cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Structure of the Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein, a leading malaria vaccine candidate.

The Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein (CSP) is critical for sporozoite function and invasion of hepatocytes. Given its critical nature, a phase III human CSP malaria vaccine trial is ongoing. The CSP is composed of three regions as follows: an N terminus that binds heparin sulfate proteoglycans, a four amino acid repeat region (NANP), and a C terminus that contains a thrombospondin-like type I repeat (TSR) domain. Despite the importance of CSP, little is known about its structure. Therefore, recombinant forms of CSP were produced by expression in both Escherichia coli (Ec) and then refolded (EcCSP) or in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris (PpCSP) for structural analyses. To analyze the TSR domain of recombinant CSP, conformation-dependent monoclonal antibodies that recognized unfixed P. falciparum sporozoites and inhibited sporozoite invasion of HepG2 cells in vitro were identified. These monoclonal antibodies recognized all recombinant CSPs, indicating the recombinant CSPs contain a properly folded TSR domain structure. Characterization of both EcCSP and PpCSP by dynamic light scattering and velocity sedimentation demonstrated that both forms of CSP appeared as highly extended proteins (Rh 4.2 and 4.58 nm, respectively). Furthermore, high resolution atomic force microscopy revealed flexible, rod-like structures with a ribbon-like appearance. Using this information, we modeled the NANP repeat and TSR domain of CSP. Consistent with the biochemical and biophysical results, the repeat region formed a rod-like structure about 21–25 nm in length and 1.5 nm in width. Thus native CSP appears as a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored, flexible rod-like protein on the sporozoite surface.
Distribution and diagenesis of sulfur in some sediments from the Gulf of California

Abstract The depth distribution of the following forms of sulfur have been determined from five recent sediment cores taken from the central Gulf of California: sulfide, elemental sulfur, sulfate, and pyrite (plus organic sulfur). Methods of analysis for each form are critically discussed in detail. The most abundant form of sulfur is pyrite, which in many samples amounts to greater than 10,000 p.p.m. sulfur by dry weight of sediment. Relatively large concentrations of total sulfur, in excess of that expected from simple burial of sea water, infer that the sediment acts as a chemically open system to the sulfate of the overlying water. In general, dissolved sulfate and sulfide respectively show monotonic decreases and increases with depth in the cores. Variations from core to core in the slopes of the curves for sulfate and sulfide are attributed to former decreases in the rates of bacterial sulfate reduction at or near the sediment surface, with subsequent net diffusion of sulfate into the sediment and sulfide out of the sediment. Such changes could have been brought about by prior fluctuations in the dissolved oxygen content of the overlying sea water. The essential absence of black FeS in these sediments can be best explained by the assumption that rapid transformation (relative to rates of deposition) of FeS to pyrite at the sediment-water interface occurs where an abundant supply of both oxidizing agent and reactive sulfur is available.
Composite materials for precision space reflector panels

One of the critical technology needs of large precision reflectors for future astrophysical and optical communications satellites lies in the area of structural materials. Results from a materials research and development program at NASA Langley Research Center to provide materials for these reflector applications are discussed. Advanced materials that meet the reflector panel requirements are identified, and thermal, mechanical and durability properties of candidate materials after exposure to simulated space environments are compared. A parabolic, graphite-phenolic honeycomb composite panel having a surface accuracy of 70.8 microinches rms and an areal weight of 1.17 lbm/sq ft was fabricated with T50/ERL1962 facesheets, a PAEI thermoplastic surface film, and Al and SiO(x) coatings.
Bottom-up Food: Making Rāmen a Gourmet Food in Tokyo

This article introduces the Japanese concept of kodawari—meaning obession and a detailed personal aesthetic—as an analytical category to think about the process by which everyday foods are valorized as gourmet. I show that the kodawari of chefs and consumers influence each other and combine to create an aesthetic appreciation of rāmen noodles, elevating it from its inexpensive background to an object of gourmet desire in contemporary Japan. Kodawari is an individual experience, and chefs develop their own techniques to make their rāmen bowls stand out. Likewise, consumers learn to appreciate the personal touches of chefs and shops, while at the same time developing their own complex sensorial appreciation for rāmen from their individual vantage point. Based on ethnographic fieldwork in rāmen shops in Tokyo with chefs and aficionados, this article shows how their efforts result in the valorization of an everyday food item.
B74-44 The Elements of Programming Style

The preoccupation with structured programming is so great these days that it is difficult to find a paper in the current literature on programming that does not make at least a token reference to well-structured programming. While much benefit may be derived by focusing attention on good programming techniques, many of the principles of structured programming have been known and practiced for years. Unfortunately, the recent focus of attention has produced a substantial amount of verbiage of little value and in the resulting hubbub the fundamental ideas have often been obscured. It is therefore refreshing to find a book concerned with the basic issues of good programming that treats the subject as a matter of practice and style, not theory.
Kinetic diversity of dopamine transmission in the dorsal striatum.

Dopamine (DA), a highly significant neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system, operates on multiple time scales to affect a diverse array of physiological functions. The significance of DA in human health is heightened by its role in a variety of pathologies. Voltammetric measurements of electrically evoked dopamine release have brought to light the existence of a patchwork of DA kinetic domains in the dorsal striatum of the rat. Thus, it becomes necessary to consider how these domains might be related to specific aspects of DA's functions. Responses evoked in the fast and slow domains are distinct in both amplitude and temporal profile. Herein we report that responses evoked in fast domains can be further classified into four distinct types, types 1-4. The dorsal striatum, therefore, exhibits a total of at least five distinct evoked responses (4 fast types and 1 slow type). All five response types conform to kinetic models based entirely on first order rate expressions, which indicates that the heterogeneity among the response types arises from kinetic diversity within the dorsal striatum terminal field. We report also that functionally distinct sub-regions of the dorsal striatum express DA kinetic diversity in a selective manner. Thus, this study documents five response types, provides a thorough kinetic explanation for each of them, and confirms their differential association with functionally distinct sub-regions of this key DA terminal field.
Boundary effects on natural convection heat transfer for cylinders and cubes

Etude du transfert de chaleur dans une enceinte pour determiner les limites a l'interieur desquelles les equations sont applicables
Hispanic Rioting During the Civil Rights Era

The 1960s' U.S. black riots have received detailed systematic study at virtually all levels of analysis (individual, event, temporal, group, neighborhood, city, SMSA, state, and national). Although there are many impressionistic accounts of particular nonblack riots during this era, no systematic study of nonblack violence has heretofore been conducted. This article aims to reduce this gap in our knowledge. It is the first to present comprehensive data on nonblack rioting for the tumultuous 1960s and early 1970s. The analyses of these data focus upon the fruitfulness of applying models developed to explain the black riots, at the city and event levels of analysis, to their nonblack counterparts. The community-level model proves useful. Of particular importance are the effects of family income inequality and of local police force size.
Relationship between the inter and intra block adjustments and the adjusted block sum of squares

Adjustment to a treatment total to obtain the combined inter and intra block estimate,.is obtained in a general incomplete block design and the relationship of this adjustment to the block sum of squares (adjusted for treatments) is derived.
Internal recognition through PDZ domain plasticity in the Par-6–Pals1 complex

PDZ protein interaction domains are typically selective for C-terminal ligands, but non-C-terminal, 'internal' ligands have also been identified. The PDZ domain from the cell polarity protein Par-6 binds C-terminal ligands and an internal sequence from the protein Pals1/Stardust. The structure of the Pals1–Par-6 PDZ complex reveals that the PDZ ligand-binding site is deformed to allow for internal binding. Whereas binding of the Rho GTPase Cdc42 to a CRIB domain adjacent to the Par-6 PDZ regulates binding of C-terminal ligands, the conformational change that occurs upon binding of Pals1 renders its binding independent of Cdc42. These results suggest a mechanism by which the requirement for a C terminus can be readily bypassed by PDZ ligands and reveal a complex set of cooperative and competitive interactions in Par-6 that are likely to be important for cell polarity regulation.
Lexical affixes, incorporation, and conflation: the case of Coeur d'Alene

. This paper presents a formal account of lexical affixes in Coeur d’Alene (Salish/Idaho USA). Lexical Affixes comprise a closed class of bound morphemes which productively add semantic content to the predicate in the Salishan family of languages, among others. It is argued that Lexical Affixes are arguments that incorporate syntactically (Baker 1988) along the lines of Harley (2004) who argues for a Conflation (Hale & Keyser 2002) analysis of compounding in English. Further, it is argued that a Conflation account of incorporation is preferable to that proposed by Baker, Aranovich, and Golluscio (2004), in which a great number of theoretical mechanisms are proposed. The Conflation analysis proposed here accounts for the same phenomena with far fewer theoretical mechanisms.
Role of a raf Proto-Oncogene during Caenorhabditis elegans Vulval Development

During Caenorhabditise legans vulval induction, multipotent precursors respond to an inductive signal by generating vulval cells as opposed to non-specialized epidermal cells. Both classical and 'reverse' genetic approaches have revealed that a cascade of nematode homologues of mammalian proto-oncogenes is necessary for induction of the vulva. The inductive signal is a growth factor encoded by the lin-3 gene and its candidate receptor is a tyrosine kinase encoded by the let-23 gene. let-23 acts via a Ras protein encoded by the let-60 gene. A nematode homologue of mammalian raf family protein serine/threonine kinases has been cloned and found to be encoded by the lin-45 gene. Dominant negative lin-45 raf mutants prevent vulval induction. A recessive lin-45 raf mutation prevents the excessive vulval differentiation caused by activated ras, indicating that raf might act downstream of ras during vulval induction.
Growth suppression in asthmatic children receiving prolonged therapy with prednisone and methylprednisolone

Abstract Growth suppression was noted in twelve of thirteen asthmatic children receiving sufficient prednisone or methylprednisolone for six months or longer. Evidence indicating that this growth retardation could be logically attributed to the corticosteroid therapy is presented.
THE USE OF FILMS IN TEACHING ENGLISH AS A SECOND LANGUAGE

[These are the first two parts of a three-part report on the development of a program at the English Language Institute which uses documentary films for the improvement of aural comprehension, speaking, writing, and reading in English as a second language. Part I is a general description of the program; Part II is a discussion of the writing aspects of the program; Part III, to appear in the next issue of Language Learning, will discuss the treatment of aural comprehension in the program. The program itself will be published under the title Films for Advanced Practice in Aural Comprehension, Vocabulary Building, and Composition, by H. Joan Morley and Mary S. Lawrence (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, forthcoming).]
Synthesis of Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Negative-Strand RNA In Vitro: Dependence on Viral Protein Synthesis

Abstract An in vitro system is described which supports the synthesis of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) negative-strand RNA. The major components of this system are (i) an mRNA-dependent rabbit reticulocyte lysate to carry out cell-free protein synthesis, (ii) the five VSV mRNAs to program VSV-specific protein synthesis, and (iii) nucleocapsids containing positive- and negative-strand genome-length RNA. The protein products synthesized in the system in response to addition of saturating amounts of the five VSV mRNA's included polypeptides which comigrated in acrylamide gels with the five VSV proteins. Approximately 200 pmol of protein per ml was synthesized during a 90-min reaction. The RNA products synthesized in the system included all five of the VSV mRNA's and, in addition, negative-strand, genome-sense RNA. All of the negative-strand RNA, which represented 2 to 5% of the total RNA product synthesized in vitro, banded in CsCl at the position of nucleocapsids. All of the mature mRNA's made in the system pelleted in CsCl. This technique allowed a clear separation of negative-strand product from the mRNA products and facilitated further analysis of the negative-strand product. The amount of negative-strand product produced in the system was shown to be a function of the amount of concurrent protein synthesis in the system. An increase in the level of protein synthesis led to an increase in the amount of negative-strand RNA synthesized, whereas inhibition of protein synthesis by cycloheximide resulted in a 70% inhibition of negative-strand synthesis. In contrast to the negative-strand RNA product, the amount of transcriptive product was decreased by 50% in the presence of maximum levels of viral protein synthesis. This inhibition was reversed by adding cycloheximide. Characterization of the negative-strand product by Northern blot analysis demonstrated that negative-strand product was being synthesized which hybridized to all five of the VSV mRNA's and, hence, that product representing all of the VSV cistrons was being made. This in vitro system offers an opportunity to study factors involved in the promotion of VSV genome replication as well as those responsible for the regulation of transcription.
Endoscopic Compartment Release for Chronic Exertional Compartment Syndrome: Surgical Technique and Results

Background: Chronic exertional compartment syndrome is an entity that typically fails nonoperative management and requires operative treatment with fasciotomies for return to activity. Fasciotomies performed through single or multiple incisions may fail to totally release the fascia of the afflicted compartment(s) and may result in injury to neurovascular structures that cannot be visualized.Purpose: The authors report results of endoscopic compartment release with the assistance of a balloon dissector in the treatment of chronic exertional compartment syndrome.Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4.Methods: The clinical outcomes of 14 cases of chronic exertional compartment syndrome in 9 patients treated with endoscopic release were assessed with a retrospective chart review and the results of mailed questionnaires.Results: Fourteen legs in 9 patients (4 male and 5 female; average age, 24 years) were treated with endoscopic compartment release for chronic exertional compartment syndrome. Eight o...
Stock market valuation of gains and losses on commercial banks' investment securities An empirical analysis

Abstract Prior studies document an insignificant effect of unrealized gains/losses (URGL) and a negative effect of realized gains/losses (SGL) on bank stock returns. We argue that these results may reflect the omission of changes in value of other net assets resulting from interest rate changes. We find that after controlling for effects of other (on-balance sheet) net assets, both URGL and SGL have significant positive effects on bank returns in normal periods. But the SGL effect is significantly lower in periods of low capital and earnings. These findings are relevant to the market value accounting debate.
Spinning Straw into Gold: the Tenuous Strategy, Funding, and Financial Performance Linkage:

This study investigates relationships between strategic process elements, sources of funding, and the growth and financial strategies pursued by 31 nonprofit social service organizations. Organizations were categorized on the basis of their achievement of a balanced budget and targeted funding goals. Based on these criteria, the most successful firms (a) maintained or developed a strong relatedness in program offerings; (b) were financially oriented, with a diverse funding base, and with fund-raising efforts targeting a specific source category for increase; (c) emphasized marketing; and (d) principally sought growth through increased client usage of current offerings. Less successful organizations appeared to lack key strategic management attributes regarding direction or execution.
Eruption of Permanent Teeth in Mongoloid Children and Their Sibs

Eruption constants for the permanent dentition were determined in 212 mongoloid children and 124 of their unaffected sibs. Eruption of the permanent teeth in sibs was like that of other normal children. Mongoloid children resembled their sibs in general characteristics of tooth eruption, but showed a consistent tendency toward later mean ages of eruption for each tooth type.
A method of modeling residual stresses in superfinish hard turning

Abstract It has recently been proven that it is feasible to use hard turning in selected conditions to superfinish surfaces, hardened to 64 Rc, to surface finish of 2 μin., thus making it possible to eliminate the need for separate grinding and abrasive-based superfinish in a broad range of production activities involving hardened workpieces. The surface integrity after machining hardened steel is superior and more consistent than ground and superfinished surfaces [C.R. Liu, S. Mittal, J. MFg. Syst. 14 (2) (1995) 129–133]. It is also known that hard turning produces compressive residual stresses [C.R. Liu, S. Mittal, Robotics Comput. Integr. Manuf. 12 (1) (1996) 15–27] and that machining parameter such as speed, feed and depth of cut effect the residual stress distribution. It is proposed that the residual stress profile is a deterministic function of the machining parameters. It is postulated that the residual stress profile along the depth is a polynomial function of the depth and the coefficients of this polynomial are in turn functions of the machining parameters. The model, with some refinements, has been developed in this paper and has been checked for accuracy.
General job performance of first-line supervisors: the role of conscientiousness in determining its effects on subordinate exhaustion

In an integrated test of the job demands-resources model and trait activation theory, we predicted that the general job performance of employees who also hold supervisory roles may act as a demand to subordinates, depending on levels of subordinate conscientiousness. In a sample of 313 customer service call centre employees, we found that high-conscientiousness individuals were more likely to experience emotional exhaustion, and low-conscientiousness individuals were less likely as the general job performance of their supervisor improved. The results were curvilinear, such that high-conscientiousness individuals' exhaustion levelled off with very high supervisor performance (two standard deviations above the mean), and low-conscientiousness individuals' exhaustion levelled off as supervisor performance improved from moderate to high. These findings suggest high-conscientiousness employees may efficiently handle demands presented by a low-performing coworker who is their boss, but when performance expectations are high (i.e. high-performing boss), these achievement-oriented employees may direct their resources (i.e. energy and time) towards performance-related efforts at the expense of their well-being. Conversely, low-conscientiousness employees suffer when paired with a low-performing boss, but benefit from a supervisor who demonstrates at least moderate job performance.
A systematic review of store audit methods for assessing tobacco marketing and products at the point of sale

Objective Over four-fifths of reported expenditures for marketing tobacco products occur at the retail point of sale (POS). To date, no systematic review has synthesised the methods used for surveillance of POS marketing. This review sought to describe the audit objectives, methods and measures used to study retail tobacco environments. Methods We systematically searched 11 academic databases for papers indexed on or before 14 March 2012, identifying 2906 papers. Two coders independently reviewed each abstract or full text to identify papers with the following criteria: (1) data collectors visited and assessed (2) retail environments using (3) a data collection instrument for (4) tobacco products or marketing. We excluded papers where limited measures of products and/or marketing were incidental. Two abstractors independently coded included papers for research aims, locale, methods, measures used and measurement properties. We calculated descriptive statistics regarding the use of four P9s of marketing (product, price, placement, promotion) and for measures of study design, sampling strategy and sample size. Results We identified 88 store audit studies. Most studies focus on enumerating the number of signs or other promotions. Several strengths, particularly in sampling, are noted, but substantial improvements are indicated in the reporting of reliability, validity and audit procedures. Conclusions Audits of POS tobacco marketing have made important contributions to understanding industry behaviour, the uses of marketing and resulting health behaviours. Increased emphasis on standardisation and the use of theory are needed in the field. We propose key components of audit methodology that should be routinely reported.
CT Features of Hepatic Venoocclusive Disease and Hepatic Graft-Versus-Host Disease in Patients After Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation

OBJECTIVE. We conducted this study to evaluate whether CT scans could be used to differentiate hepatic venoocclusive disease from hepatic graft-versus-host disease in patients treated with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.SUBJECTS AND METHODS. We retrospectively evaluated 18 patients (eight women, 10 men; mean age, 42.4 years) after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation with biopsy-proven hepatic venoocclusive disease (n = 5), hepatic graft-versus-host disease (n = 6), or both (n = 7). Two radiologists reviewed abdominal and pelvic CT scans for hepatomegaly (> 18 cm), splenomegaly (> 13 cm), size of main portal and right hepatic veins, presence of periportal edema, gallbladder wall edema, hydropic gallbladder, ascites, and small-bowel wall thickening. CT and histopathology findings were correlated using analysis of variance and Fisher-Free-man-Holton tests.RESULTS. Ascites and periportal edema were present in all five patients with venoocclusive disease, but of six patients with graft-versus-host...
Evolutionary dynamics of grass genomes.

Summary The grass family (Poaceae) has been the subject of intense research over the past decade. Although other angiosperm families contain more species and more genera, the Poaceae exceed all other families in ecological dominance and economic importance. Research has focused on the evolutionary relationships among grasses as well as the structure of grass genomes. Here I examine the evolutionary dynamics of grass genomes in a phylogenetic framework. It is clear that grass genomes are evolutionarily labile for many characteristics, including genome size and chromosome number. Variation in genome size among grasses probably reflects fluctuations in the amount of repetitive DNA per genome, but the history and causes of chromosome number changes remain unclear. Despite substantial variation among genomes, comparative maps suggest that grass genomes retain extensive regions of colinearity. By reanalyzing some comparative map data and also by reviewing comparative sequence data, I argue that the current colinearity paradigm requires reassessment.
Diffusional Phase Transformations in the Solid State

Abstract This chapter deals with diffusional phase transformations. We first define a phase and move on to discuss various ways of classifying phase transformations. We then discuss in detail the energetics (thermodynamics) and kinetics of diffusional phase transformations. Transformations discussed include: precipitation, atomic ordering, spinodal decomposition, massive and cellular transformations in the light of the sections on energetics and kinetics. A final section of the role of symmetry in developing microstructure concludes the chapter.
Contextualization, conceptualization, and communication: The development of contextualization at Fuller’s Graduate School of World Mission/Intercultural Studies:

Beginning with Tippett’s emphasis on the “phenomenology of Folk Religion” in the mid-1960s, contextualization, though not so-called at the time, was central to appreciating the need to ground the g...
Interaction Between ORF24 and ORF34 in the Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Late Gene Transcription Factor Complex is Essential For Viral Late Gene Expression

Transcription of herpesviral late genes is stimulated after the onset of viral DNA replication but otherwise restricted. Late gene expression in gammaherpesviruses requires the coordination of six early viral proteins, termed viral transactivation factors (vTFs). Here, we mapped the organization of this protein complex for Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. Disruption of this complex via point mutation of the interaction interface between the open reading frame 24 (ORF24) and ORF34 vTFs ablated both late gene expression and viral replication.
Outcomes in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery in the United States based on hospital volume, 2007 to 2011.

Abstract Objective To examine national trends in coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) volume between 2007 and 2011, and analyze in-hospital outcomes after CABG surgery stratified according to hospital volume. Methods We analyzed all patients who underwent isolated CABG surgery between 2007 and 2011 in the National Inpatient Sample database. Trends in procedure volume and rates of adverse in-hospital outcomes were examined. Multivariate propensity-score adjusted analysis was performed to compare in-hospital mortality for hospitals based on quartiles of CABG volume. Results The frequency of isolated CABG decreased by 25.4% from 2007 to 2011 (from 326 cases per million adults to 243 cases per million adults), with the most marked decline at higher-volume centers. Patients in the highest-volume quartile were more likely to have a history of previous CABG, previous percutaneous coronary intervention, peripheral vascular disease, hypertension, or chronic renal failure. In-hospital mortality was highest in low-volume centers. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, low hospital volume was an independent predictor of in-hospital all-cause mortality (adjusted odds ratio, 1.39; 95% confidence interval, 1.24-1.56; P Conclusions The rate of CABG procedures has declined, mainly at high-volume centers. Low CABG volume is associated with an increase in in-hospital mortality.
Knowledge Base Validation

Ensuring the quality of the knowledge base is a critical evaluation activity. This is accomplished through specific verification and validation methods. Knowledge base verification focuses on assessing the logical consistency and logical completeness of the knowledge base. That will be the focus of the next chapter. In contrast, knowledge base validation focuses on assessing the functional completeness and predictive accuracy of the knowledge base. This is the focus of the present chapter.
Daily Enema Regimen Is Superior to Traditional Therapies for Nonneurogenic Pediatric Overactive Bladder

Our objective was to evaluate the efficacy of daily enemas for the treatment of overactive bladder (OAB) in children. This study was a prospective, controlled trial of 60 children with nonneurogenic OAB. The control patients (40) were treated with standard therapies, including timed voiding, constipation treatment with osmotic laxatives, anticholinergics, and biofeedback physical therapy, whereas the treatment patients (20) received only daily enemas and osmotic laxatives. On assessment of improvement of OAB symptoms, only 30% of the traditionally treated patients’ parents reported resolution of symptoms at 3 months, whereas 85% of enema patients did. At the onset of the study, the average pediatric voiding dysfunction score of all patients was 14, whereas on follow-up, the average scores for traditionally treated patients and enema-treated patients were 12 and 4, respectively. This study demonstrated that daily enema therapy is superior to traditional methods for the treatment of OAB.
The Role of Structural Nonlinearities in Wind Turbine Blade Aeroelastic Analysis

The large aspect ratio of wind turbine blades introduces a significant susceptibility to aeroelastic phenomena. Aeroelastic analysis of airplane wings is traditionally concerned with small deformations associated with torsional motion and planar bending. On the other hand, wind turbine blades are subjected to large nonplanar, coupled deformations, introducing additional complications. Finite element analysis provides an effective and generalized method to model these structures; however, it is computationally expensive. The large aspect ratio of these blades is exploitable as these potential aeroelastically unstable structures can be modeled as nonlinear nonuniform cantilevered beams, drastically reducing computational time. In this paper, a previously developed nonlinear beam model is discussed. To illustrate the significance of retaining structural nonlinearities, the beam model is run both independently and tightly coupled with an in-house flow solver based on the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations with a mesh deformation algorithm based on a spring analogy.
THE EVOLUTIONARY SIGNIFICANCE OF BACTERIA ASSOCIATED WITH RHAGOLETIS.

All Rhagoletis reportedly establish associations with one or more bacterial species, but the bases for these interactions and their implications for host race formation and speciation are poorly understood. Here we present the results of four studies designed to increase our understanding of these relationships. In the first study, we identify the bacteria associated with seven Rhagoletis taxa by surveying the inhabitants of the esophageal bulb, an organ whose major function appears to be the housing of microorganisms. The results suggest that no bacterium has entered into an obligate symbiotic relationship with any of the Rhagoletis taxa surveyed, although one bacterium, Klebsiella oxytoca, is a very common associate of six of the seven. In the second study we use horizontal starch gel electrophoresis to determine the genetic similarity of K. oxytoca clones isolated from different Rhagoletis populations. This analysis provides a rare look into the genetic structure of natural populations of an enteric bacterium and permits the construction of a dendrogram for the clones-a dendrogram which indicates that there is no clear-cut pattern to the distribution of K. oxytoca genotypes among Rhagoletis. Taken together, the above studies provide indirect evidence that the bacteria associated with Rhagoletis are not important determinants of host plant specificity. The third and fourth studies assess two possible functions associated bacteria may perform for Rhagoletis: pectic substances degradation and nitrogen fixation. Our results do not lend support to either function.
Study on Electronic Medication Rocord Based on XML Technology

Embarks from the practical application of information system for the medical service at present, in order to improve the Clinical Pharmacist grade,release the potential of service, promote to use the medicine on the clinical with reasonable. According to the detail of the clinical pharmacists' concrete work, we propose the method using the XML technology to realize the Electronic Medication Record. This paper in detail introduces the characteristic, the excellence of the XML, the structure, the store, the operation, the integration, the processing of the information, the exchange and the security problem of the electronic medicine experience based on the XML technology
Status of Radiolabeled Monoclonal Antibodies for Diagnosis and Therapy of Cancer

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) of murine origin, when labeled with radionuclides that emit gamma rays, target tumors, permitting detection of disease. Satumomab pendetide (Oncoscint CR/OV), a murine mAb, was recently approved by the FDA for the single-use detection, when labeled with indium-111, of extrahepatic intra-abdominal metastases from colorectal or ovarian cancer. Other radiolabeled mAbs are being explored for their diagnostic potential. The use of radiolabeled mAbs in the therapy of cancer is still far from routine, because the invariable development of antimouse antibodies following administration precludes repeat use, and because bone marrow toxicity limits the amount that can safely be given once. The development of nonimmunogenic antibody forms that will permit multiple administrations has renewed interest in radiolabeled mAbs. Also, better understanding of antigen heterogeneity and methods to upregulate antigen expression offer promise that radiolabeled mAbs may prove useful in treating established metastatic disease, as well as micrometastatic disease.
Developmental Decrease of Neuronal Chloride Concentration Is Independent of Trauma in Thalamocortical Brain Slices

The intraneuronal chloride concentration ([Cl-]i) is paramount for determining the polarity of signaling at GABAA synapses in the central nervous system. Sectioning hippocampal brain slices increases [Cl-]i in the superficial layers. It is not known whether cutting trauma also increases [Cl-]i in the neocortex and thalamus, and whether the effects of trauma change during development. We used Cl- imaging to study the [Cl-]i vs. the distance from the cut surface in acute thalamocortical slices from mice at developmental ages ranging from post-natal day 5 (P5) to P20. We demonstrate: 1) [Cl-]i is higher in the most superficial areas in both neocortical and thalamic brain slices at all ages tested and, 2) there is a developmental decrease in [Cl-]i that is independent of acute trauma caused by brain slicing. We conclude that [Cl-]i has a developmental progression during P5-20 in both the neocortex and thalamus. However, in both brain regions and during development the neurons closest to the slicing trauma have an elevated [Cl-]i.
Spectral Decomposition of the Covariance Matrix of a Multinomial

SUMMARY This paper gives information about the spectral decomposition of the covariance matrices of a multinomial. It is a note to the paper of Tanabe and Sagae which gives fascinating information about the Cholesky decomposition of the covariance matrices of multinomial distributions.
“The Power to Empty Oneself”: Hegel, Kenosis, and Intellectual Virtue

This article considers Hegel's idea of Entauserung, or kenosis, as a model for an intellectual virtue that enables people to confront difference and disagreement without domination. According to Hegel, Entauserung involves a refusal to use one's epistemic status – of being one among many reciprocally recognized loci of authority – as a basis for dominating others. The article considers the development of this idea in Hegel's work, addresses affinities between Hegel's idea of Entauserung and recent feminist theology, and suggests its relevance for thinking about political and ethical conflict.
Hormone-Producing Tumors of the Ovary and Placenta

As the ovary and placenta are endocrine organs, any neoplastic lesion arising from them may be active in hormone production. Although rare, they present interesting and challenging problems to clinicians. Hormone-producing ovarian tumors make up approximately 5% of all ovarian tumors. The histological diversity of these tumors is great and includes both primary and metastatic tumors of the ovary. Table 25–1 classifies these hormone-producing tumors into five major categories. Although androgens and estrogens are the most common hormones secreted by these tumors, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), thyroxine (T4), serotonin, and human placental lactogen (hPL) may be secreted as well. The clinical presentation is therefore extremely interesting in many of these cases. Although in vivo and in vitro studies of hormone production as well as ultrastructural studies have increased our understanding of these tumors, the histogenesis and pathophysiology of many of these tumors remains poorly understood.
Cytokines and Febrile Convulsions

The production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1B, IL-6, and TNF-a), and anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from 13 children 2 weeks after a febrile convulsion and in 11 without a history of febrile convulsion, was studied at the C Schneider Children’s Medical Center, Rabin Medical Center, and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel.
Management of Skin Cancer in the High-Risk Patient

Skin cancer is the most common of human cancers and outnumbers all other types of cancer combined in the USA by over threefold. The majority of non-melanoma skin cancers are easily treated with surgery or locally destructive techniques performed under local anesthesia in the cost-effective outpatient setting. However, there is a subset of “high-risk” cases that prove challenging in terms of morbidity, mortality, adjuvant treatment required, as well as overall cost to the health care system. In our opinion, the term “high risk” when applied to skin cancer can mean one of three things: a high-risk tumor with aggressive histologic and/or clinical features with an elevated risk for local recurrence or regional/distant metastasis, a high-risk patient with the ongoing development of multiple skin cancers, and a high-risk patient based on immunosuppression. We have recently proposed classifying NMSC as a chronic disease in a certain subset of patients. Although no consensus definition exists for a chronic disease in medicine, there are three components that are present in most definitions: duration of at least 1 year, need for ongoing medical care, and functional impairment and/or alteration of activities of daily living (ADLs) and quality of life (QOL). Immunosuppression can refer to exogenous (organ or stem cell transplant patients,) or endogenous (HIV, leukemia, lymphoma, genodermatoses with DNA mismatch repair problems or other immunosuppression) causes. These patients are at risk for high-risk tumors and/or the development of multiple tumors.
Treatment of Infrapopliteal Disease in Critical Limb Ischemia Beyond Angioplasty

Revascularization for critical limb ischemia (CLI), the most advanced form of peripheral artery disease, is the only treatment that has shown to reduce amputations.1 Indeed, all societal guidelines have given a class I indication for revascularization in patients with CLI.2,3 However, individuals with CLI frequently present with multilevel disease where >70% have some degree of infrapopliteal involvement, and these lesions are typically occluded and long.4 Although there have been significant advances in the femoropopliteal segment with drug-eluting stents (DES) and drug-coated balloons, little progress has been made for the treatment of infrapopliteal disease.5 Yet, the rates of amputation and mortality continue to decline in patients with CLI, whereas surgical bypass has significantly decreased.6 Given the paucity of advances for infrapopliteal disease, Mustapha et al,7 in this issue of Circulation: Cardiovascular Interventions , examined the current state of angioplasty for the treatment of infrapopliteal disease through conducting a meta-analysis and a systematic review of all studies from 2005 to 2015.7 See Article by Mustapha et al The authors analyzed 52 contemporary studies of 6769 patients with ≈9400 infrapopliteal atherosclerotic lesions in patients with CLI (97%). They found a technical success rate of 91% with a 63% primary patency. Rates of major amputation (15%) and all-cause mortality (15%) were also similar to those of Romiti et al,8 previously published in 2008. The authors concluded that there were suboptimal short- and long-term clinical outcomes with angioplasty in patients with CLI. The authors should be congratulated for conducting this contemporary analysis of patients with CLI undergoing angioplasty alone. However, as indicated by the investigators, the robustness of this meta-analysis is markedly limited because of the incompleteness …
Capturing native interactions: intrinsic methods to study chromatin conformation

The 3D organization of chromatin controls gene expression through spatial interactions between genomic loci. FISH and 3C‐based methods that are commonly used to study chromatin organization utilize chemical crosslinking, a step that may introduce biases in detectable chromatin interactions. In their recent study, Papantonis and colleagues (Brant et al , [2016][1]) developed alternative new methods of detecting chromatin contacts without the use of chemical crosslinking agents. These tools increase the resolution and confidence at which interactions can be identified, and may be informative for chromatin interaction dynamics. Mol Syst Biol. (2016) 12: 897 [1]: #ref-2
Recent Bremsstrahlung-based assays of 210Pb in lead and comments on current availability of low-background lead in North America

Low-background lead for radiation measurement shielding is often assayed for 210Pb to ensure acceptable backgrounds. Samples of lead assayed with a germanium spectrometer calibrated for bremsstrahlung-based assay of 210Pb provide a view into the 210Pb content of commercial lead in the U.S. (other than stockpiled Doe Run lead). Results suggest that the loss of lead smelting in the U.S. has eliminated the traditional supply of "low background" lead (~30Bqkg-1), and indicate current commercial supplies contain roughly an order of magnitude higher 210Pb levels.
Donna Solecka Urbikas, My sister’s mother: a memoir of war, exile and Stalin’s Siberia

Some of the most moving responses I received after publishing my book Exile and Identity: Polish Women in the Soviet Union during World War II, which focuses on civilian deportees from Eastern Pola...
Decolonization as reconciliation: rethinking the national conflict paradigm in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict

This paper argues that thinking about reconciliation in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict requires a paradigmatic shift in conflict analysis. The international community has approached the Israeli-P...
A novel pre-clinical mouse model of systemic metastatic cancer

1163 Metastasis is the process by which cancer cells disseminate from the primary tumor and invade surrounding tissues, and is the primary cause of morbidity for cancer patients. Most conventional cancer therapies are ineffective in managing tumor metastasis. This has been due in large part to the absence of pre-clinical models that represent the full spectrum of metastatic disease. We recently identified a new tumor (VM-M3), which arose spontaneously in the brain of an inbred VM mouse. VM-M3 expresses all major biological processes of metastasis to include local invasion, intravasation, immune system survival, extravasation, and secondary tumor formation involving lung, liver, kidney, spleen, lung and brain. The VM-M3 tumor also expresses multiple properties of macrophages similar to those described previously in a variety of human metastatic cancers including skin, breast, lung, and some brain tumors. We used VM-M3 tumor cells that were transduced with a lentiviral vector expressing luciferase (VM-M3/Fluc). The cells were grown in the flank of the immunocompetent and syngeneic VM mouse host. We evaluated the anti-metastatic effects of methotrexate (25mg/kg) and cisplatin (10-15mg/kg) administered by single i.p. injections once/wk for three weeks. Bioluminescent imaging was used to measure VM-M3/Fluc growth and metastasis, while body weight and food intake were used to evaluate toxicity. All (12/12) untreated mice developed systematic metastatic cancer within 21 days of VM-M3/Fluc implantation. Although methotrexate did not inhibit VM-M3/Fluc primary tumor growth, it reduced lung and liver metastasis by 50% and completely inhibited metastasis to kidneys, spleen, and brain. In contrast, cisplatin significantly reduced primary tumor growth and also blocked metastasis to lung, liver, kidney, spleen, and brain in all treated animals. Our findings show that the VM-M3/Fluc tumor is a quick and reliable pre-clinical model for evaluating therapies for systematic metastatic cancer.
On problem of orienting ordered scaffolds

Introduction: There exists a number of methods that attempt to reconstruct a genome from a set of scaffolds. To do so, they (i) determine the order of scaffolds; and (ii) determine the orientation (i.e., strand of origin) of scaffolds. Some methods attempt to solve these subproblems jointly by using various types of additional data including jumping libraries, long error-prone reads, homology relationships between genomes, etc. Other methods (typically based on wet-lab experiments) can often reliably reconstruct the order of scaffolds, but may fail to impose their orientation. This inspires us to consider the special case of the problem (ii) where the order of scaffolds is given.