cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Automated/integrated real-time clinical decision support in acute kidney injury.

Purpose of review Health information technology advancements have resulted in recent increased sophistication of the electronic health record, whereby patient demographic, physiological, and laboratory data can be extracted real-time and integrated into clinical decision support (CDS). Recent findings The implementation of health information technology advancements into CDS in the renal realm has been focused mainly on assessment of kidney function to guide medication dosing in the setting of reduced function or to reactively detect acute kidney injury (AKI) heralded by an abrupt increase in serum creatinine. More recent work has combined risk stratification algorithms to guide proactive diagnostic or therapeutic intervention to prevent AKI or reduce its severity. Summary Early, real-time identification and notification to healthcare providers of patients at risk for, or with, acute or chronic kidney disease can drive simple interventions to reduce harm. Similarly, screening patients at risk for AKI with these platforms to alert research personnel will lead to improve study subject recruitment. However, sole reliance on electronic health record generated alerts without active healthcare team integration and assessment represents a major barrier to the realization of the potential of CDS to improve healthcare quality and outcomes.
Associations between Obesity, Body Fat Distribution, Weight Loss and Weight Cycling on Serum Pesticide Concentrations.

Associations between Obesity, Body Fat Distribution, Weight Loss and Weight Cycling on Serum Pesticide Concentrations Associations between obesity, body fat distribution, weight loss, and weight cycling on serum pesticide concentrations. Preliminary studies suggest pesticides may be linked to increased cancer risk. Since most pesticides are lipophilic and stored within adipose tissue, serum levels of organochlorines are affected not only by environmental exposures, but also by factors related to lipid turnover and storage. Our objective was to investigate whether serum organochlorines are influenced by weight loss, body fat distribution, and weight cycling. Ten overweight women were recruited upon entry into a weight loss program and surveyed regarding weight history, childbearing/lactation, and exposure to environmental contaminants. Anthropometric measures and phlebotomy were conducted at baseline and at four weeks (mean weight loss=5.1 kg). Serum was analyzed for 19 common polychlorinated pesticides and metabolites and 10 PCB congeners. Organochlorine levels were not significantly affected by weight loss nor associated with body mass index (BMI). Strong positive correlations were noted between levels of DDE/DDT and age (DDE β=0.6986/p=0.0246/DDT β=0.6536/ p=0.0404) and between DDE/DDT and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) (DDE β=0.4356/p=0.0447/DDT β=0.8108/p=0.0044). Trends were noted for decreased levels of DDT in women who reported more episodes of weight cycling.Serum organochlorine levels may be affected not only by age, but also factors related to lipid turnover (i.e., episodes of weight cycling and WHR), and warrants further study.
The Proteinuric Phase of Diabetic Nephrology

In normal humans, very little protein is lost in the urine because the glomerular capillary wall imposes an efficient barrier to passage of macromolecules, excluding them from Bowman’s space on the basis of both size and charge. Indeed, despite having an extraordinarily high permeability to water, the glomerular capillary wall, comprised of the fenestrated endothelial cells, basement membrane, and visceral epithelial cells with interdigitating podocytes, has a permeability to macromolecules which is among the lowest in the circulation. Leakiness of the glomerular capillary wall to proteins is the first sign of glomerular injury in diabetes and a reliable predictor of eventual renal failure in this disorder. Recent studies suggest, moreover, that antihypertensive therapies which reduce proteinuria will retard the progression of diabetic renal disease. This observation has provided a strong impetus to identify the mechanisms responsible for proteinuria in diabetic renal disease.
Designing Information Graphics

Actually composing an information graphic – putting all of the pieces together in a rhythmic, orderly interesting design – is equal in importance to writing the text and creating the main illustrations. In fact, the design of the graphic can have a direct impact on an audience's ability to follow the information that is presented in an efficient and logical manner. Design can also affect the level of meaning and understanding an audience will take away from the graphic. Thus, understanding how to compose/design an information graphic is paramount to a graphics reporter's ability to succeed.
Band Erosion: Surgical and Endoscopic Management

Erosions of adjustable gastric bands have become uncommon. The presentation of an erosion is insidious with a clinical course characterized by weight gain and loss of restriction and rarely by significant hematemesis. Upper endoscopy is the preferred diagnostic tool. Surgical explantation remains the preferred option with endoscopic explantation in selected patients. Staged band replacement allows resumption of weight loss with a low risk of re-erosion, while conversion to sleeve gastrectomy or gastric bypass results in effective weight loss. A staged approach may improve morbidity associated with the latter options.
Determination of Energy Absorption of Microwave Radiation Using the Cooling Curve Technique

ABSTRACTTime-temperature profiles of a specimen exposed to microwave radiation are presented. Using measured cooling curves to determine the cooling coefficient and the absorption factor for different power densities of exposure, time-temperature profiles during exposure and, therefore, the amount of energy absorbed by the specimen can be mathematically determined. After cooling coefficients and absorption factors have been obtained for specific geometry, time-temperature profiles and energy absorption can be calculated for any exposure value. This paper presents the technique and explains the usefulness of the technique for determining energy absorption by biological specimens when exposed to microwave radiation of a known power density.
Connexin-43 Regulates the Cell Cycle Entry of Hematopoietic Stem Cells within the Stem Cell Niche.

Abstract 1500 Poster Board I-523 Bone marrow (BM) osteoblasts and stromal (O/S) cells are crucial in the establishment of the hematopoietic niches in the BM. Connexin 43 (Cx43) is expressed by BM stromal cells and by hematopoietic stem cells and progenitors (HSC/P) and is overexpressed in the BM endosteal space upon administration of chemotherapy or radiotherapy. We have previously reported that Cx43 is critical in fetal liver and in BM hematopoiesis. Since Cx43 is expressed by both HSC and the hematopoietic microenvironment, we dissected out the cellular mechanisms responsible for Cx43 function in the BM. We analyzed the hematopoiesis of mice deficient in Cx43 in the O/S cells (Collagen 1α-Cre flox/flox ; O/S-Cx43-deficient) or in the hematopoietic cells (Vav1-Cre flox/flox ; H-Cx43-deficient). Upon basal conditions, analysis of the HSC compartment of H-Cx43-deficient mice showed a ∼30% decreased content of immunophenotypically defined long-term HSC (LT-HSC) in BM of H-Cx43KO mice compared with their WT littermates, whereas there was not significant variation in the ST-HSC population content. The reduced LT-HSC population in H-Cx43KO mice was associated with a modest increased quiescence (∼12% increase of LT-HSC in G 0 ). Interestingly, the expression of cyclin D1 and p21 cip1 in the H-Cx43KO LT-HSC were 50% reduced and 4-fold increased, respectively, suggesting a decreased ability to enter cell cycle. While we found no significant engraftment difference in primary recipients of competitive repopulation assays, we found a marked reduction (>50%) in the engraftment ability of LT-HSC Cx43-deficient cells when transplanted into secondary recipients. When submitted to stress by 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) administration, H-Cx43KO mice showed a severely decreased hematopoietic recovery of peripheral blood (PB) counts for neutrophils and platelets accompanied with a marked reduction in the BM cellularity and hematopoietic progenitor content on day +14 after treatment. This defect was associated with a dramatic decreased (∼75 %) in the proliferation of the Cx43-deficient, LT-HSC population by 48 hours post-5-FU administration and a relative decrease of the expansion of the ST-HSC/MPP pool as early as 6 days post-5-FU administration. Interestingly, O/S-Cx43-deficient mice also showed severely delayed hematological recovery after 5-FU administration, with reduction in cellularity and hematopoietic progenitor content, suggesting that the increased hematopoietic toxicity induced by 5-FU in the context of Cx43 deficiency may depend on HSC-to-O/S Cx43 homotypic communication. This communication would be responsible of control of the G 1 restriction checkpoint in LT-HSC. In summary, our findings suggest that Cx43 expression plays a crucial role controlling the LT-HSC pool size and fitness in response to stress. Disclosures: Cancelas : CERUS CO: Research Funding; CARIDIAN BCT: Research Funding; HEMERUS INC: Research Funding.
Model-based calibration of the reaction-based diesel combustion dynamics

A control-oriented reaction-based combustion model is implemented and used to simulate the combustion process in a diesel engine. The model integrates a homogeneous thermodynamic system with a two-step chemical reaction mechanism that consists of six species. The accuracy of the model is evaluated by comparing with experimental data from a GM 6.6L, 8 cylinder Duramax engine. The model is calibrated for different key points over the entire engine map as well as various injection timings and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) ratio using an automated calibration algorithm. The reaction-based model is shown to provide accurate predictions of incylinder pressure, temperature, mass-fraction-burned and heat release rate. As an alternative to Wiebe-based method, this approach could lead to a better model with less calibration effort. The improvement is due to the fact that the burn rate is online calculated based upon the dominated fuel chemical components and combustion chamber properties, such as temperature, oxygen and burned gas concentration, etc.
Collaboration, Cooperation, and Coordination

Understanding the importance of the strategic planning to our communities is very essential, where this process helps to ensure and identify clear goals. Strategic planning helps to assess the available and expected capabilities inside and outside the organization, in order to the formulation and implementation of the plans.
Thymosin β4 inhibits PDGF-BB induced activation, proliferation, and migration of human hepatic stellate cells via its actin-binding domain.

Objectives: Hepatic stellate cells (HSC) trans-differentiation is central to the development of liver fibrosis, marked by the expression of pro-fibrogenic genes and the proliferation and migration ...
#digital hood: Engagement with Risk Content on Social Media among Black and Hispanic Youth.

The digital neighborhood is the amalgamation of the spaces online where youth connect with others. Just as Black and Hispanic youth live in neighborhoods that influence their health, they are also influenced by online digital neighborhoods. Youth are exposed to social media content featuring substance use, sexual risk, and violence, yet little is known about the extent to which youth engage with such content. Using a modified venue sampling strategy, we administered CASI surveys to 145 Black and Hispanic youth aged 13–24 living in low-income urban neighborhoods. Across social media platforms, respondents reported high levels of exposure to sexual, alcohol, drug, and violence-related content (65–84%). Users reported lower levels of engagement with risk-related content (on an engagement continuum), ranging from passive exposure to dissemination. While negative risks may be amplified in the digital neighborhood, youth appear to strategically limit their engagement with that content. However, because risk behavior messaging is common in these digital neighborhoods, these spaces provide opportunities for health promotion interventions.
Postmodern views on the Early Music practice: performance, pedagogy and society

The Early Music movement has generated a shift in performance practices of Western Art music and in its pedagogy. Musical analyze, if it became a key in the production of Historically Informed Performances, is always accompanied by a serious contextualization. In this article I will show how practices in Early Music can be seen as essentially postmodern (Jameson, Butt), recalling principles of deconstruction (Norris) for both its epistemology and its pedagogy. Early Musicians build on their knowledge of pre-modern music theories to promote non-canonized forms through an "insistent questioning of [their] own methods and practices" (Tomlinson). This postmodern attitude in knowledge transmission reveals a deep shift in social practices related to fields as diverse as politics, work organization or economics, and the recent debates between professional musicians are the mirror of difficulties to define one's positioning, especially when founded over such a ungraspable and moveable background. Oscillating between modern ideologies inherited from the Enlightenment and pre-modern concepts of art consumption, between literacy and orality (Goody), this practice, defined by acts of deconstruction, struggles to construct its identity. I consider these attempts as reflecting the peregrinations of a twenty-first century epistemology in search of itself. In this essay, I partly based my work on ethnographic researches in Southern Europe, alongside scholarship readings and textual analyzes.
Black skin, black mask: the subaltern’s quest for transformation in Jean-Paul Civeyrac’s Mon amie Victoria

In Mon Amie Victoria/ My Friend Victoria (2014) Jean-Paul Civeyrac’s representation of the marginalisation of his protagonist,a young black woman in contemporary Paris, problematises both race diff...
Dutasteride in the long-term management of stuttering priapism.

Background: The objective of this study is to review our 12-year experience with the 5-α reductase inhibitor dutasteride as a potential long-term treatment option for stuttering priapism. Dutasteride has a uniquely long half-life of 35 days which offers a theoretical advantage as a chronic therapy for management of stuttering priapism. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed patients with stuttering priapism in our database from 2006–2018 treated with dutasteride. Men with concurrent use of medications other than dutasteride to treat stuttering priapism were excluded. Patients were started on a dose of 0.5 mg daily and tapered to a more infrequent dosing schedule, ranging from 0.5 mg every other day to once weekly. The frequency of priapism episodes before and after initiation of dutasteride therapy was analyzed. Results: Among 21 cases, 13 patients met our inclusion criteria (mean age 43 years). Median follow-up on daily dutasteride was 79 days, and median follow-up on tapered dutasteride was 607 days. A total of 11/13 (85%) men treated with dutasteride had some degree of improvement—5/13 (38%) had complete resolution of their symptoms and 6/13 (46%) had reduced frequency and/or severity of their episodes. Among 5/13 (38%) men who had >2 emergency room (ER) visits for ischemic priapism prior to therapy, most (3/5, 60%) did not require any ER visits while on dutasteride therapy. Among the five men who received chronic, tapered-dose therapy, all reported continued suppression of priapistic episodes. Among 4 patients with sickle cell disease (SCD), 3/4 (75%) ultimately chose more invasive therapy including androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) and penile prosthesis. Side effects were minimal and included gynecomastia (8%), decreased libido (8%), and fatigue (8%). Conclusions: In patients with stuttering priapism, daily dutasteride therapy is a promising treatment option to reduce the frequency and severity of priapistic episodes without significant side effects. Therapy can effectively be tapered to once weekly dosing without a reduction in efficacy.
Dealing with Uncommon Ground: The Place of Legal Constructivism in the Social Construction of Nature

Our relationship with “nature” is bounded by social and historical contingencies. This circumstance is especially problematic in the formulation of environmental policies, where the concept of nature seems to polarize rather than synthesize positions based on the very notion of nature: it simply allows the solipsistic dismissal of others' views. Nonetheless, we continue to debate these issues, often free of any inkling of how to integrate our ideas about nature into an ongoing legal and social regime. Such practices are self-defeating in the environmental policy arena, and worse, they emphasize the divide between environmental ethics and environmental law. To close the gap, this article proposes research into the various legal constructions of nature that underlie property and environmental law. Legal constructivism embodies the acknowledgment that laws, and our appreciation of those laws, often entail particular perspectives of ourselves and of the subjects we legislate. A legal constructivist view of nature, then, recognizes that the meaning of nature is both indeterminate and constrained in ways that are not entirely dependent upon (or even related to) nature itself. Yet the insights of legal constructivism are not nihilistic: the constructivist approach provides a framework for bridging the gap between ethical and legal constructs of nature, and as such, provides a basis for a more fruitful dialogue on our relationship with the environment.
Journalistic (Battle)fields, Cultures, Mentalities, and Proximities

The aim of this chapter is two-fold: (1) to describe and explain the philosophical rationale, the raison d’etre that underpins the very existence of Charlie Hebdo as a satirical journalistic periodical; and (2) to present a number of theoretical perspectives that serve as frameworks for understanding diverse conceptualizations and interpretations of the Charlie Hebdo affair in different jurisdictions and geographies of freedom of expression. The chapter argues that the French assimilationist ideology, rather than ethnic or religious animosity, was the driving force behind the controversial Charlie Hebdo Mohammed cartoons. Indeed, the exoteric or visible religiosity of practicing French Muslims goes against the dogma of French secular republicanism and its assimilationist logic, which holds that religion should be a private matter that has no place in the public sphere. French assimilationist ideology is, by definition, a rejection of multiculturalism, multiple cultural affiliations, and declarations of ethnic and cultural difference.
Dietary Interventions for Adult Survivors of Adolescent and Young Adult Cancers: A Systematic Review and Narrative Synthesis

Adolescent and young adult (AYA) cancer survivors, here defined as individuals diagnosed with cancer between 15 and 39 years of age, are at high risk for adverse late-term metabolic effects of treatment through adulthood. Diet is a modifiable lifestyle behavior that may improve metabolic health outcomes in AYA cancer survivors. However, the details of dietary interventions for this unique population remain largely undescribed. In this systematic review, we aim to synthesize the results of dietary interventions for adult AYA cancer survivors. Seven databases and clinical trial registries were searched in March 2019 for interventions targeting dietary behaviors in AYA cancer survivors (PROPSERO systematic review number: CRD42019126376). Descriptive statistics and a narrative synthesis were completed to detail intervention participants and components. After full text review of 233 studies, four studies met all inclusion criteria. All studies were heterogeneous for participant age, cancer type, and duration, and were designed for feasibility and preliminary efficacy. Included studies followed different dietary guidance; however, each resulted in a significant change on a primary outcome of either dietary quality or body composition. Three of the four studies included a theoretical framework, where self-efficacy was a central construct. Counseling, in person, telephone, or electronic, provided behavioral support. Results of this systematic review suggest high potential to change dietary behaviors in AYA, but interventions remain limited. AYA cancer survivors demonstrate unique physiological and psychosocial needs, and future interventions designed to address this care gap should be targeted for this population with consideration of social support, delivery mode, and individual tailoring.
Making a Market for On-farm Food Loss: Exploring Food Banks as a Market for Southeastern Produce

Reducing food waste across the supply chain is one means to more efficiently utilize natural resources and potentially divert unutilized food to the food-insecure. Food banks are the primary institution by which this transfer occurs in the U.S. Over the past 20 years, growth in the number of pounds distrib­uted annually by food banks has been accompanied by a focus on the nutritional quality of the food distributed. This shift has included an increase in sourcing of fresh produce directly from growers, with anecdotal evidence that some food banks have market-based relationships in which food banks pay growers and even forward contract for product. The current study sought to examine the prevalence of these relationships for the purpose of evaluating food banks as a market channel for farmers’ surplus and cosmetically imperfect pro­duce. The authors collected data on market rela­tionships between food banks and produce farmers through interviews with food bank operators in 13 southeastern U.S. states. Based on interviews with 24 individuals representing 16 food banks, food bank associations, and regional nonprofit produce distributors serving food banks, we find payments from food banks to farms to be a widespread prac­tice. Eleven of the 13 states (and 14 of the 16 food banks) reported paying growers either directly or via Feeding America’s online Produce Matchmaker system. Interviews also revealed sourcing manag­ers’ expectations that compensating growers could be a “win-win” strategy for both food banks and growers. Such practices are supported by infra­structure commitments from Feeding America, a network of food banks and pantries which includes 80% of food banks in the U.S. See the press release for this article.
Categorization of Third-Party Apps in Electronic Health Record App Marketplaces: Systematic Search and Analysis.

Background: Third-party electronic health record (EHR) apps allow health care organizations to extend the capabilities and features of their EHR system. Given the widespread utilization of EHRs and the emergence of third-party apps in EHR marketplaces, it has become necessary to conduct a systematic review and analysis of apps in EHR app marketplaces. Objective: The goal of this review is to organize, categorize, and characterize the availability of third-party apps in EHR marketplaces. Methods: Two informaticists (authors JR and BW) used grounded theory principles to review and categorize EHR apps listed in top EHR vendors’ public-facing marketplaces. Results: We categorized a total of 471 EHR apps into a taxonomy consisting of 3 primary categories, 15 secondary categories, and 55 tertiary categories. The three primary categories were administrative (n=203, 43.1%), provider support (n=159, 33.8%), and patient care (n=109, 23.1%). Within administrative apps, we split the apps into four secondary categories: front office (n=77, 37.9%), financial (n=53, 26.1%), office administration (n=49, 24.1%), and office device integration (n=17, 8.4%). Within the provider support primary classification, we split the apps into eight secondary categories: documentation (n=34, 21.3%), records management (n=27, 17.0%), care coordination (n=23, 14.4%), population health (n=18, 11.3%), EHR efficiency (n=16, 10.1%), ordering and prescribing (n=15, 9.4%), medical device integration (n=13, 8.2%), and specialty EHR (n=12, 7.5%). Within the patient care primary classification, we split the apps into three secondary categories: patient engagement (n=50, 45.9%), clinical decision support (n=40, 36.7%), and remote care (n=18, 16.5%). Total app counts varied substantially across EHR vendors. Overall, the distribution of apps across primary categories were relatively similar, with a few exceptions. Conclusions: We characterized and organized a diverse and rich set of third-party EHR apps. This work provides an important reference for developers, researchers, and EHR customers to more easily search, review, and compare apps in EHR app marketplaces.
David Oliver: Covid-19 highlights the need for effective government communications.

I’m writing this nine weeks after the UK’s first reported death from coronavirus. For me, the effectiveness of our response and the narrative around it have been as much about the quality of professional communications from government as about innovations in science or service delivery. Despite the multiplicity of healthcare providers in the English NHS we fundamentally still have a national system run from central organisations, such as NHS England and Public Health England, reporting to the health secretary and the Department of Health and Social Care.1 They, in turn, participate in collective cabinet decision making led by 10 Downing Street and supported by the Cabinet Office, which holds the Civil Contingencies Committee meetings (popularly known as COBRA).2 A strength of this apparatus has been the ability to generate official guidance and data at speed. It also enables a focus on proactive messaging, as well as attempts to make this clear …
A tale of two instructional experiences: student engagement in active learning and emergency remote learning of biomechanics.

This study documents student engagement in face-to-face low-tech active learning and student perceptions of emergency remote instruction due to the COVID-19 pandemic in introductory biomechanics. S...
Cognitions toward black bear hunting in Maine: a quantitative content analysis of the print news media surrounding hunting referendums

Media plays an integral role in informing the public of wildlife management decisions and stakeholder perceptions. We analyzed the presence of different cognitions via a quantitative content analys...
The Utility of Duplex Ultrasonography Surveillance in Identifying Failing Aortobifemoral Grafts.

Objective:The Society for Vascular Surgery stated there are a lack of studies describing long-term surveillance for aortobifemoral (AoBF) bypasses. Our goal was to investigate the value of DU studi...
Auditor Response to a Regulatory Shock Affecting Clients’ Trade Credit Risk

The audits of most clients involve consideration of trade credit risk. However, little is known about how suppliers’ trade credit risks affect their auditors’ decisions that determine audit pricing and audit quality. Data capturing trade credit risk generated by suppliers’ clients is quite limited in availability, and supplier-level changes in such risk are difficult to observe. This study investigates the effects of an exogenous shock to trade credit risk, the Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act of 2005. BAPCPA increases creditor (supplier) protections when a customer initiates a Chapter 11 bankruptcy reorganization proceeding. Thus the Act’s effects largely are restricted to the subset of a supplier’s customers that are closest to bankruptcy. This enables us to employ the exogenous shock to identify the effects of changes in supplier-level credit risk on observable auditor decisions. Using a difference-in-difference design, we find that auditors levy lower audit fees, post-BAPCPA, on suppliers whose customers exhibit greater bankruptcy risk. Cross-sectional tests suggest that this result is stronger when suppliers’ own risks of several types are greater. Evidence suggesting that the decision to charge lower fees is associated with reduced auditor effort (proxied by shorter audit lags) is limited to the year after BAPCPA implementation, 2006. Thus fee reductions in most years are likely to have consisted, in part or in whole, of reductions in auditors’ fee risk premiums. The fee reductions are not associated with several measures of reduced audit quality. The fact that auditors passed rather opaque cost savings along to clients, mostly without reducing audit effort, suggests that the audit market behaved very competitively in this situation.
Comparing Syntactic Complexity: Research Papers Written by Undergraduate Researchers and Published Research Papers:

This study compared syntactic complexity between undergraduate students’ research papers and published research papers. A 2 (Groups: experts, students) × 4 (Sections: introduction, methods, results...
Placental signaling influences cerebellum development.

Placental allopregnanolone affects oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelination in the developing cerebellum. Male mice deprived of allopregnanolone in utero show impaired sociability and communication in later life; their female littermates are unaffected. Allopregnanolone replacement restores normal myelination and behavior.
Combined Excitation Emission Spectroscopy (CEES) of RE Ions in Gallium Nitride

We review the results of site-selective spectroscopy studies of REdoped III-nitrides performed using combined excitation emission spectroscopy (CEES). This systematic technique allows the identification of a large number of different incorporation sites for three RE dopants (Eu, Er, Nd) in GaN. The technique is ideally suited to distinguish different sites from additional lines that are caused by thermally activated levels or phonon-assisted transitions. In this way, we reassign spectra in a new consistent manner. Utilizing the spectral fingerprints of each different site, we show how the relative occupation of sites is influenced by the growth and doping conditions. For Er3+ we characterize how the sites participate in up-conversion excitation processes. For Eu3+ we are able to relate the sites to different excitation channels after above-bandgap excitation.
Sociometric Badges: A New Tool for I.S. Research

Researchers have recently been able to understand organizations at an unprecedented level of detail using new digital records and electronic communication data. However, while digital communication is important in the modern workplace, face-to-face interaction still represents a large and important share of organizational communication, information exchange, socialization and informal coordination. Unfortunately, few techniques exist to collect face-to-face communication data at the same level of granularity as electronic communication. In this essay, we introduce and discuss a new set of research tools and methodologies collectively known as Sociometric Badges – wearable sensing devices designed to collect data on face-to-face communication and interaction in real time. To highlight opportunities and challenges for IS research, we discuss a) the design and function of the technology, b) potential opportunities for IS and management research, c) key trade-offs, challenges and research design choices, and d) important limitations of the tools and techniques. We believe this set of technologies, which will soon be publicly available for research purposes at low cost, could portend a dramatic improvement in our understanding of human behavior at unprecedented levels of granularity and therefore enable IS researchers to explore new research questions and more accurately address existing lines of research.
Effects of Pasture Size on the Efficacy of Off-stream Water orRestricted Stream Access to Alter the Spatial/Temporal Distribution of Grazing Cattle

Cattle congregating near pasture streams decrease forage sward height and root mass and increase fecal cover, increasing the risk of sediment, nutrient, and pathogen loading of the streams. Restricting stream access to stabilized crossings or offering off-stream water may decrease the amount of time cattle spend near or in the stream, in turn reducing the risks of water quality impairment. However, the effectiveness of these management practices may be affected by pasture size. Six 30-acre cool-season grass pastures on the Rhodes Research Farm bisected by a 46375-ft stream reach were used to analyze the effects of pasture size on the efficacy of restricted stream access or off-stream water to alter the spatial/temporal distribution of grazing cattle in and near the pasture stream. Three grazing management treatments: unrestricted stream access without off-stream water (CSU), unrestricted stream access with off-stream water (CSUW), and restricted stream access to 16-ft wide stabilized crossings (CSR) were compared in pastures with two sizes (10 and 30 acres) in an experiment with a 3 x 2 switchback design with 2 week periods over 5 monthly intervals. Five and fifteen fall-calving Angus cows (mean initial weight, 1305 lbs) were continuously stocked in each small and large pasture, respectively. At the beginning of each period, 2 or 3 cows per pasture were fitted with GPS collars that recorded cow position every 10 minutes for the two week period. Pasture size had little effect on the proportion of time that cows in pastures with restricted stream access were in the stream until the fourth (August 17 to September 14) and fifth (September 14 to October 12) interval. However, cows in pastures with unrestricted stream access with or without off-stream water spent more (P<0.05) time in Streamside Zones (between 15 and 110 feet of the stream) in small pastures than large pastures. Cows with restricted stream access spent less (P<0.05) time in the Stream (0 to 15 feet from the stream) and Streamside Zones than cows in pastures with unrestricted stream access regardless of pasture size. Off-stream water had little effect on the amount of time cattle spent in or near pasture streams regardless of pasture size.
Oxidation of Thiocyanate to Cyanide Catalyzed by Hemoglobin

Thiocyanate ion is oxidized at acid pH by hydrogen peroxide to sulfate and cyanide. The reaction is catalyzed in the erythrocyte by hemoglobin acting as a peroxidase (donor: H2O2 oxidoreductase, EC 1.11.1.7). Kinetic studies show thiocyanate ion fulfills criteria for a substrate for the peroxidase. The peroxidase activity is enhanced by haptoglobin and inhibited by azide, aminotriazole, fluoride, iodide, and cyanide. No other enzyme catalyzing this reaction was found in hemolysates of bovine blood. Oxyhemoglobin was a more active catalyst than methemoglobin but was rapidly converted to the latter in the incubation system. Equivalent amounts of sulfate and cyanide were produced initially, but the cyanide was converted to cyanate and ammonia. The conversion was not rapid nor catalyzed by hemoglobin except in the presence of thiocyanate. The enzymic reaction resembles the acid-catalyzed oxidation of thiocyanate by hydrogen peroxide. Oxidation of sulfur dicyanide, a proposed intermediate product, was catalyzed also by hemoglobin. Cyanide produced in vivo is converted in part to thiocyanate by sulfur transferase systems. The thiocyanate-cyanide cycle probably accounts for some of the physiological effects of thiocyanate.
The Short, Puzzling(?) Life of the Civil Union

In the battle for marriage equality, equal protection has proven to be a more successful strategy than fundamental rights. This outcome is perhaps surprising, given that civil unions arguably afford at least "formal" equality to same-sex couples. Yet the supreme courts of Connecticut and California have emphasized the denial of equality that the difference in names connotes - civil unions or domestic partnerships v. marriage - and therefore have moved dramatically towards real equality. These two courts were the first to declare that sexual orientation is a suspect (California) or quasi-suspect (Connecticut) classification, thereby radically changing the debate and the showing that the legislature needs to make to justify discrimination against gays and lesbians. The article explores these decisions, and the more recent decision by the Iowa Supreme Court, as the culmination of a natural process of judicial evolution that has led from "virtual equality" (in states such as New Jersey and Vermont) to real equality. It argues that the choice of heightened scrutiny analysis is a natural, and perhaps inevitable, result of the recognition that the "virtual equality" conferred by “marriage equivalent” laws is insufficient to confer true equality on same-sex couples.
Event Spaces and their Linear Logic

Boolean logic treats disjunction and conjunction symmetrically and algebraically. The corresponding operations for computation are respectively nondeterminism (choice) and concurrency. Petri nets treat these symmetrically but not algebraically, while event structures treat them algebraically but not symmetrically. Here we achieve both via the notion of an event space as a poset with all nonempty joins representing concurrence and a top representing the unreachable event. The symmetry is with the dual notion of state space, a poset with all nonempty meets representing choice and a bottom representing the start state. The algebra is that of a parallel programming language expanded to the language of full linear logic, Girard’s axiomatization of which is satisfied by the event space interpretation of this language. Event spaces resemble finite dimensional vector spaces in distinguishing tensor product from direct product and in being isomorphic to their double dual, but differ from them in distinguishing direct product from direct sum and tensor product from tensor sum. Event spaces also resemble complete semilattices, differing only in the substitution of top for bottom. This work was supported by the National Science Foundation under grant number CCR-8814921.
Rapidly involuting congenital hemangioma: case report and review of the literature

Various forms of angiomata may be encountered in the neonate and infant. Both histology and histochemistry, along with history and morphology, may help establish the correct diagnosis. We report a case of rapidly involuting congenital hemangioma and summarize the features characteristic of this vascular neoplasm.
Separation of Treponema pallidum from Tissue Substances by Continuous-Flow Zonal Centrifugation

The zonal ultracentrifuge was used for separation of Treponema pallidum from large volumes of rabbit testicular syphiloma extracts by continuous-flow centrifugation in a cesium chloride density gradient. The gradient was linear with radius from a density of 1.05 to 1.36 g/ml. Operating speeds were 15,000 rev/min for the continuous-flow phase and 25,000 rev/min for a 30-min banding period. A total of 9 x 10(9) (24.3%) treponemes were recovered from the original extract. Of the treponemes recovered, 88% formed a band at a density of 1.170 to 1.211 g/ml. Within the limits of present methods of assay, these fractions were relatively free from testicular particulates and protein when compared with treponemes recovered after differential centrifugation. Observations of the isolated fractions by dark-field and electron microscopy indicated a lack of gross morphological damage to T. pallidum. Their antigenic characteristics were also retained, as evidenced by their ability to react with syphilitic sera in the indirect fluorescent-antibody procedure.
Technologies and strategies for people with communication problems following brain injury or stroke

Communication problems experienced following a brain injury or stroke not only impact a person's ability to participa te in their desired social and vocational roles but may also impact their ability to participate in decision-making about t heir care, participate in therapy and receive counseling and education. Many technologies exist, including Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC), which can help increase communication and life participation following a brain injury or stroke. This article will define and describe a variety of AAC technologie s and interventions for people with communication problems following acquired brain injury as well as discuss assessment, training and funding issues.
Enzymatic activity of poliovirus RNA polymerase mutants with single amino acid changes in the conserved YGDD amino acid motif.

Abstract RNA-dependent RNA polymerases contain a highly conserved region of amino acids with a core segment composed of the amino acids YGDD which have been hypothesized to be at or near the catalytic active site of the molecule. Six mutations in this conserved YGDD region of the poliovirus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase were made by using oligonucleotide site-directed DNA mutagenesis of the poliovirus cDNA to substitute A, C, M, P, S, or V for the amino acid G. The mutant polymerase genes were expressed in Escherichia coli, and the purified RNA polymerases were tested for in vitro enzyme activity. Two of the mutant RNA polymerases (those in which the glycine residue was replaced with alanine or serine) exhibited in vitro enzymatic activity ranging from 5 to 20% of wild-type activity, while the remaining mutant RNA polymerases were inactive. Alterations in the in vitro reaction conditions by modification of temperature, metal ion concentration, or pH resulted in no significant differences in the activities of the mutant RNA polymerases relative to that of the wild-type enzyme. An antipeptide antibody directed against the wild-type core amino acid segment containing the YGDD region of the poliovirus polymerase reacted with the wild-type recombinant RNA polymerase and to a limited extent with the two enzymatically active mutant polymerases; the antipeptide antibody did not react with the mutant RNA polymerases which did not have in vitro enzyme activity. These results are discussed in the context of secondary-structure predictions for the core segment containing the conserved YGDD amino acids in the poliovirus RNA polymerase.
Breast-Feeding and Infections

In Reply.— We agree completely with Mick and Grossman and Prober and Bachrach that there were differences between the families of breast-fed and bottle-fed children in our study.1 They note the important difference in parental smoking but there were others shown in our table 1 as well. In the paragraph just before "Implications" (p 244), we made the point that these social and behavioral disparities support our main conclusion that there were few significant differences between the groups and "weaken arguments based on the observed trends to protection."
SEXUALITY IN CHILD CUSTODY DECISIONS

For gay and lesbian parents, child custody decisions have progressed considerably since the time it was generally accepted by courts that homosexual parents were per se unfit for custody. Most states now employ an orientation blind standard or nexus test, meaning that the court will not take a parent's orientation into account unless there is evidence of harm to the child. Although this is a step in a positive direction, there are unforeseen costs. Orientation blindness may seem neutral on the surface because nexus tests usually employ the term “sexual orientation,” but the question of harm is applied only to homosexual parents and not heterosexual parents. Gay and lesbian parents who wish to raise sexual orientation claims about the positive aspects of role-modeling and community inclusion may be discouraged from doing so because parent-child role-modeling has traditionally been seen as recruitment, predation or the disruption of “normal” sexual development when the parent is gay or lesbian. Key Points for the Family Court Community: • Gay and Lesbian parents have strong incentives to argue against parent-child imitation. • Heterosexual parents are not similarly constrained about positive modeling for their children. • Orientation-blind standards may not be neutral in the application because of the strong social belief in parent-child imitation. • If courts are aware of the disincentives that lesbian and gay parents have against arguing for positive modeling, they can more neutrally apply the orientation standards.
Experimental techniques in the study of absolute photoionization cross-sections

Abstract The ionization chamber of a photoelectron spectrometer has been modified to permit ready measurement of ionization cross-sections. Essentially, monochromatic ultraviolet light from an electric discharge passes above three flat electrodes in sequence and the flux of ions from the gas just above each electrode is collected on it. From the ratios of collected currents on successive electrodes at various gas pressures the cross-section for ionization is calculated. By integrating the conventional photoelectron spectrum electronically and taking the ratio of the height of the step corresponding to any state to the total height, along with the total cross-section, the partial cross-section for that state is calculated. The method is illustrated by measurements on argon, krypton and hydrogen.
Inquiry in Educational Administration: Pitfalls and Possibilities.

Inquiry in a field like educational administration draws on philosophy and science, since it deals with both moral and empirical issues. As an applied field of study, educational administration is highly complex. It is concerned with what educational organizations and settings ought to be, how they work and what can be done to make them better. The nature of the field and of the times creates pitfalls for inquiry. In this paper a number of these pitfalls are considered. It is argued that when pitfalls are avoided, new possibilities are opened up. Every pitfall has its reciprocal possibility. Those examined represent the author's thinking as a longtime student of the field.
Ignác Semmelweis and the etiology of fetal and neonatal sepsis.

It is well known that Ignac Semmelweis discovered the etiology and prophylaxis of puerperal sepsis. However, few historians have focused on his understanding of the pathophysiology of fetal and neonatal sepsis. Based on several key observations, Semmelweis realized that puerperal fever (also known as “childbed fever”) could be transmitted to the fetus, especially when the first stage of labor was prolonged and multiple examiners performed vaginal examinations while their fingers were contaminated. This insight was particularly valuable in that it helped him decipher the mystery of puerperal sepsis. This paper presents some of these concepts and supporting evidence.
Pulmonary hemodynamics and maintenance of palliation following polytetrafluoroethylene shunts for cyanotic congenital heart disease

Subclavian-to-pulmonary artery anastomoses with interposition polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) conduits provide excellent early palliation for many forms of cyanotic heart disease. It is important to assess whether patients with this condition maintain adequate arterial oxygenation without developing pulmonary artery distortion or hypertension. From October, 1980, to December, 1982, 29 PTFE shunts were performed. There were no hospital deaths or shunt failures. Catheterization was performed in 14 patients from 2 months to 2.5 years (mean 13.4 months) following operation. All shunts were patent. Arterial Po2 at the late study ranged from 33 to 96 torr (mean 57.1 +/- 17.3 torr) and was not significantly different from values obtained before hospital discharge at the time of the shunt procedure (mean 47.6 +/- 5.9 torr). Only one patient demonstrated moderate pulmonary hypertension (44/25 mm Hg), believed to be secondary to ventricular dysfunction. No patient demonstrated pulmonary artery distortion or kinking, and none required a second shunt because of inadequacy of the original procedure. The results in these patients, as well as the continued excellent clinical course of the patients not as yet recatheterized, have prompted us to use this shunt as our procedure of choice in neonates.