cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reconfiguration algorithms for rearrangeable lightwave networks

The authors propose a minimally disruptive approach that transitions the network through a sequence of branch exchange operations, so that only two links are disrupted at any given time. It is shown that the problem of finding the shortest sequence, so as to minimize the duration of the reconfiguration phase, is equivalent to the problem of finding a decomposition of an auxiliary graph into the largest number of vertex-disjoint cycles. The authors then propose and compare three different polynomial-time greedy algorithms, on the basis of performance and time complexity. Noticing that the length of a sequence increases at most linearly with the size of the network, the authors derived the average rate of growth from simulation results. >
Inalienable Commodities: The Production and Circulation of Silver and Patrimony in a Mexican Mining Cooperative

with other systems of value production operating simultaneously? This article examines the politics of value in the production and exchange of mined silver by the Sociedad Cooperativa Minero-Metaldrgica Santa Fe de Guanajuato (henceforth the Santa Fe Cooperative) in Guanajuato, Mexico. Cooperative silver production and circulation reveal how local actors negotiate competing and shifting regimes of value within a context of market exchange. This case study suggests ways in which alternate schemes of value shift not only according to situation (Appadurai 1986; Ferguson 1988) but also operate simultaneously within particular processes of production and circulation. For this reason I have titled this article, somewhat provocatively, "Inalienable Commodities," to draw attention to my analysis of "inalienable commodities" as one hybrid form of valuation among others. A powerful local language of patrimonio (patrimony) provides the conditions within which cooperative actors understand silver as an inalienable commodity. Patrimony in the cooperative as well as in other places in Mexico entails the notion of collective, exclusive possession by a social group, often organized or conceptualized as a kin group. It works as an idiom and set of practices that constrain exchange by classifying patrimonial possessions as ideally inalienable: Such possessions are meant to remain within the control of the social group that lays claim to them. Cooperative silver and the practices of its extraction and circulation are enmeshed in a web of juridical, political, and social uses of this patrimonial idiom that gains much of its force from Mexican juridical understandings of the subsoil as national patrimony.' Within this system, the cooperative does not own the silver deposits it works but leases them by concession from the federal government. Cooperative leaders, members, and their families recognize that certain products and possessions of the cooperative (especially those that come from
Tutorial: process control through nonlinear modeling

Technical advances in computers make it feasible to use nonlinear process models for automatic control. One advantage over linear model-based controllers is that nonlinear controllers are functional over a wider operating range without retuning; and, where process nonlinearity is the major control problem, nonlinear controllers have demonstrated industrial success. When designed with adaptive models, tracking phenomenologically meaningful model coefficients for process diagnosis, and using the model for supervisory optimization are other advantages. Disadvantages are the required case-by-case controller design and inability to mathematically guarantee such features as convergence, stability, etc.
Acts 2.36 and the Continuity of Lukan Christology

Acts 2.36 has caused problems for biblical interpreters both ancient and modern. This article examines the various readings and different hermeneutical strategies in the history of interpretation in order to situate the verse within its requisite interpretive context, Luke–Acts. Subsequently, an interpretation of Acts 2.36 is offered in which the verse is seen to express, rather than contradict, Lukan christology.
GENETIC LIMITS OF THE XANTHINE DEHYDROGENASE STRUCTURAL ELEMENT WITHIN THE ROSY LOCUS IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER

Experiments are described that provide an opportunity to estimate the genetic limits of the structural (amino acid coding) portion of the rosy locus (3:52.0) in Drosophila melanogaster, which controls the enzyme, xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH). This is accomplished by mapping experiments which localize sites responsible for electrophoretic variation in the enzyme on the known genetic map of null-XDH rosy mutants. Electrophoretic sites are distributed along a large portion of the null mutant map. A cis-trans test involving electrophoretic variants in the left- and right-hand portions of the map leads to the conclusion that the entire region between these variants is also structural. Hence most, if not all, of the null mutant map of the rosy locus contains structural information for the amino acid sequence of the XDH polypeptide. Consideration is given to the significance of the present results for the general problem of gene organization in higher eukaryotes.
Two peptides derived from ras-p21 induce either phenotypic reversion or tumor cell necrosis of ras-transformed human cancer cells

We investigated the effects of two peptides from the ras-p21 protein, corresponding to residues 35–47 (PNC-7) and 96–110 (PNC-2), on two ras-transformed human cancer cell lines, HT1080 fibrosarcoma and MIAPaCa-2 pancreatic cancer cell lines. In prior studies, we found that both peptides block oncogenic, but not insulin-activated wild-type, ras-p21-induced oocyte maturation. When linked to a transporter penetratin peptide, these peptides induce reversion of ras-transformed rat pancreatic cancer cells (TUC-3) to the untransformed phenotype. These peptides and a control peptide, linked to a penetratin peptide, were incubated with each cell lines. Cell counts were obtained over several weeks. The cause of cell death was determined by measuring caspase as an indicator of apoptosis and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) as marker of necrosis. Since both peptides block the phosphorylation of jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) in oocytes, we blotted cell lysates of the two cancer cell lines for the levels of phosphorylated JNK to determine if the peptides reduced these levels. We find that both peptides, but not control peptides linked to the penetratin sequence, induce phenotypic reversion of the HT-1080 cell line but cause tumor cell necrosis of the MIA-PaCa-2 cell line. On the other hand, neither peptide has any effect on the viability of an untransformed pancreatic acinar cell line, BMRPA1. We find that, while total JNK levels remain constant during peptide treatment, phosphorylated JNK levels decrease dramatically, consistent with the mechanisms of action of these peptides. We conclude that these peptides block tumor but not normal cell growth likely by blocking oncogenic ras-p21-induced phosphorylation of JNK, an essential step on the oncogenic ras-p21-protein pathway. These peptides are therefore promising as possible anti-tumor agents.
Light Interception and Leaf Area Estimates from Measurements of Grass Canopy Reflectance

Grassland is a major component of the Earth's available land. The vast area and remoteness of this ecosystem makes it difficult to assess its condition and monitor productivity by traditional niethods. Remote sensing potentially offers a rapid nondestructive approach for monitoring such ecosystems. A study was carried out in a tallgrass prairie site near Manhattan, Kansas, during the 1983 and 1984 seasons to investigate the feasibility of estimating light interception and green leaf area index (LAI) from measurements of canopy multispectral reflectance. Greenness (G, i) index was found to be strongly correlated with intercepted photosynthetically active radiation ( PAR). Two methods, a direct regression (RGR) and an indirect approach (IND), were used to estimate LAI from Goi index. The LAI values estimated by RGR method were consistently lower than the measured ones; however, good agreement was obtained between the LAI values estimated by IND method and the measured LAI. This suggests that Goi transformation of canopy spectral reflectance is more closely related to the fraction of intercepted PAR by green foliage than the quantity of green LAI.
Identification of an Aurora-A/PinsLINKER/ Dlg Spindle Orientation Pathway using Induced Cell Polarity in S2 Cells

Asymmetric cell division is intensely studied because it can generate cellular diversity as well as maintain stem cell populations. Asymmetric cell division requires mitotic spindle alignment with intrinsic or extrinsic polarity cues, but mechanistic detail of this process is lacking. Here, we develop a method to construct cortical polarity in a normally unpolarized cell line and use this method to characterize Partner of Inscuteable (Pins; LGN/AGS3 in mammals) -dependent spindle orientation. We identify a previously unrecognized evolutionarily conserved Pins domain (Pins(LINKER)) that requires Aurora-A phosphorylation to recruit Discs large (Dlg; PSD-95/hDlg in mammals) and promote partial spindle orientation. The well-characterized Pins(TPR) domain has no function alone, but placing the Pins(TPR) in cis to the Pins(LINKER) gives dynein-dependent precise spindle orientation. This "induced cortical polarity" assay is suitable for rapid identification of the proteins, domains, and amino acids regulating spindle orientation or cell polarity.
Leasing, Law and Land Tenure: Measuring the Impact of the Long-Term Leasing Act of 1955 on Indian Land Holdings

An increasing focus of contemporary Native American economic development literature concentrates on the role of institutions. Land tenure arrangements are an important part of the institutional structure on reservations because several reservations rely on agriculture and resource extraction. The 1950s and 1960s were characterized by a series of policy interventions targeting Native Americans. One such policy, the Long-Term Leasing Act (LTLA) of 1955, reduced bureaucratic oversight and altered the composition of Native American trust land. The policy extended the possible term of leases on trust lands, increasing economic opportunities, lowering transaction costs, and increasing the discounted present value of retaining land in trust status. Using a new panel dataset on land tenure, this paper finds that the LTLA significantly diminished the flow of land to fee-simple (private ownership) and tribally owned land held in trust, leading to a higher rate of retention in individually owned land held in government trust. I extend the empirical framework to determine whether reservations under state jurisdiction experienced additional changes in land tenure due to the ability to more credibly commit to leasing contracts or whether legal uncertainty over land-use and expanded credit access led to increased transfer to fee-simple. The results suggest that reservations under state jurisdiction continued transferring land to fee-simple, which supports the legal land-use uncertainty and suggests the expanded credit access impacted purchasing more than leasing. To examine the degree that heirship is influencing the results, I estimate the model by allotment date groups, where allotment dates proxy for heirship. Results indicate that reservations allotted earlier, which have more fractionated ownership, responded more to the Long-Term Leasing Act. Shifts in land holdings induced by the LTLA reinforce the importance of reducing transaction costs associated with trust land for Native American economic development.
Metabetaeus Borradaile, 1899 revisited, with description of a new marine species from French Polynesia (Crustacea: Decapoda: Alpheidae)

The alpheid shrimp genus Metabetaeus was previously known from two species associated with anchialine pools and caves, M. minutus (Whitelegge, 1897) and M. lohena Banner & Banner, 1960. In the present study, a somewhat unusual, coral reef inhabiting species of Metabetaeus, M. mcphersonae n. sp., is described based on one male and three female specimens collected off Moorea, Society Islands, French Polynesia. A detailed diagnosis of Metabetaeus is provided for the first time, accommodating characters of all three species. Distribution ranges are updated for M. minutus, recorded for the first time from Sulawesi and Christmas Island in the Indian Ocean, and for M. lohena, recorded for the first time from Rapa Nui (Easter Island). A key to the species of Metabetaeus is also provided.
Optical Hematorheology Using Multimode Common Path Interferometry

Real time measurement of human blood viscosity was performed in vitro using a low coherence source and a common path interferometer. The signal to noise ratio was found to increase significantly using multimode graded-index fibers.
Ingestion of colloidal gold by mast cells.

SummaryRat peritoneal fluid mast cells can phagocytize colloidal gold. This foreign participate rapidly becomes localized within the specific cytoplasmic granules of the cell. With the previously demonstrated uptake of zymosan and of Thorotrast particles by mast cells, the demonstrated phagocytosis of a third particulate substance by mast cells suggests that uptake of substances from the tissue environment may be a process with broad significance with respect to mast cell function.
Metabolic responses to cardiac hypoxia. Increased production of succinate by rabbit papillary muscles.

In oxygen-deprived heart muscle tissue, alanine levels increase, whereas levels of glutamate and aspartate decline, and it is therefore postulated that free tissue amino acids participate in the metabolic response to cardiac hypoxia. Succinate is a hypothetical end product of anaerobic metabolism of glutamate and aspartate. To test this hypothesis in vitro isolated right ventricular papillary muscles from rabbits were individually incubated under oxygenated and hypoxic conditions. Lack of oxygen significantly augmented succinate, lactate, and alanine production, while levels of glutamate fell. Increased succinate production also was seen when various metabolic precursors were present in the oxygenated incubation medium. In hypoxic muscles, succinate production could be enhanced further when these precursors were present. The aminotransferase inhibitor, aminooxyacetate, reduced succinate production by hypoxic papillary muscles. This finding demonstrated a close relationship between transamination of amino acids and succinate production. In addition, it is suggested that anaerobic metabolism of the amino acids glutamate and aspartate, anaerobic glycolysis, and alanine production are quantitatively related. Moreover, the two reactions responsible for succinate production during hypoxia, 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase and fumarate reductase, are in oxidation-reduction balance and lead to substrate level phosphorylation in the citric acid cycle. Anaerobic mitochondrial metabolism, resulting in increased synthesis of succinate, must be considered when one estimates the energy production by oxygen-deprived heart muscle.
The Effect of Glutathione in Baker's Yeasts on Rheological Properties of Dough

The content of glutathione in the intracells and extracells of three spiecies of baker's yeast were determined respectively.The effect of glutathione on the rheological properties of dough were investigated.It was found that those effects were mainly depended on the content of glutathione released from yeast cells.
Monooxygenase Substrates Mimic Flavin to Catalyze Cofactorless Oxygenations

Members of the antibiotic biosynthesis monooxygenase family catalyze O2-dependent oxidations and oxygenations in the absence of any metallo- or organic cofactor. How these enzymes surmount the kinetic barrier to reactions between singlet substrates and triplet O2 is unclear, but the reactions have been proposed to occur via a flavin-like mechanism, where the substrate acts in lieu of a flavin cofactor. To test this model, we monitored the uncatalyzed and enzymatic reactions of dithranol, a substrate for the nogalamycin monooxygenase (NMO) from Streptomyces nogalater. As with flavin, dithranol oxidation was faster at a higher pH, although the reaction did not appear to be base-catalyzed. Rather, conserved asparagines contributed to suppression of the substrate pKa. The same residues were critical for enzymatic catalysis that, consistent with the flavoenzyme model, occurred via an O2-dependent slow step. Evidence for a superoxide/substrate radical pair intermediate came from detection of enzyme-bound superoxide during turnover. Small molecule and enzymatic superoxide traps suppressed formation of the oxygenation product under uncatalyzed conditions, whereas only the small molecule trap had an effect in the presence of NMO. This suggested that NMO both accelerated the formation and directed the recombination of a superoxide/dithranyl radical pair. These catalytic strategies are in some ways flavin-like and stand in contrast to the mechanisms of urate oxidase and (1H)-3-hydroxy-4-oxoquinaldine 2,4-dioxygenase, both cofactor-independent enzymes that surmount the barriers to direct substrate/O2 reactivity via markedly different means.
Medicine and the pharmaceutical industry : What's right, what's wrong, and what's to come

The US pharmaceutical industry, the prime producer of therapeutic drugs in the world, consists of some 100 companies with total annual sales of US$58 billion. These companies, together with their counterparts in Europe and Japan, have given us numerous drugs that dramatically improve the quality of our lives. Drugs such as insulin, antibiotics, anti-hypertensives, non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs, and so on. And newly released drugs, seemingly on a weekly basis, promise effective relief for conditions as disparate as osteoporosis, AIDS, baldness, and even impotence.
Line spectral pair based acoustic echo cancellation and noise reduction

This paper presents a new acoustic echo canceller (AEC) in double-talk mode which employs line spectral pair (LSP) frequencies. In conventional AEC the system attempts to model the echo path with far-end talking exclusively, and to freeze the filter coefficients during double-talk (DT) mode. If the phase of the echo path changes during DT, the near-end speech will be degraded seriously. Therefore, a new echo canceller is presented in which an adaptive Wiener filter is added during double-talk. Inter- and intra-frame spectral constraints are applied in the use of LSP coefficients, to ensure convergence to reasonable values, leading to improved the near-end speech quality. Furthennore, the new echo canceller in this paper integrates acoustic echo cancellation with noise reduction. The beauty of this integrated system lies in the fact that the Wiener filter is used for either or both noise reduction or echo cancellation. The algorithm has been evaluated over different SNR regimes.
Beckett’s Metarrhetoric

There is, to be sure, sure enough about those things that one can ever be sure of, that there is no such thing as an anti-novel. This literary alogism so popular with many ‘cntitics’ is erroneous. That is to say, amurcous. Antilogous. It is a critical shibboleth, not unlike the term ‘postmodernism,’ that indicates to the reader that the writer knows the proper shibboleth even though the shibboleth is quite vacuous. John Fletcher, in writing about Samuel Beckett’s novels, defines the ‘anti-novel’ as a text that refuses to take either the world or itself seriously and generally, though not always, sets out to burlesque and debunk some contemporary or near-contemporary that does. Without mentioning whether or not Samuel Beckett takes the world or his texts seriously, Mr. Fletcher’s definition, however doesn’t define what such an anti-text is. What it looks like. In other words, is the anti-novel a novel even though it is not a novel or is it something else? If the former, the point is moot. If the latter, just what is it? Under his definition Eugene Onegin would have to be an anti-novel as would Tristram Shandy. But how would one write an anti-novel if Tristram Shandy were the model to debunk? Perhaps, one ‘debunks’ Tristram Shandy by writing a Realistic novel.
Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor Prognosis

Biological factors of prognostic significance in primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNETs) were evaluated in tumor specimens of 86 children examined at the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania.
Die bakterielle Oxydation von Pyrit

1. Ferrobacillus ferrooxidans und Fe(II)-oxydierende Isolate aus Kohlenbergwerkssickerwasser katalysieren die Oxydation von Pyrit durch Sauerstoff. Dabei konnen Pyrit oder pyrithaltige Agglomerate sowohl in wasriger Suspension als auch in feuchter Atmosphare als Substrat fur bakterielles Wachstum dienen. 2. Die beobachtete Assimilation von 14CO2 weist auf die autotrophe Natur dieser Bakterien hin. 3. Die Geschwindigkeit der Pyritoxydation ist weitgehend der Anzahl der vorhandenen Bakterien proportional; ca. 0,1 Aq/Std/g Bakterien (Trockengewicht) oder 1 Aq/Std/g Bakterienstickstoff. 4. Die Geschwindigkeit der Pyritoxydation ist innerhalb weiter Grenzen unabhangig von der Oberflachenkonzentration des Pyrites. Somit sind oberflachen-abhangige Reaktionsschritte sowie auch Diffusionsvorgange nicht geschwindigkeitsbestimmend. 5. Die metabolische Leistungsfahigkeit der Fe(II)-oxydierenden Bakterien wird bei der Oxydation von Pyrit nicht voll ausgenutzt. Es mag angenommen werden, das ein groser Teil des oxydierten Eisens in — bezuglich Pyrit — nicht-reaktives Eisen(III)-oxyd umgewandelt wird.
New Technique For Blind Deconvolution

Frequently an image may be blurred by a point spread function whose details are not known exactly. In such a case it is necessary to estimate the point spread function before deconvolving the blurred image. This paper presents a new technique for estimating a zero phase blurring function when its optical transfer function is smooth. The estimate is obtained by smoothing the spectral magnitude of the image and comparing it to an average magnitude that is also smoothed. The average magnitude is obtained by averaging over an ensemble of similar images. The estimation can be extended to degradations such as a defocused lens by thresholding the estimated magnitude to obtain zero crossings and adjusting the phase accordingly. In particular, this technique can be applied to a circularly symmetric Gaussian or a defocused lens with a circular aperture.© (1979) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Perioperative glycemic control and postoperative complications in patients undergoing emergency general surgery: What is the role of Plasma Hemoglobin A1c?

BACKGROUNDPlasma hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) reflects quality of glucose control in diabetic patients. Literature reports that patients undergoing surgery with an elevated HbA1c level are associated with increased postoperative morbidity and mortality. The aim of our study was to evaluate the impact of H
Psychological Scaling Reveals a Single Parameter Framework For Visual Working Memory

Limits on the storage capacity of working memory have been investigated for decades, but the nature of those limits remains elusive. An important but largely overlooked consideration in this research concerns the relationship between the physical properties of stimuli used in visual working memory tasks and their psychological properties. Here, we show that the relationship between physical distance in stimulus space and the psychological confusability of items as measured in a perceptual task is non-linear. Taking into account this relationship leads to a parsimonious conceptualization of visual working memory, greatly simplifying the models needed to account for performance, allowing generalization to new stimulus spaces, and providing a mapping between tasks that have been thought to measure distinct qualities. In particular, performance across a variety of working memory tasks can be explained by a one-parameter model implemented within a signal detection framework. Moreover, despite the system-level distinctions between working and long-term memory, after taking into account psychological distance we find a strong affinity between the theoretical frameworks that guide both systems, as performance is accurately described using the same straightforward signal detection framework.
Field Emission Microscopy - Trends and Perspectives

Microscopy came early to the science of surfaces, but somehow was neglected in the rush of effort applied to harvesting the many kinds of information made available by the various more popular methods of surface investigation. It is fair to consider that modern surface science originated with the impressive works of Irving Langmuir. The field grew rapidly in the late 1950s with the emerging commercial availability of reliable metal ultra-high-vacuum (UHV) apparatus, coupled with the newly simplified approach to low-energy-electron diffraction (LEED), and the rapid development of various surface spectroscopies, which attracted the majority of surface scientists to nonmicroscopic approaches to the study of surfaces. By that time, of course, optical microscopy was rather mature, electron microscopy was maturing rapidly and the field emission microscopies were experiencing a flurry (albeit of modest proportions) of activity. Optical microscopy generally was relegated to use as a test for surface smoothness by the metallographer in preparing a surface for subsequent surface study, or on a few occasions was used in an actual surface investigation. Electron microscopy was occasionally used in an investigation of surface phenomena. However, in general, neither of these microscopies was integrated into the UHV regime of the surface scientists of the 60s and 70s. Only in the past approximately five years have serious efforts been made to do electron microscopy in the UHV environment with the intention of studying surface phenomena.
Faculty Reports of Workload

Past research on social work faculty workload has relied on deans and directors as respondents. This is the first study to use a national sample of tenured and tenure-track social work faculty whose primary responsibility is classroom teaching. Findings reveal that these faculty tend to teach 4 classes per academic year, which is generally less than prescribed by their workload policies. The difference is made up with funded research and other projects, field and liaison duties, and part-time administrative duties. Faculty average about 50 hours per week on their overall responsibilities and tend to be satisfied with their workload, with the major exception of wanting more time to devote to scholarship.
The Cultural Tang and Temple Visiting Poems

The “Cultural Tang” is a new concept advocated by Stephen Owen in the Cambridge History of Chinese Literature (2010). In literary historiographical terms, the introduction of this concept is transformative to a magnitude that is comparable to the level of change that occurred in the natural sciences with the shift from Newtonian to Quantam physics.
CuSO4-TiO2 as Kjeldahl Digestion Catalyst in Manual Determination of Crude Protein in Animal Feeds

The official AOAC manual Kjeldahl methods for determining crude protein in animal feeds have several disadvantages. For the HgO catalyst method, there are environmental concerns and a lengthy digestion. For the CuSO4 catalyst method, the digestion period is shorter, but still 90 min. A different catalyst combination, CuSO4-TiO2, makes 40 min digestion feasible. Comparison of these catalysts on a group of representative feeds resulted in a mean difference, Cu-Ti minus HgO, of 0.034% protein. Standard deviation of the differences was 0.36. A Student's t-test showed no significant difference. The method will be collaboratively studied.
Catecholamines and Endorphins as Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators

In a meeting devoted to the discussion of synaptic regulation, it seems instructive first to address the issue of what kinds of synaptic messages may be transmitted and what criteria may be developed to define the different types. This task seems particularly timely now because of the burgeoning number of substances found in brain which seem not to strictly fit our preconceived notions of a neurotransmitter. After counting all the peptides, monoamines, amino acids, nucleotides, prostaglandins and steroids that have been advanced as transmitter candidates, I come up with a number exceeding 60. It seems unlikely that such a wide variety of substances would provide only a few chemical messages. Therefore, after developing criteria for neurotransmitters, neuromediators, and modulators, I will provide examples of substances that could satisfy the criteria for these classifications, with special emphasis on norepinephrine (NE), cyclic AMP and the opioid peptides.
Cell-Based Model of the Generation and Maintenance of the Shape and Structure of the Multilayered Shoot Apical Meristem of Arabidopsis thaliana

One of the central problems in animal and plant developmental biology is deciphering how chemical and mechanical signals interact within a tissue to produce organs of defined size, shape, and function. Cell walls in plants impose a unique constraint on cell expansion since cells are under turgor pressure and do not move relative to one another. Cell wall extensibility and constantly changing distribution of stress on the wall are mechanical properties that vary between individual cells and contribute to rates of expansion and orientation of cell division. How exactly cell wall mechanical properties influence cell behavior is still largely unknown. To address this problem, a novel, subcellular element computational model of growth of stem cells within the multilayered shoot apical meristem (SAM) of Arabidopsis thaliana is developed and calibrated using experimental data. Novel features of the model include separate, detailed descriptions of cell wall extensibility and mechanical stiffness, deformation of the middle lamella, and increase in cytoplasmic pressure generating internal turgor pressure. The model is used to test novel hypothesized mechanisms of formation of the shape and structure of the growing, multilayered SAM based on WUS concentration of individual cells controlling cell growth rates and layer-dependent anisotropic mechanical properties of subcellular components of individual cells determining anisotropic cell expansion directions. Model simulations also provide a detailed prediction of distribution of stresses in the growing tissue which can be tested in future experiments.
Popular Music Pedagogies: An Approach to Teaching 21st-Century Skills:

Changes in the world economy and U.S. educational policy present music educators with the challenge of reassessing traditional pedagogy to ensure they are instructing and assessing in ways that con...
Squamous cell carcinoma with clear cell differentiation in an equine eyelid.

A 15-y-old Miniature horse mare had a 6-mo history of an ulcerated mass on the right lower eyelid. An incisional biopsy and a subsequent excisional biopsy were submitted to the Michigan State Unive...
Low Plasma Oxytocin Levels and Increased Psychopathology in Hypopituitary Men With Diabetes Insipidus.

Context Oxytocin (OT) and vasopressin share anatomical pathways of synthesis and secretion, and patients with central diabetes insipidus (CDI) presumably are at risk for OT deficiency. However, an OT-deficient state in hypopituitary patients has not been established. Objectives We hypothesized that men with CDI compared to patients with similar anterior pituitary deficiencies (APD) but no CDI and healthy controls (HC) of similar age and body mass index, would have lower plasma OT levels, associated with increased psychopathology. Design Cross-sectional. Setting Clinical research center. Participants Sixty-two men (20 CDI, 20 APD, 22 HC), age 18 to 60 years. Interventions Frequent sampling of blood every 5 minutes for OT over 1 hour and validated questionnaires to assess psychopathology. Main outcomes Pooled plasma OT levels; depressive, anxiety, and alexithymia symptoms; and quality of life. Results The mean 1-hour pool of fasting OT levels was lower in CDI compared with APD and HC (P = 0.02 and P = 0.009, respectively), with no differences between APD and HC (P = 0.78). Symptoms of depression, anxiety, and alexithymia were more pronounced in CDI than in HC (P = 0.001, P = 0.004, and P = 0.02, respectively). Although CDI and APD reported worse physical health compared with HC (P = 0.001 and P = 0.005) with no differences between APD and CDI, only CDI reported worse mental health compared with HC (P = 0.009). Conclusions We have demonstrated low plasma OT levels and increased psychopathology in hypopituitary men with CDI, suggestive of a possible OT-deficient state. Larger studies of both sexes are required to confirm these findings and clinically characterize hypopituitary patients with OT deficiency.
Novel Environment Enables PIV Measurements of Turbulent Flow around and within Complex Topographies

AbstractA novel flow facility developed to enable a broad spectrum of fluid mechanics experiments involving complex geometries and employing high-fidelity optical diagnostics is described in this p...
Targeting the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in neurodegenerative diseases: recent approaches and current challenges.

Introduction: Wnt/β-catenin signaling is an evolutionarily conserved pathway having a crucial role in embryonic and adult life. Specifically, the Wnt/β-catenin axis is pivotal to the development an...
Effectiveness of 2-D and 2.5-D FDTD Ground-Penetrating Radar Modeling for Bridge-Deck Deterioration Evaluated by 3-D FDTD

Computational modeling effectively analyzes the wave propagation and associated interaction within heterogeneous reinforced concrete bridge decks, providing valuable information for sensor selection and placement. It provides a good basis for the implementation of the inverse problem in defect detection and the reconstruction of subsurface properties, which is beneficial for defect diagnosis. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of lower order models in the evaluation of bridge-deck subsurfaces modeled as layered media. The two lower order models considered are a 2-D model and a 2.5-D model that uses the 2-D geometry with a compressed coordinate system to capture wave behavior outside the cross-sectional plane. Both the 2- and 2.5-D models are compared to the results obtained from a full 3-D model. A filter that maps the 3-D excitation signal appropriately for 2- and 2.5-D simulations is presented. The 2.5-D model differs from the 2-D model in that it is capable of capturing 3-D wave behavior interacting with a 2-D geometry. The 2.5-D matches results from the corresponding 3-D model when there is no variation in the third dimension. Computational models for air-launched ground-penetrating radar with 1-GHz central frequency and bandwidth for the detection of bridge-deck delamination are implemented in 2-, 2.5-, and 3-D using FDTD simulations. In all cases, the defect is identifiable in the results. Thus, it is found that in layered media (such as bridge decks) 2- and 2.5-D models are good approximations for modeling bridge-deck deterioration, each with an order of magnitude reduction in computational time.
Let’s talk about place: Considerations for future spatial stigma research

A growing body of research has considered how spatial stigma can affect the health of individuals who reside in or relocate from stigmatized locales. However, no research has considered ways to mit...
Probabilistic modeling of forced ignition of alternative jet fuels

Abstract Fast and reliable high altitude re-ignition is a critical requirement for the development of alternative jet fuels (AJFs). To achieve stable combustion, a spark kernel needs to transit in a partially or fully extinguished flow to develop a flame front. Understanding the relight characteristics of the AJFs is complicated by the chaoticity of the turbulent flow and variations in the spark properties. The focus of this study is the prediction of such characteristics by high-fidelity simulations, with a specific focus on fuel composition effect on the ignition process. For this purpose, a previously developed computational framework is applied, which utilizes high-fidelity LES simulations, a hybrid tabulation approach for modeling forced ignition and detailed quantification of uncertainty resulting from initial and boundary conditions to predict ignition probability. The method is applied to two alternative fuels (named C1 and C5) and Jet-A fuel (named A2) under gaseous conditions. Results show that the mixing of kernel and fuel–air mixture is not affected by the ignition process, but chemistry effects strongly dominate ignition probability. In particular, C1 exhibits much lower ignition probability than the other two fuels, especially at lean operating conditions. More importantly, this behavior is contradictory to ignition delay experiments which predict longer delay times for C5 compared to C1. Comparisons with experiments show that the comprehensive modeling approach captures the ignition trends. Analysis of kernel trajectories in composition space shows that the variations are caused by the relative effects of kernel mixing, response to strain, and ignition properties of the fuel.
Random quasi-phase-matching in polycrystalline media and its effects on pulse coherence properties

Polycrystalline materials can mediate efficient frequency up-conversion for mid-infrared light. Motivated by the need to understand the properties of the harmonic and supercontinuum radiation from such media, we utilize realistic numerical simulations to reveal its complex temporal and spatial structure. We show that the generated radiation propagates in the form of long-duration pulse trains that can be difficult to compress and that optical filamentation in high-energy pulses gives rise to fine-structured beam profiles. We identify trends concerning pulse energy, sample length, and the microstructure of the material that can inform optimization for different applications.
Low-carbon production of iron and steel: Technology options, economic assessment, and policy

Summary Given increased urgency to transition the global economy to net-zero CO2 emission, governments and industry have increased focus on decarbonizing hard-to-abate sectors, including steel making, which contributes roughly 6% of global CO2 emission and 8% of energy-related emission (including power consumption emission). This paper reviews current global iron and steel production and assesses available decarbonization technologies, including hydrogen injection, solid biomass substitution, zero-C electricity substitution, carbon capture and storage (CCS) retrofit, and combinations of these decarbonization approaches. Blast furnace-basic oxygen furnace (BF-BOF) dominates production (71%) and is particularly stubborn to any decarbonization technology. Direct reduced iron to electric arc furnace (DRI-EAF) production is 5% and growing, it appears to have better decarbonization potential to move toward net-zero. Secondary steel production using mainly steel scrap in electric arc furnace (EAF-scrap) is 24% of global production and has both the lowest energy consumption and is technically simplest to decarbonize through electrification but is limited in market share to recycled steel capacity. Of the options assessed, blue hydrogen, carbon neutral biomass, and CCS appear to have the lowest cost and highest technical maturity. However, no single approach today can deliver deep decarbonization to the iron and steel industry and all approaches lead to substantial production cost increase. No uniform ideal solution exists, and different geographies, infrastructure, and economies will determine the local optimum solution with viability and cost. Policy measures will be required to provide financial incentives for decarbonization and to avoid unwelcome outcomes such as emissions leakage or job loss.
SUICIDE, SOCIAL CAPITAL, AND HATE GROUPS IN THE UNITED STATES:

In recent years, hate groups have increasingly attracted public attention while at the same time escaping the purview of scholars. Although overt prejudiced attitudes have lost public support in re...
Faults Discovery By Using Mined Data

Fault discovery in the complex systems consist of model based reasoning, fault tree analysis, rule based inference methods, and other approaches. Model based reasoning builds models for the systems either by mathematic formulations or by experiment model. Fault Tree Analysis shows the possible causes of a system malfunction by enumerating the suspect components and their respective failure modes that may have induced the problem. The rule based inference build the model based on the expert knowledge. Those models and methods have one thing in common; they have presumed some prior-conditions. Complex systems often use fault trees to analyze the faults. Fault diagnosis, when error occurs, is performed by engineers and analysts performing extensive examination of all data gathered during the mission. International Space Station (ISS) control center operates on the data feedback from the system and decisions are made based on threshold values by using fault trees. Since those decision-making tasks are safety critical and must be done promptly, the engineers who manually analyze the data are facing time challenge. To automate this process, this paper present an approach that uses decision trees to discover fault from data in real-time and capture the contents of fault trees as the initial state of the trees.
The Currency of Consultation and Collaboration

Since the 1980s, American museums have increasingly sought Native people’s assistance in exhibitions and other projects. While others often present their success stories, I draw on my museum experiences and examine how cultural misunderstandings about the issue of money and payments can undermine such consultations. Drawing on the literature of gifts, exchanges, and commodities, I suggest that better understanding of the dynamics of payments, reciprocity, and traditional knowledge, values, and exchanges can strengthen collaborative projects for both museums and communities. Simultaneously, I examine what is at stake for indigenous participants and museums, and what instrumental purposes their involvement serves.
Monte Carlo simulation of the Apollo Command Module land landing

Apollo command module land landing capability in case of abort after liftoff, describing Monte Carlo simulation procedure
Removal of Asperger’s syndrome from the DSM V: community response to uncertainty

The May 2013 release of the new version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM V) subsumed Asperger's syndrome under the wider diagnostic label of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The revision has created much uncertainty in the community affected by this condition. This study uses problematic integration theory and thematic analysis to investigate how participants in Wrong Planet, a large online community associated with autism and Asperger's syndrome, have constructed these uncertainties. The analysis illuminates uncertainties concerning both the likelihood of diagnosis and value of diagnosis, and it details specific issues within these two general areas of uncertainty. The article concludes with both conceptual and practical implications.
Moments of the log non-central chi-square distribution

AbstractThecumulants and momentsof thelog of thenon-centralchi-squaredistribution are derived. For example, the expected log of a chi-squarerandomvariablewithvdegreesoffreedomislog2+ψ v2 . Applicationstomodelingprobabilitydistributionsarediscussed. 1 Introduction The Edgeworth and Cornish-Fisher expansions allow one to approximate thedensity, distribution, and quantile functions of probability distributions whosecumulants are known. It is often remarked that these expansions are inaccuratefor one-sided and highly skewed probability distributions. [2, 3]For example, consider a random variable which is the product of severalchi-square random variables. The k th raw moment of a chi-square randomvariable with vdegrees of freedom is 2 k Γ(k+v/2)/Γ(v/2). The raw momentsof the product of multiple independent chi-squares is simply the product ofthe moments. The moments can then be converted to the cumulants. Thecumulants arethen used in the Edgeworthexpansion to approximatethe density.For even a small number of factors, the Edgeworth expansion is inaccurate,sometimes yielding negative estimates, as illustrated in Figure 1.
Substantiating Byzantium: The role of artifacts in the co‐construction of narratives

Acknowledging the abundance of narrative elements in servicescapes and anchored on the premise that consumption experiences are co-constructed, this research extends existing servicescapes scholarship by theorizing the role of material objects in the co-construction of narratives at storyscapes, that is, those servicescapes where narratives are at the center stage of the consumption experience. Using a museum exhibition of Byzantine heritage in Thessaloniki, Greece, the findings provide insight on the way in which consumers engage and “read” material artifacts in narrative co-construction. The emergent framework theorizes consumer participation as narrative substantiation and sheds light on its four constitutive narrative-construction processes (completing, relating, recontextualizing, and imagining) and on the ways in which consumers anchor these processes on artifact's materiality (artifactual knowledge, practicalness, intermateriality, and realness). Furthermore, this research offers an alternative approach to the existing language analogy according to which objects have their own voice and rhetoric. I see objects, instead, as contributing an evocative engagement according to which consumers unpack objects not only in their reference to the servicescape narrative but also in reference to their own personal and collective lives. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Abbreviated, rapid identification of bacteria and yeasts

Summary As described above, many alternative ways to rapidly identify organisms commonly seen in clinical specimens are available. While most reagents can be purchased, large laboratories may find it cost-effective to make a few. Examples of these reagents are summarized in Table 3. Use of rapid spot-test methods is at the discretion of each laboratory, but clearly a large amount of time and resources can be saved and patient care will benefit from the rapid reporting of organism identifications.
Kidney Transplantation in Hepatitis C-Positive Recipients: Does Type of Induction Influence Outcomes?

Abstract Background Kidney transplantation in hepatitis C virus-seropositive (HCV+) recipients improves survival compared to staying on the waiting list. A concern for using depleting (versus nondepleting) induction agent during kidney transplantation in HCV+ recipients is the possibility that the associated enhanced immunosuppression might favor the progression of hepatitis C infection, leading to adverse outcomes. Methods Utilizing data from the Organ Procurement and Transplant Network, we identified HCV+ patients ≥ 18 years of age who underwent deceased donor kidney (DDK) transplants from either HCV+ or HCV− donors between 1998 and 2008. Patients were divided into two groups based on the induction type they received during the transplant: depleting agent (rabbit-antithymocyte globulin or alemtuzumab) or nondepleting agent (basiliximab or daclizumab) groups. Unadjusted and adjusted graft and patient survivals (Cox regression) between the groups were compared. Results A total of 3490 HCV+ DDK recipients were identified (1859 in the depleting and 1631 in the nondepleting groups). When compared to nondepleting agent, adjusted graft (hazard ratio [HR] 1.11, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.96–1.28, P = .16) and patient (HR 1.15, 95% CI 0.93–1.42, P = .2) survivals were similar with depleting agent induction. HCV donor seropositivity did not adversely impact either graft (HR 1.11, 95% CI 0.96–1.29, P = .17) or patient (HR 1.15, 95% CI 0.93–1.42, P = .2) outcomes. Conclusions Our analysis supports the practice of transplanting HCV+ donor kidneys into HCV+ recipients to alleviate waiting list burden. Recipient HCV positivity should not influence selection of induction agent.