cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Microscale sample deposition onto hydrophobic target plates for trace level detection of neuropeptides in brain tissue by MALDI-MS.

A sample preparation method that combines a modified target plate with a nanoscale reversedphase column (nanocolumn) was developed for detection of neuropeptides by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). A gold-coated MALDI plate was modified with an octadecanethiol (ODT) self-assembled monolayer to create a hydrophobic surface that could concentrate peptide samples into a ∼200‐500-µm diameter spot. The spot sizes generated were comparable to those obtained for a substrate patterned with 200-µm hydrophilic spots on a hydrophobic substrate. The sample spots on the ODT-coated plate were 100-fold smaller than those formed on an unmodified gold plate with a 1-µl sample and generated 10 to 50 times higher mass sensitivity for peptide standards by MALDI-TOF MS. When the sample was deposited on an ODT-modified plate from a nanocolumn, thedetectionlimitforpeptideswasaslowas20 pMfor5-µlsamplescorresponding to80 amol deposited. This technique was used to analyze extracts of microwave-fixed tissue from rat brain striatum. Ninety-eight putative peptides were detected including several that had masses matching neuropeptides expected in this brain region such as substance P, rimorphin, and neurotensin. Twenty-three peptides had masses that matched peaks detected by capillary liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization MS. 1,2 Copyright  2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of the intragranular water regime within subsurface sediments: Pore volume, surface area, and mass transfer limitations

[1] Although “intragranular” pore space within grain aggregates, grain fractures, and mineral surface coatings may contain a relatively small fraction of the total porosity within a porous medium, it often contains a significant fraction of the reactive surface area, and can thus strongly affect the transport of sorbing solutes. In this work, we demonstrate a batch experiment procedure using tritiated water as a high-resolution diffusive tracer to characterize the intragranular pore space. The method was tested using uranium-contaminated sediments from the vadose and capillary fringe zones beneath the former 300A process ponds at the Hanford site (Washington). Sediments were contacted with tracers in artificial groundwater, followed by a replacement of bulk solution with tracer-free groundwater and the monitoring of tracer release. From these data, intragranular pore volumes were calculated and mass transfer rates were quantified using a multirate first-order mass transfer model. Tritium-hydrogen exchange on surface hydroxyls was accounted for by conducting additional tracer experiments on sediment that was vacuum dried after reaction. The complementary (“wet” and “dry”) techniques allowed for the simultaneous determination of intragranular porosity and surface area using tritium. The Hanford 300A samples exhibited intragranular pore volumes of ∼1% of the solid volume and intragranular surface areas of ∼20%–35% of the total surface area. Analogous experiments using bromide ion as a tracer yielded very different results, suggesting very little penetration of bromide into the intragranular porosity.
Joint data compression and error protection for collaborative transmission

This paper addresses the problem of efficient and robust transmission of video over a hierarchical wireless infrastructure. First, we compress the data generated by the video sources using a multi-resolution wavelet coder. Subsequently, the generated bitstreams are transmitted over a wireless infrastructure to multiple regional processing centers (RPC), which then send the distorted bitstreams to a common higher-level processing center/receiver. We propose a symmetric framework for the joint compression and error protection of the correlated video bitstreams received by the RPC. We show that significantly improved video performance can be obtained by our framework over a variety of channel conditions.
Justice Theory and Research: A Social Functionalist Perspective

There are at least five functionalist metaphors that have guided justice theory and research in social psychology: people as lay or intuitive (a) economists, (b) politicians, (c) scientists, (d) prosecutors, and (e) theologians. These frameworks consider what people care about when thinking about fairness by suggesting that fairness serves different needs and goals. This chapter reviews each of these broad categories of justice research, and concludes by proposing a functional pluralism model of justice. The adaptive challenges people confront in their everyday lives require the ability to move fluidly between different goal states or motives. People have to resolve the problems of (a) competing for scarce resources, such as wages or jobs (the economist), (b) how to get along with others and secure their standing in important groups (the politician), (c) making useful inferences about others' goals, behavior, and trustworthiness (the scientist), (d) defending themselves and others from harm (the prosecutor), and (e) building a meaningful sense of existence (the theologian). The functional pluralism model's position is that people are economists, politicians, scientists, prosecutors, and theologians, and how they reason about fairness depends on their frame of reference and goal states at any given time. Which orientation guides people's thinking depends on the current goal orientation of the actor and the salience of various situational cues that could activate one or another of these mind-sets. Keywords: distributive justice; procedural justice; retributive justice; fairness; deonance; morality
Selected endocrine parameters of the adult male chimpanzee

This study provides baseline data on reproductive endocrine parameters of the male chimpanzee. A colony group of 47 male chimpanzees were classified by age as juvenile, ages 4-6 years (n = 7); adolescent, ages 7-9 (n = 9); and adult, ages 10-33 years (n = 31). Blood samples (n = 112) obtained from these animals [juveniles (n = ll), adolescents (n = 25), and adults (n = 76)] were analyzed for testosterone (T), luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). There was a significant increase (mean ± SE) in T (ng/ml) between the juvenile (0.2 ± 0.1) and adolescent group (2.4 ± 0.3) and between the adolescent (2.4 ± 0.3) and the 10-14‒year-old adult age group (4.2 ± 0.2). T peaked at 15-24 years of age and then declined. There was a significant difference in T between animals aged 20-24 years (5.3 ± 0.4) and 25-29 years (3.0 ± 0.4). There was no significant change in serum LH (mlU/ml) with age. Serum FSH (mlU/ml) increased significantly between 4-6 years of age (90.0 ± 11.6) and 10-14 years of age (120.5 ± 8.3), plateaued between 10 and 19 years of age and was significantly lower in males older than 20 years (92.6 ± 4.2). Blood samples (n = 5) obtained from an experimental group of six adult male chimpanzees, ages 10 to 15 years, were analyzed for T, LH, and FSH, Pituitary response to challenge with exogenous GnRH and to hypotha-lamic stimulation with NMA also was assessed. T, LH, and FSH in the experimental group did not differ significantly from animals of equivalent age in the colony group. Challenge with 50, 100, 200, and 500μg GnRH stimulated LH release. The response was not directly dose related. Challenge with 3 and 6 mg/kg NMA stimulated LH release. The response was dose related. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
From good to good deal: value-focused research.

“ p s y l s r e r g t o p l G i For health care services, value is defined as outcome divided by cost (1). Although it is easy to get lost in the definitional weeds when quantifying value, the concept is simple. As a wise old accounting teacher once told me, “Value is bang for the buck. It’s the difference between something being good and it also being a good deal.” Creating value in health care is not just about reducing costs. In fact, sometimes we actually need to spend more to achieve an incrementally better outcome. Value clearly increases when costs decrease or outcomes improve, but it also increases when costs increase and outcomes improve even more—a truth that many payers are loath to promulgate. It all comes down to the outcome to cost ratio and whether the patient—and the payer—get a good deal for the money spent. Physicians do not think like economists. We are trained to focus on patients and let someone else worry about the dollars. As health care spending increases on an unsustainable trajectory, however, physicians will be expected to assume greater responsibility as stewards of society’s finite resources. That means being mindful of value, both as clinicians and as researchers. “Value-based purchasing” is the hot phrase in health economics today, and the specialties that can demonstrate their value will fare much better in the long run than those that cannot. In this issue of JVIR, Ray and colleagues (2) consider the “buck” denominator of the value equation by comparing costs for three popular methods by which interventional radiologists treat localized unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: radiofrequency (RF) ablation, chemoembolization, and selective internal radiation therapy (SIRT) (2). Although the nuanced details of their economic modeling will probably interest few interventionalists, one of the take-
Are There Good Procedural Objections to Judicial Review

According to traditional arguments, judicial review is a legitimate element of representative government because it allows decisions about individual rights to be made in a venue more insulated from electoral pressure than are legislative institutions. The hope is that this insulation helps generate better outcomes than would a system of legislative supremacy. The relevance of this outcome-oriented perspective has been challenged on four main grounds: majoritarian, participatory, disagreement-based, and methodological. The first two contend that judicial review is procedurally illegitimate, while the second two argue that we should assess judicial review on procedural grounds. We show that none of these arguments undermine the traditional insulation-based and outcome-oriented approach to the question of judicial review’s legitimacy.
Understanding sleep-wake behavior and sleep disorders in children: the value of a model

Purpose of review—Sleep–wake problems such as night wakings, excessive crying, or difficulties in falling asleep are frequent behavioral issues during childhood. Maturational changes in sleep and circadian regulation likely contribute to the development and maintenance of such problems. This review highlights the recent research examining bioregulatory sleep mechanisms during development and provides a model for predicting sleep–wake behavior in young humans. Recent findings—Findings demonstrate that circadian and sleep homeostatic processes exhibit maturational changes during the first two decades of life. The developing interaction of both processes may be a key determinant of sleep–wake and crying behavior in infancy. Evidence shows that the dynamics of sleep homeostatic processes slow down in the course of childhood (i.e., sleep pressure accumulates more slowly with increasing age) enabling children to be awake for consolidated periods during the day. Another current topic is the adolescent sleep phase delay, which appears to be driven primarily by maturational changes in sleep homeostatic and circadian processes. Summary—The two-process model of sleep regulation is a valuable framework for understanding and predicting sleep–wake behavior in young humans. Such knowledge is important for improving anticipatory guidance, parental education, and patient care, as well as for developing appropriate social policies.
The health and well-being of adopted children.

OBJECTIVE. We compared the health and well-being of adopted and biological children and examined whether observed differences may be a result of differences between these 2 groups in demographic characteristics and special health care needs. METHODS. The 2003 National Survey of Children9s Health was funded by the Maternal and Child Health Bureau, Health Resources and Services Administration, and was conducted as a module of the State and Local Area Integrated Telephone Survey by the National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The nationally representative sample consisted of 102 353 children, including 2903 adopted children. We compared estimates for 31 indicators of health and well-being for adopted and biological children and present adjusted estimates that control for differences in demographic characteristics and special health care needs prevalence. RESULTS. Adopted children are more likely than biological children to have special health care needs, current moderate or severe health problems, learning disability, developmental delay or physical impairment, and other mental health difficulties. However, adopted children are more likely than biological children to have had a preventive medical visit or a combination of preventive medical and dental visits during the previous year, to receive needed mental health care, and to receive care in a medical home; they are more likely to have consistent health insurance coverage, to be read to daily, or to live in neighborhoods that are supportive, and they are less likely to live in households in which someone smokes. These differences between adopted and biological children remain statistically significant even after adjustments for differences in demographic characteristics and the prevalence of special health care needs. CONCLUSION. The results suggest that, although adopted children may have poorer health than biological children, their parents may be doing more to ensure that they have needed health care and supportive environments.
Luminescent infinite coordination polymer materials from metal-terpyridine ligation.

A new class of infinite coordination polymers (CP) was synthesized using a tetrahedral tetrakis[4-(4′-phenyl-2,2′:6′,2′′-terpyridine)phenyl]methane ligand as an organic node to direct the three-dimensional growth of the network and MII (M = Zn, Fe, Ni, and Ru) ions as inorganic linkers, an approach that is the opposite of the metal-as-a-node strategy used in the construction of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs). The unusual rod-like morphology of the resulting microporous materials can be tuned viasolvents and reaction conditions. The covalent entrapment of a [Ru(tpy)2]2+ moiety in the skeleton of the 3D-network enables the Ru-CP to exhibit room-temperature luminescence.
Modified bead‐spring theory of dilute polymer solutions. II. Effects of polydispersity and comparison with experiment

A constitutive equation, previously derived for dilute, monodisperse solutions of linear macromolecules, is extended to include polydisperse solutions. This result, which represents a coupling of continuum and molecular theory, realistically portrays the effects of molecular weight and molecular weight distribution on mechanical behavior. Intrinsic viscosity–shear rate data are well described, and with certain semiempirical modifications the equation also fits normal stress and dynamic viscosity data for slightly more concentrated solutions. Some unusual effects associated with the characterization of macromolecular degradation, in studies of turbulent drag reduction, are also explained.
Genetic and phenotypic variation across a hybrid zone between ecologically divergent tree squirrels (Tamiasciurus).

A hybrid zone along an environmental gradient should contain a clinal pattern of genetic and phenotypic variation. This occurs because divergent selection in the two parental habitats is typically strong enough to overcome the homogenizing effects of gene flow across the environmental transition. We studied hybridization between two parapatric tree squirrels (Tamiasciurus spp.) across a forest gradient over which the two species vary in coloration, cranial morphology and body size. We sampled 397 individuals at 29 locations across a 600-km transect to seek genetic evidence for hybridization; upon confirming hybridization, we examined levels of genetic admixture in relation to maintenance of phenotypic divergence despite potentially homogenizing gene flow. Applying population assignment analyses to microsatellite data, we found that Tamiasciurus douglasii and T. hudsonicus form two distinct genetic clusters but also hybridize, mostly within transitional forest habitat. Overall, based on this nuclear analysis, 48% of the specimens were characterized as T. douglasii, 9% as hybrids and 43% as T. hudsonicus. Hybrids appeared to be reproductively viable, as evidenced by the presence of later-generation hybrid genotypes. Observed clines in ecologically important phenotypic traits—fur coloration and cranial morphology—were sharper than the cline of putatively neutral mtDNA, which suggests that divergent selection may maintain phenotypic distinctiveness. The relatively recent divergence of these two species (probably late Pleistocene), apparent lack of prezygotic isolating mechanisms and geographic coincidence of cline centres for both genetic and phenotypic variation suggest that environmental factors play a large role in maintaining the distinctiveness of these two species across the hybrid zone.
Carbon supported Ag nanoparticles as high performance cathode catalyst for H2/O2 anion exchange membrane fuel cell

A solution phase-based nanocapsule method was successfully developed to synthesize non-precious metal catalyst - carbon supported Ag nanoparticles (Ag/C). XRD patterns and TEM image show Ag nanoparticles with a small average size (5.4 nm) and narrow size distribution (2-9 nm) are uniformly dispersed on the carbon black Vulcan XC-72 support. The intrinsic activity and pathway of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) on the Ag/C and commercial Pt/C were investigated using rotating ring disc electrode (RRDE) tests at room temperature. The results confirmed that the 4-electron pathway of ORR proceeds on small Ag nanoparticles, and showed comparable ORR activities on the self-prepared Ag/C and a commercial Pt/C. A single H2-O2 anion exchange membrane fuel cell with the Ag/C cathode catalyst exhibited an open circuit potential of 0.98 V and a peak power density of 190 mW/cm2 at 80 oC.
Reflective practice in global education strategies for teacher educators

(1993). Reflective practice in global education strategies for teacher educators. Theory Into Practice: Vol. 32, Teacher Education in Global Perspectives, pp. 27-32.
Symmetric waxing and waning of marine invertebrate genera

Occurrence data from the Paleobiology Database are used to analyze the waxing and waning of genera over time. Irrespective of whether we tabulate species richness, frequency of occurrence, geographic range, or other measures, the average rise and fall of genera is remarkably symmetrical. Genera tend already to be in a state of decline when they become extinct. Genera that last appear in the major mass extinction stages, however, are more frequently truncated while they are holding steady or even increasing. This need not imply that mass extinctions are qualitatively different from other events; it is consistent with the expected effects of simply increasing the magnitude of extinction. For reasons that are not completely clear, post-Paleozoic genera show less of a rise and fall on average and tend to be less symmetrical than do Paleozoic genera.
Antibiotic Therapy in Septic Shock

Septic shock is a life-threatening illness characterized by hypotension, impaired organ function and/or failure, and metabolic abnormalities. Septic shock can develop in patients infected with a variety of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, viruses, fungi, rickettsiae, spirochetes, protozoa, and parasites. Immediate recognition, diagnosis, and treatment are key elements in reducing the morbidity and mortality associated with this condition. Rapid administration of appropriate antibiotics in correct doses plays a major role in patient survival. Infections with gram-negative bacteria appear to be associated with septic shock more than any other etiologic agent; therefore, antibiotic selection must include those drugs with superior gram-negative coverage. The selection of appropriate antibiotics should be based on sound clinical judgement plus knowledge of the antimicrobials used. The principles of rational therapy include the following: (1) know the type of microorganisms or suspected organism being treated; (2) be familiar with resistant organisms in both the community as well as the hospital; and (3) initiate combination therapy with a beta-lactam antibiotic plus an aminoglycoside or use monotherapy with either a carbapenem or selected third generation cephalosporin. After culture results are known, the antibiotic regimen should be narrowed to cover the specific infecting microorganism using the least expensive, least toxic antibiotic available. The beta-lactam antibiotics include all penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, and monobactams. Penicillins with extensive gram-negative coverage include all the carboxy (carbenicillin, ticarcillin, and ticarcillin plus clavulanic acid) and ureido (piperacillin, mezlocillin, azlocillin) penicillins. The third generation cephalosporins (cefoperazone, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, ceftizoxime, ceftriaxone, and moxalactam) have the broadest gram-negative coverage within the cephalosporin family.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Depression, Posttraumatic Stress, and Alcohol Misuse in Young Adult Veterans: The Transdiagnostic Role of Distress Tolerance

BACKGROUND: Alcohol misuse is common among young adult veterans, and is commonly associated with depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In fact, rates of comorbid depression, PTSD, and problem drinking are high in this population. Although distress tolerance, the capacity to experience and withstand negative psychological states, has been examined as a potential transdiagnostic factor that accounts for the development of mental health disorders, problem drinking, and the comorbidity between these presenting concerns, its role has not been evaluated in a veteran population. METHODS: Young adult veterans were recruited for an online survey related to alcohol use. Participants (n=783) completed self-report measures of alcohol use, depression and PTSD symptoms, and distress tolerance. Mediation models were conducted to examine whether distress tolerance mediated the relationship between (1) probable PTSD, (2) probable depression, and (3) comorbid probable PTSD and depression with alcohol misuse. Moderated mediation models were conducted to examine gender as a moderator. RESULTS: Significant bivariate associations were observed among mental health symptoms, distress tolerance, and alcohol misuse. Distress tolerance significantly mediated the relationship between probable depression and PTSD (both alone and in combination) and alcohol misuse. Evidence of moderated mediation was present for probable PTSD and probable comorbid PTSD and depression, such that the indirect effect was stronger among males. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that distress tolerance may be a transdiagnostic factor explaining the comorbidity of depression and PTSD with alcohol misuse in young adult veterans. These findings may inform screening and intervention efforts with this high-risk population.Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. Language: en
Novel Approaches to Analyze Structure of Ductile Iron

The suggested approaches, including an automated SEM/EDX (Scanning Electron Microscopy/Energy Dispersive X-ray) analysis of graphite nodule nuclei and a special algorithm to convert two-dimensional to three-dimensional graphite nodule size distribution, were tested. The “soft” quenching technique was applied to develop small graphite nodules and increase probability to reveal non-metallic heterogeneous nuclei using automated SEM/EDX analysis. Ternary diagrams present experimental statistics of the graphite nuclei chemistry. A special algorithm for the conversion of diameters of two-dimensional sections of graphite nodules to the real three-dimensional distribution of spherical particles was developed. This algorithm is based on inverse simulation. The developed program calculates a three-dimensional nodule diameter distribution curve, the real average diameter, and volumetric nodule number. The examples of practical applications of these methods for spherical graphite characterization in different ductile iron castings are provided. Heterogeneous nucleation of graphite nodules is discussed based on the novel experimental data.
Meningioma of the Sellar and Parasellar Region

Meningiomas are commonly occurring extra-axial lesions originating from the arachnoid cap cells of the dura.
An approach for mapping the number and distribution of Salmonella contamination on the poultry carcass.

Mapping the number and distribution of Salmonella on poultry carcasses will help guide better design of processing procedures to reduce or eliminate this human pathogen from poultry. A selective plating media with multiple antibiotics (xylose-lysine agar medium [XL] containing N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine-N′-(2-ethanesulfonic acid) and the antibiotics chloramphenicol, ampicillin, tetracycline, and streptomycin [XLH-CATS]) and a multiple-antibiotic-resistant strain (ATCC 700408) of Salmonella Typhimurium definitive phage type 104 (DT104) were used to develop an enumeration method for mapping the number and distribution of Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 on the carcasses of young chickens in the Cornish game hen class. The enumeration method was based on the concept that the time to detection by drop plating on XLH-CATS during incubation of whole chicken parts in buffered peptone water would be inversely related to the initial log number (N0)of Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 on the chicken part. The sampling pla...
Phase I/II trial of weekly paclitaxel in patients with advanced lung cancer

During previous phase I experience of weekly paclitaxel (Taxol; Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ) used as a radiation sensitizer, decreased hematologic toxicity was noted. Therefore, an extended phase I/II trial of weekly paclitaxel in patients with chemotherapy-naive, metastatic non-small cell lung cancer was conducted to determine the maximum tolerated dose and activity of this alternative schedule. Twenty-six patients entered this study through six dose levels of paclitaxel (100, 125, 135, 150, 175, and 200 mg/m2/wk) administered weekly for 6 of 8 weeks. Doses were escalated if more than 80% of the intended dose was administered in the preceding cohort without evidence of grade 3 nonhematologic toxicity. All patients had a performance status of 0 to 2 and a median age of 63 years. Sites of disease included the lung, bone, liver, soft tissue, and brain. Twenty-four patients completed the first 8-week cycle and are evaluable for toxicity and response. Dose-limiting toxicity occurred at 200 mg/m2/wk and consisted primarily of neutropenia. Only one evaluable patient required hospitalization for febrile neutropenia. Other toxicities included rash, pulmonary infiltrate, myalgia, neuropathy, and alopecia. Nine of 24 patients (38%) demonstrated objective responses. We conclude that the maximum tolerated dose of weekly paclitaxel administered for 6 weeks in an 8-week cycle is 175 mg/m2/wk. The response rate is encouraging and this schedule merits further investigation.
Sex and Immunogen-Specific Benefits of Immunotherapy Targeting Islet Amyloid Polypeptide in Transgenic and Wild-Type Mice

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is characterized by the deposition of islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) as amyloid in islets, a process thought to be toxic to β-cells. To determine the feasibility of targeting these aggregates therapeutically, we vaccinated transgenic (Tg) mice that overexpress human IAPP and were fed a high fat diet to promote their diabetic phenotype. Our findings indicate that prophylactic vaccination with IAPP and its derivative IAPP7-19-TT, protects wild-type female mice, but not males, from obesity induced early mortality, and the derivative showed a strong trend for prolonging the lifespan of Tg females but not males. Furthermore, IAPP7-19-TT immunized Tg females cleared a glucose bolus more efficiently than controls while IAPP immunized Tg females showed an impaired ability to clear a glucose bolus compared to their adjuvant injected Tg controls. Interestingly, IAPP or IAPP7-19-TT treatments had no effect on glucose clearance in transgenic males. Overall, these beneficial effects of IAPP targeted immunization depend on transgenic status, sex and immunogen. Hence, future studies in this field should carefully consider these variables that clearly affect the therapeutic outcome. In conclusion, IAPP targeting immunotherapy may have benefits in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Mental health status of World Trade Center tower survivors compared to other survivors a decade after the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks

BACKGROUND: Studies of individuals directly exposed to the World Trade Center (WTC) terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 have found increased risk for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and binge drinking (BD). No long-term studies have been conducted on one highly exposed group, WTC tower evacuees. METHODS: The study sample included 7,695 adult civilians in the WTC Health Registry. Logistic regression was used to examine the odds of PTSD and BD in 1,946 towers evacuees compared to 5,749 others in nearby buildings or on the street. RESULTS: WTC tower survivors were at increased risk for PTSD and BD compared to the others. Infrastructure and behavioral barriers experienced during evacuation were significantly associated with PTSD. CONCLUSIONS: WTC tower evacuees are at increased risk for PTSD and BD. Understanding the effects of disaster-related evacuation barriers on the long-term mental health status of survivors can help in the planning of continuing post-disaster treatment. Am. J. Ind. Med. 59:742-751, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.© 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Language: en
Microfoundations in international relations

Many of our theories of international politics rely on microfoundations. In this short note, I suggest that although there has been increasing interest in microfoundations in international relation...
CNS Involvement in HIV Infection

The neurological findings in 41 HIV-seropositive children are described from the Departments of Paediatric Neurology and Hematology and Oncology, Zentrum der Kinderheilkunde, Goethe Universitat, Frankfurt, Germany.
Stability of Sodium Chlorate Residues in Frozen Tomato and Cantaloupe Homogenates

The objective of this study was to determine the stability of sodium chlorate in frozen (−24 °C) tomato or cantaloupe homogenates for up to 17 weeks (119 days). Chlorate stability was assessed by ultraperformance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) at two fortification levels (80 or 600 ng/g for tomato and 200 or 3000 ng/g for cantaloupe, n = 3 each) for each fruit after storage for 0, 1, 7, 14, 28, 56, or 119 d. Within matrix type, chlorate recovery was determined by fortifying duplicate blank homogenate samples on the day of analysis with the same concentrations used for the stability samples. Chlorate limits of quantitation for cantaloupe and tomato matrices were 30 and 60 ng/g, respectively. Sodium chlorate residues were stable (P > 0.05) in frozen tomato and cantaloupe homogenates during storage for 119 days at −24 °C.
A Girl Writing of Girls

This chapter considers Jane Austen’s role in arguments about the Victorian Woman Question. At the end of the nineteenth century, critics of the New Woman frequently positioned Jane Austen—both her life and writings—as a model of the idealized “Angel in the House” femininity that the New Woman threatened to overturn. Late-Victorian women writers including George Paston and Amy Levy were savvy readers of Austen, however, and frequently incorporate references to her novels or re-workings of her plots into their texts in ways that reflect both their own, and Austen’s, more progressive views. These writers deploy Austen and her heroines to explore complex ideas of character and motivation while simultaneously addressing late-Victorian questions about gender roles, domesticity, and marriage.
Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Density Functional Theory Studies of Iron Sulfur (FeS)m- (m = 2-8) Cluster Anions: Coexisting Multiple Spin States.

Iron sulfur cluster anions (FeS)m- (m = 2 - 8) are studied by photoelectron spectroscopy (PES) at 3.492 eV (355 nm) and 4.661 eV (266 nm) photon energies, and by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The most probable structures and ground state spin multiplicities for (FeS)m- (m = 2 - 8) clusters are tentatively assigned through a comparison of their theoretical and experiment first vertical detachment energy (VDE) values. Many spin states lie within 0.5 eV of the ground spin state for the larger (FeS)m- (m ≥ 4) clusters. Theoretical VDEs of these low lying spin states are in good agreement with the experimental VDE values. Therefore, multiple spin states of each of these iron sulfur cluster anions probably co-exist under the current experimental conditions. Such available multiple spin states must be considered when evaluating the properties and behavior of these iron sulfur clusters in real chemical and biological systems. The experimental first VDEs of (FeS)m- (m = 1 - 8) clusters are observed...
Sex Roles, Social Exchange, and Couples

Romantic relationships have long been a focus of attention by novelists, poets, and other observers of human nature. On a more practical level, finding a spouse is one of the major concerns of young adults in our society. The success of such relationships is of interest, not only to the individuals themselves and to their families and friends, but also to society at large, because of the importance of the family as a primary institution for stabilizing adult personalities and socializing children.
Supramammillary glutamate neurons are a key node of the arousal system

Basic and clinical observations suggest that the caudal hypothalamus comprises a key node of the ascending arousal system, but the cell types underlying this are not fully understood. Here we report that glutamate-releasing neurons of the supramammillary region (SuMvglut2) produce sustained behavioral and EEG arousal when chemogenetically activated. This effect is nearly abolished following selective genetic disruption of glutamate release from SuMvglut2 neurons. Inhibition of SuMvglut2 neurons decreases and fragments wake, also suppressing theta and gamma frequency EEG activity. SuMvglut2 neurons include a subpopulation containing both glutamate and GABA (SuMvgat/vglut2) and another also expressing nitric oxide synthase (SuMNos1/Vglut2). Activation of SuMvgat/vglut2 neurons produces minimal wake and optogenetic stimulation of SuMvgat/vglut2 terminals elicits monosynaptic release of both glutamate and GABA onto dentate granule cells. Activation of SuMNos1/Vglut2 neurons potently drives wakefulness, whereas inhibition reduces REM sleep theta activity. These results identify SuMvglut2 neurons as a key node of the wake−sleep regulatory system. Supramammillary nucleus (SuM) neurons have been studied in the context of REM sleep but their possible role in mediating wakefulness is not known. Here the authors elucidate the distinct functional contributions of three subpopulations in the SuM on electrographical and behavioral arousal in mice using genetically targeted approaches.
Quasi Rational Expectations Systems Of Interrelated Dynamic Factor Demand Functions For Energy, Capital And Labor

In this paper we develop a discrete time, certainty equivalence type model of a cost minimizing firm that produces a single product by means of materials, energy, capital and labor. The firm’s tech...
Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Infection: A Clinical and Virological Perspective

Hepatitis C virus (HCV), the etiologic agent of chronic non-A, non-B hepatitis,is a 9.4 kb positive strand RNA virus classified within the Flaviviridae family.1 The RNA genome of HCV encodes a single precursor polyprotein of 3011 amino acids, which is cleaved by host and viral proteases into a series of structural and non-structural proteins as reviewed elsewhere (Figure 1). (reviewed in reference 2) Although HCV gene products have not been definitively identified in infected hosts, they have been successfully expressed via genetic engineering.3,4 The HCV structural proteins (core and envelope) are thought to circulate in the blood of infected individuals as virion components, while the non-structural proteins (NS2-NS5) are thought to function as regulatory enzymes (e.g., protease, helicase, RNA replicase) during the intracellular phase of the viral life cycle.
Textiloma mimicking recurrent glioblastoma: A case report.

e13044 Background: Although uncommon, materials used for dissection or to achieve hemostasis during neurosurgical procedures can cause an inflammatory reaction called textiloma that can mimic recur...
Approximate Relations in pH Calculations for Aqueous Solutions of Extremely Weak Acids: A Topic for Problem-Based Learning

This paper describes the implementation of problem-based learning in chemical education with regard to the impact that protolytic reactions have on equilibria. The problem-based task presented here...
Recommendations for All: Solving Thousands of Recommendation Problems Daily

Recommender systems are a key technology for many online services including e-commerce, movies, music, and news. Online retailers use product recommender systems to help users discover items that they may like. However, building a large-scale product recommender system is a challenging task. The problems of sparsity and cold-start are much more pronounced in this domain. Large online retailers have used good recommendations to drive user engagement and improve revenue, but the complexity involved is a roadblock to widespread adoption by smaller retailers. In this paper, we tackle the problem of generating product recommendations for tens of thousands of online retailers. Sigmund is an industrial-scale system for providing recommendations as a service. Sigmund was deployed to production in early 2014 and has been serving retailers every day. We describe the design choices that we made in order to train accurate matrix factorization models at minimal cost. We also share the lessons we learned from this experience – both from a machine learning perspective and a systems perspective. We hope that these lessons are useful for building future machine-learning services.
Epigenetics and Sphingolipid Metabolism in Health and Disease

Sphingolipids represent one of the major classes of bioactive lipids. Studies of sphingolipids have intensified in the past several years, revealing their roles in nearly all cell biological processes. In addition, epigenetic regulation has gained substantial interest due to its role in controlling gene expression and activity without changing the genetic code. In this review, we first introduce a brief background on sphingolipid biology, highlighting its role in pathophysiology. We then illustrate the concept of epigenetic regulation, focusing on how it affects the metabolism of sphingolipids. We further discuss the roles of bioactive sphingolipids as epigenetic regulators themselves. Overall, a better understanding of the relationship between epigenetics and sphingolipid metabolism may help to improve the development of sphingolipid-targeted therapeutics.
Sensitivity evaluation of [C-11]TMP for PET reporter gene imaging

1157 Objectives Trimethoprim (TMP) is a highly specific small molecule inhibitor of E. coli dihydrofolate reductase (Ec DHFR). Radiotracer derivatives of TMP such as [C-11]TMP have great potential as PET probes when paired with an Ec DHFR reporter gene and we have recently characterized the biodistribution of [C-11]TMP in mice with Ec DHFR xenografted tumors.1 However, it is critical to quantify the number of cells detectable with a probe-reporter gene pair to show the sensitivity of the system.2 In these experiments, we determined imaging sensitivity (lower limit of the number of DHFR cells detectable) using [C-11]TMP as well as evaluated excretion and metabolism pattern of the radiotracer. Methods [C-11]TMP was radiolabeled from phenol precursor using [C-11]methyl iodide in the presence of NaOH and the precursor was prepared via a known method.3 Sensitivity experiments with [C-11]TMP to report the location and number of cells were performed using HEK 293 reporter cells at concentrations of 3x106, 3x105, and 3x104 cells suspended in 0.1 mL of matrigel and injected into the sub-cutaneous tissues of Nu/Nu mice. Small animal PET was performed the next day, and images were acquired from 60-90 min post-injection of [C-11]TMP. The xenografts were harvested and assayed ex vivo on a gamma counter. To confirm the identity of the activity in the bladder and renal excretion, urine was collected and analyzed by radio-TLC and phosphor-imaging and autoradiography of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract with [C-11]TMP was performed. Results [C-11]TMP can detect as few as 300,000 cells as assayed by excised matrigel/tissue, and shows over 2-fold increased uptake of [C-11]TMP in 300,000 cells compare to muscle (p<0.05). Autoradiography of GI tract shows accumulation of radioactivity in the small bowel, likely related to hepatobiliary excretion of tracer, with relatively low levels of uptake in the cecum and the large bowel. No metabolites were seen in the urine, the primary route of metabolism. CONCLUSIONS: [C-11]TMP is a highly sensitive radiotracer for Ec DHFR cells (limit was 300,000 cells), which is comparable to hsvTK/[F-18]FEAU at 4h.2 Additionally, we have characterized the favorable routes of metabolism of [C-11]TMP, showing no metabolites in the urine and little off target uptake in the large bacterial compartment located in the cecum and large bowel. REFERENCES: [1] J Nucl Med, 2015; 56: no. supplement 3, 615; [2] J Nucl Med, 2015; 56:1055-1060; [3] ChemBioChem. 2007; 8: 767-774
Understanding Workflow and Personal Protective Equipment Challenges Across Different Healthcare Personnel Roles.

BACKGROUND Hospitals use standard and transmission-based precautions, including personal protective equipment (PPE), to prevent the spread of infectious organisms. However, little attention has been paid to the potentially unique challenges of various healthcare personnel (HCP) in following precaution practices. METHODS From September through December 2016, 5 physicians, 5 nurses, and 4 physical therapists were shadowed for 1 hour 30 minutes to 3 hours 15 minutes at an academic medical center. Observers documented activities using unstructured field notes. Focus groups were conducted to better understand HCP perspectives about precautions and PPE-related challenges. Data were analyzed by comparing workflow and challenges (observed and stated) in precaution practices across HCP roles. RESULTS Precaution patients were interspersed throughout physician rounds, which covered a broad geographic range throughout the hospital. Patient encounters were generally brief, and appropriate use of gowns and cleaning of personal stethoscopes varied among observed physicians. Nurses were unit based and frequently entered/exited rooms. Frustration with donning/doffing was especially apparent when needing supplies while in a precaution room, which nurses acknowledged was a time when practice lapses could occur. The observed physical therapists worked in one geographic location, spent extended periods of time with patients, and noted that given their close physical contact with patients, gowns do not fully protect them. CONCLUSIONS Movement patterns, time with patients, care activities, and equipment use varied across HCP, leading to a diverse set of challenges in following precaution practices and PPE use. Attention to these differences among HCP is important for understanding and developing effective strategies to prevent the potential spread of infectious organisms.
Near-Threshold Crack Growth in Nickel-Base Superalloys

The influence of stress ratio on the elevated-temperature crack growth behavior of the nickel-base superalloys Rene 95 and Alloy 718 is discussed. The near-threshold and Region II crack growth behavior of a wide varietyof microstructures for each alloy are explained using phenomenological descriptions of closure, that is, K-dependent or K-independent closure. K-dependent closure is the type of closure observed for nickel-base superalloys where increasing the R-ratio causes a uniform lateral shift of the entire fatigue crack growth curve. K-independent closure is the type commonly reported for steels and titanium alloys where increasing the R-ratio has a larger influence on near-threshold crack growth than on Region II crack growth. The existence of K-dependent closure in nickel-base superalloys results in microstructurally sensitive crack growth rates, even at high R-ratios. This permits the use of K-based crack growth prediction techniques and simplifies alloy and process development for applications having complex loading spectra.
Caregiver Issues and Concerns Following TBI: A Review of the Literature and Future Directions

Survival following traumatic brain injury (TBI) has increased following advances in medical care. However, TBI survivors often experience significant deficits in cognitive function, psychological disturbance, and residual physical deficits. The caregivers for these survivors, who are often family members, may have limited capacity to provide the services and care that are required. Limitations in capacity may be attributable to poor preparation, increased burden, lack of appropriate resources, and lack of required support. Likewise, there are resultant consequences for the caregiver and the survivor. The purpose of this paper is to review issues associated with caregiver capacity including preparation, burden, burnout, and consequences. In the latter portion of the paper, assessment of caregiver readiness and understanding and intervention is described (as well as current limitations). The final portions of the paper describe future directions, the call for increased research, and medicolegal implications.
Experimental cake‐baking method applicable to non‐chlorinated flour

Background and objectives: Approved Method 10-90.01, Baking Quality of Cake Flour, requires flour chlorination, which poses safety concerns and is inconvenient. The effects of shortening, sugar and water proportions on the quality of non-chlorinated flour cakes were determined to modify the Approved Method and make it applicable to non-chlorinated flour. Findings: The reduction of shortening and sugar proportions to 35 and 130%, respectively, increased the center height, center-to-edge height (C/E) ratio, and volume of non-chlorinated flour cakes. Non-chlorinated flour cakes baked with 35% shortening, 130% sugar and a fixed 120% or optimum water proportion were similar in center height to, and greater in volume than, the chlorinated flour cakes baked according to the Approved Method. The volumes of non-chlorinated flour cakes baked with the modified formula showed significant correlations (P<0.05) with those of the corresponding chlorinated flour cakes baked according to the Approved Method. Conclusions: The Approved Method with modifications of the formula to 35% shortening, 130% sugar and a fixed water proportion of 120% has the potential to be an effective cake baking test applicable to non-chlorinated wheat flour. Significance and novelty: With no need for chlorination, the modified cake baking test delivers improved efficiency in the evaluation of wheat flour quality for making cakes.