cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The self-similarly expanding Eshelby ellipsoidal inclusion: II. The Dynamic Eshelby Tensor for the expanding sphere

Abstract The field solution of a self-similarly (subsonically) expanding Eshelby ellipsoidal inclusion obtained in Part I is evaluated for the case of the expanding spherical inclusion under general uniform eigenstrain ϵ ij ⁎ in self-similar motion R = υ t , starting from zero dimension. The particle velocity in the interior domain vanishes and the displacement gradient is constant exhibiting the Eshelby property in the self-similar dynamic case. All components of the interior and exterior Dynamic Eshelby Tensor are obtained for the sphere, with the interior ones depending on the wave speeds and the expansion speed of the inclusion, while the exterior ones depend, in addition, on the variable of self-similarity r / t and the direction of the field point. By a limiting procedure the static Eshelby tensor both interior and exterior is retrieved, thus making the static inclusion a special limit of the dynamic self-similarly expanding one. The jump of the particle velocity across the moving inclusion boundary is obtained, and it depends only on the wave and expansion speeds and the direction of the normal.
Models, assumptions, and experimental tests of flows near boundaries in magnetized plasmas

We present the first measurements of ion flows in three dimensions (3Ds) using laser-induced fluorescence in the plasma boundary region. Measurements are performed upstream from a grounded stainless steel limiter plate at various angles ( ψ=16° to 80°) to the background magnetic field in two argon helicon experiments (MARIA at the University of Wisconsin-Madison and HELIX at West Virginia University). The Chodura magnetic presheath model for collisionless plasmas [R. Chodura, Phys. Fluids 25, 1628 (1982)] is shown to be inaccurate for systems with sufficient ion-neutral collisions and ionization such as tokamak scrape off layers. A 3D ion fluid model that accounts for ionization and charge-exchange collisions is found to accurately describe the measured ion flows in regions where the ion flux tubes do not intersect the boundary. Ion acceleration in the E→×B→ direction is observed within a few ion Larmor radii of the grounded plate for ψ=80°. We argue that fully 3D ion and neutral acceleration in the plasm...
Item Response Theory.

This review introduces classical item response theory (IRT) models as well as more contemporary extensions to the case of multilevel, multidimensional, and mixtures of discrete and continuous latent variables through the lens of discrete multivariate analysis. A general modeling framework is discussed, and the applications of this framework in diverse contexts are presented, including large-scale educational surveys, randomized efficacy studies, and diagnostic measurement. Other topics covered include parameter estimation and model fit evaluation. Both classical (numerical integration based) and more modern (stochastic) parameter estimation approaches are discussed. Similarly, limited information goodness-of-fit testing and posterior predictive model checking are reviewed and contrasted. The review concludes with a discussion of some emerging strands in IRT research such as response time modeling, crossed random effects models, and non-standard models for response processes.
p73 and FoxJ1: Programming Multiciliated Epithelia

The mysteriously diverse phenotypes in mice lacking the p53 homolog p73 are recently unified by new analysis showing p73 is required for formation of multiciliated epithelia. p73 directly activates FoxJ1, the central transcriptional driver for multiciliation, and induces a host of genes critical for ciliogenesis.
Fundamentals for Electrical Resistance Measurement at Low Temperatures

The electrical resistance measurement provides us with information on the most fundamental and important quantities in low temperature physics and engineering, such as, temperature and materials characteristics. A typical example may be the measurement on superconductors. The present paper discusses the general aspect of the electrical resistance measurement.
Beta regression improves the detection of differential DNA methylation for epigenetic epidemiology

DNA methylation is the most readily assayed epigenetic mark, possessing confirmed relationships with gene expression, imprinting, and chromatin accessibility. Given the increasingly widespread use of DNA methylation microarrays in population-scale epidemiological applications, we sought to determine which methods provided the greatest statistical power to reproducibly detect differences in DNA methylation across various conditions, using publicly available data sets on tissue type and aging. Beta regression, as proposed originally by Ferrari and Cribari-Neto, yielded more validated hits in each of our comparisons than any other method under consideration, both in a regression setting and in comparisons to two-group tests such as the Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney, Student t, and Welch t tests. In large cohorts of whole blood samples, we corrected for compositional differences and batch effects, and found that marginal likelihood ratio tests from beta regression models uniformly dominate popular alternatives based on linear models. The superior sensitivity and specificity exhibited by beta regression in epidemiologically relevant cohort sizes corresponded to approximately a 2% increase in sensitivity at the same specificity when compared to linear models fitted on raw beta values (proportion of signal intensity due to the methylated allele), M-values, or rank quantile normalized values. Investigators should consider beta regression to maximize statistical power in studies of DNA methylation using microarrays. At epidemiologically relevant sample sizes, with typical quality control procedures (compositional and batch effect correction), cross-cohort agreement uniformly favors beta regression over popular alternatives.
Newton’s Rules of Reasoning

It is rare nowadays to come across a scientific treatise which explicitly reveals the author’s method of reasoning alongside his or her experimental observations and conclusions. But this is just what Newton does at the outset of Book III of his Principia. Nor does he see this section as superfluous: just as he routinely invokes previous axioms and corollaries, so, too will he invoke the rules of reasoning which he here articulates—specifically in justifying his universal law of gravitation. As you study Newton’s four rules of reasoning, you might ask yourself, first, whether you agree or disagree with his rules; second, whether or not you typically employ his rules (notwithstanding your answer to the first question); and third, whether these rules are limited to the physical sciences, or if they apply just as well to other fields of inquiry such as biology, history, law, and theology.
A NEW P(A-SiN:H/A-Si:H)-I(A-Si:H)-N(A-Sic:H/A-Si:H) Superlattice Solar Cell

The objective of this work is (1) the evaluation and control of the Fermi level position in an amorphous hydrogenated silicon p-i-n Solar Cell through its carbon (or nitrogen) alloy n-and p-contact regions. The Fermi levels in both p- and n-regions of a P(a-Si:H/a-Si0.8N0.2:H)- i - N(a-Si:H./a-Si0.5C0.5:H) superlattice solar cell are computed. (2) prediction of open-circuit voltage values for this novel device. The p- and n- regions are replaced by superlattices, in which the Fermi levels in the wide gap barrier regions are, on an absolute scale, closer to the valence band or conduction band edges of the low band gap material (a-Si:H). In order for the p- and n- superlattices to yield a larger built-in voltage, the density of states in the doped wide band gap material, must be much greater, and the Fermi level of the wider band gap layer has to be closer to the corresponding band edge than that of the undoped low gap quantum well. Hence, the wide gap material must be heavily doped and have effective tails wider than that of the undoped low band gap material. As a result, the final Fermi level will lie between the corresponding bulk Fermi levels of the layers of the superlattice.
The Imperfect Paradigm: Article 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice

In this chapter, I review the practice of different actors of the international legal order, by looking both at the sources recognised by Article 38 of the Statute of the ICJ and those that have been generally accepted over time. By focusing on Article 38 for what it does and does not say, I argue that, even in general international law, Article 38 constitutes only a frame of reference and, therefore, it must be displaced from its paradigmatic position. First, I review the sources mentioned in Article 38 of the ICJ Statute, including the establishment of subsidiary means to find rules, as well as other sources that have been recognised by the jurisprudence of the ICJ even though they are not listed in Article 38. Then, I will discuss three cases in which the ICJ, when confronted with normative forms which do not conform to the requirements of the doctrine of sources as elaborated by its own jurisprudence, treated them as belonging to one of the categories mentioned in Article 38.
Developing immunotherapy strategies in the treatment of prostate cancer

The clinical development of immunotherapy has gained significant impetus in recent years across the field of medical oncology. Mounting preclinical and clinical data have demonstrated the potential of immune-based treatments to augment anti-tumor immune responses. With one of the first modern immunotherapies approved in prostate cancer and multiple others in late stage development, immune treatment strategies need to be optimized to ensure the best clinical outcomes. Combination strategies with androgen deprivation therapy, anti-androgen therapy, radiation and chemotherapy have demonstrated the potential maximize immune response in prostate cancer patients. These combinations are currently being evaluated in clinical trials at every stage of prostate cancer from the newly diagnosed to the most advanced stages. Data from these studies will provide guidance for the future clinical implementation of immunotherapy in prostate cancer.
Somatosensory Evoked Spikes and Epilepsy

The relation between EEG paroxysms evoked by tapping of feet or hands (ES), seizures and epileptic syndromes in 186 children is reported from the Department of Neuropsychiatry, Pontificia Universidade Catolica de Campinas, Brazil.
Psychological Distress Among Youth Probationers: Using Social Determinants of Health to Assess Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors.

Background For youth probationers, it is important to understand how mental health and substance use predict their suicidal thoughts and behaviors (STB) to identify interventions to reduce their psychological distress. Objective In this study, risk and protective factor indicators based on the Youth Assessment and Screening Instrument (YASI) Full Assessment were used to explore STB of youth probationers. The study's overarching aim was to examine the associations of psychological distress and other risk and protective factors with youth probationers' STB based on a Social Determinants of Health framework. Method This cross-sectional secondary analysis reviewed YASI records from a sample of 11,607 probationers of age 12-18 years within a large urban setting. Results The study used logistic regression models to assess risk and protective factors for STB odds (5.79%, n = 672 positive endorsement). African Americans were less likely to report STB, and girls were much more likely than boys to report STB across risk factors. Mental health disorders and substance use increased STB risk. Conclusion The findings underscore the need for screening and treatment of psychological distress for youth probationers. This study discussed these findings, strengths and limitations, and directions for future research.
The Effects of Identity Threat Reactions to Sexual Harassment Training on Training Outcomes

Sexual harassment training is a common occurrence in organizations, but an under-researched phenomena. Past research has produced mixed results about the effectiveness of sexual harassment training...
PEF in the Food Industry for the New Millennium

This chapter explores the challenges faced by pulsed electric field (PEF) technology at different stages of its implementation in the food industry in the new millennium. The major concern of industrial consortiums interested in the application of PEF is the initial investment. Before the commercialization of processed foods by a non-thermal technology, each process must comply with the appropriate safety regulations set forth by the food and drug administration (FDA) for each type of products. The process review objective of the FDA is to conduct a scientific evaluation of a particular process to determine if the product poses a potential public health hazard. They are also concerned with ensuring that all the critical factors necessary to render the product commercially sterile are monitored and controlled. The uniformity of the delivered treatment and the means to assess the process are still major challenges for PEF technology to succeed in the new millennium. The tremendous potential of PEF technology to replace or complement conventional methods is clear, and provides the basis for ongoing studies on PEF that can be regarded as both meaningful and worthy of consideration to all those in the field of food processing.
Food pantry assistance and the great recession

Using nationally representative data from the National Center for Charitable Statistics and the Current Population Survey Food Security Supplement, this study documents trends in the supply of and ...
Strong Exciton-Plasmon Coupling in Silver Nanowire Nanocavities.

The interaction between plasmonic and excitonic systems and the formation of hybridized states is an area of intense interest due to the potential to create exotic light-matter states. We report herein coupling between the leaky surface plasmon polariton (SPP) modes of single Ag nanowires and excitons of a cyanine dye (TDBC) in an open nanocavity. Silver nanowires were spin-cast onto glass coverslips, and the wavevector of the leaky SPP mode was measured by back focal plane (BFP) microscopy. Performing these measurements at different wavelengths allows the generation of dispersion curves, which show avoided crossings after deposition of a concentrated TDBC–PVA film. The Rabi splitting frequencies (Ω) determined from the dispersion curves vary between nanowires, with a maximum value of Ω = 390 ± 80 meV. The experiments also show an increase in attenuation of the SPP mode in the avoided crossing region. The ability to measure attenuation for the hybrid exciton-SPP states is a powerful aspect of these single...
Effectiveness of an Intervention to Increase Pap Test Screening Among Chinese Women in Taiwan

This study assessed the effectiveness of a theory-based direct mail campaign in encouraging non-compliant women, aged 30 and older or younger if married, to obtain a Pap test. Participants were female family members of inpatients admitted to one of the major teaching hospitals in Taiwan during August-September 1999. A total of 424 women were recruited in the randomized intervention trial. Three months following implementation of the intervention, women in the intervention group reported a higher rate of Pap test screening than women in the comparison group (50% versus 32%) (p = 0.002). Women in the intervention group also showed higher perceived pros of a Pap test at follow-up (p = 0.031). Although women in both groups showed an increased knowledge and intention to obtain a Pap, only the intervention group had significantly higher follow-up scores on perceived pros and susceptibility. The results shows that the intervention was effective in increasing Pap test screening among Chinese women within three months. The results also support the use of Intervention Mapping, a systematic program development framework for planning effective interventions.
Origins: A View from the Literature

The best I can do within the space allotted to me is to open the discussion of our first topic, the origin of society, along the lines of Andrew McKenna’ s paper. Most people take for granted that the deconstructive critique of philosophical origins is incompatible with the theory of origin that I defend. Andrew McKenna does not agree, and I generally agree with him.
Reasoning with Mental Models

Reasoning is the process of drawing conclusions from premises. Logic specifies which conclusions are valid, that is, that must be true given that the premises are true. One theory of how people draw such conclusions is based on mental models. Models represent the structure of the world, and each model represents a possibility. Hence, a conclusion that holds in all the models of the premises is valid. Evidence from various sorts of experiment corroborates this theory. Its central assumption is that people represent what is true according to the premises, but not what is false. This principle leads them to make illusory inferences, which have compelling but invalid conclusions. The model theory also explains inductions, which are inferences leading to plausible rather than valid conclusions. Inductions depend on the addition of information to models, which sometimes eliminates models of possibilities. Inferences in daily life are often nonmonotonic, that is, unlike those in logic, they lead to the withdrawal of valid conclusions. The withdrawal occurs when a conclusion conflicts with reality. The process is not well understood, but it usually depends on the construction of a diagnostic model designed to resolve the conflict.
Application of Mathematical Systems Analysis

The purpose of this chapter is to demonstrate how certain concepts of modern system theory can be used to study the structure of complex water resources systems and the operation of subsystems. The two main tools introduced here are Q-analysis, which is used to characterize the level of linkage between system elements, and bifurcation-catastrophe theory, which can describe system behavior at singularities. The Q-analysis approach is based on multidimensional graph theory and, just like ordinary two-dimensional graph theory, may be applied to problems of general system modelling, supply, demand, and decision making. So far, the main application of Q-analysis has been to investigate the structure of a system, such as an ecosystem or a network of roads.
Overcoming barriers to vaginal hysterectomy: An analysis of perioperative outcomes

Objective To determine perioperative outcome differences in patients undergoing vaginal hysterectomy based on uterine weight, vaginal delivery, and menopausal state. Material and Methods Retrospective chart review of 452 patients who underwent vaginal hysterectomy performed by a single surgeon. Patients’ age, vaginal delivery, uterine weight, previous pelvic surgery, previous cesarean delivery, removal of ovaries were compared, as well as estimated blood loss (EBL), operating room time (ORT), length of stay, intraoperative complications and postoperative complications. Multivariable logistic regression was used, and all data were analyzed at the level of p 500 mL (p 500 mL were greater uterine weight (p=0.001), uterine myomas (p=0.016) and premenopausal state (p=0.014). The factors associated with conversion to laparotomy were greater uterine weight (p<0.001) and premenopausal state (p<0.001). Conclusion Vaginal hysterectomy is a safe and feasible approach for patients desiring hysterectomy regardless of uterine weight and vaginal delivery.
Educating Innovators of Medical Technologies

Abstract Being a medical device innovator is highly rewarding because you can impact human health, while being fully intellectually engaged and stimulated. Successful innovators need training and knowledge in a range of associated topics including the general innovation process, identification and definition of clinical needs, device prototyping and testing, preclinical and clinical research, regulatory and reimbursement issues, intellectual property, and business development fundamentals. One must be a lifelong student of medical device innovation, particularly because these and other topics evolve over time. For example, 3D printing, digital simulation, and immersive visualization are changing how devices are prototyped. In addition, combination device and drug therapies are changing how medical technologies are regulated, and the field of health informatics is using the explosion of medical data to drive clinical and reimbursement decisions. This chapter discusses some educational opportunities for new and experienced medical device innovators including courses, training programs, conferences, workshops, and books.
Referendum opposition to fluoridation and health literacy: a cross-sectional analysis conducted in three large US cities.

Objective To explore health literacy as a marker of voter confusion in order to understand the basis for public opposition to community water fluoridation. Design A cross-sectional study. Setting Conducted in three large US cities of San Antonio, Texas (602 voting precincts); Wichita, Kansas (171 voting precincts); and Portland, Oregon (132 voting precincts). Precinct-level voting data were compiled from community water fluoridation referendums conducted in San Antonio in 2002, Wichita in 2012 and Portland in 2013. Participants Voter turnout expressed as a percentage of registered voters was 38% in San Antonio (n=2 92 811), 47% in Wichita (n=129 199) and 38% in Portland (n=164 301). Main outcome measures The dependent variable was the percentage of votes in favour of fluoridating drinking water. Precinct-level voting data were mapped to precinct scores of health literacy, and to US Census and American Community Survey characteristics of race/ethnicity, age, income and educational attainment. Multilevel regression with post-stratification predicted the precinct mean health literacy scores, with weights generated from the National Association of Adult Literacy health literacy survey, with item response theory computed scoring for health literacy. Predictive models on voter support of community water fluoridation were compared using robust linear regression to determine how precinct-level characteristics influenced voter support in order to determine whether health literacy explained more variance in voting preference than sociodemographic characteristics. Results Precinct-level health literacy was positively associated with voter turnout, although sociodemographic characteristics were better predictors of turnout. Approximately 60% of voters opposed community water fluoridation in Wichita and Portland, whereas in San Antonio, a small majority (53%) voted in favour of it. Models suggest that a one SD increase in health literacy scores predicted a 12 percentage point increase support for community water fluoridation. Conclusion Educational attainment and health literacy are modifiable characteristics associated with voting precincts9 support for community water fluoridation.
Jane S. Sutton and Mari Lee Mifsud. A Revolution in Tropes: Alloiostrophic Rhetoric. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2015. 128 pages. $88 hardcover.

“We wonder where the rhetorical theory is for unsettling this resting place when it turns out to be a place of oppression for others?” —Sutton and Mifsud, A Revolution in Tropes, p. xiii.In a time ...
Ovarian carcinomas express HE4 epitopes independently of each other.

Abstract Background The gene encoding HE4 undergoes alternative splicing to yield multiple protein isoforms. We investigated anti-HE4 mAbs which recognize epitopes on the C (2H5 and 3D8) or N (12A2 and 14E2) terminals. Methods A Luminex assay was applied to determine mAb affinity. Binding of mAbs to sections from formaline fixed ovarian carcinomas was determined by immunohistology, binding to cultured ovarian carcinoma cells was tested by flow cytometry and immunocytochemistry, and HE4 secretion to patient serum or supernatants of cultured ovarian carcinoma was assayed by ELISA. Results mAb 12A2 bound to formalin-fixed sections from 18 of 19 ovarian carcinomas, while 14E2, 2H5 and 3D8 bound to sections from 14, 7 and 4 patients, respectively. The mAbs bound independently of each other, i.e. a sample bound one mAb most strongly while another sample with similar affinity strongest bound another mAb. The intensity of binding to sections did not significantly correlate with the serum level of HE4 except for mAb 14E2, but there was a significant correlation between HE4 expression and its detection in supernatants of cultured ovarian carcinomas. Conclusions HE4 epitopes are expressed independently of each other and their expression of HE4 by cultured ovarian carcinoma cells correlates with the release of HE4 into culture supernatants. he epitope recognized by mAb 14E2 was significantly more expressed by platinum resistant tumors. Impact Expression of HE4 by most ovarian carcinomas makes it an excellent biomarker.. Further studies are needed to investigate the clinical relevance of overexpression of a particular epitope.
Inhibition of glucose metabolism through treatment of BRAF mutated metastatic melanoma with vemurafenib.

e21005Background: Increased glucose metabolism is a hallmark of neoplastic cells that allows self-promotion of growth and survival. The enzyme 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase (PFKFB3) is an integral contr...
Dendrimeric Catalysts for the Activation of Hydrogen Peroxide. Increasing Activity per Catalytic Phenylseleno Group in Successive Generations

Dendrimeric polyphenylselenides are prepared in high yield using propyloxy spacers to connect the phenyseleno groups to the dendrimeric core. The selenides catalyze the oxidation of bromide with hydrogen peroxide to give positive bromine species that can be captured by cyclohexene in two-phase systems. The increase in the rate of catalysis exceeds statistical contributions for the first few generations with 3, 6, and 12 phenylseleno groups.
Modeling correlated marker effects in genome-wide prediction via Gaussian concentration graph models

In genome-wide prediction, independence of marker allele substitution effects is typically assumed; however, since early stages in the evolution of this technology it has been known that nature points to correlated effects. In statistics, graphical models have been identified as a useful and powerful tool for covariance estimation in high dimensional problems and it is an area that has recently experienced a great expansion. In particular, Gaussian concentration graph models (GCGM) have been widely studied. These are models in which the distribution of a set of random variables, the marker effects in this case, is assumed to be Markov with respect to an undirected graph G. In this paper, Bayesian (Bayes G and Bayes G-D) and frequentist (GML-BLUP) methods adapting the theory of GCGM to genome-wide prediction were developed. Different approaches to define the graph G based on domain-specific knowledge were proposed, and two propositions and a corollary establishing conditions to find decomposable graphs were proven. These methods were implemented in small simulated and real datasets. In our simulations, scenarios where correlations among allelic substitution effects were expected to arise due to various causes were considered, and graphs were defined on the basis of physical marker positions. Results showed improvements in correlation between phenotypes and predicted additive genetic values and accuracies of predicted additive genetic values when accounting for partially correlated allele substitution effects. Extensions to the multiallelic loci case were described and some possible refinements incorporating more flexible priors in the Bayesian setting were discussed. Our models are promising because they allow incorporation of biological information in the prediction process, and because they are more flexible and general than other models accounting for correlated marker effects that have been proposed previously.
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Delivered via a Mobile Phone Messaging Robot to Decrease Postoperative Opioid Use in Patients With Orthopedic Trauma: Randomized Controlled Trial

Background: Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) is a pragmatic approach to help individuals decrease avoidable pain. Objective: This study aims to evaluate the effects of ACT delivered via an automated mobile messaging robot on postoperative opioid use and patient-reported outcomes (PROs) in patients with orthopedic trauma who underwent operative intervention for their injuries. Methods: Adult patients presenting to a level 1 trauma center who underwent operative fixation of a traumatic upper or lower extremity fracture and who used mobile phone text messaging were eligible for the study. Patients were randomized in a 1:1 ratio to either the intervention group, who received twice-daily mobile phone messages communicating an ACT-based intervention for the first 2 weeks after surgery, or the control group, who received no messages. Baseline PROs were completed. Two weeks after the operative intervention, follow-up was performed in the form of an opioid medication pill count and postoperative administration of PROs. The mean number of opioid tablets used by patients was calculated and compared between groups. The mean PRO scores were also compared between the groups. Results: A total of 82 subjects were enrolled in the study. Of the 82 participants, 76 (38 ACT and 38 controls) completed the study. No differences between groups in demographic factors were identified. The intervention group used an average of 26.1 (SD 21.4) opioid tablets, whereas the control group used 41.1 (SD 22.0) tablets, resulting in 36.5% ([41.1-26.1]/41.1) less tablets used by subjects receiving the mobile phone–based ACT intervention (P=.004). The intervention group subjects reported a lower postoperative Patient-Reported Outcome Measure Information System Pain Intensity score (mean 45.9, SD 7.2) than control group subjects (mean 49.7, SD 8.8; P=.04). Conclusions: In this study, the delivery of an ACT-based intervention via an automated mobile messaging robot in the acute postoperative period decreased opioid use in selected patients with orthopedic trauma. Participants receiving the ACT-based intervention also reported lower pain intensity after 2 weeks, although this may not represent a clinically important difference. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03991546; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03991546
Current progress on the 3D printing of thermosets

3D printing has attracted increasing attention as it exhibits excellent potential in the fabrication of 3D complex structures, which are very difficult to make using conventional techniques, with low cost, less energy, and material consumption. Thermosets are integral to today’s aerospace, automotive, marine, and energy industries and will be vital to the next generation of lightweight, energy-efficient structures, owing to their excellent specific strength, thermal stability, and chemical resistance. Manufacturing with thermosets using innovative 3D printing techniques has the potential to revolutionize composite manufacturing. However, thermosets are highly crosslinked and irreversibly cured, and it is challenging to integrate the printing process with curing process at high rate and high quality. This review will address current effort and future direction in 3D printing of thermosets. Graphical abstract
Managing acute biventricular dysfunction during the resource-limited COVID-19 Pandemic in a major city

Introduction The novel coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) and ensuing pandemic placed significant pressure on the care of critically ill patients. We present a case of a patient presenting with acute onset left ventricular systolic failure with acute right ventricular dysfunction and unremitting supraventricular tachycardia. Methods A 69 year-old male presented with severe shortness of breath and fever to the emergency department in March of 2020 to a major city hospital in the midst of the resource-limited height of the COVID-19 pandemic. After a thorough history, physical exam, laboratory evaluation, and preliminary point-of-care ultrasonographic examination he was found to be have COVID-19 and mild acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). He was managed initially with non-invasive ventilation, but on hospital day #6, was found to be profoundly hypoxic, confused, and tachycardic. On further evaluation, his vital signs demonstrated a fever of 38.2 C, tachycardia at 140 bpm, blood pressure 125/70 and SpO2 92% on 100% FiO2. Bedside transthoracic echocardiography demonstrated globally severely reduced left ventricular systolic function and a dilated right ventricle with severely reduced systolic function. An electrocardiogram demonstrated monomorphic supraventricular tachycardia. Results We describe the patient's prolonged hospital course extending forty-five days with nearly half requiring critical care. The patient eventually improved and was discharged from the hospital. Discussion We discuss the implications of resource-limited pandemic conditions in the care of critically ill patients. We incorporate the international experience of developed countries in facing a once-in-a-lifetime global medical emergency. In addition, we comment on the proposed ethical considerations when allocating patients to a significantly high level-of-care and the implications of this decision for other patients requiring care.
Identifying and Correcting Publication Selection Bias in the Efficiency-Wage Literature: Heckman Meta-Regression

Publication selection bias represents one of the most serious challenges to the integrity of empirical economics. We develop Heckman regression methods to solve this potentially persistent problem and apply these meta-regression methods to seventy five empirical estimates from the efficiency-wage literature. Although many researchers find mixed or ambiguous support for the efficiency wage hypothesis (EWH), our meta-analyses give unambiguous confirmation of the EWH. After correcting for publication selection bias, we estimate the wage elasticity of output to be 0.32, much smaller than what the neoclassical version of the efficiency wage hypothesis demands. This wage elasticity also depends significantly upon whether the researchers’ model accounts for the simultaneity of wages and productivity and whether their empirical model includes capital. In both cases, the ‘correct’ specification increases the magnitude of the wage elasticity of production, thereby further corroborating the EWH.
Knowledge of neonatal brachial plexus palsy among medical professionals in North America

Early referral of neonatal brachial plexus palsy (NBPP) patients to multidisciplinary clinics is critical for timely diagnosis, treatment, and improved functional outcomes. In Saudi Arabia, inadequate knowledge regarding NBPP is a reason for delayed referral. We aimed to evaluate the knowledge of North American healthcare providers (HCPs) regarding the diagnosis, management, and prognosis of NBPP. A 12-question survey regarding NBPP was distributed via electronic and paper formats to North American providers from various referring and treating specialties. NBPP knowledge was compared between Saudi Arabian vs. North American providers, referring vs. treating specialties, academic vs. community hospitals, and providers with self-reported confidence vs. nonconfidence in NBPP knowledge. Of the 273 surveys collected, 45% were from referring providers and 55% were from treating providers. Saudi Arabian and North American HCPs demonstrated similar NBPP knowledge except for potential etiologies for NBPP and surgery timing. In North America, referring and treating providers had similar overall knowledge of NBPP but lacked familiarity with its natural history. A knowledge gap existed between academic and community hospitals regarding timing of referral/initiation of physical/occupational therapy (PT/OT) and Horner’s syndrome. Providers with self-reported confidence in treating NBPP had greater knowledge of types of NBPP and timing for PT/OT initiation. Overall, North American providers demonstrated adequate knowledge of NBPP. However, both eastern and western physicians remain overly optimistic in believing that most infants recover spontaneously. This study revealed a unique and universal knowledge gap in NBPP diagnosis, referral, and management worldwide. Continuous efforts to increase NBPP knowledge are indicated.
ICESat-2 Elevation Retrievals in Support of Satellite-Derived Bathymetry for Global Science Applications

Bathymetry retrievals from 2D, multispectral imagery, referred to as Satellite-Derived Bathymetry (SDB), afford the potential to obtain global, nearshore bathymetric data in optically clear waters. However, accurate SDB depth retrievals are limited in the absence of "seed depths." The Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite-2 (ICESat-2) space-based altimeter has proven capable of accurate bathymetry, but methods of employing ICESat-2 bathymetry for SDB retrievals over broad spatial extents are immature. This research aims to establish and test a baseline methodology for generating bathymetric surface models using SDB with ICESat-2. The workflow is operationally efficient (17-37 min processing time) and capable of producing bathymetry of sufficient vertical accuracy for many coastal science applications, with RMSEs of 0.96 and 1.54 m when using Sentinel-2 and Landsat 8, respectively. The highest priorities for further automation have also been identified, supporting the long-range goal of global coral reef habitat change analysis using ICESat-2-aided SDB.
Threat and bidirectional valence signaling in the nucleus accumbens core.

Appropriate responding to threat and reward is essential to survival. The nucleus accumbens core (NAcc) is known to support and organize reward behavior. The NAcc is also necessary to fully discriminate threat and safety cues. To directly reveal NAcc threat firing, we recorded single-unit activity from 7 female rats undergoing Pavlovian fear discrimination. Rats fully discriminated danger, uncertainty, and safety cues, and most NAcc neurons showed greatest firing change to danger and uncertainty. Heterogeneity in cue and reward firing led us to identify distinct functional populations. One NAcc population signaled threat, specifically decreasing firing to danger and uncertainty cues. A separate population signaled bidirectional valence, decreasing firing to the danger cue (negative valence), but increasing firing to reward (positive valence). The results reveal the NAcc to be a source of threat information and a more general valence hub. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The nucleus accumbens core (NAcc) is synonymous with reward. Yet, anatomy, neurotoxic lesions, and optogenetic manipulation implicate the NAcc in threat. Here, we directly revealed NAcc threat firing by recording single-unit activity during multi-cue fear discrimination. Most cue-responsive NAcc neurons markedly altered firing to threat cues. Finer analyses revealed a NAcc population signaling threat: specifically decreasing firing to danger and uncertainty cues; and a NAcc population signaling bidirectional valence: increasing firing to reward but decreasing firing to the danger cue. The results reveal the NAcc to be a source of threat information and a valence hub.
The quantitative precipitation estimation system for Dallas–Fort Worth (DFW) urban remote sensing network

Summary The Dallas–Fort Worth (DFW) urban radar network consists of a combination of high resolution X band radars and a standard National Weather Service (NWS) Next-Generation Radar (NEXRAD) system operating at S band frequency. High spatiotemporal-resolution quantitative precipitation estimation (QPE) is one of the important applications of such a network. This paper presents a real-time QPE system developed by the Collaborative Adaptive Sensing of the Atmosphere (CASA) Engineering Research Center for the DFW urban region using both the high resolution X band radar network and the NWS S band radar observations. The specific dual-polarization radar rainfall algorithms at different frequencies (i.e., S- and X-band) and the fusion methodology combining observations at different temporal resolution are described. Radar and rain gauge observations from four rainfall events in 2013 that are characterized by different meteorological phenomena are used to compare the rainfall estimation products of the CASA DFW QPE system to conventional radar products from the national radar network provided by NWS. This high-resolution QPE system is used for urban flash flood mitigations when coupled with hydrological models.
Autonomous exploration of planetary lava tubes using a multi-rover framework

Orbital photographic and remote sensing surveys of the Moon and Mars show evidence of lava tube formation. Lava tube caves, including collapsed tubes with skylights, are of enormous importance to geology and astrobiology because they (1) allow direct examination of bedrock, potentially including materials brought up from depths that are otherwise inaccessible from the surface; (2) provide good protection from solar proton event radiations; and (3) by analogy to Earth, might provide access to a rich biosphere hidden from the surface, specifically adapted to life in that extreme environment. While previous mission paradigms have prevented exploration of lava tube caves on Mars, new robotic exploration technologies and paradigms can now make this possible. A potential point of failure for current missions arises from the use of a single agent (e.g., single rover) to conduct the entire mission. Such an “all-in-one” rover must carry onboard a large and cumbersome array of instruments, sensors, computers, and communications equipment. Moreover, this type of rover must be remotely commanded and kept away from hazardous environments for fear of damage or overturn, thus incurring the loss of the entire mission. Such inherent deficiencies hold back the scope of the science mission for which the rover was originally deployed. However, these restrictions could be mitigated using an alternative multi-rover architecture for autonomous robotic space exploration. This system, termed “Tier-Scalable Reconnaissance”, would combine mobile robotic surface probes coupled with a base rover, in situ operational autonomy, and multi-tiered science reconnaissance to permit robotic traversal of risky, science-rich environments in a way that the loss of one or more robotic agents need not jeopardize the entire mission. As a prelude to actual planetary exploration, there are ready analog environments on Earth where such a multi-rover framework could be pre-deployed, tested, and evaluated.
TPR of sulfated zirconia in the presence of Pt/NaY: Migration of spiltover hydrogen

Migration of spiltover hydrogen in the reduction of physical mixtures of sulfated zirconia (SZ) and Pt/NaY powders is studied by Temperature Programmed Reduction (TPR) in hydrogen. Enhancement of SO4 reduction by Pt in these mixtures is significant only when there is a direct physical contact between the SZ and Pt/NaY powders, indicating that the transport of the spiltover H atoms is a surface migration. Proton concentration in the zeolite carrying Pt particles has no significant effect on the surface migration of H atoms. TPR experiments, comparing both the dilution effect of NaY, SiO2, and ZrO2 onto the SZ+Pt/NaY mixture, and the support effect of HY, SiO2, and ZrO2 for Pt in the physical mixture with SZ, show that ZrO2 forms the greatest obstacle for the surface migration of H atoms. A model for the Pt enhancement of SO4 reduction is proposed in the SZ+Pt/NaY mixture.
L-glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase. I. Effects of the substrates on the catalytic properties of the hepatic nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-linked enzyme from the rabbit.

Abstract Effects of the substrate on the initial reaction velocity of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-linked l-glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase purified from rabbit liver were studied. The true Michaelis constants for all substrates were determined in 0.1 m tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane-HCl buffer (pH 7.5) and were found to be 0.68, 0.19, 0.018, and 0.004 mm for l-glycerol 3-phosphate, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, dihydroxyacetone phosphate, and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, respectively. The true Michaelis constants measured in 0.1 m glycine-NaOH buffer (pH 10.0) were found to be 0.065 and 0.03 mm for l-glycerol 3-phosphate and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, respectively. High concentration of all four substrates in the reaction mixture was found to be to some extent inhibitory. At low concentrations of l-glycerol 3-phosphate or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a plot of initial reaction velocity as a function of l-glycerol 3-phosphate or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide concentration is sigmoidal. No sigmoidicity is seen in plotting of initial reaction velocity as a function of either dihydroxyacetone phosphate or reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide under the conditions used. However, a plot of initial reaction velocity as a function of dihydroxyacetone phosphate concentration is sigmoidal in the presence of l-glycerol 3-phosphate but is not sigmoidal in the presence of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. On the other hand, a plot of initial reaction velocity as a function of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide concentration is sigmoidal in the presence of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide but is not sigmoidal in the presence of l-glycerol 3-phosphate. The results suggest that there are two allosteric sites, one for l-glycerol 3-phosphate and the other for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. The binding of l-glycerol 3-phosphate to its allosteric site lowers the Michaelis constant for l-glycerol 3-phosphate but increases the Michaelis constant for dihydroxyacetone phosphate. Similarly, the binding of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide to its allosteric site lowers the Michaelis constant for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide but increases the Michaelis constant for reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. Interestingly, the binding of l-glycerol 3-phosphate to its allosteric site does not change the Michaelis constant for either nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide or its reduced form. Similarly, the binding of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide to its allosteric site does not change the Michaelis constant for either l-glycerol 3-phosphate or dihydroxyacetone phosphate. On the basis of the present study, it is not clear whether dihydroxyacetone phosphate or reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide will bind to the allosteric site for l-glycerol 3-phosphate or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, respectively.
Corrosion-Resistant Heated Transfer Tubes for Molten Metals and Salts

Pyrochemical processes under development at Argonne National Laboratory utilize molten metals and halide salts as solvents to separate molten fuel materials from each other and from fission product...