions to the literatures of transactive memory and information systems design for ego-centric networks.
Algorithms for Nonlinear Structural Dynamics

Several competitive numerical integration techniques for nonlinear dynamic analysis of structures by the finite element method are examined and compared for a plane stress problem. Both material and geometric nonlinearities are included in the finite element formulation. Three explicit methods are investigated: (1)Central difference predictor; (2)two-cycle iteration with the trapezoidal rule; and (3)fourth-order Runge-Kutta method. A nodewise solution technique is generated at any state in the analysis. Three implicit methods also are studied: Newmark-Beta method, Houbolt method, and Park's stiffly-stable method. Among the three explicit methods, it is concluded that the central difference predictor is the best, whereas the performances of the other two methods are about equal. The three implicit approaches are nearly equal, but Park's stiffly-stable method is somewhat better than the Newmark-Beta method, and Houbolt's procedure must be rated third.
Financial Ratios and Credit Risk: The Selection of Financial Ratio Covenants in Debt Contracts

This study examines the selection of financial ratio covenants in debt contracts. Expanding on existing theory and evidence, I predict that loan contracts will include covenants with ratios that are informative of credit risk based on borrower or contract characteristics. The results support this prediction. I find that contracts of borrowers with positive earnings, high profitability, and low volatility earnings are likely to include covenants measured with earnings, such as coverage or debt to cash flow. Debt contracts of borrowers with losses, low profitability, and highly volatile earnings are likely to include covenants measured with shareholders' equity, such as net worth. Additionally, deals with revolving lines of credit include leverage covenants, and those for borrowers with high levels of working capital contain current ratio covenants. In total, the evidence is consistent with contracts using ratios in covenants that are most informative of borrower credit risk.
Inflation, External Default, and the Composition of Sovereign Debt

This paper extends the sovereign default model described in Arellano (2008) by including both domestic and foreign debts. The government issues debt and can either inflate away its domestic debt or default on its external component. Under a discretionary policy, the existence of domestic debt creates a costly inflation bias. On the other hand, the cost of foreign debt increases with the quantity of debt issued due to the increasing likelihood of default. This tradeoff between inflation and external default costs drives the dynamics of the domestic/foreign composition of sovereign debt. This model demonstrates the role of domestic debt in explaining why some emerging market countries tend to default on low levels of foreign debt-to-GDP ratios. The model also proposes a new channel justifying why inflation hikes occur before external default episodes.
The Story of 'Ewing v. California': Three Strikes Laws and the Limits of the Eighth Amendment Proportionality Review

In 1994 California enacted the nation's harshest three strikes law. Under this law, any felony can serve as a third strike, and conviction of a third strike requires a mandatory prison sentence of 25 years to life. In Ewing v. California, 538 U.S. 11 (2003), the Supreme Court held that sending a drug addict who shoplifted three golf clubs to prison for 25 years to life under the three strikes law did not violate the cruel and unusual punishment clause of the Eighth Amendment. The chapter for the forthcoming Criminal Law Stories tells the story of the Ewing case, describing Gary Ewing’s life, the crime that became his third strike, and each stage of his case. It describes all of the players and brings to life the oral argument and the Supreme Court’s opinion. This chapter also explores three questions: First, why did California law impose such a draconian sentence for such a minor offense? The chapter tells the story of the voter initiative that enacted the three strikes laws, the unsuccessful efforts to amend the law, and it describes the way the law has been enforced by California’s elected district attorneys and construed by its courts. Second, why wasn't such a sentence prohibited by the cruel and unusual punishment clause? The chapter reviews the Supreme Court’s prior Eighth Amendment cases and analyzes the majority and dissenting opinions in Ewing. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the question what limits -- if any -- the Eighth Amendment imposes on the state's authority to replace policies based on rehabilitation, retribution, and individualized sentencing with a policy that seeks to protect society by incapacitating recidivists.
Analysis of autonomic reaction patterns.

Analysis-of-variance models are presented for use with autonomic data. Applications are illustrated for experiments where either single variable or multiple variable autonomic recordings are obtained. The analysis provides a test of significance for both transient responses to a stimulus and the more sustained effects that persist for some time. Consistency and stability of idiosyncratic reaction patterns are expressed by intraclass correlation coefficients. Multiple group comparisons are suggested as a method of evaluating differential reaction patterns induced by separate stressors. Three independent dimensions of autonomic activity are isolated by analysis of variance: sustained activity, reactivity, and nonspecific variability. Individual Ss can be assigned scores on each dimension, and these scores can be processed by multiple regression procedures to predict Ss’ performance on other behavioral tasks or personality scales.
Kinetic and product distribution analysis of NO· reductase activity in Nitrosomonas europaea hydroxylamine oxidoreductase

Hydroxylamine oxidoreductase (HAO) from the ammonia-oxidizing bacterium Nitrosomonas europaea normally catalyzes the four-electron oxidation of hydroxylamine to nitrite, which is the second step in ammonia-dependent respiration. Here we show that, in the presence of methyl viologen monocation radical (MVred), HAO can catalyze the reduction of nitric oxide to ammonia. The process is analogous to that catalyzed by cytochrome c nitrite reductase, an enzyme found in some bacteria that use nitrite as a terminal electron acceptor during anaerobic respiration. The availability of a reduction pathway to ammonia is an important factor to consider when designing in vitro studies of HAO, and may also have some physiological relevance. The reduction of nitric oxide to ammonia proceeds in two kinetically distinct steps: nitric oxide is first reduced to hydroxylamine, and then hydroxylamine is reduced to ammonia at a tenfold slower rate. The second step was investigated independently in solutions initially containing hydroxylamine, MVred, and HAO. Both steps show first-order dependence on nitric oxide and HAO concentrations, and zero-order dependence on MVred concentration. The rate constants governing each reduction step were found to have values of (4.7 ± 0.3) × 105 and (2.06 ± 0.04) × 104 M−1 s−1, respectively. A second reduction pathway, with second-order dependence on nitric oxide, may become available as the concentration of nitric oxide is increased. Such a pathway might lead to production of nitrous oxide. We estimate a maximum value of (1.5 ± 0.05) × 1010 M−2 s−1 for the rate constant of the alternative pathway, which is small and suggests that the pathway is not physiologically important.
The weak element method applied to Helmholtz type equations

Helmholtz type boundary value problems are important in a variety of scattering and diffraction problems. Standard numerical schemes based on finite difference, finite element, or integral equation methods are generally not well suited for these problems in the 'intermediate frequency range' since the oscillatory solution is not accurately approximated by piecewise polynomials. In this paper, a version of the weak element method is employed to numerically solve these problems in two dimensions. This method consist of partitioning the domain into small 'elements' and locally approximating the solution in each element by a sum of exponentials. These piecewise approximations are joined together at interelement boundaries by continuity conditions for certain functionals of the approximate solution. The method is analyzed using a complementary variational formulation. It is shown that the weak element method is considerably more accurate than standard discretization methods when the solution is adequately approximated locally by the exponential basis functions. These results are validated by numerical experiments.
Motor Cortex Is Required for Learning but Not for Executing a Motor Skill

Motor cortex is widely believed to underlie the acquisition and execution of motor skills, but its contributions to these processes are not fully understood. One reason is that studies on motor skills often conflate motor cortex's established role in dexterous control with roles in learning and producing task-specific motor sequences. To dissociate these aspects, we developed a motor task for rats that trains spatiotemporally precise movement patterns without requirements for dexterity. Remarkably, motor cortex lesions had no discernible effect on the acquired skills, which were expressed in their distinct pre-lesion forms on the very first day of post-lesion training. Motor cortex lesions prior to training, however, rendered rats unable to acquire the stereotyped motor sequences required for the task. These results suggest a remarkable capacity of subcortical motor circuits to execute learned skills and a previously unappreciated role for motor cortex in "tutoring" these circuits during learning.
Choice for shape vs textural matching by young children.

Choice for shape vs textural matching of stimulus materials by means of active touch was studied intra- and intermodally in 130 preschool children. A significant trend toward matching by shape was present as early as ages 4 and 5 under both intra- and intermodal conditions. This finding is contrary to those of other investigations of preference for shape vs texture matching and discrimination learning in children. This discrepancy is resolvable in terms of recent evidence on the nature of perceptual activity and exploration by young children which highlights the interaction between stimulus materials and mode of exploration for determining what is perceived.
Compositional dependence of infrared phonon parameters for Hg 1 - x Cd x Te

The full set of Lorentzian oscillator parameters describing the two-mode phonon behavior in Hg1-x-jCdxTe is reported. A new analysis of reflectivity spectra combined with existing results gives the most accurate available values for the CdTe-like and HgTe-like transverse optical frequency, strength and (for the first time) damping constant vs CdTe fractionx at room, liquid nitrogen and liquid helium temperatures. Polynomial fits vsx for each parameter are provided for use in characterizing Hg1-xCdxTe and the HgTe-CdTe superlattice.
Emotional memory: What does the amygdala do?

Recent studies of the human amygdala have shed new light on its roles in two distinct, but related processes: emotional memory and the evaluation of emotional stimuli.
Histopathology and treatment of corneal disease in keratitis, ichthyosis, and deafness (KID) syndrome

Histopathology and treatment of corneal disease in keratitis, ichthyosis, and deafness (KID) syndrome
Transversals of infinite families

Abstract Let U be a family of sets having a finite number of infinte members. A proof is given for a theorem of Brualdi and Scrimger regarding the existence of a transversal of U , and this theorem is used to obtain necessary and sufficient conditions for U to have a partial transversal of prescribed finite defect. The dual of the Brualdi-Scrimger result is discussed.
Clinical trials of intraoral dental xeroradiography

Anatomic detail and other image characteristics in full-mouth, periapical, and bitewing xeroradiographs were compared with those seen in similarly projected conventional radiographs. A new dental xeroradiographic processor was clinically tested. In comparison with conventional radiographs, xeroradiographs often showed more anatomic detail of teeth and bone and required approximately half the exposure time. These characteristics, the speed of operation and the added features for convenience, suggest that xeroradiography may be important to dental radiography in the future.
Evaluation of a Multi-Goal Solver for Use in a Blackboard Architecture

This article presents a multi-goal solver for problems that can be modeled using a Blackboard Architecture. The Blackboard Architecture can be used for data fusion, robotic control and other applications. It combines the rule-based problem analysis of an expert system with a mechanism for interacting with its operating environment. In this context, numerous control or domain (system-subject) problems may exist which can be solved through reaching one of multiple outcomes. For these problems which have multiple solutions, any of which constitutes an end-goal, a solving mechanism which is solution-choice-agnostic and finds the lowest-cost path to the lowest-cost solution is required. Such a solver mechanism is presented and characterized herein. The performance of the solver (including both the computational time required to ascertain a solution and execute it) is compared to the naive Blackboard approach. This performance characterization is performed across multiple levels of rule counts and rule connectivity. The naive approach is shown to generate a solution faster, but the solutions generated by this approach, in most cases, are inferior to those generated by the solver.
Self-assembled photoresponsive amphiphilic diphenylaminofluorene-C60 conjugate vesicles in aqueous solution.

Water-soluble oligo(ethylene glycolated) derivatives of two-photon absorptive diphenylaminofluorenocarbonyl-methano[60]fullerene, denoted as C60(>DPAF-EG6), were synthesized with their molecular self-assembly characteristics in H2O studied. The formation of nano- to submicron-sized spherical hollow vesicles with a shell width of 15−20 nm was observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) micrographs. This shell width fits approximately with the length of a disordered bilayer-like molecular packing of C60(>DPAF-EG6), arising from strong intermolecular hydrophobic interactions of fullerene cages. Photoinduced intramolecular charge separation followed by charge recombination on the nanosecond time scale, from the DPAF moiety to the C60 cage in the vesicle structure, was detected via transient spectroscopic measurements.
Additional measurements of the high-latitude sunspot rotation rate

We report measurements of the sunspot rotation rate at high sunspot latitutdes for the years 1966–1968. Ten spots at ¦latitude¦ ≳ 28 deg were found in our Mees Solar Observatory Hα patrol records for this period that are suitable for such a study. On the average we find a sidereal rotation rate of 13.70 ± 0.07 deg day-1 at 31.05 ± 0.01 deg. This result is essentially the same as that obtained by Tang (1980) for the succeeding solar cycle, and significantly larger than Newton and Nunn's (1951) results for the 1934–1944 cycle. Taken together, the full set of measurements in this latitude regime yield a rotation rate in excellent agreement with the result ω=14°.377−2°.77 sin2φ, derived by Newton and Nunn from recurrent spots predominatly at lower latitudes throughout the six cycles from 1878–1944.
Notch: of mice and men?

A recent study has demonstrated that Notch is a positive regulator of murine megakaryopoiesis.[1][1] In this issue of Blood , Poirault-Chassac et al report the opposite: Notch inhibits the terminal differentiation of human megakaryocytes.[2][2] Does this discrepancy arise from species-specific
Repair of a fractured implant-supported mesiostructure bar.

Abstract Osseointegrated implants are often used for mandibular denture retention. Although clinical success rates are high, complications can occur. A specific clinically relevant example of a fractured bar is presented along with a procedure for its repair. This procedure allows the repair to be done in a timely and cost-efficient manner. (J Prosthet Dent 1997;77:216-8.)
Seasonal energetics of opossums (Didelphis virginiana) in Ohio

1. 1. Female opossums acclimatized to each of the four seasons were not significantly different (P ⪢0.05) in oxygen consumption at a Ta of 0°C; the overall average was 0.66 ±0.1 ml O2/g-hr. 2. 2. Body weight decreased by 27% from autumn to spring; pelage density increased in winter, but thermal conductance changed very little between seasons. 3. 3. Respirometry revealed no evidence of thermoregulatory adjustments in opossums acclimatized to winter in Ohio.
In vitro expression and secretion of functional mammalian intrinsic factor using recombinant baculovirus.

Abstract Intrinsic factor was produced at levels of 1–2 mg per 1 (0.25 μg per 106 cells) by growth of recombinant baculovirus-infected Sf9 cells in spinner culture. The recombinant IF showed a binding affinity for cobalamin (2.6 · 10−10 M) and for the intrinsic factor-cobalamin receptor (3.5 · 10−10 M) nearly identical with native IF. Purification of the recombinant intrinsic factor could be accomplished by affinity chromatography, but final purification by gel chromatography (FPLC) was necessary to separate intrinsic factor from a 62 kDa protein secreted from uninfected Sf9 cells. This protein binds selectively to the cobalamin-Sepharose column, but demonstrates no cobalamin binding activity after clution. Microgram quantities of radiolabelled protein could be produced for metabolic and autoradiographic studies. The stability of intrinsic factor to pancreatic proteinases was nearly identical with human gastric intrinsic factor, both native and recombinant as produced in mammalian cells. Glycosylation of the intrinsic factor was demonstrated by lectin binding to the recombinant protein separated on SDS-PAGE, and by a shift in apparent molecular mass from 47 kDa to 43 kDa following treatment of Sf9 cells with tunicamycin. Most of the recombinant IF was produced by Sf9 cells in the first 48 h post infection.
Further Development of a High-Speed Three-Dimensional Flow Visualization System

Further development of a high-speed three-dimensional flow visualization system is explored. The technique is based on the high-speed scanning and imaging of a laser sheet produced by a pulse burst laser capable of operating in excess of 1 MHz. The focus of this study is on the characteristics of a galvanometric scanning mirror and its subsequent use within a 3-D imaging system. The maximum angular velocity of the mirror is in excess of 100,000 degrees/second over a 150 microsecond period with the mirror capable of accessing over 18 resolvable spots every 1 µsec. Preliminary three-dimensional images of rising incense smoke were acquired by operating the system in a “low-speed” mode with a 15 mW HeNe laser and a high-speed camera operating at 1,000 fps. In this configuration, each 3-D image (220 x 220 x 68 voxel resolution) took 67 msec to acquire. Sample 3-D images are presented that demonstrate the technique’s capability to visualize complex, threedimensional flow structures, such as those associated with the transition to turbulence in rising smoke. Future work will concentrate on incorporating the pulse burst laser into the imaging system and should increase the speed by 2-3 orders of magnitude making the technique suitable for higher speed flows.
Robust modified profile estimating function with application to the generalized estimating equation

Abstract We consider methods for reducing the effect of fitting nuisance parameters on a general estimating function, when the estimating function depends on not only a vector of parameters of interest, θ , but also on a vector of nuisance parameters, λ . We propose a class of modified profile estimating functions with plug-in bias reduced by two orders. A robust version of the adjustment term does not require any information about the probability mechanism beyond that required by the original estimating function. An important application of this method is bias correction for the generalized estimating equation in analyzing stratified longitudinal data, where the stratum-specific intercepts are considered as fixed nuisance parameters, the dependence of the expected outcome on the covariates is of interest, and the intracluster correlation structure is unknown. Furthermore, when the quasi-scores for θ and λ are available, we propose an additional multiplicative adjustment term such that the modified profile estimating function is approximately information unbiased. This multiplicative adjustment term can serve as an optimal weight in the analysis of stratified studies. A brief simulation study shows that the proposed method considerably reduces the impact of the nuisance parameters.
Improvement in survival of patients with congenital diaphragmatic hernia utilizing a strategy of delayed repair after medical and/or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation stabilization.

Patients with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) symptomatic at birth treated at this institution over the past 6 years were reviewed. The patients were divided into two chronological groups for analysis: group 1, consisting of 15 patients treated from January 1984 through October 1987, a period during which acute CDH was considered to be a surgical emergency; and group 2, comprising 20 patients treated from November 1987 through October 1989 using a management protocol of delayed repair following medical and/or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) stabilization. These two groups did not differ significantly in gestational age, birth weight, Apgar scores, hernia side, or age at admission. Group 2 had a longer mean interval from admission to repair (26.5 v 1.8 h, P = .01) and average age at repair (31.0 v 6.5 h, P = .02) than did group 1. Prosthetic closure of the diaphragmatic defect was required more frequently in group 2 then in group 1 (63% v 31%, P = .07). Survival in group 2 was significantly greater than in group 1 (55% v 20%, P = .04). Seven group 2 patients (35%) achieved a prerepair or pre-ECMO PO2 greater than 100 mm Hg and all survived; four of the 13 "nonresponders" also survived. ECMO was used in 11 group 2 patients with five survivors (45%); four of these patients underwent repair prior to ECMO and seven underwent repair while on ECMO.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)