cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Prophetic Letter of Support for Senator Kamala Harris: Beware of Trolls, Bullies, and Miscreants

This paper explores the possibility (in August 2020) that Senator Kamala Harris will be the target of bullying and harassment as she campaigns for the vice presidency. Her experiences align with so many other women of color who are bullied in the press.
My Early Collaboration with Bill Goddard

In 1962, I struck up a collaboration with Bill Goddard and several solid-state physics labs to do a systematic study of the properties of metal-semiconductor junctions. These structures are ubiquitous in semiconductor devices and are central to their operation. Understanding them is at the boundary of Physics and Chemistry.
Contact-free screening for obstructive sleep apnea: comfort, especially in a physically distanced brave new world.

Citation:Chavoshan B, Dungan G, Liu PY. Contact-free screening for obstructive sleep apnea: comfort, especially in a physically distanced brave new world. J Clin Sleep Med. 2021;17(5):873–874.
The Stanford Open Policing Project: An Interview with Professor Cheryl Phillips

Cheryl Phillips is the co-founder of the Stanford Open Policing Project, which is a cross-departmental effort to collect policing data to evaluate racial disparities within the system. She has been teaching journalism at Stanford since 2014. Phillips is also a founding member of the California Civic Data Coalition, a group that aims to make California campaign finance data accessible, and most recently, she founded Big Local News. Before coming to Stanford, Phillips worked at The Seattle Times for 12 years as both an investigative reporter and editor. She was involved in the Pulitzer Prize-winning coverage of a landslide that killed 43 people in 2014. She also was the sole editor in the newsroom when four police officers were shot at a coffee shop, and she was involved in coverage of the event that won a Pulitzer Prize in 2009. Additionally, Phillips has twice been on teams that were Pulitzer finalists. She also served on the board of Investigative Reporters and Editors for 10 years, and she is a former board president. Phillips also worked at USA Today and newspapers in Michigan, Montana, and Texas.
Vom Call Center zum Customer Contact Center: Multimediale Zukunft

Am Beginn des 21. Jahrhunderts verandert sich kein Segment unseres Lebens so schnell und umfassend wie die personliche Kommunikation. Das Call Center wird als effizientes Servicemedium, das Mensch und Technologie intelligent miteinander verknupft, auch in Zukunft eine strategisch entscheidende Rolle spielen.
Complexity theory as a new lens for digital social advocacy

Abstract This study uses the principles of complexity theory to interrogate how communicators for advocacy organizations facilitate discussions and plan for strategic long-term relationship building on social media. Through 25 semi-structured interviews with advocacy communicators, we offer a deeper understanding of how theory, pedagogy, and practice can all best consider the impact of concepts like fluid boundaries, nonlinearity, emergence, diversity, and interdependence in digital social advocacy communication. We conclude by discussing why and how communicators should focus not just on the present imperatives, but also the impact of the past and the needs of the future in relationship building in digital spaces, including a new theoretical subset of nonlinearity called eternal return. Complexity theory provides insight for how to think in an interdependent way about strategic use and theoretical development of social media, creating moments of current engagement and a space for future resources. Practical and pedagogical implications are discussed.
TIBIAL PHYSEAL RESPECTING TUNNEL DRILLING TECHNIQUE FOR ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT RECONSTRUCTION IN SKELETALLY IMMATURE ATHLETES

Background:ACL reconstruction is common in young patients.Hypothesis/Purpose:To report outcomes of a novel tibial drilling technique using an inside-out socket drilling method, with a drill pin and...
Sirtuin 6 is Reduced in Alzheimer’s Disease (5101)

Objective: To investigate sirtuin 6 in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Background: Increasing evidence indicates that sirtuins have neuroprotective effects in regulating oxidative stress and energy metabolism, both of which are involved in the pathogenesis of AD. However, it is unclear whether Sirt6 is associated with cognitive performance and pathological changes in AD. Design/Methods: We conducted a case-control study of the postmortem brains of AD (n= 16), mild cognitive impairment (n= 11) and age- and education-matched cognitively normal (CN, n= 11) subjects. We measured the protein levels of Sirtuins (Sirt1, Sirt 2, Sirt4, Sirt5, Sirt6, and Sirt7), and assessed its association with cognitive performance and AD pathology, its association with synaptic proteins (postsynaptic density 95 (PSD95) and Synapsin 1) and nucleus signal molecules (phosphor AMP activated protein kinase (pAMPK) and nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF1)). Results: Sirt6 level was reduced in the middle temporal gyrus of AD subjects compared to that of CN. This reduction was associated with severity of tau pathology (Tangle score), and poorer cognitive performance (MMSE, Mattis DRS score, and Stroop word). Furthermore, Sirt6 was associated with synaptic proteins and nucleus signal molecules. Conclusions: These data suggest that Sirt6 is downregulated in the postmortem brains of AD. Sirt6 decline was associated with cognition dysfunction and synapse loss. Sirt6 may play a critical role in pathogenesis of AD. Disclosure: Dr. Shi has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for Roche. Dr. Yin has nothing to disclose.
Reward Training: Methods and Data

Reward training may be summarized by the equation $$S:R \to S^V$$ which designates that a specified response (R) performed in a given stimulus situation (S) results in presentation of a stimulus that is currently valued by the animal (Sv). Thorndike’s (1898) experiment in which hungry cats pulled a loop in a box to gain access to food illustrates one variety of reward training in which Sv is an appetitive stimulus. Non-appetitive forms of Sv include periods of freedom from an aversive stimulus (i.e., “escape training”), certain classes of exteroceptive stimuli (e.g., a change in ambient illumination level for rats), stimulus conditions which allow certain responses to be performed (e.g., presentation of a manipulable puzzle to monkeys), direct stimulation of certain brain areas (e.g., electrical stimulation of the hypothalamus), and classically conditioned stimuli previously paired with Sv (i.e., “conditioned reinforcement” training). When the parameters of training are properly arranged, an occurrence of S:R → Sv results in increased likelihood that R will occur when the animal subsequently encounters S. It is this result which is summarized in the Empirical Law of Effect (Chapter 1).
Fine Needle Injection Therapy

Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) has revolutionized many of the current diagnostic and treatment algorithms for patients with neoplastic lesions. The power of EUS is that it is a minimally invasive modality with the ability to provide real-time, high resolution imaging, in close proximity to organs, thus allowing for image-guided intervention. EUS allows us to utilize novel therapies by a minimally invasive approach to lesions that have traditionally required more invasive (i.e., surgical) or high risk (i.e., percutanous) routes. This paper discusses the invaluable role of EUS-guided fine-needle injection (EUS-FNI) therapy.
Distributing a model-based executive for robot teams

This paper presents a way to command a system of systems robustly as a single entity. Instead of modeling each component system in isolation and then manually crafting interaction protocols, this approach starts with a model of the collective population as a single system. By compiling the model into separate elements for each component system and utilizing a teamwork model for coordination, it circumvents the complexities of manually crafting robust interaction protocols. The resulting system is both globally responsive by virtue of a team oriented interaction model and locally responsive by virtue of a distributed approach to model-based fault detection, isolation, and recovery.
Sediranje in analgezija za endoskopske preiskave prebavil pri otrocih

Different sedation or anesthesia protocols are available to enable gastrointestinal endoscopic examinations in children. None is optimal. Sedation is organized according to the medical system, resources and the availability of personnel and medication (sedatives, anesthetics, analgesics). If anesthesiologist’s sedation teams for children are not available, strong evidence supports sedation safety and efficiency when it is performed by specially educated non-anesthesiologists and registered nurses. This review is a brief synthesis of main guidelines and position papers of procedural sedation in children and, when unavailable, in adults, who are eligible for pediatric gastrointestinal endoscopy sedation by non-anesthesiologist. Published data are supplemented by clinical experience and the findings of author’s research on ketamine sedation. Other established sedative combinations are benzodiazepine and opioid or propofol as a sole agent or in combination with analgesics. Special stress is given on a proper choice of the sedation protocol for specific examination or procedure in accordance with institution’s policy. Whole endoscopic team has to be engaged in the implementation of new evidence and continuous education to achieve the highest possible safety and quality standards.
Method for the determination of diphenhydramine in rabbit whole blood by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with ultraviolet (UV) detection in conjunction with gas chromatography (GC) with mass selective detection (MSD).

An HPLC/GC-MSD method for the determination of diphenhydramine in rabbit whole blood has been developed and validated. This method is based on a liquid–liquid extraction and reversed-phase Chromatography with ultraviolet absorbance detection monitored at 258 nm. HPLC eluant fractions containing diphenhydramine and the internal standard, orphenadrine, were collected, reex-tracted, then subjected to GC-MSD analysis. Whole blood was utilized, thereby decreasing the required sample volume and increasing the sensitivity of the assay. Diphenhydramine concentrations can be quantitated over a range of 1 to 1000 ng/ml whole blood.
Pilot Perception and Use of ADS-B In Traffic and Weather Services (TIS-B and FIS-B)

This project was funded by the U.S. Department of Transportation - Federal Aviation Administration through the Consortium in Aviation Operations Research (NEXTOR II) Center of Excellence.
Islands-in-the-City: Berlin's urban fragments

This essay examines a series of publications by Rem Koolhaas that de-naturalise the metropolitan growth presumed by the authors of many modern architectural books. In 1977, Koolhaas joined Oswald Matthias Ungers at the Berlin Summer Academy for Architecture, held at Cornell University. The following year, they published the results of the Academy in a special volume, entitled ‘The City Within the City: Berlin as Green Archipelago’, containing plans to reconfigure Berlin as what Ungers labelled ‘islands-in-the-city’. In this green archipelago, depopulation and urban flight were taken as facts of city life in the late-twentieth century, not as problems to be fought. Koolhaas, Ungers and their colleagues proposed that cities should work with these tendencies rather than against them, and take measures to ensure that cities retained their most essential metropolitan qualities. To that end, they planned to identify and emphasise Berlin's ‘urban islands’, those areas that had remained vital and vibrant, allowin...
The effect of cycloheximide on hepatic RNA synthesis and nucleolar size in rats force-fed a threonine-devoid diet.

Young rats were force-fed a complete or threonine-devoid diet for 3 days. On the fourth morning, rats of each group were injected intraperitoneally with cycloheximide (150 mug/100 g body weight) or saline with [6-14C]orotic acid 30 minutes later, 2 hours before killing. Incorporation of [6-14C]orotic acid into hepatic RNA fractions (whole homogenate, postmitochondrial supernatant, microsomes, ribosomes, nuclei and soluble) revealed elevated levels (cpm/mg RNA) in rats force-fed the threoninedevoid diet in comparison to those of rats force-fed the complete diet. However, treatment with cycloheximide decreased the incroporation of [6-14C]orotic acid into the hepatic RNA fractions of the rats force-fed the threonine-devoid diet to levels that were similar to those in rats force-fed the complete diet with or without cycloheximide treatment. Studies dealing with nucleoli isolated by sucrose gradients from livers of control and experimental rats revealed heavier nucleoli and more radioactive labeled RNA in nucleoli ([6-14C]orotic acid administered 30 minutes before killing) of rats force-fed the threonine-devoid diet than in those force-fed the complete diet for 3 days. Treatment with cycloheximide decreased the elevated incorporation in the experimental rats. Also, electron microscopic studies revealed that after cycloheximide treatment, the enlarged hepatic nucleoli of the experimental rats became smaller and returned to a more normal pattern, as found in the control rats. The studies suggest that active hepatic protein synthesis is involved in the increased hepatic RNA synthesis in rats force-fed the threonine-devoid diet and that following inhibition of protein synthesis, as induced by cycloheximide, there is a rapid inhibition of the accelerated hepatic RNA synthesis observed in rats force-fed the threonine-devoid diet with a rapid reversal toward a normal level, i.e. toward that found in control rats.
Hippocampal surface deformation accuracy in T1-weighted volumetric MRI sequences in subjects with epilepsy.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE To demonstrate the accuracy across different acquisition and analysis methods, we evaluated the variability in hippocampal volumetric and surface displacement measurements resulting from two different MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) acquisition protocols. METHODS Nine epilepsy patients underwent two independent T1-weighted magnetization prepared spoiled gradient sequences during a single 3T MRI session. Using high-dimension mapping-large deformation (HDM-LD) segmentation, we calculated volumetric estimates and generated a vector-based 3-dimensional surface model of each subject's hippocampi, and evaluated volume and surface changes, the latter using a cluster-based noise estimation model. RESULTS Mean hippocampal volumes and standard deviations for the left hippocampi were 2,750 (826) mm3 and 2,782 (859) mm3 (P = .13), and for the right hippocampi were 2,558 (750) mm3 and 2,547 (692) mm3 (P = .76), respectively for the MPR1 and MPR2 sequences. Average Dice coefficient comparing overlap for segmentations was 86%. There was no significant effect of MRI sequence on volume estimates and no significant hippocampal surface change between sequences. CONCLUSION Statistical comparison of hippocampal volumes and statistically thresholded HDM-LD surfaces in TLE patients showed no differences between the segmentations obtained in the two MRI acquisition sequences. This validates the robustness across MRI sequences of the HDM-LD technique for estimating volume and surface changes in subjects with epilepsy.
Depressed cholinesterase activities among farm workers in New Jersey

Abstract The widespread use of organophosphate pesticides creates the possibility of excessive exposure of migrant farm workers to these compounds. Blood cholinesterase determinations were used to compare the organophosphate pesticide exposure of 57 migrant farm workers with that of 35 controls. Frequently reported symptoms of the farm workers which might be related to pesticide exposure were also studied, including headaches, dizziness, loss of weight, nausea, and a general feeling of weakness or loss of energy. Significantly depressed cholinesterase activities were found in the farm workers, with 10.5% of the farm workers having values below the lower limit of normal. There was no significant relationship between frequently reported symptoms of the farm workers and depressed cholinesterase levels.
Use of Modeling to Evaluate the Cost-Effectiveness of Cancer Screening Programs

Cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) is an analytic tool that provides a framework for comparing the health benefits and resource expenditures associated with competing medical and public health interventions, thereby allowing decision makers to identify interventions that yield the greatest amount of health, given their resource constraints. Models are important components of most, if not all, CEAs, and they play a key role in evaluating the cost-effectiveness of cancer screening programs, in particular. In this article, we describe the basic types of models used to evaluate cancer screening programs and provide examples of the use of models in CEAs and to guide cancer screening policy. Finally, we offer some suggestions for important concepts to consider when interpreting model results.
White synthesis with user input for color balancing on mobile camera systems

In this paper we extend the manual white balancing technique available on most imaging devices by allowing a user to specify arbitrary colors in the scene. We derive an interpolation technique to assign weights to the arbitrary colors which are then used to estimate the RGB complements corresponding to a white target. We obtain the user input by displaying a captured image alongside a color grid of commonly occurring colors. The user specifies color pairs - patches in the scene and veridical colors on the grid. We then use these pairs to estimate the white point with our interpolation method. The estimated white point is then used to construct a diagonal transform to determine the camera output under a desired illuminant. We will present results from testing our methods on images acquired under several illumination conditions. Our approach is very suitable for mobile devices because most mobile devices are equipped with moderately sophisticated imaging systems and our method allows better color capture with relatively little user input. Further, we can realize our method on mobile devices since these devices have built-in tools for graphical user input. Our method can be useful in several photography and image analysis applications.
Hypnotic responding and the Five Factor Personality Model: Hypnotic analgesia and Openness to Experience

This study evaluated Openness to Experience as a moderator of the effect of hypnosis on pain. Four hundred and sixty-one introductory psychology students were randomly assigned to analogue versions of hypnotic analgesia, cognitive-behavioral, or placebo-control pain treatments. Thereafter, participants completed a questionnaire measure of the Big Five factors. Openness to Experience moderated the effect of treatment condition. Openness was more strongly related to the relief produced by our hypnotic analgesia condition than to the relief generated by our cognitive-behavioral and placebo-control conditions. This study is the first to clearly place individual differences in hypnotic pain reduction, and by extension, individual differences in hypnotic responding, within the broad domain of the Openness to Experience factor of the Five Factor Personality Model.
Mycobacterium avium Glycopeptidolipids Require Specific Acetylation and Methylation Patterns for Signaling through Toll-like Receptor 2

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognize pathogen-associated molecules and play a vital role in promoting an immune response against invading microbes. TLR2, one of the key members of the TLR family, recognizes a wide variety of microbial products, including lipoproteins and lipopeptides, from a number of pathogens. Recent studies from our laboratory indicate that glycopeptidolipids (GPLs), a major surface component of Mycobacterium avium and other non-tuberculosis mycobacteria, are ligands for TLR2. However, the molecular requirements necessary for the GPL-TLR2 interaction were not defined in this report. In the present study we isolated different GPL species from M. avium, and using mass spectrometry and NMR analyses, characterized the molecular requirements of the GPL-TLR2 interaction. Interestingly, the extent of the respective acetylation and methylation of the 6-deoxytalose and rhamnose contained within the core GPL structure dictated whether the GPL signaled through TLR2. These experiments illustrate how subtle changes in a complex TLR2 ligand can alter its affinity for this important receptor, and suggest that M. avium could potentially modify its GPL structure to limit its interaction with TLR2.
Initial greenhouse gas emissions and nitrogen leaching losses associated with converting pastureland to short-rotation woody bioenergy crops in northern Michigan, USA

Abstract We assessed the short-term effects of converting pastureland to hybrid poplar and willow bioenergy plantations on soil greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes and nitrogen (N) leaching in northern Michigan, USA. We used static chambers to measure soil carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), nitrous oxide (N 2 O) and methane (CH 4 ) efflux, and tension lysimeters to measure nitrate (NO 3 − ) leaching, in newly-established poplar and willow plantation plots, and in reference pasture plots. Emissions of N 2 O increased markedly following cultivation with cumulative direct N 2 O emissions of 0.3, 4.6 and 5.9 Mg ha −1 of CO 2 equivalents (CO 2 eq) in the reference, willow and poplar plots, respectively. Similarly, land conversion resulted in large increases of NO 3 − leaching with losses of 2.6, 38.8 and 53.9 kg ha −1 of N from the reference, willow and poplar plots, respectively. Soil CO 2 fluxes were significantly affected by land-use conversion; soils from willow and poplar plots emitted 29–42% less CO 2 relative to the reference plots. Greater root respiration in the pastureland likely explained the greater soil CO 2 efflux in these plots. Estimates of the net GHG emissions due to land-use conversion were strongly influenced by assumptions regarding the root contribution (RC) to total soil CO 2 efflux. Assuming an RC = 50%, we estimate that pastureland conversion at this site incurred GHG debts of 7.4 and 11.6 Mg ha −1 y −1 as CO 2 eq for willow and poplar, respectively, during the establishment year. These results demonstrate the need to include soil disturbance impacts on the N cycle in future life cycle assessment of these bioenergy crops.
Risk factors and outcomes after coronary reoperation in 739 elderly patients.

Abstract Background . As second coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) operations are becoming more common in elderly patients, we conducted a retrospective analysis of risk factors for in-hospital and late outcome in patients aged 70 and over. Methods . We reviewed records of 739 patients who underwent second CABG at age 70 or older at our institution between 1983 and 1993. Preoperative, operative, and postoperative variables were analyzed to identify predictors of in-hospital and long-term mortality. Results . The mean age (± standard deviation) at reoperation was 74 ± 3 years and the mean interval after primary operation was 130 ± 55 months. In-hospital mortality was 7.6% (n = 56). Preoperative factors associated with increased in-hospital mortality were preoperative creatinine greater than 1.6 mg/dL ( p p p = 0.012), moderate or severe left ventricular dysfunction ( p = 0.049), and left main coronary disease ( p = 0.045). In-hospital, actuarial survival was 75% at 5 years and 49% at 10 years. Cardiac event-free survival was 60% at 5 years and 27% at 10 years. The factors independently associated with increased late death were hematocrit ( p = 0.046), diabetes ( p = 0.011), peripheral vascular disease ( p p p = 0.016), preoperative nonsinus rhythm ( p = 0.003), anticoagulation or antiplatelet therapy ( p = 0.018), postoperative encephalopathy ( p = 0.001), and postoperative stroke ( p = 0.014). Conclusions . CABG reoperation can have excellent results for many elderly patients, but mortality is markedly higher when elderly patients have certain risk factors and comorbidities, alone or in combination. This information should be helpful in educating patients before they decide whether to choose reoperation.
Determining Standards of Care for Substance Abuse and Alcohol Use in Long-Haul Truck Drivers

The trucking industry employs approximately 9 million workers, with approximately 3 million being long-haul truck drivers. Truck drivers are exposed to a variety of stressful situations, such as working long hours, no sleep, inadequate rest and relaxation, being away from home and support systems, and driving in hazardous conditions. These risk factors place the long-haul truck driver at an increased risk for possible use or abuse of alcohol and drugs. Identification of those at risk and those who are abusing alcohol and drugs is vitally important for the health of these truckers.
Is double autologous stem-cell transplantation appropriate for new multiple myeloma patients?

Is double autologous stem-cell transplantation appropriate for new multiple myeloma patients?
Optimization of amount of distillate takeoff in fractionation

The authors show that it is possible to synthesize multicolumn distillation schemes on the basis of the thermodynamically optimal boundary of mixture separation. The synthesis can be accomplished as a result of a multiple iteration procedure. In each iteration of the calculation, the optimal structure of each system is determined, depending on the assigned value of lambda for each column. The calculation is ended when the values obtained for the concentrations of the desired components are found to coincide with the assigned values. After this has been done, the individual columns are calculated.
Equilibrium and dynamics of local voltage control in distribution systems

We consider a class of local volt/var control schemes where the control decision on the reactive power at a bus depends only on the local bus voltage. These local algorithms form a feedback dynamical system and collectively determine the bus voltages of a power network. We show that the dynamical system has a unique equilibrium by interpreting the dynamics as a distributed algorithm for solving a certain convex optimization problem whose unique optimal point is the system equilibrium. Moreover, the objective function serves as a Lyapunov function implying global asymptotic stability of the equilibrium. The optimization based model does not only provide a way to characterize the equilibrium, but also suggests a principled way to engineer the control. We apply the results to study the parameter setting for the inverter-based volt/var control in the proposed IEEE 1547.8 standard.
Unexpected scenario of glass transition in polymer globules: An exactly enumerable model

We introduce a lattice model of glass transition in polymer globules. This model exhibits ergodicity breaking in which the disjoint regions of phase space do not arise uniformly, but as small chambers whose number increases exponentially with polymer density. Chamber sizes obey power law distribution, making phase space similar to a fractal foam. This clearly demonstrates the importance of the phase space geometry and topology in describing any glass-forming system, such as semicompact polymers during protein folding.
Peroxone Oxidation of Toluene and 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene

Abstract This paper discusses oxidation of toluene and 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) by ozone and hydrogen peroxide mixtures (known as peroxone oxidation) at 25[ddot]C. The overall reaction in alkaline solutions is first order with respect to the concentration of dissolved ozone, and is nearly independent of the pollutant concentrations. The oxidation of toluene is one-half order in hydrogen peroxide, and the rate constant changes in proportion to the hydroxyl ion concentration with an exponent of 0.67. In the pH range of 7 to 9, the TNT destruction rate increases with the hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl ion concentrations with exponents of 0.104 and 0.15 respectively. It is technically feasible to treat toluene and TNT contaminated waters by the peroxone oxidation process to achieve the residual level of a few parts per billion in treated waters to meet environmental requirements.
Spacecraft Motion About Slowly Rotating Asteroids

Spacecraft motion about an arbitrary second-degree and second-order gravity eeld is investigated. We assume thatthegravityeeldisinuniformrotation aboutanaxisofitsmaximummomentofinertiaandthatitrotatesslowly as compared to the spacecraft orbit period. We derive the averaged Lagrange planetary equations for this system and use them, in conjunction with the Jacobi integral, to give a complete description of orbital motion. We show that, under the averaging assumptions, the problem is completely integrable and can be reduced to quadratures. For the case of no rotation, these quadratures can be expressed in terms of elliptic functions and integrals. For this problem, the orbit plane will experience nutation in addition to the precession that is found for orbital motion about an oblate body. It is possible for the orbit plane to be trapped in a 1:1 resonance with the rotating body, the plane essentially being dragged by the rotating asteroid. As the asteroid rotation rate is increased, this resonant motion disappears for rotation rates greater than a speciec value. Finally, we validate our analysis with numerical integrations of cases of interest, showing that the averaging assumptions apply and give a correct prediction of motion in this system. These results are applicable to understanding spacecraft and particle motion about slowly rotating asteroids. I. Introduction T HIS paper studies the orbital motion of a spacecraft about slowly rotating asteroids. The asteroid gravity e eld is represented by the second-degree and second-order gravity coefecients C20 and C22. The asteroid itself is assumed to be uniformly rotating about the axis of its major moment of inertia. When the asteroid is slowly rotating, we can apply averaging techniques to the Lagrange planetary equations to derive a simplie edset of equations that describe a spacecraft’s orbit. Also, because this is a uniformly rotatinggravitye eld,the Jacobiintegralthatistraditionally used for restricted three-body problems is deened for this problem. 1 Using the Jacobi integral in conjunction with the averaged equations, we can show that the problem can be reduced to quadratures, that is, the problem is integrable. This is an extension of the results that show that the averaged problem is integrable in terms of elliptic, hyperbolic, and trigonometric functions ifthe central body does not rotate. 2 ByproperinterpretationoftheJacobiintegral,wecanderive
Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal function in men and women using heroin and cocaine, stratified by HIV status

Abstract Background: Most studies of hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) function in illicit drug users either focus on men or do not consider the impact of HIV. Objective: This study investigated the relationships between cocaine and/or opiate use, HIV status, and HPG function in both men and women. Methods: Men and women between 18 and 50 years of age were stratified by sex, drug use, and HIV status. Information on demographics, HIV disease and treatment, and illicit drug use patterns was collected. To determine potential effects on HPG function, free testosterone (free T), estradiol, and gonadotropin concentrations were measured. Results: In a total of 197 men and women, free T concentrations were lower in men who used cocaine and/or opiates and in women infected with HIV Gonadotropin concentrations were elevated in seropositive men only. In women who received highly active antiretroviral therapy, HIV infection and illicit drug use had an additive or synergistic impact on free T concentrations. Conclusions: Our data reveal the importance of considering the independent effects of illicit drug use and HIV status for both men and women, so that risks may be identified and potential treatments designed for HPG dysfunction in these groups.
Prediction of colloid detachment in a model porous media: hydrodynamics

Understanding the mobility of colloids through porous media is important in both engineered and natural applications. This study employed a model system to explore physically based colloid detachment. Polystyrene colloids were attached in the primary minimum to glass beads in a packed column, and a residually attached fraction was subsequently detached via hydrodynamic shear. Colloid fractions released from the surfaces in the porous media were experimentally quantified. A flowrate of 75 ml/min detached 50% of the residual colloid fraction from the surface. The residual colloid fraction released was predicted with a model incorporating an interaction energy distribution and system physics. In this model, detachment is realized when the applied rolling moment from hydrodynamic shear overcomes the resistance associated with rolling. With the exception of one parameter, the hysteresis loss factor, system characteristics were described a priori. Using the hysteresis loss factor and interaction energy distribution developed from extended-DLVO theory, the detachment of the residual colloid fraction from the packed bed was well predicted. This work decomposes colloid detachment into the constitutive mechanisms dependent upon thermodynamics and hydrodynamics.
Retrospective cardiac gating: a review of technical aspects and future directions

The advent of short TR gradient-echo imaging has made it possible to acquire cine images of the heart with conventional whole body MRI scanners. In this paper, technical details of the data collection and image reconstruction process for cine MRI using retrospective cardiac gating are presented. Specifically, the following issues are discussed: data sorting and interpolation; time resolution; motion compensation and phase information; the type of steady state sequence including optimal flip angle; respiratory motion and correction; and the potential of 3D imaging.
Accounting for Protein in Dairy Manufacturing Processes

Abstract Measurement of protein by dye-binding methods will greatly facilitate in-plant reconciliation of purchased protein with the quantities actually entering into finished dairy products. Fourteen preliminary examples covering various situations indicate that protein recovery or accountability of 99% or better can be achieved if care is exercised in recording weights, ingredients, and testing. Therefore, processors should have the necessary incentive to alter existing milk purchasing formulae to allow for direct protein payments. Assuming a reliable protein test is employed, all that is necessary is to apply the same dye-binding coefficient, whether tests are being conducted on finished products or on herd milk. While it is possible to utilize protein measurements to compute skimmilk equivalents, nothing can be gained from this conversion, because definition of a given quantity of skimmilk in terms of protein is lacking.
ASTM E-84 and the flammability of foamed thermosetting plastics

Corner wall and tunnel testing of foamed thermosetting plastics has suggested that the E-84 anomaly can be resolved by the use of a rate index in the range of 0 to 77.5, where a distance criterion currently prevails. Inherent inaccuracies, however, might continue to require occasional corner wall testing.
Inorganic phosphate assay with malachite green: An improvement and evaluation

An improvement over existing procedures for the determination of nanomole quantities of inorganic phosphate (Pi) is described. The protocol is simplified, and the effective concentration range of Pi in which the assay may be used is increased to 60 nmol/ml. Many of the substances commonly used in association with Pi assays (i.e. phosphohydrolase studies) are shown not to interfere with the measurement of Pi by this method. The effects of detergents and protein on the assay also were investigated, and methods for avoiding interferences by them are described.
Smoking-cessation interventions by type of provider: a meta-analysis.

Abstract Objective To synthesize the evidence on the effectiveness of smoking-cessation interventions by type of provider. Methods A random effects meta-regression was estimated to examine the effect of provider and whether the intervention contained nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), on the intervention's relative risk of quitting as compared to placebo or usual care from studies published in databases from inception to 2000. Thirty additional studies not included in the previous 1996 and 2000 U.S. Public Health Service clinical practice guidelines were used to provide the most comprehensive analysis to date of the comparative effectiveness of different types of providers in interventions for smoking cessation that have been published. Results The effectiveness without NRT follows: psychologist (1.94, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.04–3.62); physician (1.87, CI=1.42–2.45); counselor (1.82, CI=0.84–3.96); nurse (1.76, CI=1.21–2.57); unknown (1.27, CI=0.57–2.82); other (1.18, CI=0.67–2.10); and self-help (1.28, CI=0.89–1.82). Effectiveness of most providers increased by almost twofold with the use of NRT. Conclusions Smoking-cessation interventions without NRT delivered by psychologists, physicians, or nurses are all effective. NRT increases the effectiveness of most providers.
Note on sediment sorting in a sandy bed under standing water waves

We present new quantitative data on the sorting of sediments on a sandy seabed under standing waves. Starting from a flat bed composed of a homogeneous mixture of a coarse and a fine sand with mean diameters 0.11 and 0.21 mm, we observed simultaneous ripple and sand bar formation and sand sorting on the seabed. Over days of wave action, sand bars formed with crests beneath the surface wave nodes and flat plateaus flanked by mounds beneath the antinodes. Bar crests were composed of sand coarser on average than 0.21 mm, while the flat plateaus were covered by sand finer on average than 0.11 mm. Comparison with two experiments involving sand beds of more homogeneous size distributions shows that the mounds are characteristic of the motion of fine suspensions.
Human neural stem cells are more sensitive than astrocytes to ethanol exposure.

Background: Exposure to ethanol (EtOH) can be deleterious to the developing central nervous system. The mechanisms by which EtOH exposure induces neural pathology in utero remain unclear. However, EtOH-induced increases in protein kinase C (PKC) have been associated with apoptosis in human primary cell cultures. Although the toxic effects of EtOH on differentiated neural cells have been studied in laboratory animal models, the susceptibility of the human neural stem cells (NSCs) that predominate in the central nervous system during embryonic development has not been addressed. Methods: For this study, fetal human brain cells, which satisfied the criteria for NSCs by being CD133-positive, nestin-positive, and differentiated glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive human astrocytes, were studied. The cytotoxic potential of EtOH in NSC and astrocyte cultures was studied by using morphological and biochemical methods. In addition, membrane and cytosolic fraction PKC activity for each cell type was assessed. Results: NSC showed a dose-dependent increase in EtOH-induced toxicity as estimated by terminal transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) stain and viability assays. TUNEL staining indicating DNA degradation consistent with programmed (apoptotic) cell death was detectable in 90% of NSC 16 hr after 2 hr exposure to 10 mM EtOH. NSC also showed a concentration-dependent increase in membrane, but not cytosol, PKC activity over the same EtOH dose range. By contrast, astrocytes showed no cytotoxic effects at any concentrations of EtOH used (0–10 mM). PKC activity of both the membrane and cytosolic fragments from astrocytes also was unaffected by this range of doses. Conclusions: This study demonstrates the susceptibility of human NSCs, compared with astrocytes, to EtOH and indicates that alterations in PKC signal transduction in NSC may play a role in EtOH-induced neuropathological processes.
Parents of children with rheumatic disease as peer counselors

Objective. A parent consultant program was established to promote active family involvement in the health care process and to provide parent-to-parent support, education, and training. Methods. Parents of children with rheumatic disease were hired by 7 pediatric rheumatology centers to serve as role models and advocates for other parents whose children attended the clinics. In the clinic, the parent consultants provided support, advocacy, and education regarding specific nonmedical issues. At the local level, they assisted parents in obtaining community-based services, such as individual educational plans at school, local physical therapy, or access to recreational resources. Results. Program impact was evaluated by an anonymous, mail-response questionnaire sent to parents who met with a parent consultant during a clinic visit for their child. Surveys were sent within 6 months of the initial parent consultant meeting; 257 questionnaires were mailed, 33% were returned. The majority of respondents (87%) felt their interaction with the parent consultant was helpful. The general support received and the specific information and/or assis-tance received were found to be equally useful by respondents. The majority of respondents (98%) stated they would recommend that other parents meet with the parent consultant. Conclusion. Parents of children with rheumatic disease are effective peer counselors, providing general support and specific assistance to enhance family involvement in care.
Norepinephrine evokes a marked Mg2+ efflux from liver cells

The addition of norepinephrine to perfused rat livers and to collagenase isolated hepatocytes induced a marked and dose-dependent magnesium efflux. The addition of beta-adrenergic receptor antagonists, but not alpha-antagonists, completely blocked the Mg2+ efflux. The Mg2+ efflux could also be induced by forskolin and by permeable cAMP analogues. By contrast, the addition of carbachol or vasopressin induced a Mg2+ influx into isolated hepatocytes. These results indicate that a significant Mg2+ efflux from liver cells can be induced through the beta-adrenergic receptors and that it is mediated through the cytosolic cAMP levels.
An abused child grows up and enters treatment

This article explores the dynamics which can occur in abused children by focusing on the long term treatment of a young woman who was physically, sexually, and emotionally abused as a child. Particular emphasis is placed on the understanding and management of the highly charged transference and countertransference which ensued.
PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID ON EXPERIMENTAL AMMONIA INTOXICATION.

GREENSTEIN et al.1 reported on the effectiveness of various agents in preventing experimental amino-acid and ammonia intoxication. Substrates of the urea cycle, most notably arginine, were the most effective materials tested and their protective action required the presence of intact, functioning liver.
Does Listening to Mozart Affect Listening Ability

Considerable research has been conducted testing Rauscher, Shaw, and Ky's (1993) Mozart Effect (ME). This study attempts to replicate, in part, research that tested the ME on listening comprehension abilities. Also included in this study is an examination of control group issues in current day research. We hypothesized that students who listen to Mozart would demonstrate greater listening comprehension than students involved in one of four control groups. Students were exposed to one of five treatments and then completed a listening comprehension test about a videotaped lecture they viewed. Ultimately, results uncovered a ME when comparing the Mozart A (alpha) group with the alternative treatment control groups (Mozart B [beta] music and Rock and Roll music), but no ME when comparing the Mozart A group and the non-music control groups (sitting in silence or working on a crossword puzzle). Discussion focused on the ME and listening comprehension as well as on the nature of control groups in experimental re...
Sites in the brain at which cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8) acts to suppress feeding in rats: a mapping study.

Abstract In this study, an examination was made of the sites in the brain of the rat at which the injection of cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8) would alter food intake. Rats fasted for 24 hr received intracerebral injections of CCK-8 (1 nmol) or an equal volume of saline (0.5 μl), into various sites in the brain through permanently implanted stainless steel cannulae. After prior acclimatisation to individual plexiglass compartments, latency to feed, as well as consumption of food and water during 0–20, 20–40 and 40–60 min after the injection, were recorded. The available food was the standard rat pellets, to which the animal otherwise had constant daily access. With this paradigm, active sites at which CCK-8 suppressed feeding were defined as sites at which consumption of food for 0–20 min was reduced by 25% or more, or the latency to feed was increased by 3 min or more after the injection of CCK-8, as compared to the effect of the injection of saline, made at the same site. Such active sites were most densely distributed in the rostral diencephalon, e.g. hypothalamus, the medial pontine area and lateral medulla, in the vicinity of the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS). By grouping data for injections according to histologically identified sites, statistical analysis of groups of injections confirmed that these three major areas of the brain were active with regard to the suppression of feeding by CCK-8. These data suggest that CCK may not only initiate satiety messages, as a circulating hormone at peripheral sites, but also participate in the conduction of such information to the target in the brain by serving as a neurotransmitter in the lateral medulla (e.g. NTS), medial pontine area (e.g. relay station between the NTS and hypothalamus) and the lateral hypothalamus, where local release of CCK-8 after stomach loading has been observed.
Neutron beam characterization by means of a radioactivation image transfer (RIT) technique.

Abstract Fast and thermal neutron distributions in phantom have been recorded by means of neutron induced radioactivity in aluminum and copper sheets, respectively. The induced β-decays in the metal sheets are used to form radiographic images of the fast and thermal neutron distributions on diagnostic X-ray film via autoradiography. Film calibration then translates the optical density map into the fast or slow neutron flux distribution in phantom; and, since the neutron spectrum does not change significantly with depth, the fast neutron flux distribution also maps the fast neutron dose distribution. The present radioactivation-image transfer (RIT) technique has several distinct advantages over ionization chamber measurements for neutron flux distributions: (1) the RIT method requires two thirds less beam time than ion-chamber measurements, (2) the induced activity is insensitive to -/-rays, (3) the equipment requisite for data acquisition is far less costly than an automated ionization chamber apparatus and (4) a permanent analog record is produced which can be examined at any later date.
An acoustic analysis of prosody in high-functioning autism

This paper examined the fundamental frequency variation in the narratives of individuals with high-functioning autism (HFA) and typical controls matched on age, IQ, and verbal abilities. Study 1 found increased fundamental frequency variation in the speech of 21 children and adolescents with HFA when compared to 21 typical controls. Study 2 replicated the findings from Study 1 with a younger sample of 17 children with HFA and 17 typical controls. In addition, Study 1 found evidence that acoustic measurements of prosody were related to clinical judgments of autism-specific communication impairments, although this was not replicated in Study 2. Taken together, these studies provide evidence for differences in expressive prosody in individuals with HFA that can be measured objectively.