cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Removal of microorganisms/particulates from indoor air

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the removal of microorganisms and particulates from indoor air. Granular bed filters may be used for particulate removal from air. These systems have been developed mainly for use in industrial processes and are not suitable for use in indoor settings. However, if desiccant materials are used as the filtering media, these types of units may be used for cleaning indoor air. Desiccant-based air conditioning systems are used for cleaning indoor air. In desiccant based systems, moist air is passed through a bed containing desiccants, where moisture is removed from air by adsorption. The dry air from the bed is further conditioned to adjust its temperature and humidity. Silica gel, molecular sieves, and activated alumina are primarily used as desiccants because of their excellent water adsorption capacity. Particulate removal systems work on the principle that as a gas stream containing particle flows through a filtration device the particles are acted on by various external forces that cause their separation from the gas stream. The mechanisms that cause the separation of the particles from the gas stream include sedimentation electrostatic precipitation, inertial deposition, and Brownian diffusion.
American Diabetes Association 60th Scientific Sessions, 2000: the diabetic foot.

This is the seventh in a continuing series of articles on the American Diabetes Association (ADA) 60th Scientific Sessions held in San Antonio, TX, in June 2000. It covers topics related to the diabetic foot. Gayle E. Reiber, Seattle, WA, gave the Roger Pecoraro Lecture on the economics of lower-limb amputations in diabetes. A number of clinicians over recent decades have implemented programs leading to substantial decreases in amputations among participants in the U.S. and Europe. However, the target of a 40% decrease in amputation rates, based on these studies and set more than a decade ago, has not been met, and rates have actually increased. With the aging of the populations of the U.S. and Europe and the greater prevalence of diabetes, amputation rates and costs may increase further. Using the Veterans Administration system and Medicare data sets in the U.S. and the Cost of Diabetes in Europe, Type 2 (CODE-2) data set, Reiber presented trends for foot ulcers. There are ∼300,000 hospitalizations annually for foot cellulitis, ulcers, and deep infections among individuals with diabetes and 400,000 hospitalizations among individuals without diabetes in the U.S. Amputation rates are increasing among patients with diabetes, while decreasing among those without diabetes. In 1999, there were ∼92,000 amputations among those with and 42,000 among those without diabetes. There are tremendous variations among regions in the U.S. in the frequency of amputations and footwear prescriptions. However, <1% of Medicare patients in the U.S. obtained therapeutic footwear in 1995. Low-level amputations comprise 53% of the total, and this fraction has increased over recent years, suggesting improved limb preservation. Direct costs in the U.S. are ∼$17,000 for an episode of foot infection and $35,000 for a hospitalization leading to amputation. Reiber noted that reimbursement rates are well below these charges. Revascularization rates have tripled over …
Exclusion in junction geometries

We investigate the dynamics of the asymmetric exclusion process at a junction. When two input roads are initially fully occupied and a single output road is initially empty, the ensuing rarefaction wave has a rich spatial structure. The density profile also changes dramatically as the initial densities are varied. Related phenomenology arises when one road feeds into two. Finally, we determine the phase diagram of the open system, where particles are fed into two roads at rate $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ for each road, the two roads merge into one, and particles are extracted from the single output road at rate $\ensuremath{\beta}$.
Congenital genetic murine (ch) hydrocephalus. A structural model of cellular dysplasia and disorganization with the molecular locus of deficient proteoglycan synthesis.

The recessively inherited ch hydrocephalic mouse has been sporadically investigated over the past 40 years as a genetic murine model for congenital hydrocephalus. Since central nervous system anomalies are commonly associated with congenital anomalies in the musculoskeletal and urogenital systems, and since congenital hydrocephalus is also associated with other developmental abnormalities, an understanding of the pathophysiology at the cellular and molecular levels of the genetic defects of this hydrocephalic murine model has application to related human disorders associated with hydrocephalus. A unifying hypothesis is presented that can interrelate the multisystem developmental abnormalities. While the basic cellular defect is afailure ofmesenchymal differentiation, the molecular locus is asynthetic defect in the production of the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan. The primary end results of defective proteoglycan synthesis at a multiorgan-multisystem level includes chondrodysplasia, renal dysplasia, failure of endochondral ossification and gonadal development, and defective development of the adrenal medulla and the sympathetic ganglia. The development of the severe, communicating, congenital hydrocephalus in the ch mouse may be either a primary or secondary manifestation of the mesenchymal maldifferentiation.
Cerium Oxide Catalyzes the Selective Vapor-Phase Hydrodeoxygenation of Anisole to Benzene at Ambient Pressures of Hydrogen

Anisole hydrodeoxygenation data at 698 K and ambient pressures indicate that cerium oxide is a hydrogen-efficient catalyst that selectively cleaves carbon–oxygen bonds without hydrogenating aromatics. Phenol and benzene are the only major products observed, with benzene molar selectivity exceeding 85% at conversions greater than 7.7% (698 K, 102 kPa H2, 0.07 kPa anisole, 0.008–0.042 ganisole gcat–1 h–1). The catalyst exhibits less than 17% loss in conversion over the course of a 92-h run, and regeneration in air at 773 K returns conversion levels to that corresponding to the fresh catalyst. Benzene selectivity increases monotonically with hydrogen pressure at constant values of anisole conversion, demonstrating the potential for using hydrogen pressure (in addition to anisole conversion) as a lever to tune benzene selectivity. Overall, cerium oxide represents an inexpensive, highly selective, stable, regenerable, tunable, hydrogen-efficient catalyst that can hydrodeoxygenate biomass-derived model oxygenat...
Chest tube output, duration, and length of stay are similar for pneumothorax and hemothorax seen only on computed tomography vs. chest radiograph

Whole-body computed tomography (CT) for blunt trauma patients is common. Chest CT (CCT) identifies “occult” pneumo- (PTX) and hemothorax (HTX) not seen on chest radiograph (CXR), one-third of whom get chest tubes, while CXR identifies “non-occult” PTX/HTX. To assess chest tube value for occult injury vs. expectant management, we compared output, duration, and length of stay (LOS) for chest tubes placed for occult vs. non-occult (CXR-visible) injury. We compared chest tube output and duration, and patient length of stay for occult vs. non-occult PTX/HTX. This was a retrospective analysis of 5451 consecutive Level I blunt trauma patients, from 2010 to 2013. Of these blunt trauma patients, 402 patients (7.4%) had PTX, HTX or both, and both CXR and CCT. One third (n = 136, 33.8%) had chest tubes placed in 163 hemithoraces (27 bilateral). Non-occult chest tube output for all patients was 1558 ± 1919 cc (n = 54), similar to occult at 1123 ± 1076 cc (n = 109, p = 0.126). Outputs were similar for HTX-only patients, with non-occult (n = 34) at 1917 ± 2130 cc, vs. occult (n = 54) at 1449 ± 1131 cc (p = 0.24). Chest tube duration for all patients was 6.3 ± 4.9 days for non-occult vs. 5.0 ± 3.3 for occult (p = 0.096). LOS was similar between all occult injury patients (n = 46) and non-occult (n = 90, 17.0 ± 15.8 vs. 13.7 ± 11.9 days, p = 0.23). Mature clinical judgment may dictate which patients need chest tubes and explain the similarity between groups.
The Three‐Item Thinking about Your Partner’s Drinking Scale (TPD‐3): Item Response Theory, Reliability, and Validity

Interdependence is a defining feature of close relationships, and alcohol use is one domain where one person's motivations and behaviors can affect a partner's well-being. Concern about partner drinking is a gauge that determines whether a partner's alcohol use has the potential to be problematic to the relationship, and brief and efficient measurement of this construct can be used to serve clinicians, scientists, and practitioners. Across four studies (N = 1,807), we use item response theory analysis to present a 3-item brief screening tool assessing concern about partner drinking: Thinking about your Partner's Drinking-3 (TPD-3). The TPD-3 revealed strong test-retest reliability and expected patterns of convergent, concurrent, and incremental validity with perceived partner drinking and alcohol-related consequences, behavioral responses to partner drinking, and relationship well-being. We present the TPD-3 as a useful screening tool and for measurement of concern about partner drinking when efficient assessment is desired.
Sex differences in the therapeutic effects of anti-PDL2 neutralizing antibody on stroke

Inflammation involving migration of immune cells across the damaged blood–brain barrier (BBB), activation of resident innate microglia and production of inflammatory humoral mediators such as cytokines and chemokines play a critical role in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke. Cell-cell signaling involved in the process also includes checkpoint interaction between programmed death receptor (PD1) and programmed death ligands, PDL1 and PDL2. Based on our previous studies showing reduced MCAO infarct volumes in PDL2 deficient mice, we evaluated the ability of anti-PDL2 mAb to treat MCAO in male and female C57BL/6 mice. We found that anti-PDL2 neutralizing antibody treatment of MCAO significantly reduced infarct volumes in male mice but had no protective effects in female mice even at a 5-fold increased dose of anti-PDL2 mAb. The protection in male mice was likely mediated by reduced percentages in the spleen of PDL2+CD19+ B cells, PDL1+CD4+ T cells and CD86+CD11b+ macrophages in concert with reduced expression of PDL1 and TNFα and continued expression of CD206, in the injured ipsilateral brain hemisphere. The lack of a therapeutic benefit of anti-PDL2 on stroke-induced infarct volumes in female mice was reflected by no detectable reduction in expressed PDL2 or PDL1 and an increased frequency of Th1 and Th17 pro-inflammatory T cell subsets in the spleen, an effect not seen in PDL2 mAb treated males. This result potentially limits the utility of anti-PDL2 mAb therapy in stroke to males but underscores the importance of meeting the STAIR requirements for development of new stroke therapies for both sexes.
A novel approach to selection of dopant to immobilize neodymium in uranium-based metallic fuels

Abstract Formation of intermetallic compounds of lanthanide fission products within uranium-based metallic fuels with added dopant(s) has been proposed to arrest fission products within the metallic-matrix, before lanthanides chemically react with cladding materials, leading to degradation of the cladding. Unlike previous trial-and-error approach, here we present ab-initio based generic alloy-design principles to identify dopant(s) for a given lanthanide to form dopant-lanthanide intermetallic. Our approach correctly identifies previously known dopants like Pd, as well as predict novel dopants (As and Se) which can bind fission product Nd within U-matrix. Formation of our predicted NdAs intermetallic within the U-matrix has been confirmed experimentally.
Reducing carcinogen levels in smokeless tobacco products

Abstract Many of the carcinogens in smokeless tobacco (ST) products are not present in newly planted tobacco but result from aspects of cultivation, soil constituents, curing, fermentation, and additives. This chapter discusses carcinogens, their precursors, microorganisms that form them, and strategies for minimizing them. Preventing accumulation of toxic metals, eliminating microorganisms and conditions that contribute to the formation of nitrite and tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNA), and eliminating fire-curing and the additive areca nut would be positive steps. Implementation of approaches similar to the GothiaTek standard for Swedish snus—which involves remediating or eliminating processes that produce harmful agents, on-going monitoring, and maintaining maximum allowable levels for toxic metals, nitrite, tobacco-specific nitrosamines, mycotoxins, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and volatile organics—have lowered the levels of potent carcinogens.
Tending the grapevine: A qualitative analysis of responses to a psychotherapist-in-training testing positive for covid-19

Very little published research explores responses of universities to their trainees during a crisis or emergency. We used a qualitative approach to gather information regarding a university’s first...
Uncoiling of a Cook Resonance Metallic Ureteral Stent

Introduction and Background: The Cook Resonance® metallic ureteral stent's unique configuration allows adequate urine drainage while providing improved resistance to external ureteral compression. We report a case in which a stent broke and subsequently uncoiled during stent removal under cystoscopy. Case Presentation: A 46-year-old woman with a history of cervical carcinoma treated with radiation therapy and chemotherapy and bilateral ureteral strictures presented for cystoscopic removal of bilateral Cook Resonance ureteral stents. During removal of the right ureteral stent, a snap was felt with subsequent uncoiling of the stent. Firm tension to the inner wire and outside curls allowed eventual complete removal of the stent without any retained fragments. Discussion: The all-metal Cook Resonance stent is an attractive alternative to polymeric stents because of reduced frequency of stent exchange and resistance to external compression. However, the metal stent possesses risks such as increased urothelial hyperplasia and stent embedment.
Subcutaneous ureteral bypass device placement with intraoperative ultrasound guidance, with or without microsurgical ureterotomy, in 24 cats.

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to describe a method of subcutaneous ureteral bypass (SUB) device placement with intraoperative ultrasound guidance, with or without microsurgical ureterotomy, f...
The seismic colony: earthquakes, empire and technology in Russian-ruled Turkestan, 1887–1911

For much of Russia’s fractious history, the earth’s stability at least could be taken for granted. The imperial heartland was situated deep on the Eurasian tectonic plate, rarely experiencing fatal...
On multistage experiments with restrictions in the randomization of treatments

This paper considers multistage experiments which involve, in each stage, two-level factors whose levels are hard to change. Because of such factors, in each stage, there are restrictions in the randomization of runs leading to two types of experimental units, called whole plots and split plots. As a result, there are two types of random errors, in each stage, that need to be taken into account when modeling the response variable. It is assumed that a linear mixed effects model is appropriate for analyzing observations, and that the method of generalized least squares estimation is used to obtain estimators for the fixed effects in the model. It is also assumed that the model matrix of the fixed effects is based on a general two-level fractional factorial design. The goal of this paper is to provide an analytic form of the covariance matrix of the generalized least squares estimators of the fixed factorial effects in the model, that is useful for evaluating designs. This form shows how any confounding of (fixed) effects with the whole plots, associated with the different stages, affects the variances of their generalized least squares estimators. Some special cases of this form, which correspond to a model matrix based on either a two-level regular factorial or a two-level full factorial design, are also discussed. Results can be extended to multistage experiments with randomization restrictions of the runs, in each stage, with a model matrix based on a general multilevel fractional factorial design.
Forward and Inverse Ultrasonic Scattering Measurements in Realistic Geometries

An approximate model is presented which relates the pulse-echo (or pitch-catch) signal measured by a circular transducer (or transducer pair) used in an immersion configuration to the scattering amplitude which would characterize the same flaw in an unbounded elastic media. The results include the effects of diffraction (beam spread), refraction at a planar liquid-solid interface and focussing at a cylindrical liquid-solid interface. Both normal incidence and oblique incidence with either longitudinal or transverse wave generation at the interface are considered. Results of a preliminary experimental test of the model are presented. Applications to the problems of predicting exDerimental signal-to-noise ratios, probabilities of detection, and implementation of inverse scattering algorithms are summarized.
Current Situation of Regenerative Medicine

Regenerative medicine has made remarkable progress. This has been supported by the development of tissue engineering, which was a combination of medicine and engineering. Tissue engineering applies the principles and methods of engineering, material science, and cell and molecular biology toward the development of viable substitutes that restore, maintain, or improve the function of human tissues.
Basic Functional Analysis

Functional and convex analysis are closely intertwined. In this chapter we recall the basic concepts and results from functional analysis and calculus that will be needed throughout this book. A first section is devoted to general normed spaces. We begin by establishing some of their main properties, with an emphasis on the linear functions between spaces. This leads us to bounded linear functionals and the topological dual. Second, we review the Hahn–Banach Separation Theorem, a very powerful tool with important consequences. It also illustrates the fact that the boundaries between functional and convex analysis can be rather fuzzy at times. Next, we discuss some relevant results concerning the weak topology, especially in terms of closedness and compactness. Finally, we include a subsection on differential calculus, which also provides an introduction to standard smooth optimization techniques. The second section deals with Hilbert spaces, and their very rich geometric structure, including the ideas of projection and orthogonality. We also revisit some of the general concepts from the first section (duality, reflexivity, weak convergence) in the light of this geometry.
Predictive Simulation of Diffusion in Ni-Based Alloys Using Pair Interaction Based Kinetic Monte Carlo Method

Investigation of diffusion process in Ni-based alloy is a problem of high relevance in the area of understanding corrosion behavior. We explored the use of a combined approach consisting of density functional theory to compute migration barriers and Kinetic Monte Carlo method to evaluate hard to measure tracer diffusion coefficients. A major challenge in the implementation is the need to find one by one the rate constants for each diffusion process that can occur in the alloy. To overcome this, a pair interaction model was utilized to evaluate the influence of local environment on the kinetic parameters. Previous application of this approach yielded self-diffusion coefficients in pure Ni and the tracer diffusivity of dilute Al in the Ni host that are in good agreement with available experiments. The method was extended to examine oxygen diffusivity in pure Ni and the results show good agreement with values obtained using electrochemical and potentiometric techniques. The presence of Al was found to have a dragging effect on the mobility of oxygen.
Manufacturing Urban America: Local Black Female Activists, the Deterioration of Black Political Power and the Terrorialization of Black Urban Space in North Minneapolis

In 1992 the Minneapolis Legal Aid and the local chapter of the NAACP filed a landmark lawsuit known as Hollman Vs. Cisneros on behalf of Lucy Hollman and 16 other public housing and section 8 residents. The lawsuit alleged that the City of Minneapolis concentrated public housing in the inner city and restricted housing location choices for low-income people of color. This case also alleged that these residents were being intentionally segregated from non-impacted white communities in the Sumner-Glenwood projects. They won their case and joined many other declining inner city projects across the country in calling out the city and state for its discriminatory housing practices. However, the systemic manufacturing of Black urban space in the Twin Cities has a long a tumultuous history that complicates the ways that scholars understand the power and presence of whiteness in economic development and housing discourses. In this paper, I argue that the early terrorialization of Blackness in the Twin Cities and its subsequent dismantling has made maintaining a collective Black political consciousness a constant struggle. As such, Black political power and influence has been shaped by the slow deterioration and dispersal of once thriving Black communities. In response, local Black female activists have taken an active political stance against the deconstruction and dislocation of Black urban residents in North Minneapolis.
The Distinctive Vocation of Business Education in Catholic Universities

Catholic business schools need a process to shape their operations intentionally in light of the Catholic moral tradition. Recent developments in Catholic health care suggest a model they might follow. This model uses a method known as the Self-Assessment and Improvement Process (SAIP), which helps leaders deploy moral principles within organizations. The SAIP method builds on lessons drawn from total quality management to extend a longstanding moral discipline—the examination of conscience—from the realm of the individual to that of an institution. This article outlines an SAIP-based assessment process for Catholic business schools. The process identifi es salient intersections between key leadership tasks and Catholic social principles, and enables leaders in Catholic business education to examine how well these principles have been integrated within their school’s operating policies and processes. The assessment helps Catholic business schools grow into their vocation over time and promotes greater accountability for this development.
Transforming Employee Assistance Programs by Crossing the Quality Chasm

Employee assistance programs (EAPs) have a long history of providing essential workplace services. The last few decades have seen unprecendented growth within the EAP field both on national and int...
The Transfer of Cognitive Skill

* The Study of Transfer * Transfer in the ACT* Theory * Lateral Transfer * Negative Transfer * Use Specificity of Procedural Knowledge * Simulating Analogical Transfer * Declarative Transfer * The Theory in Review * Representation and Transfer * References * Index
6 – Power Distribution

This chapter provides an overview of power distribution. The distribution system is the part of the electric utility system between the bulk power source and the consumer's service switches. It includes a subtransmission system; distribution substations; primary distribution feeders; distribution transformers; secondary circuits, including the services to the consumer (called service drops); and appropriate protective and control equipment. Some distribution engineers, however, define the distribution system as that part of the power system between the distribution substations and the consumer's service entrance. The subtransmission system is the part of the power system that delivers power from bulk-power sources, such as large transmission substations. The subtransmission is composed of overhead open-wire construction on wood poles or underground cables. This chapter also discusses quality of service and voltage standards. Performance of distribution systems and quality of the service provided are measured in terms of freedom from interruptions and maintenance of satisfactory voltage levels at the consumer's premises that are within limits appropriate for this type of service.
Constraints on neutrino mass from cosmic microwave background and large-scale structure

Our tightest upper limit on the sum of neutrino mass eigenvalues $M_\nu$ comes from cosmological observations that will improve substantially in the near future, enabling a detection. The combination of the Baryon Acoustic Oscillation feature measured from the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument and a Stage-IV Cosmic Microwave Background experiment has been forecasted to achieve $\sigma(M_\nu) < 1/3$ of the lower limit on $M_\nu$ from atmospheric and solar neutrino oscillations \citep{2013arXiv1309.5383A,2012PhRvD..86a3012F}. Here we examine in detail the physical effects of neutrino mass on cosmological observables that make these constraints possible. We also consider how these constraints would be improved to ensure at least a $5\sigma$ detection.
Foraging Strategy of a Deposit Feeding Crab

Animals living in complex natural habitats commonly exhibit simple, stereotyped behavior that is highly efficient in acquiring resources (e.g. Breck, 1978; Waage, 1979; Hanski, 1980; Ydenburg, 1984; Zimmer-Faust, 1987). Such behavior reduces central nervous system processing and simplifies decision making (Oaten, 1977; Iwasa et al., 1981; Anderson, 1983). Bookstaber and Langsam (1985) have demonstrated that stereotyped behavior can evolve under conditions of extended uncertainty, where high costs in neural investment or energetic expenditures may make it optimal for an animal not to be fully responsive to fine-grain environmental cues. Given these findings, it is important for investigators to consider the temporal and spatial scales over which foragers integrate sensory information in discriminating food resources. By sampling distributions of food on an inappropriately large scale, or by averaging measurements over time or space, investigators may conclude that one habitat yields higher payoffs than another, even though on a finer scale, there may be significant overlap in distributions of food that obscure a forager’s discrimination ability. The time and energy that a forager needs to discriminate high quality patches in complex natural habitats can become so large that the most efficient response is simply to harvest each patch encountered. Patches may then be harvested at random with respect to quality, though it might be expected that forager movements between patches will not be random in order to minimize travel and to avoid patches already visited.
Modelling oxygen defects in silicon crystals using an empirical interatomic potential

Abstract An interatomic potential is proposed for modelling the thermodynamic, transport, and kinetic properties of microdefects formed in silicon crystals by oxygen in combination with interstitials and vacancies. The potential is based on a combination of the Stillinger—Weber potential for pure silicon and the potential of van Beest, Kramer and van Santen for silicas. The new potential combines these two potentials using the concept of distributed electronic charge between neighboring silicon and oxygen atoms to account for the mixture of ionic and covalent character of these bonds. The potential is fit to first principle calculations for the structure of a single oxygen interstitial in silicon, to the frequency of the infrared absorption peak at 1106 cm −1 , and to the enthalpy of formation for this defect, as predicted from solubility measurements for oxygen in silicon. All features of the puckered bond-center configuration and the absorption peak are reproduced to within 10% accuracy. The potential is used to compute the structure, infrared absorption frequencies and formation enthalpies associated with binary defects formed from oxygen—vacancy and oxygen—interstitial pairs. These results are compared to experimental evidence for these defects.
Endocrine Disturbances and Reduced Sympathetic Activity in the Development of Obesity

Obesity is associated with a number of changes in the endocrine system. Some of them occur as a result of the obesity, and some, such as changes in the secretion of adrenal steroids, may be causal. The importance of a reduction in the activity of the sympathetic nervous system in the control of obesity and nutrient regulation has been discussed. The influence of insulin and adrenal steroids on this system have been discussed in relation to changes in the activity of the sympathetic nervous system.
Beam characteristics and radiation output of a kilovoltage cone-beam CT

This study presents beam characteristics of five recently available x-ray beams produced by an on-board imager (OBI 1.4) for acquiring kilovoltage cone-beam computed tomography (kV-CBCT) and investigates suitable methods for the beam radiation output determination resulting from an image acquisition. Both are essential for commissioning an x-ray beam in a radiotherapy treatment planning system. The BEAM/DOSXYZnrc Monte Carlo codes were used in the investigation. The simulated beam data were benchmarked against measurements. Three different commercially available plastic phantom materials are investigated as liquid water substitutes in the beam radiation output determination. Ionization chambers are used for the measurements. Five kV-CBCT beam characteristics including photon fluence, average beam energy and photon spectra are generated from Monte Carlo simulations. The Monte Carlo calculated dose profiles are validated by measurements. The fluence of kV-CBCT beams is strongly dependent on the geometry of added filters as well as X and Y beam collimations. The potential errors of determining the beam output of a kV-CBCT beam in Solid Water and PMMA phantoms may approach 8% and 20%, respectively, for use in a conventional treatment planning system, whereas using the Plastic Water low-energy range (PW-LR) phantom results in errors within 2%. The Monte Carlo simulation is essential in providing the parameters of an x-ray beam which are needed for the commissioning of a kV-CBCT beam in a radiotherapy treatment planning system. The PW-LR phantom is a suitable liquid water substitute in the beam output determination resulting from a kV-CBCT acquisition.
Trade in Products and International Migration in Seasonal Labor Markets

creasing concern in the United States in recent years. Were there not limits upon permanent immigration to the United States, there would be no "illegal" problem. Nevertheless, the presence of legal temporary and illegal workers in the United States reflects an excess demand for certain types of labor in U.S. labor markets and an excess supply of such labor in the sending labor markets. The issues addressed in this paper are the relationships between agricultural product markets and agricultural labor markets for seasonal products, particularly in relation to international movements of products and factors of production. A theory of the operation of seasonal agricultural labor markets in the United States will first be given. I will then consider the contributions of the theory of trade in interpreting the current migration of labor into the United States. Specific agricultural labor markets in which there are foreign workers will then be addressed as they relate to the theme of trade and migration.
Optical design of a double pass cross-dispersed echelle spectrograph for extremely high precision extrasolar planet trackers

We describe the optical design and performance of a cross-dispersed echelle spectrograph designed to deliver high precision radial velocities. The spectrograph design enables two working modes, a Radial Velocity Mode (RVM) and a Direct Echelle Mode (DEM). The spectra resolving power of the RVM is R=18000 over 390nm-690nm when used with 1 arcsec slit, and delivering a R=27000 over 390nm-1000nm while using 0.6 arcsec slit for DEM. The focal ratio of this spectrograph is f/4 and the collimated beam diameter is 85mm. An R2 Echelle with 87 l/mm groove density and a 63 degree normal blaze angle will be used as the main disperse grating. A 45 degree PBM2Y prism operated in a double pass serves as a cross-disperser to separate the dispersion orders. Two objects spectra will be recorded on the top and bottom half of the one 4k by 4k CCD (15-micron pixel size) respectively in RVM, while one object spectra will be recorded on the same entire CCD. The total throughput of this spectrograph, in which consists of all spherical surface lenses is around 60%.
Radiation-induced Lung Injury and Inflammation in Mice: Role of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase and Surfactant Protein D

Reactive nitrogen species (RNS) generated after exposure to radiation have been implicated in lung injury. Surfactant protein D (SP-D) is a pulmonary collectin that suppresses inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)-mediated RNS production. Herein, we analyzed the role of iNOS and SP-D in radiation-induced lung injury. Exposure of wild-type (WT) mice to c-radiation (8 Gy) caused acute lung injury and inflammation, as measured by increases in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) protein and cell content at 24 h. Radiation also caused alterations in SP-D structure at 24 h and 4 weeks post exposure. These responses were blunted in iNOS � /� mice. Conversely, loss of iNOS had no effect on radiation-induced expression of phospho-H2A.X or tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-a. Additionally, at 24 h post radiation, cyclooxygenase expression and BAL lipocalin-2 levels were increased in iNOS � /� mice, and heme oxygenase (HO)-1 þ and Ym1 þ macrophages were evident. Loss of SP-D resulted in increased numbers of enlarged HO-1 þ macrophages in the lung following radiation, along with upregulation of TNF-a, CCL2, and CXCL2, whereas expression of phospho-H2A.X was diminished. To determine if RNS play a role in the altered sensitivity of SP-D � /� mice to radiation, iNOS � /– /SP-D –/– mice were used. Radiation-induced injury, oxidative stress, and tissue repair were generally similar in iNOS –/– /SP-D –/– and SP-D –/– mice. In contrast, TNF-a, CCL2, and CXCL2 expression was attenuated. These data indicate that although iNOS is involved in radiation-induced injury and altered SP-D structure, in the absence of SP-D, it functions to promote proinflammatory signaling. Thus, multiple inflammatory pathways contribute to the pathogenic response to radiation.
Wake measurements behind a large horizontal axis wind turbine generator

Abstract A detailed measurement program was undertaken in the summer of 1982 to characterize the wake behind the MOD-2, 2.5 MW, 91 m dia. wind turbine generators (WTGs) at Goodnoe Hills, Washington. Wind measurements were taken at 2 rotor diameters (2D) upwind and at 3, 5, 7 and 9D downwind WTGs 1 and 3 under operating and non-operating conditions. The measurement methodology using kite anemometry was developed to measure the wake. Most of the wake measurements were made under stable night-time flow, and the results indicated that the wake velocity deficits 9D downwind were on the order of 15–18 per cent, though, under more turbulent night-time flow, these deficits decreased to less than 10 per cent. These measured deficits were similar to those calculated from two different wake models.
A formulation of inelasticity from thermal and mechanical concepts

Abstract Technical problems involving inelastic materials are mathematically nonlinear and mechanically non-conservative. Consequently, the underlying theories must be founded upon the concepts of thermodynamics of incremental deformations [1], and the methods of solutions are invariably accomplished by numerical procedures which are achieved by solving a succession of linear equations governing the incremental deformations. Thermodynamic criteria provide the bases of variational theorems for inelastic bodies. The two presented here, are extensions of the Hu-Washizu and the Hellinger-Reissner theorems for elastic bodies. The formulation of the viscous-plastic-elastic theory is based upon thermomechanical concepts and developed in an incremental form suited to practical computations. Incremental forms of the free energy and dissipation are expressed in terms of the strains, temperature and inelastic strains. These forms are related to specific mechanical models and all quantities are identified with familiar geometrical, mechanical and thermal variables. In particular, terms of the free energy potential depend upon elastic properties while the terms of the dissipation function involve the inelastic (viscous and plastic) properties. The development is motivated by earlier works [2,3] on plasticity without a yield surface. Indeed, certain forms are contained in Valanis' work[2]. However, specific forms are correlated with classical theories of work-hardening plasticity, but essential differences are also noted.
E. O. Wilson, Stephen Pope, and Philip Hefner: A Conversation

The following represents excerpts from a transcription of the informal discussion that ensued after Stephen Pope and Philip Hefner delivered the preceding papers at the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in Washington, D.C., 20 February 2000. These excerpts are presented with a minimum of editing, to preserve the extemporaneous, informal, oral character of the conversation. The excerpts end with a fragmentary comment by E. O. Wilson, conveying the spirit of the actual conversation, which was halted when the allotted time had elapsed and the sense of the group was that areas had been opened up for further conversation that could not be continued at this meeting.
Women, gender, and the palace households in Ottoman Tunisia

This fascinating study is essential reading for the historiography of modern North Africa: it is the first book seeking to adapt for this area the crucial notion of ‘household’ to examine the histo...
The Contextual Effects of Socioeconomic Status on Student Achievement Test Scores by Race

This study seeks to understand the achievement behavior of Black and White students in poverty-concentrated, socioeconomically mixed, and affluent-concentrated school contexts. Holding socioeconomic status constant, the proportion of Black and White students performing above the national norm on the Metropolitan Achievement Test was computed and analyzed for each of these three learning environments. The proportion of students performing above the national norm is higher in affluent-concentrated schools than in poverty-concentrated schools for students in both racial groups. However, the 36 percentage points that separated Black and White populations in favor of Whites on the achievement test for all elementary and middle school combined was more or less constant in high, middle, and low socioeconomic schools, suggesting that the test score gap by race is as much a function of the test and its construction as it is a function of characteristics of the test takers.
Violence Prevention: An Ecological Adaptation of Systematic Training for Effective Parenting:

The author examines the utilization of a standardized parent-training propam, Systematic Training for Effective Parenting (STEP), in an isolated community in the Appalachian mountains where domestic ,and societal violence widely occurs. Based on the experiences of the parent educator and parents participating in the training, the STEP program is adapted to address the sociocultural context of child rearing according to an ecological model of child-abuse prevention. Recommendations are offered for implementation of a similar program in other environments in which violence is prevalent.
Determine targets with revenue maximisation and downside risk hedging considerations under the stochastic setting

This paper studies how to set revenue targets by finding the best trade-off between the expected return for achieving a target and the expected cost for missing a target when the revenue performance is stochastic. The corresponding formulas of calculating the target under the consideration of revenue maximisation, risk control, and revenue maximisation under controlled risk are developed and different scenarios under certain return and failure cost functions are discussed. This paper further discusses how to set sub-period targets under the consideration of expected revenue thereby, achieving the target at the period-end and thus controlling the downside risk. Numerical analysis about how the parameters impacting the downside risk and sub period target is also provided.
Effects of chronic lead exposure on learning and reaction time in a visual discrimination task

Abstract Long–Evans rats exposed chronically to lead (Pb) acetate (0, 75, or 300 ppm) were tested as adults on an automated, three-choice visual discrimination task as part of a larger study designed to elucidate the cognitive effects of developmental Pb exposure. Median adult BPb levels for the groups were
Behavior Problems in Children Adopted from Psychosocially Depriving Institutions

Behavior problems were investigated in 342 6- to 18-year-old children adopted from psychosocially depriving Russian institutions that provided adequate physical resources but not consistent, responsive caregiving. Results indicated that attention and externalizing problems were the most prevalent types of behavior problems in the sample as a whole. Behavior problem rates increased with age at adoption, such that children adopted at 18 months or older had higher rates than never-institutionalized children but younger-adopted children did not. There was a stronger association between age at adoption and behavior problems during adolescence than at younger ages at assessment. Children adopted from psychosocially depriving institutions had lower behavior problem rates than children adopted from severely depriving Romanian institutions in the 1990s. The implications of these results are that early psychosocial deprivation is associated with behavior problems, children exposed to prolonged early deprivation may be especially vulnerable to the developmental stresses of adolescence, and severe institutional deprivation is associated with a higher percentage of behavior problems after a shorter duration of exposure.
Inflammatory disease: From bench to bedside

These are exciting times in biomedical research. The completion of the sequencing of the human and murine genomes has permitted a comprehensive assessment of the molecular targets amenable to pharm...
Comments on the scalar-tensor theory

Scalar-tensor theories are discussed as encompassing three classical long-range fields, including the electromagnetic field. In order to shed additional light on the restrictive assumptions made by Dicke concerning the coupling of the scalar field with matter, the ponderomotive laws of a scalar-tensor theory are constructed free of approximations in the form of integral laws. The integrals are extended over two- and three-dimensional domains that lie entirely in empty space but surround the regions containing matter; as for the latter, the vacuum field equations are not required to hold, but no further assumptions are made. It turns out that the gradient of the incident scalar field will contribute to the rate of change of the mass and linear momentum of a ‘particle’ an amount proportional to that particle's scalar-field source strength, which in turn is an arbitrary function of time, unless Dicke's special restriction is imposed. To this extent the motion of a test particle is indeterminate, contrary to experience.
Modulation of Calmodulin and Protein Kinase C Activities by Pencillium Mycotoxins

Calmodulin (CaM), a calcium-binding protein, is found in high concentrations in mammalian brain where it plays a pivotal role in a large number of cellular functions. Protein kinase C (PKC), a multifunctional cytosolic enzyme, in the presence of both Ca2+ and phospholipids, transduce extracellular signals into intracellu-lar events. Both CaM and PKC are partially involved in maintaining Ca2+ homeostasis in the cell. Any fluctuations in the intracel-lular Ca2+ can modulate cellular functions and may contribute to neuronal dysfunction. Hence, the present investigation was initiated to study the effects of some selected penicillium (naturally occurring tremorgenic) mycotoxins like secalonic acid, citreoviridin, and verruculogen on CaM activity, active conformation of CaM and PKC activity. Stimulation of CaM-deflcient bovine brain 3′-5′ phosphodieste rase (PDE) indicated CaM activity. The modification of CaM active conformation was studied by the binding of fluorescent probe N-phenyl-1-napthylamine (NPN) to C...
On Distributed Run-Time Software Evolution Driven by Stakeholders of Smart Home Development (Invited Paper)

Stakeholders of smart home development often request personalized requirements based on existing services. Requirements under the environment may change at any time even when services are provided correctly, since the stakeholders eventually change their intentions. Evolvability is essential to adapting to the dynamic and ever-changing requirements in response to contextual feedback. To support software evolution for real-world applications in distributed service environments, this paper introduces architecture for distributed run-time software evolution and discusses issues of software evolution in Smart Home environments. Smart Home environments exist in feature-rich networks, and should be ideally maintained with updates at run-time.
Approximate measurement in a multiattribute utility context

Abstract W. G. Stillwell, D. A. Seaver, and W. Edwards ( Organizational Performance and Human Behavior , 1981 , 28 , 62–77) found, among other things, that a simple ranking method for eliciting weights in multiattribute utility (MAU) contexts produced orderings that were good approximations to those produced by a more rigorous, but more complicated ratio method. Because simple methods are desirable for applied work, the present research examined the degree to which three other simple methods yield good approximations to the orderings produced by the aforementioned ranking method. At the behest of a group charged with the long-term planning of a large county's park development, we had developed a MAU-based preference questionnaire which was used both in a survey of county residents' preferences and in a laboratory study; results of both of which are presented. It was found that the three simple methods—(1) point allocation, (2) voting, and (3) rating—all yielded preference orderings that were fairly good approximations to the orderings yielded by the ranking method, but that the voting method appeared to be the least satisfactory.
Transformation of Low-Affinity Lead Compounds into High-Affinity Protein Capture Agents

A simple and potentially general approach to the isolation of high-affinity and -specificity protein binding synthetic molecules is presented. A modest affinity lead compound is appended to the end of each molecule in a combinatorial library of oligomeric compounds, such as peptides or peptoids. The library is then screened under conditions too demanding for the lead to support robust binding to the protein target. It was anticipated that this procedure would select for bivalent ligands in which the oligomer library provides both a second binding element as well as an appropriate linker between this element and the lead compound. We report here synthetic ligands for the Mdm2 protein and ubiquitin able to capture their target proteins from dilute solutions in the presence of a large excess of other proteins.