cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chromosomal aberrations in acute leukemia.

Chromosome studies in acute leukemia were performed in 53 adults and 12 children (two with Down’s syndrome). Abnormalities were encountered in 36 (55.4 per cent) of the cases studied. Normal patterns were found in 29 cases (44.6 per cent). The chromosomal changes varied from patient to patient and consisted of both numerical and structural aberrations. The series involved were, in decreasing order, C, G, D and E, although all chromosomes (autosome and sex) were affected. No correlations of the chromosomal abnormalities with any clinical or hematologic features could be made. In the "blast crisis" of chronic granulocytic leukemia, in addition in Ph 1 chromosome which was present in all cases, other chromosomal anomalies were found in some of these patients. The presence of normal as well as abnormal chromosomal patterns in acute leukemia, with the great diversity of anomalies in the latter group, suggests that acute leukemia may not be a single entity but comprise instead a variety of morphologic responses to various kinds of etiologic agents.
Planar Point Location Revisited (A Guided Tour of a Decade of Research)

Point location is a fundamental primitive in Computational Geometry. In the plane it is stated as follows: Given a subdivision ℛ of the plane and a query point q, determine the region of ℛ containing q. We survey the work that has led to practical algorithms for the static version of the problem, and discuss current research on the corresponding dynamic algorithms.
Alloy: a logical modelling language

Alloy, like Z, is a language for modelling software systems. Indeed, it draws many of its good ideas from Z: in particular, representing all data structures with sets and relations, and representing behaviour and properties with simple formulas. Unlike Z, however, Alloy was designed with automatic analysis in mind. A constraint solver based on reduction to SAT can check properties of Alloy models, and simulate execution (even of implicit operations). The key idea is to consider all possible bindings of a formula that assign no more than some small number of atoms to each given type. The result is a flexible mechanism that provides rapid and concrete feedback during evolution of a model. It cannot prove properties, but by exhausting all small test cases, it usually succeeds in finding bugs rapidly. In my talk, I'll explain the fundamental ideas underlying Alloy and its analysis: its basis in relation rather than sets, and the compromises (notably a restriction to first order structures and formulas) that make analysis possible. I'll compare Alloy's specification-structuring mechanism, the signature, to Z's schema. I'll illustrate some modelling idioms that we have developed in using Alloy, focusing on how mutation is represented. I'll also show some examples of typical analyses, including a trace-based analysis that employs the idea of 'machine diameter' from bounded model checking to ensure that all reachable states are considered.
The Navier-Stokes Equations and Their Solution: Convection and Oscillation Excitation

These lectures address only select topics in solar convection and the excitation of solar acoustic oscillations. We thus invoke the von der Luhe (1999) disclaimer, “I am presenting a very personal view and so am excused from any incompleteness,” and proceed with caution. The topics to be discussed include the Navier-Stokes equations describing nonmagnetized fluid motion and their numerical solution, the effects of hydrogen ionization on compressible convective flow-dynamics and heat transport, and the role of downflow plumes in acoustic excitation and their signature in helioseismic spectra.
Elevated Serum Bone Sialoprotein and Osteopontin in Colon, Breast, Prostate, and Lung Cancer

Purpose: Histological studies have shown that the two sialoproteins, bone sialoprotein (BSP) and osteopontin (OPN), are induced in multiple types of cancer. We have recently found that these proteins are bound in serum to complement factor H and that the complex must be disrupted to generate free protein to measure their total levels. We hypothesized that measuring total BSP and OPN levels would provide informative markers for the detection of cancer. Experimental Design: As a proof of concept study, serum from patients with diagnosed breast, colon, lung, or prostate cancer (n = 20 for each type) as well as normal serum (n = 77) were analyzed using competitive ELISAs developed for BSP and OPN. Sensitivity, specificity, as well as positive and negative predictive values were determined for each sialoprotein and cancer type. The relationship between sensitivity and specificity was profiled by receiver operating characteristic curves. Results and Conclusions: Determined values for serum BSP in ng/ml were 285 ± 19 for prostate, 373 ± 19 for colon, 318 ± 18 for breast, 155 ± 11 for lung cancer sera, and 154 ± 13 for normal sera. Values of OPN in ng/ml were 653 ± 39 for prostate, 449 ± 22 for colon, 814 ± 53 for breast, 724 ± 33 for lung, and 439 ± 30 for normal sera. The assays provide a high degree of sensitivity and specificity that enables the detection of colon, breast, prostate, and lung cancer.
Finding points of high curvature and critical curves from a volume model

This paper presents a method to evaluate surface curvature at points on the three-dimensional shell of an object using a volume representation. By considering points where the curvature is significantly high to be feature points, curves may be constructed on the surface of the object model. Such descriptive curves will become useful in finding orientation or making identification in robotics applications. Explicit formulation and experimental results of curvature operators and a corner-finding operator are presented.
Pseudovirions of tobacco mosaic virus.

Abstract Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) preparations contain a small percentage of pseudovirions. These particles, which are thought to consist of host RNA encapsidated with TMV protein, can be separated from virus particles by electrophoresis in 0.5% agarose gel. Pseudovirion RNA is smaller than and has a broader size distribution than viral RNA. It is complementary to host DNA, more so to chloroplast DNA than to nuclear DNA. Strains of TMV have different pseudovirion contents, with the U2 strain having the greatest proportion (2–2.5%) of the strains tested. U2 pseudovirion RNA is complementary to about 20% of tobacco chloroplast DNA and 0.4% of tobacco nuclear DNA. A large proportion of pseudovirion RNA is complementary to both chloroplast and nuclear DNA, suggesting that chloroplast DNA has many nucleotide sequences in common with nuclear DNA.
Low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol disorders and cardiovascular risk: contribution of associated low-density lipoprotein subclass abnormalities.

Purpose of review Discuss the contribution of low-density lipoprotein subclass abnormalities to cardiovascular risk among individuals with low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Recent findings Low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels are commonly encountered among patients with early onset cardiovascular disease. Most often, a low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level is not an isolated abnormality, but it is usually associated with a number of other lipoprotein abnormalities. Data from the Framingham Offspring Study demonstrate that among subjects with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, 1.0 mmol/L (39 mg/dL), low-density lipoprotein particle numbers were considerably higher than indicated by the level of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol because these subjects had excess numbers of small cholesterol-depleted low-density lipoprotein particles. Elevated numbers of low-density lipoprotein particles identify individuals at highest risk for atherosclerotic vascular disease and cardiovascular events. Summary As high levels of low-density lipoprotein particles are a robust predictor of cardiovascular events, strategies targeted at raising low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol must account for low-density lipoprotein particle interactions.
Neuroimaging in leukodystrophies.

The application of techniques based on in vivo magnetic resonance to the study of leukodystrophies is evaluated. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the most important neuroimaging modality for patients with leukodystrophies, has proven invaluable for the detection of the extent and etiology of white-matter involvement, diagnosis, and monitoring of disease progression. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy, which can detect several brain metabolites, including those related to axonal function and myelination, can provide additional diagnostic and prognostic information and, in some cases, allows a rare insight into the biochemical pathology of leukodystrophies. The potential of other advanced magnetic resonance techniques, including diffusion tensor imaging, magnetization transfer contrast, and molecular imaging, is also discussed. In the future, anatomic and physiologic magnetic resonance techniques are expected to be integrated into a single examination that will provide a detailed characterization of wh...
Late Quaternary deformation of the Toppenish Ridge uplift in south-central Washington

Mapping of Quaternary sedimentary rocks and Miocene basalts on Toppenish Ridge, a fold in south-central Washington, reveals a 32-km-long zone of nearly 100 surface ruptures. The ruptures indicate renewed movement on Miocene structures in latest Quaternary time. The ruptures probably formed in response to regional compressive stress, between 500 and 13,000 yr ago. These ruptures are interpreted to represent the most recent surface deformation in central Washington.
Conservation of hearing by simultaneous mutation of Na,K-ATPase and NKCC1.

Although drug-induced and age-related hearing losses are frequent otologic problems affecting millions of people, their underlying mechanisms remain uncertain. The inner ear is exclusively endowed with a positive endocochlear potential (EP) that serves as the main driving force for the generation of receptor potential in hair cells to confer hearing. Deterioration of EP leads to hearing loss or deafness. The generation of EP relies on the activity of many ion transporters to establish active potassium (K+) cycling within the inner ear, including K+ channels, the Na–K–2Cl co-transporter (NKCC1), and the α1 and α2 isoforms of Na,K–ATPase. We show that heterozygous deletion of either NKCC1, α1-Na,K–ATPase, or α2–Na,K–ATPase independently results in progressive, age-dependent hearing loss with minimal alteration in cochlear morphology. Double heterozygote deletion of NKCC1 with α1–Na,K–ATPase also shows a progressive, though delayed, age-dependent hearing loss. Remarkably, double heterozygote deletion of NKCC1 with α2–Na,K–ATPase demonstrates a striking preservation of hearing threshold both initially and with age. Measurements of the EP confirm the anticipated drop in potential for genotypes that demonstrate age-dependent hearing loss. The EP generated by the NKCC1 + α2-Na,K–ATPase double heterozygote, however, is maintained at a level comparable to that of the control condition, suggesting a potential advantage in this combination of ion transporter modification. These observations provide insight into the detailed mechanisms of EP generation, and results of combination-knockout experiments may have important implications in the future treatment of drug-induced and age-related hearing losses.
Characterization of LY231617 protection against hydrogen peroxide toxicity.

The compound LY231617 {2,6-bis(1,1 -dimethylethyl)-4-[[(1-ethyl)amino]methyl]phenol hydrochloride) has been reported to afford significant neuroprotection against hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 )-induced toxicity in vitro and global ischemia in vivo. We now report on further mechanistic studies of H 2 O 2 toxicity and protection by LY231617. Brief exposure to H 2 O 2 (15 min) elicited an oxidative insult comparable with that generated by overnight treatment. H 2 O 2 -mediated cellular degeneration was characterized using lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, changes in total glutathione, and a new marker of oxidative stress, 8-epiprostaglandin F 2α (8-isoprostane). LY231617 attenuated H 2 O 2 -mediated degeneration under a variety of exposure conditions, including a more clinically relevant posttreatment paradigm. Levels of 8-isoprostane paralleled LDH release under various treatment paradigms of 100 μM H 2 O 2 ± 5 μM drug. In contrast, despite affording significant protection, LY231617 had modest to no effects on cellular levels of glutathione. Taken together, these results are consistent with a membrane site of action for LY231617 and suggest that the compound affords cytoprotection via its antioxidant properties.
Real-Time Probabilistic Optical Expert System

Optics has advantages for overcoming limitations arising when applying existing electronic technologies to real-time parallel computation. In particular, spatial light modulators (SLMs) permit simultaneous storage, multiplication, and/or complex interconnection. A simple diagnostic expert system uses Bayes theorem to recursively update the probabilities of various hypotheses given additional sensor input information. The 'a priori' probability matrices are stored in SLMs which provide matrix-vector multiplication and interconnection. High speed permits the optimum determination of which sensor should be polled next.
Structure of “Star” Defect in 4H-SiC Substrates and Epilayers

The structure of the “star” defect in 4H-SiC substrates and its effects on the extended defect structures in the epilayers were studied by molten KOH etching and transmission x-ray topography. Star defects consist of a center region with high densities of threading dislocations (both edge and screw types) and six arms of dislocation arrays extending along directions. In addition, multiple linear dislocation arrays extending perpendicular to the off-cut direction were observed in the epilayers. Dislocation arrays extending along directions are consistent with the slip bands generated by the prismatic slip: a/3{1-100}. Bands of linear dislocation arrays extending perpendicular to the off-cut direction correspond to the threading edge dislocations nucleated during epitaxial growth.
Fluorescence spectra of matrix-isolated praseodymium triodide molecules☆

Abstract Fluorescence spectra of PrI 3 molecules isolated in Ar and Xe matrices have been measured for the first time. More than 40 transitions have been measured using Hg excitation and have been assigned to transitions within the 4 f 2 configuration. An interpretation of the spectrum is given based on an energy level diagram calculated by adopting an intermediate coupling model and considering electronic repulsion, spin-orbit and “crystal field” interactions. The “crystal field” is assumed to arise from iodide ions located at the points of an equilateral triangle giving the PrI 3 molecule D 3 h symmetry. Results of least-squares refinement calculations for the PrI 3 molecule give the values A 2 0 = −282.5 cm −1 ; A 4 0 = 36.1 cm −1 ; A 6 0 = 26.8 cm −1 ; A 6 6 = 231.7 cm −1 . The effect on the parametric values in going from ninefold coordination (Pr 3+ in LaCl 3 crystals) to threefold coordination (PrI 3 molecules) is calculated using the point charge model, and compared with the experimental results. It is suggested that the matrix isolated rare-earth halide molecules are useful systems for studying matrix perturbation effects and for detailed m.o. calculations to fix the splitting parameters.
Combined thermogravimetric and infrared analysis of polymers

Abstract The techniques of thermogravimetry and infrared spectroscopy have been combined in a unique method to provide quantitative and qualitative analyses of polymers. The amounts of additives, polymers, carbon black, and inorganic fillers are determined by thermogravimetry, and the additives and polymers are identified by infrared spectroscopy, all in one set of experiments. The method involves condensing the effluent from the thermogravimetric analyzer in replaceable glass tubes for transport to the infrared spectrometer. The method is illustrated with thermogravimetric and infrared analysis data for a Hypalon fuel hose and for a fluorosilicone fuel gasket. The main advantage of the method is the ability to collect as many separate fractions of the thermogravimetric effluent as required to identify the minor and major components of a polymer.
Simulation study of the influence of PEB reaction rates on resist LER

A stochastic resist simulator has first been calibrated to experimental results performed on a commercially available EUV resist, and subsequently has been used to study the influence of acid/base quenching rate and the polymer deprotection rate on resist LER for 22 nm half-pitch lines/spaces. Results indicate that larger quenching rates and smaller deprotection rates result in improved LER performance by causing an increase in the dose to size. With nominal quenching rate determined from literature, halving the deprotection rate relative to nominal value reduces the LER by 33%, while the dose to size increases by 2x. With nominal deprotection rate determined from literature, results indicate a low sensitivity of LER to quenching rate. Expected noise at the line edge calculated by using a shot noise model accounting for absorbed photons, acid, and base count, provides a good explanation for the LER trends calculated for several reaction rate scenarios.
Study of photovoltaic integration impact on system stability using custom model of PV arrays integrated with PSS/E

This paper focuses on the impact of large solar plants on power systems due to rapid variation in power injection caused by various factors such as the intermittency of solar radiation, changes in temperature and tripping out of power electronic based converters connected to the system. In the first step of this research, incorporating the Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithm, a mathematical model of PV (Photovoltaic) array based solar plant has been developed. The model produces changes in DC power output for changes in its two inputs; (1) solar irradiance and (2) temperature. In the next step, the mathematical model is integrated with the dynamic simulation software PSS/E through user written model integration technique. The dynamic model for the inverter and the electrical controller are used from the PSS/E library. The PV plants are added to the 39-bus New England test system at three different locations. To demonstrate a high penetration of PV, the power generation from PV has been increased up to 20% and was randomly distributed between three plants. The dynamic behavior of the system was studied by changing the solar irradiance, tripping of the PV plant and by simulating a three phase fault at PV connected buses. The responses obtained from these studies indicate that vulnerability of the system increases with the increase in penetration of PV power.
Sulfolipid accumulation in Mycobacterium tuberculosis disrupted in the mce2 operon.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis, has a lipid-rich cell wall that serves as an effective barrier against drugs and toxic host cell products, which may contribute to the organism’s persistence in a host. M. tuberculosis contains four homologous operons called nice (mce1–4) that encode putative ABC transporters involved in lipid importation across the cell wall. Here, we analyzed the lipid composition of M. tuberculosis disrupted in the mce2 operon. High resolution mass spectrometric and thin layer chromatographic analyses of the mutant’s cell wall lipid extracts showed accumulation of SL-1 and SL1278 molecules. Radiographic quantitative analysis and densitometry revealed 2.9, 3.9 and 9.8-fold greater amount of [35S] SL-1 in the mce2 operon mutant compared to the wild type M. tuberculosis during the early/mid logarithmic, late logarithmic and stationary phase of growth in liquid broth, respectively. The amount of [35S] SL1278 in the mutant also increased progressively over the same growth phases. The expression of the mce2 operon genes in the wild type strain progressively increased from the logarithmic to the stationary phase of bacterial growth in vitro, which inversely correlated with the proportion of radiolabel incorporation into SL-1 and SL1278 at these phases. Since the mce2 operon is regulated in wild type M. tuberculosis, its cell wall may undergo changes in SL-1 and SL1278 contents during a natural course of infection and this may serve as an important adaptive strategy for M. tuberculosis to maintain persistence in a host.
Quantitative Multiplex Detection of Pathogen Biomarkers on Multichannel Waveguides

No single biomarker can accurately predict disease. An ideal biodetection technology should be capable of the quantitative, reproducible, and sensitive detection of a limited suite of such molecules. To this end, we have developed a multiplex biomarker assay for protective antigen and lethal factor of the Bacillus anthracis lethal toxin using semiconductor quantum dots as the fluorescence reporters on our waveguide-based biosensor platform. The platform is extendable to a wide array of biomarkers, facilitating rapid, quantitative, sensitive, and multiplex detection, better than achievable by conventional immunoassay. Our assay allows for the sensitive (limit of detection 1 pM each), specific (minimal nonspecific binding), and rapid (15 min) detection of these biomarkers in complex biological samples (e.g., serum). To address the issue of reproducibility in measurement and to increase our sample throughput, we have incorporated multichannel waveguides capable of simultaneous multiplex detection of biomarkers in three samples in quadruplicate. In this paper, we present the design, fabrication, and development of multichannel waveguides for the simultaneous detection of lethal factor and protective antigen in serum. Evaluation of the multichannel waveguide shows an excellent concordance with single-channel data and effective, simultaneous, and reproducible measurement of lethal toxins in three samples.
Correlation of Antiphospholipid Antibody Recognition with the Structure of Synthetic Oxidized Phospholipids IMPORTANCE OF SCHIFF BASE FORMATION AND ALDOL CONDENSATION

The oxidation of low density lipoproteins (LDL) has been correlated with atherogenesis through a variety of pathways. The process involves nonspecific fragmentation, oxidative breakdown, and modification of the lipids and protein of LDL. The process yields a variety of bioactive products, including aldehyde-containing phospholipids, which can cross-react with primary amines (i.e. peptides or phospholipid head groups) to yield Schiff base products. We also demonstrate that such oxidized phospholipid products may further react through a post-oxidation chemical pathway involving aldol condensation. EO6, an IgM monoclonal autoantibody to oxidized phospholipids, blocks the uptake of oxidized LDL (OxLDL) by macrophages. Because the epitope(s) of EO6 also blocks the uptake of OxLDL, a series of oxidized phospholipids, their peptide complexes, and their aldol condensates have been synthesized and characterized, and their antigenicity has been determined. This study defines structural motifs of oxidized phospholipids responsible for antigenicity for EO6. Certain monomeric phospholipids containing short chain fatty acids were antigenic whether oxidized or not in the sn-2 position. However, oxidized phospholipids containing sn-1 long chain fatty acids were not antigenic unless the sn-2 oxidized fatty acid contained an aldehyde that first reacted with a peptide yielding a Schiff base or the sn-2 oxidized fatty acid underwent an aldol type self-condensation. Our data indicate that the phosphorylcholine head group is essential for antigenicity, but its availability depends on the oxidized phospholipid conformation. We suggest that upon oxidation, similar reactions occur in phospholipids on the surface of LDL, generating ligands for macrophage recognition. Synthetic imine adducts of oxidized phospholipids of this type are capable of blocking the uptake of OxLDL.
Brain Imaging Techniques and Their Usefulness in Psychiatry

Considerable attention in both the professional literature and the lay press has been devoted to the possibility that brain imaging will open a new frontier in psychiatry. The reason for the excitement is that recent technological advances in clinical neuroscience have made it possible to visualize regional brain structure and function in living subjects. One of these new techniques, computed axial tomography, or CAT scan, has already revolutionized the practice of clinical neurology. Other methods, such as cerebral blood flow (CBF) imaging techniques, positron emission tomography (PET) scan, brain electrical activity mapping (BEAM), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), have even greater clinical and research potential (1). These techniques may offer psychiatrists new insight into structural, physiological, and biochemical concomitance of mental activity and mental disorders. Of these new approaches to studying the brain, the CAT scan is probably the most familiar. This xray technique mathematically re-
Homogeneous decomposition mechanisms of diethylzinc by Raman spectroscopy and quantum chemical calculations.

The gas-phase decomposition pathways of diethylzinc (DEZn), a common precursor for deposition of Zn−VI compounds, were investigated in detail. The homogeneous thermal decomposition of DEZn in N2 carrier was followed in an impinging-jet, up-flow reactor by Raman scattering. Density Functional Theory calculations were performed to describe the bond dissociation behavior using the model chemistry B3LYP/6-311G(d) to estimate optimal geometries and Raman active vibrational frequencies of DEZn, as well as anticipated intermediates and products. Comparison of the measured DEZn decomposition profile to that predicted by a 2-D hydrodynamic simulation revealed that simple bond dissociation between zinc and carbon atoms is the dominant homogeneous thermal decomposition pathway. The calculations suggest several reactions involving intermediates and Raman scattering experiments confirming the formation of the dimer (ZnC2H5)2. In a different set of experiments, photolysis of DEZn gave evidence for decomposition by β-hy...
Kinetic evidence for two separate trans-2-enoyl CoA reductases in rat hepatic microsomes: NADPH-specific short chain- and NAD(P)H-dependent long chain-reductase

The rat hepatic microsomal conversion of crotonyl- and hexenoyl CoA to butyrate and hexanoate was supported only by NADPH, while both NADH and NADPH were effective cofactors in the conversion of trans-2-hexadecenoyl CoA to palmitate. Experiments using mixtures of long- and short-chain enoyl-CoA substrates and competition experiments support the conclusion that microsomes contain 2 distinct enoyl CoA reductases, (1) a long chain enoyl CoA reductase capable of accepting reducing equivalents from either NADH or NADPH, and (2) a NADPH-specific short chain enoyl CoA reductase.
Supersonic Separated Flow past a Cylindrical Obstacle on a Flat Plate

An experimental investigation of three-dimensional boundary-layer separation on a flat plate ahead of a circular cylinder at Mach 2.36 was made. Emphasis was given to the laminar flow regime and to the flow region upstream of the cylinder. The heights and diameters of the cylinders used in the study were larger than the undisturbed boundary-layer thickness at the cylinder location. Data were obtained by oil flow visualization, Schlieren observations, static pressure measurements, and laser anemometry. Oil flow visualization revealed three separation lines on the flat plate ahead of the cylinder. A postulated flowfield structure, which was suggested by this skin-friction pattern, could not be confirmed by the velocity measurements. Velocity measurements indicated an unsteady flow structure.
Methodological Challenges and Limitations of Research on Alcohol Consumption and Effect on Common Clinical Conditions: Evidence from Six Systematic Reviews

Background Despite the high prevalence of alcohol consumption in the US, ‘mainstream’ physicians generally consider it to be peripheral to most patient care. This may be due in part to a dearth of rigorous research on alcohol’s effect on common diseases.
Don't Shoot the Messnger: Memory for Misspellings in Context.

Misspellings in sentences are usually easy to understand by readers due to top–down influences. Although top–down processing allows for fluent reading of misspelled items, the nature of their representations in memory is not known. If representations of misspellings are distinct from representations of correctly spelled words, their influence should be seen in later recognition decisions. In this set of experiments, participants read words and misspellings embedded in sentences and were later given a recognition test. The sentences contained semantically biased or neutral contexts. In Experiment 1, misspellings were created by removing a single letter (e.g., drveway). In Experiment 2, the recognition items probes were presented in uppercase letters (e.g., DRVEWAY) to reduce the visual similarity between study and test items. In Experiment 3, the misspellings were created by substituting visually similar letters (e.g., driweway). In contrast to the previous experiments, in Experiment 4, participants were explicitly told about the memory test to see how response strategies affect performance. Overall, the results indicate that people retain surface feature information about misspellings which seem to inform their memory judgments, and that the processing of this information cannot be strategically controlled.
Offbank transport of carbonate sands along open, leeward bank margins: Northern Bahamas

Abstract Hine, A.C., Wilber, R.J., Bane, J.M., Neumann, A.C. and Lorenson, K.R., 1981. Offbank transport of carbonate sands along open, leeward bank margins: northern Bahamas. Mar. Geol., 42: 327-348. Vigorous offbank transport of carbonate sands occurs along the west-facing, leeward, open margins of Little and Great Bahama Bank. Large, offbank-oriented sand waves, thick sand bodies covering reefs, and shallow-water sands (mostly non-skeletal) obtained from adjacent deep flanks, all demonstrate the existence of this shallow-to-deep pathway of sediment transport. A variety of data suggests that transport occurs during storms and not during normal tidal-current fluctuations. An abundance of composite grains as well as vertical sequences of submarine cemented horizons (seen via seismic profiling within the marginal sand bodies) indicate cyclic periods of relative quiescence followed by moments of intense sediment movement. Current-meter data obtained during six weeks of low wind activity show that critical threshold velocities for sand transport are only barely exceeded during portions of the tidal cycle. These flows coupled with higher-frequency bottom currents (generated by surface gravity waves) winnow the sands but do not provide significant net offbank transport. Offbank sand transport provides material to the shallow and deep bank margins enabling them to expand during sea-level highstands. Each sea-level fluctuation is likely to produce within the shallow margins a vertical sequence of basal reefs, covered by a thick non-skeletal calcarenite, capped by a subaerially exposed, diagenetically altered surface. Shallow-water sands carried off the marginal escarpment help to construct deep flanks and large sediment drifts.
Brain stimulation for epilepsy.

It is estimated that epilepsy affects up to 1% of the world's population, and although many patients derive considerable benefits from antiepileptic drugs or resective surgery, new therapeutic approaches are still needed. In this Viewpoint, William Theodore assesses the potential of techniques that involve direct or indirect electrical stimulation of the epileptic focus.
Artful Rainwater Design in the Urban Landscape

Abstract The idea of artful rainwater design is based on the premise that new stormwater management techniques focusing on non-point source pollution, water balance, and small-storm hydrology can b...
Time-gated imaging through scattering media using stimulated Raman amplification.

We propose the use of stimulated Raman scattering for time-gated image amplification and demonstrate its use for the detection of images through a strongly scattering material. Using 30-ps pulses from a frequency-doubled Nd:YAG laser, we have amplified and detected images through a suspension of nondairy creamer with a spatial resolution of less than 300 μm and at concentrations such that the nonscattered extinction ratio was e−33. Our time-gated image amplifier can produce images under conditions in which the scattering medium is sufficiently dense that an image cannot be seen by using multiple exposures on a streak camera or time-integrated exposures on a sensitive, low-noise CCD camera.
Detection and management of premalignant oral leukoplakia

The diagnosis of oral leukoplakia is reserved for white lesions of the oral mucosa that cannot be characterized as other definable lesions. The malignant transformation rate of dysplastic lesions of oral leukoplakia is as high as 50%. Definitive treatment is based on clinical and histopathologic diagnosis.
Gene x environment interaction and the moderating effect of adoption agency disclosure on estimating genetic effects

Abstract The present study utilized gene–environment (G×E) interaction to test for the potential biasing effects of adoptive parent recall of information disclosed to them about the biological parent on genetic estimates. Two independent adoption samples were combined for all analyses (n=496). Adoptive parent knowledge was the specific environmental effect and was comprised of three categories: none, physical and psychiatric⧸medical. Biological parent alcoholism and antisocial personality were the specific genetic effects. Symptom counts of childhood and adult problem behaviors served as dependent variables. Eighteen 2 (adoptee sex)×2 (biological parent alcoholism or antisocial personality)×3 (adoptive parent knowledge) analyses of co-variance (ANCOVA) were conducted with separate analyses for biological alcoholism and antisocial personality as the genetic effect. Significant G×E interactions were found for models including either biological alcoholism or antisocial personality. The nature of the interactions were complex but generally supported the presence of a genetic effect only in the presence of either physical or psychiatric knowledge. The findings from the study indicate that behavioral geneticists who use the adoption paradigm to examine genetic and environmental predictors of behavior must recognize the potential bias produced by openness in adoptions.
The challenges associated with developing science-based landscape scale management plans

Abstract Planning activities over large landscapes poses a complex of challenges when trying to balance the implementation of a conservation strategy while still allowing for a variety of consumptive and nonconsumptive uses. We examine a case in southeast Alaska to illustrate the breadth of these challenges and an approach to developing a science-based resource plan. Not only was the planning area, the Tongass National Forest, USA, exceptionally large (approximately 17 million acres or 6.9 million ha), but it also is primarily an island archipelago environment. The water system surrounding and going through much of the forest provides access to facilitate the movement of people, animals, and plants but at the same time functions as a barrier to others. This largest temperate rainforest in the world is an exceptional example of the complexity of managing at such a scale but also illustrates the role of science in the planning process. As we enter the 21st century, the list of questions needing scientific investigation has not only changed dramatically, but the character of the questions also has changed. Questions are contentious, cover broad scales in space and time, and are highly complex and interdependent. The provision of unbiased and objective information to all stakeholders is an important step in informed decision-making.
Neuropeptide co-expression in the magnocellular neurosecretory system of the female rat: evidence for differential modulation by estrogen.

Abstract Single- and double-immunohistochemical staining methods were used to assay the effect of estrogen on the expression of co-existing peptides in the magnocellular neurosecretory system of the female rat. It was confirmed in colchicine-treated, ovariectomized animals that immunoreactive corticotropin-releasing factor and cholecystokinin co-exist in subsets of oxytocinergic neurons; in addition, dynorphin immunoreactivity was detected in a substantial majority of oxytocin containing magnocellular neurons. Consistent with previous studies, magnocellular vasopressinergic cells were found to display angiotensin II-, dynorphin- and galanin-immunoreactivities. Comparable results occurred in colchicine-treated ovariectomized rats independent of whether or not the animals received replacement injections of estradiol benzoate or vehicle. Ovariectomized rats that were not pretreated with colchicine showed enhanced staining (increased cell number and staining intensity of both cell bodies and terminals in the posterior pituitary) for each of the peptides that was found to co-exist in vasopressinergic neurons after treatment with estradiol; staining for vasopressin was similar in steroid- and oil-treated animals. Perikaryal staining for peptides co-localized with oxytocin was not discernibly different in estradiol- vs vehicle-treated animals, while in the posterior lobe, differential effects of hormone replacement on oxytocin, cholecystokinin, and corticotropin-releasing factor immunostaining of terminals were apparent. Perikaryal staining for co-existing peptides in gonadally intact animals killed at the estrus or the diestrus II phases of the estrous cycle provided a pattern of results compatible with those seen in ovariectomized animals treated with estradiol or oil, respectively. These observations suggest that circulating gonadal steroids affect co-existing peptide expression differentially in oxytocinergic vs vasopressinergic neurons. All peptides examined that could be colocalized in vasopressinergic cells showed evidence of enhanced expression in the presence of estrogen, while at least two of these co-localized with oxytocin appeared driven in the opposite direction. The results in normally cycling rats indicate that this kind of influence may be manifest under normal physiological conditions.
Cloud Computing Security Announcements: Assessment of Investors' Reaction

AbstractSecurity and availability risks have become one of the biggest challenges for firms that are transitioning into the cloud and for firms offering the cloud services as well. Security issues have gained prominence in recent years due to the unprecedented growth in Cloud computing service offerings and their adoption. An event of a security breach may impact investors' perceptions of a firm's value. In fact, prior studies have shown that information security breaches and countermeasures have a significant impact on the firm's stock price. Thus, publicly announcing breach and countermeasures is one way by which firms manage these issues related to cloud security. The focus of this paper is to use event study methodology to investigate how cloud security breach and countermeasures announcements affect the firm and its competitor's stock price. Our research shows that cloud security breach announcements have significant negative impact on the firms and its competitor's stock value. Surprisingly, cloud s...
Multiple lymphoid polyposis and familial polyposis of the colon: A Genetic relationship

A case of multiple lymphoid polyposis of the colon and terminal ileum occurring in a family of familial polyposis is presented. Only one other such case has been reported. Other cases where an association between the conditions was mentioned are reviewed. There is a genetic factor in the etiology of the condition, and a definite link with familial, polyposis of the colon is found to exist. Differentiation of the conditions on clinical grounds could be very difficult.
Time response of a tunable‐electron‐density quantum well and reservoir structure

We present a theoretical model for the electron escape time from the quantum well back to the reservoir of a novel InxGa1−xAs/In1−yAlyAs multiple quantum well optical modulator. Three different mechanisms are considered: direct tunneling, phonon assisted sequential tunneling, and thermionic emission. At high forward biases, phonon assisted sequential tunneling and thermionic emission dominate, while at high reverse biases, direct tunneling from the quantum well ground state to the reservoir determines the turn‐off time constant. The calculated escape time is in good agreement with the experimental data.
Leukocyte functional antigen 1 lowers T cell activation thresholds and signaling through cytohesin-1 and Jun-activating binding protein 1

Leukocyte functional antigen 1 (LFA-1), with intercellular adhesion molecule ligands, mediates T cell adhesion, but the signaling pathways and functional effects imparted by LFA-1 are unclear. Here, intracellular phosphoprotein staining with 13-dimensional flow cytometry showed that LFA-1 activation induced phosphorylation of the beta(2) integrin chain and release of Jun-activating binding protein 1 (JAB-1), and mediated signaling of kinase Erk1/2 through cytohesin-1. Dominant negatives of both JAB-1 and cytohesin-1 inhibited interleukin 2 production and impaired T helper type 1 differentiation. LFA-1 stimulation lowered the threshold of T cell activation. Thus, LFA-1 signaling contributes to T cell activation and effects T cell differentiation.
Neutron-proton decomposition of transition matrix elements from a comparison of 800 MeV proton scattering with electromagnetic methods

Differential cross sections for inelastic proton scattering at 800 MeV have been measured for a member of low-lying states in /sup 90/Zr, /sup 120/Sn, /sup 144/Sm, and /sup 208/Pb. The data from this and earlier experiments on /sup 40/Ca and /sup 58/Ni were analyzed with a collective vibrational model to obtain separate neutron and proton deformation lengths, making use of electromagnetic measurements. Ratios of neutron to proton transition matrix elements are calculated. These ratios are generally less than N/Z for the open proton shell nuclei and greater for the open neutron shell nuclei.
THE PREDICTION OF POLICE CALLS FOR SERVICE: THE INFLUENCE OF WEATHER AND TEMPORAL VARIABLES ON RAPE AND DOMESTIC VIOLENCE

Rape and domestic violence are two of the most controversial types of criminal behavior. Both are violent crimes and both are usually directed towards women. This research examines the short-term effect of weather and temporal variations (time of day, day of week, holidays, etc.) on calls for police service in Minneapolis, Minnesota. The influence of these variables on domestic violence and rape is compared and it is found that the two types of crimes are affected in very different ways by the independent variables used. The results suggest that the occurrence of domestic violence is much more highly influenced by immediate temporal and weather variables such as time of day, day of week and ambient temperature. However, rape appears not to be as greatly affected by immediate situational conditions and contexts. Possible explanations for the findings and implications of the research are discussed.
Numerical Simulation Studies of Oceanic Anomalies in the North Pacific Basin. I: The Ocean Model and the Long-Term Mean State

Abstract A three-dimensional, prognostic numerical model of the North Pacific Ocean, possessing an actual coastal configuration and ten layers (but constant depth), has been developed in order to show the physical nature of large-scale normal and abnormal characteristics of this ocean in response to various normal and anomalous seasonal meteorological conditions. Based on the simulated energetics, emphasis is given to the identification of the major physical processes and essential dynamic mechanisms responsible for the generation, evolution and dissipation of large-scale anomalies in the North Pacific Ocean. The model is based on time integrations of the finite-difference forms of the primitive equations. The oceanic circulation is driven by atmospheric forcing, namely, the surface wind stresses and the differential heating over the ocean. The flux form of numerical scheme for energy conservation and the rigid-lid approximation for filtering out the external inertia-gravity wave are used in the formulati...
Direct measurement of dopamine o-sulfate in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid

Abstract This paper describes a method for measurement of dopamine 3-O-sulfate (DA3S) and dopamine 4-O-Sulfate (DA4S) in dog and human plasma and dog cerebrospinal fluid. C 18 solid-phase extraction columns were utilized for sample preparation. DA3S and DA4S were separated by high-performance liquid chromatographyand then quantified by dual-electrode electrochemical detection. [ 3 H]Dopamine O-sulfate (DAS) was used as internal standard. Recovery of authentic DAS added to dog plasma and carried through the entire procedure was 49.9 ± 6.3% for DA3S ( n = 9) and 42.2 ± 4.3% for DA4S ( n = 8). The lower limit of detection (signal-to-noise ratio of 3) was 20 fmol for each DAS isomer. The within-assay coefficient of variation for DA3S in dog plasma averaged 5.8% (range 2.0–12%, n = 5). The between-assay coefficient of variation for DA3S in dog plasma was 3.8% ( n = 3). DAS levels in plasma of conscious dogs were 20.3 ± 6.9 pmol/ml DA3S and 5.91 ± 3.5 pmol/ml DA4S ( n = 5). Cerebrospinal fluid levels were 3.06 ± 3.22 pmol/ml DA3S and 0.10 ± 0.18 pmol/ml DA4S in dogs anesthetized with methoxyflurane and nitrous oxide ( n = 3). This procedure is also appropriate for use with human plasma; DAS levels were 24.3 ± 12.8 pmol/ml DA3S and 9.07 ± 3.9 pmol/ml DA4S ( n = 6).
Discussion of “Variation of Site Response at the UCSB Dense Array of Portable Accelerometers” by J. H. Steidl

In a recent paper, Steidl (1993) addresses the estimation of earthquake site response, or sediment amplification, when the motion input to the sediments is estimated from nearby bedrock observations. In particular, Steidl compares spectral-ratio estimates of site response to those based on the cross spectrum. By introducing cross-spectrum estimates as the «statistically optimum method» (p. 295) and by stating in the conclusions that «Cross-spectrum estimates should be considered more reliable [than spectral ratios] when the reference site is a single rock station» (p. 299), Steidl gives the impression that spectral ratios are inferior estimates of site response. However, previously published studies by myself and others (Field et al., 1991, 1992a) have reached different conclusions. This discrepancy is addressed in this letter, and an example is included for illustrative purposes