cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of secondary circulations over an inhomogeneous surface simulated with large-eddy simulation

Large-eddy simulation is used to study secondary circulations in the convective boundary layer modulated as a result of horizontally varying surface properties and surface heat fluxes over flat terrain. The presence of heat flux heterogeneity and its alignment with respect to geostrophic wind influences the formation, strength and orientation of organized thermals. Results show boundary-attached roll formation along heat flux maxima in the streamwise direction. The streamwise organization of the updrafts and downdrafts formed downwind of heterogeneities leads to counter-rotating secondary circulations in the crosswind plane. The distribution of resolved-scale pressure deviations shows large pressure gradients in the crosswind plane. Spanwise and vertical velocity variances and heat flux profiles depict considerable spatial variability compared to a homogeneous forest simulation. Secondary circulations are observed for various ambient wind scenarios parallel and perpendicular to heterogeneities. In the presence of increased wind speed, thermals emerging from the heat flux heterogeneity are elongated, and organize along and downwind of large-scale heterogeneity in the streamwise direction. Simulation with a reduced heat flux shows a shallower circulation with a lower aspect ratio. Point measurements of heat flux inside the roll circulation could be overestimated by up to 15–25% compared to a homogeneous case.
Mal'tsev conditions and spectra

Let J be a cofinite set of positive integers which contains 1. In (1973) I provedthat the following condition on a variety (equational class) "f is Mal'tsev-definable:if 21 ey and 21 is finite, then 121 eJ.1 This article contains some subsidiary results,concerned mainly with a more detailed description of these Mal'tsev conditions.Many of our results arose upon considering a recent article of W. D. Neumann(1978).To restate the above result in more detail, let us first recall that the spectrumof a variety "T is the set of finite cardinalities of algebras in V. Then that theoremasserts the existence, for each/, of a sequenc <p
Knowledge-based synthesis of custom VLSI physical design tools; first steps

A description is given of how program synthesis techniques can be applied to the synthesis of technology-sensitive VLSI physical design tools. Physical design refers to the process of reducing a structural description of a piece of hardware down to the geometric layout of an integrated circuit. Successful physical design tools must cope with shifting technology and application environments. The authors describe a synthesis architecture that combines knowledge of the application domain and knowledge of generic programming mechanics. The approach uses a very high-level language to describe algorithms, domain and programming knowledge to select appropriate algorithms and data structures, and code generation to arrive at final executable code. Results are presented detailing the performance and implementation of ELF, a prototype generator for wire-routing applications. Comparisons between a hand-crafted router and an automatically synthesized router are presented. >
An uncommon cause of small bowel obstruction: isolated primary granulocytic sarcoma

A 55-year-old woman was admitted with a 10-day history of colicky, left lower-quadrant abdominal pain and intermittent vomiting. She also reported a 2-month history of alternating diarrhea and constipation, with a 20-pound weight loss. She denied malena or hematemesis. She had a 40-pack year history of smoking. On admission, she was normotensive, tachycardic and appeared dehydrated. Generalized abdominal tenderness was noted on palpation, with hyperactive bowel sounds and no guarding or rigidity. There was no palpable lymphadenopathy. The remainder physical examination was unremarkable. Laboratory examination including a complete blood count, Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, liver and renal profile were normal. Stool was positive for occult blood with negative cultures. Multiple air fluid levels were noted on an upright abdominal radiograph. A computerized tomogram (CT) of the abdomen (Figure 1) demonstrated irregular thickened loops of small bowel with a mesenteric mass, suggestive of a primary mesenteric or small bowel tumor. The diagnosis of mechanical small bowel obstruction prompted an explorative laparotomy, which revealed multiple nodular masses in mesentery and small bowel causing luminal …
FPGA-based, multi-processor HW-SW system for Single-Chip Crypto applications

This paper discusses design and analysis of an FPGA-based system containing two isolated, Altera Nios II softcore processors that share data through two custom crypto-engines. FPGA-based Single-Chip Cryptographic (SCC) techniques were employed to ensure full red/black separation. Each crypto-engine is a hardware implementation of the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), operating in Galois/Counter mode (GCM). The features of the AES crypto-engines were varied with the goal of determining which best achieve high performance or minimal hardware usage. To quantify the costs of red/black separation, a thorough analysis of resource requirements was performed. The hardware/software approach was utilized in order to provide appropriate levels of flexibilty and performance, allowing for a range of target applications.
Multicenter Evaluation of the Cepheid Xpert Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Test as a Rapid Screening Method for Detection of MRSA in Nares

The first U.S. multicenter clinical trial to assess the performance of the Cepheid Xpert MRSA assay (Xpert MRSA) was conducted. The assay is a qualitative test designed for the rapid detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) directly from nares swabs. This novel test combines integrated nucleic acid extraction and automated real-time PCR for the detection of a MRSA-specific signature sequence. A total of 1,077 nares specimens were collected from seven geographically distinct health care sites across the United States with prevalence rates ranging from 5.2% to 44%. Nares specimens were tested by (i) the Xpert MRSA assay, (ii) direct culture on CHROMagar MRSA medium (direct CM culture), and (iii) broth-enriched culture (Trypticase soy broth with 6.5% sodium chloride) followed by plating onto CHROMagar MRSA medium (broth-enriched CM culture). When direct CM culture was designated the reference method, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of the Xpert MRSA assay were 94.3%, 93.2%, 73.0%, and 98.8%, respectively. When broth-enriched CM culture was used as the reference method, the clinical sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV of the Xpert MRSA assay were 86.3%, 94.9%, 80.5%, and 96.6%, respectively. The BD GeneOhm MRSA (BDGO) assay was performed as a comparative molecular method. No statistical performance differences were observed between the Xpert MRSA and BDGO assays when they were compared to culture methods. From this large-scale, multicenter clinical comparison, we conclude that the Xpert MRSA assay is a simple, rapid, and accurate method for performing active surveillance for MRSA in a variety of health care populations.
BLIC: Bi-Level Isosurface Compression

In this paper we introduce a new and simple algorithm to compress isosurface data. This is the data extracted by isosurface algorithms from scalar functions defined on volume grids, and used to generate polygon meshes or alternative representations. In this algorithm the mesh connectivity and a substantial proportion of the geometric information are encoded to a fraction of a bit per marching cubes vertex with a context based arithmetic coder closely related to the JBIG binary image compression standard. The remaining optional geometric information that specifies the location of each marching cubes vertex more precisely along its supporting intersecting grid edge, is efficiently encoded in scan-order with the same mechanism. Vertex normals can optionally be computed as normalized gradient vectors by the encoder and included in the bitstream after quantization and entropy encoding, or computed by the decoder in a postprocessing smoothing step. These choices are determined by trade-offs associated with an in-core vs. out-of-core decoder structure. The main features of our algorithm are its extreme simplicity and high compression rates.
Completeness in SMT-based BMC for software programs

Bounded Model Checking (BMC) is incomplete without a completeness threshold (CT) bound. Previous methods, using recurrence diameter for obtaining CT, check for existence of a longest loop-free path at every depth k. For terminating software programs, we propose an efficient method for obtaining CT that requires solving a formula of size O(k) at some depths only, as compared to previous methods that require solving a formula of O(k2) (or O(klogk)) size at every depth. We augment previous methods for BMC simplifications using model transformation and control flow information, with context-sensitive analysis. This results in more BMC simplifications and further reduction in the number of CT checks. We have implemented our techniques in a Satisfiability Modulo Theory (SMT)-based BMC framework. Our controlled experiments on real-world software programs show that our proposed formulation provides significant improvements over previous approaches.
Critical care nurses' lived experiences of caring

Abstract OBJECTIVE: To formulate the fundamental structure of caring as lived by Critical Care Nurses. DESIGN: Colaizzi's phenomenological research method and Diekelmann's dialogue technique were applied. SETTING: The home of each nurse constituted the setting for the interview. The nurses were employed in critical care units in six large metropolitan hospitals in the Southwest. SAMPLE: The availability sample consisted of 15 female critical care registered nurses. The nurses' mean age was 35 years. The mean number of years in critical care nursing was 4.7. One nurse was Asian, one was Hispanic, and 13 were Caucasian. RESULTS: Caring was composed of affective, cognitive, action, and outcome subprocesses. The caring process originated in the nurse's feelings and knowledge, and moved the nurse to competent actions that contributed to patient, family, and nurse outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Understanding of the process of caring was strengthened by the findings. The decision process used by nurses would benefit from further examination for the presence of the affective and nurse outcome subprocesses.
Capillary–gravity waves of solitary type and envelope solitons on deep water

The existence of steady solitary waves on deep water was suggested on physical grounds by Longuet-Higgins (1988) and later confirmed by numerical computation (Longuet-Higgins 1989; Vanden-Broeck & Dias 1992). Their numerical methods are accurate only for waves of finite amplitude. In this paper we show that solitary capillary-gravity waves of small amplitude are in fact a special case of envelope solitons, namely those having a carrier wave of length 2π(T/ρg)1½2 (g = gravity, T = surface tension, ρ = density). The dispersion relation between the speed c and the maximum surface slope αmax is derived from the nonlinear Schrodinger equation for deep-water solitons (Djordjevik & Redekopp 1977) and is found to provide a good asymptote for the numerical calculations.
Small intestinal glucose transport. Proximal-distal kinetic gradients.

Proximal and distal small intestinal segments of the rat were perfused in situ at two different rates with isotonic solutions containing glucose in concentrations ranging from 25 to 600 mg/100 ml. Absorption was measured as glucose disappearance rate from the lumen. Glucose absorption had not previously been studied at intraluminal concentrations above and below blood glucose. Absorption was more rapid from the proximal segment. In both segments absorption was independent of perfusion rate and of whether glucose was analyzed by counting 14C or by the Somogyi method. The latter finding suggests that of the unidirectional fluxes, flux out of the bowel is much greater than flux into the bowel. In contrast to the findings in previous studies neither segment showed rate-limiting kinetics, and the Michaelis-Menten analysis was not applicable. The form of the curve depicting absorption rate in relation to concentration differed between the two segments. At the higher concentrations absorption rate continued to increase much more rapidly in the proximal than in the distal segment. The observations could not be explained by known mechanisms of glucose transport and illustrate the difficulties of achieving biochemically and physiologically meaningful in vivo studies of intestinal absorption.
Tabular Calculation of Coancestry

If L is the offspring of J × K, and if we know the coancestries of A and B with J and K, we can calculate the coancestries of A and B with L, using the first averaging rule, Eq. (25.5). These calculations lend themselves readily to a tabular format: $$\begin{gathered} \,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,J\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,K\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,L \hfill \\ A\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,{f_{AJ}}\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,{f_{AK}}\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,{f_{AL}} = \left( {{f_{AJ}} + {f_{AK}}} \right)/2 \hfill \\ B\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,{f_{BJ}}\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,{f_{BK}}\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,{f_{BL}} = \left( {{f_{BJ}} + {f_{BK}}} \right)/2 \hfill \\ \end{gathered}$$ The entry in row A, column L, is the average of the entries in row A, columns J and K; the row B entries in column L are similarly the average of the entries in columns J and K. Emik and Terrill (1949), Cruden (1949), Hazel and Lush (1950) and Plum (1954) all emphasized the simplicity of calculating coancestry coefficients using a tabular format.
Wideband late gadolinium enhanced magnetic resonance imaging for imaging myocardial scar without image artefacts induced by implantable cardioverter-defibrillator: a feasibility study at 3 T.

Aim Late gadolinium enhanced (LGE) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a useful tool for facilitating ventricular tachycardia (VT) ablation. Unfortunately, most VT ablation candidates often have prophylactic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) and do not undergo cardiac MRI largely due to image artefacts generated by ICD. A prior study has reported success of ‘wideband’ LGE MRI for imaging myocardial scar without image artefacts induced by ICD at 1.5T. The purpose of this study was to widen the availability of wideband LGE MRI to 3T, since it has the potential to achieve higher spatial resolution than 1.5T. Methods and results We compared the performance of standard and wideband LGE MRI pulse sequences in phantoms and canines with myocardial lesions created by radiofrequency ablation. Standard LGE MRI produced image artefacts induced by ICD and 49% accuracy in detecting 97 myocardial scars examined in this study, whereas wideband LGE MRI produced artefact-free images and 94% accuracy in detecting scars. The mean image quality score (1 = nondiagnostic, 2 = poor, 3 = adequate, 4 = good, 5 = excellent) was significantly ( P < 0.001) higher for wideband (3.7 ± 0.8) than for standard LGE MRI (2.1 ± 0.7). The mean artefact level score (1 = minimal, 2 = mild, 3 = moderate, 4 = severe, 5 = nondiagnostic) was significantly ( P < 0.001) lower for wideband (2.1 ± 0.8) than for standard LGE MRI (4.0 ± 0.6). Wideband LGE MRI agreed better with gross pathology than standard LGE MRI. Conclusion This study demonstrates the feasibility of wideband LGE MRI for suppression of image artefacts induced by ICD at 3T.
Alkaline Phosphatase Activity in a Strain of Bacterionema Matruchotii

Protein from the soluble fraction of Bacterium matruchotii cells propagated in a medium containing no added inorganic phosphate was fractionated by gel permeation chromatography. The bulk of phosphatase activity assayed at pH 8.0 was found in fractions equivalent to a molecular weight of 6 × 105 daltons. Substrate saturation kinetics indicate at Km of 0.75 mM for p-nitrophenylphosphate. Activity was stimulated more than twofold by Zn++ at 1 mM, but was significantly reduced by EDTA, Ca++ and inorganic phosphate. The enzyme(s) shows negligible activity at pH below 6.0 and has a narrow optimum between 7.5 and 8.5.
A political factor in the rise of Protestantism in Korea : Protestantism and the 1919 March first movement

Il est curieux de constater le succes du protestantisme en Coree (du Sud), alors que celui-ci ne s'est presque pas developpe dans les pays voisins tels que la Chine et le Japon. L'A. considere un facteur politique qui a du etre un facteur decisif dans la montee du protestantisme en Coree. Le protestantisme s'est associe aux interets reels et politiques du peuple coreen, ce qui lui a permis de gagner une legitimite. A la fin du 19e siecle et au debut du 20e, le protestantisme et le nationalisme sont devenus tres lies. C'est lors de la premiere marche de 1919, que les missionnaires en Coree ont montre leur sympathie pour les coreens. En ayant contribue si passionnement et si manifestement a la lutte coreenne pour la liberte politique, le protestantisme a acquis sa legitimite.
Adjuvant systemic management of early stage carcinoma of the breast

In the last three decades, there has been a gradual, though significant change in the treatment of early stage breast cancer. For almost a century, physicians advocated an "anatomical view" of the dissemination of this disease, which justified a more radical and mutilating treatment strategy. Finally in the mid-1970s, results from large randomized trials began to show that either mastectomy or lumpectomy with radiation therapy were appropriate treatment for women with early stage disease. These results suggested that breast cancer can actually be a systemic disease ("biological view") even in early stages. This hypothesis was confirmed when large randomized clinical trials demonstrated the effectiveness of adjuvant systemic therapy in controlling micrometastatic disease in women with node-positive and node negative disease. As we approach the end of this century, most patients with early stage disease will be offered some form of adjuvant systemic therapy, before or after local treatment with surgery, with or without local radiation therapy. There has been a lot of interest on the proper sequence of the therapeutic modalities, in particular with the recent publication of larger randomized trials of primary systemic therapy. This specific topic is discussed elsewhere in this issue by Singletary.
Modelling ecological flow regime: an example from the Tennessee and Cumberland River basins

Predictive equations were developed for 19 ecologically relevant streamflow characteristics within five major groups of flow variables (magnitude, ratio, frequency, variability, and date) for use in the Tennessee and Cumberland River basins using stepbackward regression. Basin characteristics explain 50% or more of the variation for 12 of the 19 equations. Independent variables identified through stepbackward regression were statistically significant in 78 of 304 cases (α > 0.0001) and represent four major groups: climate, physical landscape features, regional indicators, and land use. Of these groups, the regional and climate variables were the most influential for determining hydrologic response. Daily temperature range, geologic factor, and rock depth were major factors explaining the variability in 17, 15, and 13 equations, respectively. The equations and independent datasets were used to explore the broad relation between basin properties and streamflow and the implication of streamflow to the study of ecological flow requirements. Key results include a high degree of hydrologic variability among least disturbed Blue Ridge streams, similar hydrologic behaviour for watersheds with widely varying degrees of forest cover, and distinct hydrologic profiles for streams in different geographic regions. Published in 2011. This article is a US Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Lack of Associations among Cancer and Albumin Adducts, ras p21 Oncoprotein Levels, and CYP1A1, CYP2D6, NAT1, and NAT2 in a Nested Case-Control Study of Lung Cancer within the Physicians' Health Study

We conducted a “nested” case-control study within the Physicians' Health Study, a randomized trial of aspirin and BC at relatively modest doses in which baseline (enrollment/untreated) blood samples from incident cases and matched controls were selected from the bank of >14,000 stored “
STT-RAM Cell Design Considering CMOS and MTJ Temperature Dependence

In spin-transfer torque random access memory (STT-RAM), the temperature fluctuations can significantly affect the characteristics of both electrical and magnetic devices. In this paper, we analyze their temperature dependence and investigate the impacts of temperature fluctuations on read and write operations. For the regular STT-RAM design working under 300 to 375 K, the sense margin in read operation can degrade about 25% and the write speed reduces around 20%. Furthermore, heating the MTJ to its Curie temperature can dramatically reduce the switching time to subnanosecond. And the design feasibility and implication are discussed in the paper.
An operator training facility at the Advanced Photon Source

The Advanced Photon Source (APS), a premier third-generation synchrotron radiation source, presently operates in top-up mode during most user run time. During top-up mode, charge is injected into the storage ring at approximately 2-minute intervals to stabilize the stored beam current to within 0.1%. Top-up mode requires the dedicated use of the entire APS injector system, severely limiting time available for operator training. The APS injector test stand (ITS) is presently configured to operate a ballistic bunch compression (BBC) RF gun, which uses three independently powered and phased RF cavities, and either a thermionic cathode or a photocathode. Operation of the BBC gun requires cavity phasing and input RF power selection analogous to the operation of a high-energy linac. In conjunction with the ITS beamline components (quadrupoles, dipoles, diagnostics, correctors), this provides an effective analog to the APS linac. Operators can therefore practice accelerator tuning and control methods with a live beam and real components, rather than simulations, while top-up operation is ongoing.
Colony-morphology screening uncovers a role for the Pseudomonas aeruginosa nitrogen-related phosphotransferase system in biofilm formation

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic human pathogen whose survival is aided by forming communities known as biofilms, in which cells are encased in a self-produced matrix. We devised a mutant screen based on colony morphology to identify additional genes with previously unappreciated roles in biofilm formation. Our screen, which identified most known biofilm-related genes, also uncovered PA14_16550 and PA14_69700, deletions of which abrogated and augmented biofilm formation respectively. We also identified ptsP, which encodes enzyme I of the nitrogen-regulated phosphotransferase (PTS(Ntr)) system, as being important for cyclic-di-GMP production and for biofilm formation. Further experiments showed that biofilm formation is hindered in the absence of phosphotransfer through the PTS(Ntr), but only in the presence of enzyme II (PtsN), the putative regulatory module of the PTS(Ntr). These results implicate unphosphorylated PtsN as a negative regulator of biofilm formation and establish one of the first known roles of the PTS(Ntr) in P. aeruginosa.
Blocking Interleukin‐1 in Rheumatic Diseases

The role of the potent proinflammatory cytokine IL-1 in disease could clinically be investigated with the development of the IL-1 blocking agent anakinra (Kineret), a recombinant IL-1 receptor antagonist. It was first tested in patients with sepsis without much benefit but was later FDA approved for the treatment of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. More recently IL-1 blocking therapies are used successfully to treat a new group of immune-mediated inflammatory conditions, autoinflammatory diseases. These conditions include rare hereditary fever syndromes and pediatric and adult conditions of Still's disease. Recently the FDA approved two additional longer acting IL-1 blocking agents, for the treatment of cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes (CAPS), an IL-1 dependent autoinflammatory syndrome. The study of autoinflammatory diseases revealed mechanisms of IL-1 mediated organ damage and provided concepts to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of more common diseases such as gout and Type 2 diabetes which show initial promising results with IL-1 blocking therapy.
Linkage for BMI at 3q27 Region Confirmed in an African-American Population

Significant and suggestive linkage for BMI on 3q27 has been reported by several groups, including our own study in African Americans. To further establish the linkage evidence on 3q27, we recruited an independent African-American sample comprising 545 individuals in 128 families. We genotyped 15 short tandem-repeat markers evenly spaced in the 112 cM region around the peak on 3q27 identified in our earlier study. Multipoint linkage analysis by GENEHUNTER2 gave the maximum logarithm of odds (LOD) score 2.4 at map position 188 cM in this sample. When we combined the two samples, linkage evidence was increased to a maximum LOD score (MLS) of 4.3 (point-wise P = 4.34 x 10(-6)) at 188 cM, with a 7 cM 1-LOD-drop interval around the peak. The multiple replications of linkage evidence in the region on 3q27 strongly confirm its potential importance as a candidate region in the search for obesity-related genes.
Highly auditable distributed systems

Auditability is a key requirement for providing scalability and availability to distributed systems. Auditability allows us to identify latent concurrency bugs, dependencies among events, and performance bottlenecks. Our work focuses on providing auditability by combining two key concepts: time and causality. In particular, we prescribe hybrid logical clocks (HLC) which offer the functionality of logical clocks while keeping them close to physical clocks. We propose that HLC can enable effective detection of invariant predicate violations and latent concurrency bugs, and provide efficient means to correct the state of the distributed system back to good states.
Hyperplasia and hypertrophy of chicken cardiac myocytes during posthatching development

For characterization of the growth pattern of cardiac myocytes during posthatching development, cardiac myocytes were enzymatically isolated from the ventricles of 1-, 15-, 29-, and 42-day-old chickens for measurement of myocyte nucleation, length, width, volume, and number, and for immunolabeling of cytoskeletal proteins. Ventricular myocyte number increased 156% from day 1 to day 42. Average cell volume increased more than 400%, and myocytes lengthened 125%, but cell width only increased 53% during this period. All myocytes were mononucleated at day 1. At day 15, 18% of myocytes became binucleated with < 1% of myocytes containing more than two nuclei. Interestingly, binucleated myocytes were able to divide with two nuclei going through mitosis at the same time. As demonstrated by staining with tubulin and alpha-actinin antibodies, two mitotic spindles and two cleavage furrows were formed in dividing binucleated myocytes. At day 42, binucleated myocytes increased to 44% with 11% of myocytes containing more than two nuclei. Sarcomeric alpha-actinin was partially disassembled in prometaphase and was reorganized into regular Z lines of sarcomeres in telophase. Desmin was disassembled in prophase and was reassembled during late telophase. These results suggest that chicken myocytes undergo hypertrophy and continue to proliferate during posthatching maturation, although it is currently believed that myocytes of all vertebrates withdraw from the cell cycle shortly after birth. We provide direct evidence for the first time of in vivo myocyte division in 6-wk-old chicken hearts.
A Selective Medium for the Isolation of Streptococcus salivarius.

ConclusionsA medium has been developed on which a specific oral streptococcus can be selectively isolated from mixed bacterial populations. The value of this selective medium as a detector of oral contamination of restaurant eating utensils is indicated by the distribution studies, which show that this bacterium is found normally in the human mouth and on articles which have come in direct contact with human lips.
Stochastic Guidance Design for UAV Vision-Based Control Applications

This paper studies a stochastically optimized guidance design for monocular vision-based control applications for unmanned aerial vehicles. First, an extended Kalman fllter is applied to estimate the 3-D relative state of a target from the 2-D vision-based measurement. Since the estimation performance signiflcantly depends on the vehicle’s motion relative to the target, this work aims to derive an optimal guidance law which improves the estimation accuracy while achieving a control mission. This paper formulates a stochastic optimization problem by minimizing an expected cost including the guidance error and control efiort subject to the extended Kalman fllter estimation process. In order to reduce the computational cost, this paper suggests solving the optimization problem using the measurements that are available for n time steps ahead. This n-step-ahead suboptimal guidance law is applied to a 2-D vision-based target tracking problem, and simulation results are compared for difierent values of n to analyze its optimality and computational cost.
Using online compound interest tools to improve financial literacy

ABSTRACTThe widespread use of personal computing presents the opportunity to design educational materials that can be delivered online, potentially addressing low financial literacy. The authors developed and evaluated three different educational tools focusing on interest compounding. In the authors’ laboratory experiment, individuals were randomized to one of three display tools: text, linear graph, or volumetric graph. They found that the text and volumetric tools were most effective at improving understanding of interest compounding, whereas individuals using the linear tool made little gains. The superiority of the text over the linear tool runs counter to the prediction of theories that suggest advantages of graphics over text. For researchers, the authors’ findings highlight the importance of pedagogy evaluation. For practitioners, they provide research-validated tools for online dissemination.
Molecular Insights into Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is a tick-borne pathogen that causes high morbidity and mortality. Efficacy of vaccines and antivirals to treat human CCHFV infections remains limited and controversial. Research into pathology and underlying molecular mechanisms of CCHFV and other nairoviruses is limited. Significant progress has been made in our understanding of CCHFV replication and pathogenesis in the past decade. Here we review the most recent molecular advances in CCHFV-related research, and provide perspectives on future research.
Structural characterization and property analysis of PAN-based carbon fibers

The morphologies,microstructures and surface chemical compositions of four types of carbon fibers were investigated by SEM,HRTEM,XRD,Raman and chemical analysis measurements. At the same time,the relationship between microstructure and properties of the carbon fibers was analysed. Compared with HTA carbon fiber,the domestic carbon fiber exhibits a lower tension strength owing to its more surface defects and bad microstructure,bigger R value and more impurity content.
Maximization of the annual energy production of wind power plants by optimization of layout and yaw‐based wake control

This paper presents a wind plant modeling and optimization tool that enables the maximization of wind plant annual energy production (AEP) using yaw-based wake steering control and layout changes. The tool is an extension of a wake engineering model describing the steady-state effects of yaw on wake velocity profiles and power productions of wind turbines in a wind plant. To make predictions of a wind plant's AEP, necessary extensions of the original wake model include coupling it with a detailed rotor model and a control policy for turbine blade pitch and rotor speed. This enables the prediction of power production with wake effects throughout a range of wind speeds. We use the tool to perform an example optimization study on a wind plant based on the Princess Amalia Wind Park. In this case study, combined optimization of layout and wake steering control increases AEP by 5%. The power gains from wake steering control are highest for region 1.5 inflow wind speeds, and they continue to be present to some extent for the above-rated inflow wind speeds. The results show that layout optimization and wake steering are complementary because significant AEP improvements can be achieved with wake steering in a wind plant layout that is already optimized to reduce wake losses. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Measurement of two-photon-induced solarization in BK3, BK7, and BK10 at 532 nm

Borosilicate glasses are widely used in optical components throughout the visible spectrum and beyond. For low-intensity applications they are quite transparent, but in the presence of highly intense (GW/cm2) UV laser beams they solarize.1 We have found that they also solarize when irradiated by intense visible beams.2 This is an important consideration in the design of high-intensity highrepetition-rate short-wavelength lasers.
Are overweight and obese airmen at greater risk of discharge from the United States Air Force

This study examined whether overweight or obesity results in greater discharge risk from basic military training (BMT) or during the first year of service in the U.S. Air Force (USAF). Participants were 32,144 male and female airmen who underwent BMT from August 1995 to August 1996 and were classified as underweight (body mass index [BMI] or = 30). Underweight airmen were 63% more likely and overweight airmen were 24% more likely to be medically discharged during BMT compared with individuals in the normal range. Underweight airmen were 22% more likely to be discharged within the first year of service compared with those in the normal range, whereas overweight airmen were 15% less likely to be discharged. These findings do not support overweight or obesity as being major causes for discharge from the USAF within the first year of active duty.
Prevalence of Artificial Food Colors in Grocery Store Products Marketed to Children

Artificial food colors (AFCs) in foods and beverages may be harmful to children. This study assesses the percentage of grocery store products marketed to children that contain AFCs, by category and company. The research team collected product and food-color information about 810 products in one grocery store in North Carolina in 2014. Overall, 350 products (43.2%) contained AFCs. The most common AFCs were Red 40 (29.8% of products), Blue 1 (24.2%), Yellow 5 (20.5%), and Yellow 6 (19.5%). Produce was the only category that did not have any AFCs. The highest percentage of products with AFCs was found in candies (96.3%), fruit-flavored snacks (94%), and drink mixes/powders (89.7%). Forty-one of the 66 companies marketed products containing AFCs. Given concerns about health effects of AFCs and high proportions of high-AFC categories, clinicians, parents, food companies, and the government can take steps to support children's healthy eating and development by reducing AFCs in children's diets.
An infinitely-stiff elastic system via a tuned negative-stiffness component stabilized by rotation-produced gyroscopic forces

An elastic system containing a negative-stiffness element tuned to produce positive-infinite system stiffness, although statically unstable as is any such elastic system if unconstrained, is proved to be stabilized by rotation-produced gyroscopic forces at sufficiently high rotation rates. This is accomplished in possibly the simplest model of a composite structure (or solid) containing a negative-stiffness component that exhibits all these features, facilitating a conceptually and mathematically transparent, completely closed-form analysis.
America Moves into the Middle East

The Eisenhower years marked the beginning of direct US activism in the Middle East. In the eyes of US policy makers in the 1950s, the Western oil interest was too vital for Washington to abandon to uncertainty. Nationalist forces were rising in the region — and though not simple handmaidens of the Soviet Union, were steeped in antagonism toward the West. One of the chief causes for this antagonism was the US commitment to Israel — a signal undertaking of the previous Administration. Eisenhower was left the task of trying to reconcile that commitment with the need to still Arab discontent. At the same time, the irreversible decline of British power created a political and military void that only the United States could fill.
Information Sharing across Private Databases: Secure Union Revisited

There is a growing demand for sharing information across multiple autonomous and private databases. The problem is usually formulated as a secure multi-party computation problem in which a set of parties wish to jointly compute a function of their private inputs such that the parties learn only the result of the function but nothing else. In this paper we perform an analysis and an experimental evaluation of existing and potential solutions for secure multi-party computation of union. We also present an alternative random shares based protocol and show that the protocol, although quite simple, is efficient while providing reasonable level of security that can be adjusted by users. We formally analyze the security properties and the cost of our protocol. We also experimentally compare the various existing and potential solutions and show the tradeoff between different protocols in terms of security, efficiency and accuracy.
A Store Almost in Sight: The Economic Transformation of Missouri from the Louisiana Purchase to the Civil War

Review of: A Store Almost in Sight: The Economic Transformation of Missouri from the Louisiana Purchase to the Civil War, by Jeff Bremer.
Adrenal Cushing syndrome with detectable ACTH from an unexpected source

Mixed corticomedullary adrenal tumours (MCMT) are rare. We describe the second reported case of a male patient presenting with hypertension and Cushing syndrome with MCMT. A man aged 48 years presented with hypertension and signs of Cushing syndrome. 24-hour urine cortisol was elevated, with detectable adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). A high-dose dexamethasone suppression test indicated an adrenal or ectopic Cushing syndrome. Plasma metanephrines were normal. A 3 cm left adrenal mass was identified without potential ectopic sources of ACTH on imaging. After induction of anaesthesia for laparoscopic adrenalectomy, the patient developed resistant hypertension with stress-dose hydrocortisone administration. Surgery was cancelled and repeat testing revealed elevated plasma metanephrines. α-Blockade was administered for a presumed coexisting pheochromocytoma, and the patient underwent adrenalectomy. Pathology revealed an MCMT. This case highlights the importance of a thorough biochemical evaluation in patients with adrenal masses to rule out multiple hormone producing tumours.
Using geographic information science to evaluate legal restrictions on freight transportation routing in disruptive scenarios

Disasters have consequences and freight transportation is not immune to these consequences. In the aftermath of disasters, planners and policymakers have to utilize scarce resources and work within legal frameworks to ensure that inoperable infrastructure assets return to normal operations. In the case of freight transportation, the challenges associated with freight rerouting due to inoperable infrastructure assets are beyond the physical dimensionthe challenges include overcoming some legal barriers involved with intermodal freight transportation. This paper presents an application of transportation routing analysis to evaluate routing options for freight transportation during disasters. The paper also evaluates the legal implications of the Merchant Marine Act of 1920 (also known as the Jones Act) on short sea shipping between coastal points in U.S. territorial waters. Using the closure of the Port of New York and New Jersey during Hurricane Sandy as a case study, various modal studies are performed that highlight the different routes and provide insights into the challenges of the modal restrictions imposed by the Jones Act.
Torque Contribution to Haptic Rendering of Virtual Textures

Despite the fact that conventional haptic interfaces and rendering algorithms commonly approximate interactions with force only, the dynamic effects of even simple tasks, e.g., writing on a paper, involve both forces and torques. To extend previous algorithms as well as to investigate the effects of torque feedback on human roughness perception, we deployed a novel haptic platform with two probes, fingertip and penhandle. Three torque conditions were examined: 1) Slope Torque, which orients the probe perpendicular to the surface, 2) No Torque, where no active torque is provided by the device, and 3) Stiff Torque, where torque feedback is provided to keep the probe upright. A conventional magnitude estimation experiment was performed. The results indicated that both the torque signals and grasp type mediate human perception of virtual textures. Slope Torque led to greater perceived roughness when the fingertip was used, and the fingertip led to higher roughness ratings than the penhandle with the Slope Torque condition. The Slope Torque algorithm appears to be advantageous for generating rougher surfaces compared to the force-based algorithms which are typically limited by the system stability and actuator saturation.
Fast, Sample-Efficient Algorithms for Structured Phase Retrieval

We consider the problem of recovering a signal x in R^n, from magnitude-only measurements, y_i = |a_i^T x| for i={1,2...m}. Also known as the phase retrieval problem, it is a fundamental challenge in nano-, bio- and astronomical imaging systems, astronomical imaging, and speech processing. The problem is ill-posed, and therefore additional assumptions on the signal and/or the measurements are necessary. In this paper, we first study the case where the underlying signal x is s-sparse. We develop a novel recovery algorithm that we call Compressive Phase Retrieval with Alternating Minimization, or CoPRAM. Our algorithm is simple and can be obtained via a natural combination of the classical alternating minimization approach for phase retrieval, with the CoSaMP algorithm for sparse recovery. Despite its simplicity, we prove that our algorithm achieves a sample complexity of O(s^2 log n) with Gaussian samples, which matches the best known existing results. It also demonstrates linear convergence in theory and practice and requires no extra tuning parameters other than the signal sparsity level s. We then consider the case where the underlying signal x arises from to structured sparsity models. We specifically examine the case of block-sparse signals with uniform block size of b and block sparsity k=s/b. For this problem, we design a recovery algorithm that we call Block CoPRAM that further reduces the sample complexity to O(ks log n). For sufficiently large block lengths of b=Theta(s), this bound equates to O(s log n). To our knowledge, this constitutes the first end-to-end linearly convergent family of algorithms for phase retrieval where the Gaussian sample complexity has a sub-quadratic dependence on the sparsity level of the signal.
Evaluation of current strategies for surveillance and management of donor-specific antibodies: Single-center study

Background Although the presence of donor-specific antibodies (DSA) is known to impact lung allograft, limited data exist regarding DSA management. Methods We did a retrospective study at our center evaluating DSA management in adult lung transplant recipients undergoing lung transplantation between January 1, 2010 and June 30, 2014. Study follow-up was completed through October 2017. All recipients were stratified into 2 groups based on the presence or absence of DSA. Those with DSA were evaluated for the impact of treatment of DSA. The primary outcomes were postlung transplant survival and freedom from bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS), subset of chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD). Simon-Makuch method was used to estimate overall survival and BOS-free survival to account for DSA as time-dependent covariate. Survival differences between the groups were analyzed using time-dependent Cox proportional hazards model. Results Sixty-four percent of 194 total subjects developed post-lung transplant DSA. Overall survival was different with worse survival in the DSA positive group that never cleared DSA (P = .002). BOS-free survival was lower, but did not reach significance in this group. Response to treatment was poor, with only 12 of 47 (25.5%) who received treatment demonstrating clearance of DSA. Conclusions Donor-specific antibodies prevalence is high after lung transplantation. Clearance of DSA correlated with improved outcomes. Current therapeutic strategies against DSA are relatively ineffective. Multicenter collaborative studies will be required to evaluate current treatment strategies and other innovative modalities.
Constrictive Pericardial Heart Disease

Constrictive pericarditis occurs when cardiac filling is excessively constrained by the pericardium. In this setting, the pericardium is usually thickened (>2 mm in 80 % of such cases) and often calcified (in around 50 % of cases often at the base or at the AV groove) [1]. Etiology of constriction can be for many reasons including prior cardiac surgery (most common cause in the US), viral pericarditis, no known cause (idiopathic), prior chest radiotherapy, connective tissue disease, HIV infection and tuberculosis [2].
The Augustana Story: Shaping Lutheran Identity in North America

Review of: "The Augustana Story: Shaping Lutheran Identity in North America," by Maria Erling and Mark Granquist.
Carbon Aerogels for Wastewater Treatment

Wastewater treatment technologies have become extremely important due to the dangers and health risks posed from water pollution. Adsorption is a common method for removing contaminants from wastewater with anthracite coal being commonly used. However, anthracite coal is ineffective at removing some contaminants, especially at low concentrations. We have investigated the use of carbon aerogels as effective adsorbents for wastewater treatment. Carbon aerogels are mesoporous materials with low density, high surface area, and a porous inter-connected network, which are ideal properties for an effective adsorbent. The ma-terials were synthesized by supercritical drying and pyrolysis of organic gels. The resulting aerogels were tested using the contaminants hexavalent chromium and estrone in equilibrium adsorption experiments to determine their adsorption capa-bilities. Carbon aerogels significantly outperformed anthracite coal by removing nearly all of the contaminants from water, demonstrating that these materials are very promising adsorbents for wastewater treatment.
How to Mobilize Philanthropy to Advance Racial Equity? A Call to Action:

Only 3% of the 1,904 submissions to the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation’s historic competition for a single grant of US$100 million, 100&Change, proposed work to address racial equity...