cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Elimination of warm ischemia using the Ice Bag Technique does not decrease delayed graft function

Abstract Background Warm ischemic time (WIT) in kidney transplantation has significant effects on graft survival, function, and postoperative morbidity. We utilized the Ice Bag Technique (IBT) to determine if eliminating WIT would decrease the incidence and length of delayed graft function (DGF) in our cohort. Methods We conducted a prospective study of 150 kidney transplants. We compared the elimination of WIT with IBT to traditional methods. Data was analyzed using non-parametric statistical tests. Results 66 of the 134 patients underwent transplantation using IBT. 28 right kidneys, 34 left kidneys, and 4 dual kidneys were implanted successfully. Patients with a body mass index (BMI) as high as 41 were transplanted. Kidneys with up to three arteries and two veins, and kidneys up to 15.5 by 9 cm in size were safely transplanted into either iliac fossa. Despite the complete elimination of WIT, there was no difference in DGF, length of DGF, length of stay graft rejection, graft survival, patient survival, or wound or urologic complications between groups ( p > 0.05). Conclusions The elimination of warm ischemic time using the IBT does not appear to reduce the incidence or length of DGF in this cohort. The technique may be useful for cases with prolonged anastomosis time (AT), but further studies with larger cohorts are required to determine whether it decreases DGF.
Postnatal development of dopamine and serotonin transporters in rat caudate-putamen and nucleus accumbens septi

Density of dopamine transporter (DAT) and serotonin transporter (5-HTT) membrane proteins in the caudate-putamen (CPu) and nucleus accumbens (NAc) of rat brain was assessed at seven ages at postnatal days (PD) 7-60, by in vitro quantitative autoradiography. Binding of [3H]GBR-12935 (to DAT) and [3H]paroxetine (to 5-HTT) increased steadily and very similarly, from low levels at PD-7 to maximal levels, to 6–7-fold higher density at PD-60 in both regions. These findings indicate that DAT and 5-HTT follow a synchronized course of development in rat CPu and NAc. In contrast to reported elimination of excessive receptors in CPu and NAc during maturation, there was no evidence of pruning of DAT or 5-HTT in these regions of rat forebrain.
Therapeutic efficacy of the cyclopropylpyrroloindole, carzelesin, against xenografts derived from adult and childhood solid tumors.

The therapeutic efficacy of the sequence-selective, DNA minor-groove-binding alkylating agent carzelesin was evaluated against a series of human tumor xenografts growing at the s.c. site. The model consisted of seven colon adenocarcinomas, and six pediatric rhabdomyosarcomas. In addition, carzelesin was evaluated against xenografts selected in situ for resistance to vincristine, melphalan, and topotecan. Carzelesin was given as a single i.v. injection, and tumor volumes were determined at 7-day intervals. At the highest dose [0.5 mg/kg, the dose producing 10% lethality (LD10)]), carzelesin significantly inhibited growth in four of six colon tumor lines, causing a high proportion of partial regressions in one of seven lines and complete regressions of VRC5 colon tumors. At 0.25 mg/kg, significant growth inhibition was determined in only two of seven colon tumor lines with infrequent volume regressions. Carzelesin given at the highest nonlethal dose level significantly inhibited the growth of each of six rhabdomyosarcomas, causing a high frequency of partial or complete regressions in four of six tumor lines. There was no apparent cross-resistance to carzelesin in two rhabdomyosarcomas selected for vincristine resistance (Rh12/VCR, Rh18/VCR) or in Rh28/LPAM xenografts selected for primary resistance to the bifunctional alkylating agent melphalan. Interestingly, carzelesin maintained full activity against Rh18/TOPO tumors selected in situ for resistance to topotecan, whereas the colon tumorVRC5/TOPO, selected in a similar manner, was completely resistant to this agent.
Nanomechanical Properties of Fluorocarbon Films Grafted Onto Plasma-Treated Low-Density Polyethylene Surfaces

Fluorocarbon (FC) films were grafted on low-density polyethylene (LDPE) by a plasma polymerization and deposition process. Nanoscale indentation and friction tests performed with a surface force microscope provided insight into the nanomechanical properties of the grafted FC films. The time-dependent deformation behavior of the FC films is examined in the context of nanoindentation responses. It is shown that plasma treatment modified the surface properties of LDPE significantly.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Coloration Determination of Spectral Darkening Occurring on a Broadband Earth Observing Radiometer: Application to Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES)

It is estimated that in order to best detect real changes in the Earth's climate system, space based instrumentation measuring the Earth Radiation Budget (ERB) must remain calibrated with a stability of 0.3% per decade. Such stability is beyond the specified accuracy of existing ERB programs such as the Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES, using three broadband radiometric scanning channels: the shortwave 0.3 - 5μm, total 0.3- > 100μm, and window 8 - 12μm). It has been shown that when in low earth orbit, optical response to blue/UV radiance can be reduced significantly due to UV hardened contaminants deposited on the surface of the optics. Since typical onboard calibration lamps do not emit sufficient energy in the blue/UV region, this darkening is not directly measurable using standard internal calibration techniques. This paper describes a study using a model of contaminant deposition and darkening, in conjunction with in-flight vicarious calibration techniques, to derive the spectral shape of darkening to which a broadband instrument is subjected. Ultimately the model uses the reflectivity of Deep Convective Clouds as a stability metric. The results of the model when applied to the CERES instruments on board the EOS Terra satellite are shown. Given comprehensive validation of the model, these results will allow the CERES spectral responses to be updated accordingly prior to any forthcoming data release in an attempt to reach the optimum stability target that the climate community requires.
Primary/secondary recycling of preform materials : Use in RTM

The increasing societal awareness of, and preoccupation with recycling of materials poses a technological problem for composites, in terms of both recycling of products and reuse of waste constituent materials. Although economical, the resin transfer molding (RTM) process generates substantial amounts of waste fabric that is traditionally discarded. In this paper the reuse of scrap fabric through the fabrication of preform material and its subsequent processing through RTM is discussed. Performance levels achieved through the use of glass and hybrid carbon-glass secondary level recyclate preforms are reported and are shown to have considerable potential for further development. Dynamic mechanical analysis is also used to assess the viscoelastic behavior of the specimens.
Revision of previous fontan connections to extracardiac or intraatrial conduit cavopulmonary anastomosis

Background. In patients who have received an atriopulmonary Fontan connection, complications such as right pulmonary vein obstruction, atrial arrhythmias, and thromboembolism are often secondary to right atrial enlargement. When such complications develop despite good ventricular function, there are few management options available. Extracardiac or intraatrial conduit cavopulmonary anastomosis, which improves central systemic venous flow patterns, avoids atrial distention, and does not involve the extensive atrial suturing required by other forms of cavopulmonary anastomosis, may provide relief for this group of patients. Methods. Between October 1992 and October 1995, 7 patients presented 8 to 20 years after atriopulmonary connection with severe right atrial dilatation (7), Fontan pathway obstruction (4), progressive congestive heart failure (4), atrial tachydysrhythmias (3), right atrial thrombus (1), obstruction of right pulmonary veins by an enlarged right atrium (1), and subaortic stenosis (1). After evaluation of the options, they underwent revision of the atriopulmonary connection to extracardiac (5) or intraatrial (2) conduit cavopulmonary anastomosis. Results. One patient with severe cachexia, in whom transplantation was contraindicated for social reasons, died in the early postoperative period of massive effusions. Two patients eventually required permanent pacing for atrial dysrhythmias (1) or complete heart block secondary to subaortic fibromuscular resection (1), and 2 demonstrated marked improvement in unstable preoperative rhythm disturbances. At a median follow-up of 17 months, 4 of the 6 survivors were functioning at higher New York Heart Association levels than preoperatively, and 1 had recently undergone heart transplantation. Conclusions. In properly selected patients with atrial complications, revision of a prior Fontan connection to extracardiac or intraatrial conduit cavopulmonary anastomosis appears to be a viable option.
The Mutter-Kind-Heim at Frankfurt am Main: “Come Together—Go Together” An Observation

This study examines the Mutter-Kind-Heim prison in Frankfurt, Germany, and describes the present system of the open and the closed prisons. A brief history of the system founded by Frau Helga Einsele is provided as well as a description of treatment of both mother and child. It concludes with the effects of the “Come Together, Go Together” philosophy of the institution upon mother and child.
Innate control of local search behaviour in the house fly, Musca domestica

. The genetic basis of variation in local searching behaviour in the house fly, Musca domestica L., was examined by estimating the heritability of locomotory parameters using parent—offspring regressions. Pathways of adult flies were videotaped for 3 min after ingestion of a 1 μl drop of 0.25 M sucrose in a 75 cm diameter circular arena with minimal external cues. Locomotory variables computed from digitized walking pathways, including locomotory rate, turning rates per unit of distance and time, turn bias, number of stops, and stop duration, were significantly heritable, but heritabilities (additive genetic variance ÷ total phenotypic variance) was generally low (<0.25). Phenotypic variance in search parameters increased with time since ingestion of the sucrose drop, but heritabilities were highest when only the first 30 s of the searching bout were examined, and declined as longer periods were considered. Significant genetic correlations among search parameters suggest that many of these characters are influenced pleiotropically by the same genes or closely linked genes. However, some aspects of local search were inherited independently (e.g. stop duration and locomotory rate). The independence of controlling mechanisms was supported by observed differences between genetic and environmental correlations. This genetic independence could enhance the likelihood of appropriate population responses to temporally or spatially changing selective forces.
Solubility and Pseudopolymorphic Transitions in Mixed Solvents: Sodium Naproxen in Methanol−Water and Ethanol−Water Solutions

The solubility of sodium naproxen in methanol−water and ethanol−water solutions was determined as functions of temperature and solvent composition over a temperature range of 10−40 °C and the entire range of alcohol water compositions. Data were correlated using an expression in the form of the van’t Hoff equation, which allowed estimation of heats and entropies of dissolution. In addition, the correlations indicated that different forms (hydrates and alcohol solvates) existed in different regions of the temperature−solvent composition space. Thermal analysis and powder X-ray diffraction of samples of the equilibrated solids confirmed the existence of the different pseudopolymorphic forms. Conditions at which the more stable form of the sodium naproxen became the less stable form were determined and are referred to as transition points; at such conditions, the solution and two solid forms were in equilibrium. The activity of water at the transition points was estimated from the Wilson equations and found ...
Structure-Factor Phase Information from Two-Beam Electron Diffraction

The electron-induced characteristic x-ray emission from a noncentrosymmetric crystal shows a pronounced intensity difference when the Bragg condition is fulfilled for the $G$ and $\ensuremath{-}G$ reflections, respectively, along a polar direction. This two-beam effect is demonstrated fro GaAs and InP, and is a direct method of obtaining information about the phase of a structure factor and determining the sense of a polar direction.
Phase Behavior and Polymorphism of Organic Crystals Confined within Nanoscale Chambers

Controlling polymorphism, the ability of a compound to adopt more than one solid-state structure, often relies on empirical manipulations of conditions such as solvent, temperature, and mode of crystallization. Despite a growing interest in nanocrystalline formulations, however, the influence of crystal size on polymorph formation and stability is largely unexplored. Nanocrystals of pimelic acid, HO2C(CH2)n-2CO2H (n = 7), glutaric acid (n = 5), suberic acid (n = 8), and coumarin (1,2-benzopyrone) in nanometer-scale pores of controlled pore glass (CPG) beads and hexagonally ordered cylindrical pores of poly(cyclohexylethylene) (p-PCHE) monoliths exhibit size-dependent polymorphism and thermotropic behavior because of the physical constraints imposed by the dimensions of the pores. Pimelic acid, suberic acid, and coumarin also exhibit heretofore unknown polymorphs, denoted δ-pimelic acid, β-suberic acid, and β-coumarin, in CPG with pore sizes <23 nm and p-PCHE with pore diameters <40 nm. The melting points ...
Synthesis and characterization of 4-dimethylamino-N-triphenylmethylpyridinium chloride, a postulated intermediate in the tritylation of alcohols

Abstract 4-Dimethylamino- N -triphenylmethylpyridinium chloride ( 1 ) reacts with primary but not secondary alcohols to produce trityl ethers in good yield; in addition, amines may be selectively N - tritylated witth 1 in the presence of alcohols.
Effect of carp (Cyprinus carpio) oil incorporation on water vapour permeability, mechanical properties and transparency of chitosan films

Summary The effect of carp oil incorporation on properties of chitosan films was evaluated. Chitosan and carp oil were obtained from shrimp wastes and viscera respectively. Tests were performed with different values of chitosan: oil ratios, agitation rates, homogenisation times and pH. The optimum conditions for stability of the film–forming dispersions were of 20,000 rpm at 10 min, and 10:1 ratio of chitosan:oil. The highest values of tensile strength and elongation percentage (%E) of films were obtained at pH 3.5. The addition of carp oil in the chitosan films (10:1 ratio) showed an increase in the resistance to diffusion of water vapour (1.7 g mm m−2 day−1 kPa−1) in relation to pure chitosan films (4.1 g mm m−2 day−1 kPa−1). However, pure chitosan films showed better mechanical properties (38 MPa and%E 18%) and transparency than films of chitosan:oil (20.4 MPa and 8.8%).
Characterization of six microsatellite DNA loci for Sorex arizonae

Abstract Sorex arizonae is a rare species that occupies a narrow range of habitat types in severalmountain ranges of New Mexico, Arizona and Northern Mexico. Here we identify and char-acterize six microsatellite loci for this species. We screened 63 individuals from four differ-ent localities from New Mexico and Arizona to analyse genetic variability. Alleles rangedfrom three to 16. Heterozygosity ranged from 40% to 78%. Most polymorphic loci were inHardy–Weinberg equilibrium with the exception of one locus. Primers appear to have rea-sonable cross-species applicability as five loci amplified in another shrew species ( Sorexmonticolus ). Keywords : Heterozygosity, microsatellites, polymorphic loci, rare species, Sorex arizonaeReceived 25 April 2005; revision accepted 20 May 2005 The Arizona shrew ( Sorex arizonae ) is one of the most restrictedshrews in North America. The species has a disjunctivemontane distribution in southern Arizona and New Mexico,and the Sierra Madre Occidental of Chihuahua, Mexico(Simons & Hoffmeister 2003). Currently, the Arizona shrewis listed by the Mexican and the US governments asendangered and species of special concern, respectively(Arita & Ceballos 1997).Microsatellites have been isolated and characterizedfor different shrews such as
Design of a scanning tunneling microscope for electrochemical applications

A design for a scanning tunneling microscope that is well suited for electrochemical investigations is presented. The construction of the microscope ensures that only the tunneling tip and the sample participate in electrochemical reactions. The design also allows rapid replacement of the tip or sample, and enables facile introduction of auxiliary electrodes for use in electrochemical experiments. The microscope utilizes stepper motor driven approach mechanics in order to achieve fully remote operation and to allow reproducible coarse control of tip/sample spacings for electrochemical experiments. Highly ordered pyrolytic graphite images at atomic resolution in air and aqueous solutions can be obtained with this microscope.
Osmotic control of the release of prolactin and thyrotropin in euthyroid subjects and patients with pituitary tumors

The effects of acute changes in serum osmolality on basal serum PRL and TSH levels and on responses of prolactin (PRL) and thyrotropin (TSH) to the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) analogue, N3im-methyl-TRH, were studied in ten euthyroid subjects and in three patients with PRL-secreting pituitary tumors. An oral water load of 20 ml/kg had no effect on basal serum PRL or TSH levels but did result in an increased PRL response to methyl-TRH in the ten euthyroid patients. Intravenous infusion of 5% sodium chloride in the ten euthyroid subjects significantly depressed basal serum PRL levels but had no effect on the PRL response to methyl-TRH. Infusion of hypertonic saline significantly decreased the TSH response to methyl-TRH. In the three patients with pituitary tumors, oral water loading and hypertonic saline infusion had no significant effect on the basal serum PRL and TSH or the PRL and TSH responses to methyl-TRH. The patients with pituitary tumors had a higher basal serum osmolality and a proportionately higher serum concentration of arginine vasopressin than the euthyroid patients. These data suggest that changes in osmolality in euthyroid patients may have a direct effect on the anterior pituitary's PRL and TSH response to a releasing factor.
Airborne lidar observations of clouds in the Antarctic troposphere

In January 1986, SRI International made exploratory airborne observations of Antarctic tropospheric clouds with a downward-viewing lidar onboard an LC-130 supply aircraft. Frequency of observations depended upon the schedule of supply missions. Two types of clouds were observed: relatively opaque, midlevel cloud layers 3.0 to 4.0 km below flight level (about 4.0 to 4.5 km MSL); and higher altitude optically transparent cirrus clouds exhibiting long trails or curtains of ice crystals that extended from flight level downward to the top of the midlevel clouds and, frequently, to ground level. The midlevel clouds were often multilayered and, at times, showed wave or cellular structure associated with cloud streets. The ice crystal trails from the cirrus clouds showed evidence of the presence of strong vertical wind shear, and were observed to “seed” the midlevel cloud layers, producing large breaks in the overcast. These exploratory observations attest to the utility of lidar for atmospheric research studies in the Antarctic region.
Mitogenicity and release of vascular endothelial growth factor with and without heparin from fibrin glue

Abstract Purpose: Fibrin glue (FG) has been used for local cytokine delivery on both vascular grafts and angioplasty sites. We measured the diffusive release of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and heparin from FG and the mitogenic activity of VEGF with and without heparin in FG on canine endothelial cells (ECs) and smooth muscle cells (SMCs). Methods: Release of VEGF labeled with iodine 125 and tritiated heparin from FG into the overlying media was serially measured over 96 hours, and the data are reported as the mean percent released ± SD. Proliferation assays measuring tritiated thymidine incorporation were performed for ECs and SMCs plated in media with 10% serum on FG containing various concentrations of VEGF and heparin. Media was placed on the FG for 24 hours and removed before plating cells to minimize the effect of the released, soluble VEGF and heparin. Results: At 24 hours, 54% ± 1% and 58% ± 1% of the radioactive VEGF and heparin were released, respectively, with minimal release thereafter (58% ± 1% and 66% ± 1% at 96 hours). The ECs, SMCs, or media only (no cells) was plated on FG containing radioactive VEGF in an immediate or 24-hour delayed fashion for 72 hours to determine the percent release of VEGF into the media with the two different methods of plating. Cell type and the presence or absence of cells did not affect VEGF release, but there was three times more VEGF in the media for the immediate versus delayed plating ( P P Conclusions: We conclude that FG with VEGF at 1000 ng/mL and heparin at 5 U/mL is the optimal concentration for in vivo use because this may encourage EC, but not SMC, proliferation. The VEGF at 1000 ng/mL should leave mitogenic concentrations of VEGF intact after the initial, diffusive loss, and the addition of heparin at 5 U/mL may enhance VEGF mitogenic activity. (J Vasc Surg 2000;31:936-43.)
NOTE ON THE MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCOPE OF PSYCHOLOGICAL ANDROGYNY THEORY

Psychological androgyny theory posits two independent behavioral domains: instrumental behavior reflects a problem-solving orientation and expressive behavior reflects an affective concern for the welfare of others. The hypothesis that these dimensions resemble others studied in literatures on leadership and conflict resolution was tested. A factor analysis of six scores, two from each of the three literatures, for a sample of 47 undergraduate men offered empirical support for the similarity hypothesis. Theoretical implications of the finding are discussed in terms of directions for further research.
A Comparison of Uniform DIF Effect Size Estimators Under the MIMIC and Rasch Models

The Rasch model, a member of a larger group of models within item response theory, is widely used in empirical studies. Detection of uniform differential item functioning (DIF) within the Rasch model typically employs null hypothesis testing with a concomitant consideration of effect size (e.g., signed area [SA]). Parametric equivalence between confirmatory factor analysis under the multiple indicators, multiple causes (MIMIC) model and the Rasch model has been established. Unlike the Rasch approach to DIF, however, the parallel MIMIC approach to DIF detection has relied exclusively on null hypothesis testing. This study derived an effect size estimator for DIF under the MIMIC model (MIMIC-ES) and then investigated the ability of MIMIC-ES to correctly estimate the magnitude of DIF as compared to the SA approach under the Rasch model (Rasch-ES) in a Monte Carlo study. Variables manipulated were sample size, mean ability difference, DIF size, number of DIF items, and item difficulty levels. Results indicate...
Well-formed vs. ill-formed strings in L2 metalingual tasks: specifying features of grammaticality judgements

The use of metalingual tasks in L2 acquisition research has recently been challenged by a number of critics on the grounds that they may constitute only an indirect and unreliable reflection of lea...
Antioxidant and cytotoxic tocopheryl quinones in normal and cancer cells

We found previously that [d]-alpha-tocopherol (alpha-T) and [d]-gamma-tocopherol (gamma-T) are lipid antioxidants (thiobarbituric acid test) in model systems containing arachidonic acid (AA), cumene hydroperoxide, and Fe3+ and in smooth muscle cell (SMC) cultures challenged with AA. We now show that [d]-alpha-tocopherylquinone (alpha-TQ), [d]-delta-tocopherylquinone (delta-TQ), and [d]-gamma-tocopherylquinone (gamma-TQ) are antioxidants at low concentrations and prooxidants at high concentrations in the model system. Prooxidant activity is greater with gamma-TQ than either alpha-TQ or delta-TQ. Low concentrations of alpha-TQ, delta-TQ, and gamma-TQ are also antioxidants in SMC cultures challenged with AA. Unlike alpha-TQ, partially substituted gamma-TQ and glutathione (GSH) form a Michael adduct which has been purified and characterized. We found previously that alpha-T, gamma-T, and alpha-TQ are mitogenic in SMC. We now report that both delta-TQ and gamma-TQ but not alpha-TQ show concentration-dependent cytotoxicity (changes in morphology, propidium iodide stain) in SMC cultures. Cytotoxicity is greater with gamma-TQ than delta-TQ. An acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cell line shows greater chemosensitivity (MTT and Neutral Red assays) to gamma-TQ than to either doxorubicin (DOX) or vinblastine (VLB). An ALL cell line resistant to both DOX and VLB retains the same chemosensitivity to gamma-TQ as the drug-sensitive ALL cell line. ALL cell lines are unaffected by either alpha-TQ or the GSH Michael adduct of gamma-TQ. These data show that partially substituted tocopheryl quinones capable of forming Michael adducts are potential chemotherapeutic agents for multidrug-resistant cancer cells.
Human trafficking in the Philippines: the need for an effective anti-corruption program

An estimated three million Filipinos are at high-risk of being trafficked at any given time, representing 3.1% of the total Philippine population. The paper illustrates that corruption is a central issue in facilitating and continuing human trafficking in the Philippines. It demonstrates that if human trafficking is to be significantly reduced, then corruption must be curbed. The paper consists of three main sections. The first section is an overview of the trafficking problem in the Philippines. It discusses the scope of the problem such as the recruiters and traffickers, tactics used by the recruiters, and current transport routes and methods. The second section discusses current tactics being implemented by the government, non-government organizations (NGOs), and the international community to restrict human trafficking in the Philippines. It also illustrates that government corruption prevents the current tactics from being implemented well and in order to combat government corruption one must begin at the municipal level. The third section presents the inner workings of government and corruption at the municipal level, shows how the corruption reduces economic opportunities and legal equality for the citizenry, and how the loss of those opportunities and equality encourages migration from home municipalities—thereby encouraging human trafficking.
A Witch Hunt in New Guinea: Anthropology on Trial

SUMMARY Traditionally, the ethical stance on witchcraft beliefs and practices by ethnographers has been to promote tolerance for such beliefs by showing how they function within a relatively static and closed social system. However, as we reframe our analyses in terms of dynamic and open social fields with multiple cultural logics and social processes that sometimes contradict one another, this approach is no longer viable. Our paradigmatic shifts lead to new ethical dilemmas. In this article I will recount the ethical dilemmas arising from my own engagement with witchcraft beliefs in New Guinea where local government officials initiated a plan to eradicate witchcraft through a series of sometimes brutal trials. Ultimately, I trace the roots of these ethical dilemmas to the ways holism, cultural relativism, and participant-observation have been reshaped to serve new theoretical interests but have not yet been reformulated into a consistent ethical stance for fieldwork practice.
The impact of familism on physical and mental health among Hispanics in the United States

The rapidly expanding number of Hispanics living in USA has increased the need for their inclusion in research on physical and mental health. Current studies that have explored health outcomes among Hispanics have often noted an 'epidemiological paradox', in which there is a discrepancy between their minority status and positive health outcomes when compared with other racial/ethnic groups. Certain socio-cultural variables, in particular the value placed on family, have been largely implicated in these findings. This review will provide a summary of the literature exploring familism within the structure of the Hispanic family and its potential impact on health. We will focus on research exploring the plausible impact that family and familism values may have on the physical health (particularly within the HIV, diabetes, and breast cancer literature) and also on health behaviours of Hispanics, as well as its effect on mental health (particularly related to acculturative stress and caregiver stress). Throughout the review, we highlight some of the potential mechanisms by which familism may impact on the health status of Hispanics. We conclude the review by noting some of the clinical and ethical implications of this research, and by offering suggestions for future work in this area.
Improving cache performance in dynamic applications through data and computation reorganization at run time

With the rapid improvement of processor speed, performance of the memory hierarchy has become the principal bottleneck for most applications. A number of compiler transformations have been developed to improve data reuse in cache and registers, thus reducing the total number of direct memory accesses in a program. Until now, however, most data reuse transformations have been static---applied only at compile time. As a result, these transformations cannot be used to optimize irregular and dynamic applications, in which the data layout and data access patterns remain unknown until run time and may even change during the computation.In this paper, we explore ways to achieve better data reuse in irregular and dynamic applications by building on the inspector-executor method used by Saltz for run-time parallelization. In particular, we present and evaluate a dynamic approach for improving both computation and data locality in irregular programs. Our results demonstrate that run-time program transformations can substantially improve computation and data locality and, despite the complexity and cost involved, a compiler can automate such transformations, eliminating much of the associated run-time overhead.
The Effect of Exposure to Imidacloprid on Asian Longhorned Beetle (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) Survival and Reproduction

ABSTRACT The effect of imidacloprid delivery method and application rate on survival of adult Asian longhorned beetles, Anoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky), was studied, along with the effect of repeated daily ingestion of imidacloprid on the survival and reproductive capacity of adult females. Beetles exposed repeatedly to 50 ppm imidacloprid died in 8 wk. For females given 1 µl daily, across a range of doses from 2 to 50 ppm imidacloprid, the total number of viable eggs laid was reduced with increasing dosage, but percentage egg viability was not affected. Survival of females at dosages of 10 or 30 ppm/d was not significantly reduced compared with controls but these females laid 23–38% fewer viabl...
One-Hour Thyroid Uptake of Radioactive Iodine: A Screening Test for Hyperthyroidism

MANY TIMES in clinical practice the need arises for a rapid screening procedure which2 might be used in an outpatient clinic to differentiate thyrotoxic from overanxious individuals. A great deal of effort and money could be spared if a large percentage of anxious patients could be quickly excluded from the need for further thyroid studies. Most of the standard laboratory tests available today for the diagnosis of hyperthyroidism require many hours to perform. Consequently, evaluation of the patient extends to at least a two-day period of time. Short interval131I uptakes have been proposed in the past as screening tests for hyperthyroidism,1but these have never gained popular acceptance. The following study is an investigation of the accuracy of the 1-hour thyroid uptake of orally administered131I when used as just such a screening test. It is designed to either eliminate euthyroid, anxious patients from further thyroid
Phlip-Fire: A High-Contrast, Insertion-Triggered Fluorescent Probe for Targeting Tumors In Vivo

pHLIP-FIRE (Fluorescence Insertion REporter) is a novel diagnostic tool based on pHLIP (pH Low Insertion Peptide), a water soluble membrane peptide that interacts with membranes by forming a transmembrane helix at low pH. The fluorescence of pHLIP-FIRE is activated by separation of mutually quenching or donor-quencher fluorescent groups via the cleavage of a disulfide-linker when the C-terminus moves into the highly reducing environment inside the cell. Targeting studies in mice bearing breast tumors showed strong targeting of pHLIP-FIRE in vivo, giving a contrast index of 20 with respect to background. This contrast is a significant enhancement in comparison with traditional fluorescent pHLIP constructs. Experiments in vitro and in cultured cells show that the time-course of dequenching in pHLIP-FIRE is pH-dependent and quite slow ( ∼ 1 - 2 days). Direct imaging with pHLIP-FIRE gives the first demonstration of pHLIP insertion and cargo translocation in vivo. Our technology shows promise as a tool for cancer diagnosis or image-guided surgery, and the demonstration of cargo delivery into tumors may lead to a new generation of targeted chemotherapeutic delivery.
Winning back the CUP for distributed POMDPs: planning over continuous belief spaces

Distributed Partially Observable Markov Decision Problems (Distributed POMDPs) are evolving as a popular approach for modeling multiagent systems, and many different algorithms have been proposed to obtain locally or globally optimal policies. Unfortunately, most of these algorithms have either been explicitly designed or experimentally evaluated assuming knowledge of a starting belief point, an assumption that often does not hold in complex, uncertain domains. Instead, in such domains, it is important for agents to explicitly plan over continuous belief spaces. This paper provides a novel algorithm to explicitly compute finite horizon policies over continuous belief spaces, without restricting the space of policies. By marrying an efficient single-agent POMDP solver with a heuristic distributed POMDP policy-generation algorithm, locally optimal joint policies are obtained, each of which dominates within a different part of the belief region. We provide heuristics that significantly improve the efficiency of the resulting algorithm and provide detailed experimental results. To the best of our knowledge, these are the first run-time results for analytically generating policies over continuous belief spaces in distributed POMDPs.
MACHINE SIMULATION OF COLLISIONS BETWEEN A COPPER ATOM AND A COPPER LATTICE

We have examined a number of collision events in which the target atom is embedded in a crystal lattice. The fcc $〈100〉$, $〈110〉$, and $〈111〉$ orientations were examined in detail for the energy range from 25 eV to 10 keV. Preliminary results for the bcc $〈100〉$ lattice are included. Lattice effects are somewhat smaller than one might anticipate. Orientation effects are significant because the relative atomic separations vary considerably between different orientations. The general features of our results are insensitive to the form of interaction potential, but magnitudes vary considerably. For the Gibson No. 2 parameters in a Born-Mayer potential, lattice effects lose significance around 5-keV bombardment energy; for the Gibson No. 1 they persist to at least 10 keV. No "effective mass" behavior was detectable. Binary-collision theories are not valid for energies below a few hundred eV.
A Model for the Topology of Excitatory Amino Acid Transporters Determined by the Extracellular Accessibility of Substituted Cysteines

Excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs) function as both substrate transporters and ligand-gated anion channels. Characterization of the transporter's general topology is the first requisite step in defining the structural bases for these distinct activities. While the first six hydrophobic domains can be readily modeled as conventional transmembrane segments, the organization of the C-terminal hydrophobic domains, which have been implicated in both substrate and ion interactions, has been controversial. Here, we report the results of a comprehensive evaluation of the C-terminal topology of EAAT1 determined by the chemical modification of introduced cysteine residues. Our data support a model in which two membrane-spanning domains flank a central region that is highly accessible to the extracellular milieu and contains at least one reentrant loop domain.
Management of progressive type 2 diabetes: role of insulin therapy

Insulin is an effective treatment for achieving tight glycemic control and improving clinical outcomes in patients with diabetes. While insulin therapy is required from the onset of diagnosis in type 1 disease, its role in type 2 diabetes requires consideration as to when to initiate and advance therapy. In this article, we review a case study that unfolds over 5 years and discuss the therapeutic decision points, initiation and advancement of insulin regimens, and analyze new data regarding the advantages and disadvantages of tight management of glucose levels.
Exercise training enhances multiple mechanisms of relaxation in coronary arteries from ischemic hearts

Exercise training of coronary artery disease patients is of considerable interest, since it has been shown to improve vascular function and, thereby, enhance blood flow into compromised myocardial regions. However, the mechanisms underlying exercise-induced improvements in vascular function have not been fully elucidated. We tested the hypothesis that exercise training increases the contribution of multiple mediators to endothelium-dependent relaxation of coronary arteries in the underlying setting of chronic coronary artery occlusion. To induce gradual occlusion, an ameroid constrictor was placed around the proximal left circumflex coronary artery in Yucatan miniature swine. At 8 wk postoperatively, pigs were randomly assigned to sedentary or exercise (treadmill, 5 days/wk) regimens for 14 wk. Exercise training significantly enhanced the contribution of nitric oxide, prostanoids, and large-conductance Ca2+-dependent K+ (BKCa) channels to endothelium-dependent, bradykinin-mediated relaxation in nonoccluded and collateral-dependent arteries. Combined nitric oxide synthase, prostanoid, and BKCa channel inhibition ablated the enhanced relaxation associated with exercise training. Exercise training significantly increased nitric oxide levels in response to bradykinin in endothelial cells isolated from nonoccluded and collateral-dependent arteries. Bradykinin treatment significantly increased PGI2 levels in all artery treatment groups and tended to be further enhanced after nitric oxide synthase inhibition in exercise-trained pigs. No differences were found in whole cell BKCa channel currents, BKCa channel protein levels, or arterial cyclic nucleotide levels. Although redundant, upregulation of parallel vasodilator pathways appears to contribute to enhanced endothelium-dependent relaxation, potentially providing a more refined control of blood flow after exercise training.
Inactivating Medium for Hexachlorophene (G-11) Types of Compounds and Some Substituted Phenolic Disinfectants

associated with the presence of the eye movements noted, with a p value of less than 0.01. Eleven subjects in one series of 16 experiments were permitted to sleep uninterruptedly thronghout the night. The mean duration of sleep was 7 hr. The first appearance of a pattern of rapid, jerky eye movements was from 1 hr 40 min to 4 hr 50 min (3 hr 14 min, mean) after going to bed. This pattern of eye motility was of variable duration and :frequently disappeared for a fraction of a minute or for several minutes only to reappear and disappear a number of times. The period from the onset of the first recog­ nizable pattern to the disappearance of the last pat­ tern was from 6 to 53 min with a mean of 20 min. A second period of eye movement patterns appeared from 1 hr 10 min to 3' hr 50 min (2 hr 16' min, mean) after the onset of the :first f!Ye motility period. With lengthier sleep there occurred a third and, rarely, a fourth such period. The electrooculogram disclosed vivid potentials with amplitudes as high as 30()-400 !lov, each potential lasting about 1 sec. This was fur­ ther striking in comparison with simultaneously re­ corded monopolar EEG's, from the frontal and oc­ cipital areas, which were invariably of low amplitude (5-30 !lov) and irregular frequeney (15-20jsec and 5-8jsec predominating). In another series of experiments involving 14 sub­ jects, the respiratory rate was calculated for a mini­ ~um of % min during eye motility and compared with the rate for a similar duration 15 min before and after an eye motility period. The respiratory rate had , a mean of 16.9jmin during eye motility in eontrast with 13.4jmin during ocular quiescence. By using Fisher's Ii method, the dijIerence in rates was found to be statistically significant with a probability of less than OJJ01. Experiments now in progress snggest that heart rate also is probably higher in the presence of these eye movements. Body motility records were secured, in 6 experiments- by attaching, a sensitive crystal to the bed spring and leading the output through a resistance to a Grass preamplifier. In every ease the eye motility periods were associated with peaks of overt bodily activity although the latter were frequently present in the absence of eye movments. Data obtained from the 2 female subjects used in these experiments were at least qualitatively similar to that obtained from males. The fact that these eye movements, EEG pattern, and autonomic nervous system activity are signifi­ eantly related and do not occur randomly suggests that these physiological phenomena, and probably dreaming, are very likely all manifestations of a particular level of cortical activity which is en­ countered normally during sleep. An eye movement
PFI (port fuel injection) of n-butanol and direct injection of biodiesel to attain LTC (low-temperature combustion) for low-emissions idling in a compression engine

Abstract In this study, n-butanol (port fuel injection) PFI was investigated in a direct injection compression ignition engine while at idling speeds, and loads, 1–3 bar IMEP (indicated mean effective pressure) in order to determine the effects on combustion, efficiency, emissions, and specifically, a modified tradeoff of soot and nitrogen oxides. As a result, the engine entered into (low-temperature combustion) LTC regions, for selected loads and speeds. Compared with the baseline taken with ultra-low sulfur diesel no. 2, the heat release with n-butanol in (premixed charge compression ignition) PCCI mode, has resulted in a 75% reduction from the maximum values, while a secondary peak appeared where the diffusion combustion typically occurs in the power stroke. At 3 bar IMEP an early, (bottom dead center) BTDC low-temperature heat release was found that began 6° earlier than for the diesel reference cycle, and corresponding to 1200 K. Soot emissions showed a massive decrease of about 98%, concurrently with a 74% reduction of nitrogen oxides at 3 IMEP by controlling the combustion phases and by modifying the classical NOx–soot tradeoff. The results of this work prove that biodiesel combined with n-butanol PFI in PCCI and LTC are very effective in simultaneously reducing soot and NOx at idling speeds.
Comparison of Orthogonal-and Parallel-Flux Variable Inductors

Analytical methods for the study of orthogonal-flux systems and parallel-flux systems are presented. The analyses are applied to study and compare orthogonal-flux and parallel-flux controllable inductors. It is found that the two systems have a great qualitative similarity but differ in the magnitudes of similar effects. This paper lays the ground work to be used in the study of parametric power converters or parametric voltage regulators to be presented in subsequent papers.
The energetics of transition metal alloy formation: Theory versus experiment

Description de la methode de calcul de l'enthalpie de formation ΔH utilisant des calculs de bande d'energie electronique. Comparaison avec d'autres estimations theoriques
Comparison of patients with peripartum heart failure and normal (≥55%) versus low (<45%) left ventricular ejection fractions.

The current definition of peripartum cardiomyopathy (PC) is restricted to patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction (ejection fraction [EF]
DBNotes: a post-it system for relational databases based on provenance

We demonstrate DBNotes, a Post-It note system for relational databases where every piece of data may be associated with zero or more notes (or annotations). These annotations are transparently propagated along as data is being transformed. The method by which annotations are propagated is based on provenance (aka lineage): the annotations associated with a piece of data d in the result of a transformation consist of the annotations associated with each piece of data in the source where d is copied from. One immediate application of this system is to use annotations to systematically trace the provenance and flow of data. If every piece of source data is attached with an annotation that describes its address (i.e., origins), then the annotations of a piece of data in the result of a transformation describe its provenance. Hence, one can easily determine the provenance of data through a sequence of transformation steps simply by examining the annotations. Annotations can also be used to store additional information about data. Since a database schema is often proprietary, the ability to insert new information about data without having to change the underlying schema is a useful feature. For example, an error report could be attached to an erroneous piece of data, and this error report will be propagated to other databases along transformations, thus notifying other users of the error. Overall, the annotations on the result of a transformation can also provide an estimate on the quality of the resulting database.
Social selection in human populations: Sufficient conditions for protection of deleterious alleles in a subdivided population

Population dynamics of wild type (A1) and the deleterious genes (A2) under social selection have been studied by considering a subdivided population where the i-th subpopulation consists of Ni individuals with relative size ci (= Ni/σi Ni, i = 1, 2, …, n). A social selection model is constructed by assuming that the fitness of an individual is determined by its own as well as the parental phenotypes and that the number of migrants (M) from the ith subpopulation is divided equally into other subpopulations including the ith subpopulation itself. It has been shown that the gene frequency change depends on the loss of fitness of an individual due to the trait (γ), an affected parent in the ith subpopulation (βi), the probability that the heterozygote develops the trait (h), and the migration rates mi (= M / Ni). For 0 α / S ˜ for h = 0, where α is the irreversible mutation rate from A1 to A2 in each generation. Population dynamics of rare deleterious genes under social selection can readily be studied by considering a finite population size.
Point process estimators of Gaussian optical field intensities (Corresp.)

A remarkably simple stochastic equation of evolution for approximately minimum mean square error estimates of the intensity of a Gaussian optical field is obtained, and its performance experimentally demonstrated. The estimator is based on observations of individual photoelectron occurrence times.