cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Role of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology

The indications for ultrasound in obstetrics and gynecology are diverse; they include the diagnosis of pregnancy at as early as five or six weeks, determining that fetal death or growth retardation has occurred, locating a missing IUD, ruling placenta previa out (or in), among others. Innocuous and easily repeatable, the technique is rapidly gaining new adherents and new uses—in a variety of disciplines.
Alien Hand Syndrome

Alien hand syndrome (AHS) is a rare disorder of involuntary limb movement together with a sense of loss of limb ownership. It most commonly affects the hand, but can occur in the leg. The anterior (frontal, callosal) and posterior variants are recognized, with distinguishing clinical features and anatomical lesions. Initial descriptions were attributed to stroke and neurosurgical operations, but neurodegenerative causes are now recognized as most common. Structural and functional imaging and clinical studies have implicated the supplementary motor area, pre-supplementary motor area, and their network connections in the frontal variant of AHS, and the inferior parietal lobule and connections in the posterior variant. Several theories are proposed to explain the pathophysiology. Herein, we review the literature to update advances in the understanding of the classification, pathophysiology, etiology, and treatment of AHS.
Commentary on: An Anatomic Appraisal of Biplanar Muscle-Splitting Breast Augmentation.

Thank you very much to the editors for the invitation to comment on the cadaveric study, “An Anatomic Appraisal of Biplanar Muscle-Splitting Breast Augmentation.”1 I commend the authors for going back to the anatomy lab to further elucidate the nuances associated with this relatively new approach to breast augmentation. This laboratory study aims to identify a safe zone for performing the biplanar muscle-splitting (BMS) augmentation mammaplasty. I would like to offer my compliments and complements. First let me compliment the authors on a well-structured study and an honest presentation of the weaknesses of the study and areas for future research. Let me also say that I have no personal experience with the BMS technique. Before delving into the merits of the article, it is instructive to revisit the pectoral nerve anatomy to avoid confusion interpreting the literature and this study. The anatomy of the pectoral nerves is a bit confusing. The classic description has the pectoralis major innervated by two nerves; the lateral pectoral nerve and the medial pectoral nerve.2-7 Some authors describe three separate nerves.8-11 One author describes four different nerves.12 The nomenclature can cause confusion as well, anatomists name the nerves according to their origin from the brachial plexus. Unfortunately the course of the medial pectoral nerve is lateral to the lateral pectoral nerve. A very detailed and wonderfully illustrated study of the pectoral nerves by David et al deserves special attention by any aspiring surgeon of the pectoral region.9 In it, they describe a superior, middle, and inferior branch consistently found during 26 brachial plexus dissections. Most importantly the upper two branches (classically referred to as the …
Social Research in Africa

The African World: a survey of social research, is in my estimation one of the most important and unique attempts in African studies to interrelate the social sciences and the humanities; it has been edited for the African Studies Association by Robert A. Lystad (New York, Praeger, I965). The contributors, mainly American and British, are well-known scholars. Together they have brought out a volume on methodology that is unparalleled in multi-disciplinary comprehensiveness in African studies. This is a tribute not only to the authors but also to the development of scholarship on Africa, for the past two decades of accomplishments are richly represented here. The distinction of The African World is that it identifies new problems, raises new questions and deals with a wide variety of methodologies. It should be mandatory reading for students of African affairs. And it can be usefully employed by nonAfricanists dealing with multi-disciplinary and interdisciplinary aspects of area research.
Comb-Like Photon Pair Generation in Silicon Nitride Microring Resonators

We report a comb-like photon pair source with a high Coincidence to Accidental Ratio (CAR) in a silicon nitride microring resonator. We are able to generate up to 10 sideband pairs with a free spectral range of 378 GHz.
FDA’s Expedited Programs and Their Impact on the Availability of New Therapies:

The US Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA’s) Priority Review, Accelerated Approval, Fast Track, and Breakthrough Therapy programs have been successful in facilitating the drug approval process and...
Eliminating the Hardware-Software Boundary: A Proof-Carrying Approach for Trust Evaluation on Computer Systems

The wide usage of hardware intellectual property (IP) cores and software programs from untrusted third-party vendors has raised security concerns for computer system designers. The existing approaches, designed to ensure the trustworthiness of either the hardware IP cores or to verify software programs, rarely secure the entire computer system. The semantic gap between the hardware and the software lends to the challenge of securing computer systems. In this paper, we propose a new unified framework to represent both the hardware infrastructure and the software program in the same formal language. As a result, the semantic gap between the hardware and the software is bridged, enabling the development of system-level security properties for the entire computer system. Our unified framework uses a cross-domain formal verification method to protect the entire computer system within the scope of proof-carrying hardware. The working procedure of the unified framework is demonstrated with a sample embedded system which includes an 8051 microprocessor and an RC5 encryption program. In our demonstration, we show that the embedded system is trusted if the system level security properties are provable. Supported by the unified framework , the system designers/integrators will be able to formally verify the trustworthiness of the computer system integrated with hardware and software both from untrusted third-party vendors.
Solution Authoring via Demonstration and Annotation: An Empirical Study

A major impediment to the widespread deployment of intelligent training systems is the high cost of developing the content that drives their operation. Techniques grounded in end-user programming have shown great promise for reducing the burden of content creation. With these approaches, a domain expert demonstrates a solution to a task, which is then generalized to a broader model. This paper reports on a concept validation study that provides an empirical basis for the design of solution authoring frameworks based on end-user programming techniques. The study shows that non-expert users are comfortable with the approach and are capable of applying it to generate quality solution models. It also identifies constructs that, while important for accurate solution characterization, can lead to confusion and so warrant special care in tool design. Based on these results, we make recommendations for the design of solution-authoring tools in support of automated assessment for tutoring systems.
On or off the record? Detecting patterns of silence about death in Guatemala’s National Police Archive

This paper investigates how the production of police records was linked to the policies of repression and violence during Guatemala’s civil war. We provide empirical evidence from the Historical Archive of the Guatemalan National Police that the police used language, terminology and codes to record deaths in ways that produced silences about the level of violence during the height of repressive military rule. Using a dataset derived from a statistically valid sample of police records together with qualitative archival analysis, we find evidence of profound changes in the terminology used to record and report on deaths—changes that follow a pattern consistent with the policies of information control and concealment of the three different military regimes that ruled Guatemala between 1978 and 1985. We argue that researchers will need to consider the silences created through the selective use of terminology in documents when using archives to produce historical knowledge. Detecting and intercepting silence will be especially important as state records are increasingly sought in service of ongoing pursuits for truth and justice about past atrocities.
Pediatric ingestion of vilazodone compared to other selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor medications

AbstractBackground: Unintentional ingestion of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) medications is common amongst children <6 years of age. Current evidence-based management guidelines are based on a low incidence of significant medical outcomes in these children.Objective: To describe and compare outcomes of pediatric exposures to vilazodone with other SSRIs.Methods: A retrospective observational case series analysis of both single and polysubstance SSRI exposures amongst children <6 years old reported to the National Poison Data System (NPDS).Results: 11,384 SSRI exposures in children <6 years of age reported to NPDS between January 2012 and June 2016 were assessed. Vilazodone only accounted for 5.9% of all exposures, but resulted in the highest proportion of health care facility admission compared to other SSRIs, both in single substance (165 of 531 (31.1%); OR 9.0 [7.3–11.2]) and polysubstance (57 of 107 (53.3%); OR 4.1 [2.7–6.2]) exposures. Children exposed to vilazodone also have higher odd...
A Review of Treatments for Young Black Males Experiencing Depression.

The objective was to qualitatively examine the treatment effects of depression interventions on young, Black males (YBM) across treatment providers and settings via a review. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) seeking to ameliorate depressive symptomology in Black males ages 12–29 were eligible for inclusion. After review of 627 abstracts and 212 full-text articles, 12 studies were selected. These RCTs were organized into five categories based on the intervention method. We isolated only one study that targeted YBM exclusively. Additionally, only two treatment effect sizes for YBM were available from the data. While remaining RCTs did involve Black youth, disaggregated data based on race and gender were not reported. Overall, the lack of research specific to YBM prevented any strong conclusions about the treatment effects on depression for this population. Small sample size along with poor representation of YBM were trends in the selected studies that also posed an issue. Therefore, our review produced q...
p21/p53, cellular growth control and genomic integrity.

In the short time since its discovery in 1993, the prototype cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor p21 (CIP1, Harper et al. 1993; WAF1, El-Deiry et al. 1993; p21, Xiong et al. 1993a; CAP20, Gu et al. 1993; SDI1, Noda et al. 1994; MDA6, Jiang et al. 1995) has become an intensely studied molecule. Much has been learned about its molecular structure, biochemical interactions, and physiological role. p21 is a focal point that integrates many types of signals that impact on processes of cell division and cell death. Since 1995 to date there have been over 600 references in Current Contents dealing with WAF1 or CIP1 and they are increasing at a rate of up to 25 per week. The p53 field which dates back to 1979 has had some 6000 references on Medline since 1993. This chapter will highlight some of the recent discoveries emphasizing the role of p21 and p53 in growth control and the maintenance of genomic integrity.
Aging “Hot”: Images and Narratives of Sexual Desirability on Television

As women age, their sexual desirability is likely to diverge from what is presented as most coveted in American society: youthful, slim but curvy, firm, and fit. Media rarely feature actresses over the age of 50 as leading characters and when they do, they are usually relegated to caretaker or partner roles and they usually conform to gender traditional stereotypes. However, more recently, there have been a few television programs that focus specifically on older women’s sexualities and feature plotlines that center on their desire and desirability. The premise of the program Hot in Cleveland is that desirability is in the eye of the beholder. Using a comedic format, the show highlights the tensions between media and celebrity fueled standards for desirability and “real life” desirability. In this paper, based on a close analysis of five seasons of Hot in Cleveland, we explore these competing messages about midlife and older women’s appearance and sexualities and the way comic framing both challenges and reinforces dominant narratives of aging.
Stream metabolism heats up

Higher stream temperatures as the climate warms could lead to lower ecosystem productivity and higher CO2 emissions in streams. An analysis of stream ecosystems finds that such changes will be greatest in the warmest and most productive streams.
Formulation of Contact Problems by Assumed Stress Hybrid Elements

A modified complementary energy principle has been derived by introducing the continuity at contact surface as the condition of constraint and the reactions at contact surface as additional field variables. In the solution procedure an assumed contact surface is introduced and is divided into elements. An iterative procedure is used to obtain the correct location and extent of the contact surface. Example problems are limited only to elastic bodies under small deformations but are including extensive sliding between surfaces which may be either frictionless or frictional.
Wheat Gluten: Rheological and Gas Retaining Properties

Three general properties of the gluten proteins appear to be responsible for gluten's ability to product unique light products. First is the ability to form a cohesive dough. This probably results from the low charge density of the proteins, which allows for strong hydrogen and hydrophobic bonding. The second factor is the ability of the dough to retain gas. This appears to result from the slow diffusion of low molecular weight molecules, including carbon dioxide, through the gluten matrix. The third factor is the transformation of dough to bread. Little is known about this transformation.
Ras and exosome signaling

Abstract Ras gene (HRAS, NRAS, and KRAS) has been observed to be mutated and hyper-activated in a significant proportion of cancers. However, mutant Ras remains a challenging therapeutic target. Similarly, inhibition of targets upstream and downstream of Ras has shown limited clinical utility. There have been attempts to develop and deliver mutant K-Ras silencing RNAs either through their encapsulation in liposomes or nanoparticles. However, these approaches show very limited success due to the lack of stability of such carrier molecules alongside associated toxicity. There is a pressing need for the identification of better therapeutic targets for Ras or its associated pathways as well as improvements in the design of superior RNAi delivery systems to suppress mutant K-Ras. More than a decade ago, it was shown that aggregates of palmitoylated Ras isoforms (H-Ras and N-Ras) passage through the cytosol on rapidly moving nanosized particles ("rasosomes"). Fast forward a decade, considerable new knowledge has emerged in the area of small vesicles, microparticles, and exosomes. Exosomes are tiny vesicles and play a significant role in regulating cancer-related signaling pathways. Exosomes have also been studied as delivery vehicles to transport drugs, proteins, and microRNAs of choice for therapeutic purposes. K-Ras pathway proteins have been implicated in exosome biogenesis and extravasation processes. This review provides an update on the current knowledge related to K-Ras signaling and exosomes and also discusses how these tiny vesicles can be harnessed to successfully deliver the K-Ras silencing moieties.
SDT Mini-Theories Continued: Continuum of Motivation, Personality Aspects, Goal Orientations, and Relationships

This chapter introduces the balance of the mini-theories of self-determination theory. First is the concept that motivation is not a dichotomous construct (intrinsic or extrinsic). SDT researchers have confirmed that there are actually differing levels of extrinsic motivation and should be viewed as being on a continuum. They found that extrinsic motivations can become more self-regulated through a process known as internalization. The next SDT mini-theory, causality orientations theory (COT) provides an explanation to that question and pertains to personal characteristics that determine how people uniquely perceive and organize information. They have identified three distinct personality types, referred to as causality orientations. While these orientations are relatively stable aspects of our personality, we all possess levels of these orientations to some degree depending upon the environment. Goal orientations are also integral to motivation and well-being. SDT researchers found that desiring and achieving some goals satisfied basic psychological needs of autonomy, competency, and relatedness while others did not. Finally, the latest mini-theory to be added to SDT, relationship motivation theory (RMT), focuses on our perceptions about the basis of our relationships.
Ion transport in hydroxide conducting block copolymers

Hydroxide ion conducting block copolymers have the potential to possess the multiple properties required for anion exchange membranes to enable long-lasting alkaline fuel cell performance, and therefore can accelerate the advancement of the alkaline fuel cell, a low-cost alternative to the well-adopted commercial proton exchange membrane fuel cell. In this paper, an overview of hydroxide ion transport (a property that is proportional to fuel cell performance) in block copolymers will be presented and the subsequent impact of block copolymer morphology on ion transport (conductivity), where the careful design of block copolymer chemistry and chain architecture can accelerate hydroxide ion transport.
Multiobjective Evaluation and Optimization of CMT-bone on Intel Knights Landing

CMT-bone is a proxy-app for simulating compressible multiphase turbulence. The application uses discretization and numerical methods for solving partial differential equations. Hence, the application is compute intensive as well as memory intensive. Intel Knights landing (KNL) is the second generation MIC architecture from Intel. It delivers massive thread parallelism, data parallelism, and memory bandwidth in a CPU form factor. In this paper, we use Intel KNL to get a performance speedup of 1.8x in CMT-bone after applying different optimization techniques for Intel KNL.
State of the Art — Ecological Biomarkers

It is especially difficult to demonstrate the effect of environmental pollution at the Ecosystem level, where populations and communities are studied. Although pollution can produces stress at the Ecosystem level, the response observed is latent and so far removed from the initial event of exposure that causality is almost impossible to establish. Risk assessment to date has relied on models that use toxicity data and physical properties of chemicals. This approach has been ineffective at the Ecosystem level because of the complexity of pollutants in the environment and the variability in susceptibility of the numerous species present. The use of biological responses (biomarkers) in organisms present in a polluted environment is an approach that may resolve some of the problems outlined. Chemicals are known to elicit measurable and characteristic biological responses in exposed organisms. Such evidence can provide a link between exposure and effect. Unfortunately, this area of endeavor has received little attention until recently. It has only been within the past several years that authoritative texts have become available to document the application of this promising approach.
Management of incidental adrenal masses: an update.

To review the current evidence and guidelines for diagnosis and management of incidental adrenal masses with a focus on the recent changes made by the American College of Radiology (ACR) Incidental Findings Committee. Incidentally detected adrenal nodules are a commonly encountered finding estimated to occur in 5–7% of the adult population. By following current recommendations, radiologists can improve patient care by efficiently determining which masses require further diagnostic testing and which masses can be considered benign and not require further follow-up.
Effect of Resident Participation on Hysterectomy Outcomes in Morbidly Obese Patients

Study Objective To assess the effect of resident participation on hysterectomy-related complications in morbidly obese patients. Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting Tertiary-care academic medical center. Patients or Participants Patients with BMI > 40 kg/m2 who underwent any route of hysterectomy between 4/2014 and 3/2018 were eligible for inclusion. 225 patients were randomly selected, excluding patients with gynecologic malignancy or prior bariatric surgery. Interventions 108 patients with resident participation in hysterectomy were compared to 117 patients with no resident participation. Data was collected by manual chart review and polytomous logistic regression was used for analysis. Measurements and Main Results Mean BMI in the group with resident participation was 46.4 kg/m2, compared to 45.2 kg/m2 in the group with no resident (P=0.12). Mean operative time was 69 minutes longer in the group with resident participation (241.6 minutes v. 172.9 minutes, P Conclusion In this cohort of morbidly obese patients, resident participation in hysterectomy was associated with significantly longer operative time, substantially greater odds of complications occurring during surgery, and greater odds of any 30-day hysterectomy-related complication.
Can we keep patients home? Decreasing hospitalizations in the oral chemotherapy patient.

294Background: The Oncology Care Model (OCM) pilot includes all types of cancer with an aim to test whether additional funding for enhanced services and financial incentives to improve quality and ...
Clinic-based characterization of continuous headache in children and adolescents: Comparing youth with chronic migraine to those with new daily persistent headache.

ObjectiveTo describe the headache characteristics and functional disability of a large sample of treatment-seeking youth with continuous headache and compare these factors across diagnostic subgrou...
Myth of scattering in finite volume

In this notes, we illustrate why the infinite volume scattering amplitude is in fact dispensable when it comes to formulating few-body quantization condition in finite volume. Only subprocess interactions or interactions associated subprocess amplitudes are essential and fundamental ingredients of quantization conditions. After these ingredients are determined, infinite volume scattering amplitude can be computed separately. The underlying reasons are rooted in facts that (1) the final physical process is generated by all subprocess or interactions among particles; (2) the ultimate goal of quantization condition in finite volume is to find stationary solutions of few-body system. That is to say, in the end, it all comes down to the solving of eigenvalue problem, $\hat{H} | n \rangle = E_n | n \rangle $.
Medical Student Education During COVID-19: Electronic Education Does Not Decrease Examination Scores.

BackgroundDuring the COVID-19 emergency, medical students were mandated to remain home, creating challenges to providing education remotely for third-year clinical rotations. This study aims to ass...
FMRP regulates the subcellular distribution of cortical dendritic spine density in a non-cell-autonomous manner

Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the most common form of intellectual disability that arises from the dysfunction of a single gene-Fmr1. The main neuroanatomical correlate of FXS is elevated dendritic spine density on cortical pyramidal neurons, which has been modeled in Fmr1-/Y mice. However, the cell-autonomous contribution of Fmr1 on cortical dendritic spine density has not been assessed. Even less is known about the role of Fmr1 in heterozygous female mosaic mice, which are a putative model for human Fmr1 full mutation carriers (i.e., are heterozygous for the full Fmr1-silencing mutation). In this neuroanatomical study, spine density in cortical pyramidal neurons of Fmr1+/- and Fmr1-/Y mice was studied at multiple subcellular compartments, layers, and brain regions. Spine density in Fmr1+/- mice is higher than WT but lower than Fmr1-/Y. Not all subcellular compartments in layer V Fmr1+/- and Fmr1-/Y cortical pyramidal neurons are equally affected: the apical dendrite, a key subcellular compartment, is principally affected over basal dendrites. Within apical dendrites, spine density is differentially affected across branch orders. Finally, identification of FMRP-positive and FMRP-negative neurons within Fmr1+/- permitted the study of the cell-autonomous effect of Fmr1 on spine density. Surprisingly, layer V cortical pyramidal spine density between FMRP-positive and FMRP-negative neurons does not differ, suggesting that the regulation of the primary neuroanatomical defect of FXS-elevated spine density-is non-cell-autonomous.
Immunologic Considerations in Tissue Grafting

SUMMARY The major immunologic factor that determines the outcome of tissue grafting is graft rejection, mediated primarily by an antigenspecific T cell-activating process. Because autografting does not introduce into the recipient site any foreign antigen, the critical factor in initiating antigen-specific T-cell activation, autograft should be the best and safest method in maxillofacial reconstruction. Although autoimmune complications can occur rarely in the process of autografting, autogenous tissue should still be considered the first choice of grafting tissue when available.
A 63-Pixel Terahertz Focal-Plane Array for Terahertz Time-Domain Spectroscopy and Imaging

We present a high-sensitivity and broadband photoconductive terahertz focal-plane array with 63 pixels. We utilize a plasmonic nanoantenna array and an optical diffuser to provide a high spatial overlap between the received terahertz field and the optical pump beam to offer an efficient terahertz detection performance. We experimentally demonstrate more than a 60 dB signal-to-noise ratio and a 2 THz detection bandwidth for all of the pixels of the focal-plane array.
Preliminary Investigations into Use of Metomidate for Euthanasia of Ornamental Fishes

The goals of this study were to investigate the potential use of metomidate for one-step euthanasia of ornamental fish species representing commonly sold families in the ornamental fish trade and to determine a baseline euthanasia dose for most species tested. Metomidate hydrochloride, a rapid-acting, water-soluble, nonbarbiturate hypnotic related to etomidate, was tested at various concentrations and durations for euthanasia of species representing the following freshwater and marine aquarium fish families: Apogonidae, Ariidae, Blenniidae, Callichthyidae, Characidae, Cichlidae, Cyprinidae, Gobiidae, Gyrinocheilidae, Loricariidae, Melanotaeniidae, Osphronemidae, Pimelodidae, Poeciliidae, Pomacentridae, and Pseudochromidae. Fish in each trial were euthanized as a group (n = 1). Most groups contained 10-12 fish. Some higher doses required buffering. Euthanasia was considered successful if all fish in each group did not recover after 6 h in unmedicated water. All species immediately lost buoyancy and equilibrium, dropping to the tank bottom within 1 min and ceasing ventilation typically within minutes. However, reactivity to vibration, sound, or touch was noticeable for varying time periods afterward (8-66 min), so an additional 30 min of exposure after cessation of reactivity was included as part of the protocol. Although some species (Neon Tetras Paracheirodon innesi and Australian Rainbowfish Melanotaenia australis) were euthanized at a concentration of 40 mg/L metomidate for a total exposure time of 38 min, most species tested were successfully euthanized with metomidate at a concentration of 100 mg/L, with total exposure times ranging from 35-96 min. A few catfish species (Otocinclus sp. and Bronze Corydoras Corydoras aeneus) were refractory and recovered after 100 mg/L. However, Otocinclus sp. were successfully euthanized at 250 mg/L, and Bronze Corydoras were euthanized at 1,000 mg/L. Further studies are needed to provide additional data for these and other species and families, for different water chemistry conditions, and for various biological factors to fine-tune dosing regimens.
Near-infrared Materials: The Turning Point of Organic Photovoltaics.

Near-infrared (NIR) absorbing organic semiconductors have opened up many exciting opportunities for organic photovoltaics (OPVs) research. For example, new chemistries and synthetical methodologies have been developed; single junction solar cell efficiency has been improved from less than 5% to around 19%; novel device architectures such as tandem and transparent organic photovoltaics (TOPV) have been realized. The concept of NIR donors/acceptors thus became a turning point in the OPV field. In this article, we review the development of NIR absorbing materials for OPVs. According to the low-energy absorption window, here we classify NIR photovoltaic materials (p-type (polymers) and n-type (fullerene and non-fullerene)) into four categories: 700-800 nm, 800-900 nm, 900-1000 nm, and greater than 1000 nm. Each sub-section will cover the design, synthesis, and utilization of various types of donor (D) and acceptor (A) units. The structure-property relationship between various kinds of D, A units and absorption window will be constructed to satisfy requirements for different applications. Subsequently, we present a variety of applications realized by NIR materials, including transparent OPVs, tandem OPVs, photodetectors. Finally, we discuss challenges and future development of novel NIR materials for the next-generation organic photovoltaics and beyond. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Unsupervised Approaches for Out-Of-Distribution Dermoscopic Lesion Detection.

There are limited works showing the efficacy of unsupervised Out-of-Distribution (OOD) methods on complex medical data. Here, we present preliminary findings of our unsupervised OOD detection algorithm, SimCLR-LOF, as well as a recent state of the art approach (SSD), applied on medical images. SimCLR-LOF learns semantically meaningful features using SimCLR and uses LOF for scoring if a test sample is OOD. We evaluated on the multi-source International Skin Imaging Collaboration (ISIC) 2019 dataset, and show results that are competitive with SSD as well as with recent supervised approaches applied on the same data.
A second level multiprocessing cache for the i486DX and i860XP processors

The objective of the present work is to be a primer on the 82495/82490 cache. The authors introduce the basic architecture elements of the solution, and describe in detail the motivations for the chosen architecture. The 495/490 cache uses an innovative architecture with frequency scalability in mind. The cache supports the i486 DX and i860 XP processors, working at 50 MHz. A detailed description of the architecture of the 82495 and 82490 is provided. Special emphasis is given to the innovative architecture elements such as the handling of 2-way associative through the MRU (most-recently-used) scheme, and the handling of the multiprocessing MESI protocol in a hierarchy of L1 and L2 caches. Lastly, the authors provide performance results from simulations and system benchmarkings of the 82495/82490 cache. >
Cronkhite-Canada syndrome: report of an unusual case.

Abstract This report describes the findings in a 58-yr-old woman with multiple gastrointestinal polyps, associated with diarrhea, abdominal discomfort, hypoalbuminemia, alopecia, nail atrophy, and pigmentary changes. The patient met the criteria of the Cronkhite-Canada syndrome. Pathological evaluation of her polyps revealed regenerative (inflammatory) pseudopolyps, rather than true adenomatous polyps recorded in some earlier descriptions of patients with this syndrome. This is the first report of the association of Cronkhite-Canada syndrome with multiple myeloma.
The endometrial aspiration smear; research status and clinical value☆

Yu E ARE all aware of the impressive performance of vaginal and cervical smears in t.he diagnosis of early cancer of the cervix ; the high accuracy bids fair to reduce the mortality from this lesion.l-‘b In the detection of adenocarcinoma of the enclometrium, however, vaginal and cervical smears have proved disappointing. Therefore the endometrial aspiration smear has I)een developed, in an attempt. to overcome the intrinsic weaknesses of vaginal smears in endometrial diagnosis. In 1942, Papanicolaou and Jlarchetti’ described the use of this technique in the tliagnosis of c’anc’cr and other conclit.ions of the uterus. Herbut, and RakofY,” in 1951, c*nutionetl against the use of endometrial smears as a routine procedure hecause of the potential dangers in invading the uterine cavity. Bleegman and Speiser” ha\-e reljortecl their utilization of the technique it] gynecological practice. In order to provide a definit.ive evaluation of the endometrial aspiration smear as a diagnostic aid in the detection of endometrinl cancer, a preliminary study of 125 cases was undertaken at Sew York ITfliversity-ISellevue Rledical (‘enter in 1952.1u The results of this work tlemunstratetl the value of the endometrial smear in diagnosing early endolIletl*iill carcinoma. They indicated the potential use of the method in the study of other endometrial abnormalities, and it was shown to he a simple. Ilractical office 1)rocedure in qualified hands. Since t,his work was reported, 4,350 additional cases have heen analyzed. Of these. there were 901 in which the cytologic diagnosis was substantiated by tissue examination. 011 the basis of the analysis of these 901 cases, this paper will attentpt: (1) to clarify the cytology of endometrial cells; (2) to prove the value of endometrinl smears in diagnosing endometrial cancer; (3) to reaffirm the atlvnntages of the technique over vaginal and cervical smears in evaluating rndometrial pathology ; (4) to study furt,her enclometrial nhnornmlities other than canner; (5) to correlate the cytological diagnoses with pathological
Cardiovascular Disease in Small Animal Medicine

Introduction and Normal Reference Information The normal cardiovascular system The cardiovascular examination Cardiac radiography Electrocardiography Echocardiography Cardiovascular Problems Murmurs and abnormal heart sounds Cardiomegaly Cough Respiratory difficulty Jugular vein distension or pulsations Abdominal distension Subcutaneous edema Abnormal heart rate or rhythm Syncope and intermittent collapse Thromboembolic disease Management of heart failure Management of arrhythmias Cardiovascular Diseases Congenital cardiovascular diseases Acquired valve diseases Myocardial diseases of the dog Moycardial diseases of the cat Pericardial diseases and cardiac tumours Pulmonary distension Heartworm disease Systemic hypertension Index
Ethyl 3‐Oxo‐4‐Pentenoate (Nazarov's Reagent)

Ethyl 3-oxo-4-pentenoate (Nazarov's reagent) intermediate: ethyl 3-hydroxy-4-pentenoate product: ethyl 3-oxo-4-pentenoate Keywords: addition, to CO; addition, to CO; alkylation, C-alkylation; oxidation, CHOH CO; assay methods, for butyllithium, with diphenylacetic acid; diisopropylamine; ethyl acetate; Jones' reagent; tetrahydrofuran; acrolein, toxicity; chromium waste
On the map: American cartography in 2015

Maps have changed. The language of maps reflects a new discourse on adaptability, accessibility, and compatibility. The discipline of Cartography has been through a rapid transformation phase and i...
Biofilm/Mat Assays for Budding Yeast

Many microbial species form biofilms/mats under nutrient-limiting conditions, and fungal pathogens rely on this social behavior for virulence. In budding yeast, mat formation is dependent on the mucinlike flocculin Flo11, which promotes cell-to-cell and cell-to-substrate adhesion in mats. The biofilm/ mat assays described here allow the evaluation of the role of Flo11 in the formation of mats. Cells are grown on surfaces with different degrees of rigidity to assess their expansion and three-dimensional architecture, and the cells are also exposed to plastic surfaces to quantify their adherence. These assays are broadly applicable to studying biofilm/mat formation in microbial species.
Effect of intergenic consensus sequence flanking sequences on coronavirus transcription

Insertion of a region, including the 18-nucleotide-long intergenic sequence between genes 6 and 7 of mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) genomic RNA, into an MHV defective interfering (DI) RNA leads to transcription of subgenomic DI RNA in helper virus-infected cells (S. Makino, M. Joo, and J. K. Makino, J. Virol. 66:6031-6041, 1991). In this study, the subgenomic DI RNA system was used to determine how sequences flanking the intergenic region affect MHV RNA transcription and to identify the minimum intergenic sequence required for MHV transcription. DI cDNAs containing the intergenic region between genes 6 and 7, but with different lengths of upstream or downstream flanking sequences, were constructed. All DI cDNAs had an 18-nucleotide-long intergenic region that was identical to the 3' region of the genomic leader sequence, which contains two UCUAA repeat sequences. These constructs included 0 to 1,440 nucleotides of upstream flanking sequence and 0 to 1,671 nucleotides of downstream flanking sequence. An analysis of intracellular genomic DI RNA and subgenomic DI RNA species revealed that there were no significant differences in the ratios of subgenomic to genomic DI RNA for any of the DI RNA constructs. DI cDNAs which lacked the intergenic region flanking sequences and contained a series of deletions within the 18-nucleotide-long intergenic sequence were constructed to determine the minimum sequence necessary for subgenomic DI RNA transcription. Small amounts of subgenomic DI RNA were synthesized from genomic DI RNAs with the intergenic consensus sequences UCUAAAC and GCUAAAC, whereas no subgenomic DI RNA transcription was observed from DI RNAs containing UCUAAAG and GCTAAAG sequences. These analyses demonstrated that the sequences flanking the intergenic sequence between genes 6 and 7 did not play a role in subgenomic DI RNA transcription regulation and that the UCUAAAC consensus sequence was sufficient for subgenomic DI RNA transcription.
Phase I Trial of 40-kd Branched Pegylated Interferon Alfa-2a for Patients With Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma

PURPOSE: Pegylated (40 kd) interferon alfa-2a (IFNα2a) (PEGASYS, Hoffman-La Roche, Nutley, NJ; PEG-IFN) is a modified form of recombinant human IFNα2a with sustained absorption and prolonged half-life after subcutaneous administration. A phase I study of PEG-IFN with pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluations was conducted in previously untreated patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twenty-seven patients were enrolled onto cohorts of three or six patients. PEG-IFN was administered on a weekly basis by subcutaneous injection. The dose was escalated from 180 μg/wk to a maximum of 540 μg/wk in 90-μg increments. Serial venous blood samples were drawn to assess concentrations of PEG-IFN and two immunologic surrogates, neopterin and 2′-5′ oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS). RESULTS: The maximum-tolerated dose was determined as 540 μg/wk, because two patients experienced dose-limiting toxicity within 28 days of starting treatment. One developed serum grade 3 ALT elevation, a...
Dan Adams—Bugher Foundation Champion for Training and Collaboration

Over the years, we have recognized the contributions of many of our professional members who we have lost. It is not often that the Stroke community acknowledges the loss of someone who was not a healthcare professional, scientist, or administrator, but who has made a major contribution to the mission of the American Stroke Association. Our community has lost a great philanthropist, supporter, and creative thinker with the death of Dan Adams who oversaw the Bugher Foundation, a family foundation that blossomed into one of the nation’s leading funders of stroke research. Dan was 75 and died on June 30, 2015, accompanied by his loved ones near his home in Greenwich, CT, after losing his battle with acute myeloid leukemia. Survivors include his wife, Suzanne, sons Bryan and Bruce, Bruce’s wife, Lee, and Bruce and Lee’s daughters, Margaret and Lucy. He was preceded in death by another son, Danny. Dan Adams became a leader in the fight against stroke through his involvement and leadership of the Henrietta B. and Frederick H. Bugher Foundation. Since 1986, the Bugher Foundation has funded >$36 million in heart and stroke studies overseen by the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. During the last 3 cycles, their main focus has been stroke research largely because of Dan’s vision to tackle studies that were innovative, collaborative, and could truly have an impact on stroke. This foundation is the most generous research donor in the American Heart Association’s (AHA) history. Three generations of the Adams family have been involved with the foundation since its inception. Dan’s father, Nelson Adams, helped start the Bugher Foundation, and Dan’s sons, Bryan and Bruce, are among the current trustees. Part of the reason the Bugher Foundation played such a prominent role in Dan’s life was its role as a bridge between generations: …
Earnings Predictability and the Direction of Analysts' Earnings Forecast Errors

Das et al. (1998) suggest that as earnings become less predictable, analysts issue increasingly optimistic forecasts to please managers and consequently gain, or at least limit the loss of, access to managers' private information. We reexamine the association between earnings forecast error and earnings predictability because there is evidence suggesting that deliberate earnings forecast optimism is not an effective mechanism for gaining access to managers' information (e.g., Eames et al. 2002; Matsumoto 2002). We document associations between earnings level and both forecast error and earnings predictability. These associations suggest that earnings level may be an important control variable when examining the association between forecast error and earnings predictability. When we control for the level of earnings we find no significant association between forecast error and earnings predictability. Thus, we find no evidence that analysts intentionally issue optimistically biased earnings forecasts.
On the brain and human status

Earl W. Count. Being and Becoming Human: Essays on the Biogram. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co. Behavioral Science Series, 1973. xv + 349 pp. Tables, bibliography, and index. $14.95 (cloth; $6.95 (paper). Harry J. Jerison. Evolution of the Brain and Intelligence. New York: Academic Press, 1973. xiv + 482 pp. Illustrations, figures, tables, index, and bibliography. $25.00.
Dynamic stress intensity factor of a cylindrical interface crack with a functionally graded interlayer

This paper presents the dynamic stress intensity factor of a cylindrical interface crack located between two coaxial dissimilar homogeneous cylinders that are bonded with a functionally graded interlayer and subjected to a torsional impact loading. The shear modulus and mass density of the functionally graded interlayer are taken to vary continuously between those of the two coaxial cylinders. The mixed boundary value problem involved is reduced to a singular integral equation with a Cauchy-type kernel in the Laplace domain by applying Laplace and Fourier integral transforms. The expressions for the dynamic stress intensity factor at the crack tips are derived in detail and the results are displayed after solving the singular integral equation numerically and performing numerical Laplace inversions. It is found that the relative magnitudes of the adjoining material properties, the graded interlayer thickness, and the crack length, all have significant effects on the dynamic stress intensity factor.
Mastication in the little brown bat, Myotis lucifugus.

The masticatory apparatus of the vespertilionid bat Myotis lucifugus appears generalized. Principal modifications for more efficient trituration have involved accessory tooth cusps. Chewing strokes pass through orbits (up to 7/sec) involving translations along and rotation about three axes. Direction of chewing typically reverses by at least the fifth or sixth consecutive orbit. Reversal involves modification of the downstroke at varying positions along its course. Compared to certain other bats, which do not utilize oral phonation for echolocation, Myotis chews much more rapidly, with many more degrees of freedom in orbital configuration. The overall envelope of motion is remarkably similar in all these species. The jaw muscles of Myotis act asymetrically, and in more than one direction as the orbit progresses. They overlap in their periods of activity forming a continually-modified muscular sling. Unilateral force couples facilitate orthal rotation at the condyles and movements of them. Bilateral couples, pitting protrusors of one side against retrusors of the other, facilitate lateral translation. The pterygoids are instrumental in continuing motion across the top and bottom of the orbit. Countercontractions are particularly important in stabilizing and protecting the temporomandibular joints. The mandibular symphyseal joint appears to act passively, providing additional flexibility for the system. Higher nervous control beyond the simple jaw-opening reflex appears necessary to explain the firing order of the digastrics and the phase relationship of orbital reversal to overall muscular firing intensity. Control mechanisms, ancillary phenomena and comparative aspects are discussed.
Quantitative Analysis of Aluminum Alloys by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy and Plasma Characterization

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy has been applied to perform elemental analysis of aluminum alloy targets. The plasma is generated by focusing a pulsed Nd:YAG laser on the target in air at atmospheric pressure. Such a plasma was characterized in terms of its appearance, emission spectrum, space-integrated excitation temperature, and electron density. The electron density is inferred from the Stark broadening of the profiles of ionized aluminum lines. The temperature is obtained by using Boltzmann plots of the neutral iron lines. Calibration curves for magnesium, manganese, copper, and silicon were produced. The detection limits are element-dependent but are on the order of 10 ppm.