cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantification of submarine lava-flow morphology through analog experiments

We developed a technique for determining paleoeffusion rates and emplacement times for submarine lava flows, using observations of flow morphology and estimates of eruption volume, eruption temperature, lava viscosity, and preflow topography. Using laboratory simulations, and correlating these results with sea-floor observations, four submarine lava-flow morphologies are considered to be diagnostic of specific effusion rates: jumbled, folded, and lineated sheets, and striated pillows. We applied this approach to the CoAxial flow, emplaced in less than 14 days on the Juan de Fuca Ridge in early summer, 1993, and we calculated an effusion rate of ∼100 m3/s, giving an emplacement time of ∼10 days.
Pharmacokinetic Investigations in Elderly Patients Clinical and Ethical Considerations

Over the past decade, clinical pharmacokinetic studies in the elderly, both healthy subjects and patients, have burgeoned. This data base has provided a useful first approximation to the understanding of age-related changes in drug disposition. It is now appropriate to reflect on the approach for future studies. The most accessible population, healthy elderly who are otherwise drug-free, may not provide completely relevant data for extrapolation to the very elderly, concurrently medicated patient population. Similarly, the most straightforward study, single dose drug exposure, may provide an incomplete understanding of pharmacokinetics during multiple dose drug administration in the very elderly patient. With careful attention to details of the study and informed consent procedures, it is appropriate to obtain the needed data.
Inhibition of all-trans retinoic acid-induced granulocytic differentiation of WEHI-3B D+ cells by forced expression of SCL (TAL1) and GATA-1

All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) induces granulocytic maturation of WEHI-3B D+ leukemia cells and LiCl enhances this maturation, while WEHI-3B D− cells are non-responsive to ATRA. Transfection of SCL, expressed in D− but absent in D+ cells, into D+ cells, caused resistance to ATRA, while transfection of GATA-1 into D+ cells produced resistance to the combination of ATRA and LiCl. SCL expression in D+ cells did not induce the expression of c-Kit, a putative target gene for SCL. LiCl, known to inhibit some kinases by displacing Mg2+, did not affect tyrosine kinase activity of the cytoplasmic domain of c-Kit.
THE CHICK COMB FOR ANDROGEN ASSAY1

THE RELIABILITY of the chick comb test for androgen assay has been seriously questioned recently. A series of preliminary papers by Frank and his co-workers (1–5) suggested several methods for the elimination of some of the variables which modify the comb growth response and with improved technique the use of the chick comb promised to be successful. Three papers, however, from differ-ent laboratories (6,7, 8) presented data which seemed contrary to those of Frank et al. and evoked a reply from the latter workers (9) in which it was stated that these experi-ments were not comparable nor sufficiently critical. In the course of our studies with White Leghorn chicks it has been noted that the comb of the cockerel is often very responsive to small amounts of androgen, notably dihydroandrosterone benzoate and testosterone propionate. We have also observed (10) that the results of androgen injection during inanition are especially marked and that such animals appear to be excellent for assay purposes.
Behavioral and EEG changes following chronic brain stem lesions in the cat

Abstract The effect upon behavior and the EEG of chronic lesions in the rostral brain stem has been studied in a series of cats. Of lesions in sensory paths, in the periaqueductal grey, or in the midbrain tegmentum and basal diencephalon, only the latter, in a position to interrupt the ascending reticular activating system, were followed by chronic somnolence and EEG synchrony. Activation of the synchronized EEG by somatic and auditory stimulation was still possible either after the reticular activating system or after long sensory paths had been interrupted immediately behind the thalamus. Collateral sensory excitation of the reticular activating system in the lower brain stem, and the direct arrival of afferent impulses at some site above the midbrain, thus serve equally well to induce EEG arousal, but only in the former instance does prolonged wakefulness follow. Poverty of behavior after lesions of the reticular activating system suggests that its influences may be directed both cephalically to activate the EEG and caudally to facilitate motor activity, in maintaining the waking state.
Grey’s Anatomy and Communication Accommodation: Exploring Aspects of Nonverbal Interactions Portrayed in Media

This study explores nonverbal communication measured in a television medical drama using the NAAS framework for investigating doctor-patient interactions viewed through the lens of communication accommodation theory. It aims to find how doctors in the television series Grey’s Anatomy exhibit a select set of nonverbal communication elements to accommodate their fictional patients. Of significance, the study draws attention to the impact of televised medical programs on real-life doctor-patient encounters, focusing on under-researched aspects of communication in this context. Eight episodes of the series Grey’s Anatomy were coded for four nonverbal behaviors during physician consultations with a single patient in each program. Only the first and last minutes of conversation were included in the analysis. Descriptive statistics demonstrate how doctors and patients behave in general across all episodes. A factor calculated from differences of proportions between patient and physician behaviors indicates whether doctors accommodate patients and consequently influence patient satisfaction. The analysis finds that the amount of nonverbal behavior between the parties was balanced, with doctors accommodating and not accommodating in equal frequency. The study discusses the implications not only on medical drama but also on the professional medical field, noting that television not only reflects real-life but also can establish communication expectations for better or worse. Utilizing the NAAS to understand how fictionalized interactions occur informs the medical community on how better to prepare doctors for patient communication.
Adenosine Triphosphate Usage by Flagella

Comparison of beat frequencies with rates of dephosphorylation of adenosine triphosphate by glycerinated sea urchin spermatozoa as functions of adenosine triphosphate concentration suggests that each molecule of the flagellar adenosine triphosphatase, dynein, dephosphorylates one adenosine triphosphate molecule during each beat cycle.
A Shot Not Taken: Teaching About the Ethics of Political Violence,

The American military has been engaged in combat operations first conventional and then counterinsurgent for more than 8 years and the issue of political violence from a variety of different directions is an important issue to address in the college classroom. In this paper, we focus on the pedagogy of the ethics of political violence of jus in bello (the ethics of activity within war). We present an overview of three different ethical perspectives that can be applied to ethical dilemmas as they relate to political violence and then a series of scenarios that can be used to start discussions with students about the ethical dilemmas faced by both insurgents and counter insurgents and possible solutions that the ethical literature offers.
Repair of a traumatic lateral abdominal wall hernia in an 11-year-old boy, using a minimally invasive approach

We present the case of an 11-year-old boy who sustained blunt abdominal trauma while bicycling. An abdominal computed tomography scan obtained during his trauma evaluation was suspicious of a right-sided abdominal wall hernia with acute inflammatory changes although there was no palpable mass on physical examination. In follow-up, he was found to have a palpable mass in his right lateral abdominal wall, which enlarged with valsalva. The hernia was repaired primarily using a minimally invasive approach with a 5-mm umbilical cannula and a stab incision over the defect. He was discharged home on the first post-operative day. At 1 year follow-up, he is symptom-free without evidence of recurrence. Lateral abdominal wall hernias in the pediatric patient are uncommon but can result from trauma. Primary repair using a minimally invasive approach is safe and effective in achieving adequate closure.
Flame infrared emission-flame ionization detector for gas chromatography

The utility of combining flame infrared emission detection (FIRE) and flame ionization detection (FID) into one system is discussed. An improved flame infrared detector using the 4.3 μm CO2 emission band was constructed and fitted with electrodes to monitor the ionization in the hydrogen-air flame. The resulting system was found to provide the superior quantitation of moles carbon of FIRE and the greater sensitivity of FID. The system was successfully applied to the determination of carbon dioxide, carbonn monoxide and hydrocarbons in gas mixtures.
Origin of some magmas in oceanic and circum-oceanic regions

Abstract Partial melting experiments on spinel-lherzolite, a rock which probably occurs in relatively shallow parts of the oceanic upper mantle, demonstrate that alkali basaltic melt is formed at depths of at least 20 kbar whereas tholeiitic melt is formed at lower pressures ( It is suggested that under mid-ocean ridges, partial melting of spinel-lherzolite at depths shallower than 60 km would produce olivine-tholeiitic magma, which differentiates at shallower levels (20–25 km) under either essentially anhydrous or hydrous (but vapor-absent) conditions to produce abyssal tholeiites of olivine-tholeiite type or plagioclase-tholeiite type. It may be also possible that the former olivine-tholeiite is generated by direct partial melting of plagioclase-lherzolite. Alkali basalts in the oceanic region may be generated at depths greater than 50 km by relatively small degree of partial melting. Along island arcs and continental margins, where the subduction zones probably exist, partial melting of lherzolite would take place in the presence of water that may be supplied by breakdown of hydrous minerals in the subducted oceanic crust, thereby producing andesitic magmas. High-alumina basalt magma could be produced by partial melting of the dehydrated oceanic crust in the subduction zone at depths between 40 and 60 km, where garnet is unstable above the solidus.
Automatic Exposure Control Employing Scene Statistics In Reconnaissance Cameras

AbstractA microprocessor is employed to determine the best exposure value based on scene statistics. Brightness data areobtained from a 'look- ahead' linear CCD sensor, and scenestatistics are computed and processed using an exposure con-trol algorithm such that the exposure is set for the cultural infor- mation in the scene. IntroductionThe ultimate goal of aerial reconnaissance is the acquisitionand extraction of information about the scene being imaged.Extraction of information is the realm of the photo- interpreter.Maximizing the acquisition of information is a vital parameterconsidered in the design of aerial reconnaissance cameras. Assuming that all other taking conditions (e.g., focus, image mo- tion compensation, etc.) are correct, the quantity of informationacquired will be a function of the exposure. Maximization of in-formation, however, is not the actual goal; rather, the goal is tomaximize the quantity of relevant information. This is achievedby developing algorithms which distinguish relevant information
Comparison of corneal storage in K-Sol and chondroitin sulfate corneal storage medium in human corneal transplantation.

Abstract Fifty-one pairs of corneas, stored in either K-Sol or CSM (chondroitin sulfate corneal storage medium) from 8 to 97 hours (mean ± standard deviation, 58 ± 21 and 57 ± 21 hours, respectively), were transplanted in a prospective, randomized manner into 99 patients (n =102 eyes), paired by diagnostic group and procedure. Ninety-six percent of K-Sol grafts (n = 51) and 94% of the CSM grafts (n = 51) were clear at 6 months; 92% of both the K-Sol (n = 38) and CSM (n = 35) grafts were clear at 12 months. One primary donor failure occurred, a K-Sol cornea stored for 76 hours. The CSM group experienced a greater number of persistent epithelial defects beyond 2 weeks (7 versus 4 defects) and graft reaction episodes (7 versus 3 episodes) than the K-Sol group; however, an equal number of late graft failures (3) occurred in both groups. No significant differences by paired t test analyses were found in endothelial cell density, area, coefficient of variation, or figure coefficient at 3 (n = 37 pairs), 6 (n = 36 pairs), and 12 (n = 26 pairs) months between the two groups. Mean endothelial cell density significantly decreased by 11 % ± 22 by 3 months in the K-Sol group, whereas the 7% ± 24 decrease in the CSM group was insignificant. By 12 months, both groups experienced a significant decrease: K-Sol, 27% ± 22; CSM, 17% ± 26. A significant decrease in the mean coefficient of variation (polymegathism) was noted after 3 months in the K-Sol group which returned to the preoperative mean by 1 year, whereas this parameter remained unchanged in the CSM group. Both chondroitin sulfate-based media result in successful corneal transplantation with storage up to 4 days; however, endothelial survival with both media are comparable with previous studies with McCarey-Kaufman (M-K) medium.
The dynamics of Q degradation in system with polarization mode dispersion

The Q degradation dynamics is studied based on the system's simulation with a dynamic PMD model. The results show that the system's performance is affected by DGD dynamics more than the coupling ratio on PSP.
Antiviral Response in Pandemic Influenza Viruses

The outcome of viral infections depends on a complex set of interactions between the viruses and their hosts. Particularly, viral infection triggers specific signaling programs within the infected cells that results in substantial changes in host gene expression. While some of these changes might be beneficial for viral replication, others represent the induction of a host antiviral response. In this respect, viruses have evolved genes that counteract this initial innate antiviral response. These viral-host interactions shape the subsequent phases of the disease and influence the adaptive immune response. In influenza viruses, the nonstructural protein 1 inhibits the interferon-mediated antiviral response. The regulatory activities of this viral protein play a major role in the pathogenicity of influenza virus and appear partially responsible for the ability of influenza viruses to infect multiple animal species, which likely contributes to the generation of new pandemic viruses in humans.
Cross-Linguistic Temporal Reference

Tense, the grammaticalized marking of location in time, has played a central role in analyses of temporal reference even since before the inception of the formal study of meaning. However, research on a wide range of typologically diverse languages over the past 40 years has revealed that many languages do not have tenses and that there are a variety of other means, both linguistic and contextual, that affect temporal reference besides tense. These empirical findings refute the universality of tense and have significant implications for the role of tense in theoretical analyses of temporal reference. This review catalogues the means that affect temporal reference across tensed and tenseless languages, and offers a theoretical perspective on temporal reference that deemphasizes the centrality of tense.
Soil Nitrogen and Phosphorus Availability for Field-Applied Slurry from Swine Fed Traditional and Low-Phytate Corn

Swine (Sus scrofa) slurry contains nutrients essential for crop production but usually contains more P relative to N than is required by most crops, creating the potential for negative environmental impacts. Diet modifications such as low-phytate corn (Zea mays L.) have resulted in improved bioavailability of P and reduced manure P content. A field study was conducted to compare in situ availability of N and P at two sites. One site received three annual additions of manure from swine fed low-phytate corn or traditional corn diets or inorganic fertilizer, surface applied to rainfed no-till sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]. A second site received a one-time application and incorporation of the same nutrient treatments to irrigated corn. Nutrient treatments were applied at rates intended to meet crop N needs. At both sites, an in situ soil core resin bag technique was used to determine available N and P during the growing season. Potentially mineralizable N was 70% of applied N and extractable P was 100% of applied P for manure from both diets. Incorporation of swine slurry reduced potentially mineralizable N to 40% the year of application and 30% the year after application and reduced extractable P to 60% the year of application and 40% the year after application for both diets. Modified diets reduced the P content of the manure but not the availability of N or P.
Predicting continued use of online teacher professional development and the influence of social presence and sociability

This study examined how a well-established Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) could predict teachers' intentions to continue using e-learning for professional development based on perceived ease of use and usefulness. Although studies have shown social interactions are important to teachers, no study has analyzed the mediating influence of social presence and sociability within e-learning professional development. Therefore, the original TAM was expanded to encompass user perceptions of social presence and sociability. Structural equation modeling was used to measure the mediating affects on their intention to continue using e-learning for their professional development. The results indicate that the expanded hypothesized model was a good predictor of continuance intention. Perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness and social presence were found to be significant determinants of teachers' intent to continue using e-learning to meet their future professional development needs. The results have implications for educational leaders, designers and facilitators who want to promote teacher online professional development and embed e-learning conditions that will be readily embraced by classroom teachers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Thermal study of longitudinal and torsional ultrasound phacoemulsification: tracking the temperature of the corneal surface, incision, and handpiece.

Purpose To evaluate the change and difference in the corneal surface, incision, and handpiece temperatures during longitudinal and torsional ultrasound (US) phacoemulsification with standard incisions (2.75 mm) and microincisions (2.20 mm) and the thermal effect on wounds. Setting Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA. Methods In this prospective study, human cadaver eyes had simulated phacoemulsification. Group 1 had a 2.75 mm incision with 100% longitudinal US; Group 2, a 2.20 mm incision with 100% longitudinal US; Group 3, a 2.75 mm incision with 100% torsional US; and Group 4, a 2.20 mm incision with 100% torsional US. During phacoemulsification, the corneal incision was evaluated by surgical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and images of the corneal surface, incision, and handpiece were captured with an infrared camera. Results Twelve eyes (3 each group) were evaluated. The maximum incision temperature was higher in the longitudinal groups than in the torsional groups. With the same US modality, the maximum microincision temperature was higher than the maximum standard incision temperature. After application of full power for 40 seconds, wound burn was observed in all eyes in the longitudinal groups and no eyes in the torsional groups. On SEM, there was more extensive loss of Descemet membrane in the longitudinal groups than in the torsional groups. Conclusion Incision temperature was influenced by US modality and was significantly lower with torsional US than with longitudinal US. Using torsional US with smaller incisions may decrease the risk for wound burn in eyes with denser cataracts. Financial Disclosure No author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned. Additional disclosure is found in the footnotes.
THE UPTAKE OF AMINO ACIDS BY MICROBES AND TREES IN THREE COLD‐TEMPERATE FORESTS

Amino acids are emerging as a critical component of the terrestrial N cycle, yet there is little understanding of amino acid cycling in temperate forests. This research studied the uptake and turnover of amino acid N by soil microbes and the capacity of forest trees to take up the amino acid glycine in comparison to NH4+ and NO3-. This research was conducted in three temperate forests located in northwest Connecticut, USA. The three forests differed in soil parent material and canopy tree species composition. At all three sites, amino acids were released from soil organic matter through the activity of proteolytic enzymes resulting in a pool of free amino acids in soil. Free amino acids were rapidly immobilized by soil microbes. A '5N-enriched-glycine-addition experiment also showed that a significant fraction of the amino acid N taken up by soil microbes was mineralized to NH4+ with substantial nitrification at one site. Tree species from all three sites had the physiological capacity to absorb the amino acid glycine but took up amino acid N, NH4+, and NO3- in proportion to their availability in the soil. At the site with the highest gross fluxes of N, nearly all the N in amino acids was mineralized, and fine roots assimilated inorganic N much more rapidly than amino acid N. At the two sites with slower rates of gross amino acid production, the pool of free amino acids was larger, and fine roots assim- ilated amino acid N almost as fast as inorganic N. This study demonstrates that amino acids are an important component of the N cycle in temperate forests.
Formal specification techniques and structured methods of analysis in scientific/industrial systems

Abstract A large range of structured methods exist for systems analysis and design. Although they are adequate for the system as a whole, it is considered that they lack the rigour demanded in the specification of critical applications. More suitable formal specification techniques, based on mathematical techniques, can be used.
On the design of piezoresistive silicon cantilevers with stress concentration regions for scanning probe microscopy applications

In this paper, the design of silicon based cantilevers for scanning probe microscopy has been described in detail. ANSYS software has been used as a tool to design and model the mechanical properties of the silicon based cantilevers. The incorporation of stress concentration regions (SCRs) with a thickness smaller than the cantilever thickness, to localize stresses, has been explored in detail to enhance the piezoresistive displacement, force, and torque sensitivity. In addition, SCRs of widths less than the cantilever width have also been explored. Two basic designs were studied, i.e. a rectangular cantilever and a U-shaped cantilever. The placement of the SCR was found to be critical, and optimal placement and thickness of the SCR can result in a 2× and 5× improvement in piezoresistive displacement and force sensitivity, respectively, for the rectangular cantilever. For the U-shaped cantilever, the torsional piezoresistive sensitivity was found to increase by 5×, depending on the SCR thickness. Process flows and associated fabrication challenges for the proposed cantilever structures are also presented.
Serotonin receptor subtypes required for ventilatory long-term facilitation and its enhancement after chronic intermittent hypoxia in awake rats

Respiratory long-term facilitation (LTF), a serotonin-dependent, persistent augmentation of respiratory activity after episodic hypoxia, is enhanced by pretreatment of chronic intermittent hypoxia ...
Validity of the Structural Properties of Text-Based Causal Maps: An Empirical Assessment

Recently, text-based causal maps (TBCMs) have generated enthusiasm as a methodological tool because they provide a way of accessing large, untapped sources of data generated by organizations. Altho...
Event Recognition with Fragmented Object Tracks

Complete and accurate video tracking is very difficult to achieve in practice due to long occlusions, traffic clutter, shadows and appearance changes. In this paper, we study the feasibility of event recognition when object tracks are fragmented. By changing the lock score threshold controlling track termination, different levels of track fragmentation are generated. The effect on event recognition is revealed by examining the event model match score as a function of lock score threshold. Using a Dynamic Bayesian Network to model events, it is shown that event recognition actually improves with greater track fragmentation, assuming fragmented tracks for the same object are linked together. The improvement continues up to a point when it is more likely to be offset by other errors such as those caused by frequent object reinitialization. The study is conducted on busy scenes of airplane servicing activities where long tracking gaps occur intermittently.
Efficacy and toxicity of carboplatin and cytarabine chemotherapy for dogs with relapsed or refractory lymphoma (2000–2013)

Medical records of 22 dogs treated with carboplatin (n = 8) or carboplatin and cytarabine (n = 14) chemotherapy for relapsed or refractory lymphoma between 2000 and 2013 were retrospectively reviewed. The clinical response rate was 18.2% (4/22). Median time to progression was 18 days (56 for responders; 12 for non-responders, P = 0.0006). Median overall survival time was 28 days (109 for responders; 21 for non-responders, P = 0.0007). Thrombocytopenia and neutropenia occurred in 84.2% (16/19) and 52.6% (10/19), respectively. Grade IV thrombocytopenia and neutropenia occurred in 56.3% (9/16) and 60.0% (6/10), respectively. Dogs that received both drugs were more likely to become neutropenic (P = 0.022) or thrombocytopenic (P = 0.001) than dogs receiving carboplatin alone. All responders received both drugs giving a 28.6% (4/14) response rate for the combination. Although some dogs responded to the combination, toxicity was high and the responses were not durable. With adequate supportive care, this protocol may be an acceptable rescue option for some dogs.
Calculation of loadability in a droop controlled DC microgrid with constant power loads

In this paper, the maximum real power load in a dc microgrid bus is traced geometrically. The dc microgrid is droop-controlled with the loads being constant power loads. The generalized circle diagram approach used in a conventional power system is modified to be used in a droop-controlled dc microgrid for this purpose. The different types of buses present in a dc microgrid are described and the locus of operating points is then obtained by applying the generalized circle diagram approach. The proposed method is verified by simulations on a 4 bus dc microgrid.
First principles study of defects in solid electrolyte lithium thiophosphate Li7P3S11

We investigate the electronic structure of interstitial Li and Li vacancy in Li7P3S11 by first principles calculations. We find that Li7P3S11 is a good insulator with a wide band gap of 3.5 eV. We find that the Li vacancy and interstitial Li+ ion do not introduce states in the band gap hence they do not deteriorate the electronic properties of Li7P3S11. The calculated formation energies of Li vacancies are much larger than those of Li interstitials, indicating that the ion conductivity may arise from the migration of interstitial Li.
Lethal yellowing vector studies. I. Methods of experimental transmission

Since the publication of the first papers on lethal yellowing (LY) transmission by Myndus crudus Van Duzee [13, 15], researchers familiar with the LY problem generally consider this species to be a vector, and no evidence has been published to seriously challenge this concept. Based on general knowledge about insect-vectored plant and animal diseases, the possibility that LY is transmitted by more than one vector is highly plausible. However, thus far, there is no evidence for additional vector species.
Multiplexing test system channels for data rates above 1 Gb/s

The author describes high-speed digital circuits appropriate for use in testing devices at data rates above 1 Gb/s. A system which combines several test channels to form a smaller number of higher frequency data sources is described. Each combination of channels provides software-programmable data streams which are used as input stimuli to the device under test (DUT). The responses of DUT outputs are tested at high frequency through multipass monitoring of DUT outputs with existing comparators. Initial experiments have demonstrated the feasibility of this approach at rates above 1 Gb/s using digital GaAs logic. Burst rates above 2 Gb/s have also been achieved. The methods described are widely applicable to a variety of high-speed component technologies, including submicrometer CMOS, emitter-coupled logic, and GaAs. >
Plant and microbial nitrogen use and turnover: Rapid conversion of nitrate to ammonium in soil with roots

Immobilization of ammonium (NH 4 + ) by plants and microbes, a controlling factor of ecosystem nitrogen (N) retention, has usually been measured based on uptake of15NH 4 + solutions injected into soil. To study the influence of roots on N dynamics without stimulating consumption of NH 4 + , we estimated gross nitrification in the presence or absence of live roots in an agricultural soil. Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum var. Peto76) plants were grown in microcosms containing root exclosures. When the plants were 7 weeks old,15N enriched nitrate (NO 3 − ) was applied in the 0–150 mm soil layer. After 24 h, > 30 times more15NH 4 + was found in the soil with roots than in the soil of the root exclosures. At least 18% of the NH 4 + -N present at this time in the soil with roots had been converted from NO 3 − . We estimated rates of conversion of NO 3 − to NH 4 + , and rates ofNH 4 + immobilization by plants and microbes, by simulating N-flow of14+15N and15N in three models representing mechanisms that may be underlying the experimental data: Dissimilatory NO 3 − reduction to NH 4 + (DNRA), plant N efflux, and microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN) turnover. Compared to NO 3 − uptake, plant NH 4 + uptake was modest. Ammonium immobilization by plants and microbes was equal to at least 35% of nitrification rates. The rapid recycling of NO 3 − to NH 4 + via plants and/or microbes contributes to ecosystem N retention and may enable plants growing in agricultural soils to capture more NH 4 + than generally assumed.
Sodium-Dependent Phosphate Uptake in the Jejunum Is Post-Transcriptionally Regulated in Pigs Fed a Low-Phosphorus Diet and Is Independent of Dietary Calcium Concentration

In rodents, severe dietary P restriction increases active phosphate absorption by the intestine. However, it remains unknown if moderate dietary P restriction has a similar effect. Weanling pigs (n = 32; body weight 7.4 ± 0.55 kg) were used in a 2 × 2 factorial design and fed dietary available P (aP) concentrations of 0.23 or 0.40% and Ca concentrations of 0.58 or 1.00% for 14 d. Diets were formulated on an aP basis instead of a total P basis, because pigs are unable to absorb phytate-P present in corn and soybean meal. Jejunal segments were mounted in modified Ussing chambers for determination of Na+-dependent nutrient transport. Intestinal mucosal scrapings were taken for RNA isolation and brush border membrane (BBM) vesicle isolation. Na+-dependent phosphate uptake and gene expression of Na-phosphate cotransporter IIb (NaPi-IIb), SGLT-1 (sodium/glucose cotransporter-1), and calbindin D(9k) and protein expression of NaPi-IIb were evaluated. Na+-dependent phosphate transport increased (P < 0.05) 46% as dietary aP concentration was decreased. However, increased Na+-dependent phosphate uptake was not accompanied by increased NaPi-IIb mRNA expression. Expression of NaPi-IIb protein in the BBM increased (P < 0.01) 84% in pigs fed low-P diets compared with pigs fed adequate-P diets. No dietary Ca effects or aP × Ca interactions were detected for Na-dependent P uptake, mRNA or protein expression of NaPi-IIb, or mRNA expression of calbindin D(9k). These data suggest that restricting dietary aP concentration by only 43% stimulates Na+-dependent phosphate uptake and expression of the NaPi-IIb protein in the BBM of the small intestine and through a post-transcriptional mechanism.
The faster-X effect: integrating theory and data

Population genetics theory predicts that X (or Z) chromosomes could play disproportionate roles in speciation and evolutionary divergence, and recent genome-wide analyses have identified situations in which X or Z-linked divergence exceeds that on the autosomes (the so-called 'faster-X effect'). Here, we summarize the current state of both the theory and data surrounding the study of faster-X evolution. Our survey indicates that the faster-X effect is pervasive across a taxonomically diverse array of evolutionary lineages. These patterns could be informative of the dominance or recessivity of beneficial mutations and the nature of genetic variation acted upon by natural selection. We also identify several aspects of disagreement between these empirical results and the population genetic models used to interpret them. However, there are clearly delineated aspects of the problem for which additional modeling and collection of genomic data will address these discrepancies and provide novel insights into the population genetics of adaptation.
Enhancing healthcare sector coordination through infrastructure and logistics support.

The International Response to the 2004 Southeast Asia Tsunami was noted to have multiple areas of poor coordination, and in 2005, the “Health Cluster” approach to coordination was formulated. However, the 2010 Haiti response suggests that many of the same problems continue and that there are significant limitations to the cluster meetings.These limitations include the inconsistent attendance, poor dissemination of information, and perceived lack of benefit to providers. This article proposes that healthcare coordination would be greatly improved with logistical support, leading to improved efficiency and outcomes for those affected by disasters.
Pulmonary Rapidly Adapting Receptors and Airway Constriction

In general, the airway and pulmonary receptors can be divided into three groups: 1) slowly adapting pulmonary stretch receptors (PSRs); 2) rapidly adapting receptors (RARs); 3) receptors innervated by C-fibers. PSRs and RARs are mechanoreceptors, although RARs are also activated by many biological and chemical substances (3, 16, 17, 29). On the other hand, C-fibers are believed to be chemosensitive endings (2).
A mutant of rous sarcoma virus (type O) causing fusiform cell transformation.

SummaryA Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) is described which shares the envelope properties of RSV type O but causes infected cells to assume a fusiform shape. The agent induces sarcomas in susceptible birds. Japanese quail cells infected with a single particle of this virus fail to yield infectious progeny whereas chicken cells of type C/A readily reproduce the agent.
Ovarian-Sparing Surgery in Pediatric Benign Ovarian Tumors.

Abstract Study Objective To evaluate outcomes of children after ovarian-sparing surgery (OSS) for non-neoplastic and benign neoplastic ovarian lesions. Design Retrospective cohort study from January 2003 to January 2012. Setting Single, high-volume, tertiary care hospital. Participants Children 18 years of age and younger. Interventions None. Main Outcome Measures Postoperative complications and tumor recurrence after OSS. Results One hundred nine patients underwent OSS with a median age of 13.3 years (interquartile range [IQR], 11.4-15.1 years). Eighty-two patients were treated laparoscopically with 4 conversions to an open procedure. Postoperative complications included surgical site infections in 7 patients (6%). Pathology most commonly revealed functional ovarian cysts (n = 57) and mature teratomas (n = 37). Ninety-four patients (86%) were followed for a median of 10.4 months (IQR, 0.72-30.8 months). Fifty-five patients (60%) had subsequent imaging surveillance a median of 7.6 months postoperatively (IQR, 3.9-13 months). Ten patients (10%) developed a second ipsilateral lesion within a median time of 11 months (IQR, 7.7-24 months), of whom 5 girls had repeated surgery for mass enlargement or persistent abdominal pain at a median time of 10.5 months (IQR, 8.0-12.65 months). Fifty-eight patients (63%) began or resumed menses at their most recent follow-up. Three girls became pregnant after OSS at a median follow-up of 5 years (range, 2.4-6.7 years). Conclusion Benign ovarian lesions in children can be treated successfully with OSS with low recurrence and repeat surgery rates.
Oxidative lime pretreatment of high-lignin biomass: poplar wood and newspaper.

Lime (Ca[OH]2) and oxygen (O2) were used to enhance the enzymatic digestibility of two kinds of high-lignin biomass: poplar wood and newspaper. The recommended pretreatment conditions for poplar wood are 150 degrees C, 6 h, 0.1 g of Ca(OH)2/g of dry biomass, 9 mL of water/g of dry biomass, 14.0 bar absolute oxygen, and a particle size of -10 mesh. Under these conditions, the 3-d reducing sugar yield of poplar wood using a cellulase loading of 5 filter paper units (FPU)/g of raw dry biomass increased from 62 to 565 mg of eq. glucose/g of raw dry biomass, and the 3-d total sugar (glucose + xylose) conversion increased from 6 to 77% of raw total sugars. At high cellulase loadings (e.g., 75 FPU/g of raw dry biomass), the 3-d total sugar conversion reached 97%. In a trial run with newspaper, using conditions of 140 degrees C, 3 h, 0.3 g of Ca(OH)2/g of dry biomass, 16 mL of water/g of dry biomass, and 7.1 bar absolute oxygen, the 3-d reducing sugar yield using a cellulase loading of 5 FPU/g of raw dry biomass increased from 240 to 565 mg of eq. glucose/g of raw dry biomass. A material balance study on poplar wood shows that oxidative lime pretreatment solubilized 38% of total biomass, including 78% of lignin and 49% of xylan; no glucan was removed. Ash increased because calcium was incorporated into biomass during the pretreatment. After oxidative lime pretreatment, about 21% of added lime could be recovered by CO2 carbonation.
High-Energy-Density Lithium–Sulfur Batteries Based on Blade-Cast Pure Sulfur Electrodes

A facile pure sulfur electrode strategy is demonstrated to increase the areal loading of blade-cast sulfur electrodes and improve the electrochemical performances of thick sulfur electrodes with consideration for scale-up in practical, commercial applications. Benefiting from the unique pure sulfur electrode and an upper current collector design, the pure sulfur electrode displays low polarization, high sulfur utilization, and promising cycling stability even with an ultrahigh sulfur loading. A high areal capacity of 19.2 mAh cm–2 has been achieved, which is the highest areal capacity for the reported blade-cast sulfur electrodes and 4 times higher than that of available lithium-ion battery electrodes. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the use of large-sized sulfur particles only slightly decreases the rate of conversion from S8 to S42– during the initial discharge and has negligible impact on subsequent electrochemical performance.
Influence of DC Grounding Current of Pu'er-Qiaoxiang HVDC Project on DC Bias of Surrounding AC Transformers

An HVDC transmission system may operate in ground return mode when the system,is in commissioning or failure,and the DC grounding curent will bring negative influence to normal operation of AC power system. Experiment of these influence are carried out during the system commissioning of Pu'er-Qiaoxiang HVDC project with both grounding electrode. The influence such as audible noise,harmonic and oscillation of the transformers in AC power system is monitored. Some useful data are acquired and the relationships between audible noise,harmonic,oscillation and DC grounding curent are obtained by analyzing these experimental data.
Welfare impacts of the 2006 United States – Canada Softwood Lumber Agreement

In this paper, we evaluate the market and welfare effects of the 2006 United States (U.S.) – Canada Softwood Lumber Agreement (SLA 2006) based on a U.S. import demand model for Canadian softwood lu...
Student Motivations for Choosing Online Classes.

Increasing budget pressures on universities are causing many to turn to online education to solve their budget woes. However, as the marketplace for online learning expands, so does the opportunity for students to become ever more selective of the programs and universities they choose. The researchers sought to identify those factors that motivate students to choose or not choose to take online courses at Eastern Oregon University (EOU). Furthermore, students currently enrolled at EOU were asked to identify the interactions and services they would like to see increase at the university. Results of the survey are discussed in light of university mission and strategic plans to demonstrate how survey data works to drive policy decisions in uncertain financial times.
3D MEMS sensor for application on earthquakes early detection and Nowcast

This paper presents a 3D Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) sensor system to quickly and reliably identify the precursors that precede every earthquake. When a precursor is detected and is expected to be followed by a major earthquake, the sensor system will analyze and determine the magnitude of the earthquake. This newly proposed 3D MEMS sensor can provide P-waves, S-waves, and surface waves along with timing measurements to a data processing unit. The out coming data is processed and filtered continuously by a set of proposed built-in programmable Digital Signal Process (DSP) filters in order to remove noise and other disturbances and determine an earthquake pattern. Our goal is to reliably initiate an alarm before the arrival of the destructive waves. Keywords:
A Lady, Her Philosopher and a Contradiction

( I must thank the staffin the Ready Division ofArchives and Research Collections at McMaster University Library for their assistance in gathering the information I needed for this paper. I am particularly indebted to Carl Spadoni and Ken Blackwell for all their help. All original correspondence quoted is in the Bertrand Russell Archives. A grant from the Aid-to-Creativity Committee from Monmouth University (New Jersey) made this project possible. . 2 "Le Realisme analytique", Bulletin de fa societefranraise de philosophie (1911); ''L'Importance philosophique de la logistique", Revue de mitaphysique et de morale (1911); "Sur les axiomes de l'infini et du transfini", Sociite mathematique de France, Comptes rendus des seances (19II)-all reprinted in Papers 6. 3 The paper was entitled "On the Relations of Universals and Particulars" and was read at the annual meeting of the Aristotelian Society on 30 October 1911 and published the following year in their Proceedings. Russell, as newly elected President of the Society, had to hold their meeting on "the last Monday of October to suit the everlasting [Henti] Bergson, who would then be present" (SLBR, I: 393, letter #177 to Lady Ottoline Morrell, [16 Sept. 1911]). A LADY, HER PHILOSOPHER AND A CONTRADICTION
Opposing Viewpoints on Youth Social Media Banning in the U.S. for the Combatance of Extremist Recruiting: Constitutionality and Societal Implications

Today, terrorist groups are recruiting, inspiring, and guiding global strategies not just by Internet operations, but through an organized, steady infusion of propaganda videos and call-to-action messages. Most worrisome: increasing evidence that the youth population represents a particularly susceptible cohort, being drawn into the ranks of terrorist organizations operating worldwide. In response, this article will address the pros and cons of social media banning, its effects on constitutional rights, and its effectiveness towards decreasing radicalization and recruitment. The research presented here aims to further the field of Homeland Security and to encourage debates on how to decrease terrorism and youth recruitment and whether banning social media would assist the Department of Homeland Security's mission. In conclusion, this article explores both sides of the spectrum while offering insight for scholars, organizations, and practitioners regarding the attainability of social media banning in the United States.
Clinical characteristics and outcome of isolated infrarenal aortic stenosis in young patients

Abstract Objective The objective of this study was to identify young patients with isolated infrarenal aortic atherosclerotic stenosis and to determine the clinical characteristics and midterm results of angioplasty and stenting. Methods Data from patients younger than 50 years with significant infrarenal aortic stenosis and at least 1 year of follow-up were prospectively collected. Patients with coexistent suprarenal or iliofemoral disease and Takayasu arteritis were excluded. All patients were treated with percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA), primary stenting, or both. Pressure gradient was measured intraoperatively before and after the intervention. Every patient was monitored postoperatively with clinical examination, ankle-brachial index, and duplex ultrasound during follow-up. Results There were 51 patients, of whom 34 were excluded. Seventeen patients ranging in age from 37 to 49 years (mean, 43.7 years) met the study criteria, and they were all female. Fifteen patients had both history of hyperlipidemia and smoking with a mean of 53.2 pack-years. Fourteen patients were claudicants, whereas seven patients presented with distal embolization. Six patients were treated with primary stenting; four had PTA plus stent and seven had PTA alone. The length of the stenotic segments treated was 4 cm in 2. The mean follow-up for this cohort was 4.2 years. Mean pressure gradient before intervention was 49.06 ± 12.75 mm Hg, decreasing to 6.13 ± 2.06 mm Hg after intervention with a mean reduction of 42.75 ± 11.59 mm Hg. Mean ankle-brachial indices before the intervention were 0.67 ± 0.07, increasing to a mean of 0.92 ± 0.06 after the procedure. Stenosis developed in three patients during follow-up, requiring reintervention for a primary assisted patency of 100%. Conclusions Isolated infrarenal aortic stenosis in young patients is primarily a disease of women. Most of these patients are heavy smokers with hyperlipidemia. PTA alone or with stenting has favorable midterm results.