cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Alcoholism among women: a comparison of Black and White problem drinkers

This study examines alcohol-related behavior of Black and White female problem drinkers. Subjects included 163 Whites and 38 Blacks currently in treatment. Findings indicate some similarities and important differences between Black and White women in terms of selected factors. When social background factors are held constant, race continues to be a significant predictor of selected drinking behavior factors. In addition, White problem-drinking women are more likely than their Black counterparts to perceive difficulties in male-female relations as a major cause of their alcohol problems. Implications for improving prevention and treatment services to women are discussed.
Duluth: Word Sense Discrimination in the Service of Lexicography

This paper describes the Duluth systems that participated in Task 15 of SemEval 2015. The goal of the task was to automatically construct dictionary entries (via a series of three subtasks). Our systems participated in subtask 2, which involved automatically clustering the contexts in which a target word occurs into its different senses. Our results are consistent with previous word sense induction and discrimination findings, where it proves difficult to beat a baseline algorithm that assigns all instances of a target word to a single sense. However, our method of predicting the number of senses automatically fared quite well.
Yaxchilan: The Design of a Maya Ceremonial City

Yaxchilan: The Design of a Maya Ceremonial City. Carolyn E. Tate. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1992. xiv + 306 pp., figures, appendices. $40.00 (cloth). ISBN 0–292–77041–3.
Broad phonetic class recognition in a Hidden Markov model framework using extended Baum-Welch transformations

In many pattern recognition tasks, given some input data and a model, a probabilistic likelihood score is often computed to measure how well the model describes the data. Extended Baum-Welch (EBW) transformations are most commonly used as a discriminative technique for estimating parameters of Gaussian mixtures, though recently they have been used to derive a gradient steepness measurement to evaluate the quality of the model to match the distribution of the data. In this paper, we explore applying the EBW gradient steepness metric in the context of Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) for recognition of broad phonetic classes and present a detailed analysis and results on the use of this gradient metric on the TIMIT corpus. We find that our gradient metric is able to outperform the baseline likelihood method, and offers improvements in noisy conditions.
Gratitude and gratuity: a meta-analysis of research on the service-tipping relationship ☆

Abstract The relationship between tip size and evaluations of the service was assessed in a meta-analysis of seven published and six unpublished studies involving 2547 dining parties at 20 different restaurants. Consistent with theories about equity motivation and the economic functions of tipping, there was a positive and statistically significant relationship between tip size and service evaluations. However, that relationship was much smaller than is generally supposed. The confounding effects of customer mood and patronage frequency as well as the reverse-causality effects of server favoritism toward big tippers were all examined and shown to be insufficient explanations for the correlation between tipping and service evaluations. These findings suggest that tippers are concerned about equitable economic relationships with servers, but that equity effects may be too weak for tip size to serve as a valid measure of server performance or for tipping to serve as an effective incentive for delivering good service.
Disability Law in the Czech Republic: A Case Study

The Czech Republic has been in transition from communism to democracy since 1989. How disability has been defined and understood in Czech society is described in political, social and cultural context. The state of law and disability policy is illustrated by a case study involving a mother with a disabled son who had to be placed in an institution due to the lack of financial resources. The case is described as an insight into the current state of disability law and its interpretation in the Czech Republic. This case is examined as a human rights issue and it is argued that the transition from medical model and welfare law to a civil and human rights law, with regard to people with disabilities, has not yet been completed in the Czech Repulic.
The Hantavirus Glycoprotein G1 Tail Contains Dual CCHC-type Classical Zinc Fingers

Hantaviruses are distributed worldwide and can cause a hemorrhagic fever or a cardiopulmonary syndrome in humans. Mature virions consist of RNA genome, nucleocapsid protein, RNA polymerase, and two transmembrane glycoproteins, G1 and G2. The ectodomain of G1 is surface-exposed; however, it has a 142-residue C-terminal cytoplasmic tail that plays important roles in viral assembly and host-pathogen interaction. Here we show by NMR, circular dichroism spectroscopy, and mutagenesis that a highly conserved cysteine/histidine-rich region in the G1 tail of hantaviruses forms two CCHC-type classical zinc fingers. Unlike classical zinc fingers, however, the two G1 zinc fingers are intimately joined together, forming a compact domain with a unique fold. We discuss the implication of the hantaviral G1 zinc fingers in viral assembly and host-pathogen interaction.
Effect of Load Distribution on the Fiber Buckling Strength of Unidirectional Composites

An investigation was performed to study the fiber buckling failure of fiber-reinforced composites. This work was especially focused on understanding the effect of fiber-matrix interaction due to nonuniform loading on fiber buckling strength of unidirectional composites. An analytical model based on the energy principle was developed for predicting the fiber buckling strength of unidirectional composites. The model, which included the fiber bending energy and the matrix shearing energy, also considered the matrix extension energy which was attributed to the interaction between the fibers and the matrix. Numerical solutions were generated from the model to study the effect of fiber-matrix interaction on the fiber buckling strength of composites subjected to different types of loadings. Based on the calculations, it was found that the inclusion of fiber-matrix interaction in the fiber buckling analysis is very important for composites with nonuniform stress distributions. This becomes especially important fo...
A modular positive feedback-based gene amplifier

Positive feedback is a common mechanism used in the regulation of many gene circuits as it can amplify the response to inducers and also generate binary outputs and hysteresis. In the context of electrical circuit design, positive feedback is often considered in the design of amplifiers. Similar approaches, therefore, may be used for the design of amplifiers in synthetic gene circuits with applications, for example, in cell-based sensors. We developed a modular positive feedback circuit that can function as a genetic signal amplifier, heightening the sensitivity to inducer signals as well as increasing maximum expression levels without the need for an external cofactor. The design utilizes a constitutively active, autoinducer-independent variant of the quorum-sensing regulator LuxR. We experimentally tested the ability of the positive feedback module to separately amplify the output of a one-component tetracycline sensor and a two-component aspartate sensor. In each case, the positive feedback module amplified the response to the respective inducers, both with regards to the dynamic range and sensitivity. The advantage of our design is that the actual feedback mechanism depends only on a single gene and does not require any other modulation. Furthermore, this circuit can amplify any transcriptional signal, not just one encoded within the circuit or tuned by an external inducer. As our design is modular, it can potentially be used as a component in the design of more complex synthetic gene circuits.
Environmental Fatigue of Silicate Glasses in Humid Conditions

Failure strains of commercial silica, soda-lime-silicate, and E-glass fibers were measured using two-point bending in room temperature humid air. Humidity dependence and dynamic fatigue behavior were studied, and the fatigue reaction orders in terms of humidity were determined. In the humidity range tested (~0.1% to ~100%), the dynamic fatigue parameters for silica and E-glass are found to be greater in lower humidity (~0.1% to ~10%), whereas the fatigue parameter for soda-lime-silicate is independent of humidity. The humidity dependence of failure strains for all three glasses was more pronounced in high humidity (~10% to ~100%) than in low humidity (~0.1% to ~10%), indicating that the reaction order decreases with decreasing humidity. These observations were correlated with the different structures of the glasses and their corresponding fatigue mechanisms.
Pneumocystis jirovecii prophylaxis discontinuation based upon total lymphocyte count in HIV-infected adults treated with antiretroviral therapy.

Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP) prophylaxis may be discontinued when CD4 is ≥200 cells/mm3 for three months in response to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Unlike CD4, the total lymphocyte count (TLC) is inexpensive and widely available in resource-constrained countries. Paired TLC and CD4 values of HIV-infected patients attending an HIV clinic from 1998 to 2005 were analysed by Spearman's correlation. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and receiver operating characteristics (ROC) using TLC cut-off points between ≥1400 and ≥2000 cells/mm3 to predict CD4 ≥200 cells/mm3 were calculated. Next, a cohort of patients who had a TLC ≤ 1200 cells/mm3 and subsequently achieved various TLC cut-off points sustained over three months while receiving HAART was identified. Subjects with subsequent CD4 ≥200 cells/mm3 in response to HAART were considered to have negligible risk for PCP. There was significant correlation between TLC and CD4 in 46,250 obser...
Angiotensin II regulates the expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in cultured endothelial cells. A potential link between the renin-angiotensin system and thrombosis.

Abstract Plasminogen activator-inhibitor C-1 (PAI-1) plays a critical role in the regulation of fibrinolysis, serving as the primary inhibitor of tissue-type plasminogen activator. Elevated levels of PAI-1 are a risk factor for recurrent myocardial infarction, and locally increased PAI-1 expression has been described in atherosclerotic human arteries. Recent studies have shown that the administration of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors reduces the risk of recurrent myocardial infarction in selected patients. Since angiotensin II (Ang II) has been reported to induce PAI-1 production in cultured astrocytes, we have hypothesized that one mechanism that may contribute to the beneficial effect of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors is an effect on fibrinolytic balance. In the present study, we examined the interaction of Ang II with cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAECs) and the effects of this peptide on the production of PAI-1. 125I-Ang II was found to bind to BAECs in a saturable and specific manner, with an apparent Kd of 1.4 nM and Bmax of 74 fmol per mg of protein. Exposure of BAECs to Ang II induced dose-dependent increases in PAI-1 antigen in the media and in PAI-1 mRNA levels. Induction of PAI-1 mRNA expression by Ang II was not inhibited by pretreating BAECs with either Dup 753 or [Sar1, Ile8]-Ang II, agents that are known to compete effectively for binding to the two major angiotensin receptor subtypes. These data indicate that Ang II regulates the expression of PAI-1 in cultured endothelial cells and that this response is mediated via a pharmacologically distinct form of the angiotensin receptor.
Upregulation of renin-angiotensin system and downregulation of kallikrein in obstructive nephropathy

The purpose of this study was to delineate the effects of prolonged (1 and 5 wk) unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) on the intrarenal renin-angiotensin and kallikrein-kinin systems in the rat. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) and plasma angiotensin (ANG) II levels were significantly higher at 1 and 5 wk of obstruction than in sham-operated groups. Also, plasma renin activity and ANG I levels were elevated at 1 wk (P < 0.05), and plasma angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)-kininase II activity was elevated at 5 wk (P < 0.05). Blockade of ANG II receptors with losartan (Dup 753) prevented the rise in SBP after UUO and normalized SBP in chronically hypertensive UUO rats. Renin mRNA levels and ANG II content were elevated in the obstructed kidneys at 1 and 5 wk compared with sham-operated kidneys (P < 0.05). ACE-kininase II activity was elevated in both the obstructed and contralateral kidneys at 5 wk compared with sham-operated kidneys (P < 0.05). In marked contrast to renin, total immunoreactive kallikrein contents and tissue kallikrein mRNA levels in the obstructed kidneys were reduced to 25% of sham-operated kidneys both at 1 and 5 wk (P < 0.001). The results indicate that urinary obstruction activates renin and suppresses kallikrein gene expression. Activation of ACE-kininase II by UUO also serves to enhance intrarenal ANG II generation and kinin degradation. The results implicate ANG II overproduction and kinin deficiency in the pathogenesis of UUO-induced hypertension and intrarenal vasoconstriction.
Old-Age Pension and Intergenerational Living Arrangements

China launched a pension program for rural residents in 2009, now covering more than 300 million Chinese. This program offers a unique setting for studying the ageing population, given the rapidity of China's population ageing, traditions of filial piety and co-residence, decreasing number of children, and dearth of formal social security, at a relatively low income level. This paper examines whether receipt of the old-age pension payment equips elderly parents and their adult children to live apart and whether parents substitute children's time involved in instrumental support to them with service consumption. Employing a regression discontinuity (hereafter RD) design to a primary longitudinal survey conducted in Guizhou province of China, this paper overcomes challenges in the literature that households eligible for pension payment might be systematically different from ineligible households and that it is difficult to separate the effect of pension from that of age or cohort heterogeneity. Around the pension eligibility age cut-off, results reveal large and significant reduction in intergenerational co-residence of the extended family and increase in service consumption among elderly parents.
Communication between R481 and CuB in Cytochrome bo3 Ubiquinol Oxidase from Escherichia coli

The R481 residue of cytochrome bo3 ubiquinol oxidase from E. coli is highly conserved in the heme−copper oxidase superfamily. It has been postulated to serve as part of a proton loading site that regulates proton translocation across the protein matrix of the enzyme. Along these lines, proton pumping efficiency has been demonstrated to be abolished in many R481 mutants. However, R481Q in bo3 from E. coli has been shown to be fully functional, implying that the positive charge of the arginine is not required for proton translocation [Puustinen, A. and Wikstrom, M. (1999) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 96, 35−37]. In an effort to delineate the structural role of R481 in the bo3 oxidase, we used resonance Raman spectroscopy to compare the nonfunctional R481L mutant and the functional R481Q mutant, to the wild type protein. Resonance Raman data of the oxidized and reduced forms of the R481L mutant indicate that the mutation introduces changes to the heme o3 coordination state, reflecting a change in position a...
An electron-microscopic study of the crystalline inorganic component of bone and its relationship to the organic matrix.

1. The inorganic crystalline component of bone occurs as crystals having average dimensions of 500 Angstrom units in length by 250 Angstrom units in width by 100 Angstrom units in thickness.2. The crystals have a size range which they do not apparently exceed in normal bone. This range is from 1,500
Effects of a Fibrin Sealant on Skin Graft Tissue Adhesion in a Rodent Model.

ObjectiveTo establish a rodent model for skin grafting with fibrin glue and examine the effects of fibrin glue on the adhesive strength of skin grafts without bolsters.Study DesignAnimal cohort.SettingAcademic hospital laboratory.Subjects and MethodsThree skin grafts were created using a pneumatic microtome on the dorsum of 12 rats. Rats were evenly divided into experimental (n = 6) and control (n = 6) groups. The experimental group received a thin layer of fibrin glue between the graft and wound bed, and the control group was secured with standard bolsters. Adherence strength of the skin graft was tested by measurement of force required to sheer the graft from the recipient wound. Adhesion strength measurements were taken on postoperative days (PODs) 1, 2, and 3.ResultsThe experimental group required an average force of 719 g on POD1, 895 g on POD2, and 676 g on POD3, while the average force in the control group was 161 g on POD1, 257 g on POD2, and 267 g on POD3. On each of the 3 PODs, there was a signi...
Fast graphically inspired algorithm for assignment of molecular formulae in ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry.

This study focuses on the deterministic task of assigning molecular formulae to exact masses that are generated by ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry. A new algorithm based on low-mass moieties (LMMs) such as CH4O–1 and C4O–3 completely replaces conventional computational loops that explore a user-defined range of C, H, and O when searching for molecular formulae that have a given exact mass. The LMM-based algorithm has been coupled with a combinatorial algorithm that uses nested loops for N, P, S, and 13C to assign molecular formulae. The resulting program is more than 1700 times faster than its brute-force counterpart that uses nested loops for all elements, and both programs yield identical output files. The new LMM-based program is 1050 times faster than the open-source program HR2, 60 times faster than Molecular Formula Calculator, and 3.6 times faster than MassCalc/FormCalc.
MicroRNA-155 deletion promotes tumorigenesis in the azoxymethane-dextran sulfate sodium model of colon cancer

Clinical studies have linked microRNA-155 (miR-155) expression in the tumor microenvironment to poor prognosis. However, whether miR-155 upregulation is predictive of a pro- or antitumorigenic resp...
Where is the Sin in Sincere? Sophisticated Manipulation of Sincere Judicial Voters

In this article we present one of the first small-group voting models that allows sophisticated and sincere voters to interact. We investigate sophistication in a particular sequential setting, where the decision of the group may be revised by another voting group. Although the discussion is phrased in terms of judges, courts and congress, the model applies to a wider array of situations. We use this framework to investigate the likelihood that courts include sophisticated and sincere judicial voters sitting together. The main conclusion of our framework is that if sincere voting in the courts were to be the norm, then we should observe a pattern of behavior inconsistent with the available evidence. First, subsequent congressional reversals of judicial decisions should be common. Second, judicial opinions will tend to be the outcome of liberal/conservative coalitions. Neither outcome is the prevalent norm of judicial decisionmaking. We suggest, then, that scholars of the judicial system may, at least for the time being, assume that sophisticated behavior among justices is the norm rather than the exception.
Coherent pump pulses in Double Electron Electron Resonance spectroscopy

The recent introduction of shaped pulses to Double Electron Electron Resonance (DEER) spectroscopy has led to significant enhancements in sensitivity through increased excitation bandwidths and improved control over spin dynamics. The application of DEER has so far relied on the presence of an incoherent pump channel to average out most undesired coherent effects of the pump pulse(s) on the observer spins. However, in fully coherent EPR spectrometers that are increasingly used to generate shaped pulses, the presence of coherent pump pulses means that these effects need to be explicitly considered. In this paper, we examine the effects of coherent rectangular and sech/tanh pump pulses in DEER experiments with up to three pump pulses. We show that, even in the absence of significant overlap of the observer and pump pulse excitation bandwidths, coherence transfer pathways involving both types of pulses generate spin echoes of considerable intensity. These echoes introduce artefacts, which, if not identified and removed, can easily lead to misinterpretation. We demonstrate that the observed echoes can be quantitatively modelled using a simple spin quantum dynamics approach that includes instrumental transfer functions. Based on an analysis of the echo crossing artefacts, we propose efficient phase cycling schemes for their suppression. This enables the use of advanced DEER experiments, characterized by high sensitivity and increased accuracy for long-distance measurements, on novel fully coherent EPR spectrometers.
The Economics of World War II: Six Great Powers in International Comparison

(1999). The Economics of World War II: Six Great Powers in International Comparison. Journal of Economic Issues: Vol. 33, No. 3, pp. 761-763.
The frequency and type of graphical representations in science trade books for children

AbstractThis study sought to examine the frequency and type of graphical representations in science trade books for children from 1972 to 2007. Specifically questions addressed differences in graphical forms in science discipline and for intended audience age for books. The results revealed that there is an increase in the presence and variation of graphics over time. The physical science trade books had larger proportions of the range of graphics than life and earth science books. Most notably flow diagrams, cross sections, cutaways and tree diagrams were present in physical science books. Regarding intended audience age, there were more graphical representations of most types in books for intermediate age children. The results suggest that students will encounter a higher presence of trade books with graphics and graphical types in the coming years.
Pharmacokinetics I: PK-PD approaches - antibiotic drug development

The success of antibiotic therapy depends on complex interplay between the administered drug, its mechanism of action, concentration at site of infection, and complexity or severity of infection. Therapeutic response to an anti-infective agent or its pharmacological effect is often associated with high variability in clinical situations. Pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) contribute to a better understanding of the relationship between drug concentrations in biological fluids and its pharmacological effect. PK-PD studies can provide a means for exploring important pharmacological and toxicological properties of a drug in animals and humans. An integrated PK-PD approach, linking the exposure of a drug and the modulation of pharmacological targets, physiological pathways and ultimately disease systems, can be used to develop unified understanding of the data collected during different stages of drug discovery, which can also be applied in the drug development process. PK-PD relationships can be expressed by numerous mathematical models which have been increasingly demonstrated to be predictive of therapeutic outcomes during the development process. The PK-PD modelling and simulation approaches can streamline drug development and help make crucial decisions. These decisions include but not limited to planning clinical trials and designing optimal dosing strategies, both of which can be extremely costly and critical to the compound being developed if incorrect decisions are made. The purpose of this chapter is to discuss how PK-PD correlations and modelling and simulation process can be applied to drug development emphasizing antibiotic drug development.
Sexual Selection and the Evolution of Song Repertoires

Bird song is an acoustic ornament. That is, bird song is a conspicuous, elaborate trait with no apparent survival value. Thus, along with long tails and showy plumage, bird song has been extensively studied as a model of avian sexual selection. There has now accumulated much experimental evidence, from both field and laboratory studies, that song functions to attract mates and to repel competitors from territories (Kroodsma and Byers, 1991; Searcy and Andersson, 1986). One of the most conspicuous and elaborate aspects of bird song is its extreme complexity and variety. Individuals of many species of birds sing multiple variants of their species-typical songs; that is, they possess song repertoires. Large song repertoires are the acoustic analogue of a peacock’s tail. Because songs are so showy and seem so redundant, much research has been devoted to describing song repertoires and patterns of singing behavior. Similarly, many researchers have hypothesized ways in which sexual selection may favor birds that have larger song repertoires. The purposes of this paper are to (1) review the distribution of song repertoires in passerine birds and (2) review the numerous hypotheses that have been proposed to account for the evolution of song repertoires.
White matter correlates of psychosis-linked traits support continuity between personality and psychopathology

The link between diagnoses of psychotic disorders and attenuated white matter connectivity is well established, but little is known about the degree to which similar white matter differences predict traits linked to psychosis-proneness in the general population. Moreover, intelligence is too rarely considered as a covariate in neural endophenotype studies, despite its known protective role against psychopathology in general and its associations with broad aspects of neural structure and function. To determine whether psychosis-linked personality traits are linearly associated with white matter microstructure, we examined white matter correlates of Psychoticism, Absorption, and Openness to Experience in a large community sample, covarying for sex, age, and IQ. Findings support our hypothesis that the white matter correlates of the shared variance of these traits overlap substantially with the frontal lobe white matter connectivity patterns characteristic of psychotic spectrum disorders. These findings provide biological support for the notion that liability to psychosis is distributed throughout the population, is evident in brain structure, and manifests as normal personality variation at subclinical levels. (PsycINFO Database Record
Ethology of Zoocecidia

Although it is not possible at the present state of our knowledge to discuss in detail the diverse problems of ethology of zoocecidia, we may nevertheless draw attention to some of the more outstanding facts, in so far as they relate to the general ecology of galls. The zoocecidia represent the product of an unique interspecific relation between a plant and another organism, constituting a closely integrated ecologic complex. The zoocecidia, the gall-bearing plant, the cecidozoa and the complex communities of other organisms associated with them make an ecosystem. The general course of the life-history of the gall is thus intimately bound up with the peculiarities of distribution, habits, development, mutual adjustments and other features of the ethology of both the gall-bearing plant and the gall-inducing organism.
Introduction to the Electrodermograph

The changing electrical activity of the skin has been used as the basis of the feedback signal for the various measures of electrodermal activity (EDA). Equipment monitoring EDA has been used in a variety of clinical, nonclinical, and research settings: work has been done with hypertensives,2 phobic individuals,3 and women in labor,4 and technique has also been applied to studies of the orienting response.
Liquid crystal nonlinear optics versus photorefractives

We present a discussion of the physics and nonlinear optical properties of liquid crystals in processes and phenomena where photorefractive crystals are currently being applied. The broadband birefringence and nonlinearities of liquid crystals spanning the visible to the far infrared, and recent successful observation of novel nonlinear optical phenomena in bulk liquid crystalline film or optical fiber, show that they are potentially very useful materials for technological applications.
Antarctic Ozone Depletion and Potential Effects on the Global Ozone Budget

In addition to the dramatic reductions in polar ozone observed in the springtime Antarctic stratosphere during the past decade, data from the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) instrument also provide evidence of a reduction in total columnar ozone extending into middle latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere (e.g. Watson et al., 1988). It has been suggested that dilution of the mid-lat1tude air by export of ozone-poor air from polar regions following breakup of the vortex would create a deficit which might persist for a long period because of the slow chemical replacement time (months to a year in the lower stratosphere) for ozone (e.g. Sze et al., 1989). If the deficit is maintained until the next springtime depletion episode, the effect might be cumulative, with a permanent reduction in the global ozone budget and, hence, a possible explanation for the mid-latitude reductions of ozone seen in the TOMS data. A study of the so-called “dilution effect” has been conducted using a three-dimensional chemistry/transport model. The results of the model simulations reveal a small, but significant, residual deficit in the total ozone in the Southern Hemisphere 1 year following the formation of an ozone hole in the polar regions. The results are supportive of the dilution concept being a possible explanation for the Southern Hemisphere mid-latitude changes in the TOMS data over the past decade. However, the conclusions must be qualified by noting that other factors which influence the ozone distribution have not been taken into account in this study.
Sloshing Model for ENSO

The El Nino southern oscillation (ENSO) behavior can be effectively modeled as a response to a 2nd-order Mathieu/Hill differential equation with periodic coefficients describing sloshing of a volume of water. The forcing of the equation derives from QBO, angular momentum changes synchronized with the Chandler wobble, and solar insolation variations. One regime change was identified in 1980. (See floating note)
Genetics of resistance to ethidium bromide in the petite-negative yeast Hansenula wingei.

A mutant of Hansenula wingei, resistant to ethidium bromide (EB) on glucose medium, was analyzed for both meiotic and mitotic segregation. EB resistance on glucose was found to be recessive and due to mutation of two linked nuclear genes, called etb1 and etb2, which are separated by 18 centimorgans. A linked, pleiotropic, glycerol-negative gene (glp) increases the already high frequency of mitotic segregation of these EB resistant loci from the heterozygous diploid about 7-fold. Genetic analysis of six genes has defined only two linkage groups indicating that H. wingei has a small number of chromosomes. This is in agreement with cytological observations by C. Robinow which show that in H. wingei the haploid chromosome number is four.
Keratin Polypeptides and Taste Buds

Subsets of 20 soft keratin polypeptides have been identified in animal tissues by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis [1–6]. Differences among sets of keratins detected by immunocytochemistry distinguish types of epithelia or even specific regions of an epithelium [1,7–10]. From morphologic considerations we hypothesized that taste buds were islets of simple epithelium embedded in stratified squamous epithelium. If this hypothesis is correct, the keratins in taste buds ought to be distinctive from those of surrounding cells. We examined several gustatory epithelia with antikeratin antibodies to compare the immunoreactivity of fusiform, perigemmal, and basal gustatory cells and to identify useful cell markers. The present report concludes that antibodies against keratins 8 and 19 may be used as general differentiation markers for taste receptor cells.
High temperature calorimetry of sulfide systems

The standard enthalpies of formation of FeS (troilite), FeS2 (pyrite), Co0.9342S, Co3S4 (linnaeite), Co9S8 (cobalt pentlandite), CoS2 (cattierite), CuS (covellite), and Cu2S (chalcocite) have been determined by high temperature direct reaction calorimetry at temperatures between 700 K and 1021 K. The following results are reported: $$\Delta {\rm H}_{f,FeS}^{tr} = - 102.59 \pm 0.20kJ mol^{ - 1} ,$$ $$\Delta {\rm H}_{f,FeS}^{py} = - 171.64 \pm 0.93kJ mol^{ - 1} ,$$ $$\Delta {\rm H}_{f,Co_{0.934} S} = - 99.42 \pm 1.52kJ mol^{ - 1} ,$$ $$\Delta {\rm H}_{f,Co_9 S_8 }^{ptl} = - 885.66 \pm 16.83kJ mol^{ - 1} ,$$ $$\Delta {\rm H}_{f,Co_3 S_4 }^{In} = - 347.47 \pm 7.27kJ mol^{ - 1} ,$$ $$\Delta {\rm H}_{f,CoS_2 }^{ct} = - 150.94 \pm 4.85kJ mol^{ - 1} ,$$ $$\Delta {\rm H}_{f,Cu_2 S}^{cc} = - 80.21 \pm 1.51kJ mol^{ - 1} ,$$ and $$\Delta {\rm H}_{f,CuS}^{cv} = - 53.14 \pm 2.28kJ mol^{ - 1} ,$$ The enthalpy of formation of CuFeS2 (chalcopyrite) from (CuS+FeS) and from (Cu+FeS2) was determined by solution calorimetry in a liquid Ni0.60S0.40 melt at 1100 K. The results of these measurements were combined with the standard enthalpies of formation of CuS, FeS, and FeS2, to calculate the standard enthalpy of formation of CuFeS2. We found \(\Delta {\rm H}_{f,CuFeS_2 }^{ccp} = - 194.93 \pm 4.84kJ mol^{ - 1}\). Our results are compared with earlier data given in the literature; generally the agreement is good and our values agree with previous estimates within the uncertainties present in both.
Tricuspid Regurgitation: A Voyage of Discovery.

![Figure][1] The real voyage of discovery consists not in seeking new landscapes, but in having new eyes.—Marcel Proust [(1)][2] ![Figure][1] The prevalence of tricuspid regurgitation (TR) is influenced by age as well as by sex and is likely to increase. Up to 5.6% of women and 1.5
Diffusive Geometries: Vapor as a Tectonic Element to Sculpt Microclimates in Architectural Space

An essential function of architecture is to control the environment around us. In practice, interior climates are discretized into self-contained units, where wetness is designated to wet spaces, and dryness is kept to dry spaces. Contrary to nature's changing weather patterns, architecture is often static and binary, with no diffusion in between. As a result, weather conditions in nature are not experienced inside. Current installations using vapor geometries in architecture are limited to creative showcases. With Diffusive Geometries, we are proposing vapor as a medium to bring microclimates into architectural spaces. The unique characteristics of vapor as tectonic elements allow users to modulate visibility, create cooling gradients, and produce spatial patterns with three main elements: vapor vortex ring, vapor tornado, and vapor wall.
Emergency medicine clinical pharmacist's impact on ordering of vancomycin loading doses

Abstract Objective To determine the impact of an emergency medicine clinical pharmacist's (EMCP) intervention on physicians' prescribing of vancomycin loading doses at an institution with limited EMCP services. Methods This was a retrospective, pre-post intervention study conducted at an academic Level 1 trauma center. Adult patients who were ordered vancomycin and a broad spectrum antimicrobial at the same time, within 12 h of arrival to the emergency department were included. During the three week intervention phase the EMCP lectured physicians and pharmacists on appropriate vancomycin loading doses, posted flyers in the ED physicians' work rooms, and uploaded a handout to the department of pharmacy's website. Primary analysis compared the number of appropriate vancomycin loading doses ordered before and after the EMCP intervention. Results Thirty and 31 orders from the pre- and post-intervention study periods were included in data analysis, respectively. The number of appropriate vancomycin orders prescribed significantly increased from 2 (6.7%) to 11 (35%) following the intervention (p Conclusions Following an EMCP intervention there was a statistically significant increase in the number of appropriate vancomycin loading dose orders prescribed by emergency medicine physicians. The EMCP's unique skill set and role within the emergency department permitted the EMCP to recognize and resolve a discrepancy in vancomycin prescribing practices. This study further highlights the importance of having dedicated clinical pharmacists in the emergency department and encourages institutions to develop, expand, and maintain EMCP positions.
A Tool for Architecting Socio-Technical Problems: SoS Explorer

Socio-Technical systems entail complex logic with many levels of reasoning. These systems are organized by web of connections which gives rise of system of systems (SoS) and can demonstrate self-driven capability. Non-linear relationship among the participating systems results emergent behavior which is not deterministic. Therefore, architecting a SoS with complex, dynamic and evolving systems is not trivial. The challenge is to create organized complexity that will allow individual system to achieve its goals that are dynamically changing. To address the challenge, SoS Explorer, a SoS architecting tool can be used to define, formulate, and solve numerous socio-technical problems. SoS explorer integrates fuzzy inference system with genetic algorithm guiding the optimization process in generating meta-architecture which provides the best possible value for overall objective of SoS. This paper presents the capability of SoS explorer to generate, assess and select a SoS meta architecture for Intelligent Transportation System as the application domain.
A Case of Splenic Injury After Shockwave Lithotripsy Presenting as Septic Shock.

Abstract Background Shockwave lithotripsy (SWL) is a common procedure, which can result in rare, life-threatening complications, such as splenic rupture, perinephric hematoma, sepsis, and ureteral colic from retained stone. Being able to identify these complications can result in successful diagnosis and expedited management. Case Report We describe the case of an 82-year-old female presenting to the emergency department (ED) for hypotension and vomiting. The patient had undergone SWL for a kidney stone earlier in the day. On initial evaluation, the patient was hypotensive and reported mild abdominal pain. Although initially evaluated and treated for presumed sepsis, thorough testing was able to diagnose splenic rupture and hemoperitoneum. Splenic rupture is a rare complication of SWL and the patient's initial symptoms of hypotension and fever, with a potential source of infection, suggested a common presentation of sepsis and made this case a unique diagnostic challenge. Why Should an Emergency Physician Be Aware of This? Diagnosis is always a challenge in the ED, due to the variability of patients that can be seen. Often times, a patient's medical and surgical history will provide guidance. For this reason, it is important to know what complications exist with outpatient procedures, how they may present, and what patient risk factors may lead to an increased incidence.
Alcohol Use and Suicidality by Sexual Orientation Among U.S. Youth, 2009-2017.

Introduction Alcohol use and suicidality remain serious risks for U.S. youth. Research has established that disparities exist in these outcomes between heterosexual and sexual minority youth. However, research into the associations between alcohol use and suicidality has yet to consider the differential role of sexual orientation. Methods Using a pooled, diverse sample from the 2009–2017 Youth Risk Behavior Survey, associations of alcohol use and suicidality by sex and sexual orientation, and changes in these outcomes over time, were investigated. Analyses were conducted in 2019. Results Suicidality was highest among nonheterosexuals, who ranged from twofold to sevenfold higher odds to report suicidality across all time points, with the most striking disparities among male sexual minority youth. Rates among all students remained stable or increased over time; notable exceptions included a decrease in suicide attempts among bisexual students. Among all students, current alcohol use was associated with elevated levels of suicidality. For female students, the association between drinking and suicidality did not significantly differ by sexual identity; for male students, it was significant regardless of sexual identity and most pronounced among not sure youth. Conclusions These results emphasize the need for additional research into the relationship between contemporaneous alcohol use and suicidality, with attention to differences based on sex, sexual orientation, and other factors that may impact these relationships. There is a particular need for research to examine the temporal nature of the association such that evidence-informed, high-impact interventions can be developed to improve suicidality outcomes among sexual minority youth.
Sacral Insufficiency Fracture Following Short-Segment Lumbosacral Fusion: Case Series and Review of the Literature.

Study Design:Retrospective case series.Objective:Sacral insufficiency fracture is a rare and serious complication following lumbar spine instrumented fusion. The purpose of this study was to descri...
Measuring the Divergence of Dependency Structures Cross-Linguistically to Improve Syntactic Projection Algorithms

Syntactic parses can provide valuable information for many NLP tasks, such as machine translation, semantic analysis, etc. However, most of the world's languages do not have large amounts of syntactically annotated corpora available for building parsers. Syntactic projection techniques attempt to address this issue by using parallel corpora between resource-poor and resource-rich languages, bootstrapping the resource-poor language with the syntactic analysis of the resource-rich language. In this paper, we investigate the possibility of using small, parallel, annotated corpora to automatically detect divergent structural patterns between two languages. These patterns can then be used to improve structural projection algorithms, allowing for better performing NLP tools for resource-poor languages, in particular those that may not have large amounts of annotated data necessary for traditional, fully-supervised methods. While this detection process is not exhaustive, we demonstrate that important instances of divergence are picked up with minimal prior knowledge of a given language pair.
Probability of positive genetic testing in patients diagnosed with pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma: Criteria beyond a family history.

Abstract Background Genetic testing for germline pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma susceptibility genes is associated with improved patient management. However, data are currently sparse on the probability of a positive testing result based on an individual’s clinical presentation. This study evaluates clinical characteristics for association with testing positive for known pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma susceptibility genes. Methods This retrospective analysis examined 111 patients with a diagnosis of pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma who underwent genetic testing. Logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic analyses were performed to identify factors associated with a positive genetic testing result. Probabilities were then calculated for combinations of significant factors to determine the likelihood of a positive test result in each group. Results Of 32 patients with a family history of pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma, 31 (97%) had a germline mutation detected. Of 79 patients without a family history, 24 (30%) had a pathogenic germline mutation detected. In multivariate analysis, a positive family history, aged ≤47 years, and tumor size ≤2.9 cm were independent factors associated with a positive genetic testing result. Patients meeting all 3 criteria had a 100% probability compared with 13% in those without any of the criteria. In addition to a positive family history, having either aged ≤47 years or tumor size ≤2.9 cm resulted in a 90% and 100% probability of a positive result, respectively. In the absence of a family history, the probability in patients who were aged ≤47 years and had a tumor size ≤2.9 cm was 60%. Conclusion In addition to a family history of pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma, aged ≤47 years, and tumor size ≤2.9 cm are associated with a higher probability of testing positive for a pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma susceptibility gene mutation. Patients meeting all 3 criteria have a 100% probability of a positive genetic testing result.
Age-dependent degeneration of an identified adult leg motor neuron in a Drosophila SOD1 model of ALS.

ABSTRACT Mutations in superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) cause familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) in humans. ALS is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive motor neuron loss leading to paralysis and inevitable death in affected individuals. Using a gene replacement strategy to introduce disease mutations into the orthologous Drosophila sod1 (dsod1) gene, here, we characterize changes at the neuromuscular junction using longer-lived dsod1 mutant adults. Homozygous dsod1H71Y/H71Y or dsod1null/null flies display progressive walking defects with paralysis of the third metathoracic leg. In dissected legs, we assessed age-dependent changes in a single identified motor neuron (MN-I2) innervating the tibia levitator muscle. At adult eclosion, MN-I2 of dsod1H71Y/H71Y or sod1null/null flies is patterned similar to wild-type flies indicating no readily apparent developmental defects. Over the course of 10 days post-eclosion, MN-I2 shows an overall reduction in arborization with bouton swelling and loss of the post-synaptic marker discs-large (dlg) in mutant dsod1 adults. In addition, increases in polyubiquitinated proteins correlate with the timing and extent of MN-I2 changes. Because similar phenotypes are observed between flies homozygous for either dsod1H71Y or dsod1null alleles, we conclude these NMJ changes are mainly associated with sod loss-of-function. Together these studies characterize age-related morphological and molecular changes associated with axonal retraction in a Drosophila model of ALS that recapitulate an important aspect of the human disease. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
Direct Photon Measurement at RHIC-PHENIX

Results on direct photon measurements from the PHENIX experiment at RHIC are presented. The direct photon yields for P T >6GeV/c as a function of centrality in Au+Au collisions at $$\sqrt {s_{NN} } = 200$$ GeV are found to be consistent with NLO pQCD calculation scaled by the number of binary collisions. The results suggest that the photons observed are emitted from the initial stage of hard scattering. Comparisons with several theoretical calculations are also presented.
The Generalized Linear Model

In the previous chapters, we focused on data analysis with a continuous outcome in multi-level data structures, as well as their implementation using the R package nlme. We now switch to data analysis for non-normal data.
Preliminary Modeling of Chloride Deposition on Spent Nuclear Fuel Canisters in Dry Storage Relevant to Stress Corrosion Cracking

This study presents a method that can be used to gain information relevant to determining the corrosion risk for spent nuclear fuel (SNF) canisters during extended dry storage. Currently, it is kno...