cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ticket to ride: Toyota and General Motors

The challenge that Toyota and GM confronted was the extent to which they should commit to alternative vehicles in light of changes in the macroenvironment and the industry context in which they operated. They had to make their choices in light of serious global environmental, energy, and security concerns that could affect oil prices. To what extent should they forego their reliance on vehicles propelled solely or almost exclusively by gasoline? Their choices included both hybrids and fuel-cell vehicles, but they could not overlook improving conventional gasoline-powered vehicles. If they committed to alternative vehicles which types should they be? Given the global uncertainties and rapidly evolving industry context, what would best fit their future plans? Global uncertainties Toyota and GM faced a range of vehicle choices including hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), and fuel-cell vehicles (FCVs). However, they also could focus on making improvements in the autos they already sold that were propelled by the internal combustion engine (ICE). An ultra-efficient gasoline engine and/or auto body that relied on cutting-edge technologies was possible. This vehicle, though not free of emissions, might prove to be highly energy efficient. To develop an ultra-efficient conventional engine, additional advances were needed in sophisticated electronic timing and sensing devices, advanced aerodynamic engineering, regenerative braking, and other areas. Many of these features later could be incorporated into hybrids and fuel-cell vehicles should that be necessary. An advanced diesel engine also was possible. Diesels might be a viable alternative in Europe and other parts of the world where they already were in widespread use and perhaps they could gain greater acceptance in the United States.
Sex differences in achievement: Distributions matter

Abstract Sex differences in general and specific aspects of reading, math, and writing were investigated using the standardization sample from the Wechsler Individual Achievement Test–Third Edition ( Pearson, 2009a ). We examined mean and variance differences, differences at points along score distributions, and the percentage of males and females in the normative descriptive ranges used for the measures (e.g., average, high average). Statistically significant and small differences were found for Oral Reading Fluency, Math Problem Solving, and a Mathematics composite. Male advantages in Math Problem Solving were more substantial among high math achievers, and the male advantage on Mathematics was largely due to advantages on Math Problem Solving. Small to moderate sex differences were found for writing. Females scored consistently higher across those distributions, with the largest differences being in essay writing and sentence composition. Percentages of the sexes whose scores were in normative descriptive categories varied across measures. Although it has been concluded generally that male and female achievement is similar due to small effect sizes, those conclusions are limited as differences are often a function of achievement level. These differences have important real-world implications, for example, related to identifying those with learning problems and talents.
Empirical analysis of the hidden terminal problem in Wireless Underground Sensor Networks

Wireless Underground Sensor Networks (WUSNs) can be widely adopted to monitor the environment in agricultural, security and ecological applications. In most applications, besides underground sensor motes, aboveground motes are deployed to gather information. However, due to the different communication ranges of the channels, hidden terminal problem occurs when multiple underground motes send data to the aboveground mote. In this paper, experiments are conducted to reveal this problem in WUSNs empirically. In addition, an RTS/CTS scheme is implemented to eliminate this problem and it is shown that the communication success can be increased from 32% to 76%. More importantly, despite its improvements in collisions, RTS/CTS schemes alone cannot guarantee successful multi-access operation due to the high variance in channel quality in WUSNs, which motivates further research in this area.
Wolbachia in the Drosophila yakuba Complex: Pervasive Frequency Variation and Weak Cytoplasmic Incompatibility, but No Apparent Effect on Reproductive Isolation.

Three hybridizing species-the clade [(Drosophila yakuba, D. santomea), D. teissieri]-comprise the yakuba complex in the D. melanogaster subgroup. Their ranges overlap on Bioko and Sao Tome, islands off west Africa. All three species are infected with Wolbachia-maternally inherited, endosymbiotic bacteria, best known for manipulating host reproduction to favor infected females. Previous analyses reported no cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) in these species. However, we discovered that Wolbachia from each species cause intraspecific and interspecific CI. In D teissieri, analyses of F1 and backcross genotypes show that both host genotype and Wolbachia variation modulate CI intensity. Wolbachia-infected females seem largely protected from intraspecific and interspecific CI, irrespective of Wolbachia and host genotypes. Wolbachia do not affect host mating behavior or female fecundity, within or between species. The latter suggests little apparent effect of Wolbachia on premating or gametic reproductive isolation (RI) between host species. In nature, Wolbachia frequencies varied spatially for D. yakuba in 2009, with 76% (N = 155) infected on Sao Tome, and only 3% (N = 36) infected on Bioko; frequencies also varied temporally in D. yakuba and D. santomea on Sao Tome between 2009 and 2015. These temporal frequency fluctuations could generate asymmetries in interspecific mating success, and contribute to postzygotic RI. However, the fluctuations in Wolbachia frequencies that we observe also suggest that asymmetries are unlikely to persist. Finally, we address theoretical questions that our empirical findings raise about Wolbachia persistence when conditions fluctuate, and about the stable coexistence of Wolbachia and host variants that modulate Wolbachia effects.
Current Trends in Research Resources from Russia, Eastern Europe, and Eurasia: Implications for Reference Services and Resource Sharing

ABSTRACTIn the last 20 years, national, regional, and academic libraries and other cultural institutions in Russia, Eastern Europe, and Central Asia have introduced subject portals, research databases, journal repositories, digital collections, research guides, and indexing resources, which scholarly communities outside these regions rely on to advance their research portfolios. In order to address the significant developments in scholarly communication and the proliferation of academic content, this article discusses recent trends in online research resources and strategies for incorporating these resources into research consultations. In addition, as these extensive networks of online resources continue to proliferate, possible models for collaboration with national and regional libraries are needed to strengthen existing partnerships with Slavic librarians outside these regions.
Quantitative analysis of crystalline silicon wafer PV modules by electroluminescence imaging

Electroluminescence (EL) images are normally used for qualitative analysis of photovoltaic (PV) modules. In this work, detailed quantitative analysis of crystalline silicon wafer PV modules is achieved using EL imaging. Rather than visually detecting problems, the method presented in this work allows people to construct a series of dark current-voltage (I-V) curves for each individual solar cell in the PV module by calibrating EL signals of the cells. The I-V characteristics of each solar cell can then be extracted, and the problems happened to individual cells can be accurately detected and quantified. This method is proved to be very effective in the degradation analysis of PV modules.
An imperialist love story: desert romances in the war on terror

In her 2015 book An Imperialist Love Story: Desert Romances in the War on Terror, Amira Jarmakani explores the surge in popularity of the desert romance subgenre of mass-market paperback fiction in...
Design of a k -space spectrometer for ultra-broad waveband spectral domain optical coherence tomography

Nonlinear sampling of the interferograms in wavenumber (k) space degrades the depth-dependent signal sensitivity in conventional spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). Here we report a linear-in-wavenumber (k-space) spectrometer for an ultra-broad bandwidth (760 nm–920 nm) SD-OCT, whereby a combination of a grating and a prism serves as the dispersion group. Quantitative ray tracing is applied to optimize the linearity and minimize the optical path differences for the dispersed wavenumbers. Zemax simulation is used to fit the point spread functions to the rectangular shape of the pixels of the line-scan camera and to improve the pixel sampling rates. An experimental SD-OCT is built to test and compare the performance of the k-space spectrometer with that of a conventional one. Design results demonstrate that this k-space spectrometer can reduce the nonlinearity error in k-space from 14.86% to 0.47% (by approximately 30 times) compared to the conventional spectrometer. The 95% confidence interval for RMS diameters is 5.48 ± 1.76 μm—significantly smaller than both the pixel size (14 μm × 28 μm) and the Airy disc (25.82 μm in diameter, calculated at the wavenumber of 7.548 μm−1). Test results demonstrate that the fall-off curve from the k-space spectrometer exhibits much less decay (maximum as −5.20 dB) than the conventional spectrometer (maximum as –16.84 dB) over the whole imaging depth (2.2 mm).
Mediating Asia| Between State and Capital: Asia’s Media Revolution in the Age of Neo-Liberal Globalization

The media revolution that has swept across Asia since the 1990s is often characterized as a technologically driven phenomenon. At a deeper level, it has been animated by a multifaceted neoliberal political project and economic globalization, which has in turn fueled the rise of satellite, broadband, and mobile media. As technologies and cultural options proliferated, policy makers in many countries of East Asia and the Middle East have shifted their priorities from the regulation of distribution and personal consumption to the promotion of favored commercial partners and hybrid state media institutions. Focusing on Arab and Chinese screen media, this article examines the profound tensions between transnational commercial media capital and nationally based official media capital, delineating some of the complex dynamics that are remediating Asia in ways that were previously unimaginable.
SCALE INSECT DIVERSITY IN CENTRAL AMERICA, WITH EMPHASIS ON THE SOFT SCALES (HEMIPTERA: COCCIDAE)

SCALE INSECT DIVERSITY IN CENTRAL AMERICA, WITH EMPHASIS ON THE SOFT SCALES (HEMIPTERA: COCCIDAE). Central America, which includes Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and Panama, has provided a continuous land bridge for the mixing of the floras and faunas of North and South America for millions of years. Due to their complex geological and climatic histories, these countries have experienced repeated invasions and establishment of flora and fauna from both North and South America and have served as centres of speciation and biotic diversification. Today, this area boasts one of the highest diversities of insect species and yet little is known about the scale insects of this region. This paper represents a summary of the current understanding of soft scale insect diversity and distribution for these seven countries of Central America, from which only 20 genera and 56 species of Coccidae are recorded. Key words: biodiversity, Neotropical region.
Relationship between duration of preoperative symptoms and postoperative ileus for small bowel obstruction

Abstract Background Factors associated with postoperative ileus and increased resource utilization for patients who undergo operative intervention for small-bowel obstruction are not extensively studied. We evaluated the association between total duration of preoperative symptoms and postoperative outcomes in this population. Materials and methods We performed a retrospective review of patients who underwent surgery for small-bowel obstruction (2013-2016). Clinical data were recorded. Total duration of preoperative symptoms included all symptoms before operation, including those before presentation. Primary endpoint was time to tolerance of diet. Secondary endpoints included length of stay, total parenteral nutrition use, and intensive care unit admission. Association between variables and outcomes was analyzed using univariable analysis, multivariable Poisson modeling, and t-test to compare groups. Results Sixty-seven patients were included. On presentation, the median duration of symptoms before hospitalization was 2 d (range 0-18 d). Total duration of preoperative symptoms was associated with time to tolerance of diet on univariable analysis (Pearson's moment correlation: 0.28, 95% confidence interval: 0.028-0.5, P = 0.03). On multivariable analysis, ascites was correlated with time to tolerance of diet (P Conclusions Our findings demonstrate that preoperative ascites correlated with increased time to tolerance of diet, and duration of preoperative symptoms may be related to postoperative ileus.
Creating National Practice Standards Through Collaboration

Abstract The volatile state of health care today drives change not only in how we practice as neurosurgeons and physicians but also within the clinical setting and hospital systems. With the push for evidence-based, cost-effective health care, the practice styles of surgeons are slowly changing. However, evidence-based medicine and cost-effectiveness tend not to blend well together as randomized clinical trials are costly but may have high impact on a specialized subpopulation. Computerized database research and registries are a way the medical community can obtain large cohort, real-world outcomes about treatments and devices, which then can be developed into guidelines and protocols to help augment evidence-based care. Both private and academic institutional collaboration with these databases and registries is crucial within the neurosurgical community to continually advance our medical field in a more consistent, safe, and monetarily conscientious manner.
Dislocation Drag Mechanisms — Electron Drag on Mobile Dislocations in Copper

By varying the magnetic field while deforming copper crystals, we have measured the electron drag on mobile dislocations at various low temperatures. This drag is found to be independent of temperature and varies with the square of the magnetic field. A model which quantitatively explains the results, including the temperature dependence, strain rate dependence, and field dependence, shows that mobile dislocations move as underdamped oscillators.
Sex Cord-Stromal (Gonadal Stromal) Tumors of the Testis: A Report of 5 Cases

AbstractSex cord-stromal (gonadal stromal) tumors of the testis account for less than 4 per cent of the testicular tumors. The Leydig cell tumor in a child may produce isosexual virilization (case 3). In the adult it may have no endocrine manifestation (case 1) or gynecomastia and decrease in libido may result from production of estrogens (case 2). Sertoli cell tumors (case 4) and granulosa cell tumors (case 5) are rare
In situ TEM observations of initial oxidation behavior in Fe-rich Fe-Cr alloys

Abstract Two nanocrystalline alloys of Fe-4Cr and Fe-16Cr were sputter deposited and formed a solid solution A2 phase. Each alloy was then in situ annealed up to 800 °C with the phase and microstructure quantified by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The low partial pressure of oxygen in the TEM column (~2.6 × 10−6Pa) oxidized both films at temperatures at and above 700 °C. However, the oxide morphologies were quite different. The Fe-4Cr revealed nanosphere Cr oxide clusters within the grains which have been explained by the thermodynamic preference for Cr to be in solution. The Fe-16Cr precipitated distinct Cr2O3 grains which have been described by Cr phase separation at the grain boundaries. Iron oxide was not observed and demonstrating Cr's strong preference for oxygen, even in very low oxygen environments. Using precession electron diffraction (PED), the grain characters of these boundaries were determined to reveal a significant effect of high angle grain boundaries on the growth and precipitation behavior of the oxides. The collective results reveal the initial stages of oxidation evolution in nanocrystalline grains, the role of Cr content on such behavior.
The Politics of Regionalization in Victoria's Education Department, 1955 to 1979

Recent ethnographic research (Macpherson, 1984) into the realities of three regional directorships in Victoria in the early 1980s stimulated this examination of the influence that politicians and leading educational administrators have had on regionalization policy in earlier decades. Data from that study consistently indicated that politico-historical forces explained much of what later emerged as ‘policy’.This paper begins with the bureaucratic and political machinations of the late 1950s and 1960s, concerned with regionalism, before relating the establishment and development of regional administration to wider Australian contexts and to assumptions and practices in the Education Department during that period. The descriptive treatment serves to emphasize the status of Victoria's regionalization policy in education between 1955 and 1979 as a political artefact that was largely and reluctantly negotiated among centrally located bureaucrats and politicians.
Scott Gottlieb's Resignation as FDA Commissioner Is a Loss for Translational Medicine.

On March 5, 2019, Dr. Scott Gottlieb announced that he was resigning as the commissioner of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Although many people were initially skeptical that Dr. Gottlieb would be effective leader at the FDA, given his prior antiregulatory comments as well as his ties
Nanostim leadless pacemaker retrieval and simultaneous micra leadless pacemaker replacement: a single-center experience

The leadless pacemaker (LP) is a promising new technology in pacing therapy that avoids a generator pocket and transvenous lead-related complications. However, extraction experience with simultaneous re-implant of a leadless device remains limited. We sought to study the outcomes of Nanostim LP retrieval and simultaneous reimplantation of Micra LP. Patients undergoing retrieval of the Nanostim LP and receiving a Micra LP implant between 2016 and 2018 at Mayo Clinic (Rochester, MN) were studied. The procedural and outcome data were collected from the electronic medical record. Nine patients underwent attempted Nanostim LP retrieval and 6 of these simultaneously received a Micra LP reimplant. All retrievals were considered chronic due to implant durations of > 1 year. Extraction procedures were completed with a success rate of 89% and simultaneous reimplantations were performed successfully in all cases with no major complications. Newly implanted Micra LP device function was normal at follow-up. Factors such as duration of device implant and device positioning appeared to impact ease of extraction. Retrieval of the Nanostim LP system and simultaneous replacement with an alternate Micra leadless device appears to be a feasible approach.
Second victim phenomenon: Is 'just culture' a reality? An integrative review.

Abstract Background Despite rigorous and multiple attempts to establish a culture of patient safety and a goal to decrease incidence of patient deaths in the health care, estimations of preventable mortality due to medical errors varied widely from 44,000 to 250,000 in hospital settings. This magnitude of medical errors establishes patient safety as being at the forefront of public concerns, healthcare practice and research. In addition to the potential negative impact on patients and the healthcare system, medical errors evoke intense psychological responses in health care providers' responses that threaten their personal and professional selves, and their ability to deliver high quality patient care. Studies show half of all hospital providers will suffer from second victim phenomena at least once in their careers. Health care institutions have begun a paradigm shift from blame to fairness, referred to as ‘just culture’. ‘Just culture’ better ensures that a balanced, responsible approach for both providers who err and healthcare organizations in which they practice, and shifts the focus to designing improved systems in the workplace. Objectives The aim of this review was to identify: how medical errors affect health care professionals, as second victims; and how health care organizations can make ‘just culture’ a reality. Design An integrative review was performed using a methodical three-step search on the concept of second victims' perceptions and responses, as well as ‘just culture’ of health care institutions. Results A total of 42 research studies were identified involving health care professionals: 10 qualitative studies; eight mixed-method studies; and 24 quantitative studies. Second victims' perceptions of the current ‘just culture’ included: 1) fear of repercussions of reporting medical errors as a barrier; 2) supportive safety leadership is central to reducing fear of error reporting; 3) improved education on adverse event reporting, developing positive feedback when adverse events are reported, and the development of non-punitive error guidelines for health care professionals are needed; and 4) the need for development of standard operating procedures for health care facility peer-support teams. Conclusions Second victims' perceptions of organizational and peer support are a part of ‘just culture’. Enhanced support for second victims may improve the quality of health care, strengthen the emotional support of the health care professionals, and build relationships between health care institutions and staff. Although some programs are in place in health care institutions to support ‘just culture’ and second victims, more comprehensive programs are needed.
Early posttherapy clearance of human papillomavirus and treatment response in cervical carcinoma.

BACKGROUND Among patients with cervical cancer, little is known about the significance of persistent human papillomavirus (HPV) expression after chemoradiation (CRT). This study evaluated associations between early posttreatment HPV clearance and patient outcomes with an added focus on the value of posttherapy positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. METHODS Included patients underwent pretreatment testing indicating a high-risk HPV infection and posttreatment testing with a messenger RNA (mRNA)-based genital swab after CRT. Posttherapy responses were stratified on the basis of HPV mRNA detection into an early clearance (EC) group (no mRNA) and a persistent expression (PE) group (detectable mRNA) on the basis of an evaluation at a median of 6 weeks after therapy. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to compare outcomes, and multivariable analysis was used to identify predictors of outcomes. RESULTS Seventy-two of the 97 eligible patients (74.2%) had EC. The mean follow-up time was 25 months (range, 4-56 months), and 2-year pelvic control (76.9% vs 50.2%; P = .01) and overall survival (OS; 80.9% vs 52.2%; P < .01) were superior among EC patients. In the multivariable analysis, EC predicted for improved survival (hazard ratio [HR] for mortality, 0.46; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.21-0.96; P = .047), as did a complete response (CR) on posttherapy PET (HR for less than a CR on PET, 6.17; 95% CI, 2.58-14.72; P < .01). In a subset analysis of patients with a posttherapy PET CR, HPV clearance retained prognostic significance (2-year OS, 95.6% with EC vs 66.7% with PE; P = .04), whereas PE patients without a PET CR had the worst survival (35.9%; P < .01 for trend). CONCLUSIONS Early posttherapy clearance of HPV is associated with improved survival in cervical cancer. Evaluating HPV expression at this 6-week time point provides prognostic information beyond posttherapy PET imaging and may aid in risk stratification and decisions for treatment escalation.
Hepatitis C Knowledge and Recent Diagnosis Affect Hepatitis C Treatment Willingness in Persons Living With HIV.

BACKGROUND We assessed the impact of health literacy and hepatitis C (HCV) knowledge on HCV treatment willingness among people living with HIV (PLWH) at an academic HIV clinic. METHODS Cross-sectional analysis of PLWH coinfected with HCV who completed health literacy, HIV literacy, and HCV knowledge inventories. We estimated the prevalence of low health literacy, HIV knowledge, and HCV knowledge sampled from 3-comparison groups: PLWH not referred for HCV, referred but who "not showed" to the HCV clinic, and referred and attended the HCV clinic. We used mixed-model linear and logistic regression to ascertain predictors of low health literacy, HIV knowledge, HCV knowledge, and predictors of willingness to start HCV treatment. RESULTS We enrolled 151 PLWH; 17% were female, 38% non-White, and 60% without a high-school education. Approximately, 68% were men who have sex with men, of whom 62% used intravenous drugs. The prevalence of low health, HIV knowledge, and HCV knowledge was 10%, 32%, and 29%, respectively. Predictors of low health literacy were being Hispanic, cirrhotic, and not completing high-school education. Low HCV knowledge was observed in female, non-White, and those diagnosed with HCV for a decade. In adjusted analyses, PLWH living with HCV for a decade (OR: 0.23) were less likely to be very willing to be treated for HCV. By contrast, those with high HCV knowledge were more likely to be very willing to receive treatment (OR: 1.27). CONCLUSION Low HCV knowledge and living with HCV for at least a decade are under-recognized negative predictors for PLWH's willingness to receive HCV treatment. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION ClinicaTrials.gov identifier: NCT20170991.
Real-time experiential geosimulation in virtual reality with immersion-emission

The aim of this work is to develop closer connectivity between real, lived human encounters in everyday life and geosimulation that might be tasked and designed to experiment with synthetic variations of those experiences. In particular, we propose that geosimulation can be used in close connection with virtual geographic environments and virtual reality environments to build human-in-the-loop interactivity between real people and geosimulation of the geographies that they experience. We introduce a novel scheme based on immersion and emission by socio-visual gaze to facilitate connectivity between human users and geosimulation. To examine the utility of the approach, we present a worked demonstration for examining road-crossing behavior in downtown settings for Brooklyn, NY.
Linguistic Composition of Semantic Maps and Hybrid Controllers

This work combines semantic maps with hybrid control models, generating a direct link between action and environment models to produce a control policy for mobile manipulation in unstructured environments. First, we generate a semantic map for our environment and design a base model of robot action. Then, we combine this map and action model using the Motion Grammar Calculus to produce a combined robot-environment model. Using this combined model, we apply supervisory control to produce a policy for the manipulation task. We demonstrate this approach on a Segway RMP-200 mobile platform.
Current definitions and Schwinger terms

It is demonstrated that the apparent breakdown of Lorentz invariance in current-current interaction theories may be resolved, at least to lowest order in the coupling, by altering the definition of the currentjμ. This is accomplished by multiplying the naive definition by an exponential factor,\(\left[ {i\lambda \int\limits_{\alpha - s}^{\alpha + s} {d\varphi ^\nu j_\nu \left( \varphi \right)} } \right]\), and proving the theory to be consistent with Lorentz invariance to lowest order in a Taylor-series expansion of the exponential. Possible effects due to higher-order terms in the exponential are briefly mentioned, including the possibility of their affecting the validity of the CVC and PCAC theorems.
New Measurements and Corner-Guidance for Curve Matching with Probabilistic Relaxation

Reliable curve matching is a difficult yet important problem in many vision-based applications including image-based modeling. We describe in this paper two aspects of our research in this area: a new algorithm for curve matching (including lines) within a probabilistic relaxation framework, and an approach of incorporating previously matched points/corners to guide curve matching. We propose similarity-invariant unary and binary measurements suitable for curves, and introduce an additional measurement to model the uncertainty of the binary measurements. The uncertainty measure is proven to be very important in computing the matching support from neighboring matches. We also show how to use a set of previously matched points/corners to guide the curve matching. The role of the corner guidance is explicitly modeled by a set of unary measurements and a similarity function under the same relaxation framework. Preprocessing techniques contributing to the success of our curve matching techniques are also developed and discussed. Experiments with complex real scenes show that the rate of correct matching is higher than 98%.
Becoming a Mathematics Teacher-Educator: Conceptualizing the Terrain Through Self-Reflective Analysis

My purpose in this article is to contribute tothe conceptualization of the complex terrainthat often is indiscriminately termedmathematics teacher educator development.Because this terrain is largely unresearched, Iinterweave experience fragments of my owndevelopment as a mathematics teacher educator,and reflective analysis of those fragments, asa tool to abstract notions of generalimplication. In particular, I postulate aframework consisting of four stages ofdevelopment that are distinguished by thedomain of activities one's reflections mayfocus on and the nature of those reflections.Drawing on this framework, I presentimplications for mathematics teacher educatordevelopment and for further research.
Frequency-domain interpolation of long structures for system-level Signal Integrity analysis

System-level modeling requires cascading frequency domain characteristics of the subparts of the system. It can only be done if the data is given in the same frequency samples. Since often it is not the case, interpolation has to be done to reduce the data to the same frequency points. Incorrect interpolation might create nonsense artifacts, especially if the model includes a long structure. In the present work interpolation problems of a frequency response data are studied. The practical solution for these problems is suggested and different measured test cases are investigated.
Direct Measurement of Angle-Dependent Single Photon Ionization of N2 and CO2

We present a novel method for determining the angular dependence of molecular photoionization, by measuring time-dependent ionization yields from transiently aligned molecules. This method allows us to map the angular dependence of nondissociative singlephoton ionization for molecules (N2 and CO2) for the first time.
Transition of a Z 3 topologically ordered phase to trivial and critical phases

Topologically ordered quantum systems have robust physical properties, such as quasiparticle statistics, and ground-state degeneracy, which do not depend on the microscopic details of the Hamiltonian. We consider topological phase transitions under a deformation such as an effective string tension on a ${\mathbb{Z}}_{3}$ topological state. This is studied in terms of the gauge-symmetry-preserved quantum state renormalization group, first proposed by He, Moradi, and Wen [Phys. Rev. B 90, 205114 (2014)]. In this approach modular matrices $S$ and $T$ can be obtained and used as order parameters to characterize the topological properties of the phase and determine phase transitions. From a mapping to a classical two-dimensional Potts model on the square lattice, the critical string tension, at which the transition to a topologically trivial phase takes place, can be obtained analytically and agrees with the numerically determined value. Such a transition can be generalized to a ${\mathbb{Z}}_{N}$ topological model under a string tension and determined in the same way. With different deformations, the ${\mathbb{Z}}_{3}$ topological phase can also be driven to a critical phase, which contains, in the large deformation limit, the wave function analogous to the Rokhsar-Kivelson point in the quantum dimer model in one case and the fully packed loop model in another case.
PEFLINS: A Family of Penta EF-Hand Proteins

Penta-EF hand proteins, or PEFLINs, belong to the superfamily of regulatory Ca2+-binding proteins with EF-hand motifs. The calcium-binding domain is ∼170 residues long and contains five EF-hand motifs, of which only some retain the ability to bind calcium. Within individual molecules the (1st + 2nd) and (3rd + 4th) EF-hands are associated in pairs while the 5th EF-hand is unpaired. This domain is associated with an N-terminal domain of varying length, usually 20 to 100 residues long and with a Gly/Pro-rich region. Binding of Ca2+ promotes association of these proteins with membranes, and in vitro leads to aggregation. On the basis of the 1st EF-hand, these proteins are divided into two subfamilies. Calpain, grancalcin, and sorcin have a one-residue deletion in the Ca2+-binding loop between helices E and F and form a distinct variant of calcium binding. ALG-2 and peflin have the canonical EF1 hand and bind calcium in a standard way. All penta-EF hand proteins form homo- or heterodimers. The dimerization is promoted by pairing of the 5th EF-hand of each molecule; thus in the dimer all EF-hands are paired. Binding of Ca2+ promotes only small, mostly local, conformational changes and it is plausible that binding of a concomitant partner molecule is required for larger rearrangements to occur. 3D Structure Keywords: peflins; EF-hand; calcium binding; calpain; grancalcin; sorcin; ALG-2; peflin; penta-EF hand proteins; calcium-induced conformational changes
A simplified generator coordinate treatment for pairing correlations

Abstract A simple approximation for treating the pairing Hamiltonian, based on a generator coordinate treatment of the BCS method is demonstrated. The new feature is a partial projection to fixed particle number which still retains the simplicity of the BCS equations.
Policy Impact and House Price Development at the Neighbourhood-level—a Comparison of Four Urban Regeneration Areas using the Concept of “Artificial” Value Creation

Urban planning measures and restructuring policies tend to cause unintended increases in house prices. The study compares urban renewal areas with respect to such policy impact on housing and neighbourhood quality and house prices in two city-contexts: Amsterdam and Budapest. It shows how four neighbourhoods that have been subject to various forms of urban regeneration differ in their trajectories of house price development. The results tie with well-documented, mostly Anglo-American experiences of related phenomena such as New Urbanism, Neo-traditional communities and gentrification. Furthermore, the study merges two research objectives that often are seen as incompatible: housing markets and urban regeneration.
TH‐C‐201B‐07: How Accurate Is Estimating CT Skin Dose Based on CTDI?

Purpose: To explore alternative techniques for the measurement of CTskin dose and compare with the CTDI method. Method and Materials: Using a Farmer chamber point doses were measured under various scan conditions on the surface of anthropomorphic phantoms as well as at the top‐hole position of CTDI phantoms on two CTscanners of different manufacturers. Also at the top‐hole position of CTDI head and body phantoms CTDI100 values were measured using a 100mm pencil ion chamber. These CTDI100 (top) values were then normalized by the pitch factors. The ratio of CTDI100 (top)/pitch over the point dose was obtained under each scan condition and evaluated for quantitatively determining if the CTDI method underestimates or overestimates skin dose. Size of the Farmer chamber (length 18.8mm) prompted the use of nanoDOT dosimeters (4mm diameter Landauer) for additional point dose measurements under the same conditions as the Farmer chamber. The nano DOTs were calibrated using the same kVp as the CT scans;calibration was conducted separately for each ∼20–65%. Results: For cine scans CTDI100 (top)/pitch overestimated skin dose by‐20–65%. For helical scans CTDI100 (top)/pitch overestimated skin dose by ∼20–50%. The variations mainly depend on the size and shape of the phantom and on the type of scanner. The nanoDOT system produced results in general agreement (within 15%) of those obtained using a Farmer chamber. Conclusion: Alternative techniques using Farmer chamber and nanoDOTs for determination of CTskin dose were evaluated and compared to CTDI results. Farmer chamber produces readily available dose reading vs the nanoDOTs which must be processed using a separate readout system. On the other hand nanoDOTs can be attached to a patient's skin for monitoring skin dose during a clinical exam and do not cause artifacts in images. Both techniques show promise for clinically practical skin dose CTdosimetry.
Vibrational levels and anharmonicity in SF6—II. Anharmonic and potential constants☆

Abstract Expressions for the vibrational energy levels of spherical-top molecules are reviewed. We show that even without a full analysis of the anharmonic splitting of higher vibrational states, the positions of many observed transitions can be adequately described with “effective” anharmonicity constants that combine some of the (unknown) splitting terms together with the “true” anharmonicity constants X ij . A notation is developed that distinguishes between the effective constants obtained from binary ( X ′ ij ) and various types of ternary ( X ′' ij , …) combinations. On this basis we analyze the data set of the previous paper on the vibrational levels of SF 6 , based largely on FTIR spectra obtained at a resolution of 0.05 cm −1 . Many of the anharmonicity constants determine the frequencies of several bands, and can be fitted to the data by least-squares regression with standard deviations of 0.001-0.05 cm −1 . Of the 21 constants X ij , we obtain values for six, plus 12 X ′ ij s obtained from binary combinations and one ( X ‴ 22 ) from ternary combinations. Of the two constants undetermined in this paper, a precise value of X 33 is available from high-resolution spectroscopy of 3ν 3 , and only X 35 remains unknown. The fit also yields band origins for the i.r.-inactive bending fundamentals ν 5 and ν 6 . Using these constants, we estimate the harmonic fundamental frequencies ω i . The general quadratic force field of SF 6 has been redetermined, using as constraints in the F 1 u block the central-atom isotopic frequency shifts and the Coriolis constants ζ 3 and ζ 4 .
Toward silicon-based longwave integrated optoelectronics (LIO)

The vision of longwave silicon photonics articulated in the Journal of Optics A, vol. 8, pp 840-848, 2006 has now come into sharper focus. There is evidence that newly designed silicon-based optoelectronic circuits will operate at any wavelength within the wide 1.6 to 200 μm range. Approaches to that LWIR operation are reviewed here. A long-range goal is to manufacture LWIR OEIC chips in a silicon foundry by integrating photonics on-chip with CMOS, bipolar, or BiCMOS micro-electronics. A principal LWIR application now emerging is the sensing of chemical and biological agents with an OE laboratory-on-a-chip. Regarding on-chip IR sources, the hybrid evanescent-wave integration of III-V interband-cascade lasers and quantum-cascade lasers on silicon (or Ge/Si) waveguides is a promising technique, although an alternative all-group-IV solution is presently taking shape in the form of silicon-based Ge/SiGeSn band-to-band and inter-subband lasers. There is plenty of room for creativity in developing a complete suite of LWIR components. Materials modification, device innovation, and scaling of waveguide dimensions are needed to implement microphotonic, plasmonic and photonic-crystal LWIR devices, both active and passive. Such innovation will likely lead to significant LIO applications.
Organization and expression of vh gene families preferentially expressed by ly‐1+ (cd5) b cells

Previously we have shown that a high proportion (5%-15%) of peritoneal Ly-1+ B cells that bind the common membrane phospholipid, phosphatidylcholine, express either of two VH genes. One of these genes, CH34VH, belongs to the recently described VH11 family, whereas the other VH gene, CH27VH, is reported here to belong to a new, single-member family which we designate VH12. We have characterized these new VH families in terms of strain polymorphism, map position relative to nine other VH gene families, and frequency of expression in polyclonally stimulated splenic B cell populations. We find that VH11 and VH12 genes are expressed at frequencies similar to the VH genes of other families in the spleen, and that these genes are not located among the J-proximal VH segments which are preferentially expressed during early development. These results suggest that the VH11 and VH12 genes are not preferentially rearranged, and support our earlier studies which suggested that the high frequency of VH11 and VH12 expression among peritoneal Ly-1 B cells is due to antigen selection.
Plus Ca Change: The High-Tech Child in Historical Perspective.

More than a century ago, American educators decried the overpressure and overcompetitiveness of the country's schools. These concerns have endured through subsequent generations. During this period, such technological innovations in mass distribution of information as the telegraph, the telephone, and television have failed to reduce the public's degree of stress. Thus it is unlikely that the use of computers will provide significant relief from everyday pressures. Today's children should learn about emotions and attitudes as well as intellectual skills. Any child's development is unpredictable and depends on the child's temperament. Parents cannot engineer a child's intelligence in any mechanistic sense, but Americans' mechanization of their ideas of the world and of themselves will continue to affect efforts to educate their children.
Hydroxycinnamates in lignification

Hydroxycinnamates incorporate into lignins by various mechanisms. The polysaccharide esters of ferulate, in particular, and the range of dehydrodiferulates and higher oligomers in grasses, participate in free-radical (cross-)coupling reactions during lignification to become integrally bound into the lignin polymer, resulting in extensive cross-linking between lignins and polysaccharides. Monolignol-hydroxycinnamate (primarily monolignol-p-coumarate) conjugates are primary building blocks for lignins, again in grasses (but analogously with monolignol acetates and p-hydroxybenzoates in other plants); radical coupling reactions of the monolignol moiety of the conjugate result in lignins with pendant p-coumarate units acylating a variety of lignin structures. Recent evidence suggests that even the hydroxycinnamic acids themselves can be monomers in lignification in wild-type and transgenic plants, undergoing radical cross-coupling reactions to incorporate into the polymer with interesting consequences. The compatibility of ferulate, in particular, with lignification suggests that plants able to utilize monolignol-ferulate conjugates in their primary monomer supply will be particularly well suited for subsequent chemical delignification, potentially improving processes for biomass conversion to biofuels, and for chemical pulping.
DMP 504, a novel hydrogel bile acid sequestrant: II. Lipid‐lowering pharmacology in the hamster

DMP 504 is a novel hydrogel bile acid sequestrant in development for the treatment of moderate hypercholesterolemia. The drug is a condensation polymer synthesized from 1,10-dibromodecane and 1,6-diaminohexane. In vitro binding studies demonstrate that DMP 504 is superior to cholestyramine (CS) with respect to equilibrium binding capacity and affinity for bile acids. The goals of the research reported herein were to assess the in vivo hypolipidemic activity of DMP 504, to elucidate the mechanism of action of DMP 504, and to determine the potency of DMP 504 relative to CS in hamsters. Six dose groups each of DMP 504 and CS were included in the study, along with an untreated control group. The DMP 504 doses ranged from 20–1,000 mg/kg/day for 14 days; CS doses ranged from 50–2,000 mg/kg/day for 14 days. There were 48 animals per dose group; drugs were administered in the feed. At the midpoints of the dose-response curves, DMP 504 was superior to CS with respect to increasing the output of fecal bile acids (7-fold) and sterols (3-fold), increasing the activity of hepatic cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase activity (C7αOH) (6-fold), and decreasing the circulating levels of total serum cholesterol (6-fold), non-HDL cholesterol (6-fold), and HDL cholesterol (4-fold). Neither DMP 504 nor CS had significant effects on serum triglycerides or apo-B. In summary, DMP 504 is a new bile acid sequestrant that is mechanistically similar to CS, but is, on average, 6-fold more potent. Drug Dev. Res. 41:65–75, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Division Manager Lobbying Power and the Allocation of Capital

We investigate whether division manager lobbying power affects the allocation of capital in multi-divisional firms. We find that firm-level disparities in division manager lobbying power (measured by tenure, time-in-position, board membership, and top executive status) affect capital allocation in expected ways. Managers with greater relative lobbying power compete for capital expenditures from a position of strength. Evidence is also provided which suggests that division manager ownership mitigates lobbying efforts. Furthermore, disparity in division manager lobbying power is associated with lower firm excess value. These results support the view that division manager influence activities impact the operation of internal capital markets.
Properties of mechanosensitive neurons within Auerbach's plexus of the small intestine of the cat

Three different kinds of mechanosensitive neurons were detected by direct electrical recording from Auerbach's plexus. Neurons classified as fast-adapting mechanoreceptors discharged spikes at the onset of stimulation, and the discharge stopped during a sustained stimulus of constant intensity. Slowly-adapting mechanoreceptors maintained during sustained stimulation, a steady discharge at a frequency that was a direct function of the intensity of the stimulus. Tonic-type neurons responded to mechanical stimulation with a prolonged train of spikes which had a consistent pattern from preparation to preparation. Once the tonic-type cells were triggered, the discharge followed a characteristic time course that was unchanged by further increase or decrease in stimulus intensity. Tonic-type neurons are probably not first order sensory neurons, but they may be activated by input derived from primary mechanoreceptors. Frequency of discharge of slowly-adapting mechanoreceptors was increased by histamine. This appeared to be secondary to histamine-induced contractile activity of the musculature.