cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Making Words in Two Languages: A Prosodic Account of Japanese-English Language Mixing.

This paper attempts to provide an account of so-called “word-internal codeswitching,” instances where lexemes are taken from one language to combine with affix-like elements from another. Previous analyses of codeswitching at the lexical or sublexical level have focused on syntactic and morphosyntactic principles within generative grammar as well as from psycholinguistic perspectives as possible constraining factors. In this paper, based on data largely from Japanese-English bilingual utterances as well as from other language pairs, I argue that two factors determine the proper selection and combination of morphemes coming from different languages: the prosodic nature of morphological and prosodic hosts, and the selectional restrictions on bound elements.
A Transcriptional Pause Synchronizes Translation with Transcription in the Tryptophanase Operon Leader Region

Regulation of transcription of the tryptophanase operon requires that translation of its leader peptide coding region, tnaC, be coupled with its transcription. We show in vitro that a transcription pause site exists at the end of the tnaC coding region and that translation of tnaC releases the paused transcription complex, coupling transcription with translation.
Speaker-independent phonetic classification in continuous English letters

A phonetic front-end for speaker-independent recognition of continuous letter strings is described. A feedforward neutral network is trained to classify 3 msec speech frames as one of the 30 phonemes in the English alphabet. Phonetic context is used in two ways: first, by providing spectral and waveform information before and after the frame to be classified, and second, by a second-pass network that uses both acoustic features and the phonetic outputs of the first-pass network. This use of context reduced the error rate by 50%. The effectiveness of the DFT and the more compact PLP (perceptual linear predictive) analysis is compared, and several other features, such as zero crossing rate, are investigated. A frame-based phonetic classification performance of 75.7% was achieved. >
Application-Aware Byzantine Fault Tolerance

Byzantine fault tolerance has been intensively studied over the past decade as a way to enhance the intrusion resilience of computer systems. However, state-machine-based Byzantine fault tolerance algorithms require deterministic application processing and sequential execution of totally ordered requests. One way of increasing the practicality of Byzantine fault tolerance is to exploit the application semantics, which we refer to as application-aware Byzantine fault tolerance. Application-aware Byzantine fault tolerance makes it possible to facilitate concurrent processing of requests, to minimize the use of Byzantine agreement, and to identify and control replica nondeterminism. In this paper, we provide an overview of recent works on application-aware Byzantine fault tolerance techniques. We elaborate the need for exploiting application semantics for Byzantine fault tolerance and the benefits of doing so, provide a classification of various approaches to application-aware Byzantine fault tolerance, and outline the mechanisms used in achieving application-aware Byzantine fault tolerance according to our classification.
Operating systems should manage accelerators

The inexorable demand for computing power has lead to increasing interest in accelerator-based designs. An accelerator is specialized hardware unit that can perform a set of tasks with much higher performance or power efficiency than a general-purpose CPU. They may be embedded in the pipeline as a functional unit, as in SIMD instructions, or attached to the system as a separate device, as in a cryptographic co-processor.Current operating systems provide little support for accelerators: whether integrated into a processor or attached as a device, they are treated as CPU or a device and given no additional consideration. However, future processors may have designs that require more management by the operating system. For example, heterogeneous processors may only provision some cores with accelerators, and IBM's wire-speed processor allows user-mode code to launch computations on a shared accelerator without kernel involvement. In such systems, the OS can improve performance by allocating accelerator resources and scheduling access to the accelerator as it does for memory and CPU time.In this paper, we discuss the challenges presented by adopting accelerators as an execution resource managed by the operating system. We also present the initial design of our system, which provides flexible control over where and when code executes and can apply power and performance policies. It presents a simple software interface that can leverage new hardware interfaces as well as sharing of specialized units in a heterogeneous system.
Susceptibility Contrast and Arterial Spin Labeled Perfusion MRI in Cerebrovascular Disease

Purpose. To directly compare dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC) and continuous arterial spin labeled (CASL) magnetic resonance (MR) perfusion techniques in patients with known cerebrovascular disease, with the goals of identifying possible pitfalls in interpretation and determining potential for a complementary role in this setting. Methods. DSC and CASL MR perfusion studies were performed and compared in 11 patients with acute and/or chronic cerebrovascular disease. Using an automated segmentation technique, Pearson correlation coefficients were generated for CASL perfusion measurements compared to DSC perfusion maps (time-to-peak [TTP], relative cerebral blood volume [rCBV], cerebral blood flow [rCBF], and mean transit time [MTT]) by hemisphere and vascular territory. Results. TTP maps obtained using DSC perfusion MR correlated best both subjectively and objectively with CASL perfusion MRmeasurements when all patients studied were considered. If patients with a major transit delay were excluded, DSC rCBF correlated best with CASL CBF measurements. Conclusion. There may be a complementary role for CASL and DSC perfusion MR methods in cerebrovascular disease, especially in the setting of a marked transit delay.
Great auricular neuralgia.

SYNOPSIS An unusual neuralgia of the great auricular nerve resulting from a skin incision to Insert a cardiac pacemaker is described. The anatomy and presumed pathophysiology are discussed.
Design considerations of a multiple-input isolated single ended primary inductor converter (SEPIC) for distributed generation sources

This paper explores the multiple-input isolated single ended primary inductor converter (MIISEPIC) and discusses its design considerations for low power distributed generation (DG) sources, such as PV modules. The paper first analyzes the operation of the MIISEPIC, investigates controllable input current ranges that can affect current loop design, such as maximum power point control, and discusses tradeoffs between achievable input current ranges and converter efficiency. Moreover, a novel driving strategy is proposed to improve efficiency and operational flexibility. A proper coupled-inductor design is suggested to minimize switching losses caused by its leakage inductance. A zero-ripple technique is applied to the MIISEPIC to increase its lifetime. Experimental results are provided to validate the analysis.
A statistical description of stimulated Brillouin scattering beam combination efficiency

The mutual coherence between two stimulated Brillouin signals produced by undepleted pump beams that are partially overlapped is studied. The mutual coherence of the stimulated-Brillouin-scattered beams determines the efficiency with which the two beams can be combined. The statistical properties of the mutual coherence are calculated. The mechanism for coupling of two stimulated-Brillouin-scattering outputs is four-wave mixing. Mutual coherence is found to depend on the pump beam's pulse duration, the medium's phonon lifetime, and the degree of overlap between the laser pump beams. >
Promiscuous chemokine receptors and their redundant ligands play an enigmatic role during HIV-1 infection.

There is little doubt that basic biomedical research efforts in the last fifty years have provided great mechanistic insight into disease processes. While these advances are likely to take a prominent place in historic archives, they barely appear on the radar screen when compared to the history-altering impact of past and present global infectious diseases. The plague(s), malaria, yellow fever, schistosomiasis, influenza, small pox, polio, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have all exacted a heavy toll on humanity and have truly altered the course of history during the past millennium. Although significant strides recently have been made to halt some of these disease-causing agents, mainly via vaccine development, therapeutic advances to treat and cure others have been painfully slow. A number of reasons may account for this slow progress toward therapeutic development, ranging from lack of significant interest by modern countries’ funding agencies, regarding parasite research, for example, to the uncanny ability of certain infectious agents to elude mechanistic scrutiny. The best recent example of this latter scenario is the multitude of difficulties associated with the biology, pathogenesis, treatment, and prevention of HIV infection. While heavy emphasis is currently directed toward HIV vaccine development, this preventive approach has a variety of hurdles to clear, including a better understanding of the basic biology of HIV infection. To underscore the complexities associated with the basic biology of HIV, only recently have years of basic research efforts begun to pay dividends and shed some light on mechanisms
Analysis of the hydrogen and oxygen stable isotope ratios of beverage waters without prior water extraction using isotope ratio infrared spectroscopy

Hydrogen (d 2 H) and oxygen (d 18 O) stable isotope analysis is useful when tracing the origin of water in beverages, but traditional analytical techniques are limited to pure or extracted waters. We measured the isotopic composition of extracted beverage water using both isotope ratio infrared spectroscopy (IRIS; specifically, wavelength-scanned cavity ring-down spectroscopy) and isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS). We also analyzed beer, sodas, juices, and milk ‘as is’ using IRIS. For IRIS analysis, four sequential injections of each sample were measured and data were corrected for sample-to-sample memory using injections (a) 1-4, (b) 2-4, and (c) 3-4. The variation between d 2 H and d 18 O values calculated using the three correction methods was larger for unextracted (i.e., complex) beverages than for waters. The memory correction was smallest when using injections 3-4. Beverage water d 2 H and d 18 O values generally fit the Global Meteoric Water Line, with the exception of water from fruit juices. The beverage water stable isotope ratios measured using IRIS agreed well with the IRMS data and fit 1:1 lines, with the exception of sodas and juices (d 2 H values) and beers (d 18 O values). The d 2 H and d 18 O values of waters extracted from beer, soda, juice, and milk were correlated with complex beverage d 2 H and d 18 O values (r ¼ 0.998 and 0.997, respectively) and generally fit 1:1 lines. We conclude that it is possible to analyze complex beverages, without water extraction, using IRIS although caution is needed when analyzing beverages containing sugars, which can clog the syringe and increase memory, or alcohol, a known spectral interference. Copyright # 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Recent studies have documented that the hydrogen and oxygen stable isotope ratios of some widely available bottled beverages co-vary and that the relationships between the d 2 H and d 18 O values closely resemble the Global Meteoric Water Line (GMWL, defined as d 2 H ¼ 8 � d 18 O þ 10% 1 ), suggesting that the water within a beverage (i.e., beverage water) records the isotopic composition of the water used to produce the beverage. 2–4 Because the stable isotope ratios of meteoric waters vary predictably spatially, 5,6 it may be possible to measure the d 2 H and d 18 O values of water within a beverage and infer the beverage’s original water source or location of production. The rapid analysis of a suspect beverage such as bottled water, milk, or wine to independently verify its geographic origin would be a major boon to investigations of beverage authenticity. 7–11
LAPTM4B is associated with poor prognosis in NSCLC and promotes the NRF2-mediated stress response pathway in lung cancer cells

We recently demonstrated that lysosomal protein transmembrane 4 beta (LAPTM4B) is elevated in non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs) and in the surrounding premalignant airway field of cancerization. In the present study, we sought to begin to understand the relevance of LAPTM4B expression and signaling to NSCLC pathogenesis. In situ hybridization analysis of LAPTM4B transcript in tissue microarrays comprised of 368 NSCLCs demonstrated that LAPTM4B expression was significantly increased in smoker compared to non-smoker lung adenocarcinoma tumors (P < 0.001) and was significantly associated with poor overall survival (P < 0.05) in adenocarcinoma patients. Knockdown of LAPTM4B expression inhibited cell growth, induced cellular apoptosis and decreased cellular autophagy in serum starved lung cancer cells. Expression profiling coupled with pathways analysis revealed decreased activation of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-like 2 (NRF2) stress response pathway following LAPTM4B knockdown. Further analysis demonstrated that LAPTM4B augmented the expression and nuclear translocation of the NRF2 transcription factor following serum deprivation as well as increased the expression of NRF2 target genes such as heme oxygenase 1/HMOX1). Our study points to the relevance of LAPTM4B expression to NSCLC pathogenesis as well as to the probable role of LAPTM4B/NRF2 signaling in promoting lung cancer cell survival.
The free-will defence: evil and the moral value of free will

One version of the free-will argument relies on the claim that, other things being equal, a world in which free beings exist is morally preferable to a world in which free beings do not exist (the ‘value thesis’). I argue that this version of the free-will argument cannot support a theodicy that should alleviate the doubts about God's existence to which the problems of evil give rise. In particular, I argue that the value thesis has no foundation in common intuitions about morality. Without some sort of intuitive support, the value thesis lacks the resources to serve as the foundation for a theodicy that addresses the powerful intuition, which affects believers and non-believers alike, that a perfect God would not allow so much evil.
The dynamic meteorology of Titan

Current understanding of Titans atmospheric circulation and thermal structure is reviewed. Knowledge of Titans zonal winds derives from temperatures retrieved from Voyager infrared measurements and geopotential heights retrieved from stellar occultation observations. The inferred stratospheric winds are cyclostrophic, like those of Venus. Radiative response times are long in the lower troposphere, but decline to values small compared to a season in the upper stratosphere. Given Titans effective obliquity of 27°, stratospheric temperatures and zonal winds should vary seasonally, requiring a cross-equatorial Lagrangian circulation to transport angular momentum and heat to maintain the thermal wind balance. Atmospheric waves may play an important role in transporting and depositing angular momentum, but they are as yet constrained by few observations. General circulation models of Titans winds are still in their infancy, but suggest much of the troposphere must be stably stratified, so that the cyclostrophic zonal winds aloft are isolated from surface drag. The vertical structure of temperature, above the lowest 4 km, is consistent with a radiatively balanced atmosphere. However, moist convection could still be very efficient, and updrafts covering only <10−4 of the surface area can balance the flux of sunlight absorbed at the surface. The review concludes with a summary of the meteorological capabilities of the scientific payload of Cassini–Huygens, providing observations of winds, temperatures, and composition that should transform ones conceptual understanding of Titans atmospheric circulation and thermal structure.
Thioltransferase (Glutaredoxin) Reactivates the DNA-binding Activity of Oxidation-inactivated Nuclear Factor I

The reversible oxidative inactivation of transcription factors has been proposed to be important in cellular responses to oxidant stress and in several signal transduction pathways. The nuclear factor I (NFI) family of transcription factors is sensitive to oxidative inactivation due to the presence of a conserved, oxidation-sensitive cysteine residue within the NFI DNA-binding domain. Here we show that restoration of the DNA-binding activity of oxidized NFI-C can be catalyzed in vitro by the cellular enzyme thioltransferase (glutaredoxin) coupled to GSH and GSSG reductase. To test whether GSH-dependent pathways play a role in the maintenance of NFI activity in vivo, we used buthionine sulfoximine, an agent that inhibits GSH synthesis, and N-acetylcysteine, an agent that can replenish intracellular GSH. Pretreatment of HeLa cells with buthionine sulfoximine greatly potentiated the inactivation of NFI by the oxidizing agent diamide. Inclusion of N-acetylcysteine in the culture medium during the recovery period following diamide treatment increased the extent of restoration of NFI activity. These results suggest that maintenance of the DNA-binding activity of NFI proteins during oxidant stress in vivo requires a GSH-dependent pathway, likely involving thioltransferase-catalyzed reduction of the oxidation-sensitive cysteine residue on NFI.
Defining the risk of developing grade 2 proctitis following 125I prostate brachytherapy using a rectal dose-volume histogram analysis.

Abstract Objective: To determine the rectal tolerance for developing Grade 2 radiation proctitis after 125 I prostate implantation based on the rectal dose–volume histogram. Methods and Materials: Two hundred twelve patients with T1–T2 prostate cancer underwent 125 I implantation without external beam irradiation. One month after the procedure, all patients underwent CT-based postimplant dosimetry (3-mm abutting slices). The rectal volumes, defined by an inner and outer wall, were determined from 9 mm above the seminal vesicles to 9 mm below the prostate apex. All doses were calculated by TG43 formalism. The prostate prescription dose was 160 Gy. A dose response analysis was undertaken for volumes of rectal tissue receiving a given dose. Dose levels examined were 80 Gy, 100 Gy, 120 Gy, 140 Gy, 160 Gy, 180 Gy, 200 Gy, 220 Gy, and 240 Gy. Grade 2 proctitis was defined as rectal bleeding occurring at least once a week for a minimum period of one month. The risk of proctitis was calculated using actuarial methods. For each dose level, a critical volume cutpoint was chosen to define a low and high volume group of patients. The cutpoint was determined based on two goals: minimizing the p value and finding a ≤5% risk of proctitis in the low volume group. Patients were followed from 12 to 61 months (median: 28 months) after implantation. Results: Twenty-two patients developed Grade 2 proctitis: 14% within the first year, 72% between the first and second year, and 14% during the third year after the implant date. After the third year postimplantation, no cases of proctitis were reported. Proctitis was found to be significantly volume dependent for a given dose. The prescription dose (160 Gy) delivered to ≤1.3 cc of rectal tissue resulted in a 5% rate of proctitis at 5 years vs. 18% for volumes >1.3 cc ( p = 0.001). Similar results were found for all doses examined. As the rectal volume receiving the prescription dose (160 Gy) increased, so did the proctitis rate: 0% for ≤0.8 cc, 7% for >0.8–1.3 cc, 8% for >1.3–1.8 cc, 24% for >1.8–2.3 cc, and 25.5% for >2.3cc ( p = 0.002). Conclusions: Rectal dose–volume histogram analysis is a practical and predictive method of assessing the risk of developing Grade 2 proctitis after 125 I prostate implantation. Delivered dose should be kept below defined rectal volume thresholds to minimize this risk. This information can allow one to decrease rectal morbidity by modifying prostate implant technique.
Cilia and Polycystic Kidney Disease, Kith and Kin

In the past decade, cilia have been found to play important roles in renal cystogenesis. Many genes, such as PKD1 and PKD2 which, when mutated, cause autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), have been found to localize to primary cilia. The cilium functions as a sensor to transmit extracellular signals into the cell. Abnormal cilia structure and function are associated with the development of polyscystic kidney disease (PKD). Cilia assembly includes centriole migration to the apical surface of the cell, ciliary vesicle docking and fusion with the cell membrane at the intended site of cilium outgrowth, and microtubule growth from the basal body. This review summarizes the most recent advances in cilia and PKD research, with special emphasis on the mechanisms of cytoplasmic and intraciliary protein transport during ciliogenesis.
Factors associated with enrollment of African Americans into a clinical trial: Results from the African American study of kidney disease and hypertension

Recruitment of diverse populations into clinical trials remains challenging but is needed to fully understand disease processes and benefit the general public. Greater knowledge of key factors among ethnic and racial minority populations associated with the decision to participate in clinical research studies may facilitate recruitment and enhance the generalizibility of study results. Therefore, during the recruitment phase of the African American Study of Kidney Disease and Hypertension (AASK) trial, we conducted a telephone survey, using validated questions, to explore potential facilitators and barriers of research participation among eligible candidates residing in seven U.S. locations. Survey responses included a range of characteristics and perceptions among participants and non-participants and were compared using bivariate and step-wise logistic regression analyses. One-hundred forty-one respondents in the one-hundred forty (70 trial participants and 71 non-participants) completed the survey. Trial participants and non-participants were similar in multiple demographic characteristics and shared similar views on discrimination, physician mistrust, and research integrity. Key group differences were related to their perceptions of the impact of their research participation. Participants associated enrollment with personal and societal health benefits, while non-participants were influenced by the health risks. In a step-wise linear regression analysis, the most powerful significant positive predictors of participation were acknowledgement of health status as important in the enrollment decision (OR=4.54, p=0.006), employment (OR=3.12, p = 0.05) and healthcare satisfaction (OR=2.12, p<0.01). Racially-based mistrust did not emerge as a negative predictor and subjects' decisions were not influenced by the race of the research staff. In conclusion, these results suggest that health-related factors, and not psychosocial perceptions, have predominant influence on research participation among African Americans.
Motivating Participation : The Symbolic Effects of Latino Representation on Parent School Involvement

Objective. Decades of research suggest that parental involvement is vital for positive student academic achievement and thus one often-proposed solution to alleviate the poor educational outcomes of minority students is to increase their parents’ participation in school. Building on a psychological motivation argument, I investigate how the symbolic effects of minority representation impact minority parent involvement. Method. I test my hypotheses with original survey data from 324 Latino parents in Chicago. Results. My analysis suggests that, as hypothesized in the symbolic representation literature, Latinos in positions of power within schools send important heuristic cues to Latino parents that change their orientations to participation and ultimately manifest as increased school involvement. Conclusions. These results support education policies that attempt to increase the minority presence in schools at the administrative and governance levels, and highlight the need for greater enforcement of current diversity requirements under NCLB. Research over the past 30 years has shown that parents are critical contributors to student achievement. Parent involvement has been positively linked to indicators of teacher ratings of student competence, student grades, and achievement scores (Henderson and Mapp, 2002; Simon, 2004). Given these rewards, the challenge for educators and policymakers has been to develop strategies and policies that foster school-parent collaborations. Unfortunately, addressing this challenge for all students has proven extremely difficult for school districts. For numerous reasons, researchers have found that parents of racially, ethnically, and linguistically diverse students often fail to participate in school activities (Shin, 2004). Moreover, these same students continue to fare worse than their white counterparts on standardized achievement tests (National Center for Education Statistics, 2007). In other words, the challenge of developing strategies that encourage
Meeting report for SIGS1: First Conference of the Standards in Genomic Sciences eJournal

SIGS1 was convened on March 13-14, 2009 at Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA to review progress toward publication of the first issue of the Standards in Genomic Sciences (SIGS) eJournal. In attendance were members of the advisory and founding editorial board members. SIGS was conceived to fill a growing need: to provide a genome-centric venue for publication of the increasing volume of genomic and metagenomic data that is now without a formal publication in the scientific, technical and medical (STM) literature in a standards compliant manner. A central goal of SIGS is to apply concepts developed by the Genomic Standards Consortium, such as the MIGS checklist (Minimum Information about a Genome Sequence) to published articles so as to make them more accessible to both human and machine readers. To accomplish these goals, it is important that all of the metadata associated with the source organism, the sequencing methodologies, genome assembly, and genome annotation methods be reported in a consistent manner and become a part of the formal published record. doi:10.4056/sigs.328
The effect of varying the intensity and the duration of preexposure upon foveal dark adaptation in the human eye.

The course of foveal dark adaptation was studied as a function of the intensity and duration of preexposure. Four intensities (11,300, 5,650, 1,130, and 565 mL.) and four durations (300, 150, 30, and 15 seconds) were used in all combinations of intensity and duration. The threshold-measuring instrument was a monocular Hecht-Shlaer adaptometer and the threshold measurements were recorded in log micromicrolamberts. There were two subjects and each went through the complete series of intensities and durations five times. The five logarithmic values obtained for each threshold were converted into a geometric mean and these means were the data used in the analysis of the results. The chief results were as follows:— 1. For each subject the final steady threshold value was in the region of 7.0 log µµL. 2. As the intensity, or duration, or both, were increased the initial foveal dark adaptation threshold rose, the slope of the curve decreased, and the time to reach a final steady threshold value increased. 3. For those values of preexposure intensity and time for which the product, I x t, is a constant it was found that for the two higher intensities and two longer durations and also for the two lower intensities and two shorter durations, the dark adaptation curves were the same. For other values of I x t = C the curves were generally not the same.
Faking and faking detection on the 16 PF-form A.

(1969). Faking and Faking Detection on the 16 PF-FORM A. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 71, No. 2, pp. 155-158.
Diffuse fields in ultrasonics and seismology

We review the history of diffuse ultrasonic waves in solids with emphasis on recent developments in field-field correlations and their identification with Green’s function. The basic principles appear to be well understood now, and the identity between these two waveforms has been proven under a variety of assumed conditions that guarantee a diffuse field. Promise for practical passive imaging is good; nevertheless, measurements sometimes fail to fully agree with theory. We ascribe this in some cases to incomplete convergence — insufficient amounts of data have been processed. In other cases, it is probably because of a lack of perfect diffuseness; ambient nonmultiply scattered fields are often not equipartitioned and imperfectly diffuse.
Physisorption on a metal surface probed by surface state resonant second harmonic generation

Second harmonic generation from a Ag(1 1 0) surface, resonantly enhanced by the surface state transition at 1.74 eV, is found to be greatly affected by submonolayer adsorption. The physisorption of water or methanol causes a monotonic, exponential-like decay of the SH intensity that can be described by a model treating the adsorbate as a delocalized, weak perturbation in the resonantly enhanced SHG. On the other hand weak chemisorption of aniline generates a complex response in the SH intensity that eludes the predictability of the model. Analysis of the SH intensity has determined that water or methanol adsorption causes an upward shift in the minimum energies of the pair of surface states on Ag(1 1 0) and an increase in the transition linewidth. The sensitive response of the surface states to the presence of adsorbates provides a basis for SHG resonantly enhanced by surface state transition as a highly sensitive probe of submonolayer coverage. � 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Commentary on: Lymphomas Associated With Breast Implants: A Review of the Literature

“If language is not correct, then what is said is not what is meant; if what is said is not what is meant, then what must be done remains undone; … if justice goes astray, then people will stand about in helpless confusion. Hence there must be no arbitrariness in what is said. This matters above everything.”1Confucius (551–479 BC) Epidemiological studies and previous meta-analyses have shown that breast implant–associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma (BI-ALCL) is a distinct type of T-cell lymphoma involving the capsule or effusion surrounding a breast implant. A United States Food and Drug Administration safety communication in 2011 prompted the American Society of Plastic Surgeons (ASPS) to initiate a patient registry, include BI-ALCL language in patient consent forms warning of this potential malignancy, as well as pressured implant manufacturers to include the same in package inserts. Despite being first described 18 years ago, little progress has been made to understand the etiology or molecular pathogenesis of this lymphoma. In addition, BI-ALCL remains unfamiliar or misunderstood by many oncologists, surgeons, radiologists, pathologists, and patients. In many ways, the authors present a timely and much needed literature review on previous case reports of lymphoma and breast implants.2 The manuscript supports several pertinent findings, including that the presentation of ALCL is a spectrum with occasional disease-related death, that the presence of mass portends a worse prognosis, that cases are not isolated to a particular type of implant, and that improved global awareness is needed. The authors are to be commended for trying to make further sense of a very rare disease that has been sporadically reported over the last two decades. More disease-focused manuscripts are needed on BI-ALCL as diagnosis and treatment of these patients is commonly delayed months and, in some cases, years. However, with so …
Condoms for women. New options protect and empower.

This article focuses on the female condom and provides the history of female condoms in the United States. It includes a section regarding educating patients about the female condom another about troubleshooting the use of female condoms as well as information on acceptance.
Detection of Hardware Trojans in Third-Party Intellectual Property Using Untrusted Modules

During the design of an integrated circuit, there are several opportunities for adversaries to make malicious modifications or insertions to a design. These attacks, known as hardware Trojans, can have catastrophic effects on a circuit if left undetected. This paper describes a technique for identifying hardware Trojans with logic-based payloads that are hidden within third-party intellectual property. Through comparison of two similar but untrusted designs, functional differences can be identified for all possible input combinations within a window of time. This technique was tested on multiple Trojan benchmarks and was found to be very effective, both in detectability and in speed of testing. As this technique has very low costs to implement, it represents an easy way for designers to gain a level of trust in previously untrusted designs.
Conversion of corticosterone-4-C14 to aldosterone by human adrenal slices.

ConclusionsSynthesis of aldosterone by human adrenal slices from corticosterone-4-C14 has been demonstrated in vitro.
Electric Fields Produced by a Charge Density in Ionic Crystals.

Spatially extended defects such as the F center give rise to an effective defect charge density which may produce important polarizations in the crystal. The electric field in the crystal depends upon these induced dipoles. Lattice summations for the contribution to the electric field which arises from ionic shells centered about the defect are evaluated for the NaCl and CaF2 lattice structures.
Capital structure effects on the prices of equity call options

Abstract We examine whether values of equity options traded on individual firms are sensitive to the firm’s capital structure. We estimate the compound option (CO) model, which views equity as an option on the firm. Compared with the Black-Scholes model, the CO model with a term structure of volatility (TSV) reduces pricing errors by 20% on average. The compound option effect is particularly strong for highly levered firms and long-term options, in which the pricing improvement is up to 70% of the Black-Scholes error. Without a TSV, the CO model reduces pricing errors of in-the-money options by 12.74% on average and for out-of-the-money by 9.22%. We show that the CO model implies a market value of firm leverage and allows imputation of the firm’s implied volatility, both of which have potential applications in corporate finance.
The Facilitative Role of Law and Regulation in Gas and Electricity Markets

The main aim of this paper is to examine the instrumental or facilitative role of law and regulation in the development of energy markets (especially gas supply to electricity markets) by highlighting relevant issues from jurisdictions such as the US, EU and Nigeria. The discussion will be carried out primarily with the backdrop of comments and arguments relating to the facilitative nature of regulation in line with the legal instrumentalists’ perspectives on law and regulation as well as the economic analysis of law approaches. In this regard, the efficiency of law and regulation in relation to energy markets is directly or indirectly related to the extent to which the relevant institutional and regulatory framework is able to effect the attainment of clearly established policy and economic objectives.
Race, Neighborhood Economic Status, Income Inequality and Mortality

Mortality rates in the United States vary based on race, individual economic status and neighborhood. Correlations among these variables in most urban areas have limited what conclusions can be drawn from existing research. Our study employs a unique factorial design of race, sex, age and individual poverty status, measuring time to death as an objective measure of health, and including both neighborhood economic status and income inequality for a sample of middle-aged urban-dwelling adults (N = 3675). At enrollment, African American and White participants lived in 46 unique census tracts in Baltimore, Maryland, which varied in neighborhood economic status and degree of income inequality. A Cox regression model for 9-year mortality identified a three-way interaction among sex, race and individual poverty status (p = 0.03), with African American men living below poverty having the highest mortality. Neighborhood economic status, whether measured by a composite index or simply median household income, was negatively associated with overall mortality (p<0.001). Neighborhood income inequality was associated with mortality through an interaction with individual poverty status (p = 0.04). While racial and economic disparities in mortality are well known, this study suggests that several social conditions associated with health may unequally affect African American men in poverty in the United States. Beyond these individual factors are the influences of neighborhood economic status and income inequality, which may be affected by a history of residential segregation. The significant association of neighborhood economic status and income inequality with mortality beyond the synergistic combination of sex, race and individual poverty status suggests the long-term importance of small area influence on overall mortality.
Influence of psychic factors on labor analgesia and postpartum hemorrhage

Objective To explore the impact of degree of anxiety/depression on epidural labor analgesia and postpartum hemorrhage. Methods One hundred and twenty primiparas undergoing epidural analgesia in labor were enrolled in this study.Hamilton anxiety scale(HAS)and Hamilton depression scale(HDS)were used to evaluate primiparas' psychological status, and visual analogue scale(VAS)was used to assess the analgesic effect. The differences in psychic factors were compared between good analgesia group and poor analgesic effect group and between postpartum hemorrhage group and postpartum non- hemorrhage group. Results Among 120 primiparas, 31(25.8%)had anxiety, 22(18.3%)had depression, 19(15.8%)had bad analgesic effect, and 9(7.5%)had postpartum hemorrhage. The mild(57.9% vs. 11.9%)and moderate(21.0% vs. 2.9%)anxiety, mild(57.9% vs. 6.9%)and moderate(15.8% vs. 1.0%)depression in poor analgesic effect group were significantly higher than those of good analgesia group, and the difference was statistically significant(P 0.05). The mild(22.2% vs.18.9%)and moderate(66.7% vs. 0.9%)anxiety, mild(55.6% vs. 12.4%)and moderate(44.4% vs. 0%)depression in postpartum hemorrhage group were significantly higher than those of postpartum non- hemorrhage group, and the difference was statistically significant(P 0.05). Conclusions Primipara's anxiety/depression could impact the labor analgesia effect, and it is also an important factor leading to postpartum hemorrhage.
Written Testimony of Kevin Cole, Dean, University of San Diego School of Law, Submitted to the ABA Questionnaire CommitteeFor Consideration at Hearing on December 13, 2010,In Fort Lauderdale, Florida

This written testimony was submitted for consideration by the ABA Questionnaire Committee at its hearing on December 13, 2010, regarding possible changes in reporting requirements for placement data. It argues that the place for the ABA to focus is the mandatory reporting of salary data on a school-by-school basis and suggests some of the problems that would need to be overcome to implement such a system.
Fine structural observations of the peritubular cell layer in the hamster testis

The seminiferous tubule of the hamster is surrounded by a layer of specialized cells. The fine structure of these cells is similar to that of smooth muscle. Their cytoplasm contains numerous fine filaments and dense areas; in addition, vesicles can be seen forming on the plasmalemma and are also free in the cytoplasm. It is possible that their contractions aid in the transport of spermatozoa through the seminiferous tubules.
Intraoperative Metallic Thrombosis of Carotid-Cavernous Fistula

It has long been known that red blood cells, white blood cells, and fibrinogen are negatively charged at the normal pH of blood. It is also known that white blood cells and washed platelets migrate to the positive pole in an electrophoretic cell [1, 10]. Thus, the intravascular presence of a metal with a high dissociation constant of positively charged metallic ions, such as Fe2+, Cu2+, and Be2+, should attract these negatively charged intravascular elements to form a thrombus; this reaction should be enhanced by passage of an anodal current through the metal. The earliest attempts to apply this logic to the formation of an intravascular thrombus were made independently by Velpeau in 1831 [11] and Phillips in 1832 [9], who described a method of occluding an artery by introducing needles into the lumen and withdrawing the needles after a thrombus had formed about them. Velpeau [11] and Phillips [9] both suggested that this method might be utilized in the treatment of aneurysms. Moore and Murchison [5] first reported insertion of a permanent wire into an aneurysmal sac to create an intrasaccular thrombus.
Racial disparity in colorectal cancer: Gut microbiome and cancer stem cells

Over the past two decades there has been remarkable progress in cancer diagnosis, treatment and screening. The basic mechanisms leading to pathogenesis of various types of cancers are also understood better and some patients, if diagnosed at a particular stage go on to lead a normal pre-diagnosis life. Despite these achievements, racial disparity in some cancers remains a mystery. The higher incidence, aggressiveness and mortality of breast, prostate and colorectal cancers (CRCs) in African-Americans as compared to Caucasian-Americans are now well documented. The polyp-carcinoma sequence in CRC and easy access to colonic epithelia or colonic epithelial cells through colonoscopy/colonic effluent provides the opportunity to study colonic stem cells early in course of natural history of the disease. With the advent of metagenomic sequencing, uncultivable organisms can now be identified in stool and their numbers correlated with the effects on colonic epithelia. It would be expected that these techniques would revolutionize our understanding of the racial disparity in CRC and pave a way for the same in other cancers as well. Unfortunately, this has not happened. Our understanding of the underlying factors responsible in African-Americans for higher incidence and mortality from colorectal carcinoma remains minimal. In this review, we aim to summarize the available data on role of microbiome and cancer stem cells in racial disparity in CRC. This will provide a platform for further research on this topic.
Toward optimal EO response from ONLO chromophores: a statistical mechanics study of optimizing shape

Organic nonlinear optical (ONLO) chromophores are key components in electro-optic (EO) devices, particularly on chip. They have the potential to have footprints compatible with silicon-based devices. Materials based on ONLO chromophores are extremely easy to process, being plastics. The development of better chromophores requires the study of how strong the EO properties are of individual chromophores and how well they can be organized in a host material and, ultimately, how densely they can be packed in a neat material. We now assess how well the existing chromophores perform as neat materials and compare with how well the optimal chromophore could perform. By comparison with idealized structures the nature of the packing of such structures is examined. Furthermore, we consider how to augment core chromophores to improve the order and the packing density to improve the EO performance for bulk materials. The optimal chromophore for a neat material requires efficient utilization of its volume; groups pendant to a chromophore core can be designed to improve the overall order under poling, but eventually become self-defeating when they become too large. Adding pendant groups can lead to desired chemical and physical material properties although they may not necessarily improve the EO performance. Now, simulations show how pendant groups can be placed strategically to optimize EO performance. Estimates are developed for the theoretical maximum EO performance and compared to hypothetical and existing molecules. These comparisons lead to design principles that can be applied in molecular synthesis. Determining the effect of local environment (beyond just the general dielectric effect) is the next major challenge for quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics theory.
Health Benefits of Dietary Whole Grains: An Umbrella Review of Meta-analyses

Objective The purpose of this study is to review the effectiveness of the role of whole grain as a therapeutic agent in type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and obesity.
Fecundity and life span in transgenic Drosophila melanogaster overexpressing hsp70.

In the present study, we investigated the effect of hsp70 over expression on some life history components in transgenic fruit flies. We measured life span in mated flies and fecundity in flies subjected or not subjected to a heat shock inducing hsp70. Heat shock increased life span of the parental line, but not of the transgenic lines. Genetic manipulation of the flies altered their fecundity, but the heat shock had no effect on fecundity. To conclude, we have observed some costs of genetic manipulation by itself on life span and fecundity. However, the over expression of thehsp70 extra copies by the exposure to heat did not alter the studied variables.
Layered defense: how mucus and tight junctions seal the intestinal barrier

The colonic mucosa provides a vital defensive barrier separating the body from the microbial populations residing in the intestinal lumen. Indeed, growing evidence shows that loss of this barrier may cause disease or exacerbate disease progression. The loss of barrier integrity increases the translocation of bacterial antigens and stimulates inflammation in the intestinal mucosa, which is the central pathological feature of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). This review focuses on how intestinal mucus and intercellular tight junctions (TJs) act together to maintain the integrity of the colonic barrier and how barrier integrity is dysregulated in IBD.
Sustained Decline in Acute Gastroenteritis-Associated Hospitalizations and Outpatient Visits Among American Indian/Alaska Native Children After Rotavirus Vaccine Introduction, 2001–2014

We examined the uptake of rotavirus vaccine and compared trends in acute gastroenteritis (AGE)-associated hospitalizations and outpatient visits among American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) children aged <5 years before and after introduction of the rotavirus vaccine. The rates of AGE-associated hospitalization and outpatient visits among AI/AN children remained below prevaccine levels.