cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A methodology for the rapid injection of transient hardware errors

Ultra-dependable computing demands verification of fault-tolerant mechanisms in the hardware. The most popular class of verification methodologies, fault-injection, is fraught with a host of limitations. Methods which are rapid enough to be feasible are not based on actual hardware faults. On the other hand, methods which are based on gate-level faults require enormous time resources. This research tries to bridge that gap by developing a new fault-injection methodology for processors based on a register-transfer-language (RTL) fault model. The fault model is developed by abstracting the effects of low-level faults to the RTL level. This process attempts to be independent of implementation details without sacrificing coverage, the proportion of errors generated by gate-level faults that are successfully reproduced by the RTL fault model. A prototype tool, ASPHALT, is described which automates the process of generating the error patterns. The IBM RISC-Oriented Micro-Processor (ROMP) is used as a basis for experimentation. Over 1.5 million transient faults are injected using a gate-level model. Over 97% of these are reproduced with the RTL model at a speedup factor of over 500:1. These results show that the RTL fault model may be used to greatly accelerate fault-injection experiments without sacrificing accuracy.
/ STRATEGIZING, ECONOMIZING, AND ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION

best strategy. That is not to say that strategizing efforts to deter or defeat rivals with clever ploys and positioning are unimportant. In the long run, however, the best strategy is to organize arid operate efficiently. Business strategy is a complex subject. It not only spans the functional areas in businessmarketing, finance, manufacturing, international business, etc.-but it is genuinely interdisciplinary-involving. as it does, economics, politics, organization theory, and aspects of the law. Business strategy has become increasingly important with the growth of the multinational enterprise and of international trade and competition. Although several different approaches to the substantive aspects of business strategy can be distinguished, the main contestants cluster under two general headings: strategizing and economizing. The first of these appeals to a power perspective; the second is principally concerned with efficiency. Both of these orientations are pertinent to the study .of business strategy, but power approaches have played a role in the recent business strategy literature that belies its relative importance. Partly that may be because the analysis of efficiency is believed to have reached such an advanced state of development that further work of this kind is not needed. Economizing is important, but we know all about that. What we don’t understand, and need to study, goes the argument, is strategizing. Not only is strategizing where many of the novel practices and new issues are said to reside, but the pressing realities of foreign competition are first and foremost of a strategizing kind. I take exception with arguments of both kinds. Thus, although it is true that efficiency analysis of the firm-as-production function genre has reached a high state of refinement, that does not exhaust all that is relevant to the assessment of efficiency. Efficiency analysis properly encompasses governance costs as well as production costs, and the analysis of comparative economic organization (governance) is still in
Dynamic feelings about metaphors for genes: Implications for research and genetic policy

People respond to metaphors as much with regard to the emotions that they generate as to their referential, comparative contents. Interviews with non-geneticists about preferred metaphors for gene-environment interaction that illustrate this tendency are reported. These interviews also reveal the dynamic tendency of such emotional responses. A second set of interviews shows that lay people may preferentially use a metaphor of "virus" or "disease" for talking about genes, as opposed to the coding metaphors transmitted through the mass media and reportedly preferred by geneticists. An explanation based on the differently situated emotions of these groups is proposed. It is proposed that the prominence of emotions in responding to genetics indicates the importance of incorporating analyses of emotions instead of simple principles into policy formulation about genetics.
Effects of differentiation and transforming growth factor β1 on PTH/PTHrP receptor mRNA levels in MC3T3‐E1 cells

TGF beta has opposing effects on osteoblasts which are thought to be differentiation stage dependent; however, little is known concerning the effects of TGF beta on osteoblastic characteristics at different stages of maturation. The purpose of this study was to characterize the pattern of mRNA expression for the PTH/PTHrP receptor during normal osteoblastic differentiation in vitro, and evaluate the effects of TGF beta 1 on PTH/PTHrP receptor and osteocalcin (OCN) steady-state mRNA at different stages of osteoblastic differentiation. MC3T3-E1 preosteoblasts were plated at low density and induced to differentiate with ascorbic acid and beta-glycerophosphate. The first group served as a vehicle control and the remaining five groups received a single 48 h TGF beta 1 (3.0 ng/ml)-pulse staggered on a weekly basis for 30 days. Cell cultures were harvested weekly and evaluated for: steady-state PTH/PTHrP receptor and OCN mRNA levels via northern analysis, calcium and phosphorous levels, bone nodules via Von Kossa staining, alkaline phosphatase enzyme levels, and hydroxyproline levels. Group 1 (control) samples followed a normal pattern of proliferation, extracellular matrix deposition, and mineralization. PTH/PTHrP receptor and OCN mRNA expression increased 8-fold and 10-fold respectively, over the collection periods. When TGF beta 1 was administered during the first 48 h period (group 2) while cells were rapidly proliferating, there was a persistent inhibition of PTH/PTHrP receptor expression and a striking reduction in OCN mRNA expression at all time points. There was also a down-regulation of PTH/PTHrP receptor and OCN expression when TGF beta 1 was administered later during osteoblast differentiation (groups 3-6); however, these effects were not persistent. In addition there was a total lack of bone nodule formation in group two cultures, whereas groups 3-6 had increasing bone nodule formation because the TGF beta 1 was administered later in the culture period. These studies indicate that expression of the PTH/PTHrP receptor increases with osteoblastic differentiation and suggest that TGF beta 1 inhibits osteoblastic maturation with more persistent effects found in less differentiated osteoblastic cells.
Death Penalty Mitigation

Abstract Recent literature suggests that the preparation of students for changing practice environments requires the establishment of non-traditional field placement opportunities through creative university-agency partnerships. This article describes a field education/capital mitigation project developed by a school of social work and the state death penalty resource center. The project provides an example of a unique, collaborative educational effort; it reflects the increasing recognition by the courts of the contribution of social work to the understanding of human behavior; and it illustrates the role of the profession in the expanding field of forensic social work.
Novel pathway of toluene catabolism in the trichloroethylene-degrading bacterium g4.

o-Cresol and 3-methylcatechol were identified as successive transitory intermediates of toluene catabolism by the trichloroethylene-degrading bacterium G4. The absence of a toluene dihydrodiol intermediate or toluene dioxygenase and toluene dihydrodiol dehydrogenase activities suggested that G4 catabolizes toluene by a unique pathway. Formation of a hybrid species of 18O- and 16O-labeled 3-methylcatechol from toluene in an atmosphere of 18O2 and 16O2 established that G4 catabolizes toluene by successive monooxygenations at the ortho and meta positions. Detection of trace amounts of 4-methylcatechol from toluene catabolism suggested that the initial hydroxylation of toluene was not exclusively at the ortho position. Further catabolism of 3-methylcatechol was found to proceed via catechol-2,3-dioxygenase and hydroxymuconic semialdehyde hydrolase activities.
Multiphysics modeling of VLF - HF propagation in the Earth-ionosphere system for communications, surveillance, and navigation

This paper describes multi-physics simulators that are being generated from global / local finite-difference-time (FDTD) domain Maxwell's equations models of the Earth-ionosphere system coupled with the Naval Research Lab's SAMI3 and Air Force Research Lab's PBMOD. Essentially, SAMI3 or PBMOD are used to solve for the structure of the ionosphere, and FDTD is employed to solve for the electromagnetic propagation through that structured ionosphere.
Shock-associated noise in supersonic jets

This paper examines the fundamental mechanism of broadband shock noise in an improperly expanded supersonic jet. The study includes circular convergent and convergent-divergent nozzles. The main source of shock noise is determined to be the transient interaction between the shock front and the convected vorticity within the jet plume. The discussion of the noise generation mechanism is based on detailed numerical analysis, theoretical modeling, refined measurements of the jet mean flow, shock-cell structure, turbulence, and noise. Results in this study provide a broad-based generalization for the Harper-Bourne and Fisher analysis and prediction method.
A new approach to the analysis of random errors in aperture antennas

A closed form vector expression has been derived for the mean power pattern radiated from an aperture with random perturbations. The expression is in terms of the Fourier transforms of three unrestricted functions: 1) the vector electric field of the unperturbed aperture, 2) the scattering dyadic of one of N defects, and 3) the probability density function of the position of a defect. These functions can be represented by measurement data as well as by simple analytical functions. In particular, the scattering matrix of an actual physical defect can be measured and used in the model. The derivation was made possible by the fact that the aperture mean and correlation functions take the form of convolution integrals.
Key Decisions of a First-year ‘Turnaround’ Principal:

This article examines the decisions made by one principal in her first year as a school turnaround specialist in a low-performing urban elementary school. Researchers focused on decisions related to the principal’s three high-priority concerns: (1) elimination of an ineffective instructional program; (2) creation of a culture of teacher accountability; and (3) development of an effective reading program. Forty-nine decisions were identified and organized into five categories—performance, policy, program, process, and personnel decisions. The study concludes with a discussion of what principals need to know in order to make the kinds of decisions required of a ‘turnaround’ principal.
Effect of 2 Psychotherapies on Depression and Disease Activity in Pediatric Crohn's Disease

Background: Crohn’s disease (CD) is associated with depression. It is unclear if psychosocial interventions offer benefit for depressive symptoms during active CD. In this secondary analysis of a larger study of treating depression in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease, we assessed whether cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) would differentiate from supportive nondirective therapy in treating depression and disease activity in youth with CD. We also explored whether somatic depressive symptoms showed a different pattern of response in the overall sample and the subset with active inflammatory bowel disease. Methods: Youth with depression and CD (n ¼ 161) were randomized to 3 months of CBT (teaching coping skills) or supportive nondirective therapy (supportive listening). Depressive severity was measured using the Children’s Depression Rating Scale-Revised (CDRS-R) with the somatic depressive subtype consisting of those CDRS-R items, which significantly correlated with CD activity. Disease activity was measured by the Pediatric Crohn’ sd isease Activity Index. Given the potential confound of higher dose steroids, subanalyses excluded subjects on .20 mg/d prednisone equivalent (n ¼ 34). Results: Total CDRS-R scores in the overall sample significantly decreased over time after both treatments (P , 0.0001). Treatment with CBT was associated with a significantly greater improvement in the Pediatric Crohn’s disease Activity Index (P ¼ 0.05) and somatic depressive subtype (P ¼ 0.03) in those with active inflammatory bowel disease (n ¼ 95) compared with supportive nondirective therapy. After excluding those on steroids (n ¼ 34), there was a significant improvement in total CDRS-R (P ¼ 0.03) and in Pediatric Crohn’s disease Activity Index (P ¼ 0.03) after CBT. Conclusions: Psychotherapy may be a useful adjunct to treat depression in the context of CD-related inflammation in youth who are not concurrently on higher dose steroids. (Inflamm Bowel Dis 2015;21:1321–1328)
Salesforce Performance and Satisfaction as a Function of Individual Difference, Interpersonal, and Situational Factors

The author presents a model designed to explain the performance, job satisfaction, and other behavioral outcomes experienced by salespeople. By building on the model of man proposed by Lewin and mo...
Aromatic Mercury Clusters in Ancient Amalgams

nonuniform strain during delithiation produces a new-class of cathode materials, which are extremely tolerant to electrochemical cycling. Note that the lattice constant c of the ZrO2coated LiCoO2 exhibits negligible shift in the range 0< x< 0.7, which indicates that the original hexagonal symmetry is unaffected by delithiation. A sol ± gel coating of ZrO2, which has the highest fracture toughness, leads to the formation of a fracture-toughened thin-film solid solution (tens of nm thick) near the particle surface. This film significantly improves the structural stability of the cathode material by suppressing c-axis expansion (or phase transition), thereby preventing capacity fading during electrochemical cycling. In conclusion, the encapsulation of LiCoO2 powders by thin-film coating of high-fracture-toughness oxides effectively suppresses the lattice-constant changes during electrochemical cycling and thereby suppresses phase transitions. The order of capacity retention correlates well with the fracture toughness of the coated thin-film oxides. This innovative technology can be applied to any cathode material that has an accompanying lattice strain (or phase transition) during cycling. The commercial potential of a rechargeable Li-ion battery is enormous.
Approaches for the design and evaluation of HIV-1 DNA vaccines.

Although it is not clear what arm of the immune response correlates with protection from HIV-1 infection or disease, a robust broad cellular and humoral immune response will likely be needed to control this infection. Accordingly, it is crucial to characterize which HIV-1 gene products are potential targets to elicit these responses. DNA vaccination has been shown to be effective for induction of both humoral and cellular immune responses in animal models. Most DNA vaccine strategies studied to date have been based on targeting structural HIV-1 proteins, but others have focused on the regulatory/accessory HIV-1 proteins as an approach to induce immune responses able to recognize early infected cells. It has also become clear that HIV-DNA vaccine efficacy in humans requires improvement. Combinations of HIV-1 genes, improvement of the DNA vector itself, or addition of genetic adjuvants (cytokines or costimulatory molecules) as part of the DNA vaccine itself, have been evaluated by several groups as approach...
The customer knows best: the opposite of the banking concept in the case of the United Arab Emirates

The purpose of this chapter is to discuss how the pedagogy of Paulo Freire has been successfully combined with transformational leadership training techniques in the development and delivery of a peer leadership programme for young people in Pakistan. It will explore how a group of University of Central Lancashire Community Leadership students from the Pakistani diaspora in Burnley, East Lancashire, UK, collaborated with students from the California Association of Student councilsCouncils, Stanford University, and students from the University of Gujrat, Pakistan, to develop a peer peer-centred approach to developing leadership skills, with a strong focus on the concept of action/reflection praxis. Their objective was to develop, in the words of the late Michael Elliott, “a tool kit for change” (Elliott, 2011) that can be used by young people and communities. The outcome of the process was not only a ‘tool kit’ for developing leadership skills, it also opened up the significant possibilities and benefits from mobilising Pakistani undergraduates in Freire Freire-influenced social action. Pakistan is in a unique position in terms of a youth dividend. In 2004, the youth
A NEW SPECIES OF ANSONIA STOLICZKA, 1870 (ANURA: BUFONIDAE) FROM A LOWLAND RAINFOREST IN SOUTHERN PENINSULAR MALAYSIA

A new, lowland species of Ansonia is described from the Endau-Rompin National Park in southern peninsular Malaysia based on having a unique eye color and dual vocal slits, as well as a unique combination of head, body, digit, and color pattern characteristics. This new species is the southernmost member of the genus in continental Asia and emphasizes the importance for additional field work in southern Malaysia.
Abstract W P151: Aging is Associated With Progressive Insufficiency of Circle of Willis Collaterals in Humans

Introduction: Increasing age is the single largest non-modifiable risk factor for ischemic stroke. Recent studies have shown that increasing age is associated with inadequacy of leptomeningeal collaterals, and aging has been shown to cause a progressive decline in the number and diameter of collateral vessels in experimental mice, resulting in an increased collateral resistance and an enhanced stroke severity. Hypothesis: Aging leads to progressive loss of Circle of Willis collateral vessels in humans. Method: We studied a retrospective, consecutive series of 167 women and 112 men undergoing cerebral angiography for any reason. A blinded investigator scored the Circle of Willis collaterals for each angiogram using a scoring system of 0 - 2 for each collateral (0 = absent, 1 = hypo-plastic, 2 = robust) for a total score of 0 - 14. Collaterals scored included the bilateral A1 segments of the anterior cerebral arteries, bilateral P1 segments of the posterior cerebral arteries, bilateral posterior communicati...
STREPTOCOCCUS VIRIDANS OSTEOMYELITIS

1. The etiology of osteitis that is characterized by a fibroblast and giant-cell proliferation with bone destruction and new bone formation has been discussed. 2. A case was reported in which a strain of green-producing streptococcus grew in cultures of a lesion in the neck of the astragalus, which presented a microscopic picture similar to that of localized osteitis fibrosa without cyst formation. Clinically and bacteriologically it was a lowgrade pyogenic infection and has been classed as streptococcus viridans osteomyelitis. 3. A second case, which was clinically and pathologically similar to the first, except for bone proliferation, but in which the cultures were negative, was also reported. 4. That trauma may be a factor in localizing the infection is again suggested by these cases, but the opinion is expressed that reaction to trauma and hemorrhage could not alone account for the cortical absorption and the extensive new bone formation noted in Case 2.
Contributions to Physiology of Insects.

One who attempts at this time and place to evaluate America's contribution to our knowledge of the biochemistry and biophysics involved in insect dynamics is embarrassed by the fact that part of the 1926 and all of the 1927 symposia of the Society were devoted to similar discussions. The recent excellent summary on insect nutrition and metabolism by B. P. Uvarov also limits the desirability of references to specific papers. The greatest embarrassment comes from the vastness of the suggested subject. Under these circumstances it seems desirable to attempt merely a brief discussion of the place which physiology holds in American entomology. It may be said parenthetically that the physiology here discussed is not that based on guessed analogies or even on attempted homologies with functions in other phyla, which is the greatest source of inaccuracies in our assumed knowledge of insect dynamics. To the insect physiologist, an insect is something that happens, not merely an interesting bit of architecture on a pin.
Optimizing Cognitive Abilities for Individuals with Chemotherapy-Related Cognitive Impairments: A Quality Improvement Study

Date Presented 4/16/2015 This 12-mo prospective quality improvement study explored the efficacy of early occupational therapy and cognitive intervention for hematology patients with chemotherapy-related cognitive impairments undergoing an autologous stem cell transplant.
CLS to higher education administrator: the right navigational skills.

OBJECTIVES: To identify the experiences, training, and opportunities that directed and influenced the career paths of women clinical laboratory scientists that transitioned to higher education administrators. METHODS: A multi-site case study design was selected for this qualitative research involving a purposive sample of eight research participants. Data collection was guided by ten open-ended questions in seven face-to-face and one telephone semi-formal interviews. SETTINGS AND PARTICIPANTS: The purposive sample included women clinical laboratory scientists who held a current higher education administrative position at the dean9s level, including associate and assistant dean positions, in a university setting. The participants were located in eight higher education institutions in Nebraska, Illinois, Ohio, Tennessee, Missouri, and Texas. MAIN OUTCOMES MEASURES: Leadership skills/characteristics, professional development opportunities, mentoring experiences, opportunities for advancement. RESULTS: Possessing a doctoral degree, demonstrating competence and strong leadership skills, having a good role model and/or mentor, displaying the ability to see the big picture, and possessing exemplary communication skills were identified by this group of women as necessary requirements for obtaining and maintaining a position as a higher education administrator. CONCLUSION: The participants in this study confirmed that by possessing a terminal degree and a defined skill set, they were able to obtain a higher education administrator position.
The evolution of single lung transplantation for emphysema

Classic transplantation dogma mandated bilateral lung replacement for lung transplant candidates with end-stage emphysema to avoid air trapping in the native lung and subsequent crowding of the newly transplanted lung. During a recent 12-month period 11 patients with emphysema received a single lung transplant. There was no hospital mortality and only one patient had any notable degree of air trapping in the native lung. Substantial improvement in pulmonary function was seen as early as 2 weeks after transplantation, with significant functional improvement seen by 6 weeks, despite some residual ventilation-perfusion mismatch. We have demonstrated the utility and safety of single lung transplantation for patients with end-stage emphysema, and it is our operation of choice in recipients more than 50 years of age.
Increasing Student Self-Efficacy and Engagement Using Journals, Especially in the Flipped Classroom

Increasing student self-efficacy and engagement using journals, especially in the flipped classroomOur goal is to increase student self-efficacy and engagement by using journals, e.g., Blackboard Journals. We focus on the flipped classroom, which naturally fosters student engagement. We use journals to further enhance this level of engagement with prompts for students to reflect on their role in the learning process.We present student journal entries that exhibit increased self-efficacy. We also present journal prompts that encourage active learning. For example, one such prompt is, A¢â¬AChoose a video [assigned for homework] that was the least helpful, and find another video on the same topic that improves your understanding.A¢â¬Â Another prompt is, A¢â¬AWhat did you do to prepare for the first exam, and what will you do the same/differently to prepare for the second exam?A¢â¬ÂWe encourage our fellow educators to consider incorporating journals in a flipped classroom. Moreover, we suggest that reflective journaling can be useful in a traditional classroom.
Athletic Trainer Services in US Private Secondary Schools

Context: Availability of athletic trainer (AT) services in US secondary schools has recently been reported to be as high as 70%, but this only describes the public sector. The extent of AT coverage...
Survivin Is Highly Expressed in AML Stem Cells and Predicts Poor Clinical Outcome

Abstract 238 Survivin, a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) protein family, plays important roles in cell proliferation and survival and is highly expressed in various malignant cells, including leukemic cells. We showed previously that targeting survivin expression in AML cells induces a cell proliferation defect and subsequent cell death involving the mitochondrial pathway. To assess its usefulness as a prognostic marker in AML, we profiled survivin expression in samples from 511 newly diagnosed AML patients using a validated reverse-phase protein array and correlated its protein expression levels with clinical outcomes. We found that survivin levels were higher in the bone marrow (BM) than in peripheral blood (PB) leukemic cells in 140-paired samples ( p = 0.0001) consistent with its function in cell proliferation. Survivin levels did not correlate with cytogenetic groups, the mutational status of nucleophosmin or FLT-3, BM or PB blast counts, white blood count, or patient performance status. Interestingly, survivin levels were found to significantly predict shorter overall ( P = 0.016) and event-free ( P = 0.023) survival in multivariate Cox model analysis. Age, gender, white blast count, BM blasts, cytogenetics, and survivin levels were included in the final model. The groups expressing low and high survivin were defined by the median value. This was also true when data sets from BM and PB were analyzed separately. Further, we found that survivin levels were significantly higher in CD34+38− AML stem/progenitor cells than in bulk AML blasts and total CD34+ cells (2.06 and 1.91 fold, respectively, P < 0.001) when we analyzed survivin expression in 37 samples of isolated CD34+38− AML cells (see Figure). ![Figure][1] These results suggest that survivin expression levels are prognostic in AML and that survivin is overexpressed in AML stem/progenitor cells, may play an important role in AML stem cells, and may thus be an important target in AML therapy. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare. [1]: pending:yes
Case Study: Implementing an Open-Source and In-House Developed PREMIS Events and Agents System

One approach for implementing digital preservation metadata involves building the service alongside an existing platform. This provides a modular design option supplementing existing infrastructure with additional preservation functionality. By loosely coupling a PREMIS implementation to the primary repository, each system is able to change over time independently of the other as long as they maintain the linkage between the systems, often times by using unique identifiers. Implementing PREMIS services may be approached in this manner and can supplement existing infrastructure where preservation metadata is either not adequately documented, or where local requirements surpass what is present in available repository infrastructure. This article illustrates this approach with a case study on implementing PREMIS for the particular purpose of managing preservation events.
Probing Estradiol Effects on Super-Relaxed Myosin in Muscle Fibers with Fluorescence

Muscle myosins use the energy from ATP hydrolysis to perform mechanical work during muscle contraction. Recent work suggests that the interactions between the catalytic and light-chain-binding domains of myosin, the S2 coiled-coil fragment, and the thick-filament backbone, stabilize an auto-inhibited structural state of myosin, termed the super-relaxed state (SRX), with slowed ATP turnover kinetics. The super-relaxed state is hypothesized to play an important role in regulating contractility and thermogenesis in skeletal, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle. We are using quantitative confocal microscopy of fluorescent ATP turnover in skinned skeletal and cardiac muscle fibers to measure the mole fraction of myosin molecules in the super-relaxed state, over a range of perturbations including animal age, sex, and hormonal state, post-translational modification of sarcomeric regulatory proteins, and small molecule modulators. From this work, we are mapping the determinants and regulatory correlates that control partitioning of myosin molecules into this important, poorly understood biophysical state. This work is supported by grants NIH R01AR032961-33 and T32AR007612-15 (to DDT).
Women and Addiction

Gender-related alcohol and drug abuse problems are related not only to biological differences, but also to social and environmental factors, which can influence the clinical presentation, consequences of use, and treatment approaches. Women are becoming the fastest-growing population of substance abusers in the United States. Given that women experience a more rapid progression of their addiction than men, it is important that we understand and address the differences to help develop prevention and treatment programs that are tailored for women, incorporating trauma assessment and management, identification and intervention for medical and psychiatric comorbidities, financial independence, pregnancy, and child care.
An advanced evaluation of the mechanistic scale-up methodology of gas–solid spouted beds using radioactive particle tracking

Abstract We implemented for the first time our radioactive particle tracking as an advanced noninvasive technique to further evaluate and validate our newly developed mechanistic scale-up methodology based on matching the radial profile of the gas holdup. Two spouted beds with diameters of 0.076 and 0.152 m were used. Three sets of conditions were implemented; i.e., conditions of the reference case, conditions that provided a gas-holdup radial profile similar to that of the reference case, and conditions that provided a gas-holdup radial profile dissimilar to that of the reference case. The results confirm the validation of the scale-up methodology in terms of obtaining closer dimensionless values and radial profiles of components of the particle velocity, normal stress, shear stress, and turbulent kinetic energy. The results further advance the understanding of gas–solids spouted beds, provide deeper insight into the solids dynamics of the beds and present important benchmarking data for validating computational fluid dynamics codes and models.
Tunable Multiscale Nanoparticle Ordering by Polymer Crystallization.

While ∼75% of commercially utilized polymers are semicrystalline, the generally low mechanical modulus of these materials, especially for those possessing a glass transition temperature below room temperature, restricts their use for structural applications. Our focus in this paper is to address this deficiency through the controlled, multiscale assembly of nanoparticles (NPs), in particular by leveraging the kinetics of polymer crystallization. This process yields a multiscale NP structure that is templated by the lamellar semicrystalline polymer morphology and spans NPs engulfed by the growing crystals, NPs ordered into layers in the interlamellar zone [spacing of O (10–100 nm)], and NPs assembled into fractal objects at the interfibrillar scale, O (1–10 μm). The relative fraction of NPs in this hierarchy is readily manipulated by the crystallization speed. Adding NPs usually increases the Young’s modulus of the polymer, but the effects of multiscale ordering are nearly an order of magnitude larger than...
School-located Influenza Vaccinations for Adolescents: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Abstract Purpose We aimed to evaluate the effect of school-located influenza vaccination (SLIV) on adolescents' influenza vaccination rates. Methods In 2015–2016, we performed a cluster-randomized trial of adolescent SLIV in middle/high schools. We selected 10 pairs of schools (identical grades within pairs) and randomly allocated schools within pairs to SLIV or usual care control. At eight suburban SLIV schools, we sent parents e-mail notifications about upcoming SLIV clinics and promoted online immunization consent. At two urban SLIV schools, we sent parents (via student backpack fliers) paper immunization consent forms and information about SLIV. E-mails were unavailable at these schools. Local health department nurses administered nasal or injectable influenza vaccine at dedicated SLIV clinics and billed insurers. We compared influenza vaccination rates at SLIV versus control schools using school directories to identify the student sample in each school. We used the state immunization registry to determine receipt of influenza vaccination. Results The final sample comprised 17,650 students enrolled in the 20 schools. Adolescents at suburban SLIV schools had higher overall influenza vaccination rates than did adolescents at control schools (51% vs. 46%, p Conclusions SLIV in this community increased influenza vaccination rates among adolescents attending suburban schools.
Extensive hand thermal and blast injury from electronic cigarette explosion: a case report

Background: As the use of electronic cigarettes rises, more reports of injuries related to device explosion are surfacing. Methods: Presented here is the case of a 35-year-old man sustaining extensive thermal and blast injuries to his hand when the device exploded while he was holding it. He required multiple surgeries involving groin flap coverage, tendon transfer, and nerve grafting to optimize his postinjury function. Results: While much of his hand function has been restored, he has continued deficits in range of motion and sensation as a result of the incident. Conclusions: With increasing numbers of such injuries, hand surgeons must be aware of the blast mechanism involved so as to avoid missing deep soft tissue injury or disruption of deep structures, as demonstrated in this case.
Examining Disparities in Student Discipline: Mapping Inequities from Infractions to Consequences

Mounting evidence indicates that students of color are more likely than their white peers to receive exclusionary discipline (out-of-school suspensions and expulsions), but alleviating these dispar...
Multi-component deformable models coupled with 2D-3D U-Net for automated probabilistic segmentation of cardiac walls and blood

The segmentation of the ventricular wall and the blood pool in cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been investigated for decades, given its important role for delineation of cardiac functioning and diagnosis of heart diseases. One of the major challenges is that the inner epicardium boundary is not always visible in the image domain, due to the mixture of blood and muscle structures, especially at the end of contraction, or systole. To address it, we propose a novel approach for the cardiac segmentation in the short-axis (SAX) MRI: coupled deep neural networks and deformable models. First, a 2D U-Net is adopted for each magnetic resonance (MR) slice, and a 3D U-Net refines the segmentation results along the temporal dimension. Then, we propose a multi-component deformable model to extract accurate contours for both endo- and epicardium with global and local constraints. Finally, a partial blood classification is explored to estimate the presence of boundary pixels near the trabeculae and solid wall, and to avoid moving the endocardium boundary inward. Quantitative evaluation demonstrates the high accuracy, robustness, and efficiency of our approach for the slices acquired at different locations and different cardiac phases.
The foliar endophyte Phialocephala scopiformis DAOMC 229536 secretes enzymes supporting growth on wood as sole carbon source

The conifer needle endophyte, Phialocephala scopiformis, was cultivated in media containing ground Pinus contorta wood as sole carbon source. After five and seven days growth, concentrated extracellular fluids were subjected to LC-MS/MS analyses. A total of 590 proteins were identified of which 99 were assigned to glycoside hydrolase families within the Carbohydrate Active Enzyme (CAzyme) system. Multiple isozymes of exo- and endo-acting cellulases were among the most abundant proteins, and oxidative degradation of cellulose was supported by the presence of lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases, glucooligosaccharide oxidase and cellobiose dehydrogenase. Oxidoreductases were also plentiful and included GMC oxidoreductases, alcohol dehydrogenases, laccases, copper radical oxidases, tyrosinases and catalase. The expression and diversity of extracellular oxidoreductases indicates a capacity to metabolize alcohols and aromatic compounds.
Supervised Machine-learning Predictive Analytics for Prediction of Postinduction Hypotension

Editor’s PerspectiveWhat We Already Know about This TopicThe ability to predict postinduction hypotension remains limited and challenging due to the multitude of data elements that may be consideredNovel machine-learning algorithms may offer a systematic approach to predict postinduction hypotension
Insurance disparity and outcomes among younger non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients: A SEER analysis 2007-2014.

e21049Background: Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death in the US. In 2017 there were approximately 222,500 newly diagnosed lung cancer cases with 80-85% being NSCLC. Thirty perc...
A unique case of xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis complicated by multiple liver abscesses and portal vein and hepatic artery thrombosis and occlusion

Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis (XGC) is difficult to diagnose preoperatively because it often mimics gallbladder cancer. We present a case of a 64-year-old Caucasian male who presented with multiple intrahepatic abscesses, left portal vein and segmental right hepatic arterial thrombosis suspicious for extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma who ultimately underwent an extended left hepatectomy and was noted to have XGC on final pathology. This case presents a new challenge in diagnosing XGC prior to final pathology results given the unique left portal vein, and later, right anterior portal vein thrombosis and occlusion. XGC should be in the differential diagnosis when diffuse gallbladder wall thickening is associated with involvement of biliary and vascular structures. While diagnosing these cases can be challenging, increased awareness of varied involvement of the liver and hilar structures associated with this diseases process may aid in the selection of the most appropriate surgical techniques.
Recognizing Congenital Pressure Injuries: A Case Series.

Background Soft tissue injuries recognized at birth are a common occurrence and well described in the medical literature. Despite this, there has been no discussion of congenital pressure injuries. In this Clinical Challenges article, I describe 3 cases in which congenital skin injuries have occurred, all of which meet the National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel definition for a pressure injury and are demonstrably not the result of other etiologies. Cases Over a 6-month period, in a 44-bed level III-IV neonatal intensive care unit, 3 patients were identified and diagnosed with congenital pressure injuries. All were born to mothers who presented with significantly diminished or a near-absence of amniotic fluid. The amniotic fluid provides essential cushioning for the developing fetus. A number of well-described conditions result from alterations in the character and volume of the amniotic fluid during gestation. Among these is a correlation between severely diminished fluid volume and congenital contractures resulting from immobility of the fetus as it is compressed against the uterine wall. Therefore, it is not unreasonable to speculate that this immobility and pressure could be the very same mechanism that created our congenital pressure injuries noted in these patients. The stages of the congenital pressure injuries noted were a stage 1, a stage 2, and also a deep tissue pressure injury. One infant succumbed to conditions related to extreme prematurity prior to healing, while the other 2 patients' injuries healed without complication or apparent long-term sequelae. Conclusions Despite their absence in the medical literature, I assert that congenital pressure injuries occur and are clinically relevant. This lack of recognition and description risks unnecessary diagnostic procedures and inappropriate or delayed treatment.
Modeling Users’ Online Participation: Evidence from Online Weight-Loss Communities

Users’ participation in virtual communities is a complex process. On the one hand, there exist more than one dynamic sources, such as sequential dynamics and temporal dynamics. On the other hand, users may develop different participation focuses through the participation process. These aspects are underexplored in the extant literature. This research gap motivates us to develop an effective approach to calibrate users’ online behaviors. Specifically, we develop a multi-dimensional continuous-time hidden Markov model (HMM). This model is able to control both sequential and temporal dynamics of users’ online behaviors. In addition, it allows us to explore users’ multiple correlated behavioral dimensions at the same time. To gauge the effectiveness of our approach, we root our research in the context of weight management. The data is collected from a leading online weight-loss community in the US. Our main findings include 1). Timing information can bring valuable insights on users’ participation pattern in virtual communities, and it improves our model forecast performance. 2). Users may shift their participation focuses during the participation process. 3). Different social-support exchange strategies have statistically different effects on users’ weight management, and these effects are mediated by users’ community commitment. Together, these findings suggest that overlooking information imbedded in observed behaviors of users may result in inaccurate or even falsified conclusions on participation pattern. In addition, personalized health care strategy need to be implemented when individual’s condition is complicated and varying with time, such as chronic diseases like obesity and diabetes. Further, we provide several application examples to illustrate the practical values of our study, in which we combine our empirical model with machine learning techniques. These examples can be readily applied to a variety of business settings such as personalized recommendation, precision marketing and user characterization.
Participatory Action Research Experiences for Undergraduates: Forging Critical Connections through Community Engagement.

Embedded within ongoing university-community partnerships, participatory action research experiences for undergraduates – or PAR-based UREs – are multi-disciplinary, action-oriented research opport...
Developmental changes and sex differences in DNA methylation and demethylation in hypothalamic regions of the mouse brain

DNA methylation is dynamically modulated during postnatal brain development, and plays a key role in neuronal lineage commitment. This epigenetic mark has also recently been implicated in the development of neural sex differences, many of which are found in the hypothalamus. The level of DNA methylation depends on a balance between the placement of methyl marks by DNA methyltransferases (Dnmts) and their removal, which is catalyzed by ten-eleven translocation (Tet) methylcytosine dioxygenases. Here, we examined developmental changes and sex differences in the expression of Tet and Dnmt enzymes from birth to adulthood in two hypothalamic regions (the preoptic area and ventromedial nucleus) and the hippocampus of mice. We found highest expression of all Tet enzymes (Tet1, Tet2, Tet3) and Dnmts (Dnmt1, Dnmt3a, Dnmt3b) in newborns, despite the fact that global methylation and hydroxymethylation were at their lowest levels at birth. Expression of the Dnmt co-activator, Dnmt3l, followed a pattern opposite to that of the canonical Dnmts (i.e., was very low in newborns and increased with age). Tet enzyme activity was much higher at birth than at weaning in both the hypothalamus and hippocampus, mirroring developmental changes in gene expression. Sex differences in Tet enzyme expression were seen in all brain regions examined during the first week of life, whereas Dnmt expression was more balanced between the sexes. Neonatal testosterone treatment of females only partially masculinized enzyme expression. Thus, Tet expression and activity are elevated during neonatal brain development, and may play important roles in sexual differentiation of the brain.
Towards security-as-a-service in multi-access edge

The prevailing network security measures are often implemented on proprietary appliances that are deployed at fixed network locations with constant capacity. Such a rigid deployment is sometimes necessary, but undermines the flexibility of security services in meeting the demands of emerging applications, such as augmented/virtual reality, autonomous driving, and 5G for industry 4.0, which are provoked by the evolution of connected and smart devices, their heterogeneity, and integration with cloud and edge computing infrastructures. To loosen these rigid security deployments, in this paper, we propose a data-centric SECurity-as-a-Service (SECaaS) framework for elastic deployment and provisioning of security services at the Multi-Access Edge Computing (MEC) infrastructure. In particular, we discuss three security services that are suitable for edge deployment: (i) an intrusion detection and prevention system (IDPS), (ii) an access control enforcement system (ACE), and (iii) a communication anonymization service (CA). We benchmark the common security microservices along with the design and implementation of a proof of concept communication anonymization application.
Re: A Successful Walk-In Psychiatric Model for Integrated Care

To the Editor: The Kroll et al[1][1] walk-in model for sustained psychiatric care was able to increase follow-up encounters, especially in vulnerable populations. The authors claim “waiting room time was usually shorter in the afternoon;” however, they did not thoroughly measure it.[1][1] A