cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Time and Metamorphic Petrology: Calcite to Aragonite Experiments

Although the equilibrium phase relations of many mineral systems are generally well established, the rates of transformations, particularly in polycrystalline rocks, are not. The results of experiments on the calcite to aragonite transformation in polycrystalline marble are different from those for earlier experiments on powdered and single-crystal calcite. The transformation in the polycrystalline samples occurs by different mechanisms, with a different temperature dependence, and at a markedly slower rate. This work demonstrates the importance of kinetic studies on fully dense polycrystalline aggregates for understanding mineralogic phase changes in nature. Extrapolation of these results to geological time scales suggests that transformation of calcite to aragonite does not occur in the absence of volatiles at temperatures below 200°C. Kinetic hindrance is likely to extend to higher temperatures in more complex transformations.
A note on “weighting factor extensions for finite multiple objective vector minimization problems”, by D.J. White

Abstract In this note we present computational evidence for Conjecture 1 in a paper by D.J. White. Specifically, the conjecture is tested on the example problem in the paper for various size problems. Extensive testing has yet to produce a counter example.
Use of electronic media in a participant observation study

I wake up at 6:15 am, roll out of bed, and flip on my personal computer. Fieldwork is never more than a few steps away, thanks to my access to Zytek's electronic mail system. I dial into the network and spend the next 30 minutes sending out messages to set up meetings. I am planning another trip to Detroit in two weeks and send a message to the area sales manager I met last week in order to get permission to attend a two day event for a major customer. I send additional messages to set up an interview and get my name put on a distribution list, download new mail to my PC, and start printing it. After breakfast, I return to find 17 pages of mail — announcements and agendas for four meetings, a five page memo with the minutes from yesterday's pricing committee meeting, a five page memo requesting input from marketing groups for a software product, and a response from a marketing manager to my request to have lunch next Wednesday. I look through my mail for ten minutes and then head out the door. It's 7:35 am.
Counterfactual thinking and decision making.

Recent research on counterfactual thinking is discussed in terms of its implications for decision making. Against a backdrop of the functional benefits of counterfactual thinking, two distinct types of bias, one liberal and one conservative, are discussed. Counterfactuals may cause decision makers to become liberally biased (i.e., capricious) in terms of tactics, but conservatively biased (i.e., rigid) in terms of long-term strategy. That is, counterfactuals may lead to short-term corrective changes that are needless and costly, but they may also lead to long-term overconfidence, blinding the decision maker to possible beneficial strategic adjustments. Recent research on counterfactual thinking, which is inherently multidisciplinary, is reviewed in light of a theoretical structure that posits two mechanisms by which counterfactual effects occur: contrast effects and causal inferences.
Design considerations of a coded source neutron imaging system at the PULSTAR reactor

A Neutron Imaging Facility is operational at beam tube #5 of the 1-MW PULSTAR Reactor at North Carolina State University. The neutrons are collimated through a 3.66 cm × 4.45 cm rectangular aperture, the effective diameter (D) of which is 4.57 cm. If the image plane is set to be at the end of the beam line, the distance from the aperture to the image plane (L) can be maximized to be 6.5 m. At this location the L/D ratio is approximately 140 and the neutron flux is 1.8 × 106 n/cm2·sec.
Mechanism of Activation of the Arp2/3 Complex by Nucleation Promoting Factors

Arp2/3 complex is a ubiquitous actin filament nucleator comprised of seven proteins, two of which (Arp2 and Arp3) are related to actin. By itself Arp2/3 complex is inactive. It is activated by nucleation-promoting factors (NPFs) that contain a C-terminal WCA sequence. By bringing together actin and Arp2/3 complex NPFs catalyze a reaction that leads to the formation of a new actin filament branch bound at 70° angle to the side of a pre-existing filament. It is generally believed that the activation mechanism involves a conformational change within Arp2/3 complex that brings the two Arps close to one another, analogous to two parallel actin subunits of the actin filament. The two Arps, together with the actin monomer(s) delivered by NPFs, form a polymerization ‘seed’. However, the exact mechanism of activation remains unknown, and there is disagreement as to which subunits of Arp2/3 complex interacts with NPFs and how. Currently, there are two competing models of activation. The first model is based on small angle X-ray scattering of Arp2/3 complex bound to WCA region of the NPF and actin. According to this model only one NPF binds Arp2/3 complex and delivers the first actin monomer of the branch at the barbed end of the Arp2. The second model assumes that two NPF molecules are required for optimal activation, with the first actin monomer being delivered at the barbed end of Arp3. The studies in support of the latter mechanism do not directly analyzed binding of NPF carrying actin to Arp2/3 complex. Here, we present a study of the polymerization mechanism of the Arp2/3 complex that takes into consideration this critically missing factor, by using ITC and fluorescence to investigate the interaction of NPFs carrying actin with Arp2/3 complex.
Corrosion of a stainless steel and nickel-based alloys in high temperature supercritical carbon dioxide environment

Abstract Corrosion of four alloys has been studied in supercritical carbon dioxide at 650 °C and 20 MPa, specifically AL-6XN stainless steel and three nickel-based alloys, PE-16, Haynes 230, and Alloy 625. The tests were performed for exposure durations of up to 3000 h with samples being removed for analyses at 500 h intervals. The corrosion performance of the alloys was evaluated by weight change measurements, and the surface oxide layers were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Weight gain measurements showed that the Al-6XN stainless steel exhibited the least corrosion resistance while the weight gains were nearly similar for the other alloys. The oxide layer in AL-6XN stainless steel was composed of large equiaxed grained outer layer of Fe3O4 (magnetite) and an inner layer of FeCr2O4. Oxide spallation was observed in this stainless steel even after 500 h exposure. In all alloys, Cr-rich oxides phases of Cr2O3 and Cr1.4Fe0.7O3 were identified as the protective layers. In alloy PE-16 a thin layer of aluminum oxide formed that promoted the corrosion resistance of the alloy. Cr2O3 was identified as the main protective oxide layer in nickel base alloys Haynes 230 and 625.
A case of Takotsubo cardiomyopathy mimicking an acute coronary syndrome.

Background A 71-year-old woman presented with severe chest pain after an episode of acute emotional distress. Her serum levels of cardiac enzymes were slightly elevated and electrocardiography revealed anterior ST-segment elevations. Significant coronary stenoses were excluded. A left ventriculogram revealed apical ballooning and a hypercontractile basal segment. Investigations Serum cardiac enzyme measurements, echocardiography, coronary angiography and left ventriculography. Diagnosis Takotsubo cardiomyopathy Management Treatment with β-blockers, aspirin, angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors, and intravenous diuretics.
Loss of Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Enhances Susceptibility to Ebola Virus Infection

The current outbreak of Ebola virus (EBOV) infection in West Africa is unprecedented, with nearly 26 000 confirmed cases and >10 000 deaths. Comprehensive data on the pathogenesis of EBOV infection are lacking; however, recent studies suggested that fatal EBOV infections are characterized by dysregulation of the innate immune response and a subsequent cytokine storm. Specifically, several studies suggested that hypersecretion of interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) correlates with lethal EBOV infections. To examine the significance of IL-1Ra in EBOV infections, we infected mice that lack the gene encoding IL-1Ra, Il1rn (IL-1RN-KO), and mice with wild-type Il1rn (IL-1RN-WT) with a mouse-adapted EBOV (MA-EBOV). Infected IL-1RN-KO mice lost more weight and had a lower survival rate than IL-1RN-WT mice infected with MA-EBOV. In addition, IL-1RN-KO mice infected with wild-type EBOV, which does not cause lethal infection in adult immunocompetent mice, such as C57BL/6 mice, experienced greater weight loss than IL-1RN-WT mice infected with wild-type EBOV. Further studies revealed that the levels of 6 cytokines in spleens-IL-1α, IL-1β, interleukin 12p40, interleukin 17, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, and regulated on activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted-were significantly different between IL-1RN-KO mice and IL-1RN-WT mice infected with MA-EBOV. Collectively, our data suggest that IL-1Ra may have a protective effect upon EBOV infection, likely by damping an overactive proinflammatory immune response.
Model evaluation of methods for estimating surface emissions and chemical lifetimes from satellite data

Column densities from satellite retrievals can provide valuable information for estimating emissions and chemical lifetimes objectively across the globe. To better understand the uncertainties associated with these estimates, we test four methods using simulated column densities from a point source: a box model approach, a 2D Gaussian fit, an Inverse Radius fit and an Exponentially-Modified Gaussian fit. The model results were simulated using the WRF and CAMx models for the year 2005, for a single point source outside Atlanta in Georgia, USA with specified emissions and three chemical scenarios: no chemical reactions, 12 h chemical lifetime and 1 h chemical lifetime. No other sources were included in the simulations. We find that the box model provides reliable estimates irrespective of plume speed and plume direction, if the plume speed and the chemical lifetime are known accurately. The 2D Gaussian fit was found to be sensitive to plume speed and direction, and requires omnidirectional dispersion in order to have a decent fit. However, the 2D Gaussian fit is only an approximate fit to the data, and the discrepancies mean that the results are dependent on the geographical domain used for the optimization. An Inverse Radius fit is introduced to correct this issue, which is found to provide improved emissions and lifetime estimates. The Exponentially-Modified Gaussian fit also gave improved estimates. It is however dependent on accurate plume rotation such that reported chemical lifetimes with this method could be significantly underestimated.
Storage and Lipid Quality of Chunked, Formed Roasts Containing Mechanically Separated Lamb

Restructured chunked and formed roasts containing 10 or 30% mechanically separated lamb (MSL) were made with meat from ram or wether lambs. Roasts were either frozen immediately after formulation and stored at -30°C before cooking to 71°C, or precooked immediately to 63°C, chilled and reheated to 71°C before storage at 4 and -30°C. Storage periods varied depending upon treatment. Roasts with 10% MSL contained less total fat and less free fatty acids (FFA) than those with 30% MSL. There was little evidence of extensive lipid oxidation as measured by thiobarbituric acid values and peroxide oxygen values in any of the roasts. There was an indication that pre-cooking and curing prior to storage increased glycerolipid hydrolysis because of increased levels of FFA. Apparently increased hydrolysis occurred in triglycerides since levels of phospholipids did not change.
OLMEC GREENSTONE IN EARLY FORMATIVE MESOAMERICA: EXCHANGE AND PROCESS OF PRODUCTION

The earliest uses of Olmec greenstone (jadeite, greenstone, schist, green quartz, and others) accelerated the interregional exchange of technology and raw materials. These relationships provoked asymmetry between polities of different parts of Mesoamerica and within Olmec sites. There were stronger relationships between the Gulf Coast and Chiapas. In general terms, greenstone artifacts display an evolutionary process similar to ceramics and basalt sculpture in the emergence of complex society during terminal Early Formative times. This paper focuses on the exchange of technological choices and asymmetry between Gulf Coast of Mexico and the rest of Mesoamerica.
An evaluation of added critical flashover voltage by fiberglass crossarm to suspension insulators

Results obtained from lightning impulse measurements on fiberglass crossarms alone and with three porcelain suspension insulators are examined. The ratio of critical flashover (CFO) voltage under wet and dry conditions for fiber-glass crossarm is fairly consistent, and for crossarm with porcelain suspension insulators it is equal to 0.94. The CFO voltage added by fiberglass crossarms 0-2 ft in length to that of porcelain suspension insulators is 130 kV/ft for dry conditions and 100 kV/ft for wet conditions. For fiberglass crossarms 2-4 ft in length, the CFO voltage added to that of the porcelain string under dry conditions is 150 kV/ft and under wet conditions is equal to 140 kV/ft. >
A clue in the nose

A morbidly obese 50-year-old woman presented with two episodes of septic meningitis over a 4-month period. The patient admitted having a watery discharge from her right naris for a year; she could not recall a history of head trauma. The glucose level of the discharge was 65 mg/dl. The authors diagnosed cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) rhinorrhoea. A second inspection of the brain CT showed flattening of the pituitary gland suggestive of empty sella, and a right posterior wall sphenoid sinus defect. Our patient had many features suggestive of spontaneous nasal CSF leak. Elevated intracranial pressure is a common finding; it increases the hydrostatic forces exerted at anatomically weakened sites of the skull and eventually produces a bone defect. Endoscopic exploration of the sphenoid sinus showed a bony defect which was repaired. When the patient was last seen 6 months after her surgery, she was doing well and her rhinorrhoea had stopped.
MORALITY AND NORMATIVITY

In this essay I elaborate a particular, and particularly important, morality: the morality of human rights. Next, I ask the ground-of-normativity question (as I call it) about the morality of human rights and go on to elaborate a religious response. Then, after explaining why one might be skeptical that there is a plausible secular response to the ground-of-normativity question (i.e., to the question asked about the morality of human rights), I comment critically on John Finnis's secular response. Finally, I consider what difference it makes if there is no plausible secular response to the ground-of-normativity question.
Practice for vessel safety engineering

Safety is one of the critical design characteristics in vessel development. We have proposed a complete set of method for planning and commencing on safety effort in the early development phase of vessel and have practiced it on a certain ship. In this article, we give an exposition on the set of method and hope that our achievements will make an offer for the safety work of vessel development in the future.
Some new twists to problems involving the Gaussian probability integral

Using an alternate form of the Gaussian probability integral discovered a number of years ago, it is shown that the solution to a number of previously considered communication problems can be simplified and, in some cases, made more accurate (i.e. exact rather than bounded). These problems include the evaluation of: (1) the bit-error probability of uncoded phase shift keying (PSK) with Costas loop tracking; (2) word-error probability of antipodal modulation in the presence of fading; (3) bit-error probability of coded M-ary PSK (MPSK) over the memoryless fading channel with given channel-state information; (4) conditional symbol-error probability of MPSK in the presence of carrier synchronization error; and (5) the average error probability for the binary additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) intersymbol interference channel. Also obtained is a generalization of this new alternate form to the case of a two-dimensional Gaussian probability integral with arbitrary correlation which can be used to evaluate the symbol-error probability of MPSK with I-Q unbalance.
Differential regulation of Na,K-ATPase isozymes by protein kinases and arachidonic acid.

Abstract While several studies have investigated the regulation of the Na,K-ATPase consisting of the α1 and β1 subunits, there is little evidence that intracellular messengers influence the other Na pump isozymes. We studied the effect of different protein kinases and arachidonic acid on the rat Na,K-ATPase isoforms expressed inSf-9 insect cells. Our results indicate that PKA, PKC, and PKG are able to differentially modify the function of the Na,K-ATPase isozymes. While PKC activation leads to inhibition of all isozymes, PKA activation stimulates the activity of the Na,K-ATPase α3β1 and decreases that of the α1β1 and α2β1 isozymes. In contrast, activation of PKG diminishes the activity of the α1β1 and α3β1 isozymes, without altering that of α2β1. Treatment of cells with arachidonic acid reduced the activities of all the isozymes. The changes in the catalytic capabilities of the Na pump isozymes elicited by PKA and PKC are reflected by changes in the molecular activity of the Na,K-ATPases. One of the mechanisms by which PKA and PKC affect Na pump isozyme activity is through direct phosphorylation of the α subunit. In the insect cells, we found a PKA- and PKC-dependent phosphorylation of the α1, α2 and α3 polypeptides. In conclusion, several intracellular messengers are able to modulate the function of the Na,K-ATPase isozymes and some of them in a specific fashion. Because the Na,K-ATPase isozymes have kinetic properties that are unique, this isozyme-specific regulation may be important in adapting Na pump function to the requirements of each cell.
WORK TRAVEL MODE CHOICE AND NUMBER OF NON-WORK COMMUTE STOPS

Abstract The research presented here develops a joint model of work travel mode choice and number of stops during the work commute. This model provides an improved basis for evaluating the effect of alternative policy actions to alleviate peak-period congestion. The model also contributes to activity-based research by allowing a more realistic behavioral representation of the simultaneous disaggregate choice process underlying mode choice to work and choice of number of activity stops. Mode choice is modeled by using a multinomial logit model and the number of stops is modeled by using an ordered-response formulation. The joint model is applied to an empirical analysis using data from an activity survey conducted in the Boston Metropolitan area. The results underscore the importance of accommodating the inter-relationship between mode choice to work and number of activity stops in the work commute. The effects of a variety of congestion-alleviation measures are examined using the model.
THE INFLUENCE OF SHELTER, CONSPECIFICS, AND THREAT OF PREDATION ON THE BEHAVIOR OF THE LONG-SPINED SEA URCHIN (DIADEMA ANTILLARUM)

ABSTRACT The interplay of competition and predation often affects prey habitat use, which may concentrate prey in safer areas with indirect consequences on their foraging efficiency and the effects of their foraging on the community. Predation is intense on coral reefs where competition for limited space and food is severe. The sea urchin Diadema antillarum, an inhabitant of Caribbean coral reefs, uses crevice shelters and often aggregates with conspecifics for protection against predators, which appears to reflect a conflicting balance between group defense versus competition for limited shelter. A series of laboratory experiments was used to determine how the availability of shelter, conspecifics, and chemical odors from conspecifics and a predator—the spotted spiny lobster (Panulirus guttatus)—affect D. antillarum shelter use. The long-spined sea urchin D. antillarum responded strongly to the odor of conspecifics and the lobster predator. Absent the threat of predation, D. antillarum compete for shelte...
Estimating The Economic Impact Of Local Cultural Organizations: The Charlotte Arts & Science Council Example

This paper details the impact of the 58 affiliated members of the Charlotte Arts & Science Council on the economy of Mecklenburg County, North Carolina. We find that the affiliated members of the Arts & Science Council had a sizable impact on the Mecklenburg economy. Output was expanded by $129,171,622; earnings were increased by $50,589,999; and employment was increased by 2,132 full-time equivalent jobs. These economic impacts were an important addition to the rich and varied cultural offerings provided by the Arts & Science Council affiliates.
The origin of “X cells” of the human placenta and their possible relationship to intrauterine growth retardation: An enigma

Abstract Many studies have been performed in pursuit of the origin of the X cells of the human placenta. In the present investigation, quinacrine hydrochloride staining of frozen sections of X cell cysts was performed for fluorescent microscopy examination. Twenty placentas were examined, including those of both male and female infants. In all of the placentas associated with male infants, X cells included fluorescent bodies typical of male sex chromatin. This finding suggests that X cells may be of fetal origin but not necessarily exclusively so. While performing the study, the placentas of 3 cases of intrauterine growth retardation were examined. In each, there was a severe proliferation of X cells. To date, this association has not been reported in the literature.
Paleozoic Smaller Foraminifera of the North American Atlantic Borderlands

Abstract Species of Paleozoic smaller Foraminifera, combined with physical evidence of diastrophism (paracontinuity), may be used in precise placement of time—stratigraphic boundaries in the eastern United States as with the Devonian—Mississippian and Kinder hookian—Osagean boundaries. Evolutionary lineages are recognized in the Devonian and Mississippian and certain stratigraphic intervals within the Lower and Middle Paleozoic are delimited by foraminiferal zones; nevertheless, even though the stratigraphic value of Paleozoic smaller Foraminifera has been demonstrated, their full potential remains to be realized. Agglutinated Foraminifera frequently occur in shale and limestone containing silt or fine sand; however, their distribution varies in diverse lithologies within single genetic units. Sparry biostatic calcarenites rarely contain agglutinated Foraminifera, but often bear calcareous forms. Earliest textulariinid Foraminifera, consisting of simple, free or attached, tubular, globural, spherical, or hemispherical chambers, arose by mid—Ordovician. Tubular to hemitubular attached forms appeared in late Ordovician. Apertured planoconvex, tubular, irregularly coiled and planispirally coiled forms and globular forms with various projections, arose in early Silurian. Multichambered forms with enlarging chambers began in late Devonian. Highly organized, attached hemitubular, and well—organized multichambered forms, appeared in early Mississippian and evolved into more complex multichambered forms (including attached forms) in Pennsylvanian and Permian. Microgranular calcareous (fusulininid) foraminiferans arose in Middle Devonian and increased in number and complexity in Mississippian, Pennsylvanian, and Permian. Calcareous porcelaneous (miliolinid) tests appeared in early Pennsylvanian and calcareous hyaline (rotaliinid) tests evolved in early Permian.
Retrieval of Individual Participant Data for Exercise Meta-Analyses May Not Be Worth the Time and Effort.

Purpose. While individual participant data (IPD) meta-analyses are considered the gold standard for meta-analysis, the feasibility of obtaining IPD may be problematic. Methods. Using data from a previous meta-analysis of 29 studies on exercise in adults with arthritis and other rheumatic diseases, the percentage of studies in which useable IPD was provided was calculated. Results. Eight of 29 authors (28%, 95% CI = 11% to 44%) provided IPD. Using logistic regression, neither year of publication (odds ratio = 1.05, 95% CI = 0.90 to 1.27, p = 0.58) nor country (odds ratio = 1.36, 95% CI = 0.20 to 10.9, p = 1.00) was significantly associated with the obtainment of IPD. Conclusions. The retrieval of IPD for exercise meta-analyses may not be worth the time and effort. However, further research is needed before any final recommendations can be made.
Vortex Core and Its Effects on the Stability of Vortex Flow over Slender Conical Bodies

A three-dimensional Euler solver is used to study the vortex core over slender conical bodies at high angles of attack and low speeds. A three-dimensional conical overset-grid is established to reduce the computational efforts while accurately resolve the vortex flow. The numerical results on the vortex core are verified by available experimental data and theoretical solutions. The line vortex model used in the theoretical stability analyses made by the present authors for the vortex flow is modified to account for the effects of the vortex cores. The jetlike flow in the vortex core and inflow at its outer edge are modeled based on numerical experiments by the Euler methods on slender conical bodies incorporated with known theoretical and experimental results on vortex cores. Using the Euler solutions as a benchmark, the modified model yields a better predictions in the vortex positions than the original, and a favorable shifts of the transition point of stability in the Sychev similarity parameter.
Exercising Agency to Support Capacity Building: An Analysis of the 50/50 Group and Forum for African Women Educationalists in Sierra Leone

The paper addresses whether the monumental success in political activism achieved by Sierra Leonean women in helping to establish a democratically elected government after a 10 year civil war has translated into substantive empowerment for women. I ask what steps have been taken to guarantee, strengthen, and monitor women’s participation in decision making and institutional building processes. I discuss current challenges facing women in building a wider pool of skilled leadership and in accessing sufficient resources for formal and non-formal education of women. Building on comparative feminist analyses on women and post-conflict reconstruction, I propose that although Sierra Leonean women became a powerful force influencing the peace process, their success has not guaranteed a balanced gender representation in the development and transformation process following the end of the civil war. While some women’s organizations have taken meaningful actions to promote an activist agenda, these are only small steps given persistent structural inequalities and the lack of skills and resources to strengthen and maintain state democracy and community building initiatives. I examine the Forum for African Women Educationalists (FAWE-Sierra Leone Chapter) and the Fifty-Fifty Group to understand how women’s organizations exercise agency to impact capacity building to advance women’s education and to evolve innovative strategies of engagement in rebuilding civil society.
Study on Surrounding Rock Stability Classification Considering Drilling Rock Rate Based on Artificial Neural Network

To improve highway tunnel's rock stability classification,the authors introduced the drilling rock rate as included in the classical surrounding rock stability appraisal system,developed a new classification method based on improved back-propagation ANN and considering drilling rock rate.And this ANN increases the momentum gene and adaptive variable step-size arithmetic.Drilling rock rate is considered as a measuring and preceding data and infused into the more abundant information for the model.Using this method,the surrounding rock of un-dug sector can be sorted out and predicted more accurately.It can be used as a site surrounding rock predication method for tunnel construction.
Clinical Observation of "Neiyi Tablet" in Treating Endometriosis

To observe the clinical effects of "Neiyi Tablet" in the treatment of endometriosis, 120 subjects were equally randomized into two groups and treated for three months. The clinical symptoms and CA125 were observed before and after treatment. Results: The total effective rate was 88.3% in treatment group and 85.0% in control group; the scores of clinical symptoms and signs decreased; the endometrial cyst reduced and blood CA125 decreased.
Toward a Comprehension Challenge, Using Crowdsourcing as a Tool

Human readers comprehend vastly more, and in vastly different ways, than any existing comprehension test would suggest. An ideal comprehension test for a story should cover the full range of questions and answers that humans would expect other humans to reasonably learn or infer from a given story. As a step toward these goals we propose a novel test, the Crowdsourced Comprehension Challenge (C3), which is constructed by repeated runs of a three-person game, the Iterative Crowdsourced Comprehension Game (ICCG). ICCG uses structured crowdsourcing to comprehensively generate relevant questions and supported answers for arbitrary stories, whether fiction or nonfiction, presented across a variety of media such as videos, podcasts, and still images.
Abstract 3432: Sex-dependent Differences in Autophagy After Experimentally-induced Stroke

Background and Purpose: Autophagy is a catabolic process where the cell consumes pieces of itself as a part of normal cellular growth, development, and homeostasis. In response to nutrient challeng...
HomCam: A Wireless 360-Degree Wearable Streaming Camera for Remote Situational Awareness

The growth of mobile and wearable technologies has enabled a host of new applications, including remote situational awareness, in which a device worn by a remote partner can simulate being present in the remote location for an observer. We illustrate this idea by constructing the HomCam, a helmet-based omnidirectional video system that gives an observer the 360-degree perspective of a remote wearer. To our knowledge, the HomCam was the ﬁrst wearable system that enabled real-time streaming of 360-degree video to a remote location built from commercial-of-the-shelf hardware. This paper describes related efforts, the HomCam prototype, its visual display, and an initial test of network performance. This prototype demonstrates some of the challenges of remote situation awareness and contributes to designers’ implementation of related systems.
Identifying With a Stereotype: The Divergent Effects of Exposure to Homosexual Television Characters

ABSTRACTScholars examining homosexual television characters have typically come to one of two conclusions: either exposure to homosexual characters can lead to increased acceptance, or homosexual characters serve to reaffirm negative stereotypes. We seek to bridge these two bodies of research by introducing the concept of stereotyped identification—the idea that cognitively and emotionally identifying with fictional characters can increase acceptance of minorities, while reinforcing implicit stereotypes about how they look, act, and talk. Results from our national survey (N = 972) offer support for this hypothesis.
Syntax and the Evaluation of College Writing: A Blind Alley

In 1977, Kellogg Hunt wrote that “in the mid-seventies... the English teaching profession has a theory of syntactic development that covers a broad range of structures.” He went on to say that “to the present time, the teaching of language has been guided almost exclusively by the rhetorician’s intuition. But the theory of syntactic development reviewed here does not rest upon intuition alone; it rests on a solid body of experimental data” (Hunt 1977: 102).
Design Optimization of Nested Bitter Magnets

An optimization technique that utilizes a genetic algorithm is used to minimize the electrical power produced by the conducting disks in resistive Bitter magnets. The resulting values from the optimization give the conditional design parameters necessary for a preliminary magnet design. This precursor design method can be employed for either split or single solenoid nested designs. This method is used to design a 10 T, 10 s magnet at the University of Maryland, Baltimore County for plasma physics research. The design parameters from the optimization are used to generate computer-aided design models that are examined with finite element analysis software to verify safety and performance of the design. The magnet design then progresses to a series of thermal and mechanical tests to ensure safe operating conditions.
Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK) Is Required for CXCL12-Induced Dhemotaxis and Adhesion to VCAM-1 in B Lymphocytes and Hematopoietic Stem/Progenitor Cells.

The chemokine CXCL12 (SDF-1) and its receptor CXCR4 play a critical role in hematopoietic progenitor cell migration and positioning within the bone marrow (BM). However, CXCL12/CXCR4-induced signaling pathways in blood cell migration are poorly characterized. Based on previous studies of BM progenitor B cells indicating a strong correlation between FAK signaling and CXCL12 induced adhesion to VCAM-1, we speculated that FAK might be an important signaling component in CXCL12-induced chemotaxis and integrin-mediated adhesion. Here, we used two approaches to reduce FAK expression in (human and mouse) progenitor B cells and mouse Sca-1+, Kit+, Lin− stem/progenitor cells. FAK specific siRNAs reduced FAK expression by 80% and abolished both CXCL12-induced chemotaxis and adhesion to VCAM-1 in the pro-B cell line, REH. FAK knock-down did not change expression levels of CXCR4 and VLA-4 integrin. FAK expression was rescued by transfection with wild type, chicken FAK, which also restored both CXCL12-induced chemotaxis and adhesion. Furthermore, we found that in FAK deficient cells CXCL12-induced activation of the GTP-ase Rap1 was reduced, suggesting the importance of FAK in CXCL12-mediated inside-out integrin activation. CXCL12-mediated chemotaxis was also impaired in primary progenitor B cells and hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSC/P) isolated from FAK floxed mice, in which FAK was deleted by Cre-mediated excision of FAK floxed alleles. Cre-mediated FAK deletion did not affect cell viability or induce apoptosis. These studies suggest that FAK may function as a key intermediary in signaling pathways controlling hematopoietic cell migration and lineage development.
Global Differences in RBC Membrane Protein Expression Between Normal and PNH Individuals.

Abstract 1986 Poster Board I-1008 Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is an acquired hemolytic anemia that results from the deficiency of glycosyl phosphatidylinositol (GPI)-linked proteins on the surface of blood cells carrying a PIGA gene mutation. The absence of 2 GPI-linked complement regulatory proteins, CD59 and CD55, on PNH red blood cells (RBCs) accounts for their increased susceptibility to complement-mediated lysis. The pathophysiology of other PNH complications, including thrombophilia and the association with aplastic anemia, is less well understood. We hypothesized that the differences between PNH and normal RBCs are not restricted to the lack of GPI-linked proteins. To test this hypothesis we have developed a label-free proteomics platform to identify global differences in RBC membrane protein expression between normal and PNH individuals. Six control samples and 17 PNH samples from 13 different patients were analyzed. PNH patients were categorized as high (>80%), medium (between 20% and 80%), and low ( Disclosures: Bessler: Alexion Pharaceuticals Inc: Membership on an entity9s Board of Directors or advisory committees.
NO MAGGIC IN PREDICTING HEART FAILURE READMISSIONS

Background: Readmission for acute decompensated heart failure represents a significant burden to healthcare in the United States with nearly a quarter of patients being readmitted by 30 days. Here, we evaluate the ability of two robust risk tools derived from ambulatory cohorts, the MAGGIC score and
The Structure of Crystalline Agnotobenzaldehyde

Agnotobenzaldehyde was first reported by Dr. Eugen Bamberger in 1906, from a Zn-promoted reduction of 2-nitrobenzaldehyde. He determined the empirical formula to be C14H12N2O5. Subsequent work determined the chemical structure of the solution form by IR and NMR analysis, but the structure of the crystal form remained inconclusive. In the present work, the structure of crystalline agnotobenzaldehyde has been found to be rac-(3R)-1-[(S)-hydroxy(2-nitrophenyl)methyl]-1,3-dihydro-2,1-benzisoxazol-3-ol. Crystals are orthorhombic with the Pbca space group. At 173(2) K, a = 13.8066(14), b = 8.4412(9), c = 22.832(2) A, and V = 2660.9(5) A3 with Z = 8. Poly(O–H⋯) C 4 4(8) chains of alternating intra- and inter-molecular hydrogen bonds form along the b axis. These chains probably affect the regio- and diastereo-specificity of cyclization. The crystalline form of agnotobenzaldehyde has a different molecular structure than the solution form, and features hydrogen bond chains that probably control the stereo- and regio-specificity of the hydroxyl and isoxazole moieties.
Resumption of Anticoagulation After Intracranial Hemorrhage

Anticoagulation is a vital therapy in a number of different disease processes, and is strongly recommended for the prevention of stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation and/or with mechanical prosthetic heart valves. Studies involving patients on oral anticoagulants (OACs) have revealed that ICH can occur eight times more frequently in this population, with an annual estimated incidence of 0.25 to 1.1%. The decision of whether and when to resume anticoagulation following intracranial hemorrhage is challenging and requires an assessment of associated risks and benefits. Clinical data, imaging, and risk factors for both ischemic and hemorrhagic complications may aid in decision-making. Baseline functional status, life expectancy, compliance with therapy, and family support also impact decision analyses. Currently available data suggest that anticoagulation could be safely restarted in select groups of OAC-ICH patients within 4 weeks of intracranial hemorrhage; however, high-quality randomized, clinical trials are needed.
Trends in Hospital Cost, Length of Stay, Complication Rates, and Mortality in Patients with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia in Teaching Versus Nonteaching Institutions: Data from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample from 1999-2014

Background: With advancements in therapies as well as prevention of treatment-related complications, the five-year survival rate for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) has more than quadrupled since 1960. Nevertheless, adult ALL has continued to have a high mortality rate. In this study, we evaluated trends in hospital cost, length of stay, complication rates and inpatient mortality in adult patients admitted with active ALL from 1999 through 2014. We also aimed to clarify differences in outcomes between teaching and nonteaching institutions. Methods: We analyzed the Nationwide Inpatient Sample between 1999 and 2014 using the ICD-9 codes 204 and 204.02 for acute lymphoblastic and acute lymphocytic leukemia in the primary diagnosis domain. The sample was weighted to approximate the full inpatient population of the U.S. over the 16- year interval. Total cost was adjusted for inflation using data from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Total hospital cost, length of stay (LOS), complication rates, and in-hospital mortality data were extracted and comparisons were made between teaching and nonteaching institutions. Common in-hospital complications such as clostridium difficile infection (CDI), sepsis, pneumonia, venous thromboembolism (VTE), neutropenic fever, and urinary tract infection (UTI) were extracted by ICD-9 codes and analyzed. Chi square analysis was performed to examine differences in the categorical variables. Frequency of bone marrow transplant were also examined in both settings. Results: A total of 13,704 (weighted N=67,744) admissions with a primary ALL diagnosis were identified from 1999-2014. The majority of admissions occurred at teaching institutions for all ages under 60, while the majority of patients aged 60 and above occurred at non-teaching institutions (p Conclusions: The majority of admissions for ALL between 1999-2014 occurred at teaching institutions. Concomitantly, total cost and mean LOS were greater at teaching institutions when compared to nonteaching. Though multifactorial, we hypothesize that one cause of this trend can be attributed to the greater frequency of bone marrow transplants at teaching institutions, increasing medical complexity of cases and resource requirement. Although certain complication rates increased, overall in-patient mortality demonstrated a striking improvement during this 16-year time interval. This can be credited to better recognition of, surveillance for and treatment of known complications, improved education of ancillary staff, and the advent of tyrosine kinase inhibitors within well established guidelines. Nevertheless, further research is required to determine why complication rates overall have not shown significant rectification. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Driver's fatigue prediction by deep covariance learning from EEG

We present here deep covariance learning models for predicting drivers' drowsy and alert states from Electroencephalography (EEG). Three types of deep covariance learning models are proposed: SPDNet, CNN, and DNN on covariance matrices. Our test results show that all the deep covariance learning methods reported better performance than shallow learning methods including Riemannian methods and STCNN, a previously proposed CNN model for EEG classification. Among the deep covariance learning methods, the best classification performance is obtained by a CNN model applied on sample spatial EEG covariance matrices and it improved the AUC of the best shallow algorithm (logistic regression + Log-Euclidean Metric) by 12.32% from 70.96% to 86.14%. Our study showed that deep covariance learning is a very promising approach for drivers' fatigue prediction.
Regulated stochasticity in a bacterial signaling network permits tolerance to a rapid environmental change

Summary Microbial populations can maximize fitness in dynamic environments through bet hedging, a process wherein a subpopulation assumes a phenotype not optimally adapted to the present environment but well adapted to an environment likely to be encountered. Here, we show that oxygen induces fluctuating expression of the trimethylamine oxide (TMAO) respiratory system of Escherichia coli , diversifying the cell population and enabling a bet-hedging strategy that permits growth following oxygen loss. This regulation by oxygen affects the variance in gene expression but leaves the mean unchanged. We show that the oxygen-sensitive transcription factor IscR is the key regulator of variability. Oxygen causes IscR to repress expression of a TMAO-responsive signaling system, allowing stochastic effects to have a strong effect on the output of the system and resulting in heterogeneous expression of the TMAO reduction machinery. This work reveals a mechanism through which cells regulate molecular noise to enhance fitness.
The client gets a vote: counterinsurgency warfare and the U.S. military advisory mission in South Vietnam, 1954-1965

The belief that U.S. military advisors in South Vietnam did not know how to conduct a counterinsurgency campaign underpins belief that reforms are necessary for counterinsurgency success. However, ...
Age-related differences in the rate and diagnosis of 30-day readmission after hospitalization for acute ischemic stroke.

BackgroundLittle is known about the association between age and readmission within 30 days after hospitalization for acute ischemic stroke.AimTo examine the age-related differences in rate and prin...
Electroencephalography Findings in Autoimmune and Neuroinflammation-Related Epilepsies

Autoimmune epilepsy occurs in association with localized central nervous system or systemic immune-mediated inflammation. Traditional anticonvulsant medications are frequently ineffective, and alternative approaches including immunomodulatory agents may be required. Identification of patients with autoimmune epilepsy may be challenging due to the variability of presentation and normal or nonspecific diagnostic results. Electroencephalography (EEG) features tend to include patterns of encephalopathy, generalized or focal interictal epileptiform abnormalities, or status epilepticus. Occasionally, specific EEG features may lend insight into the diagnosis. In this review article, we discuss EEG features of several suspected or proven immune-mediated pediatric epilepsies, including Rasmussen's encephalitis, idiopathic hemiconvulsion-hemiplegia syndrome, febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome, epilepsies associated with autoantibodies to neuronal surface or intracellular antigens, and other systemic autoimmune diseases.
Guido and the guilty mind: Mens rea and actus reus in Inferno 27:

Very early in their education, law students are introduced to the two necessary components of a crime—mens rea and actus reus—that is, one is not guilty of a crime unless culpable in both thought a...
Eco‐evolution on the edge during climate change

We urgently need to predict species responses to climate change to minimize future biodiversity loss and ensure we do not waste limited resources on ineffective conservation strategies. Currently, most predictions of species responses to climate change ignore the potential for evolution. However, evolution can alter species ecological responses, and different aspects of evolution and ecology can interact to produce complex eco‐evolutionary dynamics under climate change. Here we review how evolution could alter ecological responses to climate change on species warm and cool range margins, where evolution could be especially important. We discuss different aspects of evolution in isolation, and then synthesize results to consider how multiple evolutionary processes might interact and affect conservation strategies. On species cool range margins, the evolution of dispersal could increase range expansion rates and allow species to adapt to novel conditions in their new range. However, low genetic variation and genetic drift in small range‐front populations could also slow or halt range expansions. Together, these eco‐evolutionary effects could cause a three‐step, stop‐and‐go expansion pattern for many species. On warm range margins, isolation among populations could maintain high genetic variation that facilitates evolution to novel climates and allows species to persist longer than expected without evolution. This ‘evolutionary extinction debt’ could then prevent other species from shifting their ranges. However, as climate change increases isolation among populations, increasing dispersal mortality could select for decreased dispersal and cause rapid range contractions. Some of these eco‐evolutionary dynamics could explain why many species are not responding to climate change as predicted. We conclude by suggesting that resurveying historical studies that measured trait frequencies, the strength of selection, or heritabilities could be an efficient way to increase our eco‐evolutionary knowledge in climate change biology.