cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Combining Forced and Free Convective Equations to Represent Combined Heat-Transfer Coefficients for a Horizontal Cylinder

An analytical correlation of superposed free and forced convection for air for a horizontal cylinder in which the forced convection and free convection forces act in the same direction is considered. A simplified method by which the ordinary formulas for forced convection and for free convection can be used together to give the Nusselt number is presented. The method proposed herein can easily be modified to work for other combinations of free and forced flow systems. The method, therefore, may have wide application because standard formulas for simple systems are easily combined to obtain formulas which are valid for complicated systems.
Clinical presentation off endocardial pacing lead malfunction

This study highlights the wide spectrum of manifestation of pacing lead malfunction. Patients judged to be pacer dependent or in whom ventricular lead malfunction is suspected, and patients with severe symptoms before pacemaker implantation, should be considered at high risk for the development of hemodynamic compromise; prompt hospital admission and pacing lead replacement should be performed.
Swift's Gulliver's Travels, Bk. 2, Ch. 1

(1994). Swift's Gulliver's Travels, Bk. 2, Ch. 1. The Explicator: Vol. 52, No. 4, pp. 214-216.
In SITU implantation and SIMS analysis of D in Si and NbV using an ion microprobe

Abstract In this study, the use of in situ implantation of deuterium into a cooled sample to produce ion implant standard for SIMS analysis by utilizing the dual source nature of the Cameca IMS 3f ion microanalyser is explored. H (hydrogen) and D (deuterium) SIMS standards are difficult to obtain for metals because they are very mobile at room temperature. The technique allows quantitative SIMS detection of trace level deuterium in metals. Application of this method to investigate trapping at defects produced in a NbV alloy during implantation is discussed. Significant detrapping occurs at 250–280 K, proposed to be when the vacancy point defects become mobile.
Long-Lasting Neurotrophin-Induced Enhancement of Synaptic Transmission in the Adult Hippocampus

The neurotrophins are signaling factors important for the differentiation and survival of distinct neuronal populations during development. To test whether the neurotrophins also function in the mature nervous system, the effects of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), nerve growth factor (NGF), and neurotrophic factor 3 (NT-3) on the strength of synaptic transmission in hippocampal slices were determined. Application of BDNF or NT-3 produced a dramatic and sustained (2 to 3 hours) enhancement of synaptic strength at the Schaffer collateral-CA1 synapses; NGF was without significant effect. The enhancement was blocked by K252a, an inhibitor of receptor tyrosine kinases. BDNF and NT-3 decreased paired-pulse facilitation, which is consistent with a possible presynaptic modification. Long-term potentiation could still be elicited in slices previously potentiated by exposure to the neurotrophic factors, which implies that these two forms of plasticity may use at least partially independent cellular mechanisms.
Effects of Partial and Complete Ablation of the Slow Pathway on Fast Pathway Properties in Patients with Atrioventricular Nodal Reentrant Tachycardia

Fast Pathway Properties, introduction: The purpose of this study was to prospectively compare the effects of complete and partial ablation of slow pathway function on the fast pathway effective refractory period (ERP). Methods and Results: The subjects were 20 patients (mean age 43 ± 13 years) with atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT), no structural heart disease, and easily inducible AVNRT. Autonomic blockade was achieved with propranolol (0.2 mg/kg) and atropine (0.04 mg/kg). After elimination of AVNRT and during autonomic blockade, the presence of residual slow pathway function was determined by the presence of a single AV nodal echo and/or dual AV nodal physiology. After autonomic blockade and before ablation, the mean fast pathway ERP was 319 ± 44 msec and the mean slow pathway ERP was 251 ± 31 msec. After slow pathway ablation and during autonomic blockade, 7 patients had residual slow pathway function and 13 did not. Complete loss of slow pathway function was associated with a shortening of the fast pathway ERP from 334 ± 35 msec to 300 ± 62 msec (P < 0.01), while the fast pathway ERP did not change significantly in patients with residual slow pathway function (291 ± 29 msec vs 303 ± 38 msec, respectively; P = 0.08). A shortening of 30 msec or more in the fast pathway ERP was observed in 11 of 13 patients who did not have residual slow pathway function, compared to 0 of 7 patients with residual slow pathway function (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Shortening of the fast pathway ERP after successful ablation of AVNRT is dependent upon complete loss of slow pathway function. This observation is consistent with electrotonic inhibition of the fast pathway by the slow pathway. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol,
Effect of composition on the solidification behavior of several Ni-Cr-Mo and Fe-Ni-Cr-Mo alloys

The microstructural development of several Ni-Cr-Mo and Fe-Ni-Cr-Mo alloys over a range of conditions has been examined. A commercial alloy, AL-6XN, was chosen for analysis along with three experimental compositions to isolate the contribution of individual alloying elements to the overall microstructural development. Detailed microstructural characterization on each alloy demonstrated that the observed solidification reaction sequences were primarily dependent on the segregation behavior of molybdenum (Mo), which was unaffected by the large difference in cooling rate between differential thermal analysis (DTA) samples and welded specimens. This explains the invariance of the amount of eutectic constituent observed in the microstructure in the welded and DTA conditions. Multicomponent liquidus projections developed using the CALPHAD approach were combined with solidification path calculations as a first step to understanding the observed solidification reaction sequences. Discrepancies between the calculations and observed reaction sequences were resolved by proposing slight modifications to the calculated multicomponent liquidus projections.
A note on random densities via wavelets

Abstract It is a well-known fact that any orthonormal basis in L2 can produce a “random density”. If {φn} is an orthonormal basis and {an} is a sequence of random variables such that Σ an2 = 1 a.s., then ƒ(x) = | Σ a n φ n (x)| 2 is a random density. In this note we define a random density via orthogonal bases of wavelets and explore some of its basic properties.
Strategic interaction among courts within the preliminary reference process – Stage 1: National court preemptive opinions

. While scholars today are well-acquainted with how the European Community preliminary reference process works, little research has been done to investigate strategic court interaction – that is, intentional, procedural court behaviour employed to influence the substantive direction of legal evolution, within that process. The present investigation, which is part of a larger project examining such court behaviour throughout the referral process, focuses on the initial stage: the decision to refer. Within that stage lies the opportunity for national courts to stack the interpretive deck for the entire decision-making process via a preemptive opinion, the submission of which is neither required, suggested nor prohibited by written procedural guidelines. It is assumed that courts are strategic institutions that seek to maximize their policy objectives, and therefore, national courts submit preemptive opinions to obtain that goal. Such strategic behaviour, however, is influenced by intervening factors – namely the acceptance of European Court of Justice intervention, national judicial procedure, issue complexity and individual court experience.
Controlled-release hydrophilic tablets for individualized theophylline therapy.

Directly compressible controlled-release (CR) theophylline tablet formulations with a non-zero-order drug release were prepared using various grades of Methocels®. These tablet formulations were employed in the individualization of therapy with the aid of a pharmacokinetic simulation model developed with STELLA®II computer software. In vitro drug release data were used to simulate plasma concentration-time (C,t) profiles based on a wide range of previously reported patient pharmacokinetic parameters (clearances of 2–5 L/hr and apparent volumes of distribution of 20–50 L). The simulations indicated that formulations containing low-viscosity Methocels (E4, K4, and K4CR) were suitable for individualizing theophylline therapy. Average steady-state concentrations were well within the therapeutic range of 10–20 μg/ml. High-viscosity polymers such as E10CR, K15, and K15CR yielded subtherapeutic concentrations and were deemed unsuitable. Thus, a pharmacokinetic simulation program capable of predicting in vivo C,t...
Crime Rates and Police Efficiency

This paper measures the relative efficiency of 50 municipal police departments in New York State using an output-oriented data envelopment analysis programming model and finds that 30 departments are efficient, while 20 could improve their efficiency. Adoption of best practice methods in the 20 laggard agencies could reduce violent crime by an average 173 percent and property crime by 64 percent. We find that four factors show statistically significant effects on violent and property crime “output:” the number of community policing officers, the number of employment screening techniques, the number of mobile computer devices deployed, and the number officers employed in special drug units.
Evolving Role of Skullbase Surgery for Patients with Low and High Grade Malignancies

Malignancy involving the skull base remains a formidable management challenge. Advances and refinements in diagnostic imaging, instrumentation, microvascular reconstruction, and an improved overall appreciation of the anatomy of the skullbase have extended the boundaries of tumor resectability and in some cases, obviated the need for adjuvant therapies. Successful management of high-grade malignancy however, requires a carefully constructed multi-modal treatment plan to maximize patient outcome. Over the course of an 11-year period, 259 patients with skullbase malignancies were treated by the author in the setting of a tertiary care comprehensive cancer center. All patients were evaluated by a multidisciplinary team experienced in the assessment and treatment of skullbase malignancy. Management paradigms were constructed and treatment based on categorization into low or high-grade malignancy was recommended and undertaken. This manuscript discusses this patient population and the outcome of the management paradigms that were constructed. Differences in outcome based on the characterization of malignancies as either low or high grade is discussed. Complications of treatment and patient reported quality of life outcomes are reviewed.
Transition metals as catalysts of "autoxidation" reactions.

Superoxide (O2−, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radical (·OH) produced from the “autoxidation” of biomolecules, such as ascorbate, catecholamines, or thiols, have been implicated in numerous toxicities. However, the direct reaction of dioxygen with the vast majority of biomolecules, including those listed above, is spin forbidden, a condition which imposes a severe kinetic limitation on this reaction pathway. Therefore, an alternate mechanism must be invoked to explain the “autoxidations” reactions frequently reported. Transition metals are efficient catalysts of redox reactions and their reactons with dioxygen are not spin restricted. Therefore it is likely that the “autoxidation” observed for many biomolecules is, in fact, metal catalyzed. In this paper we discuss: 1) the quantum mechanic, thermodynamic, and kinetic aspects of the reaction of dioxygen with biomolecules; 2) the involvement of transition metals in biomolecule oxidation; and 3) the biological implications of metal catalyzed oxidations. We hypothesize that true autoxidation of biomolecules does not occcur in biological systems, instead the “autoxidation” of biomolecules is the result of transition metals bound by the biomolecules.
Mechanisms of NFATc3 activation by increased superoxide and reduced hydrogen peroxide in pulmonary arterial smooth muscle

We recently demonstrated increased superoxide (O2·−) and decreased H2O2 levels in pulmonary arteries of chronic hypoxia-exposed wild-type and normoxic superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) knockout mice. We also showed that this reciprocal change in O2·− and H2O2 is associated with elevated activity of nuclear factor of activated T cells isoform c3 (NFATc3) in pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMC). This suggests that an imbalance in reactive oxygen species levels is required for NFATc3 activation. However, how such imbalance activates NFATc3 is unknown. This study evaluated the importance of O2·− and H2O2 in the regulation of NFATc3 activity. We tested the hypothesis that an increase in O2·− enhances actin cytoskeleton dynamics and a decrease in H2O2 enhances intracellular Ca2+ concentration, contributing to NFATc3 nuclear import and activation in PASMC. We demonstrate that, in PASMC, endothelin-1 increases O2·− while decreasing H2O2 production through the decrease in SOD1 activity without affecting SOD protein levels. We further demonstrate that O2·− promotes, while H2O2 inhibits, NFATc3 activation in PASMC. Additionally, increased O2·−-to-H2O2 ratio activates NFATc3, even in the absence of a Gq protein-coupled receptor agonist. Furthermore, O2·−-dependent actin polymerization and low intracellular H2O2 concentration-dependent increases in intracellular Ca2+ concentration contribute to NFATc3 activation. Together, these studies define important and novel regulatory mechanisms of NFATc3 activation in PASMC by reactive oxygen species.
Sudden Cardiac Death in Heart Failure

Sudden cardiac deaths account for 350,000 to 380,000 deaths in the United States annually. Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators have improved sudden death outcomes in patients with heart failure, but only a minority of patients with defibrillators receives appropriate therapy for ventricular arrhythmias. The risk prediction for sudden death and selection of patients for defibrillators is based largely on left ventricular ejection fraction and heart failure symptoms because there are no other risk stratification tools that can determine the individual patients who will derive the greatest benefit. There are several other pharmacologic strategies designed to prevent sudden death in patients with heart failure.
Identification of a stress-induced protein in stem exudates of soybean seedlings root-infected with Fusarium solani f. sp. glycines.

Abstract Sudden death syndrome of soybean (Glycine max) is caused by the soilborne fungus, Fusarium solani f. sp. glycines, that infects soybean roots. Besides root necrosis, symptoms include interveinal leaf chlorosis, necrosis and premature defoliation. It is proposed that a fungal toxin is produced in soybean roots and translocated to foliage. In this study, we isolated compounds from soybean stem exudates from plants that were either inoculated or not inoculated with F. solani f. sp. glycines. A protein with an estimated molecular mass of 17 kDa and designated as FISP 17 for F. solani f. sp. glycines-induced stress protein was identified using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. This protein occurred only in F. solani f. sp. glycines-infected soybean stem exudates. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of the purified protein had 100 % identity with a starvation-associated message 22 protein, and 80 and 78 % identity with purified bean pathogenesis-related proteins, PvPR1 and PvPR2, respectively. To determine if the protein was of plant or fungal origin, a synthetic peptide was designed based on the N-terminal sequence and used to raise a polyclonal antibody from rabbit. Western blot analysis showed that the antibody only reacted with a 17-kDa protein in F. solani f. sp. glycines-infected plant exudates, but no reaction occurred with healthy plant exudates or with culture filtrates of F. solani f. sp. glycines. This is the first report of the presence of a stress-induced protein in stem exudates of soybean seedlings root-infected with F. solani f. sp. glycines.
Juvenile Metachromatic Leukodystrophy Mimicking Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis

Some cases of late-onset metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD), which typically presents as a peripheral neuropathy, may present as a rapidly progressive central nervous system demyelinating disorder. This case report describes an important diagnostic and treatment dilemma: Are multiple sclerosis and MLD really two diseases, and should MLD be considered and treated as an autoimmune disorder?
Estimating and comparing thermal performance curves

Abstract I show how one can estimate the shape of a thermal performance curve using information theory. This approach ranks plausible models by their Akaike information criterion (AIC), which is a measure of a model's ability to describe the data discounted by the model's complexity. I analyze previously published data to demonstrate how one applies this approach to describe a thermal performance curve. This exemplary analysis produced two interesting results. First, a model with a very high r2 (a modified Gaussian function) appeared to overfit the data. Second, the model favored by information theory (a Gaussian function) has been used widely in optimality studies of thermal performance curves. Finally, I discuss the choice between regression and ANOVA when comparing thermal performance curves and highlight a superior method called template mode of variation. Much progress can be made by abandoning traditional methods for a method that combines information theory with template mode of variation.
Identification and characterization of a high-affinity zinc uptake system in Neisseria gonorrhoeae.

A search of the gonococcal genome database using the known zinc-binding protein (znuA) sequences from Escherichia coli and Haemophilus influenzae identified an open reading frame encoding a putative gonococcal ZnuA. The consensus amino acid sequence of this open reading frame possessed a characteristic 30-amino acid histidine-rich metal-binding motif (repetitive HDH sequence) containing 43% histidine and 37% aspartic acid and glutamic acid. Subsequently, two adjacent open reading frames with homology to E. coli and H. influenzae znuB and znuC were located upstream of znuA. When partially purified from sonicated cell-free supernatants by CM-Sepharose chromatography, the mature gonococcal ZnuA had an estimated molecular mass of 38 kDa by SDS–PAGE. The presence of a DNA sequence encoding a 19-amino acid signal peptide and the solubility of the mature ZnuA suggested that this protein was located in the periplasm. Inactivation of the Neisseria gonorrhoeae F62 znuA by insertional mutagenesis resulted in a mutant that had a growth rate lower than that of the wild-type parent strain and that required high concentrations of ZnCl2 (≥200 μM) for optimal growth. Using a chemically defined agar medium, the gonococcal ZnuA mutant grew only in the presence of Zn2+, whereas Mg2+, Ca2+, Ni2+, Fe2+, Cu2+, Mn2+ and Cd2+ had either no effect or were growth inhibitory.
Re-framing teacher evaluation discourse in the media: an analysis and narrative-based proposal

Recent publications by major newspapers in the USA have reinforced the perception that teacher quality represents a national crisis. By releasing individual teacher evaluation data in online, searchable databases, several newspapers have influenced public perceptions of teachers and teaching. A framing analysis of selected media events and publications identifies how these media-based actions have created and perpetuated a discourse of professional inadequacy. Rather than envision educators as fixed within media frames, however, the author discusses how practitioners can reinscribe their profession by engaging with the media and the public themselves. In this model, counter-narratives become a means to deconstruct metanarratives, foster complexity, and expand practitioner voice(s). In a turn toward poststructural theory, the author considers how counter-narratives and petit narratives might proliferate across online media into an assemblage of multiplicities that de/reterritorialize educational discourse....
Changes in hail and flood risk in high-resolution simulations over Colorado's mountains

Global climate models cannot resolve hailstorms explicitly, so it is unclear whether a warmer climate will change hailstorm frequency and intensity. Now a study using high-resolution model simulations capable of resolving hail indicates the near-elimination of hail at the surface in future simulations for Colorado—a major centre of hailstorms in the United States.
Effect of feed melting, temperature history, and minor component addition on spinel crystallization in high-level waste glass

Abstract Spinel crystallization affects the anticipated cost and risk of high-level waste (HLW) vitrification. Spinel, (Fe, Ni) (Fe,Cr)2O4, is the primary crystalline phase that precipitates from melts containing oxides of Fe, Ni, and Cr in sufficient concentrations. This study was undertaken to help design and verify mathematical models for a HLW glass melter in which spinel crystals precipitate and partially settle. To study melting reactions, we used a simulated HLW feed, prepared with co-precipitated Fe, Ni, Cr, and Mn hydroxides. Feed samples were heated up at a temperature-increase rate presumed to be close to that which the feed experiences in the HLW glass melter. The decomposition, melting, and dissolution of feed components (such as nitrates, carbonates, and quartz) and the formation of intermediate crystalline phases (spinel, sodalite, and Zr-containing minerals) were characterized using evolved gas analysis, volume-expansion measurement, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Nitrates and quartz, the major feed components, converted to a glass-forming melt by 880°C. A nearly chromium-free primary spinel formed in the nitrate melt starting from 520°C and eventually dissolved in the borosilicate melt by 1060°C. Sodalite, a transient product of corundum dissolution, appeared above 600°C and eventually dissolved in glass. To investigate the effects of temperature history and minor components (Ru, Ag, and Cu) on the dissolution and growth of spinel crystals, samples were heated up to temperatures below or above liquidus temperature (TL) and then subjected to different (constant or cyclic) temperature histories and analyzed. The results show that the mass fraction of spinel as well as the composition and size of crystals depend on the chemical and physical makeup of the feed and the temperature history. Small crystals result from either preventing the primary spinel from dissolving in the glass-forming melt or from the presence of nucleation agents, such as RuO2 (additions of 0.06 mass% Ag2O and 0.06 mass% CuO did not help nucleate spinel). Cyclic temperature histories with the maximum temperature above TL and minimum temperature below TL kept spinel concentration far below the equilibrium concentration, especially when a nucleation agent was absent.
Bubble formation from a micro-pillar in a microchannel

Abstract Bubble characteristics downstream of a 150 μm micro-pillar embedded inside a 225 μm deep microchannel were experimentally studied. Nitrogen was issued through a slit along the pillar’s depth into liquid water flow. The gas flow was imaged and recorded by a high speed camera and the liquid flow field was obtained through a micro particle image velocimetry (μ-PIV) system. Gas flows through different slit angles were examined, and it was shown that the gas flow characteristics were significantly different for different slit angles. Three distinct bubble flow patterns were observed, which were dependent on the slit angle and liquid/gas flow rates. These patterns include discrete bubbles, attached ligament, and transitional flow. The liquid flow measurements were used to reveal the mechanisms controlling the bubble formation and flow patterns.
The effects of thiazide diuretics on calcium metabolism in the aged

Objective: To determine the effects of long-term use of the thiazide diuretic chlorthalidone on serum bone-related biochemical variables in older persons. Design: Cross-sectional comparison. Setting: Community-dwelling subjects who had participated in the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly (SHEP) program. Participants: Sixty-six Caucasians (36 male and 30 female), age range 70 to 89 years, of whom 23 were taking a thiazide diuretic. Measurements: 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD), parathyroid hormone, osteocalcin, calcitonin, and serum bioavailable testosterone. Results: In both groups, there was a high prevalence of low 25 (OHD) levels (30%). Log 25OHD showed a significant inverse relationship to parathyroid hormone (r = .33, P < 0.05). Thiazide users had lower levels of osteocalcin (P < 0.05) and parathyroid hormone levels (P < 0.05) compared with non-thiazide users. Male thiazide users had decreased bioavailable testosterone levels compared with non-thiazide users (P < 0.05). Serum osteocalcin was significantly related to bioavailable testosterone in men not on thiazide (r = .43, P < 0.05). Conclusions: Hypovitaminosis D is a common finding in older individuals with associated elevations in parathyroid hormone. Parathyroid hormone and testosterone concentration (in men) are correlated with serum osteocalcin, a measure of osteoblastic activity. Long-term thiazide use alters these relationships and produces a biochemical profile suggestive of decreased bone formation. Reduced bioavailable testosterone may also play a role in these biochemical changes.
L-Name modulates responses to adrenomedullin in the hindquarters vascular bed of the rat

Abstract Responses to synthetic human adrenomedullin (ADM), a novel hypotensive peptide recently discovered in human pheochromocytoma cells, and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), a structurally related peptide, were investigated in the hintquarters vascular bed of the rat. Under conditions of controlled hintquarters blood flow, intraarterial injections of ADM (0.01–0.3 nmol) and of CGRP (0.03–0.3 nmol) caused dose-related decreases in hindquarters perfusion pressure and decreases in systemic arterial pressure. Following administration of the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, N ω -nitro- L -arginine methyl ester ( L -NAME), hindquarters vasodilator and systemic depressor responses to ADM were significantly decreased, whereas L -NAME did not significantly decrease the vasodilator response to CGRP in either the hindquarters or systemic vascular beds. Following administration of the cyclooxygenase inhibitor, meclofenamate, vasodilator responses to ADM and to CGRP were not significantly decreased. When the relative vasodilator activity of the two peptides was compared on a nmol basis, responses to ADM were similar to responses with CGRP in the hindquarters vascular bed, whereas ADM was 30–100 fold less potent than CGRP in decreasing systemic arterial pressure. The present data demonstrate that ADM has significant vasodilator activity in the hindquarters vascular bed of the rat, that hindquarters vasodilator and systemic vasodepressor responses to ADM, but not to CGRP, are dependent upon the release of nitric oxide from the endothelium.
male/female relations and the organization of work in a Machiguenga community1

This paper emphasizes the organization of work as a major determinant of male/female relations. It describes, for the Machiguenga, the degree of solidarity or separation experienced by each sex in the work process and their relative authority over the social disposal of the products of work. Comparisons are made with other Lowland South American groups.
A stochastic cellular automaton for three-coloring penrose tiles

Abstract We present a three-state, stochastic cellular automaton that runs on Penrose tilings and seems to evolve to a three-colored equilibrium.
MEASUREMENT OF FLOW PROPERTIES OF FOOD SUSPENSIONS WITH A MIXER

. Flow properties of selected food suspensions (tomato puree, apple sauce, and apple pulp) were studied with a mixer. Power law constants for the suspensions were determined by employing an approximate method based on power correlations for mixers in the laminar flow regime. The studied suspensions cannot be characterized with narrow gap viscometers because of the size and segregation of the particles (formation of a dilute phase next to the rotor).
Iron toxicity to rice in an acid sulfate soil as influenced by water regimes

The effects of two water regimes: Continuous flooding and flooding with soil drying on iron toxicity to rice in an acid sulfate soil was studied by continuously growing 7 crops of IR-32 rice in pots under the two water treatments. There was no plant growth upto the second crop under both water treatments due to iron toxicity. But there was good growth of rice under the continuous water regime from third cropping onwards, however, there was no growth of rice in the flooding with soil drying treatment even upto the seventh crop due to iron toxicity.
Immediate and transitory effects of delayed auditory feedback on bird song production

Abstract Recent findings have challenged the notion that song development in many oscines ends in crystallized, stereotyped motor programmes. Evidence here indicates that delayed auditory feedback can result in immediate changes in song syllable syntax and phonology. Zebra finches, Taeniopygia guttata, when exposed to their own song that was delayed 50–250 ms, promptly produced anomalies such as stutters, omissions and novel sounds. As soon as the auditory feedback stopped, the birds returned to normal, stereotyped song. The effects are compared to those obtained from human speakers subjected to delayed auditory feedback.
Uptake of calcium ions by synaptosomes from rat brain.

Abstract Rat brain synaptosomes incubated in modified Krebs-Ringer media accumulated 45 Ca in amounts dependent upon the medium calcium concentration. At 37 °C, 45 Ca uptake was increased by 19% upon the application of electrical pulses. Uptake was effectively inhibited by ruthenium red, uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation, antimycin A and rotenone, and fluorocitrate while oligomycin and ouabain increased 45 Ca uptake. Transfer to a medium low in Na + led to marked increase in 45 Ca uptake and this effect was also found in the presence of rotenone and arsenate. The results indicate the requirements of metabolic energy for a component of calcium uptake by synaptosomes. Effects of low Na + incubation and electrical stimulation may be due to events at the outer synaptosomal membrane though the possibility of direct effects at the mitochondrion have not been excluded.
Constrained least-squares image restoration filters for sampled image data

Constrained least-squares image restoration, first proposed by Hunt twenty years ago, is a linear image restoration technique in which the smoothness of the restored image is maximized subject to a constraint on the fidelity of the restored image. The traditional derivation and implementation of the constrained least-squares restoration (CLS) filter is based on an incomplete discrete/discrete (d/d) system model which does not account for the effects of spatial sampling and image reconstruction. For many imaging systems, these effects are significant and should not be ignored. In a 1990 SPIE paper, Park et. al. demonstrated that a derivation of the Wiener filter based on the incomplete d/d model can be extended to a more comprehensive end-to-end, continuous/discrete/continuous (c/d/c) model. In a similar 1992 SPIE paper, Hazra et al. attempted to extend Hunt's d/d model-based CLS filter derivation to the c/d/c model, but with limited success. In this paper, a successful extension of the CLS restoration filter is presented. The resulting new CLS filter is intuitive, effective and based on a rigorous derivation. The issue of selecting the user-specified inputs for this new CLS filter is discussed in some detail. In addition, we present simulation-based restoration examples for a FLIR (Forward Looking Infra-Red) imaging system to demonstrate the effectiveness of this new CLS restoration filter.
Optical and infrared colors of transneptunian objects observed with HST

Abstract We present optical colors of 72 transneptunian objects (TNOs), and infrared colors of 80 TNOs obtained with the WFPC2 and NICMOS instruments, respectively, on the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). Both optical and infrared colors are available for 32 objects that overlap between the datasets. This dataset adds an especially uniform, consistent and large contribution to the overall sample of colors, particularly in the infrared. The range of our measured colors is consistent with other colors reported in the literature at both optical and infrared wavelengths. We find generally good agreement for objects measured by both us and others; 88.1% have better than 2 sigma agreement. The median absolute magnitude, H V , magnitude of our optical sample is 7.2, modestly smaller (∼0.5 mag) than for previous samples. The median H V in our infrared sample is 6.7. We find no new correlations between color and dynamical properties (semi-major axis, eccentricity, inclination and perihelion). We do find that colors of Classical objects with i 99.99% level with a K–S test. The same conclusion is found in the infrared at a slightly lower significance level, 99.72%. Two Haumea collision fragments with strong near infrared ice bands are easily identified with broad HST infrared filters and point to an efficient search strategy for identifying more such objects. We find evidence for variability in (19255) 1999 VK 8 , 1999 OE 4 , 2000 CE 105 , 1998 KG 62 and 1998 WX 31 .
Angle-resolved photoemission studies of Ge(111)-c(2 x 8), Ge(111)-(1 x 1)H, Si(111)-(7 x 7), and Si(100)-(2 x 1)

Angle-resolved photoemission measurements have been carried out for Ge(111)-c(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}8), Ge(111)-(1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1)H, Si(111)-(7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}7), and Si(100)-(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1) in a normal emission geometry over a wide photon energy range. For Ge(111) and Si(100), dispersive bulk-derived transitions were observed, from which we have determined the bulk valence-band dispersion relations for Ge along the [111] direction and for Si along the [100] direction in the Brillouin zone. The results are compared with the theoretical band dispersions of Chelikowsky and Cohen [Phys. Rev. B 14, 556 (1976)]. For Si(111)-(7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}7), the spectra are dominated by nondispersive features which cannot be used for band mapping. The lack of dispersive bulk-transition features for Si(111)-(7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}7) is explained in terms of a relatively extended near-surface strain field which renders the electron crystal momentum highly mixed. Several surface-state features on these surfaces were also observed; most of them are visible over a very wide photon energy range and are indeed dispersionless, confirming the previous surface-state assignments.
A survey of CIS graduates from the University of Florida, College of Engineering

This paper presents the results of a survey of recent graduates of the University of Florida, College of Engineering who majored in Computer and Information Sciences. The survey requested employment information, e.g. Company, job title, job activities (type of activity, percent of time spent on activity). The survey also asked for feedback on the relevance of the curriculum to their present employment.The results indicate that 95% are presently employed in a computer related field, and that 67% employed by computer vendors or engineering/technology companies. also, 38% have the word "engineer" in their job title. 86% engage in programming and spend an average of 44% of their time on it.This survey was conducted as part of an ABET accreditation.
Population balance modeling of non-linear effects in milling processes

Abstract Specific breakage rate (selection) and breakage distribution functions are used to describe the birth and death terms in population balance models (PBMs) for milling processes. Traditional PBMs for milling processes are inherently linear because the breakage rate is assumed first-order. The specific breakage rate is independent of the population density while it depends on particle size and possibly on time. Even though the linear theory has been applied with some success to the modeling, optimization, and design of various mills in the last 50 years, many researchers have indicated its restrictions and subjected it to serious criticism. In this paper, we first categorize the experimentally observed deviations from the linear theory and suggest the multi-particle interactions as the origin of these deviations. To account for the peculiar non-linear effects, a phenomenological theory has been proposed via multiplicative decomposition of the specific breakage into a size-dependent apparent breakage rate and a population density dependent functional. The proposed theory recovers the first-order breakage kinetics in the limit, yet it is sufficiently general to explain all experimentally observed deviations. Numerical simulations of a batch milling process have demonstrated the potential of the non-linear theory.
Adaptations of skeletal muscle mitochondria to endurance exercise: a personal perspective.

To commemorate a year of celebration for its 50th Annual Meeting in May 2003 and its 50th anniversary as an organization in 2004, the American College of Sports Medicine and Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews is pleased to publish personal historical perspectives from leading sports medicine and ex
Diurnal Variations in the Acid-Base Balance

ConclusionThe acid-base balance of the blood of a normal adult at rest has been found to vary (in a regular, not random manner) during a 24-hour period due to the following factors: (a) a rise in p...
Generalized geometric modeling of three-dimensional orthogonal woven preforms from spun yarns

Through the thickness mechanical properties of composites have been improved with the advance of 3D woven preforms incorporating through-thickness reinforcement element compared to 3D woven composites from stack of 2D fabrics. In this study, a generalized geometric model considering non-jammed and jammed constructions of 3D orthogonal woven preforms from spun yarns was developed to predict fiber volume fraction (FVF) of structure constituents, preform thickness, preform areal density, and minimum thread spacing (x-, y-, and z-yarn spacing) to achieve jammed construction in terms of weave factor, number of layers, and constituents’ variables (y- and z-yarn sequence, linear densities, packing factor, and fiber volumetric density). Numerical results are presented to demonstrate the generalized model potential as a design tool to achieve broad range of constituents FVF that controls composite performance.
Role of in situ IL-2r and TGF-β expression in tolerant vascularized bone marrow (limb) transplant chimeras

We hypothesized that an increase in IL-2 activated T cells in situ within the marrow component of a transplanted limb may adversely affect development of tolerance, while increased TGF-β expression locally would facilitate tolerance induction and/or maintenance. Digital image analysis of cellular expression of IL-2r in the bone marrow was significantly increased in the CON and TXP limbs for both GVHD and tolerant recipients as compared to normal limb marrow (P < .02). The amount of cellular expression of TGF-β was significantly increased in the GVHD animals, both CON and TXP, as compared to the tolerant animals (43.2 ± 3.1 vs 10.6 ± 2.6; P < .000001). Our results show that increased IL-2r and TGF-β expression in situ within the bone marrow is an important effect common to both alloimmune tolerance and GVHD induction with VBMT chimeras. The dramatic increase in the expression of TGF-β in the GVHD transplanted limbs may explain the profound immunosuppression that results. Additionally, moderate expression of TGF-β in situ in tolerant chimeras may represent a mechanism for the induction and maintenance of tolerance.
Crack tip oxidation of a superalloy in molten nitrate salt

Alloy 800 has been proposed for use in the receiver tube panel arrays of advanced solar central receiver (SCR) designs. In this application the alloy will be exposed to a molten mixture of sodium and potassium nitrate salts at temperatures ranging up to approximately 600/sup 0/C While these salts are routinely used in a variety of applications including metal heat treating and process heat transfer, common industrial experience has been limited to maximum temperatures of 400/sup 0/C - 450/sup 0/C. There is, therefore, considerable interest in the compatibility of these salts with containment alloys at the higher temperatures associated with SCR designs. Additionally, the containment alloy may be subject to thermally induced fatigue damage resulting from intermittent cloud cover and diurnal cycling. Previous work has found that slower near-threshold fatigue crack growth rates (FCGR) in Alloy 800 result when it is tested in molten nitrate salt at 600/sup 0/C (relative to air). This reduction in FCGR was attributed to an environmentally induced increase in oxidation resulting in oxide-induced crack closure. The purpose of the present work was to examine the influence of a typical nitrate salt composition on crack tip oxidation in Alloy 800 in order to determine if inmore » fact the proposed corrosion phenomena could explain the fatigue crack growth characteristics of the alloy.« less
Resonance Energy Transfer: Methods and Applications

Resonance energy transfer is widely used in studies of biomolecular structure and dynamics. It provides information about distances on the order of 10 to 100 A and is thus suitable for investigating spatial relationships of interest in biochemistry. The information available from energy transfer studies has been enhanced by the advances in instrumental methods and procedures of data analysis related to fluorescence decay studies. Some practical aspects of the method are reviewed. These include sample preparation, Forster type distance determination, methods of detecting energy transfer and calculating transfer efficiency, time-resolved measurements, and data analysis. Applications of resonance energy transfer, including qualitative measurements as well as microscopy, average distance estimation, and distance distribution analysis, are surveyed.
A cadaveric model for balloon-assisted endoscopic paranasal sinus dissection without fluoroscopy.

BackgroundRecently, balloon catheter (BC) dilatation of paranasal sinus ostia has been introduced. In this procedure, a balloon-tipped catheter is placed across a sinus ostium over a flexible wire under fluoroscopic guidance, and inflation of the balloon enlarges the ostium. Some rhinologists have criticized this procedure for its failure to remove tissue and bone, especially in the setting of sinonasal polyposis. This project seeks to develop strategies for incorporating BC technology into standard functional endoscopic sinus surgery procedures.MethodsEndoscopic sinus dissection of three human cadaveric heads was performed with conventional instruments supplemented by lacrimal duct BCs (LacriCATH; Quest Medical, Allen, TX). No fluoroscopy was used. Each dissection was videotaped for later review.ResultsFor frontal recess dissection, these steps were performed under endoscopic visualization: (1) passage of the BC between frontal recess partitions, (2) BC inflation, and (3) removal of fractured frontal rec...
Histologic grading of urothelial carcinoma: a reappraisal

A uniform grading system for bladder cancer will allow for valid comparison of treatment results among different centers. The introduction of the World Health Organization (2004)/International Society of Urological Pathology classification is a welcome step toward standardization of treatment and follow-up regimens. The greatest source of controversy with the World Health Organization (2004)/International Society of Urological Pathology classification system centers on the diagnosis of papillary urothelial neoplasm of low malignant potential. Some feel that papillary urothelial neoplasm of low malignant potential terminology increases the complexity of histologic grading and does not accurately reflect biologic potential. Papillary urothelial neoplasm of low malignant potential is a low-grade papillary urothelial neoplasm with a substantial incidence of recurrence and progression. In the distinction of papillary urothelial neoplasm of low malignant potential from noninvasive low-grade papillary urothelial carcinoma, there is considerable interobserver variability. For these reasons, some investigators believe that papillary urothelial neoplasm of low malignant potential is, in essence, an entity that was previously designated grade 1 urothelial carcinoma in the World Health Organization 1973 grading system. In addition, treatment and follow-up regimens for patients with papillary urothelial neoplasm of low malignant potential do not typically differ from those prescribed for low-grade, noninvasive urothelial carcinoma, further minimizing the clinical need for the papillary urothelial neoplasm of low malignant potential distinction to be made. We propose abandonment of the terminology "papillary urothelial neoplasm of low malignant potential" in bladder tumor classification. Full-genome searches for prognostic and predictive molecular gene expression signatures as cancer markers have shown significant promise. Recent advances in the molecular grading of these tumors may eventually supplant traditional morphologic grading systems, allowing a more precise and objective assessment of the tumors' biologic potentials.
Design of fixed- and varactor-tuned bandstop filters with spurious suppression

A new spurious suppression method for bandstop filters based on constructive interference is presented. The technique is successfully applied to realize a fixed-tuned filter with an upper passband extending more than 9 times the fundamental bandstop response, as well as a varactor-tuned bandstop filter with an upper passband extending to 8.9 times the fundamental.