cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Redox state, reactive oxygen species and adaptive growth in colonial hydroids.

SUMMARY Colonial metazoans often encrust surfaces over which the food supply varies in time or space. In such an environment, adaptive colony development entails adjusting the timing and spacing of feeding structures and gastrovascular connections to correspond to this variable food supply. To investigate the possibility of such adaptive growth, within-colony differential feeding experiments were carried out using the hydroid Podocoryna carnea. Indeed, such colonies strongly exhibited adaptive growth, developing dense arrays of polyps (feeding structures) and gastrovascular connections in areas that were fed relative to areas that were starved, and this effect became more consistent over time. To investigate mechanisms of signaling between the food supply and colony development, measurements were taken of metabolic parameters that have been implicated in signal transduction in other systems, particularly redox state and levels of reactive oxygen species. Utilizing fluorescence microscopy of P. carnea cells in vivo, simultaneous measurements of redox state [using NAD(P)H] and hydrogen peroxide (using 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescin diacetate) were taken. Both measures focused on polyp epitheliomuscular cells, since these exhibit the greatest metabolic activity. Colonies 3–5h after feeding were relatively oxidized, with low levels of peroxide, while colonies 24h after feeding were relatively reduced, with high levels of peroxide. The functional role of polyps in feeding and generating gastrovascular flow probably produced this dichotomy. Polyps 3–5h after feeding contract maximally, and this metabolic demand probably shifts the redox state in the direction of oxidation and diminishes levels of reactive oxygen species. In contrast, 24h after feeding, polyps are quiescent, and this lack of metabolic demand probably shifts the redox state in the direction of reduction and increases levels of reactive oxygen species. Within-colony differential feeding experiments were carried out on colonies 24h after the usual, colony-wide feeding. At this time, a single polyp was fed, and this polyp was compared with an otherwise similar polyp from the same colony. A pattern similar to the whole-colony experiments was obtained: the just-fed polyp, as it begins contracting shortly after feeding, appears to be relatively oxidized, with low levels of peroxide compared with the polyp that was not fed. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that adaptive colony development in response to a variable food supply is mediated by redox state or reactive oxygen species or both, although alternative hypotheses are also discussed.
Technological Advances in Genetic Testing

“Genetics is impacting every aspect of medical care with the advances in knowledge of the disease in relation to one's genetic contribution.” GENETIC DISEASE AFFECTS 5%–10 % of children and 3% of the newborn population (Elias, 2003; Toomey, 1996). One third to one half of pediatric admissions are due to a disease with genetic origins (Toomey, 1996). Genetics is impacting every aspect of medical care with the advances in knowledge of the disease in relation to one's genetic contribution. In addition, molecular genetic testing is becoming available commercially and in the pediatric setting because of recent developments in genetic technology. Technology is becoming more complex, enabling providers to direct care with testing and pharmacological treatment based on one's genome. This article will review the new technological advances in genetic testing and evaluation. Nurses are the main health care professionals at the patient's bedside and are often the first to obtain a comprehensive patient history. By a performing a thorough assessment, nurses may identify dysmorphic features that require further genetic evaluation. Furthermore, pediatric nurses need to understand the genetic evaluation process and testing to provide the best quality care for patients and families.
Carcinogenicity of tetraethyl lead.

Ein vermehrtes Vorkommen von Lymphomas zeigte sich bei mit Tetraathylblei behandelten weiblichen Mausen (12%) im Gegensatz zu den entsprechenden Kontrollen (0%). Die carcinogene Wirkung von Tetraathylblei wurde durch parenterale Administration einer totalen Dosis von 0.6 mg an neugeborenen Schweizer Mausen gezeigt.
In vitro Accelerated Aging of Composites and a Sealant

The in vitro accelerated aging of conventional and microfilled composite restorative materials and a sealant was studied. Volume loss/surface area ranged from 2.0 to 7.3 x 10-3 mm3/mm2 after 900 h of aging. Surface morphology changed more dramatically for the conventional composites than for the other materials. Changes in surface chemistry as measured by FTIR-ATR were observed.
Lateral boundary mixing in a simple model of ocean convection

Abstract An approximate solution of the equations of thermal convective flow is obtained for a simple ocean model that incorporates lateral boundary mixing in an extreme form. It is found that the imposition of constant temperature along these boundaries causes the temperature to be nearly constant throughout the volume even though the top and bottom are maintained at different temperatures. As a consequences of this model, there is strong horizontal flow in thin layers close to the top and bottom; the thickness of these layers in a typical case is a few meters.
Video-electrographic and clinical features in patients with ictal asystole

Objective: Ictal asystole (IA) is a rare event mostly seen in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and a potential contributor to sudden unexplained death in epilepsy (SUDEP). Clinical and video-electroencephalographic findings associated with IA have not been described, and may be helpful in screening for high risk patients. Methods: A database search was performed of 6,825 patients undergoing long-term video-EEG monitoring for episodes of IA. Results: IA was recorded in 0.27% of all patients with epilepsy, eight with temporal (TLE), two with extratemporal (XTLE), and none with generalized epilepsy. In 8 out of 16 recorded events, all occurring in patients with TLE, seizures were associated with a sudden atonia on average 42 seconds into the typical semiology of a complex partial seizure. The loss of tone followed after a period of asystole usually lasting longer than 8 seconds and was associated with typical EEG changes seen otherwise with cerebral hypoperfusion. Clinical predisposing factors for IA including cardiovascular risk factors or baseline ECG abnormalities were not identified. Conclusion: Ictal asystole is a rare feature of patients with focal epilepsy. Delayed loss of tone is distinctly uncommon in patients with temporal lobe seizures, but may inevitably occur in patients with ictal asystole after a critical duration of cardiac arrest and cerebral hypoperfusion. Further cardiac monitoring in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy and a history of unexpected collapse and falls late in the course of a typical seizure may be warranted and can potentially help to prevent sudden unexplained death in epilepsy.
TASK COMPLEXITY, LEARNING OPPORTUNITIES, AND KOREAN EFL LEARNERS' QUESTION DEVELOPMENT

Building on the cognitive and interactive perspectives of task research, the cognition hypothesis states that increasing task complexity promotes greater interaction and feedback and thus facilitates second language (L2) development (Robinson, 2001b, 2007a). To date, very little research has explored this claim during learner-learner interactions in English as a foreign language (EFL) classroom contexts in which a task-based syllabus is implemented. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of task complexity on the occurrence of interaction-driven learning opportunities and question development in such a classroom context. Korean university students (N = 191) from four intact English classes were randomly assigned to one comparison group and three experimental groups with various task-complexity levels (i.e., simple, +complex, and ++complex) based on Robinson’s framework. Their interactions were audiorecorded, and occurrences of learning opportunities, operationalized as language-related episodes (LREs), were identified. Question development was identified between pretest and posttests on the basis of the learners’ stage advancement using Pienemann and Johnston’s (1987) developmental sequence. Results indicated that more complex tasks promoted a greater number of LREs and particularly led to LREs targeting developmentally advanced question structures, which result in question development.
On the determination of robust settings in parameter design experiments

In parameter design experiments, it is common to fit a regression model to the original response and then use the model variance induced by the noise variation to determine robust settings of the control factors. We obtain some general characterization of the robust settings in terms of the absolute slopes in the control-by-noise interaction plots. The simplicity and graphical appeal of the latter conditions provide further insight into the choice of robust settings in these experiments.
Hypercortisolism and Insulin Resistance: Comparative Effects of Prednisone, Hydrocortisone, and Dexamethasone on Insulin Binding of Human Erythrocytes

We have studied the effects of 3 days of hydrocortisone (30 mg every 8 h), dexamethasone (1 mg every 8 h), and prednisone (7.5 mg every 8 h) ingestion on glucose intolerance and insulin resistance in three groups of lean normal volunteers and compared these parameters to specific insulin binding in erythrocytes. All three glucocorticoids caused significant reduction of glucose tolerance as assessed by glucose and insulin areas under oral glucose tolerance text curves and insulin sensitivity in response to 0.1 U insulin/kg BW, iv. Although both hydrocortisone and dexamethasone caused significant reduction in insulin binding compared to that during the pretreatment period (11.0 +/- 0.7 vs. 9.0 +/- 0.5% (P less than 0.01) and 11.8 +/- 0.7 vs. 9.0 +/- 0.5% (P less than 0.05), respectively), prednisone ingestion did not significantly alter insulin binding (10.6 +/- 0.6 before vs. 9.4 +/- 0.5% after). Decreased insulin binding with hydrocortisone and dexamethasone was caused by decreased binding affinity rather than by a decreased number of receptors. In two subjects in whom receptor binding was measured daily for 3 days during prednisone (one subject) or hydrocortisone (one subject) ingestion, the inhibition of binding was highest on the first day, with subsequent reduction of this inhibited binding toward normal by the third day. We conclude that although hydrocortisone, dexamethasone, and prednisone all cause deterioration of glucose tolerance and decreased insulin sensitivity, only hydrocortisone and dexamethasone exhibit significant decreases in insulin binding to erythrocytes. This decreased binding is not due to changes in receptor numbers but to decreased affinity brought about by hyperinsulinemia. Prednisone ingestion caused significant insulin resistance with an insignificant decrease in insulin binding. We believe that other mechanisms, such as alteration of postreceptor events, may play a major role in the induction of insulin resistance in hypercortisolism in man.
The emergence of protective citizenship in the USA: naturalization among Dominican immigrants in the post-1996 welfare reform era

Despite the increase in scholarly attention to citizenship, few studies have examined how immigrants acquire formal citizenship through naturalization. We employ a qualitative, longitudinal case-study approach to examine whether immigrants naturalize in the U.S. or not, and how they understand naturalization and citizenship in the post-1996 Welfare Reform period. We found that for many immigrants, U.S. citizenship does not necessarily signify permanent settlement or incorporation in the U.S. Indeed, U.S. citizenship allowed older immigrants to continue a pattern of transnational residence, challenging the association between citizenship and permanent incorporation in a single locale and citizenship and integration. Our findings challenge both the national and post-national perspectives and argues for a transnational view of citizenship.
Risks, benefits, and issues in creating a behind-the-counter category of medications.

Objective To examine the issues surrounding the development and implementation of a behind-the-counter (BTC) category of medications. Data sources Testimony from organizations submitting comments to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) panel hearings in November 2007, the 2009 final report of the U.S. General Accounting Office regarding a BTC drug category, literature review of research that has been conducted, experiences from other countries, and publically available information from agencies in charge of regulating medications similar to BTC. Summary Based on evidence attained from the current work, the following six recommendations regarding a BTC category of medications are provided. (1) Demonstration needs to occur that the risks and/or costs of BTC are outweighed by benefits, positive measurable outcomes, and financial savings to society. (2) Sufficient resources, including personnel, equipment, and facilities, need to be available for the appropriate provision of BTC services and to ensure ongoing monitoring and controls. (3) An appropriate compensation structure needs to be developed. (4) Encounters and outcomes should be documented in an electronic record, the information should be shared with other health care providers involved in patients' care, and interprofessional collaboration and communication should occur. (5) Criteria for designating candidates for transition, ongoing review for safety, and reverse transition must be developed. (6) Applicable lessons learned from other countries should be incorporated into BTC strategies. In addition to implementation recommendations, we also summarize additional evidence that needs to be gathered to optimize the BTC model. Conclusion Based on the accumulated evidence, comments to FDA's request, and information from other countries, implementation of a BTC model probably is feasible in the United States. However, the optimal model remains uncertain and various aspects of a program need to be prioritized and rigorously tested.
Taking control of your personal eating and exercise environment: a weight maintenance program.

Abstract The current investigation examined the impact of a weight maintenance intervention (MI) designed to empower people to create a personal healthy food and physical activity environment on weight loss treatment outcomes. It was hypothesized that behavioral weight loss program (BWLP) participants who received an additional MI would evidence superior weight loss maintenance compared to participants who received a BWLP alone (no contact [NC]). Fifty-one obese adults were randomly assigned to participate in a 16-week weight loss intervention followed by NC or a 6-week MI. Thirty-eight participants completed the six-month follow-up. Body weight, percent body fat, cardiorespiratory fitness, self-reported physical activity, and self-reported diet (i.e., calories, percent daily intake of fat, protein, and carbohydrates) were assessed. Participants significantly decreased their weight, increased physical activity/fitness, and improved dietary intake (ps
Membrane Dynamics at the Nuclear Exchange Junction during Early Mating (One to Four Hours) in the Ciliate Tetrahymena thermophila

Using serial-section transmission electron microscopy and three-dimensional (3D) electron tomography, we characterized membrane dynamics that accompany the construction of a nuclear exchange junction between mating cells in the ciliate Tetrahymena thermophila. Our methods revealed a number of previously unknown features. (i) Membrane fusion is initiated by the extension of hundreds of 50-nm-diameter protrusions from the plasma membrane. These protrusions extend from both mating cells across the intercellular space to fuse with membrane of the mating partner. (ii) During this process, small membrane-bound vesicles or tubules are shed from the plasma membrane and into the extracellular space within the junction. The resultant vesicle-filled pockets within the extracellular space are referred to as junction lumens. (iii) As junction lumens fill with extracellular microvesicles and swell, the plasma membrane limiting these swellings undergoes another deformation, pinching off vesicle-filled vacuoles into the cytoplasm (reclamation). (iv) These structures (resembling multivesicular bodies) seem to associate with autophagosomes abundant near the exchange junction. We propose a model characterizing the membrane-remodeling events that establish cytoplasmic continuity between mating Tetrahymena cells. We also discuss the possible role of nonvesicular lipid transport in conditioning the exchange junction lipid environment. Finally, we raise the possibility of an intercellular signaling mechanism involving microvesicle shedding and uptake.
Cancer surveillance is often inadequate in individuals at high risk for colorectal cancer (CRC)

Cancer surveillance is often inadequate in individuals at high risk for colorectal cancer (CRC)
Electron transport and ionization in silicon at high fields

The saturated drift velocity measured for electrons at high fields is inconsistent with Shockley's model for impact ionization in silicon. It is explained in terms of a field-dependent mean free path for high energy phonon creation in the electric field direction, electrons creating a high energy phonon as soon as they have acquired sufficient energy from the field. Assuming that the electron wavepacket travels at the saturated drift velocity without dispersion, it can be shown that the increased scattering rate at high fields must result in a large spread in the carrier energy. If a drifted Maxwellian distribution is assumed, a unique expression can be obtained for the carrier temperature T* which is in good agreement with the measured field dependence of the ionization coefficient. In this model, a cylindrical hot carrier distribution must be assumed with the hot carrier energy in a plane perpendicular to the applied field. Exact calculations of the magneto-resistance of such a distribution can be made verifying that the drift velocity is indeed saturated.
Earnings Management Using the Valuation Allowance for Deferred Tax Assets under SFAS No. 109

Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 109 (SFAS No. 109) allows firms to use their discretion to set arbitrarily high valuation allowances against deferred tax assets. Firms can then later use these "hidden reserves" to manage earnings. Our evidence indicates that most banks do not record a valuation allowance to manage earnings, but rather to follow the guidelines of SFAS No. 109. However, if the bank is sufficiently well capitalized to absorb the current-period impact on capital, then the amount of the valuation allowance increases with a bank's capital. In later years, bank managers adjust the valuation allowance to smooth earnings. The magnitude of the discretionary adjustment increases with the deviation of unadjusted earnings from the forecast or historical earnings.
A Review of Ship Breaking and Rig Scrapping in the Gulf of Mexico

Ship breaking and rig scrapping is the process in which a unit is broken down and recycled into salvageable components, cut into pieces, and transported to a domestic steel mill or exported on a cargo vessel. Breaking is a labor-intensive, low-technology, and relatively homogeneous industry. Work conditions in breaking yards are difficult, dangerous, and potentially hazardous, with operations that are not well suited for mechanization. Ship breaking and rig scrapping share many common features in workflows, worker safety, and environmental issues, but also have notable differences in breaking cost and industry structure. Ship breaking and rig scrapping do not play a major role in the material handled by scrap processors in the United States, but they are part of the unique industrial landscape associated with the offshore energy industry. The purpose of this article is to review the scrap and storage markets for ships and rigs in the Gulf of Mexico. The disposal alternatives, inventory statistics, and the...
Facilitation and Competition among Invasive Plants: A Field Experiment with Alligatorweed and Water Hyacinth

Ecosystems that are heavily invaded by an exotic species often contain abundant populations of other invasive species. This may reflect shared responses to a common factor, but may also reflect positive interactions among these exotic species. Armand Bayou (Pasadena, TX) is one such ecosystem where multiple species of invasive aquatic plants are common. We used this system to investigate whether presence of one exotic species made subsequent invasions by other exotic species more likely, less likely, or if it had no effect. We performed an experiment in which we selectively removed exotic rooted and/or floating aquatic plant species and tracked subsequent colonization and growth of native and invasive species. This allowed us to quantify how presence or absence of one plant functional group influenced the likelihood of successful invasion by members of the other functional group. We found that presence of alligatorweed (rooted plant) decreased establishment of new water hyacinth (free-floating plant) patches but increased growth of hyacinth in established patches, with an overall net positive effect on success of water hyacinth. Water hyacinth presence had no effect on establishment of alligatorweed but decreased growth of existing alligatorweed patches, with an overall net negative effect on success of alligatorweed. Moreover, observational data showed positive correlations between hyacinth and alligatorweed with hyacinth, on average, more abundant. The negative effect of hyacinth on alligatorweed growth implies competition, not strong mutual facilitation (invasional meltdown), is occurring in this system. Removal of hyacinth may increase alligatorweed invasion through release from competition. However, removal of alligatorweed may have more complex effects on hyacinth patch dynamics because there were strong opposing effects on establishment versus growth. The mix of positive and negative interactions between floating and rooted aquatic plants may influence local population dynamics of each group and thus overall invasion pressure in this watershed.
Medical therapy of altitude illness

Acute mountain sickness (AMS) and high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) continue to cause significant morbidity and occasional deaths among mountain recreationists and residents. Descent to lower altitude is still considered the treatment of choice, but an increased role for medical therapy is emerging. Acetazolamide is currently the drug of choice for prevention of AMS, and probably HAPE as well. Numerous studies have demonstrated the drug's effectiveness when it is started 12 to 24 hours before ascent. Suggestions for indications, dosage, and regimen vary with different authors. Lower dosage offers adequate protection with fewer side effects. Acetazolamide has still not been adequately studied for treatment of altitude illness. Oxygen effectively treats HAPE and mild AMS, but is not as useful for cerebral edema. Dexamethasone recently was found effective for treatment of AMS, including early cerebral edema, but not for advanced cerebral edema. Side effects limit its use for prophylaxis, but dexamethasone offers an alternative to acetazolamide for those with sulfa intolerance.
A divalent major histocompatibility complex/IgG1 fusion protein induces antigen-specific T cell activation in vitro and in vivo.

Abstract Activation of antigen-specific T cell clones in vivo might be possible by generating soluble MHC molecules; however, such molecules do not induce effective T cell responses unless cross-linked. As a first step in generating a soluble MHC molecule that could function as an antigen-specific immunostimulant, the extracellular domains of the murine H-2K b MHC class I molecule were fused to the constant domains of a murine IgG1 heavy chain, resulting in a divalent molecule with both a TCR-reactive and an Fc receptor (FcR)-reactive moiety. The fusion protein can be loaded with peptide and can induce T cell activation in a peptide-specific, MHC-restricted manner following immobilization on plastic wells or following cross-linking by FcR + spleen cells. The fusion protein induces partial T cell activation in vivo in a mouse transgenic for a TCR restricted to H-2K b . This fusion protein molecule may be useful to study peptide–MHC interactions and may provide a strategy for boosting in vivo antigen-specific T cell responses, such as to viral or tumor antigens.
Lasting Effects of the Holocaust

Martin Dean. Robbing the Jews: The Confiscation of Jewish Property in the Holocaust, 1933–1945. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008. 448 pp., $60.00, ISBN 978-0-5218-8825-7. Nathan Stoltzfus...
CD25 Expression Is Correlated with Histological Grade and Response to Denileukin Diftitox in Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma

Denileukin diftitox (Ontak®), a recombinant fusion protein of diphtheria toxin and ligand, IL-2, binds to the IL-2 receptor, is internalized, and causes cell death. Denileukin diftitox was approved for the treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (CTCLs) with CD25+ expression. We prospectively stained lesional skin biopsy specimens from 113 mycosis fungoides and Sezary Syndrome patients for activation markers CD25 and CD30 to correlate expression with clinical tumor-node metastasis (TNM) stage, histologic grade, and response to denileukin diftitox. High expression was defined as positivity of ≥20% of lesional T-cells using immunohistochemistry (IHC). CD25 and CD30 expression was more common in lesions from advanced patients (P=0.04 and 0.002, respectively). Advanced TNM (T3 or T4) was significantly associated with intermediate-grade (P=0.002) and large-cell transformation histology (P=0.04). Of interest, clinical responses were observed in 78.5% of patients with high CD25 expression versus 20% with low to undetectable CD25 expression (P=0.01) among 24 patients receiving standard 5-day infusions of denileukin diftitox at 18μg/kg/day. These data suggest that high CD25 expression by IHC is associated with advanced CTCL and with clinical response to denileukin diftitox therapy.
Welfare, the Social, and the Individual in Interwar Italy

In the 19th century, European social scientists and jurists constructed poverty, unemployment, disease and work accidents (among others) as "social" problems, no longer reducible to the conduct of individuals, or to the vagaries of nature. This new problematization and the construction of a "social" domain coextensive with neither the public nor the private have had decisive effects in the West, transforming practices of knowledge and power. The identification and the solution of social problems, two projects that assumed a new urgency in the years following the First World War, made "necessary" the collection of detailed, scientific knowledge about society and the biological population, and extensive governmental intervention in the patterns of everyday life. The ongoing attempts to know and govern the social are today taken for granted, although not uncontested, by most citizens of the welfare state. But their cultural and historical peculiarity may also escape anthropologists, for whom "society" and "the social" too often appear as natural, ahistorical objects. In fact, the modern concerns with welfare, social intervention and social planningand the practices these concerns engendered-are cultural events that have shaped not only arts of government and the human sciences, but also the ways individuals experience social life and constitute themselves as subjects. In fascist Italy, as elsewhere in the West, the concern with the well-being of the population was linked to the elaboration of particular kinds of knowledge, including sociology and demography, and to the refinement and spread of techniques of government developed before the war, including social work and compulsory insurance. These managerial and insurantial techniques, in turn, articulated new conceptions of the relations between the individual and the social, the moral and the juridical, responsibility and risk, and rights and duties. Although the regime of Benito Mussolini governed Italy from 1922, interwar practices of social intervention cannot, strictly speaking, be described as "fascist." In fact, there were some substantial continuities among prewar, interwar, and postwar interventions, as well as significant parallels between Italy and other nations. For example, the problem of the welfare of the biological populationits size, health and rate of growth-was posed throughout Europe and in the
Use of Cationic Lipids to Enhance the Biological Activity of Antisense Oligonucleotides

AbstractAntisense oligonucleotides bind to specific mRNA or pre-mRNA sequences through Watson-Crick base pairing, resulting in decreased expression of the targeted protein. The use of cationic lipids to enhance cellular uptake of antisense oligonucleotides is reviewed herein. Cationic lipids such as N[1-(2,3-dioleyloxy)propyl]-N, N, N-trimethylammonium chloride (DOTMA) were found to enhance the biological activity of phosphorothioate oligonucleotides by at least 1000-fold in cell culture. Cationic lipid preparations enhanced both the rate and amount of oligonucleotide which associated with cells. In addition, DOTMA markedly changed the subcellular distribution of the oligonucleotide. In the absence of lipid, fluorescein labelled phosphorothioate oligonucleotides accumulated in discrete cytoplasmic structures. In the presence of cationic lipids, the oligonucleotides concentrated within the nucleus, were excluded from nucleoli, and localized in punctate cytoplasmic structures. The accumulation of the oligon...
Development of care in the NICU.

The ongoing debate about developmental care for high-risk newborns1, 2, 3 is useful in that it encourages a careful review of the evidence, but there is a bigger picture that should be beyond debate: newborns cannot be fully understood if we only think of them as isolated biological organisms. For too long, we have acknowledged in only the most superficial way that they are affected by their environment and are dependent on their family for biopsychosocial support that our medical care cannot duplicate.
A cognitive blueprint of collaboration in context: Distributed cognition in the psychiatric emergency department

Objective: The complex cognitive processes that underlie human performance in 'messy' contexts such as critical care medicine suggest a need for a cognitive model with broad scope to support the understanding of error in such domains. The objective of this research is to characterize the cognition that underlies patient care in the domain of emergency psychiatry in order to enhance the understanding of error in this context. Methods and materials: The theoretical framework of distributed cognition has been used to study collaborative decision-making in a number of similarly complex environments such as airline cockpits and air traffic control towers. These environments share certain characteristics with the critical care domain: the work is collaborative in nature, it is supported by artifacts that can be studied directly, and the consequences of error are dire. However, the nature of the work in this domain and the artifacts used to support it are unique. The application of the theoretical constructs of distributed cognition to this context is necessary in order to characterize the collective thinking that underlies critical care. Our research uses a combination of ethnographic and interview data to derive a distributed cognitive model of the psychiatric emergency department (PED), a high volume clinical unit dealing exclusively with the acute phases of psychiatric crises. The dynamics of workflow within the department are complex: several types of clinician collaborate by forming temporary multidisciplinary teams that attach to and manage particular patients. The component members of these teams change over time. Results: Using the theoretical framework of distributed cognition, we interpreted the collected data to derive a cognitive model of the distribution of work and information flow in the PED. This modeling process has revealed several latent flaws in the system related to the underlying distribution of cognition across teams, time, space and artifacts. Conclusions: The characterization of this distribution has enhanced our understanding of the cognitive dynamics underlying error in this environment, and will serve to guide future research on error management in the ED and inform the development of context-appropriate error-management systems.
The natural history of renal functional decline in patients undergoing surveillance in the DISSRM registry

Abstract Objective To describe the natural history of renal function in patients on active surveillance (AS) for small renal masses (SRM) in the Delayed Intervention and Surveillance for Small Renal Masses Registry. Methods Delayed Intervention and Surveillance for Small Renal Masses is a prospective, multi-institutional registry of patients with SRM (≤4 cm) who choose intervention or AS. Of these, 64 patients on AS had longitudinal serum creatinine (sCr) values and underwent analysis of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). eGFR was calculated using the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease formula. The Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative chronic kidney disease (CKD) classification was used to categorize patients’ eGFR values. Results Median age was 74 (range: 34–88) years at onset of AS. Overall, 9% (6/64) of patients had CKD at baseline. Median initial tumor size was 2.1 cm (range: 0.8–4.0). Median Charlson comorbidity index score was 4 (range: 0–8). Median baseline sCr was 1.0 mg/dl (range: 0.4–2.1) and median baseline eGFR was 70.25 (range: 24.07–165.52). After a median follow-up of 17 (range: 2–46) months, 64% of patients experienced a decrease in eGFR, with average yearly decrease in eGFR of 1.82 ml/min/1.73 m 2 ( P = 0.092) and average yearly increase in sCr of 0.046 ( P = 0.012). A total of 15 (24%) patients experienced an upstaging in classification of CKD. Discussion Nearly two-thirds of patients on AS experienced a decrease in eGFR and nearly one-fourth had upstaging of CKD classification. The annual eGFR decline experienced by patients on AS minimally exceeded the annual decline of 1.49±0.3 ml/min/1.73 m 2 that an individual who was 70 to 79 years of age can expect from aging alone. Further follow-up is necessary to assess this in a more definitive manner, but this trend should be considered when evaluating AS as an alternative to interventional therapies for SRM.
Selective inhibition of thromboxane synthesis in glycerol-induced acute renal failure.

It has recently been postulated that thromboxame A 2 may participate in the pathogenesis of acute myohemoglobinuric experimental acute renal failure. To investigate this further, the effect of selective inhibition of thromboxane synthesis on the course of glycerol-induced acute renal failure was determined. Despite significant inhibition of thromboxane synthesis by 4-imidazole-yl-acetophenone, the functional and morphologic disturbance induced by glycerol was unaltered. Moreover, pretreatment with 4-imidazole-yl-acetophenone failed to prevent the fall in renal blood flow seen following glycerol administration. These results argue against a major role for thromboxane A 2 in the pathogenesis of this form of experimental acute renal failure.
Comparison of common mobile‐phase volume markers with polar‐group‐containing reversed‐phase stationary phases

A systematic study of the behavior of several common mobile-phase volume markers using traditional and polar-group-containing reversed-phase stationary phases is presented. Examined mobile-phase volume markers include two neutral molecules, uracil and thiourea, concentrated (0.10 M) and dilute (0.0001 M) KNO 3 , and D 2 O. Mobile-phase volumes are examined over the entire reversed-phase mobile-phase range of 100% water to 100% methanol or acetonitrile. The behavior of these mobile-phase volume markers is compared with a maximum theoretical value (i.e. the void volume), as determined by pycnometry. The data suggest that: (i) uracil begins to fail as a mobile-phase volume marker in mobile phases below about 40% strong solvent for polar group containing phases; (ii) in nearly all cases, the mobile-phase volume measured dynamically is smaller than the pycnometric void volume; (iii) a significant dependence of measured mobile-phase volume on salt concentration is seen on the polar endcapped phase, which is not observed on the traditional and embedded polar group phase; and (iv) D 2 O does not work well as a mobile-phase volume marker with polar-group-containing phases, possibly due to interaction with the stationary phase polar group.
Evolution of subsequent yield surfaces and elastic constants with finite plastic deformation. Part-I: A very low work hardening aluminum alloy (Al6061-T6511)

Abstract In the present study, the initial and subsequent yield surfaces in Al 6061-T6511, based on 10 μe deviation from linearity definition of yield, are presented. The subsequent yield surfaces are determined during tension, free end torsion, and combined tension–torsion proportional loading paths after reaching different levels of strains. The yield surfaces are also obtained after linear, bi-linear and non-linear unloading paths after finite plastic deformation. The initial yield surface is very close to the von-Mises yield surface and the subsequent yield surfaces undergo translation and distortion. In the case of this low work hardening material, the size of the yield surfaces is smaller and negative cross-effect is observed with finite plastic deformation. The subsequent yield have a usual “nose” in the loading direction and flattened shape in the reverse loading direction; the observed nose is more dominant in the case of tension and combined tension–torsion loading than in torsional loading. The size of the yield surfaces after unloading is smaller than the initial yield surface but larger than subsequent yield surfaces obtained during prior loading, show much smaller cross-effect, and the shape of these yield surfaces depends strongly on the loading and unloading paths. Elastic constants (Young’s and shear moduli) are also measured within each subsequent yield surfaces. Evolution of these constants with finite deformation is also presented. The decrease of the two moduli is found to be much smaller than reported earlier in tension by Cleveland and Ghosh [Cleveland, R.M., Ghosh, A.K., 2002. Inelastic effects on springback in metals. Int. J. Plast. 18, 769–785]. Part-II and III [ Khan et al., 2009a , Khan et al., 2009b ] of the papers will include experimental results on annealed 1100 Al (a very high work hardening material) and on both Al alloys (Al6061-T6511 and annealed 1100 Al) in tension- tension stress space, respectively. The results for both cases are quite different than the ones that are presented in this paper.
An experimental model simulating local recurrence and pelvic lymph node metastasis following orthotopic induction of prostate cancer

In order to develop an animal model that more closely simulates the organ environment and metastatic routes of human prostatic cancer, R3327-MatLyLu tumors were induced by orthotopic implantation in the ventral prostatic lobe of Copenhagen rats. This procedure reproducibly resulted in metastatic spread of the intraprostatic tumor to the pelvic and retroperitoneal lymph nodes, and invariably to the lungs. Further, a tumor recurrence model was established using an approach that combined orthotopic tumor implantation and subsequent surgical resection of the primary tumor. When prostatectomy was carried out 4 days or more after induction, tumors recurred locally in all animals. The surgical procedures described may provide an animal model to test the in vivo response to experimental adjuvant treatment protocols for advanced prostate cancer. Immunological studies are now in progress using cytokine gene-modified prostatic tumor cells as cellular antitumor vaccines in orthotopically established R3327-MatLyLu tumors. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Experiences of Simultaneity in Complex Linguistic Ecologies: Implications for Theory, Method, and Practice.

Sociolinguists have made considerable headway in identifying and describing the relationship between mobility, linguistic resources, and forms of inequality. Despite such advances, however, we argue that it is as important as ever to continue to rethink what kinds of phenomena are analyzed, the distinctions and categories that might be imposed on the data collected, and the theoretical and methodological approaches used to pursue that inquiry. This special issue investigates how movement across borders (and over time) influences ideologies of language, experiences of language learning, and the linguistic repertoires that emerge in specific local contexts.
Immunological Properties of the β-Subunit of HumanChorionic Gonadotropin (hCG). II. Properties of a hCGSpecific Antibody Prepared against a Chemical Analog of the β-Subunit

Among the several analogs of the β-subunit of hCG (hCGβ) tested for cross-reactivity with antihuman LH (anti-hLH) in a hLH RIA system, two of them, DS5-hCGβ and DS6-hCGβ, showed no detectable cross-reactivity up to a concentration of 10 μg/ml. DS5-hCGβ and DS6-hCGβ were obtained by the controlled and complete reduction and S-carbamidomethylation of hCGβ, respectively. The derivatives, after treatment with an anti-hLH immunoabsorbent, were coupled with keyhole limpet hemocyanin (hem) and injected in rabbits. The antibodies to DS5,-hCGβ-hem and DS4-hCGβ-hem were highly specific for hCG with no significant cross-reactivity with hLH or other polypeptide hormones. While the antibody to DS5,-hCGβ- hem had a high titer of 1:8000 as well as a high affinity for [I25I]hCG, the anti-DS6-hCGβ-hem was a low affinity and low titer antibody. The specificity and the high titer of the antibody o DS5-hCGβ-hem could be maintained by periodic injection of DS5hCGβ-hem or a mixture of both antigens. The RIA using [125I]hCG and...
Supporting PeopleSoft in an academic environment: pitbull or poodle?

Over the past decade, distributed computing necessitated a centralized support environment at most colleges and universities. This development has given campus computer users the distinct impression they can contact one group to receive support on a myriad of computing problems: e-mail, printing, productivity and publishing tools, and more. The typical computer user on most college and university campuses is at least aware of, if not actively utilizing, the central support organization. Typically, this support has not extended to University business applications. In recent years, the trend to “buy, don’t build” has brought what were specially developed University business applications into the distributed computing model. This paper will discuss the transition Princeton University has made from a mainframe business application model to a model that deploys PeopleSoft business modules to the majority of administrative users on its campus. This paradigm shift has also moved the support of the business applications into the central support organization on campus, the Help Desk. In particular, we will discuss the history, development, and needs of an organization that has traditionally supported computer productivity and communication tools but is now called upon to support University business applications as well. The module we will consider in this paper is the PeopleSoft Financials purchasing and financial reporting application.
Import of a constitutively expressed protein into mitochondria from procyclic and bloodstream forms of Trypanosoma brucei

Trypanosoma brucei developmentally regulates mitochondrial function during its life cycle. Numerous nuclear encoded mitochondrial proteins undergo posttranslational regulation in a developmental fashion, but exactly how that regulation is achieved is unclear. We are interested in mitochondrial import as a potential regulatory step for nuclear encoded mitochondrial proteins. Previously, an in vitro import system was developed for the procyclic lifestage. We report here the development of an in vitro import system for bloodstream trypanosomes using a crude mitochondrial preparation. NADH dehydrogenase subunit K (NdhK) is a nuclear encoded mitochondrial protein that is constitutively expressed in bloodstream and procyclic trypanosomes. We examined the import of NdhK into procylic and bloodstream mitochondria in vitro. In both lifestages import of NdhK requires a membrane potential across the inner mitochondrial membrane, mitochondrial matrix ATP, and is time dependent. The precursor protein is processed by a matrix associated metalloprotease in a single cleavage step to mature protein.
The construction of the cardiac vector.

Abstract 1. 1. Two methods of constructing the cardiac vector, E, differ from each other by a factor /tr3. 2. 2. The quantities measured in electrocardiography are essentially scalar in nature; from this fact the independence of the relationship e 1 + e 3 = e 2 , of Einthoven's triangle, follows. 3. 3. The significance of a transformation of V L , V R , V F , e 1 , e 2 and e 3 into vectors was discussed. The relationship between these vectors was obtained and it was shown that both methods of construction are valid and equivalent and can be equalized, if one makes certain adjustments to account for the difference in orientation of the two triaxial reference systems.
Long-term Medication Adherence after Myocardial Infarction: Experience of a Community

Background Adherence to evidence-based medications after myocardial infarction is associated with improved outcomes. However, long-term data on factors affecting medication adherence after myocardial infarction are lacking.
A generative model of narrative cases

Effective case-based reasoning in complex domains requires a representation that strikes a balance between expressiveness and tractability. For cases in temporal domains, formalization of event transitions in a narrative grammar can simplify both the user's task of problem formulation and the system's indexing, matching, and adaptation tasks without compromising expressiveness. This paper sets forth a model of temporal cases based on narrative grammars, demonstrates its applicability to several different domains, distinguishes two different similarity metrics—sequence overlap and tree overlap—and shows how the choice between these metrics depends on whether nonterminals in the narrative grammar correspond to abstract domain states or merely represent constraints on event transitions. The paper shows basic-level and legal-event narrative grammars can be used together to model how human lawyers interleave fact elicitation and analysis.
Transverse Vibration Analysis of Euler-Bernoulli Beams Carrying Concentrated Masses with Rotatory Inertia at Both Ends

Transverse vibration analysis is presented for Euler-Bernoulli beams carrying concentrated masses and taking into account their rotatory inertia at both ends. The dimensionless eigenfunctions for the problems are first obtained using the differential equations of motion and considering translational and rotatory springs at both ends. A numerical technique, the Newton–Raphson algorithm, is then used to solve vibration eigenfunctions of the beams. Finally, the influences of different non-dimensional parameters on frequencies are discussed.
4,14-divinyl-(,)-[4.4]paracyclophane-1, 11-diene. An unusual product from a 1,10-Hofmann elimination

The isolation of 4,14-divinyl-(E,E)-[4.4]paracyclophane-1,11-diene from the cyclodimerization reaction of 7,8-divinyl-p-quinodimethane and its characterization are described. The title compound features head-to-tail, cofacially paired styryl moieties and its UV spectrum is compared in terms of electronic and structural characteristics with that of its head-to-head analogue and an open chain model compound.