cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chapter 4.2 Subtype-selective GABAA/benzodiazepine receptor ligands for the treatment of anxiety disorders

Anxiety disorders can be treated successfully with benzodiazepines, which act by binding to a site on the γ-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptor and potentiating the inhibitory effects of GABA. In addition to anxiolytic effects, benzodiazepines also induce unwanted side effects, including motor coordination deficits, sedation, memory impairments, and abuse liability. In recent years, the discovery of subtypes of the GABAA receptor associated with specific effects of benzodiazepines has led to the hope of improved anxiolytic drugs. In this regard, experiments with transgenic mice and novel ligands have implicated GABAA receptors containing α2 and/or α3 subunits as playing a key role in the anxiolytic effects of benzodiazepines, but not other effects such as sedation. This review summarizes current research supporting a role for α2 and α3 subunit-containing GABAA receptors in anxiolysis, with an emphasis on the pharmacology of recently developed compounds displaying subtype selectivity. Ultimately, the identification of specific receptor subtypes associated with anxiolysis will hopefully shed light onto how the brain systems that regulate anxiety work in the absence of a pharmacological intervention. This information, in turn, should help in identifying, and ultimately treating, the underlying pathological states associated with anxiety disorders.
Efficiency and Consistency for Regularization Parameter Selection inPenalized Regression: Asymptotics and Finite-Sample Corrections

This paper studies the asymptotic and nite-sample performance of penalized regression methods when different selectors of the regularization parameter are used under the assumption that the true model is, or is not, included among the candidate model. In the latter setting, we relax assumptions in the existing theory to show that several classical information criteria are asymptotically efficient selectors of the regularization parameter. In both settings, we assess the nite-sample performance of these as well as other common selectors and demonstrate that their performance can suffer due to sensitivity to the number of variables that are included in the full model. As alternatives, we propose two corrected information criteria which are shown to outperform the existing procedures while still maintaining the desired asymptotic properties. In the non-true model world, we relax the assumption made in the literature that the true error variance is known or that a consistent estimator is available to prove that Akaike's information criterion (AIC), Cp and Generalized cross-validation (GCV) themselves are asymptotically efficient selectors of the regularization parameter and we study their performance in nite samples. In classical regression, AIC tends to select overly complex models when the dimension of the maximum candidate model is large relative to the sample size. Simulation studies suggest that AIC suffers from the same shortcomings when used in penalized regression. We therefore propose the use of the classical AICc as an alternative. In the true model world, a similar investigation into the nite sample properties of BIC reveals analogous overfitting tendencies and leads us to further propose the use of a corrected BIC (BICc). In their respective settings (whether the true model is, or is not, among the candidate models), BICc and AICc have the desired asymptotic properties and we use simulations to assess their performance, as well as that of other selectors, in nite samples for penalized regressions fit using the Smoothly clipped absolute deviation (SCAD) and Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (Lasso) penalty functions. We nd that AICc and 10-fold cross-validation outperform the other selectors in terms of squared error loss, and BICc avoids the tendency of BIC to select overly complex models when the dimension of the maximum candidate model is large relative to the sample size.
Industry's role in the implementation of an Integrated Ocean Observing System

The paper describes a novel concept of implementing and funding an Integrated Ocean Observing System (IOOS). Rather than fund research institutions to design and build discrete observatories, only later to be integrated into a national network, instead what is proposed is to competitively award bandwidth to those researchers requiring data from offshore observatories. The network itself would be designed, installed, maintained and operated by industry. Initial development costs will be offset both by utilizing existing commercial networks and also by leveraging some other (funded) pending and emergent government initiatives that present opportunities for synergy. Discussed are opportunities to enhance Homeland Security and the USCG National Distress and Response System. Result: realization of an IOOS in a reduced schedule and at a substantial cost savings. Examples of two existing commercial networks are provided.
Bailey, Charles W., Jr.. “Digital Curation Bibliography: Preservation and Stewardship of Scholarly Works” (Book Review)

This book is one of three bibliographies self-published in print format under a Creative Commons license. The scheme here is the same as one of Bailey's other works that was previously reviewed, Transforming Scholarly Publishing Through Open Access 1. As outlined in the previous review, Bailey compiles bibliographies on various aspects of scholarly publishing in the digital age, publishes them in open-access format on his website, and offers print versions of the bibliographies at a reasonable price. Bibliographies do not make good reading: what readers really want is to have an anthology and to read those sections of most interest. While anthologies are constrained by copyright permission and cost, bibliographies have their own genius, and Bailey's related genius is in working in an area of librarianship that is mystifying to most in the field.
Do Physicists Have Geography Envy? And What Can Geographers Learn from It?

Recent years have seen an increasing amount of work by physicists on topics outside their traditional research domain, including geography. We explore the scope of this development, place it in a historical context dating back at least to statistical physics in the nineteenth century and trace the origins of more recent developments to the roots of computational science after World War II. Our primary purpose is not historical, however. Instead, we are concerned with understanding what geographers can learn from the many recent contributions by physicists to understanding spatiotemporal systems. Drawing on examples of work in this tradition by physicists, we argue that two apparently different modes of investigation are common: model-driven and data-driven approaches. The former is associated with complexity science, whereas the latter is more commonly associated with the fourth paradigm, more recently known as “big data.” Both modes share technical strengths and, more important, a capacity for generaliza...
Sediment mixing in the tropical Pacific and radiolarian stratigraphy

[1] The reworking of older radiolarian microfossils into near-surface sediments of the tropical Pacific has long been the source of confusion for the development of radiolarian stratigraphy and of puzzlement over the mechanism(s) that could effect such pervasive reworking. Widespread dissolution “pits” in the sediments of the tropical Pacific are believed to be associated with hydrothermal circulation cells in the older oceanic crust and are here linked to processes which expose older sections and inject older non-carbonate material into near-bottom waters. Discharging waters of these circulation cells tend to dissolve carbonate in near-surface sediments; thus, only the non-carbonate material (including radiolarians) is preserved and reworked into younger sediments. Results from the study of two sites in the tropical Pacific indicate that reworked older, stratigraphically important radiolarians are less than 2% of the total radiolarian assemblage. This constitutes a minimum estimate of the amount of reworked, non-carbonate material in the younger sediments. The oldest reworked radiolarians are no more than 10 m.y. younger than the underlying basement, and radiolarians from the entire older section above that level can be found in the reworked material. A time series of the flux of reworked material at one site is not constant but instead has varied by a factor of 3 to 4 over the past 2.5 m.y. During times when the flux of reworked material is particularly low, the proportion of older, more robust radiolarians is larger.
The Shu complex interacts with Rad51 through the Rad51 paralogues Rad55–Rad57 to mediate error-free recombination

The Saccharomyces cerevisiae Shu complex, consisting of Shu1, Shu2, Csm2 and Psy3, promotes error-free homologous recombination (HR) by an unknown mechanism. Recent structural analysis of two Shu proteins, Csm2 and Psy3, has revealed that these proteins are Rad51 paralogues and mediate DNA binding of this complex. We show in vitro that the Csm2-Psy3 heterodimer preferentially binds synthetic forked DNA or 3'-DNA overhang substrates resembling structures used during HR in vivo. We find that Csm2 interacts with Rad51 and the Rad51 paralogues, the Rad55-Rad57 heterodimer and that the Shu complex functions in the same epistasis group as Rad55-Rad57. Importantly, Csm2's interaction with Rad51 is dependent on Rad55, whereas Csm2's interaction with Rad55 occurs independently of Rad51. Consistent with the Shu complex containing Rad51 paralogues, the methyl methanesulphonate sensitivity of Csm2 is exacerbated at colder temperatures. Furthermore, Csm2 and Psy3 are needed for efficient recruitment of Rad55 to DNA repair foci after DNA damage. Finally, we observe that the Shu complex preferentially promotes Rad51-dependent homologous recombination over Rad51-independent repair. Our data suggest a model in which Csm2-Psy3 recruit the Shu complex to HR substrates, where it interacts with Rad51 through Rad55-Rad57 to stimulate Rad51 filament assembly and stability, promoting error-free repair.
Quantification of intraskeletal histovariability in Alligator mississippiensis and implications for vertebrate osteohistology

Bone microanalyses of extant vertebrates provide a necessary framework from which to form hypotheses regarding the growth and skeletochronology of extinct taxa. Here, we describe the bone microstructure and quantify the histovariability of appendicular elements and osteoderms from three juvenile American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) to assess growth mark and tissue organization within and amongst individuals, with the intention of validating paleohistological interpretations. Results confirm previous observations that lamellar and parallel fibered tissue organization are typical of crocodylians, and also that crocodylians are capable of forming woven tissue for brief periods. Tissue organization and growth mark count varies across individual skeletal elements and reveal that the femur, tibia, and humerus had the highest annual apposition rates in each individual. Cyclical growth mark count also varies intraskeletally, but data suggest these inconsistencies are due to differing medullary cavity expansion rates. There was no appreciable difference in either diaphyseal circumference or cyclical growth mark circumferences between left and right element pairs from an individual if diaphyses were sampled from roughly the same location. The considerable intraskeletal data obtained here provide validation for long-held paleohistology assumptions, but because medullary expansion, cyclical growth mark formation, and variable intraskeletal growth rates are skeletal features found in tetrapod taxa living or extinct, the validations presented herein should be considered during any tetrapod bone microanalysis.
Intimate Partner Violence and Women with Disabilities: Toward Bringing Visibility to an Unrecognized Population

Although women with disabilities experience abuse at alarming rates, research exploring the unique experiences and the dimensions of intimate partner violence (IPV) in the lives of women with disabilities is in its infancy. This article attempts to highlight multidimensional factors for consideration in addressing the needs of women with disabilities who are victims of abuse and violence. Risk factors related to the vulnerability that disabilities pose for IPV victimization are explored in relation to consequent limitations of the traditional models of domestic violence. Feminist disability theory as a viable theory for framing meaningful research and informing effective and accessible prevention and intervention for women with disabilities who are victims of IPV is introduced.
Instrumentation to measure the near-IR spectrum of small fruits

The acousto-optic tunable filter (AOTF) was demonstrated to be an effective and economical means for implementing a compact ( field deployable ) near-infrared Acousto-Optical Spectrometer (AOS) for quality assessment of small fruits. The design and construction of this device including design limitations and problems are presented. The characterization of the AOTF and the AOS system design address the areas of radiation source selection optical alignment optical design signal detection computer control and system testing. This work confirmed the operating specifications and limitations of the AOTF as described by the manufacturer.
Augmentation of the neurochemical effects of cocaine in the ventral striatum and medial prefrontal cortex following preexposure to amphetamine, but not nicotine: an in vivo microdialysis study.

Abstract This study assessed the ability of cocaine to increase synaptic levels of dopamine (DA) in the ventral striatum (VS) and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) following repeated daily exposure to amphetamine or nicotine. In vivo microdialysis was used to assay DA levels in the awake freely moving male Sprague-Dawley rat. Three days following guide cannula implantation, subjects received 9 daily preexposure injections of amphetamine (1.0 mg/kg salt weight, IP), nicotine (0.6 mg/kg base weight, SC), or vehicle. Probes were then inserted and perfused with Ringer's solution overnight. Once stable baseline levels of DA were established, the subjects received a cocaine (15 mg/kg, IP) challenge injection and dialysate samples were collected every 20 minutes. Subjects preexposed to vehicle exhibited a 200% increase in DA levels in the VS and a 170% increase in the mPFC following the cocaine injection. DA recovery was significantly augmented in both regions in amphetamine-preexposed subjects with 450% and 285% increases above baseline levels observed in the VS and mPFC, respectively. In contrast, cocaine-induced DA levels in nicotine-preexposed subjects did not differ significantly from vehicle-preexposed controls in either brain region. Data are discussed in terms of alterations in the locomotor activating and reinforcing effects of cocaine following similar preexposure procedures.
Professionalism: The Need for Standards

The flood of professional publications, which presents an information crisis of the first order, has now begun to produce a second-order crisis in its evaluation. Most professions are inundated with new literature. As a result, only a few books get reviewed, and those that do are often reviewed poorly. According to a political scientist who recently kept score on reviews of his latest book, the malady has several aspects: 1 Books whose subject matter suit them for review in certain journals are not reviewed in those but in other journals that are much less pertinent to the topic; 2 The assignments of individual reviewers to books is haphazard and results in incompetent reviews; 3 The “non-review” prevails: reviewers peddle their own intellectual wares instead of discussing the contents of the book in question and 4 Outright dishonesty occurs: distortion and misquotation shade off into plagiarism. These are strong assertions whose general applicability may not always hold; however, the issue of reviewer competency and the quality of reviews is worth more detailed consideration.
Effects of sazetidine-A, a selective α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor desensitizing agent on alcohol and nicotine self-administration in selectively bred alcohol-preferring (P) rats

Rationale Manipulations of nicotinic cholinergic receptors have been shown to influence both alcohol and nicotine intake. Sazetidine-A [6-(5(((S)-azetidine-2-yl)methoxy)pyridine-3-yl)hex-5-yn-1-ol] is a novel compound that potently and selectively desensitizes α4β2 nicotinic receptors with only modest receptor activation.
A modified micromechanical approach to determine flow stress of work materials experiencing complex deformation histories in manufacturing processes

Abstract Work materials experience a broad range of strains, strain rates, and temperatures in many manufacturing processes such as machining, forming, etc. Strain rate has an important effect on the yield and flow stress of work materials, especially metals, since at higher strain rates there is less time for thermally activated events; consequently, it is equivalent to a lowering of the temperature of the materials. On the other hand, it is also true that, for high strain rate deformations such as metal cutting, adiabatic plastic flow may produce significant temperature changes in the materials. Flow stress is significantly affected by the strain rate history; hence, mechanical behavior may not be fully described in terms of a mechanical equation of state relating the instantaneous stress, strain, strain rate, and temperature. Based on the concept of dislocation mechanics, a micromechanical approach with the new concept of temperature coefficient has been explored to overcome the model issues such as negative or constant flow stress above the critical temperatures. The flow stresses of aluminum 6061-T6 and titanium Ti-6Al-4V have been predicted, for the first time, using the modified micromechanical model based on the available baseline high strain rates test data. The constitutive model was further modified and extended to predict flow stress below as well as above the critical temperature. The corresponding model predictions were compared with the experimental data, attaining good agreement.
A Phenomenological Investigation of Counseling Doctoral Students Becoming Mothers.

Women often face challenges when balancing academic and familial responsibilities (Gilbert, 2008; Trepal & Stinchfield, 2012). This phenomenological study explored women's (N = 10) experiences of becoming mothers during a doctoral program in counseling. The results highlight the importance of mentorship and other protective factors associated with a successful transition from student to mother.
Peripheral Nerve Grafts and Chondroitinase ABC Application Improves Functional Recovery After Complete Spinal Cord Transection

Background: Peripheral nerve grafts (PNGs) in the spinal cord support axonal regeneration and functional recovery. Chondroitinase ABC (ChABC) has been used to break down chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) that inhibit axonal regeneration. If ChABC is effectively delivered to the injury site, CSPGs can be broken down so axons can pass through the distal interface between the graft and the spinal cord before CSPG accumulation has an adverse impact on recovery. Methods: In this study, we tested the synergistic effect of using predegenerated PNGs as scaffolds for axonal growth, while delivering ChABC via oligo-(polyethylene glycol) fumarate (OPF) tubes, to promote functional recovery after complete spinal cord injury in rats. Results: Our results show that: 1) PNGs anatomically incorporated into the spinal cord after a complete transection, 2) thousands of axons regenerated into the PNGs, 3) cholera toxin-B labeled axons crossed through the graft, and 4) the combination of PNGs and ChABC restored significantly better locomotor function than controls. Conclusions: Our study showed that PNGs can establish a good anatomical bridge after SCI and set the stage for functional recovery. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4021/jnr209w
Premachining computer numerical control contour validation

The current procedure followed to manufacture a new part by computer numerical control (CNC) machining is to write the part program, machine a test part, and measure the test part for conformance to the required dimensions and tolerances. If the test part dimensions are incorrect, the part program is modified, and the process is repeated until a successful part is machined. In many applications, such as the aerospace industry, where material cost and machining time are high, this iterative process becomes economically unacceptable. Research has been conducted to test the feasibility of using the laser ball bar (LBB), a spatial coordinate measuring device, to measure dynamic continuous path contours of CNC part programs to micrometer accuracy before machining. In this way, a virtual test part can be measured and compared to the design drawings to validate the CNC part program. This reduces or eliminates the costly and time-consuming steps involved in the machining of physical test parts. This paper outlines the testing method and results acquired using one LBB to measure dynamic part paths employing sequential trilateration. A circular contour was measured using an encoder trigger for data capture. The radial error motions of the spindle used to generate the circular contour were also measured using a capacitance probe nest to verify the LBB results. Comparable error waveforms between the LBB and cap probe measurements verified the possibility of using the LBB to measure dynamic continuous path contours. Future work using three LBBs simultaneously is also outlined.
Aging and Cancer: Issues of Basic and Clinical Science

The majority of patients with cancer in the United States are more than 70 years old. Despite the increased understanding of the molecular bases for both oncogenesis and aging, the overlap of cancer and aging at that level remains a wide-open research domain. Similarly, at the clinical level, there is also an increased awareness of the need for more information about the influence of host age on the development of tumors, on the growth and spread of the disease, and on treatment expectations. In this review, we have attempted to frame questions regarding cancer and aging from the perspective of biogerontology and geriatric medicine. An increased effort to address the issues of aging is of paramount importance at all levels of cancer investigation.
Psychosocial Interventions for Adults With Crime-Related PTSD

Summary Crime affects more than half of all adults in the United States atsome time during their lifetime. In some instances, this involvesdirect victimization in the form of robbery, physical assault, rape,or other events. In other cases, crime can affect individuals indi-rectly, such as when a person witnesses homicide or seriouscommunity violence or when a child repeatedly witnesses seriousdomestic violence in the home. Epidemiological research clearlydemonstrates that individuals who directly or indirectly experiencecrime are at risk for PTSD and other mental health and health-riskproblems. Whereas most crime victims are resilient or experiencerapid recovery of symptoms after short-term distress or impair-ment, some experience chronic mental health problems that arerelated to the victimization incident and require formal treatment.PTSD is the most prevalent mental health problem endorsed bycrime victims, and several interventions exist for this populationthat practitioners would likely find valuable to have in their toolkit. However, we recognize that other disorders are also prevalentfollowing criminal victimization, and therefore the fact that wehave limited our review to PTSD is a drawback. Despite thislimitation, several conclusions can be drawn from the literature.Cognitivebehavioral treatment protocols developed by Bryantet al. (1998, 1999, 2006; Bryant, Moulds, & Nixon, 2003) and Foa,Hearst-Ikeda, et al. (1995; Foa et al., 2006) may be beneficial tocrime victims who have high levels of distress and present fortreatment within 26 weeks of their victimization. Crime victimswith chronic PTSD, conversely, may benefit from a treatmentpackage such as PE, CPT, and SIT. All three of these treatmentapproaches are supported by multiple RCTs, and evidence forefficacy is strong. Unfortunately, however, little is known aboutthe use and success of these interventions in traditional mentalhealth settings, where front-line practitioners do not have access tothe intensive supervision that is available in tightly controlledresearch. Also, even in rigorously controlled research, when cli-nicians have high levels of fidelity to these protocols, a meaningfulpercentage of patients do not recover. Some patients continue tohave significant symptoms and functional impairment and evenmeet full diagnostic criteria for PTSD after treatment has beencompleted. More research is needed to learn how to reach thesetreatment nonresponders. Efforts in product development also areneeded to ensure that practitioners have access to resources thatenable them to implement these promising interventions whenserving patients who are likely to benefit from them.
The right to refuse treatment in Oregon: A two-year statewide experience

The right to refuse treatment seems well established for psychiatric patients. Individual states, however, have very different procedures for managing this right and for overriding the refusal. Oregon's administrative procedure for override depends on an evaluation by an independent examining psychiatrist. This article empirically examines the 432 refusals leading to override requests in three Oregon psychiatric institutions in 1983 and 1984. Treatment refusal was found to be a common occurrence in all age groups. Those who refused treatment were seriously ill, unemployed, single individuals with previous psychiatric hospitalizations. Most refused treatment because of denial of their illness or delusional thinking about medication. Most refusals were overridden following the independent psychiatrist's examination. Because of the significant cost of the override procedure to the patient and the mental health system, the authors propose a new procedure which combines parts of the current procedure with a requirement that, at the time of the civil commitment hearing, the judge makes a separate decision as to the patient's competency to make treatment decisions. Language: en
Persistence of Autoreactive IgA-Secreting B Cells Despite Multiple Immunosuppressive Medications Including Rituximab.

Importance Immunobullous diseases mediated by IgA are often difficult to manage, but to date no mechanism has been proposed. Rituximab is an anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody that has demonstrated good efficacy in the treatment of refractory mucous membrane pemphigoid. However, not all cases of mucous membrane pemphigoid respond to rituximab. Herein we present a case of treatment-refractory mucous membrane pemphigoid and propose a mechanism to explain the lack of response to therapy. Observations Before treatment, direct immunofluorescent examination of a biopsy sample from the patient’s perilesional skin demonstrated linear deposition of IgG and IgA along the dermoepidermal junction. After a multidrug immunosuppressive regimen that included rituximab, results of a second biopsy demonstrated only IgA along the dermoepidermal junction. This finding correlated well with flow cytometry data from the same patient that demonstrated a persistent population of IgA-secreting plasmablasts/plasma cells, despite depletion of CD20+cells. In addition, results of immunohistochemical analysis of the perilesional skin remained positive for CD19 and CD138 immune cells (plasmablast/plasma cell markers). Conclusions and Relevance These findings suggest that current available immunosuppressive medications, including rituximab, cannot eliminate IgA-secreting plasmablasts/plasma cells, which are likely central to the pathophysiology of IgA-mediated immunobullous diseases. Future studies are needed to develop alternative therapeutic strategies that target autoreactive IgA-secreting plasmablasts/plasma cells.
Child thought and counselling implications in the hospital.

Abstract Characteristics of child thought at different age levels influence sick children's concepts of their illness and therapy. The young child has difficulty understanding illness and hospitalization due to egocentrism, precausal thinking and the formation of preconcepts. By contrast the older child is better able to understand his illness and its therapy by virtue of his, objectivity, causal thinking and abstract concepts. The implications of these cognitive characteristics for the counselling of sick children in the hospital is discussed. In the author's opinion it is important to discover the child's own concept of his illness and its causation and then provide relevant information and correct his misconceptions. Informed children with understanding of their illness and therapy can become collaborators in the management of their illness.
Relationships between psychosocial factors and health behavior change in cancer survivors: an integrative review.

Background: Adaptive health behavior changes following cancer diagnosis and treatment are associated with better psychological and physical well-being. However, little is known about the roles that psychosocial factors play in facilitating or inhibiting these changes. A better understanding of health behavior change will allow the development of more effective interventions.Purpose: Our goal was to conduct a systematic and exhaustive review of research examining relationships among psychosocial factors and health behavior change in cancer survivors.Method: We searched electronic databases and reference sections of relevant article and chapters to locate all studies that met our criteria (i.e., examined at least one psychosocial variable and one health behavior change in a sample of cancer survivors).Results: We located 30 studies that met criteria. Social support, locus of control, and distress were the focus of most of this literature. Although findings are inconsistent, social support appears to be helpful in making adaptive changes, particularly in exercise; internal locus of control facilitates positive health behavior changes but may depend on survivors’ perceptions of links between behaviors and cancer or recurrence, and cancer-related distress may facilitate adaptive changes although more general distress may impede them. Studies based on theoretical models of health behavior change have demonstrated that stage of readiness to change, intentions, and self-efficacy may be powerful determinants of improvements in health behaviors.Conclusions: Much remains to be learned about the influence of psychosocial factors in survivors’ health behavior change. We describe the limitations of the current state of the research and conclude with suggestions for future research and intervention.
Subdivisions of Auditory Cortex and Ipsilateral Cortical Connections of the Parabelt Auditory Cortex in Macaque Monkeys

Auditory cortex of macaque monkeys can be divided into a core of primary or primary-like areas located on the lower bank of the lateral sulcus, a surrounding narrow belt of associated fields, and a parabelt region just lateral to the belt on the superior temporal gyrus. We determined patterns of ipsilateral cortical connections of the parabelt region by placing injections of four to seven distinguishable tracers in each of five monkeys. Results were related to architectonic subdivisions of auditory cortex in brain sections cut parallel to the surface of artificially flattened cortex (four cases) or cut in the coronal plane (one case). An auditory core was clearly apparent in these sections as a 16- to 20-mm rostrocaudally elongated oval, several millimeters from the lip of the sulcus, that stained darkly for parvalbumin, myelin, and acetylcholinesterase. These features were most pronounced caudally in the cortex assigned to auditory area I, only slightly reduced in the rostral area, and most reduced in the narrower rostral extension we define as the rostrotemporal area. A narrow band of cortex surrounding the core stained more moderately for parvalbumin, acetylcholinesterase, and myelin. Two regions of the caudal belt, the caudomedial area, and the mediolateral area, stained more darkly, especially for parvalbumin. Rostromedial and medial rostrotemporal, regions of the medial belt stained more lightly for parvalbumin than the caudomedial area or the lateral belt. The parabelt region stained less darkly than the core and belt fields. Injections confined to the parabelt region labeled few neurons in the core, but large numbers in parts of the belt, the parabelt, and adjacent portions of the temporal lobe. Injections that encroached on the belt labeled large numbers of neurons in the core and helped define the width of the belt. Caudal injections in the parabelt labeled caudal portions of the belt, rostral injections labeled rostral portions, and both caudal and rostral injections labeled neurons in the rostromedial area of the medial belt. These observations support the concept of dividing the auditory cortex into core, belt, and parabelt; provide evidence for including the rostral area in the core; suggest the existence of as many as seven or eight belt fields; provide evidence for at least two subdivisions of the parabelt; and identify regions of the temporal lobe involved in auditory processing.
Get out of your office and go to the zoo: Responsibilities of teacher educators

Abstract This article describes one way in which teacher educators can gain a new perspective on integrating theory and practice. By accompanying teachers and student teachers on field trips, teacher educators have the opportunity to enhance their understanding of the day‐to‐day life of a classroom teacher and become a part of the school community. Participating in a field trip offers a chance to observe classroom management strategies; engage in informal interactions with children, teachers, and parents; develop trust among classroom practitioners; witness emergent curriculum; and participate in authentic assessment. The author documents a visit to the zoo with kindergarten students, teachers, student teachers, and parents from an urban school and how the visit impacted on her working relationship with cooperating teachers, student teachers, and kindergartners.
Relaxation in S =1/2 quantum spin chains: The role of second neighbor interactions

Most of the existing dynamical studies in one dimension on magnetic insulators have considered the simplest spin models with nearest-neighbor interactions. In real systems, however, it is possible that longer range interactions are not entirely negligible. It is expected that the inclusion of next-nearest-neighbor interactions between spins in one-dimensional spin models will introduce a multitude of new frequencies in addition to the ones already present in the dynamics that arises due to nearest-neighbor interactions. We first present an exact solution for the dynamical xx-spin-pair correlations in an Ising chain with both nearest- and next-nearest-neighbor interactions to confirm our expectation. We next show, via an approximate analytical calculation, that the dynamical zz-spin-pair correlations in the next-nearest-neighbor transverse Ising chain when plotted as a function of time is noticeably different with respect to the exactly solvable nearest-neighbor transverse Ising chain at T\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty} when the next-nearest-neighbor interaction is \ensuremath{\gtrsim}1/2 of the magnitude of the nearest-neighbor interaction. The effects could be fairly subtle in the time domain representation and in the spectral function when these additional interactions are weak (i.e., 1/2 of the nearest-neighbor interaction magnitude). The general conclusions reached in this work are expected to be valid for other simple quantum spin models such as the XY and XXZ models in one dimension. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Variation in Native Speaker Speech Modification to Non-Native Speakers.

This study builds upon prior research dealing with the nature of discourse involving non-native speakers. In particular, we examine variables influencing native speaker foreigner talk and the form that speech modification takes. The data bases are (1) 80 taped telephone interviews between NNSs at two distinct proficiency levels, (interviewer) and NSs (interviewee), and (2) 20 NS-NS interviews. We consider five variables: 1) negotiation of meaning, 2) quantity of speech, 3) amount of repair (following a specific NNS request for repair), 4) elaborated responses, and 5) transparent responses. We find that the speech of NSs changes as a function of an NNS's ability to understand and be understood. We further suggest a general cognitive principle—transparency—underlying aspects of both foreigner talk and second language acquisition.
Thermal response of a dental tissue induced by femtosecond laser pulses

This paper reports a theoretical and experimental study for thermal transport in a thin slice of human tooth induced by a 120 fs, 800 nm pulse laser at a repetition rate of 1 kHz. The surface reflectivity of enamel and the convection heat transfer coefficient were determined using an inverse heat transfer analysis. Instead of a fully three-dimensional modeling, two simplified two-dimensional (2D) planar and axisymmetric heat conduction models were proposed to simulate the temperature fields. The temperature responses obtained from the 2D planar and axisymmetric model agree well with the experimental measurements. On the other hand, the one-dimensional (1D) result significantly differs from the 2D axisymmetric one, suggesting that care should be taken when a 1D thermal model is considered for estimating temperature response.
Studies of tryptophan fluorescence using bacteriophage T4 lysozyme

The nature of the complex fluorescence of the indole chromophore of tryptophan is briefly reviewed. A recent molecular dynamics simulation of the relaxation of water surrounding the excited state of tryptophan demonstrates that this 'dielectric relaxation' aspect of tryptophan photophysics is well-understood. The relationship of this behavior in solutions to the photophysics of tryptophan in proteins is discussed. Another well-known feature of tryptophan fluorescence is the ability of a variety of 'collisional quenchers' to reduce the emission yield and lifetime. The relevance of this aspect of the photophysics of tryptophan to protein luminescence is also discussed.
On Calibrating of Cascade Impactors

This paper presents a detailed coverage of the relevant considerations pertaining to the calibration of cascade impactors. A simple and inexpensive method utilizing a poly disperse wax aerosol is described. In the method an aerosol is generated by the condensation of wax vapor. The size distribution of the aerosol is controlled by the flow rate of a carrier gas stream. Microscopic counting and sizing procedures are detailed. Various methods for evaluating impactor performance characteristics are reviewed and discussed. Calibration data using this method are presented for a commercially available impactor and for a specially constructed cascade impactor.
PARTITIONING GROWTH AND PHOTOSYNTHESIS BETWEEN LEAVES AND STEMS DURING NITROGEN LIMITATION IN SPARTIUM JUNCEUM

A clone of Spartium junceum (Spanish broom) was used to evaluate the consequence of different soil nitrogen regimes on growth and assimilation of leaves and stems. Nitrogen limitation caused a general reduction in aboveground growth, and N03limitation resulted in a greater reduction in leaf area compared to stem area. Supplemental soil nitrogen, from NH4+, caused increased growth and a greater increase in stem area compared to leaf area. Excess NH4+ caused decreased growth of leaves and stems. Under nitrogen-limiting conditions, a greater amount of nitrogen was in stems than in leaves, particularly on a surface area basis. Both stem and leaf assimilation were reduced under limiting nitrogen, but the net effect was an increase in the stem contribution to daily carbon gain compared to a decrease for leaves. Stem and leaf assimilation had similar linear relationships with tissue nitrogen concentration. Nitrogen use efficiency increased under nitrogen limitation. Thus, as the proportion of whole plant nitrogen in the stems increased compared to that in leaves at low nitrogen availability, the nitrogen use efficiency increased.
Coping with parental negativity: links with parental warmth and child adjustment

Abstract We examined children's strategies for coping with parental negativity and the links between coping and measures of parent-child relationships and child adjustment. Participants were 152 children (mean age = 10 years) and their parents. Analyses revealed that boys reported more frequently “forgetting” about parental negativity than did girls. Boys and girls did not differ, however, in their use of “talking to parents” or “problem solving” as coping strategies. Children also differed in how they coped with maternal versus paternal negativity: Girls talked to mothers more than to fathers, and both boys and girls talked to someone else more often when they experienced conflict with fathers than with mothers. Parental warmth and intimacy were associated with higher rates of talking to parents and problem solving and lower rates of forgetting. Problem solving was positively associated and forgetting was negatively associated with children's reports of anxiety and depression.
Metastatic aspergillus terreus endophthalmitis secondary to bone infection in an immunocompetent host

Endogenous Aspergillus terreus endophthalmitis and osteomyelitis of the hip occurred in a 45-year-old man with no prior history of compromised immune system, ocular trauma, surgery in the effected eye, hematologic malignancy, or intravenous drug abuse. This is a rare report of simultaneous Aspergillus endophthalmitis and bone infection in an immunocompetent host. A successful outcome was achieved with aggressive medical and surgical intervention.
Formation of small cluster ions from alkali halides in SIMS

Abstract An experimental investigation of M2X+ cluster ion formation by alkali halides in secondary ion mass spectrometry is presented as evidence of a gas phase cluster ion formation mechanism. Experimental M2X+ ion yields are compared with calculated heats of formation for M2X+ ions formed from binary mixtures of alkali halides, MX (M = Li, Na; X = F, Cl). The cluster ion intensity order was found to be Li2F+ > Li2Cl+ > Na2F+ > Na2Cl+, consistent with gas phase mechanism predictions. This ordering may be affected, however, by experimental artifacts such as mass discrimination by the quadrupole mass spectrometer, and variations in composition caused by sample preparation or preferential sputtering. Steps are taken to limit quadrupole mass discrimination, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is used to examine surface stoichiometry changes induced by sputtering. The XPS study suggests that, although preferential sputtering did occur, it did not influence the relative ordering of cluster ion intensities.
Rape and resignation: Silencing the victim in the novels of Morrison and Wright

(1995). Rape and resignation: Silencing the victim in the novels of Morrison and Wright. Lit: Literature Interpretation Theory: Vol. 6, Toni Morrison, pp. 63-72.
Gain eigenvalue calculations for antiguided and ARROW VCSELs

We compare the threshold gain and modal discrimination of a range of large aperture VCSELs intended for high-power single-mode operation. The threshold gain is calculated using a gain eigenvalue solver that enforces the threshold condition of the mode (gain = loss). In this way, gain guiding is included automatically. We find that confining the gain to a smaller area than the mode results in excellent threshold gain and modal discrimination, due to the large difference in modal overlap factors between the fundamental and the second order mode.
Fluorescence quenching by polystyrene microspheres in UV-visible and NIR tissue-simulating phantoms

Tissue-simulating phantoms are widely used for controlled studies of photon transport in turbid media. Here, we describe how polystyrene microspheres, which are often used to simulate optical scattering in such phantoms, can reduce fluorophore quantum yield via collisional quenching. We report studies on UV-visible (fluorescein-based) and NIR (IR125-based) phantoms with differing fluorophore and scatterer concentrations, as well as differing microsphere sizes. Results consistent with the Stern-Volmer relation suggest that the fluorophore intrinsic excited-state lifetime decreased due to collisional quenching from polystyrene microspheres and that the quenching efficiency was dependent on the concentration ratio of fluorophores to microspheres. Lifetime decreases ranging from 10-35% (20%) were measured for fluorescein-based (IR 125-based) phantoms. Since polystyrene microspheres are commonly used in tissue-simulating phantoms for quantitative studies of fluorescence light propagation, their quenching effects on fluorescence intensities may be difficult to separate from intensity losses attributed to optical absorption and scattering in the phantom unless fluorescence lifetime measurements are performed simultaneously.
Optimizing cubature for efficient integration of subspace deformations

We propose an efficient scheme for evaluating nonlinear subspace forces (and Jacobians) associated with subspace deformations. The core problem we address is efficient integration of the subspace force density over the 3D spatial domain. Similar to Gaussian quadrature schemes that efficiently integrate functions that lie in particular polynomial subspaces, we propose cubature schemes (multi-dimensional quadrature) optimized for efficient integration of force densities associated with particular subspace deformations, particular materials, and particular geometric domains. We support generic subspace deformation kinematics, and nonlinear hyperelastic materials. For an r-dimensional deformation subspace with O(r) cubature points, our method is able to evaluate sub-space forces at O(r2) cost. We also describe composite cubature rules for runtime error estimation. Results are provided for various subspace deformation models, several hyperelastic materials (St.Venant-Kirchhoff, Mooney-Rivlin, Arruda-Boyce), and multi-modal (graphics, haptics, sound) applications. We show dramatically better efficiency than traditional Monte Carlo integration.
Practical fundamentals of glass, rubber, and plastic sterile packaging systems

Sterile product packaging systems consist of glass, rubber, and plastic materials that are in intimate contact with the formulation. These materials can significantly affect the stability of the formulation. The interaction between the packaging materials and the formulation can also affect the appropriate delivery of the product. Therefore, a parenteral formulation actually consists of the packaging system as well as the product that it contains. However, the majority of formulation development time only considers the product that is contained in the packaging system. Little time is spent studying the interaction of the packaging materials with the contents. Interaction between the packaging and the contents only becomes a concern when problems are encountered. For this reason, there are few scientific publications that describe the available packaging materials, their advantages and disadvantages, and their important product attributes. This article was created as a reference for product development and describes some of the packaging materials and systems that are available for parenteral products.