cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High-Level Resistance to Aminoglycosides: Comparison of Community and Nosocomial Fecal Isolates of Enterococci

Fecal carriage of enterococci highly resistant to streptomycin, gentamicin, and kanamycin was examined in 64 healthy volunteers with no exposure to hospitals and in 53 hospitalized individuals. High-level resistance to streptomycin and gentamicin was found in fecal specimens from 3% and 0, respectively, of the healthy volunteers and in fecal specimens from 41% and 15%, respectively, of the hospitalized individuals. We found that high-level resistance to kanamycin was also more common among hospitalized individuals than among healthy volunteers (36% vs. 17%). The frequent occurrence of high-level resistance to kanamycin in fecal isolates confirms that amikacin is a poor choice when attempting to achieve synergistic therapy for enterococcal infections, in particular for those infections that are nosocomially acquired.
Determining conductivity and mobility values of individual components in multiphase composite Cu1.97Ag0.03Se

The intense interest in phase segregation in thermoelectrics as a means to reduce the lattice thermal conductivity and to modify the electronic properties from nanoscale size effects has not been met with a method for separately measuring the properties of each phase assuming a classical mixture. Here, we apply effective medium theory for measurements of the in-line and Hall resistivity of a multiphase composite, in this case Cu_(1.97) Ag_(0.03)Se. The behavior of these properties with magnetic field as analyzed by effective medium theory allows us to separate the conductivity and charge carrier mobility of each phase. This powerful technique can be used to determine the matrix properties in the presence of an unwanted impurity phase, to control each phase in an engineered composite, and to determine the maximum carrier concentration change by a given dopant, making it the first step toward a full optimization of a multiphase thermoelectric material and distinguishing nanoscale effects from those of a classical mixture.
Probabilistic flood forecast: bounds and approximations

Abstract The probabilistic river stage forecast (PRSF) specifies a sequence of exceedance functions { Ψ n :n=1,…,N} such that Ψ n (h n )=P(H n >h n ), where Hn is the river stage at time instance tn, and P stands for probability. The probabilistic flood forecast (PFF) should specify a sequence of exceedance functions { F n :n=1,…,N} such that F n (h)=P(Z n >h), where Zn is the maximum river stage within time interval (t0,tn], practically Zn=max{H1,…,Hn}. In the absence of information about the stochastic dependence structure of the process {H1,…,HN}, the PFF cannot be derived from the PRSF. This article presents simple methods for calculating bounds on F n and approximations to F n using solely the marginal exceedance functions Ψ 1 ,…, Ψ n . The methods are illustrated with tutorial examples and a case study for a 1430 km2 headwater basin wherein the PRSF is for a 72-h interval discretized into 6-h steps.
Individual Differences in Fear and Autonomic Reactions to Affective Stimulation

Klorman et al. (1975) found that mutilation-fearful persons reacted with heart rate speeding to mutilation slides and to neutral stimuli. The within-subject design of that study suggested that these paradoxical reactions to neutral slides may have been due to subjects' anticipation of phobic materials. In the present work, 84 female subjects, categorized by a standardized questionnaire as high or low in fear of mutilation, viewed one of three types of slides: 1) mutilated bodies; 2) persons and objects in incongruous or humorous poses; or 3) standard photographs of persons, objects, and landscapes. Mutilation materials evoked cardiac acceleration and high subjective tension in fearful subjects vs bradycardia and moderate tension in low-fear subjects. Neutral and incongruous slides prompted similar reactions from both fear groups: heart rate deceleration and low tension. Low-fear subjects shown mutilation slides tended to exceed the groups receiving nonaversive stimulation in magnitude of cardiac deceleration. Extensive analyses of respiratory activity showed that these differential heart rate reactions were not attributable to breathing. Mutilation stimuli evoked greater skin conductance responses than nonaversive slides, but there were no electrodermal differences as a function of fear relevance. The lawful relationship uncovered in the present research between cardiac reactions and individual differences in fear supports our suggestion that anticipation may have played a role in our earlier work.
Ultrafast optoelectronic interface for digital superconducting electronics

The basic concepts of the ultrafast optoelectronic interface for superconducting digital electronics are presented. Several implementations of both the input optical-to-electrical and the output electrical-to-optical transducers are discussed. As an example, an optoelectronic telecommunication router is used that is capable of switching signals at a >100 Gbit s−1 rate on a single wavelength. We demonstrate that superconducting optoelectronics emerges as the ultimate solution to the ultrafast input/output (I/O) interface of single-flux-quantum (SFQ)-based, superconducting digital electronics.
SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION, AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF Y-DOPED ZnO NANOPARTICLES

Zinc oxide (ZnO) and yttrium-doped ZnO nanoparticles with particle size in the nanometer range have been successfully synthesized by the alkali precipitation method. The nanoparticle size and morphology have been investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The average particle size of Y-doped ZnO nanoparticles is about 17–29 nm. The absorption and photoluminescence (PL) spectra of the undoped and doped ZnO nanoparticles were also investigated. The optical band gap of ZnO nanoparticles can be tuned from 3.27 to 3.40 eV with increasing yittrium doping levels from 0 to 5%. The nanoparticles gave two emission peaks, one at around 376 nm and the other at 500 nm.
Entangled fluxoid liquid state in high Tc superconductors

Abstract The remanent magnetization, M(t,T), in high Tc superconducting BiCaSrCuO and TlBaCaCuO was measured by using BTi SQUID susceptometer as a function of time, t, and temperature, T. It was found to decay with ln(t). The decay rate, r = (dM/Mo)/(dt/t), was found to increase with T initially, to have two maxima with a dip near 20K in BiCaSrCuO and 30K in TlBaCaCuO when the applied magnetic field, H, was in the range of 100–500G before it was turned off, and to vanish at the critical temperature, Tc. The dip in r is attributed to the entangled fluxoid liquid state rather than strong pinning center.
Methyl-transition metal systems and diphenylacetylene

Abstract Methylmagnesium chloride reacts with the chlorides of Ti III , Ti IV , Zr IV , V III , Nb V , Cr III , Cr III , Mn II , Fe III , Ru III , Co II , Rh III , Ni II , Pd II , Pt II , Cu I , Cu II , Au III and Zn II at -70° in tetrahydrofuran to give methyl-transition metal reagents. These reagents react with diphenylacetylene giving methylation and hydrogenation products, as well as oligomerization.
Equivalent Circuit Representation of Current Inverter Driven Synchronous Machines

Equivalent circuits which represent the first harmonic steady state behavior of current source inverter (CSI) driven synchronous machines are derived. These circuits, in combination with conventional synchronous machine phasor diagrams, yield complete steady state performance predictions for all types of CSI-synchronous machine drives. The effect of the inverter is shown to be to eliminate the normal role of the synchronous reactance in establishing equilibrium between the applied and internal voltages.
Alkali isomerization of linoleate isomers: Characterization of products

Geometrical isomers of methyl linoleate were reacted with alakli, and the resulting conjugated isomers were separated intotrans,trans;cis,trans; andcis,cis fractions. The position of double bonds in the various fractions was determined by reductive ozonolysis.trans-9,trans-12-Isomer of linoleate formedtrans,trans- andcis,trans-conjugated dienes, whereascis-9,trans-12- andtrans-9,cis-12-isomers in addition formedcis,cis-conjugated dienes. The formation of the products is in accordance with the theoretical predictions. During conjugationtrans double bonds shifted to form atrans bond preferentially. During conjugation ofcis-9,trans-12- andtrans-9,cis-12-linoleate isomers, thecis double bond shifted preferentially over thetrans double bond. A small amount of diene not conjugated was probably a geometrical and positional isomer of the starting material.
Chaotic Julia sets: A Conley index approach☆

Abstract A generalized discrete Conley index for non-invariant sets is used to prove the existence of chaotic dynamics on some Julia sets. Chaos is detected through a semi-conjugacy to a one sided shift space.
Yukawa couplings between (2,1)-forms

The compactification of superstrings leads to an effective field theory for which the space-time manifold is the product of a four dimensional Minkowski space with a six dimensional Calabi-Yau space. The particles that are massless in the four dimensional world correspond to differential forms of type (1, 1) and of type (2, 1) on the Calabi-Yau space. The Yukawa couplings between the families correspond to certain integrals involving three differential forms. For an important class of Calabi-Yau manifolds, which includes the cases for which the manifold may be realized as a complete intersection of polynomial equations in a projective space, the families correspond to (2,l)-forms. The relation between (2,l)-forms and the geometrical deformations of the Calabi-Yau space is explained and it is shown, for those cases for which the manifold may be realized as the complete intersection of polynomial equations in a single projective space or for many cases when the manifold may be realized as the transverse intersection of polynomial equations in a product of projective spaces, that the calculation of the Yukawa coupling reduces to a purely algebraic problem involving the defining polynomials. The generalization of this process is presented for a general Calabi-Yau manifold.
Photoassociation of ultracold LiRb * molecules: Observation of high efficiency and unitarity-limited rate saturation

We report the production of ultracold heteronuclear $^{7}\mathrm{Li}^{85}\mathrm{Rb}$ molecules in excited electronic states by photoassociation (PA) of ultracold $^{7}\mathrm{Li}$ and $^{85}\mathrm{Rb}$ atoms. PA is performed in a dual-species $^{7}\mathrm{Li}$-$^{85}\mathrm{Rb}$ magneto-optical trap (MOT) and the PA resonances are detected using trap loss spectroscopy. We identify several strong PA resonances below the Li (2$s$ ${}^{2}$${S}_{1/2}$) + Rb (5$p$ ${}^{2}{P}_{3/2}$) asymptote and experimentally determine the long range ${C}_{6}$ dispersion coefficients. We find a molecule formation rate (${P}_{\mathrm{LiRb}}$) of 3.5 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} 10${}^{7}$ s${}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ and a PA rate coefficient (${K}_{\mathrm{PA}}$) of 1.3 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} 10${}^{\ensuremath{-}10}$ cm${}^{3}$/s, the highest among heteronuclear bi-alkali-metal molecules. At large PA laser intensity we observe the saturation of the PA rate coefficient (${K}_{\mathrm{PA}}$) close to the theoretical value at the unitarity limit.
Variable Property Piston Effect

The use of the van der Waals equation of state for numerical simulation of the piston effect results in underpredicting the magnitude of the pressure wave by 38% while overpredicting the acoustic heating by 13% compared to using a real gas equation of state from the National Institute of Standards and Technology. When evaluating the piston effect at conditions typical of cryogenic storage systems, the pressure response of the fluid was observed to be tens of kilopascals. This pressure response was six orders of magnitude larger than had been reported in previous research. The extent of the acoustic heating resulted in temperature increases in the bulk fluid that was measured in tens of milliKelvins. Previous researchers reported temperature increases in microKelvins, four orders of magnitude smaller than observed in this research effort.
On the equilibrium partial pressures of nitric acid and ammonia in the atmosphere

Abstract Water-soluble salts of sulfate and nitrate have been shown to constitute a substantial portion of the ambient aerosol. Unlike sulfuric acid which has a high affinity for water, NH 3 and HNO 3 are relatively volatile and may transfer between the gaseous phase and the suspended solution droplets. The chemical equilibrium for the NH 3 -HNO 3 -H 2 SO 4 -H 2 O system at 25°C is considered. Equilibrium partial pressures of NH 3 and HNO 3 ranging from a few hundredths to a few hundred ppbv are calculated for droplets of various sulfate and nitrate compositions. The effects of relative humidity and solution pH value on the atmospheric NH 3 and HNO 3 concentrations are studied analytically. The results indicate that, while the HNO 3 partial pressure depends strongly on relative humidity and the nitrate-to-sulfate ratio in solution, the NH 3 partial pressure varies only slightly with humidity but inversely with the hydrogen-ion concentration.
Numerical diffusion and the tracking of solute fields in system codes: Part II. Multi-dimensional flows

Advances in neutronics and thermohydraulic modeling have resulted in system codes capable of describing local interactions between the core neutronic behavior and the thermohydraulic conditions inside the vessel with full 3-dimensional real time coupling. Making use of these advances in the analysis of boron dilution transients requires a good description of the boron field inside the core, and of its transport along the primary system. However, the relatively low accuracy displayed by advanced system codes in the simulation of solute transport as a result of numerical diffusion is a major obstacle to performing accurate boron dilution studies. Implementation of high order numerical methods in system codes can considerably improve their accuracy when modeling solute transport by reducing the numerical diffusion to a level that is less than the physical diffusion expected from the turbulence of the flow; even when using relatively coarse noding schemes. In order to show this is feasible, the explicit QUICKEST-ULTIMATE scheme for 1-dimensional flow was adapted to the integration procedures used in system codes and implemented in TRAC-PF1/MOD2. Numerical tests were used to assess the performance of the method's implementation. A statistical methodology adapted from its original experimental formulation to the quantitative characterization of numerical diffusion in system codes was used for the analysis of the results. They showed that, for flow conditions commonly found in nuclear system simulations, high order tracking of a solute field can provide results whose diffusion is considerably less than that expected from the turbulence and characteristics of the flow field.
Theoretical analysis of the force on the end face of a nanofilament exerted by an outgoing light pulse

The slight deformations observed upon transmission of a light pulse through a short length of a silica glass nano-filament offer the possibility of determining the momentum of light inside the filament. Using precise numerical calculations that take into account not only the electromagnetic momentum inside and outside the filament, but also the Lorentz force exerted by a light pulse in its entire path through the nano-waveguide, we conclude that the net effect of a short pulse exiting the nano-filament should be a pull force on the end face of the filament.
A thermodynamic model of high temperature lava vaporization on Io

Abstract We modified the MAGMA chemical equilibrium code developed by Fegley and Cameron (1987, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 82, 207–222) and used it to model vaporization of high temperature silicate lavas on Io. The MAGMA code computes chemical equilibria in a melt, between melt and its equilibrium vapor, and in the gas phase. The good agreement of MAGMA code results with experimental data and with other computer codes is demonstrated. The temperature-dependent pressure and composition of vapor in equilibrium with lava is calculated from 1700 to 2400 K for 109 different silicate lavas in the ONaKFeSiMgCaAlTi system. Results for five lavas (tholeiitic basalt, alkali basalt, Barberton komatiite, dunite, and a molten type B1 Ca, Al-rich inclusion) are discussed in detail. The effects of continuous fractional vaporization on chemistry of these lavas and their equilibrium vapor are presented. The predicted abundances (relative to Na) of K, Fe, Si, Al, Ca, and Ti in the vapor equilibrated with lavas at 1900 K are lower than published upper limits for Io's atmosphere (which do not include Mg). We predict evaporative loss of alkalis, Fe, and Si during volcanic eruptions. Sodium is more volatile than K, and the Na/K ratio in the gas is decreased by fractional vaporization. This process can match Io's atmospheric Na/K ratio of 10±3 reported by Brown (2001, Icarus 151, 190–195). Silicon monoxide is an abundant species in the vapor above lavas. Spectroscopic searches are recommended for SiO at IR and mm wavelengths. Reactions of metallic vapors with S- and Cl-bearing volcanic gases may form other unusual gases including MgCl2, MgS, MgCl, FeCl2, FeS, FeCl, and SiS.
Recent high-magnetic-field experiments on the “High Tc” cuprates; Fermi-surface instabilities as a driver for superconductivity

Abstract We give a brief review of high-magnetic-field quantum-oscillation measurements on cuprate superconductors. In the case of the underdoped cuprates, a number of small Fermi-surface pockets are observed, probably due to the incommensurate nesting of the predicted (large) hole Fermi surface. The Fermi-surface instabilities that drive this nesting are also likely to result in the incommensurate spin fluctuations observed in inelastic neutron-scattering measurements. We suggest that the unusually high superconducting transitions in the cuprates are driven by an exact mapping of these incommensurate spin fluctuations onto the d x 2 - y 2 Cooper-pair wavefunction. The maximum energy of the fluctuations ∼ 100 s of Kelvin gives an appropriate energy scale for the superconducting transition temperature.
Compact Relativistic Magnetron With Gaussian Radiation Pattern

A compact A6 relativistic magnetron is proposed which operates in the π-mode and whose radiation is extracted axially as a TE11 mode through a cylindrical waveguide with the same cross section as that of the anode block. This radiated mode is similar to a Gaussian microwave beam. The advantages of this magnetron include the minimal volume of the applied magnetic field and, as a consequence, the proximity of the electron dump to the anode block for the electrons leaking from the interaction space that minimizes both the diameter and the axial length of the magnetron. By using MAGIC particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations, we demonstrate the possibility of generating a Gaussian radiation pattern with power of about 0.5 GW when the applied voltage is 350 kV. This compact magnetron is easier to implement than the magnetron with diffraction output (MDO), although with reduced efficiency.
Duplex PCR Assay Simultaneously Detecting and Differentiating Bartonella quintana, B. henselae, and Coxiella burnetii in Surgical Heart Valve Specimens

A duplex PCR (dPCR) assay was developed to simultaneously detect and differentiate Bartonella quintana, Bartonella henselae, and Coxiella burnetii from surgical heart valve tissue specimens with an analytic sensitivity of 10 copies/reaction. Among 17 specimens collected from patients with a clinical diagnosis of culture-negative endocarditis, 2, 4, and 2 were positive for B. quintana, B. henselae, and C. burnetii, respectively, by the dPCR assay, which matched the results obtained by universal bacterial 16S rRNA gene amplification and sequencing.
Carcinoid tumors of Meckel's diverticulum.

Carcinoid tumors of Meckel's Diverticulum are extremely rare: Only 27 cases, including the one presented in this paper, have been reported; of these, 23 occurred in males and only 4 in females. Metastases occurred in 6 of 27 cases or 22%. Statistically speaking, these carcinoids that do metastasize follow the usual projected curve for small bowel carcinoid tumors. Two of the above metastasizing tumors showed the carcinoid syndrome: flush, diarrhea, syncope, dermatitis and elevated serotonin levels in blood and urine. As treatment, a wedge resection of the Meckel's diverticulum should be performed.
Depressive Symptoms Among Older Mexicans: The Role of Widowhood, Gender, and Social Integration.

Widowhood is often associated with decreased mental health. In developing countries with low institutional support, such as Mexico, social integration can be particularly consequential for widowed older adults’ psychological well-being. This study investigates the interplay among depressive symptoms, widowhood, gender, and social integration in a nationally representative sample of older Mexicans. Drawing on Waves 1 (2001) and 2 (2003) of the Mexican Health and Aging Study, we estimated the ordinary least squares regressions to examine the implications of widowhood, gender, social support, social network, and social engagement for changes in depressive symptoms between the waves among Mexicans aged 50 and older (N = 8,708). The findings indicate that social integration can mitigate as well as exacerbate depressive symptomatology among older Mexicans. Certain aspects of social integration can moderate marital status-gender differences in depressive symptoms among older Mexicans.
Knee Osteoarthritis: Primary Care Using Noninvasive Devices and Biomechanical Principles

Osteoarthritis (OA) is an epidemic for which there is no known cure. There is enormous popular demand for noninvasive and nonpharmacologic therapies for OA, and there is a pressing need for primary care physicians to respond by updating their pattern of practice. Despite increasing concern about the capacity of our health care system to meet rising demands, routine primary care for knee OA has changed little over several decades. This article introduces physicians to many of the most important noninvasive devices used in the conservative management of symptomatic knee OA.
Approximate analysis of interacting vaporizing fuel droplets

Abstract An accurate analysis and effective computer simulation of evaporating droplets moving through a stagnant hot gas are important for the understanding of the basic process dynamics, as well as for improvement of global spray models and specific spray models and specific dispersed-flow-system designs. Using input data for the gasification of three n- decane fuel droplets, the transient interaction effects on the individual droplet Reynolds numbers, vaporization rates, droplet distances and average Nusselt numbers have been analyzed for different initial conditions. The present work is an extension of our experimentally verified boundary-layer analysis of a single vaporizing droplet, assuming laminar axisymmetric flow and spherically shrinking droplets. The computer simulation model can be used to find optimal operational conditions to achieve rapid gasification without droplet collisions.
Hormone therapy for locally advanced prostate cancer.

Purpose: We assessed cause specific and all cause survival in men with locally advanced prostate cancer after hormone therapy.Materials and Methods: Between February 1991 and November 2000, 208 men with locally advanced prostate cancer were treated with gonadal androgen ablation or gonadal androgen ablation and an antiandrogen at a single medical center. Median PSA was 46 ng./ml. (range 2 to 748). Median potential followup was 78 months (range 4 to 122) and the median observation period was 46 months (range 3 to 122).Results: Of the patients 14 (7%) died of causes related to cancer and 71 (34%) died of competing co-morbid disease. Actuarial cause specific survival at 5 and 8 years was 92% and 80%, respectively. The only demographic or tumor related variable that influenced cause specific survival was Gleason score less than 8 versus 8 or greater (p = 0.02). Actuarial all cause survival at 5 and 8 years was 59% and 41%, respectively. The only variable that influenced all cause survival was a Charlson weigh...
Sparse moving maxima models for tail dependence in multivariate financial time series

Abstract The multivariate maxima of moving maxima (M4) model has the potential to model both the cross-sectional and temporal tail-dependence for a rich class of multivariate time series. The main difficulty of applying M4 model to real data is due to the estimation of a large number of parameters in the model and the intractability of its joint likelihood. In this paper, we consider a sparse M4 random coefficient model (SM4R), which has a parsimonious number of parameters and it can potentially capture the major stylized facts exhibited by devolatized asset returns found in empirical studies. We study the probabilistic properties of the newly proposed model. Statistical inference can be made based on the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) approach. We also demonstrate through real data analysis that the SM4R model can be effectively used to improve the estimates of the Value-at-Risk (VaR) for portfolios consisting of multivariate financial returns while ignoring either temporal or cross-sectional tail dependence could potentially result in serious underestimate of market risk.
Recent Progress in Active Integrated Antennas

The role of antennas is increasing and diversifying as the wireless applications proliferated. Active integrated antennas are new technology that integrates planar antennas with active solid state devices so that a number of interesting functions can be accomplished. This paper reviews some of the recent development in active integrated antennas with emphasis on wireless applications.
Systolic array for complete Euclidean distance transform

ABSTRACT The Euclidean distance transform (EDT) converts a binary image into one where each pixel has a value equal to the Euclidean distance to the nearest foreground pixel. It has important uses in image analysis, computer visionand robotics, and so its VLSI implementation is very useful. In this paper, a sequential algorithm which does not require global operations is first presented. We then present a square and a triangular shaped systolic arrays to real-ize the algorithm. For an n x n image on an equal size systolic array, the computing time is Sn—S. 1. INTRODUCTIONThe distance transformation (DT) converts a binary image consisting of foreround pixels and background pixels into an image where each pixel has a value equal to the distance to the nearest foreground pixel. It is a basic operation in computer vision and image analysis, used for object recognition, merging, segmentation, clustering,curve smoothing, matching and computing skeletons [8,9,10, 12]. The distance tran;form is also a useful tool for
Tenth annual scientific conference of the Prader-Willi Syndrome Association (USA), July 19, 1995, Seattle, Washington

Each year for the last 10 years, scientists conducting research on Prader-Willi syndrome have come together to exchange information during a scientific conference held in conjunction with the annual Prader-Willi Syndrome Association (USA) meeting. Presentations based on submitted abstracts encompass such varied fields as genetics, endocrinology, pediatrics, nutrition, psychology, psychiatry, and education. This year`s scientific conference was held in Seattle, Washington, on July 19, 1995, in conjunction with the 14th PWSA (USA) meeting held July 20-23. Seventeen reports were presented at the scientific meeting, the abstracts of which follow.
Malnutrition and brain development: cerebellar weight, DNA, RNA, protein and histological correlations.

— Rat pups were reared in litters of 20 and litters of 6 to study effects of malnutrition on cerebellar development. Cell production and cell content were determined by assaying for DNA, as a measure of cell number, and RNA and protein, as indicators of cell constituents. By comparing DNA contents at 3, 4, 8, 11, 14, 17, 21, and 28 days after birth, we concluded that (a) there is little nutritional reserve at birth since significant differences appear by day 4, (b) most relative differences between groups appeared by day 8, with absolute differences increasing to day 21, and (c) there is partial recovery of cell number and cell constituents in the malnourished rats between 21 and 28 days. Areal measurements of histological preparations showed that malnutrition resulted in less total area in cerebellar midsagittal sections at days 8, 11. and 14. In malnourished animals, the germinal matrix area of the cerebellum, the external granular layer, was smaller on the 8th postnatal day, the same on the eleventh day, and larger on the fourteenth day when compared with that of well fed animals. At all three ages alterations could be discerned in the distribution of cells between the mitotic external mantle and nonmitotic internal matrix portions of the external granular layer. Further studies involving exchanging animals between large and small litters at various ages indicated that the time around days 4 to 8 is most sensitive to malnutrition. The results suggest a process in which malnutrition exerts its maximum effect by a slowing of cell production in the external granular layer in the initial exponential growth phase. It is likely that an adaptation occurs immediately in the external granular layer which subsequently permits a partial recovery of cerebellar growth between days 21 and 28.
CP Violation in the Neutrino Sector

I will summarise the current status of CP violation in the neutrino sector, with a somewhat historical perspective.
Spherical CuO synthesized by a simple hydrothermal reaction: Concentration- dependent size and its electrocatalytic application

Abstract Spherical CuO was synthesized by a simple hydrothermal reaction with the yield as high as ∼90%. The size of the CuO spheres can be facilely and selectively controlled to range from several hundred nanometers to a few micrometers simply by adjusting the concentration of the reactants. The CuO spheres consist of many small and uniform nanoneedles with tips about tens of nanometers in diameter. Interestingly, it was found that the initial concentration of reactants plays an important role in the formation of spherical CuO with different size. A growth mechanism of spherical CuO was also proposed based on the observed results. The cyclic voltammogrametry reveals that CuO nanospheres exhibit a remarkable electrocatalytic activity for the oxidation/reduction of H 2 O 2 . This study provides a promising route for the facile and cost-effective synthesis of inorganic nano- and micromaterials, and the synthesized CuO shows great promise in electrochemical applications.
Integration of simulation modeling and computer aided production management in computer integrated enterprise

Abstract Designing efficient and integrated manufacturing systems is the first step in attaining computer integrated enterprises (CIE). Integration of planning and implementation phases of manufacturing is essential for taking full advantage of the CIE. In order to design reliable and efficient manufacturing systems, the designers must consider the impacts of planning decisions made by computer aided production management (CAPM) modules on implementations held in manufacturing cells. This paper focuses on two issues. The first issue is importance and necessity of integrating CAPM modules with manufacturing cells. The second issue includes major features of the object-oriented approach and their relevance to our objective of modeling a design framework which focuses on integration of CAPM modules and simulation models which emulate the manufacturing cells in the CIE environment.
Cavitational ultrasonic surgical aspiration for the treatment of vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia.

Abstract Objective. The aim of this study is to determine whether cavitational ultrasonic surgical aspiration (CUSA) is effective and safe for treating vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VAIN). Methods. We conducted a retrospective chart review of 46 patients who were treated with CUSA for VAIN in a single gynecologic oncology practice between 1981 and 1999. Results. At initial presentation, 39% of treated patients had grade I VAIN, 20% had grade II, and 41% had grade III. The mean duration of follow-up from initial CUSA treatment was 21 months. Twenty-nine patients (63%) were initially treated with CUSA, 7 patients (15%) with laser vaporization, 7 patients (15%) with surveillance by Papanicolaou smear, 1 patient (2%) with partial vaginectomy, 1 patient (2%) with 5-fluorouracil, and 1 patient (2%) with loop excision. Patients initially treated with CUSA had a higher percentage of grade III VAIN at diagnosis (48%) than did patients initially treated with other methods (29%). A significantly greater proportion of patients initially treated with CUSA had no recurrence of VAIN (66%) compared with patients initially treated with other methods (0%) (P Conclusion. These initial data suggest that CUSA is a safe and effective method for treating VAIN and may be an appropriate treatment for many patients.
A Graph-Based Interface for VisualAnalytics of 3D Streamlines and Pathlines

Visual exploration of large and complex 3D steady and unsteady flow fields is critically important in many areas of science and engineering. In this paper, we introduce FlowGraph, a novel compound graph representation that organizes field line clusters and spatiotemporal regions hierarchically for occlusion-free and controllable visual exploration. It works with any seeding strategy as long as the domain is well covered and important flow features are captured. By transforming a flow field to a graph representation, we enable observation and exploration of the relationships among field line clusters, spatiotemporal regions and their interconnection in the transformed space. FlowGraph not only provides a visual mapping that abstracts field line clusters and spatiotemporal regions in various levels of detail, but also serves as a navigation tool that guides flow field exploration and understanding. Through brushing and linking in conjunction with the standard field line view, we demonstrate the effectiveness of FlowGraph with several visual exploration and comparison tasks that cannot be well accomplished using the field line view alone. We also perform an empirical expert evaluation to confirm the usefulness of this graph-based technique.
FRAGMENTATION INDEX OF RAW MUSCLE AS A TENDERNESS PREDICTOR OF STEAKS FROM USDA COMMERCIAL AND UTILITY CARCASSES

Loin steaks were removed from USDA Commercial (n=38) and Utility (n=42) beef carcasses to facilitate study of Fragmentation Index (PI). Tenderness was assessed by the Warner-Bratzler shear (WBS) and a trained, 8-member sensory panel. To determine the minimum time required to obtain the FI for fresh and frozen raw longissimus muscle, three drying times were studied (10 min, 40 min, and 22 hr). Simple correlation coefficients relating FI to WBS force value and sensory tenderness rating were: fresh muscle FI (10 min), 0.60 and -0.60; frozen muscle FI (40 min), 0.73 and -0.69, respectively. USDA grade factors and simultaneous consideration of all all measures of fragmentation accounted for 14.1 and 61.1%, respectively, of the observed variation in WBS force values. PI determined from frozen longissimus muscle accounted for 18.6-23.8s more of the observed variation in cooked meat tenderness than FT of fresh muscle. The best two-variable regression model accounted for 56.6% of the observed variation in WBS force value.
Complementation, cross correction, and drug correction studies of combined beta-galactosidase neuraminidase deficiency in human fibroblasts.

Summary: Neuraminidase activity in fibroblasts obtained from a patient with combined β-galactosidase-neuraminidase deficiency (β-gal−/neur−) was partially restored by fusion with two ML I cell lines and an ML II cell line. As observed with neuraminidase activity, β-galactosidase also showed complementation with an increase in activity when β-gal−/neur− fibroblasts were fused with an ML II or a GHi gangliosidosis cell line. Both GM, gangliosidosis and sialidosis fibroblasts secreted a “corrective factor” which, when added to medium above β-gal−/neur− fibroblasts, was pinocytosed and partially corrected its deficiencies for these two enzymes.This partial correction of β-galactosidase and neuraminidase activities persisted for at least 72 h after removal of the “corrective factor” from the medium. A “corrective factor” with similar properties was obtained from glycoproteins isolated by chromatography of human spleen homogenates on concanavalin A-Sepharose. Treatment of-β-gal−/neur− fibroblasts with leupeptin or EP475, two inhibitors of lysosomal thiolproteases, partially restored β-galactosidase activity but caused no significant improvement in neuraminidase levels. The partial corrective effect of leupeptin on partial corrective effect of leupeptin on β-galactosidase activity persisted for at least 2 d after removal of the drug, even in the presence of cycloheximide.-galactosidase activity persisted for at least 2 d after removal of the drug, even in the presence of cycloheximide.
Grid programming: some indications where we are headed

Grid computing enables the development of large scientific applications on an unprecedented scale. Grid-aware applications, also called meta-applications or multi-disciplinary applications, make use of coupled computational resources that are not available at a single site. In this light, the Grids let scientists solve larger or new problems by pooling together resources that could not be coupled easily before. It is well known that the programmer's productivity in designing and implementing efficient distributed/parallel applications on high-performance computers is still usually a very time-consuming task. Grid computing makes the situation worse. Consequently, the development of Grid programming environments that would enable programmers to efficiently exploit this technology is an important and hot research issue.After an introduction on the main Grid programming issues, this paper will review the most important approaches/projects conducted in this field worldwide.
Cancer cells activate p53 in response to 10-formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase expression

A folate enzyme, FDH (10-formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase; EC 1.5.1.6), is not a typical tumour suppressor, but it has two basic characteristics of one, i.e. it is down-regulated in tumours and its expression is selectively cytotoxic to cancer cells. We have recently shown that ectopic expression of FDH in A549 lung cancer cells induces G1 arrest and apoptosis that was accompanied by elevation of p53 and its downstream target, p21. It was not known, however, whether FDH-induced apoptosis is p53-dependent or not. In the present study, we report that FDH-induced suppressor effects are strictly p53-dependent in A549 cells. Both knockdown of p53 using an RNAi (RNA interference) approach and disabling of p53 function by dominant-negative inhibition with R175H mutant p53 prevented FDH-induced cytotoxicity in these cells. Ablation of the FDH-suppressor effect is associated with an inability to activate apoptosis in the absence of functional p53. We have also shown that FDH elevation results in p53 phosphorylation at Ser-6 and Ser-20 in the p53 transactivation domain, and Ser-392 in the C-terminal domain, but only Ser-6 is strictly required to mediate FDH effects. Also, translocation of p53 to the nuclei and expression of the pro-apoptotic protein PUMA (Bcl2 binding component 3) was observed after induction of FDH expression. Elevation of FDH in p53 functional HCT116 cells induced strong growth inhibition, while growth of p53-deficient HCT116 cells was unaffected. This implies that activation of p53-dependent pathways is a general downstream mechanism in response to induction of FDH expression in p53 functional cancer cells.
Active-Matrix Microelectrode Arrays Integrated With Vertically Aligned Carbon Nanofibers

In this letter, we have successfully integrated vertically aligned carbon nanofibers (VACNFs) onto active matrix thin-film transistor (TFT) and demonstrate a new microelectrode array (MEA) platform. The materials and processes of the bottom gate inverted staggered TFT structure were designed to be compatible with the requisite high-temperature (~700degC) and direct current plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition VACNF growth process. The critical device integration issues are elaborated, and initial device characteristics are reported. This device platform provides great potential as an advanced MEA for direct cell sensing, probing, and recording with a high electrode density and active addressability.
Evaluation of representations in AI problem solving

We formalize the concept of domain representation in artificial intelligence, and propose a framework for evaluating representation and comparing alternative representations.
Preschool Racial Attitude Measure II

The earlier version of the Preschool Racial Attitude Measure (PRAM I) has been found to be a useful measure in attitude development and modification studies of young children. This paper describes the lengthened and otherwise revised version of this procedure—PRAM II. Standardization data are reported for 252 Caucasian and 140 Negro children, ranging in age from 37 to 85 months (mean = 64 months), who were tested by Caucasian and Negro examiners. Analyses of the racial attitude scores revealed that the measure had good internal consistency (r = .80), and satisfactory test-retest reliability (r = .55, over a one-year interval). It was demonstrated that the test may be divided into two equivalent short-forms, for test-retest purposes. Other findings were that the racial attitude scores were found to vary systematically with race of subject, but not with sex of subject, IQ, or age. Evidence regarding race of examiner effects was inconclusive. It was concluded that PRAM II provides a reliable index of racial ...
Blind phase-shift-based DOA estimation

Blind direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation algorithms based on direction-vector phase shifts in a uniform linear array are investigated in this paper. Instead of using a pilot signal for training, the output of a blind beamformer is used to compute the phase difference relative to that of a second parallel beamformer. This is possible because the two sets of beamformer weights are related to each other in a specific known manner: (i) they are identical for a subarray approach and (ii) conjugated for a reversed beamformer. Using a least-squares model, these techniques are compared with another blind DOA estimator based on the constant modulus array. Computer simulations are provided to evaluate the performance of the approaches for various cochannel interference and noise conditions.
Visual Thresholds During Dark Adaptation Comparison in Black and White Observers

The alleged lack of color vocabulary for short wavelength discriminations among linguistic groups with darker skin pigmentation has been thought to be due to a correlated increase in melanin pigment in the ocular media. The presence of this tritanopic-like condition in black observers was tested by comparing the dark adapted thresholds of 13 white and 10 black observers with white, red, green, and blue test lights. There were no significant differences between the white and black observers for any of the test lights. The range of cone and rod thresholds for each group of observers was the same. These results do not support the hypothesis that linguistic deficiencies in color discrimination terms reflect a tritanopic-like condition due to increased ocular pigmentation.
On time delay estimation with unknown spatially correlated Gaussian noise using fourth-order cumulants and cross cumulants

The problem of estimating the difference in arrival times of a linear non-Gaussian signal at two spatially separated sensors is considered. The signal is assumed to be corrupted by spatially correlated Gaussian noises of unknown cross correlation. A parameter estimation approach is adopted, and the fourth-order cumulant statistics of the noisy measurements are exploited to obtain the time delay estimate. Specific and mild sufficient conditions are given for time delay identifiability via a persistence of excitation condition. Illustrative Monte Carlo simulation examples are also presented. >
Hormonal Control of Urokinase Plasminogen Activator Secretion by Sheep Ovarian Surface Epithelial Cells

Secretion of urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) by ovarian surface epithelium (OSE) adjacent to the preovulatory ovine follicle has been implicated in apical tissue degradation and follicular rupture. In vitro experiments were designed to test the hypothesis that uPA release by OSE is under direct hormonal control. Epithelial cells were isolated from the ovarian surface of sheep using a polytetrafluorethylene scraper designed to dislodge adherent cells from culture flasks. Amidolytic cleavage of a uPA-specific chromogen (carbobenzoxy-L-gamma-glutamyl [alpha-ot-but]-glycyl-arginine-p-nitroanilide monoacetate) was used as a measure of enzymatic bioactivity in OSE-conditioned incubation media. Secretion of uPA by OSE suspensions from proestrous ewes was stimulated by exposure (2 h) to a preovulatory surge-like concentration of LH. OSE cells obtained during the luteal phase or anestrus were not responsive to LH. Baseline rates of uPA secretion and expression of estradiol receptors (in situ immunofluorescence detection) were not affected by reproductive status. Induction of uPA secretion by anestrous OSE was attained after priming (6 h) with estradiol-17beta; responsiveness was attributed to gonadotropin receptor (ligand binding) up-regulation. Monolayers of OSE established on polyethylene membranes secreted uPA predominately in a basal (i.e., toward the substratum) direction. We suggest that OSE in juxtaposition with the (hyperemic) wall of the preovulatory follicle is perfused by surge levels of LH, invoking uPA release into underlying ovarian tissues.
Solving challenging electromagnetic problems using MoM and a parallel out-of-core solver on high performance clusters

In this paper, a newly developed code, TIDES, is run on four high performance computing clusters. TIDES has the capability to exceed the memory limitations of typical computer systems by using the method of moments with higher order basis functions and a parallel out-of-core integral equation solver. The new results presented here show that TIDES is an excellent tool for solving challenging electromagnetic problems.
Development of a 200-kV Test Stand and Experimental Study of Optical Triggering Methods for LTD Switches

A 200-kV test stand is being developed at the University of Missouri to examine optical triggering techniques for LTD switches. Two capacitors, separated by an optically triggered switch, are DC charged to plusmn100-kV. The switch will be triggered by a pulse from an Nd:YAG laser at 266, 532, and 1064-nm wavelengths. The goal of the study is to find methods to reduce the optical energy required to trigger the switch while minimizing runtime and jitter. To reduce laser energy, several methods will be explored. One method is to identify candidate materials based on their respective work functions and apply them to the switch cathode. Laser light will be directed onto the target materials with intensity below the ablation threshold, liberating electrons. Another method is to create a laser spark created in the mid-gap of the switch while manipulating length, position and orientation through control of laser power, focusing lenses, lens positions, insulating gas composition and photon energy. Findings will be used in designing of future LTD switches and triggering systems.