cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Field Scale Mapping of Surface Soil Clay Concentration

The surface soil clay concentration is a useful soil property to map soils, interpret soil properties, and guide irrigation, fertilizer, and agricultural chemical applications. The objective of this study was to determine whether surface soil clay concentrations could be predicted from remotely sensed imagery of bare surface soil or from soil electrical conductivity for a 115 ha field located in Crisp County, Georgia. The soil clay concentrations were determined for soil samples taken at 28 field locations. Three different data sources–an aerial color photograph image, two infrared bands from an ATLAS data set, and the electrical conductivity of the surface soil layer were used in the research. Principal components analysis was applied to the color photograph image, whereas the ratio of two infrared bands was applied to the ATLAS data set. Filtering was applied to both resulting images. The distribution of soil electrical conductivity was derived from the measured soil electrical conductivity data by spatial analysis. Statistical relationships between soil clay concentrations and the principal component 3, the ratio of two ATLAS infrared bands, and the soil electrical conductivity were analyzed, and three linear equations were derived with r 2 values 0.83, 0.52, and 0.78, respectively. The distribution of the soil clay concentrations was derived based on these three equations. Six levels of soil clay concentrations were classified in these three methods, and the advantages and disadvantages were discussed. The predicted and measured soil clay concentrations, based on additional soil samples from 30 field locations, were compared using linear regression (r 2=0.76, 0.45, and 0.77 for the three methods). The overall accuracy for these methods were 84%, 66%, and 76%, respectively. The principal components method had the highest accuracy in our research, while the result for the depressional areas is the best from the ratio method.
Regression of skeletal changes in type 1 Gaucher disease with enzyme replacement therapy

A 9-year-old patient presented with an acute onset of pain of the right femur showing destructive changes with periosteal elevation mimicking osteomyelitis. Technetium-99m sulfur colloid (99mTc SC) marrow scan revealed lack of uptake in the right femoral head and the entire shaft of the right femur. Eight months following enzyme replacement therapy, radiography showed almost complete reconstitution of the femoral shaft, and 99mTc SC marrow scan uptake returned to normal.
Branch-and-bound algorithms for the partial inverse mixed integer linear programming problem

This paper presents branch-and-bound algorithms for the partial inverse mixed integer linear programming (PInvMILP) problem, which is to find a minimal perturbation to the objective function of a mixed integer linear program (MILP), measured by some norm, such that there exists an optimal solution to the perturbed MILP that also satisfies an additional set of linear constraints. This is a new extension to the existing inverse optimization models. Under the weighted $$L_1$$ and $$L_\infty $$ norms, the presented algorithms are proved to finitely converge to global optimality. In the presented algorithms, linear programs with complementarity constraints (LPCCs) need to be solved repeatedly as a subroutine, which is analogous to repeatedly solving linear programs for MILPs. Therefore, the computational complexity of the PInvMILP algorithms can be expected to be much worse than that of MILP or LPCC. Computational experiments show that small-sized test instances can be solved within a reasonable time period.
The role of opponency in Twentieth Century colorimetry

For decades physicists have described the stimuli originating in the retinal cones as the basis of color, and psychologists accepted the perceptions arising in the brain as the fundamental aspect of color vision. It is now universally recognized that both assertions are correct; the distinction is essentially a semantic one. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Col Res Appl, 24, 6–9, 1999
Analyzing a Speech Event: The Bush-Rather Exchange A (not very) Dramatic Dialogue

In the Winter of 1988, several professors were meeting weekly to discuss their various approaches to analyzing language use; one day, the discussion turned to the nine-minute exchange between Vice President George Bush and Dan Rather that had recently occurred on CBS News and was already occasioning much comment in the press. They agreed it was an exceptionally deviant event, more contest than cooperation, but to their surprise, they disagreed rather sharply over who came off the winner; doubt arose as to whether their colleagues were the fully competent culture-bearers they had appeared to be heretofore. They obtained a videotape of the disputed segment and assigned a graduate student to do a transcript (see Appendix). Upon repeated group viewings and discussion, the differences became more articulated, as they each brought the apparatus of their special perspectives to bear, and it occurred to them they were at least as interested in comparing the kinds of insights and blindnesses that each of their perspectives produced as in carrying the day. In addition, they were joined by one of the participants' cousins (identified below as "Sam"-not his real name), who was in town to arrange television coverage of the Sonics/Lakers playoff games and was invited to analyze the event from the perspective of the medium. They decided to present their arguments, rather than their conclusions, to a wider audience, for the main consensus that emerged from their discussion was that theirs was a typical academic discussion, more contest than cooperation, and that to no one's surprise, they disagreed rather sharply over who came off the winner.
A Logic Simulator to Support Design Instruction

Digital and computer systems have received increased attention in recent years, and it has become necessary to introduce more digital design into already busy undergraduate electrical engineering programs. This paper describes a very simple digital hardware logic simulator that is in use to expand the undergraduate digital design education without increasing the student's work load. The student is exposed to the concept of digital hardware simulation in addition to the usual studies in digital logic design. This addition of simulation requires limited additional effort, and it reduces the laboratory debugging effort required of the novice designer. Substantial error checking is included to encourage good design practice. The simulator runs on several computers including various personal computers.
Gamma-gamma angular correlation in V51

Abstract The angular correlation of the 613-319 keV gamma-ray cascade in V51 has been measured by using sources of 5.8 min Ti51. After a correction was applied for the finite angular resolution of the detectors, the data were fitted to the function W(θ) = 1 + (0.013±0.030)P2(cosθ) − (0.03±0.05)P4(cosθ). If a value of 0.45 is taken for the mixing ratio δ319 of the 319 keV transition, the correlation coefficients are compatible with δ613 = +0.18 or −9 for the spin sequence 3 2 − 5 2 − 7 2 and with δ613 = −0.41 or +6.3 for the spin sequence 5 2 − 5 2 − 7 2 . The respective intensities determined for the 613 and 934 keV gamma rays from the second level at 933 keV are (1.7±0.2)% and (5.8±0.6)% of the 319 keV gamma-ray intensity.
A novel TRPC6 mutation in a family with podocytopathy and clinical variability

Mutation in several podocyte-specific genes have been noted to result in phenotypic heterogeneity. Herein, we report a novel, autosomal dominant TRPC6 mutation in a family with disease ranging from asymptomatic minimal change disease to end-stage kidney disease. A 35 year old woman developed asymptomatic, nephrotic range proteinuria during pregnancy that did not resolve after delivery. Her mother had end-stage kidney disease of unknown etiology and her brother had asymptomatic proteinuria. Kidney biopsy revealed minimal change disease in both the proband and her brother. Genetic testing was performed in the proband and mother, revealing a novel frameshift mutation in TRPC6, D873fsX878. The proband continues to have subnephrotic range proteinuria and normal creatinine but her brother has since developed progressive chronic kidney disease. The current case report underscores the heterogeneity of disease in podocytopathies and related genes. Genetic testing of podocyte genes is useful in order to understand the pathophysiologic processes underlying these overlapping diseases.
Structural and Mechanistic Determinants of Myosin VI Processivity and Anchoring

Myosin VI is a molecular motor that can function both as a transporter and anchor in cells. Its role is regulated through load, being capable of taking multiple consecutive 36 nm steps along an actin filament under zero load and switching to an anchor by stalling when placed under piconewton levels of load. The parameters necessary for such processivity and anchoring are not fully understood. We use high-speed gold nanoparticle tracking to study single molecules of myosin VI with millisecond resolution in the absence of load. Optical tweezers are used to observe the behavior of the molecules when perturbed by load. In order to probe the contribution of the myosin VI tail domain to processivity and anchoring, we have created and characterized a number of mutant tail domain constructs. Our results reveal the resiliency of myosin VI as a transporter and suggest that it has evolved its unusual tail domain for purposes other than efficient cargo transport in the absence of applied load. We present preliminary data investigating the role of the myosin VI tail domain in important cellular processes such as transport against load and load-induced anchoring.
Interferon-alfa-based treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia and implications of signal transduction inhibition.

The cytokine interferon-alfa (IFN-alpha) has substantial activity in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and is the nontransplant standard of care for chronic-phase disease. When used as front-line therapy, IFN-alpha induces a state of tumor dormancy and delays progression to advanced phase. Unfortunately, IFN-alpha is associated with substantial toxicity at therapeutic doses. The introduction of pegylated IFN-alpha (PEG-IFN-alpha), a modified form of the protein that permits weekly administration, may alleviate some of the problems observed with IFN-alpha. Combination regimens of IFN-alpha with other drugs such as cytarabine (Ara-C) appear to enhance efficacy and are currently under investigation. The tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib mesylate (Gleevec, Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corp, East Hanover, NJ) (formerly STI571) also is efficacious in chronic-phase CML, with a low toxicity profile. However, its potential to cure CML remains unknown even though it achieves frequent cytogenetic responses. To enhance treatment outcome, a combination of IFN-alpha and imatinib mesylate therapies is proposed. Low-dose IFN-alpha may be given after imatinib mesylate-induced remission as a specific immune stimulant to consolidate the remission. Recent data showing a possible additive effect of imatinib mesylate and IFN-alpha suggest that concurrent use of these agents may also be more effective than single use, particularly in advanced stages of CML where imatinib mesylate has activity but resistance develops.
Iron(III)-Bearing Clay Minerals Enhance Bioreduction of Nitrobenzene by Shewanella putrefaciens CN32

Iron-bearing clay minerals are ubiquitous in the environment, and the clay–Fe(II)/Fe(III) redox couple plays important roles in abiotic reduction of several classes of environmental contaminants. We investigated the role of Fe-bearing clay minerals on the bioreduction of nitrobenzene. In experiments with Shewanella putrefaciens CN32 and excess electron donor, we found that the Fe-bearing clay minerals montmorillonite SWy-2 and nontronite NAu-2 enhanced nitrobenzene bioreduction. On short time scales (<50 h), nitrobenzene reduction was primarily biologically driven, but at later time points, nitrobenzene reduction by biologically formed structural Fe(II) in the clay minerals became increasingly important. We found that chemically reduced (dithionite) iron-bearing clay minerals reduced nitrobenzene more rapidly than biologically reduced iron-bearing clay minerals despite the minerals having similar structural Fe(II) concentrations. We also found that chemically reduced NAu-2 reduced nitrobenzene faster as c...
Defective T-lymphocyte chemotactic factor production in patients with established malignancy.

Abstract Lymphocytes from 22 patients with established malignancy were stimulated with concanavalin A (Con A), and supernatants were tested for T-lymphocyte chemotactic factor (LCF). LCF activity was measured using a leading front chemotaxis assay with normal human T cells as responders. Fifteen of the 22 patients tested produced LCF at a level of
Reaction rate profiles in membrane systems

Abstract Some of the simplifying assumptions involved in obtaining an expression for chemical reaction rate profiles in membrane, presented in a recent interesting paper by Blumenthal and Katchalsky 1, are delineated, such that one may include coupling between fluxes of different species. It is shown that under the approximation of neglect of nonlinear terms, inclusion of coupling of fluxes does not alter the general structure of differential equation for reaction rate. A perturbation procedure is suggested to incorporate the variation of mobilites as function of position variable.
The Marginals Never Vanished: Incumbency and Competition in Elections to the U.S. House OfRepresentatives, 1952-1982

The average vote margin enjoyed by incumbent candidates for the U.S. House of Representatives increased sharply during the 1960s. Despite this, and contrary to assumptions common in the literature on recent congressional elections, electoral data show that House incumbents are no safer now than they were in the 1950s, the marginals, properly defined, have not vanished; the swing ratio has diminished little, if at all; and competition for House seats held by incumbents has not declined. Vote margins increased without adding to incumbent security, diminishing competition, or dampening swings because the heterogeneity of interelection vote swings increased at the same time.
CD8+ T Cells Mediate the Athero-Protective Effect of Immunization with an ApoB-100 Peptide

Immunization of hypercholesterolemic mice with selected apoB-100 peptide antigens reduces atherosclerosis but the precise immune mediators of athero-protection remain unclear. In this study we show that immunization of apoE (-/-) mice with p210, a 20 amino acid apoB-100 related peptide, reduced aortic atherosclerosis compared with PBS or adjuvant/carrier controls. Immunization with p210 activated CD8+ T cells, reduced dendritic cells (DC) at the site of immunization and within the plaque with an associated reduction in plaque macrophage immunoreactivity. Adoptive transfer of CD8+ T cells from p210 immunized mice recapitulated the athero-protective effect of p210 immunization in naive, non-immunized mice. CD8+ T cells from p210 immunized mice developed a preferentially higher cytolytic response against p210-loaded dendritic cells in vitro. Although p210 immunization profoundly modulated DCs and cellular immune responses, it did not alter the efficacy of subsequent T cell dependent or independent immune response to other irrelevant antigens. Our data define, for the first time, a role for CD8+ T cells in mediating the athero-protective effects of apoB-100 related peptide immunization in apoE (-/-) mice.
Study of the interface electronic structure of a model metal-semiconductor interface

We present a study of the interface electronic structure of a model simple-cubic metal and a compound semiconductor of the cesium-chloride structure. Both the metal and the semiconductor are described in terms of nearest-neighbor tight-binding models which allow closed-form analytical results for the surface (i.e., solid-vacuum interface) Green's functions of the individual semi-infinite solids. We specifically consider the interface created by coupling the (100) surfaces of the metal and the semiconductor, for a fourfold atomic coordination, via an appropriate metal-semiconductor coupling matrix. The interface Green's function matrix is obtained in terms of the metal and semiconductor surface Green's functions and the metal-semiconductor coupling matrix by solving the appropriate Dyson equation. Results for the dispersion curves of localized interface states, their density, and the charge distribution are presented for (i) different metal-semiconductor coupling strengths keeping the position of the Fermi energy in the semiconductor band gap fixed and (ii) fixed metal-semiconductor coupling strength, but different self-consistent positioning of the Fermi energy in the semiconductor band gap. On-site Coulomb repulsion on the surface metal and semiconductor atoms is taken into account and the position of the Fermi energy in the semiconductor band gap self-consistently determined by ensuring overall charge neutrality via the Friedel sum rule. The results show consistent trends and correlations between the character of the interface states and their density and the metal-semiconductor coupling strength. Similarly, correlations with the position of the Fermi energy are also found. In particular, it is found that the interface states account for approximately two thirds of the bonding charge (i.e., the charge shared by the metal and semiconductor atoms at the interface). The other one third of the charge is found to be associated with bulklike continuum states. This suggests that care must be exercised in drawing inferences from cluster or finite-layer slab calculations of metal-semiconductor interfaces, since the size of the cluster or number of layers required to reproduce the bulk-like continuum states is not known a priori.
ACTIVITY-DEPENDENT, STRESS-RESPONSIVE BDNF SIGNALING AND THE QUEST FOR OPTIMAL BRAIN HEALTH AND RESILIENCE THROUGHOUT THE LIFESPAN

During development of the nervous system, the formation of connections (synapses) between neurons is dependent upon electrical activity in those neurons, and neurotrophic factors produced by target cells play a pivotal role in such activity-dependent sculpting of the neural networks. A similar interplay between neurotransmitter and neurotrophic factor signaling pathways mediates adaptive responses of neural networks to environmental demands in adult mammals, with the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) being particularly prominent regulators of synaptic plasticity throughout the central nervous system. Optimal brain health throughout the lifespan is promoted by intermittent challenges such as exercise, cognitive stimulation and dietary energy restriction, that subject neurons to activity-related metabolic stress. At the molecular level, such challenges to neurons result in the production of proteins involved in neurogenesis, learning and memory and neuronal survival; examples include proteins that regulate mitochondrial biogenesis, protein quality control, and resistance of cells to oxidative, metabolic and proteotoxic stress. BDNF signaling mediates up-regulation of several such proteins including the protein chaperone GRP-78, antioxidant enzymes, the cell survival protein Bcl-2, and the DNA repair enzyme APE1. Insufficient exposure to such challenges, genetic factors may conspire to impair BDNF production and/or signaling resulting in the vulnerability of the brain to injury and neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s and Huntington’s diseases. Further, BDNF signaling is negatively regulated by glucocorticoids. Glucocorticoids impair synaptic plasticity in the brain by negatively regulating spine density, neurogenesis and long-term potentiation, effects that are potentially linked to glucocorticoid regulation of BDNF. Findings suggest that BDNF signaling in specific brain regions mediates some of the beneficial effects of exercise and energy restriction on peripheral energy metabolism and the cardiovascular system. Collectively, the findings described in this article suggest the possibility of developing prescriptions for optimal brain health based on activity-dependent BDNF signaling.
Making the connection between processing and access: do cataloging decisions affect user access?

One function of a call number is to organize the library collection to promote browsability either on the shelf or in an online catalog. This study, based on research done at the Ohio State University Libraries, examines the impact on library collection organization if call numbers are not changed to fit into the shelf list sequence. The browsability of items were tracked by assessing how many screens away titles appear from like items in the online public access catalog, if call numbers by a bibliographic utility were not changed. The study assesses whether not reviewing the call numbers affects patrons’ ability to find the items.
[125I] 3-quinuclidinyl 4-iodobenzilate: A high affinity, high specific activity radioligand for the M1 and M2-acetylcholine receptors

Abstract We have prepared a radioiodinated ligand which binds with high affinity to the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (m-AChR). A derivative of 3-quinuclidinyl benzilate, [ 125 I] labeled (R) 1-azabicyclo (2.2.2) oct-3-yl (R, S)-α-hydroxy-α-(4-[ 125 I] iodophenyl) phenyl acetate (4-IQNB) exhibits an affinity for the m-AChR from corpus striatum higher than that of (R) [ 3 H] QNB. Additionally, [ 125 I] 4-IQNB exhibits receptor selectivity for the M 1 receptor since the affinity for the receptor from dog and rat heart is lower than that using dog or rat corpus striatum.
Effects in vitro and in vivo of methylenedioxy-phenyl compounds on oxidative phosphorylation in rat liver mitochondria

Abstract The methylenedioxyphenyl compounds, piperonyl butoxide (P.B.), tropital, myristicin and piperonal were tested for their action in vitro on oxidative phosphorylation using rat liver mitochondria. These compounds inhibited state 3 respiration and uncoupled oxidative phosphorylation in the decreasing order: piperonyl butoxide, tropital and myristicin. Piperonal had little, if any, effect on mitochondrial function indicating that the side-chain, not the methylenedioxyphenyl moiety, conferred uncoupling activity. The I 50 of P.B. on state 3 respiration was approximately 50 mμmoles per mg protein with glutamate and β-hydroxybutyrate, and 100 mμmoles/mg with succinate as the substrate. The I 50 of P.B. on NADH-oxidase and succinoxidase of electron transport particles was 500 and 2500 mμmoles per mg protein, respectively, indicating a lesser effect on the respiratory chain than on phosphorylation. Studies were also conducted to determine if P.B. selectively inhibited mitochondrial function in vivo . Up to 880 mg P.B./kg failed to inhibit either mitochondrial function, or aniline hydroxylase and aminopyrine demethylase activities in mitochondria and microsomes isolated from treated rats and assayed in vitro . Similar results were obtained using rats pretreated with phenobarbital for 3 days. The significance of these findings relative to the in vivo site of P.B. action is discussed.
Group-IIIA versus IIIB delafossites: Electronic structure study

First-principles density-functional theory calculations reveal significantly different behavior between group-IIIA and IIIB delafossites $\text{Cu}M{\text{O}}_{2}$. The group-IIIA delafossites have indirect band gaps with large differences between the direct and indirect band gaps. However, this difference is small for the group-IIIB delafossites: only 0.22 eV for ${\text{CuScO}}_{2}$ and it diminishes further for ${\text{CuYO}}_{2}$ and ${\text{CuLaO}}_{2}$. Also, whereas group IIIA prefers rhombohedral stacking, group IIIB stabilizes in hexagonal structures. We further find that ${\text{CuScO}}_{2}$ has the highest calculated fundamental band gap among all the delafossite oxides. In addition, ${\text{CuLaO}}_{2}$ is found to have a direct band gap. These differences are explained by the different atomic configurations between the group-IIIA and IIIB elements. Our understanding of these delafossites provides general guidance for proper selection of delafossites for suitable applications in optoelectronic devices.
Reading the closet through connectivity

This article takes up a deceptively familiar observation – the emergence of ‘gey’ as a category of identification by men who practice same-sex sex – in order to consider how this borrowed ‘global’ category is given substance and localized in Turkey. The author places this explication in the broader context and content of the identity formation of upwardly mobile, educationally advantaged young men in Istanbul who embody the contradictions and quandaries that Eve Sedgwick theorizes as the simultaneous existence of two irreconcilable accounts of homosexuality: the minority and the universal. By foregrounding the more opaque (and deeply internalized) instances of cultural particularity in Turkey via Joseph's concept of connectivity this article demonstrates that this conundrum assumes a special potency in Turkey where notions of self inscribed by connectivity (as opposed to ideals of autonomy or independence) work against both ‘minority’ accounts of homosexuality and living as openly gay. The author focuses ...
Dietary (n-3) fatty acids from menhaden fish oil alter plasma fatty acids and leukotriene B synthesis in healthy horses

The study objective was to determine the effect of feeding corn oil or fish oil to horses on plasma fatty acid profiles and leukotriene B (LTB) synthesis by stimulated peripheral blood neutrophils. Two groups of horses (n = 5) were randomly assigned to diets supplemented with either 3.0% (by weight) corn oil or fish oil for a period of 14 weeks. The ratio of (n-6) to (n-3) fatty acids in oil supplements was 68.1:1 for corn oil and 0.12:1 for fish oil. Production of LTB4 and LTB, by peripheral blood neutrophils stimulated with calcium ionophore A23187 and plasma cholesterol, triacylglycerol, and alpha-tocopherol concentrations were measured. At 12 weeks, horses fed fish oil had increased plasma concentrations of eicosapentaenoic acid (27-fold; 8.5 versus 0.3 g/100 g fatty acids; P < .0001), docosahexaenoic acid (34-fold; 5.1 versus 0.1 g/100 g fatty acids; P < .0001), and arachidonic acid (8.3-fold; 4.1 versus 0.5 g/100 g fatty acids; P < .0001) compared with horses fed corn oil. Neutrophils from horses fed fish oil produced 78-fold (P = .01) more LTB5 and 9.5-fold (P = .003) more LTB4 compared with predietary levels, and 17.6-fold (P = .01) and 3.3-fold (P = .02), respectively, more than horses fed corn oil, and the ratio of LTB5 to LTB4 concentrations was 4.0-fold (P = .002) higher in horses fed fish oil. This study suggests that dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids modulate the leukotriene inflammatory response of horses. If the ratio of LTB5 to LTB4 concentrations is important in determining how inflammatory processes are mediated, then fish oil supplementation may have value in treatment of equine inflammatory diseases.
The Diagnosis and Management of Electrical Injuries

Electrical injuries to the extremity can result in significant local tissue damage and systemic problems. An understanding of the pathophysiology of electrical injuries is critical to the medical and surgical management of patients who sustain these injuries.
Peribulbar anesthesia for strabismus surgery

We prospectively studied 76 patients to analyze the effectiveness of peribulbar anesthesia during strabismus surgery. The patients, ranging in age from 14 to 77 years, were given anesthesia with standard preoperative medication and a peribulbar injection of a mixture of 2% mepivacaine hydrochloride and hyaluronidase. Only one of the 76 patients required an additional injection of anesthetic to achieve adequate anesthesia. No morbidity was associated with the peribulbar anesthesia. Local anesthesia, particularly retrobulbar anesthesia, has been used as an alternative technique in an attempt to reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with general anesthesia in ocular surgery, particularly in those patients with high-risk characteristics. Even with retrobulbar anesthesia, however, there is a risk of morbidity and, in rare cases, mortality. Our results suggest that the use of peribulbar anesthesia is a safe and effective means of anesthesia in strabismus surgery because of minimal associated morbidity.
Exploring Racial Disparity in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Diagnosis: Implications for Care of African American Women

Objective: To explore factors contributing to disparities in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) diagnosis between African Americans and White Americans, while controlling for gender and class by using a data set limited to poor women. Design: A cross-sectional epidemiological secondary analysis. Setting: Michigan Medicaid fee-for-service claims data from 1994 through 1997. Sample: A total of 20,298 African American and White American adolescents and adult women, including 2,996 with PTSD diagnosis. Main outcome measures: Victimization, PTSD diagnosis, psychiatric and somatic comorbidities, and PTSD treatment. Results: African American women were underrepresented in the group diagnosed with PTSD (12% versus 31% in the comparison group), despite having equal rates of hospitalization for rape and battering. They were less likely to be diagnosed with comorbidities associated with complex PTSD, such as dissociative disorder (OR = 0.259, p Conclusions: Patient, provider, and system factors appear to interact to create disparities in PTSD diagnosis and treatment. Attention to case finding and provider or system bias may help reduce disparities.
Materials for light emitting diodes

III–V semiconductor display diodes fall into three material categories: direct, indirect, and diode-phosphor combinations. The light generation mechanisms are well understood in each case. On the basis of the luminous efficacy achieved in the laboratory, the merit of the various materials is in the order: GaP: N (green), GaP: Zn, O (red), GaInP (yellow), GaAsP (red), GaAlAs (red) and GaAs-phosphor combinations (red, green, blue). A more comprehensive assessment of quality must take into account factors such as the economic feasibility of the methods of synthesis, the applicability to monolithic arrays, and the suitability of spectra (hue, contrast, saturation, etc.). The degree of importance of these matters and the limitations of the various materials are less well-defined at present. New developments which may have an impact on the future of display diodes include the use of AlxGa1-xP in place of GaP to shift spectra to shorter wavelengths, the possible development of very bright direct alloys of InP with either GaP or A1P, and the doping of GaAsP with N to extend its range of colors.
Antibacterial activity of cinoxacin in vitro.

Cinoxacin is a new synthetic compound similar chemically and in antimicrobial activity to oxolonic acid and nalidixic acid. It is most effective against Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis , but at concentrations expected in the urine it is inhibitory for all species of Enterobacteriaceae . Relative to nalidixic acid, cinoxacin has slightly greater inhibitory and bactericidal activity, less inoculum effect probably due to less heterogeneity in the susceptibility of bacterial cells, and less inhibition by high concentrations of serum protein. Both drugs are more active in an acid than an alkaline medium. Glucose can specifically antagonize the inhibitory effect against P. mirabilis . In urine the bactericidal rate and effect are decreased. Resistance to cinoxacin can be developed quickly by serial transfers in vitro. Some nonresistant organisms remained viable in bactericidal drug concentrations. The in vivo importance of the favorable features of cinoxacin must be determined by clinical trials.
Conformational Change of p53 Protein in Growth Factor-Stimulated Human Myelogenous Leukemia Cells

Frequent point mutations of the p53 tumor suppressor gene have been detected in solid tumors but not in acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). The inactivation of the suppressor function of the p53 protein in AML cells may be achieved through the acquisition of a mutant-like conformation. We provide evidence in this report that the p53 protein in AML cells switches to a mutant-like conformation in response to growth factor stimulation, and we propose that the conformation of p53 protein is one of the molecular mechanisms in determining whether the cells proliferate or enter apoptosis. We also show that wild-type p53 with mutant-like conformation is not equivalent to mutant p53 in their stability, which is consistent with the fact they have very different biological activities in the cells.
Dimethylthiocarbamates of sugars

Abstract A series of protected sugars having one hydroxyl group free have been converted into their O -dimethylthiocarbamoyl derivatives. The latter show characteristic spectral absorptions in the i.r. at 6.5–6.6 μ and in the u.v. near 249 mμ (e 13,000–19,000) and 205 mμ (e 4,000–9,000). The N -methyl groups of the dimethylthiocarbamates are nonequivalent by n.m.r. spectroscopy at room temperature, but become equivalent at temperatures above 110°. Conversion of a hydroxyl substituent into its dimethylthiocarbamate (or xanthate) causes strong deshielding of the proton(s) on the carbon atom bearing the hydroxyl substituent. The 3- S -(methylthio)carbonyl-3-thio derivative formed by pyrolytiċ rearrangement of 1,2:5,6-di- O -isopropylidene-α- D -glucofuranose 3-(methylxanthate) is shown by n.m.r. spectroscopy to have the D - gluco configuration, verifying the assumption that the rearrangement proceedswith retention of configuration.
Optimal bounded-thrust space trajectories based on linear equations

Necessary and sufficient conditions for solution of the general minimum-fuel linear bounded-thrust spacecraft trajectory problem are presented in terms of fundamental matrix solutions and their inverses. This work is rigorous, generalizes and unifies many known results for specific problems, and also presents a new necessary condition. Finally, an application is presented for a spacecraft rendezvous near a general Keplerian orbit in which the linearized equations of motion are nonautonomous. A fundamental matrix solution is found and inverted, solving this class of problems.
Measurements of flow structure in the radial layer of impinging free-surface liquid jets

Abstract The thin radial-flow layer formed by a free-surface liquid jet impinging normally against a flat surface was studied experimentally using laser-Doppler velocimetry to make velocity and turbulence measurements across the layer depth. Significant insights into the nature of the radial-flow region of an impinging jet are reported. For radial locations of less than 2.5 nozzle diameters, the velocity profiles showed that the maximum velocity in the layer occurred very near the plate, contrary to the assumption common to analytical treatments that the velocity outside the boundary layer is everywhere equal to the pre-impingement jet velocity. Analytical predictions of the layer velocity profile, the layer depth, and the free-surface velocity, were compared to experimental measurements. Turbulence measurements from within the layer were reported. Turbulence was found to increase near the plate, and an apparent transition to turbulent flow was documented.
Effects of subsidy quality on reciprocal subsidies: how leaf litter species changes frog biomass export.

Spatial subsidies are resources transferred from one ecosystem to another and which can greatly affect recipient systems. Increased subsidy quantity is known to increase these effects, but subsidy quality is likely also important. We examined the effects of leaf litter quality (varying in nutrient and tannin content) in pond mesocosms on gray treefrog (Hyla versicolor) biomass export, as well as water quality and ecosystem processes. We used litter from three different tree species native to Missouri [white oak (Quercus alba), northern red oak (Quercus rubra), and sugar maple (Acer saccharum)], one non-native tree [white pine (Pinus strobus)], and a common aquatic grass [prairie cordgrass (Spartina pectinata)]. We found that leaf litter species affected almost every variable we measured. Gray treefrog biomass export was greatest in mesocosms with grass litter and lowest with white oak litter. Differences in biomass export were affected by high tannin concentrations (or possibly the correlated variable, dissolved oxygen) via their effects on survival, and by primary production, which altered mean body mass. Effects of litter species could often be traced back to the characteristics of the litter itself: leaf nitrogen, phosphorus, and tannin content, which highlights the importance of plant functional traits in affecting aquatic ecosystems. This work and others stress that changes in forest species composition could greatly influence aquatic systems and aquatic–terrestrial linkages.
Drug and Vaccine Allergy

Most children with a history of penicillin allergy are labeled allergic and denied treatment with penicillin and sometimes other beta-lactam antibiotics. Most of these children never were or are no longer allergic to penicillin. Penicillin skin testing and oral challenge can identify patients who are not currently allergic, allowing them to be treated with penicillin. Children with egg allergy are often denied influenza vaccination, because the vaccine contains a small amount of egg protein. However, recent studies have demonstrated that children with even severe egg allergy can safely receive the vaccine, reducing their risk of the morbidity and mortality associated with influenza.
Degrees of locality of energy transfer in the inertial range

Measured raw transfer interactions from which local energy transfer is argued to result are summed in a way that directly indicates the scale disparity (s) of contributions to the net energy flux across the spectrum. It is found that the dependence upon s closely follows the s exp -4/3 form predicted by classical arguments. As a result, it is concluded that direct numerical simulation measurements lend support to the classical Kolmogorov phenomenology of local interactions and local transfer in an inertial range.
Yield behavior of metal powder assemblages

Abstract W e present experimental data on the compaction of powder metals using two powder systems with different powder particle morphologies. The data have been collected using biaxial and triaxial compaction systems that load powders radially in deformation space. Our results indicate that several current models proposed for powder metal compaction do not represent actual constitutive behavior. Additionally, the powders tested demonstrate a strong dependence on powder morphology and a possible associated dependence on interparticle cohesion. This dependence on cohesion may necessitate the use of an additional state variable beyond those of relative density and particle hardening ordinarily used to represent powder yield behavior.
CYCLIC ADP-RIBOSE DOES NOT AFFECT CARDIAC OR SKELETAL MUSCLE RYANODINE RECEPTORS

The cardiac muscle isoform of the ryanodine receptor/Ca2+ release channel (RYR) has been proposed to be an important target of cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR) action in mammalian cells. However, we now demonstrate that neither cADPR (0.1–5 μM), nor the related metabolites, β-NAD+ (0.1–30 mM) and ADP-ribose (0.1–5 μM), affected cardiac RYR activity as determined by [3H]ryanodine binding to cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) vesicles. Similarly, cADPR (1 μM) failed to activate single cardiac RYR channels in planar lipid bilayers. Skeletal muscle SR [3H]ryanodine binding was also unaffected by cADPR (up to 30 μM). These results argue against a direct role for the well-characterized RYRs of cardiac or skeletal muscle in mediating cADPR-activated Ca2+ release.
Caspase cleaved BID targets mitochondria and is required for cytochrome c release, while BCL-XL prevents this release but not tumor necrosis factor-R1/Fas death.

"BH3 domain only" members of the BCL-2 family including the pro-apoptotic molecule BID represent candidates to connect with proximal signal transduction. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) treatment induced a caspase-mediated cleavage of cytosolic, inactive p22 BID at internal Asp sites to yield a major p15 and minor p13 and p11 fragments. p15 BID translocates to mitochondria as an integral membrane protein. p15 BID within cytosol targeted normal mitochondria and released cytochrome c. Immunodepletion of p15 BID prevents cytochrome c release. In vivo, anti-Fas Ab results in the appearance of p15 BID in the cytosol of hepatocytes which translocates to mitochondria where it releases cytochrome c. Addition of activated caspase-8 to normal cytosol generates p15 BID which is also required in this system for release of cytochrome c. In the presence of BCL-XL/BCL-2, TNFalpha still induced BID cleavage and p15 BID became an integral mitochondrial membrane protein. However, BCL-XL/BCL-2 prevented the release of cytochrome c, yet other aspects of mitochondrial dysfunction still transpired and cells died nonetheless. Thus, while BID appears to be required for the release of cytochrome c in the TNF death pathway, the release of cytochrome c may not be required for cell death.
Low-molecular-weight heparin in cancer-associated thrombosis: treatment, secondary prevention, and survival.

Objectives. Venous thromboembolism (VTE) occurs more frequently in cancer patients than in non-cancer patients and outcomes are poor in patients with both cancer and thrombosis. Patients with cancer who develop thrombosis are more likely to experience a recurrence of VTE and have increased bleeding complications while receiving oral anticoagulant treatment. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the causes and outcomes of thrombosis in cancer patients, the limitations of warfarin therapy, the guidelines and data for the use of low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWHs) in the treatment and secondary prevention of thrombosis in cancer patients, and emerging data regarding survival with the use of LMWH in cancer patients.Methods. Literature for this paper has been collected using multiple sources, including primary, secondary, and tertiary references. Online searches have been conducted utilizing the PubMed and OVID databases, and abstracts from the Proceedings of the American Society of Clinical Oncology and t...
On the Conformations of Halichlorine and the Pinnaic Acids: Nitrogen Inversion as a Possible Determinant of Biological Profile

Although the marine alkaloids halichlorine (1) and the pinnaic acids 2, which contain a quinolizidine ring system, exhibit considerable structural homology, they act upon different biological targets (VCAM-1 and cPLA2, respectively). Quinolizidines can exist as cisoid or transoid invertomers. In the recently reported total synthesis of (+)-halichlorine, it was determined by NMR that advanced intermediates 3 and 4, containing the spiroquinolizidine core, exhibit the transoid conformation, while the macrolactone-containing halichlorine has the cisoid conformation. We conclude that constraints imposed upon closure of the macrolactone ring force adoption of the cisoid conformation. The major conformational reorganization upon macrolactonization has implications for the design of pharmacophors and anticipated structure-activity relationships in their action on biological targets.
Culturally diverse gifted: The need for ethnic identity development

Developmental programming for the culturally diverse gifted should focus on ethnic identity development and on the influence of reference group orientation towards this development.
Students Implement the Affordable Care Act: A Model for Undergraduate Teaching and Research in Community Health and Sociology

The implementation of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) provides an opportunity for undergraduate students to observe and experience first-hand changing social policies and their impacts for individuals and communities. This article overviews an action research and teaching project developed at an undergraduate liberal arts university and focused on providing ACA enrollment assistance as a way to support student engagement with community health. The project was oriented around education, enrollment and evaluation activities in the community, and students and faculty together reflected on and analyzed the experiences that came from the research and outreach project. Student learning centered around applying concepts of diversity and political agency to health policy and community health systems. Students reported and faculty observed an unexpected empowerment for students who were able to use their university-learned critical thinking skills to explain complex systems to a wide range of audiences. In addition, because the project was centered at a university with no health professions programs, the project provided students interested in community and public health with the opportunity to reflect on how health and access to health care is conditioned by social context. The structure and pedagogical approaches and implications of the action research and teaching project is presented here as a case study for how to engage undergraduates in questions of community and public health through the lens of health policy and community engagement.
Expression of GJB2 and GJB6 is reduced in a novel DFNB1 allele.

In a large kindred of German descent, we found a novel allele that segregates with deafness when present in trans with the 35delG allele of GJB2. Qualitative polymerase chain reaction–based allele-specific expression assays showed that expression of both GJB2 and GJB6 from the novel allele is dramatically reduced. This is the first evidence of a deafness-associated regulatory mutation of GJB2 and of potential coregulation of GJB2 and GJB6.
Behavioral reactions to novel food odors by intertidal hermit crabs

Novel food items represent important food resources for generalist scavengers, such as intertidal hermit crabs. For animals that rely heavily on olfaction to mediate foraging, their first encounters with novel food items come from the detection of novel food odors. Although crustaceans have been shown to possess sensory mechanisms for processing novel odors, little is known about the level of stimulus reinforcement needed to maintain behavioral responses to novel food odors upon subsequent exposures. In the context of foraging, reinforcement of a novel food odor comes from feeding on the novel food item after sensory detection of the food item. This study tested the behavioral responses of hermit crabs to a novel food odor over repeated exposures both with and without stimulus reinforcement. The results show that stimulus reinforcement is needed for the animals to maintain their baseline level of behavioral responses to the novel food odors. Animals that were allowed to feed on the novel food item after first exposure (reinforced treatment) maintained strong behavioral reactions to the novel food odor during subsequent exposures. The behavioral reactions of animals that were not allowed to feed on the novel food item after first exposure (unreinforced treatment) rapidly declined.
Sharp Existence Results¶for the Stationary Navier-Stokes Problem¶in Three-Dimensional Exterior Domains

The stationary Navier-Stokes problem in a three-dimensional connected exterior domain is formulated in a new functional setting. For the case of a constant but nonzero velocity at infinity and of vanishing boundary fluxes, the problem involves a proper Fredholm operator of index 0. Topological degree arguments provide the existence of solutions and the Sard-Smale theorem yields their finiteness in number for generic external forces and boundary velocities.