cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Athermal High-Index-Contrast Waveguide Design

We present generalized design rules for athermal performance and materials compatibility in high-index-contrast (HIC) waveguides. Thermal stability of integrated photonic devices is one critical limitation in the development of commercially viable integrated optoelectronic circuits. Thermooptically neutral designs are achieved by choosing a cladding material whose thermooptic coefficient is opposite to that of the waveguide core. We derive analytical expressions of athermal conditions for both symmetric and asymmetric channel waveguide structures. The equations apply to general HIC systems such as silicon-on-insulator and SiN-based structures.
A randomized, double-blind comparison of the total dose of 1.0% lidocaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine versus 0.5% lidocaine with 1:200,000 epinephrine required for effective local anesthesia during Mohs micrographic surgery for skin cancers

Objective We sought to compare total lidocaine dose and patient comfort when using 1.0% lidocaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine versus 0.5% lidocaine with 1:200,000 epinephrine during Mohs micrographic surgery. Methods In all, 149 patients were randomized to receive 1.0% lidocaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine or 0.5% lidocaine with 1:200,000 epinephrine during Mohs micrographic surgery. The total dose of lidocaine and measures of patient comfort were recorded. Results Compared with the 1.0% lidocaine group, there was a 52% reduction in lidocaine dose in the 0.5% group (mean difference, 147.85 mg; 95% confidence interval, 108.15-187.55; P P = .48) and mean volumes of rescue lidocaine administered ( P = .18). Limitations No lidocaine blood levels were measured, and one Mohs surgeon performed all surgeries. Conclusion The dose of 0.5% lidocaine with 1:200,000 epinephrine provides pain control equivalent to 1.0% lidocaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine at approximately half the total lidocaine dose.
In vitro activity of temafloxacin against gram-negative bacteria: An overview

Abstract The in vitro activities of temafloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and ofloxacin against gram-negative bacteria are compared. The 90% minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC 90 s) of temafloxacin for respiratory pathogens such as Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, Neisseria meningitidis, Bordetella pertussis , and Legionella pneumophila are ≤0.06 μg/mL. Temafloxacin is also active against bacterial agents of sexually transmitted diseases, including Neisseria gonorrhoeae (MIC 90 ≤0.015 μg/mL) and Chlamydia trachomatis (MIC 90 0.25 μg/mL). For strains of Enterobacteriaceae, Campylobacter, Vibrio, Aeromonas , and Acinetobacter , temafloxacin is generally inhibitory at ≤0.5 μg/mL. The MIC 90 of temafloxacin for Pseudomonas aeruginosa is higher than that of ciprofloxacin, approximately 4 μg/mL versus 0.5 μg/mL. This activity, combined with its pharmacokinetic characteristics, should make temafloxacin an effective antimicrobial agent against infections caused by gram-negative bacteria.
Highly parallel transmit/receive systems for dynamic MRI

Dynamic MRI continues to grow in interest and capability with the introduction of 64 and 128 channel receivers, and, more recently, 8 and 16 channel parallel transmitters. This talk will describe progress in developing a 64 channel transmitter and applications in high-speed MR imaging, reaching 1000 frames per second.
Geologic consequences of globe-encircling equatorial currents

Many black shales, phosphorites, and cherts that formed at low paleolatitudes on the North American continent during the late Paleozoic were a direct consequence of equatorial upwelling and an equatorial undercurrent in an ocean that spanned much of the globe. In equatorial parts of modern oceans, wind stress divergence leads to high surface productivity. Sinking organic matter is remineralized in the strong, eastward-flowing equatorial undercurrent. The undercurrent thus acts as a "nutrient-trap” that becomes progressively oxygen poor and nutrient rich as it moves eastward. The late Paleozoic global ocean was 60% to 80% wider than the modern Pacific Ocean ∼24 000 km total width). The nutrient-trapping equatorial current system of this globe-encircling ocean was probably anoxic and may have been sulfate reducing. Nutrient-rich, anoxic water from the undercurrent would have had direct consequences for the genesis of black-shale facies in Devonian and Pennsylvanian epicontinental seaways as well as possibly providing the source water for coastal upwelling in settings such as the Phosphoria sea.
On the Stoney Formula for a Thin Film/Substrate System With Nonuniform Substrate Thickness

Current methodologies used for the inference of thin film stress through system curvature measurements are strictly restricted to stress and curvature states which are assumed to remain uniform over the entire film/substrate system. Recently Huang, Rosakis, and co-workers [Acta Mech. Sinica, 21, pp. 362–370 (2005); J. Mech. Phys. Solids, 53, 2483–2500 (2005); Thin Solid Films, 515, pp. 2220–2229 (2006); J. Appl. Mech., in press; J. Mech. Mater. Struct., in press] established methods for the film/substrate system subject to nonuniform misfit strain and temperature changes. The film stresses were found to depend nonlocally on system curvatures (i.e., depend on the full-field curvatures). These methods, however, all assume uniform substrate thickness, which is sometimes violated in the thin film/substrate system. Using the perturbation analysis, we extend the methods to nonuniform substrate thickness for the thin film/substrate system subject to nonuniform misfit strain.
Correlation of Tuff Layers in the Green River Formation, Utah Using Biotite Compositions

ABSTRACT Concentrations of Mn, Ni, Cr, Fe, Mg, and Ti in biotites separated from 28 samples of tuffs from the Green River Formation of Utah have been used in this study as correlation tools. Concentrations were determined by XRF methods. Comparisons of various element ratios using F tests, Tucky tests, diagrammatic tests, and discriminant analysis using density functions show that the three ratios Mn/Fe + Mg, Mn/Ti, and FeO/MgO are the most easily determined and useful element ratios for correlating tuffs. These ratios can be demonstrated to provide a better means of discriminating among individual tuff layers than the methods proposed by Desborough et al. (1973).
Biogenic nitrogen gas production at the oxic-anoxic interface in the Cariaco Basin, Venezuela

Excess nitrogen gas (N 2 xs ) was measured in samples collected at six locations in the eastern and western sub-basins of the Cariaco Basin, Venezuela, in September 2008 (non-upwelling conditions) and March 2009 (upwelling conditions). During both sampling periods, N 2 xs concentrations were below detection in surface waters, increasing to ~ 22 μmol N kg −1 at the oxic–anoxic interface ([O 2 ] −1 , ~ 250 m). Below the oxic–anoxic interface (300–400 m), the average concentration of N 2 xs was 24.7 ± 1.9 μmol N kg −1 in September 2008 and 27.5 ± 2.0 μmol N kg −1 in March 2009, i.e., N 2 xs concentrations within this depth interval were ~ 3 μmol N kg −1 higher ( p 2 xs concentrations, or N-loss, observed during upwelling to: (1) higher availability of fixed nitrogen derived from suspended and sinking particles at the oxic–anoxic interface and/or (2) enhanced ventilation at the oxic–anoxic interface during upwelling.
Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of the dipyridamole sestamibi stress test in predicting graft occlusion or ≥50% new native coronary artery disease in men versus women and in patients aged ≥65 years versus <65 years who had prior coronary artery bypass grafting

In 88 men and 56 women (mean age 68 ± 9 years) with previous coronary artery bypass surgery who had dipyridamole sestamibi stress tests ≤8 ± 7 days after coronary angiography performed because of cardiac symptoms, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive values, and negative predictive values of the test in predicting graft occlusion or ≥50% new native coronary artery disease (CAD) in men compared with women were 96% and 94% (p = NS), 30% and 67% (p = NS), 91% and 96% (p = NS), and 50% and 57% (p = NS), respectively. In 92 patients aged ≥65 years compared with 52 patients aged
Genetic Analysis of Mps3 SUN Domain Mutants in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Reveals an Interaction with the SUN-Like Protein Slp1

In virtually all eukaryotic cells, protein bridges formed by the conserved inner nuclear membrane SUN (for Sad1-UNC-84) domain-containing proteins and their outer nuclear membrane binding partners span the nuclear envelope (NE) to connect the nucleoplasm and cytoplasm. These linkages are important for chromosome movements within the nucleus during meiotic prophase and are essential for nuclear migration and centrosome attachment to the NE. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, MPS3 encodes the sole SUN protein. Deletion of MPS3 or the conserved SUN domain is lethal in three different genetic backgrounds. Mutations in the SUN domain result in defects in duplication of the spindle pole body, the yeast centrosome-equivalent organelle. A genome-wide screen for mutants that exhibited synthetic fitness defects in combination with mps3 SUN domain mutants yielded a large number of hits in components of the spindle apparatus and the spindle checkpoint. Mutants in lipid metabolic processes and membrane organization also exacerbated the growth defects of mps3 SUN domain mutants, pointing to a role for Mps3 in nuclear membrane organization. Deletion of SLP1 or YER140W/EMP65 (for ER membrane protein of 65 kDa) aggravated growth of mps3 SUN domain mutants. Slp1 and Emp65 form an ER-membrane associated protein complex that is not required directly for spindle pole body duplication or spindle assembly. Rather, Slp1 is involved in Mps3 localization to the NE.
The influence of gender on knee kinematics, kinetics and muscle activation patterns during side-step cutting.

Background. It has been suggested that gender differences in the performance of athletic maneuvers is a contributory factor with respect to the disproportionate incidence of non-contact anterior cruciate ligament injury in female athletes. The purpose of this study was to evaluate gender differences in knee joint kinematics, kinetics and muscle activation during a side-step cutting. Methods. Three-dimensional kinematics, ground reaction forces (2400 Hz) and electromyographic activity (surface electrodes) were recorded during the early deceleration phase of side-step cutting in 30 healthy collegiate soccer players (15 male, 15 female). Gender differences in knee joint kinematics, peak moments, net joint moment impulse and average muscle EMG intensity were evaluated with one-tailed t-tests. Findings. No differences in kinematics were found. However, when compared to males, females demonstrated a smaller peak knee flexor moment (1.4 (0.8) vs. 2.1 (0.8) N m/kg, P = 0.05) and a greater knee adductor moment (0.43 (0.5) vs. 0.01 (0.3) N m/kg, P < 0.01) during early deceleration. In addition, females displayed greater average quadriceps EMG intensity than males (191% vs. 151% maximum voluntary isometric contraction, P = 0.02). Interpretation. In general, females experienced increased frontal plane moments and decreased sagittal plane moments during early deceleration. These differences are suggestive of an ‘‘at risk’’ pattern in that frontal plane support of the knee is afforded primarily by passive structures (including the anterior cruciate ligament). Furthermore, increased quadriceps activity and smaller net flexor moments may suggest less sagittal plane protection (i.e., increased tendency towards anterior tibial translation). 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Completed Genome Sequence of the Anaerobic Iron-Oxidizing Bacterium Acidovorax ebreus Strain TPSY

Acidovorax ebreus strain TPSY is the first anaerobic nitrate-dependent Fe(II) oxidizer for which there is a completed genome sequence. Preliminary protein annotation revealed an organism optimized for survival in a complex environmental system. Here, we briefly report the completed and annotated genome sequence of strain TPSY.
Agreement based source selection for the multi-topic deep web integration

One immediate challenge in searching the deep web databases is source selection---i.e. selecting the most relevant web databases for answering a given query. For open collections like the deep web, the source selection must be sensitive to trustworthiness and importance of sources. Recent advances solve these problems for a single topic deep web search adapting an agreement based approach (c.f. SourceRank [10]). In this paper we introduce a source selection method sensitive to trust and importance for multi topic deep web search. We compute multiple quality scores of a source tailored to different topics, based on the topic specific crawl data. At the query time, we classify the query to determine its probability of membership in different topics. These fractional memberships are used as the weights to the topic specific quality scores of sources to select sources for the query. Extensive experiments on more than a thousand sources in multiple topics show 18-85% improvements in result quality over Google Product Search and other existing methods.
Home and Near-Home Territories

Home does not end at the front door but rather extends beyond. This chapter is about that region beyond, those exterior spaces adjoining the home: porches, steps, front yards, back yards, driveways, sidewalks, and alleys. These spaces are of crucial interest for two reasons. First, they immediately adjoin the home; consequently, what happens in these outside spaces strongly influences the quality of life in the home. Second, they represent spaces where the two major types of settings in residential life—the private, personal, and owned versus the public, shared, and open to the community—interpenetrate. Consequently, these settings are of considerable interest for understanding the dialetic between individuals and local society.
Finite-size effects at temperature-driven first-order transitions.

We study the finite-size effects at a temperature-driven first-order transition by analyzing various moments of the energy distribution. The distribution function for the energy is approximated by the superposition of two weighted Gaussian functions yielding quantitative estimates for various quantities and scaling form for the specific heat. The rounding of the singularities and the shifts in the location of the specific-heat maximum are analyzed and the characteristic features of a first-order transition are identified. The predictions are tested on the ten-state Potts model in two dimensions by carrying out extensive Monte Carlo calculations. The results are found to be in good agreement with theory. Comparison is made with the second-order transitions in the two- and three-state Potts models.
Fatigue under Wide Band Random Stresses

A method for predicting high cycle fatigue under stationary gaussian wide band stress processes is developed. The rainflow cycle counting method is used as the basis for predicting fatigue damage. Stress simulations from various spectral density models were analyzed using the rainflow method. Statistical analysis of these results provided a closed form expression for fatigue damage. A principal application of the method is to predict fatigue in the welded joints of offshore structures, an example of which is provided. A long term nonstationary sea state is modelled as a sequence of stationary sea states. Thus the example also illustrates how fatigue under certain types of nonstationary stress processes can be analyzed.
Investigation of the Reaction of O3+ with N2 and O2 from 100 to 298 K

The kinetics of the reaction of O 3 + with N 2 and O 2 have been studied at 100 and 298 K in a variable temperature-selected ion flow tube (VT-SIFT). The rate constants for O 3 + reacting with N 2 measured in the VT-SIFT areslow, proceeding at <5 x 10 - 1 3 cm 3 s - 1 at both temperatures, in disagreement with recent measurements by Cacace et al. 1 of the total rate constant of ca. 1.7 x 10 - 1 0 cm 3 s - 1 at 298 K. However, a N 2 O 3 + intermediate postulated to be involved in the reaction has been observed at 100 K, in agreement with the previous experimental and theoretical results. Rate constants for the reaction of O 3 + with O 2 at 100 and 298 K have also been measured in the VT-SIFT. The O 2 reaction rate constants are 3.1 × 10 - 1 0 and 2.9 × 10 - 1 0 cm 3 s - 1 at 100 and 298 K, respectively, which are ca. half of the Langevin collision rate constant. Discrepancies between the current results and those of Cacace et al. in regard to the rate constants measured and the N 2 O + product ions observed are discussed in light of newer data for the O 3 + chemistry and the contributions of excited-state species. [Cacace, F.; et al. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 2001, 40, 1938.].
Inhibition of DNA Synthesis by 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine and Methylazoxymethanol Acetate in Rabbit Colon Mucosa in Organ Culture

When maintained in organ culture, colon mucosa from male New Zealand White rabbits showed a near-normal mucosal morphology and linear incorporation of [3H]thymidine into mucosal DNA up to 36 hours of incubation. Explants from the descending colon had a higher DNA synthetic activity than did other segments of the large bowel. Inhibition of DNA synthesis in colon explants by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) and methylazoxymethanol (MAM) acetate was dose-dependent. When DNA synthesis was determined after an 18-hour incubation, MAM acetate inhibited DNA synthesis at concentrations of 50, 100, 150, and 200 microgram/ml. With the same concentration of DMH, little or no inhibition was observed. At the concentration of 200 microgram/ml, both carcinogens significantly inhibited DNA synthesis after 3 and 6 hours of incubation. With longer incubation, the inhibitory effect of DMH appeared to be reversible, whereas DNA synthesis was continuously inhibited by MAM acetate up to 18 hours of incubation. No altered uptake of [3H]thymidine by colon explants incubated in the presence of DMH or MAM acetate for 18 hours was observed. No morphologic changes were seen in colon explants treated with 200 microgram MAM acetate/ml for 18 hours. Physostigmine sulfate had no influence on MAM acetate-induced inhibition of DNA synthesis in colon explants. These in vitro observations reflected a direct action of DMH and MAM acetate on the colon mucosa and supported the possibilility that colon epithelial cells contain enzymes capable of activating DMH and MAM acetate to their alkylating carcinogens.
CRKSPH - A Conservative Reproducing Kernel Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics Scheme

Abstract We present a formulation of smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) that utilizes a first-order consistent reproducing kernel, a smoothing function that exactly interpolates linear fields with particle tracers. Previous formulations using reproducing kernel (RK) interpolation have had difficulties maintaining conservation of momentum due to the fact the RK kernels are not, in general, spatially symmetric. Here, we utilize a reformulation of the fluid equations such that mass, linear momentum, and energy are all rigorously conserved without any assumption about kernel symmetries, while additionally maintaining approximate angular momentum conservation. Our approach starts from a rigorously consistent interpolation theory, where we derive the evolution equations to enforce the appropriate conservation properties, at the sacrifice of full consistency in the momentum equation. Additionally, by exploiting the increased accuracy of the RK method's gradient, we formulate a simple limiter for the artificial viscosity that reduces the excess diffusion normally incurred by the ordinary SPH artificial viscosity. Collectively, we call our suite of modifications to the traditional SPH scheme Conservative Reproducing Kernel SPH, or CRKSPH. CRKSPH retains many benefits of traditional SPH methods (such as preserving Galilean invariance and manifest conservation of mass, momentum, and energy) while improving on many of the shortcomings of SPH, particularly the overly aggressive artificial viscosity and zeroth-order inaccuracy. We compare CRKSPH to two different modern SPH formulations (pressure based SPH and compatibly differenced SPH), demonstrating the advantages of our new formulation when modeling fluid mixing, strong shock, and adiabatic phenomena.
Research on Determining slenderness ratio of members of superhigh voltage transmission steel tubular towers

Transmission steel tubular towers have been widely applied to superhigh voltage transmission lines in China.The slenderness ratio of tube should be selected appropriately to ensure the superhigh voltage tower's safety and economy.Taking the 1 000 kV transmission line project of South Anhui to Shanghai(Anhui-to-east power transfer) as background,the effects of rod end moment on tower leg are analyzed by the finite element method for some typical towers.Based on the finite element method results and Chinese standards,it is suggested that the slenderness ratio of tower leg should be below 35.And then,for the horizontal or oblique members,with analysis of their dynamic characteristics and the present design standards,it is suggested that the slenderness ratio should be below 160 in view of breeze vibration control and weight reduction at the same time for the members.
Experimental Study on Chinese Medicine Wastewater Treated by Land Treatment System

For the first time to attempt to the Chinese medicine wastewater treated by land treatment system.The effects of different feed-water quantity,retention time on the removal of COD were investigated.The results showed:(1)The quantity of the water can reach the first level standards of Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard;(2)The feed-water less than 1400ml,the removal rate more than 90%.With the increased feed-water,the removal rate reduced;(3)The experimental organic land system load up to 7.47×105mg/m3·d.
Metonymy of Peace: The Comic Book Peace Project

Chapter 4 examines how, by working within the framework of interdisciplinary fields (Peace Studies, Coexistence Studies, and Rhetoric, Communication, and Media Studies), scholars and community activists can lubricate points of conflict (which invariably lead to war) by engaging in preemptive projects that allow those with varying ideological perspectives to work together on a common goal. In this case, the chapter documents a project conducted in Haifa, Israel, during December 2012 that brought together, Christian, Arab, and Jewish children for the objective of creating comic book memoirs that honor their own identity and politics but helps recognize the Other through the commonality of their shared narratives.
Use of Chest Wall Electromyography to Detect Respiratory Effort during Polysomnography.

Study Objectives:To evaluate the ability of chest wall EMG (CW-EMG) using surface electrodes to classify apneas as obstructive, mixed, or central compared to classification using dual channel uncal...
Uniform approximation of the tail probability of weighted sums of subexponential random variables

ABSTRACTFor subexponential random variables Xi, 1 ⩽ i ⩽ n, the uniform asymptotic result is established for 0 < an(x) ⩽ ci ⩽ bn(x), 1 ⩽ i ⩽ n, where an(x) decreases to 0 and b(x) goes to infinity as x tends to infinity. It extends the current result when the subexponential random variables Xi’s are independent and gives the first uniform asymptotic result when Xi’s are dependent.
Erythropoietin accelerates functional recovery after moderate sciatic nerve crush injury

INTRODUCTION Erythropoietin (EPO) has been identified as a neuroregenerative agent. We hypothesize that it may accelerate recovery after crush injury and may vary with crush severity. METHODS Mice were randomized to mild, moderate, or severe crush of the sciatic nerve and were treated with EPO or vehicle control after injury. The sciatic function index (SFI) was monitored over the first week. Microstructural changes were analyzed by immunofluorescence for neurofilament (NF) and myelin (P0 ), and electron microscopy was used to assess ultrastructural changes. RESULTS In moderate crush injuries, EPO significantly improved SFI at 7 days post-injury, an effect not observed with other severity levels. Increases in the ratio of P0 to NF were observed after EPO treatment in moderate crush injuries. Electron microscopy demonstrated endothelial cell hypertrophy in the EPO group. CONCLUSIONS EPO accelerates recovery in moderately crushed nerves, which may be through effects on myelination and vascularization. Injury severity may influence the efficacy of EPO. Muscle Nerve 56: 143-151, 2017.
The effectiveness of satellite environmental acceptance tests.

This article discusses the effectiveness of system level environmental tests conducted on satellites in reducing failures that could occur in early flight, and relates the flight failures potentially avoided to the types of test and the time expended. The results indicate that environmental testing of satellites reduces early flight failures appreciably. The information compiled and analyzed allows cost-benefit correlations of environmental tests for more effective future test planning.
Practical power consumption analysis with current smartphones

In this paper, we analyzed the power consumption of all Samsung Galaxy smartphones to explore modern smartphones' power consumption characters. With dedicated measurement and analysis, we found that, some previously emphasized power hungry consumers, like Wi-Fi and multimedia codec, consume very trivial power in the modern smartphones; and video adaptation don't achieve significant power saving impact any more. Meanwhile, some other hardware component like cellular network module, GPU and camera emerge as considerable power consumers, and these might be the most efficient optimization objects for designing future power-efficient smartphones.
Co-relation of overall survival with peripheral blood-based inflammatory biomarkers in advanced stage non-small cell lung cancer treated with anti-programmed cell death-1 therapy: results from a single institutional database.

With the advent of the anti-programmed cell death-1 (anti-PD-1) and anti-programmed cell death ligand-1 (anti-PD-L1) therapies, the treatment landscape for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has se...
Measuring externalities of energy efficiency investments using subjective well-being data: The case of LED streetlights

Abstract Outdoor streetlights are among the highest recurring energy-related expenses faced by municipalities. As a cost-savings measure, many cities have recently made large investments in energy efficient light emitting diode (LED) streetlights. Most LED streetlights produce a different wavelength of light that is often brighter than that produced by existing lights, which has led to high-profile debates on their impacts to the environment, human health, crime, and transportation safety. However, there is a lack of credible empirical evidence on the direction and magnitude of LED streetlight externalities, including their impacts to subjective well-being. To address this knowledge gap, we investigate local externalities of investments in LED streetlights across the 100 largest US counties by population using subjective well-being data from the US CDC Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System over 2005–2010. Difference-in-differences results suggest that LED retrofits generate significant positive well-being impacts, varying by respondent demographic characteristics and the number of streetlights replaced. On average, installing LED streetlights generates an externality equivalent to a $477 (6.9%) increase in per capita monthly household income.
Application design: issues in expert system architecture

We describe an expert system that has been applied to the task of application design. Users supply the system with problem specifications, such as the required output data, and the system produces a graphic representation of the completed application in the form of a flow diagram. The application design task has forced us to consider two important issues in expert system architecture: constraint processing and the explicit representation of control flow. The resulting knowledge representation and control logic are discussed.
A Law of Rules: A Critique and Reconstruction of Justice Scalia's View of the Rule of Law

In one of the most influential articles in contemporary practical jurisprudence, Justice Antonin Scalia of the United States Supreme Court advances the thesis that the rule of law requires a law of rules. Scalia argues that rule-of-law values favor general rules over all-of-the-circumstances balancing tests as a tool for the elaboration of legal norms in a common-law system. There are two conceptual problems with the thesis that the rule of law requires a law of rules. The first is the problem of social practice. This problem is based on the idea that the same legal forms can take on quite different meanings when embedded in different social contexts. The second problem is the problem of character. This problem is based on the idea that legal actors, e.g., judges or lawyers, have forms of discretion that cannot be directly controlled by legal forms. The rule of law does not require a law of rules; nor does a law of rules guarantee the rule of law. Rather, the rule of law requires sound practical judgment by judges of integrity.
Child Poverty and Antipoverty Policies in the United States: Lessons from Research and Cross-National Policies

Child poverty in the United States is higher than in most other advanced industrialized countries and has negative effects on children’s development and educational attainment. We review the factors that contribute to this high rate, examine its consequences for children, and document that a number of feasible policy reforms could reduce poverty and increase opportunities for poor children.
Von den Geschlechtern und der Fortpflanzung

Erinnert ihr euch noch an das Geschichtchen vom fleisigen Studenten, der das ihm zur Untersuchung ubergebene Tier erst grund-lich von ausen betrachtet, wahrend der faule es sofort aufschneidet und verdirbt? Als wir seinerzeit unseren Spulwurm von ausen betrachteten, waren wir sehr stolz auf unsere Gewissenhaftigkeit. Aber es war gar nicht so weit damit her! Denn tatsachlich ubersahen wir damals etwas recht Wesentliches und das mus nun gut gemacht werden. Hatten wir grundlicher zugeschaut, so ware es uns wohl aufgefallen, das unsere Wurmer nicht alle gleich sind: manche sind groser, andere sind betrachtlich kleiner und diese letzteren tragen stets ihr Hinterende hakenartig eingerollt (s. Abb. 1). Es ist nicht sehr schwer zu erraten, was diese Unterschiede bedeuten: wir haben hier die beiden Geschlechter vor uns. Die groseren Tiere sind weiblich, die kleineren sind mannlich.
Diaqua-[(1R,2S,4R,8R,9S,11R)-2,9-di-methyl-1,4,8,11-tetra-aza-cyclo-tetra-decane]nickel(II) dichloride dihydrate.

The crystal structure of the title complex, [Ni(C12H28N4)(H2O)2]Cl2·2H2O, displays O—H⋯Cl and O—H⋯O hydrogen bonding. The tetra­aza­cyclo­tetra­decane ligand inter­acts with the NiII atom in the cis V configuration and the final two ligand binding sites are occupied by water.
Communication for Task Completion with Heterogeneous Robots

The field of robotics and particularly the area of multiagent systems has been growing steadily. There is hope to one day have robots that not only interact with humans, but also interact among themselves. Before this goal can be reached, work must be done to create a system that promotes heterogeneous robotic agents and allows for change in the number and type of robots it commands. This paper presents a system that accomplishes this by taking vocal commands as input and relaying the commands to three robots of different builds by two different means of communication. The network is tested for accuracy of speech recognition and time response to the execution of commands.
Novel instrumentation for tracking molecular products in fast pyrolysis of carbohydrates with sub-second temporal resolution

Abstract Despite recent advances, little has been experimentally established regarding the detailed chemical processes that occur during biomass pyrolysis reactions. We developed a new technique that allows for the monitoring of each molecular product from fast pyrolysis with ∼0.2 s temporal resolution. This was achieved by directly coupling a micropyrolyzer with a time-of-flight mass spectrometer via a soft ionization. Molecular products studied were produced in thin-film pyrolysis of a series of glucose-based carbohydrates. Unprecedented details of the pyrolysis reaction process were revealed, including the timescale of molecular product formation and the existence of metastable intermediates. Small carbohydrates are completely pyrolyzed within one second and as short as one-half second for glucose pyrolysis. Individual time profiles could be extracted and examined for each molecular product. Additionally, the effect of sample dimensions on the pyrolysis of cellulose and α-cyclodextrin, as both thin films and particles, was studied. A surprising time delay of one second is observed for the thin-film pyrolysis of cellulose and α-cyclodextrin, which is attributed to the transition to the molten phase. When a large amount of cellulose or α-cyclodextrin is pyrolyzed, random fluctuations of temporal profiles are observed and explained as coming from aerosol ejections. This is well correlated with the high abundance of non-volatile products such as cellobiosan that cannot be detected in typical GC–MS or pyrolysis GC–MS analysis.
The practice of executive coaching to improve leadership capacity in academic deans at American higher education institutions

ABSTRACTThe history and sociology of faculty career transitions to academic deanships is an intriguing phenomenon, given that the skill sets of accomplished scholars vary immensely from the duties ...
Phenotypic Variation between Monochorionic Diamniotic Twins with Coffin-Siris Syndrome.

The first known documented case of monochorionic–diamniotic twins with Coffin–Siris syndrome is described in this study. This case is notable because of the phenotypic differences between infants despite having identical genomes and causative variants. Also unique to this case is the clinical influence of early diagnosis using precision medicine techniques.
Drinking Problems and Social Anxiety among Young Adults: The Roles of Drinking to Manage Negative and Positive Affect in Social Situations

Background: Socially anxious individuals seem to be at a high risk for alcohol-related problems because they drink to cope. Yet social anxiety is unique among the anxiety conditions in that it is c...
Racial Diversity in Hepatocellular Carcinoma in a Predominately African-American Population at an Urban Medical Center

Surveillance, treatment, and outcomes for African-American (AA) populations with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain under evaluated. This study evaluated demographics, surveillance, therapy, and outcomes for a predominately AA population. The electronic medical records of a large health-care provider were used to identify 274 patients with visits for HCC between 2010 and 2017. Tumor size at diagnosis was defined by imaging with ≤ 5 cm being defined as “small.” Surveillance for HCC was defined based on ultrasound (US) assessments. Patients were primarily AA (78%) and male (76%) with an average age at diagnosis of 62 years. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) was more likely to be a risk factor for the development of HCC in AA as compared to non-AA (92% vs 67%; p 0.7 within 2 years of tumor diagnosis was a strong predictor for the risk of the development of HCC (86% AA vs 79 % non-AA). In this study, race was not a factor in treatment or outcomes, and most patients received tumor ablative treatment. Given the low surveillance rates and the demonstrated increased survival for patients with small tumors, ways to increase surveillance must be initiated. The results of this study demonstrate the need for physician/patient education on the importance of surveillance US. Further, this study supports routine assessment of APRI in AA patients in an effort to identify patients in whom intensive surveillance will significantly improve earlier detection of tumors.
HYPOTHALAMIC STIMULATION OF ADH RELEASE BY ANGIOTENSIN II

Publisher Summary This chapter explores the role of renin–angiotensin system in the maintenance of both blood pressure and the salt and water balance of the body. Angiotensin is the most potent vasopressor substance known and the stimulation of aldosterone secretion it one of its major actions. Renin–angiotensin system plays a very wide-ranging role in the maintenance of body salt and water metabolism. Angiotensin is one of the normal controllers of antidiuretic hormone secretion. To test the hypothesis that the two were in some way linked, a simple series of experiments was designed on anesthetized dogs in which cannulae were placed in the cerebral ventricles in such a manner that it perfused artificial cerebral spinal fluid through the ventricular cisternal system.
Retrospective, dual-centre review of imaging findings in neurosarcoidosis at presentation: prevalence and imaging sub-types

AIM To assess the prevalence of various imaging manifestations in neurosarcoidosis (NS) patients at presentation and to explore if specific imaging findings may cluster in different sub-groups. MATERIALS AND METHODS A retrospective, dual-institution, systematic imaging review was undertaken of the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in 100 consecutive NS patients who presented over a 15-year period. Clustering analysis (k-mode) was performed to evaluate co-occurrence of imaging findings. RESULTS Non-enhancing white matter (NEWM) lesions were the most common imaging abnormality (56%), followed by leptomeningeal (47%) and pachymeningeal (32%) involvement. Other common manifestations included cranial nerve involvement (30%), parenchymal granulomas (27%), hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis involvement (26%), and hydrocephalus (14%). Additionally, a higher prevalence of perivascular enhancement (23%), cerebrovascular events (including ischaemic and haemorrhagic events; 17%), and ependymal involvement (20%) were noted than recognised previously. Additional k-mode analysis was performed to explore underlying disease sub-clusters. This was evaluated for clusters varying between two though five (k=2–5). For k=4, the analysis revealed that the imaging findings may possibly be divided into disease sub-sets of four groups, each with varying distribution of imaging manifestations and clinical manifestations. CONCLUSION Overall, NEWM lesions and meningeal involvement are the most common imaging manifestations of NS. The prevalence of perivascular enhancement, cerebrovascular events, and ependymal involvement is likely higher than reported previously. Additionally, different imaging findings in NS may cluster together and imaging subtypes in NS possibly exist.
Paradigm Shift in Utilization of Livers from Hepatitis C-Viremic Donors into Hepatitis C Virus-Negative Patients.

Despite record-breaking numbers of liver transplants (LTs) performed in the United States in each of the last 7 years, many patients remain on the wait list as the demand for LT continues to exceed the supply of available donors. The emergence of highly effective and well-tolerated direct-acting antiviral therapy has transformed the clinical course and management of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in both the pretransplant and posttransplant setting. Historically, donor livers infected with HCV were either transplanted into patients already infected with HCV or discarded.
An Axisymmetric, Hydrodynamical Model for the Torus Wind in Active Galactic Nuclei. II. X-Ray-Excited Funnel Flow

We have calculated a series of models of outflows from the obscuring torus in active galactic nuclei (AGNs). Our modeling assumes that the inner face of a rotationally supported torus is illuminated and heated by the intense X-rays from the inner accretion disk and black hole. As a result of such heating, a strong biconical outflow is observed in our simulations. We calculate three-dimensional hydrodynamical models, assuming axial symmetry and including the effects of X-ray heating, ionization, and radiation pressure. We discuss the behavior of a large family of these models, their velocity fields, mass fluxes, and temperature, as functions of the torus properties and X-ray flux. Synthetic warm- absorber spectra are calculated, assuming pure absorption, for sample models at various inclination angles and observing times. We show that these models have mass fluxes and flow speeds comparable to those inferred from observations of Seyfert 1 warm absorbers, and that they can produce rich absorption-line spectra.
What changes in where?: an empirical study of bug-fixing change patterns

A deep understanding of the common patterns of bug-fixing changes is useful in several ways: (a) such knowledge can help developers in proactively avoiding coding patterns that lead to bugs and (b) bug-fixing patterns are exploited in devising techniques for automatic bug localization and program repair. This work includes an in-depth quantitative and qualitative analysis over 4,653 buggy revisions of five software systems. Our study identifies 38 bug-fixing edit patterns and discovers 37 new patterns of nested code structures, which frequently host the bug-fixing edits. While some of the edit patterns were reported in earlier studies, these nesting patterns are new and were never targeted before.
Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans in the Stem Cell Niche: Lessons from Drosophila

In addition to the obvious importance of stem cells in regenerative medicine, their unique behaviors and ingenious molecular systems for their control are of particular interest in the context of basic cell biology. Drosophila genetics plays a pivotal role to reveal fundamental principles of stem cell control mechanisms. Namely, in vivo studies using lineage tracing techniques elucidated the cellular and molecular mechanisms of the interactions between stem cells and the extracellular microenvironment. As one of the key components of the stem cell niche, heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) have critical functions in regulating stem cell behavior. HSPGs serve as co-receptors for numerous ligands such as fibroblast growth factors, bone morphogenetic proteins, Wnt-related factors, hedgehog, and cytokines, which are all imperative regulators of stem cell behaviors. By modulating and orchestrating these niche factors’ signaling and distribution, HSPGs control the quantity, quality, and activity of stem cells.
THE ROLE OF THE INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS MOVEMENT IN THE PHILIPINES AMIDST THE PANDEMIC: Contributing factors, and mitigating measures

Many individuals suffer from human abuses like human trafficking, drug related concerns which are protected by powerful and influential people who are connected in the government which resulted to corruption and poverty in the philippines. There is a need to reform these wrong practices which are experienced by the majority of our constituents. So the Humanitarian Group plays a vital role in this situation by ensuring and monitoring the Sustainability, Growth, and Development of our Community in transforming nation-building.
Priming the Palliative Psychology Pipeline: Development and Evaluation of an Undergraduate Clinical Research Training Program

Psychology adds value to palliative care research and practice, but palliative psychology training programs are underdeveloped, particularly prior to advanced graduate and post-doctoral training. The investigation aimed to examine the feasibility of developing an undergraduate clinical research training program focused on the application of palliative psychology to cancer care. Analyses described and examined predictors of trainee performance and post-graduate outcomes. Retrospective analyses of administrative data tracking trainee characteristics (degree programs and tracks, qualifications, and demographics), research trainee performance (satisfactory participation, training duration, scientific output, supervisor ratings, and overall performance), and post-graduate degree programs. The population included all undergraduate trainees in a cancer-focused palliative psychology research lab from inception in 2013 through 2020 at a US research-intensive university. Trainees (N = 25) typically majored in psychology (72.0%) or neuroscience (28.0%), often with second majors. The average participation in the lab was 3.4 semesters. Overall, 92.0% of trainees earned a conference abstract, 56.0% earned a publication, and 72.0% went on to a post-graduate degree program, most commonly psychology PhD, MD, or nursing programs. Trainees enrolling in psychology PhD programs were more likely than other trainees to have been on the pre-psychology PhD track (P < .001) and had higher overall research performance (P = .029), including higher supervisor ratings (P = .008) and higher scientific output (P = .019). This demonstration study provides evidence for the feasibility and beneficial impact of an undergraduate palliative psychology clinical research training program as an early component of cancer educational training. Findings support calls for the development and evaluation of novel palliative training programs worldwide.
Women and M&A

Corporations, law firms and investment banks all state that diversity matters. This Article shows that there is a chasm between discourse and action. For the most important decisions undertaken by companies—large merger and acquisition (M&A) transactions—a gender gap persists. This Article provides a holistic examination of the entire network of lead actors involved in M&A, revealing that women’s leadership opportunities continue to be vastly unequal. Using hand-collected data from 700 transactions, this Article reveals that thirty years after women began to account for almost half of all law students, gender parity in M&A leadership lags far behind. To illustrate, over a 7-year period, women make up on average 10.5% of lead legal advisors for buyers in M&A. Moreover, this Article documents the lack of transparency on leadership data for other players in M&A. This Article argues that understanding, documenting, and disclosing the gender gap in M&A leadership is critical for increasing accountability and for determining the solutions that may work to reduce such disparities.