cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Making Medicine Care

In their book, Hostility to Hospitality, Michael and Tracy Balboni describe the social and historical forces that have conspired to separate religion from the practice of medicine. Seeing the harm in that separation, and offering evidence that both patients and clinicians are open to more of a religious and spiritual presence in caregiving, the authors propose a strategy for reintroducing religion to the clinic. Progress toward their commendable goal of “restoring hospitality to medicine” would be facilitated by a more complete understanding of how secular and sacred spiritualties inform the practice of medicine, analysis of the parallels between the introduction of ethics and the demise of religion in medicine, and consideration of the predictable problems with “structural pluralism,” the authors’ proposal for reuniting religion and medicine.
On Trust and Disgust: Evidence From Face Reading and Virtual Reality:

We report three studies exploring the relationship between disgust and trust. Study 1a measured emotions using face-reading technology while participants played a repeated trust game. We observed a...
Cranioplasty: Does Timing Have Any Effect on the Degree of Neurological Recovery or the Complication Rate?

Decompressive craniectomy is commonly performed to relieve elevated intracranial pressure caused by trauma, stroke, hemorrhage, or edema [1–9]. Cranioplasty is often subsequently performed to restore cranial cosmesis, provide cerebral protection, and facilitate neurological rehabilitation [10, 11]. Cranioplasty itself has been shown to provide neurological improvement and the question of how long to wait before cranioplasty has received considerable attention [12–18]. Most surgeons wait for recovery from the initial indication for decompressive craniectomy with resolution of edema and inflammation, but often these patients can be lost to follow up for months to years [19]. Recent studies indicate that earlier cranioplasty may improve neurologic recovery and avoid certain complications [12, 15, 18, 19]. This chapter will use findings from two published meta-analyses on the association between the timing of cranioplasty on neurological improvement and complication rate to evaluate the current level of evidence and provide clinical and research recommendations [12, 18].
The Role of External Support in Improving K-3 Reading Outcomes in New York City:

This study documents the collective capacity of the external support providers working to improve K-3 reading outcomes in New York City. Interviews and social network surveys with a sample of the 1...
Treatment strategies for carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteraceae infections

Carbapenems have been used as the"last line"for treating infections caused by resistant Enterobacteriaceae, however in resent years emergence of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae(CRE)have been reported worldwide. CRE often is multi-drug resistant bacteria, extensively drug resistant bacteria or pan-drug resistant bacteria. It is increasing year by year and becoming an important threat to global health. Producing carbapenemases is the main mechanism of its drug resistant.Carbapenemases deactivate carbapenems and most other β-lactam antibiotics and make the patients almost no drug to use. It is reported CRE infections occurred mainly in ICU and the prognosis is poor. At present, there is no optimal treatment method and the antibotics option is very limited. This article introduced the prevalence drug resistant mechanisms and treatment strategies of CRE. Key words: Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae; Carbapenemases; Resistant bacteria; Therapy,
Expression of follistatin is associated with egg formation in the oviduct of laying hens

The objective of this study was to examine the expression profiles of follistatin (FST) and its associated molecules (MSTN, INHA, INHBB, INHBA, ACVR2A, and ACVR2B) in the oviduct of laying hens at 3 hr and 20 hr post-ovulation (p.o., n = 5; 35 weeks old), molting (n = 5; 60 weeks old), and non-laying (n = 4; 35-60 weeks old) hens and also to localize the FST by using immunohistochemistry assay. Expression of FST was significantly higher (p < .05), and MSTN was lower in the uterus of laying hens around 15-20 hr p.o. (during eggshell formation), however, their expressions in the magnum remain unchanged across different physiological stages of hens. FST was mainly expressed in the luminal and glandular epithelium of the uterine tissues, and their expression intensity was highest in laying hens during the eggshell mineralization. There was a relatively increased expression of INHA in the magnum of laying hens around 3 hr p.o. as compared to non-laying and molting hens. At the same time (3 hr p.o.), there was a significant (p < .05) decrease in the expression of the INHBB, ACVR2A, and ACV2B. These results indicate that follistatin may regulate the differentiation of uterine luminal and glandular epithelium during eggshell biomineralization.
Molecular Mechanisms of Plant–Microbe Interactions in the Rhizosphere as Targets for Improving Plant Productivity

Within the zone of root–soil interactions, the rhizosphere is a dynamic populated area which forms the first plant-influenced habitat encountered by soil microorganisms. The plant–microbe interactome includes a spectrum of mutualistic and parasitic relationships in the rhizosphere region, of which the interactions between plant and the growth promoting bacterial as well as plant-arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis are of prime importance. These beneficial interactions are involved in promoting plant growth and development under biotic and abiotic stresses usually by direct release of microbial secretions and plant exudates in the root-soil surface area. Molecular mechanisms governing these complex root–soil–microbe interactions remain largely unknown, which hampers the development and use of reliable technologies like genome editing to engineer the components of rhizosphere for improved plant health and productivity. The aim of this chapter is first to explore the current understanding and knowledge gaps of the molecular pathways used by the symbionts during the interactions between plant and rhizosphere microbial community, and second to review the strategies for manipulating the rhizosphere region with the focus on engineering the root H+ efflux and organic anions, secondary metabolite composition of root exudates, and plant sink strength through alterations in root biomass accumulation and belowground carbon allocations for improved plant performance.
572. Antiviral Toxicities Among Pediatric Solid Organ Transplant Recipients

Background Ganciclovir (GCV) and valganciclovir (VGCV) are used for prophylaxis (PPX) and treatment for CMV in pediatric solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients, but the frequency and impact of toxicities from these medications are not well described.
Fluorescence guided surgery for pituitary adenomas

Resection of pituitary adenomas presents a number of unique challenges in neuro-oncology. The proximity of these lesions to key vascular and endocrine structures as well as the need to interpret neuronavigation in the context of shifting tumor position increases the complexity of the operation. More recently, substantial advances in fluorescence-guided surgery have been demonstrated to facilitate the identification of numerous tumor types and result in increased rates of complete resection and overall survival. A review of the literature was performed, and data regarding the mechanism of the fluorescence agents, their administration, and intraoperative tumor visualization were extracted. Both in vitro and in vivo studies were assessed. The application of these agents to pituitary tumors, their advantages and limitations, as well as future directions are presented here. Numerous laboratory and clinical studies have described the use of 5-ALA, fluorescein, indocyanine green, and OTL38 in pituitary lesions. All of these drugs have been demonstrated to accumulate in tumor cells. Several studies have reported the successful use of the majority of the agents in inducing intraoperative tumor fluorescence. However, their sensitivity and specificity varies across the literature and between functioning and non-functioning adenomas. At present, numerous studies have shown the feasibility and safety of these agents for pituitary adenomas. However, further research is needed to assess the applicability of fluorescence-guided surgery across different tumor subtypes as well as explore the relationship between their use and postoperative clinical outcomes.
Handbook of distance education: edited by Michael Grahame Moore and William C. Diehl, New York, Routledge, 2018, 4th Edition, xxv + 606 pp., RRP £84.00 (paperback), ISBN 978-1-138-23900-5

Educators with technology competency have become valuable resources as their skills become crucial to providers of education in an era where multiple forms and formats of distance education have be...
Low Complexity Approximate Bayesian Logistic Regression for Sparse Online Learning

Theoretical results show that Bayesian methods can achieve lower bounds on regret for online logistic regression. In practice, however, such techniques may not be feasible especially for very large feature sets. Various approximations that, for huge sparse feature sets, diminish the theoretical advantages, must be used. Often, they apply stochastic gradient methods with hyper-parameters that must be tuned on some surrogate loss, defeating theoretical advantages of Bayesian methods. The surrogate loss, defined to approximate the mixture, requires techniques as Monte Carlo sampling, increasing computations per example. We propose low complexity analytical approximations for sparse online logistic and probit regressions. Unlike variational inference and other methods, our methods use analytical closed forms, substantially lowering computations. Unlike dense solutions, as Gaussian Mixtures, our methods allow for sparse problems with huge feature sets without increasing complexity. With the analytical closed forms, there is also no need for applying stochastic gradient methods on surrogate losses, and for tuning and balancing learning and regularization hyper-parameters. Empirical results top the performance of the more computationally involved methods. Like such methods, our methods still reveal per feature and per example uncertainty measures.
A novel use of 3D-printed template in vaginal HDR brachytherapy.

Abstract PURPOSE The High-Dose-Rate (HDR) vaginal cylinder treatment is typically designed using the initial CT, while the subsequent implants are verified using rudimentary methods (i.e., visual inspection, ruler measurements, etc.) and/or X-ray imaging. We are proposing the use of a 3D-printed individualized template that could provide simple and reproducible vaginal cylinder insertion. MATERIAL AND METHODS Six patients were included in the study with prescriptions of 6 Gy/fraction for 2 to 5 fractions (total 27 treatments). The first 1 to 2 treatments were delivered without the template and the rest with the CT-based 3D-printed templates. Cone beam CTs (CBCTs) were acquired to verify the cylinder placement for all treatments. D2cc of the bladder and rectum are recorded on both planning CT and the following on-treatment CBCTs. RESULTS By using the templates, the tip position variation on average (±1 SD) reduced from 0.8±0.5 cm to 0.6±0.4 cm, and angular difference decreased from 5.3±3.5° to 4.7±2.4°. The pitch and yaw deviation are reduced from 0.9 ± 5.8° and 0.4±2.9° to 0.0±3.9° and -0.2±3.0°, respectively. The deviation of D2cc to bladder from the plan reduced from 6±4% to 5±3%, and rectum from 5±2% to 4±4%. CONCLUSION The 3D-printed patient-specific cylinder templates could potentially improve the geometrical reproducibility of cylinder treatments at no cost of additional imaging. The D2cc for the bladder and rectum are determined by the treatment length rather than their respective volumes.
Language Contact in the Early Colonial Pacific: Maritime Polynesian Pidgin before Pidgin English

Part I. Questions, Theories, and Methods of Historical Sociolinguistics: 1. Introduction 2. Maritime Polynesian Pidgin and Pidgin and Creole linguistics 3. Ethnohistory of speaking as a historical-sociolinguistic methodology Part II. Historical Attestations of Maritime Polynesian Pidgin (MPP): 4. Emergence, stabilization, and expansion 5. Resilience against depidginization and relexification 6. Survival in niches Part III. Structure, Function, and History of Maritime Polynesian Pidgin: 7. Linguistic patterns 8. History and social functions 9. Conclusions: linguistic, sociohistorical, and theoretical implications.
CHAPTER 13 – Fission Reactor Applications of Carbon

Carbon is an acceptable moderator that has been used extensively in the form of graphite. It offers an acceptable compromise between nuclear properties, cost, and utility as a structural material for the reactor core. Gas and water-cooled graphite moderated reactors have been constructed for experimental, production, or power generation purposes in numerous countries. In support of the development of graphite moderated reactors, an enormous amount of research has been conducted on the effects of neutron irradiation and radiolytic oxidation on the structure and properties of graphites. The essential mechanisms of these phenomena have been translated into engineering codes and design practices for the safe design, construction and operation of gas-cooled reactors. Gas-cooled, graphite moderated reactors have several significant advantages over other reactor designs by virtue of their inherent passive safety characteristics. Increasingly, national and world leaders are concerned about fossil-fueled power plant gas emissions (greenhouse gases) and the consequences of the ensuing global warming. Hence, there is reason to believe that the role of nuclear power may become more prominent in the future. Inherently safe reactors (such as high-temperature gas-cooled reactors (HTGRs)) could play a vital role in the process of regaining public acceptance of nuclear power.
Mechanism of down-regulation of c-kit receptor. Roles of receptor tyrosine kinase, phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase, and protein kinase C.

The receptor tyrosine kinase Kit and Kit ligand (KL), encoded at the murine white spotting (W) and steel (Sl) loci, respectively, function in hematopoiesis, melanogenesis, and gametogenesis. To understand the mechanism of turnover of Kit in mast cells, mutant receptors generated in vitro were heterologously expressed in Wsb/Wsh mast cells lacking endogenous c-kit expression, and the effects of mutations on KL-induced internalization and ubiquitination/degradation of Kit were studied. Upon binding of KL, KL.Kit receptor complexes were rapidly internalized, and the turnover was accelerated by ubiquitin-mediated degradation. Inactivation of the Kit kinase resulted in a reduced rate of internalization of KL.Kit complexes, degradation of kinase-inactive receptor complexes was relatively slow, and receptor ubiquitination was absent. But abolishment of KL-induced receptor association and activation of phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase and of tyrosine 821 autophosphorylation did not affect KL-induced internalization and ubiquitination/degradation of Kit. Furthermore, Kit receptors can be down-regulated by proteolytic cleavage induced by either activation of protein kinase C or by isopropyl alcohol. In summary, KL-induced internalization of KL.Kit complexes and ubiquitination/degradation require an active kinase. By contrast, proteolytic cleavage of Kit mediated by protein kinase C activation is independent of kinase activity.
Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis

The association between myelin basic protein (BP) and experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) has been long and intimate. A purified well-characterized antigen was essential for studies of pathogenesis, and the existence of BP was not even suspected until a search for the causative agent of EAE was undertaken.1–3 In spite of the considerable amount of data that has accumulated on the antigen and its role in pathogenesis, there are still many unanswered questions regarding the immunologic mechanisms involved in the induction and control of this experimental disease. The large quantity of literature precludes a complete review. Instead, I shall cover only a few of the recent developments in research on BP and EAE, which I hope will eventually provide answers for some of the unanswered questions.
Transcriptome Analysis of Injured Human Meniscus Reveals a Distinct Phenotype of Meniscus Degeneration With Aging

The meniscus is an essential component of the tibiofemoral articulation that contributes to the complex biomechanics of the knee joint, protecting the underlying articular cartilage. The role of the meniscus in the initiation and progression of osteoarthritis (OA) is thought to be minimal unless it is injured (1, 2). The location of the meniscus and its role in shock absorption and load transmission predispose the meniscus to traumatic and degenerative injuries, thus, meniscus tears are one of the most common intra-articular injuries of the knee (3, 4). There is an age bias in terms of mechanisms of meniscal injury (5): younger people are more likely to have acute tears due to trauma whereas older people are more likely to have tears due to degeneration (6-9). Since the majority of meniscus tears are unsuitable for repair (3, 10, 11), partial meniscectomy is used to redress most meniscus tears (7, 12). A large body of information suggests that damage to or loss of meniscus is associated with changes in cartilage (13-16). It has also been reported that following partial meniscectomy, there is an elevated risk for functional deterioration of cartilage (11, 17, 18), often resulting in the development of OA and irreparable joint damage (2, 10, 14, 17, 19-21). Despite the fact that meniscus and knee articular cartilage have several characteristics in common and the mechanisms of meniscus and knee cartilage degeneration have been demonstrated (22, 23), the molecular pathogenesis of traumatic and degenerative meniscus tears and their association with degenerative changes in the articular cartilage are not known. We have previously shown, through a candidate gene approach, that the expression of various OA- and obesity-related genes diverged with age (24, 25) and to some extent with body mass index (BMI) (25) in the injured meniscus. As these studies provided information on only a handful of genes (known for their specific role in OA and obesity), we sought to determine the transcriptome-wide gene expression profile in meniscus tears in patients undergoing arthroscopic partial meniscectomy to identify a comprehensive set of targets for future studies. The goal is to identify changes in the gene expression profile of the torn meniscus that may be relevant to age-associated meniscal and cartilage degeneration. We believe that this information will allow for a better understanding of why and how degenerative changes occur in the meniscus and how injury to the meniscus, whether traumatic or degenerative, contributes to the initiation and progression of OA in the knee.
The evolution of Class II Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases and the first code

Class II Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are a set of very ancient multi domain proteins. The evolution of the catalytic domain of Class II synthetases can be reconstructed from three peptidyl-hairpins. Further evolution from this primordial catalytic core leads to a split of the Class II synthetases into two divisions potentially associated with the operational code. The earliest form of this code likely coded predominantly Glycine (Gly), Proline (Pro), Alanine (Ala) and "Lysine"/Aspartic acid (Lys/Asp). There is a paradox in these synthetases beginning with a hairpin structure before the Genetic Code existed. A resolution is found in the suggestion that the primordial Aminoacyl synthetases formed in a transition from a Thioester world to a Phosphate ester world.
Thomas Tufte, Norbert Wildermuth, Anne Sofie Hansen-Skovmoes, & Winnie Mitullah (Eds.), Speaking Up and Talking Back?: Media Empowerment and Civic Engagement among East and Southern African Youth

Copyright © 2014 (Lindani Mbunyuza-Memani, lindani.memani@siu.edu). Licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution Non-commercial No Derivatives (by-nc-nd). Available at http://ijoc.org. Thomas Tufte, Norbert Wildermuth, Anne Sofie Hansen-Skovmoes, and Winnie Mitullah, (Eds.), Speaking Up and Talking Back?: Media Empowerment and Civic Engagement among East and Southern African Youth, University of Gothenburg, Goteborg, Sweden: Nordicom, 2013, 302 pp., $29.74 (paperback).
Fomite-fingerpad transfer efficiency (pick-up and deposit) of Acinetobacter baumannii-with and without a latex glove.

BACKGROUND Acinetobacter baumannii is a significant health care-associated pathogen because it is easily transmitted via fomites, extremely difficult to eradicate from the environment, and highly drug resistant. Understanding the environmentally mediated transmission dynamics of A baumannii is critical for more effective infection control. However, transfer efficiency of pathogen pick-up and deposit remains poorly understood. Our study estimates the transfer efficiency of A baumannii with and without latex glove use from the fingerpad to a fomite and from a fomite to the fingerpad. METHODS Fomite-fingerpad transfer efficiencies were determined for 6 materials (glass, stainless steel, porcelain, polypropylene, polycarbonate, and rubber). RESULTS For A baumannii, the fomite-to-fingerpad transfer efficiency was 24.1%, and the fingerpad-to-fomite transfer efficiency was 5.6%. When latex gloves were worn, the fomite-to-fingerpad transfer efficiency was reduced by 55.9% (to 10.6%) and the fingerpad-to-fomite transfer efficiency was reduced by 47.1% (to 3.0%). The average transfer efficiency between 2 skin surfaces was 32.5%. CONCLUSIONS The fomite-to-fingerpad transfer efficiency of A baumannii was statistically significantly higher than the fingerpad-to-fomite transfer efficiency, regardless of glove use. There was no significant difference in transfer efficiency by material type, except for rubber, which resulted in marginally higher transfer efficiencies. Our results underscore the importance of frequently changing gloves during patient care and frequent handwashing-hand hygiene during bare-handed care for the reduction of pathogen transmission.
The Intimate Edge: Extending the Reach of Psychoanalytic Interaction

Using vivid case examples, she looks at the "intimate edge", intense encounters and playfulness in a way that is based in traditional psychoanalytic thought and yet open to the possibilities of the moment.
Longitudinal study of vision and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in multiple sclerosis.

Objective Cross-sectional studies of optical coherence tomography (OCT) show that retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness is reduced in multiple sclerosis (MS) and correlates with visual function. We determined how longitudinal changes in RNFL thickness relate to visual loss. We also examined patterns of RNFL thinning over time in MS eyes with and without a prior history of acute optic neuritis (ON).
Parallelizing conjugate gradient for the CRAY X-MP

Abstract A standard preconditioned conjugate gradient algorithm for the solution of symmetric linear systems is studied in the context of multiprocessing. A totally parallel approach is taken based on a computational model of an MIMD machine with shared global memory. In order to assure mathematical correctness of the algorithm, four barrier syncs are required during each iteration. Large linear systems are solved with this parallel adaptation of conjugated gradient and efficiencies near one observed on the CRAY X-MP24 running COS 1.13. Further, segments of the code which could be considered independent (i.e. between syncs) clocked in at speedups very close to the number of tasks. The latter indicates that the loss efficiency in this implementation of the algorithm on the X-MP24 is connected with the cost of barrier syncs. On the CRAY X-MP48 running COS 1.15 similar results are observed utilizing two CPU's. When all four CPU's execute parallel tasks in vector mode memory bank conflicts cause a 30% loss of overall speedup.
Arabidopsis species hybrids - emerging model systems for the analysis of species differences.

Plant interspecific hybrids have been used to introgress desirable traits for crop improvement, but they have not been widely used in the analysis of plant development and genome evolution. Interspecific hybrids generated by crossing diploid species in the genus Arabidopsis are described. It is proposed that these Arabidopsis species hybrids represent a unique resource for the functional analysis of vascular plant genomes. The interspecific hybrid lineages are expected to expand the range of biologic phenomena that could be studied with the impressive arsenal of molecular tools available for the model plant A. thaliana.
The structure and uniqueness of generalized solutions of the spherically symmetric Einstein-scalar equations

In a previous paper we proved the global existence of generalized solutions of the spherically symmetric Einstein-scalar field equations in the large. In this paper we study the regularity properties of the spacetime and the scalar field corresponding to a generalized solution. We also prove a uniqueness theorem which shows that a generalized solution is an extension of a classical solution.
Regression of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Lung Metastases after Guyabano Fruit Extract Consumption

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of worldwide cancer-related mortality, and even with established treatment paradigms, its global burden demands greater research into therapeutic options. In the following case report, a patient suffering from HCC with lung metastasis demonstrated regression of metastatic disease while consuming guyabano fruit extract in the absence of conventional chemotherapy. While the antineoplastic effects of the guyabano fruit is well documented, there is sparse clinical documentation of HCC regression associated with it, and a better understanding of guyabano and its antineoplastic activity may trigger discovery of novel therapeutic options for this deadly disease.
Oscillating dynamo magnetic field in the presence of an external nondynamo field - The influence of a solar primordial field

Dynamo magnetic fields are self-excited and, once started, can perpetrate themselves with no outside source of magnetic flux, as long as the necessary fluid motions persist. Such dynamo fields behave completely independently of the field's overall polarity. In the presence of an external field of separate origin this polarity symmetry of the dynamo states is broken; the dynamo states become asymmetric with respect to polarity. In this paper a calculation is performed of the characteristics of a spherical shell dynamo in the presence of a fossil magnetic field penetrating into the dynamo from below. The asymmetric periodic states are found as a function of the strength of underlying fossil field. Applying these results to the sun, there appears to be no evidence of any intense large-scale primordial magnetic flux, having either dipole-like or quadrupole-like symmetry about the sun's equator, penetrating into the convection zone from the sun's radiative core. Indeed, the calculations indicate, even on the basis of the presently crude observations, that any such primordial field must have an intensity smaller than a few gauss.
Teaching And Learning In A Post-DAP World

Recently a school district colleague recounted a conversation with a young kindergarten teacher that had shaken her to her core. The kindergarten teacher (let's call her Ms. Post) said that nobody ...
Improving the Urban Stream Restoration Effort: Identifying Critical Form and Processes Relationships

Stream restoration projects are often based on morphological form or stream type and, as a result, there needs to be a clear tie established between form and function of the stream. An examination of the literature identifies numerous relationships in naturally forming streams that link morphologic form and stream processes. Urban stream restoration designs often work around infrastructure and incorporate bank stabilization and grade control structures. Because of these imposed constraints and highly altered hydrologic and sediment discharge regimens, the design of urban channel projects is rather unclear. In this paper, we examine the state of the art in relationships between form and processes, the strengths and weaknesses of these existing relationships, and the current lack of understanding in applying these relationships in the urban environment. In particular, we identify relationships that are critical to urban stream restoration projects and provide recommendations for future research into how this information can be used to improve urban stream restoration design. It is also suggested that improving the success of urban restoration projects requires further investigation into incorporating process-based methodologies, which can potentially reduce ambiguity in the design and the necessity of using an abundant amount of in-stream structures.
Kinematic design of large displacement precision XY positioning stage by using cross strip flexure joints and over-constrained mechanism

Flexures are widely used in precision machines since they offer frictionless, particle-free, and low maintenance operation, and they provide extremely high resolution. A large displacement precision XY positioning stage is designed by using cross strip flexure joints. An over-constrained mechanism is used to incorporate symmetry to cancel out the effects of center shifting in large-motion flexures. Advanced kinematic techniques such as screw system theory are used to achieve a good kinematic design. Existing flexure-based translation stages usually have motion range to size ratios of less than 0.01 as compared to 0.25 or higher in this research. It is believed that large-motion flexure-based XY stages can be a cost-effective solution for semiconductor applications, particularly the ones that operate in vacuum.
Type B virus and human breast cancer

In recent years, virus-like particles have been observed in milk from women with a family history of breast cancer. Reverse transcriptase enzymatic activity characteristic of RNA tumor viruses also was found in the same milk specimens. This laboratory evidence suggesting milk transmission of a human breast cancer virus conflicted with prior epidemiologic data which indicated no increased breast cancer risk associated with the maternal line or with being breast fed. On the assumption that a milk agent could be etiologically important in breast cancer with onset at a young age, we recently reevaluated the epidemiologic factors relating to possible maternal transmission. The results of this case-controlled study confirmed earlier observations. In addition, more recent laboratory studies have not shown a consistent relationship between the detection of virus-like particles in human milk and a history of breast cancer. If viruses are involved in the etiology of human breast cancer, vertical transmission through genetic mechanism seems more consistent with available data.
Reproductive justice and media framing: a case‐study analysis of problematic frames in the popular media

Reproductive justice is an important and comprehensive conceptualization for understanding the complexity of reproductive issues faced by women. When considering attitudes and beliefs that give rise to policies related to reproduction, it is critical to examine the ways in which the issues are framed. In this case‐study‐style analysis, the problematic ways in which the popular media frame issues related to reproductive justice are explored. In both popular music and television series, reproduction is framed in ways that limit reproductive justice for women. Women who actively choose to use birth control are portrayed negatively, misinformation about condoms and access to reproductive healthcare is perpetuated, and stereotypes about women and reproduction are reinforced. Based upon these analyses, it is recommended that further systematic content analyses be performed in addition to experimental work on the effects of media framing on support (or lack of support) for policies related to reproductive justic...
Cyclic thermogravimetrjc methods for the study of the decomposition of carbonates—CaCO3

The equilibrium decomposition pressure of metal carbonates is difficult to determine accurately using static equilibration techniques, particularly at low temperatures where the time required to reach equilibrium may be excessively long. Furthermore, it has been reported that static methods are subject to kinetic difficulties; thus true equilibrium may never be reached. To overcome these problems, a dynamic approach has been developed. In this study, two different cyclic thermogravimetric methods were used to measure the equilibrium CO2 decomposition pressure of a mixture of calcium carbonate and calcium oxide as a function of temperature. Calcium carbonate was chosen to test the validity of these two cyclic techniques because it is a well-characterized compound. The measurements involved repeated cycling of either temperature or CO2 partial pressure while holding the other parameter constant. The response of the sample to this cycling was a periodic mass variation. Equilibrium was established when a symmetric mass signal was observed with no net mass change. Using these techniques, reliable measurements of the equilibrium CO2 partial pressure were obtained in a relatively short period of time as compared to other methods. The experimental results obtained using the two cyclic methods of analysis agree with currently accepted values. A †H°298.15 value of 179.55 ± 0.16 kJ/mol was calculated for the decomposition reaction of calcium carbonate from the thermal cycling data, and a value of 178.98 ± 0.45 kJ/mol was determined from the partial pressure cycling results.
A note on the common location parameter of several exponential populations

The problem of estimation of an unknown common location parameter of several exponential populations with unknown and possibly unequal scale parameters is considered. A wide class of estimators, including both a modified maximum likelihood estimator (MLE), and the uniformly minimum variance unbiased estimator (Umvue) proposed by ghosh and razmpour(1984), is obtained under a class of convex loss functions.
Building bridges between lives

Return to the High Valley: Coming Full Circle. By Kenneth E. Read. University of California Press:1986. Pp.269. 18.95, 15.95.
Surface coat material associated with the cells of the developing lens vesicle in the chick embryo.

Ruthenium red (RR) and cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) were used to demonstrate the distribution of cell surface coat material (SCM) on the free epithelial surface of the developing lens vesicle in stages 14–17 (50–64 hours) chick embryos. Observations were made by light microscopy and transmission (TEM) and scanning (SEM) electron microscopy. A progressive increase in SCM is observed on cellular apices within the epithelium of the lens vesicle by means of RR staining, particularly at the margins of the aperture which are the sites of presumptive fusion. In contrast, a relatively thin layer of SCM persists on the adjacent surface ectoderm. Ruthenium red-positive SCM extends across the aperture of the lens vesicle prior to initial contact between the advancing epithelial surfaces. The presence of abundant SCM is interpreted as a possible significant prerequisite to invagination and to epithelial adhesion and fusion prior to detachment of the lens from surface ectoderm. When CPC is added to the fixative, a flocculent precipitate over the aperture of the lens visicle and an associated band of modified surface ectoderm which extends ventrally from its lower margin are observed. The modified ectoderm and associated SCM likely represent a presumptive region of active coordinated cellular migration.
Journeys for Peace and Liberation: Third World Internationalism and Radical Orientalism during the U.S. War in Vietnam

This article introduces a forthcoming book project that examines the international travels of American antiwar activists during the U.S. War in Vietnam. Specifically, it explores how going beyond the nation9s borders fostered and solidified a sense of internationalism, a conviction of political solidarity, with Third World nations among U.S. radicals of varying backgrounds. This study builds on recent trends in Asian American history and contributes to the scholarship on social movements during the ““long decade”” of the 1960s by providing a transnational, racially comparative, and gendered analysis of political activism. It also introduces the concept of ““radical Orientalism”” to describe the ways in which Americans of varying racial backgrounds perceived, imagined, and understood Asia, its culture, and its peoples as sources of political inspiration.
Effect of Blood and Microbubble Oxygen and Nitrogen Content on Perfluorocarbon-Filled Dextrose Albumin Microbubble Size and Efficacy: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies

We hypothesized, on the basis of in vitro observations, that a higher oxygen partial pressure within perfluorocarbon-containing microbubbles (PCMB) would enhance inward nitrogen diffusion after venous injection, leading to improved myocardial contrast. The in vitro studies measured PCMB size and concentration after injection into arterial blood that was obtained during inhalation of either room air or 100% oxygen. We then compared the myocardial contrast produced from PCMB sonicated in the presence of either a nitrogen-free environment (100% oxygen) or room air in three closed chest dogs. PCMB exposed to oxygenated blood in vitro were significantly smaller after insonation than PCMB exposed to arterial blood obtained during room air inhalation, confirming the important role of dissolved nitrogen in stabilizing PCMB size. In vivo studies demonstrated that intravenous PCMB sonicated with 100% oxygen produced significantly greater anterior and posterior myocardial contrast than PCMB sonicated in the presence of room air.
Magnetic Field Alignment of Randomly Oriented, High Aspect Ratio Silicon Microwires into Vertically Oriented Arrays

External magnetic fields have been used to vertically align ensembles of silicon microwires coated with ferromagnetic nickel films. X-ray diffraction and image analysis techniques were used to quantify the degree of vertical orientation of the microwires. The degree of vertical alignment and the minimum field strength required for alignment were evaluated as a function of the wire length, coating thickness, magnetic history, and substrate surface properties. Nearly 100% of 100 μm long, 2 μm diameter, Si microwires that had been coated with 300 nm of Ni could be vertically aligned by a 300 G magnetic field. For wires ranging from 40 to 60 μm in length, as the length of the wire increased, a higher degree of alignment was observed at lower field strengths, consistent with an increase in the available magnetic torque. Microwires that had been exposed to a magnetic sweep up to 300 G remained magnetized and, therefore, aligned more readily during subsequent magnetic field alignment sweeps. Alignment of the Ni-coated Si microwires occurred at lower field strengths on hydrophilic Si substrates than on hydrophobic Si substrates. The magnetic field alignment approach provides a pathway for the directed assembly of solution-grown semiconductor wires into vertical arrays, with potential applications in solar cells as well as in other electronic devices that utilize nano- and microscale components as active elements.
Activity Substitutability and Degree of Specialization Among Deer and Elk Hunters in Multiple States

This article examines relationships between hunter specialization and activity substitutability. Data were obtained from a mail survey of 6,983 deer hunters in eight states and 2,584 elk hunters in three states. Activity substitutability was measured by asking what activity would provide the same satisfaction as deer or elk hunting. Between 41% and 59% of deer hunters and 38% to 46% of elk hunters reported substitutes such as fishing and other big game hunting. Cluster analyses of hunter skill, centrality, equipment, and experience revealed four specialization groups (casual, intermediate, focused, and veteran). Casual hunters were most likely to report a substitute followed by intermediates, focused, and veterans. This inverse relationship between concepts was consistent across states and species hunted. Veteran hunters were most likely to report other big game hunting as a substitute, whereas casual hunters in many states were most likely to consider fishing as a substitute.
Effects of Neonatal Exposure to Estradiol on Prolactin Secretion and Activity of the Tubero-lnfundibular Dopamine System in Young Adulthood: Comparison with Neonatal Prolactin Deficiency*.

Abstract Previous results from this laboratory indicate that female rats who consume milk deficient in prolactin (PRL) during the neonatal period subsequently display hyperprolactinemia, associated with decreased activity in the tubero-infundibular dopamine (DA) system and decreased lactotrope responsiveness to DA receptor stimulation. The present studies tested whether these neuroendocrine consequences of neonatal PRL deficiency can be mimicked by exposure of neonatal rats to estradiol. Female rats were injected sc with 1 mUg estradiol benzoate or oil vehicle on postpartum Days one to 3, while in other experiments, females were made neonatally deficient in PRL through treatment of their mothers with the DA agonist bromocriptine, a treatment that reduces the levels of PRL in milk. Females treated neonatally with estradiol benzoate, as well as offspring of the bromocriptine-treated mothers, displayed hyperprolactinemia as young adults, as compared to their respective vehicle-matched controls, and in both cases, this was abolished by ovariectomy, indicating dependence upon ovarian secretions. As reported previously in neonatal PRL-deficient females, neonatal estradiol benzoate-treated animals also exhibited reduced steady state levels and decreased turnover rates of DA in the median eminence when 35 days of age. DA levels and turnover rates in this region were still significantly reduced on postpartum Day 60. The DA agonist bromocriptine suppressed PRL release to a similar extent in cultured anterior pituitary cells from neonatal estrogen-treated and control rats, suggesting normal responsiveness of DA receptors on lactotrope cells in both groups. The present results confirm the ability of estradiol treatment or induction of a PRL deficiency during the early neonatal period to induce subsequent hyperprolactinemia in female rats, and further indicate that the hyperprolactinemic conditions resulting from either neonatal manipulation are dependent on the ovary and are associated with decreased levels and turnover of DA in the median eminence during the prepubertal period. Although these findings suggest that increased exposure to estradiol during the neonatal period may underlie the similar effects of neonatal PRL deficiency, the further observations in neonatal estrogen-treated rats that 1) decreased DA turnover in the median eminence persists at Day 60, and 2) lactotrope responsiveness to DA is normal, differ from results obtained previously in PRL-deficient rats. Thus, enhanced exposure to estrogen during the neonatal period does not appear to account for all of the neuroendocrine consequences of neonatal PRL deficiency.
GROWTH REGULATION BY ETHYLENE IN FERN GAMETOPHYTES. V. ETHYLENE AND THE EARLY EVENTS OF SPORE GERMINATION

Early events during the germination of spores of the fern Onoclea sensibilis were studied to determine the time during germination when ethylene had its greatest inhibiting effect. Water imbibition by dry spores was rapid and did not appear to be inhibited by ethylene. During normal germination DNA synthesis occurred about four hours before the nucleus moved from a central position to the spore periphery. Following nuclear movement, mitosis and cell division occurred, partitioning the spore into a small rhizoid cell and a large protonemal cell. Cell division was complete approximately six hours after nuclear movement. Ethylene treatment of the spores blocked DNA synthesis, nuclear movement, and cell division. The earliest DNA replication in uninhibited spores was observed after 14 hours of germination, and the maximal rate of spore labeling with 3H-thymidine was between 16 and 20 hours. Spores were most sensitive to ethylene, however, during the stages of germination prior to DNA synthesis, and it was concluded that ethylene did not directly inhibit DNA replication but blocked germination at some earlier fundamental step. The effects of ethylene were reversible, since complete recovery from inhibition of germination was possible if ethylene was released and the spores were kept in light. Recovery was much slower in darkness. It was hypothesized that light acted photosynthetically to overcome the ethylene inhibition of germination. Consistent with this, it was shown that spores exhibit net photosynthesis after only two hours of germination.
Analysis of multi-beam slabs

Abstract A simple difference equation model of a multi-beam slab is derived. A closed form solution is presented for each of two fundamental boundary conditions in the form of mixed finite and infinite trigonometric series. A homogeneous solution is derived and used to solve the problem of a slab supported by flexible edge beams. The solutions are numerically illustrated.
Herbert Blumer and the Study of Fashion: A Reminiscence and A Critique

Recounting my late 1940s graduate student contacts with Herbert Blumer on the topic of fashion, 1 go on to assess his important contribution to the sociological study of fashion. Conceptually rich, the corpus of Blumer's writing on fashion is yet surprisingly small. His major opus on fashion, anticipated only in part by several of his earlier, less exhaustive writings on the subject, did not see print until 1969 with the publication of the justly famous Sociological Quarterly piece “Fashion: From Class Differentiation to Collective Selection.” There Blumer pursues two aims: (1) to challenge the then prevalent functionalist view of fashion as a “trickle down” symbolic mechanism for effecting social class differentiation, a view associated with such sociological eminences as Simmel and Veblen, and (2) to offer in its place his own quite original approach to fashion as a massive “collective selection” process wherein choices are guided more by the elusive lure of modernity than by invidious class tinctions as such. Prominent among the strengths of Blumer's position is the demonstrably greater empirical validity of “collective selection” as compared to “class differentiation.” Among its shortcomings are Blumer's slighting of a salient social psychological theme in Simmers dialectical approach to fashion and, more important, his failure to address in any sustained way the role of the fashion industry in the fashion process. The recently emerging, symbolic interactionist concept of social world offers a means for redressing this omission and for advancing further upon the ground opened by Herbert Blumer's still exciting breakthrough in the sociology of fashion.
On Startup or Learning Curves: An Expanded View

Abstract The startup or learning curve literature has in the past concentrated mainly on the algebraic power function or on versions based on this function. This concentration is not unusual because the power function has proven, in numerous studies, to fit empirical data quite well. However, other easy-to-apply algebraic functions should also be analyzed and considered. One such function, an exponential function, is discussed and is shown to provide a better fit to several sets of empirical data than the traditional power function. In addition to providing a better fit, this exponential function is easy to apply in practice.