cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sea ice properties in the Bohai Sea measured by MODIS-Aqua: 1. Satellite algorithm development

Abstract Based on the fact that sea ice reflectance drops significantly in the shortwave infrared (SWIR) wavelengths, black pixel assumption is assessed for three SWIR bands for the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS)–at 1240, 1640, and 2130 nm—over the sea ice in the Bohai Sea in order to carry out atmospheric correction for deriving sea ice reflectance spectra. For the SWIR 1240 nm band, there is usually a small (but non-negligible) reflectance contribution over sea ice. Although there is a slight sea ice reflectance contribution at the MODIS 1640 nm band over sporadic land-fast or hummock ice, the black pixel assumption is generally valid with the MODIS bands 1640 and 2130 nm in the Bohai Sea. Thus, the SWIR-based atmospheric correction algorithm using MODIS bands at 1640 and 2130 nm can be conducted to derive sea ice optical properties in the region. Based on spectral features of the sea ice reflectance, a regionally optimized ice-detection algorithm is proposed. This regional algorithm shows considerable improvements in detecting sea ice over the Bohai Sea region, compared with a previous MODIS global sea ice detection algorithm. The sea ice coverage as identified in the new algorithm matches very well with the sea ice coverage from both the MODIS true color image and the imagery from the Interactive Multisensor Snow and Ice Mapping System (IMS).
Investigations of a pressure-sensitive theory of marginal velopharyngeal inadequacy.

Abstract Purpose: This two-part project was designed to test a pressure-sensitive theory of marginal velopharyngeal inadequacy (MPVI). Specifically, are select subgroups of children with MPVI perceived as hypernasal because they fail to achieve consistent closure during vowels and semivowels while demonstrating adequate closure during pressure consonants? Methods: In part one, 36 children with cleft palate and other craniofacial anomalies were examined using a clinical assessment protocol that included nasometry and perceived ratings of hypernasal resonance. Children with nasalance percentages above threshold during low-pressure (LP) productions and below threshold for high-pressure (HP) productions were placed in one group (group 1), while children with nasalance percentages below threshold for both LP and HP sentences were placed in another (group 2). Children in the two groups were age- and sex-matched. In part two, endoscopic data were examined for 10 additional children who received nasometry, percei...
Aesthetic considerations in upper eyelid retraction surgery

Purpose Classically, the aesthetic outcomes of eyelid retraction surgery in patients with thyroid-associated orbitopathy have been described in reference to eyelid margin position and marginal reflex distance. A critically important component of upper eyelid contour is the tarsal platform show (TPS). With this study, the authors aimed to assess the hypothesis that modification of the tarsal platform in posterior eyelid retraction surgery has a significant effect on the final aesthetic outcome. Methods In a retrospective, observational, case-cohort study, the authors reviewed the medical records of 36 patients with thyroid-associated orbitopathy who underwent primary eyelid retraction surgery by 1 surgeon. Patients who underwent eyelid retraction surgery at the time of orbital decompression were excluded. The surgical technique consisted of posterior approach conjunctival release of Mueller muscle and graded recession of the levator aponeurosis. To address lateral flare, dissection was carried toward the lateral orbital rim with spreading of the lateral horn of the levator aponeurosis. Outcome measures were millimeters of TPS, millimeters of brow fat span, and symmetry of the eyelid margin position. Randomized preoperative and postoperative standardized photographs were evaluated in masked fashion by 4 surgeons to grade cosmetic outcomes. Results Fifteen patients (24 eyelids) met the inclusion criteria. Mean follow-up period was 6 months (range, 3-12). Mean TPS increased from 2.27 mm (standard deviation, 1.9 mm) to 4.77 mm (standard deviation, 1.7 mm; p 0.05). Evaluation of the aesthetic outcomes (eyelid contour, eyelid symmetry, and TPS) by 4 masked observers characterized the relevance of TPS in the postoperative aesthetics of eyelid contour and symmetry. Conclusions In upper eyelid retraction surgery, the ability to control the TPS has a significant impact on the final aesthetic outcome. Posterior approach eyelid retraction surgery can control eyelid contour and can represent an ideal surgical approach in carefully selected patients. However, it has limited ability to control upper orbital volume and eyebrow and orbital fat (brow fat span). This can result in relative overelongation of the TPS. Factors such as ethnic characteristics, bony asymmetry, brow fat span, and premorbid TPS influence cosmetic outcomes achieved by the anterior or posterior approach. For optimal aesthetic results in eyelid retraction surgery, the decision for anterior versus posterior approach should be individualized.
Interrelationships among fault torque, voltage unbalance, fault current, and generator impedances of aircraft electric power systems

AMONG the many problems facing those working with aircraft electric power systems is that of satisfying requirements with respect to voltage and current during fault or unbalance conditions, while limiting the torques imposed on the constant-speed drive. It is the purpose of this paper to present a method for obtaining and depicting the interrelationships which exist among these several quantities such that a basis for evaluation in system design may be achieved. The method should help the system engineer and generator designer to arrive at a compromise, giving the best possible system performance in terms of these performance characteristics and generator weight.
A Novel Framework and Training Algorithm for Variable-Parameter Hidden Markov Models

We propose a new framework and the associated maximum-likelihood and discriminative training algorithms for the variable-parameter hidden Markov model (VPHMM) whose mean and variance parameters vary as functions of additional environment-dependent conditioning parameters. Our framework differs from the VPHMM proposed by Cui and Gong (2007) in that piecewise spline interpolation instead of global polynomial regression is used to represent the dependency of the HMM parameters on the conditioning parameters, and a more effective functional form is used to model the variances. Our framework unifies and extends the conventional discrete VPHMM. It no longer requires quantization in estimating the model parameters and can support both parameter sharing and instantaneous conditioning parameters naturally. We investigate the strengths and weaknesses of the model on the Aurora-3 corpus. We show that under the well-matched condition the proposed discriminatively trained VPHMM outperforms the conventional HMM trained in the same way with relative word error rate (WER) reduction of 19% and 15%, respectively, when only mean is updated and when both mean and variances are updated.
Electrical engineering for the liberal arts: radio and its history

A course for liberal arts students on the engineering and physics of radio is described. An historical presentation of the subject is given in the classroom. The course is suitable as part of the science requirement in university general education curricula and can serve as a model for how, using history, electrical engineering can be taught to students majoring in the liberal arts.
MEASURES OF ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF WEATHER EXTREMES Getting Better but Far from What Is Needed— A Call for Action

One of the primary driving forces behind weather research and development has been the losses caused by weather extremes. Unfortunately, available loss values have been more qualitative than quantitative. There has never been a concerted, organized effort to collect and quality control economic impact data for weather extremes. Numerous studies have been made, resulting in widely varying estimates of losses, and these have been limited by 1) an inability to access certain types of loss data; 2) a lack of attention to indirect, delayed impacts, including benefits; and 3) diverse and inconsistent sources of loss data. Numerous problems have resulted from the poor estimates of loss and lack of understanding of the data uncertainties. Federal relief payments for major events have escalated partly as a result of insufficient data to detect and understand society's changing vulnerability to extremes. Controversies over relief payments for major damaging events have occurred as a result of imprecise loss estimat...
Ultra‐High‐Temperature Ceramic Coatings for Oxidation Protection of Carbon–Carbon Composites

Carbon-carbon (C-C) composites are attractive materials for hypersonic flight vehicles but they oxidize in air at temperatures >500°C and need thermal protection systems to survive aerothermal heating. We investigated using multilayers of high-temperature ceramics such as ZrB 2 and SiC to protect C-C against oxidation. Our approach combines pretreatment and processing steps to create continuous and adherent high-temperature ceramic coatings from infiltrated preceramic polymers. We tested our protective coatings at temperatures above 2600°C at the National Solar Thermal Testing Facility using controlled cold-wall heat flux profiles reaching a maximum of 680 W/cm 2 .
Pipeline damping: a microarchitectural technique to reduce inductive noise in supply voltage

Scaling of CMOS technology causes the power supply voltages to fall and supply currents to rise at the same time as operating speeds are increasing. Falling supply voltages cause noise margins to decrease, while increasing current and frequency makes supply noise injection larger, especially noise caused by inductance in the supply lines. Creating power distribution systems is one of the key challenges in modern chip design. Decoupling capacitance helps reduce inductance effects, but there is often a peak in the supply impedance that occurs at a resonant frequency caused roughly by the package inductance and the chip decoupling capacitors. This frequency is on the order of 100MHz, which is much lower than the operating frequency of the processor. We propose pipeline damping, an architectural technique which controls instruction issue to guarantee bounds on current variation around the frequency of the supply resonance, thus reducing the resulting supply noise. Damping is a cheaper alternative to expensive, circuit-based noise-reduction techniques. We make the fundamental observation that limiting the current flow change (di) within resonant time period (dt) controls di/dt without large performance loss. Damping guarantees bounds on current variation while allowing processor current to increase or decrease to the magnitude required to maintain performance. Our results show that a damped processor guarantees a 33% reduction in the worst-case current variation with an average performance degradation of 7% and average energy delay of 1.09 compared to an undamped processor.
Using an AMACR (P504S)/34βE12/p63 Cocktail for the Detection of Small Focal Prostate Carcinoma in Needle Biopsy Specimens

We assessed the usefulness of immunohistochemical analysis with a 3-antibody cocktail (α-methylacyl coenzyme A racemase [AMACR, or P504S], 34βE12, p63) and a double-chromogen reaction for detection of limited prostate cancer in 138 needle biopsy specimens, including 82 with small foci of prostatic adenocarcinoma and 56 benign prostates. When carcinoma was present, red cytoplasmic granular staining (AMACR) in the malignant glands and cells and dark brown nuclear (p63) and cytoplasmic (34βE12) staining in basal cells of adjacent nonmalignant glands were found. Of 82 cases of small foci of prostatic adenocarcinoma, 78 (95%) expressed AMACR; all malignant glands were negative for basal cell staining. All benign glands adjacent to malignant glands were recognized easily by basal cell marker positivity and little or no AMACR expression. No benign glands were simultaneously positive for AMACR and negative for basal cell markers (specificity, 100%). There were no differences in intensity and numbers of positive glands with double-chromogen staining compared with using 1-color staining. Our results indicate that immunohistochemistry with a 3-antibody cocktail and double chromogen is a simple and easy assay that can be used as a routine test, which overcomes the problems of studying small lesions in prostate needle biopsies with multiple immunohistochemical stains.
Disposition of Caspofungin, a Novel Antifungal Agent, in Mice, Rats, Rabbits, and Monkeys

The metabolism, excretion, and pharmacokinetics of caspofungin (Cancidas; Merck & Co., Inc.) were investigated after administration of a single intravenous dose to mice, rats, rabbits, and monkeys. Caspofungin had a low plasma clearance (0.29 to 1.05 ml/min/kg) and a long terminal elimination half-life (11.7 h to 59.7 h) in all preclinical species. The elimination kinetics of caspofungin were multiphasic and displayed an initial distribution phase followed by a dominant β-elimination phase. The presence of low levels of prolonged radioactivity in plasma was observed and was partially attributable to the chemical degradation product M0. Excretion studies with [ 3 H]caspofungin indicated that the hepatic and renal routes play an important role in the elimination of caspofungin, as a large percentage of the radiolabeled dose was recovered in urine and feces. Excretion of radioactivity in all species studied was slow, and low levels of radioactivity were detected in daily urine and fecal samples throughout a prolonged collection period. Although urinary profiles indicated the presence of several metabolites (M0, M1, M2, M3, M4, M5, and M6), the majority of the total radioactivity was associated with the polar metabolites M1 [4( S )-hydroxy-4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-l-threonine] and M2 [ N -acetyl-4( S )-hydroxy-4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-l-threonine]. Caspofungin was thus primarily eliminated by metabolic transformation; however, the rate of metabolism was slow. These results suggest that distribution plays a prominent role in determining the plasma pharmacokinetics and disposition of caspofungin, as very little excretion or biotransformation occurred during the early days after dose administration, a period during which concentrations in plasma fell substantially. The disposition of caspofungin in preclinical species was similar to that reported previously in humans.
A multi-objective algorithm for DS-CDMA code design based on the clonal selection principle

This paper proposes a new algorithm based on the clonal selection principle for the design of spreading codes for DS-CDMA. The algorithm follows a multi-objective approach, generating complex spreading codes with good autocorrelation as well as good cross-correlation properties. It also enables spreading code design with no restrictions on the number of users or code length. The algorithm maintains a repertoire of codes that are subject to cloning and undergo a process of affinity maturation to obtain better codes. Results indicate that the produces code sets that lie very close to the theoretical Pareto front.
ANC algorithms that do not require identifying the secondary path

Most available control algorithms for active noise control (ANC) require identification of the secondary path. This estimation not only increases the control system complexity, but it can add to the residual noise power and even cause the adaptive system to diverge when the identification is not sufficiently close to the real system. We use a geometrical analysis of the filtered-x LMS algorithm to introduce a new ANC algorithm for a single frequency and narrowband noise where no identification of the secondary path is required. We then extend our new ANC algorithm without secondary path identification to the active control of broadband noise through the use of a sub-band ANC implementation. When compared to other available control algorithms requiring no secondary path identification, our method possesses a simple structure, good performance, and a reasonable convergence rate. Simulation results confirm the effectiveness of our proposed algorithms.
Troponin and Tropomyosin: Proteins That Switch on and Tune in the Activity of Cardiac Myofilaments

We present a current perception of the regulation of activation of cardiac myofilaments with emphasis on troponin (Tn) and tropomyosin (Tm). Activation involves both a Ca2+-regulated molecular switch and a potentiated state, dependent on feedback effects of force-generating crossbridges. Recent developments in the elucidation of the structure and arrangement of the myofilament proteins offer insights into the molecular interactions that constitute the switching and potentiating mechanisms. Transgenic mice overexpressing myofilament proteins, in vitro studies of mutant myofilament proteins, multidimensional multinuclear nuclear magnetic resonance, and fluorescence resonance energy transfer offer important approaches to understanding the molecular signaling processes. These studies reveal special features of the cardiac myofilament proteins that appear specialized for the unique functions of the heart. An important aspect of these special features is their role in mechanical, chemical, and neurohumoral coupling processes that tune myofilament activation to hemodynamics and beating frequency. Understanding these processes has become essential to understanding cardiac pathologies such as heart failure, ischemia and reperfusion injury, stunning, and familial hypertrophic cardiac myopathies.
The advancing state-of-the-art in second generation star trackers

Until recently, only first-generation charge coupled device (CCD) spacecraft star trackers have been available. These track a small number of bright stars and are dependent on external processing for acquisition, calculation of corrections and transformation from CCD referenced to inertial referenced coordinates. Now, powerful microprocessors (>10 million instructions per second (MIPS)) with a few Mbytes of memory have become available in space qualified grades and have enabled the next step in star tracker concepts: second-generation fully autonomous designs. These second-generation units are equipped with star catalogs covering the entire sky. Their microprocessors instantly perform acquisition by pattern recognition of the entire image, thus relating the output from the star tracker directly to the celestial sphere. Their output data can be used in the attitude control system of a spacecraft without intermediate data processing. This saves central processor load, memory capacity and integratation of thousands of line of source code. The use of a large number of stars in each data frame makes the attitude estimates more accurate and operation both smoother and more robust in comparison to first-generation star trackers.
Spectral reflectance of hydrophytes

Identification of hydrophytes will improve the delineation and classification of wetlands on remotely sensed imagery. Spectral reflectance measurements of 10 species of hydrophytes were made with an Exotech radiometer during three phenological stages, flowering and early seed, senescent, and early emergent. Reflectance data were analyzed to determine significant (P not greater than 0.5) differences between species in each of four spectral regions during each phenological stage. Eight species had significantly (P not greater than 0.05) different reflectances during the flower and early seed stage. Among the ten species only one could not be spectrally isolated during at least 1 phenological stage. The results indicate that films sensitive to both visible and infrared spectra (e.g., Ektachrome infrared) should enable recognition of different species of hydrophytes.
Estimating the Uncertainty in a Regional Climate Model Related to Initial and Lateral Boundary Conditions

Abstract There is a growing demand for regional-scale climate predictions and assessments. Quantifying the impacts of uncertainty in initial conditions and lateral boundary forcing data on regional model simulations can potentially add value to the usefulness of regional climate modeling. Results from a regional model depend on the realism of the driving data from either global model outputs or global analyses; therefore, any biases in the driving data will be carried through to the regional model. This study used four popular global analyses and achieved 16 driving datasets by using different interpolation procedures. The spread of the 16 datasets represents a possible range of driving data based on analyses to the regional model. This spread is smaller than typically associated with global climate model realizations of the Arctic climate. Three groups of 16 realizations were conducted using the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research (PSU–NCAR) Mesoscale M...
Junction temperature dependence of high-frequency noise in heterojunction bipolar transistors

The use of the Hawkins model, under isothermal condition, to calculate the bias dependent high frequency noise in Heterojunction Bipolar Transistors (HBTs) is questioned. The inclusion of thermal effects into the noise model of HBTs is necessary as the temperature of the device becomes progressively different from the ambient temperature with increasing bias current. Calculation of noise figure by including the thermal effects explains the experimental measurement whereas the isothermal calculation underestimates the noise figure at high bias current.
Recruitment of Replication Protein A by the Papillomavirus E1 Protein and Modulation by Single-Stranded DNA

With the exception of viral proteins E1 and E2, papillomaviruses depend heavily on host replication machinery for replication of their viral genome. E1 and E2 are known to recruit many of the necessary cellular replication factors to the viral origin of replication. Previously, we reported a physical interaction between E1 and the major human single-stranded DNA (ssDNA)-binding protein, replication protein A (RPA). E1 was determined to bind to the 70-kDa subunit of RPA, RPA70. In this study, using E1-affinity coprecipitation and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-based interaction assays, we show that E1 interacts with the major ssDNA-binding domain of RPA. Consistent with our previous report, no measurable interaction between E1 and the two smaller subunits of RPA was detected. The interaction of E1 with RPA was substantially inhibited by ssDNA. The extent of this inhibition was dependent on the length of the DNA. A 31-nucleotide (nt) oligonucleotide strongly inhibited the E1-RPA interaction, while a 16-nt oligonucleotide showed an intermediate level of inhibition. In contrast, a 10-nt oligonucleotide showed no observable effect on the E1-RPA interaction. This inhibition was not dependent on the sequence of the DNA. Furthermore, ssDNA also inhibited the interaction of RPA with papillomavirus E2, simian virus 40 T antigen, human polymerase alpha-primase, and p53. Taken together, our results suggest a potential role for ssDNA in modulating RPA-protein interactions, in particular, the RPA-E1 interactions during papillomavirus DNA replication. A model for recruitment of RPA by E1 during papillomavirus DNA replication is proposed.
Command filtering and path planning for remote manipulation of a long reach flexible robot

We focus on the fusion of autonomous and teleoperated commands. This combination provides full use of the robot's workspace without requiring large motion amplification between a master and slave robot. Combining autonomous and teleoperated commands provides the potential for large variations in the commanded momentum of the flexible robot. These variations excite the lightly damped, low resonant frequencies associated with these manipulators. Two techniques are proposed to reduce the vibration during sudden stops in the commanded motion of a flexible manipulator. First a new command filtering approach that permits shorter delay times than standard input shaping methods is presented. Next, we propose dynamic alteration of the desired trajectory. Our investigation shows that filtering techniques exhibit an oscillatory response, more so than standard PD control algorithms, during hard stopping conditions. However the shorter time delay filtering algorithm has less vibration than standard input shaping techniques. Furthermore, any vibration may be eliminated by commanding the robot to decelerate instead of immediately stopping the motion.
Macroalgal blooms on southeast Florida coral reefs I. Nutrient stoichiometry of the invasive green alga Codium isthmocladum in the wider Caribbean indicates nutrient enrichment

Invasive bloomsof the siphonaceous greenalgae Codiumspp. have been considered a symptom ofcoastal eutrophicationbut, to date, only limitedbiochemical evidence supports a linkage to land-based nutrient pollution. Beginningin the summer of 1990, spectacular blooms of unattached Codium isthmocladum developed on deep coral reef habitats in southern Palm Beach County and northern Broward County, and in subsequent years, attached populations formed on reefs in northern Palm Beach County. To better understand the nutrition of these HABs, we collected C. isthmocladum and other reef macroalgae from various locations in southeast Florida as well as the wider Caribbean region for tissue C:N:P analysis in order to gauge variability in the type and degree of N- and/or P-limited growth. Widespread nutrient enrichment in floridian C. isthmocladum populations was evidenced by significantly higher tissue P (0.06% versus 0.04% of dry weight) and lower C:N (12 versus 19), C:P (425 versus 980), and N:P (35 versus 50) ratios compared to more nutrient-depleted Caribbean populations. To determine nutrient availability on southeast Florida’s reefs, we sampled near-bottom waters at a variety of locations for DIN ( NH4 + +N O3 +N O2 ) and SRP analysis. In general, concentrations of NH4 + ,N O3 and SRP were all high on southeast Florida’s reefs compared to values reported for Caribbean coral reefs. Although summertime upwelling provides episodic NO3 and SRPenrichment to reefs in southeast Florida,these transient nutrient pulses have not historically supported C. isthmocladum blooms. We suggest that the widespread P enrichment of C. isthmocladum tissue and water column DIN:SRP ratios <16:1 in southeast Florida drive this system toward N limitation where low level NH4 + enrichment becomes of paramount importance. Hence, the recent C. isthmocladum blooms appear to be supported by increasing land-based nutrient pollution, particularly,
On the construction of bounds in prospective studies with missing ordinal outcomes: application to the good behavior game trial.

SUMMARY. This article is concerned with drawing inference about aspects of the population distribution of ordinal outcome data measured on a cohort of individuals on two occasions, where some subjects are missing their second measurement. We present two complementary approaches for constructing bounds under assumptions on the missing data mechanism considered plausible by scientific experts. We develop our methodology within the context of a randomized trial of the "Good Behavior Game," an intervention designed to reduce aggressive misbehavior among children. The "Good Behavior Game" (GBG) was a randomized trial of an intervention designed to prevent and reduce aggressive misbehavior among children. In the trial, a group of first graders were randomly assigned to one of three classroom-based interventions: GBG, control (CNTL), or active control (mastery learning; ML). The children were evaluated repeatedly over time. In particular, aggression status was scheduled to be measured prior to the intervention (Yi) and then again in sixth grade (Y2). Within each intervention group, more than 30% of children were missing their sixth grade measurement. One research question is whether children in the GBG group have lower overall aggression levels in the sixth grade than children in the CNTL or ML groups. A second question is whether the effectiveness of GBG varies according to baseline aggression status. In addressing the first aim, the task is to compare the marginal distribution of Y2 in the GBG arm with the marginal distributions of Y2 in the CNTL and ML arms. For the second aim, the task is to compare the conditional distribution of Y2 given Y1 = Yl in the GBG arm with the corresponding conditional distributions in the CNTL and ML arms.
Isolation of a bunyamwera group arbovirus from a naturally infected caribou.

A Bunyamwera group arbovirus was isolated from the blood and from the brain of a female caribou parasitized with meningeal worms. The virus passed through a 0.45 μ filter; was ether sensitive; possessed no hemagglutination properties; could be propagated in suckling mice, 6-day old chick embryos, and BHK-21 tissue culture; and produced plaques in chick embryo fibroblast tissue culture. Neither complement-fixation or neutralization tests were sensitive enough to determine the serotype of the virus.
Mapping of North Atlantic winds by HF radar sea backscatter interpretation

This work presents preliminary results on attempts to map winds of a storm at long range (500 to 1000 nmi) over a large area ( 10^{5} mi2) in the North Atlantic from the U. S. Naval Research Laboratory, HF radar research facilities at Chesapeake Beach, Md. [1] It appears that the short time response of the sea surface to local winds can be mapped by the analysis of a matrix of range-azimuth records containing frequency power spectra of HF radar signals backscattered from the sea surface via the ionosphere. This paper presents such a map based upon the ratio of the strengths of the first-order contributions to the backscatter spectrum (the approach-recede first-order Bragg lines) and is compared qualitatively with a U. S. Weather Bureau map of the area.
Heat Effects on Egg Yolk Properties

(1970). Heat Effects on Egg Yolk Properties. World's Poultry Science Journal: Vol. 26, No. 4, pp. 781-783.
A Quasi-Equilibrium Tropical Circulation Model--Implementation and Simulation*.

The quasi-equilibrium tropical circulation model (QTCM1) is implemented and tested. The formulation, described by Neelin and Zeng, uses a Galerkin framework in the vertical, but with basis functions tailored to quasi-equilibrium deep convective physics via analytical solutions. QTCM1 retains a single vertical structure of temperature and humidity. For a balanced treatment of dynamics and subgrid-scale physics, a physics parameterization package of intermediate complexity is developed. This includes a linearized longwave radiation scheme, a simple cloud prediction method, simple shortwave radiation schemes, and an intermediate land surface model. The simulated climatology has a reasonable spatial pattern and seasonal evolution of the tropical convergence zones, including over land regions. Outgoing longwave radiation and net surface heat flux both appear satisfactory. The Asian monsoon is slightly weak but depicts the northward progression of the monsoon onset, and a monsoon wind shear index exhibits interannual variability associated with observed SST that is similar to general circulation
Comparative Biochemistry and In Vitro Pathway Reconstruction as Powerful Partners in Studies of Metabolic Diversity

There are estimated to be >300,000 plant species, producing >200,000 metabolites. Many of these metabolites are restricted to specific plant lineages and are referred to as "specialized" metabolites. These serve varied functions in plants including defense against biotic and abiotic stresses, plant-plant and plant-microbe communication, and pollinator attraction. These compounds also have important applications in agriculture, medicine, skin care, and in diverse aspects of human culture. The specialized metabolic repertoire of plants can vary even within and between closely related species, in terms of the number and classes of specialized metabolites as well as their structural variants. This phenotypic variation can be exploited to discover the underlying variation in the metabolic enzymes. We describe approaches for using the diversity of specialized metabolites and variation in enzyme structure and function to identify novel enzymatic activities and understand the structural basis for these differences. The knowledge obtained from these studies will provide new modules for the synthetic biology toolbox.
Simultaneous Thermoelectric and Optoelectronic Characterization of Individual Nanowires

Semiconducting nanowires have been explored for a number of applications in optoelectronics such as photodetectors and solar cells. Currently, there is ample interest in identifying the mechanisms that lead to photoresponse in nanowires in order to improve and optimize performance. However, distinguishing among the different mechanisms, including photovoltaic, photothermoelectric, photoemission, bolometric, and photoconductive, is often difficult using purely optoelectronic measurements. In this work, we present an approach for performing combined and simultaneous thermoelectric and optoelectronic measurements on the same individual nanowire. We apply the approach to GaN/AlGaN core/shell and GaN/AlGaN/GaN core/shell/shell nanowires and demonstrate the photothermoelectric nature of the photocurrent observed at the electrical contacts at zero bias, for above- and below-bandgap illumination. Furthermore, the approach allows for the experimental determination of the temperature rise due to laser illumination,...
Reversals in the momentary absence of percepts.

It is argued that since reversals might have often occurred during “figure-off” intervals, the theory of “satiation of orientation” proposed by Orbach, Ehrlich, and Heath (1963) might be inadequate...
Abstract LB-176: A novel high density DNA methylation array with single CpG site resolution

Aberrations in DNA methylation patterns are widely recognized as a hallmark of the cancer cell. DNA methylation has emerged as a promising biomarker for the detection and classification of various types of cancer, and ability to accurately assess the DNA methylation changes plays an important role in understanding of disease onset and progression. We developed a new generation of genome-wide DNA methylation BeadChip which allows high-throughput methylation profiling of human genome. The new high density BeadChip can assay over 480K CpG sites and analyze twelve samples in parallel. The innovative content includes coverage of 99% of RefSeq genes with multiple probes per gene, 96% of CpG islands from the UCSC database, CpG island shores and additional content selected from whole-genome bisulfite sequencing data and input from DNA methylation experts. The well-characterized Infinium® assay is used for analysis of CpG methylation using bisulfite-converted genomic DNA. In this assay, unmethylated cytosines (C) are converted to uracil (U) when treated with bisulfite, while methylated cytosines remain unchanged. The assay design is using single probe assays for CpG loci with up to two underlying CpG dinucleotides, and two-probe assays for CpG loci with multiple underlying CpG sites, with one probe querying the “unmethylated” allele and the other probe querying the “methylated” allele. The assays are designed under the assumption that methylation is regionally correlated (within 50 base pairs) and that all CpG sites underlying the probe are assumed to be “in phase” with the queried CpG site. For the BeadChip development, we used methylation standards created by de-methylating gDNA with Phi29 whole genome amplification, methylating the amplified DNA with SssI methylase and mixing the unmethylated and methylated DNA in a 1:1 ratio to create a 50% methylation state. 500 ng gDNA input is used for bisulfite conversion and is sufficient for two assays. Reproducible DNA methylation profiles were obtained between replicates (an average R 2 of 0.98). We applied this technology to DNA methylation analyses in cancer cell lines of different tissue of origin and normal DNA samples derived from multiple tissues. Highly specific methylation signatures were obtained for each sample type. The ability to determine genome-wide methylation patterns will rapidly advance methylation research and ultimately lead to the development of powerful tools for diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of human diseases. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-176. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-LB-176
Behavioral Avoidance of Encapsulation by Leiophron uniformis (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a Parasitoid of Lygus spp. (Hemiptera: Miridae): Relationship between Host Age, Encapsulating Ability, and Host Acceptance

The acceptance of various-aged nymphs of Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois) by Leiophron uniformis (Gahan) and the immune response of these nymphs toward the parasitoid were determined. Even the youngest nymphs tested (0-24 h old) showed some encapsulating ability (7.6%), which increased to >70% encapsulation by nymphs 72-96 h old. Acceptance of nymphs ≤48-h old by the parasitoid females was high (74%) but dropped rapidly as the host ability to resist parasitization increased.
The Mesoscopic Description of Pressure and Velocity Profiles Near Planar Wall in Water Solutions

The stress tensor for polar solutions is constructed starting from a nonlocal and nonlinear Landau free energy functional. Explanations of some puzzling properties of liquids near interfaces are proposed.
Pilot-in-the-Loop Evaluation of a Bio-Inspired Adaptive Fault Tolerant Control System in a Motion Based Flight Simulator

This paper presents the development and testing of a novel fault tolerant adaptive bioinspired control system applied to a supersonic fighter aircraft. The control configuration uses an immunity-based feedback mechanism to augment a baseline controller consisting of model reference and dynamic inversion approach. The capabilities of the proposed system, addressing different upset conditions, are compared with different control configurations and tested on a motion based simulation environment with a pilot in the loop. One configuration includes the baseline controller augmented with artificial neural networks, whereas an alternative configuration uses the baseline controller augmented with both, neural networks and artificial immune system itself. A set of novel performance metrics were defined to quantify the input activity from the pilot and from the control surfaces in order to investigate the effectiveness and handling characteristics of the different configurations under failure conditions. Optimization of the immune controller parameters was performed for the most relevant failures of the system using a genetic algorithm approach. The results show that the inclusion of the immunity-based mechanism within the control laws scheme improve the tracking performance in terms of pilot input and control surfaces activity under a variety of abnormal flight conditions
Characterization of Y2SiO5:Ce, YAG:Tb AND YAG:Eu RGB Phosphor Triplet for Field Emission Display Application

The spectral response and outgassing characteristics of the three new, low-voltage phosphors combustion synthesized and electrophoretically deposited for application in field-emission flatpanel displays, are presented. The phosphors, forming a candidate Red-Blue-Green (RGB) triplet are YAG:Eu, YAG:Tb and Y2SiO5:Ce. These cathodoluminescent materials are tested with electron-beam excitation at currents up to 50 x03BC;A within the 200-2000V (eg. "low-voltage") and 3000-8000V (eg. "medium voltage") ranges. The spectral coordinates, as compared with industrially-manufactured P22 phosphors in low voltage operation, are reasonable; however, there is considerable difference in the green coordinates, and the red and green materials show significant satellite intensities. Phosphor outgassing, as a function of time, is measured by a residual gas analyzer at fixed 50 gA beam current in the low-voltage range. We find that after two hours of excitation, levels of outgassed CO, CO2 and H2 stabilize to low values.
Learning to Draw through Digital Modelling.

The education of architectural designers begins by learning drawing and digital modelling following the notion that students learn these new modes as instruments of thinking in design process. Curricular arguments persist about which mode should follow the other. Difficulties occur when one mode replaces the other. Students uninitiated to design seem to prefer the more immediate volumetric visualization of digital modelling over plans, sections, and elevations, representational views resulting from the un-real ‘viewpoint’ of the section-cut, a means only drawn out of reality through a way-of-looking NOT natural-to-experience. Therefore, the primary difficulty in learning to think through drawings is their abstraction from, rather than connection to, realness – a needless initiating ordeal that confuses rather than clarifies. Digital modelling offers virtual three-dimensional images that seem to students, by contrast, not quite as abstracted from natural experience, albeit framed by non-physical, seductive, machine ‘otherness’. This paper proposes drawing pedagogy that learns from digital modelling by making connections rather than distinctions that more seamlessly connect abstract to actual. Projects will be demonstrated that manipulate three-dimensional forms to initiate drawing learning experiences. Drawing and its abstractions can thus more readily be drawn out of experience and made ultimately more concrete for design thinking.
9 URINARY CYSTATIN C IN PATIENTS WITH ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY FOLLOWING CARDIAC SURGERY.

Patients developing acute kidney injury (AKI) after cardiac surgery have increased mortality compared with those with stable postoperative renal function. A reliable marker of early AKI in serum or urine has not been found. To test the hypothesis that urinary cystatin C (CyC) increases with greater severity of AKI, we prospectively studied 45 patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Perioperatively, blood and urine were sampled for standard chemistries and CyC (measured by ELISA). AKI was defined as > 25% increase in serum creatinine or the initiation of renal replacement therapy (RRT) within the first 3 postoperative days. AKI developed in 24 patients (53.33%), 5 of whom received RRT (11.1% of the total). The 3-day postoperative maximum increase of urinary CyC from the preoperative baseline was significantly different via ANOVA in those receiving RRT (n = 5) from those with AKI without RRT (n = 16) and those with no AKI (n = 12) (p = .033). This effect is present for the first four postoperative samples, which encompass the first 48 postoperative hours. There was no statistical difference in the preoperative (baseline) urine CyC values. Furthermore, the maximum 3-day increase in perioperative urinary fractional excretion of CyC (FECC) was significantly different across all three groups (no AKI, AKI without RRT, and RRT), p = .01. Similar to urinary CyC, this difference was seen for the first 48 postoperative hours. There was no statistical significance to the preoperative values across all three groups. Increased urinary cystatin C excretion in the early postoperative period precedes the development of severe AKI (requiring RRT) and correlates with AKI severity. Urinary CyC and FECC are promising biomarkers of AKI following adult cardiac surgery.
Reanalysis on direct lightning strike protection of lightning rods and overhead ground wires

It is stressed in this paper that all formulas dealing with the protection range of lightning rods and overhead ground wires at home and abroad are empirical formulas,for some key influencing factors can not be quantitated.The adoption of the foreign empirical formula in GB 50057-1994 is also queried.It is indicated that the risk of shielding failure in the protection range of lightning rods and overhead ground wires should be acquired through theoretical analysis,laboratory test and research as well as statistical analysis based on long-term practice.The reason why relatively high independent lightning rods or overhead ground wires are not appropriate for actual projects is analyzed,and the use of lightning protection net for roofs of nonmetallic structure is expounded.
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Care Laboratories: Compounding laboratory curriculum and renovation

As part of a concerted effort to update its curriculum and facilities, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Pharmacy developed a new series of laboratory courses that would provide students with better opportunities to develop skills and apply them to the modern pharmacy practice of pharmaceutical care. Curriculum revisions involved changing the compounding laboratory sequence, upgrading the video library, and tying its website to its training materials; the compounding laboratory facility was renovated to support the demands of the new curriculum. The overall goals of the renovation were to (1)increase the number of workstations in the facility, and (2)increase the ease with which students could retrieve materials necessary for laboratory projects. The renovation schedule was planned so classes were not interrupted.
Anther Culture of Lolium temulentum, Festuca pratensis and Lolium × Festuca Hybrids. I. Influence of Pretreatment, Culture Medium and Culture Incubation Conditions on Callus Production and Differentiation

This study was conducted with Lolium temulentum, Festuca pratensis, and the two hybrids L. multiflorum x F. pratensis 'Elmet' and L. perenne x F. pratensis 'Prior'. In a comparison of various durations (7-42 d) of pretreatment at 4 or 7 °C the highest yield of microspore-derived callus of L. temulentum was obtained after pretreatment of spikes at 7 °C for 28 d, conditions which also proved optimal for panicle pretreatment with F. pratensis. For 'Elmet', durations of 21-42 d were optimal, and for 'Prior' the responses tended to decline with increasing duration. In L. temulentum addition of charcoal (1-2 g l-1) to medium containing 2,4-D and KN was beneficial to callus production but inhibited subsequent differentiation. Its beneficial effect was mainly due to its ability to remove supplied hormones from the medium. Addition of 2,4-D (0.1-2.0 mg l-1), NAA (1-10 mg l-1) or IAA (1-10 mg l-1) to charcoal-free medium inhibited callus production. The optimum incubation temperature for callus production was 25 °C but 20 °C allowed superior callus differentiation. Illumination during pretreatment was beneficial but during culture was inhibitory. In F. pratensis, charcoal inhibited growth of calluses. In 'Prior', callus yields varied significantly from plant to plant Only albino plants were regenerated from L. temulentum and F. pratensis but both green and albino pollen plants were regenerated from 'Elmet' and 'Prior'.
CARDIAC ALLOGRAFT SINUS TACHYCARDIA IS ASSOCIATED WITH IMPAIRED EXERCISE TOLERANCE

Exercise performance, an important aspect of quality of life, remains limited after heart transplantation (HTx). Sinus tachycardia often presents in HTx recipients, but its effect on functional capacity remains unknown. Based on heart rate (HR) 3 months after HTx, 198 patients transplanted from