cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
From Networked Nominee to Networked Nation: Examining the Impact of Web 2.0 and Social Media on Political Participation and Civic Engagement in the 2008 Obama Campaign

This article explores the uses of Web 2.0 and social media by the 2008 Obama presidential campaign and asks three primary questions: (1) What techniques allowed the Obama campaign to translate online activity to on-the-ground activism? (2) What sociotechnical factors enabled the Obama campaign to generate so many campaign contributions? (3) Did the Obama campaign facilitate the development of an ongoing social movement that will influence his administration and governance? Qualitative data were collected from social media tools used by the Obama ‘08 campaign (e.g., Obama ‘08 Web site, Twitter, Facebook, MySpace, e-mails, iPhone application, and the Change.gov site created by the Obama-Biden Transition Team) and public information. The authors find that the Obama ‘08 campaign created a nationwide virtual organization that motivated 3.1 million individual contributors and mobilized a grassroots movement of more than 5 million volunteers. Clearly, the Obama campaign utilized these tools to go beyond educating the public and raising money to mobilizing the ground game, enhancing political participation, and getting out the vote. The use of these tools also raised significant national security and privacy considerations. Finally, the Obama-Biden transition and administration utilized many of the same strategies in their attempt to transform political participation and civic engagement.
MRI in verrucous venous malformation: role in diagnosis and treatment

Verrucous venous malformation (VVM), recently reclassified from verrucous hemangioma, is a rare congenital vascular anomaly that is traditionally diagnosed on histopathologic analysis of deep tissue biopsy. This case report documents the utility of magnetic resonance imaging in confirming VVM diagnosis, characterizing lesion extent and guiding therapy.
High-quality reference genome and annotation aids understanding of berry development for evergreen blueberry (Vaccinium darrowii).

Vaccinium darrowii Camp (2n = 2x = 24) is a native North American blueberry species and an important source of traits such as low chill requirement in commercial southern highbush blueberry breeding (Vaccinium corymbosum, 2n = 4x = 48). We present a chromosomal-scale genome of V. darrowii generated by the combination of PacBio sequencing and high throughput chromatin conformation capture (Hi–C) scaffolding technologies, yielding a total length of 1.06 Gigabases (Gb). Over 97.8% of the genome sequences are scaffolded into 24 chromosomes representing the two haplotypes. The primary haplotype assembly of V. darrowii contains 34,809 protein-coding genes. Comparison to a V. corymbosum haplotype assembly reveals high collinearity between the two genomes with small intrachromosomal rearrangements in eight chromosome pairs. With small RNA sequencing, the annotation was further expanded to include more than 200,000 small RNA loci and 638 microRNAs expressed in berry tissues. Transcriptome analysis across fruit development stages indicates that genes involved in photosynthesis are downregulated, while genes involved in flavonoid and anthocyanin biosynthesis are significantly increased at the late stage of berry ripening. A high-quality reference genome and accompanying annotation of V. darrowii is a significant new resource for assessing the evergreen blueberry contribution to the breeding of southern highbush blueberries.
Board Game and Family Involvement Motivate Target Language Learning

In this action research, the author encouraged the students created and designed L2 board games and examined how this approach (L2 board game design) could facilitate L2 learning and increase family interaction and bond. Fewer studies yet relatively providing routes of how family members and language teachers assist L2 students grasp knowledge by applying self-designed L2 board games. Therefore, this study investigated whether the application of self-designed L2 board game and family involvement assist improving L2 students’ learning attitude and motivation. 58 freshmen participated in the action research. After 18-week courses, the use of semi-structure interview, class observation, and field recording methods were applied to be the main technique collecting research data. 15 Participants were randomly selected and asked to reflect on how self-designed L2 board games create the interactive learning opportunities and how family involvement developed the motivation in L2 learning. The results indicated that applying L2 board game and family involvement were successful strategies for improving family bonds and producing creative L2 learners.
Quantitative Studies of Amino Acid Flow in the Digestive Tract of Sheep Fed Alfalfa Protein Concentrates

Mature wethers fitted with duodenal and ileal cannulae were fed iso- nitrogenous and isoenergetic diets containing alfalfa protein concentrate (APC) pre pared by various methods. Amino acid concentrations in digesta at the proximal duo denum and distal ileum were influenced by processing method used for preparation of AGP (P < 0.05). Amino acid pattern at the proximal duodenum was not affected by treatment. Methionine and lysine concentrations were lower in mixed bacteria isolated from the rumen of sheep fed APC prepared by anaerobic fermentation and spray dried when compared to other treatments. Apparent ruminai degradability of individual amino acid was influenced by method of preparation for APC (P < 0.05). Bacteria contributed 55-74% of total amino acids flowing to the duodenum. Approxi mately 72% of the amino acids reaching the duodenum disappeared in the small intestine regardless of treatment. Amino acid pattern of residual proteins differed from respective dietary proteins. Results reveal that not all proteins entering the small intestine of ruminants are of equal quality. J. Nutr. 113: 2390-2402, 1983.
Supporting applications with network intelligence and B-ISDN

The year 2000 is swiftly approaching and, with all the expectations it brings, many telcos are gearing up to provide telecommunications networks that will satisfy the majority of demands that new feature-rich applications will place upon them. To some people, supporting application requirements for a telecommunications netwrok might mean adding more intelligence to the network. Others may crave to transmit data at faster speeds, communicate more freely on the move, or be able to mix and match the appropriate network infrastructure as they, or their applications, choose to do so. These diverse application requirements are shaping the strategies being pursued by telcos to deliver integrated telecommunications networks for the next millennium. After looking back at some of the developments taking place within the broadband and network intelligence domains, this paper summarises some of the application and service requirements that must be addressed when building future telecommunications networks. From the plethora of technical proposals aimed at developing the necessary environment to fulfil these requirements, this article explores the alternatives. Of course, for all of these alternative routes there will be many questions, technical or otherwise, that yet remain unanswered. Some of these issues will be discussed and various options will be considered to provoke thought or socialise possible solutions.
Redrafting Ohio's Advance Directives Laws

Although the basic structure of Ohio's Advance Directive Statutes is sound, many of the actual provisions contain excessive, burdensome, and often incomprehensible restrictions on patient-centered decisionmaking. This article presents redrafting suggestions from the Ohio Bioethics Task Force designed to clarify, simplify and focus Ohio law.
Extent of Maternal Morbidity in a Managed Care Population in Georgia

Although maternal deaths are among the most tragic events related to pregnancy, they are uncommon in the United States and therefore, inadequate indicators of a woman’s pregnancy-related health. Maternal morbidity has become a more useful measure for surveillance and research. Traditional attempts to monitor maternal morbidity have used hospital discharge data, which include data only on complications that resulted in hospitalization, thus underestimating the frequency and scope of complications. To obtain a more accurate assessment of morbidity, we applied a validated computerized algorithm to identify pregnancies and pregnancy-related complications in a defined population of women enrolled in a health maintenance organization in the southeastern United States. We examined the most common morbidities by pregnancy outcome and maternal characteristics. We identified 37,741 pregnancies; in half (50.7%), at least 1 complication occurred. The 5 most common were urinary tract infections, anemia, mental health conditions, pelvic and perineal complications, and obstetric infection. We observed that in pregnancies among non-Hispanic White women, low socioeconomic status (SES) had a modest effect on the adjusted odds of preexisting medical conditions [adjusted odd ratio (AOR) 1.33, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.21, 1.47] or having any morbidity [AOR 1.27, 95% CI 1.16, 1.38]. Low SES had little effect on complications among non-Hispanic Black women. Compared with pregnancies among non-Hispanic White women, those among non-Hispanic Black women had more complications and occurred more often in women with low SES; however, SES did not affect their likelihood of morbidity. Even for non-Hispanic White women, the effect of SES was small, suggesting that the influence of SES on the risk of morbidity may be ameliorated by comprehensive health insurance coverage.
Coronary rotational ablation: an overview with related nursing interventions

The treatment of coronary artery disease has changed significantly over the last decade. It is estimated that more than 300,000 percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty procedures were performed in 1990. Despite advances in angioplasty technique and increased immediate success rates, limitations to treatment remain and have prompted a continuing search for a more effective revascularization device. Rotational ablation performed with a high-speed burr covered with diamond microcrystals has been proven safe and effective in treating coronary lesions. At high speeds the burr preferentially ablates plaque. The particles produced during the procedure are smaller than red blood cells and are readily disposed of by the reticuloendothelial system. This article is an overview of the rotational ablation procedure and related nursing care of the patient.
The binding-site crevice of the D4 dopamine receptor is coupled to three distinct sites of allosteric modulation.

Most biogenic amine G protein-coupled receptors contain a conserved aspartic acid residue positioned near the intracellular side of the second transmembrane-spanning (TMS) domain that is the primary site of allosteric modulation by sodium ions and pH. Recently, zinc ions and amiloride derivatives were found to allosterically modulate antagonist binding to dopamine receptors. In the current study, the wild-type D4 dopamine receptor showed an 8-fold decrease in zinc affinity in the presence of 120 mM NaCl, but the binding of zinc to the neutral TMS2 D4-D77N mutant was completely sodium-insensitive. In contrast to zinc, methylisobutylamiloride (MIA) binding to the wild-type D4receptor was virtually unaffected by sodium. In addition, the binding affinity for MIA was essentially unchanged in the presence of an IC50 concentration of zinc and vice versa. Furthermore, MIA binding affinity was decreased 4-fold for the D4-D77N mutant and increased 30-fold for the TMS3 mutant D4-M107V, even though the binding affinity for zinc was similar to the wild-type D4 background for both mutants. These findings demonstrate for the first time the existence of three distinct sites of allosteric modulation within a G protein-coupled receptor.
The citric acid and aconitase content of the prostate.

SummaryThe citric acid content of human prostatic adenoma was about 645 mg per 100 g of tissue; that of human prostatic cancer, 74 mg; and that of dog's prostate, 8 mg. The human prostate was found rich in aconitase while that of dog's prostate contained half as much of this enzyme. The source of citric acid in prostatic tissue has been postulated.
Acridine spin labels as probes for nucleic acids.

Abstract Adridine spin labels, 4-[9-(6-chloro-2-methoxy)-acridylamino]- 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy (I) and 4-(9-acridylamino)- 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy (II), have been synthesized and their interaction with nucleic acids studied by means of electron spin resonance (ESR). The ESR spectra of labels I and II in the presence of calf thymus DNA were characteristic of highly immobilized nitroxide radicals with maximum hyperfine splittings (2T ˌˌ ) of 58.7 and 55.5 G, respectively. The melting temperature (T m ) of DNA, determined in the presence of labels I and II by the ESR technique, were closely similar to those obtained by spectrophotometric methods. The ESR spectrum of label I bound to calf liver RNA and yeast RNA indicated that the nitroxide group of this label was highly mobile. These results suggest that spin labels I and II are suitable noncovalent probes for nucleic acids.
An Origin-Deficient Yeast Artificial Chromosome Triggers a Cell Cycle Checkpoint

Checkpoint controls coordinate entry into mitosis with the completion of DNA replication. Depletion of nucleotide precursors by treatment with the drug hydroxyurea triggers such a checkpoint response. However, it is not clear whether the signal for this hydroxyurea-induced checkpoint pathway is the presence of unreplicated DNA, or rather the persistence of single-stranded or damaged DNA. In a yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) we have engineered an approximately 170 kb region lacking efficient replication origins that allows us to explore the specific effects of unreplicated DNA on cell cycle progression. Replication of this YAC extends the length of S phase and causes cells to engage an S/M checkpoint. In the absence of Rad9 the YAC becomes unstable, undergoing deletions within the origin-free region.
Self-assembled monolayers of alkanethiolates on palladium are good etch resists.

This paper describes microcontact printing (μCP) of long-chain alkanethiolates on palladium, followed by solution-phase etching with an iron(III)-based etchant, to make patterned structures. The commonly used soft-lithographic procedure for fabricating microstructuresμCP of SAMs on goldhas three shortcomings: a significant surface density of pinhole defects, substantial edge roughness, and incompatibility with processes used in CMOS fabrication. Microcontact printing on palladium gives fewer defects and smaller edge roughness than on gold, and is compatible with CMOS. The mechanism by which etch-resistant patterns are formed is different for palladium and gold. The Pd/S interfacial layer formed by the reaction of palladium films with sulfur-containing compounds provides good resistance to etches independently of the barrier to access the surface provided by the film of (CH2)n groups in the long-chain SAMs. This barrier is the basis of the etch resistance of SAMs on gold, but only supplements the etch res...
Yoko Ono's Cut Piece: From Text to Performance and Back Again

Art is inexorably bound up in the situation where it is produced and where it is experienced. You can emphasize this, or you can emphasize where it is produced or experienced: you can even equate them, and emphasize the equation. The relationship exists in any case, and, either as artist or as audience, we are in a situation analogous to a swimmer who may fight the surf, dive through it and struggle against it until he gets out beyond where the surf is noticeable: or else this swimmer can roll with the waves. Dick Higgins, Postface (1964)1
Enantioselective Syntheses of 13C-Labeled (2R)- and (2S)-Phytochromobilin Dimethyl Ester

(2R)- and (2S)-phytochromobilin dimethyl ester have been prepared in enantiomerically pure form, specifically 13C-labeled at C10 or C15.
Morphology suggests noseleaf and pinnae cooperate to enhance bat echolocation.

A protruding noseleaf and concave pinna structures suggest that some bats may use these to enhance their echolocation capabilities. This paper considers two possible mechanisms that each exploit the combination of direct and delayed acoustic paths to achieve more complex emission or sensitivity echolocation patterns. The first is an emission mechanism, in which the protruding noseleaf vibrates to emit sound in both the forward and backward directions, and pinna structures reflect the backward emission to enhance the forward beam. The second is a reception mechanism, which has a direct echo path to the ear canal and a delayed path involving pinna structures reflecting onto the noseleaf and then into the ear canal. A model using Davis’ Round-eared Bat illustrates that such direct and delayed acoustic paths provide target elevation cues. The model demonstrates the delayed pinna component can increase the on-axis emission strength, narrow the beam width, and sculpt frequency-dependent beam patterns useful for echolocation.
Delayed Seeding of Alfalfa Avoids Autotoxicity after Plowing or Glyphosate Treatment of Established Stands

Re-establishment of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) has often been unsucessful because of autotoxic effects of the crop on seedlings. This study was conducted at East Lansing, MI on an Udallic Ochraqualfs, fine loamy, mixed, mesic soil. The first objective was to determine the days required to eliminate autotoxic effects for 1-, 4-, and 6-yr-old stands of alfalfa with 1.4 Mg ha −1 dry weight of topgrowth after treatments of plowing or glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine]. The second objective was to determine autotoxic effects of 1.4, 2.7, and 4.0 Mg ha −1 dry weight of topgrowth from year-old alfalfa plowed prior to seeding the same day [...]
Gas Phase Thermometric Titration

Abstract The direct thermometric titration of gaseous samples with gaseous reagents has been shown to be simple and practical for reactions which are rapid and complete in the gas phase. Satisfactory precision and accuracy have been obtained in the gas phase titration of ammonia and six aliphatic amines with hydrogen chloride.
Development of a three-dimensional model of the human respiratory system for dosimetric use

Determining the fate of inhaled contaminants in the human respiratory system has challenged scientists for years. Human and animal studies have provided some data, but there is a paucity of data for toxic contaminants and sensitive populations (such as children, elderly, diseased). Three-dimensional modeling programs and publicly available human physiology data have been used to develop a comprehensive model of the human respiratory system. The in silico human respiratory system model, which includes the extrathoracic region (nasal, oral, pharyngeal, and laryngeal passages), the upper airways (trachea and main bronchi), the tracheobronchial tree, and branching networks through alveolar region, allows for virtually any variation of airway geometries and disease states. The model allows for parameterization of variables that define the subject’s airways by integrating morphological changes created by disease, age, etc. with a dynamic morphology. The model can be used for studies of sensitive populations and the homeland security community, in cases where inhalation studies on humans cannot be conducted with toxic contaminants of interest.
Heritability Estimates of Development Time and Size Characters in the Gypsy Moth ( Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae ) Parasitoid Cotesia melanoscela (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

Little is known about the extent to which traits that can affect the laboratory and field performance of parasitoids as biological control agents are under genetic control. This is particularly true of parasitoids showing potential against the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.), the most damaging defoliator of deciduous trees in North America. This study examines the effects of genetic variability on the development times and size of the gypsy moth larval parasitoid Cotesia melanoscela (Ratzburg) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Heritability indices of size parameters were higher than those for development times. Implications for laboratory rearing and biological control are discussed.
Exploration of sequence space for protein engineering

The process of protein engineering is currently evolving towards a heuristic understanding of the sequence-function relationship. Improved DNA sequencing capacity, efficient protein function characterization and improved quality of data points in conjunction with well-established statistical tools from other industries are changing the protein engineering field. Algorithms capturing the heuristic sequence-function relationships will have a drastic impact on the field of protein engineering. In this review, several alternative approaches to quantitatively assess sequence space are discussed and the relatively few examples of wet-lab validation of statistical sequence-function characterization/correlation are described.
Comment on "Gravity waves, chaos, and spinning compact binaries".

In this comment, I argue that chaotic effects in binary black hole inspiral will not strongly impact the detection of gravitational waves from such systems.
Pharmacokinetics and toxicity of isolated perfusion of lung with doxorubicin

The treatment of pulmonary metastases from soft tissue sarcomas with chemotherapy has an overall response rate of less than 30%, and the majority of these responses are short lived. It is postulated that increased drug delivery to the pulmonary metastases may improve the outcome of these patients. An isolated perfusion system would have the ability of delivering increased levels of drug to target tissue without the systemic toxic effect of the drug. The purpose of this study was to establish the pharmacokinetics of doxorubicin delivery, lung toxicity, and the ideal dose for clinical application in an in vivo isolated perfusion model. Our results suggest that normothermic isolated perfusion of the lung with doxorubicin using a dose level up to 6 micrograms/ml in the perfusate can be accomplished without histologic lung injury, systemic toxicity, or adverse clinical outcome. Perfusate concentration of greater than 7 micrograms/ml caused significant histologic injury and adverse clinical outcome without systemic toxicity. The technique may be utilized in selective settings to improve treatment in mesenchymal tumors metastatic to the lung.
Afghanistan Between the Great Powers, 1938–1945

The increased interest in Afghanistan, highlighted by the Soviet invasion of that country in December 1979, calls for the reassessment of the more recent political history of Afghanistan, particularly its relations with the great powers. In this connection the period of World War 11 has often been treated superficially, and until today there has been only one book (L. W. Adamec, Afghanistan's Foreign Affairs to the Mid- Twentieth Century: Relations with the USSR, Germany, and Britain [Tucson, 1974]) which contains adequate coverage of the war years. These years ought to be considered as a watershed for the entire region since they clearly foreshadowed the events to come, which we are observing today with great amazement and alarm.
Effect of Atmosphere and Temperature on Wear, Friction, and Transfer of Polyimide Films

Friction and wear experiments conducted on polyimide films bonded to 440C stainless steel disks indicated that a wear transition (from high wear to low wear) accompanied the friction transition (from high friction to low friction). The transition was found to be atmosphere dependent as well as temperature dependent. Wear rate calculations indicated that at temperatures above the transition, wear could be up to 600 times less than at temperatures below the transition. Transfer to metallic riders was also investigated and found to be considerably different at temperatures above and below the transition.
Hydrophilic membrane-based humidity control.

A dehumidification system for low gravity plant growth experiments requires the generation of no free-liquid condensate and the recovery of water for reuse. In the systems discussed in this paper, the membrane is a barrier between the humid air phase and a liquid-coolant water phase. The coolant water temperature combined with a transmembrane pressure differential establishes a water flux from the humid air into the coolant water. Building on the work of others, we directly compared different hydrophilic membranes for humidity control. In a direct comparison of the hydrophilic membranes, hollow fiber cellulose ester membranes were superior to metal and ceramic membranes in the categories of condensation flux per surface area, ease of start-up, and stability. However, cellulose ester membranes were inferior to metal membranes in one significant category, durability. Dehumidification systems using mixed cellulose ester membranes failed after operational times of only hours to days. We propose that the ratio of fluid surface area to membrane material area (≅membrane porosity) controls the relative performances among membranes. In addition, we clarified design equations for operational parameters such as the transmembrane pressure differential. This technology has several potential benefits related to earth environmental issues including the minimization of airborne pathogen release and higher energy efficiency in air conditioning equipment. Utilizing these study results, we designed, constructed, and flew on the space shuttle missions a membrane-based dehumidification system for a plant growth chamber.
Numerical simulation of the extrusion process for food materials in a single-screw extruder

Abstract A numerical study of extrusion cooking of starch based materials in a single-screw extruder is carried out. The low moisture levels and high temperatures typically encountered in practical circumstances are considered. The starch conversion process is studied in the rheological region of the extruder which is often the last few turns of the screw, where the material is treated as a non-Newtonian fluid. A numerical method based on finite-difference approximation is employed to solve the governing non-linear equations for momentum, energy and mass conservation for a non-Newtonian fluid undergoing physicochemical changes. The initial conditions for the problem are taken from experimental observations. The screw configuration and the operating parameters, such as barrel temperature, screw speed and throughput, are varied to study their influence on the conversion of starch. It is found that 28% conversion is obtained due to viscous dissipation alone, whereas 61% conversion occurs by raising the barrel temperature by about 25 °C above the inlet. It is also observed that, at any screw speed, a smaller flow rate caused by a smaller die diameter leads to a higher degree of conversion. Furthermore, it is found that the compression ratio of the screw has a significant influence on pressure rise, bulk temperature and average residence time. As the compression ratio increases the temperature increases but the residence time decreases. The former effect increases the degree of conversion where as the latter decreases the degree of conversion. Therefore there exists a compression ratio at which a minimum degree of conversion at the die is obtained.
High-add Trifocal Magniners for Low Vision

Abstract High-add trifocals double the reading distance of high-add bifocals. They allow patients to read small print close up, while preserving the ability to read larger print at an intermediate distance. Binocular vision can be produced by prescribing reading additions up to +6.00 diopters (D). However, the segments must be decentered-in 6 mm each for each eye according to the rule of thumb, which states that binocular reading segments must be decentered-in 1 mm for each diopter of reading addition for each eye. Monocular high-add trifocals are practical up to +16.00 D reading addition. The success rate of 70 patients evaluated was 84%.
Studies on the human wart virus II. Changes in primary human cell cultures

Abstract Primary human embryonic skin and muscle cultures were inoculated with extracts obtained from pools of human wart specimens. After 2 weeks the control cultures showed orderly growth of fibroblastic cells while the inoculated cultures showed heavy growth of randomly oriented, criss-crossed fibroblastic cells, with dense focal areas composed of fibroblastic cells and piled-up epithelioid cells. Electron microscopic examination of pellets of the wart extracts revealed a high concentration of typical wart virus particles with a lack of other morphological entities. The culture-altering activity of the extract was sedimented at 40,000 rpm for 1 hour and neutralized by antiserum against purified human wart virus. Transplanted, altered cultures consisted of epithelioid cells which grew in a disorganized manner.
Study of Folding in Endovascular Grafts due to Oversizing

Endovascular grafts (EVG) are stent grafts implanted percutaneously to repair aortic aneurysms. The primary source of fixation of the EVG is the friction from radial forces generated by graft over-sizing. Although a 10–20% over-sizing is common, it may range from 0 to 45% [1]. A clinical study on patient outcomes noted high migration rates when oversizing was greater than 30%. A recent in vitro study of barbed EVGs by our group found that greater than 30% oversizing results in decreased fixation strength quantified by the force needed to pullout the graft from the aorta [2]. In that study, based on anecdotal visual observation, we hypothesized that grafts with excessive oversizing may be folding, resulting in poor fixation strength. In this study, we ranked the level of folding noted in EVGs with varying oversizing in order to test that hypothesis.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Individual Constitutions vs Universal Physiology: Iranian Responses to Allopathic Medicine

Allopathic medicine occupies a curious position in the medical anthropological literature. On the one hand partnered with big business and political interests it is vilified as an arm of hegemonic Western culture. In this class of scholarship allopathic medicine emerges as a monolithic system insensitive to local cultural contexts in which one physician can seemingly be substituted for another at any time and any place. On the other hand descriptions of the cultural roots of medicine and of the sociocultural basis of the doctor-patient relationship paint a picture of culture-boundedness which makes it difficult to imagine how such a system could be employed in the universalizing culture-abnegating transnationalist dispersal of Western culture described in the former literature. For if allopathic medicine is grounded in Western culture and the doctor-patient relationship is informed by sociocultural conditions then logically the practice of allopathic medicine in any one location must be different to a lesser or greater extent from that in another cultural context. I will address this hypothesis here by exploring how the contradiction between the universalizing tendencies of Western medicine and the cultural situatedness of medical practice is played out in a particular non-Western setting Iran. (excerpt)
Carotenoid composition in sun and shade leaves of plants with different life forms

The carotenoid composition of sun leaves of nine species of annual crop plants (some with several varieties) was compared with sun and shade leaves of several other groups of plants, among those sun and shade leaves of several species of perennial shrubs and vines and deep-shade leaves of seven rainforest species. All sun leaves contained considerably greater amounts of the components of the xanthophyll cycle violaxanthin, antheraxanthin and zeaxanthin as well as of β-carotene than the shade leaves, as had previously been reported for a variety of other species by Thayer & Bjorkman (Photosynthesis Research, 1990, 23, 331–343). Therefore, high light specifically stimulated β,β-carotenoid synthesis. The sun leaves of these crop species did not contain α-carotene which was, however, present in large amounts in all shade leaves and in smaller amounts in sun leaves of three of the four species of perennial shrubs and vines. There was no difference in neoxanthin content on a chlorophyll basis between sun and shade leaves, and there was no consistent general difference in the lutein content between all sun and all shade leaves. The zeaxanthin (and antheraxanthin) content at peak irradiance and the xanthophyll cycle pool size were compared for sun leaves from the different groups of plants with different life forms and different metabolic activities. When growing in full sunlight the annual crop species and a perennial mesophyte had high rates of photosynthesis whereas the perennial shrubs and vines had relatively low photosynthesis rates. More zeaxanthin (and antheraxanthin) were accumulated at noon in full sunlight in those species with the lower photosynthesis rates. However, it was not such that those species also possessed the larger pools of violaxanthin + antheraxanthin + zeaxanthin. Instead, the xanthophyll cycle pools of sun leaves of the annual crop species and the perennial mesophyte were not smaller, and were even possibly larger, than those of sun leaves of the perennial shrubs and vines with low photosynthesis rates. This was so in spite of the fact that the crop species experienced much lesser degrees of excessive light at full sun than the shrubs and vines. Thus, many of the crop species converted only about 30–50% of their xanthophyll cycle pool to zeaxanthin at noon, whereas the shrubs and vines typically converted more than 80% of their pool into zeaxanthin. The crop species also had larger pools of β-carotene than the shrubs and vines but smaller pools of lutein than the majority of the latter species.
Design of high-speed ultra-low V π slot waveguide modulators

Slot waveguides allow joint confinement of the RF electrical and optical fields in a narrow slot and enable ultra-low driving voltage polymer based modulators with projected Vπ below 250 mV for 10 GHz devices.
North American Proboscideans: Mammoths: The state of Knowledge, 2003

A review of the literature providing radiocarbon-dated localities for mammoths provides a range of temporal and geographic distribution for the genus in North America. The review includes Alaska, Canada, the United States, and Mexico, whereas other studies have concentrated only on the United States. Maps of 5000 year intervals illustrate the range of mammoths in the continent, through time. The post-glacial interval has the highest frequency of dated localities, in part due to the interest in the potential for human association. This interval also records the greatest geographic distribution of the genus in North America.
Small-bore hollow waveguide for delivery of near singlemode IR laser radiation

A hollow waveguide whose bore size is 250 mu m in diameter is fabricated by depositing a dielectric and a metal layer inside a thin-wall silica tube. This small bore waveguide has an advantage over the larger bore guides in that it maintains a nearly pure HE/sup 11/ mode of a CO/sub 2/ laser even when it is bent to small radii. >
Effects of nutritional plane and selenium supply during gestation on visceral organ mass and indices of intestinal growth and vascularity in primiparous ewes at parturition and during early lactation

Objectives were to investigate effects of nutritional plane and Se supply during gestation on visceral organ mass and intestinal growth and vascularization in ewes at parturition and during early lactation. Primiparous Rambouillet ewes (n = 84) were allocated to 2 × 3 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Factors included dietary Se [adequate Se (ASe, 11.5 μg/kg BW) or high Se (HSe, 77.0 μg/kg BW)], nutritional plane [60% (restricted; RES), 100% (control; CON), or 140% (high; HIH)], and physiological stage at necropsy (parturition or d 20 of lactation). At parturition, lambs were removed and 42 ewes (7 per treatment) were necropsied. Remaining ewes were transitioned to a common diet which met lactation requirements and mechanically milked for 20 d. In the absence of interactions (P > 0.10), main effects are reported. At parturition, stomach complex and liver masses were greatest for HIH, intermediate for CON, and least for RES (P 0.17) at parturition, jejunal cell percent proliferation was greatest in RES, intermediate in CON, and least in HIH (P ≤ 0.09) at d 20 lactation. At both stages, RES had less (P = 0.01) jejunal capillary area density than HIH and less (P ≤ 0.03) capillary surface density than CON and HIH. During lactation, jejunal capillary size was greater (P = 0.04) for ewes previously fed HSe compared with ASe. At parturition, ASe-HIH had greater (P < 0.02) jejunal mucosal endothelial nitric oxide synthase 3 mRNA than all other treatments and greater (P = 0.10) vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) than all treatments, except ASe-RES. In addition, CON had less (P ≤ 0.08) jejunal VEGF receptor-1 (FLT1) mRNA compared with RES and HIH, and ASe had greater (P = 0.003) FLT1 than HSe at parturition. Ewes fed HIH had greater (P = 0.04) jejunal VEGF receptor-2 mRNA compared with RES. Results indicate that maternal intestinal growth and vascularization are responsive to nutritional plane and dietary Se during gestation and undergo changes postpartum when under similar lactational management.
The Dynamic Effects of Fiscal Policy in an Economy with Foresight

This paper presents the results of a study of several related dynamic fiscal problems in a simple economic model whose distinguishing feature is that the participants in the economy are assumed to make plans by looking into the future. The competitive equilibrium in the presence of a changing fiscal policy is calculated, and compared to the intertemporal equilibrium in the absence of any change. Throughout, we use the term equilibrium in its Walrasian sense, to indicate that all markets clear. In every case, we calculate the full general equilibrium in the economy, over all time periods and all markets. Part of the contribution of the paper, it is hoped, is in suggesting some methods for the characterization of intertemporal competitive equilibrium. Except for very general properties-existence of equilibrium and turnpike behaviour-this area of study has received very little attention in the literature. Since the actual calculation of the equilibrium is rather tediously algebraic, we have adopted the following organization: In part 1, we describe the model and indicate some of its properties. In part 2, we present, without proof, descriptions of the dynamic effects of a variety of fiscal policies. Finally, in part 3, we develop the analytic method applied in section 2. Four fiscal policies are treated: a recurrent head tax, a consumption tax, an interest tax, and an investment credit. In almost every case, there are important anticipatory effects on the economy in advance of the imposition of the policy. Generally, the anticipatory effects help to smooth the jolt caused by the policy. For example, savings gradually increase in anticipation of the head tax, enabling individuals to maintain a smooth level of consumption in spite of the tax, although eventually consumption must be reduced by the whole amount of the tax. Even when the policy change causes a jolt in the real flows of the economy, as in the case of the consumption tax, the anticipatory effect is in the opposite direction to the jolt. It is also instructive to note how the competitive price system acts to cushion the economy against the impact of a policy change. This is most strikingly illustrated in the case of the investment credit (defined as a negative excise tax on investment goods). In a partial equilibrium analysis ignoring the effect of the credit on interest rates, it appears that no rational entrepreneur would hold capital goods at the instant the credit became available. He could escape the capital loss induced by the credit, seemingly, by selling his capital goods just before the credit became available and buying them back an instant later. In fact, however, the simultaneous desire of all capital owners to sell and buy back causes a dramatic fall in the interest rate, exactly large enough to remove all the incentive to sell in the first place.
Robust control design for load frequency control using /spl mu/-synthesis

In this paper we show the feasibility of using /spl mu/-framework to design a robust controller for frequency-load control of power systems. In addition to robust stability against parameter variations and unmodeled dynamics, the design objectives include robust performance under load disturbance and practical requirements for control implementation. A very simple second order controller, of PID type, is obtained and shown to provide satisfactory performance.
Non-invasive Optical Imaging of Muscle Pathology in mdx Mice Using Cathepsin Caged Near-Infrared Imaging

Purpose To develop a reliable live-animal imaging method for monitoring muscle pathology in mouse models of myopathy.
Local network and distributed processiing issues in the Johns Hopkins Hospital

The Johns Hopkins Hospital has initiated an ambitious program to apply modern technologies to the development of a new, comprehensive clinical information system. One component of this system is a networking technology for supporting the integration of diverse and functionally distinct information systems. This paper discusses the selection of the networking technology implemented at JHH, issues and problems, networking concepts, protocols, and reliability.
Linguistic Aspects of Magnitude-Estimation Scaling of Instrumental Music, Instrumental Music with Vocal Accompaniment, and Spoken Lyrics

An analysis of variance of magnitude estimates of loudness of three different types of complex auditory stimuli, instrumental music, instrumental music with vocal accompaniment, and spoken lyrics showed, for 100 young adults, no differences for the types of stimuli. The linguistic aspects of these complex auditory stimuli do not differentially influence loudness judgments.
Image collapse issues in photoresist

The continued shrinkage of line widths below 150nm has not been without concerns of the mechanical stability of the resist structure. The development of the exposed resist undergoes many phase changes such as solid solubilization into a liquid followed by drying by volatilization. In the development of features especially with aspect ratio (AR) >3 and for lines/spaces (l/s) 3. Negative resist are more applicable to process as they can tolerate a wider variety of co- solvents of CO2 phillic surfactants.
Graphene tunneling FET and its applications in low-power circuit design

Graphene nanoribbon tunneling FETs (GNR TFETs) are promising devices for post-CMOS low-power applications because of the low subthreshold swing, high I_on/I_off, and potential for large scale processing and fabrication.This paper combines atomistic quantum transport modeling with circuitsimulation to explore GNR TFET circuits for low-power applications.A quantitative study of the effects of variations on the performance and reliabilityof GNR TFET circuits is also presented. Simulation results indicate that GNR TFET circuits are extremely competitive in performance in comparison to conventional CMOS circuits at comparable operating points, with static power consumption that is lower by 8-9 orders of magnitude. It is also observed that GNR TFET circuits are susceptible to parameter variations, motivating engineering and design challenges to be addressed by the device and CAD communities.
From McCarthyism to the Tea Party: Interpreting Anti-Leftist Forms of US Populism in Comparative Perspective

This article presents an analysis of McCarthyite and Tea Party political discourse and explores the possibilities of utilizing populism as an analytic construct for making comparisons between the political and economic projects envisaged by these two conservative movements. Relying on a definition of populism as a universal discursive formation, this article argues that there is a similar structure to the discourses of McCarthyism and the Tea Party, which relies on the construction of a “left-oriented enemy,” posed as a threat to the American values of freedom and independence historically tied to the nation's “founding moment.” With this comparative discursive structure established, the article then explores the ideological differences between the movements and attempts to interpret them within a historical framework. This article concludes by asserting that cases of populism in the immediate postwar period such as McCarthyism were short lived compared to new cases of populism such as the Tea Party, inso...
SOME UNOBTRUSIVE MEASURES OF AUTHORITARIANISM

Previous research (2 , 3 ) suggested some unobtrusive correlates with authoritarianism as measured by the California F scale ( 1 ) . In these studies high and low scores on the E and F scales were related to social influence in the autokinetic setting. Although no data were recorded, informal observation suggested that low authoritarian Ss seemed to have longer hair, showed a distinctive preference for liberal magazines, and were less obedient as Ss. The purpose of this investigation was to determine empirically if length of hair, choice of reading material, and obedience to instructions were indeed unobtrusive correlates with authoritarianism. Six weeks prior to the experiment, 300 students were administered Form 45-40 of the California F scale. On the basis of scores obtained on this scale 50 high and 50 low male authoritarian Ss were selected. Behavioral measures relating to authoritarianism were obtained in a waiting period before a bogus experiment on visual perception (i.e., autokinetic effect). Upon arrival for the perception experiment, Ss were ushered into a waiting room adjacent to an autokinetic laboratory and given instructions to read about the perception experiment. After S read the instructions E said, "You can read or do anything you want until it is your turn to be in the experiment." E then looked at notes or a book so that S would not talk ro him. Length of hair was judged to be long if it was growing over Ss' ears and short if it was not. Choice of reading material was determined by having T i m e (an establishment news magazine) and Lampoon (an unorthodox, anti-establishment humor magazine) placed on a table directly in front of Ss and recording the magazine first selected. Prior to the experiment Ss were given a mimeographed map that described the location of the laboratory and the time and date for which S was scheduled. Also typed on the map in capital letters was the statement, "DO NOT LOSE THIS SLIP OF PAPER." Obedience to instructions was measured by the number of maps returned by high and low F Ss. So as to not arouse suspicion, E made no mention of the map unless S voluntarily asked if E would like the map returned. If S asked this question E said, "Yes, thank you," and accepted it. Following the waiting room period (usually less than 5 min.) Ss participated for another 20 min. in an autokinetic experiment. Of 50 low-F Ss 31 and of 50 high-F Ss 10 had hair growing over their ears ( x 2 = 16.87, df = 1, p < .005 ) . In choosing T i m e vs Lampoon, 5 low-F and 12 high-F Ss did not read anything (X2 = 3.47, d f = 1, P < . l o ) . Of Ss selecting a magazine, 31 out of 45 low-F Ss and 23 out of 38 high-F Ss selected Lampoon over T i m e ( x Z = .63, df = 1, f i < .50). The obedience measure was whether S asked E if he wanted his map returned. Of 50 low-F Ss 15 and of 50 high-F Ss 28 asked this question ( x 2 = 6.63, df = 1, P < .?I) . Results suggest that length of hair and obedience as measured here reflected unobtrusive correlates of authoritarianism. Preferences for Lampoon over T i m e were unrelated to authoritarianism.