cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Museums, Anthropology, and Minorities: In Search of a New Relevance for Old Artifacts

Despite the pressing need for substantive reform, museums, on the whole, have gone relatively unchallenged and unchanged for decades. This lethargy in the face of an expanding public interest in the work of museums has given rise to criticism of the traditional purposes and functions of these institutions from within the museum profession itself and from without. A result has been the fashioning of new museum facilities and programs throughout the nation. One example is the Heritage Museum in The Bronx, New York, a children's museum described herein as a case study. These new museums represent a challenge and an opportunity for anthropology and for minorities. For anthropology, the challenge resides in the opportunity to establish new research priorities. For minorities, the opportunity resides in discovering a new relevance in institutions formerly perceived as elitist.
Quantitative characters under assortative mating: Gametic model

The gametic model introduced by Gimelfarb (1982, Theor. Pop. Biol. 22, 324-366) is applied to investigating the dynamics, represented in the model by a second-order recurrence equation, the the variance of sex-independent and sexcontrolled characters under assortative mating. It is shown that, for any additive character, there always exists a unique equilibrium for the variance, which is stable. Dynamical properties of the variance under positive and negative matings are considered, and numerical evaluations of the equilibrium values as well as of the dynamical changes of the variance arc presented. Comparisons with results from a biological experiment are made.
A ghost fluid, level set methodology for simulating multiphase electrohydrodynamic flows with application to liquid fuel injection

In this paper, we present the development of a sharp numerical scheme for multiphase electrohydrodynamic (EHD) flows for a high electric Reynolds number regime. The electric potential Poisson equation contains EHD interface boundary conditions, which are implemented using the ghost fluid method (GFM). The GFM is also used to solve the pressure Poisson equation. The methods detailed here are integrated with state-of-the-art interface transport techniques and coupled to a robust, high order fully conservative finite difference Navier-Stokes solver. Test cases with exact or approximate analytic solutions are used to assess the robustness and accuracy of the EHD numerical scheme. The method is then applied to simulate a charged liquid kerosene jet.
Transition Pathway for the Minus-End Directed Movement of Kinesin-14 NCD

Using Targeted Molecular Dynamics (TMD), we trace the transition pathway of the minus-end directed movement of the Ncd stalk. TMD reveals a number of substeps involved in the rotation of the stalk towards the minus end of microtubules (MT). Our results show that the stalk motion does not possess any directional bias (neither towards the plus or minus end of MT). The minus-end directed movement could thus be due to thermal diffusion between the series of substeps, rather than a rigid body rotation driven by a power stroke. Further tests are necessary to characterize substeps and the relative role played by thermal fluctuation and deterministic motion.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Neutrinos from propagation of ultrahigh energy protons

We present a calculation of the production of neutrinos during propagation of ultrahigh energy cosmic rays, as may be produced in astrophysical sources. Photoproduction interactions are modeled with the event generator SOPHIA that represents very well the experimentally measured particle production cross sections at accelerator energies. We give the fluxes expected from different assumptions on cosmic ray source distributions, cosmic ray injection spectra, cosmological evolution of the sources and different cosmologies, and compare them to the Waxman-Bahcall limit on source neutrinos. We estimate rates for detection of neutrino induced showers in a ${\mathrm{km}}^{3}$ water detector. The ratio of the local high energy neutrino flux to the ultrahigh energy cosmic ray flux is a crucial parameter in distinguishing between astrophysical and cosmological (top-down) scenarios of the ultrahigh energy cosmic ray origin.
Grhl2 Determines the Epithelial Phenotype of Breast Cancers and Promotes Tumor Progression

Until now the essential transcription factor that determines the epithelial phenotype of breast cancer has not been identified and its role in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and tumor progression remain unclear. Here, by analyzing large expression profiles of human breast cancer cells, we found an extraordinary correlation between the expression of Grainyhead transcription factor Grhl2 and epithelial marker E-cadherin. Knockdown of Grhl2 expression by shRNA in human mammary epithelial cell MCF10A leads to down-regulation of E-cadherin and EMT. Grhl2 is down-regulated in disseminated cancer cells that have undergone EMT, and over-expression of Grhl2 is sufficient to induce epithelial gene expression. Large clinical datasets reveal that expression of Grhl2 is significantly associated with poor relapse free survival and increased risk of metastasis in breast cancer patients. In mouse models, over-expression of Grhl2 significantly promotes tumor growth and metastasis. Further testing of several Grhl2 regulated genes leads to the same conclusions that the tumorigenic and metastatic potentials of tumor cells are linked to epithelial phenotype but not mesenchymal phenotype. In conclusion, our findings indicate that Grhl2 plays an essential role in the determination of epithelial phenotype of breast cancers, EMT and tumor progression.
Afro-Mexican Slave Labor in the Obrajes de Paños of New Spain, Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries

On April 5, 1723, Juan Joseph de Porras, a mulatto slave laboring in an obraje de panos (woolen textile mill) near Mexico City, appeared before the Holy Office of the Inquisition for blasphemy. According to the testimony of six slaves, including Porras’ wife, while his co-workers prepared to bed down for the night in the obraje Porras had blasphemed over a beating he had received from the mayordomo (overseer) earlier in the day. Senor Pedregal, the owner of the obraje, testified that Porras was one of nearly thirty workers, all Afro-Mexican slaves or convicts, who lived and labored in his obraje without the freedom to leave. The case against Juan Joseph de Porras and dozens of others like it in the Mexican archives raise important questions, not only about the makeup of the colonial obraje labor force, but also about the importance of Afro-Mexican slavery in the middle of the colonial period. Was the Pedregal labor force, composed entirely of slaves and convicts, the exception or the rule within obrajes of New Spain? If it was not exceptional, how important were slaves to that obraje and others like it? What exactly was the demographic makeup of the obraje labor force in the middle of the colonial period? And, how might the answers to those questions change our understanding of the histories of labor and slavery in colonial Mexico?
Outcome Analysis of Mini-Ureteroneocystostomy Versus Dextranomer/Hyaluronic Acid Copolymer Injection for Unilateral Vesicoureteral Reflux

Purpose: Injecting dextranomer/hyaluronic acid copolymer has gained popularity as first line treatment for vesicoureteral reflux. However, ureteroneocystostomy has typically been more successful than endoscopic treatments. We evaluated the outcome of dextranomer/hyaluronic acid copolymer injection vs that of extravesical ureteroneocystostomy via a 2 cm inguinal incision (mini-ureteroneocystostomy) for unilateral vesicoureteral reflux.Materials and Methods: The records were analyzed of all patients from 2003 to 2007 with unilateral vesicoureteral reflux who underwent mini-ureteroneocystostomy or dextranomer/hyaluronic acid copolymer injection. Mini-ureteroneocystostomy was performed via a 2 cm inguinal incision. Of the injections 66% were delivered via an intraureteral tunnel technique. Statistical analysis was done to compare differences in clinical features and success rates. All p values were 2-sided with significance at p <0.05.Results: From 2003 to 2007, 99 children underwent operative repair of unila...
SYNTHESIS AND ASSEMBLY OF IMMUNOGLOBULINS BY MALIGNANT HUMAN PLASMACYTES AND LYMPHOCYTES : II. HETEROGENEITY OF ASSEMBLY IN CELLS PRODUCING IGM PROTEINS

Bone marrow or lymph node cells from 10 patients whose sera contained large amounts of monoclonal IgM proteins were incubated with radioactive amino acids in short-term tissue culture. Samples of soluble cytoplasmic extracts and secreted material were examined by immunologic precipitation with specific antisera, acrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate, and sucrose gradient centrifugation. In all samples studied, 8S IgM was the major intracellular precursor of the fully assembled 19S protein. Cells obtained from some patients contained little or no fully assembled 19S protein intracellularly; however, cells from most patients seemed to accumulate fully assembled 19S molecules intracellularly before secretion. Secreted material from both groups contained large amounts of 19S IgM. The differentiation between accumulating and nonaccumulating cells did not correlate with heavy or light chain antigenic type. Synthesis and assembly appeared to be identical in cells obtained from different anatomic sites in the same patient Studies carried out in one patient before and after therapy revealed no qualitative differences in the pathway of assembly and reflected only a decrease in the total number of immunoglobulin-producing cells.
Bimodule properties of group-valued local fields and quantum-group difference equations

Abstract We give an explicit construction of the quantum-group generators — local, semi-local, and global — in terms of the group-valued quantum fields g and g −1 in the Wess-Zumino-Novikov-Witten (WZNW) theory. The algebras among the generators and the fields make concrete and clear the bimodule properties of the g and the g −1 fields. We show that the correlation functions of the g and g −1 fields in the vacuum state defined through the semi-local quantum-group generator satisfy a set of quantum-group difference equations. We give the explicit solution for the two-point function. A similar formulation can also be done for the quantum self-dual Yang-Mills (SDYM) theory in four dimensions.
Blocking the cycle of panic disorder. Ways to gain control of the fear of fear.

PREVIEWMost people who consistently expect the worst of situations merely go through life as pessimists. But some, possibly because of dysfunction in various biologic systems, get caught in a vicious circle of increasing anxiety that ends in terrifying physical and cognitive symptoms. In this article, the authors describe typical and atypical presentations of panic attacks and factors that may trigger and accompany them. They also summarize effective pharmacologic and cognitive-behavioral therapy and provide an educational handout for patients.
Laminated ceramic components for microfluidic applications

Applications for micro fluidic components continue to expand as the benefits resulting from the small volumes and light weight of such devices are recognized. Such benefits are particularly attractive for man-portable and automotive devices where reduction of weight is critical. As applications expand, so too does the need for the development of methods for producing micro fluidic components from unconventional materials (i.e., materials other than silicon). At the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, we are currently developing processes for producing laminated multilevel ceramic components containing microchannel features that will find applications in micro fluidic chemical processing and energy management systems. Thin layers of green ceramic tape are patterned with micro fluidic flow features using one of a number of cutting processes. The patterned layers are then stacked and laminated with other layers of green tape, ceramic plate, or other materials using a series of processing steps. The resulting monolithic, leak-tight micro fluidic ceramic components are capable of tolerating high temperature or chemically corrosive environments. Fabrication issues associated with the use of the green ceramic tape for this type of application will be discussed, and examples of test components produced using these processes will be presented.
Stable isotope compositions of serpentinite seamounts in the Mariana forearc: Serpentinization processes, fluid sources and sulfur metasomatism

The Mariana and Izu–Bonin arcs in the western Pacific are characterized by serpentinite seamounts in the forearc that provide unique windows into the mantle wedge. We present stable isotope (O, H, S, and C) data for serpentinites from Conical seamount in the Mariana forearc and S isotope data for Torishima seamount in the Izu–Bonin forearc in order to understand the compositions of fluids and temperatures of serpentinization in the mantle wedge, and to investigate the transport of sulfur from the slab to the mantle wedge. Six serpentine mineral separates have a restricted range of δ18O (6.5–8.5‰). Antigorite separates have δD values of − 29.5‰ to − 45.5‰ that reflect serpentinization within the mantle wedge whereas chrysotile has low δD values (− 51.8‰ to − 84.0‰) as the result of re-equilibration with fluids at low temperatures. Fractionation of oxygen isotopes between serpentine and magnetite indicate serpentinization temperatures of 300–375 °C. Two late cross-fiber chrysotile veins have higher δ18O values of 8.9‰ to 10.8‰ and formed at lower temperatures (as low as ∼100 °C). Aqueous fluids in equilibrium with serpentine at 300–375 °C had δ18O = 6.5–9‰ and δD = − 4‰ to − 26‰, consistent with sediment dehydration reactions at temperatures < 200 °C in the subducting slab rather than a basaltic slab source. Three aragonite veins in metabasalt and siltstone clasts within the serpentinite flows have δ18O = 16.7–24.5‰, consistent with the serpentinizing fluids at temperatures < 250 °C. δ13C values of 0.1–2.5‰ suggest a source in subducting carbonate sediments. The δ34S values of sulfide in serpentinites on Conical Seamount (− 6.7‰ to 9.8‰) result from metasomatism through variable reduction of aqueous sulfate (δ34S = 14‰) derived from slab sediments. Despite sulfur metasomatism, serpentinites have low sulfur contents (generally < 164 ppm) that reflect the highly depleted nature of the mantle wedge. The serpentinites are mostly enriched in 34S (median δ34Ssulfide = 4.5‰), consistent with a 34S-enriched mantle wedge as inferred from arc lavas.
The performance of Japanese common stocks in relation to their net current asset values

Abstract Benjamin Graham's NCAV model as an investment strategy appears to be working in the Japanese equity markets. In this study, net current asset value is normalized by firm size and operationalized as (Current Assets-Total Liabilities)/Market Value of a firm abbreviated as NCAV/MV. Our results suggest that positive normalized NCAV portfolios tend to outperform the market on a risk-adjusted basis in Japanese equity markets, even after controlling for any confounding P/E effects, but appear sensitive to the investor's holding period.
A theoretical study of the ozonolysis of C60: primary ozonide formation, dissociation, and multiple ozone additions.

We present an investigation of the reaction of ozone with C60 fullerene using electronic structure methods. Motivated by recent experiments of ozone exposure to a C60 film, we have characterized stationary points in the potential energy surface for the reactions of O3 with C60 that include both the formation of primary ozonide and subsequent dissociation reactions of this intermediate that lead to C–C bond cleavage. We have also investigated the addition of multiple O3 molecules to the C60 cage to explore potential reaction pathways under the high ozone flux conditions used in recent experiments. The lowest-energy product of the reaction of a single ozone molecule with C60 that results in C–C bond breakage corresponds to an open-cage C60O3 structure that contains ester and ketone moieties at the seam. This open-cage product is of much lower energy than the C60O + O2 products identified in prior work, and it is consistent with IR experimental spectra. Subsequent reaction of the open-cage C60O3 product with a second ozone molecule opens a low-energy reaction pathway that results in cage degradation via the loss of a CO2 molecule. Our calculations also reveal that, while full ozonation of all bonds between hexagons in C60 is unlikely even under high ozone concentration, the addition of a few ozone molecules to the C60 cage is favorable at room temperature.
USE OF INHALED NITRIC OXIDE IN THE ADULT RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME ASSOCIATED WITH MILIARY TUBERCULOSIS. 246

USE OF INHALED NITRIC OXIDE IN THE ADULT RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME ASSOCIATED WITH MILIARY TUBERCULOSIS. 246
Template requirement and initiation site selection by hepatitis C virus polymerase on a minimal viral RNA template.

Abstract RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, NS5B protein, catalyzes replication of viral genomic RNA, which presumably initiates from the 3′-end. We have previously shown that NS5B can utilize the 3′-end 98-nucleotide (nt) X region of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) genome as a minimal authentic template. In this study, we used this RNA to characterize the mechanism of RNA synthesis by the recombinant NS5B. We first showed that NS5B formed a complex with the 3′-end of HCV RNA by binding to both the poly(U-U/C)-rich and X regions of the 3′-untranslated region as well as part of the NS5B-coding sequences. Within the X region, NS5B bound stem II and the single-stranded region connecting stem-loops I and II. Truncation of 40 nt or more from the 3′-end of the X region abolished its template activity, whereas X RNA lacking 35 nt or less from the 3′-end retained template activity, consistent with the NS5B-binding site mapped. Furthermore, NS5B initiated RNA synthesis from a specific site within the single-stranded loop I. All of the RNA templates that have a double-stranded stem at the 3′-end had the same RNA initiation site. However, the addition of single-stranded nucleotides to the 3′-end of X RNA or removal of double-stranded structure in stem I generated RNA products of template size. These results indicate that HCV NS5B initiates RNA synthesis from a single-stranded region closest to the 3′-end of the X region. These results have implications for the mechanism of HCV RNA replication and the nature of HCV RNA templates in the infected cells.
A Vacum Evaporated Random Access Memory

The basic miultiple-layer magnetic thin film structure described here has been shown to have special and desirable properties in coincident-signal switching applications such as those employed in binary random access memories. Its demonstrated advantages in this application include: 1) magnetic turnover times as low as 30m ?sec; 2) wide latitude in selection currents, with greater than twelve-fold variations giving no appreciable change in the compensated signal-to-noise ratio of the cell's output; 3) extremely small volume of, typically, 0.025 inch ×0.010 inch ×0.0007 inch per complete cell; and 4) automated, microminiaturized production and assembly based on vapor phase handling techniques.
The use of Valium as a form of social control

Abstract How is the use of Valium, an anti-anxiety drug, a form of social control? This paper describes how drug treatment of anxiety is a process which redefines social problems as medical problems and, by providing symptomatic relief from stress, discourages approaches which attempt to make more structural changes in society. A major cause of this ‘medicalization’ of anxiety and tension is attributed to attitudes and beliefs which support the use of Valium. These attitudes and beliefs are presented as: (1) the individualization of anxiety. (2) a reductional view of non-specific or psychosomatic symptoms, and (3) a belief that Valium has a specific effect in reducing anxiety without inducing any significantly undesirable changes in physiology, social interaction or subjective experience. Drug companies and the conditions of modern medical practice are examined as two factors which may promote these beliefs.
Initial Retrieval Difficulty and Subsequent Recall in an Advertising Setting

This research examines the proposition that the difficulty encountered during initial retrievals from memory is positively associated with subsequent recall ability. This proposition is tested experimentally by examining the longitudinal effects of advertising retrieval cues on memory. Although these cues initially facilitate recall by activating ad-based retrieval routes, they may hinder subsequent recall in two ways. First, the presence of an ad cue reduces the likelihood of activating and strengthening brand name-based routes that may be useful at delay (a retrieval-direction effect). Second, ad cues simplify the retrieval process and lower the amount of effort required for successful retrieval (a retrieval-intensity effect). As a result, ad-based retrieval routes are not strengthened as much by use as are brand name-based routes. Together, these effects suggest that consumer memory traces are most resistant to decay if initial retrieval is successful and occurs without advertising retrieval cues. Two experiments are presented that demonstrate this retrieval difficulty effect and delineate the underlying roles of intensity and direction.
Principles and Practice of Spine Surgery

Principles and practice of spine surgery , Principles and practice of spine surgery , کتابخانه مرکزی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تهران
Resonance reactions and the nuclear shell model I

Abstract H. Feshbach's unified theory of nuclear reactions has been applied to the calculation of elastic neutron scattering from a N15 target. The target nucleus is considered to be adequately described as a p 1 2 hole configuration relative to the O16 core. The method takes into account the formation of compound states of the one particle-one hole type which arise as intermediate states during the scattering process. No interaction radius is introduced and properly antisymmetrized wave functions are used throughout. The elastic scattering cross section is calculated for energies of the incident neutron up to 10 Mev neglecting the presence of inelastic channels, the lowest of which opens up at 5.28 Mev neutron energy. Resonance energies and widths are predicted for negative parity states having J = 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 in this energy range. The predicted widths range from 0.6 to 800 kev and are of the order of magnitude of those found experimentally. One interesting aspect of the calculation is the appearance of strong coupling effects in the J = 1− channel in the vicinity of a single particle resonance. It is shown that this feature can lead to narrow resonances in the cross section that have no analog in a weak coupling treatment of the problem.
Prey selection by the hogchoker, Trinectes maculatus (Pisces: Soleidae), along summer salinity gradients in Chesapeake Bay, USA

We investigated feeding by the hogchoker, Trinectes maculatus (Bloch and Schneider), in freshwater, oligohaline, mesohaline, and polyhaline regions of Chesapeake Bay, USA, and examined prey selection in relation to food availability. Otter trawling for fish and Van Veen grab sampling for benthic macrofauna occurred in July and August 1992 and August and September 1993. Hogchokers exhibited both opportunistic and selective feeding patterns along the estuarine salinity gradient in four tributaries (Potomac, Rappahannock, York, and James Rivers) and in the mainstem Chesapeake Bay. Major prey taxa included annelids, arthropods, and tellinid siphons. In polyhaline habitat, polychaetes dominated both the benthos and gut contents numerically and gravimetrically. On the other hand, oligochaetes were numerically dominant in freshwater/oligohaline areas but were rarely eaten, perhaps because of their burial depth. Arthropods (mostly amphipods) occurred at most salinities, were common in gut contents in low-salinity areas, and were replaced as prey by larger proportions of polychaetes in polyhaline regimes. Although hogchokers ate tellinid siphons, they rarely consumed whole bivalves or gastropods. These diet patterns (and especially the importance of siphon nipping) are similar to those of juvenile or small flatfish elsewhere in Europe, Africa, and North America. A size–salinity relationship for hogchokers occurred along the summer salinity gradient, with smaller fish predominating upstream and larger fish downstream. It was not clear from our data if variation in diet composition reflected changes in prey composition along the salinity gradient rather than changes in fish size.
Regulation of coenzyme utilization by the dual nucleotide-specific glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase from Leuconostoc mesenteroids.

Abstract The dual wavelength assay technique (H. R. Levy, and G. H. Daouk, 1979, J. Biol. Chem.254, 4843–4847) is used to examine the rates of the NADP- and NAD-linked reactions of Leuconostoc mesenteroides glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase simultaneously under various conditions. Inhibition by ATP, MgATP2−, acetyl-CoA, and palmitoyl-CoA is greatly diminished at high glucose 6-P concentration which favors the NAD-linked reaction. Increasing NADPH NADP + concentration ratios inhibit the NADP-linked, but stimulate the NAD-linked reaction. The selective effects of glucose 6-P and the NADPH NADP + concentration ratio, which cannot be detected by conventional assays, are explained in terms of the differing kinetic mechanisms for the NADP-linked and NAD-linked reactions previously described (C. Olive, M. E. Geroch, and H. R. Levy, 1971, J. Biol. Chem.246, 2047–2057) . It is proposed that these effects constitute the mechanism whereby the nucleotide specificity of the amphibolic glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase from Leuconostoc mesenteroides is regulated.
The influence of RNA and DNA template structures during transcript elongation by RNA polymerases.

Abstract It was previously thought that elongating Escherichia coli transcription ternary complex consists of an RNA polymerase molecule enclosing 17±1 melted bases (bubble) of the template DNA and a 12-base-pair RNA-DNA hybrid ("transcription bubble paradigm"). Recent evidence suggests that ternary elongation complexes are heterogeneous and possibly vary in bubble size and length of RNA-DNA hybrid. We used a new type of assay to address the relative contributions of bubble size, secondary structure of RNA and RNA-DNA hybrid length during elongation. Synthetic RNA-DNA bubble duplexes are assembled in vitro. RNA structure 5′ to the RNA-DNA hybrid, hybrid length and bubble size are systematically changed. The relative efficiency of E. coli and T7 RNA polymerases to elongate RNA primer is quantitated. RNA elongation was high (∼ 22-30%) when a stable hairpin was present towards the 5′ end of the primer. Efficiency of elongation was lower for RNA primers without hairpins. Hairpin RNAs with presumed RNA-DNA hybrids of 3-7bp were efficiently elongated compared to hairpins that presumably form 10bp hybrids. Preformed bubbles of different sizes (2,5 or 20 bases) were functional in all cases where elongation was moderate or high. We concluded that RNA secondary structure plays a dominant role compared to hybrid length or bubble size in determining efficient elongation by RNA polymerases.
Effect of organic carbon on sorption of human adenovirus to soil particles and laboratory containers.

A key factor controlling the relationship between virus release and human exposure is how virus particles interact with soils, sediments and other solid particles in the environment and in engineered treatment systems. Finding no previous investigations of human adenovirus (HAdV) sorption, we performed a series of experiments to evaluate the role of soil organic carbon (SOC) and solution-phase dissolved organic carbon (DOC) on sorption capacity and reversibility. In preliminary methodological studies, we found that as much as 99% of HAdV was lost from inorganic buffer suspensions in polypropylene (PP) laboratory containers, but little loss occurred when using suspensions with substantial amounts of DOC or with glass containers from either type of suspension. It was confirmed that this loss was due to sorption rather than inactivation by using lysis-based recovery techniques and qPCR measurements that do not depend on virus viability. In isotherm experiments, soils with 2% OC had ∼four-fold greater sorption capacity for HAdV than 8% OC soils; moreover, the sorption capacity of 2% OC soils was reduced ∼seven-fold with an aqueous solution containing 150 mg/L of humic acid. After sequential extractions, higher fractions of sorbed HAdV were released from 8% OC soils. The amounts of HAdV and OC released remained relatively constant throughout each extraction step, indicating that desorbed HAdV could be caused primarily by the detachment of SOC from soils. Overall, results from this study suggest that OC plays a critical role in the sorption and desorption of HAdV, and as a result, on its environmental fate and transport.
Sexual Selection, Selection Load and Quantitative Genetics of Zebra Finch Bill Colour

Zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata) bills are sexually dichromatic with males possessing redder bills than females. Males with redder bills have been shown to be preferred as mates by females and to produce more offspring in laboratory experiments. In contrast, females with redder bills have suffered higher mortality and produced fewer offspring. In this paper, I report on a quantitative genetic study of male and female bill colour from a cross-fostering experiment. The heritability estimates for bill colour between parents and their biological offspring ranged from 0.23 to 0.58 and all but one of these estimates is significantly greater than zero. The heritability estimates between cross-fostered offspring and their non-biological parents were not significantly different from zero. Likewise, the genetic correlation between male and female bill colour was large (r$_{g}$ = 0.81) for parents and their biological offspring, but not for cross-fostered offspring and their non-biological parents. I also demonstrate the extent that the genetic correlation between the sexes can retard the predicted evolution of bill colour and create a selection load that reduces the expected reproduction of this laboratory population.
Unexpected interconnection of the 7-norbornenyl and 3-nortricyclcyl/5-norbornen-2-yl cations

Fragmentation of syn-7-norbornenyloxychlorocarbene provides products derived from both 7-norbornenyl cation-chloride anion pairs and from 3-nortricyclyl/2-norbornen-5-yl cation-chloride anion pairs. A 5,7-hydride shift within the 7-norbornenyl cation is proposed to interconnect the two cation systems.
Predator-naïve fall field crickets respond to the chemical cues of wolf spiders

Few studies have addressed whether terrestrial insects assess predation risk via chemical cues. We exposed predator-naive fall field crickets (Gryllus pennsylvanicus Burmeister, 1838) to filter pap...
CORRELATES OF RESPONDENT ACCURACY IN THE DENVER VALIDITY SURVEY

Although social research has seen substantial advances in methodology in recent years, the "Denver Validity Survey" (as it is called by those familiar with its findings), which was conducted almost twenty years ago, still remains the only probability sample survey designed specifically for the purpose of measuring against official records the relative accuracy of responses on a range of questions of fact. Previous articles have discussed the project design and the sample plan, the relationship of interviewer characteristics to responses received, and the aggregate findings regarding respondent accuracy on factual items.' The primary focus of the present article will be upon the relative accuracy of respondents of different characteristics-such as age, sex, and socioeconomic status-on the various types of factual questions.
Enhanced decomposition of rapidly solidified microstructures in AlFeMo and TiAlEr alloys by plastic deformation and applied stress

Abstract In this work, the effects of plastic deformation and applied stress on enhanced decomposition of rapidly solidified microstructures in Al8Fe2Mo and TiEr alloys were examined. The results indicate that there is little effect of either plastic deformation or applied stress on decomposition of the Zone A microstructure in Al8Fe2Mo. It was concluded that decomposition of the microstructure during low temperature extrusion must be a result of adiabatic heat generated during the process. The effect of plastic deformation and applied stress on microstructural degradation of erbia-strengthened TiEr alloys was found to be significant, the extent of coarsening as identified by average particle size increasing as a result of plastic deformation and with increased applied stress. Recrystallization was observed to reduce these effects. The difference in enhanced decomposition behavior between these two microstructures was concluded to be a result of the mechanism of microstructural degradation and atomic transport.
Miniaturized solid-phase extraction with resin disks

The properties and advantages of membrane disks for solid-phase extraction (SPE) are described. Miniaturization is a trend in SPE, as well as chemical analysis in general. A semimicro method is reviewed in which an extraction disk 4 mm in diameter is used for SPE. Even smaller scale separations are possible with a device in which a membrane 0.7 mm in diameter was incorporated into the needle of a 50-μl syringe. Aqueous samples containing 10 ppb of eight substituted benzenes were passed through the miniaturized-SPE syringe automatically using a single-syringe infusion pump. Elution volumes of 5 μl provided 500-fold concentrations and delivered average recoveries greater than 90% and an average relative standard deviation (RSD) of 4.6% for the analytes. Direct injection of the 5 μl eluate from the miniaturized-SPE syringe into a gas chromatograph also produced average recoveries greater than 90% and an average RSD of 6.2%.
Belief systems and coping styles as mediating variables in the relationship between hostility and illness

The present study investigated the relationship between hostility, belief systems, coping styles, and illness. Hostility is of interest when considering the stress-illness relationship because it has been associated with increased risk for coronary heart disease as well as general mortality. The results suggest that individuals prone toward hostility are more likely to succumb to illness and adhere to irrational beliefs than individuals not so oriented. In addition, hostile individuals were found to employ different, and perhaps less adaptive, coping styles than their low hostility counterparts. It was concluded that the belief systems and coping styles typically employed by individuals prone toward hostility may be important mediating variables in the relationship between hostility and illness. These factors may also be important to take into account in treatment programs designed to reduce illness risks for such individuals. Finally, this study suggests that stress-induced impairment of health for hostility-prone individuals may begin much earlier than the vast majority of the literature currently suggests.
Effect of Washing Treatment on Quality of Minced Mullet Flesh

Washing treatments were evaluated for quality improvement of minced mullet. Thiobarbituric acid (TBA) number generally decreased with increased washing temperature from 5–35°C and increased at higher temperatures. At 35°C, a wash water pH of 6.0 or above resulted in decreased TBA number. Response surface analysis indicated maximum whiteness index, minimum TBA number, and minimum cooking loss with washing at 29–33°C for up to 10 min with a water to flesh ratio from 23–26. Highest springiness was indicated with washing ratio of 25 to 30 at 28–31°C The simultaneously optimized washing conditions for highest minced mullet quality were 31.4°C for 7.5 min at a ratio of 24.
Mega-Nano Detection of Foodborne Pathogens and Transgenes Using Molecular Beacon and Semiconductor Quantum Dot Technologies

Signature molecules derived from Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus thuringiensis, and Salmonella Typhimurium were detected directly on food substrates (mega) by coupling molecular beacon technology utilizing fluorescent resonance energy transfer (FRET), luminescent nanoscale semiconductor quantum dots, and nanoscale quenchers. We designed target DNA sequences for detecting hlyA, Bt cry1Ac, and invA genes from L. monocytogenes, B. thuringiensis and Salmonella Typhimurium, respectively, and prepared molecular beacons for specific targets for use in real-time monitoring. We successfully detected increased fluorescence in the presence of signature molecules at molecular beacon (MB) concentrations from 1.17 nM to 40 nM, depending upon system tested in (water, milk or plant leaves), respective target (hlyA, Bt cry1Ac, or invA) and genomic DNA target concentration (50-800 ng). We were able to detect bacterial genomic DNA derived from L. monocytogenes and Salmonella sp. in a food system, 2% milk (> 20% of total volume). Furthermore, we infiltrated the Bt cry1Ac beacon in the presence of genomic DNA extracted from B. thuringiensis into Arabidopsis thaliana leaves and observed increased fluorescence in the presence of the target, indicating the ability to use these beacons in a plant system.
Reliability of static standing balance in nondisabled children: Comparison of two methods of measurement

Static standing balance is commonly measured with research laboratory systems (LabSys) or clinical systems (ClinSys). The purposes of this study were to (1) assess the reliability of two systems designed to measure static standing balance in nondisabled children, (2) compare the findings derived from the two systems of measurement, and (3) examine the relationship between anthropometric measures and postural sway. Twenty-five nondisabled children (12 male, 13 female) ages 1 year 11 months to 12 years 2 months (mean = 6 years 4 months; SD = 4 years 3 months) participated in the study. Each child stood on the LabSys and the ClinSys for three consecutive 10 second measurement periods. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC (2, 1)) for the three trials on each system were 0.62 (LabSys) and 0.63 (ClinSys). The level of agreement between the two systems was 0.61 (ICC (2, 1)). Younger children exhibited more variability and less agreement between measurement trials using the ClinSys. However, older children de...
Analytical model for sensor placement on microprocessors

Thermal management in microprocessors has become a major design challenge in recent years. Thermal monitoring through hardware sensors is important, and these sensors must be carefully placed on the chip to account for thermal gradients. In this paper, we present an analytical model that describes the maximum temperature differential between a hot spot and a region of interest based on their distance and processor packaging information. We also use a run-time thermal model, as an illustration of virtual sensors, and examine two benchmarks that exhibit highly concentrated thermal stress. We then use our analytical model to demonstrate the safety margins of the chip. Ultimately, the mathematical expression allows designers to obtain worst-case behavior of thermal heatup and select the optimal location of additional sensors.
Pattern-dependent noise prediction in signal-dependent noise

Maximum and near-maximum likelihood sequence detectors in signal-dependent noise are discussed. It is shown that the linear prediction viewpoint allows a very simple derivation of the branch metric expression that has previously been shown as optimum for signal-dependent Markov noise. The resulting detector architecture is viewed as a noise predictive maximum likelihood detector that operates on an expanded trellis and relies on computation of branch-specific, pattern-dependent noise predictor taps and predictor error variances. Comparison is made on the performance of various low-complexity structures using the positional-jitter/width-variation model for transition noise. It is shown that when medium noise dominates, a reasonably low complexity detector that incorporates pattern-dependent noise prediction achieves a significant signal-to-noise ratio gain relative to the extended class 4 partial response maximum likelihood detector. Soft-output detectors as well as the use of soft decision feedback are discussed in the context of signal-dependent noise.
Evidence summary: systematic review of surgical treatments for geriatric hip fractures

Background: There is a growing body of literature on surgical treatments for elderly patients with a hip fracture and the effects of various surgical procedures on complications and postoperative outcomes. No single review has previously summarizedtheliteratureontheeffectsofsurgicalproceduresonoutcomesaftertreatmentacrossalltypesofhipfractures. We conducted a comprehensive systematic literature review to organize the clinical evidence for patient-centered outcomes across all types of geriatric hip fractures. Methods: We searched MEDLINE, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Scirus, and ClinicalTrials.gov for randomized clinical trials and observational studies published between 1985 and 2008. We also manually searched reference lists from relevant systematic reviews. Results: We found eighty-one articles representing seventy-six unique, randomized, controlled trials, including thirty-five on femoral neck fractures, forty on intertrochanteric fractures, and one on subtrochanteric fractures. Nine observational studies addressed the link between patient characteristics and outcome variables by fracture type. Age, sex, prefracture functioning, and cognitive impairment are related to mortality and functional outcomes. Fracture type does not appear to be independently related to patient outcomes. Mortality, pain, function, and quality of life did not differ by surgical implant class,orbyimplantswithinaclass.Neithertherandomizedcontrolledtrialsnortheobservationalliteratureincludethefull complement of potential covariates that can impact treatment outcomes after treatment. Conclusions: The broader questions about the relationship of patient factors, fracture type, and specific treatments to the outcomes of mortality, functional status, and quality of life cannot be addressed with the existing literature. Research should include comprehensive conceptual models that capture complete sets of important independent variables. Studies of musculoskeletal outcomes, including hip fracture, require well-defined patient groups and consistent use of validated outcome measures. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Level II. See Instructions to Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Stroke in young adults

Abstract Background Stroke among young adults is generally considered a rare event, although few studies have considered national data. Objective The objective of this paper was to profile stroke in young adults in the United States using a national dataset. Methods Data from the 2007 Nationwide Inpatient Sample were examined to estimate the number of patients, mean length of stay, mean costs, and discharge disposition of young adults (aged 18-44 y) with a diagnosis of stroke. Results Estimates indicate that 41,587 (or 4.9%) of individuals experiencing a stroke in 2007 were young adults: 32,438 had an ischemic stroke, 4662 had a subarachnoid hemorrhage, and 4487 had an intracerebral hemorrhage. The average length of stay was 4.7 days for ischemic stroke, 11.6 days for subarachnoid hemorrhage, and 11.2 days for intracerebral hemorrhage. Approximately 5% (2013) of young adults died of stroke. Most young adults were discharged routinely to home at an average cost associated with their hospital stay of $34,886 for ischemic stroke, $146,307 for subarachnoid hemorrhage, and $94,482 for intracerebral hemorrhage. Conclusions A substantial number of young adults experience stroke in the United States at costs that are higher than those for stroke patients overall.
Word-initial clusters and minimality in Yakima Sahaptin

In the Yakima dialect of Sahaptin, the smallest forms of words are CCV and CVC, as established by a study of lexical patterns and the obligatory augmentation of subminimal roots. We argue that CCV words cannot be considered a type of disyllable, nor do the initial consonants in CCV words exhibit properties (apart from minimality) that would allow them to be classified as moraic. We therefore propose that Yakima Sahaptin represents a previously unrecognised type of minimality, biconsonantal minimality. This kind of minimality requires a theoretical framework in which consonants can be distinguished from vowels, as do other phonological phenomena.
An Indel Polymorphism in the Hybrid Incompatibility Gene Lethal Hybrid Rescue of Drosophila Is Functionally Relevant

Hybrid incompatibility (HI) genes are frequently observed to be rapidly evolving under selection. This observation has led to the attractive conjecture that selection-derived protein-sequence divergence is culpable for incompatibilities in hybrids. The Drosophila simulans HI gene Lethal hybrid rescue (Lhr) is an intriguing case, because despite having experienced rapid sequence evolution, its HI properties are a shared function inherited from the ancestral state. Using an unusual D. simulans Lhr hybrid rescue allele, Lhr2, we here identify a conserved stretch of 10 amino acids in the C terminus of LHR that is critical for causing hybrid incompatibility. Altering these 10 amino acids weakens or abolishes the ability of Lhr to suppress the hybrid rescue alleles Lhr1 or Hmr1, respectively. Besides single-amino-acid substitutions, Lhr orthologs differ by a 16-aa indel polymorphism, with the ancestral deletion state fixed in D. melanogaster and the derived insertion state at very high frequency in D. simulans. Lhr2 is a rare D. simulans allele that has the ancestral deletion state of the 16-aa polymorphism. Through a series of transgenic constructs we demonstrate that the ancestral deletion state contributes to the rescue activity of Lhr2. This indel is thus a polymorphism that can affect the HI function of Lhr.
Combining three conceptual models: abstract data types, logic programming, and databases

Abstract data types (ADTs), logic programming, and databases are three of the dominant conceptual models used in computer science. Most software developers use only one of the paradigms, and it is suggested that this isolates them from further intellectual growth and development. It is further suggested that understanding the differences and similarities of the three conceptual models improves one's ability to solve problems quickly and efficiently. Other work has already shown the differences and similarities of logic programming and database systems. The authors extend the work to show how a restricted form of ADT systems is also equivalent. They describe the advantages of understanding the three conceptual models, define the ADT system, show that it is equivalent to the other models, describe differences among the three systems, and give examples of how knowledge of the three systems is useful. >