cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Variation in the Size and Shape of Darwin's Finch Eggs

Six bill dimensions, and wing, tarsus and hallux lengths were measured on almost all museum specimens of Geospiza species available, and up to 20 specimens from each population of the remaining species of Darwin’s finches. The data were subjcrted to univariate and multivariate analyses in order to provide a quantitative description of size and shape differences among populations and between species. Each spccirs of GeospiZa varies among islands in size, and most of the remaining species do so as well. There is more variation in shape among species than among populations of the same species, especially in bill proportions. Allometric relations differ among species. Approximate morphological counterparts to the ground finch species, Geospzza, can be identified among the tree finches. There is a small amount of overlap in multivariate spare between a ground finch species and a tree finch species (two rases), but no overlap between any two species within each group. Size variation among populations is not grnerally correlated with geographical variables such as latitude, longitude, island area or its degree of isolation. Nor do coefficients of variation show stroug geographical trends. Several of the results confirm the findings ofother workers from simpler and nonstatistical comparisons. In addition we have shown that the tree finches have relatively long legs (tarsi), and that these finches as well as the ground finches which spend most time scratching on the ground or climbing in cacti also have a relatively long hallux (hind toe). To interpret the various morphological patterns a knowledge is required of inter-island variation in food supply, feeding habits and the incidrnce of genetic exchange between populations. Recent field studies have provided some of this needed information, which helps to explain, among other things, why several populations of Darwin’s finches are so unusually variable.
An Improvised Table-Type Microprojector

Good line drawings are often superior to photomicrographs in scientific illustration, but to make a faithful freehand drawing of something seen through a microscope is usually difficult. Because scientific workers are often unskilled in artistic reproduction, numerous devices have been used for projecting accurate microscopic-slide images to obtain precise drawings. Commercially made microprojectors are the most sophisticated instruments for this purpose, but they are expensive. The camera lucida, perhaps the best-known device for microprojection, has the disadvantage of a restricted range of magnifications; also, a delicate light balance is needed to see an image.
Optical Coherence Microrheology: Imaging Tissue Viscoelastic Properties

Volumetric imaging of tissue mechanical properties using active probes (magnetic nanoparticles) and passive probes (plasmon-resonant gold nanorods) by processing signals obtained using optical coherence tomography provides a new window into tissue mechanics.
Influence of Porosity on Micro-mechanic Behavior of Aluminum-cenospheres Composite

The influence of porosity on the micro-mechanic behavior of aluminum-cenospheres composite was investigated by the micro-mechanic finite element simulations on the base of unit volume element.The results show that with the increase of the porosity,the mechanical properties of aluminum-cenospheres composites decrease,the elastic modulus decreases,the elongation decreases.The mechanical properties of aluminum-cenospheres composites decrease with increasing the inside diameter.
Survey on co-infection with HIV and intestinal parasites in high prevalence areas of HIV/AIDS,China

Objective To understand the co-infection status of HIV and intestinal parasites in a HIV/AIDS highly endemic area in China.Methods A cross-sectional survey was carried out in two villages in Fuyang City,Anhui Province,and the infection status of HIV and intestinal parasites were investigated by blood and fecal examinations.Results A total 769 individuals were enrolled in the investigation,and 720 of whom were participated in stool examinations for intestinal parasite infections.The infection rates of parasites were as follows: 0.56% for Ascaris lumbricoides,4.03% for Hookworm,0.28% for Trichuris trichiura,0.42% for Clonorchis sinensis,21.39% for Blastocystis hominis,3.89% for Giardia lamblia,1.67% for Entamoeba spp.,4.44% for Cryptosporidium spp..The overall infection rate of intestinal worms and protozoan were 4.72% and 24.31%,respectively.The prevalence rate of anemia was 34.68%.The prevalence rate of HIV was 8.10%.The co-infection rate of HIV and intestinal helminthes was 2.17%,and that of HIV and intestinal protozoan was 28.26%,of which the co-infection rate of Blastocystis hominis and HIV were 19.57%.There was a significant difference between the infection rates of Cryptosporidium spp.in the HIV-positive group(13.04%) and HIV-negative group(4.70%)(P 0.05).Conclusions The infection rate of intestinal protozoan is higher than that of intestinal helminthes in local residents.The HIV-positive population is more susceptible to the infection of Cryptosporidium spp..
International Environmental Policy

From the outset, one of the points emphasised in this book is that nations are substantially independent and sovereign in the shaping of environmental policies. Except where transfrontier pollution (TFP) is concerned, the achievement of environmental balance at the national level — involving a more or less unique set of trade-offs and instruments — is a matter for the national political decision process. The solutions can, will and probably should differ internationally, and we have been mainly concerned with identifying and outlining the international economic implications of such differences as may arise.
Psychopathic Traits Associate Differentially to Anger, Disgust and Fear Recognition among Men and Women

Psychopathy is characterized by deficits in empathy and violation of the rights of others. Recent data link psychopathy-based lack of empathy to deficits in emotion recognition (ER), in particular fear and sadness. However, questions remain about emotions like anger and disgust and some studies even report a positive relationship between psychopathy and ER. Notably, the overwhelming majority of these studies have been conducted only with men, and studies in the general population suggest that women have better ER than men. To our knowledge, only two small studies have explicitly examined ER and psychopathy among women and they did find deficits in anger and disgust recognition. Therefore, mixed findings about ER and psychopathy may be due to gender differences that need to be clarified. This study aimed at bridging this gap using a large sample of 129 male (49 %) and 132 female (51 %) participants who completed psychopathy self-reports, and a computerized facial ER task. Among women there were deficits and advantages in ER: High social dominance and lack of anxiety traits were related to decreased fear and anger recognition respectively. Traits characterized by impulsiveness and rebelliousness were associated with better disgust and anger recognition respectively. For men, psychopathic traits characterized by ruthless manipulation of others, as well as lack of fear, were related to deficits recognizing anger. These results suggest that among women some psychopathic traits may confer an advantage in ER and give impetus for studies examining gender differences in the neurobiological substrates and manifestation of the syndrome.
Long-term outcomes of early compared to late onset choledochocholedochal anastomotic strictures after orthotopic liver transplantation.

Background Endoscopic treatment of anastomotic biliary stricture (ABS) after liver transplantation (LT) has been proven to be effective and safe, but long term outcomes of early compared to late onset ABS have not been studied. The aim of this study is to compare the long-term outcome of early ABS to late ABS. Methods Of the 806 adult LT recipients (04/2006-12/2012), 93 patients met the criteria for inclusion, and were grouped into non-ABS (No stenosis on ERCP, n=41), early ABS [stenosis < 90 days after LT, 18 (19.3%)], and late ABS [stenosis ≥ 90 days after LT, 34(36.5%)]. A propensity matched control group for the ABS group (n=42) was obtained matched for outcome variables for age, gender, and calculated MELD score at listing. Results Mean number of ERCPs (2.33±1.3 vs. 2.56±1.5, P=0.69) was comparable between the groups; however significantly better long-term resolution of the stricture was noted in the early ABS group (94.44% vs. 67.65%, P=0.04). Kaplan-Meyer analysis revealed worst survival in the early ABS group compared to the non-ABS, late ABS and control groups (P=0.0001). Conclusion LT recipients with early ABS have inferior graft survival despite better response to endoscopic intervention. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Modeling the Public Library as Place

A multi-theoretical model to describe the complex nature of the public library as place is proposed. The model takes into account the relationships, activities, and settings that contribute to a full conceptualization of the library as place. Analysis draws on a multi-method user study of a United States Public Library System. Est propose un modele multi-theorique pour decrire la nature complexe de la bibliotheque publique en tant qu’espace. Ce modele tient compte des relations, des activites et du contexte qui contribuent a la pleine conceptualisation de la bibliotheque en tant qu’espace. Les analyses se basent sur une etude multi-methodologique des usagers d’un reseau de bibliotheque americain. ***Best Overall Paper Award Winner***
Cigarette smoke disrupts monolayer integrity by altering epithelial cell-cell adhesion and cortical tension.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Cigarette smoke (CS) drives disease development and progression. The epithelial barrier is damaged by CS wi...
Single-Event Transgene Product Levels Predict Levels in Genetically Modified Breeding Stacks.

The concentration of transgene products (proteins and double-stranded RNA) in genetically modified (GM) crop tissues is measured to support food, feed, and environmental risk assessments. Measurement of transgene-product concentrations in breeding stacks of previously assessed and approved GM events is required by many regulatory authorities to evaluate unexpected transgene interactions that might affect expression. Research was conducted to determine how well concentrations of transgene products in single GM events predict levels in breeding stacks composed of these events. The concentrations of transgene products were compared between GM maize, soybean, and cotton breeding stacks (MON-87427 × MON-89034 × DAS-O15O7-1 × MON-87411 × DAS-59122-7 × DAS-40278-9 corn; DAS-81419-2 × DAS-44406-6 soybean; DAS-21023-5 x DAS-24236-5 x SYN-IR102-7 × MON-88913-8 × DAS-81910-7) and their component single events (MON-87427, MON-89034, DAS-O15O7-1, MON-87411, DAS-59122-7, DAS-40278-9 corn; DAS-81419-2, DAS-44406-6 soybe...
Institutional Review Boards and Standards

Establishing evidence-based paradigms requires approval and oversight of treatment research. This review covers the history and status of these methods and procedures beginning with the Declaration of Helsinki. Key elements of ethical guidelines with respect to how participants are protected and cost/benefits are weighted are discussed. Methods and procedures used by universities, states, and federal review boards are also covered.
Links among innovation, food system transformation, and technology adoption, with implications for food policy: Overview of a special issue

Abstract This overview paper introduces the special issue focused on links among innovation, food system transformation, and technology adoption in all segments of agrifood value chains from inputs to farming to post-harvest segments including logistics, wholesale, processing, and retail. We identify the issues and the gaps in the literature, and then note key points and contributions of the papers in the special issue. We then highlight food policy implications.
Modulation of Bcl-2 expression in androgen independent human prostate carcinoma LNCaP-LN3 cells leads to increased apoptosis and decreased growth

2729 Bcl-2 is an outer mitochondrial membrane protein with potent anti-apoptotic properties. Our previous studies demonstrated that highly metastatic androgen independent human prostate carcinoma LNCaP-LN3 cells express higher bcl-2 , higher PSA (prostate specific antigen) (Clin Cancer Res 2:1627, 1996, Cancer Res 56:5594, 1996), and lower androgen receptor levels with relative resistance to apoptosis in androgen depleted charcoal stripped serum (CSS). The purpose of the present studies was to determine the phenotypic consequences of modulating Bcl-2 expression in metastatic androgen independent cells. LNCaP-LN3 cells were transfected with an siRNA-Bcl-2 oligonucleotide (small interference RNA), and a Western blot was performed to confirm down-modulation of Bcl-2 expression. Cell growth and apoptosis were evaluated using BrDU incorporation and TUNEL studies. The results indicated that after down regulation of Bcl-2 expression (41%), LNCaP-LN3 cells exhibited 30-36% growth inhibition in CSS culture media in comparison with cells transfected with non-specific siRNA. Cell proliferation was decreased 53% ± 4 and apoptosis increased 77% ± 16. These data suggest that in LNCaP-LN3 cells resistance to androgen ablation in vitro is mediated in part via Bcl-2 protein. cDNA microarray analysis is in progress to determine which genes affecting apoptosis and proliferation were modulated subsequent to altering Bcl-2 protein levels.
HERBICIDE ANTIDOTES: PROGRESS AND PROSPECTS

The herbicide antidote concept was introduced by Hoffmann in 1962. Within 10 years, this new approach to enhanced herbicide selectivity had already become an accepted agricultural practice. Corn injury from thiocarbamate herbicides is minimized or avoided by seed treatment with 1, 8-naphthalic anhydride or soil application of N , N -diallyl-2, 2-dichloroacetamide. Optimization of antidotes for other crop/herbicide combinations has proved more difficult. However, progress is being made in finding safeners for many commercial and candidate herbicides that are limited in their use areas by crop injury. The present antidotes appear to act by increasing herbicide detoxification, but there are also other proposed mechanisms of action for these protectants and possible actions for future antidotes including involvement of growth regulatory effects. Herbicide antidotes serve as new biochemical probes for use, in conjunction with herbicides of diverse modes of action, in expanding the knowledge of comparative biochemistry and physiology of crops and weeds.
Knowledge representation languages and predicate calculus: how to have your cake antl eat it too

This paper attempts to resolve some of the controversy between advocates of predicate calculus and users of other knowledge representation languages by demonstrating that it is possible to have the key features of both in a hybrid system. An example is given of a recently implemented hybrid system in which a specialized planning language coexists with its translation into predicate calculus. In this system, various kinds of reasoning required for a program understanding task are implemented at either the predicate calculus level or the planning language level, depending on which is more natural.
Visualization of viscous fingering in high-performance liquid chromatographic columns: Influence of the header design

Using an on-column visualization technique, band profiles of solutes migrating along an HPLC column were studied. The study showed that, under conditions where viscous fingering is prevalent, the design of the inlet header has little influence on the outcome of the viscous fingers. Two types of headers were studied. The first contained a small diameter inlet frit, which localized the majority of the sample in or near the central region of the column. The second header contained a wide frit and produced a more uniform radial distribution of the sample. In both cases, the extent of viscous fingering was essentially the same.
Herpes zoster ophthalmicus caught in the (Tr)act

To emphasize the utility of contrast enhanced MRI for identifying the extent of disease in herpes zoster ophthalmicus with intracranial extension to help determine proper management. We present a rare case of herpes zoster ophthalmicus (HZ/HZO) with intracranial extension and MRI demonstration of involvement of the trigeminal nerve, the trigeminal nucleus, and the spinal trigeminal nucleus and tract. Herpes zoster is caused by reactivation of varicella zoster virus. Herpes zoster ophthalmicus with involvement of the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve has been estimated to account for 10–20% of the cases (Yawn et al. in Mayo Clin Proc 88:562–570, 2013). While postherpetic neuralgia is the most common complication, HZ/HZO can rarely manifest in a more sinister manner resulting in multi-dermatomal involvement, disseminated disease, cranial arteritis (Walker in Radiology 107:109–110, 1973), cranial nerve paresis (O.d in Clinical Eye and Vision Care 11:75–80, 1999), hemiplegia (Cavaletti in The Italian Journal of Neurological Sciences 11:297–300, 1990), ocular/dysfunction (Kocaoglu in Turk Oftalmoloji Dergisi 48:42–46, 2018), and intracranial extension (Chen in BMC Infectious Diseases 17:213, 2017; Yawn in Mayo Clin Proc. 88:562–570, 2013). Contrast enhanced MRI (CE-MRI) can be of great benefit to elucidate the extent of disease and intracranial involvement for institution of more aggressive management to prevent further complications.
Corporate Sustainability as Practice: Doing Sustainability by Intervening

This paper brings in conversation Strategy-as-Practice and Corporate Sustainability literatures to study the interrelationships of social, economic and environmental dimensions of sustainability. D...
Abstract 17270: Digital Health Intervention During Cardiac Rehabilitation Reduces Emergency Department Visits and Improves Weight Loss: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Background: Digital health interventions (DHI) improve intermediates of cardiovascular (CV) health, but data regarding their impact on outcomes are lacking. The current study was designed to addres...
Novel Rear Side Metallization Route for Si Solar Cells Using a Transparent Conducting Adhesive

The rear side metallization of Si solar cells comes with a number of inherent losses and trade-offs: a larger metallized area fraction improves fill factor at the expense of open-circuit voltage, depositing directly on textured Si leads to low contact resistivity at the expense of short-circuit current, and some metallization processes create defects in Si. To mitigate many of these losses we have developed a novel approach for rear side metallization of Si solar cells, utilizing a transparent conducting adhesive (TCA) to metallize Si without exposing the wafer to the metal deposition process. The TCA consists of an insulating adhesive loaded with conductive microspheres. This approach leads to virtually no loss in implied open-circuit voltage upon metallization. Electrical measurements showed that contact resistivities of 3-9 Ωcm2 were achieved, and an analysis of the transit resistance per microsphere showed that <;1 Ωcm2 should be achievable with higher microsphere loading of the TCA.
Engineering repressors with coevolutionary cues facilitates toggle switches with a master reset

Engineering allosteric transcriptional repressors containing an environmental sensing module (ESM) and a DNA recognition module (DRM) has the potential to unlock a combinatorial set of rationally designed biological responses. We demonstrated that constructing hybrid repressors by fusing distinct ESMs and DRMs provides a means to flexibly rewire genetic networks for complex signal processing. We have used coevolutionary traits among LacI homologs to develop a model for predicting compatibility between ESMs and DRMs. Our predictions accurately agree with the performance of 40 engineered repressors. We have harnessed this framework to develop a system of multiple toggle switches with a master OFF signal that produces a unique behavior: each engineered biological activity is switched to a stable ON state by different chemicals and returned to OFF in response to a common signal. One promising application of this design is to develop living diagnostics for monitoring multiple parameters in complex physiological environments and it represents one of many circuit topologies that can be explored with modular repressors designed with coevolutionary information.
π-N charge exchange and π+-π0 scattering at low energies

Abstract π- N and π-π interactions near threshold are uniquely sensitive to the chiral symmetry breaking part of the strong interaction. The π- N σ-term value with its implications for nucleon quark structure and the recent controversy concerning the size of the scalar quark condensate have renewed the experimental interest in these two fundamental systems. We report new differential cross sections for the reaction π - p →π 0 n at 27.5 MeV pion incident kinetic energy, measured between θ CM = 0° and 55°. Our results are in excellentagreement with the existing comprehensive π N phase shift analysis. We also report on a Chew-Low analysis of exclusive π + p →π + π 0 p data at 260 MeV pion incident energy.
Associations Between ADHD Subtype Symptomatology and Social Functioning in Children With ADHD, Autism Spectrum Disorder, and Comorbid Diagnosis: Utility of Diagnostic Tools in Treatment Considerations:

Objective: To assess associations between objective-/caregiver-report measures of attention functioning and social impairment among children with ADHD, autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and co-occurring ASD + ADHD. Method: Patients with ADHD (N = 27), ASD (N = 23), and ASD + ADHD (N = 44) completed measures of intellectual functioning (Wechsler tests) and attention functioning (Continuous Performance Test-Second Edition [CPT-II]) as part of a neurocognitive assessment. Caregivers completed the Conners Third Edition to assess day-to-day inattentiveness, hyperactivity/impulsivity, and the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS) to assess social functioning. Results: Among patients with ADHD, attention measures contributed to 48% of the variance in total SRS scores, with caregiver-reported hyperactivity/impulsivity as the strongest factor. In contrast, among those with ASD + ADHD, attention measures accounted for 40% of the variance, largely due to inattention problems. No associations between domains were observed among patients with ASD. Conclusion: Differential ADHD symptoms are associated with social impairment among children with ADHD versus ASD + ADHD; whereas, no associations were observed among those with ASD.
Conventional and Chemically Programmed Asymmetric Bispecific Antibodies Targeting Folate Receptor 1

T-cell engaging bispecific antibodies (biAbs) can mediate potent and specific tumor cell eradication in liquid cancers. Substantial effort has been invested in expanding this concept to solid cancers. To explore their utility in the treatment of ovarian cancer, we built a set of asymmetric biAbs in IgG1-like format that bind CD3 on T cells with a conventional scFv arm and folate receptor 1 (FOLR1) on ovarian cancer cells with a conventional or a chemically programmed Fab arm. For avidity engineering, we also built an asymmetric biAb format with a tandem Fab arm. We show that both conventional and chemically programmed CD3 × FOLR1 biAbs exert specific in vitro and in vivo cytotoxicity toward FOLR1-expressing ovarian cancer cells by recruiting and activating T cells. While the conventional T-cell engaging biAb was curative in an aggressive mouse model of human ovarian cancer, the potency of the chemically programmed biAb was significantly boosted by avidity engineering. Both conventional and chemically programmed CD3 × FOLR1 biAbs warrant further investigation for ovarian cancer immunotherapy.
Financial impact of removal of total knee arthroplasty from the inpatient-only list for a physician-owned BPCI program.

Abstract Objective Assessing financial effects of removal of TKA from CMS inpatient-only list on physician-owned bundles. Methods We determined whether Medicare TKAs remained inpatient, versus changed to observational. We used CMS data to determine savings. Direct costs associated with BPCI were calculated. Results 7/28 TKAs (25.0%) had inpatient status changed to observational, excluding them from BPCI. Estimated savings losses were $24,332. Direct costs for administrating BPCI were $51,250. Had the rate of patients changed to observational been 50%, bundle savings from remaining patients would be less than direct costs. Conclusion Removing TKA from CMS inpatient-only list may have negative financial implications.
An organizational ecology approach to new food marts in New York City neighbourhoods

Global forces have disrupted local businesses across cities, but neighbourhood convenience stores and small grocery stores have proven to be resilient in the face of economic and institutional pres...
The use of respiratory pathogen panel nasal polymerase chain reaction testing in predicting cutaneous enteroviral infections in the pediatric population.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE To characterize the relationship between the presence of enteroviral skin infection, defined as a positive skin polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test, and the nasopharyngeal (NP) respiratory pathogen panel (RPP) PCR test which includes enterovirus/rhinovirus as an analyte. METHODS A retrospective chart review was performed on 543 subjects, age 18 years or younger, who had enterovirus (EV) skin swabs performed at an academic medical center in New York City between September 2014 and November 2019. Those patients with positive EV skin PCR were considered to have an enteroviral skin infection, and those with a negative EV skin PCR were considered not to have an enteroviral skin infection. Of those 543 children who had EV skin PCR, 170 also had an NP swab RPP performed. These NP swab RPP results were characterized as positive or negative, and if positive, it was noted if the patient was positive or negative for enterovirus/rhinovirus. The positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), specificity, and sensitivity of a NP swab RPP for enteroviral skin infection were then calculated. RESULTS An enterovirus/rhinovirus NP swab RPP had a NPV of 95%, PPV of 43%, sensitivity of 90%, and specificity of 62% for cutaneous enterovirus infection. CONCLUSION The enteroviral skin PCR test is an assay that was validated at this institution. In clinically suspicious cases of EV, a positive NP swab RPP for enterovirus/rhinovirus is a sensitive test. A negative test is highly predictive of not having EV on the skin. Although further data are needed, given that NP swab RPP is readily available, these data may suggest that an NP swab RPP, when appropriately utilized, can support or exclude a clinical diagnosis of cutaneous enterovirus in the pediatric population.
Ultrasonographic tissue perfusion analysis at implant and palatal donor sites following soft tissue augmentation: A clinical pilot study

Aim To describe the application of power Doppler Ultrasonography (US) for evaluating blood flow at implant and palatal donor sites following soft tissue augmentation with the connective tissue graft (CTG). Materials and methods Five patients exhibiting a peri-implant soft tissue dehiscence received treatment with a coronally advanced flap and corresponding CTG. Power Doppler US was used for assessing blood volume at baseline, 1 week, 1 month, 6 months and 12 months post-surgery for assessing blood-flow dynamics at the implant and palatal donor sites. The speed-weighted and power-weighted colour pixel density (CPPD) were computed from colour velocity (CV) and colour power (CP), respectively. Results A mean increase in CV of 199.25% was observed at the midfacial region of the implant sites after 1 week compared to baseline. CV and CP were increased in all sites at 1 week and 1 month. At 6 and 12 months, the mean CV appeared lower than baseline at the implant sites. CCPD was increased at the palatal donor sites and at the great palatine foramen areas at the 1-week and 1-month post-operative evaluations. Conclusions Power Doppler US is a non-invasive and valuable tool for estimating tissue perfusion and CPPD variation during different phases of intra-oral soft tissue graft healing.
Flexible Program Alignment to Deliver Data-Driven Feedback to Novice Programmers

Supporting novice programming learners at scale has become a necessity. Such a support generally consists of delivering automated feedback on what and why learners did incorrectly. Existing approaches cast the problem as automatically repairing learners’ incorrect programs; specifically, data-driven approaches assume there exists a correct program provided by other learner that can be extrapolated to repair an incorrect program. Unfortunately, their repair potential, i.e., their capability of providing feedback, is hindered by how they compare programs. In this paper, we propose a flexible program alignment based on program dependence graphs, which we enrich with semantic information extracted from the programs, i.e., operations and calls. Having a correct and an incorrect graphs, we exploit approximate graph alignment to find correspondences at the statement level between them. Each correspondence has a similarity attached to it that reflects the matching affinity between two statements based on topology (control and data flow information) and semantics (operations and calls). Repair suggestions are discovered based on this similarity. We evaluate our flexible approach with respect to rigid schemes over correct and incorrect programs belonging to nine real-world introductory programming assignments. We show that our flexible program alignment is feasible in practice, achieves better performance than rigid program comparisons, and is more resilient when limiting the number of available correct programs.
Data and information fusion for gas path debris monitoring

An overall Prognostics and Health Management System (PHM) implementation has the fundamental function of integrating information from multiple system elements and fusing this information into useful knowledge about system health. Effectively developing this function requires a structured approach to ensure that data level fusion, feature level fusion, and information level fusion are performed in a coherent architecture. In order to achieve the goal of engine health management necessary for PHM, a suite of advanced monitoring tools is required. These tools must have the capability to monitor and diagnose different aspects of the engine's health so that the combined, or fused, data and information from the tools provide an accurate picture of the current and predicted engine condition. Gas path debris monitoring is one of the tools that can be used to achieve this objective. Engine Distress Monitoring System and Ingested Debris Monitoring System were demonstrated on the JSF Seeded Fault Engine Test (SFET) program. These tests provided a clear indication of the capability of gas path debris monitoring to be a useful tool for PHM. This paper describes specific examples from the SFET employing the case study methodology. Case studies include gas path component faults and wear conditions. The focus is the data and feature level fusion required to turn the gas path debris data into a useful input to the higher level information fusion function.
Academic Freedom—Its Basic Philosophy, Function, and History

THE SCOPE OF ACADEMIC FREEDOM Academic freedom is that freedom of members of the academic community, assembled in colleges and universities, which underlies the effective performance of their functions of teaching, learning, practice of the arts, and research. The right to academic freedom is recognized in order to enable faculty members and students to carry on their roles. It is not sought as a personal privilege, although scholars enjoy the activities it permits,' and the tenure rights of faculty members, which are conferred after a period of probation, bestow economic security as well as forestall restrictions on freedom that might stem from the power to dismiss. In relation to tenure the position of the faculty member resembles that of the judge who holds office during good behavior to safeguard his fearlessness and objectivity in the performance of his duties.2 The conception of academic freedom which is dominant in colleges and universities in the United States today rests mainly on three foundations:
Experiments in hiding data inside the file structure of common office documents: a stegonography application

In the world of spy vs. spy, covert communication, or steganography, is not a new concept. This ancient art has been used in many ways and in many mediums and has not been ignored in this century with the bits and bytes of the computerized world. Many methods have been found for hiding covert messages and data in computer files. One only has to search the Internet for steganography, or stego for short, to find multiple freeware utilities that will allow even a novice computer user to create files with hidden communications. However, where there is a desire to hide communication, there is also a desire to detect that communication. For this reason, there are also tools available online to detect covert data in image files. How dangerous is a hiding place that everyone knows about? What if someone sending covert data used file types less commonly used for steganography such as MS Word documents? Would that communication escape notice? Can these files even carry a covert message? This paper will examine the problem of covert communication in common office files by examining some commonly used office file types to determine if they have this capability. Then, it will seek to determine if this is a problem by determining if data hidden here changes the file from a user's point of view. Finally some solutions will be proposed on how to solve this problem.
AdHeat — an influence-based diffusion model for propagating hints to personalize social ads

AdHeat is our newly developed social ad model considering user influence in addition to relevance for matching ads Traditionally, ad placement employs the relevance model Such a model matches ads with Web page content, user interests, or both We have observed, however, on social networks that the relevance model suffers from two shortcomings First, influential users (users who contribute opinions) seldom click ads that are highly relevant to their expertise Second, because influential users' contents and activities are attractive to other users, hint words summarizing their expertise and activities may be widely preferred Therefore, we propose AdHeat, which diffuses hint words of influential users to others and then matches ads for each user with aggregated hints Our experimental results on a large-scale social network show that AdHeat outperforms the relevance model on CTR (click through rate) by significant margins In this talk, the algorithms employed by AdHeat and solutions to address scalability issues are presented.
The Specter of Fuel-Based Lighting

Contemporary questions about sustainable energy and development converge in unexpected ways around a technology that is at once an echo of the past and yet very much a part of the present: fuel-based lighting in the developing world. An emerging opportunity for reducing the global costs and greenhouse gas emissions associated with this highly inefficient form of lighting energy use is to replace fuel-based lamps with white solid-state ("LED") lighting, described in this Policy Forum, which can be affordably solar-powered. Doing so would allow those without access to electricity in the developing world to affordably leapfrog over the prevailing incandescent and fluorescent lighting technologies in use today throughout the electrified world.
Mother-Infant Dyadic State Behaviour: Dynamic Systems in the Context of Risk.

Dynamic systems methods offer invaluable insight into the nuances of the early parent–child relationship. This prospective study aimed to highlight the characteristics of mother–infant dyadic behavior at 12 weeks post-partum using state space grid analysis (total n = 322). We also examined whether maternal prenatal depressive symptoms and perceived stress were associated with reduced non-negative engagement in exchange for more negativity and unengagement, and contrasted them with global observational methods. Non-negative engagement (NNE) was an attractor for dyads during a teaching task, with a range of flexibility and entropy across dyads. Further, dyads with mothers reporting higher prenatal depressive symptoms demonstrated less 12-week NNE dyadic behavior and more dyadic negativity. Prenatal maternal perceived stress was associated with reduced negativity and reduced flexibility in NNE states. However, maternal distress of any kind was not associated with entropy of behavior. Finally, direct comparisons with global perspectives of dyadic behavior indicated strong external validity relating to concepts of dyadic affect and engagement, and dynamic approaches remained uniquely related to prenatal distress above and beyond global observations of behavior. Findings lend support to the utility and necessity of dynamic systems approaches for identifying mechanisms of prenatal risk and emerging parent–child social–emotional functioning. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Site-and promoter-specific epigenetic alterations by a common dietary compound (271.5)

Effects of dietary compounds on site-specific histone modifications, which are key epigenetic regulators of gene expression impacting cancer etiology, remain relatively unexplored. Phenethylisothiocyanate (PEITC) is a common dietary compound derived from cruciferous vegetables. Our previous research have shown promising anti-inflammatory and chemo preventive properties of PEITC. The present study reports novel, dynamic, site-specific chemical changes to histone H3 in a gene-promoter-specific manner, associated with PEITC exposure in human colon tumor-derived epithelial cells. The time-and concentration-dependent effects of PEITC on histone modifications (di-and tri-methylations of lysine-9 and lysine-27 and acetylation) and gene expression changes were achieved at low, non-cytotoxic concentrations, in contrast to the higher concentrations necessary to halt cancer cell proliferation likely mediated by caspase-dependent apoptotic signaling. Increased understanding of specific epigenetic alterations by dieta...
Television and new media: Must-click TV, by Jennifer Gillan

Review of Jennifer Gillan, Television and New Media: Must-Click TV. New York: Routledge, 2010, paperback, $35.95 (328p) ISBN 978-0415802383.
Pulsed radio frequency energy in the treatment of painful chronic cutaneous wounds: a report of two cases.

Setting. Chronic cutaneous wounds may cause considerable pain, often affecting patient compliance with necessary treatment protocols. Patients. Two patients are presented who were unable to comply with compression therapy because of severe wound pain. Intervention. Adjunctive pulsed radio frequency energy was administered for 30 minutes twice daily through an applicator pad placed directly on the dressing over the wound area. Results. Both patients reported immediate, marked pain reduction, allowing compression therapy. The ulcers healed completely within 3 weeks for patient 1 and 28 weeks for patient 2. Conclusions. Further investigation into the efficacy of pulsed radio frequency energy for the treatment of painful wounds is warranted.
Critical binding of an electron by a nonstationary, point-dipole rotor

The critical binding properties of a nonstationary finite dipole rotor, explored earlier, are shown in the case of the nonphysical but mathematically interesting point-dipole rotor, to collapse back to the familiar properties of the stationary point dipole.
A Systematic Review of Antiretroviral Adherence Interventions for HIV-Infected People Who Use Drugs

HIV-infected persons who use drugs (PWUDs) are particularly vulnerable for suboptimal combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) adherence. A systematic review of interventions to improve cART adherence and virologic outcomes among HIV-infected PWUDs was conducted. Among the 45 eligible studies, randomized controlled trials suggested directly administered antiretroviral therapy, medication-assisted therapy (MAT), contingency management, and multi-component, nurse-delivered interventions provided significant improved short-term adherence and virologic outcomes, but these effects were not sustained after intervention cessation. Cohort and prospective studies suggested short-term increased cART adherence with MAT. More conclusive data regarding the efficacy on cART adherence and HIV treatment outcomes using cognitive behavioral therapy, motivational interviewing, peer-driven interventions and the integration of MAT into HIV clinical care are warranted. Of great concern was the virtual lack of interventions with sustained post-intervention adherence and virologic benefits. Future research directions, including the development of interventions that promote long-term improvements in adherence and virologic outcomes, are discussed.
Venous Congestion, Endothelial and Neurohormonal Activation in Acute Decompensated Heart Failure: Cause or Effect?

Venous congestion and endothelial and neurohormonal activation are known to occur in acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF), yet the temporal role of these processes in the pathophysiology of decompensation is not fully understood. Conventional wisdom presumes congestion to be a consequence of worsening cardiovascular function; however, the biomechanically driven effects of venous congestion are biologically plausible contributors to ADHF that remain largely unexplored in vivo. Recent experimental evidence from human models suggests that fluid accumulation and venous congestion are not simply consequences of poor cardiovascular function, but rather are fundamental pro-oxidant, pro-inflammatory, and hemodynamic stimuli that contribute to acute decompensation. The latest advances in the monitoring of volume status using implantable devices allow for the detection of venous congestion before symptoms arise. This may ultimately lead to improved treatment strategies including not only diuretics, but also specific, adjuvant interventions to counteract endothelial and neurohormonal activation during early preclinical decompensation.
Effective teacher behaviors

This essay reviews literature published in education and communication from 1983 to 1990 relating teacher behavior to teaching effectiveness. Special attention is paid to the methods and procedures utilized to test theory that guides effective teacher behavior research. The article integrates research from education and communication, and concludes with suggestions for future research in the communication discipline.
Inactivation of the rabbit parotid Na/K/Cl cotransporter by N-ethylmaleimide.

The inactivation of the rabbit parotid Na/K/Cl cotransporter by the irreversible sulfhydryl reagent N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) is studied by monitoring its effect on high affinity bumetanide binding to the carrier. NEM reduces the number of bumetanide binding sites with no significant change in the affinity of those remaining. NEM also reduces KCl-dependent22Na flux via the cotransporter by the same factor as the reduction in bumetanide binding sites. Both bumetanide and its analogue furosemide can protect against the effect of NEM. The concentration range over which this protection occurs is in good agreement with affinities of these two compounds for the high affinity bumetanide binding site (2.6 and 85 μm, respectively), indicating an association of this site with the site of action of NEM. Also consistent with this hypothesis are the observations that (i) sodium and potassium, both of which are required for high affinity bumetanide binding, increase the rate of inactivation of binding by NEM and (ii) chloride, at concentrations previously shown to competitively inhibit bumetanide binding, protects the cotransporter against NEM. The effects of NEM on bumetanide binding are mimicked by another highly specific sulfhydryl reagent, methyl methanethiolsulfonate. The apparent rate constant for inactivation of high affinity bumetanide binding by NEM is a hyperbolic function of NEM concentration consistent with a model in which the inactivation reaction is first order in [NEM] and proceeds through an intermediate adsorptive complex. The data indicate that the presence of a reduced sulfhydryl group at or closely related to the bumetanide binding site is essential for the operation of the parotid Na/K/Cl cotransporter.
Molecular Structure of Two Conformationally Restrained Fentanyl Analogues: cis- and trans-isomers of N-{3-Methyl-1-[2-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro)naphthyl]-4-piperidinyl}-N-phenylpropanamide

The X-ray crystallographic structures of two analogues of the potent analgetic fentanyl in which the N-phenethyl substituent is restrained through incorporation into a tetrahydronaphthyl ring system are reported. The tetrahydronaphthyl moiety exists in an equatorial conformation with respect to the piperidine ring which exists in the chair conformation. The propanilido group is also equatorial and antiperiplanar. The orientation of the N-phenyl group with respect to the N-acyl moiety is essentially invariant with an approximately 90° dihedral angle. The implications of these conformations in the interaction of fentanyl-type analgetics with opiate receptors are discussed. The following data were obtained: cis-[C25H33N2O+]Cl − · 1/2 C2O4H2, triclinic, P1¯; a = 7.005(7), b = 13.189(2), c = 14.312(4)A, α = 111.27(2), β = 99.15(5), γ = 93.52(4)0, V = 1205.9A, Z = 2, T = 110K, R = 0.0596, Rw = 0.0760; trans-[C25H33N2O+] C2O4H− · 1/2 C2O4H2 · 2 H2O, triclinic, P1¯, a = 8.235(6), b = 10.546(8), c = 17.108(9)A, α = 107.72(5), β = 95.73(5), γ = 90.63(6)0, V = 1406.8A3, Z = 2, T = 110K, R = 0.0737, Rw = 0.0934.
A heuristic economic optimizer with emission constraints for building energy management

The primary control objectives for intelligent and green buildings focus on maintaining occupants' comfort while minimizing energy consumption in building operations. This paper describes a multi-agent control system which is designed for building energy management. Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is utilized to optimize the control system to improve users' comfort and save energy. In order to maximize the economic benefits in green buildings, an economic optimizer is implemented to minimize building operation cost. To develop such an economic optimizer, the objective functions and the constraints are formulated, which take the pollutant emission into consideration. The simulation results in several case studies are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of PSO and the economic optimizer.
Tunaxanthin: occurrence and absolute stereochemistry

Abstract 1. 1. Three stereoisomeric carotenoids, IIIb, IVb and Vb, of the 3,3′-dihydroxy-ϵ,ϵ-carotene (tunaxanthin) constitution were identified from the skin of the Southern California fish, Oxyjulis californica; all three possess the unexpected 6S,6′S stereochemistry. 2. 2. One of these (Vb) was the enantiomer of chiriquixanthin A (Va) and another (IIIb) of chiriquixanthin B (IIIa) which had been isolated from the skin of the yellow Costa Rican frog, Atelopus chiriquiensis. 3. 3. The major carotenoid pigment from Sebastes flavidus is the tunaxanthin stereoisomer identical to chiriquixanthin B (IIIa). 4. 4. The natural occurrence in fishes of these epimeric and enantiomeric carotenoid pigments, which are unknown in plants, is quite remarkable and provides a powerful means of investigating metabolic transformations of carotenoids.