cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Efficiency and accuracy of SOS-induced DNA polymerases replicating benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-diol 9,10-epoxide A and G adducts.

Abstract Nucleotide incorporation fidelity, mismatch extension, and translesion DNA synthesis efficiencies were determined using SOS-induced Escherichia coli DNA polymerases (pol) II, IV, and V to copy 10R and 10S isomers oftrans-opened benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-diol 9,10-epoxide (BaP DE) A and G adducts. A-BaP DE adducts were bypassed by pol V with moderate accuracy and considerably higher efficiency than by pol II or IV. Error-prone pol V copied G-BaP DE-adducted DNA poorly, forming A·G-BaP DE-S and -R mismatches over C·G-BaP DE-S and -R correct matches by factors of ∼350- and 130-fold, respectively, even favoring G·G-BaP DE mismatches over correct matches by factors of 2–4-fold. In contrast, pol IV bypassed G-BaP DE adducts with the highest efficiency and fidelity, making misincorporations with a frequency of 10−2 to 10−4 depending on sequence context. G-BaP DE-S-adducted M13 DNA yielded 4-fold fewer plaques when transfected into SOS-induced ΔdinB (pol IV-deficient) mutant cells compared with the isogenic wild-typeE. coli strain, consistent with the in vitrodata showing that pol IV was most effective by far at copying the G-BaP DE-S adduct. SOS polymerases are adept at copying a variety of lesions, but the relative contribution of each SOS polymerase to copying damaged DNA appears to be determined by the lesion's identity.
Thermal Contact Resistance Modeling of Non-Flat, Roughened Surfaces With Non-Metallic Coatings

Essentially all models for prediction of thermal contact conductance or thermal contact resistance have assumed optically flat surfaces for simplification. A few thermal constriction models have been developed which incorporate uncoated, optically non-flat surfaces based on the bulk mechanical properties of the material. Investigations have also been conducted which incorporate the thermophysical properties of metallic coatings and their effective surface microhardness to predict the overall thermal contact conductance. However, these studies and subsequent models have also assumed optically flat surfaces; thus, the application of these models to optically non-flat, coated surface conditions is not feasible without modifications. The present investigation develops a thermomechanical model that combines both microscopic and macroscopic thermal resistances for non-flat, roughened, surfaces with non-metallic coatings. The thermomechanical model developed as a result of this study predicts the thermal contact resistance of several non-metallic coatings deposited on metallic aluminum substrates quite well
List of biography and history published mostly in Photosynthesis Research, 1988-2008

As an outgoing Editor of the Historical Corner of Photosynthesis Research, I present here the following list of papers of historical interest for the benefit of all. The first paper I published was: Govindjee (1988) The Discovery of Chlorophyll–protein Complex by Emil L. Smith during 1937–1941. Photosynth Res 16:285–289. In order to bring to the readers this List of references on the historical papers published in this journal (and some even elsewhere), I have organized these papers under the following headings (some are arbitrarily assigned to a particular section since they may fit in more than one section): (I) biographies (that include obituaries and tributes, arranged alphabetically, with dates of birth and death); (II) recognitions of scientists (arranged alphabetically) by others; (III) personal perspectives (arranged alphabetically); (IV) historical papers (first chronologically, by the year of publication, and then alphabetically by the names of the editors); (V) special issues of Photosynthesis Research (chronologically by the year of publication and then alphabetically by the names of editors); and lastly (VI) Conferences (available reports in Photosynthesis Research).
Enhanced rotation and scale invariant target detection using the fringe-adjusted joint transform correlation

We present a novel synthetic discriminant function (SDF) formulated from the Laplacian-enhanced (L) training images for the rotation and scale invariant target detection. It is shown that the proposed LSDF yields significantly improved correlation performance compared to the traditional SDF. Since the LSDF is formulated off line, it does not have any burden on the processing speed of the system.
Dielectronic recombination cross sections for fusion plasmas

Abstract The almost simultaneous appearance of calculated and measured dielectronic recombination cross sections for singly and few-times charged target ions has produced an interesting situation. The large disparity between theory and experiment has provoked speculation about a possible “electric field effect”. The implications of this idea are examined, in the context of distorted-wave theory, and using the isolated-resonance-approximation.
Probing localization effects in Li 0.9 Mo 6 O 17 purple bronze: An optical-properties investigation

We report the polarized reflectance and optical conductivity of the quasi-one-dimensional conductor ${\mathrm{Li}}_{0.9}{\mathrm{Mo}}_{6}{\mathrm{O}}_{17}$ as a function of temperature. The compound displays an unusual (non-Drude-type) mobile carrier response at low-energy, with partially screened vibrational features along the highly conducting b axis. In addition, we observe Mo $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{d}d$ transitions near 0.42, 0.57, and 1.3 eV, and an O $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{p}\mathrm{Mo}d$ charge-transfer band near 4 eV. Perpendicular to the b axis, ${\mathrm{Li}}_{0.9}{\mathrm{Mo}}_{6}{\mathrm{O}}_{17}$ exhibits semiconducting behavior with an optical gap of 0.4 eV and electronic structure similar to that of the b axis at higher energies. The substantial temperature dependence of the vibrational modes in this direction reveals that the lattice of ${\mathrm{Li}}_{0.9}{\mathrm{Mo}}_{6}{\mathrm{O}}_{17}$ is not rigid. However, no noticeable change in the lattice through the 25 K metal-insulator transition is observed. Comparing x-ray and infrared data for several model materials, we establish an upper bound on the size of any lattice distortion in ${\mathrm{Li}}_{0.9}{\mathrm{Mo}}_{6}{\mathrm{O}}_{17}.$ Based upon these combined results, we argue that localization effects dominate the bulk and microscopic properties of this material.
A stochastic model for turbulent diffusion

Abstract An improved stochastic model for turbulent diffusion is developed. The model is free of arbitrary adjustable constants. The central objective, as in Taylor's approach, is to predict the turbulent diffusion (mean square displacement and/or concentration distribution) given certain statistical information about the turbulent velocity field. The applicability of the model to problems of turbulent diffusion in shear flows is explored. When the cross correlation between the fluctuating velocity and the stochastic forcing function is zero and the forcing function is white noise in character, the conditions necessary to describe Brownian motion are satisfied. However, when the cross correlation is other than zero and when, at the same time, the energy of the velocity fluctuation is concentrated at the lower frequencies, the equation can be used to describe turbulent diffusion. The deterministic coefficient β in the model and the nature of the stochastic forcing function can be calculated from known Eulerian statistics of the flow field. The method is applicable to non-homogeneous flows in three dimensions where correlation exists between fluctuating velocity components. Implementation of the model is most readily accomplished on a modern hybrid computer. Good agreement is obtained in comparisons of predicted results from the model with (a) theoretical solutions for homogeneous turbulent diffusion (b) experimental measurements of diffusion in a turbulent boundary layer and (c) measurements of diffusion in the atmospheric boundary layer.
Mediastinal Non-seminomatous Germ Cell Tumours: Their Association with Non-germ Cell Malignancies

Mediastinal non-seminomatous germ cell tumors are unique tumors in that they are associated with both sarcomatous and hematologic neoplasms. This paper relates our experience at Indiana University with these tumors, and discusses the possible mechanisms of their occurrence, especially with respect to the hematologic neoplasms.
Multipoint interference test in a single horizontal well

A new horizontal well testing technique, the multipoint interference (MPI) technique, is developed in a single horizontal well. This method is more sensitive than conventional buildup or drawdown tests to reservoir heterogeneities along the horizontal segment of the well. In MPI tests, the fluid is produced at a section or perforations at one end of the horizontal portion of the well and the pressure is recorded at one or more observation points (gauges) at the other end. Solutions of the pressure-transient behavior for spherical fluid flow near a linear discontinuity in a vertically confined formation are developed by using unconventional image theory. The pressure derivative was found to provide distinguishing features for analyzing pressure behavior of MPI tests in a heterogeneous reservoir. The straight-line plot of p vs. 1 [radical]t provides a simple method for analyzing MPI tests. Type curves based on the model developed in this study can be used to determine reservoir properties, such as permeability and porosity, and to detect and locate the reservoir boundaries. The practical utility of MPI tests is demonstrated by several theoretical examples. The solutions developed in this study provide new insight into the pressure behavior of various flow regimes observable in MPImore » tests. The resulting equations are relatively simple and easy to apply.« less
A polymorphism of the β1-adrenergic receptor is associated with low extraversion

Background We examined the possibility that allelic variation leading to alterations in β 1 -adrenergic function might be present in persons with elevated social anxiety–related traits. Methods A sample of 504 undergraduate college students were phenotyped on a personality inventory (the NEO-Personality Inventory-Revised) and measures of shyness and social anxiety and genotyped for two β 1 adrenergic ( ADRB1 gene) polymorphisms: a serine/glycine substitution at amino acid 49 (Ser49Gly) and an arginine/glycine substitution at residue 389 (Arg389Gly). We hypothesized that the Gly49 variant (thought to be functional), but not variation at Arg389Gly, would be associated with (low) extraversion and shyness. We evaluated the potential for population stratification artifact by genotyping a set of 36 unlinked, highly polymorphic markers previously demonstrated to sufficiently distinguish the ancestry of major American populations. Results Presence of a Gly49 allele was associated with an increased odds of having low or very low extraversion (odds ratio=1.68, 95% confidence interval 1.05–2.71). The Arg389Gly polymorphism, although in tight linkage disequilibrium (D′ = −1.00) with Ser49Gly, was not significantly associated with level of extraversion. Formal testing showed that population structure did not explain the findings. Conclusions The Ser49Gly functional polymorphism in the β 1 adrenergic receptor might explain some of the population variance in extraversion and related personality traits. Population structure was excluded as an explanation for these findings. We used a sufficient marker set to exclude possible population stratification artifact. These findings should be replicated and extended to the study of psychiatric disorders marked by low extraversion, namely social phobia and other phobic disorders.
On unitizing a compound stimulus

Paired associates with compound stimuli are harder to learn than paired associates with simple stimuli. This study was designed to reduce this effect by pretraining S with compounds that later appeared as the PA stimuli. Pretraining procedures were designed to help S perceive and remember compound stimuli as though they were single units. The results showed that compound stimuli made the PA task harder, but the effect was not reduced by the pretraining.
Rifles, Blankets, and Beads: Identity, History, and the Northern Athapaskan Potlatch

Rifles, Blankets, and Beads: Identity, History, and the Northern Athapaskan Potlatch. WILLIAM E. SIMEONE. Norman and London: University of Oklahoma Press, 1995. xxil + 191 pp., illustrations, maps.
Offshore Exploration Performance and Industry Change: The Case of the Gulf of Mexico

This paper considers industry structure and the exploration performance (by size class of operator) of firms searching for oil and gas in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico. It also tracks the changes in industry structure that have occurred in response to a decline in the quality of remaining prospects in the area. Data presented indicate that because vertically integrated majors dominated in exploration in the early years of the Gulf of Mexico exploration history, they were able to discover 86% of the total hydrocarbons discovered through 1975. However, the data also show a dynamic relationship between the structure of the industry operating in an area and the quality of remaining prospects. The relative share of both credited discoveries and wildcat wells of nonmajor operators has increased as exploration in the gulf proceeded. For example, in state-owned waters from 1951 to 1955, major firms accounted for 85% of all wildcat wells drilled, whereas from 1971 to 1975 these firms accounted for only 30% of the wildcat wells. During these same two periods in the federal Gulf of Mexico, the majors' share of wildcats fell from 98% to 70%.
Immunoglobulins that bind to uncoated ELISA plate surfaces: Appearance in mice during infection with lactate‐dehydrogenase‐elevating virus and in human anti‐nuclear antibody‐positive sera

Immunoglobulins present in the blood plasma of mice infected with lactate-dehydrogenase-elevating virus (LDV) were found to bind strongly in the presence of 0.05 % Tween 20 to the uncoated surfaces of wells of certain ELISA plates with previously recognized high protein-binding capacity. The binding was readily distinguishable from non-specific background binding of immunoglobulins present in normal mouse plasma. The binding components absorbed to protein A and had molecular weights in the 150–300 kDa range. Binding of the purified IgG fraction was progressively inhibited by increasing the concentration of Tween 20 in the diluent and by preincubation of the fraction at pH 3–4 for 10 min. The appearance of plate-binding IgM and IgG during LDV infection corresponded approximately with previously reported time courses of appearance of IgM- and IgG-containing circulating immune complexes and of specific IgM and IgG anti-LDV antibodies in LDV-infected mice. We conclude that complexes of IgG and IgM with LDV antigens have a much higher affinity for ELISA plates with high protein-binding capacity than uncomplexed immunoglobulins. Immune complexes did not significantly bind to ELISA plates with low protein-binding capacity, which, therefore, are suitable for measuring specific antiviral antibodies. Preliminary experiments with human anti-nuclear antibody-positive serum samples demonstrated markedly elevated non-specific binding of immunoglobulins to high-binding-capacity ELISA plates.
Recognizing Respondents' Ways of Being and Knowing: Lessons Un/learned in Researching Asian Immigrant and Asian-American Teachers.

This paper examines the productive challenges of researching communities one identifies with and calls for the need to consider race/ethnic interpretations of research methods. By examining participants’ perspectives on research, the author argues for the need to further consider culturally appropriate ways of researching communities of color. Drawing on his research with Asian immigrant and Asian‐American teachers, the author describes the challenges he faced in negotiating access and conducting interviews with participants. This discussion proposes that researchers consider the multiple ways they are positioned in fieldwork. It similarly argues that by fully recognizing respondents’ ways of being, researchers can engage in ethical research practices.
Epidermal growth factor induces cyclin D1 in a human prostate cancer cell line

BACKGROUND The human prostate carcinoma cell line, LNCaP, proliferates under stimulation by a limited number of mitogenic signals, which include members of the growth factor and steroid hormone families. Androgens and epidermal growth factor (EGF) are among the LNCaP cell mitogens. We tested the hypothesis that these mitogens stimulate LNCaP cell proliferation at least in part through the induction of cyclin D1, a protein requisite for cell cycle progression, which is expressed in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. METHODS LNCaP cells were grown in serum-free medium with 10 ng/ml or 100 ng/ml EGF, 0.1 nM or 1.0 nM mibolerone (a potent androgen agonist), or vehicle (distilled water or 0.01% ethanol). Expression of cyclin D, mRNA, and protein were assessed by Northern and Western blot analyses. Transcription regulation was assessed by nuclear runoff assay. RESULTS Western analyses demonstrated that EGF stimulated cyclin D1 protein expression 4-fold over 12 hr. Northern analyses showed a 4-fold increase in mRNA expression, peaking within 4 hr of EGF stimulation. There were no effects on cyclin D1 protein or mRNA expression with mibolerone treatments. We further explored the mechanism of cyclin D1 induction. LNCaP cells stimulated for 1 hr with EGF demonstrated a 2-fold increase in cyclin D1 message, as assayed by nuclear runoff transcription assay. In addition, we demonstrated the involvement of the protein kinase C pathway in mediating the EGF induction of cyclin D1. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that one of the mechanisms by which growth factors such as EGF may stimulate prostate cell proliferation is through the direct induction of cyclin proteins, which are necessary for entry of cells into mitosis. Prostate 35:117–124, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Long-term clinical and radiographic results of a pegged tibial baseplate in primary total knee arthroplasty

Tibial baseplates of total knee arthroplasty components use stems, fins, and pegs to augment fixation. A pegged design without a stem offers flexibility in tray orientation and ease of revision. These advantages would not be important if stemless designs resulted in a higher rate of aseptic loosening. This article presents an average 10.5-year follow-up of a system offering a pegged tibial baseplate. Good or excellent results in 91% of patients are cited with a revision rate for aseptic loosening of 1%. A pegged design may offer advantages without a higher rate of complications when compared with stemmed implants.
Total synthesis of catalpalactone

Abstract The first synthesis of catalpalactone ( 1 ) is reported. 1 The key steps are the coupling of the selenenylated lactone 8 with bromophthalide ( 9 ) and the selenoxide elimination of 14 to give catapalactone with very high regioselectivity.
Identification of Ncd tail domain-binding sites on the tubulin dimer.

The Drosophila non-claret disjunctional (Ncd) kinesin-like protein is required for spindle assembly in oocytes and spindle maintenance in early embryos. Through the action of ATP-dependent microtubule (MT)-binding sites in the head and ATP-independent MT-binding sites in the tail, Ncd may bundle and, perhaps, slide MTs relative to each other. Our previous work on the MT-binding site of the Ncd tail domain demonstrated that this site, like the MT-binding sites of τ, contains basic residues flanked by proline residues and can promote MT assembly and stability. Here, we characterize the interactions of a monomeric Ncd tail protein with subtilisin-digested MTs in order to identify sites on the tubulin dimer that interact with the Ncd tail. The results provide evidence for four such binding sites per tubulin dimer and support the hypothesis that each binding site consists of a cluster of acidic residues in the C-terminal regions of α- and β-tubulin.
Point Spread Function (PSF) noise filter strategy for geiger mode LiDAR

LiDAR is an efficient optical remote sensing technology that has application in geography, forestry, and defense. The effectiveness is often limited by signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Geiger mode avalanche photodiode (APD) detectors are able to operate above critical voltage, and a single photoelectron can initiate the current surge, making the device very sensitive. These advantages come at the expense of requiring computationally intensive noise filtering techniques. Noise is a problem which affects the imaging system and reduces the capability. Common noise-reduction algorithms have drawbacks such as over aggressive filtering, or decimating in order to improve quality and performance. In recent years, there has been growing interest on GPUs (Graphics Processing Units) for their ability to perform powerful massive parallel processing. In this paper, we leverage this capability to reduce the processing latency. The Point Spread Function (PSF) filter algorithm is a local spatial measure that has been GPGPU accelerated. The idea is to use a kernel density estimation technique for point clustering. We associate a local likelihood measure with every point of the input data capturing the probability that a 3D point is true target-return photons or noise (background photons, dark-current). This process suppresses noise and allows for detection of outliers. We apply this approach to the LiDAR noise filtering problem for which we have recognized a speed-up factor of 30-50 times compared to traditional sequential CPU implementation.
Critical individualism: Whitehead's metaphysics and critique of liberalism

Whitehead's metaphysics contains an accurate portrayal of concrete human existence - one which can serve as a ground for criticizing the abstractions into which liberalism has fallen. His critical individualism, his insistence both on the individual as the seat of all value and on our essential connectedness to one another in modern society, is a call for liberalism to restore concrete meaning to its fundamental notions of individuality and freedom. However, his suggestions that the core values of liberalism can be actualized if we but reaffirm Plato's ancient equation of knowledge with virtue rests on an optimism that is difficult to sustain apart from a compensatory metaphysical dogma. We can appropriate Whitehead's criticism of liberalism, but if we can no longer convince ourselves of a metaphysical vision that supports faith in Plato's equation, we must look elsewhere for suggestions as to how liberalism can be revitalized.
Purification and kinetic properties of lysophosphatidylinositol acyltransferase from bovine heart muscle microsomes and comparison with lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase.

The enzyme acyl-CoA:1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoinositol acyltransferase (LPI acyltransferase, EC 2.3.1.23) was purified approximately 11,000-fold to near homogeneity from bovine heart muscle microsomes. The purification was effected by extraction with the detergent 3-((3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio)-1-propanesulfonate, followed by chromatography on Cibacron blue agarose, DEAE-cellulose, and Matrex gel green A. The isolated enzyme was a single protein of 58,000 Da as measured by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of dodecyl sulfate. This purification procedure also allows isolation of the related enzyme lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) acyltransferase, which was separated from LPI acyltransferase at the final chromatographic step. The purified LPI acyltransferase exhibits an absolute specificity for LPI as the acyl acceptor. Broader specificity was found for acyl-CoA derivatives as substrates, although the preferred substrates are long-chain, unsaturated derivatives: measured reactivities were in the order arachidonoyl-CoA > oleoyl-CoA > eicosadienoyl-CoA > linoleoyl-CoA. Little activity was found with palmitoyl-CoA or stearoyl-CoA as potential substrates. These properties are consistent with a role of the enzyme in controlling the acyl group composition of phosphoinositides. Comparison of LPC acyltransferase and LPI acyltransferase shows that these two enzymes have distinct kinetic and physical properties and are affected differently by local anesthetics, which are potent inhibitors.
Cyclic voiding urosonography in detecting vesicoureteral reflux in children.

Three methods are currently used to identify vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) in children, namely X-ray voiding cystourethrography (VCUG), radionuclide voiding cystography (RVC), and, recently, echo-enhanced voiding urosonography (VUS). It is known that the sensitivity of VCUG and RVC for detecting VUR can be improved by using cyclic procedures, such as repeated bladder filling and voiding. The purpose of our prospective study was to evaluate whether the cyclic procedure is superior to the conventional (one cycle only) procedure in VUS also. VUS was performed in 49 patients, aged 1.4–15.8 years (mean 4.1 years). After the first micturition, the catheter was left in place and the whole procedure was repeated under the same conditions. The results of the first and second cycles and the combined procedure were compared. In the initial cycle, 7 of 35 (20%) refluxing renal units that were detected in the second cycle and 4 of 26 (15%) children with at least unilateral VUR were missed. Cyclic VUS detected 25% more VURs than the conventional (one cycle only) VUS (P=0.049) and revealed 50% more VUR III than the first cycle. Our results suggest that cyclic VUS is superior to conventional VUS.
Dyslipidemia in the Critically Ill

Total and HDL cholesterol levels fall at the onset of acute illness and the cholesterol levels normalize as the patient recovers. Hypocholesterolemia may predispose the critically ill patient to sepsis and adrenal failure. Early enteral nutrition and tight glycemic control accelerate the recovery of the cholesterol levels.
Binding Motifs in Bacterial Gene Promoters Modulate Transcriptional Effects of Global Regulators CRP and ArcA

Bacterial gene regulation involves transcription factors (TF) that bind to DNA recognition sequences in operon promoters. These recognition sequences, many of which are palindromic, are known as regulatory elements or transcription factor binding sites (TFBS). Some TFs are global regulators that can modulate the expression of hundreds of genes. In this study we examine global regulator half-sites, where a half-site, which we shall call a binding motif (BM), is one half of a palindromic TFBS. We explore the hypothesis that the number of BMs plays an important role in transcriptional regulation, examining empirical data from transcriptional profiling of the CRP and ArcA regulons. We compare the power of BM counts and of full TFBS characteristics to predict induced transcriptional activity. We find that CRP BM counts have a nonlinear effect on CRP-dependent transcriptional activity and predict this activity better than full TFBS quality or location.
Engineering Accomplishments in the Construction of NCSX

The National Compact Stellarator Experiment (NCSX) was designed to test a compact, quasiaxisymmetric stellarator configuration. Flexibility and accurate realization of its complex 3D geometry were key requirements affecting the design and construction. While the project was terminated before completing construction, there were significant engineering accomplishments in design, fabrication, and assembly. The design of the stellarator core device was completed. All of the modular coils, toroidal field coils, and vacuum vessel sectors were fabricated. Critical assembly steps were demonstrated. Engineering advances were made in the application of CAD modeling, structural analysis, and accurate fabrication of complex-shaped components and subassemblies. The engineering accomplishments of the project are summarized
Delayed Multidose Treatment with Nicotinamide Extends the Degree and Duration of Neuroprotection by Reducing Infarction and Improving Behavioral Scores up to Two Weeks Following Transient Focal Cerebral Ischemia in Wistar Rats

: A single, delayed dose of nicotinamide (NAm) was shown to be protective against focal cerebral ischemia in rats, but the protection was limited to three to seven days following stroke. The investigation reported here was conducted to examine if the use of multiple doses of NAm, administered after the onset of focal cerebral ischemia, would extend the duration of neuroprotection compared with a single dose treatment regimen. Male Wistar rats were subjected to transient focal cerebral ischemia by occluding the right middle cerebral artery (MCAo) for two hours. Following MCAo, motor and sensory behavioral tests were performed daily and the cerebral infarct volumes were measured at two weeks after sacrifice. Each animal was placed into one of four groups that received either normal saline alone (Group S), one (Group A), two (Group B), or three (Group C) doses of NAm (500 mg/kg). Each animal, therefore, received three treatments over two weeks, with the first dose administered intravenously two hours after the onset of MCAo. Single and multiple doses of NAm reduced the infarction (p < 0.01) and improved (p < 0.05) the neurologic sensory and motor behavior when compared with the saline-treated animals up to two weeks after stroke. Moreover, animals that received multiple doses of NAm recuperated full motor function not different from normal, preoperative motor behavior. Delayed treatment with NAm given as multiple doses, therefore, further enhances the extent and duration of neuroprotection by significantly reducing cerebral infarct volumes, improving neurologic behavioral scores, and confers a complete motor recovery up to two weeks from the onset of focal cerebral ischemia in Wistar rats.
Alterations in Helicobacter pylori Triggered by Contact with Gastric Epithelial Cells

Helicobacter pylori lives within the mucus layer of the human stomach, in close proximity to gastric epithelial cells. While a great deal is known about the effects of H. pylori on human cells and the specific bacterial products that mediate these effects, relatively little work has been done to investigate alterations in H. pylori that may be triggered by bacterial contact with human cells. In this review, we discuss the spectrum of changes in bacterial physiology and morphology that occur when H. pylori is in contact with gastric epithelial cells. Several studies have reported that cell contact causes alterations in H. pylori gene transcription. In addition, H. pylori contact with gastric epithelial cells promotes the formation of pilus-like structures at the bacteria-host cell interface. The formation of these structures requires multiple genes in the cag pathogenicity island, and these structures are proposed to have an important role in the type IV secretion system-dependent process through which CagA enters host cells. Finally, H. pylori contact with epithelial cells can promote bacterial replication and the formation of microcolonies, phenomena that are facilitated by the acquisition of iron and other nutrients from infected cells. In summary, the gastric epithelial cell surface represents an important niche for H. pylori, and upon entry into this niche, the bacteria alter their behavior in a manner that optimizes bacterial proliferation and persistent colonization of the host.
Association of elevated fasting glucose with lower patency and increased major adverse limb events among patients with diabetes undergoing infrapopliteal balloon angioplasty

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a significant risk factor for loss of patency after endovascular intervention, but the contribution of glycemic control to infrapopliteal artery patency among patients with DM is unknown. All percutaneous infrapopliteal interventions among patients with DM from 2006 to 2013 were reviewed and pre-procedure fasting blood glucose (FBG) was recorded. The primary endpoint was primary patency at 1 year as determined by duplex ultrasound. A total of 309 infrapopliteal lesions in 149 patients with DM were treated with balloon angioplasty during the study period. The median FBG was 144 mg/dL. At 1 year, the rate of primary patency was 16% for patients with FBG above the median, compared to 46% for patients with FBG below the median (hazard ratio (HR) 1.82 for FBG ≥144, p=0.005). Amputation rates at 1 year trended higher among patients with high versus low FBG (24% vs 15%, p=0.1). One year major adverse limb event rates were also higher for patients with high versus low FBG (35% vs 23%, p=0.05). Although patients with high FBG were more likely to have insulin-requiring DM (73% vs 50%, p=0.003) the association of high FBG with loss of primary patency remained significant even after adjusting for insulin use as well as other lesion-specific characteristics (adjusted HR 1.8, 95% CI 1.2-2.8). In conclusion, high fasting blood glucose at the time of infrapopliteal balloon angioplasty is associated with significantly decreased primary patency and may also be a risk factor for major adverse limb events among patients with a threatened limb.
A Quick Look at Functions

Before we begin our discussion of dynamics, it is necessary to review a few definitions. We review the terms function, one-to-one, onto, continuous, and inverse function. A good, working knowledge of these terms is fundamental to understanding the following material. We also introduce homeomorphisms and complete the section by reviewing the Intermediate Value Theorem.
Use of Satellite Technologies for Power System Measurements, Command, and Control

This paper analyzes the use of wide-area measurement technologies including satellite-based methods for the command and control of power systems. The methods studied include the global positioning system (GPS) and low earth orbit satellites (LEOS). Satellite technologies have been used in a variety of applications requiring precise timing between geographically diverse locations. The deregulation of the electric power industry is placing increased demands on power transmission system utilization. Because deregulated power systems utilize long-distance high-power exchanges, satellite-based communication systems are useful in control of geographically large interconnected power systems. In this paper, the satellite-based measurements and commands are introduced for wide-area control. With the support of wide-area signals, a multiagent supervisory-level power system stabilizer is proposed here as a potential wide-area control structure. Increased loading of transmission facilities is an impetus for accurate dynamic thermal overhead electrical conductor ratings. The application of satellite-based measurement for improving the dynamic thermal rating of overhead transmission circuits is suggested.
Constant pH Molecular Dynamics of Proteins in Explicit Solvent with Proton Tautomerism

pH is a ubiquitous regulator of biological activity, including protein-folding, protein-protein interactions, and enzymatic activity. Existing constant pH molecular dynamics (CPHMD) models that were developed to address questions related to the pH-dependent properties of proteins are largely based on implicit solvent models. However, implicit solvent models are known to underestimate the desolvation energy of buried charged residues, increasing the error associated with predictions that involve internal ionizable residue that are important in processes like hydrogen transport and electron transfer. Furthermore, discrete water and ions cannot be modeled in implicit solvent, which are important in systems like membrane proteins and ion channels. We report on an explicit solvent constant pH molecular dynamics framework based on multi-site λ-dynamics (CPHMD(MSλD)). In the CPHMD(MSλD) framework, we performed seamless alchemical transitions between protonation and tautomeric states using multi-site λ-dynamics, and designed novel biasing potentials to ensure that the physical end-states are predominantly sampled. We show that explicit solvent CPHMD(MSλD) simulations model realistic pH-dependent properties of proteins such as the Hen-Egg White Lysozyme (HEWL), binding domain of 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (BBL) and N-terminal domain of ribosomal protein L9 (NTL9), and the pKa predictions are in excellent agreement with experimental values, with a RMSE ranging from 0.72 to 0.84 pKa units. With the recent development of the explicit solvent CPHMD(MSλD) framework for nucleic acids, accurate modeling of pH-dependent properties of both major class of biomolecules-proteins and nucleic acids is now possible.
Physical modeling of degenerately doped compound semiconductors for high-performance HBT design

Numerous research groups are currently developing high-performance InP HBTs with fT and fMAX greater than 400 GHz. However, the heavily degenerate doping concentrations used in these devices present new challenges to numerical device simulation. This work focuses on three physical phenomena in InP and In0.53Ga0.47As and their implementation in physics based device simulators. First, the use of the parabolic band approximation yields a constant DOS effective mass, but this results in an erroneously deep Fermi-level under heavily degenerate donor concentrations. An empirical model is presented and shown to have good agreement with previously published simulations and experimental data. Second, bandgap narrowing parameters and a table based model are used as a more generic model for compound semiconductors. Third, calculated parameters to address the Mott transition are used to obtain the proper freecarrier concentrations throughout the HBT. The improper calibration or neglect of these three physical phenomena is shown to alter HBT band profiles at thermal equilibrium by as much as 400 meV; the turn-on voltage by approximately 50 mV; and the fT dependence on JC by approximately 18%. � 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Recombinant factor VIIa for warfarin-associated intracranial bleeding

Abstract Study objective To examine the efficacy of recombinant factor VIIa (rVIIa) in reversing warfarin-induced coagulopathy in trauma patients presenting with intracranial hemorrhage (ICH). Design Retrospective, cohort-controlled database review. Setting Level 1, university-affiliated trauma center. Patients 54 patients presenting with ICH associated with chronic warfarin therapy, 30 of whom were treated with rVIIa, and the other 24 patients treated conventionally. Measurements We examined initial and subsequent coagulation studies (prothrombin time, international normalized ratio [INR]), blood product requirement, and clinical outcome, including time to reverse anticoagulation, duration of reversal, and subsequent mortality. Main results Patients treated with rVIIa required significantly less plasma (4 vs 7 units) to correct their INR, and corrected in a much shorter period of time (2.4 vs10 hrs). The duration of corrected INR after rVIIa was dose-dependent. Conclusions Factor rVIIa provides prompt correction of the INR of dose-dependent duration in patients with ICH intracranial hemorrhage associated with warfarin use.
An evaluation of computerized behavioral skills training to teach safety skills to young children

Previous research has demonstrated the efficacy of behavioral skills training (BST) and in situ training (IST) for teaching children to protect themselves. However, BST may be resource intensive and difficult to implement on a large scale. We evaluated a computerized version of BST (CBST) to teach safety skills and determined the extent to which safety skills generalized across different dangers. In Study 1, 11 children learned, via CBST and IST, to respond safely when asked to leave with a stranger. In Studies 2 and 3, IST was implemented with 16 children for 1 or 2 dangers after exposure to CBST for 3 dangers. Participants correctly self-protected from dangers after CBST and IST, and performance generalized to similar dangers for which participants did not receive IST. CBST may be an acceptable substitute for BST when combined with IST to improve efficiency and maintain efficacy in a comprehensive safety skills program.
Microwave Molecular Sieves Synthesis and Capillary Crystal Growth by Geometric Confinement.

Microwave heating is an alternate means for material processing. The technique is promising for the accelerated synthesis of new materials. Microwave molecular sieves synthesis is combined with capillary confinement as a novel synthetic method. It is successfully demonstrated in the preparation of small ZSM-5 crystals by microwave hydrothermal synthesis within 1–1.7 μm channels of a capillary bundle. The geometric and spatial confinement offered by the capillary is expected to define and control the resulting crystal size distribution and orientation. MCM-41, a mesoporous molecular sieve with a uni-dimensional regular array of hexagonal channels is investigated as a candidate for capillary confinement. The large porous channels of MCM-41(>35 a ) is attractive as a host for promoting inclusions of guest molecules or templates. The successful confinement of MCM-41 represents an important step towards the alignment of molecular sieves in a defined orientation within thin capillaries bundled (less than 5 μm channels). Ultimately, such an approach may be useful for the fabrication of new molecular sieve devices.
Reflections on Self in Qualitative Research: Stories of Family

Reflexivity is a qualitative research strategy that addresses our subjectivity as researchers related to people and events that we encounter in the field. Reflexivity also addresses the subjective nature of the research account as a narrative constructed by us as researchers. Reflexivity enhances the quality of research through its ability to extend our understanding of how our positions and interests as researchers affect all stages of the research process. The reflexive account presented here frames the analysis and interpretation of previously published findings on work and play in families by highlighting aspects of the researcher's reflexivity across the entire research process, including situating the study, gaining access, managing self, living in the field, and telling the story. Its purpose is to demonstrate use of reflexivity in qualitative research as a strategy to consider our subjectivity as researchers and serve as signposts for readers about what is happening throughout the research process.
Invasion of the seminal vesicles by prostatic cancer: detection with transrectal sonography.

Endorectal sonography provides a potential means of detecting seminal vesicle invasion by prostatic cancer that is too subtle for diagnosis by digital rectal examination. To assess this application of sonography, we examined 300 patients with transrectal sonography of the prostate and seminal vesicles followed by histologic examination of the seminal vesicles from core biopsies and/or prostatectomy specimens. Of the 38 patients with histologically proved seminal vesicle invasion by prostatic cancer, 35 (92%) had an abnormal appearance of the seminal vesicles on sonography. Of 167 patients with prostatic cancer without histologic evidence of seminal vesicle involvement, sonograms showed abnormal seminal vesicles in 42 (25%). In 95 patients with histologically normal prostates and seminal vesicles, sonograms showed abnormal seminal vesicles in 11 (12%). The sonographic findings correlating best with tumor invasion of the seminal vesicles were hyperechogenicity and a combination of two or more of the followi...
Inhibition of Calmodulin-Dependent Kinase Kinase Blocks Human Cytomegalovirus-Induced Glycolytic Activation and Severely Attenuates Production of Viral Progeny

Viruses depend on the host cell to provide the energy and biomolecular subunits necessary for production of viral progeny. We have previously reported that human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection induces dramatic changes to central carbon metabolism, including glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, fatty acid biosynthesis, and nucleotide biosynthesis. Here, we explore the mechanisms involved in HCMV-mediated glycolytic activation. We find that HCMV virion binding and tegument protein delivery are insufficient for HCMV-mediated activation of glycolysis. Viral DNA replication and late-gene expression, however, are not required. To narrow down the list of cellular pathways important for HCMV-medicated activation of glycolysis, we utilized pharmaceutical inhibitors to block pathways reported to be both involved in metabolic control and activated by HCMV infection. We find that inhibition of calmodulin-dependent kinase kinase (CaMKK), but not calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII) or protein kinase A (PKA), blocks HCMV-mediated activation of glycolysis. HCMV infection was also found to target calmodulin-dependent kinase kinase 1 (CaMKK1) expression, increasing the levels of CaMKK1 mRNA and protein. Our results indicate that inhibition of CaMKK has a negligible impact on immediate-early-protein accumulation yet severely attenuates production of HCMV viral progeny, reduces expression of at least one early gene, and blocks viral DNA replication. Inhibition of CaMKK did not affect the glycolytic activation induced by another herpes virus, herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). Furthermore, inhibition of CaMKK had a much smaller impact on HSV-1 replication than on that of HCMV. These data suggest that the role of CaMKK during the viral life cycle is, in this regard, HCMV specific. Taken together, our results suggest that CaMKK is an important factor for HCMV replication and HCMV-mediated glycolytic activation.
Carbon-Aware Energy Capacity Planning for Datacenters

Datacenters are facing increasing pressure to cap their carbon footprints at low cost. Recent work has shown the significant environmental benefits of using renewable energy for datacenters by supply-following techniques (workload scheduling, geographical load balancing, etc.) However, all such prior work has only considered on-site renewable generation when numerous other options also exist, which may be superior to on-site renewables for many datacenters. Alternative ways for datacenters to incorporate renewable energy into their overall energy portfolio include: construction of or investment into off-site renewable farms at locations with more abundant renewable energy potential, indirect purchase of renewable energy through buying renewable energy certificates (RECs), purchase of renewable energy products such as power purchase agreements (PPAs) or through third-party renewable providers. We propose a general, optimization-based framework to minimize datacenter costs in the presence of different carbon footprint reduction goals, renewable energy characteristics, policies, utility tariff, and energy storage devices (ESDs). We expect that our work can help datacenter operators make informed decisions about sustainable, renewable-energy-powered IT system design.
Preparation of Hollow Shell ICF Targets Using A Depolymerizing Mandrel

A new technique for producing hollow shell laser fusion capsules was developed that starts with a depolymerizable mandrel. In this technique we use poly(alpha-methylstyrene) (PAMS) beads or shells as mandrels which are overcoated with plasma polymer. The PAMS mandrel is thermally depolymerized to gas phase monomer, which diffuses through the permeable and thermally more stable plasma polymer coating, leaving a hollow shell. We have developed methods for controlling the size of the PAMS mandrel by either grinding to make smaller sizes or melt sintering to form larger mandrels. Sphericity and surface finish are improved by heating the PAMS mandrels in hot water using a surfactant to prevent aggregation. Using this technique we have made shells from 200 {mu}m to 5 mm diameter with 15 to 100 {mu}m wall thickness having sphericity better than 2 {mu}m and surface finish better than 10 nm RMS.