cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of the rate of deformation on the crystallization behavior of polymers

Deformation has a significant influence on the crystallization process in a number of polymers. In this paper, the response of a recently developed model for crystallizing polymers is investigated when subject to uni-, bi-axial and constant width extensions for a range of strain rates. Both the loading and unloading behavior are examined for these deformations. The particular model studied here was developed to capture the effect of strain induced crystallization in polymers and has been applied to model crystallization in polyethylene terephthalate at temperatures just above its glass transition temperature. The model has been formulated using the notion of multiple natural configurations within a full thermodynamic framework. The connection between micro-structural changes taking place in the polymer and the form of the model are elucidated. The interplay between the relaxation processes, the rate of deformation and their combined effect on crystallization is illustrated. The results show an earlier onset of crystallization for high strain rates due to stretching of the polymer network. At low strain rates however, crystallization is not observed as the polymer network is able to relax during the deformation. A sharp upturn in the stress is observed after the onset of crystallization due to the formation of a rigid crystalline phase. The unloading curves clearly show a hysteric behavior with the amount of dissipation increasing for increasing values of strain rate. These results compare favorably with experimental observations available in literature.
An AMR Capable Finite Element Diffusion Solver for ALE Hydrocodes

We present a novel method for the solution of the diffusion equation on a composite AMR mesh. This approach is suitable for including diffusion based physics modules to hydrocodes that support ALE and AMR capabilities. To illustrate, we proffer our implementations of diffusion based radiation transport and heat conduction in a hydrocode called ALE-AMR. Numerical experiments conducted with the diffusion solver and associated physics packages yield 2nd order convergence in the L2 norm.
High-speed IR imaging of repetitive events using a standard RS-170 imager

We have developed a system which allows repetitive events at frequencies up to 4 kHz to be imaged without aliasing. An off-the-shelf optomechanical imager (Inframetrics IR 600) is used in conjunction with a microcomputer and a specially developed hardware interface. The effective integration time of the system is equivalent to the horizontal line scan time (125 microsecond(s) ). Images are constructed by acquiring horizontal lines which are in phase with a reference signal emanating from the target. Multiple occurrences of a given line are displayed as a linear average so that the in-phase component appears amplified in the final image. Images of flame front propagation in an operating engine combustion chamber, and transient spatial heat distribution in a transistor operating at 2.5 kHz have been acquired.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Modulation of Both the Early and the Late Phase of Mossy Fiber LTP by the Activation of β-Adrenergic Receptors

cAMP and the cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) are required in the mossy fiber pathway for both the early and the late phase of long-term potentiation (LTP). Since the CA3 region, which is the target of the mossy fibers, receives extensive noradrenergic innervation, we examined the role of beta-adrenergic receptors in mossy fiber LTP. We found that we could induce an early phase of LTP by pairing isoproterenol, a beta-adrenergic receptor agonist, with a weak train, subthreshold for LTP. This LTP was specific to the mossy fiber pathway, was blocked by inhibitors of PKA, and occluded paired-pulse facilitation, suggesting that isoproterenol was acting presynaptically. When isoproterenol was paired with a train that induced only the early phase of LTP, it gave rise to a protein synthesis-dependent late phase. Consistent with these findings, beta-adrenergic antagonists blocked both the late and the early phase of LTP induced by mossy fiber stimulation. Thus, beta-adrenergic receptor modulation is important for both phases of mossy fiber LTP.
Evaluating the role of cutting treatments, fire and soil seed banks in an experimental framework in ponderosa pine forests of the Black Hills, South Dakota

Abstract Pinus ponderosa Laws. (ponderosa pine) forests have changed considerably during the past century, partly because recurrent fires have been absent for a century or more. A number of studies have explored the influence of timber harvest or burning on understory production in ponderosa pine forests, but study designs incorporating cutting and prescribed burning in an experimental framework are needed to identify mechanisms responsible for the observed changes. In this study, we first characterized the disturbance history and the soil seed bank of a ponderosa pine stand in the northern Black Hills. We then experimentally addressed the effects of prescribed burning and overstory reduction on understory vegetation. Before Anglo settlement of the area, the mean fire interval was 14 years and no fires were recorded after 1879. Cessation of fires, prolific regeneration of ponderosa pine, and subsequent logging in 1903 has led to a very dense, even-aged ponderosa pine stand with very little understory vegetation and very few viable seeds in the soil seed bank. Only 57 individual plants, or 186 seeds/m 2 , emerged from 1080 soil samples. Response of understory vegetation during the first growing season after application of treatments was sparse, with no significant treatment effect. There were, however, significant treatment effects during the second growing season. Total understory biomass ranged from 5.8 kg/ha on untreated plots to 1724 kg/ha on clearcut, unburned plots. Herbaceous dicots comprised over 90% of total understory biomass. Both understory species richness and evenness responded to treatments, but understory woody plant density did not respond to either treatment. Paucity of viable seeds in the soil seed bank does not appear to constrain recruitment of understory vegetation in dense ponderosa pine forests of South Dakota.
Using a Standardized Video-Based Assessment in a University Teacher Education Program to Examine Preservice Teachers Knowledge Related to Effective Teaching.

Abstract The Video Assessment of Interactions and Learning (VAIL), a video-based assessment of teacher understanding of effective teaching strategies and behaviors, was administered to preservice teachers. Descriptive and regression analyzes were conducted to examine trends among participants and identify predictors at the individual level and program level. Results from this study demonstrate that a standardized assessment used previously with in-service teachers can be implemented in a teacher education program. Analysis shows variability in preservice abilities to detect effective teaching strategies and behaviors that is partially explained by teacher education program factors.
The induction of fibrogenesis by silica-treated alveolar macrophages.

Abstract An in vitro model for the study of the pathogensis of silicosis is described. In it, filtered supernates from alveolar macrophage cultures incubated in contact with silica particles are added to target cultures of lung fibroblasts. The effects of this system are easily studied by observation for cytotoxicity and hydroxyproline production. These results confirm and extend the observations of Heppleston and Styles and point to the use of such a system for the in vitro study of the effects of silica.
Structure and Properties of a Dimer Complex: [Co(Hdmg)2(Him)2]·(ClO4)

A New Complex Crystal [Co(Hdmg)2(Him)2]·(ClO4) (H2dmg = Dimethylglyoxime,Him = Imidazole) Had Been Synthesised in Aqueous Solution and Was Characterized by X-ray Diffraction and IR Spectrum. the Complex Crystallizes in Triclinic Space Group with Cell Constants a= 20.868(7)A, B=11.408(4)A, C=15.816(4)A, α=90.00°, β=116.97(2)°, γ= 90.00°, V= 3355.8(17) A3, Z=4, F(000)=1732. the Coordination Environment of Cobalt Atom Is a Slightly Distorted Octahedron. the Four Equatorial Donors Are Four Nitrogen Atoms from Two Bidentate Chelate Hdmg Anion Ligands. the Apex Points Are Occupied by Two Nitrogen Atoms from him Ligands. the Co-N(Him) Distance Is 1.930A, and the Co-N(dmg) Distances Are Varying in the Range from 1.886A to 1.993A which Are in Agreement with Corresponding Reported in a Number of other Structurally Related Copper(II) Complexes.
EFFECTS OF LIGHT ON NORMAL RABBITS, WITH ESPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE ORGANIC REACTION : III. ANALYSIS OF ORGAN WEIGHTS.

An analysis has been made of the organ weights of normal rabbits exposed to a constant illumination having none of the shorter ultraviolet rays and of other rabbits kept in darkness for periods of 2 to 12 weeks. The environment of constant illumination was associated with a well marked decrease in the relative weights of most organs, and in certain instances this occurred when the organ weights of the controls were becoming increasingly large. There was also an associated effect of stabilization of organ weight. The majority of the organs of rabbits caged in constant darkness also showed a tendency toward decreased and stabilized weights, but these effects were less pronounced than in the rabbits caged under conditions of constant illumination. A notable exception to this general result was the weight of the liver which was markedly increased. The results of this experiment support the conception that there is a relationship between light and the physical state of the animal organism which may be expressed in the concrete form implied by the trend or direction of organ weight.
Association between early inhibition of DNA synthesis and the MICs and MBCs of carboxyquinolone antimicrobial agents for wild-type and mutant [gyrA nfxB(ompF) acrA] Escherichia coli K-12.

Abstract Quinolone antimicrobial agents are known to interact with DNA gyrase, but the mechanism by which bacterial cell death occurs is not fully understood. In order to determine whether there is a correlation between quinolone-induced inhibition of early (i.e., 10 to 15 min) DNA synthesis and potency (MICs and MBCs), we measured the rate of DNA synthesis in log-phase Escherichia coli K-12 by using [3H]thymidine incorporation. Three quinolones (ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, and difloxacin) were selected based on their decreasing activity against reference strain KL16. All three quinolones caused an early 50% inhibition of DNA synthesis which was proportional to MICs and MBCs (r greater than 0.99). Furthermore, 50% inhibition of DNA synthesis and MICs were nearly identical for mutant strains with an altered quinolone target (gyrA) or with decreased [nfxB(ompF)] or increased (acrA) permeability. There were significant differences (P less than 0.001) between individual quinolones in the degree of DNA synthesis inhibition in nalidixic acid-resistant gyrA and nfxB(ompF) mutant strains. The comparison of the three mutants with the wild-type strain permitted an in vivo examination of the effects of alterations of the drug target or entry on the activity determined by DNA synthesis inhibition and MICs.
Cavity optomechanics and cavity optoelectromechanics

Cavity optomechanics offers unparalleled sensitivity allowing the control of mechanical resonators at quantum level. The dynamic cavity backaction can be utilized to cool a mechanical resonator to its ground state or amplify its motion to limit-cycle oscillations. We experiment on extremely scaled optomechanical resonators on an integrated circuit platform. Milestone devices with resonant mass approaching femtogram and sensitivity at attometer per-root-Hz level will be described. Besides offering strong optomechanical interactions, our fully integrated circuit platform also enables efficient coupling of optomechanics to electrical degree of freedom, such as microwave resonators. Prospects on strongly coupled cavity opto-electro-mechanical resonators as well as our progress towards their practical device applications will be discussed.
Molecular dynamic simulations with radiation

Hot dense radiative (HDR) plasmas common to inertial confinement fusion (ICF) and stellar interiors have high temperature (a few hundred eV to tens of keV), high density (tens to hundreds of g/cc) and high pressure (hundreds of Megabars to thousands of Gigabars). Typically, such plasmas undergo collisional, radiative, atomic and possibly thermonuclear processes. In order to describe HDR plasmas, computational physicists in ICF and astrophysics use atomic-scale microphysical models implemented in various simulation codes. Experimental validations of the models used for describing HDR plasmas are difficult to perform. Direct numerical simulation (DNS) of the many-body interactions of plasmas is a promising approach to model validation, but previous work either relies on the collisionless approximation or ignores radiation. We present a first attempt at a new numerical simulation technique to address a currently unsolved problem: the extension of molecular dynamics to collisional plasmas including emission and absorption of radiation. The new technique passes a key test: it relaxes to a blackbody spectrum for a plasma in local thermodynamic equilibrium. This new tool also provides a method for assessing the accuracy of energy and momentum exchange models in hot dense plasmas. As an example, we simulate the evolution of non-equilibrium electron, ion and radiation temperatures for a hydrogen plasma using the new molecular dynamics simulation capability.
The diagnostic dilemma of ventilator-associated pneumonia in critically ill children.

Objective:A review of the existing literature on ventilator-associated pneumonia in children with emphasis on problems in diagnosis.Data Sources:A systematic literature review from 1947 to 2010 using Ovid MEDLINE, PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and ISI Web of Science using k
Health beliefs and breast examination behaviors: Analyses of linear structural relations.

Abstract A survey of 619 Detroit-area women was conducted in order to understand why women do or do not perform breast self-examination and obtain or not obtain professional breast examinations. The survey assessed these behaviors and women's beliefs about (a) their susceptibility to breast cancer, (b) the seventy or seriousness of breast cancer, (c) the benefits of breast examinations and (d) the costs or disadvantages of the examinations. Separate sets of questions measured seventy of breast cancer when it is treated (a) late (seventy-late) and (b) promptly (seventy-early). Predictions were derived by combining the health belief model with the theory of subjective expected utility. Path analysis supported most predictions of the combined theory. As predicted, high severity-late increased perceived benefit, high seventy-early decreased benefit, and perceived benefit mediated the effects of seventy on behavior. Implications for understanding health decisions, measuring health beliefs, and modifying health...
Numerical simulation of tsunami generation by cold volcanic mass flows at Augustine Volcano, Alaska

Abstract. Many of the world's active volcanoes are situated on or near coastlines. During eruptions, diverse geophysical mass flows, including pyroclastic flows, debris avalanches, and lahars, can deliver large volumes of unconsolidated debris to the ocean in a short period of time and thereby generate tsunamis. Deposits of both hot and cold volcanic mass flows produced by eruptions of Aleutian arc volcanoes are exposed at many locations along the coastlines of the Bering Sea, North Pacific Ocean, and Cook Inlet, indicating that the flows entered the sea and in some cases may have initiated tsunamis. We evaluate the process of tsunami generation by cold granular subaerial volcanic mass flows using examples from Augustine Volcano in southern Cook Inlet. Augustine Volcano is the most historically active volcano in the Cook Inlet region, and future eruptions, should they lead to debris-avalanche formation and tsunami generation, could be hazardous to some coastal areas. Geological investigations at Augustine Volcano suggest that as many as 12–14 debris avalanches have reached the sea in the last 2000 years, and a debris avalanche emplaced during an A.D. 1883 eruption may have initiated a tsunami that was observed about 80 km east of the volcano at the village of English Bay (Nanwalek) on the coast of the southern Kenai Peninsula. Numerical simulation of mass-flow motion, tsunami generation, propagation, and inundation for Augustine Volcano indicate only modest wave generation by volcanic mass flows and localized wave effects. However, for east-directed mass flows entering Cook Inlet, tsunamis are capable of reaching the more populated coastlines of the southwestern Kenai Peninsula, where maximum water amplitudes of several meters are possible.
Low-lying bound states of three gluons: Their spectrum and production and decay properties

In a potential model for glueballs, with a dynamical gluon mass $m\ensuremath{\simeq}500$ MeV, the masses of the low-lying three-gluon glueballs (with ${J}^{\mathrm{PC}}={0}^{\ensuremath{-}+}, {1}^{\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{-}}, \mathrm{and} {3}^{\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{-}}$) are found to be approximately degenerate $\ensuremath{\simeq}4.8m\ensuremath{\simeq}2.4$ GeV. The ${\ensuremath{\eta}}_{c}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\eta}\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\pi}$, $\ensuremath{\psi}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\rho}\ensuremath{\pi}$ decays are used to extract mixing of three-gluon ${0}^{\ensuremath{-}+}$ and ${1}^{\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{-}}$ glueballs with ${\ensuremath{\eta}}_{c}$ and $\ensuremath{\psi}$, respectively. The decays $\ensuremath{\psi}({\ensuremath{\psi}}^{\ensuremath{'}})\ensuremath{\rightarrow}h+X$ ($h=\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\pi},\ensuremath{\eta},{\ensuremath{\eta}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$) are suggested for experimentally studying the three-gluon continuum and three-gluon bound states. The three-gluon glueballs production rate via that mechanism as well as in $\mathrm{pp}$, $\ensuremath{\gamma}p$, and $\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\gamma}$ collisions is estimated. The ${1}^{\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{-}}$ decays dominantly into $\ensuremath{\rho}\ensuremath{\pi}$, but also has reasonable decay widths for ${K}^{*}\overline{K}$ channels. The ${0}^{\ensuremath{-}+}$ glueball state decays dominantly into $\mathrm{VV}$ ($V=\ensuremath{\rho},\ensuremath{\omega},\ensuremath{\varphi}$). Its other important decay modes are found to be $\ensuremath{\delta}\ensuremath{\pi}$, $V\ensuremath{\gamma}$, and $\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\gamma}$.
QCD, CHIRAL RANDOM MATRIX THEORYAND INTEGRABILITY

1. Summary Random Matrix Theory has been a unifying approach in physics and mathematics. In these lectures we discuss applications of Random Matrix Theory to QCD and emphasize underlying integrable structures. In the first lecture we give an overview of QCD, its low-energy limit and the microscopic limit of the Dirac spectrum which, as we will see in the second lecture, can be described by chiral Random Matrix Theory. The main topic of the third lecture is the recent developments on the relation between the QCD partition function and integrable hierarchies (in our case the Toda lattice hierarchy). This is an efficient way to obtain the QCD Dirac spectrum from the low energy limit of the QCD partition function. Finally, we will discuss the QCD Dirac spectrum at nonzero chemical potential. We will show that the microscopic spectral density is given by of the replica limit of the Toda lattice equation. Recent results by Osborn on the Dirac spectrum of full QCD will be discussed.
Comparative Work-Family Practice Availability and Employee Attitudes

The present research is likely the first study of work-family practices that directly incorporates external referents per social exchange theory. Assessments of relative generosity obtained via survey data (n = 108) were positively related to perceived organizational family support (a large effect size) and affective commitment (a medium effect), and negatively associated with turnover intention (small-medium effects). Further, relative generosity explained significant incremental variance in attitudes after controlling for demographic variables and the number of practices perceived to be available. This research improves our understanding of the interrelations between employer practices and employee attitudes by examining attitudes in the context of an open system, namely, in relation to employee perceptions of what other organizations provide. Psychologist-managers should encourage employers to benchmark their portfolio of work-family practices and to communicate their relative generosity to their emplo...
Estimated burden of blood lead levels ⩾5μg/dl in 1999 2002 and declines from 1988 to 1994

In light of recent data suggesting adverse health effects at blood lead levels (PbB) or=10 microg/dl) has been recommended. To ascertain the population level impact of such a change, we calculated the prevalence of PbB >or=5 microg/dl in 1-21-year-old population in the United States. Furthermore, we characterized changes in PbB between 1988-1994 and 1999-2002. We analyzed data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) III (n=10,755) and NHANES 1999-2002 (n=8013). In 1999-2002, about 91.7% of study children had detectable levels of lead in the blood. Among them, 7.3%, 2.8%, and 1.0% children and adolescents aged 1-5, 6-11, and 12-21 years, respectively, had PbB between 5 and 9.9 microg/dl. This number translates to approximately 2.4 million individuals. Between 1988-1994 and 1999-2002, the geometric mean PbB declined from 2.88 to 1.94 microg/dl in children 1-5 years, 1.80 to 1.36 microg/dl in children 6-11 years, and 1.24-1.02 microg/dl in children and adolescents 12-21 years of age. Also, the prevalence of PbB >or=5 microg/dl declined from 25.7% to 8.8%, 12.8% to 3.0%, and 7.5% to 1.2% in these age groups, respectively.A substantial proportion of children may be at risk for adverse health effects from lead exposure below 10 microg/dl and a large number of children will be classified as having elevated PbB if 5 microg/dl is considered the threshold. Significant public health resources will have to be mobilized for intervention, screening, and case management of these children.
A refined method of particle shape representation

Abstract A new method using parametric Fourier descriptors to represent particle shape is discussed. This method is compared with the ( R , θ) method described elsewhere [1]. The problem of profile re-entrance inherent in the ( R , θ) method is solved completely.
Symmetry of the Hydrogen Bond in Malonaldehyde Enol in Solution

A fundamental question about the hydrogen bond is whether the hydrogen is located in the middle of the two electronegative atoms, in a single-well potential, or else is closer to one of them and jumping between them, in a double-well potential. This question has been of interest recently because short, strong hydrogen bonds have been proposed to provide stabilization in some enzyme-catalyzed reactions. The NMR method of isotopic perturbation of equilibrium is now used to get an unambiguous answer for the intramolecular hydrogen bond of the enol of 2-phenylmalonaldehyde-α-d in CDCl3 and pyridine-d5. The equilibrium isotope shift, which is large, downfield, and dependent on temperature, was measured in both 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. This result shows that the intramolecular hydrogen bond of 2-phenylmalonaldehyde enol is asymmetric, corresponding to the presence of two equilibrating tautomers.
Scanning electron beam lithography for fabrication of magnetic bubble circuits

A high-resolution technique is described for the experimental fabrication of Permalloy patterns for magnetic bubble circuits having linewidths as small as 3000 A. The system includes a computer-controlled electron beam, automatic registration, a modified field-stitching method, and exposure control to compensate for proximity effects. Patterns are formed either by electroplating or by evaporation. The system can be used either for directly writing on bubble wafers or for fabricating masks for x-ray or conformable-mask printing.
Recent widening of the tropical belt: Evidence from tropopause observations

[1] Radiosonde measurements and reanalysis data are used to examine long-term changes in tropopause behavior in the subtropics. Tropopause heights in the subtropics exhibit a bimodal distribution, with maxima in occurrence frequency above 15 km (characteristic of the tropical tropopause) and below 13 km (typical of the extratropical tropopause). Both the radiosonde and reanalysis data show that the frequency of occurrence of high tropopause days in the subtropics of both hemispheres has systematically increased during the past few decades, so that tropical characteristics occur more frequently in recent years. This behavior is consistent with a widening of the tropical belt, and the data indicate an expansion of about 5–8° latitude during 1979–2005.
Toward a more accurate and extensible colorimetry. Part Ii. Discussion

Technical advances in the forty years since the Stiles-Burch color-matching work-among them the bright split-field visual colorimeter coupled by quartz light pipe to a spectroradiometer-allow measurement of an accurate absolute spectral power distribution (SPD) of every viewed light. Furthermore, the ability to measure accurately the power-content of each spectral constituent of a viewed light has clarified both colorimetric procedures and signficance, for example, of color-matching functions (CMFs) and tristimulus values. Three disparate sets of three spectral primaries were used throughout the work. This has not been done before, and its use elucidated much of the difficulty (as described by Judd, Stiles, MacAdam, Wyszecki, and others) inherent in traditional colorimetry. Errors in computed chromaticities of sets of 28 visually-matching lights depend strongly on their spectral content, and are particularly large in the presence of high spectral content in the violet, deep red, and near 500 nm or 580 nm. Peaks of visual efficiency, and minima in chromaticity errors, were found with power in three intermediate spectral regions near 450 nm, 530 nm, and 610 nm. Computed luminance (1964 CIE Standard Observer) and power-content also depend strongly on spectral content of the visually-matching white lights. That this is true of luminance is generally unknown. Perceived brightness of single spectral lights in isolation, and of mixtures, was examined at length: As a rule, removing one spectral component from a mixture increases perceived brightness, thus invalidating both luminance and R + G + B as correlates of brightness. Visual tests of the Grassmann proportionality and additivity assumptions, with highly metameric mixtures, tended to confirm them. Nevertheless, numerous tests-substituting pairs of actual visually-matching lights from one primary-set for pairs from another, which is how “transformation of primaries” is (mathematically) carried out-led to the inescapable conclusion that the normal human visual system does not honor such transformation. At the same time, numerous indications supported a particular set of primaries as an invariant of the visual system, making transformation needless as well as invalid. Chromaticity errors are not the fault of the particular maximum-saturation CMFs utilized; the observer's own CMFs do no better, whatever the primary-set. Soundness of traditional construction of the chromaticity diagram is shown to depend on the primary-set, breakdown occurring for some otherwise legitimate primary-sets.
Classical statistical mechanics of constraints: a theorem and application to polymers.

Abstract A classical system of mass points subject to holonomic constraints has a kinetic energy dependent on the coordinates as well as the moments of the remaining degrees of freedom. Coordinate averages formed in the reduced space of unconstrained coordinates and their conjugate momenta then involve a metric determinant that may be difficult to evaluate. A theorem is derived that permits a relatively easy evaluation when the constraints are distances between particles, and an application is made to a Kramers type freely jointed chain.
On the law of the iterated logarithm for Gaussian processes

We present some optimal conditions for the compact law of the iterated logarithm of a sequence of jointly Gaussian processes in different situations. We also discuss the local law of the iterated logarithm for Gaussian processes indexed by arbitrary index sets, in particular for self-similar Gaussian processes. We apply these results to obtain the law of the iterated logarithm for compositions of Gaussian processes.
A NOVEL SOCIAL SITUATION AND LONELINESS

Although social isolation has been shown to have a negative long-term influence on feelings of loneliness, there has been no systematic investigation of situational influences on loneliness. The purpose of this study was to compare scores on the UCLA Loneliness Scale, the loneliness which people feel prior to performing a novel task, with those on the same scale after engaging in the task. 31 college freshmen were divided into those working alone (n = 14) and those working in a group (n = 17). Those who performed the novel task within a group felt significantly less lonely after than prior to performing the task and reported less loneliness than the students who performed the same task in isolation. An important implication of this study is that group interaction may directly and immediately reduce the amount of loneliness individuals feel.
Differences in virus-induced polypeptides in cells infected by cytopathic and noncytopathic biotypes of bovine virus diarrhea-mucosal disease virus.

Abstract Two biotypes of bovine viral diarrhea-mucosal disease virus are present in nature: one that induces cytopathology in infected bovine cells and the other that infects cells without overt cytopathology. Infections with both types of virus yield similar amounts of infectious progeny virus. Field and laboratory isolates of both biotypes of bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) virus were analyzed by radioimmunoprecipitation and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of infected cell extracts. The noncytopathic biotype BVD (NCB-BVD) virus isolates can be differentiated from cytopathic biotype BVD (CB-BVD) isolates on the basis of peculiar polypeptide profiles they induce in the infected cell. The most abundant polypeptide in CB-BVD infected cells is the 80K polypeptide. NCB-BVD virus-infected cells lack the 80K polypeptide and induce a predominant 118K polypeptide. d -[2- 3 H]Mannose labeling of cells infected with NCB-BVD indicated that at least three polypeptides are N -glycosylated: 75K, 56K-58K, and 48K. In addition the sizes and ratios of the glycoproteins induced by all virus isolates showed a marked variation. We present evidence indicating that there is remarkable heterogeneity among the field viral isolates of BVD and this methodology is of potential value for molecular epidemiology studies.
The effects of dark and light on the functional recovery following lateral hypothalamic lesions

Abstract Treatment with total darkness five days prior to lateral hypothalamic lesions reduced the motor deficiencies consequent to this type of lesion. Constant and cycling light had no effect on the motor impairments.
Promoters of the CATG-Specific Methyltransferase Gene hpyIM Differ between iceA1 and iceA2 Helicobacter pylori Strains

Helicobacter pylori strains can be divided into two groups, based on the presence of two unrelated genes, iceA1 and iceA2, that occupy the same genomic locus. hpyIM, located immediately downstream of either gene, encodes a functional CATG-specific methyltransferase. Despite the strong conservation of the hpyIM open reading frame (ORF) among all H. pylori strains, the sequences upstream of the ORF in iceA1 and iceA2 strains are substantially different. To explore the roles of these upstream sequences in hpyIM regulation, promoter analysis of hpyIM was performed. Both deletion mutation and primer extension analyses demonstrate that the hpyIM promoters differ between H. pylori strains 60190 (iceA1) and J188 (iceA2). In strain 60190, hpyIM has two promoters, Pa or PI, which may function independently, whereas only one hpyIM promoter, Pc, was found in strain J188. The XylE assay showed that the hpyIM transcription level was much higher in strain 60190 than in strain J188, indicating that regulation of hpyIM transcription differs between the H. pylori iceA1 strain (60190) and iceA2 strains (J188). Since the iceA1 and iceA2 sequences are highly conserved within iceA1 or iceA2 strains, we conclude that promoters of the CATG-specific methylase gene hpyIM differ between iceA1 and iceA2 strains, which leads to differences in regulation of hpyIM transcription.
Instrumental Control of Peripheral Vasomotor Responses in Children

In two experiments children acquired instrumental control over skin temperature with the aid visual feedback. In Experiment 1,3 out of 4 children learned to control the temperature difference their two hands. In Experiment 2. one of these children acquired significant control of the difference between two fingers of one hand. Such highly specific responses apparently reflect direct instrumental modification of the vasomotor system since generalized effects due to muscular tension or respiration could he ruled out.
Self-Deception: A Teleofunctional Approach

This paper aims to offer an alternative to the existing philosophical theories of self-deception. It describes and motivates a teleofunctional theory that models self-deception on the subintentional deceptions perpetrated by non-human organisms. Existing theories of self-deception generate paradoxes, are empirically implausible, or fail to account for the distinction between self-deception and other kinds of motivated irrationality. Deception is not a uniquely human phenomenon: biologists have found that many non-human organisms deceive and are deceived. A close analysis of the pollination strategy of the mirror orchid (Ophrys speculum) provides the basis for an analysis of non-human deception as subintentionally purposive. This teleofunctional analysis is then used as the basis for a theory of self-deception that accounts for its normative and purposive features without defaulting to intentionalism. The teleofunctional theory accounts for distinction between self-deception and phenomena such as wishful thinking in an empirically plausible manner. Three objections to the theory are considered and rejected.
Persistence of coronary vasodilator responsivity after cardiac transplantation

Accelerated graft atherosclerosis is a major cause of death after cardiac transplantation. Although its detection currently requires surveillance angiography, loss of vasodilator responsivity may precede obstructive lesions and be detectable by noninvasive assessment of myocardial perfusion. Thirty-five allograft recipients were studied an average of 31 +/- 19 (mean +/- SD) months after transplantation. All were free from angiographically definable macrovascular obstructive coronary artery lesions. Nutritive myocardial perfusion at rest, estimated in absolute terms by positron emission tomography with oxygen-15 water averaged 1.63 +/- 0.51 ml/g/min in patients and was greater than that in 26 healthy volunteers (1.17 +/- 0.33 ml/g/min, p < 0.001). The increase correlated with increased cardiac work at rest in transplant recipients with arterial hypertension and tachycardia. Peak myocardial perfusion induced by intravenous administration of dipyridamole was normal in the transplant recipients (3.49 +/- 1.70 ml/g/min compared with 3.60 +/- 1.41 ml/g/min in volunteers). Because of the high flow at rest, myocardial perfusion reserve (the ratio of hyperemic flow to flow at rest) was diminished (2.3 +/- 1.2 compared with 3.3 +/- 1.5 in volunteers, p < 0.005). These results indicate that the responsivity to vasodilator stimulation is well preserved in transplant recipients devoid of macroscopic coronary arterial lesions obviating detection of early vascular dysfunction in individual subjects. Positron emission tomography may be useful, however, in quantifying the magnitude of the increase in flow at rest secondary to increased cardiac work--a potentially remedial cause of accelerated coronary vascular disease induced by high shear force activation of platelets in the coronary bed, and in detecting impaired perfusion once macrovascular vascular disease is extant.
Humanism and rhetoric in legal education: The contribution of Sir John Dodderidge (1555–1628)

(1981). Humanism and rhetoric in legal education: The contribution of Sir John Dodderidge (1555–1628) The Journal of Legal History: Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 30-44.
Alterations in the Notch4 pathway in cerebral endothelial cells by the HIV aspartyl protease inhibitor, nelfinavir

Aspartyl protease inhibitors (PIs) used to treat HIV belong to an important group of drugs that influence significantly endothelial cell functioning and angiogenic capacity, although specific mechanisms are poorly understood. Recently, PIs, particularly Nelfinavir, were reported to disrupt Notch signaling in the HIV-related endothelial cell neoplasm, Kaposi's sarcoma. Given the importance of maintaining proper cerebral endothelial cell signaling at the blood brain barrier during HIV infection, we considered potential signaling pathways such as Notch, that may be vulnerable to dysregulation during exposure to PI-based anti-retroviral regimens. Notch processing by γ-secretase results in cleavage of the notch intracellular domain that travels to the nucleus to regulate expression of genes such as vascular endothelial cell growth factor and NFκB that are critical in endothelial cell functioning. Since, the effects of HIV PIs on γ-secretase substrate pathways in cerebral endothelial cell signaling have not been addressed, we sought to determine the effects of HIV PIs on Notch and amyloid precursor protein. Exposure to reported physiological levels of Saquinavir, Indinavir, Nelfinavir and Ritonavir, significantly increased reactive oxygen species in cerebral endothelial cells, but had no effect on cell survival. Likewise, PIs decreased Notch 4-protein expression, but had no effect on Notch 1 or amyloid precursor protein expression. On the other hand, only Nelfinavir increased significantly Notch 4 processing, Notch4 intracellular domain nuclear localization and the expression of notch intracellular domain targets NFκB and matrix metalloproteinase 2. Pre-treatment with the antioxidant Vitamin E prevented PI-induced reactive oxygen species generation and partially prevented Nelfinavir-induced changes in both Notch 4 processing, and cellular localization patterns. Moreover, in support of increased expression of pro-angiogenic genes after Nelfinavir treatment, Nelfinavir did not inhibit angiogenic capacity. Nelfinavir affects Notch 4 processing that results in induction of expression of the pro-angiogenic genes NFκB and matrix metalloproteinase 2 in cerebral endothelial cells.
Acoustical models and measurements treating the ground as a rigid porous medium

If the ground is assumed to be rigid and porous, then classical porous material models may be used. Parameters such as flow resistivity, porosity, tortuosity, viscous and thermal characteristic dimensions or power size distribution are found to be necessary for the acoustic description of rigid porous materials. Typical values of ground flow resistivity are relatively high and permit simple approximations. The expressions for wave number, attention and surface impedance that result from this type of approach are presented and discussed. If the ground may be treated as an impedance plane then classical theory may be used to describe the field due to a point source above the ground. The results of this theory are described. It enables measurements made at a receiver close to the ground of the sound spectrum due to a nearby broad-band point source to be used to deduce the ground impedance. The free field spectrum due to the source or the field received at another vertically-separated receiver is used as a reference. The influences of layering within the ground and small-scale roughness on the surface are discussed together with the area of the ground involved for a given source-receiver geometry. Results of boundary element modeling of the influence of a buried object on excess attenuation spectra and the feasibility of using acoustic impedance deduction for mine detection are reviewed.
Quintuple diagonal determinants related to a digital distribution problem

There is a very considerable literature on triple diagonal matrices, and even some exact formulae for their determinants. However, there does not seern to be much known about determinants of quintuple diagonal matrices. Here we provide a formula for a class of such determinants. One member of this classHk = Hk (e iθ), occurs in the study of base 2 expansions of multiples of a fixed odd integer k≥ 3. The formula is used to study the spectral radius of Hk (e iθ) as a function of θ.
The Adaptation of Multi-Wire Proportional Chambers with Delay-Line Readouts for Neutron Radiographic Imaging

A proportional chamber employing delay-line readout has been adapted for thermal-neutron imaging through the use of a boron converter plate as one of the chamber electrodes. A small prototype chamber using natural B for a converter has achieved 0.5% thermal-neutron-detection efficiency and better than 2 mm resolution (10% - 90% knifeedge). A converter-plate-model calculation gives good agreement with the measurements and shows how efficiency and resolution vary with chamber thickness, energy discrimination, and B and Alovercoating thicknesses. Substitution of 10B for the natural B would give a five-fold increase in efficiency and the calculations indicate that a further improvement in both efficiency and resolution of up to 50% is achievable in a single-plate system. The results of these calculations and a comparison with measurements are presented.
Patterns in Receptor Behavior and Function

Scientific principles are derived by observing the behavior of individual members of a set and, from a collection of such observations, deducing the rules that govern that set’s behavior. For example, the properties of molecules are defined by physicochemical principles that limit their behavior. By defining the “rules” that dictate a molecule’s behavior, predictions can be made regarding the behavior of other members in a similar set; i.e., patterns lead to expectations (Judson, 1980). The ability to make testable predictions is the only gauge of a model’s validity.
Role of nitric oxide in antagonistic effects of transforming growth factor-beta and interleukin-1 beta on the beating rate of cultured cardiac myocytes.

We have recently shown that transforming growth factor-beta (TGF beta) acts in an autocrine manner to maintain the beating rate of neonatal rat cardiac myocytes cultured in serum-free medium on cardiac fibroblast matrix. Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) suppresses the myocyte-beating rate, and TGF beta antagonizes this effect. We now show that TGF beta and IL-1 beta also have antagonistic effects on the secretion of nitric oxide (NO) by these myocytes, and that NO secretion, the activity of NO synthase (NOS), and expression of the inducible form of NOS correlate inversely with the effects of these two agents on the beating rate. Western blot analysis shows that treatment of myocytes with TGF beta antagonizes the induction of NOS after treatment with IL-1 beta. Release of NO, induced by IL-1 beta, is dependent upon the availability of the substrate, L-arginine, and is suppressed by a competitive inhibitor, NG-monomethyl-L-arginine. L-Arginine (> 0.25 mM) also suppresses, and NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (> 0.5 m...
Eleven Diverse Nuclear-Encoded Phylogenetic Markers For The Subfamily Panicoideae (Poaceae)

Premise of the study: Polyploidy is common in the grasses and low-copy nuclear loci are needed to further our understanding of phylogenetic relationships. Methods and Results: Genetic and genomic resources were combined to identify loci known to influence plant and inflorescence architecture. Degenerate primers were designed and tested to amplify regions of 11 nuclear-encoded loci across the panicoid grasses. Conclusions: The primers designed in this study amplify regions of a diverse set of genes within the panicoid grasses. Properly employed, these markers will allow the identification of allopolyploid taxa and their diploid progenitors.
The Planning — Policy Connection in US and Canadian Economic Development:

The evidence regarding the extent of planning for local economic development decisions is mixed, and there is a general dearth of studies that examine whether rational planning is tied to policy choices in any systematic way. The research reported here rests on two premises. The first is the simple assumption that for planning to play an integral part in the economic development policy process there should be some empirical connection between local economic development goals—what officials want to achieve—and the economic development strategies they pursue. The second premise, based on extant literature, is that Canadian cities have different and more institutionally integrated planning traditions and practices than those in the USA, and hence should evidence a closer link between development goals and policies. Based on a survey of all of the municipalities in the USA and Canada with populations over 10 000, it is concluded that for US cities goals do not appear to correlate with discrimination among eco...
Delivery of AMPA receptors to perisynaptic sites precedes the full expression of long-term potentiation

Trafficking of AMPA subtype glutamate receptors (AMPARs) from intracellular compartments to synapses is thought to be a major mechanism underlying the expression of long-term potentiation (LTP), a cellular substrate for learning and memory. However, it remains unclear whether the AMPAR trafficking that takes place during LTP is due to a targeted insertion of AMPARs directly into the synapse or delivery to extrasynaptic sites followed by translocation into the synapse. Here, we provide direct physiological evidence that LTP induced by a theta-burst pairing and tetanic stimulation protocols causes the rapid delivery of AMPARs to a perisynaptic site. Perisynaptic AMPARs do not normally detect synaptically released glutamate but can do so when the glial glutamate transporter EAAT1 is inhibited. AMPARs can be detected at this perisynaptic site before, but not after, the full expression of LTP. The appearance of perisynaptic AMPARs requires postsynaptic exocytosis, PKA signaling, and the C-terminal region of GluR1 subunit of AMPARs but not actin polymerization. Actin polymerization after LTP induction is required to retain AMPARs at the perisynaptic site after their appearance. Low-frequency stimulation given shortly after LTP induction leads to activity-dependent removal of perisynaptic AMPARs and suppresses the subsequent expression of LTP. These results demonstrate that AMPARs are rapidly trafficked to perisynaptic sites shortly after LTP induction and suggest that the delivery and maintenance of perisynaptic AMPARs may serve as a checkpoint in the expression of LTP.
Ferrous Floatation [Ask the experts]

In this issue of IEEE Control Systems Magazine, we invite Carl Knospe to respond to a query on magnetic levitation. He answers the question 'In my control systems textbook, one of the examples of feedback control is a magnetically levitated ball. An electromagnet above the ball is used to control its position. I have also seen a lab experiment of this kind advertised for sale. Is this just a neat toy or could it be used in a practical application? Why is a control system necessary? Couldn't levitation be achieved with only permanent magnets, which would use less power? Finally, are electromagnetic systems hard to control?'