cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantity of microinjected tobacco mosaic virus required for infection of single cultured tobacco cells.

Abstract An average volume of 1.11 pl of a standard TMV suspension was microinjected into single cultured tobacco cells using a glass capillary microneedle. The volume of virus suspension injected was calculated from 20 microneedles. The average number of characteristic TMV particles (290–310 nm) delivered was determined by direct count of the particles on slotted EM grids. All cells produced crystalline virus inclusions when injected with 620 or more TMV particles. One of two cells was infected after injection with 310 TMV particles and only one of four cells became infected after injection of 72 particles. Cell injections at lower concentrations produced no signs infection. Injected cells producing crystalline inclusions (the criterion for infection) were infectious when assayed on Nicotiana glutinosa L. Uninoculated controls and cells bioassayed immediately after injection with the standard and lowest infectious concentration gave a negative assay.
Lumbar laminectomy alone or with instrumented or noninstrumented arthrodesis in degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis. Patient selection, costs, and surgical outcomes.

Design A prospective, multicenter observational study. Objectives 1) Identify correlates of the decision to perform arthrodesis in patients undergoing laminectomy for lumbar spinal stenosis. 2) Compare symptoms, walking capacity, and satisfaction 6 and 24 months after laminectomy alone and laminectomy with noninstrumented and with instrumented arthrodesis. Background data Few prospective studies have compared outcomes of laminectomy alone or laminectomy with noninstrumented or with instrumented arthrodesis in patients with degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis. There is uncertainty regarding the optimal use of arthrodesis and instrumentation. Methods Two hundred seventy--two patients undergoing--surgery for degenerative lumbar stenosis by eight surgeons at four centers were included in the study cohort. Of these, 37 had noninstrumented and 41 had instrumented arthrodesis. Logistic regression identified factors associated with arthrodesis. The principal outcomes-health status, walking capacity, back and leg pain, and satisfaction with surgery-were assessed 6 and 24 months postoperatively with univariate and multivariate techniques. Outcomes also were assessed in a restricted cohort of patients with at least 5 mm spondylolisthesis and/or 15 degrees scoliosis. Hospital costs were obtained from a computerized hospital cost accounting system. Results The major predictor of the decision to perform arthrodesis was the individual surgeon (P = 0.0001). Noninstrumented arthrodesis was associated with superior relief of low back pain at 6 months (P = 0.004) and 24 months (P = 0.01). This difference persisted in multivariate analyses, with borderline statistical significance. There were no significant differences in the other outcomes across treatment groups. Mean hospital costs of laminectomy alone and noninstrumented and instrumented arthrodesis were $12,615, $18,495, and $25,914, respectively (P = 0.0001). Conclusion Findings were limited by the small number of participating surgeons, modest sample size that produced P values of borderline significance, and nonrandomized design. With these caveats in mind, the authors conclude: (1) The individual surgeon was a more important correlate of the decision to perform arthrodesis than clinical variables such as spondylolisthesis. (2) Noninstrumented arthrodesis resulted in superior relief of back pain after 6 and 24 months. (3) Instrumented arthrodesis was the most costly option. These results highlight the need for randomized controlled trials and cost effectiveness analyses of lumbar arthrodesis and instrumentation in patients with degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis.
Improved surface quality of solution grown GaAs and Pb1−xSnxTe epitaxial layers: A new technique

Abstract Factors which influence the surface quality of liquid epitaxial layers are discussed. The temperature gradient across the growth interface, the cooling rate, the growth temperature, and the melt thickness are all important since improper values can lead to constitutional supercooling. Several particular cases for GaAs are analyzed. The role of surface orientation in determining surface properties is also considered. For the NaCl lattice of Pb 1−x> Sn x Te the predicted preferred orientation for flat growth is {100}. For the zincblende lattice of GaAs the {111} and {100} orientations should produce the smoothest surfaces. A new growth apparatus with the growth substrate mounted on a cold finger in the furnace attains large, controllable temperature gradients across the growth interface while providing independent adjustment of all other important parameters. Nucleation studies of GaAs layers verify the dependence of surface quality on the imposed temperature gradient. There is almost no dependence of surface quality on substrate orientation for GaAs layers grown in a large temperature gradient. Nucleation studies of Pb 1−x Sn x Te layers reveal a strong dependence of surface quality on both the imposed temperature gradient and the substrate orientation. The {100} orientation produces the smoothest layers.
Respiratory kinematics in female classical singers

Summary Kinematic behavior of the respiratory apparatus was studied during speaking and singing in four female subjects, all classical singers. Results revealed that respiratory events were similar to those observed previously for male classical singers. Findings suggest that respiratory function in classical singing is not sex-related in its kinematic manifestations.
Solvation of nitrogen compounds in Titan’s seas, precipitates, and atmosphere

Abstract Saturn’s moon Titan, dominated by its low, 90–95 K, surface temperature and methane seas, is shaped by physical and chemical processes unparalleled in any environment on Earth. Titan’s upper atmosphere produces a rain of compounds such as acetonitrile, acrylonitrile, and acetylene, more familiar to chemical processing plants than to nature. The interaction of these compounds with Titan’s seas is, to a large extent, unknown. As an important first step towards understanding these interactions, we investigate the solvation properties of many of these compounds in methane using multiple theoretical approaches, including cubic equations of state, Statistical Associating Fluid Theory, the Conductor like Screening Model for Real Solvents, and all-atom Molecular Dynamics.
THE LEPIDOPHYTIC AFFINITIES OF THE GENUS CHINLEA AND OSMUNDITES WALKERI

A B S T R A C T Chinlea campii Daugherty and Osmundites walkeri Daugherty are species of petrified stems from the Upper Triassic Chinle Formation of Arizona that were described as members of the fern family Osmundaceae. Investigation of additional material indicates that the two species are conspecific and belong to the Lepidophyta. The stems are radially symmetric and have an ectophloic siphonostele in which the xylem cylinder is thick and deeply furrowed. Internal pressure against the xylem cylinder caused by the lateral expansion of the pith in some stems produces what appears in transverse section to be a ring of up to 60 separate xylem strands. Leaf traces are small, terete, collateral and have exarch xylem. They are arranged in a tight spiral. Adventitious roots, secondar.y xylem, and secondary cortex are lacking. The stems are classified under the binomial Chinlea camnpii, and other axes that have similar cortical anatomy but in whieh all vascular tissues have decayed are treated as Chinlea sp. Both types of stems are interpreted as ephemeral aerial shoots of an herbaceous plant. Of the known fossil Lepidophyta, Chinlea is most similar to Pleurotmeia and Nathorstiana, but it differs from each of these genera in a number of respects and is therefore included in Lepidophyta incertae sedis. THE ORIGINAL diagnoses of Chinlea campii and Osm1lundites walkeri are based on single fragments of petrified stems from the Chinle Formation (Upper Triassic) of Arizona (Daugherty, 1941). The axes are radially symmetric, partly decorticated, and have a diameter of 1.0-2.0 cm. Numerous small leaf traces are arranged helically in the cortex. The type specimen of Chinlea camnpii is poorly preserved (Fig. 11), but Daugherty believed that the stele was a siphonostele in which the xylem was dissected by leaf gaps and the pith contained tracheids. He interpreted the species as being intermediate
Impact Simulations with Fracture. I. Method and Tests

Abstract We describe a new numerical tool based on the smooth particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method which is aimed at modeling impacts and collisions involving small solid objects. Our goal is to develop a suitable tool for the study of strength-dominated interactions between solid bodies. Although giant impacts have recently received most of the attention, collisions and/or impacts involving small (≤50 km) objects are (and have been) the most frequent ones. We intend to apply this model to such studies as the formation of asteroid families, the disruption of ringmoons, the accretion of planetesimals, and spallation from large cratering events. In this first paper in a series, we present all physical and numerical aspects of our model as well as a number of tests performed in order to validate our method. We adopt a strength model and implement a yon Mises yielding relation for stresses beyond the Hugoniot elastic limit. At the lower stresses associated with brittle failure, we use a rate-dependent strength based on the nucleation of Weibull flaws. Our model propagates statistical cracks at the subparticle scale based on the model of Grady and Kipp (1980) and resolves real cracks in a resolution-independent manner. Our method ensures that increases in resolution do not alter the fracture physics, only the accuracy. The resulting system predicts the shapes, locations, and velocities of the largest fragments in simulated laboratory impact events with unprecedented accuracy.
Energy spectrum for bloch electrons in a magnetic field

Recent progress on the quantum mechanics of a charged particle moving in a periodic potential under the influence of a magnetic field is reviewed. The study of this problem has been retarded by the great success of the Peierls-Onsager approximation and its quasiclassical simplification. It is found that the Landau levels are one aspect of a much richer structure. In two fully worked out examples, it is shown that theoretical need to assume that the field is rational is compatible with an energy spectrum which varies continuously with the field, and can be represented pictorially.
Effect of BMI on modality-specific outcomes in immediate breast reconstruction (IBR)--a propensity-matched analysis using the 2005-2011 ACS-NSQIP datasets.

AbstractObesity is a prevalent, multisystem disease emerging as a pervasive risk factor for surgical morbidity. This study aims to perform a modality-specific risk assessment of IBR outcomes using the World Health Organisation (WHO) obesity stratification. This study reviewed the 2005–2011 ACS-NSQIP databases, identifying encounters for either implant or autologous-based reconstruction. Patients were classified and compared based on WHO classification criteria for BMI, and complications were divided into any surgical, major surgical, wound, and medical complications. A total of 18,194 patients underwent IBR. Patients were Caucasian (76.1%) and middle aged (45–64 years) (62.4%), with an average BMI of 27.1 ± 6.3 kg/m2. A total of 14,585 patients underwent implant-based reconstructions. A multivariate logistic regression analysis of patient characteristics associated with autologous reconstruction revealed several independently associated factors, summarised in Table III. Our analysis revealed that reconstr...
Good‐for‐nothing haya names: Powers of recollection in northwest Tanzania

Abstract This article explores names and naming practices in Haya communities of Northwest Tanzania. Certain Haya names evoke past experiences and circumstances that surround the birth of a child, as well as the social reputation of the child's parents, I argue that this act of recollection embedded in such names can best be understood as an effort to displace past reputations, and overcome the disparaging views of one's consociates. From this perspective, Haya names can be understood as modes of remembering designed to both recall and undermine past memories; as well as forms of social agency through which people actively attempt to engage in and transform their social conditions.
BIRTHING IN EARLY AMERICA

Birthing in Early America was solely the dominion of women, untrained but dedicated. As scientific knowledge advanced during the Enlightenment, medical events such as birthing began to gain recorded case histories. The French were largely responsible for early advances in midwifery practice. The phenomenon most responsible for the separation of women from midwifery was the invention and use of the forceps. Only the trained could use forceps, and the trained were only men. Not only the inferior position of women was responsible for their lack of training, but the extreme modesty imposed upon women by society kept them from seeking training. Astonishing diagnostic knowledge was accompanied by tragic and sometimes humerous treatment. There was an almost total lack of effective treatment methods.
Abstract B24: Attitudes of pancreatic cancer family members toward cancer risk and screening

B24 Purpose Pancreatic cancer (PC) is the fourth leading cause of cancer death in the United States for which no recommended screening guidelines are available. An estimated 34,290 deaths related to PC is expected to occur in 2008 and the 5-year relative survival rate for this cancer is 5% for all stages combined. A person9s chance of developing this cancer increases three-fold if a first-degree relative has pancreatic cancer. The purpose of this study was to assess attitudes of unaffected family members in the Mayo Clinic Pancreas Cancer Family study toward PC cancer risk and future screening options. This is the first study to report such attitudes of PC family members. Subjects and Methods At-risk family members with two or more relatives affected with pancreas cancer in the kindred and primary care controls completed a survey asking about: perceived PC risk, degree of PC worry/concern, attitude toward cancer screening in general, and intentions regarding PC screening if it were a blood test or endoscopic ultrasound. Results 386 family members in 109 PC kindreds and 1058 controls completed surveys. Forty-six percent of PC family members reported that it was likely they would develop PC during their lifetime compared to 6% of controls. Forty-one percent of family members reported having thoughts regarding the possibility of getting pancreatic cancer during the past month versus 4.6% of controls. Similarly, 74% of family members reported concern about getting PC as compared to 40.6% of controls. 94% of family members reported they would be likely to undergo a blood-based PC screening test compared to 89.7% of controls. For endoscopic ultrasound, 71% of family members would be likely to undergo screening as compared to 55% of controls. All comparisons were statistically significant. Conclusion Compared to controls, PC family members perceive their personal PC risk to be high and report a higher rate of PC-related cancer worry/concern. A high percentage of family members and controls indicate receptivity to PC screening, especially if it were a blood test. If the screening is more invasive (i.e. EUS), interest declines, particularly among controls. This information can help investigators to understand and address potential motivators and barriers to recruitment for future PC studies and indicates that there is a need to develop educational interventions among these families to reduce their actual and perceived pancreatic cancer risk. Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2008;1(7 Suppl):B24.
Response times in correcting non-normal system events when collocating status, alerts and procedures, and controls

Currently, most of the displays in control rooms can be categorized as status, alerts/procedures, or control screens. With the advent and use of CRTs and the associated computing power available to compute and display information, it is now possible to combine these different elements of information and control onto a single display. An experiment was conducted to determine which, if any, of these functions should be collocated in order to better handle simple anticipated non-normal system events. The results indicated that there are performance benefits and subject preferences to combining all the information onto one screen or combining the status and alert/procedure information onto one screen and placing the controls in another area.
Determination of Absolute Product Branching Ratios in Mass Spectrometric Experiments: Detecting Acetyl Radicals at CH2CO+

The paper describes a general method for determining absolute branching ratios in mass spectrometric experiments. The method overcomes the chronic obstacle that the daughter ion fragmentation pattern of radical products is usually unknown. We report the absolute product branching ratio for competing primary C−Cl and C−C bond fission in chloroacetone after excitation on the 1nπ* absorption band. To determine this branching ratio, acetyl chloride is used to calibrate the relative detection efficiency of acetyl radicals at the CH2CO+ daughter ion relative to Cl atoms at 35Cl+. We also calculate the daughter ion production probability for CH2CO+ formed from internally excited CH3CO radicals.
Evidence-Based Practice and the Reform of Social Work Education: A Response to Gambrill and Howard and Allen-Meares:

In this report, the author responds to papers by Gambrill and by Howard and Allen-Meares that call for significant pedagogical reforms in social work education based on principles of evidence-based practice (EBP). His remarks focus on the promise of EBP as an agent of broad-based reform in social work education and on the implementation of EBP principles in the social work curriculum. Additional recommendations regarding the application of EBP principles to educational reform and teaching are identified.
NGOs and the New Trananational Politics

Books reviewed in this article: John Boli and George M. Thomas, eds., Constructing World Culture: International Nongovernment Organizations since 1875 Margaret E. Keck and Kathryn Sikkink, Activists beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics William Korey, NGOs and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights: “A Curious Grapevine” Ralph B. Levering and Miriam L. Levering, Citizen Action for Global Change: The Neptune Group and the Law of the Sea Jackie Smith, Charles Chateld, and Ron Pagnucco, eds., Transnational Social Movements and Global Politics: Solidarity beyond the State
Polymorphisms in NAT2 and GSTP1 are associated with survival in oral and oropharyngeal cancer.

Abstract Introduction : Functional polymorphisms in drug metabolizing enzymes (DMEs) may be determinants of survival in oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OOSCC). Methods : OOSCC cases ( N =159) with a history of either tobacco or alcohol use were genotyped for polymorphisms in eight DMEs. Overall and disease-specific survival were analyzed using Kaplan–Meier plots and the log-rank test. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to calculate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) in exploratory analyses of patient subgroups. Results : Kaplan–Meier analyses showed N-acteyltransferase-2 ( NAT2 ) fast acetylators experienced a 19.7% higher 5-year survival rate than slow acetylators ( P =0.03) and this association was similar in oropharyngeal and oral cancer. After multiple adjustment, including tumor site and stage, the NAT2 fast acetylator phenotype was associated with improved overall survival (vs. slow acetylators) provided chemotherapy or radiation were not used (HR, 0.26; 95% CI, 0.10–0.66). However, NAT2 phenotype was unrelated to survival in patients treated with chemoradiotherapy (HR, 1.21; 95% CI, 0.54–2.73) or radiotherapy (HR, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.31–1.59) ( P -for- NAT2 /treatment-interaction=0.04). Normal activity GSTP1 was associated with a 19.2% reduction in 5-year disease-specific survival relative to reduced activity GSTP1 ( P =0.04) but this association was not modified by treatment. Conclusions : Our results suggest that functional polymorphisms in NAT2 and GSTP1 are associated with OOSCC survival. Confirmation of these results in larger studies is required.
Global Emergency Legal Responses to the 2014 Ebola Outbreak: Public Health and the Law

From their relative obscurity over the past three decades, varied strains of Ebola disease have emerged as a substantial global biothreat. The current outbreak of Ebola, beginning in March 2014 in Guinea, is projected to infect tens of thousands of people before being brought under control. Some estimate the outbreak could exceed 100,000 cases and extend another 12-18 months. Ebola’s spread has the potential to extend across the globe, but is concentrated in several African countries (e.g., Democratic Republic of Congo, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Guinea, Nigeria, and Senegal). Collectively, these countries are home to nearly 290 million people. Among Liberia’s population of 4.1 million, over 1,100 people have already died from Ebola in less than 6 months; by comparison, if this same outbreak and death rate occurred in the United States, over 88,000 Americans would perish.
When Gulliver travels : social context, psychological closeness, and self-appraisals

Four studies examined how the characteristics of others affect people's self-appraisals. Ss viewed photographs of physically attractive or unattractive targets, then rated their own attractiveness. Study 1 found evidence for a contrast effect: Ss'self-appraisals were more favorable after viewing an unattractive same-sex target than after viewing an attractive same-sex target. Study 2 manipulated psychological closeness by varying the degree to which the S and the target shared similar attitudes and values
Characterizing principal curvature data as functions of the normal vectors and determining the surfaces

Abstract Given two functions defined on an open subset of the unit sphere in R 3 , we answer the following questions: 1) is there a surface in R 3 which gives these functions as the principal curvatures as functions of the unit normal vector? 2) if yes, then how many surfaces and how to find them?
Preparation and comparison of the photoelectronic properties of Sr2Nb2O7 and Ba0.5Sr0.5Nb2O6

Abstract The two alkaline earth niobates Sr2Nb2O7 and Ba0.5Sr0.5Nb2O6 have been prepared, their electronic properties measured, and their photoresponses compared. The indirect band gap in Sr2Nb2O7 is 3.86 eV compared with 3.38 eV for Ba0.5Sr0.5Nb2O6. Hence, photoanodes composed of Sr2Nb2O7 respond to much less of the “white” light spectrum than those made from Ba0.5Sr0.5Nb2O6. Nevertheless, their electrical outputs at an anode potential of 0.8 eV with respect to SCE in 0.2 M sodium acetate under “white” xenon arc irradiation of 1.25 W/cm2 are comparable.
Long-term results of treatment for temporomandibular disorders: an evaluation by patients

In a study of 100 patients who had been treated 2 to 8½ years earlier for temporomandibular disorders, participants evaluated the treatment received. The long-term effects of the symptoms of temporomandibular disorders after conservative treatment are discussed. In this study, 110 patients with temporomandibular disorders who had been treated 2 to 8½ years earlier were asked to evaluate the treatment they received. Of the patients, 85.5% reported that they were not experiencing pain or that they were experiencing much less pain; 79.1 % reported that the treatment they had received had helped them completely or considerably. Analysis of the data did not disclose a subgroup or factor that could be correlated with the reduction of pain or the patient’s perception of the success of treatment.
HCI professions: differences & definitions

In this paper, we present findings from a pilot survey in which we investigated how industry practitioners who create interactive technologies discuss their work and include end users, (e.g. user research methods used). We also explored measures of empathy (a key concept for ''walking in end-user's shoes') among HCI professionals. We found that there were distinct and significant differences among individuals who claimed user-centric job titles (e.g. usability engineer) from those who claimed design-centric job titles (e.g. interaction designer, developer). Differences included how job-title groups considered end-users in their work and their empathetic profiles. We used results from this pilot study to inform a more comprehensive study we are currently undertaking.
Data Integration in the Evaluation of Juvenile Justice Education.

This article discusses the Juvenile Justice Educational Enhancement Program’s evaluation of juvenile justice education through the integration of multiple data sources. Validation of best practices and the corresponding effect of these practices on community reintegration require the development of a comprehensive database of program-level and individual-level idicators from several sources. These sources include the Florida Department of Education, the Florida Department of Juvenile Justice, the Florida Department of Law Enforcement, the Florida Department of Corrections, and the Juvenile Justice Educational Enhancement Program’s own educational quality assurance and pre-/posttest data. This article examines the methodological, political, and bureaucratic obstacles encountered in this effort. Evaluation research analyses are also explored with an emphasis on the meaning of outcome measures relative to causal issues of time order, the modeling of events, and analytic strategy. The article provides a frame...
Popular Energy Drinks and Alcohol

Since their introduction to the European beverage industry 25 years ago and to the United States more than 10 years ago, energy drinks have been gaining popularity, especially among adolescent and young adult consumers. Currently, there are over 300 different energy drinks on the market [1], with new beverages being added regularly. Energy drinks are widely touted for their ability to increase energy levels and enhance cognitive and athletic performance. By promoting this aspect, the consumer marketing of energy drinks frequently targets the 18–35-year-old demographic. With popular lore conveying the expectation that caffeine will counteract the sedating effects of alcohol, energy drinks have become increasingly popular to mix with alcohol, especially in young adults. This is demonstrated by a survey revealing that, of college students who had consumed alcohol in the last 30 days, almost one-quarter reported doing so in combination with an energy drink [2]. Despite the frequency of use, there are several concerns regarding the consumption of energy drinks mixed with alcohol including increased absorption of alcohol, drinking higher volumes of alcohol per drinking session and drinking alcohol more frequently, decreased awareness of alcohol-related impairment, and increased rates of alcohol-related consequences.
Contributions of Social Desirability to Self-Reported Ageism

The authors examined the role of social desirability in 445 participants' responses to self-reported measures of ageism across two studies. In Study 1, college students and community adults completed the Relating to Older People Evaluation (ROPE) and a short form of the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale (M-C SDS). Study 2 was a conceptual replication that included the Fraboni Scale of Ageism (FSA). Correlation analyses confirmed a small but significant relationship between scores on the positive ageist items and the social desirability scale in both studies. Ageist attitudes were correlated with negative ageist behaviors in Study 2. Implications for current views on ageism and strategies for reducing ageist attitudes and behaviors in everyday life are discussed.
Critical Markov random fields and fractional Brownian motion in texture synthesis

In this paper we study and compare critical Markov random fields (CMRFs) and fractional Brownian motions (FBMs). Both of these classes of models can be used to describe self-similar phenomena. Their characteristics, namely the index of similarity of a FBM, and the critical exponents of a CMRF, are defined and contrasted. We argue that CMRFs provide a more flexible mechanism for generating self-similar patterns, since the parameters of a CMRF can be selected to generate anisotropic patterns, while FBM models are inherently isotropic. >
Optimism about College Life and Academic Performance in College

The hypothesis that optimism about college is associated with academic performance was tested. The Optimism About College Life Scale was administered to 67 male and 36 female entering college fresh...
Benzo(a)pyrene Metabolism in Primary Cultures of Mouse Epidermal Cells and Untransformed and Transformed Epidermal Cell Lines

The metabolism of [3H]benzo( a )pyrene [B(a)P] by cultures of primary mouse epidermal cells and untransformed and transformed epidermal cell lines was investigated. All three cell types effectively metabolized [3H]B(a)P. The major organic solvent-extractable metabolites found intracellularly in primary cultures were trans -7,8-dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzo( a )pyrene and 3-hydroxybenzo( a )pyrene, although quantities of 9-hydroxybenzo( a )pyrene, trans -9,10-dihydro-9,10-dihydroxybenzo( a )pyrene, and quinones also were present. The major organic solvent-soluble metabolites found in the extracellular medium were trans -9,10-dihydro-9,10-dihydroxybenzo( a )pyrene and trans -7,8-dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzo( a )pyrene, with smaller quantities of unconjugated phenols and quinones. The major water-soluble metabolites found in the extracellular medium were conjugated with glucuronic acid [primarily 3-hydroxybenzo( a )pyrene and several quinones]. No sulfate conjugates of [3H]B(a)P metabolites were detected. [3H]B(a)P metabolism was similar in cultures of untransformed and transformed epidermal cell lines but differed from the primary cultures. The major intracellular and extracellular organic solvent-soluble metabolites were diols. Little or no unconjugated phenols were detected. Both the untransformed and transformed epidermal cell lines converted [3H]B(a)P to water-soluble metabolites, primarily glucuronide conjugates. In contrast to the primary cells, a major pathway of trans -7,8-dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzo( a )pyrene metabolism in the untransformed and transformed cell lines was to a glucuronide conjugate. Primary mouse epidermal cells provide an important model system for studying factors affecting the activation and detoxification of hydrocarbon carcinogens.
The basic emotional impact of environments

Available literature provides ample evidence that there are basic responses which are elicited by stimuli but which are independent of sense-modality distinctions. Everyday observations of intermodality associations, studies of synesthesia and of physiological reactions to different stimuli, and semantic differential studies all showed evidence of such primary responses. Semantic differential studies, in particular, have shown that human judgments of diverse samples of stimuli can be characterized in terms of three dimensions: evaluation, activity, and potency. We have termed the corresponding emotional responses pleasure, arousal, and dominance. Simple self-report measures of these emotional reactions were developed by using questionnaire studies in which Ss described a variety of situations using semantic-differential type scales.
Photoinduced Electron Transfer on the Surfaces of Micelles

Photoinduced electron transfer between N,N-dimethylaniline (DMA) and octadecylrhodamine B (ODRB) is studied on the surfaces of three alkyltrimethylammonium bromide micelles: dodecyl- (DTAB), tetradecyl- (TTAB), and hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). The DMA and ODRB molecules are localized at the micelle surface. Time-resolved fluorescence and fluorescence yield data are presented and analyzed with the theoretical methods of ref 1. Lateral diffusion of the molecules over the micelle surfaces is included. Although the three micelles are structurally similar, pronounced differences in the electron-transfer kinetics are observed, with the overall amount of electron transfer increasing with alkyl chain length for the same DMA surface packing fraction. This result is attributed to differences in the solvent reorganization energy, possibly due to varying extents of water penetration into the headgroup regions of the three micelles. As the surfactant chain length increases, the solvent reorganization en...
Coronal activity from dynamos in astrophysical rotators

We show that a steady mean-field dynamo in astrophysical rotators leads to an outflow of relative magnetic helicity and thus magnetic energy available for particle and wind acceleration in a corona. The connection between energy and magnetic helicity arises because mean-field generation is linked to an inverse cascade of magnetic helicity. To maintain a steady state in large magnetic Reynolds number rotators, there must then be an escape of relative magnetic helicity associated with the mean field, accompanied by an equal and opposite contribution from the fluctuating field. From the helicity flow, a lower limit on the magnetic energy deposited in the corona can be estimated. Steady coronal activity including the dissipation of magnetic energy, and formation of multi-scale helical structures therefore necessarily accompanies an internal dynamo. This highlights the importance of boundary conditions which allow this to occur for non-linear astrophysical dynamo simulations. Our theoretical estimate of the power delivered by a mean-field dynamo is consistent with that inferred from observations to be delivered to the solar corona, the Galactic corona, and Seyfert 1 AGN coronae.
Navigating Sexual and Religious Identity Conflict: A Mormon Perspective

This study examined navigation of sexual and religious identity conflict among 1,493 same-sex attracted current or former members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Participants were classified into four groups: (a) rejected a lesbian, gay, or bisexual identity (5.5%); (b) compartmentalized sexual and religious identities (37.2%); (c) rejected religious identity (53%); and (d) integrated religious and sexual identities (4.4%). Systematic differences emerged among the groups in sexual identity development histories, developmental milestones, relationship experiences, religious engagement, and psychosocial health. The findings suggest that rejection or compartmentalization of sexual identity may be difficult to sustain over time and likely comes at a significant psychosocial cost. Integration of identities may be equally difficult to achieve, and appears to be associated with optimal outcomes.
OCTAHEDRAL CRYSTALS IN PHYCOMYCES. II

"Phycomyces blakesleeanus" sporangiophores contain octahedral crystals throughout their cytoplasm and vacuole. More octahedral crystals were found in the wild-type strain G5 (+) than in the s-carotene-deficient mutant C5 (-), and much more than in the mutant C141 (-), which is sensitive to only high light intensity. In the wild type, the number of crystals per sporangiophore increased until the sporangiophore reached stage IV, and then decreased. Stage I contained the most crystals per unit volume. Cultures grown in darkness had the maximum number of crystals. Under high light intensity, there was an overall reduction of crystals. The crystals are regular octahedrons. The crystals were isolated from the sporangiophores by a method of sucrose density-gradient centrifugation. They contain nearly 95% protein, are stable in organic solvents, but can be solubilized in buffer solution above pH 9.5 and below 2.5. The crystals weakly fluoresce with an emission peak at 540 nm, which is affected by irradiation with white light. Absorption spectra of freshly prepared crystals show absorption maxima around 265–285 nm, 350–380 nm, and 450–470 nm. These absorption peaks for the crystals are close to those of the phototropic and light-growth action spectra. These data suggest that the crystals may contain a flavoprotein which may be the photoreceptor pigment of "Phycomyces".
Dynamics modeling and analysis of oligo DNA microarray spotting

Oligo DNA microarrays are fabricated through in-situ chemical synthesis. Contact and fluid dynamics all contribute to this process. To produce high quality oligo DNA microarrays, it is important to understand dynamics of the process well. Much work has been done in understanding the chemistry principles. However, few studies have been conducted from mechanics point of view. This paper proposes a contact dynamic model of oligo DNA microarray spotting process. Simulation results using the proposed dynamic model can reasonably well explain dynamics of the microarray spotting process.
In Vivo Time-Dependent Inhibition of Human Steroid 5a-Reductase by Finasteride

Finasteride (17 beta-(N-t-butylcarbamoyl)-4-aza-5 alpha-androstan-1-en-3- one), a time-dependent, irreversible inhibitor of human steroid 5 alpha-reductase (5AR), may only reduce dihydrotestosterone levels in humans by approximately 60% at the doses used clinically. A theoretical model was developed to aid in understanding the in vivo efficacy data of finasteride. According to the theory, whether an enzyme can be inhibited in vivo by an irreversible inhibitor is dependent on the value of a ratio of the observed rate of enzyme inhibition over the rate constant for inhibitor elimination. As shown, this ratio should be in excess of 3 for > 95% inhibition of the target in vivo. Subsequent application of the theory to evaluate the in vivo efficacy data of finasteride indicates low effective concentration of finasteride at the inhibition sites and suggests complete inhibition of 5AR 2, but insufficient suppression of 5AR 1 at the clinical doses.
Perceptions of Immigrants: Modifying the Attitudes of Individuals Higher in Social Dominance Orientation

Previous research has demonstrated that directly challenging people's beliefs about immigrants may result in even stronger anti-immigration attitudes, especially among those higher in social dominance orientation (SDO). In addition, inducing the perception that immigrants are part of a larger ingroup does not modify immigration attitudes. In three studies, the article explores conditions that can reduce prejudice toward immigrants among those high in SDO. Studies 1 and 2 demonstrate that focusing attention on group identity maintains prejudice, whereas focusing attention on others reduces prejudice among those higher in SDO. Study 3 extends the findings of the first two studies by demonstrating that focusing attention on others in a way that induces perception of similarity with immigrants maintains negative attitudes toward immigrants, whereas focusing on individual values reduces prejudice among those higher in SDO. Implications for how prejudice could be reduced among those high in SDO through de-emphasis on group identity are discussed.
Spatial similarity-based retrievals and image indexing by hierarchical decomposition

For efficient search and spatial similarity based retrieval of image contents, the paper introduces a new symbolic image representation and indexing technique. In this technique, an image is recursively decomposed into a spatial arrangement of feature points while preserving the spatial relationships among its various component. Quadtrees are used to manage the decomposition hierarchy and help in quantifying the measure of similarity. This scheme is incremental in nature and can be adopted to find a match at various levels of details, from coarse to fine. This approach is translation, rotation and scale independent. For search and retrieval, a two phase indexing scheme based on image signatures and quadtree matching is introduced. For a given query image, a facility is provided to rank order the retrieved spatially similar images from the image database against a given query image for subsequent browsing and user selection.
Scaling of analog-to-digital converters into ultra-deep-submicron CMOS

This paper presents the opportunities and challenges for scaling A/D converters into ultra-deep-submicron CMOS technologies. With faster transistors and better matching, the trend is to migrate into higher sample rates with lower resolutions. Limited dynamic range at low supply voltages remains the utmost challenge for high-resolution Nyquist converters, and oversampling will become the dominant technique in this arena in the future. Linearity correction with digital calibration is also becoming prevalent as the efficiency of calibration circuitry improves
A Model for the Study of Quantitative Inheritance.

HE actions of genes controlling quantitative characters may be described the use of gene models. FISHER (1918) constructed a gene model which included dominance at a single locus. He stated that there may be a deviation from the simple additive effects between loci, similar to dominance at one locus, if more than one locus affected a given character. He called the deviation epistacy and introduced the term dual epistacy to indicate the interaction of all possible pairs of loci affecting the given character. Later, FISHER, IMMER and TEDIN (1932) used this gene model to describe the actions of any number of genes on a given character assuming there was no epistacy. GRIFFING (1950) introduced an epistatic parameter into a model, but the model is not easily extended to an arbitrary number of loci. The present paper contains a model based on the factorial model used in the design of experiments and some applications of this model to some data. THE FACTORIAL GENE MODEL The factorial model may be exemplified by the case of a dihybrid. The relative frequencies of the nine genotypes obtained from selfing the complete heterozygote may be represented in the following manner :
Outcomes from building system courseware for teaching and testing in a discipline‐based human structure curriculum

This study investigated the educational benefits of system-based lecture notes and interactive learning objects in a peripheral nervous system component of a traditional first-year medical school human anatomy course. The impetus for the investigation was anecdotal evidence suggesting enhanced learner satisfaction with the learning resources. Retrospective review of existing data from 2006 to 2009 was undertaken to quantify (1) the effects of Web-based system courseware on examination item performance, and (2) differences among learner opinions regarding the benefit level of the five different types of interactive learning objects as evaluated by instructional design questionnaires. Interactive patient-based case studies (IPCS) and review games (Games), simulated interactive patients (SIP), flashcards, and unit quizzes (Quizzes) developed in-house have been peer-reviewed and published in MedEdPORTAL. Statistics included one-way analysis of variance, Tukey's post hoc test, and power meta-analysis (d). Examination item analysis scores remained significantly higher (P ≤ 0.05; d = 0.3938) for learners receiving the instructional treatment incorporating system-based lecture notes and interactive learning objects than for those not receiving this treatment. Using questionnaires with a five-point Likert scale, students reported favorably on the benefit level of all learning objects. They rated the SIP and IPCS significantly higher (P ≤0.05) and games significantly lower (P ≤ 0.05) than in previous years, indicating a change in learner preferences. This study reaffirms that online system-based instructional techniques improve student examination performance and overall student satisfaction. Learners indicated stronger preferences for SIP and IPCS over exercises encouraging passive memorization of anatomical content. Anat Sci Educ. © 2011 American Association of Anatomists.
Optimized Frequency Measures for Monitoring Trends in Tallgrass Prairie

Prairies exhibit a bimodal frequency distribution of patch occupancy with a few dominant species accounting for most of the primary production and plant biomass and numerous other species occurring infrequently over time and space. Consequently, management interest is often focused on the abundance of common species, and on the persistence of less common species. We used spatially nested arrays of various sized plots to simultaneously measure species’ persistence and abundance at Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve, Kansas. Larger plots captured more species, with 127 species identified at the 10-m scale. Smaller plots, however, provided useful frequency data for measuring the abundance of common species. We defined a plot frame size that delivers a frequency in a 20–50% target range as the optimal plot size, and the frequency of a species sampled at its optimal plot size is termed the optimized frequency. Optimized frequency was estimated for 27 common species for the years 2002– 2006. Of the nine perennial grasses in this group, five exhibited significant interannual variation within the 5-yr period. Bouteloua curtipendula exhibited a significant linear change over the 5-yr period, decreasing in frequency over time. From year to year, changes in optimized frequency among the 27 common species varied in both their trajectory (i.e., the average change), and amplitude (i.e., the average magnitude of change). Between 2005 and 2006, the average change in optimized frequency was 29.1%, the only year with an overall declining trajectory. The declining trajectory between 2005 and 2006 was significantly different from the increasing trajectories observed between 2002 and 2003 and between 2004 and 2005. No significant differences were observed in amplitude. We offer these techniques for aggregating information from multiple spatial scales to characterize the amplitude and trajectory of community-wide changes as tools to help scientists convey the results of multiscale research projects to land managers.
Multi-sensory microphones for robust speech detection, enhancement and recognition

In this paper, we present new hardware prototypes that integrate several heterogeneous sensors into a single headset and describe the underlying DSP techniques for robust speech detection, enhancement and recognition in highly non-stationary noisy environments. We also speculate other business uses with this type of device.
Insect Prey Eaten by Hoary Bats (Lasiurus cinereus) Prior to Fatal Collisions with Wind Turbines

Wind turbines are being deployed all across the world to meet the growing demand for energy, and in many areas, these turbines are causing the deaths of insectivorous migratory bats. One of the hypothesized causes of bat susceptibility is that bats are attracted to insects on or near the turbines. We examined insect remains in the stomachs and intestines of hoary bats (Lasiurus cinereus) found dead beneath wind turbines in New York and Texas to evaluate the hypothesis that bats die while feeding at turbines. Most of the bats we examined had full stomachs, indicating that they fed in the minutes to hours leading up to their deaths. However, we did not find prey in the mouths or throats of any bats that would indicate the bats died while capturing prey. Hoary bats fed mostly on moths, but we also detected the regular presence of beetles, true bugs, and crickets. Presence of terrestrial insects in stomachs indicates that bats may have gleaned them from the ground or the turbine surfaces, yet aerial capture of winged insect stages cannot be ruled out. Our findings confirm earlier studies that indicate hoary bats feed during migration and eat mostly moths. Future studies on bat behaviors and insect presence at wind turbines could help determine whether feeding at turbines is a major fatality risk for bats.