cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Like “a Drop of Water in the Stream of Life”: Moving Images of Mass Man from Griffith to Vidor

King Vidor's 1928 film “The Crowd” examines the life of an “average” New Yorker, John Sims, who grows up dreaming of boundless opportunities for success yet remains stuck as a low-level clerk in a large corporation. Bored with office work, John invents advertising slogans and eventually wins $500 in a contest. He rushes home with an armful of toys and clothes for his family and jumps ecstatically about the room with his wife. From the window he displays a newly purchased scooter to his children across the street, then watches as his little girl runs to receive her gift and is struck by a huge truck careening down the block. John rushes out to find her surrounded by a large and anonymous crowd. In his grief he lifts the injured child high above them, an unconscious sacrifice to the seemingly mindless speed and swirling masses that rob modern urban people of their innocence and hope for individual fulfillment.
Differential impact of play therapy on developmental levels of children.

The purpose of this preliminary study was to explore the impact of childcentered play therapy (CCPT) on children identified within J. Piaget’s (1962) preoperational and concrete operations developmental stages. Using archival data, this study used a 3-wave repeated measures analysis of variance design to analyze the impact of CCPT on 24 children between the ages of 3 and 8 who received 19 –23 individual CCPT sessions. On the basis of the child’s age, children were evenly divided into 2 treatment groups of preoperational or operational developmental stage. A pretest, approximate midpoint, and posttest administration of the Parenting Stress Index (R. Abidin, 1995) was collected for use in the analysis. Preliminary results of this study revealed statistically significant differences in the impact of CCPT for children of different developmental stages.
Benedict-webb-rubin parameters for ethanol

Experimental PVT measurements available in the literature for ethanol have been utilized to establish the BWR parameters for this substance using a nonlinear regression analysis involving 300 experimental points for reduced densities up to ρR = 1.80. The resulting parameters reproduce pressures for these 300 points, with an average deviation of 2.60% and predict the vapor pressure behavior between the normal boiling point and the critical point with an average deviation of 0.91%. This treatment is applied for the first time to the PVT behavior of an alcohol and indicates that the BWR equation of state could well be extended in application to include other oxygenated organic compounds receiving considerable interest in the currently changing energy emphasis.
Drag of freely rotatable cylinder/splitter-plate body at subcritical Reynolds number

We investigate how the drag coefficient of a circular cylinder is affected by a freely rotatable splitter plate, and how the drag compares to the cases where the splitter plate is fixed at 0-deg angle of attack.
Compensation and ionized defect scattering in PbTe

Abstract Analysis of annealing data for PbTe predicts compensation to an extent that depends upon the thermal history. A model for ionized defect scattering in IV–VI compounds is described. With inclusion of compensation this accounts for the previously unexplained and variable low temperature mobility of PbTe.
Formation of reactive cyclopentenone compounds in vivo as products of the isoprostane pathway.

Cyclopentenone prostaglandins A2 and J2 are reactive compounds that possess unique biological activities. However, the extent to which they are formed in vivo remains unclear. In this study, we explored whether D2/E2-isoprostanes undergo dehydration in vivo to form A2/J2-isoprostanes. Oxidation of arachidonic acid in vitro generated a series of compounds that were confirmed to be A2/J2-isoprostanes by mass spectrometric analyses. A2/J2-isoprostanes were detected in vivo esterified to lipids in livers from normal rats at a level of 5.1 ± 2.3 ng/g, and levels increased dramatically by a mean of 24-fold following administration of CCl4. An A2-isoprostane, 15-A2t-isoprostane, was obtained and found to readily undergo Michael addition with glutathione and to adduct covalently to protein. A2/J2-isoprostanes could not be detected in the circulation, even following CCl4administration, which we hypothesized might be explained by rapid formation of adducts. This was supported by finding that essentially all the radioactivity excreted into the urine following infusion of radiolabeled 15-A2t-isoprostane into a human volunteer was in the form of a polar conjugate(s). These data identify a new class of reactive compounds that are produced in vivo as products of the isoprostane pathway that can exert biological effects relevant to the pathobiology of oxidant injury.
Navigating Transitions in Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenal Function from Pregnancy Through Lactation: Implications for Maternal Health and Infant Brain Development

Despite the tremendous interest in understanding the effects of prenatal stress on fetal health and the programming of adult disease risk, the adaptive functions of hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis activity in healthy pregnancies and during lactation have been less widely considered. Existing research has addressed the influence of glucocorticoids on altered patterns of fetal growth and development in humans (Kuzawa and Sweet 2009; Seckl and Holmes 2007; Sloboda et al. 2005; 2009a, b) and the effects of prenatal stress in animal models, particularly with respect to offspring birth weight and stress reactivity (Drake et al. 2005; Neumann 2001; Seckl and Meaney 2004). With several important exceptions, the majority of this research has invoked the concept of “maternal stress” to encapsulate the premise that maternal activation of the HPA axis is associated with adverse birth outcomes, without the simultaneous acknowledgment that progressive elevation of the maternal HPA activity across the course of pregnancy is part of an anthropoid-typical pattern of neuroendocrine activity (Bowman et al. 2001; Smith et al. 1999). Even less is known about the HPA dynamics of pregnancy in non-Western populations with distinct infectious disease ecologies and marginal energetic status (Nyberg 2012). Given the human reproductive strategy of giving birth to secondarily altricial infants (Martin 2007), basal glucocorticoids may play a pivotal role in facilitating parturition and accelerating fetal tissue maturation in coordination with the timing of birth (Power and Schulkin 2006; Pike 2005; Smith et al. 2001). These constraints on the duration of gestation may be imposed, in part, by the metabolic demands of pregnancy (Ellison 2001, 2003; Martin 1996) and are further impacted by the obstetrical dilemma, imposed by the “tight fit” between fetal head circumference and the maternal pelvis that occurred as a result our hominin transition to obligate bipedalism (Rosenberg 2001; Rosenberg and Trevathan 1996). As a result, human birth is physiologically stressful, even by primate standards (Leigh 2004; Martin 1996; Rosenberg 2001; Rosenberg and Trevathan 1996).
Highly nonlinear fiber with dispersive characteristic invariant to fabrication fluctuations

New class of highly nonlinear fibers possessing dispersive characteristics invariant to transverse geometry fluctuations is described. The sensitivity to stochastic core fluctuations is reduced by order of magnitude while maintaining the fiber nonlinear coefficient. The effectiveness of the new highly nonlinear fiber type is demonstrated on stochastically perturbed distant-band mixer that could not be previously constructed with high-confinement fiber. The new fiber design offers a unique platform for ideally phase matched parametric exchange with significantly increased Brillouin threshold.
Biomarkers in COPD: the search continues!

Biomarkers accurately assessing disease activity and response to therapy are needed to develop better COPD treatment http://ow.ly/HHPKl
Optical signal detection in the turbulent atmosphere using p-i-n photodiodes

Performance of signal detection for intensity modulated direct detection optical communications systems through the turbulent atmosphere is studied considering statistics of photoelectron count in p-i-n photodiodes. The effect of atmospheric turbulence is modeled as a lognormal process. In this system, the photoelectron count is a conditional Poisson process, where the mean count is lognormal. A normal approximation is derived for this conditional Poisson process, which results in a simple calculation for the probability of miss. The probabilities of miss for quantum-limited detection and detection in the presence of thermal electronic noise are simulated and compared with calculations using the normal approximation. Simulation results match the analytical results. For the thermal noise case, the probability of miss is compared with the probability of false alarm to determine appropriate signal length and detection threshold settings for a required performance. Applying results in this paper, a system designer can determine appropriate signal length and detection threshold settings.
Internal equilibrium control of a bicycle

Internal equilibrium control is applied to the problem of path-tracking with balance for the bicycle using steering and rear-wheel torque as inputs. From the internal dynamics of the bicycle an internal equilibrium manifold, a submanifold of the state-space, is constructed. The internal equilibrium controller makes a neighborhood of the manifold attractive and invariant. This results in approximate tracking of time-parameterized paths in the plane while retaining balance.
Coercion and ‘voluntary’ admission: An examination of psychiatric patient views

This article examines coercion in voluntary psychiatric patients. Three main themes are highlighted using qualitative and quantitative data from a sample of 412 psychiatric patients surveyed in 1990 who had experienced at least one period of hospitalisation. The themes are: the extent to which the label of ‘voluntary’ was an indicator of the patients' experience of being in hospital of their own volition; aspects of admission which patients considered to be coercive; and the impact that coercion might have on patients' views about their problem, professionals and treatment. The findings suggest that a substantial number of nominally voluntary patients reported coercive aspects of their hospitalisation. The impact of feeling coerced was found to produce a more rejecting attitude towards psychiatric services. The findings are discussed in relation to British mental health legislation and care. I particularly want to thank David Pilgrim for his collaboration with the research which made this article possible and for his useful and supportive comments. I am also indebted to John Monahan for his helpful comments on an earlier draft of this paper.
Postesophagectomy Chylothorax: Incidence, Risk Factors, and Outcomes

Background Chylothorax is a rare but potentially lethal complication of esophagectomy. This study evaluated the rate of postesophagectomy chylothorax, identified associated risk factors, and compared postoperative outcomes in patients with and without chylothorax. Methods We reviewed 892 consecutive patients who underwent esophagectomy (1997 to 2008). Preoperative, operative, and postoperative details, including adverse outcomes and mortality, were analyzed. Results Postesophagectomy chylothorax occurred in 34 patients (3.8%). Chylothorax was significantly associated with 30-day major complications (85% vs 46%; p p = 0.001), pneumonia ( p = 0.009), reintubation ( p = 0.002) or reoperation ( p p p = 0.005). Median time to chylothorax diagnosis was 5 days. Thoracic duct ligation was performed in 21 (62%) at a median 13 days after esophagectomy. Two patients required repeat duct ligation for persistent chylothorax. Squamous cell cancer histology (9 of 34; 26%) was an independent predictor of postoperative chylothorax (odds ratio, 4.18; 95% confidence interval, 1.39 to 12.6). Odds of chylothorax were 36 times greater with average daily chest tube output exceeding 400 mL in the first 6 postoperative days (odds ratio, 35.9; 95% confidence interval, 8.2 to 157.8). Conclusions Postoperative chylothorax is associated with significant postoperative morbidity and mortality. Patients with squamous cell cancer may be at increased risk. In addition, average daily chest tube output exceeding 400 mL in the early postoperative period should prompt fluid analysis for chylothorax to facilitate early diagnosis and consideration of thoracic duct ligation.
Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) regulates silica-induced inflammation, but not fibrosis

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), a ligand-activated transcription factor, is responsible for mediating a variety of pharmacological and toxicological effects caused by halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons such as 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). However, recent evidence has revealed that the AhR also has numerous physiological roles aside from xenobiotic metabolism, including regulation of immune and inflammatory signaling as well as normal development and homeostasis of several organs. To investigate the role of the AhR in crystalline silica (SiO(2))-induced inflammation and fibrosis, C57Bl/6 and AhR(-/)(-) mice were exposed to SiO(2) or vehicle. Similarly, C57Bl/6 mice were exposed to SiO(2) and TCDD either simultaneously or sequentially to assess whether AhR activation alters inflammation and fibrosis. SiO(2)-induced acute lung inflammation was more severe in AhR(-)(/-) mice; however, the fibrotic response of AhR(-)(/-) mice was attenuated compared with C57Bl/6 mice. In a model of chronic SiO(2) exposure, AhR activation by TCDD in C57Bl/6 mice resulted in reduced inflammation; however, the fibrotic response was not affected. Bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMM) from AhR(-)(/-) mice also produced higher levels of cytokines and chemokines in response to SiO(2). Analysis of gene expression revealed that BMM derived from AhR(-)(/-) mice exhibit increased levels of pro-interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and Bcl-2, yet decreased levels of signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT)2, STAT5a, and serpin B2 (Pai-2) in response to SiO(2).
Control and stabilization of nonholonomic Caplygin dynamic systems

A theoretical framework is established for the control of nonholonomic Caplygin dynamic systems, i.e., nonholonomic systems with certain symmetry properties which can be expressed by the fact that the Lagrangian and constraints are cyclic in certain of the variables. A model is presented in terms of differential-algebraic equations defined on a phase space. A nonlinear control system in a normal form is then introduced to completely describe the dynamics. The structure of the normal form equations allows identification of a base spaces, on which a set of decoupled controllable dynamics is defined. The emphasis of the present work is on control of the normal form equations on the complete phase space. The control system, linearized at an equilibrium, always has uncontrollable eigenvalues with zero real part, their number being equal to the number of nonintegrable constraints. However, the equilibrium is shown to be strongly accessible and small time locally controllable. Conditions for smooth asymptotic stabilization to an m-dimensional equilibrium manifold are presented. >
Are Patient-Specific Joint and Inertial Parameters Necessary for Accurate Inverse Dynamics Analyses of Gait?

Variations in joint parameter (JP) values (axis positions and orientations in body segments) and inertial parameter (IP) values (segment masses, mass centers, and moments of inertia) as well as kinematic noise alter the results of inverse dynamics analyses of gait. Three-dimensional linkage models with joint constraints have been proposed as one way to minimize the effects of noisy kinematic data. Such models can also be used to perform gait optimizations to predict post-treatment function given pre-treatment gait data. This study evaluates whether accurate patient-specific JP and IP values are needed in three-dimensional linkage models to produce accurate inverse dynamics results for gait. The study was performed in two stages. First, we used optimization analyses to evaluate whether patient-specific JP and IP values can be calibrated accurately from noisy kinematic data, and second, we used Monte Carlo analyses to evaluate how errors in JP and IP values affect inverse dynamics calculations. Both stages were performed using a dynamic, 27 degrees-of-freedom, full-body linkage model and synthetic (i.e., computer generated) gait data corresponding to a nominal experimental gait motion. In general, JP but not IP values could be found accurately from noisy kinematic data. Root-mean-square (RMS) errors were 3deg and 4 mm for JP values and 1 kg, 22 mm, and 74 500 kg * mm2 for IP values. Furthermore, errors in JP but not IP values had a significant effect on calculated lower-extremity inverse dynamics joint torques. The worst RMS torque error averaged 4% bodyweight * height (BW * H) due to JP variations but less than 0.25% (BW * H) due to IP variations. These results suggest that inverse dynamics analyses of gait utilizing linkage models with joint constraints should calibrate the model's JP values to obtain accurate joint torques
Unveiling the membrane-binding properties of N-terminal and C-terminal regions of G protein-coupled receptor kinase 5 by combined optical spectroscopies.

G protein-coupled receptor kinase 5 (GRK5) is thought to associate with membranes in part via N- and C-terminal segments that are typically disordered in available high-resolution crystal structures. Herein we investigate the interactions of these regions with model cell membrane using combined sum frequency generation (SFG) vibrational spectroscopy and attenuated total reflectance–Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy. It was found that both regions associate with POPC lipid bilayers but adopt different structures when doing so: GRK5 residues 2–31 (GRK52–31) was in random coil whereas GRK5546–565 was partially helical. When the subphase for the GRK52–31 peptide was changed to 40% TFE/60% 10 mM phosphate pH 7.4 buffer, a large change in the SFG amide I signal indicated that GRK52–31 became partially helical. By inspecting the membrane behavior of two different segments of GRK52–31, namely, GRK52–24 and GRK525–31, we found that residues 25–31 are responsible for membrane binding, whereas the h...
Semiconducting polymer photodetectors with electron and hole blocking layers: high detectivity in the near-infrared.

Sensing from the ultraviolet-visible to the infrared is critical for a variety of industrial and scientific applications. Photodetectors with broad spectral response, from 300 nm to 1,100 nm, were fabricated using a narrow-band gap semiconducting polymer blended with a fullerene derivative. By using both an electron-blocking layer and a hole-blocking layer, the polymer photodetectors, operating at room temperature, exhibited calculated detectivities greater than 1013 cm Hz1/2/W over entire spectral range with linear dynamic range approximately 130 dB. The performance is comparable to or even better than Si photodetectors.
A Comparison of the Noah and OSU Land Surface Models in the ECPC Seasonal Forecast Model

Abstract The Noah land surface model (LSM) has recently been implemented into the Experimental Climate Prediction Center’s (ECPC’s) global Seasonal Forecast Model (SFM). Its performance is compared to the older ECPC SFM with the Oregon State University (OSU) LSM using two sets of 10-member 50-yr Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP) runs. The climatological biases of several fields tend to increase with the Noah LSM. The differences in near-surface temperature bias are traced to changes in the energy budget. In addition to climatology, the variability and skill (anomaly correlation with observations) of the two ensembles are considered. Unlike the climatology, the near-surface temperature skill of the ECPC SFM generally improves with the Noah LSM. Other climatological fields, such as precipitation, show little change in skill. While the global results are mixed, there are however significant regional improvements over Africa both in terms of climatological bias and skill. In the central African...
Testing for Mediating Variables in Management Research: Concerns, Implications, and Alternative Strategies

Due to the nature of the data employed and of the concepts tested, standard tests for mediating variables in management research can often violate an assumption on which these tests are built. As a result, estimates from standard tests of mediating variables can often lack desirable statistical properties and lead to incorrect conclusions. This article highlights when data in management research will violate assumptions underlying tests of mediating variables, suggests an alternative strategy that provides better estimates, discusses the theoretical and empirical demands of the alternative strategy, and demonstrates the magnitude to which estimates improve by using the suggested approach.
Antifluoridationists persist: the constitutional basis for fluoridation.

The controversy surrounding fluoridation persists. In recent years opponents of fluoridation have resorted to the courts with increasing frequency and have achieved a few victories in the trial courts. To date, however, no appellate court has ruled against fluoridation. This article discusses the constitutional basis for the court decisions upholding fluoridation and the main arguments put forth by the antifluoridationists. Five of the more recent cases are summarized, as is the first fluoridation case to be appealed to the US Supreme Court. The article concludes that the legal validity of fluoridation in the United States has been thoroughly tested in the courts and confirmed. It appears that the antifluoridationists will concentrate their future legal attacks on the “harmful effects” of fluoridation on health and the environment. If they can convince the courts that even a few people were truly harmed, the delicate balance between the rights of the state to fluoridate in order to protect the public's health and the rights of the individual not to be harmed could well shift In closing, the question is raised whether the US Congress has the power to pass legislation either to mandate or forbid fluoridation.
Effect of intravenous pyridoxine on plasma prolactin in hyperprolactinemic subjects.

Intravenous pyridoxine has been reported to lower plasma PRL in normal subjects and in patients with the amenorrhea-galactorrhea syndrome. We tested the effect of pyridoxine (300-mg iv bolus) on plasma PRL in nine patients with hyperprolactinemia due to a variety of causes. There was no effect of pyridoxine on elevated plasma PRL in any of the nine hyperprolactinemic subjects. The potential utility of pyridoxine in the long term treatment of the galactorrhea- amenorrhea syndrome will require further study.
Emergency Treatment of Asthma

A 46-year-old woman who has had two admissions to the intensive care unit (ICU) for asthma during the past year presents with a 4-day history of upper respiratory illness and a 6-hour history of shortness of breath and wheezing. An inhaled corticosteroid has been prescribed, but she takes it only when she has symptoms, which is rarely. She generally uses albuterol twice per day but has increased its use to six to eight times per day for the past 3 days. How should this case be managed in the emergency department?
Single Molecule Views of the Ribosome Assembly

Rapid and accurate assembly of the ribosome is a fundamental requisite for cellular functions. Ribosome assembly is a complex but highly selective and coordinated process of RNA folding induced/accompanied by binding of ribosomal proteins. Cryo-EM and footprinting studies have provided the hierarchical map of the assembly and molecular details of the folding pathways. Yet, the dynamics during ribosome assembly, despite their potential importance in selectivity and coordination, are not well understood. Using single molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer, we could reveal an early phase of ribosome assembly dynamics by focusing on the 5’ RNA domain of the small subunit. The RNA alone is highly dynamic and exhibits heterogeneous fluctuations. In particular, helix 3 undergoes extensive movement consistent with its switching mechanism proposed earlier based on footprinting data. Binding of the protein S4 reduces fluctuations but not completely, and binding of additional proteins further suppresses fluctuations and reduces heterogeneity as well. Interestingly, S4 protein binds to one conformation preferentially before switching to the other conformation that dominates in equilibrium, supporting the induced fit mechanism of S4 binding to RNA. Extending our approach to multiple colors should reveal the coordinated interplay of RNA folding and conformational dynamics with successive binding of proteins during ribosome assembly.
IMPROVEMENT OF SELECTIVITY FOR ISOLATION OF ESCHERICHIA COLI O157:H7 FROM GENERIC ESCHERICHIA COLI

A modified selective medium was developed to increase selectivity for isolation of Escherichia coli O157 from generic E. coli based on the knowledge that E. coli O157:H7 has more resistance against HCl condition than E. coli. As a preliminary experiment, four strains of E. coli O157:H7 (ATCC 35150, 43889, 43890, and 43894) were tested to determine the maximum concentration of 6N HCl (from 0 to 250 μL) added to 50 mL of MacConkey agar medium (MAC). The maximum level was 125 μL/50 mL (6N HCl/MAC), which E. coli O157:H7 strains could tolerate against the HCl concentration. After determination, comparative growth of 15 isolates of E. coli O157 and generic E. coli were evaluated on modified selective medium (HCl-MAC; with the addition of 125 μL/50 mL) and conventional MAC, respectively. All tested strains of E. coli O157 were grown on both media, whereas 9 out of 15 generic E. coli (60% of tested strains) were strongly inhibited on HCl-MAC. For selective isolation of E. coli O157 from generic E. coli, HCl-MAC has an effective potential for an implemental use. This information can extend as a baseline for use of HCl to conventional medium for successful isolation E. coli O157 from generic E. coli.
Tissue oxygenation index is a useful monitor of histologic and neurologic outcome after cardiopulmonary bypass in piglets

Objective Tissue oxygenation index is a novel monitoring indicator derived by near-infrared spectroscopy. We hypothesized that tissue oxygenation index could predict a minimum safe flow rate for specific bypass conditions. Methods Thirty-six piglets (age, 43 ± 5 days; weight, 9.0 ± 1.1 kg) underwent cardiopulmonary bypass with cerebral near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRO-300; Hamamatsu Photonics K.K., Hamamatsu City, Japan). Animals were cooled for 40 minutes to 15°C, 25°C, or 34°C (pH-stat, hematocrit value of 20% or 30%, and pump flow of 100 mL · kg −1 · min −1 ), followed by low-flow perfusion (10, 25, or 50 mL · kg −1 · min −1 ) for 2 hours. Neurologic and behavioral evaluations were determined for 4 days. The brain was then fixed for histologic assessment. Tissue oxygenation index was defined as the average signal during low-flow bypass. Results Animals with an average tissue oxygenation index of less than 55% showed cerebral injury, whereas animals with an index of greater than 55% showed minimal or no evidence of injury. Correlations were found between average tissue oxygenation index and histologic score (Spearman rho = −0.65, P r = −0.50, P = .002) on the first postoperative day. Temperature ( P P P = .002) were multivariable predictors of tissue oxygenation index, as determined by means of multivariable analysis of variance. Conclusion Tissue oxygenation index is a useful monitor for defining the minimum safe flow rate during cardiopulmonary bypass. An index value of less than 55% is a strong predictor of neurologic injury.
From Paper to Pixel: The Promise and Challenges of Digital Textbooks for K-12 Schools

The textbook is the single most defining source of content in US public schools. In the current economic climate, however, school administrators are looking for ways to control rising textbook expenditures by shifting to digital textbooks. In this chapter, we explore a range of digital textbook formats and applications and weigh their potential benefits and pitfalls. Florida, the first state to pass a mandatory digital textbook law, provides a context in which to examine many of these factors. We conclude with recommendations for school administrators and educators, with particular attention to the leadership role the school librarian can play in digital textbook implementation, management, and innovation.
Quantifying Maximum Achievable Accuracy of Identified Modal Parameters from Noise Contaminated Free Vibration Data

This paper derives exact results for the maximum achievable accuracy when estimating modal parameters from free vibration signals contaminated by Gaussian white noise. These limits are found through the Cramer-Rao lower bound. The paper compares the exact findings with previous approximate results found in the literature. Comparisons are drawn with results from stochastic simulations of a Fourier domain approach for estimation of natural frequency and damping in single degree of freedom system.
Analysis of the Expression of the Two Major Proteins of the 70 Kilodalton Mammalian Heat Shock Family

This study compares the expression after heat shock of the two major variants of the mammalian 70 kilodalton heat shock family in three separate systems. The ability of wild type and temperature sensitive mutant (ts85) FM3A cells to elicit a heat shock response following a 45 degrees C, 12 min exposure was examined. The ts85 cells were found to be both significantly more thermosensitive than parent FM3A cells and to induce a 66kDa heat shock protein (hsp66) not visibly synthesized in the parent line by this exposure. However, a constitutive (synthesized at 37 degrees C) 68kDa heat shock protein (hsp68) is comparably induced in both cell lines after heat. A relationship between the severity of the heat exposure as seen by the cell and hsp66 expression is suggested and tested in Chinese hamster ovary cells. In CHO cells a brief 45 degrees C heat shock induces the constitutive hsp68 (but not hsp66), while longer and more severe exposures are required for the expression of hsp66. The induction of these two proteins is also examined in situ in mouse skeletal muscle. In this case both hsp66 and hsp68 are induced following comparatively mild heat treatments, and the 'threshold' for hsp66 induction observed in cultured cells either does not occur or is greatly reduced. However, once again, hsp68 is naturally synthesized at 37 degrees C while hsp66 appears to be de novo synthesized after heat shock.
Patent Citations and Stock Performance: Constructing a Dynamic Industry Classification

Commonly used industry classifications do not reliably predict stock co-movement because companies change their core structure quickly relative to the slow and haphazard updating of widely used subjective industry classifications. We construct an objective industry classification that clusters companies using patent citations to better measure changes in company structure over time. Our classification predicts daily stock co-movement between 5% and 25% better than SIC and NAICS classifications and is a statistically significant addition to a 3-factor Fama-French model. We validate our use of patent citations to classify companies by showing that companies which cite each other’s patents are significantly more likely to merge.
Fast Events in Protein Folding Initiated by Laser-Induced Temperature Jump and Probed by Time-Resolved Infrared Spectroscopy

A major stumbling block in experimental studies of protein folding is that the time scale of key early steps in the folding process occur faster than milliseconds. At present, essentially all kinetic measurements of protein folding (or the reverse, protein unfolding) employ techniques based on the rapid mixing of solutions. The reversibly ‘denatured’ unfolded protein in solution (e.g. at high concentration of urea, extremes of pH, etc.) is rapidly diluted or mixed with reagents which reverse the denaturing conditions in order to chemically initiate folding. Since the best temporal response of studies based on mixing is typically one millisecond, the “dead time” of a stopped-flow apparatus, the key early primary steps in protein folding dynamics have simply not been accessible to experiment. Resolution of the folding dynamics requires new approaches which retain structural specificity but have much faster time resolution than conventional stopped-flow techniques.
Primary Urinary Bladder Angiosarcoma with Osteoclast-Like Multinucleated Giant Cells: A Case Report and Literature Review

Patient: Male, 68 Final Diagnosis: Urinary bladder angiosarcoma Symptoms: — Medication: — Clinical Procedure: TURBT Specialty: Diagnostics, Laboratory Objective: Rare co-existance of disease or pathology
Numerical Study of Atomic Oxygen Formation in a Reflective Shock Tube

The characteristics of dissociation and recombination of the species such as O, NO, CO, and C02 in the stagnated region of the reflective shock tube at various driver and driven pressure ratios are numerically investigated. The air is seeded with CO in 1 % and 9 % in mass respectively; hence, if the oxygen is dissociated in the stagnated region the atomic oxygen would combine with the carbon monoxide to produce the carbon dioxide. In an experiment, the formation of CO2 would be detected by measuring the specific band of radiation frequency with the detection device such as PhotoMultiplier Tube (PMT). Numerically, the emission intensity is simulated by the product of [CO] and [O].
A postwar myth: 500,000 U.S. lives saved

The idea that use of the atomic bombs against Japan saved half a million American lives persists as the main justification for that use. But military planners during and immediately after the war employed much lower figures.
cis-Diamminedichloridoplatinum(II) N,N-dimethyl-formamide monosolvate.

In the title compound, cis-[PtCl2(NH3)2]·C3H7NO, the metal complex mol­ecules are stacked parallel to the b axis, forming close Pt⋯Pt inter­actions of 3.4071 (7) and 3.5534 (8) A and weak N—H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds between the ammine ligand and the Cl atoms of the neighboring complex. Conventional N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds are formed between ammine ligands and the O atom of adjacent N,N-dimethyl­formamide mol­ecules. The crystal was found to be a split crystal and was analyzed using two domains related by a rotation of ca 4.4° about the reciprocal axis (−0.351 1.000 0.742) and refined to give a minor component fraction of 0.084 (6).
Varieties of Integrative Scholarship: Why Rules of Evidence, Criteria, and Standards Matter

Integrative scholarship involves the aggregation of data and evidence in a way that allows the research community to comprehend and value the connections and perspectives that unite isolated facts and research studies. Integrative scholarship summarizes data, enlightens and informs readers broadly, and sets the stage for subsequent research. This article describes five approaches to integrative scholarship--narrative, systematic, scoping, critical-realist, open peer commentary--and argues that each approach uses different methods and rules of evidence to combine data and report their meaning. Different forms of integrative scholarship use methods, criteria, and standards that are matched to the integrative approach and data being evaluated. There is no one best strategy to conduct or judge integrative scholarship. Researchers who perform integrative scholarship should openly express the values that underlie their work.
Study on melt and casting technologies of new super-strength aluminum alloy rectangle ingot

The new super-strenght aluminium alloy(w(Zn)7.5%)is a kind of critical role material in aero industry.The preparation of this alloy is always a focus in materials research because of its strong crack tendentiousness when casting.The melt and semi-continuous casting technologies of new super-strenght aluminium alloy are be studied systematically in this paper.The efects of alloy elements,refine condition,casting temperature and velocity on formability of ingot are investigated roundly.The suitable technologies of melt and semi-continuous casting have been achieved and 200 mm×600 mm rectangle ingots have be made successfully.
Fluoride release of restorative materials exposed to a fluoridated dentifrice.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect that brushing with a fluoridated dentifrice (Crest--Procter and Gamble) has on the fluoride release of restorative materials. Thirty standardized discs were fabricated; 10 were P-50 (3M) nonfluoridated composite resin (control), ten were Heliomolar Radiopaque (Ivoclar/Vivadent) fluoride releasing composite resin, and ten were Ketac Fil (ESPE) glass ionomer cement. Specimens were placed into separate containers of 10 mL deionized water. Half the specimens from each group were brushed with fluoridated dentifrice for two minutes twice per day and rinsed. The fluoride level of each specimen was evaluated for thirty days, using a fluoride specific ion analyzer. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan's test (p Glass Ionomer Cement > Fluoridated Composite Resin-brushed = Fluoridated Composite Resin = Composite Resin-brushed = Composite Resin. Brushed glass ionomer appears to release the highest fluoride level, acting as a fluoride reservoir from the dentifrice for subsequent fluoride release.
A survival kit for physicians. Back to the basics.

"Just about the time you think you can make both ends meet, somebody moves the ends." As this aphorism implies, this is a time of anxiety and frustration, particularly for physicians who are caught up in the stresses and pressures of a changing healthcare system. Doublespeak from Washington and insurance companies adds to the confusion. But wait, says the author, there are strategies for coping, and he offers a number of suggestions to help ease physicians' lives in and out of the office.
Evaluation and treatment of the female urethral syndrome.

AbstractWe reviewed 160 patients who were evaluated for the urethral syndrome. Evaluation included urinalysis, urine culture, cystoscopy and excretory urography in all cases. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory evaluation was done in 56 patients. Of these methods only the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory had significant positive findings revealing evidence for a conversion or psychophysiological etiology. Conservation treatment was equally effective as instrumentation.
State-of-the-Art of Modeling Surface Water Impoundments

The state-of-the-art of surface water impoundment modeling is examined from the viewpoints of both hydrodynamics and water quality. In the area of hydrodynamics current one dimensional integral energy and two dimensional models are discussed. In the area of water quality, the formulations used for various parameters are presented with a range of values for the associated rate coefficients.
An analytical SCF solution method for joint misalignments and application in fatigue test data interpretation

Abstract In this study, we first present a general analytical method for calculating stress concentration factors in a cruciform connection containing either axial or angular misalignment between two intercostal members through an application of Castigliano's second theorem. As such, various end restraint conditions of interest in practice can be considered with ease. Such a solution method provides stress concentration factors at intersection location not only with respect to intercostal members, but also with respect to continuous members. A comprehensive set of SCF solutions, confirmed by finite element solutions, are then presented in tabular forms which can be used as supplements to the existing SCF solutions such as those given in BS 7910 and DNV-RP-C203 for performing fatigue and fracture assessment of welded connections. Some of the existing solutions are shown to be valid only under a narrower set of conditions than documented and some seem to be in significant error. As a further demonstration of the validity of the analytical approach presented in this paper, the same analytical formulation is applied for examining interaction effects between misalignments and fatigue testing conditions, resulting in significantly improved correlation of fatigue test data obtained as a part of this study.
Metabolic, Traumatic, and Miscellaneous Diseases

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses noninduced disease entity not associated with infectious agents or neoplasia. It focuses primarily on those conditions that either result in recognized clinical signs or are likely to be seen in the postmortem examination of rats. Rats suffering from nonneoplastic, noninfectious diseases are likely to present to the clinician with ulcerative dermatitis, “ringtail” malocclusion, or renal failure. In the laboratory, the incidence of noninfectious, nonneoplastic causes of spontaneous death has been estimated at 29% in males and 12% of females, mostly associated with age-related diseases. In specific pathogen-free rats, the most significant sources of morbidity are neoplasia, chronic progressive nephropathy, myocardial degeneration, and polyarteritis nodosa. Several lesions reviewed include radiculoneuropathy, skeletal muscle degeneration, reproductive senescence, and bile duct hyperplasia. Many of these diseases may be coincidental, that is, appearing the same time, such as hypertension, chronic progressive nephropathy, polyarteritis nodosa, and myocardial degeneration. The chapter also discusses the aging process and associated cellular degeneration.
Microstructural and Mechanical Properties of the Posterior Cruciate Ligament: A Comparison of the Anterolateral and Posteromedial Bundles.

Background: The microstructural organization (collagen fiber alignment) of the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL), which likely corresponds with its functional properties, has only been described qualitatively in the literature, to our knowledge. The goal of this study was to quantify the tensile mechanical and microstructural properties of the PCL and compare these qualities between the anterolateral and posteromedial bundles. Methods: Twenty-two knee specimens from 13 donors (8 male and 5 female; mean age [and standard deviation] at the time of death, 43.0 ± 4.1 years; mean body mass index, 30.0 ± 6.7 kg/m2) were dissected to isolate the PCL, and each bundle was split into 3 regions. Mechanical testing of each regional sample consisted of preconditioning followed by a ramp-and-hold stress-relaxation test and a quasi-static ramp-to-failure test. Microstructural analysis was performed with use of a high-resolution, division-of-focal-plane polarization camera to evaluate the average direction of collagen orientation and the degree to which the collagen fibers were aligned in that direction. Results were compared between the anterolateral and posteromedial bundles and across the regions of each bundle. Results: The anterolateral and posteromedial bundles demonstrated largely equivalent mechanical and microstructural properties. Elastic moduli in the toe and linear regions were not different; however, the posteromedial bundle did show significantly more stress relaxation (p = 0.004). There were also few differences in microstructural properties between bundles, which again were seen only in stress relaxation. Comparing regions within each bundle, several mechanical and microstructural parameters showed significant relationships across the posteromedial bundle, following a gradient of decreasing strength and alignment from anterior to posterior. Conclusions: The PCL has relatively homogenous microstructural and mechanical properties, with few differences between the anterolateral and posteromedial bundles. This finding suggests that distinct functions of the PCL bundles result primarily from size and anatomical location rather than from differences in these properties. Clinical Relevance: These properties of the PCL can be used to assess the utility of graft choices and operative techniques for PCL reconstruction and may partly explain limited differences in the outcomes of single-bundle compared with double-bundle reconstruction techniques for the PCL.
Social network of software development at GitHub

This paper looks at organization of software development teams and project communities at GitHub. Using social network analysis several open-source projects are analyzed and social networks of users with ties to a project are shown to have some scale-free properties. We further show how to find core development group and a network metric is introduced to measure collaboration among core members, corresponding to if a project is healthy and more likely to be successful.
Concepts, Methods, and Strategies for Zero-Waste in Manufacturing

Zero waste in manufacturing is becoming very prevalent in the United States. An effective way of economically achieving zero waste is through the waste assessment process and systems approach. This approach allows businesses to establish green team and process, complete the assessment, determine waste reduction opportunities and economically and efficiently implement them. The system helps to establish an effective way to continuously work on waste reduction, compare alternatives and periodically validate results to achieve stated goals. There are number of strategies and techniques that businesses may use to achieve a zero waste goal. These strategies include techniques for reduction of paper products, packaging, containers and food, as well as identification of other recyclable products. Strategies for collection stations, source reduction, transportation and delivery, alternative uses of products, “green” purchasing and HR actions are also presented in the chapter. It is author’s hope that readers will find new methods and approaches in this chapter that they will implement at their facilities.
Muscle Bioenergetic Considerations for Intrinsic Laryngeal Skeletal Muscle Physiology

Purpose Intrinsic laryngeal skeletal muscle bioenergetics, the means by which muscles produce fuel for muscle metabolism, is an understudied aspect of laryngeal physiology with direct implications ...
Modeling Energy Consumption and Lifetime of a Wireless Sensor Node Operating on a Contention-Based MAC Protocol

Sensor nodes are small and low-cost portable devices that are connected wirelessly to form a wireless sensor network. Sensor nodes are typically powered by a chemical battery source that has a load-dependent finite lifetime. Most applications require wireless sensor networks to operate reliably for an extended period of time beginning with their deployment. To ensure both the longevity of a wireless sensor network via power management techniques and development of a self-powered sensor node, it is important to understand a sensor node’s operational energy consumption. It is well understood that wireless sensor network lifetime has a strong functional dependence on sensor node lifetime. This paper presents the development of a stochastic model to capture the expected energy consumption of a schedule-driven sensor node per cycle of operation by utilizing renewal theory, random stopping criteria, and Wald’s inequality. The model captures the expected energy consumed due to generic operation of a schedule-driven sensor node when an external event occurs (i.e., node level activities) and energy consumed due to carrier sense multiple access/collision avoidance medium access control protocol (i.e., retransmission attempts, channel listening, and other network level activities). The stochastic energy model is used to compute the expected lifetime and cycle lifetime of the sensor node. This paper also computes the deterministic energy bounds corresponding to the minimum and maximum energy consumption of a sensor node per cycle of operation. Analytical and numerical model validations are performed and presented.