cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adaptive parties: party strategic capacity under Japanese SNTV

What shapes a party’s ability to act strategically? We address this question by examining nomination behavior under Japanese SNTV/MMD, a system offering data that overcome the shortcomings of measurement error and static analysis that plague empirical research on party strategy. We run a series of generalized event counts (GEC) to model the number of candidates each Japanese political camp nominated at the district level in eleven different elections. The number of nominees is a highly strategic decision under SNTV, resulting in a statistical anomaly: an underdispersed event count variable. Based on the GEC results, our principal substantive finding is that parties are not as strategically capable as the existing scholarly literature claims. Even when parties are willing to act as a unified strategic group, informational uncertainty may leave them unable to do so. We also find that, despite factors that should have mitigated against strategic capacity, both ruling and opposition parties in Japan frequently responded to one another by seeking to take advantage of their opponents’ strategic errors.  2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
New mechanisms of transcriptional regulation of the folate receptor and other genes by steroid Receptors

The utility of the folate receptor (FR) type α, in a broad range of targeted therapies and as a diagnostic serum marker in cancer, is confounded by its variable tumor expression levels. FR-α, its mRNA and its promoter activity were coordinately up-regulated by the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) agonist, dexamethasone (Dex). Optimal promoter activation occurred at < 50 nM Dex, was inhibited by the GR antagonist, RU486, and was enhanced by co-activators, supporting GR mediation of the Dex effect. The Dex response of the FR-α promoter progressed even after Dex was withdrawn but this delayed effect required prior de novo protein synthesis indicating an indirect regulation. The Dex effect was mediated by the G/C-rich (Sp1 binding) element in the core P4 promoter and was optimal in the proper initiator context without associated changes in the complement of major Sp family proteins. Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors potentiated Dex induction of FRα independent of changes in GR levels. Dex/HDAC inhibitor treatment, did not cause de novo FR-α expression in a variety of receptor-negative cells. In a murine HeLa cell tumor xenograft model, Dex treatment increased both tumor associated and serum FR-α. The results support the concept of increasing FR-α expression selectively in the receptorpositive tumors by brief treatment with a non-toxic dose of a GR agonist, alone or in combination with a well-tolerated HDAC inhibitor, to increase the efficacy of various FR-α-dependent therapeutic and diagnostic applications. They also offer a new paradigm for cancer diagnosis and combination therapy that includes altering a marker or a target protein expression using general transcription modulators.
The Inheritance of Albinism in a Freshwater Snail, Physa heterostropha

Complementation tests revealed that albinism in four laboratory strains of Physa (Physella) heterostropha pomilia resulted from two recessive, nonallelic genes. F2 dihybrid progeny displayed the 9:7 ratio classically associated with reciprocal recessive epistasis between unlinked loci. This offers a contrast to the situation in the better known planorbid snails and provides a valuable tool for the study of reproductive biology in these facultatively self-fertilizing hermaphrodites.
A new uranyl phosphate chain in the structure of parsonsite

The structure of parsonsite, Pb{sub 2}[(UO{sub 2})(PO{sub 4}){sub 2}] has been solved by direct methods and refined to R = 6.0 and a goodness-of-fit (S) of 0.92 using 1187 unique observed reflections collected with MoK{alpha} X-rays and a CCD-based detector. The single unique U{sup 6+} cation is present as a (UO{sub 2}){sup 2+} uranyl ion (Ur) and is coordinated by five additional atoms of O arranged at the equatorial corners of a pentagonal bipyramid capped by the O{sub Ur} atoms. Uranyl polyhedra share an edge-forming dimers, which are cross-linked by edge- and vertex-sharing with two distinct phosphate tetrahedra, resulting in a new uranyl phosphate chain. Two symmetrically distinct Pb{sup 2+} cations are coordinated by nine and six oxygen atoms, and link adjacent uranyl phosphate chains. Parsonsite is the first uranyl phosphate mineral structure that is based upon chains of polymerized polyhedra of higher bond-valence; others contain sheets that are either based upon the autunite or phosphuranylite anion-topologies.
INHERITED NEURODEVELOPMENTAL BRAIN DISEASES: APPLICATIONS OF HOMOZYGOSITY MAPPING TO IDENTIFY NEW GENETIC CAUSES OF DISEASE

Abstract Objective The last two decades have seen major advancements in our understanding of some of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders in the field of child neurology. However, in the majority of individual patients, it is still not possible to arrive at a molecular diagnosis, due in part to lack of knowledge of molecular causes of these tremendously complex conditions. Common genetic disorders of brain development include septo-optic dysplasia, schizencephaly, holoprosencephaly, lissencephaly and hindbrain malformations. For each of these disorders, a critical step in brain development is disrupted. Specific genetic diagnosis is now possible in some patients with most of these conditions. For the remaining patients, it is possible to apply gene-mapping strategies using newly developed high-density genomic arrays to clone novel genes. This is especially important in countries like Iran where large family size and marriage between relatives makes these strategies tremendously powerful.
Extracting Records and Posts from Forum Pages with Limited Supervision

Internet forums are rich sources of human-generated content. Many applications, such as opinion mining and question answering, can greatly benefit from mining and exploring such useful content. An important step towards making user content from forums more easily accessible is to extract it from forum pages. We propose REPEX (REcord and Post EXtractor), a two-step solution that uses limited supervision to achieve this goal. Given a forum page, REPEX first extracts data records that contain human-generated content and then, from these records, extracts their user content. The record extraction assumes that (1) a record is composed of an automatic-generated part, which we call record template, and a human-generated part; and (2) the structure of record templates are usually consistent across records. Based on those, the record extractor initially locates the subtree that contains all records in the forum page, using an information-theoretic measure, and then identifies the template of the records in this subtree, modelling this as an outlier detection problem. Finally, starting from the templates, REPEX determines the boundaries of the records. For the post extraction, REPEX applies an information extraction approach that performs this task by identifying the posts’ string boundaries.
SCATTERING KERNEL FOR BERYLLIUM

Using a central-force model, with experimentally determined force constants, the lattice vibrational spectrum of beryllium has been determined from a sampling of 2413 points in the first Brillouin ...
Unsubstituted and substituted copper malonate coordination polymers with isomeric dipyridylamide ligands: Chain, layer, diamondoid, and self-penetrated topologies

Six dual-ligand divalent copper malonate coordination polymers have been prepared via solvent diffusion methods, and structurally characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The resulting dimensionality and topology depend crucially on the steric bulk of the malonate ligand and the nitrogen donor disposition within the dipyridylamide coligand. {[Cu(mal)(3-pina)(H2O)]·2H2O}n (1, mal = malonate, 3-pina = 3-pyridylisonicotinamide) possesses a simple 1-D chain structure, while the isomeric 4-pyridylnicotinamide (4-pna) ligand afforded a two-fold interpenetrated (6,3) grid layer structure in {[Cu(mal)(4-pna)(H2O)]·3H2O}n (2). Employing copper dimethylmalonate (dmmal) in the synthetic regime permitted synthesis of the (4,4) grid layered phase {[Cu2(dmmal)2(4-pna)2(H2O)3]·7H2O}n (3) and {[Cu2(dmmal)2(3-pina)2]·9.5H2O}n (4), which exhibited a three-fold interpenetrated diamondoid net with large water-filled incipient channels, built from [Cu4(dmmal)4] tetranuclear clusters. {[Cu2(Hdmmal)2(dmmal)(4-pina)2]·0.5H2O}n (5, 4-pina = 4-pyridylisonicotinamide) manifested a unique 5-connected self-penetrated 3D network with 42678 topology. {[Cu(emal)(4-pna)(H2O)]·3H2O}n (6, emal = ethylmalonate) is another simple 1-D chain phase. Ferromagnetic coupling (J = 11(3) cm−1) was observed within the tetranuclear clusters in 4. Thermal properties of these materials are also presented.
A Short summary of the RACHL Experiment

An experiment to measure turbulence-induced photonic orbital angular momentum was conducted at the RACHL site at the Starfire Optical Range (SOR) in the summer of 2014. Here, we present a summary of the experiment.
Experimental Validation of a Prognostic Health Management System for Electro-Mechanical Actuators

Electro-Mechanical Actuators (EMA) are gaining prominent roles in the next generation fly-by-wire aircraft and spacecraft. With these roles often being safety-critical (control surface or landing gear actuation, for instance), the key to faster adoption of EMA in aerospace applications is development of accurate and reliable prognostic health management (PHM) systems that not only detect and identify faults, but also predict how the identified they affect the remaining useful life (RUL) of both the faulty component and the actuator as a whole. Such information can be invaluable to pilots, controllers, and maintenance personnel in assessing how to complete or re-plan the desired mission with a sufficient safety margin. A team consisting of members of NASA Ames Diagnostic & Prognostic Group has developed a prototype PHM system for EMA that provides coverage for a number of faults modes typical to this type of actuators. The diagnostic portion of the system is implemented using a hybrid approach which utilizes both qualitative (bond graph, model-based) and quantitative (data-driven) reasoners to achieve low false positive and false negative detection rates and a high accuracy of diagnostic output. Once a fault has been diagnosed, the prognostic component, which is implemented using Gaussian Process Regression (GPR) principles, estimates the RUL of the component that is faulted. Experiments were conducted both in laboratory and flight conditions to validate the PHM system using an innovative Flyable Electromechanical Actuator (FLEA) test stand. The test stand allows experimental actuators to be subjected to environmental and operating conditions similar to what actuators on the host aircraft are experiencing, while providing researchers with the capability to safely inject and monitor propagation of various fault modes. Prognostic run-to-failure experiments were done in laboratory conditions on ballscrew jam and motor winding short faults. Flight experiments (albeit not run-to-failure) were conducted in collaboration with the US Army on UH-60 Blackhawk helicopters. The paper describes these experiments in detail and presents the results obtained from the PHM system with regard to the estimation of the RUL of the actuator.
Tibial component considerations in bicruciate-retaining total knee arthroplasty: A 3D MRI evaluation of proximal tibial anatomy

Abstract Background Restoration of normal anatomy and proper ligament balance are theoretical prerequisites for reproducing physiological kinematics with bicruciate-retaining total knee arthroplasty (TKA). The purpose of this study was to use a 3D MRI technique to evaluate the topography of the proximal tibia and outline considerations in tibial component design for bicruciate-retaining TKA. Methods We identified 100 consecutive patients (50 males and 50 females) between ages 20 and 40 years with knee MRIs without arthritis, dysplasia, ACL tears, or prior knee surgery. A novel 3D MRI protocol coordinating axial, coronal, and sagittal images was used to measure: 1) medial and lateral posterior tibial slopes; 2) medial and lateral coronal slopes; and 3) distance from the anterior tibia to the ACL footprint. Results There was no overall difference in medial and lateral posterior tibial slopes (5.5° (95% CI 5.0 to 6.0°) vs. 5.4° (95% CI 4.8 to 6.0°), respectively (p = 0.80)), but 41 patients had side-to-side differences greater than 3°. The medial coronal slope was greater than the lateral coronal slope (4.6° (95% CI 4.0 to 5.1°) vs. 3.3° (95% CI 2.9 to 3.7°), respectively (p Conclusions Due to highly variable proximal tibial topography, a monoblock bicruciate-retaining tibial baseplate may not reproduce normal anatomy in all patients. Level of Evidence Level IV - Anatomic research study.
Inverse kinematical analysis of double input seven-bar mechanism

At first using the method of inverse kinematical analysis,the computing formulae of displacement,velocity and acceleration of each component in the seven-bar mechanism and variation law of motion for the two expanding and contracting bar were derived,and then combining with analytical living example and according to the motion law of output component the motion law of driving part was computed,finally the transmission error was analyzed.Utilizing the characteristics of quick response,easy for automatization and easy to realize frequent commutation of the hydraulic system,this mechanism can be employed in composing the compound movement in horizontal and vertical direction,which could realize accurate simulation of the motion law for motorcycles and automobiles under the effect of random load in high frequency.
Who knows about kids these days? Analyzing the determinants of youth and adult mobility in the U.S. between 1990 and 2009

Abstract The 2000s was a decade of transitions for teens and young adults. In comparison with previous generations of youth, those living in the developed world (i) faced the harshest economic climate in decades, (ii) lived with their parents longer and were more likely to return back home as young adults, (iii) used information and communication technologies (ICTs) extensively, and (iv) in the U.S., were subject to increasingly stringent graduated driver’s licensing (GDL) regulations. All were dramatic societal changes to be sure, but how did they affect youth travel behavior? Some argue dramatically and enduringly, but usually with fragmentary evidence. We examine data from the three most recent U.S. national travel surveys and find that, with one exception, after controlling for personal, household, locational, and travel factors, the effects of factors associated with various societal trends on person-kilometers traveled (PKT) are surprisingly muted. The exception is that decreased employment is associated with substantially lower PKT; however, this effect is 32% greater among older (ages 27–61) than younger (ages 20–26) adults, suggesting that economic factors, rather than changes in youth travel preferences, were at the root of declines in personal travel in the U.S. during the 2000s.
Reducing the effects of specular scatterers on QUS imaging using the generalized spectrum

The effective scatterer diameter (ESD) and effective acoustic concentration (EAC) are quantitative ultrasound (QUS) imaging parameters that employ scattering models and spectral fit methods to characterize tissue microstructure. These methods work best when the region of interest (ROI) from which the parameters are derived contains uniform diffuse scatterers. In some tissues, specular scatterers (e.g., calcifications, blood vessels, etc.) can exist and cause decreases in the accuracy and precision of QUS parameter estimates based on diffuse scattering. In this study the generalized spectrum (GS) intercept parameter was used to detect echoes from specular scatterers. The signals corresponding to the specular scatterers were then removed in order to reduce the effect of specular scatterers on QUS estimates. Backscatter data from a simulated phantom, rat mammary tumors, and fresh beef liver samples that underwent elevations in temperature were analyzed to evaluate the effectiveness of using the GS intercept parameter. The ESD and EAC were estimated assuming a spherical Gaussian scattering model for each data block outlined in an ROI in the sample. The GS intercept parameter was estimated for each data block and used to sort data blocks and their corresponding QUS estimates were sorted into diffuse and specular scattering groups. Modified parametric images were then formed by using only the data blocks in the diffuse scattering group. For the simulated phantom, the exclusion of specular scatterers from the QUS estimates resulted in a reduction in ESD standard deviation of 66.4%. For the rat mammary tumors, the average reduction in ESD and EAC standard deviation was 17.1% and 24.8%, respectively. When monitoring the changes in ESD and EAC in beef liver samples versus temperature over the temperature range of 37 to 50 °C, the mean ESD and EAC values changed monotonically with temperature. By excluding the specular scatterers, ESD and EAC were observed to change by 25.4% and −40.3% respectively as opposed to 14.8% and −30.7% respectively when including specular scatterers. When excluding specular scatterers from QUS analysis, the precision of QUS estimates was improved and the sensitivity of QUS estimates to temperature changes was increased. These results suggest that the GS intercept parameter has the potential to reduce the effects of specular scatterers on diffuse scattering estimates and to improve QUS imaging.
From Quick Fixes to Slow Fixes: Reimagining Static Analysis Resolutions to Enable Design Space Exploration

Quick Fixes as implemented by IDEs today prioritize the speed of applying the fix as a primary criteria for success. In this paper, we argue that when tools over-optimize this criteria, such tools neglect other dimensions that are important to successfully applying a fix, such as being able to explore the design space of multiple fixes. This is especially true in cases where a fix only partially implements the intention of the developer. In this paper, we implement an extension to the FindBugs defect finding tool, called FixBugs, an interactive resolution approach within the Eclipse development environment that prioritizes other design criteria to the successful application of suggested fixes. Our empirical evaluation method of 12 developers suggests that FixBugs enables developers to explore alternative designs and balances the benefits of manual fixing with automated fixing, without having to compromise in either effectiveness or efficiency. Our analytic evaluation method with six usability experts identified trade-offs between FixBugs and Quick Fix, and suggests ways in which FixBugs and Quick Fix can offer complementary capabilities to better support developers.
Detection of Antigenic Variants of Subtype H3 Swine Influenza A Viruses from Clinical Samples.

A large population of genetically and antigenically diverse influenza A viruses (IAVs) are circulating among the swine population, playing an important role in influenza ecology. Swine IAVs not only cause outbreaks among swine but also can be transmitted to humans, causing sporadic infections and even pandemic outbreaks. Antigenic characterizations of swine IAVs are key to understanding the natural history of these viruses in swine and to selecting strains for effective vaccines. However, influenza outbreaks generally spread rapidly among swine, and the conventional methods for antigenic characterization require virus propagation, a time-consuming process that can significantly reduce the effectiveness of vaccination programs. We developed and validated a rapid, sensitive, and robust method, the polyclonal serum-based proximity ligation assay (polyPLA), to identify antigenic variants of subtype H3N2 swine IAVs. This method utilizes oligonucleotide-conjugated polyclonal antibodies and quantifies antibody-antigen binding affinities by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR). Results showed the assay can rapidly detect H3N2 IAVs directly from nasal wash or nasal swab samples collected from laboratory-challenged animals or during influenza surveillance at county fairs. In addition, polyPLA can accurately separate the viruses at two contemporary swine IAV antigenic clusters (H3N2 swine IAV-α and H3N2 swine IAV-s) with a sensitivity of 84.9% and a specificity of 100.0%. The polyPLA can be routinely used in surveillance programs to detect antigenic variants of influenza viruses and to select vaccine strains for use in controlling and preventing disease in swine.
Suspended in Mid-Air: Casting Nets and Making Places Between Earth and Sky at Meteora

Cast in the beginning of time, the rock pillars of Meteora make room for an ascetic and monastic life supporting and supported by the monks who have dwelled there for almost a millennium. It is commonly accepted that the landscape of Meteora has a poetry-like quality. In step with the poetics of place, the testimonies of Meteora bring myths and facts harmoniously together. Textual and visual documentation of the place by its visitors and inhabitants, our own visits to Meteora, and UNESCO’s documents, which designate the place as a World Heritage Site, open up horizons where we interpret how the poetic quality of Meteora originates from and sustains itself in the placemaking practices of its monks. Poetics of place comes from praxis. Furthermore, the practice of placemaking at Meteora depends on an aerial imagination initiated by casting nets, which connect inhabitants and guests to the loci of monasteries that are analogous to a bird’s nest perched on top of rocks, isolated and introverted. Net and nest are constitutive figures of aerial placemaking in a landscape imagined as a practice and made possible through poetics.
Understanding Online Collection Growth Over Time: A Case Study of Pinterest

A common feature of content discovery applications is the ability of users to save and organize digital items into collections, e.g., images into photo albums or songs into playlists. Understanding how these collections grow over time is important for user retention and collection as well as item recommendation. Here we study factors that affect collection growth over a long period of time. We conduct a large-scale longitudinal analysis of over 2.6 million collections, known as boards, on Pinterest, over a period of three years. We study the inter-event time distribution of pins saved to boards and find that it can be accurately described by a two-component lognormal mixture model. The mixture components reveal that board growth can be characterized by short-term fast-paced sprees of activity, and longer breaks between these sprees. Commonalities emerge in spree behavior; for example, sprees have consistent temporal dynamics and the content saved within the same spree is more focused compared to between sprees. Surprisingly, we observe that boards with longer initial sprees are less likely to have long-term growth. On the other hand, boards with more frequently occurring sprees continue growing for a longer time, and tend to have a larger size. Finally, we synthesize our findings into a series of predictive models which show that initial board evolution is a strong signal for long-term board growth in terms of size and lifespan. Overall, our research has important implications for the design of online content discovery applications and has immediate applications in user modeling and recommendation systems.
Do religious voters discriminate against women gubernatorial candidates

Scholars report that areas with higher concentrations of religious voters elect relatively few women to executive office. These studies, however, cannot explain whether the observed patterns are a ...
A Nonquiescent "Idling" Population State in Drug-Treated, BRAF-Mutated Melanoma.

Abstract Targeted therapy is an effective standard of care in BRAF -mutated malignant melanoma. However, the duration of tumor remission varies unpredictably among patients, and relapse is almost inevitable. Here, we examine the responses of several BRAF -mutated melanoma cell lines (including isogenic subclones) to BRAF inhibitors. We observe complex response dynamics across cell lines, with short-term responses ( BRAF -mutated melanomas respond to BRAF inhibition. We hypothesize that the residual disease observed in patients after targeted therapy is composed of a significant number of idling cells. Thus, defining molecular determinants of the phenotypic landscape that idling populations occupy may lead to "targeted landscaping" therapies based on rational modification of the landscape to favor basins with greater drug susceptibility.
A Young measure approach to a nonlinear membrane model — Lecture III

An integral representation of a relaxed functional deduced via 3D–2D dimension reduction is obtained in terms of a special class of parameterized probability measures (bending Young measures).
Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders, Immunology of

Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) constitutes a spectrum of inflammatory autoimmune demyelinating disorders of the central nervous system, which is clinically, pathologically, and pathophysiologically distinct from multiple sclerosis. It is unified by an immunoglobulin G (IgG) biomarker (NMO–IgG) targeting the water channel aquaporin-4. In vitro , NMO–IgG binds to the extracellular domain of astrocytic aquaporin-4 causing partial internalization, complement activation, disruption of water and glutamate homeostasis, and inflammatory sequelae. Injection of NMO–IgG into rodents with disrupted blood–brain barrier recapitulates distinctive neuropathological findings of NMO. The aims of current optimal therapies for NMO spectrum disorders are to deplete antibody and reduce inflammation in the acute phase, and thereafter to prevent relapses by maintaining immunosuppressant therapy for at least 5 years.
“Acute” Abdominal Wall Hernias

In the Western world many more hernias are now repaired electively than was formerly the case. In spite of this, the acute presentation of groin hernias to emergency surgeons remains a common occurrence and it is important to know how to deal with them.
Linking Plant Biology and Pretreatment: Understanding the Structure and Organization of the Plant Cell Wall and Interactions with Cellulosic Biofuel Production

In order to more economically process cellulosic feedstocks using a biochemical pathway for fuel production, it is necessary to develop a detailed understanding of plant cell wall characteristics, pretreatment reaction chemistry, and their complex interactions. However given the large number of thermochemical pretreatment methods that are currently being researched and the extreme diversity of plant cell wall structure and composition, this prospect is extremely challenging. Here we present the current state of research at the interface between plant biology and pretreatment chemistry. The first two sections discuss the chemistry of the secondary plant cell wall and how different pretreatment methods alter the overall cell wall structure. The third section addresses how the characteristics of the cell wall and pretreatment efficacy are impacted by different factors such as plant maturity, classification, and plant fraction. The fourth section summarizes current directions in the development of novel plant materials for improved biochemical conversion. And the final section discusses the use of chemical pretreatments as a screening and analysis tool for rapid identification of amenable plant materials, and for expansion of the fundamental understanding of plant cell walls.
Characterization of Random Vibration

A mechanical system is said to be vibrating when its parts undergo motions that fluctuate in time. The engineering problems that arise in random vibration usually fall within the following headings: measurement of an existing environment, design of a structure or piece of equipment that is to work in such an environment, and the specification and execution of tests to verify that equipment already built will work in such an environment.. Useful analytical tools for performing these tasks are provided by the theory of random processes, which is an outgrowth of probability theory. The chapter primarily presents the pertinent results of this theory. It discusses how in principle it is possible to give complete probabilistic information about a random process. When for theoretical reasons such information is available, it is a simple task to calculate statistical averages for the process. In dealing experimentally with a random process, the statistical averages are much simpler to measure directly than are the probability distributions which underlie them.
Why human papilloma virus vaccination coverage is low among adolescents in the US? A study of barriers for vaccination uptake.

Introduction: Cervical cancer and Human papillomavirus (HPV) affects women, men, and children of all races, ethnicities, and backgrounds. The objective of this study is to examine the association between adolescent (13–17 years) HPV vaccination uptake and the key factors influencing the uptake rates of HPV vaccination. Materials and Methods: The 2016 NIS-Teen data, an annual survey conducted by the CDC to monitor vaccination uptake in the United States is used for this study. Multivariable logistic regression model was used to estimate the relationship between various factors and HPV vaccine uptake. Results: Male adolescents were 0.26 times less likely to get the HPV vaccines; adolescents covered by private health insurance were 0.18 times less likely to get HPV vaccines; Hispanic adolescents were 1.47 times more likely, adolescents from other races including Asians were 1.75 times more likely to get vaccinated for HPV compared to non-Hispanic white adolescents. Adolescents from the low-income families were 1.21 times more likely to get vaccinated for HPV; adolescents from North-eastern regions of the United States were 1.62 times more likely to get vaccinated; adolescents who were not recommended for vaccination by the family physicians were 0.43 times less likely to get HPV vaccination; adolescents who did not have any safety concerns and concerns about side effects were 3.24 times more likely to get the HPV vaccine; adolescents from households that did have not orthodox religious beliefs were 13.67 times more likely to get vaccinated. Conclusions: Vaccination uptake rates are low for adolescents in the US and the results of this study identified important barriers which need to be addressed in order to improve vaccine uptake rates among the target groups which are less likely to get vaccinated. Also, knowing the sociodemographic and community level factors associated with HPV vaccination uptake status, health planners can better plan strategies to improve HPV vaccination in their local settings.
Concurrent Alcohol and Opioid Use Among Harm Reduction Clients.

Abstract Background Harm reduction services infrequently address alcohol use among clients using opioids, despite the evaluated risk of overdose or medical consequences for clients with viral infections. The purpose of this study is to assess concurrent alcohol and opioid use among syringe services and overdose prevention program participants predominately in southern Ohio and northern Kentucky. Methods This is a cross-sectional study using self-report data (n = 1,142) pooled across regional overdose prevention programs and a mobile syringe services program. The outcome variable was concurrent use categorized as no concurrent alcohol, prescription opioid or heroin use; alcohol and heroin or prescription opioid use; and alcohol, prescription opioid and heroin use in the past three months. Results The sample was predominantly white (95%), 56% were male and the mean age was 33 years old. Forty-seven percent of the clients had no concurrent use of alcohol and opioids; 20.1% reported concurrent use of alcohol and either heroin or prescription opioids; and 33.4% reported concurrent use of alcohol, heroin and prescription opioids in the past 3 months. Lifetime suicidal ideation and non-opioid drug use were associated with concurrent alcohol and opioid use in the multivariable model. Conclusion Harm reduction clients with concurrent alcohol and opioid use may warrant enhanced overdose prevention services. Syringe services and overdose prevention program participants may benefit from education or a brief intervention on alcohol consumption.
Analysis of Load Bearing Capacity of Cement Concrete Airfield Pavement’s Construction in Relation to its’ Changes of Physico-Mechanical Parameters

An airfield pavement is a designated and properly prepared surface of an airfield functional element (AFE) fulfilling a specific task as part of air operations. A structural system of an airfield pavement is a set of layers, the task of which is to safely take over and transfer loads coming from moving aircraft onto the subsoil. The safety of air operations conducted by aircraft over airfield pavements most of all depends on the load-bearing capacity of their structures. The basic type of airfield pavements includes rigid pavements (elastic) made of cement concrete. The load-bearing capacity state of cement concrete airfield pavements are strongly impacted by concrete properties (physical, mechanical, rheological and resistance to environmental factors), as well as the condition and type of the subsoil directly under the evaluated pavement structure. Adopting an appropriate computational model for the evaluated structure, correct identification of the layers comprising the airfield pavement, accuracy of determining the technical parameters of materials sampled from the structure and a correct assessment of the load-bearing parameter of the subsoil directly under the assessed structure make the load-bearing end result expressed by a PCN index or the permissible number of air operations to be similar to actual conditions. The article presents the dependencies showing the impact of varying physico-mechanical parameters of concrete on the end results of the pavement load-bearing capacity.
Differential immune responses to hemorrhagic Fever-Causing arenaviruses

The family Arenaviridae contains several pathogens of major clinical importance. The Old World (OW) arenavirus Lassa virus is endemic in West Africa and is estimated to cause up to 300,000 infections each year. The New World (NW) arenaviruses Junin and Machupo periodically cause hemorrhagic fever outbreaks in South America. While these arenaviruses are highly pathogenic in humans, recent evidence indicates that pathogenic OW and NW arenaviruses interact with the host immune system differently, which may have differential impacts on viral pathogenesis. Severe Lassa fever cases are characterized by profound immunosuppression. In contrast, pathogenic NW arenavirus infections are accompanied by elevated levels of Type I interferon and pro-inflammatory cytokines. This review aims to summarize recent findings about interactions of these pathogenic arenaviruses with the innate immune machinery and the subsequent effects on adaptive immunity, which may inform the development of vaccines and therapeutics against arenavirus infections.
Open-source experimental setup for investigating the actuation behavior of active textiles

Abstract This paper presents an open-source and low-cost characterization device designed to investigate the behavior of active textiles, which are textiles having the ability to actuate (produce motion/force) and or act as a sensor. Although specifically designed for active textiles, the characterization device is broadly applicable for studying the performance of actuators including but not limited to Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) wires, SMA springs, and electroactive polymers. The characterization device may be operated in several modes that enable a wide variety of experimental protocols to be automated. These modes include but are not limited to automatic displacement and displacement rate mode, automatic force mode, and manual displacement mode. For active textiles that actuate by electrical stimulus or by resistive heating, the electronic system has five independent motor drivers. For each driver, the voltage drop across its outputs and current are measured, enabling the measurement of textile power consumption and other electrical properties. The validation of the Active Textile Characterization Device uses a contractile SMA knitted textile actuated by four motor drivers through resistive heating. Several protocols were successfully conducted to demonstrate the experimental flexibility of the system. During these experiments, knit length, knit tension, current through the knit, voltage drop across the knit, and room temperature were measured with respect to time.
Where you trap matters: Implications for integrated sea lamprey management

Abstract Barriers and pesticides have been used in streams to control sea lamprey in the Laurentian Great Lakes for nearly 70 years. Considerable effort has been spent to develop additional control measures, but much less effort has gone toward identifying how or where additional control measures might be cost-effectively integrated into the sea lamprey control program. We use a management strategy evaluation model in Lake Michigan to identify the stream types that would be most suitable for deploying traps to remove adults prior to spawning and estimate the likely impact on adult sea lamprey abundance in subsequent years under several trapping scenarios relative to status quo abundance. The greatest reduction in lake-wide adult sea lamprey abundance predicted by the model resulted when removing adult sea lampreys from streams that are difficult for control program personnel to treat with lampricide because lampricide applications would be required less frequently. Additionally, targeting streams which experience regular sea lamprey recruitment and streams with low adult sea lamprey density should result in reduced lake-wide abundance if trapping costs are relatively low or removal is high. Our results provide direction on where to trap and why, and indicate that trapping may be a valuable part of an integrated sea lamprey control approach advancing the goals of the Great Lakes Fishery Commission.
Constitutive expression of spliced XBP1 causes perinatal lethality in mice

Upon endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1) is activated and catalyzes nonconventional splicing of an unspliced X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1U) mRNA to yield a spliced XBP1 (XBP1S) mRNA that encodes a potent XBP1S transcription factor. XBP1S is a key mediator of the IRE1 branch that is essential for alleviating ER stress. We generated a novel mouse strain (referred to as "Xbp1CS/+ " mice) that constitutively expressed XBP1S after Cre recombinase-mediated recombination. Further breeding of these mice with Twist2 Cre recombinase (Twist2-Cre) knock-in mice generated Twist2-Cre;Xbp1CS/+ mice. Most Twist2-Cre;Xbp1CS/+ mice died shortly after birth. Reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) showed that constitutive expression of XBP1S occurred in various mouse tissues examined, but not in the brain. Immunohistochemistry confirmed that although the immunostaining signals for total XBP1 (XBP1U and XBP1S) were found in the calvarial bones in both Twist2-Cre;Xbp1CS/+ and control mice, the signals for XBP1S were only detected in the Twist2-Cre;Xbp1CS/+ mice, but not in the control mice. These results suggest that a precise control of XBP1S production is essential for normal mouse development.
SJS/TENN: A Mnemonic for Early Clinical Diagnosis of Stevens-Johnson Syndrome and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis.

Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) represent a spectrum of the same condition defined by its widespread skin and mucosal loss.1 SJS/TEN represents a true dermatologic emergency, as the disease quickly evolves and is often fatal without early identification and treatment. It is essential for all clinicians to be familiar with common signs associated with SJS/TEN, as patients are more likely to present initially to primary care providers and emergency physicians than they are to a dermatologist. Certain characteristics of SJS/TEN allow it to be distinguished from common mimickers such as Drug Rash with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms (DRESS), Erythema Multiforme (EM), and morbilliform drug reactions.1 We present the “SJS/TENN” mnemonic of clinical char acteristics to aid in the early diagnosis for suspected cases (Table 1). Table 1 Prevalence of clinical findings included in SJS/TENN mnemonic.
The U.S. national biomonitoring network - Enhancing capability and capacity to assess human chemical exposures.

Abstract Background With the increased use of biomonitoring in public health, biomonitoring networks are forming worldwide. The National Biomonitoring Network (NBN), created in 2018, is an interconnected system of U.S. government laboratories in collaboration with public health partners, to advance human biomonitoring science and practice. The NBN aims to harmonize biomonitoring data for use in routine public health practice. Methods The NBN has taken a systems approach to provide high-quality biomonitoring data by establishing quality standards, mentoring nascent programs, and enhancing analytical capability and capacity through technical assistance. Guided by a multi-disciplinary Network Steering Committee (NSC), the NBN has developed an organizational framework, membership criteria, and guidance practices related to study design, quality management and analytical measurements. To facilitate the production of these resources, the NSC established interdisciplinary workgroups of subject matter experts. Results To date, 20 state public health laboratories have joined the NBN. Differences in land-use practices, state and local laws and availability of resources resulted in considerable variability in the design and approach of NBN member biomonitoring programs. By contributing technical guidance, technical training, examples and templates for analytical and epidemiological practices and opportunities for collaboration and interaction, the NBN addressed some of these challenges. Important challenges remaining are to define minimum data variables for laboratory measurements, demographic and exposure information, and to identify an appropriate national repository for biomonitoring data. Conclusion The current NBN membership has greatly benefited from the resources, collaboration and engagement with other state and federal scientists. The NBN hopes to expand membership and increase interaction with biomonitoring networks internationally. While the objectives of biomonitoring networks around the world may differ, understanding their structures, advantages and limitations inform the NBN and provide opportunity for cross-network collaboration.
Patterns of protein synthesis in T5-infected Escherichia coli.

Abstract When complete transfer of DNA from phage T5 to Escherichia coli F is allowed, the induction of three classes of proteins can be revealed kinetically by means of pulse-labeling, disc electrophoresis, and autoradiography. At 37° T5 proteins of Class I are synthesized from about 1 to 5 min after protein synthesis is first allowed following infection. Synthesis of Class II proteins, which include the early enzymes, occurs during the 5- to 20-min period after initiation of protein synthesis. T5 proteins of Class III, among which are certain phage structural components, are synthesized from about 14 min until lysis at 45 to 60 min. When only the initial 8% section of T5 DNA is permitted to enter host cells, proteins of Class I can be synthesized but not proteins of Class II or III. The 8% section not only induces the synthesis of Class I proteins but also directs the "shutoff" of their synthesis as well as the shutoff of the synthesis of host proteins at the expected time. The initiation of the synthesis of Class II proteins depends on the prior formation of Class I proteins. It is therefore proposed that one or more of the Class I proteins exerts an active regulatory role in this shift of the synthesis from one class of proteins to another. Class I proteins are not precursors of Class II or III proteins and their period of synthesis can be extended by irradiation of the free phage prior to infection. They are therefore considered to be a new distinct class, which are probably coded for by the initial 8% section of the phage T5 genome.
Tourism Training: An Investigation of Virtual Learning Experience in the Context of a Virtual World

3D virtual environments offer potentials as an educational and training tool for tourism industry professionals and educators. The main goal of this study is to investigate 3D virtual learning experiences in the context of tourism. Self-Determination Theory was used to guide this study. Participants were recruited from an introductory tourism course and a tourism marketing class in the Department of Park, Recreation and Tourism Management at a university in southeast region of the United States. The results of this study found that the satisfaction of the psychological needs of autonomy, competence, and relatedness are positively related to intrinsic motivation and positive emotions while learning in the virtual worlds. Thus, in order to implement successful virtual-learning courses in the virtual worlds, tourism educators and professionals need to make efforts to foster the satisfaction of psychological needs in the virtual learning environment.
Nifedipine therapy for recurrent ischemic pain following myocardial infarction

The efficacy of nifedipine in relieving recurrent ischemic episodes following acute myocardial infarction was studied in 11 patients a mean of 9.2 days post infarction (range 2-42 days). Prior to infarction, all of the patients had a history of exertional angina only, yet following the infarction, episodes of recurrent ischemia occurred at rest in spite of maximal medical management with beta-blockers and/or nitrate preparations, which lowered the heart rate to a mean of 65 beats/min, and the blood pressure to a mean of 109/70 mmHg. Ischemic episodes were associated with ST-segment elevation in 7 patients and ST-segment depression or T-wave inversion in 4 patients. Coronary angiography was performed in 8 patients, and demonstrated multivessel coronary disease in 7. The episodes of rest ischemia were prevented in all but one patient by the addition of nifedipine (mean daily dose 60 mg, range 40-120 mg) without causing a change in heart rate or blood pressure. Two patients continued to have myocardial ischemia with minimal exertion, although rest pains were abolished, and they underwent coronary bypass surgery for relief of exertional pain. Only one patient continued to have episodes of ischemia at rest, although the frequency of ischemic episodes was decreased, and bypass surgery was necessary for pain relief. The other 8 patients have been managed medically for a mean of 5.4 months (range 1-12 months) and have remained pain free on combined regimens of nifedipine, beta blockers, and/or nitrate preparations. We conclude that nifedipine may be efficacious for the relief of recurrent myocardial ischemia at rest following acute infarction. In some patients nifedipine may eliminate the need for coronary artery bypass surgery and in others it may provide clinical stability prior to operation.
The endocrinology of sunlight and darkness

Information from autoradiographic studies and follow-up indicates that 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D3 (soltriol) is a somatotrophic activator and modulator, regulated by the amount of sunshine and the endocrine status of the individual, with the purpose of promoting development, reproduction, and maintenance of life. Regulation of calcium homeostasis is only one of its many functions. A close link to the pineal hormone system is apparent. Evidence supports the new concept that the skin-derived hormone of sunlight and the pineal hormone(s) of darkness are messengers with comprehensive actions on endocrine, autonomic, sensory, skeletal, and motor functions. In a complementary fashion, both hormone systems appear to correlate biological activities with the daily and seasonal changes of our solar environment.