cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fecal Markers: Calprotectin and Lactoferrin

Overall, fecal markers have been found to be more accurate than serum markers. However, fecal markers are not specific for IBD and may be elevated in a range of organic conditions. Fecal calprotectin and lactoferrin can still differentiate inflammatory disease from functional bowel disorders. Comparison studies have found an overall diagnostic accuracy in IBD of 80% to 100% for both calprotectin and lactoferrin. Elevated levels are found in both CD and UC making it difficult to distinguish between these 2 diagnoses from these biomarkers alone. Both markers correlated well to mucosal healing and histologic improvement. Hence, they may be useful in monitoring response to treatment and predicting endoscopic and clinical relapse. Overall, patients with elevated markers were at higher risk of postoperative recurrence than those with normal levels. Fecal markers are useful in predicting pouchitis as well. Fecal markers are helpful as an adjunctive tool in overall evaluation of patients with nonspecific symptoms and as a management tool in those with inflammatory disease to monitor disease activity and possibility of relapse. They are less invasive than colonoscopy and can help guide management in a more cost-effective manner.
Volatile Components of Peach. II

SUMMARY A volatile-essence concentrate isolated from the Red Globe variety of freestone peaches and already partially characterized, was further fractionated by newly developed gas chromatographic techniques of repetitive ultra micro collections and reinjections. An adapted micro-cavity infrared cell permitted infrared analysis of these minute fractions, which were then identified by comparison with known compounds. Synthesis and ultra-micro vapor-phase hydrogenation were used to characterize compounds for which standards could not he obtained. Compounds identified include hexyl formate, hexyl acetate, tram-2-hexenyl acetate, hexyl alcohol, trans-2-hexenel-01, isovaleric acid, ethyl benzoate, benzyl acetate, caproic acid, ganzma-heptalactone, gamma-nonalactone, hexyl benzoate, and an alpha-pyrone.
Identification of Listeria monocytogenes Determinants Required for Biofilm Formation

Listeria monocytogenes is a Gram-positive, food-borne pathogen of humans and animals. L. monocytogenes is considered to be a potential public health risk by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), as this bacterium can easily contaminate ready-to-eat (RTE) foods and cause an invasive, life-threatening disease (listeriosis). Bacteria can adhere and grow on multiple surfaces and persist within biofilms in food processing plants, providing resistance to sanitizers and other antimicrobial agents. While whole genome sequencing has led to the identification of biofilm synthesis gene clusters in many bacterial species, bioinformatics has not identified the biofilm synthesis genes within the L. monocytogenes genome. To identify genes necessary for L. monocytogenes biofilm formation, we performed a transposon mutagenesis library screen using a recently constructed Himar1 mariner transposon. Approximately 10,000 transposon mutants within L. monocytogenes strain 10403S were screened for biofilm formation in 96-well polyvinyl chloride (PVC) microtiter plates with 70 Himar1 insertion mutants identified that produced significantly less biofilms. DNA sequencing of the transposon insertion sites within the isolated mutants revealed transposon insertions within 38 distinct genetic loci. The identification of mutants bearing insertions within several flagellar motility genes previously known to be required for the initial stages of biofilm formation validated the ability of the mutagenesis screen to identify L. monocytogenes biofilm-defective mutants. Two newly identified genetic loci, dltABCD and phoPR, were selected for deletion analysis and both ΔdltABCD and ΔphoPR bacterial strains displayed biofilm formation defects in the PVC microtiter plate assay, confirming these loci contribute to biofilm formation by L. monocytogenes.
Plasma charging damage - where do we stand?

A few years ago, plasma charging damage was a serious yield and reliability problem in the silicon integrated circuit (IC) industry. Recently, its importance appears to diminish as technology continues to advance. In this paper, we take a closer look at this trend and discuss the reason behind it. Clearly, the opportunity to introduce plasma charging damage is increasing as technology evolves.
ADMiRe: an algebraic approach to system performance analysis using data mining techniques

System performance analysis is a very difficult problem. Traditional tools rely on manual operations to analyze data. Consequently, determining which system resources to examine is often a lengthy process, where many problems are elusive, even when using data mining tools. We address this problem by introducing the Analyzer for Data Mining Results (ADMiRe) technique as a natural and flexible means to further interpret data mining outcome. In our scheme, regression analysis is first applied to performance data to discover correlations between parameters. Regression rules are defined to represent this output in a format suitable for ADMiRe. ADMiRe expressions are then used to manipulate these sets of rules, revealing information about combined, common and different features of varying configurations. This knowledge would be unavailable if regression output were considered in isolation. ADMiRe was tested with performance data collected from a TPC-C (Transaction Processing Performance Council) test on an Oracle database system, under various configurations, to demonstrate the effectiveness of our technique.
The Influence of Mass Media and Interpersonal Communication on Societal and Personal Risk Judgments

The study described in this article examines the influences of mass media, interpersonal channels, and self-efficacy on risk judgment, using data from a sample of New York State residents. Risk judgment is conceptualized on two distinct domains: personal-level risk judgment and social-level risk judgment. The health and risk communication literature suggests that mass media channels are more likely to influence social-level risk judgment, and the current study bears out this hypothesis. But, unlike typical findings, personal-level risk was found to be influenced, to some degree, by mass media channels. Interpersonal channels account for a portion of the variance on social-level risk judgment, as does self-efficacy. The health risks examined include heart disease, AIDS, smoking, and hazards from drinking water, household radon, chemicals on food, household chemicals, and low-level radioactive waste.
Stabilizing contact resistance of conductive adhesives on Sn surface by novel corrosion inhibitors

Electrically conductive adhesives (ECAs) have been proposed as one of the major alternatives for tin/lead solders in electronic packaging. However, some critical limitations of this technology, such as lower electrical conductivity and unstable contact resistance during elevated temperature and humidity aging, have slowed its potentially wide applications in electronics industry. In this study, novel organic corrosion inhibitors were discovered and introduced into a typical ECA formulation. With the incorporation of small amount of the additives, much lower bulk resistivity of ECAs and significantly stabilized contact resistance on Sn surfaces could be achieved. Contact angle and FTIR characterization indicated the affinity and interaction between the corrosion inhibitors and the metal surfaces. Therefore, a barrier passivation layer could form on Sn surfaces for ECA with the effective corrosion inhibitors. X-ray diffraction analyses confirmed that such a passivation layer could protect the Sn surface and prevent oxidation and corrosion under the elevated temperature and humidity environment.
Spider capture silk: performance implications of variation in an exceptional biomaterial

Spiders and their silk are an excellent system for connecting the properties of biological materials to organismal ecology. Orb-weaving spiders spin sticky capture threads that are moderately strong but exceptionally extensible, resulting in fibers that can absorb remarkable amounts of energy. These tough fibers are thought to be adapted for arresting flying insects. Using tensile testing, we ask whether patterns can be discerned in the evolution of silk material properties and the ecological uses of spider capture fibers. Here, we present a large comparative data set that allows examination of capture silk properties across orb-weaving spider species. We find that material properties vary greatly across species. Notably, extensibility, strength, and toughness all vary approximately sixfold across species. These material differences, along with variation in fiber size, dictate that the mechanical performance of capture threads, the energy and force required to break fibers, varies by more than an order of magnitude across species. Furthermore, some material and mechanical properties are evolutionarily correlated. For example, species that spin small diameter fibers tend to have tougher silk, suggesting compensation to maintain breaking energy. There is also a negative correlation between strength and extensibility across species, indicating a potential evolutionary trade-off. The different properties of these capture silks should lead to differences in the performance of orb webs during prey capture and help to define feeding niches in spiders.
Viscous singular shock profiles for a system of conservation laws modeling two-phase flow

Abstract This paper is concerned with singular shocks for a system of conservation laws via the Dafermos regularization u t + f ( u ) x = ϵ t u x x . For a system modeling incompressible two-phase fluid flow, the existence of viscous profiles is proved using Geometric Singular Perturbation Theory. The weak convergence and the growth rate of the viscous solution are also derived; the weak limit is the sum of a piecewise constant function and a δ -measure supported on a shock line, and the maximum value of the viscous solution is of order exp ⁡ ( 1 / ϵ ) .
BARLEY HORDOTHIONIN ACCUMULATES IN TRANSGENIC OAT SEEDS AND PURIFIED PROTEIN RETAINS ANTI-FUNGAL PROPERTIES IN VITRO

Transgenic anti-fungal gene expression in heterologous species provides a means to test resistance protein combinations across species barriers. This is the first report of transgenic anti-fungal seed storage protein accumulation in oat seed. An anti-fungal barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) hordothionin (Hthl) gene was genetically engineered into oat (Avena sativa L.) to determine the effect of hordothionin on pathogen resistance. The transgene was expressed in both leaf and seed tissue, with transgenic protein accumulation occurring only in the seed. Transgenic oat line HTH-Av5 expressed c. 94 μg HTH/g seed, 19% of native barley seed levels. The anti-fungal activities of HTH fractions from barley cv. Morex and oat (transgenic and control) were tested in an in vitro growth assay against an important small grain pathogen. Fusarium graminearum. The partially purified HTH fractions from control oat seeds did not inhibit fungal growth, while HPLC-purified HTH positive control, as well as partially purified barley and transgenic oat HTH inhibited growth similarly over a range of concentrations. These results indicate hordothionin can be expressed in a heterologous cereal species and still maintain its anti-fungal properties. Future studies with HTH targeted to additional tissues are planned to test for increased fungal resistance.
Some Clinical Implications of Rule-Governed Behavior

It is not difficult to be a behaviorist in accounting for “normal” behavior. Men and women normally perform daily tasks that earn a livelihood, maintain health, and sustain social relationships. The controlling influences of salary, nutrition, and attention are apparent and require little psychological interpretation. “Abnormal” behavior that is not closely related to prevailing contingencies presents a puzzle. Why do some intelligent, capable people engage in behavior that results in loss of livelihood, health, and relationships? Clinicians for years have struggled to explain and treat this “neurotic paradox” (Mowrer, 1948). Two general strategies have developed, one focusing on environmental events in a person’s history, and the other on various internal states that are a product of those experiences. Behavior therapy has accommodated both points of view in a sometimes uneasy alliance.
Investigational methodologies for the effects of brain maturation on energy transport.

Intracellular kinetics of high energy phosphate (HEP) is of fundamental importance in cellular biochemical physiology. In mammalian brain, intracellular HEP transport from the production site (mitochondria) to the consumption site (plasma membrane) is dependent on passive diffusion of HEP through the cytosol. Diffusivity of a substrate in a solution correlates inversely to the viscosity of the solution. The maturational process of mammalian brain involves dramaticchanges in the cytosolic amino acid profile. Since the viscosity of a solution is a function of the diffusion coefficients of solutes and their concentrations, changes in the cytosolic amino acid composition should result in significant alteration in cytosol viscosity and hence, HEP dffusivity. Such a system is especially suitable for mathematical modeling and correlative analysis by in vivo nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. This brief review is written to provide a fundamental background for investigational methodologies on developmental neurobiology of cellular energetics.
Sensitivity of Herpes Simplex Virus Types 1 and 2 to Three Preparations of Human Interferon

Ten isolates of herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 and nine isolates of HSV type 2 were tested against virus-induced (alpha), fibroblast (beta), and mitogen-induced (gamma) preparations of human interferon (HuIFN). HSV type 2 was slightly more sensitive and HSV type 1 somewhat less sensitive to all three preparations of HuIFN than Sindbis and vesicular stomatitis virus-both considered to be quite sensitive to HuIFN. HSV type 2 was significantly more sensitive than HSV type 1 to each of the HuIFN preparations (P less than 0.01; Mann-Whitney ranksum test). Clinical isolates did not appear to differ from laboratory strains. These results indicate that both HSV types 1 and 1 are sensitive to the three different preparations of HuIFN. HuIFN may have a role in natural recovery from and may have potential as an antriviral chemotherapeutic agent in HSV infections in humans.
Comparison of Three Methods for Determination of Sulfamethazine in Swine Tissues: Collaborative Study

An interlaboratory study of 3 methods for the determination of sulfamethazine in swine muscle and liver tissue was conducted. A gas chromatographic (CG), a combined gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric (GC/MS), and a colorimetric method were evaluated. Four fortified and 2 incurred levels of sulfamethazine ranging from 0.00 to 0.45 ppm were studied. The study revealed that the GC/MS procedure provides the most reliable data and that the GC method provides acceptable data with the incorporation of appropriate controls. The recoveries for the GC/MS method typically ranged from 90 to 100% for swine liver and muscle. The GC and GC/MS methods have been adopted official first action.
The Future of Distance Learning Technology: It’s Not About the Technology and It’s Not About the Distance

In this conceptual chapter, I argue that technologies will continue to become smaller, faster, and more powerful, allowing distance- and technology-enhanced learning many new affordances. In order to be effective, the focus should remain on learning and not on technology nor on the distance in space, time, language, and culture that may separate learners and instructors. Of course, all of those are relevant to effective designs for distance learning, but what is essential is the learning. A specific example involving digital engineering will be used to illustrate the possibilities and pitfalls of advanced distance learning environments.
Newborn Screening Programs and Sickle Cell Disease: A Public Health Services and Systems Approach

Introduction Despite universal newborn screening (NBS), children in the U.S. continue to experience morbidity and mortality from sickle cell disease and related causes. Recognizing that assessments of public health services and systems can improve public health system performance and ultimately health outcomes, this study examined variations in NBS program activities for sickle cell disease. Methods A mixed methods study included (1) a 2009 survey of NBS programs based on ten essential public health services (N=39 states with ten or more sickle cell births over a 3-year period) and (2) key informant interviews in 2011 with 13 states that had sufficient Phase 1 survey scores, black births, and variability in state legislation and geography. Key informants were from 13 NBS programs, 22 sickle cell treatment centers, and ten advocacy organizations. Analyses were conducted in 2009–2014. Results Considerable variability exists across states in program activities and roles. More programs reported activities oriented to care of individuals—ensuring access to services, coordination, and provider education; fewer reported planning and analysis activities oriented to statewide policy development and system change. Numbers of activities were not related to the number of affected births. In-depth interviews identified opportunities to enhance activities that support statewide comprehensive systems of care. Conclusions NBS programs perform important public health roles that complement and enhance clinical services. Nationwide efforts are needed to enable NBS programs to strengthen population-based functions that are essential to ensuring quality of care for the entire population of children and families affected by sickle cell disease.
Site Description and Methodology

UFC’s Pine Hill Plant was built at the beginning of World War II to produce airplane parts and accessories. At that time, the machine and production shops were very large with over 1000 machinists alone working at the plant. The United Electrical Workers (UE) organized the workers at the plant and represented them until a split within the union occurred and the International Union of Machine, Radio and Technical Workers (IUE) was voted as the sole representative of the shop workers.
Determination of the core undergraduate BME curriculum - the 1/sup st/ step in a Delphi study

The VaNTH Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Education Technologies has completed the first round of a Delphi study to determine the key concepts that comprise the core curriculum of undergraduate programs in biomedical engineering. The study was conducted as a Web-based survey, consisting of eighty questions divided among nineteen topics, including eleven biomedical engineering domains, four biology domains, and mathematical and scientific prerequisites. Participants included representatives from academia, industry, and young alumni of undergraduate BME programs. Results from the survey will be available at: http://www.vanth.org/curriculum/.
Interactive Conflict Resolution: A Social-Psychological Approach to Resolving Violent Ethnopolitical Conflict

The theory and practice of interactive conflict resolution (ICR), as an outgrowth of Western social science and practice, is approximately 40 years old.
MicroRNA and mRNA Transcriptome Profiling in Primary Human Astrocytes Infected with Borrelia burgdorferi

Lyme disease is caused by infection with the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi (Bb), which is transmitted to humans by deer ticks. The infection manifests usually as a rash and minor systemic symptoms; however, the bacteria can spread to other tissues, causing joint pain, carditis, and neurological symptoms. Lyme neuroborreliosis presents itself in several ways, such as Bell's palsy, meningitis, and encephalitis. The molecular basis for neuroborreliosis is poorly understood. Analysis of the changes in the expression levels of messenger RNAs and non-coding RNAs, including microRNAs, following Bb infection could therefore provide vital information on the pathogenesis and clinical symptoms of neuroborreliosis. To this end, we used cultured primary human astrocytes, key responders to CNS infection and important components of the blood-brain barrier, as a model system to study RNA and microRNA changes in the CNS caused by Bb. Using whole transcriptome RNA-seq, we found significant changes in 38 microRNAs and 275 mRNAs at 24 and 48 hours following Bb infection. Several of the RNA changes affect pathways involved in immune response, development, chromatin assembly (including histones) and cell adhesion. Further, several of the microRNA predicted target mRNAs were also differentially regulated. Overall, our results indicate that exposure to Bb causes significant changes to the transcriptome and microRNA profile of astrocytes, which has implications in the pathogenesis, and hence potential treatment strategies to combat this disease.
Description and status update on GELLO: a proposed standardized object-oriented expression language for clinical decision support

A major obstacle to sharing computable clinical knowledge is the lack of a common language for specifying expressions and criteria. Such a language could be used to specify decision criteria, formulae, and constraints on data and action. Al-though the Arden Syntax addresses this problem for clinical rules, its generalization to HL7's object-oriented data model is limited. The GELLO Expression language is an object-oriented language used for expressing logical conditions and computations in the GLIF3 (GuideLine Interchange Format, v. 3) guideline modeling language. It has been further developed under the auspices of the HL7 Clinical Decision Support Technical Committee, as a proposed HL7 standard., GELLO is based on the Object Constraint Language (OCL), because it is vendor-independent, object-oriented, and side-effect-free. GELLO expects an object-oriented data model. Although choice of model is arbitrary, standardization is facilitated by ensuring that the data model is compatible with the HL7 Reference Information Model (RIM).
Breast cancer subtype and stage are prognostic of time from breast cancer diagnosis to brain metastasis development.

Breast cancer brain metastasis (BCBM) is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Patients with breast cancer risk factors associated with rapid development of BCBM could potentially benefit from early brain metastasis screening. We retrospectively reviewed all BCBM patients treated with brain radiotherapy at our institution from 1997 to 2015. Interval time to BCBM was defined as date of pathologic breast cancer diagnosis to date of radiographic evidence of brain metastasis. Patients were stratified by breast cancer molecular subtype and stage at diagnosis. Kaplan Meier analysis was conducted on time to development of BCBM. Breast cancer risk factors were correlated with time to BCBM on Cox proportion hazard analysis. The study cohort comprised 121 BCBM patients, with median interval time to BCBM of 46 months. Times to BCBM for Her2+/2HR+, Her2+, Her2−/HR+, and triple-negative (TNBC) subtypes were 70, 44, 42, and 28 months respectively (p = 0.002). Time to BCBM for stages I, II, III, and IV were 70, 54, 29, and 24 months, respectively (p = 0.000). BCBM patients were further stratified by both molecular subtype (TNBC vs. non-TNBC) and stage (I, II vs. III, IV). Median times to BCBM for non-TNBC/stage I–II, TNBC/stage I–II, non-TNBC stage III–IV, and TNBC/stage III–IV were 68, 47, 29, and 6 months respectively (p = 0.000). Subtype and stage were associated with shorter time to BCBM on multivariate analysis. Subtype and initial stage are independently correlated with decreased time to development of BCBM. Patients with advanced high stage and triple negative breast cancer develop brain metastases significantly earlier.
Revolutions: Robust Findings, Persistent Problems, and Promising Frontiers

This chapter reviews what consistent findings can be drawn out of studies of revolution. I begin by providing a brief intellectual history of the study of revolution, and identify three sets of consistent findings — the role of external strains on states, brittle regimes, and revolutionary coalitions. Next, I discuss how two recent areas of interest, nonviolent revolution and the diffusion of contention across international borders, validate earlier findings yet pose a risk of further fragmentation. I then highlight promising approaches to old problems and sketch methodological advances that could contribute to the field. I conclude by briefly considering persistent problems in the field and how they might be overcome.
Relationship between efficiency of photosynthetic energy conversion and chlorophyll fluorescence quenching in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.).

The relationship between components of non-photochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence yield (qNP) and dissipation of excessive excitation energy was determined in cotton leaves using concurrent measurements of fluorescence and gas-exchange at 2% and 20% O2 under a range of photon flux densities and CO2 pressures. A nearly stoichiometric relationship was obtained between dissipation of energy not used in photosynthetic CO2 fixation or photorespiration and qNP provided that a component, probably associated with state transitions, was not included in qNP. Although two distinct components of qNP were resolved on the basis of their relaxation kinetics, both components appear effective in energy dissipation. The photon yield of “open” photosystem-II reaction centers decreased linearly with increases in qNP, indicating that much of the energy dissipation occurs in the pigment bed. However, increases in qNP appear dependent on the redox state of these centers. The results are discussed in relation to current hypotheses of the molecular basis of non-radiative energy dissipation. It is concluded that determinations of qNP can provide a quantitative measure of the dissipation of excessive excitation energy if precautions are taken to ensure that the maximum fluorescence yield is measured under conditions that provide complete closure of the photosystem-II reaction centers. It is also concluded that such dissipation can prevent photoinhibitory damage in cotton leaves even under extreme conditions where as much as 80% of the excitation energy is excessive.
Vocational Rehabilitation Perspective

To the Editor: Some recent Letters to the Editor (eg, “Functional Capacity Evaluation” by Fishbain1 in the January 2000 issue) concern measurements of functional capacity and the lack of validity for these measurements. I suggest considering what I believe is a vocational rehabilitation perspective to the problem. That …
The F-t-Pj-RG method: An adjacent-rolling-windows based steady-state detection technique for application to kinetic Monte Carlo simulations

Abstract A window-based steady-state detection algorithm has been developed for application to kinetic Monte Carlo simulation data. The algorithm, termed F-t-Pj-RG sequentially applies an F-test, a t-test, and a projection test on adjacent windows of the data while rolling (or shifting) and growing the windows when any of the tests fail. In aggregate, the algorithm is able to (a) automatically reject the warm-up period as not being at steady-state, as well as (b) determine an appropriate window size for converged statistics when sampling the data, which is necessary for detection of steady-state, and (c) detect steady-state within a particular tolerance. The last step, the projection test, is actually an oscillating-slope projection test, and is performed on j sequential data windows (i.e., more than two adjacent windows). It requires more than simply being within the user defined tolerance: the oscillating-slope projection test includes a condition that the slope must oscillate around zero when ≥ 2, which is an additional indication of steady-state. When all three tests are passed, the F-t-Pj test is passed, indicating that the prerequisites of steady-state detection have been met and also that conditions consistent with the definition of steady-state have been realized. This algorithm is applied to a variety of data sets that correspond to the diverse type of data trends that can be produced by kinetic Monte Carlo simulations. The algorithm is shown to be robust in its ability to handle differing functional forms, and is able to detect steady-state with low computational cost. The low computational cost of this method and its robustness towards varied data trends make it suitable for on-the-fly use in kinetic Monte Carlo simulations.
Book review: Introduction to Computer System Performance Evaluation by Krishna Kant (McGraw-Hill, 1992)

The purpose of this book, in the author's own words is "... two-fold. First, it should be usable as a text for a one or two semester graduate course in the theory and practice of performance evaluation with strong emphasis on analytic modeling. Second, it should be useful as a reference to both researchers and practitioners in the performance evaluation field". The recommended prerequisite courses are "probability theory, operating systems, and computer architecture." If one throws in a course in linear algebra or matrix theory (how can Markov chains be studied without it?) then one has the typical undergraduate major (or a good minor) degree in Computer Science/Engineering.
Mechanisms of bacterial injury.

This article concerns the mechanism of bacterial injury in pneumonia. Included are discussions of bacterial factors such as endotoxins, exotoxins, hemolysins, proteases, and chemotaxins, as well as immunologic damage.
Keynes’s “Long Struggle of Escape”

The impact on economics of John Maynard Keynes’s The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money of 1936 has been so large as to make it difficult over 65 years later to reconstruct the professional economics stage onto which it entered. While scholarly attention to the work began in different institutions at different times after its publication, by 1950 it would have been difficult to find a college or university whose economics teaching or research programs were uninfluenced by The General Theory.
A16 Keynote Presentation : Targeted cancer therapy and genomics in the management of cancer: Where are we in 2014

This lecture will review a new direction for cancer therapy which focuses on the eradication of cancer while preserving healthy cells. Targeted therapy or molecular targeted therapy has been defined as a type of treatment that blocks the growth of cancer cells by interfering with specific cell molecules required for carcinogenesis and tumor growth, rather than by simply interfering with all rapidly dividing cells as with traditional chemotherapy. There is a growing number of FDA approved monoclonal antibodies and small molecules targeting specific types of cancer suggestive of the growing relevance of this therapeutic approach. Targeted cancer therapies, also referred to as “Personalized Medicine”, are being studied for use alone, in combination with other targeted therapies, and in combination with chemotherapy. The objective of personalized medicine is the identification of patients that would benefit from a specific treatment based on the expression of molecular markers. Although this approach has been seen as a major step in the expansion of personalized medicine, it has substantial limitations including its high cost and the presence of serious adverse effects. The area of personalized medicine has reached the arena of prostate cancer management. Beyond the standard, generalized prognostic features such as PSA and Gleason grade, new biomarkers, based on tumor genetics are emerging rapidly. Recent efforts to characterize the genomic landscape of prostate cancer have found a subset of genes that are able to characterize the biology of the tumors when grouped together. Validation of the gene expression in a quantitative manner has been performed in several clinical trials using biopsy material prior to radical surgery. The clinical usefulness of this appears to have the advantage of offering those men considering active surveillance a higher level of certainty that their cancers will not progress and that definitive therapy with surgery and/or radiation may be spared. A new “genomic” score will be given to a patient, that may be more valuable and prognostic than the standard pathological features seen under the microscope.
Chapter 9 – Ocean Applications

Satellite remote sensing of the oceans plays a critical role in many aspects from weather forecast, marine traffic, coastlines monitoring, fisheries, etc. However, remote sensors do not penetrate in the water, and if some of them do in some bands of the visible spectrum, it is in very particular conditions and up to a few tenths of meters. Optical sensors are used routinely today to measure sea surface temperature, to determine ocean color (related to biological activity), and even to perform bathymetry and benthic habitats high-resolution mapping in shallow waters. Microwave sensors are used to measure sea surface temperature in all weather conditions, wind speed, sea surface salinity, sea surface currents, sea surface height, or high-resolution imaging, which can be used in numerous applications. In this chapter, without trying to be comprehensive, some of the most important applications of remote sensing for ocean applications will be described.
Efficient Assembly of Iminodicarboxamides by a “Truly” Four‐Component Reaction.

Under optimized conditions, the method provides iminodicarboxamides in low to moderate yields.
Transmission of Vaccine-Strain Varicella-Zoster Virus: A Systematic Review.

CONTEXT: Live vaccines usually provide robust immunity but can transmit the vaccine virus. OBJECTIVE: To assess the characteristics of secondary transmission of the vaccine-strain varicella-zoster virus (Oka strain; vOka) on the basis of the published experience with use of live varicella and zoster vaccines. DATA SOURCES: Systematic review of Medline, Embase, the Cochrane Library, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, and Scopus databases for articles published through 2018. STUDY SELECTION: Articles that reported original data on vOka transmission from persons who received vaccines containing the live attenuated varicella-zoster virus. DATA EXTRACTION: We abstracted data to describe vOka transmission by index patient’s immune status, type (varicella or herpes zoster) and severity of illness, and whether transmission was laboratory confirmed. RESULTS: Twenty articles were included. We identified 13 patients with vOka varicella after transmission from 11 immunocompetent varicella vaccine recipients. In all instances, the vaccine recipient had a rash: 6 varicella-like and 5 herpes zoster. Transmission occurred mostly to household contacts. One additional case was not considered direct transmission from a vaccine recipient, but the mechanism was uncertain. Transmission from vaccinated immunocompromised children also occurred only if the vaccine recipient developed a rash postvaccination. Secondary cases of varicella caused by vOka were mild. LIMITATIONS: It is likely that other vOka transmission cases remain unpublished. CONCLUSIONS: Healthy, vaccinated persons have minimal risk for transmitting vOka to contacts and only if a rash is present. Our findings support the existing recommendations for routine varicella vaccination and the guidance that persons with vaccine-related rash avoid contact with susceptible persons at high risk for severe varicella complications.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS BETWEEN NURSING CORE COMPETENCY STANDARDS OF AUSTRALIA AND THE PHILIPPINES

Philippines as one of the top producers of nurses worldwide must benchmark its national nursing standards to the rest of the world. Therefore, the standards must be compared and contrasted with other countries like Australia. The main purpose of this study is to compare and contrast nurse’s competency and performance indicators between the Philippines and Australia nursing competency system. This is a review article guided by Donnelly and Weichula’s Qualitative- Comparative Analysis (QCA). The process includes identification of the condition of interest, dichotomization and development of truth tables. Two official documents namely the Philippines’ National Nursing Core Competency Standards and Australia’s National Competency Standards for the Registered Nurse were selected as the condition of interest. Findings show that Australia adopted a one pronged-generalist, non-linear approach, and policy-based nursing education system while the Philippines emphasized on three-pronged specialization, work-based, and linear approach nursing competency standards. The Australia and Philippine nursing competency trails a different path in adopting standards for nursing education system. The strengths and weaknesses of each national nursing competency standards were discussed.
Physics-informed neural networks for high-speed flows

Abstract In this work we investigate the possibility of using physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) to approximate the Euler equations that model high-speed aerodynamic flows. In particular, we solve both the forward and inverse problems in one-dimensional and two-dimensional domains. For the forward problem, we utilize the Euler equations and the initial/boundary conditions to formulate the loss function, and solve the one-dimensional Euler equations with smooth solutions and with solutions that have a contact discontinuity as well as a two-dimensional oblique shock wave problem. We demonstrate that we can capture the solutions with only a few scattered points clustered randomly around the discontinuities. For the inverse problem, motivated by mimicking the Schlieren photography experimental technique used traditionally in high-speed aerodynamics, we use the data on density gradient ∇ ρ ( x , t ) , the pressure p ( x ∗ , t ) at a specified point x = x ∗ as well as the conservation laws to infer all states of interest (density, velocity and pressure fields). We present illustrative benchmark examples for both the problem with smooth solutions and Riemann problems (Sod and Lax problems) with PINNs, demonstrating that all inferred states are in good agreement with the reference solutions. Moreover, we show that the choice of the position of the point x ∗ plays an important role in the learning process. In particular, for the problem with smooth solutions we can randomly choose the position of the point x ∗ from the computational domain, while for the Sod or Lax problem, we have to choose the position of the point x ∗ from the domain between the initial discontinuous point and the shock position of the final time. We also solve the inverse problem by combining the aforementioned data and the Euler equations in characteristic form, showing that the results obtained by using the Euler equations in characteristic form are better than that obtained by using the Euler equations in conservative form. Furthermore, we consider another type of inverse problem, specifically, we employ PINNs to learn the value of the parameter γ in the equation of state for the parameterized two-dimensional oblique wave problem by using the given data of the density, velocity and the pressure, and we identify the parameter γ accurately. Taken together, our results demonstrate that in the current form, where the conservation laws are imposed at random points, PINNs are not as accurate as traditional numerical methods for forward problems but they are superior for inverse problems that cannot even be solved with standard techniques.
Natural Mentoring and LGBTQ Youth: A Systematic Review

LGBTQ youth have a greater likelihood of lacking accepting, supportive, and affirming adult relationships that will help them transition successfully into adulthood. Natural mentoring relationships have been shown to be a corrective attachment experience and to mitigate negative health outcomes among at-risk youth. The purpose of this systematic review is to critically examine studies regarding natural mentoring relationships among LGBTQ youth to understand their potential as a prevention and intervention strategy. Through a PRISMA-guided search of five databases, eight eligible peer-reviewed studies were found. The studies were published between 2009 and 2018, cross-sectional, and were of quantitative (n = 4), qualitative (n = 3), and multiple-method (n = 1) design. Qualitative analyses highlighted their characteristics and functions, and the processes by which natural mentoring relationships are formed. Quantitative analyses assessed the effects of natural mentoring relationships on a variety of outcomes (e.g., substance use, suicidality, educational attainment) and the likelihood of having a natural mentoring relationship according to demographics such as race, gender, and sexual orientation. Overall, analyses revealed that natural mentoring relationships significantly buffered risk and increased the likelihood that LGBTQ youth graduated high school and attended college, particularly if the natural mentoring relationship was emotionally close and with a nonparental family member. Recommendations for future research are provided, which include a stronger integration of developmental and critical theories, a focus on assessing natural mentoring relationships among a variety of LGBTQ youth populations (e.g., sexual minority females of color and transgender youth), and the examination of these relationships over time.
Nonvolatile semiconductor memory devices

An attempt is made to survey and assess the nonvolatile semiconductor memory devices including charge-storage devices and FET's with ferroelectric gate insulators. The charge-storage devices are further divided into two groups: 1) charges-trapping devices such as the MNOS and the MAOS, and 2) floating-gate devices such as the FAMOS and the DDC. Approaches for achieving virtual nonvolatility in otherwise volatile semiconductor memories are briefly disscused. Novel structures which provide nonvolatility as well as the theoretical limit of memory array density are also explored.
Enhanced superconductivity in quasiperiodic crystals

The authors show the existence of a superconducting dome around a localization-delocalization transition in quasiperiodic systems.
Computational design of passivants for CdTe grain boundaries

Abstract CdTe is the second most-widely deployed photovoltaic (PV) material due to its high efficiency and low manufacturing costs. Currently, polycrystalline CdTe (poly-CdTe) has a record efficiency of ~22%, which is still well below the theoretical limit (~30%). Polycrystalline CdTe films that have incorporated Cl or Se show higher efficiency, possibly due to the segregation of these ions to the grain boundaries (GBs), where they may passivate the dangling bonds. However, the efficiency enhancement mechanisms of passivants in CdTe GBs, and the feasibility of employing alternative passivants, have not been well explored. Here, we present a systematic computational study of CdTe GBs with potential passivants, namely S, P, As, Se, and Sb on Te sites, and Na, Mg, Al, Sc, Cu, and Zn on Cd sites. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed on GB dislocation core structures derived from scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) images of a model GB (bicrystal). We computed the segregation thermodynamics, electronic density of states, and charge variations near doped CdTe GBs. We find that segregation of impurities to GBs is thermodynamically favorable. For a Te-terminated core, Se, S, and P on Te sites effectively reduce midgap states. For both Cd- and Te- terminated dislocation cores, Sc and Al reduce midgap states when substituted for Cd atoms. The greatest improvement was achieved with co-doping, i.e. simultaneously substituting Te with Se and substituting Cd with Cu or Al. The elimination of midgap states is predicted to increase the photovoltaic efficiency of CdTe by reducing the recombination at grain boundaries.
Gender and entrepreneurship: Research frameworks, barriers and opportunities for women entrepreneurship worldwide

The purpose of this editorial is twofold. First, we present a framework to help make sense of how research in gender and entrepreneurship is currently conceptualized and positioned. The framework i...
Growing SrTiO3 on Si (001) by Molecular Beam Epitaxy

This chapter is focused on the details of the epitaxial integration of SrTiO3 on Si, the only widely utilized direct epitaxy of a perovskite oxide on Si. The key enabling feature is the deposition of 1/2 monolayer of Sr on clean Si(001) 2 × 1 as a Zintl template for SrTiO3 growth. We discuss the reconstruction of Sr on Si (001) for the coverage range from 1/6 to 1 monolayer at both high and low temperatures, including the electronic structure changes occurring during the Sr Zintl template formation on Si(001) as observed by the Si 2p surface core-level shifts as a function of Sr coverage. We also discuss the details of the various processes by which one can achieve epitaxial SrTiO3 on Si as well as the possibility of residual strain control in SrTiO3 by interface oxidation. Finally, we provide a detailed discussion of the atomic and electronic structure of the SrTiO3/Si interface.
Kinetics, Mechanism, and Regulation of Rat Skeletal Muscle Hexokinase

Abstract Initial rate studies were employed to investigate the kinetic mechanism of action of rat skeletal muscle type II hexokinase (EC 3.7.1.1). These investigations involved the use of substrate analogs which act as competitive inhibitors and product inhibition experiments. The findings indicate that substrates d-glucose and MgATP2- add randomly to hexokinase. Both products exhibit noncompetitive inhibition relative to either substrate. The kinetic results are compatible with a Random Bi Bi mechanism of either the rapid equilibrium or the steady state type. The kinetic data are qualitatively identical with those obtained for yeast hexokinase. Although muscle hexokinase does not respond as predicted to the model of adenylate energy charge, it is potently inhibited by levels of glucose-6-P and orthophosphate thought to exist in muscle tissue. The enzyme is inhibited 79% at the approximate intracellular concentrations of substrates, products, and phosphate. This inhibition is increased to 96% when the concentration of these compounds rises to those levels believed to exist during tetanic muscular contraction. The data suggest that the muscle type II hexokinase is not functional during periods of highly active glycogenolysis and glycolysis in rat muscle tissue.
Vascular MRI in the diagnosis and therapy of the high risk atherosclerotic plaque.

Disruption of a high risk plaque is known as the primary cause of cardiovascular events. Characterization of arterial wall components has become an essential adjunct in the identification of patients with plaques prone to rupture. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) has been revealed as one of the noninvasive tools possibly capable of identifying and characterizing high risk atherosclerotic plaque. MRI may facilitate diagnosis, and guide and serially monitor interventional and pharmacological treatment of atherosclerotic disease. In addition, it permits the simultaneous assessment of the anatomy, morphology, and hemodynamics for the study of flow-induced atherogenesis. It possibly will identify asymptomatic patients with subclinical atherosclerosis. This has potential significance for the improvement of strategies in primary and secondary prevention. (J Interven Cardiol 2003;16:129–142)