cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Isolation and expression of a novel alternatively spliced mu opioid receptor isoform, MOR-1F.

Abstract The MOR-1 gene is large, with a recent study reporting nine exons spanning 250 kb which combine to yield six different mu opioid receptor splice variants. We now report the isolation of exon 10, which is contained within yet another splice variant, MOR-1F, which is composed of exons 1, 2, 3, 10, 6, 7, 8 and 9. Exon 10 comprises 186 bp which predict a unique 58 amino acid sequence extending beyond exon 3. It has been mapped between exons 4 and 6 and has flanking consensus splice sequences. On Northern blot analysis, the MOR-1F mRNA is smaller than the other MOR-1 mRNAs. When expressed in CHO cells, MOR-1F binds the mu opioid radioligand [3H]DAMGO with high affinity (KD=1.04±0.03 nM). Competition studies demonstrated the selectivity of the variant for mu opioid ligands, supporting its classification within the mu opioid receptor family.
REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY OF ASCLEPIAS EXALTATA.

An analysis of the relationships between plant size and survivorship and reproductive success was carried out by sampling four populations of the herbaceous perennial milkweed Asclepias exaltata in Virginia from 1980 to 1982. The annual survivorship rate (about 65%) is the lowest measured for any species of Asclepias. Survivorship was strongly size-dependent but showed no clear relationship with previous history of fruit production. Non-flowering plants were significantly smaller than flowering plants and showed very strong (r > 0.87) correlations between root dry weight and stem or leaf dry weight. Flowering plants were similar to nonflowering plants in root: shoot ratio (approximately 1:1) but differed in that root dry weight was not strongly correlated with stem or leaf dry weight. Components of inflorescence size were strongly correlated within a given level of comparison (e.g., stems per plant with flowers per plant) but less strongly correlated between levels (e.g., stems per plant with flowers per stem). Number of fruits per plant and percentage fruit-set were positively correlated with every component of inflorescence size. Although overall fruit-set was low (about 2%), fruits that were initiated had a high probability of surviving to maturity. There was no evidence of an early period of high fruit abortion: a relatively constant proportion of fruits aborted between each age class.
Use of thrombolytic therapy in axillary-subclavian vein thrombosis

A case of axillary-subclavian vein thrombosis associated with effort is described (Paget-Schrotter syndrome). This patient was treated successfully with thrombolytic and anticoagulant therapy. Diagnosis and management of this rare clinical entity are discussed.
Microbial consumption and production of volatile organic compounds at the soil-litter interface

Substantial amounts of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) can be released during decom- position and these compounds can affect atmospheric chemistry, belowground processes, and the structure of microbial communities in litter and soil. However, we have a limited understanding of the types, quantities and ecological impacts of VOCs emitted from litter. Here we used a closed flow-through system and proton transfer reaction mass spectrom- etry (PTR-MS) to characterize VOC emissions from soil and two litter types (Pinus taeda and Acer rubrum) over a 72-day incubation period. Microbial respiration rates were measured throughout the incubation, and the soils were harvested at the end of the incubation to determine how litter VOCs influenced soil C dynamics, N mineralization rates, and bacterial communities. Using the PTR-MS we identified over 100 VOCs, with 10 VOCs making up the majority of emissions. VOCs accounted for up to 2.5% of the C flux from litter. Soil was a net sink of litter VOCs, absorbing up to 80% of VOCs released by litter, and exposure of soil to litter VOCs increased microbial respiration rates in soil by up to 15%. However, we observed negligible impacts of litter VOCs on soil nutrient levels and bacterial community structure, suggesting that soils must be exposed to higher concentrations of VOCs than observed in our study, to cause effects on these soil characteristics. Overall, VOCs appear to have an important influence on C dynamics at the soil-litter interface and VOC emissions from decomposing litter may represent an understudied component of biosphere-atmosphere interactions.
Non-lattice matched growth of InxGa1-xAs (0.53<x<0.80) on InP

Abstract The linearly-graded low-temperature buffer (LGLTB) approach developed by Harmand et al. [1] for growing materials with lattice parameters different from the substrate was extended to thick layers and minority carrier devices, using In x Ga 1- x As alloys with x =0.53 to 0.80 on InP. Structurally, the device layers were 90% to 100% relaxed with less than mid 10 5 cm -2 threading dislocations. Mobilities for 3 μm thick layers as well as modulation-doped structures of In 0.80 Ga 0.20 As were as high as 16,300 cm 2 /V·s at room temperature. p-n Homojunction diodes were nearly ideal and could be modeled with a diffusion-controlled leakeage current using minority carrier lifetimes of τ n = τ p =5×10 -9 s .
IMMUNOLOGIC CROSS-REACTIONS AMONG MAMMALIAN ACUTE PHASE PROTEINS

Crystalline rabbit Cx-reactive protein has been compared immunologically with the analogous crystalline C-reactive protein of man. Immunologic cross-reactivity has been demonstrated between the acute phase proteins of man, rabbit, and monkey. Double-diffusion reactions in agar and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis reactions in vivo both indicate that these acute phase proteins are antigenically closely similar but not identical. Guinea pigs with delayed hypersensitivity to C-reactive protein exhibit delayed skin reactions when tested with Cx-reactive protein and vice versa.
Abstract 2357: The TROY/TNFRSF19 receptor is overexpressed in human glioblastoma multiforme and regulates glioma cell survival via the NFkB pathway activation

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL Glial tumors progress to malignant grades by heightened proliferation and aggressive invasion of the surrounding normal brain. Understanding the genetic and biochemical processes that foster these behaviors is likely to reveal specific and effective targets for therapeutic intervention. We have identified TROY / TNFRSF19 as a novel transmembrane receptor that is overexpressed in glioblastoma multiforme. TROY is an orphan member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) superfamily that lacks a cytoplasmic death domain. Our previous data demonstrates that the level of TROY mRNA expression directly correlates with increasing glial tumor grade and inversely with overall patient survival. In addition, TROY overexpression in glioma cells activates Rac1 signaling in a Pyk2-dependent manner to drive invasion and migration. Here, we show that TROY over-expression enhances glioma cell survival against chemotherapy-induced cell death. TROY expressing glioma cells also displayed an increased resistance to temozolomide (TMZ) treatment. Conversely, siRNA mediated-depletion of TROY expression enhanced TMZ-induced cell death. To investigate the mechanism of TROY-induced cell survival, we surveyed a panel of known cancer signaling pathways by immunoblot analysis of cell lysates from untransfected glioma cells and lysates from glioma cells overexpressing TROY. Of the signaling pathways surveyed, we observed an increased activation of the Akt and NFκB pathways in TROY overexpressing cells relative to the untransfected cells. Inhibition of the NFκB pathway by expression of the super-repressor IκBα mutant abrogated TROY-induced cell survival to TMZ treatment. Similarly, inhibition of the Akt pathway by treatment of cells with the pharmacological inhibitor, LY294002, increased TMZ-induced cell death in TROY expressing cells. Together, these data indicate that TROY-stimulated glioma cell migration and invasion increases resistance to chemotherapy-induced cell death in glioma. Understanding the function of TROY in glioma biology may lead to the development of effective therapies against invasive gliomas. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2357. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-2357
Conceptual Foundations Of Iq Testing

Cognitive neuroscience has not yet arrived at a definition of what human "intelligence" is. Intelligence is a chapter-heading word used in the 19th century to denote some unspecified mental property that increases in evolution. Other words were given speculative evolutionary meanings in the 19th century: genius, degeneracy, retardation. When the Binet-Simon test came along as a test to screen degrees of mental retardation, later as a pupil classification instrument, some (not Binet) associated the test with these 19th-century words and meanings. Descendants of the Binet-Simon instrument, IQ tests, remain useful today, but the old legendry lives on with them, at times supporting speculative social and political arguments. Researchers need to disentangle what is factual about IQ testing from its associated legendry. The "intelligence" that the IQ test is supposed to test has never been defined in precise scientific terms and there is no evidence from cognitive neuroscience to indicate that it can be. Many words in the English language—e.g., "intelligent," "courageous," "hard-working," "thoughtful"—are useful in denoting differences between people even though the properties suggested by the words cannot be traced back to simple and distinct processes at the physiological level. The belief that there is a unitary human property of intelligence— and that it can be measured—arose at the turn of the 20th century. What brought it to life was not the findings of scientific research but, first, speculative efforts to account for human differences in evolutionary terms and, second, the invention of a practically useful school readiness test. Before the turn of the 20th century, words denoting properties of people—"intel ligence," "genius," "degeneracy," "retardation"— were given speculative evolutionary meanings. These interpretations all together formed what one might call a cloud of legendry. When, in the first decade of the 20th century, Binet and Simon put forward a useful "Measuring Scale of Intelligence" for ascertaining children's readiness for school, the cloud of legendry descended around the test. In the 20th century, IQ test data have been given social and political interpretations that owe much to the legendry and very little to scientific information about what the IQ test is and does. Researchers know enough today to disentangle the scientifically and psychometrically meaningful part of IQ testing from the cloud of legendry, and they should proceed to do just that. The conceptual foundations of IQ testing, the words and ideas to be embodied in speculations about what the tests might mean in evolutionary terms, were established well before the tests were invented. In the 19th century, scientists often connected their work to everyday life by attaching scientific meanings to ordinary words. C. S. Peirce used to argue it was a mistake to do this. Invent neologisms, he said. Otherwise, words' traditional meanings contaminate and confuse your thinking about the scientific phenomena. But scientists, including
An Ergonomic Evaluation of a Drywall Board Transport Handle: Single-Person Transport Task

The objective of this study was to determine how the use of a drywall board transport-handle affects physical stress on the human body, subjective reports of pain, discomfort, and physical exhaustion, and task performance compared to a no transport-handle condition. Eight construction workers lifted and transported 20 drywall boards in a simulated single-person construction task. Results indicated that there were no significant differences between the two board transport conditions on any of the subjective and physical data collected. Average task performance times were slower for the handle-use condition (232 seconds compared to 207 seconds), but this difference was not statistically significant. A serious shortcoming of the transport handle evaluated in this study is that it does not eliminate the major risk factors associated with drywall installation: frequent lifting and carrying of very heavy objects, and awkward postures of numerous types. Drywall installers' work-related musculoskeletal disorders ...
Simulation of interrelations of the Everglades' marsh, peat, fire, water and phosphorus☆

Abstract Some of the principal controlling factors affecting the Everglades marsh system were combined in a simple model including growth of grass, water levels, rain, transpiration, peat deposition, fire and phosphorus and controlled inflow of water containing nutrients. Using data from published sources, coefficients were estimated and the model was simulated for several regimes, for varying concentrations of nutrient in the inflows and for varying access to fire. The resulting graphs resemble patterns reported from the Everglades, with some regimes producing regular repeating patterns and frequent small fires, whereas other regimes produced erratic and widely fluctuating patterns of vegetation, flood and fire. High phosphorus increased water loss by affecting plant transpiration: oscillations of vegetation and fire caused nutrient oscillations. Inflow of low nutrient water decreased nutrient levels by binding nutrients in plant masses. Continuous high water levels developed large accumulations of vegetation and peat, binding the nutrients, making larger fires when water levels were lowered. If this model is pertinent, a regular period of variation of water inflow and limited nutrients may be means for management of marshes for long range stability.
Toluene blood level following subcutaneous injection of toluene in the rat.

Abstract A model of toluene level in blood following subcutaneous injection of toluene mixed with polyoxyethylated-vegetable-oil vehicle was developed. The purpose was to provide a means of predicting dose received for subsequent toxicologic studies for any time and dose combination. The pharmacokinetics were of secondary interest. Using data from 111 rats, a four-parameter equation was devised to predict the time course of toluene blood level from 20–480 min post dosing, for dose levels of 50–1000 mg/kg. Blood concentrations rose at a rate which was independent of dose level. Maximum blood levels were uniquely determined by dose level. Blood levels fell at different rates depending upon dose level. Injection exposure, when compared to inhalation, has the advantages of (a) low expense, (b) low equipment requirements, and (c) simplicity. The disadvantage is, for some experiments, poor temporal simulation of the normal route of administration, inhalation.
Thermolyses of O-phenyl oxime ethers. A new source of iminyl radicals and a new source of aryloxyl radicals.

Six O-phenyl ketoxime ethers, RR‘CNOPh 1−6, with RR‘ = diaryl, dialkyl, and arylalkyl, together with N-phenoxybenzimidic acid phenyl ether, PhO(Ph)CNOPh, 7, have been shown to thermolyze at moderate temperatures with “clean” N−O bond homolyses to yield iminyl and phenoxyl radicals, RR‘CN• and PhO•. Since 1−6 can be synthesized at room temperature, these compounds provide a new and potentially useful source of iminyls for syntheses. The iminyl from 7 undergoes a competition between β-scission, to PhCN and PhO•, and cyclization to an oxazole. Rate constants, 106 k/s-1, at 90 °C for 1−6 range from 4.2 (RR‘ = 9-fluorenyl) to 180 (RR‘ = 9-bicyclononanyl), and that for 7 is 0.61. The estimated activation enthalpies for N−O bond scission are in satisfactory agreement with the results of DFT calculations of N−O bond dissociation enthalpies, BDEs, and represent the first thermochemical data for any reaction yielding iminyl radicals. The small range in k (N−O homolyses) is consistent with the known σ structure of t...
Sigma-2 receptor ligands potentiate conventional chemotherapies and improve survival in models of pancreatic adenocarcinoma.

Background We have previously reported that the sigma-2 receptor is highly expressed in pancreas cancer. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that sigma-2 receptor specific ligands induce apoptosis in a dose-dependent fashion. Here, we examined whether sigma-2 receptor ligands potentiate conventional chemotherapies such as gemcitabine and paclitaxel.
Unit-cell dimensions and space group of 6-mercaptopurine monohydrate.

RECENT studies have directed attention to the possible chemotherapeutic activity of 6-mercaptopurine. The compound has been synthesized1 and found to be a purine antagonist in Lactobacillus casei 2. It acts as a moderate inhibitor on sarcoma 1803 and on some types of carcinoma4. A preliminary X-ray investigation of the substance was undertaken in view of its biochemical importance.
The Role of Sexual Abuse and Dysfunctional Attitudes in Perceived Stress and Negative Mood in Pregnant Adolescents: An Ecological Momentary Assessment Study.

Abstract Study Objective Latinas have the highest rates of adolescent pregnancy in the United States. Identifying means to improve the well-being of these young women is critical. The current study examined whether a history of child sexual abuse—itself a risk factor for adolescent pregnancy—was associated with more perceived stress and negative mood over the course of pregnancy and whether dysfunctional attitudes explained these associations. Design and Setting This mixed methods study involved laboratory-based assessments of perceived stress, sexual abuse history, and dysfunctional attitudes, as well as Ecological Momentary Assessments (EMA) of mood states every 30 minutes during a 24-hour period once during each trimester of pregnancy. Participants Pregnant adolescents (N = 204, 85% Latina). Main Outcome Measures EMA mood states and laboratory-based retrospective self–reports of perceived stress. Results One in 4 pregnant adolescents had a history of sexual abuse. Sexually abused adolescents reported greater perceived stress during the first trimester relative to those without, though the groups did not differ on EMA negative mood ratings. Dysfunctional attitudes explained associations between sexual abuse and perceived stress. Sexual abuse was indirectly associated with the intercept and slope of negative mood through dysfunctional attitudes. Findings were circumscribed to sexual abuse and not other types of child abuse. Conclusions Identifying sexually abused pregnant adolescents and providing support and cognitive therapy to target dysfunctional beliefs may decrease stress during the first trimester as well as negative affect throughout pregnancy.
Aerobic exercise and mood. A brief review, 1985-1990.

The major reviews of research on aerobic exercise and mood published in the past 10 years and the well-controlled empirical studies in the last 5 years yield a number of consistent conclusions. First, researchers unanimously concluded that aerobic exercise and depression and anxiety are related in a inverse and consistent manner. Yet they consistently refrained from suggesting that this relationship involves causality. Second, studies consistently reported that aerobic exercise is effective in the treatment of mild to moderate forms of depression and anxiety. In fact, it was the conclusion of several researchers that aerobic exercise was as effective as more traditional methods of psychotherapy. Third, it consistently was reported that the increased benefits were greatest in those who were more depressed and more anxious. Fourth, it was reported consistently that an increase in cardiovascular fitness was not necessary for mood enhancement. Finally, because the few existing longitudinal studies predominantly involve pre-experimental and quasi-experimental designs, the hypothesis that exercise leads to mood changes cannot be accepted nor refuted at this time.
Spectral analysis of bovine grazing behavior on Neotyphodium coenophialum infested tall fescue

Bovines spend less time grazing and have reduced intake when grazing endophyte-infected (E +), Neotyphodium coenophialum Glen, Bacon, and Hamlin (comb. novo) Morgan-Jones and Gams vs. endophyte-free (E −) tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea, Shreb.). Because bovine grazing behavior follows series of repeatable cycles, cyclic grazing behavior was studied using spectral analysis to determine if grazing response differed due to endophyte presence. Two 0.81-ha paddocks, one containing E − Kentucky-31 (KY-31) tall fescue and one containing E + KY-31 (100% tiller infection rate) were stocked with yearling Angus steers in the spring and summer for two years. Trained observers monitored steer behavior during two 48-h periods in each year. Spectral analysis, a technique used to detect sinusoidal components in a time series, revealed that steers grazing E − fescue repeated grazing behavior in 12- and 6-h intervals while E + steers exhibited an additional 8-h cycle. Steers grazing E + fescue spent less time (P < 0.05) grazing and lying, and more time standing (P < 0.05), than E − steers for both years. Crosscorrelations between hourly grazing behavior and hourly solar radiation resulted in significant, negative correlations at lag = 0 for E + steers and with correlations near zero for E − steers. We conclude steers grazing E + fescue exhibited different grazing behavior from steers grazing E − fescue and that spectral analysis was valuable in describing grazing behavior.
Angular and velocity distributions characteristic of the transition between the thermal and structure regimes of gas-surface scattering.

Angular variations in the kinetic energy of scattered species are found to provide a useful probe of the transition between gas-surface scattering regimes, complementing angular flux distributions. As incidence energies exceed a few eV, these change from being consistent with scattering from an extended target to being more typical of scattering from individual atoms. Results are presented for the Xe/Pt(111) system and are supported by detailed trajectory calculations.
Reevaluation of Tsunami Formation by Debris Avalanche at Augustine Volcano, Alaska

Debris avalanches entering the sea at Augustine Volcano, Alaska have been proposed as a mechanism for generating tsunamis. Historical accounts of the 1883 eruption of the volcano describe 6- to 9-meter-high waves that struck the coastline at English Bay (Nanwalek), Alaska about 80 kilometers east of Augustine Island. These accounts are often cited as proof that volcanigenic tsunamis from Augustine Volcano are significant hazards to the coastal zone of lower Cook Inlet. This claim is disputed because deposits of unequivocal tsunami origin are not evident at more than 50 sites along the lower Cook Inlet coastline where they might be preserved. Shallow water (< 25 m) around Augustine Island, in the run-out zone for debris avalanches, limits the size of an avalanche-caused wave. If the two most recent debris avalanches, Burr Point (A.D. 1883) and West Island (< 500 yr. B.P.) were traveling at velocities in the range of 50 to 100 meters per second, the kinetic energy of the avalanches at the point of impact with the ocean would have been between 1014 and 1015 joules. Although some of this energy would be dissipated through boundary interactions and momentum transfer between the avalanche and the sea, the initial wave should have possessed sufficient kinetic energy to do geomorphic work (erosion, sediment transport, formation of wave-cut features) on the coastline of lower Cook Inlet. Because widespread evidence of the effects of large waves cannot be found, it appears that the debris avalanches could not have been traveling very fast when they entered the sea, or they happened during low tide and displaced only small volumes of water. In light of these results, the hazard from volcanigenic tsunamis from Augustine Volcano appears minor, unless a very large debris avalanche occurs at high tide.
Is effective contraceptive use conceived prenatally in Florida? The association between prenatal contraceptive counseling and postpartum contraceptive use.

The objective of this study is to describe the prevalence of postpartum contraceptive use among women experiencing a live birth in Florida in 2004–2005. To examine the association between family planning counseling during prenatal care visits and the use of effective contraceptive methods among postpartum women. Matched data from Florida PRAMS and Vital Statistics were used (n = 3,962). Weighted logistic regression was used to determine the association between prenatal family planning counseling and effective postpartum contraceptive use. Odds ratios were adjusted for use of contraception prior to pregnancy, well-baby checkup, race, ethnicity, nativity, education, marital status, poverty level, stress before or during pregnancy, and parity. Women who reported discussing family planning with their prenatal care provider were more likely to use effective contraception postpartum (AOR: 1.5, 1.1–2.0) compared to women who did not report a discussion. Women who used contraception prior to pregnancy (AOR: 2.3, 1.7–3.2) and women who experienced no stress before or during pregnancy (AOR: 2.0, 1.2–3.4) were also more likely to use contraception in the postpartum period. A significant interaction was identified between family planning counseling during prenatal visits and maternal education. Stratum specific odds ratios for women who received prenatal family planning counseling were significant for women with less than high school education (AOR: 2.5, 1.3–5.1) and for women with high school education (AOR: 2.0, 1.2–3.4). Women reporting family planning counseling during prenatal care were more likely to use effective contraception postpartum. While women with high school or less than high school education levels benefited from prenatal family planning counseling, the greatest benefit was observed for women with less than high school education. Integrating family planning counseling into prenatal care may increase the use of effective contraceptive methods among postpartum women.
A five-year assessment of corn stover harvest in central Iowa, USA

Sustainable feedstock harvest strategies are needed to ensure bioenergy production does not irreversibly degrade soil resources. The objective for this study was to document corn (Zea mays L.) grain and stover fraction yields, plant nutrient removal and replacement costs, feedstock quality, soil-test changes, and soil quality indicator response to four stover harvest strategies for continuous corn and a corn-soybean [Glycine max. (L.) Merr.] rotation. The treatments included collecting (1) all standing plant material above a stubble height of 10 cm (whole plant), (2) the upper-half by height (ear shank upward), (3) the lower-half by height (from the 10 cm stubble height to just below the earshank), or (4) no removal. Collectable biomass from Treatment 2 averaged 3.9 ({+-}0.8) Mg ha{sup -1} for continuous corn (2005 through 2009), and 4.8 ({+-}0.4) Mg ha{sup -1} for the rotated corn (2005, 2007, and 2009). Compared to harvesting only the grain, collecting stover increased the average N-P-K removal by 29, 3 and 34 kg ha{sup -1} for continuous corn and 42, 3, and 34 kg ha{sup -1} for rotated corn, respectively. Harvesting the lower-half of the corn plant (Treatment 3) required two passes, resulted in frequent plugging of the combine, and provided a feedstockmore » with low quality for conversion to biofuel. Therefore, Treatment 3 was replaced by a 'cobs-only' harvest starting in 2009. Structural sugars glucan and xylan accounted for up to 60% of the chemical composition, while galactan, arabinan, and mannose constituted less than 5% of the harvest fractions collected from 2005 through 2008. Soil-test data from samples collected after the first harvest (2005) revealed low to very low plant-available P and K levels which reduced soybean yield in 2006 after harvesting the whole-plant in 2005. Average continuous corn yields were 21% lower than rotated yields with no significant differences due to stover harvest. Rotated corn yields in 2009 showed some significant differences, presumably because soil-test P was again in the low range. A soil quality analysis using the Soil Management Assessment Framework (SMAF) with six indicators showed that soils at the continuous corn and rotated sites were functioning at an average of 93 and 83% of their inherent potential, respectively. With good crop management practices, including routine soil-testing, adequate fertilization, maintenance of soil organic matter, sustained soil structure, and prevention of wind, water or tillage erosion, a portion of the corn stover being produced in central Iowa, USA can be harvested in a sustainable manner.« less
Psychological concepts useful in the building of political foundations between nations: Track II diplomacy.

There are two phases in the process of negotiating for peace with antagonistic national groups. The leader (or leaders) of one such group will not negotiate with his opposite number until political foundations to support such negotiation are laid down, and obstacles to peace identified and dealt with; at least some measure of success is anticipated by both sides. Accordingly, the first phase requires the building of bridges between those representing opposing nations. The activities in this preliminary phase are sometimes called Track II diplomacy; they differ from those of official or Track I diplomacy. I suggest two kinds of concepts that may be useful in Track II diplomacy, and present them in the hope of initialing further discussion, and exploration of metapsychological underpinnings of each concept. As Mitscherlich (1971) suggested, the psychology of international politics may be better understood if psychoanalysts are willing to engage in interdisciplinary work with others engaged in such endeavors.
Correlation between karyotype and ultrasound findings in patients with failed early pregnancy

The aim of this retrospetive study was to identify any consistent patterns between ultrasound findings in failed pregnancies and either normal or abnormal karyotypes. The study involved 102 women in whom the diagnosis of early pregnancy failure was made sonographically. The criteria for a failed pregnancy were: a gestational sac with a mean diameter of > 12 mm without a yolk sac; a yolk sac of > 6 mm mean diameter with or without abnormal morphology that ultimately failed to develop an embryonic structure; and an embryo with a crown--rump length (CRL) of > 5 mm without cardiac activity, or the loss of previously identified cardiac activity. All patients underwent elective dilatation and curettage (D & C) and products of conception were sent for karyotyping. Forty-four pregnancies (43%) had abnormal karyotypes. Of these, 33 (75%) were trisomies. The other 11 included four triploidies, one tetraploidy, two with monosomy X, and four others (unbalanced complement, isochromosome, terminal deletion and translocation). Fifty-eight pregnancies (57%) had normal karyotypes, of which 52 were 46,XX and six were 46,XY. The furthest sonographic anatomic landmark achieved did not differ with respect to karyotypic findings. An abnormal yolk sac was found in 10/58 cases (17.2%) with normal karyotypes and 8/44 cases (18.2%) with abnormal karyotypes. There were eight cases of trisomy 16, of which only two manifested an embryonic structure, but neither of which had cardiac activity; the largest was 4 mm. There were four cases of trisomy 22, of which three developed embryos with a CRL of > 10 mm with cardiac activity (11, 11 and 18 mm, respectively). In three cases of mosaicism, embryos developed cardiac activity, and were 9, 19 and 16 mm. Two cases of monosomy X had embryos of 14 and 24 mm. Only one out of five cases with multiple trisomies developed to a point at which any embryonic structure was identifiable on ultrasound examination. The ultrasound appearance of early pregnancy failure in terms of furthest anatomic landmark reached was not significantly different in cases with normal or abnormal karyotype. An abnormally enlarged yolk sac, presumably secondary to hydropic change, is a non-specific finding of failed pregnancy, and did not correlate with karyotypic abnormality (trisomy 22, mosaic, monosomy X) seem to develop further prior to embryonic demise than those with certain others (trisomy 16, multiple trisomies and unusual other variants.
The determination of surface debye temperatures from low-energy electron diffraction data

Abstract The temperature dependence of low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) intensities has often been interpreted with kinematic theory in terms of an effective Debye temperature θ D eff of the surface atoms. The validity of this procedure, often questioned in the literature, is tested with a computer experiment in which LEED spectra are calculated from dynamical theory (layer-KKR method) for a model of Ag{111} with a given value of θ D eff and then the usual kinematic formulae are used to re-extract the value of θ D eff . The results of the experiment indicate that this procedure yields rough values of the surface Debye temperature for electron energies higher than about 40 eV, which fluctuate substantially and tend to be somewhat smaller than that originally introduced into the model. At energies lower than about 40 eV the kinematically deduced values of θ D eff are too large by 10 to 15 %.
Derivatives of 2-oxo-3(2H)-benzothiazolineacetonitrile and related compounds. II. Synthesis of 2-oxo-alkyl esters of 3(2H)-benzothiazolineacetimidic acids and related products

The reaction of the appropriate 2-benzothiazolinone or 2-benzoxazolinone under basic conditions with (1) 2-chloropropionitrile, (2) acrylonitrile, (3) 4-chlorobutyronitrile or (4) chloroacetonitrile afforded the nitriles 1–8. The reaction of various nitriles with alcoholic-hydrogen chloride solutions at low temperatures afforded the hydrogen chloride salts of the imino-ester which upon neutralization with potassium carbonate yielded the titled compounds.
Radionuclide Localization of Massive Pulmonary Hemorrhage

Lung scans with technetium sulfur colloid were performed in ten patients with life-threatening hemoptysis and nondiagnostic chest roentgenograms. Localized deposition of radionuclide was demonstrated in five of the six patients who were studied during active bleeding. These abnormalities were confirmed bronchoscopically in four patients, and lung scans provided clinically useful information regarding the bleeding site that had not been available from the medical history, physical examination, or chest roentgenogram. Evaluation with radionuclide scanning may complement bronchoscopic and roentgenographic studies in selected patients with massive pulmonary hemorrhage.
A case controlled study of laparoscopic incisional hernia repair

Background: Although the feasibility of laparoscopic incisional herniorrhaphy has been demonstrated, its advantages over the open technique are still unproven.
Amorphous FeTiC phase produced by ion implantation of iron and its role in tribological behavior

Abstract The amorphous phase produced by high fluence implantation of both Ti and C ions into pure Fe has been investigated by conversion electron Mossbauer spectroscopy (CEMS) aided by implantation of enriched 57 Fe. The tribological behavior of this near-surface amorphous layer has been examined under lubricated, sliding-wear conditions. No change in friction coefficient occurred but the average wear rate was reduced about two orders of magnitude compared to unimplanted Fe. No measurable crystallization or oxidation of the amorphous layer was detected by CEMS following the wear tests.
Microstructure of Silicon Carbide/Carbon Composites and Relationships with Mechanical Properties

Three different 2-D SiC/C composites, analyzed by TEM, have mechanical performances directly controlled by the interfacial structure resulting from processing. Localized attachment of the fibers to a brittle matrix constituent is shown to be responsible for composite weakening by impeding interface debonding and sliding. Moreover, the particulate phase used in the matrix is found to have a strong influence. There is a consequent sensitivity of composite strength to the particulate properties. Finally, it is demonstrated that the hindrance of debonding and sliding caused by the brittle matrix phase can be suppressed by using a C fiber coating.
Motions of particle microstructures in the magnetopause boundary layer

Particle flux data acquired by the ISEE 1 and 2 spacecraft reveal many of magnitude changes within the magnetopause boundary layer that occur during less than 1/4 s of time. These changes define small-scale particle structure, or microstructures within the region, many of which are apparently inclusions of plasma from adjacent regions. Particle structures resolved by the high time resolution data include groups with periods as short as 0.375 s. An estimate is derived for the motion of the microstructures with respect to an oscillatory inner boundary for four afternoon sector boundary layer crossings by measuring interspacecraft time differences as the features propagate past the satellites. On average the microstructures move toward the tail of the magnetosphere in concert with the wavy large-scale inner boundary. Furthermore, the orientations of the edges of the structures maintain an aspect similar to that of the boundary. These characteristics are expected for magnetohydrodynamic plasma flows that generate vorticity due to velocity shear stresses.
Small and Potentially Resectable Focal Pancreatic Lesions Noted on CT/MRI Scans in Nonjaundiced Patients: Likelihood of Neoplasia and Utility of EUS

Background Management of small and potentially resectable “mass” lesions encountered on CT/MRI scans in patients without obstructive jaundice (ObJ) is rather empirical since there is scant data on likelihood of neoplasm to formulate treatment strategies. We evaluated (1) the prevalence of neoplasm and (2) performance characteristics of EUS-FNA for diagnosing neoplasm in above-mentioned subset of patients.
Glucose inhibits the high-affinity (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase in the plasma membrane of a glucose-responsive insulinoma.

Abstract (Ca 2+ + Mg 2+ )-ATPase enzyme activity of a purified plasma membrane preparation from a glucose responsive rat insulinoma, was characterized as Ca 2+ -dependent dephosphorylation of [ γ - 32 P]ATP. A high-affinity enzyme with a K m (ATP) raging from 20 to 30 μM and a K m (Ca 2+ ) of 1 μM was identified. Glucose inhibited this high-affinity enzyme in a dose-dependent manner, with no significant inhibition at a concentration between 0 and 5 mM, 50% inhibition at 13.3 mM and 94.5% inhibition at 30 mM. The inhibitory effect of glucose was immediate and rapidly reversible. The effect of stereospecific for the α-anomer. These findings support the concept that glucose acts directly at the β-cell plasma membrane and is involved in the maintenance of elevated intracellular free calcium concentrations associated with insulin release by directly or indirectly inhibiting energy-dependent calcium efflux. Glyceraldehyde (20 mM) increased enzyme activity 3-fold, while other metabolic fuels had no effect. This suggests that inhibition of the enzyme is not an obligatory requirement for insulin release. Calmodulin stimulated the enzyme activity in calmodulin-depleted but not in undepleted membranes. Trifluoperazine (30–100 μM) inhibited (Ca 1+ + Mg 2+ )-ATPase in a dose-dependent manner (14–61% activity) and the activity was also inhibited by vanadate (0.1–1.0 mM) and NaCl (150 mM).
Vapor pressure of holmium metal and decomposition pressures of holmium carbides

A method for the extension of the measurement of the vapor pressure of metals to include the range of pressure frora 10 to 10/sup -8/ ram was devised. The method is applicable to metals which forra a stable carbide in the range of temperature to be determined by the Langmuir method of measurement, and the use of the higher pressure region is limited only by the normal imudsen restriction of a characterizable vapor species. The study of the lower pressure region was accoraplished by the use of a large evaporation area surrounded by a condenser. The use of the condenser allowed the possibility of using a large evaporation area while the total weight supported by the balance was small, and thus allowed the sensitivity of the balance to be greater. The use of the normal Knudsen method in the higher pressure region was done as a check on the other techniques and this method was extended to still higher pressures by the use of a tube orifice, requiring a large Clausing factor correction. By the use of the above methods the vapor pressure of holmium metal was studied from 650 to 1750 deg C, so that the vaporization as wellmore » as the sublimation process could be observed. The data yielded the heat of sublimation (70.6 plus or minus 0.5 kcal/mole), the heat of vaporization (64.7 plus or minus 0.5 kcal/mole) and the heat of fusion (4.6 plus or minus 0.6 kcal/raole). No evidence of a transformation was observed, but the scatter of the data in the temperature region immediately below the melting point of the metal is such that the existence of phenomena of this type is not excluded. The use of the carbide formation as a means to retain holmium vapor on the condenser necessitated the consideration of the thermal stability of the carbide of holmium, since the re-evaporation of any of the metal would lead to erroneous readings. To this end, it was determined that the carbide formed on the condenser is the dicarbide, and that at elevated temperatures, this can be decomposed to yield the metal and graphite. The equilibrium decomposition pressure of the dicarbide was measured by the Knudsen method. The sesquicarbide was prepared and the decomposition pressure determined by the Knudsen method. The sesquicarbide decomposes to the dicarbide and holmium vapor as evidenced by the x-ray diffraction patterns of the residue of the decomposition pressure determinations. An attempt to measure the decomposition pressure of a third holmium --carbon compound, as indicated by Gschniedner, was unsuccessful due to the inability to identify the phases present in the decomposition products.« less
Improving visual acuity in a myopic child: Assessing compliance and effectiveness

Abstract Improvements in visual acuity following vision training were evaluated for an 11 1 2 -yr-old myopic male. Initial increases in the distance at which the S could discriminate letters were found. However, performance began to deteriorate as training progressed. A negative-reinforcement procedure was employed in order to rule out motivational factors potentially related to this decreased performance. Using a changing criterion within an ABCBC reversal design, the distance at which the S correctly discriminated letters increased by more than 4 1 2 times and was clearly related to the reinforcement procedure.
NAD+-15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase distribution in rat kidney.

Rat kidney NAD+-dependent 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (PGDH) was measured in zones and substructure of the rat kidney nephron. This was accomplished utilizing an assay procedure based upon determining the amount of prostaglandin E1 present before and after the reaction with the 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase contained in the tissue sample. The enzyme activity was assayed in freeze dried, quick frozen rat kidney sections and its distribution within the rat kidney was determined. In kidney zones, it was localized to medullary rays and inner cortex. In kidney substructure, activity was highest in collecting tubule, pars recti tubule, distal convoluted tubule and the ascending limb of Henle (14.2, 11.5, 6.4 and 9.2 mM kg-1hr-1, respectively). Activity in glomeruli, proximal convoluted tubule and small arteries was lower (2.1, 2.8 and 2.1 mM kg-1hr-1, respectively). The assay procedure was verified by established assays (spectrophotometric, fluorometric and radiometric TLC) which are often use...
Association of Retinal Vessel Caliber to Optic Disc and Cup Diameters

PURPOSE: To investigate whether optic disc size is related to retinal venule and arteriole diameters. METHODS: The population of Beaver Dam, Wisconsin, aged 43 to 86 years were invited to participate in a baseline examination from 1988 to 1990. During this examination, photographs, centered on the optic discs, were taken after pupil dilation. Optic discs and cups were measured from stereoscopic photographs, whereas retinal vessel measurements were taken from a single digitized photograph. Central retinal vein and central retinal arterial equivalents were subsequently calculated. Data for 3887 right eyes are included in the analyses. RESULTS: Narrower retinal venules and arterioles were found in the smaller optic discs controlling for optic cup diameter as well as age, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, refraction, and sex. Central retinal artery equivalents ranged from 156.04 +/- 16.82 microm in the smallest optic disc category to 165.93 +/- 15.17 microm in the larger disc category (P < 0.001). Central retinal vein equivalents ranged from 228.93 +/- 21.26 microm in the smallest to 243.18 +/- 22.32 microm in the larger disc categories (P < 0.001). The significant reduction in retinal vessel diameters was only apparent for the smallest optic disc sizes. A reduction in retinal vessel diameters was less consistent and not significant for small optic cup sizes. CONCLUSIONS: Smallest optic discs were associated with smaller central retinal artery and central retinal vein diameters. This anatomic relationship may be useful as an additional associated indicator for nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy as well as for retinal vascular events.
Regge-Pole Model for the Photoproduction of Vector Mesons

A detailed analysis of the vector-dominance model for photoproduction of vector mesons and Compton scattering is presented. It is shown that the vector-dominance model of Compton scattering is consistent with the findings of Abarbanel et al. that a fixed pole is necessary at nonsense value of the angular momentum in the amplitudes for Compton scattering. Good diffraction patterns for the photoproduction of ${\ensuremath{\rho}}^{0}$ and $\ensuremath{\omega}$ are obtained. It is found from the differential cross section for $\ensuremath{\omega}$ production that the value $\frac{{x}_{\ensuremath{\omega}}}{{x}_{\ensuremath{\rho}}}\ensuremath{\approx}\frac{1}{3}$, where ${x}_{V}$ is the $\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{-}V$ coupling, is in better agreement with experiment than its estimate from the model of Oakes and Sakurai. Predictions for the angular distribution of photoproduced vector mesons at higher energies (${E}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}}\ensuremath{\approx}18$ GeV) are made.
Ipl1/Aurora-dependent phosphorylation of Sli15/INCENP regulates CPC–spindle interaction to ensure proper microtubule dynamics

Dynamic microtubules facilitate chromosome arrangement before anaphase, whereas during anaphase microtubule stability assists chromosome separation. Changes in microtubule dynamics at the metaphase–anaphase transition are regulated by Cdk1. Cdk1-mediated phosphorylation of Sli15/INCENP promotes preanaphase microtubule dynamics by preventing chromosomal passenger complex (CPC; Sli15/INCENP, Bir1/Survivin, Nbl1/Borealin, Ipl1/Aurora) association with spindles. However, whether Cdk1 has sole control over microtubule dynamics, and how CPC–microtubule association influences microtubule behavior, are unclear. Here, we show that Ipl1/Aurora-dependent phosphorylation of Sli15/INCENP modulates microtubule dynamics by preventing CPC binding to the preanaphase spindle and to the central spindle until late anaphase, facilitating spatiotemporal control of microtubule dynamics required for proper metaphase centromere positioning and anaphase spindle elongation. Decreased Ipl1-dependent Sli15 phosphorylation drives direct CPC binding to microtubules, revealing how the CPC influences microtubule dynamics. We propose that Cdk1 and Ipl1/Aurora cooperatively modulate microtubule dynamics and that Ipl1/Aurora-dependent phosphorylation of Sli15 controls spindle function by excluding the CPC from spindle regions engaged in microtubule polymerization.