cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Contributions of Govindjee, 2000–2011

In this chapter, I have provided a complete list of contributions of Govindjee that covers the period 2000–2011, his retirement life thus far. I have provided information on: Research publications in photosynthesis; contributions of historical interest; contributions of educational interest; and recent recognition in the form of three prestigious Awards. He has been as active as when he was in service. He has served the International Society of Photosynthesis, and the wider scientific community, well, and is an example of intense dedication to the field of photosynthesis and its practitioners.
Power Noise and Near-Field EMI of High-Current System-in-Package With VR Top and Bottom Placements

Integrated voltage regulators (IVRs) support an increasing number of voltage domains while enhancing the transient response and enabling fine-grained dynamic voltage frequency scaling. A voltage regulator (VR)-on-package is a promising IVR topology, which supports high-voltage transmission within a printed circuit board and package, leading to lower distribution loss. A power delivery network within a VR-on-package environment is presented in this paper. This paper also presents a study of VR top- and bottom-placement topologies within a system-in-package environment in terms of electromagnetic interference (EMI) and power integrity. This comparative analysis targets a specific server package application, and the power integrity evaluation is focused on the power delivery network between the VR and IC. The VR top-placement topology exhibits more than $3\times $ less EMI and 15.3% lower worse case IR drop as compared with the VR bottom-placement topology. The tradeoffs are, however, a greater package power loss and higher package cost due to the larger number of package layers in the VR top-placement topology. The VR top-placement topology exhibits a 52.6% higher power loss through the package than the VR bottom-placement topology.
A Billion Little Pieces: RFID and Infrastructures of Identification

Researching RFID technology drew me into a world of mundane things. I read more than I could ever have imagined about how subway turnstiles work, how automatic tolls identify cars, how Google Pay works on phones, and how the tiny microchips in pets' backs identify them if they go to an animal shelter. The more I read, the more people I interviewed, the more layers I peeled back, the more I realized I was looking at the many ways the built environment differentiates things. The tollbooth differentiates one car from the millions of other cars; the RFID microchip in a dog's back differentiates one animal from another.
Behavioral Flexibility in Alcohol-Drinking Monkeys: The Morning After

Background Heavy alcohol drinking has aspects of inflexible behavior. This study addressed the consequences of chronic alcohol drinking on cognitive and sensory-motor domains of behavioral flexibility in rhesus monkeys. Methods Behavioral flexibility was assessed in 12 monkeys (n = 9, ethanol [EtOH] drinkers) with a set-shifting visual discrimination procedure before alcohol self-administration and while maintaining consumption of 1.5 g/kg/d EtOH. Task performance was assessed in the morning after ~18 hours of drinking 1.5 g/kg, and 1 hour before the next day's drinking session began. The first 10 set-shifting sessions had the original (preethanol) test parameters and were used to determine retention of preethanol performance. Then, an effect of sensory-motor challenge (60% reduction in the size of the discriminative stimuli) on performance was assessed during 10 additional sessions. Results There were no average group-dependent differences in the performance between control and EtOH groups at the preethanol time-point. The daily consumption of 1.5 g/kg/d produced binge alcohol intakes in 7 of 9 monkeys (blood EtOH concentration [BEC ≥ 80 mg/dl]). Chronic daily intakes of 1.5 g/kg had no effect on retention of the task in the sober state. However, when challenged with a reduction in the size of the stimuli, daily 1.5 g/kg EtOH resulted in a decrement in performance due to an increase in the number of errors. Conclusions Rhesus monkeys consuming 1.5 g/kg alcohol daily perform equally as could as control monkeys in retention of a well-learned cognitive task. However, this pattern of daily alcohol intake robustly decreased the ability to flexibly adjust behavior when confronted with novel changes to perceptual stimuli.
Whose Jury: Mediating Between the Competing Individual and Collective Jury Rights

This article begins from the realization that there are at least two jury rights: the individual right of the criminal defendant, and the collective right of the community to adjudicate allegedly criminal behavior. Those two rights come into conflict when, for example, the criminal defendant waives his or her jury right or moves for a change of venue, thus robbing the local community of its adjudicatory authority. Thus far, there has been little attention to the conflicts between these two jury rights. My primary aim in this article is to shed light on this important subject. First, I explore the history of the jury through the lens of the two rights. The history of the jury reflects (1) the strong collective jury right backdrop against which the Constitution was drafted, (2) a growing ambivalence towards that collective right between the Constitutional Convention and the Civil War, and then (3) a century-long individual jury right regime. The ascendance of the jury right is associated with the increased empowerment of criminal defendants to waive their jury right or move to transfer to a new venue. In recent decades, legal practitioners—scholars, activists, judges, and Justices—have attempted to resuscitate the collective jury right. In addition to curbing the rights of criminal defendants (and judges) to exclude juries from particular aspects of the adjudicatory process, there has been an increasing effort to empower juries to exercise their collective right through nullification. After exploring the history of the two jury rights, and describing some of the corollaries of each right, I consider some of the possible implications of this analysis for different constitutional theories: Dworkinian moral reading of the law, constitutional pluralism, and originalism. By shedding light on these underexplored jury rights, this article is designed to enable more rigorous analysis by many different breeds of constitutional theorists. Additionally, given the occasional tension between these rights, the analysis in this article will enable legal practitioners to meaningfully debate issues and proposals that implicate one or both of the jury rights.
Feeding, hunger, satiety and serotonin in invertebrates

The serotonergic modulation of feeding behaviour has been intensively studied in several invertebrate groups, including Arthropoda, Annelida, Nematoda and Mollusca. These studies offer comparative information on feeding regulation across divergent phyla and also provide general insights into the neural control of feeding. Specifically, model invertebrates are ideal for parsing feeding behaviour into component parts and examining the underlying mechanisms at the levels of biochemical pathways, single cells and identified neural circuitry. Research has found that serotonin is crucial during certain phases of feeding behaviour, especially movements directly underlying food intake, but inessential during other phases. In addition, while the serotonin system can be manipulated systemically in many animals, invertebrate model organisms also allow manipulations at the level of single cells and molecules, revealing limited and precise serotonergic actions. The latter highlight the importance of local versus global modulatory effects of serotonin, a potentially significant consideration for drug and pesticide design.
Creative Ideation and Insights

The first section of this chapter discusses research and scholarship on group creative ideation, including the benefits and drawbacks of processes like group brainstorming. It then describes how and when mindfulness and contemplative arts practices can support creative ideation and insights in groups. The second section offers a series of exercises and activities that facilitators can use to support creative ideation in teams and workgroups in the context of learning and development trainings, workshops, and organizational retreats. The research and exercises presented in this chapter shift the focus from the more relational dynamics of empathy, trust, communication, cohesion, and collaboration discussed in Chaps. 5 and 6 to the actual process of idea generation and techniques related to perspective shifting and insight.
Continuous electroencephalography characteristics and acute symptomatic seizures in COVID-19 patients.

Abstract Objective As concerns regarding neurological manifestations in COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) patients increase, limited data exists on continuous electroencephalography (cEEG) findings in these patients. We present a retrospective cohort study of cEEG monitoring in COVID-19 patients to better explore this knowledge gap. Methods Among 22 COVID-19 patients, 19 underwent cEEGs, and 3 underwent routine EEGs ( Results cEEG was performed for evaluation of altered mental status (n = 17) or seizure-like events (n = 5). Five patients, including 2 with epilepsy, had epileptiform abnormalities on cEEG. Two patients had electrographic seizures without a prior epilepsy history. There were no acute neuroimaging findings. Periodic discharges were noted in one-third of patients and encephalopathic EEG findings were not associated with IV anesthetic use. Conclusions Interictal epileptiform abnormalities in the absence of prior epilepsy history were rare. However, the discovery of asymptomatic seizures in two of twenty-two patients was higher than previously reported and is therefore of concern. Significance cEEG monitoring in COVID-19 patients may aid in better understanding an epileptogenic potential of SARS-CoV2 infection. Nevertheless, larger studies utilizing cEEG are required to better examine acute epileptic risk in COVID-19 patients.
Research on Rainwater Cleaning Law of Suspension Porcelain Insulator

It is important to study the rainwater cleaning law of insulators for instructing outdoor insulation configuration and predicting the pollution degree in a region. The natural contaminated double-shed porcelain insulators were obtained from Hengde 2E22 Transmission Line in Yancheng, Jiangsu Province in this paper. First, simulated rainfall tests of natural contaminated insulators were carried out. The test results showed that the law of soluble contamination loss with time under constant rain intensity corresponds to the first-order kinetic model or the expended Gompertz model and the parameters of both models have certain physical meanings. Next, natural rainfall test was carried out in the spring and summer 2015. The empirical formula of contamination cleaning rate of upper surface of natural polluted double-shed porcelain insulator was proposed. This empirical formula can be used to predict the degree of contamination accumulation on double-shed porcelain insulator in a certain area and instruct outdoor insulation configuration of transmission line.
The Trade Disruption Hypothesis Fails for State-Sponsored Genocides and Mass Atrocities: Why It Matters

Our research question is: Do state-sponsored genocides and mass atrocities disrupt trade? In the “conflict disrupts trade” literature there is substantial research on how interstate and intrastate conflict and terrorism affect trade, but very little research on the possible trade disruption effects of genocides and mass atrocities. Our work helps fill this research gap. We bring a suite of estimation methodologies and robustness checks to the question for a pooled sample of 175 countries for the time period 1970–2017. We also test for trade disruption individually for 26 countries that experienced genocide or mass atrocity. Unlike much of the “conflict disrupts trade” literature, we find little empirical support that genocide disrupts trade and at best weak evidence that mass atrocity disrupts trade. Our results have important implications for atrocity prevention policy; when potential atrocity architects evaluate the expected benefits and costs of carrying out atrocity, it seems that, in most cases, they need not worry about trade disruption costs. Our results also matter for empirical research on risk factors for genocides and mass atrocities, particularly for studies that hypothesize risk reduction properties associated with trade.
Diaphragm muscle fibrosis involves changes in collagen organization with mechanical implications in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

Abstract In Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), diaphragm muscle dysfunction results in respiratory insufficiency, a leading cause of death in patients. Increased muscle stiffness occurs with buildup of fibrotic tissue, characterized by excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) components such as collagen. However, changes in mechanical properties are not explained by collagen amount alone and we must consider the complex structure and mechanics of fibrotic tissue. The goals of our study were to (1) determine if and how collagen organization changes with the progression of DMD in diaphragm muscle tissue, and (2) predict how collagen organization influences the mechanical properties of ECM. We first visualized collagen structure with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images and then developed an analysis framework to quantify collagen organization and generate image-based finite-element models. The image analysis revealed significant age- and disease-dependent increases in collagen fiber straightness and alignment, ranging from 4.7 to 13.4%, but collagen fibers retained a transverse orientation relative to muscle fibers. The mechanical models predicted significant age- and disease-dependent increases in transverse effective stiffness and average stress, ranging from 8.8 to 12.4%. Additionally, both healthy and diseased models revealed an increase in transverse stiffness relative to longitudinal stiffness, with significant age- and disease-dependent increases in the ratio of transverse to longitudinal stiffness, ranging from 19.7 to 24.5%. This study revealed changes in diaphragm ECM structure and mechanics during the progression of disease in the mdx muscular dystrophy mouse phenotype, highlighting the need to consider the role of collagen organization on diaphragm muscle function.
Visualizing Shifts in Gendered Parenting Attitudes during COVID-19

Many scholars have expressed fears that the 2019 coronavirus pandemic may exacerbate gender inequalities. Indeed, studies have suggested that women, and mothers in particular, have been particularl...
Space Charge Wave Growth Via Coupling To Lossy Backward Circuit Wave: Two Wave Theory *

With the focus on increasing instantaneous bandwidth capabilities of high-power microwave (HPM) devices, the Metamaterial Enhanced Resistive Wall Amplifier (MERWA) is being investigated for potential use as an HPM amplifier 1 , 2 , 3 . Rather than growth of a circuit wave, the MERWA operates via growth of the beam’s slow space charge wave. MERWA theory uses a 2D impedance matching technique at the boundary of the beam to show that growing wave solutions exist if a nearby metamaterial wall presents a resistive-inductive admittance to the beam 1 . Although the theory never expects or requires that an axially propagating cold circuit wave would exist, a low power experimental prototype was found to support a lossy backward wave in the vicinity of growth 2 , 3 . Using a two-wave coupling theory, we show that the space charge wave growth (of this specific prototype) can alternatively be explained in terms of coupling between the beam’s slow space charge wave and the lossy backward circuit wave. In contrast to the coupling with a lossless backward wave, which is known to produce a pair of non-growing waves, the interaction with the lossy backward wave produces a region of stable exponential space charge wave growth below an oscillation threshold. This two-wave coupling perspective provides insight into performance capabilities, limitations, and tradeoffs. Among these insights, we discuss how the amount of cold circuit loss affects the maximum stable growth rate, oscillation threshold, and gain-bandwidth product. We will compare analytical predictions against simulation results for validation.
Activity During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Children with Cardiac Rhythm Management Devices.

Decreased physical activity is associated with cardiovascular, metabolic and mental health disease. While decreases in physical activity during the COVID-19 pandemic have been described in the general population, there is a paucity of data regarding children with underlying cardiovascular disease. We hypothesized there would be a decrease in physical activity at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. Performed a single-center, retrospective cohort study of children aged 80% of dates from February 3, 2020 through June 30, 2020. Patients with significant neurologic/neuromuscular disease were excluded. We identified 144 patients with a median age of 15.4 years. 47% were female. 34% had congenital heart disease, 20% had cardiomyopathy, 19% had an inherited arrhythmia syndrome and 5% had atrioventricular block without congenital heart disease. 47% of patients had an implantable loop recorder, 29% had a permanent pacemaker and 24% had an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator. We observed a significant decrease in device-measured physical activity from baseline (February 3-March 9), with up to a 21% decrease in physical activity during mid-March through early May. Activity levels returned to pre-pandemic levels in June. Physical activity sharply declined in children with cardiac rhythm management devices at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. These data highlight the importance of finding strategies to maintain physical activity during the current pandemic and future public health crises.
The Information Content of Short Sales

Short interest in a stock is the aggregate number of shares that have been sold short and not yet covered. There has been a long-running debate over whether short interest contains valuable information about a stock's future performance. Weak-form market efficiency suggests that competitive trading should erode any information content in the signal. However, Wall Street analysts have traditionally viewed high short interest as a bullish technical indicator since covering short positions creates upward price pressure and recalls and short squeezes may force premature coverage of short positions. Alternatively, academic studies find that short-sale constraints clearly result in overpricing and that high short interest predicts negative future returns, consistent with the theories developed by Edward Miller in 1977 and Douglas Diamond and Robert Verrecchia in 1987, respectively. Miller's theory of divergent opinions predicts that short-sale constraints lead to overpricing, while Diamond and Verrecchia's theory predict that an unexpected increase in short interest is bad news since it indicates a higher proportion of past sales, than previously realized, came from the presumably more-informed short sellers. Thus, the analysts' traditional bullish view relies on a reversion in prices back, up, to the mean, while the academics' bearish view is that short sellers' profits come from taking advantage of the reversion of prices back down to the mean. Keywords: short interest; relative short interest; determinants of short interest; costs of short selling; short-sale constraints; short squeeze; recall; rebate rate; overvaluation; market efficiency
Astrocyte precursors in neonatal rat spinal cord cultures.

Cultures of newborn rat spinal cord contain multiple types of astrocytes. By using a combination of cultures enriched for glial precursors and clonal analysis, we have identified a particular astrocyte precursor that gives rise to morphologically distinct classes of astrocytes. This astrocyte precursor labels with the monoclonal antibody A2B5, is highly migratory, proliferates in response to serum and platelet-derived growth factor, and differentiates into process- bearing astrocytes, many of which subsequently assume a “pancake”- shaped morphology. A2B5+ astrocyte precursors share antigenic and migratory characteristics with previously described O2A progenitor cells but differ in their response to regulatory factors, including serum and coculture with type 1 astrocytes. More importantly, these astrocyte precursors do not give rise to oligodendrocytes. In their proliferative response to serum and their capacity to differentiate into astrocytes, these glial precursors resemble type 1 astrocyte precursors from optic nerve. However, unlike type 1 astrocyte precursors, these cells are A2B5+, highly migratory, and do not give rise to fibroblast-like astrocytes. Neonatal rat spinal cord cultures contain approximately twice the number of the A2B5+ astrocyte precursors than O2A progenitor cells. By contrast, the majority of A2B5+ cells in postnatal day 7 optic nerve cultures are O2A progenitors. The presence of large numbers of A2B5+ astrocyte precursors in rat spinal cord cultures may reflect the more complex cytoarchitecture of the spinal cord compared to the optic nerve.
ONE-CENTER r/sub ij/ INTEGRALS OVER SLATER-TYPE ORBITALS.

Expressions are derived for the integrals which arise in calculations of atomic wavefunctions of four or more electrons, using the method of explicit introduction of interelectronic distances into a configuration interaction wavefunction (subject to the restriction of at most one interelectronic distance per configuration). The approach followed in the derivations is similar to one followed by OEhrn and Nordling for three electron integrals; however, in extending the OEhrn and Nordling scheme to four electrons for a basis of s, p, and d Slater-type orbitals, numerical snags are encountered which have been obviated by a Euler transformation on certain of the auxiliary integrals.
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE SPREAD OF BETA HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCAL INFECTIONS WITHIN THE FAMILY GROUP

From this study the following conclusions can be drawn about the spread of streptococcal disease: Approximately one-half to one-fourth of sibling contacts will develop streptococcal infection. Less than 1 in 20 of the parents will develop streptococcal infection from a sick child. Although in larger families there were more secondary attacks than in smaller families, the number of such attacks was roughly proportional to the number exposed, and the secondary attack rate in individuals was no higher than in smaller families. Although the age of the primary case bore little relation to the attack rate in siblings, the age of the exposed children did seem related. Those under 2 years of age and those over 10 were least frequently attacked while the 3-and 4-year-ld children seemed most susceptible. Cases of otitis media in the primary case seemed to be associated with a higher attack rate in siblings than any other clinical manifestation of disease. Delay in treatment of the primary case beyond 2 days was associated with a rapidly increasing attack rate in sibling contacts. Of the types of Group A streptococci which caused disease in the period studied, type 3 was associated with a much higher attack rate in siblings than other types. Approximately half of the "secondary" cases occurred simultaneously, prior to, or more than 5 days after the onset of illness in the case which the physician was called to treat.
Playing with Trolleys (I): Intuitions About Aggregation

We explore when experimental subjects are likely to think aggregation across persons – making a decision that some parties should bear losses so that others might gain more – is permissible and when they think it is impermissible, an issue generally explored by eliciting responses to classic Trolley Problems. One central novel finding we explore in this paper is that the intuition to distinguish the two classic Trolley cases – judging the permissibility of diverting the runaway trolley on to a spur track to save potential victims on a main track rather than pushing a person to block the trolley from hitting the potential victims – is considerably weaker and more fragile than the extensive literature that emphasizes its significance has implied. At core, the intuition to divert is fragile in a variety of ways we detail that the intuition against pushing is not. Thus, in many circumstances that we describe, responses to those “killing” problems will converge to a considerable degree on the anti-aggregating position; moreover, the strictures against pushing are typically seen as mandatory (and holds even when following the strictures harms kin or more identified parties) while the requirement to divert is rarely unqualifiedly mandatory and even judgments that diverting is permissible weaken when kin and more identifiable people would be sacrificed by allowing it. At the same time, however, we also find that intuitions against aggregating in both pushing and diverting cases are far more fragile than most philosophical and psychological observers recognize. The intuition subjects display that proves far most basic and durable is the intuition that aggregation is plainly permissible, often desirable, but rarely completely mandatory when one is contemplating saving more, not fewer, people either through ex post allocation of life-saving resources or through making decisions, ex ante to establish programs that will result in fewer, rather than more, deaths in the future, even in situations in which the identity of those at increased risk of death is known at the time the initial program is proposed.
Secondary Traumatic Stress Increases Hypervigilance via Increases in Proteins Implicated in Peripheral and Central Sensitization of Trigeminal Nerves: Potential Role in Migraine Pathogenesis (P1.312)

Objective: To investigate the effects of secondary traumatic stress on the excitability state of trigeminal nociceptors. Background: Sensitization of trigeminal neurons is implicated in migraine pathology. Stress is known to promote development of a hyperexcitable nervous system characteristic of migraine patients. Neuronal excitability is modulated by a balance between kinases, proteins that promote sensitization and nociception, and phosphatases that maintain or restore cellular homeostasis. We have developed a novel model of secondary traumatic stress, which is a clinical phenomenon associated with high levels of personal stress, to investigate the effects on the trigeminal system. Design/Methods: Adult Spague-Dawley male sender rats were subjected to a water immersion apparatus (primary traumatic stress) and returned to their cages, which were placed next to pregnant or nursing female rats that served as receiver rats (secondary traumatic stress). Offspring from receiver rats were allowed to develop until young adults at which time the animals were tested for behavioral and cellular changes in the trigeminal system. Levels of p-ERK, p38, and PKA, and MAP kinase phosphatases MKP-1, MKP-2, and MKP-3 in trigeminal ganglia and spinal trigeminal nucleus were determined using immunohistochemistry. Results: Rats subjected to secondary traumatic stress had significantly elevated levels of p-ERK, a marker of neuronal excitability, and p38 and PKA, proteins implicated in peripheral and central sensitization, in trigeminal ganglia and spinal trigeminal nucleus. Levels of MAP kinase phosphatases MKP-1, MKP-2, and MKP-3, which are associated with increased stress response, were also elevated. Cellular changes correlated with a hypervigilant state characterized by avoidance behavior and increased trigeminal nociceptor sensitivity. Conclusions: Results from this study provide evidence that secondary traumatic stress can induce a hyperexcitable state characterized by cellular changes in trigeminal nociceptive neurons implicated in the development and maintenance of peripheral and central sensitization, and thus may play a role in migraine pathogenesis. Disclosure: Dr. Durham has received research support from Allergan, Inc., Upsher, and Banyon Group. Dr. Hawkins has nothing to disclose. Dr. Nicholas has nothing to disclose. Dr. Miley has nothing to disclose.
Cultural Neuroscience: Connecting Culture, Brain, and Genes

Cultural neuroscience emerged during the past decade at the intersection of cultural psychology, several subfields of human neuroscience, genetics, and epigenetics. In the present essay, we define the field, provide a selective review of its empirical accomplishment, and discuss its future directions. Cultural neuroscience conceptualizes the human mind as biologically prepared and grounded and, at the same time, as socially and culturally shaped and completed. This young field initially started as an effort to expand preceding behavioral work in cultural psychology with novel brain imaging methods. Increasingly, however, the field is poised to address the interplay between biology, environment, and behavior, as shown in our review of recent empirical work on (i) culture and the self, (ii) culture and genes, and (iii) multicultural identity. The future of the field hinges on several key initiatives including the use of brain stimulation methods, expansion of its database to cultures other than North America and Asia, and a more comprehensive analysis of gene–culture coevolution. In conclusion, we observe that further investigation of culture, brain, and genes may lead to an important insight that to study cultural diversity is no less to affirm the unity of humans as a common biological species. Keywords: Cultural Neuroscience; Cultural Psychology; Culture, Ecology; Evolution; Social Orientation; Self-Construal; Acculturation; Gene-culture co-evolution
Building new curricula for digital government studies dg.o2005 birds of a feather session

The goal of this Birds of a Feather session is to discuss current and proposed strategies for creating new, interdisciplinary digital government curricula. Bring your success and horror stories, as well as your hopes and fears.
Socio-economic differentials in peripheral biology: Cumulative allostatic load

This chapter focuses on evidence linking socio-economic status (SES) to “downstream” peripheral biology. Drawing on the concept of allostatic load, we examine evidence linking lower SES with greater cumulative physiological toll on multiple major biological regulatory systems over the life course. We begin by reviewing evidence linking lower SES to poorer trajectories of aging in multiple, individual physiological systems, followed by evidence of the resulting cumulative, overall burdens of physiological dysregulation seen among those of lower SES. The role of cumulative physiological dysregulation in mediating SES gradients in morbidity and mortality is then examined. We conclude with discussion of the question of interactions between SES (and other such environmental factors) and genetic endowment, and their potential consequences for patterns of physiological activity—an area of research that appears poised to contribute significantly to our understanding of how social conditions “get under the skin” to affect health and aging.
Study of Planar ${\rm MgB}_{2}/{\rm TiB}_{2}/{\rm MgB}_{2}$ Josephson Junctions Using the Proximity Effect SNS Model

Planar MgB2/TiB2/MgB2 junctions were fabricated by locally removing MgB2 within a gap of les 50 nm on a bilayer film of MgB2/TiB2 on SiC substrate using focused ion beam (FIB). Junctions with gaps of different depths were studied. We found that when the gap is too shallow the junction shows a flux-flow behavior, while a too deep gap will result in a junction with no supercurrent. Only junctions with the right gap depth exhibit good resistively-shunted-junction (RSJ) like current-voltage characteristics and excellent ac Josephson effect. The junctions' behavior can be described by the proximity effect superconductor-normal metal-superconductor (SNS) model, suggesting that the Josephson coupling is through the proximity effect in the metallic TiB2 layer.
Motor trephine syndrome: a mechanistic hypothesis.

Background In our neurotrauma practice, "motor trephine syndrome" was defined as a contralateral monoparesis that developed as a delayed and reversible complication in patients treated with decompressive hemicraniectomy for traumatic brain injury (TBI). The goal of this study was to define causal factors associated with this syndrome. Methods We retrospectively reviewed clinical records and imaging studies of all patients undergoing decompressive hemicraniectomy followed by cranioplasty repair in our comprehensive database of TBI patients. Detailed analysis of motor function from the time of injury to 6 months following cranioplasty repair identified three patterns of motor recovery. Results Blossoming of contusions, CSF circulation dysfunction, and longer times to cranioplasty repair were strongly associated with "motor trephine syndrome". We hypothesize that "motor trephine syndrome" arises from decompensated CSF flow with transgression of CSF fluid and edema into brain parenchyma, together with associated decrements in cerebral blood flow. Conclusion Prior contusion injury, decreased skull resistance with large hemispheric decompressions, and longer intervals to cranioplasty repair facilitate transparenchymal flow of CSF and edema. "Motor trephine syndrome" is rapidly reversible following cranioplasty repair. CSF and edema fluid changes within the parenchyma and CBF normalize, coincident with improvements in the patient's motor function, upon replacement of the bone.
Memory and survival in everyday textures – Ishiuchi Miyako’s Here and Now: Atomic Bomb Artifacts, ひろしま/ Hiroshima 1945/2007

This article explores the contribution of ひろしま/ Hiroshima (2008) by photographer Ishiuchi Miyako as it relates to the historical, documentary, artistic, scientific, forensic, and instrumental role of photography in Japan during the prewar, war, and postwar eras. Part of a postwar generation of Japanese photographers that sought to reconcile photography as an artistic practice, the postwar landscape, and the memory of the war and the atomic bomb, Ishiuchi’s project uses clothing and personal items as sites through which to establish and expand the viewer’s connection to the lives and experiences of bombing victims, and thus the meaning of memorialization and national memory.
Decentralized control and computations: status and prospects

Abstract The objective of this paper is to review the past and present activities in the area of decentralized control of large scale interconnected systems, with an emphasis on dimensionality, information structure constraints, and uncertainty. A number of interesting topics for future research will be discussed in this context. Special attention will be focused on decompositions of large scale systems, because of their potential in providing the integration of decentralized control and parallel computation using modern multiprocessor architectures.
NONPARAMETRIC ESTIMATION IN MARKOV PROCESSES.

The problem of statistical inferences in Markov processes has received considerable a t tent ion during the last fifteen years. Much of the work consists in carrying over to the Markov case the maximum likelihood and chi-square methods from processes with independent identically dist r ibuted random variables. (See, for example, [1] and other references cited there.) Alternat ive approaches have also been adopted [11], some of which [7] refer to statistical inferences in more general processes. I t is not long ago that presumably the first paper [10] appeared on nonparametr ic estimation of the density in the case of independent identically distr ibuted random variables. Soon a number of others ([14], [8], [13], [3], [6]) followed, which by using either similar or different methods obtained fur ther results. The purpose of the present paper is to consider the nonparametric estimation of densities in the case of Markov processes. The methods being used and results being obtained here are similar to those in [9]. Wha t we do specifically here is th is : We first construct asymptotically unbiased est imates for the initial and (two-dimensional) joint densities. This is done in section 2. In section 3 these est imates are shown to be consistent in quadrat ic mean, and fur thermore a consistent, in the probability sense, est imate for the transit ion density is obtained. Finally, it is proved in section 4 that , under suitable conditions, all three est imators mentioned, properly normalized, are asymptotically normal. The appropriate versions of the Central Limit Theorem which are used for this purpose are s ta ted and proved in an appendix, so tha t the continuity of the paper will not be interrupted.
Engineering Alginate as Bioink for Bioprinting

Recent advances in three-dimensional (3-D) printing offer an excellent opportunity to address critical challenges faced by current tissue engineering approaches. Alginate hydrogels have been used extensively as bioinks for 3-D bioprinting. However, most previous research has focused on native alginates with limited degradation. The application of oxidized alginates with controlled degradation in bioprinting has not been explored. Here, a collection of 30 different alginate hydrogels with varied oxidation percentages and concentrations was prepared to develop a bioink platform that can be applied to a multitude of tissue engineering applications. The authors systematically investigated the effects of two key material properties (i.e. viscosity and density) of alginate solutions on their printabilities to identify a suitable range of material properties of alginates to be applied to bioprinting. Further, four alginate solutions with varied biodegradability were printed with human adipose-derived stem cells (hADSCs) into lattice-structured, cell-laden hydrogels with high accuracy. Notably, these alginate-based bioinks were shown to be capable of modulating proliferation and spreading of hADSCs without affecting the structure integrity of the lattice structures (except the highly degradable one) after 8days in culture. This research lays a foundation for the development of alginate-based bioink for tissue-specific tissue engineering applications.
Simulation of borehole induction using the hybrid extended Born approximation and CG-FFHT method

We propose the hybridization of the extended Born approximation (EBA) with the conjugate-gradient fast Fourier Hankel transform (CG-FFHT) method to improve the efficiency of numerical solution of borehole induction problems in axisymmetric media. First, we use the FFHT to accelerate the EBA as a nonlinear approximation to induction problems, resulting in an algorithm with O(N log2 N) arithmetic operations, where N is the number of unknowns in the problem. This improved EBA is accurate for most formations encountered. Then, for formations with extremely high contrasts, we utilize this improved EBA as a partial preconditioner in the CG-FFHT method to solve the problem accurately with few iterations. The seamless combination of these two approaches provides an automatic way toward the efficient and accurate modeling of induction measurements in axisymmetric media.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A Question of Confession's Discovery

What can be said in the aftermath? Faced with legacies of conflict and the gross violation of human rights, the contemporary discourse of transitional justice has defended the work of confession as a way for deeply divided societies to “come to terms” with the past and move forward. Underwritten by a complex promise of recognition, this call for confessional truth-telling has proven controversial, not least at it risks undermining the testimony of victims and granting undue status to perpetrators. Giving voice to events that may prove unspeakable and performing a subjectivity that may defy accountability, the figure of confession imagined by transitional justice is perhaps best envisioned as a rhetorical question, a difficult inquiry into the response-ability of language in the wake of violence.
Life satisfaction among black urban elderly.

Previous research in white aged populations often has been derived from disengagement, activity, or personality theories. The relevance, however, of any of these conceptual frameworks to black aged is problematic because of their development in white samples and the lack of empirical data documenting their applicability to non-whites. The lack of systematic empirical research on black aged, and particularly, on the determinants of life satisfaction, provided the major impetus for the present study. Interview schedules were individually administered to 102 non-institutionalized retired men and women residing in a large urban area. A multiple regression analysis revealed a number of factors related to life satisfaction. The results are supportive of previous studies in white samples but are sufficiently distinct to raise questions regarding the applicability of these prior findings to black aged.
Retroperitoneal fibrosis with ureteral obstruction secondary to actinomyces israeli

Abstract A case of Actinomycosis israeli causing retroperitoneal fibrosis and ureteral obstruction is presented. This rare occurrence followed direct extension of the infectious process from intra-abdominal abdcesses to the retroperitoneum, resulting in dense fibrosis. Diagnosis is most commonly established by histologic identification of sulfur granules obtained at abdominal exploration. The pathogenesis and treatment of genitourinary as well as rctroperitoneal actinomycosis is discussed.
MgO-supported bimetallic catalysts consisting of segregated, essentially molecular rhodium and osmium species.

A family of supported bimetallic samples was prepared by the reactions of Rh(C2H4)(acac) (acac = acetylacetonate) and Os3(CO)12 with MgO. The samples were characterized by infrared and extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopies, before and after various treatments with hydrogen at temperatures up to 393 K. The spectra identify the following combinations of supported species: (a) [Os3(CO)11]2− + Rh(C2H4)2, (b) [Os3(CO)11]2− + Rh(CO)2, and (c) [Os3(CO)11]2− + rhodium clusters containing approximately 4 to 6 atoms each, on average. No bimetallic clusters formed. The triosmium frame remained intact while the rhodium surface species were reduced in the presence of H2. The samples were tested as catalysts for ethylene hydrogenation at 298 K, and the catalytic activity matched that of the rhodium complexes alone; evidently the rhodium complexes were responsible for all the catalysis, with the osmium clusters remaining inactive because of the presence of the carbonyl ligands on them.
Chimeric partial scapula and latissimus dorsi muscle flap for midfoot reconstruction: A case report

Free muscular, osteomuscular, and fasciocutaneous flaps are widely used for midfoot reconstruction. The latissimus dorsi (LD) flap is rich in muscle mass, but the weight-bearing ability of the reconstruction with its combination with a scapula or rib has not been evaluated. Here, we report a case of reconstruction of the right midfoot with the trauma-related osteomyelitis using a free chimeric scapula and LD muscle flap in a 59-year-old woman with diabetes mellitus. After radical debridement and sequestrectomy, a 7 × 3 cm2 wound with a 5 × 3 cm2 bony defect was reconstructed with the chimeric scapula and LD muscle flap. The postoperative course was uneventful. The bony union was achieved 6 months after surgery. In 14 months follow-up, no clinical complications including a new ulcer or stress fracture were noted. At the end of follow-up, the gait analysis showed an unbalanced stress distribution on the right foot and a valgus gait. We suggest that this chimeric scapula and LD muscle flap may be an alternative option for midfoot reconstruction. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery, 2012.
Early changes in vascular reactivity in response to 56Fe irradiation in ApoE–/– mice

Abstract Epidemiological studies have established that radiation from a number of terrestrial sources increases the risk of atherosclerosis. The accelerated heavy ions in the galacto-cosmic radiation (GCR) that astronauts will encounter on in space, however, interact very differently with tissues than most types of terrestrial radiation, so the health consequences of exposure on deep-space missions are not clear. We demonstrated earlier that 56Fe, an important component of cosmic radiation, accelerates atherosclerotic plaque development. In the present study, we examined an earlier, pro-atherogenic event that might be predictive of later atherosclerotic disease. Decreased endothelium-dependent vasodilation is a prominent manifestation of vascular dysfunction that is thought to predispose humans to the development of structural vascular changes that precede the development of atherosclerotic plaques. To test the effect of heavy-ion radiation on endothelium-dependent vasodilation, we used the same ApoE–/– mouse model in which we previously demonstrated the pro-atherogenic effect of 56Fe on plaque development. Ten week old male ApoE mice (an age at which there is little atherosclerotic plaque in the descending aorta) were exposed to 2.6 Gy 56Fe. The mice were then fed a normal diet and housed under standard conditions. At 4–5 weeks post-irradiation, aortic rings were isolated and endothelial-dependent relaxation was measured. Relaxation in response to acetylcholine was significantly impaired in irradiated mice compared to age-matched, un-irradiated mice. This decrease in vascular reactivity following 56Fe irradiation occurred eight weeks prior to the development of statistically significant exacerbation of aortic plaque formation and may contribute to the formation of later atherosclerotic lesions.
The chemisorption of methyl halides (Cl, Br and I) on Pt(111)

Abstract The adsorption, desorption and decomposition of three methyl halides (Cl, Br, and I) were studied on Pt(111) using high resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS) and temperature programmed desorption (TPD). HREELS results suggest that all three molecules bond to the surface through their halide, with a symmetry less than C3v. Up to one monolayer of both CH3Cl and CH3Br desorb with little or no decomposition; however, CH3I almost completely decomposes to CH4 and H2 in TPD. Surface methyl groups have been identified by HREELS as an intermediate between CH3I and CH4 formation.
Faculty turnover in CS departments

The rapid growth of computer science in both academia and industry creates a special problem with faculty turnover. This paper examines data from a national study of computer science departments to describe the circumstances surrounding faculty turnover in computer science and identify the major factors related to faculty departure. It concludes with suggested approaches for addressing the situation.
K − / K + ratios in relativistic heavy-ion collisions

We study $K^-/K^+$ ratios as a function of centrality (participant nucleon number), transverse mass ($m_t$), and rapidity, in heavy-ion collisions at beam energies between 1A and 2A GeV. We use the relativistic transport model that includes expicitly the strangeness degrees of freedom and consider two scenarios for kaon properties in dense matter, one with and one without medium modifications of their properties. In both scenarios, The $K^-/K^+$ ratio does not change very much with the centrality, while the $K/\pi$ and ${\bar K}/\pi$ ratios increase with increasing centrality. Significant differences are predicted, both in magnitudes and shapes, for the $m_t$ spectra and rapidity distributions of $K^-/K^+$ ratio. Experimental measurement of these ratios, currently under investigation by the FOPI, KaoS, E866, and E895 collaborations, will be useful in revealing the kaon in-medium properties.