cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inflation dynamics of fluid annular menisci inside a mold cavity—I. Deformation driven by small gas pressures

Abstract Axisymmetric inflation of fluid annular menisci under an imposed pressure gradient is analyzed by solving the Navier—Stokes equations for velocities in the meniscus and the kinematic and dynamic conditions for interface deformation subject to surface tension forces. Numerical calculations combine Galerkin/finite-element discretization with a fully implicit time integration algorithm and modified Newton iterative solution of the resulting algebraic equations. The gas—liquid interfaces that evolve with time are accounted for in the finite-element formulation by a nonorthogonal mapping of the deforming fluid domain onto a fixed computational domain. As a result, the unknown locations of the free surfaces appear explicitly in the formulation. The dynamics of the inflation process are governed by the externally applied gas pressure and the Suratman number, which measures the relative importance of inertial, surface tension and viscous forces. Transient calculations verify prior conclusions reached from an equilibrium stability analysis, and the results exhibit meniscus oscillation and fluid recirculation for certain values of the parameters.
Characterization of group I-rich growth during (Ag,Cu)(In,Ga)Se 2 three-stage co-evaporation

(Ag,Cu)(In,Ga)Se 2 thin-films with bandgap 1.3 – 1.6 eV were deposited by three-stage elemental co-evaporation and the group I-rich growth in the second stage of the process was characterized. By interrupting the three-stage growth at the end of the second stage, films were obtained with surface layers of Ag-Cu-Se compounds and underlying chalcopyrite (Ag,Cu)(In,Ga)Se 2 layers. Composition measurements and depth profiles showed higher Ag/(Ag+Cu) ratio in the Ag-Cu-Se layers than in the underlying chalcopyrite. Plan-view images from scanning electron microscope suggested that Ag-Cu-Se was present in a liquid phase at reaction temperature during the second stage and that its morphology was different than the corresponding Cu 2 Se and Cu 2−x Se phases from a Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 deposition. Glancing incidence x-ray diffraction measurements identified Cu 2 Se, CuAgSe, Cu 0.5 Ag 1.5 Se and Ag 2 Se possible phases.
The relationship of larval shell morphology to mode of development in marine prosobranch gastropods

The larval shell of molluscs contains a preserved record of the organism's growth and developmental history. Many investigators have utilized the information recorded in the larval shell morphology to infer mode of development.Marine prosobranch gastropods were collected from intertidal sites from Maine to Florida and were cultured in the laboratory. Scanning electron microscopy was used to document the relationship of larval shell morphology to development. Four species with planktotrophic larvae, Crepidula fornicata, Crepidula plana, Cerithium atratum and Ilyanassa obsoleta, and four species with non-planktotrophic development, Crepidula convexa, Littorina obtusata, Busycon canaliculatum and Urosalpinx cinerea, were successfully reared through metamorphosis.
Effect of extruder type on the properties and morphology of reactive blends based on polyamides

The morphology and mechanical properties of polyamide-based blends prepared in single and corotating twin-screw extruders were compared using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques. Reactive polyamide blends with SEBS-g-MA (a maleated styrenic triblock copolymer with ethylene–butvlene midblocks), EPR-g-MA (a maleated ethylene/propylene rubber), and ABS were selected for the purpose of this investigation. For blends of SEBS-g-MA with difunctional (nylon x,y) polyamides (e.g., nylon 6,6; nylon 12,12), the twin-screw extruder was more effective in producing a finer dispersion of the rubber phase, which resulted in a significant lowering of the ductile–brittle transition temperature in case of the nylon 6,6 blend. On the other hand, blends of SEBS-g-MA with the mono-functional nylon 6 material led to rubber particles that were too small for toughening for both extruder types employed in this work. For nylon 6/EPR-g-MA blends, the single-screw extruder led to blends with excellent low-temperature impact properties for both single-step and masterbatch mixing techniques, whereas nylon 6/EPR-g-MA blends prepared in a single-step operation in the twin-screw extruder were brittle under ambient conditions. For difunctional polyamide blends with ABS (compatibilized with an imidized acrylic polymer), the morphology and mechanical properties were found to be independent of the extruder type employed for processing. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Natural hazards: An evolving tradition in applied geography

Geographic research on natural hazards has a long history, starting with a focus on physical processes and moving forward with an increased recognition of the interactions between the physical and human environments. This special issue on natural hazards presents papers that illustrate a variety of areas of applied hazards research, from the physical to the socio-economic, as well as the array of approaches and techniques utilized, from the quantitative to the qualitative.
Cartilage morphology and T1ρ and T2 quantification in ACL-reconstructed knees: a 2-year follow-up

Summary Objective To describe cartilage matrix and morphology changes, assessed using quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), after acute anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury relative to controls and longitudinally during 2 years following reconstruction. Method Fifteen patients with acute ACL injuries and 16 healthy volunteers with a similar demographic profile but no history of osteoarthritis or knee injury were studied. The injured knee of each participant was imaged with a 3.0 T MR scanner at baseline (prior to ACL reconstruction); patients' knees were re-imaged 1 and 2 years after ACL reconstruction. Cartilage T 1ρ and T 2 values in full thickness, superficial layers, and deep layers, and cartilage thickness of the full layer were quantified within subcompartments of the knee joint. Results In the posterolateral tibial cartilage, T 1ρ values were significantly higher in ACL-injured knees than control knees at baseline and were not fully recovered 2 after ACL reconstruction. T 1ρ values of medial tibiofemoral cartilage in ACL-injured knees increased over the 2-year study and were significantly elevated compared to that of the control knees. T 2 values in cartilage of the central aspect of the medial femoral condyle at the 2-year follow-up were significantly elevated compared with control knees. Cartilage in the posterior regions of the lateral tibia was significantly thinner, while cartilage in the central aspect of the medial femur was significantly thicker than that of controls. Patients with lesions in the posterior horn of the medial meniscus exhibited significantly higher T 1ρ values in weight-bearing regions of the tibiofemoral cartilage than that of control subjects over the 2-year period, whereas patients without medial meniscal tears did not. Conclusion Quantitative MRI provides powerful in vivo tools to quantitatively evaluate early changes of cartilage matrix and morphology after acute ACL injury and reconstruction, which may possibly relate to the development of post-traumatic osteoarthritis in such joints.
Intracellular Elemental Concentrations in Resting and Secreting Rat Parotid Glands

Electron probe x-ray micro-analysis was used to study the elemental concentration changes that occur during pilocarpine-stimulated saliva secretion. Quantitative x-ray micro-analysis of elemental concentrations in intracellular compartments of rat parotid glands stimulated in vivo with pilocarpine showed that Na concentration was significantly increased, while K concentration was significantly reduced. The magnitude of these changes was consistent with values obtained in other tissues with the x-ray micro-analysis method, and in the same tissue with other experimental methods. Comparisons with results from studies utilizing dispersed acini suggest that acinar dispersion procedures may affect intracellular elemental concentrations. Total electrolyte concentrations in cytoplasm and secretory granules were estimated to increase on a dry-weight basis following pilocarpine stimulation. The former change is consistent with the notion of a trans-cellular route of salivary fluid flow, while the latter change may ...
Use of voter registration records to recruit a representative sample

Research samples are not often compared to broader community samples to evaluate their representativeness, a critical factor in determining the generalizability of study findings. This study evaluated the use of voter-registration records for recruiting a representative sample of community-dwelling, older, and overweight participants for research on improving measures of diet and physical activity. County voter-registration records were used to identify individuals between 45 and 75 years of age and living in the two cities closest to the research lab. The data were collected from July, 2007 through November, 2008. Prospective participants were mailed an introductory letter and opt-out postcard, and received a follow-up recruitment phone call in which they underwent further screening if interested in participating. The representativeness of the final voter-recruited sample (N = 191) was evaluated by comparisons of demographic variables with Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) data at the county and state levels. The voter-recruited sample was only partially comparable to that of the BRFSS sample, with expected differences in variables related to race/ethnicity, the proportion of women, employment status, and educational attainment. Voter-registration records are a relatively low-cost ($75 per participant) method of recruiting a community sample that avoids some biases of other recruitment methods, but may not achieve a fully representative sample.
Inactivation of murine RNA tumor viruses by isatin beta-thiosemicarbazone, its derivatives and analogs

Abstract Isatin beta-thiosemicarbazones inactivate the transforming ability of murine sarcoma virus and the replication of murine leukemia virus (MuLV) upon direct contact in vitro. The drugs inhibit the RNA-dependent DNA polymerase of MuLV. Cell transformation of MSV is also inhibited when infected cells are exposed to certain concentrations of the drug. Leukemia in mice was enhanced in drug-treated mice. This effect is probably due to inhibition of the immune response by the drug.
Some sulfur-containing quinoxalines

A series of quinoxalines having oxygen, chlorine or sulfur substituted at the 2-positio and long-chain alkyl, alkylthio, arylthio, alkylthioalkyl or arylthioalkyl groups at the 3-position have been synthesized.
On the existence of negative ions of nonionic polar molecules: Studies of HF−, H2O−, HCN−, (HF)−2, H3NO− and CH3CN−*

Abstract Ab initio calculations are presented which demonstrate that nonionic polar molecules with sufficiently large dipole moments can form stable anions by the attachment of electrons in their dipole fields. The resulting electron affinities are found to be considerably smaller than for ionic molecules with comparable dipole moments. As a result of our calculations we conclude that the dipole fields of HF and H 2 O are too weak to bind an electron. On the other hand, calculations on (HF) − 2 , H 3 NO and CH 3 CN − have been carried out which suggest that these species are stable. HCN − appears to be a borderline case; the present study indicates that it may be stable.
Perturbative gadgets at arbitrary orders

Adiabatic quantum algorithms are often most easily formulated using many-body interactions. However, experimentally available interactions are generally two-body. In 2004, Kempe, Kitaev, and Regev introduced perturbative gadgets, by which arbitrary three-body effective interactions can be obtained using Hamiltonians consisting only of two-body interactions. These three-body effective interactions arise from the third order in perturbation theory. Since their introduction, perturbative gadgets have become a standard tool in the theory of quantum computation. Here we construct generalized gadgets so that one can directly obtain arbitrary $\mathit{k}$-body effective interactions from two-body Hamiltonians. These effective interactions arise from the $\mathit{k}$th order in perturbation theory.
A distributed context-free grammars learning algorithm and its application in video classification

In this paper, we propose a novel statistical estimation algorithm to stochastic context-sensitive grammars (SCSGs). First, we show that the SCSGs model can be solved by decomposing it into several causal stochastic context-free grammars (SCFGs) models and each of these SCFGs models can be solved simultaneously using a fully synchronous distributed computing framework. An alternate updating scheme based approximate solution to multiple SCFGs is also provided under the assumption of a realistic sequential computing framework. A series of statistical algorithms are expected to learn SCFGs subsequently. The SGSCs can be then used to represent multiple-trajectory. Experimental results demonstrate the improved performance of our method compared with existing methods for multiple-trajectory classification.
40 GHz, low half-wave voltage Ti:LiNbO/sub 3/ intensity modulator

A 5 V half-wave voltage (V/sub pi /) electro-optic Ti:LiNbO/sub 3/ intensity modulator with a -7.5 dB (electrical) optical response at 40 GHz is demonstrated at 1.3 mu m. A thick electrode structure is used in conjunction with a thin substrate to achieve a near optical-microwave phase match and a broadband electrical response. >
ANATOMICAL ANTERIOR EXENTERATION WITH URETHRAL AND VAGINAL PRESERVATION: ILLUSTRATED SURGICAL METHOD

AbstractPurpose: We describe in detail a method for urethral and vaginal preservation in women considering orthotopic urinary tract reconstruction after bladder removal.Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the pathological reports of patients treated with anterior exenteration at our hospital between 1984 and 1997 for specific evidence of urethral, vaginal, cervical or uterine involvement by the primary bladder tumor. Based on our findings we describe our approach to anterior exenteration in 6 patients.Results: A total of 46 patients were treated at our center with en bloc anterior exenteration and pelvic lymphadenectomy for primary bladder cancer between 1984 and 1997. In 7 patients (15%) pathological review of the surgical specimen documented urethral involvement by the primary tumor. In 1 patient (2%) microscopic evidence of tumor was identified in the cervix and 1 (2%) had tumor extension to the vaginal documented in the final pathology report.Conclusions: The observed rates of vaginal a...
Designing flicker-free video display terminals

Abstract The notion of a standard observer for flicker is described based on a theory of human flicker sensitivity. Based on this model and the data collected from four independent studies, an analytic method is proposed for predicting whether or not a particular display will be flicker-free given information about its phosphor, refresh rate and screen luminance. This method will provide display engineers with a way to evalute screen flicker during the design phase of a display and will be a satisfactory alternative to the present, rather cumbersome, empirical methods.
Dietary ALEs are a risk to human health – NOT!

Advanced lipoxidation end-products (ALEs) are formed by reaction of protein with lipid-derived reactive peroxyl and carbonyl compounds produced during food processing and cooking. There is concern that ALEs may induce damage in the gastrointestinal tract, affecting gut health, or enter the body and promote vascular inflammation and tissue damage. However, there is no direct evidence that ALE-proteins are a source of damage in the intestines or that they are transported into the circulation and cause pathology. Modification of proteins by ALEs impedes their digestion, and reactive ALEs released by gastrointestinal proteases would react with proteins or peptides in the gut, limiting their absorption. There are also potent enzymatic mechanisms for detoxifying ALEs or their precursors prior to their entry into the circulation. If ALEs gain access to the circulation, a battery of protective enzymes in tissue provides a second level of defense. These enzymes may be induced in intestinal epithelia and liver by low doses of ALEs, and adaptive responses would provide enhanced protection against future exposure to ALEs. Overall, except in persons with compromised organ function, e. g., vascular, hepatic, or renal diseases, there is little evidence that food ALEs will have any significant pathological effects.
A dynamic load-balancing scheme for the parcel hub-scheduling problem

In this paper, a dynamic load-balancing algorithm (DLBA) was proposed to solve the parcel hub-scheduling problem (PHSP), which is a combinatorial optimization problem commonly found at a parcel consolidation terminal in the parcel delivery industry (PDI). The problem consists of processing a large number of inbound trailers at a much smaller number of unload docks. The parcels in the inbound trailers must be unloaded, sorted and transferred to the load docks, and loaded onto the outbound trailers. Because the transfer operation is labor intensive and the PDI operates in a time-sensitive environment, the unloading, sorting, transferring, and loading of the parcels must be done in such a way as to minimize the timespan of the transfer operation. A DLBA that considered the state of the system was proposed and evaluated to schedule the inbound trailers to the unload docks. The performance of the algorithm was compared to the performance of an efficient static load-balancing algorithm (SLBA) and to an existing lower bound. An experimental analysis shows that the DLBA offers solutions that are 8.6% better than the solutions offered by the SLBA for large-size problems and that the average computational time is only 1.34min for the DLBA compared to 15.04min for the SLBA.
Table of reduced mobility values from ambient pressure ion mobility spectrometry.

Abstract This review presents a list of reduced ion mobilities that have been measured under ambient pressure conditions and reported in the open literature during the 16-year period of 1970-1985. Ions reported are listed in order of increasing reduced
Pathological findings in poststrabismus surgery endophthalmitis

Bacterial entry into the vitreous cavity via inadvertent scleral perforation is one postulated mechanism for poststrabismus surgery endophthalmitis. In a review of 746 cases, we identified 2 pediatric enucleation specimens related to complications of strabismus surgery. In both cases, the patients developed postoperative endophthalmitis and no light perception vision, and the eyes were enucleated when they became phthisical or painful. In both submitted cases, pathology showed a thick band of scar tissue emanating focally from the sclera into the vitreous. Although no needle tracts were visualized, pathological findings were consistent with scleral perforation.
In vivo and in vitro studies with an atypical, rhinotropic isolate of Cryptococcus neoformans.

An atypical isolate of Cryptococcus neoformans was investigated because of its consistent and reproducible production of gross nasal pathology following i.v. injection in Swiss albino mice. Dose response to graded concentrations ranging from 1×l02–1×l07 cells/mouse yielded an LD50 of 1.4×103 cells/mouse for the atypical rhinotropic strain H140 which was significantly less virulent (p<0.01) than our reference strain of Cryptococcus neoformans. There was no significant difference in mortality following the injection of in vitro vs. in vivo passed inoculum. As early as two weeks after inoculation, this strain produced gross nasal enlargement to approximately 2–3 × normal dimensions with granulomatous and ulcerated lesions. The LD60 resulted in the greatest percentage of nasal involvement (85%). C. neoformans was demonstrated by culture and histopathology in the noses, brains, lungs, livers and kidneys. A temperature selection was indicated by findings of a lower temperature minimum for subcultures isolated from the noses relative to those isolated from the brain, and by the fact that the most densely populated organs following intraperitoneal injection were the testes. This route of inoculation resulted in cutaneous nasal involvement in a manner analogous to that following i.v. injection. The atypical isolate was unable to assimilate trehalose or raffinose but otherwise was entirely consistent with identification as C. neoformans and produced characteristic CNS and general organ system disease in addition to the rhinotropic cutaneous manifestations. The model characterized here in normal mice may be of value in studies of fungal dermotropism.
Effect of double stars on the guiding system of the Hubble space telescope

The interferometric system used for the guidance of HST is sensitive to close binaries, and before the launch of HST it was believed that up to 25% of all guide stars pairs would lead to guidance failure due to duplicity. After nearly 3 years of operation the actual failure rate is below 1%. We have developed a computer simulator to understand the causes of the discrepancy. Our simulation results indicate a failure rate under 2% per guide-star pair in much closer agreement with the observed performance of the guiding system. We show that the failure criterion originally used was much too severe and that the proportion of guide stars in the critical separation range had also been overestimated.
Ontogeny of REM sleep in rats: possible implications for endogenous depression

Abstract Nine neonatal Long–Evans rats had continuous (24 h/day) polysomnography for 2 weeks, from age 14 days through age 27 days. A new finding was that six more or less independent measures of REM sleep occurrence decreased in parallel from age 14 days to age 27 days. The measures included parallel decreases of four measures of 24-h REM duration (tonic REM sleep, phasic REM sleep, mean REM period duration, and number of REM periods) along with parallel increases of two measures of REM delay (REM latency and percent of nonsleep onset REM periods). A parsimonious interpretation of the correlated changes is that a common developmental REM sleep inhibitory process accounts for the six parallel changes over time. This hypothesis can be tested empirically by studying inhibitory processes that operate on the pedunculopontine tegmental/latero-dorsal tegmental nuclei, the generators of REM sleep. The study also noted that compared with (same species) normal adults, endogenous depressives had the same distinctive REM sleep characteristics as neonatal rats. The similarity suggests that an underdeveloped, relatively weak REM sleep inhibitory process may account for the REM sleep peculiarities of endogenous depression. This hypothesis can be tested in adult rats made “depressed” by neonatal treatment with antidepressant drugs. Thus, the ontogeny of REM sleep suggests a developmental process that may be altered in humans predisposed to endogenous depression, and may account for the (life-long) REM sleep abnormalities of the disorder.
Self-dual Euclidean gauge fields for semisimple groups

A Lie algebraic study of the self-dual guage fields with arbitrary semisimple gauge group in Euclidean space is carried out, generalizing Yang's $R$ gauge to an Iwasawa decomposition of the gauge group. Backlund transformations are derived as automorphisms of the gauge Lie algebra and all the nonequivalent ones are identified. The Pontryagin density is shown to possess an additivity property under such transformations. The constructions are illustrated for SU(2) and SU(3) gauge fields.
The National State and Identity Politics: State Institutionalisation and “Markers” of National Identity

Nationality has been a key identity in international relations for much of the modern period, and the marriage of “nation” and “state” produced a powerful polity – the national state – that dominated global politics. This article investigates the forces that “pushed” and “pulled” nations and states together and explores the factors associated with violent identity politics. It argues that while recent decades have witnessed increasing instances of divorce between “nation” and “state” and a simultaneous proliferation of identity conflicts, the likelihood that identity conflicts will be expressed violently depends both on the character of the state (the timing of state institutionalisation relative to the construction of national consciousness, the democratic or non-democratic nature of the state, and the national or non-national basis for the legitimation of state authority) and on the principal “marker” used to construct national identity (blood, language, culture, religion, or citizenship).
Phenomenology of fracture in sintered alpha silicon carbide

Crack propagation mechanisms in a sintered alpha silicon carbide were studied as a function of initial flaw size, temperature, loading rate and applied stress. Surface cracks of controlled size were introduced using the microhardness indentation-induced-flaw (IIF) technique. At room temperature, the fracture stress was found to depend on initial crack size according to the Griffith relationship and extrapolation of the data indicated that processing flaws of 20 to 40μm were strength controlling. The flexural strength was found to be independent of temperature (20 to 1400° C) and the fracture faces did not show the presence of subcritical crack growth (SCG). Preliminary results from stress rate testing also failed to show the presence of SCG in tests made at 1200° C in air. In contrast, flexural stress rupture tests carried out at 1200 and 1300° C in air using precracked specimens indicated the materials susceptibility to time-dependent deformation and showed the presence of SCG. Fractographic evidence for transgranular crack propagation during fast fracture (catastrophic failure) and intergranular crack propagation during SCG is presented.
An empirically derived short form of the Boston Naming Test

The Boston Naming Test (BNT) is one of the most commonly used tests of confrontation naming. The length of the test, particularly when administered to impaired patients, has prompted the derivation of several abbreviated forms. Short forms of the BNT have typically been equated in terms of difficulty, but not empirically derived for discriminating between normals and anomic patients. Furthermore, most reports to date have been limited in sample size and generalizability. The present study examined BNT data from a total of 1,044 subjects, including 719 normals and 325 patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Scores were calculated for the entire 60-item version as well as for eight previously reported short forms. The scores were examined for the effects of age, education, and gender, as well as for the ability of each form to discriminate between AD patients and normals. There was a significant effect of age, education, and gender on all previously published forms, and the short forms varied in their ability to discriminate between patients and controls. A stepwise discriminant analysis was conducted to empirically derive a new, gender-neutral short form with discriminability comparable to the full 60-item test. Norms from this sample on the empirically derived short form are reported.
A study of infrared thermographic assessment of liquid nitrogen cryotherapy

Abstract Objectives To assess whether infrared thermography can accurately predict the area of soft tissue necrosis that resultsfrom liquid nitrogen cryoprobe therapy. Study design Eight rats received cryosurgery on the shaved abdomen with a liquid nitrogen cryoprobe in a triple-freezetechnique. The therapy was monitored with infrared thermography and thermocouple probes. The temperature reached was correlated with the area of tissue necrosis found on histologic examination at sacrifice 1 week after the cryotreatment. A parallel study was carried out on pieces of beefsteak to assess the depth and shape of freeze. Results The −20°C isotherm, which is felt to correspond to the cell lethal zone, occupied the inner 70% of the area ofthe iceball produced. Histologically, the −20°C isotherm corresponded well to the area of tissue necrosis. In depth, the iceball takes on a semicircular shape. Conclusions Infrared tomography is expensive to use clinically and cannot be readily used in the oral cavity. However,this study does show that one can clinically estimate that the inner 70% of the area of an iceball produced by liquid nitrogen on soft tissues will ultimately undergo necrosis.
Determinants of public confidence in police: An international perspective

Previous studies concerning public confidence in the police had primarily focused on demographic, attitudinal, and contextual factors in the United States. Little research, however, has used country-level variables to explain variations that exist across countries. As a result, this study examined the impact of country-level predictors (e.g., homicide rate and level of democracy) as well as individual-level predictors on public confidence in the police by utilizing data sets collected from three international surveys. Using hierarchical generalized linear modeling (HGLM) for the multinomial dependent variable, this study found a significant and negative relationship between homicide rate and public confidence in the police. People living in a country with a higher homicide rate reported lower levels of confidence in the police. Level of democracy was also found to be positively related to public confidence in the police. Of the individual-level variables, age and education were found to be significant predictors. A positive relationship was also found between political conservatism or personal satisfaction and confidence in the police. In line with attitudinal and contextual predictors, individuals with higher levels of acceptance toward deviant subcultures reported lower levels of confidence in the police. On the other hand, those who were more satisfied with their country's democratic development showed more favorable attitudes toward the police. The findings of this study implied that police organizations should put greater efforts toward the reduction of crime while protecting democratic values within a society.
Comments on Structure Within Wichita Mountains Crustal Block: ABSTRACT

Work in preparation for a new map of the Wichita Mountains has led to revisions of the surface structure within the exposed igneous rocks. As the presumed faulting pattern will have bearing on the development of regional tectonic models, it is important to document clearly whether major structural discontinuities exist inside this crustal block. Fault distributions within the main igneous outcrops in the eastern Wichitas have been shown on the Oklahoma state geologic map and carried forward in Oklahoma Geol. Survey Hydrologic Atlas 6. These faults can be grouped into two categories based on stratigraphy: those separating rocks of the same stratigraphic unit, and those separating rocks of different stratigraphic units. Field work over the period of 1977 to the present now hows that all those previously accepted faults which allow contact of different igneous lithologies are actually intrusive contacts. Accordingly, such faults do not exist. No unequivocal major faults (i.e., separations of tens to hundreds of meters) have been identified in the igneous rocks although prominent lineaments do exist. The work described above plus new published stratigraphic information on the igneous sequence leads to several speculative ideas on regional deformation associated with the Wichita arch. These ideas follow somewhat the reasoning advanced by Ham, Denison, and Merritt, but with modifications as required by new data. (a) The integrity of the main Wichita Mountains horst block results from its underlying gabbroic substrate (Raggedy Mountain gabbro group) rather than the covering, thin Wichita granites, or Carlton rhyolite. (b) Intrusion of the Roosevelt gabbros as small plutons into the Glen Mountains layered complex marks the beginning of the Wichita Mountains block as a structural unit. This timing is not yet well-dated but is clearly pre-rhyolite and pre-granite in age. (c) Few faults will be found in areas underlain by much gabbro. For example, faults bounding the south side of the Anadarko basin may indicate the most northerly extent of gabbro. Basement beneath the Anadarko basin should have little gabbro. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1498------------
Parenteral nutrition associated liver disease

Liver disease is relatively common during parenteral nutrition (PN). Cholestasis predominates in infants, and ranges in severity from mild increases in plasma conjugated bilirubin to progressive liver failure that results in death of the patient. Severity of liver disease depends primarily on the magnitude of the underlying intestinal problem that indicated PN. Transient ileus resulting from a non-intestinal disorder usually results in trivial, self-limited liver injury. Removal of a large segment of the intestinal tract because of necrotizing enterocolitis or a congenital malformation predicts a more prolonged course with a guarded prognosis, particularly when initially complicated by sepsis. Pathogenesis of PN-associated liver disease is not completely understood. There is no proven treatment short of ending PN through adaptation of remnant intestine or intestinal transplantation, with or without a concurrent liver graft. Effective interventions that are less radical than transplantation are needed. Research that includes prospective trials of novel therapies in PN-associated liver disease is the key to improving outcome.
HCNC: High Capacity Netlist Compare

The author describes HCNC (High Capacity Netlist Compare), a technique for netlist comparison that uses the natural hierarchy of the transistor circuit to significantly increase the capacity of traditional netlist comparison algorithms. Since the natural hierarchy of the circuit is used, HCNC does not require hierarchical information from the user. HCNC also has some desirable properties for error recovery. Results from the network comparison of several large industrial circuits shall show the viability of this algorithm.
Analysis of NADPH supply during xylitol production by engineered Escherichia coli.

Escherichia coli strain PC09 (DxylB, cAMP- independent CRP (crp � ) mutant) expressing an NADPH- dependent xylose reductase from Candida boidinii (CbXR) was previously reported to produce xylitol from xylose while metabolizing glucose (Cirino et al. (2006) Biotechnol Bioeng 95(6): 1167-1176). This study aims to understand the role of NADPH supply in xylitol yield and the contribution of key central carbon metabolism enzymes toward xylitol produc- tion. Studies in which the expression of CbXR or a xylose transporter was increased suggest that enzyme activity and xylose transport are not limiting xylitol production in PC09. A constraints-based stoichiometric metabolic network model was used to understand the roles of central carbon metabolism reactions and xylose transport energetics on the theoretical maximum molar xylitol yield (xylitol produced per glucose consumed), and xylitol yields (YRPG) were measured from resting cell biotransformations with various PC09 derivative strains. For the case of xylose-proton sym- port, omitting the Zwf (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogen- ase) or PntAB (membrane-bound transhydrogenase) reactions or TCA cycle activity from the model reduces the theoretical maximum yield from 9.2 to 8.8, 3.6, and 8.0 mol xylitol (mol glucose) � 1 , respectively. Experimentally, deleting pgi (encoding phosphoglucose isomerase) from strain PC09 improves the yield from 3.4 to 4.0 mol xylitol (mol glucose) � 1 , while deleting either or both E. coli trans- hydrogenases (sthA and pntA) has no significant effect on the measured yield. Deleting either zwf or sucC (TCA cycle) significantly reduces the yield from 3.4 to 2.0 and 2.3 mol xylitol (mol glucose) � 1 , respectively. Expression of a xylose reductase with relaxed cofactor specificity increases the yield to 4.0. The large discrepancy between theoretical maximum and experimentally determined yield values suggests that biocatalysis is compromised by pathways competing for reducing equivalents and dissipating energy. The metabolic role of transhydrogenases during E. coli biocatalysis has remained largely unspecified. Our results demonstrate the importance of direct NADPH supply by NADP þ -utilizing enzymes in central metabolism for driving heterologous NADPH-dependent reactions, and suggest that the pool of reduced cofactors available for biotransformation is not readily interchangeable via transhydrogenase. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2009;102: 209-220. 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Regulation of the oxidative NADP-enzyme tissue levels in Drosophila melanogaster. I. Modulation by dietary carbohydrate and lipid.

Wild-type third instar larvae of Drosophila melanogaster fed a casein-sucrose synthetic diet supplemented with phosphatidylcholine (4 mg/ml) possessed 33% more tissue lipid and a modified fatty acid profile compared to larvae fed a fat free-sucrose diet. The rates of lipid synthesis and pentose shunt activity were 2.1 and 2.2 times greater respectively in larvae fed the fat free-sucrose diet than in fat-sucrose fed animals. The tissue concentrations of acetyl-CoA and acytl-CoA were 80 and 61% higher respectively, CoA 49% lower, and the NADPH/NADP+ ratio greater in fat-sucrose fed larvae than in larvae fed a fat free-sucrose diet. Thus, larvae effectively utilized dietary lipid for lipid synthesis and as a supplementary energy source to carbohydrate. Larval oxidative NADP-enzyme tissue levels were dependent upon the interaction of at least three regulatory systems. Dietary carbohydrate induced high tissue levels of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.49) and 6-phospho-gluconate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.43), ostensibly via a glycolytic derivative. High tissue levels of malic enzyme (EC 1.1.1.40) and NADP-isocitrate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.42) were induced by an acetate derivative postulated to be formed by the Krebs cycle. In contrast, a fatty acid derivative, presumably a product of β-oxidation, repressed the tissue levels of all four oxidative NADP-enzymes in larvae. A model of induction and repression regulatory systems that are dependent on regulatory gene products is proposed.
Range search on tuples of points

Abstract Range search is a fundamental query-retrieval problem, where the goal is to preprocess a given set of points so that the points lying inside a query object (e.g., a rectangle, or a ball, or a halfspace) can be reported efficiently. This paper considers a new version of the range search problem: Several disjoint sets of points are given along with an ordering of the sets. The goal is to preprocess the sets so that for any query point q and a distance δ, all the ordered sequences (i.e., tuples) of points can be reported (one per set and consistent with the given ordering of the sets) such that, for each tuple, the total distance traveled starting from q and visiting the points of the tuple in the specified order is no more than δ. The problem has applications in trip planning, where the objective is to visit venues of multiple types starting from a given location such that the total distance traveled satisfies a distance constraint. Efficient solutions are given for the fixed distance and variable distance versions of this problem, where δ is known beforehand or is specified as part of the query, respectively.
Biogeography and body size shuffling of aquatic salamander communities on a shifting refuge

Freshwater habitats of coastal plains are refugia for many divergent vertebrate lineages, yet these environments are highly vulnerable to sea-level fluctuations, which suggest that resident communities have endured dynamic histories. Using the fossil record and a multi-locus nuclear phylogeny, we examine divergence times, biogeography, body size evolution and patterns of community assembly of aquatic salamanders from North American coastal plains since the Late Cretaceous. At least five salamander families occurred on the extensive Western Interior Coastal Plain (WICP), which existed from the Late Cretaceous through the Eocene. Four of these families subsequently colonized the emergent Southeastern Coastal Plain (SECP) by the Early Oligocene to Late Miocene. Three families ultimately survived and underwent extensive body size evolution in situ on the SECP. This included at least two major size reversals in recent taxa that are convergent with confamilial WICP ancestors. Dynamics of the coastal plain, major lineage extinctions and frequent extreme changes in body size have resulted in significant shuffling of the size structure of aquatic salamander communities on this shifting refuge since the Cretaceous.
Chitosan solid electrolyte as electric double layer in multilayer MoS2 transistor for low-voltage operation

Biocompatible solid electrolyte chitosan is introduced as a protonic/electronic electric double layer (EDL) dielectric in a multilayer MoS2 transistor. This chitosan-bioinspired transistor can operate at a low working voltage (<3 V) and exhibits an asymmetric ambipolar behavior. A high on/off ratio (∼104) was achieved for both electrons and holes, in conjunction with a very steep subthreshold swing (67 mV/dec) which is close to the theoretical limit of an ideal field-effect transistor (60 mV/dec). It was established that the on-state conductance of these devices is strongly limited by the contact resistance of the metal–MoS2 junctions, and the conductance can be increased by a factor of ∼3 by using dual-gate electrostatic modulation. Further exploiting the double-gate geometry allows us to characterize the contact resistance in the on-regime. We make a numerical simulation and observe important contributions that are independently modulated by back and top gates stemming from Schottky barriers formed at the MoS2/metal interface and the chitosan-induced charge accumulation near the electrode, respectively. Such EDL multilayer MoS2 transistors with bioinspired chitosan solid electrolyte can provide a new opportunity for the fabrication of low voltage and cost-effective two-dimensional semiconductor devices which are also biocompatible and environment friendly.
Introduction: Biology and Conservation of the American White Pelican

Abstract Two separate, large-scale management units for the American White Pelican (Pelecanus erythrorhynchos) in North America are proposed: the eastern and western metapopulations, separated by the North American Continental Divide. The populations on either side of this barrier are subject to contrasting ecological conditions, movement patterns suggest strong geographic separation and each is likely demographically distinct. Subdivisions within these demographic units need to be more precisely defined in the future. Yet, because of the highly colonial nesting habits of the American White Pelican, conservation can still be effective if directed toward separate breeding colonies. Our intent is to provide a compilation of current knowledge regarding species status, distribution and ecology. Herein, further study is recommended: (1) to determine genetic characteristics and the degree of genetic separation of the various geographic divisions in the range of the species to help ultimately better define “evol...
Multiobjective Optimization Based-Approach for Discovering Novel Cancer Therapies

Solid tumors must recruit new blood vessels for growth and maintenance. Discovering drugs that block tumor-induced development of new blood vessels (angiogenesis) is an important approach in cancer treatment. The complexity of angiogenesis presents both challenges and opportunities for cancer therapies. Intuitive approaches, such as blocking VegF activity, have yielded important therapies. But there maybe opportunities to alter nonintuitive targets either alone or in combination. This paper describes the development of a high-fidelity simulation of angiogenesis and uses this as the basis for a parallel search-based approach for the discovery of novel potential cancer treatments that inhibit blood vessel growth. Discovering new therapies is viewed as a multiobjective combinatorial optimization over two competing objectives: minimizing the estimated cost of practically developing the intervention while minimizing the simulated oxygen provided to the tumor by angiogenesis. Results show the effectiveness of the search process by finding interventions that are currently in use, and more interestingly, discovering potential new approaches that are nonintuitive yet effective.
Mapping of temperature elevation using focused ultrasound phased arrays

Temperature monitoring is most important during the application of thermal treatment, such as in the case of Focused Ultrasound Surgery (FUS). Currently, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is the predominant method for temperature mapping of FUS. However, its high cost, low temporal resolution and limited availability and applicability often result in its restricted use. In this paper, a new device for temperature mapping is introduced that only uses focused ultrasound to both apply and monitor the treatment temporally and spatially. By utilizing the principle of the recently introduced Ultrasound-Stimulated Acoustic Emission (USAE) as well as the phased array capability of steering the beam, the temperature distribution at various instants during the application of the treatment could be assessed. The target used here was a silicone gel with tissue-mimicking properties. The temperature spot could be detected during the application of the treatment and the temperature elevation could be both mapped spatially and monitored temporally. In conclusion, an all ultrasound-based system could serve as a more applicable alternative to MR techniques for thermal therapy monitoring. Our plan is to use the same array for the therapy sonication and monitoring of the treatment in the focal zone. This could provide a potential for realizing the ultimate clinical goal: an economic, fully integrated closed loop feedback system for therapy control.
Research Note---Strategic Bid-Shading and Sequential Auctioning with Learning from Past Prices

This paper analyzes sequential auctioning of single units of an indivisible good to a fluctuating population composed of overlapping generations of unit-demand bidders. Two phenomena emergent in such a market are investigated: forward-looking bidding strategies, and closed-loop selling strategies that involve learning from past prices. The buyers shade their bids down, i.e., bid less than they would in a single isolated auction, whenever they expect the seller to sell another unit of the good in the near future. Unlike in exogenous sequences of auctions, the optimal bidding strategy thus depends on the seller's selling strategy. The converse dependence also occurs: the seller can learn about current demand from past realized prices, and sell only in periods with high-enough demand. Such learning depends on the extent of bid-shading because the seller needs to invert the bidding strategy to learn. In equilibrium, buyer bid-shading persists even when the seller does not sell in every period, but it is self-regulating in that it eventually vanishes when the existence of the market is threatened by low seller profits. In this sense, auction markets have a “self-preservation instinct.” General properties of learning about current demand from past auction prices are also investigated and characterized.