cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
DOES LIVE VARICELLA VACCINE (LVV) PROTECT AGAINST OTHER HERPESVIRUSES

It has been shown that Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) and Varicella-zoster Virus (VZV) share antigenic determinants and that the VZV genome contains homologous regions to HSV-1 and HSV-2 genomes. More recently Edson, et al, found that the envelope glycoproteins HSV gB and VZV gp63 share common antigens and that cross reactive anti-HSV polyclonal and monoclonal antibody can neutralize VZV infection. Because of these common antigens, we sought to determine if administration of LVV in children can cause cross-reactive immune responses which could confer partial immunity to the heterologous viruses. Blood was obtained from 43 children at the time of LVV vaccine and three months later. A control group of 36 age matched children were tested to determine seroconversion rates in the absence of vaccine. Antibody response was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A sero-negative range for HSV and for CMV was established by studying sera obtained from 200 individuals of varying ages including newborns, infants, and adults. Seroconversion rate for the immunized population was 0 of 43 infants for HSV and 1 of 40 for CMV; respective rates for the control population were 2 of 35 and 1 of 36. (NS) We conclude that immunization with LVV vaccine offers no heterologous antibody protection to HSV and CMV in children.
Architectural Engineering Curriculum at Illinois Institute of Technology

Illinois Institute of Technology started a bachelor of science degree program in architectural engineering in the fall of 1995. The program's curriculum requires the students to take 136 semester credit hours during a period of eight semesters, with the option for specialization in one of the three main areas of architectural engineering. To share the experience worldwide with schools that intend to offer similar bachelor degrees, this paper presents the architectural engineering curriculum at Illinois Institute of Technology. It discusses the objectives of the curriculum, the constraints upon its structure, as well as the challenges that face the establishment of an architectural engineering program.
Growth factor dependent cholinergic function and survival in primary mouse spinal cord cultures.

Abstract In primary embryonic spinal cord cultures, synaptic transmission can be conveniently studied by monitoring radiolabeled neurotransmitter release or by recording of electrophysiological responses. However, while the mature spinal cord contains an appreciable number of cholinergic motoneurons, cultures of embryonic spinal cord have a paucity of these neurons and release little or no acetylcholine upon stimulation. To determine whether the proportion of cholinergic neurons in primary mouse spinal cord cultures can be augmented, the effects of several classes of growth factors were examined on depolarization- and Ca 2+ -evoked release of choline/acetylcholine (Ch/ACh). In the absence of growth factors, little or no evoked release of radiolabeled Ch/ACh could be demonstrated. Media supplemented with brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) or basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) were examined for their ability to preserve the population of neurons in culture. CNTF was found to increase the number of surviving neurons and to enhance the release of radiolabeled Ch/ACh; the other factors were without effect. The action of CNTF was transient, and the neuronal population decreased to levels observed in cultures lacking growth factor after 20 days in vitro. The correlation between enhanced neuron survival and increased Ch/ACh release suggests that CNTF protected cholinergic neurons, albeit transiently, from cell death.
Analog insulin detemir for patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes: a review.

OBJECTIVE To review insulin detemir for clinical use to better manage patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. METHODS A MEDLINE search, in English, from June 30, 2006 to December 1, 2008, using the terms "insulin analogs," "insulin detemir" and "long-acting insulin analog." RESULTS Insulin detemir improves glycemic control, based on HbA(1C) reduction and fasting glucose levels, without increasing the risk of hypoglycemia and weight gain. Insulin detemir has lower glycemic variability, with less intra-subject variability in blood glucose levels in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes, without increasing the risk of hypoglycemia. When added to oral anti-diabetes agents (OADs) in type 2 diabetes, insulin detemir demonstrates superiority to other basal insulin options. CONCLUSION Insulin detemir appears to provide better glycemic control with a lower risk of hypoglycemia and less weight gain in the treatment of patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
Chemically Mediated Grain Growth in Nanotextured Au, Au/Cu Thin Films: Novel Substrates for the Formation of Self-Assembled Monolayers

We describe a solution-based procedure that affects the bulk recrystallization of Au and Au/Cu alloy thin films. Nanocrystalline Au or Au/Cu films of 1800−2000 A in thickness were deposited on glass substrates by DC-plasma-source sputtering. A 5 A thick Ti layer was used to promote the adhesion of these films to the substrate. The films were sequentially treated with piranha solution (3:1 concentrated H2SO4/30% H2O2), followed by immersion in 3:1:16 HCl/HNO3/H2O. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) revealed that this treatment results in a coalescence of the fine-scale metal grains into larger, often irregular shaped domains. Commercially acquired films grown by thermal evaporation behaved in a similar manner but displayed more extensive grain growth. X-ray diffraction (XRD) rocking angle measurements made of the Au(222) peak show a reduction in the fwhm of approximately 50−80% in the treated Au films, indicating that the oxidative treatment induces a significant bulk recrystallization of the metal. The dynamic...
The Making of the West End Stage: Marriage, Management and the Mapping of Gender in London, 1830–1870

The Making of the West End Stage: Marriage, Management and the Mapping of Gender in London, 1830-1870 Jacky Bratton Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2011 Vii + 222, 1 map and 11 illustrations. ISBN 978-0-5...
Quasi Firms: Strategic Interorganizational Forms in the Health Care Industry

In response to significant political, governmental, and socioeconomic changes affecting the health care industry, health care organizations are forming a wide variety of loosely coupled interorganizational arrangements. In this article, loosely coupled forms are classified according to the extent to which they are designed to achieve strategic purposes. The quasi firm is defined as a loosely coupled arrangement created to achieve long-lasting and important strategic purposes. Mechanisms that are needed to ensure the continuity of quasi firms are explored, and an agenda for further research is given.
Atomistic simulations of spinodal phase separation preceding polymer crystallization

Many polymeric materials crystallize when cooled below their melting temperature. Although progress has been made in our understanding of the crystallization process through both experimental1 and theoretical2,3,4,5,6 efforts, these studies have focused mainly on the crystal nucleation and growth mechanism, where critical nuclei are formed from a metastable state during the first stages of crystallization, leading ultimately to the growth of crystal domains. Attention has also been given to the structure during the precrystallization (induction period7,8,9,10,11,12,13). A pretransition state occurring before crystallization has been characterized as an unstable phase separation initiated by density and orientational fluctuations. These fluctuations are caused by an increase in the average length of rigid trans segments along the polymer backbone during the induction period. These observations are consistent with the theory proposed in ref. 14 on the isotropic-to-nematic transition of polymer liquid crystals, that is, the parallel ordering of polymers is caused by an increase in chain rigidity. Here we use large-scale computer simulations to investigate melts of polymers in the early ordering stages (induction period) before crystallization. In the ordered domains we identify growing dense regions similar to smectic liquid crystals. Our simulations reveal a ‘coexistence period’ in the ordering before crystallization, where nucleation and growth mechanisms coexist with a phase-separation mechanism.
Clotting of bovine fibrinogen. Kinetic analysis of the release of fibrinopeptides by thrombin and of the calcium uptake upon clotting at high fibrinogen concentrations.

Kinetic data on the release of fibrinopeptides A and B from bovine fibrinogen by human thrombin were obtained at high fibrinogen concentrations, within the 0.8-8.8% range (0.227 X 10(-4) to 2.60 X 10(-4) M), at 25 degrees C, pH 7.26, 0.30 ionic strength, and 10(-4) M free Ca2+ concentration. Release of fibrinopeptide A followed strictly first-order kinetics at all concentrations, in spite of the fact that the highest concentration was 26 times larger than the value of KM found in the literature. This behavior can be explained by inhibition of thrombin by the reaction products, with KI = KM. The equation describing the course of the reaction under these conditions can be rearranged into a linear relationship between 1/kobsd and substrate concentration. The slope of the line is equal to 1/kcat and the intercept to KM/kcat. The data points fell accurately on a straight line, and with the parameters of the latter, kcat and KM were calculated as (6.3 +/- 0.11) X 10(-10) M s-1 (unit of thrombin)-1 L-1 and (11.0 +/- 3.0) X 10(-6) M, respectively. These values agree well with those found in the literature. Release of fibrinopeptide B follows complex kinetics. Higgins et al. [Higgins, D. L., Lewis, S.D., & Shafer, J.A. (1983) J. Biol. Chem. 258, 9276-9282] suggested that it can be described as the result of two consecutive reactions, the first one being the release of fibrinopeptide A and the second one of fibrinopeptide B from those molecules that have already lost fibrinopeptide A in the previous step.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Performance analysis of an influence-model-based graph partitioning algorithm

Recently, a stochastic automaton known as the influence model was advanced as a tool for flexible and distributed graph partitioning, which can find optimal solutions to numerous hard partitioning problems in an almost-sure sense. Here, we provide a performance analysis of the influence model-based partitioner, for the hard problem of m-way partitioning with reference vertices. Specifically, we show that the influence model algorithm finds the optimal partition quickly with high probability, whenever the optimal cut-set is sufficiently weak compared to other cuts in the graph.
Bombesin-induced hypothermia and hypophagia are associated with plasma metabolic fuel alterations in the rat

Abstract Microinfusion of bombesin into the preoptic area (POA) has previously been shown to reduce core body temperature and feeding in rats that are food-deprived or made hypoglycemic with insulin. The present study determined the metabolic fuel state of rats under these experimental conditions. In addition, changes in plasma metabolic fuels following the microinfusion of bombesin (50 ng/0.25 μl) into the POA were evaluated. Rats ( n = 8) were tested under conditions of food satiation, food deprivation (20 h), and insulin pretreatment (10 U/kg). Prior to peptide infusion, food-deprived rats exhibited the expected elevation in free fatty acids coupled with a small decline in plasma glucose. Insulin treatment resulted in hypoglycemia which persisted for at least 120 min. Following bombesin infusion, free fatty acids and corticosterone levels were elevated in food-sated rats. Food-deprived rats exhibited elevation in plasma glucose, free fatty acids, and corticosterone following peptide infusion. In insulin-treated rats, bombesin attenuated the hypoglycemia observed in controls and increased corticosterone levels. These findings suggest that bombesin-like peptides localized within the POA may participate in the regulation of metabolic fuels.
Application of Learning Control to Active Damping of Forced Vibration for Periodically Time Variant Systems

This paper deals with discrete time learning controllers for systems with periodically varying parameters. Several control rules are proposed which use a basic principle of learning control that is to utilize the information from the most recent cycle to improve the system performance in the next cycle. Convergence properties of proposed learning control algorithms are examined. These algorithms can easily be implemented without additional measurements and without modification of existing feedback/feedforward controller. In a numerical example learning controllers are applied to eliminate the forced vibrations of a magnetically suspended rotor with nonsymmetric stiffness properties. The vibrations result from unbalanced inertia forces. Simulation results show that the learning controller is effective in absorbing periodic disturbances.
Plugging the leaks without unplugging your network in the midst of Disaster

Network Disaster Recovery research has examined behavior of networks after disasters with an aim to restoring normal conditions. In addition to probable loss of connectivity, a disaster scenario can also lead to security risks. However, network security has been examined extensively under normal conditions, and not under conditions that ensue after disasters. Therefore, security issues should be addressed during the period of chaos after a disaster, but before operating conditions return to normal. Furthermore, security should be assured, while still allowing access to the network to enable public communication in order to assist in disaster relief efforts. In general, the desire to help with public assistance requires opening up access to the network, while security concerns add pressure to close down or limit access to the network. In this study, we show that the objectives of availability and confidentiality, two objectives that have not previously been considered together in disaster scenarios, can be simultaneously achieved. For our study, we evaluated six wireless devices with various network configurations, including a laptop, a Kindle Fire e-reader, an Android tablet, a Google Nexus phone, an IP camera, and an Apple TV, to approximate behaviors of a communication network under a disaster scenario. Actual data leakage was tracked and observed for these devices. To the best of our knowledge this has not previously been examined in a systematic manner for post-disaster scenarios. After illustrating the data leakage of various devices, we analyze the risk associated with the various types of leakage. Moving private traffic to a VPN would free the physical network for use as a public resource.
Patterns of Individual Adjustment Changes During Middle School Transition

Abstract The present study examined the patterns of individual adjustment changes in a sample of 99 early adolescents during an ecological transition from elementary school to middle school. Early adolescents in the sample showed significant changes in their adjustment following the transition, as indicated by their increased psychological distress or decreased academic achievement following the transition. Gender differences were found in adjustment changes over time, suggesting that boys and girls may be differentially affected by middle school transition. Different patterns of adjustment changes were explored by means of cluster analysis on the basis of psychological distress scores before and after the transition. Three distinct patterns were identified across genders, including (a) an average start but increasing to high pattern, (b) an initial low but increasing to moderately high pattern, and (c) a pattern of consistently high scores over time. The results are discussed in terms of individual differences among early adolescents in their adjustment to middle school transition. Implications for research and practice in school psychology also are elaborated.
Convergence in distribution of sums of bivariate Appell polynomials with long-range dependence

Normalized quadratic forms of moving averages converge to double Wiener-Ito integrals if the summands are sufficiently dependent. This result extends to sums of bivariate Appell polynomials of arbitrary degree.
Integrating Marine conservation and tourism

Tropical reefs and beaches attract hordes of tourists from temperate zones. These environments may be the most valuable resource of small island nations, providing fish, coastal protection and support for a tourist industry. However, tourism can strain the resource base resulting in damage to habitat's from intensified fishing activity and the depletion of species through over exploitation. Conflict develops between subsistence requirements of local residents, the recreational demands of tourists and conservation constraints. When included in national development planning, the establishment of conservation areas can help reduce conflicts through zoning for different uses the protected areas. This enables the grouping of compatible activities into specific zones and the separation of those which are incompatible. This paper discusses the planning of protected areas which have tourism as a major component, drawing on two case studies in Indonesia. Some techniques are listed for controlling visitor use of pr...
ZIP1 is a synaptonemal complex protein required for meiotic chromosome synapsis

ZIP1 is a novel meiosis-specific gene required for chromosome synapsis and cell cycle progression in S. cerevisiae. zip1 strains undergo homologous chromosome pairing, but are defective in synaptonemal complex (SC) formation. The zip1 mutation confers a uniform arrest in meiosis prior to the first division. zip1 strains display nearly wild-type levels of commitment to meiotic recombination; however, mature reciprocal recombinants are not formed until cells are released from meiotic arrest by return to growth medium. DNA sequence analysis of ZIP1 reveals structural homology to a number of proteins containing coiled coils. Immunofluorescence experiments using anti-ZIP1 antibodies demonstrate that the ZIP1 protein localizes to synapsed meiotic chromosomes but not to unsynapsed axial elements. Taken together, these data suggest that ZIP1 is a component of the central region of the SC. We propose a model in which ZIP1 acts as a molecular zipper to bring homologous chromosomes in close apposition.
Nuclear Disintegrations Induced by μ -Mesons

The absorption curve in water of the cosmic radiation producing nuclear disintegrations was obtained by recording the neutron showers occurring in an absorber surrounded by B${\mathrm{F}}_{3}$ counters. It was found that, while the $N$-component of the cosmic radiation is responsible for most of the disintegrations observed under the first few meters of water, $\ensuremath{\mu}$-mesons are the particles causing either directly or indirectly most of the events recorded at depths greater than \ensuremath{\sim}10 m water. The cross section of $\ensuremath{\mu}$-mesons for nuclear interactions is found to be \ensuremath{\sim}1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}29}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$/nucleon at a depth of 20 m water. Estimates of the absolute intensity of the $N$-component and of the relative contribution to nuclear disintegrations by $\ensuremath{\mu}$-mesons and $N$-component at sea level are given.
The Post-Irradiation Tensile Properties and Microstructure of Several Vanadium Alloys

Tensile specimens of V-15Cr-5Ti, Vanstar-7, V-3Ti-1si, and V-20Ti were irradiated at 420)degrees)C in FFTF-MOTA to a damage level of 82 dpa. Helium was preimplanted to levels up to 480 appm in selected specimens using a modified tritium trick. Irradiation hardening was the dominant effect influencing the postirradiation tensile properties, and it markedly increased the yield strength and reduced the total elogation. The V-15Cr-5Ti alloy was very sensitive to helium embrittlement, but Vanstar-7 and V-3Ti-1Si were only slightly affected. Without helium, negligible swelling (<1%) were measured in V-3Ti-1Si and V-20Ti. Preimplanted helium increased swelling in V-3Ti-1Si by increasing cavity nucleation. 11 refs., 11 figs., 3 tabs.
Geometric collisions for time-dependent parametric surfaces

We develop an algorithm to detect geometric collisions between pairs of time-dependent parametric surfaces. The algorithm works on surfaces that are continuous and have bounded derivatives, and includes objects that move or deform as a function of time. The algorithm numerically solves for the parametric values corresponding to coincident points and near-misses between the surfaces of two parametric functions.Upper bounds on the parametric derivatives make it possible to guarantee the successful detection of collisions and near-misses; we describe a method to find the derivative bounds for many surface types. To compute collisions between new types of surfaces, the mathematical collision analysis is needed only once per surface type, rather than analyzing for each pair of surface types.The algorithm is hierarchical, first finding potential collisions over large volumes, and then refining the solution to smaller volumes. The user may specify the desired accuracy of the solution. A C-code implementation is described, with results for several non-bicubic and bicubic time-dependent parametric functions. An animation of the collision computation demonstrates collisions between complex parametric functions.
Detection of a novel catalase in extracts of Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium intracellulare.

Abstract A novel class of catalase, which differs from the previously described M- and T-catalases of mycobacteria, was detected in strains of Mycobacterium avium and M. intracellulare. Designated A-catalase, this enzyme resisted inactivation at 68 degrees C, was inactivated by 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole (aminotriazole), and exhibited no peroxidase activity. All of these properties distinguished the enzyme from T-catalase. The A-catalase exhibited a Km of 70 mM H2O2, which is between the upper and lower extremes of the ranges reported for T- and M-catalases, respectively. The A-catalase appeared to be more hydrophobic than M-catalase and did not react with antiserum to a representative sample of this class. The banding patterns of T- and M-catalases seen by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) were essentially unaffected by the incorporation of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) into the PAGE system, whereas the single band of A-catalase seen by PAGE without SDS resolved into as many as five bands in the presence of SDS; these bands were all of slower mobility than the original band. The banding pattern seen with SDS appeared to be related more to counterion charge effects than to molecular size increases that could be attributed to SDS complexed to the protein. It remains to be determined whether the multiple A-catalase bands reflect different proteins or different SDS micellar complexes of a single protein.
Simulation of self-organizing systems by digital computer

A general discussion of ideas and definitions relating to self-organizing systems and their synthesis is given, together with remarks concerning their simulation by digital computer. Synthesis and simulation of an actual system is then described. This system, initially randomly organized within wide limits, organizes itself to perform a simple prescribed task.
Board-level multi-terminal net routing for FPGA-based logic emulation

We consider a board-level routing problem applicable to FPGA-based logic emulation systems such as the Realizer System (Varghese et al., (1993)) and the Enterprise Emulation System (Maliniak (1992)) manufactured by Quickturn Systems. Optimal algorithms have been proposed for the case where all nets are two-terminal nets. In this paper, we show how multi-terminal nets can be handled by decomposition into two-terminal nets. We show that the multi-terminal net decomposition problem can be modelled as a bounded-degree hypergraph-to-graph transformation problem where hyper-edges are transformed to spanning trees. A network flow-based algorithm that solves both problems is proposed. It determines if there is a feasible decomposition and gives one whenever such a decomposition exists.
A Small Antipodal Vivaldi Antenna for Ultrawide-Band Applications

A compact antipodal Vivaldi antenna for ultrawide-band (UWB) applications is proposed. The antenna operates across the entire UWB spectrum from 3.1 to 10.6 GHz, and also has low cross-polarization levels and reasonable gain values over the same frequency band. Two different substrates, Rogers RO3006 and FR4, are considered, and results regarding return loss, far field pattern, phase response, group delay, and gain are presented.
Emotion facilitates action: A transcranial magnetic stimulation study of motor cortex excitability during picture viewing

Emotional stimuli capture attention, receive increased perceptual processing resources, and alter peripheral reflexes. In the present study, we examined whether emotional stimuli would modulate the magnitude of the motor evoked potential (MEP) elicited in the abductor pollicus brevis muscle by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) delivered to the motor cortex. The electromyogram (EMG) was recorded from 16 participants while they viewed six blocks of pleasant, neutral, and unpleasant images; 36 TMS pulses at increasing intensities were delivered during each block. The TMS-induced MEP was reliably larger while participants viewed pleasant and unpleasant compared to neutral images. There were no differences in the pre-TMS EMG activity as a function of emotional stimuli. Thus, viewing arousing stimuli, regardless of valence, increased motor cortex excitability. Implications and directions for future research are discussed.
A new thioglucoside, 2-methylpropylglucosinolate

Abstract Based on relative efficiencies of conversion of 14 C from feeding labeled compounds to Conringia orientalis (L.) Andrz., the aglycone moiety of 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropylglucosinolate has been found to be formed from valine and the methyl carbon of acetate via leucine. Isobutyl isothiocyanate has been identified as the aglycone formed upon myrosinase hydrolysis of a new thioglucoside, 2-methylpropylglucosinolate, present in fresh plants of C. orientalis . It is suggested that 2-methylpropylglucosinolate may be an intermediate in the biosynthetic pathway between leucine and 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropylglucosinolate.
Phenomenological analysis of single pion photoproduction

A phenomenological fit of the data on single-pion photoproduction is presented for laboratory photon energies up to 1.2 BeV. The analysis is made in terms of a simple model in which the photoproduction amplitude consists of three separate contributions: (1) the Born approximation with electric coupling only; (2) Breit-Wigner resonances for which the positions and widths are taken from pion-nucleon scattering data, but whose amplitudes are adjustable parameters; and (3) additional contributions in the low partial waves having $J=\frac{1}{2},\frac{3}{2},\mathrm{and} \frac{5}{2}$. A criterion for success of the model is that these added terms, which are the principal adjustable parameters, should vary smoothly with energy. Most of the resonances found in the phase-shift analysis of pion-nucleon scattering are included in the fit. In particular, there is reasonably good evidence in the photoproduction data for a broad $S$-wave resonance near 1560 MeV. The analysis is carried out in terms of the helicity-amplitude formalism, which is more convenient for this purpose than the conventional representation in terms of multipole amplitudes.
The argument for palliative care in prostate cancer.

Palliative care uses a team approach to improve the quality of life of patients and families faced with long-term and progressive illnesses through prevention and relief of suffering with symptom management. Palliative care focuses on three main realms to achieve these goals: morbidities associated with the disease, morbidities associated with the treatment, and quality of life of the patient. Oncology guidelines suggest initiating palliative care “early in the course of illness in conjunction with other therapies that are intended to prolong life, including chemotherapy and radiation” (1). Possibly due to the association with end of life care, palliative care is underutilized for prostate cancer despite evidence showing benefit in several patient populations.
Effects of prenatal testosterone treatment and postnatal steroid implantation on growth performance and carcass traits of heifers and steers.

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of prenatal testosterone treatment in combination with postnatal steroid implantation (Exp. 1) and to assess the effect of time of prenatal testosterone treatment in conjunction with postnatal steroid implantation (Exp. 2) on animal performance and carcass characteristics. In Exp. 1, seventy-six pregnant cows were assigned randomly to a control group or implanted with testosterone propionate (TP) silastic implants between d 40 and 80 of gestation. Half the heifer calves were selected randomly to be implanted with 200 mg TP plus 20 mg estradiol benzoate (EB); the other half of the steer calves were implanted with 200 mg progesterone plus 20 mg EB on d 1 and 85 of the feedlot trial. Daily gain of heifers was increased 10.4% (P less than .08) due to prenatal testosterone treatment (P) and 16.4% (P less than .05) by postnatal steroid implantation (I). Feed efficiency was 12.9% greater (P less than .05) due to P and 9.5% greater (P less than .05) due to I. Prenatal testosterone treatment decreased (P less than .05) kidney, pelvic and heart fat and final yield grade but increased (P less than .05) ribeye area of heifers. Heifers had greater (P less than .07) liver weights per unit of carcass weight due to P. In Exp. 2, one hundred seventy-four pregnant cows were assigned randomly to a control group or implanted with TP silastic implants on d 42, 63, 84 or 105 of gestation. Half the heifer and steer calves were selected randomly to be implanted on d 1 and 112 of the feedlot trial. Time of P caused a quadratic effect (P less than .08) on birth weight of heifers. There was a quadratic effect (P less than .05) of time of P on daily gain and final weight per day of age of heifers. Feed efficiency of heifers was improved (P less than .05) due to P. Postnatal steroid implantation increased (P less than .05) daily gain and feed efficiency of heifers by 9.6% and 8.6%, respectively. No changes were observed in growth performance of steers due to P. Results from these two trials suggest that the combination of prenatal testosterone treatment and postnatal testosterone and estradiol implantation produced an additive improvement of daily gain, feed efficiency and carcass merit of heifers.
Purification of reduced upgraded titania slag by iron removal using mild acids

Abstract In this study, we focused on removal of iron from upgraded titania slag (UGS) that has been reduced by hydrogen gas, magnesium powder and salts at 750 °C for 5 h. Reduced UGS is mainly composed of titanium hydride and oxide impurities that include iron, silicon, aluminum, and magnesium. Mild concentrations of hydrochloric and boric acids were used in this investigation to remove iron from reduced UGS. The concentration of hydrochloric and boric acids and the leaching temperature have been chosen as the prime variables to identify the optimum conditions and leaching characteristics for purification of reduced UGS. Both ambient pressure leaching and elevated pressure leaching were performed to assess the rate of iron removal from reduced UGS without titanium loss. It was observed that under the constraint that 1% (w/w) of titanium hydride loss is the maximum amount tolerable, 0.1 M hydrochloric acid at 140 °C was found to be the most effective conditions for iron removal (87.63%). A factorial design of experiment for equation modeling with three main factors (temperature, concentration of hydrochloric and boric acids) was performed and associated modeling results were in good agreement with experimental data. The overall rate of reaction seems to follow interfacial reaction controlled kinetics. The calculated activation energy of the reaction is 73.9 kJ/mol.
Fatigue in transportation: NTSB investigations and safety recommendations

Objective We aim to place into the scientific literature information on the prevalence of operator fatigue as a factor in causing transportation mishaps, and the categories of improvements identified to address fatigue in transportation. Methods We analyzed the number of major National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) investigations that identified fatigue as a probable cause, contributing factor, or a finding. We divided all NTSB recommendations addressing fatigue issued since the agency was founded into 7 subject categories, and placed each recommendation into the appropriate category. This information was then analyzed to determine the number of recommendations in each category, both overall and by transportation mode. Analysis was also performed regarding the types of organizations that received the recommendations, whether the recommended actions have been taken, and the NTSB9s evaluation of whether the action taken satisfied a given recommendation. Results We reviewed 182 major NTSB investigations completed between 1 January 2001 and 31 December 2012 and found that 20% of these investigations identified fatigue as a probable cause, contributing factor, or a finding. The presence of fatigue varied between among the modes of transportation, ranging from 40% of highway investigations to 4% of marine investigations. The first NTSB recommendation to address the safety risks associated with human fatigue was issued over 40 years ago, in 1972. Since then, the NTSB has issued 205 separate fatigue-specific recommendations. Scheduling policies and practices was the most common subject category accounting for 40% of all recommendations issued. Federal agencies received 54% of all recommendations, with 22% to transportation operators, and 16% to associations. Of all NTSB fatigue recommendations, 24% were open ranging from a low of 9% in highway to 39% in aviation. Overall, only 3% of open recommendations were classified “unacceptable,” whereas 16% of all closed recommendations were classified “unacceptable.” Conclusions Although there has been over 100 years of progress in recognizing and addressing the safety risk posed by human fatigue in transportation, 20% of recent NTSB investigations have identified fatigue as a probable cause, contributing factor or finding. This analysis represents the first-ever examination of fatigue identified in major NTSB investigations across modes and of the focus, recipients, and classification status of fatigue-related safety recommendations. It demonstrates that fatigue remains a significant transportation safety risk.
Airway smooth muscle: new tricks for an old dog.

the role of airway smooth muscle in asthma has been appreciated for some time. In 1859, Salter ([12][1]) wrote: “the phenomena of asthma – the distressing sensation and the demand for extraordinary respiratory efforts immediately depend upon a spastic contraction of the fibre cells of organic or
Effects of Cross-Fostering on Parental Behavior of Meadow Voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus)

A cross-fostering paradigm was used to determine effects of early social environment on subsequent parental behavior of meadow voles ( Microtus pennsylvanicus ). Meadow-vole pups were fostered to either meadow-vole parents (in-fostered young) or prairie-vole parents (M. ochrogaster ; cross-fostered young). Young reared by prairie-vole parents received more parental contact than pups fostered to meadow-vole parents. At 60 days of age, nonlittermates of the same rearing condition were paired for breeding, and interactions between pairs and their litters were recorded from below large table-like pens. Postpartum nest cohabitation by males and females was observed in four of eight cross-fostered pairs; members of all eight in-fostered pairs displayed separate nesting. Cross-fostered females spent more time in the nest and exhibited more brooding, nursing, and pup grooming than in-fostered females. Cross-fostered males often entered the natal nest and engaged in more pup contact behavior than in-fostered males. In general, nonsocial behavior was unaffected by rearing condition. These results suggest that development of parental behavior in the meadow vole is subject to influence by characteristics of the early environment.
Lexical contrast maintenance and the organization of sublexical contrast systems

Variationist/evolutionary models of phonology assume a causal chain that links biases at the utterance level to the development and consolidation of abstract phonological patterns over time. Some of the properties of linguistic cognition that have been proposed to underlie this chain are (i) storage of experienced detail at multiple levels of description, (ii) feedback between perception and production, (iii) a similarity bias in the production and perception of variation, and (iv) enhancement of cues to potentially ambiguous lexical items in usage. I review evidence for these properties and argue that they interact to provide a pathway for individual usage events to influence the evolution of contrastive sublexcal category systems, i.e phoneme inventories. Specifically, the proposed Network-Feedback model predicts that the organization of sublexical category systems is shaped by a conflict between a general drive toward greater similarity among sublexical categories on the one hand, and a bias toward maintaining contrast between tokens of competing lexical categories on the other. The model provides testable hypotheses about the conditions favoring phoneme merger, chain-shifts, and phonemic splits, and more generally about the influence of lexical contrast on the packing of sublexical categories along gestural/perceptual dimensions. Finally, this pathway of change is consistent with proposals that sublexical categories such as features and segments are not primitives of language, but emerge through more general properties of performance, perception, categorization and learning.
Decentralization: Shifting the Locus of Conflict

Since the 1990s, decentralization has been one of the most prominent development strategies all over the world. Therefore, this chapter deals with the potential and observed outcomes of the various forms of decentralization strategy with particular emphasis on its impact on inter-group violence. We start with identifying the main forms and characteristics of decentralization and exploring the rationales behind its variants. We explore the ways in which decentralization may serve as a conflict-deterring strategy or how it may exacerbate conflict. Finally, we suggest some insights on conflict-sensitive approaches to designing and implementing decentralization initiatives.
Analysis on hygiene monitoring of urban drinking water in Hangzhou in 2008

Objective:To study the hygiene condition of urban drinking water in Hangzhou and provide a scientific basis for the effective supervising hygiene and safety of drinking water.Methods:The samples of source water,chlorinated water,peripheral water and secondary water supply were collected,detected and evaluated according to the national standards in 2008.Results:We detected altogather 657 samples,the total qualified rate was 87.79%.The qualified rates of water source water,chlorinated water,peripheral water and secondary water supply were 100%,100%,86.07 % and 74.17%,respectively.Unqualified detected items in peripheral water mainly were the concentrations of zinc,ammonia nitrogen,heat-resistant coliform,turbidity,total coliforms;Unqualified detected items in secondary water supply primarily were the concentrations of turbidity and iron.Conclusion:Effective measures should be done to improve the hygiene condition,such as to improve of water technology,to increase monitoring of dry season water quality,to improve the old pipe network and secondary water supply systems,to clean,disinfect and maintain regularly secondary water supply tanks.
Liquid–Liquid Equilibria, Equilibrium Phase Densities, and Refractive Indices for the Quaternary Mixtures Containing 2-Propanol or 2-Methyl-2-Propanol of Fuel Oxygenate at T = 298.15 and 318.15 K

Two quaternary systems in regard to water + 2-propanol + 2,2,4-trimethylpentane + 1,4-dimethylbenzene and water + 2-methyl-2-propanol + methylcyclohexane + 1,4-dimethylbenzene were carried out to determine the data on liquid–liquid equilibrium (LLE) concerning the temperatures with 298.15 and 318.15 K and a pressure of 0.1 MPa. The gas–liquid chromatography was applied to obtaining the equilibrium compositions over each phase. Increasing the concentration of the alcohol enhances the water solubility in the hydrocarbon-abundant phase. The distribution of the alcohol between two equilibrium phases was analyzed, and a greater portion of 2-methyl-2-propanol was found to hydrocarbon-abundant phase. Each binary pair of energy parameters associated with the nonrandom two-liquid (NRTL) and universal quasichemical activity coefficient (UNIQUAC) models was established through the experimental data of LLE, and the average deviation from this calculation was less than 0.013. Based on the Hand and Othmer–Tobias equati...
Work-related illness and injury claims among nationally certified athletic trainers reported to Washington and California from 2001 to 2011.

Background Little is known about the work-related injury and illnesses experienced by certified athletic trainers (AT). Methods The incidence and characteristics of injury/illness claims filed in two workers’ compensation systems were described from 2001 to 2011. Yearly populations at risk were estimated from National Athletic Trainers’ Association membership statistics. Incidence rate ratios (IRR) were reported by job setting. Results Claims were predominantly for traumatic injuries and disorders (82.7%: 45.7% sprains/strains, 12.0% open wounds, 6.5% bruises) and at these body sites (back 17.2%, fingers 12.3%, and knee 9.6%) and over half were caused by body motion and overexertion (51.5%). Compared with school settings, clinic/hospital settings had modestly higher claim rates (IRR = 1.29, 95% CI: 1.06–1.52) while other settings (e.g., professional or youth sport, nursing home) had lower claim rates (IRR = 0.63, 95% CI: 0.44–0.70). Conclusions These first known estimates of work-related injuries/illnesses among a growing healthcare profession help identify occupational tasks and settings imposing injury risk for ATs. Am. J. Ind. Med. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An initial negative round of targeted biopsies in men with highly suspicious multiparametric magnetic resonance findings does not exclude clinically significant prostate cancer-Preliminary experience.

Abstract Background Targeted prostate biopsies are changing the landscape of prostate cancer (PCa) diagnosis with the degree of suspicion on multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) being a strong predictor of targeted biopsy outcome. Data regarding the rate and potential causes of false-negative magnetic resonance imaging-transrectal ultrasound (MRI-TRUS) fusion–targeted biopsy in patients with highly suspicious mpMRI findings are lacking. Objectives To determine the rate of clinically significant PCa detection in repeat targeted biopsy or surgery in patients with highly suspicious mpMRI findings and in an initial negative MRI-TRUS fusion–targeted biopsy. Materials and methods In this single-center, retrospective study of prospectively generated data, men with highly suspicious lesions (Likert 5 score) on mpMRI and an initial negative MRI-TRUS fusion–targeted biopsy were reviewed. The rate of PCa detection in a subsequent MRI-TRUS fusion–targeted biopsy or radical prostatectomy was determined. Tumors in the intermediate- and high-risk groups according to the National Comprehensive Cancer Network criteria were considered clinically significant. Results A total of 32 men with 38 Likert 5 lesions were identified. Repeat targeted biopsy or surgery detected cancer in 42% (16/38) of the Likert 5 lesions with initial negative targeted biopsy. Most of these cancers were intermediate- (69%; 11/16) or high-risk (25%; 4/16) tumors. Conclusion A negative round of targeted biopsies does not exclude clinically significant PCa in men with highly suspicious mpMRI findings. Patients with imaging-pathology disagreement should be carefully reviewed and considered for repeat biopsy or for strict surveillance.
The use and re-use of unsustainable groundwater for irrigation: A global budget

Depletion of groundwater aquifers across the globe has become a significant concern, as groundwater is an important and often unsustainable source of irrigation water. Simultaneously, the field of water resource management has seen a lively debate over the concepts and metrics used to assess the downstream re-use of agricultural runoff, with most studies focusing on surface water balances. Here, we bring these two lines of research together, recognizing that depletion of aquifers leads to large amounts of groundwater entering surface water storages and flows by way of agricultural runoff. While it is clear that groundwater users will be impacted by reductions in groundwater availability, there is a major gap in our understanding of potential impacts downstream of groundwater pumping locations. We find that the volume of unsustainable groundwater that is re-used for irrigation following runoff from agricultural systems is nearly as large as the volume initially extracted from reservoirs for irrigation. Basins in which the volume of irrigation water re-used is equal to or greater than the volume of water initially used (which is possible due to multiple re-use of the same water) contain 33 million hectares of irrigated land and are home to 1.3 billion people. Some studies have called for increasing irrigation efficiency as a solution to water shortages. We find that with 100% irrigation efficiency, global demand for unsustainable groundwater is reduced by 52%, but not eliminated. In many basins, increased irrigation efficiency leads to significantly decreased river low flows; increasing irrigation efficiency to 70% globally decreases total surface water supplies by 600 km3 yr−1. These findings illustrate that estimates of aquifer depletion alone underestimate the importance of unsustainable groundwater to sustaining surface water systems and irrigated agriculture.