cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chlorthalidone for Hypertension in Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease.

Abstract Background Little evidence has been available to support the use of thiazide diuretics to treat hypertension in patients with advanced chronic kidney disease. Methods We randomly assigned ...
Freeze-in, glaciation, and UV sensitivity from light mediators

Dark matter (DM) freeze-in through a light mediator is an appealing model with excellent detection prospects at current and future experiments. Light mediator freeze-in is UV-insensitive insofar as most DM is produced at late times, and thus the DM abundance does not depend on the unknown early evolution of our universe. However the final DM yield retains a dependence on the initial DM population, which is usually assumed to be exactly zero. We point out that in models with light mediators, the final DM yield will also depend on the initial conditions assumed for the light mediator population. We describe a class of scenarios we call "glaciation" where DM freezing in from the SM encounters a pre-existing thermal bath of mediators, and study the dependence of the final DM yield on the initial temperature of this dark radiation bath. To compute DM scattering rates in this cosmology, we derive for the first time an exact integral expression for the Boltzmann collision term describing interactions between two species at different temperatures. We quantify the dependence of the DM yield on the initial dark temperature and find that it can be sizeable in regions near the traditional (zero initial abundance) freeze-in curve. We generalize the freeze-in curve to a glaciation band, which can extend as much as an order of magnitude below the traditional freeze-in direct detection target, and point out that the DM phase space distribution as well as the yield can be strongly dependent on initial conditions.
Summary from a Chemist’s Point of View

The Proceedings of this Workshop outline the current understanding of the topic from the viewpoints of the physicists, chemists and biologists who were present. They also delineate the probable fruitful directions for future research. At the Workshop there were frequent energetic interchanges among the disciplines resulting in the development of a good understanding of the early events of radiation -physical, chemical and biochemical - which are the origins of the biological effects of ionizing radiation.
Meaning, Concepts, and the Lexicon

This paper explores how words relate to concepts. It argues that in many cases, words get their meanings in part by associating with concepts, but only in conjunction with substantial input from language. Language packages concepts in grammatically determined ways. This structures the meanings of words, and determines which sorts of concepts map to words. The results are linguistically modulated meanings, and the extra-linguistic concepts associated with words are often not what intuitively would be expected. The paper concludes by discussing implications of this thesis for the relation of word to sentence meaning, and for issues of linguistic determinism.
A Little Learning is a Dangerous Thing

A perfect storm has descended on business schools, challenging them to justify their existence more than at any time I can remember in the last 30 years. The challenge takes many forms, but a common thread is disillusionment with the mission of business learning. My response: Get a grip. We need business learning now more than ever. This column discusses why.
Vibrational spectra and structure of four-membered ring molecules 2-Chlorocyclobutanone and 2-chloro-2, 4, 4-trideuterocyclobutanone

Abstract The infrared spectra of 2-chlorocyclobutanone and 2-chloro-2,4,4-trideuterocyclobutanone in the liquid and vapor phases have been recorded from 4000 to 250 cm −1 . The far-infrared spectrum of 2-chlorocyclobutanone vapor has been recorded from 33 to 600 cm −1 . The Raman spectra of the two isotopic species in the liquid state have also been measured. An assignment of the fundamental vibrational frequencies is presented. The ring-puckering mode gave rise to lines at 178 and 170 cm −1 in the Raman spectrum of 2-chlorocyclobutanone and 2-chloro-2,4,4-trideuterocyclobutanone, respectively, and the qualitative nature of the potential function governing this vibration is discussed. The NMR spectra of both isotopic species have likewise been recorded. From the interpretation of the data, the 2-chlorocyclobutanone molecule appears to be essentially planar with only one geometrical configuration which is in marked contrast to the conformers previously reported for this molecule.
Framing Organizational Reform: Misalignments and Disputes among Parole and Union Middle Managers

Any time organizations undertake change processes there are questions about mobilizing support for the change (Vallas 2003). Two essential factors for mobilizing support are (1) how organizational change is framed by both the organization and its employees and (2) whether or not the change is framed in a way that aligns in any meaningful way with actors' interpretations. This article considers middle managers as first-line interpreters of organizational policy changes and offers a look at their patterned response to reform mandates. Middle managers' interpretation of changes in organizational policy or practice provides vital information for workers about how the reform fits with larger organizational and personal goals. Using data collected in three years of ethnographic fieldwork with parole personnel in California during correctional reform, I argue that organizational and union middle managers' differing definitions of, and solutions for, policy reform create an outlet for intraorganizational frame misalignments and disputes with the potential for restricting or halting change.
Response to my Critics

Resumen en: During the Winter of 2011 i visited SaDaf and gave a series of talks based on the central chapters of my manuscript on the yablo paradox. The following y...
Autistic Children Exhibit Decreased Levels of Essential Fatty Acids in Red Blood Cells

Omega-6 (n-6) and omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are essential nutrients for brain development and function. However, whether or not the levels of these fatty acids are altered in individuals with autism remains debatable. In this study, we compared the fatty acid contents between 121 autistic patients and 110 non-autistic, non-developmentally delayed controls, aged 3-17. Analysis of the fatty acid composition of red blood cell (RBC) membrane phospholipids showed that the percentage of total PUFA was lower in autistic patients than in controls; levels of n-6 arachidonic acid (AA) and n-3 docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were particularly decreased (p < 0.001). In addition, plasma levels of the pro-inflammatory AA metabolite prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) were higher in a subset of the autistic participants (n = 20) compared to controls. Our study demonstrates an alteration in the PUFA profile and increased production of a PUFA-derived metabolite in autistic patients, supporting the hypothesis that abnormal lipid metabolism is implicated
Numerical evaluation of the effective dielectric property of multi-component three-dimensional mixtures using a finite-difference time-domain method

Summary In this paper, we introduce a novel numerical procedure to evaluate the effective dielectric property of multicomponent three-dimensional mixtures. By utilizing the properties that most mixtures can be approximated by periodic structures and the size of inclusions is normally much smaller than the wavelength, we only need to analyze a unit element for effective dielectric properties extraction. The numerical technique used in this study is a periodic finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. Appropriate periodic boundary conditions are required to emulate the periodicity of structures. Several numerical examples are provided to demonstrate effectiveness of this method. It is also shown that this method can be applied to analyze multi-component three-dimensional mixtures whose electrical properties cannot be evaluate by the conventional
Circulating amyloid-β peptide crosses the blood–brain barrier in aged monkeys and contributes to Alzheimer's disease lesions

1. We studied cerebrovascular sequestration and blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability to [125I]- or [123I]-labeled amyloid-beta peptides (A beta) in aged rhesus and aged squirrel monkey, the nonhuman primate models of cerebral beta-amyloidosis and cerebrovascular amyloid angiopathy (CAA), respectively. 2. In aged rhesus, the half-time of elimination of [125I]A beta 1-40, t1/2e, was faster by 1.34 h, the systemic clearance, Clss, increased by 4.21 ml/min/kg and the mean residence time of intact peptide in the circulation shortened by 2 h. 3. Cerebrovascular sequestration of [125I]A beta 1-40 was significant in aged squirrel monkey (20.8 ml/g x 10(2)), but undetectable in the rhesus. 4. The permeability surface area product, PS, for [14C]inulin was low in both species (0.11-0.18 ml/g/s x 10(6)) indicating an intact barrier. 5. The BBB permeability to A beta 1-40 was 34.8- and 13.7-fold higher than for [14C]inulin in aged squirrel and rhesus, respectively, suggesting a specialized A beta transport across the BBB. 6. The single photon computed emission tomography studies confirmed a saturable [123I]A beta 1-40 transport at the BBB in primates (Km = 40 nM). 7. Brain autoradiographic analysis of [125I]A beta 1-42 or [125I]A beta 1-40 after intracarotid infusions of radiotracers confirmed co-localization of the signal with A beta-immunoreactive plaques in rhesus monkeys. 8. Metabolism of [125I]A beta 1-40 in brain and plasma was slower in aged squirrel compared to aged rhesus, by 2.9- and 2.6-fold, respectively. 9. Thus, transport of circulating A beta across the BBB contributes to brain parenchymal accumulation of amyloid in aged nonhuman primates. Negligible capillary binding, rapid systemic and brain degradation, and accelerated body elimination of blood-borne A beta, may prevent the development of CAA in rhesus in contrast to squirrel monkeys.
Determination of Phase Transformation Depth Profiles with Synchrotron Radiation

The transformation of tetragonal zirconia to monoclinic in glass-ceramic as a function of depth from a fracture surface was measured by X-ray diffraction employing synchrotron radiation. The large number of photon energies which can be used in such an experiment permit rigorous testing of models of the transformation zone. A crack plane intersection model has been developed to interpret the observations for two phase-transformation-toughened glass-ceramics of grossly different microstructures.
The experience of tedium in three generations of professional women.

Tedium, defined as the experience of emotional, physical, and mental exhaustion, was studied in three generations of professional women, who were questioned extensively about their lifestyles, life stresses, and life attitudes. Results indicated that in spite of the differences in life features and pressures among the three groups, the similarities in their experiences, attitudes, and overall life satisfaction are rather impressive. The differences among the generations tended to cluster around the more stressful environment of college for the young preprofessional women, who experienced most tedium and were most overextended and conflicted, and around the more traditional attitudes toward women and women's issues expressed by the older postprofessional generation, who also had the least tedium. The midcareer professional women were characterized by more positive life attitudes, more satisfaction from their work, and by liberal feministic attitudes toward working women's issues. Three focal variables were hypothesized and documented to be important tedium correlates for all professional women. Of the three, role conflict rather than number of roles was found to be a positive tedium correlate. Sense of control and especially having social support systems emerged as significant negative tedium correlates.
Comparison of vegetation water content estimates from WindSAT AND MODIS

Retrieval of soil moisture content from microwave sensors also returns an estimate of vegetation water content. Remotely sensed indices from optical sensors can be used to estimate canopy water content. For corn and soybean in central Iowa, there are allometric relationships between canopy water content and vegetation water content. The Normalized Difference Infrared Index from MODIS was used to estimate vegetation water content. We compared independent estimates of vegetation water content from WindSat and MODIS over central Iowa from 2003 to 2005. There was a strong linear relationship between the MODIS and WindSat estimates, but the WindSat estimates were about two times higher. These results suggest that soil moisture retrievals from microwave sensors may be more accurate with estimates of vegetation water content from optical sensors.
Sequence-specific binding of DNA and RNA to immobilized Nickel ions

Immobilization of divalent Nickel cations provides a tool for affinity purification of proteins containing hexahistidine tags. During experiments to generate single-stranded DNA aptamers to immobilized proteins we inadvertently identified DNA sequences with affinity for Nickel-nitrilotriacetic acid (Ni(2+)-NTA) magnetic beads. Analysis of these aptamers revealed that affinity for the Ni(2+)-NTA support requires only single-stranded sequences with multiple adenosine residues. Bound nucleic acids can be eluted with imidazole. A single-stranded dA(20) affinity tag (but not other homopolymer sequences) is sufficient for immobilization of double-stranded DNA PCR products on Ni(2+)-NTA magnetic beads. Addition of an rA(20) sequence to an RNA transcript allowed its affinity capture on Ni(2+)-NTA magnetic beads, suggesting an approach for purification of poly(A) mRNA.
Subretinal Neovascularization after Focal Argon Laser for Diabetic Macular Edema

The authors reviewed four cases of iatrogenic subretinal neovascularization after focal argon green photocoagulation for clinically significant diabetic macular edema. An inappropriate combination of small spot size with a high-power setting is the common feature in each case of iatrogenic subretinal neovascularization. Close follow-up with fluorescein angiography is used to identify iatrogenic subretinal neovascularization at an early, treatable stage. All four patients responded favorably to laser photocoagulation of the subretinal neovascular membrane.
Robert Bonfil: A “modern” historian's moral imperative

In the penultimate sentence of this dense, often frustrating, but suggestive and important book, Robert Bonfil writes: 'The task that I set for myself was to show how it is possible to read the history of the Jews of the Renaissance in a modern perspective that of the complex question of the definition of an identity in the context of a nascent awareness of the Self as organically interrelated with the Other, without for all that becoming confused with the Other, and still less annihilated by it." (p. 286) The sentence fairly conveys the author's aims, as it does his style, though obviously his translator was unsuccessful in (or was prevented from) transforming Bonfil's prose into readable modern AngloAmerican. Bonfil set out to write a new synthesis of the history of Italian renaissance Jews for a general, non specialist audience. As specialists have recently produced a large corpus of monographic studies on the subject, this is a laudable aim. However, in its English version a translation from the Italian edition, which itself was translated from the Hebrew original the book almost certainly would appear to defeat its purpose. The ponderousness of Bonfil's style, and his irrepressibly preacherly penchant lead him constantly to metaphorically point his finger at his reader to underscore a point, or to warn against what he takes to be a wrong interpretation. His seeming inability to present an argument without reproaching those with whom he disagrees accused, variously, of demonstrating "an incapacity or unwillingness to recognize..." (p. 123), or of emphasizing a wrong point (p. 158), or of simply thinking in the tradition of the "enlightened spirits of the nineteenth century, and their followers today" (p. 167), and so on is more than likely to turn readers away from his book.
Body Ritual among the Nacirema

THE anthropologist has become so familiar with the diversity of ways in which different peoples behave in similar situations that he is not apt to be surprised by even the most exotic customs. In fact, if all of thelogically possible combinations of behavior have not been found somewhere in the world, he is apt to suspect that they must be present in some yet undescribed tribe. This point has, in fact, been expressed with respect to clan organization by Murdock (1949: 71). In this light, the magical beliefs and practices of the Nacirema present such unusual aspects that it seems desirable to describe them as an example of the extremes to which human behavior can go. Professor Linton first brought the ritual of the Nacirema to the attention of anthropologists twenty years ago (1936:326), but the culture of this people is still very poorly understood. T h w r e a North American group living in the territory between the Canadian Cree, the Yaqui and Tarahumare of Mexico, and the Carib and Arawak of the Antilles. Little is known of their origin, although tradition states that they came from the east.
The triglycerides of sable fish(Anaplopoma fimbria). I. Quantitative fractionation by column chromatography on silica gel impregnated with silver nitrate

The triglycerides of sable fish muscle oil were eluted from a silver-nitrate-impregnated silica gel column with petroleum ether containing increasing amounts of ethyl ether as solvents. Eighteen peak fractions were analyzed for fatty acid composition. Calculated iodine values progressed regularly from 38 to 115. The detailed data show that the fractionation did not depend upon the presence of individual fatty acids but on total unsaturation. Not all of the triglycerides containing polyunsaturated fatty acids were eluted.
Global solutions to the compressible Euler equations with geometrical structure

We prove the existence of global solutions to the Euler equations of compressible isentropic gas dynamics with geometrical structure, including transonic nozzle flow and spherically symmetric flow. Due to the presence of the geometrical source terms, the existence results themselves are new, especially as they pertain to radial flow in an unbounded region,\(|\vec x| \geqq 1,\), and to transonic nozzle flow. Arbitrary data withL∞ bounds are allowed in these results. A shock capturing numerical scheme is introduced to compute such flows and to construct approximate solutions. The convergence and consistency of the approximate solutions generated from this scheme to the global solutions are proved with the aid of a compensated compactness framework.
Substrate-specific stimulation of protein kinase C by polyvalent anions

Summary The activity of protein kinase C (PKC) toward arginine-rich substrates was greatly stimulated by sulfate and phosphate, but not by monovalent anions. This stimulation did not require phospholipid, calcium, or diacylglycerol, and appeared to mimic the stimulation by phospholipid. Anionic proteins such as bovine serum albumin also promoted PKC activity toward certain substrates that were characterized by either high arginine or high lysine content. The mechanism of both of these stimulations appeared to be related to formation of a substrate-PKC complex which is essential to phosphorylation by PKC. Polyvalent anions bind the cationic substrate and, together with PKC, form an aggregate which allows phosphorylation. Potential physiological relevance of this stimulation is discussed.
The United Nations Watercourses Convention Ten Years Later: Why Has its Entry into Force Proven Difficult?

Abstract After about 27 years of extensive preparatory work and formal and informal deliberations, the United Nations General Assembly adopted on May 21, 1997, by a large majority, the Convention on the Law of the Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses. The adoption of the Convention was hailed as a major breakthrough and as an historical moment in the evolution of international water law. However, ten years after its adoption, the Convention has not yet entered into force. This article reviews the history, basic features and status of the Convention, analyzes the reasons for the reluctance of states to become parties to it, and examines its role and prospects.
Continuous contour phase plates for tailoring the focal plane irradiance profile

We present fully continuous phase screens for producing super-Gaussian focal-plane irradiance profiles. Such phase screens are constructed with the assumption of either circular symmetric near-field and far-field profiles or a separable phase screen in Cartesian co-ordinates. In each case, the phase screen is only a few waves deep. Under illumination by coherent light, such phase screens produce high order super-Gaussian profiles in the focal plane with high energy content effects of beam aberrations on the focal profiles and their energy content are also discussed.
Identification by DNA sequence analysis of a new plasmid-encoded trimethoprim resistance gene in fecal Escherichia coli isolates from children in day-care centers.

Abstract In our ongoing studies of trimethoprim resistance (Tmpr) in day-care centers (DCC), we have shown a high rate of fecal colonization with Tmpr Escherichia coli and, using total plasmid content analysis, have shown that this is due to a diversity of strains. In the present study, we analyzed 367 highly Tmpr (MIC, greater than or equal to 2,000 micrograms/ml) isolates of E. coli from 72 children over a 5-month period and found at least 83 distinct plasmid patterns, indicating that at least 83 strains were involved. Several strains were particularly common in a given DCC, including one found in 61% of children with Tmpr E. coli; these common strains usually persisted within a DCC for several months. Colony lysates were hybridized with gene probes for dihydrofolate reductases (DHFR) types I, II, III, V, and VII; 21% hybridized under stringent conditions, and all of these were with type I (17%) or type V (4%) probes. Tmpr was cloned from a probe-negative Tmpr transconjugant, and an intragenic probe was prepared from this clone. Approximately 21% of the Tmpr E. coli strains (76 isolates) in the DCC were found to have this new gene, 74 of which were in one DCC. The DNA sequence of this gene was determined, and the predicted amino acid sequence was shown to have between 32% and 39% identity with the amino acid sequences for types I, III, V, VI, and VII and the partial sequence of type IV and approximately 26% identity with types IX and X DHFR. This confirms the uniqueness of this gene, which has tentatively been named dhfrxii, and its translation product, DHFR type XII.
Factors associated with prolonged anesthesia recovery following laparoscopic bariatric surgery: a retrospective analysis.

Background Phase I postanesthesia recovery is often prolonged after laparoscopic bariatric surgery. We hypothesized that postoperative respiratory depression is a major contributor to this delayed recovery.
Isoform-specific O-glycosylation by murine UDP-GalNAc:polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase-T3, in vivo

Multiple isoforms of UDP-GalNAc:polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyl- transferase (ppGaNTase) have been cloned and expressed from a variety of organisms. In general, these isoforms display different patterns of tissue-specific expression, but exhibit overlapping substrate specificities, in vitro . A peptide substrate, derived from the sequence of the V3 loop of the HIV gp120 protein (HIV peptide), has previously been shown to be glycosylated in vitro exclusively by the ppGaNTase-T3 (Bennett et al. , 1996). To determine if this isoform-specificity is maintained in vivo , we have examined the glycosylation of this substrate when it is expressed as a reporter peptide (rHIV) in a cell background (COS7 cells) which lacks detectable levels of the ppGaNTase-T3. Glycosylation of rHIV was greatly increased by coexpression of a recombinant ppGaNTase-T3. Overexpression of ppGaNTase-T1 yielded only partial glycosylation of the reporter. We have also determined that the introduction of a proline residue at the +3 position flanking the potential glycosylation site eliminated ppGaNTase-T3 selectivity toward rHIV observed both in vivo and in vitro .
DNA stainability in aneuploid breast tumors: Comparison of four DNA fluorochromes differing in binding properties

The aim of this study was to evaluate whether or not the differences in chromatin structure between diploid stromal cells or lymphocytes, which are often used as DNA ploidy standard, and aneuploid breast tumor cells can significantly affect the estimates of the DNA index of these tumors. To this end, the DNA content estimates of 34 aneuploid breast tumors, differing in size, degree of differentiation, and presence or absence of estrogen and progesterone receptors and metastases, were compared using four common DNA fluorochromes: DAPI, Hoechst 33342, propidium iodide, and acridine orange. These dyes differ in their mode of interaction with DNA (binding to minor groove or intercalation) and for each of them binding to DNA is restricted to a different degree by nuclear proteins. It was expected, therefore, that if differences in chromatin structure play a role in DNA content estimates, the DNA index of the measured tumors may vary depending on the dye. The cell nuclei were isolated from the tumors using a detergent-based procedure and stained with each of the dyes and the DNA index was estimated using peripheral blood lymphocytes as a DNA content standard. For each of the tumors, the DNA index estimates with all four dyes correlated very well. When the results obtained with individual dyes were compared in pairs, the correlation coefficients (r) of DNA indices were all above 0.96 (correlation at p less than 0.001). The best concordance was seen between specimens stained with Hoechst 33342 and DAPI (r = 0.99), and the least between those stained with Hoechst 33342 and propidium iodide (r = 0.96). The data indicate that DNA content analysis of unfixed nuclei, utilizing the above fluorochromes, is not significantly biased by differences in chromatin structure of the measured cells.
Associations of Obesogenic Behaviors in Mothers and Obese Children Participating in a Randomized Trial

Relatively little research has assessed the association between obesogenic behaviors in parents and their children. The objective of the present analysis was to examine cross-sectional associations in television (TV)/video viewing, sugar-sweetened beverage intake, and fast food intake between mothers and their preschool aged children. We studied baseline data among 428 participants in High Five for Kids, a randomized controlled trial of behavior change among overweight and obese children of ages 2-6.9 years. The main exposures were whether mothers viewed TV/videos <1 h/day, drank <1 serving/day of sugar-sweetened beverages, and ate fast food <1 time/week. The main outcomes were whether children met these goals for the same behaviors. Using multivariate logistic regression adjusted for maternal and child characteristics, we estimated odds ratios of children meeting the behavioral goals. The majority of mothers ate fast food <1 time/week (73%) and drank <1 serving/day of sugar-sweetened beverages (73%), while few mothers viewed <1 h/day of TV/videos (31%). Most children met the fast food goal (68%), but not the goals for sugar-sweetened beverages (31%) or TV/video viewing (13%). In adjusted models, the odds ratios for a child meeting the goal were 3.2 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.7, 6.2) for TV/video viewing, 5.8 (95% CI 2.8, 12.0) for sugar- sweetened beverage intake, and 17.5 (95% CI 9.8, 31.2) for fast food intake if their mothers met the goal for the same behavior. Obesogenic behaviors of mothers and preschool aged children were strongly associated. Our findings lend support to obesity prevention strategies that target parental behavior and the family environment.
Surgical Pearl: Safely recapping needles during surgery

From the University of Massachusetts Medical School. Reprint requests: Mary E. Maloney, MD, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 281 Lincoln St, Worcester, MA 01605. Published online Oct 23, 2001. J Am Acad Dermatol 2002;46:294-5. Copyright © 2001 by the American Academy of Dermatology, Inc. 0190-9622/2001/$35.00 + 0 16/74/119099 doi:10.1067/mjd.2001.119099 N eedlestick injuries with contaminated hollow-bore needles are a potential risk for transmission of blood-borne pathogens and pose a significant occupational hazard to physicians. Approximately 800,000 needlesticks and other sharps injuries from contaminated (although not necessarily virally infected) medical devices occur in health care settings each year. It is estimated that 16,000 of these are HIV contaminated needlestick injuries.1 Most physicians performing surgery are concerned about the transmission of blood-borne pathogens, especially HIV. These same physicians also underestimate the risk of transmission of bloodborne pathogens and rarely report needlestick injuries.2 The incidence of disease transmission by a percutaneous injury from an infected patient is 2% to 40% for hepatitis B, 3% to 10% for hepatitis C, and 0.2% to 0.5% for HIV.3,4 Although the use of zidovudine therapy after exposure reduces the chances of HIV transmission by 79%, prevention is a much better strategy.5 Needle safety is therefore of great concern. Retractable needles have been developed, but their use is not widespread. Needles should always be immediately discarded when no longer needed. If they must be reused, a one-handed recapping technique must be used to maximize safety. When local anesthetic is administered for a biopsy, the needle and syringe should be immediately discarded because it is very uncommon to require additional anesthetic. However, during performance of more extensive surgical procedures, there is often the need to add supplemental local anesthetic as the surgery progresses. Uncapped needles must not lie free on the surgical tray. This makes it necessary to recap the needle in a safe fashion. One-handed needle recapping is almost always stressed, but can be difficult. The technique as described6 and practiced presents problems when the needle cap is on a flat surface with no resistance to push against. If the needle cap lies on the surgical tray, it is sometimes just pushed by the syringe and is difficult to recap. Other PEARLS
The effects of trait anxiety and test difficulty on undergraduates' state anxiety.

Summary The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of trait anxiety (stable anxiety resulting from personality characteristics which predisposes an individual to anxiety) and test difficulty on state anxiety (transitory anxiety that results from particular situations which are regarded as difficult or dangerous) of 32 undergraduates. The Test Anxiety Inventory assessed trait anxiety, a modified version of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory assessed state anxiety, and a specially developed Educational Psychology Recall Test assessed task difficulty. Results indicated that trait anxiety and test difficulty level affected state anxiety. Trait anxiety and test difficulty level did not interact to affect state anxiety.
An unusual cause of cerebellar ataxia in an immunocompromised elderly patient

Abstract Background Parvovirus B19 is a single-stranded DNA virus belonging to the family Parvoviridae, genus Erythrovirus . PVB19 infection is most common in the pediatric population, manifesting as erythema infectiosum. In patients with hemoglobinopathy, PVB19 infection is known to cause aplastic anemia. PVB19 infection rarely affects the nervous system — reported manifestations include seizures, encephalitis and meningoencephalitis. Less common presentations include stroke, cerebellar ataxia, optic neuritis, brachial plexitis, Guillain–Barre syndrome and carpal tunnel syndrome. Methods Review the different central nervous system (CNS) manifestations and treatment strategies in all reported cases of adult CNS PVB19 infection. Results Cerebellar ataxia is a very rare manifestation of PVB19 CNS infection. Our patient had refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia and PVB19 in bone marrow and serum; he presented with 6-week history of progressive pan-cerebellar ataxia. CSF was acellular but PVB19 was present on PCR test. Early treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) led to improvement in the patient's neurological deficits. Conclusions PVB19 CNS infection should be in the differential as a cause of cerebellar ataxia in immunocompromised patients. Recognition is critical to early institution of appropriate therapy. Our patient showed considerable improvement in ataxia after IVIG therapy.
Solution structure of the PHD domain from the KAP-1 corepressor: structural determinants for PHD, RING and LIM zinc-binding domains

Plant homeodomain (PHD) domains are found in >400 eukaryotic proteins, many of which are transcriptional regulators. Naturally occurring point mutations or deletions of this domain contribute to a variety of human diseases, including ATRX syndrome, myeloid leukemias and autoimmune dysfunction. Here we report the first structural characterization of a PHD domain. Our studies reveal that the PHD domain from KAP-1 corepressor binds zinc in a cross-brace topology between anti-parallel β-strands reminiscent of RING (really interesting new gene) domains. Using a mutational analysis, we define the structural features required for transcriptional repression by KAP-1 and explain naturally occurring, disease-causing mutations in PHD domains of other proteins. From a comparison of this PHD structure with previously reported RING and LIM (Lin11/Isl-1/Mec-3) structures, we infer sequence determinants that allow discrimination among PHD, RING and LIM motifs.
A Temperature-Dependent Factor for Normal Wing Development in the Cabbage Looper, Trichoplusia ni (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Normal adults were obtained when the immature stages of the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hubner), were reared in the laboratory at 24°C on the artificial diet of Shorey (1963, J. Econ. Entomol. 56: 536–7). When rearing was done in an incubator at 30°C, most of the emerging adults had severe wing deformities. The highest percentage of deformity occurred among those that were incubated during the late pupal stage. Pupae from larvae reared on bean plants produced normal adults even when these pupae were held at the higher temperature. When the artificial diet was supplemented with an ethanol extract of bean leaves, or with linseed oil or wheat germ oil, the moths from incubated pupae were normal. Similar temperature effects have been obtained with a more defined rearing medium.
CORADD: correlation aware database designer for materialized views and indexes

We describe an automatic database design tool that exploits correlations between attributes when recommending materialized views (MVs) and indexes. Although there is a substantial body of related work exploring how to select an appropriate set of MVs and indexes for a given workload, none of this work has explored the effect of correlated attributes (e.g., attributes encoding related geographic information) on designs. Our tool identifies a set of MVs and secondary indexes such that correlations between the clustered attributes of the MVs and the secondary indexes are enhanced, which can dramatically improve query performance. It uses a form of Integer Linear Programming (ILP) called ILP Feedback to pick the best set of MVs and indexes for given database size constraints. We compare our tool with a state-of-the-art commercial database designer on two workloads, APB-1 and SSB (Star Schema Benchmark---similar to TPC-H). Our results show that a correlation-aware database designer can improve query performance up to 6 times within the same space budget when compared to a commercial database designer.
The bacteriophage receptor sites of Staphylococcus aureus

This investigation involves an attempt to determine the chemical nature of the bacteriophage receptor site of Staphylococcus aureus. Cell walls of the propagating strain of phage 77 were isolated by sonic oscillation and density-gradient centrifugation. They were further disintegrated by sonic oscillation and fractionated. Fractions were tested for phage-inactivating ability and attachment of phage. Particles of approx. 200 mμ diameter were isolated which were capable of both inactivation and attachment. Chemical analysis of these particles indicated no nucleic acid, protein or polysaccharide. The amino acids glycine, lysine, alanine and glutamic acid were found by paper chromatography. Muramic acid and N-acetylglucosamine were also found. These findings indicate that the phage receptor site of the Staphylococcus cell wall is a mucopeptide. Teichoic acid has not been implicated. Inactivating ability was destroyed by heat and trichloroacetic acid. It was enhanced by trypsin (EC 3.4.4.4.) and lysozyme (EC 3.2.1.17).
Characteristics and psychological correlates of young adult men's and women's subjective age

This research examined young adult men's and women's subjective perceptions of their age along several dimensions including how old they felt, looked, acted, desired to be, and thought they were regarded by others. The relationship between young adults' subjective age identities and other perceptions of the self were also examined. It was found that both men and women felt and believed that they acted and were regarded by others as older than their chronological age. On the other hand, same age identities were maintained along other age dimensions. Results also indicated that how old men and women thought they were regarded by others was strongly linked to how dominant, affiliative, confident, and socially potent they viewed themselves. Results are discussed within a life-span developmental framework which calls attention to the need for assessing the components and implications of younger as well as older adults' subjective age.
Minimization and stabilization of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis recA intein

Many naturally occurring inteins consist of two functionally independent domains, a protein-splicing domain and an endonuclease domain. In a previous study, a 168 amino acid residue mini-intein was generated by removal of the central endonuclease domain of the 440 residue Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtu) recA intein. In addition, directed evolution experiments identified a mutation, V67L, that improved the activity of the mini-intein significantly. A recent crystal structure shows that the loop connecting two β-strands from the N-terminal and C-terminal intein subdomains of the mini-intein is disordered. The goals of the present study were to generate smaller mini-intein derivatives and to understand the basis for reversal of the splicing defect by the V67L mutation. Guided by the structural information, we generated a number of derivatives 135 to 152 residues in length, with V67 or L67. All of the new minimal inteins are functional in splicing. In vivo selection experiments for function showed that by removal of the loop region, 137 residues may be the lower limit for full protein-splicing activity. In addition, the activation effect of the V67L mutation was observed to be universal for mini-inteins longer than 137 residues. Structural and functional analyses indicate that the role of the mutation is in stabilization of the mini-intein core.
Above‐ and Belowground Impacts of European Buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica) on Four Native Forbs

Fast-growing European buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica) shrubs are aggressively invading woodlands in eastern and midwestern North America. Buckthorn casts dense shade, alters soil conditions, and may be allelopathic. We used greenhouse and field experiments to investigate above- and belowground effects of Rhamnus on four herbaceous species native to southern Wisconsin. In the greenhouse, we assessed how Rhamnus leaves and fruit affected seed germination and seedling growth relative to sugar maple (Acer saccharum) leaves. Fewer seeds of Eurybia macrophylla and Thalictrum dasycarpum germinated under Rhamnus leaves, and those that germinated were slowed. We planted seedlings of the four natives into four treatments at three sites in the field to assess how their survival, growth, and flowering respond to the separate and combined effects of light levels, buckthorn canopies, and buckthorn soils. Buckthorn consistently reduced native plant performance by diminishing survival, flowering, and growth in Thalictrum, survival and flowering in Eurybia, and flowering and growth in Symphyotrichum lateriflorum. Removing buckthorn canopies enhanced growth of these native species, but buckthorn soils separately inhibited growth at least as much (despite being more fertile). Buckthorn's impacts on native plants exceed effects attributable to light levels and soil fertility, suggesting allelopathy. Buckthorn reduced performance more in the uncommon species (Thalictrum and Eurybia) than the common species (Geranium maculatum and Symphyotrichum). As we do not yet know how long these inhibitory soil effects persist, we need additional research to learn how best to control buckthorn's impacts on native plant communities.
Rock-magnetic and remanence properties of synthetic Fe-rich basalts: Implications for Mars crustal anomalies

Abstract We characterized the magnetic mineral assemblage and remanence properties of a set of synthetic samples patterned on the meteorite-derived basalt composition A⁎, which contains 18.9% total FeO. Basalts were synthesized at conditions that track 4 oxygen fugacity (fO2) buffer curves, from 3.4 log units below the quartz–fayalite–magnetite (QFM) buffer to 5 log units above QFM, and 6 cooling rates from 105 to 3 °C/h. The resulting array of samples was characterized using magnetic hysteresis loops, temperature dependence of saturation magnetization and saturation remanence (10 to 1000 K), and the acquisition and demagnetization of anhysteretic remanent magnetization (ARM) and thermoremanent magnetization (TRM). The magnetic mineral assemblage characteristics are strongly dependent on fO2. Samples synthesized at the iron–wustite (IW) buffer have a very low concentration of remanence-carrying grains, which are likely near the superparamagnetic-stable-single-domain boundary. Samples synthesized at the QFM and nickel–nickel oxide (NNO) buffers contain a slightly higher concentration of remanence-carrying grains, which are stable-single-domain to fine pseudo-single-domain particles, respectively. Samples synthesized at the manganese oxide (MNO) buffer contain the highest concentration of magnetic grains, which are up to 100 μm in diameter. The dominant Fe–Ti oxide produced is an Mg- and Al-bearing titanomagnetite with 2.4–2.7 Fe cations per formula unit. The Curie temperatures of the QFM samples are consistent with their electron-microprobe derived compositions. Those of the NNO sample set are very slightly elevated with respect to their electron microprobe derived compositions. The Curie temperatures of the MNO samples are elevated up to 200 °C above what they should be for their composition. We attribute the Curie temperature elevation to high-temperature nonstoichiometry of the titanomagnetite. The IW sample set acquired very weak TRMs with intensities of 0.02 to 0.5 A/m. This intensity of remanence is a factor of 50–500 too low to generate the observed 1000 nT anomalies detected on Mars by the Mars Global Surveyor MAG–ER experiment. The QFM, NNO, and MNO samples acquired TRMs up to 40 A/m in a 10-μT applied field, and up to 200 A/m in a 50-μT field, with little or no dependence on cooling rate. Our results suggest that Fe-rich melts that crystallize extensive titanomagnetite can generate an intensely magnetized layer in the Martian crust, even if the remanence was acquired in a weak field. The QFM sample set can easily account for the observed 1000-nT Mars magnetic anomalies, even in a magnetized layer as thin as 15–30 km.
How do people choose between local and global bookkeeping

The matching law accounts for both addictive behavior and the usefulness of a person's evaluating choices in overall categories. To explain why overall bookkeeping, once learned, does not easily win out over local bookkeeping, another implication of matching is needed: intertemporal bargaining. The role of melioration, though probably important for new addiction is separate.
Approximating probability density functions and their convolutions using orthogonal polynomials

Abstract This paper describes and tests methods for piecewise polynomial approximation of probability density functions using orthogonal polynomials. Empirical tests indicate that the procedure described in this paper can provide very accurate estimates of probabilities and means when the probability density function cannot be integrated in closed form. Furthermore, the procedure lends itself to approximating convolutions of probability densities. Such approximations are useful in project management, inventory modeling, and reliability calculations, to name a few applications. In these applications, decision makers desire an approximation method that is robust rather than customized. Also, for these applications the most appropriate criterion for accuracy is the average percent error over the support of the density function as opposed to the conventional average absolute error or average squared error. In this paper, we develop methods for using five well-known orthogonal polynomials for approximating density functions and recommend one of them as giving the best performance overall.
Heterogeneous labeling of adipocytes during in vivo-in vitro incubation of epididymal fat pads of aging mice with [1-14C] palmitate

We have hypothesized that the in vivo-in vitro technique of Stein and Stein for studying free fatty acid incorporation into adipose tissue triglycerides and phospholipids may introduce artifacts due to diffusion barriers such as collagenous membranes, especially in fat pads of old animals. By using this technique in young and old mice and peeling the external cells, either physically or by collagenase treatment, we were able to show that the outer adipocytes are preferentially labeled. However, this pattern of heterogeneous labeling occurred in fat pads of both young (10-14 weeks) and old (80 weeks) mice. Fat pads are known to develop thicker, collagenous outer membranes during aging. Therefore, it seems likely to us that the marked decrease in free fatty acid esterification in fat pads of old mice, using the in vivo-in vitro method that we have described previously and confirmed here, could have been due to greater diffusion barriers in the tissues of the older mice.
Vortex induced breakup of free surfaces in microgravity environments

Organized vorticity with circulation Γand length scale ι can move through a liquid otherwise at rest and approach a free surface. The dominant parameter for such interactions is the Froude number, Fr = Γ/(gl3)0.5. Earthbound experiments, which are limited to Fr<10, have shown that the ensuing collisions result in substantial deformations of the free surface. The same experiments, carried out under microgravity conditions, can reach values 1000 times larger, suggesting that such waves will be dramatically enhanced, and that surface breaking is likely. Computational studies show that the effect of surface tension σ, expressed through the Weber number We=VρΓ/σ, cannot provide sufficient attenuation of the vortex-induced waves to avoid wave breaking even when Fr is only O(10). This poses distinct problems for the processing of liquids in space manufacturing scenarios. Surface waves may be controlled, or at least suppressed, by means of a contaminant layer of an immiscible liquid thinly dispersed over the free surface. The resulting surface elasticity, which does not depend on gravity, may provide a mechanism for controlling surface waves in a microgravity environment. The present paper explores these aspects of the effects of the microgravity environment on space materials processing and suggests a self-contained experiment which can be carried out in a drop tower or in space.