cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mortality Factors of the Avocado Lace Bug, Pseudacysta Perseae (Heteroptera: Tingidae), in Florida

ABSTRACT The avocado lace bug (ALB), Pseudacysta perseae (Heidemann) (Heteroptera:Tingidae), is a pest of avocado, Persea americana, in Florida, the Caribbean Basin, California and northern South America. Different biotic mortality factors, i.e., the egg parasitoids Erythmelus (Erythmelus) klopomor, a new species of Trichogrammatidae, and the predators, Chrysoperla rufilabris, Paracarniella cubana, Stethoconus vitripennis, and Tingidoletes praelonga, have been reported as natural enemies of P. perseae in Florida. We determined the effect of these biotic factors during 3 seasons, by exposing P. perseae cohorts to known biotic factors, and compared their survival to cohorts protected from these factors. The total percent mortality caused by biotic factors was 16 to 90% above the mortality caused by abiotic factors during 3 seasons.
Measuring the academic radiologist's clinical productivity: survey results for subspecialty sections.

Abstract Rationale and Objectives The purpose of this project was to understand better the academic radiologist's clinical workload in order to determine faculty staffing requirements more accurately. Materials and Methods Surveys performed by the Society of Chairmen of Academic Radiology Departments (SCARD) collected data for radiologists in 20 departments in 1996 and 1998; the data included work relative value units (RVUs) per full-time equivalent (FTE). Radiologists in each subspecialty were compared with their counterparts in other departments. The data were collected for each radiologist. Summary statistics showing averages, medians, and quartiles were used to describe workload (in RVUs per FTE) for each department and each subspecialty. Results Overall, the average clinical workload was 4,458 RVU/FTE, with 0.62 RVU per procedure. In those sections for which the faculty performed similar types of procedures across departments, the results were useful. The workload data, however, proved inadequate to compare across subspecialty sections. Between 1996 and 1998, the workload increased from 3,790 to 4,458 RVU/FTE. Conclusion The SCARD survey provided very useful clinical workload data, measured in work RVUs per FTE for specific subspecialty sections. At practically all surveyed institutions, increasing clinical workload is competing with academic activities.
The diamond necklace affair revisited: The Rohan family and court politics

(1989). The diamond necklace affair revisited: The Rohan family and court politics. Renaissance and Modern Studies: Vol. 33, No. 1, pp. 21-40.
Selective loss of neuronal Na+-dependent phosphate cotransporter mRNA in CA1 pyramidal neuron following global ischemia

A recently identified neuronal Na+-dependent phosphate cotransporter (rBNPI) has been shown to import inorganic phosphate (P(i)) required for the production of high-energy phosphates which are vital to neuronal energy metabolism. In the present study, we have examined the expression of rBNPI mRNA in the hippocampus of rats subjected to 30 min of global ischemia by four-vessel occlusion. In situ hybridization reveals that transient forebrain ischemia results in a selective reduction in rBNPI mRNA expression in CA1 pyramidal neurons of the hippocampus. Expression of rBNPI is significantly reduced by 24 h and completely absent at 72 h following global ischemia when CA1 pyramidal neurons begin to show cell damage. By contrast, there is no change in the expression of Nedd2 mRNA, a developmentally regulated cell death gene, in CA1 pyramidal neurons at these same time points. The loss of rBNPI transcripts appears to be selective for CA1 pyramidal neurons since rBNPI mRNA expression is unchanged in neurons of the CA2-CA4 pyramidal cell layers following global ischemia. Our data indicate that an early reduction of rBNPI transcripts may contribute to a reduction in P(i)-dependent energy metabolism or signal transduction which has been reported in CA1 hippocampal neurons following global ischemia.
Assessing the performance impact of supply chain planning in net-enhanced organizations

This paper presents a conceptual framework that hypothesizes the nature of the relationships between a firm’s use of Internet-based information technology (IT), supply chain planning capability, and operational performance. Using data from 266 manufacturing sites and structural equation modeling, we show that the impact of IT on operational performance is contingent upon the intent of its use. Specifically, our results suggest that IT’s use in exploiting existing opportunities has both a direct effect and an indirect effect, mediated through supply chain planning capabilities, on operational performance. In contrast, when IT is used to explore new opportunities, it has neither a direct nor an indirect effect on operational performance. Implications of these research findings are reported.
SOIL DETRITAL PROCESSES CONTROLLING THE MOVEMENT OF 15N TRACERS TO FOREST VEGETATION

Controlled field experiments to study the effects of heightened atmospheric inputs of nitrogen (N) to forests typically demonstrate that most N enters nonextractable pools in soil, while some N is taken up by vegetation, and varying amounts are exported. In a few experimental manipulations of N inputs to forests, 15N has been added as a tracer to more closely study the fates and redistributions of NH4+ and NO3− at the ecosystem level. We developed TRACE, a biogeochemical process model based on previous models, to interpret ecosystem-level 15N field data following applications of 15N-enriched NO3− or NH4+ at the Harvard Forest, Massachusetts, USA. We simulated the forms, masses, atom%, and timing of 15N applications in ambient and chronically fertilized plots over two growing seasons in coniferous and deciduous forest stands. Incorporating principles of stable-isotope redistributions, such as mass balance and pool dilution, into the process model provided a strong means of comparing alternative model formulations against field data. TRACE explicitly illustrated the manner in which rates of gross N turnover in soils could be high enough to provide strong sinks for 15N in ambient plots, while limited enough to allow much greater uptake of 15N by vegetation in fertilized plots. Ectorganic horizons, including litter and humified matter, were key in retaining 15N inputs. We found that fine root uptake and turnover could not account for the rapid movement of 15N into soil pools; direct assimilation into soil pools was required for both NH4+ and NO3− in both deciduous and coniferous forests. Such high rates of N assimilation could not be accounted for by microbial biomass production using detrital C as the substrate. These findings have far-ranging implications for understanding the reciprocal effects of N deposition on forest C budgets, and forest C cycling on ecosystem N retention.
Multiaxial Fatigue Behavior of Oxidized and Unoxidized UHMWPE During Cyclic Small Punch Testing at Body Temperature

We hypothesized that oxidation would influence the resistance to fatigue crack initiation and propagation of Ultra-High molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE). We subjected tibial insert surrogates (ram extruded GUR 1050) to accelerated aging protocols following ASTM F 2003-00 (14, 21 and 28 days). Subsurface disc specimens from the control and aged materials at each time period were subjected to cyclic small punch loading to failure (modification of ASTM F 2183-02). A significant decrease in fatigue loading was observed, relative to the un-aged controls, starting at three weeks of accelerated aging. Furthermore, SEM examination of the failed aged specimens revealed a network of multiple secondary initiation sites, which was also confirmed by observation with endoscopy, and microCT. Thus, in contrast to the unoxidized highly crosslinked conventional materials evaluated previously, the oxidized materials failed by the initiation and propagation of cracks from numerous initiation sites with the brittle appearance increasing with oxidation time. These results suggest that oxidized UHMWPE exhibits a different fatigue crack initiation and propagation behavior compared to unoxidized virgin, and crosslinked UHMWPE. Future studies will be needed to increase our understanding of the clinically acceptable fatigue properties for new tibial bearing materials, such as highly crosslinked UHMWPEs.
N,N,N′,N′-Tetramethyl-1,4-phenylenediamine: a facile electron donor and chromophoric substrate for dopamine β-monooxygenase

Abstract Dopamine β-monooxygenase is shown to catalyze the oxidation of N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl-1,4-phenylenediamine (TMPD) to its cation radical in the presence of a regular substrate and molecular oxygen. The enzyme-mediated oxidation of TMPD is stoichiometrically coupled with the hydoxylation of the substrate to the corresponding enzymatic product. TMPD is kinetically well behaved as an alternate electron donor for the enzyme with a potency comparable to that of the most efficient electron donor, ascorbate. Dopamine β-monooxygenase mediated oxidation of TMPD has been employed to design a convenient and sensitive spectrophotometric assay for the enzyme. The finding that TMPD is a well behaved facile alternate electron donor for dopamine β-monooxygenase raises some interesting novel questions regarding the specificity and chemistry of the reduction site, which may have important implications on the reduction of active site coppers of the enzyme.
CAMAC Applications in Nuclear Medicine at Vanderbilt: Present Status and Future Plans

CAMAC has been used for data acquisition and control of nuclear measurement systems in the Vanderbilt University Nuclear Medicine Laboratory for approximately two years. The implementation of the CAMAC crate controller used with a PDP/9 computer is described. Data are acquired from three types of devices. These include a stationary multi-probe system, a computer driven scanner and a dual probe scanner not under computer control. Future extensions of our system are discussed, including the collection of data from higher data rate instruments (Anger-type scintillation camera) as well as computer networking. The CAMAC system required a higher initial dollar investment when compared to a single dedicated scanner interface. However, it provided a much more versatile and more easily expanded system. When a second device is added, we found that the use of CAMAC can be defended successfully on a cost basis alone. The CAMAC standard allows the replication of systems by laboratories without the large investments in time and money usually needed to interface specialized measurement systems to computers. The modularity permits orderly growth of systems and protects against obsolescence. Almost any standard would be better than no standard, and we plan to use CAMAC for all applications where data-transmission-rate requirements permit. We hope that users in the nonnuclear field will come to utilize CAMAC in their measurement and data reduction systems where similar benefits should be obtained.
Transcription of the Dictyostelium glycogen phosphorylase‐2 gene is induced by three large promoter domains

The promoter of the Dictyostelium glycogen phosphorylase-2 (gp2) gene possesses a profound AT-bias, typical of promoters in this organism. To understand how Dictyostelium achieves specificity during transcriptional regulation under the constraint of this highly biased nucleotide composition, we have documented the changes in chromatin structure associated with developmental induction of gp2 gene expression. DNase I hypersensitive analyses indicated the presence of several developmentally regulated nuclease-sensitive sites located upstream of the start codon: two strong sites at approximately -250 bp and -350 bp and three substantially weaker sites at -290 bp, -445 bp, and -505 bp. In vitro footprint analyses using nuclear extracts derived from several stages of development (corresponding to varying levels of gp2 expression) revealed three large regions of occupation that were developmentally regulated and corresponded to these nuclease-sensitive sites: -227 to -294 bp (domain 1), -327 to -383 bp (domain 2), and -416 to -534 bp (domain 3). The presence and the extent of the three regulatory domains was confirmed by in vivo footprint analyses spanning the same developmental time points. Southwestern analyses using probes encompassing these footprints demonstrated that probes corresponding to domains 1 and 3 both interacted with 83 and 77 kDa peptides. The domain 3 probe also interacted with a 92 kDa peptide, while only a 62 kDa peptide is recognized by the domain 2 probe. In all cases, peptides capable of binding these probes were found in nuclear extracts derived from differentiated cells and not in undifferentiated cell nuclear extract. Using nuclear extract from differentiated cells and probes corresponding to the three domains, gel mobility shift analyses detected ladders of retarded bands for both domains 1 and 3 and three major retarded bands for domain 2. These results suggest that specificity in transcriptional activation in the AT-rich promoters of Dictyostelium may be achieved by requiring multiple protein-DNA and/or protein-protein interactions to occur before induction can proceed.
Complete characterization of epitaxial CdTe on GaAs from the lattice geometrical point of view

Abstract The complete characterization of two monocrystalline samples of epitaxial CdTe(111) on GaAs(001) rotated 2° around [1 1 0] using a new description tool and X-ray techniques is given. In addition, the structural quality of the deposits was correlated to the angles of epitaxial misorientation.
Using An EC-Wide Monetary Aggregate in Stage Two of EMU

This paper looks at whether the aggregate ERM money supply has been a useful predictor of short-term changes in inflation and growth, and long-term trends in price levels among the core ERM countries. The evidence suggests that over the period since 1987, when there have been no realignments, the ERM money supply performs at least as well, and arguably better, than the individual national aggregates in predicting nominal aggregates such as inflation and the price level, while neither money supply is a good predictor of real activity.
Music Ability Among Negro Grade School Pupils, Or I Got Rhythm?.

200 Grade 6 “inner city” Negro students were found to be markedly deficient on the Seashore Test of Musical Talents (STMT) when they averaged at the 20th percentile on the 6 sub-scales. Analysis in...
Growth of InAs/InP and InAsP/InP heterostructures by chemical beam epitaxy

Abstract We report for the first time that high quality pseudomorphically strained InAs 1- x P x /InP and InAs/InP (3% lattice mismatch) superlattices (SL) and strained multi-quantum wells (SMQWs) can be grown by chemical beam epitaxy (CBE). Structural properties and interface sharpness are investigated as a function of growth temperature within a range of 420 to 540°C. Interface sharpness, determined through the high resolution X-ray diffraction analysis of thin (1–5 monolayers) InAs single and multi-quantum well structures, is found to be better than 1 monolayer over a wide range of growth temperatures (450–490°C) and high quality SMQWs and SLs were achieved. Moreover, no temperature dependent variation of thicknesses (growth rates) was observed within the 440–500°C temperature range. The As versus P incorporation ratios in ternary InAsP/InP layers were also studied, showing that CBE is perfectly suited for a successful control of As composition in such heterostructures. Finally, the structural and optical properties of grown heterostructures, as studied with high resolution X-ray diffraction, RHEED and low temperatures photoluminescence analysis, indicate that pseudomorphic InAsP/InP and InAs/InP SMQWs are compatible with long wavelength (1 to 2 μm) opto-electronic applications.
Electrical properties of nanoscale metallic thin films on dielectric elastomer at various strain rates

Dielectric elastomers (DEs) have significant applications in artificial muscle and other biomedical equipment and device fabrications. Metallic thin films by thin film transfer and sputter coating techniques can provide conductive surfaces on the DE samples, and can be used as electrodes for the actuators and other biomedical sensing devices. In the present study, 3M VHB 4910 tape was used as a DE for the coating and electrical characterization tests. A 150 nm thickness of gold was coated on the DE surfaces by sputter coating under vacuum with different pre-strains, ranging from 0 to 100%. Some of the thin films were transferred to the surface of the DEs. Sputter coating, and direct transferring gold leaf coating methods were studied and the results were analyzed in detail in terms of the strain rates and electrical resistivity changes. Initial studies indicated that the metallic surfaces remain conductive even though the DE films were considerably elongated. The coated DEs can be used as artificial muscle by applying electrical stimulation through the conductive surfaces. This study may provide great benefits to the readers, researchers, as well as companies involved in manufacturing of artificial muscles and actuators using smart materials.
Pathways to happiness: From personality to social networks and perceived support

Abstract The present study attempts to incorporate individual personality into a social network account of subjective wellbeing (SWB) by proposing and testing a path model in which social relationships (egocentric social networks and perceived social support, PSS) mediate the relationship between personality and SWB. We found that network characteristics (including network size, emotional closeness, and proportion of new contacts) are related to SWB largely via the mediation of PSS. Additionally, network size and proportion of new contacts function as important mediating mechanisms linking extraversion, agreeableness and openness to PSS and SWB.
Inconsistencies in rationale underlying official USP dissolution rate specifications for nitrofurantoin.

Abstract Nitrofurantoin, l-[(5-nitrofurfurylidene)amino] hydantoin, is an antibacterial agent used clinically to treat specific urinary tract infections. Physiocochemically, the drug is a weak acid (pKa 7.2) possessing relatively low aqueous solubility characteristics at pH values normally encountered in the various segments of the GI tract of man. As a result, it is not surprising that the drug displays a particle-size dependence in its dissolution rate (1) and rate and extent of absorption (bioavailability) in man (1–4).
Universal gauge theory.

It is shown that there is a "universal" group that contains the gauge groups of all Yang-Mills theories as subgroups. An analogue of Yang-Mills theory ("universal gauge theory") with this group as the invariance group is shown to exist in 3+1 space-time dimensions. It has all the topological features of Yang-Mills theory, such as instantons and $\ensuremath{\theta}$ vacua, and is a renormalizable theory at the quantum level. The multi-instanton solutions of this theory are found explicitly. The constraint and the eigenvalue problem for the Hamiltonian are solved exactly for all values of $\ensuremath{\theta}$. It is shown that at the quantum level universal gauge theory has the same spectrum as a (1+1)-dimensional free fermion system.
Electromagnetic and Aeromechanical Analysis of Sabot Discard for Railgun Projectiles

Experimentaland engineering modelingtechniqueswereapplied toexaminetherolethatelectromagneticsplays duringthesabotdiscardprocessina solid-armaturerailgun.Currentandmagnetice elddiffusionintheconducting armature and sabot produce residual forces that tend to clamp the sabot petals during in-bore acceleration and after launch. The effect of this force on sabot discard was investigated. The experimental portion of this work used the measured downrange magnetic e elds to quantify the effect on subprojectile performance. The time rate of change of launcher and switch currents and launcher voltages were measured. In addition, the time rate of change of the armature magnetic e eld was measured downrange from the launcher. Electrical parameters that characterize the magnetic e elds were used to calculate the residual current e owing in the armature after exit. An engineeringmodelthatincludesbothaeromechanicalandelectromagneticforceswasdevelopedtopredictthesabot discard process. The model for the magnetic clamping force used the inferred current from the magnetic e elds measured downrange. The results from the sabot discard analysis are in good agreement with the measured sabot trajectory data, particularly when the sabot petals arein close proximity. The analysisshows thattheaerodynamic moment acting on the sabot is relatively small following launch, and small magnetic clamping forces could delay sabot separation.
The Effect of Acidification and Chelating Agents on the Solubilization of Uranium from Contaminated Soil

The role of acidification and chelating agents in the solubilization of uranium (U) from contaminated soil was examined in a series of experiments. Soil acidification and the addition of chelating agents were the two methods compared initially. The results indicated that the addition of citric acid solubilized more U than acidification or the other amendments tested. This increase in U solubility was, however, transitory. A subsequent experiment indicated that citrate concentration had a more dramatic effect on U solubility than did acidification. The greatest soluble U concentration during this experiment (775 mg kg -1 soil, or ∼85% of the total U) was observed after 24 h in the presence of 20 millimoles citrate kg -1 soil at pH 5. The persistence of U solubility over the 96-h experimental period was primarily a function of pH and citrate degradation. In a separate experiment, in which citric acid rather than citrate was added to contaminated soil, the soluble U concentrations observed were generally lower than those observed in the presence of citrate. Citric acid decreased soil pH to values ≤3.6, and solubilized higher concentrations of Al and Fe than observed in the presence of citrate. Since the maximum solubilization of U was observed at pH 5, the implication of these results is that a combined approach, using both soil acidification and citric acid addition, may be necessary to maximize the phytoextraction of U from soils with a pH > 6.0.
Reconsidering a scientific revolution: The case of Einstein versus Lorentz

The relationship between Albert Einstein's special theory of relativity and Hendrik A. Lorentz's ether theory is best understood in terms of competing interpretations of Lorentz invariance. In the 1890s, Lorentz proved and exploited the Lorentz invariance of Maxwell's equations, the laws governing electromagnetic fields in the ether, with what he called the theorem of corresponding states. To account for the negative results of attempts to detect the earth's motion through the ether, Lorentz, in effect, had to assume that the laws governing the matter interacting with the fields are Lorentz invariant as well. This additional assumption can be seen as a generalization of the well-known contraction hypothesis. In Lorentz's theory, it remained an unexplained coincidence that both the laws governing fields and the laws governing matter should be Lorentz invariant. In special relativity, by contrast, the Lorentz invariance of all physical laws directly reflects the Minkowski space-time structure posited by the theory. One can use this observation to produce a common-cause argument to show that the relativistic interpretation of Lorentz invariance is preferable to Lorentz's interpretation.
Effects of solvent structure in polyvinyl chloride‐solvent systems

A study was made of the solubility of a high molecular weight polyvinyl chloride in a wide variety of solvents at room temperature. Many powerful solvents and solvent combinations for the polymer were demonstrated. A number of combination of N, N-disubstituted amides with other classes of solvents, including the cyclic ethers, aliphatic ketones, alkyl-substituted pyridines, and aromatic hydrocarbons, were found to have synergistic solvent action. The solvent power of many pure and mixed solvents appear to be qualitatively predictable from molecular structure in terms of: (a) the electron donor capacity of the solvent, (b) steric hindrance to approach of the electron donor center of the solvent to the polymer, and (c) effective solvent bulk for keeping the polymer chains well separated. The solubility parameter concept does not appear to be applicable for predicting solvent power in the systems studied.
Variations in the diversity of summer estuarine fish populations in Aransas Bay, Texas, 1966–1973

Abstract Trawl collections of estuarine fishes were made in Aransas Bay, Texas during the years 1966–1973. This period encompassed several major environmental changes to which variations in several diversity measurements may be correlated. Over the 8-year period however, an idea of ‘average’ conditions for the bay emerged. These include a species number of about 26, an anticipated catch per hour of about 3000 individuals, and a Shannon-Weiner diversity index of about 1.8. The results from Aransas Bay are also discussed in reference to these from other studies of estuarine regions on the Gulf and Atlantic Coast of the United States.
Phagocytosis in subacute bacterial endocarditis. Localization of the primary opsonic site to Fc fragment.

The opsonic properties of immune γG-globulins isolated from patients with chronic septicemic conditions, principally subacute bacterial endocarditis were studied. Opsonic capacity as well as complement-fixing properties of γ-globulins appeared to be closely associated with integrity of Fc structures. Progressive pepsin digestion of immune γG-globulins, as monitored by successive loss of Gm(a) and Gm(b) antigens, abolished opsonic activity. Colostral γA, containing agglutinating antibacterial antibodies but no demonstrable complement-fixing activity, was devoid of opsonic capacity. Reduction of γ-globulin opsonins with 0.01 or 0.1 M mercaptoethanol progressively abolished opsonic activity in parallel with loss of ability of treated γ-globulins to fix complement with bacteria. Treatment of γ-globulin opsonins with 0.01 M sodium metaperiodate also produced complete loss of opsonic capacity in parallel with loss of Gm(b) Fc antigens. These findings, together with antiopsonic effects demonstrable with anti-γ-globulin factors showing primary reactivity with Fc structures, indicate that the opsonic property of immune γ-globulins requires the participation of structures integral to the Fc region of γ-globulin.
Study of the Cardiac Arrhythmias by the Ultrasonic Doppler Method

The Doppler tracing is a sensitive method for depicting movement of the heart wall, valves, and blood flow. This communication reports the authors' experience with the Doppler method in normal persons and patients with various cardiac arrhythmias. Three main components are recognized in the Doppler tracing: the presystolic component, a; component vs due to systolic movement of the ventricles; and component vd corresponding to the movement of ventricles during early diastole. Evidence is presented that component a is due to atrial contraction. This has been substantiated in this study by the simultaneous recording of the Doppler tracing with the electrocardiogram, phonocardiogram, apex cardiogram, jugular venous tracing, right atrial pressure tracing, and the inscription of the Doppler tracing frame by frame in the right atrial cineangiocardiogram. These findings are of interest since they introduce a relatively new method of studying cardiac wall movement, particularly that of the right atrium. In additio...
Diagnosis and Management of Clinical Chorioamnionitis

Chorioamnionitis is a common complication of pregnancy associated with significant maternal, perinatal, and long-term adverse outcomes. Adverse maternal outcomes include postpartum infections and sepsis whereas adverse infant outcomes include stillbirth, premature birth, neonatal sepsis, chronic lung disease, and brain injury leading to cerebral palsy and other neurodevelopmental disabilities. Research in the past 2 decades has expanded understanding of the mechanistic links between intra-amniotic infection and preterm delivery as well as morbidities of preterm and term infants. Recent and ongoing clinical research into better methods for diagnosing, treating, and preventing chorioamnionitis is likely to have a substantial impact on short and long-term outcomes in the neonate.
The Use of a Handheld Calorimetry Unit to Estimate Energy Expenditure During Different Physiological Conditions

Background: Accurately determining rates of energy expenditure (EE) under free-living conditions is important in understanding the mechanisms involved in the development and prevention of obesity. Metabolic carts are not portable enough for most free-living situations. The purpose of this study was to compare a portable, handheld indirect calorimetry device (HealtheTech Incorporated, Golden, CO) to a metabolic cart (Physio-Dyne Instrument Corporation, Quogue, NY) during 3 different physiologic states. Methods: EE was measured by both the handheld calorimeter (5–10 minutes) and the metabolic cart (15–20 minutes) in 20 healthy subjects (18–35 years of age). Measurements were made during 3 physiologic states: (1) postabsorptive rest (REE), (2) postprandial rest (fed energy expenditure, FEE), and (3) while walking in place (activity energy expenditure, AEE). Results: There were no significant differences between the means of the cart vs the handheld device for REE (mean± SE; kcal/d; 1552 ± 64 vs 1551 ± 63), F...
Hispanic-American Studnts' Attitudes Toward Enrolling in High School Chemistry: A Study of Planned Behavior and Belief-Based Change

This study sought to (a) identify the determinants that motivate Hispanic-American students to enroll in high school chemistry and (b) determine if providing belief-based information to students and their parentslguardians increases chemistry registration. The theory of planned behavior (TPB) and elaboration likelihood model (ELM) guided the study. Belief-based information about chemistry enrollment was collected from students (n = 69) and was content analyzed. Once identified, the modal salient beliefs and referents were used to develop the Chemistry Interest Questionnaire (CIQ) and audiotaped messages with accompanying information sheets. Messages were presented to one control and three experimental groups (questionnaire as message, student-only message, and student and parent/guardian message). One week later, students (N = 598) completed the CIQ. Shortly thereafter they registered for fall 1990 courses. Findings supported use of the TPB and ELM models to bring about behavior change. Chemistry enrollme...
Molecular view of diamond CVD growth

In this paper, we discuss the simulation of the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of diamond films on the molecular scale. These simulations are performed using a kinetic Monte Carlo method that combines the surface chemistry that is important to diamond growth with an atomic-scale picture of the diamond surface and its evolving atomic structure and morphology. We address the determination of surface reaction kinetics and growth conditions from experiments and reactor-scale models, and the prediction of polycrystalline film texture and morphology from the molecular-scale results. The growth rates and the concentrations of incorporated point defects as a function of substrate temperature for {100}- and {111}-oriented diamond films are obtained from the molecular-scale growth simulations. The {100} growth rates increase with temperature up to 1200K and then decrease above this value. The {111} growth rates increase with temperature at all of the temperatures studied. The concentrations of point defects in the {100} and {111} films are low at substrate temperatures below 1200K, but increase substantially at higher temperatures. The growth efficiency, measured as the ratio of film growth rate to defect concentration, is maximum between 1100–1200K for both film orientations, suggesting that this temperature range is ideal for CVD diamond growth under the simulated growth conditions.
Differences between playfighting and serious fighting among Zapotec children

Abstract Patterns of fighting and playfighting were observed among Zapotec-speaking children of Oaxaca, Mexico, as part of an ethological field study. Focal and incident sampling techniques were employed to record the behavior of 3–8 years olds. It was found that real fighting could be distinguished from playfighting on the basis of facial and vocal intention signals displayed by the children of this age group. These two classes of behavior differed in a number of ways, including rate of occurrence, mean duration of episodes, variability of constituent actions, frequency of wrestling and chase-flee behaviors, level of restraint, number of partners, and reactions of nonparticipating children. The findings are discussed in relation to information on fighting and playfighting from other studies of human children. Limited phylogenetic comparison are also made. It is suggested that in studies of human children, play aggression should not be lumped together with real aggression, as is sometimes done, because these are motivationally distinct types of behavior.
Atmospheric aerosol measurements over North America and the North Atlantic Ocean

Abstract Measurements of atmospheric aerosol, obtained during thirty-nine transit flights within North America and across the North Atlantic Ocean, are presented and analyzed. The measurements comprise Aitken nucleus concentrations, particle size distributions, and the particle component of the light-scattering coefficient. Measurements of ozone are also presented. These data provide information on the ‘background’ and average values of the atmospheric aerosol in the lower and middle troposphere in continental, marine and high-latitude airmasses. The effects of temperature inversions, vertical mixing, clouds and precipitation, and stratospheric intrusions are illustrated. Time and spatial scales are derived for the transformations of the aerosol from those characteristic of a marine airmass into those characteristic of a continental airmass and vice versa.
Gelatinase activity during wound healing

The two known mammalian gelatinases, 72- and 92-kDa gelatinase, are extracellular matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) with a potential role in wound healing. The gelatinase activity as a function of wound age was analysed in tissue extracts of partial- and full-thickness wounds in the skin of pigs, using two assay systems. Total gelatinase activity, assessed using a 3H-labelled gelatin assay, was highest in the early healing phases and then decreased as healing proceeded in both wound types. Gelatin zymography, which distinguishes the activities of the two gelatinases, showed that the 92-kDa (MMP-9) gelatinase essentially followed the same pattern as that of total gelatinase activity, whereas the activity of the 72-kDa gelatinase (MMP-2) remained fairly stable, although it was higher than in uninjured skin, over the experimental period, irrespective of wound type. In conclusion, the two gelatinases appear to have different functions in the wound healing process. The 72-kDa gelatinase (MMP-2) is important during the prolonged remodelling phase, whereas the 92-kDa gelatinase (MMP-9) is linked to the epithelialization process and early repair events.
Effects of Monensin Feeding and Withdrawal Time on Growth and Carcass Composition in Broiler Chickens

Abstract Four experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of monensin feeding and withdrawal on broiler performance and carcass characteristics. It was shown that monensin (100 ppm) feeding depressed growth. Withdrawal of monensin from the feed for 5 or 7 days produced higher feed consumption and weight gain values compared with those of unmedicated broilers. Increasing the withdrawal period to 10 days did not produce greater growth improvement. Whole body composition of protein, water, lipid, and ash were not significantly affected by monensin feeding or withdrawal. Abdominal fat pads of unmedicated female broilers were significantly larger than those of broilers medicated with monensin even when expressed as a percentage of body weight (3.53 vs. 2.99%). Amount of lipid per fat pad was also higher in unmedicated broilers than in medicated broilers (43.5 vs. 30.6 g). Values for fat pad weight (as a percentage of body weight) and grams of lipid per fat pad of unmedicated birds were not different from those measures in medicated birds after 5 or 7 days of withdrawal. Fat pad weights and lipids per fat pad of birds after 10 days of monensin withdrawal were intermediate between those of unmedicated and monensin-medicated broilers. Monensin feeding or its withdrawal for 5 or 10 days did not influence the female broiler abdominal fat pad lipid fatty acid composition when compared with that of unmedicated fat pad lipid.
Magnetoacoustic Attenuation by Bragg-Reflected Electrons

We discuss the difficulties associated with the jellium model and the validity of the deformation-potential method of calculating magnetoacoustic attenuation in metals when the electrons are Bragg reflected. We then calculate the attenuation of a transverse acoustic wave propagating along the magnetic field in a metal whose Fermi surface consists of a free-electron sphere truncated by the six Bragg planes of a simple-cubic Brillouin zone. The attenuation-vs-magnetic-field curves show considerable structure which depends strongly on the ratio $\frac{K}{2{k}_{F}}$ where $K$ is the separation between Bragg planes.
Mobility and stability of glasses

Recently, the mobility and stability of glasses have received a great deal of attention. In particular, there has been a resurgence in trying to understand the mechanism by which mechanical stress or deformation imparts excess mobility (faster dynamics) to glassy and jammed systems. Because there is still no recognized structural signature that identifies the glassy or jammed state, appearing as a frozen amorphous ‘‘liquid,’’ it is not completely clear what structural changes occur with increased mobility via deformation or temperature. It is also not clear if the transition to a more mobile (or more fluid-like) state via increasing mechanical load is the same as that occurring via increasing temperature. There are reports that observe some surprisingly common features between these very different systems. One of the big questions that remain is: How is the molecular glass transition obtained on decreasing temperature related to the colloidal glass transition or jamming transition in granular media obtained on increasing volume fraction? Understanding the common elements that these disparate systems display should provide insight into the underlying dynamics and packing frustration. Current efforts analyze these systems in a variety of different ways: potential energy barriers and landscapes, distribution of relaxation times, density fluctuations, distribution of force chains, shear transformation zones, and a random first order transition theory. Many of these approaches have in common the idea of local regions comprised of clusters of units (e.g., molecules, polymer segments or colloidal particles), which may be dynamically faster or slower than the average structural relaxation time, where changes in stress or strain can concentrate.
Discriminating Deformable Shape Classes

We present and empirically test a novel approach for categorizing 3-D free form object shapes represented by range data. In contrast to traditional surface-signature based systems that use alignment to match specific objects, we adapted the newly introduced symbolic-signature representation to classify deformable shapes [10]. Our approach constructs an abstract description of shape classes using an ensemble of classifiers that learn object class parts and their corresponding geometrical relationships from a set of numeric and symbolic descriptors. We used our classification engine in a series of large scale discrimination experiments on two well-defined classes that share many common distinctive features. The experimental results suggest that our method outperforms traditional numeric signature-based methodologies. 1
Adaption-Innovation Theory and Cognitive Diversity: The Impact on Knowledge Use within Organizations

The usefulness of data within organizations is proposed to be partially dependent upon the characteristics of those organization members who actually use it. Certain types of data are more likely to be accessed and utilized by organization members when they prefer working with it. The value and usefulness of data is therefore partially determined by the desire of individuals to use it. Because critical data may not be in a preferred format, it can be overlooked or ignored by some organizational members. Moreover, organizational members may also rely too heavily on their favored types of data. Thus, inappropriate access and use of data can occur within organizational decision making. This can result in ineffective decision-making and poor organizational performance. The purpose of this study is to propose relationships between the users of both tacit and explicit knowledge and their preferred cognitive style and to test these proposed relationships using empirical data.
Impact of Transistor Level degradation on product reliability

Product level lifetime margins, determined by HCI and BTI, are shrinking with scaling. Accurate device-level HCI degradation models, together with known BTI models, are needed to predict frequency degradation of a ring oscillator. Both NBTI and HCI exhibit relief during AC operation and the respective contribution to RO frequency degradation is a function of applied bias.
Torque balance, Taylor’s constraint and torsional oscillations in a numerical model of the geodynamo

Theoretical considerations and observations suggest that, to a first approximation, the Earth’s dynamo is in a quasi-Taylor state, where the axial Lorentz torque on cylindrical surfaces co-axial with the rotation axis vanishes, except for the part involved in torsional oscillations. The latter are rigid azimuthal accelerations of cylindrical surfaces which oscillate with typical periods of decades. We present a solution of a numerical model of the geodynamo in which rigid accelerations of cylinder surfaces are observed. The underlying dynamic state in the model is not a Taylor state because the Reynolds stresses and viscous torque remain large and provide an effective way to balance a large Lorentz torque. This is a consequence of the limited parameter regime which can be attained numerically. Nevertheless, departures in the torque equilibrium are primarily counterbalanced by rigid accelerations of cylindrical surfaces, which, in turn, excite rigid azimuthal oscillations of the surfaces. We show that the azimuthal motion is indeed quasi-rigid, though the torsional oscillations that are produced in the model probably differ from those in the Earth’s core because of the large influence of the Reynolds stresses on their dynamics. We also show that the continual excitation of rigid cylindrical accelerations is produced by the advection of the non-axisymmetric structure of the fields by a mean differential rotation of the cylindrical surfaces which produces disconnections and reconnections and continual fluctuations in the Lorentz torque and Reynolds stresses. We propose that the torque balance in Earth’s core may evolve in a similar chaotic fashion, except that the influence of the Reynolds stresses is probably weaker. If this is the case, the Lorentz torque on a cylindrical surface is continually fluctuating, even though its time-averaged value vanishes and satisfies Taylor’s constraint. Rigid accelerations of cylindrical surfaces are continually excited by the fluctuations in the Lorentz torque, and the torsional oscillations observed in the geomagnetic data are a mixture of forced and free oscillations. © 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Reovirus Variants Selected for Resistance to Ammonium Chloride Have Mutations in Viral Outer-Capsid Protein σ3

Mammalian reoviruses are internalized into cells by receptor-mediated endocytosis. Within the endocytic compartment, the viral outer capsid undergoes acid-dependent proteolysis resulting in removal of the σ3 protein and proteolytic cleavage of the μ1/μ1C protein. Ammonium chloride (AC) is a weak base that blocks disassembly of reovirus virions by inhibiting acidification of intracellular vacuoles. To identify domains in reovirus proteins that influence pH-sensitive steps in viral disassembly, we adapted strain type 3 Dearing (T3D) to growth in murine L929 cells treated with AC. In comparison to wild-type (wt) T3D, AC-adapted (ACA-D) variant viruses exhibited increased yields in AC-treated cells. AC resistance of reassortant viruses generated from a cross of wt type 1 Lang and ACA-D variant ACA-D1 segregated with the σ3-encoding S4 gene. The deduced σ3 amino acid sequences of six independently derived ACA-D variants contain one or two mutations each, affecting a total of six residues. Four of these mutations, I180T, A246G, I347S, and Y354H, cluster in the virion-distal lobe of σ3. Linkage of these mutations to AC resistance was confirmed in experiments using reovirus disassembly intermediates recoated with wt or mutant σ3 proteins. In comparison to wt virions, ACA-D viruses displayed enhanced susceptibility to proteolysis by endocytic protease cathepsin L. Image reconstructions of cryoelectron micrographs of three ACA-D viruses that each contain a single mutation in the virion-distal lobe of σ3 demonstrated native capsid protein organization and minimal alterations in σ3 structure. These results suggest that mutations in σ3 that confer resistance to inhibitors of vacuolar acidification identify a specific domain that regulates proteolytic disassembly.
A Broad Role for Melanopsin in Nonvisual Photoreception

The rod and cone photoreceptors that mediate visual phototransduction in mammals are not required for light-induced circadian entrainment, negative masking of locomotor activity, suppression of pineal melatonin, or the pupillary light reflex. The photopigment melanopsin has recently been identified in intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) that project to the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), intergeniculate leaflet (IGL), and olivary pretectal nucleus, suggesting that melanopsin might influence a variety of irradiance-driven responses. We have found novel projections from RGCs that express melanopsin mRNA to the ventral subparaventricular zone (vSPZ), a region involved in circadian regulation and negative masking, and the sleep-active ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VLPO) and determined the subsets of melanopsin-expressing RGCs that project to the SCN, the pretectal area (PTA), and the IGL division of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN). Melanopsin was expressed in the majority of RGCs that project to the SCN, vSPZ, and VLPO and in a subpopulation of RGCs that innervate the PTA and the IGL but not in RGCs projecting to the dorsal LGN or superior colliculus. Two-thirds of RGCs containing melanopsin transcript projected to each of the SCN and contralateral PTA, and one-fifth projected to the ipsilateral IGL. Double-retrograde tracing from the SCN and PTA demonstrated a subpopulation of RGCs projecting to both sites, most of which contained melanopsin mRNA. Our results suggest that melanopsin expression defines a subset of RGCs that play a broad role in the regulation of nonvisual photoreception, providing collateralized projections that contribute to circadian entrainment, negative masking, the regulation of sleep-wake states, and the pupillary light reflex.