cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Medical Staff Guidelines for Periviability Pregnancy Counseling and Medical Treatment of Extremely Premature Infants

OBJECTIVES. The goal of this report is to describe the collaborative formation of rational, practical, medical staff guidelines for the counseling and subsequent care of extremely early-gestation pregnancies and premature infants between 22 and 26 weeks. The purposes of the guidelines were to improve knowledge regarding neonatal outcomes, to provide consistency in periviability counseling, and to promote informed, supportive, responsible choices. METHODS. To formulate the guidelines, a 5-step process was conducted; it began with a series of multidisciplinary meetings among maternal-fetal medicine specialists (MFMs), obstetricians, neonatologists, neonatal nurse practitioners, and nurses from both the labor and delivery unit and the NICU at Providence St Vincent Medical Center (Portland, OR). First, our discussions reviewed mortality rates, morbidity rates, and long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes for extremely premature infants. Second, we explored the variations in counseling that pregnant women received, based on providers' individual beliefs and disparate knowledge of neonatal outcomes. Third, we asked participants to complete a survey that focused on the theoretical impending delivery of a premature infant, presenting at each week between 22 and 26 weeks of gestation. Participants indicated their recommendations for NICU care at each gestational age by using a numeric scale. Fourth, the survey results were tabulated and used as a basis for the formation of guidelines related to the recommended obstetric and neonatal care at each week of gestation. MFMs and neonatologists were urged to use these specific guidelines as a framework for counseling pregnant women between 22 and 26 weeks of gestation. Fifth, we surveyed women ∼3 days after they were counseled by their MFM and neonatologist, to assess comprehension, utility, consistency, and comfort with the periviability counseling. RESULTS. Twenty pregnant women with the possibility of delivery between 22°/7 and 26 6 /7 weeks of gestation (mean: 24 6 /7 weeks) received periviability counseling with our consensus medical staff guidelines. The respondents rated the counseling process as highly understandable (80%), useful (95%), consistent (89%), and performed in a comfortable manner (100%). All (100%) of the pregnant women thought they were given enough information to make critical decisions related to the potential level of care of their infant. CONCLUSIONS. Informative, supportive, clear, medical staff guidelines developed to assist in the counseling of women delivering extremely premature infants have been designed and implemented successfully at our hospital. These guidelines form the basis of periviability counseling, which is appreciated by our at-risk pregnant patients. We recommend that all hospitals that provide high-risk obstetric and neonatal intensive care develop similar consensus guidelines based on published outcomes and local provider experience.
Towards carbon neutrality and environmental sustainability at CCSU

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide information about past and present efforts undertaken at Central Connecticut State University (CCSU) to reduce its carbon footprint and to institute a campus culture centered on the principles of environmental sustainability. Provide some recommendations to other institutions of higher education interested in reducing their own carbon footprint.Design/methodology/approach – This manuscript will first discuss past attempts at implementing ecologically sustainable practices at CCSU. Then, it will speak about current successes and close with a discussion about future goals for the university.Findings – Instituting carbon neutrality and sustainability programs at institutes of higher education requires support from the faculty, administration, students, and facilities management staff.Practical implications – The information in this paper will provide useful information to other institutions of higher education that are seeking to institute carbon reduction an...
The Importance of Luteinizing Hormone in the Control of Inhibin and Progesterone Secretion by the Human Corpus Luteum

Serum inhibin levels rise markedly during the luteal phase of the human menstrual cycle and are closely correlated with serum progesterone (P) levels, suggesting that the corpus luteum (CL) secretes inhibin. While FSH is the major regulator of inhibin secretion by the granulosa cells, the control of CL inhibin secretion is unclear. We hypothesized that, like P, CL inhibin secretion would be LH dependent. To examine this possibility, normal women were given the GnRH antagonist [Ac-d2Nal1, d4CL Phe2, d3Pal3, Arg5, dGIU6 (AA), dAla10]GnRH (Nal-Glu antagonist) for 3 consecutive days commencing on day 6–8 of the luteal phase. The daily doses were 2.5 (n = 3), 10 (n = 4), and 25 Mg/kg (n = 5), sc. Serum LH levels fell 2 h after injection, and the fall was maximal (70–74%) at 6 h; the degree of suppression was not dose dependent. The duration of suppression was dose related, being less than 12 h, between 12, and 24 h, and more than 24 h for the 2.5, 10, and 25 μg/kg doses, respectively. Serum FSH levels declined...
A durable model of Hirschsprung’s colon

Abstract Introduction Hirschsprung's disease is characterized by colonic aganglionosis, curable only by surgical correction. Stem cells may offer regenerative benefits while preventing surgical risks. Existing Hirschsprung's model systems are limited by alimentary compromise and spontaneous ganglionic reconstitution. We endeavored to generate a model of permanent colonic aganglionosis to support longitudinal cell therapy studies. Methods Among adult female Lewis rats (n=11), laparotomy was performed and one-centimeter segments of descending colon were isolated from continuity and denervated by trans-serosal benzalkonium chloride (BAC) exposure. Postoperative weights were plotted. The colon segments were retrieved after 50 or 100days. Immunohistochemical staining (IHC) for beta-III tubulin (TUJ1) and glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) revealed colonic ganglia. Muscle layer diameter and the presence of ganglia were contrasted between normal and denervated segments. Results All animals survived, experienced 5% weight loss after one week, and then consistently gained weight. Isolated segments had significantly hypertrophied smooth muscle layers compared to normal colon. Ganglia were identified by IHC in normal colonic segments, and denervated colonic segments had no IHC evidence of myenteric ganglia. Conclusion Colonic segmental isolation and denervation result in an effective model of irreversible colonic aganglionosis. Animals retain alimentary function. Muscularis hypertrophy, myenteric denervation, and normal animal longevity are suitable for long-term studies of cell therapy.
Magnetic moments and adiabatic magnetization of free cobalt clusters.

Magnetizations and magnetic moments of free cobalt clusters ${\mathrm{Co}}_{N}$ ($12lNl200$) in a cryogenic ($25\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{K}\ensuremath{\le}T\ensuremath{\le}100\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{K}$) molecular beam were determined from Stern-Gerlach deflections. All clusters preferentially deflect in the direction of the increasing field and the average magnetization resembles the Langevin function for all cluster sizes even at low temperatures. We demonstrate in the avoided crossing model that the average magnetization may result from adiabatic processes of rotating and vibrating clusters in the magnetic field and that spin relaxation is not involved. This resolves a long-standing problem in the interpretation of cluster beam deflection experiments with implications for nanomagnetic systems in general.
Localized data assimilation in the ionosphere-thermosphere using a sampled-data unscented Kalman filter

We apply the unscented Kalman filter (UKF) to data assimilation based on the vertical one-dimensional global ionosphere-thermosphere model, which models the highly coupled, strongly nonlinear Earth's upper atmosphere. To reduce the computational complexity of UKF, we introduce a localized, sampled-data update scheme with frozen-intersample error covariance, and examine its performance through numerical simulation.
Tritium exchange studies of transfer RNA in native and denatured conformations

Abstract Tritium exchange was used as a probe of transfer RNA structure in experiments with unfractionated tRNA (tRNA Unfrac and homogeneous tRNA 3 Leu from bakers' yeast. Exchange kinetics were measured over a range of ionic conditions that vary in ability to stabilize the secondary and tertiary structure of tRNA. The native conformations of both samples show the same kinetics of exchange. The kinetics for tRNA 3 Leu trapped in a denatured state in a “native” solvent are much faster, reflecting the conformation and not the ionic medium. In 0.1 M-Na + , where tRNA 3 Leu is denatured, the kinetics for tRNA Unfrac are intermediate between those for native and denatured tRNA 3 Leu , suggesting that in this solvent at 0 °C some tRNAs are denatured whereas other are still native. Upon further lowering of Na + concentration, tRNA Unfrac shows increasingly faster exchange, suggesting complete electrostatic denaturation of the tertiary structure of all the tRNAs in the sample, and even disruption of secondary structure. Extrapolation of the essentially linear early-time kinetics to zero time provides minimal estimates of the number of slowly exchanging hydrogens. For native tRNA 3 Leu the number is 111±2 hydrogens, whereas for the trapped denatured conformation it is only 95±2. This difference reflects a smaller number of hydrogen-bonded bases in the denatured conformation. In 1 M-Na + , 101±2 slowly exchanging hydrogens are found for the native tRNA 3 Leu conformation, suggesting an incompletely formed native structure. For native tRNA Unfrac the comparable number is 101±3. These numbers of slowly exchanging hydrogens in the native conformations are consistent with tertiary structural hydrogen-bonding. Furthermore, this tertiary structure must be responsible for the slower exchange by native tRNA. The observed numbers of exchangeable hydrogens provide a basis for comparison of hydrogen-bonding interactions in native and denatured tRNA conformations. The mechanism of renaturation was also investigated, using tritium exchange as a monitor of perturbation of base pairing during the transition. When tRNA Unfrac in low Na + is renatured by addition of Mg 2+ during tritium exchangeout, a burst of exchange or “spillage” of tritium is detected. This suggests that a fraction of the base pairs of the rapidly renaturing tRNAs in the mixture is disrupted during renaturation. In that event, and by analogy with tRNA 3 Leu , part of the base-pairing arrangement of the denatured conformations may not be preserved in the native state; and if the native conformation includes the full “cloverleaf” pattern of secondary structure, that pattern may not be intact in some denatured conformations.
Drug Use in Renal Failure

A number of medications used in the presence of renal disease require dose adjustments be made. The health care professional should know a drug's route of elimination, the percentage of protein binding, and the percentage of a normal dose removed by dialysis. This information is a guideline and should be used to start therapy. The clinician must understand that individual adjustments are the rule rather than the exception.
Synthesis of ketoximino‐esters and ‐ethers as antihypertensive agents

In a search for new antihypertensives, a series of oximino-esters and -ethers of 4,4′-bis(dimethylarnino) benzophenone oxime and 4,4′-bis(diethylamino)bnzophenone oxime were prepared. The synthesis of oximino-esters and -ethers was accomplished by esterifications and o-alkylations of the above oximes. In the course of this investigation, 12 new compounds were synthesized and evaluated for their antihypertensive activity.
Magnetically-oriented phospholipid micelles as a tool for the study of membrane-associated molecules

Introduction: Structure of Membrane-Associated Molecules by NMR High Resolution Solid State NMR Spectroscopy of Membrane Samples 2.1. Sampling spinning methods 2.2. Mechanical orientation of bilayers 2.3. Magnetic orientation of bilayers 2.3.1. Oriented phospholipid bilayers 2.3.2. Incorporation of membrane-associated molecules 2.3.3. Future development of magnetically orientable lipid media Experimental Considerations for Magnetically-Orientable Membrane Systems 3.1. Spectrometer requirements 3.2. Isotopic labeling 3.3. Strong coupling Anisotropic Spin Interactions: The Source of Orientation-Based Structural Data 4.1. Dipolar coupling 4.2. Quadrupolar coupling 4.3. Chemical shift anisotropy 4.4. Spin relaxation Determining Structure and Dynamics of Membrane-Bound Molecules 5.1. Structure and dynamics directly from experimental measurements 5.1.1. Order matrix analysis 5.1.2. Torsion angle analysis 5.2. NMR data as structural constraints in molecular modeling 5.3. Molecular dynamics simulations followed by back calculation of data Future Prospects Acknowledgements References 421 422 422 423 423 424 429 429 430 430 430 432 432 433 433 434 436 437 437 437 438 439 440 442
Environmentally-Friendly Secondary Network Topology Control for Minimizing Outage Potential

Much of the focus in dynamic spectrum access has been on detection of primary users prior to channel occupation by secondary users as well as expediently vacating channels in the event that primary users reappear. These efforts are necessary, though reactionary in nature. We propose that, in addition to these efforts, the topology of the secondary network be optimized in order to proactively minimize the potential for primary user outages should primary users either appear while the channel is in use by the secondary network, or go undetected due to the stochastic nature of signal detection. The topology control problem that we describe is based on outage probability using a lognormal shadowing path loss model and incorporates the effects of a CSMA-like MAC protocol. Additionally, we assume that the secondary network has learned from past observations of primary user behavior and maintains this knowledge in the form of an outage potential map, which is similar to the occupancy grid concept used in robot navigation [1]. Brute force search is clearly impractical for this problem and the existence of an efficient algorithm for finding the optimal solution is questionable due to the need for enumerating maximal independent sets. There are three main sources of complexity of this topology control problem, namely the exponential number of feasible connected topologies, the exponential number of maximal independent sets of the conflict graph, and the difficulty of computing outage probability for sums of lognormal random variables. We propose a heuristic that addresses each of these three issues and compare its performance against the optimal solution as well as two other topology control aglorithms, one focused on minimizing total power and the other focused on minimizing interference.
Gender Differences in Taking Vacation Time

This article contends that the use of vacation time reveals one's relative weighting of work and family obligations and examines gender differences in taking vacation time. Using data from the National Study of the ChangingWorkforce, this study finds that in the presence of familial and work-related controls, women are less likely than men to have unused vacation time. In gender-specific analyses, men's work schedules, supervisory duties, and concerns about job security significantly reduce the duration of their vacations. Even though familial factors have no impact on women's vacation use, women's concerns about the success of their family lives increase with the number of unused vacation days. These findings suggest the endurance of traditional expressions of work-family priorities. The research and policy implications of these findings are briefly discussed.
Finding and learning: Exploring the information management practices of a technical communicator

One of the key challenges of contemporary knowledge work is how to productively manage the information load created by the proliferation of information technologies in contemporary workplaces. Technical communicators are particularly affected by this challenge because they are often called upon to take a public role in managing information for their work teams and organizations in activities ranging from taking meeting notes to organizing network files. This paper explores the findings from a case study of a single technical communicator engaging in such information management work. This case was assembled as part of larger six-month case study exploring the contributions made by the memory practices of a team of technical communicators in a software firm to the inventional and creative work of the firm. The findings from the case reported here suggest that technical communicators do in fact spend a great deal of time and energy managing information, but that the tools they use to accomplish these activities may not always be effective and may in fact impede the completion of other important job responsibilities, such as researching and composing.
Adenosine deaminase levels in nontuberculous lymphocytic pleural effusions.

Objectives: Adenosine deaminase (ADA) can aid in the diagnosis of tuberculous pleural effusions, but false-positive findings from lymphocytic effusions have been reported. We studied the ADA levels in a variety of nontuberculous lymphocytic effusions and analyzed the relationships between ADA and conventional hematologic and biochemical parameters. Methods: One hundred six lymphocytic pleural fluid samples (lymphocyte count > 50%) were analyzed. These included post-coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) effusions (n 5 45), malignant effusions (n 5 27), miscellaneous exudative effusions (n 5 10), and transudative effusions (n 5 24). ADA levels were determined using the Giusti method. In 22 randomly selected cases, ADA was measured again on the same sample 6 weeks later. Results: The ADA level reached the diagnostic cutoff for tuberculosis (40 U/L) in only three cases (2.8%): two lymphomas and one complicated parapneumonic effusion. There was no significant correlation between effusion ADA levels and the total leukocyte (r 5 0.08), differential lymphocyte (r 5 0.18) or monocyte (r 52 0.18) counts. ADA levels were significantly lower in the transudative effusions (7.2 6 3.5 U/L) than in post-CABG (16.6 6 7.2 U/L), malignant (15.3 6 11.2 U/L), and other exudative (15.4 6 13.1 U/L) effusions (p < 0.001). ADA measurements were consistent when assayed 6 weeks apart (r 5 0.95; p < 0.00001; coefficient of variation, 14%). Conclusions: ADA levels in nontuberculous lymphocytic effusions seldom exceeded the diagnostic cutoff for TB. Effusion ADA levels cannot be predicted from total or differential leukocyte counts. Post-CABG pleural fluids had ADA levels similar to other nontuberculous lymphocytic effusions. ADA is stable in effusion fluids, and its measurement is reproducible. (CHEST 2001; 120:356 ‐361)
Adsorption and adhesion of common serum proteins to nanotextured gallium nitride

As the broader effort towards device and material miniaturization progresses in all fields, it becomes increasingly important to understand the implications of working with functional structures that approach the size scale of molecules, particularly when considering biological systems. It is well known that thin films and nanostructures feature different optical, electrical, and mechanical properties from their bulk composites; however, interactions taking place at the interface between nanomaterials and their surroundings are less understood. Here, we explore interactions between common serum proteins – serum albumin, fibrinogen, and immunoglobulin G – and a nanotextured gallium nitride surface. Atomic force microscopy with a carboxyl-terminated colloid tip is used to probe the ‘activity’ of proteins adsorbed onto the surface, including both the accessibility of the terminal amine to the tip as well as the potential for protein extension. By evaluating the frequency of tip–protein interactions, we can establish differences in protein behaviour on the basis of both the surface roughness as well as morphology, providing an assessment of the role of surface texture in dictating protein–surface interactions. Unidirectional surface features – either the half-unit cell steppes of as-grown GaN or those produced by mechanical polishing – appear to promote protein accessibility, with a higher frequency of protein extension events taking place on these surfaces when compared with less ordered surface features. Development of a full understanding of the factors influencing surface–biomolecule interactions can pave the way for specific surface modification to tailor the bio-material interface, offering a new path for device optimization.
Examining social media usage: Technology clusters and social network site membership

The popularization of “social media” has raised questions of how and why young people use these various technologies in their daily lives. This exploratory study proposes a classification system based on Rogers’ concept of technology clusters, which posits that likelihood of adoption is based around similar perceived characteristics of a technology or medium. Results from a survey administered to 401 undergraduates at a large southern university indicated that social and non-social technology cluster use is correlated with psychological, affective, and behavioral factors (extroversion, self-disclosure, computer anxiety and self-efficacy). One particularly popular type of “many to many” social media is the social network site (SNS). MySpace members were significantly more likely to use both other many-to-many social technologies as well as one-to-many. Gender differences were also found, as MySpace members were more likely to be female, and females had significantly higher levels of extroversion and self-disclosure. Implications for future research, marketing efforts, and online safety are discussed.
Effects of 8-methoxypsoralen on cytochrome P450 2A13

Cytochrome P450 2A13 efficiently catalyzes the bioactivation of several tobacco-specific nitrosamines in vitro. This efficient bioactivation together with the selective expression of P450 2A13 in the human lung suggests that this P450 may play an important role in the initiation of lung cancer in smokers. Therefore, the identification of potent and selective inhibitors/inactivators of P450 2A13 could potentially help to lower the risk of lung cancer in smokers. In this study, we investigated the ability of 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP), a known inhibitor of P450 2A6, to inhibit and inactivate the activities of heterologously expressed P450 2A13 in reconstituted systems. We found that 8-MOP is a potent inhibitor of P450 2A13-mediated metabolism of several compounds, including testosterone, which had not been known to be a P450 2A13 substrate. The K(I) for the non-competitive inhibition of P450 2A13-mediated coumarin 7-hydroxylation by 8-MOP was 0.11 microM. The inhibition of P450 2A13 was accompanied by inactivation of the enzyme. Therefore, the observed decrease in activity is most likely due to the inactivation of the enzyme together with competitive or non-competitive inhibition of P450 2A13 by 8-MOP. The inactivation did not result in a loss of native heme, or a significant change in the reduced-CO spectrum of the P450, and did not generate any detectable heme adducts. Instead, the inactivation of P450 2A13 by8-MOP occurred through the formation of an adduct to the apoprotein. LC/MS analysis of the adducted protein indicated an increase in the mass of 232 Da compared with the unadducted protein. This mass shift correlates with the addition of one molecule of 8-MOP plus one atom of oxygen atom to the P450 apoprotein.
Education sustainability in the relief-development transition: Challenges for international organizations working in countries affected by conflict

Abstract This article examines the challenges that affect sustainability of educational support provided by international organizations during the relief-development transition in post-conflict countries. Given the growing consensus within the international community about the role that education can play in humanitarian response and the long-term development perspective that is expected to accompany educational support provided in these contexts, this qualitative study draws on structured interviews with practitioner-experts working in different types of international organizations to present the key challenges for the sustainability of educational support in the relief-development transition.
Patterned n+ implant into InP substrate for HBT subcollector

We demonstrate molecular-beam epitaxy (MBE)-grown heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs) on InP substrates with a patterned implant n+ subcollector below the epitaxial layers. Device layers grown on implanted/annealed substrates were of similar quality to those on virgin InP. Maximum f/sub t/ and f/sub max/ of 240 and 310 GHz were obtained. We present the process flow, details of the ion implantation, layer characterization, and device results.
Basic Advances in the Finite-Volume Method for Transonic Potential-Flow Calculations

The finite-volume methods of Jameson and Caughey [4.8,4.9,4.212] provide a general framework within which it is fairly easy to calculate the transonic potential flow past essentially arbitrary geometrical configurations. Like finite-element methods, these methods use only local properties of the transformations which generate the difference grid. This feature essentially decouples the solution of the transonic flow equations from the grid-generating step, so that minor modifications of a universal algorithm can be applied in any boundary-conforming coordinate system. Although the initial variants of these methods used line relaxation to solve the difference equations, the multigrid alternating-direction-implicit (MAD) scheme of Jameson [4.213] has also been applied to provide high rates of convergence to very small residuals for two-dimensional calculations [4.214].
USAP multiple broadcast access: transmitter- and receiver-directed dynamic resource allocation for mobile, multihop, multichannel, wireless networking

The unifying slot assignment protocol (USAP) multiple broadcast access (MBA) is a wireless, multichannel, TDMA protocol built on the USAP multiple access (MA) techniques presented at Milcoms 99 and 96 for establishing and maintaining an adaptive broadcast channel. The USAP MA transmitter-directed broadcast (TDB) uses distance-2 vertex coloring of the network graph to provide contention-free transmissions and allow reuse of any slot after 2 RF hops. In this paper these techniques are supplemented with receiver directed broadcast (RDB). The advantages include increased throughput for unicast traffic and the ability to efficiently manage a large number of channels. Application of the protocol to the Rockwell Collins Soldier Phone is presented.
Event Documentation and Transfer of Care After Severe Contrast Reactions

Abstract Purpose Radiology residencies are increasingly using clinical simulation to teach contrast reaction management. The aim of this study was to evaluate resident documentation of management and transfer of care in severe contrast reactions after a clinical simulation. Methods After a high-fidelity mannequin simulation of contrast-induced anaphylactic shock, residents (n = 18) were asked to document the event in a progress note and transfer care to a receiving medical team. A total of 22 prospectively determined criteria were selected, and notes were analyzed by a blinded reviewer. Results Notes contained between 12 and 21 of the prospectively determined 22 criteria (54%-95%). The median number of criteria contained in a note was 16. None of the notes fulfilled all 22 criteria. However, consistent deficiencies were found in documenting prior reaction to contrast (28%) and transfer-of-care criteria (22%-44%). Conclusions Although standards for the documentation of advanced cardiovascular life support codes and other emergencies have been devised, no such standards exist for documentation in the management of contrast reactions. The results of this study suggest the need to develop a standardized documentation system for severe contrast-induced reactions. Education regarding transfer of care and documentation should be emphasized during clinical simulation.
The Galapagos Spreading Centre: Bottom-Water Temperatures and the Significance of Geothermal Heating

Summary A detailed survey of bottom-water temperatures was conducted over a portion of the Galapagos spreading centre near 0"48'N, 86" 10' W. A complex bottom-water temperature structure exists here with large thermal gradients both vertically and horizontally. Despite very detailed temperature measurements 50-200 m above the sea floor, no local temperature anomalies were observed which could be attributed to hydrothermal circulation. However, temperature measurements made less than 10m from the bottom revealed local temperature anomalies of several hundredths "C which may have been caused by hydrothermal activity. The high geothermal heat flux associated with the Galapagos spreading centre is an important factor causing bottom-water renewal in the Panama Basin. Slightly higher regional bottom-water temperature observed near the Galapagos spreading centre may also be caused by geothermal heating.
A comparison of repair and replacement for mitral valve incompetence.

A total of 101 reparative and 389 valve replacement operations, isolated or combined with tricuspid annuloplasty or operations for coronary artery disease, were done for mitral incompetence (1975 to July 1, 1983). The patients undergoing repair as a group were younger and had less hemodynamic and functional derangement than those undergoing replacement. The prevalence of repair was less (p
Clinical Psychology in North America, History of

This article is reproduced from the previous edition, volume 3, pp. 2029–2036, © 2001, Elsevier Ltd.
Calvin and Abraham: The Interpretation of Romans 4 in the Sixteenth Century

It is possible to be so familiar with a subject that one no longer sees its peculiar features. Roger Fry, the English art critic, spoke of a specialization of vision that prevents us from observing familiar objects around us until artists awaken us to the distinctive reality of what we have overlooked by lending us their eyes. Historical discoveries are often very much like an aesthetic awakening. Only a relatively small percentage are prompted by the discovery of wholly new and previously unknown evidence. The great majority are stimulated by fresh insight into evidence so familiar that its significance has been underestimated or disregarded.
Concomitant immunity in hamsters bearing DMBA-induced tumor transplants.

Hamsters bearing progressively growing DMBA-induced tumor transplants were found to make a specific immune response to the neoplasm. This response was identified because animals bearing DMBA tumors rejected concentrations of DMBA-transformed cells that were capable of inducing tumors in normal animals. This concomitant immunity was detectable even when the immunizing and challenge cells were inoculated simultaneously. Animals bearing DMBA-induced tumor cell transplants were not protected against challenge with hamster cells transformed by simian papovavirus SV40, confirming the specificity of the concomitant immunity being studied.
Accounting For Stock Options: A Historical Perspective

In recent years stock options have become one of the most dominant and controversial forms of executive compensation. Stock options are controversial not only because of the sheer magnitude of some executive option grants, but also because of the method used to account for them. Currently, the fair value of stock options does not have to be reported as compensation expense on the income statement. Critics maintain this approach results in an inflated and misleading amount of reported net earnings. This paper addresses the role of stock options as an effective means of employee compensation and traces the historical development of the accounting treatment of stock options. In addition, the current reporting requirements for options are discussed along with recommendations for improving the manner in which stock options are accounted for.
The Limits of Knowledge: Personal and Public

One of the most basic assumptions underlying much of Western thinking is that individuals are rational beings, able to form judgments based on empirical information and logical deliberations in their quest for a course of action most suited to advancing their goals. This is assumed to be true for personal choices and for societal ones — that is, for public policies. A common narrative is that people used to be swayed by myths, folktales, and rituals (with religion sometimes added in), but the Enlightenment ushered in the Age of Reason, in which we are increasingly freed from traditional beliefs and instead rely on the findings of science. Progress is hence in the cards, driven by evidence. This assumption was first applied to nature, as we learned to crack its codes and employ its resources. For the past 200 years or so, it has also been applied to society. We no longer take society for granted as something to which we have to adapt, but we seek to re-make it in line with our designs. For many people, this means such things as improving relations among the races, reducing income inequalities, and redefining marriage, among other actions.
CHAMP: How the Tax Court Finessed a Bad Statute

In Californians Helping to Alleviate Medical Problems, Inc. v. Commissioner (CHAMP), the Tax Court allowed business deductions for the expenses incurred in the sale of marijuana, despite the provisions of Internal Revenue Code Section 280E, which appears to disallow such deductions. This piece commends the Tax Court for finding a way around a bad statute. It then recommends that the statute should be repealed entirely.
The impact of ILO conventions on worker rights: Are empty promises worse than no promises?

What effect does the ratification of International Labour Organization (ILO) conventions have on labor rights? Despite the prominent role of ILO conventions in establishing international labor standards, surprisingly little is known about whether these conventions have any significant effect on the rights they seek to improve. This article provides a comprehensive assessment of the possible impact that seven fundamental ILO conventions have on labor rights in ratifying countries. Results from the data analysis for the period 1981–2011 suggest that the ratification of core ILO conventions is negatively associated with the level of respect for worker rights. One major implication of our findings is that while the adoption of core ILO conventions is crucial in recognizing primary rights of workers, they might paradoxically serve to undercut those rights.
Response to neoadjuvant therapy with sorafenib in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) correlates with FDG uptake on pre-therapy PET CT

1138 Objectives With the emergence of targeted therapy agents, it is desirable to obtain biomarkers to improve selection of patients who would benefit from these agents. The objective of this study was to assess the potential of FDG PET to serve as such a biomarker. Methods In a prospective study, 30 patients with primary RCC underwent neoadjuvant therapy with Sorafenib, a novel VEGF receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Baseline FDG PET CT (Single Slice Biograph; 12 mCi FDG IV; 60 minutes uptake time) was performed. SUVmax was calculated by drawing a 3-dimentional region of interest around the tumor under guidance of the renal protocol CT to delineate the tumor contours and with avoidance of the renal collecting system. Therapy response in the primary tumor, measured as percentage size change on CT, was correlated with SUVmax using Spearman rank correlation coefficient. Results Baseline SUVmax ranged from 2.1 to 15.4 (average + SD: 5.6 + 3.2). The percentage size change ranged from -40% to +9% (average + SD: -10% + 12.4%). Baseline SUVmax was significantly associated response to sorafenib, as tumors with lower SUVmax had a greater degree of tumor shrinkage (r=0.51; p=0.029). Conclusions Our results suggest that tumor metabolic profiling with FDG PET may be useful in predicting response to Sorafenib. This new area of potential PET utilization warrants further investigation. Our preliminary results represent a first step in that direction
Modification of the Depressor Response to Arachidonic Acid in Dogs by Gonadal Steroids

SummarySingle intramuscular injections of either progesterone (2 mg/kg), estrogen (1 mg/kg), testosterone (10 mg/kg), or vehicle (control) were given to mongrel dogs of both sexes. Arachidonic acid (100 and 200 μg/kg), PGE2 (0.025, 0.05, 0.1, 0.25 ia and 1-3 μg/kg iv), and PGF2α (1 μg/kg ia and 5 μg/kg iv) were injected into the inferior vena cava (iv) or left ventricle (ia) 68-90 hr after hormone treatment. Changes in the systemic pressure responses were observed. The depressor response to AA (200 μg/kg) was significantly reduced in progesterone treated animals when compared to estrogen treated and control groups (P < 0.05). Similarly, testosterone treatment reduced the response to ia administration of AA (200 μg/kg) when compared to estrogen treatment. Similar effects were observed using PGE2. No significant differences in pressor responses to PGF2α were observed following gonadal hormone treatment. In all treatment groups the ia/iv dose response ratio to AA was unaltered, which implies that a single do...
Computational Modeling of Fugitive Phase Rotations Within Tape Cast Ceramics

For complex ceramic parts, new fabrication methods, such as the fugitive phase approach, are required. A common problem in the creation of ceramic parts is obtaining accurate dimensions of the final part. The sintering process makes it very difficult to create precise complex geometries. Tolerances achieved with green ceramics do not carry over to acceptable tolerances on the finished part due to non-uniform shrinkage and warping. The authors are investigating the application of the fugitive phase processing method, which might be able to fabricate topologically complex monolithic ceramic parts with precise tolerances. This paper is a continuation of previous work and examines the lamination step of the fugitive phase approach ceramic fabrication process; the step in which the fugitive phase material is integrated with the green ceramic material. In this step, the pressing along with the geometric layout of the fugitive phase material create an uneven pressure distribution in the green ceramic. Of particular concern is the rotation of the fugitive phase materials during the lamination step. A computational model of the lamination process is used to examine how the plasticity of the fugitive phase material along with computational boundary conditions affect the geometry of the green ceramic produced at the end of the lamination step prior to sintering. The resulting stress, strain energy, and deformed shapes are examined and compared. This information will be used to adjust the experimental investigations of the fugitive phase approach ceramic fabrication process that is working to create topologically complex ceramic components.© 2011 ASME
Evaluating the benefits of cochlear implants in an education setting

The material presented here summarizes the first year of a study to determine whether cochlear implants, tactile aids, acoustic hearing aids, or some combination of these are best for developing spoken language in prelingual profoundly deaf children. The effects of each device over and above the gains normally achieved as a result of oral instruction are examined. Each group contains three matched children, one fitted with each device, who are enrolled in the Central Institute for the Deaf (CID) school for 3 years of evaluation and training. This report describes results obtained from four groups of matched subjects during their first year in the study. These subjects improved in all areas evaluated, regardless of the device used. However, the implanted subjects exhibited a greater rate of progress in acquiring auditory speech perception skills. They exhibited no advantage in acquiring speech production skills and spoken language skills during their first year with the device. The subtle advantages provided by the implant may become apparent in spoken language development when 2- and 3-year post-test results are examined.
Bilateral acute simultaneous onset anterior uveitis presumed secondary to erlotinib: A report of two cases.

Abstract Purpose To report two new cases of presumed erlotinib-associated bilateral acute simultaneous-onset anterior uveitis effectively treated with topical steroids. Observations Two patients were referred to the uveitis clinic with bilateral acute simultaneous onset, anterior uveitis six weeks after starting the chemotherapeutic agent erlotinib. Frequent topical steroid were started and the inflammation responded swiftly and completely. Conclusions and importance Bilateral acute simultaneous onset anterior uveitis is a potential side effect associated with erlotinib use that has not been well described. Physicians should be aware of this potential association in patients with recent treatment with erlotinib who complain of blurred vision, photophobia, or redness of the eyes. In some cases, the inflammation responds well to topical therapy and medication can be continued.
Initial experience in the use of technetium-99 metastable hydroxymethylene diphosphonate as an alternative ventilation agent during periods of interim shortage

Sporadic supply interruptions of select radiopharmaceuticals on the global market require consideration of alternative agents to support continuity of essential nuclear medicine examinations. During an acute shortage of Xenon-133 and technetium-99 metastable (Tc-99m) diethylene-triamine-pentaacetate (DTPA), our institution used aerosolized Tc-99m hydroxymethylene diphosphonate (HDP), a radiopharmaceutical traditionally used in bone scintigraphy, in lieu of traditional ventilation agents, for two cases of suspected pulmonary embolism. Similar to Tc-99m-DTPA, Tc-99m-HDP was readily available and easily compounded in our pharmacy, and tolerated well by patients. Identical delivery equipment was used for administration of Tc-99m-HDP as that used in Tc-99m-DTPA, and thus, there was no requirement for a negative pressure room. Similar to Tc-99m-DTPA and unlike Xenon-133, Tc-99m-HDP allowed direct comparison of all 8 ventilation-perfusion images. In addition, the cost per dose of Tc-99m-HDP proved to be less than Tc-99m-DTPA. Despite these favorable characteristics of Tc-99m-HDP, our experience identified an important challenge in obtaining an optimal flux override ratio of > 3 in a reasonable time frame while obtaining ventilation and perfusion images sequentially despite reversing the imaging order in an attempt to overcome this limitation. Although our experience with Tc-99m-HDP in these two cases was favorable, more clinical experience and investigation are warranted before Tc-99m-HDP can be incorporated as a standard alternative ventilation agent.
The effects of felt accountability and role ambiguity on organisational commitment: a replication of results analysing social network analysis

Using the conflict theory of decision making (Janis and Mann, 1977) as a theoretical foundation, we examined the moderating effects of role ambiguity on the felt accountability-organisational commitment relationship. Data from a the USA healthcare provider indicated that clear role expectations ameliorate the strain reactions caused by felt accountability on continuance commitment, but not on affective commitment. In particular, as felt accountability increased, employees who perceived low levels of role ambiguity experienced more continuance commitment, but those with high role ambiguity perceptions experienced less continuance commitment. By measuring felt accountability with a roster (i.e., social network analysis) and an established scale, we were able to replicate our results, thus lending credence to our findings and providing a new measurement approach for an important organisational stressor.
The Future of Deep Learning: Challenges & Solutions

Mark will begin with a brief overview of deep learning and what has led to its recent popularity. He will provide a few demonstrations and examples of deep learning applications based on recent work at Intel Nervana. He will explain some of the challenges to continued progress in deep learning - such as high compute requirements and lengthy training time - and will discuss some of the solutions (e.g. custom deep learning hardware) that Intel Nervana is developing to usher in a new era of even more powerful AI.
The Fragment and the Testimony: Reflections on Absence and Time in the Archaeology of Prisons and Camps

The archaeological record forms around historical silences—moments of effacement, removal, or obliteration of traces of the past. Drawing on research conducted at a former Nazi forced labor camp in Berlin, Germany, I view historical silences as the interplay of inscriptions and erasures that constitute archaeological palimpsests. Highlighting both the fragmentary state of the archaeological record and the tangled nature of time, I consider archaeology a form of historical testimony. Taking a cue from an archival art project, archaeology offers new historical possibilities by engaging aspects of the material world that cannot easily be traced, disentangled, or contained.
Suppressing Lithium Dendrite Growth with a Single-Component Coating

A single-component coating was formed on lithium (Li) metal in a lithium iodide/organic carbonate [dimethyl carbonate (DMC) and ethylene carbonate (EC)] electrolyte. LiI chemically reacts with DMC to form lithium methyl carbonate (LMC), which precipitates and forms the chemically homogeneous coating layer on the Li surface. This coating layer is shown to enable dendrite-free Li cycling in a symmetric Li∥Li cell even at a current density of 3 mA cm–2. Adding EC to DMC modulates the formation of LMC, resulting in a stable coating layer that is essential for long-term Li cycling stability. Furthermore, the coating can enable dendrite-free cycling after being transferred to common LiPF6/carbonate electrolytes, which are compatible with metal oxide cathodes.
Hearing Preservation Cochlear Implantation: a Review of Audiologic Benefits, Surgical Success Rates, and Variables That Impact Success

The objectives of this review are as follows: (1) examine the audiologic benefits of hearing preservation, (2) review rates of successful hearing preservation, and (3) analyze variables that impact hearing preservation success. Hearing preservation has been shown to confer the following audiologic benefits: better speech understanding in complex listening environments, superior sound localization, and improved music appreciation. There is a notable lack of standardized criteria for reporting of hearing preservation outcomes—this leads to considerable heterogeneity across studies. Rates of functional (i.e., aidable) hearing preservation generally range between 50 and 90%. Studies demonstrate higher preservation rates and more durable hearing outcomes with shorter, straight electrode arrays. With advances in CI technology and surgical techniques, residual hearing can be preserved after CI surgery in the majority of patients. Cochlear implant recipients with preserved hearing demonstrate better speech understanding, sound localization, and improved music appreciation.
Potential lead hazards in pre-1978 childcare facilities in Southern Nevada

Communities continue to find lead in buildings and manufactured goods, placing children at risk for negative health effects. This study sought to determine the presence or absence of traditional an...