cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Probing Molecular Number Variability in Intracellular Structures using Photoswitchable Fluorescent Proteins

The development of advanced fluorescence microscopy has opened new opportunities to investigate biological systems beyond the optical diffraction-barrier. Single molecule localization microscopy techniques such as STORM and PALM offer additional information about the local number and stoichiometry of subcellular biological molecules and complexes. However, the photophysical properties of compatible fluorescent probes vary with different cell types and experimental conditions, complicating quantitative image reconstruction. These photophysical properties can lead to both over-counting and under-counting artifacts as a consequence of dye blinking and undetected fluorophores. We propose a single molecule calibration system in the budding yeast S. cerevisiae to account for both effects: we first determine the relevant photophysical parameter of the photoactivatable fluorescent proteins (PAFPs) in cells to correct for blinking and then measure the number of observed PAFPs in protein complexes with known stoichiometry. We apply this concept to measure variability and correlations of PI3P binding sites on early endocytic vesicles.
Neurologic and other disorders in relatives of pediatric patients with CNS tumors

Abnormalities of embryogenesis and nervous system development may cause or contribute to the development of childhood brain tumors. To identify genetic or environmental factors that may be associated with etiologies of childhood central nervous system tumors, we examined family histories of 165 children with such tumors for the presence of neurologic disorders, including neural tube defects, mental retardation, seizures, and central nervous system tumors, as well as other cancers and birth defects. Only 1 patient, with the neurofibromatosis-Noonan syndrome, was confirmed to have an underlying syndromic diagnosis associated with central nervous system tumorigenesis. Families of 2 probands with posterior fossa primitive neuroectodermal tumors reported relatives with olivopontocerebellar atrophy. Although increased incidences of study disorders were not identified in this population, it is possible that within individual families one or more of these disorders is related to childhood central nervous system tumorigenesis.
Supercell calculation of the bremsstrahlung isochromat spectrum of cerium phosphide

The supercell technique with a local-density potential as described in the preceding paper is used to calculate the inverse photoemission spectrum of cerium phosphide. The results yield a double-peaked structure due to f states with one peak at 0.4 eV and another peak at 4.4 eV above the Fermi energy. Although bremsstrahlung isochromat spectroscopy has not yet been applied to CeP, the theoretical spectrum is very similar to experimental spectra of other cerium compounds. The peak at 0.4 eV is interpreted as a ``fully relaxed'' peak where the final state closely approximates the ground state (i.e., the f electron hops off the site involved). The second peak at 4.4 eV is due to a localized ${f}^{1}$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}${f}^{2}$ transition with associated repulsion of d charge off that site (antiscreening).
Implicit Implementation of Material Response and Moving Meshes for Hypersonic Re-entry Ablation

A one-dimensional material response implicit solver with surface ablation and pyrolysis is implicitly coupled to LeMANS, a CFD code for the simulation of weakly ionized hypersonic flows in thermo-chemical non-equilibrium. Following verification and validation of the blowing wall boundary conditions and ablation coupling, the implementation of a moving mesh algorithm in the flow solver is proposed. A set of simple test-cases is presented, proving that the method used preserves the fluxes. Using the well defined case of the IRV-2 vehicle, the implicit coupling method is tested over a re-entry trajectory.
A worthy family of semisymmetric graphs

In this paper, we construct semisymmetric graphs in which no two vertices have exactly the same neighbors. We show how to do this by first considering bi-transitive graphs, and then we show how to choose two such graphs so that their product is regular. We display a family of bi-transitive graphs D"N(a,b) which can be used for this purpose and we show that their products are semisymmetric by applying vectors due to Ivanov.
Effects of aldosterone and corticosterone on cloacal water and electrolyte excretion of constantly-loaded intact and colostomized ducks (Anas platyrhynchos).

1. 1. Doses of aldosterone (50, 100 and 200 μg per kg body wt) evoked similar changes in Na+ and K+ excretion by intact and colostomized ducks loaded with either distilled water or 0.5 isotonic saline (70 mM NaCl, 1.5 mM KCl); both antinatriuretic and antikaliuretic responses were observed. 2. 2. The lowest dose of aldosterone had no effect on electrolyte excretion in intact and colostomized ducks loaded with a solution containing more K+ than Na+ (74 mM KCl, 36 mM NaCl) but the higher doses caused an antinatriuretic response in both groups; a retention of K+ occurred only in intact birds given this solution. 3. 3. The lower dose of corticosterone (1.25 mg per kg body weight) caused both antidiuresis and antinatriuresis in intact birds, but in colostomized birds the decrease in Na+ excretion was not accompanied by an antidiuresis. 4. 4. The higher dose of corticosterone (2.50 mg per kg body wt) caused a significant increase in K+ excretion in colostomized birds, whereas no kaliuresis was ever observed in intact birds. 5. 5. Intact and colostomized birds loaded with 0.5 isotonic saline showed no responses to the lower dose of corticosterone, whereas the higher dose had an antikaliuretic effect in intact birds and an antinatriuretic effect in colostomized birds. 6. 6. Corticosterone had no effect on cloacal water and electrolyte excretion by intact and colostomized birds given loads containing more K+ than Na+.
Effect of long-term hyperosmolality on the Na+/H+ exchanger isoform NHE-3 in LLC-PK1 cells

Effect of long-term hyperosmolality on the Na + /H + exchanger isoform NHE-3 in LLC-PK 1 cells. The effects of long-term exposure to hyperosmotic medium on the Na + /H + exchanger isoform NHE-3 were examined in cultured renal epithelial cells (LLC-PK 1 ). LLC-PK 1 cells were grown to confluence in control medium (310 mOsm/kg H 2 O) and then either switched to a hyperosmotic medium (510 mOsm/kg H 2 O; addition of NaCl or mannitol) or maintained in the control medium for 48 hours. The Na + /H + exchanger activity was then assessed in isosmotic solutions by measurement of amiloride-sensitive acid-stimulated 22 Na + influx or Na + -dependent acid extrusion. Acid-stimulated 22 Na + influx was decreased significantly in cells incubated in hyperosmotic medium (10.5 ± 0.9 nmol/mg protein, control vs. 5.8 ± 0.6, hyperosmotic; P + -dependent acid extrusion by ∼∼60% over the intracellular pH range 6.9 to 7.3. Intracellular buffering power did not differ in the control and hyperosmotic groups. The Na + /H + exchanger isoform NHE-3 mRNA and protein, assessed by Northern hybridization and immunoblot analysis, respectively, were unchanged in LLC-PK 1 cells incubated in hyperosmotic medium compared with controls, suggesting post-translational regulation by high osmolality. These results demonstrate that long-term exposure to hyperosmotic medium causes an adaptive decrease in Na + /H + exchange (NHE-3) activity in LLC-PK 1 cells, and that this effect is unlikely to involve antiporter gene regulation or a change in protein abundance.
Individually Addressable, Submicrometer Band Electrode Arrays. 1. Fabrication from Multilayered Materials

Useful analytical application of submicrometer band electrodes depends strongly upon developing reproducible, convenient fabrication and characterization procedures. We report fabrication of arrays of individually addressable submicrometer band electrodes that are 2 mm long and functional down to 37.0 nm in width, using multilayered materials and conventional microfabrication techniques. Fabrication involves thermal vapor deposition of a chromium adhesion layer and a gold layer on glass, followed by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition of a silicon nitride layer, photolithography, and reactive ion etching. The topography of each layer was studied using contact-mode atomic force microscopy. Surfaces show larger features as the thickness of gold increases. Silicon nitride topography shows a relatively smoother surface, indicating that it may serve as a planarizing layer for subsequent gold layers. Cyclic voltammetry at 0.10 V/s of individual band electrodes in a solution of Ru(NH3)63+ shows a typical s...
Tolerance to Environmental Contaminants in the Mummichog, Fundulus heteroclitus

Mummichogs or killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus) are abundant estuarine fish that can tolerate widely varying environmental conditions. They are found in some highly contaminated sites, and their development of tolerance to toxicants has been studied. Populations have developed resistance to methylmercury, kepone, dioxins, polychlorinated biphenyls, and polyaromatic hydrocarbons. This article describes what is known about their tolerance, and discusses similarities and differences among these resistant populations. In some cases tolerance is seen only in early life stages, while in other cases tolerance is seen in adults also. In many of the populations, adults show signs of stress. The mechanism of embryo tolerance to meHg appears to be reduced chorionic permeability, and more rapid development through sensitive stages. One mechanism of resistance to dioxins, PCBs and PAHs is non-responsiveness (lack of inducibility) of CYP1A. In some populations it is already elevated, while in others it is not. Another ...
Film-grain noise in wavefront-reconstruction imaging.

A fundamental limitation to the quality of wavefront reconstruction images is noise generated by the granular structure of the recording medium. Predictions of the signal-to-noise ratios that can be achieved in wavefront-reconstruction imaging are based on the checkerboard and overlapping circular-grain models of the recording medium. When the object consists of a multitude of resolvable point sources, the signal-to-noise ratio is found to be proportional to the space-bandwidth product of the recording medium; when the object is a diffuse surface, the signal-to-noise ratio is found to be independent of that space-bandwidth product. The quantum limit to signal-to-noise ratio is approachable only with a judicious choice of reference exposure and a recording medium free of other classical noise sources.
Involvement of G-quadruplex structures in regulation of human RET gene expression by small molecules in human medullary thyroid carcinoma TT cells.

The RET (rearranged during transfection) proto-oncogene encodes a receptor tyrosine kinase for members of the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor family of extracellular signaling molecules. The activating germline point mutations in the RET, which are known to induce oncogenic activation of RET tyrosine kinase, are associated with the development of medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) and pathogenesis of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN2). The polypurine/polypyrimidine tract in the proximal promoter region of the human RET gene (−51 to −33 relative to transcription start site) is essential for basal transcriptional activity of this gene. This tract consists of a guanine-rich sequence containing five runs of at least three contiguous guanines separated by one or more bases, conforming to a general motif capable of forming an intramolecular G-quadruplex. Here, we show that specific G-quadruplex structures formed in the RET promoter region act to repress the transcription of this gene, and transcription of this gene can be controlled by ligand-mediated G-quadruplex stabilization. In this study, NSC194598, a derivative of indeno[1,2,3-de]quinazoline, was found to be a novel G-quadruplex interactive agent that interfered with transcriptional activation of mutated RET gene in human medullary thyroid carcinoma TT cells. This compound significantly reduced endogenous RET protein levels and increased apoptosis in these cells. Our results provide further support for the idea that G-quadruplex structures may have a critical role in transcriptional regulation of the RET gene in vivo, providing insight into a novel strategy for transcriptional repression of this gene by small molecules.
15-Deoxy-Δ12,14-Prostaglandin J2 Inhibits IFN-Inducible Protein 10/CXC Chemokine Ligand 10 Expression in Human Microglia: Mechanisms and Implications

Regulation of cytokine and chemokine expression in microglia may have implications for CNS inflammatory disorders. In this study we examined the role of the cyclopentenone PG 15-deoxy-Delta(12,14)-PGJ(2) (15d-PGJ(2)) in microglial inflammatory activation in primary cultures of human fetal microglia. 15d-PGJ(2) potently inhibited the expression of microglial cytokines (IL-1, TNF-alpha, and IL-6). We found that 15d-PGJ(2) had differential effects on the expression of two alpha-chemokines; whereas the Glu-Lys-Arg (ELR)(-) chemokine IFN-inducible protein-10/CXCL10 was inhibited, the ELR(+) chemokine IL-8/CXCL8 was not inhibited. These findings were shown in primary human microglia and the human monocytic cells line THP-1 cells, using diverse cell stimuli such as bacterial endotoxin, proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1 and TNF-alpha), IFN-beta, and HIV-1. Furthermore, IL-8/CXCL8 expression was induced by 15d-PGJ(2) alone or in combination with TNF-alpha or HIV-1. Combined results from EMSA, Western blot analysis, and immunocytochemistry showed that 15d-PGJ(2) inhibited NF-kappaB, Stat1, and p38 MAPK activation in microglia. Adenoviral transduction of super-repressor IkappaBalpha, dominant negative MKK6, and dominant negative Ras demonstrated that NF-kappaB and p38 MAPK were involved in LPS-induced IFN-inducible protein 10/CXCL10 production. Interestingly, although LPS-induced IL-8/CXCL8 was dependent on NF-kappaB, the baseline or 15d-PGJ(2)-mediated IL-8/CXCL8 production was NF-kappaB independent. Our results demonstrate that 15d-PGJ(2) has opposing effects on the expression of two alpha-chemokines. These data may have implications for CNS inflammatory diseases.
High-Frequency Dynamic Current Sharing Analyses for Multiphase Buck VRs

Under high-frequency repetitive load transients, multiphase voltage regulators suffer from beat-frequency oscillations of the phase currents. To investigate this issue, this paper develops a methodology based on the multifrequency model with describing functions. The phenomenon of beat-frequency oscillation in phase currents is explained. The influences from the interleaving operation are identified. Using peak-current control as an example, the magnitude of beat-frequency oscillations is predicted by a proposed model that considers sideband information. To reduce this oscillation without impacting the voltage regulation, several solutions are proposed. Experimental and simulation results are provided as verification of the analyses and solutions.
Copper proteins and ferroxidases in human plasma and that of wild-type and ceruloplasmin knockout mice

In the blood plasma of humans and rats, ceruloplasmin is the major copper-binding protein and ferroxidase, accounting for 70% of the copper present in the plasma, with the rest binding primarily to albumin and a macroglobulin. Systematic studies with fresh plasma were carried out to compare what occurs in the mouse. C57BL6 mice had half as much copper and pPD (p-phenylene diamine) oxidase activity as humans and rats, 20-40% as much ferroxidase activity as humans (determined using three different assays) and less inhibition by azide. Plasma from ceruloplasmin knockout mice had no pPD oxidase activity, but retained >50% ferroxidase activity (which was not as affected by azide). Modelling of mouse ceruloplasmin against the known X-ray structure of human ceruloplasmin indicated subtle but potentially significant changes in the pPD- and azide-binding sites. Purification and in-gel assays after native PAGE confirmed that mouse ceruloplasmin had ferroxidase activity but revealed an additional ferroxidase in ceruloplasmin knockout mouse plasma, which is also seen in size-exclusion chromatography. In the wild-type mouse, the 'ceruloplasmin' peak contained approximately 55% of the total copper, but ceruloplasmin knockout plasma exposed a major additional peak (180 kDa) which co-eluted with ferroxidase activity. Two other ferroxidases (700 and 2000 Da) were also detected in mouse and human plasma. Mammalian blood thus contains copper components and ferroxidases not reported previously.
Fano-Interference of Decaying States With Continuum in Nanostructures

A new scenario of quantum interference in open systems when a decaying (quasi-bound) state can interfere with the continuum is investigated. The resonant perturbation theory and numerical methods are applied to treat a scattering problem in an electron waveguide. Specifically, we use the Kapura and Peierls (KP) approach to extract resonances. In the waveguide with two antidots, we observe an interesting phenomenon: the interference between a quasi-bound state of one channel and background states of the other channel. Our results show that the zero of Fano resonance, arising from the interference between the quasi-bound states and the continuum, is generally placed in the complex plane.
Temperature-dependent scattering of hyperthermal energy K + ions

Extensive experimental and theoretical results are presented for the scattering of a beam of K + ions incident on aC u(001) surface along the k100l azimuth with incident energies of 50 to 154 eV. Energy-resolved scattered intensity spectra reveal three distinct peaks whose widths and intensities vary with surface temperature. Using the results of a classical trajectory simulation, four distinct ionic trajectory types are assigned to these peaks. Using a classical mechanical theory that contains the correct equilibrium thermodynamics of the Cu crystal, general features of the K + energy-resolved spectra are calculated for each trajectory type and compared with the experimental results. For the case of single ion-surface atom collisions, the dependence of the peak intensities and widths on the incident energy and surface temperature is well explained by the classical theory.
How to make large domains of disoriented chiral condensate.

Rajagopal and Wilczek have proposed that relativistic nuclear collisions can generate domains in which the chiral condensate is disoriented. If sufficiently large (i.e., nucleus sized), such domains can yield measurable fluctuations in the number of neutral and charged pions. However, by numerical simulation of the zero-temperature two-flavor linear sigma model, we find that domains are essentially [ital pion] sized. Nevertheless, we show that large domains can occur if the effective mesons masses are much lighter.
Is Valuing Equality Enough? Equality Values, Allophilia, and Social Policy Support for Multiracial Individuals

We conducted a field study to investigate positive intergroup attitudes (i.e., allophilia) and equality values as potential antecedents of social policy support for multiracial individuals. Participants (N = 97) reported their social policy support for multiracial individuals in two ways—support for the recognition of “multiracial” as a distinct racial category (recognition) and support for multiracial individuals’ access to programs and policies (assistance). Results revealed that allophilia motivated those who held equality beliefs to support social policies for multiracial individuals. Implications of these findings for theories of positive intergroup relations, as well as the processes that may underlie progress for multiracial individuals, are discussed.
Intractability of Assembly Sequencing: Unit Disks in the Plane

We consider the problem of removing a given disk from a collection of unit disks in the plane. At each step, we allow a disk to be removed by a collision-free translation to infinity, and the goal is to access a given disk using as few steps as possible. Recently there has been a focus on optimizing assembly sequences over various cost measures, however with very limited algorithmic success. We explain this lack of success, proving strong inapproximability results in this simple geometric setting. These inapproximability results, to the best of our knowledge, are the strongest hardness results known for any purely combinatorial problem in a geometric setting. As a stepping stone, we study the approximability of scheduling with AND/OR precedence constraints. The Disks problem can be formulated as a scheduling problem where the order of removals is to be scheduled. Before scheduling a disk to be removed, a path must be cleared, and so we get precedence constraints on the tasks; however, the form of such constraints differs from traditional scheduling in that there is a choice of which path to clear.
Anatomy of an adaptive radiation: a unique reproductive strategy in the endemic freshwater gastropod Tylomelania (Cerithioidea: Pachychilidae) on Sulawesi, Indonesia and its biogeographical implications

The patterns of adaptive radiations in ancient lakes provide valuable clues to mechanisms of speciation and adaptation. In contrast to vertebrate radiations, for instance in fishes or finches, invertebrate species flocks have been largely neglected. While the increase in molecular data narrows this gap, the anatomical basis for interpreting these data against the background of evolutionary hypotheses is still widely lacking. Here we evaluate anatomical findings in the live-bearing pachychilid freshwater gastropod Tylomelania, which has radiated extensively in ancient lakes in the Indonesian island, Sulawesi; we have aimed at reconciling these data with recently obtained molecular phylogenetic evidence. Discovered more than a century ago, the speciose and phenotypically diverse species flock with 34 currently described taxa was only occasionally cited as an example of adaptive radiation in ancient lakes, while anatomical data were entirely lacking. Our study of anatomical characters reveals very low qualitative variation at the species level. Thus, contrary to earlier views we suggest the existence of a single monophyletic lineage endemic to this island. The most conspicuous feature of Tylomelania is its uterine brooding strategy, i.e. retaining eggs and embryos in the pallial oviduct. This is unique among South-East Asian pachychilids. Within the uterine brood pouch the offspring is surrounded by considerable amounts of nutritive material produced by a very large albumin gland, and the embryos are produced continuously. The shelled juveniles of some species are the largest known so far in viviparous gastropods, measuring almost 2 cm in length when hatching. This combination of reproductive features in Tylomelania, characterized by a high amount of maternal investment, is considered to be ovoviviparous, rendering its brooding strategy unique also among other gastropods. In addition, our data reject a previously assumed close relationship to other South-East Asian pachychilids and instead suggest the North Australian Pseudopotamis as sister group to Tylomelania. These findings have significant consequences for the phylogenetic interpretation of morphological characters of Tylomelania in an evolutionary and biogeographical context, leading to the hypothesis that the common ancestor of both genera originated somewhere on the northern Australian continental margin. © 2005 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2005, 85, 513–542.
How to Reform a Reform Coalition: Outreach, Agenda Expansion, and Brokerage in Urban School Reform

Coalitions have always played an advocacy role in policymaking, but they are increasingly regarded as a form of community capacity that can be harnessed to civic ends. As explored in this study of urban school reform in Oakland, California, this civic view of coalitions confronts a tension between the cohesiveness and the inclusiveness of coalitions. Coalitions unified around cohesive goals and beliefs are often narrowly based, which can encourage the formation of rival coalitions. By contrast, reform coalitions that build broad-based support across the community may have difficulty developing coherent reform strategies. Using a social network analysis of key stakeholders to analyze the challenges of building civic capacity in Oakland, we find that the school district’s recent reform experience more closely resembles an advocacy coalition than a broad civic coalition. The article then explores strategies for developing a broad civic coalition by expanding the existing advocacy coalition. We use the network analysis to identify opportunities for brokerage across individuals, institutions, and issues.
Neurogenic bladder due to hypoxic-ischemic demyelination.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Hypoxia is commonly known to target neuronal cell bodies. Although myelin is a non-infrequent target, posthypoxic demyelination is a rarely described entity. We describe the case of a man who developed neurogenic bladder following a motor vehicle accident. CASE REPORT Following a severe motor-vehicle accident involving massive blood loss, a 46-year-old man developed urinary urgency requiring catheterization, with hyperactive reflexes and bilateral Babinski signs on exam. RESULTS Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain and cervical cord revealed diffuse, isolated white matter signal abnormality in a symmetric, confluent distribution, extending inferiorly into the spinal cord, with changes consistent with bilateral Wallerian degeneration. Serologic and CSF evaluations were normal. CONCLUSIONS Unlike previous reports of hypoxic-ischemic demyelination, our patient lacked any cortical abnormalities, presumably due to isolated white matter changes. This report alerts physicians to the possibility of hypoxic-ischemic demyelination due to global hypoxia-ischemia as an etiologic factor for neurogenic bladder. Background Neurological complications of hypoxia-ischemia can be varied; the most common presentations involve cortical loss resulting in neuropsychological manifestations. We describe a case of neurogenic bladder due to trauma-induced hypoxicischemic demyelination. This is contrary to the usual presentation of hypoxia and ischemia to the central nervous system and highlights the importance of considering this diagnosis in the differential.
Morphological Variations in the Canine (Canis familiaris) Right Ventricle Trabecula Septomarginalis Dextra and a Proposed Classification Scheme

The trabecula septomarginalis dextra is a structure routinely mentioned in veterinary anatomy. While there are several studies on the morphology of this structure in select animal species, there are some characteristics that are not adequately described. The purpose of this study was to describe and classify this trabecula in the domestic dog using the number of branches that insert onto the ventricular free wall. In the 39 examined hearts, 17.95% were single stranded (type I) and 2.56% were y-shaped (IA). Then, 28.21% were web-like with 3 to 4 points of insertion (IB) and 51.28% were web-like with 5 or more points of insertion (IC). While the purpose of this study was to describe the morphology of this trabecula, it also showed there is variability in this structure within the same species. This undocumented variability could present a problem to researchers who use dogs as an animal model when testing catheters for invasive cardiac monitoring or cardiac stem cell therapy. Also a web-like trabecula could create problems during pacemaker lead placement for the treatment of symptomatic bradycardia because of the potential for catheter entanglement in these branches.
Origin of fermion masses without spontaneous symmetry breaking

Using large scale Monte Carlo calculations in a simple three dimensional lattice fermion model, we establish the existence of a second order quantum phase transition between a massless fermion phase and a massive one, both of which have the same symmetries. This shows that fermion masses can arise due to dynamics without the need for spontaneous symmetry breaking. Universality suggests that this alternate origin of the fermion mass should be of fundamental interest.
Insect Pests of Stored Rice

Stored-product insects damage agricultural commodities during storage, processing, and distribution. Postharvest losses are particularly costly. The production costs already invested in the crop place the value at its highest point, and the loss of relatively small percentages is financially significant. Many insect species are associated with stored grain and grain products, but only about 50 are injurious, either occasionally or frequently (Cotton 1956). The more common species are listed in Table 7-1. Photographs and drawings of these and other stored-product insects are contained in Agricultural Handbook 500 (USDA/ARS 1986).
ACTH, CORTISONE AND ALLIED SUBJECTS: A Symposium

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia in females causes pseudohermaphroditism which must be differentiated on the one hand from various types of genetic intersexuality and on the other from virilization due to adrenal tumor. In males it causes macrogenitosomia precox which must be differentiated from other types of sexual precocity and from adrenal tumor. The major manifestations of the disorder are due to the excessive secretion of adrenal androgen which causes progressive virilization throughout embryonic and postnatal life. In some cases there is a defect of electrolyte regulation which may head to death with Addisonian symptoms or heart block. Partial adrenalectomy and the administration of estrogens or inert androgens have failed to check the progressive virilization, but cortisone has succeeded in doing so by suppressing the excessive activity of the abnormal adrenals. This effect of cortisone can be accomplished with small doses which do not exceed physiologic requirements, whereas in the treatment of hypersensitivity states and various other conditions large doses of cortisone are required for its pharmacodynamic action. We have now treated 11 patients continuously for periods of 6 to 17 months without ill effects. It is important to determine in each case the minimum dose required to maintain adequate suppression of the adrenals. This is measured by the level of urinary 17 ketosteroids. In patients over 8 years the ketosteroid excretion should be maintained below 8 mg. per day (preferably 4 to 6 mg. per day) and in young infants at 0.5 to 1.5 mg. per day. This degree of suppression can be brought about rapidly in older children by the administration of 25 to 50 mg. of intramuscular cortisone daily.
In Vitro Induction of Continuous Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia Cell Lines by Friend or Abelson Murine Leukemia Virus

S INCE THEIR DISCOVERY in the 1950s’ the murine type-C RNA leukemia viruses (retroviruses) have been intensively studied as model etiologic agents for human leukemia.2’3 The biochemical mechanism for replication and integration ofviral genetic sequences into host cell DNA has been partially elucidated,3 and the proviral DNA sequences for multiple copies of leukemogenic viral genomes have been detected by sensitive molecular biologic techniques in the DNA of mouse embryo cells.3’4 Both virus-specific and host-specific genetic factors are known to be very important for leukemogenesis in vivo.”3 The recent discovery of vertically transmitted (“inherited”) viral genomes that can be induced to produce a distinct class of xenotropic viruses incapable of growth in host cells has uncovered new variables for analysis of why some viruses cause leukemia and others do not.5 In vivo studies of the cellular biology of virus-induced leukemias have been complicated by several variables: the host’s immune response to the virus, which may contribute to or even provide the target cells for transformation;6’7 the presence
Dynamic stochastic scheduler for integrated arrivals and departures

In terminal airspace, inefficient operations occur frequently due to constrained airspace and uncertainty. Choke points can easily form in the terminal area and therefore reduce the efficiency of the entire National Airspace System. Based on previous work on scheduling of aircraft arrivals and departures with shared fixes in terminal airspace and uncertainty in departure and arrival times, this work extends the previous stochastic scheduler with dynamic capability such that the scheduler can be sequentially applied to air traffic in terminal airspace with a much larger time frame through sliding windows instead of a static 30-minute traffic scenario. Results show that great delay savings can be achieved by using the dynamic stochastic scheduler relative to current air traffic control procedures. With a 30-minute time window, if an aggressive solution is chosen, on average 5.2 hours can be saved in a day in Los Angeles out of the 30% arrivals and 10% departures that are covered in the experiment. The expected value of annual fuel saving would be more than 10 million dollars. However, the cost of potential controller intervention, which results from the uncertainty of estimated departure and arrival times, will increase by 50% on average. If a moderate solution is chosen instead, with the same expected controller intervention as using current procedure, more than four hours delay saving can still be expected. When uncertainty of departure time increases with look-ahead time, experiments show that optimizations with large windows still find better solutions than the ones with small windows when delay saving is moderate. However, when delay saving is high, time-varied uncertainty plays a more important role than window size, where a small window is preferred for finding good solutions.
Medical mystery--the answer.

To the Editor: The medical mystery in the July 25 issue1 involved a 34-year-old woman who was receiving dialysis and who had had multiple admissions for uremic pericarditis. An abdominal radiograph...
Studies on Plant Viruses Associated with Tobacco Diseases

A review on 32 plant viruses associated with tobacco diseases was presented in this paper. These viruses include 23 species in 10 Genus of 7 families, 8 species in 4 genus of unassigned families and 1 unassigned species.
Recent Advances in the Immunodiagnosis of Cancer

Neoplasms are known to produce specific hormones, enzymes, and antigens which, if identified, can aid in the diagnosis and treatment of patients with cancer. Some of the more commonly used tumor markers are discussed in this article and the clinical applicability of each is evaluated according to specific criteria.
Signal Coding in Cochlear Implants: Exploiting Stochastic Effects of Electrical Stimulation:

Speech perception in quiet with cochlear implants has increased substantially over the past 17 years. If current trends continue, average monosyllabic word scores will be nearly 80% by 2010. These improvements are due to enhancements in speech processing strategies, to the implantation of patients with more residual hearing and shorter durations of deafness, and to unknown causes. Despite these improvements, speech perception in noise and music perception are still poor in most implant patients. These deficits may be partly due to poor representation of temporal fine structure by current speech processing strategies. It may be possible to improve both this representation and the dynamic range of electrical stimulation through the exploitation of stochastic effects produced by high-rate (eg, 5-kilopulse-per-second) pulse trains. Both the loudness growth and the dynamic range of low-frequency sinusoids have been enhanced via this technique. A laboratory speech processor using this strategy is under development. Although the clinical programming for such an algorithm is likely to be complex, some guidelines for the psychophysical and electrophysiological techniques necessary can be described now.
Effect of Resveratrol and Derivatives on Interactions between Alzheimer's Disease Associated Aβ Protein Oligomers and Lipid Membranes: A Quartz Crystal Microbalance Analysis

Resveratrol and derivatives, abundant natural polyphenols in red wine, have been speculated to be responsible for the association between moderate red wine consumption and a reduced incidence of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Amyloid-β (Aβ) protein is highly involved in the pathology of AD, and one proposed mechanism for its pathogenesis is that Aβ aggregates’ interactions with lipid membranes induces cytotoxicity. This study investigates the effect of resveratrol and its derivatives on interactions between Aβ oligomers and lipid membranes modeled by supported lipid bilayers (SPBs).SPBs comprised of POPC, DPPC and DPPG are formed on the surface of a SiO2-coated quartz crystal for monitoring using a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM). QCM is a highly sensitive, real-time mass measurement technique based on the piezoelectric property of quartz. QCM can continually measure a crystal's resonance frequency shifts, which linearly correlate with changes in deposited mass. This study, by measuring the mass deposition rate, evaluates the binding between Aβ oligomeric aggregates and lipid membranes consisting of varying POPC/DPPC/DPPG ratios. The effect of resveratrol and its derivatives on Aβ-lipid interactions is additionally assessed by preparing Aβ oligomers in the presence of different polyphenols and comparing their respective deposition rate upon SPBs.The binding of Aβ aggregates to lipid membrane is believed to cause defects within the membrane and result in functional disorders. Thus, polyphenols that can effectively reduce this binding have the potential to protect membranes from disturbance and might be therapeutic for AD.
The Survival of Allen Ginsberg

We have three new books from Allen Ginsberg: a selection of recent poems, a second transcription of entries from his vast archive of journals, and an exchange of letters with Neal Cassady, who was once the elusive object of his tumultuous affections. But there is little to catch the eye here; two of the books — the journals and the correspondence — are sentimental journeys to familiar terrain — the mind of Allen Ginsberg. For years, Ginsberg been the most accessible of our writers, conducting his affairs very much in the open, if remarkably beyond the reach of talk shows, bookchat, and general literary blather. Nor do the poems break any new ground, thematically or technically. They serve up the standard brew of homosexuality, metaphysics, pacifism, stirrring declamation, muddled prophecy, and home-cooked Buddhism that is as familiar now as the morning coffee and about as shocking.
Modification of Silica Nanoparticles with Miktoarm Polymer Brushes via ATRP

Silica nanoparticles were successfully modified with miktoarm brushes via atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) using three different approaches. In the first approach: “graft onto and from”, a poly(tert-butyl acrylate) (PtBA) macroinitiator was grafted onto the surface of a monomer-modified silica nanoparticle. Then, polystyrene (PSt) brush was grafted from the surface-tethered reactive chain end. In the second approach: “two-step reverse ATRP”, the PtBA and poly(n-butyl acrylate) (PBA) brushes were consecutively grafted from initiator-modified silica particles via ATRP. The polymerization was initiated from the silica surface via a two-step controlled thermal decomposition of surface-tethered diazo initiator moieties. In the third method: “diblock first”, a diblock copolymer of poly(tert-butyl acrylate) and poly(glycidyl methacrylate) (PtBA-b-PGMA) was grafted onto amine-modified silica particles. The diblock copolymer was covalently attached to the silica surface via interaction between surface-tethered amine groups and the short reactive block containing glycidyl groups. Next, the polystyrene brushes were grafted from surface-tethered reactive chain end. The materials prepared by three different approaches were characterized using gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The PtBA brushes were hydrolyzed under acidic conditions to form poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) brushes. The resulting materials were imaged using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM).
Improvements to the IES TM-28-14 Lumen Maintenance Standard: A Generalized Acceleration Factor Approach for Solid-State Lighting

An SSL luminaire's lifetime is characterized in terms of lumen maintenance life. Lumen maintenance or lumen depreciation is the percentage decrease in the relative luminous flux from that of the original, pristine luminous flux value. Lumen maintenance life is the estimated operating time, in hours, when the desired failure threshold is projected to be reached at normal operating conditions. The accepted failure threshold of SSL luminaires is lumen maintenance of 70% -- a 30% reduction in the light output of the luminaire. Currently, the only industry accepted standard used to estimate the time to failure of an SSL luminaire, called L70, is the IES TM-28-14 (TM28) projection standard. TM28 utilizes the Arrhenius equation to determine SSL device specific reaction rates from thermally driven failure mechanisms used to characterize a single failure mode -- the relative change in the luminous flux output or "light power" of the SSL luminaire. TM28 requires a minimum of 3000 hours of testing with a recommended 500 hour sampling period and necessitates two different temperature conditions, 25°C and 45°C are suggested, to determine the SSL lamp specific activation energy. One principal issue with TM28 is the lack of additional stresses or parameters needed to characterize non-temperature dependent failure mechanisms. Another principal issue with TM28 assumes one particular failure mode, lumen depreciation, adequately describes the failure of SSL luminaires. Additionally, TM28 is SSL luminaire specific for acceleration factors or lifetime estimations and is time intensive. The deficiencies in TM28 validate the need behind the development of acceleration techniques to quantify SSL reliability under a variety of environmental conditions. The methodologies developed in this work utilizes degradation data of SSL lamps under a variety of accelerated test conditions for the development of a novel generalized acceleration factor model for use with any SSL lamp. This will greatly reduce the time and effort needed to produce SSL acceleration factors for the future development of accurate lifetime predictions.
Culture and emotion: Models of agency as sources of cultural variation in emotion

This chapter discusses in what ways culture influences emotional processes. The authors propose that different cultural models of agency may influence various aspects of emotions, thus accounting for cultural variance. A distinction is made between a conjoint model of agency, more common in collectivist cultures, and a disjoint model of agency, more often found in individualist cultures. Studies are reviewed that compare members from individualist and collectivist cultures in their selection of emotional events, their appraisal of events, and the way they cope with events. culture and emotion: models of agency as sources of cultural variation in emotion We must admit that we have always thought of our own emotions as natural, not cultural. The reason, we suspect, is that our emotions were socialized to fit the cultural realities within which we lived for many years: Dutch and North American middle-class environments, respectively. As long as our emotions were in concordance with the cultural environment that afforded and supported them, the cultural constitution of these emotions remained invisible to us. We both gained some perspective on the culture-specificity of our emotions when we came to engage in cultural environments with which our emotions were at odds. For the first author, this happened upon moving to the United States. American people initially seemed unnaturally happy, smiling a lot and asserting several times a day that they felt “great.” Consequently, her own emotions, which had been previously in harmony with a Dutch context, suddenly felt culturally particular and inadequate in the new American environment. Often, those Dutch emotions seemed slightly depressed (i.e., not happy enough) or even ungrateful (i.e., not happy enough for the occasion).
Trends in Cable Network Economics: Implications for the Open Internet

Over the past 50 years the network economics of cable networks have had a profound impact upon the diversity of information available to modern society in the form of video and broadband content. Cost-effective one-way transport increased the diversity of television channels to several hundred from a handful; cost-effective two-way transport established societal reliance upon always-on access to Internet content at broadband speeds. Incremental technological innovation over time has been the key driver establishing favorable network economics to push this evolution of expanding services and information carried on cable networks. This paper develops a framework to describe how the network economics of cable services has evolved from the use of analog television and digital television to new IP transport technologies such as Cable Service Interface Specification version 3.1 (DOCSIS 3.1) and network management technologies of software defined networking (SDN) and network virtual function (NFV), and the implications for public policy. This analysis shows that as video becomes the dominant application carried by the Internet, the Open Internet framework will need to address the network access issues specific to IP video including the wholesale migration of video to IP transport, definition of services using quality of service (QoS) and reasonable approaches for managing public Internet congestion. The analysis also shows how the economics of new channel deployment over cable will become easier in the IP environment, but more complex with regard to the network operations and traffic management associated with quality.
Design and Fabrication of a Liquid Argon Test Beam Cryostat

Fermi has accepted delivery of a liquid argon test cryostat used to test detector modules for the new collider detector at the Tevatron. The modules will be used for the detection and calibration of sub-atomic particles in high energy physics experiments. Due to the complexity of the vessel fabrication tolerances became more restrictive than those of standard pressure vessel tolerances.
Who Researches Functional Literacy

The purpose of this manuscript was to discover who researches functional literacy. This study was situated within a larger systematic literature review. We searched seven electronic databases and identified 90 sources to answer our larger question regarding how functional literacy is defined and conceptualized as well as the specific question pertinent to this paper. An analytic template guided our data collection. Analysis was completed by using a spreadsheet to examine two levels of institutional affiliation: 1) the larger institution such as a university or government unit, and 2) the department, program, or division within the institution. Findings showed the 209 authors of these 90 sources represent a diverse set of fields. Further, it appears that multidisciplinary research is being conducted. We discuss implications of these findings and call for more interdisciplinary research.
TRENDS IN THE EVOLUTION OF SCHOLARLY ACCOUNTING THOUGHT: A QUANTITATIVE EXAMINATION

Contemporary Accounting Research (CAR) has expanded substantially in scope over the past two decades. This paper provides an overview of these trends using both quantitative techniques from statistics and exploratory data analysis (EDA). Articles in CAR are classified into taxonomies and the literature tracked over 22 years. Analysis focuses on four taxonomies: foundation discipline, school of thought, research method and mode of reasoning. The paper first examines journals vis-a-vis article publication frequency and dominant taxonomies. Secondly, three assertions concerning the relative posture of the Journal of Accounting Research and the literature are examined. Next the context of the literature is examined through major taxonomies and a crosstabulation of research method vs school of thought. The last part of the analysis focuses on trends within the taxonomies in the 1963–1984 period.