cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of Resistance to Chloramphenicol on Bacteriophage Sensitivity of Group A Streptococci

Abstract Several phage hosts of group A streptococci became resistant to lysis by bacteriophage as a consequence of having acquired the ability to grow in the presence of chloramphenicol. The phage was adsorbed to the streptococcal cell, and P32-labeling of the phage showed that the phage genome penetrated the chloramphenicol (CM)- resistant cells as it did the parent cells. However, artificial lysis of the infected CM-resistant cells with chloroform or enzymes revealed no intracellular mature phage particles. Lysates of infected CM-resistant cells contained no phage-related antigenic materials which possessed serum-blocking power, although they were readily detected in lysates of infected parent cells. The CM-resistant cells were not lysogenized by the phage. Only cells resistant to more than 10 μg/ml of chloramphenicol were resistant to phage, and this threshold effect was taken as an indication of at least two different loci of chloramphenicol resistance on the streptococcal genome. Strains resistant to high levels of other antibiotics, such as streptomycin and erythromycin, showed no resistance to lysis by phage. Evidence indicated that the mutant cells were deficient in an essential function associated with the phage genome.
The Young Derrida and French Philosophy, 1945-1968

Introduction Part I. Derrida Post-Existentialist: 1. Humanist pretensions: Catholics, Communists and Sartre's struggle for existentialism in post-war France 2. Derrida's 'Christian' existentialism 3. Normalization: the Ecole Normale Superieure and Derrida's turn to Husserl 4. Genesis as a problem: Derrida reading Husserl 5. The God of mathematics: Derrida and the origin of geometry Part II. Between Phenomenology and Structuralism: 6. A history of differance 7. L'ambiguite du concours: the deconstruction of commentary and interpretation in Speech and Phenomena 8. The ends of man: reading and writing at the ENS Epilogue.
Video-assisted thoracic surgical procedures in children.

The general principles and current applications of pediatric video-assisted cardiothoracic surgery (PVACTS) are reviewed. The purpose of PVACTS is to improve surgical quality and precision in selected operations. In the 1990s PVACTS has expanded to include the management of a variety of pulmonary, mediastinal, and cardiac lesions. Currently, PVACTS is carried out using a video camera connected to a low-profile scope and a specialized set of surgical instruments. PVACTS is an accepted modality for the diagnosis (by biopsy) of pleuropulmonary and mediastinal disease, and the treatment of pediatric empyema, spontaneous pneumothorax, and mediastinal cysts. Diaphragmatic plication, repair of chylous leak, and ligation of collateral vessels have all been done using PVACTS. PVACTS patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) ligation and vascular ring repair are being successfully carried out in several institutions. The technique at The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia is described. Indications and techniques for PVACTS lobectomy and pneumonectomy are less well established. Suggested anecdotal methods are described. Cardioscopy carries the hope of improving intracardiac repair, and has been applied to several lesions. The future of PVACTS depends on the surgeon's willingness to master it, industry's willingness to customize instruments for pediatric use, and developments in the fields of virtual imaging and augmented reality.
Alkali metal ion exchange by the framework titanium silicate M2Ti2O3SiO4.nH2O (M = H, Na)

Abstract The ion-exchange properties of the titanium silicate, M 2 Ti 2 O 3 SiO 4 · n H 2 O (M=H,Na), towards alkali ions has been examined. Potentiometric titration of the highly crystalline phase in the proton form, H 2 Ti 2 O 3 (SiO 4 )·1.6H 2 O, showed a dependency of the exchange on the size and charge of the ion and the pH of the solution. It was found that the accessability of three different ion-exchange sites in the titanium silicate framework controls the uptake of ions: 100% of the total amount of the ion-exchange sites could be occupied at pH 12.5 by sodium and lithium ions, about 75% by potassium and rubidium ions and only 25% by cesium ion. The ion-exchange isotherms of alkali metal ions were determined and the corrected selectivity coefficients as a function of metal loading were analyzed. Sodium titanium silicate exhibits a high affinity for heavy alkali metals with the selectivity order Cs + >Rb + >K + . By studying the cesium and strontium uptake in the presence of NaNO 3 , CaCl 2 , NaOH, NaOH+KOH, and HNO 3 (in the range of 0.01–6 M) the titanium silicate was found to be an efficient Cs + ion exchanger in acid, neutral and alkaline media, which makes it promising for treatment of different types of nuclear waste and contaminated environmental and biological liquors.
Price asymmetry and marketing margin behavior: An example for California—Arizona citrus

The formal relationship between price asymmetry and marketing margins is derived and illustrated with a weekly analysis of prices and margins for fresh lemons and Navel oranges in four retail markets. In the short-run, retail prices and margins for both products were more responsive to f.o.b. price increases than they were to decreases, except for lemons in the Atlanta and Dallas markets and Navel oranges in the Atlanta market. Over time, retail price and margin adjustments to f.o.b. price changes appear to be symmetric with respect to price increases and decreases.
A new λ-chain gene

Abstract A total of six human λ-chain proteins have been found which possess three hitherto unreported constant region amino acid substitutions. The three variant residues are always found in association with the previously described Oz (−) and Kern (+) substitutions. λ-Chains containing the three variant replacements have also been demonstrated in the light chain fractions of IgG derived from pooled normal human serum and from the sera of each of four individuals. In addition, studies of monoclonal λ-chains have demonstrated that the variant constant region sequence is found in association with a specific variable region substitution. The results indicate that this isotypic λ-chain constant region is the product of a specific gene.
Developmental Basis of Vascular Smooth Muscle Diversity

The origins of vascular smooth muscle are far more diverse than previously thought. Lineage mapping studies show that the segmental organization of early vertebrate embryos leaves footprints on the adult vascular system in the form of a mosaic pattern of different smooth muscle types. Moreover, evolutionarily conserved tissue forming pathways produce vascular smooth muscle from a variety of unanticipated sources. A closer look at the diversity of smooth muscle origins in vascular development provides new perspectives about how blood vessels differ from one another and why they respond in disparate ways to common risk factors associated with vascular disease.
Remediation of methyl iodide in aqueous solution and soils amended with thiourea.

Methyl iodide (MeI) is considered a very promising fumigant alternative to methyl bromide (MeBr) for controlling soil-borne pests. Because atmospheric emission of highly volatile fumigants contributes to air pollution, feasible strategies to reduce emissions are urgently needed. In this study, thiourea (a nitrification inhibitor) was shown to accelerate the degradation of MeI in soil and water. In aqueous solution, the reaction between MeI and thiourea was independent of pH, although the rate of MeI hydrolysis increased in alkaline solution. Substantial increases in the rate of MeI dissipation were observed in thiourea-amended soils. Transformation of MeI by thiourea in aqueous solution was by a single chemical reaction process, while MeI degradation in thiourea-amended soil apparently involved a catalytic mechanism. The electron delocalization between the thiourea molecule and the surfaces of soil particles is energetically favorable and would increase the nucleophilic reactivity of the thiono group towa...
Corn response to conventional and slow-release nitrogen fertilizers across a claypan landscape.

Improvement ofN fertilizer recovery efficiency (NRE) is necessary to reduce excess N entering the environment and to increase economic returns. A 2-yr field trial was established in 2005 in Northeast Missouri to determine the effects of conventional and slow-release N fertilizer sources and landscape position (summit, sideslope, and low-lying) on crop growth and NRE in corn (Zea mays L.) in a claypan soil. Nitrogen fertilizer treatments at 168 kg N ha ―1 consisted of pre-plant applied and incorporated polymer-coated urea (PCU), urea, 50% PCU/50% urea mix by weight, anhydrous ammonia (AA), and a nontreated control. Gravimetric soil water content data in 2005 and 2006 indicated that the low-lying position was often wetter than the summit and sideslope positions. Anhydrous ammonia and PCU treatments increased grain yield 1470 to 1810 kg ha ―1 over urea in the low-lying position in 2005 and 2006. Corresponding increases in plant N uptake and NRE were observed in the low-lying position in 2005 with use of PCU and AA compared to urea, but not in 2006. Based on the grain yield results in this research and different fertilizer cost and crop prices, gross profit differences for use of PCU and preplant-applied AA compared with urea in the low-lying position could range from $50 to $642 ha ―1 . These results demonstrate that targeted use of different N fertilizer sources in claypan landscapes may increase grain yields and profitability.
Fetal sex identification and prenatal bonding.

This study explored the relation between expectant parents' knowledge of fetal sex and their attachment to their fetuses. During a routine 18-wk. prenatal visit, 126 expectant couples from an HMO population independently completed a background questionnaire and Fetal Attachment Scales of Cranky. During a routine 34-wk. obstetrical ultrasound examination those who chose to know were informed of the fetal sex. Total attachment scales were readministered during the 37th week. Parents' sex, knowledge of fetal sex, and the passage of time significantly affected attachment scores. Both parents' scores increased over time. Mothers' scores increased at a greater rate than the fathers'. Those parents who knew the fetal sex had significantly lower scores than those who did not. Whether the sex of the fetus was the preferred sex was nonsignificant. Results were derived from a double multivariate analysis of variance which controlled the within-couple and within-subject effects.
Characterization and Modeling of the Nonfaradaic Response of Ultrahigh Surface Area Carbon Fibers by Electrochemical Flow Injection Analysis

The ion partitioning properties of ultrahigh surface area carbon fibers (UHSACF's) have been studied using electrochemical flow injection analysis. Previous work has shown ion partitioning depends on the extent of fracture of the fiber and the charge and size of the analyte ion. We now show the polarizability of the partitioning species also plays an important role by comparing the response of electrochemically fractured fibers to monovalent inorganic cations, divalant inorganic cations, and a series of quaternary ammonium salts. Highly fractured fibers with capacitances >4000 μF/cm2 show a reduced selectivity but an order of magnitude enhanced sensitivity to positively charged ions. This is consistent with increased surface area and increased pore size as a result of the fracture process. Previously, a simultaneous faradaic and nonfaradaic response from K3Fe(CN)6 at a UHSACF was reported. Here we apply a simple Gaussian model that provides a qualitative basis for understanding the ion flow into and out o...
Responding to disaster in socio-technical systems

This paper investigates the cognitive and behavioral processes underlying efforts to respond to disaster within complex socio-technical systems. The main focus of this work is on understanding the impact of disaster severity on these processes. Data for the study are taken from after-action reports compiled by police department personnel who took part in response operations to the 11 September 2001 World Trade Center attacks and the 19 April 1995 Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building bombing. The results of this analysis show strong evidence that hypothesizing and observing are more commonly performed in low severity events while experimenting is more commonly performed in high severity events. Additionally, behavioral improvisations are more commonly performed in high severity events. Implications of this work for theory and practice are discussed.
Peanut Skins as a Feed Ingredient for Lactating Dairy Cows

Abstract Twenty lactating Jersey cows were offered a TMR containing 0, 8, 16, or 24% peanut skins (testa) to determine the effect of peanut skins and their tannin component on cow performance. Increased percentage of peanut skins in the diet increased DMI and milk and FCM yields quadratically and increased both milk and FCM per DMI linearly. Cows offered the 8% peanut skin diet had the highest DMI, but milk and FCM yields were highest for cows fed the 8 and 16% peanut skin diets. Milk yield was lower for cows fed the 24% versus 8 and 16% peanut skin diets but was greater than controls. Milk fat percentage improved quadratically, but milk protein percentage declined linearly as peanut skin content of the diet increased. Ruminal NH 3 declined linearly as dietary peanut skin content increased. Digestibility of CP, serum urea N, and urinary N to creatinine ratio also declined linearly with increasing dietary peanut skins, indicating that indigestible tannin-protein complexes were formed that reduced protein availability. Peanut skins can be used in diets for lactating cows; however, based on effects on protein metabolism, they should be limited to about 16% of the diet, and diets should exceed the recommended minimum CP content.
Toxicities of 2,2',4,4'- and 3,3',4,4-tetrachlorobiphenyls to house flies at different ages and enzyme levels.

Two tetrachlorobiphenyls (2,2′,4,4′-tetraCB and 3,3′,4,4′-tetraCB) had different effects on the longevity of adult female house flies (Musca domestica), depending on enzyme levels at dosing. Twenty-four-hour acute toxicities of the two tetrachlorobiphenyls were also compared with one trichlorobiphenyl (2,2′,5-triCB) at different enzyme levels. 2,2′,4,4′-tetraCB killed more than 90% of the flies within 12 h at the highest dose (1,667 ppm, μg/g); however, the toxicity of the moderate dose (1,250 ppm) was age-dependent and greater in 1- and 15-day-old flies and lower in 5-day-old flies. Daily mortality patterns of the lower doses (390 and 833 ppm) were similar to the control. LT50s (time for 50% death) were also different in different age groups at the moderate dose. The toxicity of 3,3′,4,4′-tetraCB was similar to the control in all age groups, with a slight increase in the early mortalities and a decrease in the LT50s at the highest (1,200 ppm) dose.
Appropriate Sample Sizes for Selecting a Population With the Largest Correlation Coefficient from Among k Bivariate Normal Populations

Bechhofer's (1954) procedure for selecting the population with the largest mean from among k normal populations with known variances is discussed as it applies to the problem of selecting the bivariate normal population with the largest correlation coefficient. Tables of appropriate sample sizes are provided and an example is discussed concerning their use in which one might wish to select the correct population at a specified probability level.
Free radical mechanism for phenylhydrazine action on the retractor unguis muscle of the grasshopper, Romalea microptera.

1. 1. When autoxidation was prevented by 10−4M ascorbate and EDTA, phenylhydrazine (10−3M) only slightly and reversibly diminished the neurally evoked contractions of the retractor unguis muscle of the grasshopper, Romalea microptera. 2. 2. When 10−3M phenylhydrazine solutions were in the course of oxidation, they completely and irreversibly abolished the contractile response, the excitatory postsynaptic potential, and the graded, electrically excited potential. The resting potential also was diminished. These effects were apparently induced by the free radical intermediates of oxidation. 3. 3. Once oxidation was completed, 10−4M phenylhydrazine potentiated the contractions. Benzene (5 × 10−5M), an oxidation product of phenylhydrazine, also induced potentiation. 4. 4. Action by phenylhydrazine in the course of oxidation was not selective for insect tissue, because contractions of a frog gastrocnemius preparation and a turtle heart preparation were abolished. 5. 5. The findings do not support the hypothesis that L-glutamic acid decarboxylase inactivates L-glutamate at the insect excitatory neuromuscular junctions.
Linear statistical model for growth in stature from birth to maturity.

A model for the physical growth of individual children from birth to adulthood is proposed which is linear in the model parameters. The advantages of linear over nonlinear models include the relative ease and costs of fitting the model to data of individuals and the fact that statistical methods are more readily available for analysis of parameters from linear models than for nonlinear models. The proposed linear model and the non-linear triple logistic model are both fit to the measured lengths of two boys and two girl followed from birth to 18 years of age.
Epidermal growth factor protects prostate cancer cells from apoptosis by inducing BAD phosphorylation via redundant signaling pathways.

Protection from apoptosis by receptor tyrosine kinases, resistant to the inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3 ′-kinase/Akt and Ras/MEK pathways, has been reported in several cell types, including fibroblasts and epithelial prostate cancer cells; however, mechanisms of this effect were not clear. Here we report that in prostate cancer cells, epidermal growth factor activates two antiapoptotic signaling pathways that impinge on the proapoptotic protein BAD. One signaling cascade operates via the Ras/MEK module and induces BAD phosphorylation on Ser112. Another pathway predominantly relies on Rac/PAK1 signaling that leads to BAD phosphorylation on Ser136. Each of these two pathways is sufficient to protect cells from apoptosis, and therefore both have to be inhibited simultaneously to block epidermal growth factor-dependent survival. Redundancy of antiapoptotic signaling pathways should be considered when therapies targeting antiapoptotic mechanisms are designed.
Stereospecific binding of etorphine in isolated neural cells and in retina, determined by a sensitive microassay.

After the first demonstration of stereospecific binding of levorphanol, a morphine congener, in brain tissuO, numerous reports were presented on differential binding of narcotic drugs in the presence of an agonist and its pharmacologically inactive enantiomer, e.g., levorphanol and dextrorphan. Stereospecific binding, reflecting interaction of narcotic drugs with opiate receptor, was described in various preparations from brain la,15,19 and in myenteric plexus of the guinea pig ileum 15, a tissue containing a dense neural network sensitive to narcotic drugs 11. Opiate receptor binding was apparently absent in non-neural tissuO 5. A study focusing on the phylogenetic distribution of opiate receptor binding 12 revealed abundant binding in brains of various vertebrates and the absence of such interaction in brain tissue of invertebrates. Recently, the effect of isolation techniques on opiate receptor binding in neuronal and glial fractions from brain was investigated 2. In the present report the cellular differentiation of opiate receptor binding in brain was determined by measuring stereospecific interaction with etorphine, the most potent morphine-like analgesic, in isolated neuronal and glial cells. Stereospecific binding was also investigated in retina, a CNS tissue containing several specialized types of neurons with no reported sensitivity towards narcotic drugs. A separate goal of this study was to re-evaluate and optimize experimental conditions for determining stereospecific binding of narcotic drugs in small amounts of biological material. In view of the recent evidence for an endogenous opioid peptide, present at low concentration in brain 4,~° and the pituitary 2°, the availability of a sensitive microassay for opiate receptor binding becomes of particular interest. Neuronal perikarya and the glial cell fraction were prepared as described previously 7-9, according to the method of Sellinger et al. is, from cortices of 18-20-dayold, male, Sprague-Dawley rats. The procedure avoids exposure of the tissue to histolytic enzymes and accomplishes tissue disintegration by mechanical disruption using nylon cloths of decreasing pole sizes. The cellular fractions are subsequently
Sensitivity of EMG-EMG coherence to detect the common oscillatory drive to hand muscles in young and older adults

Multichannel surface electromyograms (EMGs) were used to examine the sensitivity of EMG-EMG coherence to infer changes in common oscillatory drive to hand muscles in young and older adults. Previou...
Guiding future research on the Madden‐Julian Oscillation

Much as the recurrent variations of the El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) affect climate and drive strong interannual variability across the planet, the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO)—a months-long, semireliable cycle—affects everything from the Indian monsoon to Pacific hurricanes to North American snowfall. Unlike the better known ENSO, which is seen primarily as an interannual oscillation in equatorial Pacific Ocean surface ocean temperatures, MJO is characterized by a transient cycle in Indian Ocean and western Pacific atmospheric behavior—a semiregular shift in tropical convection and large-scale atmospheric circulation patterns.
Approximation of functions with a positive derivative

The proof of Theorem (2.1) will follow by a lemma of Tzimbhlario [8] which modifies a theorem of Kadec [2] involving the location of the deviation points in Chebyshev approximation, and by a theorem of Bernstein [l] involving lower bounds for the degree of approximation of certain functions. The following lemma is stated by Tzimbalario [8]. Since it is not proven in [8], we will provide a brief sketch of the proof which is an easy modification of a proof of a theorem of Kadec [2].
Development of an Instrument to Assess Predisposing, Enabling, and Reinforcing Constructs Associated with Fat Intake Behaviors of Low-Income Mothers

Abstract Objective To establish reliability and construct and discriminant validity of selected factors adapted from the Health and Taste Attitudes Questionnaire developed in Finland and the Food Choice Questionnaire developed in England for use with low-income mothers in the United States. Design Cross-sectional. Setting Head Start and the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children sites in south-central Wisconsin. Participants A convenience sample of 211 nonpregnant non-Hispanic black and white women. Variables Measured Predisposing, enabling, and reinforcing constructs of the PRECEDE-PROCEED model. Analysis Factor analyses. Results After modification, the resulting measurement models of predisposing, enabling, and reinforcing constructs demonstrated good reliability and construct and discriminant validity. These models showed excellent model fit (χ 2 / df range 1.5–2.0, root mean square error of approximate range .05–.07, non-normed fit index range .97–1.0, comparative fit index range .98–1.0, incremental fit index range .98–1.0), with all factor loadings significant ( P Conclusion and Implication This modified instrument provides a tool for researchers and educators to further explore factors affecting fat intake behaviors in low-income mothers.
Chemical Modification of Deoxycytidine at Different Sites Yields Adducts of Different Stabilities: Characterization ofN3- andO2-Deoxycytidine andN3-Deoxyuridine Adducts of Butadiene Monoxide

Eight adducts were characterized from the reaction of deoxycytidine with the chemical carcinogen, butadiene monoxide (BM). They were identified as diastereomeric pairs of N3-(2-hydroxy-3-buten-1-yl)deoxycytidine, N3-(2-hydroxy-3-buten-1-yl)deoxyuridine, N3-(1-hydroxy-3-buten-2-yl)deoxyuridine, and O2-(2-hydroxy-3-buten-1-yl)deoxycytidine based on UV spectra, 1H NMR, FAB/MS, and stability studies. The N3-(2-hydroxy-3-buten-1-yl)deoxycytidine adducts were unstable at pH 7.4, 37 degrees C, and deaminated to the corresponding N3-deoxyuridine adducts with half-lives of 2.3 and 2.5 h. The N3-(1-hydroxy-3-buten-2-yl)deoxycytidine diastereomers were not detected, apparently because of faster rates of deamination compared to the N3-(2-hydroxy-3-buten-1-yl)deoxycytidine adducts. The corresponding four N3-deoxyuridine adducts were stable for up to 168 h. The O2-deoxycytidine adducts were unstable and decomposed with a half-life of 11 h. The N3-(2-hydroxy-3-buten-1-yl)deoxycytidine adducts were initially the major adducts formed upon reaction of deoxycytidine with BM at 37 degrees C in phosphate buffer (pH 7.4), but the corresponding N3-deoxyuridine adducts showed a lag in formation due to the time needed for deamination. The N3-(1-hydroxy-3-buten-2-yl)deoxyuridine and O2-deoxycytidine adducts had linear formation rates, but were formed to a lesser extent. Heating the reaction mixture at 80 degrees C for 1 h converted all N3-deoxycytidine adducts to the stable N3-deoxyuridine adducts. Incubation of deoxycytidine with an excess of BM at pH 7.4, 37 degrees C, followed by the extraction and heating steps allowed calculation of the pseudo-first-order kinetic rate constants for the four uridine adducts. If the heating step was eliminated, then the pseudo-first-order kinetic rate constants could be calculated for the N3-(2-hydroxy-3-buten-1-yl)deoxycytidine and O2-(2-hydroxy-3-buten-1-yl)deoxycytidine adducts. The rate constants for N3-(2-hydroxy-3-buten1-yl)deoxycytidine and the corresponding N3-(2-hydroxy-3-buten-1-yl)deoxyuridine were five- to sixfold the rate constants for the N3-(1-hydroxy-3-buten-2-yl)deoxyuridine and O2-(2-hydroxy-3-buten-1-yl)deoxycytidine adducts. Thus, the results show that the reaction of deoxycytidine with BM yields adducts at different sites with different rates of formation and stabilities. Understanding the chemical interactions of deoxycytidine with BM and the stability of the various adducts may contribute to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of mutagenesis and carcinogenesis of BM and the development of useful biomarkers of exposure.
Ethnomedical Implications of Wierzbicka’s Theory and Method

Pain is a biological and subjective phenomenon. Clear understanding of its features is essential. Wierzbicka’s analysis accomplishes this. This comment discusses the relevance of her approach for the study of early evolution of medicine. The comment has six parts: (a) Wierzbicka’s theory and method; (b) its application to pain; (c) relevance of pain for the study of ethnomedicine, the cultural understanding of sickness and healing; (d) significance of natural semantic metalanguage (NSM) for understanding the evolution of human thought and behavior; (e) relevance of NSM for studying biological and cultural evolution of early medicine; and (f) summary and conclusion.
Cultural adaptation and implementation of evidence-based parent-training: A systematic review and critique of guiding evidence

With advances in knowledge regarding efficacious evidence-based interventions, there have been significant attempts to culturally adapt, implement, and disseminate parent training interventions broadly, especially across ethnic and cultural groups. We sought to examine the extent to which researchers and developers of evidence-based parent training programs have used cultural adaptation models, tested implementation strategies, and evaluated implementation outcomes when integrating the interventions into routine care by conducting a systematic review of the literature for four evidence-based parent training interventions: Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT), The Incredible Years (IY), Parent Management Training-Oregon Model (PMTO™), and the Positive Parenting Program (Triple P). A total of 610 articles across the four programs were identified. Of those, only eight documented a rigorous cultural adaptation process, and only two sought to test the effectiveness of implementation strategies by using rigorous research designs. Our findings suggest that there is much work to be done to move parent-training intervention research towards a more rigorous examination of cultural adaptation and implementation practices.
Whose Life? Whose Body? Sovereignty and the Early Modern Subject in Radicati's Philosophical Dissertation upon Death

This essay examines the contemporary debate on suicide and euthanasia through a controversial pamphlet written in London in 1732 by the Italian philosopher, Alberto Radicati di Passerano. In Radicati’s Philosophical Dissertation upon Death, suicide is defended as an act of individual freedom against royal and religious attempts to control citizen’s self-determination. By drawing from Montesquieu and the English deists, and connecting with the ancient genre of the care of the self, Radicati advocates the sovereignty of the self over traditional sovereign power. Foucault and Agamben provide the theoretical lens to this reading, particularly in their discussion of early modern power over the body of the individual and the body of the population. The following reading examines the shift from mercantilist to industrial capitalism that witnessed an increase in suicide rates all over England, where Radicati was writing at the time.
Transient expression of a ventricular myosin heavy chain isoform in developing chicken intrafusal muscle fibers

Sections of chicken tibialis anterior and extensor digitorium longus muscles were incubated with monoclonal antibodies against myosin heavy chains (MHC). Ventricular myosin was present in developing secondary intrafusal myotubes when they were first recognized at embryonic days (E) 13–14, and in developing extrafusal fibers prior to that date. The reaction in intrafusal fibers began to fade at E17, and in 2-week-old postnatal and older muscles the isoform was no longer recognized. Only those intrafusal fibers which also reacted with a monoclonal antibody against atrial and slow myosin contained ventricular MHC. Intrafusal myotubes which developed into fast fibers did not express the isoform. Hence, based on the presence or absence of ventricular MHC, two lineages of intrafusal fiber are evident early in development. Strong immunostaining for ventricular MHC was observed in primary extrafusal myotubes at E10, but the isoform was already downregulated at E14, when secondary intrafusal myotubes were still forming and expressed ventricular MHC. Only light to moderate and transient immunostaining was observed in coexisting secondary extrafusal myotubes, most of which developed into fast fibers. Thus at the time when nascent muscle spindles are first recognized, differences in MHC profiles already exist between prospective intrafusal and extrafusal fibers. If intrafusal fibers stem from a pool of primordial muscle cells, which is common to intrafusal and extrafusal myotubes, they diverged from it some time prior to E13.
Some aspects of optimization of an invasive microwave antenna for local hyperthermia treatment of cancer

Hyperthermia has emerged as a promising alternative or adjunct to other forms of cancer therapy. In order to utilize hyperthermia in very localized volumes immersed in regions of vital normal tissue, an invasive microwave coaxial monopole antenna has been developed. An experimental approach has been taken to characterize and optimize the electromagnetic properties and heating capabilities of bare and insulated antennas imbedded in tissue equivalent phantoms and dog brain. Four methods have been used to visualize the thermal profiles of the microwave probes: the liquid crystal technique, the gelatin technique, and the direct measurement of temperature with thermistor probes in phantom and dog brain. Among the parameters studied are: antenna impedance, insertion depth, antenna insulation (dielectric constant and thickness), shaft insulation, and frequency.
RESPONSE: A BIOSOCIAL FRAMEWORK FOR STUDYING COGNITIVE SEX DIFFERENCES

The diversity of opinion and approaches exemplified by the articles in this special issue attest to the need for an organizing framework for studying cognitive sex differences. Any such framework must allow for a consideration of cognitive sex differences from multiple levels, ranging from broad evolutionary and cultural influences at the most general level, to differences in the ways in which males and females approach individual items on cognitive tasks at the most specific level. In the first section below, a conceptual framework for considering evolutionary and cultural influences on sex differences in cognition is presented. The second section provides a suggestion for examining more task specific sex differences, EVOLUTION, CULTURE, AND COGNITIVE SEX DIFFERENCES One approach to studying children’s cognition might also prove to be useful in the study of cognitive sex differences (Geary 1995 in press). With this approach, cognitive abilities are conceptualized as being biologically-primary or biologically-secondary. Biologically-primary cognitive abilities are those that have been directly shaped by evolutionary pressures, that is, by means of either natural or sexual selection. Primary abilities, such as language, are found pan culturally, appear to be supported by a neurobiological architecture that is designed to process domain-specific information (e.g., processing language sounds), and develop
Steady shearing in a viscoplastic solid

Abstract S teady shearing solutions are found as quadratures within the context of a simple theory of viscoplasticity, which includes thermal softening and heat conduction. The solutions are illustrated by numerical examples for four commonly used versions of viscoplasticity, where each version has first been calibrated against the same hypothetical data set. It is found that, although they all predict qualitatively similar morphology, the four flow laws give results that differ in detail and one in particular differs substantially from the other three at the more extreme conditions. Although definitive data do not exist, there appears to be rough agreement with physical measurements of adiabatic shear bands. The conjecture is made that steady solutions correspond to central boundary layers for the full unsteady theory.
1569 AMINOGLYCOSIDE NEPHROTOXICITY IN THE NEONATE

Nephrotoxicity due to aminoglycosides is infrequently recognized in the neonate, in part because aminoglycosides may cause subtle increases in serum creatinine that are superimposed upon a postnatal decline in serum creatinine and rise in creatinine clearance. The present study was designed to evaluate changes in renal function in infants receiving either mezlocillin or the aminoglycoside amikacin + ampicillin for presumed neonatal sepsis. 113 neonates were randomly allocated to either mezlocillin or ampicillin + amikacin in a controlled study. There were no significant differences between groups in clinical condition, number (58 vs. 55), gestational age (30.5 vs. 30.8 weeks), birthweight (1490 vs. 1509 grams), duration of therapy (6.2 vs. 5.8 days), or baseline creatinine clearance (0.50 vs. 0.52 ml/min), fractional excretion of sodium (3.1 vs. 3.2%), and urinary excretion of the enzymes alanine aminopeptidase (AAP), lysozyme (Lys), and NAG, expressed as units per milligram of urinary creatinine. On the final day of therapy there were no differences between mezlocillin and ampicillin + amikacin groups in fractional excretion of sodium, urinary activities of AAP, Lys, and NAG, or clinical status. However, creatinine clearance/kg significantly increased by 30% in mezlocillin treated infants (p <.001) but only by 8.6% in the ampicillin + amikacin treated infants (p NS) In summary, amikacin therapy in neonates appears to be associated with nephrotoxicity as demonstrated by a diminished postnatal rise in creatinine clearance.
Cenozoic structural segmentation of the Transantarctic Mountains rift flank in southern Victoria Land

Abstract The Transantarctic Mountains (TAM) rift flank in southern Victoria Land is offset across the transverse Discovery accommodation zone. The Discovery accommodation zone is characterized by two discrete structural blocks bounded by west–northwest-trending lineaments interpreted to mark transfer faults. North–northeast-trending lineaments are interpreted to mark the main longitudinal normal fault zone of the TAM front, which steps progressively eastward from south to north across the transfer faults. Sinistral-shear displacement along the transfer faults accommodates changes in the magnitude of extensional transport in the offset rift-flank structural blocks. Correlation with offshore structures indicates that the Discovery accommodation zone is a regional feature of the Ross Embayment rift system as well as the TAM rift flank. Neogene volcanism in the Erebus Volcanic Province was focused regionally within the Discovery accommodation zone and was localized along transverse structures crossing the zone. Transverse structures of the accommodation zone channeled glacial drainage, and possibly older fluvial drainage, across the rift flank. There appears to have been a unique interplay between developing structural, volcanic, sedimentary and glacial features during the Cenozoic evolution of the TAM rift flank within the Discovery accommodation zone.
Tests of the conditioned reinforcement value of sequential stimuli in pigeons

Egger and Miller (1962) hypothesized that the conditioned reinforcing value of stimuli depends on their information value. Egger and Miller and others have tested this hypothesis by comparing the conditioned reinforcing value of S1 and S2 following S1-S2-reward training. However, none of these experiments have controlled for differential generalization of conditioned reinforcement value from training to comparison tests. That is, the S1 cue pattern during the conditioned reinforcement tests has been very similar to the S1 cue pattern of training, while the training and test S2 cue patterns have been quite dissimilar. In Experiment 1, pigeons in a procedure unconfounded by differential generalization produced S2 reliably more frequently than S1, and pigeons in a confounded procedure produced S1 somewhat more frequently than S2. A significant groups × stimuli interaction was attributed to differential stimulus generalization from training to test for S1 and S2 in the confounded condition. In Experiment 2, pigeons in an unconfounded procedure again produced S2 reliably more frequently under a different testing procedure. The results are interpreted as demonstrating that, following S1-S2-food training trials, S2 is the more effective conditioned reinforcer in unconfounded conditions. A reconceptualization of the information hypothesis is shown to be consistent with these results.
Evaluation of Niobi-X filtration in intraoral radiology.

Abstract This investigation studied the effect of adding niobium filtration to the dental x-ray beam assessing reduction in patient x-ray exposure and changes in image quality. Clinical radiographs were made with the use of D- or E-speed film with either aluminum or aluminum plus 25 μm or 30 μm of added niobium filtration. Similar exposures were made on a head phantom, measuring the absorbed dose to radiosensitive sites in the head and neck. Results indicated that the addition of 25 μm or 30 μm of niobium filtration does not significantly degrade the subjective image quality of diagnostic radiographs when D-speed film is used. With E-speed film, however, the addition of niobium filtration significantly degrades the diagnostic image quality. The addition of niobium filtration results in a 20% to 30% reduction in patient dose. We conclude that the use of niobium filtration with D-speed dental film is a positive contribution to patient care.
Assessing the relationship between affective responsivity and social interaction in children with pervasive developmental disorder.

An investigation of children with pervasive developmental disorder (PDD) was conducted using a new instrument, the Kiddie-Infant Descriptive Instrument for Emotional State (KIDIES). The KIDIES rates several affective and behavioral dimensions based on facial, vocal, gestural, and postural cues. The study's goals were to determine whether the KIDIES could detect individual differences in responsivity among the PDD subjects; to ascertain the KIDIES' sensitivity in identifying group differences between PDD subjects and control children with other developmental disorders. Children were videotaped during episodes with three partners: the mother, a familiar female teacher, an unfamiliar male doctor. Episodes were scored using the KIDIES. PDD subjects were most severely impaired during the Mother episode in comparison to the controls. Equally as striking was the within-episode heterogeneity among PDD subjects. During the Teacher episode, PDD subjects were twice as variable in interpersonal response as the controls.
Dyspepsia: initial evaluation and treatment.

Objective To provide recommendations for the initial evaluation and management of dyspepsia. Data Sources Articles identified through a MEDLINE search for human studies published in English between 1966 and June 2001, using the primary search term dyspepsia and the secondary search terms diagnosis, complications, and treatment, textbooks with information on the diagnosis and management of gastrointestinal (GI) disorders; and bibliographies of retrieved publications and textbooks. Study Selection Articles that focused on dyspepsia as well as factors suggestive of more complicated GI disorders that would require pharmacists to refer patients to a physician. Data Extraction Performed by the author manually. Data Synthesis Functional dyspepsia (i.e., upset stomach or indigestion with no identifiable lesion) is a common complaint that may be relieved by medications, including antacids, histamine 2 -receptor antagonists, proton pump inhibitors, and promotility agents. However, therapy should not mask important warning signs and symptoms of more complicated diseases, as that could delay both diagnosis and more definitive treatment. Peptic ulcer disease and gastroesophageal reflux disease each account for about 20% of patients presenting with dyspepsia. Gastric cancer is an important disease to consider in the differential diagnosis of dyspepsia in patients older than 45 years, especially elderly patients (65 years and older). Conclusion Nonprescription medications can relieve functional dyspepsia, but pharmacists must be aware of common features of diseases that require patient referral to a physician for further evaluation.
Erratum: “Crystallization kinetics of BaO–Al2O3–SiO2 glasses”. [J. Mater. Res. 4, 1257 (1989)]

Due to an error in compiling the data, the crystallization peak temperature (Tp) values for glass B listed in Table III of this article are incorrect. The correct values are shown below.
Performance and design study of a directional scintillating fiber detector for 14-MeV neutrons using GEANT

A directional scintillating fiber detector for 14-MeV neutrons was simulated using the GEANT4 Monte Carlo simulation tool. Detail design aspects of a prototype 14 MeV neutron fiber detector under development were used in the simulation to assess performance and design features of the detector. Saint-Gobain produced, BCF-12, plastic fiber material was used in the prototype development. The fiber consists of a core scintillating material of polystyrene with 0.48 mm × 0.48 mm dimension and an acrylic outer cladding of 0.02 mm thickness. A total of 64 square fibers, each with a cross-sectional area of 0.25 mm2 and length of 100 mm were positioned parallel to each other with a spacing of 2.3 mm (fiber pitch) in the tracking of 14-MeV neutron induced recoil proton (n-p) events. Neutron induced recoil proton events, resulting energy deposition in two collinear fibers, were used in reconstructing a two dimensional (2D) direction of incident neutrons. Blurring of recoil protons signal in measurements was also considered to account uncertainty in direction reconstruction. Reconstructed direction has a limiting angular resolution of 3° due to fiber dimension. Blurring the recoil proton energy resulted in further broadening of the reconstructed direction and the angular resolution was 20°. These values were determined when incident neutron beam makes an angle of 45 degree relative to the front surface of the detector. Comparable values were obtained at other angles of incidence. Results from the present simulation have demonstrated promising directional sensitivity of the scintillating fiber detector under development.
Overview and pathogenesis of celiac disease

Celiac disease is characterized by small intestinal mucosal injury and nutrient malabsorption in genetically susceptible individuals following the dietary ingestion of “gluten.” The pathogenesis of disease involves interactions between environmental, genetic, and immunologic factors. 1 This brief overview of celiac disease and its pathogenesis is designed to place this disease, and current views of its pathogenesis, in a context appropriate for further consideration within the framework of questions being posed by the NIH Consensus Conference on Celiac Disease. Pathology and Clinical Symptoms First, a brief overview of disease pathology and clinical symptoms. The luminal surface of a small intestinal mucosal biopsy specimen from a healthy subject and an individual with celiac disease with total villous atrophy, as viewed through a dissecting microscope, are shown in Figure 1A and 1B, respectively. The normal biopsy specimen shows abundant villi (looking much like the shag household carpets of a prior era), whereas the biopsy specimen from the patient with celiac disease shows a complete loss of villi, with a flat mucosal surface accentuated by ridges and numerous openings of the crypts onto the luminal surface. Microscopic analysis of a normal H&E-stained, small intestinal mucosal biopsy specimen is shown in Figure 1C. Characteristic features include tall villi lined by a single layer of columnar epithelial cells with basally oriented nuclei, a “smattering” of intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) occurring at a ratio of approximately 1 per 6 –10 epithelial cells, a normal complement of lymphocytes and plasma cells in the lamina propria consistent with the normal “physiologic inflammation” of the small intestine, and a villous to crypt ratio of 4 –5:1. Contrast that biopsy specimen with the biopsy specimen from a celiac disease patient with total villous atrophy as shown in Figure 1D. The latter reveals a complete loss of villi, markedly abnormal squamoid surface epithelial cells, an increase in intraepithelial lymphocytes, a chronic lymphocyte and plasma cell infiltrate in the lamina propria, and marked crypt hyperplasia with increased crypt mitoses. The pathology shown in this celiac biopsy specimen reflects the more severe end of the pathologic spectrum of disease, which, as indicated in Figure 2, can vary markedly among affected individuals. Just as the pathology can vary markedly among patients, so can the spectrum of clinical symptoms, which can range from severe to subtle (Figure 3). The proportion of individuals presenting with more dramatic symptoms of diarrhea, severe weight loss, and malnutrition is decreasing when compared with those presenting with mild or minimal symptoms or asymptomatic individuals in which disease is discovered only when investigating nongastrointestinal symptoms, for example, iron deficiency anemia or osteopenia. 2 A more detailed explanation of the clinical presentation of celiac disease in children and adults is presented in later articles in this series. Pathogenesis of Celiac Disease