cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of a Neuraminidase Detection Assay for the Rapid Detection of Influenza A and B Virus in Children

A prototype version of a new diagnostic assay for influenza A and B (Zstat Flu™) based on detection of viral neuraminidase was evaluated and compared to culture in 196 clinical samples. Children with respiratory illnesses were prospectively evaluated at a pediatrician's office and at a large children's hospital using the neuraminidase assay and viral culture performed on respiratory secretions. Influenza virus was isolated from 51 samples and 83 were positive by the neuraminidase assay. When compared to culture the sensitivity of the assay was 96%, specificity was 77%, positive predictive value was 59%, and negative predictive value was 98%. Testing in the laboratory of pure cultures of bacteria and non-influenza viruses frequently found in the respiratory tract showed 0% cross-reactivity with the neuraminidase assay and 100% specificity for influenza virus in vitro. This new assay provided useful information for the preliminary diagnosis of influenza A and B infections and appears to be suitable for both point-of-care use in the physician's office and rapid diagnosis in a virology laboratory. The high sensitivity makes it particularly useful as a screening test for exclusion of influenza A and B infections. To confirm the diagnosis and exclude a false-positive result, as well as to determine the influenza virus type, a viral culture may be considered.
Darbepoetin alfa protects podocytes from apoptosis in vitro and in vivo

Detachment or apoptosis of podocytes leads to proteinuria and glomerulosclerosis. There are no current interventions for diabetic or non-diabetic glomerular diseases specifically preventing podocyte apoptosis. Binding of erythropoiesis stimulating proteins (ESPs) to receptors on non-hematopoietic cells has been shown to have anti-apoptotic effects in vitro , in vivo , and in preliminary human studies. Recently, erythropoietin receptors were identified on podocytes; therefore, we tested effects of darbepoetin alfa in preventing podocyte apoptosis. Cultured immortalized mouse podocytes were treated with low-dose ultraviolet-C (uv-C) irradiation to induce apoptosis in the absence or presence of darbepoetin alfa. Apoptosis was quantified by Hoechst staining and by caspase 3 cleavage assessed by Western blots. Pretreatment with darbepoetin alfa significantly reduced podocyte apoptosis with this effect involving intact Janus family protein kinase-2 (JAK2) and AKT signaling pathways. Additionally, darbepoetin alfa was found protective against transforming growth factor- β 1 but not puromycin aminonucleoside induced apoptosis. Mice with anti-glomerular antibody induced glomerulonephritis had significantly less proteinuria, glomerulosclerosis, and podocyte apoptosis when treated with darbepoetin alfa. Our studies show that treatment of progressive renal diseases characterized by podocyte apoptosis with ESPs may be beneficial in slowing progression of chronic kidney disease.
The effect of preoptic warming on the arousal system of the mesencephalic reticular formation

Abstract Local warming of the preoptic area (POA) induces sleep in dogs and cats. Arousal and wakefulness are dependent upon the activity of the mesencephalic reticular formation (MRF) and its activation by afferent sensory impulses. We tested the hypothesis that warming the POA induces sleep by inhibiting the activity of the MRF. Cats were anesthetized with chloralose and immobilized with a neuromuscular blocking agent. Radio frequency thermodes were implanted bilaterally in the POA, warming of which decreased the amplitude of potentials evoked by electrical stimulation of the forepaw in the ventromedial and dorsomedial midbrain tegmentum and periaqueductal gray matter by as much as 50%. This suggests that POA warming decreases the underlying activity of MRF neurons throughout most of the region required for wakefulness. To verify this and to test whether warming the POA influences the spontaneous activity of MRF neurons, the effects on single units were studied. Units were isolated in the ventromedial midbrain tegmentum only. Six of 19 units unequivocally responded to POA warming by decreasing their firing rates by as much as 90%. Three were driven by forepaw stimulation. POA warming decreased the driven activity of all three; it also decreased the spontaneous firing rates of the units that responded to forepaw stimulation and of three units that were not driven by forepaw stimulation. These data show that somatosensory inputs to MRF neurons drive their activity while inputs from POA thermosensitive neurons decrease their activity. Therefore, these results support the above hypothesis.
Fluid adaptation of contested citizenship: second-generation migrant Turks in Germany and the United States

This paper explores belonging in the context of legal citizenship for second-generation Turkish immigrants in Berlin and in New York. Fluid adaptation refers to the discursive boundaries of immigrant identity articulations, the contextual and shifting adjustments immigrants make to their sense of belonging. Immigrant belonging, gauged by ‘encounters’ with bureaucracies and participatory expressions, is shaped in large part by the receiving state's legal framework and citizenship status. Belonging is complicated by racialization and exclusion, and affected by intersectionalities of immigrant experience. Limited citizenship models necessitate deployment of fluid and alternative membership models. Alternative forms of belonging underscore the power of the nation-state in delimiting belonging.
A Revision of the Genus Grisollea (Stemonuraceae)

Abstract The genus Grisollea includes three species found in the West Indian Ocean basin. Grisollea myriantha occurs in the Comoro Islands and Madagascar, while Grisollea thomassetii is restricted to the Seychelles. A new species, Grisollea crassifolia, is described from eastern Madagascar. This revision provides a key to the species, descriptions, illustrations, maps, conservation status assessments, and an overview of the placement of the genus within Stemonuraceae.
Next-Generation Software Engineering Introduction to Minitrack

Societal dependence on largescale, networkcentric systems continues to grow. But cost and complexity are increasing, and errors and vulnerabilities persist despite best efforts. Evidence suggests that software engineering is reaching the limits of development technologies evolved in the first fifty years of computing. A need exists to create a next-generation software engineering (NGSE) for the next fifty years that will reduce cost and complexity for fast and correct development of the ultralargescale systems of the future. NGSE is envisioned as a computational engineering discipline, largely enabled by theorybased, semanticsdirected automation that permits intellectual control at a scope and scale unattainable with present methods.
Can Coloring Mandalas Reduce Anxiety

This study examined the effectiveness of different types of art activities in the reduction of anxiety. After undergoing a brief anxiety-induction, 84 undergraduate students were randomly assigned to color a mandala, to color a plaid form, or to color on a blank piece of paper. Results demonstrated that anxiety levels declined approximately the same for the mandala- and plaid-coloring groups and that both of these groups experienced more reduction in anxiety than did the unstructured- coloring group. These findings suggest that structured coloring of a reasonably complex geometric pattern may induce a meditative state that benefits individuals suffering from anxiety.
Performance of a parallel-plane switching network

The design and evaluation of a parallel-plane interconnection network are presented in this paper. The proposed network can be used in data networks as well as in distributed computing systems. The proposed network is a cyclic, deflection-routing based, and hierarchical network and is constructed recursively using the Manhattan-type topology as the basic building block. This network exhibits substantial improvement in performance over its building block two-dimensional network on characteristics such as throughput and fault tolerance and still preserves the ease of implementation. The simulation and analysis in this paper show that the proposed network performs comparably to the hypercube at a much lower cost, even a larger network is used. Unlike other switching networks that use a higher node degree to maintain a small network diameter as the networks grow, the proposed parallel architecture network takes advantage of the expandability in its basic building blocks. This feature of the parallel-plane network offers a low network diameter, while it maintains a fixed and small node degree.
Recent progress of high efficiency Si thin‐film solar cells in large area

Si thin-film solar cells are suitable to the sunbelt region due to a low temperature coefficient and to building integrated photovoltaics owing to flexible size, easily controllable transmittance, and an aesthetic design. Nevertheless, the application is limited until now due to their low conversion efficiency. We have developed a triple junction cell (a-Si:H/a-SiGe:H/μc-Si:H) providing efficient light utilization. For the high efficiency, we have focused on the smoothing of high haze TCO, a low absorption window layer, a low refractive index interlayer, uniformity control of the thickness and crystalline volume fraction in the microcrystalline silicon layer, and a low absorption back reflector. Through these activities, we have achieved a world record of 13.4% stabilized efficiency in the small size cell (1 cm) and 10.5% stabilized efficiency in the large area module (1.1 × 1.3m), certificated by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory and Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, respectively. This result was presented in solar cell efficiency tables (Version 41). At this moment, we have increased a stabilized efficiency of 11.2% (Output power 160W) in the large area module.We will report on the advanced materials in detail for high efficiency. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Two's company, three's a crowd: stable family and threesome roommates problems

We investigate Knuth's eleventh open question on stable matchings. In the stable family problem, sets of women, men, and dogs are given, all of whom state their preferences among the other two groups. The goal is to organize them into family units, so that no three of them have incentive to desert their assigned family members to join in a new family. A similar problem, called the threesome roommates problem, assumes that a group of persons, each with their preferences among the combinations of two others, are to be partitioned into triples. Similarly, the goal is to make sure that no three persons want to break up with their assigned roommates. Ng and Hirschberg were the first to investigate these two problems. In their formulation, each participant provides a strictly-ordered list of all combinations. They proved that under this scheme, both problems are NP-complete. Their paper reviewers pointed out that their reduction exploits inconsistent preference lists and they wonder whether these two problems remain NP-complete if preferences are required to be consistent. We answer in the affirmative. In order to give these two problems a broader outlook, we also consider the possibility that participants can express indifference, on the condition that the preference consistency has to be maintained. As an example, we propose a scheme in which all participants submit two (or just one in the roommates case) lists ranking the other two groups separately. The order of the combinations is decided by the sum of their ordinal numbers. Combinations are tied when the sums are equal. By introducing indifference, a hierarchy of stabilities can be defined. We prove that all stability definitions lead to NP-completeness for existence of a stable matching.
Pineal and photoperiodic influences on fat deposition, pelage, and testicular activity in male meadow voles.

Pinealectomy completely prevented gonadal regression as well as reduction in body weight and white adipose tissue content of the gonadal and retroperitoneal fat deposits in male meadow voles transferred from long to short day lengths. Pineal influences on pelage characteristics depended on which parameter was assessed. For instance, the increase in guard hair length observed in short-day control voles was blocked by pinealectomy; however, a similar increase in underhair length was unaffected by removal of the pineal gland. Photo period-dependent changes in fat deposition, testicular activity, and guard hair length presum ably rely on altered pineal secretory activity to transduce the effects of day length on the neuroendocrine axis; however, mechanisms independent of pineal activity may be capable of mediating photoperiodic control of underhair growth.
Three-dimensional interplay of advective and diffusive processes in the generation of sequence boundaries

Quantitative stratigraphic models have been generated using either geometric constructs or diffusion algorithms to simulate the development and timing of sequence boundaries and how they vary in response to tectonics, eustasy, climate, and sediment supply. While diffusion models provide a physical basis for the generation of clinoforms, the resulting model predictions appear to do little more than track the transgressive and regressive movements of the shoreline. On the other hand, geometric models do a relatively good job in simulating the observed stratigraphy but offer little in actually ascertaining the physics controlling the processes of deposition and erosion. All these stratigraphic models fail to predict the most fundamental response of depositional systems, namely, the development of a downward shift in coastal onlap during a fall in relative sea level. This basinward shift and the development of an onlap surface are the critical observations that define chronostratigraphic sequences and are not simply a consequence of shoreline transgressions and regressions. A major assumption in these two-dimensional models is that the observed stacking patterns are solely the consequence of deposition processes and sediment transport within the modelling section, in marked contrast to the observation that the major sediment transport direction along margins is sub-parallel to the margin. We present a variation on the diffusion theme in which across-margin transport and deposition are dominated by advection-type processes and along-margin erosion and deposition processes are dominated by diffusion. With this combination of advection and diffusion it is possible to generate a lowstand system tract and sequence boundaries (i.e., onlap surfaces). In particular, the generation of the lowstand system tract is, in large part, the result of depositional processes operative along the margin (i.e., out of the section).
Quantification of Risk for Early Unplanned Readmission after Rectal Resection: A Single-Center Study

Background Several factors predictive of readmission after colorectal surgery have been identified. Although often grouped together in readmission studies, colon and rectal resections differ in many ways. The aim of this study was to identify factors associated with readmission after rectal resection. Study Design We performed a retrospective, single-center cohort study of 565 patients who underwent rectal resections at a tertiary referral center in 2010 and 2011. The main outcomes measure was readmission within 30 days. Univariate comparison between readmitted and nonreadmitted patients was followed by a stepwise logistic regression to identify independent risk factors for readmission. Results There were 105 patients (18.6%) readmitted. Indication (inflammatory bowel disease [IBD], p = 0.008), type of operation (pelvic pouch surgery, p = 0.02), use of laparoscopy (readmission 27.8% vs 14%, p Conclusions Readmission after rectal resection is associated with the indication for surgery and the operative technique used. Optimization of factors related to the underlying pathology and careful appraisal of the operative technique may result in decreased readmission after proctectomy.
Collaborative help in chronic disease management: supporting individualized problems

Coping with chronic illness disease is a long and lonely journey, because the burden of managing the illness on a daily basis is placed upon the patients themselves. In this paper, we present our findings for how diabetes patient support groups help one another find individualized strategies for managing diabetes. Through field observations of face-to-face diabetes support groups, content analysis of an online diabetes community, and interviews, we found several help interactions that are critical in helping patients in finding individualized solutions. Those are: (1) patients operationalize their experiences to easily contextualize and share executable strategies; (2) operationalization has to be done within the larger context of sharing illness trajectories; and (3) the support groups develop common understanding towards diabetes management. We further discuss how our findings translate into design implications for supporting chronic illness patients in online community settings.
A New Multicultural Population: Creating Effective Partnerships With Multiracial Families

Multiracial families make up the fastest growing demographic in the United States. Approximately 9% of the U.S. population is multiracial, and it is estimated that the numbers will climb to 21% by 2050. With this increasing population, educators have a new responsibility to meet the needs of these families. Education must begin to form partnerships with families to increase the social and academic achievement of children from multiracial backgrounds. The purpose of this article is to (a) identify the uniqueness of multiracial students and families, (b) provide recommendations regarding improving multiracial family partnerships, and (c) offer best practices and strategies for working effectively with multiracial children and youth in schools.
Detection of Hydrogen in Bulk and Thin Film Silicon Dioxide by Hydrogen Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

Hydrogen is a common impurity in silicon dioxide (SiO2) which can influence its optical and electronic properites. Here, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is applied to study of hydrogen in these materials, despite their relatively low hydrogen content. We present results for bulk fused silica as well as thermally grown films of SiO2 on silicon. These experiments demonstrate the potential of solid state NMR for studying low hydrogen content film systems. In bulk fused silica, we have observed that although the majority of hydrogen is isolated, a small number of centers exist involving adjacent silanol pairs. These pairs react during high temperature annealing as well as during deep ultraviolet irradiation. Furthermore, the presence of these centers is related to the susceptibility of fused silica to radiation damage. The results obtained on the fused silica material are compared to SiO2 films on silicon. The NMR spectra and relaxation associated with thick (>1μm) wet SiO2 films are similar to those for the fused silica while the NMR data for thinner oxide more closely resembles those of surface water on silica gel.
Using Comic Books as Read-Alouds: Insights on Reading Instruction From an English as a Second Language Classroom

A first-grade teacher used comic books as read-alouds during her implementation of a reading/writing workshop. The students, primarily English-language learners, were able to make use of this medium in order to learn new reading practices. The teacher used the comics to teach multiple aspects of various reading processes such as reading with an eye for gendered representations in media texts, reading for recognition of dialogue, and recognizing a problem/solution structure in narrative. The teacher's use of the comics as read-alouds demonstrates their use as instructional texts, because comics provide interesting and motivating material as well as visual support for literacy learning.
Wavelength assignment in waveband switching networks with wavelength conversion

Waveband switching (WBS) wherein wavelengths are grouped into bands and switched as a single entity can reduce cost and complexity of switching nodes by minimizing the port count. In this paper, we study the effect of wavelength conversion on the performance of WBS networks with reconfigurable multi-granular optical cross-connects (MG-OXC) to satisfy online traffic. Since wavelength conversion is still expensive and can potentially increase the number of used ports in WBS networks, efficient usage of wavelength converters is of practical interest. We propose a novel heuristic algorithm, called waveband assignment with path-graph (WAPG), which takes efficient wavebanding and efficient usage of wavelength converters into consideration when satisfying new lightpath requests. We apply the WAPG algorithm in WBS networks with full, intra-band, or limited number of wavelength converters, and compare with the FirstFit and RandomFit algorithms. Our results indicate that the proposed algorithm performs significantly better in terms of the blocking probability as well as the number of used wavelength converters.
Luteinizing hormone release by gonadotropin releasing hormone before and after castration in bulls.

The magnitude of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) induced lutei nizing hormone (LH) release prior to castration following castration a nd during testosterone replacement in males was compared using 6 9-mon th-old Holstein bulls. Also the effects of castration and testosterone replacement on patterns of episodic changes in serum LH were studied. Blood samples were collected at hourly intervals for 24 hours prior to castration at 21 days after castration and at 23 days postcastration a fter testosterone 20 mg thrice daily has been given for 24 hours. Each animal was given GnRH 40 mcg iv at 24 hours before castration at 7 and 14 days after castration and at 28 days postcastration following 6 days of testosterone treatment. GnRH caused LH release before and after castration. The LH increase was 2.5-fold at 14 days postcastratio n. Testosterone replacement did not reduce the magnitude of LH response to GnRH to precastration levels. The number of episodic increases in serum LH prior to castration averaged 3.7 daily and increased to 6.5 daily at 21 days after castration (p less than .05). The magnitude of increase in LH concentration in these epidsodic events was not affected by castration. Testosterone replacement failed to restore either the average number or change the magniture of LH increase above precastratio n levels. It was shown that LH is normally released episodically in bulls. The peaks of LH release were followed by increased testosterone in serum. Results suggest that LH release in bulls is controlled by gonadic factors other than testosterone.
Follow-up results with the Stamey operation for stress incontinence of urine

Medium-term results are reported in 100 patients who had a Stamey operation for genuine stress incontinence. The results were good in 72, improved in 8 and 20 were failures when assessed clinically and with pad tests. Most of the failures occurred in the first post-operative year. A repeat Stamey operation was easy and the results have been good in 7 of the 8 cases. Bladder outflow obstruction, urinary infection and wound sepsis were not a problem.
Scan BIST targeting transition faults using a Markov source

We propose a new scan BIST method for transition faults. The method uses a Markov source for test pattern generation. We develop this method for skewed-load testing as well as for broadside testing. In the design of a Markov source for transition faults, we first use statistics of deterministic tests for stuck-at faults. Then, we propose a new method for identifying subsets of stuck-at tests whose statistics are useful in detecting hard-to-detect transition faults. Finally, by using statistics of tests for transition faults, we detect all the remaining detectable transition faults. The method reported achieves complete coverage of detectable transition faults in benchmark circuits using a limited number of pseudo-random tests.
The Perioperative Geriatric Consultation

With the recent aging of America and prediction that the number of individuals aged 65 years or older will skyrocket to 87 million by 2050, the number of geriatric patients undergoing surgical procedures will continue to increase over the next several decades. Currently, more than half of all surgeries occur in elders. The most common procedures in this population include percutaneous coronary intervention with stenting, coronary artery bypass graft surgery, and open reduction internal fixation for hip fractures. Preparation for surgery and the postoperative course are impacted by many conditions common in elders including dementia, frailty, poor nutrition, and inability to care for oneself. In addition, postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) and delirium are more common among geriatric patients. Geriatric consultation can improve outcomes in elders undergoing surgical procedures through assessment of risk prior to surgery and management of complications during the postoperative period.
Exploiting Temporal Collateral Sensitivity in Tumor Clonal Evolution

The prevailing approach to addressing secondary drug resistance in cancer focuses on treating the resistance mechanisms at relapse. However, the dynamic nature of clonal evolution, along with potential fitness costs and cost compensations, may present exploitable vulnerabilities-a notion that we term "temporal collateral sensitivity." Using a combined pharmacological screen and drug resistance selection approach in a murine model of Ph(+) acute lymphoblastic leukemia, we indeed find that temporal and/or persistent collateral sensitivity to non-classical BCR-ABL1 drugs arises in emergent tumor subpopulations during the evolution of resistance toward initial treatment with BCR-ABL1-targeted inhibitors. We determined the sensitization mechanism via genotypic, phenotypic, signaling, and binding measurements in combination with computational models and demonstrated significant overall survival extension in mice. Additional stochastic mathematical models and small-molecule screens extended our insights, indicating the value of focusing on evolutionary trajectories and pharmacological profiles to identify new strategies to treat dynamic tumor vulnerabilities.
Neuroscience Rough Set Approach for Credit Analysis of Branchless Banking

This paper focuses on mobile banking; very often referred to as “branchless banking” which presents a platform wherein rough set theory algorithms can enhance autonomous machine learning to analyze credit for a purely mobile banking platform. First, the terms “mobile banking” and “ branchless banking” are defined. Next, it reviews the huge impact branchless banking with credit analysis will have on the world and the traditional banking models as it becomes a reality in Africa. Credit Analysis techniques of current branchless banks such as Wonga are then explained and an improvement on their techniques is presented. Finally, experiments taken implementing the author’s neuroscience algorithms and applied with rough SVMs, Variable Precision Rough Set Models and Variable Consistency Dominance-based Rough Set Approach models are performed on financial data sets and their results are presented.
LA sprouts randomized controlled nutrition, cooking and gardening programme reduces obesity and metabolic risk in Hispanic/Latino youth.

SummaryBackground Many programmes for children that involve gardening and nutrition components exist; however, none include experimental designs allowing more rigorous evaluation of their impact on obesity. Objectives The objective of this study is to explore the effects of a novel 12-week gardening, nutrition and cooking intervention {‘LA Sprouts’} on dietary intake, obesity parameters and metabolic disease risk among low-income, primarily Hispanic/Latino youth in Los Angeles.. Methods This study used a randomized control trial involving four elementary schools [two randomized to intervention {172, 3rd–5th grade students}; two randomized to control {147, 3rd–5th grade students}]. Classes were taught in 90-min sessions once per week for 12 weeks. Data collected at pre-intervention and post-intervention included dietary intake via food frequency questionnaire, anthropometric measures {body mass index, waist circumference}, body fat, and fasting blood samples. Results LA Sprouts participants compared with controls had significantly greater reductions in body mass index z-scores {−0.1 vs. −0.04, respectively; p = 0.01} and waist circumference {−1.2 vs. 0.1 cm; p < 0.001}. Fewer LA Sprouts participants had the metabolic syndrome after the intervention than before, while controls with metabolic syndrome increased. LA Sprouts participants compared with controls increased dietary fiber intake {+3.4% vs. −16.5%; p = 0.04}. All participants decreased vegetable intake, but decreases were less in LA Sprouts than controls {−3.7% vs. −26.1%; p = 0.04}. Change in fruit intake did not differ between LA Sprouts and controls. Conclusions LA Sprouts was effective in reducing obesity and metabolic risk; however, additional larger and longer-term studies are warranted.
Chancroid Therapy: A Review of Cases Confirmed by Culture

review, but most reports are of questionable value because the diagnosis was not confirmed by isolation of the etiologic agent, Haemophilus ducreyi, from the genital ulcer and/or its associated inguinal bubo. Diagnosing chancroid by history and physical examination alone is extremely difficult; even a trained venereologist may be erroneous 40% of the time [1]. Chancroid may be too frequently diagnosed in cases of secondarily infected
Susceptibility of immature Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) to plant-derived acaricides

Plant-derived acaricides, extracted from various botanical species, and commercially available phytochemicals were evaluated for biological activity against immature Ixodes scapularis (Say) using the disposable pipet method. In addition, residual activity of the plant extracts was determined. Of the 13 plant extracts tested, 9 exhibited biological activity with Alaska yellow cedar, Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach., being the most effective against the nymphal ticks (LC50 = 0.151% wt:vol) and eastern red cedar, Juniperus virginiana L., showing the greatest activity against larval ticks (LC50 = .001% wt:vol). The commercially available products were significantly less active than the plant extracts we prepared, but some commercial compounds did exhibit limited activity. Only the Alaska yellow cedar exhibited any residual activity that lasted 21 d after treatment.
SYMPATRIC GENETIC DIVERGENCE IN THE LEAF-MINING INSECT LIRIOMYZA BRASSICAE (DIPTERA: AGROMYZIDAE).

Evolutionary biologists generally agree that genetic divergence can occur between geographically isolated populations that are exposed to different environments. It has been more difficult, however, to evaluate the chance for divergence when several different environments are present within the range of a single, initially interbreeding population. The difficulty lies in our ignorance of both the amount of gene flow that occurs within natural populations and the magnitude of the selective forces that are acting to overcome the homogenizing effects of that gene flow. Even though we do not have a thorough understanding of the role that sympatric divergence plays in natural populations, important progress has been made in this area. Based on ecological considerations, Levins (1968) suggested that the evolution of several different specialized phenotypes may be the optimum strategy for a population in a heterogeneous environment. The genetic feasibility of evolving such a strategy has been supported by theoretical work demonstrating that disruptive selection in a heterogeneous environment can maintain genetic polymorphism at a single locus (for example, see Levene, 1953; Levins and MacArthur, 1966; Deakin, 1968; Prout, 1968; Maynard Smith, 1970). In addition, many workers have suggested that sympatric divergence may proceed past the point of single locus polymorphism and even reach the level of complete speciation under appropriate conditions. This view has been supported by several theoretical studies (Maynard Smith, 1966; Dickinson and Antonovics,
A New Type of Mean Value Theorem

(1966). A New Type of Mean Value Theorem. Mathematics Magazine: Vol. 39, No. 5, pp. 264-268.
Measuring Temperature Dependence of Anisotropy Field in Heat-Assisted Magnetic Recording Media by Pump–Probe Method

Temperature dependence of medium anisotropy field is an important property for recording performance in heat-assisted magnetic recording. In this paper, we report a pump–probe technique to characterize the temperature dependence of the anisotropy field. An experimental measurement is performed on two prototype FePt $L1_{0}$ -based recording media samples, which shows different temperature dependences of anisotropy field. Micromagnetic modeling study validates and provides further understanding of this technique. The simulation result shows the excellent agreement of an obtained value with actual medium property, especially near Curie temperature.
To B(MP-2) or Not To B(MP-2): Cytokines and Tumor Surgery—Letter.

In his editorial ([1][1]), Dr. Weiss divides his comments along two controversial themes within musculoskeletal oncology, the effects of surgical margins and of BMP-2 in the context of osteosarcoma. His comments regarding BMP-2 distill down to a belief that patient survival should never be
Dynamic rough incremental clustering algorithm

A lot of clustering algorithms and their variants have been made in the field of data mining,but the studies for incremental clustering method are little.When the data set has changed for its update,the data mining results should make necessary updates as well.Because of large volumes of data,if the clustering algorithms are used after adding the new datas,clearly the efficiency is not high,further study of incremental clustering algorithm is very necessary.This paper proposes an improved Incremental Rough Clustering method Based on Genetic Algorithm(IRCBGA).Numerical simulations show that the algorithm can be a good solution to the clustering problem of data’s update of the traditional clustering algorithm.
Reservoir Dispatching Automation System Based on WebService and Flex

Based on the actual needs of reservoir dispatching information integration and release,using WebService and Flex technology for reservoir dispatching automation system(RDAS) is proposed.This study discussed basic principle and key technology of the system,and introduced design and development of the system.WebService is used for the system to achieve loose coupling among heterogeneous applications,cross-platform features.It uses Flex to effectively resolve the key technical problems,including information integration,interface interactive,real-time information display,etc.of browser/service(B/S) for RDAS.
The Korean Character Code: A National Controversy, 1987-1995

Adequately representing the Korean language has been a challenge since the earliest introduction of digital computing and computer-mediated communication. As a local solution to the more general problem of the internationalization of computer languages, the Korean government introduced a new standard character code known as KSC-5601 in 1987. This article traces the history of the Korean character code, from the introduction of the KSC-5601:1987 standard (which stirred up a decade of controversy that was as much political, economic, and cultural as it was technological) to the adoption of the Unicode system.
A brief overview of the development of aerospace medicine in the United States.

Aerospace medicine has evolved into a legitimate specialty through a long process of historical observation and technical achievement. However, most public literature on the topic has only covered information written through the late 1960s. This paper seeks to give a brief overview of the development of aerospace medicine and includes information about early advances in the field as well as more recent data. A MEDLINE search using "history," "aerospace medicine," and several other search terms as subject headings was the first step in gathering data. Also, personnel from the U.S. Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine library at Brooks AFB, TX, were consulted for current literature on the subject. From the earliest descriptions of mountain sickness, to the first manned balloon flight, and on to the invention of the airplane with man's forays into space, aerospace medicine has had a rich history. A great part of this rich history was contributed by pioneers, both past and present, of the U.S. Air Force.
Affective Economies and Alienizing Discourse: Citizenship and Maternity Tourism in Hong Kong

Examining the rhetorical responses of Hongkongers toward the influx of mainland Chinese maternal tourists, this article investigates citizenship claims made by a citizenry that is locally and culturally powerful but is transnationally and sociopolitically marginalized. By analyzing how alienizing discourse circulates and gains political valence through social media and popular cultural discourse, this article demonstrates that citizenship—particularly at a moment of national crisis—is intimately tied to and regulated by collective affects that could foreclose alternative and more inclusive articulations of membership.
A self-clocked blocker-filtering technique for SAW-less wireless applications

A blocker filtering technique is presented that extracts the clock from the blocker for SAW-less receivers. The extracted clock is utilized to suppress the blocker without requiring any prior information of the exact location of the blocker. This clock runs at the blocker frequency and drives a notch filter that steers the blocker current away from the signal path. Implemented in a 65 nm CMOS process, the filter is able to track the blocker within 1 to 1.6 GHz and provides about 20 dB of rejection relative to the signal at the notch frequency for blockers from −40 dBm to −10 dBm.
Optimizing collimator resolution/sensitivity in SPECT iterative reconstruction

We present a simulations study of the collimator sensitivity/resolution compromise as it affects the image quality of hot lesions in SPECT iterative reconstruction. We investigate three parallel-beam hexagonal-hole collimators with resolution in the center of the field of view equal to 11 mm, 15 mm, and 19 mm. We scan the Esser hot-rod phantom with 60 views and we reconstruct the images using MLEM iterative reconstruction with no regularization or filtering. As the image-quality figure of merit we use the reconstructed-image contrast vs noise. We repeat the study for three levels of object-contrast (2.3, 4, and 9). We conclude that the higher-sensitivity collimator (15-mm in resolution) offers an improvement (lower noise for same contrast or higher contrast for same noise) in the reconstruction of medium-sized lesions (12-mm and 16-mm), at medium to low contrasts (4, 2.3). At high contrast (9) and low lesions sizes (8-mm) the higher resolution (11-mm) collimator is still favorable. The conclusions are task-dependent, and apply to hot lesions of the particular sizes and contrasts. Similar studies can be performed to address a range of realistic clinical problems. We intend to repeat this study for cold lesions in a cardiac anthropomorphic phantom.
Motor-based autonomous grounding in a model of the fly optic flow system

The fly visual system, although tiny when compared to the mammalian visual system, can still perform highly sophisticated spatial tasks like collision avoidance, landing on objects, pursuit of prey, etc. Flies outperform human-made autonomous flying systems in solving such spatial tasks by a long way. This is partly due to their ability to perceive and respond to optical flow generated by motion in the environment. They are also known to take actions that alter the image flow on their eyes. Higher level neurons in the fly visual system respond to different types of complex optical flows due to rotation and translation, by pooling information from local motion detectors called the elementary motion detectors (EMDs) in the lower level. In this sense, neuronal responses (spikes) from these optical flow detectors in the fly carry highly encoded signals: a single spike can represent a complex dynamical pattern of movement in the visual field. In this paper, we investigate how such highly encoded signals can be interpreted and utilized in the fly's brain, while solely operating on the encoded internal spike patterns within their brain and no direct external (unencoded) sensory information, i.e. a form of grounding. With a computational model of the optical flow detectors based on those in the fly, we show that specific pattern of action (or coordinated motor output) is the only way that a fly can decode its internal spikes and generate meaningful, relevant behavior based on that.
Targeted Therapy and Precision Medicine

Genomic profiling of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) specimens using sophisticated next generation technologies has refined understanding of biologic subsets of childhood ALL and improved clinical risk stratification of patients. These genomic advances have further identified key leukaemia-associated pathways and somatic alterations that may be amenable to therapeutic targeting with kinase inhibitors and other molecularly-targeted agents. This chapter delineates the current landscape of precision medicine approaches for genetically-defined subsets of childhood ALL and discusses the opportunities for substantial improvements in survival rates with application of such therapeutic strategies.
Centre-excised X-ray luminosity as an efficient mass proxy for future galaxy cluster surveys

The cosmological constraining power of modern galaxy cluster catalogs can be improved by obtaining low-scatter mass proxy measurements for even a small fraction of sources. In the context of large upcoming surveys that will reveal the cluster population down to the group scale and out to high redshifts, efficient strategies for obtaining such mass proxies will be valuable. In this work, we use high-quality weak lensing and X-ray mass estimates for massive clusters in current X-ray selected catalogs to revisit the scaling relations of the projected, center-excised X-ray luminosity ($L_{ce}$), which previous work suggests correlates tightly with total mass. Our data confirm that this is the case, with $L_{ce}$ having an intrinsic scatter at fixed mass comparable to that of gas mass, temperature or $Y_X$. Compared to these other proxies, however, $L_{ce}$ is less susceptible to systematic uncertainties due to background modeling, and can be measured precisely with shorter exposures. This opens up the possibility of using $L_{ce}$ to estimate masses for large numbers of clusters discovered by new X-ray surveys (e.g. eROSITA) directly from the survey data, as well as for clusters discovered at other wavelengths, with relatively short follow-up observations. We describe a simple procedure for making such estimates from X-ray surface brightness data, and comment on the spatial resolution required to apply this method as a function of cluster mass and redshift. We also explore the potential impact of Chandra and XMM-Newton follow-up observations over the next decade on dark energy constraints from new cluster surveys.
Evaluating the Social Validity of Project TEAM: A Problem-Solving Intervention to Teach Transition Age Youth with Developmental Disabilities to Resolve Environmental Barriers

AbstractProject TEAM teaches transition-age youth with developmental disabilities (DD) to identify physical and social environmental barriers and supports, generate solutions to barriers, and request modifications to increase participation. Establishing the social validity of this environment focused intervention with youth and their parents is critical, given the significant shift the intervention represents from rehabilitation’s more traditional focus on body structures and function. University researchers and youth research collaborators conducted a participatory evaluation of the purpose, procedures, and perceived benefits of Project TEAM. Youth with DD (n = 42) provided feedback using three methods: activity voting, a survey, and a focus group. Parents (n = 37) also provided feedback. Results suggest that both youth and parents find Project TEAM acceptable and relevant to youth’s current and future lives. The majority of youth and parents felt Project TEAM fostered independence and empowerment, altho...
Split Pectoralis Major Transfer for Chronic Medial Scapular Winging

Scapular winging can be a significant source of chronic pain, weakness, and disability of the shoulder. Isolated serratus anterior palsy from long thoracic nerve injury, which is the most common cause of this condition, produces prominent winging and medial malpositioning of the inferior angle of the scapula. In the case of persistent symptoms despite conservative care, treatment options primarily include scapulothoracic fusion and pectoralis major transfer. Outcomes of scapulothoracic fusion are notable for a high complication rate and limited functional improvements. We describe our technique of indirect, split pectoralis major transfer to the inferolateral scapula with allograft tissue augmentation for the surgical treatment of chronic medial winging. This procedure provides dynamic stabilization of the scapula with secure and tension-free tendon transfer. Advantages over alternative treatments include a relatively low complication rate, acceptable cosmesis, and better range of motion. The rationale and technical aspects of this procedure are discussed. Additional clinical studies are warranted to compare outcomes for the direct and indirect split transfer methods.
How Experiencing a Radical Change Affects Individual Motivation

Change of a radical nature affects individuals as much as organizations, and those having sustained such a change must cope with a plethora of psychological processes - including cognitive dissonan...
Blood Glucose Monitoring Before and After Type 1 Diabetes Clinic Visits.

Objective To determine patterns of blood glucose monitoring in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1D) before and after routine T1D clinic visits. Methods Blood glucose monitoring data were downloaded at four consecutive routine clinic visits from children and adolescents aged 5-18 years. Linear mixed models were used to analyze patterns of blood glucose monitoring in patients who had at least 28 days of data stored in their blood glucose monitors. Results In general, the frequency of blood glucose monitoring decreased across visits, and younger children engaged in more frequent blood glucose monitoring. Blood glucose monitoring increased before the T1D clinic visits in younger children, but not in adolescents. It declined after the visit regardless of age. Conclusions Members of the T1D care team need to consider that a T1D clinic visit may prompt an increase in blood glucose monitoring when making treatment changes and recommendations. Tailored interventions are needed to maintain that higher level of adherence across time.