cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Real crime, real victims: environmental crime victims and the Crime Victims’ Rights Act (CVRA)

The Crime Victims’ Rights Act (CVRA) was signed into U.S. federal law in 2004 with the expressed purpose of empowering crime victims, expanding the role of the victim in federal criminal prosecutions, and providing more clearly defined roles for victims in court proceedings. As environmental crime cases have progressed through the federal court system, the courts and legal scholarship have begun to address the complexities associated with environmental crime victimization under the CVRA. This article provides an overview of recent environmental crime cases that have addressed the CVRA. It then discusses criticisms of including environmental crime victims under the CVRA, while developing a thesis in support of victim recognition.
Effects of dietary copper on human autonomic cardiovascular function.

Heart rate and blood pressure responses during supine rest, orthostasis, and sustained handgrip exercise at 30% maximal voluntary contraction were determined in eight healthy women aged 18–36 years who consumed diets varying in copper and ascorbic acid content. Copper retention and plasma copper concentration were not affected by diet. Enzymatic, but not immunoreactive, ceruloplasmin was lower (p<0.05) after the low copper and high ascorbic acid diet periods. Diet had no effect on resting supine heart rates, orthostatic responses in heart rate and blood pressure, or standing resting blood pressure. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures were increased significantly (p<0.05) during the handgrip test at the end of the low copper and ascorbic acid supplementation periods. Also, the ratio of enzymatic to immunoreactive ceruloplasmin decreased significantly during these dietary treatments. The mean arterial blood pressure at the end of the handgrip test was negatively (p<0.0004) correlated with the ceruloplasmin ratios. These findings indicate a functional alteration in human blood pressure regulation during mild copper depletion.
Iodination associated inactivation of β-melanocyte stimulating hormone

Abstract Contrary to other published reports, iodinated β-melanocyte stimulating hormone (β-MSH) is without biological activity as measured by frog skin bioassay, melanoma (mouse S-91) adenylate cyclase assay, or melanoma tyrosinase assay. Inactivation results in part from oxidation of the methionine residue by the chloramine T and sodium metabisulfite used in the iodination reaction. Replacement of the methionine of β-MSH with norleucine by solid phase synthesis results in an analogue which is more resistant, but not completely resistant, to inactivation. Thus, in order to obtain a biologically active radioligand for radioreceptor studies, further tailoring of the hormone and/or modification of the iodination procedure will be needed.
Accelerator-driven neutron sources for fusion materials testing

Several accelerator-driven neutron sources have been proposed for satisfying the requirements of a high-flux high-volume international fusion materials testing facility that could be built in the near future. This paper summarizes the features and projected performance for the three accelerator sources that are leading candidates for such a role and that are viewed by the International Energy Agency (IEA) as worthy of further evaluation. These are: (1) the d-Li source, in which 35-MeV deuteron beams are incident on flowing lithium targets, (2) the t-H{sub 2}O source, in which 21-MeV triton beams strike high-speed water jets, and (3) the Spallation source in which a 600-MeV proton beam bombards a heavy-metal target.
Rotavirus-Specific Helper T Cell Responses in Newborns, Infants, Children, and Adults

An obstacle to developing a successful rotavirus vaccine has been the inability to consistently correlate the humoral immune response with protection against disease. Transplacental transfer of maternal rotavirus-specific antibodies may obscure the capacity to discriminate an active from a passively acquired humoral immune response in infants. In an attempt to circumvent this problem, an assay was developed to detect rotavirus-specific helper T cells among circulating mononuclear cells. Rotavirus-specific lymphoproliferative responses and rotavirus-specific neutralizing antibody titers in blood were determined in 11 mother/newborn pairs at the time of delivery and in 54 infants, children, and adults ranging in age from 16 days to 40 years. Only 1 of 11 infants tested between 16 days and 6 months of age had detectable rotavirus-specific helper T cell activity whereas 8 of 11 had circulating rotavirus-specific neutralizing antibodies. Acquisition of rotavirus-specific helper T cell activity over the first few years of life correlated with the age at which infants and young children are known to be infected with rotavirus. These findings support the hypothesis that detection of rotavirus-specific lymphoproliferative activity in infants may more accurately determine previous exposure to rotavirus than detection of rotavirus-specific antibodies.
Electronic Health Records and Electronic Prescribing: Promise and Pitfalls

Health information technology (health IT), especially technology related to electronic health records (EHRs) and electronic prescription (e-prescribing) systems, is believed to be the cornerstone for improvements in quality of care, patient safety, and efficiencies, all leading to cost benefits. With increasing requirements for quality reporting and with new pay-for-performance programs being initiated by insurers, many physicians are asking if it is time to invest in health IT. However, as those who have already made this decision have found, adopting EHRs and e-prescribing systems is not an easy task: Our colleagues resist their use, they are costly, the case for a return on investment for an ambulatory practice has not been well established, incentives to use are misaligned, implementations may be difficult, and often such systems disrupt or inhibit workflow.
Long-term neurosensory deficits following transoral vertical ramus and sagittal split osteotomies for mandibular prognathism

Twenty-six patients who had been treated for mandibular prognathism by either bilateral sagittal split osteotomy or transoral vertical ramus osteotomy were evaluated by neurosensory examination. Neuropathy was demonstrable in 28.8% of the 52 mental nerves examined. The incidence of neuropathy was significantly higher in the bilateral sagittal split osteotomy group than in the transoral vertical osteotomy group.
Formation and dynamics of large‐scale magnetic structures in the ionosphere of Venus

The formation and dynamics of large-scale magnetic structures in the ionosphere of Venus are examined. It is shown that such structures must be the result of steady state convection of interplanetary field lines into the ionosphere by the small amount of solar wind plasma (less than or approximately equal to 1-5 percent) absorbed by the planetary atmosphere below the ionopause, rather than isolated remnants of large fields persisting for long periods without connection to the solar wind induced current and convection pattern. In particular, it is demonstrated that the magnetic diffusion of such structures would result in their dissipation with time scales of 1-10 min, if they were not steady state structures in convective and diffusive equilibriuim. It is shown that the equations governing the diffusion of these magnetic structures are similar to those governing diffusion of a gas out of an enclosed chamber with a porous wall, and a simple analog is illustrated. The application of these results to magnetic fields of astrophysical plasmas is discussed.
Understanding biocatalyst inhibition by carboxylic acids

Carboxylic acids are an attractive biorenewable chemical in terms of their flexibility and usage as precursors for a variety of industrial chemicals. It has been demonstrated that such carboxylic acids can be fermentatively produced using engineered microbes, such as Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. However, like many other attractive biorenewable fuels and chemicals, carboxylic acids become inhibitory to these microbes at concentrations below the desired yield and titer. In fact, their potency as microbial inhibitors is highlighted by the fact that many of these carboxylic acids are routinely used as food preservatives. This review highlights the current knowledge regarding the impact that saturated, straight-chain carboxylic acids, such as hexanoic, octanoic, decanoic, and lauric acids can have on E. coli and S. cerevisiae, with the goal of identifying metabolic engineering strategies to increase robustness. Key effects of these carboxylic acids include damage to the cell membrane and a decrease of the microbial internal pH. Certain changes in cell membrane properties, such as composition, fluidity, integrity, and hydrophobicity, and intracellular pH are often associated with increased tolerance. The availability of appropriate exporters, such as Pdr12, can also increase tolerance. The effect on metabolic processes, such as maintaining appropriate respiratory function, regulation of Lrp activity and inhibition of production of key metabolites such as methionine, are also considered. Understanding the mechanisms of biocatalyst inhibition by these desirable products can aid in the engineering of robust strains with improved industrial performance.
Is the anteroposterior cervical spine radiograph necessary in initial trauma screening

The usefulness of the anteroposterior (AP) radiograph of the cervical spine in contributing to the diagnosis of cervical spine injuries in the acute trauma patient was examined in a retrospective study. All cases of cervical spine fracture or dislocation seen at a level I trauma center over a 3-year period and at a rehabilitation center over a 10-year period were reviewed. The lateral radiograph, open-mouth odontoid radiograph, and AP radiograph of each case were sequentially examined by a neuroradiologist (blinded to the original diagnosis) to determine the contribution of each view in making a diagnosis of cervical spine injury. Results of these reviews showed that there were no cases of cervical spine injury evident on the AP view without an obvious corresponding abnormality on the lateral or open-mouth view. It was concluded that the AP view could be dropped from the initial screening radiographic study of the cervical spine in the trauma patient. Only an adequate lateral view and open-mouth odontoid view would then be necessary to initially evaluate the cervical spine in the trauma patient, and decisions to obtain further studies could be based safely on only the lateral and open-mouth views.
The effect of assay formats on the estimation of melanocortin agonist affinity and efficacy using the operation model of agonism.

Abstract Melanocortin MC 3 and MC 4 receptor agonists have pharmaceutical benefit in the regulation of energy homeostasis. These agonists are defined by two parameters, their potency and their efficacy. However, these parameters are dependent upon the system in which they are measured. Herein, we have used the operational model of agonism to define agonist properties. We have used two different assay formats, cAMP accumulation and a cAMP response element (CRE)-β-lactamase gene reporter to measure melanocortin MC 3 and MC 4 receptor agonist profiles, in the presence and absence of the irreversible receptor inactivator N-ethoxycarbonyl-2-ethoxy-1,2-dihydroquinoline (EEDQ) and fitted these data to the operational model of agonism to define agonist affinity and efficacy. Data generated using the cAMP accumulation assay fitted well to assumptions made in the operational model and provided estimations of affinity and efficacy in line with those expected. However, data generated in the gene reporter assays showed over a 100-fold increase in agonist affinity compared with cAMP data and unexpectedly low values for efficacy. These data show that the operational model can be used to determine the efficacies of melanocortin agonists which appear as full agonists in cAMP assays, but that this is not the case for gene reporter assays in which agonist efficacies cannot be distinguished.
Stability of WAIS-R scatter indices in the elderly.

Abstract The test-retest reliability and clinical stability of WAIS-R VIQ-PIQ differences, inter, and intrasubtest scatter were investigated in a sample of 61 normal persons 75 years and older. The test-retest coefficient was .76 for VIQ-PIQ discrepancy, ranged from .05 to .56 for the intersubtest scatter range, and from .08 to .43 for intrasubtest scatter. In terms of clinical stability, 56% of subjects maintained a similar magnitude and direction of meaningful VIQ-PIQ differences from test to retest. Classification of subtest strengths and weakness from test to retest was generally poor with an average disagreement of 52% from the first to the second assessment. Intrasubtest scatter also displayed poor clinical stability with 25–50% of subjects demonstrating meaningful changes on retest.
Functional integrals in the statistical theory of turbulence and the burgers model equation

The functional integrals appearing in master equations for turbulent flow of an incompressible fluid and for the Burgers model equation are treated. A possible way is described to define the integration properly and related problems are discussed. For the simple example of the Burgers model equation of turbulence some results are presented.
Universal behavior in nonlinear systems

Abstract A semipopular account of the universal scaling theory for the period doubling route to chaos is presented.
FAR-FIELD CHARACTERISTICS OF RANDOM LASERS

We report on experimental observation of the far-field intensity and mode distributions of random lasers. Laser emission from highly disordered semiconductor polycrystalline thin films could be observed in all directions. The angle dependence of the laser output from the edge of the film is different from that of the laser emission scattered out of the surface of the film. More lasing modes are observed from the surface of the film than from the edge of the film. A qualitative explanation of the experimental results are presented based on the laser cavities formed by optical scattering being located in the plane of the films.
Analysis of Crankshaft Bearings Using a Mass Conserving Algorithm

A mass conserving algorithm (Elrod algorithm) which uses the Jakobsson, Floberg, and Olsson cavitation boundary conditions has been implemented to analyze crankshaft bearings. The main and connecting rod bearings of a typical automotive engine are considered. Some sample steady-state results are presented. The inverse problem (given the load, find the journal orbit) is solved for real engine loads. Comparisons are made with a non-conservative algorithm based on the Reynolds boundary condition. Significant differences in the cavitation zones and oil flows are observed between the two algorithms. In all cases, the oil flow into the bearing is found to match the oil flow out of the bearing for the Elrod algorithm. Presented at the 44th Annual Meeting in Atlanta, Georgia May 1–4, 1989
Effects of antibacterial mineral leachates on the cellular ultrastructure, morphology, and membrane integrity of Escherichia coli and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Background We have previously identified two mineral mixtures, CB07 and BY07, and their respective aqueous leachates that exhibit in vitro antibacterial activity against a broad spectrum of pathogens. The present study assesses cellular ultrastructure and membrane integrity of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Escherichia coli after exposure to CB07 and BY07 aqueous leachates.
ESTROGEN STIMULATION OF THE OVIDUCT IN VITAMIN-DEFICIENT CHICKS

PROLIFERATION of the chick oviduct in response to stimulation by the synthetic estrogen, stilbestrol, is dependent upon the dietary level of pteroylglutamic acid (PGA) but is independent of the level of pyridoxine, pantothenic acid, or riboflavin (Hertz, 1945). We have repeatedly confirmed the point that optimal growth of the chick oviduct in response to stilbestrol stimulation does not occur in the absence of adequate amounts of PGA (Kline and Dorfman, 1948). In addition, we have found that stimulation of the chick oviduct by the natural estrogen, estrone, is also impaired by PGA deficiency. The studies reported in this paper deal primarily with an investigation of the relation of single vitamin deficiencies to the action of stilbestrol over a range of dose levels. The main effort has been to find a means of differentiating between the effect of a vitamin deficiency in itself and the effect of the inevitable concomitant inanition on the response of the cluck oviduct to stilbestrol stimulation.
De novo fatty acid synthesis in the perfused rat lung. Incorporation of palmitate into phospholipids.

Abstract 1. The incorporation of exogenously derived [ 14 C]palmitate and endogenously synthesized [ 3 H]pahnitate (from 3 H 2 O) was measured in the isolated perfused lung. 2. Over 40% of the fatty acid esterified into lung disaturated phosphatidylcholine was derived from de novo synthesis. 3. A major portion of the palmitate synthesized de novo was incorporated in the 2 position of disaturated phosphatidylcholine. 4. Streptozotocin-induced diabetes and the compound 5-(tetradecyloxy)-2-furoic acid markedly inhibited de novo fatty acid synthesis while the incorporation of exogenously supplied palmitate increased into disaturated phosphatidylcholine, primarily in the 2 position. 5. Treatment with insulin resulted in an increase in [ 14 C]glucose incorporation into lung phospholipid, with the largest increase appearing in the glyceride-glycerol fraction of the phosphatidylcholine species. 6. Insulin neither stimulated de novo fatty acid synthesis nor increased exogenous palmitate incorporation. 7. These data show: (1) that de novo fatty acid synthesis in the perfused rat lung is involved in the remodeling reactions in the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine, and (2) that diabetes affects the relative contribution of de novo synthesized and exogenously supplied palmitate available for the esterification of lung phospholipid.
A window to the discovery of a wonder drug

Many of us take for granted the medicines that our physicians prescribe, often wondering why they are so expensive and why there are so many different versions of the same medicine from which to choose. A politically charged and often evoked explanation, albeit overly simplistic and for the most part incorrect, is that the pharmaceutical industry is only interested in making a profit and is unsympathetic to the financial burdens of patients in need of life-saving treatments.
GASTROINTESTINAL MICROFLORA IN INFANTS WITH NECROTIZING ENTEROCOLITIS (NEC)

Gastric and fecal microflora were studied in 3 groups of infants: 1-27 infants with NEC; II-41 Infants in the same neonatal intensive care unit; III-30 full-term neonates. There were no significant differences among the groups except for the geatational ages and birth weights in group III. Significantly greater (p<0.05) numbers of gram negative aerobic species were isolated from gastric aspirates of NEC patients than from infants and controls; for K. pneumoniae the difference between NEC infants and controls was significant at p<0.001. Fecal gram negative aerobic organisms were recovered from infants with NEC in a frequency similar to full-term infants but greater (p<0.01) than other sick neonates. Fecal anaerobes were recovered from infants with NEC and other sick neonates significantly less frequently (p<0.005) than from healthy infants. Analysis of the gastric and fecal microflora of infants with NEC shows a characteristic pattern. This may, in part, account for the development of NEC in certain infants. It may also explain the benefits accrued from aminoglycoside therapy in NEC.
Manufacturing strategy, environmental uncertainty and performance: a path analytic model

In recent years, researchers and practitioners are paying increasing attention to the phenomenon of manufacturing strategy. However, there exists no formal theory of manufacturing strategy to explain the phenomenon. There is a real need for empirical studies for the development of such a theory. This study takes a step in that direction by clarifying, organizing and integrating terms and concepts relevant to manufacturing strategy in the process of conducting an empirical investigation of key manufacturing strategy variables. The empirical section of this study based on data gathered from 35 manufacturers found that environmental uncertainty influenced manufacturing strategy variables such as Manufacturing Flexibility, and the Role of Manufacturing Managers in Strategic Decision Making. The manufacturing strategy variables, in turn, influenced business performance.
Exploratory behavior of dominant and submissive rats

The exploratory tendencies of dominant and submissive rats were examined in a Y-maze. The dominant rats showed significantly more alternation behavior in the maze than their submissive partners. There were no differences in activity between the groups, nor in defecation behavior. Dominant rats appear, therefore, to explore more than submissive rats in novel situations.
Adenosine deaminase deficiency: Frequency and comparative pathology in autosomally recessive severe combined immunodeficiency☆

Abstract Seven of thirty families with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) had an affected female child, which is presumptive evidence of an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance. Four of these seven families (57%) were found to carry a gene for adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency, in that parents and family members had ADA activity in the range of known obligate heterozygotes. In three of the four families, the diagnosis of heterozygosity for ADA deficiency was confirmed either by the subsequent birth of an affected ADA-deficient child or by testing an affected child alive following successful bone marrow transplant. In the fourth family, anomalous inheritance of the ADA genetic polymorphism confirmed the presence of a “null” allele for ADA. Thymic and bony pathology, of a type previously thought to be unique to ADA deficiency, was also found in patients with normal ADA. Retrospective diagnosis of ADA deficiency based solely upon pathologic changes is therefore not reliable.
A top-down method for the determination of residue-specific solvent accessibility in proteins.

We present a method employing top-down Fourier transform mass spectrometry (FTMS) for the rapid profiling of amino acid side-chain reactivity. The reactivity of side-chain groups can be used to infer residue-specific solvent accessibility and can also be used in the same way as H/D exchange reactions to probe protein structure and interactions. We probed the reactivity of the N-terminal and e-lysine amino groups of ubiquitin by reaction with N-hydroxysuccinimidyl acetate (NHSAc), which specifically acetylates primary amines. Using a hybrid Q-FTMS instrument, we observed several series of multiply acetylated ubiquitin ions that varied with the NHSAc : protein stoichiometry. We isolated and fragmented each member of the series of acetylated ubiquitin ions in the front end of the instrument and measured the fragment ion masses in the FTMS analyzer cell to determine which residue positions were modified. As we increased the NHSAc : protein stoichiometric ratio, identification of the fragments from native protein and protein with successively increasing modification allowed the assignment of the complete order of reactivity of the primary amino groups in ubiquitin (Met 1 ≈ Lys 6 ≈ Lys 48 ≈ Lys 63 > Lys 33 > Lys 11 > Lys 27, Lys 29). These results are in excellent agreement with the reactivity expected from other studies and predicted from the known crystal structure of ubiquitin. The top-down approach eliminates the need for proteolytic digestion, high-performance liquid chromatographic separations and all other chemical steps except the labeling reaction, making it rapid and amenable to automation using small quantities of protein. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Methods of measuring the distribution of socio-economic conditions

Abstract A metropolitan community was faced with the problem of locating areas of the community in terms of more or less need for leisure-time services. The authors developed a set of methods and techniques to solve this problem. It was noted that these methods differed in some ways from prior efforts of this sort. The advantages of the methods were that they could use readily available data, did not require the use of a computer, and presented a relative level of need that was more than a simple ranking of planning areas. Further, the methods could be used to locate any number of conditions in which one might be interested. In addition to spelling out the details of the original effort, an attempt is made to show how factor analysis could be used as an alternate approach to the first effort. The pros and cons of factor analysis as a substitute method are discussed. The major disadvantage would be if the particular community did not have a large computer available. This is outweighed by the higher levels of accuracy, predictability and comparability provided by factor analysis.
Measuring forest ecosystem sustainability: A resource accounting approach

A new environmental paradigm has emerged, reflecting a change in the public's understanding of resource sustainability. Forest policy makers need to be better informed about such changes to achieve economic, social, and environmental objectives in a manner that balances human needs and aspirations with ecosystem constraints. As an aid to this task, a forest resource accounting system based on the key concept of natural capital could help reshape forest policies to provide an even wider spectrum of benefits for both present and future generations by maintaining and enhancing the productive capacity of forest capital. Such a resource accounting system would provide a tool for integrating multidimensional information requirements in measuring the health of both forest ecosystems and economic systems. This paper outlines some of the features of this accounting system and proposes and framework that would integrate economic and ecological characteristics of natural resources. Forest resource accounting is urgently needed to achieve the sustainability goals of ecosystem management.
Spinal Cord Infarction Mimicking Angina Pectoris

Severe chest pain resembling angina pectoris in a 42-year-old man preceded the development of neurologic signs, distracting from recognition of the acute infarction of the cervical spinal cord responsible for his pain. Consistent with a spinal origin of chest pain were the absence of any evidence of cardiac disease and the demonstration of infarction at C6-7. This segmental level coincides with the convergence of ascending afferent traffic entering the central nervous system from the cardiac plexus. Spinal stroke affecting the lower cervical level can thus mimic the pain of myocardial ischemia.
Long-term quality of life after radiotherapy for the treatment of anal cancer

BACKGROUND: Radiotherapy is the current standard of care for patients with localized squamous cell cancer of the anal canal. The goal of the current study was to evaluate long-term quality of life (QoL) in patients after this treatment. METHODS: Questionnaires were mailed to 80 patients treated with definitive radiotherapy, with or without concurrent chemotherapy, for anal cancer, with a minimum 2-year interval after the completion of radiotherapy. The questionnaire included the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Colorectal (FACT-C), the Medical Outcomes Study (MOS) Sexual Problems Scale, and questions regarding demographic characteristics and comorbidities. RESULTS: A total of 32 (40%) patients completed the questionnaire. There were no significant differences noted with regard to clinical and demographic characteristics between the survey responders and nonresponders. Among the 32 responders, the median dose of radiotherapy was 55 Grays (Gy), and 97% had received concurrent chemotherapy. The median interval between radiotherapy and survey participation was 5 years (range, 3-13 years). The median total FACT-C score was 108 (range, 47-128), of a maximum (best possible) score of 136. Patients who reported depression or anxiety and younger patients were found to have significantly lower total FACT-C scores. The median scores on the Physical, Social/Family, Emotional, Functional, and Colorectal subscales of the FACT-C were 20, 23, 21, 22, and 21, respectively, of maximum (best possible) scores of 28, 28, 24, 28, and 28, respectively. The median score on the MOS Sexual Problems Scale was 67 (range, 0-100), of a maximum (worst possible) score of 100. CONCLUSIONS: Patients treated with radiotherapy for anal cancer reported acceptable overall QoL scores, but poor sexual function scores. Investigations are warranted into more modern radiation techniques that could potentially reduce late toxicity from radiotherapy. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Towards context-aware wireless spectrum agility

Spectrum agility (SA) is a novel way of improving spectrum utilization efficiency and making greater bandwidth available to network applications. Despite its advantages, the fundamental operations (e.g., periodic spectrum sensing) involved in realizing SA can also adversely affect application performance. We propose Context-Aware Spectrum Agility (CASA), which uses application hints together with the current channel condition to adapt key SA parameters. Our preliminary evaluation shows that CASA improves throughput by 35%, and is also more effective in meeting application demands than conventional SA.
EVIDENCE FOR THE PRESENCE OF CLUCAGON-LIKE IMMUNOREACTIVITY (CLI) IN THE PANCREAS1

Clucagon-like immunoreactivity (CLI), which can be separated from glucagon by isoelectric focusing, has been detected in partially purified canine pancreatic extracts. Like gastrointestinal GLI, this insular GLI reacts with crossreacting antiserum 78J but not with glucagon “specific” antiserum 30K and has an isoelectric point (pl) of 9.5, whereas canine pancreatic glucagon has a pl of 6.25. When combined with glucagon, the GLI-glucagon mixture gives 78J assay values less than their calculated sum, suggesting that glucagon inhibits the reaction between GLI and this crossreacting antiglucagon serum and thus conceals it in glucagon-containing extracts.
Initiator RNA of discontinuous DNA synthesis in human lymphocytes

Abstract A short RNA covalently associated with nascent DNA has been isolated after synthesis in vitro with labeled ribonucleoside triphosphates and the removal of DNA by DNAase digestion. The RNA migrates in polyacrylamide gels or chromatographs on DEAE-Sephadex columns as a relatively discrete oligonucleotide 8–11 nucleotides in length. The RNA is associated primarily with nascent DNA with stoichiometry of approximately one per DNA chain. The RNA has a triphosphate group at the 5′ end and 2 or 3 deoxynucleotide residues at the 3′ end that are not removed by DNAase. These results further support a role for the RNA as an initiator of discontinuous DNA synthesis. Examination of sequences present at the 3′ end of the RNA using RNAase to effect transfer of 32 PO 4 from 32 P-labeled DNA to covalently attached RNA indicates that a diverse, rather than unique, set of sequences are present in the RNA.
The regulation of human CFTR gene transcription by the CCAAT-displacement protein repressor. † 619

The regulation of human CFTR gene transcription by the CCAAT-displacement protein repressor. † 619
Properties of and substrate determinants for the exonuclease activity of human apurinic endonuclease Ape1.

Abstract Ape1 is the major human abasic endonuclease, initiating repair of this common DNA lesion by incising the phosphodiester backbone 5′ to the damage site. This enzyme also functions in specific contexts to excise 3′-blocking termini, e.g. phosphate and phosphoglycolate residues, from DNA. Recently, the comparatively “minor” 3′ to 5′ exonuclease activity of Ape1 was found to contribute to the excision of certain 3′-mismatched nucleotides. In this study, I characterize more thoroughly the 3′-nuclease properties of Ape1 and define the effects of specific DNA determinants on this function. Data within shows that Ape1 is a non- or poorly processive exonuclease, which degrades one nucleotide gap, 3′-recessed, and nicked DNAs, but exhibits no detectable activity on blunt end or single-stranded DNA. A 5′-phosphate, compared to a 5′-hydroxyl group, reduced Ape1 degradation activity roughly tenfold, suggesting that the biological impact of certain DNA single strand breaks may be influenced by the terminal chemistry. In the context of a base excision repair-like DNA intermediate, a 5′-abasic residue exerted an about tenfold attenuation on the 3′ to 5′ exonuclease efficiency of Ape1. A 3′-phosphate group had little impact on Ape1 exonuclease activity, and oligonucleotides harboring these blocking termini were activated by Ape1 for DNA polymerase β extension. Ape1 was also found to remove 3′-tyrosyl residues from 3′-recessed and nicked DNAs, suggesting a potential role in processing covalent topoisomerase I–DNA intermediates formed during chromosome relaxation. While exhibiting preferential excision of thymine in a T:G mismatch context, Ape1 was unable to degrade a triple 3′-thymine mispair. However, Ape1 was able to excise double nucleotide mispairs, apparently through a novel 3′-flap-type endonuclease activity, again activating these substrates for polymerase β extension.
Physically Active Women Demonstrate Less Adverse Age-Related Changes in Plasma Lipids and Lipoproteins

The results of this study support the hypothesis that women who exercise regularly have less adverse changes in plasma lipids and lipoproteins with age than sedentary women. This may contribute to the smaller age-related increase in the incidence of coronary heart disease observed in physically active women.
Terminology for Layered Intrusions

The terminology of igneous cumulates was originally formulated on the concept that the rocks were concentrations of minerals accumulated by crystal settling. It is now well established for several major intrusions that plagioclase that had been typed as cumulus should, in fact, have floated in its parental magmatic liquid. Nevertheless, the terminology has been valuable in the classification of the rocks of these and other intrusions, and it has been useful in certain aspects of their genetic interpretation. The name 'cumulate' is therefore redefined so that crystal settling is a possible but not essential process in the origins of the rocks to which it is applied. The overall nomenclature of layered intrusions is then reviewed, and definitions of names are refined and systematized to clarify their applications. Careful distinction is made between descriptive and genetic names. A cumulate is defined as an igneous rock characterized by a framework of touching mineral crystals and grains that evidently were concentrated through fractional crystallization of their parental magmatic liquids. A layer is a sheetlike unit of cumulate that is a distinctive entity in its compositional and (or) textural features. A lamina is a thin (2-5 cm), sharply defined layer. Igneous lamination is a general name for planar structure that is pervasive through cumulates on the scale of their grain size. Layering is the overall structure and fabric manifest through combinations of layers, laminae, and lamination. The difference between layers and layering is essentially the difference between individuals and a population, and the terms that describe one are not necessarily appropriate to the description of the other. But the fundamental variants of all of layering, lamination, grading in layers, and layer contacts can essentially be described by one or more of the four modifiers, 'grain-size', 'modal', 'textural', and 'cryptic', where the last refers to cumulus-miner al compositions. A system for subdividing layered intrusions is proposed in which distinction is made between general divisions ranked as series, zones, and subzones, and prominent units that are called groups, members, rhythmic units, and cyclic units. Applications to the Skaergaard, Bushveld, Muskox, Stillwater, and other intrusions are briefly described.
Concomitant presentation of collagenous sprue and HFE hemochromatosis

Abstract Collagenous sprue (CS) is a progressive malabsorptive disorder characterized by collagen deposition beneath the basement membrane of small bowel epithelium in refractory celiac sprue. 1 CS is a pathologically distinct entity from celiac disease, despite a similar clinical presentation. The etiology of CS is unclear, although there are speculations that CS and celiac disease may share similar pathogenetic pathways. 2 On the other hand, HFE hemochromatosis (HH) is a distinct disease entity. Celiac disease and HH are common HLA-associated genetic disorders in Northern European populations. There are a few case reports linking celiac disease and HH. We present a patient diagnosed with concurrent CS and HH.
Direct observation of the double glass transition in a phase-separated glass

Abstract Heat capacity measurements have been performed for the phase-separated pseudobinary chalcogenide glass system X PbSe-(1− X )Ge 1.5 As 0.5 Se 3 in the composition range X = 0.0 to 0.6. The heat capacity versus temperature plots for the phase-separated glasses exhibit two glass transition breaks. The composition dependences of the heat capacity changes, ifΔC p , at the two transitions are shown to be in accord with the behavior predictable from the phase diagram of a glass-forming system exhibiting liquid-liquid immiscibility and with the structure of these glasses as determined by electron microscopy. The two composition points on the immiscibility dome at which the temperature is equal to the higher glass transition temperature have been determined from the composition dependence of the ΔC p 's and indicate that the dome spans almost the entire composition range for this system.
A sleep scoring algorithm for the rat EEG based on AR modeling

An approach using the second-order autoregressive (AR) modeling technique is presented for distinguishing between the electroencephalographic patterns associated with vigilance states of quiet waking, slow-wave sleep, and REM sleep in the rat hippocampus and frontal cortex. The specific measures of energy, dominant frequency and its associated intensity, are computed. These parameters are used as the decision variables to discriminate between the various vigilance states. >
Sources of learning in student leadership development programming

The authors combine Conger's four approaches to leadership development with 20 sources of learning commonly found in student leadership development activities. The first study asked students to share how they think they would like to learn about leadership. In other words, which sources of learning would a student select to improve leadership skill training, from a broad list of options? The second study asked the same questions but occurred on the final day of three multiday leadership institutes. Students showed a preference for developmental activities where the primary learning objective was personal growth and skill building. Students also had a preference for personalized developmental opportunities over activities designed for general group-oriented development.
Effects of water- and lipid-soluble antioxidants on turkey sperm viability, membrane integrity, and motility during liquid storage

Aerobic conditions are required to maintain the viability of turkey sperm in vitro. In mammalian sperm, excess oxygen during in vitro storage results in lipid peroxidation, causing membrane damage and reduced sperm motility and subsequent fertility. The effect of adding antioxidants to turkey sperm during liquid storage was studied. Semen was collected and pooled from 20 toms and antioxidants were tested at a minimum of six concentrations, n = 6 observations per concentration. Semen was diluted into Beltsville Poultry Semen Extender. Extended semen served as a control; treatments were extended semen supplemented with tocopherol (vitamin E, 1 to 80 micrograms/mL); butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT, 0.02 to 1.25 mM); Tempo (0.039 to 1.25 microM), or vitamin C (1 to 400 micrograms/mL) and stored at 5 C for 48 h. Sperm viability in extended semen was evaluated after 0, 24, or 48 h storage. Membrane integrity and motility were also measured. Flow cytometric analysis was done using the live/dead stain combination (SYBR-14/propidium iodide) for sperm viability, and membrane integrity was assessed using a hypo-osmotic stress test. Sperm motility was evaluated subjectively. Control sperm viability was reduced almost 50% between 0 and 48 h. However, supplementation with vitamin E, Tempo, and BHT maintained populations of viable sperm similar to the 0 h levels at 48 h. Hypo-osmotic membrane integrity in the control sperm was reduced to approximately 22% (at 24 h, P < or = 0.05) and 5% (at 48 h, P < or = 0.05) of the total sperm population. Similar to controls after 24 h in vitro storage, sperm treated with the antioxidants vitamin E, Tempo, and BHT had reduced hypo-osmotic membrane integrity compared to 0 h samples. However, many of these treated samples maintained hypo-osmotic membrane integrity observed from 24 through 48 h (range, 21.5 to 44.6%), whereas hypo-osmotic membrane integrity fell to 4.6% at 48 h for the control (P < or = 0.05). Vitamin C treatments were similar to controls at all time points. Addition of the antioxidants vitamin E, BHT, and Tempo to extended turkey semen improves sperm survival, membrane integrity, and reduces the loss of motility after 48 h storage.
Phosphoinositide phosphatases and disease

The field of inositol signaling has expanded greatly in recent years. Given the many reviews on phosphoinositide kinases, we have chosen to restrict our discussion to inositol lipid hydrolysis focused on the phosphatases and a brief mention of the lipase isoforms. We also discuss recent discoveries that link mutations in phosphoinositide phosphatases to disease.
DNA Ligases I and III Cooperate to Mediate Alternative Non-homologous End-joining in Vertebrates

Abstract In eukaryotes, the three families of ATP-dependent DNA ligases are associated with specific functions in DNA metabolism. DNA ligase I (LigI) catalyzes Okazaki-fragment ligation at the replication fork and nucleotide excision repair (NER). DNA ligase IV (LigIV) mediates repair of DNA double strand breaks (DSB) via non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ). The evolutionary younger DNA ligase III (LigIII) is restricted to higher eukaryotes and has been associated with base excision (BER) and single strand break repair (SSBR). We show that in vertebrate DT40 cells, in the absence of LigI, LigIII efficiently supports semi-conservative DNA replication via an alternative DNA replication pathway, as well as NER. LigIII also supports an alternative, low efficiency, NHEJ process that operates as backup to LigIV-dependent NHEJ. Together with its exclusive and essential function in mitochondria, these observations elevate LigIII to a universal ligase, equipped to substitute or backup the functions of all other DNA ...
Trimethyltin exposure produces an unusual form of toxic auditory damage in rats

A single injection of trimethyltin chloride (TMT; 2, 4, or 6 mg/kg) is shown to produce a frequency-specific, dose-dependent auditory impairment, as well as to decrease the amplitude of the acoustically elicited startle response, in exposed rats. This finding stands in contrast to data presented earlier on the effects of triethyltin bromide (TET), which produces changes in startle response without affecting auditory acuity. Animals intoxicated with TMT at moderate doses appear to recover their auditory acuity over the course of several weeks. This slow recovery of auditory function, which is uncharacteristic for chemical ototoxicity, suggests that TMT may be a useful model agent for studying ototoxic mechanisms.
Facilitation of norepinephrine release from cerebral cortex is mediated by β2-adrenergic receptors

Abstract Facilitatory effects of prenalterol and albuterol (β1- and β2-selective adrenergic agonists, respectively) in the absence and presence of propranolol (a nonselective β-adrenergic antagonist), ICI 89,406 or ICI 118,551 (β1- and β2-selective adrenergic antagonists, respectively) on electrical stimulation-evoked release of 3 H-NE from rat cerebral cortical slices were assessed. Albuterol (0.1 –100 nM) increased evoked release of 3 H-NE from the cerebral cortical slices with greater potency than prenalterol (1 – 100 nM). The β2-adrenergic antagonist ICI 118,551 (1 nM) and propranolol (50 nM) abolished the facilitatory effects of albuterol (0.1 and 10 nM). In contrast, the βl-adrenergic antagonist ICI 89,406 (1 nM) did not alter the release-enhancing effect of albuterol. Prenalterol (10 and 100 nM)-induced facilitation of evoked release of 3 H-NE was abolished by ICI 118,551; propranolol reduced the effect of 10 nM prenalterol and abolished that of 100 nM prenalterol. ICI 89,406 inhibited the effect of 100 nM prenalterol without altering that of 10 nM prenalterol. Basal release of 3 H-NE was not altered by the drugs used in this study. These results suggest that facilitation of 3 H-NE release induced by β-adrenergic agonists is mediated primarily by β2-adrenergic receptors.
Assessing the pulmonary toxicity of single-walled carbon nanohorns

Previous studies have suggested that single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) may pose a pulmonary hazard. We investigated the pulmonary toxicity of single-walled carbon nanohorns (SWCNHs), a relatively new carbon-based nanomaterial that is structurally similar to SWCNTs. Mice were exposed to 30 µg of surfactant-suspended SWCNHs or an equal volume of vehicle control by pharyngeal aspiration and sacrificed 24 hours or 7 days post-exposure. Total and differential cell counts and cytokine analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid demonstrated a mild inflammatory response which was mitigated by day 7 post-exposure. Whole lung microarray analysis demonstrated that SWCNH-exposure did not lead to robust changes in gene expression. Finally, histological analysis showed no evidence of granuloma formation or fibrosis following SWCNH aspiration. These combined results suggest that SWCNH is a relatively innocuous nanomaterial when delivered to mice in vivo using aspiration as a delivery mechanism.
Edgotype: a fundamental link between genotype and phenotype.

Classical ‘one-gene/one-disease’ models cannot fully reconcile with the increasingly appreciated prevalence of complicated genotype-to-phenotype associations in human disease. Genes and gene products function not in isolation but as components of intricate networks of macromolecules (DNA, RNA, or proteins) and metabolites linked through biochemical or physical interactions, represented in ‘interactome’ network models as ‘nodes’ and ‘edges’, respectively. Accordingly, mechanistic understanding of human disease will require understanding of how disease-causing mutations affect systems or interactome properties. The study of ‘edgetics’ uncovers specific loss or gain of interactions (edges) to interpret genotype-to-phenotype relationships. We review how distinct genetic variants, the genotype, lead to distinct phenotypic outcomes, the phenotype, through edgetic perturbations in interactome networks altogether representing the ‘edgotype’. Addresses