cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mimicry and foraging behaviour of two tropical sand‐flat octopus species off North Sulawesi, Indonesia

The so-called 'mimic octopuses' of tropical Indonesia are reputed to mimic up to 13 species of other local marine organisms. We tested for mimicry by allowing individuals of two species of octopus to habituate to divers, then observing and filming two species continuously as they foraged daily in the same open, featureless volcanic sand habitat. Mimicry of a local, abundant flounder occurred commonly during 5 days of natural foraging: nearly 500 episodes were analysed. Both octopus species mimicked the shape, swimming actions, speed, duration, and sometimes the coloration of swimming flounders. During flounder mimicry, octopuses were actively moving and conspicuous, whereas immediately before and after flounder mimicry, they were camouflaged and motionless (sitting or very slowly crawling). Furthermore, when motionless, octopuses assumed body patterns and postures that resembled small sponges, tube-worm tubes, or colonial tunicates, which were among the few objects in the open sand habitat. The key finding was that octopuses used flounder mimicry only when their movement would give away camouflage in this open habitat. In all cases, octopuses used mimicry as a primary defense. Several interactions with fishes and stomatopods were filmed and typical secondary defense behaviours, not mimicry, were used by the octopuses. Foraging occurred twice per day and two tactile feeding tactics were used. Dens and food were not limiting; thus, we observed a highly unusual circumstance of a guild of small, long-armed octopus species that shared the same habitat, den sources, food, activity period, and some behaviours.
Roles of circulating and resident myeloid cell subpopulations in bronchopulmonary remodeling and pulmonary hypertension

Rationale: Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is characterized by vascular remodeling and the presence of myeloid cells. A clearer understanding of the myeloid cell phenotypes contributing to pulmonary vascular remodeling seems a pre-requisite for anti-inflammatory therapy for patients with PH. Methods: We used immunohistology, qPCR, cell sorting, and immunoblot on lung tissue and peripheral blood derived from rat (green fluorescent protein [GFP] bone marrow transplanted) PH models and humans with PH. Results: In human blood, we found increased fibrocytes in PH vs. controls, assessed as CD45+/procollagen+ (PH 1.2% of total white blood cells, WBC vs. controls 0.45% WBC) or vimentin+ (PH 1.9% vs. controls 1.35% WBC) or smooth muscle actin+ (PH 2.2% vs. controls 0.3% WBC) or heat shock protein 47+ (PH 0.27% vs. controls 0.078% WBC). No differences in myeloid derived suppressor cell (CD45+/CD33+/CD11b+/MHCII-) numbers were observed. PH patients expressed Fc gamma receptors (FcgR) CD16, CD32, and CD64 more robustly vs. controls. We found positive correlation between fibrocytes and cardiac output, and strong positive correlation between fibrocytes and expression of CD16 and CD32 FcgRs. Similar results were obtained using blood from rats with PH. FACS analysis of PH rat lungs confirmed increases in fibrocytes, as well as cells positive for CD68+, or CD163, or CD11c, CD103, CD206, and CD11b. Only CD11b cells were co-positive for GFP, a result confirmed by immunofluorescence of tissue sections. Conclusion: A clearer understanding of how myeloid cells impact the pathobiology of PH may have profound therapeutic significance.
A Survey of Radiobiology for Engineers

The effect of radiation on biological systems is reviewed. Types of particle and electromagnetic radiation and the mechanisms of absorption and energy dissipation commonly found when radiation interacts with matter are discussed. The effects of radiation on living systems in general are examined. The target theory and the indirect theory of action of radiation are compared in terms of experimental evidence. The major emphasis of the survey is on the consideration of biological effects of radiation on simple systems of single tissue, and on a detailed consideration of radiation effects on the skin, the reproductive system, the circulatory system, and the digestive tract. A summary of permitted tolerance of humans to particulate and electromagnetic radiations is presented.
On Foreign Ground: One Attempt at Attracting Non‐French Majors to a French Studies Course

: This article presents a description of “Americans in Paris,” a class in English that was developed to attract nonlanguage majors to French Studies classes. The class focuses on American writers who lived and worked in Paris between 1890 and 1955 as part of a literary and cultural exchange between French and American societies. Learning about French writers and the dynamic, international community of writers and artists who came to Paris in the early twentieth century, students come to understand the literary and cultural heritages that were passed between France and America. The course's content showcases input that French professors can bring to this cross-disciplinary subject by examining American works through a French cultural viewpoint and highlighting French literary and artistic traditions.
Cellular systems and aging models

Abstract Cellular population growth models involving time lags, coupled equations, nonlinear terms, and stochastic parameters as well as random, nonlinear, coupled or integral boundary conditions become tractable with generic methods of the author. This paper discusses several examples.
Building Forms and Circulation Patterns

In recent work (Tabor, 1970; 1975; March and Steadman, 1971), spectra of building forms have been studied in terms of their circulation characteristics with respect to occupancy by single homogeneous organizations. In this paper the more realistic assumption is made that a building may well accommodate more than one organization, or a heterogeneous organization made up of departments with high within-departmert interaction and negligible between-department interaction measured in terms of trips. The paper is in five sections. Section 1 outlines an approximate permutational algorithm for arranging the departments within the building forms. Section 2 sets out seventeen distinct but related building forms and defines the circulation measurements to be examined. Section 3 describes the eleven schematic circulation patterns chosen for the experiment. Section 4 looks at the theoretical match between circulation patterns and building forms, finally section 5 employs the approximate permutational algorithm to com...
The Real Testing Bias: The Role of Values In Educational Assessment

These writers review some of the current assessment reform strategies involving educational administrators. The likeli hood that these efforts will be effective is analyzed, and alternative conceptuali zations and strategies are suggested. The article was prompted by several recent Bulletin issues that focused on testing.
Spreadsheet illustration of engineering economics

The author describes the use of an electronic spreadsheet on a desktop PC with a liquid crystal display projector for the illustration of the determination of product cost. This material is used in a junior-level laboratory course in electrical engineering. Both the spreadsheet template and underlying concepts are discussed. >
Manipulation of Types of Fats and Cholesterol Intake Can Successfully Improve the Lipid Profile While Maintaining the Efficacy of the Ketogenic Diet

The ketogenic diet (KD) is a dietary therapy that effectively treats intractable epilepsy in children. Hyperlipidemias are common side effects of KD and have been reported in approximately 30% to 50% of patients on this diet. Fats comprise 90% of the calories, and saturated fats are often used as 50% of the fat intake. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether alterations of the dietary fat sources can improve the lipid profiles while maintaining seizure control in the ketogenic diet. Using a retrospective chart review, the authors evaluated their practices of treating hyperlipidemias in 6 children on the KD who developed elevated lipid profiles. All had normal or mildly elevated lipid profiles before beginning the KD. The elevated lipid levels were detected after an average of 7 months of KD treatment. Changing the dietary fat types to mainly oils (polyunsaturated fats) and decreasing the use of protein foods high in saturated fats and cholesterol resulted in a normalized or baseline lipid pro...
Androgen receptor in the oviduct of the turtle, Trachemys scripta.

Circulating androgens reach high concentrations in females of some reptiles and amphibians. We are testing the hypothesis that androgens can act directly in female reptilian reproductive tissues, via the androgen receptor. In this study, we sought to determine if androgen receptors are present in the oviduct of the turtle, Trachemys scripta, using radioligand-binding assays and immunological assays. An androgen-binding site was detected in turtle oviductal cytosol and oviductal nuclear extract by radioligand binding assay, using 3 H-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) as the ligand. This site was saturable (Bmax=11 pmol/g tissue), had a high affinity (10 10 M), and showed specificity typical of androgen receptors (DHTNtestosterone, progesteroneJestradiol, cortisol). Western blotting using an anti-androgen receptor antibody revealed a band of immunoreactivity in oviductal cytosol at approximately 115 kDa, and a more prominent band at 50 kDa, possibly indicating a truncated form of the androgen receptor. Immunohistochemistry revealed crossreactivity of the androgen receptor antibody against oviductal glandular cells but not against oviductal luminal epithelial or muscularis cells. The presence of androgen receptor in the turtle oviduct suggests that androgens have a role in female reproduction and that their action can be mediated directly by androgen receptor.
Ecology: drought in the congo basin.

A remote-sensing analysis of tropical forests in the Congo Basin that are experiencing chronic drought reveals consistent patterns of reduced vegetation greenness, increased temperatures and decreased water storage. See Letter p.86 The Congo rainforests are the second largest on Earth, after the Amazon, but little is known about their response to recent climate change. Liming Zhou et al. use remote sensing data to show that the drying trend of the past decade is associated with a large-scale decline in Congo forest greenness. This is a gradual process however, in contrast to the abrupt drought episodes that have occurred in the Amazon. This gradual browning could be causing shifts in community composition towards more drought-tolerant species.
Generalized quantum mechanics of non-Abelian gauge theories.

Hartle's generalized quantum mechanics in the sum-over-histories formalism is used to describe a non-Abelian gauge theory. Predictions are made for certain alternatives, with particular attention given to coarse grainings involving the constraint. In this way, the theory is compared to other quantum-mechanical descriptions of gauge theories in which the constraints are imposed by hand. The vanishing of the momentum space constraint is seen to hold, both through a simple formal argument and via a more careful description of the Lorentzian path integral as defined on a spacetime lattice. The configuration space realization of the constraint is shown to behave in a more complicated fashion. For some coarse grainings, we recover the known result from an Abelian theory, that coarse grainings by values of the constraint either predict its vanishing or fail to decohere. However, sets of alternatives defined in terms of a more complicated quantity in the Abelian case are exhibited where definite predictions can be made which disagree with the assumption that the constraints vanish. Finally, the configuration space sum-over-histories theory is exhibited in a manifestly Lorentz-invariant formulation.
Iron Ore Pellet Dustiness Part II: Effects of Firing Route and Abrasion Resistance on Fines and Dust Generation

Iron ore pellets abrade during their production and handling, which lowers product quality and leads to dustiness issues. Pellets were collected from a variety of plants (operating either Straight-Grate (SG) or Grate-Kiln (GK) furnaces) to understand whether furnace type affects fines and dust formation. Results showed that pellets fired in SG furnaces were less abrasion-resistant (3.5 × lower) than pellets fired in GK furnaces. Concurrently, laboratory pellets were prepared using various ores, binders, and firing temperatures. These were tested to understand the relationship between abrasion index and dustiness. AI was observed to range from 1 to 14%. Dustiness, determined via AI and size distributions of abrasion progeny, ranged from 0.2 to 1.6%. For AI greater than 5%, AI can be used to indicate potentially high levels of dust. For AI less than 5%, there was a poor correlation between AI and dustiness. This was explained by the observation that as AI decreased, the abrasion product fineness increased. ...
Phase-dependent interaction of widely separated spatial frequencies in pattern discrimination

Abstract Spatial frequencies separated by a factor of 3 (5 and 15 c/deg) interact in a phase-dependent way in producing just-detectable changes in a 10 c/deg suprathreshold grating. Our data are inconsistent with models in which this broadband response is derived from interactions among the outputs of narrowband mechanisms. Instead, broadband mechanisms must exist in parallel with narrowband mechanisms.
Enhanced immunostimulatory effects of DNA-encapsulated peptide hydrogels.

DNA that encodes tumor-specific antigens represents potential immunostimulatory agents. However, rapid enzymatic degradation and fragmentation of DNA during administration can result in limited vector expression and, consequently, poor efficacy. These challenges have necessitated the use of novel strategies for DNA delivery. Herein, we study the ability of cationic self-assembling peptide hydrogels to encapsulate plasmid DNA, and enhance its immunostimulatory potential in vivo. The effect of network charge on the gel's ability to retain the DNA was assessed employing three gel-forming peptides that vary systematically in formal charge. The peptide HLT2, having a formal charge of +5 at neutral pH, was optimal in encapsulating microgram quantities of DNA with little effect on its rheological properties, allowing its effective syringe delivery in vivo. The plasmid, DNA(TA), encapsulated within these gels encodes for a melanoma-specific gp100 antigen fused to the alarmin protein adjuvant HMGN1. Implantation of DNA(TA)-loaded HLT2 gels into mice resulted in an acute inflammatory response with the presence of polymorphonuclear cells, which was followed by infiltrating macrophages. These cellular infiltrates aid in the processing of encapsulated DNA, promoting increased lymphoproliferation and producing an enhanced immune response mediated by CD4+/IFNγ+ expressing Th1 cells, and complemented by the formation of gp100-specific antibodies.
Asparagine plays a critical role in regulating cellular adaptation to glutamine depletion

Many cancer cells consume large quantities of glutamine to maintain TCA cycle anaplerosis and support cell survival. It was therefore surprising when RNAi screening revealed that suppression of citrate synthase (CS), the first TCA cycle enzyme, prevented glutamine-withdrawal-induced apoptosis. CS suppression reduced TCA cycle activity and diverted oxaloacetate, the substrate of CS, into production of the nonessential amino acids aspartate and asparagine. We found that asparagine was necessary and sufficient to suppress glutamine-withdrawal-induced apoptosis without restoring the levels of other nonessential amino acids or TCA cycle intermediates. In complete medium, tumor cells exhibiting high rates of glutamine consumption underwent rapid apoptosis when glutamine-dependent asparagine synthesis was suppressed, and expression of asparagine synthetase was statistically correlated with poor prognosis in human tumors. Coupled with the success of L-asparaginase as a therapy for childhood leukemia, the data suggest that intracellular asparagine is a critical suppressor of apoptosis in many human tumors.
Autoreactive erythroid progenitor‐T suppressor cells in the pure red cell aplasia associated with thymoma and panhypogammaglobulinemia

In vitro erythroid culture studies and lymphocyte markers were performed in a patient with a spindle cell thymoma who developed red cell aplasia, panhypogammaglobulinemia, and multiple opportunistic infections. At the time of presentation, erythroid progenitor cells (CFUe, BFUe) were markedly reduced when cultured from marrow mononuclear cells. Removal of T cells from bone marrow mononuclear cells by E-rosetting or complement-mediated lysis with OKT3 pan T cell monoclonal antibody increased growth of erythroid progenitor cells in vitro. Readdition of bone marrow or pleural fluid T cells derived from the thymoma suppressed autologous, but not allogenic, erythroid progenitor cell (CFUe, BFUe) proliferation in vitro. The erythroid progenitor suppressor T cells were predominantly OKT11+, OKT3+, OKT8+ and Ia+ consistent with activated suppressor T cells. Treatment of the patient with cyclophosphamide and corticosteroids reduced marrow lymphocytes fourfold, and a prompt reticulocytosis ensued. After recovery, erythroid progenitor cells were easily detectable. These studies provide new evidence for T cell-mediated suppression of erythropoiesis in a unique subset of patients with red cell aplasia associated with thymoma and hypogammaglobulinemia.
Oscillating air column method for the dry separation of fine and subsieve particle sizes

Abstract The method described uses an operating frequency of 50 or 60 cps. The need for elastomer diaphragms to achieve a dust-tight enclosure is explained and a brief description of the resonant air column is given. An analysis instrument and a continuous screener are each covered separately through a description of the controllable parameters on each device. The particle size range for most materials is given as U.S. Standard No. 10 to 20 μ for the analysis instrument and U.S. Standard No. 20 to No. 400 for the continuous screener. The fluid effects of moving air and the resulting increase in particle velocity as the size diminishes are cited to illustrate the increase in sieving activity as the size enters the subsieve region. A sample list of problem materials sieved by air column is included in the appendix.
Arm-movement responses to Müller-Lyer stimuli

Similarities between eye- and arm-movement patterns during the Muller-Lyer illusion were investigated. The study was designed to find out if characteristics of a visual illusion would be reflected in tracings of an unseen ann. Six stimuli, three experimental and three control, were presented five times to each of seven Ss who were familiar with the illusion. Data were analyzed by measuring lengths of tracings and by making intraindividual comparisons using t tests for correlated means. Results for the arm were similar to those reported elsewhere for the eye. Arrows with outward-directed obliques were traced longer than arrows with inward-directed obliques, as well as longer than control stimuli. Agreement between eye- and arm-movement responses to the illusion lend support for using each technique to investigate stimuli that affect man’s distance metric.
A forward genetic screen in Drosophila implicates insulin signaling in age-related locomotor impairment

Age-related locomotor impairment (ARLI) is one of the most detrimental changes that occurs during aging. Elderly individuals with ARLI are at increased risks for falls, depression and a number of other co-morbidities. Despite its clinical significance, little is known about the genes that influence ARLI. We consequently performed a forward genetic screen to identify Drosophila strains with delayed ARLI using negative geotaxis as an index of locomotor function. One of the delayed ARLI strains recovered from the screen had a P-element insertion that decreased expression of the insulin signaling gene phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1 (PDK1) Precise excision of the P-element insertion reverted PDK1 expression and ARLI to the same as control flies, indicating that disruption of PDK1 leads to delayed ARLI. Follow-up studies showed that additional loss of function mutations in PDK1 as well as loss of function alleles of two other insulin signaling genes, Dp110 and Akt (the genes for the catalytic subunit of phosphoinositide 3-kinase and AKT), also forestalled ARLI. Interestingly, only some of the strains with delayed ARLI had elevated resistance to paraquat, indicating that enhanced resistance to this oxidative stressor is not required for preservation of locomotor function across age. Our studies implicate insulin signaling as a key regulator of ARLI in Drosophila.
Social Behavior and Nests of Some Nomiine Bees in India (Hymenoptera, Halictidae)

Social or semisocial behavior in nomiine bees is here reported for the first time. InNomia capitata and perhaps inN. oxybeloides, presumed sister bees share cell clusters and cooperatively provision the same cells. Unlike other primitively social bees, the sisters simultaneously forage and oviposit. There is no apparent inhibition of the oviposition of daughters, although their nest-founding mother or perhaps an older sister appears to stay in the nest and continue to oviposit.
Television Viewing and Its Impact on Childhood Behaviors

Despite the emergence of new media technologies, television remains the most widely used screen media format. Unfortunately, concerns have arisen about its effects on the health and well-being of children and adolescents. This article reviews television usage trends and television’s impact on sleep, attention, and interpersonal relationships. American Academy of Pediatrics recommendations on television use are also discussed. Many studies on television viewing have cross-sectional designs, and longitudinal research is limited. However, research to date suggests that excessive television viewing is associated with negative effects on sleep, attention, and interpersonal relationships. As use of different media formats escalates, research across multiple specialties (including child psychiatry) will need to incorporate evaluation of media use into its assessments. More research and education are needed on the appropriate use of media in youth. Information on the health effects of television may also increase awareness of potential issues with less well-studied media formats.
The Dual Political Effects of Foreign Direct Investment in Developing Countries

This study revisits the political effect of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) on the level of democracy in developing countries. The author finds that FDI has dual political effects based on the panel corrected standard error (PCSE) analysis using panel data covering 124 developing countries from 1970 to 2005. Although the political effect of aggregate FDI is negative, FDI from developed democracies exerts a significant positive effect on democracy. FDI in the primary sector plays a negative role in the political development in developing countries. The author also finds a regional difference in the political effect of FDI due to uneven distribution of disaggregated FDI.
Palladium- and Nickel-Catalyzed Carbon–Carbon Bond Insertion Reactions with Alkylidenesilacyclopropanes

Palladium and nickel catalysts promoted highly selective carbon−carbon bond insertion reactions with di-tert-butyl-alkylidenesilacyclopropanes. Pd(PPh3)4 was demonstrated to be the optimal catalyst, allowing for a variety of carbon−carbon π-bond insertion reactions. Depending on the nature of the carbon−carbon π bond, the insertion reaction proceeded with either direct insertion into the carbon(sp2)−silicon bond or allylic transposition. Ring-substituted alkylidenesilacyclopropanes required a nickel catalyst to afford insertion products. Using Ni(cod)2 as the carbon−carbon bond insertion catalyst, new double alkyne insertion products and alkene isomerization products were observed.
Is a World State Just a Matter of Time? a Population-Pressure Alternative

Previous efforts to forecast political evolution have been atheoretical extrapolations, with time itself the only independent variable. A mathematical population-pressure theory of political evolut...
Heterosocial Perception in Child Molesters and Rapists

This study was designed to investigate child molesters' and rapists' perceptions of women's affect and sexual desire in first-date situations. Videotaped presentations of heterosexual couples in first-date situations were presented to 18 heterosexual child molesters, 9 homosexual child molesters, 25 rapists, 27 nonviolent non-sex offenders, and 30 violent non-sex offenders. For each videotaped segment, subjects categorized the woman's affect as rejecting, bored, neutral, friendly, or romantic and estimated how much sexual activity she desired after the date. Heterosexual child molesters, relative to their control group (nonviolent nonsex offenders), reported lower estimates of sexual desire when the women exhibited friendly and romantic affect. Heterosexual molesters also reported lower estimates of sexual desire and exhibited poorer categorization of affect relative to violent non-sex offenders when the women displayed romantic affect. Rapists did not show predicted affect-categorization deficits and did not report higher estimates of women's sexual desire relative to their control group.
Speech transmission through respiratory protective devices.

Abstract The articulation index, or measure of the intelligibility of the spoken word, has been determined for 15 respiratory protective devices in common use. These values have significance in the ability to communicate when wearing respiratory protection.
Time-of-day clock

A time-of-day clock system employing digital magnetic logic is described. The system design is directed toward the problem of minimizing the number of drivers commonly associated with large-scale magnetic logic systems. The clock system derives its basic count rate from a time-base generator which is realized through truncation of a maximal length linear pseudorandom sequence generated by a feedback shift register. The basic count rate is accumulated in a set of accumulators having semibidirectional properties derived from prime control logic to minimize the number of driver sections required. The design of a clock system based on a 0.01-hour time base derived from the 60-Hz power line frequency and accumulator capacity sufficient for 365 days is given.
Nurse-led pain management program: Effect on self-efficacy, pain intensity, pain-related disability, and depressive symptoms in chronic pain patients

Nurses routinely use a variety of nonpharmacologic and patient education interventions designed to reduce pain and promote independence. Research on group programs that combine these nursing strategies in a systematic approach provides evidence that chronic pain patients can realize an enhanced confidence in their ability to manage pain (improved self-efficacy) in addition to reductions in pain, emotional distress, and disability. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of participating in a nurse-led cognitive-behavioral treatment (CBT) pain management program on self-efficacy, pain intensity, pain-related disability, and depressive symptoms among patients with chronic pain. Pre- and postprogram data from 154 participants were examined to identify changes in pain intensity, self-efficacy, disability, and depressive symptoms. Mean differences, effect sizes, and 95% confidence intervals were computed for the study variables and paired t-tests were done to determine if changes were significant. Z-scores were then calculated. Pearson product moment correlations were examined to test the association between changes in self-efficacy and changes in the other variables of interest. Patients in this study reported significant improvements in all scores postprogram. Self-efficacy, pain-intensity, pain-related disability, and symptoms of depression can be changed through participation in a nurse-led outpatient CBT program. In concert with results from other research on CBT pain programs this study provides further evidence that reduction in suffering and improved sense of well-being is possible even for people who have experienced pain for many years.
Detecting covert timing channels: an entropy-based approach

The detection of covert timing channels is of increasing interest in light of recent practice on the exploitation of covert timing channels over the Internet. However, due to the high variation in legitimate network traffic, detecting covert timing channels is a challenging task. The existing detection schemes are ineffective to detect most of the covert timing channels known to the security community. In this paper, we introduce a new entropy-based approach to detecting various covert timing channels. Our new approach is based on the observation that the creation of a covert timing channel has certain effects on the entropy of the original process, and hence, a change in the entropy of a process provides a critical clue for covert timing channel detection. Exploiting this observation, we investigate the use of entropy and conditional entropy in detecting covert timing channels. Our experimental results show that our entropy-based approach is sensitive to the current covert timing channels, and is capable of detecting them in an accurate manner.
Numerical mode-matching method for the multiregion vertically stratified media (EM wave propagation)

The response of a source in the presence of an N-region, vertically stratified media is solved using the numerical mode-matching method. By treating the fields propagating in the direction parallel to the subboundaries of the stratified media in terms of the propagators, and by introducing the concepts of reflection operators, transmission operators, and generalized reflection operators, the two-dimensional problem is reduced to several one-dimensional problems, which are solved by the one-dimensional finite-element method (FEM). The one-dimensional method saves computer storage and computation time compared to the two-dimensional version. A formulation valid for a general N-region vertically stratified medium is derived. When there are only three regions, the results compare well with those in the literature. Some typical numerical results for N>3 are also shown. >
The application of direct current plasma spectrometry to the study of the fractionation of iron and phosphorus in surface waters

Abstract By use of a direct-current plasma as the excitation source for atomic-emission measurements, samples containing various amounts of particulate matter can be analysed with precisions of better than ± 10% relative standard deviation provided that particle agglomeration is controlled by acidification and/or filtration. Sample acidification and filtration can have profound effects on the determination of elemental fractionation and distribution in surface waters. By application of a controlled acidification and filtration process, the fraction of an element that is particle-bound and that which is soluble in water can be estimated. The magnitudes of the particle-bound and water-soluble fractions are influenced by a number of factors, including the concentration and average size of the solids in the water, the position of the sample in the water column, and the type of sediment underlying the water column.
A psychoeducational program for HIV seropositive persons

Abstract A psychoeducational program for individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is provided at the Naval Hospital (NH) Bethesda. Education is critical to help patients understand their medical condition, prevent transmission of the virus, and alter lifestyles that may compromise health. The educational program consists of eight classes in which patients receive information on the medical nature of HIV infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), the psychological impact of HIV infection, Navy career implications, how stress affects the immune system, how to reduce stress, how to prevent transmission of HIV through safer sex, religious issues connected with being at high risk for a fatal disease, and alcohol and drug issues. In this paper, background information is provided on the prevalence of AIDS, cofactors for development of AIDS, and how the virus is transmitted. The HIV program at NH Bethesda is described including contents of the eight classes, and a case is presented to facilitate understanding of emotional issues faced by the HIV-seropositive person.
Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-2 and -3 expression in benign human prostate epithelium, prostate intraepithelial neoplasia, and adenocarcinoma of the prostate

Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-binding proteins (IGFBPs) modulate the activity of IGFs. In vitro human prostate epithelial cells secrete IGFBP-2 and -3. In vivo IGFBP-2 is increased, and IGFBP-3 is decreased in the serum of patients with prostate cancer. Immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization were performed to compare the expression of IGFBP-2 and -3 in vivo in prostate tissue containing benign epithelium, high grade prostate intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN), and adenocarcinoma. Immunoreactivity and messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) hybridization signals for IGFBP-2 and -3 were localized to epithelial cells. IGFBP-2 immunostaining intensity was significantly increased in PIN regions compared to that in normal epithelium and was further increased in malignant cells. IGFBP-2 mRNA was also significantly increased in PIN and cancer cells. IGFBP-3 immunoreactivity was significantly increased in PIN regions compared to normal epithelium; however, IGFBP-3 protein was significantly decreased in malignant...
Cardiac iron across different transfusion-dependent diseases

Iron overload occurs in patients who require regular blood transfusions to correct genetic and acquired anaemias, such as beta-thalassaemia major, sickle cell disease, and myelodysplastic syndromes. Although iron overload causes damage in many organs, accumulation of cardiac iron is a leading cause of death in transfused patients with beta-thalassaemia major. The symptoms of cardiac iron overload will occur long after the first cardiac iron accumulation, at a point when treatment is more complex than primary prevention would have been. Direct measurement of cardiac iron using T2* magnetic resonance imaging, rather than indirect methods such as measuring serum ferritin levels or liver iron concentration have contributed to earlier recognition of myocardial iron loading and prevention of cardiac toxicity. Cardiac siderosis occurs in all transfusional anaemias, but the relative risk depends upon the underlying disease state, transfusional load, and chelation history. All three available iron chelators can be used to remove cardiac iron, but each has unique physical properties that influence their cardiac efficacy. More prospective trials are needed to assess the effects of single-agent or combination iron chelation therapy on the levels of cardiac iron and cardiac function. Ultimately, iron chelation therapies should be tailored to meet individual patient needs and lifestyle demands.
Non-isothermal flow of a liquid film on a horizontal cylinder

We consider the flow of a viscous liquid film on the surface of a cylinder that is heated or cooled. Lubrication theory is used to study a thin film under the influence of gravity, capillary, thermocapillary, and intermolecular forces. We derive evolution equations for the interface shapes as a function of the azimuthal angle about the cylinder that govern the behaviour of the film subject to the above coupled forces. We use both analytical and numerical techniques to elucidate the dynamics and steady states of the thin layer over a wide range of thermal conditions and material properties. Finally, we extend our derivation to the case of three-dimensional dynamics and explore the stability of the film to small axial disturbances.
Nietzsche, the Crisis and the War

As a fixed point for the orientation in this field of problems it is necessary to state the rule that political philosophers are not much of a cause in history insofar as any direct influence on specific actions is concerned, but that their work is effective, if at all, through the more subtle means of evocation, rationalizing support, or disenchantment. Nietzsche is no exception to this rule, though his case shows certain peculiarities of which the quantitative dimensions are a symptom; more copies of his works have been sold than of those of any other philosopher who ever has seen print, and the opprobrium attaching to his name in the more popular opinion is hardly matched even by that of Machiavelli. A first thought would suggest a relation between the success of an author and his influence, but a few second thoughts will show presently that the case is not as simple as its quantitative aspects seem to indicate. We can start our analysis best with some reflections on the very popular magical belief, of which Nietzsche like many other political thinkers has been a victim, that the political analyst who predicts an event is the cause of the event. A philosopher who is sensitive to symptoms of decay in the spiritual situation of his age will be able to chart the
Focusing in on P53 in hepatocellular carcinoma.

Human hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC) from patients in Qidong, an area of high incidence in China, in which both hepatitis B virus and aflatoxin B1 are risk factors, were analysed for mutations in p53, a putative tumour-suppressor gene. Eight of the 16 HCC had a point mutation at the third base position of codon 249. The G→T transversion in seven HCC DNA samples and the G→C transversion in the other HCC are consistent with mutations caused by aflatoxin B1 in mutagenesis experiments. No mutations were found in exons 5, 6, 8 or the remainder of exon 7. These results contrast with p53 mutations previously reported in carcinomas and sarcomas of human lung, colon, oesophagus and breast; these are primarily scattered over four of the five evolutionarily conserved domains, which include codon 249. We suggest that the mutant p53 protein may be responsible for a selective clonal expansion of hepatocytes during carcinogenesis. Bressac B, Kew M, Wands J, Ozturk M. Selective G to T mutations of p53 gene in hepatocellular carcinoma from southern Africa. Nature 1991;350:429–431. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a prevalent cancer in sub-Saharan Africa and eastern Asia. Hepatitis B virus and aflatoxins are risk factors for HCC, but the molecular mechanism of human hepatocellular carcinogenesis is largely unknown. Abnormalities in the structure and expression of the tumour-suppressor gene p53 are frequent in HCC cell lines, and allelic losses from chromosome 17p have been found in HCCs from China and Japan. Here we report on allelic deletions from chromosome 17p and mutations of the p53 gene found in 50% of primary HCCs from southern Africa. Four of five mutations detected were G→T substitutions, with clustering at codon 249. This mutation specificity could reflect exposure to a specific carcinogen, one candidate being aflatoxin B1, a food contaminant in Africa, which is both a mutagen that induces G to T substitution and a liver-specific carcinogen.
Progesterone-responsive urticaria and eosinophilia

A 30-year-old black albino woman was first observed with a 4-year history of monthly urticarial episodes associated with hypereosinophilia. Hives consistently began at the end of menses and lasted for 1 to 2 weeks. A comprehensive evaluation excluded underlying malignancy and infection. There was no evidence of extracutaneous visceral involvement consistent with the primary hypereosinophilic syndrome. A 6-month prospective evaluation was performed, during which daily hive symptoms were recorded and weekly determinations of eosinophils, serum total IgE, progesterone, estradiol, and 24-hour urine histamine were obtained. Eosinophil counts (range, 4002 to 37,350 cells per cubic millimeter) increased in association with the onset of hives and decreased to baseline levels after their resolution. The 24-hour urine histamine peaked at the onset of each urticarial episode. When serum progesterone levels increased, the hives were quiescent and peripheral eosinophils decreased to baseline levels. Progesterone caused in vitro dose-related inhibition of antihuman IgE-induced histamine release from peripheral basophils of this patient. Treatment with oral medroxyprogesterone resulted in remission of urticaria and a decrease in eosinophil counts. This patient represents a unique case of chronic cyclic urticaria and hypereosinophilia that appears to be modulated by the effects of progesterone.
Read between the lines: A Machine Learning Approach for Disambiguating the Geo-location of Tweets

This paper describes a Machine Learning (ML) approach for extracting named entities and disambiguating the location of tweets based on those named entities and related content. We conducted experiments with tweets (e.g., about potholes), and found significant improvement in disambiguating tweet locations using a ML algorithm along with the Stanford NER. Adding state information predicted by our classifiers increases the possibility to find the state-level geo-location unambiguously by up to 80%.
The effect of surface tension/viscosity ratio of melts on the sintering propensity of amorphous coal ash slags

Abstract Mechanical strength development in 20 amorphous coal ash slags sintered in air was examined. The sintering parameter expressed as the surface tension/viscosity ratio ( γ η ) of slags and determined above the temperature of critical viscosity (Tcv) was of basic importance. This parameter gave information on the ash densification propensity. The γ η ratio increased linearly with the base/acid ratio calculated from the ash composition. The compressive strength of sintered coal ash slags at 1000 and 1100 °C decreased significantly with increasing γ η ratio in the range 0–1 cm s−1. This was linked with the increase of creep deformation due to the movement of grains in the non-Newtonian liquid phase or the liquid-like second phase. The molecular volumes and quantity of the crystalline second phases, such as anorthite and gehlenite precipitated in the grain boundaries during the sintering process, were also important factors controlling the high strength of coal ash slags. The compressive strength increased with the γ η ratio in the range 1–8 cm s−1, owing probably to the variation of elastic and plastic contributions of the amorphous-crystalline interface. At this point, the deposit microstructures showed very low closed porosity, ~ 4%. The compressive strengths of amorphous coal ashes were significantly affected by pores on sintering at 900 °C for a constant time.
Frequency pulling of stimulated Raman scattering in microdroplets.

Spectral features observed in stimulated Raman scattering from 20-μm methanol droplets at 1-GW/cm2 pumping levels appeared locked in wavelength at the center of their respective gain profiles. Typically, a feature’s wavelength remained constant while the droplet size varied by as much as 0.3%. This is attributed to frequency-pulling effects caused by the presence of Raman gain. Wavelength shifts of up to ±0.5 nm in the positions of morphology-dependent resonances would explain the observations and are consistent with calculations.
Synthesis of a novel , tetra-crowned molecular cleft and studies of its selectivity in alkali metal ion complexation

Abstract A novel tetra-crowned cleft 1 has been synthesized and characterized spectrally, and its ability to extract and to transport alkali metal cations has been studied. Compound 1 generally displays greater affinity toward such cations, particularly K+ and Rb+, than do equivalent concentrations of either benzo-15-crown-5 or 2,3-naphtho-15-crown-5. The results obtained from alkali metal picrate extraction and alkali metal perchlorate transport studies both suggest that the spatially proximate benzo-15-crown-5 moieities in 1 may interact cooperatively with the guest cation, thereby forming a “sandwich” complex.
Micellar-enhanced ultrafiltration and air stripping for surfactant-contaminant separation and surfactant reuse

Micellar-enhanced ultrafiltration (MEUF) and air stripping were evaluated for surfactant-contaminant separation and surfactant recovery. Two linear alkyl diphenyloxide disulfonate (DPDS) surfactants were evaluated with the contaminants naphthalene and trichloroethylene. A separation model developed from micellar partitioning principles showed a good correlation to batch MEUF studies, whereas flux analysis highlighted concentration polarization effects in relation to hydrophobe length. MEUF effectively concentrated the surfactant-contaminant system (93 to 99% retention); however, this did not result in surfactant-contaminant separation. Batch and continuous flow air stripping models were developed based upon air/water ratio, surfactant concentration, and micellar partitioning; model predictions were validated by experimental data. Sensitivity analyses illustrated the decline in contaminant-surfactant separation with increasing surfactant concentration (e.g., TCE removal efficiency declines from 83% to 37% as C-16 DPDS concentration increases from 0 to 55 mM). This effect is greater for more hydrophobic contaminants (naphthalene vs. TCE) and surfactants with greater solubilization potential (C16-DPDS vs. C-12 DPDS). The resulting design equations can account for this effect and thus properly size air strippers to achieve the desired removal efficiency in the presence of surfactant micelles. Proper selection and design of surfactant-contaminant separation and surfactant recovery systems are integral to optimizing surfactant-enhanced subsurface remediation.
A CONVENIENT N-ACETYLATION OF INDOLES

(1977). A CONVENIENT N-ACETYLATION OF INDOLES. Organic Preparations and Procedures International: Vol. 9, No. 6, pp. 271-276.
Web-based enterprise computing

The paper considers how Web technologies have emerged as a credible alternative to client-server computing in the corporate enterprise. Web-based enterprise computing allows corporate IT to integrate disparate systems into a single, coherent environment. This shift from a traditional Web server with database connectivity to integrated systems that support the use of Web technologies facilitates business processes and allows corporations to service both internal and external customers effectively.
Treatment of refractory polymyositis and dermatomyositis

Polymyositis (PM) and dermatomyositis (DM) are autoimmune inflammatory diseases that primarily target muscle. Although similar, PM and DM have different pathophysiologic mechanisms. Current therapy for PM and DM does not take into account these pathophysiologic differences. Recent work has started to define outcome measures to apply to future therapeutic trials, which will allow better comparison of treatment outcomes. For patients who are unresponsive to standard therapy with high dose prednisone supplemented by methotrexate and/or azathioprine it is not clear what represents the next best choice for therapy. Although there are few controlled studies in the area, there is reason to be optimistic for use of intravenous methylprednisolone pulses, intravenous gammaglobulin, cyclosporine A, tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil, and rituximab for nonresponding patients. Better understanding of the underlying pathophysiology of PM and DM, as well as carefully performed multicenter clinical trials is going to be necessary to make better recommendations in the future.