cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Discrete-element modeling of particulate aerosol flows

A multiple-time step computational approach is presented for efficient discrete-element modeling of aerosol flows containing adhesive solid particles. Adhesive aerosol particulates are found in numerous dust and smoke contamination problems, including smoke particle transport in the lungs, particle clogging of heat exchangers in construction vehicles, industrial nanoparticle transport and filtration systems, and dust fouling of electronic systems and MEMS components. Dust fouling of equipment is of particular concern for potential human occupation on dusty planets, such as Mars. The discrete-element method presented in this paper can be used for prediction of aggregate structure and breakup, for prediction of the effect of aggregate formation on the bulk fluid flow, and for prediction of the effects of small-scale flow features (e.g., due to surface roughness or MEMS patterning) on the aggregate formation. After presentation of the overall computational structure, the forces and torques acting on the particles resulting from fluid motion, particle-particle collision, and adhesion under van der Waals forces are reviewed. The effect of various parameters of normal collision and adhesion of two particles are examined in detail. The method is then used to examine aggregate formation and particle clogging in pipe and channel flow.
RUBE: an XML-based architecture for 3D process modeling and model fusion

Information fusion is a critical problem for science and engineering. There is a need to fuse information content specified as either data or model. We frame our work in terms of fusing dynamic and geometric models, to create an immersive environment where these models can be juxtaposed in 3D, within the same interface. The method by which this is accomplished fits well into other eXtensible Markup Language (XML) approaches to fusion in general. The task of modeling lies at the heart of the human-computer interface, joining the human to the system under study through a variety of sensory modalities. I overview modeling as a key concern for the Defense Department and the Air Force, and then follow with a discussion of past, current, and future work. Past work began with a package with C and has progressed, in current work, to an implementation in XML. Our current work is defined within the RUBE architecture, which is detailed in subsequent papers devoted to key components. We have built RUBE as a next generation modeling framework using our prior software, with research opportunities in immersive 3D and tangible user interfaces.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Product modularity: measures and design methods

This paper presents an overview of existing research on measures of product modularity and methods to achieve modularity in product design. Discussions of the development of modular products have increased in recent years. The research activity into the development of modularity measures and methods has also increased. These measures and methods vary considerably in purpose and process. Some are highly quantitative and some are completely qualitative. Some are information intensive and some are more easily applied. The relationship to product platform planning is also shown. This overview shows no clear consensus beyond those found in the definition of modularity. There are, however, several themes that are prevalent. Most measures center on measuring dependencies with components external to modules. Some measures include a measure of component similarity. However, what is measured as dependencies and similarities varies by measure and by context. Additionally, there is always some subjectivity in the mea...
Productivity analysis simulators for multi-job and batching type equipments

Abstract A number of generalized simulation models are described which can analyze operator productivity and product turn-around-time on multi-job and batching type equipment. Based on demand on these types of equipment, it simulates equipment utilization and generates product turn-around-time with and without scheduling the equipment at different time intervals within scheduled shift or day. The models allow maximum capacity to be utilized per each equipment-run depending on work-in-process available in front of the equipment. The models give the industrial engineer the capability to estimate operator requirements for a given demand and equipment. They also provide him decision making capability to evaluate different scheduling intervals and resulting productivity increments for a given equipment. He then can analyze these productivity increments and resulting increase in turn-around-time and work-in-process. This leads him to make rational decisions as to how much work-in-process he should allow in front of the equipment in order to gain productivity increases with satisfactory turn-around-time. Both models are written in GPSS-V language. The models allow for plots up to ten points on productivity vs turn-around time curve for each simulation-run.
Probing the Room Temperature Spatial Distribution of Hydrogen in Nanoporous Carbon by Use of Small-Angle Neutron Scattering

The spatial distribution of hydrogen physically adsorbed in a nanoporous carbon at room temperature (RT) as a function of H2 gas pressure is investigated for the first time using small-angle neutron scattering (SANS). A hierarchical pore structure consisting of micropores and a fractal mesopore network of the used activated carbon is also studied to correlate the relationship between the spatial distribution of hydrogen and the pore confinement. The cylinder-like cluster of aggregated hydrogen is formed and is confined in the disklike micropore. The evolution of spatial structures of adsorbed hydrogen with hydrogen pressure is elucidated. A direct experimental observation of the spatial distribution and the behavior of hydrogen adsorbed in the porous materials at RT is still scarce to date. The analysis results obtained by SANS provide new information for the future investigations of the RT storage mechanism of hydrogen in the nanoporous materials developed for the purpose of on-board hydrogen storage.
Quarter Century Victory Medal for Diabetes. A follow-up of patients one to 20 years later.

Abstract Of 124 patients who were free of vascular complications after 25 years of diabetes and who were awarded Joslin's Quarter Century Victory Medal, 105 were evaluated by a questionnaire. These latter patients presented, in general, a juvenile-type, insulin-dependent, ketoacidosisprone diabetes. They belonged to a middle or higher social class, maintained a near ideal body weight and possessed a favorable hereditary beckground as demonstrated by parental longevity. In one third of the patients at the time of study (an average of 12 years after the medal award) there was evidence of vascular and microvascular complications indicating that the appearance of recognizable angiopathy was considerably postponed but not entirely avoided.
Cognitive-based therapy for OCD: Role of behavior experiments and exposure processes

Abstract The current manuscript describes the rationale and pragmatics for conducting exposures (termed “behavioral experiments”) in Cognitive Therapy (CT) for OCD. Given that the cognitive model of OCD focuses upon the assumptions and belief systems (e.g., threat perception) that underlie the misinterpretation of unwanted intrusions, CT employs cognitive strategies, such as behavioral experiments, to modify maladaptive interpretations and produce symptom reduction. We outline how to prepare for behavioral experiments through psychoeducation and empirically supported assessment procedures. Next, we describe how to operationalize the behavioral experiment and propose patient and therapist-related behaviors that will facilitate (or interfere with) the experiment׳s success. Lastly, we discuss how to process the findings of the behavioral experiment by integrating other CT strategies, such as calculation of harm and the downward arrow, to consolidate learning and ultimately strengthen and generalize skills use.
JAPAN'S INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY SECTOR: A COMPETITIVE ARENA FOR U.S. FIRMS?

The information technology industries (computer software, telecommunications, data processing services, and information services) are among America's strongest service industries. These are industries in which Japanese policy makers and businesses are striving to gain competitive advantages (Congress of the United States, 1987), as Japanese information technology firms have not been considered very competitive in the international marketplace (Enderwick, 1990; Porter, 1990).
Deposition behavior of ferrous alloys in molten lead-lithium

Abstract The mass transfer of type 316 stainless steel in Pb-17Li at% Li was studied using a thermal convection loop operating at a maximum temperature of 500°C to generate mass change and surface composition data as a function of time and loop position. Data analysis indicated that particles suspended in the flowing liquid metal (particularly those containing nickel) probably played a significant role in overall transport and deposition. There was also some evidence of physical detachment of deposits. The deposition of chromium (but not nickel) correlated with the temperature dependence of solubility, as did previous weight change results from a study of ferritic (FeCr) steels in nonisothermal Pb-17 at% Li. Due to the influence of particulate matter in the liquid metal and deposit detachment, mass transfer prediction for austenitic (FeCrNi) steels in Pb-17 at% should be more complicated than that for FeCr steels.
Utility of radiocarbon-dated stratigraphy in determining late Holocene earthquake recurrence intervals, upper Cook Inlet region, Alaska

During the great 1964 earthquake, parts of coastal southern Alaska subsided tectonically as much as 2 m, and this led to burial of high-intertidal organic-rich marshes by low-intertidal and tidal silt. In the tectonically active part of upper Cook Inlet, the presence of stratigraphic sections containing numerous prehistoric interbedded layers of peat and silt suggests that such stratigraphy resulted when marshes and forests were similarly inundated and buried by intertidal and tidal sediment as a result of great, prehistoric earthquakes. This study tests the feasibility of using buried, radiocarbon-dated, late Holocene peat layers that are exposed in the intertidal zone of upper Cook Inlet to determine earthquake recurrence intervals, because estimates of the recurrence intervals of past earthquakes are needed for evaluation of the potential for future earthquakes. In a reconnaissance study of interbedded peat and silt, 65 conventional radiocarbon dates from peat and other organic material in 25 measured sections in the intertidal zone and one drillhole were used. Radiocarbon ages from the tops of peat beds cluster weakly but may indicate that regional subsidence events recurred at irregular intervals between about 200 to 800 radiocarbon yr within the past 3,200 radiocarbon yr. Conversion to calibrated ages does not alter this range substantially but may extend both ends of the age range. Coeval and correlative stratigraphy and radiocarbon data in the buried peat layers of upper Cook Inlet strongly suggest sudden, subsidence-induced layering. Because of problems associated with conventional radiocarbon dating, the complex stratigraphy of the study area, the tectonic setting, and regional changes in sea level, conclusions from the study do not permit precise identification of the timing and recurrence of paleoseismic events.
Conversational access to a 2048-word machine

LAP6 is an on-line system running on a 2048-word LINC which provides full facilities for text editing, automatic filing and file maintenance, and program preparation and assembly. It focuses on the preparation and editing of continuously displayed 23,040-character text strings (manuscripts) which can be positioned anywhere by the user and edited by simply adding and deleting lines as though working directly on an elastic scroll. Other features are available through a uniform command set which itself can be augmented by the user.The machine, although small, aids program design by providing display scope and premarked randomly addressable LINC tapes as standard items, in an environment similar to that of a sophisticated terminal. The tapes are logically similar to a disk. Priority was given to the design of efficient tape algorithms to minimize the limitations of the small memory. Techniques developed for handling scroll editing, filing, and the layered system structure are outlined.LAP6 is used by about 2000 people in 11 countries. Its design was strongly influenced by performance criteria established in interviews held with the LINC users themselves during the specification period.
Border Politics in the House: The Influence of the Congressional Border Caucus on Member Votes

This research probes the voting behavior of the Congressional Border Caucus in the U.S. House after the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks. These attacks raised the consciousness of Congress, the media, and the public about the U.S-Mexico border and put the policy interests of the Border Caucus in the national spotlight. After the attacks, did caucus members adhere more closely to caucus positions that were important to border districts or more regularly vote against them? House votes on border and non-border amendments before and after the terrorist attacks are examined to determine if caucus members rallied to support the caucus majority on votes important to the border region after the attacks, or if factors such as party and ideology were more important influences on their votes. The findings reveal that Caucus members were indeed more supportive of border-related House amendments than non-Caucus members after the attacks. Yet, party and ideology still played a significant role in determining the votes of caucus and non-caucus members.
Low calcification in corals in the Great Barrier Reef

Reef-building coral communities in the Great Barrier Reef—the world's largest coral reef—may now be calcifying at only about half the rate that they did during the 1970s, even though live coral cover may not have changed over the past 40 years, a new study finds. In recent decades, coral reefs around the world, home to large numbers of fish and other marine species, have been threatened by such human activities as pollution, overfishing, global warming, and ocean acidification; the latter affects ambient water chemistry and availability of calcium ions, which are critical for coral communities to calcify, build, and maintain reefs. Comparing data from reef surveys during the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s with present-day (2009) measurements of calcification rates in One Tree Island, a coral reef covering 13 square kilometers in the southern part of the Great Barrier Reef, Silverman et al. show that the total calcification rates (the rate of calcification minus the rate of dissolution) in these coral communities have decreased by 44% over the past 40 years; the decrease appears to stem from a threefold reduction in calcification rates during nighttime.
Fortress, safe haven or home? The Chagos MPA in political context

Abstract The marine protected area (MPA) in the Chagos Archipelago (British Indian Ocean Territory) is one of the most vaunted of its kind. Yet this supposed environmental safe haven is a contested site, not least of all by its exiled indigenous inhabitants. In 2013, the UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office announced a study into the feasibility of resettling the Chagos Archipelago. This comment examines the announcement by placing the Chagos MPA in political context: what does renewed inquiry into the feasibility of resettling the Chagos Islands mean for the future of the territory and for the recently designated MPA in particular?
Systemic toll‐like receptor ligands modify B‐cell responses in human inflammatory bowel disease

Background: Bacteria have a central, although poorly understood, role in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Host–bacteria interactions primarily take place in the gastrointestinal tract, but cells may also encounter translocated bacteria in the bloodstream. IBD is associated with activated, circulating Toll-like receptor (TLR)2 and TLR4-expressing B cells suggesting that blood-borne microbial TLR ligands modulate B cell responses. Methods: Serum levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/endotoxin and high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), an endogenous TLR ligand, were quantified in Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). Responses of purified B cells to LPS and HMGB1 were correlated with levels of systemic TLR ligands and clinical parameters of disease. Results: While IBD patients have increased levels of blood LPS, the net effect of endotoxemia has unexpected characteristics illustrating that LPS has both pro- and antiinflammatory roles through TLR4+ B cells. Experimental treatment of B cells demonstrates that the antiinflammatory effect of LPS is due to its hypo-acylation of lipid A suggesting an increased prevalence of systemic, hypo-acylated LPS in CD. In contrast, high levels of LPS are associated with disease activity in UC. HMGB1 activates B cells through TLR2 and CD36. Serum levels of HMGB1 correlate with spontaneous IL-8 production by B cells suggesting that blood-borne TLR2 ligands increase B-cell activation in vivo. Conclusions: Systemic TLR ligands modulate B cells towards either proinflammatory or antiinflammatory activity depending on the predominant ligand(s). Further, the circulating B cell may represent an important proxy for quantifying the LPS lipid A acylation burden in patients with IBD. (Inflamm Bowel Dis 2011;)
Assaying addiction liability of opioids.

Abstract A number of procedures are available to assess an opioid's capacity to be positively reinforcing, but each has limitations that could lead to the false conclusion of no addiction potential. The recently developed conditioned place preference (CPP)-test, however, overcomes some of these limitations. Diprenorphine can be used to establish a CPP indicating it has an unsuspected capacity to elicit positive affect. Since diprenorphine antagonizes opioid analgesia and elicits signs of positive affect, the conclusion is confirmed that opioid alalgesia and opioids' capacity to be positively reinforcing are separable.
Theory and Approach for Mapping Hydrodynamic Traps

Flowing water beneath an oil accumulation causes the oil-water contact (OWC) tilted. Obviously, for a given trapping structure, the boundary and volume of oil accumulation for a tilted OWC are different from those of a horizontal one. Previous work has defined the tilting angle of an OWC, but the equation defining a tilted OWC surface is lacking.
A method for mapping apparent stress and energy radiation applied to the 1994 Northridge earthquake fault zone

Using the Northridge earthquake as an example, we demonstrate a new technique able to resolve apparent stress within subfaults of a larger fault plane. From the model of Wald et al. (1996), we estimated apparent stress for each subfault using where G is the modulus of rigidity, β is the shear wave speed, and is the average slip rate. The image of apparent stress mapped over the Northridge fault plane supports the idea that the stresses causing fault slip are inhomogeneous, but limited by the strength of the crust. Indeed, over the depth range 5 to 17 km, maximum values of apparent stress for a given depth interval agree with τa(max)=0.06S(z), where S is the laboratory estimate of crustal strength as a function of depth z. The seismic energy from each subfault was estimated from the product τaDA, where A is subfault area and D its slip. Over the fault zone, we found that the radiated energy is quite variable spatially, with more than 50% of the total coming from just 15% of the subfaults.
NEW DIRECTIONS IN SURGICAL THERAPY

Dermatologic surgery continues to be one of the most vibrant areas of dermatologic practice. Fueled by strong interest among residents and younger dermatologists, dermatologic surgery has experienced a continuous wave of new techniques. This trend has affected all areas of cutaneous surgery but has been especially prevalent in cosmetic dermatologic surgery.
Evidence for the clonal origin of spontaneous metastases

A cultured cell line of the K-1735 melanoma was x-irradiated to induce chromosome breakage and rearrangements and then was implanted into the footpads of syngenic C3H mice. Spontaneous lung metastases were isolated from different animals, established in culture as individual lines, and then karyotyped. Within certain metastases, the same chromosomal abnormality (or abnormalities) (recombinant chromosomes) was found in all the cells examined. Most metastases differed from one another in that they exhibited characteristic combinations of chromosomal markers. These findings indicated that the metastases were clonal and that they probably originated from different progenitor cells.
Clustering in a highly hydrogenated diamondlike carbon determined using fluctuation electron microscopy and phenomenological atomistic simulations

We compare fluctuation electron microscopy data to simulations from phenomenological atomic models and demonstrate a strong correspondence between some features in the experimental data and certain atomic configurations. This allows the nature of atomic clustering in a highly hydrogenated diamondlike carbon to be determined more closely. We compare the structural information garnered from fluctuation electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy for a particular diamondlike carbon and find consistency between the two techniques in the region where their information overlaps.
Postharmostomiasis in Wild Turkeys in New Mexico

Postharmostomum gallinum (Trematoda: Digenea; Brachylaimidae) is reported for the second time from the wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) in North America. Seventy-six, 14 and three sexually mature specimens, respectively, were removed from the ceca of three of five wild turkeys collected in southeastern New Mexico (USA). Local transmission of this infection was inferred since 10 immature specimens of P. gallinum also were collected from one host. In the turkey with the greatest intensity of mature trematodes, a concurrent hemorrhagic inflammation of the cecum apparently was associated with this infection. Specimens of P. gallinum from these wild turkeys were morphologically indistinguishable from, but their body and egg measurements were larger than, specimens described from the usual Eurasian galliform and columbiform hosts.
Commentary: A prospective comparison between neutralizing the pH of 1% lidocaine with epinephrine (buffering) and pre-operative skin cooling in reducing the pain of infiltration of local anesthetic.

Dermatologic surgeons have long been trying to find ways to eliminate patient discomfort associated with dermatologic procedures. Although some dermatologic procedures, such as facial resurfacing and extensive procedures performed on children, require intravenous or general anesthesia, dermatologic surgical procedures usually require only local anesthesia, which is frequently administered via injection, to eliminate pain at the surgical site. The article by Mohammed Alshahwan, MD, titled “A Prospective Comparison Between Neutralizing the pH of 1% Lidocaine with Epinephrine (Buffering) and Preoperative Skin Cooling in Reducing the Pain of Infiltration of Local Anesthetic,” addresses the pain inherent in infusion of local anesthetic.
Use of an Apical Heart Suction Device for Exposure in Lung Transplantation

Cardiopulmonary bypass is not necessary for the performance of bilateral sequential lung transplantation in most circumstances. Inadequate exposure to the left hilum is occasionally the sole indication for institution of cardiopulmonary bypass. We report the use of a suction heart positioning device to allow lifting of the heart for improvement of left hilar exposure. This technique has decreased the need for cardiopulmonary bypass when bypass is indicated due to difficult operative exposure.
The effect of bacterial infection on granulopoiesis.

AbstractColony-stimulating factor (CSF) is a well-established specific promoter of the committed stem cell colony-forming unit in culture (CFU-C) in vitro and thought to be a true regulator of granulopoiesis in vivo as well. However, the mechanisms involved in the regulation of granulopoiesis are still controversial. Bacterial products, like endotoxin and live bacteria, enhance levels of serum CSF in vitro and in vivo both in animals and in man. Data from our laboratory in germ-free mice showed evidence that high levels of bacteria stimulate production of granulocytes by activating the CSF-CFU-C system and that inhibition of granulocyte production may be simply due to clearance of bacteria by granulocytes. This study has been undertaken to determine the role of bacterial infection in conventional mice in the regulation of granulopoiesis in vivo. C57/bl 6J mice were injected intraperitoneally (ip) with 1 × 104Escherichia coli (E. coli). The animals were evaluated for the following parameters: serum CSF, bo...
Mechanical Cardiac Support in the Young. Short-Term Support: ECMO

Although based on technology developed several decades ago, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) retains great clinical relevance in the management of advanced pediatric cardiorespiratory disease. Largely because of its widespread use in pediatric patients with respiratory failure, familiarity with this technology has established ECMO as the most commonly used form of mechanical circulatory support in children. Clinical applications and technical aspects of ECMO support continue to evolve, ensuring the ongoing importance of this modality for pediatric circulatory support.
Airway constrictor effects of leukotriene D4 in dogs with hyperreactive airways

Abstract Leukotriene D4 (5 μg/ml) aerosol constricts airways of dogs with nonspecific airway hyperreactivity but not of mongrel dogs which lack nonspecific airway hyperreactivity. RL increased 200 + 25% and Cdyn decreased to 77 ± 5% of the pre-challenge value. LTD4 (10 μg/ml) produced no further increase. Atropine (0.2 mg/kg) prevented the increase in RL and decrease in Cdyn, suggesting that part of the effect of LTD4 on airways is neurally mediated.
Using fixed and adaptive multivariate SPC charts for online SMD assembly monitoring

Abstract This paper explores different alternatives for online monitoring of the assembly of surface mounted devices (SMD). The paper compares three widely used multivariate control charts: Hotelling, multivariate exponentially weighted moving average (MEWMA), and multivariate cumulative sum (MCUSUM). Two different scenarios are analyzed: one in which the sampling interval is fixed, and another in which the sampling interval is variable. The results presented in this paper are part of the development of an integrated quality environment for SMD assembly. For the first scenario, where fixed sampling intervals were used, MEWMA outperformed Hotelling and MCUSUM. That is, MEWMA was faster to detect shifts in the process mean. For the second scenario, where variable sampling intervals were used, only Hotelling was tested. The results showed that Hotelling with variable sampling intervals performed better than MEWMA with fixed sampling intervals.
Effect of "Chymar" on post-operative swelling of the hand.

Summary Ten patients were treated with Chymar after radical fasciectomy for Dupuytren's contracture. The expected post-operative œdema was reduced but not enough to affect appreciably the post-operative disability.
Calibration of an 8-Pole Planar Radial Magnetic Actuator

Force versus coil currents and air gap measurements were obtained for an 8-pole planar radial magnetic actuator constructed from laminated silicon iron. Static force measurements were made for journal eccentricities up to 2/3 of the nominal actuator radial clearance and various coil currents spanning the expected operating range. Three theoretical force models of varying degrees of complexity were developed using magnetic circuit theory and constant magnetic material properties. All three models were used to reduce the experimental data and an optimized expression representing the actuator force as a function of journal position and stator coil currents was found. The resulting optimized calibration model produced a proportionality constant and equivalent iron length significantly different from theoretically determined values, 29% and 130% greater respectively.A detailed error analysis was conducted to quantify the uncertainty in the bearing calibration relationship such that uncertainty bounds can be applied to the in situ actuator force measurements.Hysteresis testing was conducted for various journal positions. Hysteresis effects were shown to be approximately 2% of the peak force when comparing the differences between the actuator force as the currents were increasing and the forces generated when the currents were decreasing. The actuator frequency response was also examined. An actuator bandwidth of at least 700 Hz was determined. Above 700 Hz the actuator frequency response could not be distinguished from the test fixture frequency response.Copyright © 1997 by ASME
Living in rural New England amplifies the risk of depression in patients with HIV

The importance of depression as a complication of HIV infection is increasingly understood, and people living in rural areas are at increased risk for depression. However, it is not known whether living in rural areas amplifies the risk of depression in patients with HIV. We compared the prevalence of depression between rural and metropolitan HIV patients seen at the Dartmouth-Hitchcock HIV Program in a retrospective cohort study. Using the validated Rural-Urban Commuting Area Score, we categorized patients as living in small town/rural areas, micropolitan or metropolitan towns. Then, using a multivariate logistic regression model to adjust for demographic factors that differed between rural and metropolitan patients, we estimated the impact of living in rural areas on the odds of depression. Among 646 patients with HIV (185 small town/rural, 145 micropolitan, 316 metropolitan), rural patients were older, white, male, and men who have sex with men (ANOVA, F-statistic < 0.05). The prevalence of depression was highest in rural patients (59.5 vs. 51.7 vs. 41.2%, F statistic < 0.001), particularly rural patients on antiretroviral therapy (72.4 vs. 53.5 vs. 38.2%, F-statistic < 0.001. A multivariate logistic regression model showed that the odds of depression in rural patients with HIV were 1.34 (P < 0.001). HIV-infected patients living in rural areas, particularly those on antiretroviral therapy, are highly vulnerable to depression.
Investigations Into the Origin of Magnetic Soils On the Oak Ridge Reservation, Oak Ridge, TN

In 1993-4, researchers at Oak Ridge National Laboratory collected high-resolution airborne geophysical data on the Oak Ridge Reservation, Tennessee (Doll et al., 2000). The data were collected in part to address concerns about possible undocumented hazardous waste sites. Interpretation of the aeromagnetic data was complicated, however, by the discovery of numerous small magnetic anomalies of natural origin. Magnetic susceptibility measurements made on core showed that the underlying Copper Ridge Dolomite is non-magnetic. Apparently, the magnetic anomalies were created by colluvial infilling of dolines with soil rich in maghemite. We discuss explanations offered in the literature for the formation of magnetic soils, and present evidence based on soil analysis, thin sections, x-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy, that in this case maghemite formed either by anaerobic microbial iron reduction followed by the formation of single-domain maghemite, or by abiological weathering and reduction of an iron-bearing mineral followed by oxidation.
Space-time ergodic properties of systems of infinitely many independent particles

We investigate the ergodic properties of the equilibrium states of systems of infinitely many particles with respect to the group generated by space translations and time evolution. The particles are assumed to move independently in a periodic external field. We show that insofar as “good thermodynamic behavior” is concerned these properties provide much sharper discrimination than the ergodic properties of the time evolution alone. In particular, we show that though the infinite ideal gas is mixing in the space-time framework, it has vanishing space-time entropy and fails to be a space-timeK-system. On the other hand, if the particles interact with fixed convex scatterers (the Lorentz gas) the system forms a space-timeK-system. Also, the space-time entropy of a system of the type we consider is shown to equal its time entropy per unit volume.
The β Blockers: Are They as Protective in Hypertension as in other Cardiovascular Conditions?

Beta blockers are frequently used to treat hypertension because of their well established safety and efficacy. Large clinical trials yield a 12%–20% decline in cardiovascular end points in hypertensive patients treated with β blockers. However, β blockers account for only 11% of antihypertensive prescriptions, and their use appears to be declining as newer agents with fewer side effects become available. The metabolic side effects of β blockers have recently been examined. While they may raise triglycerides, lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, induce glucose intolerance, and possibly unmask diabetes, these effects have not been shown to impact their clinical effectiveness. For hypertension, β blockers are still recommended as first-line therapy in many patients, particularly those at high risk for cardiovascular disease. They are also indicated for other cardiovascular disorders, such as congestive heart failure and postmyocardial infarction, in which mortality reductions exceed that seen with hypertension treatment in patients without cardiovascular complications.
A novel role of gap junction connexin46 protein to protect breast tumors from hypoxia

Connexin proteins are the principle structural components of the gap junctions. Colocalization and tissue-specific expression of diverse connexin molecules are reported to occur in a variety of organs. Impairment of gap junctional intercellular communication, caused by mutations, gain of function or loss of function of connexins, is involved in a number of diseases including the development of cancer. Here we show that human breast cancer cells, MCF-7 and breast tumor tissues express a novel gap junction protein, connexin46 (Cx46) and it plays a critical role in hypoxia. Previous studies have shown that connexin46 is predominantly expressed in lens and our studies find that Cx46 protects human lens epithelial cells from hypoxia induced death. Interestingly, we find that Cx46 is upregulated in MCF-7 breast cancer cells and human breast cancer tumors. Downregulation of Cx46 by siRNA promotes 40% MCF-7 cell death at 24 hr under hypoxic conditions. Furthermore, direct injection of anti-Cx46 siRNA into xenograft tumors prevents tumor growth in nude mice. This finding will provide an exciting new direction for drug development for breast cancer treatment and suggests that both normal hypoxic tissue (lens) and adaptive hypoxic tissue (breast tumor) utilize the same protein, Cx46, as a protective strategy from hypoxia.
Client empowerment in psychiatry and the professional abuse of clients: where do we stand?

Objective:There is a considerable imbalance of power in psychiatry that sits in favor of professionals. The abuse and discrimination of the mentally ill are not just restricted to the mental health system but may also exist in the primary care sector. This article aims to evaluate the effects of power imbalance on discrimination and abuse of people with mental illness by professionals.Methods:A literature search was carried out on MEDLINE using the key words consumerism, client empowerment, abuse, and mental illness. Publications of two leading British consumer organizations: MIND and the Sainsbury Centre for Mental Health were hand searched. Relevant cross-references from the papers reviewed were consulted. Studies with information on the reasons for power imbalance and prevalence of discrimination and abuse of clients were critically reviewed. Explanations are offered as to why abuse and discrimination of clients by professionals may still occur despite the onset of the client empowerment movement.Resul...
Motor Evoked Potential Monitoring during Cryoablation of Musculoskeletal Tumors

Abstract Purpose To describe the use of intraprocedural motor evoked potential (MEP) monitoring to minimize risk of neural injury during percutaneous cryoablation of perineural musculoskeletal tumors. Materials and Methods A single-institution retrospective review of cryoablation procedures performed to treat perineural musculoskeletal tumors with the use of MEP monitoring between May 2011 and March 2013 yielded 59 procedures to treat 64 tumors in 52 patients (26 male). Median age was 61 years (range, 4–82 y). Tumors were located in the spine (n = 27), sacrum (n = 3), retroperitoneum (n = 4), pelvis (n = 22), and extremities (n = 8), and 21 different tumor histologies were represented. Median tumor size was 4.0 cm (range, 0.8–15.0 cm). Total intravenous general anesthesia, computed tomographic guidance, and transcranial MEP monitoring were employed. Patient demographics, tumor characteristics, MEP findings, and clinical outcomes were assessed. Results Nineteen of 59 procedures (32%) resulted in decreases in intraprocedural MEPs, including 15 (25%) with transient decreases and four (7%) with persistent decreases. Two of the four patients with persistent MEP decreases (50%) had motor deficits following ablation. No functional motor deficit developed in a patient with transient MEP decreases or no MEP change. The risk of major motor injury with persistent MEP changes was significantly increased versus transient or no MEP change ( P = .0045; relative risk, 69.8; 95% confidence interval, 5.9 to > 100). MEP decreases were 100% sensitive and 70% specific for the detection of motor deficits. Conclusions Persistent MEP decreases correlate with postprocedural sustained motor deficits. Intraprocedural MEP monitoring helps predict neural injury and may improve patient safety during cryoablation of perineural musculoskeletal tumors.
Predictive Value of Microtubule Associated Proteins Tau and Stathmin in Patients With Nonmuscle Invasive Bladder Cancer Receiving Adjuvant Intravesical Taxane Therapy

Purpose: After encouraging results from 2 clinical trials performed at our institution to test intravesical taxane based chemotherapy for bacillus Calmette-Guerin refractory, nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer we designed a study to identify molecular markers linked to the optimal response to such treatment modality.Materials and Methods: Included in the institutional review board approved study were 32 patients with nonmuscle invasive, bacillus Calmette-Guerin refractory bladder cancer who received intravesical taxane chemotherapy, that is docetaxel or nanoparticle albumin-bound paclitaxel. Immunophenotype analysis on tissue samples obtained before intravesical taxane therapy was done using a panel of molecular markers, including Ki-67, p53, and the microtubule associated proteins tau and stathmin.Results: Increased total tau (cytoplasmic and nuclear) and stathmin expression before intravesical taxane therapy was significantly associated with decreased recurrence-free survival (p <0.0001 and 0.007, respec...
Organization of Ion Channels in the Myelinated Nerve Fiber

The functional organization of the mammalian myelinated nerve fiber is complex and elegant. In contrast to nonmyelinated axons, whose membranes have a relatively uniform structure, the mammalian myelinated axon exhibits a high degree of regional specialization that extends to the location of voltage-dependent ion channels within the axon membrane. Sodium and potassium channels are segregated into complementary membrane domains, with a distribution reflecting that of the overlying Schwann or glial cells. This complexity of organization has important implications for physiology and pathophysiology, particularly with respect to the development of myelinated fibers.
The Mystery of Nomonhan, 1939

The Battle of Nomonhan ended decisively in favor of the Soviet Red Army. Yet why it turned out so has not always been clearly understood. In fact, there are other mysteries about Nomonhan: why small skirmishes turned into a major battle, why the command of the Japanese troops (especially its core force, the 23rd Division) was so poor, why the Division Commander Michitarō Komatsubara behaved so peculiarly throughout the battle and after. The present essay suggests that Komatsubara's treachery provides an explanation to these mysteries; he appears to have been a Soviet agent.
Small Mammal Inventories in the East and West Usambara Mountains, Tanzania. 4. Rodentia

Abstract During three field seasons between 1991 and 1993, we carried out rodent inventories of the East and West Usambara Mountains, Tanzania. The general trapping protocol used involved both pitfall lines and trap lines (Sherman, Victor, and Museum Special traps), with a limited number of animals trapped within and outside of forest habitats by local people. A total of 885 individual rodents, representing 15 species, were collected during this study. For the East and West Usambara Mountains, 13 (12 native) and 12 (all native) rodent species were recorded, respectively. Most rodents were captured by trap lines (96.6%); a few individuals were captured in the pitfall devices or brought to us by local people. The major exception is that all individuals of Dendromus (n = 11) obtained during the survey were in pitfall buckets. A total of 18,563 sample-nights were accrued over the three years, including 11,339 sample-nights (3314 pitfall-nights and 8025 trap-nights) in the East Usambara and 7224 sample-night...
The current-voltage relation of an aqueous pore in a lipid bilayer membrane.

Abstract In a recent paper, Glaser et al. ((1988) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 940, 275–287) use an inappropriate formula for the current-voltage relation of a pore to analyze the data from an electroporation experiment. They proceed to use their data analysis to support their contention that the voltage dependence of the membrane conductivity is caused entirely by the nonlinearity of the current-voltage relation of the pores, changes in pore size and number being unimportant. This contention is no longer justified. The formula that Glaser et al. use is valid for a one-dimensional problem, but they apply it to a pore that has a three-dimensional structure. Although the corresponding one-dimensional problem can be reduced to quadratures, only upper and lower bounds on the conductivity can be found for the three-dimensional problem without solving a partial differential equation.
Effect of Education on the Clock-Drawing Dementia Screen in Non-Demented Elderly Persons

Objective: To examine the effect of education on clock-drawing ability in non-demented elderly persons. Design, Setting, Participants: Descriptive study of 187 elderly persons, 77 demented, 110 non-demented, 54 with 9+ years of education, 133 with 8 or fewer years of education, from three university medical center geriatric divisions. Measurements: Subjects took the Folstein Mini-Mental State Exam and were asked to draw a clock showing a time of 3 o'clock. Clocks were scored using three previously described scoring scales (Shulman, Sunderland, and Wolf-Klein). Mean scores and proportions of normal and abnormal clocks were compared for well and poorly educated non-demented subjects. Sensitivities and specificities for detecting dementia were calculated. Results: Mean scores of the well educated non-demented subjects were significantly better than mean scores of the poorly educated non-demented subjects on all three scales. However, proportions of abnormal clocks were not significantly different between well and poorly educated on the Wolf-Klein scale. For the poorly educated subgroup, sensitivity and specificity for detecting dementia by clock drawing were 90% and 42% by the Shulman scale, 74% and 44% by the Sunderland scale, and 48% and 90% by the Wolf-Klein scale. Conclusions: Clock-drawing ability is affected by education in non-demented elderly persons. The scoring method of Wolf-Klein is least educationally affected and maximizes specificity for detecting dementia but has low sensitivity. Educational effects make clock drawing a poor single screening test for dementia in a poorly educated population.
Identification of parameters of vehicles moving on bridges

This paper presents a method for identifying the parameters of vehicles moving on bridges. Two vehicle models, a single-degree-of-freedom model and a full-scale vehicle model, are used. The vehicle–bridge coupling equations are established by combining the equations of motion of both the bridge and the vehicle using the displacement relationship and the interaction force relationship at the contact point. Bridge responses including displacement, acceleration, and strain are used in the identification process. The parameters of vehicles moving on the bridge are then identified by optimizing an objective function, which is built up using the residual between the measured response time history and predicted response time history using the Genetic Algorithm. A series of case studies have been carried out and the identified results demonstrate that the proposed method is able to identify vehicle parameters very accurately. Field tests have also been performed on an existing bridge in Louisiana, and the parameters of a real truck are predicted. Since it is able to identify the parameters of moving vehicles, the methodology can be applied to improve the current weigh-in-motion techniques that usually require a smooth road surface and slow vehicle movement to minimize the dynamic effects. The methodology can also be implemented in routine traffic monitoring and control.
PREPARATION, ULTRASTRUCTURE, AND FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES OF EGG ALBUMIN AND CORN ZEIN MODIFIED VIA THE PLASTEIN REACTION

Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was used to study changes during the preparation of plasteins from egg albumin and corn zein protein isolates. This included an examination of protein particles that had been spray-dried, freeze-dried, hydrolyzed, and synthesized into plastein reaction products. Water holding capacity, oil binding capacity, and gel strength properties before and after modification are discussed. The study demonstrated that the quantity and quality of plastein products are dependent upon both the substrate and the enzyme used. A possible relationship is proposed between ultrastructural characteristics and actual functional performance of unmodified and modified proteins.
The 400-km seismic discontinuity and the proportion of olivine in the Earth's upper mantle

The 400-km seismic discontinuity has traditionally been ascribed to the isochemical transformation of α-olivine to the β-modified-spinel structure in a mantle of peridotitic bulk composition1–6. It has recently been proposed7,8 that the observed seismic velocity increase at 400km depth is too abrupt and too small to result from a phase change in olivine but instead requires that the transition zone be chemically distinct in bulk composition from the uppermost mantle. By requiring phase relations in the Mg2SiO4-Fe2SiO4 system to be internally consistent thermodynamically, we find that the α–β transition in olivine of mantle (Mg0.9Fe0.1)2SiO4 composition is extremely sharp, occurring over a depth interval (isothermal) of ∼6 km. The magnitude of the predicted velocity increase is in agreement with that observed seismically9,10 if the transition zone is composed of ∼60–70% olivine. Thus, our results indicate that seismic velocities across the 400-km discontinuity are consistent with a transition zone of homogeneous peridotitic composition and do not require chemical stratification.