cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Wind Induced Vibration in Light Poles

Modal analysis is applied to obtain a solution to the differential equations of motion of a vibrating cantilevered light pole when subjected to wind forces. Use is made of a high-speed computer in the solution processes. The excitation forces are those caused by vortices which are shed alternately along the cylindrical portion of the vertical support pole. Structural idealization is accomplished by lumping the continuum into discrete masses interconnected by weightless elastic springs. Two typical light poles are analyzed for illustrative purposes.
The Mechanism of 6-Deoxyhexose Synthesis: I. INTRAMOLECULAR HYDROGEN TRANSFER CATALYZED BY DEOXYTHYMIDINE DIPHOSPHATE D-GLUCOSE OXIDOREDUCTASE

Abstract The mechanism of the conversion of deoxythymidine diphosphate d-glucose to deoxythymidine diphosphate 4-keto-6-deoxy-d-glucose has been examined with the use of a purified deoxythymidine diphosphate d-glucose oxidoreductase from Escherichia coli. When deoxythymidine diphosphate d-glucose-4d was the substrate, deuterium was transferred quantitatively to carbon atom 6 of the 4-keto-6-deoxy-d-glucose. The transfer of hydrogen was shown to be intramolecular. When deoxythymidine diphosphate d-glucose was converted to deoxythymidine diphosphate 4-keto-6-deoxy-d-glucose in deuterium oxide, 1 atom of deuterium was incorporated at carbon atom 5 of 4-keto-6-deoxy-d-glucose. Similar results were obtained in the conversion of cytidine diphosphate d-glucose to cytidine diphosphate 4-keto-6-deoxy-d-glucose by cytidine diphosphate glucose oxidoreductase from Salmonella typhimurium. A mechanism to account for these observations is described.
Multiple Reference Groups in Case-Referent Studies

A case-referent study compares the frequency or intensity of exposure to the treatment among cases and among referents or noncases who are free of the disease; see §3.3. If referents or noncases are selected from several different sources, then the study has several distinct referent groups.
Urinary proanthocyanidin A2 as a biomarker of consumption of cranberry juice ő a pilot study (1044.3)

The absence of a validated biomarker of cranberry intake has limited the ability to interpret results from many human studies, particularly long-term clinical trials examining the effect of cranber...
Magnetic Properties of Shock-Synthesized and Furnace-Reacted Zinc Ferrite

The static magnetic properties of spinel structure zinc ferrite are compared for products from shock synthesis and conventional isothermal reaction using a stoichiometric mixture of zinc oxide and ferric oxide powders. The high-pressure shock-wave loading produces a ferrimagnetic material with a substantial saturation magnetization, while the furnace reaction product is paramagnetic at room temperature. Since stoichiometric zinc ferrite is paramagnetic, these results indicate that a zinc-deficient ferrite is formed by shock processing in contrast to a nearly stoichiometric compound obtained by heating in air. X-ray diffraction data confirm that less zinc oxide is consumed than ferric oxide during shock loading.
An Epidemiological Surveillance System to Monitor the Prevalence of Youth Behaviors That Most Affect Health

(1990). An Epidemiological Surveillance System to Monitor the Prevalence of Youth Behaviors That Most Affect Health. Health Education: Vol. 21, No. 6, pp. 44-48.
Computer simulation studies with yeast hexokinase and additional evidence for the random Bi Bi mechanism.

The mechanism of action of yeast hexokinase was studied by computer simulation of the steady state random Bi Bi mechanism. The initial rate, product inhibition, and competitive inhibition studies were found to be consistent with the enzymic mechanism being steady state random but approximated by the rapid equilibrium assumption. Results of studies on both the forward and reverse reaction are presented and much of the seemingly conflicting data in the literature regarding the mechanism appears to be resolved.
Ranked Set Sampling for a Population Proportion:Allocation of Sample Units to Each Judgment Order Statistic

Ranked set sampling is an alternative to simple random sampling that has been shown to outperform simple random sampling in many situations by reducing the variance of an estimator, thereby providing the same accuracy with a smaller sample size than is needed in simple random sampling. Ranked set sampling involves preliminary ranking of potential sample units on the variable of interest using judgment or an auxiliary variable to aid in sample selection. Ranked set sampling prescribes the number of units from each rank order to be measured. Balanced ranked set sampling assigns equal numbers of sample units to each rank order. Unbalanced ranked set sampling allows unequal allocation to the various ranks, but this allocation may be sensitive to the quality of information available to do the allocation. In this paper we use a simulation study to conduct a sensitivity analysis of optimal allocation of sample units to each of the order statistics in unbalanced ranked set sampling. Our motivating example comes from the National Survey of Families and Households.
Comparing the Effectiveness of Self‐Paced and Collaborative Frame‐of‐Reference Training on Rater Accuracy in a Large‐Scale Writing Assessment

There is a large body of research on the effectiveness of rater training methods in the industrial and organizational psychology literature. Less has been reported in the measurement literature on large-scale writing assessments. This study compared the effectiveness of two widely used rater training methods—self-paced and collaborative frame-of-reference training—in the context of a large-scale writing assessment. Sixty-six raters were randomly assigned to the training methods. After training, all raters scored the same 50 representative essays prescored by a group of expert raters. A series of generalized linear mixed models were then fitted to the rating data. Results suggested that the self-paced method was equivalent in effectiveness to the more time-intensive and expensive collaborative method. Implications for large-scale writing assessments and suggestions for further research are discussed.
Nepotism: An Interdisciplinary Model

This article presents an interdisciplinary approach to the study of nepotism. Nepotism is one of the least-studied and most poorly understood human resource practices, yet its impact on family-owned businesses, which frequently hire family members, is immense. To be effective consultants to family businesses we must have more than an anecdotal appreciation of nepotism. We also must look at nepotism from an interdisciplinary perspective to truly understand the impact that such policies and practices might have on family firms.
Variability of site response in Seattle, Washington

Ground motion from local earthquakes and the SHIPS (Seismic Hazards Investigation in Puget Sound) experiment is used to estimate site amplification factors in Seattle. Earthquake and SHIPS records are analyzed by two methods: (1) spectral ratios relative to a nearby site on Tertiary sandstone, and (2) a source/site spectral inversion technique. Our results show site amplifications between 3 and 4 below 5 Hz for West Seattle relative to Tertiary rock. These values are approximately 30% lower than amplification in the Duwamish Valley on artificial fill, but significantly higher than the calculated range of 2 to 2.5 below 5 Hz for the till-covered hills east of downtown Seattle. Although spectral amplitudes are only 30% higher in the Duwamish Valley compared to West Seattle, the duration of long-period ground motion is significantly greater on the artificial fill sites. Using a three-dimensional displacement response spectrum measure that includes the effects of ground-motion duration, values in the Duwamish Valley are 2 to 3 times greater than West Seattle. These calculations and estimates of site response as a function of receiver azimuth point out the importance of trapped surface-wave energy within the shallow, low-velocity, sedimentary layers of the Duwamish Valley. One-dimensional velocity models yield spectral amplification factors close to the observations for till sites east of downtown Seattle and the Duwamish Valley, but underpredict amplifications by a factor of 2 in West Seattle. A two-dimensional finite-difference model does equally well for the till sites and the Duwamish Valley and also yields duration estimates consistent with the observations for the Duwamish Valley. The two-dimensional model, however, still underpredicts amplification in West Seattle by up to a factor of 2. This discrepancy is attributed to 3D effects, including basin-edge–induced surface waves and basin-geometry–focusing effects, caused by the proximity of the Seattle thrust fault and the sediment-filled Seattle basin.
CEO Turnover and Compensation: An Empirical Investigation

Because CEO turnover events provide the board of directors with a unique opportunity to potentially completely restructure CEO compensation packages, changes to CEO compensation following a turnover event could prove to inform the ongoing debate regarding CEO compensation. This paper investigates what happens to CEO compensation when a turnover event occurs. Specifically, I examine CEO compensation levels and pay-performance sensitivity for incoming and outgoing CEOs involved in turnover events at public companies in the United States. My main findings are as follows: (1) incoming CEOs are paid as much as or more than those they replace, (2) outsider replacements are paid more than their predecessors even after controlling for education and skills, and (3) CEOs who are forced out are not paid differently from those who replace them, while CEOs who leave voluntarily are paid significantly less than their replacements. Further analysis reveals that proxies for managerial power including CEO tenure, CEO centrality, founder status, and high CEO ownership cannot explain these results. Overall, these findings are difficult to reconcile with the view that managerial power is the primary determinant of CEO compensation.
Long‐range electron transport in random trapping models

We extend the standard random trapping (RT) model of electron transport on d‐dimensional hypercubic lattices to include long‐range charge transfer. We show that for RT models, it is possible to decouple exactly the site energy disorder from the distance dependence of the hopping rate. We then apply the exit probability approach developed by us to the formulation of the transport properties. At short times for exchange‐type rates, we show that it is the site energy disorder rather than the distance dependence of the hopping rate that determines the short‐time dependence of the mean‐square displacement. The analytic structure of the short‐time expansion is shown to be consistent with the corresponding limit of a typologically disordered random hopping problem. At long times we consider exchange and multipolar models for the hopping rates. For a particle initially placed at the origin, it is shown that the long behavior of the diffusion coefficient [D(t)−D(t=∞)]∼t−d/2, is identical to the asymptotic behavior...
Does Voluntary Reporting Bias Hospital Quality Rankings

Background The Leapfrog Group, a large consortium of private payers, collects voluntary, self-reported quality information from hospitals for several different procedures. Critics argue that voluntary reporting leads to over-representation of high quality hospitals. Materials and Methods We used data from 1169 hospitals participating in the 2008 Leapfrog Survey for six high-risk procedures. We first ranked the hospitals who voluntarily submitted data to Leapfrog using a composite quality measure (a combination of mortality and hospital volume). We then created a similar set of rankings for a national sample of hospitals from the 2006 Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS). Next, we created four groups (quartiles) of hospital performance based on the national sample of hospitals. Finally, we compared the Leapfrog hospitals with the national sample of hospitals. If voluntary reporting resulted in bias, we would expect the Leapfrog hospitals to cluster in the top quartiles for each procedure. Results The distribution of the Leapfrog hospitals within the NIS performance quartiles varied extensively across procedures. For abdominal aortic aneurysm repair and coronary artery bypass grafting, there was a clustering of hospitals in the two worst quartiles (64% and 65%, respectively). Conversely, for aortic valve replacement, pancreatectomy, percutaneous coronary interventions, and esophagectomy, there were 52%, 56%, 57%, and 61% of hospitals in the top half, respectively. Conclusions In the Leapfrog Survey, voluntary reporting did not lead to a systematic over-representation of high quality hospitals. There should be little concern that hospital quality rankings would have significant bias introduced by voluntary participation of hospitals.
Glycosaminoglycan Storage in Cultured Neonatal Murine Mucopolysaccharidosis Type VII Neuroglial Cells and Correction by β‐Glucuronidase Gene Transfer

The inherited deficiency of beta-glucuronidase activity causes the lysosomal storage disorder mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) type VII (Sly disease). The sequential catabolism of glycosaminoglycans in lysosomes is blocked, and undegraded substrates accumulate in cells of many tissues, including neurons and glia in the brain. To evaluate the deficient metabolic pathway, primary cultures of mixed brain cells were established from newborn MPS VII mice. beta-Glucuronidase levels and glycosaminoglycan accumulation were studied in normal, carrier, and MPS VII cells. Retroviral vector-mediated transfer of a normal beta-glucuronidase cDNA corrected the enzymatic deficiency in MPS VII cells and restored glycosaminoglycan catabolism to normal. High levels of beta-glucuronidase expression were sustained in vector-corrected nondividing glial cell cultures for >2 months. These studies provide an in vitro model for evaluating somatic gene transfer in neural cells affected in mucopolysaccharidoses.
Racial differences in serum creatine kinase levels

Total creatine kinase was measured in serum samples obtained from 307 asymptomatic healthy subjects, 112 men and 195 women, during screening visits to the Yale University Hypertension Clinic or the Yale-New Haven Hospital Primary Care Center or during pre-employment physical examinations at the Yale-New Haven Hospital Personnel Health Clinic. The group consisted of 147 blacks, 132 whites, and 28 Hispanics. Blood pressure was measured in all patients, and weight, height, and serum potassium and creatinine levels were determined in most. Any subject who had engaged in any vigorous exercise in the 12 hours prior to the visit was excluded. The mean total creatine kinase level for black men was 146.5 +/- 136.9 units/liter (median, 108 units/liter), the mean level for white men was 60.8 +/- 26.1 units/liter (median, 51 units/liter), and the mean level for Hispanic men was 84.5 +/- 70.6 units/liter (median, 57 units/liter). The mean level for black women was 66.4 +/- 50.0 units/liter (median, 53 units/liter), the mean level for white women was 37.0 +/- 18.2 units/liter (median, 32 units/liter), and the mean level for Hispanic women was 41.5 +/- 36.0 units/liter (median, 30 units/liter). Using the testing laboratory's normal values for total creatine kinase (8 to 80 units/liter for men and 5 to 50 units/liter for women), 37 black men (64.9 percent) and 49 black women (54.4 percent) had abnormal values for total creatine kinase. Although sex, race, diastolic blood pressure, serum creatinine level, and presence of hypertension correlated significantly with total creatine kinase levels in the entire population, only sex did so in blacks. Multivariate analysis using linear regression techniques clearly demonstrated that sex and race were the only variables that independently predicted the total creatine kinase level. These findings show that healthy asymptomatic blacks have higher total creatine kinase levels than whites or Hispanics, with the majority having values in the abnormal range. Thus, different normal values should be used for blacks, just as they are for men and women, and elevated total creatine kinase levels should be interpreted with considerable caution.
A Contemporary Approach to the Family Treatment of Substance Abuse Disorders

A contemporary approach to the family treatment of substance abuse is presented. This approach involves developing a method for establishing and maintaining a substance-free state, a workable system of family therapy, sufficient attention to the family after substance abuse has stopped, and an individualized, integrated approach which takes into consideration a variety of family factors.
Spacecraft attitude estimation using the Global Positioning System - Methodology and results for RADCAL

Methodology and results for the Global Positioning System based attitude determination of a gravity gradient stabilized satellite are presented. Algorithms for on-orbit antenna baseline estimation, attitude initialization, point solution, and Kalman filtering are described. These algorithms are demonstrated using flight data collected on board the U.S. Air Force RADCAL Satellite. The precision of the final attitude estimates is assessed to be at the level of 0.4 deg for pitch and roll and 0.7 deg for yaw.
Cloning and Expression of VEMA: A Novel Ventral Midline Antigen in the Rat CNS

A variety of molecules expressed at the midline of the developing central nervous system (CNS) control multiple aspects of pattern formation and axon guidance. We recently identified monoclonal antibody (mAb) CARO 2 as a novel marker of the ventral midline in the developing rat CNS, and the corresponding antigen as a membrane-associated 28-kDa protein. We report here the isolation of cDNA clones encoding the mAb CARO 2 antigen, which we rename VEMA, for ventral midline antigen. The deduced amino acid sequence of VEMA contains a single transmembrane domain near its N-terminus and several tyrosine-based internalization motifs. These structural features are consistent with the association of VEMA to intracellular membranes. In situ hybridization analyses demonstrate that VEMA mRNA is predominantly expressed at the ventral midline. The restricted distribution of VEMA, as well as several characteristics of its primary structure, suggest a role for this protein in regulating axon guidance in the mammalian CNS.
The Eucharistic Procession of 1908: The Dilemma of the Liberal Government

In September 1908 the British Prime Minister, H. H. Asquith, offended Roman Catholics by cancelling the procession of the Blessed Sacrament, which was to have been the climax of the 1908 international Eucharistic Congress. This incident illustrates the persistence of religious extremism as a disruptive force in British politics and the muddled manner in which Asquith's government dealt with crises. As early as 1900 social and economic issues had become the dominant focus of British politics, and Great Britain had established a reputation for religious toleration. In spite of the growing trend toward secularism, militant Protestants continued to agitate against Catholicism by resurrecting archaic laws restricting Catholic rituals.
Market attractiveness, resource-based capabilities, venture strategies, and venture performance

Abstract This research seeks to identify variables that should be related to venture performance. It is hypothesized that both market attractiveness and resource-based capabilities are directly related to new venture performance. In addition, specific resource-based capabilities are hypothesized to be directly related to the competitive strategies chosen by a firm. Finally, the “fit” between strategies and resource-based capabilities is hypothesized to be related to venture performance. The sample consisted of all manufacturing businesses (SIC codes 20–39) started or reorganized in the corporate form between 1980 and 1991 in nine counties in northwestern Pennsylvania, as identified by a major marketing research service. Of the 800 companies surveyed, completed questionnaires were returned for 155, representing a 19% response rate. The 155 responding companies had a median age of 5 years with a median of 15 employees. The major products of companies in the sample included flour, lumber, household and office furniture, plastic containers, tools and dies, ready mixed concrete, pipe fittings, measuring devices, paint and varnish, machine tools, electroplate, carbon and graphite composite products, plastic laminated products, circuit boards, electronic components, and parts for internal combustion engines. In general, the results confirm the validity of the measures of environmental and organizational characteristics as we have adapted them for new ventures. As hypothesized, perceived market attractiveness and the overall abundance of resource-based capabilities were significantly related to venture performance. Also, in two of three cases, the evidence suggests that specific resource-based capabilities are related to the firm's stated competitive strategies. Finally, although the relationship between “fit” and performance is not supported in all cases, the performance of the emerging manufacturing ventures included in this sample appears to be enhanced when resource-based capabilities are supportive of a cost leadership strategy and when firms seeking to differentiate based on product and service quality have the resource-based capabilities to support that strategy. The results of this emerging research stream will make an important contribution to our understanding of the factors that impact firm performance. For scholars the results provide additional information needed to develop comprehensive new venture performance models. A clear understanding of the factors that have a strong influence on venture performance will enable practitioners to better identify viable business opportunities and academicians to provide potential business founders with tools to help them recognize opportunity. In addition, the identification of appropriate levels of abstraction will provide building blocks for future research that seeks to integrate environmental and firm-level constructs.
Co-prime sampling-based third-order cumulants for UWB channel order determination

This paper proposes an algorithm deriving higher-order statistics (HOS) from co-prime sampled sequences and implements it in the order determination of the parametric approach for modeling ultra-wide bandwidth indoor channel. We extend the co-prime sampling to pairwise co-prime sequences, and apply singular value decomposition in the matrix formed by third-order cumulants for the order determination of autoregressive model. We also analyze the variance of third-order cumulants and use their basic characteristic to determine the order of moving average model. In simulations, the proposed algorithm reduces the computational complexity to 17% of the existing HOS algorithms with negligible performance loss in high noise-to-signal ratio (SNR) environment. In low SNR scenario, the proposed algorithm is more sensitive to order mismatch in terms of the variances of expectations, which makes it a more reliable indicator to confirm the correct order.
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Causes Pulmonary Vasodilation through Activation of the Phosphatidylinositol-3-Kinase-Nitric Oxide Pathway in the Late-Gestation Ovine Fetus

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) causes vasodilation in adult models of peripheral vascular disease and myocardial ischemia through the acute release of nitric oxide (NO). However, the hemodynamic effects of VEGF and its effects on NO production have not been studied in the developing lung circulation. We hypothesized that VEGF causes fetal pulmonary vasodilation, and that its actions are mediated through the release of endogenous NO. We performed surgery in 16 fetal lambs (125-135 d gestation; term = 147 d), and placed catheters in the main pulmonary artery, aorta, and left atrium to measure pressures. An ultrasonic flow transducer was placed on the left pulmonary artery (LPA) to measure blood flow, and a catheter was placed in the LPA for local drug infusion. Pulmonary vascular resistance in the left lung was calculated as pulmonary artery pressure minus left atrial pressure divided by LPA flow. Fetal lambs were treated with brief infusions of recombinant human VEGF (dose, 0.5-2.0 micro g) into the LPA. Recombinant human VEGF infusions acutely increased LPA flow by up to 3-fold (p < 0.02) and decreased pulmonary vascular resistance by 65% (p < 0.05) in a dose-related fashion, without affecting aortic pressure or heart rate. To determine the mechanism of VEGF-induced vasodilation, we studied the effects of nitro-L-arginine, an NO synthase inhibitor, and LY294002, a phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase inhibitor, on the response to VEGF. We found that pretreatment with either nitro-L-arginine or LY294002 completely inhibited the vasodilator response to recombinant human VEGF (p < 0.005). These findings suggest that recombinant human VEGF causes fetal pulmonary vasodilation, and that this response is likely mediated by the release of NO through activation of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase.
Effects of methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity on the development of neural circuitry: a hypothesis

Exposure of the developing brain to methamphetamine has well-studied biochemical and behavioral consequences. We review: (1) the effects of methamphetamine on mature serotonergic and dopaminergic pathways; (2) the mechanisms of methamphetamine neurotoxicity and (3) the role of serotonergic and dopaminergic signaling in sculpting developing neural circuitry. Consideration of these data suggest the types of neural circuit alterations that may result from exposure of the developing brain to methamphetamine and that may underlie functional defects.
Careers in regulatory affairs: from practitioner to professional.

Avoiding the pitfalls of the regulatory affairs practitioner will distinguish you in this growing field.
The bony labyrinth of the early platyrrhine primate Chilecebus

We document the morphology of the bony labyrinth of Chilecebus carrascoensis, one of the best preserved early platyrrhines known, based on high resolution CT scanning and 3D digital reconstruction. The cochlea is low and conical in form, as in other anthropoids, but has only 2.5 spiral turns. When the allometric relationship with body mass is considered, cochlear size is similar to that in extant primates. The relative size of the semicircular canals, which is well within the range of other primates, indicates that Chilecebus carrascoensis was probably not as agile in its locomotion as other small-bodied platyrrhines such as Leontopithecus rosalia, Saguinus oedipus, and Callithrix jacchus, but it probably was not a suspensory acrobat or a slow climber. The proportion, shape, and orientation of the semicircular canals in Chilecebus carrascoensis also mirror that typically seen in extant primates. However, no single variable can be used for predicting the locomotor pattern in Chilecebus carrascoensis. Based on Principle Component Analysis (PCA) scores we calculated rescaled Euclidean distances for various taxa; primates with similar locomotor patterns tend to share shorter distances. Results for Chilecebus carrascoensis underscore its general resemblance to living quadrupedal primate taxa, but it is not positioned especially near any single living taxon.
Identifying Opportunities to Improve Pain Among Patients With Serious Illness

Abstract Context Pain is a common and distressing symptom. Pain management is a core competency for palliative care (PC) teams. Objective Identify characteristics associated with pain and pain improvement among inpatients referred to PC. Methods Thirty-eight inpatient PC teams in the Palliative Care Quality Network entered data about patients seen between December 12, 2012 and March 15, 2016. We examined patient and care characteristics associated with pain and pain improvement. Results Of patients who could self-report symptoms, 30.7% (4959 of 16,158) reported moderate-to-severe pain at first assessment. Over 40% of these patients had not been referred to PC for pain. Younger patients (P Conclusion Pain is common among inpatients referred to PC. Three-quarters of patients with pain improve and improvement in pain is associated with other symptom improvement. Standardized, multisite data collection can identify PC patients likely to have marked and refractory pain, create benchmarks for the field, and identify best practices to inform quality improvement.
Bilateral Shoulder Chondrolysis Following Arthroscopy. A Report of Two Cases

P.E. Greis and R.T. Burks reply: Drs. Levy and Frankle raise the issue of considering the differential diagnosis for chondrolysis following shoulder arthroscopy. We agree that all causes of this problem must be considered when evaluating these patients. An indolent infection could certainly result in a poor long-term outcome of any further treatment if not recognized. Additionally, we agree that chondrolysis may be multifactorial and that a complete understanding of this problem remains a work in progress requiring further investigation. However, there remains a very substantial and convincing body …
THE CASCO BAY OIL SPILL: PROBLEMS OF CLEANUP AND DISPOSAL

ABSTRACT This paper deals with the control and cleanup of a 100,000-gallon (422,000-liter) no. 6 fuel-oil spill which occurred in Casco Bay, Maine, on July 22, 1972. A lack of locally available equipment, logistics involved in moving men and equipment to numerous offshore islands which were affected by the spill, and disposal of large amounts of oil-soaked debris presented unique problems to on-scene personnel. Additionally, the development of environmental priorities for cleanup proved most critical because the area produces commercial harvests of shellfish, lobsters, and intertidal seaweed, and serves as one of Maine's principal recreation areas. Of particular concern was the major obstacle encountered in disposing of over 10,000 yards (7,646 m3) of oil-soaked seaweed which had either been gathered from intertidal rocks or removed from the water surface, and over 4,500 yards (3,440 m3) of contaminated beach sand. Oil-soaked sand was finally placed in a sanitary landfill utilizing guidelines developed by...
Stress fracture of the acromion.

Scapular fractures are most commonly asso­ ciated with significant trauma and are relatively rare, accounting for 3% to 5% of fractures about the shoulder girdle and less than 1% of all fractures. 1.7.12.18.21 Fractures of the acromion represent approximately 8% of all scapular fractures.': 5.12.18.21 The literature contains few reports of stress fractures of the scapula; these have been located in the corocoid," the lateral margin of the scapula" and the inferior glenoid neck.' Stress fractures of the acromion have been reported only in association with painful shoulder irnpinqernent." We report a case of a 16-year-old female gymnast, without any known history of shoulder trauma, who experienced a stress fracture at the base of the acromion. CASE REPORT
Formation of N2O in laminar, premixed, fuel-rich flames

Stack gases from power plants burning fossil fuels contain moderate levels of N/sub 2/O, and N/sub 2/O is known to play a role in the chemistry of the upper atmosphere. Studies in laboratory furnaces indicate that in unstaged coal and oil flames, approximately 1 mole of N/sub 2/O is produced for every 3 moles of NO. Staged combustion, which utilizes a fuel-rich combustion zone followed by injection of excess air, reduces both NO and N/sub 2/O emissions. Nitrous oxide also has been found to be a product in the premixed combustion of fuel-lean CO-air mixtures and stoichiometric CH/sub 4/-air mixtures seeded with NH/sub 3/. In order to obtain information on the N/sub 2/O reaction mechanism for conditions simulating the rich zone of staged combustion or reburning, the authors investigated the formation and removal of N/sub 2/O in laminar, atmospheric-pressure, premixed, fuel-rich flames.
Technique of Mediastinal Germ Cell Tumor Resection

The anterior mediastinum represents the second most common site of germ cell tumor origin. Nonseminomatous germ cell cancers not only comprise the main category of the malignant germ cell tumors arising in the mediastinum (PMNSGCT) but also the most challenging from both oncologic and surgical standpoints. Although histologically similar to their more commonly occurring testicular counterparts, PMNSGCT have an overall worse prognosis and therefore have been categorized as “poor risk” along with other subsets of testicular nonseminomatous germ cell tumors. The majority of PMNSGCTs occur in males 20 to 40 years of age. Most patients present symptomatic secondary to a rapidly growing anterior mediastinal mass. Computed tomographic (CT) scans typically demonstrate a large heterogeneous mass. Local invasion into lung, great vein, and pericardium is common and even direct cardiac chamber/proximal great artery involvement can occasionally be present. Associated pericardial and pleural effusions are also common but typically not malignant in nature. For any young adult male presenting with a mass in the anterior mediastinal compartment, obtaining serum tumor markers (STMs), alpha-fetoprotein, and human chorionic gonadotropin is an essential component of clinical evaluation as significant elevation of either STM is diagnostic for PMNSGCT. Biopsy in these cases is not only unnecessary but can be misleading due to sampling error within these typically large and heterogeneous neoplasms. We believe biopsy confirmation is only necessary in rare PMNSGCT patients presenting with normal STMs or patients with minor elevations of human chorionic gonadotropin, which can be present in pure seminomatous germ cell cancer. Histologically, these neoplasms comprise at least one nonseminomatous germ cell cancer subtype (yolk sac cancer, embryonal carcinoma, or choriocarcinoma in order of frequency), and frequently are mixed with some form of pathologic teratoma ranging from mature teratoma to teratoma with immature elements (“stromal aytpia”), and finally, to frank malignant degeneration of teratoma into the so-called “nongerm cell” cancer (sarcomas and epithelial carcinomas). Chest and abdominal CT scans are standard imaging tests for staging with other radiologic studies including positron emission tomography scan and central nervous system magnetic resonance imaging obtained on an individual basis. Gated magnetic resonance imaging or echocardiogram can be helpful to determine the presence of great vessel or cardiac involvement; however, invasion may be subtle and only apparent at the time of postchemotherapy surgical resection. We therefore have cardiopulmonary bypass capabilities available for these cases. After diagnosis and staging, surgical resection for PMNSGCT as initial therapy will rarely achieve local control and does not treat metastatic disease, present in 20 to 25% of cases. Appropriate therapy typically begins with cisplatin-based chemotherapy. Over the past 3 years we have utilized etoposide,
Quick thinking: perceiving in a tenth of a blink of an eye.

What is the minimal sensory processing time before we can make a decision about a stimulus? A study now reports that, for simple perceptual decisions, this can take as little as 30 ms.
Timescale and morphology of Martian mantle overturn immediately following magma ocean solidification

Energy of accretion in terrestrial planets is expected to create liquid silicate magma oceans. Their solidification processes create silicate differentiation and set the initial mantle structure for the planet. Solidification may result in a compositionally unstable density profile, leading to cumulate Rayleigh-Taylor overturn if a sluggish rather than stagnant lithosphere existed in the early stages of planetary history. The pattern and timescale of overturn, in which cold, dense surface material sinks to the core-mantle boundary, have implications for core dynamo production, volatile escape, and fundamental differences between differently sized bodies. Our fully spherical mantle models reaffirm previous work suggesting that harmonic degree of overturn is dependent on viscosity contrast and layer thickness. We find that cumulate overturn would likely have occurred with short wavelengths. In an isoviscous model, thermal convection ensues rapidly after overturn; however, when viscosity is temperature dependent, compositional stability in the mantle suppresses the onset of whole-mantle thermal convection. For a viscosity of 1018 Pa s, the mantle could fully overturn in as little as 3 Ma.
Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis: The Grady Memorial Hospital Experience.

ABSTRACT Background Staphylococcus aureus is a common cause of endocarditis. Previous studies have shown that the mortality rate associated with S aureus endocarditis remains high, and methicillin resistance is becoming more prevalent. Methods Over the past 4 years, 283 patients with suspected endocarditis were referred to the cardiology department of Grady Memorial Hospital for echocardiography. Their clinical course and demographic information was entered into a database. Among these patients, 87 (30.6%) were confirmed to have endocarditis, with 41 (47.1%) of them culture positive for either methicillin-resistant (MRSA) or methicillin-sensitive S aureus (MSSA). Of these patients, 14 were MRSA culture positive, and 27 were MSSA culture positive. These two groups were compared with respect to demographic information and morbidity and mortality outcomes. Results The MRSA and MSSA groups were found to be similar upon analysis in all baseline characteristics. There was a nonstatistical trend among the two groups in origin of infection, as the MRSA group tended toward nosocomial infection more often. Outcomes, including surgery, death, and complications were also found to be similar between the two groups. Conclusions There does not seem to be difference in the outcome of MRSA versus MSSA endocarditis. Nosocomial infection may predispose patients to MRSA endocarditis, but a larger study with a greater sample size is necessary to evaluate these questions more accurately.
HEMANGIOMA OF THE DISTAL PHALANX IN A COLT

A yearling Thoroughbred colt was admitted to the University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine with severe, progressive lameness of the left forelimb. A centrally located expansile lytic lesion involving approximately 40% of the distal phalanx with a large associated vascular channel was identified by radiography. Increased vascular phase pooling, increased soft tissue phase uptake, and a photopenic area on bone phase images corresponding to the lytic lesion within the left distal phalanx were identified by vascular, soft tissue, and bone phases of a three phase bone scan, respectively. Contrast medium accumulation and disappearance in dilated vessels within the lesion was apparent angiographically. The colt was euthanized and the histologic diagnosis was hemangioma of the distal phalanx with a pathologic fracture.
General Surgery, the General Surgical Subspecialties, and Prerequisite Training

• Currently, several specialties (cardiothoracic, pediatric, and colorectal) require a full general surgery residency before specialty training. Plastic surgery has, in essence, a de facto requirement since most residents have had at least 5 years of general surgery training before initiation of a plastic surgery residency. Forces within both general surgery and plastic surgery will dictate that such a de facto requirement will not persist in the future. The pressures that compel plastic surgery to modify the traditional role of general surgery as preparatory training for requisite or specialty residency training can be extended by analogy to the other specialties as well. This article will hypothesize that the premises and the conclusions about the relationship between plastic surgery and general surgery apply equally well to the other specialties. If the traditional and historical role of full general surgery residency as prerequisite training for a specialty residency is discarded, careful thought must be given to any substitute system of graduate surgical education. In particular, attention must be directed to the three components of clinical skills to be acquired and to an expectation of operative or technical experience. ( Arch Surg . 1993;128:134-137)
The Use of Salivary (Parotid) Fluid in Biochemical Monitoring

Abstract As a biological indicator of the absorption of trace metals and other toxic materials, salivary fluid has been largely ignored by the industrial hygienist. Yet this fluid, readily obtainable from the parotid glands in a clean, standardized, and reproducible manner, may prove to be one of the most useful of biological monitors. Analytical determinations of the mercury contents of concurrently obtained specimens of blood, urine, and saliva (parotid), from two groups of occupationally exposed personnel, showed an excellent and highly significant correlation between the blood and salivary concentrations of mercury. On the basis of the ratio of blood to salivary concentrations observed in one plant, predictions of the blood concentrations of mercury were made for personnel in the other plant, using the salivary mercury contents alone. These predictions differed on the average by about 20% from the actual values.
Bioactivity of anacardic acid against colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) larvae.

Anacardic acid (2-hydroxy-6-alkylbenzoic acid) produced and secreted from glandular trichomes of zonal geranium (Pelargonium × hortorum; Geraniaceae family) provides resistance to small pests (aphids and spider mites). To assess the potential bioactivity of anacardic acid against larger insect pests and to determine if an alternate mode of application (ingestion rather than the topical application) could impart resistance to pests, the effects of anacardic acid consumption on the development of Colorado potato beetle larvae were tested. Analysis of dose−response curves indicated a significant effect on weight gain and mortality. Assessment of food preference (treated versus untreated) indicated larvae avoid food containing anacardic acid and have a lower feeding rate on food containing anacardic acid. On the basis of these results, it is suggested that anacardic acid, applied as a chemical spray or through bioengineering production in crop plants, may provide a new tool in the arsenal to minimize damage t...
Consumer investment in watt-scale energy products

1.3 Billion people will remain without electricity without significant investment in new energy services. The IEA shows that about half of these services need to be distributed energy to reach those beyond the grid. Current investment focuses on centralized power plants and grid expansion. In the absence of public funding, the unelectrified rural populations must rely on private financing. In this paper, I compare the financial returns from watt-scale consumer products for lighting and mobile phone charging and the available financing for consumers from microfinancing. A comparison of the avoided cost in kerosene or phone charging and the monthly payment for a product shows that microfinance loan payments often exceed the avoided cost. Many customers are not able to tolerate these higher recurring payments even though in the future they will have no payments. In the developed world, innovators create instruments that eliminate upfront costs for energy services and immediately reduce consumer energy expenses. Equivalent innovation in this space could speed adoption of these technologies in the developing world as well.
Impulse-Generator Voltage Charts for Selecting Circuit Constants

It is suggested in this paper that impulse generator voltage waves for commercial testing may be compared not only on the basis of wave shape but also on the basis of relations between circuit constants. The charts and graphs included are intended to show how desirable this is, and they may be used to facilitate both front-of-wave and full-wave testing.
Hydrous magmatism on Mars: A source of water for the surface and subsurface during the Amazonian

Abstract There is an overwhelming amount of evidence supporting the past existence of abundant flowing water on the martian surface, however the source for this water is less understood. Estimates of water in the deep martian interior from SNC meteorites yield low values (1–36 ppm H2O) that are incompatible with magmatic degassing as the primary source for this water. We have analyzed hydrous amphibole in the Chassigny martian meteorite, finding much higher water contents than previously reported. These values are consistent with a much wetter martian mantle (minimum range of 140–250 ppm H2O for the Chassigny source region), allowing for significant contributions of water to the martian surface by magmatic degassing. Furthermore, these results indicate the possibility of young (early–mid Amazonian), water-rich hydrothermal activity at the surface and subsurface, which could have been responsible for intermittent replenishment of water to these regions even after the onset of the cold dry climate that exists today.
Dynorphin A (1-13) peptide NH groups are solvent exposed: FT-IR and 500 MHz 1H NMR spectroscopic evidence.

Summary FT-IR spectroscopic studies of dynorphin A(1–13) in H 2 O and D 2 O are utilized to derive the aqueous phase secondary structure of the opioid peptide. Resolution enhancement of the amide I region of dynorphin A(1–13) in H 2 O revealed a doublet at 1652 cm −1 and 1669 cm −1 which are interpreted as indicative of “unordered” and extended structures. From FT-IR and 1 H NMR deuterium exchange studies, the peptide NH groups appeared to be solvent accessible which is suggestive of an essentially extended structure with aperiodically interwoven “unordered” structure. The results are consistent with Raman Spectroscopic (Rapaka et al., (1987) Int. J. Peptide Protein Res. 30:284–287) and 2D NMR studies (Huang et al. submitted), from our laboratory.
Exact Soliton-Breather Theory for the Classical Statistical Mechanics of the Massive-Thirring=Sine-Gordon Model

A new soliton-breather theory is presented for the classical statistical mechanics of the massive­ Thirring=sine-Gordon model. The theory resolves the existing controversies concerning the Planck constant and the lattice-cutoff dependencies of the free energy, exactly reproduces the transfer matrix method result, and thus gives a conclusive answer to the problem.
A simple improved inferential method for some discrete distributions

In this article, some simple methods for testing and estimating the parameters of some discrete distributions are proposed. For hypothesis testing, a new test is obtained by combining the usual exact test and an alternative exact test. The exact properties of the usual exact test, the alternative exact test and the combined test are evaluated numerically for the binomial and Poisson distributions. Numerical studies show that the combined test is more powerful than the usual one while controlling the sizes satisfactorily. Furthermore, the combined procedure produces confidence intervals that are practically equivalent to the intervals based on some other complex methods. The methods are also illustrated for the hypergeometric and negative binomial distributions.
When There Is No Perfect Text: Approaches to the EAP Practitioner's Dilemma.

Abstract This practitioner-oriented paper opens with an account of the difficulties EAP materials providers encounter in finding “perfect texts” for pedagogical purposes. It then discusses two alternative options. In the first, the materials writer creates a collection of source texts for class integration and summary work; in the second, the materials writer creates an imaginary student's responses to found or adapted source material. This second case is extensively illustrated, so that it becomes available as ‘freeware’. It is therefore argued that there is merit in the occasional use of instructor-written materials in selected EAP contexts. In closing, the paper places the elaborated case study in the wider context of more needing to be known about learner and instructor roles in advanced writing courses and workshops.