cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Do Animal Fur Coats Symbolize Status or Stigma?: Examining the Effect of Perceived Stigma and the Label of “Faux Fur”

Animal fur has historically served as a status symbol. Recently, however, the anti-fur consumption movements heightened perceived stigma around wearing fur. Through a survey and an experiment, this study examined whether perceived stigma has changed the symbolic meaning of animal fur coats. Specifically, this study investigated the relationship between the need for status and purchase intention toward genuine fur coats and tested whether an industry practice of affixing a “faux fur” label to the cuff of faux coats that look real can increase the purchase intention. In both the survey and experimental studies, the moderating effect of perceived stigma on the purchase intention was examined. Two-hundred female participants were recruited from MTurk. The experiment had a one-way between-subjects design where participants were randomly assigned to one of the two experimental conditions: explicit labeling condition and no explicit labeling condition. Survey results revealed that consumers with a higher need for status had higher purchase intention toward real animal fur coats. The moderating effect of perceived stigma on the relationship was found, indicating that consumers with heightened perceived stigma around wearing animal fur desired animal fur coats less. In the experiment, no effect of labeling and perceived stigma was found. By incorporating stigma theory, this study goes beyond the previous focus on exclusivity and scarcity of status symbols by showing that stigma is one possible mechanism by which the symbolic value of status products can be tainted.
A case of parapharyngeal space salivary duct cyst with fine needle biopsy suspicious for squamous cell carcinoma.

Abstract Objectives To report a unique case of salivary duct cyst presenting as parapharyngeal space mass and review relevant literature regarding salivary duct cyst and fine needle aspiration biopsy of salivary gland lesions. Methods After a case description, a review of the literature regarding salivary duct cyst etiology, pathophysiology, presentation, histologic features, and the accuracy of FNA in the context of salivary gland lesions was conducted. Results Salivary duct cysts are rare, often acquired, cystic dilatations of salivary ducts thought to arise secondary to ductal obstruction, commonly occurring in the major salivary glands. Fine needle aspiration is the biopsy method of choice for most head and neck lesions. There is controversy surrounding this method in salivary lesions, but recent data indicates it can be just as reliable as in other locations. Conclusions Here, we highlight a patient with a salivary duct cyst presenting as a parapharyngeal mass, which has not been described in the literature. Overall, FNA in salivary lesions is highly pathologist dependent, which likely contributes to varying accuracy in the literature.
Association Between Exposure to Suicidal Behaviors and Suicide Attempts Among Adolescents: The Moderating Role of Prior Psychiatric Disorders

Theories suggest that adolescents exposed to suicide attempts and/or deaths are at higher risk of attempting suicide, themselves. However, research findings have been mixed, with most studies not accounting for psychiatric vulnerability. We examined past psychiatric diagnosis as a moderator of the association between lifetime exposure to suicide attempts and/or deaths and adolescents’ suicide attempts. Adolescents (N = 518; 60% female; 45% White), ages 12–21, reported on prior suicide ideation and attempts, and mood, anxiety, and substance use disorders at baseline. Suicide attempts since baseline and exposure to suicidal behaviors were assessed 4–6 years later. Lifetime exposure to family suicide attempts and/or suicide deaths, but not to suicidal behaviors of peers/friends or others, was associated with a suicide attempt at follow-up among those with prior psychiatric disorders. Psychologically vulnerable adolescents may require additional support after exposure to suicidal behaviors of a family member to reduce their risk of attempting suicide.
Call the Coach: Opportunities and Challenges for Parent Coaching in Pediatric Type 1 Diabetes.

Editor’s Note: This article was adapted from the address Dr. Streisand delivered as the recipient of the American Diabetes Association’s Richard R. Rubin Award for 2020. This award recognizes a behavioral researcher who has made outstanding, innovative contributions to the study and understanding of the behavioral aspects of diabetes in diverse populations. Dr. Streisand delivered the address in June 2020 at the Association’s virtual 80th Scientific Sessions.
FOXO3a elicits a stress-specific cellular response involving the activation of distinct transcription programs

3449 Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death worldwide, and patients diagnosed with lung cancer have a 5-year survival rate of only 15%. This makes lung cancer one of the deadliest diseases diagnosed today. Cellular pathways that transduce stress responses also regulate the effects of chemotherapy. We recently identified FOXO3a, a member of the forkhead transcription factor family, as a candidate tumor suppressor gene frequently deleted in mouse and human lung adenocarcinomas. Forkhead transcription factors operate as antagonists of the PI3K/Akt cell pro-survival pathway that is activated in response to various cellular stresses, including oxidative stress, DNA damage, and exposure to chemotherapeutic agents. Here we addressed the effect of FOXO3a, and its loss of function, on the response of lung adenocarcinoma cells to different cell stresses including lung carcinogens (BPDE, NNKOAc) and therapeutic agents. We observed the localization of FOXO3a to the nucleus in response to BPDE, NNKOAc, docetaxel, vinorelbine, CL387785 and LY294002 indicating its activation by various stresses. Microarray analysis of FOXO3a transfected cells showed that a FOXO3a-mediated transcriptional program elicited by docetaxel, a disrupter of microtubule dynamics, involved to a significant extent changes in the expression of genes encoding microtubule-related functions. This contrasted with the response to NNKOAc, a DNA damaging lung carcinogen, which resulted in a significant change in expression of DNA binding and DNA repair genes. Further examination of the response to docetaxel showed a FOXO3a-mediated increase in G1 fraction. A similar response to vinorelbine, an inhibitor of microtubule polymerization was observed, suggesting that FOXO3a protects against G2/M damage by arresting cells in G1 phase of the cell cycle. Excessive stress induced by these various agents ultimately caused FOXO3a-mediated increase in apoptosis involving caspase 9 and caspase 7 cleavage. Taken together, our data suggest that FOXO3a is activated by various types of cellular stress causing a rather stress-specific cellular response through FOXO3a transcriptional activity. However, when excessive, these various stress stimuli drive cell death down a common apoptotic pathway that is also enhanced by FOXO3a activation.
Complex Spherical Fuzzy Sets and an Application to Catering Services in Aviation 4.0

In this research, the recent development of three dimensional fuzzy sets namely, spherical fuzzy sets is extended to complex spherical fuzzy sets (CSFSs) and the novelty of CSFSs with their operations and properties are investigated. The range of CSFSs membership functions lie in complex plane, not limited to [0, 1]. So, the CSFSs describe complex membership functions in a set in terms of complex numbers which leads to a new mathematical framework and comprehensive study of their properties. Some of the aggregation operators and distance measures are established with their mathematical proof. Further an intelligent system based on EDAS (Evaluation based on Distance from Average Solution) method has been developed using the proposed complex spherical fuzzy aggregation operators. An application is proposed for aviation industry 4.0 in order to assess the performance of catering services. Finally a numerical illustration has been demonstrated for the proposed innovative method.
The Impact of Concurrent Multi-service Coverage on Quality and Safety in Trauma Care.

ABSTRACT Background At many trauma centers in the United States, one acute care surgeon is responsible for overnight coverage of both the emergency general surgery (EGS) and trauma services. The impact of this scheduling phenomenon on the quality and safety of trauma care has not been studied. Methods Overnight (12:00 AM to 7:00 AM) trauma admissions to an academic Level 1 trauma center from 2013-2015 were studied after the institution adopted this scheduling phenomenon. Admissions were divided into two groups based on whether the admitting surgeon covered only the trauma service, or both the trauma and EGS services ("multi-service coverage"). Four major outcomes (e.g., mortality and complications), six quality metrics (e.g., time to first odds ratio visit and unplanned transfers to the ICU), and procedural utilization patterns were compared. Results A total of 1046 admissions were included. There were no differences in any major outcomes between the two exposure groups, including any National Trauma Data Bank-defined complication (OR 1.1, 95% CI 0.8-1.5, P= 0.5). Quality metrics dependent on the admitting surgeon remained unchanged, including attending presence at the highest-level trauma activations within 15 min of arrival (93% versus 86%, P= 0.07) and time to urgent operative intervention (68 min versus 82 min, P= 0.9). There were no differences in the number of laboratory and imaging studies (4.1 versus 4.1, P= 0.9) or bedside interventions (1.8 versus 2.1, P= 0.4) performed per patient by the admitting surgeon. Multivariate logistic regression did not identify multi-service coverage as an independent risk factor for adverse patient outcomes or quality metrics. Conclusions Trauma admissions under a surgeon covering multiple services simultaneously had similar outcomes, quality metrics, and procedural utilization patterns compared to trauma admissions under surgeons covering only the trauma service. Despite concerns that multiple-service coverage may overburden one acute care surgeon, time-dependent quality metrics and studies done during the initial workup of trauma patients remained unchanged. These findings suggest that simultaneous trauma and EGS service coverage by one acute care surgeon does not adversely impact trauma patient care.
Exploring the Effects of Aggregate Review Characteristics on Mobile Application Adoption

This study investigates how potential adopters of mobile applications utilize online review systems to inform their perceptions on the application’s technology characteristics and thus inform their eventual adoption decision. Informational cascades and herding behavior theories are combined with the Innovation Diffusion Model and the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) to develop a research model. The review characteristics of aggregate review valence, overall rating, and review volume are related to the perceived technology characteristics of relative advantage, compatibility, and complexity. These, in turn, use the TPB as a lens to tie it all to the behavioral intention to adopt the mobile application. An online survey yielded 448 responses for analysis. The results yield some important insights and raises new questions for future evaluation.
Information Processing in the Gustatory System

Gustation is a sensory modality that is essential for survival. Information provided by the gustatory system enables identification and rejection of poisons and encourages ingestion of nutritious foods. In addition, fine taste discrimination, guided by postingestional feedback, is critical for the maintenance of energy homeostasis. The study of how gustatory information is processed by both the peripheral and the central nervous systems has been an active and fruitful area of investigation and has yielded some dramatic results in recent years. In this chapter, we will first discuss the general concept of neural coding of sensory information to provide a backdrop for the discussion of gustatory neural coding in particular. Next, the anatomy and organization of each level of the gustatory system from the tongue to the cortex will be presented in the context of various theories of sensory coding as they have been applied to gustation. Finally, we will reviewthe unifying ideas that characterize information processing in the taste system.
Model peptides reveal specificity of N alpha-acetyltransferase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae

N alpha-Acetylation is a major co-translational modification occurring at the alpha-NH2 group of eukaryotic cytosolic proteins. In order to understand better the specificity of N alpha-acetyltransferase, we used the purified enzyme from yeast (Lee, F.-J. S., Lin, L.-W., and Smith J. A. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263, 14948-14955) and synthetic peptides mimicking the NH2 terminus of yeast and human proteins. Alcohol dehydrogenase I-(1-24) and 8 of the 19 synthetic analogues with substitutions at the NH2-terminal residue were N alpha-acetylated with varying efficiency. Penultimate amino acid substitutions, except for proline, had little influence on N alpha-acetylation. Substitution of sequences from N alpha-acetylated proteins into the yeast sequences which cannot be N alpha-acetylated demonstrated that not only the first 3 NH2-terminal residues but also more carboxyl-terminal residues were important for determining the specificity of N alpha-acetyltransferase. Two other peptides mimicking yeast mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase (subunit VI) and ATPase inhibitor, which are naturally non-acetylated, were efficiently acetylated. In addition, recombinant human alcohol dehydrogenase I and basic fibroblast growth factor, which are naturally N alpha-acetylated, were not acetylated post-translationally.
Chorea as a paraneoplastic complication of Hodgkin's disease

Neurologic complications of Hodgkin's disease (HD) include both metastatic and non-metastatic involvement of the nervous system. There are at least five paraneoplastic syndromes associated with HD but chorea has not been described. We report the first choreiform disorder as a paraneoplastic complication of HD and only the second case of paraneoplastic chorea in the literature.
MacroDB: scaling database engines on multicores

Multicore processors are available for over a decade, but general purpose database management systems (DBMS) still cannot fully explore the computational resources of these platforms. This paper explores a simple and easy to deploy approach for improving DBMS performance in multicore platforms, by maintaining multiple database engines running in parallel, rather than a single instance, thus circumventing the increase in contention due to load interactions. Unlike previous works, we focus on in-memory DBMS, exploring different design solutions that combine distributed systems and concurrent programming techniques. We show that we are able to improve performance over standalone solutions, without modifying either database or application code, by up to 3 times while minimizing response times.
A planning algorithm for distributed manufacturing

Distributed manufacturing (DM), downsizing, and outsourcing are becoming increasingly popular. Processes in manufacturing a product may be distributed at different sites. A production plan in such environments consists of various subplans, team coordination schedules, and decision making on task-team assignments. We present a distributed artificial intelligence (DAI) approach that enables people and computers to work cooperatively as teams in decision making. Our model is a set of loosely coupled, autonomous, communicating problem solver nodes representing a functional unit such as design, production, testing, and accounting, that participate in planning, group problem solving and negotiation. A heuristic algorithm assigns subplans to sites to optimize costs. >
HPF LIBRARY AND COMPILER SUPPORT FOR HALOS IN DATA PARALLEL IRREGULAR COMPUTATIONS

On distributed memory architectures data parallel compilers emulate the global address space by distributing the data onto the processors according to the mapping directives of the user and by generating automatically explicit inter-processor communication. A shadow is additionally allocated local memory to keep on one processor also non-local values of the data that is accessed or defined by this processor. While shadow edges are already well studied for structured grids, this paper focuses on its use for applications with unstructured grids where updates on the shadow edges involve unstructured communication with complex communication schedules. The use of shadow edges is considered for High Performance Fortran (HPF) as the de facto standard language for writing data parallel programs in Fortran. A library with a HPF binding provides the explicit control of unstructured shadows and their communication schedules, also called halos. This halo library allows writing HPF programs with a performance close to hand-coded message-passing versions but where the user is freed of the burden to calculate shadow sizes and communication schedules and to do the exchanging of data with explicit message passing commands. In certain situations, the HPF compiler can create and use halos automatically. This paper shows the advantages and also the limits of this approach. The halo library and an automatic support of halos have been implemented within the ADAPTOR HPF compilation system. The performance results verify the effectiveness of the chosen approach.
A contribution to soil dynamics

OPERATIONS associated with high soil-deformation rates, such as roto-tilling, highspeed bulldozing, aircraft landing on unprepared terrain, and soil measurements by an impacting probe, have stimulated interest in the inertia effects of soil. Since little experimental data are available as yet, I would like to report some tests on soil dynamics performed a few years ago [1]. The problem was this: Can soft soil be deformed at a rate high enough to generate inertia forces that will contribute effectively to supporting a vehicle? Since this question is especially important when locomotion is planned over very weak soils, where static forces due to cohesion and internal friction will not support or propel a vehicle, we focused our attention on the rapid deformation of muddy soils. We approached the solution of this problem by first listing all possible forces that could contribute to the flotation of a vehicle, and then applying dimensional reasoning. From numerous publications on theological properties of clay, we knew that at low deformation rates the relationship between the deforming force and the deformation speed is governed by Bingham's law F = F o + c o n s t × v. (1) To verify this law for the muddy soil in our experiment, we placed a soil specimen of 30 in ~ in a stirring apparatus set at low speeds. Figure 1 shows that the stirring force increases linearly with the speed as predicted by formula (1). Clearly, at low speed inertia forces are negligible. The increase of deforming force is caused by an alteration of the friction mechanism between the soil particles; therefore, the second term in formula (1) can be identified as viscous force. Since the viscous force of the muddy soil increased very little with speed, we neglected it. The first term in formula (1) represents the static force at a very low deformation rate. We thought it appropriate to identify this force by Coulomb's law, where the total shear force just before failure is the sum of cohesion force and friction force. Expressing these two forces in terms of a characteristic length l gives cohesion force a l~c (2) friction force----N tan ~p (3) where c is cohesion, cp is the angle of internal friction, and N is a force perpendicular to the friction force. Since the force N depends in some way upon all the forces causing soil deformation, we cannot specify N until finishing our review of all the contributing forces. Our first interest was the inertia force, expressed by Newton's law in terms of a characteristic length I and a characteristic speed v, as inertia force ct p lSv ~ (4) where p is the density of soil.
Quantitation of 2,5-dibromo-3-methyl-6-isopropyl-p-benzoquinone binding sites in chloroplast membranes: Evidence for a functional dimer of the cytochrome b6f complex

Abstract The binding of 2,5-dibromo-3-methyl-6-isopropyl- p -benzoquinone (DBMIB) to chloroplast thylakoid membranes was investigated by analyzing the inhibition of electron transfer by DBMIB according to a steady-state rate relationship for enzyme-catalyzed reactions in the presence of tightly binding reversible inhibitors. DBMIB interacts with the cytochrome b 6 f complex in a manner best described by an apparent dissociation constant near 6 n m . The binding site titer is 1 mmol · mol chlorophyll −1 . This number of DBMIB binding sites approaches one-half the number of cytochrome b 6 f complexes present in the membrane. These data suggest that the cytochrome b 6 f complex may function in electron transfer as a dimer, plastoquinol oxidation being totally inhibited by the binding of a single DBMIB molecule to the dimer.
Mobile Motion Gaming: Enabling a New Class of Phone-to-Phone Action Games on Commodity Phones

Mobile gaming is a big driver of app marketplaces. However, few mobile games deliver truly distinctive gameplay experiences for ad hoc collocated users. As an example of such an experience, consider a sword fight dual between two users facing each other where each user's phone simulates a sword. With phone in hand, the users' thrusts and blocks translate to attacks and counterattacks in the game. Such Phone-to-Phone Mobile Motion Games (MMG) represent interesting and novel gameplay for ad hoc users in the same location. One enabler for an MMG game like sword fight is continuous, accurate distance ranging. Existing ranging schemes cannot meet the stringent requirements of MMG games: speed, accuracy, and noise robustness. In this work, we design FAR, a new ranging scheme that can localize at 12 Hz with 2-cm median error while withstanding up to 0-dB noise, multipath, and Doppler effect issues. Our implementation runs on commodity smartphones and does not require any external infrastructure. Moreover, distance measurement accuracy is comparable to that of Kinect, a fixed-infrastructure motion capture system. Evaluation on users playing two prototype games indicate that FAR can fully support dynamic game motion in real time.
Tridentate and mixed ligand copper(II) complexes of N-hydroxyalkylsalicylaldimines[1]

Abstract Several bis[N-hydroxyalkylsalicylaldiminato]copper[II] complexes were observed to decompose thermally to form quantitative yields of 1:1 complexes in which the imine acts as a tridentate ligand. Such 1:1 complexes prepared from N-[3-hydroxypropyl] imines were characterized by a reduced magnetic moment at ambient temperatures. Two mixed copper chelates of β-diketones and N-2-hydroxyethylsalicylaldehyde were also isolated and found to eliminate thermally the β-diketone also producing the 1:1 complex.
A fast algorithm for simulating vesicle flows in three dimensions

Vesicles are locally-inextensible fluid membranes that can sustain bending. In this paper, we extend the study of Veerapaneni et al. [S.K. Veerapaneni, D. Gueyffier, G. Biros, D. Zorin, A numerical method for simulating the dynamics of 3D axisymmetric vesicles suspended in viscous flows, Journal of Computational Physics 228 (19) (2009) 7233-7249] to general non-axisymmetric vesicle flows in three dimensions. Although the main components of the algorithm are similar in spirit to the axisymmetric case (spectral approximation in space, semi-implicit time-stepping scheme), important new elements need to be introduced for a full 3D method. In particular, spatial quantities are discretized using spherical harmonics, and quadrature rules for singular surface integrals need to be adapted to this case; an algorithm for surface reparameterization is needed to ensure stability of the time-stepping scheme, and spectral filtering is introduced to maintain reasonable accuracy while minimizing computational costs. To characterize the stability of the scheme and to construct preconditioners for the iterative linear system solvers used in the semi-implicit time-stepping scheme, we perform a spectral analysis of the evolution operator on the unit sphere. By introducing these algorithmic components, we obtain a time-stepping scheme that circumvents the stability constraint on the time-step and achieves spectral accuracy in space. We present results to analyze the cost and convergence rates of the overall scheme. To illustrate the applicability of the new method, we consider a few vesicle-flow interaction problems: a single vesicle in relaxation, sedimentation, shear flows, and many-vesicle flows.
Right atrial compartmentalization using radiofrequency catheter ablation for management of patients with refractory atrial fibrillation.

Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation. Introduction: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is often refractory to antiarrhythmic drugs, and patients who are intolerant of AF may require the maze operation for cure. As a less Invasive alternative, a catheter-based, right atrial compartmentalization procedure was evaluated. Methods and Results: Twelve patients with AF refractory to Class I and III antiarrhythmic drugs were studied. Four linear right atrial radiofrequency ablations were performed, from superior to inferior vena cava in the posterior wall and interatrial septum, anteriorly from the superior vena cava to the tricuspid annulus through the appendage, and across the tricuspid valve-inferior vena cava isthmus. The radiofrequency catheter was dragged along each line three to four times, until the atrial electrogram amplitude decreased by 75% and there was bidirectional conduction block in the tricuspid valve-inferior vena cava isthmus. One complication occurred: sinus node dysfunction requiring a pacemaker. Eight patients were discharged from the hospital on no antiarrhythmic drugs, and four were discharged on previously ineffective antiarrhythmic drugs. Total duration of follow-up was 21.3 ± 11.2 months. Four patients discharged on previously ineffective antiarrhythmic drugs had no recurrence of AF. One patient discharged off antiarrhythmic drugs had no recurrence of AF. Seven patients discharged off antiarrhythmic drugs had recurrent AF by 12.6 ± 13.0 months (median 6, range 1 to 39); 3 of these 7 responded to previously ineffective antiarrhythmic drugs without further AF and 4 did not. Thus, 8 of 12 patients (67%) had suppression of AF after ablation on previously ineffective medication or no medication. Conclusion: Right atrial compartmentalization may alter the substrate for AF, thus improving the efficacy of previously ineffective antiarrhythmic drugs. Because it is relatively safe, it may be a reasonable adjunctive intervention to maintain sinus rhythm in patients with drugrefractory AF.
Development and applications of groundwater remediation technologies in the USA

The future of the development and application of groundwater remediation technologies will unfold in an atmosphere of heightened public concern and attention. Cleanup policy will undergo incremental change towards more comprehensive efforts which account for the impact of remediation on nearby resources. Newly discovered contaminants will cause the re-examination of “mature” technologies since they may be persistent, mobile and difficult to treat in-situ. Evaluations of the effectiveness of remedial technologies will eventually include by-product formation, geochemical consequences and sustainability. Long-term field trials of remedial technologies alone can provide the data necessary to support claims of effectiveness.
SU-E-T-393: Investigation of Hot Spots in Tomotherapy 3D Conformal Breast Plan

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to determine the root-cause of hotspots inherent to Tomotherapy static beam 3D conformal radiotherapy (3DCRT) for breast treatment. ASTRO (ref here) recommends that IMRT be avoided for breast treatments. Despite Tomotherapy's inherent IMRT-like optimization and delivery, our experience at a Tomotherapy-only site has been that Tomotherapy 3DCRT fail to produce a clinically acceptable plan for 79% of our breast patients. Hot-spots have been one of the major obstacles. Methods: Eight lumpectomy patients were planned according to RTOG-1005 specification. Two or four tangential beams were used for 3DCRT breast planning. To spare the contralateral breast and ipsilateral lung, part of the PTV was not covered by the primary beam, yielding adjacent hot-spots. We hypothesize that the planning system creates hotspots adjacent to the cold spots to yield scatter radiation dose compensation in the blocked region. Various phantom and patient setup were used to test the hypothesis. Results: Hot spots outside of PTV in the range of 135% - 174% were observed for patient plan. It is confirmed that the PTV partial block causes the adjacent hot spot. The root cause is the optimizer quadratic objective function over- weighs improving the cold spot. The IMRT flexibility offered by Tomotherapy is counter-productive in static-beam 3DCRT breast treatment. For phantom case, as the Modulation-Factor increases from 1.1 to 5, the hot spot increases from 110% to 300%. Limiting the 3DCRT intensity modulation is shown to produce clinically acceptable plan. Conclusion: Most of the hot spots in Tomotherapy 3DCRT breast plan originate from the planning-system optimizer attempting to cover PTV cold spots rather than from the beam energy. Altering the objective function could improve clinical acceptability of static beam Tomotherapy 3DCRT.
MECHANICALLY DEBONED GOAT, MUTTON AND PORK IN FRANKFURTERS

Twelve batches of frankfurters were prepared to contain 10, 25 or 40% mechanically deboned (MDB) meat from each of four sources (young goat, old goat, mutton and pork) and compared to a control frankfurter batch comprised of manually deboned beef and pork. MDB pork (derived from neckbones, vertebrae and ribs which had been previously debohed manually) contained less (P < 0.05) moisture and protein as well as more (P < 0.05) fat, ash and calcium than old goat, young goat and mutton (all of which were obtained by mechanically deboning whole carcasses). There were no major differences in moisture, fat or protein among the 13 batches of frankfurters. Processing characteristics (extent of fatting-out, ease of peelability, external surface color) differed very little when frankfurters containing MDB goat or MDB mutton were compared with control frankfurters. Frankfurters containing 10% MDB pork were acceptable in processing traits, but those containing 25% or 40% of MDB pork were very susceptible to mechanical deformation. Consumer panelists (n = 95) generally preferred or did not dislike the flavor, juiciness and texture of frankfurters containing 10, 25 or 40% MDB goat (young or old); 10, 25 or 40% MDB mutton; or 10% MDB pork when compared to control frankfurters. Frankfurters containing 25% or 40% MDB pork were assigned lower (P < 0.05) palatability ratings than were control frankfurters. Data suggest than desirability of MDB meat for use in processed meats may depend more on the proportion of bone in the meat that is mechanically deboned than upon differences in species.
Toward the successful delivery of lysosomal enzymes across the blood-brain barrier

The development of enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) has been one of the most remarkable successes of translational studies, bridging laboratory discoveries to clinical settings. Although ERT is very effective in clearing peripheral tissue storage in many lysosomal storage diseases (LSD), negotiating the blood-brain barrier (BBB) remains a key challenge in delivering corrective lysosomal enzymes into the brain. In recent years, brain delivery of lysosomal enzymes has been vigorously pursued for treating neurodegenerative LSD. Delivery strategies include high-dose and long-term treatment regimens, manipulation of receptor-mediated transport, biochemical engineering of enzymes, use of transport vectors, and enzyme administration by alternative routes. Most studies have investigated biochemical or histological improvements in central nervous system (CNS) storage after treatment. Few studies, however, have directly focused on the mechanisms of lysosomal enzyme transport across the BBB. In previous studies, we discovered that the luminally expressed mannose 6-phosphate/insulin-like growth factor-II receptor is a universal transporter of lysosomal enzymes. We and others have also successfully manipulated receptor-mediated transport by using endogenous characteristics of the BBB. Interestingly, accumulating evidence indicates that some lysosomal enzymes employ multiple mechanisms for their transport across the BBB. This review provides a detailed discussion of the kinetics of lysosomal enzyme transport across the BBB, and the manipulation of transport characteristics based on studies of the transport of β-glucuronidase, sulfamidase, arylsulfatase A and acid α-glucosidase. Furthermore, recent achievements in treating abnormalities in CNS storage and their contribution to developing new therapeutic approaches are also discussed.
Synthesis and Properties of Poly(phenylene ethynylene)s with Pendant Hexafluoro-2-propanol Groups

Several poly(phenylene ethynylene)s with pendant hexafluoro-2-propanol (HFIP) groups have been synthesized and characterized in terms of their solution and thin-film optical properties. The incorporation of strongly hydrogen-bond-donating HFIP groups into conjugated polymers is shown to greatly enhance their fluorescence response upon exposure to the vapors of several hydrogen-bond-accepting analytes such as pyridine and 2,4-dichloropyrimidine. The enhanced sensitivity of these conjugated polymer-based chemosensors is the result of stronger analyte/polymer binding interactions and more facile photoinduced charge-transfer reactions with hydrogen-bonded analytes.
Educating a Profession

Is teaching a profession? Does how society views teacher education really matter? Denemark's answer is an un equivocal "yes." It matters, suggests the author, because how people view a phenomenon often influences the real ity of that phenomenon. Hence, al though teaching still falls short of full professional status, Denemark urges that educators strive to correct false im pressions of critics and to ameliorate practices that militate against quality educational programming. Denemark concludes that professional status is im portant not because of what enhanced status for teacher educators means, but rather because of its import for the qual ity and character of teaching and learn ing in schools.
From Simon's scissors for rationality to ABC's adaptive toolbox

The smartness of simple heuristics depends upon their fit to the structure of task environments. Being fast and frugal becomes psychologically demanding when a decision goal is bounded by the risk distribution in a task environment. The lack of clear goals and prioritized cues in a decision problem may lead to the use of simple but irrational heuristics. Future research should focus more on how people use and integrate simple heuristics in the face of goal conflict under risk.
How infant vervet monkeys learn to recognize starling alarm calls: The role of experience.

Natural observations and field playback experiments were conducted on five groups of free-ranging vervet monkeys to determine when infants recognize the alarm calls of starlings as general alerting signals. Results show that infants do not recognize starling alarm calls at birth. Recognition of starling calls emerges gradually and age at recognition is affected by differences in auditory environment. Infants who have heard starling alarm calls at high rates respond at an earlier age than infants who hear calls at low rates. More importantly, in those groups where infants respond at an earlier age, starlings give alarm calls to vervet predators more often than to non-vervet predators. Thus in the former groups, when adults respond to starling alarm calls, their behavior is more positively reinforcing than in the other groups where starling alarm calls are commonly given to non-vervet predators.
Femtosecond studies of hematoporphyrin derivative in solution: effect of pH and solvent on the excited state dynamics.

We report direct femtosecond measurements of the excited state dynamics of hematoporphyrin derivative (HpD) in solution. The dynamics are found to be very sensitive to the solvent and pH of aqueous solutions. The decay of the excited singlet states is much faster in acidic and pH 7 buffer aqueous solutions ( 10 ns). The dynamical results show strong correlation with static fluorescence measurements: weaker fluorescence in acidic and pH 7 buffer solutions corresponding to shorter-lived excited states. A new fast decay component with a time constant around 5 ps is identified both in acidic aqueous solutions and in organic solvents such as acetone and attributed to internal conversion from the second to the first excited singlet state of aggregates or certain oligomers in HpD, in accord with the observation that the fast decay component is larger at a higher concentration. Oxygen is found to have no effect on the dynamics on the time scale investigated, 1 ns, indicating that oxygen quenching of the singlet excited states is insignificant on this time scale. The sensitive solvent and pH dependence of the excited state dynamics has important clinical implications in the use of HpD as a photosensitizing agent.
Carbon atoms on the (2 × 1) reconstructed Si(100) surface

Abstract Binding energies and high energy binding sites were calculated for carbon atoms deposited on a (2 × 1) dimerized Si(100) surface. The location of the energetically most favorable binding site was found to be near the top position of a second layer Si atom with a binding energy of −3.36 eV. Also calculated were excess energies for the substitution of C (replacing Si atoms) in the exposed surface region. For the substitution of a carbon atom in surface layers 1 through 4 calculations produced progressively increasing excess energies from the exposed surface to the interior. This indicates that the diffusion of a substituting C atom from the top layer to the interior via a site exchange mechanism is energetically unfavorable
Vacuolar Perfusion Technique for Nitella Internodal Cells

A method has been developed for continuous control of the vacuolar composition of the giant internodal cells of the alga Nitella. During perfusion of the vacuole, cyclosis and spontaneous action potentials were evident, while the membrane potential and resistance were 86 and 58 percent of normal, respectively. The membrane system remained intact and functional during perfusion.
“This is What We Do”: Constructing Postmodern Families through Occupations

This paper explores incidents and descriptions of family occupations that emerged within an ethnographic study of fathers of children with disabilities and their families. Family occupations are conceptualized as an important aspect of daily life in that they build and define families. Collection of data lasted over a year and included monthly interviews as well as observations of the families. Data analysis was based on narrative phenomenology, combining literary theory and hermeneutics. The primary themes were building families through doing, variability in who is participating in the action, and the construction of family occupations. These themes demonstrate the combined influence of family characteristics and socio-historical factors on family occupations.
Risk assessment of carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic chemicals.

"Risk Assessment" is a general term used with increasing frequency by both scientists and regulators. Scientifically based risk assessments consider available toxicologic data when judging which agents pose a significant risk to the human population. The science of toxicology focuses on identifying potential hazards to human health using surrogate animal studies. Margins of Safety and establishment of ADIs (Acceptable Daily Intakes) are methods applied to animal test data to set "safe" levels of potential exposure. While the use of Safety Factors in development of the ADI can support a pragmatic conclusion of safety, this approach cannot provide estimates of the probability of harm or the degree of safety. Therefore, Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA) methods using mathematical models have been advanced to extrapolate from animal exposures which are usually high to much lower human exposure levels where experimental response is absent. Such methodology has been applied primarily by U.S. regulatory agencies to experimental oncogenic responses to estimate the risks of chemical exposure. The present manuscript considers both methods for evaluation of chemical safety and focuses on the scientific merits and limitations of each.
Regeneration in metazoan larvae

The capacity for regeneration of lost body parts requiring organogenesis has never been described for metazoan larvae. Here we show for the first time, to our knowledge, the ability of sea star larvae to rapidly and completely regenerate to form fully functional individuals following surgical bisection of the larval body. This capacity leads us to extend the developmental stage at which echinoderm larval cell fates are irreversibly determined. As planktonic larval mortality is thought to be extremely high1, this may be an adaptation to enhance recruitment into adult populations.
Heterogeneous mutations in the gene encoding the alpha-subunit of the stimulatory G protein of adenylyl cyclase in Albright hereditary osteodystrophy.

Albright hereditary osteodystrophy (AHO) is an inherited disorder associated with deficient activity of the alpha-subunit of the guanine nucleotide-binding regulatory protein (Gs alpha) that couples receptors to adenylyl cyclase. To identify mutations that lead to Gs alpha deficiency, we isolated genomic DNA from patients with AHO and used the polymerase chain reaction to amplify exons of the Gs alpha genes. DNA was amplified using intron-specific oligonucleotide primers flanking exons of the Gs alpha gene. To optimize our ability to detect mutations, one oligonucleotide from each primer pair was synthesized with a 5' GC-clamp. Amplified Gs alpha gene fragments were analyzed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis in order to detect mutations that alter the melting point of the double-stranded DNA fragment. Using this technique, we have identified and characterized three mutations and one neutral polymorphism. The polymorphism, located in exon 5, consisted of a T-->C substitution that conserves the iso...
Hypertensive Treatment in Patients With Metabolic Syndrome

The prevalence of obesity, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes mellitus—in other words, the metabolic syndrome—is increasing in the United States. In this setting, it is important to understand the effects of antihypertensives on parameters of the metabolic syndrome in addition to glucose metabolism. Here the authors review pertinent clinical studies.
A genome rearrangement has orphaned the Escherichia coli K-12 AcpT phosphopantetheinyl transferase from its cognate Escherichia coli O157:H7 substrates.

Summary Phosphopantetheinyl transferases (PPTases) are enzymes that catalyse the transfer of a 4-phosphopantetheine moiety from CoA to a con- served serine residue of a carrier protein. These carrier proteins use the 4-phosphopantetheine thiol to shuttle intermediates between the active sites of biosynthetic enzymes involved in fatty acid, non- ribosomal peptide and polyketide synthesis. Three PPTases have been previously been identified in Escherichia coli K-12 and other E. coli strains by homology searches and are encoded by the genes acpS, entD and acpT. Both AcpS and EntD have been well studied whereas the function of AcpT has been an enigma because no carrier protein substrate could be found. We report genetic and biochemical evi- dence that AcpT modifies two carrier proteins encoded in O-island 138, a cluster of fatty acid biosynthesis-like genes located adjacent to acpT in the genome of the pathogenic E. coli strain O157:H7 (E. coli K-12 and several other sequenced E. coli and Shigella strains lack O-island 138). The two carrier proteins of O-island 138 of strain O157:H7 are not modified (or only very poorly modified) by AcpS, the PPTase responsible for 4-phosphopantetheine attachment to the acyl carrier protein (AcpP) of fatty acid synthesis. We demonstrate that AcpT cannot functionally replace AcpS in E. coli K-12 either in its native chromosomal location or upon insertion of acpT into the acpS chromosomal location. However, in the absence of AcpS activity AcpT does allow very slow growth thus providing a rationale for its reten- tion in the absence of its cognate substrates. These results together with phylogenetic analyses and com- parisons of the E. coli and Shigella strains of known genome sequence strongly argue that AcpT has been orphaned from its cognate substrates by a deletion event that occurred in a common ancestor of these organisms. This seems one of the few cases where a chromosomal rearrangement has been functionally demonstrated to be a deletion event rather than an insertion event in the reference organism. We also show that the previously reported suppression of an acpS mutation by the deletion of Lon protease is an artifact of the increased capsular polysaccharide pro- duction of lon strains.
Effect of Cigarette Smoke Exposure In Utero on the Number of Bradycardias in Monitored Infants. † 534

Infants dying of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) while on home cardiorespiratory monitors have demonstrated terminal bradycardia preceding apnea. Cigarette smoking during pregnancy is a known risk factor for SIDS and a dose response relationship has been demonstrated. Therefore the home cardiorespiratory monitor printouts of all infants who were evaluated in our apnea program were collected and analyzed for bradycardias (B) and cigarette exposure (CE) over a 6 month period. There were 242 patients with a total of 1536 true Bs; of these 66 patients were exposed (E) and 176 patients were not exposed (NE) to cigarette smoke. Table
Changing of the Guard: How ATM Hands Off DNA Double-Strand Break Signaling to ATR

In a recent issue of Molecular Cell, Shiotani and Zou (2009) elucidate the biochemical mechanism underlying sequential ATM and ATR activation at DNA double-strand breaks, demonstrating that resection transforms ATM substrates into ATR substrates.
A hand-sort punch card system for the evaluation of a nursery population

A hand-sort punch card system was devised for accurate collection and retrieval of selected data in a newborn nursery. It is simple and straightforward, yet flexible enough for use in other hospitals or private practice. Certain basic data are made readily available, and the profiles of selected subgroups may be compared with the general obstetric population. The influence of multiple maternal risk factors on infant morbidity and mortality rates may also be examined. This system provides a means of retrieval and review of selected disease entities and clinical situations. Only by such analysis can subtle effects on infant outcome be suspected and a rational study for testing such effects be devised.