cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
NY-ESO-1 is a sensitive and specific immunohistochemical marker for myxoid and round cell liposarcomas among related mesenchymal myxoid neoplasms

Myxoid and round cell liposarcomas constitute approximately one-third of all liposarcomas, a relatively common group of fat-derived soft tissue sarcomas. The histomorphology is a continuum between highly differentiated myxoid and poorly differentiated round cell components. The gold standard of diagnosis is dependent on histomorphology and/or identification of t(12;16)(q13;p11) translocation by cytogenetics or demonstration of DDIT3 rearrangements by fluorescence in situ hybridization. There are currently no diagnostic immunohistochemical stains available. The broad range of myxoid neoplasms in the differential diagnosis includes a variety of sarcomas. Given the notable differences in disease biology among myxoid neoplasms, which range from benign to aggressive, an accurate diagnosis is imperative for proper treatment and prognostication. Prompted by our recent study showing frequent expression of the cancer testis antigen NY-ESO-1 in myxoid and round cell liposarcomas, we sought to evaluate the utility of NY-ESO-1 as an immunohistochemical marker for myxoid and round cell liposarcoma among mesenchymal myxoid neoplasms within the differential diagnosis. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded blocks were obtained for the following mesenchymal myxoid neoplasms (n=138): myxoid and round cell liposarcoma (n=38); well-differentiated liposarcoma (n=12); lipoma (n=20; 4 with myxoid change); extra-cardiac soft tissue myxoma (n=39); extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma (n=12); myxofibrosarcoma (n=10: 5 low grade, 2 intermediate grade, 3 high grade); and low-grade fibromyxoid sarcoma (n=7). Utilizing standard immunohistochemistry protocols, full sections were stained with NY-ESO-1 (clone E978), and staining was assessed for intensity (1-2+), percentage of tumor positivity, and location. In all, 36/38 (95%) of the myxoid and round cell liposarcomas demonstrated NY-ESO-1 immunoreactivity. The majority of the positive cases (34/36; 94%) showed strong, homogenous staining (>50% tumor positivity), and two cases (6%) showed weak (1+ intensity), patchy staining (20-30% tumor positivity). Immunoreactivity was predominantly cytoplasmic. All the other neoplasms evaluated were negative for NY-ESO-1. NY-ESO-1 appears to be a sensitive and a specific marker for myxoid and round cell liposarcoma among mesenchymal myxoid neoplasms. The assessment of NY-ESO-1 expression by immunohistochemistry in the appropriate setting provides a cheaper, faster, and more accessible confirmatory test.
Interpretation of Oral Fluid Tests for Drugs of Abuse

Oral fluid testing for drugs of abuse offers significant advantages over urine as a test matrix. Collection can be performed under direct observation with reduced risk of adulteration and substitution. Drugs generally appear in oral fluid by passive diffusion from blood, but also may be deposited in the oral cavity during oral, smoked, and intranasal administration. Drug metabolites also can be detected in oral fluid. Unlike urine testing, there may be a close correspondence between drug and metabolite concentrations in oral fluid and in blood. Interpretation of oral fluid results for drugs of abuse should be an iterative process whereby one considers the test results in the context of program requirements and a broad scientific knowledge of the many factors involved in determining test outcome. This review delineates many of the chemical and metabolic processes involved in the disposition of drugs and metabolites in oral fluid that are important to the appropriate interpretation of oral fluid tests. Chemical, metabolic, kinetic, and analytic parameters are summarized for selected drugs of abuse, and general guidelines are offered for understanding the significance of oral fluid tests.
Optimal Capacity Sharing of Networks with Multiple Overlays

Overlay networks have emerged as a generic networking paradigm to improve network performance and construct new applications. Although many overlay algorithms have been proposed lately, they tend to focus on a single overlay, without considering how to share network capacity with other traffic and other overlays. In this paper, we study optimal capacity sharing of network with multiple overlays. We first formulate the problem of optimal capacity sharing of networks with multiple overlays as a nonlinear optimization problem. We show that traditional flow-level rate controllers result in sub-optimal sharing results between the different overlays. We design efficient and distributed overlay flows control algorithms and demonstrate the effectiveness of our design.
teashirt is required for head-versus-tail regeneration polarity in planarians

Regeneration requires that the identities of new cells are properly specified to replace missing tissues. The Wnt signaling pathway serves a central role in specifying posterior cell fates during planarian regeneration. We identified a gene encoding a homolog of the Teashirt family of zinc-finger proteins in the planarian Schmidtea mediterranea to be a target of Wnt signaling in intact animals and at posterior-facing wounds. Inhibition of Smed-teashirt (teashirt) by RNA interference (RNAi) resulted in the regeneration of heads in place of tails, a phenotype previously observed with RNAi of the Wnt pathway genes β-catenin-1, wnt1, Dvl-1/2 or wntless. teashirt was required for β-catenin-1-dependent activation of posterior genes during regeneration. These findings identify teashirt as a transcriptional target of Wnt signaling required for Wnt-mediated specification of posterior blastemas.
Health-care reform and bankruptcy: evidence from Massachusetts

Previous research claims that medical expenses are a leading cause of bankruptcy in the United States. Using data from the 50 states and the District of Columbia from 2001 to 2010, this article examines the relationship between Massachusetts' 2006 health-care reform and bankruptcy filings. After including state- and year-fixed effects and other covariates, the results indicate that, contrary to expectations, bankruptcy filings increased following Massachusetts' move towards universal medical insurance coverage.
High Intensity Beam Instabilities in the Brookhaven AGS

Transverse resistive wall instabilities and longitudinal reactive wall instabilities have both been observed in the Brookhaven AGS. Recently an instability has been observed characterized by individual coherent phase oscillations of the twelve beam bunches. This instability is believed to be caused by high frequency resonance modes in the rf cavities introduced by recent modifications. A simple analysis shows that voltages induced in these parasitic resonances by the beam can couple the phase oscillations of the individual bunches. A normal mode analysis of the system predicts unstable normal modes with properties similar to the observations. Modifications to the rf cavities to suppress these undesirable effects have been devised.
The Political Economy of Privatization in Mexico, 1983-92

This paper examines the economic, political and social effects associated with the unprecedented dismantling of Mexico's parastatal apparatus over the past decade. In so doing, it highlights the major economic and political arguments advanced by neoliberal enthusiasts for privatization in the region and subjects them to a critical analysis in light of the Mexican experience. The essay begins by reviewing and evaluating the highly uneven economic and social impact of the various stabilization programs implemented over the past decade. It advances the argument that the debt crisis and its aftermath became a valuable instrument for reducing the economic and political autonomy of the Mexican state, thus enabling powerful factions of the international financial and banking community to impose a growth strategy that further inserts the Mexican economy in a dependent and subordinate fashion into the global economy-a process that will be reinforced with the recent passage of NAFTA. The paper then discusses the ev...
Sustainable Cities: Oxymoron or the Shape of the Future?

Two trends are likely to define the 21st century: threats to the sustainability of the natural environment and dramatic increases in urbanization. This paper reviews the goals, business models, and partnerships involved in eight early “ecocity” projects to begin to identify success factors in this emerging industry. Ecocities, for the most part, are viewed as a means of mitigating threats to the natural environment while creating urban living capacity, by combining low carbon and resource-efficient development with the use of information and communication technologies (ICT) to better manage complex urban systems.
How different is violence in the home? An examination of some correlates of stranger and intimate homicide

Research into the nature and sources of intimate violence has not resolved the question of whether intimate violence differs from other forms of criminal violence to the extent that it should be considered separately. Some scholars have posited that the family context of intimate violence makes it unique because the intimacy and emotional attachment that usually characterize family relationships are absent from stranger violence. In contrast, others have suggested that intimate violence is like all other forms of violence and does nor require separate consideration. If intimate violence does not differ front stranger violence the two must share common explanatory factors. I apply hierarchical modeling techniques to data from the Supplementary Homicide Reports to estimate multilevel models of stranger homicide and compare them with results from research on intimate homicide. The results suggest that intimate homicides differ from stranger homicides in several important respects and warrant separate treatment.
Low-dimensional procedure for the characterization of human faces

A method is presented for the representation of (pictures of) faces. Within a specified framework the representation is ideal. This results in the characterization of a face, to within an error bound, by a relatively low-dimensional vector. The method is illustrated in detail by the use of an ensemble of pictures taken for this purpose.
Influences on parent perceptions of inclusive practices for their children with mental retardation

Influences on parent perceptions regarding the practice of integrating students with significant cognitive disabilities into general education classrooms were examined. Findings confirmed that perceptions were significantly influenced by characteristics of the parent and the child as well as by factors associated with the child's placement history. Further, factors influencing these perceptions differed according to varying dimensions of inclusion being considered. We argue that the efficacy of any specific type of educational model cannot be determined without a consideration of the complex dynamics involved in the interplay between individual child characteristics, parent and family values, and the perceived role of the school.
Adherence to Human Vaginal Epithelial Cells Signals for Increased Expression of Trichomonas vaginalis Genes

Host parasitism by Trichomonas vaginalis is complex, and the adhesion to vaginal epithelial cells (VECs) by trichomonads is preparatory to colonization of the vagina. Since we showed increased synthesis of adhesins after contact with VECs (A. F. Garcia, et al., Mol. Microbiol. 47:1207-1224, 2003) and more recently demonstrated up-regulated gene expression in VECs after parasite attachment (A. S. Kucknoor, et al., Cell. Microbiol. 7:887-897, 2005), we hypothesized that enhanced expression of adhesin and other genes would result from signaling of trichomonads following adherence. In order to identify the genes that are up-regulated, we constructed a subtraction cDNA library enriched for differentially expressed genes from the parasites that were in contact with the host cells. Thirty randomly selected cDNA clones representing the differentially regulated genes upon initial contact of parasites with host cells were sequenced. Several genes encoded functional proteins with specific functions known to be associated with colonization, such as adherence, change in morphology, and gene transcription and translation. Interestingly, genes unique to trichomonads with unknown functions were also up-regulated. Semiquantitative reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) confirmed expression of select genes. An increased amount of protein was demonstrated by immunoblotting with monoclonal antibody. Finally, we showed the transcriptional regulation of some genes by iron by using RT-PCR. To our knowledge, this is the first report addressing the differential regulation of T. vaginalis genes immediately upon contact with VECs.
The Tobacco Tug-of-War: Advertising and Counteradvertising Tobacco Products to Youth

Declines in smoking prevalence have slowed over the past few years for both youth under the age of 18 and young adults aged 18–24. A major contributing factor is the sustained and ever-evolving marketing and promotion strategies of the tobacco industry, including use of cartoon characters, distribution of free tobacco products, tobacco brand merchandise, and promotional social and sporting events sponsored by tobacco companies. With tobacco industry advertising and promotion expenditures well into the billions of dollars annually, it is a difficult task for public health officials to counter such influence. The use of edgy media campaigns that go beyond basic health education and also educate on the tactics used by the tobacco companies to attract smokers have been successful at reducing youth and young adult smoking rates. Since 1996, there have also been a range of regulatory efforts to prevent tobacco marketing to youth under the age of 18. The purpose of this article was to review the existing evidenc...
A New Statistical Goodness‐of‐Fit Test Based on Graphical Representation

A statistical goodness-of-fit test, based on representing the sample observations by linked vectors, is developed. The direction and the length of the linked vectors are defined as functions of the expected values of the order statistics and sample order statistics, respectively. The underlying method can be used to test distributional assumptions for any location-scale family. A test statistic Qn is introduced and some of its properties are studied. It is shown that the proposed test can be generalized to test if two or more independent samples come from the same distribution. The test procedure provides a graphical method of identifying the true distribution when the null hypothesis is rejected.
Proposal for an ELF Radar of D-Region Ionospheric Anomalies Analyzed using a 3-D Geodesic FDTD Model of the Earth-Ionosphere Waveguide

This paper proposes a novel extremely low frequency (ELF: 3 - 300 Hz) radar for locating and characterizing ionospheric anomalies within ~100 km of the Earth's surface. Employing a well-characterized controlled ELF source (as opposed to natural sources having a random occurrence and random properties), the proposed radar could provide continuous, inexpensive monitoring capabilities of the ionosphere within ~100 km of the Earth's surface. For this study the recently developed three-dimensional (3D) geodesic whole-Earth electromagnetic wave propagation model based upon the finite difference time domain (FDTD) solution of Maxwell's equations is used
Doubly charged ion mass spectra 8—alkenes

Doubly charged ion mass spectra of 23 alkenes have been measured using a double focusing Hitachi RMU-7L mass spectrometer. Ion mass spectra were obtained using 100 eV electron energy and 3.2 kV ion accelerating voltage. Each 2E spectrum was determined using the olefinic compound under investigation as the target gas. In general, spectra are dominated by fragment ions which result from extensive hydrogen loss from the doubly charged molecular ion. Appearnce energies have been measured for intense fragment ions in each spectrum.
Molecular weight distribution in anionic polymerization involving a chain transfer to monomer

Polymerization involving a chain transfer to monomer but not involving a termination step was discussed. Such a polymerization produces a mixture of dead and living polymeric molecules, and the resulting molecular weight distribution was calculated both for polymers initiated on one end and those initiated on both ends. The results permit calculation of number and weight average degree of polymerization. Application of these results to polymerization of isoprene permits the approximate evaluation of the chain transfer to monomer constant for anionic polymerization of isoprene and estimation of the parameter α in the relation [η] = K · [DPn]α.
Murine Cytomegalovirus m02 Gene Family Protects against Natural Killer Cell-Mediated Immune Surveillance

The murine cytomegalovirus m02 gene family encodes putative type I membrane glycoproteins named m02 through m16. A subset of these genes were fused to an epitope tag and cloned into an expression vector. In transfected and murine cytomegalovirus-infected cells, m02, m04, m05, m06, m07, m09, m10, and m12 localized to cytoplasmic structures near the nucleus, whereas m08 and m13 localized to a filamentous structure surrounding the nucleus. Substitution mutants lacking the m02 gene (SMsubm02) or the entire m02 gene family (SMsubm02-16) grew like their wild-type parent in cultured cells. However, whereas SMsubm02 was as pathogenic as the wild-type virus, SMsubm02-16 was markedly less virulent. SMsubm02-16 produced less infectious virus in most organs compared to wild-type virus in BALB/c and C57BL/6J mice, but it replicated to wild-type levels in the organs of immunodeficient γc/Rag2 mice, lacking multiple cell types including natural killer cells, and in C57BL/6J mice depleted of natural killer cells. These results argue that one or more members of the m02 gene family antagonize natural killer cell-mediated immune surveillance.
Injectivity Classes of the Pompeiu Transformation

We obtain new conditions for the injectivity of the Pompeiu transformation for integral ball means are obtained. The main results substantially improve some known uniqueness theorems for functions with vanishing integrals over balls of fixed radius.
Anaerobically functioning mitochondria: evolutionary perspective on modulation of energy metabolism in Mytilus edulis

The mitochondrion represents a compelling biological model of complex organelle development driven by evolutionary modification of permanently enslaved primordial purple non-sulphur bacteria. As an evolutionary modification, the dynamic nature of the mitochondrion has been observed to exhibit biochemical and functional variation, including the capacity for energy production driven by anaerobic respiratory mechanisms. In invertebrates, mitochondrial anaerobic respiration allows the organism to survive at a lower energy state while yielding more ATP than can be achieved by glycolysis alone. Furthermore, a preferred physiological state of lower energy production operationally yields diminishedfree radical generation, thereby offering a protective existential advantage. It has been established that energy production by the blue mussel, Mytilus edulis, is functionally dependent on anaerobic respiratory mechanisms within the mitochondrion. Importantly, under hypoxic conditions metabolic pathways in M. edulis have been demonstrated to synthesize and utilize amino acid adducts termed opines as chemically defined energy reserves. In addition to the utilization of opines as anaerobic metabolic intermediates by invertebrate organisms, opines were also discovered and characterized as metabolic intermediates in plant parasites, specifically crown gall tumors. A careful review of the biomedical literature indicates mechanistic similarities between anaerobically functioning mitochondria in M. edulis and crown gall tissues and metabolic processes in human tumors. The anaerobically functioning mitochondrion in M. edulis tissues is a potentially valuable high resolution model system for development of novel anticancer therapeutic agents.
Oxidative stress and redox signaling mechanisms of inflammatory bowel disease: updated experimental and clinical evidence

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) comprises primarily the chronic relapsing inflammatory disorders, Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, with the former affecting any part of the gastrointestinal tract and the latter mainly afflicting the colon. The precise etiology of IBD remains unclear, and it is thought that interactions among various factors, including genetic factors, the host immune system and environmental factors, cause disruption of intestinal homeostasis, leading to dysregulated inflammatory responses of the gut. As inflammation is intimately related to formation of reactive intermediates, including reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS), oxidative stress has been proposed as a mechanism underlying the pathophysiology of IBD. This review is intended to summarize succinctly recent new experimental and clinical evidence supporting oxidative stress as a pathophysiological component of IBD and point to the potential of using antioxidant compounds as promising therapeutic modalities of human IBD. The sources of ROS/RNS and the redox signaling mechanism underlying oxidative stress and inflammation in IBD are discussed to provide insight into the molecular basis of oxidative stress as a pathophysiological factor in IBD.
High Resolution X-ray Diffraction and X-ray Topography Study of Gan on A12O3

High resolution x-ray diffraction and x-ray topography study of GaN thin films, grown on sapphire (00.1) substrate by reduced pressure metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy under various conditions, were performed. An attempt was made to correlate the mobility in films with similar carrier concentration with the strain and dislocation density. X-ray topography revealed the defects present in the film.
Beating the rap in angiogenesis.

In this issue of Blood , Lakshmikanthan et al examine the relative roles of the closely related rap1a and rap1b G proteins in angiogenesis. 1 Based on previous findings in which angiogenesis was found to be defective in mice with complete knockout of both rap1a and rap1b, they created mice in which rap1 genes were specifically knocked out in endothelium.
Active Compensation of Low Frequency Flexible Modes of Crew Launch Vehicle Using Sliding Mode Observers

The problem of controlling the motion of crew launch vehicle (CLV) in the presence of significant bending is considered. The idea of estimating with later compensation of bending modes is proposed. The sliding mode observers are designed for estimating the first and the second bending modes. Traditional PID controller for CLV attitude control is augmented by the sliding mode based bending mode observer. Also, the observer is used to clean up the corrupted measurement data. Pitch plane attitude control of the CLV ”Ares I” is considered. The corresponding mathematical model, the file named CLV_State_Space_9_3_06.doc is provided by NASA for the case study. The numerical simulation demonstrates a high ecacy of the traditional PID controller augmented by the sliding mode based bending mode observer. The attitude control of the ”Ares I” with the bending mode eects achieved a tracking performance that is very close to the one of the rigid body CLV.
Model Diagnostic Analysis of Global Coverage Satellites

We investigate the ability of a reduction in the complexity of a model to enable a more rapid optimization of that model, with minimal reduction in accuracy, if critical parameters and features are identified and contained within the reduced model. We present a Model Diagnostics analysis of the Draim global coverage constellations and the underlying coverage model used to analyze their performance using Sobol’s method of sensitivity indices. We propose complexity reduction based on the diagnostic analysis. Two separate optimizations are run using a Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithm optimization tool. One optimization uses the original problem formulation while the other uses a reduced-complexity formulation. We demonstrate that subtle behavior in the interaction of all parameters (not only the critical ones) dramatically affects performance of the optimization.
Exponent Transform for Two-dimensional Steady Convectiondominated Diffusion Equations and Finite Volume Method

Two-dimensional steady convection-dominated diffusion equations are changed into conservative diffusion equations using exponent transform to remove the up-wind phenomenon caused by dissymmetry operator in convection-diffusion equations.Then a new difference scheme is given for the discretization of diffusion equations according to the finite volume method,and the scheme is also taken as the solve of using generalized difference methods.So an error estimate is obtained for the new scheme.Numerical experiments show that the new scheme is better than some other classical difference schemes before.And the convergence of solution is satisfying by using this scheme.
Locational Choice of FDI in China——An Empirical Analysis of Regional FDI Imbalance

FDI has played a significant role in China's economic development and is an important driving force of economic growth.Its distribution among provinces and municipalities,however,is extremely unbalanced,"high in the eastern region and low in the western region".On the basis of research into related FDI theories,this paper uses data for 1992-2007 and establishes a panel data model to make an empirical analysis of differences in FDI and compare determinants of FDI in the eastern,middle and western regions.The regression results indicate that regional GDP,trade dependency,clustering effect and trading costs are the main determinants of FDI,but their effects vary among regions.Therefore,different areas need to development different strategies to improve their competitiveness in attracting FDI.
Modern Concepts in Diuretic Therapy

(1974). Modern Concepts in Diuretic Therapy. Postgraduate Medicine: Vol. 56, HYPERTENSION THERAPY 1974, pp. 37-47.
Protecting truck beds against rust and chemicals.

Les veihicules utilises pour les applications au sol des volumes ultrafaibles de pesticides posent des problemes de rouille. Ce probleme semble resolu par l'application de «Body Schutz». De plus ce produit est tres resistant aux produits chimiques utilises (dibrom, resulthrin, malathion)
Issues of Theory and Practice in Ethnic Conflict Management

Many people believe that ethnic conflict is potentially the most destabilizing force in the post cold-war world (Huntington, 1993). Consequently there is widespread interest in efforts to settle ethnically based disputes or at least to manage them in ways which limit their destructive effects. As a result governments are now considering options ranging from the development of early warning systems, preventative diplomacy, training special negotiation and mediation teams, and the development of multinational rapid reactions teams to intervene in ethnic conflicts which escalate out of control.
Angiopoietin‐2 and soluble Tie‐2 receptor plasma levels in children with obstructive sleep apnea and obesity

Objective Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a prevalent condition, especially in children with obesity, and is associated with increased risk for metabolic syndrome (MetS). Angiopoietins have been identified as potential biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction and MetS. In adults, angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2) and its soluble receptor (sTie-2) are associated with diabetes, hypertension, and obesity and could be increased in children with OSA and obesity, particularly those with evidence of cardiometabolic alterations. Methods One hundred twenty-six children (7.4 ± 2.0 years) were consecutively recruited and underwent overnight polysomnography, as well as endothelial function and BMI z score assessments and a fasting blood draw the morning after the sleep study. In addition to lipid profile, glucose and insulin levels, and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), Ang-2 and sTie-2 concentrations were determined. Results Children with obesity and OSA had significantly elevated plasma Ang-2 and sTie-2 levels compared to corresponding controls with and without obesity. Furthermore, endothelial function (Tmax) and HOMA-IR were linearly and independently associated with Ang-2 and sTie-2 levels. In a small subset of children (n = 14), treatment of OSA by adenotonsillectomy resulted in reductions of Ang-2 and sTie-2 (P < 0.01). Conclusions Ang-2 and sTie-2 plasma levels are increased in pediatric OSA and obesity, particularly when endothelial dysfunction or insulin resistance is detectable, and appear to decrease upon OSA treatment.
Developmentally Supportive Care in Congenital Heart Disease: A Concept Analysis

Abstract Theoretical Principles Improved survival of infants and children with congenital heart disease experience has led to recognition that up to half of congenital heart disease survivors also experience developmental delay. Developmentally supportive care is a care model shown in Neonatal Intensive Care Units to be associated with improved outcomes, but developmentally supportive practices with premature infants may not be equally effective in the cardiac population that includes all ages. Phenomena Addressed The purpose of this paper is to present a concept analysis using the Walker and Avant method in order to identify and define characteristics of developmentally supportive care as it may be applied to the population of neonates, infants, and children with congenital heart disease. A theoretical definition of developmentally supportive care is presented. Research Linkages This concept analysis will provide nurses and allied health professionals with a theoretical basis to implement high quality, family-centered care that meets individual developmental needs in a population at high risk for developmental sequelae. Nursing implications for developmentally supportive care as it applies to infants and children with heart disease are discussed.
Country and City in Sarah Orne Jewett's A WHITE HERON

In “A White Heron,” Sarah Orne Jewett explores the opposition between “two great worlds,” the world of nature and of “settled humanity” (Heller 190), and shows “[t]hat Sylvia's want[ing] to belong ...
Correspondence Between Preference Assessment Outcomes and Stimulus Reinforcer Value for Social Interactions

Preferred forms of social interaction were identified using a paired-stimulus format in which two 3–5 s videos of the experimenter providing the social interaction to the participant were presented. Reinforcer efficacy of the high-, medium-, and low-preferred interactions was evaluated using a progressive-ratio schedule to determine the amount of work maintained by the stimuli. Results showed that higher preference stimuli produced larger break points than did lower preference stimuli.
Noisy-context surprisal as a human sentence processing cost model

We use the noisy-channel theory of human sentence comprehension to develop an incremental processing cost model that unifies and extends key features of expectation-based and memory-based models. In this model, which we call noisy-context surprisal, the processing cost of a word is the surprisal of the word given a noisy representation of the preceding context. We show that this model accounts for an outstanding puzzle in sentence comprehension, language-dependent structural forgetting effects (Gibson and Thomas, 1999; Vasishth et al., 2010; Frank et al., 2016), which are previously not well modeled by either expectation-based or memory-based approaches. Additionally, we show that this model derives and generalizes locality effects (Gibson, 1998; Demberg and Keller, 2008), a signature prediction of memory-based models. We give corpus-based evidence for a key assumption in this derivation.
Assessing School Wellness Policies and Identifying Priorities for Action: Results of a Bi-State Evaluation.

Background Obesity is a complex health problem affecting more than one-third of school-aged youth. The increasing obesity rates in Kansas and Missouri has been particularly concerning, with efforts being made to improve student health through the implementation of school wellness policies (SWPs). The primary purpose of this study was to conduct a rigorous assessment of SWPs in the bi-state region. Methods SWPs were collected from 46 school districts. The Wellness School Assessment Tool (WellSAT) was used to assess comprehensiveness and strength. Additionally, focus group discussions and an online survey were conducted with school personnel to identify barriers and supports needed. Results Assessment of the SWPs indicated that most school districts failed to provide strong and specific language. Due to these deficiencies, districts reported lack of enforcement of policies. Several barriers to implementing the policies were reported by school personnel; supports needed for effective implementation were identified. Conclusions To promote a healthful school environment, significant improvements are warranted in the strength and comprehensiveness of the SWPs. The focus group discussions provided insight as to where we need to bridge the gap between the current state of policies and the desired beneficial practices to support a healthy school environment.
On the use of antibiotics in Crohn's disease

It is difficult to understand how a disease process characterized by ulcerations, fissures, abscesses, fistulas, lymphangitis, and granulomas has not attracted greater use of antibiotics, particularly as the sites are constantly contaminated by intestinal bacteria. I have had a favorable experience with broad-spectrum antibiotics in the treatment of a variety of forms of ileocolitis in animals and now advocate that Crohn's disease be treated at length with these drugs. Microbiologic culture of serosa, mesenteric lymph nodes, and fistulas has demonstrated that bacterial species are present in a significant proportion of cases, and serology has shown that patients have elevated antibody levels to many of these same microorganisms. Now immunocytochemistry provides documentation of Escherichia coli and streptococcal antigen within the lesions of a majority of patients. That these bacteria may be secondary invaders should not decrease our need to address them. Several chronic granulomatous diseases that were once thought to be intractable now yield to long-term antibiotic treatment, including Whipple's disease, malakoplakia, and granulomatous colitis of Boxer dogs. Many of the perianal lesions of Crohn's disease respond to short-term metronidazole, and the medium-term (3-6 months) use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, most recently ciprofloxacin, has shown promising results. In view of the increasing evidence of bacterial participation in this disease, it is now important that physicians test some of our newer broad-spectrum antibiotics, in a controlled format, and over an extended time.
Effects of machinery traffic, method of fertilizer application, and tillage on soil physical properties, plant growth, and nitrate-nitrogen leaching

100 INTRODUCTION 101 MATERIALS AND METHODS 108 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 111 Effects of Method of Fertilizer Application on Plant Growth 111 Effects of Fertilizer Application in Trafficked/ Untrafficked Inter-rows on Plant Growth 123 Effect of Traffic on Plant Growth 126 Effects of Tillage System on Plant Growth 128 Effect of Tillage and Traffic Levels on Soil Bulk Density 130 Effect of Traffic and Tillage on Soil Penetration Resistance 131 Effect of Traffic and Tillage on Soil Volumetric Moisture Content 131 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 146
The Arteriovenous Malformation Associated with Major Arterial Occlusion and Moyamoya Vessels: a Cerebral Blood Flow Study

We report 2 patients with arteriovenous malformation (AVM) associated with complete occlusion of the unilateral middle cerebral artery and moyamoya vessels. Xenon CT CBF study demonstrated diffusely decreased CMF in unilateral or bilateral hemispheres with multiple areas of decreased vascular reserve. A significant reduction of AVM size was seen in one patient who received radiosurgery with marked CBF improvement.
'Orphans' meet cholesterol.

Retinoids have a wide variety of biological functions and have been recently shown to regulate cholesterol transport, bile acid synthesis and cholesterol absorption. These findings indicate a new line of mechanisms to control cholesterol homeostasis.
Hamiltonian approach to two-dimensional dilaton gravities and invariant ADM mass.

The formula existing in the literature for the Arnowitt-Deser-Misner (ADM) mass of two-dimensional (2D) dilaton gravity is incomplete. For example, in the case of an infalling matter shock wave this formula fails to give a time-independent mass, unless a very special coordinate system is chosen. We carefully carry out the canonical formulation of 2D dilaton gravity theories (classical, Callan-Giddings-Harvey-Strominger, and Russo-Susskind-Thorlacius). As in 4D general relativity one must add a boundary term to the bulk Hamiltonian to obtain a well-defined variational problem. This boundary term coincides with the numerical value of the Hamiltonian and gives the correct mass which obviously is time independent.
Gait Mechanics After ACL Reconstruction Differ According to Medial Meniscal Treatment

Background Knee osteoarthritis risk is high after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) and arthroscopic meniscal surgery, and higher among individuals who undergo both. Although osteoarthritis development is multifactorial, altered walking mechanics may influence osteoarthritis progression. The purpose of this study was to compare gait mechanics after ACLR among participants who had undergone no medial meniscal surgery, partial medial meniscectomy, or medial meniscal repair. Methods This was a secondary analysis of data collected prospectively as part of a clinical trial. Sixty-one athletes (mean age of 21.4 ± 8.2 years) who had undergone primary ACLR participated in the study when they achieved impairment resolution (5.3 ± 1.7 months postoperatively), including minimal to no effusion, full knee range of motion, and ≥80% quadriceps-strength symmetry. Participants were classified by concomitant medial meniscal treatment: no involvement or nonsurgical management of a small, stable tear; partial meniscectomy; or meniscal repair. Participants underwent comprehensive walking analyses. Joint contact forces were estimated using a previously validated, electromyography-driven musculoskeletal model. Variables were analyzed using a mixed-model analysis of variance with group and limb comparisons (α = 0.05); group comparisons of interlimb differences in measurements (surgical minus contralateral limb) were performed to determine significant interactions. Results The participants in the partial meniscectomy group walked with a higher peak knee adduction moment (pKAM) in the surgical versus the contralateral limb as compared with those in the meniscal repair group and those with no medial meniscal surgery (group difference for partial versus repair: 0.10 N-m/kg-m, p = 0.020; and for partial versus none: 0.06 N-m/kg-m, p = 0.037). Participants in the repair group walked with a smaller percentage of medial to total tibiofemoral loading in the surgical limb compared with both of the other groups (group difference for repair versus partial: -12%, p = 0.001; and for repair versus none: -7%, p = 0.011). The participants in the repair group loaded the medial compartment of the surgical versus the contralateral limb 0.5 times body weight less than did the participants in the partial meniscectomy group. Conclusions Participants in the partial meniscectomy group walked with higher pKAM and shifted loading toward the medial compartment of the surgical limb, while participants in the repair group did the opposite, walking with lower pKAM and unloading the surgical limb relative to the contralateral limb. These findings may partially explain the conflicting evidence regarding pKAM after ACLR and the elevated risk for osteoarthritis (whether from overloading or underloading) after ACLR with concomitant medial meniscectomy or repair. Level of evidence Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
A Laser-Engraving Technique for Portable Micropneumatic Oscillators

Microfluidic automation technology is at a stage where the complexity and cost of external hardware control often impose severe limitations on the size and functionality of microfluidic systems. Developments in autonomous microfluidics are intended to eliminate off-chip controls to enable scalable systems. Timing is a fundamental component of the digital logic required to manipulate fluidic flow. The authors present a self-driven pneumatic ring oscillator manufactured by assembling an elastomeric sheet of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) between two laser-engraved polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) layers via surface activation through treatment with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES). The frequency of the fabricated oscillators is in the range of 3–7.5 Hz with a maximum of 14 min constant frequency syringe-powered operation. The control of a fluidic channel with the oscillator stages is demonstrated. The fabrication process represents an improvement in manufacturability compared to previous molding or etching approaches, and the resulting devices are inexpensive and portable, making the technology potentially applicable for wider use.
The food habits of the Eagle Owl (Bubo bubo ascalaphus) in Kharga Oasis, Egyptian Western Desert

The contents of regurgitated Eagle Owl (Bubo bubo ascalaphus) pellets collected in Kharga Oasis, Egyptian Western Desert, were analyzed. The owl's diet consisted mostly of mammalian prey: 89% of the total number of vertebrates recovered and 70·9% of the total live weight of vertebrates identified. Mus musculus was the most common prey item; other small mammals, including bats, were also taken. Birds comprised 10·1% of the total number of vertebrates recovered and 29·0% of the total live weight of vertebrates identified. Insects and reptiles made up a small portion of the diet. On the basis of these animal remains it is clear that Eagle Owls are able to adjust their diet to exploit seasonally available prey.
Low-Cost and High-Performance 8 × 8 Booth Multiplier

This paper presents a power/delay/area performance-improved radix-4 8 × 8 Booth multiplier. The major modification for reducing delay is a parallel structure for the addition of encoded partial products. Additional enhancements include an optimized Booth encoder, an optimized B2C design, and a unique square root carry-select adder with carry-lookahead adder logic to minimize multiplier’s delay. This design achieved a reduction of 26.6% in power consumption, 15% in area consumption, and 25.6% in data arrival time compared to recently published similar designs. All the proposed circuits were designed and synthesized in Synopsys CMOS 32 nm technology.
Markov Selections for the Magnetohydrodynamics and the Hall-Magnetohydrodynamics Systems

The magnetohydrodynamics system has found rich applications in applied sciences and has history of intense investigation by researchers including mathematicians. On the other hand, the Hall-magnetohydrodynamics system consists of the former system added by a Hall term which is very singular, and the mathematical development on this system has seen its significant progress only in the last several years. In short, the magnetohydrodynamics system, similarly to the Navier–Stokes equations, is semilinear, while the Hall-magnetohydrodynamics system is quasilinear. In this manuscript, we consider the three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamics, as well as the Hall-magnetohydrodynamics systems, and prove that they have Markov selections. In the case of the magnetohydrodynamics system, we prove furthermore a weak–strong uniqueness result and that any Markov solution has the strong Feller property for regular initial conditions. Consequently, it is deduced that if the magnetohydrodynamics system is well posed starting from one initial data, then it is well posed starting from any initial data, verifying a sharp contrast to the deterministic case in which the well posedness for all time with small initial data is well known. In the case of the Hall-magnetohydrodynamics system, we are also able to prove the weak–strong uniqueness result; however, the proof of strong Feller property seems to break down due to the singularity of the Hall term, about which we elaborate in detail.
Creation of a Long-Acting Rilpivirine Prodrug Nanoformulation

Antiretroviral therapy requires lifelong daily dosing to attain viral suppression, restore immune function, and improve quality of life. As a treatment alternative, long-acting (LA) antiretrovirals can sustain therapeutic drug concentrations in blood for prolonged time periods. The success of recent clinical trials for LA parenteral cabotegravir and rilpivirine highlight the emergence of these new therapeutic options. Further optimization can improve dosing frequency, lower injection volumes, and facilitate drug-tissue distributions. To this end, we report the synthesis of a library of RPV prodrugs designed to sustain drug plasma concentrations and improved tissue biodistribution. The lead prodrug M3RPV was nanoformulated into the stable LA injectable NM3RPV. NM3RPV treatment led to RPV plasma concentrations above the protein-adjusted 90% inhibitory concentration for 25 weeks with substantial tissue depots after a single intramuscular injection in BALB/cJ mice. NM3RPV elicited 13- and 26-fold increases in the RPV apparent half-life and mean residence time compared to native drug formulation. Taken together, proof-of-concept is provided that nanoformulated RPV prodrugs can extend the apparent drug half-life and improve tissue biodistribution. These results warrant further development for human use.
Recent Advancement in Plant Oil Derived Polyol‐Based Polyurethane Foam for Future Perspective: A Review

Polyurethane foams (PUFs) are widely used materials because of their wide range of applications, particularly, thermal and sound insulation, mattresses, furniture, construction, cushioning, packaging, transportation of goods, etc. Recently, commercial PUF products fabricated from plant oil (PO)‐based polyols have gained increasing popularity, because of their low cost and eco‐friendly nature in comparison to petroleum‐based PUF. To date, insufficient reviews have been reported in the area of modification of plant oils for synthesizing polyol for foam synthesis. Due to abundant availability, low‐cost, and renewable nature of plant oils, they are being used as precursors for modern polyurethane industry use. There is a need for versatile and economical methods for conversion of plant oils such as castor oil (CO) and soybean oil (SO) into useful polyols for industry use. This review is an overview of the most recent advanced methods for the conversion of plant oils into polyol and further utilization of it for commercial PUF products. Since the last decade, many researchers have shown that plant‐polyol‐derived PUF can compete with conventional PUF. Practical Applications: Practical applications of the PO‐based polyurethane foams include thermal insulation, sound insulation, packaging, and waste water treatment.
Postoperative imaging in the setting of complications: Algorithms/imaging modalities for evaluating fluid collections, instrumentation, compression and pseudarthrosis

Abstract With the growth and development of spine surgery over the past few decades, postoperative complications have become increasingly diverse and challenging to manage. At present, postoperative imaging remains the spine surgeon's greatest asset for diagnosis, and the most cost-effective method of evaluating complications such as fracture, infection, and other perioperative fluid collections. In this section, we will present a diagnostic approach to evaluating some of the most common postoperative complications in spine surgery, using available imaging techniques.