cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Immunoregulation During Acute Infection with Epstein-Barr Virus: Dynamics of Interferon and 2′,5′-Oligoadenylate Synthetase Activity

Immunoregulation during acute infection with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is incompletely understood, although species of interferon (IFN) may be important immunoregulatory molecules. IFN, 2',5'-oligoadenylate (2',5'-A) synthetase (an IFN-induced enzyme), T and natural killer cell subsets, and natural and anomalous killer cell functions were studied systemically during acute infectious mononucleosis. Serum IFN was not detected (less than 1 international unit/ml) during infection. 2',5'-A synthetase activity was significantly increased in the acute phase of infection when compared with convalescence (34.5 +/- 6.5 vs. 3.6 +/- 1.2 nmol ATP/mg of protein per hr; P less than .01 by Student's t test). A generalized IFN effect was suggested by elevated 2',5'-A synthetase activity in purified neutrophil preparations. Sequential studies revealed a correlation between peak elevations of 2',5'-A synthetase activity and increased percentages of cytotoxic/suppressor cells as well as anomalous killer cell activity against an EBV-infected B cell line. Thus IFN may act as an immunoregulatory lymphokine early in the course of acute EBV infection.
Human triploidy: relationship between parental origin of the additional haploid complement and development of partial hydatidiform mole

One hundred and six triploids were ascertained during a study of 1500 consecutive spontaneous abortions. The mechanism of origin of the additional haploid complement was investigated by comparing parental and foetal cytogenetic heteromorphisms and a histopathological examination of each triploid was done in a subsequent blind study. The mechanism of origin of the additional haploid complement was found to be highly correlated with the development of partial hydatidiform mole and with gestational age. All 51 paternally derived triploids in which a pathologic diagnosis could be made were partial moles, whereas only 3 of 15 maternally derived triploids on which a diagnosis could be made were molar. The mean gestational age of the paternally derived triploids was 122 days while that of the maternally derived triploids was only 74 days. It was suggested that the development of partial mole was primarily associated with the presence of two paternal haploid chromosome complements, the association with relatively long gestational ages being a secondary one consequent upon retention of the molar placentae for many weeks after foetal demise.
Preparation of OMoCl(acac)2 by a novel oxygen-chlorine atom exchange and its use as a reagent for the synthesis of monomeric molybdenum(V) complexes

Abstract The known monomeric Mo(V) complex OMoCl(acac) 2 has been prepared by a unique new reaction involving an overall oxygen-chlorine atom exchange between MoO 2 (acac) and MoCl 2 (acac) 2 . OMoCl(acac) 2 undergoes substitution reactions with the acid forms of a number of bi- and tetradentate ligands to produce the complexes OMoClL 2 [L = 8-hydroxyquinolinato, 8-mercaptoquininolato, S 2 P(i-Pr) 2 ] and OMoClL′ (L′ = salen, salpn, salphen). Spectral (IR, visible, EPR) characterization data for these complexes and for OMoCl(acac) 2 itself are presented and in some cases are used to assign the stereochemistry of the species.
Measurement of oxygen concentrations in the intact beating heart using electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy: a technique for measuring oxygen concentrations in situ.

Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy can be applied to measure oxygen concentrations in cells and tissues. Oxygen is paramagnetic, and thus it interacts with a free radical label resulting in a broadening of the observed linewidth. Recently we have developed instrumentation in order to enable the performance of EPR spectroscopy and EPR oximetry in the intact beating heart. This spectrometer consists of 1–2-GHz microwave bridge with the source locked to the resonant frequency of a specially designed lumped circuit resonator. This technique is applied to measure the kinetics of the uptake and clearance of different free radical labels. It is demonstrated that this technique can be used to noninvasively measure tissue oxygen concentration. In addition, rapid scan EPR measurements can be performed enabling gated millisecond measurements of oxygen concentrations to be performed over the cardiac cycle. Thus, low-frequency EPR spectroscopy offers great promise in the study of tissue oxygen concentrations and the role of oxygen in metabolic control.
Thermal signatures of personnel in urban environments

Georgia Tech has initiated a research program into the detection of covert personnel in traditionally difficult environments (e.g., urban, caves). This program focuses on a detailed phenomenological analysis of human physiology and signatures with the subsequent identification and characterization of potential observables--particularly in the context of urban environments. For this current effort, several electro-optical sensing modalities have been evaluated for use as a component in an unattended sensor suite designed to detect personnel. These modalities include active sensors (e.g., vibrometry) and passive sensors (e.g., multi-spectral, thermal). Within the urban environment, illumination conditions can vary widely and change dynamically during the course of a day. This paper will discuss those issues and present a computational approach to computing the radiative exchange environment and the corresponding thermal signatures of personnel in these environments. Consideration will also be given to the impact of these variations on thermal signatures of clutter objects.
CHARACTERIZATION OF TWO-DIRECTIONAL DISPERSED PHASE FLOW THROUGH TIME SERIES ANALYSIS

(1980). CHARACTERIZATION OF TWO-DIRECTIONAL DISPERSED PHASE FLOW THROUGH TIME SERIES ANALYSIS. Chemical Engineering Communications: Vol. 6, No. 1-3, pp. 161-173.
Modeling Dissolution in Aluminium Alloys Using a Sharp-Interface Front-Tracking Method

Aluminum alloy microstructures are highly segregated upon solidification. The alloy may then be exposed to various thermal and mechanical treatments to homogenize the microstructure. Microstructure development is highly dependent on all of the processing steps the alloy experiences. Ultimately, the macroscopic properties of the alloy depend strongly on the microstructure. Therefore, a quantitative understanding of the microstructural changes that occur during thermal and mechanical processing is fundamental to predicting alloy properties. In particular, the microstructure becomes more homogeneous and secondary phases are dissolved during thermal treatments. Robust physical models for the kinetics of particle dissolution are necessary to predict the most efficient thermal treatment. The dissolution of these soluble phases and diffusion of solute out into the aluminum matrix is important to the final strength of the alloy. A new algorithm has recently been developed [1] for solving secondary phase dissolution in aluminum alloys. Dissolution is treated as a diffusion-limited moving-boundary phase-change problem. The immersed-boundary front-tracking method of Juric and Shin [2] has been altered to incorporate some aspects of the ghost-fluid method. This new algorithm, termed the "sharp-interface" method is applied to dissolution of secondary phases in dilute multi-component aluminum alloys in one and two dimensions. The sharp-interface method is shown to agree well with the dissolution behavior of precipitates in aluminum alloys when compared to published experimental results. Additionally, the sharp-interface method is shown to perform better than similar models found in the literature.
Imaging human brown adipose tissue under room temperature conditions with 11C-MRB, a selective norepinephrine transporter PET ligand

Introduction Brown adipose tissue (BAT) plays a critical role in adaptive thermogenesis and is tightly regulated by the sympathetic nervous system (SNS). However, current BAT imaging modalities require cold stimulation and are often unreliable to detect BAT in the basal state, at room temperature (RT). We have shown previously that BAT can be detected in rodents under both RT and cold conditions with 11C-MRB ((S,S)-11C-O-methylreboxetine), a highly selective ligand for the norepinephrine transporter (NET). Here, we evaluate this novel approach for BAT detection in adult humans under RT conditions.
Detection of Infectious Bronchitis Virus with the Use of Real-Time Quantitative Reverse Transcriptase–PCR and Correlation with Virus Detection in Embryonated Eggs

SUMMARY Real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) assays have been used to detect the presence of challenge virus when the efficacy of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) vaccine against field viruses is being experimentally evaluated. However, federal guidelines for licensing IBV vaccines indicate that challenge-virus detection following vaccination is to be conducted in embryonated eggs. In this study, we examined qRT-PCR data with the use of universal and type-specific primers and probe sets for IBV detection and compared those data with challenge-virus detection in embryonated eggs to determine if the two methods of evaluating vaccine efficacy are comparable. In addition, we tested the qRT-PCR assays on thermocyclers from two different manufacturers. We found the universal IBV primers and probe set to be comparable to challenge-virus detection in embryonated eggs. However, for some IBV types (Mass41 and Conn on the SmartCycler II and Ark, Mass41, Conn, and GA98 on ...
Infant gender and postpartum sadness in the light of region of birth and some other factors : a contribution to the knowledge of postpartum depression

The purpose of this paper is to analyse postpartum depressive symptoms as related to baby gender, maternal region of birth, stress, perception of child difficult temperament and some demographic factors. The setting was 36 Swedish child health centres. Mothers of 1,848 19-month-old children completed a questionnaire, including an item about recall of postpartum sadness. A subsample of 360 answered the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). Overall, significantly more mothers of boys than of girls recalled postpartum sadness. The same was found in mothers born in Sweden and in other regions, except for the Middle East (no significant result). Among those born in Sweden and in other regions, more mothers of boys than of girls scored ≥12 on the EPDS, except for Middle East mothers with the opposite pattern (no significant finding). More mothers of “difficult” boys than of “difficult” girls recalled postpartum sadness. Our findings are tentative but may inspire future research. Immigrant mothers in Sweden seem rather like the majority population, possibly with the exception of Middle East mothers. The significance of parents’ knowledge of their child’s gender in advance is an important area for research. Future parents could benefit from discussing gender expectations with a nurse or other professional.
The evaluation of interactive learning modules to reinforce helping skills in a web‐based interview simulation training environment

The research presented in this paper shows the continued evaluation of a web‐based interview simulation designed for human services and counseling students. The system allows students to practice empathetic helping skills in their own time. As a possible means to reinforce acquisition and transfer of these skills, interactive learning modules (ILMs) were developed and implemented. The ILMs act as supplemental instruction presenting scenarios and demonstrating best practices responses to client behaviors. Data were collected to assess the impact of these modules on empathetic helping skill acquisition and to assess the efficacy of repeated interactions with the system. Survey items and comments from users were also collected. Findings show some positive trends in empathetic helping skill acquisition through repeated interactions but no significant effects of the ILMs. Attitudinal survey results and comments from users were collected to assess user perceptions of the system as a whole and of the ILMs.
Weak Measurements Are Universal

It is well known that any projective measurement can be decomposed into a sequence of weak measurements, which cause only small changes to the state. Similar constructions for generalized measurements, however, have relied on the use of an ancilla system. We show that any generalized measurement can be decomposed into a sequence of weak measurements without the use of an ancilla, and give an explicit construction for these weak measurements. The measurement procedure has the structure of a random walk along a curve in state space, with the measurement ending when one of the end points is reached. This shows that any measurement can be generated by weak measurements, and hence that weak measurements are universal. This may have important applications to the theory of entanglement.
Effects of viscosity variations in steady and oscillatory Couette flow

A Newtonian fluid with small variations in the viscosity in the primary flow direction of steady and oscillatory Couette flow is studied. These variations in viscosity create a coupling of the components of the momentum equations between the flow-direction component and the gradient-direction component. The coupling leads to secondary flows even in planar Couette flow where a rectilinear flow may be expected for a purely viscous fluid under creeping flow conditions. A perturbation solution has been applied for small-amplitude oscillations in the viscosity in both steady and oscillatory Couette flow. Because many rheological measurements are made assuming rectilinear flow, these results may have important consequences and may allow error caused by heterogeneity to be estimated. Finally, the relation between the momentum and the assumption of a symmetric stress tensor is discussed by introducing an alternative constitutive equation that is linear in the velocity gradient tensor and objective, but gives an a...
Electrochemistry in an acoustically levitated drop.

Levitated drops show potential as microreactors, especially when radicals are present as reactants or products. Solid/liquid interfaces are absent or minimized, avoiding adsorption and interfacial reaction of conventional microfluidics. We report amperometric detection in an acoustically levitated drop with simultaneous ballistic addition of reactant. A gold microelectrode sensor was fabricated with a lithographic process; active electrode area was defined by a photosensitive polyimide mask. The microdisk gold working electrode of radius 19 μm was characterized using ferrocenemethanol in aqueous buffer. Using cyclic voltammetry, the electrochemically active surface area was estimated by combining a recessed microdisk electrode model with the Randles–Sevcik equation. Computer-controlled ballistic introduction of reactant droplets into the levitated drop was developed. Chronoamperometric measurements of ferrocyanide added ballistically demonstrate electrochemical monitoring using the microfabricated electro...
Platelet adhesion receptors

The response to vascular injury involves attachment and aggregation of platelets, coupled with initiation of the coagulation cascade. These inter-related processes ensure that the vessel injury is rapidly blocked with an aggregated clump of platelets that is then stabilized by a crosslinked fibrin matrix. Initial adherence relies on the ability of the platelet adhesion receptors to bind subendothelial matrix molecules. Platelet activation then results in the expression of high affinity integrin receptors on the cell surface that bind soluble ligands, allowing platelets to aggregate and form a haemostatic plug.
Modulus—porosity relations, Gassmann’s equations, and the low‐frequency elastic‐wave response to fluids

Gassmann’s equations relate the low‐frequency drained and undrained elastic‐wave response to fluids. This tutorial explores how different modulus—porosity relationships affect predictions of the low‐frequency elastic‐wave response to fluids based on Gassmann’s equations. I take different modulus—porosity relations and substitute them into Gassmann’s equations through the framework moduli. The results illustrate the range of responses to fluids and can be summarized in a nomograph of the effective fluid coefficient, which quantifies the change in the pore‐space modulus (∂Kpore/Kpore) in response to a change in fluid modulus (∂Kfluid/Kfluid). Two ratios control the effective fluid coefficient: the ratio of the fluid modulus to the solid‐grain modulus ( Kfluid/Ksolid) and the ratio of the Biot coefficient to porosity (αK/ϕ). The effective fluid coefficient nomograph is a convenient tool for estimating how low‐frequency elastic‐wave properties will respond to changes in reservoir fluids.
Phase Constituents and Microstructure of Interaction Layer Formed in U-Mo Alloys vs Al Diffusion Couples Annealed at 873 K (600 °C)

U-Mo dispersion and monolithic fuels are being developed to fulfill the requirements for research reactors, under the Reduced Enrichment for Research and Test Reactors program. In dispersion fuels, particles of U-Mo alloys are embedded in the Al-alloy matrix, while in monolithic fuels, U-Mo monoliths are roll bonded to the Al-alloy matrix. In this study, interdiffusion and microstructural development in the solid-to-solid diffusion couples, namely, U-15.7 at. pct Mo (7 wt pct Mo) vs pure Al, U-21.6 at. pct Mo (10 wt pct Mo) vs pure Al, and U-25.3 at. pct Mo (12 wt pct Mo) vs pure Al, annealed at 873 K (600 °C) for 24 hours, were examined in detail. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) were employed to examine the development of a very fine multiphase interaction layer with an approximately constant average composition of 80 at. pct Al. Extensive TEM was carried out to identify the constituent phases across the interaction layer based on selected area electron diffraction and convergent beam electron diffraction (CBED). The cubic-UAl3, orthorhombic-UAl4, hexagonal-U6Mo4Al43, and cubic-UMo2Al20 phases were identified within the interaction layer that included two- and three-phase layers. Residual stress from large differences in molar volume, evidenced by vertical cracks within the interaction layer, high Al mobility, Mo supersaturation, and partitioning toward equilibrium in the interdiffusion zone were employed to describe the complex microstructure and phase constituents observed. A mechanism by compositional modification of the Al alloy is explored to mitigate the development of the U6Mo4Al43 phase, which exhibits poor irradiation behavior that includes void formation and swelling.
Adjusted Confidence Bands for Complex Survey Data

Confidence bands in nonparametric regression have been studied for a long time with data assumed to be generated from independent and identically distributed (iid) random variables. The methods and theoretical results for iid data, however, do not directly apply to data from stratified multistage samples. In this paper, we extend the confidence bands introduced by Zhang and Lu (2008) for iid case to complex surveys based on an entirely data-driven procedure; the proposed confidence bands incorporate both the sampling weights and the kernel weights. Simulation studies show that the proposed method works well.
Emotion in the Classroom: An Update

Fourteen years ago, POD member Edward Vela drew attention to the role of emotion in learning. In particular he emphasized the need for faculty to express positive emotions in the classroom. Since then researchers continue to measure the effectiveness of positive emotion in student learning but the field of emotion in the classroom has expanded since Vela's essay. The purpose of this article is to not only update Vela's citations on emotion and learning but to provide a broader perspective on the topic and assist faculty developers. Ashkanasy's five-level model frames the discussion.
Inflammation in primarily and secondarily-enucleated eyes with uveal melanoma

Purpose Uveal melanoma with a bad prognosis contain high numbers of infiltrating macrophages, especially of the M2 phenotype, and different subsets of lymphocytes. The aim of this study is to determine the presence of inflammatory cells in uveal melanoma-containing eyes enucleated after different types of irradiation, i.e. ruthenium-106 brachytherapy, sandwich therapy, or proton beam irradiation. Methods We analyzed 46 eyes enucleated due to tumor recurrence, non-responsiveness, or complications after irradiation. Immunofluorescence staining was performed to determine the presence of CD68+ and CD68+CD163+macrophages, CD3+, CD8+ and Foxp3+ regulatory T lymphocytes. Outcomes were compared with known clinical and histological prognostic parameters. Results Numbers of CD68+ and CD68+CD163+ macrophages in secondarily-enucleated eyes varied widely, but was not related to the reason for enucleation. The median of CD3, CD8, FoxP3+ lymphocyte counts was 55, 99 and 9 cells/mm2, respectively. When compared to primarily-enucleated eyes, the lymphocytic infiltration was significantly (p<.02) higher in irradiated eyes. Conclusion Numbers of T-lymphocytes and macrophages varied widely. Irradiation has no clear effect on the number and type of macrophages in uveal melanoma. However, there were higher numbers of lymphocytes in previously irradiated uveal melanoma.
Variations in Oral Vitamin and Mineral Supplementation Following Bariatric Gastric Bypass Surgery: A National Survey

Bariatric surgery (including gastric bypass) is associated with long-term deficiencies in vitamins and minerals, which may have deleterious effects on physiology. The American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists’ (AACE) guidelines regarding post-operative vitamin supplementation have recently been endorsed by the International Federation for the Surgery of Obesity and Metabolic Disorders (IFSO). Supplements have cost implications. Non-branded multivitamins may have similar compositions to branded multivitamins, but at a lower cost. This study assesses multivitamin supplementation following bariatric gastric bypass in England against AACE guidelines. It also examines the composition and cost of branded and non-branded multivitamins. Micronutrient amounts in common multivitamin preparations were obtained from product literature. Costs were collected from a standard retailer. To determine vitamin prescribing patterns, the 37 NHS hospitals performing bariatric gastric bypasses in England were contacted. Practice was assessed against AACE guidelines. All non-branded multivitamins met AACE guidelines for composition. Most had similar compositions to branded multivitamins, and all were cheaper. There was no standard practice regarding post-operative supplementation among the 35 responding hospitals. Only 7/35 (20 %) hospitals followed the guidance for two-tablet doses of multivitamins. Immediately post-operatively, 25/35 (71 %) hospitals administered calcium carbonate and vitamin D (none recommended calcium citrate, as recommended by AACE to improve absorption), and only 9/35 (26 %) hospitals recommended iron to all patients. Most non-branded multivitamins are lower cost alternatives to branded multivitamins, with similar compositions. The AACE recommendation for two-tablet doses of multivitamins is not being met by most English centres. Calcium and iron supplementation is also inadequate.
DETERMINATION OF STARCH IN PLANT TISSUES

During a study of the carbohydrate distribution in grape canes, it became necessary to have a method for the estimation of small amounts of starch. A fairly rapid, accurate method yielding easily reproducible results was desired in order that the analysis of a great number of samples could be completed in a short time. An excellent survey of the literature dealing with analytical methods for starch is given by Walton (11). Of all the methods listed, one described by Thomas (9) for estimating starch in apple spurs seemed most suitable. The fundamental idea of Thomas's method is the direct determination of
Computer Automated Holometry For Automotive Applications

Current methods and equipment developed for computer automated holometry are described. Several applications including holo-photoelasticity of planar models, holographic interferometry of crankshaft bearing cap distortion due to bolt torquing and cylinder bore distortion due to head bolt torquing are discussed. Comments are made on future automotive applications.
Beyond the “Obama Effect”: Refining the Instruments of Engagement Through U.S. Public Diplomacy

The election of President Barack Obama in 2008 was hailed by many as a positive development for the image of the United States abroad. Yet the Obama presidency, by itself, does not constitute a public diplomacy strategy. This article addresses the state of U.S. public diplomacy at the start of the Obama administration and references how media reaction to Obama’s election provides insight into the role of the presidency in U.S. public diplomacy and its ability to translate popularity into tangible policy gains. Public diplomacy is considered in this article as both a communication strategy and foreign policy imperative that has been neglected as an institutional means to amplify the global popularity of the president and U.S. foreign policy objectives. The article argues that the confluence of Obama’s personal communication efforts and policy strategy and the global context of ubiquitous social media technologies indicates a productive moment for U.S. public diplomacy planners and policy advocates to capit...
Implementation of the Gibbs ensemble using a thermodynamic model for one of the coexisting phases

A Gibbs ensemble (GE) Monte Carlo technique to evaluate phase equilibria for systems in which a thermodynamic model describes accurately one of the coexisting phases is detailed. Such a simulation is conducted in much the same manner as a standard GE simulation: particles are moved about within one phase, and volume and particles are exchanged between the phases. However, with the proposed modification, one of the phases becomes a ‘virtual’ phase, and no account is made of particle positions within it. When formulating the acceptance criteria for particle and volume exchange, the residual free energy change of the virtual phase plays the role of the intermolecular potential energy change normally used in a GE simulation. We demonstrate the technique by computing the coexistence envelope of a van der Waals fluid. In the more interesting case of the Lennard-Jones fluid we show that when using a fifth-order virial model for the vapour, the technique accurately reproduces the phase envelope for temperatures t...
Dilithiated fragments of a monolithiated precursor ion? Unraveling linked scan spectra at constant B/E using labeled lithium ions

Liquid secondary-ion mass spectra of the macrocyclic immunosuppressant rapamycin, ionized from a matrix containing lithium chloride, show intense [M + Li]+ peaks and little or no [M + 2Li − H]+. Linked scanning, at constant B/E, of the [M + Li]+ ion proved difficult to interpret, so a labeling experiment using 6LiCl was performed. Several prominent fragments were observed to contain two lithium ions, and precursor ion scans (constant B2/E) confirmed that these were derived from a metastable [M + 2Li − H]+ precursor. Due to poor precursor-ion resolution in fragment-ion scans at constant B/E, mono- and dilithiated precursors separated by only 6 u may produce fragments observed in each other's spectra. We find that use of labeled 6LiCl quickly and simply alleviates interpretation problems associated with this effect.
Dynamic optimal battery array management in high energy density fuel cell/battery hybrid power source

The goal of this paper is to address the problem of dynamic optimal battery array management to extend the life of battery array used in the hybrid power source. Unlike previous efforts which mainly solve the problem using the off-line optimization, our design addresses the problem using the idea of “feedback”. The proposed approach can handle the possible dynamic uncertainty of the hybrid power source introduced by battery failure or insert of a new battery. The detailed battery model and the converter model are derived to facilitate development of dynamic optimal management algorithm. The other goal of this paper is to call possible attention of the control community in potential contribution for newest smart grid technology.
Sixty Years Later: The Enduring Allure of Synchronicity

This year marks the 60th anniversary of Jung’s (1952) concept of synchronicity; a survey of popular books and academic publications indicates that the idea has never been more popular. The unique l...
Radiative electromagnetic modes in concentric cylindrical layers

We present a method for calculating the radiative plasmon polariton dispersion spectrum of a system composed of finite thickness concentric infinitely long cylindrical layers. The dispersion expression is written in a matrix form and it allows the simultaneous solution for the real part, associated with the energy, and the imaginary part, associated with the lifetime, of the modes. We apply this model to two systems consisting of silver and carbon concentric cylindrical layers. The calculated real and imaginary parts of the spectra are investigated in terms of the number of layers, curvature, size, and dielectric properties of the system.
Role of the species generated by plasma jets in the formation of the plasma bullets

Prior work on atmospheric pressure plasma jets has shown that the plasma plumes are in fact made of trains of small plasma packets/bullets1–4. These so-called bullets were found to travel at high velocities in ambient air. In this paper Optical Emission Spectroscopy (OES) is used to identify the chemical species that may play a role in the formation and propagation of the plasma bullets. The emission spectra under various operating conditions for a helium plasma plume in air are recorded by an Ocean Optics mini-spectrometer USB4000. It is found that the emission spectra are dominated by N 2 + and by N 2 excited states. Atomic oxygen, O, and OH lines are also present. To study the spatial variation of the intensity of the main emission lines (N 2 , N 2 +, O, OH, and He) an optical fiber is used to collect the localized emission along the axis of the plume. It is found that the N 2 + density is a crucial parameter influencing the physical characteristics of the plasma plume. Helium emission lines seem to indicate that N 2 ionization by helium metastable states may play an important role in the sustainment and propagation of the plasma bullets.
Electron Trajectories in a Combined Wiggler and Alternating Gradient Quadrupole Field

This paper reports on studies of electron trajectories in a combined wiggler and alternating gradient quadrupole field. The quadrupole field is assumed to vary continuously along the symmetry axis. The linearized equations of electron motion are solved analytically for a plane-polarized wiggler by using the two-scale perturbation method. A comparison with the numerical solution is presented, and the conditions for unstable trajectories are discussed.
Should I Use Fixed or Random Effects

Empirical analyses in social science frequently confront quantitative data that are clustered or grouped. To account for group-level variation and improve model fit, researchers will commonly specify either a fixed- or random-effects model. But current advice on which approach should be preferred, and under what conditions, remains vague and sometimes contradictory. This study performs a series of Monte Carlo simulations to evaluate the total error due to bias and variance in the inferences of each model, for typical sizes and types of datasets encountered in applied research. The results offer a typology of dataset characteristics to help researchers choose a preferred model.
A rheometer for concentrated polymer solutions containing volatile solvents

A new rheometer cell and integrated transducer, which is capable of performing both steady state and dynamic measurements in a controlled environment and at elevated temperatures and pressures, is described here. This cell mounts onto either the Rheometrics Mechanical Spectrometer or the Rheometrics System Four rheometer and utilizes the wide range of shear rates and frequencies available on these instruments. The unique capabilities of the rheometer and cell permit measurement of the rheological properties of concentrated polymer, solutions containing volatile solvents at temperatures above the normal boiling point of the solvent. The steady shear and dynamic properties of several polystyrene/ethylbenzene solutions having polymer concentrations greater than 50 wt percent are presented to demonstrate the performance of the rheometer.
IL2-PE664Glu, a new chimeric protein cytotoxic to human-activated T lymphocytes.

To produce a molecule that will kill activated T cells as well as lymphomas and leukemias expressing interleukin 2 (IL2) receptors, we have created a recombinant chimeric protein in which IL2 is attached in peptide linkage to a truncated mutant form of Pseudomonas exotoxin (PE) (Lorberboum-Galski, H., FitzGerald, D.J.P., Chandhary, V.K., Adhya, S., and Pastan, I. (1988) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 85, 1922-1926). Although this molecule was very active on rodent cells, it had lower activity on some human cell types. A new chimeric protein termed IL2-PE664Glu has been constructed that is extremely toxic to both phytohemagglutinin blasts and mixed leukocyte reaction blasts prepared from monkey and human lymphocytes. The chimeric gene encoding this protein was constructed by fusing a cDNA clone for human interleukin 2 to the 5' end of a mutated cDNA encoding a full-length PE molecule. Four amino acids in domain I of PE were changed thus decreasing its nonspecific toxicity. IL2-PE664Glu is a much more active cytotoxic molecule for primate and human-activated T cells than IL2-PE40 which is a chimeric protein that was found to be an effective immunosuppressive agent in rodent models. Our results indicate that IL2-PE664Glu should be evaluated as an immunosuppressive agent for the treatment of human immune disorders in which activated T cells expressing the IL2 receptor are prominent.
Synthesis of PbSe nanowires: the impact of alkylphosphonic acid addition

Reaction of Pb oleate with trioctylphosphine (TOP)/Se in 1-octadecene under appropriate conditions yields PbSe nanowires. The parameters found to be critical for the isolation of exclusively one-dimensional material are the Pb : Se ratio and the temperature profile used during synthesis. Addition of strongly coordinating tetradecylphosphonic acid (TDPA) to the system has a profound impact on the surface morphology, with increasing TDPA concentration producing narrower, smoother nanowires when all other parameters are held constant. The wire morphology and structural data are consistent with a combination of oriented attachment on 〈111〉 surfaces, yielding wires with a [100] axial orientation, and a ligand-mediated competition between growth on 〈111〉, 〈110〉 and 〈100〉 planes. The products possess 10–20 nm diameters, with lengths generally over one micron, and have been characterized through SEM, TEM, EDS, electron diffraction, and optical spectroscopy.
Treatment of Stage IIIA Non-small Cell Lung Cancer*

Stage IIIA non-small cell lung cancer represents a relatively heterogeneous group of patients with metastatic disease to the ipsilateral mediastinal (N2) lymph nodes and also includes T3N1 patients. Presentations of disease range from apparently resectable tumors with occult microscopic nodal metastases to unresectable, bulky multistation nodal disease. Controversy abounds as to the optimal treatment of the various stage IIIA subsets, which is fueled by a lack of meaningful, large randomized trials. Multimodality therapy of some type appears to be preferable in stage IIIA patients.
Training Paraprofessionals to Facilitate Social Interactions between Children with Autism and Their Typically Developing Peers.

To support children with autism in inclusive classrooms, schools are increasingly utilizing paraprofessionals. However, research suggests that paraprofessionals often lack sufficient training and may inadvertently hinder the social interactions between children with disabilities and their peers. This study used a multiple baseline across participants design to empirically investigate whether paraprofessionals could learn to implement social facilitation procedures based on Pivotal Response Treatment. Results indicated that the paraprofessionals learned to utilize the social facilitation procedures with fidelity and generalized the techniques to untrained activities. Furthermore, once the paraprofessionals met the fidelity criteria, decreases in hovering and uninvolved behavior and increases in social facilitation and monitoring were observed. Likewise, the reciprocal social behavior of the children with autism increased rapidly.
Primary cutaneous aspergillosis in six leukemic children

We report a cluster of primary cutaneous aspergillosis in six children with hematologic malignancy. When first seen, they had hemorrhagic bullae caused by Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Aspergillus niger at the sites of insertion of intravenous cannulas or where arm boards had been taped to the extremities. Rapid diagnosis of cutaneous aspergillosis was made by direct examination of the blister roof with potassium hydroxide before it progressed to a necrotic ulcer. Intravenous amphotericin was instituted promptly in five of six patients, and none died of disseminated aspergillosis. Epidemiologic investigation tracked the source of aspergillus to a storeroom with a false ceiling that had recently been repaired for a water leak.
A genetically informative developmental study of the relationship between conduct disorder and peer deviance in males

Background. Conduct disorder (CD) and peer deviance (PD) both powerfully predict future externalizing behaviors. Although levels of CD and PD are strongly correlated, the causal relationship between them has remained controversial and has not been examined by a genetically informative study. Method. Levels of CD and PD were assessed in 746 adult male-male twin pairs at personal interview for ages 8-11, 12-14 and 15-17 years using a life history calendar. Model fitting was performed using the Mx program. Results. The best-fit model indicated an active developmental relationship between CD and PD including forward transmission of both traits over time and strong causal relationships between CD and PD within time periods. The best-fit model indicated that the causal relationship for genetic risk factors was from CD to PD and was constant over time. For common environmental factors, the causal pathways ran from PD to CD and were stronger in earlier than later age periods. Conclusions. A genetically informative model revealed causal pathways difficult to elucidate by other methods. Genes influence risk for CD, which, through social selection, impacts on the deviance of peers. Shared environment, through family and community processes, encourages or discourages adolescent deviant behavior, which, via social influence, alters risk for CD. Social influence is more important than social selection in childhood, but by late adolescence social selection becomes predominant. These findings have implications for prevention efforts for CD and associated externalizing disorders.
When and how can advocacy groups promote new technologies? Conditions and strategies for effectiveness

When and how can advocacy groups influence the diffusion of new technologies, such as wind power? We examine the relationship between two different strategies that advocacy groups can adopt: political lobbying and campaigns aimed at potential end users of the new technology. Our game-theoretic analysis shows that without the opportunity to engage in political lobbying, end user campaigns by an advocacy group have the counterproductive effect of reducing the government's incentive to subsidise the new technology. Instead of supporting the advocacy group's campaigning, the government free rides on the social movement's campaigning efforts. While political lobbying cannot prevent free riding, it increases the government's incentive to subsidise the new technology, and thus increases the advocacy group's payoff. These findings suggest that advocacy groups can promote technology diffusion if they can effectively deploy a dual strategy of political lobbying and end user campaigning.
Collective Action and Property Rights: A Planner's Critical Look at the Dogma of Private Property

The focus of this essay is success in collective action. It is based on a critical review and synthesis of the literature on collective action and property rights. I make three key arguments in the essay. First, contrary to the narrow conventional wisdom, self-interested behavior can lead to successful collective action in both commonly managed resources and open-access situations. The literature documents and explains a number of examples of success. Second, and nonetheless, collective action can be problematic and may require institutional responses, but privatization is not a panacea. Paradoxically, privatism can be a key source of the problems in collective action. And third, since the conventionally postulated, simple one-to-one relationship between a private property rights regime and an efficient outcome is not true, and given planners’ institutional interests, they should take a leading role in publicly advocating the potential viability of common property and collective action. Another important objective of the essay is to introduce to the readers a vast body of non-traditional literature that has relevance for urban studies and planning practice. I include the literature on private property rights, ‘the tragedy of the commons’, ‘the inverse commons’, ‘the comedy of the commons’, and ‘the tragedy of the anticommons’. Cet essai s’interesse au succes de l’action collective. Il s’appuie sur une critique et une synthese des references sur l’action collective et les droits de propriete. Trois arguments sont exposes. D’abord, a contrario d’un avis etroit et conventionnel, l’interet personnel peut conduire a une action collective reussie tant pour des ressources gerees en commun que pour des situations en acces libre; des documents retracent et expliquent bon nombre de cas de succes. Ensuite, et neanmoins, une action collective peut poser probleme et exiger des reponses institutionnelles, quoique la privatisation ne soit pas la panacee; paradoxalement, le ‘privatisme’ peut se reveler une source essentielle de difficultes en cas d’action collective. Enfin, comme le principe classique de relation simple, un pour un, entre un regime de droits de propriete privee et un resultat efficace n’est pas verifie, et compte tenu des interets institutionnels des urbanistes, ceux-ci devraient prendre un role moteur en defendant publiquement la viabilite de la propriete commune et de l’action collective. L’essai a comme autre objectif important de presenter aux lecteurs un vaste corpus de textes non traditionnels pertinent pour les etudes urbaines et la pratique de l’urbanisme. La conclusion inclut des references sur les droits de la propriete privee, ‘la tragedie des biens communs’, ‘les communs inverses’, ‘la comedie des communs’ et ‘la tragedie des anti-communs’.
The Void Coefficient in an Enriched, Water Reactor*

An experimental and analytical study of the void coefficient of reactivity in the Ford Nuclear Reactor (a fully enriched, swimming pool type) was made. A stream of air bubbles was used to introduce voids. Out-of-pile calibration of the air flow system was necessary to account for variation in bubble rise velocity with average air concentration. This method is extremely simple except for the calibration procedure. With the results presented, the void coefficients of other reactors with similar fuel elements (18 plate, BSR type) can be measured without the necessity for recalibration. For the calculation of uniformly distributed void coefficients, relatively simple two- group diffusion theory is shown to be accurate provided the variation of leakage in all three dimensions is taken into account. This variation of leakage is computed by the use of a buckling iterative procedure. Second order effects, such as the variation of effective thermal neutron temperature and disadvantage factor, may be neglected. For the calculation of localized void effects, the buckling iteration method is inaccurate due to the nonseparability of axial and radial flux. distribution in this small core. To improve the accuracy an extension of this method to several region iteration is suggested. The principal valuemore » of this type of calculation is the short computer time required. (auth)« less
Group Summary: Transition Modeling

It is generally agreed upon that projected advances in computer capacity make it unlikely that direct simulations of the full process of transition to turbulence - especially in complex geometries - will be possible for the foreseeable future. Some form of modeling will continue to be needed. For routine and repetitive design purposes, where a high degree of accuracy or the details of flow structures are not needed, Reynolds stress models are likely to remain the preferred approach. Where more detailed and accurate predictions of complex flows are required, large-eddy simulations based on an appropriate subgrid scale model are likely to play an increasingly important role. Consequently, the transition modeling group decided to focus its attention on both Reynolds stress models and subgrid scale models for large-eddy simulations.
Catalytic production of methyl acrylates by gold-mediated cross coupling of unsaturated aldehydes with methanol

Abstract Modern methods of esterification, one of the most important reactions in organic synthesis, are reaching their limits, as far as waste and expense are concerned. Novel chemical approaches to ester formation are therefore of importance. Here we report a simple procedure free of caustic reagents or byproducts for the facile direct oxidative methyl esterification of aldehydes over nanoporous Au catalysts. Complementary model studies on single crystal gold surfaces establish the fundamental reactions involved. We find that methanol more readily reacts with adsorbed active oxygen than do the aldehydes, but that once the aldehydes do react, they form strongly-bound acrylates that block reactive sites and decrease the yields of acrylic esters under steady flow conditions at 420 K. Significant improvements in yield can be achieved by operating at higher temperatures, which render the site-blocking acrylates unstable.
Rates of single-copy DNA evolution in herons

DNA-DNA hybridization was used to discover the extent of single-copy DNA similarity among 13 species of herons and one ibis. Genetic distances among taxa were summarized as Tm values in a folded matrix. From this matrix, trees with the same branching pattern were constructed by least squares under one of two assumptions: (1) that sister branches are equal in length and (2) that sister branches are not necessarily equal in length. The residual sums of squares of these trees were compared by F-test to see whether the branches of the tree built under assumption (2) fit the matrix data significantly better than those of the tree built under assumption (1). By this method the existence of different rates of DNA evolution in different heron lineages was established. Bittern single-copy DNA has evolved at a rate approximately 25% faster, and boat-billed heron (Cochearius) and rufescent tiger heron (Tigrisoma lineatum) DNA has evolved approximately 19% slower, than that of day and night herons. It appears that the differences in rates of DNA evolution may increase proportionally with genealogical distance.