cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Mitochondrial Tim23 Protein Transport Complex Undergoes Conformational Dynamics Coupled to the Energized State of the Inner Membrane

The TIM23 Complex of the mitochondrial inner membrane (IM) is a multi-component assembly that mediates the translocation of matrix-targeted precursor proteins as well as the integration of membrane proteins. This complex is energetically coupled to both an ATPase motor and the electrochemical proton potential across the IM. The central subunit of this complex, Tim23, forms a voltage-gated channel and contains a large soluble domain in the intermembrane space that functions as a substrate receptor. To analyze the structural dynamics that are attendant with changes in the energized state of the membrane, we employed a high-resolution fluorescence mapping approach in which small extrinsic probes were cotranslationally incorporated into specific sites of Tim23 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and analyzed in active mitochondria by steady-state and time-resolved measurements under different physiologically relevant states. Analysis of the channel-facing transmembrane segment (TMS2) of Tim23 revealed that changes in the energized status of the inner membrane caused dramatic structural alterations in the channel region. In an energized membrane, TMS2 formed a continuous α-helix that was inaccessible to the aqueous intermembrane space. Upon depolarization, the helical periodicity of TMS2 was disrupted and the channel became exposed to the IMS. Real time kinetic measurements confirmed that changes in TMS2 conformation coincided with depolarization. This analysis is extended to the soluble receptor domain of Tim23, where we show proton-motive force-coupled structural changes and key protein interactions that are mediated by specific lipids within the inner membrane. These results reveal how the energized state of the membrane drives functionally relevant structural dynamics in membrane proteins that are coupled to processes such as channel gating.
PATTERNS OF INJURY AND SIGNIFICANCE OF UNCOMMON FRACTURES IN THE BATTERED CHILD SYNDROME

The classic roentgenographic and clinical features of the battered child syndrome were not present in most of our patients. The well known epiphyseal-metaphyseal long bone fractures, usually considered the classic findings in these infants, were less common in our series than were spiral and transverse fractures of the long bones. Multiple skeletal injuries were also less common than expected. It is not known whether these data merely represent an isolated experience, or a more universal, but as yet unappreciated phenomenon. However, because of our findings it has caused us to place more emphasis on, and be more suspicious of single, ordinary long bone fractures, especially when clinical correlation is less than plausible.Skull fractures and spread of the cranial sutures, either alone or in combination, were quite common. These findings are obviously significant both in respect to early diagnosis and associated intracranial complications. Often skull fractures, or simple spreading of the sutures, served t...
Laboratory study of magnetic reconnection with a density asymmetry across the current sheet.

The effects of an upstream density asymmetry on magnetic reconnection are studied systematically in a laboratory plasma. Despite a significant upstream density asymmetry of up to 10, the reconnecting magnetic field pro file is not signifi cantly changed. On the other hand, the out-of-plane magnetic field profile is considerably modified; it is almost bipolar in structure with the density asymmetry, as compared to the quadrupolar structure in the symmetric configuration. The in-plane ion flow pattern and the electrostatic potential pro file are also affected by the density asymmetry. Strong bulk electron heating is observed near the low-density-side separatrix together with electromagnetic fluctuations in the lower hybrid frequency range. The dependence of the ion outflow and reconnection electric field on the density asymmetry is measured and compared with theoretical expectations.
Multi-way VLSI circuit partitioning based on dual net representation

In this paper, we study the area-balanced multi-way partitioning problem of VLSI circuits based on a new dual netlist representation named the hybrid dual netlist (HDN). Given a netlist, we first compute a K-way partition of the nets based on the HDN representation, and then transform a K-way net partition into a K-way module partitioning solution. The main contribution of our work is the formulation and solution of the K-way module contention (K-MC) problem, which determines the best assignment of the modules in contention to partitions, while maintaining user-specified area requirements, when we transform the net partition into a module partition. Under a natural definition of binding factor between nets and modules, and preference function between partitions and modules, we show that the K-MC problem can be reduced to a min-cost max-flow problem. We present efficient solutions to the K-MC problem based on network flow computation. Extensive experimental results show that our algorithm consistently outperforms the conventional K-FM partitioning algorithm by a significant margin.
Approximate Representation of ZIP Loads in a Semidefinite Relaxation of the OPF Problem

Recent research has applied semidefinite programming (SDP) to the optimal power flow (OPF) problem. Extending SDP formulations to include the ZIP load model, which consists of constant impedance, constant current, and constant power components, is necessary for many practical problems. Existing SDP formulations consider constant power components and can be easily extended to incorporate constant impedance components. With linear dependence on voltage magnitude, constant current components are not trivially formulated in a manner amenable to SDP. This letter details an approximate representation of ZIP loads in an SDP relaxation of the OPF problem.
Winning Is Everything: The Intersection of Academics and Athletics at Prestige University.

For years, football and basketball players at Prestige University were earning college credit for classes that never existed. The students were enrolled in fake courses, known as “ghost classes,” with no formal instruction or required meeting times and requiring only a single term paper. Faculty, staff, and administrators were complicit in quietly providing student athletes in revenue-generating sports academic credit for coursework they did not complete. However, the scandal became nationwide news, forcing Prestige to reconsider its key values and mission and placing the integrity of the university’s academic and athletics programs in jeopardy.
The Transfusion Medicine Tutor: Using Expert Systems Technology to Teach Domain-Specific Problem-Solving Skills

This study provides data regarding the effectiveness of the expert system-based Transfusion Medicine Tutor (TMT) when used by medical technology students to learn an important problem-solving task, the identification of alloantibodies in a patient's blood for the purpose of finding compatible blood for transfusion. The results show that the students who were taught by an instructor using TMT to provide the instructional environment went from 0% correct on a pre-test case to 87%–93% correct on post-tests (N=15). This compares with an improvement rate of 20% by a control group (N=15) who used a passive version of the system with the tutoring functions turned off. The results also demonstrate the importance of relying on objective performance data rather than questionnaire data to evaluate systems, as there was no difference in the subjective responses of the students to these two different versions of the system.
Model discovery for energy-aware computing systems: An experimental evaluation

We present a model-discovery methodology for energy-aware computing systems that achieves high prediction accuracy. Model discovery, or system identification, is a critical first step in designing advanced controllers that can dynamically manage the energy-performance trade-off in an optimal manner. Our methodology favors Multiple-Inputs-Multiple-Outputs (MIMO) models over a collection of Single-Input-Single-Output (SISO) models, when the inputs and outputs of the system are coupled in a nontrivial way. In such cases, MIMO is generally more accurate than SISO over a wide range of inputs in predicting system behavior. Our experimental evaluation, carried out on a representative server workload, validates our approach. We obtained an average prediction accuracy of 77% and 76% for MIMO power and performance, respectively. We also show that MIMO models are consistently more accurate than SISO ones.
Multiple additively constrained path selection

Finding a feasible path subject to multiple constraints in a network is an NP-complete problem and has been extensively studied. However, current algorithms suffer either high computational complexity or low success ratio in finding feasible paths. The authors propose a novel extended Bellman-Ford algorithm (EB), from which they present a high-performance algorithm with low computational complexity in finding feasible paths with multiple additive constraints. Through analysis and simulations, it is shown that the algorithm outperforms its contenders in the success rate of finding a feasible path as well as in terms of scalability; the proposed algorithm can achieve almost 100% success ratio as long as a feasible path exists. Furthermore, the worst case computational complexity is only twice that of the Bellman-Ford algorithm.
Fixed priority scheduling for reducing overall energy on variable voltage processors

While dynamic voltage scaling (DVS) is an efficient technique in reducing the dynamic energy consumption of a CMOS processor, methods that employ DVS without considering leakage current are quickly becoming less efficient when considering the processor's overall energy consumption. A leakage conscious DVS voltage schedule may require the processor to run at a higher-than-necessary speed to execute a given set of real-time tasks, which can result in a large number of idle intervals. To effectively reduce the energy consumption during these idle intervals, and therefore the overall energy consumption, the DVS schedule must judiciously allow the processor to enter and leave the power down state during these idle intervals, while considering the time and energy cost of doing so. In this paper, we present a scheduling technique that can effectively reduce the overall energy consumption for hard real-time systems scheduled according to a fixed priority (FP) scheme. Experimental results demonstrate that a processor using our strategy consumes as less as 15% of the idle energy of a processor employing the conventional strategy.
Fish processing wastewater treatment by combined biological and chemical processes aiming at water reuse

The objective of this work was to evaluate the potentiality of the reuse of fish processing wastewater by association between biological and chemical treatment. Heterotrophic microalgae systems were used in the biological treatment and coagulation–flocculation–sedimentation in the chemical step. Ammonia, chemical oxygen demand, total solids, suspended solids, turbidity, phosphorous, alkalinity, hardness, silica, sulfate, aluminium, calcium, magnesium, manganese, ferric and pH were determined in each stage of treatment. The results obtained showed the potentiality of the proposed process for reuse of fish processing wastewater. Among the water quality criteria evaluated, the treated wastewater complies with the Brazilian and US standards for water reuse in cooling systems.
Are the Laws of Physics Inevitable

Social constructionists believe that experimental evidence plays a minimal role in the production of scientific knowledge, while rationalists such as myself believe that experimental evidence is crucial in it. As one historical example in support of the rationalist position, I trace in some detail the theoretical and experimental research that led to our understanding of beta decay, from Enrico Fermi’s pioneering theory of 1934 to George Sudarshan and Robert Marshak’s and Richard Feynman and Murray Gell-Mann’s suggestion in 1957 and 1958, respectively, of the V–A theory of weak interactions. This is not a history of an unbroken string of successes, but one that includes incorrect experimental results, incorrect experiment-theory comparisons, and faulty theoretical analyses. Nevertheless, we shall see that the constraints that Nature imposed made the V–A theory an almost inevitable outcome of this theoretical and experimental research.
Transcriptional repression by the Caenorhabditis elegans germ-line protein PIE-1

In the early Caenorhabditis elegans embryo, maternally expressed PIE-1 protein is required in germ-line blastomeres to inhibit somatic differentiation, maintain an absence of mRNA transcription, and block phosphorylation of the RNA polymerase II large subunit (Pol II) carboxy-terminal domain (CTD). We have determined that PIE-1 can function as a transcriptional repressor in cell culture assays. By fusing PIE-1 sequences to the yeast GAL4 DNA-binding domain, we have identified a PIE-1 repression domain that appears to inhibit the transcriptional machinery directly. A sequence element that is required for this repressor activity is similar to the Pol II CTD heptapeptide repeat, suggesting that the PIE-1 repression domain might target a protein complex that can bind the CTD. An alteration of this sequence element that blocks repression also impairs the ability of a transgene to rescue a pie-1 mutation, suggesting that this repressor activity may be important for PIE-1 function in vivo.
Instructional objectives and bench examinations in circuits laboratories

For a three-course sequence of required circuits laboratories, the author has written detailed instructional objectives. These behaviorally observable goals focus student learning on the educational objectives selected by the course supervisor. They summarize the concepts, relationships, and measurement skills presented in the course. During a bench final examination, the student randomly selects one or more of these instructional objectives and demonstrates mastery to the teaching assistant. This encourages the student to master all instructional objectives in order to succeed in the course. >
Size-specific Dose Estimates for Chest, Abdominal, and Pelvic CT: Effect of Intrapatient Variability in Water-equivalent Diameter

Although water-equivalent diameter (Dw) can vary substantially along the z-axis within any given patient, using the mean volume CT dose index over the whole scan range and the Dw from the image located at the center of the scan range provides an accurate and easily obtained estimation of the size-specific dose estimate for the whole scan range, with a root mean square error of less than 1.4 mGy or 9% for a scan range of the complete chest, abdomen, and pelvis.
Effective field theories in the large N limit

Various effective field theories in four dimensions are shown to have exact non-trivial solutions in the limit as the number $N$ of fields of some type becomes large. These include extended versions of the U(N) Gross-Neveu model, the non-linear O(N) $\sigma$-model, and the $CP^{N-1}$ model. Although these models are not renormalizable in the usual sense, the infinite number of coupling types allows a complete cancellation of infinities. These models provide qualitative predictions of the form of scattering amplitudes for arbitrary momenta, but because of the infinite number of free parameters, it is possible to derive quantitative predictions only in the limit of small momenta. For small momenta the large-$N$ limit provides only a modest simplification, removing at most a finite number of diagrams to each order in momenta, except near phase transitions, where it reduces the infinite number of diagrams that contribute for low momenta to a finite number.
TYPHUS FEVER AMONG RECENT IMMIGRANTS : EXPERIMENTAL DEMONSTRATION OF THE IDENTITY OF THIS DISEASE WITH EUROPEAN EPIDEMIC TYPHUS FEVER.

It is experimentally demonstrated in the guinea pig that the blood from an infected Czecho-Slovakian arriving at the Port of New York from Italy contained the virus of typhus fever and that this strain is identical with the epidemic virus present in man and louse in Poland.
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibition Prevents the Release of Monocytes From Their Splenic Reservoir in Mice With Myocardial Infarction

Rationale: Monocytes recruited to ischemic myocardium originate from a reservoir in the spleen, and the release from their splenic niche relies on angiotensin (Ang) II signaling. Objective: Because monocytes are centrally involved in tissue repair after ischemia, we hypothesized that early angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor therapy impacts healing after myocardial infarction partly via effects on monocyte traffic. Methods and Results: In a mouse model of permanent coronary ligation, enalapril arrested the release of monocytes from the splenic reservoir and consequently reduced their recruitment into the healing infarct by 45%, as quantified by flow cytometry of digested infarcts. Time-lapse intravital microscopy revealed that enalapril reduces monocyte motility in the spleen. In vitro migration assays and Western blotting showed that this was caused by reduced signaling through the Ang II type 1 receptor. We then studied the long-term consequences of blocked splenic monocyte release in atherosclerotic apolipoprotein (apo)E −/− mice, in which infarct healing is impaired because of excessive inflammation in the cardiac wound. Enalapril improved histologic healing biomarkers and reduced inflammation in infarcts measured by FMT-CT (fluorescence molecular tomography in conjunction with x-ray computed tomography) of proteolytic activity. ACE inhibition improved MRI-derived ejection fraction by 14% on day 21, despite initially comparable infarct size. In apoE −/− mice, ischemia/reperfusion injury resulted in larger infarct size and enhanced monocyte recruitment and was reversible by enalapril treatment. Splenectomy reproduced antiinflammatory effects of enalapril. Conclusion: This study suggests that benefits of early ACE inhibition after myocardial infarction can partially be attributed to its potent antiinflammatory impact on the splenic monocyte reservoir.
Isoniazid Induces Its Own Resistance in Nonreplicating Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Isoniazid (INH) is an important first-line tuberculosis (TB) drug that, along with rifampin (RIF) and pyrazinamide, forms the basis of the widely used directly observed treatment short course for the treatment of TB (16). INH is highly active against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, with MICs of 0.01 to 0.25 μg/ml, but the activity of INH is demonstrated only for growing tubercle bacilli, not nongrowing bacilli (21). INH is a prodrug that requires activation by the M. tuberculosis catalase-peroxidase (KatG) (18) to its active species including isonicotinic acyl radicals (10, 11) and reactive oxygen species (12). The molecular target of INH is InhA (1), an NADH-dependent enoyl acyl carrier protein reductase, involved in cell wall mycolic acid synthesis. Shortly after INH was introduced in clinical treatment of TB in 1952, M. tuberculosis strains resistant to INH, many of which had defective catalase activity, were reported (8). INH resistance is primarily mediated by mutations in katG (18) and inhA (1). Mutation in the katG gene which leads to loss of or reduced catalase-peroxidase activity is a major mechanism of INH resistance in M. tuberculosis (20, 22). Mutations in the inhA encoding the drug target or mutations in its promoter can cause INH resistance (1). Mutations in ndh, encoding type II NADH dehydrogenase, could also potentially be as involved in INH resistance (7, 9, 14). Resistance to INH is the most frequent among all drug-resistant clinical isolates, with incidence as high as 20 to 30% in some regions (4). Strains resistant to INH and RIF (multidrug resistant) or other drugs are a significant public health concern and threaten the effective control of TB (6; World Health Organization Global Tuberculosis Program [http://www.who.int/gtb/]). It is unclear whether the high incidence of INH resistance is due to frequent use of the drug as monotherapy or to the intrinsic property of INH of inducing its own resistance. Resistance to INH develops readily, with a high frequency of 10−6 (17), which is higher than that of most TB drugs, such as RIF, which has a mutation frequency of 10−7 to 10−8 (17). The basis for this high mutation frequency to INH resistance is unclear but may be related to the reactive oxygen radicals generated during INH activation, which can cause mutagenesis of DNA. While the mutation frequency determination is done with actively replicating cultures, it is unclear whether the nonreplicating bacteria that are not killed by INH, i.e., INH persisters (which are nonreplicating and show phenotypic resistance but not genetic resistance and are still susceptible to antibiotics upon subculture), can develop mutations during exposure to INH. This study was conducted to evaluate this possibility.
Processing, Parts, and Deboning Yields of Four Ages of Broilers

Abstract Broiler chicks from four different strain crosses were fed a practical type diet with nine birds from each sex and strain-cross processed, cut up and hand-deboned at 42, 49, 56, and 63 days of age. The net weight and percentage of live weight at each operation were recorded and compared. Picked and eviscerated weights (including head, neck, and feet) were 1,236, 1,448, 1,904, and 2,231 g for birds at 6, 7, 8, and 9 wk of age, respectively. In general, age or age × sex interactions were the most common factors affecting processing yields, parts, and edible portion weights. On a live weight basis, percent eviscerated yields including head, neck, and feet increased significantly (P
A Democracy of Distinction: Aristotle and the Work of Politics

A Democracy of Distinction: Aristotle and the Work of Politics. By Jill Frank. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005. 208p. $49.00 cloth, $19.00 paper. Jill Frank's book seeks to make Aristotle's political philosophy “available for democratic political practice” (p. 8). Her use of Aristotle in this regard resembles most closely that of Hannah Arendt, to whom she refers in her opening paragraph and whose treatment of work, action, and the vita activa would appear to have influenced Frank's discussion of the “work” of politics referred to in her subtitle. But in bringing out the Aristotle who “harbors democratic possibilities,” the author also draws support, as well as distinguishes herself, from scholars such as Martha Nussbaum, Stephen Salkever, Fred Miller, Arlene Saxonhouse, Mary Nichols, and Alastair MacIntyre, who have, in very different ways, sought the aid of Aristotle to inform contemporary political life. A Democracy of Distinction thus engages a student of the ancient Academy in a serious conversation with the modern Academy. As Frank rightly says in closing, “Aristotle's ethical and political lessons are no less timely for us than they were for fourth century Athens” (p. 180). By her own admission, the lessons she draws may not represent the view of the “definitive Aristotle,” but they do represent, she suggests, his effort both to reform fourth-century Athens and to lay the ground for a timeless possibility: a “democracy of distinction” that she sincerely and earnestly seeks to promote (pp. 8, 139–42).
Promoting Postformal Thinking In A U.S. History Survey Course: A Problem-Based Approach

This article presents a problem-based learning (PBL) model for teaching a college U.S. history survey course (U.S. history since 1890) designed to promote postformal thinking skills and identify and explain thinking systems inherent in adult complex problem-solving. We also present the results of a study in which the outcomes of the PBL model were compared to the outcomes of the same course taught with traditional lecture and discussion. The PBL model was more effective in scaffolding learning so that students recognize and practice postformal thinking dynamics and in facilitating self-reported student perceptions of increased course engagement and content relevance. We offer recommendations for implementing PBL in social science survey courses.
Average is Over: Powering America Beyond the Age of the Great Stagnation

Consistent with humanity's curiosity about its fate is social scientists’ occasional forays into thought experiments meant to envision that fate. In this vein, Tyler Cowen, an economist at George M...
Authors' reply to Gachi, Mullie and colleagues, and Weatherburn.

We appreciate the interest in our recent article on pre-pregnancy potato consumption and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).1 Below we provide responses to a few major points raised by readers Pre-pregnancy consumption of potato in our study did not include sweet potato.2 Sweet potato consumption in our study population was too low (~95% consumed <1 serving a week) for us to reliably evaluate its association with the risk of GDM. The role of pre-pregnancy sweet potato consumption in the development of GDM warrants further investigation. We are aware that sweet potato—which is rich in complex carbohydrates, dietary fibre, β carotene, vitamin C, vitamin B6, anthocyanin, and minerals—is considered to be a nutritious vegetable.3 Studies in animal models indicated that sweet potatoes have hypoglycaemic effects through ameliorating oxidative stress and inflammation and improving pancreatic β cells mass.4 In humans, sweet potato has been used in traditional medicine for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. However, data from randomised controlled trials and large observational studied on the efficacy of sweet potato in glycaemic control in humans are insufficient and inconclusive.3 Our study was not designed to look at the underlying mechanisms of the observed positive association between pre-pregnancy potato intake and GDM risk; future studies will elucidate these.5 Evidence suggests that the potato’s high glycaemic index …
World military expenditures and global cardiovascular mortality

Can we estimate the consequences of world military expenditures for the physical and mental health of nations that produce and purchase armaments? If anxiety and fear are promoting military expenditures, then those sentiments may well reflect poorer mental health and war-related stress as it influences cardiovascular illness rates. Further, extensive military expenditure by a society implies that other societal needs are allocated fewer resources, including nutrition, water and sanitation, health care, and economic development. We use a model focused on military expenditures to predict cardiovascular mortality in world samples of industrialized and developing countries over 2000–2011. The cardiovascular mortality model controls for economic development, smoking, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, and carbon dioxide emissions. Military expenditures as proportion of gross domestic product show significant positive relations to cardiovascular disease mortality in linear multiple regression analyses, using both cross-sectional and pooled cross-sectional time-series approaches.
High Resolution Magnetometer Based on a High Frequency Magnetoelectric MEMS-CMOS Oscillator

This paper demonstrates a miniaturized and high resolution (16 nT/Hz 1/2 ) magnetometer based on a high frequency (168.1 MHz) magnetoelectric Microelectromechanical Systems-Complementary metal-oxidesemiconductor (MEMSCMOS) oscillator. For the first time, a high frequency and high electromechanical performance (quality factor, Q ~ 1084 and electromechanical coupling coefficient, k t 2 ~ 1.18%) magnetoelectric micromechanical resonator based on a self-biased aluminum nitride/iron-gallium-boron (AlN/FeGaB) bilayer nanoplate (250/250 nm) is implemented and used to synthesize a low noise frequency source (2.7 Hz/Hz 1/2 ) whose output frequency is highly sensitive to external magnetic field (169 Hz/μT at zero magnetic field bias). The angular sensitivity of the magnetometer for electronic compass applications is also investigated showing an ultrahigh angular resolution of 0.34° for a 10-μT conservative estimate of the earth's magnetic field, due to the strongly anisotropic sensitivity of the self-biased AlN/FeGaB magnetoelectric resonator. This paper represents the first demonstration of a high resolution self-biased MEMS magnetoelectric resonant sensor interfaced to a compact and low power self-sustained CMOS oscillator as direct frequency readout for the implementation of miniaturized and low power magnetometers with detection limit pushed in ~10s nT/Hz 1/2 range.
Demonstration of a Polarized He 3 Target for Nuclear Reactions

Beams of He/sup 2+/ ions at 6.53 and 7.33 Mev were passed through a He/ sup 3/ gas cell in which metastable 2/sup 3/S, He/sup 3/ atoms were formed by a weak electric discharge. The percentage polarization in the target was measured by optical means as 8.5% x (1 plus or minus 0.2). Calculated and measured values of the polarization (P) are tabulated for alpha-particle bombardment of the poiarized He/sup 3/ target and are found to be in satisfactory agreement both in magnitude and sign reversal. The 7.33 Mev data are further analyzed by comparing the calculated value of P with the value of P measured for nuclear scattering of alpha particles at two chrections of circular polarization of the resonant radiation. The expected reversal of target polarization occurred when the direction of circular polarization was reversed. (H.D.R.)
An Autobiographical Memoir

ABSTRACTIn teaching courses over the years in political thought, one comes to inquire about the nature of political things and how they are to be thought about. Political philosophy is concerned with its limits and what, if anything, lies beyond them, as the whole with politics concerns itself is not the whole of what is. An autobiographical memoir is a belated occasion to judge how one thought of these fundamental things.
Comparative study of continuous attention in Xinjiang's Ke and Han nationality school-aged children

Objective To discuss Xinjiang's Ke and Han nationality school-aged children's characteristics of attention development by comparing their continuous attention. Methods A total of 197 Ke nationality children aged 7to 12 in Wuqia primary school of Ke Country in Xinjiang,199 Han nationality children aged 7to 12 in Changzhou's primary school were randomly selected.Continuous Performance Test(CPT)was used to record children's reaction time,the number of omission and false. Results 1)Reaction time between the two nationalities had no significantly statistical differences among various age groups(P0.05).2)The number of omission between the two nationalities had significantly statistical differences in 9and 10 years old groups(P0.05).3)The number of false between the two nationalities had significantly statistical differences in 9,10 and 11years old groups(P0.05). Conclusions There has nothing to do with national and regional differences in receiving information and handling events' reactional velocity while Ke and Han nationalities' children are more uniform.The children of 9,10 and 11years old in Ke nationality had obvious characteristics about impulsive and adventure.It allows them to adopt different strategies in the experiment probably because of the different education background and environment.In order to shorten the cultural learning differences between the two places,guiding the right strategy training should be strengthed and promote the development of their learning during cultivating attention.
Developmental Encodings Promote the Emergence of Hierarchical Modularity

While it has been observed (Hornby et al., 2001) that developmental encodings in evolved systems may promote modularity, there has been little quantitative study of this phenomenon. There has also been little study of the factors driving the emergence of hierarchical modularity - modularity on multiple levels, in which the modules found at a finer-grained level can serve as elements in a coarser-grained network that is also modular - despite the fact that most fields with an interest in modularity, including biology and engineering, define hierarchy as an important aspect of modularity. We examine the effect of developmental encodings on the emergence of multiple levels of modularity through the lens of two developmental systems, GRNEAT and GENRE, and find evidence that developmental encodings promote this emergence of modular hierarchy.
PERK regulates Gq protein-coupled intracellular Ca2+ dynamics in primary cortical neurons.

PERK (EIF2AK3) is an ER-resident eIF2α kinase required for behavioral flexibility and metabotropic glutamate receptor-dependent long-term depression via its translational control. Motivated by the recent discoveries that PERK regulates Ca2+ dynamics in insulin-secreting β-cells underlying glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, and modulates Ca2+ signals-dependent working memory, we explored the role of PERK in regulating Gq protein-coupled Ca2+ dynamics in pyramidal neurons. We found that acute PERK inhibition by the use of a highly specific PERK inhibitor reduced the intracellular Ca2+ rise stimulated by the activation of acetylcholine, metabotropic glutamate and bradykinin-2 receptors in primary cortical neurons. More specifically, acute PERK inhibition increased IP3 receptor mediated ER Ca2+ release, but decreased receptor-operated extracellular Ca2+ influx. Impaired Gq protein-coupled intracellular Ca2+ rise was also observed in genetic Perk knockout neurons. Taken together, our findings reveal a novel role of PERK in neurons, which is eIF2α-independent, and suggest that the impaired working memory in forebrain-specific Perk knockout mice may stem from altered Gq protein-coupled intracellular Ca2+ dynamics in cortical pyramidal neurons.
One-pot reaction for the preparation of biofunctionalized self-assembled monolayers on gold surfaces

Abstract The Huisgen cycloaddition reaction (“click” chemistry) has been used extensively to functionalize surfaces with macromolecules in a straightforward manner. We have previously developed a procedure using the copper(I)-catalyzed click reaction to tether synthetic α-helical peptides carrying two alkyne groups to a well-ordered azide-terminated alkanethiol self-assembled monolayer (SAM) on a Au(111) surface. While convenient, click-based strategies potentially pose significant problems from reagents, solvents, and reaction temperatures that may irreversibly damage some molecules or substrates. Tuning click chemistry conditions would allow individual optimization of reaction conditions for a wide variety of biomolecules and substrate materials. Here, we explore the utility of simultaneous SAM formation and peptide-attachment chemistry in a one-pot reaction. We demonstrate that a formerly multistep reaction can be successfully carried out concurrently by mixing azide-terminated alkanethiols, CuCl, and a propargylglycine-containing peptide over a bare gold surface in ethanol and reacting at 70 °C. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), surface infrared spectroscopy, surface circular dichroic (CD) spectroscopy, and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) were used to determine that this one-pot reaction strategy resulted in a high density of surface-bound α-helices without aggregation. This work demonstrates the simplicity and versatility of a SAM-plus-click chemistry strategy for functionalizing Au surfaces with structured biomolecules.
Two-Year Neurodevelopment and Growth Outcomes for Preterm Neonates Who Received Low-Dose Intravenous Soybean Oil.

Background: In some studies, the dose of intravenous soybean oil (SO) has been associated with a decreased incidence of intestinal failure–associated liver disease. The effect of lipid sparing on neurodevelopment (ND) and growth remains unknown. This study investigated the impact of SO dose on ND and growth over the first 2 years of age in preterm neonates. Materials and Methods: This is a single-site prospective follow-up study. Neonates with a gestational age ≤29 weeks were randomized to low-dose (LOW) or standard-dose (CON) SO. Bayley Scales of Infant Development III and anthropometric measurements were collected at approximately 6, 12, and 24 months corrected gestational age. Results: Subjects were premature, with a mean (±SD) gestational age of 28 ± 1 and 27 ± 1 weeks (P = .3) for LOW and CON, respectively. Thirty subjects completed follow-up (LOW = 15, CON = 15). There were no differences for ND and growth outcomes when LOW was compared with CON, with the exception of a higher 12-month follow-up cog...
Spherical metasurface for radiation pattern control

We present a method to reshape the radiation pattern of an antenna into an arbitrarily defined pattern through the use of a spherical impedance metasurface that completely encloses a source. We derive analytical equations to determine the sheet impedance distribution of the spherical metasurface to realize a 4π steradian desired electric field image pattern. To demonstrate the performance, we reshape the radiation pattern of a small dipole current source into a near-field pattern taking the shape of a nautical anchor.
Density Functional Study of Neutral and Charged Silver Clusters Agn with n = 2–22. Evolution of Properties and Structure

Geometries and electronic properties of neutral Agn, cationic Agn+, and anionic Agn– silver clusters with n = 2–22 were investigated by density functional theory (DFT) with M06 functional. For neutral clusters, transition from planar to “empty cage” structure occurs at n = 7, “empty cage” to “cage with one Ag atom” at n = 18, and to “cage with two Ag atoms” at n = 22. For lowest-energy Agn clusters, Ag8 and Ag18 show lowest polarizability due to closed-shell valence electron configurations 1S2/1P6 and 1S2/1P6/1D10. High stability of Ag8 is manifested in small dissociation energies of Ag9 to Ag8 plus Ag1 and Ag10 cluster to Ag8 plus Ag2. Cluster Ag20 with configuration 1S2/1P6/1D10/2S2 is stable due to low dissociation energy of Ag21 to Ag1 and Ag22 to Ag2. Cationic clusters with even n namely Ag10+ (9 valence electrons), Ag16+ (15 valence electrons), and Ag22+ (21 valence electrons) dissociate to Ag1 and closed-shell Ag9+ (1S2/1P6), Ag15+ (1S2/1D10/2S2) and Ag21+ (1S2/1P6/1D10/2S2). For odd n, Ag11+ and A...
Semi-Supervised Learning for Optical Flow with Generative Adversarial Networks

Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have recently been applied to the optical flow estimation problem. As training the CNNs requires sufficiently large ground truth training data, existing approaches resort to synthetic, unrealistic datasets. On the other hand, unsupervised methods are capable of leveraging real-world videos for training where the ground truth flow fields are not available. These methods, however, rely on the fundamental assumptions of brightness constancy and spatial smoothness priors which do not hold near motion boundaries. In this paper, we propose to exploit unlabeled videos for semi-supervised learning of optical flow with a Generative Adversarial Network. Our key insight is that the adversarial loss can capture the structural patterns of flow warp errors without making explicit assumptions. Extensive experiments on benchmark datasets demonstrate that the proposed semi-supervised algorithm performs favorably against purely supervised and semi-supervised learning schemes.
Transition Metal-Doped Metal Oxide Nanocrystals: Efficient Substitutional Doping through a Continuous Growth Process

Doped oxide nanocrystals hold promise for a wide variety of applications if dopant-induced properties can be appropriately harnessed. However, synthesis of doped nanocrystals with precise control over composition and structure presents a significant challenge. With traditional thermal decomposition synthetic methods, nanocrystal composition is hard to control due to the differing reactivities of dopant and host precursors. Under decomposition conditions, the variety of dopant atoms that can be introduced is limited, and the efficacy of dopant atom incorporation is variable. Here, we show the slow-addition of metal oleates into hot, long-chain alcohol permits >90% dopant incorporation efficacy for a variety of first-row transition-metal dopants into an In2O3 lattice at dopant concentrations up to 20 atom %. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis indicates that dopants are distributed throughout the nanocrystal. Elemental composition analysis, shifts and intensity changes in the X-ray diffraction peaks, ...
Using Google’s Custom Search Engine Product to Discover Scholarly Open Access and Cost-Free eBooks from Latin America

Many Latin American scholarly monographs are available for free to read and download in a scattered fashion across the web, hosted on educational, institutional and government websites as well as commercial websites and publishing platforms. There is as of yet no single way to identify all of this content at once, but web-based discovery leveraging existing search engine indexing would seem to be a likely option. This case study suggests and evaluates one such method for discovery of open access and other cost-free scholarly monographs produced in Latin America. One possible configuration of Google’s Custom Search Engine product is proposed and evaluated, and findings suggest its usefulness for a variety of applications, including for collection development, the preparation of thematic research guides with open content, and the enrichment of existing lists of open access eBook sources from Latin America. Unlike existing open access eBook portals, which search across known collections of such materials, search portals such as the one proposed allow users to search across the entire web to uncover scholarly free eBook sources that were previously unknown to them alongside known content sources, a key advantage to this method of discovery. The results further suggest the importance of pursuing discovery of these monograph titles outside established known collections, as an astonishing 45 % of all monographs identified through the Custom Search Engine portal were not discoverable in any edition, print or electronic, through WorldCat, and only 27 % were indexed by Google Books. Additionally, the low number of these eBook titles hosted in preservation-worthy repositories raises cause for concern about their long-term digital availability.
Recommendations for Initiating Use of Afrezza Inhaled Insulin in Individuals with Type 1 Diabetes.

Abstract Treatment with Afrezza® (insulin human) inhalation powder in individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D) reduces HbA1c levels similar to rapid-acting insulin analogs, but with significantly less hypoglycemia due to its unique time action profile. Examinations of studies of Afrezza pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics, relevant clinical trials, and U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) documentation suggest that current FDA-mandated dosing recommendations for initiating Afrezza treatment may not result in optimal glycemic control for individuals with T1D. Recommendations for initiating Afrezza insulin therapy in T1D patients are presented in this article.
Science: A Behavioral Perspective

This chapter proposes that behavioral archaeology furnishes conceptual tools useful for science studies because of its emphasis on people–artifact interactions in activities. Among the important behavioral concepts introduced are life history, process, activity, interaction, technical choice, performance, and performance characteristics. Also supplied is a behavioral definition of science. The basic behavioral unit for science studies is the project. It is argued that both science projects and technology projects offer fertile ground for the archaeological science, for every technology project leads to the creation of new science.
On the use of bubble modes in mixed plate and shell finite elements for laminated composites

Criteria for the initiation of damage and delamination in laminated composite plate and shell structures typically depend on the three-dimensional stress state. For some local failure processes, the initiation criteria may be quite sensitive to the value of the transverse shear stress. In this paper we consider the application of an extended form of the Hellinger-Reissner principle for plate and shell finite elements with improved accuracy in stresses. The variational basis includes additional equilibrium constraints on the stresses through introduction of Lagrange multiplier functions. In the finite element approximation, we consider the effects of taking these Lagrange multiplier functions to be element-based bubble modes. Two elements are developed: a four-node homogeneous shell and a four-node laminated composite plate. It is shown that these elements provide accurate stresses in generally distorted meshes while retaining numerical stability and freedom from shear locking.
Annotation resource of tandem repeat-containing secretory proteins in sixty fungi.

Abstract Fungal secretory proteins that interact with host plants are regarded as effectors. Because fungal effectors rarely contain conserved sequence features, identification and annotation of fungal effectors from predicted secretory proteins are difficult using outward comparison methods such as BLAST or hidden Markov model. In desire of more sequence features to prioritize research interests of fungal secretory proteins, this study developed a pipeline to identify tandem repeat (TR) domain within putative secretory proteins and tested a hypothesis that at least one type of TR domain in non-orthologous secretory proteins has emerged from convergent evolution for plant pathogenicity. There were 2804 types of TR domains and a total of 2925 TR-containing secretory proteins found from 60 fungi. There was no conserved type of TR domain shared only by plant pathogens, indicating functional divergence for different types of TR domain and TR-containing secretory proteins. The annotation resource of putative fungal TR-containing secretory proteins provides new sequence features that will be useful for the community interested in fungal effector biology.
Contribution of antimicrobials to the development of allergic disease

Antimicrobials represent a broad class of chemicals with the intended purpose of eliminating or controlling the growth of harmful microorganisms. Exposure can occur occupationally or through the use or consumption of consumer products. The use of antimicrobial agents has been associated with an increased incidence of allergic diseases, including asthma, atopic dermatitis, and less commonly, anaphylaxis. Very diverse immunological mechanisms and mediators have been identified in the sensitization response to antimicrobial chemicals and the importance of the local microenviroment in the response is increasingly being recognized. A complete understanding of the mechanisms of allergic diseases resulting from antimicrobial exposure will help to ensure safe environments and exposure limits.
Editorial: The Epidemiologist and The Clinician

One of the struggles for our mental health field is translating "empirical" evidence into something that is practical "clinically." The article by Baribeau et al.1 published in this issue provides us with an occasion to consider this challenge. We can use this study as an example of how the epidemiologist and the clinician must work together in hypothesis generation and hypothesis testing.
Neonatal Herpes: Textbook Presentation May Not Occur

Case report: Neonatology team was called to consult a 21 yr old G2P1001 mother at 38wk 6d gestation for new findings of severe IUGR with normal doppler and severe ventriculomegaly on antenatal sonogram (Figure 1). There was no h/o consanguinity or birth defects. Antenatal labs were significant for positive GBS status (s/p PCN x 3) and positive chlamydia in third trimester with proof of cure. Antenatal sonograms at 12, 19 and 26 wks were all normal. She delivered 2350g male IUGR newborn at 39+0/7 wks after augmented vaginal delivery with meconium stained amniotic …