cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Chlortetracycline on Shelf-Life of Fresh Poultry Meat Treated in a Commercial Processing Plant

Abstract TODAY, most poultry meat is merchandised in fresh form, therefore, it is essential to retain initial freshness and quality. Under laboratory conditions designed to approximate commercial processing conditions, chlortetracycline has been shown to significantly extend the shelf-life of poultry (Ziegler and Stadelman, 1955; Kohler, Miller and Broquist, 1955). Ziegler and Stadelman (1955) reported that placing eviscerated chicken fryers in various concentrations of chlortetracycline significantly increased their shelf-life. Kohler, Miller and Broquist (1955) found that chlortetracycline was more effective in controlling poultry spoilage than were nine other antibiotics tested. Chlortetracycline inhibited growth in 81 of 93 strains of organisms tested (Lepovetsky et al., 1953). A chlortetracycline solution of 10 ppm. extended shelf-life of fresh poultry meat to 17.7 days compared to 11.5 days for controls (Spencer, Ziegler and Stadelman, 1954). These authors also found that packaging had no effect on shelf-life. Walker and Ayres (1956) investigating sanitary conditions in a poultry …
Lack of an EMF-induced genotoxic effect in the ames assay

Abstract A few epidemiological studies have linked exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMF) and the incidence of cancer. Since many carcinogens are mutagens in the Ames assay, the purpose of this study was to determine if exposure of four tester strains of Salmonella typhimurium (TA97a, TA98, TA100, and TA102) to EMF would increase their rate of mutation. Parallel plate electrodes and Helmholtz coils were used to create uniform field properties (300 V/in., 0.3 mT). Separate and combined alternating electric and magnetic fields effects were studied at a combined field frequency of 60, 600, and 6000 Hz at room temperature. These fields did not elevate the temperature of the culture plates above room temperature. Petri dishes containing each tester strain in top agar were exposed to an electric field (E), magnetic field (M), combined electric and magnetic field (EM), or no additional field above ambient conditions in the lab (control). Four plates containing each strain were exposed in each condition: two plates had the appropriate positive-control mutagen for each strain included in the top agar and two plates did not. Plates were exposed to either E, M, EM, or control conditions at room temperature for 48 hr. and then incubated an additional 24 hr. at 37 deg. C. The plates containing mutagen in the top agar showed an increased number of colonies consistent with mutagenesis. However, the rate of mutation in the S. typhimurium strains TA97a, TA98, TA100, and TA102 in either the presence or absence of mutagen was not affected by 48 hr. exposure at room temperature to E, M, or EM fields at 60, 600, or 6000 Hz.
BRAIN STEM INFLUENCE UPON LIMBIC AND PREFRONTAL DISCHARGE ACTIVITY

Brain stem lesions and stimulation effects upon prefrontal electrical activity in relation to limbic evoked potentials and after-discharges were studied in 20 squirrel monkeys. The studies were performed under phencyclidine hydrochloride (Sernylan) anesthesia.After-discharges elicited from the amygdala and hippocampus propagated to the prefrontal cortex following the lesion in the field H of Forel, whereas the septal stimulation elicited a self-sustained prefrontal after-discharge and a limbic after-discharge. Evoked potentials in the prefrontal cortex with the stimulation of the septum, amygdala, and hippocampus were attenuated by the conditioning stimuli in the field H of Forel.It was concluded that the lesion in the field H of Forel increased the excitability of prefrontal cortex to limbic stimulation and after-discharges.
Muscarinic receptor probes based on amine congeners of pirenzepine and telenzepine

Abstract The N-methyl groups of pirenzepine and telenzepine (M1-antagonists) were modified to produce chemically functionalized N-alkyl analogs using a “functionalized congener” approach. The derivatives were tested in binding assays vs. [3H]N-methylscopolamine in rat forebrain and cardiac membranes. The potency/selectivity were highly dependent on substitutions of the N-methyl group. The affinity in a series of n-alkyl amino derivatives progressively increased with the number of methylene groups. The amines were acylated with various reporter groups resulting in molecular probes of nanomolar affinity. The effect of chain length on aryl isothiocyanate affinity labels is explored.
Uncertain about Uncertainty: Understanding the Multiple Meanings of a Crucial Concept in International Relations Theory

The force of uncertainty is central to every major research tradition in the study of international relations. Yet uncertainty has multiple meanings, and each paradigm has a somewhat unique understanding of it. More often than not, these meanings are implicit. I argue that realists define uncertainty as fear induced by anarchy and the possibility of predation; rationalists as ignorance (in a nonpejorative sense) endemic to bargaining games of incomplete information and enforcement; cognitivists as the confusion (again nonpejoratively) of decision making in a complex international environment; and constructivists as the indeterminacy of a largely socially constructed world that lacks meaning without norms and identities. I demonstrate how these different understandings are what provide the necessary microfoundations for the paradigms’ definitions of learning, their contrasting expectations about signaling, and the functions provided by international organizations. This has conceptual, methodological, and theoretical payoffs. Understanding uncertainty is necessary for grasping the logic of each paradigm, for distinguishing them from each other, and promoting interparadigmatic communication.
Detection of the heteromorphic spectrum of heterochromatin in the human genome by in situ digestion using restriction endonuclease AluI

A battery of selective banding techniques has been utilized to identify the heteromorphic markers in the human genome. The recent addition of the AluI/Giemsa (G)-technique has helped not only in identifying the variable sites, but in characterizing their heteromorphic spectra. In the present investigation, we classified the pericentromeric heterochromatin by the AluI/G-technique by its size and position using 50 normal individuals and suggested the potential uses of this banding technique over earlier methods. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A colorimetric method for the determination of sugars.

VOLUMETRIC procedures have been used for the quantitative determination of sugars after separation by partition chromatography1,2. It has been our experience that these methods not only require considerable skill, but also they are lengthy and sensitive to slight variation of the conditions. We have therefore attempted to develop a simple quantitative colorimetric procedure. Preliminary experiments showed that the anthrone3 and the α-naphthol sulphonate4 reagents give good results with pure sugar solutions, but the presence of only traces of solvents such as butanol, phenol and propionic acid used in the chromatographic separation of the sugars rendered them useless.
Configuration-interaction Monte Carlo method and its application to the trapped unitary Fermi gas

We develop a quantum Monte Carlo method to estimate the ground-state energy of a fermionic many-particle system in the configuration-interaction shell model approach. The fermionic sign problem is circumvented by using a guiding wave function in Fock space. The method provides an upper bound on the ground-state energy whose tightness depends on the choice of the guiding wave function. We argue that the antisymmetric geminal product class of wave functions is a good choice for guiding wave functions. We demonstrate our method for the trapped two-species fermionic cold atom system in the unitary regime of infinite scattering length using the particle-number projected Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov wave function as the guiding wave function. We estimate the ground-state energy and energy-staggering pairing gap as a function of the number of particles. We compare our results with exact numerical diagonalization results and with previous fixed-node coordinate-space Monte Carlo calculations.
Breast cancer surgery in Veterans Affairs and selected university medical centers: results of the patient safety in surgery study.

Background Breast cancer is a common diagnosis. We compare perioperative characteristics and outcomes between male and female patients undergoing treatment for breast cancer and between hospital systems (Department of Veterans Affairs [VA] and private sector [PS]) as part of the Patient Safety in Surgery (PSS) Study. Study Design We performed an analysis of a prospectively collected clinical database. Data collected from 128 VA hospitals and 14 PS academic medical centers as part of the Patient Safety in Surgery Study for fiscal years 2002 through 2004 were used. Analysis included calculation of crude and adjusted odds ratios for morbidity. Results A total of 3,823 patients were included. Female VA patients at baseline had higher rates of smoking, steroid use, COPD, acute renal failure, dialysis, weight loss > 10%, preoperative chemotherapy, and abnormal laboratory values than female PS patients did. Male patients were older than the female patients in both hospital systems. Mortality rates were very low and similar among groups. All VA patients in this study had substantially longer lengths of stay than the patients in the PS. The unadjusted overall complication rate was 5.21%; the VA female patients experienced an unadjusted complication rate twice that of the PS female patients. When adjusted for confounding variables and differences in preoperative comorbidities, the odds ratio comparing VA with PS females was no longer markedly different (1.404; 95% CI, 0.894, 2.204). Conclusions VA patients with breast cancer have higher incidences of most comorbidities than patients in the PS. Differences in complication rates females disappear when adjustment is made for the higher rates of comorbidities in the VA patients.
Tyrosinase from embryonic chick retinal pigment epithelium

Abstract 1. 1. Twenty per cent of tyrosinase activity in 14-day chick embryo retinal pigment epithelium is found in the soluble fraction and 80 per cent is in the large particle fraction. 2. 2. Digitonin and sodium deoxycholate treatment release particulate tyroinase into the supernantant in forms having molecular weights of 140 × 103 and 220 × 103, respectively. 3. 3. The soluble fraction of chick embryo pigment cells contains two forms of tyrosinase with molecular weights of 72 × 103 and 150 × 103. 4. 4. All forms of tyrosinase observed in chick retinal pigment cells have molecular weights which are integral multiples of approximately 72 × 103. Implications of these results are discussed in relation to multiple forms of tyrosinase in other vertebrates, especially the mouse.
LONG‐TERM DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGES IN XANTHIUM INDUCED BY GIBBERELLIC ACID

One application of gibberellic acid (GA3) to Xanthium shoots resulted in an initial large stimulation, followed by inhibition, of internode elongation. After presumed translocation of the hormone from the locus of its application to the stem apex several morphological changes were observed. There was a significant increase in number of mitotic figures in the apical meristem and a twofold increase in volume of the apical dome. With time, the rate of leaf production was accelerated about 1.8 times. The phyllotaxis of leaf primordia initiated under the influence of GA3 changed from a (2, 3) contact parastichy pattern in control shoot to a (3, 5) pattern. Final petiole length was smaller than the control, and the absolute rate of lamina expansion decreased under prolonged treatment. Gibberellic acid had a pronounced effect on leaf morphology. GA3 induced the development of lanceolate leaves instead of typical deltoid leaves. The reduction in leaf area coincided with a 32 % reduction in the average area of epidermal cells. Plastochron changes were correlated with anatomical and morphological changes during the course of leaf development. MAKSYMOWYCH AND MAKSYMOWYCH (1973) presented a quantitative description of vegetative development of Xanthium pennsylvanicum as influenced by gibberellic acid (GA3). GA3 caused stimulation of stem elongation, altered leaf morphology, and changed the rate of leaf initiation. The area and length of leaves on treated plants were significantly reduced. Each response could be regulated by increasing or decreasing the concentration of gibberellic acid. In this paper we present additional information concerning the long-range effects of gibberellic acid upon Xanthium development. Increased rates of leaf initiation are associated with an enlargement of the apical dome and an increase in the number of mitotic figures seen in the dome. To our knowledge this is the first report that prolonged treatment with GA3 causes marked changes in phyllotaxis. Morphological changes in leaves are correlated with inhibition of cell enlargement in the lamina and petiole elongation.
Epidemiology and taxonomy in mental retardation.

Summary. The present state of epidemiological research in relation to mental retardation is described, with particular respect to taxonomic issues. A comprehensive taxonomy is proposed, and the problems of establishing it discussed.
Tea as a protective agent in cardiovascular health

Tea is one of the most popular and widely consumed beverages in the world. This product of Camellia sinensis is a rich source of polyphenolic flavonoids. These agents are known to possess potent antioxidant activity in vitro and may contribute up to 45 per cent of daily antioxidant intake in the United Kingdom. A range of epidemiological evidence suggests that tea consumption may have a protective effect against cardiovascular disease. It is inferred that this effect is a consequence of flavonoids protecting low density lipoprotein from oxidative damage. This assertion however is as yet not supported by a large body of in vivo observations. There is now a great need to explore alternative mechanisms for the cardioprotective actions of tea flavonoids.
A novel amination of aromatic and heteroaromatic compounds

Abstract Vinyl azides act as NH+2 equivalents in reaction with aromatic or heteroaromatic lithium derivatives thus providing a direct method for amination of such compounds.
Considering the Role of Heparin and Low-Molecular-Weight Heparins in Acute Ischemic Stroke

Background and Purpose— The utility of parenteral anticoagulation therapy in acute ischemic stroke has engendered much controversy and discussion. Recent studies of low-molecular-weight heparins in multiple acute stroke subtypes have not demonstrated improved outcome or reduced recurrence risk. Beneficial treatment effects may occur in subgroups such as patients with large artery atherothrombotic stroke, but further studies will be needed to prove this possibility. Summary of Review— The benefits of unfractionated intravenous heparin for reducing early stroke recurrence and improving outcome remain to be established, with the current lack of appropriately powered trials in stroke subgroups at high risk for such early recurrence. To most clinicians, the primary reason to use early intravenous anticoagulation is to prevent early stroke recurrence, not to improve outcome of an established stroke. Unfortunately, effects of reduction of recurrent stroke risk may be counterbalanced by a substantial increased ri...
Recent developments in axial tomography for heat transfer and fluid flow studies

Abstract The need for three-dimensional, nonintrusive field measurements in the area of heat transfer and fluid flows grows very rapidly, and at this time there are very few experimental techniques that can be used for such a purpose. Axial tomography is a promising technique for accurate quantitative measurements for a variety of heat transfer and fluid flow problems. It has already been tested and practiced in a number of applications, including medical scanning technology. The technique is based on Radon's original work and reconstructs a three-dimensional field from its two-dimensional projections (integrated measurements) obtained at different view angles. This review highlights some of the most important methods used in tomography and their applications to experimental heat transfer and fluid flow studies.
Monitoring and Alleviation of Symptom Occurrence and Severity Among Thai Children and Adolescents During Cancer Treatments.

Background: Symptom monitoring and alleviation are important during pediatric cancer treatments. Aims: To examine the use of the Therapy-Related Symptom Checklist for Children (TRSC-C; Thai version...
Anomalous properties of magnetic nanoparticles

Abstract Nanoparticles of ferrimagnetic NiFe2O4 and antiferromagnetic NiO exhibit a variety of anomalous magnetic properties. The lower coordination of surface spins is responsible in both cases for the observed behavior. This conclusion is supported by calculations of field-dependent spin distributions in these nanoparticles.
Conjugation in Tetrahymena: the relationship between the division cycle and cell pairing.

Abstract Conjugation, a sexual stage in the life cycle of Tetrahymena, is marked by the pairing of two cells of opposite mating types. Pairing establishes cytoplasmic continuity between the two cells and initiates the complex of nuclear events involved in sexual exchange. After mixing cells of opposite mating types in nonnutrient medium, a 3-hr refractory period ensues before pairing begins. A wave of cell division occurs concurrently with the onset of pairing. However, although all cells pair, the population does not double. This indicates that some cells do not divide and yet are capable of pairing. Apparently division per se is not required for pairing but does occur in most of the cells. Autoradiographic analysis demonstrates that the cells that divide before pairing were at a stage in the cell cycle beyond the initiation of macronuclear replication at the time they were transferred to nonnutrient medium. Cells that did not divide were in G1 at the time of shift-down. Thus, neither replication nor division is required to be able to fuse. However, since fusion occurs only in G1 and most cells are not in G1 at the time of shift-down, a traverse of the cell cycle is required. Shift-down induces G1 arrest and preparations for the mating reaction. Mixing the cells induces a synchronous wave of division for cells beyond the G 1 S interface. Preparations for the mating reaction occur independently of but simultaneous with the preparations for cell division.
Relationship of dietary fat to plasma fatty acids, blood pressure, and urinary eicosanoids in adult men.

This experiment was conducted to determine the relationships between modest changes in dietary linoleate, blood pressure (BP) response, and levels of eicosanoid synthesis in humans. Products of eicosanoids which appear in blood were measured in urine: PGI2, 6-keto-PGF1 alpha (KPGI2); TXA2, (TXB2); PGF2 alpha, 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGF2 alpha, (MPGF2 alpha). Twenty-three adult men were fed controlled diets having 25 energy percent fat, and having P/S ratios of either 0.3 (low-PUFA) or 1.0 (high-PUFA), for a total of 12 weeks, with a switchover between P/S ratios at 6 weeks. The results showed that, under the conditions of this study, BP was significantly reduced by reducing dietary fat intake from about 37 to 25 energy percent. However, no further effects on BP were produced by increasing the P/S ratio from 0.3 to 1.0. KPGI2 excretion was significantly lowered on both controlled diets as compared to the self-selected (SS) diet. However, MPGF2 alpha was lowered only on the low-PUFA diet as compared to the s...
Membrane Mobility of β2 Integrins and Rolling Associated Adhesion Molecules in Resting Neutrophils

The mobilities of transmembrane adhesion proteins are key underlying physical factors that contribute to neutrophil adhesion and arrest during inflammation. Here we present a novel (to our knowledge) fluorescence recovery after photobleaching system and a complementary analytical model to measure the mobility of the four key receptors involved in the adhesion cascade: L-selectin, PSGL-1, Mac-1, and LFA-1 for resting, spherical, and human neutrophils. In general, we find that β2 integrins (Mac-1, LFA-1) have mobilities 3–7 times faster than rolling associated molecules (L-selectin; PSGL-1), but that the mobilities within each of these groups are indistinguishable. Increasing temperature (room temperature versus 37°C) results in increased mobility, in all cases, and the use of a bivalent antibody label (mAb versus Fab) decreases mobility, except in the case of rolling associated molecules at room temperature. Disrupting the actin cytoskeleton increased mobility except that the highest mobilities measured for integrins (D = 1.2 × 10−9 cm2/s; 37°C, Fab) are not affected by actin poisons and approach the expected value for free diffusion. Although evidence of cytoskeletal hindrance of integrin mobility has been found in other systems, our data suggest such hindrance does not limit bulk integrin diffusion in resting neutrophils over distances and times important for adhesive plaque formation.
Comparison of robust regression methods based on least-median and adaptive kalman filtering approaches applied to linear calibration data

Abstract Five algorithms for data analysis are evaluated for their abilities to discriminate against outliers in small data sets (4–10 points). These methods included least-squares regression, the least absolute -deviation method, the least median of squares method, and two techniques based on an adaptive Kalman filter. For data sets consisting of 4–9 points with one outlier, the average errors in the estimation of the slope were found to be 18.9 % by least-squares, 17.7% by the least absolute deviation method, 0.5% by the least median of squares algorithm, 9.1% by an adaptive Kalman filter algorithm, and 0.9% by a zero-lag adaptive Kalman filter algorithm. Based on these results, the conclusion is that the zero-lag adaptive Kalman filter and the least median of squares approaches are best suited for the detection of outliers in small calibration data sets.
Stability and convergence properties of a novel, multi-zero, artificial neural network

Summary form only given. If the signal function f(x) of an N-dimensional neural network is a nonlinear multi-zero function in x such as sin( pi x), the stability and convergence properties of this network are mainly controlled by the connection matrix, of the network. If the connection matrix is programmed correctly, the system will have many global and asymptotic stable states. In the N-dimensional state space, each stable state (or final state) is surrounded by a domain of attraction such that whenever the initial state (or the input state) falls within this domain, the system will converge to the final state at the center of the domain. For a system possessing sin( pi ,x) signal functions, it is proved theoretically that the components of all final states are composed of integer numbers. Therefore, for any N-dimensional arbitrary analog input, the output will always be an N-bit, quantized M-nary (as against binary) digital output. The mapping relation between the N-dimensional analog input and the N-bit, M-ary digital output can be adjusted by adjusting the connection matrix. That is, the circuit can be trained to learn certain input-output mapping rules. >
Access to scientific databases threatened

As scientists, we take the ability to obtain and use data for granted. Our attitude reflects the easy access that has been the foundation on which this country's highly successful research system was built. Open access is particularly important for scientists who rely on large public-domain databases to study the Earth, its oceans, and particularly its atmosphere. Data from global seismographic networks, weather satellites, and other remote-sensing technologies are critical to modern research of the Earth system.
Determination of germanium isotope abundances and specific activity in accelerator produced germanium-68

Germanium-68 was produced by irradiation of a gallium target at a linear accelerator and purified by a two-step process involving leaching followed by chromatography. Germanium isotope abundances and specific activities of purified 68Ge were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (Perkin Elmer ICP-MS ELAN DRC) and gamma spectroscopy. The germanium abundances were: 68Ge (29.7–60.9 %) 69Ge (<1 %), 70Ge (37.7–64 %), 72Ge (<10 %), 73Ge (0 %), 74Ge (<5 %), 76Ge (0 %) and the specific activities were 53.8–155.9 GBq/mg. The low quantification limits of ICP-MS allow the analysis of diluted gamma counting samples so a separate ICP sample does not have to be prepared.
Determinants of Self‐Protective Behavior: Home Radon Testing

This field experiment explored the use of informational brochures to encourage home radon testing. Homeowners (N= 271) received a radon brochure, a questionnaire, and a form for ordering a $20 radon test kit. The brochures differed in their presentations of the magnitude of the threat (varying risk likelihood and severity) and the difficulty of reducing radon levels. Some also included a detailed list of home radon risk factors. Combinations of these three variables yielded a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design. Although 19.2% of the sample ordered tests, the percentage was constant across brochures. Data from the questionnaire showed that self-reported risk likelihood, risk seriousness, and concern were strongly correlated with intentions to test and with actual test orders. Calculations revealed that although the threat manipulation had a highly significant effect on these risk perceptions, the effect was too small to produce different rates of test orders. Confirming previous radon studies, perceived mitigation difficulty proved unrelated to interest in radon testing.
Defining mechanisms of ω-3 fatty-acid activity☆

Evaluation of the mechanisms and potential clinical uses of v-3 fatty acids is a timely topic. The interest of medical, nutrition, and research professionals in this area was recently reflected at the 25th annual meeting of the American Society of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition held in Chicago. At this meeting, a significant portion of the Nutritional Modulation of Inflammation workshop and a specific symposium on Fatty Acids as Modulators of Injury, Inflammation and Disease were devoted to v-3 fatty acids. In addition, several program abstracts presented current research in the field. The mechanisms for v-3 fatty-acid‐mediated inhibition of inflammation are not well understood, but evidence suggests that alterations in arachidonic-acid metabolism, eicosanoid-pathway intermediates, induction of apoptosis and/or proinflammatory cytokine production are involved.1 Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) is the major component v-3 fatty acid contained in fish oil, and v-3 fatty-acid research has focused on the role of EPA as an antiinflammatory agent. 2 Unfortunately, experiments aimed at defining the mechanisms underlying EPA’s antiinflammatory properties have been hindered by the lack of a pure and reliable source of EPA for experimental evaluation. In the United States, there is no commercially available source of pharmaceutical-grade EPA. Available preparations have been limited to EPA salts or EPA‐albumin complexes obfuscating true biologic effects as a consequence of EPA oxidation, endotoxin contamination, or the inherent suppression of the macrophage inflammatory response by albumin alone (personal observations). Further limiting this research has been the unavailability of an appropriate isoenergetic v-6 control fatty-acid source for use in EPA studies. In this issue of Nutrition, Jordan and Stein present their work “Modulation of Epidermal Growth Factor‐Induced Proliferation by an v-3 Fatty Acid Containing Lipid Emulsion on Human Pancreatic Cell Line Mia Paca-2.” Central to the study is their use of a pharmaceutical-grade v-3 fatty-acid emulsion, Omegaven (Fresenius-Kabi, Bad Homburg, Germany). Jordan and others have been reporting their experiences with this fatty-acid emulsion, which is a clinical intravenous lipid emulsion available in Europe. Another product, Lipovens (v-6 lipid emulsion), manufactured by the same company, is available for use as an appropriate isoenergetic pharmaceutical-grade control for these types of studies. In their report, Jordan and Stein used the Mia-Paca-2 human pancreatic-cancer cell line to demonstrate time- and dosedependent inhibitions of cellular proliferation in response to coincubation with the v-3 lipid emulsion. They previously presented data demonstrating that this antiproliferation effect is specific to v-3 in comparison with cells coincubated with an appropriate v-6 control lipid emulsion. Mia-Paca-2 cells are derived from an epithelial tumor. Jordan and Stein hypothesized that, in response to epidermal growth factor (EGF; a mitogen proproliferative agent) stimulation, cells preincubated with Omegaven would not exhibit the expected EGF
Coordinated Thematic Science in the Classroom: A View from Pilot Teachers.

The purpose of this paper is threefold. First, we set out to describe a context for understanding events that fuel the need to reform secondary science education in Texas. Next, we present the results of a survey of the knowledge, beliefs, and attitudes of a group of central Texas science teachers related to implementing Coordinated Thematic Science (CTS) instruction, who were surveyed after field testing preliminary CTS instructional materials. Last, we argue that caution must be exercised in the design of inservice programs to prepare life science teachers in Texas to teach a coordinated thematic Science I course to rising Grade 7 students by the target date of Fall, 1994.
ALLYLATED AROMATICS VIA NI-CATALYZED COUPLINGS OF BENZYLIC CHLORIDES AND VINYLIC ORGANOMETALLICS

Abstract Hydroalumination and hydrozirconation of alkynes lead to vinylic organometallics which react with benzylic chlorides at room temperature under the influence of in situ-generated, catalytic quantities of (presumably) Ni(0), to afford allylated aromatics in good yields.
Alteration of protein degradation in mitochondria and other rat liver fractions as a result of aminoazodye feeding

Abstract 1. 1. Using the dual label method, relative rates of protein degradation were examined in liver fractions of rats after prolonged feeding or the carcinogenic 3′-methyl-4-dimethylaminoazobenzene (3′-Me-DAB) and the non-carcinogenic isomer, 2-methyl-4-dimethylaminoazobenzene (2-Me-DAB). 2. 2. After 50 – 63 days of continual feeding, both azodyes cause a decrease in the rates of protein degradation of all liver fractions studied. Within this time period, the effect is more pronounced in the case of 2-Me-DAB. 3. 3. The accumulation of rat liver mitochondria as a consequence of prolonged 2-Me-DAB administration as observed by earlier workers is attributed to decreased degradation rather than to increased biogenesis. 4. 4. Mitochondrial protein subunits, in the presence of sodium dodecylsulfate, can be separated by Sepharose gel chromatography into two distinct fractions: a fairly homogenous high mol. wt fraction characterized by a low turnover and low degree of 2-Me-DAB binding, and a heterogeneous lower mol. wt fraction characterized by high turnover and higher degree of 2-Me-DAB binding. 5. 5. The pronounced effect of the noncarcinogenic 2-Me-DAB on rat liver may provide a convenient and useful system in which the mechanism of protein degradation in the mammalian cell can be studied.
Antiarrhythmic Properties of Chlordiazepoxide

The reported effectiveness of chlordiazepoxide in depressing the central nervous system led us to test this agent against cardiac arrhythmias induced by digitalis and coronary occlusion. The digitalis studies were performed in Dial-urethane anesthetized cats by monitoring: (1) ECG, (2) femoral arterial blood pressure, (3) right ventricular contractile force, and (4) spontaneous activity in cardiac sympathetic nerves. Chlordiazepoxide (3.6-39.5 mg/kg i.v.) converted established ventricular arrhythmias induced by deslanoside to regular sinus rhythms in nine of the 12 animals studied. Conversion was associated with depression of deslanoside-induced sympathetic nerve firing. Chlordiazepoxide was ineffective against similar arrhythmias produced in eight spinal-sectioned cats. The coronary occlusion studies were performed in unanesthetized dogs 1 day after two-stage ligation of the anterior descending branch of the left coronary artery. The ECG was recorded and all dogs exhibited ventricular ectopic beats. Chlo...
Derivation of dual models from field theory. II

We rewrite lambdaphi/sup 4/ theory as a dual string expansion by performing a combined topological strong-coupling expansion on an x/sup +/, P/sup +/ lattice. The resulting expansion is the standard dual loop expansion plus the point-energy-momentum density graphs of Green. The expansion goes through only for the ''wrong'' sign of lambda, i.e., when the theory is asymptotically free and infrared unstable. The coupling strength lambda is fixed by an eigenvalue condition, and the rest tension of the string, T/sub 0/, replaces it as a free parameter. The continuum limit only exists for the critical dimension D = 26. We suggest that this approach might be a suitable starting point for spectrum calculations in quantum chromodynamics.
Exposure Ages for Iron Meteorites

IN our communication it was pointed out that it is possible to estimate a cosmic-ray exposure age for a meteorite from a measurement of the stable rare gas contents alone. The difficulty with such estimates in the past has been that it was not possible to estimate the cosmic-ray production-rate of a stable nuclide in the particular sample of the meteoroid measured, as the production-rate depends on the unknown depth of the measured sample in a meteoroid of unknown size. The proposed estimate of production-rate was made from the observation that for meteorites with low argon-39 and chlorine-36 activity (that is, low cosmic-ray nuclide production-rates) the ratio helium-3/argon-38 is lower than in meteorites with high argon-39 and chlorine-36 activities. It was also pointed out that the same is true for the ratios helium-3/helium-4 and neon-21/argon-38. The discussion of the dependence on energy of these ratios was included to give a possible explanation for the observed dependence. The only assumptions made were that the dependence is not a coincidence or an experimental error. This argument has been discussed by Waanke in the preceding communication. Contrary to Wanke's statement, the estimation of the exposure ages is not based on assumptions concerning the energy spectrum of the cosmic-ray particles producing the rare gases or on whether the ratios are a measure of the mean energy. The estimation is based only on experimental observations which indicate a relationship between the ratios helium-3/argon-38, helium-3/helium-4, neon-4/argon-38 and the production-rate of the radioactive nuclides chlorine-36 and argon-39 by cosmic rays.
Crystal structure of 2,2-diphenylethyl 2,4,6-trimethylphenyl ketone: Kohler's ketone ― mechanism of stereospecific enolization reaction with Grignard reagents

Abstract The title compound crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/n with a = 10.875(2), b = 6.039(5), c- 29.015(8)A, and β = 91.29(2). The observed density for Z = 4 la 1.14(1) Mgm-3 (Dc - 1.155 Mgm-3). The reliability factors for 1127 unique reflections are R - 0.066 and Rw = 0.064. The dihedral angle between the mesityl ring and the carbonyl to α- carbon plane is 114.4° in contrast to an angle of 89.9° reported earlier for a substituted t-butyl mesityl ketone. A mechanism is proposed for the formation of an E-magnesium enolate from the reaction of Kohler's ketone with Grignard reagents.
Inhibition of Glucose Trimming with Castanospermine Reduces Calnexin Association and Promotes Proteasome Degradation of the α-Subunit of the Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor

To identify factors involved in the expression of ligand-gated ion channels, we expressed nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in HEK cells to characterize roles for oligosaccharide trimming, calnexin association, and targeting to the proteasome. The homologous subunits of the acetylcholine receptor traverse the membrane four times, contain at least one oligosaccharide, and are retained in the endoplasmic reticulum until completely assembled into the circular arrangement of subunits of δ-α-γ-α-β to enclose the ion channel. We previously demonstrated that calnexin is associated with unassembled subunits of the receptor, but appears to dissociate when subunits are assembled in various combinations. We used the glucosidase inhibitor castanospermine to block oligosaccharide processing, and thereby inhibit calnexin's interaction with the oligosaccharides in the receptor subunits. Castanospermine treatment reduces the association of calnexin with the α-subunit of the receptor, and diminishes the intracellular accumulation of unassembled receptor subunit protein. However, treatment with castanospermine does not appear to alter subunit folding or assembly. In contrast, co-treatment with proteasome inhibitors and castanospermine enhances the accumulation of polyubiquitin-conjugated α-subunits, and generally reverses the castanospermine induced loss of α-subunit protein. Co-transfection of cDNAs encoding the α- and δ-subunits, which leads to the expression of assembled α- and δ- subunits, also inhibits the loss of α-subunits expressed in the presence of castanospermine. Taken together, these observations indicate that calnexin association reduces the degradation of unassembled receptor subunits in the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway.
Cycle regression analysis: simultaneous estimation of trigonometric components of a time series

Abstract Cycle regression analysis is a continuously evolving family of algorithms that provides the simultaneous estimation of all parameters of a sinusoidal model. The newest members of the family, which add spectral analysis to the nonlinear regression methodology, are introduced in this paper. The new algorithms have been applied to some of the most classic time-series data sets in the literature. A comparison, of the results of the analysis are made to the results of applying two other forecasting techniques: stepwise estimation procedure and asymptotic maximum likelihood approach. The ability of the cycle regression analysis method to simultaneously estimate parameters is shown to provide an inherent advantage over these other two techniques. A set of contemporary business data from the M-2 competition is also analyzed using cycle regression analysis and the results presented. One of these new cycle regression analysis algorithms was selected to be included among the forecasting techniques used in the international M-2 competition.
Influence of irrigation and nitrogen management on potato yield and quality.

The effects of irrigation, water and nitrogen management on yield and quality of the Russet Burbank cultivar are discussed relevant to developmental stages of growth. Recent research on the interactions of irrigation and nitrogen management on total and U.S. No. 1 yields and specific gravity are presented. Total and U.S. No. 1 yields decline with increasing soil moisture stress. Yield of U.S. No. 1 potatoes is particularly sensitive to short periods of irrigation deficit during tuber initiation. Total yield appears most sensitive to short periods of irrigation deficit during tuber bulking. Allocation of longer term irrigation deficits during years of limited water supply should be either a) avoided during mid-season tuber bulking, or b) uniformly distributed over the entire tuber bulking growth period. Yield increases with higher total available soil nitrogen under deficit irrigation, but the yield response diminishes as the amount of total seasonal water decreases. The influence of irrigation and nitrogen availability is also discussed for specific gravity and tuber maturity. Seasonal (split) nitrogen management is proposed as a method to improve yield, quality and nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency of indeterminant cultivars.
Maternal health in China - challenges of the next decade*

Abstract In China, about 10 000 women die every year in pregnancy and childbirth. These women are young, aged 24 to 34. Morbidity among all women is still high. About one-third of married women surveyed in some regions have cervicitis or vaginitis. Ninety percent of the total population have hepatitis A by young adulthood. Because increasing proportions of pregnancies are first pregnancies, the risks of complications, such as toxemia and difficult labor, are higher. Even though there are still wide regional differences in the mortality rate, from 18 maternal deaths per 100000 live births in Shanghai to 108 in Ningxia Autonomous Region, China's achievements in reducing the maternal deaths to levels less than those found in other developing countries are impressive. China's policy 1960 - 1980 concentrated on providing access to basic care, including a rapid expansion of a network of maternal and child health services, a large group of community health workers trained to provide basic care, drugs, family planning services, and attendance to deliveries, and the full political support of the government to improve women's literacy and the Institution of laws increased the minimum legal age for marriage. However, the level of maternal mortality has not declined much in the past nine years. Furthermore, the difference in the level of morbidity and mortality varies with the economic status of the region and access to health services. A strategy to improve maternal health would include developing a comprehensive approach to strengthen the epidemiological, clinical, and managerial expertise of the health system. Interventions would also have to be tailored to local health priorities. Most maternal deaths in rural areas occur at home as a result of hemorrhage. In the cities, almost all deliveries occur in hospitals, and the major cause of death is toxemia. Resources can be used better If targeted to programs that match these problems. The maternal and child health centers must avoid overexpansion of curative services that duplicate the existing network of hospital services. Early intervention to decrease the risks of maternal deaths, such as correcting anemia, providing tetanus toxoid immunization, and managing excessive weight gain or hypertension, require patient cooperation and compliance. Thus, health education is necessary to Increase patients' awareness of the progression of normal pregnancy and the early signs of risk factors. Maternal deaths are preventable. So is most of the morbidity related to pregnancy. To further reduce the maternal mortality rate and reduce morbidity, China needs to provide basic maternal health care in the poorest regions, and needs to experiment with innovative planning and management methods, such as the ‘risk approach’, to match Interventions with priority health problems.
Comparison of Suture-in and Suture-out Postkeratoplasty Astigmatism With Single Running Suture or Combined Running and Interrupted Sutures

Purpose To evaluate postkeratoplasty astigmatism between two suture techniques 2 to 4 years postoperatively in a group of patients previously studied 9 months postoperatively. Methods Thirty-two patients who underwent penetrating keratoplasty were randomly assigned to one of two groups. Group 1 (16 patients) had a 24-bite single running 10–0 nylon suture with postoperative suture tension adjustment; group 2 (16 patients) had combined 16-bite running and eight interrupted 10–0 nylon sutures with selective postoperative removal of interrupted sutures. During long-term follow-up, the running suture was removed in 19 patients (59%). Results Postoperative astigmatism was slightly lower in patients with the single running suture technique when sutures were in place and was slightly greater after the sutures were removed compared with the combined running and interrupted suture technique (sutures in: single running suture ± SD, 2.6 ± 1.2 diopters [five patients, 31%]; combined running and interrupted sutures, 3.8 ± 1.1 diopters [eight patients, 50%]; sutures out: single running suture, 3.3 ± 1.3 diopters [11 patients, 69%]; combined running and interrupted sutures, 2.8 ±1.5 diopters [eight patients, 50%]). These differences were not statistically significant (sutures in, P Conclusions Postoperative astigmatism 4 years after penetrating keratoplasty is similar for these two suturing techniques, with or without residual sutures. A single running suture results in more rapid visual rehabilitation and less early astigmatism compared with the combined interrupted and running suture technique.
Sequential recording of photic and nonphotic electro-oculogram responses in patients with extensive extramacular drusen

At present, no clinical electrophysiologic test defines dysfunction of the retinal pigment epithelium. We studied four electrophysiologic responses of the retinal pigment epithelium to compare results from three normal subjects with those from three patients with a diffuse retinal pigment epithelial disorder, extramacular drusen. We recorded the fast oscillation, hyperosmolarity response, acetazolamide response, and light peak by means of a clinical protocol in which these could be elicited consecutively. We found no significant differences between the normal subjects and patients with drusen for any of the four responses. These results suggest that retinal pigment epithelial electrophysiologic function is well maintained despite the widespread physical abnormalities of the retinal pigment epithelium in extramacular drusen. This combined test was well tolerated and may prove useful in characterizing other diseases involving the retinal pigment epithelium.
Effect of Heavy Water on Three High Producing Strains of Penicillium chrysogenum

Three high antibiotic-producing strains of Penicillium chrysogenum (Wisconsin Q176, 51-20F3, and 49-133) were examined for their ability to grow and produce penicillin in nutrient solutions containing pure heavy water. Penicillin titer values and pH changes were observed over the culture study period. Wisconsin Q176 responded most favorably. Continuous feeding of dextrose and potassium phenylacetate gave better antibiotic titers than a single addition of the two components. With either feeding regimen, potassium phenylacetate was more effective as a precursor than N-(β-hydroxyethyl)phenylacetamide or α-phenylacetamide. L-Leucine added together with potassium phenylacetate further enhanced penicillin production. The production of the yellow pigment associated with Wisconsin Q176 in protio nutrient cultures was suppressed in deuterium oxide nutrient cultures.