cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluating the fidelity of the cerium paleoredox tracer during variable carbonate diagenesis on the Great Bahamas Bank

Abstract Inferring redox conditions for ancient marine environments is critical to our understanding of biogeochemical cycles over Earth history. Because of the redox sensitivity of cerium (Ce) relative to other rare earth elements (REEs) and its uptake in marine carbonates, the Ce anomaly (Ce/Ce*) is widely applied to ancient carbonates as a proxy for local redox conditions in the water column. However, carbonate sediments and rocks are particularly vulnerable to multiple stages and styles of post-depositional diagenetic alteration where the diagenetic redox conditions and fluid compositions can vary widely from overlying seawater. Evaluations of the effects of this post-depositional alteration for the Ce anomaly have mostly been limited to ancient carbonate rocks rather than recent, well-characterized analog facies. Here, we report on analyses of REE plus yttrium concentrations (REY) and Ce anomalies in bulk carbonate samples from drill cores collected in the Bahamas (Clino and Unda) that allow us to track loss or retention of primary signals of initial oxic deposition through a range of subsequent alteration scenarios mostly under anoxic conditions. Specifically, these materials have experienced well-constrained overprints linked to meteoric processes and marine burial diagenesis, including dolomitization. Our results show that, regardless of mineralogy, diagenetic fluid composition, and redox state, the REY patterns in these carbonates, including the Ce anomaly, are similar to those of modern oxic seawater, indicating that they likely record the seawater signatures of primary deposition. As such, the Ce anomaly in shallow marine carbonates has the potential to preserve records of primary deposition even when subject to multiple stages and styles of diagenetic alteration, confirming its utility in studies of ancient marine redox.
Abstract 559: AMP-Activated Protein Kinase And Estrogen-Dependent Mechanisms Underlying Increased Susceptibility To Cardiovascular Disease During Menopause

According to the CDC (2017), more women than men have died from heart disease over the last 20-25 years. Yet, premenopausal women are protected against heart and cardiovascular disease (CVD) compar...
Mass Spectrometry Identifies Isopeptide Cross-Links Promoted by Diethylphosphorylated Lysine in Proteins Treated with Chlorpyrifos Oxon.

Exposure to chlorpyrifos at doses that do not inhibit acetylcholinesterase can be followed by chronic illness in adults and developmental deficits in children. A mechanism to explain these effects is not available. Using mass spectrometry, we have found that chlorpyrifos oxon is a cross-linking agent. Pure proteins incubated with 1.5 mM chlorpyrifos oxon were diethylphosphorylated on lysine and tyrosine. The diethylphospho-lysine reacted with the carboxyl side-chain of aspartic and glutamic acid to form an isopeptide cross-link, releasing diethylphosphate in the process. Of the 14 proteins tested, 9 had cross-links between distinct proteins or between monomers of the same protein, whereas 8 had a cyclic structure created by joining side-chains of nearby residues through an isopeptide bond. The precursor lysine in the isopeptide bond was diethylphosphorylated on the e-amino group. Tubulin was more susceptible to chlorpyrifos-oxon-induced cross-linking than the other proteins (10 cross-links in tubulin, 2 i...
Parental incarceration as a predictor of developmental trajectories of externalizing behaviors across adolescence

Abstract With nearly 3 million minor children experiencing parental incarceration on any given day, interest on the impact of this incarceration on children has intensified. Of particular interest is the link between parental incarceration and the development of child externalizing behaviors. While research in this area has expanded, more research is needed that examines the differential effects of parental incarceration and the heterogeneity of outcomes for children. The current study examines specific developmental trajectories of externalizing behaviors and the impact of parental incarceration on trajectory membership when controlling for key individual, family and parental influences. While the results suggest there are several developmental pathways for externalizing behaviors, parental incarceration was a significant risk factor for only one of the three problematic pathways. The study emphasizes some of the protective and risk factors for different patterns of development, specifically the role of parental incarceration. Such information is critical in the development of targeted prevention and intervention programs to support youth and their families impacted by parental incarceration.
Kepone®: Chronic effects on embryo, fry, juvenile, and adult sheepshead minnows (Cyprinodon variegatus)

We investigated the toxicity of Kepone to, and uptake by embryo, fry, juvenile, and adult sheepshead minnows (Cyprinodon variegatus) using intermittent-flow toxicity tests. Concentration of Kepone and percentage of adult fish surviving in a 28-day exposure were: Control, 95%; 0.05 μg/liter, 95%; 0.16 μg/liter, 100%; 0.80 μ/liter, 78%; 1.9 μg/liter, 20%; and 7.8 μg/liter and 24 μg/liter, 0%. Concentration factors (concentrations in fish divided by concentrations measured in water) for adult fish averaged 5,200 (range 3,100 to 7,000). Symptoms of poisoning included scoliosis, darkening of the posterior one-third of the body, hemorrhaging near the brain and on the body, edema, fin-rot, uncoordinated swimming, and cessation of feeding. Adults surviving the first exposure were spawned, and the embryonic development, hatching, and survival and growth of fry and juveniles were monitored in a 36-day exposure to Kepone concentrations of 0.08, 0.18, 0.72, 2.0, 6.6, and 33 μg/liter. A significant number of embryos from adult fish exposed to 1.9 μg of Kepone/liter of water developed abnormally and died even when incubated in Kepone-free water. Kepone in water was not as lethal to progeny as to adults: 36-day LC50 for juveniles was 6.7μg/liter; 28-day LC50 for adults, 1.3 μg/liter. However, the average standard length of juvenile fish was significantly reduced by exposure to 0.08 μg of Kepone/liter of water; some fish developed scoliosis. Concentration factors in juvenile sheepshead minnows averaged 7,200 and increased from 3,600 to 20,000 as exposure concentrations decreased.
Connecting Majors/Non-Majors Courses Via Tabular Data

As is the case with many Computer Science departments, we offer one set of courses for our majors and another (smaller) set for non-majors. Historically, the divide between these sets has been fairly visible, an academic reality that may be typical for many institutions. Initially triggered by a desire to improve and advance our most heavily enrolled non-majors course, we have been working for the past several years to dovetail courses across this "great divide" by focusing on tabular data. This report is an outline of our progress (in general) and this one course that experienced most change (in particular); we believe the direction we are headed and the gains we hope to see might be valuable for other institutions as well.
In Vivo Effects of Eltrombopag on Human Platelet Function.

Eltrombopag, an orally-administered small-molecule agonist of the thrombopoietin receptor (c-Mpl), is under investigation as a treatment for immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). Studies have indicated that eltrombopag does not ‘prime’ platelets for activation in vitro, and eltrombopag administration to healthy volunteers does not increase platelet surface P-selectin or activated integrin αIIbβ3 (Jenkins J. Blood 2007). However, the effects of eltrombopag on platelet function in thrombocytopenic patients in vivo, either by direct binding to c-Mpl receptors on platelets or indirectly by altering the dynamics of platelet production and causing an influx of young, large platelets, is unknown. Whole blood flow cytometry, unlike other assays of platelet function, enables measurement of platelet function in the setting of marked thrombocytopenia (Michelson. Platelets, Elsevier, 2007). As a substudy of larger treatment studies, 17 adult patients with chronic ITP received eltrombopag at a starting dose of 50 mg daily, with the possibility of an increase to 75 mg daily after 3 weeks. Blood samples were drawn pre-treatment, and after 7 and 28 days of therapy. Platelet count, mean platelet volume (MPV), and the immature platelet fraction (IPF, or reticulated platelet count) were measured using a Sysmex XE-2100. Platelet surface P-selectin and activated integrin αIIbβ3 (reported by monoclonal antibody PAC1) were measured by whole blood flow cytometry in the presence and absence of 0.5 μM ADP, 20 μM ADP, 1.5 μM thrombin receptor activating peptide (TRAP), or 20 μM TRAP. Bleeding was quantified by a comprehensive scale that allocates grades of 0 (no), 1 (minor) or 2 (marked) bleeding at 10 anatomical sites according to physical examination and/or history (Page, L.K. Br J Haematol 2007). Eleven of the 17 patients responded to eltrombopag with a rise in platelet count of >30 x 109/L. The IPF increased in responders but not non-responders (table 1). Response to eltrombopag was not predicted by pretreatment MPV or IPF. The ITP bleeding score decreased in responders over the study period in parallel with the increases in platelet count (table 1). As determined by platelet surface P-selectin and activated integrin αIIbβ3, eltrombopag did not result in platelet activation or augment ADP- or TRAP-induced platelet activation (table 2). In summary, eltrombopag increases the platelet count and reduces bleeding in responding adult patients with chronic ITP through the release of new platelets into the circulation. While bleeding is reduced in responders, eltrombopag does not result in platelet activation or augmentation of platelet activation by ADP or TRAP. This suggests that the newer platelets released by eltrombopag stimulation are not hyper-functional (or are only transiently so prior to day 7).
Identifying compassion satisfaction, burnout, & traumatic stress in Children’s Advocacy Centers

Abstract Background Little research exists examining burnout related to the multidisciplinary team (MDT) working in a Children’s Advocacy Center (CAC) setting. Objectives To measure compassion satisfaction, burnout, and secondary traumatic stress (STS) among CAC MDT professionals; identify work and worker characteristics that may impact compassion satisfaction, burnout, and STS; understand professional and personal impacts of occupational stress; and explore coping responses. Participants and setting A cross sectional survey was sent electronically to child abuse professionals working in CAC settings across the United States. Methods Demographics and work characteristics were collected. Participants completed the Professional Quality of Life (ProQOL) to evaluate compassion satisfaction, burnout, and STS and answered open-ended questions regarding professional and personal impacts of occupational stress. Upon completion, participants received their ProQOL scores and additional stress management resources. Results A total of 885 participants completed the ProQOL (mean age = 42.07; 85% female). Overall mean scores were average for compassion satisfaction, high average for burnout, and in the top quartile for STS. All three scales differed significantly by MDT professional role (ps Conclusions These results contribute to our understanding of MDT professions who might be at higher risk for burnout and STS and help inform future interventions to support the MDT.
Pragmatism and expediency: Ottoman calculations and the establishment of the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic

This article interrogates Ottoman sources from the period leading up to and following the creation, in 1918, of the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic (TDFR) to shed light on the reasons...
Flow visualization in supersonic air with the resonant Doppler velocimeter

We report the first use of the resonant Doppler velocimeter (RDV) for complete flow field visualization in a supersonic airflow. The RDV is a new nonintrusive diagnostic tool which takes advantage of laser absorption effects to measure the velocity, temperature, and pressure of a flowing gas. In this manner it eliminates particle lag, which is characteristic of standard laser Doppier velocimetry. Tracer atoms or molecules are seeded into the flowing gas under investigation and are excited by an intersecting laser beam. Since the gas is moving, the absorption frequency is Doppler shifted. This technique may be used for flow visualization. An expanded narrow linewidth laser beam may be tuned so that regions in the flow with a specific velocity component fluoresce brightly enough to be seen with the naked eye.
Plagues, Poisons, and Dead Rats: A Multispecies History

Anglo-European history is full of failed attempts to eradicate increasingly global rat populations—primarily through cats and poisons—in the name of human health. Focusing on shipboard rats, this chapter traces some of this history from Robinson Crusoe and eighteenth-century maritime literature to the late nineteenth century, when, after germ theory, the fumigation of incoming ships became best practice. Seeking to bring together animal studies, ecological studies, and the medical humanities, it considers the possibility of a multispecies, ecological approach to our real and imagined “vermin problem”.
Display Size and Distractor Complexity Effects on Visual Search

Abstract The proliferation of higher quality connected sensors is consistently increasing the amount of information available to operators, increasing the complexity of displayed information. Coupling this increase in information with larger, higher addressability displays may lead to increasingly complex visual search paradigms. The current research explored the effect of both display size and distractor symbol complexity on visual search efficiency across three different symbol set sizes. Overall, the results indicate a reduction in search efficiency as a function of both increased display size and distractor complexity, even for the high target densities employed within this study. Further, these variables can interact in target present conditions to influence search times.
Chromatin openness requires continuous SWI/SNF activity.

Chromatin structure, specifically sites of open or accessible chromatin, regulates transcription-factor binding, thereby determining cell-type-specific gene expression. Two new studies identify a constant requirement for SWI/SNF-complex remodeling to maintain open chromatin. In both studies, acute inhibition or degradation of the BRG1 or BRM ATPase subunits through chemical or genetic methods led to a loss of chromatin accessibility, in some cases affecting transcription-factor binding and altered gene expression.
Strong mid-Infrared photoresponse in twisted bilayer graphene

Twisted bilayer graphene has recently been extensively investigated due to its unusual physical properties. In this talk, we will discuss its infrared optical properties and its potential in mid-infrared light detection. We first show that the folding of the Brillouin zone leads to enhanced density of states and strong mid-infrared light absorption, which are tunable by the twist angle. Furthermore, we reveal the significance of the formation of superlattice bandgap. Strong mid-infrared photoresponse is observed when the Fermi-level is within the superlattice bandgap. On the contrary, when the superlattice bandgap is vanished, the photoresponse is minimized. Our demonstration provides an alternative pathway towards the realization of high performance mid-infrared photodetectors.
Activity and Eating Disorders

DSM-III-R (APA, 1987) subdivides eating disorders into: 1) Anorexia Nervosa, 2) Bulimia Nervosa, 3) Pica, and 4) Rumination Disorder of Infancy. The first two disorders are considered to be related by DSM-III-R and will be treated as such below. Obesity is not even listed in the index of DSM-III-R let alone considered as an eating disorder but is covered in this chapter for two reasons. First, obesity represents an excess of energy consumption over expenditure whereas anorexia involves an excess of energy expenditure over consumption. Second, there is no better place for the topic of obesity and its relationship to activity in this book.
Student Teaching—How the Student Can Be Successful

(1977). Student Teaching—How the Student Can Be Successful. Health Education: Vol. 8, No. 5, pp. 34-34.
Species-specific irrigation scheduling with a spatially explicit biophysical model: A comparison to substrate moisture sensing with insight into simplified physiological parameterization

Abstract Predictive modeling and sensing based approaches to scheduling irrigation are increasingly being adopted by commercial nurseries due to their potential to automate irrigation and improve crop production. This study had two overarching objectives: first, to compare the irrigation scheduling performance of a substrate moisture sensing approach to that of a three-dimensional predictive transpiration modeling approach in five tree species grown in a containerized pot-in-pot production system. For comparison we measured tree growth (crown leaf area and stem caliper), volume of water applied and irrigation application efficiency (Ae) for each method. The predictive method (i.e., a linked photosynthesis-stomatal conductance (An-gs) scheme) applied 18–56% more water than the sensing-based method in four species and 6% less in the fifth. Mean Ae was 80.1 and 89.5% for predictive and sensing-based treatments, respectively. Across species, predictive scheduling yielded 19–53% greater leaf area and 3.4–11% more caliper growth than sensing-based scheduling. Our second objective was to determine if the accuracy of the An-gs scheme could be retained while using generalized multi-species means for key physiological input parameters instead of species-specific values. We found the accuracy of transpiration estimates to largely depend upon two parameters—g0: the minimum gs, and g1: the marginal water cost per unit of carbon gain. When just these two parameters were characterized on a species-specific basis, transpiration estimates were within 10% error >65% of the time and within 20% error >95% of the time. We conclude that the predictive transpiration modeling approach to scheduling irrigation was a superior method for producing greater tree growth but at the cost of greater water use and slightly lower Ae. Furthermore, species-specific parameterization of g0 and g1 in the An-gs scheme are critical to accurate species-specific transpiration estimates, whereas most other physiology parameters may be generalized—circumventing the need for comprehensive An-gs parameterization.
Packaging of Plutonium Metal and Oxide in the Aries Project

The objective of the Advanced Recovery and Integrated Extraction System (ARIES) Project is to demonstrate technology to dismantle plutonium pits from excess nuclear weapons, convert the plutonium to a metal ingot or an oxide powder, package the metal or oxide, and verify the contents of the package by nondestructive assay. The packaged weapons plutonium will be converted to mixed-oxide reactor fuel or immobilized in ceramic forms suitable for geologic storage. The packaging of the material must therefore be suitable for storage until the material is further processes. A set of containers for plutonium metal and oxide has been developed to meet the needs of the ARIES process and the Department of Energy requirements for long-term storage. The package has been developed and qualified with the participation of private companies.
The Mechanism of Amino Acid Control of Guanylate and Adenylate Biosynthesis

Abstract The biosynthesis of GTP and ATP is inhibited during amino acid starvation of RC+ cells. This inhibition is a specific consequence of RC function and cannot be accounted for on the basis of feedback inhibition. The pattern of incorporation of radioactive adenosine into intracellular purine nucleotides suggests that the blocks imposed by the RC function lie before GMP and AMP. The regulatory nucleotide ppGpp (originally designated MS I), whose rapid accumulation in response to amino acid starvation is governed by the RC gene product, inhibits IMP dehydrogenase and adenylosuccinate synthetase, which are the first enzymes of the guanylate and adenylate pathways.
Leukocyte specific protein-1: a novel regulator of hepatoma proliferation and migration (144.10)

Copy number variation analysis of human hepatocellular carcinoma samples revealed leukocyte specific protein-1 (LSP1) gene had the greatest number of deletions. The role of LSP1 in the development ...
Taboo no more: a qualitative country institutional profile of life insurance in China and India

Purpose – This paper aims to compare the emergence and evolution of organizational fields through an analysis of the life insurance industries in two large emerging markets. Using institutional theory as a conceptual framework, we compare the regulatory, cognitive and normative dimensions of the life insurance industry in China and India. Design/methodology/approach – The authors introduce a qualitative variation of the country institutional profile (CIP) that has been traditionally implemented as a quantitative analytical tool used to describe differences in national environments. This newly proposed methodology captures the socially embedded aspects of the phenomenon more completely than commonly employed survey-based methodology. Findings – This analysis leads to a three-dimensional typology of constructs and themes within each national environment. These themes include the importance of regulation and protectionism, the domestic savings culture, family support structures and human capital development ...
A tale of two ferredoxins: sequence similarity and structural differences

Sequence similarity between proteins is usually considered a reliable indicator of homology. Pyruvate-ferredoxin oxidoreductase and quinol-fumarate reductase contain ferredoxin domains that bind [Fe-S] clusters and are involved in electron transport. Profile-based methods for sequence comparison, such as PSI-BLAST and HMMer, suggest statistically significant similarity between these domains. The sequence similarity between these ferredoxin domains resides in the area of the [Fe-S] cluster-binding sites. Although overall folds of these ferredoxins bear no obvious similarity, the regions of sequence similarity display a remarkable local structural similarity. These short regions with pronounced sequence motifs are incorporated in completely different structural environments. In pyruvate-ferredoxin oxidoreductase (bacterial ferredoxin), the hydrophobic core of the domain is completed by two β-hairpins, whereas in quinol-fumarate reductase (α-helical ferredoxin), the cluster-binding motifs are part of a larger all-α-helical globin-like fold core. Functionally meaningful sequence similarity may sometimes be reflected only in local structural similarity, but not in global fold similarity. If detected and used naively, such similarities may lead to incorrect fold predictions.
Toward a Unified Theory of Testimonial Evidence Under the Fifth and Sixth Amendments

There is an obvious parallel between the language of the Self-Incrimination Clause and that of the Confrontation Clause: the former forbids the government from forcing a criminal suspect to become a "witness against himself," while the latter requires the government to allow a criminal defendant to confront the "witnesses against him." The irresistible inference is that the word "witness" means the same thing in both Clauses. And, indeed, the Supreme Court has hinged the question of whether someone is a witness in both contexts on whether he or she has given testimonial evidence. Yet, at least at first blush, the Court has used the word testimonial in two very different ways. In the Self-Incrimination Clause context, testimonial refers to statements of fact or value, as opposed to physical evidence or statements introduced merely to prove how they were made (the assertion requirement). Pursuant to the Confrontation Clause, "testimonial" refers to statements made under circumstances objectively indicating some contemplation of later use at trial, as opposed to statements made in response to an ongoing emergency or for some other reason (the contemplation of litigation requirement). But a closer look reveals that the word testimonial means much the same in both contexts. That is, there is both an assertion requirement and a contemplation of litigation requirement in both. We simply emphasize the former in the Self-Incrimination Clause context and the latter in the Confrontation Clause context. In the latter context, we typically proceed on the assumption that the statement is hearsay - that is, offered for its truth, thus satisfying the assertion requirement - and only if it also satisfies the contemplation of litigation requirement do we say the Confrontation Clause is implicated. By contrast, in the Self-Incrimination Clause context, we typically assume that the contemplation of litigation requirement has been met - because, after all, the evidence has been taken from one suspected of a crime - and then determine whether the evidence constitutes an assertion. This emerging unified view of testimonial evidence provides the best explanation thus far for much of the Court's Miranda jurisprudence. When we see that the Fifth Amendment's assertion requirement parallels the Sixth Amendment's reliance on the definition of hearsay, it becomes clear that the impeachment exception to Miranda is justified on the ground that statements used to impeach are not offered for their truth. The idea that the Self-Incrimination Clause is implicated only where evidence has been created in contemplation of litigation has the benefit of explaining all of the other exceptions to Miranda: the "public safety," "routine booking question," and "undercover officer" exceptions.
A transformed view of cyclosporine

Many transplant patients are given the drug cyclosporine to suppress their immune systems and prevent rejection. But cyclosporine also increases the risk of cancer, always thought to be a side effect of the depressed immune system. A new study shows that cyclosporine directly affects tumour growth and may be the culprit.
Using Agent-Based Models to Address “Wicked Problems” Like Tobacco Use: A Report From the Institute of Medicine

Tobacco is a “wicked problem,” which refers to complex social problems with large economic burdens that resist simple solutions and bedevil policymakers. This commentary discusses a recent Institut...
NKT cell-dependent differential effects of OPN on functional modulation of macrophages and T lymphocytes in RSV infection (HYP6P.273)

RSV bronchiolitis is an important cause of pediatric hospitalization, which often leads to developing asthma in later life. Studies have indicated a Th2 skewed polarization of the lung environment in these children, which can be modulated by exogenous administration of osteopontin (OPN). In this study, using an NKT cell KO (CD1d-/-) mouse model, we have examined the effects of OPN on macrophages (MQ) and T lymphocytes (Tc) during RSV infection and identified the role of NKT cells in this process. Flowcytometry analysis determined that OPN treatment in RSV infection had reduced MQ and Tc recruitment in the lung parenchyma and alveolar spaces. However, OPN induced activation of the CD4 and CD8 Tcs in an NKT- dependent fashion, as the magnitude of activation was reduced to only 20% in the CD1d-/- mice as compared to the wild type (WT) mice. Also, expression of MHCII on MQs was significantly increased in the CD1d-/- mice, indicating a downregulatory effect of NKT cells. Altogether, these data suggest that OPN differentially affects MQ and Tc response and their functional modulations in an NKT cell-dependent fashion. A better understanding of these inverse effects of OPN on different immune effector cells during RSV infection may help establish OPN as a potential therapeutic for prevention of RSV-associated asthma in children.
Serum sCD23 level in patients with AIDS-related non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is associated with absence of Epstein-Barr virus in tumor tissue.

The cytokine soluble CD23 (sCD23) acts as a B cell growth factor and is associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. To elucidate the role sCD23 might play in the pathogenesis of AIDS-related non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (AIDS NHL), 101 AIDS NHL patients from the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study were studied. Serum sCD23 within 18 months prior to lymphoma diagnosis was measured for all patients and EBV in tumor tissue was ascertained for 49 patients. Tumor morphology and primary site were verified from pathology reports and tumor specimens. Bivariate tests and multivariate regression were employed to determine whether serum sCD23 correlated with tumor EBV, morphology, and primary site. Higher levels of serum sCD23 were associated with the absence of tumor EBV and with small noncleaved cell morphology. Thus, the serum sCD23 level does not appear to be mediated by EBV in these patients, but could be related to a pathogenetic mechanism of small noncleaved cell lymphoma.
Blood-eye barrier of the developing drosophila melanogaster (Diptera : Drosophilidae)

Abstract For the past quarter century, it has been known that a blood-eye barrier exists in adult insects. However, the life stage at which the barrier arises and the anatomical correlate of the barrier were not known. Compound eye development in Drosophila melanogaster (Diptera : Drosophilidae) is essentially complete at approximately 140 h after pupariation ; or about 20 h prior to eclosion. A search for a blood-eye barrier spanned late third-instar larvae, through late pupal life sampled at 40 and 140 h post-pupariation. No blood-eye barrier is present in the eye discs of last-instar larvae, based on the presence of lanthanum tracer among ommatidial cells and their processes. Pleated-sheet septate junctions, which link larval ommatidial cells, are not yet capable of totally blocking tracer from paracellular passage. The blood-eye barrier is constructed in the early phase (0–60 h) of pupal development in the wake of apoptosis and new cellular reorganization. In the developing compound eye, mature photoreceptor neurons must then be protected from the ionic vagaries of hemolymph to become electrophysically competent. First vestiges of a barrier with occluding septate junctions are seen in the 40-h old pupa, and by 140 h, the barrier is complete. The barrier prevails throughout adult life.
SU-FF-P-02: Monitoring Hospital Entrances to Prevent Radioactive Contamination: Disaster Planning

Purpose: To determine the optimal configuration of radiation detectors for monitoring a hospital entrance to prevent contamination by patients seeking treatment in the event of a disaster. Method and Materials: A digital area monitor (LUDLUM, model ♯375‐30) with two NaI‐scintillation detectors (LUDLUM, model ♯44‐99) was purchased for each entrance to the hospital. The counts of the detectors are summed and two radiation levels were set to trigger an audible and visual alarm. The sensitivity of the two‐detector combination was measured with a 10 μCi Cesium‐137 source as a function of detector configuration and source position. The configurations evaluated included placing the two detectors 1) with the end of the crystals facing each other horizontally and 2) over the entrance aiming downward. The detectors were then tested with the source moving at different speeds to determine system temporal response and the extent of traffic flow control needed. Results: Curves of iso‐sensitivity were measured that were bulbous in shape diverging from the face of the crystal. The sensitivity was sufficient to initiate the low alarm for the Cs‐137 source at a distance of about 175 cm in the collimated direction for a single detector. It was determined that for an opposed configuration separated by 10 feet or directly under an overhead mounted detector, an individual walking into the entrance at under 6.5 mph triggered the alarm if contaminated with 10 μCi of Cs‐137. Conclusions: Utilizing these results and the dimensions of a hospital entrance it was possible to determine an optimized configuration of radiation detectors. For the main hospital entrance, which consisted of two double‐door entryways having a combined width of 129in., the orientation of choice was when both detectors faced one another horizontally. This orientation allowed the detectors to monitor the entire entrance reducing the possibility of radioactive contamination.
ADSORPTION AND PHOTOOXIDATION OF CH3CN ON TIO2

The adsorption and photooxidation of CH3CN chemisorbed on TiO2 has been investigated using infrared spectroscopy. It was found that CH3CN forms an ice layer on TiO2 at 126K and above 126K CH3CN diffusion into TiO2 occurs. At 200K, the adsorption of CH3CN on both isolated Ti−OH groups and on the Ti4+ Lewis acid site was observed. Under UV irradiation (350 ± 50 nm; hυ = 3.10−4.13 eV), CH3CN was oxidized in the presence of O2 to form H2O, CO2, surface CO32- and an intermediate partially oxidized isocyanate species, NCO, which was identified by various isotopic experiments. Photooxidation of the CH3 moiety in adsorbed CH3CN occurs more readily does the CN moiety in CH3CN. Lattice oxygen of TiO2 was found to preferentially form adsorbed NCO, compared to oxygen from adsorbed O2. A mechanism of the formation of NCO species was postulated.
GMRES as a multi-step transport sweep accelerator

Abstract It is shown that GMRES can provide a multi-step transport sweep accelerator which operates by finding the linear combination of transport sweep iterates that minimize an estimate of the error in the flux. Because of the minimization process, a linear combination of only a relatively few transport sweep iterates can in fact well approximate a many-times collided flux. However, the number of iterations required increases with the optical thickness of the system; this reflects the need to capture the physics of the very highly collided particles present in the thicker system. Unlike a direct application of GMRES to the integro-differential form of the transport equation, which requires storage for several angular fluxes, the approach described here requires storage only for scalar fluxes in the case of isotropic scattering, or more generally only for those flux moments required for the order of scattering being used. In general it is not as efficient as DSA, but it is much faster than standard sweep...
Rank-Based Inverse Normal Transformations are Increasingly Used, But are They Merited?

Many complex traits studied in genetics have markedly non-normal distributions. This often implies that the assumption of normally distributed residuals has been violated. Recently, inverse normal transformations (INTs) have gained popularity among genetics researchers and are implemented as an option in several software packages. Despite this increasing use, we are unaware of extensive simulations or mathematical proofs showing that INTs have desirable statistical properties in the context of genetic studies. We show that INTs do not necessarily maintain proper Type 1 error control and can also reduce statistical power in some circumstances. Many alternatives to INTs exist. Therefore, we contend that there is a lack of justification for performing parametric statistical procedures on INTs with the exceptions of simple designs with moderate to large sample sizes, which makes permutation testing computationally infeasible and where maximum likelihood testing is used. Rigorous research evaluating the utility of INTs seems warranted.
Irreversible inactivation of urocanase by 4-bromocrotonate.

Abstract Urocanase from Pseudomonas putida is irreversibly inactivated by 4-bromocrotonate. At pH 6.7 and 25°, the rate of inactivation is first-order in remaining active enzyme and follows saturation kinetics with a K 1 of 180 mM and a maximum inactivation rate of 0.889 min −1 . The rate constant of inactivation decreases with pH in the pH range 5.8 to 8.5. 4-Bromocrotonate methyl ester inactivates urocanase at only 3% the rate observed with bromocrotonate while other alkylating reagents are ineffective in promoting a time-dependent loss of activity. Dihydrourocanate protects competitively against bromocrotonate inactivation; an average value of 3.3 mM at pH 6.7 is obtained for the enzyme-dihydrourocanate dissociation constant. Protection against inactivation is also offered by fumarate and crotonate, but not by maleate. The results are consistent with bromocrotonate reacting within the active site region of the enzyme.
Systematic review of literature on the cost-effectiveness of nutrition services

Abstract Employers and health plan directors would like to know whether it is cost-effective to include outpatient nutrition services as a covered benefit. The purpose of this systematic review was to examine the strength of evidence on the cost-effectiveness of outpatient nutrition services from an economic perspective. All randomized controlled trials published between January 1966 and September 2001 that reported on costs and effectiveness of outpatient nutrition services for any indicated condition were identified and reviewed. Paired reviewers abstracted data from and assessed the quality of each eligible randomized controlled trial; 13 studies met the eligibility criteria. Relatively consistent evidence exists to support the cost-effectiveness of nutrition services in the reduction of serum cholesterol levels (eg, $20 to $1,268 per mmol/L decrease in serum low-density lipoprotein level), weight loss ($2.40 to $10 per pound lost), and blood glucose ($5 per mmol/L decrease), and for target populations with diabetes mellitus and hypercholesterolemia. However, the randomized controlled trials had important limitations and used different cost perspectives. Limited evidence of economic benefit exists to support coverage of outpatient nutrition services for selected indications. More randomized controlled trials of nutrition services should be conducted, taking into consideration all potential candidates for nutrition therapy and all potential costs to patients, providers, and payers.
Intraocular and episcleral venous pressure increase during inverted posture

We measured intraocular and episcleral venous pressure in 11 subjects in both the supine and the head-down vertical position. Gonioscopy was performed in eight subjects. The intraocular pressure changes were correlated with the alterations in episcleral venous pressure using linear regression analysis. We found that for each 0.83 +/- 0.21 mm Hg increase in episcleral venous pressure there was a rise of 1 mm Hg in intraocular pressure (r = .80, P = .003). Upon inversion, blood appeared in Schlemm's canal in half of the eyes studied with gonioscopy, suggesting that it refluxed into the canal from increased episcleral venous pressure. The mechanism of a sustained intraocular pressure rise during gravity inversion appears to be closely related to increased venous pressure in the orbit.
Evaluation of a chemical transport model for sulfate using ACE‐2 observations and attribution of sulfate mixing ratios to source regions and formation processes

[1] High resolution measurements of sulfate during the ACE-2 campaign (June–July 1997) permit detailed evaluation of the performance of a chemical transport models driven by analyzed meteorological data. At Tenerife, Canary Islands, (minimal proximate sources) the median ratio characteristic spread between model and observations, Sm/o ∼1.3, was comparable to the spread of three sets of collocated observations and to the spread of observations at stations separated by ∼13 km within a single model grid cell (1° × 1°). Somewhat greater Sm/o, ∼1.6, at Sagres, Portugal is attributed to nonrepresentativeness of a single measurement site influenced by proximate sources. At Tenerife contributions from European, North American, and biogenic sources to sulfate mixing ratios are comparable, with North American sources dominating (up to ∼85%) under conditions of a strong Azores high; thus substantial contributions of sulfate, and by implication other aerosols, can result from long-range midlatitude transport across the Atlantic Ocean.
Cognitive Deficits in Reading Disability and Attention Deficit Disorder

This paper presents data from three studies (a cross-sectional study of school-referred children, a test-retest study of subtypes of reading disabilities, and a study of a large, random sample of first graders) that focus on specifying the cognitive deficits associated with reading difficulties and separating them from those associated with attentional deficits. The cognitive deficits associated with difficulty in reading were consistent across samples, developmental levels, definitions, and subtypes of reading disabilities. With IQ, age, and sex controlled for, poor readers were significantly impaired on measures of naming and phonological awareness. The effects of attentional deficits were more variable and complex but were clearly separate from the reading disability effects.In the previous issue of this journal, two articles from the Austin Invitational Research Symposium were published. This symposium was made possible by a grant from the Donald D. Hammill Foundation to this journal. In this issue tw...
The Blue Jean Generation: Youth, Gender, and Sexuality in Buenos Aires, 1958–1975

This article reconstructs the life story of a commodity, the blue jean, in 1960s and 1970s Buenos Aires. It analyzes how the blue jean was commercialized, who wore it, and the meanings they attributed to the jeans. In addition, it explores the cultural representations of the blue jean and analyzes the debates it sparked in the public arena, which revolved around the "Americanization" of Argentina's culture; the shifting understandings of gender and sexuality; and the changing youth identities the blue jean allegedly embodied. In 1960s and 1970s Argentina, the blue jean acted as a prime marker of a youth identity as separate and eventually opposed to an "adult" identity and fashion. Jeans were the first dress item to be worn exclusively by young men and women, who increasingly dressed—and thought, and behaved—differently from the older generation. Yet the blue jean also served to signal and reinforce class distinctions and gender differences among young people. Jean styles, brands, and "nationalities"—whether imports or locally produced—became ways of elaborating intra-generational differences. By the mid 1970s, there was a "blue-jean generation," although young people neither wore the same jeans nor endowed them with the same meanings.
The role of stenting in coarctation of the aorta

Abstract The application of endovascular stents in new locations is continuing to expand. Recently, experience with treating both recurrent post-surgical and native aortic coarctation has been reported. The use of stents to treat aortic coarctation is increasing, mandating a comprehensive discussion of this important evolving therapeutic option. In this paper, both experimental data and published clinical results are reviewed with respect to appropriate indications and current use. Recent clinical results from Children's National Medical Center in 12 patients (nine recurrent and three native aortic coarctations) with 18-month follow-up are also presented. Technical considerations with respect to stents, balloons and delivery sheaths and their appropriate use as well as limitations are discussed. Potential complications and procedural pitfalls are described as well as strategies for their avoidance. The continued successful development of aortic coarctation stenting as a viable treatment option will depend on continued follow-up and reporting of favorable long-term patient outcomes. Finally, speculation regarding the further development and future clinical use of bio-degradable stent technologies is made.
Separation of methotrexate and nonmethotrexate components in rat plasma.

Methotrexate (4-amino-AM°-methylpteroylglutamic acid) has been reported to be extensively metabolized by intestinal bacteria of mice and rats (1, 2) and to a lesser degree in man (3). Valerino (4) reported the separation of four different metabolites in the urine and feces of rats receiving tritiated methotrexate by gastric intubation and tentatively identified two as 2,4-diamino-6-carboxylpteridine and 2,4-diamino-6- methylpteridine. Although metabolites of methotrexate have been demonstrated in the urine and feces of animals, no reports of the separation of methotrexate from its metabolites in the plasma have appeared. A method for separation of methotrexate from its metabolites in plasma is essential for the necessary refinement of recently reported models of methotrexate pharmacokinetics (3, 5). These models have been derived from measurements of plasma concentrations of total radioactivity following administration of 3H-methotrexate. This communication reports a simple method for the separation of 8H-methotrexate from other labeled components in rat plasma.
Public Use of Autos: Mobility Enterprise Project

The results of experiments testing the public use of automobiles in the United States are presented. The Purdue Mobility Enterprise system was a work‐based shared‐vehicle concept, where households used mini/micro‐class automobiles for normal daily travel, and full‐sized shared vehicles for less frequent but more demanding trips. Comparisons between a mobility enterprise system and more typical auto ownership schemes are presented with respect to transportation costs and vehicle utilization. An analysis of the key attributes for success of such a system and a review of a home‐based system (the STAR project) are also presented.
Raman Spectra of Amorphous Si and Related Tetrahedrally Bonded Semiconductors

Raman scattering has been studied in the amorphous form of Si and several related, tetrahedrally bonded semiconductors (Ge, GaAs, GaP, InSb). All vibrational modes of the material can take part in the scattering process, and the Raman spectrum is a measure of the density of vibrational states. The amorphous phases are found to have vibrational spectra very similar to the corresponding crystals, reflecting the similarity in short-range order of the two phases.
Hedging and Skill Scores for Probability Forecasts

Abstract An individual skill score (SS) and a collective skill score (CSS) are examined to determine whether these scoring or improper. The SS and the CSS are both standardized versions of the Brier, or probability, score (PS) and have been used to measure the “skill” of probability forecasts. The SS is defined in terms of individual forecasts, while the CSS is defined in terms of collections of forecasts. The SS and the CSS are shown to be improper scoring rules, and, as a result, both the SS and the CSS encourage hedging on the part of forecasters. The results of a preliminary, investigation of the nature of the hedging produced by. the SS and the CSS indicate that, while the SS may encourage a considerable amount of hedging, the CSS, in general, encourages only a modest amount of hedging, and even this hedging decreases as the sample size K of the collection forecasts increases. In fact, the CSS is approximately strictly Proper for large collections of forecasts (K ≥ 100). Finally, we briefly consider ...
HIMASS electromagnetic launcher at Los Alamos

The HIMASS electromagnetic launcher is a unique large-bore, large-mass railgun driven by a helical flux compression generator. Two experiments were conducted at 3-4 MA current levels. The objective of the experiments was to study the effects of scaling, ablation, and material parameters on electromagnetic launcher performance. Data from these two experiments are presented.