cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Determination of DNAPL entrapment architecture using experimentally validated numerical codes and inverse modeling

The presence of dense non-aqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) in source zones in aquifers generates continuous mass flux long after the initial spill. It is our hypothesis that observed dissolved concentration in a monitoring well downstream of the source zone will provide inadequate and often misleading information on the entrapment architecture needed to design effective remediation schemes. An inverse modeling study was conducted to evaluate what additional information is needed to determine entrapment architecture. Three synthetic entrapment architectures generated by a multi-phase flow model UTCHEM in a spatially correlated random field were used in the analysis. The three selected from eighty realizations of the random field represent conditions that produce DNAPL pools, zones of residual DNAPL saturation and a combination of pools and residuals, respectively. For each of these three entrapment architectures, a data set of downstream concentration and solute mass flux was generated using a laboratory validated dissolution model based on MODFLOW and RT3D. An inverse modeling algorithm (PEST) was used to back-calculate the saturation distribution of DNAPL in the source zone. The inverse solution (i.e. DNAPL saturation distribution defining the architecture) was found to be non-unique when only concentration data was used. However when mass flux data that combines concentration and water flow, was added as an additional observation, the inverse problem converged rapidly to a unique solution. Further analysis to determine optimal monitoring strategies showed that the mass flux-matching technique could be used to determine entrapment architecture with some limitations. The technique becomes less accurate in terms of both total mass estimation and the ability to resolve the vertical distribution of DNAPL, when a source zone contains more pools than residuals. It was also found that with larger number of observations in the vertical direction (multi-level sampling points), the predictions become more accurate. The distance the monitoring well was placed downstream of the source zone affected the accuracy of prediction, but the estimate of the total mass entrapment was not affected. This is suspected to be an artifact of the two-dimensional test system that was used in this hypothetical analysis. More rigorous analysis using realistic three-dimensional systems is needed to make more definitive conclusions.
Surgical cardioplegia with butyl alcohol

Summary Theoretical analysis of cell membranes in narcosis and experimental observations of the effect of narcotics on the isolated canine heart gave rise to the prediction that butyl alcohol would be an ideal narcotic for induction of chemical cardioplegia for open heart surgery. In a series of acute canine experiments ventricular function was tested after 15 minutes and after 30 minutes of arrest. Results indicated that butyl alcohol offers excellent protection of the normothermic heart arrested for 15 minutes, but gives only partial protection during 30 minutes of arrest. The reason for this failure and the pos- sible improvement to be achieved by variations in technique remain to be explored.
Empirical examination of the individual-level personality-based theory of self-management failure

The individual-level personality-based theory of self-management failure posits that personality predisposes individuals to self-defeating behavior that, in turn, leads to self-management failure (Renn, Allen, Fedor, & Davis, 2005). To provide a partial test of the theory, a model is hypothesized that operationalized personality with neuroticism and conscientiousness of the Big Five personality dimensions; self-defeating behavior with inability to delay gratification, procrastination, and emotional self-absorption; and self-management with personal goal setting, monitoring, and operating. The model was tested using data collected from 286 working employees and structural equations analysis. Results supported nine of 11 theory-derived hypotheses. As hypothesized, high neuroticism was associated with improper personal goal setting, monitoring, and operating; and emotional self-absorption and procrastination accounted for the relationship between high neuroticism and ineffective self-management. In addition, low conscientiousness was associated with inferior self-management practices, and inability to delay gratification and procrastination partially explained the relationship between low conscientiousness and poor self-management. The findings provide new insight into how high neuroticism and low conscientiousness may contribute to self-management failure. Theoretical and practical implications of the study are discussed.
Comments on the degree of perfection feasible in stress-recrystallized pyrolytic carbon

Abstract Reasonably perfect graphite crystals are currently available from three principal sources: Ticonderoga mines, solution growth and stress-recrystallization of pyrolytic carbon. Relative merits of each are briefly discussed. Particular attention is focused on the perfection of stress-crystallized material in which the stress was produced by (1) an external hydraulic ram and by (2) a differential expansion technique. The latter method in particular appears promising for the production of relatively large single crystals displaying a high degree of structural perfection.
Head Movement Dynamics during Play and Perturbed Mother-Infant Interaction

We investigated the dynamics of head movement in mothers and infants during an age-appropriate, well-validated emotion induction, the Still Face paradigm. In this paradigm, mothers and infants play normally for 2 minutes (Play) followed by 2 minutes in which the mothers remain unresponsive (Still Face), and then two minutes in which they resume normal behavior (Reunion). Participants were 42 ethnically diverse 4-month-old infants and their mothers. Mother and infant angular displacement and angular velocity were measured using the CSIRO head tracker. In male but not female infants, angular displacement increased from Play to Still-Face and decreased from Still Face to Reunion. Infant angular velocity was higher during Still-Face than Reunion with no differences between male and female infants. Windowed cross-correlation suggested changes in how infant and mother head movements are associated, revealing dramatic changes in direction of association. Coordination between mother and infant head movement velocity was greater during Play compared with Reunion. Together, these findings suggest that angular displacement, angular velocity and their coordination between mothers and infants are strongly related to age-appropriate emotion challenge. Attention to head movement can deepen our understanding of emotion communication.
Binding of hydrogen molecules by a transition-metal ion.

Using self-consistent field molecular-orbital theory, we show that the interaction of hydrogen molecules with a ${\mathrm{Ni}}^{+}$ ion is characteristically different from that with a neutral Ni atom. While hydrogen chemisorbs dissociatively on the neutral metal atom, it is bound to the cation in its molecular form. The atomic bonding is a consequence of the Pauli exclusion principle whereas the bonding of the molecular hydrogen results from an electrostatic interaction. We predict that a ${\mathrm{Ni}}^{+}$ ion can bind at least six hydrogen molecules.
Helping therapists make evidence-based decisions about commercial motion gaming

In this project, we are exploring how to support therapists who use commercially available motion-based videogames in their therapies for people that have had a brain injury. Our exploratory work, that included interviews and observations at the Schwab Rehabilitation Hospital (SRH) in Chicago, Illinois, exposed a need for informational tools to help therapists make evidence-based decisions about games based on their therapeutic goals and their patients' abilities and preferences. The study protocol was later expanded to include two-week diary collection periods; data from the diary forms will be used as 'seed cases' for a case-based reasoning (CBR) decision tool that could suggest game choices to therapists. Additionally, we are expanding the study to the Marianjoy Rehabilitation Hospital (MRH) in Wheaton, Illinois in fall 2013. We believe that through this effort, we will be able to (1) equip therapists with informational tools that will help them in their work and (2) inform design of therapy-centered games that address current limitations of commercial games.
CASPER: Intelligent capacity-aware evacuation routing

Abstract We propose a new method to perform urban routing efficiently under capacity constraints. This new method helps with evacuation routing as well as other urban transportation challenges. Traditionally, simulation software or shortest path routing combined with zonal scheduling have been used to solve routing problems. Our method utilizes a state-of-the-art algorithm to connect each source node to its nearest destination. It also intelligently takes into account transportation network capacity and traffic flow to minimize congestion and system-wide transportation times. We have compared our method with previous routing algorithms and a common simulation method. We show that our algorithm generates reliable and realistic routes and decreases global transportation time by at least an order of magnitude, without any loss of performance.
The CMU-EBMT machine translation system

This paper presents an in-depth description of the features of the open-source CMU-EBMT example-based machine translation system. CMU-EBMT is a complete end-to-end system including lexicon induction, word and phrase alignment, corpus indexing and lookup, language model, decoder, and parameter tuning components. While it does not require them, it can take advantage of external alignment information and other annotations provided by GIZA++ and other systems. To illustrate a recent addition to CMU-EBMT, experiments are presented which show an improvement of 0.16 BLEU points (0.9% relative) on a cross-validated small-data English---Haitian translation task when using a new set of fine-grained log-linear feature values representing language model match lengths in addition to language model probabilities.
The changing institutional requirements for technological and economic catch up

This paper briefly reports on a research project whose focus is on the processes through which in the past countries that have been far behind the technological and economic leaders of the day have caught up, and on the institutions and policies that are necessary for successful catch-up today. Two prominent foci of this project will be the roles of universities and public laboratories in the catch-up process, and the roles of international business.
Purely rotational model and vibration modes of compound planetary gears

This study develops a rotational degree of freedom model of general compound planetary gears. The model clarifies the conflicting gear mesh deflection expressions in prior research. For systems with identical, equally spaced planet trains in each stage, all vibration modes are classified into one of two types: overall modes and planet modes. In overall modes, all planet trains in the same planet set move identically. In planet modes, only one planet set has motion, and the motion of each planet train in this planet set is a scalar multiple of that of the arbitrarily chosen first planet train in this set. These structured vibration properties are analytically proven in this study.
Enzymic parameters: measurement of V and Km.

Abstract A slight modification of the Lineweaver—Burk equation (and other variants) in which the form is retained but the instantaneous velocity is replaced by the negative change in substrate concentration divided by the time and the initial substrate concentration is replaced by the arithmetic average substrate concentration during the time interval, allows this linear reciprocal form to be used with little error even when as much as 50% of the substrate is consumed. This result is in sharp contrast to the prevailing belief that the initial velocities and initial substrate concentrations must be used.
Inexpensive Nonphotographic Slides Illustrate Grammatical Concepts or Lexical Items and Stimulate Student Conversations.

Inherent in the audio-lingual method which was introduced in the late fifties and which flourished into the sixties was an emphasis upon the sounds of language. This emphasis restricted the use of visuals in the foreign language classroom. An exception was the growing use of the “Audiovisual” method in Europe. Rivers' 1962 critique of the audio-lingual method reawakened interest in alternative methodologies in some of which the visual can play an important role. The Functional-Notional method provides one example. This article describes simple ways to create visuals with non-photographic slides which can enhance both language teaching and learning. Using transparency materials intended for making transparencies for the overhead projector, two-by-two-inch slides can be made quickly and easily. They especially meet the unique needs of foreign language teachers. Learning audio-visual skills in training will prove useful both during student teaching and in their subsequent professional work.
Theoretical effects of tides and auroral activity on the low latitude ionosphere

Abstract The effects of tidal and auroral activity on the low-latitude ionosphere are investigated using simulations from the National Center for Atmospheric Research thermosphere-ionosphere-electrodynamic general circulation model (TIEGCM). Calculations were performed for March solar cycle minimum conditions. The model predicts that the tidal waves propagating vertically from the lower atmosphere into the thermosphere affect nmax and hmax on the order of 10–20% during the daytime and as much as 40% during the night, depending on latitude. The lower atmosphere waves introduce semidiurnal oscillations into hmax, causing it to be alternately higher and lower than in simulations without the waves, due to perturbations in the vertical velocities. The theoretical results indicate that nmax and hmax may also be perturbed by geomagnetic activity even at low latitudes. Typical perturbations to nmax from the auroral energy and momentum sources were on the order of 10%. Consequently, the TIEGCM simulations suggest that the peak electron density in the F region is dependent on the relative contributions from perturbations due to auroral sources and the vertically propagating tides from the lower atmosphere. Since both these sources are quite variable, the perturbations induced by the tidal and auroral forced waves may contribute to the observed daily variability in the peak electron density and its height.
Initiation of a process of differentiation by stable transfection of ob17 preadipocytes with the cDNA of human A1 adenosine receptor

A process of differentiation was observed when ob17 preadipocyte cells were stably transfected with a vector containing the cDNA of the human A1 adenosine receptor of adipose tissue. Growth of the cell lines continued but was slowed relative to untransfected cells and cells transfected with vector alone, never attaining confluence. During this process, cells were observed to differentiate morphologically and to accumulate lipid droplets in their cytoplasm, droplets that stained with Oil red-O. During that same period of time, cells transfected with vector alone multiplied rapidly, attained confluence, and showed no signs of differentiation. We conclude that expression of the A1 adenosine receptor initiated a differentiation process that resembled aspects of the normal differentiation of preadipocytes. If so, a role for the A1 receptor in normal preadipocyte differentiation should be considered, perhaps after cell-to-cell contact occurs at confluence.
The Effects of 6-Mercaptopurine (6-MP) on the Thyroid Gland

6-Mercaptopurine (6-MP) has been found to have anti-thyroid properties in rats. Acutely, the drug inhibits thyroid hormone synthesis by interfering with organic iodine binding. The chronic administration of the drug results in inhibition of thyroxine synthesis, increase in plasma TSH and goiter. A state of iodine deficiency which is probably associated with preferential triiodothyronine production by the thyroid and maintenance of normal circulating triiodothyronine levels then results. Goiter and hypothyroidism also have been observed in 2 patients on 6-MP. In view of these findings it is recommended that thyroid function be evaluated in patients on 6-MP. (Endo-crinology 94: 1583, 1974)
KIR2DS4 is a product of gene conversion with KIR3DL2 that introduced specificity for HLA-A*11 while diminishing avidity for HLA-C.

Human killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) are distinguished by expansion of activating KIR2DS, whose ligands and functions remain poorly understood. The oldest, most prevalent KIR2DS is KIR2DS4, which is represented by a variable balance between “full-length” and “deleted” forms. We find that full-length 2DS4 is a human histocompatibility leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I receptor that binds specifically to subsets of C1+ and C2+ HLA-C and to HLA-A*11, whereas deleted 2DS4 is nonfunctional. Activation of 2DS4+ NKL cells was achieved with A*1102 as ligand, which differs from A*1101 by unique substitution of lysine 19 for glutamate, but not with A*1101 or HLA-C. Distinguishing KIR2DS4 from other KIR2DS is the proline–valine motif at positions 71–72, which is shared with KIR3DL2 and was introduced by gene conversion before separation of the human and chimpanzee lineages. Site-directed swap mutagenesis shows that these two residues are largely responsible for the unique HLA class I specificity of KIR2DS4. Determination of the crystallographic structure of KIR2DS4 shows two major differences from KIR2DL: displacement of contact loop L2 and altered bonding potential because of the substitutions at positions 71 and 72. Correlation between the worldwide distributions of functional KIR2DS4 and HLA-A*11 points to the physiological importance of their mutual interaction.
Diabetic nephropathy induces alterations in the glomerular and tubule lipid profiles.

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a major life-threatening complication of diabetes. Renal lesions affect glomeruli and tubules, but the pathogenesis is not completely understood. Phospholipids and glycolipids are molecules that carry out multiple cell functions in health and disease, and their role in DN pathogenesis is unknown. We employed high spatial resolution MALDI imaging MS to determine lipid changes in kidneys of eNOS−/−db/db mice, a robust model of DN. Phospholipid and glycolipid structures, localization patterns, and relative tissue levels were determined in individual renal glomeruli and tubules without disturbing tissue morphology. A significant increase in the levels of specific glomerular and tubular lipid species from four different classes, i.e., gangliosides, sulfoglycosphingolipids, lysophospholipids, and phosphatidylethanolamines, was detected in diabetic kidneys compared with nondiabetic controls. Inhibition of nonenzymatic oxidative and glycoxidative pathways attenuated the increase in lipid levels and ameliorated renal pathology, even though blood glucose levels remained unchanged. Our data demonstrate that the levels of specific phospho- and glycolipids in glomeruli and/or tubules are associated with diabetic renal pathology. We suggest that hyperglycemia-induced DN pathogenic mechanisms require intermediate oxidative steps that involve specific phospholipid and glycolipid species.
Use of EPO in critically ill patients with acute renal failure requiring renal replacement therapy.

Background: Recombinant human erythropoietin (EPO) is used widely to treat anemia in patients with chronic kidney disease, but the benefits of EPO use in patients with acute renal failure (ARF) are unclear. In vitro and animal studies suggest that EPO may promote renal recovery and decrease mortality in ARF. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study at a tertiary-care center to evaluate the use of EPO in 187 critically ill patients with ARF requiring renal replacement therapy. Results: Compared with patients not administered EPO (n = 116), patients administered EPO (n = 71) were significantly more likely to have baseline chronic kidney disease, have undergone vascular surgery, and have received intermittent hemodialysis, rather than continuous renal replacement therapy. In a propensity-adjusted analysis that controlled for differences between the 2 cohorts and baseline hemoglobin level, EPO use did not decrease the transfusion of packed red blood cells. Renal recovery was not more common in patients administered EPO: the odds ratio for renal recovery in the propensity-adjusted analysis was 0.63 (95% confidence interval, 0.30 to 1.3) with EPO use. In-hospital survival was more common in the EPO-treated group, but this potential benefit was not significant in propensity-adjusted analyses. Conclusion: Although EPO use was not associated with a decrease in transfusion requirements or with renal recovery in our retrospective study, 37% of critically ill patients with ARF were treated with EPO at varying doses. A randomized controlled trial is needed to evaluate the potential benefits of EPO use in patients with ARF.
Microelectrode of the Thomas type using a liquid membrane electrode

Abstract By replacing the glass-based pH electrode L. R. Pucacco, S. K. Corona, H. R. Jacobson, and N. W. Carter (1986) Anal. Biochem. 153 , 251–261) with a liquid membrane-based pH electrode, a relatively easy-to-manufacture modified Thomas electrode has been developed. The liquid membrane-based modified Thomas electrode can be manufactured without the special equipment (forge) and materials (glass) required to make the glass membrane pH microelectrode L. R. Pucacco and N. W. Carter (1976) Anal. Biochem. 73 , 501–512). The sensitivity (57.4 ± 0.22 mV/pH unit), response time (20.0 ± 2.67 s), and electrical resistance (3.48 ± 0.67 × 10 11 ohm) of this electrode are similar to those of the glass-based version.
Firebase medicine: extending the Role I aid station

The unique nature of counterinsurgency warfare in Afghanistan highlights the tactical and technical challenges of the non-contiguous battlefield. Although remote military outposts distant from their support hubs help project NATO power, they also operate without the advantages of a secure rear area or interior lines of communication. Commonly referred to as ‘firebases’, these outposts typically house a platoon or company-sized element and present numerous challenges to the delivery of medical care and support. Medical planners and providers can mitigate many of these inherent risks through targeted interventions designed to increase the capabilities of these remote outposts. These interventions include focused higher-level trauma and non-trauma medical training for both medical and non-medical personnel, expanded equipment lists, ongoing medical education, training and rehearsals, and a proven and redundant communications plan.
91 Otic Lesions and Congenital Hypothyroidism

In an effort to elucidate the relation, if any, between thyroid abnormality and congenital deafness in Pendred's syndrome, an experiment was designed to study the effects of hypothyroidism on middle and inner ear hearing structures, including the auditory nerve and its central projection, in developing chick embryos. Propylthiouracil (PTU), 2 mg, was injected into the albumin of fertile chick eggs on the 10th incubation day. Single doses of 1-thyroxine (range 1 to 100 μg) were inoculated in a similar manner, either alone or with PTU. Control inocula included sterile saline or water. After hatching, each chick was examined for obvious malformations. The thyroid glands, middle and inner ear mechanisms, auditory nerve and brainstem were studied grossly and with different histologic staining techniques. When compared to controls, chicks exposed to PTU on their 10th incubation day exhibited: increased mortality, delayed hatching, reduced size, incomplete yolk sac absorption and death within 5 days unless exogenous thyroid hormone was provided in the first 24 to 47 h post hatch. Specific, consistent, morphologic alterations were observed in their thyroid glands as well as in the sensory hair cells and spiral ganglion of the cochlea. Preliminary results indicate if 50–75 μg of 1-thyroxine is given simultaneous with (or as long as 120 h after) the PTU injection of the 10 th incubation day, one cannot detect the groos defects, marked thyroid lesions or abnormal histology in cells of the cochlea and its ganglion. A relationship between embryonic thyroid gland function and the hearing mechanism of the chick embryo, is suggested. (SPR)
Theorizing and Documenting the Spread of Teach For All and its Impact on Global Education Reform

Within global education policy, the role of multilateral agencies in pushing cross-national policy borrowing is increasingly being complemented by efforts from private international networks within civil society, such as Teach For All. This introductory article summarizes the scarce extant literature on Teach For All, highlighting the contributions to this growing area of inquiry within this special issue. Especially provocative and fruitful lines of further inquiry surrounding Teach For All and similar policy networks are also highlighted and explored.
Gallium arsenide surface chemistry and surface damage in a chlorine high density plasma etch process

In an effort to monitor ion-driven surface chemistry in the high density plasma etching of GaAs by Cl2/Ar plasma chemistries, we have applied mass spectrometry and careful substrate temperature control. Etch product chlorides were mass analyzed while the substrate temperature was monitored by optical bandgap thermometry and as pressure (neutral flux), microwave power (ion flux) and rf bias of the substrate (ion energy) were varied. By ensuring that the substrate temperature does not deviate during process variations, the changes in product mass peak intensities are a direct measure of changes in the ionassisted surface chemistry which promotes anisotropic etching. Experimental results show that ion-assisted surface chemistry is optimum when sufficient Cl and Cl+ are present in the incident plasma flux. These conditions are met at low coupled microwave powers ( 200 eV. Photoreflectance measurements of the surface Fermi level show significant damage for ion energies >75 eV. However, in situ and ex situ surface passivations can recover the surface Fermi level for up to 200 eV ion energies, in good correlation to the onset of sputtering and subsurface damage. Thus, anisotropic, low damage pattern transfer is possible for ion energies between 50 and 200 eV.
Estrogen receptor and breast cancer

Abstract Breast cancer, the most common malignancy in women, was already known to be associated with the steroid hormone estrogen more than a century ago. The discovery of the estrogen receptor (ER) provided us not only with a powerful predictive and prognostic marker, but also an efficient target for the treatment of hormone-dependent breast cancer with antiestrogens. In this paper we will sketch the important role of ER in the development, progression, and treatment of the disease, which is complicated by the receptor’s interaction with co-regulatory proteins, its cross-talk with other signal transduction pathways, and its involvement in the development of antiestrogen resistance.
Modeling of fission neutrons as a signature for the detection of highly enriched uranium

We present the results of modeling intended to evaluate the feasibility of using neutrons from induced fission in highly enriched uranium (HEU) as a means of detecting clandestine HEU, even when it is embedded in absorbing surroundings, such as commercial cargo. We characterized radiation from induced fission in HEU, which consisted of delayed neutrons at all energies and prompt neutrons at energies above a threshold. We found that for the candidate detector and for the conditions we considered, a distinctive HEU signature should be detectable, given sufficient detector size, and should be robust over a range of cargo content. In the modeled scenario, an intense neutron source was used to induce fissions in a spherical shell of HEU. To absorb, scatter, and moderate the neutrons, we place one layer of simulated cargo between the source and target and an identical layer between the target and detector. The resulting neutrons and gamma rays are resolved in both time and energy to reveal the portion arising from fission. We predicted the dominant reaction rates within calcium fluoride and liquid organic scintillators. Finally, we assessed the relative effectiveness of two common neutron source energies.
On the use of special functions in the extrapolation of scattering data

Abstract Recently, extrapolations of scattering data using polynomial expansions in cos θ have been employed in an effort to obtain structure information about several light nuclei. In this work an alternative set of special functions is developed for use in extrapolations of this type. The special functions considered are believed to be superior to polynomials in cos θ in that they possess the same type of background singularities as the function being extrapolated. A direct comparison between extrapolations using Legendre polynomials, conformal mapping and the special functions is made. These comparisons use data employed in recent determinations of the deuteron asymptotic D- to S-state ratio, ϱ D . In addition, the problem of estimating the error in ϱ D incurred by the extrapolation procedure is discussed.
From big data to big knowledge

We are drowning in big data, but a lot of it is hard to interpret. For example, Google indexes about 40B webpages, but these are just represented as bags of words, which don't mean much to a computer. To get from "strings to things", Google introduced the Knowledge Graph (KG), which is a database of facts about entities (people, places, movies, etc.) and their relations (nationality, geo-containment, actor roles, etc). KG is based on Freebase, but supplements it with various other structured data sources. Although KG is very large (about 500M nodes/ entities, and 30B edges/ relations), it is still very incomplete. For example, 94% of the people are missing their place of birth, and 78\% have no known nationality - these are examples of missing links in the graph. In addition, we are missing many nodes (corresponding to new entities), as well as new types of nodes and edges (corresponding to extensions to the schema). In this talk, I will survey some of the efforts we are engaged in to try to "grow" KG automatically using machine learning methods. In particular, I will summarize our work on the problems of entity linkage, relation extraction, and link prediction, using data extracted from natural language text as well as tabular data found on the web.
Trace element and U-series systematics for 1963-1965 tephras from Irazú Volcano, Costa Rica: implications for magma generation processes and transit times

Abstract In order to investigate fluid fluxing and the time-scales of magma genesis in the mantle below Costa Rica, basaltic andesites erupted in 1963–1965 from Irazu volcano were analyzed for major and trace element compositions as well as thorium isotope and 226Ra abundances. The 1963–65 eruption of Irazu produced two groups of tephras termed high-Ra, with (226Ra)/(230Th) = 1.13–1.21 and low-Ra with near equilibrium (226Ra)/(230Th) values. Low-Ra and high-Ra samples have similar overall compositions. For example, barium and HSF element concentrations are about the same in the two magma groups, and all tephras have (230Th)/(232Th) ratios of about 1.20 and (238U)/(230Th) ≅ 0.9. However, low-Ra samples have 6–16 % higher concentrations of many highly incompatible elements compared to high-Ra samples, whereas REE, Sr, and P2O5, concentrations are higher by about 3–8% in the high-Ra samples. These compositional differences can be explained by variations in the degree of melting and in the compositions of fluids involved in magma genesis. Low-Ra magmas were generated by dehydration partial melting of garnet-bearing mantle that had been enriched previously by a slab fluid. High-Ra magmas were generated by a similar mechanism, but involved an additional mantle-derived fluid. Trace element compositions of the high-Ra magmas suggest that this fluid was similar to a carbonatite. The temperature and pressures during melting were appropriate for carbonatite-silicate melt miscibility, and the carbonatitic fluid was consumed or partly consumed during melting. The lower concentrations of many highly incompatible trace elements in the high-Ra samples resulted from a higher degree of partial melting of its mantle source caused by fluid-silicate melt miscibility. The approximately equal HFS element and Ba concentrations in the low- and high-Ra samples, and the relatively high REE, Sr, and P2O5 concentrations in the high-Ra samples reflects the addition of these elements to the high-Ra magma from the fluid. Ra-Ba-Th geochronometry suggests that the enrichment event occurred between a few centuries and eight millennia before the eruption.
Primary peritoneal carcinoma presenting on routine papanicolaou smear

Abstract Background. Primary peritoneal carcinoma is an uncommon disease, characterized by peritoneal carcinomatosis without other identifiable primary tumor. It typically presents resembling ovarian cancer, with abdominal pain and distention and in an advanced stage. We report a unique presentation of this disease. Case. A 76-year-old woman had severe glandular dysplasia on a screening Papanicolaou smear. An ectocervical lesion was biopsied, revealing moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma. Cervical stenosis prevented sampling of the endocervix and endometrium. Colonoscopy and mammography did not reveal malignancy. Total abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophrectomy was performed. Surgery revealed surface implants on the pelvic organs, with minimal involvement of the ovaries. Histologic examination revealed adenocarcinoma with papillary serous differentiation. Surgical and microscopic findings were consistent with a diagnosis of primary peritoneal carcinoma. Conclusion. Primary peritoneal carcinoma usually presents in a manner similar to that of ovarian cancer, but atypical presentations also occur. While a Papanicolaou smear suggestive of carcinoma usually represents a primary cervical malignancy, this case serves as a reminder that other metastatic malignancies should be considered.
Genetically Engineered Bacteria-Based BioTransceivers for Molecular Communication

Molecular Communication (MC) is a nano-scale communication paradigm where the information is carried by molecular signals. To establish information transmission using molecules, biological nanomachines can be utilized as transmitters and receivers. A bacteria can be programmed as a biotransceiver by modifying their genetic code to implement biological circuits. In this paper, genetically engineered bacteria-based biotransceivers are investigated for MC, where bacteria can generate and respond to the molecular signals. A biochemical model of biological circuits is presented, and both analog and digital signaling are studied. The challenges in connecting basic biological circuits to build these blocks are revealed. A biotransceiver architecture is introduced that combines sensing, transmitting, receiving and processing blocks. Furthermore, biological circuit design framework is proposed for transmission of signals with M-ary pulse amplitude modulation. The biological circuits designed for biotransceiver are elaborated via numerical results based on biochemical parameters of the genetically engineered bacteria. The provided results show that using biological circuits, bacteria can function as a transmitter and receiver node for MC. Our work stands as a basis for future biotransceiver design for MC.
Impact of genetics on the diagnosis and clinical management of syndromic craniosynostoses

Purpose More than 60 different mutations have been identified to be causal in syndromic forms of craniosynostosis. The majority of these mutations occur in the fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 gene (FGFR2). The clinical management of syndromic craniosynostosis varies based on the particular causal mutation. Additionally, the diagnosis of a patient with syndromic craniosynostosis is based on the clinical presentation, signs, and symptoms. The understanding of the hallmark features of particular syndromic forms of craniosynostosis leads to efficient diagnosis, management, and long-term prognosis of patients with syndromic craniosynostoses.
A methanol/dioxygen biofuel cell that uses NAD+-dependent dehydrogenases as catalysts: application of an electro-enzymatic method to regenerate nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide at low overpotentials

Abstract Diaphorase catalyzes efficiently the oxidation of NADH to NAD + by benzylviologen. This reaction was used to regenerate the NAD + required for the biocatalyzed oxidation of methanol to CO 2 using NAD + -dependent dehydrogenases. A methanol/dioxygen biofuel cell was assembled using these bioreactions in the anode compartment. The open-circuit voltage of the cell was 0.8 V, and the maximum power output of the cell was 0.67 mW/cm 2 of graphite at 0.49 V. These results reflect the low overpotential at which NADH is oxidized and demonstrate a new approach to lowering voltage losses in biofuel cells due to activation overpotentials.
p53 immunoreactivity correlates with Ki-67 and bcl-2 expression in renal cell carcinoma.

Abstract This study assessed the relation of proliferation, inhibition of apoptosis, and the p53 tumor suppressor protein expression in clear renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Archival pathological specimens from 43 patients treated for RCC were obtained. Median follow-up for the patients was 52 months (range 2.5 months to 178 months). Immunostaining of paraffin tissue sections was carried out for four different markers: a) Ki-67, a marker for cellular proliferation; b) p53 /DO7, c) p53 /pAb240, antibodies for the p53 protein; and d) bcl-2 , a marker for inhibition of apoptosis (programmed cell death). One thousand cells were counted per slide at 400× magnification. Staining of ⩾10% of cells was considered positive and p53 immunoreactivity samples, P =0.0001. Interestingly, a significant association was found if Ki-67 and bcl-2 scores were combined and correlated with p53 , P =0.009. Results showed no correlation between any of the immunohistochemical markers and grade or stage. In addition, Kaplan-Meier survival curves demonstrated no significant difference between patients' tumors that was scored immunoreactive negative vs. positive for Ki-67, p53 , or bcl-2 . This study indicates that p53 expression correlates with proliferation, and inhibition of programmed cell death in RCC.
π 0 Photoproduction from Complex Nuclei

The photoproduction yields of ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}$ mesons from ${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$, Be, C, Al, Cu, Ag, and Pb targets have been measured at peak bremsstrahlung energies of 4.25, 5.6, 7.8, and 9.6 GeV. The $A$ dependence of ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}$ photoproduction is found to be almost independent of energy in this range in contrast to vector-meson dominance predictions.
Design of highly reliable tree architectures

Abstract It is well established that tree interconnections provide the most natural interconnect architecture for hierarchically organized distributed computing systems. One advantage of the tree architecture is the 0(log N ) speed of information exchange between any two nodes of an N node system. Another advantage is that the tree architecture can naturally map several important classes of problems that can be described as divide-and-conquer algorithms. In this paper we address the issue of fault-tolerance in binary tree architectures and present two new reliable tree architectures: the L -tree and the LN -tree. The L -tree is formed by augmenting the simplex binary tree with redundant links; the LN -tree is formed by augmenting the simplex binary tree with redundant nodes as well as links. Comparing the fault-tolerance performance of these two tree structures with other augmented tree structures previously proposed, we find that the L -tree is more reliable than existing fault-tolerant tree structures and has the further advantage of permitting simple algorithmic routing. The L -tree tolerates faults with a degradation in performance, however, whereas the LN -tree is not only highly reliable, but also maintains a rigid tree structure in the event of faults.
The Greening of China: The Constructive Postmodern Movement in Contemporary China

When China's economy began to grow in the 1980's, many people throughout the world, including many people in China, hoped that China might offer the world a unique model of development. Many Chinese carry this hope even today, and some among them are turning to Whiteheadian or process thought for guidance. Of course Whitehead is a Western philosopher, but they see in his ideas deep similarities with Chinese ways of thinking, enabling Chinese to articulate traditional points of view in a modern setting. With help from Whitehead they are developing what they call a "Constructively Postmodern" approach to China's future. This essay introduces this movement, its core ideas, and some of its key figures, linking them with the theme of religion and sustainability.
Robust quality controlling: SPC with box plots and runs test

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to propose a methodology that may assist quality professionals in assessing process variation with a combination of tools based on simple robust statistics. The technique targets alternative way of screening and detection of common and special causes in individuals' control charts (ICC).Design/methodology/approach – The technique is using the classical box plot to detect and filter out outliers attributed to special causes. Then, the runs test is used to partition the data streak at points where the p‐value exceeds an assigned critical value. The transition between partitions is where the onset of a common cause is suspected.Findings – The approach presented is supplemented with a case study from foundry operations in large‐scale can‐making operations. It is demonstrated how the magnesium content of an aluminium alloy is trimmed against special causes and then the location of the common causes is identified in a step‐by‐step fashion.Research limitations/implications ...
Social distance as behavioral intentions: a replication, a failure, and a new proposal.

Dual analyses of two social-distance checklists yielded contradictory results. Direct factor analysis of social distance items replicated the structures reported by Triandis. Inverse factor analysi...
The effect of community on migration: three Minnesota townships 1885–1905

Abstract For a long time European immigrant settlements were considered more community-oriented than those of Old Americans. In recent years, however, historians have asserted that there was little difference in observable behaviour between immigrants and Old Americans. Using geographical mobility as one type of observable behaviour, this revision was tested in three Minnesota townships of largely immigrant populations between 1885 and 1905. The unit of analysis was the community defined by membership in the parish church and consisted of populations with largely common origins in Europe. The economic functions of land giving, land taking and labour supply occurred largely within the community as did such social functions as socialization of youth, marriage and care for the aged. The community thus provided pecuniary as well as non-pecuniary utilities that allowed for a stabilization of the lives of the immigrants. Probably because of these utilities, the mobility rates of community members, independent of age or wealth, were noticeably lower than those who are termed non-community members. Due to a combination of weakening ties among second generation community members and worsening economic conditions in the area, community mobility increased in the second decade of analysis. Nevertheless, the mobility rates of the community remained lower than those not in a community suggesting that the revisionist position needs careful re-evaluation.
Heart failure: a disease complex with challenging therapeutics.

Heart failure (HF) is the most common cause of cardiovascular hospitalization, especially among the elderly. It has a higher mortality and morbidity than several cancers and consumes a significant portion of the health-care budget. HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is commoner among women who may have underlying hypertension. Significant progress has been achieved in the development of lifesaving drugs for HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). However, treatment of HFpEF still poses significant challenges. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2013); 94 4, 415–421. doi:10.1038/clpt.2013.151
Long-run dynamics of queues: Stability and chaos

We analyze the long-run dynamics of queues in which customers undergo self-selection. We describe the structure and local stability of equilibria for various capacity adjustment procedures and solve the problem of global stability for the limiting cases. The intermediate cases can be quite complicated. We show that one such case leads to chaotic dynamics.
Inorganic mercury pharmacokinetics in man: a two-compartment model

Excreta data obtained from five human subjects and previously analyzed as part of a multicompartment model (Hall, L.L., P.V. Allen, H.L. Fisher, and B. Most. 1995. The kinetics of intravenously administered inorganic mercury in humans. In Kinetic models of trace element and mineral metabolism, ed. K.N.S. Subramanian and M.E. Wastney, 1-21. Boca Raton: CRC Press) were reanalyzed by means of a two-compartment model. The mobile compartment represents mercury of any form that is available for transport throughout the body. The immobile compartment represents mercury in forms that are not available for transport. The model simulates time profiles for body inorganic mercury and for fecal and urinary excretion. According to the model, intravenously administered mercury enters the body in the mobile form. Following administration, two distinct kinetic profiles were observed. In four of five subjects, mobile mercury in the body declined rapidly and the immobile form became dominant within 6 days. In these subjects...
`Men¿s duty to provide for women¿s needs¿: Abelard, Heloise, and their negotiation of the cura monialium

This paper examines the 12th-century cura monialium, the care of nuns, in light of the experiences of the men and women of the Paraclete. It is argued that, despite public ambivalence concerning the interaction of monastic men and women, Abelard came to identify the cura as integral to his own redemption. Moreover, service to women was a commitment that he enjoined on all religious men. Heloise’s letters suggest that the cura was of equal interest to women, who were actively concerned with the content and quality of the pastoral care that they received. Together, Heloise and Abelard challenge the traditional interpretation of the cura as a burden that was resented by men and that formed a source of tension between the sexes.
Supporting Youth in the Coming-Out Process: Theory-Based Programming

This article outlines the problems faced by today's same-sex attracted youth and provides a framework for administrators, social workers, and teachers to develop well-planned and specifically targeted supports for this often vulnerable population. Research on risk factors for same-sex attracted youth are reviewed, and three theories of coming out (stage models, constructivist models, and a self-psychology theory) are interwoven to provide a retheorizing of coming out appropriate to our same-sex attracted youth in our present-day communities. Specific recommendations for clinical social work practice follow from this examination of the coming-out process.