cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthetic learning machines

Using a collection of different terminal nodesize constructed random forests, each generating a synthetic feature, a synthetic random forest is defined as a kind of hyperforest, calculated using the new input synthetic features, along with the original features. Using a large collection of regression and multiclass datasets we show that synthetic random forests outperforms both conventional random forests and the optimized forest from the regresssion portfolio. Synthetic forests removes the need for tuning random forests with no additional effort on the part of the researcher. Importantly, the synthetic forest does this with evidently no loss in prediction compared to a well-optimized single random forest.
Complementary roles for scavenger receptor A and CD36 of human monocyte-derived macrophages in adhesion to surfaces coated with oxidized low-density lipoproteins and in secretion of H2O2.

Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) is considered one of the principal effectors of atherogenesis. To explore mechanisms by which oxLDL affects human mononuclear phagocytes, we incubated these cells in medium containing oxLDL, acetylated LDL (acLDL), or native LDL, or on surfaces coated with these native and modified lipoproteins. The presence of soluble oxLDL, acLDL, or native LDL in the medium did not stimulate H2O2 secretion by macrophages. In contrast, macrophages adherent to surfaces coated with oxLDL secreted three- to fourfold more H2O2 than macrophages adherent to surfaces coated with acLDL or native LDL. Freshly isolated blood monocytes secreted little H2O2 regardless of the substrate on which they were plated. H2O2 secretion was maximal in cells maintained for 4–6 d in culture before plating on oxLDL-coated surfaces. Fucoidan, a known ligand of class A macrophage scavenger receptors (MSR-A), significantly reduced macrophage adhesion to surfaces coated with oxLDL or acLDL. Monoclonal antibody SMO, which blocks oxLDL binding to CD36, did not inhibit adhesion of macrophages to oxLDL-coated surfaces but markedly reduced H2O2 secretion by these cells. These studies show that MSR-A is primarily responsible for adhesion of macrophages to oxLDL-coated surfaces, that CD36 signals H2O2 secretion by macrophages adherent to these surfaces, and that substrate-bound, but not soluble, oxLDL stimulates H2O2 secretion by macrophages.
Diagnostic testing for coagulopathies in patients with ischemic stroke.

Background—Hypercoagulable states are a recognized, albeit uncommon, etiology of ischemic stroke. It is unclear how often the results of specialized coagulation tests affect management. Using data compiled from a systematic review of available studies, we employed quantitative methodology to assess the diagnostic yield of coagulation tests for identification of coagulopathies in ischemic stroke patients. Summary of Review—We performed a MEDLINE search to identify controlled studies published during 1966–1999 that reported the prevalence of deficiencies of protein C, protein S, antithrombin III, plasminogen, activated protein C resistance (APCR)/factor V Leiden mutation (FVL), anticardiolipin antibodies (ACL), or lupus anticoagulant (LA) in patients with ischemic stroke. The cumulative prevalence rates (pretest probabilities) and positive likelihood ratios for all studies and for those including only patients aged ≤50 years were used to calculate posttest probabilities for each coagulopathy, reflecting dia...
Better Testing for Better Learning

One of the most odious tasks of teaching is testing. A great deal of time and energy goes into the writing and grading of exams. Most teachers will go to any extreme to avoid such tasks. They will adopt only text books that have an accompanying test bank or assign the chore of grading to graduate students. Disappointment in the results of test ing causes much of this disdain. Teach ers often wander the halls of academic institutions proclaiming their inno cence. "I do not know how they got this from what I taught." "I know I emphasized this point repeatedly, yet most of them missed it." These and other familiar refrains have their ori gins in confusion over the purpose and goal of testing. Although few would consciously ac knowledge it, most of us act as if test ing were an aspect of submarine war fare, that is, it should torpedo the stu dent. Most professors teach and test the way they were taught and tested. We rarely have the time, inclination, or awareness to explore alternative testing techniques. When one of us does have a revelation, he or she might share it with a few colleagues or write a short notice for a teaching newsletter. How
A quantitative electron microscopic study of mitochondria in motor neurones following axonal section

Abstract An electron microscopic study was made of the motor neurones of the hypoglossal nuclei of a series of 10 rabbits, 10–11 days after unilateral hypoglossal neurotomy. Quantitative data obtained from the micrographs showed that on the operated side there was a significantly greater number of mitochondrial profiles per unit area of cytoplasm than on the control side. There was also a 70 per cent increase in the volume ratio of mitochondria to cytoplasm, approximately three-fifths of this being attributable to mitochondrial swelling and the remaining two-fifths to the increase in mitochondrial numbers. The findings may he interpreted as indicating that the increase in number of mitochondrial profiles on the operated side, was brought about by the formation of new mitochondria resulting in an increase in total functioning mitochondrial mass. There was a highly significant increase in the number of dense bodies (“microbodies”) per unit area of cytoplasm on the operated side, and a significant correlation was found between the average increase in the number of dense bodies and the average increase in mitochondrial numbers in the individual experiments. It has already been noted that the appearances of dense bodies in motor neurones of the rabbit were consistent with their bearing a developmental relationship to mitochondria and the present results would seem to favour the possibility that dense bodies may be concerned in mitochondrial formation. In the rat, other forms of dense body, containing areas of even greater density, were also noted.
Cluster Headache: Response to Chlorpromazine

SYNOPSIS Chlorpromazine (CPZ), in doses ranging from 75–700 mg per day, gave full headache relief in twelve of thirteen (93%) of patients with the cluster headache syndrome. For nine, withdrawal of CPZ within two to three weeks was tolerated without recurrence of symptoms. After a period of extended remission, four of these found CPZ equally effective treatment for subsequent attacks. Three others received sustained relief from headache over six to eight months on maintenance CPZ at 75 mg per day although the cluster was not terminated. The apparent effectiveness of CPZ in this limited series is greater than that of other medications currently employed in the treatment of cluster headaches.
Thermal properties of N‐substituted 4‐vinylpyridinium ions and their polymers

4-Vinylpyridinium trifluoromethanesulfonate monomers substituted at nitrogen with H, O, CH3, C2H5, C6H13, and C12H25 were synthesized and characterized spectroscopically. Thermal analyses (DSC and TGA) were carried out on all the compounds. The solid monomers (NH, NCH3, NC6H13, and NC12H25) exhibited endothermic melting followed by exothermic polymerization and exothermic decomposition (>400°C). Liquid NC2H5 monomer revealed only exothermic polymerization and decomposition. The NO polymer underwent thermal decomposition below 300°C. The N–C12H25 homopolymer, prepared from monomer in the DSC or in bulk, displayed an unusual thermal transition at 250°C, which has been attributed to a polymer backbone reorientation leading to side-chain ordering of the dodecyl groups.
Redox signaling in skeletal muscle: role of aging and exercise

Skeletal muscle contraction is associated with the production of ROS due to altered O2 distribution and flux in the cell. Despite a highly efficient antioxidant defense, a small surplus of ROS, such as hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide, may serve as signaling molecules to stimulate cellular adaptation to reach new homeostasis largely due to the activation of redox-sensitive signaling pathways. Recent research has highlighted the important role of NF-κB, MAPK, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α, along with other newly discovered signaling pathways, in some of the most vital biological functions, such as mitochondrial biogenesis, antioxidant defense, inflammation, protein turnover, apoptosis, and autophagy. There is evidence that the inability of the cell to maintain proper redox signaling underlies some basic mechanisms of biological aging, during which inflammatory and catabolic pathways eventually predominate. Physical exercise has been shown to activate various redox signaling pathways that control the adaptation and remodeling process. Although this stimulatory effect of exercise declines with aging, it is not completed abolished. Thus, aged people can still benefit from regular physical activity in the appropriate forms and at proper intensity to preserve muscle function.
The Boundaries of Justice and the Justice of Boundaries: Defending Global Egalitarianism

Two classes of arguments are often deployed by the anti-global egalitarians against attempts to universalize the demands of distributive equality. One are arguments attempting to show that global egalitarians have misconstrued the reasons for why equality matters domestically, and hence have wrongly extended these reasons to the global arena. These arguments hold that the boundary of distributive justice is effectively coextensive with the boundaries of state. The other are arguments that attempt to show that membership in political societies generates special duties among members that may outweigh the demands of global egalitarianism. These arguments appeal to the ethical significance of state boundaries and membership. In my defense of global egalitarianism, I reject both the attempts to limit the boundary of justice and the attempts to give state boundaries special moral significance and priority. In particular, I will argue that the boundary of justice cannot coincide with the boundaries of states when the justice of the boundaries is at issue.
The Origins of the Osteoclast

Bone-resorbing osteoclasts are key mediators of skeletal health and disease. Physiologic osteoclast activity facilitates bone growth and repairs skeletal microdamage. Excessive osteoclastic bone resorption results in diseases, including osteoporosis, arthritis, and bone cancer. Reduced osteoclast activity is also pathologic, highlighted by the severe phenotype of patients with osteopetrosis due to mutations that compromise osteoclast formation or resorption. In this chapter, the “origin of the osteoclast” is considered from multiple viewpoints. First, we discuss the publications that led to the identification of the osteoclast as a bone-resorbing cell and how the controversy regarding the cellular origin of the osteoclast was resolved. Further, we explore how key molecules important for osteoclast differentiation were discovered and our current understanding of OCP. Finally, the biology of the osteoclast is considered from an evolutionary perspective. Overall, this chapter provides a broad understanding of the historical, cellular, molecular, and evolutionary origins of osteoclast.
Agrarian Struggles in India after Independence

Consisting of twenty-five articles written by scholars and activists, this volume confronts the conflicts of rural India after independence. Encompassing both nation-wide and regional perspectives, the contributors provide a comprehensive, grass-roots account of the agrarian struggles facing all of India.
Frequency estimation for a mixture of sinusoids: A near-optimal sequential approach

We propose a fast sequential algorithm for the fundamental problem of estimating continuous-valued frequencies and amplitudes using samples of a noisy mixture of sinusoids. Each step consists of two phases: detection of a new sinusoid, and refining the parameters of already detected sinusoids. The detection phase is performed on an oversampled DFT grid, while the refinement phase enables continuous-valued estimation, thus avoiding basis mismatch. By benchmarking against the Cramer Rao Bound, we show that the proposed algorithm achieves near-optimal performance under a variety of settings. We also compare our algorithm with the classical MUSIC, and more recent Lasso algorithms in terms of estimation accuracy and computational complexity.
Demand and Supply of Agricultural Labor in a Period of Social Change

T HE farm population in 1963 stood at about 42 percent of its 1910 level.' Farm employment, including farm operators, family and hired labor, declined about 52 percent from 1910 to 1963.2 Hired farm labor remained about one-fourth of total farm employment throughout the entire time span. And, estimated man-hours of labor used for farm work declined from 22,547 million man-hours in 1910 to 8,821 million man-hours in 1963, a decrease of about 61 percent.3 These are long-term trends, however, and the rate of decline has been far from constant during this time span. Farm employment declined about .67 percent per year from 1910 to 1940, about 1.5 percent per year from 1940 to 1950, about 2.4 percent per year in the 1950-60 period, and about 3 percent per year in the last three years. The dominant characteristic of the farm labor market is the continu-
Large-Signal RF Performance of Nanocrystalline Diamond Coated AlGaN/GaN High Electron Mobility Transistors

In this split-wafer study, we have compared the dc, pulsed, small and large signal RF electrical performance of nanocrystalline diamond (NCD) coated AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) to reference devices with silicon nitride passivation only. The NCD-coated HEMTs were observed to outperform reference devices in transconductance, large-signal gain, output power density, and power-added efficiency at 4 GHz. The measured improvements were suspected to be related to reduced dispersion and lower source access resistance afforded by the NCD film.
Effect of acute cardiac overload on intramyocardial cyclic 3',5'-AMP: relation to prostaglandin synthesis.

SummaryAcute cardiac overload induced in Wistar rats by aortic constriction resulted in an early (within 5 min) rise of intramyocardial cyclic 3′,5′-AMP levels and concomitant activation of myocardial prostaglandin synthetase. Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis by indomethacin pretreatment prevented the increase in cyclic 3′,5′-AMP levels following aortic constriction, suggesting involvement of prostaglandins in the early response of the myocardium to acute overload.
Analysis Oh Five Avian-human Influenza Cases In Anhui Province

Objective To analyze the features of five Avian-human Influenza cases in Anhui province,and provide a scientific reference for the prevention and control.Methods According to "the epidemiological investigation plan of Avian-human Influenza",case investigation for all cases were conducted,including the process of pathogenesis and treatment,laboratory test,the possible source of infection,the transmission way and the risk factors,etal.Results The initial clinical expression of the five cases was mainly flu-like symptoms,and the Avian Influenza virus H5N1 was detected in the samples of trachea excrete of four cases,and H5N1 virus RNA were positive in 5 trachea excrete samples.One of five cases had definite history of close contact with ill or dead birds,which had infected by Avian influenza virus H5N1 had been confirmed.And 2 of them also had definite history of close contact with ill or dead birds,but there was no evidence that those dead birds had infected by H5N1.The definite history of close contact with ill or dead birds were not found in the other 2 cases.Conclusions Five cases were all pathogen confirmed cases.The diagnosis of Avian-human Influenza case can not rely completely upon whether the epidemic situation existed in the locality or not.The phenomenon that this disease could spread from person to person was not found,through the medical observations of all close contacts of 5 cases.Further researchs are needed needed to understand the possible source of infection,the transmission way and the influential factors.
Scalable information-optimal compressive target recognition

We present a scalable information-optimal compressive imager optimized for the target classification task, discriminating between two target classes. Compressive projections are optimized using the Cauchy-Schwarz Mutual Information (CSMI) metric, which provides an upper-bound to the probability of error of target classification. The optimized measurements provide significant performance improvement relative to random and PCA secant projections. We validate the simulation performance of information-optimal compressive measurements with experimental data.
Review of the hydrocarbon potential of the Steele Shale and Niobrara Formation in Wyoming, USA: A major unconventional resource play?

Abstract The study area, located in the northern rim of the Greater Green River Basin, Wyoming, is a large anticlinal feature with a complex structural history and extensive fracturing. The targets are the Late Cretaceous Steele Shale and the Niobrara Formation, having a combined thickness of 3700–4900 ft. The productive intervals have a depth ranging from 8500 to 13,000 ft. Total Organic Carbon content in one of the wells drilled, the Bare Ring Butte 4–36, ranges from 0.5 wt.% to 4.0 wt.% and averages 2.0 wt.%. Hydrogen Index ranges from 50 to 220 mg HC/g TOC. Gas content averages 30 scf/t (as-received) and porosity for the inferred pay zone is estimated at 3–6%. Matrix permeability is low, estimated to be 130 nD (nano-Darcy). Mineralogy in the above well consists of 40 wt.% quartz, with illite, fracture-filling calcite and chlorite also present. The shales are overpressured, have a gradient of 0.7 psi/ft., and they lie within the oil and condensate liquids windows. At Bare Ring Butte 4–36, vitrinite reflectance (%R o , maximum) ranges from 0.85% at 8000 ft. to 1.20% at 10,200 ft. A distinct change in the maturation and vitrinite reflectance gradients with depth is evident in this well, which coincides with the top of the overpressure zone. The overpressure zone has a thin wet (oil) zone (34–46° API) at the top, followed by a thick gas-saturated zone underneath. A similar trend was also seen in at least four more wells in the Antelope Arch area. Using an imaging tool, three highly-fractured zones with a combined thickness of 600 ft. have been identified in the Steele/Niobrara interval in the Bare Ring Butte 4–36 well. The recoverable gas resource is estimated to be 5 Bcf/160 acres (1/4 section) using a recovery factor of only 5%. In the early 1980s, vertical wells tested 1.4 to 3.7 Mmcf/d following natural completion in the Steele Shale and Niobrara Formation. The closest analogue to the Steele Shale and Niobrara Formation is the stratigraphically-equivalent Baxter Shale in Wyoming. Questar E&P has drilled a number of vertical and horizontal wells in the Baxter Shale. Vertical wells that targeted fractured zones had IP (initial production) rates ranging from 1.8 to 9 Mmcf/d. Questar estimated a EUR (estimated ultimate recovery) of 8–16 Bcf for vertical wells drilled on 160-acres with recovery factors of 7–15%. A horizontal well (3000 ft. long) that encountered a natural fracture swarm had an IP rate of 9.1 Mmcf/d in the first 4–5 days before it stabilized at 2.7 Mmcf/d. With today's improved drilling and stimulation techniques, horizontal wells targeting the highly-fractured zones could improve productivity considerably. Because of the great thickness, highly-fractured character, and overpressured nature, the Steele Shale and Niobrara Formation could have greater resource potential than the normally-pressured Barnett Shale in the core area of the Fort Worth Basin.
Healthcare Resort: An Integrated Approach to Re-model Healthcare Services

With the increasing popularity of medical tourism practices, the healthcare industry, as one of the key service providers and stakeholders, is facing both challenges and opportunities. Healthcare, like hospitality, is an experience and credence service. Services with predominantly credence attributes are typically the case for highly specialized services or services that only occur once a twice in a lifetime, such as medical diagnoses and hospitalization. Credence services are the most difficult to verify because they often lack physical evidence of the service process. To evaluate the credence qualities of the service, inferences will be made based on experience-based portion of the total service delivery process.
Few differences found between early- and late-weaned pigs raised in the same environment.

Segregation and medicated early weaning are technologies used to optimize the productivity and health of pigs, but these practices may also cause aberrant behaviors indicative of stress. Thus, differences in early- (=10 d of age) and late- (=30 d of age) weaned pigs were investigated. At weaning, pigs were housed in groups of four in 16 pens (eight pens per treatment) in the same facility, and, thus, they were not segregated. Body weights were recorded at birth, weaning, and at approximately 42, 65, 102, 137, and 165 d of age (at slaughter). One-minute, instantaneous scan samples during a 10-min period (at 0600, 1000, 1400, and 1800) were used to record the frequency of lying, standing, and sitting, total number of drinks, feeder investigations, and time spent playing/fighting on 2, 3, and 4 d after weaning. Five-minute, direct observations of each pig were conducted at approximately 40, 60, 80, and 150 d of age. Direct observations were also made of the entire pen for 10 min at approximately 50, 95, 123, and 160 d of age to record aberrant behaviors. At 62 d of age, a handling and blood collection stress was imposed. At 165 d of age, a second stress test was conducted in response to rough handling and transport. Early-weaned pigs spent more time playing/ fighting (P < .006) than late-weaned pigs during the 4 d after weaning, manipulated conspecifics more often at 40 d of age (P < .002), had greater percentage of hemoglobin (P < .03) during Stress Test 1, had greater ADG at 42 d of age (P < .03), and had greater hypothalamic growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor mRNA at slaughter (P < .06). Late-weaned pigs had greater ADG between 137 and 165 d of age (P < .03) and greater pro-opiomelanocortin at slaughter (P < .04). Overall, most differences found between early-weaned and late-weaned pigs were evident soon after weaning, but they disappeared before slaughter.
Serum Urate Levels Predict Joint Space Narrowing in Non-Gout Patients With Medial Knee Osteoarthritis

Objective: OA pathogenesis includes both mechanical and inflammatory features. Studies have implicated synovial fluid urate (UA) as a potential OA biomarker, possibly reflecting chondrocyte damage. Whether serum urate (sUA) levels reflect/contribute to OA is unknown. We investigated whether sUA predicts OA progression in a non-gout knee OA population. Methods: Eighty-eight subjects with medial knee OA (BMI <33) but without gout were included. Baseline sUA was measured in previously banked serum. At 0 and 24 months, subjects underwent standardized weight-bearing fixed-flexion posteroanterior knee radiographs to determine joint space width (JSW) and Kellgren-Lawrence (KL) grades. Joint space narrowing (JSN) was determined as JSW change from 0 to 24 months. Twenty-seven subjects underwent baseline contrast-enhanced 3T knee MRI for synovial volume (SV) assessment. Results: sUA correlated with JSN in both univariate (r=0.40, p≤0.01) and multivariate analyses (r=0.28, p=0.01). There was a significant difference in mean JSN after dichotomizing at sUA of 6.8 mg/dL, the solubility point for serum urate, even after adjustment (JSN of 0.90 mm for sUA≥6.8; JSN of 0.31 mm for sUA 0.2mm) and fast progressors (JSN>0.5mm) from nonprogressors (JSN≤0.0mm) in multivariate analyses (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve 0.63, p=0.03; AUC 0.62, p=0.05, respectively). sUA correlated with SV (r=0.44, p<0.01), a possible marker of JSN, though this correlation did not persist after controlling for age, gender and BMI (r=0.13, p=0.56). Conclusions: In non-gout patients with knee OA, sUA predicted future JSN and may serve as a biomarker for OA progression. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Point based interactive image segmentation using multiquadrics splines

Multiquadrics (MQ) are radial basis spline function that can provide an efficient interpolation of data points located in a high dimensional space. MQ were developed by Hardy to approximate geographical surfaces and terrain modelling. In this paper we frame the task of interactive image segmentation as a semi-supervised interpolation where an interpolating function learned from the user provided seed points is used to predict the labels of unlabeled pixel and the spline function used in the semi-supervised interpolation is MQ. This semi-supervised interpolation framework has a nice closed form solution which along with the fact that MQ is a radial basis spline function lead to a very fast interactive image segmentation process. Quantitative and qualitative results on the standard datasets show that MQ outperforms other regression based methods, GEBS, Ridge Regression and Logistic Regression, and popular methods like Graph Cut,4 Random Walk and Random Forest.6
Specific Heat Near Hmetamag=18 T in UPd2Al3

We have measured the specific heat vs. temperature in fields to 20 T of UPd2Al3 in order to try to determine the reason for the disagreement in the magnetic phase diagram as determined by magnetization and χac vs. resistivity measurements, with the resistivity measurements showing the magnetic anomaly trending towards T=0 as H→Hmetamag. Our data show a slight monotonic suppression of TN with increasing field in agreement with both previous magnetoresistance and magnetization data untilH→Hmetamag. However, as field exceeds 17 T the specific heat shows a peak (presumably in a narrow field range connected with both antiferromagnetism and the H>Hmetamag magnetization anomaly) that is suppressed with further increases in field no lower in temperature than 11.7 K (in contrast to the feature in the magnetoresistivity which, e.g., occurs at 8.4 K in 18 T) before it starts to move up in temperature with increasing field at H≥18 T (Hmetamag). Possible causes of the specific heat anomaly for H>Hmetamag, as well as for the discrepancy between the specific heat and the resistivity as H→Hmetamag, are discussed.
Quantitative SIMS Imaging of Agar-Based Microbial Communities

After several decades of widespread use for mapping elemental ions and small molecular fragments in surface science, secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) has emerged as a powerful analytical tool for molecular imaging in biology. Biomolecular SIMS imaging has primarily been used as a qualitative technique; although the distribution of a single analyte can be accurately determined, it is difficult to map the absolute quantity of a compound or even to compare the relative abundance of one molecular species to that of another. We describe a method for quantitative SIMS imaging of small molecules in agar-based microbial communities. The microbes are cultivated on a thin film of agar, dried under nitrogen, and imaged directly with SIMS. By use of optical microscopy, we show that the area of the agar is reduced by 26 ± 2% (standard deviation) during dehydration, but the overall biofilm morphology and analyte distribution are largely retained. We detail a quantitative imaging methodology, in which the ion inte...
The ‘new’ African customary land tenure. Characteristic, features and policy implications of a new paradigm

Abstract Most of the land in sub-Saharan Africa is governed under various forms of customary tenure. Over the past three decades a quiet paradigm shift has been taking place transforming the way such landl is governed. Driven in part by adaptations to changing context but also accelerated by neo-liberal reforms, this shift has created a ‘new’ customary tenure in sub-Saharan Africa. This paper reviews some of the evidence and analyses the ways in which this neo-liberalisation of customary tenure has been transforming relations of production and how land is governed in sub-Saharan Africa. It identifies how core neo-liberalisation processes such as privatisation of rights, commoditisation, de-regulation; re-regulation and flanking have led to a formal reconfiguration of the way people relate to land. It presents a characterisation of the ‘new’-African customary tenure before sketching out evidence of outcomes associated with neo-liberalisation of customary tenure. The paper identifies five outcomes marking out the new customary tenure’s legacy. These are: creating new class dynamics (those with registered rights and those without), altered institutional power relations (extending statutory governance), local rank order change (replacing the traditional ‘big men’ of rural Africa with ‘new’ big shots), miniaturisation of smallholder farming and the growth in medium scale farms, growing inequality and potential social differentiation.
Experimental Effects of Acute Exercise on Iconic Memory, Short-Term Episodic, and Long-Term Episodic Memory

The present experiment evaluated the effects of acute exercise on iconic memory and short- and long-term episodic memory. A two-arm, parallel-group randomized experiment was employed (n = 20 per group; Mage = 21 year). The experimental group engaged in an acute bout of moderate-intensity treadmill exercise for 15 min, while the control group engaged in a seated, time-matched computer task. Afterwards, the participants engaged in a paragraph-level episodic memory task (20 min delay and 24 h delay recall) as well as an iconic memory task, which involved 10 trials (at various speeds from 100 ms to 800 ms) of recalling letters from a 3 × 3 array matrix. For iconic memory, there was a significant main effect for time (F = 42.9, p < 0.001, η2p = 0.53) and a trend towards a group × time interaction (F = 2.90, p = 0.09, η2p = 0.07), but no main effect for group (F = 0.82, p = 0.37, η2p = 0.02). The experimental group had higher episodic memory scores at both the baseline (19.22 vs. 17.20) and follow-up (18.15 vs. 15.77), but these results were not statistically significant. These findings provide some suggestive evidence hinting towards an iconic memory and episodic benefit from acute exercise engagement.
Racial and Ethnic Disparities

The primary objective of this chapter is to provide information on economic, psychiatric, and cultural factors that influence service access by racial/ethnic minority women. A secondary objective is to discuss the policy implications of existing research for mental health services that are provided to this population. These objectives draw from the extent and nature of the problems faced by minority women. According to the recent estimates, of the nearly 153 million women living in the USA, more than 31 million (20%) are members of racial/ethnic minorities (U.S. Census Bureau 2007). Their health, therefore, both physical and mental, assumes significance in terms of health services provision and overall social policy.
Spatial and Spectral Mode Discrimination

The previous chapter dealt with topics that were primarily related to optimizing the power output and conversion efficiency of diode-laser arrays and single-element diode lasers. This chapter is devoted to principal concepts related to spatial and spectral mode discrimination in semiconductor diode-laser arrays. We begin in Sect. 3.1 by reviewing the symmetric three-layer planar waveguide model. This model is central to our understanding of the spatial-mode properties of both diode lasers and diode-laser arrays, as it is often used to elucidate the waveguide and spatial-mode characteristics. Analysis of specific multilayer diode-laser array structures is dealt with in Chap. 4.
To Act Ethically: The What, Why, and How of Ethics Pedagogy

This paper takes a step toward assessing ethics pedagogy in graduate public affairs/administration programs in the United States. Drawing on a 1995 survey of NASPAA representatives, the author was ...
Quantifying Support Interactions and Reactivity Trends of Single Metal Atom Catalysts over TiO2

Supported single metal atoms embody active, efficient catalysts. Much effort in the literature has focused on late transition metals, but understanding the reactivity and stability trends across al...
RF Propagation Measurements Using a Mobile Receiver System

A mobile receiver system was developed under the Air Force Spectrum Transition Plan1 as part of an effort to model propagation loss accurately over a variety of terrain and environmental conditions. In this paper, we describe the mobile receiver system and discuss how it was used to measure received power spectra and transmit antenna radiation patterns from an Air Force Satellite Control Network (AFSCN) tracking station. The transmitter and receiver setup, along with the measurement methodology are discussed in further detail.
Speaking Across the Divide: A Functional Grammar Analysis of Feminist and Masculist Reproductive Rights Rhetoric in the United States

This paper applies Systemic Functional Grammar and Critical Discourse Analysis to assess the linguistic choices of feminist and masculist reproductive rights rhetoric in the United States. It explains these methodologies and provides a discursive history of the reproductive rights movement. Publications of advocacy groups and the mass media are analyzed as data of current rhetorical trends. These interpretations conclude that female-affirmative rhetoric offsets contemporary feminist efforts by marginalizing men and excluding considerations of paternity. This paper suggests that in solely emphasizing women’s procreative rights, such feminist rhetoric potentially renders women to the role of primary parental agent, reinforces traditional sex-stereotypes, and incites inter-sex antagonism.
Numerical simulations of storage-side natural convection to an immersed coiled heat exchanger with baffle-shrouds

Abstract Heat exchangers immersed in solar thermal storage tanks to charge and/or discharge energy from the tank provide several benefits over conventional systems that rely on pressurized tanks or pumps. The present study builds on a recent experimental study of heat transfer to an immersed heat exchanger with different baffle and shroud geometries (Nicodemus et al., Solar Energy, 157:911–919, 2017). A simple straight geometry was found to provide more benefit than a more complex geometry, in which the baffle underneath the heat exchanger narrows relative to the shroud around the heat exchanger. In this study, we propose an axi-symmetric model of a two-loop heat exchanger in order to investigate the mechanisms by which the straight baffle-shroud improves the heat transfer relative to the complex baffle-shroud. Further, we compare results of the two-loop model to a one-loop representation of the heat exchanger in order to determine whether or not a model with more fidelity to realistic storage systems better predicts experimental performance. Both the two-loop and one-loop models yield higher heat transfer with the straight baffle-shroud and confirm that the improved heat transfer in the straight baffle-shroud geometries is due to higher velocities around the heat exchanger relative to those in the complex baffle-shroud geometries, consistent with the experiments. However, the one-loop model significantly under-estimates the differences between the baffle-shrouds relative to the experimental results. Since the two-loop model more accurately captures the fluid dynamics in the tank and better predicts the heat transfer and rate of energy discharge, it is an appropriate tool for future studies of immersed heat exchanger performance.
Impact on carbon fiber composite: Ballistic tests, material tests, and computer simulations

Abstract Carbon fiber composites are now common in the aerospace industry because of their high specific stiffness and strength. They are ideal for decreasing the weight of structures, but it is well-known that they can suffer delamination and failure under relatively mild impact loads. In particular, under ballistic impact, carbon fiber composites underperform compared to other materials like S-2 glass, Kevlar®, or polyethylene composites. Hence, it is difficult to find in the literature a complete study aimed at obtaining a reliable computer model for ballistic impact on carbon fiber composites. This paper presents a thorough experimental campaign of both the material constituents and the composite, including loads in the different directions (longitudinal and transverse tension, shear, delamination, etc.) at low and high strain-rates, and ballistic tests. The study is performed on non-woven (2D) composite as well as a 3D woven composite with the same constituents. The material properties were determined using computations that reproduce the material tests. A mesoscale computer model was developed that is validated by comparing the results from the mechanical and ballistic test with the computations. It is shown that, using the properties obtained in the material test computations, the predictions for the ballistic tests are very good both for ballistic limits and deflections.
Field performance of terpene-producing Camelina sativa

Abstract Bioengineered lines of the low-input oil seed crop Camelina sativa (Camelina), augmented to accumulate the monoterpene (4S)-limonene, the sesquiterpene (+)-δ-cadinene, or the sesquiterpene (+)-5-epi-aristolochene in seed, were evaluated for two growing seasons under field conditions to determine performance of the introduced traits in an agricultural setup including the effects on overall plant fitness, and total seed yield. Field-grown Camelina plants were further compared to greenhouse-grown plants to evaluate commonalities and differences resulting from cultivation under either controlled or agriculturally relevant growth conditions. Morphological appearance and plant height differed marginally between transgenic and wild-type plants under both greenhouse and field conditions, indicating low impact of the terpene production traits toward overall plant fitness. Total seed yield, however, was independent of the growth conditions and was reduced in Camelina lines producing (4S)-limonene by 48% on average and by 30% on average for (+)-5-epi-aristolochene producing lines. Conversely, (+)-δ-cadinene producing Camelina seed yields remained wild-type equivalent. Additional investigations included seed terpene accumulation, seed oil amount, and seed fatty acid composition. Terpene accumulation was reduced up to 22% for field-grown plants as compared to greenhouse-grown plants. Seed oil amounts were similar under greenhouse and field conditions but were consistently lowered by 2–5% for terpene producing lines. Similarly, seed oil composition remained stable under both field and greenhouse conditions, but generally favored a more energy dense phenotype in terpene producing Camelina lines. Lastly, outcrossing of transgenic traits to adjacent wild-type Camelina plants was observed under field but not greenhouse conditions.
Angiotensin-(1-7) for diabetic kidney disease: better than an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor alone?

In this commentary we emphasize the renoprotective effect of cyclic angiotensin-(1-7) described by Cassis et al. in a mouse model of diabetic kidney disease. The importance of the study is that this peptide was even more protective than the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor lisinopril administered alone and that when the 2 componds were combined, the renoprotective action was additive.
A hybrid implementation-effectiveness randomized trial of CYP2D6-guided postoperative pain management.

PURPOSE Cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) genotype-guided opioid prescribing is limited. The purpose of this type 2 hybrid implementation-effectiveness trial was to evaluate the feasibility of clinically implementing CYP2D6-guided postsurgical pain management and determine that such an approach did not worsen pain control. METHODS Adults undergoing total joint arthroplasty were randomized 2:1 to genotype-guided or usual pain management. For participants in the genotype-guided arm with a CYP2D6 poor (PM), intermediate (IM), or ultrarapid (UM) metabolizer phenotype, recommendations were to avoid hydrocodone, tramadol, codeine, and oxycodone. The primary endpoints were feasibility metrics and opioid use; pain intensity was a secondary endpoint. Effectiveness outcomes were collected 2 weeks postsurgery. RESULTS Of 282 patients approached, 260 (92%) agreed to participate. In the genotype-guided arm, 20% had a high-risk (IM/PM/UM) phenotype, of whom 72% received an alternative opioid versus 0% of usual care participants (p < 0.001). In an exploratory analysis, there was less opioid consumption (200 [104-280] vs. 230 [133-350] morphine milligram equivalents; p = 0.047) and similar pain intensity (2.6 ± 0.8 vs. 2.5 ± 0.7; p = 0.638) in the genotype-guided vs. usual care arm, respectively. CONCLUSION Implementing CYP2D6 to guide postoperative pain management is feasible and may lead to lower opioid use without compromising pain control.
Securely Sharing Randomized Code that Flies

Address Space Layout Randomization (ASLR) was a great role model being a light-weight defense technique that could prevent early return-oriented programming attacks. Simple yet effective, ASLR was quickly widely-adopted. Conversely, today only a trickle of defense techniques are being integrated or adopted mainstream. As code reuse attacks have evolved, defenses have strived to keep up. To do so, many have had to take unfavorable tradeoffs like using background threads or protecting only a subset of sensitive code. In reality, these tradeoffs were unavoidable steps necessary to improve the strength of the state-of-the-art. We present Goose, an on-demand system-wide runtime re-randomization technique capable of scalable protection of application as well as shared library code most defenses have forgone. We achieve code sharing with diversification by implementing reactive and scalable, rather than continuous or one-time diversification. Enabling code sharing further removes redundant computation like tracking, patching, along with memory overheads required by prior randomization techniques. In its baseline state, the code transformations needed for Goose security hardening incur a reasonable performance overhead of 5.5% on SPEC and minimal degradation of 4.4% in NGINX, demonstrating its applicability to both compute-intensive and scalable real-world applications. Even when under attack, Goose only adds from less than 1% up to 15% depending on application complexity.
Magnetic Resonance Arthrography of the Wrist: The Impact on Operative Management of Wrist Injuries

Background There is no consensus on the utility of arthrography in the evaluation of wrist injuries. This study evaluates ordering trends of different types of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the wrist and compares rates of surgery following these imaging modalities. Methods A national claims-based database was used to identify patients who underwent MRI within 90 days of a first-instance diagnosis of wrist injury from 2010 to 2018. The utilization of MRI without intravenous (IV) contrast, MRI with IV contrast, and MRI with arthrogram was investigated. The instances of operative procedures of the wrist within 1 year of MRI study were recorded. Patient demographics, comorbidities, type of operative procedure, and ordering physician specialty were obtained. Logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the utilization of MRI and subsequent 1-year operative intervention rates as well as association of patient-related factors. Results Magnetic resonance arthrography use was associated with higher rates of subsequent operative treatment. Surgeons were more likely to order an arthrogram at the time of MRI. Younger patients were more likely to undergo MRI-based advanced imaging. Conclusion Surgeons may perceive MRA of the wrist to play an important role in operative decision-making following wrist injury. Level of Evidence This is a Level III, retrospective cohort study.
On almost \((\omega)\) paracompact spaces

We introduce and study the notion of almost \((\omega)\) paracompactness, also some results on almost \((\omega)\) compact spaces are proved.
The viral etiology of AIDS-associated malignancies.

Publisher Summary Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) malignancies have been a major complication of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease course, and this is likely to continue in HIV‐infected individuals. In the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), the survival rate of the HIV‐infected individuals has increased dramatically mainly because of the suppression of HIV viral load and the restoration of the immune response. However, even though HAART appears to be effective, still only leads to partial immune reconstitution. Prolonged immunosuppression likely leads to a resurgence of AIDS associated cancers. This coupled with the fact that there are still over 40 million individuals living with HIV, many of them are located in regions of the world where HAART is still not widely available, such as the African continent. It is expected that AIDS‐associated cancers will continue to pose a major challenge globally for many years to come. Many of the cancers associated with immunosuppressed individuals are those that were found to have viral etiology.
The Correspondence Between Kadya Molodowsky and Rokhl Korn

An investigation of the Correspondence Between Kadya Molodowsky and Rokhl Korn during the years 1947-1972.
Polymer membrane electrodes

Abstract An electroactive Polyvinylchloride membrane can be prepared which has a Nernstian response towards choline and choline esters. The membrane is prepared from a solution of acetylcholine tetra-p-chlorophenylborate in a phthalate ester which serves as the plasticizer for PVC. The membrane electrode can be used for the kinetic assay of acetylcholine esterase activity. A rate equation is derived which describes the response of the electrode towards simultaneous substrate disappearance and product formation during the enzyme-catalyzed hydrolysis of acetylcholine.
Ramp enhanced unit commitment for energy scheduling with high penetration of renewable generation

With high penetration of renewable generation, power system operations need additional ramping capability to follow the change of renewable generation. However, without proper unit commitment in the forward energy scheduling process, the system may not have sufficient ramping capability in the real time operation when renewable generation varies while system load is sharply pulling up or ramping down. This paper analyzes the ramping needs in system operations to incorporate the uncertainty of renewable generation, and proposes a ramp enhanced unit commitment model for the day-ahead energy scheduling. Simulations are performed on the WSCC179 system with manufactured generator commitment data and results shows improvement of system ramping capability margin.