cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
U-Th dating of deep-sea corals

Th, 232 Th, 234 U and 238 U compositions of several deep-sea solitary corals, mainly the species Desmophyllum cristagalli, were determined by thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS). It is possible to obtain high precision ages on modern pristine corals that have low ( 232 Th) (5 to a few hundred ppt). However, because older deep-sea corals tend to have higher ( 232 Th) compared to surface corals, and the initial 230 Th/ 232 Th ratio is uncertain, older deep-sea corals have larger age uncertainties ( 6several hundred years for samples with a few thousand ppt 232 Th). Therefore, the key hurdle for precise U-Th dating is to remove or account for contaminants which contain elevated 232 Th and associated 230 Th not due to closed system decay within the coral lattice. A modification of the trace metal cleaning methods used for foraminifera and surface corals can significantly reduce this contamination. By counting the visible growth bands and measuring the mean age of a single septum, the extension rate of D. cristagalli was estimated to be between 0.1 and 3.1 mm/year. In a mean sense, bands appear to be precipitated annually, but this estimate has a large uncertainty. If appropriate tracer calibrations can be established, these corals are therefore suitable to record decadal or sub-decadal oceanographic changes over the course of their lifetime. The d 234 U values of all modern samples from different localities and different depths are similar (mean 145.5 6 2.3‰) and indistinguishable from the data obtained from surface corals. At a precision of about 62‰, we find no structure in the oceanic profile of d 234 U ratios over the top 2000 m of the water column. Copyright © 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd
On Acyclic Database Decompositions

Given a universal relation scheme, presented as a set of attributes and a set of dependencies, it may be advantageous to decompose it into a collection of schemes, each with its own sets of attributes and dependencies, that has some desired properties. A basic requirement for such a decomposition to be useful is that the corresponding decomposition map on universal relations be injective . A central problem in database theory is to find the reconstruction map, i.e., the inverse map of an injective decomposition map. It is proved here that when the decomposition, viewed as a hypergraph, is acyclic and the given dependencies are full implicational dependencies , then the reconstruction map is the natural join . Based on this, it is shown that there is a polynomial time algorithm to test for injectiveness of decompositions.
Culture of Bovine Embryos in Deproteinized Hemodialysate-Supplemented Media and Immature Mouse Uterine Horns

Abstract Bovine morulae (d 6) were used to evaluate embryonic development in a deproteinized hemodialysate, agar embedding, and in the uterus of the immature mouse. Agar-embedded embryos were cultured in Ham's F-10 and 10% steer serum either (treatment 1) immediately after collection or (treatment 2) 24h after storage in the uterus of the immature mouse. Unembedded embryos were cultured in Ham's F-10 containing (treatment 3) 10% steer serum, (treatment 4) 1% deproteinized hemodialysate CLB1107, or (treatment 5) 1% de-proteinized hemodialysate CLB1107 and 10% steer serum. A greater percentage of the embryos reached the hatched blastocyst stage after culture in treatments 1, 3, 4, and 5 (38.1, 34.6, 28.6, and 21.1%) than in treatment 2 (9.5%) in which embryos were stored in the immature mouse uterus for 24h prior to in vitro culture. Final development scores for unembedded and agar-embedded embryos cultured in Ham's F-10 (5.5±.3) and 10% steer serum (4.9±.4) were similar and higher than those of embryos cultured in deproteinized hemodialysate CLB1107 (4.2±.4), deproteinized hemodialysate CLB1107 and steer serum (4.2±.4), or immature mouse uteri (3.4±.4). It is concluded that deproteinized hemodialysate supplementation at 1% (vol/vol) failed to enhance embryonic development in vitro. Moreover, bovine morulae were unaffected by agar embedding and were able to develop to a limited extent following short-term storage in the uterus of the immature mouse.
Phytoplankton and the global radiation budget

Phytoplankton may exert a warming influence on the planet by decreasing surface albedo. Compared with the case of pure seawater, the globally and annually averaged outgoing radiative flux is decreased by a probable value of 0.25 Wm-2. This value corresponds to about 20 percent of the net radiative forcing by greenhouse gases and anthropogenic aerosols since pre-industrial times, including indirect effects. The relative importance of phytoplankton is greater on Regional and seasonal scales, with forcing values reaching -1.5 Wm-2 in coastal zones and high-latitude regions during summer. The effects of space- and time-varying phytoplankton on surface albedo should be taken into account explicitly in the numerical modeling of climate change.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Placental Transfer and Fetal Effects of Maternal Sodium ß -Hydroxybutyrate Infusion in the Baboon

Placental Transfer and Fetal Effects of Maternal Sodium s -Hydroxybutyrate Infusion in the Baboon
Conditional stimulation by galanin of saccharin and ethanol consumption under free and response contingent access

Prior research has shown that the neuropeptide galanin strongly stimulates food intake in sated rats when food is made freely available. However, when access to food is made contingent upon lever pressing on a reinforcement schedule, no such stimulation occurs. This dissociation is consistent with the theorized "behavioral energizing" function of the ascending mesolimbic dopamine system, which purports that this ascending dopamine system is involved in only the goal directed effort maintaining (appetitive) and not the hedonic (consummatory) aspects of reward. Further, these results suggest that galanin may play an inhibitory role therein, or itself may be inhibited by mesolimbic dopamine activity underlying instrumental behavior. Prior research into this phenomenon has only utilized caloric foods or water, so the current work assessed the generality of this finding by determining if a similar dissociation also applies to commodities with other properties. For the present experiments, two commodities which varied in the dimensions of palatability and caloric load but which are both known to serve as reinforcers in other settings were chosen. In the first experiment, under the current single commodity free consumption test conditions shown to be sensitive to galanin effects of food and water consumption, galanin did not significantly alter the consumption of caloric laden but poorly palatable 7% alcohol solution. However, in the second experiment, galanin significantly increased free consumption of a highly palatable but non-caloric 0.2% saccharin solution but not when operant responding was required for access to saccharin, extending the basic appetitive-consummatory dissociation observed for food. Taken together, these results suggest that the gustatory properties may be a specific factor involved in galanin stimulation of free consumption, and that there may be a continuum of influence of galanin based on the relative "elasticity" of the commodities as reinforcers.
Incomplete aminoacylation of tRNALeu catalyzed in vitro by leucyl-tRNA synthetase from Escherichia coli B.

Abstract The extent of esterification of [ 14 C]leucine into Escherichia coli B tRNA Leu apparently depends on the concentration of leucyl-tRNA synthetase. The effect is more pronounced at pH 9.0 than at pH 7.4. When reciprocals of leucyl-tRNA concentration at plateau [aa-tRNA] −1 are plotted against reciprocals of initial velocities v −1 0 of aminoacylations a straight line is obtained with a slope equal to the rate constant of non-enzymatic deacylation of leucyl-tRNA. Factors which change the stability of leucyl-tRNA, e.g. pH and temperature, also change the shape of the function [aa-tRNA] −1 vs. v −1 0 . The data are consistent with the idea that the rate constant of spontaneous deacylation of aminoacyl-tRNA is the factor which accounts for the dependence of the level of aminoacylation on initial velocity of aminoacylation.
Effects of electronic quantum interference, photonic-crystal cavity, longitudinal field and surface-plasmon-polariton for optical amplification

Some possibilities for coherent optical amplification of a normally-incident and weak radiation field are reviewed based on various physical mechanisms, such as electronic quantum interference induced by a coupling laser field in a three-level system, field enhancement through the cavity confinement of a radiation field in a photonic crystal and field concentration seen in a transmitted near field through a metallic surface grating due to excitation of surface-plasmon-polariton modes. Numerical results are presented and discussed to demonstrate these interesting effects. The important role played by a longitudinal field resulting from the absorption by an induced three-dimensional plasma wave inside a doped semiconductor is analyzed using a nonlocal and non-adiabatic model.
Effect of nicotinamide on in vitro histamine release and slow-reacting substance formation in anaphylactically sensitized lung and its relation to acid-soluble nucleotides☆

Abstract The present experiments confirm that nicotinamide partially inhibits the in vitro release of histamine from anaphylactically sensitized guinea pig lung on incubation with antigen. It has also been demonstrated that formation of SRS-A is reduced by nicotinamide. No change in DPNase activity of lung tissue was demonstrable after in vitro anaphylaxis. In vitro anaphylaxis caused a 28 to 47 per cent reduction in lung content of acid-soluble nucleotides as measured by the orcinol reaction. The possible significance of this change is discussed.
Molecular Characterization of the Interaction Between HifB and HifA in the Biogenesis of H. influenzae Hemagglutinating Pili 867

Molecular Characterization of the Interaction Between HifB and HifA in the Biogenesis of H. influenzae Hemagglutinating Pili 867
Group 10 metal compounds of 1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene (dppf) and 1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ruthenocene: a structural and electrochemical investigation. X-ray structures of [MCl2(dppr)] (M=Ni, Pd)

Abstract The oxidative electrochemistry of 1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene (dppf) and 1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ruthenocene (dppr) was investigated at a variety of temperatures and concentrations. In addition, the oxidative electrochemistry of [NiCl2(dppf)] and [MCl2(dppr)] (M=Ni, Pd or Pt) compounds was studied. During the preparation of the dppr compounds, crystals of [NiCl2(dppr)] and [(PdCl2(dppr)]·CH2Cl2 were obtained and the structures were determined. With the previously determined structures of [MCl2(dppf)] (M=Ni, Pd or Pt) and [PtCl2(dppr)], a thorough examination of the binding of dppf and dppr to Group 10 metals was performed.
Antitumor activity of three mouse mammary cancer cell lines after interferon-gamma gene transfection

Background. The antitumor effects of three mouse mammary tumors transfected to express interferon-γ were evaluated. Methods. Three immunologically different tumors were used: DA3, EMT6, and 410. All three cell lines were successfully transfected with highly efficient viral vectors. Wild type or transfected tumor cells were injected subcutaneously into Balb/c mice. Animals were observed for tumor growth and the induction of immunologic memory. Results. A significant decrease occurred in the size of all transfected tumors, EMT6 1.9cm 2 , DA3 1.7, and 410 1.8 compared with nontransfected control tumors with a mean size of 4 cm 2 on day 30. To further test the development of immunity, animals were injected with either nontransfected or transfected tumors and challenged with nontransfected tumor. Animals immunized with transfected tumor cells had significantly smaller tumors, EMT6 2.5 cm 2 , DA3 3.1, and 410 2.4 compared with controls with a mean size of 4 cm 2 . No specific splenocyte cytotoxicity was shown. Expression of major histocompatibility complex class I antigens was enhanced in the 410 and DA3 tumor lines. Conclusions. Significant antitumor effects were observed after interferon-γ gene transfection of three mouse mammary cancer cell lines. Up-regulation of major histocompatibility complex class I antigen expression is a partial explanation of these findings. These results provide preliminary studies for gene therapy of human breast cancer.
Growth response of potato tuber eyes to irradiation with X-rays and fast neutrons

Only slight reductions were observed in sprouting and growth from irradiated tuber eyes of ‘Katahdin” and B5141-6 potatoes at irradiation doses below 4500 rads X-rays or 1200 rads fast neutrons. Survival was reduced about 50% by 1400 rads fast neutrons and 97% by 5500 rads X-rays. Visible mutants and pollen steriles were rare at all doses used. A small number of subclones of irradiated ‘Katahdin’ having greater than normal pollen abortion were selected in an effort to locate irradiationinduced chromosome mutations.
Evaluation of the band offsets of GaAs/GaInP multilayers by electroreflectance

We report the first band offset measurement of GaAs/Ga0.51In0.49P multiquantum wells and superlattices by electrolyte electroreflectance spectroscopy. The conduction and valence band discontinuities (Delta) Ec equals 159 +/- 4 meV and (Delta) Ev equals 388 +/- 6 meV have been measured. The values found for the conduction band, heavy-hole and light-hole masses in the GaInP barriers and GaAs wells and for the split-off well mass are in excellent agreement with the literature. The intraband, intersubband transition energies, which are important for III - V infrared detection devices, also were directly measured.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Shift work, jet lag, and female reproduction

Circadian rhythms and "clock gene" expression are involved in successful reproductive cycles, mating, and pregnancy. Alterations or disruptions of biological rhythms, as commonly occurs in shift work, jet lag, sleep deprivation, or clock gene knock out models, are linked to significant disruptions in reproductive function. These impairments include altered hormonal secretion patterns, reduced conception rates, increased miscarriage rates and an increased risk of breast cancer. Female health may be particularly susceptible to the impact of desynchronizing work schedules as perturbed hormonal rhythms can further influence the expression patterns of clock genes. Estrogen modifies clock gene expression in the uterus, ovaries, and suprachiasmatic nucleus, the site of the primary circadian clock mechanism. Further work investigating clock genes, light exposure, ovarian hormones, and reproductive function will be critical for indentifying how these factors interact to impact health and susceptibility to disease.
Closed system venography in the evaluation of upper extremity hemangiomas

Closed system venography is a technically simple radiographic technique of minimal patient morbidity and inconvenience that has proven to be useful in evaluating the extent of upper extremity hemangiomata and in planning its treatment. The only apparent contraindication to the technique is allergy to the radiopaque dye. In a recent series of cases, this technique of venography has yielded more information than has arteriography.
Does the perturbative β-function reflect the spectrum?

Two examples are given in which the connection between the sign of the perturbative Β-function and the dynamical generation of mass is not respected.
Hollow fibre membrane arrays for CO2 delivery in microalgae photobioreactors

Microalgae can serve as a carbon sink for CO2 sequestration and as a feedstock for liquid biofuel production. Methods for microalgal biomass and biofuel cultivation are progressing, but are still limited in the efficiency of light delivery and gas exchange within cultures. Specifically, current gas exchange methods are very energy intensive since they rely on mixing algal cultures at high flow rates. One method that can improve gas exchange within photobioreactors without excessive mixing is the use of hollow fibre membranes, which enable simultaneous transport of gases deep into the reactor and rapid exchange with the culture media. Here we demonstrate the optimal geometric and operational conditions for CO2 transport to planar cultures of Synechococcus elongatus via hollow fibre membrane arrays. Specifically, we investigated the effects of inter-fibre spacing and active/passive aeration on the growth rate, planar surface density, and total biomass accumulation. We show that spacing in excess of 3 times the fibre diameter lead to significant variations in the uniformity of the surface density and spatially resolved growth rate, whereas spacing of 3 times the fibre diameter supported culture surface densities nearing 90%, which were maintained for 17 days without decreasing. Active aeration with the fibres showed an increase in the specific growth rate and the average surface density with respect to passive aeration by approximately 15% and 35%, respectively, while also eliminating gradients in localized growth rates along the length of the fibres.
The Continuum of North Pacific Sea Level Pressure Patterns: Intraseasonal, Interannual, and Interdecadal Variability

Abstract This study combines k-means cluster analysis with linear unidimensional scaling to illustrate the spatial and temporal variability of the wintertime North Pacific sea level pressure (SLP) field. Daily wintertime SLP data derived from the NCEP–NCAR reanalysis are used to produce 16 SLP anomaly patterns that represent a discretized approximation of the continuum of North Pacific SLP patterns. This study adopts the continuum perspective for teleconnection patterns, which provides a much simpler framework for understanding North Pacific variability than the more commonly used discrete modal approach. The primary focus of this research is to show that variability in the North Pacific—on intraseasonal, interannual, and interdecadal time scales—can be understood in terms of changes in the frequency distribution of the cluster patterns that compose the continuum, each of which has a time scale of about 10 days. This analysis reveals 5–6 Pacific–North American–like (PNA-like) patterns for each phase, as w...
On the remarkable structural diversity and kinetic lability of TpC*CaX complexes (X = NSi2Me6, OC6H4-p-Me, TpC*) where TpC* = tris[3-(2-methoxy-1,1-dimethylethyl)pyrazolyl]hydroborate

The preparation, structures and solution NMR properties of the title compounds are reported and, remarkably, the compounds (TpC*)2M, where M = Ca and Mg, exist as salts in the solid state and undergo facile TpC* ligand exchange in solution.
Lead Isotope Systematics and Uranium Depletion in the Granite Mountains, Wyoming

Isotopic composition and concentration of lead in whole rock and microcline and concentration of uranium and thorium in whole-rock samples of granite from the Granite Mountains, Wyoming, have been determined. The lead isotopic composition in the whole rocks was found to be highly radiogenic with a range in Pb 206 /Pb 204 of 19.58 to 42.27; the corresponding range in microclines is 15.39 to 22.44. A Pb 206 /Pb 204 versus Pb 207 /Pb 204 plot of the whole-rock data yields an apparent isochron age of 2,790 ± 80 m.y. as the time of crystallization of the granite. Chemically determined values of U 238 /Pb 204 in the whole rocks lie between 3.3 and 18.4 and are too low to account for the amount of radiogenic lead observed. A material balance of lead, thorium, and uranium components indicates that an average of approximately 75 percent of the amount of uranium required to produce the radiogenic lead was removed from the rocks, whereas, on the average, there was no apparent loss of thorium. Loss of uranium from the granite is demonstrated to extend at least to a depth of 165 ft in a drill core. The average uranium loss from the samples analyzed represents about 20 g uranium per 1,000 kg of rock that apparently was removed during the Cenozoic and that probably constitutes the major source of uranium now in ore deposits in central Wyoming basins. The lead isotopic composition of the microclines indicates that lead was mobilized within the granite and was isolated in the feldspar during a thermal event about 1,640 + 120 m.y. ago. However, there is no evidence that the whole rocks themselves became open systems at that time. Whole-rock and microcline isochrons intersect at Pb 206 /Pb 204 and Pb 207 /Pb 204 of 13.77 and 14.86, respectively, indicating a characteristic U 238 /Pb 204 of 8.96 in the source region of the granite magma.
Short-term effects of coping skills training in school-age children with type 1 diabetes

Objective: Little is known about the use of psychosocial interventions in children younger than adolescence with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and their parents. We report preliminary short-term outcomes of a randomized controlled trial of coping skills training (CST) compared with group education (GE) in school-aged children with T1D and their parents. Methods: One hundred and eleven children (range = 8–12 yr) with T1D for at least 6 months (3.71 ± 2.91 yr) were randomized to CST (55.6% female (F); 81.5% white (W)) or GE (69.7% F; 90.9% W). Children and parents (n = 87) who completed the intervention, baseline, 1- and 3-month data are included. Children completed measures of self-efficacy, coping, and quality of life; parents completed measures of family functioning (adaptability and cohesion), diabetes-related conflict, parent depression, and parent coping. Metabolic control was assessed with glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Mixed-model repeated measures anova was used to analyze the data. Results: CST and GE group composition was generally comparable. Children had good psychosocial adaptation and metabolic status. CST parents reported significantly more improvement in family adaptability compared with GE parents, and a trend was seen indicating that CST children showed greater improvement in life satisfaction than GE children. Effect sizes for this short-term follow-up period were small, but group participants were receptive to the intervention and reported positive gains. Conclusions: In these preliminary results, CST and GE were more similar than different across multiple measure of psychosocial adaptation, although CST showed promising statistical trends for more adaptive family functioning and greater life satisfaction. Longer term follow-up is underway.
Age and Distance to Death in the Seattle Longitudinal Study

A series of hierarchical regression models was used to determine if time to death was a significant independent variable for level and seven-year change in intellectual performance for 1,214 community-dwelling adults. Distance to death explained a significant amount of the variance of intellectual performance at individuals’last measurement but not of the decline in performance after controlling for age, education, gender, and survivorship. The inclusion of time to death improved the proportion of unique variance explained by about 1% to 3% and between 4% and 10.4% of the total variance explained. Decedents had lower levels of verbal meaning, spatial ability, reasoning ability, and psychomotor speed at last measurements and greater amounts of seven-year decline on verbal meaning and psychomotor speed. The inclusion of distance to death may help improve the explanation of variability in performance associated with increased age.
Class and Race in Humanities Teaching and Criticism.

IF ANY ONE DOUBTS that we are living in changing, even revolutionary, times, then I suggest that he read the latest cure for the woes of Freshman English, that most universally taught college course in the United States. As expressed by Louis Kampf, next president of the Modern Language Association, the new cure-all is a socialist revolution.1 And a socialist revolution which will compel English teachers to stop preventing the rise of lower class students by dubious grading systems. But the winds of change are not only blowing in the colleges. Fredson Bowers, speaking of graduate education at the Brown University Commencement (June 1, 1970), though not so sure as Louis Kampf about the coming revolution, conceded that "Involvement with life, not isolation in the pursuit of knowledge, is the current watchword."2
A Mutation Deleting Sequences Encoding the Amino Terminus of Human Cytomegalovirus UL84 Impairs Interaction with UL44 and Capsid Localization

Protein-protein interactions are required for many biological functions. Previous work has demonstrated an interaction between the human cytomegalovirus DNA polymerase subunit UL44 and the viral replication factor UL84. In this study, glutathione S-transferase pulldown assays indicated that residues 1 to 68 of UL84 are both necessary and sufficient for efficient interaction of UL84 with UL44 in vitro. We created a mutant virus in which sequences encoding these residues were deleted. This mutant displayed decreased virus replication compared to wild-type virus. Immunoprecipitation assays showed that the mutation decreased but did not abrogate association of UL84 with UL44 in infected cell lysate, suggesting that the association in the infected cell can involve other protein-protein interactions. Further immunoprecipitation assays indicated that IRS1, TRS1, and nucleolin are candidates for such interactions in infected cells. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis of viral DNA indicated that the absence of the UL84 amino terminus does not notably affect viral DNA synthesis. Western blotting experiments and pulse labeling of infected cells with [35S]methionine demonstrated a rather modest downregulation of levels of multiple proteins and particularly decreased levels of the minor capsid protein UL85. Electron microscopy demonstrated that viral capsids assemble but are mislocalized in nuclei of cells infected with the mutant virus, with fewer cytoplasmic capsids detected. In sum, deletion of the sequences encoding the amino terminus of UL84 affects interaction with UL44 and virus replication unexpectedly, not viral DNA synthesis. Mislocalization of viral capsids in infected cell nuclei likely contributes to the observed decrease in virus replication.
MDCT of Chest, Abdomen, and Pelvis Using Attenuation-Based Automated Tube Voltage Selection in Combination With Iterative Reconstruction: An Intrapatient Study of Radiation Dose and Image Quality

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was intrapatient comparison of image quality and radiation dose between MDCT scans of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis obtained with attenuation-based automated kilovoltage selection and sinogram-affirmed iterative reconstruction and scans obtained with standard kilovoltage selection and a filtered backprojection image reconstruction algorithm. MATERIALS AND METHODS. One hundred one oncology patients who had undergone two chest, abdominal, and pelvis CT scans within 1 year were imaged with standard tube voltage selection of 120 kVp using a filtered backprojection reconstruction algorithm (protocol 1) and with attenuation-based automated tube voltage selection using an iterative reconstruction algorithm (protocol 2). Radiation dose parameters (volumetric CT dose index [CTDIvol], dose-length product, and effective dose) as well as image noise, signal-to-noise ratio, and contrast-to-noise ratio were compared. Two independent radiologists evaluated image quality and sharpnes...
FDICIA after Five Years

At year-end 1991, Congress enacted fundamental deposit insurance reform for banks and thrifts--the FDIC Improvement Act. This reform followed the failure of more than 2,000 depository institutions in the 1980s. Many failed because the incentive incompatibility of the structure of federal government-provided deposit insurance encouraged moral hazard behavior by banks and poor agent behavior by regulators. Insurance was put on a more incentive compatible basis, providing for a graduated series of sanctions mimicking market discipline that first may and then must be applied by the regulators on floundering banks. This article reviews these changes and evaluates early results.
Sarah Osborn's World: The Rise of Evangelical Christianity in Early America Catherine A. Brekus. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2013.

Sarah Osborn's World: The Rise of Evangelical Christianity in Early America Catherine A. Brekus. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2013.Catherine Brekus has accomplished something unique in Sarah Osborn's World: The Rise of Evangelical Christianity in Early America. In one sense, the book is about Sarah Osborn: her struggles, her triumphs, the way in which she narrates her own experiences, and finally the process through which her words were made relevant for future evangelicals. The story about Sarah is compelling. Yet the emphasis of the title should fall on the third word: Sarah Osborn's World. "Sarah" as Brekus calls her throughout the book-''the name she used when standing before God" (xiii)-is the lens through which Brekus approaches evangelicalism during the late colonial and early republic periods.One of the greatest strengths of the book-and the feature which will make this book widely assigned in the college classroom-is Brekus's ability to locate the many economic, scientific, religious, and political changes of the time in specific events from Sarah's life. To take one particularly powerful example, the death of Sarah's son Samuel renders the contortions of Calvinism in the modern world a page-turning experience. But Samuel's death is not simply an opportunity for a gripping story. Over the course of an entire chapter, Brekus takes the narrative of Samuel's death-his illness, his deathbed scene, his funeral and burial-and weaves into it commentary on a variety of components of eighteenth century life including apprenticeship practices, changing ideas on the salvation of children, the economics of child-rearing, shifting attitudes towards the physicality of hell among evangelicals, death and burial rituals, "proper" conversion experiences, and the evangelical regulation of mourning. Brekus concludes the chapter with a discussion on Sarah's understanding of the theological danger posed by loving one's child too much. As Brekus interprets Sarah's writings, "This was Sarah's sin: she had loved her son even more than God. Because she had worshipped Samuel as an idol, God had taken him away. His death was her fault" (166).Wrestling with Sarah's story promises to be one of the most fruitful parts of the book, particularly considering its potential uses in the university classroom. Brekus succeeds in making real the social disruptions posed by new understandings of both the human and divine. Brekus moves smoothly from the minutiae of Sarah's life to the larger economic, political, scientific, and religious changes of the time. …
A spatial orientation and information system for indoor spatial awareness

Timely and precision indoor spatial awareness is critical for a variety of facility management and building emergency response scenarios, such as facility manager navigation for regular building system maintenance, and firefighter navigation. Since indoor environments do not have GPS coverage and many indoor spaces have similar appearances, people under stress tend to lose their spatial awareness and have difficulty in analyzing their surroundings for completion of their tasks or finding a safe-haven. State-of-art indoor navigation solutions collectively use the magnetic field of the Earth, or deploy a wireless sensor network serving as spatial reference framework to achieve high precision localization. The magnetic field based approaches have decreased performance in areas with objects having strong magnetic fields, while the wireless sensor-network based approaches involve substantial investments into the wireless infrastructure. Moreover, complex indoor environments usually cause complicated interactions between the wireless sensors and the indoor objects, which pose additional technical challenges. The research presented in this paper explores an indoor navigation solution composed of passive sensors and uniquely integrates data acquired from an Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU), a camera system (vision sensor), and a step sensor for precision tracking of the trajectory of a user. Contrary to other methods, the proposed system does not rely on magnetic field sensing and a wireless sensor networks. The developed algorithms exploit the IMU signals for localization, the vision sensors for heading estimation and the step sensor for detecting stationary phases of the foot based. An Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) integrates this information and achieves disclosure error of 5% of tracking accuracy on average. Preliminary experimental results show the potential of this approach in urban setting.
Thermo-mechanical coupling in cylindrical bending of sandwich plates

This paper presents an exact solution of linear elasticity theory for bending of sandwich plate-like beams due to temperature difference at the plate faces. It is assumed that the heat flow is stationary. The exact solution yields the temperature profile, stress and displacement distribution across the plate thickness. The analytical results are complemented by an example of a simply-supported sandwich beam.
Fear and Loathing across Party Lines: New Evidence on Group Polarization

When defined in terms of social identity and affect toward copartisans and opposing partisans, the polarization of the American electorate has dramatically increased. We document the scope and consequences of affective polarization of partisansusingimplicit,explicit,andbehavioralindicators.Ourevidencedemonstratesthathostilefeelingsfortheopposing party are ingrained or automatic in voters’ minds, and that affective polarization based on party is just as strong as polarization based on race. We further show that party cues exert powerful effects on nonpolitical judgments and behaviors. Partisans discriminate against opposing partisans, doing so to a degree that exceeds discrimination based on race. We note that the willingness of partisans to display open animus for opposing partisans can be attributed to the absence of norms governing the expression of negative sentiment and that increased partisan affect provides an incentive for elites to engage in confrontation rather than cooperation.
Large Domain Formation in POPC/POPE Lipid Bilayers at the Maximum Solubility Limit of Cholesterol

Lipid bilayers composed of POPC and POPE usually stay as 1-phase mixtures at room temperature, with or without incorporation of modest amount of cholesterol. However, at the maximum solubility limit of cholesterol, possibility of domain formation has been suggested based on the detail molecular packing patterns of phospholipids with cholesterol. The maximum solubility of cholesterol in a lipid bilayer is the highest mole fraction of cholesterol that can be incorporated into a lipid bilayer before cholesterol crystals precipitate. Previously, the maximum solubility of cholesterol in mixtures of POPC/POPE lipid bilayers has been measured using a cholesterol oxidase (COD) reaction rate assay. The maximum solubility of cholesterol was determined to be 67 mol % in POPC bilayers and 50 mol % in POPE bilayers. In mixtures of POPE/POPC, the maximum solubility of cholesterol increases linearly as a function of the ratio POPC/(POPE+POPC). In this study, planar lipid bilayers of POPC and POPE at their cholesterol solubility limits were incubated on mica surfaces inside hydrated chambers. Although the bilayers appeared having uniform fluorescence intensity initially, we found that large lipid domains became visible by fluorescence microscopy after several days of incubation. Previously, it has been suggested that cholesterol may form a “hexagonal” regular distribution pattern at the maximum solubility limit in POPE bilayers and a “maze” pattern at the maximum solubility in POPC bilayers. Thus, it is possible that the lipid mixtures separated into POPC-rich and POPE-rich lipid domains, each having their signature lipid packing pattern and mole fraction of cholesterol.
First-Principles Prediction of Oxygen Reduction Activity on Pd−Cu− Si Metallic Glasses

We carry out first-principles simulations to assess the potential of Pd− Cu−Si metallic glasses as catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) using oxygen adsorption energy (EO) as a descriptor. We find that the substitution of Cu on crystalline Pd(111) surface improves the ORR activity while the substitution of Si on the surface is in general detrimental to the ORR activity. Compressive strains are found to weaken oxygen binding on the surface and thus enhance the ORR activity. On the basis of the analysis of EO distribution on the Pd metallic glasses surfaces, we find that for Si-deficient adsorption sites, the local ORR activity could exceed that on pure Pd surface, while Si-rich sites exhibit a rather poor ORR activity. The Pd metallic glasses can sustain a much higher compression than the crystalline counterpart, thus their ORR activity can be improved substantially under a large compression. It is predicted that low-Si Pd metallic glasses could be excellent ORR catalysts under compression.
Comparison of Diets for Mass-Rearing Acheta domesticus (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) as a Novelty Food, and Comparison of Food Conversion Efficiency with Values Reported for Livestock

As part of research on mass-rearing the cricket Acheta domesticus (L.) as a novelty (innovative) food, four cricket diets, two prepared in the laboratory and two commercial, were compared on the basis of cost per kilogram (wet weight) of eighth instars produced. Costs were influenced by dietary ingredients, mean cricket wet weight at time of harvest, and feed/gain ratios. For the laboratory-prepared diets, crickets grown on Patton’s diet no. 16 or on NRC reference chick diet averaged 0.443 and 0.418 g at time of harvest, with feed/gain ratios of 0.923 and 0.949, respectively. Because of the cost of ingredients, however, the cost per kilogram of live crickets produced was only $0.21 for the NRC chick diet compared with $2.55 for Patton’s no. 16; these costs exclude the cost of labor for mixing the diets. Performance of crickets on the laboratory-prepared diets was somewhat better than performance on the commercial diets. The food conversion efficiency of crickets at 30°C or higher was found to be higher than reported for broiler chicks and pigs and much higher than those reported for sheep and cattle.
Background-oriented schlieren diagnostics for large-scale explosive testing

Experimental measurements of shock wave propagation from explosions of C4 are presented. Each test is recorded with a high-speed digital video camera and the shock wave is visualized using background-oriented schlieren (BOS). Two different processing techniques for BOS analysis are presented: image subtraction and image correlation. The image subtraction technique is found to provide higher resolution for identifying the location of a shock wave propagating into still air. The image correlation technique is more appropriate for identifying shock reflections and multiple shock impacts in a region with complex flow patterns. The optical shock propagation measurements are used to predict the peak overpressure and overpressure duration at different locations and are compared to experimental pressure gage measurements. The overpressure predictions agree well with the pressure gage measurements and the overpressure duration prediction is within an order of magnitude of the experimental measurements. The BOS technique is shown to be an important tool for explosive research which can be simply incorporated into typical large-scale outdoor tests.
Pairing and aggregation of Amblosoma suwaense (Trematoda: Brachylaimidae) metacercariae in vitro and partial characterization of lipids involved in chemo-attraction

Histochemical and thin-layer chromatographic (t.l.c.) analyses were made on neutral lipids in the free (unencysted) metacercariae of Amblosoma suwaense (Brachylaimidae). As determined by t.l.c. the major neutral lipid fractions in metacercariae removed directly from Campeloma decisum snails were free sterols and sterol esters. Metacercariae incubated for 1 h at 37±1° C in sterile Locke's solution released mainly sterol esters and a lesser amount of free sterols into the medium. As determined by Oil Red O (ORO) staining, metacercariae accumulated neutral lipid in the intestinal caeca during incubation and the excretory system was ORO negative. Behavioural studies showed that metacereariae paired and aggregated in vitro and were attracted to lipophilic but not to hydrophilic worm products. Following t.l.c. preparative analysis it was demonstrated that metacercariae were attracted to sterol ester worm products but not to free sterol products.
Critical periods of sensitivity to the developmental toxicity of inhaled methanol in the CD-1 mouse

Exposure of pregnant CD-1 mice to methanol (MeOH) by inhalation on gestation days (gd) 6-15 results in dose-related increases in fetal cleft palate, exencephaly, and skeletal defects. Here, critical periods for the developmental toxicity of MeOH were assessed in pregnant CD-1 mice exposed to 10,000 ppm MeOH or filtered air for 7 hr/day on 2 consecutive days during gd 6-13, or to single day (7 hr) exposures to 10,000 ppm MeOH during gd 5-9. Mice received water but not food during exposure. Maternal blood MeOH was determined at times during, at the end of, and subsequent to a single 7 hr exposure on gd 7. On gd 17, remaining mice were weighed, killed, and gravid uteri removed. Live, dead, and resorbed fetuses were counted, and live fetuses were examined, weighed, and preserved in 70% ethanol. All fetuses were examined externally and for cleft palate, eviscerated, and stained with Alizarin red for skeletal examination. Pregnant mice lost an average of 0.3-2.9 g during 7 hr exposure to either filtered air or MeOH, but a MeOH treatment effect was evident only with 2-day exposure on gd 7-8. Peak maternal blood MeOH concentration (at the end of exposure) was approximately 4 mg/ml, and MeOH was cleared from maternal blood within 24 hr. Some fully resorbed litters were observed with 2-day MeOH exposures on gd 6-7 or 7-8, or 1-day exposure on gd 7. With 1-day MeOH exposure on gd 7, the number live was lower than with exposure on any other day. As previously reported, cleft palate, exencephaly, and skeletal defects were the fetal anomalies observed in this mouse strain. Cleft palate occurred with 2-day exposures on gd 6-7 through gd 11-12 (peak on gd 7-8), and with 1-day exposure on gd 5 through gd 9 (peak on gd 7). Exencephaly occurred with 2-day exposures on gd 6-7 through gd 8-9 (peak gd 6-7) or 1-day exposure on gd 5 through gd 8 (peak on gd 7). Skeletal elements malformed included the exoccipital (peak gd 6-7, gd 5), atlas (peak gd 6-7, gd 5,6), axis (peak gd 6-7, gd 7), cervical vertebra 7 with a rib (peak gd 6-7, gd 7), and lumbar vertebra 1 with a rib (peak gd 7-8, gd 7). An increased incidence of fetuses with 25 presacral vertebrae (normal = 26) was observed with methanol exposure on gd 5, whereas an increased incidence of fetuses with 27 presacral vertebrae was observed with MeOH exposure on gd 7. These results indicate that gastrulation and early organogenesis represent a period of increased embryonal sensitivity to methanol.
Navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation: another tool for preoperative planning for patients with motor-eloquent brain tumors.

Dr Frey and his group are to be congratulated on the successful demonstration of the use of navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation (nTMS) as an aid in the resection of brain tumors in motor-eloquent locations. They correctly state that one of the dilemmas of brain tumor surgery in eloquent cortex is how to gain benefit for the patient in terms of extended survival, maintenance or even improvement of function, and quality of life while at the same time not risking new neurological deficits. The authors point out that the natural history of the disease must be weighed against the risk generated by the intervention itself. This is especially true in the realm of low-grade gliomas, where the natural history can be relatively benign, but postoperative complications can have great impact on the patient’s overall outcome. On the other hand, there is a body of emerging literature that indicates that the extent of resection of a given glioma is positively correlated with patient survival. 1,2 When counseling patients on the best course of action in the preoperative setting, one must walk a delicate balance between aggressive treatment and the potential for complications. Thus, any tool that allows for preoperative assessment of critical brain function in relationship to the location of a given lesion is highly valuable. The authors of this paper observe that there is an inherent problem with preoperative tests that “lead to improper restraint in surgical indication” and thus undertreat a given patient. In this study, the authors compared 2 groups: patients treated over 2 years without nTMS and patients treated over a subsequent 5 years with nTMS. Unfortunately, this study design complicates interpretation, as the authors have certainly improved their technique and judgment during these time frames. Nevertheless, there are some solid findings from this study. First, this report confirms that nTMS is well tolerated by patients without any induced seizure activity. The authors also report increased extent of resection and fewer biopsy-only cases in the nTMS group. Progression-free survival (PFS) was improved but overall survival (OS) remained unchanged. The improved PFS might be explained in part by a much lower number of “biopsy-only” cases. We also are unaware of the mix of patient molecular profiles between the 2 groups (methylguanine methyltransferase promoter methylation, isodehydrogenase-1 mutation, 1p19q deletion, etc), which could impact PFS or OS. It is also important to note that measurement of PFS in gliomas can be technically problematic given the reliance on imaging and the timing of imaging as well as definitions of “progression.” Nevertheless, PFS is used more and more frequently in clinical trials to evaluate outcomes for patients with gliomas. 3 Therefore, the improved PFS in the nTMS group is even
History Versus Equilibrium Revisited: Rethinking Neoclassical Economics as the Foundation of Business Education

The financial crisis was partially caused by neoclassical economic theory and theorists. This failure has prompted business educators to rethink the role of neoclassical economics as the foundation of business education. The author connects this question to the more general critique of the scientific model of business education and the old historical versus scientific methodology debate in the history of economics. It is argued that neoclassical economics has serious limitations that make it a poor foundation for understanding business behavior in a real economy. A realistic and useful business education needs to include historical and social context, both of which neoclassical economics must exclude.
Heat Budget in the Kuroshio Extension Region: 1993–99

Abstract Processes responsible for the seasonal and interannual variations of the sea surface temperature as well as of the heat content of the upper ocean (0–400 m) in the Kuroshio Extension region are examined from a 3D advection–diffusion model in finite elements, with an embedded bulk mixed layer. The geostrophic velocity is specified externally from TOPEX/Poseidon altimeter data, and Ekman velocity is specified from NCEP wind stress. The thermal field from the model shows good agreement with observations. While both atmospheric and oceanic processes are required to explain observed nonseasonal SST changes, the interannual heat storage rate is dominated by horizontal advection. In particular, the transition between an elongated and a contracted state of the Kuroshio caused by geostrophic advection has a clear signature in the SST. There is an indication that this process is accompanied by consistent changes in nonseasonal entrainment: when the Kuroshio is in an elongated state and warmer waters are pr...