cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A retrospective analysis of the United States poultry industry: 1965 compared with 2010

Abstract The U.S. poultry industry requires a comprehensive understanding of the driving forces behind the changes in the environmental performance of poultry meat production in order to implement an effective sustainability strategy. This life cycle assessment (LCA) evaluates those changes over the past 45 years so that the industry can prioritize improvements to aspects of production that will have the greatest effect on the environmental impacts associated with poultry production. The LCA included material and energy flows associated with crop production and live poultry operations, beginning with one day old baby chicks in the grandparent generation, continuing through the parent generation, and ending with live market-weight broilers and culled hens at the farm gate. The results indicated that improvements in background systems and bird performance were the primary drivers behind a reduction in environmental impacts and decreased resource requirements in U.S. poultry meat production in 2010, as compared to 1965. Climate change, acidification, and eutrophication impacts associated with poultry production decreased by 36%, 29%, and 25% per 1000 kg poultry meat produced, respectively, from 1965 to 2010. Furthermore, resource-related impacts decreased in the categories of fossil energy use (39%), water depletion (58%), and agricultural land occupation (72%) per 1000 kg of poultry meat produced. This study provides the first retrospective analysis of poultry meat production in the United States, and the only U.S. poultry LCA that incorporates spent hen meat destined for human consumption and successive breeding generations into an analysis of broiler production. These methodological considerations provide greater insight into the impacts associated with U.S. poultry supply chains than was previously available, which will allow the U.S. poultry industry to make more informed decisions regarding an effective sustainability strategy and will increase publicly-available LCI data with contributions to the National Agricultural Library's LCA Commons.
Miscellaneous Intermolecular Multicentric Reactions

A special 2π + 2π cycloaddition involves one component of the type R2C=C=X. The prototype reaction given below illustrates our approach. The MO’s of CH2=C=X, where X=0, are shown in Fig. 41.
Limitations of the effective field approximation for fluid modeling of high frequency discharges in atmospheric pressure air: Application in resonant structures

We study analytically and demonstrate numerically that the local effective field approximation (LEFA) for plasma fluid modeling of high-frequency (GHz-THz) discharges in atmospheric pressure air is not valid in regions where the time scale for electron energy transfer to heavy particles is less than the time-period of the electromagnetic (EM) wave. Greater than 50% modulation of the electron temperature around its mean value is found for frequencies around and under 10 GHz for atmospheric pressure air discharges. This modulation decreases significantly as the EM wave frequency increases. Fully coupled numerical simulation of a resonant metallic cut-array illuminated by high frequency EM waves demonstrates that the LEFA can lead to significant errors on both temporal and spatial evolution of the plasma, in cases where this modulation is significant. The LEFA for high pressure air discharges is found to be valid when the EM wave frequency is around or higher than 100 GHz. For lower frequencies or when the r...
The structure of subduction zone of the South Caspian basin and seismicity

The relationship of strong earthquakes with layers of the Earth's crust in the Azerbaijani sector of the South Caspian Basin was analyzed based on the data of recent geophysical studies. Based on a map of earthquakes and seismic profiles the objective laws of distribution of earthquakes along the area and the depth were studied. The northern boundary of the South Caspian basin differs by high seismic activity. According to the modern depth data, it is possible to assume that the observed seismicity is associated with the processes, resulted from subduction of the consolidated crust of SCB beneath the Epihercynian platform, established by the materials of ultra-deep seismometry.
Tumor Kinetics in Experimental Mammary Carcinoma

Cell kinetics describe the dynamic processes involved in growth or regression of tumors in untreated hosts and in hosts perturbed by therapy or other factors. Changes in tumor volume are determined by the cell population kinetics, i.e., the length of the tumor cell cycle and its phases, the growth fraction, the rate of cell loss or cell death, and the volume of noncellular components of the tumor. The observed response of tumors to therapy is determined by all of these factors.
Introduction: Seven Blind Men and an Elephant

An oft-stated goal of the Human Genome Project is the cataloging of all human genes. To know the magnitude of this undertaking, an enumeration of the genes in man would be necessary. While the question of gene number has interested geneticists at least since Muller (1), it has also influenced thought on evolution and development. Indeed, the C-value paradox was important because of the implication that “simpler” organisms had more genetic complexity than mammals. Now the number of human genes has become a question of practical relevance, affecting how we pursue comprehensive transcriptional mapping. I present here a short, critical review of papers representing the major approaches which have been used to address this question.
The Bleaching Syndrome: Western Civilization vis-à-vis Inferiorized People of Color

Today, people of color idealize what is of alien origin, concepts and behaviors that are commensurate with Western civilization. Dominated by an idealized alien Other, people of color are located on an axis of inferiority. Their rescue from this inferiorization, which was achieved via the internalization of alien Western ideals, is best understood through the comprehension of the Bleaching Syndrome: a conscious and systematic process of self-denigration, and aspiration to assimilation on the basis of alien ideals. The Bleaching Syndrome has a universal effect; among people of color today, the Bleaching Syndrome is a worldwide metaphor that is relevant to all populations that are exposed to the socialization products of Western civilization. The ultimate objective of its victims is a desired quality of life that can only be realized by the endorsement of the dominant mainstream population. Due to the self-serving perspective of Western academe, the Bleaching Syndrome has failed to gain acknowledgment by means of the colonial inferiorization of people of color.
Development and Evaluation of Culturally and Linguistically Tailored Mobile App to Promote Breast Cancer Screening

Background: While a significant breast cancer burden exists for Korean American immigrant women, their cancer screening behavior is strikingly poor, and few interventions have focused on this population. To promote breast cancer screening behavior in Korean American immigrant women, a mobile phone multimedia messaging intervention (mMammogram) was developed. Objective: The current study explores the impact of mMammogram on changes to study participants’ screening behavior and proposes suggestions for how the intervention can be improved for wide dissemination and implementation in the Korean American community. Material and Methods: Data were collected through qualitative research methods. Three focus groups were conducted with 14 Korean immigrant women who completed the mMammogram. Findings: Three themes emerged: (1) better understanding of breast cancer and screening through mMammogram (e.g., increased knowledge on breast cancer and screening methods, increased understanding of the importance of regular mammography, and reduced anxiety about mammography); (2) health navigators as a trigger to promote mammography (e.g., providing resources for free or low-cost mammograms and scheduling mammogram appointments); and (3) suggestions for mMammogram (e.g., technical issues and program period). Conclusions: Mobile app intervention that is culturally tailored, along with health navigation services, can be a feasible, effective, and acceptable tool to promote breast cancer screening behaviors in underserved immigrant women. A mobile app can cover a broad range of breast cancer health topics and the health navigator can further help women overcome barriers to screening. A health navigation service is critical in overcoming language, transportation, and health accessibility barriers and triggering a positive change in their health screening behavior, especially for newly arrived immigrant populations.
Moment of inertia of superconductors

Abstract We find that the bulk moment of inertia per unit volume of a metal becoming superconducting increases by the amount m e / ( π r c ) , with m e the bare electron mass and r c = e 2 / m e c 2 the classical electron radius. This is because superfluid electrons acquire an intrinsic moment of inertia m e ( 2 λ L ) 2 , with λ L the London penetration depth. As a consequence, we predict that when a rotating long cylinder becomes superconducting its angular velocity does not change, contrary to the prediction of conventional BCS-London theory that it will rotate faster. We explain the dynamics of magnetic field generation when a rotating normal metal becomes superconducting.
CEASER: mitigating conflict-based cache attacks via encrypted-address and remapping

Modern processors share the last-level cache between all the cores to efficiently utilize the cache space. Unfortunately, such sharing makes the cache vulnerable to attacks whereby an adversary can infer the access pattern of a co-running application by carefully orchestrating evictions using cache conflicts. Conflict-based attacks can be mitigated by randomizing the location of the lines in the cache. Unfortunately, prior proposals for randomized mapping require storage-intensive tables and are effective only if the OS can classify the applications into protected and unprotected groups. The goal of this paper is to mitigate conflict-based attacks while incurring negligible storage and performance overheads, and without relying on OS support. This paper provides the key insight that randomized mapping can be accomplished efficiently by accessing the cache with an encrypted address, as encryption would cause the lines that map to the same set of a conventional cache to get scattered to different sets. This paper proposes CEASE, a design that uses Low-Latency Block-Cipher (LLBC) to translate the physical line-address into an encrypted line-address, and accesses the cache with this encrypted line-address. We analyze efficient designs for LLBC that can perform encryption and decryption within two cycles. We also propose CEASER, a design that periodically changes the encryption key and performs dynamic-remapping to improve robustness. CEASER provides strong security (tolerates 100+ years of attack), has low performance overhead (1% slowdown), requires a storage overhead of less than 24 bytes for the newly added structures, and does not need any OS support.
What Are the Complications of Home IBD Medications

Inflammatory bowel disease may be treated with a variety of medications depending on the severity of disease, location of disease, and goals of treatment. Common medications include systemic and local glucocorticoids, antibiotics, 5-aminosalicylates, immunomodulatory agents, and biologic therapies. Each medication class carries distinct and important side effects.
Reducing inappropriate outpatient antibiotic prescribing: normative comparison using unblinded provider reports.

Importance Antibiotic resistance is a global health issue. Up to 50% of antibiotics are inappropriately prescribed, the majority of which are for acute respiratory tract infections (ARTI). Objective To evaluate the impact of unblinded normative comparison on rates of inappropriate antibiotic prescribing for ARTI. Design Non-randomised, controlled interventional trial over 1 year followed by an open intervention in the second year. Setting Primary care providers in a large regional healthcare system. Participants The test group consisted of 30 primary care providers in one geographical region; controls consisted of 162 primary care providers located in four other geographical regions. Intervention The intervention consisted of provider and patient education and provider feedback via biweekly, unblinded normative comparison highlighting inappropriate antibiotic prescribing for ARTI. The intervention was applied to both groups during the second year. Main outcomes and measures Rate of inappropriate antibiotic prescription for ARTI. Results Baseline inappropriate antibiotic prescribing for ARTI was 60%. After 1 year, the test group rate of inappropriate antibiotic prescribing decreased 40%, from 51.9% to 31.0% (p Conclusions and relevance Provider and patient education followed by regular feedback to provider via normative comparison to their local peers through unblinded provider reports, lead to reductions in the rate of inappropriate antibiotic prescribing for ARTI and overall antibiotic prescribing rates.
THE USE OF PROPHYLACTIC AMIODARONE FOR THE PREVENTION OF ATRIAL FIBRILLATION FOLLOWING CARDIOVASCULAR SURGERY IN ADULTS WITH CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE

Perioperative use of amiodarone has been shown to significantly reduce the incidence of post-operative atrial fibrillation (POAF) in adults. There is no data pertaining to the prevention of POAF in adults with congenital heart disease (ACHD). We sought to determine the efficacy of perioperative
Regional air pollution mixtures across the continental US

Abstract A limited literature body have estimated regional differences in air pollution mixtures. More comprehensive analyses are necessary to accurately depict differences in air pollution characteristics over space and time. Our objective is to further these efforts by investigating spatial differences of air pollution mixtures across the US. We employed spatially constrained clustering approach (based on k-means algorithm) to group air pollution monitoring sites that exhibit distinct pollutant profiles or mixtures in the US over 9 years (2008–2016). We accounted for 20 chemical components of PM2.5. The resulting clusters of pollution mixtures are characterized and validated based on source emissions represented by land-use information. Our analysis resulted in 27 clusters with different number of sites. For example, the cluster 1 has 14 sites and it covers part of the southeast, including the states of North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida. The southwest has a very prominent cluster with 8 sites (cluster 26), covering part of the Louisiana, Mississippi, Texas, and Arkansas. In the west coast, two clusters were highlighted in our analysis, cluster 3 in California and cluster 7 in Washington and part of Oregon. Both clusters with 5 sites. We estimated that Cu, Se, NO3−, Cr, and Ba were the top five species that divided the study area into cluster of sites more effectively. Observing the concentration ratios (concentrations of the species i/concentration of PM2.5) for some of these clusters, our results show that clusters 3 and 7 in the west coast represent sites with high Na ratios. Cluster 13 in the northwest and part of the Midwest represents sites with high SO42− ratio. The cluster 16 with a single site in northeast has the highest SO42− ratio, representing almost the third quartile of the SO42− ratio. This is one of the few studies focused on spatial patterns analysis to estimate regions that exhibit distinct pollutant mixtures on a large scale. We expect that further investigations can use our findings to analyze the relationship between areas that exhibit distinct pollutant mixtures and the impact of regulations, climate change, and health effects in the US.
Impact of Year-Round and Traditional School Schedules on Summer Weight Gain and Fitness Loss

Abstract Background: Summer weight gain and fitness loss has been identified as a public health concern for children. The objective of this study was to compare changes in weight status and cardiov...
The Selective Enforcement Defense in Civil and Criminal Tax Cases

A recognized defense in non-tax prosecutions, both federal and state, is that the Government discriminatorily and invidiously targeted the defendant. Although it fails far more often than it succeeds, the defense has been accepted in many non-tax cases. See, e.g., Annotation, What Constitutes Such Discriminatory Prosecution or Enforcement of Laws as to Provide Valid Defense in Federal Criminal Proceedings, 45 A.L.R. Fed. 732 (1979, as currently revised). The defense is constitutional in nature, implicating the Equal Protection and Due Process guarantees.
Ethics-Based Training for Clinicians: Moving Beyond Ethical Decision Making Models

Clinical training in ethical decision making processes has relied heavily on teaching students to apply ethical codes and legal statutes to written scenarios using ethical decision making models. While an excellent academic exercise, this approach tends to remain abstract and does not prepare students for the complexities of making decisions during the process of therapy. Recently, experts in the field have called for reforms in ethical training, believing current models must move beyond cognitive exercises that detach students from the humanity of their clients and themselves. The described pedagogical approach bridges the gap by using a modified Objective Structured Clinical Exam to provide a safe context for students to practice ethical decision making and receive feedback before entering actual clinical practice.
Mobility, Protest, and Legislative Backlash: State-Level Sponsorship of Antiprotest Legislation in the United States in 2017

Since 2014, a number of protests in the United States have deliberately blocked limited-access highways to increase protest visibility and to connect to long-standing political meanings of transpor...
The Very Large Array

Starting in 1961, NRAO scientists began the process of designing a radio telescope that could make images with an angular resolution comparable to the best optical telescopes operating from a good mountain site. In 1967, the Observatory submitted a proposal to the National Science Foundation (NSF) for the construction of the Very Large Array (VLA). The VLA proposal was for 36, later reduced to 27, fully steerable 25 meter diameter antennas spread over an area some 35 km in diameter. However, there was a competing, much simpler and much cheaper proposal from Caltech for an 8 element array of 130 foot dishes. Several NSF review committees praised the VLA concept but indicated that it was too ambitious, and recommended that NRAO further study the VLA design, and that construction of the Caltech array should begin immediately. Following a confrontational battle among proponents of the NRAO and Caltech arrays, as well as a competing proposal for a 440 foot radome-enclosed antenna proposed by an MIT-Harvard led consortium, support of the VLA by the 1970 National Academy decadal review of astronomy led to approval of its construction.
Quantitative Analysis of Adenosine-to-Inosine RNA Editing

The conversion of adenosine to inosine (A to I) by RNA editing represents a common posttranscriptional mechanism for diversification of both the transcriptome and proteome, and is a part of the cellular response for innate immune tolerance. Due to its preferential base-pairing with cytosine (C), inosine (I) is recognized as guanosine (G) by reverse transcriptase, as well as the cellular splicing and translation machinery. A-to-I editing events appear as A-G discrepancies between genomic DNA and cDNA sequences. Molecular analyses of RNA editing have leveraged these nucleoside differences to quantify RNA editing in ensemble populations of RNA transcripts and within individual cDNAs using high-throughput sequencing or Sanger sequencing-derived analysis of electropherogram peak heights. Here, we briefly review and compare these methods of RNA editing quantification, as well as provide experimental protocols by which such analyses may be achieved.
Transient stiffening of cartilage during joint articulation: A microindentation study.

Abstract As a mechanoactive tissue, articular cartilage undergoes compression and shear on a daily basis. With the advent of high resolution and sensitive mechanical testing methods, such as micro- and nanoindentation, it has become possible to assess changes in small-scale mechanical properties due to compression and shear of the tissue. However, investigations on the changes of these properties before and after joint articulation have been limited. To simulate articular loading of cartilage in the context of human gait, a previously developed bioreactor system was used. Immediately after bioreactor testing, the stiffness was measured using microindentation. Specifically, we investigated whether the mechanical response of the tissue was transient or permanent, dependent on counterface material, and an effect limited to the superficial zone of cartilage. We found that cartilage surface stiffness increases immediately after articular loading and returns to baseline values within 3 hr. Cartilage-on-cartilage stiffening was found to be higher compared to both alumina- and cobalt chromium-on-cartilage stiffening, which were not significantly different from each other. This stiffening response was found to be unique to the superficial zone, as articular loading on cartilage with the superficial zone removed showed no changes in stiffness. The findings of this study suggest that the cartilage superficial zone may adapt its stiffness as a response to articular loading. As the superficial zone is often compromised during the course of osteoarthritic disease, this finding is of clinical relevance, suggesting that the load-bearing function deteriorates over time.
Lack of effect of different pain-related manipulations on opioid self-administration, reinstatement of opioid seeking, and opioid choice in rats

Pain-related factors increase the risk for opioid addiction, and pain may function as a negative reinforcer to increase opioid taking and seeking. However, experimental pain-related manipulations generally do not increase opioid self-administration in rodents. This discrepancy may reflect insufficient learning of pain-relief contingencies or confounding effects of pain-related behavioral impairments. Here, we determined if pairing noxious stimuli with opioid self-administration would promote pain-related reinstatement of opioid seeking or increase opioid choice over food. In Experiment 1, rats self-administered fentanyl in the presence or absence of repeated intraplantar capsaicin injections in distinct contexts to model context-specific exposure to cutaneous nociception. After capsaicin-free extinction in both contexts, we tested if capsaicin would reinstate fentanyl seeking. In Experiment 2, rats self-administered heroin after intraperitoneal (i.p.) lactic acid injections to model acute visceral inflammatory pain. After lactic acid-free extinction, we tested if lactic acid would reinstate heroin seeking. In Experiment 3, we tested if repeated i.p. lactic acid or intraplantar Complete Freund’s Adjuvant (CFA; to model sustained inflammatory pain) would increase fentanyl choice over food. In Experiments 1-2, neither capsaicin nor lactic acid reinstated opioid seeking after extinction, and lactic acid did not increase heroin-induced reinstatement. In Experiment 3, lactic acid and CFA decreased reinforcement rate without affecting fentanyl choice. Results extend the range of conditions across which pain-related manipulations fail to increase opioid seeking in rats and suggest that enhanced opioid-addiction risk in humans with chronic pain involves factors other than enhanced opioid reinforcement and relapse.
The Coronavirus (COVID-19) Effect on Public Sentiments Regarding Elective Plastic Surgery in the United States

Background: The SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus (COVID-19) has challenged the US's healthcare systems to adapt and innovate on multiple fronts. As the course of the COVID-19 pandemic changes, we explore the US public sentiments on resuming previously postponed elective plastic surgery procedures. Methods: A prospective national survey of one thousand US adults was conducted to study public perception of elective plastic surgery procedures during the COVID-19 pandemic. Binomial logarithmic multivariable regression modeling was employed to study the response data. Results: Nine hundred seventy-three participants were included in study. The majority (86.6%) believed elective plastic surgery should continue during the COVID-19 pandemic. Most (79.6%) would not delay obtaining plastic surgery more than 6 months. Participants expressed concerns of contracting COVID-19 at elective surgery centers (67.5%) or at hospitals (68.5%). Participants who reside in the Midwest (odds ratio [OR] 2.3, P < 0.05) and participants between the ages of 41 and 60 years old (OR 2.8, P < 0.03) were more likely to resume elective plastic surgery. Participants who had undergone a COVID-19 test (OR 0.13, P < 0.04), contracted the COVID-19 infection (OR 0.26, P < 0.03), or were older than 60 years (OR 0.41, P < 0.02) were less likely to resume elective plastic surgery. Conclusion: The majority of the US adult participants (1) agree with resuming elective plastic surgery services, (2) but harbor some concerns of contracting COVID-19 during their procedures, and (3) agree with the majority of safety protocols taken to prevent the spread of COVID-19.
Thoracoabdominal Normothermic Perfusion in Donation after Circulatory Death

Donation after circulatory death (DCD) is emerging as an alternative pathway to donation after brain death (DBD) to expand the cardiac organ donor pool.1 We describe the surgical technique and circuit configuration for in-situ organ reperfusion with thoracoabdominal normothermic regional perfusion (TA-NRP) using portable venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO).
The dorsal raphe nucleus in the control of energy balance.

Energy balance is orchestrated by an extended network of highly interconnected nuclei across the central nervous system. While much is known about the hypothalamic circuits regulating energy homeostasis, the ‘extra-hypothalamic' circuits involved are relatively poorly understood. In this review, we focus on the brainstem's dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN), integrating decades of research linking this structure to the physiologic and behavioral responses that maintain proper energy stores. DRN neurons sense and respond to interoceptive and exteroceptive cues related to energy imbalance and in turn induce appropriate alterations in energy intake and expenditure. The DRN is also molecularly differentiable, with different populations playing distinct and often opposing roles in controlling energy balance. These populations are integrated into the extended circuit known to regulate energy balance. Overall, this review summarizes the key evidence demonstrating an important role for the DRN in regulating energy balance.
Why do lawmakers seek to sanction state courts

Yearly, across state legislatures, lawmakers introduce court-curbing bills designed to curtail judicial power by limiting court independence and constraining court decision-making. Capitalising on ...
Terra-aqua vitae: the role of soil and water in supporting civilization

The Biblical depiction of humanity’s advent reveals a profound insight that modern civilization is in grave danger of forgetting. Our innate and indissoluble attachment to the soil is manifest in the designation of the first human being, derived from adama, a Hebrew noun of feminine gender meaning ‘earth’, or ‘soil’. The originally creature ha-adam (‘the adam’, implying the earthling), was later differentiated into a man and a woman, respectively named Adam and Hava, who were said to be the progenitors of all the divergent peoples inhabiting the planet. Adam’s name encapsulates humanity’s inception and destiny: our existence and livelihood derived from the soil, to which we are tied throughout our lives and to which we are fated to return at the end of our days. The name of Adam’s mate, Hava (rendered Eva or Eve in transliteration), itself means ‘living’, or ‘life-giving’. The coupling of Adam and Eve, therefore, signified quite literally the association of soil and life.
Macroscopic constitutive relations for elastomers reinforced with short aligned fibers: Instabilities and post-bifurcation response

Abstract This paper is concerned with the characterization of the macroscopic response and possible development of instabilities in a certain class of anisotropic composite materials consisting of random distributions of aligned rigid fibers of elliptical cross section in a soft elastomeric matrix, which are subjected to general plane strain loading conditions. For this purpose, use is made of an estimate for the stored-energy function that was derived by Lopez-Pamies and Ponte Castaneda (2006b) for this class of reinforced elastomers by means of the second-order linear comparison homogenization method. This homogenization estimate has been shown to lose strong ellipticity by the development of shear localization bands, when the composite is loaded in compression along the (in-plane) long axes of the fibers. The instability is produced by the sudden, collective rotation of a band of fibers to partially release the high stresses that develop in the elastomer matrix when the composite is compressed along the stiff, long-fiber direction. Consistent with the mode of the impending instability, a lower-energy, post-bifurcation solution is constructed where “striped domain” microstructures consisting of layers with alternating fiber orientations develop in the composite. The volume fractions of the layers and the fiber orientations within the layers adjust themselves to satisfy equilibrium and compatibility across the layers, while remaining compatible with the imposed overall deformation. Mathematically, this construction is shown to correspond to the rank-one convex envelope of the original estimate for the energy, and is further shown to be polyconvex and therefore quasiconvex. Thus, it corresponds to the “relaxation” of the stored-energy function of the composite, and can in turn be viewed as a stress-driven “phase transition,” where the symmetry of the fiber microstructures changes from nematic to smectic.
Intravenous veratrum viride in the treatment of toxemia of pregnancy

Abstract 1. 1. Ten cases of severe pre-eclampsia and eclampsia were treated by the use of intravenous Veratrone. 2. 2. Eight cases had been treated by other accepted methods with no apparent improvement. 3. 3. Side effects of nausea, vomiting, and bradycardia were noted, but were found to be minimal and usually transitory. 4. 4. All patients showed good response to the drug with rapid lowering of hypertension and clearing of symptoms of toxemia within twenty-four hours. 5. 5. Urinary output was diminished at the beginning of use of the drug, but the 24 hour output showed no decrease because of compensatory polyuria. 6. 6. Heavy sedation is avoided and the toxic patient is able to cooperate more fully.
Proof-Carrying Data and Hearsay Arguments from Signature Cards.

Design of secure systems can often be expressed as ensuring that some property is maintained at every step of a distributed computation among mutually-untrusting parties. Special cases include integrity of programs running on untrusted platforms, various forms of confidentiality and side-channel resilience, and domain-specific invariants. We propose a new approach, proof-carrying data (PCD), which circumnavigates the threat of faults and leakage by reasoning about properties of the output data, independently of the preceding computation. In PCD, the system designer prescribes the desired properties of the computation’s outputs. Corresponding proofs are attached to every message flowing through the system, and are mutually verified by the system’s components. Each such proof attests that the message’s data and all of its history comply with the specified properties. We construct a general protocol compiler that generates, propagates and verifies such proofs of compliance, while preserving the dynamics and efficiency of the original computation. Our main technical tool is the cryptographic construction of short non-interactive arguments (computationally-sound proofs) for statements whose truth depends on “hearsay evidence”: previous arguments about other statements. To this end, we attain a particularly strong proof of knowledge. We realize the above, under standard cryptographic assumptions, in a model where the prover has blackbox access to some simple functionality — essentially, a signature card.
Highly efficient and two-photon excited stimulated Rayleigh-Bragg scattering in organic solutions

The properties of backward stimulated Rayleigh-Bragg scattering (SRBS) in three highly two-photon active AF-chromophores solutions in tetrahydrofuran (THF) have been investigated using 816-nm and 8-ns pump laser beam. The nonlinear reflectivity R, spectral structure, temporal behavior, and phase-conjugation capability of the backward SRBS output have been measured, respectively. Under the same experimental condition, the pump threshold for SRBS in three solution samples can be significantly (∼one order of magnitude) lower than that for stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) in the pure solvent (THF). With the optimized concentration value and at a moderate pump energy (∼1.5 mJ) level, the measured nonlinear reflectivity was R ≥ 35% for the 2 cm-long solution sample, while for the SBS from a pure solvent sample of the same length was R ≈ 4.7%. The peculiar features of very low pump threshold, no spectral shift, tolerant pump spectral linewidth requirement (≤1 cm−1), and phase-conjugation capability are favo...
A sequential sampling system for the white pine weevil, Pissodes strobi (Coleoptera:Curculionidae)

A sequential sampling system is described for determining degree of infestation by the white pine weevil, Pissodes strobi, in stands of spruce, Picea spp. The method requires that a maximum of 60 trees be randomly selected in sequence and that the cumulative number of infested trees be plotted against the total number of trees sampled. Sampling is stopped as soon as decision lines calculated for <10% infestation or ³20% infestation are crossed. Key words: spruce; Picea spp.; monitoring; pest management
The Effectiveness of Educational and Needle Exchange Programs: A Meta-analysis of HIV Prevention Strategies for Injecting Drug Users

A meta-analysis of 16 educational interventions and 10 needle exchange programs was performed to estimate the effectiveness of reducing HIV risk behaviors in the injecting drug user population. Information on intervention, outcome, design and demographics was coded and analyzed for all educational and needle exchange program evaluation studies published between January 1984 and May 1995. The weighted mean effect size for the 6,251 study subjects of the 16 educational interventions was 0.749 (95% CI, 0.708 to 0.790), and the weighted mean effect size for the 1,675 study subjects of the 10 needle exchange programs was 0.279 (95% CI, 0.207 to 0.352), suggesting that both interventions had a positive impact on reducing HIV risk behaviors associated with injecting drug use. However, these results were dependent upon research design, outcome type and follow-up time.
Alumni Profile: An Interview with Mark A. Israel

Mark is currently an Assistant Professor in the Management and Strategy Department at the Kellogg Graduate School of Management, Northwestern University. His job consists of ongoing research in empirical industrial organization, as well as teaching 3-4 courses per year in the MBA program there. He paid a visit to campus first semester and gave a presentation to students and faculity of the Economics department. Mark was kind enough to take time out of his very busy schedule to let me interview him over spring break. Here's what he had to say: This article is available in The Park Place Economist: http://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/parkplace/vol9/iss1/7
Parametrized dynamics of the weierstrass elliptic function

We study parametrized dynamics of the Weierstrass elliptic ℘ function by looking at the underlying lattices; that is, we study parametrized families ℘Λ and let Λ vary. Each lattice shape is represented by a point τ in a fundamental period in modular space; for a fixed lattice shape Λ = [1, τ ] we study the parametrized space kΛ. We show that within each shape space there is a wide variety of dynamical behavior, and we conduct a deeper study into certain lattice shapes such as triangular and square. We also use the invariant pair (g2, g3) to parametrize some lattices.
Methods for thermochemical convection in Earth's mantle with force‐balanced plates

[1] Models of convection in the mantle can be used to study the effects of differentiation and remixing on the geochemical evolution of the Earth. Implementation of melting and degassing at mid-ocean ridges and subduction zones requires an adequate approximation of plate tectonics as well as temperature-dependent rheology. We have developed a new two-dimensional cylindrical model that combines a force-balance method for energetically consistent stiff plates with tracer-discretized chemical buoyancy. Basaltic crust is extracted at distinct spreading centers and is subducted into the lower mantle. We find that the unmodified implementation of the force-balance equations in a full cylinder causes occasional spurious rotations by amplification of numerical discretization errors. The method is stable if a single internal symmetry boundary condition is used, but this causes artificial pooling of dense crust near the boundary where it is easily disrupted. This results in artificially enhanced remixing of dense crust. We modify the force-balance equations to damp net lateral plate movement. The energetic consistency of this modification is then demonstrated by comparison to a one-plate, single convection cell calculation. With the removal of the symmetry boundary condition a more continuous rate of crustal pooling is observed. This suggests that models with symmetry boundary conditions may overpredict the rate of pooling and remixing of ancient crust.
The paradox of diarrhoeal disease and small colon obstruction

Summary The interesting finding of stenosis in a case series of 3 foals that initially presented with diarrhoeal disease is suggestive of an inflammatory and fibrotic event that is more frequently reported in people with inflammatory bowel disease. In man, stenosis is believed to occur because of inflammation and excessive production of scar tissue in the absence of a normal reparative response. However, this is typically a chronic process, whereas in the foals, stenosis occurred within weeks to months. Other diseases of horses, particularly right dorsal colitis and small colon impaction preceded by diarrhoeal disease, have some similarities to the focal disease described for foals. Collectively, equine studies are increasingly pointing toward complex interactions in the intestinal tract between the mucosa, the microbiome, management factors such as diet, and reparative responses to inflammatory insult.
Novel femoral artery terminology: integrating anatomy and clinical procedures leading to standardized intuitive nomenclature.

The objective of this study is to investigate the terminology of the femoral artery and recommended alternative terminology that satisfies both anatomy and clinical arenas.The femoral artery (FA) is often defined as the continuation of the external iliac artery. Specifically, when the external iliac artery reaches directly beneath the inguinal ligament, it becomes the FA. Currently, Terminologia Anatomica (TA) records the profunda femoris or deep femoral as a terminal branch. Clinicians often use superficial femoral artery (SFA) rather than FA and profunda or deep FA. SFA is actually very deep and well protected for most of its journey. On observation, the terminology in current use is not intuitive. The objective of this study was to investigate the terminology associated with the anatomical and clinical anatomical interpretations of the FA and its terminal branches and to suggest a more appropriate terminology that addresses the points of view of the macro anatomist, as well as that of the clinician. Literature search was conducted regarding the nomenclature of the FA and its terminal branches. Dissection of 89 embalmed cadavers (49F, 40M, ages 47–89) was conducted to analyze the morphology of the FA and its branches. Perusal of the literature revealed a difference in terminology between anatomical and clinical textbooks/atlases/journals regarding the FA and its terminal branch. Our dissections suggested that the FA may be better defined vis-a-vis its relationship to the anterior and posterior compartments of the thigh. A difference in terminology exists between the anatomical and clinical arenas. A need for a standardized terminology is necessary because clinicians and their publishers have not adopted TA. This study suggests that the current FA be considered the common FA and the continuation of the FA, the SFA be renamed the anterior FA and the current profunda (the deep FA) be renamed the posterior FA, respectively. The proposed terminology mirrors the lower limb anterior/posterior tibial artery terminology. Clin. Anat. 27:1085–1088, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Compromised NMDA/glutamate receptor expression in dopaminergic neurons impairs instrumental learning, but not Pavlovian goal-tracking or sign-tracking

Two theories regarding the role for dopamine neurons in learning include the concepts that their activity serves as a (1) mechanism that confers incentive salience onto rewards and associated cues and/or (2) contingency teaching signal reflecting reward prediction error. While both theories are provocative, the causal role for dopamine cell activity in either mechanism remains controversial. In this study mice that either fully or partially lacked NMDARs in dopamine neurons exclusively, as well as appropriate controls, were evaluated for reward-related learning; this experimental design allowed for a test of the premise that NMDA/glutamate receptor (NMDAR)-mediated mechanisms in dopamine neurons, including NMDA-dependent regulation of phasic discharge activity of these cells, modulate either the instrumental learning processes or the likelihood of pavlovian cues to become highly motivating incentive stimuli that directly attract behavior. Loss of NMDARs in dopamine neurons did not significantly affect baseline dopamine utilization in the striatum, novelty evoked locomotor behavior, or consumption of a freely available, palatable food solution. On the other hand, animals lacking NMDARs in dopamine cells exhibited a selective reduction in reinforced lever responses that emerged over the course of instrumental learning. Loss of receptor expression did not, however, influence the likelihood of an animal acquiring a pavlovian conditional response associated with attribution of incentive salience to reward-paired cues (sign tracking). These data support the view that reductions in NMDAR signaling in dopamine neurons affect instrumental reward-related learning but do not lend support to hypotheses that suggest that the behavioral significance of this signaling includes incentive salience attribution.
Measurement of absorption coefficients in small volumes of highly scattering media

The measurement of absorption coefficients in small volumes of turbid media using endoscope-compatible probes potentially has many applications including the assessment of concentrations of PDT and chemotherapy drugs in tissue. Methods for determination of absorption coefficients in small volumes for which the diffusion approximation is invalid have not previously been developed. Our aim its to develop a technique for measuring small changes in absorption based on broad wavelength, cw measurements. Our primary approach is to develop phenomenological algorithms based on the results of Monte Carlo simulations of light transport. The algorithms are tested using tissue phantoms to which known amounts of an absorber have been added. Results indicate that for some light excitation and collection geometries the average pathlength for the collected light does not depend on the scattering properties for the range of scattering parameters expected in tissue.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Methyldopa‐Hydrochlorothiazide Therapy in Hypertensive Geriatric Patients

: A combination of methyldopa and hydrochlorothiazide effected a significant reduction of blood pressure in 22 hypertensive geriatric patients. A significant drop in hemoglobin concentration was observed in 5 patients during treatment. The drug was discontinued in 4 of these patients and the hemoglobin concentration rose but did not return to the pretreatment level. Methyldopa-hydrochlorothiazide was continued in the fifth patient, and there was a similar slight increase after two additional months of treatment. In all patients the Coombs' test gave negative results throughout the study.
The X-Ray Spectrum of Fe16+ Revisited with a Multi-Ion Model

The theoretical intensities of the soft X-ray Fe16+ lines arising from 2l-3l' transitions are reexamined using a three-ion collisional-radiative model that includes the contributions to line formation of radiative recombination (RR), dielectronic recombination (DR), resonant excitation (RE), and inner-shell collisional ionization (CI), in addition to the usual contribution of collisional excitation (CE). These additional processes enhance mostly the 2p-3s lines and not the 2p-3d lines. Under coronal equilibrium conditions, in the electron temperature range of 400-600 eV where the Fe16+ line emissivities peak, the combined effect of the additional processes is to enhance the 2p-3s lines at 16.78, 17.05, and 17.10 ?, by ~25%, 30%, and 55%, respectively, compared with their traditional, single-ion CE values. The weak 2p-3d line at 15.45 ? is also enhanced by up to 20%, while the other 2p-3d lines are almost unaffected. The effects of DR and RE are found to be dominant in this temperature range (400-600 eV), while that of CI is 3% at the most, and the contribution of RR is less than 1%. At lower temperatures, where the Fe16+/Fe17+ abundance ratio is high, the RE effect dominates. However, as the temperature rises and the Fe17+ abundance increases, the DR effect takes over. The newly calculated line powers can reproduce most of the often observed high values of the (I?17.05 + I?17.10)/I?15.01 intensity ratio. The importance of ionization and recombination processes to the line strengths also helps to explain why laboratory measurements in which CE is essentially the sole mechanism agree well with single-ion calculations but do not reproduce the astrophysically observed ratios.
Surface studies of polymer films and fibers by CIRCLE ATR FT-IR

ATR FT-IR spectroscopy is a widely used technique for surface analysis. A less common FT-IR method is CIRCLE ATR, which was originally designed to study aqueous systems that are difficult to analyze due to strong water absorbance in transmission measurements. Recent studies of styrene/acrylic acid copolymer dissolved in aqueous solvent show that with the use of this technique it is possible to detect very low concentrations of solute (0.001 w/w). For our purposes this technique was modified for application to surface studies of flexible films and fibers.