cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Home monitor for SIDS with telecommunications capability

The use of home monitors for the detection and prevention of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) in infants has experienced limited success and substantial controversy. The usefulness of home apnea monitors has been plagued with false positive alarms and lack of alarm during apneic episodes. The cause of the alarm is generally not known which increases the anxiety of the parent while lowering confidenca in the monitor. An 87 5 1H microcontroller based respiration and heart rates monitor has been developed to combine the benefits of inexpensive home monitoring with professional data analysis and alarm parameter adjustment. The microcontroller retains heart and respiration rate data (including mean and standard deviation) preceding to and during an apparent Jfe-threatening event (ALTE). The data are stored in a circular buffer as to keep the latest data. The buffer size can be adjisted by the physician depending upon the ALTEs required for further analysis. The home monitor is equipped with telecommunications capability. The stored data and alarm parameters can be transferred at the request of the physidan or parent through an IntErnal telephone modem to a personal computer at the physician''s office or hospital. The monitor retains the cost-effectiveness of home monitoring while providing data collection and analysis by a trained speciaJist.
The attenuation of a specific cue-to-consequence association by antiemetic agents.

Previous research has shown that rats develop a conditioned taste aversion after a single pairing of a distinct taste and subsequent toxicosis. The experiments reported here test the hypothesis that the expression of a taste aversion may reflect classically conditioned nausea mediated by activation of brainstem emetic centers by taste stimuli. Rats were allowed to drink a saccharin solution (1 g/l) and 10 min later were intubated with LiCl (180 mg/kg) to produce nausea. When control rats were posttested for saccharin preference they consumed less than 50% of their pretest intake. Experimental rats were injected with one of four pharmacologically distinct antiemetic drugs 30 min prior to their posttest with saccharin. Each drug significantly attenuated the aversion to saccharin at one dose level. The antiemetic drugs we used were scopolamine HBr, cyclizine, prochlorperazine dimaleate, and trimethobenzamide. These drugs had no effect on the conditioned fear of a noise that signaled foot shock or on a natural aversion to a bitter fluid (quinine monohydrochloride, 100 mg/l). Our data suggest that pharmacological suppression of the neural mechanisms of emesis selectively disrupts conditioned taste aversions, and that moderate dose levels are critical for obtaining this effect.
Hemoglobin synthesis studies of a family with α-thalassemia trait and sickle cell trait

The ratio of total globin α to β chain synthesis was determined in reticulocytes isolated from the blood of the members of a black family, some of whom had sickle cell trait with low blood HbS concentrations (25–30%). The results support the hypothesis that sickle cell trait individuals with low HbS concentrations also carry a gene for α-thalassemia.
Dental management of patients with surgically corrected cardiac and vascular disease

This article deals with the dental management of patients with surgically corrected cardiac and vascular disease. The emphasis of the report is on the susceptibility of these patients to bacterial endocarditis or endarteritis and the prevention of these diseases in the susceptible patient receiving dental treatment. The author would strongly encourage the medical and dental professions to work together in the management of these patients. The dentist must seek medical consultation prior to rendering dental care, and the physician is encouraged to seek dental consultation and treatment for the patient who is going to receive a prosthetic heart valve or is a candidate for heart transplantation.
Hemi-contralateral C7 transfer in traumatic brachial plexus injuries: outcomes and complications.

Background In brachial plexus injuries with nerve root avulsions, the options for nerve reconstruction are limited. In select situations, half or all of the contralateral C7 (CC7) nerve root can be transferred to the injured side for brachial plexus reconstruction. Although encouraging results have been reported, CC7 transfer has not gained universal popularity. The purpose of this study was to critically evaluate hemi-CC7 transfer for restoration of shoulder function or median nerve function in patients with severe brachial plexus injury. Methods A retrospective review of all patients with traumatic brachial plexus injury who had undergone hemi-CC7 transfer at a single institution during an eight-year period was performed. Complications were evaluated in all patients regardless of the duration of follow-up. The results of electrodiagnostic studies and modified British Medical Research Council (BMRC) motor grading were reviewed in all patients with more than twenty-seven months of follow-up. Results Fifty-five patients with traumatic brachial plexus injury underwent hemi-CC7 transfer performed between 2001 and 2008 for restoration of shoulder function or median nerve function. Thirteen patients who underwent hemi-CC7 transfer to the shoulder and fifteen patients who underwent hemi-CC7 transfer to the median nerve had more than twenty-seven months of follow-up. Twelve of the thirteen patients in the shoulder group demonstrated electromyographic evidence of reinnervation, but only three patients achieved M3 or greater shoulder abduction motor function. Three of the fifteen patients in the median nerve group demonstrated electromyographic evidence of reinnervation, but none developed M3 or greater composite grip. All patients experienced donor-side sensory or motor changes; these were typically mild and transient, but one patient sustained severe, permanent donor-side motor and sensory losses. Conclusions The outcomes of hemi-CC7 transfer for restoration of shoulder motor function or median nerve function following posttraumatic brachial plexus injury do not justify the risk of donor-site morbidity, which includes possible permanent motor and sensory losses.
Georgia tech information security center hands-on network security laboratory

An undergraduate internetwork, security-teaching laboratory, which includes both defensive and offensive security laboratory experimentation, is described. This laboratory is oriented toward an introductory internetworking security class and is intended to complement more theoretical network security classes while sparking student interest. The laboratory is unique in that it uses an isolated laboratory network that provides a simple model of the Internet, including an enterprise network component, a university component, a "good" Internet service provider, and a "bad" Internet service provider. This setup is in contrast to typical educational laboratories, which use only a few physical computers with virtual machines. All of the laboratory assignments are available on the Internet for general community use and modification (the Internetwork Security Class Home Page is available at http://users.ece.gatech.edu//spl ap/owen/).
Addition of C–C and C–H bonds by pincer-iridium complexes: a combined experimental and computational study

We report that pincer-ligated iridium complexes undergo oxidative addition of the strained C–C bond of biphenylene. The sterically crowded species (tBuPCP)Ir (RPCP = κ3-1,3-C6H3(CH2PR2)2) initially reacts with biphenylene to selectively add the C(1)–H bond, to give a relatively stable aryl hydride complex. Upon heating at 125 °C for 24 h, full conversion to the C–C addition product, (tBuPCP)Ir(2,2′-biphenyl), is observed. The much less crowded (iPrPCP)Ir undergoes relatively rapid C–C addition at room temperature. The large difference in the apparent barriers to C–C addition is notable in view of the fact that the addition products are not particularly crowded, since the planar biphenyl unit adopts an orientation perpendicular to the plane of the RPCP ligands. Based on DFT calculations the large difference in the barriers to C–C addition can be explained in terms of a “tilted” transition state. In the transition state the biphenylene cyclobutadiene core is calculated to be strongly tilted (ca. 50°–60°) relative to its orientation in the product in the plane perpendicular to that of the PCP ligand; this tilt results in very short, unfavorable, non-bonding contacts with the t-butyl groups in the case of the tBuPCP ligand. The conclusions of the biphenylene studies are applied to interpret computational results for cleavage of the unstrained C–C bond of biphenyl by (RPCP)Ir.
Comparison of Umbilical Venous and Intraosseous Access During Simulated Neonatal Resuscitation

OBJECTIVE: Emergent umbilical venous catheter (UVC) placement for persistent bradycardia in the delivery room is a rare occurrence that requires significant skill and involves space constraints. Placement of an intraosseous needle (ION) in neonates has been well described. The ION is already used in the pediatric population and is placed at an anatomic location distant from where chest compressions are performed. In this study we compared time to placement, errors in placement, and perceived ease of use for UVCs and IONs in a simulated delivery room. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Forty health care providers were recruited. Subjects were shown an instructional video of both techniques and allowed to practice placement. Subjects participated in 2 simulated neonatal resuscitations requiring intravenous epinephrine. In 1 scenario they were required to place a UVC and in the other an ION. Scenarios were recorded for later analysis of placement time and error rate. Subjects were surveyed regarding the perceived level of difficulty of each technique. RESULTS: The average time required for ION placement was 46 seconds faster than for UVC placement ( P < .001). There was no significant difference in the number of errors between UVC and ION placement or in perceived ease of use. CONCLUSIONS: In a simulated delivery room setting, ION placement can be performed more quickly than UVC insertion without any difference in technical error rate or perceived ease of use. ION insertion should be considered when rapid intravenous access is required in the neonate at the time of birth, especially by health care professionals who do not routinely place UVCs.
Truly two-dimensional algorithms for radiative heat transfer calculations in reactive flows

Abstract The present study details the inclusion of radiative heat transfer phenomena in the numerical simulation of reactive hypersonic and atmospheric reentry flows. Truly two-dimensional algorithms are developed for the radiative source term in the governing equations, whereby the determination of the specific intensity field is obtained by means of a numerical integration over directions of propagation of radiation. The one-dimensional Slab approximation is lifted, and the analysis presented allows the determination of the radiative characteristics of the entire flowfield, rather than being limited to the stagnation streamline, thereby providing the potential for an accurate assessment of two-dimensional relieving effects throughout the flowfield. A few preliminary results are presented for the Mach 47 flow over a cylinder and a sphere, including a comparison of the two-dimensional algorithms with the one-dimensional approximation and an emission-dominated-case. The effects of improving the modeling of radiative heat transfer are demonstrated. The present approach can be easily extended to three-dimensional problems.
Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling inhibits DAF-16 DNA binding and function via 14-3-3-dependent and 14-3-3-independent pathways.

In Caenorhabditis elegans, an insulin-like signaling pathway to phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase) and AKT negatively regulates the activity of DAF-16, a Forkhead transcription factor. We show that in mammalian cells, C.elegans DAF-16 is a direct target of AKT and that AKT phosphorylation generates 14-3-3 binding sites and regulates the nuclear/cytoplasmic distribution of DAF-16 as previously shown for its mammalian homologs FKHR and FKHRL1. In vitro, interaction of AKT- phosphorylated DAF-16 with 14-3-3 prevents DAF-16 binding to its target site in the insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 gene, the insulin response element. In HepG2 cells, insulin signaling to PI 3-kinase/AKT inhibits the ability of a GAL4 DNA binding domain/DAF-16 fusion protein to activate transcription via the insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1-insulin response element, but not the GAL4 DNA binding site, which suggests that insulin inhibits the interaction of DAF-16 with its cognate DNA site. Elimination of the DAF-16/1433 association by mutation of the AKT/14-3-3 sites in DAF-16, prevents 14-3-3 inhibition of DAF-16 DNA binding and insulin inhibition of DAF-16 function. Similarly, inhibition of the DAF-16/14-3-3 association by exposure of cells to the PI 3-kinase inhibitor LY294002, enhances DAF-16 DNA binding and transcription activity. Surprisingly constitutively nuclear DAF-16 mutants that lack AKT/14-3-3 binding sites also show enhanced DNA binding and transcription activity in response to LY294002, pointing to a 14-3-3-independent mode of regulation. Thus, our results demonstrate at least two mechanisms, one 14-3-3-dependent and the other 14-3-3-independent, whereby PI 3-kinase signaling regulates DAF-16 DNA binding and transcription function.
Molecular modeling of the heterodimer of human CFTR's nucleotide-binding domains using a protein-protein docking approach.

Abstract We have presented a new protein–protein docking approach to model heterodimeric structures based on the conformations of the monomeric units. The conventional modeling method relies on superimposing two monomeric structures onto the crystal structure of a homologous protein dimer. The resulting structure may exhibit severe backbone clashes at the dimeric interface depending on the backbone dissimilarity between the target and template proteins. Our method overcomes the backbone clashing problem and requires no a priori knowledge of the dimeric structure of a homologous protein. Here we used human Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane conductance Regulator (CFTR), a chloride channel whose dysfunction causes cystic fibrosis, for illustration. The two intracellular nucleotide-binding domains (NBDs) of CFTR control the opening and closing of the channel. Yet, the structure of the CFTR’s NBD1–NBD2 complex has not been experimentally determined. Thus, correct modeling of this heterodimeric structure is valuable for understanding CFTR functions and would have potential applications for drug design for cystic fibrosis treatment. Based on the crystal structure of human CFTR’s NBD1, we constructed a model of the NBD1–NBD2 complex. The constructed model is consistent with the dimeric mode observed in the crystal structures of other ABC transporters. To verify our structural model, an ATP substrate was docked into the nucleotide-binding site. The predicted binding mode shows consistency with related crystallographic findings and CFTR functional studies. Finally, genistein, an agent that enhances CFTR activity, though the mechanism for such enhancement is unclear, was docked to the model. Our predictions agreed with genistein’s bell-shaped dose–response relationship. Potential mutagenesis experiments were proposed for understanding the potentiation mechanism of genistein and for providing insightful information for drug design targeting at CFTR. The method used in this study can be applied to modeling studies of other dimeric protein structures.
Frontal EEG and emotion regulation: electrocortical activity in response to emotional film clips is associated with reduced mood induction and attention interference effects.

Frontal EEG activity is thought to reflect affective dispositions, but may also reflect the emotional demands of a specific context combined with the capability to regulate emotions in that context. The present study examined this hypothesis by testing whether frontal EEG activity during mood inductions versus a resting baseline predicted emotion regulation. EEG was recorded while participants (N = 66, 40 females) received a fearful, sad, or neutral mood induction. Emotion regulation was measured following the mood inductions as self-reported change in negative mood and as attention interference in a task with mood-congruent emotional distracters. Greater frontal EEG activity during the mood inductions versus baseline was associated with more effective emotion regulation: less post-induction sadness and anxiety and reduced mood-congruent attention interference effects. Effects did not differ between the left and right hemispheres. Results support the hypothesis that frontal EEG activity reflects both emotional context and emotion-regulatory capabilities.
Kinetics of Light-Induced Deffect Formation and Annealing in Hydrogenated Amorphous Silicon Alloyed with Sulfur

The creation and annealing kinetics of light-induced defects in a-SiSx:H are studied by ESR and LESR measurements. The dispersion of defect creation after prolonged illumination with white light is greater for a-SiSx:H than that for undoped a-Si:H. In addition, the saturated value of the dark spin density is slightly lower for a-SiSx:H than that for a-Si:H. The annealing behavior can be fitted with a Gaussian distribution of annealing activation energies as is the case for undoped a-Si:H. The incorporation of sulfur decreases the peak energy and increases the width of the distribution of activation energies. Light-soaking does not change the low temperature LESR spectrum and LESR spin density.
Rectification of the Ionic Current through Carbon Nanotubes by Electrostatic Assembly of Polyelectrolytes

Rectification of the ionic current flowing through nanotubes embedded in a polymeric membrane is achieved by selective adsorption of polycations to the nanotubes’ mouths. A one-dimensional model of ionic flux through a nanotube with charged entrance regions qualitatively describes current−voltage curves before and after polycation exposure; reversal potential measurements confirm that charge reversal takes place upon polycation adsorption. The inherent simply of this electrostatic approach makes it attractive in membrane and nanofluidic applications employing rectification.
Plant water relations at elevated CO2 -- implications for water-limited environments.

Long-term exposure of plants to elevated [CO 2 ] leads to a number of growth and physiological effects, many of which are interpreted in the context of ameliorating the negative impacts of drought. However, despite considerable study, a clear picture in terms of the influence of elevated [CO 2 ] on plant water relations and the role that these effects play in determining the response of plants to elevated [CO 2 ] under water-limited conditions has been slow to emerge. In this paper, four areas of research are examined that represent critical, yet uncertain, themes related to the response of plants to elevated [CO 2 ] and drought. These include (1) fine-root proliferation and implications for whole-plant water uptake; (2) enhanced water-use efficiency and consequences for drought tolerance; (3) reductions in stomatal conductance and impacts on leaf water potential; and (4) solute accumulation, osmotic adjustment and dehydration tolerance of leaves. A survey of the literature indicates that the growth of plants at elevated [CO 2 ] can lead to conditions whereby plants maintain higher (less negative) leaf water potentials. The mechanisms that contribute to this effect are not fully known, although CO 2 -induced reductions in stomatal conductance, increases in whole-plant hydraulic conductance and osmotic adjustment may be important. Less understood are the interactive effects of elevated [CO 2 ] and drought on fine-root production and water-use efficiency, and the contribution of these processes to plant growth in water-limited environments. Increases in water-use efficiency and reductions in water use can contribute to enhanced soil water content under elevated [CO 2 ]. Herbaceous crops and grasslands are most responsive in this regard. The conservation of soil water at elevated [CO 2 ] in other systems has been less studied, but in terms of maintaining growth or carbon gain during drought, the benefits of CO 2 -induced improvements in soil water content appear relatively minor. Nonetheless, because even small effects of elevated [CO 2 ] on plant and soil water relations can have important implications for ecosystems, we conclude that this area of research deserves continued investigation. Future studies that focus on cellular mechanisms of plant response to elevated [CO 2 ] and drought are needed, as are whole-plant investigations that emphasize the integration of processes throughout the soil‐plant‐ atmosphere continuum. We suggest that the hydraulic principles that govern water transport provide an integrating framework that would allow CO 2 -induced changes in stomatal conductance, leaf water potential, root growth and other processes to be uniquely evaluated within the context of whole-plant hydraulic conductance and water transport efficiency.
MIB-1 (Ki-67), p53, estrogen receptor, and progesterone receptor expression in uterine smooth muscle tumors.

The diagnosis of benign, uncertain malignant potential, and malignant uterine smooth muscle tumors depends on mitotic counts, nuclear atypia, and other morphologic features. This study was undertaken to evaluate the utility of selected immunohistochemical markers in differentiating these tumors. Fifteen cases of cellular leiomyoma, 7 cases of smooth muscle tumor of uncertain malignant potential (STUMP), and 12 cases of leiomyosarcoma were immunostained for MIB-1 (Ki-67), p53, estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor (PR) using monoclonal antibodies and the avidin-biotin-peroxidase method. The percentage of cells stained was subjectively assessed to the nearest 5%. One percent was used for rare positive cells. MIB-1 expression of > or =15% was seen in 11 and expression of p53 in > or =15% cells was present in 5 of 12 leiomyosarcomas. MIB-1 and/or p53 expression of >15% was seen in all 12 leiomyosarcomas but in none of the 7 STUMP or 15 cellular leiomyomas. PR was absent in 10 of 12 leiomyosarcomas but present in 7 of 7 STUMP and 14 of 15 cellular leiomyomas. MIB-1 of 5% to 10% was seen in 6 of 7 STUMP but in only 1 of 15 cellular leiomyomas. MIB-1, p53, and PR are useful in differentiating leiomyosarcoma from STUMP and cellular leiomyoma. MIB-1 is useful in distinguishing STUMP from cellular leiomyomas.
Transnational Higher Education and Sustainable Development: current initiatives and future prospects

Tertiary educational institutions increasingly are relied upon for sustainable development initiatives. This policy research note analyzes newly available data regarding seven key dimensions of 295 transnational sustainable development projects involving US universities. Comparative regional analysis of the projects profiled in the APLU/AAU database indicates that US universities engage in substantially fewer development projects in Central/Eastern Europe and the Middle East relative to other regions in the South. Further, these projects tend to be short term in duration, with a smaller proportion continuing to be active in 2011 and beyond. Donors or other external sources tend to be the principal impetus for projects in both regions, rather than campus faculty members. The findings suggest that one path to increasing higher education development initiatives in the Middle East and Central/Eastern Europe would center on providing opportunities and incentives for faculty at US and overseas partner instituti...
Cross-Talk between Nuclear Factor-κB and the Steroid Hormone Receptors: Mechanisms of Mutual Antagonism

Nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) is an inducible transcription factor that positively regulates the expression of proimmune and proinflammatory genes, while glucocorticoids are potent suppressors of immune and inflammatory responses. NF-κB and the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) physically interact, resulting in repression of NF-κB transactivation. In transient cotransfection experiments, we demonstrate a dose-dependent, mutual antagonism between NF-κB and GR. Functional dissection of the NF-κB p50 and p65 subunits and deletion mutants of GR indicate that the GR antagonism is specific to the p65 subunit of NF-κB heterodimer, whereas multiple domains of GR are essential to repress p65-mediated transactivation. Despite its repression of GR transactivation, p65 failed to block the transrepressive GR homologous down-regulation function. We also demonstrate that negative interactions between p65 and GR are not selective for GR, but also occur between NF-κB and androgen, progesterone B, and estrogen receptors. However, a...
Low-Order Modeling of the Unsteady Aerodynamics in Flapping Wings

Reduced-order modeling of the unsteady aerodynamics generated by three-dimensional flapping wings undergoing three-dimensional motion is investigated. A low-order quasi-steady model based on rotational lift and a revised version incorporating dynamic stall are compared with experimental data generated with matching kinematics. The dynamic-stall-based model in general showed the ability to produce force curves with scale and shape similar to the experimental data, capturing most salient features but not properly resolving some of the peaks and troughs that appear post-half-cycle. The rotational lift-based model in general closely resembled the static force curves at the midcycle and overestimated the salient features around the half-cycle. This varying behavior between models is due to the primary differences in the influencing factors of the rotational lift and dynamic stall terms. These differences are exploited in a combined model that shows greater agreement with the experimental data.
Pathophysiologic Mechanisms in the Pathogenesis and Clinical Course of Schizophrenia

It is widely accepted that schizophrenia originates from abnormalities occurring during the early stages of neural development. Although large studies have revealed behavioral precursors of schizophrenia in childhood, the disorder is usually not evident until patients are in their 20s or 30s. Some patients will be resistant to typical antipsychotic treatment at this first-onset of schizophrenia; however, treatment resistance develops in the majority of patients during the course of successive episodes. This ongoing deterioration suggests that a degenerative process operates during the active psychotic phase of the illness. This review presents evidence of neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative mechanisms for the development of schizophrenia. These data indicate the importance of effective treatment at the first onset of schizophrenia to improve patient outcome. In addition, animal studies suggest that treatment with clozapine may prevent the neurodegenerative component responsible for the development of treatment resistance.
Stable and flux-conserved meshfree formulation to model shocks

Accurate shock modeling requires that two critical issues be addressed: (1) correct representation of the essential shock physics, and (2) control of Gibbs phenomenon oscillation at the discontinuity. In this work a stable (oscillation limiting) and flux-conserved formulation under the reproducing kernel particle method is developed for shock modeling. A smoothed flux divergence is constructed under the framework of stabilized conforming nodal integration, which is locally-enriched with a Riemann solution to satisfy the entropy production constraints. This Riemann-enriched flux divergence is embedded into the reproducing kernel formulation through a velocity correction that also provides oscillation control at the shock. The correction is constrained to the shock region by an automatic shock detection algorithm that is constructed using the intrinsic spectral decomposition feature of the reproducing kernel approximation. Several numerical examples are provided to verify accuracy of the proposed formulation.
The biology of cadmium.

Industrial exposure to large amounts of cadmium is known to be toxic to man; however, the low levels of cadmium in water, food, and air to which everyone is continually exposed have no obvious effects. During childhood and adolescence, ingestion and inhalation of cadmium are responsible for the average American accumulating about 30 mg of cadmium in his body, with the highest concentration being in the kidney. It has been suggested on the basis of two observations that elevated renal cadmium might be associated with essential hypertension: (1) Hypertensives have been reported to have higher renal cadmium concentrations than normotensives. (2) Long-term exposure to low levels of cadmium has reproducibly caused mild hypertension in animals. Finally, increased levels of cadmium have been found in lungs and other tissues of emphysematous subjects. Language: en
The Anarchist Apprentice: Speaking and Learning in the Streets

In Proust and Signs, Gilles Deleuze sketches Proust's characters as undergoing an apprenticeship to worlds of signs: formal and informal communicative signs; enigmatic signs of love; material, sensuous signs; signs of art. My paper applies Deleuze's take on representation, time, and love to theorize the development of Emma Goldman's anarchism as a process of intellectual, political, sensory, and artistic apprenticeship to a rich and many-layered world of anarchist signs.Lacking formal education beyond middle school, Goldman's gained her political voice 'in the streets,' in the context of her lifetime of activism. Just as, Deleuze suggests, one becomes a carpenter by becoming sensitive to the signs of wood, Goldman became an anarchist by engaging and helping to produce the signs that matter to anarchists.
Experimental Determination of the Crystallization Phase-Boundary Velocity in the Halozeotype CZX-1

Isothermal crystallization experiments were performed on the halozeotype CZX-1 with 2D temperature- and time-resolved synchrotron X-ray diffraction (TtXRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). These crystallization experiments demonstrate that the fundamental materials property, the velocity of the phase boundary of the crystallization front, vpb, can be recovered from the Kolmogorov Johnson and Mehl and Avrami (KJMA) model of phase-boundary controlled reactions by introducing the sample volume into the KJMA rate expression. An additional corrective term is required if the sample volume of the crystallization measurement is anisotropic. The concurrent disappearance of the melt and appearance of the crystalline phase demonstrate that no intermediates exist in the crystallization pathway. The velocity of the phase boundary approaches 0 as the glass transition (Tg ≈ 30 °C) is approached and at about 10° below melting point (Tm = 173 °C). The velocity of the phase boundary reaches a maximum of 30 μm s...
Effect of Early Season Insecticide Use and Square Removal on Fruiting Patterns and Fiber Quality of Cotton

The effect of early-season cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., square loss and insect control (primarily thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande)), on the ability of cotton plants to replace lost fruit as well as maintain lint quality was examined in several field trials of differing experimental design in Arizona during 1986-1987. All trials indicated some degree of compensation for damage to fruiting structures and yield depending upon the timing and plant growth stage. Significant differences in yield were detected only in plots that had squares removed 4 wk after initiation of square production. Most measures of cotton quality were similar among treatments. No differences in fiber strength, elongation, or any color or trash index were calculated for any test. Only a few significant differences between treatments were detected in length, micronaire, or uniformity. However, differences among treatments in all tests were small and all values within a test were still within the same relative range, either “average” or just below “average” range. The treatment with squares removed at 4 wk after square initiation had shorter fiber lengths than those with squares removed early or no removals. ‘Deltapine 90’ cotton treated with aldicarb at pinhead square had higher micronaire than aldicarb-treated ‘Deltapine 77’, but there were no differences between treated and untreated plots. Treated ‘Deltapine 90’ had higher uniformity than untreated ‘Deltapine 90’, but there were no differences between cultivars or between treated and untreated ‘Deltapine 77’. Cotton from plots treated with phorate at planting had higher uniformity ratios than cotton from either aldicarb-treated or control plots. Comparisons of the results of this study are made with those of other regions. Possible factors producing different results are discussed.
Rigid local systems and a question of Wootters

Recently we learned from Ron Evans of some fascinating questions raised by Wootters [A-S-S-W]. These questions, which concern exponential sums, arose from his investigations of a particular quantum state with special properties, where the underlying vector space is the space of functions on the finite field Fp := Z/pZ, p a prime which is 3 mod 4. Due to our ignorance of the underlying physics, we concentrate on the exponential sums themselves. In our approach, it costs us nothing to work over an arbitrary finite field Fq of odd characteristic. [Thus Fq is “the” finite field of q elements, q a power of some odd prime p.] We also introduce a parameter a ∈ Fq . In the Wootters setup, where q = p is 3 mod 4, the parameter a is simply a = −1. Ultimately we end up proving identities among exponential sums, but not at all in a straightforward way; we need to invoke the theory of Kloosterman sheaves and their rigidity properties, as well as the fundamental results of [De-Weil II] and [BBD]. It would be interesting to find direct proofs of these identities.
Is FDA-Approved Bevacizumab Cost-Effective When Included in the Treatment of Platinum-Resistant Recurrent Ovarian Cancer?

Purpose:Although the Food and Drug Administration has approved incorporation of bevacizumab (BEV) into the treatment of platinum-resistant ovarian cancer (PROC), cost-value measures are an essential consideration, as evidenced by the recent ASCO Value Framework initiative. We assessed the cost-effectiveness and reviewed the net health benefit (NHB) of this expensive treatment.Methods:A cost-effectiveness decision model was constructed using results from a phase III trial comparing BEV plus cytotoxic chemotherapy with chemotherapy alone in patients with PROC. The Avastin Use in Platinum-Resistant Epithelial Ovarian Cancer (AURELIA) trial demonstrated improvement in progression-free survival and quality of life in patients receiving BEV. Costs, paracentesis rates, and adverse events were incorporated, including subgroup analysis of different partner chemotherapy agents.Results:Inclusion of BEV in the treatment of platinum-resistant recurrent ovarian cancer meets the common willingness-to-pay incremental cos...
Monoclonal immunoglobulin rescue from a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia and autoimmune hemolytic anemia.

In order to test whether autoimmune hemolytic anemia in a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia was due to autoantibody production by the neoplastic clone, somatic cell hybrids were constructed between the patient's leukemic cells and a mouse myeloma line. Light-chain- restricted human immunoglobulin was secreted by 4 of 11 of the established hybrid lines. No binding of this immunoglobulin to red cell surface antigens could be detected. Thus, we conclude that the autoantibody in this patient represented a concomitant reactive response and was not the product of the malignant clone of B cells.
Electrical Stimulation Over Left Inferior Frontal Gyrus Disrupts Hand Gesture’s Role in Foreign Vocabulary Learning

Hand gestures are a potent aid in foreign language learning. The present experiment sought to enhance their utility using transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). Employing tDCS, we investig...
IBD: A timely diagnosis of primary sclerosing cholangitis in IBD.

Although a colonoscopy for the evaluation of IBD and the surveillance of colitis-associated neoplasia should be performed at the time of the diagnosis of primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), the results from a new study suggest that screening for PSC with magnetic resonance cholangiography in patients with long-term IBD might be needed.
Geodetic Imaging Using Optical Systems

We review methods to measure the morphological evolution of the Earth's surface using data from optical remote sensing systems acquired at different epochs. We describe the principles of these methods and practical implementations for the exploitation of light detection and ranging and passive optical imagery. The techniques are based on the registration and matching of the different datasets with geodetic accuracy. In principle, the matching problem can be solved in 2-D or in 3-D. We illustrate the potentials and limitations of these techniques through a review of applications to the measurement of surface displacement produced by earthquakes, ice flow, landsides, and sand dune migration.
A 10.4 in.-diagonal full-colour TFT-LCD with new self-aligned a-Si TFTs for OHP system

A 10.4-in-diagonal full-color a-Si TFT-LCD (thin-film transistor liquid crystal display) for OHP (overhead projector) systems has been developed. The light degradation of LCD performance has been suppressed by new self-aligned a-Si TFTs and a new driving method (floating gate driving method). Both an ES (etching stopper)-SiN/sub x/ layer and a mu c-Si(n+)a-Si(i) layer were formed by the self-alignment technique. This structure is considered to be effective for decreasing the photocarrier injected into the gate-insulator. High stability under high intense light-exposure has been obtained. The driving method makes the difference of the potential between the gate and drain electrode constant. It improved the off characteristics and decreased the shift of the gate bias voltage transparency characteristics. >
Metabolic regulation of gene expression through histone acylations

Eight types of short-chain Lys acylations have recently been identified on histones: propionylation, butyrylation, 2-hydroxyisobutyrylation, succinylation, malonylation, glutarylation, crotonylation and β-hydroxybutyrylation. Emerging evidence suggests that these histone modifications affect gene expression and are structurally and functionally different from the widely studied histone Lys acetylation. In this Review, we discuss the regulation of non-acetyl histone acylation by enzymatic and metabolic mechanisms, the acylation 'reader' proteins that mediate the effects of different acylations and their physiological functions, which include signal-dependent gene activation, spermatogenesis, tissue injury and metabolic stress. We propose a model to explain our present understanding of how differential histone acylation is regulated by the metabolism of the different acyl-CoA forms, which in turn modulates the regulation of gene expression.
Molecular probe for visualization of HIV-1 protease inhibitor in living cells

T global human immunodeficiency virus infection/acquired immuno-deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) epidemic is one of the biggest threats to human life. Mutation of the virus and toxicity of the existing drugs necessitate the development of new drugs for effective AIDS treatment. We designed molecular probes that utilize the Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) mechanism to visualize HIV-1 protease inhibition within living cells to allow high content drug screening. We explored using AcGFP1 (a fluorescent mutant of the wild-type green fluorescent protein) as a donor and mCherry (a mutant of red fluorescent protein) as an acceptor for FRET microscopy imaging measurement of HIV-1 protease activity within living cells. The probes were designed by linking AcGFP1 and mCherry with an HIV-1 protease cleavable p2/p7 peptide. The cleavage of the linker peptide by HIV-1 protease leads to AcGFP1’s separation from mCherry, quenching FRET between AcGFP1 and mCherry. In addition, by genetically engineering a probe with a tandem acceptor protein structure, a significant enhancement of FRET signal and FRET efficiency can be achieved as assessed by fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy measurement. Our experimental results obtained in both in vitro and in vivo demonstrated that the molecular probes developed in this study would enable high-content screening of new anti-HIV agents through an automated FRET microscopy imaging measurement.
“For Some Reason I Find it Hard to Work Quickly”: Introduction to the Special Issue on Sluggish Cognitive Tempo:

The body of research investigating the sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) construct continues to accumulate at a rapid pace. This article provides an introduction to the Special Issue on SCT, which includes 10 empirical studies that collectively make a major contribution to the SCT knowledge base. Notably, the studies in this Special Issue include participants spanning in age from 4 to 64 years and from four continents, helping to move the field toward a life span, transcultural understanding of SCT. Together, these studies demonstrate that SCT symptoms can be distinguished from ADHD symptoms as early as preschool and that SCT does not fall under the overarching umbrella of ADHD. These studies also show SCT to be associated with a range of external correlates including internalizing symptoms, learning difficulties, functional impairment, and daily life executive functioning (but not performance-based measures of executive functions). Preliminary findings of SCT in relation to thyroid functioning and tobacco exposure are reported. In addition to providing a summary of the key themes across studies included in the Special Issue, this article highlights key ways in which future research can build from these studies. There is a particular need for research utilizing longitudinal, multi-method, and multi-informant designs that can shed light on the etiologies and developmental psychopathology of SCT across the life span.
Chemical modification of a pepsin inhibitor from the activation peptides of pepsinogen.

A pepsin inhibiting substance formed during the activation of porcine pepsinogen has been known for many years (1). Based on the finding that in solutions more acid than pH 4, the loss of pepsinogen was not immediately accompanied by an equivalent increase in pepsin. Herriott postulated the scheme shown in Figure 1 for the autocatalytic activation of pepsinogen. The pepsin inhibitor was separated and partially characterized by Herriott (2) and by Van Vunakis and Herriott (3,4). At that time, the techniques of peptide purification and amino acid analysis had not been perfected, and their analysis does not agree with any part of the amino-terminal sequence later elucidated by Ong and Perlmann (5). In 1973, however, Anderson and Harthill (6) prepared an inhibitor almost corresponding in composition to the amino-terminal 16 amino acids of porcine pepsinogen. A homologous 17-amino acid peptide from bovine pepsinogen was reported jointly by Foltmann’s group and by Kay and Kassell (7), while Kassell et al. (8) found a peptide from canine pepsinogen of similar composition to the first 14 amino acids of bovine pepsinogen. The high degree of homology of the amino-terminal portions of the pepsinogens of the three species, shown in Figure 2, makes it likely that the activation peptides are not simply “throw aways”, but have a physiological role. We have therefore returned to the porcine activation peptides for further investigation, since porcine pepsinogen is readily available.
Injektionstechniken für das Ellenbogengelenk

Eine Injektion der Insertionsstellen der o. g. Muskeln bewirkt: eine Auswaschung der Entzundungsmediatoren, eine Verbesserung der Durchblutung, eine Unterbrechung des Circulus vitiosus.
Surface Self-Diffusion at High Temperatures

The first evidence that atoms diffuse much more rapidly over the surface than through the lattice was presented in 1921 by Volmer and Estermann [1], who studied the rate of growth of mercury whiskers from a mercury vapor and found that they could explain their results only if they assumed that atoms hitting the shank of the whisker diffused over the surface to the tip before becoming incorporated in the lattice. In the intervening 35 years, there were many observations that indicated that atoms could diffuse along surfaces much more rapidly than through the lattice. However, these were primarily qualitative observations; the quantitative work was performed after 1955. Some of the work has been done with the field emission technique, for example, work on the spreading of adsorbed gases on tungsten tips [2]. This topic is not discussed here; what is exclusively considered is the diflfusion of metal atoms over their own surfaces.
"Knee osteoarthritis and current research for evidence-are we on the right way?"

An estimated 85% of research is of limited value or wasted because the wrong research questions are addressed. We sought to identify research gaps using American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeon (AAOS) clinical practice guidelines Treatment of Osteoarthritis of the Knee and Surgical Management of Osteoarthritis of the Knee. Using these recommendations, we conducted searches of ClinicalTrials.gov to discover the extent to which new and ongoing research addresses areas of deficiency. For each recommendation in the AAOS guidelines, we created participants, intervention, comparator, outcomes questions, and search strings using a systematic process. Searches were then conducted of ClinicalTrials.gov to locate relevant studies. Our searches of ClinicalTrials.gov returned 945 studies for surgical and 1416 for non-surgical management of osteoarthritis. Of the 945 studies returned using our search string for surgical trials, 186 (20%) were relevant to 30 (79%) of the 38 recommendations made within the surgical management guideline. Of the 1416 studies returned using our search for non-surgical trials, 360 (25%) were relevant to 16 (89%) of the 18 recommendations made within the conservative management guideline. The development of clinical practice guidelines is a unique opportunity to simultaneously redefine day-to-day decision-making and provide a critical analysis of the status of the literature. Upon our search of the literature since the guidelines introduction, we have found that some inconclusive areas have received more attention than others. Our results should guide researchers towards conducting research on the topics most in need and, by doing so, strengthen the clinical practice guideline recommendations.
The Role of Nonuniformity in Convective Heat and Mass Transfer through Porous Media, Part 1

Through-air drying is commonly used in the drying of high-quality tissue and towel products. A representative elementary volume method was used to model the fluid flow and heat and mass transfer during through drying in heterogeneous porous biobased materials such as tissue and towel products. Results of flow both upstream and downstream of a modeled porous sheet allowed visualization of the effects of mixing at the top and bottom of the porous medium. The effect of initial nonuniformity on fluid flow and convective heat and mass transfer in heterogeneous porous media was studied. The effect of material nonhomogeneity and associated transport properties on moisture content of the porous material as a function of drying time was studied. Modeling results indicate that for the first time it is possible to simulate the effect of nonuniformity on fluid flow and convective heat and mass transfer in porous media during through-air drying of paper. Moisture and structural nonuniformity contributing to nonuniform...