cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Serum β2-microglobulin at discharge predicts mortality and graft loss following kidney transplantation

Serum β 2 -microglobulin (β 2 M), a novel marker of kidney function, predicts mortality and kidney failure in the general population, and its elevation following transplantation is a marker of acute rejection. The association between post-transplant serum β 2 M and outcomes following kidney transplantation, however, is unknown. To help determine this, we conducted a retrospective cohort study of 2190 individuals receiving a primary kidney transplant with serum β 2 M measured at discharge. A total of 452 deaths and 347 graft failures before death (669 total graft losses) occurred over a median of 4.1 years of follow-up. After adjustment, the highest quintile of β 2 M (5.0mg/l and above), compared with the lowest quintile ( 2 M was more strongly associated with each outcome than was serum creatinine. Higher serum β 2 M at discharge was independently associated with each outcome in models stratified by the presence of delayed graft function, donor type, or estimated glomerular filtration rate at discharge. Thus, serum β 2 M at discharge is a potent predictor of long-term mortality and graft loss in kidney transplant recipients, providing information on allograft function beyond that of serum creatinine.
Spatiotemporal electrochemical measurements across an electric double layer capacitor electrode with application to aqueous sodium hybrid batteries

Abstract This paper presents in-situ spatiotemporal measurements of the electrolyte phase potential within an electric double layer capacitor (EDLC) negative electrode as envisaged for use in an aqueous hybrid battery for grid-scale energy storage. The ultra-thick electrodes used in these batteries to reduce non-functional material costs require sufficiently fast through-plane mass and charge transport to attain suitable charging and discharging rates. To better evaluate the through-plane transport, we have developed an electrode scaffold (ES) for making in situ electrolyte potential distribution measurements at discrete known distances across the thickness of an uninterrupted EDLC negative electrode. Using finite difference methods, we calculate local current, volumetric charging current and charge storage distributions from the spatiotemporal electrolyte potential measurements. These potential distributions provide insight into complex phenomena that cannot be directly observed using other existing methods. Herein, we use the distributions to identify areas of the electrode that are underutilized, assess the effects of various parameters on the cumulative charge storage distribution, and evaluate an effectiveness factor for charge storage in EDLC electrodes.
Methods for noise isolation in RFCMOS ICs

Different process techniques of suppressing the transmission of high-frequency noise induced by fast-switching MOS gates through silicon (Si) substrate have been examined. The isolated n/sup +/-pocket structure formed by a new process technique designed in this work has proven to be most effective in guarding vulnerable devices from remnant high-frequency noise roaming in the substrate among the structures we have used in the experiment: p/sup +/ guard ring, proton implant, and pocket structures. The noise suppressing efficiency is -75 dB at 1 GHz of n/sup +/-pocket structure in contrast to -38 dB at 1 GHz of unprotected devices. The protecting structures should become a decisive measure for future success of Si-based radio frequency integrated circuit (RFIC) applications.
A 0-1 quadratic programme for the case of missing data in regression

Multivariate statistical analysis techniques including regression analysis compose a popular toolset for analysing survey data, but the techniques require a complete dataset with no missing values. Unfortunately, most survey datasets contain missing values. These missing values must be resolved in some manner before regression analysis can take place. We present a quadratic programming methodology for eliminating non-responses from a survey dataset.
Abnormalities of the fibrinolytic system as a cause of upper extremity ischemia: A preliminary report

Abstract Abnormalities of the fibrinolytic system can result in unusual or unexplained clotting that occurs spontaneously or after minor trauma. We identified five patients with limbthreatening arterial thrombosis of the upper extremity associated with either a low level of plasminogen or an abnormal immunoreactive plasminogen. All patients had extensive thrombosis of the brachial, radial, and ulnar arteries. Two patients had concomitant thrombus of the subclavian artery, which in one patient was associated with distal embolization to the hand. There was no evidence of atherosclerosis in any patient. Detection of an abnormal plasminogen level was done by immunoelectrophoresis of the patient's serum with antiplasminogen sera. In these patients a separate immunoreactive band located near the anode and distinct from the normal single plasminogen band was detected. Because of extensive thrombosis of the arterial system, exploration of the brachial artery, as well as the origin of all the forearm vessels, was necessary for complete balloon catheter thrombectomy. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are necessary to prevent the catastrophic complication of arm or hand amputation. Patients with an abnormal plasminogen level should receive perioperative heparin therapy and long-term warfarin to prevent recurrent thrombotic episodes. (J V ASC S URG 1988;7:661-6.)
American Indians with African Ancestry: Differential Fertility and the Complexities of Social Identity

Interethnic marriage represents a major trend in the demographic history of American Indians. While the majority of these unions involved Indian women and Caucasian men, a sizeable number occurred between Indians and African Americans. The children of these bicultural marriages were “mixed bloods” who in turn typically married non-Indians or other mixed bloods. Using data from the 1910 Census on American Indians in the United States and Alaska, this article explores why American Indians with African ancestry enjoyed high fertility. Differential rates of fertility among American Indians in the past were due to a number of underlying genetic, cultural, and environmental factors. By identifying these factors, the paradox of why Indian women with African heritage did so well in terms of fertility largely disappears. African admixture, however, greatly complicates Indian social identity.
Protective strategies and alcohol use among college students: ethnic and gender differences.

This study investigated differences in alcohol consumption and the use of protective strategies (i.e., eating and designated drivers) between European American, African American, and Hispanic American college students. Gender differences were also examined. The study sample was drawn from a large southeastern university (n = 567). Data analysis employed regression, factor analysis, and analysis of variance. Results indicate that European Americans students reported a higher incidence of “drunk” episodes per week than other racial/ethnic groups and greater use of specific pre-drinking behaviors such as protective strategies than their non-European American peers. No statistically significant differences were found between the drinking patterns between genders.
Minimal latency to hippocampal epileptogenesis and clinical epilepsy after perforant pathway stimulation-induced status epilepticus in awake rats

Hippocampal epileptogenesis is hypothesized to involve secondary mechanisms triggered by initial brain injury. Chemoconvulsant-induced status epilepticus has been used to identify secondary epileptogenic mechanisms under the assumption that a seizure-free, pre-epileptic “latent period” exists that is long enough to accommodate delayed mechanisms. The latent period is difficult to assess experimentally because early spontaneous seizures may be caused or influenced by residual chemoconvulsant that masks the true duration of the epileptogenic process. To avoid the use of chemoconvulsants and determine the latency to hippocampal epileptogenesis and clinical epilepsy, we developed an electrical stimulation-based method to evoke hippocampal discharges in awake rats, and produce hippocampal injury and hippocampal-onset epilepsy reliably. Continuous video-monitoring and granule cell layer recording determined whether hippocampal epileptogenesis develops immediately or long after injury. Bilateral perforant pathway stimulation for 3 hr evoked granule cell epileptiform discharges and convulsive status epilepticus with minimal lethality. Spontaneous Stage 3−5 behavioral seizures reliably developed within 3 days post-stimulation, and all 72 spontaneous behavioral seizures recorded in 10 animals were preceded by spontaneous granule cell epileptiform discharges. Histological analysis confirmed a reproducible pattern of limited hippocampal and extra-hippocampal injury, including an extensive bilateral loss of hilar neurons throughout the hippocampal longitudinal axis. These results indicate that hippocampal epileptogenesis after convulsive status epilepticus is an immediate network defect coincident with neuron loss or other early changes. We hypothesize that the latent period is directly related and inversely proportional to the extent of neuron loss in brain regions involved in seizure initiation, spread, and clinical expression.
The thermodynamics of evolution

Abstract This article establishes for a class of evolutionary processes, a directionality theorem which is an analogue of the second law of thermodynamics. For populations evolving under limited resource conditions the effect of mutation and selection will result in the spontaneous transition from one stationary state to another. We show that this transition is described by an increase in population entropy, a parameter which measures the diversity of lineages induced by the birth and death rates of the individuals in the population. The second law of thermodynamics refers to systems in an adiabatic enclosure and describe an increase in geometric complexity as the system moves from one equilibrium steady state to another. The directionality theorem in evolutionary dynamics refers to populations subject to limited resource conditions and describes an increase in dynamic complexity as the system moves from one nonequilibrium steady state to another. We invoke a formal correspondence between the evolutionary parameter, generation time and the thermodynamic parameter, temperature, established in J. Stat. Phys. 30 (1983) 709, to show that in populations evolving under the additional constraint of constant generation time, the increase in population entropy reduces to an increase in geometric complexity, a property which is formally identical to the second law.
Asynchronous compute-and-forward/integer-Forcing with quasi-cyclic codes

Communication in the presence of bounded timing asynchronism which is known to the receiver but cannot be easily compensated is studied. Examples of such situations include point-to-point communication over inter-symbol interference (ISI) channels and asynchronous wireless networks. In these scenarios, although the receiver may know all the delays, it may not be an easy task for the receiver to compensate the delays as the signals are mixed together. A novel framework called interleave/deinterleave transform (IDT) is proposed to deal with this problem. It is shown that the IDT allows one to design the delays so that quasi-cyclic (QC) codes with a proper shifting constraint can be used accordingly. When used in conjunction with QC codes, IDT provides significantly better performance than existing schemes relying solely on cyclic codes. Two instances of asynchronous physical-layer network coding, namely the integer-forcing equalization for ISI channels and asynchronous compute-and-forward, are then studied where the gap-to-capacity can be bridged for the former and significant gains can be obtained for the later. The proposed IDT can be thought of as a generalization of the interleaving/deinterleaving idea in [1] which allows the use of QC codes thereby substantially increasing the design space.
Studies of catecholamine excretion by children with neural tumors.

ABSRACT The urinary excretion of dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, metanephrine-normetanephrine and 3-methoxy-4- hydroxymandelic acid was measured in 17 children with tumors of neural crest origin; in 13 alterations in catecholamine metabolism were demonstrated. There were no apparent abnormalities in catecholamine excretion in 4 patients with “cured” neuroblastoma and in 7 with a variety of tumors not of neural crest origin. A preliminary biochemical classification of patients with neural tumors is suggested, based on the urinary excretion of catecholamines and metabolites.
Exploration of human factors issues within a future separation assurance concept

The human factors (HF) impact of sweeping changes in the roles of human operators, as well as the introduction of new technologies, are being studied in NASA's Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen). As part of a NASA funded project [1], a walkthrough technique was constructed to examine the effectiveness of using a low-cost method for looking at NextGen concepts in detail within a concrete operational context. A ground-based Separation Assurance (SA) concept was chosen as a specific example and its instantiation for a high-level en route air traffic controller position was selected as the focus. Test run recordings from a previous study [2] provided four off-nominal events as stimuli for our walkthrough. Each event was analyzed to identify its progression due to an action by the controller or the automation. Based on reviews of four NextGen research concepts [1, 3], 18 HF themes were selected as key areas affected by introducing NextGen automation for the SA function. These encompassed cognitive and organizational topics including attention, workload and job responsibilities. A walkthrough was constructed by applying these themes as questions to relevant points in a set of events. Six retired controllers watched each event three times. First, the event was played in real time; second, the event was stepped through and a question with a cognitive theme was asked; and third, the event was stepped through again and an organization question was asked. Participants' answers were recorded and later transcribed. Qualitative analyses selected questions that addressed the 18 themes. Results indicated valuable unique operational insights into the problems for the NextGen SA concept not previously available through human-in-the-loop simulations alone. Given that other concept exploration methods are resource-intensive (e.g. Human in the Loop), the cognitive walkthrough was found to be a low cost and reasonably rapid method for exploring HF issues. The use of a dynamic “storyboard” to provide the stimulus for the walkthrough questions, while moving away from the original cognitive walkthrough method, was considered to be essential in the domain due to the spatial and dynamic nature of controllers' expertise.
MODEL ORIENTATION AND WELL CONDITIONING OF SYSTEM MODELS: SYSTEM AND CONTROL ISSUES

Abstract Early stages modelling of processes involves issues of classification of variables into inputs, outputs and internal variables, referred to as Model Orientation Problem (MOP) which may be addressed on state space implicit, or matrix pencil descriptions. Defining orientation is equivalent to producing state space models of the regular or singular type. Studying the conditions, under which such models may be derived, as well as the structural properties of the resulting oriented problems, is one of the issues considered here. Oriented models of the S(A,B,C,D) type have transfer functions which may not be well behaving as far as properties of input, output regularity and nondegeneracy. Defining subsystems by reduction of the number of inputs, outputs such that the resulting transfer function is well behaved as far as preservation of degeneracy, is a problem considered in the context of systems having physical input, output variables, which have to be preserved.
Novel structures for optical sources based on quantum well modulators for intrachip global communications

Optical interconnects are under investigation for intrachip global communications. Low-power, high yield optical sources are required to exploit potential solutions. Two new structures are presented that enable MQWM's to be integrated with candidate fabrics, utilizing a single CW laser, waveguides, splitters, and 45-degree etched facets, providing multiple individually addressable sources.
The nonoperative management of fistula-in-ano.

Abstract Background/Purpose: Fistulotomy is the accepted treatment for infants with perianal fistula. Although recurrence rates range from 0% to 68%. Based on the experience of a senior colleague who noted that babies suffering from perianal fistula follow a self-limited course the authors decided to determine if this observation was accurate. Methods: A conservative approach to perianal abscess and fistula was used prospectively in 18 male infants. Abscesses were to be drained only if the baby was very uncomfortable or febrile. Once a fistula developed the authors continued observation until the fistula healed. Data are expressed as mean ± SD. Mean follow-up period was 37 months. Results: Mean age at onset of symptoms was 4 ± 3 months. Fistulas developed in 14 patients (77%). All fistulas healed without operation. Four patients had abscesses drained for discomfort (n = 3) or fever (n = 1). No patient required antibiotics. Mean duration of symptoms was 6 ± 4 months. Four patients in whom fistulas did not form healed after incision (n = 3) or spontaneous drainage (n = 1). All patients currently are asymptomatic. Conclusions: In healthy neonates, perianal abscess and fistula are self-limited conditions rarely requiring surgical drainage and not requiring antibiotics. The conservative management of perianal abscess and fistula in healthy infants appears to be safe and effective. J Pediatr Surg 35:938-939. Copyright © 2000 by W.B. Saunders Company.
Heterogeneous distribution of polysialylated neuronal-cell adhesion molecule during post-natal development and in the adult: An immunohistochemical study in the rat brain

A monoclonal antibody raised against the capsular polysaccharides of meningococcus B was used for immunohistochemical studies in the rat brain, with particular focus on the substantia nigra. This antibody recognizes polysialic acid residues specifically associated with the neuronal-cell adhesion molecule, and reacts with the highly sialylated embryonic neuronal-cell adhesion molecule, but not with the weakly sialylated adult form of the molecule. Immunoreactivity to this monoclonal antibody was intense and widespread in the brain of 1-10-day-old hooded rats. Immunolabeling was associated with cell membranes and present in the intersomata space. In sections from 16- and 25-day-old rats, marked heterogeneity in the level of immunostaining appeared among individual brain nuclei. Areas devoid of labeling with the anti-meningococcus antibody still expressed immunoreactivity to a polyclonal anti-neuronal-cell adhesion molecule antibody. This suggests that the loss of immunostaining with the monoclonal antibody did not correspond to a loss of expression of neuronal-cell adhesion molecule, but to a maturation from the embryonic to the adult form of the molecule, occurring at different rates in various brain regions. In 2-month-old rats, immunolabeling with the monoclonal antibody was still present in discrete brain areas, including the substantia nigra, suggesting that the presence of highly sialylated neuronal-cell adhesion molecule outlasts post-natal development in those brain regions. It is proposed that neuronal-cell adhesion molecule associated polysialic residues may play a role in neuronal plasticity in restricted areas of the adult brain.
Incivilities in nonmetropolitan communities: The effects of structural constraints, social conditions, and crime

Guided by social disorganization theory and the emerging concept of collective efficacy, this study used three sources of data, including community surveys administered to 1,125 citizens nested in thirty-one residential units, and hierarchical modeling techniques to examine the effects of structural features and collective social processes, net of property crime (i.e., burglary) and citizen-level sociodemographic characteristics, on perceived incivilities (i.e., signs of physical decay and social disorder) in nonmetropolitan communities. The results showed that respondents living in economically disadvantaged geographic areas were significantly more likely to perceive their immediate surroundings in more negative terms (i.e., higher levels of incivilities). Respondents living in residential units characterized by higher levels of collective efficacy (i.e., a composite measure consisting of both cohesion and control), however, reported significantly fewer incivility problems. When assessed separately, social cohesion partially mediated the effects of economic disadvantage. The findings indicated that social disorganization theory generalizes to less densely populated, nonmetropolitan communities.
RESTRAINT EFFECTIVENESS, OCCUPANT EJECTION FROM CARS, AND FATALITY REDUCTIONS

The effectiveness of air cushion restraint systems, or airbags, in preventing fatalities is estimated by assuming that they do not affect ejection probability, and protect only in frontal, or near frontal, crashes with impact-reducing effectiveness equal to that of lap/shoulder belts. In order to compute airbag effectiveness, lap/shoulder belt effectiveness and the fraction of fatalities preventable by eliminating ejection are estimated using Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS) data. Ejection prevention is found to account for almost half of the effectiveness of lap/shoulder belts (essentially all for lap belts only). Airbag effectiveness is estimated as (18 +/- 4)% in preventing fatalities to drivers and (13 +/- 4)% to right front passengers. Drivers switching from lap/shoulder belt to airbag-only protection increase their fatality risk by 41%.
Emotional, behavioral, and cognitive status of children with cerebral gigantism

Eleven children with cerebral gigantism or Sotos' syndrome were assessed regarding their cognitive, emotional, and behavioral status. The children demonstrated high rates of emotional and behavioral disorders, but no specific pattern or personality style was detected. On the cognitive assessments, all of the children presented with cognitive impairment or mental retardation, the range of which was variable. As with other syndromes associated with developmental delay, there was a wide range of expression of problems.
Guidelines for Two-Parameter Weibull Analysis for Flaw-Containing Materials

Two-parameter Weibull statistics used in the analysis of mechanical data from flaw-containing materials, such as ceramics and castings, are reviewed. Guidelines to estimate Weibull parameters with the linear regression technique are provided. Moreover goodness-of-fit tests for Weibull fits and calculating confidence intervals for the estimated Weibull modulus are discussed. Methods of estimating lower bounds as well as a new hypothesis test for comparing two estimated Weibull moduli are explained. The use of these guidelines is demonstrated by using data from the literature.
Implied Orders Tailored Testing: Simulation with the Stanford-Binet

Tailored testing by Cliff's (1975) method of im plied orders was simulated through the use of re sponses gathered during conventional administra tion of the Stanford-Binet intelligence test. Tail oring eliminated approximately half the responses with only modest decreases in score reliability. Re sponses in tailored tests were shown by the Spear man-Brown prophecy formula to be equivalent to from 1.09 to 1.48 conventional items. Ninety-five percent of all responses implied by the tailoring procedures were identical to responses actually ob tained during live testing.
Lightning channel current persists between strokes

The usual cloud-to-ground lightning occurs when a large negative charge contained in a “stepped leader” travels down toward the Earth's surface. It then meets a positive charge that comes up tens of meters from the ground, resulting in a powerful neutralizing explosion that begins the first return stroke of the lightning flash. The entire flash lasts only a few hundred milliseconds, but during that time, multiple subsequent stroke–return stroke sequences usually occur.
Convexification of AC optimal power flow

This overview paper summarizes the key elements of semidefinite relaxations of the optimal power flow problem, and discusses several open challenges.
Does the Dynamic Indicators of Basic Early Literacy Skills Next Assessment Take a "Simple View" of Reading?.

This study involved examination of the validity evidence of the Dynamic Indicators of Basic Early Literacy Skills–Next Edition (DIBELS Next) for a sample of 85 third- and fifth-grade students, in reference to the “simple view” of reading. Tests administered included DIBELS Next, Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test–IV (PPVT–IV), Group Reading Assessment and Diagnostic Evaluation (GRADE), and the New York State English Language Arts (NYSELA) test. DIBELS Next Oral Reading Fluency (ORF) and Daze scores were significantly correlated with GRADE and NYSELA scores. Daze scores also explained significant variance in GRADE scores beyond ORF only at third grade and not NYSELA scores at either grade. PPVT–IV scores explained significant variance in GRADE scores beyond ORF at both grades but only NYSELA at third grade. GRADE Vocabulary explained variance in both measures of comprehension and at both grade levels. Research and educational implications of these findings are discussed.
Perception and Allocation of Time by Dyslexic Children

The perception and allocation of time by individuals is closely associated with their observed behaviors in life. A dyslexic child presents unique and interesting problems to educational researchers, teachers, and parents since the information-processing style differs from that of normal children. This study examined not the cognitive understanding of time or problems in measuring time (dyschronometria), but the perception and allocation of time by 26 normal and 21 dyslexic children between the ages of 10 years and 17 years old. These findings were measured by a specifically designed time allocation and perception questionnaire and a circles test. The analysis indicated that the dyslexic children tended to be far more outer- and inner-directed with regard to their time allocations and generally perceived time as a linking of past, present, and future events.
Reflection and transmission at the apparent horizon during gravitational collapse

We examine the wave functionals describing the collapse of a self-gravitating dustball in an exact quantization of the gravity-dust system. We show that ingoing (collapsing) dust shell modes outside the apparent horizon must necessarily be accompanied by outgoing modes inside the apparent horizon, whose amplitude is suppressed by the square root of the Boltzmann factor at the Hawking temperature. Likewise, ingoing modes in the interior must be accompanied by outgoing modes in the exterior, again with an amplitude suppressed by the same factor. A suitable superposition of the two solutions is necessary to conserve the dust probability flux across the apparent horizon; thus, each region contains both ingoing and outgoing dust modes. If one restricts oneself to considering only the modes outside the apparent horizon then one should think of the apparent horizon as a partial reflector, the probability for a shell to reflect being given by the Boltzmann factor at the Hawking temperature determined by the mass contained within it. However, if one considers the entire wave function, the outgoing wave in the exterior is seen to be the transmission through the horizon of the interior outgoing wave that accompanies the collapsing shells. This transmission could allow information frommore » the interior to be transferred to the exterior.« less
ARNT misbehavin' in diabetic beta cells.

Comparing gene expression patterns of pancreatic islets from normal and diabetic people show that the transcription factor ARNT/HIF1β is the most markedly reduced in humans with the disease. ARNT regulates many beta-cell genes, insulin secretion and glucose tolerance.
Characterization of organic matter in a northern hardwood forest soil by 13C NMR spectroscopy and chemical methods

Abstract Soil organic matter plays an important role in soil properties and influences ecosystem cycles of C, N, Al, Fe, and other major and trace elements. We examined spatial variations in the structure and chemistry of soil organic matter at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest in New Hampshire, USA. Humic substances were extracted and isolated chromatographically into humic acid, fulvic acid, and polysaccharide fractions. Chemical methods and solid-state 13C NMR spectroscopy were used to determine structural chemistry. On average, extractable humic substances accounted for nearly 50% of soil organic matter, with alkyl and O-alkyl C (carbohydrate) being the largest C fractions in whole soils and isolated humic substances. Alkyl C ranged from 33% to 56% of C, while O-alkyl C comprised 20–45% of C. Alkyl C increased, while O-alkyl C decreased with soil depth in whole soils, humin, and humic acid. Aromatic C increased with soil depth in whole soils and humin, while carbonyl C increased with depth in whole soils and fulvic acids. Fulvic acids were more acidic than humic acids, and were less phenolic and aliphatic than humic acids. Carboxylic acidity accounted for about 80% and 50% of total acidity in fulvic acid and humic acid, respectively. Soil from higher-elevation sites exhibited greater alkyl C and lower O-alkyl and aromatic C in the Oa horizon, suggesting a greater degree of decomposition of the organic matter in the Oa horizon of these conifer-rich sites. Mineral soils in conifer-rich sites contained organic matter that was more aromatic than in hardwood sites. Variations in humification processes, source materials, and transport of organic matter could account for variations in the structure and chemistry of organic matter in these forest soils.
Taphonomy, paleoecology, and hominids of Lainyamok, Kenya☆

Abstract Lainyamok is a hominid fossil and artifact locality west of Lake Magadi in the southern Kenya rift. It is assigned a Middle Pleistocene age, provisionally 0·70-0·56 Ma, based on K-Ar dates, regional association with the Oloronga Beds, and deposition prior to grid faulting in southern Kenya at the end of the Middle Pleistocene. Its fauna is modern compared with that of Olorgesailie Members 1–7 ( ca. 0·9-0·7 Ma). From preliminary survey and mapping of surface finds, Lainyamok was initially interpreted as a possible location of hominid butchery activity. Associated clusters of bones of single animals and stone artifacts were found eroding out from a lake margin silt. Stringent criteria are proposed for identifying single animal butchery sites in the prehistoric record. Extensive excavation and geologic fieldwork at Lainyamok now show that none of the criteria for butchery sites is met. Instead, the primary fossiliferous layer (Khaki 2) represents a debris flow which introduced artifacts and possibly some bones into a lake margin setting. Evidence for carnivore damage and accumulation of the majority of excavated bones suggests that hyenas accumulated most of these bones in burrows after deposition of Khaki 2 and prior to deposition of higher strata. In addition to artifacts, a new femur and a previously described set of maxillary teeth indicate the presence of hominids in the area. However, Lainyamok is best considered a locality where evidence of hominid activities is negligible but which enables valuable ecological comparisons to be made to areas where hominids were considerably more active (e.g., Olorgesailie).
Multiplicative maps on matrices that preserve the spectrum

Abstract Let M n denote the set of all n × n matrices over the complex numbers ( n ≥ 2). Let A n ⊆ M n be either the set of all invertible matrices, the set of all unitary matrices, or a multiplicative semigroup containing the singular matrices. Theorem: If φ : A n → M n is a spectrum-preserving multiplicative map, then there exists a matrix R in M n such that φ ( S ) = R −1 SR for all S in A n .
Positional oculogyric crises Case report

A young woman with a cystic glioma in the region of the posterior third ventricle is presented. Each time she turned to the supine position she developed immediate, forceful, conjugate upward gaze (oculogyric crises) and an inability to talk. If she turned to either side, she was alert and oriented, and could talk and lie comfortably. After stereotaxic removal of the cystic fluid, this phenomenon disappeared and did not return, even when the cyst refilled.
Increases in reaction rates and improvement of current–potential characteristics in the electrochemical oxidation of formic acid

Abstract In current-control experiments, perturbing an aqueous solution containing 0.10 M formic acid and 0.50 M HClO 4 by including a small amount of HBF 4 causes more than a 60% increase in the value of the applied current for which low-valued stationary potentials remain stable. The current increases by more than 50% at relevant potential values in potential-control experiments. Current–potential characteristics inferior to those of the HCOOH + HClO 4 solution are obtained with other solutions made by adding small amounts of a strong acid or salt. Properties that exist among the anions present in the latter solutions are possessed by BF 4 − . Nonlinear behavior exhibited by formic acid oxidation is changed drastically by the presence of a small amount of any one of the anions studied. These results and other arguments support the hypothesis that HBF 4 enhances current–potential characteristics by causing the formation of surface anion complexes possessing OH components at low potentials.
Comparing high level architecture data distribution management specifications 1.3 and 1516

Abstract The high level architecture (HLA) is a standard for federations of distributed simulations that exchange run-time data. HLA's data distribution management (DDM) services reduce data delivered to simulations based on their declarations of data produced and required. The HLA specifications, including DDM, were changed substantially from the Department of Defense 1.3 standard to the IEEE 1516 standard. The two DDM specifications' (DDM 1.3 and DDM 1516) power to define intersimulation data flows are compared. A transformation from DDM 1.3 to DDM 1516 configurations and a mapping from DDM 1516 to DDM 1.3 configurations prove that the DDM specifications are equivalently powerful.
Neurogenic period of ascending tract neurons in the upper lumbar spinal cord of the rat

Abstract Although the neurogenic period for neurons in the lumbar spinal cord has been clearly established (Days 12 through 16 of gestation), it is not known when the neurogenesis of ascending tract neurons is completed within this period. The purpose of the present study was to determine the duration of the neurogenic period for projection neurons of the ascending tracts. To label neurons undergoing mitosis during this period, tritiated thymidine was administered to fetal rats on Embryonic (E) Days E13 through E16 of gestation. Ascending tract neurons of the lumbar cord were later (Postnatal Days 40–50) labeled in each animal with a retrograde tracer, Fluoro-Gold, applied at the site of a hemisection at spinal cord segment C3. Ascending tract neurons which were undergoing mitosis in the upper lumbar cord were double labeled, i.e., labeled with both tritiated thymidine and Fluoro-Gold. On Day E13, 89–92% of the ascending tract neurons were double labeled; on Day E14, 35–37%; and on Day E15, 1–4%. Results showed, then, that some ascending tract neurons were double labeled through Day E15 and were, therefore, proliferating in the final one-third of the neurogenic period. Ascending tract neurons proliferating on Day E15 were confined to laminae III, IV, V, and X and the nucleus dorsalis. Long tract neurons in the superficial dorsal horn (laminae I and II), on the other hand, were found to have completed neurogenesis on Day E14 of gestation. Results of the present study show that spinal neurogenesis of ascending projection neurons continues throughout most of the neurogenic period and does not completely follow the well-established ventral to dorsal gradient.
Isolation and characterization of plasma membrane proteins of cultured human retinal pigment epithelium.

Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-D) was used to resolve the plasma membrane proteins from cultured human retinal pigment epithelial cells. The cells were metabolically labeled either with [35S]methionine to reveal proteins in general or with [3H]glucosamine or [3H]fucose which are more specific for glycoprotein visualization. The cell surface proteins were also iodinated, using the lactoperoxidase-glucose oxidase technique. These labeled membranes were separated into plasma membrane-enriched fractions by subjecting the water-shocked postnuclear supernatant to a discontinuous sucrose-density gradient. The five resulting membrane fractions were assayed for protein, RNA (microsomes), galactosyltransferase (Golgi membranes), 5′-nucleotidase (plasma membranes), and succinate dehydrogenase (mitochondrial membranes) and were examined by electron microscopy. The plasma membranes were enriched with minimal contamination at the 0·6–0·85 M (F2) and 0·85–1·0 M (F3) sucrose interfaces based on these biochemical and morphological criteria. Examination of 2-D autoradiographic profiles of F2 and F3 showed that approximately 180 proteins or protein subunits had incorporated [35S]methionine. Certain proteins were also labeled by [3H]glucosamine and [3H]fucose, and surface-labeled by iodination. This was especially true of 17 different high-molecular-weight (43–139 × 103 MW) very acidic glycoproteins which formed a constellation of spots. These glycoproteins, as well as others, were also seen in the whole-cell acidic glucosamine-labeled 2-D profiles, where about 150 proteins were detected. A total of 39 proteins were catalogued, of which 34 were detectable in the plasma membrane-enriched fractions. The results show that the use of subcellular fractionation, specific precursors, and labeling techniques aids in the detection and characterization of minor proteins in 2-D gels.
What Happened?: An Epistemics of Before and After in “At-the-Scene” Police Questioning

When police arrive at the scene of a possible crime or accident, they make inquiries of participants to determine what sort of prior events have transpired to lead to the situation. Examination of unedited sections of a reality television show based on police work (among other data) demonstrates that officers' use of What happened? typically elicits (and/or pursues) a narrative, an “ontogeny” of how a particular problem event came to be. In this article, I analyze how answerers in these police–citizen interactions construct narratives to put themselves in the best light, particularly via techniques of what, along the lines of Sacks' (1984) term “doing being ordinary,” might be called doing being extraordinary. Although the What happened? question confers on the answerer an authority to answer as “someone who was there,” officers nevertheless mobilize their commonsense understandings of events as temporally unfolding and accountably ordered phenomena to monitor and challenge the plausibility of answerers' ...
Adult children in the parental household: who benefits?

Households that include adult children may arise out of collective necessities, not just the needs or shortcomings of the adult child. Therefore living in the parental home does not necessarily preclude the transition to adulthood. An analysis of household income in the 1980 U.S. Census demonstrates that while parents on average contribute a larger share of household income than their adult child does, some parents and children share a need for joint living arrangements. The parental characteristics associated with such needs include an older householder, a female householder, and income close to or below the poverty line.
Organophosphazenes. XIV. Para substituted aryl and mixed para substituted aryl/pheyl fluorocyclotriphosphazene derivatives [1]

Abstract The reactions of aryl lithiu reagents containing electron donating subsituents in the para position with hexafluorocyclotriphosphazene, P3N3F6, have been examined. These reactions yield the appropriate monoaryl petafluorocyclotriphosphazenes. P3N3F5C6H4X (X= F, Cl, OCH3, CH3 in moderate yields. The monoaryl phosphazenes are converted to the geminally substituted mixed aryl/phenyl derivatives, 2,2-P3N3F4(C6H5)C6H4X (X = F, Cl, OCH3, CH3), by the Friedel-Crafts reaction. The infrared and nmr spectroscopic data along with the mass spectrometry data are discussed in terms of perturbations of the aryl system by both the phosphazene and electron donor substituents.
Improved design of controlled rectifier for reduced ripple resulting from integration of DC loads to AC systems

In this paper, an improved methodology for the design and precise parameter selection for a controlled rectifier (CR) is presented. We propose an improvement over the existing techniques for inductor and capacitor design based on current ripple, error analysis and switching state analysis. Furthermore, an equation for the design of the DC link capacitor considering the voltage ripple and the switching state analysis is derived. The analysis for the inductor is based on the estimation of the current error area using pulse width modulation (PWM) center and left aligned. This methodology is extendible to Active Power Filters (APF). The proposed methodology is verified through Matlab/ SIMULINK simulation using a predictive current control scheme over the voltage source converter (VSC). In order to show the effectiveness and validity of the proposed methodology; calculations are verified numerically and a comparison with other techniques in the literature is presented.
Differential effects of apomorphine on prepulse inhibition of acoustic startle reflex in two rat strains.

Apomorphine disruption of prepulse inhibition (PPI) has been proposed as an animal model of sensorimotor gating deficits exhibited by schizophrenics. The effects of apomorphine on PPI of the acoustic startle reflex in male rats of Wistar and CD (Sprague-Dawley derived) strains were compared under identical test conditions. In Wistar rats, subcutaneous administration of 0.25–1.0 mg/kg apomorphine blocked PPI without affecting startle amplitude. In CD rats, apomorphine (0.3–3.0 mg/kg, SC) had no effect on PPI, but increased startle amplitude. Therefore, choice of rat strain is an important factor in the design of experiments studying apomorphine effects on PPI.
Perception of vocal tremor

Vocal tremors characterize many pathological voices, but acoustic-perceptual aspects of tremor are poorly understood. To investigate this relationship, 2 tremor models were implemented in a custom ...
Pilot Study of Waterpipe Tobacco Smoking Among US Muslim College Students.

Waterpipe smoking is common among the young in Muslim-majority countries despite recent Islamic rulings on tobacco. US Muslim college students, especially immigrants, may be at high risk for smoking, but information is lacking. In this pilot study, respondent-driven sampling was used to sample 156 Muslim college students. Waterpipe smoking was common (44.3 %). Leading motivations to smoke were social and perceived low tobacco harm. Independent risk factors among the Muslim students were perception that friends and other students smoked, and ever drank alcohol. Personal belief that waterpipe smoking is prohibited in Islam was not significant. This pilot suggests that Muslim students are at high risk for waterpipe smoking and more definitive studies are needed.
Effects of haloperidol, methyltyrosine and morphine on recovery from lesions of lateral hypothalamus

Abstract In rats loss of body weight and lethality were measured after bilateral electrolytic lesions of the lateral hypothalamus. The rats with incomplete lesions initially lost body weight but recovered spontaneously. Treatment with haloperidol (0.8 mg/kg/day) or dl-alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine (100 mg/kg/day) for three days prior to surgery facilitated the recovery in those rats. The rats with more complete lesions lost body weight which resulted in eventual death. Treatment with haloperidol (4 mg/kg/day) or morphine (60 mg/kg/day) given daily for six days before surgery promoted recovery and reduced the incidence of death. The drugs used in this study inhibit activity of brain dopamine receptors to result in the supersensitivity and/or promotion of regenerative processes. These effects are considered to be related to the facilitation of recovery from nerve injury.
Performance characterization and placement of a marine hydrokinetic turbine in a tidal channel under boundary proximity and blockage effects

Marine hydrokinetic turbine, when operating in a shallow channel is subjected to the boundary proximity effects from a deformable free surface on top and the channel bottom. A close proximity of turbine to these boundaries modifies the flow-field around the turbine and affects device performance. Significant flow acceleration occurs in and around the turbine rotation plane; the magnitude of which depends on size of the turbine relative to the channel cross-section and is commonly referred to as solid blockage. In addition, the wake behind the turbine creates a restriction to the flow called wake blockage. We focus on unraveling the influence of boundary proximity and blockage on the turbine performance through coupled experimental and computational studies. The experiments were carried out in an open surface water channel with a three bladed, constant chord, untwisted marine hydrokinetic turbine submerged at different depths and performance was evaluated under various operating conditions. The findings were complimented by a steady state computational fluid dynamics study that was carried out to understand the effect of flow Reynolds number and solid blockage on the turbine performance. A reduction in tip-depth of immersion was observed to improve the turbine performance until it reached an optimum depth beyond which a reduction in performance was observed due to free surface interaction with wake and bypass region. A transient CFD analysis with volume of fluid approach was performed to incorporate free-surface and buoyancy effects and augment flow-field characterization behind the turbine in the wake, upper bypass, and lower bypass regions. For low tip clearance ratios, a significant drop (up to 5–10% of channel depth) in free surface was observed behind turbine with complex three dimensional flow structures that lead to a skewed wake affecting its expansion and restoration process.
Equilibrium properties of the two-dimensional random (+or-J) Ising model

The thermodynamic properties of the two-dimensional Ising model with random (+or-J) nearest-neighbour interactions are determined using a numerical transfer matrix method. The calculations are performed on a long strip of width L(3<or=L<or=11) with periodic boundary conditions and finite-size scaling arguments are used to extrapolate to L= infinity . The central result is that the spin-glass correlation length diverges as T- nu at low temperature T with nu =2.59+or-0.13. The heat capacity is similar to the Schottky anomaly. At zero temperature the entropy per spin is 0.0701+or-0.0005 and the internal energy per spin is -(1.4024+or-0.0012)J.