cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How the COW happened

Abstract In the course of a casual conversation during a social gathering, in the spring of 1974, we were discussing some recent developments in the area of diffraction from perfect crystals, namely, interferometry in the Angstrom region. I (R.C.) was asked by Al Overhauser whether or not I knew anything about the subject. “Not much” was my answer, “but I can read some papers”. Al then proceeded to describe a possible experiment, namely, the effect of gravity on the quantum mechanical phase of the neutron, in essence, what later was called the COW experiment (Colella, Overhauser, Werner).
Thermodynamics of mixed anionic/nonionic surfactant adsorption on alumina.

Abstract The adsorption of sodium dodecyl sulfate and a polyethoxylated nonylphenol, and well defined mixtures thereof, was measured on γ-alumina. A pseudo-phase separation model to describe mixed anionic/nonionic admicelle (adsorbed surfactant aggregate) formation was developed, analogous to the pseudo-phase separation model frequently used to describe mixed micelle formation. In this model, regular solution theory was used to describe the anionic/nonionic surfactant interactions in the mixed admicelle and a patch-wise adsorption model was used to describe surfactant adsorption on a heterogeneous solid surface. The formation of mixed anionic/nonionic admicelles in the absence of micelles was accurately described by regular solution theory; mixed admicelle formation exhibited stronger negative deviations from ideality than mixed micelle formation. An adequate description of mixed anionic/nonionic admicelle formation in the presence of mixed micelles was obtained through a simultaneous solution of the pseudo-phase separation models for mixed admicelle and mixed micelle formation, and the appropriate mass balance equations. Anionic/nonionic mixed adsorption in the presence of mixed micelles was shown to correspond to an admicelle composition of approximately a 1:1 anionic/nonionic mole ratio throughout Regions II and III of the adsorption isotherm.
Antecedents of citizenship behavior in Arab employees in Kuwait

This study identifies antecedents of two specific dimensions of organizational citizenship behavior, altruism (OCBI) and civic virtue (OCBO), in a sample of Arab employees working in Kuwait. Results indicate that a collectivist orientation is a significant predictor of altruism and that procedural justice and job satisfaction are significant predictors of civic virtue. Additionally, respondents indicate that both altruism and civic virtue behaviors are more likely to be perceived as in-role than extra-role behaviors by study participants. Findings provide additional insight into the relevance of OCB and its antecedents in organizations within an Arab cultural context and the resultant implications for managerial processes and decisions.
Perioperative right ventricular ischemia

Mise en evidence d'un infarctus inferieur peroperatoire par l'ECG en l'absence de signes hemodynamiques d'insuffisance ventriculaire
Reversible Bending Fatigue Testing System Design Concepts for Spent Fuel Vibration Integrity Study

The dynamic analyses of a reversible bending fatigue testing system designed for the spent nuclear fuel (SNF) vibration integrity study was presented in this paper. Different design concepts were evaluated to assist the U-frame tester development. A finite element analysis (FEA) based on the vertical test setup was established to simulate the U-frame test system dynamic performances. The FEA results provided general guideline on predicting the dynamic behaviors of U-frame bending fatigue system for testing SNF. The initial vertical test setup design concepts were investigated in detail and the associated deficiencies were also discussed in the paper. The horizontal test setup was also evaluated using FEA. Based on dynamic analysis results, the horizontal test setup with symmetric loading profile was recommended for developing a reversible U-frame bending fatigue testing system.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Spontaneous X chromosome MI and MII nondisjunction events in Drosophila melanogaster oocytes have different recombinational histories

Recent studies of human oocytes have demonstrated an enrichment for distal exchanges among meiosis I (MI) nondisjunction events and for proximal exchanges among meiosis II (MII) events. Our characterization of 103 cases of spontaneous X chromosome nondisjunction in Drosophila oocytes strongly parallels these observations. The recombinational histories of MI (97/103) and MII (6/103) nondisjunctional ova were strikingly different. MI nondisjunction occurred primarily in oocytes with non–exchange X chromosomes; of the few nondisjoining exchange bivalents, most carried distal crossovers. Thus, spontaneous MI nondisjunction reflects the failure of the achiasmate segregation systems. MII nondisjunction occurred only in oocytes with proximal exchanges. We propose several models to explain how very proximal exchanges might impair proper segregation.
MitoQ10 induces adipogenesis and oxidative metabolism in myotube cultures

Coenzyme Q(10) (CoQ(10)) plays an essential role in determination of mitochondrial membrane potential and substrate utilization in all metabolically important tissues. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of Coenzyme Q analog (MitoQ(10)) on oxidative phenotype and adipogenesis in myotubes derived from fast-glycolytic Pectoralis major (PM) and slow-oxidative Anterior latissimus dorsi (ALD) muscles of the turkey (Meleagris gallopavo). The myotubes were subjected to the following treatments: fusion media alone, fusion media+125 nM MitoQ(10), and 500 nM MitoQ(10). Lipid accumulation was visualized by Oil Red O staining and quantified by measuring optical density of extracted lipid at 500 nm. Quantitative Real-Time PCR was utilized to quantify the expression levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPARγ) and PPARγ co-activator-1α (PGC-1α). MitoQ(10) treatment resulted in the highest (P<0.05) lipid accumulation in PM myotubes. MitoQ(10) up-regulated genes controlling oxidative mitochondrial biogenesis and adipogenesis in PM myotube cultures. In contrast, MitoQ(10) had a limited effect on adipogenesis and down-regulated oxidative metabolism in ALD myotube cultures. Differential response to MitoQ(10) treatment may be dependent on the cellular redox state. MitoQ(10) likely controls a range of metabolic pathways through its differential regulation of gene expression levels in myotubes derived from fast-glycolytic and slow-oxidative muscles.
Steepness of the radiation dose-response curve for dose-per-fraction escalation keeping the number of fractions fixed.

Clinically, there is growing interest in strategies for intensifying radiation therapy by escalating the dose per fraction. This paper considers the steepness of the dose-response curve in this case. The steepness of a radiation dose-response curve is most conveniently quantified by the normalized dose-response gradient, γ. Under the assumption of a linear-quadratic dose-effect model, a simple analytical relationship is derived between the γ-value for a dose-response curve generated by varying the total dose while keeping the number of fractions constant, i.e. escalating the dose per fraction, and the γ-value for a dose-response curve generated by varying the total dose while keeping the dose per fraction constant. This formulation is compared with clinical dose-response data from the literature and shown to be in good agreement with the observations. Some implications of this formulation for non-uniform dose distributions delivered using 3D conformal radiotherapy or intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT...
Undergraduate Statistical Education

(1951). Undergraduate Statistical Education. Journal of the American Statistical Association: Vol. 46, No. 253, pp. 1-18.
Variational approach to unsteady flow and heat transfer in a channel

The transient thermal response of a Newtonian fluid to several assumed forms of pressure pulse in a channel is analyzed by the semi-direct variational method of Kantorovich. The temperature distribution in unsteady laminar flow in a channel is investigated when the pressure gradient is an arbitrary function of time. Results are obtained for the linearly varying as well as the suddenly applied pressure gradient.
COST-EFFECTIVENESS OF THE TRANSDERMAL NICOTINE PATCH AS AN ADJUNCT TO PHYSICIANS’ SMOKING CESSATION COUNSELING

Objective. —To determine the incremental cost-effectiveness of the transdermal nicotine patch. Design. —Decision analytic model that evaluated the incremental cost-effectiveness of the addition of the nicotine patch to smoking cessation counseling. Costs were based on physician time and the retail cost of the nicotine patch, and benefits were based on quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) saved. Patients. —Male and female smokers aged 25 to 69 years receiving primary care. Intervention. —Addition of the nicotine patch to physician-based smoking cessation counseling. Main Outcome Measure. —Costs (1995 dollars) per QALYs saved discounted by 3% annually. Results. —The use of the patch produced 1 additional lifetime quitter at a cost of $7332. The incremental cost-effectiveness of the nicotine patch by age group ranged from $4390 to $10 943 per QALY for men and $4955 to $6983 per QALY for women. A clinical strategy involving limiting prescription renewals to patients successfully abstaining for the first 2 weeks improved the cost-effectiveness of the patch by 25%. Conclusions. —The findings provide support both for the routine use of the nicotine patch as an adjunct to physicians' smoking cessation counseling and for health insurance coverage of nicotine patch therapy. ( JAMA . 1996;275:1247-1251)
A general approach for regularity extraction in datapath circuits

In the majority of high performance custom IC designs, designers take advantage of the high degree of regularity present in circuits to generate efficient layouts in terms of area and performance as well as to reduce the design effort. We present a general and comprehensive approach to extract functional regularity for datapath circuits from their behavioral or structural HDL descriptions. The fundamental step is the generation of a large set of templates, where a template is a subcircuit with multiple instances in the circuit. Two novel template generation algorithms are presented-one for templates with a tree structure, and the other for a special class of multi output templates, called single principal output (single-PO) templates, where all outputs of a template are in the transitive fanin of a particular output. The set of templates generated is complete under a few simplifying, yet practical, assumptions. This is key to obtaining a desirable cover of the circuit using templates. We show that excellent covers are obtained for various circuits, including ISCAS benchmarks. We also demonstrate that the regularity extracted for these circuits can be used to understand their underlying structure. We have successfully used our approach to identify bit slices of very large datapath circuits from general purpose microprocessors.
No User Left Behind: Including Accessibility in Student Projects and the Impact on CS Students’ Attitudes

Usability and accessibility have become increasingly important in computing curricula. This article briefly reviews how these concepts may be included in existing courses. The authors conducted a survey of student attitudes toward these issues at the start and end of a usability engineering course that included a group project with an accessibility component. Results of the survey indicate that students’ awareness of issues related to usability and accessibility are increased after taking the course and completing the project. Our work and results are potentially valuable to CS educators in three ways: (1) They validate the usefulness of the survey instrument in assessing pedagogies in usability engineering, (2) They provide useful insights into the attitudes of CS majors relative to the important topics of usability and accessibility, and (3) They point to possible benefits of including usability and accessibility topics into CS curricula.
Sodium butyrate selectively induces transcription of promoters adjacent to the MoMSV viral enhancer.

Abstract The long terminal repeat region of the Moloney murine sarcoma virus (MoMSV) was cloned upstream from the Chinese hamster ovary adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (APRT)-encoding gene (APRT) in order to enhance synthesis of the APRT protein. The replacement of the native promoter with the viral enhancer-promoter increased the enzymatic activity of APRT two- to threefold. Addition of sodium butyrate (NaBu) to the cell growth medium induced APRT activity tento 20-fold above wild-type levels in both transient and stable transfectants. The introduction of the APRT native promoter between the MoMSV enhancer-promoter and structural gene reduced the magnitude of the NaBu response. The bacterial cat gene was also stimulated by NaBu when linked to the viral enhancer-promoter. No NaBu response was found in constructs lacking the MoMSV enhancer region. Northern analysis and nuclear run-on experiments indicated that NaBu enhanced transcription of APRT mRNA in both transiently and stably transfected cells, but not in cells inhibited by cycloheximide. Thus, a butyrate-response element (BRE) is associated with the MoMSV enhancer and the action of the MoMSV BRE is promoter-dependent.
A micromechanics-based thermodynamic model for the domain switch in ferroelectric crystals

Abstract In this work we take the view that domain switch in ferroelectric crystals is a thermodynamics-driven process. In this light we first consider the micromechanics of domain switch to derive the Gibbs free energy of the heterogeneous system and the corresponding thermodynamic driving force at a given level of switched domain concentration fp, applied stress σ ij , and applied electric field E i . Then in conjunction with Miller and Weinreich's [Phys. Rev. 117 (1960) 1460] resistance force for the sidewise motion of 180° domain walls, a kinetic equation is established to calculate the evolution of new domains under a reversed electric field for a BaTiO3 crystal. The calculated results show that, as the field increases, the switching process is initially rapid, and then becomes quite slow as it approaches the saturation state. The calculated polarization versus the electric field relation (P–E relation) is found to agree with the measured characteristics. The effect of porosity on the switching processes is also examined. It is found that, due to the lower level of Gibbs free energy in the presence of pores, a higher field is required to overcome the energy resistance of domain switch. On the other hand, due to the lower initial parent domain concentration, the level of electric field to cause a complete reversal of the domains decreases with porosity.
Multiplicity and regulation of amino acid transport in Penicillium chrysogenum.

Abstract Penicillium chrysogenum possesses a highly specific sulfur-regulated permease for l -methionine (Benko, Wood, and Segel, Arch. Biochem. Biophys.122, 783–804 (1967)). In addition, the mycelium has several other relatively specific amino acid permeases. For example, l -phenylalanine-14C transport by sulfur- and nitrogen-sufficient mycelium is not significantly inhibited by a 10-fold excess of unlabeled l -methionine, l -leucine, l -serine, or l -α-aminobutyric acid. Similarly, l -leucine-14C transport is not significantly inhibited by a 10-fold excess of any of the other four amino acids. Nitrogen-starvation results in the development of a nonspecific amino acid permease (Vmax for l -methionine, l -leucine, and l -phenylalanine ca. 10 μmoles/g-min). The development is prevented by actidione. Structural requirements for interaction with the nonspecific amino acid permease are: (a) an unsubstituted l -α-amino group, (b) a single α-hydrogen atom, (c) no secondary negatively charged group, and (d) an α-carbonyl group. The Km values of the nonspecific permease for l -phenylalanine and l -methionine are ca. 10−5 m . The Ki for l -leucine (with l -methionine as substrate) is 2.4 × 10−5 m ; the Ki for l -methionine (with l -leucine as substrate) is 1.4 × 10−5 m . Other characteristics of the permease are pH-dependence (optimum at 6), temperature-dependence (Q10 of 2–5 between 15 and 32 °), and energy-dependence (DNP and azide sensitive). The general amino acid permease is independent of monovalent and divalent metal ions and of concurrent protein synthesis for activity. Ammonia (NH4+) was the only non-amino acid inhibitor of the permease. The permease activity can be markedly and rapidly reduced by preloading the nitrogen-deficient mycelium with NH4+ or any one of several amino acids. The results suggest that the nonspecific amino acid permease is subject to feedback regulation by intracellular NH4+ and amino acid substrates.
Azimuthally and radially polarized light with a nematic SLM

We demonstrate a technique for generating azimuthally and radially polarized beams using a nematic liquid crystal spatial light modulator and a π phase step. The technique is similar in concept to prior techniques that interfere TEM01 and TEM10 laser modes, but the presented technique removes the requirement of interferometric stability. We calculate an overlap integral of >0.96 with >70% efficiency from an input Gaussian mode. The technique can easily switch between beams with azimuthal and radial polarization.
A random walk down main street

Abstract In this paper we provide a statistical test for the presence of a random walk component in house prices. This assumption is widely made when estimating repeat sales price index models. The surprising aspect of the test is that it is based on repeat sales data in which each house is observed to sell only twice. We do not have a time series of data on each house, nor a panel, and thus conventional tests for unit roots do not apply. Despite the fact that we have only two time series observations per house we show that our test, which is easy to apply with available software, has desirable characteristics. When applied to the well known Case and Shiller (1989) [Case, Karl E. and Robert J. Shiller, 1989. The efficiency of the market for single family homes. American Economic Review, 79, 125–137.] data the test reveals no evidence of a random walk component in four large U.S. cities.
High performance self-aligned inversion-channel MOSFETs with In 0.53 Ga 0.47 As channel and ALD-Al 2 O 3 gate dielectric

Inversion-channel In 0.53 Ga 0.47 As MOSFETs have high potential in low-power and high-speed CMOS logic beyond 22 nm node. The first inversion channel In 0.53 Ga 0.47 As MOSFET has been demonstrated a decade ago with ultra-high vacuum deposited Ga 2 O 3 (Gd 2 O 3 ) [GGO] 40 nm thick as a gate dielectric, giving a maximum drain current (I DS ) of 375 μA/μm (1 μm gate length) and a transconductance (G m ) of 190 μS/μm (0.75 μm gate length) [1]. Recently, a self-aligned inversion-channel In 0.53 Ga 0.47 As n-MOSFET, using an improved Al 2 O 3 /GGO bi-layer gate dielectric and with a gate length of 1 μm, has demonstrated an I DS of 1.05 mA/μm and a peak G m of 714 μS/μm [2]. Atomic layer deposited (ALD)-Al 2 O 3 , with wide bandgap, high breakdown field, and resistance to most chemicals, is very attractive and has been demonstrated earlier in fabricating non-self-aligned InGaAs MOSFETs with very good device performances [3].
Noise of strongly-multimode laser diodes used in interferometric systems

A unified model of the phase and partition noise of a multimode semiconductor injection laser is presented in the context of the assumption that all modes radiate the same average optical power. Noise is shown to be associated with two processes: phase fluctuations common to all modes, arising from carrier fluctuations, and partition and phase fluctuations describable in terms of a random walk of the optical field state on the surface of an abstract sphere. Both processes are driven by spontaneous emission. The model is solved analytically; results for the intensity noise level to be expected at the output of an unbalanced interferometer illuminated by a multimode diode laser are derived. These predictions are confirmed experimentally using a laser with nine modes at full width half maximum. >
Atrophin Proteins Interact with the Fat1 Cadherin and Regulate Migration and Orientation in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells

Fat1, an atypical cadherin induced robustly after arterial injury, has significant effects on mammalian vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) growth and migration. The related Drosophila protein Fat interacts genetically and physically with Atrophin, a protein essential for development and control of cell polarity. We hypothesized that interactions between Fat1 and mammalian Atrophin (Atr) proteins might contribute to Fat1 effects on VSMCs. Like Fat1, mammalian Atr expression increased after arterial injury and in VSMCs stimulated with growth and chemotactic factors including angiotensin II, basic fibroblast growth factor, and platelet-derived growth factor BB. Two distinct Atr2 transcripts, atr2L and atr2S, were identified by Northern analysis; in VSMCs, atr2S mRNA expression was more responsive to stimuli. By immunocytochemistry, Fat1 and Atrs colocalized at cell-cell junctions, in the perinuclear area, and in the nucleus. In coimmunoprecipitation studies, Fat1 interacted with both Atr1 and Atr2; these interactions required Fat1 amino acids 4300–4400 and an intact Atro-box in the Atrs. Knock-down of Atrs by small interfering RNA did not affect VSMC growth but had complex effects on migration, which was impaired by Atr1 knockdown, enhanced by Atr2L knockdown, and unchanged when both Atr2S and Atr2L were depleted. Enhanced migration caused by Atr2L knockdown required Fat1 expression. Similarly, orientation of cells after monolayer denudation was impaired in cells with Atr1 knockdown but enhanced in cells selectively depleted of Atr2L. Together these findings suggest that Fat1 and Atrs act in concert after vascular injury but show further that distinct Atr isoforms have disparate effects on VSMC directional migration.
Decomposition of NH3 on Si(100): a SSIMS study

Abstract The decomposition of NH3 on Si(100) has been studied using static secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SSIMS). Adsorption of H3 on Si(100) at 100 K is dissociative and produces NH2(a) and H(a). Although slow thermal decomposition of NH2(a) to N(a) and H(a) occurs even at 320 K, most NH2(a) is stable up to 630 K. It decomposes rapidly between 630 and 730 K with an activation energy of 30 ± 4 kcal/mol and a pre-exponential factor of 4 × 108±1 s−1. There is no evidence for NH(a). A small fracti NH2(a) recombines with H(a) at 685 K, liberating NH3(g). H(a) desorbs as H2 at 800 K and N(a) diffuses into the bulk of Si(100) above 750 K.
Two-film brachytherapy reconstruction algorithm.

We have developed a new isocentric two‐film reconstruction algorithm for brachytherapy seed and needle implants. The algorithm has no requirements that the two films be orthogonal, symmetric, or even be taken in a transverse plane. In addition, there is no requirement that the two films even have the same number of images. We have found removal of these usual constraints useful for head and neck implants where images are often obscured by patient anatomy. The inherent image matching ambiguities associated with traditional two‐film techniques are minimized by considering the image end points, rather than just the image centroids. For two films, the new algorithm, which considers all image combinations at o n e time, matches all the end‐point images on one film with those on the other, and then reconstructs the end‐point positions of the seeds. The algorithm minimizes the difference between the actual images and the projected images from the reconstructed seeds. The new two‐film image matching problem is shown to be equivalent to the well‐known assignment problem. For an implant of N seeds, this equivalence allows the two‐film problem to be solved by an algorithm (ACM algorithm 548) that scales with a polynomial power of N, rather than N! as is usually assumed. An implant of N seeds can be matched and reconstructed in approximately (N/20)2 s on a VAX 11/780.
A continuous isovolumetric exchange transfusion technique.

Summary Modifications of a previously described method 1 for continuous, isovolumetric exchange transfusions are described. Clinical trials have shown that the method is safe. The double-chambered roller pump method should prove particularly useful for large volume exchange transfusions in children beyond the newborn period.
Poly(4-methyl-1-pentene) and some soluble crystalline copolymers

Poly(4-methyl-1-pentene) has been prepared by polymerizing the monomer over a catalyst made from titanium tetrachloride and lithium aluminum tetradecyl. The molecular weight of the crystalline polymer was invariably too high for fiber preparation, even when polymerization variables were varied drastically, so a technique for thermal cracking was developed. By heating grease-free, crystalline poly(4-methyl-1-pentene) in a vacuum at about 280°, it was possible to lower smoothly the molecular weight of the polymer to any desired value, without undesirable crosslinking or by-product formation. The polymer was melt-spun by conventional techniques to highly oriented, tough fibers. Copolymerization of 10–25% 1-hexene and other linear 1-olefins with 4-methyl-1-pentene gives products which are still high-melting, but which are readily soluble in such solvents as cyclohexane or chloroform, in contrast to the homopolymer which is only slightly soluble. Polymerization in solvents for the copolymer gave solutions which were converted to fibers and film without intermediate isolation of polymer or removal of the catalyst. An interesting terpolymer in which divinylbenzene was the third component was found to be initially soluble, but was readily crosslinked at elevated temperature.
Software for Optical Design: Has It Changed the Role of the Lens Designer?

Optical design software has become more powerful, easier to use, and less expensive than ever before. After describing the basic components of a traditional lens design program, the authors explore other tools that help to create better optical products.
Some continuation and variational methods for positive solutions of nonlinear elliptic eigenvalue problems

Abstract : Continuation and variational methods are developed to construct positive solutions for nonlinear elliptic eigenvalue problems. The class of equations studied contain in particular models arising in chemical kinetics, nonlinear heat generation, and the gravitational equilibrium of polytropic stars. (Author)
The use of a discharge tube as an absorption source for the determination of lithium-6 and lithium-7 isotopes by atomic absorption spectrophotometry

An atomic absorption technique was used to determine the natural abundance ratio, 7Li/6Li, in a normal sample of C.P. grade lithium hydroxide prepared in 1942. The result obtained, 12.1 ± 3.3%, compares favorably with a mass spectrometer value of 12.3 used by the Oak Ridge Isotope Division for reporting the lithium isotope abundance ratio, and it is the first time the 7Li/6Li abundance ratio has been reported with accuracy by atomic absorption methods. A Schuler-Gollnow water-cooled hollow-cathode tube was used to obtain the resonance doublet of lithium at 6708 A, while a modified Schuler-Gollnow water-cooled hollow-cathode tube was used to vaporize the natural lithium and related standards in microgram quantities and to absorb the resonance radiation. Helium was used as a carrier gas in both tubes at low pressures for the purpose of sputtering samples and exciting the lithium resonance lines. Regulated d.c. current power supplies, and conventional, independent circulating systems were used with each tube; and a Jarrell-Ash monochromator, Model 82-000, of relatively low dispersion, was used to isolate the resonance lines, along with other readily available commercial recording equipment.
Parallel Culture Traits in Ancient and Modern Greece

The epic is a cultural phenomenon (if not a trait) represented in ancient, medieval, and modern Greek literature, both oral and written. The question naturally arises whether there is any continuity in this genre in Greece from one age to the next, from ancient to modern times. We can seek an answer on a number of levels, but for this brief paper I have limited myself to two: narrative pattern (or, the type of the hero), and the formula, the phraseology of the poetry.
Effect of the addition of montelukast to fluticasone propionate for the treatment of perennial allergic rhinitis.

Background Guidelines for the treatment of patients with allergic rhinitis (AR) recommend intranasal corticosteroids as first-line therapy. In clinical trials, however, only 50% of patients obtain excellent symptom control. Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of montelukast add-on therapy in patients with perennial AR (PAR) who have incomplete relief of symptoms after 2 weeks of treatment with intranasal fluticasone propionate. Methods We performed a 4-week parallel, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. One hundred two patients with a history of PAR and a positive skin test reaction to perennial allergens were recruited. They completed the Rhinitis Quality of Life Questionnaire (RQLQ) and were given intranasal fluticasone propionate, 200 μg daily. They were asked to complete symptom diary cards twice daily. After 2 weeks of treatment, patients with a mean total nasal symptom score of at least 4 during the past week (n = 54) were randomized to receive either montelukast (n = 28) or placebo (n = 26) in addition to the continued use of fluticasone propionate. At weeks 3 and 4, the RQLQ was completed again and symptom diary cards were collected. Results Compared with baseline, there were significant improvements in almost all domains of the RQLQ while taking fluticasone propionate (P Conclusion The addition of montelukast to an intranasal corticosteroid for the treatment of PAR with residual symptoms is no more effective than is placebo.
Thinking through new literacies for primary and early years

This volume – part of Sage’s Thinking Through Education Series – explores new literacies in relation to teaching and learning in primary education. It is addressed to education students in the late...
A preliminary lung model for simulating the aerodynamics of the bronchial tree.

Abstract A numerical method for modeling the mechanical behavior of complicated multi-phase, nonlinear, distributed, biological flow-systems is suggested with particular reference to the study of pulmonary mechanics. The major purpose of the model presented is to provide a computational tool for estimation of certain variables along the conduit system which are of physiologic and pathologic interest but cannot be measured directly. Results are presented which illustrate the distribution of pressure, conduit area, gas velocity, Reynold's number, and wall shearing stress along the bronchial tree. With proper modifications these may be extended to include distributions of other variables of interest such as temperature, “turbulent intensity,” etc. Although the numerical results that are presented simulate the known mechanical behavior of the lung, any detailed interpretation must be approached cautiously at this time since many of the components and parameters of the model necessarily had to be chosen arbitrarily for lack of good experimental data.
Opisthonotal gland chemistry of a middle-derivative oribatid mite, Archegozetes longisetosus (Acari: Trhypochthoniidae)

Abstract Opisthonotal glands of sarcoptiform mites secrete a variety of compounds known to have defensive and pheromonal functions. We studied the gland chemistry of cultured individuals of the desmonomatan oribatid mite Archegozetes longisetosus Aoki (Trhypochthoniidae), to compare it with that of other oribatid mites and to examine in a preliminary way how the molting process may affect it. GC-MS analysis of hexane extracts of adult mites revealed three monoterpenes (geranial, neral, neryl formate), two aromatic compounds [γ-acaridial (3-hydroxybenzene-1,2-dicarbaldehyde) and 2,6-HMBD (2-hydroxy-6-methylbenzaldehyde)] and four hydrocarbons (pentadecane, pentadecene, heptadecene and heptadecadiene). In decreasing order, the most abundant compounds were γ-acaridial, neral, neryl formate and 2,6-HMBD, with the other five present only in minor or trace amounts. Active proto-, deuto- and tritonymphs have chemical profiles similar to that of adult mites. The same profile results when extracted nymphs are earl...
A Cauchy system in the linear theory of thin shells of revolution

Abstract The differential equations of the linear theory of thin shells of revolution as derived by A. Kalnins in terms of eight fundamental state variables from the Reissner-Meissner equations, and subject to appropriate boundary conditions, are reduced to a system of integro-differential equations of the Riccati type subject to initial conditions. The reduction is meaningful on theoretical grounds since it offers an alternative description of a boundary value problem in terms of a Cauchy system, and valuable from a numerical point of view. on account of the inherent stability of the resulting sequential algorithms. A discussion on rigorous and computational aspects closes the presentation.
N7 and C8 coordinated purine complexes of [(NH3)5OsIII]. Crystal structures of 7-[9MeHyp(NH3)5Os]Cl3·H2O and 8-[1,3,7Me3Xan(NH3)5Os]Cl3·2H2O

Pentaammineosmium(III) coordinates to both the N7 and C8 positions of purine rings. The compound 7-[9MeHyp(NH 3 ) 5 Os]Cl 3 ·H 2 O crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pnma (No. 62) with the unit cell parameters: a =11.542(2), b =6.9841(8), c =21.960(3) A and Z =4. The compound 8-[1,3,7Me 3 Xan(NH 3 ) 5 Os]Cl 3 ·2H 2 O crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P 2 1 / c (No. 14) with the unit cell parameters: a =7.1228(X), b =14.613(1), c =19.667(1) A, β=91.782(9)° and Z =4. The OsC bond in the latter structure is 2.039(9) A and the imidazolylidine ligand exerts a slight trans influence seen in the lengthening of the OsN ax distance (2.172(8) A) by about 0.05 A relative to the average of the equatorial OsN eq value of 2.123(8) A. The spectroscopic, electrochemical and structural properties of these and additional N-bound purine complexes are compared with those of similar N7 and C8 ruthenium(III) species.
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF CULTURED SPHERULES OF COCCIDIOIDES IMMITIS.

Spherules of C. immitis have been grown in vitro in modified Roessler's medium under CO2 tension and continuous cultures now maintained for over 18 months. Transformation of hyphae and development of the spherule form have been studied by thin section electron microscopy. Cells of organisms in the hyphal stage have thin (ca. 50 mµ), apparently structureless walls and a cytoplasmic membrane. Many nuclei, elongated mitochrondria with both transverse and longitudinal cristae, and lipid particles are present. The hyphal wall thickens and the cell transforms into spherules. A large central accumulation of electrontransparent polysaccharide appears in the spherule. The peripheral cytoplasm contains nuclei, each enclosed in a double-layered membrane, mitochondria, and small dense particles. Prior to cleavage the polysaccharide droplets are lost, while mitochrondria become small and spherical. Endospores are formed and liberated when the spherule wall breaks. These begin to grow and repeat the cleavage cycle.
Ultrasound guidance versus electrical stimulation for femoral perineural catheter insertion.

Received May 21, 2009, from the Departments ofAnesthesiology (E.R.M., V.J.L., N.S.S., R.H.B., M.L.B.,R.C.M., B.M.I.) and Orthopedic Surgery (R.A., S.T.B.,R.S.M.), University of California, San Diego, CaliforniaUSA. Revision requested June 1, 2009. Revisedmanuscript accepted for publication July 2, 2009.We thank the operating and recovery roomstaff at University of California San Diego HillcrestHospital (San Diego, CA) and Thornton Hospital (LaJolla, CA) for assistance. The results of this studywere presented in part at the 2009 InternationalAnesthesia Research Society Annual Meeting; March14–17, 2009; San Diego, California. Funding for thisproject was provided by National Institutes of Healthgrant GM077026 (principal investigator, Dr Ilfeld)from the National Institute of General MedicalSciences and the Department of Anesthesiology,University of California, San Diego Medical Center. DrsMariano, Loland, and Ilfeld and Ms Maldonado havereceived funding for other research investigationsfrom Arrow International and Stryker Instruments,and Drs Mariano and Loland conduct nerve blockworkshops for Stryker Instruments. These compa-nies had no input into any aspect of this study.Address correspondence to Edward R. Mariano,MD, MAS, Department of Anesthesiology, Universityof California, San Diego Medical Center, 200 WArbor Dr, San Diego, CA 92103-8770 USA.E-mail: ermariano@ucsd.edu
Forming an ‘Activism Bubble’ in Tourism: Peace Guiding at Okinawa’s Battle Ruins

Peace activists in Okinawa, Japan, serve as tour guides, or ‘peace guides’, for school excursion tour groups from Japan’s main islands. Their purpose is to encourage the students to learn about the...
Predicting the mineral composition of dust aerosols – Part 2: Model evaluation and identification of key processes with observations

Abstract. A global compilation of nearly sixty measurement studies is used to evaluate two methods of simulating the mineral composition of dust aerosols in an Earth system model. Both methods are based upon a Mean Mineralogical Table (MMT) that relates the soil mineral fractions to a global atlas of arid soil type. The Soil Mineral Fraction (SMF) method assumes that the aerosol mineral fractions match the fractions of the soil. The MMT is based upon soil measurements after wet sieving, a process that destroys aggregates of soil particles that would have been emitted from the original, undisturbed soil. The second method approximately reconstructs the emitted aggregates. This model is referred to as the Aerosol Mineral Fraction (AMF) method because the mineral fractions of the aerosols differ from those of the wet-sieved parent soil, partly due to reaggregation. The AMF method remedies some of the deficiencies of the SMF method in comparison to observations. Only the AMF method exhibits phyllosilicate mass at silt sizes, where they are abundant according to observations. In addition, the AMF quartz fraction of silt particles is in better agreement with measured values, in contrast to the overestimated SMF fraction. Measurements at distinct clay and silt particle sizes are shown to be more useful for evaluation of the models, in contrast to the sum over all particles sizes that is susceptible to compensating errors, as illustrated by the SMF experiment. Model errors suggest that allocation of the emitted silt fraction of each mineral into the corresponding transported size categories is an important remaining source of uncertainty. Evaluation of both models and the MMT is hindered by the limited number of size-resolved measurements of mineral content that sparsely sample aerosols from the major dust sources. The importance of climate processes dependent upon aerosol mineral composition shows the need for global and routine mineral measurements.
Endothelin receptor B, a candidate gene from human studies at high altitude, improves cardiac tolerance to hypoxia in genetically engineered heterozygote mice

To better understand human adaptation to stress, and in particular to hypoxia, we took advantage of one of nature's experiments at high altitude (HA) and studied Ethiopians, a population that is well-adapted to HA hypoxic stress. Using whole-genome sequencing, we discovered that EDNRB (Endothelin receptor type B) is a candidate gene involved in HA adaptation. To test whether EDNRB plays a critical role in hypoxia tolerance and adaptation, we generated EdnrB knockout mice and found that when EdnrB (-/+) heterozygote mice are treated with lower levels of oxygen (O2), they tolerate various levels of hypoxia (even extreme hypoxia, e.g., 5% O2) very well. For example, they maintain ejection fraction, cardiac contractility, and cardiac output in severe hypoxia. Furthermore, O2 delivery to vital organs was significantly higher and blood lactate was lower in EdnrB (-/+) compared with wild type in hypoxia. Tissue hypoxia in brain, heart, and kidney was lower in EdnrB (-/+) mice as well. These data demonstrate that a lower level of EDNRB significantly improves cardiac performance and tissue perfusion under various levels of hypoxia. Transcriptomic profiling of left ventricles revealed three specific genes [natriuretic peptide type A (Nppa), sarcolipin (Sln), and myosin light polypeptide 4 (Myl4)] that were oppositely expressed (q < 0.05) between EdnrB (-/+) and wild type. Functions related to these gene networks were consistent with a better cardiac contractility and performance. We conclude that EDNRB plays a key role in hypoxia tolerance and that a lower level of EDNRB contributes, at least in part, to HA adaptation in humans.
P-I-N Diode

A P-i-N diode is a two terminal device as shown in Fig. 4.1. It blocks a negative voltage on the anode terminal with respect to the cathode terminal but conducts current when a positive voltage is applied to the anode. It consists of an intrinsic layer sandwiched between a pn junction. The intrinsic layer has a very low concentration of (generally) n-type in the order of 1013cm-3. It’s thickness ranges from 10μm to 500μm depending on the rated breakdown voltage of the device. The outside p- and n- layers are usually very highly doped. The wide intrinsic layer provides unique features of high breakdown voltage in reverse bias and charge storage in the forward bias. In the reverse bias, the lightly doped intrinsic layer is fully depleted and the maximum breakdown voltage achievable is the product of the critical electric field of silicon and the thickness of the intrinsic layer. In the forward bias, both types of carriers are injected into the intrinsic layer. The current conduction is through carrier recombination in the middle layer. In the steady state, the electron and hole concentrations are equal in the middle region in accordance with the charge neutrality condition. The hole and electron concentrations are the highest at the P+ - i and the N+ - i junctions respectively with a minimum closer to the cathode side as a result of the difference in the mobility of electrons and holes.
A random walk solution for fractional diffusion equations

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to develop an alternative numerical approach for describing fractional diffusion in Cartesian and non‐Cartesian domains using a Monte Carlo random walk scheme. The resulting domain shifting scheme provides a numerical solution for multi‐dimensional steady state, source free diffusion problems with fluxes expressed in terms of Caputo fractional derivatives. This class of problems takes account of non‐locality in transport, expressed through parameters representing both the extent and direction of the non‐locality.Design/methodology/approach – The method described here follows a similar approach to random walk methods previously developed for normal (local) diffusion. The key differences from standard methods are: first, the random shifting of the domain about the point of interest with, second, shift steps selected from non‐symmetric, power‐law tailed, Levy probability distribution functions.Findings – The domain shifting scheme is verified by comparing predictive sol...
Are Current Models for Preventive Programs Sufficient for the Needs of Tomorrow

We can be proud of our accomplishment in the prevention of dental caries. Many children in developed countries are now caries-free; however, by age 50, fewer than 5% of the population is caries-free. The drop in the prevalence of caries among specific age groups is undoubtedly due to widespread exposure to fluorides. However, caries protection by fluorides is not absolute; if caries attack continues throughout life, the prevalence of caries will increase. All available evidence strongly suggests that ambient levels of fluoride in the mouth play a critical role in protection against caries. It is clear that novel methods of delivery, such as sustained-release technology, will be developed to enhance the protective effect of fluoride, utilizing amounts of fluoride significantly less than those currently in use. The problems of preventing dental caries in developing countries are much more severe than those facing Western countries. The prevalence of caries appears to be increasing in no small measure due to...
Content is Not Enough: A History of Secondary Earth Science Teacher Preparation with Recommendations for Today

Secondary geoscience education has its roots in geography and physiographic education from the turn of the 20th century. High school Earth science reached a peak during the late 1960s and 1970s, after plate tectonic theory revolutionized geology. The production of Earth science teachers, unlike biology teachers, has never reached full capacity, which has likely contributed to the lesser presence and status of Earth and space science in U.S. high schools today. Historically, the geoscience community has focused on enriching teachers' geoscience content knowledge, but modern Earth and space science teachers need more than just content knowledge. Based on current science education research, today's Earth and space science teacher education programs should also include: a) science methods that embrace authentic inquiry and state-of-the-art technology and visualization resources, b) an exploration of formative assessment and how to modify instruction to meet students' learning needs, c) awareness of common mis...
THE VALUE OF THE GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST, THE INSULIN TOLERANCE TEST, AND THE GLUCOSEINSULIN TOLERANCE TEST IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF ENDOCRINOLOGIC DISORDERS OF GLUCOSE METABOLISM1

CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM is influenced by I many tissues, notably pancreatic islets, adrenal medulla, adrenal cortex, anterior pituitary, muscles and liver. As an aid in the diagnosis of various diseases, it has for a long time been useful to study the glucose content of the blood. Thus, the determination of this under fasting conditions may at once give the clue to the diagnosis. In many instances, however, because of compensatory adjustments the fasting level is normal in spite of a definite disturbance in the sugar metabolism (e.g., mild diabetes) and it is necessary to subject the sugar-regulatory mechanism to some selected strain in order to elicit an abnormality. What strain one chooses naturally should depend on what disorder one suspects. For example, if looking for hypo-insulinism one would test the ability of the body to adjust to an alimentary hyperglycemia, that is one would perform the ordinary sugar tolerance test. If it turned out that the patient had a decreased responsiveness to hyperglyce...
Possible serotonin syndrome from paroxetine and clonazepam.

(1998). Possible Serotonin Syndrome from Paroxetine and Clonazepam. Journal of Toxicology: Clinical Toxicology: Vol. 36, No. 3, pp. 257-258.
Surface-Patterned Electrode Bioreactor for Electrical Stimulation

We present a microscale cell culture system with an interdigitated microarray of excimer-laser-ablated indium tin oxide electrodes for electrical stimulation of cultured cells. The system has been characterized in a range of geometeries and stimulation regimes via electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and used to culture primary cardiomyocytes and human adipose derived stem cells. Over 6 days of culture with electrical stimulation (2 ms duration, 1 Hz, 180 μm wide electrodes with 200 μm spacing), both cell types exhibited enhanced proliferation, elongation and alignment, and adipose derived stem cells exhibited higher numbers of Connexin-43-composed gap junctions.