cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of tweezer type receptors for colorimetric detection of cyanide ions

Two tweezer type receptors based on the hydrazone functional group using o-phthalaldehyde moiety as spacer were synthesized and characterized via 1H, 13CNMR, MALDI-MS and single crystal X-ray crystallographic techniques. The anion sensing abilities of the synthesized receptors were investigated in DMSO using UV–Visible spectroscopy and naked eye detection. The crystal structure revealed the presence of a DMSO molecule in the cavity of the receptor. A receptor displayed the formation of dark red color visible to the naked eye in the presence of cyanide ions. The complex between the receptor and the cyanide ion proceeds through displacement of the DMSO molecule present in the cavity of the receptor. The stoichiometry of the complex between the receptor and the cyanide ion was determined by job’s plot. The proton NMR spectroscopy and the DFT calculations were used to study the mechanism of the complex formation.
Feedback and Compensation of Feedback Amplifiers

Feedback, whereby a portion of the signal at the output of a circuit is deliberately applied to its input, is used in many analog circuits. Negative feedback is widely used in amplifier circuits to alter their behavioral characteristics. Among them are: (1) a stabilization of the gain with respect to changes in circuit element and device parameter values, variations in supply voltage and temperature, (2) a reduction in distortion and noise effects, (3) an increased bandwidth, and (4) an alteration of the amplifier’s input and output impedances.
Strategies of constructing meaning : A critical discourse analysis of news on the North Korean nuclear threat

This study examines the linguistic structures and processes through which news reports about a political issue in South Korea serve to propagate specific ideologies. Critical linguistic analysis is used as the theoretical and analytical framework to examine news reports about the North Korean nuclear threat to South Korea in the New York Times and the Korea Herald. Through a comparative analysis of two newspapers, it illustrates how the linguistic structures and processes in news discourse combine to produce particular meanings which construct ideological representations of social reality by establishing an 'us vs. them' dichotomy from their own particular ideological position. This study makes two contributions. First, it contributes to the development of a theoretical and methodological framework which is capable of revealing the ideological underpinning of news texts. Second, this study demonstrates the ideological role of language within news discourse as an apparatus for molding attitudes and value-systems in readers. This study has an implication for teaching language awareness of the constructive and functional nature of language in general and news discourse in particular in and out of a school setting
Internet Use and Individual-Level Politics in Latin America

Understanding how media consumption affects individuals in Latin America has received little attention. Relative to other forms of media, research on the effect of internet use remains an empty set. This project endeavors to explore the development of internet use in Latin America as well as the effect of that use on political attitudes and behaviors. Using Latin American Public Opinion Project survey data taken from multiple years, I look to offer an initial analysis of the determinants of internet use. Those determinants will be analyzed by comparing the results of the statistical tests to results of similar tests that have been previously conducted for other forms of media consumption. Finally, a simple exploration of the political effects of internet use will be conducted. This project will be the first of its kind for the Latin American region and should aid future research interested in the effect of internet use in developing regions.
Therapeutic targeting of B lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS) in the rheumatic diseases.

B lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS) is a vital B cell survival factor. Overexpression of BLyS in mice can lead to clinical and serological features of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and Sjogren's syndrome (SS). Treatment with BLyS antagonists of mice with established SLE ameliorates disease progression and enhances survival. Moreover, similar treatment of mice with inflammatory arthritis ameliorates the ongoing inflammation and subsequent joint destruction. In humans, BLyS overexpression is common in patients with several rheumatic diseases, including SLE, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), Sjogren's syndrome, scleroderma, Wegener's granulomatosis, and ANCA-associated vasculitis. Results from phase-II clinical trials with a BLyS antagonist in human SLE and RA have shown the antagonist to have biological and clinical activity along with a favorable safety profile. These features collectively point to BLyS as an attractive therapeutic target in human rheumatic diseases.
Toxicological responses of the boll weevil (Coleoptera : Curculionidae) ectoparasitoid Catolaccus grandis (Hymenoptera : Pteromalidae) to selected insecticides

A glass vial bioassay was used to determine the toxicity of 10 insecticides to 3 strains of the boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis grandis Boheman, ectoparasitoid Catolaccus grandis (Burks). Technical-grade samples of dimethoate, endosulfan, oxamyl, acephate, malathion, azinphos-methyl, cyfluthrin, methyl parathion, spinosad, and fipronil were used in bioassays. Three strains of C. grandis were tested: 2 in vivo-reared strains, (i.e., the In Vivo strain and the Sinaloa strain), and 1 in vitro-reared strain reared on an artificial diet completely devoid of insect components (i.e., the In Vitro strain). Endosulfan, spinosad, and azinphos-methyl were significantly less toxic to the In Vivo strain than other treatments. Endosulfan was also significantly less toxic to the Sinaloa strain than other treatments. Azinphos-methyl was significantly less toxic to the In Vitro strain than other treatments. In addition, malathion, the insecticide most widely used in boll weevil eradication, was significantly more toxic to the In Vitro strain than other treatments. However, it cannot be determined directly from the data which insecticides may be more toxic to C. grandis in the field. Bioassays must be refined so that risks to natural enemies can be predicted reliably. In so doing, chemical insecticides may be developed and used that may be selective (i.e., more toxic to a pest than to a beneficial species). The data reported herein, however, is likely to be useful to many ecotoxicologists.
Are U.S. Organizational Concepts And Measures Transferable To Another Culture? An Empirical Investigation

The article presents information on a study which illustrated a multivariate cross-cultural approach to explore the meaning of job involvement (JI) and job satisfaction (JS) in the United States an...
Phenothiazine-another possible etiologic agent in erythema multiforme. report of a case

A case report is presented which offers evidence that administration of a phenothiazine drug resulted in erythema multiforme of the oral cavity in a psychotic patient. The condition remissed after discontinuation of the medication.
The effect of light on the Og of plant tissues. I

The increment of Og in the guard cells in response to light as reported by previous investigators was found to be true qualitatively but not quantitatively.
The method efficiency valuation studies in the command of process based on the system of the time efficacy entropy

With the complex command environment and a great deal of uncertain factors involved in the command process,the efficiency of command process has much effect on the warfare efficiency.So how to optimize the command process is very important in the information condition.Firstly,this paper discusses the constraint conditions and rules to confirm the command process.Based on the theory of entropy,the time efficacy of command flow movement in the topology structure is studied.The calculating methods of the system time efficacy and feedback node degree are given,which extend the theory studies and application domain of command process.Then the topology structure of command process is simulated by the Petri nets theory under the ExSpect software which can provide quantity,visualization and friendship circumstance for the further studies of command process optimization.The conclusion of this paper also provides the quantity valuation and simulation of the command process with new method.
Analysis on status of medical cost for tuberculosis patient in Reimburse insurance of NRCMCS in Yichang city

Objective To analyze the medical cost status for tuberculosis patient in new rural cooperative medical care between 2010-2011 in Yichang city,study the rational use of medical cost and promote tuberculosis prevention.Method The relevant medical payment documents for tuberculosis patient under new rural cooperative medical care in Yichang city were collected and analyzed.Results Our city paid for 5 045 cases of tuberculosis patient,with a total medical cost of 14 778 314 yuan.The new rural cooperative medical care system paid 6 608 937 yuan,and the patients paid 8 169 377 yuan,in which the payment of new rural cooperative medical care system was 44.72%,and the average patient medical cost was 2 929.30 yuan between 2010-2011.The tuberculosis patients who enjoyed the new rural cooperative medical care system increased 231 cases.The patients who were in hospital increased 145 cases,with an increase rate of 0.38% in 2011.The new rural cooperative medical care system payment increased 1 382 317 yuan,with an increase of 4.79%;the average patient cost increased 653 yuan.Conclusions The new rural cooperative medical care system is an important measure to protect tuberculosis patients.But still need to strengthen the management,the development of more scientific and reasonable compensation to,in order to give full play to the role of new rural cooperative in terms of compensation tuberculosis.
Quine's Behaviorism

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses Quine's behaviorism. Quine is one of the most influential analytic philosophers of the 20th century. Quine's construal of behaviorism (broadly so called) as externalized empiricism is closely connected to his views regarding the nature of the explanation of human behavior. Quine regards behavioral explanation as a temporary measure. Quine's brand of behaviorism is less rigorous than some. According to Quine's, theorists maintain empiricist discipline, couching all criteria for ascribing intentional terms in observation terms. Quine admits roles for introspection and empathy to play in his philosophies of language and mind. As Quine remarks, one may or may not choose to be a behaviorist in psychology. The reason he believes that one has no choice is based on the empirical claim that people learn their language by observing the behavior of other people amid inter subjectively appreciable circumstances. The corollary to this empirical claim about language learning is the semantical claim that there is nothing to linguistic meaning that cannot be manifested in behavior. But if intentional terms can sometimes extend vacuously beyond the behavioral facts. This can happen in theoretical as well as in practical contexts.
Correlative study of dose to thyroid and incidence of subsequent dysfunction after head and neck radiation

Background Thyroid dysfunction is common after radiotherapy (RT) for patients with head and neck cancers. We attempted to discover RT dose parameters that correspond with RT-induced thyroid dysfunction. Methods Records of 102 patients who received RT from 2008 to 2010 were reviewed with respect to thyroid function. Abnormalities were grouped in 2 ways: (1) none, transient, or permanent; and (2) overt or subclinical. Results At median follow-up of 33.5 months, incidence of any thyroid abnormality was 39.2% (women vs men – 50% vs 35%). Permanent dysfunction was seen in 24.5% with higher incidence in women versus men (42.9% vs 17.6%; p = .0081). Permanent abnormalities most strongly correlated with D50% (p = .0275). V50Gy also correlated with thyroid dysfunction post-RT (p = .0316). Concurrent chemotherapy increased permanent dysfunction (p = .0008). Conclusion Achieving D50% <50 Gy, V50 <50%, and mean dose <54.58 Gy during RT planning may decrease the incidence; whereas female sex and concurrent chemotherapy seem to increase the risk of RT-induced hypothyroidism. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2016
The Prism of Hollywood: Depictions of Racial Diversity in College Films

Despite press releases and policies to the contrary, both Hollywood and higher education maintain tenuous relationships with issues and representations of racial diversity. This chapter examines how 16 films between 1978 and 2014 present college students of color. This analysis discovers that while included in campus life, racially diverse students are often marginalized, trivialized, and patronized in the selected films.
Cosmic Microwave Background Power Asymmetry from Non-Gaussian Modulation

Non-Gaussianity in the inflationary perturbations can couple observable scales to modes of much longer wavelength (even superhorizon), leaving as a signature a large-angle modulation of the observed cosmic microwave background power spectrum. This provides an alternative origin for a power asymmetry that is otherwise often ascribed to a breaking of statistical isotropy. The non-Gaussian modulation effect can be significant even for typical ∼10^(-5) perturbations while respecting current constraints on non-Gaussianity if the squeezed limit of the bispectrum is sufficiently infrared divergent. Just such a strongly infrared-divergent bispectrum has been claimed for inflation models with a non-Bunch-Davies initial state, for instance. Upper limits on the observed cosmic microwave background power asymmetry place stringent constraints on the duration of inflation in such models.
Legitimacy as the center of gravity in Hybrid warfare: Notes from the Colombian Battlefield

These notes from the fields summarise a presentation on the topic of legitimacy, understood as the center of gravity (CoG), in hybrid warfare. In his work On War, Clausewitz defined the CoG as “the source of power that provides moral or physical strength, freedom of action, or will to act.” The Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) used the Vietnamese variant of Mao’s doctrine called ‘’interlocking war’’. In this variant, the three phases of war run simultaneously. We challenged the traditional understanding of the CoG used by the US in Vietnam and adopted the same type of CoG as the insurgency. We developed several ideas and techniques around the concept of CoG. In my view this specific way of understanding the CoG was a key to our success in the Colombian war.
Community-Managed Forests, Household Fuelwood Use and Food Consumption

Abstract This paper evaluates the role of use of community-managed forests as a means of improving economic well-being of rural Nepalese households. It utilizes a nationwide survey consisting of detailed questionnaires related to household welfare and employs instrumental variable (IV) approach to investigate the linkage between community-managed forests and food consumption in Nepal. Results show that households that use community-managed forests for firewood spend significantly more on food consumption than those dependent on government-managed forests. The study further finds that community-managed forest users appear to be more participatory and are more likely to find their food consumption adequate. Together, these results provide compelling evidence that community-managed forests can be an effective means of addressing food insecurity in a developing country setting.
A virus or more in (nearly) every cell: ubiquitous networks of virus-host interactions in extreme environments.

The application of viral and cellular metagenomics to natural environments has expanded our understanding of the structure, functioning, and diversity of microbial and viral communities. The high diversity of many communities, e.g., soils, surface ocean waters, and animal-associated microbiomes, make it difficult to establish virus-host associations at the single cell (rather than population) level, assign cellular hosts, or determine the extent of viral host range from metagenomics studies alone. Here, we combine single-cell sequencing with environmental metagenomics to characterize the structure of virus–host associations in a Yellowstone National Park (YNP) hot spring microbial community. Leveraging the relatively low diversity of the YNP environment, we are able to overlay evidence at the single-cell level with contextualized viral and cellular community structure. Combining evidence from hexanucelotide analysis, single cell read mapping, network-based analytics, and CRISPR-based inference, we conservatively estimate that >60% of cells contain at least one virus type and a majority of these cells contain two or more virus types. Of the detected virus types, nearly 50% were found in more than 2 cellular clades, indicative of a broad host range. The new lens provided by the combination of metaviromics and single-cell genomics reveals a network of virus–host interactions in extreme environments, provides evidence that extensive virus–host associations are common, and further expands the unseen impact of viruses on cellular life.
Moral Uncertainty and Moral Culpability

Most of the literature on moral uncertainty has been oriented around the project of giving a normative theory for actions under moral uncertainty. The need for such a theory presupposes that internalist factors such as moral beliefs and evidence are relevant to what an agent ought to do. Some authors, including Elizabeth Harman, reject that presupposition. Harman advances an argument against all such internalist views on the grounds that they entail the exculpation of agents who should strike us as morally culpable. I argue that Harman's argument is only sound with respect to a small subset of internalist views, a subset that no one in fact defends. Though Harman's argument misses its mark, it raises important questions about how internalist theories should be understood. I argue that internalist theories should be understood as issuing rational, not moral, prescriptions.
Beneficial Effects of High Potassium: Contribution of Renal Basolateral K + Channels

The prevalence of hypertension in the United States is estimated to have reached 85.7 million adults1 without taking into account new American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure,2 which is certain to increase this estimate. Hypertension is a major risk factor for stroke, coronary heart disease, and renal failure. Additionally, high blood pressure (BP) increases cardiovascular mortality rates and progression of many other chronic diseases. Salt and water handling by the kidney directly affects BP, whereas renal ion channels and transporters maintain electrolyte homeostasis.3,4 Epidemiological and anthropological studies suggest that in isolated societies with diets composed primarily of fruits, vegetables, and nuts, hypertension affects only 1% of the population. In contrast, in countries consuming a modern Western diet high in processed foods and dietary sodium, the prevalence of hypertension is as high as 30%. This effect of the Western diet is not solely attributed to high sodium content but rather the dramatically decreased dietary potassium-to-sodium ratio. In industrialized countries, the daily intakes of potassium and sodium are ≈30 to 50 and 80 to 250 mmol per day, respectively. This is in sharp contrast with isolated or primitive societies, having the daily rates of 150 to 290 mmol for potassium and 20 to 40 mmol per day for sodium.5 Therefore, estimated potassium-to-sodium intake ratios range from 0.12 to 0.63 for industrialized societies and 3.8 to 14.5 for isolated societies. According to the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, only about one tenth of US adults have potassium-to-sodium intake ratios consistent with the World Health Organization guidelines for reduced risk of mortality.6 Potassium is the most abundant intracellular ion, and its role in the regulation of BP is well established. Dietary supplementation with potassium …
The short- and long-term effects of a handbook on antimicrobial prescribing patterns of hospital physicians.

This study evaluates the effect of a specially designed, physician-oriented handbook of antimicrobial use on the prescribing patterns of a group of 50 doctors at a university hospital. Data were evaluated over a period of one-and-one-half years, before and after the distribution of the handbook. For the purposes of this study, antimicrobial therapy was classified: 1) inappropriate if it violated one of a number of recognized principles of antimicrobial therapy, 2) appropriate if it agreed with specific recommendations or alternatives given in the distributed reference handbook, and 3) acceptable if it was neither inappropriate nor appropriate as defined by the handbook. An initial survey of antimicrobial prescribing patterns was made. Five months later the handbook was distributed. A two-week orientation program, consisting of the distribution and promotion of the problem-oriented, pocket-sized handbook of appropriate antimicrobial therapy, was conducted. The handbook, which was developed by the authors and reviewed and approved by a panel of infectious disease specialists, presented guidelines for appropriate and efficacious usage of antimicrobial agents as most currently accepted in common clinical infections. Subsequent surveys were then conducted two weeks, three months, and six months after distribution of the handbook. A statistically significant difference (p <0.01) in antimicrobial prescribing patterns was noted between the survey conducted two weeks after the introduction of the handbook and the other surveys. In this survey, while therapy classified inappropriate decreased from 45% to 28%, therapy considered appropriate as recommended increased from 33% to 53%. The findings of this study demonstrated that the introduction and promotion of the handbook decreased abuse and increased proper use of antimicrobial therapy, although the effect is sustainable for only a short duration—no longer than three months. These results indicate the need for a vigorous, updated program to achieve and maintain current appropriate antibiotic therapy in clinical medicine.
Lung Cancer (Exposure Assessment, Pathology, and Epidemiology)

Lung cancer is the most common malignancy worldwide and the most common cause of a cancer-related death. Tobacco smoking is the most important cause of lung cancer in most populations although occupational exposures cause an increased risk of lung cancer more than any other malignancy. This chapter will review the histomorphology and classification of carcinoma of the lung and the evidence for specific occupational exposures reported to cause lung cancer.
Ovotesticular Disorders of Sex Development: Improvement in Spermatogonia after Removal of Ovary and Müllerian Structures.

Abstract Background Ovotesticular disorders of sex development is a condition defined as the presence of ovarian tissue containing ovarian follicles and testicular tissue containing seminiferous tubules in the same individual. Case We report on a 19-year-old who is phenotypically male, with a 46,XX/46,XY mosaicism karyotype, who presented later in life with cyclical abdominal pain that resembled menstrual cramps and unilateral undescended testes. Summary and Conclusion He underwent laparoscopic hysterectomy and right salpingo-oophorectomy, resulting in cessation of his symptoms and improved sperm count.
Abstract TP122: Overexpression of miR-133b in Reactive Astrocytes Enhances Their Released Exosomes Which Contribute to Neurite Remodeling and Functional Recovery After Stroke

Introduction: Astrocyte exosomes participate in the maintenance of axons and plasticity of neuronal networks. Overexpression of miR-133b in reactive astrocytes increases the release of exosomes whi...
On the properties of phononic eigenvalue problems

Abstract In this paper, we consider the operator properties of various phononic eigenvalue problems. We aim to answer some fundamental questions about the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of phononic operators. These include questions about the potential real and complex nature of the eigenvalues, whether the eigenvectors form a complete basis, what are the right orthogonality relationships, and how to create a complete basis when none may exist at the outset. In doing so we present a unified understanding of the properties of the phononic eigenvalues and eigenvectors which would emerge from any numerical method employed to compute such quantities. We show that the phononic problem can be cast into linear eigenvalue forms from which such quantities as frequencies, wavenumbers, and desired components of wavevectors can be directly ascertained without resorting to searches or quadratic eigenvalue problems and that the relevant properties of such quantities can be determined apriori through the analysis of the associated operators. We further show how the Plane Wave Expansion (PWE) method may be extended to solve each of these eigenvalue forms, thus extending the applicability of the PWE method to cases beyond those which have been considered till now. The theoretical discussions are supplemented with supporting numerical calculations. The techniques and results presented here directly apply to wave propagation in other periodic systems such as photonics.
Methods of Shopping and Complaining May Change as a Result of Technology, but one Thing Remains the Same: Consumer Satisfaction Reigns Supreme

Retailing and the examination of consumer satisfaction can be viewed from the perspective of (a) before the 21st century and (b) 2000 and beyond. Prior to the 21st century, “the consumer was always right…even if the consumer was wrong.”
Barriers to Use of Telepsychiatry: Clinicians as Gatekeepers

Telepsychiatry is effective and has generated hope and promise for improved access and enhanced quality of care with reasonable cost containment. Clinicians and organizations are informed about clinical, technological, and administrative telepsychiatric barriers via guidelines, but there are many practical patient and clinician factors that have slowed implementation and undermined sustainability. Literature describing barriers to use of telepsychiatry was reviewed. PubMed search terms with date limits from January 1, 1959, to April 25, 2019, included telepsychiatry, telemedicine, telemental health, videoconferencing, video based, Internet, synchronous, real-time, two-way, limitations, restrictions, barriers, obstacles, challenges, issues, implementation, utilization, adoption, perspectives, perceptions, attitudes, beliefs, willingness, acceptability, feasibility, culture/cultural, outcomes, satisfaction, quality, effectiveness, and efficacy. Articles were selected for inclusion on the basis of relevance. Barriers are described from both patient and clinicians' perspectives. Patients and clinicians are largely satisfied with telepsychiatry, but concerns about establishing rapport, privacy, safety, and technology limitations have slowed acceptance of telepsychiatry. Clinicians are also concerned about reimbursement/financial, legal/regulatory, licensure/credentialing, and education/learning issues. These issues point to system and policy concerns, which, in combination with other administrative concerns, raise questions about system design/workflow, efficiency of clinical care, and changing organizational culture. Although telepsychiatry service is convenient for patients, the many barriers from clinicians' perspectives are concerning, because they serve as gatekeepers for implementation and sustainability of telepsychiatry services. This suggests that solutions to overcome barriers must start by addressing the concerns of clinicians and enhancing clinical workflow.
Comparison of biomechanical studies of disc repair devices based on a systematic review.

Abstract Background Context A variety of solutions have been suggested as candidates for the repair of the annulus fibrosis (AF), with the ability to withstand physiological loads of paramount importance. Purpose The objective of our study was to capture the scope of biomechanical test models of AF repairs. We hypothesized that common test parameters would emerge. Study design Systematic Review Methods PubMed® and EMBASE databases were searched for studies in English including the keywords “disc repair AND animal models”, “disc repair AND cadaver spines”, “intervertebral disc AND biomechanics”, “disc repair AND biomechanics”. This list was further limited to those studies which included biomechanical results from annular repair in animal or human spinal segments from the cervical, thoracic, lumbar and/or coccygeal (tail) segments. For each study, the method used to measure the biomechanical property and biomechanical test results were documented. Results A total of 2,607 articles were included within our initial analysis. Twenty-two articles met our inclusion criteria. Significant variability in terms of species tested, measurements used to quantify annular repair strength, and the method/direction/magnitude that forces were applied to a repaired annulus were found. Bovine intervertebral disc was most commonly used model (6/22 studies) and the most common mechanical property reported was the force required for failure of the disc repair device (15 tests). Conclusions Our hypothesis was rejected; no common features were identified across AF biomechanical models and as a result it was not possible to compare results of pre-clinical testing of annular repair devices. Our analysis suggests that a standardized biomechanical model that can be repeatably executed across multiple laboratories is required for the mechanical screening of candidates for AF repair. Clinical Significance This literature review provides a summary of pre-clinical testing of annular repair devices for clinicians to properly evaluate the safety/efficacy of developing technology designed to repair annular defects after disc herniations.
Histologic chorioamnionitis and risk of neurodevelopmental impairment at age 10 years among extremely preterm infants born before 28 weeks of gestation.

Abstract Background Children born extremely preterm whose placenta had histologic evidence of chorioamnionitis have early brain dysfunction, but little is known about neurological development at 10 years of age. Objective We investigated the association between histologic chorioamnionitis and neurodevelopmental impairment at 10 years among children born Methods The multicenter Extremely Low Gestational Age Newborn (ELGAN) Study enrolled extremely preterm newborns from 2002-2004 at 14 U.S. hospitals. Chorioamnionitis was defined by histologic stage (early, moderate, and advanced) and grade (mild/moderate and severe) of chorionic plate and umbilical cord inflammation. The children were evaluated for cerebral palsy at 2 years, and autism spectrum disorder, cognitive impairment (intelligence quotient >2 standard deviations below the mean), and epilepsy at age 10 years by blinded evaluators using validated measures. Multivariable logistic regression with generalized estimating equations was used. Results Among 805 placenta, 43% (347/805) had histologic chorioamnionitis by moderate or advanced maternal stage, 36% (286/805) by severe maternal grade, 18% (132/737) by moderate or advanced fetal stage, and 1% (10/737) by severe fetal grade. The frequencies of impairments were 11% (88/767) for cerebral palsy, 7% (56/773) for autism spectrum disorder, 15% (120/788) for cognitive impairment, and 7% (52/763) for epilepsy. Adjusted for maternal age, body mass index, race, insurance status, maternal education, tobacco use, infant sex, and multiple gestations, the adjusted odds (AOR) for the association between histologic chorioamnionitis and cerebral palsy years was increased with advanced maternal stage (AOR 2.5, 95% CI 1.6 to 3.9), severe maternal grade (AOR 2.0, 95% CI 1.2 to 3.4), moderate fetal stage (AOR 2.20, 95% CI 2.1 to 2.2), and mild or moderate fetal grade (AOR 1.5, 95% CI 1.0 to 2.2). Similarly, the AOR for the association between histologic chorioamnionitis and epilepsy was increased with advanced maternal stage (AOR 1.5, 95% CI 1.3 to 1.6) and severe fetal grade (AOR 5.9, CI 1.9 to 17.8). In addition, the AOR for the association between histologic chorioamnionitis and autism spectrum disorder was increased with mild or moderate fetal grade (AOR 1.7, 95% CI 1.0 to 2.9). Histologic chorioamnionitis was not associated with cognitive impairment. These findings held after adjustment for gestational age at delivery. In contrast to histological chorioamnionitis, a clinical diagnosis of chorioamnionitis was not associated with neurodevelopmental impairment. Conclusion Histologic chorioamnionitis may be associated with some forms of neurodevelopmental impairment at 10 years of life among infants born
Orthopedic Surgery and Anesthesiology Surgical Improvement Strategies Project-Phase II Outcomes.

Abstract Background Our institution previously initiated a perioperative surgical home initiative to improve quality and efficiency across the hospital arc of care of primary total knee arthroplasty and total hip arthroplasty patients. Phase II of this project aimed to (1) expand the perioperative surgical home to include revision total hip arthroplasties and total knee arthroplasties, hip preservation procedures, and reconstructions after oncologic resections; (2) expand the project to include the preoperative phase; and (3) further refine the perioperative surgical home goals accomplished in phase I. Methods Phase II of the Orthopedic Surgery and Anesthesiology Surgical Improvement Strategies project ran from July 2018 to July 2019. The evaluated arc of care spanned from the preoperative surgical consult visit through 90 days postoperative in the expanded population described above. Results Mean length of stay decreased from 2.2 days to 2.0 days (P Conclusion Application of previously successful health systems engineering tools and methods in phase I of Orthopedic Surgery and Anesthesiology Surgical Improvement Strategies enabled additional evolution of an orthopedic perioperative surgical home to encompass more diverse and complex patient populations while increasing system-wide quality, safety, and financial outcomes. Improved process and outcomes metrics reflected increased efficiency across the episode of care without untoward effects. Level of Evidence III Therapeutic.
Electroosmotic Perfusion-Microdialysis Probe Created by Direct Laser Writing for Quantitative Assessment of Leucine Enkephalin Hydrolysis by Insulin-Regulated Aminopeptidase in Vivo.

There are many processes that actively alter the concentrations of solutes in the extracellular space. Enzymatic reactions, either by soluble enzymes or membrane-bound ectoenzymes, and uptake or cl...
Ka-band Full Polarization Reconfigurable 1D Beam Steering Staggered Butterfly Phased Array Antenna

A novel full-polarization reconfigurable $\mathbf{8}\times \mathbf{12}$ Butterfly phased array antenna with wide-angle 1D beam steering performance is proposed at Ka-band (28 GHz) for increased system capacity of 5G communications. The butterfly unit cell of the proposed array is a novel sequentially-rotated series-fed microstrip patch antenna with simple, versatile, and adequate radiation performance characteristics. The proposed staggered planar array configuration reduces the spacing between the adjacent series-fed linear array to $\mathbf{0.45}\lambda_{\mathbf{0}}$ , where $\lambda_{\mathbf{0}}$ is the free-space wavelength at 28 GHz. This reduced spacing can enable larger beam steering angle radiation performance without any grating lobes. The 16-channel Analog devices ADMV4821 RFIC Ka-band beamformer is used to provide excitation weights for achieving the desired beam steering, full-polarization reconfiguration, and reduced sidelobe level. The ADMV4821 beamformer chip is characterized; the average measured phase imbalance is less than 10°, and the average measured channel gain imbalance is less than 1 dB. The proposed Butterfly staggered phased array antenna is being prototyped and integrated with the beamformer board to verify the analysis and simulation results experimentally.
The Developmental Course of Teacher-Rated ADHD Symptom Levels in an Early Childhood Community Sample.

Objective:This study examined trajectories of inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity symptom levels across one preschool year and explored variation in trajectories by age, sex, and end-of-year ...
Discrete Dynamical Systems

This chapter provides an overview of the discrete dynamical systems. Dynamical systems are mathematical models of how things move. The motion of the bodies in the solar system comes to mind as a physical dynamical system. The moons and planets move in fairly complicated ways around the sun and one another, each exerting forces on the others. Mathematical dynamical systems are broadly applicable to other kinds of dynamics. The chapter discusses two economic models of price adjustment where the price is determined in discrete steps. The two models for price adjustment by supply and demand are price adjustment and supply adjustment.
Serotonergic antidepressants and hospitalization for bleeding in patients supported with a continuous flow left ventricular assist device.

Background Continuous flow left ventricular assist devices (CF -LVAD) improve survival in patients with advanced heart failure, but confer risk of bleeding complications. Serotonergic antidepressants (SA) are commonly used in heart failure patients receiving LVADs, but their inhibitory effect on platelet function may contribute to bleeding risk. Methods We performed a retrospective analysis of LVAD patients at our institution from 2016 –2019 comparing patients treated with SA after LVAD to those without SA. Demographic and clinical variables related to bleeding were collected on discharge from index hospitalization for CF-LVAD implantation and on admission for any bleeding event. The primary endpoint was incidence of bleeding requiring hospitalization after discharge . Secondary endpoints included overall number of admissions for bleeding, time to first hospitalization for a bleeding event, and incidence rate of hospitalizations for bleeding per patient year. Results 100 patients met inclusion criteria for the study. A total of 5 patients without a history of SA use and 31 patients who were prescribed SA after CF –LVAD implant were readmitted for a bleeding event after initial implant hospitalization (15% vs 46%, p = 0.004). Bleeding rate per person year (0.3 vs 0.61, p = 0.01) were significantly less in patients without SA use. Age-adjusted multivariable analysis found SA use to be associated with a hospitalization for bleeding (HR 2.3, 95% CI 0.99 –5.4). The higher incidence of hospitalization for bleeding was driven by non-gastrointestinal anatomical sites (6% vs 28%, p = 0.02) with a HR 7.7 (95% CI 0.96 –62). Conclusions SA treatment after CF-LVAD implantation was associated with an increased risk for bleeding complications requiring hospitalization, particularly non-gastrointestinal bleeding.
Multi-asteroid comet missions using solar electric propulsion

Multitarget flyby missions to asteroids and comets are attractive candidates for solar electric propulsion (SEP) application because SEP can efficiently provide the thrust required for carefully chosen sequences of encounters. In this paper, techniques for finding encounter sequences for these missions are described, and examples involving flyby and rendezvous missions to P/Encke, P/Kopff and 20/Massalia are presented. In addition, examples of four asteroid flyby sequences are given. Encounters typically have flyby speeds on the order of 5-10 km/sec and are limited only by navigational capability as regards flyby distance, which is taken as zero in the study. Flights traversing the asteroid belt can be modified by SEP to pass one or more asteroids, and the performance penalty is small if the encounters are properly spaced.
Pharmacological and somatic treatment effects on suicide in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND Suicide is a public health crisis. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of psychopharmacologic and somatic therapies on suicide risk. METHODS A systematic search of MEDLINE for studies evaluating the effects of pharmacologic (excluding antidepressants) or somatic interventions on suicide risk was conducted. Studies were included if they used a comparison group, reported on suicide death, assessed a psychopharmacological or somatic intervention, and included adults. Study quality was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. Fifty-seven studies were included from 2940 reviewed citations. RESULTS In bipolar disorder, lithium was associated with a reduction in the odds of suicide compared to active controls (odds ratio [OR] = .58, p = .005; k = 12) and compared to placebo/no lithium (OR = .46, p = .009; k = 9). In mixed diagnostic samples, lithium was associated with a reduction in the odds of suicide compared to placebo/no lithium (OR = .27, p < .001; k = 12), but not compared to active controls (OR = .89, p = .468; k = 7). In psychotic disorders, clozapine was associated with a reduction in the odds of suicide (OR = .46, p = .007; k = 7). Associations between suicide death and electroconvulsive therapy (OR = .77, p = .053; k = 11), non-clozapine antipsychotics in bipolar disorder (OR = .73, p = .090; k = 6) and antipsychotics in psychotic disorders (OR = .39, p = .069; k = 6) were not significant. There was no consistent relationship between antiepileptic mood stabilizers and suicide. There were insufficient studies to meta-analyze associations of suicide risk with vagus nerve stimulation, transcranial magnetic stimulation, magnetic seizure therapy, or transcranial direct current stimulation. CONCLUSION Lithium and clozapine have consistent data supporting protective effects against suicide in certain clinical contexts.
Prepotentials and Riemann surfaces

We organize and review some material from various sources about prepotentials, Riemann surfaces and kernels, WDVV, and the renormalization group, provide some further connections and information, and indicate some directions and problems.
Angiographic criteria reliably predict when carotid endarterectomy can be safely performed without a shunt

Abstract Background: Selective shunting during carotid endarterectomy is widely performed, but the optimal approach for predicting when a shunt is unnecessary remains uncertain. We evaluated the ability of preoperative cerebral angiography to predict when carotid endarterectomy could be safely performed without a shunt. Study Design: Eighty-seven patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy between August 1991 and December 1997 had preoperative cerebral angiograms. The angiograms were evaluated for the presence of collateral flow from the contralateral carotid through the anterior communicating artery and from the posterior circulation through the posterior communicating artery. Patients then underwent endarterectomy and were selectively shunted based on somatosensory evoked potential changes. Internal carotid artery stump pressure was routinely measured in all patients. Results: Nine patients (10%) had a shunt placed based on somatosensory evoked potential changes and none of the 87 patients had a perioperative (30 days) stroke. Angiography revealed that 36 patients (41%) had no cross-filling from the contralateral carotid through the anterior communicating artery. Nine of these patients (25%) required a shunt; none of the 51 patients with adequate cross-filling (p Conclusions: In the presence of cross-filling from the contralateral carotid artery, shunt insertion was uniformly unnecessary. In addition, routine shunting of patients with previous ipsilateral strokes or contralateral carotid occlusion was not always necessary. Stump pressures were less sensitive than angiographic criteria in determining when a shunt was unnecessary. Evaluation of cross-filling from the contralateral carotid artery on preoperative angiography can predict with certainty which patients will not require a shunt.
Psoriasiform eruption and oral ulcerations as adverse effects of topical 5% imiquimod treatment in children: a report of four cases.

Abstract: Imiquimod 5% cream is a topical immune-response modifier indicated in the treatment of multiple cutaneous conditions including actinic keratoses, superficial basal cell carcinoma, and condylomata acuminata. In children, it has been approved only for ages 12 and older in the treatment of external genital and perianal warts. It has also been used off label for a variety of pediatric skin disorders, including molluscum contagiosum (MC), trichoepitheliomas, verrucae plana, and verrucae vulgaris. Local and systemic adverse reactions have been reported, with the most frequently reported events being application site reactions including itching, burning, erythema, and erosion. Although these local reactions are well known, other rare local and systemic reactions can occur. There have been multiple case reports in adults of rare adverse cutaneous reactions occurring with imiquimod, but few have been reported in children. We present four cases of rare adverse cutaneous reactions. In all cases, the children were being treated with imiquimod 5% cream for verrucae or MC. Two of these patients developed a localized psoriasiform eruption, and two developed mucosal ulcerations.
Political Interference in Clinical Programs: Lessons From The U.S. Experience

This article reviews the history of political interference in clinical programs in the United States, considers the attacks on clinical programs in the context of attacks on other lawyers representing the poor or other marginalized clients, and draws lessons from the experience in the United States that may be helpful to clinical programs in other countries. With the spread of clinical teaching throughout the world, it is likely that law faculty teaching clinical courses in other countries may encounter the types of political interference with client and case selection experienced by their colleagues in the United States. Part I of this article examines the access to justice mission of clinical legal education in the United States and briefly traces the history and types of political interference in law school clinical programs. It also discusses the ethical obligations of lawyers to represent unpopular or controversial clients or causes, and considers how the attacks on clinical programs interfere with a lawyer’s ethical obligation to act independently of third-party interests. Part II examines the relationship between access to justice and the attacks on the major sources of public interest lawyers in the United States. Part II contends that access to the courts is a cornerstone principle for the rule of law, and access to the courts depends on having the assistance of a lawyer. Part II draws a connection between the political interference in clinical programs and other attacks on public interest lawyers. Part III analyzes the legacy of political interference on clinical programs. It discusses the effects of both the highly publicized attacks on clinical programs and the more frequent questions concerning clinical programs’ choices of clients and cases. It argues that the breadth of political interference in clinical programs in the United States indicates that any clinical program may be targeted even if the clinical faculty believe that they are taking non-controversial cases. Part III also questions whether political interference in clinical programs will be as great an issue in those countries that make legal assistance in civil cases more available to persons who are unable to afford to hire a lawyer than does the Unites States. The article concludes that law school clinical programs can model the highest ideals of the legal profession by evaluating potential cases on the legal merits and pedagogical value and not with a concern for whether or not the case or client may be controversial.