cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Water contents of silicic to intermediate magmas

Silicic to intermediate magmas have water contents that range from < 1 wt. % to around 7 wt. % depending on the character and depth of the magma source, type of melting reaction and the degree of differentiation. The condition of water saturation is rare, implying that crustal magma genesis generally takes place under fluid-absent conditions or that any fluid present must contain volatile species other than H2O. The source and quantity of water present during partial melting profoundly affect the types of melting reactions, residues and magmas as well as subsequent magma evolution. For S-type granitic magmas, melting reactions involving muscovite breakdown in pelites yield low-temperature, “wet” melts that form veins, pockets and small plutons in regional metamorphic terranes. Biotite breakdown in pelites near the amphibolite-granulite facies transition yields hotter magmas with variable water contents. These are emplaced at medium to high levels. Under granulite facies conditions, biotite breakdown in quartzofeld-spathic rocks yields high-temperature, “dry” magmas emplaced as subvolcanic batholiths and volcanics.
Effect of Antioxidants and Synergists on Peroxide Decomposition in Milk Fat

Abstract Antioxidants markedly accelerate milk fat peroxide breakdown in vacuo at 40C. Except for nordihydroguaiaretic acid the rate of breakdown of peroxides by the antioxidants increases with increasing antioxidant concentration. With nordihydroguaiaretic acid, the rate of breakdown decreased with increasing nordihydroguaiaretic acid concentration. The synergists, citric acid and isopropyl citrate, decreased the rate of breakdown of peroxides compared with controls and significantly inhibited the acceleration of peroxide decomposition caused by the addition of antioxidants.
An isocratic concurrent assay of free metabolites, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy mandelic acid, 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-phenylglycol, normetanephrine, metanephrine, and 5-hydroxy-indoleacetic acid in same sample of urine extract using HPLC-ECD

Abstract This paper describes a method for simultaneous extraction and concurrent quantification of metabolites of norepinepohrine (NE) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in human urine using an isocratic HPLC-ECD technique. These metabolites include 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy mandelic acid (VMA), 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG), normetanephrine (NMTN), metanephrine (MTN), and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA). The samples of urine were passed through preconditioned alumina-B column and washed with diethylether to remove interfering substances. Metabolites were extracted in ethylacetate. The extracts were evaporated under nitrogen, reconstituted in water and injected into a 5μ spherical, C18, reverse phase column for HPLC-ECD analysis. The analytes were eluted with mobile phase containing citric acid, sodium acetate, sodium octyl sulfate, Na2EDTA, methanol 10%, and isopropanol 0.5%. Isoproterenol was used as an internal standard. Electrochemical detection was carried out at a potential of +0.60 V and a flow...
Excursions of dual processes

There has been considerable interest in the excursions of a Markov process in recent years. Perhaps the most important general result is that of Maisonneuve [13], in which the existence of an "exit system" is established. This general result was applied to the study of specific excursions by Getoor in [5]. Then Maisonneuve recast and generalized these results in [14] where he showed how to discuss the excursion straddling a certain class of stopping times T. These included the excursion straddling a fixed time and the first excursion whose length exceeds a given value which were discussed in [5]. The purpose of this paper is to study excursions for processes which satisfy duality conditions. A start in this direction was made in Section 10 of [5] under assumptions that were much too strong. It turns out that the appropriate duality hypotheses are stronger than those of "classical" duality as described in [I]. We assume the existence of dual transition densities rather than the weaker assumption of dual potential kernel densities. Our precise assumptions are described in Section 2 and especially in Section 3. In particular it is shown in these sections that a systematic use of space-time processes obviates the need for any regularity assumptions on the density over and above the Chapman-Kolmogorov equation. Section 4 summarizes the special properties of additive functionals under our hypotheses that are needed in later sections. In Theorem 4.5 we show that if M is a closed homogeneous optional set, then, under duality assumptions, there exists a Borel set F c E × E such that Me3 ]0, ~[ and {t > 0: (Xt_, Xt) ~ F} are indistinguishable. In Section 5 we begin the discussion of excursions from a closed homogeneous optional set M with R i n f { t > 0 : t C M } . If F ~ E × E corresponds to M as above, R----inf{t: (Xt_,Art) ~ F } almost surely. Especially important is (5.17) which gives the joint distribution of R, X R, and X R . This is obtained by applying a reversal argument to the excursion
Investigation into the origin of microbridging in chemically amplified negative-tone photoresists

Microbridge formation in a CAMN photoresist we have developed is dependent on the ratio of dose to print (DTP) to dose to gel (DTG) as well as resist contrast. Photoresists formulated with poly(p-hydroxystyrene) (PHS) have a very high tendency to form microbridges when developed in 2.38 wt% TMAH due to high contrast and high DTP/DTG ratio. When photoresists formulated from PHS were developed in 1.2 wt% TMAH contrast and DTP/DTG ratio were reduced resulting in microbridging being nearly eliminated. Using this observation we developed an I-line CAMN photoresist with PHS type thermal stability and high resolution capabilities which can be developed in industry standard 2.38 wt% TMAH.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Tris(triphenylphosphine)nickel(0)

[33991-60-5] C36H30NiP2 (MW 538.27) InChI = 1S/2C18H15P.Ni/c2*1-4-10-16(11-5-1)19(17-12-6-2-7-13-17)18-14-8-3-9-15-18;/h2*1-15H; InChIKey = UYLRKRLDQUXYKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N (source of nickel(0) useful for the formation of carbonates from epoxides2 and the coupling of alkenyl boranes with allylic epoxides3) Physical Data: mp 155–157 °C dec. (N2). Solubility: sol benzene, toluene, MeCN, THF. Analysis of Reagent Purity: 1H NMR: (C6D6) δ 7.67 (m), 7.13 (m); 31P NMR: (C6D6) δ −22 ppm from (MeO)3PO. Preparative Methods: by the Sodium Amalgam reduction of Dibromobis(triphenylphosphine)nickel(II).4 In the standard preparation, 22.3 g of Ni(PPh3)2Br2 were added to a mixture of sodium amalgam (1.73 g Na, 0.075 g-atom in 300 mL Hg) and 500 mL acetonitrile. After removal of Hg and solvent, the precipitate was dissolved in benzene to remove the insoluble Hg occluded NaBr. Concentration of the dark brown benzene solution in vacuo gave 13–15 g of red-brown Ni(PPh3)2 (74–84%) which could be used without further purification. Optional recrystallization from benzene (or toluene)/hexane is possible but significant loss of the product occurs due to high solubility. Sodium amalgam reductions of similar systems have been problematic and n-Butyllithium was found to be a superior reducing agent.5 Handling, Storage, and Precautions: highly oxygen sensitive. Special inert-atmosphere techniques must be used.6 Should be stored at 0 °C.
Spatial Autocorrelation: A Primer

Abstract Regression error terms are likely to be spatially autocorrelated in any situation in which “location matters.” While both the precision of the estimates and the reliability of hypothesis testing can be improved by making a correction for spatial autocorrelation, the techniques for making such a correction are not widely understood. The purpose of this paper is to explore some of the issues involved in estimating models with spatially autocorrelated error terms. One of the two most common methods of handling spatial autocorrelation is the weight matrix approach, in which the process generating the errors is modeled. The resulting correlation structure is then derived from the hypothesized process. The second method models the correlation structure itself, rather than the underlying process. The bulk of this paper is concerned with comparing these two methods and their resulting correlation structures. Other issues are discussed at the end of the paper.
Analysis of coolant entrance boundary shape of porous region to control cooling along exit boundary

A cooled porous region has a plane surface exposed to a specified spatially varying heat flux. The coolant leaves the region through this surface, and it is desired to control the flow distribution to maintain a specified uniform surface temperature. This is accomplished by having the coolant entrance surface shaped to provide in the region the necessary variation of path length and, hence, flow resistance. The surface shape at the coolant entrance is found by solving a Cauchy boundary value problem. An exact solution is obtained that will deal with a wide variety of heating distributions for both two- and three-dimensional shapes.
Dietary aspirin decreases the stage of ovarian cancer in the hen.

Abstract Objective We aimed to determine the effects of dietary aspirin treatment on ovarian cancer incidence and progression in the hen as a model for the human disease. Methods Hens were fed a standard layer diet (control) or the same diet containing 0.1% aspirin for 1 year. Liver prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ) was measured using an enzyme immunoassay. Incidence and stage of ovarian cancer were determined through necropsy and immunohistochemical analysis of ovarian sections for each hen. Results Aspirin treatment decreased liver PGE 2 in treated hens as compared to control hens. Treatment with aspirin did not decrease ovarian cancer incidence. Significantly more control hens developed late stage ovarian cancer than early stage, while the same was not true for aspirin-treated hens. Hens that developed ovarian cancer, even early ovarian cancer, produced significantly fewer eggs in the year prior to diagnosis than hens without ovarian cancer. Conclusions Aspirin treatment may inhibit the progression of ovarian cancer in the hen and egg production may be used to identify hens with early stages of the disease.
Modafinil Improves Symptoms of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder across Subtypes in Children and Adolescents

Objective This secondary analysis evaluated the efficacy of modafinil in children and adolescents by subtype of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) using pooled data from 3 double-blind, placebo-controlled studies. Study design The patients were boys and girls age 6 to 17 years. ADHD subtype diagnoses (ie, inattentive, hyperactive-impulsive, combined) were based on criteria published in the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV). Patients received modafinil (170 to 425 mg) or placebo once daily for 7 to 9 weeks. Efficacy assessment used the Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Rating Scale-IV (ADHD-RS-IV) School and Home Versions, Clinical Global Impression of Improvement scale (CGI-I), and Conners’ Parent Rating Scale-Revised: Short Form (CPRS-R:S). Results A total of 638 patients received modafinil (n = 423) or placebo (n = 215). The inattentive, hyperactive-impulsive, and combined subtypes included 187 (30%), 27 (4%), and 403 (65%) patients, respectively. Modafinil (vs placebo) significantly improved mean total scores for the ADHD-RS-IV School and Home Versions for the inattentive (change from baseline: School, modafinil, −15.7, placebo, −7.1; Home, modafinil, −13.8, placebo, −5.9) and combined subtypes (School, −16.5 vs −8.8; Home, −15.7 vs −7.6). Modafinil was associated with greater improvements on the CGI-I and improved CPRS-R:S subscale scores in inattentive and combined subtypes. Conclusions Modafinil improved ADHD symptoms and behaviors in patients with the inattentive and combined subtypes as determined by teachers, investigators, and parents.
Effect of Oxidative Stress on Homer Scaffolding Proteins

Homer proteins are a family of multifaceted scaffolding proteins that participate in the organization of signaling complexes at the post-synaptic density and in a variety of tissues including striated muscle. Homer isoforms form multimers via their C-terminal coiled coil domains, which allows for the formation of a polymeric network in combination with other scaffolding proteins. We hypothesized that the ability of Homer isoforms to serve as scaffolds would be influenced by oxidative stress. We have found by standard SDS-PAGE of lysates from adult mouse skeletal muscle exposed to air oxidation that Homer migrates as both a dimer and monomer in the absence of reducing agents and solely as a monomer in the presence of a reducing agent, suggesting that Homer dimers exposed to oxidation could be modified by the presence of an inter-molecular disulfide bond. Analysis of the peptide sequence of Homer 1b revealed the presence of only two cysteine residues located adjacent to the C-terminal coiled-coil domain. HEK 293 cells were transfected with wild-type and cysteine mutant forms of Homer 1b and exposed to oxidative stress by addition of menadione, which resulted in the formation of disulfide bonds except in the double mutant (C246G, C365G). Exposure of myofibers from adult mice to oxidative stress resulted in decreased solubility of endogenous Homer isoforms. This change in solubility was dependent on disulfide bond formation. In vitro binding assays revealed that cross-linking of Homer dimers enhanced the ability of Homer 1b to bind Drebrin, a known interacting partner. Our results show that oxidative stress results in disulfide cross-linking of Homer isoforms and loss of solubility of Homer scaffolds. This suggests that disulfide cross-linking of a Homer polymeric network may contribute to the pathophysiology seen in neurodegenerative diseases and myopathies characterized by oxidative stress.
Condensed tannins: A factor limiting the use of cassava forage

Cassava (Manihot esculenta, Crantz), an important tropical root crop, is considered to have a good potential for use as a forage because leaf blades generally contain <20% crude protein (CP). However, neutral-detergent fibre (NDF) obtained from cassava leaf blades contains condensed tannins (CTs) and high levels of CP. The amount of CP in the NDF that is insoluble when treated with pepsin or protease is highly correlated with the amount of CTs in the NDF. CTs in the NDF are rich in prodelphinidin. CTs may be an important factor limiting the nutritive value of cassava forage.
Physical and biological consequences of interactions between integration host factor (IHF) and coliphage lambda late p'R promoter and its mutants.

Abstract The integration host factor (IHF) binds to a site ( ihf ) that overlaps the −35 region of the phage λ late rightward promoter ( p' R .). This interaction represses p' R -promoted transcription, both in vivo and in vitro. In vivo repression was observed when a plasmid carrying both p' R and the galK reporter gene was transfected into IHF + or IHF − hosts. In vitro repression of transcription by IHF was observed only with linear, but not with supercoiled wild-type p' R templates. When binding to ihf , IHF imposes a strong bend on the DNA and protects this site from cleavage by neocarzinostatin, pancreatic DNase I, and hydroxyl radicals, as assessed by footprinting experiments. Both the functional and nonfunctional p' R mutants, in which the upstream part of the −35 region was replaced by an Eco RI linker, show modified behavior toward IHF. Some are more sensitive to IHF-mediated repression, even in the supercoiled form, while others have lost their affinity for IHF. We conclude that IHF binding depends not only on the consensus ihf sequence, but also on a suitable combination of the sequences of both ihf and neighboring regions, together with the DNA conformation, which includes both natural and imposed bends in DNA and the degree of supercoiling. Based on most of the present data, it is difficult to predict the relationship between the ihf sequence and IHF interaction, since two very different sequences (less than 50% homology) show strong IHF binding, whereas very similar sequences (80–87% homology) show a very different behavior. However, the hydroxyl-radical footprinting data show that three A+T-rich sequences are protected by IHF: the central sequence,
Learning image similarities and categories from content analysis and relevance feedback

In this work, a scheme that learns image similarities and categories from relevance feedback is presented. First, we choose the most suitable features to describe images by content analysis and categorize each image by predicting its semantic meanings. During the retrieval process, users are allowed to confirm semantic classification of the query example and evaluate retrieval results with relevance feedback. By analyzing the feedback information, the system learns both image similarities and semantic meanings. In similarity learning, the retrieving results are refined by modifying the similarity metric. Semantic learning is performed by using the decision tree training algorithm.
Enhancing Attitudes, Knowledge, and Skills of Paraprofessional Service Providers in Elder Care Settings.

Abstract The preparation of paraprofessional providers of services to older adults is often a “back-burner” issue, even though most direct care of older clients and patients is provided by paraprofessionals. This community-academic project delivered gerontological training to 74 paraprofessional service providers and evaluated the impact of training on gerontological attitudes, knowledge, and skills, and client satisfaction. Key features are that paraprofessional trainees selected training topics, gerontological social workers provided the training, pre-and post-tests assessed the impact of training, and interactive training modeled processes to apply with older adults. Findings suggest that age-related “attitudes” and “skills” can progressively develop, “knowledge” is likely to change sooner, and “client satisfaction” can be enhanced. Future training initiatives can address the value of “reinforcement training,” enhancing the capabilities of gerontology and geriatric educators to meet needs of paraprofes...
Eight Issues for Learning Scientists About Education and the Economy

Linking research to a compelling societal interest can build financial commitments to research, bring increased attention to findings, and grow support for scaling up impacts. Among many compelling societal interests that learning scientists can cite—such as increasing the quality of life, preparing citizens to make decisions in a complex world, and enhancing social cohesion among a diverse population—economic competitiveness is a compelling societal interest that resonates broadly among stakeholders. Indeed, it is now somewhat common to introduce learning sciences research, as in the Cambridge Handbook of the Learning Sciences and the U.S. National Education Technology Plan, by citing economic rationales. Despite the utility of evoking a potential link between learning research and economic competitiveness in the minds of broader audiences, learning scientists engage in rather little critical discussion of whether such links are meaningful and empirically sound within their own programs of research. This...
Enol-keto tautomerism of alkyl 2-picolyl ketones

An analysis of the ir and nmr spectra taken on a series of nine different alkyl 2-picolyl ketones clearly indicates that there is an enol-keto tautomerism. The enol:keto ratio exhibits a marked dependence on both solvent polarity and the nature of the alkyl group. The equilibrium values correlate with the Taft sleric substituent constants.
Ultrafast spectroscopic studies of photoinduced electron transfer from semiconducting polymers to C60.

Using femtosecond time-resolved photoinduced absorption spectroscopy, we have studied the dynamics of photoinduced electron transfer from semiconducting polymers to ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$. We find that with ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ in poly[2-methoxy-5-(2'-ethyl-hexyloxy)-p-phenylene vinylene)], poly(2,5-bis(cholestanoxy)-1,4-phenylene vinylene), and poly(3-octylthiophene) (P3OT), ultrafast photoinduced electron transfer occurs from the ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\pi}}}^{\mathrm{*}}$ band of the semiconducting polymer to the lowest unoccupied molecular-orbital level of ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$. Time-resolved measurements of the dichroic ratio place a 300-fs upper limit on the electron transfer time. The charge-separated state is rendered metastable due to the spatial separation of the electron and hole and to polaron formation associated with the electron on the ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ and the hole on the semiconducting polymer. Increasing the ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ concentration in P3OT increases the lifetime of the charge-separated state. The two p-phenylene vinylene derivatives also displayed metastable charge separation.
Early Contrast-Enhanced MRI Predicts Late Functional Recovery After Reperfused Myocardial Infarction

Background—We have observed 3 abnormal patterns on contrast-enhanced MRI early after reperfused myocardial infarction (MI): (1) absence of normal first-pass signal enhancement (HYPO), (2) normal first pass signal followed by hyperenhanced signal on delayed images (HYPER), or (3) both absence of normal first-pass enhancement and delayed hyperenhancement (COMB). This study examines the association between these patterns in the first week after MI and late recovery of myocardial contractile function by use of magnetic resonance myocardial tissue tagging. Methods and Results—Seventeen patients (14 men) with a mean age of 53±12 years were studied after a reperfused first MI. Contrast-enhanced images were acquired immediately after bolus administration of gadolinium and 7±2 minutes later. Tagged images were acquired at weeks 1 and 7. Circumferential segment shortening (%S) was measured in regions displaying HYPER, COMB, or HYPO contrast patterns and in remote regions (REMOTE) at weeks 1 and 7. At week 1, %S was...
The solitary (primary) cilium--a mechanosensory toggle switch in bone and cartilage cells.

Abstract Osteocytes and articular chondrocytes sense and respond to the strains imposed on bones and joints by various activities such as breathing and walking. This mechanoresponsiveness is needed to maintain bone and cartilage microstructure and strength. In bone the large number of osteocytes form a vast osteointernet in which the gap junctionally interconnected members are lodged in an extensive lacunocanalicular network. The much smaller number of articular chondrocytes are not interconnected in a chondrointernet. Instead, they are separately lodged in capsules called chondrons. While there are many possible strain-sensing devices, it now appears that the non-motile solitary (primary) cilia protruding like aerials from osteocytes (as well as osteoblasts) and chondrocytes are switches that when toggled by cyclical pulses of lacunocanalicular fluid or cartilage compression send signals such as Ca2+ surges into the cell to trigger a cascade of events that include appropriate gene activations to maintain and strengthen bone and cartilage. Moreover, the chondrocyte cilium with its Ihh(Indian hedgehog)-activated Smo receptor is a key player along with PTHrP in endochondral bone formation.
Mesozoic and Cenozoic contributions to crustal growth in the southwestern United States

Crust formation rates and mass-age distributions calculated for the southwestern United States, including California, Nevada, Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona, indicate significant crust formation in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic, and possibly at 1.4 Ga. These periods have been previously thought to be associated with only minor formation of new crust, particularly in regions underlain by Precambrian crust. New isotopic data require revision of this conclusion, based on the large mantle component in Mesozoic and Cenozoic plutonic and volcanic rocks, and recognition of the major role the lithospheric mantle has in influencing the isotopic composition of continental basaltic magmas. Recognition of the importance of the lithospheric mantle in determining the isotopic compositions of continental magmatism also suggests that 1.4 Ga anorogenic granites may have a larger mantle component than previously thought. Crust formation rates calculated here are best constrained for Cenozoic magmatism, and these rates are probably similar to true growth rates. While relatively short-lived, these formation rates exceeded early Proterozoic formation rates by a factor of 2 to 3, particularly in regions that underwent large-scale Cenozoic extension and volcanism, and are similar to growth rates associated with accretionary processes in the Canadian Cordillera. Although volcanism is often poorly preserved in the geologic record, the results presented here suggest that crustal growth models which do not consider the significant mantle input that may be common in large-volume volcanic fields may significantly underestimate mantle contributions; crustal growth rates calculated using relatively small, crust-dominated plutonic systems that are not associated with large volcanic systems will be strongly biased toward conclusions that little recent crustal growth has occurred.
The Thermal Rearrangement of 1,2,7-Trienes

The thermal rearrangement of 1,6,7-nonatriene and 1,2,7-octatriene at 400°C has been studied. Besides intramolecular [2 + 2] cycloaddition reactions, these hydrocarbons undergo intramolecular ene reactions, furnishing cis-1-methyl-2-(1-propynyl)cyclopentane and cis-1-ethynyl-2-methylcyclopentane, respectively.
Extraembryonic Signals under the Control of MGA, Max, and Smad4 Are Required for Dorsoventral Patterning

Summary In vertebrates, extraembryonic tissues can act as signaling centers that impose a reproducible pattern of cell types upon the embryo. Here, we show that the zebrafish yolk syncytial layer (YSL) secretes a ventralizing signal during gastrulation. This activity is mediated by Bmp2b/Swirl (Swr) expressed under the control of Max's giant associated protein (MGA) and its binding partners, Max and Smad4. MGA coimmunoprecipitates with both Max and Smad4 in embryo extracts, and the three proteins form a complex in vitro. Furthermore, all three proteins bind to a DNA fragment upstream of the bmp2b transcription start site. Targeted depletion of MGA, its binding partners, or Bmp2b/Swr from the YSL reduces BMP signaling throughout the embryo, resulting in a mildly dorsalized phenotype. We conclude that MGA, Max, and Smad4 act in the extraembryonic YSL to initiate a positive feedback loop of Bmp signaling within the embryo.
Synthesis and Crystal Structure of Bis-(N,N′-dibenzylethane-1,2-diamine) cobalt(II) acetate

Bis-(N,N′-dibenzylethane-1,2-diamine) cobalt(II) acetate has been synthesized and the crystal structure determined. The compound crystallizes in the space group P21/c, a = 8.3212(6) A, b = 11.8774(8) A, c = 17.3643(12) A, β = 98.1850(10)°, V = 1698.7(2) A3, Z = 2. The complex occupies a crystallographic inversion center. The cobalt is in a distorted octahedral environment likely due to steric influences of the acetate groups. The compound bis-(N,N′-dibenzylethane-1,2-diamine) cobalt(II) acetate has been synthesized and the crystal structure determined.
On the role of a supernova in the formation of the solar system

Four possible scenarios relating the proto-solar cloud to the 'last-minute' supernova presumed responsible for the isotopic anomalies in Allende and other meteorites are considered. The probability that a chance supernova occurred close enough to an already-collapsing proto-solar cloud to inject sufficient matter is extremely small, even if the sun formed in a region of enhanced supernova activity such as Orion OB1. The ambient level of Al-26 inside a molecular cloud in Orion is also apparently too low to account for the meteorite data, unless the supernova ejecta accumulates at the edges of the cloud and star formation occurs there preferentially. Two modes of supernova-induced star formation are discussed. In one, the supernova shock collapses a preexisting cloud; in the other, stars form within the snowplow shell of the supernova. Canis Major R1 and Monoceros R1 are possible present-day examples of such star formation regions.
A Humanized Stromal Bed Is Required for Engraftment of Isolated Human Primary Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cells in Immunocompromised Mice

Epithelial cancers are the most common malignancies and the greatest cause of cancer mortality worldwide. The incidence of keratinocyte-derived (non-melanoma) skin cancers is increasing rapidly. Despite access to abundant tumor tissue and ease of observation, acceptance of non-melanoma skin cancers as model carcinomas has been hindered by the lack of a reliable xenograft model. Herein we describe conditions that allow routine xeno-engraftment of primary human squamous cell carcinoma (SCCa) cells. Tumor development required creation of an appropriate stromal bed before xenografting tumor tissue onto the backs of athymic nude mice. We also demonstrate that the stromal bed must be “humanized” if primary human SCCa is to be propagated from cell suspensions. SCCa xenografts recapitulated the histological grade and phenotype of the original tumors with considerable fidelity, even after serial passage, irrespective of the histological grade of the primary human SCCa. This model, which to our knowledge is previously unreported, can be used for drug testing, as well as for studies that are relevant to the biology of primary human SCCa and other epithelial cancers.
The Relation of Job Control with Job Strains: A Comparison of Multiple Data Sources

This study represents a secondary analysis of existing data that were used in Spector and Jex's (1991) paper. The self-report and rater-report job-stress data were identical to those used in the study by Spector and Jex (1991). To gain a greater insight into the connections between the objective work environment and employees' job strains, this study added the job-stress data from a newly developed objective data source - the Occupational Information Network (O*NET) database. We found that an O*NET stressor was related to physical and behavioural strains. There is something in the objective environment that plays a role in employees' physical well-being and behaviour. Objectively measured stressors, however, were unrelated to psychological strains. Explanations were given to the lack of the relationship. Based on these findings, we suspect that there may be somewhat different factors at work for each type of strain.
Stimulus generalization of gravity

Squirrel monkeys exposed to centrifugally generated artificial gravity trained to respond for food reinforcement at selected gravity levels
Nasal morphometry in primates: Is there a sensory trade-off for visual specialists?

Extant primates are often grouped into two morphotypes based on nasal morphology, with humans and some of their closest living relatives having many reductions and strepsirrhines (lemurs and lorise...
What's new in general surgery: Trauma and critical care

Abstract "What's New in Surgery" evolves from the contributions of leaders in each field of surgery. In every instance the author has been designated by the appropriate Council from the American College of Surgeons' Advisory Councils for the Surgical Specialties. This feature is now presented in issues of the Journal throughout the year.
Differential Effects of Survey-Guided Feedback: The Rich Get Richer and the Poor Get Poorer

An organizational development (OD) survey was administered to members of a military organization, supervisory groups received feedback, and a follow-up survey was conducted one year later. We hypothesized that initial levels would predict which supervisors would use the feedback, and that use of the feedback would lead to subsequent improvements. Results indicated that workgroup (N = 142) perceptions of management-supervision, supervisory communications, and work-unit climate changed significantly, but differentially, consistent with our hypotheses. Results are discussed in terms of previous meta-analytic reviews of OD interventions and practice in organizations.
Computer-Aided Lung Nodule Detection Based on CT Images

Lung cancer is the most common fatal malignancy in both men and women, early detection and treatment of lung cancer can greatly improve the survival rate of patient. This paper presents an automatic computer-aided detection (CAD) scheme that can identify the lung nodule at an early stage from CT images. The work is separated to several steps: the segmentation of lung parenchyma, the detection of suspicious nodule candidates, the feature extraction and classification, use adaptive threshold segmentation, math morphologic, Gaussian filter, Hessian matrix algorithms. Though clinical trials, the computer-aided detection scheme can help physician improve the diagnosis efficiency.
Volcanic Constructs on Ganymede and Enceladus: Topographic Evidence from Stereo Images and Photoclinometry

The morphology of volcanic features on Ganymede differs significantly from that on the terrestrial planets. Few if any major volcanic landforms, such as thick flows or shield volcanoes, have been identified to date. Using new stereo Voyager images, we have searched Ganymede for relief-generating volcanic constructs. We observed seven major types of volcanic structures, including several not previously recognized. The oldest are broad flat-topped domes partially filling many older craters in dark terrain. Similar domes occur on Enceladus. Together with smooth dark deposits, these domes indicate that the volcanic history of the dark terrain is complex. Bright terrain covers vast areas, although the style of emplacement remains unclear. Smooth bright materials embay and flood older terrains, and may have been emplaced as low- viscosity fluids. Associated with smooth bright material are a number of scalloped-shaped, semi- enclosed scarps that cut into preexisting terrain. In planform these structures resemble terrestrial calderas. The youngest volcanic materials identified are a series of small flows that may have flooded the floor of the multiring impact structure Gilgamesh, forming a broad dome, The identification of volcanic constructs up to I km thick is the first evidence for extrusion of moderate-to-high viscosity material on Ganymede. Viscosity and yield strength estimates for these materials span several orders of magnitude, indicating that volcanic materials on Ganymede have a range of compositions and/or were extruded under a wide range of conditions and/or eruptive styles.
Modified projected cross point control — a large signal analysis

Modified projected cross point control (PCPC) is introduced and discussed in this paper. Compared to the existing PCPC method, the hardware implementation of the proposed modified method is simpler. This modified PCPC method benefits from the advantages of traditional fixed- and variable-frequency current mode control approaches. For instance, as argued in this paper, while modified PCPC is a fixed-frequency approach, it is stable for the entire range of the duty cycle similar to the variable-frequency hysteresis current mode control scheme. Other advantages and large-signal characteristics of modified PCPC are discussed by comparing it with the well-known peak and average current mode control methods.
Two case studies in predictable application scheduling using Rialto/NT

This paper analyzes the results of two case studies in applying the Rialto/NT scheduler to real Windows 2000 applications. The first study is of a soft modem-a modem whose signal processing work is performed on the host CPU, rather than on a dedicated signal processing chip. The second is of an audio player application. Both of these are frequently used real-time applications-ones running on systems that were not designed to support predictable real-time execution. To function correctly, both applications require that ongoing computations be performed in a timely manner. In both cases, we first measured an original version designed to run on Windows 2000, and then modified the application to take advantage of ongoing CPU reservations provided by the Rialto/NT scheduler. We report on the benefits and problems observed when using reservations in these real-world scenarios. In both cases, we found that a real-time scheduler can provide the needed predictability for the application in the presence of competing applications, while also providing other benefits, such as minimizing the soft modem's impact on the scheduling predictability of other computations in the system. We also describe the methodologies we used to analyze the real-time behavior of the operating system and applications during these studies, including the use of instrumented kernels to produce execution traces.
Analysis and Synthesis of Weakly Coupled Oscillators by Multivariable Harmonic Balance Approach

The central pattern generator for controlling animal locomotion is generally not a single oscillator but a group of interconnected oscillators. Although the whole group can be analyzed as a bulky single oscillator, it is difficult with such approach to reveal the essential mechanism of phase coordination among oscillators. In this paper, a new approach based on the multivariable harmonic balance is used to analyze a group of identical oscillators that are weakly coupled to each other. Specifically, a lower dimensional matrix representing the coupling structure is abstracted from the overall neuronal connectivity matrix of large dimension, so that the coupling matrix captures the essential mechanism for phase coordination of the oscillators. Moreover, this framework provides an effective way to design the neuronal interconnections to achieve prescribed coordinations among the oscillators.
Avoiding Another Meltdown

The authors argue that the current financial crisis, the worst since the Great Depression, can be seen as the latest phase in the evolution of financial markets under a radical financial deregulation process that began in the late 1970s. Deregulation accompanied by rapid financial innovation stimulated powerful booms that ended in crises. But governments responded to the crises with new bailouts that allowed new expansions to begin. As a result, financial markets have become ever larger, and the crises have become more threatening to society, which forces governments to enact ever larger bailouts. The authors provide a comprehensive set of regulatory solutions they believe will sharply reduce financial instability.
The serine/threonine kinase Par1b regulates epithelial lumen polarity via IRSp53-mediated cell–ECM signaling

The serine/threonine kinase Par1b promotes cell–cell adhesion and determines the polarity of the luminal domain in epithelial cells. In this study, we demonstrate that Par1b also regulates cell–extracellular matrix (ECM) signaling in kidney-derived Madin–Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells and identified the rho–guanosine triphosphatase adaptor and scaffolding protein IRSp53 as a Par1b substrate involved in this pathway. Par1b overexpression inhibits basal lamina formation, cell spreading, focal adhesion, stress fiber formation, and compaction, whereas Par1b depletion has the opposite effect. IRSp53 depletion mimics Par1b overexpression on cell–ECM signaling and lumen polarity but had no effect on adherens junction formation. Par1b directly phosphorylates IRSp53 on S366 in cell lysates and stimulates phosphorylation on S453/3/5 via an indirect mechanism. A Par1b phosphorylation–deficient IRSp53 mutant but not the wild-type protein efficiently rescues both the cell spreading and the lumen polarity defects in Par1b MDCK cells. Our data suggest a model in which Par1b phosphorylation prevents recruitment of IRSp53 effector proteins to its Src homology domain 3 by promoting 14-3-3 binding in the vicinity of that domain.
Analysis and extensions of the FOCUSS algorithm

The FOCUSS (focal underdetermined system solution) algorithm is reexamined with a view to better understand, extend, and generalize the method. We address general issues that enhance its wider applicability and indicate its relevance to magnetoencephalography (MEG) whenever appropriate. Computing strategies are developed to enhance the attractiveness of FOCUSS. The multiple measurement vector problem is considered, uniqueness results developed, and the FOCUSS algorithm extended to compute the sparse solutions. An affine scaling transformation (AST) framework is developed to generalize the principles underlying FOCUSS. It allows for a systematic tradeoff between sparsity and the quality of approximation, and naturally provides the capability for dealing with noise. Computer simulations are provided to support the theory.
MULTIPLE MECHANISMS OF TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSION BY YY1

The four C-terminal GLI-Kruppel type zinc fingers of YY1 have been identified as a transcriptional repression domain. Previous reports have proposed DNA-bending and activator-quenching mechanisms for this zinc finger-mediated repression. In addition, previous work indicated that p300 and CBP might be involved in YY1-mediated repression. We have analyzed these possible models for the zinc finger-mediated repression. The role of each zinc finger in the repression and DNA-binding functions was determined by using a structure-and-function approach. We show that zinc finger 2 of YY1 plays a central role in both DNA binding and transcriptional repression. However, a survey of a panel of YY1 mutants indicates that these two functions can be separated, which argues against the DNA-bending model for repression. We show that the physical interaction between YY1 and p300, a coactivator for CREB, is not sufficient for repression of CREB-mediated transcription. Our studies indicate that YY1 functions as an activator-specific repressor. Repression of CTF-1-directed transcription may be accomplished through direct physical interaction between YY1 and this activator. In contrast, physical interaction is not necessary for YY1 to repress Sp1- and CREB-mediated transcription. Rather, the repression likely reflects an ability of YY1 to interfere with communication between these activators and their targets within the general transcription machinery. Taken together, our results suggest that YY1 employs multiple mechanisms to achieve activator-specific repression.
Comparative effectiveness of motivation phase intervention components for use with smokers unwilling to quit: a factorial screening experiment.

Aims To screen promising intervention components designed to reduce smoking and promote abstinence in smokers initially unwilling to quit. Design A balanced, four-factor, randomized factorial experiment. Setting Eleven primary care clinics in southern Wisconsin, USA. Participants A total of 517 adult smokers (63.4% women, 91.1% white) recruited during primary care visits who were willing to reduce their smoking but not quit. Interventions Four factors contrasted intervention components designed to reduce smoking and promote abstinence: (1) nicotine patch versus none; (2) nicotine gum versus none; (3) motivational interviewing (MI) versus none; and (4) behavioral reduction counseling (BR) versus none. Participants could request cessation treatment at any point during the study. Measurements The primary outcome was percentage change in cigarettes smoked per day at 26 weeks post-study enrollment; the secondary outcomes were percentage change at 12 weeks and point-prevalence abstinence at 12 and 26 weeks post-study enrollment. Findings There were few main effects, but a significant four-way interaction at 26 weeks post-study enrollment (P = 0.01, β = 0.12) revealed relatively large smoking reductions by two component combinations: nicotine gum combined with BR and BR combined with MI. Further, BR improved 12-week abstinence rates (P = 0.04), and nicotine gum, when used without MI, increased 26–week abstinence after a subsequent aided quit attempt (P = 0.01). Conclusions Motivation-phase nicotine gum and behavioral reduction counseling are promising intervention components for smokers who are initially unwilling to quit.
Home Is Where You Park It Place-Making Practices of Car Dwelling in the United States

Living in an automobile is an increasingly common but underexamined experience in the United States. The car provides shelter against the elements of outdoors, but living in the automobile requires...
Identification of the Local Sources of Paramagnetic Noise in Superconducting Qubit Devices Fabricated on α − Al 2 O 3 Substrates Using Density-Functional Calculations

Effective methods for decoupling superconducting qubits (SQs) from parasitic environmental noise sources are critical for increasing their lifetime and phase fidelity. While considerable progress has been made in this area, the microscopic origin of noise remains largely unknown. In this work, first principles density functional theory calculations are employed to identify the microscopic origins of magnetic noise sources in SQs on an $\ensuremath{\alpha}\mathrm{\text{\ensuremath{-}}}{\mathrm{Al}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ substrate. The results indicate that it is unlikely that the existence of intrinsic point defects and defect complexes in the substrate are responsible for low frequency noise in these systems. Rather, a comprehensive analysis of extrinsic defects shows that surface aluminum ions interacting with ambient molecules will form a bath of magnetic moments that can couple to the SQ paramagnetically. The microscopic origin of this magnetic noise source is discussed and strategies for ameliorating the effects of these magnetic defects are proposed.
A comparative study of several higher-order kinetic formulations beyond Navier-Stokes for computing the shock structure

This paper presents a comparitive assessment of the BGKBurnett, conventionul Burnett and Woods equations with regard to the linearized stability analysis and hypersonic shock structure computations. A detailed stability analysis of these equations is carried out and the role of the internal energy term on the stability of the BGK-Burnett equations is explored. The results of the computations are presented. Nomenclature et : (0) f(l) = fwp f(2) G :, = (f’O’lI) ?= I/IO Pr 4i Q 72 = (-cqoo) R+ = [O, Co) R= (-CqO] T
Observing real-time molecular event dynamics of apoptosis in living cancer cells using nuclear-targeted plasmonically enhanced Raman nanoprobes.

Apoptosis is a biological process that plays important roles in embryogenesis, aging, and various diseases. During the process of apoptosis, cells undergo a series of morphological and molecular events such as blebbing, cell shrinkage, proteolysis, and nuclear DNA fragmentation. Investigating these events on a molecular level is crucial for gaining a more complete understanding of the intricate mechanism of apoptosis; however, the simultaneous direct observation of morphological and molecular events in real-time on a single living cell scale still remains a challenge. Herein, we directly monitored morphological and molecular events during cellular apoptosis in real-time after the treatment of an apoptosis-inducing agent, by utilizing our previously described plasmonically enhanced Rayleigh/Raman spectroscopic technique. Spectroscopic analysis of the DNA/protein composition around the cell nucleus revealed the occurrence and dynamics of three apoptotic molecular events: protein denaturation, proteolysis, a...
Reference Range Data for Assessing Exposure To Selected Environmental Toxicants

We analyzed blood and urine specimens from 32 charter boat captains, anglers, and spouses from both groups, who reportedly ate fish from Lakes Michigan, Huron, or Erie, for selected environmental toxicants. The toxicants measured in serum were polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls, other polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and persistent pesticides. Nonpersistent pesticides and elements were measured in urine; and elements were measured in blood. Internal dose levels of these toxicants will be compared to reference range data that we have compiled. These reference range data will be used to ascertain the exposure status of individuals or groups within this study.