cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rent-seeking, noncompensated transfers, and laws of succession: A property rights view

The modern theory of rent-seeking begun by Tullock, advanced by Krueger and Posner, and since carried on by others1, has largely been developed with reference to competition for monopoly rents created by governmentally enforced barriers to competition. The fundamental insight of Tullock was simply that resources would be expended to obtain the wealth transfers anticipated to accrue to monopolists. Given the reasonable assumption that rent-seekers do not value acquisition expenditures per se, barriers to entry can be considered socially costly, not only because they limit exchange and the gains therefrom, but also because the anticipated transfer of wealth from consumers to producers is absorbed, partially or wholly, in their acquisition. Even if the monopoly rights were sold at open auction by government agents so that competitors for the monopoly position transfer any anticipted rents to these agents, rent-seeking continues. It continues in the competition to obtain these rents from the government because no individual has an indisputable claim on them. As is clearly indicated in the literature2 the term rent-seeking must be used with some caution since it can also refer to activity that is not considered socially undesirable. An entrepreneur can gain rents not only by obtaining artificial entry restrictions, but also, for example, by offering superior value via product innovation. With product innovation, imitation and entry ultimately eliminate rents; whereas, barriers bring the process of competition to a halt. The distinction that emerges between socially desirable and undesirable rent-seeking is that the latter seeks to obtain wealth without offering anything in return to the party who surrenders the wealth; that is, undesirable rent-seeking involves an uncompensated transfer of wealth. Given this distinction, Buchanan's3 extension of this line of analysis to private
Serial Free Bisphenol A and Bisphenol A Glucuronide Concentrations in Neonates

Objective To determine the balance of metabolism of free bisphenol A (BPA) to the inactive conjugate, BPA glucuronide (BPAG), in neonates. Study design Free BPA and BPAG concentrations were measured in 78 urine samples collected between December 2012 and August 2013 from a cohort of 44 healthy full term (≥37 weeks' gestation) neonates at 2 intervals (3-6 days and 7-27 days of age). A questionnaire was administered at the time of sample collection. Neonates recruited into the study were born in an urban, tertiary care hospital. Results Only BPAG was detected in the urine samples; concentrations ranged from P = .002). Conclusions Our results illustrate widespread BPA exposure in healthy full-term neonates and efficient conjugation of BPA to its readily excretable and biologically inactive form (BPAG) as early as 3 days of age. Factors other than type of diet may be important contributors to BPA exposure in neonates.
Directional coarsening in nickel-base single crystals with high volume fractions of coherent precipitates

Abstract Directional coarsening has been investigated experimentally in two nickel-base single crystal alloys with high volume fractions of precipitates. The initial elastic stresses due to the positive or negative misfit of the coherent precipitates biased the orientation of the precipitates developed during coarsening. However, directional coarsening of the precipitates did not occur until some limited amount of creep deformation was initiated. With the application of an external stress, dislocations penetrated preferentially into the most highly stressed matrix channels and directional coarsening occurred by coalescence of the γ′ precipitates in the plane of the initially less highly stressed channels, where the misfit stresses were not altered by the presence of misfit relieving dislocations. The diffusional processes responsible for rafting apparently operate on the local scale of the precipitates, with preferential local dissolution of the γ′ and diffusional flow of alloying elements around the periphery of the precipitates.
Analytical solutions for inherently incremental, similar elastic contact problems with bulk stress

Analytical solutions are obtained for a class of inherently incremental, similar elastic half-plane frictional contact problems which involve simultaneous application of a changing, remote bulk-stress during oblique loading. The method is based on Abel Integral Equations. The spatial gradient of the slip function is obtained uniquely by the conditions determining the existence of a bounded solution to the shear traction Cauchy SIE and global shear equilibrium, provided there is stick at all points in the contact throughout the loading. Solutions are obtained for both the cylindrical indenter and the flat punch with rounded edges. The method also lends itself easily to generalization to non-linear load paths and a number of such problems are considered. Problems involving the development of slip zones within the contact may be solved in some special cases.
Expert versus lay perception of the risks of motor vehicle-generated air pollution

Abstract We explore whether experts’ perceptions of risk differ systematically from those of the public. To do so, we examine whether experts and non-experts make different location decisions in response to ground-level ozone pollution, one of the byproducts of motorized transportation. Physicians are experts in the field of health, and thus may differ from their lay neighbors in their knowledge of and attitude toward pollution and its health risks. If so, it is possible that they value locations with cleaner air differently than their neighbors do. Here we use hedonic price models based on willingness to bear housing and commute burdens to examine the differential valuation of clean air by doctors and laypeople in the Los Angeles region between 1980 and 2000. We find no evidence that doctors are more or less more willing than comparable lay residents to trade off time or money to live in cleaner-air neighborhoods.
Measurement of Phosphocreatine in Cutaneous Tissue by High Pressure Liquid Chromatography

ABSTRACT A high pressure liquid chromatography technique for measuring phosphocreatine and adenine nucleotides in human cutaneous tissue is described. The presence of phosphocreatine in human skin was confirmed by this analytic method. Molar concentration of phosphocreatine and adenine nucleotides were determined in normal skin and in benign and malignant skin lesions. The preliminary results suggest that absolute amounts of phosphocreatine and adenine nucleotides and phosphocreatine/adenosine triphosphate ratios in m alignant skin neoplasms and benign cutaneous lesions are different from those measured in normal nonischemic human skin.
Power usage in data replication in green grids

Global warming is an established issue in society and, with grid computing systems continuously growing in power consumption levels, conserving energy is of utmost importance. Geographically extensive systems in particular are beginning to be in high demand and are given tasks which are computationally intensive and include large data sets. Grids allow the sharing of data and resources in dynamic, multi-institutional virtual organizations [1], and examples of grids can be found in medicine, physics, and astronomy. When jobs sent to these systems are able to access crucial data with ease, unnecessary work done by the system is avoided, and energy can be saved.
Microstructural characterization of ordered nickel silicide structures grown on (111) nickel silicide films

The formation processes of epitaxial nickel silicides, resulting from the interaction of nickel silicide films (10 nm–100 nm) on (111) silicon (Si) substrates after furnace annealing, have been studied using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and x-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. The formation of type-A epitaxial grains (i.e., grown with the same orientation of the underlying Si substrate) and type-B epitaxial grains (i.e., rotated by 180± around the surface normal) in “thick” epitaxial films (i.e., greater than 35 nm) is proposed to be linked to the formation of a fluorite-based CuPt (L11)-like NiSi phase. This phase is found to be a metastable phase and is believed to be a transitional phase toward the formation of the equilibrium NiSi2 phase in both type-A and type-B orientations. In addition, we have found that a fluorite-based CuPt-like NiSi may even coexist with a fluorite-based CuAu I-like structure. The interrelationship between these two structures is discussed in the context of a displacive transformation process in fcc structures as originally proposed by Hansson and Barnes [Acta Metall. 12, 315 (1964)] and Pashley et al. [Philos. Mag. 19, 83 (1969)].
Dimensionality of judgments of visual patterns varying in amount of symmetry and formal similarity

This experiment explored the dimensionality of judgments of visual patterns varying in form and amount of whole and part symmetry. The study compared judgments made by independent subjects on scales of symmetry, balance, pleasingness, goodness, simplicity, organization, and dispersion. All judgments showed very high reliabilities. A principle factors analysis of the interscale correlation matrix yielded a substantial single factor of symmetry/pleasingness upon which all scales but one (dispersion) were very highly loaded. The structure of the main factor indicates that, regardless of the nominal scale instructions to raters, the results are very closely equivalent. Dispersion judgments were highly reliable but were uncorrelated with the main factor.
Reduced N-Acetylaspartate in Prefrontal Cortex of Adult Rats with Neonatal Hippocampal Damage

Previous studies in animals suggested that neonatal lesions of the ventral hippocampus disrupt development of prefrontal cortex and its regulation of dopaminergic activity. In the present study, we assayed an in vivo chemical marker of neuronal integrity (proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy signal of N-acetylaspartate, NAA) in prefrontal cortex and striatum of rats with neonatal excitotoxic lesions of the ventral hippocampus. We also measured in post-mortem tissue expression of EAAC1 mRNA, a molecular marker of intrinsic neurons. In the cohort studied at juvenile age and again at young adulthood [postnatal day (PD) 37 and 71], we found selective reductions of NAA in the prefrontal cortex only at PD 71. Emergence of neuronal pathology was temporally associated with emergence of amphetamine-induced hyperlocomotion. Reduced prefrontal NAA was confirmed in the second cohort studied at an older age (PD 120). Expression of EAAC1 mRNA was significantly reduced in prefrontal cortex of the lesioned rats. No changes in NAA were found in the striatum in either cohort and cortical area size was not changed. These results suggest that early ventral hippocampal lesions produce developmental neuronal pathology in prefrontal cortex that is temporally associated with dysregulation of dopamine behaviors and is reminiscent of the temporal profile of the onset of schizophrenia.
Rotation Invariant Face Detection using Spectral Histograms and Support Vector Machines

This paper presents a face detection method that detects faces with arbitrary rotation in the image plane. In this method, images are represented using a spectral histogram representation consisting of marginal distributions of filtered images. A support vector machine with an R.B.F. kernel is chosen as the classifier, which is trained on 4500 face and 8000 non-face images. The choice of filters allows a large degree of rotation invariance and by shuffling the marginals of certain filters, invariance to arbitrary rotation is achieved. A distinctive advantage of our method is that the invariance is achieved largely through the underlying representation while in other methods the invariance is typically achieved by detecting faces at a large number of different angles. The proposed method is tested on standard data sets and comparisons with other methods show that our method gives the best detection performance with respect to detection rate and false positives.
Traditional treatment and altered auditory feedback lead to intelligibility benefits in a subset of speakers with Parkinson's disease

This review provides a summary and appraisal commentary on the treatment review by Lowit, A., Dobinson, C., Timmins, C., Howell, P., & Kroeger, B. (2010). The effectiveness of traditional methods and altered auditory feedback in improving speech rate and intelligibility in speakers with Parkinson's disease. International Journal of Speech Language Pathology, 12, 426–436. Source of funding and disclosure of interest: This study was supported by a grant from Parkinson's UK; the original authors of this research report no conflicts of interest.
The Effect of Season and Age of Bird 2. On the Chemical Composition of Egg White

Abstract THE EXTENT that season, environmental temperature, management practices, nutrition, genetics, age of layer, etc. effect egg quality have been extensively studied. However, satisfactory explanations for these quality variations in relation to differences in composition which effect physical and performance characteristics associated with quality have not been elucidated. Smith et al. (1954) found that the composition of eggs produced by a hen was an individual characteristic and that changes in egg composition could be associated with laying rate, environmental temperatures and age of the layer. They reported that higher temperatures increased the dry matter, phosphorus, sodium, and potassium levels of egg white. Cotterill and Winter (1955) proposed that the dissociation of a complex between lysozyme and ovomucin might be responsible for one stage in egg white thinning. They showed that increases in the ionic strength and pH of the medium caused a dissociation of the complex. This protein interaction appeared to …
MOLD INHIBITION IN TORTILLA BY DIMETHYL FUMARATE

Nine batches of tortilla containing 0, 0.05, 0.1., 0.2 and 0.4 g of calcium propionate or dimethyl fumarate per 100 g corn flour were prepared. The tortillas were individually packaged in polyethylene bags, stored at room temperature and observed daily for visible signs of mold growth. Samples from each batch were also subjected to the determination of moisture and water activity. The mold-free shelf-lives of tortillas containing calcium propionate ranged from 2–5 days and those of tortillas containing dimethyl fumarate ranged from 2–11 days.
Lookback and Recipient Notification, and Product Recalls and Withdrawals

Publisher Summary Lookback refers to a process of retrospective investigation of either donors or recipients triggered by (1) recognition of disease in a recipient, causing a “looking back” for all donors of transfused components, or (2) newly discovered serologic evidence of infection of a donor, resulting in tracing and notification of all recipients of prior donations. Federal guidance and regulations require that certain transfusion recipients be notified when the donor of their transfused components is found to have seroconverted for selected viruses. Today, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) seroconversion require such notifications, referred to as part of lookback in the existing HIV regulations. When a donor becomes HIV positive, federal regulations require that either the hospital or the treating physician notify the recipient of any component that was donated within 12 months of the last negative donation by that same donor. The transfusion service must inform the treating physician who may choose to notify the patient. When a donor becomes HCV positive, federal regulations require that the hospital and transfusion service notify either the transfusion recipient or the treating physician. The existing regulations for both HIV and HCV lookback acknowledge that there may be reasons why the treating physician is unable to notify or is uncomfortable with notifying the recipient.
Why compare marine ecosystems

This paper is not subject to U.S. copyright. The definitive version was published in ICES Journal of Marine Science: Journal du Conseil 67 (2010): 1-9, doi:10.1093/icesjms/fsp221.
Mechanism of ceroid formation in atherosclerotic plaque: in situ studies using a combination of Raman and fluorescence spectroscopy

Accumulation of the lipid-protein complex ceroid is a characteristic of atherosclerotic plaque. The mechanism of ceroid formation has been extensively studied, because the complex is postulated to contribute to plaque irreversibility. Despite intensive research, ceroid deposits are defined through their fluorescence and histochemical staining properties, while their composition remains unknown. Using Raman and fluorescence spectral microscopy, we examine the composition of ceroid in situ in aorta and coronary artery plaque. The synergy of these two types of spectroscopy allows for identification of ceroid via its fluorescence signature and elucidation of its chemical composition through the acquisition of a Raman spectrum. In accordance with in vitro predictions, low density lipoprotein (LDL) appears within the deposits primarily in its peroxidized form. The main forms of modified LDL detected in both coronary artery and aortic plaques are peroxidation products from the Fenton reaction and myeloperoxidase-hypochlorite pathway. These two peroxidation products occur in similar concentrations within the deposits and represent ∼40 and 30% of the total LDL (native and peroxidized) in the aorta and coronary artery deposits, respectively. To our knowledge, this study is the first to successfully employ Raman spectroscopy to unravel a metabolic pathway involved in disease pathogenesis: the formation of ceroid in atherosclerotic plaque.
Haemodynamic outcome at four-dimensional flow magnetic resonance imaging following valve-sparing aortic root replacement with tricuspid and bicuspid valve morphology

OBJECTIVE: To provide a more complete characterization of aortic blood flow in patients following valve-sparing aortic root replacement (VSARR) compared with presurgical cohorts matched by tricuspid and bicuspid valve morphology, age and presurgical aorta size. METHODS: Four-dimensional (4D) flow magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed to analyse three-dimensional (3D) blood flow in the thoracic aorta of n= 13 patients after VSARR with reimplantation of native tricuspid aortic valve (TAV, n= 6) and bicuspid aortic valve (BAV, n= 7). Results were compared with presurgical age and aortic size-matched control cohorts with TAV (n= 10) and BAV (n= 10). Preand post-surgical aortic flow was evaluated using time-resolved 3D pathlines using a blinded grading system (0–2, 0 = small, 1 = moderate and 2 = prominent) analysing ascending aortic (AAo) helical flow. Systolic flow profile uniformity in the aortic root, proximal and mid-AAo was evaluated using a four-quadrant model. Further analysis in nine analysis planes distributed along the thoracic aorta quantified peak systolic velocity, retrograde fraction and peak systolic flow acceleration. RESULTS: Pronounced AAo helical flow in presurgical control subjects (both BAV and TAV: helix grading = 1.8 ± 0.4) was significantly reduced (0.2 ± 0.4, P< 0.001) in cohorts after VSARR independent of aortic valve morphology. Presurgical AAo flow was highly eccentric for BAV patients but more uniform for TAV. VSARR resulted in less eccentric flow profiles. Systolic peak velocities were significantly (P< 0.05) increased in post-root repair BAV patients throughout the aorta (six of nine analysis planes) and to a lesser extent in TAV patients (three of nine analysis planes). BAV reimplantation resulted in significantly increased peak velocities in the proximal AAo compared with root repair with TAV (2.3 ± 0.6 vs 1.6 ± 0.4 m/s, P= 0.017). Post-surgical patients showed a non-significant trend towards higher systolic flow acceleration as a surrogate measure of reduced aortic compliance. CONCLUSIONS: VSARR restored a cohesive flow pattern independent of native valve morphology but resulted in increased peak velocities throughout the aorta. 4D flow MRI methods can assessthe clinical implications of altered aortic flow dynamics in patients undergoing VSARR.
Oxidative Stress Function of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Skn7 Receiver Domain

The bifunctional Saccharomyces cerevisiae Skn7 transcription factor regulates osmotic stress response genes as well as oxidative stress response genes; however, the mechanisms involved in these two types of regulation differ. Skn7 osmotic stress activity depends on the phosphorylation of the receiver domain aspartate, D427, by the Sln1 histidine kinase. In contrast, D427 and the SLN1-SKN7 phosphorelay are dispensable for the oxidative stress response, although the receiver domain is required. The majority of oxidative stress response genes regulated by Skn7 also are regulated by the redox-responsive transcription factor Yap1. It is therefore possible that the nuclearly localized Skn7 does not itself respond to the oxidant but simply cooperates with Yap1 when it translocates to the nucleus. We report here that oxidative stress leads to a phosphatase-sensitive, slow-mobility Skn7 variant. This suggests that Skn7 undergoes a posttranslational modification by phosphorylation following exposure to oxidant. Oxidant-dependent Skn7 phosphorylation was eliminated in strains lacking the Yap1 transcription factor. This suggests that the phosphorylation of Skn7 is regulated by Yap1. Mutations in the receiver domain of Skn7 were identified that affect its oxidative stress function. These mutations were found to compromise the association of Yap1 and Skn7 at oxidative stress response gene promoters. A working model is proposed in which the association of Yap1 with Skn7 in the nucleus is a prerequisite for Skn7 phosphorylation and the activation of oxidative stress response genes.
Bistatic Frequency Diverse Imaging Of Complex Scattering Targets

Tomographic imaging of a complex shape and a perfectly conducting object is discussed. The far field data was collected at a selected bistatic transmitheceive antenna configuration. The data was transformed to create tomographic image of the object. The Frequency Swept technique in the range of 4-12 GHz was used to achieve centimeter resolution in the reconstmeted image. The cross section of the scattering object for a number of transmithceive polarization is presented as well as the combination of like and cross polarized images.
Metallothionein is overexpressed by hamster fibroblasts selected for growth in 15 pM folinic acid and provides a growth advantage in low folate

DC-3F/FA3 (FA3) cells, selected for growth in folic acid-free medium containing dialyzed serum and 15 pM [6S]-folinic acid, and parental DC-3F cells were compared by mRNA differential display to identify genetic changes occurring during selection. One of the genes found to be overexpressed in FA3 cells was metallothionein II (MT-II). Northern blots using a full-length hamster MT-II cDNA probe that recognizes both MT-I and MT-II RNA showed that the steady-state level of MT mRNA was elevated at least 10-fold in FA3 cells and in two other selected clones, FA7 and FA14, as well. Southern blot analysis of HindIII-digested genomic DNA indicated that amplification of neither the MT-I nor MT-II gene had occurred, and measurements of MT mRNA decay rates in the presence of actinomycin D suggested that no changes in its half-life had taken place. Hence, overexpression was due to an increase in transcription from the normal gene complement. In FA3 cells, the MT mRNA expression level was found to be directly sensitive and inversely proportional to media folate concentrations, whereas in DC-3F cells it was not, suggesting that MT gene expression is differentially regulated in these two cell lines. Overexpression of MT-II in transfected DC-3F cells was unable to support growth in 15 pM folinic acid. However, when plated in 15 nM folinic acid, a growth rate similar to FA3 cells was observed, whereas sham-transfected controls and double transfectants expressing antisense MT-II RNA and control levels of MT-II protein ceased to grow. Hence, overexpression of MT-II provides a growth advantage in low folate.
Prospective assessment after pediatric cardiac ablation: Fate of intracardiac structure and function, as assessed by serial echocardiography

Background Catheter ablation puts cardiac valves at risk of damage, and children are of particular concern. Methods A multicenter prospective study was performed to assess the results and risks associated with radiofrequency (RF) ablation in children. Patients were aged 0 to 16 years with supraventricular tachycardia due to accessory pathway or atrioventricular node reentry, excluding patients with more than trivial congenital heart disease. A total of 481 patients were recruited into the prospective cohort and were followed up at 2, 6 and, 12 months after ablation. Complete echocardiograms were obtained before and at intervals after RF ablation, and they were reviewed by experts who were blinded with respect to diagnosis, outcome, pathway site, and study interval. Results Moderate valve insufficiency was quite rare (0.12%), but mild insufficiency was common, both before ablation (42.43%) and at 2 months after ablation (40.49%). Analysis of paired readings failed to demonstrate a tendency toward increased insufficiency of valves adjacent to ablation targets, with the exception of the tricuspid valve after the ablation of right freewall pathways and atrioventricular node reentry, but the degree of change was small. No clear changes in left ventricular systolic or diastolic function were observed, and dyskinesis was rare and not related to the ablation target. No intracardiac thrombosis was observed. Conclusions Serious injury to cardiac valves due to RF ablation is very rare, but the tricuspid valve may be mildly affected in some cases. We identified no clear effect of RF ablation on cardiac wall motion or on left ventricular function.
To B or not to B: Blessing OS Commands with Software DNA Shotgun Sequencing

We introduce Software DNA Shotgun Sequencing (S3), a novel, biologically-inspired approach to combat OS Injection Attacks, the #2 most dangerous software error as identified by MITRE. To thwart such attacks, researchers have advocated various forms of taint-tracking techniques. Despite promising results, e.g., few missed attacks and few false alarms, taint-tracking has not seen widespread adoption. Impediments to adoption include high overhead and difficulty of deployment. S3 is based on a novel technique: positive taint inference which dynamically reassembles string fragments from a binary to infer blessed, i.e. trusted, parts of an OS command. S3 incurs negligible performance overhead and is easy to deploy as it operates directly on binary programs.
What Management Is: How It Works and Why It's Everyone's Business

The article presents a review of the book “What Management Is: How It Works and Why It's Everyone's Business,” by Joan Magretta.
Synthesis of substituted benzo[b]thiophenes by acid‐catalyzed cyclization of thiophenylacetals and ketones

Benzo[b]thiophenes substituted at the 3 position with methyl or carboxymethyl and at the 5 position with methyl, methoxy, chloro, bromo and nitro were prepared by cyclization of thiophenyl-acetals and ketones using a suspension of polyphosphoric acid in refluxing chlorobenzene. The overall efficiency of this method is superior to literature procedures because of the lower temperature and the limited amount of PPA used.
Thoughts on the Conflict Management Field after 30 Years

This article surveys the emergence of conflict management from the academic and policy shadows into a far more prominent field of inquiry and practice. As the barriers to entry into third party roles collapsed at the end of the Cold War, the field of conflict management expanded, diversified, and fragmented into a range of practice areas (scholarly, policy-oriented, and operational). Four phases of this evolution are identified. An increasingly crowded field lacks gatekeepers or natural coherence, underscoring the need for leadership and sustained, coordinated efforts. The study of mediation has blossomed around the work of Zartman and others, while the policy community has swung back and forth in its enthusiasm for third party roles in an age where hard power and smart power vie for pride of place. Conflict management responses are increasingly spontaneous, ad hoc and case-specific. Debate is emerging over the pros and cons of engaging with armed non-state actors that are placed on proscribed lists in the struggle against terrorism. Post-conflict challenges continue to pose a severe test to practitioners of peacebuilding.
Synthesis and characterization of monosaccharide lipids as novel hydrogelators

Self-assembly of small molecules is a useful strategy for forming functional supramolecular structures. Three new series of methyl alpha-D-glucopyranoside derivatives, including esters and carbamates, have been synthesized and characterized. Several of these compounds are excellent hydrogelators and formed interesting self-assembled network structures, including birefringent fibers and tubules. The gelation properties depend on the acyl chain length and the headgroup structures. Small molecule sugar-based hydrogelators have potential applications in drug delivery and enzyme immobilization.
In Memoriam: William H. Daughaday, MD, 1918–2013

Dr William H. Daughaday, the 51st President of The Endocrine Society, died at age 95 on May 3, 2013. His contributions to endocrinology and to the Society were wide-ranging and numerous, not the least of which was the large cohort of physicians attracted to fundamental and clinical endocrine research by his enthusiasm, energy, and overwhelming intellectual curiosity. Bill Daughaday grew up in greater Chicagoland and attended Harvard College. There he was captain of the wrestling team and was inducted into Phi Beta Kappa. After graduation from Harvard Medical School in 1943, where he was selected for the Alpha Omega Alpha honor society, he served in the Army as a medical officer for 20 months during the latter part of World War II and then returned stateside to continue his clinical and scientific training, initially with Robert H. Williams at Boston City Hospital. In 1947, he moved to Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis as an Assistant Resident in Medicine at Barnes Hospital. He joined the laboratory of Carl and Gerty Cori in 1949 as a Research Fellow and began to investigate the metabolic actions of GH on isolated rat diaphragm. Despite the failure of these studies to explain the (even then) well-known anti-insulin effects of GH, this apparently unpromising exploratory project set into motion a life-long interest in all things GH (1). In 1951, Bill Daughaday formed his own research laboratory and became head of a new Metabolism Division in the Department of Medicine at Washington University (he was acting head in 1950), which he continued to lead for the next 34 years. Under his guidance, the Metabolism Division developed into one of the premier endocrinology units in the country, known for high-level research productivity and superb scientific training, as evidenced by the dozens of former fellows who have occupied leadership positions in academic medicine throughout the world. This drive for excellence was amplified by combined clinical and research activities with the Division of Bone and Mineral Metabolism at neighboring Jewish Hospital of St Louis and with the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism at St Louis Children’s Hospital. The environment nurtured by Bill guaranteed that trainees
Acoustic detection of buried objects in 3-D fluid saturated porous media: numerical modeling

Acoustic waves can be a viable tool for the detection and identification of land mines, unexplored ordnance (UXO), and other buried objects. Design of acoustic instruments and interpretation and processing of acoustic measurements call for accurate numerical models to simulate acoustic wave propagation in a heterogeneous soil with buried objects. Compared with the traditional seismic exploration, high attenuation is unfortunately ubiquitous for shallow surface acoustic measurements because of the loose soil and the fluid in its pore space. To adequately model such acoustic attenuation, we propose a comprehensive multidimensional finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) model to simulate the acoustic wave interactions with land mines and soils based on the Biot theory for poroelastic media. For the truncation of the computational domain, we use the perfectly matched layer (PML). The method is validated by comparison with analytical solutions. Unlike the pure elastic wave model, this efficient PML-FDTD model for poroelastic media incorporates the interactions of waves and the fluid-saturated pore space. Several typical land mine detection measurements are simulated to illustrate the application.
Should Trichrome Stain Be Used on All Post-Liver Transplant Biopsies with Hepatitis C Virus Infection To Estimate the Fibrosis Score?

Recurrent hepatitis C is virtually universal after liver transplantation; however, an individual patient's clinical course and disease burden are highly variable and difficult to predict. The fibrosis score determined on posttransplant biopsies appears to be a sensitive and specific marker of disease progression and severity. Currently, the fibrosis score is determined from hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained tissue sections supplemented by variable use of trichrome stain or other connective tissue-specific stains. In this study, we compare the fibrosis score on H&E stain with that obtained with trichrome stain in posttransplant liver biopsies of patients with hepatitis C. A total of 197 liver biopsies from 105 allograft patients with hepatitis C were reviewed. The mean fibrosis stage was 1.0 +/- 1.25 with H&E stain versus 1.69 +/- 1.42 with trichrome stain (P < 0.00001). The trichrome staging score was higher in 53.3%, lower in 3%, and the same in 43.7%. The fibrosis stage was raised by 2 or more points in 17.8% and elevated into a bridging category in 14.7%. No significant differences in clinical and laboratory levels were measured in patients with higher fibrosis scores. In conclusion, the hepatic fibrosis score is significantly underestimated by H&E stain in the posttransplant setting in patients with hepatitis C. The fibrosis stage may be an indicator of significant liver damage in these patients. Accuracy of its determination may be most easily facilitated by employment of a connective tissue stain.
Inhibition of Ostwald ripening in model beverage emulsions by addition of poorly water soluble triglyceride oils.

Abstract: Beverage emulsions containing flavor oils that have a relatively high water-solubility are unstable to droplet growth due to Ostwald ripening. The aim of this study was to improve the stability of model beverage emulsions to this kind of droplet growth by incorporating poorly water-soluble triglyceride oils. High pressure homogenization was used to prepare a series of 5 wt% oil-in-water emulsions stabilized by modified starch that had different lipid phase compositions (orange oil : corn oil). Emulsions prepared using only orange oil as the lipid phase were highly unstable to droplet growth during storage, which was attributed to Ostwald ripening resulting from the relatively high water-solubility of orange oil. Droplet growth could be effectively inhibited by incorporating ≥ 10% corn oil into the lipid phase prior to homogenization. In addition, creaming was also retarded because the lipid phase density was closer to that of the aqueous phase density. These results illustrate a simple method of improving the physical stability of orange oil emulsions for utilization in the food, beverage, and fragrance industries.
Cardiac Channel Molecular Autopsy: Insights From 173 Consecutive Cases of Autopsy-Negative Sudden Unexplained Death Referred for Postmortem Genetic Testing

Objective To perform long QT syndrome and catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia cardiac channel postmortem genetic testing (molecular autopsy) for a large cohort of cases of autopsy-negative sudden unexplained death (SUD).
Management of YMDD mutations during lamivudine therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis B.

Lamivudine is a nuleoside analog with potent inhibitory effects on hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication. Prolonged therapy is required for sustained suppression. However, HBV species with mutations in the tyrosine-methionine-aspartate-aspartate (YMDD) locus of the HBV-RNA-dependent DNA polymerase confering resistance to lamivudine may emerge after 6-9 months therapy with an incidence of 38% and 67% after 2 and 4 years of lamivudine therapy, respectively. During continued lamivudine therapy, patients with YMDD mutant HBV usually show serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and HBV-DNA elevations at lower median levels than their baseline. Marked flare of serum ALT or acute exacerbation may occurred as the results of cytotoxic T lymphocyte mediated immune response directed against YMDD mutant. Although viral clearance with or without emergence of distinct lamivudine resistant mutants may occur after such exacerbations, 20% of the exacerbations are complicated with decompensation or even fatality. The exacerbations appear to be more severe than those occur during the natural course of wild type HBV chronic infection. The current practice of continuing lamivudine therapy, therefore, requires careful evaluation. Alternatives include interferon therapy but this seems ineffective. Adefovir dipivoxil and entecavir may effectively suppress the YMDD mutant but these treatments have not yet been available for use. Recent studies have shown no benefit to continuing lamivudine therapy in patients with YMDD mutantions. Before a rescue drug becomes available, the most cost-effective strategy is to select patients with stronger endogenous anti-HBV immunity to increase efficacy and to shorten the duration of lamivudine therapy to avoid the emergence of YMDD mutations.
Numerical investigation of stability of breather-type solutions of the nonlinear Schrödinger equation

Abstract. In this article we conduct a broad numerical investigation of stability of breather-type solutions of the nonlinear Schrodinger (NLS) equation, a widely used model of rogue wave generation and dynamics in deep water. NLS breathers rising over an unstable background state are frequently used to model rogue waves. However, the issue of whether these solutions are robust with respect to the kind of random perturbations occurring in physical settings and laboratory experiments has just recently begun to be addressed. Numerical experiments for spatially periodic breathers with one or two modes involving large ensembles of perturbed initial data for six typical random perturbations suggest interesting conclusions. Breathers over an unstable background with N unstable modes are generally unstable to small perturbations in the initial data unless they are "maximal breathers" (i.e., they have N spatial modes). Additionally, among the maximal breathers with two spatial modes, the one of highest amplitude due to coalescence of the modes appears to be the most robust. The numerical observations support and extend to more realistic settings the results of our previous stability analysis, which we hope will provide a useful tool for identifying physically realizable wave forms in experimental and observational studies of rogue waves.
Reconstruction: Meltdown in the midst of beauty

Watching a dramatic musical television episode reminded me of my own meltdown and reconstruction during the collection of my dissertation research. This stir of memory led me to write down my story. Seeking meaning in the experience of the studio teacher in an early childhood school, I co-participated in events that led me through a dramatic and transformative experience that deepened my awareness and understanding of what it means to teach and learn in the wondrous space of the atelier, otherwise called the early childhood studio. We engaged in the meaning making process of our studio endeavours through keeping field notes and a journal, informally interviewing and engaging in collaboration sessions with the studio teachers, and reviewing the dissertation manuscript for authenticity. Through active listening and engagement, I collided with predicament. I learnt that the only way to move through the crisis-point is to ‘keep on living’. In the end, I came to a new sense of how to live and work in an early childhood studio and I also came to understand that life eats entropy. My experience in the studio became about the beauty of courage, time, and deep listening, as examined through the experiences of fear of the new and of my reconstruction into something more.
TECTONIC SUBSIDENCE OF THE SIRTE BASIN, LIBYA

The Sirte Basin of Libya has a history of faulting and differential subsidence brought about by lithospheric extension during a 25 MM (million) year period beginning in the Late Cretaceous. The first phase of extension and initial subsidence, with faulting and graben formation, occurred from Cenomanian to Campanian times. Following extension, there occurred widespread thermally-driven subsidence from Maastrichtian through Eocene and Oligocene times, accounting for about half of the total subsidence.
Bone Gla protein messenger ribonucleic acid is regulated by both 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate in rat osteosarcoma cells.

1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25-(OH)2D3] regulates the synthesis of bone γ-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla) protein (BGP) by osteoblastic cells. In this study we examined the effect of cAMP, alone and in combination with 1,25-(OH)2D3, on the regulation of BGP mRNA levels in ROS 17/2 rat osteosarcoma cells. Elevation of intracellular cAMP levels by cAMP analogs or by isobutylmethylxanthine (IBMX), forskolin, or PTH, resulted in increased BGP mRNA levels and BGP secretion after 1 day of treatment. The effects of these agents were additive with 1,25-(OH)2D3 in stimulating BGP gene expression. After 4 days of treatment, pertussis toxin (PT) and 1,25-(OH)2D3 were synergistic in stimulating BGP mRNA, and the effect of PT could be mimicked by (Bu)2cAMP, IBMX, forskolin, cholera toxin, and to a lesser extent by PTH. The effect of 1-day treatment with cAMP alone and the synergistic effect with 1,25-(OH)2D3 on the stimulation of BGP mRNA were dependent on cell density, while basal and 1,25-(OH)2D3-stimulated synthesis wer...
Freestanding Nanostructures via Layer‐by‐Layer Assembly

Freestanding flexible nanocomposite structures fabricated by layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly are promising candidates for many potential applications, such as in the fields of thermomechanical sensing, controlled release, optical detection, and drug delivery. In this article, we review recent advances in the fabrication and characterization of different types of freestanding LbL structures in air and at air/liquid and liquid/ liquid interfaces, including micro- and nanocapsules, microcantilevers, freely suspended membranes, encapsulated nanoparticle arrays, and sealed-cavity arrays. Several recently developed fabrication techniques, such as spin-assisted coating, dipping, and micropatterning, make the assembly process more efficient and impart novel physical properties to the freestanding films.
Regional variation in response of Field Sparrows to the threat of brown-headed cowbird parasitism

Abstract We conducted aggression experiments using model cowbirds on nesting Field Sparrows (Spizella pusilla) in heavily, moderately, and rarely parasitized populations. We also documented Field Sparrow morning nest arrival times during the laying period, because Field Sparrows appear to desert nests in response to encounters with laying female cowbirds. Field Sparrows responded most aggressively to cowbird models and arrived the earliest in Illinois, where they were most heavily parasitized. Field Sparrows responded the least to models in Pennsylvania, where they are almost never parasitized. Our results suggest that those host behaviors result from some aspect of host–cowbird interactions, but the extent to which such behaviors are genetic or learned needs further study.
Telecom Technology Transfer in Rural India: A Study with Respect to Marathwada Region in Maharashtra

Today Information and Communications Technology (ICT) has become an essential part of the common man’s life. It is a fact that communication innovations at the global level are occurring at a very fast rate, but its outreach to population in general and rural population in particular is very poor, especially in underdeveloped and developing nations. Of late, the developing nations, like India, have started giving a thrust to developing technology realizing its immense role in changing the economic and social face of its population. Around 65% of the nation’s population lives in rural areas. Rural people should have the same quality of life as is enjoyed by people living in sub-urban and urban areas. Further, there are cascading effects of poverty, unemployment, poor and inadequate infrastructure in rural areas on urban centers, resulting in the rise in slums and consequential social and economic tensions manifested in economic deprivation and urban poverty.
Special Issues in Pediatric Neurocritical Care After Neurosurgery

The postoperative management of pediatric neurosurgical patients presents many challenges to neurointensivists. Many conditions and complications are unique to small children. A basic understanding of age-related physiology and pharmacology is essential in minimizing perioperative morbidity.
Feedlot Performance of Lambs Fed Lactic Acid-Producing Bacteria1

Abstract A total of 1399 feeder lambs were assembled and transported under normal industry conditions and used in three experiments over a 18-mo period to determine the effect of feeding lactic acid-producing bacteria (LAB) during the first 3 to 5 d of adaptation to the feedlot environment on dry matter intake, gain, and feed efficiency. The LAB was added as a topdress to the daily diet in Exp. 1 and mixed with the total diet in Exp. 2 and 3. Each lamb consumed 5 to 5.7 g/d of inoculant containing 10 million LAB per gram. Adding LAB to the diet of feeder lambs did not consistently increase the performance of the lambs compared to the control group. When lambs were placed in the feedlot shortly after arrival (Exp. 1), those fed LAB gained more weight (P
High-pressure phases of lithium borohydride LiBH 4 : A first-principles study

High-pressure phase transformations in LiBH${}_{4}$ were theoretically investigated using first-principles density functional methods. A series of pressure-induced structural transformations are predicted in LiBH${}_{4}$, as Pnma (phase II) \ensuremath{\rightarrow} $I$4${}_{1}$/acd (phase III) \ensuremath{\rightarrow} NaCl type (phase V) \ensuremath{\rightarrow} NiAs type (phase VI) \ensuremath{\rightarrow} polymeric forms. The calculated pressures for the II \ensuremath{\rightarrow} III transition and the III \ensuremath{\rightarrow} V transition are 0.9 and 27 GPa, respectively, and both agree very well with recent experimental observations. A B1-B8 transformation becomes more favored at higher pressure, and this results in a distorted NiAs structure of LiBH${}_{4}$. Denoted as phase VI, the distorted NiAs structure is the lowest enthalpy phase of LiBH${}_{4}$ above 60 GPa and confirmed to be dynamically stable by phonon calculations. The ionic character and band gap of the phase VI decreases with increasing pressure. At still higher pressures, the extended structures formed by polymeric BH${}_{4}$ layers intercalated by Li${}^{\ensuremath{\delta}+}$ cations may exist, and these represent the metallic forms of LiBH${}_{4}$.