cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Solid-phase acylating reagents in new format: macroporous polymer disks.

Acylation resins in a new monolithic format have been prepared by the functionalization of polyethylene-encased porous poly(chloromethylstyrene-co-divinylbenzene) disks. These disks have been obtained from a monolithic rod prepared by polymerization in a cylindrical glass mold, then cut into a disk format. A free radical azo initiator 4,4‘-azobis(4-cyanovaleric acid) attached to available chloromethyl functionalities at the surface of the pores was used to initiate graft polymerization of 4-acetoxystyrene or chloromethylstyrene from the surface. Addition of a small percentage of divinylbenzene to the polymerization mixture leads to the formation of a layer of swellable reactive polymer gel at the surface of the macropores. This both prevents the undesirable increase in flow resistance through the monolith and improves the yield of grafting. The final reaction steps involve formation of an active phenolic moiety grafted to the disks and its reaction with acid anhydride. The use of grafted disks as acylatin...
Effects of a Preparatory Singing Pattern on Melodic Dictation Success

The purpose of this study was to investigate effects of a preparatory contextual singing pattern on melodic dictation test scores. Forty-nine undergraduate music education majors took melodic dictations under three conditions. After hearing an orienting chord sequence, they (1) sang a preparatory solfege pattern in the key, meter, and tempo of the target dictations in the first condition; (2) prepared themselves silently during an equivalent time interval in the second condition; and (3) took the dictations immediately in the third condition. A repeated measures ANOVA and post hoc analysis revealed that participants scored significantly higher when they heard the dictation immediately following the chord sequence than when they sang the preparatory pattern first. Participants may have been distracted by the additional task of singing, interfering with their focus on the ensuing dictation. They reported a variety of preparatory strategies during the silent interval condition, suggesting that dictation stud...
A New Song or the Same Old Tune? Press Constructions of Scotland's Emerging Political Identity in Britain and Europe

This case study, focusing on the Scottish press, analyzes emerging media constructions of Scottish identity as articulated through the prism of the new Scottish parliament, with the focus on that institution's preliminary relationships with the United Kingdom and the European Union. The study covers a six-month period leading up to the historic opening of the new parliament in July of 1999. It provides a clearer picture of how Scotland's political relations with the UK and the EU were being framed and presented at that time, as the Scottish nation and its new polity began the process of redefining themselves within these larger entities. Four dominant media packages are identified, each of which articulates a different vision for Scotland's future in relation to the UK and the EU. Three of the four packages emphasize versions of the Scottish-UK relationship that place Scotland in a subservient or regressive position vis-a-vis the UK. However, one of the identified packages represents a genuinely original ...
Cities spawn epidemic dengue viruses

Major countrywide and regional epidemics of dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever occur in Southeast Asia every three to five years. A model examining the spread of epidemic dengue in Thailand helps explain why such patterns occur.
A histologic assessment of low-torque, ultrahigh-speed cutting technique.

lh 11 e pu pa response to rotary cutting instruments is influenced by several factors: speed of the cutting instrument, type and size of the cutting instrument (bur or diamond), torque capability of the driving instrument, technique employed by the dentist, cooling armamentarium, and proximity to the pulp. At ultrahigh speeds, with the low-torque air turbines available, studies of rotational speed and torque indicated parameters of cutting speeds for most efficient removal of tooth structure with minimal frictional trauma.‘-” Excessive cutting pressure causes stalling, with large bites and inefficient frequency; while the reverse (low pressure) allows high rotational speed and minimal bite. Varying the bur or diamond size, bur design, and bur sharpness at compared torques can produce different cutting efficiencies with resultant varying frictional response.ls li, ; In other studies, torque capabilities of the turbines and the technique employed by the dentist were again related to cutting efficiency and frictional and vibratory responses resulting in varying pulpal responsesy-” It has been found that optimum operating technique, at ultrahigh speeds with low torque, allows efficient removal of tooth structure with short periods of instrument-tooth contact and less friction, in contrast to a technique utilizing high torque at ultrahigh and low speeds.“-I’; It has been documented that excessive heat can be transmitted to the dental pulp with resultant significant cellular damage.“-‘7 Maintenance of almost normal intrapulpal temperature can be accomplished by water or water-air spray or air and the aforementioned factors; however, the question of desiccation resulting from use of air as a coolant has not been resolved.“S-“a The clinical advantages and success of a flexible cooling armamentarium have been reported.l”, ‘(is 35 The action of any coolant at ultrahigh rotational speeds is one of cooling the entire coronal portion of the tooth.“’ Photographing at a rate of 250,000 frames per second, wherein a rotating bur and the spray can be observed in a portion of a
Eliminating State Entanglement with Checkpoint-based Virtualization of Mobile OS Services

Mobile operating systems have adopted a service model in which applications access system functionality by interacting with various OS Services in separate processes. These interactions cause application-specific states to be spread across many service processes, a problem we identify as state entanglement. State entanglement presents significant challenges to a wide variety of computing goals: fault isolation, fault tolerance, application migration, live update, and application speculation. We propose CORSA, a novel virtualization solution that uses a lightweight checkpoint/restore mechanism to virtualize OS Services on a per-application basis. This cleanly encapsulates a single application's service-side states into a private virtual service instance, eliminating state entanglement and enabling the above goals. We present empirical evidence that our ongoing implementation of CORSA on Android is feasible with low overhead, even in the worst case of high frequency service interactions.
Aerobic deconstruction of cellulosic biomass by an insect-associated Streptomyces

Streptomyces are best known for producing antimicrobial secondary metabolites, but they are also recognized for their contributions to biomass utilization. Despite their importance to carbon cycling in terrestrial ecosystems, our understanding of the cellulolytic ability of Streptomyces is currently limited to a few soil-isolates. Here, we demonstrate the biomass-deconstructing capability of Streptomyces sp. SirexAA-E (ActE), an aerobic bacterium associated with the invasive pine-boring woodwasp Sirex noctilio. When grown on plant biomass, ActE secretes a suite of enzymes including endo- and exo-cellulases, CBM33 polysaccharide-monooxygenases and hemicellulases. Genome-wide transcriptomic and proteomic analyses and biochemical assays have revealed the key enzymes used to deconstruct crystalline cellulose, other pure polysaccharides and biomass. The mixture of enzymes obtained from growth on biomass has biomass-degrading activity comparable to a cellulolytic enzyme cocktail from the fungus Trichoderma reesei and thus provides a compelling example of high cellulolytic capacity in an aerobic bacterium.
Creativity, birth order, and risk taking

Several hypotheses were formed and supported regarding the greater creativity and risk taking of firstborn males. It was also found, in this sample of 200 white middle-class adult males, that risk taking and creativity were related. The creativity measures included Eisenman’s (1969) Personal Opinion Survey measure of creative attitudes, an unusual-uses test yielding scores for fluency and originality, and preference for complexity. All the predictions were significant beyond the.01 level. The greater risk taking of firstborn males found in the present study is some-what incompatible with the results of previous birth-order/risk-taking research, and this discrepancy is discussed.
The rural exodus in the context of economic crisis, globalization and reform in Brazil

This article considers the rural exodus in Brazil between 1980 and 1991 a period of economic recession globalization of agriculture and neoliberal reforms. In this context Brazil witnessed renewed capital penetration into agriculture sustained employment growth in commerce and services and rapid rural natural increase. As a result rural populations in all regions of Brazil experienced losses due to net migration between 1980 and 1991 at a pace of over 1.4 million persons per year a figure comparable to losses in previous decades. Further rural-urban migration redistributed population to small urban areas as well as large metropolitan regions and included substantial interregional movement. These findings run counter to expectations and the results suggest that rural-urban migration has proceeded in different historical and geographic contexts in Brazil. (authors)
The Serbian Government's Response to Human Trafficking.

The article focuses on the efforts of the Serbian government in making state policies to combat human trafficking. It states the government's establishment of a national mechanism using a balance initiative between authorities, law enforcement and legal system which put Serbia ahead of other states in fighting the crime. Moreover, it mentions the failure of the government in issuing basic funding and staffing to Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) to help human trafficking victims.
Habituation and sensitization of the rat startle response: effects of raphe lesions.

Abstract In the first experiment raphe lesioned, sham operated and nonoperated rats were presented with 150 tones (50 at each of 3 intensities) a day for 5 days. No differences were found among the groups in the rate of startle response habituation either within or between sessions. However, overall levels of startle were much greater following raphe lesions and a tone by tone analysis indicated that this was caused by heightened tone-elicited sensitization in the raphe group. Further tests of startle sensitization in Experiment 2 found the raphe group to be more sensitized than the other groups by loud tones and footshocks but not by different levels of background white noise. The results support the theory that repetitive stimulus exposure produces both habituation and sensitization and that different neural systems may underly these two processes.
Synchronized chaotic signals and systems

Recent work using chaotic signals to drive nonlinear systems shows that chaotic dynamics is rich in new application possibilities. Among these are stable system design and synchronization. The topics discussed are new driving signals, the stability of chaotically driven systems, synchronization of chaotically driven systems, and applications to signal processing. >
Differential quenching and limits of resolution in autoradiograms of brain tissue labeled with3H-,125I- and14C-compounds

Abstract Problems in interpretation of autoradiograms generated by ligand binding in brain tissue may be caused by two types of technical limitations: the differential absorption of3H-generated emissions within the tissue (differential quenching) and the reduced resolution when125I and14C are used as isotopes. In the course of our ongoing receptor binding studies in primate brain, we have examined these methodological problems using neocortex of adult rhesus monkey as an example of a complex multilayered brain structure. We have compared: (1) film images produced by brain sections mounted on3H- and14C-labeled plastic; (2) autoradiograms of sections labeled with pairs of similar compounds containing3H,125I or14C; and (3) autoradiograms of normal and defatted brain sections. The results indicate that differential absorption of3H-generated emissions presents a genuine problem for film autoradiography of neocortex of adult monkey when3H-compounds are used. Particularly significant attenuations of3H-generated emissions are associated with sublayer IVb of primary visual cortex (Brodmann's area 17) and layers III (deep strata), V and VI of primary motor cortex (Brodmann's area 4). This study provides the necessary corrections for autoradiographic measurements. We also found a loss of resolution associated with use of125I and14C, a result that poses a significant problem for analysis of fine laminar patterns of the neocortex in adult monkeys. The use of isotopes with high energy emissions tends to decrease the variations in optical densities within the autoradiograms of cortical sections. Thus, the variations in optical density of autoradiograms of cortices labeled with125I- and14C-compounds may not represent the true distribution of these compounds.
Free boundary problem of ECM by alternating-field technique on inverted plane

Abstract The free boundary problem of electrochemical machining (ECM) consists in finding the equilibrium position of the worksurface in the reference frame of a moving tool whose shape is prescribed. The two-dimensional problem is formulated by the inverted method in which the spatial coordinates are the dependent variables on the plane of the complex potential. This approach eliminates the difficulties associated with the free boundary, since the transformed boundary conditions are known explicitly on the free boundary in the inverted plane. Further computational advantages are realized by the inverted method because known asymptotic solutions for the side gap region reduce the size of the field which must be determined numerically, irregular finite difference nodes are eliminated on the rectangular domain of the inverted problem, and the grid system provides the necessary tight spacing in regions of high current density but then expands as it should to give efficient coverage of the side gap. Another benefit is that the effects of variable electrolyte conductivity can be more easily accounted for in the inverted approach. The finite difference solution involves an alternating-field technique in which the inverted problems for each of the space variables are successively solved in a cyclical fashion. A procedure for iteratively updating unknown boundary conditions makes it possible to rapidly solve the problem for arbitrarily prescribed tool surfaces which may even be partially insulated. Results show excellent agreement with analytical solutions by separation of variables or conformal mapping even when the mesh is quite coarse. A comparison indicates that the present method has greater speed, accuracy, and simplicity than alternative procedures. The efficiency and generality of the method are premarily attributed to the alternating-field technique which is applicable to field problems in other areas of engineering.
Threads: A Spinning Fable

This essay in comics form was originally created for Dr. Ruth Vinz's Teachers College course Postmodern Textual Practices. It examines the philosophical and scientific underpinnings behind the move...
Sparse Multilayer Perceptron for Phoneme Recognition

This paper introduces the sparse multilayer perceptron (SMLP) which jointly learns a sparse feature representation and nonlinear classifier boundaries to optimally discriminate multiple output classes. SMLP learns the transformation from the inputs to the targets as in multilayer perceptron (MLP) while the outputs of one of the internal hidden layers is forced to be sparse. This is achieved by adding a sparse regularization term to the cross-entropy cost and updating the parameters of the network to minimize the joint cost. On the TIMIT phoneme recognition task, SMLP-based systems trained on individual speech recognition feature streams perform significantly better than the corresponding MLP-based systems. Phoneme error rate of 19.6% is achieved using the combination of SMLP-based systems, a relative improvement of 3.0% over the combination of MLP-based systems.
Unequal error protection techniques based on Wyner-ziv coding

Compressed video is very sensitive to channel errors. A few bit losses can stop the entire decoding process. Therefore, protecting compressed video is always necessary for reliable visual communications. Utilizing unequal error protection schemes that assign different protection levels to the different elements in a compressed video stream is an efficient and effective way to combat channel errors. Three such schemes, based on Wyner-Ziv coding, are described herein. These schemes independently provide different protection levels to motion information and the transform coefficients produced by an H.264/AVC encoder. One method adapts the protection levels to the content of each frame, while another utilizes feedback regarding the latest channel packet loss rate to adjust the protection levels. All three methods demonstrate superior error resilience to using equal error protection in the face of packet losses.
Building co-crystals with molecular sense and supramolecular sensibility

Molecular recognition is typically associated with molecules in solution, but such events are also responsible for organizing molecules in the solid state. Translating principles of molecular recognition to solid-state assembly of heteromeric molecular solids is of key importance to the development of versatile, reliable and practical supramolecular synthesis. In this article we provide an overview of some modular and transferable strategies for the synthesis of binary and ternary supermolecules and co-crystals based upon a hierarchy of intermolecular interactions, notably hydrogen bonds.
A Primer on Dynamic Optimization and Optimal Control in Pharmacoeconomics

Pharmacoeconomic analyses employ a wide range of techniques and methods to help societies allocate scarce health-care resources wisely, fairly, and efficiently. Techniques such as dynamic optimization and optimal control, however, have yet to be exploited by this field. Although control theory has a long history in mathematical biology and disease management, its application to economic costs in these disciplines has not yet been explored. Pharmacoeconomics therefore may offer a particularly promising starting point because of the emphasis this field places on the economic perspective. Although challenges may exist to implementing these techniques in practice (at least in some settings), there will nevertheless be value to considering the dynamic perspective these techniques offer, which requires thinking more critically about the optimal allocation of scare health-care resources over time. Therefore, our article serves as a primer to introduce this dynamic perspective from an economic standpoint within the context of two examples of treating of hyperlipidemia.
Therapeutic plasma exchange in the elderly: Experience at a tertiary center

Therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) is a beneficial albeit complicated method of therapy. The elderly, persons 65 years or older are growing in number, with increasing need for different therapeutic interventions including TPE. The elderly are more likely to have complications and pose challenges when considering TPE--both in terms of indications and outcomes. We retrospectively investigated the utility of TPE in terms of indications and mortality in the elderly (65 and above) versus a younger cohort (18-64 years) between January 1, 2000 and June 30, 2010. During this period, 581 patients required 4,722 TPE treatment sessions. Of them, 185 were elderly (31.8%) requiring 1,289 TPE sessions. The indications for TPE were neurological 14.1%, hematological 10.5%, renal 6.9%, and miscellaneous 2.0% in the elderly versus 22.7%, 20.8%, 20.7%, and 4.0% in the younger population undergoing TPE for neurological, hematological, renal and miscellaneous indications, respectively. We further investigated the mortality within 30 days of admission and a year later. The mortality figures within 30 days of admission and a year later in the elderly were 16.2% and 33.5%, respectively; higher than in the younger patients; 10.3% and 17.2%, respectively. We conclude that TPE is not an uncommon procedure in elderly, with more neurological indications, and is associated with higher mortality than younger patients.
Al-0.90%Fe Alloy Sectional Solidified in a Gradient Magnetic Field

The effect of DC gradient magnetic field and the sectional solidification on the structure of Al-Fe hypoeutectic alloy was investigated. The experiment results showed that the morphology and structure of the sample were homogenous, when it was bulk solidified without magnetic field. When the sample was sectionally solidified without magnetic field, the upper part had less iron content, bigger dendritic trunk and less interdendritic precipitate. When the sample was sectionally solidified in the gradient magnetic field, the above-mentioned differences between the upper and lower part were more prominent. The physical essence of the experiments was analyzed with quantum mechanics and solidification theory.
Application of a neural network model to GPS ionosphere error correction

This paper presents the use of neural network modeling to predict electron concentration in the altitudes from 140 to 660 km as well as total electron content (TEC) to reduce GPS signal propagation errors. In training the neural network we have used incoherent scatter radar (ISR) data from the Arecibo Observatory, solar flux data from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), and simulated data from the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI). The ISR data covers almost two solar cycles, which allows the network to make accurate predictions based on local time, seasonal, and solar cycle variations above Arecibo, Puerto Rico (18.21 N, 66.45 W). We demonstrate that neural network models are not only accurate predictors of dynamic systems, but also perform better than the commonly referenced IRI model.
Diversity and contestation in linguistic ideologies: German speakers in Hungary

The classic sociolinguistic opposition between status and solidarity as organizing principles of linguistic variation is currently being integrated with broader social theories of symbolic domination and resistance. However, not enough attention has yet been paid to the multiplicity and fluidity of both dominant and oppositional linguistic ideologies within a single social order. Changing elite conceptions about the links between language and social group vie with each other for supremacy, and are in turn contested by various forms of resistance among linguistic minorities. Debates surrounding the linguistic census in 19th and 20th century Hungary are used here as evidence about diverse dominant ideologies, to show how German-Hungarians have responded by producing multiple, competing, and ambiguous oppositional conceptions and linguistic practices. (Linguistic ideologies, forms of resistance, politics of language, minority languages, German speakers in Hungary).
In Vivo Evidence for Instability of Episomal Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 cDNA

Current regimens for the management of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection suppress plasma viremia to below detectable levels for prolonged intervals. Nevertheless, there is a rapid resumption in plasma viremia if therapy is interrupted. Attempts to characterize the extent of viral replication under conditions of potent suppression and undetectable plasma viremia have been hampered by a lack of convenient assays that can distinguish latent from ongoing viral replication. Using episomal viral cDNA as a surrogate for ongoing replication, we previously presented evidence that viral replication persists in the majority of infected individuals with a sustained aviremic status. The labile nature of viral episomes and hence their validity as surrogate markers of ongoing replication in individuals with long-term-suppressed HIV-1 infection have been analyzed in short-term in vitro experiments with conflicting results. Since these in vitro experiments do not shed light on the long-term in vivo dynamics of episomal cDNA or recapitulate the natural targets of infection in vivo, we have analyzed the dynamics of episomal cDNA turnover in vivo by following the emergence of an M184V polymorphism in plasma viral RNA, in episomal cDNA, and in proviral DNA in patients on suboptimal therapies. We demonstrate that during acquisition of drug resistance, wild-type episomal cDNAs are replaced by M184V-harboring episomes. Importantly, a complete replacement of wild-type episomes with M184V-containing episomes occurred while proviruses remained wild type. This indicates that episomal cDNAs are turned over by degradation rather than through death or tissue redistribution of the infected cell itself. Therefore, evolution of episomal viral cDNAs is a valid surrogate of ongoing viral replication in HIV-1-infected individuals.
A polynomial variation of Meinardus' theorem

We develop a polynomial analogue of Meinardus' theorem for bivariate Euler products and apply it to the study of complex multiplicatively weighted partitions.
United states emergency medicine residency length in 1986–87 and 1987–88

To determine current trends in emergency medicine residency length, US emergency medicine residency directors were asked to describe their 1986–87 and 1987–88 year configurations. In January 1986, 66 of 67 residencies (98%) were contacted by phone, and 62 (94%) completed a validation form. Of the 67, 19 (28%) changed their length of training in 1987–88. Of the 19 programs that changed, 17 (90%) increased residency length by adding a fourth postgraduate (PGY-4) year of training. Two have moved to PGY-1,2,3 configurations. Two new programs are starting in 1987–88; one a PGY-1,2,3, the other a PGY-2,3,4. One program has lost accreditation for emergency medicine training. In 1986–87, 44 of 67 (66%) programs were 36 months long; for 1987–88 the number is 60 of 68 (88%). The number of four-year programs is increased from six (9%) to eight (12%). Both the average length of emergency medicine residency training and the average length of postgraduate training are increased in 1987–88. The number of programs whose graduates train for a minimum of four years prior to sitting for the boards has increased from eight (12%) to 26 (38%). The number of programs that begin at the PGY-I level increased from 48 (72%) to 50 (74%). The Midwest region has the greatest number of residencies and the most programs of the PGY-1,2,3 configuration. The implications of this change, including new curriculum development, differing training patterns, and budget concerns, are discussed.
USE OF ARTIFICIAL SUBSTRATA TO ESTIMATE THE PRODUCTIVITY OF PERIPHYTON1

Plexiglas plates were placed in laboratory streams and in a spring and removed at 2- to 4-day intervals to determine the increase in standing crop of periphyton. The instantaneous growth rate, calculated from the growth curve of periphyton on plates in the streams, was 0.51 g m−2 day−1 as compared to an estimate of 0.60 g m−2 day−1 obtained by oxygen measurements for growth of periphyton on the stream bottom. The average growth rate of periphyton on plates in the streams over a single exposure period was 0.31 g m−2 day−1. Under the conditions of this experiment, the instantaneous growth rate was a better estimate of productivity than the average growth rate.
Are gestational age, birth weight, and birth length indicators of favorable fetal growth conditions? A structural equation analysis of Filipino infants.

The fetal origins hypothesis emphasizes the life-long health impacts of prenatal conditions. Birth weight, birth length, and gestational age are indicators of the fetal environment. However, these variables often have missing data and are subject to random and systematic errors caused by delays in measurement, differences in measurement instruments, and human error. With data from the Cebu (Philippines) Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey, we use structural equation models, to explore random and systematic errors in these birth outcome measures, to analyze how maternal characteristics relate to birth outcomes, and to take account of missing data. We assess whether birth weight, birth length, and gestational age are influenced by a single latent variable that we call favorable fetal growth conditions (FFGC) and if so, which variable is most closely related to FFGC. We find that a model with FFGC as a latent variable fits as well as a less parsimonious model that has birth weight, birth length, and gestational age as distinct individual variables. We also demonstrate that birth weight is more reliably measured than is gestational age. FFGCs were significantly influenced by taller maternal stature, better nutritional stores indexed by maternal arm fat and muscle area during pregnancy, higher birth order, avoidance of smoking, and maternal age 20–35 years. Effects of maternal characteristics on newborn weight, length, and gestational age were largely indirect, operating through FFGC. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Regulation of Ovule Development

Ovule development in Arabidopsis and other plants has been the focus of classic and molecular genetic analyses in recent years. This has been an exciting time to be involved in plant developmental biology, because many genetic pathways and regulatory mechanisms have been elucidated. Continued
Developmental changes in epitope accessibility as an indicator of multiple states of an immunoglobulin-like neural cell adhesion molecule.

Cell surface molecules with restricted spatial and temporal distributions are good candidates for mediators of the cell-cell interactions that are necessary for the development of the nervous system. A monoclonal antibody (MAb 23A7) was produced that selectively and transiently labeled a limited subset of axons in the chick embryo spinal cord. Determination of the N-terminal amino acid sequence and immunoprecipitation experiments demonstrated that the 23A7 antigen is identical to Bravo/Nr-CAM, a previously described cell adhesion molecule with immunoglobulin-like domains (E. J. de la Rosa, J. F. Kayyem, J. M. Roman, Y.-D. Stierhof, W. J. Dreyer, and U. Schwartz [1989] J. Cell Biol. 111:3087–3096; M. Grumet, V. Mauro, M. P. Goon, G. M. Edelman, and B. A. Cunningham [1991] J. Cell Biol. 113:1399–1412). The temporal distribution of the 23A7 antigen is unusual in that, immunohistochemically, MAb 23A7 binding greatly decreases after 7 days of development, whereas Western blot analysis indicates increasing levels of the antigen until 17 days of development. In contrast, an antiserum against purified Nr-CAM, which also binds only to the 23A7 antigen, labels nearly all the axons in the tissue throughout all the later stages of development. These anomalous observations are apparently not the result of differential sensitivity of the 23A7 epitope to fixation, the use of suboptimal concentrations of the MAb, or selective MAb binding to a subset of Bravo/Nr-CAM molecules produced by alternative splicing of the transcript or by posttranslational modification. These findings could indicate the existence of multiple states of Bravo/Nr-CAM, which during development, vary in the accessibility of their extracellular domains to the MAb. This suggests the existence of multiple conformation or aggregation states of this cell adhesion molecule, each of which might be performing a different function. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Anesthesia for fetal surgery

Fetal surgery pushes the limits of knowledge and therapy beyond conventional paradigms by treating the developing fetus as a patient. Providing anesthesia for fetal surgery is challenging for many reasons. It requires integration of both obstetric and pediatric anesthesia practice. Two patients must be anesthetized for the benefit of one, and there is little margin for error. Many disciplines are involved, and communication must be effective. Conducting anesthetic research with vulnerable populations, such as pregnant women and their fetuses, is difficult, and many questions remain unanswered. Work must be done in the study of possible neurotoxicity caused by exposure of developing brain to anesthetic agents. The effects of stress on the developing fetus must also be further examined. Optimal anesthetic regimens remain to be determined.
Innovative smart grid control technologies

The smart electric power grid will evolve into a very complex adaptive system under semi-autonomous distributed control. It will be spatially and temporally complex, non-convex, non-linear and non-stationary, with lots of variability and uncertainties beyond what the traditional power system experiences today. The distributed integration of intermittent sources of energy and energy storage to a power grid further adds complexity and challenges to modeling, control and optimization of the grid. Innovative control technologies are needed to handle the growing complexity of a smart grid, maximize the penetration of renewable energy, and provide maximum utilization of available energy storage, especially plug-in electric vehicles. In this panel paper, innovative control technologies, which are dynamic, stochastic, computational and scalable, and which show promise for achieving the goals of a smart grid, are presented.
Generic rigidity percolation in two dimensions

We study rigidity percolation for random central-force networks on the bondand site-diluted generic triangular lattice. Here, each site location is randomly displaced from the perfect lattice, removing any special symmetries. Using the pebble game algorithm, the total number of floppy modes are counted exactly, and exhibit a cusp singularity in the second derivative at the transition from a rigid to a floppy structure. The critical thresholds for bond and site dilution are found to be 0.66020\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.0003 and 0.69755\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.0003, respectively. The network is decomposed into unique rigid clusters, and we apply the usual percolation scaling theory. From finite size scaling, we find that the generic rigidity percolation transition is second order, but in a different universality class from connectivity percolation, with the exponents \ensuremath{\alpha}=-0.48\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05, \ensuremath{\beta}=0.175\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02, and \ensuremath{\nu}=1.21\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.06. The fractal dimension of the spanning rigid clusters and the spanning stressed regions at the critical threshold are found to be ${\mathit{d}}_{\mathit{f}}$=1.86\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02 and ${\mathit{d}}_{\mathit{BB}}$=1.80\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03, respectively. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms: eligibility rate and impact on the rate of open repair.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the rate of eligibility among patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) considered for endovascular repair and to examine the effect of an endovascular program on the institutional pattern of AAA repair. Methods: All patients evaluated for endovascular AAA repair since the inception of an endovascular program were reviewed for determination of eligibility rates and eventual treatment. Open AAA repairs were categorized as simple (uncomplicated infrarenal), complex (juxtarenal, suprarenal, thoracoabdominal, infected), or ruptured, and their rates before and after initiation of an endovascular program were compared. Results: Over 3 years, 324 patients were considered for endovascular AAA repair; 176 (54%) were candidates, 138 (43%) were not candidates, and 10 (3%) did not complete the evaluation. The rate of eligibility increased significantly from 45% (66/148 patients) during the first half of this period to 63% (110/176 patients) during the second half (P < .001). Candidates were significantly younger (74.4 ± 7.6 years) than noncandidates (78.3 ± 6.7 years) (P < .01), and their aneurysm diameter tended to be smaller (57.6 ± 9.2 mm compared with 60.8 ± 12.3 mm; P = .06). The most common reason for ineligibility was an inadequate proximal aortic neck. Of 176 candidates, 78% underwent endovascular repair, and 6% underwent open repair. Of 138 noncandidates, 56% underwent surgical repair. Over a period of 6 years, 542 patients with AAAs (429 simple, 86 complex, 27 ruptured) underwent open repair. The total number and ratio of simple to complex open repairs for nonruptured aneurysms during the 3 years before the initiation of the endovascular program (213 simple, 44 complex) were not significantly different from the repairs over the subsequent 3-year period (216 simple, 42 complex). Similarly, no difference in the total number and the ratio of simple to complex open repairs was found between the first and the second 18-month periods since the initiation of the endovascular program. Conclusions: The rate of eligibility of patients with AAA for endovascular repair appears to be higher than previously reported. The presence of an active endovascular program has not decreased the number or shifted the distribution of open AAA repair. (J Vasc Surg 2000;32:519-23.)
Treatment of Glenohumeral Arthrosis

The successful diagnosis and treatment of glenohumeral arthrosis in the young and active patient can be challenging to even the most experienced of clinicians. A thorough preoperative evaluation, including a detailed understanding of patient expectations, facilitates the selection of a treatment strategy. Arthroscopy is the gold standard for detecting chondral injuries, and it is increasingly used as an effective first line of management. In patients who fail arthroscopic debridement and reparative techniques, further treatment should proceed with an algorithmic decision-making approach encompassing patient-based and disease-based factors. Restorative and reconstructive techniques may provide improvements in pain and functional outcome while delaying the need for total shoulder arthroplasty, although the longevity of these treatments has yet to be established in the literature. Hemiarthroplasty and total shoulder arthroplasty have historically proven to be the most durable and reliable options in properly selected patients. However, concerns about progressive glenoid erosion and glenoid component loosening have led many to pursue alternative nonarthroplasty techniques for the management of arthrosis in active young individuals.
Random Coding Union Bounds and Error Exponents for Concatenated MIMO Systems

An assumption of random block codes is made for the closed-form derivation of union upper bounds. The random code works as the outer code for concatenation with the inner space-time modulation over the multi-input multi-output (MIMO) fading channels. From the union bound expression, we further obtain the closed-form expressions of error exponent and cut-off rate for MIMO channels. The error exponent is compared with Gallager's classical error exponent which is generally evaluated in the Monte Carlo method. The obtained bounds can be useful to serve as space-time code design tools or as performance prediction measures for the MIMO systems which employ turbo-like block codes as the outer code to drive the inner space-time code.
Secrecy by typing and file-access control

Secrecy properties can he guaranteed through a combination of static and dynamic checks. The static checks may include the application of special type systems with notions of secrecy. The dynamic checks can be of many different kinds; in practice, the most important are access-control checks, often ones based on ACLs (access-control lists). In this paper, we explore the interplay of static and dynamic checks in the setting of a file system. For this purpose, we study a pi calculus with file-system constructs. The calculus supports both access-control checks and a form of static scoping that limits the knowledge of terms - including file names and contents - to groups of clients. We design a system with secrecy types for the calculus: using this system, we can prove secrecy properties by static typing of programs in the presence of file-system access-control checks.
Contracting with Private Knowledge of Production Capacity

We analyze the design of procurement contracts when the supplier is privately informed about both his innate production capacity (K) and his innate unit cost of production. We identify conditions under which the supplier will strategically employ an ine¢ cient production technology to expand output above K. We also show that when the buyer employs the simple …xed-price cost-reimbursement (FPCR) contracts in the setting examined by Rogerson (2003), the supplier has no incentive to exaggerate K. Furthermore, the buyer can secure with FPCR contracts as least 75% of the surplus she can secure with fully optimal contracts.
The differential effect of race among pediatric kidney transplant recipients with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis.

Abstract Background: Given the differential effect of race on focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) progression in native kidneys, recurrence of FSGS in the transplanted kidney, and allograft source, the authors conducted this study to evaluate the influence of FSGS by race and allograft source. Methods: Data from 8,065 pediatric renal transplant recipients (n = 620 FSGS) between 1987 and 1997 from the United Network for Organ Sharing registry were used for this study. Stratified analysis by race and allograft source allowed independent assessment of the effect of FSGS on transplant survival. Results: Among black children, allograft survival was not different between FSGS and non-FSGS patients adjusted for recipient age, recurrent disease, allograft source, zero antigen mismatch, and acute rejection (hazard ratio [HR], 1.15; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.93 to 1.42; P = 0.22). Among nonblack children, the risk of allograft failure in children with FSGS was 1.31 times higher than other causes of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in multivariate analysis (95% CI, 1.04 to 1.64; P = 0.02). Despite the impact of disease recurrence in the nonblack children with FSGS, the risk of graft failure was less for living donor recipients (HR, 1.51; 95% CI, 1.08 to 2.10) than for cadaveric recipients (HR, 1.80; 95% CI, 1.32 to 2.44) compared with the lowest risk group (nonblack, non-FSGS, living donor). Conclusion: The effect of FSGS on renal allograft survival in children differs between racial groups. Children of nonblack races with FSGS have a worse allograft survival rate compared with other causes of ESRD. Within nonblack children with FSGS, living donor transplants convey a better allograft survival than cadaveric transplants.
Relationship of special studies to dropout rates of black and white college students.

Differences between two groups of students were examined on the basis of participation (n = 73) and non-participation (n = 67) in a special studies program designed primarily to meet the needs of disadvantaged students at a selective midwestern private liberal arts college. Blacks participating in the regular school program had significantly higher dropout frequencies than did blacks in the special studies program. No significant difference in dropout frequency was found between participating and nonparticipating white students.
Reducing the Sampling Rate of Biochemical Measurements Using Fast-Scan Cyclic Voltammetry for In Vivo Applications

Recent advances in science and technology have permitted the development of wireless systems that can make biochemical measurements within functioning tissue in behaving animals. However, data transfer requirements and power limitations have significantly limited the applicability of these systems. In an effort to create protocols that will reduce the density of the data to be transferred and the power consumption of wireless systems, this paper evaluates reducing the sampling rate of a proven in vivo measurement technology, fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) at carbon-fiber microelectrodes. Existing FSCV protocols to measure biochemical signaling in the brain were created without consideration for data density or power consumption. In this paper, the sampling rate of the FSCV protocol for detecting the neurotransmitter dopamine in functioning brain tissue was reduced from 10 to 1 Hz. In vitro experiments showed that the 1-Hz protocol did not negatively affect sensor responsivity or selectivity. The reduced sampling rate was verified in vivo by directly monitoring dopamine fluctuations in intact brain tissue. The 1-Hz sampling rate reduces the quantity of data generated by an order of magnitude compared with the existing protocol, and with duty cycling is expected to decrease power consumption by a similar value in wireless systems.
Abstract IA19: Regulation of 53BP1 in BRCA1-deficient cells: Why vitamin D matters and how disparities in vitamin D levels could promote aggressive TNBC in women of color

Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in women worldwide. BRCA1-deficient and triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC) are particularly aggressive, strike younger, Hispanic and African American women, and are most difficult to treat. These tumors exhibit DNA repair defects, making them vulnerable to DNA damaging therapies. Currently, the most promising therapeutic agents are poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPi), which render cells already deficient in DNA repair, with an unbearable load of DNA damage. Excitement about PARPi has been fueled by clinical trials showing that these compounds, either as single agents or in combination with chemotherapy, have very encouraging outcomes in BRCA1-related and TNBC and with minimal toxicity. However, a significant fraction of these cancers acquire resistance to PARPi. Understanding the molecular mechanisms that confer PARPi resistance will have a big therapeutic impact. Elegant studies demonstrated that loss of the DNA repair factor 53BP1 contributes to progression of BRCA1-deficient and TNBC and to their resistance to PARPi. Thus, raising the levels of 53BP1 in these tumors could represent a new therapeutic strategy. Our team identified a new pathway modulating the levels of 53BP1, which could be exploited to stabilize protein levels. We found that BRCA1-deficient cells activate the degradation of 53BP1 by the protease cathepsin-L (CTSL), and that CTSL inhibition by vitamin D stabilizes 53BP1, reduces proliferation, and increases PARPi and radiation sensitivity. Our studies in human breast tumors also suggest that deficiencies in vitamin D/vitamin D receptor (VDR) axis, more prevalent in women of color, could underlie the activation of CTSL-mediated degradation of 53BP1 in BRCA1-deficient and TNBC. Our current studies are testing the ability of vitamin D treatment to reduce the growth of BRCA1-deficient and TNBC cells, as well as their resistance to PARPi, providing a novel modality of treatment for these cancer patients. Citation Format: Susana Gonzalo. Regulation of 53BP1 in BRCA1-deficient cells: Why vitamin D matters and how disparities in vitamin D levels could promote aggressive TNBC in women of color. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Seventh AACR Conference on The Science of Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; Nov 9-12, 2014; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2015;24(10 Suppl):Abstract nr IA19.