cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The radiolucent kinetic border line in acute pulmonary oedema and pneumonia.

On chest radiographs we have consistently noted a uniform 2–3 mm radiolucent ‘black line’ in oedematous lungs immediately adjacent to pulsating mediastinal borders, such as the heart or aortic arch. The corresponding absence of a radiolucent black line (‘kinetic border line’) with generalized pulmonary oedema or acute infiltration may connote a ‘silent’ or akinetic heart border which, in the appropriate clinical setting, may favour a pericardial effusion. On the other hand, an unusually prominent radiolucent line may be seen with pulmonary oedema in certain ‘hyperkinetic’ states, such as aortic insufficiency or hyperthyroidism. The pathogenesis of this sign is uncertain, but is thought to be related to accelerated fluid clearance from partly aerated alveolar units adjacent to the pulsating heart or aorta.
Slippery Business Race, Class, and Legal Determinants of Penalties Against Petroleum Refineries

This study examines whether petroleum refineries that violate environmental laws in Black, Hispanic, and low-income communities tend to receive smaller fines than those refineries in White and affl...
Surface characterization of amorphous and crystallized Fe80B20

Abstract Recent studies of catalysis by amorphous metals have prompted an interest in their surface properties. We have utilized Auger electron spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and low energy alkali ion scattering to study the surface composition, electronic properties and topography of amorphous and crystallized Fe 80 B 20 ribbons. The majorresults are that the surface stoichiometry is approximately that of the bulk, unaltered by segregation. Bulk crystallization results in the diffusion of impurities to the surface, but does not change the Fe/B ratio. A small shift in the B1s core level binding energy was observed on crystalline, annealed surfaces relative to amorphous or sputtered surfaces, but no shifts were observed in the iron core level energies. A weak feature due to the B2p levels was observed in the valence band spectra from sputtered surfaces. The surfaces exhibit atomic scale roughness which is not altered by bulk crystallization. Finally, there were no observable differences in the structure, composition or electronic properties between the two sides of the ribbons.
Plastic buckling of moderately thick hemispherical shells subjected to concentrated load on top

Abstract This study presents the analytical, numerical, and experimental results of moderately thick hemispherical metal shells into the plastic buckling range illustrating the importance of geometry changes on the buckling load. The hemispherical shell is rigidly supported around the base circumference against horizontal translation and the load is vertically applied by a rigid cylindrical boss at the apex. Kinematics stages of initial buckling and subsequent propagation of plastic deformation for rigid-perfectly plastic shells are formulated on the basis of Drucker–Shield’s limited interaction yield condition. The effect of the radius of the boss, used to apply the loading, on the initial and subsequent collapse load is studied. In the numerical model, the material is assumed to be isotropic and linear elastic perfectly plastic without strain hardening obeying the Tresca or Von Mises yield criterion. Both axisymmmetric and 3D models are implemented in the numerical work to verify the absence of non-symmetric deformation modes in the case of moderately thick shells. In the end, the results of the analytical solution are compared and verified with the numerical results using ABAQUS software and experimental findings. Good agreement is observed between the load–deflection curves obtained using three different approaches.
Isolated attosecond pulse contrast measurement and CEP optimization for optical streaking in molecules

A method to access and control isolated attosecond pulse contrast is presented, based on scanning the Carrier-Envelope Phase (CEP). The optimized pulses produced time-resolved streak-field photoelectron data in molecules (SF 6 , N 2 ).
Torso versus gaze direction to navigate a VE by walking in place

In this work, we present a simple method of "walking in place" (WIP) using the Microsoft Kinect to explore a virtual environment (VE) with a head-mounted display (HMD). Other studies have shown that WIP to explore a VE is equivalent to normal walking in terms of spatial orientation. This suggests that WIP is a promising way to explore a large VE. The Microsoft Kinect sensor is a great tool for implementing WIP because it enables real time skeletal tracking and is relatively inexpensive (150 USD). However, the skeletal information obtained from Kinect sensors can be noisy. Thus, in this work, we discuss how we combined the data from two Kinects to implement a robust WIP algorithm. As part of our analysis on how best to implement WIP with the Kinect, we compare Gaze direction locomotion to Torso direction locomotion. We report that participants' spatial orientation was better when they translated forward in the VE in the direction they were looking.
Electrochemical release of ethidium into and fluorescence detection of DNA-ethidium complexes in the diffusion layer at a carbon paste electrode.

Abstract The electrochemically controlled release of the ethidium cation from the surface of carbon paste composite electrode was demonstrated using laser-induced fluorescence detection. The electrode contained an ethidium tetracyanoquinodimethane salt. The following experimental parameters were varied in order to optimize the fluorescence intensity: carbon paste composition, electrode potential, voltage pulse time, and laser power. In the presence of calf thymus DNA the fluorescence signal from the diffusion layer was linearly dependent on the logarithm of the DNA concentration over the range from 0.1 to 104 ppb.
Collaborative thinking The challenge of the modern university

More collaborative work in the humanities could be instrumental in helping to break down the traditional rigid boundaries between academic divisions and disciplines in modern universities. The valu...
Age and Gender Differences in Single-Step Recovery From a Forward Fall

BACKGROUND Previous work has found that healthy older men were significantly less able than young male adults to recover balance by taking a single rapid step upon sudden release from forward leans. In light of the higher rates of falls and fall-related injuries among older women compared to older men, we hypothesized that healthy older women would perform more poorly than either female young adults or older men in this test of abilities to recover balance rapidly. METHODS Ten young (mean age 25.0 years) and 10 older (73.7 years) healthy women were released from forward leans and instructed to regain standing balance by taking a single step forward. The lean angle was incrementally increased from its smallest value, approximately 14 degrees, until the subject failed to regain balance as instructed. Lower extremity kinematics were measured, and findings were compared with those of the earlier study of healthy young and old men. RESULTS Five of the 10 older women could not recover balance with a single step after release from the smallest of the imposed forward leans. For the 5 older women who succeeded in recovering as instructed from at least one lean, the mean maximum lean angle was significantly smaller than that for young women (16.2 degrees vs 30.7 degrees, p < .001) or older men (16.2 degrees vs 23.9 degrees, p = .014). In contrast, there was no significant difference in mean maximum lean angle between female and male young adults. CONCLUSIONS Healthy older women, compared to either young women or older men, were significantly less able to recover balance by taking a single rapid step during a forward fall. The decreased abilities of older women appeared to result from limitations in the maximum speeds at which they moved their swing foot during recovery.
Evidence and implications of recent and projected climate change in Alaska's forest ecosystems

The structure and function of Alaska's forests have changed significantly in response to a changing climate, including alterations in species composition and climate feedbacks (e.g., carbon, radiation budgets) that have important regional societal consequences and human feedbacks to forest ecosystems. In this paper we present the first comprehensive synthesis of climate-change impacts on all forested ecosystems of Alaska, highlighting changes in the most critical biophysical factors of each region. We developed a conceptual framework describing climate drivers, biophysical factors and types of change to illustrate how the biophysical and social subsystems of Alaskan forests interact and respond directly and indirectly to a changing climate. We then identify the regional and global implications to the climate system and associated socio-economic impacts, as presented in the current literature. Projections of temperature and precipitation suggest wildfire will continue to be the dominant biophysical factor in the Interior-boreal forest, leading to shifts from conifer- to deciduous-dominated forests. Based on existing research, projected increases in temperature in the Southcentral- and Kenai-boreal forests will likely increase the frequency and severity of insect outbreaks and associated wildfires, and increase the probability of establishment by invasive plant species. In the Coastal-temperate forest region snow and ice is regarded as the dominant biophysical factor. With continued warming, hydrologic changes related to more rapidly melting glaciers and rising elevation of the winter snowline will alter discharge in many rivers, which will have important consequences for terrestrial and marine ecosystem productivity. These climate-related changes will affect plant species distribution and wildlife habitat, which have regional societal consequences, and trace-gas emissions and radiation budgets, which are globally important. Our conceptual framework facilitates assessment of current and future consequences of a changing climate, emphasizes regional differences in biophysical factors, and points to linkages that may exist but that currently lack supporting research. The framework also serves as a visual tool for resource managers and policy makers to develop regional and global management strategies and to inform policies related to climate mitigation and adaptation.
The development and psychometric evaluation of an instrument to assess spouse responses to pain and well behavior in patients with chronic pain: the Spouse Response Inventory.

Abstract Operant behavioral models of chronic pain posit that the pain behaviors and disability of patients with chronic pain can be influenced by social contingencies, such as significant others’ responses to pain and well behaviors. The aim of the present study was to develop and evaluate a comprehensive measure of spouse responses to patient pain and well behaviors, the Spouse Response Inventory (SRI). One hundred four patients with chronic pain and their spouses completed a battery of questionnaires, including the SRI. The final analysis yielded a 39-item inventory divided into 4 scales that assess spouse solicitous and negative responses to patient pain behaviors and spouse encouraging and negative responses to patient well behaviors. Analyses yielded results that were consistent with previous research demonstrating an association between spouse solicitous and negative responses to patient pain behaviors and measures of patient functioning, providing preliminary support for the validity of the SRI scales. The results are discussed in terms of implications for further research and the clinical applicability of the SRI. Perspective This article presents the psychometric properties of a new measure of spouse responses to patient chronic pain and well behavior. This measure could potentially be helpful to clinicians seeking to assess the extent to which spouse responses may contribute to patient pain and disability and also to researchers who wish to test hypotheses derived from operant theory as applied to chronic pain.
Antibacterial activity of serum after oral doses of triacetyloleandomycin, erythromycin, potassium penicillin V and penicillin V.

Triacetyloleandomycin, in this study, produced antistreptococcal and antistaphylococcal activity in the serum of normal men and in children comparable to that produced by equivalent amounts of the erythromycin preparations used. The better and more rapid absorption of oral doses of potassium penicillin V as compared with acid penicillin V was confirmed. It was also shown that penicillin V, either as the acid or as the potassium salt, produced significantly higher peak levels of antibacterial activity than either erythromycin or triacetyloleandomycin.
Symmetry and stability of the geomagnetic field

[1] Computer simulations of the geodynamo reveal a strong inverse correlation between stability and equatorial symmetry of the simulated field. This result is consistent with the paleomagnetically inferred degree of symmetry of Earth's magnetic field during the past 150 Ma, which reversed polarity more frequently when it was more symmetrical. A geodynamo simulation with solid inner core much smaller than it is today produced an exceptionally antisymmetric field, raising the possibility that reversals may have been much less common in the distant geologic past than more recently. Paleomagnetic evidence suggests that this might well be true.
Hop-by-hop or longer hops: The energy perspective

We investigate, model and compare the expected energy consumption of routing over many short hops to the expected energy consumption of routing over longer hops. In addition to the common energy cost metrics of transmission and reception, our energy cost model also includes idle, noise, multi-path fading and retransmission energy costs. We study and compare various routing scenarios. In all of the scenarios, we consider both the simple disk communication model and the noisy Rayleigh fading channel model. For evaluation purposes, we use the transmission, reception, and idle energy costs along with the noise characteristics of the Mica2 nodes that are widely used in wireless sensor network applications. We perform the comparisons over a range of different system parameters including sleep duration, path-loss exponent and node density and study the trade-offs among the different parameters. We show that under realistic assumptions, for many combinations of the parameters, routing over longer hops is consuming less energy when compared to the shorter-hop routes.
Examining Positive Affect and Job Performance in Sport Organizations: A Conceptual Model Using an Emotional Intelligence Lens

In this conceptual article we introduce a model examining emotional intelligence (EI) and its effects on job performance in team sport. Moreover, we propose that both coaches and athletes actively engage in emotional labor (EL) as a means to performing in their respective job roles. A conceptual model linking EI to EL, positive affect, and subsequently job performance is introduced to serve as a conceptual foundation for better understanding the role of EI in sport. Concurrently, research propositions are introduced linking EI to job performance. Finally, implications for future research and practice, as well as potential limitations, are discussed.
Phase Behavior of Ordered Diblock Copolymer Blends: Effect of Compositional Heterogeneity

Diblock copolymers order into a variety of periodic morphologies when the constituent blocks are sufficiently incompatible. Previous studies have demonstrated that classical dispersion (spherical and cylindrical) and lamellar morphologies, as well as complex morphologies (e.g., gyroid*, lamellar catenoid, and hexagonally perforated lamellae), can be selectively accessed through either tailored molecular synthesis or copolymer/homopolymer blends. In the present work, control over ultimate morphology is achieved through the use of binary copolymer blends composed of two strongly-segregated poly(styrene-b-isoprene) (SI) diblock copolymers of equal molecular weights but different compositions (one 50 wt % S and the other 85 wt % S). Blend morphologies are examined by electron microscopy (including three-dimensional imaging) and small-angle X-ray scattering, and a theoretical framework is proposed to describe strongly-segregated copolymer blends exhibiting the lamellar morphology. Results obtained here indicate that diblock copolymer blends of a given bulk composition may exhibit coexisting morphologies but in general behave as single-phase diblock copolymers of equal molecular composition, suggesting that such blends offer an alternative, and attractive, route by which to generate a desired morphology.
Does whom you work with matter? Effects of referent group gender and age composition on managers' compensation.

Much research has examined gender and age effects on compensation, concluding that a wage gap exists favoring men and negative stereotypes against older workers persist. Although the effect of an employee's gender or age has been widely studied, little work has examined the impact of the demographic characteristics of a focal employee's immediate referent groups (e.g., subordinates, peers, or supervisors) on pay. The effect of the gender and age composition of a focal manager's subordinates, peers, and supervisor on the manager's compensation levels was investigated in a sample of 2,178 managers across a wide range of organizations and functional areas. After controlling for a number of human capital variables, results indicated that not only does a wage gap favoring men exist, but also managerial pay is lower when managers' referent groups are largely female, when subordinates are outside the prime age group, and when peers and supervisors are younger.
The Doctrine of Predestination in the Early English Reformation

It has typically been said of the English Reformation that the doctrine of unconditional predestination (that is, predestination without foreknowledge of merit or repentance but soley as an act of God's will to redeem some of mankind as a manifestation of grace) was neither emphasized nor of central importance until the “Genevan” influence of the returning Marian exiles and the wide dissemination of Calvin's writings in England after the accession of Elizabeth. It is the purpose of this article to show that, (1) a soteriologically rooted doctrine of unconditional predestination of the type characteristic of the so-called “Rhineland Reformers” was central to key figures of the early English Reformation, was accepted and expressed by many other leaders and theological writers of the English Reformation prior to the accession of Mary and was upheld by important and influential continental divines resident in England; (2) the doctrine of predestination in the English Reformation had been developed to the point of reprobation and double predestination and frequently expressed as such before 1553; (3) while this predestinarian emphasis in English Protestant theology was to a large extent the result of the influence of the continental Reformation, it had been received prior to the return of the Genevan exiles and the pervasive influence of Calvin in Elizabethan England. Thus the Genevan influence reinforced and further refined English predestinarian theology. It might be added that Calvin's influence ought not to be considered an unusually harsh one with respect to predestination; not only does Calvin follow the general pattern of earlier Reformed theology, but also does Reformed theology in the later part of the sixteenth century tend toward a more rigid and scholastic version of the doctrine quite apart from Calvin, whose real influence could well operate in the opposite direction, as the recent study by Brian Armstrong shows.
Aqueous extracts of yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) as a natural antimicrobial against Escherichia coli O157:H7 in a microbiological medium and pH 6.0 apple juice.

Ilex paraguariensis is popularly used in the preparation of a tea infusion (yerba mate), most commonly produced and consumed in the South American countries of Uruguay, Paraguay, Argentina, and Brazil. In this study, aqueous extracts of commercial tea, derived from the holly plant species I. paraguariensis were evaluated for their ability to inhibit or inactivate Escherichia coli O157:H7 in a microbiological medium and modified apple juice. Dialyzed, lyophilized aqueous extracts were screened for antimicrobial activity against E. coli O157:H7 strains ATCC 43894 and ‘Cider’ in tryptic soy broth (TSB) and apple juice (adjusted to pH 6.0 to allow for growth of the bacterium). A mixture of the two strains was used as the inoculum when apple juice was used as the medium. MBCs were determined to be ca. 5 and 10 mg/ml for ATCC 43894 and ‘Cider’, respectively, in TSB. Higher concentrations of the extract were required to inactivate E. coli O157:H7 in pH-adjusted apple juice. An approximate 4.5-log reduction was observed for E. coli O157:H7 treated with 40 mg/ml extract. It was concluded that aqueous extracts from commercial yerba mate have potential to be used as antimicrobials in foods and beverages against pathogenic E. coli O157:H7.
Layout impact of resolution enhancement techniques: impediment or opportunity?

This tutorial introduces the reader to the basic concepts of optical lithography, derives fundamental resolution limits, reviews the challenges facing future technology nodes, explains the principles of resolution enhancement techniques and their impact on chip layout, and discusses layout optimization considerations.
Understanding Streaming in Dictyostelium discoideum: Theory Versus Experiments

Recent experimental work involving Dictyostelium discoideum seems to contradict several theoretical models. Experiments suggest that localization of the release of the chemoattractant cyclic adenosine monophosphate to the uropod of the cell is important for stream formation during aggregation. Yet several mathematical models are able to reproduce streaming as the cells aggregate without taking into account localization of the chemoattractant. A careful analysis of the experiments and the theory suggests the two major features of the system which are important to stream formation are random cell motion and chemotaxis to regions of higher cell density. Random cell motion acts to reduce streaming, whereas chemotaxis to regions of higher cell density reinforces streaming. With this understanding, the experimental results can be explained in a manner consistent with the theoretical results. In all the experiments, alterations in the two main factors of random motion and chemotaxis to regions of higher cell density, not the localization of the release of the chemoattractant, can explain the results as they relate to streaming. Additionally, a comparison of results from a mathematical model that simulates cells which localize the chemoattractant and cells which do not shows little difference in the streaming patterns.
Effect of the peroxisomal proliferator di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate on component reactions of the rat hepatic microsomal fatty acid chain elongation system and on other hepatic lipogenic enzymes.

Abstract The feeding of 2% di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) to rats increased the hepatic microsomal elongation of palmitoyl-CoA by about twofold, while those of palmitoleoyl-CoA and γ-linolenoyl-CoA decreased to 83 and 63%, respectively, of the control values. When component reactions of the elongation pathway were measured, it was observed that only the activity of condensing enzyme was increased by twofold, while those of β-ketostearoyl-CoA reductase, β-hydroxypalmitoyl-CoA dehydrase, and trans -2-hexadecenoyl-CoA reductases were not affected. Furthermore, the time course for induction of both condensation and elongation of palmitoyl-CoA was similar. In vitro addition of DEHP had no effect on either condensation or elongation. Thus, these results indicate that the peroxisomal proliferator induces only the condensing enzyme which is the regulatory and rate-limiting step of elongation sequence. The DEHP treatment also markedly enhanced the cytosolic NADPH-generating activities of glucose-6-PO 4 dehydrogenase (2.2-fold) and malic enzyme (7.3-fold). Unexpectedly, the activities of fatty acid synthetase and citrate cleavage enzyme were unaffected. These results are discussed in light of the fact that these lipogenic enzymes are coordinatively induced by diet or hormones.
Amplifying Mechanisms of Lymphomagenesis

Mice doubly deficient for either XRCC4 or DNA ligase IV and p53 invariably develop lymphomas bearing characteristic chromosome translocations with gene amplification. A recent study highlights the importance of nonclassical end joining mechanisms in the formation of these oncogenic DNA rearrangements.
Mother–Child Conversations About Pictures and Objects: Referring to Categories and Individuals

The distinction between individuals (e.g., Rin-Tin-Tin) and categories (e.g., dogs) is fundamental in human thought. Two studies examined factors that influence when 2- to 3-year-old children and adults focus on individuals versus categories. Mother-child dyads were presented with pictures and toys (e.g., a picture of a boat or a toy boat). Conversations were coded for references to generic categories ("Dogs are furry"), ostensive labels ("This is a dog"), or specific individuals ("Lassie"). Overall, pictures generated more talk about categories; objects generated more talk about individuals. However, when objects could not be manipulated, speakers expressed relatively more category references. These results suggest that representations (in the form of pictures or objects-on-display) encourage young children and parents alike to think about categories.
Social regulation of gonadotropin-releasing hormone

Behavioral interactions among social animals can regulate both reproductive behavior and fertility. A prime example of socially regulated reproduction occurs in the cichlid fish Haplochromis burtoni, in which interactions between males dynamically regulate gonadal function throughout life. This plasticity is mediated by the brain, where neurons that contain the key reproductive regulatory peptide gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) change size reversibly depending on male social status. To understand how behavior controls the brain, we manipulated the social system of these fish, quantified their behavior and then assessed neural and physiological changes in the reproductive and stress axes. GnRH gene expression was assessed using molecular probes specific for the three GnRH forms in the brain of H. burtoni. We found that perception of social opportunity to increase status by a male leads to heightened aggressiveness, to increased expression of only one of the three GnRH forms and to increases in size of GnRH-containing neurons and of the gonads. The biological changes characteristic of social ascent happen faster than changes following social descent. Interestingly, behavioral changes show the reverse pattern: aggressive behaviors emerge more slowly in ascending animals than they disappear in descending animals. Although the gonads and GnRH neurons undergo similar changes in female H. burtoni, regulation occurs via endogenous rather than exogenous social signals. Our data show that recognition of social signals by males alters stress levels, which may contribute to the alteration in GnRH gene expression in particular neurons essential for the animal to perform in its new social status. Summary
Demo abstract: An ultra-compact and multiple channel protocol for ultra-tiny wireless sensor nodes

We demonstrate a system is comprised of a single-hop network structure with ultra-compact sensor nodes densely deployed and operating at non-trivial data rates. The contribution of our research is a light-weight, multi-channel protocol which minimizes the complexities on the sensor nodes while retaining high flexibility and high scalability. The data streams collected by the base stations are transmitted over the Fast Ethernet to the host for real-time data logging. The system keeps gathering data in a network of 100 sensor nodes organized as two frequency groups, and all sensor nodes are deployed within 2m2 area.
Validity of the Autism Spectrum Disorder Observation for Children (ASD-OC)

The Autism Spectrum Disorder Observation for Children (ASD-OC) is a 45-item observation scale used to assess autistic symptomatology. The reliability of this measure has been established in previous research; therefore, the purpose of this study is to evaluate its validity among a sample of children (1–15 years). The large correlation between the ASD-OC and Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) total scores was significant (r = .83), establishing convergent validity for the ASD-OC. To determine divergent validity, the correlation between the ASD-OC total score and the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale, Second Edition (VABS-II) Daily Living Skills domain score was analyzed. Although this negative correlation was significant (r = −.43), autistic symptom severity has previously been shown to adversely affect daily living skills. Finally, diagnostic groups (i.e., ASD, atypically developing, typically developing) were compared on ASD-OC total scores to establish criterion validity. The ASD group demonstrated sig...
Friday sermons, family planning and gender equity attitudes and actions: evidence from Jordan.

BACKGROUND: To assess the effects of a communication intervention designed to enhance Jordanian religious leaders (RLs) communication about family health. METHODS: Programmatic effects on RLs were evaluated with a panel study design; 245 male and 145 female RLs participated in both baseline and end-line surveys in 2011. To assess effects on mosque attendees a nonequivalent post-intervention only with control group design was utilized; 431 intervention and 426 control respondents were interviewed in 2012. RESULTS: Although RLs in the intervention site reported higher levels of preaching and teaching about the family health topics at end line than at baseline their congregants were no more likely than control congregants to report having heard such messages over the previous 6-month period contrary to the anticipated outcome. Yet intervention congregants compared with controls were more likely to take action related to the topics to which they were exposed. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the mixed findings intervention mosque goers who recalled messages were more likely to report taking relevant actions. These findings suggest that trained RLs compared with their counterparts were more effective in message dissemination. Thus the findings support broader implementation of this type of intervention once the programmatic changes recommended in this article are made. (c) The Author 2014. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Faculty of Public Health. All rights reserved. For permissions please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.
A simple and robust 40-Gb/s wavelength converter using fiber cross-phase modulation and optical filtering

40-Gb/s return-to-zero data wavelength conversion is demonstrated using cross-phase modulation in an optical fiber with subsequent conversion of phase modulation to amplitude modulation using an optical filter. The scheme is potentially ultrahigh speed and can be made polarization independent.
Examining the Content of Preservice Teachers’ Reflections of Early Field Experiences

This paper describes an exploratory study that examined the content of preservice elementary teachers’ reflections of their documented early field experiences of science teaching in authentic contexts. The study used an early field experience model that was focused on the objective of profiling an elementary science teacher as the practical merit of reflection. Preservice elementary teachers individually and collaboratively reflected on their early field experiences and used the resulting reflections to construct profiles of an elementary science teacher respectively in synthesis papers. Data sources included journal entries and synthesis papers resulting from individual and collaborative reflections. Thematic analysis revealed that profiles of an elementary science teacher constructed from both individual and collaborative reflections were based on the roles of teacher as a guide and teacher as a mediator. Analysis further revealed that classroom management and discipline and safety were the key foci factored within individual reflections while what promotes learning and the difference between what is effective and ineffective scaffolding respectively, served as the foci within collaborative reflections. Also, collaborative reflection provided a structured approach to reflection as it drew preservice elementary teachers into collective dialogue and negotiation capturing the tensions they faced when trying to make sense of the practice of other teachers. Implications include the need to frame early field experiences with objectives that are understood by all parties involved in early field experiences; and, the need to instill the importance of observation, documentation, and reflection which collectively sum up preservice teachers’ early field experiences.
Simulation and Estimation of Traffic Dynamics on a Graph

This paper considers simulation and estimation with cellular automata based stochastic models of traffic of agents on a graph. For the purposes of Bayesian estimation, an inhomogeneous hidden Markov model is abstracted from the cellular automata model. The uncertainty-based metric of relative entropy is proposed to assess performance with the estimation. This metric is used to compare the actual distribution of agents on a graph to the estimated distribution. Simulations show that the location of sensor arrays on the graph influences not only the effectiveness of the estimator, but also the time-window in which it best estimates the actual distribution. By distributing these sensors intelligently within the graph, one can obtain a good estimate over the entire simulation time-span.
Sparse Multinomial Logistic Regression via Approximate Message Passing

For the problem of multi class linear classification and feature selection, we propose approximate message passing approaches to sparse multinomial logistic regression (MLR). First, we propose two algorithms based on the Hybrid Generalized Approximate Message Passing framework: one finds the maximum a posteriori linear classifier and the other finds an approximation of the test-error-rate minimizing linear classifier. Then we design computationally simplified variants of these two algorithms. Next, we detail methods to tune the hyperparameters of their assumed statistical models using Stein's unbiased risk estimate and expectation-maximization, respectively. Finally, using both synthetic and real-world datasets, we demonstrate improved error-rate and runtime performance relative to existing state-of-the-art approaches to sparse MLR.
The 2014 Minority Health and Health Disparities Grantees’ Conference

Health disparities have been defined as a particular type of health difference closely linked with social, economic and/or environmental disadvantage. The National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities (NIMHD) at the National Institutes of Health, has a comprehensive portfolio of grants that fund scientific research to improve racial/ethnic minority health and eliminate health disparities. The 2014 Minority Health and Health Disparities Grantees’ Conference highlighted excellence and innovation in biological, environmental, sociocultural, clinical and behavioral research supported by NIMHD. This special issue of the International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health includes peer-reviewed publications from investigators who participated in this conference.
Writing with Your Audience in Mind

This article suggests methods for how to better write for your audience in order to communicate more effectively.
SUDDEN INFANT DEATH AND INFANTICIDE

The hypothesis, advanced by Asch (Mt Sinai J Med NY 35:214-220, 1968), that a majority of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) cases are actually infanticides, is addressed by examination of age comparable infant homicide rates (United States, 1950-1974) and consideration of current theory regarding SIDS pathogenesis. The analysis provides no support for the hypothesis.
A new species of Alvinocaris (Crustacea: Decapoda: Caridea: Alvinocarididae) and a new record of A. muricola from methane seeps on the Blake Ridge Diapir, Northwestern Atlantic

Two species of the alvinocaridid shrimp genus Alvinocaris, A. methanophila n. sp. and A. muricola Williams, are reported from a cold seep site on the Blake Ridge Diapir, northwestern Atlantic, at a depth of 2155 m. Alvinocaris methanophila is described and illustrated on the basis of 33 adult specimens. It is most similar to the sympatrically found A. muricola Williams, but differs in the comparatively stout second segment of the antennular peduncle and smaller size at maturity in females. Available data suggest that A. muricola is rare at this site. Brief notes on habitat and distribution of the two species are provided.
Mathematical models describing the distribution of I-131-albumin in man.

Abstract A new and realistic model of interstitial albumin distribution is developed in which the interstitial albumin is pictured as flowing in innumerable discrete streams through the interstitial fluids. The differential difference and differential integral equations describing this model are derived, and analytic and numeric solutions are obtained for a number of cases. These solutions are used to determine the flux of albumin and the distribution of passage times of the albumin streams through the interstitial fluids, as well as the catabolic rate of albumin, the total interstitial albumin, and, approximately, the radioactivity of the returning lymph albumin. The model satisfactorily meets all the tests that can be applied at present.
Harnessing spectrum awareness to enhance mobile computing: poster

The well documented growth in mobile traffic is mainly driven by increasingly sophisticated smart phone applications. Simultaneously, user preference for lighter phones has resulted in more battery power constrained hand-helds that offload computations to resource intensive cloud. This second trend exacerbates the bandwidth crunch often experienced over wireless networks. Our idea (joint cognitive offloading and scheduling) is to use dynamic spectrum access and management concepts from wireless networking to effect computation offloading and scheduling solutions that achieves near optimal trade-offs between the mobile device and wireless resources. We use all radio available interfaces (e.g. WiFi, LTE) in multi-RAT enabled devices to schedule appropriate components of the application to run either on the mobile device or on the resource-rich cloud, while staying adaptive to the conditions of the wireless network.
Emphasizing the burden of proof: The American College of Cardiology 2008 Expert Panel Comments on the ENHANCE Trial.

In March 2008, I had the honor of participating on a panel with Drs Joseph Messer, Rick Nishimura, and Patrick O'Gara, all exemplary clinicians and teachers, to discuss the results of the Ezetimibe and Simvastatin in Hypercholesterolemia Enhances Atherosclerosis Regression (ENHANCE) trial at the American College of Cardiology annual Scientific Session. The meeting was full of expectation for this trial, which compared the effect of simvastatin plus ezetimibe with simvastatin alone on the progression of carotid artery intima-media thickness. Anticipation was intensified because of the controversy that accompanied delays in the publication of the trial results.1 Our panel had early access to the results and discussed the findings. When our discussions led to a consensus of opinion, we decided to present a single statement rather than 4 distinct views. I was asked to draft the statement, which was discussed and approved by the panel, and present it at the Scientific Session. ENHANCE, presented at the Session by Dr John Kastelein, failed to demonstrate that the addition of ezetimibe to simvastatin reduced the progression of carotid thickness compared with simvastatin alone.2 The result prompted our panel to question what could be inferred about the effect of ezetimibe on clinical outcomes, given the current body of evidence. The statement emphasized that it was not possible to know at this point whether ezetimibe was beneficial, harmful, or without a clinically important effect. We recognized low-density lipoprotein (LDL) as a strong predictor of outcomes and that ezetimibe reduced LDL, but felt the need to emphasize that the clinical effect of a drug cannot be inferred based solely on its effect on a biomarker. The point was not that ENHANCE indicated a failure of ezetimibe, but that ENHANCE opened our eyes to the lack of data about the clinical effect of ezetimibe. Our …
Protease Action in Carcinogenesis

The major cause of cancer appears to be the environment. Estimates of 80%–90% of cancer incidence have been ascribed to environmental factors (1,2). The main evidence for this startling hypothesis has come from epidemiological studies of migrant populations. Here, it has been noted, that the cancer incidence pattern changes from that of the migrants’ native country to that of the host country within a few generations (3). A well-known example is the study of Japanese migrants to the United States. The incidence of colon and breast cancer in Japan is low, while that of stomach cancer is high. The reverse pattern is prevalent in the United States. Within the three generations, the incidence of cancer in Japanese living in the U. S. shifts from the pattern found in Japan to that in the U. S. (Fig. 1).
Returning Veterans With Addictions

Members of the military returning from combat operations have high rates of substance abuse. They also often exhibit a co-occurring triad of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), traumatic brain injury (TBI), and pain, which complicates the problems with substance abuse.
Effect of disorder on the resistivity of CoFeCrAl films

Structural and electron-transport properties of thin films of the ferrimagnetic Heusler compound CoFeCrAl have been investigated to elucidate structure-property relationships. The alloy is, ideally, a spin-gapless semiconductor, but structural disorder destroys the spin-gapless character and drastically alters the transport behavior. Two types of CoFeCrAl films were grown by magnetron sputtering deposition at 973 K, namely polycrystalline films on Si substrates and epitaxial films on MgO (001) substrates. The resistivity decreases with increasing temperature, with relatively small temperature coefficients of –0.19 μΩcm/K for the polycrystalline films and –0.12 μΩcm/K for the epitaxial films. The residual resistivity of the polycrystalline films deposited on Si is higher than that of the epitaxial film deposited on MgO, indicating that the polycrystalline films behave as so-called dirty metals.
The Transmission of Social Class and World of Work Information in Parent–Adolescent Dyads

The process by which information about social class and the world of work is transmitted between parents and adolescents within families was explored via Grounded Theory. Data were gathered from separate individual semistructured interviews with 18 participants (9 parents and 9 adolescents from the same family). The themes that emerged from the data are depicted by the grounded theory and reveal an interconnected storyline through which messages about social class and the world of work are communicated in explicit and implicit ways within parent–adolescent relationships. Within each of these themes, three similar subthemes further delineated the nature of these processes within the parent–adolescent dyads: shared emotional reactions between parents and adolescents, the process by which familial communication occurs within the parent–adolescent dyads, and the ways in which adolescents internalize messages from their parents and initiate their own self-learning. Limitations of this study and directions for ...
The Origin and Evolution of Entrepreneurship Policy: Case of China

I investigate the origin of entrepreneurship policy and the way they are produced in the context of China. I seek to answer the following questions: Where does entrepreneurship policy come from? Ho...
Mental health multimorbidity and poor quality of life in patients with schizophrenia

Abstract Objective While “dual diagnosis” involving both psychiatric and substance use disorders has long been a focus of schizophrenia research, recent studies have advocated for a shift of focus to multimorbidity, addressing comorbidity from both additional psychiatric disorders and substance use disorders. We hypothesized that more extensive mental health multimorbity would be associated with poorer quality of life (QOL) and functioning, and that additional psychiatric comorbidity in schizophrenia would have similar adverse effects on QOL as substance use comorbidity. Methods Participants with schizophrenia in the NIMH-funded Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE) were classified using baseline diagnostic data into four groups: 1) monomorbid schizophrenia: 2) additional psychiatric comorbidity, 3) additional substance use comorbidity, and 4) both additional psychiatric and substance use comorbidity. Mixed models compared groups on self-reported QOL (SF-12 and Lehman QOLI) and rater-evaluated QOL (the Quality of Life Scale) using baseline, 6, 12 and 18-month follow-up data. Results As hypothesized, patients with schizophrenia alone had a better QOL than those with any multimorbidity; patients with both psychiatric and substance use comorbidities had a worse QOL than those with fewer comorbidities; and patients with comorbid substance use alone were not significantly worse off than those with comorbid psychiatric disorder. Conclusion The multimorbidity framework more richly differentiates complex clinical presentations of schizophrenia than the current dual diagnosis concept and deserves further study as to its etiology, consequences, and treatment.
No Complicity Liability for Funding Gross Human Rights Violations

The article presents information on the issue of complicit liability of the corporations in the U.S. due to their operations towards the violations of the human rights in the country. The responsibilities of the corporations are set by the governmental bodies and the international bodies. Information on the international regimes and the international law regarding the complicity of the corporations is also presented.
National practice patterns of completion lymph node dissection for sentinel node-positive melanoma.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Close observation may be an appropriate alternative to completion lymph node dissection (CLND) for selected patient populations, especially those with minimal tumor burden in the sentinel lymph node (SLN). In this study, we examined the practice patterns of CLND utilization. METHODS Using the National Cancer Database, we examined CLND utilization in SLN-positive patients diagnosed with clinically node-negative Stage III melanoma from 2012 to 2015. Hierarchical logistic regression models were constructed to assess the factors associated with observation after positive SLN biopsy (SLNB). RESULTS Of the 131 171 patients identified, 55 688 (42.5%) underwent SLNB and 7200 (12.9%) had an SLN with a metastatic disease. CLND was performed in 57.0% of the patients with a positive SLNB. Patients were more likely to forgo CLND if the primary tumor was located on the lower extremity (odds ratio [OR], 1.65, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.40-1.94), were older (P < 0.001), had multiple comorbidities (OR, 1.61, 95% CI, 1.19-2.20), or were diagnosed with melanoma in 2015 (OR, 1.33, 95% CI, 1.13-1.56 vs 2012). CONCLUSIONS CLND utilization varied based on patient factors and decreased over time. As evidence supports close observation in selected patient populations with low SLN tumor burden, monitoring is needed to ensure that CLND is performed in the appropriate patient populations. However, this will require improvements in the data collected by cancer registries.