cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Contracts : A Modern Coursebook

This file contains two sample chapters from a new law school casebook titled Contracts: A Modern Coursebook. This casebook is part of a growing trend to modernize the way in which law students are taught, and it is different from the traditional casebook. With most casebooks, students learn the law by extracting the rules out of the case and then organizing the rules into an outline. Although effective, the traditional method is inefficient and can be misleading since no single case can properly summarize the complexity of the law. The modern approach is more similar to the way attorneys actually learn the law. Students first read an explanation of the rules—a summary that illustrates the scope and parameters of the law. After students have a foundation in understanding the rules, they then read the cases. The real worth of reading cases is to learn how courts reason through a legal problem. If students understand the rule before reading the case, they can focus more on learning how to think like a lawyer. The book has the following structure to incorporate modern pedagogy to encourage active learning and increase student engagement: Learning Objectives: Each chapter starts with concise statements of what students are expected to know and be able to do after completing the materials. Explanations of the Law: A clear explanation of the rules helps students build mastery of the law before reading the cases. Within this explanation, sections are some recurring elements including: Rule Statements. The primary rules are presented in a box, making it easier to refer back to the rule as students read the explanations. Examples. Rules are illustrated with examples, providing guidance on different outcomes given a certain set of facts. Case Illustrations. Cases pertinent to the rule at issue are presented as short synopses. Test Yourself. Questions are embedded within the explanation section so that you can test your understanding of the principles. The answers are contained in the appendix. Case Law: The Case Law section contains a mix of classic contracts cases as well as more timely and topical cases that illustrate the principles discussed in the chapter. Each case contains questions that act as prompts to help students understand the court's reasoning. Key Concepts: The key concepts needed to achieve the learning objectives are listed near the end of the chapter. This allows students to check their understanding of the material before moving onto the Problem Solving and Analysis section. Problem Solving and Analysis: The Problem Solving and Analysis section provide an opportunity to build critical thinking skills through a series of thought-provoking hypotheticals that are typically based on real-world scenarios. These problems also let students assess whether they have achieved the learning objectives defined at the beginning of the chapter.
Party Animals: Asymmetric Ideological Constraint among Democratic and Republican Party Activists:

Existing literature shows that Republicans in the mass public demonstrate greater ideological inconsistency and value conflict than Democrats. That is, despite a commitment to the conservative labe...
Quality of Endoscopy Reports for Esophageal Cancer Patients: Where Do We Stand?

As treatment for esophageal cancer often involves a multidisciplinary approach, the initial endoscopic report is essential for communication between providers. Several guidelines have been established to standardize endoscopic reporting. This study evaluates the compliance of esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) and endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) reporting with the current national guidelines. Combining the National Comprehensive Cancer Network and Society of Thoracic Surgeons guidelines, 11 quality indicators (QIs) for EGD and 8 for EUS were identified. We evaluated initial EGD and EUS reports from our institution (Memorial Sloan Kettering [MSK]) and outside hospitals (OSHs) and calculated individual and overall quality measure scores. Scores between locations were compared using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test and McNemar’s test for paired data. In total, 115 initial EGD reports and 105 EUS reports were reviewed for patients who underwent surgery for esophageal cancer between 2014 and 2016. The median number of QIs reported for the initial EGD was 4 (IQR, 3–6)—only 34% of reports qualified as “good quality” (those with ≥ 6 QIs). None of the reports included all QIs. For patients who underwent EGD at both MSK and an OSH, 32% of reports from OSHs were good quality, compared with 68% from MSK (p < 0.001). Compliance with QIs was better for EUS reports: 71% of OSH reports and 72% of MSK reports were good quality. Detailed information on the initial endoscopic assessment is essential in today’s age of multidisciplinary care. Identification and adoption of QIs for endoscopic reporting is warranted to ensure the provision of appropriate treatment.
University Students' Perceptions of Child Sexual Offenders: Impact of Classroom Instruction

Research with the public suggests that knowledge about sexual offenders, especially child sexual offenders, is limited and often inaccurate. In general, the public tends to believe that adults who ...
Super-Volunteers: Who Are They and How Do We Get One?:

This article investigates super-volunteers, defined as individuals who volunteer 10 or more hours per week with a single organization. We conducted interviews with 25 super-volunteers to explore wh...
Smart-walk: An intelligent physiological monitoring system for smart families

A healthy lifestyle can be maintained by analyzing the physical activities of individuals. Understanding the lifestyle of a family can help in improving quality of life. Wearable devices for activity tracking have become a rapidly growing industrial sector. However, with multiple functionalities embedded in a small device, their accuracy and power consumption can be suboptimal. This paper proposes a piezo-electric based accelerometer sensor design which helps in tracking the physical activities of family and friends. The accuracy of the activity-sensing algorithm is analyzed by various parameters analyzed through the sensor output. The proposed framework was validated using the TI MSP432, Educational BoosterPack and MATLAB® and the learning parameters were modeled using WEKA. The feature based human activity monitoring algorithm gives 97.9% efficiency in the worst case scenario.
Finding Good Sequential Model Structures using Output Transformations

In Sequential Viterbi Models, such as HMMs, MEMMs, and Linear Chain CRFs, the type of patterns over output sequences that can be learned by the model depend directly on the model’s structure: any pattern that spans more output tags than are covered by the models’ order will be very difficult to learn. However, increasing a model’s order can lead to an increase in the number of model parameters, making the model more susceptible to sparse data problems. This paper shows how the notion of output transformation can be used to explore a variety of alternative model structures. Using output transformations, we can selectively increase the amount of contextual information available for some conditions, but not for others, thus allowing us to capture longer-distance consistencies while avoiding unnecessary increases to the model’s parameter space. The appropriate output transformation for a given task can be selected by applying a hill-climbing approach to heldout data. On the NP Chunking task, our hill-climbing system finds a model structure that outperformsbothfirst-orderand secondorder models with the same input feature set.
Harry Thomas Edwards

This short article is a biography of Judge Harry Thomas Edwards, a federal judge who has been also an attorney, and a law professor at both Harvard law School and University of Michigan School of Law. He is also known for having written a series of articles on legal teaching and scholarship, and is also the author of four books.
Successful Angiojet ® aortic thrombectomy of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation-related thrombus in a newborn.

Thrombosis and systemic embolization are important complications of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). We present a 2.5 kg neonate born at 37.4 weeks with hypoplastic left heart supported on ECMO that developed an acute, occlusive distal aortic thrombus that was emergently managed by transcatheter Angiojet® (Boston Scientific, Boston, MA) thrombectomy. The procedure successfully restored perfusion to the lower extremities with sustained result upon 1-week follow-up. This case highlights the Angiojet® thrombectomy as a treatment option for limb- or organ-threatening acute thrombus in even the most complex ECMO patients.
Bacterial range expansions on a growing front: Roughness, fixation, and directed percolation.

Directed percolation (DP) is a classic model for nonequilibrium phase transitions into a single absorbing state ($fixation$). It has been extensively studied by analytical and numerical techniques in diverse contexts. Recently, DP has appeared as a generic model for the evolutionary and ecological dynamics of competing bacterial populations. Range expansion---the stochastic reproduction of bacteria competing for space to be occupied by their progeny---leads to a fluctuating and rough growth front, which is known from experiment and simulation to affect the underlying critical behavior of the DP transition. In this work, we employ symmetry arguments to construct a pair of nonlinear stochastic partial differential equations describing the coevolution of surface roughness with the composition field of DP. Macroscopic manifestations (phenomenology) of these equations on growth patterns and genealogical tracks of range expansion are discussed; followed by a renormalization group analysis of possible scaling behaviors at the DP transition.
How should we organize to do informatics? Report of the ACMI Debate at the 1997 AMIA Fall Symposium.

The continuing development of the field of medical informatics has raised new questions and placed before us new dilemmas. Spurred by the proliferation of information systems to support the broad missions of our institutions, and the evolution of these systems from luxuries to necessities, organizational issues have assumed increasing prominence. Among a dazzling array of organizational issues now before us is the tension between the long-standing academic role of informatics groups within medical centers and the ever-expanding service role. In the academic role, we seek the knowledge to create improved technology and to train the next generation of informatics researchers. In the service role, we seek to put existing technology, developed internally or purchased from vendors, to best use across the full scope of medical center activities. The dilemma before us is not whether both roles are important—the answer to that is clear—but rather how to organize ourselves within our institutions to address both of them. How much organizational distance should exist between the people who carry out these different roles, and who should direct their efforts? Most academic medical centers are actively searching for answers to these organizational questions, and many AMIA members are engaged in this pursuit. The answers obtained will be of profound consequence for our field. The salience of this issue directed its selection as the focus of the ACMI Debate at the closing session of the 1997 AMIA Fall Symposium. The purpose of the debate was not to generate a universal answer, for no such answer exists, but rather to illuminate the many factors that must be considered as our institutions search for an appropriate organizational model. To frame the debate, we intentionally polarized the issue around a specific proposition: Resolved: Academic medical centers should have a single unit responsible for information systems supporting the …
Contrasting Controls on Microzooplankton Grazing and Viral Infection of Microbial Prey

The encounter and capture of bacteria and phytoplankton by microbial predators and parasites is fundamental to marine ecosystem organization and activity. Here, we combined biophysical models with published laboratory measurements to infer functional traits, including encounter kernel and capture efficiency, for a wide range of marine viruses and microzooplankton grazers. Despite virus particles being orders of magnitude smaller than microzooplankton grazers, virus encounter kernels and adsorption rates were in many cases comparable in magnitude to grazer encounter kernel and clearance, pointing to Brownian motion as a highly effective method of transport for viruses. Inferred virus adsorption efficiency covered many orders of magnitude, but the median virus adsorption efficiency was between 5 to 25% depending on the assumed host swimming speed. Uncertainty on predator detection area and swimming speed prevented robust inference of grazer capture efficiency, but sensitivity analysis was used to identify bounds on unconstrained processes. These results provide a common functional trait framework for understanding marine host-virus and predator-prey interactions, and highlight the value of theory for interpreting measured life-history traits.
Machine Perception Based on Eddy Current for Physical Field Reconstruction of Conductivity and Hidden Geometrical Features

This paper presents a new machine perception method based on eddy-current (EC) effects to reconstruct physical fields (EC field, electrical-conductivity field, and hidden geometrical features) of a nonferrous material commonly encountered in intelligent manufacturing using one-time finite magnetic flux density (MFD) measurements. An analytical model for EC testing system with conductor discretization is established and expressed in state-space representation. Two improvements (physical constraints and adaptive element refinement) are developed and integrated into the system model. The measurement models of physical fields using discrete MFD measurements are linearly established, reducing the physical field reconstruction to a linear inverse problem for solving using the Tikhonov regularization method. The EC-based machine perception is numerically illustrated by reconstructing the EC density field, conductivity field, and hidden geometrical features of aluminum plates. Additionally, the effects of element refinement, physical constraints, and sensor configurations on the reconstruction results are analyzed numerically. Using an experimental prototype consisting of an air-cored electromagnet and a two-dimensional (2-D) array of magnetic sensors with associated electronics, the effectiveness of the machine perception method and the accuracy of the reconstructed physical field are demonstrated experimentally.
Low-Frequency Magnetic Shielding

For NASA’s Europa Clipper mission, the spacecraft is scheduled to orbit Jupiter for 3.5 years. Magnetic shielding for spacecraft electronics in this environment is challenging, mass is precious and Jupiter’s environmental magnetic fields threaten to saturate any magnetic materials on-board. Addressing these challenges, a multi-layered magnetic shield is presented.
The Social Psychology of Human-agent Interaction

Designers of human-agent systems often assume that users interact with machines as if they are interacting with another person. As a consequences, fidelity to human behavior is often viewed as the gold standard for judging agent design, and theories of human social psychology are often accepted without question as a framework for informing human-agent interaction. This assumption was given strength by the pioneering work of Cliff Nass showing that many of the effects studied within social psychology seem to apply to human-machine interaction. In this talk, I will illustrate that these social effects are much weaker than widely supposed, and that the differences in how people treat machines are arguably more interesting than the similarities. These differences can lead to novel insights into human social cognition and unique technological solutions to intractable social problems. I will discuss this in the context of our research on education and mental health. Thus, rather copying human behavior, I will argue that HAI researchers should aim to transcend conventional forms of social interaction, and work towards novel theoretical frameworks that address the novel psychology of human-agent interaction.
Ventricle-predominant primary CNS lymphomas: clinical, radiological and pathological evaluation of five cases and review of the literature

Primary central nervous system lymphomas (PCNSLs) are typically intraparenchymal. A subset of PCNSLs predominantly arises in the ventricles, with minimal parenchymal involvement. We review the clinical, radiological, and pathological features of ventricle-predominant PCNSLs (VP-PCNSLs) in 40 previously reported cases and report 5 additional cases. Including all cases of VP-PCNSLs (n = 45), 38% were diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCL), 11% were Burkitt lymphomas, 7% were MALT lymphomas, 4% were T-cell lymphomas, and 40% were lymphomas, not otherwise classified. VP-PCNSLs show rapid clinical progression. Patients present at a median age of 60.5 years. Unique clinical and radiological features distinguish them from other intraventricular tumors, including advanced age, edema, multifocality, hyperdensity, early and avid post-contrast enhancement, restricted diffusion, and positron emission tomography (PET) hypermetabolism. Including our cases, which were all DLBCL, and all previously reported DLBCL cases (n = 10), 8 of 10 show germinal center B-cell-like (GCB) phenotype, contrasting the high prevalence of non-germinal center B-cell-like (non-GCB) phenotype of parenchymal DLBCL PCNSLs. MYD88 L265P mutation was detected in three of our five cases. Ventricle-predominant PCNSLs are clinically and radiologically distinct, and the DLBCLs may be pathologically distinct. Further recognition of this entity may help to evaluate the role of therapies, possibly including surgical resection.
INTEREST GROUP SESSION—MENTAL HEALTH PRACTICE AND AGING: INTEGRATION OF SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH IN DEFINING HEALTH BEHAVIORS AND OUTCOMES AMONG DIVERSE OLDER ADULTS

This is a pre-copyedited, author-produced version of an article accepted for publication in Innovation in Aging following peer review. The version of record Minahan, J., & Baker, T. A. (2019). INTEREST GROUP SESSION—MENTAL HEALTH PRACTICE AND AGING: INTEGRATION OF SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH IN DEFINING HEALTH BEHAVIORS AND OUTCOMES AMONG DIVERSE OLDER ADULTS. Innovation in Aging, 3(Suppl 1), S393. https://doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.1449 is available online at: https://doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.1449. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Surface Ligands for Methylammonium Lead Iodide Films: Surface Coverage, Energetics, and Photovoltaic Performance

Surface ligand treatment provides a promising approach for passivating defect states, improving material and device stability, manipulating interfacial energetics, and improving the performance of ...
Analysis on iodine nutritional status of women at high rate non-iodized salt areas in Guangxi in 2008

Objective To study the iodine nutrition status of women at high rate non-iodized salt areas in Guangxi in 2008, and to provide some scientific references for controlling iodine deficiency disorders. Methods According to the result of monitoring iodized salt in 2008, five counties were sampled(Yinhai, Haicheng, Tieshanggang, Hepu and Qinnan). The rate of nun-iodized salt were above 10.00% in those counties. Three townships of each county were chosen except Hepu(chosed 6 townships), and 2 villages of each township were randomly taken as investigation fields. Twenty households aged from 18 to 40 in each village were sampled for questionnaire and iodine contents in edible salt were tested. The concentration of women's urinary iodine from 10 households was determined by As(Ⅲ)-Ce~(4+) catalytic spectrophotometry. Results Seven hundred and twenty-one women were sampled, 721 edible salt and 365 urine samples were tested. The rate of non-iodized salt in 5 counties was 48.96% (353/721). The median of urinary iodine(MUI) was 132.37 μg/L. The proportion below 20 μg/L and 50 μg/L was 4.11%(15/365)and 15.07% (55/365), respectively. The proportion of iodine appropriate level between 100 and 200μg/L was 33.97%(124/365) and 37.53%(137/365) women were iodine deficiency. Two hundred and thirteen urine samples from pregnant and lactating women were tested. The MUI was 123.40 μg/L. The proportion between 150 and 250 μg/L was 21.60% (46/213). The MUI declined with the ascending rate of non-iodized salt(r=-0.96,P < 0.01). Conclusions There is too much non-iodized salt in coastal parts of Guangxi. The iodine nutrition in women is deficient and has not met the criteria of elimination on iodine deficiency disorders. Some positive measures should be taken. Key words: Iodine; Nutrition surveys; Urine; Salts
Young infants' exposure to organophosphate esters: Breast milk as a potential source of exposure.

Abstract Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are applied as both flame retardants and plasticizers to a variety of consumer items such as home furnishings, construction materials, and children’s products. While some assessments have characterized exposure among toddlers and young children, little is known about the OPE exposure among infants, who are a vulnerable population due to their rapid development. Here, we collected spot urine samples from 6-week-old (n = 100) and 12-month-old infants (n = 63), with about half of the infants evaluated at both ages (n = 52), to characterize OPE exposure and determine what factors contributed to higher exposures. Five of six OPE metabolites analyzed were detected frequently (>70%). Diphenyl phosphate was detected in every urine sample, while bis(2-chloro-isopropyl) phosphate (BCIPP) was the most abundant metabolite measured overall. Concentrations of bis(1-chloro-2-propyl) 1-hydroxy-2-propyl phosphate (BCIPHIPP) and BCIPP [i.e., metabolites of tris(2-chloro-isopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP)] were significantly greater among 6-week-old infants compared to 12-month-olds, while levels of other OPE metabolites were not statistically different in the first year of life. OPE metabolites were generally correlated with one another in samples collected at each age (rs = 0.25–0.75; p
Adherence to chlamydia and gonorrhea follow up testing in a college population.

To examine differences in compliance to follow-up for STD based on demographic, clinical and academic characteristics. Methods: Cross-sectional study examining associations between clinical, demogr...
Employment Subcenters and Subsequent Real Estate Development in Suburban Chicago

This study examines suburban real estate developments in the industrial, commercial, and residential sectors for metropolitan Chicago that were completed in 1990-1996. Industrial and commercial developments follow expected patterns in that, for example, they were attracted to locations nearer to O'Hare Airport and highway interchanges. Residential development was attracted to O'Hare Airport and formed some clusters of its own in between major highways.
Unified real-time environmental-epidemiological data for multiscale modeling of the COVID-19 pandemic

An impressive number of COVID-19 data catalogs exist. None, however, are optimized for data science applications, e.g., inconsistent naming and data conventions, uneven quality control, and lack of alignment between disease data and potential predictors pose barriers to robust modeling and analysis. To address this gap, we generated a unified dataset that integrates and implements quality checks of the data from numerous leading sources of COVID-19 epidemiological and environmental data. We use a globally consistent hierarchy of administrative units to facilitate analysis within and across countries. The dataset applies this unified hierarchy to align COVID-19 case data with a number of other data types relevant to understanding and predicting COVID-19 risk, including hydrometeorological data, air quality, information on COVID-19 control policies, and key demographic characteristics.
Gender-related differences in the outcomes and genomic landscape of patients with myelodysplastic syndrome/myeloproliferative neoplasm overlap syndromes

Myelodysplastic syndrome/myeloproliferative neoplasm (MDS/MPN) overlap syndromes show a male predominance and men with MDS/MPN have worse outcomes, but it is unknown if the mutational burden differs between genders. We reviewed 167 patients with MDS/MPN and found that men had worse overall survival [hazard ratio (HR) 2·09, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1·16-3·75; P = 0·013] independent of subtype, Revised International Prognostic Scoring System score and age at diagnosis. We analysed the genomic data of a subset of 100 patients. Men had 0·88 more somatic mutations on average (95% CI 0·20-1·56, P = 0·011) independent of subtype, sample source and blast percentage. More somatic mutations was associated with a higher incidence of transformation to acute myeloid leukaemia (subdistribution HR 1·30, 95% CI 1·01-1·70; P = 0·046). Men had 0·70 more mutations in high-risk genes [additional sex combs like-1 (ASXL1), enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), Runt-related transcription factor 1 (RUNX1), SET binding protein 1 (SETBP1), NRAS proto-oncogene, GTPase (NRAS), stromal antigen 2 (STAG2)] on average (95% CI 0·11-1·29, P = 0·021), and 13-times higher odds of harbouring an EZH2 mutation (95% CI 1·64-102·94, P = 0·015). The presence of an EZH2 mutation was associated with worse survival among men (HR 2·98, 95% CI 1·1-8·0; P = 0·031). Our present findings suggest that the worse outcomes in men with MDS/MPN are associated with a higher number of somatic mutations, especially in high-risk genes. These results warrant validation in larger cohorts and investigation of the underlying mechanisms.
The Huddled Masses Myth: Immigration And Civil Rights

Acknowledgments 1. Immigration and Civil Rights in the United States 2. Exclusion and Deportation of Racial Minorities 3. Exclusion and Deportation of Political Undesirables 4. Exclusion and Deportation of the Poor 5. Exclusion and Deportation of Criminals 6. The Marginalization of Women Under the Immigration and Nationality Laws 7. Exclusion and Deportation of Lesbians and Gay Men 8. The Future of Immigration and Civil Rights in the United States Notes Index
Social Knowledge Collection

Social content collection sites allow regular netizens to create communities of interest and share information at unprecedented scale. As a point of reference, MediaWiki (the wiki that powers Wikipedia) has millions of installations that allow non-programmers to contribute content. Because the content has very little structure, the information cannot be easily aggregated to answer simple questions. In recent years, several approaches have emerged for social knowledge collection, allowing a community of contributors to structure content so that information can be aggregated to answer reasonably interesting albeit simple factual queries. This chapter gives an overview of existing social knowledge collection research, ranging from intelligent interfaces for collection of semi-structured repositories of common knowledge, semantic wikis for organizing community resources, and collaborative ontology editors to create consensus taxonomies with classes and properties. The chapter ends with a reflection on open research problems in this area.
The Convergence of Control, Communication, and Computation

The convergence of communication and computation over the past two decades has given us the Internet. We believe that the next phase of the information technology revolution will be the convergence of control, communication, and computation. This will provide the ability for large numbers of sensors, actuators, and computational units, all interconnected wirelessly or over wires, to interact with the physical environment. We argue that in the proliferation of this “convergence,” a critical role will be played by the architecture. We describe an experimental Convergence Testbed at the University of Illinois, outline the architectural challenges, and our efforts in this direction.
Familial hypophosphatemic vitamin D resistant rickets. The neonatal period and infancy.

Summary Survey of all available data of infants with familial hypophosphatemia vitamin D resistant rickets observed partially or throughout the first year of life indicates that hypophosphatemia begins in the neonatal period regardless of whether or not the mother had been treated with vitamin D in high doses. Growth failure in vitamin D resistant rickets cannot be prevented even when treatment with high doses of vitamin D is begun early.
Caring for Mexican-American Clients

There are growing Mexican-American populations in rural areas. This editorial is a continuation of the previous column on communicating with those clients. Dr. Loretta Heuer, associate professor at the University of North Dakota, again offers suggestions to help rural nurses in caring for them. One major issue is the use of an interpreter. There are two styles of interpreting, line-by-line and summarizing. Line-by-line interpretation ensures accuracy but takes more time; one can only speak few sentences at a time and must use simple language, no medical jargon. Summarizing is faster and useful in teaching relatively simple health techniques with which the interpreter is already familiar.
Linear Spaces: Row and Column Spaces

Associated with any matrix is a very important characteristic called the rank. The rank of a matrix is the subject of Section 4.4. There are several (consistent) ways of defining the rank. The most fundamental of these is in terms of the dimension of a linear space.
Summability of Fourier orthogonal series for Jacobi weight functions on the simplex in $\mathbb{R}^d$

We study the Fourier expansion of a function in orthogonal polynomial series with respect to the weight functions xi-1/2 ... **id-1/2 (1 I XI|)ad+1-1/2 on the standard simplex Ed in Rd. It is proved that such an expansion is uniformly (C, 6) summable on the simplex for any continuous function if and only if 6 > lIclI + (d 1)/2. Moreover, it is shown that (C, loll + (d + 1)/2) means define a positive linear polynomial identity, and the index is sharp in the sense that (C, 6) means are not positive for 0 < 6 < IaI 1 + (d + 1)/2.
Interactive explanation of software systems

This paper describes an effort to provide automated support for the interactive inquiry and explanation process that is at the heart of software understanding. A hypermedia tool called I-Doc allows software engineers to post queries about a software system, and generates focused explanations in response. These explanations are task-oriented, i.e., they are sensitive to the software engineering task being performed by the user that led to the query. Task orientation leads to more effective explanations, and is particularly helpful for understanding large software systems. Empirical studies of inquiry episodes were conducted in order to investigate this claim; the kinds of questions users ask, their relation to the user's task and level of expertise. The I-Doc tool is being developed to embody these principles, employing knowledge-based techniques. The presentation mechanism employs World Wide Web (WWW) technology, making it suitable for widespread use.
Kinetic and mechanistic studies of the recombination of OH with NO2: Vibrational deactivation, isotopic scrambling and product isomer branching ratios

The kinetics and mechanism of the three-body recombination of OH with NO2 were studied using a pulsed laser photolysis – pulsed laser induced fluorescence technique. The rate coefficients for deactivation of vibrationally excited OH (v = 1–5) by NO2 were found to be independent of vibrational level with a value of (6.4 ± 0.3) × 10−11 cm3 molecule−1 s−1 at 298 K. The rate coefficient for reaction of 18OH with NO2 was measured and found to be much faster than for unlabeled OH with a “zero pressure” rate of 1 × 10−11 cm3 molecule−1 s−1 at 298 K and 273 K. Observation of temporal profiles of 16OH and 18OH suggest that isotopic scrambling in the initially formed [H18ON16O2] complex is complete on the microsecond time scale of our experiments. The rate coefficient for reaction of unlabeled OH with NO2 was measured at 413 K in 400 Torr of He. Biexponential temporal profiles were obtained and are consistent with a 10 ± 3% yield of the weakly bound HOONO isomer.
Role and Regulation of Nitric Oxide in the Uterus During Pregnancy and Parturition

Objective:To review the English-language literature as it relates to the role and regulation of uterine nitric oxide (NO) during pregnancy and parturition, special emphasis being placed on the interactions of NO with other uterotonic agents. Methods: A thorough literature review of the English-language literature using a Medline search was performed.Results:Current data support the view that NO is generated in the uterus and inhibits uterine contractility. Gestation, parturition, steroid hormones, and prostaglandins modulate both the generation and the effects of NO on the uterus. The changes in NO and its effects are consistent with the theory that NO plays a role in uterine quiescence during pregnancy. A change in this system at term or preterm could play a role in inhibition of labor and delivery.Conclusion:Uterine NO may play a role in maintaining uterine quiescence during pregnancy.
The effects of gibberellic acid and two plant growth retardants on the beat of the clam heart

Abstract 1. The effect of gibberellic acid (GA) and two synthetic plant growth retardants was tested on the heat of the isolated and perfused ventricle of the hard shelled clam, Mercenaria mercenaria. 2. Twenty-five per cent inhibition of the beat was obtained with 30 μM GA, 160 μM N-dimethylamino succinamic acid (B-9), 7 μM (2-chloroethyl) trimethyl-ammonium chloride (CCC) and 2 nM acetylcholine chloride (ACh). 3. CCC is a quaternary ammonium compound while B-9 is a tertiary ammonium compound and GA has no nitrogen.
Cosmogenic analysis of glacial terrains in the eastern Canadian Arctic: a test for inherited nuclides and the effectiveness of glacial erosion

To determine the effectiveness of glacial erosion and the magnitude of cosmogenic nuclide inheritance from prior periods of cosmic-ray exposure, we measured the abundance of 10Be and 26Al in nine samples collected from bedrock, boulders and cobbles exposed by the retreat of Tumbling Glacier, Baffin Island, Canada. Most samples had nuclide concentrations so low that we were only able to set upper limits for nuclide abundance. Three boulders, two on a Neoglacial moraine of Tumbling Glacier that impounds Crater Lake and one on a roche moutonnee within the Neoglacial moraine loop, had nuclide abundances indicating no more than 900 yr of exposure at the surface. Three bedrock samples, striated by Tumbling Glacier and exposed by ice retreat within the last 20 yr, have similarly low nuclide abundances. One bedrock sample, covered by Tumbling Glacier ice for some part of the Holocene but not eroded, allows us to estimate crudely the duration of Neoglaciation at our sample site (about 5450 yr) and to provide a lower limit on the erosion rate of Tumbling Glacier (0.10 ± 0.03 mm a–1). We analyzed two cobbles collected from the tops of roches moutonnees at Crater Lake; one cobble had the equivalent of 3000 yr of exposure, the other < 900 yr.
Hybrid sterility in cattle ticks (Acari: Ixodidae)

Male offspring resulting from interspecific crosses between the cattle ticks,Boophilus annulatus andB. microplus, are sterile. Hybrid females were found to produce sterile sons through 3 backcross generations.
Pseudo-Outbreak of Cupriavidus pauculus Infection at an Outpatient Clinic Related to Rinsing Culturette Swabs in Tap Water

Cupriavidus pauculus is a water microorganism rarely isolated from clinical specimens. We describe a pseudo-outbreak in which multiple strains that were associated with moistening of culturette swabs with tap water were isolated from a single clinic before collecting the patient specimen.
Cost-efficacy of imatinib versus allogeneic bone marrow transplantation with a matched unrelated donor in the treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia: a decision-analytic approach.

Study Objective. To develop and populate a decision-analytic model for comparing the 2-year cost and efficacy of imatinib versus allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) with a matched unrelated donor in the treatment of a 35-year-old man with newly diagnosed, Philadelphia chromosome—positive (Ph[+]) chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) in the chronic phase. Design. Markov cohort analysis and first-order Monte Carlo microsimulation. Measurements and Main Results. Direct medical costs were measured from the perspective of a third-party payer. Efficacy data and probabilities were obtained from survivability findings, most of which were derived from randomized controlled trials. We employed a 2-year time horizon with 3-month treatment cycles. The comparator was BMT with a matched unrelated donor, and the base case was defined as a 35-year-old, Ph(+) man with newly diagnosed CML. The Monte Carlo microsimulation indicated that the incremental cost:efficacy ratio was −$5000 for imatinib (95% confidence interval −$70,000–84,000). Analysis of the cost-efficacy plane revealed that imatinib was dominant over BMT in 84.69% of cases, whereas BMT dominated imatinib in 0.76% of cases. Trade-offs were warranted in the remaining cases. Sensitivity analyses of costs and discount rates found these results to be generally robust. Conclusion. In most cases, imatinib was both less costly and more efficacious than BMT in the 2-year treatment of CML. Results of this investigation should be viewed in the context of emerging long-term clinical data. These data are necessary to assess cost-efficacy beyond the short-term time horizon of this study.
Corticotropin-releasing hormone deficiency increases allergen-induced airway inflammation in a mouse model of asthma

Background Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) is a major regulator of adrenocorticotropic hormone and the production of glucocorticoids by the adrenal gland. Abnormal regulation of CRH and endogenous glucocorticoids has been implicated in the pathogenesis of asthma. Objective We postulated that CRH deficiency could increase asthma severity by disrupting hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis function and the induction of glucocorticoids through inflammatory and physiologic stress. However, CRH is expressed by several types of immune cells and might be induced at sites of inflammation, where it has local immunostimulatory actions. Thus CRH deficiency could decrease asthma severity. Methods To test these possibilities, we subjected CRH-knockout mice to an ovalbumin-induced airway inflammation protocol that mimics many features of asthma. Results CRH-knockout mice had an increase in airway inflammation of approximately 80% to 300% and an increase in goblet cell hyperplasia of approximately 70% compared with wild-type mice. In contrast, IgE induction was unaffected by CRH deficiency. The increased inflammation in knockout mice was associated with increased tissue resistance, elastance, and hysteresivity. Levels of IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, RANTES, IFN-γ, and eotaxin were all increased in knockout mice. Serum corticosterone levels were decreased in knockout mice and might account for some of the differences between knockout and wild-type mice. Conclusion We conclude that CRH deficiency disrupts endogenous glucocorticoid production and enhances allergen-induced airway inflammation and lung mechanical dysfunction in mice. Thus inherited or acquired CRH deficiency could increase asthma severity in human subjects.
RESPONSE OF THE PULMONARY VASCULATURE OF THE FETAL LAMB TO HYPERBARIC OXYGENATION

At birth, pulmonary blood flow increases from approximately 7% of combined ventricular output to 50% of combined ventricular output. Using a hyperbaric chamber, we have begun to investigate the effects of an increase in oxygen alone on pulmonary blood flow in the intact intrauterine fetal lamb. Under anesthesia, catheters were placed in the superior vena cava, pulmonary artery, and carotid artery of the fetal lambs and the lambs were then returned to the uterus. The fetuses were studied 3 hours after completion of surgery and then again 4 days after completion of surgery. For each experiment, the pregnant ewe was placed in a hyperbaric chamber at ambient pressure breathing room air. A sample for arterial blood gas determination was drawn, vascular pressures were recorded, and radioactive microspheres were injected to the superior vena cava to measure the percentage of right ventricular output distributed to the lungs. In 3 experiments in near-term fetuses, PaO2 increased by 18 to 32 torr. These increases were associated with 6-22 fold increases in pulmonary blood flow. In two experiments at two-thirds gestation, PaO2 increased 12 and 203 torr, while pulmonary blood flow increased only 3 and 1 fold. In these preliminary experiments, increasing PaO2 alone produces increases in pulmonary blood flow similar to those seen at birth. In addition, the pulmonary vascular response to oxygen appears to develop during the last trimester.
Two-dimensional crystallization of herpes simplex virus type 1 single-stranded DNA-binding protein, ICP8, on a lipid monolayer.

Abstract Herpes simplex virus type 1 single-stranded DNA-binding protein (ICP8) has been crystallized on a positively charged lipid monolayer. The crystals belong to the planar group p2 with a=39 nm, b=23.2 nm and γ=87.2°. The projected map of ICP8 crystals calculated at a resolution of 3.9 nm shows four ICP8 monomers per unit cell with the crystals formed by a parallel arrangement of 16.2 nm helical ICP8 filaments. This novel filamentous form has not been reported before. The ICP8 monomers show different appearances in projection, suggesting that they may adopt different orientations, probably reflecting the strong intermolecular and lipid–filament interactions in the crystal. When the 23 nm diameter filaments formed by ICP8 in solution at low temperature in the presence of magnesium were generated and then layered on the phospholipid monolayer, highly ordered arrays of an 8.5 nm filament with a shallow 31.2 nm pitch were observed and reconstruction revealed a double-helical structure.
Thought Sampling after Mood Induction in Depressed vs. Non-Depressed College Students

This study combines a mood induction procedure with a thought sampling strategy to assess the effect of mood on spontaneous cognition in a sample of depressed and non-depressed undergraduates. A total of eighty-five Hofstra University psychology students completed the Beck Depression Inventory and then returned for a second experimental session two weeks later. After assigning depressed (BDI > 10) and non-depressed (BDI < 4) participants in equal numbers to sad and neutral mood induction conditions, the experimenter measured baseline mood and then showed either a sad or neutral video clip. After mood induction, participants were buzzed randomly for a fifteen-minute period and asked to speak their thoughts aloud. Results showed that across both conditions, participants' mood correlated with thought content at the end of the sampling period. Thought content correlated with BDI scores from two weeks earlier and depressed individuals had more overall negative thought content. In contrast to previous findings ...
The myelin membrane influences the organization of molecules on the axonal surface

The paranodal axoglial junction, a highly unique and specialized vertebrate structure, is the most likely domain at which axon-glial communication takes place. The molecular components of this structure are largely unknown. The first identified protein that was localized specifically to the axoglial junction was caspr/paranodin, on the axonal side. The second was neurofascin 155 (NF155), a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily of cell adhesion molecules, on the glial cell side. In the mature myelinating glial cell, NF155 clusters in apposition to axonal caspr at the paranodal junction. These proteins are believed to be important in the establishment and stabilization of the axo-glial contact and in the restriction of sodium channels to the nodal region. We have studied the spatial and temporal organization of the myelin membrane and the way myelin influences the organization of the axon, in particular of membrane proteins at the nodal and paranodal level. We observed that there is a focal increase of caspr along axonal segments that are in contact with oligodendrocyte membrane expansions. This up-regulation or redistribution of caspr on the axonal side is mirrored by an increased of NF155 on the oligodendrocyte side. Therefore, caspr and NF155 codistribute from the time of initial contact, until they reach their final distribution at the paranodal junction. This implicates NF155 and caspr in axoglial recognition and early communication, as well as in the establishment of membrane compartments or domains, where molecules are restricted from freely diffusing in the lateral plane of the axonal membrane.
The use of random auditory stimulation in the treatment of a manic-depressive patient

The present paper offers a rationale and therapy for persistent day dreaming and unrealistic fantasies. Acquiring habits of emotional freedom involves developing or rediscovering mechanisms that allow persons to derived greater reward from external stimuli. One possible means of accomplishing this is to assist individuals to divert their attention away from established introspective thought pattens which have few external rewards. A random auditory stimulus mechanism was used successfully with a patient diagnosed as a manic-depressive psychotic in finding realistic pleasures in the “here and now.” This, in turn, has possibly been an aid in avoiding manic episodes. Such information may be of value in treating certain patients who focus either on the past or future, or who when focusing upon the present are not able to enjoy being aware of themselves in their environment. The implications are that people have a greater potential for fulfillment when utilizing both introceptive and proprioceptive means of obtaining gratification.
Mechanism and Kinetics of Nonequilibrium and Multilayer Adsorption and Desorption of Gases on Solids

A novel approach to the characterization of dynamic interactions of gases with solid surfaces is developed. A model is developed to represent the simultaneous adsorption and desorption processes in these systems. The model can simulate properties of nonequilibrium adsorption and desorption processes as well as the equilibrium state (isotherms and isobars). It also provides information on the distribution of loading of tightly bound molecules as the first layer on the surface as well as loosely bound physisorbed molecules as the upper layers during a transient process and at the equilibrium state. The model is validated and applied to the adsorption of moisture on oxides (ZrO2 and HfO2). Practical application of this work is shown by optimizing the purge recipes for removal of moisture from ZrO2 film. Optimization helps in lowering gas and energy consumption as well as reducing the purge times.
Transamination by polymeric enzyme mimics

Pyridoxamine was linked to a series of polyethylenimines (PEIs) with Mn=600, 1800, 10,000, and 60,000, both simply permethylated and with additional attached dodecyl chains. They were examined in the transamination of pyruvic acid and of phenylpyruvic acid, and showed MichaelisMenten behavior. The values of k2 and of KM determined showed only small variations with polymer size. Thus, the previously reported strong advantage of pyridoxamines attached to the Mn=60,000 PEI, relative to simple pyridoxamine alone, is seen to almost the same extent with the smaller PEIs.