cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Scour Around A Barb In A Gravel-Bed Stream

Barbs provide streambank erosion protection and are designed to operate as unsubmerged or partially submerged structures during low to moderate flow conditions and fully-submerged during high flow conditions. In this study laboratory experiments were performed for the fully submerged conditions with the primary goal to provide a better understanding of the effects of flow on scour evolution process around barbs, a process that has not been extensively investigated especially in gravel-bed streams. These findings are expected to help the design engineer to better identify the scour-hole location and depth for fully submerged conditions and lead to an improved design for barb structures in gravel-bed streams.
Differences in preschool-age children's dietary intake between meals consumed at childcare and at home

Preschool children need optimal nutrition, including a variety of nutrient-dense foods, for growth and development. The purpose of this study was to determine differences in foods and nutrients consumed at childcare and home environments. Children ages 3-to-5 years (n = 90, 3.8 ± 0.7 years; 56% female) from 16 childcare centers participated in this cross-sectional study from 2011 to 2014. Lunches at childcare were observed for two days; three days of dinners at home were reported by caregivers. Nutrient-dense and energy-dense foods were counted and nutrient content of meals was determined using FoodWorks®. More servings of fruit (0.92 ± 0.82 vs. 0.15 ± 0.26; p ≤ 0.0001), vegetables (1.47 ± 1.43 vs. 0.62 ± 0.60; p ≤ 0.0001), and low-fat dairy (0.83 ± 0.32 vs. 0.07 ± 0.19; p ≤ 0.0001) were consumed at childcare than at home. More servings of high-fat, high-sugar foods (0.08 ± 0.18 vs. 0.43 ± 0.39, p ≤ 0.0001) and sugary drinks (0.22 ± 0.41 vs. 0.39 ± 0.35. p ≤ 0.001) were consumed at home than at childcare. There were no differences between environments in whole-grains, high-fat meats, or high-fat high-sugar condiments consumed. On average, children consumed 333.0 ± 180.3 kcal at childcare and 454.7 ± 175.3 at home (p ≤ 0.0001). There were no differences in macronutrient profiles or in iron, zinc, folate, or vitamin B6 intake. More calcium (86.2 ± 44.6 vs. 44.6 ± 22.2 mg/kcal, p ≤ 0.0001) and vitamin A/kcal (56.1 ± 36.9 vs. 26.5 ± 24.2 RAE/kcal, p ≤ 0.0001) were consumed at childcare than at home. Preschool children are consuming more nutrient-dense foods and a more servings of fruit and vegetables at childcare during lunch than at home during dinner. Childcare and parents should work together to provide early and consistent exposure to nutrient-rich foods to ensure optimal nutrition for developing children.
Interaction of Pharmaceuticals with Schardinger Dextrins II: Interaction with Selected Compounds

Data for the interaction of the Schardinger dextrins with 19 pharmaceuticals in aqueous solution are presented. All the compounds interact with both alpha and beta cyclodextrin. Data are presented to show that the less soluble the drug is in water, the greater is its per cent increase in solubility as a function of cyclodextrin concentration. Comparison of the isothermal slopes of the interactions shows that the largest molecules show the smallest slopes and therefore the smallest degree of interaction with the cyclodextrins. Molecular structure is a very important factor in the interaction which is believed to be a combination of inclusion formation and other intermolecular attractive forces.
"Capability Deepening, Capability Broadening, and Firm Performance of Emerging Market Firms"

We analyze how capability upgrading impacts the performance of emerging market firms. Building on the organizational learning literature to theorize upgrading as a problem-solving process, we propo...
The effect of age on the response of retinal capillary filling to changes in intraocular pressure measured by optical coherence tomography angiography.

Abstract Purpose To compare the effect of elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) on retinal capillary filling in elderly vs adult rats using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). Methods The IOP of elderly (24-month-old, N = 12) and adult (6–8 month-old, N = 10) Brown Norway rats was elevated in 10 mmHg increments from 10 to 100 mmHg. At each IOP level, 3D OCT data were captured using an optical microangiography (OMAG) scanning protocol and then post-processed to obtain both structural and vascular images. Mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), respiratory rate, pulse and blood oxygen saturation were monitored non-invasively throughout each experiment. Ocular perfusion pressure (OPP) was calculated as the difference between MAP for each animal and IOP at each level. The capillary filling index (CFI), defined as the ratio of area occupied by functional capillary vessels to the total scan area but excluding relatively large vessels of > 30 μm, was calculated at each IOP level and analyzed using the OCTA angiograms. Relative CFI vs IOP was plotted for the group means. CFI vs OPP was plotted for every animal in each group and data from all animals were combined in a CFI vs OPP scatter plot comparing the two groups. Results The MAP in adult animals was 108 ± 5 mmHg (mean ± SD), whereas this value in the elderly was 99 ± 5 mmHg. All other physiologic parameters for both age groups were uniform and stable. In elderly animals, significant reduction of the CFI was first noted at IOP 40 mmHg, as opposed to 60 mmHg in adult animals. Individual assessment of CFI as a function of OPP for adult animals revealed a consistent plateau until OPP reached between 40 and 60 mmHg. Elderly individuals demonstrated greater variability, with many showing a beginning of gradual deterioration of CFI at an OPP as high as 80 mmHg. Overall comparison of CFI vs OPP between the two groups was not statistically significant. Conclusions Compared to adults, some, but not all, elderly animals demonstrate a more rapid deterioration of CFI vs OPP. This suggests a reduced autoregulatory capacity that may contribute to increased glaucoma susceptibility in some older individuals. This variability must be considered when studying the relationship between IOP, ocular perfusion and glaucoma in elderly animal models.
Coping with spinal cord injury: strategies used by adults who sustained their injuries as children or adolescents.

AbstractObjective: To identify the coping strategies used by adults with pediatric-onset spinal cord injuries (SCI) and to determine how these coping strategies were related to demographics, injury-related factors, and adult outcomes.Methods: Study Participants were adults who sustained SCI at age 18 years or younger and were interviewed at age 24 years or older. This is part of a large longitudinal study for which there were 864 eligible participants. There were 353 (41%) interviewed, 259 of which were assessed for coping skills. The telephone interview included a questionnaire and several standardized measures (Functional Independence Measure, Craig Handicap Assessment and Reporting Technique, Short-Form 12 measure of health-related quality of life, Satisfaction With Life Scale, Patient Health Questionnaire-9, and the Brief COPE adapted).Results: Of 259 participants, 62% were male and 58% had tetraplegia. The average age at injury was 14 years (0-18 years) and average age at interview was 30 years (24-4...
Evidence for TIMP-1 protection against P. aeruginosa-induced corneal ulceration and perforation.

PURPOSE. To determine the biological significance of individual endogenous tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) in protection against tissue destruction using a Pseudomonas aeruginosa-induced model of corneal ulceration. METHODS. Corneal TIMP-1, -2, and -3 mRNA levels were compared between young adult (resistant) and aged (susceptible) mice challenged with P. aeruginosa. Resistant mice that demonstrated greater amounts of an individual TIMP were treated with polyclonal antibody (pAb) to that TIMP. To determine whether TIMP neutralization exacerbated P. aeruginosa-induced corneal disease, TIMP pAb- and normal rabbit serum (NRS)- (control) treated mice were examined macroscopically and histopathologically after infection. Corneal neutrophil (PMN) myeloperoxidase (MPO) levels also were examined in these mice. RESULTS. Greater amounts of TIMP-I mRNA only were found in corneas of resistant versus susceptible mice after P. aeruginosa challenge. Systemic treatment of resistant mice with TIMP-I pAb resulted in corneal perforation by 5 to 7 days after infection (PI). Histopathologic evaluation of corneal tissues from TIMP-1 pAb- versus NRS-treated mice confirmed that TIMP-I pAb treatment resulted in extensive stromal dissolution. This treatment also was associated with loss of epithelium within the central cornea. Both the histopathology and PMN MPO enzyme assays also showed an increase in corneal PMN number following TIMP-I pAb treatment. CONCLUSIONS. These studies provide evidence that, after P. aeruginosa infection, adequate endogenous expression of TIMP-I in cornea protects against extensive corneal tissue destruction. The protective effects of TIMP-1 may be multifactorial. In addition to directly protecting extracellular matrix components from active matrix metalloproteinases, TIMP-I may either directly or indirectly influence recruitment of PMNs into infected cornea. Finally, TIMP-1 also may affect wound healing and resurfacing of the corneal epithelium.
The dynamics of Hippo signaling during Drosophila wing development

Tissue growth needs to be properly controlled for organs to reach their correct size and shape, but the mechanisms that control growth during normal development are not fully understood. We report here that the activity of the Hippo signaling transcriptional activator Yorkie gradually decreases in the central region of the developing Drosophila wing disc. Spatial and temporal changes in Yorkie activity can be explained by changes in cytoskeletal tension and biomechanical regulators of Hippo signaling. These changes in cellular biomechanics correlate with changes in cell density, and experimental manipulations of cell density are sufficient to alter biomechanical Hippo signaling and Yorkie activity. We also relate the pattern of Yorkie activity in older discs to patterns of cell proliferation. Our results establish that spatial and temporal patterns of Hippo signaling occur during wing development, that these patterns depend upon cell-density modulated tissue mechanics and that they contribute to the regulation of wing cell proliferation.
Come for a Job, Stay for the Socializing: Gratifications Received from LinkedIn Usage

LinkedIn is the leading social network site focusing on professional life, with over 500 million customers, but has received far less research attention than Facebook and other personal networks. This study is one of the first to examine gratifications received from using LinkedIn by U.S. adults and relationships between those gratifications and how the site is utilized. Uses and Gratifications Theory served as conceptual framework. The cross-sectional study surveyed 390 active LinkedIn customers 25 and older about gratifications received, intensity of attitudes, and site usage. Exploratory factor analysis and structural equation modeling were used to identify three gratification factors for using LinkedIn: jobs and job affairs, social aspects of employment, and finding old and new friends easily. The social aspects of employment factor had a significant relationship with both intensity of attitudes toward LinkedIn and site usage. This was a surprising finding, since LinkedIn is commonly associated only with utilitarian career-oriented motives, rather than hedonic gratifications like socializing.
Personality Traits Moderate Connections from Drinking Attitudes to Alcohol Use and Myopic Relief, Self-inflation, and Excess.

Background Alcohol myopia theory postulates that the level of alcohol use in conjunction with personal cues, such as alcohol attitudes and personality traits help to understand the types of consequences manifested. Objectives This study examined and identified the personality traits that served as predictors and moderators of the risk connections from drinking attitudes to alcohol use to myopia outcomes. Methods College students (N = 433) completed self-report measures. In a path analysis using structural equation modeling, personality traits (extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, openness, and neuroticism), drinking attitudes, and personality × drinking attitudes interactions simultaneously served as predictors on the outcomes of alcohol use and myopic relief, self-inflation, and excess. Results Alcohol attitudes and use consistently emerged as unique predictors of all three myopia outcomes. Extraversion and neuroticism were identified as statistical moderators, but results varied depending on the myopia outcome interpreted. Specifically, extraversion moderated the pathways from attitudes to usage and from attitudes to myopic relief. Neuroticism, however, moderated the relations from attitudes to myopic self-inflation and from attitudes to myopic excess. Conclusions/Importance: Extraverted and neurotic dispositions could exacerbate or attenuate the risk connections from alcohol attitudes to outcomes. Findings offer implications for alcohol prevention efforts designed to simultaneously target drinking attitudes, personality traits, and alcohol myopia.
EEG markers of STEM learning

In this Innovative Practice Full Paper, we examined whether signals from inexpensive, wearable brainwave sensors could be used to identify the STEM learning task in which a student was engaged. Twelve subjects completed four different STEM learning tasks – two entailing passive learning (watching a video or reading), and two entailing active learning (solving problems based on the passive learning). There were two mathematics tasks (one active and one passive) and two Python programming tasks (one active, one passive). Subjects were fitted with wearable brainwave sensors that captured cortical oscillations from four scalp electrodes, and transformed the signals from each electrode into five distinct frequency bands. This yielded 10 samples per second within each frequency band and from each electrode. We then trained ensemble-based machine learning algorithms (boosting and bagging of decision tree learners) to classify various features of tasks and subjects from a single sample of brainwave activity. We explored several different types of training/testing regimes, and our results suggest that within a single session, brain activity patterns for each of these four types of learning are substantially different, but that the patterns do not generalize well between sessions. Importantly, the brainwave patterns differ greatly between individuals, which suggests that applications using such devices will need to rely on personalization to achieve high accuracy. The project is a first step toward developing apps that could use individualized EEG feedback to help subjects develop learning strategies that optimize their learning experience.
Microfibers generated from the laundering of cotton, rayon and polyester based fabrics and their aquatic biodegradation

The effect of fiber type (cotton, polyester, and rayon), temperature, and use of detergent on the number of microfibers released during laundering of knitted fabrics were studied during accelerated laboratory washing (Launder-Ometer) and home laundering experiments. Polyester and cellulose-based fabrics all shed significant amounts of microfibers and shedding levels were increased with higher water temperature and detergent use. Cellulose-based fabrics released more microfibers (0.2-4 mg/g fabric) during accelerated laundering than polyester (0.1-1 mg/g fabric). Using well-controlled aquatic biodegradation experiments it was shown that cotton and rayon microfibers are expected to degrade in natural aquatic aerobic environments whereas polyester microfibers are expected to persist in the environment for long periods of time.
Services and support for nontraditional students in higher education: A historical literature review:

While nontraditional students are a growing population in colleges and universities today, their presence can also be seen throughout history. National policies and practices throughout United Stat...
Risk factors for renal failure (RF) during high-dose chemotherapy (HDCT) and outcomes for patients (pts) with relapsed germ-cell tumors (rGCT).

e16042Background: Pts with rGCT can be cured with salvage chemotherapy (CT). We evaluated risk factors and outcomes of pts who developed RF during HDCT for rGCT. Methods: All pts were planned to re...
Multistage and decentralized operations of electric vehicles within the California demand response markets

Abstract Electric vehicle (EV), as a significant type of distributed energy resources, provides extra flexibilities for microgrid operators to achieve a myriad of objectives. In the commercial microgrids, EVs are considered as controllable mobile batteries in the global optimization problem together with other microgrid components, such as the building load, renewable generations, and battery energy storage system. However, the patterns of the EV charging behaviors, including the public and the fleet EVs, result in further complexity of the microgrid management plans. We introduced a demonstration project with real-world EV driver behaviors collected in north California and integrated the EV charging control with the microgrid energy management problem with the objective to minimize the monthly energy bills. This chapter will analyze the cost-saving performance of smart charging controls, provided the tariff structures and the patterns of other microgrid components from the historical datasets. As an evaluation approach, we provide deterministic problem formulations to optimize the monthly energy bills under multiple energy and demand response markets. In addition, a more realistic day-by-day operation strategy is proposed and implemented with the real-world EV usage data and the building load data. The day-by-day algorithm adaptively minimizes the impact of demand charges caused by the monthly load peaks in a decentralized fashion based on the alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM), which is later extended to an asynchronous version. In summary the highlights of this chapter are threefold: (1) introduction of a real-world smart charging project in a real-world demonstration site, which is AlCoPark; (2) comprehensive modeling and decision-making framework for commercial microgrids with EVs under multiple California demand response markets; (3) distribute and asynchronous operations in the real-time energy-allocation stage(s) to preserve the customers’ privacy and improve the system robustness.
Criterion A vs. Non-Criterion A Stressors: Relations to Parenting Perceptions, Support, Satisfaction, and Involvement

Exposure to Criterion A traumatic events and posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) have been associated with increased risk for parenting difficulties. Significant life stressors not considered to b...
A CASE OF FULMINANT CARDIAC SARCOIDOSIS RESEMBLING GIANT CELL MYOCARDITIS

Severe cardiac sarcoidosis (CS) can share clinical and histopathologic features with giant cell myocarditis (GCM). A 56 year old female presented with 1 week of exertional chest pressure and dyspnea. EKG revealed prolonged PR interval, bifascicular block and frequent PVCs. Echocardiogram
Positioning diagnosis and surgical treatment of the recurrent clubfoot in children

Objective To investigate the positioning diagnose and the efficacy of surgical treatment of the recurrent clubfoot in children.Methods Since 2002,18 patients with 26 recurrent clubfeet were treated at this center.Patients were grouped into 3 groups according to the Davidson's method of clubfoot classification criteria:Group A was simple forefoot adduction (8 cases,10 feet);Group B was stiffness of the midfoot supination and forefoot adduction,which was also called bean-shape foot (8 cases,13 feet);Group C was rigidity deformity of the hindfoot inversion and plantar flexion,and forefoot adduction (2 cases,3 feet).The group A patients underwent anterior tibial tendon transfer or cuboid bone lateral closed wedge osteotomy combined with opening wedge medial cuneiform osteotomy.The group B patients were performed wedge cuboid osteotomy.The Group C patients underwent the calcaneal osteotomy and soft tissue release and anterior tibial tendon transfer,or were applied Ilizarov external fixators to correct the malformation gradually.The patients were followed up from 18 to 70 months (average follow-up period,30 months).Surgical efficacy was assessed using International Clubfoot Study Group score (ICFSG).Results According to the ICFSG score,10 feet of 8 patients were excellent,10 feet of 6 patients good,2 feet of one patient fair,and 1 foot was poor.The last 3 fair or poor scored feet were the patients' in Group C,of which the deformities was corrected but stiffness of ankle and subtalar joints didn't improved after surgery.Conclusions Preoperative positioning diagnosis is necessary and important for choosing proper surgical procedures for recurrent clubfoot in children. Key words: Equinovarus; Orthopedic procedures
Private information leakage from functional genomics data: Quantification with calibration experiments and reduction via data sanitization protocols

Functional genomics experiments provide data on aspects of gene function in a variety of conditions and how they relate to organismal phenotype (e.g. "genes upregulated in AIDS"). These experiments do not necessarily concern findings on identifiable individuals, leading to a neglect of their privacy issues; however, for each experiment, it is possible to create "cryptic quasi-identifiers"9 statistically linking them back to individuals and thereby leaking sensitive phenotypic information (e.g. "HIV status"). Here, we develop metrics for quantifying this leakage and instantiate them in practical linking attacks. As genotyping noise is a crucial quantity for the feasibility of attacks, we perform them both with highly accurate reference genomics datasets as well as by generating RNA and DNA data from more realistic environmental samples. Finally, in order to reduce leakage, we develop a data-sanitization protocol for making principled privacy-utility trade-offs, permitting the sharing of functional genomics data while minimizing risk of leakage.
Real-time observation of cas9 postcatalytic domain motions

CRISPR-Cas9 from Streptococcus pyogenes is an RNA-guided DNA endonuclease, which has become the most popular genome editing tool. Coordinated domain motions of Cas9 prior to DNA cleavage have been extensively characterized but our understanding of Cas9 conformations postcatalysis is limited. Because Cas9 can remain stably bound to the cleaved DNA for hours, its postcatalytic conformation may influence genome editing mechanisms. Here, we use single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer to characterize the HNH domain motions of Cas9 that are coupled with cleavage activity of the target strand (TS) or nontarget strand (NTS) of DNA substrate. We reveal an NTS-cleavage-competent conformation following the HNH domain conformational activation. The 3′ flap generated by NTS cleavage can be rapidly digested by a 3′ to 5′ single-stranded DNA-specific exonuclease, indicating Cas9 exposes the 3′ flap for potential interaction with the DNA repair machinery. We find evidence that the HNH domain is highly flexible post-TS cleavage, explaining a recent observation that the HNH domain was not visible in a postcatalytic cryo-EM structure. Our results illuminate previously unappreciated regulatory roles of DNA cleavage activity on Cas9’s conformation and suggest possible biotechnological applications.
Analysis and Design of Inter-provincial Electricity Spot Market Model in China

China’s administration proposes to carry out reform by taking a province as a unit and gradually establish a market-oriented inter-provincial electricity trading mechanism. Since then, eight provincial spot market pilots have entered the phase of settlement trial operation, and electricity market reform has been widely carried out. On this basis, how to further build the inter-provincial electricity spot market and coordinate with the provincial markets is an important issue in the construction of electricity spot markets in China. Based on mainstream market models abroad, this paper analyzes the trans-regional trading models in Europe and the United States and their inspiration to China. Then it introduces the current situation of construction of a trans-regional electricity spot market in China and analyzes its existing problems. Based on this, combined with the actual situation of dispatching management and operation in China, it is pointed out that the spot market in China shall adopt the market model of “unified market and two-level operation” and adopt the market process of “inter-provincial before intra-provincial The benefits produced by this model are analyzed. The main market framework is designed from three aspects of market participants, trading timing and optimization process. Finally, the key technical requirements for building the inter-provincial electricity spot market in China are abstracted.
Nutrition for Active People

Just as it is important to properly prepare for a particular sport or activity, what you eat or drink before, during, and after can have an important influence on the outcome. Active people require more energy to maintain lean tissue mass, for immune and reproductive function, and for optimum athletic performance. In this chapter we focus on teens and adults. Major issues related to nutrition in sports include weight control, body composition, carbohydrate loading, hydration, eating disorders, and supplementation. Being well-hydrated before exercise, and consuming adequate liquid during and after performance to balance fluid loss, contributes to better performance and decreased exercise-related injuries. Appropriate selection of foods and fluids, the timing of intake, and supplement choices are important for optimal health and exercise performance. Skipping meals is discouraged. Snacks before and after the activity provide adequate energy to perform and decrease postexercise fatigue. Good choices are high carbohydrate foods such as crackers, fruit, or a bagel with a sports drink. If the individual is overweight the risk of dehydration and heat-related illness is greater. Increased fluids and moderation in snacks are encouraged. The purpose of the pre-activity meal is to provide the individual with adequate food energy (glucose and glycogen) and fluid to support intense exercise. Foods that are high in fat and protein are discouraged before exercise. These foods are digested slowly and remain in the digestive tract for longer periods of time. The optimal meal before competition is high in complex carbohydrates. The following contents are recommended for pre-activity meals:
Mitochondrial ion channels in cardiac function and dysfunction.

The study of mitochondrial physiology continues to provide new and surprising insights into how this organelle participates in the integration of cellular activities, far beyond the traditional view of the mitochondrion in energy transduction. Emerging evidence indicates that mitochondria are a centre of organization of numerous signalling pathways and are a cellular target that undergoes vast modification during both the acute and chronic phases of disease development and aging. In this context, it is also important to understand the spatial and temporal organization of mitochondrial function and how this might influence the cell's response to stress. Here, we present evidence supporting the hypothesis that mitochondria from heart cells act as a network of coupled oscillators, capable of producing frequency- and/or amplitude-encoded reactive oxygen species (ROS) signals under physiological conditions. This intrinsic property of the mitochondria can lead to a mitochondrial ‘critical’ state, i.e. an emergent macroscopic response manifested as complete collapse or synchronized oscillation in the mitochondrial network under stress. The large amplitude depolarizations of ΔΨm and bursts of ROS have widespread effects on all subsystems of the cell including energy-sensitive ion channels in the plasma membrane, producing an effect that scales to cause organ level electrical and contractile dysfunction. Mitochondrial ion channels appear to play a key role in the mechanism of this non-linear network phenomenon and hence are an important target for potential therapeutic intervention.
Using cryptography for privacy protection in data mining systems

To conduct data mining including mining on the web data, we often need to collect data from various parties. Privacy concerns may prevent the parties from directly sharing the data and some types of information about the data. How multiple parties collaboratively conduct data mining without breaching data privacy presents a challenge. In this paper, we present a solution for privacy-preserving k-Medoids clustering which is one of data mining tasks. The solution is based on the cryptography technology.
Mitigation of electromagnetic interference and acoustic noise in vehicular drives by random pulse width modulation

Results of two interrelated studies devoted to assessment of mitigating effects of random pulse width modulation on the electromagnetic and acoustic noise generated in vehicular AC drives are presented. Computer simulations and experimental investigation have demonstrated that the random modulation, especially its technically convenient RPWM II version, significantly reduces both types of the noise. Therefore, it can be used as an effective and inexpensive tool for meeting the respective engineering standards.
Physical adsorption of vapor on ice

Abstract Physical adsorption studies of simple nonpolar hydrocarbon vapors on ice are described. The isotherms obtained cover a temperature range of from −96°C to −30°C, or up to roughly the temperature where drastic sintering occurs. Results are compared to existing data for hydrocarbon adsorption on liquid water. At temperatures below that of about −35°C, adsorption behavior is characterized by low adsorption energies, with isosteric heats lower than the heat of condensation at low coverages and rising to that of the heat of condensation as coverage increases to multilayer formation. As the temperature is increased to −35°C and above, adsorption behavior dramatically changes to that similar to adsorption on liquid water, marked by abnormally high adsorption heats at low coverage which drop to the heat of condensation as coverage increases. The explanation proposed is that H 2 O molecules in the ice surface are actively involved in the adsorption process at the higher temperatures, in a similar manner to the case of hydrocarbon adsorption on liquid water.
Some Recent Studies on the Local Reactivity of O 2 on Pt 3 Nanoislands Supported on Mono- and Bi-Metallic Backgrounds

Small bimetallic clusters have shown in recent years their potential as catalysts and high-density magnetic data storage materials. These nanoscale alloys present a number of structures and phases different from those of their bulk counterparts. Taking advantage of this large spectrum of possibilities, it is in principle possible to design and build materials with specific novel properties dependent on the size and concentration of the nano-alloys. Some constituents are more amenable than others to be used as components of nanomaterials in this emerging paradigm. Transition-metal bimetallic clusters, for example, form an important class of the former, yet tailoring of desired properties of these clusters are sometimes difficult to achieve because of the complexity of their electronic structure.
Narrating China, Ordering East Asia: The Discourse on Nation and Ethnicity in Imperial Japan

Geography, like the nation, is very much a state of mind. Concepts of place and spatial relationships involve a web of imaginative acts and projections of interests and desires by those who are empowered with the representation of space. Cultural and geographical imaginations draw from and act on both the hard limits imposed by the presence of physical terrain and the past of earlier representations that we often call “tradition.” And yet, the power of geographical mapping lies not only in specific natural features, but also in the cultural and political resources of strategic representations. As such, the imaginative construction and reconstruction of nations and regions are historical projects. They draw from the events of their time, as well as the constantly changing discursive frameworks that are available to them, in order to present the image of a necessary relationship among contiguous political bodies. What makes the process especially complicated and fascinating is that often regional mapping, such as the Japanese construction of a modern East Asia in the 20th century, is simultaneously imposed on national mapping, and changing concepts of the region are often interwoven with, and interdependent on, changing definitions of the nation.
Computers in the health sciences

Publisher Summary Economics and technology are key factors in restructuring the health care system aided by a rapidly emerging acceptance and use of computers. The medical information system is the root of information processing in the health sciences. It draws from many sources, both human and machine, and provides the foundation for many uses, such as patient care, finance, education, and research. Some of the functional dimensions of a medical information system include admissions office, ambulatory care department, business office, and medical records departments. Some of its benefits include improved quality of the clinical record , improved audit and quality control, and better use of clinical data. With the diagnosis-related group (DRG)-based approach, patients are classified by their principal diagnosis or by the condition responsible for their admission. The essential steps in diagnosis are acquisition of information from the patient, interpretation of this information, and diagnosis. The computer system can help in both the acquisition and interpretation phases of this process. With regard to interpretation of the data, two popular approaches are statistical systems and logic-based (expert) systems.
Observation of the Josephson Plasma Resonance in Tl2Ba2CaCu2O8 using THz Spectroscopy

Employing terahertz time-domain spectroscopy in transmISSIon, we have unambiguously observed the Josephson Plasma Resonance in Tl2Ba2CaCu2O8 high-Tc thin films in zero magnetic field as a function of temperature.
Use of Tumor Markers in Lung Cancer

Biomarkers relevant to lung cancer can be classified into three broad categories: serum markers, tissue markers, and sputum markers. The predominant contribution of serum biomarkers will be in documenting disseminated disease and response to therapy. The most promising role for tissue biomarkers, at least in nonsmall cell lung cancer, is for the determination of prognosis in resectable patients. Sputum biomarkers offer considerable promise as early detection tools, which may enhance the sensitivity and specificity of screening when used in conjunction with periodic screening chest radiographs.
A MODEL FOR INCREASING THE MEANING OF STANDARDIZED TEST SCORES1

The model which is proposed to increase the meaningfulness of standardized test scores includes the following steps: (a) a precise description of curriculum objectives and a specification of pupil achievement in reference to these objectives; (b) the coding of each item on a standardized test with reference to the curriculum, and (c) the assignment of two scores to each pupil, one reflecting his achievement on items that test content to which he has been exposed; the other his achievement on items that test content beyond his present status in the curriculum or not represented in the curriculum at all.
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE PATHOLOGY OF EXPERIMENTAL VIRUS ENCEPHALITIS : III. VARIETIES AND PROPERTIES OF THE HERPES VIRUS.

Mild strains of the virus of herpes are described the action of which tends to be confined and local. Unless, therefore, these mild strains are injected intracranially they do not tend to produce virus encephalitis in the rabbit. Recovery from infection with the mild strains confers immunity to virulent strains of the herpes and allied viruses. Long glycerolation reduces the number of viable organisms. This loss among the mild strains may reduce the virus below the strength required for an effective extracranial although not below the strength needed for an intracranial inoculation. Herpes virus carriage in man, even under highly favorable conditions, is difficult of detection by means of rabbit inoculation. The detection may be achieved by intracranial when it cannot be accomplished by intracorneal inoculation. The virus producing encephalitis in the rabbit attaches itself chiefly to and multiplies in the substance of the central nervous system. Hence its detection in the cerebrospinal fluid is rarely accomplished. When the inoculation of the virus is made intracranially and especially when the inoculum is composed of active brain tissue, the virus is discoverable in the cerebrospinal fluid by rabbit inoculation much more frequently than when the virus encephalitis follows an extracranial variety of infection. The herpes virus is capable of excretion by the kidney of the rabbit and of being detected in the urine by rabbit inoculation. Among the rarer symptoms of virus encephalitis is excessive lacrimation. While salivation is frequent, lacrimation is exceptional. A comparison of the Levaditi, Doerr, and Goodpasture strains of virus indicates the first to be of medium, the second of mild, and the third of high degree of neurotropic activity. The Doerr strain resembles the mild herpes strains described in this paper. The Goodpasture virus, while exceeding the Levaditi strain in affinity for the central nervous system, falls below the H. F. strain in this regard. Neutralization of virus by the serum of infected and recovered rabbits takes place regularly within certain quantitative limits. Neutralization with human serum is inconstant and capricious and without demonstrable relation to previous attacks of epidemic encephalitis. Comparison of the clinical types of encephalitis as presented by the epidemic variety in man and the experimental virus variety in rabbits brings out certain correspondences and certain differences. It is only in partial and essentially superficial aspects that the two diseases can be identified one with the other.
Absolute neutron counting based on B-10 alpha-gamma coincidence methods

Abstract A new absolute counter for thermal and cold neutron beams has been built, based on the counting of prompt gamma rays from a boron target that totally absorbs the impinging neutrons. The system can be calibrated by two independent methods without reference to either the boron sample mass or the 10B reaction cross section. Both calibration methods are potentially capable of approaching the accuracy level of ±0.1% (1σ). In the calibration experiments, the totally absorbing boron target is replaced by a thin 10B target, and either (1) alpha-gamma coincidence counting or (2) calibration by standard alpha sources is used to derive the efficiency of the gamma counter per neutron impinging on the totally absorbing target. Systematic corrections and estimated residual uncertainties are discussed.
Thermal Characterization of Pulse-Activated Microelectronic Devices by Thermoreflectance-Based Surface Temperature Scanning

This work reports on a system that can determine the thermal behavior of an activated complex microelectronic device by measuring its surface temperature field with a thermoreflectance-based system. The article describes the features of the experimental setup, provides details of the calibration process used to map the changes in the measured surface reflectivity to absolute temperature values, and explains the data acquisition procedure used to measure the transient temperature over a given active region. The measurement methodology requires two steps. First, the coefficient of thermal reflectance is determined for each of the surface materials to be scanned. Second, the changes in the surface reflectivity as a function of changes in temperature are measured at each point of interest with submicron spatial resolution and better than microsecond temporal resolution. The resulting reflectivity waveforms are combined to obtain a transient temperature field over the scanned area. The method is applied to determine the thermal behavior of actual MOSFET devices. First, the method is used to measured an activated MOSFET device and show that by scanning first and then switching the source and drain contacts, the two resulting steady state temperature scans are symmetrical. The method is then used to differentiate between the transient thermal behavior of identically activated devices that have been made on two different epitaxial layers, one with natural and the other with isotopically-pure silicon. The results show non-negligible differences in the resulting transient temperature signatures due to the use of different materials in the construction of the otherwise identical devices, with the isotopically-pure silicon device running cooler than the corresponding device made with natural silicon. This measured behavior provides confirmation of the authors’ previous measurement of a higher thermal conductivity for isotopically-pure silicon. The results are shown as quasi-steady temperature contour plots and snapshots of the temporal evolution of the surface temperature fields for both types of MOSFET devices.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Review of Health Economic Guidelines in the Form of Regulations, Principles, Policies, and Positions*

Guidelines for health economics research are being developed around the world by academic groups, government organizations, and consultants. As reviewed in this paper, there are many similarities t...
The use of image intensification in sialography.

Abstract The application of image intensification to sialography is presented. The advantages of better visualization of noncalcified or poorly calcified pathologic conditions, more accurate localization of strictures and soft-tissue tumors, and determination of gland function are discussed. These advantages over the conventional static sialographic technique would appear to outweigh the disadvantage of some increased exposure of patient and operator to radiation. In the authors' experience image intensification is the technique of choice in the majority of cases.
Distribution of Residual Autocorrelations in Multiple Autoregressive Schemes

Abstract Box and Pierce [3] showed that the residual autocorrelations computed from an autoregressive-moving average time series model (single variate) can be successfully utilized for testing the goodness of fit. Here we extend their results to multiple autoregressive time series models. It is shown that the residual autocorrelations can be approximately represented as a singular linear transform of the corresponding white noise autocorrelations and that they possess a multivariate singular normal distribution. Finally a simple, approximate chi-square statistic is proposed to test the fit.
William M. Hammond, Public Affairs: The Military and the Media, 1968-1973. Washington, D.C.: Center of Military History, United States Army, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1996. 659 pp. Cloth, $26

(1997). William M. Hammond, Public Affairs: The Military and the Media, 1968-1973. Washington, D.C.: Center of Military History, United States Army, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1996. 659 pp. Cloth, $26. American Journalism: Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 237-238.
Tau neutrino fluxes from atmospheric charm

We present an evaluation of the atmospheric tau neutrino flux in the energy range between $10^2$ and $10^6$ GeV. The main source of tau neutrinos is from charmed particle production and decay. The $\nu_\tau N\to \tau X$ event rate for a detector with a water equivalent volume of 1 km$^3$ is on the order of 60-100 events per year for $E_\tau>100$ GeV, reducing to 18 events above 1 TeV. Event rates for atmospheric muon neutrino oscillations to tau neutrinos are also evaluated.
Multiple Coaxial Catheter System for Reliable Access in Interventional Stroke Therapy

In some patients with acute cerebral vessel occlusion, navigating mechanical thrombectomy systems is difficult due to tortuous anatomy of the aortic arch, carotid arteries, or vertebral arteries. Our purpose was to describe a multiple coaxial catheter system used for mechanical revascularization that helps navigation and manipulations in tortuous vessels. A triple or quadruple coaxial catheter system was built in 28 consecutive cases presenting with acute ischemic stroke. All cases were treated by mechanical thrombectomy with the Penumbra System. In cases of unsuccessful thrombo-aspiration, additional thrombolysis or angioplasty with stent placement was used for improving recanalization. The catheter system consisted of an outermost 8-Fr and an intermediate 6-Fr guiding catheter, containing the inner Penumbra reperfusion catheters. The largest, 4.1-Fr, reperfusion catheter was navigated over a Prowler Select Plus microcatheter. The catheter system provided access to reach the cerebral lesions and provided stability for the mechanically demanding manipulations of thromboaspiration and stent navigation in all cases. Apart from their mechanical role, the specific parts of the system could also provide access to different types of interventions, like carotid stenting through the 8-Fr guiding catheter and intracranial stenting and thrombolysis through the Prowler Select Plus microcatheter. In this series, there were no complications related to the catheter system. In conclusion, building up a triple or quadruple coaxial system proved to be safe and efficient in our experience for the mechanical thrombectomy treatment of acute ischemic stroke.
A semiconductor/mixed ion and electron conductor heterojunction for elevated-temperature water splitting

Photoelectrochemical cells (PECs) have been studied extensively for dissociating water into hydrogen and oxygen. Key bottlenecks for achieving high solar-to-hydrogen efficiency in PECs include increasing solar spectrum utilization, surmounting overpotential losses, and aligning the absorber/electrochemical redox levels. We propose a new class of solid-state PECs based on mixed ionic and electronic conducting (MIEC) oxides that operates at temperatures significantly above ambient and utilizes both the light and thermal energy available from concentrated sunlight to dissociate water vapor. Unlike thermochemical and hybrid photo-thermochemical water-splitting routes, the elevated-temperature PEC is a single-step approach operating isothermally. At the heart of the solid-state PEC is a semiconductor light absorber coated with a thin MIEC layer for improved catalytic activity, electrochemical stability, and ionic conduction. The MIEC, placed between the gas phase and the semiconductor light absorber, provides a facile path for minority carriers to reach the water vapor as well as a path for the ionic carriers to reach the solid electrolyte. Elevated temperature operation allows reasonable band misalignments at the interfaces to be overcome, reduces the required overpotential, and facilitates rapid product diffusion away from the surface. In this work, we simulate the behavior of an oxygen-ion-conducting photocathode in 1-D. Using the detailed-balance approach, in conjunction with recombination and electrochemical reaction rates, the practical efficiency is calculated as a function of temperature, solar flux, and select material properties. For a non-degenerate light absorber with a 2.0 eV band-gap and an uphill band offset of 0.3 eV, an efficiency of 17% and 11% is predicted at 723 and 873 K, respectively.