cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Photosynthetic gas exchange, CAM-Cycling, and the ecophysiology of the prostrate-leaved geophyte Brunsvigia orientalis from South Africa

Abstract The large leaves of Brunsvigia orientalis and a number of other South African geophytes lie prostrate on the soil, yet potential adaptive benefits of this growth form, as well as the ecophysiology of such plants, remain little studied. Stomatal densities and photosynthetic capacity of the adaxial sides of the leaves of B. orientalis were greater than those of the abaxial sides. Photosynthetic gas exchange at different atmospheric CO2 concentrations was always more limited by the biochemical capacity of photosynthesis of the abaxial side of the leaf, relative to that of the adaxial side. Effects of different temperatures and light levels on photosynthetic gas exchange provided some evidence of adaptation to exposed environments, but interpretation of results was confounded by plant growth conditions. Drought stress substantially reduced photosynthetic rates, although via different mechanisms for the two sides of the leaf. Such stress also induced CAM-Cycling in these thick, but non-succulent, leaves. The results provide little support for the use of soil-respired CO2 by the lower sides of these prostrate leaves, yet reveal previously unknown adaptations of these plants to their stressful environment.
Real-time crash risk prediction using long short-term memory recurrent neural network

With the help of traffic detectors widely deployed along arterial roads and intersections, real-time traffic data are collected and updated in a very short time period, which makes it possible to c...
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide induced resistance against root-knot nematode Meloidogyne hapla is based on increased tomato basal defense.

Root-knot nematodes (RKN; Meloidogyne spp.) are among the most damaging pests to tomato production in the USA and worldwide, with yield losses ranging from 25 to 100%. Host resistance conferred by the Mi gene in tomato is effective against some species of RKN (e.g. M. incognita, M. javanica, and M. arenaria); however, there are virulent species and lines including M. hapla and M. eterolobii that break Mi-mediated resistance. Plant innate immunity is another possible form of defense against pathogen attack and is known to be induced by chemical elicitors. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is one such chemical elicitor that regulates plant defense responses to multiple biotic stresses. In this study, we investigated the role of NAD in the context of induced tomato innate immunity and RKN pathogenicity in two tomato cultivars; VFN and Rutgers, with and without Mi, respectively. Single soil drench application of NAD 24 hr before nematode inoculation significantly induced defense response pathways, reduced infective-juveniles penetration, number of galls, and increased plant mass in both cultivars. Importantly, we observed no direct toxic effects of NAD on nematode viability and infectivity. The results presented here suggest that NAD induces resistance against RKN pathogenicity likely through the accumulation of tomato basal defense responses rather than the direct effect on the infective-juveniles behavior. Root-knot nematodes (RKN; Meloidogyne spp.) are among the most damaging pests to tomato production in the USA and worldwide, with yield losses ranging from 25 to 100%. Host resistance conferred by the Mi gene in tomato is effective against some species of RKN (e.g. M. incognita, M. javanica, and M. arenaria); however, there are virulent species and lines including M. hapla and M. eterolobii that break Mi-mediated resistance. Plant innate immunity is another possible form of defense against pathogen attack and is known to be induced by chemical elicitors. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is one such chemical elicitor that regulates plant defense responses to multiple biotic stresses. In this study, we investigated the role of NAD in the context of induced tomato innate immunity and RKN pathogenicity in two tomato cultivars; VFN and Rutgers, with and without Mi, respectively. Single soil drench application of NAD 24 hr before nematode inoculation significantly induced defense response pathways, reduced infective-juveniles penetration, number of galls, and increased plant mass in both cultivars. Importantly, we observed no direct toxic effects of NAD on nematode viability and infectivity. The results presented here suggest that NAD induces resistance against RKN pathogenicity likely through the accumulation of tomato basal defense responses rather than the direct effect on the infective-juveniles behavior.
Challenges and Opportunities of Bioenergy With Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS) for Communities

What do we know about community scale perceptions and desirability of BECCS? What does research on the governance of BECCS say about policy relevant to community scale challenges and opportunities? The social acceptability of BECCS is influenced by contextual factors such as the source and use of the CO2, and the policy environment. Sustainable BECCS has a particular geography, and communities may be affected by its system boundaries and requirements in terms of feedstocks, transport, and infrastructure design. BECCS cannot be viewed on just the community scale without considering how national and global scales influence system design. The limited research relevant to BECCS on the community scale looks at public acceptance or social license, rather than opportunities for communities. Future research can move beyond “social impact” to study “social demand” for BECCS, and identify opportunities for communities along the farm-to-underground or farm-to-product chain.
The Best Words: Linguistic Indicators of Grandiose Narcissism in Politics:

At a 2015 campaign event, Donald Trump claimed, “I have the best words.” While remarks like these have inspired extensive commentary on grandiosity in politics, few studies have investigated how gr...
DC Voltage Control of Inverter Interfaced Dual Active Bridge Converter for V2L applications

This paper proposed a dc voltage control for inverter interfaced dual active bridge converter. This converter is used in SiC based on-board charger for electric vehicle. The inverter interfaced dual active bridge converter has a dc link as a middle stage of AC/DC conversion. This dc-link voltage is unstable without control. Especially in applications like vehicle-to-load (V2L) applications, the converter is required to operate under both 120-volt ac load and 480-volt ac load so the vehicle can export power to external loads. The large variation of dc link voltage requires a robust general dc voltage control to guarantee a safe operation of load change. This paper analytically derives the small-signal model of the inverter interfaced dual active bridge converter at wide range of operating point. Based on the small-signal model, a robust dc voltage control is proposed to adapt to the wide range of dc link voltage. The proposed dc voltage control is verified by a 25-kW SiC based inverter interfaced dual active bridge converter prototype.
A survey of epidemic status of principal human parasites in Guangdong Province in 2015

Objective To analyze the epidemic status of principal human parasites, so as to provide scientific evidence for making prevention countermeasures for Guangdong Province in the future. Methods In 2015, a survey was performed according to the scheme of "The 3rd National Survey of Principal Human Parasites" as well as the incidence of parasites disease in Guangdong Province, the residents at 48 investiation sites in counties were surveyed. The survey of the soil-transmitted nematodes(Ascariasis, Ancylostoma, Trichuris trichiura and Enterobius vermicularis) and intestinal protozoa were performed based on the ecological regions and stratified by economic and geographic situation. The survey of food borne Clonorchis sinensis was performed along with the soil-transmitted nematodes in rural areas, and it was performed by the sample method of random cluster in cities and towns. The residents in each investigation site as the object, the ovum of the soil-transmitted nematodes, Clonorchis sinensis and other helminths were examed by the modified Kato-Katz method, test tube filter paper was used to identify Hookwormspecies, and the intestinal protozoa was checked by direct smear method. The transparent tape anal swabs method for children aged 3-6 years to check Enterobius vermicularis. Results Totally 12 401 residents of 48 survey sites from 22 counties were surveyed, and the total infection rate of intestinal parasites was 8.29% (1 028/12 401) . The infection rate of soil-transmitted nematodes was 3.39% (420/12 401), in which the infection rate of Ascariasis, Ancylostoma, Trichuris trichiura and Enterobius vermicularis were 0.52% (64/12 401), 1.89% (234/12 401), 0.46% (57/12 401), and 0.52% (65/12 401), respectively. The infection rate of Clonorchis sinensis was 4.90% (608/12 401). Nine hundred and sixty-seven children were tested for eggs of Enterobius vermicularis with the infection rate of 12.41% (120/967). The number of hook larva culture was 153, among them, 140 were hookworm larvae of America and no duodenal hookworm larvae and other nematode species were found. Totally 9 309 residents were tested for intestinal protozoa infection, and the infection rate was 0.31% (29/9 309). Conclusion In Guangdong Province, the infection rate of soil-transmitted nematodes is decreasing while the infection rate of Clonorchis sinensis is still high, and the control work of parasites still should be strengthened especially for food borne parasitic diseases. Key words: Parasite; Soil-transmitted nematodes; Clonorchis sinensis; Epidemiological investigation
Hydrodynamics of suspensions of passive and active rigid particles: A rigid multiblob approach

Author(s): Usabiaga, FB; Kallemov, B; Delmotte, B; Bhalla, APS; Griffith, BE; Donev, A | Abstract: © 2016 Mathematical Sciences Publishers. We develop a rigid multiblob method for numerically solving the mobility problem for suspensions of passive and active rigid particles of complex shape in Stokes flow in unconfined, partially confined, and fully confined geometries. As in a number of existing methods, we discretize rigid bodies using a collection of minimally resolved spherical blobs constrained to move as a rigid body, to arrive at a potentially large linear system of equations for the unknown Lagrange multipliers and rigid-body motions. Here we develop a block-diagonal preconditioner for this linear system and show that a standard Krylov solver converges in a modest number of iterations that is essentially independent of the number of particles. Key to the efficiency of the method is a technique for fast computation of the product of the blob-blob mobility matrix and a vector. For unbounded suspensions, we rely on existing analytical expressions for the Rotne-Prager-Yamakawa tensor combined with a fast multipole method (FMM) to obtain linear scaling in the number of particles. For suspensions sedimented against a single no-slip boundary, we use a direct summation on a graphical processing unit (GPU), which gives quadratic asymptotic scaling with the number of particles. For fully confined domains, such as periodic suspensions or suspensions confined in slit and square channels, we extend a recently developed rigid-body immersed boundary method by B. Kallemov, A. P. S. Bhalla, B. E. Griffith, and A. Donev (Commun. Appl. Math. Comput. Sci. 11 (2016), no. 1, 79-141) to suspensions of freely moving passive or active rigid particles at zero Reynolds number. We demonstrate that the iterative solver for the coupled fluid and rigid-body equations converges in a bounded number of iterations regardless of the system size. In our approach, each iteration only requires a few cycles of a geometric multigrid solver for the Poisson equation, and an application of the block-diagonal preconditioner, leading to linear scaling with the number of particles. We optimize a number of parameters in the iterative solvers and apply our method to a variety of benchmark problems to carefully assess the accuracy of the rigid multiblob approach as a function of the resolution. We also model the dynamics of colloidal particles studied in recent experiments, such as passive boomerangs in a slit channel, as well as a pair of non-Brownian active nanorods sedimented against a wall.
Interstellar objects outnumber Solar system objects in the Oort cloud

Here, we show that the detection of Borisov implies that interstellar objects outnumber Solar system objects in the Oort cloud, whereas the reverse is true near the Sun due to the stronger gravitational focusing of bound objects. This hypothesis can be tested with stellar occultation surveys of the Oort cloud. Furthermore, we demonstrate that $\sim 1 \%$ of carbon and oxygen in the Milky Way Galaxy may be locked in interstellar objects, saturating the heavy element budget of the minimum mass Solar nebula model.
Everyone’s ‘uncomfortable’ but only some people report: privacy management, threshold levels, and reporting decisions stemming from coworker online sexual harassment

Online sexual harassment is important for scholars to consider because employees who are harassed by coworkers online can experience distinct consequences that may differ from face-to-face sexual h...
Analysis of Slip Transfer in Ti-5Al-2.5Sn (Wt%) at Two Temperatures in Comparison with Pure Aluminum

Understanding the deformation mechanisms present near grain boundaries in polycrystalline hexagonal alloys will aid in improving modeling methods. Ti-5Al-2.5Sn samples were tensile tested at 296 and 728 K, and slip behavior was assessed near grain boundaries. From the EBSD measurements of grain orientations, various metrics related to the slip systems, traces, residual Burgers vectors, and grain boundary misorientation were computed for boundaries showing evidence of slip transfer and boundaries showing no evidence of slip transfer. This work is compared to a similar study of an aluminum oligo-crystal to aid in understanding the differences in slip behavior near grain boundaries in HCP and FCC crystal structures.
Auditory Hallucinations: An Audiological Horizon?

Background Interesting data and theories have emerged regarding auditory hallucinations (AHs) in patients with schizophrenia. The possibility that these patients may have changes in the anatomy of the auditory cortex and/or subcortical structures of the central auditory nervous system and present with deficits on audiological tests is important information to the audiology community. However, it seems clear that, in general, audiologists are not sufficiently aware of these findings. Purpose There are two main purposes of this article: (1) to educate audiologists about AHs related to schizophrenia and related issues, and (2) to encourage audiologists and hearing scientists to become involved in the evaluation and research of AHs. This fascinating disorder is one in which audiologists/hearing scientists are well suited to make a significant contribution. Research Design A review and synthesis of the literature was conducted. Relevant literature was identified through PubMed, Google Scholar, as well as independent book chapters and article searches. Keywords driving the searches were AHs, auditory illusions, verbal and musical hallucinations, schizophrenia, and central auditory disorders. Given the currency of the topic, the information collected was primarily between 1990 and 2020. Study Sample The review is organized around categorization, prevalence, models, mechanisms, anatomy, pathophysiology, and audiological correlates related to AHs. Data Collection and Analysis Searches were conducted using well-known search engines and manual searches by each author. This information on AHs was then analyzed collectively by the authors for useful background and relevance, as well as important for the field of audiology. Results Several anatomical, physiological, and functional imaging studies have shown compromise of the auditory cortex in those with schizophrenia and AHs. Potentially related to this, are studies that demonstrated sub-par performance on behavioral audiologic measures for this unique clinical population. These findings align well with the kind of hearing disorder for which audiologists are well-trained to make significant contributions. Conclusion Neurobiological and audiological evidence is accumulating on patients with schizophrenia and AH potentially rendering it as both an auditory and psychiatric disorder. Audiologists should consider expanding their horizon and playing a role in the clinical investigation of this disorder.
The Dbl-1/TGF-β Signaling Pathway Regulates Pathogen-Specific Innate Immune Responses in Caenorhabditis Elegans

Generating specific, robust innate immune responses to different bacteria is vital for animal survival. Here, we address the role of transforming growth factor β (TGF- β) DBL-1 in regulating signature host defense responses in Caenorhabditis elegans to human opportunistic Gram-negative and Gram-positive pathogens. Canonical DBL-1 signaling is required to suppress avoidance behavior in response to Gram-negative, but not Gram-positive bacteria. SMA-4/co-Smad acts independently of other DBL-1 core signaling components to suppress avoidance to Gram-positive bacteria, and sma-4 expression is specifically induced in response to Gram-positive bacteria. DBL-1 signaling differentially regulates expression of target innate immunity genes depending on the pathogen. Animals activate DBL-1 pathway activity in response to Gram-negative bacteria and repress it in response to Gram-positive bacteria, demonstrating bacteria-responsive regulation of DBL-1 signaling. These findings highlight a central role for TGF-β and identify a novel role for a co-Smad in tailoring a suite of bacteria-specific host defenses.
In vivo measurement of the attenuation coefficient of the sclera and ciliary muscle.

We acquired 1325 nm OCT images of the sclera and ciliary muscle of human subjects. The attenuation coefficients of the sclera and ciliary muscle were determined from a curve fit of the average intensity profile of about 100 A-lines in a region of interest after correction for the effect of beam geometry, using a single scattering model. The average scleral attenuation coefficient was 4.13 ± 1.42 mm-1 with an age-related decrease that was near the threshold for statistical significance (p = 0.053). The average ciliary muscle attenuation coefficient was 1.72 ± 0.88 mm-1, but this value may be an underestimation due to contributions from multiple scattering. Overall, the results suggest that inter-individual variations in scleral attenuation contribute to variability in the quality of transscleral OCT images of the ciliary muscle and the outcome of transscleral laser therapies.
Adwords with Unknown Budgets.

Motivated by applications in automated budget optimization, we consider the Adwords problem of Mehta et al. (2005) with unknown advertiser budgets. In this setting, the budget of an advertiser is revealed to the algorithm only when it is exceeded. An algorithm that is oblivious to budgets gives an Ad platform the flexibility to adjust budgets in real-time which, we argue, has tangible benefits. Prominent online algorithms for the Adwords problem critically rely on knowledge of budgets. We give the first budget oblivious algorithm for Adwords with competitive ratio guarantee of at least $0.522$ (better than greedy) against an offline algorithm that knows bids and budgets.
Decision Time for the Ivy League: What the NCAA v. Alston Supreme Court Decision Means for the Ivy League’s Policy of Not Providing Athletic Scholarships

In this paper we analyze the implications of the Supreme Court's decision in NCAA v. Alston for the Ivy League's Policy of not Providing Athletic Scholarships
Patient Characteristics Associated with Access to Minimally Invasive Gynecologic Surgery: Changes during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Study Objective To evaluate patient characteristics that affect access to minimally invasive gynecologic surgery (MIGS) and identify changes during the COVID-19 pandemic. Design Retrospective cohort study of patients referred to MIGS in 2014-2016 compared to 2020. Demographic and appointment information was abstracted from the electronic medical record. Primary outcome was interval between referral and first appointment. Setting Academic, tertiary-care MIGS division. Patients or Participants Historical cohort referred to MIGS 2014-2016 (n=1082) and cohort referred during the pandemic (n=770). Interventions N/A. Measurements and Main Results Demographic characteristics (race, age, language, insurance, employment, socioeconomic factors by census tract) were evaluated for associations with a longer referral interval. Being unemployed and living in an area with lower income, less population density (rural), or less education were associated with referral interval >30 days in 2014-2016 (p 30 days and new risk factors were: primary language Spanish versus English (OR 2.92, 95% CI: 1.45-5.88) and public insurance versus commercial (OR 1.48, 95% CI: 1.00-2.18). Average referral intervals were significantly shorter in 2020 versus 2014-2016 (p 30 days increased by 7% with the addition of one demographic risk factor (95% CI: 1.02-1.11) and 22% for three risk factors (95% CI:1.07-1.38) in 2014-2016 whereas there was no significant association identified in 2020 for one (OR 1.02, 95% CI: 0.97-1.07) or three risk factors (OR 1.05, 95% CI: 0.91-1.22). Telemedicine appointments had a shorter referral interval versus in-person appointments (p Conclusion Time from referral to first appointment at a tertiary-care MIGS practice during the COVID-19 pandemic was faster than in 2014-2016. Differences in the prevalence of socioeconomic and demographic factors suggest that telemedicine improved access to care for most patients and decreased access disparities for many vulnerable populations, but not for Spanish-speaking, publicly-insured, or unemployed patients.
User interactions with chatbot interfaces vs. Menu-based interfaces: An empirical study

Abstract Rapid advances in Natural Language Processing (NLP) are transforming customer service by making it possible to create chatbot applications that can understand users’ intents and response in a human-like manner. Chatbots promise to enhance customer experiences by creating more personal customer interactions than those afforded by traditional menu-based web applications. But are chatbots always superior to more traditional user interfaces (UI)? This study seeks to understand the differences in user satisfaction with a chatbot system vis-a-vis a menu-based interface system, and identify factors that influence user satisfaction. Grounded in the self-determination theory, the research model proposed here focuses on the effect of chatbot use on perceived autonomy, perceived competence, cognitive load, performance satisfaction, and system satisfaction. An experimental study was conducted, and data were analyzed using Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modeling. The findings indicate that chatbot systems lead to a lower level of perceived autonomy and higher cognitive load, compared with menu-based interface systems, resulting in a lower degree of user satisfaction. Implications of these findings for research and practice are discussed.
Screening, Cheating and Revenge on Stage in 1721

Drama historians have treated Sir Richard Steele's return to Drury Lane as the main event of London's theatre world in 1721 but the repertory is equally worthy of attention. In addition to new come...
Le Monde Noir Dans La Littérature Dadaïste et Surréaliste

Dans cet appel du monde noir, c'est de la subordination du mythe negre a une problematique strictement europeenne qu'il s'agit surtout
Transfer of learning from a modern multidisciplinary perspective

Foreword, Robert Dufresne, Jose Mestre and James M. Royer. Re-Framing the Evaluation of Education: Assessing Whether Learning Transfers Beyond the Classroom, Susan M. Barnett and Stephen J. Ceci. How Far Can Transfer Go? Making Transfer Happen Across Physical, Temporal, and Conceptual Space, Diane Halpern and Milt Hakel. Fuzzy-Trace Theory: Implications for Transfer in Teaching and Learning, Valerie F. Reyna, Christopher Wolfe and Charles J. Brainerd. Transfer of Learning in Informal Education: The Case of Television, Shalom Fisch, Heather Kirkorian, and Daniel Anderson. Efficiency and Innovation in Transfer, Daniel Schwartz, John Bransford, and David Sears. When Transfer Fails: Effect of Knowledge, Expectations, and Observations on Transfer in Physics, Thomas Thaden-Koch, Jose Mestre, Bob Dufresne, Bill Gerace, and Bill Leonard. What Coordination Has to Say About Transfer, Andrea diSessa and Joseph Wagner. Dynamic Transfer: A Perspective from Physics Education Research, Sanjay Rebello and Dean Zollman. Resources, Framing, and Transfer, David Hammer, Andrew Elby, Rachel Scherr, and Edward F. Redish. Transfer of Mathematical Problem Solving Procedures Acquired Through Physical Science Instruction: When You Don't See it, Why Not?, Zbigniew Dziembowski and Nora Newcombe. Transfer Between Variants of Mathematics Test Questions, Mary E. Morley, Rene R. Lawless, and Brent Brideman. Theory, Level, and Function: Three Dimensions for Understanding the Connections Between Transfer and Student Assessment, Daniel Kickey, Mary Ann Horne and James Pellegrino.
IBANA-Calc: New software to calculate the effect of sound insulation against aircraft noise

A new software called IBANA-Calc is developed for calculating the effect of sound insulation against the aircraft noise. The software is more accurate and convenient than the previous approaches that emphasize on tables and single number ratings of sound insulation. The program also includes a large database of new sound transmission loss data of building facade components and the aircraft spectra. The program can also produce audible simulations of several scenarios.
Predicting tropical cyclone rapid intensification using the 37 GHz ring pattern identified from passive microwave measurements

[1] A distinctive satellite-derived precipitative ring pattern around the tropical cyclone (TC) center is found to be related to rapid intensification (RI). The ring pattern appears on the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) 37 GHz passive microwave composite color product as a cyan color ring. The probability of RI is evaluated for cases with this ring pattern by reviewing images of the NRL product for 84 TCs during 2003–2007 in the Atlantic basin using 6-hourly National Hurricane Center (NHC) best track data. It is found that when combining the ring criterion with the Statistical Hurricane Prediction Scheme (SHIPS) RI Index (RII), the probability of RI almost doubled, indicating that both the ring and SHIPS RII contain independent information for RI prediction. A subjective technique for predicting RI is proposed using both the 37 GHz ring and the SHIPS RII. Both the probability of detection (POD) and the false alarm ratio (FAR) for the combined ring+SHIPS RII are lower than those for SHIPS RII alone (POD, 24% versus 77%, and FAR, 26% versus 66%) when treating every 6-hr synoptic time as a separate case. Since the method was initially developed for RI event-based forecasts, statistics based on 2003–2007 Atlantic RI events, which consist of a contiguous period where any 24-hour subset shows at least a 30 kt intensity increase, are also generated. The method captures 21 out of these 28 events and produces 2 false alarms, producing a POD of 75% and a FAR of 9%.
Sparse distributed memory and related models

Described here is sparse distributed memory (SDM) as a neural-net associative memory. It is characterized by two weight matrices and by a large internal dimension - the number of hidden units is much larger than the number of input or output units. The first matrix, A, is fixed and possibly random, and the second matrix, C, is modifiable. The SDM is compared and contrasted to (1) computer memory, (2) correlation-matrix memory, (3) feet-forward artificial neural network, (4) cortex of the cerebellum, (5) Marr and Albus models of the cerebellum, and (6) Albus' cerebellar model arithmetic computer (CMAC). Several variations of the basic SDM design are discussed: the selected-coordinate and hyperplane designs of Jaeckel, the pseudorandom associative neural memory of Hassoun, and SDM with real-valued input variables by Prager and Fallside. SDM research conducted mainly at the Research Institute for Advanced Computer Science (RIACS) in 1986-1991 is highlighted.
Fresh Ammonia Ice Clouds in Jupiter: I. Spectroscopic Identification, Spatial Distribution, and Dynamical Implications

We report the first spectroscopic detection of discrete ammonia ice clouds in the atmosphere of Jupiter, as discovered utilizing the Galileo Near-Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (NIMS). Spectrally identifiable ammonia clouds (SIACs) cover less than 1% of the globe, as measured in complete global imagery obtained in September 1996 during Galileo's second orbit. More than half of the most spectrally prominent SIACs reside within a small latitudinal band, extending from 2° to 7° N latitude, just south of the 5-μm hot spots. The most prominent of these are spatially correlated with nearby 5-μm-bright hot spots lying 1.5°–3.0° of latitude to the north: they reside over a small range of relative longitudes on the eastward side of hot spots, about 37% of the longitudinal distance to the next hot spot to the east. This strong correlation between the positions of hot spots and the most prominent equatorial SIACs suggests that they are linked by a common planetary wave. Good agreement is demonstrated between regions of condensation predicted by the Rossby wave model of A. J. Friedson and G. S. Orton (1999, Bull. Am. Astron. Assoc31, 1155–1156) and the observed longitudinal positions of fresh ammonia clouds relative to 5-μm hot spots. Consistency is also demonstrated between (1) the lifetime of particles as determined by the wave phase speed and cloud width and (2) the sedimentation time for 10-μm radius particles consistent with previously reported ammonia particle size by T. Y. Brooke et al. (1998, Icarus136, 1–13). A young age (<two days) for most SIAC cloud particles is indicated. To the south, the most prominent SIACs are located to the northwest of the Great Red Spot, in a region where a westward flow of jovian air, diverted approximately 10° of latitude northward by the Great Red Spot, encounters a large eastward flow. SIACs have been observed repeatedly by NIMS at this location during Galileo's first four years in Jupiter orbit. It is speculated that due to the three-dimensional interactions of these flows, relatively large amounts of ammonia gas are steadily transported from the sub-cloud troposphere (below the ∼600-mbar level) to the high troposphere, nearly continuously forming fresh ammonia ice clouds to the northwest of the Great Red Spot.
Wave scheduler: scheduling for faster turnaround time in peer-based desktop grid systems

The recent success of Internet-based computing projects, coupled with rapid developments in peer-to-peer systems, has stimulated interest in the notion of harvesting idle cycles under a peer-to-peer model. The problem we address in this paper is the development of scheduling strategies to achieve faster turnaround time in an open peer-based desktop grid system. The challenges for this problem are two-fold: How does the scheduler quickly discover idle cycles in the absence of global information about host availability? And how can faster turnaround time be achieved within the opportunistic scheduling environment offered by volunteer hosts? We propose a novel peer-based scheduling method, Wave Scheduler, which allows peers to self organize into a timezone-aware overlay network using structured overlay network. The Wave Scheduler then exploits large blocks of idle night-time cycles by migrating jobs to hosts located in night-time zones around the globe, which are discovered by scalable resource discovery methods. Simulation results show that the slowdown factors of all migration schemes are consistently lower than the slowdown factors of the non-migration schemes. Compared to traditional migration strategies we tested, the Wave Scheduler performs best. However under heavy load conditions, there is contention for those night-time hosts. Therefore, we propose an adaptive migration strategy for Wave Scheduler to further improve performance.
A radio-theranostic nanoparticle with high specific drug loading for cancer therapy and imaging.

We have developed a theranostic nanoparticle delivering the model radionuclide 177Lu based on the versatile lipid-calcium-phosphate (LCP) nanoparticle delivery platform. Characterization of 177Lu-LCP has shown that radionuclide loading can be increased by several orders of magnitude without affecting the encapsulation efficiency or the morphology of 177Lu-LCP, allowing consistency during fabrication and overcoming scale-up barriers typical of nanotherapeutics. The choice of 177Lu as a model radionuclide has allowed in vivo anticancer therapy in addition to radiographic imaging via the dual decay modes of 177Lu. Tumor accumulation of 177Lu-LCP was measured using both SPECT and Cerenkov imaging modalities in live mice, and treatment with just one dose of 177Lu-LCP showed significant in vivo tumor inhibition in two subcutaneous xenograft tumor models. Microenvironment and cytotoxicity studies suggest that 177Lu-LCP inhibits tumor growth by causing apoptotic cell death via double-stranded DNA breaks while causing a remodeling of the tumor microenvironment to a more disordered and less malignant phenotype.
An Assessment of Root Cementum in Cleidocranial Dysplasia

Abstract The purpose of this prospective study was to determine if there is a difference between the amount of cellular and acellular cementum on the roots of 2 teeth extracted from a subject with cleidocranial dysplasia (CCD) compared to 10 teeth extracted from 10 subjects unaffected by CCD. The cementum of 2 permanent teeth, which had been extracted from the CCD subject, was examined and histomorphometrically analyzed for comparison to the cementum of 10 anterior teeth that had been extracted from individuals who were unaffected by CCD. The percentage of the root covered by cellular or acellular cementum was quantified to determine if patients affected by CCD typically lack cellular cementum. In the roots of the 2 permanent teeth of the subject with CCD, a mean of 18.05 ± 10.67% was covered by cellular cementum and 76.90 ± 3.53% was covered by acellular cementum. In the 10 permanent teeth from subjects without CCD, a mean of 19.12 ± 15.60% of the root was covered by cellular cementum and 80.34 ± 15.71% ...
Spectroscopic, computational modeling and cytotoxicity of a series of meso-phenyl and meso-thienyl-BODIPYs

Abstract A series of twenty-two BODIPY compounds were synthesized, containing various meso-phenyl and meso-thienyl groups, and their spectroscopic and structural properties were investigated using both experimental and computational methods. Further functionalization of the BODIPY framework via iodination at the 2,6-pyrrolic positions was explored in order to determine the effect of these heavy atoms on the photophysical and cytotoxicity of the meso-aryl-BODIPYs. BODIPYs bearing meso-thienyl substituents showed the largest red-shifted absorptions and emissions and reduced fluorescence quantum yields. The phototoxicity of the BODIPYs in human carcinoma HEp2 cells depends on both the presence of iodines and the nature of the meso-aryl groups. Six of the eleven 2,6-diiodo-BODIPYs investigated showed at least a sevenfold enhancement in phototoxicity (IC50 = 3.5–28 μM at 1.5 J/cm2) compared with the non-iodinated BODIPYs, while the others showed no cytotoxicity, while their singlet oxygen quantum yields ranged from 0.02 to 0.76. Among the series investigated, BODIPYs 2a and 4a bearing electron-donating meso-dimethoxyphenyl substituents showed the highest phototoxicity and dark/phototoxicity ratio, and are therefore the most promising for application in PDT.
Use of Directional Solidification to Determine Characteristics of Hepatic Systems During Low Temperature Cooling

Cryopreservation using freeze-thaw methods is one way in which cells can be safely stored at low temperatures for indefinite periods of time. Unfortunately the process itself can damage the cells such that the number of viable cells is reduced after thawing. This problem is particularly important when dealing with non-proliferating cells, such as primary hepatocytes. In the current study directional solidification is used to help improve the successful cryopreservation of hepatocytes. Specifically, by analyzing the crystallization of cryoprotective solutions, cell suspensions, and cultured hepatocytes in the presence of DMSO, we determine how changes in the morphology and rate of crystal growth influence cell survival. The results demonstrate that the presence of extracellular matrix and alterations in DMSO concentration are two ways to affect cell viability. Next by modeling the directional solidification results as a Stefan Problem, the image analysis data is then used to quantify the thermal conductivities of each system.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
The Effects of Training and Performance Feedback During Behavioral Consultation on General Education Middle School Teachers' Integrity to Functional Analysis Procedures

This study describes the integrity with which 3 general education middle school teachers implemented functional analyses (FA) of appropriate behavior for students who typically engaged in disruption. A 4-step model consistent with behavioral consultation was used to support the assessment process. All analyses were conducted during ongoing classroom instruction. Training procedures based upon previous research (e.g., Iwata et al., 2000) were used to teach FA procedures; performance feedback was used during training and FA implementation to support procedural integrity. Results indicated that training and performance feedback increased integrity to FA procedures for 2 of the 3 teachers; 1 teacher understood the procedures after a second reading of the procedures. Two teachers sustained acceptable integrity throughout classroom implementation; 1 teacher demonstrated variable performance during classroom implementation. Implications for classroom-based behavioral assessment and the use of specific consultati...
Individual consistency in behavioral states in neonates.

In this study we identified consistent characteristics of the sleep-wake state of newborn infants. Forty-one normal, full-term infants were observed in a warmer–skin temperature maintained at 36.1°C–located in a sound-attenuated room for 1 hr during 2 successive mid-feeding periods. The infant's state was recorded on a check-list every 10 sec using the following categories for sleep and wakefulness: Quiet Sleep A, Quiet Sleep B, Active Sleep Without REM, Active Sleep With REM, Active Sleep With Dense REM, Drowsy, Alert Inactivity, Waking Activity, Fussing, Crying, and Indefinite State. Immediately following the completion of each observation, the 2 observers made independent judgments of the degree of organization shown by the infant, using a 6-point scale. Over the two 1-hr observations, only Quiet Sleep A, Quiet Sleep B, and Crying showed any consistency. Active Sleep as typically defined showed no consistency whatsoever. However, 2 of the 3 components of Active Sleep were significantly reliable measures for the 2 observations; in sleeping infants all 3 components of active sleep showed high reliability. These results indicate that Active Sleep may be a composite of at least 3 meaningful categories. To look at overall state organization in the neonate, including both sleep and wake states, we considered Active Sleep as 3 separate states and then combined the resulting 11 behavioral states into derived clusters such that each combination of states showed a test-retest reliability above .52. With these 5 state clusters we viewed each infant's state behaviors in terms of a profile depicting the percent of time spent in each state cluster. We found a close association between these profiles and the subjective judgments of sleep-wake state organization made by the observers. The results clearly indicate that a 1-hr observation provides reliable information on individual sleep-wake states in the newborn.
The effect of age on protein synthesis and ribosome aggregation to messenger RNA in rat liver

Abstract The level of cell-free protein synthesis and ribosome aggregation to mRNA was determined in the livers of rats from 1 to 18 months of age. Protein synthesis by liver postmitochondrial supernatant fraction decreased rapidly in the first 9 months, with little change thereafter. The decrease in protein synthesis was associated with the ribosomal fraction of the postmitochondrial supernatant fraction. Ribosome aggregation to mRNA, as determined by sucrose density gradient centrifugation, decreased rapidly during the first 9 months and changed little thereafter. The decrease in protein synthesis with increasing age appears to be the result of reduced ribosome aggregation to mRNA. This decrease in aggregation was not due to changes in ribonuclease or the availability of amino acids for protein synthesis but appeared to be an age-related phenomenon.
In Vivo Cariostatic Activity of Actinobolin

The addition of 18.8 or 37.6 ppm of the antibiotic actinobolin to the diets of rats reduced significantly the total incidence of caries by 56 and 81 %, respectively. The reduction in caries obtained with actinobolin, compared with non treated control rats and rats treated with 25 ppm of fluoride, indicates the potential use of this antibiotic as a cariostatic agent.
A Study of the Severity of the Midwestern Winters of 1977 and 1978 Using Heating Degree Days Determined from Both Measured and Wind Chill Temperatures

Abstract The winters of 1976–77 and 1977–78 were severe by virtually any standard. In this study, heating degree day (NDD) accumulations for these two winters as well as for the 1941–70 normals are examined at 31 National Weather Service stations in Indiana, Wisconsin, Michigan, Illinois, Ohio, and Kentucky. In addition, a modified heating degree day (MHDD) based on wind chill temperature is accumulated. In both cases, the winter is defined as consisting of the months of December, January, and February. Three-month and one-month accumulations are plotted and analyzed to gain a view of spatial and temporal distributions of both HDD and MUDD. Both parameters are shown to be influenced markedly by the presence of the Great Lakes, an influence that diminishes as an extensive ice cover forms on the lakes. The winter of 1976–77 is found to have greater accumulations of both HDD and MI4DD. A comparative ratio also is calculated in order to give an impression of the extent to which the wind's influence is felt. T...
The dual Brunn–Minkowski theory for bounded Borel sets: Dual affine quermassintegrals and inequalities

Abstract This paper develops a significant extension of E. Lutwak's dual Brunn–Minkowski theory, originally applicable only to star-shaped sets, to the class of bounded Borel sets. The focus is on expressions and inequalities involving chord-power integrals, random simplex integrals, and dual affine quermassintegrals. New inequalities obtained include those of isoperimetric and Brunn–Minkowski type. A new generalization of the well-known Busemann intersection inequality is also proved. Particular attention is given to precise equality conditions, which require results stating that a bounded Borel set, almost all of whose sections of a fixed dimension are essentially convex, is itself essentially convex.
Precipitation Characteristics in Eighteen Coupled Climate Models

Abstract Monthly and 3-hourly precipitation data from twentieth-century climate simulations by the newest generation of 18 coupled climate system models are analyzed and compared with available observations. The characteristics examined include the mean spatial patterns, intraseasonal-to-interannual and ENSO-related variability, convective versus stratiform precipitation ratio, precipitation frequency and intensity for different precipitation categories, and diurnal cycle. Although most models reproduce the observed broad patterns of precipitation amount and year-to-year variability, models without flux corrections still show an unrealistic double-ITCZ pattern over the tropical Pacific, whereas the flux-corrected models, especially the Meteorological Research Institute (MRI) Coupled Global Climate Model (CGCM; version 2.3.2a), produce realistic rainfall patterns at low latitudes. As in previous generations of coupled models, the rainfall double ITCZs are related to westward expansion of the cold tongue of...
The role of subspecies in obscuring avian biological diversity and misleading conservation policy

Subspecies are often used in ways that require their evolutionary independence, for example as proxies for units of conservation. Mitochondrial DNA sequence data reveal that 97% of continentally distributed avian subspecies lack the population genetic structure indicative of a distinct evolutionary unit. Subspecies considered threatened or endangered, some of which have been targets of expensive restoration efforts, also generally lack genetic distinctiveness. Although sequence data show that species include 1.9 historically significant units on average, these units are not reflected by current subspecies nomenclature. Yet, it is these unnamed units and not named subspecies that should play a major role in guiding conservation efforts and in identifying biological diversity. Thus, a massive reorganization of classifications is required so that the lowest ranks, be they species or subspecies, reflect evolutionary diversity. Until such reorganization is accomplished, the subspecies rank will continue to hinder progress in taxonomy, evolutionary studies and especially conservation.
The von Nardroff Color Mixing Apparatus

Ernest von Nardroff gave his name to the color mixing apparatus shown in Fig. 1. The basic idea behind this demonstration is to produce three beams of colored light that may be projected onto a white surface. If beams of red, blue, and green are overlapped to produce a figure like a three leaf clover or a Venn diagram, the region of complete overlap will appear white, and the three regions of overlap of two colors produce the three false primaries: yellow, magenta, and cyan. A straightforward technique is to use three slide projectors, each with a colored filter. Von Nardroff's apparatus, displayed at the educational exhibit of Erasmus Hall High School at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition in St. Louis in 1904, permits the use of only one projector.
Functional status as an overall measure of health in adults with cystic fibrosis: further validation of a generic health measure.

Abstract We studied the validity of a generic health measure in a population with a chronic, life-shortening illness. Thirty-seven adults with cystic fibrosis (CF) and 46 of their healthy peers completed a questionnaire which included 12 questions on functional status from the RAND Health Insurance Study. For the CF group, the questionnaire and a medical chart review yielded data on 7 additional health variables, including pulmonary function. After data collection, members of the CF group were followed for 5 years, by which time 11 had died. The functional status of the CF group was significantly lower than that of the comparison group. Within the CF group, functional status correlated significantly with 6 of the 7 other health variables. Analysis using the Cox proportional hazards model showed that functional status alone was a significant (p