cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
From ‘Is’ to ‘Ought’ in Moral Epistemology

Many philosophers claim that no formally valid argument can have purely non-normative premises and a normative or moral conclusion that occurs essentially. Mark Nelson recently proposed a new counterexample to this Humean doctrine:
Diversity and Organizational Change/Performance

Diversity in organizations matters both symbolically and substantively. How organizations address and manage diversity has implications for various organizational processes, including organizational change and performance, and for their ability to address the challenges of diversity and to take advantage of its potential benefits. Inclusion is a primary approach used to maximize the benefits of diversity. Keywords: cultural diversity; diversity; identity; work, management, occupations, and organizations
The Practices of a Non-Diversity-Focused Organization and Their Impact on its Members’ Intercultural Behavioral Comfort

The purpose of this research is to examine the impact that university student groups’ practices have on their members’ intercultural behavioral comfort and interactions and their cultural learning. We surveyed 360 undergraduate members of a national voluntary service organization at 50 U.S. four-year colleges. Findings indicate that an organization’s ability to nurture a sense of feeling welcome and identification with organizational purpose predict skills and confidence in dealing with diverse intra-group members – a competency we call behavioral comfort. An additional practice using proactive efforts to promote social interaction predicts behavioral comfort when mediated by a sense of belonging. These findings have important implications for institutions of higher learning, student affairs staff and administrators, campus co-curricular associations, and voluntary organizations.
Analysis of the Hydrogen Reduction Rate of Magnetite Concentrate Particles in a Drop Tube Reactor Through CFD Modeling

A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approach, coupled with experimental results, was developed to accurately evaluate the kinetic parameters of iron oxide particle reduction. Hydrogen reduction of magnetite concentrate particles was used as a sample case. A detailed evaluation of the particle residence time and temperature profile inside the reactor is presented. This approach eliminates the errors associated with assumptions like constant particle temperature and velocity while the particles travel down a drop tube reactor. The gas phase was treated as a continuum in the Eulerian frame of reference, and the particles are tracked using a Lagrangian approach in which the trajectory and velocity are determined by integrating the equation of particle motion. In addition, a heat balance on the particle that relates the particle temperature to convection and radiation was also applied. An iterative algorithm that numerically solves the governing coupled ordinary differential equations was developed to determine the pre-exponential factor and activation energy that best fit the experimental data.
Mössbauer Cross Section of Fe 57 in Iron

The M\"ossbauer cross section for ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{57}$ nuclei in metallic iron has been measured by determining the M\"ossbauer absorption as a function of absorber thickness. The method used is independent of the recoilless fraction and the line width of the source. The effects of instrumental resolution and background radiation in the detector are also minimized. The measured cross section is in agreement with the value calculated from measured nuclear quantities and the Debye temperature of iron.
Quality improvement of reporting standards for ablative studies: where do we stand?

© The Canadian Journal of UrologyTM; 19(5); October 2012 Address correspondence to Dr. Ithaar H. Derweesh, Moores UCSD Cancer Center, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, Mail Code: 0987, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA Quality improvement of reporting standards for ablative studies: where do we stand? Ithaar H. Derweesh, MD Division of Urology/Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA
Sodium Salicylate Increases CYP2E1 Levels and Enhances Arachidonic Acid Toxicity in HepG2 Cells and Cultured Rat Hepatocytes

Sodium salicylate and acetylsalicylic acid are drugs used as anti-inflammatory agents. Salicylate prevents nuclear factor-kappa B activation and can cause apoptosis. However, salicylate, a substrate of CYP2E1, is also an antioxidant and can scavenge reactive oxygen species. Experiments were carried out to evaluate whether salicylate can modulate CYP2E1-dependent toxicity. Addition of a polyunsaturated fatty acid such as arachidonic acid (AA) to HepG2 cells resulted in loss of cell viability, especially in cells expressing CYP2E1 (E47 cells). Toxicity was enhanced by the addition of 1 to 10 mM salicylate to the E47 cells but not to control HepG2 cells or HepG2 cells expressing CYP3A4. Salicylate alone was not toxic, and the enhanced toxicity by AA in the presence of salicylate was prevented by diallyl sulfide, a CYP2E1 inhibitor, and by the antioxidant (+/-)6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid. Salicylate potentiated AA-induced lipid peroxidation in the E47 cells, a reaction blocked by diallyl sulfide. CYP2E1 levels were elevated by salicylate at concentrations (<5 mM), which did not increase CYP2E1 mRNA levels. This increase was associated with a decrease of CYP2E1 turnover by salicylate in the presence of cycloheximide. Salicylate also potentiated AA toxicity in hepatocytes isolated from pyrazole treated rats with high levels of CYP2E1 and from saline controls. In view of the potential role of CYP2E1 in contributing to alcohol-induced oxidative stress and liver injury, the potentiation of CYP2E1-dependent toxicity and the elevation of CYP2E1 levels by salicylate may be of clinical significance and merit caution in the use of salicylate and salicylate precursors such as acetylsalicylic acid with certain other drugs.
40Cr Nano-crystallization by Ultrasonic Surface Rolling Extrusion Processing

Ultrasonic surface rolling extrusion (USRE) processing is applied on quenched and tempered 40Cr. Microstructure observations of USRE specimen surfaces indicate that the processing can both get nano-structured layers, with grain size of 3～7 nm, and reduce the surface roughness to 0.05 μm; plastic flow is formed from top surface to about 200 μm deep with graded distribution of grain size. Tests of mechanical properties show that microhardness of USRE specimen surface is increased by 63%; residual stress at the top surface can reach to –846 MPa and depth of residual stress layer is more than 1 mm. It has been determined by contrast wear test that USRE can reduce friction coefficient and improve the wear-resistant property.
Research on Security and Protection of Mobile Operation in Electric Power Marketing

The whole physical architecture and security architecture for mobile operation in electric power marketing are designed. The security risks of data missing, lower intensity of identity authentification and weaker network isolation, etc. during the process of mobile operation are analysed from five aspects including PDA terminal, transmission channel, outside network access, application service, and monitoring management system.Safeguarding measures like secure storage and transmission of data, intensive identity authentification, network access control, security management, etc. are proposed. These measures can effectively solve the hidden risks for mobile operation in electric power marketing.
Urinary iodine levels among migrant workers'children in Nanshan district of Shenzhen city

Objective To understand the iodine nutritional situation and the urinary iodine levels among migrant workers'children in Nanshan district of Shenzhen city,and to provide a basis for the formulation of prevention and treatment measures.Methods 475 children under 5 years old were selected by sampling.Urinary iodine was assessed using one of the day-time urinary samples.And urinary iodine level was determined by spectrophotometry with redox catalytic reaction of As-Ce.Results The median of urinary iodine level among 475 migrant workers'children was 209.10 μg/L.The percentage of those children the urinary iodine level less than 100.0 μg/L was 20.85%,and less than 50.0 μg/L was 6.74%.The urinary iodine level more than 100.0 μg/L was 79.16%,and more than 300.0 μg/L was 26.11%.The median of urinary iodine level of boys was 219.74 μg/L,and the girls was 192.61 μg/L,there was no significant difference(P0.05).The median of urinary iodine level of those children,aged from 0 to 1 year,1 to 3 years and 3 to 5 years,was 283.7 μg/L,203.4 μg/L and 205.0 μg/L respectively.There was significant difference(P0.01) in vary aged group,but there was no significant difference(P0.05) between 1 to 3 years old children group and 3 to 5 years old preschool group.Conclusions The iodine intake of migrant workers'children can meet the physiological demands in Nanshan district of Shenzhen city at this stage,there was no iodine deficiency.But the iodine intake was on the high side,therefore we should strengthen propaganda and education to universalize the knowledge of iodine supplementation and to control the intake of iodized salt at a reasonable range.
Practice Patterns Revisited in Pediatric Psychosomatic Medicine

Background Given the heightened focus on the implementation of integrated care and population health management strategies, there is a critical need for an analysis of pediatric psychosomatic medicine (PPM) programs. Objective The goal was to survey current practice patterns in academic PPM programs in North America regarding their service composition, clinical consultation services, changes in service demand, funding, and major challenges so as to inform and support advocacy efforts on behalf of children in their need for responsive and effective PPM services. Results With a 52.5% survey response rate from 122 child and adolescent psychiatry programs in North America, the demand for PPM services was reported to have significantly increased over the past decade as seen in the described expansion in clinical consultation services and the reported higher patient acuity, as well as new responsibilities in the care of youth with psychiatric illnesses who require boarding on medical inpatient services. Although an increased willingness by hospital administrators to fund PPM services was apparent, adequate funding remained a core issue. Although the value of research is well recognized, few programs are engaged in systematic PPM investigation. Conclusion This survey provides evidence that the current field of PPM appears to be in an increasingly stronger position within academic medical centers. It is just as apparent today, as it has been in the past, that there is a need to communicate at local, regional, and national levels that PPM is an essential behavioral health service.
Arthrodesis of the rheumatoid wrist. An evaluation of sixty patients and a description of a different surgical technique.

In a series of sixty patients (seventy arthrodeses) a technique was developed in which freshened bone surfaces of the carpus and radius were coapted and immobilized by an intramedullary pin, supplemented as needed by staples or a Kirschner wire. Fusion was successful in all but two patients and all patients benefited by increased strength and function in the hand. The advantages of the operation are: short operating time, so that other procedures can be done concomitantly, and a short recuperation time, so that activity, such as walking with crutches, is not lost.
Preclinical evaluation of BAY 1075553, a novel 18 F-labelled inhibitor of prostate-specific membrane antigen for PET imaging of prostate cancer

Purpose Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is a transmembrane protein overexpressed in prostate cancer and is therefore being explored as a biomarker for diagnosing and staging of the disease. Here we report preclinical data on BAY 1075553 (a 9:1 mixture of (2S,4S)- and (2R,4S)-2-[18F]fluoro-4-phosphonomethyl-pentanedioic acid), a novel 18F-labelled small molecule inhibitor of PSMA enzymatic activity, which can be efficiently synthesized from a direct radiolabelling precursor.
Sleeping while disabled, disabled while sleeping

This essay considers areas in which the study of sleep and sleep disorders might profit from the perspective of disability studies, as practiced in the humanities and social sciences. This interdisciplinary perspective considers the social and cultural dimensions of bodily and mental states and conditions that a particular society deems abnormal or impaired, as well as the lived consequences of those determinations. Some sleep disorders are considered disabilities, but almost all disabilities entail some disruption from normal sleeping patterns--whether because of physical pain, exhaustion, and emotional stress of facing obstacles in work and other areas of waking life, or challenging sleeping environments in which many disabled people live. Despite these disruptions, finding adequate nighttime care is often difficult for people with disabilities, and consequently, night is often when social isolation and vulnerability are most profound. In addition, caretakers themselves often find their own sleep profoundly disrupted, whether this occurs in a family setting or an institutional space. Finally, the essay suggests that a disability studies perspective can help us to see that disordered sleep--whether primary or secondary to a disabling condition--can both impact and be shaped by social relationships.
Immune-inspired search strategies for robot swarms

Detection of targets distributed randomly in space is a task common to both robotic and biological systems. Levy search has previously been used to characterize T cell search in the immune system. We use a robot swarm to evaluate the effectiveness of a Levy search strategy and map the relationship between search parameters and target configurations. We show that the fractal dimension of the Levy search which optimizes search efficiency depends strongly on the distribution of targets but only weakly on the number of agents involved in search. Levy search can therefore be tuned to the target configuration while also being scalable. Implementing search behaviors observed in T cells in a robot swarm provides an effective, adaptable, and scalable swarm robotic search strategy. Additionally, the adaptability and scalability of Levy search may explain why Levy-like movement has been observed in T cells in multiple immunological contexts.
Splenic Preservation at Distal Pancreatectomy

There is currently debate as to whether splenic preservation should be attempted during distal pancreatectomy, as splenectomy brings with it the risk of overwhelming post-splenectomy sepsis as well as hematologic aberrations such as thrombocytosis and leukocytosis. Little clarity has been established in understanding the differential benefits and disadvantages of spleen preservation at distal pancreatectomy as compared to those of splenectomy. After review, there are few differences between the two techniques regarding outcomes and postoperative complications. Splenic preservation should be attempted when it is technically feasible and not otherwise contraindicated.
Relationship between local structure and relaxation in out-of-equilibrium glassy systems.

The dynamical glass transition is typically taken to be the temperature at which a glassy liquid is no longer able to equilibrate on experimental timescales. Consequently, the physical properties of these systems just above or below the dynamical glass transition, such as viscosity, can change by many orders of magnitude over long periods of time following external perturbation. During this progress toward equilibrium, glassy systems exhibit a history dependence that has complicated their study. In previous work, we bridged the gap between structure and dynamics in glassy liquids above their dynamical glass transition temperatures by introducing a scalar field called “softness,” a quantity obtained using machine-learning methods. Softness is designed to capture the hidden patterns in relative particle positions that correlate strongly with dynamical rearrangements of particle positions. Here we show that the out-of-equilibrium behavior of a model glass-forming system can be understood in terms of softness. To do this we first demonstrate that the evolution of behavior following a temperature quench is a primarily structural phenomenon: The structure changes considerably, but the relationship between structure and dynamics remains invariant. We then show that the relaxation time can be robustly computed from structure as quantified by softness, with the same relation holding both in equilibrium and as the system ages. Together, these results show that the history dependence of the relaxation time in glasses requires knowledge only of the softness in addition to the usual state variables.
The Female “Confidence Gap” and Feminist Pedagogy: Gender Dynamics in the Active, Engaged Classroom

This chapter reviews how gender dynamics influence student engagement and performance in active-learning settings and explains how we might employ feminist pedagogy to more fully consider the role gender plays in an active-learning environment. First, common practices and benefits of active, engaged learning are viewed. Second, relevant research and faculty development materials that investigate gender dynamics in the college classroom are discussed, exploring in particular what we know about how male and female students regard their own abilities and performances. The general consensus is that female students consistently underrate and misinterpret their abilities while male students consistently overrate their abilities; male students attribute their successes to innate ability, while female students attribute successes to luck, effort, or support from others. Finally, methods instructors have employed in active, engaged classrooms are investigated to explore how these may be revised, drawing heavily on feminist pedagogy, to offer solutions to help students of all genders succeed in these high-impact environments.
Hospital-Level Variation in Practice Patterns and Patient Outcomes for Pediatric Patients Hospitalized With Functional Constipation

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Constipation is a common pediatric condition with a prevalence of 3% to 5% in children aged 4 to 17 years. Currently, there are no evidence-based guidelines for the management of pediatric patients hospitalized with constipation. The primary objective was to evaluate practice patterns and patient outcomes for the hospital management of functional constipation in US children’s hospitals. METHODS: We conducted a multicenter, retrospective cohort study of children aged 0 to 18 years hospitalized for functional constipation from 2012 to 2014 by using the Pediatric Health Information System. Patients were included by using constipation and other related diagnoses as classified by International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision . Patients with complex chronic conditions were excluded. Outcome measures included percentage of hospitalizations due to functional constipation, therapies used, length of stay, and 90-day readmission rates. Statistical analysis included means with 95% confidence intervals for individual hospital outcomes. RESULTS: A total of 14 243 hospitalizations were included, representing 12 804 unique patients. The overall percentage of hospitalizations due to functional constipation was 0.65% (range: 0.19%–1.41%, P P P CONCLUSIONS: There is significant variation in practice patterns and clinical outcomes for pediatric patients hospitalized with functional constipation across US children’s hospitals. Collaborative initiatives to adopt evidence-based best practices guidelines could help standardize the hospital management of pediatric functional constipation.
The Percent Share of All Medicare Payments to Physicians That Is Attributable to Noninvasive Diagnostic Imaging.

Abstract Purpose To ascertain the proportion of all Medicare payments to physicians under the Medicare Physician Fee Schedule (PFS) that is attributable to noninvasive diagnostic imaging (NDI). Materials and Methods The Medicare Part B Physician/Supplier Procedure Summary Master Files for 2003 to 2015 were the data source. Total approved payments to physicians for all medical services were determined each year. We then selected all procedure codes for NDI and determined aggregate approved payments to physicians for those codes. Also, Medicare's provider specialty codes were used to define payments to four provider categories: radiologists, cardiologists, all other physicians, and independent diagnostic testing facilities together with multispecialty groups (in this category, the specialty of the actual provider cannot be determined). Results Total Medicare-approved payments for all physician services under the PFS increased progressively from $92.73 billion in 2003 to $132.85 billion in 2015. In 2003, the share of those payments attributable to NDI was 9.5%, increasing to a peak of 10.8% in 2006, but then progressively declining to 6.0% in 2015. All four provider categories saw the same trend pattern—a peak in 2006 but then decline thereafter. By 2015, the shares of total PFS payments to physicians that were attributable to NDI were as follows: radiologists 3.2%, cardiologists 1.2%, all other physicians 1.2%, independent diagnostic testing facilities or multispecialty groups 0.4%. Conclusion The proportion of Medicare PFS spending on physician services that is attributable to NDI has been declining in recent years and is now quite small.
Interobserver variability in the H&E-based assessment of tumor budding in pT3/4 colon cancer: does it affect the prognostic relevance?

Tumor budding is a mostly accepted adverse prognostic factor in colorectal carcinoma. It is on the cusp of a widespread use after agreement was reached recently on uniform assessment criteria. We investigated whether the interobserver variability has a direct influence on the prognostic relevance in pT3/4 colon cancer in the background of different levels of experience of the investigators. In total, six investigators with different levels of experience evaluated tumor budding on H&E slides in 244 cases with primary diagnosed (2002–2011) colon carcinoma (pT3/4, N+/−, M0). High-grade tumor budding/budding grade 3 (defined as majority assessment among the investigators) was significantly associated with an adverse outcome (overall survival p = 0.03, cancer-specific survival p = 0.08) and the occurrence of distant metastasis (p = 0.009). However, a detailed analysis of the rating results of the individual investigators revealed that only ratings of one investigator (advanced resident) were associated with an adverse outcome (p = 0.01 cancer-specific survival, overall survival p = 0.09, distant metastasis p = 0.002). The results of another investigator (consultant) were significantly associated with distant metastasis (p = 0.007). The kappa values among the investigators have a range between 0.077 and 0.357 (median 0.166). Total agreement of all investigators existed in 109 cases (44.7%). Our results demonstrate that the evaluation of tumor budding on H&E slides in pT3/4 colon cancer goes along with a considerable interobserver variability among investigators of different levels of experience. Furthermore, our results reveal that these findings directly influence the prognostic value.
OM: Time for Meta Research

The debate which raged during the 60’s, regarding differences between Operations Research and Systems Engineering, finally petered out to a standoff. However, the 80’s have recorded a much more profound debate - a great deal of questioning as to what has become of OR and as to where it is heading [1, 3, 4, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 22]. The differences between OM and OR have certainly been recognized by some although they were not the subject of any vigorous debates. Yet, the differences were sufficient to spawn several new professional societies and a number of new journals. The subject matter of a majority of articles published under the rubric of OM are not that different from the majority of those published in the OR/MS literature during the sixties and, to a lesser extent, the seventies.
Description of the Plane Crack in Terms of Local Fields versus Path-Independent Integrals

Two possible approaches to the problem of skewing of a crack are proposed. One is related to path-independent integrals used in fracture mechanics, such as J, M, L. The other is based on use of material momentum and has a local character. The comparison of these two criteria is given.
Crop Yield Estimation Using Remote Sensing and Surface Energy Flux Model

Spatial variability of energy fluxes calls for remote sensing-based approaches for mapping of fluxes, especially for larger areas. Cumulative consumptive use of water by crops can be related to crop yield with the help of remotely sensed data and surface energy balance models. This chapter discusses the use of surface energy balance models and Landsat images for correlating crop yield with latent heat flux. A case study for wheat and soybean fields is also presented. The modeling frame work and correlation of crop yield to spatially mapped latent heat, Bowen ratio, and wetness index is discussed. Net radiation was determined using the Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL) procedure. Applying the Two-Source Energy Balance (TSEB) model, surface temperature and latent and sensible heat fluxes were partitioned into vegetative and soil components and estimated at the pixel level. Results show that latent heat flux and Bowen ratio were correlated (positive and negative) to the yield data, respectively. The effect of microtopography on latent heat flux was shown using the wetness index and latent heat relationship. The flux estimation procedure from the SEBAL–TSEB model was useful and applicable to agricultural fields.
Popular with whom? Usage demographics of popular science nonfiction at an academic library

AbstractThere is a large body of nonfiction written for a general audience which is infrequently promoted in popular reading collections at academic libraries. The aim of this research is to look at the usage of nonfiction science literature at a large university library in comparison to the science collection as a whole. This information can help librarians to not only determine how best to prioritize the collection of nonfiction science literature, but it can also be used to provide insight into how popular nonfiction science books can be most effectively promoted to library patrons.
Failure to launch : housing, debt overhang, and the inflation option

Can inflating away nominal mortgage liabilities effectively combat recessions? I address this question using a model of illiquid housing, endogenous credit supply, and equilibrium default. I show that, in an ordinary recession, temporarily raising the inflation target has only modest or even counterproductive effects. However, during episodes like the Great Recession, inflation effectively boosts house prices, consumption, and dramatically cuts foreclosures, but only when fixed-rate mortgages are the dominant instrument. The quantitative implications of inflation also vary if other nominal rigidities or demand externalities are present. In the cross section, inflation delivers especially large gains to highly leveraged homeowners.
Ion beam subcellular tomography

Multiplexed ion beam imaging (MIBI) has been previously used to profile multiple parameters in two dimensions in single cells within tissue slices. Here, a mathematical and technical framework for three-dimensional subcellular MIBI is presented. We term the approach ion beam tomography (IBT) wherein ion beam images are acquired iteratively across successive, multiple scans and later compiled into a 3D format. For IBT, cells were imaged at 0.2-4 pA ion current across 1,000 axial scans. Consecutive subsets of ion beam images were binned over 3 to 20 slices (above and below) to create a resolved image, wherein binning was incremented one slice at a time to yield an enhanced multi-depth data without loss of depth resolution. Algorithmic deconvolution, tailored for ion beams, was then applied to the transformed ion image series using a hybrid deblurring algorithm and an ion beam current-dependent point-spread function. Three-dimensional processing was implemented by segmentation, mesh, molecular neighborhoods, and association maps. In cultured cancer cells and tissues, IBT enabled accessible visualization of three-dimensional volumetric distributions of genomic regions, RNA transcripts, and protein factors with 65-nm lateral and 5-nm axial resolution. IBT also enabled label-free elemental mapping of cells, allowing “point of source” cellular component measurements not possible for most optical microscopy targets. Detailed multiparameter imaging of subcellular features at near macromolecular resolution should now be made possible by the IBT tools and reagents provided here to open novel venues for interrogating subcellular biology.
Genetic control of the humoral immune response to avian egg white lysozymes in the chicken

Chickens from two closely related sublines, GHs-B6 and GHs-B13, differing serologically at the major histocompatibility complex, were significantly different in their humoral response to three avian egg white lysozymes. Specific antisera levels were measured by 125 radioimmunoassay using I-labeled lysozymes. Antibodies elicited in response to these lysozymes are assumed to be directed against sites on these lysozymes where their amino acid sequence differs from that of the recipient G. domesticus egg white lysozyme (HEL). GHs-B6 birds produced a high level of antibody in response to immunizations of turkey (TEL), pheasant (PhL) and guinea hen (GHL) lysozymes. GHs-B13 birds produced no detectable antibody to TEL, were intermediate in their response to PhL and equalled the antibody production of GHs-B6 birds in response to GHL. Antisera to each lysozyme were examined for crossreactivity with all other lysozymes by use of a competitive binding assay. Immunization with PhL produced antisera in both sublines which reacted only with pheasant lysozyme. GHs-B6 birds immunized with either TEL or GHL produced antisera which crossreacted with PhL as did antisera from GHs-B13 birds immunized with GHL. Primary immunization with PhL effectively primed GHs-B6 but not GHs-BlS birds for a response to a subsequent immunization with GHL. Crossreactivities of the antisera were related to the amino acid sequence of each lysozyme in an attempt to identify probable antigenic determinants recognized by antisera from GHs-B6 and B13 birds. Differences in the immune responses of B6 and B13 birds were viewed in
Einige Konsequenzen der Lorentztransformation

Es wird nachgewiesen, dass die Eigenzeit unter Lorentztransformationen invariant ist. Das Additionstheorem der Geschwindigkeiten wird fur den Spezialfall kollinearer Bewegungen und fur den allgemeinen Fall hergeleitet und eine Formel fur die Gesamtgeschwindigkeit bei beliebigen Geschwindigkeitsvektoren wird entwickelt. Es wird gezeigt, dass der Fresnelsche Mitfuhrungskoeffizient fur Licht in bewegten Flussigkeiten ebenso eine Konsequenz dieses Theorems ist wie die Maximalgeschwindigkeit \(|\boldsymbol {v}_\mathrm {max}|<c\) eines bewegten Korpers. Wir stellen die Rapiditat vor, die sich bei kollinearen Bewegungen additiv verhalt, so wie die Geschwindigkeit im nichtrelativistischen Fall.
Chapter 17 – Nature-Inspired Search Methods

There are several search methods that try to emulate some processes observed in nature. The methods in this class have been given different names, such as stochastic programming methods, evolutionary algorithms, metaheuristic methods, and so on. The methods also fall into the class of direct search methods that do not require use of derivatives of functions in their search. In this chapter, four methods are presented and explained: genetic algorithms, differential evolution (DE) (can be considered as a variation of the genetic algorithm), ant colony optimization (ACO) and particle swarm optimization (PSO). The basic ideas of the methods are described and a step-by-step algorithm for each is presented. The methods are usually discussed for the unconstrained optimization problem, assuming that the constraints can be included via a penalty function approach. The methods tend to converge into a global minimum point, although there is no guarantee. There is no precise stopping criterion for such algorithms; most compute function values at several thousand points and thus are computationally quite extensive. They can be implemented for parallel computations to speed up the search for an acceptable solution. Some examples are presented to illustrate use of some of the methods.
High School Co-Teaching Partners’ Self-Efficacy, Personal Compatibility, and Active Involvement in Instruction:

High school co-teachers prepare students with and without disabilities to earn content credits for graduation, with instructional effectiveness influenced by multiple factors. In this study, teache...
Acts of collusion: myth, media, and the populist imagination in the 2016 United States presidential election

This article considers the hypothesis that the 2016 nomination of Hillary Clinton appeared rigged because the Democratic Party persuaded itself that the next step in guaranteeing Obama’s legacy and...
Approaches for developing acyclovir gastro-retentive formulations using hot melt extrusion technology

Abstract The aim of the current study was to prepare and compare acyclovir (ACV) floating gastro-retentive formulations synthesized via hot-melt extrusion (HME) techniques using pressurized CO2 and sodium bicarbonate. Physical mixtures of ACV (20%, w/w) and HPC EF (70%, 60%, w/w) with HPC MF (10%, w/w) or HPMCAS-LG (10%, w/w) were prepared using a co-rotating twin-screw extruder with a standard screw configuration. Additionally, P-CO2 was injected into 9th zone of the extruder, or NaHCO3 was added (10% w/w). In vitro dissolution studies were performed in 0.1 N hydrochloric acid medium, and all formulations floated on the medium because of their porosity and low density. Formulations with NaHCO3 (F9, F10) showed better sustained release potential than the counterparts with P-CO2 (F7, F8). Accelerated stability studies demonstrated similar release, with ƒ2 values above 50, indicating no significant differences between fresh samples and stability samples. Altogether, the ACV floating gastro-retentive formulations were successfully developed, which can prolong the gastric residence time to enhance the therapeutic efficacy.
Funny Money: Why Bitcoin Does Not Warrant Increased Governmental Regulation

This note explores the origins and workings of Bitcoin, its popularity and regulation in Germany, how criminal enterprises have used Bitcoin, and governments’ ability to regulate it. To date, there have been no cases challenging the power of individuals to make transactions using Bitcoin. However, policymakers and consumers around the world are calling for enhanced government regulations. This leads to the question of whether national governments can regulate a currency that is not their own, and if so, what exactly those regulations should look like. This note will show that national governments around the world have no legal basis to prohibit Bitcoin users from entering the marketplace. National governments should refrain from passing legislation or regulations that would have a chilling effect on the use of Bitcoin. This note suggests that if a dispute arises, contract law provides a suitable solution for all consumers, and taxation provides sufficient regulation for governments. Section II of this note provides an overview of Bitcoin, its technological foundations, and its use in the marketplace. Section III analyzes Germany’s loose regulatory approach to regulating Bitcoin. Section IV examines how Bitcoin has been, or could be, utilized for illicit purposes by criminal enterprises around the world. Section V analyzes the arguments against increased regulation and proposes solutions that will not have a chilling effect on the adoption of Bitcoin.
Handbook of Transcription Factor NF-kappaB

The NF-kB Pathway: A Paradigm for Inducible Gene Expression, S. Ghosh Structural Aspects of NF-kB and I*B Proteins, A. K. Moorthy, T. Huxford, and G. Ghosh Regulation of IKK, H. Hacker and M. Karin Control of NF-kB Activation by Ubiquitination, S. C. Ley and Y. Ben-Neriah Regulation of Nuclear NF-kB Action: A Key Role for Posttranslational Modification, L.F. Chen and W. C. Greene NF-kB in the Innate Immune System, M. S. Hayden and S. Ghosh NF-kB in the Adaptive Immune System: Lymphocyte Survival and Function, M. S. Hayden and S. Ghosh NF-kB and IKK as Key Mediators of Inflammation and Oncogenic Progression, A. S. Baldwin NF-kB and Associated Human Genetic Pathologies, A. Israel Regulating the Master Regulator NF-kB: From Natural Strategies to Rationally Designed Superdrugs, S. Withoff, V. Tergaonkar, and I. M. Verma Index
An RFID-based inventory management framework for emergency relief operations

In the aftermath of super storm Sandy, a large region from North Carolina to Maine endured food shortages, power outages, and long lines at gas stations forced to ration fuel due to low supply and high demand. These issues were largely the result of the affected transportation network’s inability to effectively cope with random and highly dynamic changes, and a lack of available resources and suppliers who were capable of enacting adequate emergency response measures. These problems experienced during super storm Sandy further underscored the need for a robust emergency inventory management system, where planning policies can be integrated with real-time on-line inventory management strategies to keep track of fluctuations of vital commodities such as food, water, medicine, fuel and power supplies. Motivated by this important problem, this paper investigates a comprehensive feedback-based emergency management framework for disasters such as super storm Sandy that provides integration with an emerging intelligent transportation systems technology, namely Radio Frequency Identification Devices (RFID). Within this framework, the offline-planning problem is solved by the stochastic humanitarian inventory management approach; and the online modeling strategy includes the application of a continuous time model predictive control technique. After introducing the mathematical background, the proposed framework is discussed using case studies built based on super storm Sandy in order to understand the efficiency and practicality of this RFID-based methodology. Results suggest that the methodology can properly account for and react to the rapidly changing needs for vital supplies that occur during the emergency relief operations. Based on this approach, planners and decision makers can be aware of the time delay that can happen due to disaster-related disruptions and thus maintain a safe level of buffer for vital supplies.
Indikationen zur Pinnung

Die gebrochene Extremitat zeigt ihre eigenen inneren Krafte in Form des Muskelzuges, der Verkurzung und Achsenknickung erzeugt. Diese Krafte sind standig vorhanden. Der Chirurg kann durch die Anwendung vernunftiger technischer Gesichtspunkte diesen Kraften an allen langen Rohrenknochen, selbst in Gelenknahe, entgegenwirken, um stabile Fixation und fruhe Funktion sicherzustellen.
The Design of Improved Television Systems

In this chapter, we apply the principles and methods previously discussed to a topic of great current interest. TV broadcasting systems are likely to be revamped in the coming years so as to deliver substantially higher picture and sound quality to home receivers. Today’s US monochrome standards were established in 1941 and color was added in a compatible manner in 1953. Since then, a true revolution in electronics technology has taken place, and, in addition, our knowledge of visual psychophysics and of TV signal processing has advanced a great deal. It would be unreasonable to believe that, in spite of all these changes, the design decisions made so long ago would still be appropriate. In fact, a newly designed system, taking advantage of increased knowledge and improved technology, can give much better performance than today’s systems. A much more difficult problem is devising a transition scenario by which such a totally new and necessarily incompatible system can be put in place without putting an unacceptable financial burden on industry and viewers alike. Such matters are discussed in further detail in the Appendix.
Workshop Report - International Workshop on Temporal, Spatial, and Spatio-temporal Data Mining - TSDM 2000

The International Workshop on Temporal, Spatial, and Spatio-Temporal Data Mining (TSDM2000) was held on September 12, 2000 in Lyon, France as a pre-conference workshop of the Fourth European Conference on Principles and Practice of Knowledge Discovery in Databases (PKDD’2000). Workshop co-chairs were Kathleen Hornsby (University of Maine, USA) and John Roddick (Flinders University, Australia).
THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF AUTOMOBILE SAFETY INSPECTIONS

Studies of traffic safety typically assumethat policies are adopted to further thepublic interest, thereby ignoring thepolitical motives for policy. Sincepolitical motives can influence the designor enforcement of policies, accounting forpolitical motives has relevance forevaluating policy effectiveness. Weexamine the political motives concerning afrequently-studied traffic safety policy: state-mandated vehicle safety inspection. We distinguish between public interest andspecial interest explanations for safetyinspection. Our econometric models examinethe incidence of inspection across states,and determinants of regulated inspectionfees. The evidence strongly rejects apublic interest explanation, but specialinterest hypotheses also do not proveentirely satisfactory. Since recentstudies find that inspections fail toimprove highway safety, we attribute thecontinued existence of inspection programsto political transaction costs rather thanto the demands of interest groups.
Helping Nurses Overcome Possible Barriers

This article explores some possible barriers that Labor and Delivery nurses may face as they transition from a paper to an electronic flow sheet. Solutions are suggested for how to minimize or overcome these barriers.
A synchronized multicellular movement initiated by light and mediated by microfilaments

Abstract Our ultrastructural studies of the sperm duct epithelium in the ascidian Ciona intestinalis document the existence of a light-sensitive assembly of microfilaments. This process coincides with the contraction of the sperm duct epithelium following exposure to blue light. Isolated regions are capable of organizing a microfilament system, thus, the receptoral mechanism regulating this process must be distributed along the length of the epithelium. Cells of the isolated dark-adapted duct contain an amorphous material, but few microfilaments. In contrast, when ducts are actively spawning in response to illumination or when isolated segments of the excised duct are exposed to light, the basal plasmalemma becomes highly convoluted, and the adjacent cytoplasm is packed with a microfilamentous complex. Treatment of dark-adapted segments with A23187 will mimic the effects of light, suggesting that ion fluxes may be involved in generating the contractile network. SDS gel electrophoresis indicates that these cells contain a major band with an electrophoretic mobility indistinguishable from that of actin. The light-induced contraction of cells composing the sperm duct epithelium is implicated in effecting sperm release from individuals and, hence, in controlling synchronous spawning within a population.
Refraction of Plane Shock Waves

It is assumed that when a plane shock wave is incident on an interface between two gases of different densities $\ensuremath{\rho}$ and ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{1}$, and different ratios of specific heats $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ and ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{1}$, respectively, a three shock configuration results, involving an incident shock, a reflected shock, and a transmitted shock. It is further assumed that in the various angular domains the pressure is constant. The Rankine-Hugoniot equations are used to formulate the following conditions: (a) the pressure across the interface is continuous and (b) the deflection of the flow caused by the incident and reflected waves is equal to that caused by the transmitted wave. Rational polynomial equations of the twelfth degree are obtained, the roots of which determine the position and strength of the reflected and transmitted waves as functions of the strength, angle of incidence of the incident wave, and three parameters characterizing the pair of gases involved. The solutions of these equations are studied as multiple branched functions of the five parameters. It is shown that one branch behaves similarly to the acoustic case, and it is suggested that this branch is the only physically realizable one. Relations are obtained between the strength of the incident shock, its angle of incidence, and the three parameters characterizing the pair of gases which determine the ranges of these parameters where real physically realizable solutions may exist. One of these relations shows that the configuration is impossible for angles of incidence corresponding to the angle of total reflection. The cases for which numerical computations were made are listed, and the method of computation is briefly described. These computations were planned and supervised by Mrs. Adele Goldstein and were carried out on the Eniac which was made available through the cooperation of the Army Ordnance department.
Advanced x-ray/EUV diagnostics for spectroscopy, imaging, and polarimetry at the Nevada Terawatt Facility z-pinch plasma source

A wide variety of x-ray and extreme ultraviolet (EUV) diagnostics are being developed to study z-pinch plasmas at the Nevada Terawatt Facility (NTF) at the University of Nevada, Reno. Time-resolved x-ray/EUV imaging and spectroscopy, polarization spectroscopy, and backlighting will be employed to measure profiles of plasma temperature, density, flow, and charge state and to investigate electron distribution functions and magnetic fields. These diagnostics are used to study the NTF pinch as an x-ray/EUV source for plasma spectroscopy research and to examine the early-time evolution of a current-driven wire, the formation of a plasma sheet from the explosion and merging of wires, etc. The instruments are state-of-the-art applications of glass capillary converters (GCC), multilayer mirrors (MLM), and crystals. Devices include: a novel glass-capillary-based two- dimensional imaging spectrometer, a time-resolved x-ray spectrometer, a 5-channel crystal/MLM spectrometer ('Polychromator') with a transmission grating spectrometer, and two-channel x-ray/EUV polarimeters-spectrometers (to study simultaneously polarization of K- and L-shell radiation). An x-pinch backlighter, yielding point-projection microscopy with ns resolution is under development. X-ray convex-crystal survey spectrometers, and fast filtered x-ray diodes have observed single Ti-, Fe and W-wire z-pinches, and Ti and Fe x- pinches. The NTF x-ray yield and x-ray pulse duration depend sensitively on the wire load. There is evidence of a strong energetic electron beam with a complex spatial structure in x- pinch plasmas. This work is supported by DOE, DOD, SNL, and UNR.
A Technique For Approximating The Capacity Outage Table Based On The Modeling Of Unit Outage Size

The capacity outage table of a power generation system is used to obtain, for any level of outage, the probability that the total system outage capacity exceeds that level. This paper proposes a novel approach to the problem of approximating the function represented by the capacity outage table. The proposed approach uses an underlying probabilistic model of unit outage sizes to predict the general form of the function. We also show the application of the approach to an important class of power systems, for which the method is used to develop a powerful technique for interpolating the capacity outage curve between two widely spaced points.