cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prospective Trial of Low-Fidelity Deliberate Practice of Aortic and Coronary Anastomoses (TECoG 002).

Objective We sought to examine the feasibility of a home practice curriculum of vascular anastomosis in cardiovascular surgery using a low-fidelity simulation platform and to examine its effectiveness in skill acquisition in senior surgical trainees. Design We organized a multicenter prospective randomized study of senior residents and fellows, who were oriented to a low-fidelity cardiac simulator and an 8-week curriculum of independent practice of aortic and coronary anastomosis. “Treatment” trainees received a simulator and the curriculum. Control trainees received only their usual operative experience. The groups then crossed over; all were studied for 16 weeks in total. Video skill assessments were captured at 0, 8, and 16 weeks and were scored by one blinded investigator using the Joint Council on Thoracic Surgery Education Assessment tool. A post-hoc survey was distributed to invited participants following study completion. Setting University of Minnesota Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, and the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston. Participants used the simulator in offices, call rooms, and their homes. Participants Program participation in the study was solicited through the Thoracic Education Cooperative Group. Four institutions expressed interest and a total of 29 trainees were invited to the study and randomized. Of these, 12 (38%) completed the curriculum and submitted the requisite 3 sets of videos (6 treatment, 6 control). All were senior residents and fellows in general and cardiothoracic surgery. Results No significant differences were detected in assessment scores before and after the curriculum nor before or after the control period in the overall or postgraduate year-stratified populations. Participant case numbers during the study did not have a significant effect on assessment scores. Randomized participants reported strong interest in deliberate practice of technical skills but identified competing clinical and personal obligations and significant barriers to simulation. Conclusions Considerable variability in performance existed among participants who completed the study, but overall, the curriculum alone was insufficient to improve simulator Joint Council on Thoracic Surgery Education scores compared to those not undergoing the curriculum. Among senior residents and fellows, provision of a practice curriculum and simulator for repeated practice is feasible but clinical and personal responsibilities were barriers to repetitive practice.
Undercooling of niobium-germanium alloys in a 100 meter drop tube

The undercoolings of pure Nb and Nb-Ge alloys are examined using the 100-m drop tube of the Marshall Space Flight Center. The temperatures of the samples prior to release were measured, and IR detectors were utilized to monitor recalescence from solidification. It is observed that the Nb and Nb-Ge samples undercooled to the homogeneous nucleation limit. The data reveal that all the samples displayed a dendritic primary phase, except for alloys nucleating in the beta-phase field, which had a cellular phase. The composition of these phases are studied using EDXA; it is detected that the composition of the phases corresponds to the Jorda (1978) phase diagram.
Abstract 2024: Obesity induces breast cancer cell invasion through stromal secretion of IGF-1

Obese women diagnosed with breast cancer have an increased risk for metastasis, and the underlying mechanisms are not well established. Within the mammary gland, adipose stromal cells (ASCs) are a group of heterogeneous cells with the capacity to differentiate along multiple mesenchymal lineages. ASCs are recruited and activated within tumors, but it is unknown how obesity may influence ASCs in both normal and cancerous tissue. To study the effects of obesity on ASCs, we isolated the stromal vascular fraction from the mammary glands of mice fed either a control diet (CD) or high fat diet (HFD) to induce obesity and plated the cells to select for adherent growth. We observed that obesity increased ASCs proliferation, decreased differentiation potential, and upregulated expression of α-smooth muscle actin, a marker of activated fibroblasts, compared to ASCs from lean mice. To determine how ASCs from obese mice impacted tumor growth, we mixed ASCs isolated from CD- or HFD-fed mice with mammary tumor cells, Met-1 cells, and transplanted them into the mammary glands of lean FVB female mice. Tumors cells mixed with ASCs from obese mice grew significantly larger tumors and had increased invasion into surrounding adipose tissue than tumor cells mixed with control ASCs. To study the effects of factors secreted by ASCs on tumor cell behavior, we collected conditioned media (CM) from lean and obese ASCs and treated Met-1 cells. Compared with lean ASCs, obese ASCs expressed higher levels of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), which has been implicated in tumor cell invasion. Met-1 cells treated with recombinant IGF-1 were more invasive than vehicle-treated cells. In addition, Met-1 cells treated with obese ASCs CM supplemented with an IGF-1 neutralizing antibody had significantly reduced invasion, compared to controls. Weight loss induced in obese mice significantly decreased expression of IGF-1 from ASCs and reduced the ability of the ASCs to induce an invasive phenotype. Together, these results suggest that obesity enhances local invasion of breast cancer cells through increased expression of IGF-1 by mammary ASCs, and weight loss may reverse this tumor-promoting phenotype. Citation Format: Lauren Hillers, Joseph D9Amato, Tamara Chamberlin, Gretchen Paderta, Lisa Arendt. Obesity induces breast cancer cell invasion through stromal secretion of IGF-1 [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 2024.
Nonnodal Extended Finite-Element Method for Crack Modeling with Four-Node Quadrilateral Elements

AbstractA nonnodal extended finite-element method (NXFEM) was developed to predict two-dimensional dynamic failure with four-node quadrilateral elements. A new nonnodal enrichment scheme is present...
Language learning at the dinner table: Two case studies of French homestays

Drawing on Vygotsky's insights on the sociocultural origins of development, we examine the French homestay as a site for learning, with a focus on the dinner table. Based on audio recordings of mealtime interactions, interviews, and field notes, we present two case studies of French language learners and their host families. “Amelia” lived for one semester with an “empty nest” couple whose prior experience of interacting with learners had shaped a distinct folk pedagogical style. “Irene” was hosted for a full academic year by a family of four; over the course of the year, her hosts continually and explicitly assisted her involvement in multiparty family talk thus fostering Irene's ability to display a locally appropriate participatory conversational style. Our findings underscore the importance of attending to the host family's role and contribute to the evidence suggesting that communicative repertoires emerge from, and are shaped by, particular experiences of communication.
Conversion, Duality, and Vocation: The Perpetual Curate

Chapter 4: “Conversion, Duality, and Vocation: The Perpetual Curate,” picks up the thread at the start of the turn toward Ritualism. Margaret Oliphant’s The Perpetual Curate revisits Harris’ broken-marriage plot through a subplot centered on a clerical convert to Roman Catholicism, making use of contemporary anti-Catholic tropes as foils against which to construct an English identity oriented toward social outreach. The resultant Anglican identity, enabled both by domesticity and by Ritualist zeal, entails bringing the impoverished urban working class out of the outskirts of Carlingford society and into the Church, a Ritualist mission to the dockside slums. Ultimately, I argue, Oliphant uses Ritualism to formulate a national identity that is English without being provincial, and which, though rooted in the home, effectively reaches beyond it.
Illuminating the kinome: Visualizing real-time kinase activity in biological systems using genetically encoded fluorescent protein-based biosensors

Genetically encoded fluorescent protein-based kinase biosensors are a central tool for illumination of the kinome. The adaptability and versatility of biosensors have allowed for spatiotemporal observation of real-time kinase activity in living cells and organisms. In this review, we highlight various types of kinase biosensors, along with their burgeoning applications in complex biological systems. Specifically, we focus on kinase activity reporters used in neuronal systems and whole animal settings. Genetically encoded kinase biosensors are key for elucidation of the spatiotemporal regulation of protein kinases, with broader applications beyond the Petri dish.
Action rules for sentiment analysis using Twitter

Actionable patterns are interesting and usable knowledge mined from large datasets. Action rules are rules that describe the possible transition of objects from one state to another with respect to...
On the Constraint Factor Relating Uniaxial and Indentation Yield Strength of Polycrystalline Materials Using Spherical Microindentation

High-throughput (HT) material property characterization has become increasingly important for the rapid and cost-effective development of new material systems. In recent years, spherical indentation using the Pathak-Kalidindi (P-K) protocol has been shown to be a reliable and HT method for capturing the elastic-plastic properties of several different types of materials. However, because of the higher hydrostatic pressure under the indenter tip and the constraint of the surrounding elastically deforming material, the indentation yield strength is higher than the uniaxial yield strength and they can be related by a scaling factor, referred to as the constraint factor. For fully plastic indentation, the constraint factor was found by Tabor to be ~2.8. However, the constraint factor is not well defined for elastic-plastic indentation and depends on the strain induced. In this work, the application of the P-K indentation protocol is demonstrated on a set of aluminum 7050 samples that have undergone different solution and aging treatments. Conventional uniaxial tensile and compression tests were also conducted on the same material. The constraint factor at the 0.2 % offset yield point was determined from the indentation and uniaxial measurements to be ~1.4. Experimental observations from our work and a similar work on aluminum 6061 showed a dependence of the constraint factor at the 0.2 % offset yield point on the uniaxial plastic properties. To explain these experimental observations, further investigation was carried out using finite element simulations of spherical indentation on materials with different yield strengths and hardening parameters. New insights are provided on the constraint factor at the 0.2 % yield point, which show that it increases with the ratio of the plastic to elastic strain. It was also found that the effect of the hardening is much less than that of the yield strength on the constraint factor at the 0.2 % yield point.
Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Straightening the road from the Rome criteria.

A sequence of consensus-based Rome criteria for irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) has been published since 1989. The fundamental definition based on abdominal pain in association with bowel dysfunction has been consistent. However, two major changes occurred in the Rome II and IV criteria. The former change involved "splitting off" of symptoms that were not consistently associated with pain, such as functional, constipation, diarrhea, and bloating. In Rome IV, the main changes were the exclusion of discomfort (in contrast to pain) and the more stringent frequency criteria for the pain to be eligible for diagnosis of IBS (specifically, on average, at least 1 day per week in the last 3 months). Validation studies of the consensus, symptom-based criteria have identified multiple deficiencies that question the rationale for "splitting" the different syndromes, and favor a simpler identification of the classical symptoms of abdominal pain, bowel dysfunction, and bloating, and exclusion of alarm symptoms. Advances in the identification of actionable biomarkers related to the symptoms suggestive of functional gastrointestinal disorders have the potential to usher a change in practice from positive diagnosis of symptom complexes followed by empirical treatment to identification of the mechanisms causing the symptoms and targeted therapy.
Corporate Tax Integration and TCJA: How Near the Mark?

Congress, by the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (hereinafter “TCJA”),1 made a number of changes to the income tax rates applicable to individuals and profits of businesses conducted both in corporate and non-corporate form. Elsewhere, in an article entitled Advancing to Corporate Tax Integration: A Laissez-Faire Approach, I advanced the case for an Integrationist Norm of business income taxation.2 In the tax regime of the Integrationist Norm, all business profits would be subject to exactly the same tax burden as if a business were conducted directly by the individual equity holders without an intervening legal fiction of a juridical business entity. The purpose of this Article is to assess how near TCJA brings the Internal Revenue Code (hereinafter the “Code”) to achieving the Integrationist Norm, and to consider what possible modifications to TCJA might bring it nearer the target, and whether achieve sufficiently more good than harm to justify the effort to have them enacted.
Local Mass Transfer Correlations for Nonaqueous Phase Liquid Pool Dissolution in Saturated Porous Media

Local mass transfer correlations are developed to describe the rate of interface mass transfer of single component nonaqueous phase liquid (NAPL) pools in saturated subsurface formations. A three-dimensional solute transport model is employed to compute local mass transfer coefficients from concentration gradients at the NAPL-water interface, assuming that the aqueous phase concentration along the NAPL-water interface is constant and equal to the solubility concentration. Furthermore, it is assumed that the porous medium is homogeneous, the interstitial fluid velocity steady and the dissolved solute may undergo first-order decay or may sorb under local equilibrium conditions. Power-law expressions relating the local Sherwood number to appropriate local Peclet numbers are developed for both rectangular and elliptic/circular source geometries. The proposed power law correlations are fitted to numerically generated data and the correlation coefficients are determined using nonlinear least squares regression. The estimated correlation coefficients are found to be direct functions of the interstitial fluid velocity, pool dimensions, and pool geometry.
A lower bound for general t-stack sortable permutations via pattern avoidance

There is no formula for general t-stack sortable permutations. Thus, we attempt to study them by establishing lower and upper bounds. Permutations that avoid certain pattern sets provide natural lower bounds. This paper presents a recurrence relation that counts the number of permutations that avoid the set (23451,24351,32451,34251,42351,43251). This establishes a lower bound on 3-stack sortable permutations. Additionally, the proof generalizes to provide lower bounds for all t-stack sortable permutations.
A tale of two pandemics: evolutionary psychology, urbanism, and the biology of disease spread deepen sociopolitical divides in the U.S

The COVID-19 pandemic has spread uncertainty and social disruption, and exacerbated political divides in the United States. Most studies of the drivers of the epidemic focus on victim characteristics without consideration of drivers in the general population. This study presents statistical models that track the underlying factors in the general population associated with the spread of the pandemic and addresses how social learning mechanisms have led people to adopt perspectives and behaviors depending on their social context. Despite many social, physiological and economic factors, the statistical drivers of the pandemic primarily relate to the presence of vectors and the probability of transmission. However, the relationship between these drivers and COVID-19 deaths is weak and variable outside of the New York metropolitan area. Furthermore, the per capita death rate in much of the country has been much lower than the New York metropolitan area. There have been two very different experiences with the pandemic, one where the signals of its danger have been obvious from the start and one where the signals have been much weaker. Social learning mechanisms (in-group information sharing, imitation, costly punishment) have amplified the effect of people’s experiences with the pandemic. Sheltering in cities and protesting shutdowns in rural areas probably were initially adaptive somatic efforts in the evolutionary sense, given the different realities of the pandemic versus its economic costs in urban versus rural environments. These adaptations, however, have deepened the political divides in an already Balkanized country. The paper concludes with practical recommendations for how to use social learning theory for disseminating information on how to combat the pandemic.
A vector theory for forward propagation in a structured ionosphere with surface reflections

Abstract In a previous publication the forward propagation equation was generalized to accommodate vector propagation at HF frequencies. Solutions obtained with split-step integration were demonstrated for unbounded propagation and for a Chapman layer above a plane perfectly conducting boundary. This paper extends the solution to accommodate reflections from a smoothly varying boundary. A complete solution requires calculation of induced sources on the boundary surface. The fields from the induced sources, when combined with the incident field, satisfy the boundary conditions for the incident field vector components. Calculation of the induced sources can be incorporated in the split-step integration of the forward propagation equation. Alternatively, a variant of image theory reproduces the essential characteristics of the more computationally intensive boundary-integral methods. The paper concludes with ray-trace comparisons, which reveal a persistent but correctable bias.
The use of chromogenic culture media for on-farm identification of milk pathogens associated with mastitis in dairy cows

Clinical mastitis is a highly prevalent and costly disease to the dairy industry. In fact, mastitis is the major cause of antibiotic use in dairy herds and represents a large portion of animal health expenses. Selective treatment based on on-farm culture of milk pathogens decreased antibiotic usage by 50% without impairing health and production traits. However, increasing the range of microorganisms to be identified often reduces accuracy for observers without microbiological training. Chromogenic culture media (CCM) has been used for pathogen identification in human and animal specimens. Chromogenic culture media allows for rapid and accurate characterization of a broad spectrum of microorganisms based on media selectivity and color change. Hence, the objectives were to develop an on-farm CCM system for identification of milk pathogens associated with clinical mastitis (Accumast). Accuracy of Accumast was evaluated based on results from Cornell Quality Milk Production Services and identification of cultured pathogens using 16S rRNA sequencing.
Elderly subgroup analysis of a randomized phase III study of docetaxel plus platinum combinations versus vinorelbine plus cisplatin for first-line treatment of advanced nonsmall cell lung carcinoma (TAX 326)

BACKGROUND Controversy continues over whether elderly patients with advanced nonsmall cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) should receive platinum-based chemotherapy. TAX 326 reported improved survival with docetaxel–cisplatin (DC) versus vinorelbine–cisplatin (VC) for advanced NSCLC. DC and docetaxel–carboplatin (DCb) were better tolerated than VC. We analyzed the efficacy and toxicity in patients ages < 65 and ≥ 65 years. METHODS Chemotherapy-naive, TNM Stage IIIB–IV NSCLC patients were randomized to DC (docetaxel 75 mg/m2 and cisplatin 75 mg/m2, d1 q3w), DCb (docetaxel 75 mg/m2 and carboplatin area under the concentration–time curve 6 mg/mL.min, d1 q3w), or VC (vinorelbine 25 mg/m2, d1, 8, 15, and 22 and cisplatin 100 mg/m2, d1 q4w). RESULTS Of 1218 patients, 401 were age ≥ 65 years (149/118/134 DC/DCb/VC arms). In the elderly, median survival was 12.6 versus 9.9 months, 1-year survival was 52% versus 41%, 2-year survival was 24% versus 17% for DC versus VC, respectively. DCb survival results were similar to those for VC: median, 9.0 months; 1-year, 38%; 2-year, 19%. Survival outcomes were similar between elderly and younger patients across treatment arms. Compared with younger patients, elderly patients reported moderately higher incidences of NCI CTC (version 1.0) Grade 3–4 asthenia, infection, and pulmonary toxicities across treatment arms, and diarrhea and sensory neurotoxicity for cisplatin-containing arms. Most hematologic toxicities occurred with similar incidences between elderly and younger patients, although neutropenia was slightly increased in elderly patients. CONCLUSION First-line docetaxel–cisplatin chemotherapy showed similar activity in elderly and younger patients with advanced/metastatic NSCLC; elderly patients tolerated docetaxel–platinum well despite experiencing slightly more toxicity than younger patients. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
The Multinational Corporation Today

The core focus on multinational corporations is changing. Originally it focused on power relations between it and the nation state. For the past decade this focus has shifted to the efficiency of the multinational enterprise. Today it is shifting again, back to power relationships. Four key areas define research on the multinational firm: its relationship to globalization; the multinational firm as a learning engine; the rise of non-western multinationals; and the growing importance of political analysis and risk assessment as a core competence within the multinational corporation itself.
Using genetic algorithms to learn disjunctive rules from examples

Abstract In this paper we address the problem of learning disjunctive normal form rules from boolean-classified examples. Whereas GA's often present their solution in the form of a single individual, here we use the entire population of individuals to disjunctively represent a solution. We explain example sharing, a method of payoff sharing, and we explain over-population, a modification for increasing GA exploration.
High Signal-to-Noise Echelle Spectroscopy of HS 1946+7658

We have observed HS 1946+7658 with the echelle spectrograph on the Kitt Peak 4m telescope. The signal-to-noise of the final coadded spectrum ranges from 40:1 to 80:1 per pixel with a resolution of 20 km s−1 (FWHM). The heavy element systems that we have identified in the spectrum of this QSO are summarized in Table 1; we detect eleven heavy element systems including two damped Lyman α systems, one associated system (i.e., zabs ≈ z em), two Mg II systems, and six C IV systems. The results of a detailed analysis of the metal abundances and physical conditions in the two damped Lyα systems are found in Lu et al. (this meeting and 1995). The complex data set, reduction techniques, and results relevant to the remaining absorption line systems are found in Tripp et al. (1995).
Polyarticular arthritis, independent of rheumatoid factor, is associated with poor functional outcome in recent onset inflammatory synovitis

The biological, physical and functional status change was measured in 104 patients with recent (< 1 year) onset synovitis. Measurements were taken initially and at 1 year. The purpose was to determine which biological and physical measures correlated with poor performance. Patients completed questionnaires quantifying activity, (the Human Activity Profile [HAP] and Sickness Impact Profile [SIP]), pain (Wisconsin Brief Pain Inventory), fatigue (Multidimensional Assessment of Fatigue), sleep, and mood (POMS and CESD). They were evaluated for articular involvement (Ritchie Index) and biological markers of disease activity (platelets, sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein and rheumatoid factor) (RF). In all, 30 men and 74 women participated. A total of 45 patients met the American College of Rheumatology criteria for rheumatoid arthritis (RA); of these, 24 were rheumatoid factor (RF) positive, 18 had spondylitis, and 41 had unclassified arthritis. Low activity level at 1 year (HAP and SIP) correlated with high numbers of inflamed joints initially (p < 0.002); with more than 10 involved joints regardless of diagnostic group (p = 0.001); and joint symmetry (p < 0.009) A high platelet count was associated with low activity level at 1 year (p = 0.01); and high sedimentation rate was associated with more pain (p < 0.05). Low activity level (p < 0.04), fatigue (p = 0.03) and sleeplessness (p = 0.02) were correlated with RF+ RA.
What's new in plastic and maxillofacial surgery.

D D d c w g e o m d c l m t n s p t r d a S b r r i g i d o t i s v a m g estoration of form and function lie at the heart of the pecialty of plastic surgery. Derived from the Greek plasikos, the discipline has adapted to the changing facets of he surgical sciences. No longer is the focus of the speialty wound closure, but to improve the quality of life of ndividuals inflicted with defects caused by trauma, surery, or congenital etiologies. Plastic surgery has exended beyond our ability to transfer flaps and restore ontours. It is exploring and initiating creative innovaions to solve the current limitations that face our daily linical problems of tissue transfer. As in other dynamic pecialties, basic research provides a foundation for these reative innovations through investigation of craniofaial surgery, bone healing, fetal surgery, wound healing, imb transplantation, flap physiology, microsurgery, and erve and tissue engineering. One such forum for the issemination of such research information is the Plastic urgery Research Council. Sixteen individuals intersted in pursuing issues involving research in our speialty were invited to the first organizational meeting of his group, held in Baltimore in the fall of 1955. Fortyight years and more than 600 members later, this organzation continues to thrive and pursue the best in invesigational research for continued excellence in plastic urgery. The purpose of this article is to summarize the dvances in research recently presented at the Plastic urgery Research Council, a forum for the “best of the est” in our continued efforts to answer the questions nvolved in restoring form and function and improving ur patients’ quality of life.
Iron supplementation does not worsen respiratory health or alter the sputum microbiome in cystic fibrosis

Background Iron supplementation for hypoferremic anemia could potentiate bacterial growth in the cystic fibrosis (CF) lung, but clinical trials testing this hypothesis are lacking.
The role of large T antigen in simian virus 40-induced reactivation of silent rRNA genes in human-mouse hybrid cells.

Abstract In some hybrid cell lines between human and mouse cells the ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes of both species are present but only the rRNA of the dominant species is expressed. The silent rRNA genes can be reactivated if the hybrid cells are infected with simian virus 40 (SV40). The role of the SV40 early gene, the A gene, in the reactivation of the silent rRNA genes was investigated. A temperature-sensitive mutant of the SV40 early region, tsA58, could not reactivate the silent mouse rRNA genes at the nonpermissive temperature of 39° in human > mouse hybrids, although it could do so at 32°. Wild-type SV40 did induce the expression of mouse rRNA at both 32° and 39°. Adenovirus 2 (Ad2) could not reactivate the silent rRNA genes in these hybrid cells. Infection by either Ad2+D−1 or Ad2+D−2, hybrid adenoviruses which contain portions of the A region of the SV40 genome, led to expression of both species of 28 S rRNA. However, infection by the nondefective adenovirus Ad2+ND-1 (H71), which contains an incomplete SV40 A region, failed to reactivate silent rRNA genes. Hybrid cells infected with the small t deletion mutant of SV40, dl-2005, also showed reactivation. Finally, both human and mouse rRNA were found in SV40-transformed mouse-human hybrid cells and in polyoma virus-infected hybrids. These results indicated that SV40 reactivation of silent rRNA genes in human-mouse hybrids requires the major product of the A gene, the large T antigen.
Investigating the “Glass Ceiling” Phenomenon: An Empirical Study of Actual Promotions to Top Management

Although a “glass ceiling” is said to keep women from the top management levels of organizations, no research has investigated actual decisions about promotions to such positions. This study examin...
Convection and frictional heating in a cone and plate system

Abstract The temperature field resulting from the frictional heating of a fluid confined in the region between a cone and a plate, which are in relative steady rotation, is calculated for prescribed thermal boundary conditions. The convective heat-transfer problem pertaining to the three dimensional velocity field, characteristic of this geometry, is solved as an asymptotic expansion for small Reynolds number and small cone angle. Together with adaptations of previously published results for plane Couette flow of fluids with temperature-dependent transport properties, these solutions provide quantitative measures of the effects of conduction, convection, frictional heating, as well as the temperature sensitivity of the fluid transport properties.
A longitudinal study of resting energy expenditure in thermally injured patients.

Abstract : We have recently developed a new burn-specific equation that satisfactorily estimates initial caloric requirements for thermally injured patients. In the present study, we compared these estimates with resting energy expenditures (REE) (n = 141) measured weekly by indirect calorimetry in 20 patients between postburn days 3 and 348. In this group, mean initial burn size was 46.7% (range, 21-88) and mean age 31.3 years (range, 19-61). Serial measurements were continued until the burn wounds were closed or the patient was discharged. Multiple regression analysis indicated a relationship between REE, initial burn size, and postburn day in these patients (r = 0.65). This analysis indicated a general trend of decline in REE toward normal values 100 to 150 days postburn in patients with smaller burns (20%-40%) and roughly 250 days postinjury in those with larger burns (>75%). The initial predictive equation appeared adequate for estimating caloric needs during the first postburn month, but beyond 30 days postburn indirect calorimetric measurements became necessary for accurate estimation of caloric requirements.
Authority and Power in Bureaucratic and Patrimonial Administration: A Revisionist Interpretation of Weber on Bureaucracy

Weber's understanding of bureaucracy, despite substantial qualification and revision, remains the dominant paradigm for the study of administration and formal organizations. We continue the process of revision by accepting his ideal-typical concepts of bureaucratic and patrimonial administration, but subject them to theoretical and historical reinterpretation and application. Our reading of historical change as it relates to bureaucracy leads us to question Weber's interpretations. His conceptualization of bureaucracy in terms of rational-legal-authority and formal rationality fails to take account of the existence and use of power within and outside of organizations, and of the persistence of patrimonial features. The use of power produces conflict and pathologies. When these serve the legitimate values and interests of participants and actors in the organizational environment, they can have benign consequences. The persistence of patrimonial features, rather than signalling the survival of dysfunctional atavisms, can promote administrative effectiveness by mitigating conflict and promoting organizational loyalty, discipline, and efficiency.
Intraventricular haemorrhage due to ruptured posterior inferior cerebellar artery aneurysm in tuberculous meningitis

A 9-year-old Asian boy with known miliary tuberculosis, tuberculous meningitis and hydrocephalus was successfully treated with chemotherapy and ventriculoperitoneal shunting, but re-presented 7 months later with an intraventricular haemorrhage secondary to a ruptured left posterior inferior cerebellar artery mycotic aneurysm. The aneurysm was successfully treated by craniotomy and clipping. Tuberculous mycotic intracranial aneurysms are rare, but they should be considered in patients with tuberculous meningitis, particularly when there is a rapid neurological deterioration which may represent rupture.
''Japan and Korea for Christ and His Church'': The Unexpected Success and Demise of the Yotsuya/ William D. Cunningham Mission, a Mission of the Stone-Campbell Movement

The Yotsuya/William D. Cunningham Mission operated from 1901 to 1953 in Japan and Korea as a mission of the Independent Christian Church, a stream of the Stone-Campbell Movement, a Protestant reform movement that originated in the United States and known during its earlier years for its eschewal of denominationalism and emphasis on a return to biblical Christianity. The founders of the Mission, William D. Cunningham and his spouse Emily Boyd, sought to develop the Mission mainly as a Japan-based endeavor, with Korea as a subsidiary. But as the Mission developed, the Cunninghams unexpectedly discovered that they were more successful in Korean than in Japan, causing them to reorient their mission policy to cater more to Koreans. For a time, the Yotsuya/Cunningham Mission thrived, becoming the most successful mission of the Independent Christians in Japan. Following the death of Williams, however, the Mission fell on hard times and eventually folded, as it found itself embroiled in internal rivalries and unable to recover from the difficulties it experienced in the final years of Japanese rule in Korea, owing mainly to its refusal to embrace State Shintoism.
Determining the optimal vaccine vial size in developing countries: a Monte Carlo simulation approach

Outreach immunization services, in which health workers immunize children in their own communities, are indispensable to improve vaccine coverage in rural areas of developing countries. One of the challenges faced by these services is how to reduce high levels of vaccine wastage. In particular, the open vial wastage (OVW) that result from the vaccine doses remaining in a vial after a time for safe use -since opening the vial- has elapsed. This wastage is highly dependent on the choice of vial size and the expected number of participants for which the outreach session is planned (i.e., session size). The use single-dose vials results in zero OVW, but it increases the vaccine purchase, transportation, and holding costs per dose as compared to those resulting from using larger vial sizes. The OVW also decreases when more people are immunized in a session. However, controlling the actual number of people that show to an outreach session in rural areas of developing countries highly depends on factors that are out of control of the immunization planners. This paper integrates a binary integer-programming model to a Monte Carlo simulation method to determine the choice of vial size and the optimal reordering point level to implement an (nQ, r, T) lot-sizing policy that provides the best tradeoff between procurement costs and wastage.
Diver-operated instrument for in situ measurement of spectral fluorescence and reflectance of benthic marine organisms and substrates

A self-contained diver-operated underwater instrument is de- veloped to make in situ measurements of spectral fluorescence and re- flectance of benthic marine organisms and substrates. The instrument, designated the benthic spectrofluorometer (BSF), is built around a single-board spectrometer with a 1024-element CCD array. Light input to the spectrometer is via a fiber optic cable. In fluorescence mode, the unit provides manual user-selectable excitation wavelength and measures fluorescence emission over the full visible spectrum. The BSF can also measure the spectrum of downwelling ambient light or of light reflected from surfaces of interest, enabling calculation of spectral reflectance. The instrument has been used successfully at several field locations, primarily for investigation of optical properties of coral reef organisms and in collecting baseline data in support of remote sensing systems. The instrument is described and representative data are presented. © 1997 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers. (S0091-3286(97)03109-7)
Fabrication of nanoelectromechanical systems in single crystal silicon using silicon on insulator substrates and electron beam lithography

We have demonstrated a process for fabricating nanometer-scale electromechanical structures of diverse geometries in single crystal silicon, using silicon on insulator substrates. We pattern the substrate using high resolution electron beam lithography with 100 keV electrons followed by Al evaporation and liftoff. The Al is used as an etch mask in CF4 reactive ion etching to pattern the top silicon layer. We then undercut structures using a buffered oxide etch. The structures were made from substrates having a top silicon thickness of 200 or 50 nm, and a buried oxide thickness of 400 nm. With this process we have made a variety of movable structures. We describe the performance of an electrostatically driven Fabry–Perot interferometer that consists of a μm sized pad suspended by wires that are 100–200 nm wide. We have also made much smaller mechanical structures such as suspended silicon beams as narrow as 30 nm.
Chronic neonatal isolation stress enhances cocaine-induced increases in ventral striatal dopamine levels in rat pups.

Cocaine-induced increases in ventral striatal dopamine levels are enhanced in adult rats previously exposed to chronic stress. In neonatal rats, isolation from dam, nest, and siblings is stressful as evidenced by elevated corticosterone levels, an effect that increases with chronic isolation. Whether chronic neonatal isolation cross-sensitizes to cocaine leading to greater increases in ventral striatal dopamine levels was assessed in this study. Litters were assigned to isolate or non-handled conditions. After culling on postnatal Day 1 (PN1), pups in the neonatal isolation condition were isolated individually for 1 h/day on PN days 2-9 while pups in the non-handled condition were left undisturbed. On PN10, pups were implanted with probes aimed at the ventral striatum. Baseline measures of dopamine and its metabolite, DOPAC, were obtained. Separate groups of male and female pups were then administered 0, 2.5, 5.0, or 10 mg/kg cocaine and samples were collected for 2-h. Isolate pups showed greater cocaine-induced increases in ventral striatal dopamine levels than non-handled pups. However, DOPAC levels did not differ by isolation condition or gender. Neonatal isolation-induced increases in the effects of cocaine on ventral striatal dopamine levels are consistent with our previous study using amphetamine in 10-day-old pups and show that chronic stress sensitizes the dopamine response to psychostimulants in infant rats.
Detection of femtomole quantities of proteases by high-performance liquid chromatography

Small amounts (femtomoles) of proteases, as might be present in cell extracts or secretions, were detected using reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Carboxymethylated lysozyme and cytochrome c were incubated with trypsin and chymotrypsin. Peptide peaks were present in the column elution profiles (as detected by absorbance, 206 nm) from incubations with as little as 0.1 fmol of chymotrypsin and 5 fmol of trypsin. In addition, the disappearance of the substrate peak or the increase in peptide peaks could be quantitated by integrating the areas under the peaks. In this way estimates of relative enzyme concentrations or duration of incubation can be determined. However, when [14C]lysozyme was used as a substrate and the radioactivity of collected peaks was measured, the assay was less sensitive than that using uv absorbance. This finding probably is related to the selective radiolabeling of the substrate, in contrast to uv detection, which should detect all the peptides. The technique reported in this paper should prove to be a sensitive indicator of proteolytic activity in cell or tissue preparations where the use of synthetic ester or amide substrates might lead to erroneous conclusions regarding the nature of the enzymatic activity present. Furthermore, by the collection of the peptides generated, one would have the ability to determine amino acid compositions or sequences and thus ascertain the specificity of enzymatic cleavage.
Uptake of fructose by the cyanobacterium nostoc sp atcc 29150

Abstract Fructose uptake was studied in the facultatively heterotrophic, dinitrogen-fixing cyanobacterium Nostoc sp. ATCC 29150. A fructose uptake system showing a Km of 1.4 mM was evident in fructose-grown cells. It was induced by fructose even in the light and was more active when assayed in the light than in the dark. In addition, a low-affinity process of fructose uptake showing a Km of about 100 mM was observed in both photoautotrophically and chemoheterotrophically grown cells.
Balloon dilatation for bronchial stenosis after left upper lobectomy and wedge resection of the main bronchus, a case report

症例は68歳, 男性.左B4原発扁平上皮癌にて左上葉楔状切除術を施行した.術後放射線照射 (総線量50Gy) を受け, その2ヵ月後放射線肺炎を発症した.術後1年3ヵ月目に労作時呼吸困難感増強のため気管支鏡検査を施行したところ, 左下幹入口部はpin-hole状に狭窄していた.癌再発に原因するものではなく, 左上葉楔状切除術後の変形による狭窄と考えられた.本例に対し, バルーンによる狭窄部の拡張を行った.拡張術後, 労作時呼吸困難感は消失し, 肺機能は改善した.拡張術後1年2ヵ月経過した現在, 同部の気管支の再狭窄はなくQOLの改善が得られている.本法は簡便な治療法であり, 肺葉切除術後の気管支狭窄に対しても, まず第一に考慮すべき手技と考えられた.
STRUCTURAL BASIS OF GERIATRIC VOIDING DYSFUNCTION. VI. VALIDATION AND UPDATE OF DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA IN 71 DETRUSOR BIOPSIES

AbstractPurpose: Refined criteria of distinctive patterns of detrusor ultrastructure in geriatric voiding dysfunctions have been developed as standard protocols for pathological evaluation of detrusor biopsies. This study was performed to test completeness and routine applicability of these protocols, corroborate our original ultrastructural/urodynamic correlations in larger material and identify subtle correlations that may have been elusive in our original study of 35 cases.Materials and Methods: A total of 71 endoscopic detrusor biopsies was obtained from 44 elderly subjects grouped following comprehensive clinical and urodynamic evaluation into those with normal aging bladder, detrusor overactivity, impaired detrusor contractility, bladder outlet obstruction or a combination. Biopsies were evaluated ultrastructurally and randomly, and blinded to clinical information. Using standard protocols the primary ultrastructural pattern(s) was identified, additional auxiliary features were recorded and patholog...
Isotocinergic neurons in the goldfish hypothalamus: physiological and morphological studies on chemically identified cells.

Isotocinergic (IT) neurons show physiological and morphological characteristics that are similar to those of other preoptic neuroendocrine cells in the goldfish. Preoptic IT cells show resting membrane potentials of 20–55 mV, action potentials of up to 100mV, and physiological evidence of axonal branching. Dye-marked IT cells measure 14–56 μm, their dendrites projecting to the ependyma and into the hypothalamic neuropil, their multiple beaded axons projecting to the pituitary. Indirect immunofluorescence identifies these dyemarked cells as IT. By combining electrophysiological, dye-marking and immunocytochemical techniques we can now, for the first time, study single, antidromically-identified peptidergic neurons of a specific type in vertebrate and invertebrate species.
Circulation and acquisitions: Northwestern’s experience with automation

Abstract Every librarian faced with implementation of a computer program for some of his or her work wonders what long range effects may or may not result. The author discusses the effect of the installation of an automated on-line circulation system at North-western University Library on the department 's collection management activities and on the department's interface with those concerned with acquiring materials for the circulating collections.
Hurricane Georges and vegetation change in Puerto Rico using AVHRR satellite data

This study assesses natural disturbances at Puerto Rico resulting from hurricane Georges in September 1998. The study was done using data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) 14 satellite. Specifically, the Luquillo Experimental Forest, the Guanica Dry Forest and five cities were examined using AVHRR data. It was found that although there is probably no significant relationship between Georges and the before/after temperature data, there is a statistically significant relationship between distance to the location affected by the hurricane and the extent of changes in NDVI, a fact that suggests that it is possible to measure hurricane impacts on vegetation by using AVHRR data.
social change and the rise and decline of social movements: the case of Cyprus1

A social movement is an integral part of the total sociocultural environment. Any major transformation of the latter will most probably have a corresponding impact on the former. This proposition is examined through a detailed analysis of the anticolonialist movement of the Greek Cypriots to unite Cyprus with Greece (known as the Enosis movement). It is concluded that a traditionally rooted movement like Enosis cannot maintain its mass appeal if its ideological content remains intransigent and inflexible in its devotion to traditional norms at a time when the underlying sociocultural environment undergoes profound secularizing and modernizing changes.
A Fast Fully 4-D Incremental Gradient Reconstruction Algorithm for List Mode PET Data

We describe a fast and globally convergent fully four-dimensional incremental gradient (4DIG) algorithm to estimate the continuous-time tracer density from list mode positron emission tomography (PET) data. Detection of 511-keV photon pairs produced by positron-electron annihilation is modeled as an inhomogeneous Poisson process whose rate function is parameterized using cubic B-splines. The rate functions are estimated by minimizing the cost function formed by the sum of the negative log-likelihood of arrival times, spatial and temporal roughness penalties, and a negativity penalty. We first derive a computable bound for the norm of the optimal temporal basis function coefficients. Based on this bound we then construct and prove convergence of an incremental gradient algorithm. Fully 4-D simulations demonstrate the substantially faster convergence behavior of the 4DIG algorithm relative to preconditioned conjugate gradient. Four-dimensional reconstructions of real data are also included to illustrate the performance of this method