cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
C/EBPß Isoform Specific Gene Regulation: It's a Lot more Complicated than you Think!

It has been almost 30 years since C/EBPs was discovered. Seminal studies have shown that C/EBPs is a master regulator of mammary gland development and has been shown to control and influence proliferation and differentiation through varying mechanisms. The single-exon C/EBPs mRNA yields at least three different protein isoforms which have diverse, specific, context-dependent, and often non-overlapping roles throughout development and breast cancer progression. These roles are dictated by a number of complex factors including: expression levels of other C/EBP family members and their stoichiometry relative to the isoform in question, binding site affinity, post-translational modifications, co-factor expression, and even hormone levels and lactogenic status. Here we summarize the historical work up to the latest findings in the field on C/EBPs in the mammary gland and in breast cancer. With the current emphasis on improving immunotherapy in breast cancer the role of specific C/EBPs isoforms in regulating specific chemokine and cytokine expression and the immune microenvironment will be of increasing interest.
Factors associated with employment outcome after critical illness: Systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression.

Aims To synthesize data on prevalence and risk factors for return to work (RTW) in ICU survivors. Design Systematic review and meta-analysis. Data sources PUBMED, CINAHL, EMBASE and PsycINFO databases were searched from 2000-Feb 2020. Review methods Peer-reviewed articles that included adult ICU survivors and employment outcomes. Two investigators independently reviewed articles following the PRISMA protocol. Pooled prevalence for RTW was calculated. Meta-regression analyses were performed to assess the association between disability policies, temporal factors and RTW following ICU. Results Twenty-eight studies (N = 8,168) met the inclusion criteria. All studies were scored as 'low risk of bias'. Using meta-analysis, the proportion (95% CI) of RTW following ICU was 29% (0.20,0.42), 59% (0.50,0.70), 56% (0.50,0.62), 63% (0.54,0.72), 58% (0.37,0.91), 58% (0.42,0.81), and 44% (0.25,0.76) at 3, 4-6, 7-12, 13-24, 25-36, 37-48, and 49-60 months, respectively. Time and disability policy support are factors associated with the proportion of ICU survivors who RTW. Through meta-regression, there is a 20% increase (95% CI: 0.06, 0.33) in the proportion of individuals who RTW per year. However, the average rate of increase slows by 4% (-0.07, -0.1) per year. In countries with high support policies, the proportion of RTW is 32% higher compared with countries with low support policies (0.08, 0.24). However, as subsequent years pass, the additional proportion of individuals RTW in high support countries declines (β = -0.06, CI: -0.1, -0.02). Conclusions Unemployment is common in ICU survivors. Countries with policies that give higher support for disabled workers have a higher RTW proportion to 3 years following ICU admission. However, from 3-5 years, there is a shift to countries with lower support policies having better employment outcomes. Impact Health care policies have an impact on RTW rate in survivors of ICU. Healthcare providers, including nurses, can function as public advocates to facilitate policy change.
Adjuvant effect of type I interferon induced by many but not all commercial influenza vaccines.

Abstract Background Seasonal influenza vaccines approved and offered in the United States have varying reported degrees of effectiveness year over year and between manufacturers. Influenza vaccines produced from live virus may include single stranded RNA (ssRNA) that is a potent activator of the innate Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR-7) ligand. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) can be activated by ssRNA to produce type I interferons such as IFN-α, which has been shown to have an adjuvant-like effect. Objective Our aim was to determine if IFN-α induction in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) exposed to eight different commercial influenza vaccines is a pDC-dependent process mediated through TLR-7 signaling. Results We demonstrate the ability of multiple vaccines to induce IFN-α in a TLR-7-dependent fashion. A number of vaccines however lacked IFN-α induction. The significance of these differences between vaccines is unclear, since all the approved vaccine formulations offer some degree of protection.
Tropical Agriculture Introducer: Christine Padoch

This essay introduces two of Denevan’s articles that contributed profoundly to a reevaluation of Amazonian agriculture both in the present and in the past. Denevan changed the way swidden farming is perceived, especially the ways in which this common form of agriculture relates to forests. He showed swidden to be extremely complex and highly flexible, multistaged, largely invisible, and “hiding” within what appear to be natural forests. Perhaps even more significantly, Denevan directed Amazonian researchers to look beyond swidden and in doing so changed fundamental ideas about early Amazon agriculture, Amazon forests and forest management, and the nature of traditional and smallholder resource management throughout the tropics.
On Section 107's Worst Feature: The Teacher-Preacher

The parsonage exemption, IRC section 107, should not apply to employees of religious organizations who do not perform religious functions. For example, professors of chemistry, when employed by a religiously affiliated university, should not receive a parsonage exemption, even if they are ordained ministers.
Rehabilitation of Musculoskeletal Injuries

Musculoskeletal disorders are a significant cause of illness and missed work and affect morbidity, quality of life, and mortality. Chronic musculoskeletal pain (greater than 3 months) is a major health and socioeconomic burden. Approximately 25% of the world’s population live with significant, chronic pain negatively impacting psychological health, quality of life, physical function, and work ability. Musculoskeletal diseases make up the fourth leading contributor to disease burden in older adults. Between 1990 and 2010, this burden increased by 46%, resulting in significant challenges to maintaining physical activity.
Some Turbulence Measurements in Open-Channel Flow

Measurements of the characteristics of turbulence in hydrodynamically smooth and hydrodynamically rough open-channel flow using hot-film anemometry technics showed: (a) that the relative turbulent intensity of the vertical velocity component was about 60% of the longitudinal, (b) that the spectral energy distribution was not significantly affected by the type of flow, (c) that most of the turbulent energy is contained in frequencies less than 5 hertz, (d) the macroscale of the turbulence as determined from the autocorrelation function was on the same order as the depth and (e) the ratio of the microscale to depth ranged from 0.1 to 0.2. The measurements were used to verify experimentally the longitudinal direction momentum terms in the Navier-Stokes equation and to determine qualitatively the magnitude of the production, diffusion, and dissipation terms in the energy equation.
Density-Gradient and Chromatographic Fraction of Leptospiral Lipase

Fractionation of leptospiral lipase by CsCl density gradients and G-200 Sephadex chromatography yielded five active protein peaks. Two were obtained from the density gradients and three from G-200 Sephadex columns. Esterase activity of these fractions was demonstrated by electrophoretic examination. Several protein bands were visible when disc electrophoresis was performed on the respective fractions. Lipolytic and esterolytic activities were both present, and the overlapping of these activities was discussed.
Challenges in diagnosis of isolated central nervous system vasculitis

Isolated central nervous system (CNS) vasculitis is a rare and complicated disorder. Patients typically present with nonspecific neurologic symptoms such as headache and encephalopathy, and have variable progression and severity of the disease. Challenges to definitive diagnosis include the limitations of currently available diagnostic modalities with high likelihood of false-positive or false-negative findings. Imaging, serologic, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) evaluation, and even angiography can fail to establish the diagnosis. Often, brain biopsy is required. In order to illustrate these challenges, we report the case of a patient who presented with subacute cognitive decline and was ultimately diagnosed with isolated CNS eosinophilic vasculitis. Initial work-up included CSF and serologic analyses, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and cerebral angiography, but definitive diagnosis required brain biopsy. Immunosuppressive therapy resulted in clinical improvement and stabilization. To our knowledge, only one other case of isolated CNS eosinophilic vasculitis has been reported in the literature. We discuss the importance of a high index of clinical suspicion in cases of progressive nonspecific neurologic symptoms.
Refraction and dispersion in nonlinear photonic crystal superlattices

Theoretical and experimental investigations of superlattice photonic crystal configurations are presented for both nonlinear 2D PC slab waveguides and structures containing nonlinear or electro-optic elements. The properties and device applications of these structures are presented.
Salicylic Acid and its Function in Plant Immunity

Zhonglin Mou (Corresponding author) The small phenolic compound salicylic acid (SA) plays an important regulatory role in multiple physiological processes including plant immune response. Significant progress has been made during the past two decades in understanding the SA-mediated defense signaling network. Characterization of a number of genes functioning in SA biosynthesis, conjugation, accumulation, signaling, and crosstalk with other hormones such as jasmonic acid, ethylene, abscisic acid, auxin, gibberellic acid, cytokinin, brassinosteroid, and peptide hormones has sketched the finely tuned immune response network. Full understanding of the mechanism of plant immunity will need to take advantage of fast developing genomics tools and bioinformatics techniques. However, elucidating genetic components involved in these pathways by conventional genetics, biochemistry, and molecular biology approaches will continue to be a major task of the community. High-throughput method for SA quantification holds the potential for isolating additional mutants related to SA-mediated defense signaling.
A Review of “The Presidential Pardon Power”

For almost seven decades W.H. Humbert's The Pardoning Power of the President has been the single best work of its kind. In large part, its success has been the by-product of a comprehensive approac...
Effect of Ag electrode lattice in a commercial space solar cell on a patch antenna integrated on top of it

A solar cell normally has a conductive electrode lattice embedded with its semiconductor layer. In space solar cells, in particular, those lattices are commonly made from Ag and are between the layer of solar cell junctions and cover glass. This paper examines the effect of those Ag lattice in space solar cells on the patch antenna integrated on the cover glass. It is found that as solar cell is a lossy material at GHz frequency range, the lattice helps to shield the antenna from the lossy layer and hence minimize its gain reduction due to the solar cells underneath.
The Church's Memory of Jesus: A Social Science Analysis of 1 Thessalonians:

The collective memory theory of Maurice Halbwachs shows that the memory traditions of Jesus recorded in the Second Testament have a function beyond the mere provision of factual information about t...
Canonical Equation K19

The main application of the theory of random matrices is the statistical analysis of some functions of observations of random vector, where the dimension of variables m is large and comparable with the sample size n. In this chapter we continue to analyze the normalized spectral functions of empirical covariance matrices in general case when it is difficult to deduce canonical equations. To demonstrate the main ideas and for simplification of calculations we deduce at first equation for the function of empirical expectation. Suppose that f(x) is a Borel function in \( {R^{{m_n}}} \) having partial derivatives of the third order. Let \( {\vec x_1}, \ldots ,\;{\vec x_n} \) be independent observations of an m n - dimensional vector \( \vec \xi ,\;E\vec \xi = \vec a. \) We need a consistent estimator of the value \( f(\vec a). \) Many problems of multivariate statistical analysis can be formulated in these terms. If f is a continuous function we take $$ \mathop a\limits^{\hat \to } = \;{n^{ - 1}}\sum\limits_{i = 1}^n {{{\vec x}_i}} $$ as the estimator of \( \vec a. \) Then, obviously, for fixed m, \( p\;{\lim _{n \to \infty }}f(\mathop a\limits^{\hat \to } ) = \;f(\mathop a\limits^{\hat \to } ). \) But the application of this method in solving practical problems is unsatisfactory due to the fact that the number of observations n necessary to solve the problem with a given accuracy increases sharply with m. It is possible to reduce significantly the number of observations n by making use of the fact that under some conditions, including lim n→∞ mn −1 = c, 0 < c < ∞, the G-assertion $$ p\;\mathop {{\rm{lim}}}\limits_{n \to \infty } \;[f(\mathop a\limits^{\hat \to } ) = E\;f(\mathop a\limits^{\hat \to } )] = 0 $$ holds. We call G-assertion and similar identities the basic relations of the G-analysis of large dimensional observations.
Forest carbon dynamics associated with growth and disturbances in Oklahoma and Texas, 1992-2006

Quantifying forest carbon changes associated with growth and major disturbances is important for management of greenhouse gas emissions related to forests. Regional-level approaches with improved local growth data may refine estimates obtained using coarser resolution information. This study integrates remote-sensing-derived land cover change products, harvest data, forest fire data, and local forest growth estimates at the county level to identify forest ecosystem carbon change for the states of Oklahoma and Texas (1992-2006). Whereas Oklahoma was a carbon sink of 0.5 Tg C yr-1, Texas was estimated to be a carbon source of -1.8 Tg C yr-1 for the period. The two states together functioned as a carbon source of -1.3 Tg C yr-1 for the entire period, although it was a small sink of 0.1 Tg C yr-1 in the recent period of 2001-2006 due to reduced annual rates of net forest-to-nonforest conversion and harvesting, compared to those in the early period of 1992-2001. Most counties located in the western portions of both states were small sinks of carbon during the period. Even though their growth rates are greater, many counties in the eastern portions of both states were carbon sources due to a higher intensity of forest-related disturbances. A sensitivity analysis was conducted to investigate possible double-counting of harvest and cover change by assuming half of the sequestration and emissions from land cover changes were already counted as harvest. Results indicated Oklahoma would be a sink of 1.0 Tg C yr-1, and Texas would be a small carbon source of -0.1 Tg C yr-1. Uncertainty in forest area for the western portions of these states remains an important source of potential error.
Vibrational Dephasing of PHD2 in liquid and solid PD3

Abstract Vibrational correlation functions obtained from the isotropic Raman scattering of the P—H stretching vibration of PHD 2 isolated as an isotopic impurity in liquid and solid PD 3 have been modeled using a memory-function appraoch. The modulation is fast all temperatures. It is postulated that rotation—translation coupling is responsible for the vibrational relaxation. Information about the molecular dynamics has been obtained out to 7 ps.
Methionine Deprivation Induces a Targetable Vulnerability in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells by Enhancing TRAIL Receptor-2 Expression

Purpose: Many neoplasms are vulnerable to methionine deficiency by mechanisms that are poorly understood. Because gene profiling studies have revealed that methionine depletion increases TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand receptor-2 (TRAIL-R2) mRNA, we postulated that methionine stress sensitizes breast cancer cells to proapoptotic TRAIL-R2 agonists. Experimental Design: Human triple (ER/PR/HER2)-negative breast carcinoma cell lines were cultured in control or methionine-free media. The effects of methionine depletion on TRAIL receptor expression and sensitivity to chemotherapy or a humanized agonistic TRAIL-R2 monoclonal antibody (lexatumumab) were determined. The melanoma-associated antigen MAGED2 was silenced to delineate its functional role in sensitizing TNBC cells to methionine stress. An orthotopic TNBC model was utilized to evaluate the effects of dietary methionine deficiency, lexatumumab, or the combination. Results: Methionine depletion sensitized TNBC cells to lexatumumab-induced caspase activation and apoptosis by increasing TRAIL-R2 mRNA and cell surface expression. MCF-10A cells transformed by oncogenic H-Ras, but not untransformed cells, and matrix-detached TNBC cells were highly sensitive to the combination of lexatumumab and methionine depletion. Proteomics analyses revealed that MAGED2, which has been reported to reduce TRAIL-R2 expression, was suppressed by methionine stress. Silencing MAGED2 recapitulated features of methionine deprivation, including enhanced mRNA and cell surface expression of TRAIL receptors and increased sensitivity to TRAIL receptor agonists. Dietary methionine deprivation enhanced the antitumor effects of lexatumumab in an orthotopic metastatic TNBC model. Conclusion: Methionine depletion exposes a targetable defect in TNBC cells by increasing TRAIL-R2 expression. Our findings provide the foundation for a clinical trial combining dietary methionine restriction and TRAIL-R2 agonists. Clin Cancer Res; 1–12. ©2015 AACR.
Differential roles for snapin and synaptotagmin in the synaptic vesicle cycle

Evoked synaptic transmission is dependent on interactions between the calcium sensor Synaptotagmin I and the SNARE complex, comprised of Syntaxin, SNAP-25, and Synaptobrevin. Recent evidence suggests that Snapin may be an important intermediate in this process, through simultaneous interactions of Snapin dimers with SNAP-25 and Synaptotagmin. In support of this model, cultured neurons derived from embryonically lethal Snapin null mutant mice exhibit desynchronized release and a reduced readily releasable vesicle pool. Based on evidence that a dimerization-defective Snapin mutation specifically disrupts priming, Snapin is hypothesized to stabilize primed vesicles by structurally coupling Synaptotagmin and SNAP-25. To explore this model in vivo we examined synaptic transmission in viable, adult C. elegans Snapin (snpn-1) mutants. The kinetics of synaptic transmission were unaffected at snpn-1 mutant neuromuscular junctions (NMJs), but the number of docked, fusion competent vesicles was significantly reduced. However, analyses of snt-1 and snt-1;snpn-1 double mutants suggest that the docking role of SNPN-1 is independent of Synaptotagmin. Based on these results we propose that the primary role of Snapin in C. elegans is to promote vesicle priming, consistent with the stabilization of SNARE complex formation through established interactions with SNAP-25 upstream of the actions of Synaptotagmin in calcium-sensing and endocytosis.
Transitioning From Preclinical to Clinical Chemopreventive Assessments of Lyophilized Black Raspberries: Interim Results Show Berries Modulate Markers of Oxidative Stress in Barrett's Esophagus Patients

Abstract: Increased fruit and vegetable consumption is associated with decreased risk of a number of cancers of epithelial origin, including esophageal cancer. Dietary administration of lyophilized black raspberries (LBRs) has significantly inhibited chemically induced oral, esophageal, and colon carcinogenesis in animal models. Likewise, berry extracts added to cell cultures significantly inhibited cancer-associated processes. Positive results in preclinical studies have supported further investigation of berries and berry extracts in high-risk human cohorts, including patients with existing premalignancy or patients at risk for cancer recurrence. We are currently conducting a 6-mo chemopreventive pilot study administering 32 or 45 g (female and male, respectively) of LBRs to patients with Barrett's esophagus (BE), a premalignant esophageal condition in which the normal stratified squamous epithelium changes to a metaplastic columnar-lined epithelium. BE's importance lies in the fact that it confers a 30...
Eudesmanolides, trichomatolides B–E, and A heliangolide from Calea trichomata

Abstract Calea trichomata gave in addition to four known 1β-hydroxy-8β-tigloyloxy-11(13)-eudesmen-6α, 12-olide derivatives a new heliangolide, 3-deoxy
Low-power radix-4 divider

The general objective of our work is to develop methods to reduce the power consumption of arithmetic modules, while maintaining the delay unchanged and keeping the increase in the area to a minimum. Here we illustrate some techniques for a radix-4 divider realized in 0.6 /spl mu/m CMOS technology. Using techniques such as switching-off not active blocks, retiming the recurrence, equalizing the paths to reduce glitches, using gates with lower drive capability, and changing the redundant representation, we obtained a power consumption reduction of 35% with respect to the standard implementation. The techniques used here should be applicable to a variety of arithmetic modules which have similar characteristics.
Economic considerations in cooperative research and development agreements (CRADA): The case of Taxol, NIH, and technology transfer

Abstract The General Accounting Office (GAO) of the U.S. Congress released a 2003 report examining the legal and financial issues by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in the technology transfer of Taxol, a cancer treatment drug, which was commercialized quickly by Bristol-Myers Squibb (BMS). The GAO concludes that the 1991 cooperative research and development agreement (CRADA) transferring Taxol to the private sector met an NIH primary goal of facilitating the transferring of discoveries to the patients’ bedside: by 2001, Taxol had become the best-selling cancer treatment drug in pharmaceutical history. Nevertheless, criticism of NIH's concern for economic and financial considerations when the agency negotiates CRADAs has generated the following four policy recommendations: (1) recognize reasonable pricing as good corporate citizenship; (2) encourage multiple partner CRADA applications; (3) require lowest federal fee schedule for all government purchases; and (4) calculate a royalty payback fee that covers NIH investment.
A simple generalised crossvalidation method of span selection for periodogram smoothing

A consistent estimator for the spectral density of a stationary random process can be obtained by smoothing the periodograms across frequency. An important component of smoothing is the choice of the span. Lee ( 1997) proposed a span selector that was erroneously claimed to be unbiased for the mean squared error. The naive use of mean squared error has some important drawbacks in this context because the variance of the periodogram depends on its mean, i.e. the spectrum. We propose a new span selector based on the generalised crossvalidation function derived from the gamma deviance. This criterion, originally developed for use in fitting generalised additive models. utilises the approximate full likelihood of periodograms, which asymptotically behave like independently distributed chi-squared. i.e. gamma. random variables. The proposed span selector is very simple and easily implemented. Simulation results suggest that the proposed span selector generally outperforms those obtained under a mean squared error criterion.
Raman spectra of gases. XXI—bis(trifluoromethyl)peroxide

The Raman spectra of gaseous and solid bis(trifluoromethyl)peroxide, (CF3)2O2, have been recorded from 20 to 1300 cm−1. The infrared spectrum of the solid has been investigated from 35 to 1300 cm−1. The far infrared spectrum of the gaseous phase was recorded from 20 to 250 cm−1. A reassignment of the low frequency fundamentals has been made. Both CF3 torsional modes have been observed in the solid and at least one in the gaseous phase. The barrier to internal rotation of the CF3 top has been calculated to have a value of 0.73 kcal mol−1 in the gaseous phase.
Isomeric, anti-rhamnose antibodies having specificity for rhamnose-containing, streptococcal heteroglycans.

Abstract l -Rhamnose (6-deoxy- l -mannose) is a constituent carbohydrate unit of microbial, immunogenic heteroglycans and lipopolysaccharides, and often functions as the immunodeterminant group of such immunogens. Two types of anti-rhamnose antibody have now been isolated by affinity chromatography of immune sera obtained from rabbits immunized with vaccines of Streptococcus mutans , strain KI-R, and Streptococcus pneumoniae , type 32. The antibodies of one type were directed at a glycan of l -rhamnose, d -glucose, and d -galactose in the cell wall of S. mutans , and those of the other type, against a capsular glycan of l -rhamnose and d -glucose from S. pneumoniae . The two types of anti-rhamnose antibody were immunologically distinct, and showed no reciprocal cross-reactivity. Additional properties of the two types of antibody were determined; thus, both types of antibody were of the IgG class of immunoglobulins, both possessed molecular weights of 1.45 × 10 5 , and both consisted of multiple or isomeric forms.
The (un)reasonableness of reporting: antecedents and consequences of reporting sexual harassment.

This study places the reporting of sexual harassment within an integrated model of the sexual harassment process. Two structural models were developed and tested in a sample (N = 6,417) of male and female military personnel. The 1st model identifies determinants and effects of reporting; reporting did not improve--and at times worsened--job, psychological, and health outcomes. The authors argue that organizational responses to reports (i.e., organizational remedies, organizational minimization, and retaliation) as well as procedural satisfaction can account for these negative effects. The 2nd model examines these mediating mechanisms; results suggest that these mediators, and not reporting itself, are the source of the negative effects of reporting. Organizational and legal implications of these findings are discussed.
Anomalous C−C Bond Cleavage in Sulfur-Centered Cation Radicals Containing a Vicinal Hydroxy Group

1,3-Dithianyl cation radicals having α-hydroxy-neopentyl or similar groups in position 2, which are generated via oxidative photoinduced electron transfer, undergo anomalous fragmentation necessitating refinement of the accepted mechanism. Experimental and computational data support a rationale in which proton abstraction from the hydroxy group in the initial cation radical does not cause a Grob-like fragmentation, but rather produces a neutral radical species, the alkoxy radical, that undergoes fragmentation in either direction, i.e., cleaving the C−C bond to dithiane or to the tertiary alkyl group.
Perioperative pain control

There are many options for perioperative pain control available to surgeons. Given these options, adequate levels of analgesia should be achieved and maintained in all surgical patients. Data suggest that analgesia may be improved by combining different analgesic approaches. To avoid high-dose requirements, dose-dependent adverse effects, and potential toxicity associated with reliance on one agent or technique, "balanced" or multimodal analgesic regimens have been advocated. A multimodal recovery program consists of three major components: (1) early mobilization, (2) complete perioperative analgesia, and (3) early oral nutrition. The goal of multimodal programs is to accelerate patient rehabilitation and reduce hospital stays. Balanced multimodal programs are the present and future of perioperative pain control and will enhance patient care.
Heart development in the Mexican salamander, Ambystoma Mexicanum. II. Ultrastructure.

Heart development in the Mexican axolotl, Ambystoma mexicanum, from early embryonic stages to the adult was studied by electron microscopy. During early development, myocardial cells exhibit scanty cytoplasmic matrixes which contain numerous large yolk platelets and lipid droplets. As development progresses the yolk and lipid materials become reduced; the cytoplasmic matrixes increase in glycogen content and membranous organelles. Degradation of yolk platelets appears to take place by an “unraveling” process. The Golgi complex becomes well-developed just prior to the first heart beats and its many associated vesicles are suggestive of secretory activity. Degeneration and death of certain myocardial cells are evident at the onset of trabeculation. Several mechanisms for myofibrillogenesis appear to operate both simultaneously and at different developmental stages. Pre-heart-beat myocardial cells display ribosome-containing amorphous masses and unorganized 60 A and 140 A filaments in their cytoplasm. They also have electron-opaque plaques on their plasma membranes. Sarcomeric myofibrils first appear parallel to and immediately beneath the sarcolemma. This occurs at stage 34, the heart-beat initiation stage (6 days). During later development “isolated” Z band-myofilament complexes, numerous loosely-organized 60 A filaments and a few 140 A filaments are observable in the cell matrixes. This suggests that Z bands may form centers for myofibril organization at these stages. Also at later stages, polysomes are parallel to the already-formed myofibrils. These polysomes are possibly synthesizing contractile proteins “in situ” and may represent a mechanism for myofibril diameter growth. In late embryonic and juvenile stages 100 A—110 A filaments appear to be continuous between Z bands of adjacent myofibrils. It is possible that such filaments of intermediate size are involved in aligning myofibrils into register during advanced developmental stages.
New high performance liquid chromatographic analysis of brain catecholamines.

Abstract A new high performance liquid chromatography analysis has been developed for catecholamines in brain tissue. The method retains alumina separation of the catecholamines. Quantitative read-out is by direct liquid chromatography, replacing the tedious trihydroxyindole chemistry and fluorescence measurements. The analysis is rapid and accurate and agrees well with existing literature data. The equipment is inexpensive and the technique can be utilized for routine analyses after 1–2 weeks of practice. The method is directly applicable to whole small animal brains and, depending on the NE and DA levels, to dissected sub-portions.
Critical studies: From the theory of ideology to power/knowledge

This essay examines the diffuse and varied theories of ideology as presented in Marxist‐based critical studies and focuses on how these theories take up a strategic function within the general project of Marxist theory. The inadequacies of this discourse of “ideological” analysis are examined by way of the work of Michel Foucault. On the basis of this analysis, a new direction for critical studies of the media is proposed, a move away from the uses of the theory of ideology toward the concept of power/knowledge.
A unified solution of several heat conduction models

Abstract Energy transport within a finite thin film subjected to either symmetric or asymmetric heating at the boundaries is investigated. Non-Gaussian heat sources are modeled as time-varying and spatially-decaying laser incidences. Comparison of heat transfer mechanisms based on the classical diffusion, Cattaneo–Vernotte, simplified thermomass, and dual-phase-lag models is undertaken. This study presents a single generalized analytical temperature profile in a finite thin film in terms of an infinite series, utilizing the superposition technique in conjunction with the solution structure theorems, which is found to be applicable to solutions of all the aforementioned models. The temperature solution for a particular model can be obtained directly by applying appropriate coefficients as they appear in the proposed generalized governing heat conduction equation. Through analyses and numerical examples, the time history of heat transfer behaviors due to the collision of energy from both sides of the thin film is compared among these models. It reveals that the method provides a convenient and efficient solution to the classical heat diffusion equation as well as other forms of hyperbolic heat conduction equations.
Raman spectrum and cross sections of n-C3F7I. Implications for a large-scale atomic iodine laser☆

Abstract The Raman spectrum of gaseous n-C3F7I has been recorded.Raman cross sections, depolarization ratios, and line widths were measured for the four strongest Raman-active modes. Using the measured values for the 280 cm-1 mode, the stimulated-Raman gain for a large-scale iodine laser was calculated. The results indicate that losses due to stimulated-Raman scattering will be negligible for a fusion-driver iodine laser.
Feeding strategies of the macrourids

Abstract The morphological features of the heads of fishes correspond to their abilities to utilize certain food resources. Analysis of the functional anatomy of feeding in the Macrouridae, the dominant benthopelagic fishes, indicates a variety of predator strategies within the group. Stomach content data support the hypothesis that the most extremely specialized forms, including the genera Coelorinchus and Mataeocephalus, with long rostrums and small, protrusible mouths, are predators on the benthos. Bathygadine macrourids, the most primative in many ways, have large mouths and blunt snouts and feed on swimming prey near the bottom. Species intermediate in form between these two extremes feed on various food sources, which are related to the size of the fish, depth of occureence, and ability to migrate off the bottom into midwaters. Macrourids (rattails) have probably evolved from a shallower-water ancestor much like Merluccius or Macruronus. The specialized bottom feeders occur primarily on continental slopes, where the benthos provides enough food to support them. Deeper-living rattails have the most generalized feeding habits, reflecting the differences in the types of food available to them.
Self-stabilizing multicast protocols for ad hoc networks

We propose two distributed algorithms to maintain respectively the minimum weight spanning tree (MST) based multi-cast tree and the shortest path (SPST) multi-cast tree in a given ad hoc network for a given multi-cast group; our algorithms are fault tolerant (reliable) in the sense that the algorithms can detect occasional link failures and/or new link creations in the network (due to mobility of the hosts) and can readjust the multi-cast tree. Our approach is to use the paradigm of self-stabilization in distributed fault tolerance. We provide time complexity analysis of the algorithms in terms of the number of rounds needed for the algorithm to stabilize after a topology change, where a round is defined as a period of time in which each node in the system receives beacon messages from all its neighbors. In any ad hoc network, the participating nodes periodically transmit beacon messages for message transmission as well as to maintain the knowledge of the local topology at the node; as a result the nodes get the information about its neighbor nodes synchronously (at specific time intervals). Thus, the paradigm to analyze the complexity of the self-stabilizing algorithms in the context of ad hoc networks is very different from the traditional concept of adversary oracle used in proving the convergence and correctness of self-stabilizing distributed algorithms in general.
Thermodynamics of perfect polymer fibres in tension: Failure work, strength, modulus, volume, entropy, enthalpy, and melting

Using the characteristic state of stress-induced fusion (melting) as a point of reference, various thermodynamic equations are derived for axially deformed perfect fibres of finite molecular weight polymers. The results, rigorous, complete, and inclusive, build on those previously given ( Smith, K.J., Jr, Polymer Science and Engineering, 1990 , 30, 437). Stress-induced fusion is the origin of fibre failure and is predicted for polyethylene (perfect fibre) at 25 °C to occur at a stress (strength) of ~7.6GPa (using a modulus of 330 GPa), a strain of ~0.023, and failure work of ~0.087 GPa. These values are virtually identical to recently obtained experimental results (Smith and Wang, submitted to Polymer). Poisson's ratio is predicted to be initially 0.39 and rises to 0.5 at the point of stress-induced fusion. Variations of the tensile modulus with both temperature and pressure are derived. The modulus of a polyethylene perfect fibre (crystal), for example, at its unstressed melting point of ~150 °C is computed to be ~223 GPa. The modulus is shown to decrease as applied pressure increases.
Oral clefts and syndromic forms of tooth agenesis as models for genetics of isolated tooth agenesis

Genetic defects responsible for tooth agenesis are only now beginning to be uncovered. MSX1 and PAX9 have been associated with tooth agenesis in mice and humans, but interestingly for humans, these genes are associated with specific missing teeth. Mouse models also show that specific genes contribute to the development of specific types of teeth. A precise description of the phenotype specifying which teeth are missing has become fundamental. Mendelian segregation can be identified in families with tooth agenesis, but heterogenous or multiple genes may be responsible for the development of specific types of teeth agenesis in humans. Data from animal models are still very complex, and the human embryology is still poorly understood. Oral clefts and syndromic forms of tooth agenesis may be the best models for isolated tooth agenesis. In the future, a precise description of the missing teeth in syndromes involving tooth agenesis may be useful.
Self-Diffusion in Gases and Liquids

A systematic study of the self-diffusion coefficient in hard-sphere fluids, Lennard-Jones fluids, and real compounds over the entire range of gaseous and liquid states is presented. First an equation is proposed for the self-diffusion coefficient in a hard-sphere fluid based on the molecular dynamics simulations of Alder et al. (J. Chem. Phys. 1970, 53, 3813) and Erpenbeck and Wood (Phys. Rev. A 1991, 43, 4254). That expression, extended to the Lennard-Jones fluids through the effective hard-sphere diameter method, represents accurately the self-diffusion coefficients obtained in the literature by molecular dynamics simulations, as well as those determined experimentally for argon, methane, and carbon dioxide. A rough Lennard-Jones expression, which contains besides the diameter σLJ and energy eLJ the translational−rotational factor, AD (which could be correlated with the acentric factor), is adopted to describe the self-diffusion in nonspherical fluids. The energy parameter is estimated using a correlati...
New results on electron-neutrino carbon scattering and muon-neutrino carbon scattering at LSND

Abstract For the exclusive reaction to the 12N ground state the expected cross section can be reliably calculated using form factors independently determined from other measurements. LSND has measured flux-averaged cross sections of (9.1 ± 0.4 ± 0.9) × 10−42cm2 for 12C(νe, e-)12Ng.s. and (6.6±1.0±1.0) × 10−41cm2 for 12C(νμ, μ−)12Ng.s. in good agreement with expectations. Inclusive cross sections can not be predicted with as reliable a procedure. LSND measured a flux-averaged cross section to excited of 12N, 12C(νe, e−)12N∗, of (5.7 ± 0.6 ± 0.6) × 10−42cm2 in good agreement with a CRPA calculation. For the inclusive process 12C(νμ, μ−)12N LSND measured a flux-averaged cross section of (11.2 ± 0.3 ± 1.8) × 10−40cm2. This is significantly below a recent CRPA calculation.
Low-coherence light-scattering calculations for polydisperse size distributions.

The calculation of angular light-scattering distributions is considered for low-coherence light incident on a polydisperse particle size distribution of scatterers. As low-coherence light is now commonly used in interferometry schemes when applied to biomedical imaging, the difference between detecting scattered intensity and interferometrically detecting the scattered field is examined. An expression is derived that allows the presence of multiple wavelengths λ and particle sizes d to be described by a single distribution in the size parameter x=πd/λ, which simplifies numerical calculations. The applicability of this expression is examined numerically.
Visualizing social links in exploratory search

The visualization of results is a critical component in search engines, and the standard ranked list interface has been a consistently predominant model. The emergence of social media provides a new opportunity to investigate visualization techniques that expose socially derived links between objects to support their exploration. Here we introduce and evaluate network-based visualizations for facilitating the exploration of a Web knowledge space. We developed a force directed network interface to visualize the result sets provided by GiveALink.org, a social bookmarking site. The classifications and tags by users are aggregated to build a social similarity network between bookmarked resources. We administered a user study to evaluate the potential of leveraging such social links in an exploratory search task. During exploration, the similarity links are used to arrange the resources in a semantic layout. Users in our study prefer a hybrid interface combining a conventional ranked list and a two dimensional network map, allowing them to find the same amount of relevant information using fewer queries. This behavior is a direct result of the additional structural information present in the network visualization, which aids them in the exploration of the information space.
3D-T1rho-relaxation mapping of articular cartilage: in vivo assessment of early degenerative changes in symptomatic osteoarthritic subjects.

Abstract Rationale and objectives To determine the in vivo feasibility of quantifying early degenerative changes in patellofemoral joint of symptomatic human knee using spin-lattice relaxation time in the rotating frame (T 1ρ ) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Materials and methods All the MRI experiments were performed on a 1.5 T whole-body GE Signa clinical scanner using a custom built 15-cm diameter transmit-receive quadrature birdcage radiofrequency coil. The T 1ρ -prepared magnetization was imaged with a three-dimensional gradient-echo pulse sequence pre-encoded with a three-pulse cluster consisting of two hard 90° pulses and a low power spin-lock pulse. Quantitative T 1ρ relaxation maps of asymptomatic (n = 8 males), and six symptomatic human volunteers (four men, two women) were computed using a appropriate signal expression. Results All six symptomatic volunteers showed elevation in T 1ρ relaxation times when compared with asymptomatic subjects. In symptomatic population, the T 1ρ relaxation times varied from 63 ± 4 ms to 95 ± 12 ms (mean ± standard deviation) depending on the degree of cartilage degeneration. The increase in T 1ρ of symptomatic population was statistically significant (n = 6, P Conclusion Preliminary results demonstrated the in vivo feasibility of quantifying early biochemical changes in symptomatic osteoarthritis subjects employing T 1ρ -weighted MRI on a 1.5 T clinical scanner. This study on limited number of symptomatic population shows that T 1ρ -weighted MRI provides a noninvasive marker for quantitation of early degenerative changes of cartilage in vivo. However, further studies are needed to correlate early osteoarthritis determined from arthroscopy with T 1ρ in a large symptomatic population.
Characterizing the Health and Safety Needs of the Collision Repair Industry

Production workers in the collision repair industry are potentially exposed to many harmful chemicals, including isocyanates. Of particular concern is the burden of work-related asthma in this industry that likely reflects exposures to the isocyanates in two-part paints. The main objectives of this study were to gather information about: (i) the collision repair industry business model, (ii) the number of collision repair production workers potentially exposed to isocyanates, (iii) additional chemical and physical exposures of concern, (iv) current health and safety practices in the industry, (v) the health and safety perceptions and needs of business owners and managers, and (vi) strategies to reduce exposure and increase employer and worker awareness. Data were gathered using a combination of key informant interviews, field investigations, and a statewide needs assessment survey. Although a response bias cannot be excluded, the 69% response rate suggests that the survey results are likely representative...
Quadratic differentials with prescribed singularities and pseudo-Anosov diffeomorphisms

A quadratic differential on a Riemann surface M determines certain " topological" data: the genus o f M; the orders o f zeros and poles; and the orientability o f the horizontal foliation. In this note we determine which collections o f data can be realized by quadratic differentials with finite area. A pseudo-Anosov diffeomorphism of M also determines certain topological data: the genus of the M; the types of the singularities and the orientability of the stable foliation. As a corollary to our result on quadratic differentials we determine which topological data can be realized by pseudo-Anosov diffeomorphisms on oriented surfaces. Let X be a closed Riemann surface o f genus g with a system of holomorphic coordinate charts { U,., h,. }. This means that { U, } is a covering of X by open sets; h,. is a homeomorph i sm of U,. to an open set in the complex plane and hu ~ h; ~ is conformal whenever defined. Let q be a positive integer. A meromorphic q-differential 05 on X is a set o f meromorphic function elements 05,, in the local parameters zv = h,.(p) for which the t ransformat ion law
The characterization of misfit dislocations at {100} heterojunctions in III–V compound semiconductors

Abstract Strain localization at near-lattice-mismatched (100) semiconductor heterojunctions results in the formation of dislocations due to plastic deformation of the epilayer at low temperatures. A geometric model for this deformation has been presented which predicts the main features of these dislocation arrays at the heterojunction. In a full analysis of these dislocations, both the dissociated nature of the dislocations and their α β character must be taken into account. The model has been tested by analyzing the arrangement and character of dislocations present in (Ga,In)As/GaAs and (Ga, In)P/GaAs heterostructures. It is shown that the dislocations geometries differ significantly depending on whether the epilayer was in tension or compression during growth.
Fixed-Final-Time-Constrained Optimal Control of Nonlinear Systems Using Neural Network HJB Approach

In this paper, fixed-final time-constrained optimal control laws using neural networks (NNS) to solve Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman (HJB) equations for general affine in the constrained nonlinear systems are proposed. An NN is used to approximate the time-varying cost function using the method of least squares on a predefined region. The result is an NN nearly -constrained feedback controller that has time-varying coefficients found by a priori offline tuning. Convergence results are shown. The results of this paper are demonstrated in two examples, including a nonholonomic system.
New insight into the electronic structure of a As 2 Se 3

Results of a realistic ab initio investigation of the geometric structure and electronic properties of the compound chalcogenide prototype ${\mathrm{As}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Se}}_{3}$ are presented. Structural parameters are accurate to within a few percent of their experimental values. The nature of bonding within and between layers is revealed and the character of states near the band edges is obtained, including predictions for the electron and hole effective masses.