cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A combinatorial proof of a combinatorial theorem

w 1. Many theorems of pure (combinatorial) set theory, such as those concerned with the relative sizes of so called "large cardinals", were first proved using techniques which were primarily "logical" rather than "set theoretic". By this we mean that although the theorem at hand was concerned only with basic properties about sets, its proof strayed from using only properties of sets and rather made strong use of the theory associated with logical formulas, models, satisfaction, and so forth. For example, a standard "model theoretic" format for showing the least "type x large cardinal" to exceed the least "type y large cardinal" is to show that type x large cardinals are "indescribable" with respect to a certain class of logical formulas (i.e., that if ~p is a formula of the appropriate class which is true at the level of some type x cardinal z, ~hen q~ is true at the level of some cardinal less than z), and then to show that type y cardinals are describable by a formula over which type x cardinals are indescribable. Now although such proofs are often quite elegant, they really require quite a bit of extra machinery from logic and as such are displeasing from a purely combinatorial point of view. Indeed, it would be quite unreasonable to think that logic was necessary to a study of pure set theory.
Heat shock and the protection against metal toxicity in wheat leaves

Abstract. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L. var. TAM-W101) leaf segments exhibited an acquired protection against metal toxicity following exposure of the seedlings to heat shock temperatures in the dark. The acquired protection of the leaf segments to cadmium was 400-fold greater than leaf segments from seedlings kept at 25°C and exhibited the greatest change in protection of the five metals tested. Increased protection against aluminium and iron toxicity was also detected in the leaf segments from heat shocked seedlings. The concentration of aluminium at which a 50% loss of 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride reduction occurred was 5.5 mol m−3 in control leaf segments and 20 mol m−3 in the leaf segments from heat shocked seedlings. The 50% loss of 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride reduction in the leaf segments from heal shocked seedlings was four-fold higher for iron. A small, yet reproducible change in the 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride reduction was observed for copper and no change in reduction was observed for zinc treatments in the leaf segments from heat shocked seedlings. These data indicate that exposure of wheat seedlings to heat shock temperatures results in the acquisition of protection against metal toxicity to otherwise lethal concentrations of aluminium, cadmium, and iron.
Interstitial calcinosis in renal papillae of genetically engineered mouse models: relation to Randall’s plaques

Genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) have been highly instrumental in elucidating gene functions and molecular pathogenesis of human diseases, although their use in studying kidney stone formation or nephrolithiasis remains relatively limited. This review intends to provide an overview of several knockout mouse models that develop interstitial calcinosis in the renal papillae. Included herein are mice deficient for Tamm-Horsfall protein (THP; also named uromodulin), osteopontin (OPN), both THP and OPN, Na(+)-phosphate cotransporter Type II (Npt2a) and Na(+)/H(+) exchanger regulatory factor (NHERF-1). The baseline information of each protein is summarized, along with key morphological features of the interstitial calcium deposits in mice lacking these proteins. Attempts are made to correlate the papillary interstitial deposits found in GEMMs with Randall's plaques, the latter considered precursors of idiopathic calcium stones in patients. The pathophysiology that underlies the renal calcinosis in the knockout mice is also discussed wherever information is available. Not all the knockout models are allocated equal space because some are more extensively characterized than others. Despite the inroads already made, the exact physiological underpinning, origin, evolution and fate of the papillary interstitial calcinosis in the GEMMs remain incompletely defined. Greater investigative efforts are warranted to pin down the precise role of the papillary interstitial calcinosis in nephrolithiasis using the existing models. Additionally, more sophisticated, second-generation GEMMs that allow gene inactivation in a time-controlled manner and "compound mice" that bear several genetic alterations are urgently needed, in light of mounting evidence that nephrolithiasis is a multifactorial, multi-stage and polygenic disease.
Identification of a compound origin of replication at the HMR-E locus in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Abstract Eukaryotic chromosomal origins of replication are best defined in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Previous analysis of yeast origins suggests that they are relatively simple structures comprised of three or four small DNA sequence elements contained within approximately 100–200-base pair regions (Gilbert, D. M. (1998)Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 8, 194–199). In contrast, the sequence elements that may comprise origins in multicellular eukaryotes are largely unknown. The yeast HMR-E region is both a chromosomal origin of replication and a silencer that represses transcription of adjacent genes through a position effect. The analysis presented here indicated that HMR-E had a novel DNA structure that was more complex than defined for other yeast origins, and thus revealed that there is variation in the structural complexity of yeast origins. In contrast to “simple” yeast origins, the origin at HMR-E consisted of at least three independent subregions that had the capacity to initiate replication. We have termedHMR-E a compound origin to reflect its structural complexity. Furthermore, only one origin within the compound origin was a silencer.
Diode Laser Study of the Product Branching Ratio of the NH2(X 2B1) + NO2 Reaction

The reaction of NH{sub 2}(X {sup 2}B{sub 1}) with NO{sub 2} was studied at room temperature using time-resolved infrared diode laser spectroscopy to detect N{sub 2}O, H{sub 2}O, and NO products. The N{sub 2}O + H{sub 2}O product channel was found to have a branching ratio of 0.14{+-}0.02. Large amounts of NO were detected, but secondary sources of this species prevent a quantitative determination of the branching ratio into the H{sub 2}NO + NO channel. These results are in contrast to previously published branching ratio data. 42 refs., 4 figs., 1 tab.
Acid-Susceptible Mutants of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Share Hypersusceptibility to Cell Wall and Oxidative Stress and to the Host Environment

Mycobacterium tuberculosis can persist in macrophage phagosomes that acidify to a pH of ∼4.5 after activation of the macrophage with gamma interferon. How the bacterium resists the low pH of the acidified phagosome is incompletely understood. A screen of 10,100 M. tuberculosis transposon mutants for mutants hypersensitive to pH 4.5 led to the discovery of 21 genes whose disruption attenuated survival of M. tuberculosis at a low pH (41). Here, we show that acid-sensitive M. tuberculosis mutants with transposon insertions in Rv2136c, Rv2224c, ponA2 , and lysX were hypersensitive to antibiotics, sodium dodecyl sulfate, heat shock, and reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediates, indicating that acid resistance can be associated with protection against other forms of stress. The Rv2136c mutant was impaired in intrabacterial pH homeostasis and unable to maintain a neutral intrabacterial pH in activated macrophages. The Rv2136c, Rv2224c, and ponA2 mutants were attenuated in mice, with the Rv2136c mutant displaying the most severe level of attenuation. Pathways utilized by M. tuberculosis for acid resistance and intrabacterial pH maintenance are potential targets for chemotherapy.
Selective management of iatrogenic femoral artery injuries

Increased femoral artery catheterization for therapy and diagnosis has resulted in a concomitant increase in iatrogenic femoral artery injuries. A 33-month experience at two affiliated institutions was reviewed to evaluate the results of a selective approach to management of these complications. During this period, 9576 femoral artery catheterizations were performed. Eighty-nine femoral artery injuries were treated surgically or by ultrasound-guided compression therapy. Cardiac catheterization procedures predominated and 61% of patients were anticoagulated. Thirty-eight cases were treated surgically: 14 pseudoaneurysms, 16 hematomas, 6 arteriovenous fistulas, 2 thromboses. Local anesthesia was used in 28 cases (74%). Arterial repair was required in 34 cases, with control being achieved below the inguinal ligament in 33 cases (97%). Punctures were found in the superficial femoral or profunda femoral rather than the common femoral artery in 17 of 38 cases (44%, P < 0.001 compared with the ultrasound group). There were two deaths (5.3%), six wound infections (16%), and no limb loss. Ultrasound-guided compression was preferentially used for stable or slowly expanding pseudoaneurysms. Cases with large hematomas causing skin ischemia were treated surgically. The pseudoaneurysms ranged from 2 to 7 cm in diameter. This technique was effective in 46 of 51 cases (90%). A single thromboembolic complication was treated by thrombolysis. There were no late recurrences. We conclude that (1) iatrogenic femoral artery injuries are associated with postcatheterization anticoagulation and punctures not located in the common femoral artery; (2) injuries requiring surgery can usually be treated under local anesthesia with infrainguinal arterial control; (3) ultrasound-guided compression is an effective method for treating iatrogenic pseudoaneurysms not associated with large hematomas.
Building problem-solving environments with the Arches framework

The computational problems that scientists face are rapidly escalating in size and scope. Moreover, the computer systems used to solve these problems are becoming significantly more complex than the familiar, well-understood sequential model on their desktops. While it is possible to re-train scientists to use emerging high-performance computing (HPC) models, it is much more effective to provide them with a higher-level programming environment that has been specialized to their particular domain. By fostering interaction between HPC specialists and the domain scientists, problem-solving environments (PSEs) provide a collaborative environment. A PSE environment allows scientists to focus on expressing their computational problem while the PSE and associated tools support mapping that domain-specific problem to a high-performance computing system. This article describes Arches, an object-oriented framework for building domain-specific PSEs. The framework was designed to support a wide range of problem domains and to be extensible to support very different high-performance computing targets. To demonstrate this flexibility, two PSEs have been developed from the Arches framework to solve problem in two different domains and target very different computing platforms. The Coven PSE supports parallel applications that require large-scale parallelism found in cost-effective Beowulf clusters. In contrast, RCADE targets FPGA-based reconfigurable computing and was originally designed to aid NASA Earth scientists studying satellite instrument data.
Optical system design, modeling, and analysis of selected line HF and DF lasers

This paper describes continued modeling efforts of the Aerospace Corporation's Integral Master Oscillator Power Amplifier (IMOPA) line selection concept for HF and DF chemical lasers. The initial goal was to examine the potential use of the IMOPA for the Mid-Infrared Advanced Chemical Laser (MIRACL), and secondly, to anchor and support modeling efforts on the Aerospace line selection design and experimental efforts.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
LAG TIME AND STEADY-STATE PERMEABILITY FOR A DIFFUSION SYSTEM WITH SERIAL AND/OR PARALLEL PATHS

A diffusion system is considered in which transport occurs along two parallel paths which, in turn, are in series with another path. Relations for the steady-state permeability and lag time are obtained in terms of the cross-sectional areas and lengths of diffusion, diffusivities and interfacial partition coefficients. The relations are derived from the slope and intercept (on the time axis) of the linear asymptote for the total amount of diffusant released into the receiver. The asymptote is calculated by repeated integration rather than a complete solution to the coupled diffusion equations. Equivalence relations are given for the transformation of the parallel paths into a single path, thus allowing for a treatment of the whole system in the form of two homogeneous paths in series. These equivalence relations include an effective partition coefficient as an average of its component's partition coefficient weighted by the corresponding fraction of cross-sectional area, and an effective diffusivity as an...
SeqBBS: A change-point model based algorithm and R package for searching CNV regions via the ratio of sequencing reads

Following the breakthrough of the microarray technology, the next generation sequencing (NGS) technology further advanced approaches in modern biomedical research. The high-throughput NGS technology is now frequently used in profiling tumor and control samples for the study of DNA copy number variants (CNVs). In particular, the ratio of read count of the tumor sample to that of the control sample is popularly used for identifying CNV regions. We illustrate that a change-point (or a breakpoint) detection method, along with a Bayesian approach, is particularly suitable for identifying CNVs in the reads ratio data. We have written our algorithm into a user friendly R-package, SeqBBS (stands for Bayesian breakpoints search for sequencing data) and applied our method to the sequencing data of reads ratio between the breast tumor cell lines HCC1954 and its matched normal cell line BL1954. Breakpoints that separate different CNV regions are successfully identified.
Academic course offerings in social marketing: : the beat continues

The author reports on a data collection study undertaken to provide an overview of the academic landscape of social marketing education. In particular, where academic courses/programs in social mar...
“Learning how the game is played”: An ethnically encapsulated beginning teacher's struggle to prepare black youth for a white world

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine how one ethically encapsulated first-year teacher responded to black youths' ethnic behavior in school. The data were collected as the participant taught in three classrooms in a culturally diverse school district in the desert southwest, U.S.A. Data analysis revealed that beginning teachers who are underprepared for oppositional ethnic behaviors can act in ways that diminish black children's school learning and cultural identity.
Social Bookmarking in Academic Libraries: Trends and Applications

Abstract This paper presents an exploration of the potential utilization of social bookmarking web sites by academic libraries. These web sites, which allow users and organizations to create accounts for bookmarking online content, provide academic libraries tools to collaborate and network, organize and share electronic resources and teach information literacy.
Conceptualizing Delinquency Among Samoan Adolescents: An Integrative Model

Information about various ethnic groups, particularly Samoans, that evince high rates of juvenile crimes is surprisingly sparse. The existing information regarding delinquency suggests that Samoan adolescents appear in disproportionate numbers in the justice system and other social systems in the United States. Current research on delinquency tends to incorporate 2 or more theories as a way to account for varying influences on delinquency. An analysis of the literature on social problems confronting Samoan adolescents, theories of delinquency, and studies on delinquency in communities of color is provided. As such, an integrative theoretical model attempting to explain delinquency with Samoan adolescents is proposed.
Ploidy effects on genes regulating growth mechanisms during fasting and refeeding in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).

Abstract Diploid and triploid rainbow trout weighing approximately 3 g were either fed for five weeks, or feed deprived for one week, followed by refeeding. During feed deprivation gastrointestinal somatic index decreased in diploids, but not triploids, and during refeeding, carcass growth rate recovered more quickly in triploids. Although not affected by ploidy, liver ghr2 and igfbp2b expression increased and igfbp1b decreased in fasted fish. Effects of ploidy on gene expression indicate potential mechanisms associated with improved recovery growth in triploids, which include decreased hepatic igfbp expression, which could influence IGF-I bioavailability, differences in tissue sensitivity to TGFbeta ligands due to altered tgfbr and smad expression, and differences in expression of muscle regulatory genes ( myf5 , mstn1a , and mstn1b) . These data suggest that polyploidy influences the expression of genes critical to muscle development and general growth regulation, which may explain why triploid fish recover from nutritional insult better than diploid fish.
Traveling wave solutions of Allen–Cahn equation with a fractional Laplacian

Abstract In this paper, we show the existence and qualitative properties of traveling wave solutions to the Allen–Cahn equation with fractional Laplacians. A key ingredient is the estimation of the traveling speed of traveling wave solutions.
Lack of early child care effects on school‐age children's social competence and academic achievement

Teacher ratings of social competence and academic achievement were obtained from a sample of 127 Bermudian children at ages 5, 6, 7 and 8 years. The children were studied first during their pre-school years, when they had been exposed to various amounts and qualities of day care. Quality of care was found to be important to the children's intellectual and social development while they were in the day care settings but not after 1–4 years of primary schooling. In hierarchical and simultaneous regressions, family background characteristics, not child care amounts or qualities, were found to be predictive of social competence and academic achievement in the primary grades. By school age, the effects of infant and preschool child care experiences were no longer influential in children's development, but family background continued to be important. These findings and their implications for child care are discussed.
Antihypertensive Therapy in Patients Undergoing Noncardiac Surgery

ABSTRACT: Thirty-one million patients in the United States undergo surgical procedures every year. Approximately 10%-the majority of these with hypertension-are at an increased risk for perioperative and postoperative cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Thus, hypertensive patients requiring surgery, especially the 2.1 million undergoing noncardiac procedures, should be evaluated carefully for the magnitude, and if severe, the cause of the hypertension. Additionally, their associated metabolic and cardiovascular status should be characterized and corrected with aggressive therapy. Hypertensive patients with known ischemic heart disease, those with multiple risk factors for ischemic heart disease (IHD), some with valvular heart disease, and those with congestive heart failure should be evaluated for their ability to perform the physical and social activities of everyday life, and, when necessary, have formal stress testing. Most studies suggest that blood pressures of 180/110 mm Hg or greater are associated with a greater risk for perioperative ischemic events. Therefore, the goals of blood pressure control should be to reduce the blood pressure without jeopardizing organ function. Antihypertensive medication should be administered until the time of surgery. beta-Receptor blockers should be instituted or continued in patients with angina and in some patients with congestive heart failure. Those without prior antihypertensive therapy might be best treated with beta-blocker therapy perioperatively as evidenced by the Multicenter Study of Perioperative Research Group with atenolol and those earlier studies with metoprolol. The risks of the surgery should be discussed with the patient so the risks can be weighed against the expected benefit. Studies suggest that perioperative risk for any patient, and especially patients with hypertension, are in part related to the adrenergic arousal before, during, and after the procedure as evidenced by the rise in heart rate and blood pressure, along with the liberation of clotting facators and increased risk for plaque rupture, coronary vasoplasm, and consequent myocardial infarction and fibrosis.
Experimental study on the effects of the pulse load characteristics on the performance of the slack bus generator

In power systems, pulsed loads are particularly problematic due to their time power profile characteristics. In this paper, the effects of different pulsed load characteristics, i.e. the magnitude and duration of the load on the slack bus generator's performance is studied. A laboratory scale hybrid ac/dc power system is developed for this investigation. A 2.9-F supercapacitor energy storage is implemented to meet the pulse power requirements and to reduce power pulsation of the slack bus generator. The limit-based voltage control (LBVC) technique and a PI current control scheme are utilized for the energy control of the dc microgrid and the power control of the converter. Experimental test results are analyzed to evaluate the effects of the pulse load characteristics on the generator's performance in terms of its frequency fluctuation, terminal voltage variation and the system's overall efficiency.
Tensions in designing capture technologies for an evidence-based care community

Evidence-based care is an increasingly popular process for long term diagnosis and monitoring of education and healthcare disabilities. Because this evidence must also be collected in everyday life, it is a technique that can greatly benefit from automated capture technologies. These solutions, however, can raise significant concerns about privacy, control, and surveillance. In this paper, we present an analysis of these concerns with regard to evidence-based care. This analysis underscores the need to consider community-based risk and reward analyses in addition to the traditionally used analyses for individual users when designing socially appropriate technologies.
Design of Flexure Pivot Tilting Pads Gas Bearings for High-speed Oil-Free Microturbomachinery

This paper introduces flexure pivot tilting pad gas bearings with pad radial compliance for high-speed oil-free microturbomachinery. The pad radial compliance was for accommodation of rotor centrifugal growth at high speeds. Analytical equation for the rotor centrifugal growth based on plane stress model agreed very well with finite element method results. Parametric studies on pivot offset, preload, and tilting stiffness were performed using nonlinear orbit simulations and coast-down simulations. Higher preload and pivot offset increased both critical speeds of the rotor-bearing system and onset speeds of instability due to the increased wedge effect. Pad radial stiffness and nominal bearing clearance were very important design parameters for high-speed applications due to the physically existing rotor centrifugal growth. From the series of parametric studies, the maximum achievable rotor speed was limited by the minimum clearance at the pad pivot calculated from the rotor growth and radial deflection of pads due to hydrodynamic pressure. Pad radial stiffness also affects the rotor instability significantly. Small radial stiffness could accommodate rotor growth more effectively but deteriorated rotor instability. From parametric studies on a bearing with 28.5 mm in diameter and 33.2 mm in length, optimum pad radial stiffness and bearing clearance are 1-2 X 10 7 N/m and 35 μm, respectively, and the maximum achievable speed appears 180 krpm. The final design with suggested optimum design variables could be also stable under relatively large destabilizing forces.
Crustal images from San Juan, Argentina, obtained using high frequency local event receiver functions

[1] Images of the crust and upper mantle obtained using teleseismic receiver functions exhibit a weak P-S conversion from the Moho in Western Argentina, where a segment of the subducting Nazca plate flattens out beneath the overriding South American plate. To better estimate depth to the Moho and search for mid-crustal impedance contrasts, we calculate high frequency receiver functions using 37 intermediate-depth local earthquakes. Radial receiver functions from a station located near San Juan, Argentina, show a strong signal from the Moho at 7 seconds corresponding to a depth near 50 km, and conversions from interfaces within the crust at depths of ∼20 and 35 km. The higher frequency results obtained using local events have twice the vertical resolution of the teleseismic results and the combined data sets indicate a gradational increase in S velocity in the lower crust that cannot be detected in the lower frequency teleseismic data alone.
Four scenarios towards more ethical futures: a case study in nanoscale science and technology

Purpose – This paper aims to provide a better understanding of the ethical issues associated with nanoscale science and technology (NST).Design/methodology/approach – This paper suggests the use of scenario planning (SP), an approach already widely utilized in strategy and decision making. Scenarios are systemic tools, which can help express, discuss, and evaluate different possible futures. To illustrate this point, this paper provides an example of SP applied to NST ethics.Findings – Provides an SP template framework which can be used by various stakeholders to discuss ethical matters pertaining to NST. Stakeholders will be brought to decide on the direction and extent of NST development.Research limitations/implications – The presented framework admittedly has an idealistic side to it. In fact, a democratic and transparent process for choosing the future can never truly be accomplished, and even if it is accomplished, it does not constitute a guarantee for a more ethical future.Practical implications –...
Directed assembly of surface-supported bilayers with transmembrane helices

The lateral assembly of transmembrane (TM) helices gives rise to membrane proteins with complex folds, which play important roles in biochemical processes. Therefore, the assembly of surface-supported bilayers containing TM helices is the first step toward the development of functional biomembrane mimetics. Here we report novel directed assembly of surface-supported lipid bilayers with laterally mobile TM helices. The TM helices were incorporated into lipid monolayers at the air/water interface, and the monolayers were then transferred onto glass substrates using Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) deposition. Finally, bilayers were assembled using lipid vesicle fusion on top of the LB monolayers. The novelty is the incorporation of the peptides into the monolayer at the first step of bilayer assembly, which allows control over the peptide concentration and orientation. The transmembrane orientation of the peptides was confirmed using oriented circular dichroism (OCD), lateral mobility was assessed using fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP), and diffusion coefficients were determined using a novel boundary profile evolution (BPE) method. The described directed-assembly approach can be used to develop versatile bilayer platforms for studying membrane proteins interactions in native bilayer environments.
The Effects of Cerebral Electrotherapy on Short-Term Memory Impairment in Alcoholic Patients

Two hundred twenty-seven male alcoholism patients were placed into four therapy and one control groups. The therapy groups received cerebral electrotherapy (Cet) for 40 minutes a day, Monday through Friday, for 3 weeks. Groups I and II assisted the therapist in setting the current to just below sensation threshold. Group I via headbands (X = 0.40 mA) and Group II via ear stethoscopes (X = 0.21 mA). Two other groups received 0.10 and 0.20 mA respectively via ear stethoscope electrodes. It was found that Cet significantly reduced brain dysfunction in all treatment groups when compared with controls as measured by the Benton Visual Retention Test.
Trends in pediatric pulmonary hypertension-related hospitalizations in the United States from 2000-2009.

AbstractThere are few data on the epidemiology of pulmonary hypertension (PH)–related hospitalizations in children in the United States. Our aim was to determine hospital mortality, length of hospitalization, and hospital charges pertaining to PH-related hospitalizations and also the effects of codiagnoses and comorbidities. A retrospective review of the Kids’ Inpatient Database during the years 2000, 2003, 2006, and 2009 was analyzed for patients ≤20 years of age with a diagnosis of PH by ICD-9 (International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision) codes, along with associated diagnoses and comorbidities. Descriptive statistics, including Rao-Scott χ2, ANOVA, and logistic regression models, were utilized on weighted values with survey analysis procedures. The number of PH-related hospital admissions is rising, from an estimated 7,331 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 5,556–9,106) in 2000 to 10,792 (95% CI: 8,568–13,016) in 2009. While infant age and congenital heart disease were most commonly associated...
A constructivist model of infant cognition

Abstract We propose six Information-Processing Principles (IPPs) that together describe a constructive, hierarchical system by which infants come to understand objects and events in the world around them. We then demonstrate the applicability of these principles to four specific domains of infant perception and/or cognition, (i.e., form perception, object unity, complex pattern perception, and understanding of causal events). In each case empirical developmental changes appear to be consistent with the IPPs. We then present the Constructivist Learning Architecture, a computational model of infant cognitive development. This model is based on the IPPs, and uses self-organizing, neurally based techniques from Kohonen (1997) and Hebb (1949) . We then apply the model to the complex domain of infant understanding of causal events, and replicate many of the developmental changes found empirically. Finally, we discuss the applicability of this constructivist approach to infant cognitive development in general.
Determination of metal ions by liquid chromatographic separation of their 2-acetylpyridine-4-ethyl-3-thiosemicarbazone chelates.

Abstract A new thiosemicarbazone was prepared, characterized, and used as a complexing reagent for the chromatographic separation and determination of metal complexes by reverse-phase HPLC. The reagent was sufficiently soluble in methanol—water solutions for metal ions to be complexed in this aqueous organic phase, without need for extraction. Many variables affected the retention times of the metal complexes. Several metals were determined selectively by complexation with the reagent and chromatographic separation of the complexes. Interference effects from other metal ions were also investigated.
Medical Management of Brain Metastases

The main objective of treating brain metastases is to improve survival and to reduce symptom burden, preserve function, and enhance quality of life. As such, concurrent local control of existing brain metastases, prevention of future metastasis elsewhere in the brain, and control of the systemic cancer are required. The treatment modalities used to achieve these aims include surgery, radiation, and medical therapy. This article is devoted to the medical management of brain metastases, namely the role of medical treatments and chemotherapy. Radiation therapy and surgery are discussed in detail elsewhere; however, a brief discussion of all of these modalities is included for the sake of thoroughness.
Dynamic conformational heterogeneities of carcinogen-DNA adducts and their mutagenic relevance.

Abstract Arylamines and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which are known as “bulky” carcinogens, have been studied extensively and upon activation in vivo, react with cellular DNA to form DNA-adducts. The available structure data accumulated thus far has revealed that conformational heterogeneity is a common theme among duplex DNA modified with these carcinogens. Several conformationally diverse structures have been elucidated and found to be in equilibrium in certain cases. The dynamics of the heterogeneity appear to be modulated by the nature of the adduct structure and the base sequences neighboring the lesion site. These can be termed as “adduct- and sequence-induced conformational heterogeneities,” respectively. Due to the small energy differences, the population levels of these conformers could readily be altered within the active sites of repair or replicate enzymes. Thus, the complex role of “enzyme-induced conformational heterogeneity” must also be taken into consideration for the establi...
Structure–Property Relationships of Water‐Soluble Ammonium–Ionene Copolymers

Water-soluble random copolymer ammonium ionenes with in the range of 17.4 to 20.8 kg mol−1 and various charge densities are synthesized from 1,12-dibromododecane, N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl-1,6-hexanediamine, and 1,12-bis(N,N-dimethylamino)dodecane. Anion exchange of the bromine counterion forms ionenes with TFSI, TFO, and BF4 anions. The nature of the counteranion and charge density tailor the thermal and rheological properties of 12,6/12-ionenes, respectively. X-ray scattering reveals microphase separation with a correlation length of ≈7 nm for ionenes with 50 to 90% N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl-1,6-hexanediamine content. Ionene copolymers display polyelectrolyte behavior in methanol based on a predicted scaling relationship between specific viscosity (ηsp) and concentration.
Reduced Amylose Effects on Bread and White Salted Noodle Quality

ABSTRACT Amylose content in wheat endosperm is controlled by three Wx loci, and the proportion of amylose decreases with successive accumulation of Wx null alleles at the three loci. The proportion of amylose is believed to influence end-use quality of bread and Asian noodles. The objectives of this study were to determine influence of the allelic difference at Wx-B1 locus on bread quality, bread firmness, and white salted noodle texture in a spring wheat cross segregating for the Wx-B1 locus and in a set of advanced spring wheat breeding lines differing in allelic state at the Wx- B1 locus. In addition, we examined the relationship between amylose content and flour swelling properties on bread and noodle traits. Fifty-four recombinant inbred lines of hard white spring wheat plus parents were grown in replicated trials in two years, and 31 cultivars and breeding lines of hard spring wheat were grown in two locations. Bread and white salted noodles were processed from these trials. The presence of the Wx-B...
Active operator support: a case study in steel production

This paper describes a prototype knowledge-based system, called CMSS, aimed at supporting the chief-melter in charge of controlling an arc furnace for steel production. CMSS is based on the new concept of active operator support, which is claimed to offer an effective trade-off between traditional informative and normative approaches. While preserving most of the advantages of both of them, active operator support makes it possible to avoid several of the drawbacks that a purely informative or strongly normative approach entail. CMSS supports online data collection and interpretation, process state control, operational advice, what-if reasoning, and justification.
Conjectures on Cognitive Simplification in Acquisition and Divestment Decision Making

Acquisition and divestment decision situations generally are characterized by complexity and ambiguity. This paper proposes the idea that business decision makers may use cognitive simplifying processes in defining such ill-structured problems. A number of specific simplifying processes that may be used in acquisition and divestment are discussed. These ideas are supported by examples from recent field research and the business press. Impacts on resulting decisions are discussed; future research directions are suggested.
Effect of anterior pituitary perfusion and intraventricular injection of catecholamines on FSH release.

Utilizing anesthetized male rats, we exposed the median eminence, pituitary stalk and anterior pituitary as well as adjacent diencephalic structures. This exposure enabled us to inject or infuse solutions containing dopamine, epinephrine or norepinephrine into the third ventricle, a stalk portal vessel, peduncular artery, or a tuberalis ramus of an infundibular artery. The rate of FSH release was evaluated by determining the concentration of FSH in plasma. Within 10 min after 1.25 μg dopamine hydrochloride was injected into the third ventricle, the level of FSH in plasma had increased 4-fold. The plasma FSH level had increased 5-fold at 20 min, 6-fold at 30 min and 10-fold at 60 and at 90 min. At 120 min, the plasma FSH level was lower than that seen at 60 and 90 min. A similar response pattern was observed following the administration of 2.5 μg dopamine. For quantities of dopamine greater than 2.5 μg, the resulting plasma FSH levels were inversely related to the dosage, e.g., 60 min after the injection o...
Development and Validation of a Computational Model for Investigation of Wrist Biomechanics

In this study, a computational model of the wrist joint complex was developed and validated for investigating the biomechanical function of the joint in clinically representative scenarios. Joint behavior and kinematics were dictated only by osteoarticular contact, ligamentous constraints, and muscle loading. Three-dimensional articular surfaces of each bone were generated from CT images, while ligaments and muscles were modeled as linear springs and constant-magnitude force vectors, respectively. Commercially available rigid body dynamics software was to both build the model and simulate joint function. Range of motion model predictions were compared to a cadaveric study analyzing the effects of scaphoid distal pole excision and triquetral excision after radioscapholunate (RSL) fusion for validation. The computational model was able to accurately predict flexion, extension, radial deviation, and ulnar deviation motions in four states: normal (intact), RSL fusion, RSL fusion with the scaphoid distal pole excised, and RSL fusion with both the scaphoid distal pole and triquetrum excised. The model was also able to calculate other parameters of interest that are not easily obtainable experimentally, such as midcarpal forces. This model and modeling approach are anticipated to have value as a predictive clinical tool including effect of injuries or anatomical variations and initial outcome of surgical procedures for patient specific planning and custom implant design.
Complete two loop effective potential approximation to the lightest Higgs scalar boson mass in supersymmetry

I present a method for accurately calculating the pole mass of the lightest Higgs scalar boson in supersymmetric extensions of the standard model, using a mass-independent renormalization scheme. The Higgs scalar self-energies are approximated by supplementing the exact one-loop results with the second derivatives of the complete two-loop effective potential in Landau gauge. I discuss the dependence of this approximation on the choice of renormalization scale, and note the existence of particularly poor choices, which fortunately can be easily identified and avoided. For typical input parameters, the variation in the calculated Higgs boson mass over a wide range of renormalization scales is found to be of the order of a few hundred MeV or less, and is significantly improved over previous approximations.
A comprehensive protein-centric ID mapping service for molecular data integration

Motivation: Identifier (ID) mapping establishes links between various biological databases and is an essential first step for molecular data integration and functional annotation. ID mapping allows diverse molecular data on genes and proteins to be combined and mapped to functional pathways and ontologies. We have developed comprehensive protein-centric ID mapping services providing mappings for 90 IDs derived from databases on genes, proteins, pathways, diseases, structures, protein families, protein interaction, literature, ontologies, etc. The services are widely used and have been regularly updated since 2006. Availability: www.uniprot.org/mappingandproteininformation-resource.org/pirwww/search/idmapping.shtml Contact: huang@dbi.udel.edu
Worldwide Racial and Ethnic Distribution of α1-Antitrypsin Deficiency: Summary of an Analysis of Published Genetic Epidemiologic Surveys

Study objectives α 1 -antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency is a genetic disease that is widely known in Europe as a disease of white individuals, who, along with their descendants in other parts of the world, are at the highest risk for liver and/or lung disease. There is a limited database of individuals affected by this disease worldwide. It has been estimated, for example, that there are 70,000 to 100,00 individuals affected in the United States, with comparable numbers in Europe. Study design Genetic epidemiologic studies in the peer-reviewed literature have been used in an exploratory study to estimate the number of carriers and the number of those individuals who are homozygous or heterozygous for the two most common defective alleles for AAT deficiency in 58 individual countries. The total country database of 373 control cohorts has been combined to estimate the numbers of carriers and deficiency allele combinations for PiS and PiZ in 11 geographic regions and worldwide. The study was designed to be illustrative rather than comprehensive, and more detailed publication of the enormous database developed in this exploratory study is planned. Conclusions The database presented indicates that in a total population of 4.4 billion in the countries surveyed worldwide, there are at least 116 million carriers (PiMS and PiMZ) and 3.4 million deficiency allele combinations (PiSS, PiSZ, and PiZZ). Furthermore, this database demonstrates that AAT deficiency is found in various populations of African blacks, Arabs and Jews in the Middle East, whites in Australia/New Zealand, Europe, and North America, central Asians, far east Asians, and southeast Asians. These data demonstrate that AAT deficiency is not just a disease of whites in Europe, but that it affects individuals in all racial subgroups worldwide. In addition, AAT deficiency may be one of the most common serious hereditary disorders in the world.
Cytoplasmic laminated bodies in the lateral geniculate nucleus of normal and dark reared cats.

The postnatal development of cytoplasmic laminated bodies in lamina A cells of the lateral geniculate nucleus in normal and dark reared cats has been studied quantitatively with light microscopy. In the normal cat laminated bodies develop between the sixth and eighth postnatal week and increase steadily in number thereafter. These inclusion bodies are found chiefly in medium size cells and are distributed more densely in the medial part of lamina A than laterally. Laminated bodies appear not to be a general feature of the visual pathways since they are not found in cells of the visual cortex, superior colliculus, or ventral lateral geniculate. In the dark reared cat laminated bodies develop at about the same time as in the normal animal, but approximately twice as many of them are seen at all ages investigated. Our experiments indicate that dark rearing does not cause a proliferation of multiple laminated bodies within single neurons, but rather induces the formation of a laminated body in cells that normally would not acquire one. This effect appears to be permanent since it is not reversed by long term dark rearing nor by periods of normal visual experience following deprivation. Physiological experiments (Sherman et al., '72) have shown that fewer Y-cells are recorded in binocularly deprived cats than in normally reared animals. On the basis of the present results, it is suggested that dark rearing influences the functional specificity of developing lateral geniculate neurons. In this view, deprivation prevents normal numbers of Y-cells from developing. Neurons which would have become Y-cells develop instead as X-cells; a change in functional organization which is associated structurally with an increase in the number of cells that contain cytoplasmic laminated bodies.
Cohort Abortion Measures for the United States.

Demographers interested in abortion in the United States have thus far focused on cross-sectional and synthetic cohort measures, reflecting data availability. We now have cohorts that have completed their entire reproductive years after the Roe v. Wade decision legalizing abortion nationwide. For women who are still in their childbearing years at the conclusion of data collection, I apply the Lee-Carter forecasting technique—its first application in abortion research—to project their completed age-specific abortion rates. Using true cohort measures reveals markedly different abortion experiences by cohort; in particular, a significant declining trend. I find stability in the distribution of abortion by abortion order and the racial composition of abortion incidences. In addition to the substantive findings, cohort measures shift the focus of quantitative abortion research from incidence rates to women's lives over their reproductive years.
An Improved Systematic Method for Constructing Systolic Arrays from Algorithms

An improved systematic method is introduced which reduces the number of ad hoc steps and provides all possible systolic solutions for a given algorithm. Algorithms are modeled using index space (geometric) representations where the index transformation matrices are determined systematically. Systolic arrays are produced by geometric projections.
Runx1/AML1 hematopoietic transcription factor contributes to skeletal development in vivo.

The requirement of Runx2 (Cbfal/AML3), a runt homology domain transcription factor essential for bone formation and osteoblast differentiation, is well established. Although Runx2 is expressed in the developing embryo prior to ossification, yet in the absence of Runx2 initial formation of the skeleton is normal, suggesting a potential redundancy in function of Runx family members. Here we addressed expression of the hematopoietic family member Runx1 (AML1/Cbfa2) in relation to skeletal development using a LacZ knock-in mouse model (Runx1(lz/+)). The resulting fusion protein reflects Runx1 promoter activity in its native context. Our studies show that Runx1 is expressed by prechondrocytic tissue forming the cartilaginous anlagen in the embryo, resting zone chondrocytes, suture lines of the calvarium, and in periosteal and perichondral membranes of all bone. Runx1 continues to be expressed in these tissues in adult mice, but is absent in mature cartilage or mineralized bone. However, hyaline cartilage outside the bone environment (trachea, xiphoid tissues), and epithelium of many soft tissues (trachea, thyroid, lung, skin) also express Runx1. The robust expression of Runx1 in vivo in chondroblasts at sites of cartilage growth and in osteoblasts at sites of new bone formation, suggests that Runx1 expression may be related to osteochondroprogenitor cell differentiation. This observation is further supported by high expression of Runx1 in ex vivo cultures of marrow stromal cells and calvarial derived osteoblasts from Runx1(lz/+) mice. These data indicate that Runx1 may contribute to the early stages of skeletogenesis and continues to function in the progenitor cells of tissues that support bone formation in the adult.