cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Political parties at critical junctures: explaining the decisions to offer referendums on constitutional change in the United Kingdom

This article investigates the Labour and Conservative parties’ decisions to offer referendums on constitutional change. We focus on Labour’s Scottish devolution referendum and the Conservatives’ EU...
Clinicopathological characteristics and outcomes of rare histologic subtypes of gallbladder cancer over two decades: A population-based study

Background There is limited literature about the clinicopathological characteristics and outcomes of rare histologic variants of gallbladder cancer (GBC). Methods Using SEER database, surgically managed GBC patients with microscopically confirmed adenocarcinoma, adenosquamous/squamous cell carcinoma and papillary carcinoma were identified from 1988 to 2009. Patients with second primary cancer and distant metastasis at presentation were excluded. The effect of clinicopathological variables on overall survival (OS) and disease specific survival (DSS) were analyzed using univariate and multivariate proportional hazards modeling. All associations were considered statistically significant at an alpha error of 0.01. Results Out of 4738 cases, 217 adenosquamous/squamous (4.6%), 367 papillary (7.7%), and 4154 adenocarcinomas (87.7%) were identified. Median age was 72 years. Higher tumor grade (grade 2, 3, 4 versus grade 1), higher T stage (T2, T3, T4 versus T1), lymph node positivity (N1 versus N0) and adenosquamous/squamous histology (versus adenocarcinoma) had worse OS and DSS (p < .001). Papillary GBC had better OS and DSS than adenocarcinoma (HR = 0.7; p < .001). Radical surgery (versus simple cholecystectomy) had better OS (HR = 0.83, p = 0.002) in multivariate analysis. OS rates at 3 and 5 years were 0.56 and 0.44 for papillary, 0.3 and 0.22 for adenocarcinoma, and 0.14 and 0.12 for adenosquamous/squamous histology, while DSS rates at 3 and 5 years were 0.67 and 0.61 for papillary, 0.38 and 0.31 for adenocarcinoma, and 0.17 and 0.16 for adenosquamous/squamous subtypes respectively. Conclusion Papillary GBC had better survival outcomes while adenosquamous/squamous GBC had worse survival outcomes compared to gallbladder adenocarcinoma.
Cloud Particle Interactions-Collision, Coalescence, and Breakup

In Chapter 10 we discussed the behavior of isolated cloud particles in some detail. Now we shall consider their hydrodynamic interactions, with a view to providing a quantitative assessment of the processes of particle growth by collision and coalescence, and of collisional breakup. We shall first treat the collision problem for drops of radii less than about 500μm which, in accordance with our previous description of drop distortion in Section 10.3.2, may be regarded as rigid spheres (at least when falling in isolation). This will be followed by a somewhat briefer discussion of the phenomena of drop coalescence and breakup. Finally, we shall consider water drop-ice crystal and ice crystal-ice crystal interactions, which lead to the formation of graupel, hail, and snow particles.
Evaluation of Site Suitability for Subsurface Soil Absorption of Wastewater

The environment into which the wastewater is discharged, can be a valuable part of the onsite disposal system. If utilized properly, it can provide excellent treatment at little cost. However, if stressed beyond its assimilative capacity, the system will fail, resulting in a public health hazard or environmental degradation. Therefore, careful site evaluation is a crucial first step of onsite system design.
Reawakening of dormant estrogen-dependent human breast cancer cells by bone marrow stroma secretory senescence.

Dormant estrogen receptor positive (ER+) breast cancer micrometastases in the bone marrow survive adjuvant chemotherapy and recur stochastically for more than 20 years. We hypothesized that inflammatory cytokines produced by stromal injury can re-awaken dormant breast cancer cells. We used an established in vitro dormancy model of Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 (MCF-7) breast cancer cells incubated at clonogenic density on fibronectin-coated plates to determine the effects of inflammatory cytokines on reactivation of dormant ER+ breast cancer cells. We measured induction of a mesenchymal phenotype, motility and the capacity to re-enter dormancy. We induced secretory senescence in murine stromal monolayers by oxidation, hypoxia and estrogen deprivation with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), carbonyl-cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazzone (CCCP) and Fulvestrant (ICI 182780), respectively, and determined the effects on growth of co-cultivated breast cancer cells. Exogenous recombinant human (rh) interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8 or transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1) induced regrowth of dormant MCF-7 cells on fibronectin-coated plates. Dormant cells had decreased expression of E-cadherin and estrogen receptor α (ERα) and increased expression of N-cadherin and SNAI2 (SLUG). Cytokine or TGFβ1 treatment of dormant clones induced formation of growing clones, a mesenchymal appearance, increased motility and an impaired capacity to re-enter dormancy. Stromal injury induced secretion of IL-6, IL-8, upregulated tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), activated TGFβ and stimulated the growth of co-cultivated MCF-7 cells. MCF-7 cells induced secretion of IL-6 and IL-8 by stroma in co-culture. Dormant ER+ breast cancer cells have activated epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) gene expression programs and downregulated ERα but maintain a dormant epithelial phenotype. Stromal inflammation reactivates these cells, induces growth and a mesenchymal phenotype. Reactivated, growing cells have an impaired ability to re-enter dormancy. In turn, breast cancer cells co-cultured with stroma induce secretion of IL-6 and IL-8 by the stroma, creating a positive feedback loop.
Cerebral spinal fluid cytology from a Doberman Pinscher.

No abstract available Keywords: lysosomal storage disease; mononuclear cell cytoplasmic inclusions; mucopolysaccharidosis type I.
The Relationship of Bond Betas to Bond Returns and Agency Ratings with a Test of the Capital Asset Pricing Model

Bond betas are estimated and shown to be related to bond ratings. Bond betas tend to rise as rating class falls. Bond betas are stable over long time periods. Examination of the CAPM model using both bonds and stocks shows no market segmentation, with both bonds and stocks lying along the same line. The inclusion of bonds in the estimation gives a zero-beta estimate that is closer to the risk-free rate than when bonds are excluded.
Fecal microbiota transplantation from mice exposed to chronic intermittent hypoxia elicits sleep disturbances in naïve mice.

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a chronic prevalent condition characterized by intermittent hypoxia (IH) and sleep fragmentation (SF). Evidence suggests that OSA can alter the gut microbiome (GM) diversity and composition that may then promote the occurrence of some of the OSA-associated morbidities. However, it is unclear whether perturbations in the GM caused by IH can elicit sleep disturbances that underlie the increased sleep propensity that occurs in IH-exposed mice. To evaluate this issue, we exposed C57Bl/6 J mice to IH or room air (RA) for 6 weeks, and fecal matter was collected and frozen. C57Bl/6 J naive mice were then randomly assigned to a fecal microbiota transfer (FMT) protocol for 3 weeks with either IH or RA fecal slur, and their GM was then analyzed using 16 s rRNA sequencing. In addition, FMT recipients underwent sleep recordings using piezoelectric approaches for 3 consecutive days. As anticipated, FMT-IH and FMT-RA mice showed different taxonomic profiles that corresponded to previous effects of IH on GM. Furthermore, FMT-IH mice exhibited increased sleep duration and the frequency of longer sleep bouts during the dark cycle, suggesting increased sleepiness (p < 0.0001 vs. FMT-RA mice). Thus, alterations of GM diversity induced by IH exposures can elicit sleep disturbances in the absence of concurrent IH, suggesting that sleep disturbances can be mediated, at least in part, by IH-induced alterations in GM.
Transplantation of Kidneys From Hepatitis C Virus-Infected Donors to Hepatitis C Virus-Negative Recipients: One-Year Kidney Allograft Outcomes.

Rationale & Objective Transplant centers in the United States are increasingly willing to transplant kidneys from hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected (HCV+) donors into HCV− recipients. We studied the association between donor HCV infection status and kidney allograft function and posttransplantation allograft biopsy findings. Study Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting & Participants We examined 65 HCV− recipients who received a kidney from a HCV+ donor and 59 HCV− recipients who received a kidney from a HCV− donor during 2018 at a single transplant center. Exposure Predictor(s) of donor infection with HCV. Outcomes Kidney allograft function and allograft biopsy findings during the first year following transplantation. Analytical Approach We compared estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), findings on for-cause and surveillance protocol biopsies, development of de novo donor-specific antibodies (DSAs), and patient and allograft outcomes during the first year following transplantation between recipients of HCV+ and HCV− kidneys. We used linear regression to estimate the independent association between allograft function and HCV viremic status of the kidney donor. Results The mean age of recipients was 52 ± 11 (SD) years, 43% were female, 19% and 80% of recipients were White and Black, respectively. Baseline characteristics were similar between the HCV+ and HCV− groups. There were no statistically significant differences between the HCV+ and HCV− groups in delayed graft function rates (12% vs 8%, respectively); eGFRs at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months post-transplantation; proportions of patients with cellular rejection (6% vs 7%, respectively); and proportions with antibody-mediated rejection (7% vs 10%, respectively) or de novo DSAs (31% vs 20%, respectively). HCV viremic status was not associated with eGFR at 3, 6, 9, or 12 months. Limitations Generalizability from a single-center study and small sample size was limited. Conclusions Recipients of kidneys from donors infected with HCV had similar kidney allograft function and probability of rejection in the first year after transplantation compared to those who received kidneys from donors without HCV infection.
Collision Avoidance and Liveness of Multi-agent Systems with CBF-based Controllers.

In this paper we consider multi-agent navigation with collision avoidance using Control Barrier Functions (CBF). In the case of non-communicating agents, we consider trade-offs between level of safety guarantee and liveness - the ability to reach destination in short time without large detours or gridlock. We compare several CBF-based driving policies against the benchmark established by the Centralized controller that requires communication. One of the policies (CCS2) being compared is new and straddles the space between policies with only local control available and a more complex Predictor-Corrector for Collision Avoidance (PCCA) policy that adjusts local copies of everyone's control actions based on observed behavior. The paper establishes feasibility for the Centralized, PCCA and CCS2 policies. Monte Carlo simulations show that decentralized, host-only control policies lack liveness compared to the ones that use all the control inputs in calculations and that the PCCA policy performs equally well as the Centralized, even though it is decentralized.
In the Eyes of the Law: The Effects of Body-Worn Cameras on Police Behavior, Citizen Interactions, and Privacy

The authors conducted thirty-one interviews with police ofﬁcers and other public ofﬁcials to explore attitudes and effects of the recent introduction of police body-worn cameras. Eight major empirical ﬁndings are discussed - ﬁndings addressing receptivity to the cameras, changes in police behavior, and existing and emerging issues about the use of cameras by patrol ofﬁcers, their supervisors, and the public. We also consider the legal and policy issues implicated by the use of these cameras and speculate about their effects on policing styles and on the right to privacy, especially considering their increasing popularity.
On-board cooperative spacecraft relative navigation fusing GNSS with vision

Abstract Relative navigation of multiple spacecraft based on the processing of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) signals has been successfully performed in Low Earth Orbit (LEO). An accuracy on the order of one millimeter for relative positioning can be achieved in post-processing by using Carrier Phase Differential GNSS (CDGNSS) and recovering the correct carrier phase integer ambiguity. However, the real-time performance and accuracy without post100761-processing can be much lower because of limited on-board computational resources, signal obstruction, multipath interference induced by other spacecraft orbiting in proximity, and inaccurate knowledge of the spacecraft’s attitude. The navigation accuracy can be considerably degraded in higher Earth orbits above the GNSS constellation because of weaker signals and poor Geometric Dilution of Precision (GDOP). On the other hand, spacecraft navigation based on monocular vision is typically not as accurate as the one based on CDGNSS. In this paper, we review a novel multi-sensor navigation approach that utilizes a tight fusion of carrier phase GNSS observations and monocular measurements which enables fast and robust autonomous relative pose estimation of cooperative spacecraft in a degraded GNSS environment. We consider significant tracking noise and high operation orbits above the GNSS constellation characterized by weaker signals, lower visibility, higher GDOP, and low GNSS visibility. The architecture and algorithms are evaluated using both simulated Geosynchronous Earth Orbit data and real GPS data collected in an urban environment, thereby demonstrating that fusing GNSS with vision can provide better accuracy, robustness, and faster GNSS integer ambiguity resolution than when using GNSS only, especially in degraded GNSS conditions.
Calculation of Thermal Stresses in a Wedge-Shaped Wing

A method for calculating thermal stresses is presented and applied to a solid symmetrical double-wedge steel wing flying at an altitude of 50,000 ft. The wing, after flying steadily at a Mach Number of 1.4 and having a uniform temperature distribution of 531.6°F. absolute, is accelerated at a constant rate of one Mach Number per 30 sec. until a Mach Number of 6.0 is reached. Thermal stresses at the instant the wing reaches a Mach Number of 6.0 are calculated using the elastic properties of steel at room temperature. An interpolation method is presented for estimating the thermal stress during the acceleration.
The Unfulfilled Promise of Promissory Estoppel in the Employment Setting

Although the theory of promissory estoppel enforces promises that induce reasonable detrimental reliance, this article reveals the theory's colossal failure in the non-union employment setting. This conclusion is based on an examination of all of the reported decisions in the United States that discussed promissory estoppel over a two-year period in the mid 1990's. During this period, employees won only 4.23 percent of employment promissory estoppel cases decided on the merits. At first blush, this is very surprising because employers, through their communications, seek to create the expectation of a stable, secure work environment and employees, because of their lack of job security and material and psychological investments in their jobs, often rely on these messages. The article sets forth and explains several reasons for the failure of promissory estoppel in employment cases. First, many employees' promissory estoppel claims appear to constitute secondary theories tacked on to lawsuits that focus on other theories. Second, in the 1990's, employees (and their lawyers) have failed to detect an increasing judicial preference for written contracts as the principal basis for promise enforcement. Third, compounding the effect of this shift in judicial strategy, courts appear especially reluctant to grant employee promissory estoppel claims in the shadow of the at-will employment rule. As a result of the latter two factors, courts may have been too quick to dismiss a substantial number of meritorious promissory estoppel claims. Promissory estoppel therefore has failed to fulfill its promise to afford non-union employees greater legal protection in the workplace.
Cell-based kidney transplantation in adult Danio rerio (TRAN3P.879)

With the increasing incidence of kidney disease and the growing list of patients in line for kidney transplantation, new methods to restore renal function are critical. An alternative method to whole-organ transplant involves the transplantation of individual cells. Here we show a new approach to the transplantation of kidney cells in zebrafish, Danio rerio. This method involves the transplantation of kidney cells from the donor fish by direct injection into the recipient kidney. The donor zebrafish were transgenic, their cells labeled with green fluorescent protein. Both renal and hematopoetic progenitor cells were isolated from the donor kidney and prepared for transplantation in an injection solution. The recipient fish were treated with gentamicin and immunosuppressed with 10 μg/ml dexamethasone for 2 days. Upon injection of 0.1-0.5 million allogeneic cells via the dorsum of the fish into the head kidney, anesthetized Danio rerio regained complete swimming abilities within 5 min. Seven out of nine fish survived the procedure. The fish were allowed to recover for 10 days, leaving time for the transplant cells to implant. Then the fish were euthanized and a renal biopsy was performed and visualized using a fluorescent microscope. The formation of new fluorescent renal tubules was observed and analyzed. Although further research must be done to refine this technique, we demonstrated that cell-based kidney transplant is a promising alternative to whole-organ transplant.
Enzyme Specificity in the Metabolic Activation of N-Nitrosodimethylamine to a Mutagen for Chinese Hamster V79 Cells

Abstract In order to elucidate the mechanism of the metabolic activation of N -nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), the relationship between NDMA demethylase (NDMAd) and NDMA mutagenicity in Chinese hamster V79 cells was investigated. The microsome-mediated activation system produced NDMA mutagenicity similar to the S9-mediated activation system, suggesting that microsomes are solely responsible for the activation process. Pretreatment of rats with ethanol- or acetone-induced microsomal NDMAd activity, and such treatment also enhanced microsome-mediated NDMA mutagenicity 6–7-fold. The patterns of NDMA activation by ethanol- and acetone-induced microsomes differed distinctly from that by phenobarbital-induced microsomes for both NDMAd and the mutagenicity. The former type of microsomes had a low K m for NDMA, but the latter appeared to have very high K m values, and NDMAd was highly positively related to NDMA mutagenicity. Purified cytochrome P-450 isozymes from acetone- and phenobarbital-induced microsomes, P-450 ac and P-450 b , respectively, were effective for the activation of NDMA to a mutagen in a reconstituted monooxygenase system. In parallel fashion to NDMAd activity, P-450 ac was effective at low substrate concentrations, whereas P-450 b exhibited appreciable activity only at high NDMA concentrations. The results demonstrate clearly that NDMAd, which is effectively catalyzed by a specific P-450 isozyme inducible by compounds such as ethanol, acetone, and isopropanol, is primarily responsible for the activation of NDMA to a mutagen.
The dynamics of immigration and local governance in Santa Ana: Neighborhood activism, overcrowding, and land-use policy

This article examines the City of Santa Ana's responses to a changing urban landscape. We explore how the rapid growth of the Immigrant neighborhoods called into question traditional ways of municipal governance and city planning. We pay special attention to how the local government used land-use policy to protnote urban revitalization and bring substandard housing up to code. Initially the urban policy choices fueled neighborhood-based protest and exacerbated racial and dass tensions throughout the city; however, more recently the neighborhood activism has created a space for government reform.
1,25‐Dihydroxyvitamin D regulates expression of the tryptophan hydroxylase 2 and leptin genes: implication for behavioral influences of vitamin D

To investigate vitamin D-related control of brain-expressed genes, candidate vitamin D responsive elements (VDREs) at −7/−10 kb in human tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH)2 were probed. Both VDREs bound the vitamin D receptor (VDR)-retinoid X receptor (RXR) complex and drove reporter gene transcription in response to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25D). Brain TPH2 mRNA, encoding the rate-limiting enzyme in serotonin synthesis, was induced 2.2-fold by 10 nM 1,25D in human U87 glioblastoma cells and 47.8-fold in rat serotonergic RN46A-B14 cells. 1,25D regulation of leptin (Lep), encoding a serotoninlike satiety factor, was also examined. In mouse adipocytes, 1,25D repressed leptin mRNA levels by at least 84%, whereas 1,25D induced leptin mRNA 15.1-fold in human glioblastoma cells. Chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing analysis of the mouse Lep gene in response to 1,25D revealed a cluster of regulatory sites (cis-regulatory module; CRM) at −28 kb that 1,25D-dependently docked VDR, RXR, C/EBPβ, and RUNX2. This CRM ...
New Approach to Develop Ultra-High Inhibitory Drug Using the Power Function of the Stoichiometry of the Targeted Nanomachine or Biocomplex

Aims: To find methods for potent drug development by targeting to biocomplex with high copy number. Methods: Phi29 DNA packaging motor components with different stoichiometries were used as model to assay virion assembly with Yang Hui's Triangle , where Z = stoichiometry, M = drugged subunits per biocomplex, p and q are the fraction of drugged and undrugged subunits in the population. Results: Inhibition efficiency follows a power function. When number of drugged subunits to block the function of the complex K = 1, the uninhibited biocomplex equals qz, demonstrating the multiplicative effect of stoichiometry on inhibition with stoichiometry 1000 > 6 > 1. Complete inhibition of virus replication was found when Z = 6. Conclusion: Drug inhibition potency depends on the stoichiometry of the targeted components of the biocomplex or nanomachine. The inhibition effect follows a power function of the stoichiometry of the target biocomplex.
A simple procedure for estimating preconsolidation pressure from soil compression curves

Abstract Classical graphics and regression procedures have been used to estimate preconsolidation pressure (σ p ) from soil compression curves, but none of these procedures is easy to use and they often involve subjective judgement. This paper presents a simple procedure for estimating σ p from uniaxial compression tests for either saturated or unsaturated soil conditions. We evaluated five methods for estimating σ p from standard soil compression curves for an applied stress sequence of 25, 50, 100, 200, 400, 800, and 1600 kPa. Four methods estimated σ p as the intersection of two lines: (a) the regression line obtained for the first two, three, four or five points of the applied stress sequence in the secondary compression portion of the compression curve and (b) the extension of the virgin compression line determined from the points associated with applied stress of 800 and 1600 kPa. Method 5 consisted of the Schmertmann method. The σ p determined for each method was compared to σ p estimated using the graphical procedure of Casagrande for 288 soil compression curves from three soils in Michigan and from values reported in the literature. Methods 1 and 5 fit our data best at low σ p (high soil water content) while methods 2 and 3 fit the data better at high σ p (low soil water content). Based on a low RMSE (18), a high R 2 (0.92), and closeness of fit to the 1:1 line, a combination of methods 1 and 3 was selected as the best estimation procedure. For data from the literature, methods 1 and 2 provided the best estimate based on lowest RMSE of 5 to 9, R 2 of 0.98 to 0.99, and the closest fit to the 1:1 line. The combined methods were not tested for published data since matric potentials for measured values were unknown. The final procedure, combined methods 1 and 3, was programmed into a computer spreadsheet provided in an Appendix. This procedure provides a fast and reliable estimation of σ p for saturated and unsaturated soil conditions and eliminates subjective judgment associated with classical graphical procedures.
A trend-following strategy: Conditions for optimality

Based on trend-following trading strategies that are widely used in the investment world, this work provides a set of sufficient conditions that determine the optimality of the traditional trend-following strategies when the trends are completely observable. A dynamic programming approach is used to verify the optimality under these conditions. The value functions are characterized by the associated HJB equations, and are shown to be either linear functions or infinity depending on the parameter values. The results reveal two counterintuitive facts: (a) trend following may not lead to optimal reward in some cases even when/if the investor knows exactly when a trend change occurs; (b) stock volatility is not relevant in trend following when trends are observable.
Attraction to prey and stimulus to attack in the predatory gastropod Urosalpinx cinerea

Urosalpinx cinerea (Say), accustomed to feeding on Balanus balanoides, were strongly attracted in a choice chamber by the effluents of B. balanoides and B. eburneus, were indifferent to the effluents of Crassostrea virginica, Crepidula fornicata and Mytilus edulis, and responded negatively to the effluent of their own species. Oyster drills from a population feeding on Crassostrea virginica were attracted to oyster effluent; when these snails were offered a choice between Crassostrea virginica and B. balanoides effluents, they responded in equal numbers to the two effluents. Concentrations of NH4Cl-ammonia in the range 18.2 to 73.3 μmol did not attract the snails, and their responses to animal effluents were not correlated with the ammonia and amino-acid concentrations of the effluents, which ranged from 11.8 to 21.0 μmol. It is argued that these results deny ammonia the role of a nonspecific distance attractant. Confined separately with various potential prey species, Urosalpinx drilled Balanus balanoides, B. eburneus, Crassostrea virginica, Crepidula fornicata, C. plana, Mercenaria mercenaria, Modiolus demissus, Mya arenaria, Mytilus edulis, Spisula solidissima, and Yoldia limatula, but not Anomia simplex. The prey species that were the least attractive in running water were generally rendered attractive and subject to attack in standing water. Freshly shucked Crepidula fornicata shells were scarcely drilled unless continuously perfused by C. fornicata effluent, and then only in small numbers. Altering the texture of living C. fornicata shells by wrapping them in nylon netting, by polishing, or by roughening, did not make them immune to drilling. Oyster drills in contact with C. fornicata attacked only if they received the effluent of the living prey, proving that tactile stimuli alone are not adequate to induce drilling.
North American overkill continued

Fiedel and Haynes misrepresent many of the arguments we have made concerning the overkill hypothesis. We clarify some of these mischaracterizations and call attention to some of the factual and logical errors in their paper.
Early Warning and Crop Condition Assessment Research

The Early Warning Crop Condition Assessment Project of AgRISTARS was a multiagency and multidisciplinary effort. Its mission and objectives were centered around development and testing of remote-sensing techniques that enhance operational methodologies for global crop-condition assessments. The project developed crop stress indicator models that provide data filter and alert capabilities for monitoring global agricultural conditions. The project developed a technique for using NOAA-n satellite advanced very-high-resolution radiometer (AVHRR) data for operational crop-condition assessments. This technology was transferred to the Foreign Agricultural Service of the USDA. The project developed a U. S. Great Plains data base that contains various meteorological parameters and vegetative index numbers (VIN) derived from AVHRR satellite data. It developed cloud screening techniques and scan angle correction models for AVHRR data. It also developed technology for using remotely acquired thermal data for crop water stress indicator modeling. The project provided basic technology including spectral characteristics of soils, water, stressed and nonstressed crop and range vegetation, solar zenith angle, and atmospheric and canopy structure effects.
How can EcoCity get its food

Abstract Designing an ecologically responsible EcoCity of 550,000 people begins by confining it to 8500 ha, which spares surrounding land for farming and for Nature. Because an American diet requires 126,000 ha and even a survival diet needs more cropland than can be found inside its boundaries, EcoCity will cast shadows of farming outside its limits. EcoCitizens will cast wider shadows if farmers grow food with the less intensive methods of simpler times, and they will cast narrower shadows if farmers use the more intensive methods of today. Cheap transportation scatters the shadows that, in the days of oxcarts, Von Thunen imagined would fall in concentric zones of farming and forestry. Industrial ecology, pleasing landscapes, coworkers along its sidewalks, and finally warm fellowships at its tables justify the bother of planning EcoCity.
Retirement Security in an Aging Population

Abstract Elderly individuals exhibit wide disparities in their sources of income. For those in the bottom half of the income distribution, Social Security is the most important source of support; program changes would directly affect their well-being. Income from private pensions, assets, and earnings are relatively more important for higher-income elderly individuals, who have more diverse income sources. The trend from private sector defined benefit to defined contribution pension plans has shifted responsibility for retirement security to individuals. A significant subset of the population is unlikely to be able to sustain their standard of living in retirement without higher pre-retirement saving.
Lamb Wave Assessment of Fatigue and Thermal Damage in Composites

Among the various techniques available, ultrasonic Lamb waves offer a convenient method of evaluating composite materials. Since the Lamb wave velocity depends on the elastic properties of a structure, an effective tool exists to monitor damage in composites by measuring the velocity of these waves. Lamb wave measurements can propagate over long distances and are sensitive to the desired in-plane elastic properties of the material. This paper describes two studies which monitor fatigue damage and two studies which monitor thermal damage in composites using Lamb waves. In the fatigue studies, the Lamb wave velocity is compared to modulus measurements obtained using strain gage measurements in the first experiment and the velocity is monitored along with the crack density in the second. In the thermal damage studies, one examines samples which were exposed to varying temperatures for a three minute duration and the second includes rapid thermal damage in composites by intense laser beams. In all studies, the Lamb wave velocity is demonstrated to be an excellent method to monitor damage in composites.
Design and implementation of a mechanically heterogeneous robot group

This paper describes the design and construction of a cooperative, heterogeneous robot group comprised of one semi-autonomous aerial robot and two autonomous ground robots. The robots are designed to perform automated surveillance and reconnaissance of an urban outdoor area using onboard sensing. The ground vehicles have GPS, sonar for obstacle detection and avoidance, and a simple color- based vision system. Navigation is performed using an optimal mixture of odometry and GPS. The helicopter is equipped with a GPS/INS system, a camera, and a framegrabber. Each robot has an embedded 486 PC/104 processor running the QNX real-time operating system. Individual robot controllers are behavior-based and decentralized. We describe a control strategy and architecture that coordinates the robots with minimal top- down planning. The overall system is controlled at high level by a single human operator using a specially designed control unit. The operator is able to task the group with a mission using a minimal amount of training. The group can re-task itself based on sensor inputs and can also be re- tasked by the operator. We describe a particular reconnaissance mission that the robots have been tested with, and lessons learned during the design and implementation. Our initial results with these experiments are encouraging given the challenging mechanics of the aerial robot. We conclude the paper with a discussion of ongoing and future work.
A new type D retrovirus isolated from macaques with an immunodeficiency syndrome

Macaque monkeys with the recently described acquired immunodeficiency syndrome show a marked defect in T-lymphocyte function and die with opportunistic infections and lymphoproliferative abnormalities. In the study described here a new type D retrovirus was isolated from two Macaca cyclopis with this syndrome. This virus is related to, but distinct from, Mason-Pfizer monkey virus, a type D retrovirus previously isolated from a mammary tumor of a rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta).
The Impact Of Interorganizational Networks On Buyer-Seller Relationships

During the past decade, organizational theorists, business consultants, and telecommunications managers and vendors have directed our attention to the strategic role that information can play in the competitive strategy of firms (see, for example, Bradley, Hausman and Nolan, 1993; Keen, 1988; Porter and Millar 1985). Throughout the 1980s, widely discussed case examples demonstrated how the use of telecommunications networks to link firms to their suppliers and distribution chains conveyed important first mover advantages to such firms as American Hospital Supply and McKesson. The reported benefits to the firms deploying such interorganizational networks included: increased efficiency of order processing; reduced costs due to just-in-time inventory management; locking in trading partners because of the difficulties competitors faced once a network was in place; and greater ability to customize products and services based upon information arising from the transactions carried by the network (Cash and Konsynski, 1985; Johnson and Vitale, 1988).
One-step conjugation of biomolecules to luminescent nanocrystals

The development of optical pulses is crucial to the elucidation of complex biological and chemical problems. Existing fluorescent labels tend to photobleach, have low luminescence, and area sensitive to the environment. These problems can be overcome by the use of semiconductor quantum dots. These ZnS-capped CdSe quantum dots are synthesized in an organic media. To use them for biological labeling, the quantum dots are made water-soluble by adsorbing bifunctional molecules onto the surface. This step is crucial for the successful conjugation of biomolecules onto the surface. In this report, a new method for the direct adsorption of biomolecules onto the surface of quantum dots is demonstrated. Biomolecules such as glutathione, mercaptusuccic acid, and histidine are directly conjugated to luminescent quantum dots by S-Zn or N-Zn bonding.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Calling rhythm and pheromone titers in Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lep., Noctuidae) from Mississippi and Honduras

Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), the fall armyworm (FAW), collected from sorghum in Honduras (HND) and Mississippi (MS) and colonized in the laboratory for 2–5 generations under similar conditions exhibited dissimilar calling rhythms. MS females exhibited peak calling at ca. 23.00 h and HND females at ca. 03.00 h. Pheromone titers approximately paralleled calling rhythms. Individuals from the two colonies placed in reciprocal crosses mated successfully. Electrophoretic analysis of the two laboratory colonies suggest that both are genetically similar to corn strains. The three hour difference in peak calling between the two colonies may be attributed to differences in ambient temperatures that they are exposed to in their native habitats. The persistence of characteristic calling rhythms despite having been colonized for 2–5 generations under similar conditions suggests that calling may be genetically determined. Zusammenfassung Rufrhythmus und Pheromontiter bei Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lep., Noctuidae) von Mississippi und Honduras Zwei verschiedene geographische Herkunfte von Spodoptera frugiperda, “Fall Armyworm (FAW)”, gesammelt von Sorghum in Honduras (HND) und Mississippi (MS) und im Labor bei gleichen Bedingungen wahrend 2–5 Generationen gezuchtet, zeigten einen ungleichen Rufrhythmus. MS-Weibchen hatten ihre Spitzenrufaktivitat um ca. 23.00 Uhr, HND-Weibchen um ca. 3.00 Uhr. Die Pheromontiter stimmten mit dem Rufrhythmus uberein. Individuen beider Herkunfte erwiesen sich in reziproken Kreuzungsversuchen als fortpflanzungsfahig. Eine elektrophoretische Analyse der zwei Herkunfte deutete darauf hin, das sie genetisch der Maislinie ahnlich sind. Die dreistundige Abweichung im Rufrhythmus ist vermutlich der unterschiedlichen Umgebungstemperatur im naturlichen Habitat zuzuschreiben. Die Fortdauer des typischen Rufrhythmus, trotz gleicher Zuchtbedingungen wahrend 2–5 Generationen, last vermuten, das die Auslosung des Rufverhaltens genetisch festgelegt ist.
The Use of Waveform Shapes to Automatically Determine Earthquake Focal Depth

Earthquake focal depth is an important parameter for rapidly determining probable damage caused by a large earthquake. In addition, it is significant both for discriminating between natural events and explosions and for discriminating between tsunamigenic and nontsunamigenic earthquakes. For the purpose of notifying emergency management and disaster relief organizations as well as issuing tsunami warnings, potential time delays in determining source parameters are particularly detrimental. We present a method for determining earthquake focal depth that is well suited for implementation in an automated system that utilizes the wealth of broadband teleseismic data that is now available in real time from the global seismograph networks. This method uses waveform shapes to determine focal depth and is demonstrated to be valid for events with magnitudes as low as approximately 5.5.
Clinical medical librarian to clinical informationist

Clinical medical librarians stepped out of the library and joined the patient care team in the early 1970s, beginning in Kansas City, Missouri and then Hartford, Connecticut. Now they are present to report the literature, take literature search requests and, most importantly, perceive information needs at Morning Report, bedside rounds, or weekly conferences. Within 24 hours or less, they return to the patient care team with literature to aid in patient planning. Clinical medical librarians also teach online searching in an evidence‐based way and help patient care team members with other research needs. In 2000, the concept of the informationist was introduced. It can begin with clinical medical librarianship and expand to this information specialist in context, being based and salaried in a clinical setting, having information‐seeking skills, knowledge of informatics and the clinical subject area. Both the clinical medical librarian and the clinical informationist contribute to better patient care, medical education and clinical research.
Efficient calculation of one-loop QCD amplitudes

We present the outline of a new and efficient technique for the calculation of loop amplitudes in a gauge theory. The technique is based on the technology of four-dimensional heterotic strings. We display here the application to the calculation of the one-loop corrections to gluon-gluon scattering, in ordinary dimensional regularization. We find complete agreement with the previous Feynman-diagram calculation of Ellis and Sexton.
Glucose extremes in newborn infants.

Most healthy term infants adapt rapidly to the metabolic demands of extrauterine life by activating their glycogenolytic and gluconeogenic pathways within a few hours after birth. Some infants, although born at term, have disturbed glucose metabolism and are at risk of hypoglycemia [eg, infants with transient hyperinsulinemia, growth retarded infants (SGA), infants with persistent hyperinsulinemia (PHHI) and with hormone and enzyme defects]. Premature infants also activate their metabolic pathways shortly after birth, but limited storage of body fuel places them at high risk of hypoglycemia. Because these infants have decreased tolerance for enteral feedings, they are dependent on parenteral nutrition during the first weeks of life. They have, however, a low tolerance for parenteral glucose, resulting in a frequent occurrence of hyperglycemia.
Consolidation in an Individual Transferable Quota Regime: Lessons from New Zealand, 1986-1999

Market-based approaches to environmental regulation (such as tradable permits or transferable quotas) are frequently offered as innovative solutions to many environmental problems. Globally, one of the most well-established forms of this approach is individual transferable quotas (or ITQs) in fisheries management. Within the natural resource management community, there is considerable debate over the effects ITQs have on the fishing industry and fisher behavior although this approach is not well-established in the United States. The previously imposed moratorium on ITQs in the United States has expired and the 2006 reauthorization of the Magnuson-Stevens Act explicitly provides for limited access privileges (LAPs). A variety of fishers, regulators, and conservation organizations are enthusiastically seeking to introduce ITQ management. With debate over whether and how ITQs should be used in American fisheries reinvigorated, it is timely to examine the evidence on the social and economic effects of ITQs in other nations’ fisheries. After briefly summarizing the debate on ITQs, we examine the case of New Zealand, one of the earliest and longest-lived ITQ-based fisheries regimes. We use multiple data sources and methods to analyze the extent to which industry consolidation and aggregation has occurred, including surveys of industry participants, expert interviews, reviews of academic reports and analyses, analysis of trade publications, and direct analysis of quota ownership patterns. This analysis shows a more complex outcome than recent debates in the ITQ literature would predict. These findings suggest that policy makers considering ITQs can learn from the experiences of other countries related to key issues such as quota allocation, aggregation limits, transferability, cost recovery, and resource sustainability when designing ITQ and other LAP systems. It is also important to explicitly identify economic and social objectives and then carefully design ITQ regimes to meet these objectives.
Functional G-protein-coupled receptor 35 is expressed by neurons in the CA1 field of the hippocampus.

Abstract The G-protein-coupled receptor 35 (GPR35) was de-orphanized after the discovery that kynurenic acid (KYNA), an endogenous tryptophan metabolite, acts as an agonist of this receptor. Abundant evidence supports that GPR35 exists primarily in peripheral tissues. Here, we tested the hypothesis that GPR35 exists in the hippocampus and influences the neuronal activity. Fluorescence immunohistochemical staining using an antibody anti-NeuN (a neuronal marker), an antibody anti-GFAP (a glial marker), and an antibody anti-GPR35 revealed that neurons in the stratum oriens , stratum pyramidale , and stratum radiatum of the CA1 field of the hippocampus express GPR35. To determine the presence of functional GPR35 in the neurocircuitry, we tested the effects of various GPR35 agonists on the frequency of spontaneous action potentials recorded as fast current transients (CTs) from stratum radiatum interneurons (SRIs) under cell-attached configuration in rat hippocampal slices. Bath application of the GPR35 agonists zaprinast (1–10 μM), dicumarol (50–100 μM), pamoic acid (500–1000 μM), and amlexanox (3 μM) produced a concentration- and time-dependent reduction in the frequency of CTs. Superfusion of the hippocampal slices with the GPR35 antagonist ML145 (1 μM) increased the frequency of CTs and reduced the inhibitory effect of zaprinast. Bath application of phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor sildenafil (1 or 5 μM) was ineffective, whereas a subsequent application of zaprinast was effective in reducing the CT frequency. The present results demonstrate for the first time that functional GPR35s are expressed by CA1 neurons and suggest that these receptors can be molecular targets for controlling neuronal activity in the hippocampus.
On the Range of Validity of Taylor's Hypothesis and the Kolmogoroff Spectral Law

Abstract Turbulence measurements obtained from concurrent tower and aircraft observations are analyzed to test G.I. Taylor's hypothesis (1938) of the equivalence between Eulerian space and Eulerian time spectra. The correlation and spectral data (along with data obtained from three other airplane turbulence programs) were also examined to ascertain the validity of Kolmogoroff's prediction (1940) for the behavior of the correlation coefficients and spectral densities in the inertial subrange. At heights of 300–400 ft above the ground, the tower and aircraft observations provide the same turbulence spectrum for wavelengths at least as large as 600 and 900 ft, for mean wind speeds of about 20 and 30 ft sec−1, respectively. The evidence is that the Kolmogoroff range is not approached for the wavelength range examined in this paper. The shortest wavelength sampled is on the order of 88 ft, at heights above the ground ranging from 200 to 2000 ft. It appears that at these heights, the Kolmogoroff spectrum, if va...
Hormonal Modulation of Proteinuria in the Nephrotic Syndrome

Proteinuria is the primary manifestation of a variety of glomerular diseases which are characterized clinically by the nephrotic syndrome. In many cases there is little effective treatment for the primary disease process. However, reduction of proteinuria can frequently improve the hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia and edema which are responsible for the morbidity of the nephrotic syndrome. Proteinuria can be reduced in nephrotic humans and experimental animal models by restriction of dietary protein intake, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, and by angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. Each of these therapies modifies the activity of locally acting glomerular hormones, autocoids, suggesting that there is a component of proteinuria which is hormonally mediated. The effects of dietary protein, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors on nephrotic proteinuria and their potential hormonal mechanisms of action is the subject of this review.