cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Novel Prognostic Index for Ocular Adnexal Lymphoma

Background: Ocular adnexal lymphoma (OAL) is a rare malignancy with a heterogeneous patient population. We sought to identify prognostic factors for OAL and to incorporate them into a novel prognostic index by using a large national database. Methods: We identified patients diagnosed with histologically confirmed OAL in 1973-2013 using all registries of the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database. Patients with regional or distant disease at diagnosis were excluded. Indolent histologies were defined as follicular, marginal zone, small lymphocytic not otherwise specified, and lymphoplasmacytic. We determined the association between OAL histology, orbital site, and overall survival (OS) using adjusted proportional hazards analysis and Kaplan-Meier estimates. Relative survival (RS) was calculated relative to a matched cohort of patients categorized by race, gender, and age using the SEER*Stat Program. Results: Among the 3,070 patients included, 941 (30.6%) had conjunctival tumors, 418 (13.7%) had lacrimal gland tumors, and 1711 (55.7%) had orbital-not otherwise specified tumors. Indolent histology was present in 2,073 (67.5%) patients. The 10-year OS and RS were 61% and 86%, respectively. In univariable and multivariable models, conjunctival site location (P<0.001) and indolent histology (P<0.001) were both associated with superior OS. Three primary OAL prognostic groups were identified: Group I (indolent histology, conjunctival location), Group II (indolent histology, non-conjunctival location or aggressive histology, conjunctival location), and Group III (aggressive histology, non-conjunctival location). The adjusted 10-year hazard ratios for OS were 1.4 (95% CI, 1.1-1.7, P<0.001) and 3.1 (95% CI, 2.5-4.0, P<0.001) for groups II and III, respectively, compared to group I. Groups I, II, and III had 10-year OS of 75%, 61%, and 37%, respectively, and 10-year RS of 96%, 89%, and 55%, respectively. Conclusions: Both conjunctival location and aggressive histology were independent predictors of survival. Our proposed prognostic index could have implications on OAL staging and management, though it must first be externally validated. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Domestic architecture and the materiality of public-making in pre-Columbian Eastern Peru

Understanding how publics were constituted in specific socio-historical settings is critical to understanding political practice in past societies. Yet the persistent use of terms such as “public s...
Transcultural Lenses: Wrapping the Foreignness for Sale in the ‘History of Lenses’

This chapter investigates the advertising rhetoric used in the History of Lenses, a booklet describing eleven kinds of foreign optical devices. The descriptions reveal several characteristics of the way that Western artifacts were perceived and transformed in Chinese popular culture. I explain why the devices’ illustrations do not represent the tools but instead depict a series of stereotypical artifacts inscribed with marginally relevant commentary about the function of these lenses. First, I explain that illustrated artifacts such as perforated rocks, bronze mirrors, letter papers, and handscrolls are used as visual tropes to assimilate the optical devices into Chinese conventional discourses on artifacts and body. Second, I analyze the rhetoric of ethos, which refers to religious efficacy and moral authority for commercial promotion. Third, I show that the illustrations evoke particular sensory experiences by mobilizing the established cultural tropes linked to specific cultural practices. In summary, although the compiler Sun Yunqiu (1650–after 1681) praises some of the devices’ Western origins, I show that the display of indigenous tropes is used to reduce the foreignness of certain artifacts and to assimilate them into the cultural inventory. This booklet on transcultural lenses exemplifies the formation of a genre of illustrated pamphlets in the context of transcultural encounter, which was facilitated by trade and missionary activity in the early modern world.
A potential new role for myofibroblasts in remodeling of sub-rupture fatigue tendon injuries by exercise.

Tendons are ineffective at repairing sub-rupture fatigue injuries. Accordingly, we evaluated whether an exercise protocol that we have previously found to decrease structural damage kinks in fatigue damaged tendons, leads to improvement in mechanical properties. We hypothesized that exercise that promotes repair of fatigue damage will decrease apoptosis and increase the population of myofibroblasts. Rat patellar tendons underwent in vivo fatigue loading for 500 or 7200 cycles. Animals resumed cage activity for 2-weeks, then either remained cage active or began treadmill running until sacrifice at 4- or 10-weeks post-fatigue loading. Exercise following fatigue damage increased the stiffness back towards naive levels, decreased apoptosis and increased the population of myofibroblasts. Next, proteins associated with inhibition of apoptosis (Collagen VI) or activation of myofibroblast (pSmad 2/3, fibrillin, integrin subunits αV and α5) were evaluated. Data suggests that collagen VI may not be integral to inhibition of apoptosis in this context. Exercise increased pSmad 2/3 and fibrillin in the insertion region for the 7200-cycles group. In addition, exercise decreased integrin αV and increased integrin α5 in fatigue damaged tendons. Data suggests that a decrease in apoptosis and an increase in population of myofibroblasts may be integral to remodeling of fatigue damaged tendons.
Supporting survivorship care through comprehensive cancer control technical assistance.

15Background: In 2010, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) issued six priorities for Comprehensive Cancer Control (CCC) programs, including addressing needs of cancer survivors (Se...
Unilateral hyperhidrosis from a contralateral source in an individual with C4 complete tetraplegia.

AbstractSetting: Outpatient clinic of a spinal cord injury rehabilitation center.Design: Case report.Participant: A 40-year-old man with a 20-year history of C4 complete tetraplegia complained of 5 years of excessive intermittent left-sided sweating. The sweating occurred only in the seated upright position. There was no associated headache, blurred vision, or blood pressure variability.Findings: When examined upright, the patient sweated excessively on the left face and body. When he was laid down, sweating ceased. Skin examination revealed intact ischial regions. Pressure applied to the right ischium for several minutes caused sweating to recur on the left forehead, but it then subsided with release of pressure. This phenomenon was repeatable. Local lidocaine injection in the subcutaneous tissues around the right ischium and subsequent use of lidocaine transdermal patches halted the contralateral sweating in the upright position. Pressure mapping analysis showed increased pressure in the region of the r...
Why the Yaqui Valley? An Introduction

There are few agricultural regions in the world more interesting and important than the Yaqui Valley in Sonora, Mexico. The Yaqui River Basin has supported agriculture for many centuries, but the story we focus on is modern. The valley is the birthplace of the green revolution, and it is now one of the most intensive agricultural regions of the world, using irrigation water, fertilizers, constantly improving cultivars, and other inputs to produce some of the highest yields of wheat anywhere. It is one of Mexico’s main breadbaskets and also a global supplier of seeds and grain. In this, the Yaqui Valley provides a story of agricultural and economic development that is emulated and reflected the world over. But over the past several decades, its story has also become one of environmental, resource, economic, and social challenges related to water resources, air and water pollution, impacts of global environmental and policy changes, human health concerns, biodiversity conservation, and climate change. As these two story lines have merged, this region has had to evolve and change. It is this story of early steps in a sustainability transition—a transition at the interface of environment and development—in which we engaged through our integrative research and outreach. It is this story that we hope to tell in this book.
Neurologic complications of thyroid and parathyroid disease

Common thyroid and parathyroid disorders present with reversible neurologic signs and symptoms affecting the central and peripheral nervous system, musculature, and mental function. Patients with thyrotoxicosis may have myopathy, spasticity, seizures, and multiple psychiatric symptoms. A deficiency of thyroid hormone also causes muscle weakness and may be accompanied by reversible muscle hypertrophy or movement disorders. The chronic hypercalcemia that develops secondary to hyperparathyroidism produces many psychiatric and cognitive symptoms, as well as a reversible myopathy. Calcium deficiency leads to neuromuscular irritability, paresthesias, and tetany. Psychiatric disorders are also common in this disorder.
The Influence of Nitrogenous Compounds on the Growth of Helminthosporium Gramineum in Culture

Helminthosporium gramineum Rabh. exhibited a marked growth response in culture to barley plant extracts and to products diffusing from germinating barley. The organism utilized the ammonium ion in ...
Topic modeling of major research themes in disease ecology of mammals.

Disease ecology is a rapidly growing subdiscipline, and mammals and their parasites feature prominently in both historical and more recent research efforts. Nevertheless, the diversity of topics explored, and those not well explored, has not been systematically assessed. We conducted a systematic review of the published scientific literature in disease ecology of mammals and subjected the collection of original and review articles identified to a topic modeling approach, which is based on the words used in the published texts and their contexts (i.e., the frequency and strength of their semantic relationships with one another). In addition to concept maps identifying the most prominent research themes, we identified eight (not mutually exclusive) subcategories of studies, including experimental, theoretical, comparative, behavioral, immunological–microbiological, biogeographic–macroecological, vector-focused (e.g., mosquitoes), and disturbance-focused. The most prominent themes arising in review papers included the ecology of zoonotic diseases transmitted from non-human mammals, comparisons of pathogen prevalence between mammalian species, and pathogen discovery–disease surveillance studies, particularly of marine mammals and bats. For the original articles, the most prominent themes included ecology of rodent-transmitted viral and bacterial diseases and the population biology of zoonotic hosts. Most studies used comparative or descriptive approaches to investigate mammal–pathogen–disease relationships at a local scale, focusing on vector-borne diseases. Experimental, modeling, immunological, and behavioral approaches were strikingly underrepresented. Topics of strong conceptual importance, but that are underrepresented in the current literature, include: 1) the effects of the population density of mammalian hosts, and manipulations of density, on pathogen transmission; 2) macroecological studies that quantify effects of mammalian host species on parasite abundance and prevalence; and 3) effects of climate change on physiological and behavioral processes relevant to mammal–parasite interactions.
Social attraction used to establish Caspian tern nesting colonies in San Francisco Bay

Abstract Conservation of colonial waterbird breeding populations often includes restoring historic nesting habitat or establishing new nesting habitat in protected areas. However, colonization of new or restored nesting habitat may be hindered by the lack of social cues from nesting conspecifics to attract prospecting birds. Social attraction, whereby decoys and colony sound recordings are used to mimic active nesting colonies, has been used successfully to establish waterbird nesting colonies throughout the world. We constructed islands, modified the substrate so that it was attractive to nesting Caspian terns (Hydroprogne caspia), and then used social attraction to establish nesting colonies within two managed ponds in San Francisco Bay, California where Caspian terns had not previously nested. During the 2015–2017 breeding seasons, we deployed decoys of adult Caspian terns, broadcasted colony sound recordings, and monitored Caspian tern response. Caspian terns formed nesting colonies within weeks of social attraction deployment at each of the two ponds in 2015, and the size of these colonies increased in each subsequent year of the study. In 2017, the final year of the study, we estimated a minimum of 501 breeding pairs between the two colonies, making them two of the three largest Caspian tern colonies in the San Francisco Bay estuary. In total, these two colonies produced 1343 nests and 531 fledglings over the three-year study period. Nest densities were low (mean: 0.29 nests/m2 of active colony area) compared to other studies, and greater than 80% of the modified island habitat remained unused by nesting Caspian terns in 2017, suggesting that there is additional space for future colony growth. The successful establishment of two of the largest Caspian tern nesting colonies in the San Francisco Bay estuary in just three years demonstrates the potential of using island construction and habitat modifications, combined with social attraction measures to establish waterbird nesting colonies.
Neuroticism polygenic risk score predicts 20-year burden of depressive symptoms for Whites but not Blacks.

Background Black-White differences are reported in social, psychological, behavioral, medical, and biological correlates of depression. This study was conducted to compare Black and White older adults for the association between neuroticism polygenic risk score (N-PRS) and chronicity of depressive symptoms over 20 years. Methods Data came from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), 1990 - 2012, a nationally representative sample of Americans above age 50. Current analysis followed 9,249 individuals (7,924 Whites and 1,325 Blacks) for up to 22 years. Depressive symptoms were measured every two years between 1992 and 2012 using the 8-item Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D-8). The independent variable was N-PRS. The dependent variable was average depressive symptoms between 1992 and 2012. Linear regression was used for data analysis. Results In the pooled sample, higher N-PRS was associated with higher average depressive symptoms over the 20-year follow up period [b=0.01, 95%CI=0.00 to 0.04], net of all covariates. We also found an interaction between race and N-PRS [b=-0.02, 95%CI=-0.03 to 0.00], suggesting a stronger effect of N-PRS on 20-year average depressive symptoms for Whites than Blacks. Based on our race-specific linear regression models, higher N-PRS was associated with higher depressive symptoms from 1992 to 2012 for Whites [b=0.01, 95%CI=0.01 to 0.02] but not Blacks [b=0.00, 95%CI=-0.02 to 0.02]. Conclusion Black and White older adults may differ in the salience of the existing N-PRS for depressive symptoms, which better reflects the burden of depression for Whites than Blacks. This may be because the existing PRSs are derived from mostly or exclusively White samples, limiting their applicability in other race groups. Racial variation in psychosocial, clinical, and biological correlates of depression needs further research.
A tumor suppressor Retinoblastoma1 is essential for embryonic development in the sea urchin.

Background Embryonic cells and cancer cells share various cellular characteristics important for their functions. It has been thus proposed that similar mechanisms of regulation may be present in these otherwise disparate cell types. Results To explore how regulative embryonic cells are fundamentally different from cancerous cells, we report here that a fine balance of a tumor suppressor protein Retinoblastoma1 (Rb1) and a germline factor Vasa are important for proper cell proliferation and differentiation of the somatic cells during embryogenesis of the sea urchin. Rb1 knockdown blocked embryonic development and induced Vasa accumulation in the entire embryo, while its overexpression resulted in a smaller-sized embryo with differentiated body structures. These results suggest that a titrated level of Rb1 protein may be essential for a proper balance of cell proliferation and differentiation during development. Vasa knockdown or overexpression, on the other hand, reduced or increased Rb1 protein expression, respectively. Conclusions Taken together, it appears that Vasa protein positively regulates Rb1 protein while Rb1 protein negatively regulates Vasa protein, balancing the act of these two antagonistic molecules in somatic cells. This mechanism may provide a fine control of cell proliferation and differentiation, which is essential for regulative embryonic development.
Distinction without a difference? An assessment of MTurk Worker types:

Amazon’s Mechanical Turk (MTurk) platform is a popular tool for scholars seeking a reasonably representative population to recruit subjects for academic research that is cheaper than contract work ...
P-Type Electrochemical Doping Can Occur by Cation Expulsion in a High-Performing Polymer for Organic Electrochemical Transistors

We investigate the mechanism of ion-dependent charge compensation during electrochemical oxidation (doping) of the model mixed ionic/electronic transporting polythiophene derivative poly(3-{[2-(2-m...
FeederGAN: Synthetic Feeder Generation via Deep Graph Adversarial Nets

This article presents a novel, automated, generative adversarial networks (GAN) based synthetic feeder generation mechanism, abbreviated as FeederGAN. FeederGAN digests real feeder models represented by directed graphs via a deep learning framework powered by GAN and graph convolutional networks (GCN). Information of a distribution feeder circuit is extracted from its model input files so that the device connectivity is mapped onto the adjacency matrix and the device characteristics, such as circuit types (i.e., 3-phase, 2-phase, and 1-phase) and component attributes (e.g., length and current ratings), are mapped onto the attribute matrix. Then, Wasserstein distance is used to optimize the GAN and GCN is used to discriminate the generated graphs from the actual ones. A greedy method based on graph theory is developed to reconstruct the feeder using the generated adjacency and attribute matrices. Our results show that the GAN generated feeders resemble the actual feeder in both topology and attributes verified by visual inspection and by empirical statistics obtained from actual distribution feeders.
Time-dependent accumulation of Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, and Zn in natural communities of mayfly and caddisfly larvae: Metal sensitivity, uptake pathways, and mixture toxicity.

Abstract Conceptual and quantitative models were developed to assess time-dependent processes in four sequential experimental stream studies that determined abundances of natural communities of mayfly and caddisfly larvae dosed with single metals (Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Zn) or multiple metals (Cd + Zn, Co + Cu, Cu + Ni, Cu + Zn, Ni + Zn, Cd + Cu + Zn, Co + Cu + Ni, Cu + Ni + Zn). Metal mixtures contained environmentally relevant metal ratios found in mine drainage. Free metal ion concentrations, accumulation of metals by periphyton, and metal uptake by four families of aquatic insect larvae were either measured (Brachycentridae) or predicted (Ephemerellidae, Heptageniidae, Hydropsychidae) using equilibrium and biodynamic models. Toxicity functions, which included metal accumulations by larvae and metal potencies, were linked to abundances of the insect families. Model results indicated that mayflies accumulated more metal than caddisflies and the relative importance of metal uptake by larvae via dissolved or dietary pathways highly depended on metal uptake rate constants for each insect family and concentrations of metals in food and water. For solution compositions in the experimental streams, accumulations of Cd, Cu, and Zn in larvae occurred primarily through dietary uptake, whereas uptake of dissolved metal was more important for Co and Ni accumulations. Cd, Cu, and Ni were major contributors to toxicity in metal mixtures and for metal ratios examined. Our conceptual approach and quantitative results should aid in designing laboratory experiments and field studies that evaluate metal uptake pathways and metal mixture toxicity to aquatic biota.
Effects Of A Contusive Spinal Cord Injury On Spinal Motor Neuron Activity And Conduction Time In Rats

Objective. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of spinal cord injury (SCI) on spike activity evoked in the hindlimb spinal cord of the rat from cortical electrical stimulation. Approach. Adult, male, Sprague Dawley rats were randomly assigned to a Healthy or SCI group. SCI rats were given a 175 kDyn dorsal midline contusion injury at the level of the T8 vertebrae. At four weeks post-SCI, intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) was delivered at several sites in the hindlimb motor cortex of anesthetized rats, and evoked neural activity was recorded from corresponding sites throughout the dorsoventral depths of the spinal cord and EMG activity from hindlimb muscles. Main results. In healthy rats, post-ICMS spike histograms showed reliable, evoked spike activity during a short-latency epoch 10-12 ms after the initiation of the ICMS pulse train (short). Longer latency spikes occurred between ~20-60 ms, generally following a Gaussian distribution, rising above baseline at time LON, followed by a peak response (Lp), and then falling below baseline at time LOFF. EMG responses occurred between LON and Lp (25-27 ms). In SCI rats, short-latency responses were still present, long-latency responses were disrupted or eliminated, and EMG responses were never evoked. The retention of the short-latency responses indicates that spared descending spinal fibers, most likely via the cortico-reticulospinal pathway, can still depolarize spinal cord motor neurons after a dorsal midline contusion injury. Significance. This study provides novel insights into the role of alternate pathways for voluntary control of hindlimb movements after SCI that disrupts the corticospinal tract in the rat.
Owner-Drivers in the Tro-Tro Industry: A Look at Jitney Service Provision in Accra, Ghana

Owner-Drivers in the Tro-Tro Industry: A Look at Jitney Service Provision in Accra, Ghana This study focuses on the motivations of owner-drivers who participate in the tro-tro industry. Using in-depth interviews, I analyze who drives and owns tro-tros in Accra, Ghana, and why. Owner-drivers were asked to discuss why they participate in the tro-tro industry by offering mass transport services, their attitudes about it, the competition from other transportation options, and why they chose to operate their business where they do. This research examines policy debates about local vehicle travel, privatized transit, informal transit, and informal employment. This study contributes to understanding about the diversity of owner-drivers and how this small, locally-controlled informal private mass transport service ( tro-tro ) industry is regulated by local and central government agencies in Accra. This research project clarifies the range of entrepreneurial involvement in the supply of tro-tros in Accra by focusing on routes, fares, and vehicle types. The goal of the project is to clarify who operates tro-tro businesses, and the barriers to entry that they face. The results inform policymakers and researchers about the reasons why this informal service industry continues to thrive in Accra, and highlights the conflicts between tro-tro civil society organizations and government agencies over the proposal to expand public sector rapid bus transit systems.
Fortification of Foods with Nutrients

Of all the foods consumed by man, none except human milk will give him complete nourishment, and then only during the first few months of life. In common with other animals, man is nourished by a variety of foods selected from the plants and animals present in his environment. While each of these foods usually contains small to large amounts of the 50 or more nutrients required for human nutrition, none can supply all these nutrients in correct proportions to meet the daily needs of human beings. The term fortification is used to describe the process by which nutrients are added to foods to maintain and improve the nutritional quality of diets (Table I). These nutrients may be added as concentrates, as extracts, or as synthetic compounds. The fortification of foods has often been described (1–4).
Effect of brain normalization methods on the construction of functional connectomes from resting‐state functional MRI in patients with gliomas

PURPOSE Spatial normalization is an essential step in resting-state functional MRI connectomic analysis with atlas-based parcellation, but brain lesions can confound it. Cost-function masking (CFM) is a popular compensation approach, but may not benefit modern normalization methods. This study compared three normalization methods with and without CFM and determined their impact on connectomic measures in patients with glioma. METHODS Fifty patients with glioma were included. T1 -weighted images were normalized using three different methods in SPM12, with and without CFM, which were then overlaid on the ICBM152 template and scored by two neuroradiologists. The Dice coefficient of gray-matter correspondence was also calculated. Normalized resting-state functional MRI data were parcellated using the AAL90 atlas to construct an individual connectivity matrix and calculate connectomic measures. The R2 among the different normalization methods was calculated for the connectivity matrices and connectomic measures. RESULTS The older method (Original) performed significantly worse than the modern methods (Default and DARTEL; P < .005 in observer ranking). The use of CFM did not significantly improve the normalization results. The Original method had lower correlation with the Default and DARTEL methods (R2 = 0.71-0.74) than Default with DARTEL (R2 = 0.96) in the connectivity matrix. The clustering coefficient appears to be the most, and modularity the least, sensitive connectomic measures to normalization performance. CONCLUSION The spatial normalization method can have an impact on resting-state functional MRI connectome and connectomic measures derived using atlas-based brain parcellation. In patients with glioma, this study demonstrated that Default and DARTEL performed better than the Original method, and that CFM made no significant difference.
Inkjet-/3D-/4D-Printed "Zero-Power" Flexible Wearable Wireless Modules for Smart Biomonitoring and Pathogen Sensing

With the development of Additive Manufacturing Technologies, the realization of inkjet-3D/-4D printing of complex structures for flexible wearable wireless modules has become a reality. This paper provides a review of the current state-of-the-art in semi-passive/fully-passive conformal, sensors, and the wireless powering of wearable wireless devices. This paper presents the advantages of mm-Wave additively manufactured modules for both high-speed wireless communications and wireless sensing with mmID as well as pathogen detection through inkjet-printing of multi-material electrochemical sensors enabling highly scalable low-cost 5G powered IoT devices for biomonitoring and pathogen sensing.
TangibleData: Interactive Data Visualization with Mid-Air Haptics

In this paper, we investigate the effects of mid-air haptics in interactive 3D data visualization. We build an interactive 3D data visualization tool that adapts hand gestures and mid-air haptics to provide tangible interaction in VR using ultrasound haptic feedback on 3D data visualization. We consider two types of 3D visualization datasets and provide different data encoding methods for haptic representations. Two user experiments are conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of our approach. The first experimental results show that adding a mid-air haptic modality can be beneficial regardless of noise conditions and useful for handling occlusion or discerning density and volume information. The second experiment results further show the strengths and weaknesses of direct touch and indirect touch modes. Our findings can shed light on designing and implementing a tangible interaction on 3D data visualization with mid-air haptic feedback.
Distributed centroid estimation and motion controllers for collective transport by multi-robot systems

This paper presents four distributed motion controllers to enable a group of robots to collectively transport an object towards a guide robot. These controllers include: rotation around a pivot robot, rotation in-place around an estimated centroid of the object, translation, and a combined motion of rotation and translation in which each manipulating robot follows a trochoid path. Three of these controllers require an estimate of the centroid of the object, to use as the axis of rotation. Assuming the object is surrounded by manipulator robots, we approximate the centroid of the object by measuring the centroid of the manipulating robots. Our algorithms and controllers are fully distributed and robust to changes in network topology, robot population, and sensor error. We tested all of the algorithms in real-world environments with 9 robots, and show that the error of the centroid estimation is low, and that all four controllers produce reliable motion of the object.
Risk factors: Individual assessment of CKD risk in HIV-positive patients.

Despite reductions in morbidity and mortality owing to widespread use of highly effective antiretroviral therapy (ART), HIV-positive patients remain at high risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease. A new report provides a HIV-specific CKD risk score to balance the potential benefits and harms of nephrotoxic ART.
On the consistency of complex moduli for transversely-isotropic viscoelastic materials

The ability of advanced composite materials and structures to damp vibration is important in many applications. Use of the complex modulus approach to represent the dissipative properties of transversely-isotropic materials, such as unidirectional fiber-reinforced composites, requires the definition of a set of 5 (imaginary) loss moduli in addition to the 5 (real) storage moduli needed to describe the elastic behavior. In practice, designers of composite materials rarely have experimental data for all 5 loss moduli, and must assume values for the remaining moduli in their analyses. If values for these unknown loss moduli are specified arbitrarily, physically unreasonable behavior can result. This paper develops the conditions necessary for physical consistency of the complex moduli of transversely isotropic materials.
Scientists, the Media, and the Public Communication of Science

The relationship between scientists and journalists has evolved in recent years with the advent of numerous sociocultural changes and drastic shifts within the media ecosystem. Media professionals have traditionally been the gatekeepers of scientific information, but new media technologies grant scientists more power than ever before to be proactive about their public communication. In this article, I provide an overview of the science–media relationship and scientists as public communicators. Specifically, I recount the relationship that has traditionally existed between scientists and media professionals, explain how this relationship has evolved over recent years, and highlight what I believe are some of the most salient and exciting areas for future research examining scientists' efforts to engage with the public.
Interferon appearance stimulated by endotoxin, bacteria, or viruses in mice pre-treated with Escherichia coli endotoxin or infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Interferon Appearance Stimulated by Endotoxin, Bacteria, or Viruses in Mice Pre-Treated with Escherichia coli Endotoxin or Infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Focusing on Hand Hygiene with a Promotional Campaign

Abstract ISSUE: Improved adherence to hand hygiene has been shown to terminate outbreaks in healthcare facilities, reduce transmission of antimicrobial-resistant microorganisms, and reduce overall infection rates. In addition to handwashing with soap and water, the CDC now recommends that healthcare personnel also use alcohol-based hand rubs (ABHRs). ABHRs address some of the obstacles that healthcare personnel face when taking care of patients, such as inaccessibility of sinks and lack of time. The Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) has made hand hygiene a patient safety goal for 2004. PROJECT: In order to emphasize the importance of hand hygiene, Infection Control & Epidemiology partnered with the Patient Safety Committee and public relations department to develop a promotional campaign that coincided with the introduction of a new ABHR. The three-part campaign consisted of posters, lapel pins, point-of-service messages, quizzes, and newsletter articles. Campaigns were initiated in July 2003, October 2003, and January 2004. RESULTS: Quizzes were distributed during each campaign to generate interest and as an educational tool. Staff members who returned a completed quiz were given a lapel pin. The departments with the largest return rates for each campaign were awarded a prize (i.e., pizza party, goodie basket). In both July and October, over 1,000 quizzes were returned. LESSONS LEARNED: An innovative, fun, upbeat campaign generated increased enthusiasm and motivated staff to learn more about the importance of hand hygiene. It also provided an opportunity to highlight the introduction of a new ABHR.
Power Shortage: Clinical Trials Testing the “Homocysteine Hypothesis” against a Background of Folic Acid–Fortified Cereal Grain Flour

Fortification of cereal grain flour with folic acid has dramatically affected the occurrence of mild hyperhomocysteinemia and responsiveness to total homocysteine–lowering treatment in people with ...
The nucleosome map of the mammalian liver

Pioneer transcription factors such as Foxa1 and Foxa2 need to bind to nucleosomal DNA to regulate chromatin structure and gene activation. Now a genome-wide nucleosome mapping in mouse liver shows that the maintenance of nucleosome position and chromatin structure surrounding Foxa23 binding sites is independent of Foxa1/2.
Borate Glass Supports the In Vitro Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Abstract Bioactive ceramics have the ability to bond to surrounding bone and potentially enhance bone in-growth. Silicate based bioactive glasses and glass-ceramics, such as 45S5 bioactive glass, have been widely investigated for bone repair or as scaffolds for cell-based bone tissue engineering. Recent data have demonstrated that silica-free borate glasses also exhibit bioactive behavior and have been shown to convert to calcium phosphate at a remarkably rapid rate. Due to its relative novelty in biological applications, the cytocompatibity of borate glass is largely unknown. The objectives of this study were to investigate the cytocompatibility of borate glass by in vitro cell culture with human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) and hMSC-derived osteoblasts (hMSC-Obs). The choice of hMSCs and hMSC-Obs is based on the rationale that both cell types are preferred cell lineages attached to bone implants. Borate glass particles with diameters of 212–355 μ m were loosely compacted into porous disks (porosity ≈ ...
Bias-corrected population, size distribution, and impact hazard for the near-Earth objects

Abstract Utilizing the largest available data sets for the observed taxonomic (Binzel et al., 2004, Icarus 170, 259–294) and albedo (Delbo et al., 2003, Icarus 166, 116–130) distributions of the near-Earth object population, we model the bias-corrected population. Diameter-limited fractional abundances of the taxonomic complexes are A-0.2%; C-10%, D-17%, O-0.5%, Q-14%, R-0.1%, S-22%, U-0.4%, V-1%, X-34%. In a diameter-limited sample, ∼30% of the NEO population has jovian Tisserand parameter less than 3, where the D-types and X-types dominate. The large contribution from the X-types is surprising and highlights the need to better understand this group with more albedo measurements. Combining the C, D, and X complexes into a “dark” group and the others into a “bright” group yields a debiased dark-to-bright ratio of ∼1.6. Overall, the bias-corrected mean albedo for the NEO population is 0.14±0.02, for which an H magnitude of 17.8±0.1 translates to a diameter of 1 km, in close agreement with Morbidelli et al. (2002, Icarus 158 (2), 329–342). Coupling this bias corrected taxonomic and albedo model with the H magnitude dependent size distribution of (Stuart, 2001, Science 294, 1691–1693) yields a diameter distribution with 1090±180 NEOs with diameters larger than 1 km. As of 2004 June, the Spaceguard Survey has discovered 56% of the NEOs larger than 1 km. Using our size distribution model, and orbital distribution of (Stuart, 2001, Science 294, 1691–1693) we calculate the frequency of impacts into the Earth and the Moon. Globally destructive collisions (∼10 21 J) of asteroids 1 km or larger strike the Earth once every 0.60±0.1 Myr on average. Regionally destructive collisions with impact energy greater than 4×10 18 J (∼200 m diameter) strike the Earth every 56,000±6000 yr. Collisions in the range of the Tunguska event (4–8×10 16 J) occur every 2000–3000 yr. These values represent the average time between randomly spaced impacts; actual impacts could occur more or less closely spaced solely by chance. As a verification of these impact rates, the crater production function of Shoemaker et al. (1990, Geological Society of American Special Paper 247) has been updated by combining this new population model with a crater formation model to find that the observed crater production function on both the Earth and Moon agrees with the rate of crater production expected from the current population of NEOs.
Keeping Bayesian models rational: The need for an account of algorithmic rationality

We argue that the authors’ call to integrate Bayesian models more strongly with algorithmic- and implementational-level models must go hand in hand with a call for a fully developed account of algorithmic rationality. Without such an account, the integration of levels would come at the expense of the explanatory benefit that rational models provide.
Failure Mechanism of stacked CSP module under board-level drop impact

Riding chip scale packages (CSPs) in the z-direction enables high-density 3D electronic packaging in which the shorter, through-interposer interconnections can provide faster signal transmission and integrity. Successful applications of such 3D stacking packages require a better understanding of their mechanical responses to and reliability under various loading conditions. In this paper, we present analysis results for failure mechanisms of 3D packaging by (1) simulating detailed mechanical response of the critical joints to a board-level drop impact and identifying the possible failure modes and mechanisms of 95.5Sn4AgCu (SAC) solder joints in 3D stacked-CSP modules under drop impact, and (2) building a theoretical framework that estimates impact-induced stresses in the critical solders. The results suggest the following: (1) Stresses predicted by the theoretical models are on the same order of magnitude as numerical results. (2) Both the theoretical and numerical results show that stresses fluctuate at a higher frequency and are about one order of magnitude smaller in the 90° orientation drop than in the 0° drop. The latter implies that all the stack-like 3D packaging reacts dynamically 0stiffer” in the 90° drop scheme. This explains why the 0° drop scheme is the most critical test; if a specimen can survive from the 0° drop test, it should survive a drop test in any other orientation. (3) The FE results display uneven deformation among the solders of the stack CSP module, in particular in the 0° orientation drop. We deduce that the unequal deformation among the solders, due to differential flexure between the board and the packages, is the main cause for such high stresses in the critical solders in the 0° drop. Solders carry impact load more equally and react stiffer in the 90° orientation drop, resulting in much smaller stresses.
Alterations in cerebral blood flow and oxygen consumption during prolonged hypocarbia.

ABSTRACT. The effect of prolonged (2 h) hypocarbia on cerebral blood flow, oxygen delivery, extraction, and consumption was studied in eight, 1- to 4-day-old piglets. Hyperventilation to PaCO2 < 20 mm Hg acutely (30 min) decreased cerebral blood flow and oxygen oconsumption. Cerebral oxygen consumption was subsequently restored via increases in cerebral blood flow and thus, cerebral oxygen delivery. Cerebral oxygen extraction rose from a normocarbic baseline of 50 to 75% with acute hypocarbia and was maintained at this level. The percent decrease in blood flow to the cerebrum was greater than that to other brain regions during hypocarbia.
Introduction to the special issue: Using prevention science to address mental health issues in schools

This article provides a definition and history of prevention science, presents the contemporary definition of prevention, and outlines the prevention science research cycle. The work of scholars who have developed innovative methods and practices and/or who are leaders in their dissemination were invited in this special issue to discuss their work in relation to the prevention science framework. This introduction to the special issue, Using Prevention Science to Address the Mental Health Issues in Schools, highlights the need for prevention-minded research in schools. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Recombinant single-chain urokinase-type plasminogen activator (rscu-pa) induces thrombolysis and systemic fibrinolysis in a canine model of coronary artery thrombosis

The thrombolytic efficacy of recombinant single-chain urokinase-type plasminogen activator (rscu-PA) was studied in an open-chest canine model of coronary artery thrombosis. Dogs (n = 16) were anesthetized, a left thoracotomy performed, and a two cm segment of the left circumflex coronary artery was isolated and instrumented with an electromagnetic flow probe, an intracoronary stimulation electrode, and an adjustable mechanical occluder. Anodal direct current (100 microA) was applied to the stimulation electrode until thrombosis occurred (n = 14). After 30 min of thrombotic occlusion, rscu-PA was administered intravenously. Dogs were sacrificed either 6 h after thrombolysis or 6.5 h after initiation of rscu-PA when thrombolysis did not occur. In group A (30-50 micrograms/kg bolus rscu-PA + 20-40 micrograms/kg/min infusion rscu-PA for 30 min, n = 5) thrombolysis occurred in one case (20%) and this artery reoccluded. In group B (250 micrograms/kg bolus rscu-PA + 25 micrograms/kg/min infusion rscu-PA for 30 min, n = 6) all reperfused and only one reoccluded (16.6%). In group C (200 micrograms/kg bolus rscu-PA + 100 micrograms/kg/min rscu-PA infusion for 30 min, n = 2) both reperfused and neither reoccluded. Infarct size, determined as a percentage of left ventricle, was smaller when thrombolysis was followed by persistent reperfusion (n = 7), than when reperfusion did not occur (n = 4): 16.9 +/- 3.7% vs 31.3 +/- 2.2%, respectively (mean +/- SEM, p less than 0.02). If thrombolysis was followed by reocclusion, infarct size was 27.0 +/- 10.0%. In this study thrombolysis occurred when changes in prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, fibrinogen and fibrin split products were suggestive of systemic finbrinogenolysis. In conclusion, effective thrombolysis with rscu-PA appears to limit infarct size and to be accompanied by evidence of systemic fibrinolysis.
A logic for expressions with side-effects

This paper presents a simple programming logic LES, which is particularly well suited for reasoning about so-called expression languages, i.e. languages that incorporate imperative features into expressions rather than distinguishing between expressions and statements. An axiomatization of a simple programming language is presented using this formalism. It is shown that this axiomatization is relatively complete, roughly in the sense of [Coo 76].
TFIIH phosphorylation of the Pol II CTD stimulates mediator dissociation from the preinitiation complex and promoter escape.

The transition between transcriptional initiation and elongation by RNA polymerase (Pol) II is associated with phosphorylation of its C-terminal tail (CTD). Depletion of Kin28, the TFIIH subunit that phosphorylates the CTD, does not affect elongation but causes Pol II occupancy profiles to shift upstream in a FACT-independent manner indicative of a defect in promoter escape. Stronger defects in promoter escape are linked to stronger effects on preinitiation complex formation and transcription, suggesting that impairment in promoter escape results in premature dissociation of general factors and Pol II near the promoter. Kin28 has a stronger effect on genes whose transcription is dependent on SAGA as opposed to TFIID. Strikingly, Kin28 depletion causes a dramatic increase in Mediator at the core promoter. These observations suggest that TFIIH phosphorylation of the CTD causes Mediator dissociation, thereby permitting rapid promoter escape of Pol II from the preinitiation complex.
A call for reflection: medical student driven effort to foster empathy and compassion.

On my first day of clinical medicine, a newly anointed “MS3,” I heard a thud and a crumple, followed by a woman's anguished wail. I turned around and saw a middle-aged man collapsed on the floor an...
Principles of operation of linear induction devices

An approach to the analysis of linear motors, based on the Fitzgerald superpotential is outlined. The usefulness of the approach is demonstrated in calculations of the fields, the streamline pattern, and the performance characteristics of some versions of the linear motor. Analysis of the streamline pattern brings out, in turn, the influence of the end effects.
Physiology and ultrastructure of leptothrix discophora ss 1

Leptothrix discophora strain SS-1 (ATCC 43182) is a Gram-negative, Mn2+-oxidizing, aerobic heterotroph which lost its sheath-forming ability after 18 months of cultivation on laboratory media. SS-1 possesses high 6-phosphogluconate dehydratase and KDPG aldolase activities, and a very low level of phosphofructokinase, indicating carbohydrate catabolism by the Entner-Doudoroff pathway. The strain is polarly flagellated, accumulates PHB up to 67% of its dry weight when grown in pyruvate-containing medium, and has a G+C content of 69.8 mol%. These properties indicate that L. discophora is essentially a pseudomonad which can form a sheath and oxidize Mn2+. Ultrastructural observations made before SS-1 lost its sheath-forming ability indicated two cell types. Short, flagellated, non-sheathed cells seen under the electron microscope probably corresponded to swarmer cells observed under phase-contrast microscopy. These cells contained plate organelles and PHB granules, and produced extracellular blebs approx. 25–50 nm in diameter. Larger sheathed cells also contained plate organelles, PHB granules, and blebs that were often sandwiched between the outer membrane and the sheath. Cells grown in the presence of added Mn2+ were surrounded by an extensive fibrillar matrix, rendered electron dense by precipitation of manganic oxide. The matrix was connected to various points of the cell by outer membrane evaginations or electron dense threads. We propose that the outer membrane blebs represent vehicles for excretion of unorganized sheath material and/or Mn2+-oxidizing protein produced by L. discophora.