cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neural and Constrained Interconnect Automata

Granular nanoelectronics offers the possibilities of spectacular new electronic systems with intelligent computational capabilities. Current computational engines contain over 1 million active devices, and are excellent at storing and retrieving bits of data in precise locations, and at performing complex calculations involving thousands of numbers and millions of operations per second (megaflops). Granular nanoelectronics could allow these systems to scale to billions of active devices operating in the trillions of operations per second (teraflops) range. Such mega-computers would accelerate simulations of multi-dimensional models of transport in semiconductors, complex control functions, data base manipulations, and graphics. However, even these computers will be very limited in their abilities to solve certain problems. For example, computers are not good at extracting information from the data that they store. Hence, they are not good at generalization from information stored in memory, self-organization, autonomous acquisition of knowledge, and learning associations. These are skills a biological system acquires within a few weeks after birth. Real-time object recognition and sensory fusion are additional examples of early acquired skills in biological systems that require pattern recognition speeds far beyond the current or near-term predicted capabilities of computers. Can such computations be implemented with non-organic material, and if so can granular nanoelectronics assist in such an implementation? We will demonstrate that cooperative information processing systems can solve such problems. We will also discuss why granular nanoelectronics has particular characteristics that actually encourages the implementation of these systems.
Regulation of Human Eosinophil Phenotype

Human mature eosinophils have been cultured for up to 2 weeks by coculture with endothelial cells, or by culture in enriched medium supplemented with interleukin 3, interleukin 5, granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor, or the serum of a patient with the idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome. Compared to the freshly isolated eosinophils, the cultured eosinophils underwent phenotypic changes characterized by enhanced calcium ionophore-induced leukotriene C4 generation, enhanced cytotoxicity for antibody-coated larvae of Schistosoma mansoni and hypodensity as defined by sedimentation analysis. These findings and an integrated view of the regulation of eosinophil post-mitotic phenotype are presented.
Management of Fluids, Electrolytes, and Blood Products in Neurosurgical Patients

The major fluid compartments of the body are the intracellular compartment and the extracellular compartment, which is subdivided into intravascular and interstitial spaces. The volume of the individual compartments may change in a disease state or as the body adapts to environmental stress. In peripheral tissues, the primary determinant of fluid movement across capillaries (i.e., between the intravascular and interstitial spaces) is the oncotic gradient produced by large plasma proteins such as albumin. Unlike the peripheral tissues, the brain and spinal cord are isolated from the intravascular compartment by the blood–brain barrier.
Mouse Bone Marrow Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells

There is a general belief that adult stem cells are an essential aspect of maintaining tissue health as we age and undergo wound healing, but the mechanisms by which adult stem cells contribute to these processes are poorly understood. One of the more highly investigated adult stem cell populations has been the bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cell (BMSC). The rare presence of BMSCs within the bone marrow has made it a challenge to understand how this adult stem cell population naturally functions in vivo. While human BMSC research has direct therapeutic application, we believe murine animal models have an important role to play in understanding mechanisms of BMSC biology that are likely to influence how BMSCs are therapeutically used. In this chapter, we discuss the current beliefs in the field with regard to the therapeutic benefit of BMSCs and how we define BMSCs. We also include detailed information on mouse BMSCs and methods that we have developed over the past few years to isolate, identify, and work with mouse BMSCs.
Immunoblastic sarcoma of the nasal cavity

Malignant lymphoma is primarily a disease of interest to haematologists, but it occasionally presents a problem for otorhinolaryngologists. Sinonasal lymphomas are rare and potentially radiocurable malignant neoplasms. At initial presentation, the disease is most often localized in the sinonasal region and, with rare exceptions, the dominating cytohistological type is the immunoblastic sarcoma (B-cell type), previously termed reticulum cell sarcoma. The clinical manifestations may mimic more common and benign conditions and the diagnosis may be difficult. The present paper emphasizes the need for biopsy to be performed early and carefully even in the case of apparently benign lesions.
An Analytical Investigation of Inhomogeneous Straining, Subgrain Formation, and the Initiation of Microshear Bands in Bicrystals

It is common in metal polycrystals that, as plastic deformation proceeds, the effects of initial grain boundaries cause grains to subdivide into differently-oriented lattice regions, or subgrains, with different strains among regions and microshear bands forming along some of the subgrain walls. Recent experimental work that clearly shows this behaviour includes that of Hughes and Nix [1], Bay et al. [2], and Hughes [3], among others. Moreover, subgrain and microshear band formation have been shown experimentally to take place from the very beginning of plastic deformation (Hughes [4]). These phenomena have been explained in a qualitative way in terms of dislocation structures, but a rigorous mathematical prediction of the phenomena was not available until Wu and Havner [5]. In that work the hyperbolic partial differential equations governing stress and velocity fields in symmetric f.c.c. bicrystals in (110) channel die compression are derived, based upon the formulation in Havner et al. [6], and are solved for a particular range of lattice orientations — namely, channel lateral-constraint directions lying between [0011 and [112]. In the present paper we present further analyses and results corresponding to the range of lateral constraints between lattice directions [112] and [l T. 1]. The formation of subgrains (at the outset of finite multiple-slipping) and the initiation of tangential velocity discontinuities along certain subgrain boundaries are rigorously demonstrated.
Southern Africa and the Egyptus Novelo Maps

Southern Africa turns out to be one of the most remarkable and surprising regions on the Yale Martellus map, but none of its details can be seen in natural light: it can only be studied though images taken with light beyond the visible spectra. The ultraviolet images of the map made in 1959 and 2010 reveal many of the details in the interior, and the 2010 infrared photographs show that Martellus wrote the names of the rivers in southern Africa with the same pigment he used for the water of the rivers, rather than the paint he usually used for toponyms and legends. But the 2014 multispectral images are by far the best tools for studying this part of the map: they clearly reveal named cities, mountain chains, and the full extent of the southern part of the Nile river system, which reaches to the southeastern part of the continent (Fig. 5.1).
Scaling Limit of Neural Networks with the Xavier Initialization and Convergence to a Global Minimum

We analyze single-layer neural networks with the Xavier initialization in the asymptotic regime of large numbers of hidden units and large numbers of stochastic gradient descent training steps. The evolution of the neural network during training can be viewed as a stochastic system and, using techniques from stochastic analysis, we prove the neural network converges in distribution to a random ODE with a Gaussian distribution. The limit is completely different than in the typical mean-field results for neural networks due to the $\frac{1}{\sqrt{N}}$ normalization factor in the Xavier initialization (versus the $\frac{1}{N}$ factor in the typical mean-field framework). Although the pre-limit problem of optimizing a neural network is non-convex (and therefore the neural network may converge to a local minimum), the limit equation minimizes a (quadratic) convex objective function and therefore converges to a global minimum. Furthermore, under reasonable assumptions, the matrix in the limiting quadratic objective function is positive definite and thus the neural network (in the limit) will converge to a global minimum with zero loss on the training set.
Discussions with Leaders: A Conversation Between Steven Larson and Johannes Czernin

Steven M. Larson, MD, is the Donna and Benjamin M. Rosen Chair in Radiology; Attending, Molecular Imaging and Therapy Service, Department of Radiology; Member and Lab Head, Molecular Pharmacology Program, and Director, Radioimmunotherapy and Theranostics, Ludwig Center for Cancer Immunotherapy,
‘Defenders and Dissidents: Cooks Landing and the Fight to Define Tribal Sovereignty in the Red Power Era’

The 'Fish Wars' in the Pacific Northwest during the 1960s and 1970s hold an important yet predictable place within the historiography of the Red Power movement. In standard works, the fish-ins and ...
A FACS-based approach to obtain viable eosinophils from human adipose tissue

Eosinophils have been widely investigated in asthma and allergic diseases. More recently, new insights into the biology of these cells has illustrated eosinophils contribute to homeostatic functions in health such as regulation of adipose tissue glucose metabolism. Human translational studies are limited by the difficulty of obtaining cells taken directly from their tissue environment, relying instead on eosinophils isolated from peripheral blood. Isolation techniques for tissue-derived eosinophils can result in unwanted cell or ribonuclease activation, leading to poor cell viability or RNA quality, which may impair analysis of effector activities of these cells. Here we demonstrate a technique to obtain eosinophils from human adipose tissue samples for the purpose of downstream molecular analysis. From as little as 2 g of intact human adipose tissue, greater than 104 eosinophils were purified by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) protocol resulting in ≥ 99% purity and ≥ 95% viable eosinophils. We demonstrated that the isolated eosinophils could undergo epigenetic analysis to determine differences in DNA methylation in various settings. Here we focused on comparing eosinophils isolated from human peripheral blood vs human adipose tissue. Our results open the door to future mechanistic investigations to better understand the role of tissue resident eosinophils in different context.
Simulation and Modelling of Multiple Scattering Effects Observed in LITE Data

Return signals from space lidars can experience pulse stretching in dense cloud and enhanced penetration through cirrus due to multiple scattering of the lidar pulse. LITE data are used to illustrate these effects and comparisons with Monte Carlo simulations are presented.
Insider pledging in the U.S.

Abstract Utilizing a hand-collected comprehensive dataset covering U.S. public traded firms from 2006 to 2014, we present descriptive evidence regarding insider pledging behavior in the U.S. and study its determinants. We find an insider’s propensity to pledge company stock is positively associated with her risk exposure and pledgeability of company stock, and negatively with the company’s corporate governance quality. These findings suggest that risk-averse corporate insiders pledge to hedge. Further, we find ISS’s denouncement of pledging in 2012 reduces insider pledging.
‘I just tell myself it’s okay’: U.S. women’s narratives about sexual safety and how they assess risk for sexually-transmitted infections

While some researchers have studied the spread of sexually-transmitted infections and diseases (STIs and STDs), little attention has been paid to the subjective narratives of how women assess sexua...
Optimal management of pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum in a developing country: the art of pulmonary valve mechanical perforation in the era of CTO hardware.

Background: Transcatheter valve mechanical perforation (TVMP) in pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum (PAIVS) is an acceptable yet challenging alternative to radiofrequency. Aims: To evaluate and compare safety, feasibility, and efficiency of two TVMP techniques. Methods: Clinical data of neonates with PAIVS who underwent an attempt for TVMP between 2009 and 2019 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were divided into two groups according to perforation technique: using the stiff end of a percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) ordinary 0.014” wire (group A) and subsequently with the floppy tip of a chronic total occlusion (CTO) guidewire (group B). The technical aspects, procedural and discharge outcomes of both groups were compared. Results: A total of 19 antegrade TVMP procedures (Group A, n=10, and Group B, n=9) were attempted in 18 neonates with an overall success rate of 73.7% and no procedure-related mortality. Groups’ analysis showed that the introduction of CTO hardware maximized procedure success rates (P=0.002) with zero failure and misperforations (P=0.022). The significant drop in perforation time (P < 0.001) and irradiation exposure (P=0.006) allowed additional ductal stenting during the same procedure, optimizing patients’ clinical outcomes and shortening overall hospital stay. Discharged patients had room air mean oxygen saturation of 91.4% (± 5.5) with no evidence of heart failure. Conclusions: In selected cases of PAIVS, TVMP using CTO wires is a safer, highly efficient, and simplified alternative to other mechanical perforation techniques. It substantially revolutionized the management of PAIVS in our center optimizing short-term prognosis.
Deep-Learning-Based Accelerated and Noise-Suppressed Estimation (DANSE) of quantitative Gradient Recalled Echo (qGRE) MRI metrics associated with Human Brain Neuronal Structure and Hemodynamic Properties

Abstract Purpose To introduce a Deep-Learning-Based Accelerated and Noise-Suppressed Estimation (DANSE) method for reconstructing quantitative maps of biological tissue cellular-specific, R2t* and hemodynamic-specific, R2′ from Gradient-Recalled-Echo (GRE) MRI data with multiple gradient-recalled echoes. Methods DANSE method adapts supervised learning paradigm to train a convolutional neural network for robust estimation of R2t* and R2′ maps free from the adverse effects of macroscopic (B0) magnetic field inhomogeneities directly from the GRE magnitude images without utilizing phase images. The corresponding ground-truth maps were generated by means of a voxel-by-voxel fitting of a previously-developed biophysical quantitative GRE (qGRE) model accounting for tissue, hemodynamic and B0-inhomogeneities contributions to GRE signal with multiple gradient echoes using nonlinear least square (NLLS) algorithm. Results We show that the DANSE model efficiently estimates the aforementioned brain maps and preserves all features of NLLS approach with significant improvements including noise-suppression and computation speed (from many hours to seconds). The noise-suppression feature of DANSE is especially prominent for data with SNR characteristic for typical GRE data (SNR~50), where DANSE-generated R2t* and R2′ maps had three times smaller errors than that of NLLS method. Conclusions DANSE method enables fast reconstruction of magnetic-field-inhomogeneity-free and noise-suppressed quantitative qGRE brain maps. DANSE method does not require any information about field inhomogeneities during application. It exploits spatial patterns in the qGRE MRI data and previously-gained knowledge from the biophysical model, thus producing clean brain maps even in the environments with high noise levels. These features along with fast computational speed can lead to broad qGRE clinical and research applications.
A Pilot Study Evaluating the Effects of a Technology-Based and Positive Psychological Training Intervention on Blood Pressure in African Americans With Hypertension.

Behavioral interventions consolidating technology are underutilized and do not reach diverse populations such as African Americans with hypertension. This pilot study aimed to evaluate the effects of a theoretically derived, technology-based intervention in African Americans with hypertension. African Americans with hypertension (N = 18; age range 25-85; 72.22% females) were randomized to the technology-based plus positive psychological training (PPT) experimental group (n = 10) or the comparison group (n = 8) for 12 weeks. The technology-based intervention included analytic components (web-based education, self-monitoring of blood pressure [BP], and medication management using a commercially free app-Medisafe) and an emotional component (comprised of skills and behaviors directed at engaging 1 in positive activities to help build increasing healthy behaviors). The comparison group received the technology-based intervention alone. Demographic information, self-management cognitive processes, self-management behaviors, and health status outcomes were assessed. After completing the 12-week intervention, the groups did not significantly differ in health outcomes, health behavior outcomes, and technology utilization outcomes. Mean systolic BP decrease 6.02 mmHg (standard deviation [SD] = 22.75) in the comparison group and 1.1 mmHg (SD = 20.64; P = .439) in the experimental group. Diastolic BP decreased 0.1 mmHg (SD = 11.78) in the comparison group and 1.5 mmHg (SD = 12.7; P = .757) in the experimental group. Our findings suggest that behavioral interventions using technology have the potential to improve self-management outcomes among African American populations. Further research is warranted in a larger sample size and a longer time frame to identify the intervention's effectiveness.
John Cleave's Weekly Police Gazette (1834-6), Francis Place, and the Pragmatics of the Unstamped Press

This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the English at ODU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in English Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of ODU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact digitalcommons@odu.edu. Repository Citation Jacobs, Edward, "John Cleave's Weekly Police Gazette (1834-6), Francis Place, and the Pragmatics of the Unstamped Press" (2010). English Faculty Publications. Paper 23. http://digitalcommons.odu.edu/english_fac_pubs/23
Basic Properties and Applications

Let f(t) be a function defined on a finite or infinite interval a < t < b, and let k(s, t) be a prescribed function of the variable t and parameter s.
Impact of deployment on military families with young children: a systematic review

Abstract Background More than 40% of children in military families are Purpose This systematic review describes the impact of deployment since 9/11 on the mental health of military families with young children, evaluates evidence-based interventions for military parents with young children, and identifies gaps in the science limiting our ability to support the needs of these families. Methods Databases were reviewed from 2001 to 2014 using preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses approach; 26 studies met review criteria. Results Deployment was associated with increased parent stress, child behavior problems, health care utilization, and child maltreatment. Few studies tested interventions or focused on racial/ethnic minority or veteran families. A number of methodological limitations are noted. Conclusions More research using multiple methods, stronger designs, and more diverse samples is needed to understand and address the needs of military families with young children.
High effortful control is associated with reduced emotional expressiveness in young children

Abstract The current study tested the claim that trait effortful control (EC), the ability to suppress a dominant response to perform a subdominant response, is associated with children’s emotion expression. Participants were 206 community children between the ages of 3 and 7 years. Children completed a battery of 10 laboratory tasks to assess temperamental differences in EC, as well as positive and negative emotionality. We report on bivariate associations between laboratory-assessed and parent-reported EC and laboratory-assessed emotions of different valences and intensity levels. Children coded as high in lab-assessed EC exhibited fewer total emotional expressions (positive and negative emotions), and engaged in lower intensity expressions than children lower in EC. Parent-reported EC measures were weakly associated with laboratory measures of emotion.
Expanding and Vetting Sorghum bicolor Gene Annotations through Transcriptome and Methylome Sequencing

With the emergence and subsequent advancement of nextgeneration sequence technology, detailed structural and functional characterization of genomes is readily attainable. Here, we have sampled the Sorghum bicolor methylome by shallow sequencing of HSO 3 – (bisulfite)-treated DNA and have used these data to identify methylation patterns associated with high confidence gene models. We trained a classifier to predict functional gene models based on expression levels, methylation profiles, and sequence conservation. We have expanded the transcriptome atlas by sequencing RNA from meristematic tissues, florets, and embryos, and utilized this information to develop a more complete annotation of the sorghum transcriptome. Our gene annotations modify 60% of Sbi1.4 (version 1.4 of sorghum gene annotations) gene models. The updated models most often have extended untranslated region (UTR) annotations (18,105), but some show longer protein coding regions (5096) or previously unannotated alternative transcripts (6493). A phylogenetic analysis suggests that 800 genes are missing from annotation Sbi1.4 and 400 gene models are split. The new annotations resolve 50% of split gene models and include 30% of conserved genes missing from the Sbi1.4 annotation. Using our classifier, we identified a large set of 34,276 novel potentially functional transcribed regions. These transcribed regions include protein coding genes, non-coding RNAs, and other classes of gene products.
Videogames and Aesthetics

Videogames are one of the most striking developments in recent popular arts. Many of the issues traditional to philosophical aesthetics find a new setting in videogames, and often take on a dramatic new form. Little has been written specifically on videogames in the philosophy of the arts, although they are often discussed in non-philosophical disciplines, such as media studies. A number of issues seem prominent, particularly those following from the interactive nature of videogames. This article is a survey of the issues concerning videogames most likely to interest philosophers of the arts.
Social Integration, Social Relationships, and Stress

Social relationships allow individuals to share common experiences, as well as providing a sense of meaning in life. Social relationships offer a feeling of belonging and safety, yet they can also be a source of conflict and stress as individuals age. Integration and affiliation with particular social groups are essential for physical and psychosocial well-being at all ages. Changes in the amount and types of stress associated with social integration and social relationships result from environmental factors, such as neighborhood context, that impact the availability of coping resources and challenge the further development of successful coping abilities essential to well-being. The life course perspective provides a framework by which scholars study individuals, social paths, and environments in order to gain insight into stress, coping mechanisms, and the complexities of social integration through social relationships. Keywords: integration; life course sociology; neighborhoods; social support; stress
Estimated Precision for Predictions from Generalized Linear Models in Sociological Research

In this paper I present a general method forconstructing confidence intervals for predictionsfrom the generalized linear model in sociologicalresearch. I demonstrate that the method used forconstructing confidence intervals for predictions inclassical linear models is indeed a special case ofthe method for generalized linear models. I examinefour such models – the binary logit, the binaryprobit, the ordinal logit, and the Poissonregression model – to construct confidence intervalsfor predicted values in the form of probability,odds, Z score, or event count. The estimatedconfidence interval for an event prediction, whenapplied judiciously, can give the researcher usefulinformation and an estimated measure of precisionfor the prediction so that interpretation ofestimates from the generalized linear model becomeseasier.
Algorithm for groundwater management formulations with head dependent boundary conditions

Head-dependent boundary conditions produce constraints in groundwater management formulations that are nonlinear with discontinuous second derivatives. An algorithm, based on sequential linear programming, is discussed to address these nonlinearities. It iteratively selects the magnitude and sign of the perturbation parameter used for response coefficient generation.
A new technique for neutron diffraction

Abstract A new diffraction method has been developed which uses a white neutron beam. With this method the efficiency of data collection is enhanced approximately one hundred fold.
Home Safety and Fall Prevention

In conclusion, the majority, or at least a large proportion, of accidental injuries in the elderly are preventable with careful medical and environmental evaluation and intervention. A vigorous diagnostic, therapeutic, and preventive approach is appropriate in all older patients who fall in addition to those at a high risk of falling. Any intervention that can make inroads on this major cause of death and disability in the elderly population will clearly have major impact.
Radiative lifetimes of excitons and trions in monolayers of the metal dichalcogenide MoS 2

We present results on the radiative lifetimes of excitons and trions in a monolayer of metal dichalcogenide ${\mathrm{MoS}}_{2}$. The small exciton radius and the large exciton optical oscillator strength result in radiative lifetimes in the 0.18--0.30 ps range for excitons that have small in-plane momenta and couple to radiation. Average lifetimes of thermally distributed excitons depend linearly on the exciton temperature and can be in the few picoseconds range at small temperatures and more than a nanosecond near room temperature. Localized excitons exhibit lifetimes in the same range and the lifetime increases as the localization length decreases. The radiative lifetimes of trions are in the hundreds of picosecond range and increase with the increase in the trion momentum. Average lifetimes of thermally distributed trions increase with the trion temperature as the trions acquire thermal energy and larger momenta. We expect our theoretical results to be applicable to most other 2D transition metal dichalcogenides.
Financial Statements: An Interactive Learning Approach

The often tedious but essential task of understanding financial statements and the inter-relationships among them can be enlivened by an interactive exercise with an unexpected and dramatic flair. I have used this approach for over ten years in both undergraduate and graduate finance and entrepreneurship classes, with entrepreneurs in Small Business Administration workshops, and with attendees at profit improvement planning workshops. The exercise begins with a four-quarter proforma income statement that shows a profitable, growing firm. Participants then create, with the instructor’s guidance, the company’s balance sheet that shows it unable to pay its bills by the end of the year. Then the participants discover for themselves how this seemingly contradictory situation can occur by developing, again with the instructor’s guidance, a proforma cash flow. This paper demonstrates how the approach works and provides the materials used in the interactive session.
Which Measure Of Body Fat Distribution is Best for Epidemiologic Research

Multivariate associations were sought between risk factor levels (total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, and systolic and diastolic blood pressures) and two sets of anthropometric variables (four circumferences and six skinfolds) to select a set of anthropometric indicators of body fat distribution that correlate most highly with risk of disease. Subjects were men (n = 285) and women (n = 672) from a study of gallbladder disease in a Mexican American population in Starr County, Texas, 1985-1986. The canonical correlations showed that circumferences (0.49-0.61) and skinfolds (0.42-0.60) were equally well correlated to risk factor levels independently of sex and age. Weights from the canonical analyses suggest that measurements at or above the waist and on the lower limb (thigh) are most heavily loaded toward risk (waist = highest risk; thigh = lowest risk). The simplest and most reliable index of body fat distribution for both sexes is the ratio of waist to thigh circumferences. The more commonly used waist/hip ratio proved more valid in women, but not in men. Simple skinfold indices of body fat distribution were more poorly correlated to risk factor levels than the corresponding circumference ratios. In women, body mass index and waist circumference by themselves did as well as body fat distribution indices in explaining variation in risk factors, suggesting the involvement of visceral fat in the body fat/body fat distribution disease relation.
KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT: AN INTEGRATIVE VIEW AND EMPIRICAL EXAMINATION

A lot of enterprises put a great emphasis on knowledge management. In this article the aspects connected with building an integrative knowledge management model have been presented. Author has also described researches connected with this topic. The relationships among social perspective, technical perspective, knowledge management processes, and organizational performance were considered.
Platelet-activating factor mediates procoagulant activity on the surface of endothelial cells by promoting leukocyte adhesion

Abstract Endothelial cells co-express platelet-activating factor and P-selectin on their surfaces after activation by certain receptor-mediated agonists. Together they mediate the adhesion of leukocytes to the endothelial cell surface. P-selectin tethers leukocytes to the endothelial cells surface allowing leukocyte activation by platelet-activating factor. Adhesion and activation are specific for leukocytes because they are the only cells known to express the ligand for P-selectin. Leukocytes adherent to the endothelial cell surface may promote thrombosis by three mechanisms: (1) they secrete factors that damage the underlying endothelium, (2) they secrete factors that directly initiate the coagulation cascade, and (3) they bind and activate platelets.
The expression of the gap junctional protein Cx43 is restricted to proliferating and non differentiated normal and transformed keratinocytes

The passage of specific growth modulating signals through gap junctions may regulate the proliferation and differentiation of human keratinocytes. To investigate this, we correlated the proliferation of normal human keratinocytes and a transformed squamous cell carcinoma cell line, SCC4. with the expression of the gap junctional proteins Cx43. 31 and 31.1, known to be expressed by keratinocytes. Proliferation was con-lined to preconfiuent and confluent cultures of normal keratinocytes, falling to undelectable levels once poslconfluency was achieved. Cx43. at both the message and protein levels, paralleled these changes, being elevated predominantly in prcconiluent and confluent cultures, and downregulated in postconfluency. Similar results were found for Cx31 and 31.1 at the message level. In contrast, the proliferation of SCC4 cells cultured in media supplemented with 5.0° FCS was maintained at n substantial level from preconfluency through 2 weeks postconfluency. Cx43, 31. and 31.1 RNA and Cx43 protein expression mirrored the levels of proliferation within SCC4 cultures. Cx26 and 32 were not found in normal keratinocytes or SCC4 cells at any stage of differentiation. These data, illustrating a tight correlation between proliferation and Cx43, 31 and 31.1 expression, suggest that these connexins may represent proliferation-specific gap junctions within keratinocytes. and may therefore transmit signals that control keratinocyle division.
Split-Thickness Skin Graft in Nonhelical Ear Reconstruction

Defects of the nonhelical ear after skin cancer extirpation can be challenging. When other reconstructive options are not optimal, split-thickness grafting is an easy and effective technique for successful aesthetic and functional restoration of the ear.
A time series analysis of a demand system based on cross-country coefficient estimates

Abstract Annual Dutch consumption data (1952–1977) for 10 goods which exhaust the consumer's budget are analyzed by means of a complete demand system whose coefficients are obtained from the cross-country data collected by Kravis. (1982).
Scanning electron microscopy of the sporangia of species of Coelomomyces (Blastocladiales: Coelomomycetaceae)

Abstract A scanning electron microscope was used to study the sporangia of at least 6 species of Coelomomyces from 9 species of mosquitoes. The scanning micrographs obtained of (1) Coelomomyces punctatus from Anopheles quadrimaculatus , (2) C. dodgei from A. crucians , (3) C. quadrangulatus from A. crucians , (4) C. macleayae from Aedes triseriatus , (5) C. pentangulatus from Culex erraticus , (6) C. sp., probably pentangulatus , from Culex peccator , (7) C. psorophorae from Psorophora howardii , (8) C. near psorophorae from Culiseta inornata , (9) from Aedes sollicitans , and (10) from Aedes taeniorhynchus showed morphological differences in the surface microstructure of the sporangia of most species.
A Clinical Taxonomy for the Categorization of Pragmatic Language Functions in Normal Preschool Children.

The present study assessed the pragmatic language skills in normal preschool children. A specially designed taxonomy was used to classify the subjects' responses. Findings revealed (1) high reliability in the use of the taxonomy; (2) a decrease in the inappropriate responses used by children with an increase in age; (3) generally, inappropriate responses were confined to the same categories across age levels. Findings are discussed relative to patterns of pragmatic language development as a function of age.
Structural basis for H3K4 trimethylation by yeast Set1/COMPASS.

Histone methylation on lysine 4 of histone H3 (H3K4) is a hallmark of activity of the transcribed regions on eukaryotic chromatin. H3K4 can be mono-, di- and trimethylated by Set1/COMPASS. In this review, we will discuss recent findings regarding the role of the Y/F switch by the catalytic domain of Set1 in the regulation of H3K4 methylation by Set1/COMPASS.
Dopamine, effort, and decision making: theoretical comment on Bardgett et al. (2009).

Forebrain dopamine (DA) systems are thought to be a critical component of the brain circuitry regulating behavioral activation, work output during instrumental behavior, and effort-related decision making. Tasks that offer animals choices between alternatives that require different degrees of effort can be used to assess effort-related choice behavior. Rats treated with DA antagonists, or with accumbens DA depletions, tend to show reduced selection of instrumental behaviors with high response requirements, and instead they choose to engage in food-seeking behaviors that involve less effort. The accompanying article by Bardgett et al. (2009) describes a novel effort-discounting task that involves the modification of a previously developed T-maze choice procedure (Salamone et al., 1994). Each arm of the maze contained different magnitudes of food reinforcement, and in order to obtain the higher magnitude reward, the rats had to climb a barrier in that arm of the maze. With training, rats were able to climb successively higher barriers to obtain the larger amount of food, and the choice between the high barrier arm and the no-barrier arm with the smaller reward served as a template for assessing the effects of dopaminergic drugs. D1 and D2 family antagonists, as well as the DA releasing agent amphetamine, were able to produce a bidirectional modulation of choice behavior, while drugs that act on D3 receptors were ineffective. These studies illustrate features of the neurochemical regulation of effort-related decision making, and may have implications for the understanding of both natural and pathological features of motivation.
Self-consistent calculations of interface states and electronic structure of the (110) interfaces of Ge-GaAs and AlAs-GaAs

Self-consistent pseudopotential techniques, together with a superlattice geometry, are used to investigate the detailed electronic structure of the (110) interfaces of Ge-GaAs and AlAs-GaAs. For Ge-GaAs six types of interface states are found, all lying below the thermal gap. No interface states are found in AlAs-GaAs. For each interface the total charge density, self-consistent potential, projected band structure, and local density of states are presented. The interface states in Ge-GaAs are discussed in detail. We also present results for the conduction- and valence-band discontinuities at these interfaces, discuss superlattice states in AlAs-GaAs, and suggest possible relaxation at the Ge-GaAs (110) interface.
Consumption of atmospheric methane by tundra soils

The results of field and laboratory experiments on methane consumption by tundra soils are reported. For methane concentrations ranging from below to well above ambient, moist soils are found to consume methane rapidly; in nonwaterlogged soils, equilibration with atmospheric methane is fast relative to microbial oxidation. It is concluded that lowering of the water table in tundra as a resulting from a warmer, drier climate will decrease methane fluxes and could cause these areas to provide negative feedback for atmospheric methane.
HIGH-RESOLUTION ESTUARINE SEA LEVEL CYCLES FROM THE LATE CRETACEOUS: AMPLITUDE CONSTRAINTS USING AGGLUTINATED FORAMINIFERA

Agglutinated foraminifera provide high-resolution proxies for relative sea level change in Late Cretaceous coal-bearing strata. Three foraminiferal assemblages are recognized where Trochammina (trochospiral) occurs in abundance with either one of the following: 1) Miliammina (quinqueloculine) associated with carbonaceous shale, interpreted as the marsh; 2) Ammobaculites (uncoiled) and estuarine ostracodes associated with shelly mudstones, interpreted as the central, muddy estuary; and 3) Verneulinoides and Textularia (serial) associated with gray mudstones, interpreted as distal estuary (open bay). The marsh represents 0–1 m water depth and this approximates absolute mean sea level, the central estuary represents 5–8 m water depth, and the distal estuary (open bay) represents water depths of 10 m or greater. Alternations between foraminiferal associations in a 25-m section of the upper middle Turonian Smoky Hollow Member, Straight Cliffs Formation, indicate sea level amplitude changes that ranged from 1–10 meters.
Renal Hemodynamic Effects of Total Cardiopulmonary Bypass Eliminating Heparinized Blood

In order to compare the renal hemodynamic effects of using 5 per cent dextrose in distilled water with the effects of using fresh, heparinized blood as the priming agent for extracorporeal circulation, mongrel dogs were subjected to 30 minutes of total cardiopulmonary bypass by each technique. Discrete renal function determinations were performed before and after bypass. In one group, homologous blood was used to prime the pump oxygenator. Renal function in these animals was depressed to approximately two-thirds of control values. In the other group, 5 per cent dextrose in distilled water was used as the priming agent. In these animals, little or no change in renal function was noted following operation, indicating more optimal maintenance of renal function by this technique.
Conversion of Supraventricular Tachycardias with Atrial Stimulation: Evidence for Re-entry Mechanisms

Atrial stimulation at rates less than the atrial rate was effective in terminating junctional tachycardia and atrial flutter in two patients. Analysis of the stimulus response in the patient with junctional tachycardia defined an atrial excitable and refractory period and a critical interval, the first 12 milliseconds of the excitable period, during which atrial stimulation terminated the tachycardia. The termination of atrial flutter appeared to occur simultaneously with capture of the atrial rate by the slower atrial stimulus. Atrial fibrillation did not occur. These observations suggest that a variety of tachycardias are supported by re-entry mechanisms and that the response to atrial stimulation may be useful in recognizing and treating such arrhythmias.
A quantitative study of vacancy defects in quenched platinum by field ion microscopy and electrical resistivity—II. Analysis and interpretation☆

In the previous paper (Part I) it was demonstrated by means of field ion microscopy that the measured ratio of divacancy concentration to monovacancy concentration (c2vc1v) in high purity platinum specimens quenched from 1700 ± 1°C was 0.06 ± 0.02. In the present paper (Part II), a detailed series of quantitative calculations was first performed which showed that this ratio was not affected by specimen storage and electropolishing procedures subsequent to the quench and hence represented c2vc1v at the “freeze-out” temperature (T∗). It was then shown that all combinations of the divacancy binding energy (E2vb) and binding entropy (S2vb) which lead to a quenched-in value of c2vc1v equal to 0.06 ± 0.02 for a quench temperature of 1700°C are governed by the linear relationship E2vb = [(0.23 ± 0.03) + 6.17 · 10−2(S2vbk)]eV, where k is Boltzmann's constant. This linear equation implies that the divacancy binding free energy (G2vb) was 0.23 eV at T∗ = 443.4°C. This value of G2vb, calculated from our experimental data, depends only on a knowledge of the monovacaney migration energy and an approximate value of a frequency factor. The existing tracer diffusion data for platinum were re-examined in terms of a monovacancy and divacancy model in an attempt to decompose G2vb into E2vb and S2vb terms, and it was concluded that the available data are not sufficiently accurate to make this decomposition significant.
The efficiency of land and energy use in tropical economies and agriculture

Abstract Technological optimism about economic processes, and especially the food production required to feed the world's growing population, must be tempered severely by constraints caused by limited land and fossil energy availability. We examine this hypothesis explicitly using several empirical assessments and several computer models, one of which was specifically designed to convey complex information to a non-technical population. We use data from various countries for our analyses but present more detail for Costa Rica. Our analyses find little support for the idea that development can take place without commensurate energy investments. We also extrapolate through the Year 2050 to project the amount of land and fossil energy that would be required to meet Costa Rican food demand, under a range of assumptions about population growth rates, land distribution, national food self-sufficiency, fertilizer availability, erosion rates and relative prices of coffee and fertilizer. Our results suggest that during the first quarter to half of the next century, it will be increasingly difficult, and eventually impossible, to feed qugrowing Costa Rican population no matter what (realistic) assumptions are made. The most important variables are the price of fertilizer exports and whether land is used principally for domestic crops or for export crops that traded for food.
Electron capture and ionization cross sections for colLisions of He(++) with Li: production of He(+)(3l) at low velocities

Single electron capture and ionization cross sections have been calculated for collisions of He(++) with Li over the relative collision velocity range 0.1-10.0 x 10 to the 8th power cm/sec. For low collision velocities (i.e., v = 0.1-0.6 x 10 to the 8th power cm/sec), a molecular approach has been used to determine the electron capture cross section. Ab initio potential energy curves and coupling matrix elements have been computed for the (HeLi)++ system and used in a cross section evaluation based on the perturbed-stationary-state method. For the low velocities, the electron capture reaction He(++) + Li yields He+(3l) + Li(+) is found to dominate the collision process and proceeds with a large cross section, sigma approximately 10 to the minus 15th power sq cm, thus providing the possibility for population inversion and the subsequent emission of Lyman-alpha (304 A) and Lyman-beta (256 A) soft x-ray photons. At the higher velocities (i.e., v=1.4-10.0 x 10 to the 8th power cm/sec), a classical-trajectory Monte-Carlo method has been used to estimate both the electron capture and ionization cross sections. At 2.2 x 10 to the 8th power cm/sec, both cross sections are found to be equal, while one ionization dominates the collisionmore » process at higher velocities and electron capture dominates at lower velocities.« less
Plant synthetic biology

Plant synthetic biology is an emerging field that combines engineering principles with plant biology toward the design and production of new devices. This emerging field should play an important role in future agriculture for traditional crop improvement, but also in enabling novel bioproduction in plants. In this review we discuss the design cycles of synthetic biology as well as key engineering principles, genetic parts, and computational tools that can be utilized in plant synthetic biology. Some pioneering examples are offered as a demonstration of how synthetic biology can be used to modify plants for specific purposes. These include synthetic sensors, synthetic metabolic pathways, and synthetic genomes. We also speculate about the future of synthetic biology of plants.
Physical examination in valvular aortic stenosis: Correlation with stenosis severity and prediction of clinical outcome

Abstract Background And Methods The goal of this study was to examine the ability of physical examination to predict valvular aortic stenosis severity and clinical outcome in 123 initially asymptomatic subjects (mean age 63 ± 16 years, 70% men) followed up for a mean of 2.5 ± 1.4 years. Results Doppler aortic jet velocity correlated with systolic murmur intensity ( P =.003) and timing ( P =.0002), a single second heart sound ( P =.01), and carotid upstroke delay ( P P P =.0008) and amplitude ( P =.0006), systolic murmur grade ( P P =.0003), and a single second heart sound ( P =.003). On multivariate Cox regression analysis, the only physical examination predictor of outcome was carotid upstroke amplitude ( P =.0001). Conclusions Although physical examination findings correlate with stenosis severity, echocardiography still is needed to exclude severe obstruction reliably when this diagnosis is suspected. (Am Heart J 1999;137:298-306.)