cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Isolation of subcellular-sized particles separated by electrophoresis in dilute polymer solution, using commercial electrophoresis apparatus with intermittent scanning of fluorescence.

Resolution of subcellular-sized particles in electrophoresis employing semi-dilute polymer solutions as "sieving media" improves as the polymer concentration is decreased. Therefore, the previously reported conditions of preparative electrophoresis of microsomes, using concentrated (12%) polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) solutions, while solving the problem of non-entrance of large particles into "sieving media", do not provide adequate resolving capacity, as exemplified by failure of the microsome preparation used, to resolve in the manner of gels or dilute solutions. The present report provides the conditions under which the HPGE-1000 apparatus can be preparatively applied when the electrophoretic separation is effectively conducted in a dilute polymer solution. The isolation of three microsome components under those conditions constitutes the first application of "particle sieving", i.e., a separation due preponderantly to size and shape differences, at a preparative scale.
Adaptive and Repetitive Control for Rejecting Repeatable and Non-Repeatable Runout in Rotating Devices

This paper presents a control scheme for rejecting both repeatable and non-repeatable runout components of disturbances occurring in rotational devices. To exemplify this method, implementation and experimental results for track following control of a computer hard disk drive (HDD) read/write heads are presented. Aiming for high performance, the control design involves two steps. The first is the design and tuning of a recursive least-squares (RLS) based scheme intended to achieve minimum variance performance. The second step integrates repetitive and adaptive control schemes in a real-time implementation to compensate for variations and changes in the disturbance dynamics. The repetitive part of this controller targets specific periodic disturbances. The adaptive part compensates for broad bandwidth stochastic disturbances. The key element in this design is the formulation of an appropriate optimization problem, solvable recursively by applying recursive adaptive algorithms. Experimental results obtained from the implementation of this method in a commercial HDD demonstrates the effectiveness of this approach.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Measurement of the interface adhesion of solid oxide fuel cells by indentation

Abstract The adhesion between two adjacent layers in a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) is critically important to ensure the desired performance. However, measuring the interface adhesion is very difficult because most layers in an SOFC are brittle and/or porous. This paper introduces a simple technique for the quantitative measurement of interface adhesion of SOFCs. A hard, spherically tipped indenter is driven through the top layer(s) and into the underlying substrate of a plate SOFC specimen. Extensive plastic deformation of the substrate causes an interface annular crack. The interface adhesion is then calculated from the radius of the annular crack. The indentation method should be suitable for the adhesion measurement of any SOFC with a porous support. A measurement procedure and the related calculation equations for determining the interface adhesion are presented in this paper. The interface adhesion of a cermet-supported SOFC with a doped ceria electrolyte for operation at 400–600 °C was measured to demonstrate the use of the indentation method. The measurement indicated that the cermet-supported SOFC had sufficient interface adhesion.
Schmidt number and near-bed boundary condition effects on a two-phase dilute sediment transport model

[1] In this paper we investigate a concentration-dependent Schmidt number description and two near-bed boundary conditions, empirical pickup and reference concentration, for a dilute two-phase sediment transport model with a k-ɛ fluid turbulence closure. The pick-up approach adopts an empirical formula to calculate the upward sediment flux, whereas the reference concentration approach relates the upward sediment flux to the concentration at a reference location above the initially undisturbed bed. Through model-data comparisons with data measured in the U tube, we show that the variation of Schmidt number only affects the magnitude of calculated concentration and is insensitive to the predicted phase of concentration time histories. The predicted phase is found more sensitive to the near-bed sediment boundary condition. A concentration-dependent Schmidt number is then introduced, which improves the predictions of magnitude and phase of concentration. Using the concentration-dependent Schmidt number, the reference concentration approach generally predicts suspended sediment concentration better than the pick-up approach does.
Femtosecond pulse amplification at 250 kHz with a Ti:sapphire regenerative amplifier and application to continuum generation

Ultrashort optical pulses have been amplified to 1.7 μJ of energy at a repetition rate of 250 kHz with a novel cw argon-pumped Ti:sapphire regenerative amplifier. Acousto-optic switching of the amplifier is used to achieve the high repetition rate. Chirped-pulse amplification is used to avoid nonlinear effects in the amplifier. After recompression, 1-μJ, 130-fs pulses are obtained and are used to generate a white-light continuum in an ethylene glycol jet.
An ADPCM Receiver for NTSC Composite Video Signals

An ADPCM codec for carrying one broadcast quality NTSC color TV channel at a bit rate of 42.9 Mb/s has been proposed. The system uses 3 fsc sampling, adaptive intrafield contour prediction, adaptive quantization., 4/8-bit dual length coding, and horizontal blanking interval suppression techniques. The receiver of.the video codec is designed and implemented in ECL for recovery of the original signal. The receiver accepts.a 42.9 Mb/s serial data stream with a synchronous clock from the transmitter. The receiver detects the line synchronization code, demultiplexes the audio signal and video signal, and generates the horizontal blanking patterns which have been removed at the transmitter side. The 4/8-bit dual length code is decoded and fed to the ADPCM reconstruction loop to obtain the reconstructed active video signal. The generated horizontal blanking pattern is multiplexed with the reconstructed video=signal and sent through a D/A converter to form the reconstructed analog NTSC composite video signal.
Calculation of free magnesium, calcium and potassium in muscle

Abstract Based on the apparent binding constants of the compounds formed by interaction of the cations Mg2+, Ca2+ and K+ with adenosine triphosphate, creatine phosphate and myosin, the distribution of Mg2+, Ca2+ and K+ in an average frog muscle is calculated by means of equations which represent the multiple equilibria involved.
Miscibility, phase separation and volumetric properties in solutions of poly(ɛ-caprolactone) in acetone + CO2 binary fluid mixtures at high pressures

Abstract Miscibility and phase separation behavior, and the volumetric properties of poly(ɛ-caprolactone) (PCL) solutions in acetone + CO2 binary fluid mixtures were investigated for PCL concentrations of 2.0, 5.0, 9.0, 12.0, 15.0, 25.0 and 34.9 wt% at temperatures up to 410 K and pressures up to 28 MPa. Experiments were carried out by using a unique high pressure variable-volume view-cell equipped with a dual set of pistons and dual set of sapphire windows which permit measurements of both the transmitted light intensities for determination of phase boundaries, and the scattered light intensities for assessment of the mechanism and the kinetics of phase separation. The system allows the continuous recording of the piston positions and thus the solution densities as a function of pressure at a given temperature from which liquid–vapor or liquid–liquid–vapor phase boundaries are easily assessed and the isothermal compressibilities and isobaric expansivities are readily evaluated. It is shown that these solutions display lower critical solution temperature (LCST) type behavior with respect to their liquid–liquid (LL) phase boundaries and the LL phase separation proceeds via nucleation and growth for 2.0, 5.0, 25.0 and 34.9 wt% solutions and via spinodal decomposition for 9.0, 12.0, and 15.0 wt% solutions. It is shown that the LL phase separation pressure which is a function of temperature scales with the solution density and shifts to higher densities with increasing polymer concentration, with the rate of change of LL phase separation pressure with density becoming higher at concentrations above the critical polymer concentration. The compressibilities in the homogeneous mixtures are found to decrease with increasing PCL concentration. At pressures below the LL phase separation pressures, the rate of decrease in compressibility with pressure is higher which is interpreted as being a consequence of the difference in the phase compositions of the polymer-lean and polymer-rich phases that develop at pressures below LL phase separation. Isobaric expansivities increase with temperature at a given pressure. They become more sensitive to temperature at lower pressures. The excess volumes for all PCL solutions display large negative values, indicative of close-packing of the polymer plus solvent molecules.
Examining Temporal Processes in Diary Studies

Researchers have long recognized the utility of the diary method for studying variations in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Drawing on the idea that daily events have consequences that are realized both “in the moment” and prospectively over time, we describe a conceptual and statistical framework emphasizing the temporal aspect of diary data. Including temporal effects (i.e., Lagged and concurrent × Lagged terms) expands the scope of the hypothesis being tested by allowing the researcher to examine the association between prior day’s event on the current day’s outcome, as well as the extent to which a prior day’s event makes an individual more or less responsive to an event today. Finally, we provide a detailed description of the procedures necessary to prepare the dataset, and secondary analysis of data from a recently published study illustrates our recommendations.
Acetaminophen-induced alterations in pancreatic β cells and serum insulin concentrations in B6C3F1 mice

Administration of acetaminophen (500 mg/kg) to male B6C3F1 mice resulted in alterations of pancreatic β cell ultrastructure. These alterations were characterized by pronounced intercellular spaces, cytoplasmic vacuolization, damaged membranes of cytoplasm, secretory granules, and other organelles, and pyknotic nuclei with disrupted membranes. Concomitant with these changes, acetaminophen also caused increases in serum insulin concentrations from 24 μU/ml at 0 time to 160 μU/ml at 8 hr and increases in serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) concentrations from 42 to 13,279 U/liter, which indicated hepatic damage. Quantitation of 3-(cystein-S-yl)acetaminophen adducts in hepatic 10,000g supernatant protein using a particle concentration fluorescence immunochemical assay indicated a positive correlation between binding and the occurrence of the hepatotoxicity consistent with that has been previously reported; however, 3-(cystein-S-yl)acetaminophen protein adducts were not detected in pancreatic 10,000g supernatant. Immunohistochemical analysis of the liver and pancreas from acetaminophen-treated mice revealed acetaminophen-protein adducts in the centrilobular regions of the liver but not in the pancreatic islets. Doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg produced no evidence of hepatotoxicity and no increase in serum insulin; 300 mg/kg and higher doses produced both hepatotoxicity and increased serum insulin concentrations. A comparison of the time course for the increase in serum levels of ALT and insulin following a toxic dose of acetaminophen indicated that the increase in ALT preceded the increase in insulin. Thus the hepatotoxicity of acetaminophen correlates with the formation of 3-(cystein-S-yl)acetaminophen protein adducts in liver, which supports the concept that this toxicity is mediated by the reactive metabolite N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine; however, the toxicity of acetaminophen to β cells in the pancreas is apparently not mediated by this mechanism.
Topography of Earth's inner core boundary from high-quality waveform doublets

SUMMARY Precise determination of the topography of a major internal boundary of the Earth is difficult because of the trade-off with the unknown velocity structure above it. However, the discoveries of the inner core (IC) rotation and high-quality teleseismic waveform doublets make the precise mapping of the topography of the inner core boundary (ICB) possible. Here we examine IC refracted (PKP-DF) and reflected (PKP-CD) waves recorded at the Yellowknife Array and other global stations from 14 high-quality doublets, among a large collection of doublets in S. Sandwich Islands that are recently discovered. Our results show clear evidence for spatial and temporal variations of IC reflections in traveltimes and in waveforms. If the time separation (dT) between the two members of the doublet is less than 3 yr, the IC arrivals show little temporal change in traveltimes or waveforms. If dT is greater than about 6 yr, some doublets show large variations but some others do not. The ICB regions beneath Atlantic and Indian Oceans show little temporal change. The regions that show large variations are beneath Africa and the Central America, which coincide with large seismic anomalies at the core–mantle boundary (CMB). Inside these two ICB regions, there are fine-scale (km scale) variations. The largest temporal changes of IC reflections are about 0.10 to 0.14 s, corresponding to a topographic variation of up to about 3.7 to 5.2 km. The results suggest ICB topography of a few kilometres on fine to regional scales. The geographical coincidence of the ICB and CMB anomalies may suggest strong thermal coupling of the mantle and the core. Dynamic models include a bumpy ICB rotating with the IC itself or a transient slurry boundary containing a mixture of molten materials and solidified patches of iron crystals, which is rapidly modified by the turbulence at the base of the convecting outer core. If the former is the main cause of the observed temporal change of the topography, the IC rotation is required to be an oscillation, whose half period has an upper limit of a few hundred years.
Believing the Axioms. I

§0. Introduction. Ask a beginning philosophy of mathematics student why we believe the theorems of mathematics and you are likely to hear, “because we have proofs!” The more sophisticated might add that those proofs are based on true axioms, and that our rules of inference preserve truth. The next question, naturally, is why we believe the axioms, and here the response will usually be that they are “obvious”, or “self-evident”, that to deny them is “to contradict oneself” or “to commit a crime against the intellect”. Again, the more sophisticated might prefer to say that the axioms are “laws of logic” or “implicit definitions” or “conceptual truths” or some such thing.Unfortunately, heartwarming answers along these lines are no longer tenable (if they ever were). On the one hand, assumptions once thought to be self-evident have turned out to be debatable, like the law of the excluded middle, or outright false, like the idea that every property determines a set. Conversely, the axiomatization of set theory has led to the consideration of axiom candidates that no one finds obvious, not even their staunchest supporters. In such cases, we find the methodology has more in common with the natural scientist's hypotheses formation and testing than the caricature of the mathematician writing down a few obvious truths and preceeding to draw logical consequences.The central problem in the philosophy of natural science is when and why the sorts of facts scientists cite as evidence really are evidence. The same is true in the case of mathematics. Historically, philosophers have given considerable attention to the question of when and why various forms of logical inference are truth-preserving. The companion question of when and why the assumption of various axioms is justified has received less attention, perhaps because versions of the “self-evidence” view live on, and perhaps because of a complacent if-thenism.
Exploiting the finite-alphabet property for cooperative relays

We consider, in this paper, the design of a cooperative relay strategy by exploiting the finite-alphabet property of the source. Assuming a single source-sink pair with L relay nodes all communicating in orthogonal channels, we derive necessary conditions for optimal relay signaling that minimizes the error probability at the sink node. The derived conditions allow us to construct an iterative algorithm to find the distributed relay signaling that is at least locally optimal. As a byproduct, one can show that the so-called decode-and-forward (DF) relay scheme does not satisfy the necessary condition hence is not optimal in its error probability performance. Indeed, numerical examples show that the proposed scheme provides substantial performance improvement over both DF and the amplify-and-forward approach.
Crystal Structure of Human Methyl Binding Domain IV Glycosylase Bound to Abasic DNA

The mammalian repair protein MBD4 (methyl-CpG-binding domain IV) excises thymine from mutagenic G·T mispairs generated by deamination of 5-methylcytosine (mC), and downstream base excision repair proteins restore a G·C pair. MBD4 is also implicated in active DNA demethylation by initiating base excision repair of G·T mispairs generated by a deaminase enzyme. The question of how mismatch glycosylases attain specificity for excising thymine from G·T, but not A·T, pairs remains largely unresolved. Here, we report a crystal structure of the glycosylase domain of human MBD4 (residues 427-580) bound to DNA containing an abasic nucleotide paired with guanine, providing a glimpse of the enzyme-product complex. The mismatched guanine remains intrahelical, nestled into a recognition pocket. MBD4 provides selective interactions with the mismatched guanine (N1H, N2H(2)) that are not compatible with adenine, which likely confer mismatch specificity. The structure reveals no interactions that would be expected to provide the MBD4 glycosylase domain with specificity for acting at CpG sites. Accordingly, we find modest 1.5- to 2.7-fold reductions in G·T activity upon altering the CpG context. In contrast, 37- to 580-fold effects were observed previously for thymine DNA glycosylase. These findings suggest that specificity of MBD4 for acting at CpG sites depends largely on its methyl-CpG-binding domain, which binds preferably to G·T mispairs in a methylated CpG site. MBD4 glycosylase cannot excise 5-formylcytosine (fC) or 5-carboxylcytosine (caC), intermediates in a Tet (ten eleven translocation)-initiated DNA demethylation pathway. Our structure suggests that MBD4 does not provide the electrostatic interactions needed to excise these oxidized forms of mC.
A Cold Atmospheric-Pressure Helium Plasma Generated in Flexible Tubing

Cold atmospheric-pressure plasma jets (APPJs) have been the topic of much interest recently. An understanding for most of the plasma generation and jet mode operation has been developed using glass as the tubing material. We are showing the operation of APPJs in flexible Teflon tubings. This material is important not only because it allows the plasma device to be flexible but also because it is commonly used in the medical industry. Therefore, even if jet mode operation is not achieved, plasma with a low gas temperature and confined to the inner side of the tubing is highly desirable as a potential cleaning tool.
Identifying and Evaluating Patterns in Cardiorespiratory Physiology

SYNOPSIS. A major theme of many papers in this symposium is the identification of broad physiological trends and patterns that extend beyond the boundaries of data from individual studies. Recognizing patterns in everything from hypoxic ventilatory patterns to regulation of blood gases not only helps the investigator understand specific data sets, but also helps place those data in a broad context. Yet, recognizing physiological patterns is confounded by two factors: phylogenetic relationships and physiological state. Fortunately, the last decade has seen infiltration of sound evolutionary theory, including tools of cladisitic analysis and population genetics, into more and more studies of comparative physiology. However, even when an experimenter carefully accounts for phytogeny, differences in physiological state in the experimental animals can still obscure physiological patterns. Two informal categories of physiological state are described, the first obvious and frequently controlled for, and the second less obvious and typically not controlled for. Examples of the latter, including seasons, rhythms, prandial effects and sex of the animal, are developed to show how ignoring these can lead to considerable misleading variation in cardiorespiratory data sets. Considering physiological state is vital in producing reliable data that can be used meaningfully for delineating broad physiological patterns.
Effluent Volume in Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy Overestimates the Delivered Dose of Dialysis

Summary Background and objectives Studies examining dose of continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) and outcomes have yielded conflicting results. Most studies considered the prescribed dose as the effluent rate represented by ml/kg per hour and reported this volume as a surrogate of solute removal. Because filter fouling can reduce the efficacy of solute clearance, the actual delivered dose may be substantially lower than the observed effluent rate. Design, setting, participants, & measurements Data were examined from 52 critically ill patients with acute kidney injury (AKI) requiring dialysis. All patients were treated with predilution continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration (CVVHDF) and regional citrate anticoagulation. Filter performance was monitored during the entire course of therapy by measuring blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and dialysis fluid urea nitrogen (FUN) at initiation and every 12 hours. Filter efficacy was assessed by calculating FUN/BUN ratios every 12 hours of filter use. Prescribed urea clearance (K, ml/min) was determined from the effluent rate. Actual delivered urea clearance was determined using dialysis-side measurements. Results Median daily treatment time was 1413 minutes (1260 to 1440) with a total effluent volume of 46.4 ± 17.4 L and urea mass removal of 13.0 ± 7.6 mg/min. Prescribed clearance overestimated the actual delivered clearance by 23.8%. This gap between prescribed and delivered clearance was related to the decrease in filter function assessed by the FUN/BUN ratio. Conclusions Effluent volume significantly overestimates delivered dose of small solutes in CRRT. To assess adequacy of CRRT, solute clearance should be measured rather than estimated by the effluent volume.
Role of epigenomics in ovarian and endometrial cancers.

Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecologic malignancy and while constituting only 3% of all female cancers, it causes 14,600 deaths in the USA annually. Endometrial cancer, the most diagnosed and second-most fatal gynecologic cancer, afflicts over 40,000 US women annually, causing an estimated 7780 deaths in 2009. In both advanced ovarian and endometrial carcinomas, the majority of initially therapy-responsive tumors eventually evolve to a fully drug-resistant phenotype. In addition to genetic mutations, epigenetic anomalies are frequent in both gynecologic malignancies, including aberrant DNA methylation, atypical histone modifications and dysregulated expression of distinct microRNAs, resulting in altered gene-expression patterns favoring cell survival. In this article, we summarize the most recent hypotheses regarding the role of epigenetics in ovarian and endometrial cancers, including a possible role in tumor ‘stemness’ and also evaluate the possible therapeutic benefits of reversal of these oncog...
Load-balanced clustering of wireless sensor networks

Wireless sensor networks have potential to monitor environments for both military and civil applications. Due to inhospitable conditions these sensors are not always deployed uniformly ion the area of interest. Since sensors are generally constrained in on-board energy supply, efficient management of the network is crucial to extend the life of the sensors. Sensors' energy cannot support long haul communication to reach a remote command site and thus requires many levels of hops or a gateway to forward the data on behalf of the sensor. In this paper, we propose an algorithm to network these sensors in to well define clusters with less energy-constrained gateway nodes acting as cluster-heads, and balance load among these gateways. Simulation results show how our approach can balance the load and improve the lifetime of the system.
Determination of the Sum of Bilirubin Sugar Conjugates in Plasma by Bilirubin Oxidase

Background: A reliable indicator of cholestasis is the presence of abnormal concentrations of bilirubin mono- and diglucuronide [conjugated bilirubin (CB)] in blood. A routine assay of CB is available only to those who possess a certain type of clinical analyzer. We describe a two-point manual method for CB that could be adapted as a rate assay to automated clinical analyzers. Methods: The measurement of CB is based on its oxidation to biliverdin by bilirubin oxidase. The resulting decrease in absorbance at 460 nm is proportional to the CB concentration. The assay is calibrated with solutions of ditaurobilirubin in human serum. Results: Under the conditions of the assay (0.1 mol/L glycine buffer, pH 10.0; reaction time, 2 min), only 5% of unconjugated bilirubin is oxidized and δ-bilirubin is not oxidized at all. Results obtained with the bilirubin oxidase method agreed well with those obtained by HPLC. The long-term CVs at CB concentrations of 6 and 63.4 mg/L were 20% and 2.6%, respectively. The reference values, established by analyzing 51 plasma specimens from healthy adults, were 0.0–1.2 mg/L, with a mean value of 0.2 mg/L. Conclusions: The proposed method for CB has good analytical specificity and obviates the requirement for HPLC or a dry chemistry analyzer. The measurement of CB in blood is superior to the measurement of direct bilirubin because an abnormal concentration of direct bilirubin does not necessarily indicate the presence of cholestasis.
An Australian Perspective on a Global Phenomenon: Initiatives to Place Women on Corporate Boards of Directors

In the United States, the representation of women on corporate boards of directors has been flat for 6 years now. By contrast, elsewhere around the world the topic is a hot button issue. This includes Australia where the proportion of board seats held by women has suddenly jumped from 8% in 2010 to nearly 14% today. The Australian Stock Exchange (ASX) has adopted a “comply or explain” diversity disclosure requirement (for emphasis termed an “if not, why not” disclosure requirement), which emphasizes gender diversity. The requirement is even more stringent than the London Stock Exchange (LSX) comply or explain regulation adopted after the Lord Mervyn Davies Report on women in corporate governance appeared in February 2011. The Australian Institute of Company Directors also has instituted a mentoring/sponsorship program, the first of its kind in the world, designed to obtain board seats for women. This article reviews these Australian as well as global developments, including enactment of quota laws (especially Norway and France), certificate and pledge programs (“Rooney Rules”), and hard law disclosure requirements (United States).
Interleukin-1 and the Interleukin-1 Type 1 Receptor are Essential for the Progressive Neurodegeneration that Ensues Subsequent to a Mild Hypoxic/Ischemic Injury

Excessive inflammation has been implicated in the progressive neurodegeneration that occurs in multiple neurological diseases, including cerebral ischemia, and elevated levels of the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-1 (IL-1) have been shown to exacerbate brain damage, whereas diminishing IL-1 levels limits the extent of injury. However, to date there is no consensus regarding which receptor(s) mediates the detrimental effects of IL-1. Because we have previously demonstrated that signaling through the IL-1 type 1 receptor (IL-1R1) is necessary for microglial activation and because results from other studies have implicated microglia as effectors of neurodegeneration, we hypothesized that inactivating the IL-1R1 would decrease the extent of damage caused by a hypoxic-ischemic (H/I) insult. It is shown that a mild insult initiates progressive neurodegeneration that leads to cystic infarcts, which can be prevented by inactivating the IL-1R1. The IL-1R1 null mice also show preserved sensorimotor function at 1 month's recovery. The mild insult induces multiple proinflammatory cytokines and activates microglia, and these responses are dramatically curtailed in mice lacking the IL-1R1. Importantly, the neuroinflammation precedes the progressive enlargement of the infarct, suggesting that the inflammation is causal rather than a consequence of the brain damage. These findings show that abrogating the inflammation consequent to a mild H/I insult will prevent brain damage and preserve neurological function. Additionally, these data incriminate the IL-1R1 as a master proinflammatory cytokine receptor.
Sensitivity and resolution limit of pulse-echo diffraction tomography imaging systems

The objective of this paper is to present a comprehensive analysis of the resolving capability of diffraction tomography using finite-size receiving apertures based on the span of spatial spectral coverage. The analysis is performed on both the transmission and reflection modes, and can be generalized into various data acquisition configurations. In addition, the analysis provides an important link to other tomographic systems such as the classical X-ray tomography and synthetic aperture radar systems.
EXTENDING LANGUAGE ACTION

A theory of language pedagogy, particularly with respect to the teaching of English to so-called nonstandard speakers, must rely on the research contributions of linguistics, psycholinguistics, and sociolinguistics. But language pedagogy models of the past, perhaps relying too heavily on contributive disciplines, particularly descriptive contrastive analysis, tended to ignore the social (economic, racial, cultural) reality of the learner. New language programs with the professed purpose of improving communicative and academic competence must also draw on the individual's learning/communication strategies as a base for language instruction. Some of the strategies can be formalized for instructional purposes in a model-Extending Language Action (ELA). ELA provides the framework for language instruction which extends the learner's language ability through participation in social actions that place him in new and sometimes unexpected language producing situations.
The effects of a life skills program on the social and academic performance of freshman student-athletes

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of participation in a Life Skills program for freshman student-athletes on academic and social performance. Subjects (n = 38) were freshman student-athletes participating in varsity athletics at Western Washington University during Fall Quarter 2010. The treatment group (n = 21) met for one hour, twice a week and completed a Life Skills Seminar Course (LSSC) designed and taught by the researcher. Subjects completed both the Student Adaptation to College Questionnaire (SACQ) and the College Self-Efficacy Inventory (CSEI) at the beginning and conclusion of the course. A two-way ANOVA between-within was used to analyze adjustment and selfefficacy outcomes and means of the fall quarter grade point average were calculated and compared for both the treatment and the control group. No statistically significant interactions were found between time (preor post-measures) or groups (treatment and control) of student-athlete adaptation to college as measured by the SACQ or student-athlete college self-efficacy as measured by the College Self-Efficacy Inventory CSEI. No significant relationship between the grade point average (GPA) of the two groups was found although the GPA for seminar participants was 2.98, which was .35 points higher than the GPA for the control group participants. Despite no significant relationships in the measures, student-athletes reported on the effectiveness of participation in the LSSC through evaluations and described the course content as being beneficial to their general knowledge.
Dragon-elephant Relationship in the South China Sea Imbroglio

This article paper will not only survey the significance of the South China Sea in terms of its strategic location, oil resources, economic and marine biological diversity; but will also review competing over-lapping claims to the sea area by different countries, potential territorial disputes among the countries, and finally analyze the role of the Dragon-Elephant duo in the region. The string of pearls is one of the most important world trade routes. And any disturbance in this region will draw the attention of countries like the US, Japan, and India. It is very likely that China will be extremely cautious in protecting its string, and will wage wars with any state that tries to stop it from controlling that string. If leaders contemplate militarizing these "pearls," it would be difficult for Beijing to convince South Asian counterparts that hosting PLAN bases is in their best interests. However, there are serious doubts about the feasibility of such a plan.
More effective drugs lead to harder selective sweeps in the evolution of drug resistance in HIV-1

In the early days of HIV treatment, drug resistance occurred rapidly and predictably in all patients, but under modern treatments, resistance arises slowly, if at all. The probability of resistance should be controlled by the rate of generation of resistance mutations. If many adaptive mutations arise simultaneously, then adaptation proceeds by soft selective sweeps in which multiple adaptive mutations spread concomitantly, but if adaptive mutations occur rarely in the population, then a single adaptive mutation should spread alone in a hard selective sweep. Here, we use 6717 HIV-1 consensus sequences from patients treated with first-line therapies between 1989 and 2013 to confirm that the transition from fast to slow evolution of drug resistance was indeed accompanied with the expected transition from soft to hard selective sweeps. This suggests more generally that evolution proceeds via hard sweeps if resistance is unlikely and via soft sweeps if it is likely.
Leading Individual Development and Organizational Change Around Learning, Meaning, and Nurturing Environment

The ProblemToday’s organizations compete for top talent in a global marketplace. Employees seek work that is interesting and meaningful, where they can be engaged and continuously learning. While m...
Abstract 5354: HPV-16 E7 oncoprotein induces centriole multiplication through deregulation of PLK4, a master regulator of centriole biogenesis

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated neoplasms exhibit abnormal centrosome and centriole numbers that can cause mitotic defects, chromosome missegregation and aneuploidy. Centrosomes are the major microtubule-organizing centers in most mammalian cells and orchestrate the formation of mitotic spindle poles. The centrosome consists of a pair of centrioles that normally duplicate precisely once prior to mitosis. The HPV-16 E7 oncoprotein has been found to rapidly stimulate centriole overduplication within a single cell division cycle, thereby increasing the risk for cell division errors. We discovered that this activity of the HPV-16 E7 oncoprotein involves the concurrent formation of multiple daughter centrioles at single maternal centrioles (centriole multiplication). We found that deregulated cyclin E/cyclin dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) activity, as occurs following HPV-16 E7 oncoprotein expression, leads to the aberrant recruitment of polo-like kinase 4 (PLK4) to maternal centrioles, which is subsequently degraded by the SCF ubiqutin ligase complex. These and several other results underscore that the level of PLK4 at maternal centrioles is rate-limiting for centriole multiplication. Hence, we asked whether the HPV-16 E7 oncoprotein can alter PLK4 expression and/or localization. We found aberrant PLK4 protein expression at maternal centrioles in primary human keratinocytes engineered to stably express HPV-16 E7. Real-time quantitative RT-PCR revealed an increase in PLK4 transcription in keratinocytes stably expressing HPV-16 E7. The ability of HPV-16 E7 to upregulate PLK4 mRNA was found to depend on its ability to degrade the retinoblastoma (pRb) protein, suggesting a role of E2F-mediated gene transcription in deregulation of PLK4. Collectively, these results highlight the critical role of PLK4 as a regulator of centriole biogenesis and identify PLK4 as a novel target for small molecules to prevent centriole abnormalities, mitotic infidelity and malignant progression in HPV-associated neoplasms. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5354.
Pyrolysis Simulation in an ICP Torch Facility

In this study we investigate the interaction of pyrolysis gas from an ablating material with different, high-temperature gases present in the thermal boundary layer formed over the material in a plasma test facility. We present information on the impact of pyrolysis gas on the heat flux, the thermo-chemistry and the flow pattern at the stagnation point in the near surface region. A parallel investigation of pyrolysis using a simulation probe is also presented. The simulation probe provides a steady CO2 gas flow into the oncoming plasma flow through a porous graphite plug to mimic the release of gas through the charred layer of an actual ablator. Tests are performed in pure N2, air and CO2 plasma flows. All experiments are conducted in the 30 kW Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) Torch Facility at the University of Vermont. Data are presented for varying gas injection velocities and plasma chamber pressures and the results are compared with tests of a phenolicimpregnated carbon ablator (PICA).
The Comparison of Early Vocabulary Study among Lü Shu-xiang,Wang Li and Gao Ming-kai

Grammarians have always been concerning about the vocabulary study.This article shows us the differences of early vocabulary study among Lu Shuxiang,Wang Li and Gao Ming-kai from three sides which are the standard of disting uishing vocabulary,the classification of vocabulary and the limitation of distinguishing vocabulary.
Dialectal and generational variations in vowels in spontaneous speech.

The pronunciation patterns across dialect regions in the United States are changing. This paper examines acoustic differences between the vowels of old and middle-aged adults produced in spontaneous speech. The new developments in regional vowels systems found recently in citation-form vowels and in read speech were confirmed in the present analysis. While providing additional evidence for the existence of sound change on the basis of spontaneous speech data, this work exemplifies the important challenges facing researchers using spontaneous speech in laboratory analyses such as the loss of fine experimental control or the usefulness of statistical assessment.
World War II and the development of global indigenous identities

ABSTRACTThe indigenous rights movement emerged in the last quarter of the twentieth century, establishing a newly conceptualized identity claimed not on the grounds of shared culture, language or ancestry but on shared experience as native peoples marginalized by colonial expansion. This article examines how the Second World War created conditions favouring the emergence of indigenous identity as a global concept. Using a comparative perspective, this paper considers two ways in which war conditions affected indigenous peoples: by highlighting issues of citizenship, loyalty and military service; and by altering how combatant powers evaluated indigenous cultures. While the experiences of particular groups varied widely, the wartime era focused attention on both policies of assimilation and assertions of distinctiveness, creating a fluid context for change. A global, comparative perspective offers insight into the role of the war era in understanding the relationship between indigenous activism and the inte...
The Case of General Grigorenko.

Pyotr Grigorievich Grigorenko was the perfect realization of the Bolshevik dream. Emerging from the humblest soil of Czarist Russia, he rose to the highest precincts of Soviet power. An ardent patriot, a committed communist and effective leader, he became a Major General in the Red Army, exercised a deep and seminal influence on Soviet military theory, and was showered with medals, honors and promotions through five loyal decades of his Soviet life. In the early nineteen-sixties, at the height of his career, he turned dissident. Arrested, he was psychiatrically examined, declared mentally ill, and committed to prison hospitals for the criminally insane. Two years ago, after reaching the West, he asked for a second opinion on his psychiatric condition. This is a report on the examinations and the findings.
Involvement of cellular immunity and humoral immunity in mixed allergy induced by trichloroethylene

Objective To investigate whether cellular immunity and humoral immunity are involved in trichlorethylene (TCE)-induced mixed allergy,then provide the scientific basis for the mechanism of this disease.Methods Guinea pigs and rats were tested for this study by application of guinea pig maximization test (GPMT),the animals were randomly divided into negative control,positive control and TCE treatment groups.Animals of these groups were administrated with olive oil,2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB),and TCE,respectively,by intradermal injection.After TCE administration,rat peripheral blood samples were collected by flow cytometry to detect lymphocytes CD3+,CD4+,CD8+.Guinea pig peripheral blood samples were collected to detect the levels of IgG,IgA,IgM,C3,C4,and the spleens were taken out from guinea pigs after various treatment,mRNA expression of GATA3,T-bet,CTLA4 and Foxp3 in lymphocytes of guinea pig spleen was detected by real-time fluorescent PCR assay.Additionally,TCE allergic dermatitis patients were selected for the study,the peripheral blood samples were collected from the TCE patients group and control group,quantitative PCR was applied to detect mRNA expression of immune-related genes Foxp3,GATA3,CTLA4,T-bet.Results TCE induced obvious skin allergic reaction in guinea pigs,the sensitization rate was 83.3％,IgG levels in TCE group and positive control increased significantly.Additionally,mRNA expression levels of GATA3,T-bet,CTLA4 significantly elevated in TCE group and positive control,but Foxp3 mRNA levels decreased.The lymphocytes CD3+ ratio in TCE group and positive control of rats was higher than that in negative control,we found that there was no statistical difference of CD4+,CD8+,CD4+/CD8+ between TCE group and negative control of rats.The mRNA expression levels of Foxp3,GATA3,CTLA4 in TCE patients increased by 115％,97％,241％,respectively as compared with the control,T-bet levels decreased by 47％ when compared with the control.Conclusions TCE could induce obvious changes of cellular immunity and humoral immunity in guinea pigs,rats,and TCE patients,these findings indicated that TCE-induced immunological disorder belongs to the mixed allergy with involvment of cellular immunity and humoral immunity,the mixed allergy might be type Ⅳ and type Ⅱ allergy. Key words: Trichloroethylene; allergy; Cellular immunity; Humoral immunity
Performance-approach goal effects depend on how they are defined: Meta-analytic evidence from multiple educational outcomes.

Achievement goal theory originally defined performance-approach goals as striving to demonstrate competence to outsiders by outperforming peers. The research, however, has operationalized the goals inconsistently, emphasizing the competence demonstration element in some cases and the peer comparison element in others. A meta-analysis by Hulleman et al. (2010) discovered that students’ academic achievement was negatively predicted by performance-approach goals that focus on appearing talented, but positively predicted by performance-approach goals that focus on outperforming peers. The present meta-analysis extends that pattern to numerous other educational outcomes, such as competence perceptions and self-regulation. It does so while also removing a confound (i.e., the sample’s mean age) that varies systematically along with the type of performance-approach goal measure employed in studies. Discussion explores when and why the 2 types of performance-approach goals are most likely to diverge versus converge. It also considers 2 potential directions that goal theory can take to incorporate the 2 performance-approach goals.
Implications of Monosaccharides in Sticky-Cotton Processing

The analytical method for gas chromatography of trimethylsilyl derivatives of the water-surfactant-soluble components and/or natural contaminants of cotton fibers was refined and utilized. Results of this semiquantitative method support the findings that content of reducing sugars is correlated with “stickiness” of cotton, and that growing conditions, processing history, and maturity of cotton directly affect the components present and their concentrations.
Acupuncture for the Treatment of Adults with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

ABSTRACTAcupuncture has been suggested as a treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), yet its clinical effects are unclear. This review aims to estimate effects of acupuncture on PTSD symptoms, depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, and sleep quality for adults with PTSD. We searched 10 databases in January 2016 to identify eligible randomized controlled trials (RCTs). We performed random effects meta-analyses and examined quality of the body of evidence (QoE) using the GRADE approach to rate confidence in meta-analytic effect estimates. Seven RCTs with 709 participants met inclusion criteria. We identified very low QoE indicating significant differences favoring acupuncture (versus any comparator) at post-intervention on PTSD symptoms (standardized mean difference [SMD] = −0.80, 95% confidence interval [CI] [−1.59, −0.01], 6 RCTs), and low QoE at longer follow-up on PTSD (SMD = −0.46, 95% CI [−0.85, −0.06], 4 RCTs) and depressive symptoms (SMD = −0.56; 95% CI [−0.88, −0.23], 4 RCTs). No signifi...
When climate change predictions are right for the wrong reasons

Just over 40 years ago, I wrote a paper entitled “Climate change: Are we on the brink of a pronounced global warming?” In it, I attempted to explain why despite a rise in the atmosphere’s CO2 content there had been no significant warming. I predicted that a natural cooling was about to give way to a warming, and that industrial emissions of CO2 would amplify this warming. The paper published in Science in 1975. Warming did follow in 1976–1977. However, a retrospective look shows that my analysis was flawed. What is more—and to my chagrin—based on the words “global warming” in my Science paper, I was given the title “Father of Global Warming.” Not only did I not like this title, I had done little to merit it.