cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Was Walter Lippmann interested in stereotyping?: Public opinion and cognitive social psychology.

Walter Lippmann's Public Opinion is much cited but little read. A review of references to Public Opinion by social psychologists over the last 20 years reveals the widespread beliefs that (1) the book focuses primarily on group stereotypes and prejudice, and (2) the concept of stereotyping originated with Lippmann. However, stereotypes, as currently conceived--as opposed to schemata more generally--do not play a central role in the book, and Lippmann did not introduce the concept (although he may have broadened it). In addition, throughout his long and distinguished career, he showed little interest in stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination. Nonetheless, Public Opinion is a seminal work in the area of cognitive social psychology and (like other little read citation classics) still deserves to be read-including, ironically, by students of stereotyping and prejudice.
Qualitative and quantitative tests for stannous fluoride

A series of qualitative and quantitative assay procedures are presented for stannous fluoride. These data are the result of a cooperative project of the American Dental Association with the major manufacturers and users of stannous fluoride. The physical and chemical characteristics of stannous fluoride are described. The methods selected to define stannous fluoride and other methods which might be utilized are discussed.
Corticopontine projections of the lateral suprasylvian cortex: de-emphasis of the central visual field.

Abstract Layer V pyramidal cells of the cat lateral suprasylvian visual areas project to the pontine nuclei. Although all 6 of the suprasylvian visual areas project to the pons, the denset projections are from 3 areas: anterior medial lateral suprasylvian (AMLS), posterior medial lateral suprasylvian (PMLS) and ventral lateral suprasylvian (VLS). The organization of the corticopontine pathway from one of these areas (PMLS) suggests a disproportionate representation of the peripheral visual fields. This pattern of projection would serve to de-emphasize the central visual field.
Part three: Fava bean consumption and biocultural evolution

Abstract A biocultural evolutionary approach to dietary behavior provides a basis for examination of fava bean consumption in the circum‐Mediterranean region. Favism, an hemolytic response to fava ingestion associated with the X‐linked trait for G6PDMed deficiency, has been extensively reported from this area. G6PD deficiency, in turn, is associated with resistance to serious malaria infection. This paper explores the various links between malarial resistance, G6PD deficiency, and fava consumption, in an effort to develop a biocultural model to examine and explain the evolutionary significance of the interrelationships between these variables.
Evaluating I & R in Smaller Public Libraries

Small public libraries with few professional and support staff often exist in areas distant from urban libraries. If their communities do not have an effective Information and Referral (I & R) system, the library director may consider seeking a State Library grant to establish an I & R service in the community. Clear-cut goals and objectives, an awareness of the need for coordination and cooperation with other agencies, are all essential to a successful grant application. This article describes the outcome of a grant which made possible The Bridge, an I & R service for a county of 50,000 people. Evaluation after a year of operation shows that the essential goal of establishing and operating such a service has been reached. Suggestions for improvement are noted.
Pulsating Mode of Flame Propagation in Two-Dimensional Channels

Flame propagation in channels and cracks is a problem of considerable interest with applications in many practical combustion devices, in fire hazard scenarios, and in the emerging micropropulsion technologies. Understanding the dynamics and stability characteristics of flame propagation in channels is, therefore, important both for fundamental research as well as for practical applications. In this work, we examine the propagation of a premixed flame front in a two-dimensional channel in the presence of a Poiseuille flow. Our primary objective is to determine within the flammable regions the structure of the flame front and the conditions that result in steady propagation and those leading to a pulsating mode of propagation. Special attention is given to the difference between propagation in narrow and wide channels, heat losses to the channel’s walls, and an imposed flow that either supports or opposes the propagation. In general, flame oscillations are found to occur in mixtures for which the effective Lewis number is sufficiently large. They are more likely to occur in narrow or wide channels and particularly at near-extinction conditions where the critical Lewis number is reduced to physically accessible values.
Influence of Ethanol on Reproductive Functions of the Adult Male Rat as a Function of Body Weight

Adult male rats were exposed to alcohol vapors for 3-4 weeks. Blood alcohol levels (BAL) ranged from 90 to 190 mg/100 ml. BAL of greater than or equal to 0-130 mg/100 ml were compatible with adequate body weight gains and were not associated with diminished plasma testosterone (T) levels or reduced sex organ weights. BAL greater than or equal to 180 mg/100 ml were associated with inhibition of androgen secretion only in those animals who failed to grow. From these results we conclude that in growing animals, the medium term exposure to ETOH leads to inhibition of reproductive parameters when high BALs induce weight loss, but not when adequate body growth is maintained.
Stem and Crown Relations in Four Species from an Evermoist Forest in Sri Lanka

Abstract The volume of a tree's crown represents the accumulated historic crown surfaces integrated over time and environmental conditions. As such the crown volume of a tree should be correlated to the stem diameter, which represents accumulated historic wood increment. This study examines the relationship between crown and stem metrics of four tree species, Macaranga peltata, Schumacheria castaneifolia, Shorea megistophylla, and Shorea trapezifolia, from an evermoist forest in southwestern Sri Lanka. Shorea megistophyllahad the highest correlation between crown volume and stem diameter of the four species (r2 = 0.55). The addition of an inverted parabola, to represent historic crown surfaces not included by the current crown volume, improved correlations with stem diameter significantly, especially in the flat-topped pioneer species, Macaranga peltata. Schumacheria castaneifoliashowed poor correlations between stem and crown dimensions, suggesting that allocation to fruit and flower production may recei...
Educating the educator through computation: what GIS can do for computer science

We designed a system where non-computational faculty members (along with undergraduates) enroll in an introductory, multidisciplinary, open source Geographic Information System (GIS) course to experience integrative learning as students. The faculty participants are subsequently required to integrate their newly acquired expertise with their own disciplinary teaching and research; the necessary time commitment is compensated by a three-credit teaching load reallocation. Our hypothesis is that increasing the general faculty's appreciation of computation (in the context of integrative learning) is an indirect yet effective and scalable way to reach a wider group of students to convey our fundamental disciplinary message: computing is more than programming and computing empowers people.
1571 DETECTION OF INTRACRANIAL CALCIFICATIONS IN NEONATES WITH CRANIAL ULTRASONOGRAPHY

Intracranial calcifications comprise one of the hallmarks of congenital intrauterine infection. Rapid detection of such lesions could lead to earlier documentation of diagnosis with appropriate isolation, evaluation and treatment. In a series of nine infants with signs and symptoms of congenital intrauterine infection and/or microcephaly, bedside cranial ultrasonography was performed prior to routine skull radiograph and CT brain scan with a linear array B-mode scanner. Presence of intraparenchymal and periventricular calcification ascertained by ultrasound in all nine infants was corroborated by CT brain scan. Skull x-rays were interpreted as normal in 3/5 infants. Cranial ultrasound provides a sensitive reliable bedside alternative to x-ray studies for diagnosis of intracranial calcifications in newborns.
Effects of Angiotensin II and Some Analogues on Vascular Permeability in the Rabbit

Recent investigations in the rat have shown that endothelial cell contraction should be included among the multiple actions of angiotensin II (AII) in large arteries. In the current study, after intravenous injections (60 mg/kg) of the azo dye Evans blue, a segment of the rabbit abdominal aorta was isolated between temporary ligatures and injected with 1 x 10 -10 g of AII diluted in Ringer9s solution. Diffuse increased permeability of the aortic endothelium occurred within 60 seconds only in areas exposed to AII. Although injections of Ringer9s solution alone produced no blueing, surface staining and scanning electron microscopy of the aortic endothelium after AII administration showed endothelial cell contraction, widening of the interendothelial junctions, and surface sudanophilia. Similar studies were carried out to determine changes in dermal vascular permeability. Of all the substances tested, AII, prostaglandin E 1 (1 x 10 -10 -1 x 10 -8 g), and serum triglycerides (1 x 10 -6 g) produced the most marked vascular response characterized by the appearance, within 15 minutes, of a bluish wheal or papule. Injections of angiotensin I or norepinephrine at concentrations of 10-100 x 10 -9 g or of Ringer9s solution alone did not induce skin changes. Synthetic peptides, competitive antagonists to the myotropic and vasopressor activities of AII, blocked extravasation of Evans blue dye injected simultaneously with the octapeptide, but antihistaminics did not inhibit its effects. We concluded that the multiple actions of AII in blood vessels are related not only to the control of blood pressure but also to the regulation of the permeability and the function of the vascular wall as a whole.
Long-Term Stability and Change in Personality: An Introduction

The purpose of this special issue is to foster an examination of recent work on long-term stability and change in personality Classic and recent research on long-term stability of personality is presented Personal transitions are examined as an opportunity for studying continuity and change Some recent metatheoretical and theoretical perspectives on stability and change are presented Finally, several Innovative methodological and statistical approaches to the study of stability and change are considered
Temperament, speech and language: an overview.

Abstract The purpose of this article is to discuss definitional and measurement issues as well as empirical evidence regarding temperament, especially with regard to children's (a)typical speech and language development. Although all ages are considered, there is a predominant focus on children. Evidence from considerable empirical research lends support to the association between temperament, childhood development and social competence. With regard to communication disorders, extant literature suggests that at least certain elements of temperament (e.g., attention regulation, inhibitory control) are associated with the presence of certain communication disorders. However, the precise nature of this association remains unclear. Three possible accounts of the association between temperament and speech-language disorder are presented. One, the disability model (i.e., certain disorders impact psychological processes leading to changes in these processes, personality, etc., Roy & Bless, 2000a ) suggests speech-language disorders may lead to or cause changes in psychological or temperamental characteristics. The disability account cannot be categorically refuted based on currently available research findings. The (pre)dispositional or vulnerability model (i.e., certain psychological processes directly cause the disorder or indirectly modify the course or expression of the disorder, Roy & Bless, 2000a ) suggests that psychological or temperamental characteristics may lead to or cause changes in speech-language disorders. The vulnerability account has received some empirical support with regard to stuttering and voice disorders but has not received widespread empirical testing for most speech-language disorders. A third, interaction account, suggests that “disability” and “vulnerability” may both impact communication disorders in a complex, dynamically changing manner, a possibility that must await further empirical study. Suggestions for future research directions are provided. Learning outcomes: After reading this article, the reader will be able to (1) define the concept of temperament as well as theories of and means to measure/study temperament, (2) describe the possible association of temperament to children's speech-language, in general, and children's speech-language disorders, in specific, and (3) be able to describe the disability, dispositional and interaction accounts of the association of temperament to speech-language disorders.
Trends in serum uric acid levels

Uric acid levels of adult male volunteers in a longitudinal study of human aging rose steadily between 1961 and 1978. In the 1,141 men with 3 serial physical examinations, who developed no diseases and who took no drugs known to affect uric acid levels, levels rose from means below 5.5 mg/dl in 1961--1963 to means above 6.5 mg/dl in 1975--1978. The best predictor of a longitudinal increase in uric acid level was a gain in weight, but this, and other significant predictors, explained only a small portion of the increase in this population. Preliminary data available from a fourth examination indicate that the rising trend has leveled off.
Research and development activities in electron paramagnetic resonance dosimetry

Abstract This work describes ongoing activities in Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) dosimetry at the National Institute of Standards and Technology. Progress in the commercialization of the alanine-EPR system will be discussed along with basic research in high-dose dosimetry, including EPR imaging.
Validation of a Targeted Peer Relations Scale for Adolescents Treated for Substance Use Disorder: An Application of Rasch Modeling

The objective of this research is to use item response theory (IRT) to validate a 14-item peer relations scale for use in the adolescent treatment population. Subjects are 509 adolescents discharged from substance abuse treatment from 2004–2009. The person reliability is 0.76 and the Cronbach's alpha person raw score reliability is 0.93 both indicating the scale is a strong metric. The item reliability of 0.99 is high showing the model is reliable. The real separation (8.49) meaning items are placed on the Rasch “ruler” with about eight levels of importance identified. The mean-square statistics of the infit and outfit values were between 0.5 and 1.5 for the items indicating a low level of randomness and thus unidimensionality of the scale. Inspection of a Wright Item Map shows the hierarchical structure of the scale with a moderate degree of inter-item spread. The analysis shows the scale is a reliable unidimensional metric.
Subtypes for specifications

Specification languages are best used in environments that provide effective theorem proving. Having such support available, it is feasible to contemplate that typechecking can use the services of the theorem prover. This allows interesting extensions to the type systems provided for specification languages. I describe one such extension called “predicate subtyping” and illustrate its utility as mechanized in PVS.
Multivariate Pattern Matching of Trace Elements in Solids by Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry: Source Attribution and Preliminary Diagnosis of Fractionation

Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICPMS) is used with two variations of principal components analysis (PCA) for objective, routine comparisons of forensic materials without time-consuming and destructive sample dissolution. The relative concentrations of trace elements in a solid sample are examined to provide a “fingerprint” composition that can be used for identification and source matching of the material. Residue samples are matched to bulk materials using PCA. Variation of laser focus and PCA are also used to diagnose the severity of elemental fractionation in two metal samples that are prone to fractionation, brass and steel. Such fractionation remains the most significant limitation for accurate quantitative analyses by LA-ICPMS.
Space-charge limits in unneutralized relativistic electron beams

Limiting currents in annular unneutralized relativistic electron beams are calculated and compared with experiment. The limiting factor for short beams is found to be the space-charge depression of the potential due to the unneutralized beam; in longer beams self-magnetic and electric fields impose a power limit. Typical beam impedances are found to be of the order of 15 Ω with a 350 keV beam. The role of shear in the axial velocity of the beam is discussed.
Addressing issues of globalization in the training of public child welfare workers Lessons from a training program in the USA

EnglishThis article describes the implementation of a course module devoted to international child welfare for social work students. The module utilized adult learning theory and was guided by three perspectives: an ecological model of practice, social and economic justice, and cultural competence. The article describes successes and challenges and offers guidance to social work educators.FrenchCet article decrit la mise en oeuvre d’un module de formation consacre a la protection internationale de l’enfance, destine aux etudiants en travail social. Le module utilise la theorie de la formation d’adultes et est oriente selon trois perspectives: le modele ecologique des pratiques, la justice sociale et economique, et la competence culturelle. L’article decrit les succes et les defis et offre une guidance des formateurs en travail social.SpanishSe describe la implementacion de un modulo en un curso para trabajadores sociales dedicado al bienestar infantil internacional. El modulo utilizo teoria de aprendizaje...
Arterial spin labeling blood flow magnetic resonance imaging for the characterization of metastatic renal cell carcinoma1

Rationale and objective This study sought to assess the feasibility of arterial spin labeling (ASL) blood flow (BF) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for the study of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) in the body, where the respiratory, cardiac, and peristaltic motions present challenges when applying ASL. Materials and methods ASL was performed using a background-suppressed single-section flow-alternating inversion recovery (FAIR) preparation and a single-shot fast spin-echo imaging sequence on a 3.0-T whole body imager. Tumor BF was evaluated for 26 patients with RCC metastatic to the liver, bone, lung, or lymph nodes before VEGF receptor inhibitor therapy. Two cases with tumor size change after treatment were also scanned 1 month after therapy. For validation, kidney cortex BF in five normal volunteers was measured with the same technique and compared with literature values. Results ASL was successfully performed in all normal volunteers and in 20 of 26 patients. The six failures resulted from a systematic error, which can be avoided in future studies. For normal volunteers, measured kidney cortex BF was 275 ± 14 mL/min/100 g, a value consistent with the literature. ASL determined tumor BF averaged across tumor volume and subjects was 194 mL/min/100 g (intersubject SD = 100), resulting in high perfusion signal and conspicuity of lesions. Bright signal was also seen in large vessels and occasionally in bowel. In the two cases studied 1 month after therapy, ASL perfusion changes were consistent with tumor size changes. Conclusion With background suppression, ASL MRI is a feasible method for quantifying BF in patients with renal cell carcinoma. This technique may be useful for evaluating tumor response to antiangiogenic agents.
Consumer preferences for foreign and domestic products.

Compares consumer preferences for goods made abroad and in the home country by both foreign and home‐country firms. These preferences and the intervening role of price‐quality attributes are assessed in an empirical study using conjoint analysis and a MANOVA procedure. Results suggest that country of manufacture and product quality strongly influence consumer decision making in globally available product categories. Specifically, compared to imported goods, consumers appear to prefer domestically manufactured goods and are often willing to pay a higher price for them. It is usually only when imported goods are of significantly superior quality that consumers will pay more to obtain them. Finally, in their purchase decisions, consumers appear not to put much weight on a product’s perceived importance to the home country’s manufacturing base.
Experimental and numerical study of quenching complex-shaped metallic alloys with multiple, overlapping sprays

Abstract The present study constitutes a crucial step towards the development of a CAD based intelligent spray quenching system capable of optimizing the mechanical properties (strength, hardness) of age-hardenable aluminum alloys. The quenching of an L-shaped aluminum alloy with multiple, partially overlapping spray nozzles was successfully modeled using the finite element method. Spray heat transfer correlations, which relate the local heat transfer rate in each of the boiling regimes experienced by the surface to the local values of the spray hydrodynamic parameters (volumetric spray flux, mean drop diameter, mean drop velocity), were used as boundary conditions. The spatial distributions of the spray hydrodynamic parameters were modeled and incorporated into the finite element program. Axial non-uniformity in the heat transfer coefficient along the surfaces of long extrusions, which can lead to unwanted residual stresses, was eliminated by developing a method for optimizing the distance between adjacent nozzles. The numerical results were experimentally verified in a simulated industrial environment. This study is the first successful attempt at systematically predicting the temperature response of a quenched part from knowledge of only the part geometry and spray nozzle configuration. Integration of the finite element program with an optimization routine will yield a system capable of selecting the appropriate spray nozzle configuration for a new part prior to production; thus, achieving superior part quality without conducting costly experimental tests.
EDWARD WILMOT BLYDEN AND PANAFRICANISM: THE IDEOLOGICAL ROOTS OF ISLAM AND BLACK NATIONALISM IN THE UNITED STATES

Edward Wilmot Blyden (1832-1912) a utilise l'islam en Afrique occidentale comme paradigme pour affirmer le separatisme et l'identite raciale des Noirs. Sa conviction ultime fut que l'islam etait preferable au christianisme comme religion globale pour les Noirs. Sa pensee a eu un impact profond sur les mouvements nationalistes et islamiques noirs aux Etats-Unis au cours du XX e siecle. Marcus Garvey, Noble Drew Ali et Elijah Muhammad ont utilise des aspects du modele communautaire de Blyden sans la Universal Negro Improvement Association, le Moorish Science Temple of AMerica et la Nation of Islam
Study of the Effects of Fast Neutrons on Silicon Controlled Rectifiers

Medium power silicon controlled rectifiers have been exposed to a maximum integrated fastneutron flux of 4 x 1013 nvt. An increase in the current required to turn on thie controlled rectifier and an increase in the break-over voltage were observed after irradiation. The saturation voltage increased as a result of irradiation, exceeding 200 volts at an integrated fast neutron flux of 4 x 1013 nvt. These changes are attributed to a decrease of the minority carrier lifetime as reflected by a decrease in alpha.
Fos Induced by Mating or Noncontact Sociosexual Interaction Is Colocalized with Androgen Receptors in Neurons within the Forebrain, Midbrain, and Lumbosacral Spinal Cord of Male Rats

This study was designed to determine the extent to which Fos immunoreactivity (induced either by mating or noncontact sociosexual interaction) and androgen receptor (AR) immunoreactivity are colocalized in brain and spinal cord of male rats. Some males (Mated) were allowed to mate to ejaculation; others (Social Controls) were placed with females but physical contact was prevented by a wire mesh screen; remaining males (Isolated) were placed alone in the test jar for the duration of the test period. After testing, brains and spinal cords were examined for AR and Fos immunoreactivity (ir). PG21 anti-AR and anti-c-fos primary antibodies were visualized by fluorescence microscopy using cyanine-conjugated and fluorescein-conjugated secondary antibodies. In both brain and spinal cord, the number of Fos-ir neurons varied according to group: Mated males > Social Controls > Isolated males. Fos was highly localized in subsets of AR-ir neurons within the medial preoptic nucleus, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, dorsomedial nucleus of the amygdala, and central tegmental field. Fos was also localized in subsets of AR-ir neurons within the L5, L6, and S1 segments of the spinal cord. Spinal cord concentrations of AR-ir and Fos-ir neurons were greatest in Lamina X, and the vast majority of Fos-ir neurons in the dorsal part of Lamina X were also AR-ir. Thus, in both brain and spinal cord, androgen-sensitive neurons are active during mating, and transmission of sexually relevant information from cord to brain is probably accomplished via hormone-sensitive spinal neurons.
A new flexible videoendoscope for minimal access surgery

This study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of a new flexible videolaparoscope. The Fujinon EVL-F has standard control knobs which deflect a flexible tip at the end of a rigid section. In addition, there are standard controls for irrigation and suction as well as an instrument channel. Twenty-eight procedures were performed on 22 patients. The advantages of this instrument include the ability to perform a more thorough exploration of the abdomen and improved image quality. In addition, the instrument channel provides the capability to irrigate, suction, perform cholangiograms, or pass dissecting instruments via the laparoscope, thus reducing the required number of trocar sites.
Psychiatry of somatic diseases: epidemiology, pathogenesis, classification.

Abstract Physical illness is a major cause of psychiatric morbidity. This statement is supported both by epidemiological surveys and by countless clinical studies documenting the causal role of somatic diseases and their treatment in concurrent psychiatric disorders. Despite the high frequency and practical importance of this association, however, the whole area of psychopathology related to physical illness has been relatively neglected by American psychiatrists. We know little about the incidence and prevalence of psychiatric disorders caused by organic disease in general and by the various classes of somatic disorders in particular. The official classification of mental disorders is inadequate and muddled in its treatment of psychiatric syndromes causally related to cerebral and systemic diseases. 1 The mechanisms, processes and significant variables intervening between a given physical disorder or injury on the one hand, and the development of psychological dysfunction on the other, that are the domain of psychopathogenesis, are still inadequately worked out. The various explanatory concepts and hypotheses in this area are not integrated, and the relevant terminology is ambiguous and overlapping. As a result, teaching of this aspect of psychiatry is generally poor, research lags, and patient care suffers. The writer reviews epidemiological data on the association of psychiatric and physical illness, formulates psychopathogenesis, surveys the determinants and modes of psychological responses to disease and injury, and presents a classification of the related psychiatric syndromes. It is an attempt at integration of a large body of data.
Individual Contributions To Cooperative Behaviour in the Acorn Woodpecker: Effects of Reproductive Status, Sex, and Group Size

Acorn woodpeckers (Melanerpes formicivorus) are communal breeders that live in permanently territorial family groups of 2-15 individuals. All group members participate in several forms of cooperative behaviour, which we define as the investment of resources in a common interest shared by other group members (CHASE, 1980). Acorn woodpecker group interests include the caching of acorns in a specialized storage tree (the granary), maintenance of the granary, and defence of the granary against intra- and interspecific intruders. Because of a strong positive relationship between the availability of stored acorns and group reproductive success, investments in acorn storage, granary maintenance, and granary defence have a direct positive effect on the individual fitness of breeders. Non-breeding helpers, however, do not realize a direct reproductive reward, and therefore profit less directly from investment in these forms of cooperative behaviour. Thus, we predicted that breeders should invest more heavily in cooperative behaviour than should helpers. The prediction was upheld: for nearly every form of cooperative behaviour examined, breeders contribute significantly more than do helpers. On the other hand, while established breeders only rarely intrude on neighbouring territories, nonreproductive helpers frequently do so. These dispersal "forays" constitute attempts by helpers to locate ecologically restricted breeding vacancies. The effect that group size has on individual contributions to cooperative behaviour is unclear. Individual rates of acorn storage decrease significantly with increasing group size, but granary attendance and granary maintenance do not. Male and female acorn woodpeckers do not differ in their contributions to acorn storage, granary maintenance, or interspecific defence. Females, however, play a significantly greater role in intraspecific defence because of a female-biased intruder sex ratio and sex-specific defensive behaviour.
Failure of l-carnitine to protect mice against ammonia toxicity

Abstract Recent reports indicate that intraperitoneal administration of l -carnitine protects mice from ammonia toxicity. We found that mice injected with l -carnitine and subsequently challenged with ammonium acetate succumb as readily as mice injected with saline and the ammonium acetate. Mice pretreated with l -carnitine exhibited higher levels of liver ammonia than the saline-pretreated control mice. The ammonia and urea levels in serum and brains were similar in two groups. Our findings are in contrast to those reported previously and therefore warrants further investigation before l -carnitine can be considered as a drug to alleviate hyperammonemia in humans.
Archean mantle fractionation

Nd isotopic data require that most Archean igneous rocks are derived from depleted or undepleted mantle sources while geochemical model stuides necessitate enriched sources for most Archean tonalites. This apparent contradiction can be reconciled if the enriched sources are produced by short-lived (≤150 m.y.) enrichment of depleted sources. Extensive depleted mantle reservoirs were probably produced during early degassing of the upper mantle (≥4 4 b.y. ago) and complementary enriched reservoirs collected at the base of the lithosphere. Sources for tonalites may be produced from short-lived enrichment of basalt above convective downcurrents by metasomatic and magmatic components derived chiefly from depleted mantle and by degassing of sinking, short-lived komatiitic lithosphere.
An Empirical Study of the Effects of Gestalt Principles on Diagram Understandability

Comprehension errors in software design must be detected at their origin to avoid propagation into later portions of the software lifecycle and also the final system. This research synthesizes software engineering and Gestalt principles of similarity, proximity, continuity for the purpose of discovering whether certain visual attributes of diagrams can affect the accuracy and efficiency of understanding the diagram. The experiment tested whether two dependent variables, accuracy and response time, were significantly affected by independent variables, diagram type (simple 1, simple2, complex), Gestalt principles (good vs. bad), and question order (forward/backward). The results of this study indicated that the Gestalt principles did affect the comprehension in the complex diagrams. Post-hoc analysis results indicated that number of bends per line, length of line in inches, number of lines crossing, boxes per diagram, and number of lines per diagram contributed to the ability of the subjects to comprehend the diagrams.
Disruption of TNF-α/TNFR1 function in resident skin cells impairs host immune response against cutaneous vaccinia virus infection.

One strategy adopted by vaccinia virus (VV) to evade the host immune system is to encode homologs of TNF receptors (TNFRs) that block TNF-α function. The response to VV skin infection under conditions of TNF-α deficiency, however, has not been reported. We found that TNFR1-/- mice developed larger primary lesions, numerous satellite lesions, and higher skin virus levels after VV scarification. Following their recovery, VV-scarified TNFR1-/- mice were fully protected against challenge with a lethal intranasal dose of VV, suggesting these mice had developed an effective memory immune response. A functional systemic immune response was further demonstrated by enhanced production of VV-specific IFN-γ and VV-specific CD8 + T cells in spleens and draining lymph nodes. Interestingly, bone marrow (BM)–reconstitution studies using wild-type (WT) BM in TNFR1-/- host mice, but not TNFR1-/- BM in WT host mice, reproduced the original results seen in TNFR1-/- mice, indicating that TNFR1 deficiency in resident skin cells, rather than hematopoietic cells, accounts for the impaired cutaneous immune response. Our data suggest that lack of TNFR1 leads to a skin-specific immune deficiency, and that resident skin cells have a crucial role in mediating an optimal immune defense to VV cutaneous infection via TNF-α/TNFR1 signaling.
DENSITY OF STATES, CHARGE TRANSFER, AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF MAGNESIUM DIBORIDE

We performed ab-initio, local density functional calculations of the electronic structure, charge transfer, and optical properties of MgB2, using the LCAO formalism. The Fermi level of MgB2 cuts through relatively narrow electron bands which have a dominant contribution from B(2p) states. There is a substantial charge transfer from magnesium to boron atoms. We found the ionic formula for this material to be ${\rm Mg}^{1.68+}{\rm B}^{0.84-}_2$. A clearly metallic distribution of the electronic charge density in the plane of boron atoms is interwoven with a visibly covalent one in the direction perpendicular to this plane. The calculated optical conductivities from the direct inter-band transitions exhibit a strong anisotropy between σxx(ω) or σyy(ω) and σzz(ω). Due to our application of the BZW procedure, major peaks in the density of states above the Fermi level are at markedly higher energies (1–1.5 eV) than the results of previously reported ones. A similar pattern is followed by our findings for optica...
Cellular deficiency of Werner syndrome protein or RECQ1 promotes genotoxic potential of hydroquinone and benzo[a]pyrene exposure.

The 5 known RecQ helicases in humans (RECQ1, BLM, WRN, RECQL4, and RECQ5) have demonstrated roles in diverse genome maintenance mechanisms but their functions in safeguarding the genome from environmental toxicants are poorly understood. Here, we have evaluated a potential role of WRN (mutated in Werner syndrome) and RECQ1 (the most abundant homolog of WRN) in hydroquinone (HQ)- and benzo[a]pyrene (BaP)-induced genotoxicity. Silencing of WRN or RECQ1 expression in HeLa cells increased their sensitivity to HQ and BaP but elicited distinct DNA damage response. The RECQ1-depleted cells exhibited increased replication protein A phosphorylation, Chk1 activation, and DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) as compared to control or WRN-depleted cells following exposure to BaP treatment. The BaP-induced DSBs in RECQ1-depleted cells were dependent on DNA-dependent protein kinase activity. Notably, loss of WRN in RECQ1-depleted cells ameliorated BaP toxicity. Collectively, our results provide first indication of nonredund...
Enhancing adaptive middleware for quantum chemistry applications with a database framework

Quantum chemistry applications such as the General Atomic and Molecular Electronic Structure System (GAMESS) that can execute on a complex peta-scale parallel computing environment has a large number of input parameters that affect the overall performance. The application characteristics vary according to the input parameters. This is due to the difference in the usage of resources like network bandwidth, I/O and main memory, according to the input parameters. Effective execution of applications in a parallel computing environment that share such resources require some sort of adaptive mechanism to enable efficient usage of these resources. In our previous work, we have integrated GAMESS with an adaptive middleware NICAN (Network Information Conveyer and Application Notification) for dynamic adaptations during heavy load conditions that modify execution of GAMESS computations on a per-iteration basis. This leads to better application performance. In this research, we have expanded the structure of NICAN in order to include other input parameters based on which application performance can be controlled. The application performance has been analyzed on different architectures and a tuning strategy has been identified. A generic database framework has been incorporated in the existing NICAN mechanism so as to aid this tuning strategy.
Role of impaired myocardial relaxation in the production of elevated left ventricular filling pressure

Although present in many patients with heart failure and a normal ejection fraction, the role of isolated impairments in active myocardial relaxation in the genesis of elevated filling pressures is...
A Protein-Only RNase P in Human Mitochondria

In bacteria, archaea, and the eukaryote nucleus, the endonuclease ribonuclease P (RNase P) is composed of a catalytic RNA that is assisted by protein subunits. Holzmann et al. (2008) now provide evidence that the human mitochondrial RNase P is an entirely protein-based enzyme.
An hypnotic suggestion: review of hypnosis for clinical emergency care.

Abstract Background Hypnosis has been used in medicine for nearly 250 years. Yet, emergency clinicians rarely use it in emergency departments or prehospital settings. Objective This review describes hypnosis, its historical use in medicine, several neurophysiologic studies of the procedure, its uses and potential uses in emergency care, and a simple technique for inducing hypnosis. It also discusses reasons why the technique has not been widely adopted, and suggests methods of increasing its use in emergency care, including some potential research areas. Discussion A limited number of clinical studies and case reports suggest that hypnosis may be effective in a wide variety of conditions applicable to emergency medical care. These include providing analgesia for existing pain (e.g., fractures, burns, and lacerations), providing analgesia and sedation for painful procedures (e.g., needle sticks, laceration repair, and fracture and joint reductions), reducing acute anxiety, increasing children's cooperation for procedures, facilitating the diagnosis and treatment of acute psychiatric conditions, and providing analgesia and anxiolysis for obstetric/gynecologic problems. Conclusions Although it is safe, fast, and cost-effective, emergency clinicians rarely use hypnosis. This is due, in part, to the myths surrounding hypnosis and its association with alternative-complementary medicine. Genuine barriers to its increased clinical use include a lack of assured effectiveness and a lack of training and training requirements. Based on the results of further research, hypnosis could become a powerful and safe nonpharmacologic addition to the emergency clinician's armamentarium, with the potential to enhance patient care in emergency medicine, prehospital care, and remote medical settings.
Pitch estimation using a modulation model of speech

This paper presents a method of estimating pitch frequencies using a modulation model of speech. Both the amplitude envelope and instantaneous frequency deviation due to modulations present in speech carry fundamental frequency information. It is shown that demodulation of speech around any arbitrary frequency or in the vicinity of a formant brings out well resolved F0 in both the envelope and the instantaneous frequency. Values of F0 estimated from the modulation model for utterances under normal and stressed conditions were found consistent with those determined from a direct vocal tract model.
Assessing the Effectiveness of Botulinum Toxin Injections for Adductor Spasmodic Dysphonia: Clinician and Patient Perception

To determine the effectiveness of Botox treatment for adductor spasmodic dysphonia (ADSD), the clinician and patient judge changes in voice symptoms and the effect on quality of life. Currently, there is no standard protocol for determining the effectiveness of Botox injections in treating ADSD. Therefore, clinicians use a variety of perceptual scales and patient-based self-assessments to determine patients' impressions of severity and changes after treatments. The purpose of this study was to assess clinician-patient agreement of the effects of Botox on voice quality and quality of life in ADSD. Retrospective chart review of 199 randomly selected patients since 2004. Results indicated a weak correlation between the patient's assessment of voice impairment (EIS) and patient's quality of life impairment (Voice-Related Quality of Life [V-RQOL]) in the mild-moderate dysphonia severity group and the moderate-to-severe dysphonia group. There was a weak correlation between the patient's assessment of voice impairment EIS and the clinician's perceptual judgment of voice impairment (Consensus Auditory Perceptual Evaluation of Voice [CAPE-V]) only in the moderate to severe dysphonia group. There was a weak correlation between the patient's quality of life impairment (V-RQOL) and the clinician's perceptual judgment of voice impairment (CAPE-V) only in the severe to profound dysphonia group. The poor relationship among commonly used outcome measures leads us to question how best to assess the effectiveness of Botox in ADSD. Clinicians are required to document treatment outcomes, making it important to use scales that are valid, reliable, and sensitive to change. Future research directions include examining relationships between measures both before and after Botox injections, examining the specific factors that determine quality of life changes, and further research on specific parameters of the CAPE-V as well as comparing perceptual and quality of life scales with acoustic and aerodynamic measures in this population would be beneficial in the move toward more effective ways of measuring change.
EFFECT OF CLOVE OIL ON PLANT PATHOGENIC BACTERIA AND BACTERIAL WILT OF TOMATO AND GERANIUM

SUMMARY We determined the antibacterial activity of clove oil against seven different genera of plant pathogenic bacteria including Gram-negative Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Erwinia carotovora pv. carotovora, Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae, Ralstonia solanacearum, and Xanthomonas campestris pv. pelargonii, as well as Gram-positive Rhodococcus fascians and Streptomyces spp. Both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria tested were sensitive to clove oil, with R. solanacearum being the most sensitive one. Greenhouse experiments were therefore conducted to determine the effect of clove oil as a pre-plant soil fumigant on bacterial wilt of tomato and geranium caused by R. solanacearum. Seven days after treating R. solanacearum-infested plant growth medium (“soil”) with 5 ml of clove oil per kilogram of soil, populations of R. solanacearum were reduced to undetectable level, and none of the tomato and geranium plants transplanted into such soil developed wilt symptoms or harbored the bacterium. Our results suggest that clove oil has the potential to be an alternative control measure to combat bacterial wilt of tomato and geranium.
Aflatoxin: A Global Public Health Problem

Aflatoxins are highly toxic and carcinogenic naturally occurring products of spoilage molds that are widely encountered as contaminants of commonly consumed food staples, including cereal grains and nuts. This human exposure scenario is especially prominent in hot, humid environments found in low-income countries. Aflatoxin B 1 , the most abundant and potent member of a group of related compounds, has been designated as a major risk factor for human liver cancer and an important contributor to nearly 700 000 cancer deaths per year. Importantly, in experimental systems, it also induces pleiotropic toxic effects such as growth retardation and immune suppression, but the potential for aflatoxins to induce maternal and early-life toxicities in children has received only limited study. However, this possibility is gaining attention since nutritional interventions alone have had only modest effects in reducing the prevalence of health problems such as stunting and wasting. Thus, mitigation of aflatoxin exposures through primary and secondary prevention strategies holds promise for broadly improving health status in developing countries.
Size matters for polyP to clot

All living organisms contain polyphosphate—a linear polymer of inorganic phosphate. Depending on where they are derived, the polymers exist in different lengths. In this issue of Blood, Smith and colleagues demonstrate that polyphosphates exert differential effects on blood clotting depending on polymer size.
Nonthermal Activity and Particle Acceleration in Clusters of Galaxies

Evidence for nonthermal activity in clusters of galaxies is well established from radio observations of synchrotron emission by relativistic electrons, and new windows (in EUV and Hard X-ray ranges) have provided more powerful tools for its investigation. The hard X-ray observations, notably from Coma, are summarized and results of a new RXTE observations of a high redshift cluster are presented. It is shown that the most likely emission mechanisms for these radiations is the inverse Compton scattering of the cosmic microwave background photons by the same electrons responsible for the radio radiation. Various scenarios for acceleration of the electrons are considered and it is shown that the most likely model is episodic acceleration by shocks or turbulence, presumably induced by merger activity, of high energy electrons injected into the intercluster medium by galaxies or active galactic nuclei.
Management of acne vulgaris.

Acne is a chronic and multifactorial skin condition affecting about 80% of persons aged 11 to 30 years, the majority of whom are adolescents (Morelli, 2007; Shamban & Narurkar, 2009; Zaenglein & Thiboutot, 2006). Although acne has no cure and has the potential to cause emotional distress and permanent scarring, proper treatment can control the disease and greatly limit the morbidity. In recent years, acne treatment guidelines have been revised based on