cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Promoting Employee Policy Adherence and Rule Following in Work Settings: The Value of Self-Regulatory Approaches

Securing employee adherence to work-place rules and company policies is one key antecedent of successful coordination and functioning within organizations. It is important for companies to be able to motivate effectively rulefollowing behavior among employees. This analysis highlights the value of identifying optimal approaches to securing such behavior. In this paper, two strategies for achieving policy adherence and rule following are compared. Those strategies are: (1) the sanction-based command-and-control model and (2) self-regulatory approaches that are linked to activating employees’ ethical judgments. Research findings suggest that, while command-and-control strategies influence employee * © 2005 Tom R. Tyler. All Rights Reserved. † Department of Psychology, New York University. Earlier versions of this paper benefited from feedback during presentations at the Conference on The Role of the Corporation in Modern Society, sponsored by the Sloan Program for the Study of Business in Society (The George Washington University Law School, October, 1999); a conference at the Jurisprudence and Social Policy program (Law School, University of California, Berkeley, April, 2000); a presentation at the Research School of the Social Sciences (Australian National University, December, 2000); a presentation at the Georgetown University Law Center (January, 2001); New York Law School (February, 2001); a presentation at the University of Pennsylvania Law School (March, 2001); a presentation at the Ethics program of the Kellogg Graduate School of Management (May, 2001); the conference on the social and psychological foundations of economic life (Steyr, Austria, July, 2001); and the conference on research methods in corporate law, Sloan Program for the Study of Business in Society (November, 2001).
Propylene glycol: increased incidence of seizures in low birth weight infants.

Propylene glycol is a solvent commonly used in drug preparation. Although generally considered nontoxic, there are reports of toxic effects in animals and humans. Noted toxic effects have included seizures, sudden collapse, cardiac arrythmia and asystole, hepatic damage, renal damage, hemolysis, and serum hyperosmolality with a marked osmolar gap. We have previously reported serum hyperosmolality in small premature infants receiving a large dose of propylene glycol during IV nutrition. The major source of propylene glycol for these infants was an IV multivitamin solution, MVI-12 (Armour Pharmaceutical Co). Other drugs used in the newborn nursery were also found to contain significant amounts of propylene glycol (Table 1).
An opportunistic encryption extension for the DNS protocol

Confidentiality for DNS transactions has been a low-priority concern in DNS security for a long time due to performance requirements for the functionality of DNS and the fact that data in the DNS is considered public. However, the information carried in DNS transactions, if collected and analyzed, can pose real threats to personal privacy. This makes DNS a good target for passive eavesdropping to collect data for many purposes some of which may be malicious. The protocol described in this document is intended to facilitate an opportunistic negotiation of encryption in the DNS to provide confidentiality for the last mile of DNS resolution. It defines procedures to discover encryption-aware servers and how to establish a relationship with them with minimum overhead.
Coulometric determination of metal carbonates in battery electrodes by destructive analysis

A gravimetric method of destructive analysis of silver-zinc and nickel-cadmium battery electrodes to determine carbonate composition has been standard practice for fifteen years. This method is tedious, requires large sample sizes, and lacks both accuracy and precision. An alternative coulometric method to determine carbonate compositions using an off-the-shelf commercial instrument was investigated and found to be superior. The coulometric instrument requires half the time, one-tenth the amount of sample, and is far more accurate and precise. The instrument also promises to be used in conjunction with thermogravimetric analysis for simultaneous analysis of silver-oxides and silver-carbonates. This paper compares the gravimetric and coulometric methods and illustrates the greater accuracy obtainable with the new method in the analysis of silver-oxide electrodes. >
Development of ingestive behavior

Swallowing represents a primary physiological function that provides for the ingestion of food and fluid. In precocial species, swallowing activity likely develops in utero to provide for a functio...
Pheromone-induced signal transduction in Saccharomyces cerevisiae requires the sequential function of three protein kinases.

Abstract Protein phosphorylation plays an important role in pheromone-induced differentiation processes of haploid yeast cells. Among the components necessary for signal transduction are the STE7 and STE11 kinases and either one of the redundant FUS3 and KSS1 kinases. FUS3 and presumably KSS1 are phosphorylated and activated during pheromone induction by a STE7-dependent mechanism. Pheromone also induces the accumulation of STE7 in a hyperphosphorylated form. This modification of STE7 requires the STE11 kinase, which is proposed to act before STE7 during signal transmission. Surprisingly, STE7 hyperphosphorylation also requires a functional FUS3 (or KSS1) kinase. Using in vitro assays for FUS3 phosphorylation, we show that pheromone activates STE7 even in the absence of FUS3 and KSS1. Therefore, STE7 activation must precede modification of FUS3 (and KSS1). These findings suggest that STE7 hyperphosphorylation is a consequence of its activation but not the determining event.
Clarity of words and thoughts about strabismus.

“HOW OFTEN MISUSED WORDS GENERATE MISLEADING thoughts.” Herbert Spencer, English philosopher, 1820–1903, from Principles Of Ethics.1 In this issue, Donahue and associates present a series of patients in whom well-defined neurologic disorders produced a pattern of incomitant vertical strabismus corresponding by the three-step test to the pattern traditionally believed to represent inferior oblique palsy.2 Donahue and associates instead attribute the strabismus to a skew deviation, which might practically be defined as a supranuclear vertical strabismus arising from an abnormality of the ocular tilt reaction mediated by otolith-ocular reflex pathways.2 Skew deviations need not be comitant, and are
Measuring lymphocyte transcription factor activity by ELISA

Adequate immune function requires the complex interaction between cells via a series of biochemical and molecular events, culminating in altered gene expression. Initiation of transcription by sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins known as transcription factors (TFs) is the principle point at which the expression of most genes is regulated. Thus, an understanding of nuclear events affected by environmental toxicants and their mechanisms of actions is critical to understanding toxic phenomena.Colorimetric enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-based procedures have been developed to detect specific transcription factor DNA-binding activity in cell extracts. Up to 96 reactions can be performed in 3 to 4 hr. Extracts are added to the 96-well plate precoated with a transcription factor DNA-binding consensus sequence and detected with an antibody specific to the transcription factor of interest. In short, ELISA provides increased speed and throughput, and allows improved sensitivity and convenience over the traditional methods.
Fault Models and Test Procedures for Flash Memory Disturbances

Disturbances are special type of faults that are unique to flash memories. Causes of the disturbances are defects within the insulating layers of the memory element. These defects result in abnormal behavior of a memory cell under specific conditions. This paper describes characteristics of these defects as well as their manifestation as DC-Programming, DC-Erasure, and Drain Disturbance. We develop fault models to capture the behavior of faulty flash memories. We introduce three different fault models based on the underlying defects in a memory cell. These models are: Simple, Exclusive and General Fault model. Further, we develop test algorithms that detect disturbance faults under each of the fault models. The test algorithms reported in this paper for the simple fault model for each type of disturbance require optimal number of program, read, and flash operationss where as the algorithms for the remaining two fault models require near optimal number of these operations.
Thermal Conductivity of White Bread During Convective Heat Processing

Thermal conductivity values of white bread were determined during heat processing to provide information for analytical modeling required during convective heat and mass transfer of the baking process. Selected physical properties of bread were determined: moisture, volume, bulk density and porosity. White bread was baked in a forced-air convection oven for 8, 16, 24 and 32 min. Thermal conductivity values ranged from 0.00072–0.00064 watts/cm-°C. Although a downward trend was observed and explained, no significant differences were revealed among thermal conductivity values. Thermal conductivity values were indirectly linearly dependent (p>0.05) on volume and porosity; directly, to bulk density and moisture loss.
The Tail Domain of Myosin Va Modulates Actin Binding to One Head

Calcium activates full-length myosin Va steady-state enzymatic activity and favors the transition from a compact, folded "off" state to an extended "on" state. However, little is known of how a head-tail interaction alters the individual actin and nucleotide binding rate and equilibrium constants of the ATPase cycle. We measured the effect of calcium on nucleotide and actin filament binding to full-length myosin Va purified from chick brains. Both heads of nucleotide-free myosin Va bind actin strongly, independent of calcium. In the absence of calcium, bound ADP weakens the affinity of one head for actin filaments at equilibrium and upon initial encounter. The addition of calcium allows both heads of myosin Va.ADP to bind actin strongly. Calcium accelerates ADP binding to actomyosin independent of the tail but minimally affects ATP binding. Although 18O exchange and product release measurements favor a mechanism in which actin-activated Pi release from myosin Va is very rapid, independent of calcium and the tail domain, both heads do not bind actin strongly during steady-state cycling, as assayed by pyrene actin fluorescence. In the absence of calcium, inclusion of ADP favors formation of a long lived myosin Va.ADP state that releases ADP slowly, even after mixing with actin. Our results suggest that calcium activates myosin Va by allowing both heads to interact with actin and exchange bound nucleotide and indicate that regulation of actin binding by the tail is a nucleotide-dependent process favored by linked conformational changes of the motor domain.
STUDIES OF THE EARLY STAGES OF ROUS SARCOMA VIRUS INFECTION IN VITRO.

Abstract Chick embryo cells infected with Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) were challenged at various time intervals with a host range mutant of RSV. The results indicate that RSV and/or RAV (Rous-associated virus) infected cells are resistant to superinfection and this effect becomes first noticeable after a 4-hour interval. The time relationship between infection and the appearance of transformed cells was examined. It is found that transformation of chick embryo cells or duck embryo cells infected at low multiplicity occurred one or two cell divisions after infection. This delay in appearance is found to be correlated with the latent period of virus in the specific host.
Hydrodynamics of an antiferromagnet with fermions.

The long-wavelength description of a doped two-dimensional antiferromagnet (AFM) is considered. By assuming the existence of local AFM correlations, the hydrodynamics of the AFM and fermionic degrees of freedom is given. The broken time-reversal symmetry in the AFM leads to the spinor nature of doped fermions, and we find that the total ``pseudospin'' of fermions is conserved. This leads to the existence of additional hydrodynamic diffusive modes. This pseudospin index leads to possible ``singlet'' and ``triplet'' superconducting condensates in magnetically correlated materials. At low temperatures we find nonhydrodynamic damping of spin waves due to scattering by fermions.
A new relationship between total/high density lipoprotein cholesterol and polyunsaturated fatty acids

Dietary and plasma fatty acids have been linked to total cholesterol but not to the ratio of total/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TC/HDLC). To evaluate the relationship between dietary and plasma levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and TC/HDLC, we analyzed cross-sectional and longitudinal data using 519 plasma samples (50% men, 50% women) from subjects participating in the Framingham Heart Study and results from a study feeding diets rich in either n-6 linoleic acid or n-3 α-linolenic acid with or without fish oil supplements (n-3 derivatives). Values of TC/HDLC are inversely related to the percent of plasma PUFA when both variables are measured at the same time in different subjects,R=0.82,P<0.000001. PUFA in phospholipids increase in response to increased dietary intake of different PUFA, either n-3 or n-6 or fish oils. There was a highly significant inverse relationship between TC/HDLC and the percent of PUFA in phospholipids,R=0.97,P<0.001. The relationship was similar regardless of the source and type of dietary fatty acids. A similar relationship existed when only the baseline points were considered. When plasma PUFA % increases, either in response to a diet high in PUFA or across different subjects, TC/HDLC ratios decline. Evaluation of plasma fatty acid profiles and increased balanced dietary intake of PUFA to bring fatty acid profiles of subjects with low PUFA plasma levels closer to the profile of a healthy reference group is an effective approach to reduce high TC/HDLC. Reductions of more than 50% in TC/HDLC appear feasible with dietary modification alone. Further research into fatty acid metabolic activity may determine the biochemical basis of common dysplipidemias.
Mechanistic and therapeutic implications of angiogenesis in endometriosis

Like tumor metastases, endometriotic implants require neovascularization to proliferate and invade into ectopic sites within the host. Endometrial tissue, with its robust stem cell populations and remarkable regenerative capabilities, is a rich source of proangiogenic factors. Among the most potent and extensively studied of these proteins, vascular endothelial growth factor has emerged as a critical vasculogenic regulator in endometriosis. Accordingly, angiogenesis of the nascent endometriotic lesion has become an attractive target for novel medical therapeutics and strategies to inhibit vascular endothelial growth factor action. Vascular endothelial growth factor gene regulation in endometrial and endometriosis cells by nuclear receptors, other transcription factors, and also by infiltrating immune cells is emphasized. New data showing that oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress increase vascular endothelial growth factor expression are provided. Finally, we review the clinical implications of angiogenesis in this condition and propose potential antiangiogenic therapies that may become useful in the control or eradication of endometriotic lesions.
The effects of convection on Ostwald ripening in solid-liquid mixtures

Abstract The effects of convection on Ostwald ripening in solid-liquid mixtures have been studied using a SnPb alloy over a wide range of volume fraction solid. The convection was induced by a slow rotation of a disk shaped sample with the axis of rotation perpendicular to the gravity vector. At low volume fractions of solid the experiments show that convection can alter the exponent of the temporal power law for the average intercept length from its classical value of 1 3 to 0.37. For intermediate volume fractions of solid the temporal exponent is 1 3 , but the amplitude of the temporal power law for the average particle radius depends on the rate of rotation. At very high volume fractions of solid, where a stable skeletal structure was present, rotation had no effect on the kinetics of the ripening process. A theoretical analysis of Ostwald ripening in the low Peclet number limit was undertaken in an effort to understand the experimental results. The analysis showed that temporal power law solutions to the equations describing ripening do not exist when the particles move in the fluid with either a constant velocity or according to Stokes law. However, if the magnitude of the fluid flow scales with time in the proper way, temporal power law solutions can be found which are qualitatively consistent with the experiments.
Progression of Resistance Training Intensity among Older COPD Patients: A Comparison of 2 Resistance Training Studies.

AbstractObjective: This comparison study examined strength and functional fitness (FF) outcomes between 2 single-set resistance training (SSRT) studies of differing intensity progressions (rapid progression [RP] versus delayed progression [DP]) among elderly pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) patients to determine if there is a threshold effect for training intensity. Methods: Twenty PR patients participating in identical hospital-based PR programs, which met twice a week for 8 weeks, were randomly assigned to SSRT programs, which differed in intensity progression (RP: n = 10, mean age = 71.0 ± 3.7 years; DP: n = 10, mean age = 65.4 ± 7.8 years). The SSRT consisted of 1 set of 8 to 15 repetitions of 5 exercises. For both studies, training loads were determined equally. Load increases in the RP study consisted of 5% to 10% immediately following a session where 10 repetitions were completed. Load increases for the DP study consisted of 3 to 5 lbs following 2 consecutive sessions wherein 12 repetitions were compl...
Characterization and ion-induced degradation of cross-linked poly(methyl methacrylate) studied using time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry

Abstract In this study, a series of random copolymers of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) were prepared as surface-initiated polymer (SIP) films on silicon substrates using atom transfer radical polymerization. Positive and negative ion static time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) was used to characterize SIP films with different MMA/EGDMA monomer ratios in an attempt to quantify their surface composition. However, matrix effects in the positive and negative ion modes led to preferential secondary ion generation from the EGDMA monomer and suppression of secondary ions characteristic of the MMA monomer, precluding accurate quantification using standard linear quantification methods. Ion-induced degradation of these films under 5 keV SF5+ bombardment was also examined to determine the effect of cross-linking on the accumulation of ion-induced damage. Increasing incorporation of the EGDMA cross-linker in the SIP films decreased the sputter rate and increased the rate of damage accumulation under extended (>1014 ions/cm2) 5 keV SF5+ bombardment. Comparison of the ion bombardment data with thermal degradation of cross-linked PMMA suggests that the presence of the cross-linker impedes degradation by depolymerization, resulting in ion-induced damage accumulation. The increased rate of ion-induced damage accumulation with increased cross-link density also suggests that polymers that can form cross-links during ion bombardment are less amenable to depth profiling using polyatomic primary ions.
An exploratory study of the solar thermal electrolytic production of Mg from MgO

Abstract The electrolytic production of Mg from MgO was experimentally and theoretically investigated near 1550 K. The experimental work was carried out in a SiC electrolytic cell housed in a 10 kW solar receiver that was located at the focal point of a concentrating solar furnace. The oxide was dissolved in either CaF 2 or MgF 2 . The cathode was Mo and the anode was either Pt or C graphite . Mg evolved as a gas, was quenched on cooling coils at the exit of the reactor and was collected for analysis. A thermodynamic cycle study indicates that the ideal thermal efficiency for the solar process is 35 percent for an inert anode and 39 percent for a carbon anode. Experimental results from both current-cell potential traces and X-ray diffraction verify the successful electrolysis of MgO and the production of Mg. The experimental decomposition potential of the oxide was near the expected thermodynamic value. As expected, the experimental decomposition potential was reduced when carbon replaced the inert anode. In the experiment with Pt as the anode and MgF 2 as the solvent, a current efficiency of 14 percent was measured.
A sediment-dispersal model for the South Texas continental shelf, northwest Gulf of Mexico☆

Abstract Textural-distribution patterns of sea-floor sediments on the South Texas continental shelf between Matagorda Bay and the U.S.—Mexico international boundary were evaluated as part of a regional environmental-studies program. Sediment textural gradients support a conceptual model for the regional sediment-dispersal system, which is characterized by both net offshore transport and net south-trending coastwise transport components on a wind-dominated shelf. Coastwise transport results in the net southward migration of both palimpsest sandy mud composing the ancestral Brazos—Colorado delta flank in the northern sector, and modern mud composing the central sector; these migrating sediments are encroaching southward onto immobile relict muddy sands composing the ancestral Rio Grande delta in the southern sector. In the proposed model, the suspension transport of modern silt-enriched mud derived mainly from coastal sources is the dominant dispersal mechanism. Net offshore transport is attributed both to diffusion, and to the advective ebb-tide discharge of turbid lagoonal-estuarine waters from coastal inlets. Net southward transport is attributed mainly to advection by seasonally residual coastwise drift currents reflecting a winter-dominated hydraulic regime. Frequent winter storms characterized by relatively high-speed northerly winds that accompany the passage of cold fronts appear to be dominant regional dispersal agents.
Distance effects on residents' attitudes toward tourism.

Abstract A theoretical model of resident support for tourism that is based on the social exchange theory was shown to be valid regardless of the distance between residents’ homes and tourism attractions. However, distance had a significant effect on how the costs and benefits were evaluated. Recreation resource users living closest to the attraction who used it heavily felt more negatively about tourism than did those users living further away. Environmentally sensitive residents who lived closest to the site were more supportive of tourism than more distant residents.
A new species of Paratanais Dana, 1852 (Crustacea, Peracarida, Tanaidacea, Paratanaidae) from Puerto Rico, northwestern Atlantic

Paratanais rosadi sp. n. described from Puerto Rican coastal waters represents the first species of the genus from the northwestern Atlantic. It is distinguished from the other Paratanais species by a combination of characters, including article-2 of the maxilliped palp with a geniculate, finely-serrulate seta on inner margin; chela with stiff, geniculate, seta arising from propodus between fixed finger and dactylus and with short, stout, finely serrulate, seta on inner distal face of propodus adjacent to base of dactylus; carpus of pereopods 4−6 having three, instead of four stout modified spiniform setae distally, uropodal exopod distinctly shorter than endopodal article-1; and uropodal endopod with articles of about of equal in length. A key for the separation of Paratanais species from the Atlantic Ocean is presented.
Quantum computing with trapped ions

The significance of quantum computation for cryptography is discussed. Following a brief survey of the requirements for quantum computational hardware, an overview of the ion trap quantum computation project at Los Alamos is presented. The physical limitations to quantum computation with trapped ions are analyzed and an assessment of the computational potential of the technology is made.
Estrogen Receptors, the Hippocampus, and Memory:

Estradiol effects on memory depend on hormone levels and the interaction of different estrogen receptors within neural circuits. Estradiol induces gene transcription and rapid membrane signaling mediated by estrogen receptor-alpha (ERα), estrogen receptor-beta (ERβ), and a recently characterized G-protein coupled estrogen receptor, each with distinct distributions and ability to influence estradiol-dependent signaling. Investigations using receptor specific agonists suggest that all three receptors rapidly activate kinase-signaling and have complex dose-dependent influences on memory. Research employing receptor knockout mice demonstrate that ERα maintains transcription and memory as estradiol levels decline. This work indicates a regulatory role of ERβ in transcription and cognition, which depends on estradiol levels and the function of ERα. The regulatory role of ERβ is due in part to ERβ acting as a negative regulator of ERα-mediated transcription. Vector-mediated expression of estrogen receptors in the hippocampus provides an innovative research approach and suggests that memory depends on the relative expression of ERα and ERβ interacting with estradiol levels. Notably, the ability of estradiol to improve cognition declines with advanced age along with decreased expression of estrogen receptors. Thus, it will be important for future research to determine the mechanisms that regulate estrogen receptor expression during aging.
T cell development within the intestinal mucosa: clues to a novel immune-endocrine network?

Summary Small intestine intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) comprise a heterogeneous and phenotypically complex population of T cells that are part of the gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALTs). Recent studies from a number of laboratories indicate that murine IELs are greatly enriched for extrathymic T cells, although many aspects of the IEL+ extrathymic developmental pathway remain controversial, and there is currently no consensus of opinion as to which IELs are extrathymic and which are thymus-derived. Those differences reflect variations in the IEL repertoire in athymic animals depending upon the specific model used to study IELs, and they correlate with the age at which mice became or were rendered athymic, implying that the thymus participates either directly or indirectly in the local extrathymic IEL developmental process. In this article, the basic findings regarding intestinal T cell development are discussed, and a hypothesis is provided which links neuroendocrine interactions targeted to the intestine epithelium to the striking relationship between animal developmental age and the thymopoietic potential of the intestine.
Are we global yet? Globalist discourse, cultural formations and the study of Zimbabwean popular music 1

As a cultural category “global” is at once too all‐encompassing and vague, and too deeply, indexically, tied to the contemporary discourse naturalizing increased capitalist expansion and control throughout the world ‐ a discourse referred to here as “globalism”. The article suggests a different framework for thinking about trans‐state cultural processes involving three ideal‐type social formations: immigrant communities, diasporas and cosmopolitan formations. A discussion of popular music in Zimbabwe forms the final part of the paper and is intended to illustrate the usefulness of this framework. Following the work of many, the author recognizes the imperialist processes of capitalist globalization but suggests that ethnomusicologists avoid naturalizing the processes by eschewing terms and premises embedded in globalist discourse except in cases where the phenomenon in question affects everyone everywhere ‐ that is, where it is actually global in the literal sense.
Duramycin effects on the structure and function of heart mitochondria: II. Energy conversion reactions

The polypeptide antibiotic duramycin has been reported to interact selectively with phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (Navarro et al., 1985, Biochemistry 24, 4645-4650). PE is a major component of mitochondrial membranes. Duramycin was used to probe the role of PE in mitochondrial energy conversion reactions with the following results: (i) Duramycin uncoupled mitochondrial respiration, decreasing the respiratory control ratio to 1 at 5 microM. At concentrations of duramycin in excess of 10 microM, ADP addition inhibited electron transport. (ii) Duramycin inhibited oxidative phosphorylation (C50 less than 2 microM). (iii) Duramycin stimulated mitochondrial ATP hydrolysis modestly. The antibiotic was 7- to 16-fold less effective in this regard than concentrations of carbonylcyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone (F-CCP) which produced comparable uncoupling. (iv) Duramycin inhibited uncoupled ATPase activity (C50 = 8 microM). Inhibition of the ATPase activity of intact mitochondria was blocked by 1 mM MgCl2 and 5 mM CaCl2; inhibition persisted in sub-mitochondrial particles assayed in the presence of 3 mM MgCl2. The effects on mitochondrial function of free fatty acids (FFA) and duramycin are similar in many respects. It is suggested that duramycin, like FFA, uncouples via a nonclassical mechanism, possibly by disrupting intramembrane H+ transfer between redox and ATPase complexes. In addition, interaction of duramycin, either direct or indirect, with the F0 moiety of the mitochondrial ATPase and with one or more components of the respiratory electron transport chain is proposed.
Virtual rounding via videoconference-enabled smartphones: a case for multifacility rounds

Telemedicine is defined as the use of medical information exchanged from one site to another via electronic communications to improve delivery of care. This improvement in delivery of care is evident by more-efficient consults, triaging, and real-time communication between patient and surgeon. Internet-capable smartphones are capable of transferring radiographs and other images. Aziz and Ziccardi in 2009 demonstrated using smartphones for downloading images from the hospital archiving system to the resident's phone and then e-mailing or texting them to the attending for immediate review. Here we build on the work of Aziz and Ziccardi as we describe a novel use of smartphones for virtual rounding between residents and faculty based on improvements in technology, specifically video capability and increased accessibility of compatible devices.
The effect of acute and chronic swim stress on dopamine-β-hydroxylase activity

Abstract The acute and chronic swim stress led to an increase in serum dopamine-β-hydroxylase activity in rats. The elevated serum dopamine-β-hydroxylase levels found after stress probably reflect the balance between the rate of release and the rate of disappearance of the enzyme from the circulation. The acute, but not the chronic swim stress resulted in a decrease in dopamine-β-hydroxylase activity in the mesenteric arteries. The changes in dopamine-β-hydroxylase in the arteries following stress probably reflect the balance between the rate of release of the enzyme from the terminals and the rate of replenishment of the enzyme from the cell bodies. The chronic, but not the acute stress resulted in an increase in enzyme activity in the cervical ganglia and in adrenal glands. This finding is consistent with the idea that chronic stress induces the de novo enzyme-protein synthesis.
Thermodynamic, Elastic, and Magnetic Properties of Solid Helium

Recent experimental studies of solid helium are reviewed with special attention given to specific heat, isochoric pressure, neutron scattering, sound velocity, and magnetic susceptibility measurements. The relationships among the properties are stressed. Low temperature properties of $^{3}\mathrm{He}$, including exchange, nuclear spin ordering, the melting curve, and Pomeranchuk colling, are discussed. Phase separation in solid $^{3}\mathrm{He}$-$^{4}\mathrm{He}$ mixtures is reviewed.
Identification of mucosal injury in the murine nasal airways by magnetic resonance imaging : Site-specific lesions induced by 3-methylindole

A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique was developed to identify mucosal damage to the nasal passages of mice resulting from exposure to respiratory toxicants. 3-Methylindole (3-MI) was chosen as a model nasal toxicant because systemic administration of this compound in mice results in a well-characterized necrotizing nasal lesion that is restricted to the olfactory mucosa. MRI technology allows imaging of the same mice before and at time points after injection. In addition, morphological alterations and increases in the area of sinus cavity airspace can be followed as a function of dose and time following exposure. For 3-MI, the cross-sectional area of the sinus airspaces increased by 1.7-fold in mice injected with 200 mg/kg and 2.6-fold in mice injected with 300 mg/kg at 3 days after injection. Alterations in the nasal turbinates lined by olfactory mucosa were identified 1, 3, and 6 days postadministration of 3-MI using MRI. Postmortem histological examination of the nasal tissue confirmed the intranasal location and distribution of the 3-MI-induced lesions observed by MRI. MRI can be a useful technique to identify toxicant-induced mucosal injury in the nasal passages at an in-plane resolution less than 60 microm.
ABORTION PERSPECTIVES AND POLLSTERS* QUESTIONS*

Abstract In measuring public opinion about controversial issues, pollsters strive for balanced and comprehensive coverage of the subject. This type of coverage may be undermined, however, when one perspective of the issue tends to predominate in society. This point is illustrated by a review of questions major pollsters asked about the abortion issue over an eight-year period. The data suggest that in querying the public about abortion rights, in describing the legal and empirical realities of the abortion situation and in seeking the public's reaction to abortion politics and policy, pollsters tended to reflect the dominant pro-choice perspective.
Removal of accidental degeneracies in semiconductor quantum wires.

We obtain the energy levels of carriers in rectangular GaAs/${\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Al}}_{\mathit{x}}$As quantum-wire heterostructures with finite barriers using finite-element analysis. The energy spectra obtained are dramatically different from those determined analytically with use of the infinite-barrier approximation. The infinite-barrier approximation also introduces extra degeneracies in the energy spectra as a consequence of the separability of the potential. These accidental degeneracies are removed when the barrier height corresponding to the band offset of the surrounding medium is used in calculating the energy levels. Group-theory considerations of the square are used to explain the removal of these accidental degeneracies.
Predicted properties of the fission of super-heavy nuclei

Abstract For the fission of the super-heavy nucleus 298114 we estimate that the total energy release per fission should be 317 MeV, the average number of neutrons ν should be 10.5, and the average neutron laboratory kinetic energy should be 2.8 MeV. These and similar results for other super-heavy nuclei are substantially larger than the corresponding values for conventional fissile nuclei.
Depression and comorbidity: objects in the mirror are more complex than they appear.

Most of us in geriatric mental health were taught, often immediately upon entering the field, that comorbidity (the simultaneous presence of two chronic diseases or conditions in a patient) is the “rule rather than the exception” for late-life depression. Three studies in this month’s American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry both reflect and deepen our understanding of this truism. Each focuses on a different aspect of psychiatric or medical comorbidity with depression.
Structural imaging differences and longitudinal changes in primary lateral sclerosis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Magnetic resonance imaging measures have been proposed as objective markers to study upper motor neuron loss in motor neuron disorders. Cross-sectional studies have identified imaging differences between groups of healthy controls and patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) or primary lateral sclerosis (PLS) that correlate with disease severity, but it is not known whether imaging measures change as disease progresses. Additionally, whether imaging measures change in a similar fashion with disease progression in PLS and ALS is unclear. To address these questions, clinical and imaging evaluations were first carried out in a prospective cross-sectional study of 23 ALS and 22 PLS patients with similar motor impairment and 19 age-matched healthy controls. Clinical evaluations consisted of a neurological examination, the ALS Functional rating scale-revised, and measures of finger tapping, gait, and timed speech. Age and ALSFRS score were not different, but PLS patients had longer duration of symptoms. Imaging measures examined were cortical thickness, regional brain volumes, and diffusion tensor imaging of the corticospinal tract and callosum. Imaging measures that differed from controls in a cross-sectional vertex-wise analysis were used as regions of interest for longitudinal analysis, which was carried out in 9 of the ALS patients (interval 1.26 ± 0.72 years) and 12 PLS patients (interval 2.08 ± 0.93 years). In the cross-sectional study both groups had areas of cortical thinning, which was more extensive in motor regions in PLS patients. At follow-up, clinical measures declined more in ALS than PLS patients. Cortical thinning and grey matter volume loss of the precentral gyri progressed over the follow-up interval. Fractional anisotropy of the corticospinal tracts remained stable, but the cross-sectional area declined in ALS patients. Changes in clinical measures correlated with changes in precentral cortical thickness and grey matter volume. The rate of cortical thinning was greater in ALS patients with shorter disease durations, suggesting that thickness decreases in a non-linear fashion. Thus, cortical thickness changes are a potential imaging marker for disease progression in individual patients, but the magnitude of change likely depends on disease duration and progression rate. Differences between PLS and ALS patients in the magnitude of thinning in cross-sectional studies are likely to reflect longer disease duration. We conclude that there is an evolution of structural imaging changes with disease progression in motor neuron disorders. Some changes, such as diffusion properties of the corticospinal tract, occur early while cortical thinning and volume loss occur later.
The science of evaluation of adverse events associated with vaccination.

Abstract All vaccines cause some adverse events; serious adverse events are rare. Causal associations between a vaccine and an adverse event rarely can be determined by specific tests such as identifying a vaccine agent in the affected tissue of patients. In the absence of such data, epidemiologic studies can be used to determine if the risk of the disorder is increased in vaccinated compared to unvaccinated individuals. Common mistakes include assuming a causal relationship based on a temporal association only or a series of affected patients. Careful studies have demonstrated that many hypothesized causal associations between vaccines and adverse events were not substantiated. False assumptions regarding causality are likely to occur for illnesses without a carefully defined etiology or pathogenesis. Copyright 2002, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
A new program for biomonitoring status and trends in the environment

Environmental contaminants threaten the biological integrity of aquatic and semi-aquatic communities both inside and outside of U.S. National Wildlife Refuges (Refuges). The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) and the U.S. National Biological Survey are developing a new biomonitoring program, the Biomonitoring of Environmental Status and Trends (BEST) Program. The BEST Program is being designed to respond to the effects of contemporary environmental contaminant problems associated with fish and wildlife and their habitats. When fully operational, BEST will evaluate the effects of contaminants on fish and wildlife resources; identify and prioritize national, regional, and local contaminant issues for decision makers; monitor national trends of the presence and effects of contaminants; and provide baseline information to support various contaminant investigation activities. The BEST Program will use an integrated network to evaluate contaminant impacts at the tissue, organism, population, community, and ecosystem levels. The sampling approach will be designed around two major components, trust resources on FWS lands (primarily Refuges) and trust species and their habitats outside of FWS lands. The BEST Program is adopting bioassessment techniques from four broad categories including ecological surveys, biomarkers, bioassays and toxicity tests, and residue analysis. Pilot and demonstration projects will be conducted through fiscal year 1997.
Methamphetamine-induced serotonin neurotoxicity is mediated by superoxide radicals.

Abstract Methamphetamine (METH) causes deleterious effects in brain monoaminergic systems. Evidence has accumulated to suggest that these effects may be mediated via the overproduction of the superoxide radicals. We have recently shown that METH-induced dopamine (DA) depletion is attenuated in copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD) transgenic (Tg) mice. In the present study, we have used receptor autoradiographic studies of [ 125 I]RTI-55 labeled serotonin (5-HT) uptake sites to evaluate the effect of a two dosing schedule (5 mg/kg or 10 mg/kg×4) of METH on striatal 5-HT uptake sites in nontransgenic (Non-Tg), heterozygous (Hetero) and homozygous (Homo) SOD-Tg mice. The low dose caused no significant changes in striatal 5-HT uptake sites in any of the groups. The high dose caused marked decreases (−74%) in striatal 5-HT uptake sites in Non-Tg mice. In contrast, 5-HT uptake sites showed only a 31% decrease in homozygous SOD-Tg mice whereas heterozygous SOD-Tg mice showed 63% depletion. These results show that increased SOD activity can protect against METH-induced neurotoxicity in striatal serotonergic terminals. These data provide further evidence for a role of oxidative stress in the neurotoxic effects of METH.
Spondylolysis in elite junior-level ice hockey players.

Background:Spondylolysis is a common cause of low back pain and significant loss of play in the young athlete. Its incidence in hockey players has not been reported. This study reviewed the incidence and potential causative factors of low back pain and spondylolysis in an elite junior-level ice hockey program over a 15-year period.Hypothesis:Because of the repetitive movements of the lower spine required by the sport, spondylolysis was expected to be a frequent cause of low back pain in hockey players.Study Design:Retrospective case review.Level of Evidence:Level 4.Methods:The medical and athletic trainer records of male ice hockey players, ages 15 to 18 years, who presented with the complaint of low back pain were reviewed. This elite program consisted of 2 rosters. There were approximately 44 players total per year representing these 2 teams. For players diagnosed with spondylolysis, the following factors were reviewed: year in the program, age at presentation, symptoms and duration, studies performed, ...
Notes on the gupta-ravindran optimal storage model

A recent paper by Gupta and Ravindran (1) describes a network model developed to determine the optimal number of shelf-heights to use to minimize the shelving cost for a given collection of books if shelved by size. The following notes amplify some aspects of this work.
AOTF-based multicolor fluorescence detection for short tandem repeat (STR) analysis in an electrophoretic microdevice

An acousto-optic tunable filter (AOTF) has been used to perform multicolor fluorescence detection for four and five-color short tandem repeat (STR) analysis on glass microchips. Matrix files were initially generated by collecting and comparing the laser-induced fluorescence emission of the labels specific to a particular STR kit, and raw data was processed to remove spectral overlap. The AmpFlSTR kits used in this work include Profiler Plus and COfiler, which are four-color kits used in tandem to address the core STR loci, as well as the five-color Identifiler kit, which contains each of the loci. In contrast to previous reports on multicolor detection for STR analysis on microchips, this detection system is characterized by a single filter and detector, and reports the first five-color genotyping application on-chip. This capability matches the portability and reduced scale of the microchip with the state-of-the-art in multicolor STR analysis kits.
Indexing and mapping of proteins using a modified nonlinear Sammon projection

A modified Sammon algorithm was developed to display a relationship between proteins based on their amino acid composition. In the first stage of the method, a 19-dimensional compositional space of representative proteins was mapped into a 2-dimensional space (2-D) using the original Sammon projection creating a contour map. In the second stage, this contour map was used as a reference for new proteins projected into 2-D. Data analysis showed that proteins belonging to the same structural classes formed characteristic and distinct clusters, which could be potentially useful in the prediction of protein structural classes. However, we observed significant overlapping of the clusters which may explain the limited success of previous protein folding prediction based solely on amino acid composition. Regardless, the modified Sammon projections can generate a unique index for each individually projected protein related to its amino acid composition, which may be a useful tool in the exploratory classification of proteins.
Carbon disulfide incidents during viscose rayon processing

Two incidents occurred in a viscose rayon manufacturing process about a month apart during the same step of a semi-monthly cleaning operation in a carbon disulfide recovery box. The operation removes sulfides that accumulate on equipment surfaces during the week. In both incidents, carbon disulfide was released from the recovery box into the vapor exhaust system and the area surounding the recovery box. Ignition occurred and the resulting vapor flash propagated throughout the vapor exhaust system and the operating bay. Both incidents caused extensive equipment and building damage and minor injuries to personnel. Investigation and recommendations after the first incident, although appropriate, did not eliminate the root cause of the problem. Additional information obtained during the investigation of the second incident showed that a combination of several modifications and subtle changes in that particular process line, in conjunction with the colder temperatures of fall and winter, resulted in the incidents. The changing of the critical balance of temperature, pressure in the closed system, and sudden volatilization of accumulated carbon disulfide in an unlikely location were triggered by startup of the cleaning operation. Once the carbon disulfide vapor pressure vented from the closed system numerous ignition sources were available. The discussion will focus on the importance of management of change for seemingly small, logical changes, and on the importance of attention to small details in an accident investigation.