cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Progress in lung cancer: non-oat cell (non-small cell lung cancer).

Lung cancer remains the greatest killing cancer in the United States with 149,000 new cases expected in 1987. The present expected mortality rate is 87 per cent. More women in the United States died of lung cancer than breast cancer in 1986. Asymptomatic, early and curable lung cancer in high risk individuals is usually found by routine chest X-ray. So-called Stage I lung cancer was reported to have a 83 per cent survival rate at three years by Martini and Beattie in 1977 and 70 per cent five year survival rate subsequently. When the more than 30,000 volunteer males were enrolled in the National Cancer Institute, national lung program for screening, 223 unsuspected lung cancers were found. 47 per cent were Stage I with a survival rate at five years of over 76 per cent. The PMI-Strang/Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center study found 53 cancers in its first screen and 235 lung cancers over the next eight years of the study. Forty per cent were Stage I with a five year survival rate of 70 per cent. Sputum cytology as compared to chest X-ray was of little additional value. Studies (Martini) of N1 lung cancer was found to have a 49 per cent survival rate following resection. The N2 group of lung cancers where the mediastinal tumor was surgically removable and followed by external radiation therapy had a 27 per cent survival rate at five years. Those tumors with solitary brain metastases where the solitary brain metastasis could be resected and the primary tumor controlled, gave a 27 per cent survival rate at six years. The group of advanced N2 disease where the mediastinum could not be completely cleared were a serious group of cancers. A study of 100 patients treated from 1977 to 1980 with surgery plus internal radiotherapy followed by external radiotherapy had an overall 22 per cent survival rate for four to eight years with most of the deaths occurring because of metastases outside the chest. More recently chemotherapy has been used pre-operatively for those individuals with advanced lung cancer in the chest then followed by a combination of surgery, internal radiotherapy, external radiotherapy and more chemotherapy, if chemotherapy sensitive. This is the so-called multidisciplinary approach. In our present early studies it seems that those so treated who are chemotherapy sensitive have a 44 per cent, two year survival rate in a group of patients considered to have extremely poor prognosis.
The relation of depression and anxiety to measures of executive functioning in a mixed psychiatric sample

Abstract The relationship between mood and executive functioning is of particular importance to neuropsychologists working with mixed psychiatric samples. The present study evaluated the relation of self-reported depression and anxiety to several common measures of executive functioning: the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, the Trail Making Test, the Controlled Oral Word Association, and the Letter–Number Sequencing subtest of the Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale-III. Records from 86 adult patients evaluated in an outpatient psychiatry unit were examined. Correlations between self-reported depression or anxiety and most measures of executive functioning were small and non-significant. The variance predicted by depression or anxiety after controlling for age, gender, and IQ was minimal (typically ≤3.0%), even after conducting diagnostic subgroup analyses. These results suggest that impaired performance on measures of executive functioning is minimally related to self-reported depression and anxiety within mixed psychiatric settings.
Assisted living: aging in place and palliative care.

Abstract Principles of upstream palliative care can guide the planning, programs, and services associated with aging in place in assisted living residences (ALRs). Frail older adults who do not need a nursing home level of care are choosing to live—and die—in ALRs. This article describes the context of assisted living, resident characteristics, key indicators of palliative care, barriers to end-of-life care, and the role, responsibilities, and potential for professional nursing in assisted living. Stakeholder concerns about staff knowledge and skills in care of the elderly, medication management, the risks associated with residential care, and nursing delegation are discussed.
Measuring innovation capacity in the agrifood sector: from single companies to value chains

This paper proposes an approach for measuring innovation in the agrifood sector. First we develop a concept of innovation taking into account its multiform, complex and embedded character. We then we evaluate the validity of the concept by applying it to single firms and value chains in the agrifood sector. This reveals that the concept works well both at firm and value chain levels. This paper provides the basis for future research in the field of innovation measurement at firm and value chain levels, providing also important implications for the further development of the proposed approach. We encourage other scholars to test the applicability of our approach to other sectors.
Equilibrium size distributions of clusters during strained epitaxial growth

Heteroepitaxial growth is the key technology that enables band-gap engineering, which is the ability to tailor the electronic and optical properties of materials. The growth of materials with different lattice parameters increases the spectrum of possibilities that one would ultimately have if all heteroepitaxial systems were perfectly matched, since strain can also affect materials properties. Films grown under stress store elastic energy by adapting their lattice parameter to the underlying substrate. Eventually, a portion of the elastic energy stored in the film is relaxed, by either introducing dislocations or by roughening of the growth front. This work focuses on the spontaneous formation of nanocrystals during heteroepitaxy, which produces ensembles of clusters with good uniformity. This observation prompts several questions regarding the mechanisms of cluster formation. More specifically, the relative importance of kinetics and energetics has been a controversial issue. We present data that sheds light onto this issue, addressing the distribution functions of island sizes and their evolution in order to separate kinetic from equilibrium processes.
Non-hippocampal cortical projections from the entorhinal cortex in the rat and rhesus monkey.

Abstract The entorhinal cortices are known to give rise to powerful projections that terminate in the hippocampus and dentate gyrus. Collectively, these link the hippocampal formation to many parts of the cortex and to subcortical structures like the amygdala. Non-hippocampal projections from the entorhinal cortices are understood poorly. Such projections to neighboring temporal areas in the rat and rhesus monkey have been investigated using the autoradiographic and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) tracing procedures. In the rat, HRP-labeled neurons were observed in the intermediate and lateral fields of the entorhinal cortices after injections of temporal cortical areas 20, 35, 36 and 41. They were located predominantly in layers II, III and IV. In the monkey , HRP-labeled neurons were observed in the entorhinal cortices after injections of the rostral superior temporal gyrus (area TA or 22); the temporal polar cortex (area TG or 38); the inferior temporal cortex (area TE or 20); the perirhinal cortex (area 35) and the posterior parahippocampal cortices (areas TF and TH). Unlike the rat, labeled entorhinal neurons in the monkey were located in layer IV. Autoradiographic experiments in the monkey yielded complimentary results. In view of the fact that layer IV of the entorhinal cortex in both the rat and monkey receives a powerful projection from the subicular-CA1 fields of the hippocampal formation, the results imply that this layer mediates an indirect non-fornical connection between the hippocampal formation and the temporal cortex.
Career Indecision: A Summary of the Research and Implications for Counselling

Abstract The vocationally-indecisive individual presents a major counselling problem. The theory and research behind career indecision is discussed and a counselling approach based on identity formation is outlined. Four identity statuses — Identity Achievements, Foreclosures, Identity Diffusions, and Moratoriums — are described and counselling approaches for each are explored.
Topology in the high school

There has long been a debate as to how geometry should be taught in the High School, and many papers contributed at this conference will doubtless be concerned with this important question. My own attitude is based on certain principles which should, I believe, inform one’s approach to the choice of content in a High School mathematics curriculum and to the choice of methods of presentation. A topic is only deserving of inclusion if it enriches the student’s experience by illuminating past or current interests and concerns, or if it is capable of future — but not too distant future — application. The experience referred to may be mathematical or non-mathematical; likewise, the application may be outside mathematics, or it may be the application of a general mathematical procedure to a more specialized mathematical situation. On this criterion, geometry deserves its place as an application of algebra and as a model of the world of experience. It is not, however, obvious that, in an inevitably crowded curriculum, one can justify the inclusion of geometrical material (for example, problems of coordinatization or Hilbertian axiomatics) which, while elegant and deep parts of mathematics, are somewhat sui generis and do not make a strong impact on the rest of mathematics or on the world of scientific knowledge served by mathematics.
Radiant flux density, energy density and fuel consumption in mixed-oak forest surface fires

Closing the wildland fire heat budget involves characterising the heat source and energy dissipation across the range of variability in fuels and fire behaviour. Meeting this challenge will lay the foundation for predicting direct ecological effects of fires and fire–atmosphere coupling. In this paper, we focus on the relationships between the fire radiation field, as measured from the zenith, fuel consumption and the behaviour of spreading flame fronts. Experiments were conducted in 8 × 8-m outdoor plots using preconditioned wildland fuels characteristic of mixed-oak forests of the eastern United States. Using dual-band radiometers with a field of view of ~18.5 m2 at a height of 4.2 m, we found a near-linear increase in fire radiative energy density over a range of fuel consumption between 0.15 and 3.25 kg m–2. Using an integrated heat budget, we estimate that the fraction of total theoretical combustion energy density radiated from the plot averaged 0.17, the fraction of latent energy transported in the plume averaged 0.08, and the fraction accounted for by the combination of fire convective energy transport and soil heating averaged 0.72. Future work will require, at minimum, instantaneous and time-integrated estimates of energy transported by radiation, convection and soil heating across a range of fuels.
Associations between air pollution and mortality in Phoenix, 1995-1997.

We evaluated the association between mortality outcomes in elderly individuals and particulate matter (PM) of varying aerodynamic diameters (in micrometers) [PM(10), PM(2.5), and PM(CF )(PM(10) minus PM(2.5))], and selected particulate and gaseous phase pollutants in Phoenix, Arizona, using 3 years of daily data (1995-1997). Although source apportionment and epidemiologic methods have been previously combined to investigate the effects of air pollution on mortality, this is the first study to use detailed PM composition data in a time-series analysis of mortality. Phoenix is in the arid Southwest and has approximately 1 million residents (9. 7% of the residents are > 65 years of age). PM data were obtained from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) National Exposure Research Laboratory Platform in central Phoenix. We obtained gaseous pollutant data, specifically carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, and sulfur dioxide data, from the EPA Aerometric Information Retrieval System Database. We used Poisson regression analysis to evaluate the associations between air pollution and nonaccidental mortality and cardiovascular mortality. Total mortality was significantly associated with CO and NO(2) (p < 0.05) and weakly associated with SO(2), PM(10), and PM(CF) (p < 0. 10). Cardiovascular mortality was significantly associated with CO, NO(2), SO(2), PM(2.5), PM(10), PM(CF) (p < 0.05), and elemental carbon. Factor analysis revealed that both combustion-related pollutants and secondary aerosols (sulfates) were associated with cardiovascular mortality.
Continuous synchronous culture of Tetrahymena pyroformis

Tetrahymena was continuously cultivated in a series of stirred tank reactors with recycle. By holding part of the reactor train at a higher temperature than the remainder a synchronizing influence was introduced into the cells' environment. The system resulted in division occurring preferentially in a small contiguous group of the reactors, this effect being observed in both the number of cells found in each reactor and also their size distribution.
Perceptual effects of forward coarticulation.

Portions of CV syllables following a carrier phrase were sequentially deleted using an electronic gating technique. Listeners were required to identify the consonants and vowels that had been parti...
A meal on the hoof or wealth in the kraal? Stable isotopes at Kgaswe and Taukome in eastern Botswana

Iron Age sites associated with the Toutswe tradition in Eastern Botswana date between CE 700–1300 and share a variety of settlement patterns, economic features and material culture. The presence of domestic fauna, settlement structures and concentrations of vitrified dung provide archaeological evidence for herding economies. However, due to factors of preservation and past retrieval techniques, evidence for plant remains is still somewhat limited for the Toutswe sites in Botswana. Additionally, archaeological remains such as flora, fauna and material culture often provide only indirect evidence for their contributions to diet. This study provides new evidence for the diet of individuals from the Toutswe tradition. Given the large numbers of animal remains and residues at Toutswe sites, the expectation is that animal domesticates were also an integral part of the diet. Stable isotopic analysis of human remains indicates that even though domestic cattle and sheep occur in great abundance at Toutswe sites, their contribution to the diet may be minimal. The main source of protein for individuals at Kgaswe and Taukome comes from C4 plants such as sorghum and millet and to a lesser extent, animal products. The practice of maintaining large domestic herds for economic and social reasons rather than for primary subsistence in southern Africa today may have its roots in the Iron Age populations of the region. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multiple wave scattering in fiber-reinforced composites: Micromechanical viewpoint

Abstract In this study multiple wave scattering phenomena in fiber-matrix composites are investigated from a successive-event perspective. Following the general multiple scattering principle in a successive-event approach, the wave functions (axial shear displacement waves for our case) are calculated and summed for consecutive scattering events. The result thus obtained (an explicit solution) is proved to be the same as the one obtained from the many-body approach (an implicit solution) by previous investigators. After proving the mathematical exactness of the multiple scattering approach, we study the energy transferability by considering the extinction cross-section of each scattering event. Asymptotic analyses are performed for the extinction cross-section for the Rayleigh limit (low frequency limit). The analytical result for the Rayleigh limit shows that the shear wave diminishing power factor has a simple relation with the shear modulus, μ, of both the matrix and fiber. In addition, the order of magnitude of the extinction cross-section for each succeeding event is always O(k13a4), where k1 is the wave number associated with the matrix and ‘ a’ is the fiber radius. Numerical computations are performed for the first five scattering orders, with a specific arrangement of a two-fiber system and over a wide range of frequencies. The results show that at higher frequencies the extinction cross-sections for the first five scattering orders tend to be in the same order of magnitude for this particular arrangement of fiber-matrix system. Finally, the widely used quasi-crystalline approximation in the statistical-averaging technique for wave theory is proven to be valid from the successive-event viewpoint.
Structural abnormalities of common carp Cyprinus carpio spermatozoa.

Spermatozoa of common carp Cyprinus carpio are typically consist of a primitive head without acrosome, a midpiece with several mitochondria, a centriolar complex (proximal and distal centriole), and one flagellum. During an evaluation of the motility of common carp spermatozoa, we found spermatozoa with more than one flagellum and/or “double head” in three different individuals. This may be related to abnormal spermatogenesis. Ultrastructure and physiological parameters of spermatozoa were examined using light microscopy (dark field with stroboscopic illumination), transmission and scanning electron microscopy, and flow cytometry. The recorded pictures and videos were evaluated using Olympus MicroImage software. All spermatozoa with more than one flagellum had a larger head and shorter flagella. They occasionally demonstrated several cytoplasmic channels separating the flagella from the midpiece. Each flagellum was based upon its own centriolar complex, with the connection of the flagellum to the head always at a constant angle. The flagella always consisted of nine peripheral pairs and one central doublet of microtubules. Sperm exhibited a relative DNA content similar to that found in sperm from normal males, with higher coefficients of variation. Although similar abnormalities have been found in livestock, where they were described as a defect in spermiogenesis, no comparable results have been reported in fish. The frequency at which these abnormalities occurs, the fertilization ability of males with defects in spermiogenesis, the influence of these abnormalities on progeny in terms of ploidy level, and the occurrence of deformities warrant further investigation.
Automatic metallographic preparation of low-concentration, directionally solidified lead-tin alloys

Abstract The preparation for metallographic examination of lead and lead alloys, especially of low alloy concentrations, is very difficult to accomplish. The problems that occur are not common to most other materials. Lead alloys tend to deform, smear, and even recrystallize during preparation. Embedded particles and scratches are common problems. The slightest deformation will be hardly detectable in other materials but will be very obvious in lead. Because of these problems, careful attention must be given to the abrasive process. A successful method has been developed for obtaining clean metallographic specimens of low tin concentration alloys.
Greenhouse policy study from NAS

The National Academy of Sciences will produce a study for the Environmental Protection Agency on policy responses to global warming. The report is due out before the end of 1990. Dan J. Evans, former U.S. Senator and former Governor of Washington, will chair a panel of the Commission on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy, a body of the councils of the NAS, National Academy of Engineering, and Institute of Medicine. Evans is a registered civil engineer and previously chaired the Pacific Northwest Electric Power and Conservation Planning Council. The 13-person panel includes AGU members Stephen Schneider of the National Center for Atmospheric Research and Robert Frosch, Vice President of Research Laboratores at General Motors Corp., Jessica Mathews, Vice President of the World Resources Institute, and Sir Crispin Tickell, the United Kingdom's Ambassador to the United Nations.
Statistical mechanical models for interstitial solid solutions of hydrogen in Nb, V and Ta

Abstract The variation of the partial thermodynamic functions of hydrogen solute atoms with solute concentration in the Group V metals Ta, V, and Nb has been analyzed using models in which both repulsive and attractive solute mutual interactions have been considered. The comparison between the experimental data and the calculated thermodynamic functions is in favor of the repulsive interaction model in which relatively short range interactions restrict the solute atoms to cells of interstitial sites. It has been shown that, at low temperatures, the population of cells by more than one solute atom occurs only to a small extent. The experimental evidence in favor of H-H interactions of the attractive and repulsive kind has been discussed.
Taxus callus cultures: Initiation, growth optimization, characterization and taxol production

Callus was induced from Taxus baccata cv. Repandens Parsons ex Rehd., T. brevifolia Nutt., T. cuspidata Sieb. & Zucc., and T. x media cvs. Hicksii and Densiformis Rehd. using different concentrations of 2,4-d-(2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid), IBA (indole-3-butyric acid), or NAA α-naphthalene acetic acid in combination with kinetin. All cultures grew slowly following the first subculture, and a majority turned brown and ceased growth within the next six to twelve months. The callus cultures which lived, continued to grow very slowly for one to two years before the growth rate improved. Initiation of roots and shoot primordia-like structures occurred on some cultures maintained in the dark, and 16 h light/8 h dark, respectively. A fast-growing, habituated callus line (CR-1) derived from T. x media Rehd. cv. Hicksii was established from callus initiated in 1986. Supplementing the medium with casein hydrolysate and both fructose and glucose enhanced the growth rate. A great deal of heterogeneity was found among and within the callus, with respect to the amount of taxol produced. The callus exhibited levels of taxol ranging from 0.1 to 13.1 mg kg-1 (0.0001 to 0.0131%) on a dry weight basis. Overall, the older brown-colored callus produced more taxol than the younger pale yellow-colored callus. The presence of taxol in callus samples was established by high performance liquid chromatography, its biological activity confirmed by a microtubule-stabilizing bioassay and its structure confirmed using one-and two-dimensional 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome symptom onset at age 35.

It is apparent to the authors that the primary factors influencing this particular case of Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome are psychological. The condition appears to result from threatening environmental conditions causing repression. The repressed material manifests itself in multiple tics, echolalia, and coprolalia. Because of this patient's extreme resistance to accepting the true conditions of his situation, individual and group psychotherapy have been difficult modes of treatment.
Dispersal limitation and population differentiation in performance beyond a northern range limit in an asexually reproducing fern

Aim A species’ distribution reflects its ecological niche when all of the habitats that support population growth are occupied. However, organisms with limited dispersal potential may not colonize all suitable habitats and may consist of differentially adapted populations that have different niche requirements. Here, we evaluate the factors determining the northern range limit in a fern species that is endemic to a patchily distributed habitat throughout its geographic range. Location Non-calcareous rock shelters that provide habitat for six separate populations spanning the geographic range of Vittaria appalachiana, an asexual, gametophytic fern species, in the Appalachian Mountains and Appalachian Plateau of eastern North America. Methods We transplanted V. appalachiana gametophytes from six different populations to a rock shelter habitat 19 km north of the contemporary northern range boundary and 48 km away from the most northern population and back into their home locations as experimental controls. We compared the fitness of transplants at ‘home’ versus ‘beyond the northern range limit’ to test whether the northern range boundary is defined by physiological limits or dispersal limitation. Furthermore, we tested whether transplant success beyond the northern range boundary varied among individuals collected from different populations in the species’ range. Results Overall, transplant performance was similar between the home locations and the site beyond the northern range limit. However, populations differed in their response to transplantation beyond the northern range boundary, with individuals from the northernmost population having higher fitness beyond the range limit than all other populations. Main Conclusions We conclude that the northern range limit of V. appalachiana is heavily influenced by dispersal limitation because transplant performance was, on average, similar between home sites and beyond the northern range limit. However, because populations varied in their relative performance beyond the range limit, we also conclude that the ecological niches of these populations are not equivalent.
Consumer benefits and satisfaction at a day treatment center

ONSUMER satisfaction with mental health services has received relatively little research scrutiny. (A search of the last 13 years’ literature listed about two dozen relevant studies.) Yet the consumer perspective on human service delivery has been the subject of increasingly serious attention and consideration by lay people and professionals alike in recent years.’ Consumer advocacy has become a potent social force whose time, many would argue, has finally come. It is with the intent of furthering exploration in this critical domain that this study has been undertaken. A number of studies in this area have been correlational investigations of the relationship between psychiatric patients’ satisfaction and another variable, e.g., therapist or treatment type.2-9 These studies tend to use simple global outcome measures of satisfaction, e.g., a scale such as “poor” to “excellent,” or “very dissatisfied” to “highly satisfied.” However, this study fits another category of investigation, namely, the exploration in greater detail of the nature of the mental health consumer’s satisfaction.‘e’s This type of study involves a closer look at the ways the patient feels he has improved (or has not), or at those aspects of treatment itself that were felt to be helpful. These studies can thus be either processoriented or outcome-oriented, or both. In them, more information about satisfaction is gathered than a global rating scale. A number of such studies have been done. For example, Woodward et al.” used the Family Satisfaction Questionnaire, which asks about both global satisfaction and satisfaction specifically with the family approach to treatment. Kotin and Schuri3 used a questionnaire and interview to examine discharged hospital patients’ opinions about a wide range of treatment variables, from helpfulness of talking with various staff members; to living conditions at the hospital; to degree of staff respect and caring displayed toward patients. Spontaneous comments about each of these aspects of care were also recorded, though not reported systematically. Gould and Glick” also examined hospitalized patients’ evaluations of the helpfulness of various aspects of their treatment programs, including individual and group therapy, community meetings, family therapy, and the milieu. They used patients’ rank ordering of these comments to determine level of satisfaction. Hill” and Llewelyn and Hume14 focused more closely on the patient-therapist relationship. Both used questionnaire data. Hill looked at client satisfaction in two ways: from the standpoint of patients’ own requests or purposes for entering into treatment (e.g., seeking insight, support, or catharsis), and
The feasibility and need for dimensional psychiatric diagnoses.

Background. It is our contention that both categorical and dimensional approaches to diagnosis are important for clinical work and research alike, and that each approach has its drawbacks and advantages. As the processes toward developing DSM-V and ICD-11 progress, we suggest that another exclusively categorical revision of psychiatric taxonomies will no longer be sufficient and that adding a dimensional component is a necessary step if these taxonomies are to continue serving the future clinical and research needs of psychiatry as they have so effectively done in the past. Method. We begin the paper with a review of terminology related to categories and dimensions and briefly review literature on advantages and disadvantages of both approaches. Results. A review of relevant literature supports both the need for and feasibility of augmenting traditional categorical diagnoses with dimensional information. Conclusion. We conclude with a proposal for preserving traditional categorical diagnostic definitions, but adding a dimensional component that would be reflective of and directly referable back to the categorical definitions. We also offer a specific proposal for adding a dimensional component to official taxonomies such as the DSM and the ICD in a way that fully preserves the traditional categorical approach.
Delayed onset of hypopituitarism: Sequelae of therapeutic irradiation of central nervous system, eye, and middle ear tumors†‡

Four children with short stature who received irradiation to the head in conventional doses had clinical and laboratory evidence of hypothalamic-pituitary hormone deficiencies several years later. Growth hormone was deficient in all. One patient also had evidence of TSH, ACTH, and gonadotropin deficiency. Basal prolactin levels and prolactin response to synthetic TRF were normal in all patients tested. Treatment with human growth hormone significantly increased growth rate. We suggest that children should have the hypothalamic-pituitary area shielded from irradiation. Periodic measurements of hypothalamic-pituitary function should be performed in children who have had irradiation to the head, in order to detect and treat hormonal deficiencies before growth and development are seriously compromised.
Treatment of Dorsal Deviation

The deviated nasal dorsum is a complex problem with a variety of proposed solutions. Straightening the deviated nose should be focused on maximizing cosmetic outcome while preserving or improving nasal function. Deviations can occur in one or a combination of the nasal thirds. A simple approach to treatment is to develop a strategy for each third of the nose. Tailoring maneuvers to alleviate problems in each specific third helps the surgeon deal with deviations in an effective and straightforward manner.
Ischemic macular edema. Recognition and favorable natural history in branch vein occlusion.

Eyes with macular edema caused by retinal branch vein occlusion underwent masked evaluation of fluorescein angiography to determine complete macular perfusion vs incomplete macular perfusion (capillary dropout, ischemia). Cases evaluated as incomplete macular perfusion showed a greater frequency of improvement (91%) in visual acuity than did perfused cases (29%) (P = .003) after a mean follow-up of 39 months. Ischemic edema is often transient, and is associated with a good outcome in visual acuity (median final visual acuity was 20/30). Perfused macular edema has a poorer prognosis for visual acuity (median final visual acuity was 20/80). Macular ischemia is usually associated with a broken foveal capillary ring. Previous animal research on ischemic brain edema has shown that following brain ischemia, an intracellular and an extracellular hypertonic environment lead to intracellular and extracellular edema (cytotoxic edema), which is often followed by vascular protein leakage (vasogenic edema). A similar occurrence in ischemic retina could explain the transient edema reported herein, with good outcome in visual acuity following the spontaneous resolution of edema.
Comparisons Between Biologists and Other Professional Groups

THE Commission on Human Resources and Advanced Training, in the course of the work which led to its report America's Resources of Specialized Talent (2), studied the major scientific and professional groups in the United States. In this article, comparisons will be given between biologists and their colleagues in other areas. Similar comparisons between psychologists and other professional groups have also been published (5).
Many-Skyrmion wave functions and Skyrmion statistics in quantum Hall ferromagnets.

We determine the charge and statistical angle of skyrmions in quantum Hall ferromagnets by performing Berry phase calculations based on the microscopic variational wave functions for many-skyrmion states. We find, in contradiction to a recent claim by Dziarmaga, that both the charge and the statistical angle of a skyrmion are independent of its spin (size), and are identical to those of Laughlin quasiparticles at the same filling factor. We discuss some subtleties in the use of these variational wave functions.
A New Paradigm in the Design of Aluminum Alloys for Aerospace Applications

Property requirements which drive material development for aircraft structures have evolved over the years. In order to take advantage of the enhanced material characteristics to improve performance and lower the overall installed component cost of the aircraft, concurrent consideration of design, materials development, and manufacturing is required. This in turn requires close interaction between the material producer and the Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM). An example of such a teaming approach is the Integrated Product Teams (IPT). For effective functioning of the IPT, the material producers must better understand how material behavior translates to sub-component performance through the use of design tools. Examples of such design tools developed by Alcoa are given. Case studies for wing and fuselage structures are illustrated. More structurally representative testing methods must be developed to supplement these analytical tools. These tools and structurally representative test methodologies are critical enablers to meet the overall needs of the today's OEM including higher performance, less weight, lower manufacturing and assembly costs, lower aircraft maintenance costs and a higher level of safety.
Induction of luteolysis in the mare with a prostaglandin analogue

Abstract Five mares were administered 0.5 to 2.0 mg of a prostaglandin analogue, RS 9390 (Syntex), during nine estrous cycles in February and March. Luteolysis as measured by peripheral plasma progesterone occurred in four cycles, transitory luteolysis following 0.5 mg RS 9390 in two cycles, while functional corpora lutea were not present in three cycles. In 8 out of 9 of these cycles the mares returned to estrus 1.5 to 5 days following treatment. It appears that RS 9390 can be used as a regulator of cycle length in mares.
From synapses to behavior: development of a sensory-motor circuit in the leech.

Fil: Marin Burgin, Antonia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Oficina de Coordinacion Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquimicas de Buenos Aires. Fundacion Instituto Leloir. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquimicas de Buenos Aires; Argentina. University of California at San Diego; Estados Unidos
Evaluation of cardiovascular outcomes among U.S. workers exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin.

Some animal studies and some human studies suggest that exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) may be associated with adverse effects on the cardiovascular system. As part of a cros...
Effects of the refractive index spectral model on the irradiance variance of a Gaussian beam

The normalized irradiance variance of a Gaussian beam in the weak-fluctuation regime is examined numerically with the use of various spectral models for refractive index fluctuations. The Kolmogorov, Tatarskii, and modified von Karman spectral models are chosen as conventional models, while the Hill numerical spectral model and the Andrews analytic approximation to the Hill model are selected to feature the characteristic bump at high wave numbers. The latter two models are known to predict higher scintillation levels than conventional spectral models when the Fresnel zone and the inner scale are of comparable size. Outer scale effects appear minimal near the centerline of the beam but can reduce off-axis scintillation significantly. Inner scale effects are prominent on axis as well as off axis, although they sometimes tend to diminish near the diffractive beam edge. Analytic approximations are developed for the irradiance variance based on the Kolmogorov, modified von Karman, and Andrews spectral models. These analytic expressions are generally in excellent agreement with numerical results.
Two-Dimensional Electronic Spectroscopy of the Qy Band of Photosystem II Reaction Centers

We present two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy studies on the dynamics of D1-D2 cyt.b559 reaction center complexes from plant photosystem II at 77 K. Our two-dimensional spectra are compared with models based on current theory.
Optically probing and controlling single quantum dots

Abstract Results from experiments in which single quantum dots are optically probed and coherently controlled are reviewed. Discussion of the experiments is given in the context of quantum information science and technology. In particular, we consider concepts such as decoherence, coherent control of superposition states and entangled states, and how these concepts arise in experiments involving optical control of single quantum dots.
Is the job satisfaction–job performance relationship spurious? A meta-analytic examination ☆

Abstract The job satisfaction–job performance relationship has attracted much attention throughout the history of industrial and organizational psychology. Many researchers and most lay people believe that a causal relationship exists between satisfaction and performance. In the current study, however, analyses using meta-analytic data suggested that the satisfaction–performance relationship is largely spurious. More specifically, the satisfaction–performance relationship was partially eliminated after controlling for either general personality traits (e.g., Five Factor Model traits and core self-evaluations) or for work locus of control and was almost completely eliminated after controlling for organization-based self-esteem. The practical and theoretical implications of these findings are discussed.
High-Energy Solar Capabilities of Approved Space Missions

Several instruments on approved space missions will provide coverage of energetic solar flare activity during the next solar maximum. However, only Japan's SOLAR-A is dedicated to observations of solar activity. These planned experiments will provide significant improvements in detection sensitivity for gamma rays and neutrons, generally using similar detection techniques to those employed previously. Improvements in the temporal resolution of energetic flare phenomena will also be realized, but with generally sporadic solar coverage. Important capabilities critically required for advancing our understanding of the solar flare phenomenon, such as dedicated high-resolution gamma-ray spectroscopy, imaging hard X-ray and low-energy gamma-ray detectors, polarimeters, and dedicated high-efficiency neutron detectors, are not included on any of the approved missions.
Gasdynamic models of the solar wind/interstellar medium interaction

The interaction between the solar wind and the interstellar medium is modeled self-consistently using numerical solutions of the time-dependent gasdynamic equations in spherical and cylindrical coordinates. For the results presented here it is assumed that the solar system moves through the surrounding medium with a supersonic velocity. After an initial (nonequilibrium) state has been specified, the numerical solution follows the evolution in time until the interaction relaxes to a dynamic equilibrium. As would be expected, the solutions show the formation of a bow shock upstream of the traveling solar system to deflect the interstellar plasma around the cavity created by the solar wind. A terminiation shock also forms to slow and compress the solar wind plasma. For the simulation in spherical coordinates, the downstream portion of the termination shock reaches equilibrium more than three times further from the Sun than the equilibrium distance to the termination shock on the upstream side.
A continuous assay for an intracellular enzyme: the analysis of acetate kinase in Escherichia coli.

Abstract A continuous, automated assay for the measurement of acetate kinase activity in Escherichia coli is described. The assay system consists of three steps: continuous sonication, acetate kinase catalyzed production of ATP, and subsequent measurement of ATP concentration. Complete extraction of acetate kinase was obtained with sonicator residence times greater than 1,5 min and minimal enzymatic deactivation was observed with residence times shorter than 4 min. The acetate kinase catalyzed reaction, which is nonisothermal, yielded linear calibration curves when tested with purified acetate kinase and E. coli whole broths containing acetate kinase. The overall system responds with an 11-min transport delay in the Autoanalyzer and exhibits a 2-min first-order response. The approach taken in the development of this analysis is applicable to the rapid analysis of other intracellular products.
Social Revolutions and Mass Military Mobilization

Despite their limited accomplishments in promoting economic development, the authoritarian regimes brought to power through social-revolutionary transformations—from the French Revolution of the 18th century to the Iranian Revolution of the present—have excelled at conducting humanly costly wars with a special fusion of popular zeal, meritocratic professionalism, and central coordination. Revolutionary elites, whether communist or not, have been able to build the strongest states in those countries whose geopolitical circumstances allowed the emerging new regimes to become engaged in protracted and labor-intensive international warfare.
Dichroic dye containing polymer-dispersed liquid crystal films

Polymer dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) devices modulate light through electrically controlled light scattering. Colored PDLCs are formed by incorporation ofdichroic dyes. The efficiency ofthe dichroic dye, PDLC films depend on the scattering efficiency of the films, the dichroic ratio of the dichroic dye, the order parameter ofthe dichroic dye in the liquid crystal used, and the fraction ofdye dissolved in the liquid crystal droplets. The efficiency of these films can be measured using a UV/visible spectrometer. Incorporation of dichroic dye in the PDLC film increases the refractive indices of the liquid crystal droplet affecting the scattering efficiency ofthe PDLC film.
Acculturation and integration in eighteenth-century Metz

The records of the rabbinic court in late eighteenth-century Metz offer substantial evidence of acculturation and integration in the decades prior to the attainment of Jewish civic equality. In the modern state, the wide application of judicial procedures imposed on minority populations such as the Jews an unprecedented attachment to the larger society. This is reflected in the internalization of norms of legal culture, particularly in matters relating to business partnerships, purchase and sale, torts, inheritance, registration, and familial obligations. The administration of talmudic law in eighteenth century Metz therefore entailed familiarity with royal legislation and local ordinances, as is apparent in two discrete areas: the routinizing of civil procedures in the beit din and the navigation of plural jurisdictions exercised by the Jewish and French justice systems. The Jews of Metz met the challenges of legal pluralism by adapting to the prevailing system of law within French society and by acknowledging the interdependence of cases brought before the beit din and in the French civil court system. Decades before the Jewish population of France was admitted to citizenship, Metz Jews had little choice but to accommodate to general civil law and its structures. Within the realm of law, there emerged new rules of engagement between the Jewish minority and the surrounding society and culture.
Multiple-way network partitioning

A multiple-block network partitioning algorithm adapted from a two-block iterative improvement partitioning algorithm is presented. This adaptation of the algorithm and of the level gain concept to multiple blocks seeks to improve the partition uniformly with respect to all blocks as oppose to making repeated uses of two-way partitioning. Appropriate data structures and a complexity analysis are presented, as well as experimental results. The experiments indicate that the optimal number of levels to use depends on the number of blocks and the net size and degree distributions of the network, but it varies little with the size of the network. In particular, higher levels are increasingly useful as the number of blocks in the partition increases. Theoretical results agree with the experimental results and form the basis for a predictor which, given a network and the desired number of blocks, approximates the optimal number of levels. >
Abstract 5540: CCN5/WISP-2 prevents leptin-induced breast cancer cell growth and migration

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL In menopausal women, one of the important risk factors for breast cancer is obesity/adiposity. Despite multiple studies, the biological mechanism by which obesity influences the breast carcinogenic process is still unclear. It is evident from various studies that leptin, a 16 kDa protein hormone over produced in obese people, plays a critical role in neovascularization and tumorigenesis in breast and other organs. Present studies demonstrate that leptin is able to induce proliferation and migration of estrogen receptor positive MCF-7 and ZR-75-1 breast tumor cell lines in a dose-dependent fashion but these effects are minimal in ER-negative MDA-MB-231 cells. Additionally, these studies found that leptin suppresses the transcriptional activation of anti-invasive gene CCN5/WISP-2. Although the suppression of CCN5 has no impact on the constitutive proliferation of these cells, it is critical for leptin-induced proliferation and necessary for the induction of in vitro migration of these cells because the addition of CCN5 recombinant protein into the media markedly inhibits the leptin-induced proliferation and migration. Collectively, these in vitro studies suggest that CCN5 may serve as a gatekeeper for leptin dependent breast carcinogenesis. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5540. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-5540