cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The elements of tissue–air ratio and systematic error

The definition of tissue–air ratio (TAR) is based on the concept of primary dose. To determine TAR, both in‐phantom and in‐air ionization measurements are utilized. To convert ionization in the phantom into dose and that in air into primary dose, correction factors must be applied to chamber readings in both geometries. Due to difficulties in selecting proper correction factors, TAR is subject to systematic error. The error comes from two sources of uncertainty: (1) Primary dose cannot be measured. Therefore approximate methods, such as in‐air ionization measurements, are used. (2) Detectors of ionization are of finite dimensions and they are inhomogeneous. In this study, analytical expression for a systematic error is derived. Because in this derivation systematic error is an accumulative error, it is no longer necessary to convert ionization, both in air and in phantom, into a dose when calculating TARs. A method of determining systematic error is described. This method is based on the ability to produce accurate zero‐field data in photon beams by means of a linear extrapolation technique. Using 60Co γ radiation in water as an example, it is shown how to generate TAR data free of systematic error. A possibility of determining TARs for therapeutic x rays is discussed.
Theory of helium adsorption on simple and noble-metal surfaces

The repulsive part of the helium-metal physisorption potential is calculated in the Hartree-Fock approximation. To the lowest order in the overlap ($S$) between the atomic and metallic wave functions, this interaction is determined by the change in the single-particle density of states of the metal. Combined with a previous calculation of the Van der Waals interaction, helium-metal potentials are derived for the simple and noble metals using a jellium model for the metal. Binding energies and equilibrium positions of the helium atom are determined. For the simple metals, the binding energy decreases with increasing ${r}_{s}$. Its value for the noble metals is between 40 and 70 K. The equilibrium positions are found to be between 3 and 7 \AA{} (relative to the jellium background) for all the metals studied.
Activation of polynucleotide phosphorylase by salts.

IN the course of purification studies of polynucleotide phosphorylase (polyase) from M. lysodeikticus we have on several occasions noticed that, after dialysis against buffers at low ionic strength or distilled water, considerable loss of enzyme activity occurred. With the addition of a salt such as sodium acetate or potassium chloride the activity of the enzyme was restored. The activation by potassium chloride of the polymerization of adenylic acid from adenosine diphosphate, determined by rate of release of orthophosphate at pH 9.5, is shown in Fig. 1. The optimum salt concentration is 0.2 M potassium chloride. Higher concentrations of the salt become inhibitory. Parallel studies based on the determination of polymer concentrations yielded identical results1. The following salts activate in the order: KCl > NaCl > Na2SO4 = HCOONa > CH3COONa > LiCl.
Provider perspectives on the content and delivery of training for family day care

More children are cared for in family day care homes than in any other type of child care setting. Often family day care providers have not received preservice training and many struggle to find inservice training that is affordable and available at a time that is feasible for the provider. A study conducted in Montana examined the characteristics of family day care providers, their training needs, and the barriers they face in obtaining training. The providers reported that they would like additional training in the content areas of discipline of and activities for young children. Unexpectedly, providers reported a stronger need for training in the area of personal development, including stress reduction and assertiveness skills.
Arytenoid Adduction Combined With Gore‐Tex Medialization Thyroplasty

Objective: To describe the technique of combined Gore-Tex medialization thyroplasty with arytenoid adduction and to determine the long-term vocal outcome of patients treated for unilateral vocal cord paralysis with this procedure. Study Design: A retrospective chart review and patient reevaluation for patients treated at The University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics between May 1995 and June 1999. Methods: The review addressed patient demographics, perioperative and long-term complications, and voice outcomes. Details of the surgical technique are provided within the manuscript. Results: Seventy-two Gore-Tex medialization procedures were completed. Arytenoid adduction was included in 22 of these procedures. This subset of patients was compared with the patients treated with Gore-Tex alone. No major postoperative complications occurred in either group. Preoperative and postoperative voice and videostroboscopy data were available for 19 arytenoid adduction patients and 25 Gore-Tex alone patients. On a seven-point scale (6 [severely abnormal] → 0 [normal voice]), the average patient rating of voice dysfunction improved from 4.2 to 1.6 (arytenoid adduction) and 4.5 to 2.8 (Gore-Tex alone). Maximum phonation time improved from 6.9 seconds to 16.7 seconds in the arytenoid adduction group. Subjective voice assessment employing the four-point GRBAS scale (3 [severely abnormal] → 0 [normal]) identified average improvement from an overall grade of 2.1 to 0.8 arytenoid adduction and 2.2 to 1.5 in the Gore-Tex alone group. Improvement was identified in the vocal quality of breathiness from 1.9 to 0.2 (arytenoid adduction) and 1.9 to 0.9 (Gore-Tex alone). Conclusions: The combined technique of Gore-Tex medialization thyroplasty and arytenoid adduction provide functional results that appear to exceed the improvement attained with medialization alone.
Cardiovascular effects of dietary copper deficiency

Dietary copper deficiency may impair cardiovascular health by contributing to high blood pressure, enhancement of inflammation, anemia, reduced blood clotting and arteriosclerosis. The purpose of this review is to compile information on the numerous changes of the heart, blood and blood vessels that may contribute to these cardiovascular defects. These alterations include weakened structural integrity of the heart and blood vessels, impairment of the use of energy by the heart, reduced ability of the heart to contract, altered ability of blood vessels to control their diameter and to grow, and altered structure and function of circulating blood cells. The fundamental causes of these changes rest largely on reduced effectiveness of enzymes that depend on copper for their activity.
Approximate portfolio analysis

Abstract This paper presents a portfolio selection model based on the idea of approximation. The model describes a portfolio by its decumulative distribution curve and a preference structure by a family of convex indifference curves. It prescribes the optimal portfolio as the one whose decumulative curve has the highest tangent indifference curve. The model extends the mean–variance model in the sense that it does not restrict the return distributions of assets to be normal. While under the assumption of normality, the model simplifies to the mean–variance model. The model has a measure of risk attitudes that resembles the Arrow–Pratt measure while combining both wealth and probability attitudes. Using this measure, we show that the smaller the curvature of a value function and the larger the curvature of a weighting function, the more risk averse an agent.
Cardioprotection with the Parrodiene 2,4,6-Octatrienal and Its Potassium Salt through Activation of the Akt-Bcl-2 Survival Pathway

A study was undertaken to determine the cardioprotective effects of parrodienes prepared from the feather pigments of parrots (Ara macao). Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three experimental groups and perfused with KHB buffer with or without treatment of 2,4,6-octatrienal (1) (50 mM) or its potassium salt (2) (50 mM). All hearts were then subjected to 30 min ischemia followed by a 2 h reperfusion. Ischemia/reperfusion resulted in a significant amount of tissue injury, cardiomyocyte apoptosis, and depression in hemodynamic functions. Parrodiene treatment prevented the development of myocardial injury after ischemia/reperfusion. Western blot analysis indicated that 1 and 2 reduced the oxidative stress, induced the expression of Bcl-2, and caused increased phosphorylation of Akt. These agents also reduced myocardial ischemic reperfusion injury presumably by reducing oxidative stress and activating the survival signal through the Akt-Bcl-2 pathway.
High-sensitivity, AM-modulated harmonic transceiver for wireless sensing

Described is a zero power transceiver that is designed to receive a low-power RF signal at a fundamental frequency, double the frequency with high efficiency, and retransmit the second harmonic. The specific emphasis of this reported work was to demonstrate a means of imparting amplitude modulation onto the retransmitted harmonic in response to some environmental stimulus – in this case a DC bias voltage – to facilitate use of the transceiver in wireless sensing applications. The 1.3/2.6 GHz transceiver zero-bias conversion efficiency is approximately 2% (−17 dB) at received input power levels in the micro-Watt range. A change in the conversion efficiency of 10 dB per 100 mV is achieved through DC biasing of the multiplier.
Water cooling of turbine — Generator strator windings

THIS ARTICLE presents the results of engineering and laboratory studies on the use of water as a coolant for direct cooling of the copper conductors of turbine-generator stator windings. Table I compares the relative rates of heat removal by several fluids under similar conditions that are practical for employment in turbine-generators.
Exploring a three-level model of calibration accuracy.

We compared 5 different statistics (i.e., G index, gamma, d′, sensitivity, specificity) used in the social sciences and medical diagnosis literatures to assess calibration accuracy in order to examine the relationship among them and to explore whether one statistic provided a best fitting general measure of accuracy. College undergraduates completed separate 15-item vocabulary, probability, and paper folding tests by answering a test item and indicating whether or not the item was answered correctly. We computed scores for each of the 5 calibration statistics using the same raw scores for each test and compared 3 theoretical models, including 1-, 2-, and 3-factor confirmatory factor analysis solutions. Results supported the 3-factor model over the 1-factor and 2-factor models with respect to goodness-of-fit indices and least number of estimated parameters. The 3-factor solution was consistent with the hypothesis that the 5 individual calibration scores are related to 2 different types of 2nd-order processes (i.e., accuracy of judgments about correct and incorrect performance), as measured by sensitivity and specificity that are subsumed under a general 3rd-order discrimination process as measured by d′. Implications for a theory of calibration accuracy and measurement practice were discussed.
Ab initio studies of the electronic structure of Be93, Be105, Be111, and Be123 clusters

Ab initio self-consistent-field calculations are reported for electronic states of beryllium clusters comprised of 93, 105, 111, and 123 atoms. The respective clusters correspond to coordination shells 12-15 of a central Be atom with internuclear separations derived from the lattice constants of the bulk metal. Ab initio effective core potentials have been employed to replace the 1 s electrons, thereby reducing the complexity of the calculations. In addition, use of the full D3h point group symmetry of the clusters results in a substantial reduction of the numbers of two-electron integrals that must be computed and processed. Binding energies, orbital energies, electric field gradient, nuclear-electrostatic potential, diamagnetic shielding constant, second moments, and Mulliken populations are calculated for selected electronic states. Calculated binding energies when compared among the different clusters as well as to smaller and larger fragments from earlier studies provide evidence for the onset of convergence to the Hartree–Fock limit of the bulk. Lowest-state ionization potentials are consistently above and agree to within 14% of the experimental workfunction. The net charge on the central beryllium atom decreases toward zero. The variability of observed bulklike behavior for the different properties indicates that the transition between cluster and bulklike behavior is not sharp and depends on the quantity of interest. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Separation of Fuchsin Homologs Using High Performance Liquid Chromatography

Commercial samples of basic fuchsin contain variable proportions of four homologs, pararosaniline, rosaniline, magenta II, and new fuchsin. That different samples of dyes give variable staining is documented in the literature. Three commercial samples of basic fuchsin were investigated using high performance liquid chromatography. Separation of homologs was achieved using a C18 adsorbant and a solvent system of methanol:water:glacial acetic acid (66:24:10).
Aircraft measurements of the geomagnetic latitude effect on air-earth current density

Abstract Recent investigations of the electrode effect and the phenomenon of bubble electrification processes at the air-sea interface throw doubt on the applicability of using surface atmospheric electric observations made at sea by the Carnegie for proving the latitude effect in the columnar resistance of the atmosphere. Conduction current measurements were taken on flights during a period of decades by two instrumented aircraft in oceanic areas remote from sources of pollution. A composite of these measurements is given and confirms the notion that there is a latitude variation in air-Earth current. With the reasonable assumptions of an equal ionospheric potential and either low concentrations of Aitken nuclei or at least suitably small variations in their density with respect to latitude, the observed variation is apparently the integrated result of the Earth's magnetic field acting on cosmic ray activity throughout the troposphere.
Water vapor electrolysis at high temperature: systems considerations and benefits

Abstract The energy intensiveness of conventional liquid water electrolysis has inhibited the universal acceptance of this established technology as a resource conversion, storage and transport option. New developments in recent years have focused on the goal of reducing electric energy requirements as well as overall system capital cost. Major gains are envisioned in meeting these goals if water vapor electrolysis were conducted at elevated temperatures. The fundamental thermodynamics of a high temperature electrolysis process operating at ∼1000°C are presented. Further, process considerations are examined in terms of engineering requirements which indicate the tradeoff between thermal efficiencies and cost. These gains in efficiency can be of the order of 40–50% over the energy efficiencies attained via conventional liquid water electrolysis. Process tradeoffs are discussed in terms of overall thermal efficiencies, voltage/thermal requirements, steam conversions and heat recovery. These analyses discuss the possible tradeoffs between plant complexity and voltage efficiency and show the incentive for continued research and development support.
Static mixing spacers for spiral wound modules

Abstract Conventional spacers most commonly consist of a layered or woven fiber structure that creates fluid vortices or turbulence to mix the fluid in the flow channel. This mixing comes at the expense of increased pressure drop and associated pumping costs. A novel spacer design is evaluated that moves fluid uniquely within the flow channel. The spacer performs like a static mixer for planar flow channels. Fluid adjacent to the top and bottom boundaries of the flow channel is moved to the middle and replaced by fluid from the middle of the flow channel. Experimental measurements of spacer performance for filtration of dextran solutions are reported for the static mixing spacer and compared to a conventional spacer. The static mixing spacer offers comparable or better mass transfer performance at the same power input; at the lowest power inputs the mass transfer coefficient for the static mixing spacer was 20% higher.
Nonlinear Vibrations in Contact Atomic Force Microscopy

The nonlinear vibration response of an atomic force microscope cantilever in contact with a vibrating sample is investigated. The tip-sample contact is modeled using Hertzian contact mechanics. The method of multiple scales is used to analyze this problem in which it is assumed that the beam remains in contact with the moving surface at all times. The primary result from this analysis is the amplitude-frequency relation for the various flexural modes. The amplitude-frequency curves exhibit softening behavior as expected. The amount of softening is shown to depend on the linear contact stiffness as well as the specific mode. The modal sensitivity to nonlinearity is the result of the nonlinearity being restricted to a single position. The mode shape greatly affects the degree to which the nonlinearity influences the frequency response. The Hertzian restriction is then loosened slightly such that variations in nonlinear contact stiffness are examined. These results depend on the linear contact stiffness and mode number as well. The nonlinear vibration response is expected to provide new insight on the nonlinear tip mechanics present in these systems.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Sequelae in male rabbits following developmental exposure to p,p'-DDT or a mixture of p,p'-DDT and vinclozolin: cryptorchidism, germ cell atypia, and sexual dysfunction.

Abstract Rabbit does (7–9 per group) were treated daily per orum from gestation day 15 through post-natal week 4 to provide per kg body wt 25 μmol (low) or 250 μmol (high) p,p′-DDT or a mixture of DDT and vinclozolin (12.5 and 125 μmol each). Developmental as well as post-pubertal reproductive sequelae of male progeny were studied. Testicular descent in some pups was impaired by DDT. Serum LH or testosterone was not affected. FSH was lower in mixture- but not in DDT-exposed rabbits. Lack of sexual interest, penile erection and ejaculation were observed in some mixture rabbits. Sperm counts were unaffected, but morphologically normal spermatozoa were fewer; nuclear and acrosomal morphogenesis was disrupted. Atypical germ cells resembling carcinoma in situ were found. Also considering data for vinclozolin [Veeramachaneni DNR, Palmer JS, Amann RP, Kane CM, Higuchi TT, Pau K-YF. Disruption of sexual function, FSH secretion, and spermiogenesis in rabbits following developmental exposure to vinclozolin, a fungicide. Reproduction 2006;131:805–16], we concluded that DDT causes cryptorchidism and germ cell atypia, vinclozolin permanently disrupts FSH secretion and sexual function, and the mixture causes the full spectrum of dysgenesis.
Metal / Hydrogenated Amorphous Silicon Interfaces

The contact properties between different metals and hydrogenated amorphous silicon, prepared by various deposition techniques in different laboratories, are reviewed. From these studies the appropriate metallizations have been established for the achievement of Schottky diode, quasi-ohmic or ohmic contact to undoped and doped films. The various characteristic parameters describing Schottky barrier interfaces such as ideality factor, current saturation, contact resistance and barrier height are discussed. The dependence of Schottky barrier height upon the metal work function, measuring and annealing temperature, and optical band-gap are also reported. The minority-carrier injection and series resistance effects on the contact properties of a-Si:H diodes are described. All the results are interpreted in terms of a self-consistent model that exhibits an electrode-limited to bulk-limited transition.
Document Comprehensiveness and User Preferences in Novelty Search Tasks

Different users may be attempting to satisfy different information needs while providing the same query to a search engine. Addressing that issue is addressing Novelty and Diversity in information retrieval. Novelty and Diversity search task models the task wherein users are interested in seeing more and more documents that are not only relevant, but also cover more aspects (or subtopics) related to the topic of interest. This is in contrast with the traditional IR task where topical relevance is the only factor in evaluating search results. In this paper, we conduct a user study where users are asked to give a preference between one of two documents B and C given a query and also given that they have already seen a document A. We then test a total of ten hypotheses pertaining to the relationship between the "comprehensiveness" of documents (i.e. the number of subtopics a document is relevant to) and real users' preference judgments. Our results show that users are inclined to prefer documents with higher comprehensiveness, even when the prior document A already covers more aspects than the two documents being compared, and even when the least preferred has a higher relevance grade. In fact, users are inclined to prefer documents with higher overall aspect-coverage even in cases where B and C are relevant to the same number of novel subtopics.
Axial anomaly and chiral symmetry breaking in Schwinger model: A canonical approach☆

Abstract We use a recently introduced canonical surface formalism, to study the problem of chiral symmetry breaking in the Schwinger model. We perfect the parallel between QCD 4 and QED 2 in this respect.
A multimedia session-aware QoS provisioning scheme for cellular networks

Multimedia applications often involve a set of cooperating streams that together form a multimedia session . We propose a novel local QoS provisioning scheme for cellular networks that is aware of the relationships between the streams that compose a session. As a rule, existing schemes either allow composite streams to compete with one another for resources or else provide QoS to the session as an atomic entity, leaving to the application the task of managing QoS for the individual streams. Our new MUltimedia SessIon-aware Cellular (MUSIC) QoS provisioning scheme manages the QoS of the individual streams in a session, and with the knowledge of their relationships, it prevents competition between the streams. Further, by allowing an application-specified prioritization between streams in a session, MUSIC scheme features a significant improvement in performance over session-unaware schemes.© (2005) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Profiles of executive functioning: associations with substance dependence and risky sexual behavior.

The present investigations applied a theoretical perspective regarding the impact of executive functioning (EF) on sexual risk among substance users, by using a methodological approach designed to examine whether EF subtypes differentially predict behavior patterns. Participants included 104 substance-using HIV-negative gay and bisexual men. Participants completed five neuropsychological assessment tasks selected to tap discrete EF components, and these data were linked to data on substance dependence and behavioral reports of substance use and sexual risk in the past 30 days. Cluster analysis identified three EF subtypes: a) High-performing (good performance across all measures); b) Low Performing (poor performance across all measures); and c) Poor IGT Performance (impairment on the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) and its variant, but good performance on all other tasks). The three subtypes did not differ in amount of substance use, but the Low-Performing subtype was associated with greater rates of substance dependence. The Low-Performing subtype reported the highest rates of sexual behavior and risk, while the Poor IGT-Performance subtype reported the lowest rates of sexual risk-taking. Global associations between substance use and sexual risk were strongest among the Low-Performing subtype, but event-level associations appeared strongest among individuals in the High-Performing subtype. These data suggest complex associations between EF and sexual risk among substance users, and suggest that the relationship between substance use and sexual risk may vary by EF subtypes.
When is a stem cell really a stem cell

While bone marrow transplantation has long been established as an effective approach to the clinical management of a variety of malignant and nonmalignant diseases, the future application of pluripotent stem cells in transplant settings promises to deliver this therapy to a much broader range of indications. In this review, I summarize the emerging field of embryonic stem cell biology in the context of potential clinical applications and regulatory issues.
Review of tolerances at the Final focus Test Beam

A review is presented of the tolerances associated with the Final Focus Test Beam (FFTB). The authors have computed the acceptability window of the input beam for orbit jitter, emittance beta function mismatch, incoming dispersion and coupling; tolerances on magnet alignment, strength and multipole content; and the initial tunability capture of the line. >
Quantum Deformation of the Grassmannian Manifold

Abstract In this paper we work out a deformation of G ( r , n ), the grassmannian of r -subspaces in a vector space of dimension n over a field k of characteristic 0. G ( r , n ) is deformed as an homogeneous space for SL n ( k ), the special linear group of k n ; this means that k [ G ( r , n )], the coordinate ring of G ( r , n ), gets deformed together with with the coaction of k [ SL n ], the coordinate ring of SL n ( k ), on it. Our deformation comes together with a coaction of the corresponding deformation of SL n ( k ). At the end we give an explicit presentation of the deformed grassmannian, in terms of generators and relations.
Software engineers and HCI practitioners learning to work together: a preliminary look at expectations

We studied the expectations of Software Engineering graduate students who took an HCI course, regarding the interaction of engineers and HCI practitioners in their workplace. The data are suggestive that students with HCI training compared both with nonHCI students and with current industry practices, expect to keep abreast of the HCI field more actively, expect design decisions and usability testing to be more collaborative and expect to see a greater degree of interaction between engineers and HCI practitioners.
Sexism and Gender Inequality Across 57 Societies

Theory predicts that individuals’ sexism serves to exacerbate inequality in their society’s gender hierarchy. Past research, however, has provided only correlational evidence to support this hypothesis. In this study, I analyzed a large longitudinal data set that included representative data from 57 societies. Multilevel modeling showed that sexism directly predicted increases in gender inequality. This study provides the first evidence that sexist ideologies can create gender inequality within societies, and this finding suggests that sexism not only legitimizes the societal status quo, but also actively enhances the severity of the gender hierarchy. Three potential mechanisms for this effect are discussed briefly.
Normal Variant Short Stature: Subclassification Based on Responses to Exogenous Human Growth Hormone*

Normal variant short stature (NVSS), constituting about 40% of short children, is defined as height below the third percentile; negative physical/x-ray examination, except for proportionate short stature, with or without retarded bone age; birth weight greater than 2.5 kg; normal plasma immunoreactive GH response to pharmacological stimuli; and predicted adult height below the third percentile. This study investigated whether NVSS is related to peripheral resistance to GH. Twenty-eight NVSS children, aged 8–10 yr, were given human GH (0.532 U/kg BW3/4-day for 10 days). Two responses were measured: 1) the anabolic response of the soft tissues in terms of daily retention of N, P, and K and 2) the linear growth response of the skeleton in terms of the increment in height during the next 12 weeks. The anabolic and linear growth reactions were measured for comparison in nine GH-deficient children, and the anabolic responses were measured in nine normal control subjects. The GH-deficient children responded vigo...
Restoration-Based Education: Teach the Children Well

Opportunities to “dig the earth” have become increasingly critical during this age when young people often spend more time in front of a computer screen or video game than outside. A corollary to this increasing interest in indoor activities is a decrease in the general public’s ecological literacy, even as public participation in natural resource management issues has increased and the scientific complexity of such concerns has magnified (Orr 1992; Bingle and Gaskell 1994; Nelkin 1995; Miller 1998). Understanding about the environment is declining, and a recent survey found that adult environmental concern in the United States is at the lowest point in two decades (Jones 2010). Although more than three in four Americans report they reduce energy use, recycle, and buy environmentally friendly products, these numbers have barely changed from a decade earlier (Morales 2010). Indeed, despite increased media and political attention focused on climate change, U.S. citizens are no more concerned about that issue than they were ten years ago; only a very few consider the environment the most important concern facing the nation (Newport 2010). A National Environmental Education and Training Foundation /Roper Survey (Coyle 2005) also found America’s environmental knowledge to be poor, with an alarming number of adults believing outdated and erroneous environmental myths.
Examining Object Location and Object Recognition Memory in Mice

This unit is designed to provide sufficient instruction for the setup and execution of tests for object location and object recognition in adult mice. This task is ideally suited for the study of a variety of mouse models that examine disease mechanisms and novel therapeutic targets. By altering several key parameters, the experimenter can investigate short-term or long-term memory and look for either memory impairments or enhancements. Object location and object recognition memory tasks rely on a rodent's innate preference for novelty, and can be conducted sequentially in the same cohort of animals. These two tasks avoid the inherent stress induced with other common measures of rodent memory such as fear conditioning and the Morris water maze. This protocol covers detailed instructions on conducting both tasks, as well as key points concerning data collection, analysis, and interpretation.
Genetic-Algorithm-Based Parameter Estimation Technique for Fragmenting Radar Meteor Head Echoes

Meteoroid fragmentation presents a serious problem for Doppler estimation using Fourier transform techniques. Radar returns from multiple closely spaced bodies traveling at nearly identical speeds result in an interference pattern which makes it difficult to estimate properties of individual bodies by traditional techniques. Here, we present a genetic-algorithm-based procedure to determine the properties of the individual fragments, such as relative scattering cross section, speed, and deceleration. The radar meteor observations presented here were made using the Poker Flat (Alaska) Incoherent Scatter Radar operating at 449.3 MHz.
A comparative study of direct-forcing immersed boundary-lattice Boltzmann methods for stationary complex boundaries

In this study, we assess several interface schemes for stationary complex boundary flows under the direct-forcing immersed boundary-lattice Boltzmann methods (IB-LBM) based on a split-forcing lattice Boltzmann equation (LBE). Our strategy is to couple various interface schemes, which were adopted in the previous direct-forcing immersed boundary methods (IBM), with the split-forcing LBE, which enables us to directly use the direct-forcing concept in the lattice Boltzmann calculation algorithm with a second-order accuracy without involving the Navier–Stokes equation. In this study, we investigate not only common diffuse interface schemes but also a sharp interface scheme. For the diffuse interface scheme, we consider explicit and implicit interface schemes. In the calculation of velocity interpolation and force distribution, we use the 2- and 4-point discrete delta functions, which give the second-order approximation. For the sharp interface scheme, we deal with the exterior sharp interface scheme, where we impose the force density on exterior (solid) nodes nearest to the boundary. All tested schemes show a second-order overall accuracy when the simulation results of the Taylor–Green decaying vortex are compared with the analytical solutions. It is also confirmed that for stationary complex boundary flows, the sharper the interface scheme, the more accurate the results are. In the simulation of flows past a circular cylinder, the results from each interface scheme are comparable to those from other corresponding numerical schemes. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A simple, sterile food source for rearing the larvae of Lucilia sericata (Diptera: Calliphoridae).

Larvae of the sheep blowfly Lucilia sericata (Meigen) were reared on various mixtures of pureed liver, agar, brewer's yeast and trypsin, in order to develop a simple, sterile, tissue-based diet. Growth and survival rates of larvae reared on a sterile 1:1 mixture of pureed liver with 3% Bacto agar equalled or exceeded those of larvae reared on raw liver. The addition of yeast and/or trypsin to the medium was of no additional benefit. This sterile, homogenous, tissue-based substrate offers a simple, convenient, inexpensive growth medium for rearing larvae for maggot therapy, and for testing the effects of various chemicals and dietary constituents on necrophagous insect larvae. It may be useful, therefore, in studies of myiasis, forensic entomology, and toxicology. This rearing medium also has the advantage that it can be stored for many months at room temperature without progressive decomposition or offensive odour.
CarLoop: leveraging common ground to develop long-term carpools

We developed and tested a website and public display to connect and sustain carpoolers in the workplace. We arrived at this design through study of traffic congestion and its causes. After finding that many problems are deeply rooted in transportation infrastructure, we discovered several that could be addressed through design of an interface to carpooling. We found that people are often hesitant to carpool with unknown drivers. Our system offers numerous features to create and nurture sustainable carpools, bringing together design principles with organizational principles and workplace knowledge. Preliminary testing of our system encourages us that its combination of features could increase the success rate of workplace carpools.
Consequences of a Pseudovector Pion-Nucleon Coupling and the Universal beta Decay

An explicit calculation of the finite ratio of renormalization coefficients is being undertaken by means of dispersion theory so that a value for mu /sub o/ may be obtained. Preliminary estimates based upon perturbation theory indicate a bare pion mass in the neighborhoed of 200 mc. (W.D.M.)
Association between patient-provider communication and lung cancer stigma

Purpose The majority (95 %) of lung cancer patients report stigma, with 48 % of lung cancer patients specifically reporting feeling stigmatized by their medical providers. Typically associated with the causal link to smoking and the historically poor prognosis, lung cancer stigma can be seen as a risk factor for poor psychosocial and medical outcomes in the context of lung cancer diagnosis and treatment. Thus, modifiable targets for lung cancer stigma-reducing interventions are needed. The present study sought to test the hypothesis that good patient-provider communication is associated with lower levels of lung cancer stigma.
Are adolescent orphans more likely to be HIV-positive? A pooled data analyses across 19 countries in sub-Saharan Africa

Background Despite extensive resources and numerous programmes directed towards orphans in sub-Saharan Africa, evidence of their disadvantage is surprisingly limited. While initial research suggests that orphans are at greater risk of being HIV-positive, the evidence is limited in geographic scope. Methods To rigorously test disparities in HIV prevalence related to orphanhood and parental HIV status in sub-Saharan Africa, we used Demographic and Health Survey data from 19 countries in sub-Saharan Africa. We conducted pooled multilevel logistic regression on adolescents aged 15–17 years with HIV test results (N=22 837 girls and 20 452 boys). Results Regardless of their gender, orphans who lost their mother, lost both parents or had an HIV-infected mother were two to three times more likely to test positive for HIV infection (ORs 1.87–3.17). The loss of a father was also associated with HIV infection risk for females, but of slightly lower magnitude (OR 1.63). Conclusions To better inform interventions, future research is needed to quantify the relative contribution of perinatally-acquired and sexually-acquired infections, and to investigate the specific mechanisms that may account for disparities in the latter. In the meantime, programmes serving HIV-infect adults as well as those serving orphaned and vulnerable children should invest in family-based HIV testing in order to identify adolescents in need of treatment.
Peripheral Arterial Pressures

To the Editor: Jeffrey Falkel's review of the factors associated with amputation in patients with diabetes mellitus (Phys Ther 63:960–964,1983) was both thorough and well directed, particularly in its emphasis on atherosclerosis as the primary cause of blood flow obstruction. Like most reviews, however, Dr. Falkel's was by necessity limited in scope. Many physical therapists treat diabetic patients with PVD who are in the second or third diagnostic stages of Kramer and Perilstein; that is, they are as stated by Falkel “threatened with gangrene based on cellulitis or discoloration or with ulceration of the skin” or “with actual gangrene with evidence of focal or extensive necrosis of an area.” Therefore, clinicians may benefit from an elaboration of the relationship between peripheral systolic arterial pressures and the outcome of conservative treatments applied to lower extremity wounds in an effort to avert amputation.… [ ARTICLE][1] [1]: /lookup/volpage/63/960?iss=6
Thermodynamic study of the alpha beta phase transformation in titanium by a pulse heating method

Measurements of the temperature and energy of the α → β transformation, and the electrical resistivity near and at the transformation point of titanium by means of a subsecond duration pulse heating technique are described. The results yield 1166 K for the transformation temperature and 4170 J · mol-1 for the transformation energy. Electrical resistivity is found to decrease by about 9 percent during the α → β transformation. Estimated inaccuracies of the measured properties are: 7 K for the transformation temperature, 5 percent for the transformation energy, and 2 percent for the electrical resistivity.
Differences in Clinical Pain and Experimental Pain Sensitivity Between Asian Americans and Whites With Knee Osteoarthritis.

Objective Ethnicity has been associated with clinical and experimental pain responses. Whereas ethnic disparities in pain in other minority groups compared with whites are well described, pain in Asian Americans remains poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to characterize differences in clinical pain intensity and experimental pain sensitivity among older Asian American and non-Hispanic white (NHW) participants with knee osteoarthritis (OA). Methods Data were collected from 50 Asian Americans ages 45 to 85 (28 Korean, 9 Chinese, 7 Japanese, 5 Filipino, and 1 Indian) and compared with 50 age-matched and sex-matched NHW individuals with symptomatic knee OA pain. The Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index and Graded Chronic Pain Scale were used to assess the intensity of clinical knee pain. In addition, quantitative sensory testing was used to measure experimental sensitivity to heat-induced and mechanically induced pain. Results Asian American participants had significantly higher levels of clinical pain intensity than NHW participants with knee OA. In addition, Asian American participants had significantly higher experimental pain sensitivity than NHW participants with knee OA. Discussion These findings add to the growing literature regarding ethnic and racial differences in clinical pain intensity and experimental pain sensitivity. Asian Americans in particular may be at risk for clinical pain and heightened experimental pain sensitivity. Further investigation is needed to identify the mechanisms underlying ethnic group differences in pain between Asian Americans and NHWs, and to ensure that ethnic group disparities in pain are ameliorated.
A "class A" institution: the struggle for the University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine.

Although the possibility of developing a medical school in Puerto Rico surfaced periodically between 1900 and 1940, it was not until World War II, when the military draft uncovered the poor conditions of the Puerto Rican population and deprived the island of many physicians, that a doctor shortage was discovered and pressures for the creation of a medical school mounted. University authorities and the A.M.A. conducted separate studies to determine the viability of such a school; both concluded that Puerto Rico could support a medical college, but endorsed only a "Class A" school. There was less of a consensus concerning the benefits and objectives of the school, its location, and the relationship between the proposed institution and the existing School of Tropical Medicine. These issues embroiled a number of academic and political parties in a struggle which lasted five years.
Making nothing happen: Poetry and sabotage

What is the work of poetry in the time and space of radical cultural transformation? This essay begins by investigating the relationship between habits of expectation and habitat, ends with a line of a poem that was converted into a revolutionary slogan chanted on Tahrir Square, and gets there by juxtaposing a description of poetry’s action by W.H. Auden and a definition of the General Strike by Elizabeth Gurley Flynn. A claim is pursued throughout on behalf of improbability, and more particularly on behalf of poetry’s work in allowing us to ‘perform the other side of the normal form.’
CPR5 modulates salicylic acid and the unfolded protein response to manage tradeoffs between plant growth and stress responses

Completion of a plant's life cycle depends on successful prioritization of signaling favoring either growth or defense. Although hormones are pivotal regulators of growth-defense tradeoffs, the underlying signaling mechanisms remain obscure. The unfolded protein response (UPR) is essential for physiological growth as well as management of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in unfavorable growth conditions. The plant UPR transducers are the kinase and ribonuclease IRE1 and the transcription factors bZIP28 and bZIP60. We analyzed management of the tradeoff between growth and ER stress defense by the stress response hormone salicylic acid (SA) and the UPR, which is modulated by SA via unknown mechanisms. We show that the plant growth and stress regulator CPR5, which represses accumulation of SA, favors growth in physiological conditions through inhibition of the SA-dependent IRE1-bZIP60 arm that antagonizes organ growth; CPR5 also favors growth in stress conditions through repression of ER stress-induced bZIP28/IRE1-bZIP60 arms. By demonstrating a physical interaction of CPR5 with bZIP60 and bZIP28, we provide mechanistic insights into CPR5-mediated modulation of UPR signaling. These findings define a critical surveillance strategy for plant growth-ER stress defense tradeoffs based on CPR5 and SA-modulated UPR signaling, whereby CPR5 acts as a positive modulator of growth in physiological conditions and in stress by antagonizing SA-dependent growth inhibition through UPR modulation.
Early and Late Complications After Laryngofissure or Vertical Partial Laryngectomy

Of the 182 patients with early squamous cell cancer of the true vocal cord treated from 1962 to 1974 at the Mayo Clinic, 47 (26%) had complications during the operation, during the postoperative hospitalization, or later (Table 1) (Neel et al. 1980).
Parental Leave and Fathers' Involvement with Children in Bangladesh: A Comparison with United States

Much is unknown about how traditional fathering roles have changed in the developing nations in conjunction with the rise of nuclear dual earner families. Fathers’ employment leave patterns and inv...
Simulation of composite fatigue resulting from chemical attack of bridging fibers

A numerical simulation that predicted fatigue-like behavior resulting from chemical attack of bridging fibers in a cracked composite was developed. Chemical attack of bridging fibers led to mechanical failure of bridging fibers, and a corresponding reduction in the closure stress. As the closure stress decreased, the crack grew to form new bridging fibers. Crack growth rates were predicted to increase linearly with increased applied stress, and a fatigue exponent of 0.62 ± 0.06 was predicted. The predicted fatigue exponent was approximately an order of magnitude less than fatigue exponents reported for SiC/SiC composites in the literature. The low predicted fatigue exponent may indicate that mechanisms other than chemical attack of bridging fibers are operable in high-temperature experiments reported in the literature.
The global fight to develop antipoverty vaccines in the anti-vaccine era

Antipoverty vaccines are the vaccines targeting a group of approximately 20 neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), as currently defined by the World Health Organization (WHO). The "antipoverty" moniker refers to the fact that NTDs trap populations in poverty due to their chronic and deleterious effects on child intellect and worker productivity. Therefore, NTD vaccines can be expected to promote both global health and economic advancement. Unfortunately, antipoverty vaccine development has lagged behind vaccines for major childhood infections and pandemic threats, despite evidence for their cost-effectiveness and cost-savings. Currently, the only licensed vaccines for NTDs include those for yellow fever, dengue, and rabies, although several other NTD vaccines for hookworm disease, schistosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and Zika and Ebola virus infections are in different stages of clinical development, while others are at the preclinical development stage. With the exception of the viral NTD vaccines there so far has been minimal industry interest in the antipoverty vaccines, leaving their development to a handful of non-profit product development partnerships. The major scientific and geopolitical hurdles to antipoverty vaccine development are discussed, including a rising antivaccine ("antivax") movement now entering highly populated low- and middle-income countries.