cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Strange Career of the American Spaceplane: The Long History of Wings and Wheels in Human Space Operations

What is it about the concept of a Space Shuttle that has been so inviting throughout the 20th century? A winged, reusable space vehicle for human flight beyond Earth dominated thinking about the task prior to the space age, but to compete with the Soviet Union in the human space spectaculars that began in the late 1950s the USA opted for easier to build and fly ballistic capsules. No sooner had that competition ebbed, however, than NASA returned to the pursuit of a spaceplane, resulting in the building of the winged, reusable Space Shuttle which flew for 30 years. This essay reviews the more than 40-year history of the quest for a spaceplane that eventually found fruition with the operations of the Space Shuttle and continues with current attempts to create a replacement and ensure that spaceplane dreams are kept alive. Three major lessons concerning this quest come to the fore and are highlighted in this essay: (1) the power of an idea to push engineering reality, (2) the delta between technological knowledge and potential, and (3) the reality of how critical design elements are not only fostered by hard-headed engineering analysis but also by other conventions and priorities.
Automatic Detection of Information Leakage Vulnerabilities in Browser Extensions

A large number of extensions exist in browser vendors' online stores for millions of users to download and use. Many of those extensions process sensitive information from user inputs and webpages; however, it remains a big question whether those extensions may accidentally leak such sensitive information out of the browsers without protection. In this paper, we present a framework, LvDetector, that combines static and dynamic program analysis techniques for automatic detection of information leakage vulnerabilities in legitimate browser extensions. Extension developers can use LvDetector to locate and fix the vulnerabilities in their code; browser vendors can use LvDetector to decide whether the corresponding extensions can be hosted in their online stores; advanced users can also use LvDetector to determine if certain extensions are safe to use. The design of LvDetector is not bound to specific browsers or JavaScript engines, and can adopt other program analysis techniques. We implemented LvDetector and evaluated it on 28 popular Firefox and Google Chrome extensions. LvDetector identified 18 previously unknown information leakage vulnerabilities in 13 extensions with a 87% accuracy rate. The evaluation results and the feedback to our responsible disclosure demonstrate that LvDetector is useful and effective.
Price setting for green design

Although much has been said about promoting industrial ecology, little has been done to specify how to incorporate the broad goals of promoting environmental friendliness into a model of profit maximizing behavior for the firm. We outline such a model for products that can be repaired, remanufactured, or recycled. One way to promote optimal product use is to set a price that declines each time the product is reused. Another is a deposit fee that declines with each use. This simple model encourages the firm to find if products as reusable, remanufacturable, or recyclable and focuses on interactions between the firm and the consumer.
Localization of Phosphoglucose Isomerase in Escherichia coli and Its Relation to the Induction of the Hexose Phosphate Transport System

The localization of phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI) was studied in relation to the induction of hexose phosphate uptake in Escherichia coli. The uptake system is induced only by extracellular glucose-6-phosphate (G6P); there is no induction by intracellular G6P. Fructose-6-phosphate (F6P) is an indirect inducer, and isomerization of F6P to G6P must occur before induction. PGI has been considered to be an internal enzyme; therefore, uptake of F6P by noninduced cells and leakage of the G6P formed would be required for induction. In this study, it was concluded that part of the PGI activity is located in the cell surface because: (i) uninduced, intact cells are able to convert F6P to G6P, whereas the activity of G6P dehydrogenase is not detectable; (ii) when cells are subjected to osmotic shock, about 10% of the PGI activity is found in the shock fluid; and (iii) sorbitol-6-phosphate (S6P) inhibits both PGI activity of whole cells and the induction of hexose phosphate transport system by F6P. S6P was not taken by intact cells. The data indicate that the isomerization of F6P to G6P can take place on the cell surface, and this explains the indirect induction of hexose phosphate transport by F6P.
Topical anesthesia for phacoemulsification: Initial 20-case series with one month follow-up

Abstract We report the results of our initial 20 phacoemulsification cases performed using topical anesthesia. The preferred topical regimen consisted of preservative-free 0.75% bupivacaine. Intravenous sedation was provided primarily with fentanyl and midazolam. Phacoemulsification was performed through a scleral tunnel incision, and a one-piece poly(methyl methacrylate) or three-piece silicone intraocular lens was implanted. There were no complications with the anesthetic technique. One day postoperatively, 69% of patients with a desired refractive error within 0.75 diopters of emmetropia had an uncorrected visual acuity of 20/40 or better. At one month, all patients had a best corrected acuity of 20/30 or better, and 60%, 20/20 or better. Eighteen patients reported complete intraoperative comfort, and 17 reported complete postoperative comfort. Seven of the 10 patients who had had previous peribulbar anesthesia preferred topical. All 10 “first eye” patients said they would choose topical anesthesia for future surgery. With appropriate case selection, topical anesthesia for phacoemulsification surgery can be used with excellent intraoperative and postoperative results.
Immune stimulation may contribute to enhanced progression of SIV induced disease in rhesus macaques

: A number of rhesus macaques experimentally infected with SIV isolates such as SIVmac251, fail to seroconvert, develop high plasma viremia and die rapidly (within 6–7 months p.i.). We hypothesized that such rapid progression is a result of a state of hyperimmune activation and concomitant immune suppression of these animals at the time of virus challenge. In efforts to test the hypothesis that immune activation leads to rapid progression of lentivirus-induced disease, adult rhesus macaques were infected with SIVmac251 and received an alternate monthly schedule of repeated immunization with allogeneic cells, keyhole limpet hemocyanin and tetanus toxoid (group I). For purposes of controls, a group of monkeys was infected with the same pool and dose of virus but were not immunized (group II) and a group was immunized with the same schedule of multiple antigens as group I but were not infected with SIV (group III). All the animals in group I (n ? 3) either failed to seroconvert or developed very low levels of SIV antibodies, had high plasma p27 defined antigenemia, and died within 8 months (2/3 died within 4 months). Of the animals in group II (n = 8), two patterns emerged as we had noted before. One subgroup (3 animals), displayed the same profile as group I (failure to fully seroconvert, high p27 levels and death by 8 months), whereas the other subgroup (5 animals) seroconverted, had low plasma p27 levels, and survived past 11 months (2/5 still alive past 22 months). All 3 animals in group III remained healthy. The data provided herein suggest that either experimental or natural (due to factors not clear at present) immune stimulation may lead to accelerated lentivirus induced disease progression most likely due to immune suppression and has implications for the understanding of the mechanisms for the rate of disease progression in human HIV-1 infection.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ACADEMIC GRADES AND DIVERGENT THINKING SCORES DERIVED FROM FOUR DIFFERENT METHODS OF TESTING

This research was concerned with the question: How do the simple, multiple, and canonical correlations between creativity scores and school achievement differ among four methods of creativity testing? Pupils (N= 356) in grades 5, 8, and 11 took the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking (TTCT). IQ and standardized achievement test scores were secured from school files. The four methods of testing included 1. the standard directions, 2. testing four days after incubation was induced, 3. take-home testing, and 4. testing under game-like conditions. Substantial correlations between creativity and achievement and differences among the four methods of testing were found.
Immunoelectron Microscopy of Proteodermatan Sulfate in Human Mid-Dermis

Proteodermatan sulfate was isolated from the skin of human, female breast in 6-M urea and proteolytic inhibitors at 70°C and purified on Sephacryl S-200. It was composed of 55% protein and 45% dermatan sulfate, displayed one protein and carbohydrate-stainable band on agarose-polyacrylamide gels, yielded dermatan sulfate after digestion by papain, and its calculated E0. 1%1cm. 280 nm was 16. 2. Its mucopolysaccharide portion was digested by chondroitinase ABC but not by chondroitinase AC. This proteoglycan was used to immunize rabbits. Double diffusion of antiserum against the antigen or its core protein resulted in one precipitation band. Antiserum did not cross-react with bovine collagen type I, human fibronectin, dermatan sulfate, hyaluronic acid, heparin, heparan sulfate or the chondroitin sulfates by double diffusion. The antiserum titer determined by radioimmunoassay was 1:16, 000. This assay was not affected by a 40-fold excess of dermatan sulfate. Purified IgG molecules were apparently associated w...
Species and population variation to salinity stress in Panicum hemitomon, Spartina patens, and Spartina alterniflora: morphological and physiological constraints

Abstract Panicum hemitomon , Spartina patens , and Spartina alterniflora are wide-spread dominant grasses of fresh, brackish, and salt marsh plant communities, respectively. Our previous research identified significant intraspecific variation in salt tolerance and morphology among populations within each species. In this study our objectives were to determine shorter-term physiological/biochemical responses to salinity stress and identify potential indicators of salt tolerance, with the ultimate goal of discerning similarities and differences in the mechanisms of salinity stress resistance. We subjected a subset of six populations within each species, ranging from high to low salt tolerance, to sublethal salinity levels (4, 20, and 30 ppt, respectively, for species) and monitored physiological and growth responses after 1 week (early harvest) and 5 weeks (late harvest). In all three species sublethal salinity levels generally resulted in significantly reduced net CO 2 assimilation, leaf expansion, midday leaf xylem pressure, water use efficiency, and live and total biomass; and significantly increased leaf Na + /K + ratio, leaf proline, leaf glycine betaine, leaf sucrose, root-to-shoot ratio, and dead:total aboveground biomass ratio. All three species displayed significant population (intraspecific) variation in net CO 2 assimilation, leaf expansion, water use efficiency, midday leaf xylem pressure, leaf proline, leaf glycine betaine (except Panicum , where it could not be accurately determined), leaf Na + /K + ratio, leaf sucrose, total plant biomass, dead:total aboveground biomass ratio, and root-to-shoot ratio. General indicators of salt tolerance (regardless of species) included high net CO 2 assimilation rates and water use efficiencies, and low ratios of root-to-shoot and dead:total aboveground biomass. Factor analysis and a-priori linear contrasts revealed some unique differences between species in terms of the relative importance of morphology and physiology in explaining intraspecific variation in salt tolerance. Plant morphology (size attributes) were strongly associated with salt tolerance in P. hemitomon , weakly associated with salt tolerance in S. patens , and not associated with salt tolerance in S. alterniflora . Highly salt-tolerant populations of Spartina alterniflora displayed the greatest ion selectivity (lower leaf Na + /K + ratios), which was not displayed by the other two species. These results suggest that plant size attributes can be very important in explaining population differences in salt tolerance in glycophytes, but may be independent of salt tolerance in halophytes, which have specialized physiological (and/or anatomical) adaptations that can confer salinity stress resistance through mechanisms such as selective ion exclusion and secretion.
Divergence in magnesium, sodium and potassium excretion during stimulation of endogenous aldosterone production.

Because of reports of hypomagnesemia and magnesium deficiency in subjects with primary aldosteronism, the effect upon magnesium excretion of procedures known to alter aldosterone secretion has been investigated. During periods of of sodium restriction and repletion, urinary excretion of magnesium, sodium and potassium was studied in 4 normal subjects and in 1 patient with cirrhosis of the liver. In 2 of the normal subjects similar studies were conducted during potassium restriction and repletion. Increased excretion of aldosterone (sodium-retaining factor) was observed during sodium restriction in the 2 subjects so studied, and in 1 of 2 subjects studied during potassium loading. Despite marked changes in sodium and potassium excretion, urinary magnesium was not consistently altered. It is concluded that under the conditions of this study, urinary magnesium is not altered by stimulation of endogenous aldosterone production. Evidence is cited which suggests that magnesium deficiency in patients with primar...
Pharmacological and functional analysis of a novel serotonin receptor in the rat hippocampus.

Administration of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) to pyramidal cells of the CA1 region of the hippocampus results in a hyperpolarizing response which is followed by a rebound depolarization and a decrease in the calcium-activated afterhyperpolarization (AHP). While the hyperpolarizing response has been previously shown to be mediated by receptors of the 5-HT1A subtype, the identity of the receptor(s) involved in the depolarizing response and decrease of the AHP have not been identified. In the present study the effectiveness of a series of 5-HT receptor antagonists in blocking the membrane depolarization and reduction of the AHP was assessed. While a variety of 5-HT1 and 5-HT2 antagonist were found to be ineffective, the substituted benzamide BRL 24924 was found to be a potent and selective antagonist of the 5-HT-induced depolarization and decrease in the AHP in this region. This effect however appeared unrelated to the ability of this compound to block 5-HT3 receptors, as ICS 205–930 and MDL 72222 were markedly less efficacious in blocking these effects of 5-HT. Upon blockade of 5-HT1A receptors, 5-HT elicits a depolarization which is accompanied by a marked increase in excitability. These effects were also dose-dependently antagonized by BRL 24924. The present results thus suggest the presence in the CA1 region of the hippocampus of a novel 5-HT receptor at which BRL 24924 functions as a selective antagonist and which is capable of mediating slow excitatory responses in central neurons.
Enhancement and shifts in the excited-state resonance raman spectrum of Ru(bpy)32+ in anionic micelles

Abstract Excited-state resonance Raman and luminescence spectra of Ru(bpy)32+ showed changes in frequencies and intensities in anionic micelles only. The data are interpreted in terms of the localization of the optical electron in a bipyridine ring that is some distance from the negative micellar surface.
Ribosomal subunit orientations determined in the monomeric ribosome by single and by double-labeling immune electron microscopy.

Abstract The mutual orientations of large and small subunits in the 70 S ribosome have been determined by two types of immune electron microscopic experiments. In a series of single-labeling experiments, sites are mapped on a specific projection of the 70 S ribosome (the non-overlap view) and are compared with their known locations on the large subunit. From this comparison the large subunit was shown to be in the φ = 70 ± 12 ° (θ was indeterminate) orientation. The second type of experiment uses simultaneous labeling of 70 S ribosomes, with antibodies against two ribosomal proteins (one on the large subunit and one on the small subunit) to orient both subunits within the 70 S ribosome. These experiments, designed so that subunits can be oriented without reference to specific projections, showed that proteins L7/L12 and S6 are on opposite sides of the ribosome. In addition, they showed that protein S14 and a determinant, LY (near the nascent chain exit site), are also on opposite sides of the ribosome. These results define the general arrangement of large and small subunits in the ribosome and, given the hand of the small subunit, they fix the hand of the large subunit. The results of both types of experiments support the “external-stalk” 70 S model and both are inconsistent with the two different “internal-stalk” models that have been proposed.
Opioid peptides inhibit intestinal transit in the rat by a central mechanism

Opiates and opioid peptides can alter gastrointestinal motility and delay transit of intraluminal contents. These experiments were designed to characterize the effects of β-endorphin and [D-Ala2,Met5]enkephalinamide (DALA) on small intestinal transit in the rat. Rats were implanted with a polyethylene cannula in the right lateral cerebral ventricle and a silastic cannula in the proximal duodenum. Drugs were administered via the cerebral cannula or intraperitoneally (i.p.) Interstitial transit was assessed by instilling radiochromium into the duodenum and calculating the geometric center of the distribution of marker in the small intestine. β-Endorphin and DALA produced a dose-related decrease in intestinal transit when the peptides were given intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) however, neither peptide was effective when given i.p. [D-Ala2,Leu5]enkephalinamide and dynorphin-(1–13) did not alter intestinal transit. The inhibitory effects of β-endorphin and DALA were antagonized by pretreatment with naloxone or naltrexone. A quarternary amine containing opiate antagonist, N,N-diallylnormorphinium given i.p. did not alter the response to either peptide but was effective in blocking the antitransit effects of i.p. loperamide, a peripherally acting opioid agonist. In addition, DALA reduced the body weight loss produced by castor oil-induced diarrhea while β-endorphin had no effect. These results indicate that opioid peptides can alter intestinal motility by an action within the central nervous system. While DALA and β-endorphin produce quantitatively the same effects on small intestinal motility, qualitatively they may differ in their mechanisms of action.
Hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer: a syndrome associated with an aggressive form of inherited renal cancer.

Purpose: Hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer is a recently described hereditary cancer syndrome in which affected individuals are at risk for cutaneous and uterine leiomyomas, and kidne...
The Structure of the Chicken Egg Shell and Shell Membranes as Studied with the Scanning Electron Microscope and Energy Dispersive X-Ray Microanalysis

Abstract The chicken egg shell and shell membranes were studied with the scanning electron microscope. Membrane samples were prepared by dissolving the shell in EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid). Shell samples were prepared by dissolving the shell membrane and protein component of the shell itself in concentrated base solutions. Both the shell and its membranes exhibited complex structure not seen previously using other methods. Especially noteworthy were the presence of hexagonal plates on the interior surface of the shell. X-ray microanalysis proved that, above atomic number 10, the only element in these plates was calcium.
Terahertz time-domain measurement of ballistic electron resonance in a single-walled carbon nanotube

Understanding the physics of low-dimensional systems and the operation of next-generation electronics will depend on our ability to measure the electrical properties of nanomaterials at terahertz frequencies (∼100 GHz to 10 THz). Single-walled carbon nanotubes are prototypical one-dimensional nanomaterials because of their unique band structure1,2 and long carrier mean free path3,4,5. Although nanotube transistors have been studied at microwave frequencies (100 MHz to 50 GHz)6,7,8,9,10,11, no techniques currently exist to probe their terahertz response12. Here, we describe the first terahertz electrical measurements of single-walled carbon nanotube transistors performed in the time domain. We observe a ballistic electron resonance that corresponds to the round-trip transit of an electron along the nanotube with a picosecond-scale period. The electron velocity is found to be constant and equal to the Fermi velocity, showing that the high-frequency electron response is dominated by single-particle excitations rather than collective plasmon modes. These results demonstrate a powerful new tool for directly probing picosecond electron motion in nanostructures.
MEDICAL STUDENTS' EDWARDS PERSONAL PREFERENCE SCHEDULE NORMS

Summay.-Three consecutive classes of freshman medical students completed the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule; results were compared to published norms for male and female college students. 171 male medical students scored significantly lower on the traits of Order, Exhibition, and Dominance and were higher on Affiliation, Succorance, Nurturance, and HecerosexuaLty. 51 female medical students scored significantly lower on the traits of Exhibition, Affiiation, and Abasement; they were hgher on Achievement, Succorance, and Nurturance.
Silicate versus carbonate weathering in the Himalaya: A comparison of the Arun and Seti River watersheds

Abstract We studied the water chemistry of two large and geologically differing Himalayan watersheds in order to maximize the contrast between silicate versus carbonate weathering effects on river chemistry. Our previous research involved the Seti River of westernmost Nepal, geologically typical of many rivers in Nepal in draining mixed carbonate/silicate lithologies, including abundant carbonate rocks of the Lesser Himalayan Sequence. For comparison, the Arun River was chosen for study because south of the Himalayan front it drains almost exclusively Greater and Lesser Himalayan silicate rocks. Despite this dominance of silicate rocks, carbonate weathering—probably of metamorphic calcite in Great Himalayan paragneisses—is clearly in evidence in many Arun watersheds. Weathering of silicate rocks exposed all along the Arun south of the range front has a small impact on mainstem river chemistry. The mainstems of both the Seti and Arun systems are dominated by weathering of carbonate rocks, although the contribution of silicate weathering is more visible in Arun mainstem chemistry. The carbonate weathering source to the Arun mainstem is probably both limestone in the Tethyan Sequence widely exposed in northern headwaters of the system, and metamorphic calcite within the Greater Himalayan Sequence. A number of small watersheds along the Arun and Seti appear to be carbonate-free. They probably provide the best constraints to date on the Ca/Na and Mg/Na ratios of waters draining Himalayan silicate rocks, two critical parameters for calculation of CO 2 consumption by silicate weathering in the Himalaya. The observed Ca/Na and Mg/Na ratios would produce slightly higher estimates of silicate weathering fluxes than previous studies. The geologic contrasts between the Seti and the Arun produce large differences in the 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratio of each mainstem, unlike the major element chemistry. The Seti mainstem displays much higher 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratios than the Arun mainstem, the opposite of the expected relationship since radiogenic silicate rocks of the Greater and Lesser Himalaya are so widely exposed along the Arun. 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratios of the Arun mainstem never exceed 0.734 and show little downstream change as the mainstem passes through silicate rocks of the Greater and Lesser Himalaya. 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratios of the Seti mainstem increase sharply from 0.725 to 0.785 when the river enters the belt of metacarbonate rocks of the northern Lesser Himalayan Sequence, a pattern also displayed by other Himalayan rivers such as the Kali Gandaki and Bhotse Khola. Metacarbonate rocks, including those of the Lesser Himalaya, are a major source of radiogenic Sr in modern Himalayan Rivers and probably have been key players in elevating marine 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratios since the Early Miocene.
Research Careers in Child Psychiatry: An Update on Five NIMH Workshops

Abstract To foster research in child psychiatry, the National Institute of Mental Health and the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry sponsored three workshops in 1981–82 and two others in 1984. Overall, 60 trainees and several senior researchers participated. A 30-month follow-up of the careers of 34 residents who participated in the first three workshops and a description of the workshops were published earlier. This report summarizes the nature and degree of postworkshop activities of 23 additional child psychiatrists involved in the 1984 workshops, along with the needs, problems, and sources of help that they recognized as important. Promising is the fact that the vast majority were involved in research and research training and employed in academic settings.
A Porcine Model of Calcium Oxalate Kidney Stone Disease

ABSTRACTPurpose: The pig has been extensively used in biomedical research because of the similarities in organ structure and function to humans. It is desirable to have an animal model of oxaluria and urolithiasis with physiological, anatomical and nutritional characteristics that more closely resemble those of man. In this study we determined if feeding pigs trans-4-hydroxy-l-proline (HP) increased urine oxalate levels and if it would serve as a model for human hyperoxaluria and stone disease.Materials and Methods: Male Yorkshire-Durox cross-bred pigs were fed HP for up to 20 days. Urine was periodically collected and analyzed for oxalate levels and the presence of crystalluria. After 20 days of feeding the kidneys were removed and examined grossly and microscopically for indications of injury, crystal deposition and stone formation.Results: Feeding pigs 10% HP (weight per weight HP/food) produced hyperoxaluria, which reached a maximum and leveled off by day 6. Urine oxalate remained near this level unti...
Higher-order compact mixed methods

We develop a class of higher-order mixed finite difference methods for elliptic partial differential equations. The problem is recast as a first-order mixed system and the higher-order compact schemes follow as a natural extension of the formulations we developed previously for the scalar PDE problem. Since the flux appears explicitly in the mixed formulation we obtain higher-order (nodal superconvergent) solutions in both the primary solution field and also the flux. Some supporting numerical experiments are included to demonstrate the superconvergent rates. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simple formulas for SIMO and MISO ergodic capacities

Simple formulas for the SIMO and MISO ergodic capacities of independent Rayleigh fading channels with uniform power distribution are derived. These formulas are closed-form solutions of integrals if the special functions are included among the well-known functions.
The spherical capacitor: a vehicle to introduce numerical methods

Abstract Numerical methods are frequently introduced to the undergraduate Electrical and Computer Engineering student in the first course in electromagnetic theory. In this note, we demonstrate that a spherical capacitor can be first solved analytically and then compared with an easily obtained numerical solution.
Dynamics of pattern formation in lateral-inhibition type neural fields

The dynamics of pattern formation is studied for lateral-inhibition type homogeneous neural fields with general connections. Neural fields consisting of single layer are first treated, and it is proved that there are five types of pattern dynamics. The type of the dynamics of a field depends not only on the mutual connections within the field but on the level of homogeneous stimulus given to the field. An example of the dynamics is as follows: A fixed size of localized excitation, once evoked by stimulation, can be retained in the field persistently even after the stimulation vanishes. It moves until it finds the position of the maximum of the input stimulus. Fields consisting of an excitatory and an inhibitory layer are next analyzed. In addition to stationary localized excitation, fields have such pattern dynamics as production of oscillatory waves, travelling waves, active and dual active transients, etc.
The effects of moderate hypoxia and moderate hypoxia plus hypercapnea on cardiac development in chick embryos.

Moderate hypoxia (5% O2) and moderate hypoxia + hypercapnea (5% O2 + 2% CO2) administered to Hamilton-Hamburger stage-17 (60-h) chick embryos produced significant frequencies of brain, eye, and limb malformations, as observed grossly, and cardiovascular malformations, as found in serial sections. Hypoxia + hypercapnea was more lethal (survival rate, 49%) than hypoxia alone (mean survival rate, 65%) but the frequencies of malformations produced by both procedures were in the same range. When moderate hypoxia + hypercapnea was utilized hemorrhages, heart and blood vessel distention, bradycardia, and the disappearance of blood flow patterns occurred. Such changes were previously found to be produced by moderate hypoxia alone. Since cardiovascular malformations were produced under conditions known to affect hemodynamics, it is postulated that these events are related.
Exploring the impact of racial and ethnic differences in the emotional and behavioral responses of maltreated youth: Implications for culturally competent services☆

Abstract The purpose of this study was to explore the moderating influence of race/ethnicity on the relationship between child maltreatment and internalizing symptoms (e.g., affective and somatic problems) and externalizing behavior (e.g., rule breaking behavior and aggression) among African-American and Caucasian children aged 7 to 12 years old. Using a longitudinal comparison group design and a sample of 190 youth of which 36% had substantiated cases of child maltreatment, results of a structural equation modeling revealed that race/ethnicity did not have a conditioning influence on the link between internalizing and externalizing behavior among maltreated youth. However, African-American youth's internalizing symptoms and externalizing behavior was consistently significantly higher than their Caucasian counterparts. These findings provide evidence for racial/ethnic differences in the pathways between being child maltreatment and maladaptive thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Thus, adapting evidence-based strategies that target cultural specific internalizing behaviors and externalizing behaviors among maltreated youth may significantly reduce the risk of short and long-term maladaptive behavior.
Selective Attention in Hemispatial Neglect

• To determine how increasing demands on visual selective attention affect the symptoms of hemispatial neglect, we studied patients with right hemispheric lesions on a cancellation task requiring various degrees of focused attention. In the target only condition, the patients were to cancel all stimuli. In the targetnontarget condition, discriminating targets from nontargets did not require close scrutiny, whereas in the target-foil condition, discriminating targets from foils required greater attention to detail. Our findings indicate that increasing demands on visual selective attention adversely affect both exploration of the left side of space and visual discrimination.
Blood Pressure and Mortality Among Hemodialysis Patients

Blood pressure measured before and after dialysis does not agree well with those recorded outside the dialysis unit. Whether recordings obtained outside the dialysis unit are of greater prognostic value than blood pressure obtained just before and after dialysis remains incompletely understood. Among 326 patients on long-term hemodialysis, blood pressure was self-measured at home for 1 week, over an interdialytic interval by ambulatory recording and before and after dialysis over 2 weeks. Over a mean follow-up of 32 (SD 20) months, 102 patients died (31%), yielding a crude mortality rate of 118/1000 patient years. Systolic but not diastolic blood pressure was found to be of prognostic importance. Adjusted and unadjusted multivariate analyses showed increasing quartiles of ambulatory and home systolic blood pressure to be associated with all-cause mortality (adjusted hazard ratios for increasing quartiles of ambulatory: 2.51, 3.43, 2.62; and for home blood pressure: 2.15, 1.7, 1.44). Mortality was lowest when home systolic blood pressure was between 120 to 130 mm Hg and ambulatory systolic blood pressure was between 110 to 120 mm Hg. Blood pressure recorded before and after dialysis was not statistically significant (P=0.17 for predialysis, and P=0.997 for postdialysis) in predicting mortality. Out-of-dialysis unit blood pressure measurement provided superior prognostic information compared to blood pressure within the dialysis unit (likelihood ratio test, P<0.05). Out-of-dialysis unit blood pressure among hemodialysis patients is prognostically more informative than that recorded just before and after dialysis. Therefore, the management of hypertension among these patients should focus on blood pressure recordings outside the dialysis unit.
Expression strategy of the M genome segment of Hantaan virus

Abstract The medium (M) genome segment of Hantaan virus encodes the envelope glycoproteins, G1 and G2, in a continuous open reading frame with a gene order of 5′-G1-G2-3′ with respect to the virus-complementary sense RNA. Because potential translation initiation codons and amino acids constituting typical signal sequences precede both the G1 and G2 genes, we sought to determine if G1 and G2 can be expressed independently. To investigate translational requirements for G1 and G2, we constructed M segment genes in which portions of the coding information were mutated or deleted, and transiently expressed these genes in eukaryotic cells by using a vaccinia virus/T7 RNA polymerase system. We found that G2 expression can occur by ribosomal access to the translation initiation codon preceding the G2 signal sequence (nucleotides 1934–1936), but that other upstream AUG codons cannot be used as efficiently. The presence of this codon, however, was not required for G2 expression because changing nucleotides 1934–1936 to CUG, GCG or AUC did not abrogate expression of G2. We also found that leaky ribosomal scanning, rather than internal initiation of translation was the most likely explanation for the observed independent translational initiation of G2, but that not all upstream, in-frame AUGs could serve as initiator codons. To assess the requirement for a continuous open reading frame for G1 and G2 expression, we expressed a gene which had G1 and G2 coding information in different reading frames. Although G1 was expressed at apparently normal levels, little or no G2 was expressed. In contrast, only G2 was expressed from a gene in which the carboxy-terminal G1 coding information was deleted and the remaining, truncated G1 was placed out of frame with respect to G2. These data suggest that reinitiation of translation may occur under some, but not all, circumstances when the polyprotein coding information is perturbed. Our results are consistent with biogenesis of G1 and G2 primarily or entirely according to the ribosomal scanning model.
Effects of halobacteria and selected chemicals on radiation transmission in salt water

Abstract The spectral transmittance of halobacteria and selected chemicals in deionized water with several concentration levels are measured to determine their effects on solar radiation transmission in salt water. The total transmittance at the range of measured wavelength is calculated. The experimental data indicate that presence of halobacteria significantly affects solar transmission in salt water, and hydrochloric acid may be considered as the best candidate among the selected chemicals resulting from its superior demonstration in radiation transmission. The results of this study are applicable to outdoor salt-gradient solar ponds.
Effect of redox potential and pH status on degradation and adsorption behavior of tylosin in dairy lagoon sediment suspension.

Abstract Veterinary antibiotics are the most heavily used pharmaceuticals in intensive animal farming operation. Their presence in the environment through application of manure and lagoon water as fertilizer in agricultural fields has generated a growing concern in recent years due to potential threat to the ecosystem and the risk they pose to human and animal health. Among the antibiotics, tylosin, a macrolide class of antibiotics, has been widely used for disease prevention and growth promotion in swine, cattle/dairy, and poultry production. To understand degradation and sorption behavior of tylosin A, a laboratory microcosm incubation study was conducted on dairy lagoon sediments suspension under different pH (5.5, 7.0, 8.5) and redox potentials (Eh at −100 mV, 0 mV, +250 mV, +350 mV). Sorption and degradation of tylosin was strongly influenced by sediment pH and redox conditions. Under acidic (pH 5.5) and reduced (Eh −100 mV) condition, tylosin persisted in the solution phase of dairy lagoon sediment suspension much longer with resident time of 77 d. Under oxidized (Eh +350 mV) condition, microbial degradation was much greater causing 68–75% of tylosin loss from the solution at pH 5.5 and 32–75% at pH 7.0 during the 20 d incubation. At pH 8.5, abiotic transformation of tylosin A into unknown degradates rather than sediment adsorption and microbial degradation was the major mechanism controlling tylosin disappearance from the solution regardless of the status of redox potentials. Overall, the results suggested that under reduced condition with low pH, tylosin will be persisted in the lagoon effluents and residue of tylosin may enter agricultural fields through the application of lagoon slurry as fertilizer.
Perforated enterocyst: a late complication of neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis

Infants with necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) may develop late sequelae including intestinal stenoses, enteric fistulae, abscess formation, recurrent NEC, cholestasis, malabsorption, short gut syndrome, and enterocyst formation [4]. A case is reported where a child developed an enterocyst arising from the proximal aspect of a defunctionalized Hartmann's pouch 2 years after ileostomy and near-total colectomy. The patient presented with fever and abdominal pain and distension, and was successfully treated by excision of the perforated enterocyst. This rare complication demonstrates that problems may develop in a defunctionalized bowel segment long after primary therapy for NEC.
Children's understanding of some temporal terms denoting order, duration, and simultaneity.

This study examined the comprehension by children of the concepts of order, duration, and simultaneity as reflected in certain linguistic structures. The children in the study were 3, 5, and 7 years old. Temporal order was examined through children's comprehension of two-clause sentences containing the conjunctions “after,” “before,” “since,” and “until”. Temporal duration was examined through children's understanding of one-clause sentences containing the progressive aspect and two-clause sentences containing the conjunctions “since” and “until”. These two conjunctions signal duration in the main clause when they conjoin two clauses. Simultaneity was studied through children's comprehension of two-clause sentences containing “while”. The results revealed that the order sentence structures (“before” and “after”) were generally comprehended by the children before the duration or simultaneous sentence structures, although at 7 years of age children were still not performing above chance on the order relation in “since” and “until” sentences. The duration sentence structures were comprehended by the children before the simultaneous sentence structures. The results support the literature in cognitive psychology and in philosophy which argues that order is simpler than duration is simpler than simultaneity.
Degradation of W-DLC Coatings in Rolling/Sliding Applications

W-DLC coatings have demonstrated the benefit to improve contact fatigue life in different applications. The understanding of coating degradation mechanism becomes important for coated component design. In this present study, FZG gear rig has been used to investigate coating wear. The testing procedure was designed to monitor coating wear with interruptions. Scanning Electron Microscope and surface profilometer were used to characterize coating wear. Cone-shaped micro particle pullouts were observed at low stress cycles. Fracture-based cohesive delamination is one form of coating wear associate with concentrated stresses. Another form of wear is characterized as polishing wear (or, sliding wear). The mechanism of polishing wear is complex and can be attributed to chemical or oxidation wear and abrasive wear. However, unlike fracture-based cohesive delamination, polishing wear results a smoother surface. The evolution of surface topography due to coating wear is demonstrated by profilometry measurements. Wear mode of W-DLC coating degradation is proposed as a combination of cohesive delamination and polishing wear.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Counting methods for cyclic relations

In this paper we consider selections of the form “column = constant” on relations defined by linear recursive, two rule datalog programs. In general, counting methods perform well on such queries. However, counting methods fail in the presence of cycles in the database. We present an algorithm in the spirit of counting methods that correctly deals with cyclic data and has the same asymptotic running time as counting methods. The algorithm, which is based on reducing a query on a database to a question about intersections of semi-linear sets, works by using efficient methods to construct the appropriate semi-linear sets from the database and query constant.
Civilian Primary Care Prescribing Psychologist in an Army Medical Center

The present article discusses the integration of a civilian prescribing psychologist into a primary care clinic at Madigan Army Medical Center. A description of the role of the prescribing psychologist in this setting is provided. The author asserts that integrating prescribing psychology into primary care can improve patient access to skilled behavioral health services including psychotherapeutic and psychopharmacologic treatment. Potential benefits to the primary care providers (PCPs) working in primary care clinics are discussed. The importance of collaboration between the prescribing psychologist and PCP is emphasized. Initial feedback indicates that integration of a prescribing psychologist into primary care has been well received in this setting.
Eating disorder pathology and menstrual cycle fluctuations in eating variables in oral contraceptive users and non-users

Food intake and food cravings fluctuate across the menstrual cycle in women who are not using oral contraceptives (OCs), however less is known about cyclical variations in eating variables in women using OCs. Furthermore, few studies have examined the relationship between eating disorder pathology and menstrual cycle fluctuations in eating behaviors. In the present study, we examined self-report, retrospective ratings of food cravings intensity, hunger level, and amount eaten across the menstrual cycle in 67 non-OC users and across exogenous hormone regimens in 81 OC users. We also investigated the relationship between eating disorder pathology and cyclical fluctuations in eating variables. The results indicated that OC users and non-OC users report similar levels of food cravings and amount eaten across cycle phases, with food cravings and reported amount eaten elevated during the week prior to menses/hormone withdrawal bleeding and during the week of menses/hormone withdrawal bleeding. However, OC users reported elevated hunger during both the week prior to hormone withdrawal bleeding and during hormone withdrawal bleeding, whereas non-OC users reported an elevation in hunger level only during the week prior to menses. Fear of fatness and other eating disorder pathology variables were significantly associated with increases in food cravings, hunger level and reported amount eaten the week prior to menses in non-OC users, but not in OC users. These findings suggest that future studies should examine the potential role of menstrual cycle-related fluctuations in eating variables on the development of eating disorders.
Acorn preference of urban Blue Jays (Cyanocitta cristata) during fall and spring in northwestern Arkansas

We censused 26 acorn-bearing trees of six oak species for Blue Jays (Cyanocitta cristata) during fall of 1985 on the University of Arkansas campus. The following spring we presented six piles, each containing 20 acorns from a different oak species, to free-ranging jays to determine acorn preference in spring. Trees censused and acorns presented were from both black oak (BO) and white oak (WO) subgenera, which differ in size, percent fat, tannin content, and germination time. In fall, Blue Jays were observed removing acorns from three species of oaks with small acorns, particularly those of willow oaks (BO, Quercus phellos), and were rarely observed in trees of three other oaks with large acorns. When offered a choice of acorns from six oak species in spring, Blue Jays showed a preference, based on Ivlev's electivity index, for small acorns, particularly those of pin oaks (BO, Q. palustris), and an avoidance of large acorns. Thus, small size appears to be an important trait associated with acorn preference in Blue Jays. Acorns of the introduced English oak (WO, Q. robur), which are preferred by Euorpean Jays (Garrulus glandarius) (Bossema 1979), also were avoided in spring by Blue Jays, suggesting that familiarity may be a general component of acorn selection by jays.
Partial neutron cross sections for 39K and 41K between 14.4 and 18.2 MeV

Abstract Activation techniques have been used to measure the cross sections for the 39K(n, 2n)38gK reaction at neutron energies between 14.4 and 18.2 MeV, the cross sections for the 41K(n, α)38Cl reaction from 14.4 to 16.3 MeV and the cross sections for the 41K(n, p)41Ar reaction from 14.4 to 17.3 MeV. Gamma-rays from the decay of the residual nuclei were detected with an HPGe detector whose energy resolution at 1.33 MeV is approximately 1 keV fwhm. The mixed powder method was employed to determine the neutron flux at each neutron energy, and the associated particle method was used to check the mixed powder flux measurements at 14.4 and 15.4 MeV. Good agreement was obtained for the average cross sections computed using both methods. Measured cross sections for the 39K(n, 2n)38gK reaction are 2.2 ± 0.2, 5.8 ± 0.4, 6.6 ± 0.5, 14.4 ± 0.9 and 22.1 ± 1.5 mb at 14.4 ± 0.2, 15.4 ± 16.3 ± 0.1, 17.3 ± 0.1 and 18.2 ± 0.1 MeV, respectively. Cross sections for the 41K(n, p)41Ar reaction are 52.9 ± 2.6, 44.9 ± 2.1, 41 and 34.2 ± 3.0 mb, respectively for the first four neutron energies listed above, and, for the first three energies, the cross sections for the 41K(n, α)38Cl reaction are 34.4 ± 2.4, 28.5 ± 2.2 and 24.5 ± 2.6 mb.