cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Microrheology as a tool for high-throughput screening

Microrheology can be used for high-throughput screening of the rheological properties of sample libraries of complex fluids. Two passive techniques are particularly suitable: video microscopy and diffusing-wave spectroscopy. The techniques complement each other very well and can be applied to samples that offer different experimental challenges. We offer a thorough analysis of the strengths and limitations of microrheology with the emphasis on high-throughput applications. To illustrate the potential of microrheology, results are presented for two representative cases: the rheological screening of aqueous solutions of a block copolypeptide library and the rheological phase diagram of a water/surfactant/salt system.
Airline Pilot Cosmic Radiation and Circadian Disruption Exposure Assessment from Logbooks and Company Records

Objectives: US commercial airline pilots, like all flight crew, are at increased risk for specific cancers, but the relation of these outcomes to specific air cabin exposures is unclear. Flight time or block (airborne plus taxi) time often substitutes for assessment of exposure to cosmic radiation. Our objectives were to develop methods to estimate exposures to cosmic radiation and circadian disruption for a study of chromosome aberrations in pilots and to describe workplace exposures for these pilots. Methods: Exposures were estimated for cosmic ionizing radiation and circadian disruption between August 1963 and March 2003 for 83 male pilots from a major US airline. Estimates were based on 523 387 individual flight segments in company records and pilot logbooks as well as summary records of hours flown from other sources. Exposure was estimated by calculation or imputation for all but 0.02% of the individual flight segments’ block time. Exposures were estimated from questionnaire data for a comparison group of 51 male university faculty. Results: Pilots flew a median of 7126 flight segments and 14 959 block hours for 27.8 years. In the final study year, a hypothetical pilot incurred an estimated median effective dose of 1.92 mSv (absorbed dose, 0.85 mGy) from cosmic radiation and crossed 362 time zones. This study pilot was possibly exposed to a moderate or large solar particle event a median of 6 times or once every 3.7 years of work. Work at the study airline and military flying were the two highest sources of pilot exposure for all metrics. An index of work during the standard sleep interval (SSI travel) also suggested potential chronic sleep disturbance in some pilots. For study airline flights, median segment radiation doses, time zones crossed, and SSI travel increased markedly from the 1990s to 2003 (Ptrend < 0.0001). Dose metrics were moderately correlated with records-based duration metrics (Spearman’s r = 0.61–0.69). Conclusions: The methods developed provided an exposure profile of this group of US airline pilots, many of whom have been exposed to increasing cosmic radiation and circadian disruption from the 1990s through 2003. This assessment is likely to decrease exposure misclassification in health studies.
Expert memory: A comparison of four theories

This paper compares four current theories of expertise with respect to chess players' memory: Chase and Simon's chunking theory, Holding's SEEK theory, Ericsson and Kintsch's long-term working memory theory, and Gobet and Simon's template theory (Chase, W.G., Simon, H.A., 1973a. Perception in chess. Cognitive Psychology 4, 55-81; Holding, D.H., 1985. The Psychology of Chess Skill. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ; Ericsson, K.A., Kintsch, W., 1995. Long-term working memory. Psychological Review 102, 211-245; Gobet, F., Simon, H.A., 1996b. Templates in chess memory: a mechanism for recalling several boards. Cognitive Psychology 31, 1-40). The empirical areas showing the largest discriminative power include recall of random and distorted positions, recall with very short presentation times, and interference studies. Contrary to recurrent criticisms in the literature, it is shown that the chunking theory is consistent with most of the data. However, the best performance in accounting for the empirical evidence is obtained by the template theory. The theory, which unifies low-level aspects of cognition, such as chunks, with high-level aspects, such as schematic knowledge and planning, proposes that chunks are accessed through a discrimination net, where simple perceptual features are tested, and that they can evolve into more complex data structures (templates) specific to classes of positions. Implications for the study of expertise in general include the need for detailed process models of expert behavior and the need to use empirical data spanning the traditional boundaries of perception, memory, and problem solving.
Leadership: Current Theories, Research, and Future Directions

This review examines recent theoretical and empirical developments in the leadership literature, beginning with topics that are currently receiving attention in terms of research, theory, and practice. We begin by examining authentic leadership and its development, followed by work that takes a cognitive science approach. We then examine new-genre leadership theories, complexity leadership, and leadership that is shared, collective, or distributed. We examine the role of relationships through our review of leader member exchange and the emerging work on followership. Finally, we examine work that has been done on substitutes for leadership, servant leadership, spirituality and leadership, cross-cultural leadership, and e-leadership. This structure has the benefit of creating a future focus as well as providing an interesting way to examine the development of the field. Each section ends with an identification of issues to be addressed in the future, in addition to the overall integration of the literature we provide at the end of the article.
Socioeconomic position is not associated with 30-day or 1-year mortality in demographically diverse vascular surgery patients.

Objectives Disparities in outcomes after surgical procedures have been attributed to race, sex, use of private insurance, and socioeconomic position (SEP). The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of SEP on mortality after lower-extremity bypass (LEB) surgery in a diverse patient population with extremes of SEP. Design Analysis of an electronic medical database. Setting A tertiary care hospital in a demographically diverse section of a large metropolitan area. Participants Six hundred nine (158 white men, 156 nonwhite men, 100 white women, and 195 non-white women) patients undergoing infrarenal lower-extremity arterial bypass surgery from July 1, 2002, to December 31, 2007. Measurements and Results SEP was estimated using data from the 2000 US Census. The effects of race, sex, various comorbidities, the Revised Cardiac Risk Index, American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status, use of private insurance, indication for bypass surgery, and SEP on all-cause mortality was analyzed. SEP differed significantly among the 4 race-sex groups, with white men having the highest position (mean = 2.38) and non-white men having the lowest position (mean = −3.02). There was no statistically significant association in 30-day mortality among race-sex groups or with SEP. One-year mortality differed significantly between men and women for the entire cohort (13.7% and 24.1%, respectively; p Conclusions Disparities in SEP are not associated with short- or long-term mortality after LEB surgery. Other comorbid risk factors are more important when determining outcomes and should be the focus of interventions to improve outcomes.
Programming the cochlear implant based on electrical acoustic reflex thresholds: Patient performance

The electrical acoustic reflex threshold (EART) has been shown to be a reliable estimate of behavioral comfort levels in both child and adult cochlear implant patients. The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential for using EARTs for programming the Nucleus cochlear implant. EARTs and behavioral comfort levels were obtained from 7 adult implant patients. Two programs or "maps" were made for each patient, one based on behavioral comfort levels and one based on EARTs. Performance on open set tests of speech recognition was measured with each map. Mean data suggest that speech perception is similar with both maps. Analysis of individual data revealed that, whereas 2 subjects performed better with the C-level maps, the remaining 5 subjects tended to perform either better with the EART map or equally well with both maps. These results suggest that EARTs may be an adequate substitute for comfort levels when programming the implant for patients who are unable to make reliable psychophysical judgments.
Solving optimal feedback control problems by the Hamilton-Jacobi theory

We propose a novel approach for solving the optimal feedback control problem. Following our previous researches, we construct a Hamiltonian system by using the necessary conditions for optimality, and treat the resultant phase flow as a canonical transformation. Then starting from the Hamilton-Jacobi equations for generating functions we derive a set of 1st order quasilinear partial differential equations with the relevant terminal conditions, which forms the well-known Cauchy problem. These equations can also be obtained by applying the invariant imbedding technique to the two point boundary value problem. The solution to this Cauchy problem is utilized for solving the optimal feedback control problem with hard and soft constraint boundary conditions. As suggested by the illustrative examples, this method is promising for solving problems with control constraints, non-smooth control logic, and nonanalytic cost function.
Characterization of tunable piperidine and piperazine carbamates as inhibitors of endocannabinoid hydrolases.

Monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) and fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) are two enzymes from the serine hydrolase superfamily that degrade the endocannabinoids 2-arachidonoylglycerol and anandamide, respectively. We have recently discovered that MAGL and FAAH are both inhibited by carbamates bearing an N-piperidine/piperazine group. Piperidine/piperazine carbamates show excellent in vivo activity, raising brain endocannabinoid levels and producing CB1-dependent behavioral effects in mice, suggesting that they represent a promising class of inhibitors for studying the endogenous functions of MAGL and FAAH. Herein, we disclose a full account of the syntheses, structure−activity relationships, and inhibitory activities of piperidine/piperazine carbamates against members of the serine hydrolase family. These scaffolds can be tuned for MAGL-selective or dual MAGL-FAAH inhibition by the attachment of an appropriately substituted bisarylcarbinol or aryloxybenzyl moiety, respectively, on the piperidine/piperazine ri...
Linear systems and nonunity feedback

A straightforward extension of the error coefficient concept to the evaluation of linear systems with nonunity feedback is presented. Examples show the effects of several types of nonunity feedback.
Phylogenetic relationships of antpitta genera (Passeriformes: Formicariidae)

Abstract Phylogenetic relationships among the antpitta genera were studied using DNA sequence data from the mitochondrial genome. The clade representing the traditional “antpitta” genera (Grallaria, Grallaricula, Hylopezus, Myrmothera, and Pittasoma) was found to be paraphyletic, owing to the sister relationship of Pittasoma and Conopophaga. In a previously unreported relationship, Pittasoma was strongly supported as the sister genus to Conopophaga (Conopophagidae). The remaining antpitta genera form a fully resolved and well-supported monophyletic lineage with two major subclades. The first clade consists of the genus Grallaria and supports the subgenera identified by Lowery and O'Neill (1969). The second antpitta clade has Hylopezus as the sister genus to Myrmothera, with Grallaricula as their sister genus. The results here allow for a new interpretation of the morphological characters used in previous studies.
Use, Appraisal, and Research: A Case Study of Social History

This article analyzes the use of archives and manuscripts in 214 scholarly articles on social history published between 1981 and 1985. More broadly, it addresses the ongoing debates over the triangle of relationships among appraisal, current use, and historical scholarship. The study's findings show that most social historians continue to rely regularly on archives in their research. Patterns of use vary significantly according to time period, research orientation, and subject. Social historians use collections in older historical societies and collections of personal papers extensively, but rarely draw on state and local public archives. The numerical distribution by time period of the types of series used and their relative importance in articles may help predict future patterns of archival use.
PRL-1 and PRL-2 regulate stress induced Erk and Akt phosphorylation in pancreatic cancer cells

C258 The PRL phosphatases (PRL-1, PRL-2, and PRL-3 in humans) are a subgroup of low molecular weight protein tyrosine phosphatases currently being investigated as potential therapeutic targets in cancer. We have previously characterized PRL phosphatase expression in pancreatic cancer cell lines, and reported that siRNA-mediated knockdown of both PRL-1 and PRL-2 in combination affects cellular growth, migration and colony formation in soft agar (Clin Cancer Res. 2005; 11(24):9164s). Although considerable evidence has accumulated suggesting that PRL phosphatases may play causal roles in tumorigenesis and metastasis, little is known about the biological function(s) and underlying mechanism(s) by which PRLs promote tumor growth and metastasis. To further investigate the biological effects of PRL knockdown in pancreatic cancer, we surveyed gene expression changes using DNA microarray, and observed that many genes (most notably ATF-3 and EGR1) involved in stress response and amino acid metabolism downstream of Erk were differentially regulated between cancer cells treated with PRL targeting siRNAs and those treated with non-targeting siRNA. Evaluation of Erk phosphorylation induced by amino acid starvation shows that siRNA-mediated knockdown of PRL-1 and PRL-2 in combination effectively blocks Erk phosphorylation as well as ATF-3 and EGR1 induction in MIA PaCa-2 cells. We also observed that phosphorylation of Akt was also inhibited by PRL knockdown. These data support the hypothesis that PRL phosphatases can play key regulatory roles upstream of Erk and Akt. To further elucidate the function(s) of PRL phosphatases, work is currently underway to determine the specific conditions under which PRL phosphatases regulate Erk and Akt phosphorylation. (This work was supported by a grant from National Foundation for Cancer Research)
High Pressure Phonon Dispersion of Zinc Chalcogenides and the Metallic Transition

The crystal potential responsible for solid cohesion is manifest through the phonon energies. For covalently bonded and partially covalent substances no simple crystal potential has yet been found. Thus, knowledge of the effect of high pressure on the phonon dispersion is important to an understanding in this area. Among other things, it is related to the stability regimes of various structural polytypes. Furthermore, such knowledge can be used to test the microscopic theories presently under development [1,2], which derive the phonon energies from the electronic eigenstates, by requiring that these theories reproduce the phonon dispersion not only at 1 atm, but at an arbitrary pressure. Therefore, a clear and detailed experimental picture of the phonon dispersion under pressure is needed.
Does screening and brief intervention for drug use in primary care increase receipt of substance use disorder treatment

Material and methods Adults presenting to a hospital-based primary care clinic with recent drug use (Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test [ASSIST] drug specific scores of ?4) were enrolled in a randomized clinical trial comparing: (1) a 10-15 minute structured interview conducted by health educators (BNI), (2) a 30-45 minute intervention based on motivational interviewing by Masters-level counselors (MOTIV), or 3) no brief intervention. All received information on treatment resources. We assessed receipt of any SUD treatment in a statewide database. Logistic regression analyses adjusted for main drug (self-identified), drug dependence, and past SUD treatment.
Augmentation Autologous Adipose Injections in the Larynx

Objective:Autologous adipose injection (AAI) is a recognized method for vocal fold augmentation. The study’s purpose is to explore short- and long-term outcomes of AAI.Methods:Retrospective chart review of 43 patients undergoing AAI was performed; patient perception of outcome, Voice Handicap Index (VHI), maximum phonatory time (MPT), and disposition were evaluated.Results:Over 5 years, 43 AAI patients had documented postoperative follow-up (25 paralysis, 8 paresis, 9 bowing/presbylarynges, and 5 scar/sulci). Mean follow-up was 32 weeks. There was gradual patient loss to follow-up. Thirty-nine of 40 (98%) had patient-reported improvement at 6 weeks, 28 of 34 (82%) had improvement at 2 to 6 months, with 10 of 12 (83%) sustaining their improvement for >1 year. Significant improvement in mean VHI was observed at 4 to 6 weeks (mean reduction, 26; P < .0001) and 2 to 6 months (mean reduction, 23; P < .0001). Improvement in mean MPT was observed at 4 to 6 weeks (mean increase, 8 s; P < .0001), 2 to 6 months (6 ...
NASA Contracting and the Direction of Space Science

Images of shuttle launches and earthrise over the rim of the moon are iconic representations of American strength, technical capacity, and the future of humankind. Yet, the agency responsible for t...
Electron dephasing in metallic narrow wires at low temperatures

The low temperature behavior of the electron phase coherence time in metals, τ φ , is currently a subject of controversy. While theory predicts that τ φ should increase on cooling as an inverse power law of temperature, many samples exhibit a saturation of τ φ below a temperature between 0.1 and 1 K. In this paper we present evidence that the saturation of τ φ often observed in weakly-disordered polycrystalline metals (Au, Ag, and Cu) is most likely due to a dilute concentration of paramagnetic impurities, either on the surface or in the bulk.
Marital Processes, Neuroticism, and Stress as Risk Factors for Internalizing Symptoms.

OBJECTIVE Marital discord has a robust association with depression, yet it is rarely considered within broader etiological frameworks of psychopathology. Further, little is known about the particular aspects of relationships that have the greatest impact on psychopathology. The purpose of the present study was to test a novel conceptual framework including neuroticism, specific relationship processes (conflict management, partner support, emotional intimacy, and distribution of power and control), and stress as predictors of internalizing symptoms (depression and anxiety). METHOD Questionnaire and interview data were collected from 103 husbands and wives 5 times over the first 7 years of marriage. RESULTS Results suggest that neuroticism (an expression of the underlying vulnerability for internalizing disorders) contributes to symptoms primarily through high levels of non-marital stress, an imbalance of power/control in one's marriage, and poor partner support for husbands, and through greater emotional disengagement for wives. CONCLUSIONS Marital processes, neuroticism, and stress work together to significantly predict internalizing symptoms, demonstrating the need to routinely consider dyadic processes in etiological models of individual psychopathology. Specific recommendations for adapting and implementing couple interventions to prevent and treat individual psychopathology are discussed.
A Measure of the Population Quality of Legislative Apportionment

This paper attempts to examine carefully the problem of determining a numerical measure which reflects the quality of the population apportionment in a legislative body. We desire a single index, an index which takes advantage of the available population data, and an index which is readily understood. It should be said that we are not concerned with the much more difficult problem of legislative districting—actually drawing district boundaries on a map—but concentrate our attention only on the quality of apportionment in the particular, but important, sense of population equality. In order to accomplish this purpose I review a number of increasingly complex possibilities and eventually arrive at a measure which superficially seems somewhat esoteric, but which turns out ultimately to be easily interpretable. It will be convenient to proceed heuristically with the development by carrying along a small concrete example. For this purpose, consider the six congressional districts of Connecticut.
Investigation on family function of methadone maintenance treatment patients

Objective:To explore the family adaptability and cohesion in heroin addicts family.Methods:198 heroin addicts from the methadone maintenance treatment of outpatient service of Honghuagang District in city of Zunyi were evaluated with Family Adaptability and Cohesion Scales,Second edition,Chinese version.Results:Marriage and working conditions were two of the most important factors which had influence on the family adaptability and cohesion;in comparison with the normal controls,the levels of family adaptability and cohesion were lower,and the ratio of the balance category of family was also decreased significantly.Conclusion:It was showed that levels of family adaptability and cohesion of heroin addicts decreased and an early family intervention should be carried out.
Effect of ephedrine on motor recovery after brain ischemia in rats and its cellular and molecular mechanisms

AIM: To investigate the effect of ephedrine on motor recovery after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), and explore the molecular and cellular mechanisms of ephedrine in accelerating rehabilitation in rats. METHODS: Sixty male SD rats were randomly divided into sham-operated group, natural recovery group and ephedrine treatment group. The unilateral MCAO models were induced by using bread occlusion method. Electron microscope was used to observe the tissue damages and newly born synapses around ischemic area at week 1, 2, 3 and 4 after operation. The expression levels of growth-associated protein 43 (GAP-43) and synaptophysin around ischemic area were exa-mined by RT-PCR techniques. RESULTS: The ephedrine treatment group was lighter in degree of injury and more in the number of newly born synapses as compared with the natural recovery group. Both GAP-43 and synaptophysin proteins were demons-trated statistically significantly increased in RT-PCR product as determined by optical density measurements in ephedrine treatment group as compared with natural recovery group (P0.01). CONCLUSION: The mechanisms of behavioral recovery with ephedrine treatment are associated with the enhanced synaptoge-nesis and the increased expression of molecules involved in neuronal remodeling around ischemic area.
Ureteral reimplantation in myelodysplasia children.

AbstractMost myelodysplasia children are now being managed by means other than external urinary diversion. This has increased the indications for antireflux surgery in such patients. Our review of 21 consecutive myelodysplasia children undergoing ureteral reimplantation indicates that there is a higher complication rate than in ureteral reimplantation in children with primary vesicoureteral reflux. Nonetheless, with proper patient selection, a satisfactory degree of success is attainable.
Chapter 4 The Role of Motor Development in Infancy Reactions to Mounoud and Bremner

Abstract In the following discussion reaction to both Mounoud and Bremner is provided. The major point concerns the study of action in its own right versus the use of action as a tool to study development of cognitive abilities. Several research examples are provided that highlight the recommendations for the study of infant motor development.
Spices and tourism: destinations, attractions and cuisines

Spices and Tourism: Destinations, Attractions and Cuisines is a thoroughly delicious book representing the impacts of spices on tourism choices, development and identity. Complementing the depth of...
Ground-State Charge Transfer: Lithium–Benzene and the Role of Hartree–Fock Exchange

Most approximations to the exchange-correlation functional of Kohn-Sham density functional theory lead to delocalization errors that undermine the description of charge-transfer phenomena. We explore how various approximate functionals and charge-distribution schemes describe ground-state atomic-charge distributions in the lithium-benzene complex, a model system of relevance to carbon-based supercapacitors. To understand the trends, we compare Hartree-Fock (HF) and correlated post-HF calculations, confirming that the HOMO-LUMO gap is narrower in semilocal functionals but widened by hybrid functionals with large fractions of HF exchange. For semilocal functionals, natural bond orbital (NBO) and Mulliken schemes yield opposite pictures of how charge transfer occurs. In PBE, for example, when lithium and benzene are <1.5 A apart, NBO yields a positive charge on the lithium atom, but the Mulliken scheme yields a negative charge. Furthermore, the partial charges in conjugated materials depend on the interplay between the charge-distribution scheme employed and the underlying exchange-correlation functional, being critically sensitive to the admixture of HF exchange. We analyze and explain why this happens, discuss implications, and conclude that hybrid functionals with an admixture of about one-fourth of HF exchange are particularly useful in describing charge transfer in the lithium-benzene model.
Paul W. Oman-an appreciation

The contributions to professional entomology made by Paul W. Oman are reviewed. A bibliography of his published contributions to this field from 1930 to 1987 is included.
C. elegans search behavior analysis using Multivariate Dynamic Time Warping

The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is widely used as a genetic model organism because of its relevance to human biology and disease. Quantifying C. elegans movement behavior is important for understanding the differences between genotypes under various food conditions. One of the most common ways to quantify C. elegans movement is through path analysis. However, comparing the movement paths between different C. elegans genotypes is challenging because of the variations in the trajectories' time lengths. We propose a novel approach that combines Multivariate Dynamic Time Warping and step-length path encoding to cluster C. elegans movement path data and further show that the proposed combination avoids the need for extracting complex path features.
Postmenopausal hormone therapy was associated with an increased risk for systemic lupus erythematosus

Source Citation Sanchez-Guerrero J, Liang MH, Karlson EW, Hunter DJ, Colditz GA. Postmenopausal estrogen therapy and the risk for developing systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Intern Med. 1995 Mar 1...
Self-Cleaning Membranes from Comb-Shaped Copolymers with Photoresponsive Side Groups

In this study, we present a novel self-cleaning, photoresponsive membrane that is capable of removing predeposited foulant layers upon changes in surface morphology in response to UV or visible light irradiation while maintaining stable pore size and water permeance. These membranes were prepared by creating thin film composite (TFC) membranes by coating a porous support membrane with a thin layer of novel comb-shaped graft copolymers at two side-chain lengths featuring polyacrylonitrile (PAN) backbones and photoreactive side chains, synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). Photoregulated control over membrane properties is attained through a light-induced transition, where the side chains switch between a hydrophobic spiropyran (SP) state and a zwitterionic, hydrophilic merocyanine (MC) state. The light-induced switch between the SP and MC forms changes surface hydrophilicity and causes morphological changes on the membrane surface as evidenced by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Before any phototreatment, the as-coated membrane surface comprises mostly hydrophobic SP groups that allow the adsorption of organic solutes such as proteins the membrane surface, reducing flow rate. Once exposed to UV light, conversion of the SP groups to hydrophilic MC groups leads to the release of adsorbed molecules and the full recovery of the initial water flux. A fouled membrane in the more hydrophilic MC form is also capable of self-cleaning upon conversion to the less hydrophilic SP form by visible light irradiation. The self-cleaning behavior observed for this system, where the surface became less hydrophilic but also experienced a morphological change, demonstrates a novel mechanism that has a mechanical component in addition to the changes in hydrophilicity. It is also the first report, to our knowledge, of self-cleaning performance accompanied by a decrease in hydrophilicity.
Political Ecologies of Turkey's Wetlands and Lake Burdur: The Case of Demirel and the Duck

Turkey's combined coastal and inland wetlands are collectively larger than those of any other country in either the Middle East or Western Europe. In addition to their unique attributes as diverse ...
Predictors of 30-day postoperative major adverse clinical events after carotid artery stenting: An analysis of the procedure-targeted American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program.

Abstract Background Information about carotid artery stenting (CAS) is largely derived from clinical trials, consensus statements, and outcomes comparisons between CAS and carotid endarterectomy. Given these limitations, the goal of this study was to identify risk factors for adverse outcomes after CAS among hospitals participating in the CAS-targeted American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS NSQIP). Methods Our study sample consisted of patients from the 2012 to 2015 CAS-targeted ACS NSQIP data set. The primary outcome variable was 30-day postoperative incidence of major adverse clinical events (MACEs; death, myocardial infarction/arrhythmia, ipsilateral stroke/transient ischemic attack). Univariable and multivariable analyses were performed to identify patient and procedural characteristics associated with MACEs. Results A total of 448 patients undergoing CAS for carotid artery stenosis were identified in the 2012 to 2015 CAS-targeted ACS NSQIP data set as eligible for analysis. The incidence of postoperative MACEs was 8.4% for symptomatic patients and 5.4% for asymptomatic patients. On multivariable analysis, independent predictors of MACEs included age ≥80 years, female sex, black race, presence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, active tobacco use (protective), and use of more than one stent. Conclusions The rate of major postoperative events in preoperatively asymptomatic patients is higher than the threshold recommended by the American Heart Association guidelines. Elderly patients (≥80 years), female patients, and black patients as well as those receiving more than one stent are at increased risk of negative outcome after CAS.
The Effects of Choice Context on Decision-Making: An Application to Voter Fatigue

This paper exploits a natural experiment in which choice fatigue is isolated as an explanation for the usage of heuristics in decision-making. The em- pirical application provides evidence that voters who see a given contest relatively further down the ballot are more likely to vote "no" and to abstain. Within-election exogenous variation in ballot position is primarily due to differences in the set of overlaying local political jurisdictions. My central finding is that lowering a proposi- tion 10 positions on the ballot increases precinct-level "no" votes and undervotes by 1.3 and 0.7 percentage points, respectively. Interestingly, 8 of 124 statewide propo- sitions in the dataset have winning margins within the range of the "no" estimate. The empirical analysis employs a unique precinct-level panel dataset of votes cast for the entire menu of federal, state & local ballot choices in primary and general elections between 1992 and 2006 in San Diego County, California. Implications of the results range from the dissemination of information by firms and policy makers to the design of electoral institutions and the strategic use of ballot propositions.
The Cultural Neuroscience of Socioeconomic Status

In this chapter, we review an emerging body of research that has used neuroscientific techniques (EEG, ERP, fMRI) to examine how our socioeconomic status (SES) affects brain functioning. We focus on SES effects on neural responses reflecting (1) attunement to others, (2) vigilance, (3) trait inference, and (4) emotion regulation. We also address relevant findings regarding the effects of SES on (5) selective attention from a cultural neuroscience perspective. We end by outlining future directions for cultural neuroscience research on the impact of SES, including expanding the scope of inquiry to assess potential interactions between SES and broader cultural context.
Radiation Therapy in Multiple Myeloma

Radiation oncology continues to play an important role in the care of patients with multiple myeloma. Curative therapy of localized bone lesions has been enhanced by the advent of intensity modulated radiotherapy and conformal stereotactic radiation therapy techniques that deliver radiocontrolling doses to small volumes and minimize normal tissue damage. New techniques for total body irradiation and the increasing availability of normal tissue radioprotective agents, allow the radiation oncologist to prepare patients for bone marrow transplantation with further reduction in normal tissue side effects. A major challenge in the total body irradiation patient remains the minimization of pulmonary toxicity. Selective pulmonary radioprotection by inhalation-specific delivery of radioprotectants to the lung could allow bone marrow in ribs, vertebral bodies, sternum, and clavicles to be target of therapeutic irradiation. These new modalities may facilitate improvement in both cure and the quality of life for multiple myeloma patients.
Overview of Policy, Ethical, and Social Considerations in Genomic and Personalized Medicine

Genomics has significantly advanced our understanding of human populations and disease, enabling development of improved predictive and diagnostic tools. The integration of genomic medicine into routine clinical practice, however, will require careful consideration and potential revisions of current policies pertaining to the conduct of genomics research and practice of personalized medicine. In addition, enhanced awareness of and knowledge of the principles and practices of genomic medicine will be needed among all stakeholders, including healthcare practitioners, policymakers, patients, and the general public.
Using Campus Resources and Problem-Based Learning to Prepare Students to Become Global Citizens

This chapter takes as its focus the history, theory, and practice of global education in the United States. Of particular interest are the challenges faced in community colleges and gateway courses. Specifically, the chapter highlights the author’s use of campus resources to design and implement a problem-based learning project that raised student awareness of the global refugee crisis and asked them to both evaluate current solutions and create their own. The chapter details the impetus, design, and layout of the project, and it provides reflections from the professor and students on the ways in which the project facilitated students’ experiences with global education.
The Association of Medication Knowledge and Adherence Scores With Hospital Readmission

Introduction: Readmission scoring systems are used to predict 30-day hospital readmission. These prediction tools do not considerlack of patient medication knowledge or adherence which can worsen d...
Micro-computed tomography as a platform for exploring Drosophila development.

ABSTRACT Understanding how events at the molecular and cellular scales contribute to tissue form and function is key to uncovering the mechanisms driving animal development, physiology and disease. Elucidating these mechanisms has been enhanced through the study of model organisms and the use of sophisticated genetic, biochemical and imaging tools. Here, we present an accessible method for non-invasive imaging of Drosophila melanogaster at high resolution using micro-computed tomography (µ-CT). We show how rapid processing of intact animals, at any developmental stage, provides precise quantitative assessment of tissue size and morphology, and permits analysis of inter-organ relationships. We then use µ-CT imaging to study growth defects in the Drosophila brain through the characterization of abnormal spindle (asp) and WD repeat domain 62 (Wdr62), orthologs of the two most commonly mutated genes in human microcephaly patients. Our work demonstrates the power of combining µ-CT with traditional genetic, cellular and developmental biology tools available in model organisms to address novel biological mechanisms that control animal development and disease.
Self-compassion in mindfulness-based stress reduction: An examination of prediction and mediation of intervention effects.

The current investigation sought to clarify mechanisms of treatment effects in mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR). Self-compassion and mindful awareness were assessed first as dispositional influences and then as mediators of outcome in unique models. One hundred thirty individuals participating in the 8-week MBSR intervention were recruited (73.08% female, mean age = 46.97, SD = 14.07). Measures of psychosocial well-being (Brief Stress Inventory [BSI], Perceived Stress Scale-10 [PSS]), mindful awareness (Mindful Awareness and Attention Scale [MAAS]), and self-compassion (Self-Compassion Scale [SCS]) were collected at preintervention and postintervention. Regression was conducted to examine the influence of baseline MAAS and SCS on change in PSS and BSI scores. Serial multiple mediator models were conducted separately with pre/postintervention BSI and PSS values as criterion, and preintervention/postintervention MAAS and SCS values as mediators. Higher levels of baseline self-compassion were predictive of greater reductions in PSS scores (β = 0.16). Reductions in BSI scores were serially mediated by change in self-compassion both directly (MBSR → ΔSCS → ΔBSI β = 0.06) and indirectly through mindful awareness (MBSR → ΔMAAS → ΔSCS → ΔBSI β = 0.09). Results provide support for the role of self-compassion as both a predictor of treatment effect and a process through which MBSR operates. Mechanisms underlying MBSR effects appear to be unique to the outcome of interest.
11 – Stable multi-input multi-output adaptive fuzzy/neural control

Publisher Summary This chapter presents stable direct and indirect adaptive controllers, which use Takagi–Sugeno fuzzy systems, conventional fuzzy systems, or a class of neural networks to provide asymptotic tracking of a reference signal vector for a class of continuous time multiinput multioutput (MIMO) square nonlinear plants with poorly understood dynamics. The direct adaptive scheme allows for the inclusion of a priori knowledge about the control input in terms of exact mathematical equations or linguistics, while the indirect adaptive controller permits the explicit use of equations to represent portions of the plant dynamics. It is shown that with or without such knowledge, the adaptive schemes can learn how to control the plant, provide for bounded internal signals, and achieve asymptotically stable tracking of the reference inputs. No initialization condition needs to be imposed on controllers and convergence of the tracking error to zero is guaranteed.
Changes in the Pattern of Bikeshare Usage due to the COVID-19 Pandemic

Bikeshare use in New York City dropped substantially during the initial months of the COVID-19 pandemic, but by summer of 2020 had largely recovered to pre-pandemic levels. The patterns of usage, however, have changed. In this study we compare bikeshare trip patterns in September 2020 to September 2019, restricting our analysis to the Borough of Brooklyn in New York City. We focus on user types, time of day, and changes in the origin and destination of trips, based on aggregated land uses surrounding docking stations. Our results suggest a shift toward longer trips and more recreational trips with fewer work-related trips.
Novel Amphiphilic Dendronized Copolymers Formed by Enzyme-Mediated "Green" Polymerization.

This study reports the first enzyme-mediated polymerization of dendritic macromonomers. The enzyme substrates are prepared by “click” conjugation between tyrosine and hydrophilic triethylene glycol...
The Influence of Parental Religiosity on the Health of Children during Late Adolescence/Early Adulthood: A Test of Mediation:

The present study explores whether adolescent religiosity, health-related behaviors, and marital stability mediate the association between parental religiosity and health. Using data from the Natio...
Cross-functional Skills: Defining Its Meaning

The fashion industry is going through rapidly changing consumer behaviors, increasing digitalization, and complex globalization and industry executives are calling attention to the critical importance of skills such as adaptability and team collaboration in this fast-changing marketplace. These diverse skill sets are commonly referred to as cross-functional skills but there is limited evidence that the definition of cross-functional skills in the fashion industry exists, preventing the assessment of fashion students' aptitude in the required cross-functional skills and evaluating students' preparedness for the workplace. Therefore, the aim of this study was to review how this term is being used in the general literature so as to propose a new conceptual definition of cross-functional skills specfic to fashion professionals and the industry's changing skill needs.
Sequence determinants of in cell condensate morphology, dynamics, and oligomerization as measured by number and brightness analysis.

Biomolecular condensates are non-stoichiometric assemblies that are characterized by their capacity to spatially concentrate biomolecules and play a key role in cellular organization. Proteins that drive the formation of biomolecular condensates frequently contain oligomerization domains and intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs), both of which can contribute multivalent interactions that drive higher-order assembly. Our understanding of the relative and temporal contribution of oligomerization domains and IDRs to the material properties of in vivo biomolecular condensates is limited. Similarly, the spatial and temporal dependence of protein oligomeric state inside condensates has been largely unexplored in vivo. In this study, we combined quantitative microscopy with number and brightness analysis to investigate the aging, material properties, and protein oligomeric state of biomolecular condensates in vivo. Our work is focused on condensates formed by AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR 19 (ARF19), a transcription factor integral to the auxin signaling pathway in plants. ARF19 contains a large central glutamine-rich IDR and a C-terminal Phox Bem1 (PB1) oligomerization domain and forms cytoplasmic condensates. Our results reveal that the IDR amino acid composition can influence the morphology and material properties of ARF19 condensates. In contrast the distribution of oligomeric species within condensates appears insensitive to the IDR composition. In addition, we identified a relationship between the abundance of higher- and lower-order oligomers within individual condensates and their apparent fluidity. IDR amino acid composition affects condensate morphology and material properties. In ARF condensates, altering the amino acid composition of the IDR did not greatly affect the oligomeric state of proteins within the condensate.
Heartless Immigration Law: Rubbing Salt Into the Wounds of Immigrant Survivors of Domestic Violence

In the United States, a recognition of the unique vulnerabilities of immigrant women survivors of domestic violence has led to the passage of a series of federal immigration provisions over the past thirty years that are designed to protect such survivors. These provisions are the battered spouse waiver, the VAWA self-petition, and the U-Visa. However, if a survivor ever engaged in suicidal behavior as a result of the trauma and violence she suffered, she can be excluded from the protection of these provisions and subjected to deportation under section 212(a)(1)(A)(iii) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA), which excludes immigrants based on mental health grounds. This Article argues that this heartless enforcement of INA section 212(a)(1)(A)(iii) against immigrant survivors shamelessly contravenes congressional intent by penalizing, stigmatizing, and retraumatizing them. The Article shows how such enforcement disregards authoritative scientific evidence, weaponizes mental health evaluations, reveals stark inconsistencies within immigration law, and tragically undermines national suicide prevention efforts. The Article concludes with a proposal for statutory reform that would bring INA section 212(a)(1)(A)(iii) into alignment with the intent of legislation rooted in compassion for immigrant survivors of domestic violence given the unique barriers they face.
Cluster Analysis for the Separation of Auditory Scenes

The “cocktail party problem” refers to the ability of human listeners to separate the acoustic signal reaching their ears into its individual components, corresponding to individual sound sources in the environment. Despite this phenomenon appearing trivial for humans, solving the cocktail party problem computationally remains an ambitious challenge. The approach used in this paper takes inspiration from human strategies for separating an acoustic environment into distinct perceptual auditory streams. A series of time-frequency-based features, analogous to those thought to emerge at various stages in the human auditory processing pathway, are derived from biaural auditory inputs. These feature vectors are used as inputs to an unsupervised cluster analysis used to group feature values that are assumed to correspond to the same object. Reconstructed auditory streams are then correlated to the original components used to create the auditory scene. Our model is capable of reconstructing streams that correlate to the original components (r = 0.3-0.7) used to create the complex auditory scene. The success of the reconstructions is largely dependent on the signal-to-noise ratio of the components of the auditory scene.
Search-Trajectory Optimization: Part I, Formulation and Theory

We formulate a search-trajectory optimization problem, with multiple searchers looking for multiple targets in continuous time and space, as a parameter-distributed optimal control model. The problem minimizes the probability that all of the searchers fail to detect any of the targets during a planning horizon. We construct discretization schemes and prove that they lead to consistent approximations in the sense of E. Polak.
FRACTAL-LIKE EXCITON DYNAMICS: GEOMETRICAL AND ENERGETICAL DISORDER

Fractal-like exciton kinetics were observed in constrained naphthalene samples: 1) Naphthalene embedded in porous glass (vycor) and various porous polymeric (e.g. nylon) membranes. 2) Grain-boundaries inside fresh and annealed naphthalene films formed by rapid, low temperature, vapor deposition. 3) Naphthalene embedded in “cavities” of polymeric glasses (e.g. plexiglass). The anomalous exciton annihilation kinetics gives effective spectral dimensions between one and two. Relative contributions of geometric constrains and energetic strains are obtained.