cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Use of a regional atmospheric model to simulate lake-atmosphere feedbacks associated with Pleistocene Lakes Lahontan and Bonneville

A regional model of the atmosphere (version 4 of the NCAR mesoscale model, MM4) was used to assess whether lake-effect precipitation was a significant component of the late-Pleistocene hydrologic budgets of Lakes Lahontan and Bonneville. Control simulations for January and July of 1979 were made using MM4, and the Pleistocene highstand surface areas of the lakes were added to the model and the simulations repeated. In the January simulations, 18% of the moisture added to the modeled atmosphere by Lake Lahontan returned to the Lahontan basin as precipitation, while 32% of the water evaporated from Lake Bonneville fell as precipitation over the Bonneville basin. In the July simulations, 7% of the moisture added to the modeled atmosphere by Lake Lahontan returned to the Lahontan basin as precipitation, and 4% of the water evaporated from Lake Bonneville fell as precipitation over the Bonneville basin. An additonal January simulation was made with the lake surface areas set at onehalf their highstand extents (the average surface area 20 to 15 ka BP). Results from this simulation were similar to the simulation with the highstand lakes, indicating lake-effect precipitation could have been a significant component of the hyrologic budgets of the lakes before and during the highstand period.
Merit Pay Enters With a Whimper: the Initial Federal Civil Service Reform Experience:

This paper examines the impact of the Federal merit pay system on motivation. The 1980 Federal Employee Attitude Survey includes a sample of mid-level managers and supervisors (GS 13-19) and SESers...
Paleoindians in the Brazilian Amazon

Letters from: [ Stuart Fiedel ][1] [ Tom D. Dillehay ][1] [ Betty J. Meggers ][1] [ Anna C. Roosevelt ][1] Anna C. Roosevelt et al . (Article, [19 Apr., p. 373][2]) present results of excavation of Caverna da Pedra Pintada at Monte Alegre, an important early site in the Brazilian Amazon. A
Determining of Flow Non‐equilibrium Regions using the Kolmogorov‐Smirnov Criterion

Studies of equilibrium breakdown were done for two flow problems representative of typical conditions for vehicles reentering the Earth atmosphere. The first studied problem was a 81 km Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV) re‐entry flow, with additional considerations for local flow features along the stagnation line. The second problem was a classical Couette flow, a volume of gas confined between two fast moving parallel plates of indefinite length and width. Both of the problems were solved by the DSMC technique with the particle velocity data collected to compute the distribution function at the areas of interest. In the case of stagnation line flow, a strong shock wave, formed in front of the vehicle at an altitude of 81 km was studied, and in the case of Couette flow, a high velocity boundary layer was examined in details at different Knudsen numbers. For both of the cases the Kolmogorov‐Smirnov (K‐S) test was applied to determine the degree of local flow non‐equilibrium with following considerations regarding the applicability of coupled statistical BGK and DSMC techniques in the semi‐rarefied flow regimes where the use of the baseline DSMC is limited due to the computational cost.
In-orbit performance of the OAO inertial reference unit

The Inertial Reference Unit (IRU) used in NASA's Orbiting Astronomical Observatory (OAO-C or Copernicus) uses three single degree of freedom, floated, rate-integrating gyros operated in binary, pulse-restrained torque loops to provide an inertial attitude reference for the spacecraft's altitude control system. Since 21 August 1972 when the spacecraft was launched, more than 15,000 hours of continuous and troublefree operation have been accumulated on the IRU. When prelaunch operation is included, the running times for the gyro wheels range between 17,000 and 22,000 hours. The drift rates observed on these inertial grade gyros during the 1½ year of in-orbit operation have remained within a band of 16 arcsec per hour peak-to-peak When the effects of known disturbances are considered, the standard deviation of drift rate appears to approach one arcsec per hour (≤10−7 degrees per second). Included in this paper are a brief description of the OAO and IRU, a summary of the data reduction programs used to calibrate the IRU in orbit, and some thoughts on how gyros with good long-term drift stability could be applied to future spacecraft such as the Large Space Telescope and Earth Observatory Satellite.
Review: antidepressants improve headache in patients with chronic headache.

(2001) Am J Med 111, 54. Tomkins GE, Jackson JL, O'Malley PG . , et al. . Treatment of chronic headache with antidepressants: a meta-analysis. . Jul; . : . –63 . [OpenUrl][1][CrossRef][2][PubMed][3][Web of Science][4] QUESTION: In patients with chronic headache, how effective are antidepressants? Studies were identified by searching Medline (1966 to December 1998), PsycLIT (1974 to December 1998), EMBASE/Excerpta Medica (1974 to December 1998), and the Cochrane Library . Bibliographies of relevant articles were reviewed, and Federal Research in Progress was searched for information on unpublished trials. Studies in any language were selected if they were randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing the effectiveness of antidepressants with placebo in patients with chronic headache and if measurable outcomes were reported. Data were extracted on setting, country of origin, patient inclusion and exclusion criteria, sample size, demographical characteristics, comorbid psychiatric disease, concurrent use of analgesic medications, key components of the intervention, study quality, adverse effects, and outcomes. Outcomes were overall improvement … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DThe%2BAmerican%2Bjournal%2Bof%2Bmedicine%26rft.stitle%253DAm%2BJ%2BMed%26rft.aulast%253DTomkins%26rft.auinit1%253DG.%2BE.%26rft.volume%253D111%26rft.issue%253D1%26rft.spage%253D54%26rft.epage%253D63%26rft.atitle%253DTreatment%2Bof%2Bchronic%2Bheadache%2Bwith%2Bantidepressants%253A%2Ba%2Bmeta-analysis.%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1016%252FS0002-9343%252801%252900762-8%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F11448661%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1016/S0002-9343(01)00762-8&link_type=DOI [3]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=11448661&link_type=MED&atom=%2Febmed%2F7%2F2%2F57.atom [4]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=000172053000008&link_type=ISI
Optimal Tracking of Maneuvering Targets

Maneuvering target motion is modeled by introducing a binary random variable in the target state equation. The optimal estimate is shown to be a weighted combination of two Kalman filter estimates with weights depending on the likelihood ratio for the detection of a maneuver. A tracking scheme is proposed for maneuvering target tracking and illustrated in an example.
Early inhibition and excitation of the retinal ganglion cells.

Abstract Experiments were performed on anesthetized rabbits to establish the relationship of the
Enhancing Cancer Education through the Arts: Building Connections with Alaska Native People, Cultures and Communities.

Building upon the dynamic traditions of Alaska Native people, which include the arts as a viable way of knowing, the expressive arts were woven into a five-day cancer education course for Alaska vi...
Longitudinal change in neuropsychological performance using latent growth models: a study of mild cognitive impairment

The goal of the current study was to examine cognitive change in both healthy controls (n = 229) and individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) (n = 397) from the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI). We applied latent growth modeling to examine baseline and longitudinal change over 36 months in five cognitive factors derived from the ADNI neuropsychological test battery (memory, executive function/processing speed, language, attention and visuospatial). At baseline, MCI patients demonstrated lower performance on all of the five cognitive factors when compared to controls. Both controls and MCI patients declined on memory over 36 months; however, the MCI patients declined at a significantly faster rate than controls. The MCI patients also declined over 36 months on the remaining four cognitive factors. In contrast, the controls did not exhibit significant change over 36 months on the non-memory cognitive factors. Within the MCI group, executive function declined faster than memory, while the other factor scores changed slower than memory over time. These findings suggest different patterns of cognitive change in healthy older adults and MCI patients. The findings also suggest that, when compared with memory, executive function declines faster than other cognitive factors in patients with MCI. Thus, decline in non-memory domains may be an important feature for distinguishing healthy older adults and persons with MCI.
The impact of maltreatment on children's psychosocial adjustment: A review of the research

Abstract While there is wide consensus that child victims of maltreatment are at risk for future social and psychological maladjustment, conspicuously few controlled empirical studies which examine this problem exist. The relative inattention to the psychological sequelae of child maltreatment is unfortunate since observations suggest that exposure to physical abuse and/or neglect has serious consequences for the child's present and long-term adjustment. The present paper reviews the most current empirical research on the psychosocial ajustment of maltreated children.
Dopamine and glutamate release in the dorsolateral caudate putamen following withdrawal from cocaine self-administration in rats.

Abstract Evidence suggests that cocaine addiction may involve progressive neuroadaptive changes in the dorsolateral caudate putamen (dlCPu). While cocaine seeking following abstinence from chronic self-administration requires intact dlCPu function, in vivo neurotransmitter release in the dlCPu has not been investigated. The current study measured dlCPu dopamine (DA) and glutamate (GLU) release during drug seeking following limited or extended abstinence, as well as in response to a cocaine priming injection alone. Male, Sprague–Dawley rats self-administered cocaine (0.2 mg/50 μl infusion, i.v.) for 10 days (2 h/day). In vivo microdialysis occurred in the self-administration chamber after 1 and 14 days of abstinence (Experiment 1). A separate set of animals that completed self-administration as well as drug naive controls received a cocaine priming injection (20 mg/kg) during concurrent microdialysis (Experiment 2). DA release increased during drug seeking in the self-administration context at both 1 and 14 days post abstinence. In contrast, GLU release only increased after 1 day of abstinence. Furthermore, animals with a cocaine self-administration history showed enhanced DA and GLU release following cocaine challenge as compared to drug naive controls. These results indicate that chronic cocaine self-administration enhances dlCPu DA and GLU under both drug-paired context and drug-primed conditions.
The obligatory nature of holistic processing of faces in social judgments

Using a composite-face paradigm, we show that social judgments from faces rely on holistic processing. Participants judged facial halves more positively when aligned with trustworthy than with untrustworthy halves, despite instructions to ignore the aligned parts (experiment 1). This effect was substantially reduced when the faces were inverted (experiments 2 and 3) and when the halves were misaligned (experiment 3). In all three experiments, judgments were affected to a larger extent by the to-be-attended than the to-be-ignored halves, suggesting that there is partial control of holistic processing. However, after rapid exposures to faces (33 to 100 ms), judgments of trustworthy and untrustworthy halves aligned with incongruent halves were indistinguishable (experiment 4a). Differences emerged with exposures longer than 100 ms. In contrast, when participants were not instructed to attend to specific facial parts, these differences did not emerge (experiment 4b). These findings suggest that the initial pass of information is holistic and that additional time allows participants to partially ignore the task-irrelevant context.
Computability of global solutions to factorable nonconvex programs: Part I — Convex underestimating problems

For nonlinear programming problems which are factorable, a computable procedure for obtaining tight underestimating convex programs is presented. This is used to exclude from consideration regions where the global minimizer cannot exist.
The Language of Diplomacy

Is Internet freedom an absolute, universal value like freedom of speech? If there are limits, how and by whom can they be established? Is crying fire or scaling firewalls anymore acceptable in cyberspace than in physical space? What is the impact on the discourse between nations, cultures and individuals? In this section, we gather a collage of comments from various key players from Google to Wikileaks to the US State Department along with comments by one of the most cogent analysts of the Net and the president of Turkey.
Correlated Prediction of the Photoelectron Spectrum of Polyethylene: Explanation of XPS and UPS Measurements.

The correlated quasiparticle energies for valence bands of polyethylene have been calculated, ab initio, employing many-body perturbation theory. Electron correlation effects for the bands vary from 1.5 to 5.4 eV. The MBPT(2) band energies accurately explain the measured photoelectron spectra (XPS, UPS) of polyethylene and resolve long-standing disagreements among these experiments. Density functional theory fails to provide agreement with experiment. This example demonstrates the critical role of correlated ab initio theory in obtaining accurate band structures for extended systems.
Mathematical model of the effect of intercellular cooperative interactions in cancer during drug therapy

We present an agent-based model of head and neck cancer cell population dynamics that investigates the effect of cooperative interactions between individual cancer cells during the course of cytotoxic drug treatment. A model of cooperative behavior based on the Lotka-Volterra competition equations is combined with a model of drug resistance and response. Predictions regarding the individual and combination effects of cooperation and drug treatment qualitatively match experimental observations from the literature.
Students' Understanding of the Library of Congress Call Number System

Students' ability to effectively understand and use call numbers to locate materials in the library is still an important skill in the digital age. This study explores students' perceptions of Library of Congress call number schemes and identifies the conditions that impede or facilitate students' successful location of desired library materials. Using a multiple case study design, this article describes the perceptions of undergraduate students who attend a 4-year public university in the Midwest. The findings suggest that students demonstrate little facility for locating books easily and independently, misinterpret call numbers in diverse ways, and do not fully understand the library's organization of materials.
STEM AND LEAF STRUCTURE OF ASPEN AT DIFFERENT ALTITUDES IN COLORADO

In this paper, the writer will attempt to point out the anatomical differences and similarities found in the trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) collected at elevations of 5,800 feet and 9,ooo feet respectively. Gregory Canyon, near the city of Boulder, Colorado, marks the loweraltitude collection, and the town of Tolland, in Gilpin County, Colorado, and i8 miles from Boulder, the higher collection place. Although these two localities do not represent the lower and upper distribution limits of the trembling aspen, they approximate these limits closely, and, furthermore, offer a city and a town as definite geographic locations near which the collections were made. In making collections from the two stations, an attempt was made to gather material growing in similar situations. Exposed trees from io to 15 feet high on slopes facing the south were chosen. These trees were in both cases about fifty feet from a stream or stream bed, and on a slope sufficient to insure adequate drainage. Two collections were made from each locality; one in the spring, as the buds were swelling, and one in early autumn, after summer growth was completed. The spring collection from Gregory Canyon was made May 15, 1924. Spring was a little more advanced here at an altitude of 5,8o0 feet on this date than at Tolland with an altitude of 9,ooo feet on June 5; that is, spring at Tolland was just about one month later than in Gregory Canyon. The autumn collection was made at Tolland September 25, and in Gregory Canyon October I5. LEAVES AND BUD SCALES
Policy implications of differential health status in East and West Europe. The case of Hungary

Abstract Morbidity and mortality trends in Western and Eastern Europe have differed considerably during the past three decades, although the major unfavourable processes have been essentially the same in each of the Central European countries. The most striking feature has been the decline in average life expectancy and deterioration of age-specific mortality rates for the middle-aged, especially men. The former socialist government took no effective action. Due to the denial of social and environmental problems, social, health and environmental policy were underdeveloped and deformed. Partly inherited from previous historical traditions, wishful thinking, victimization and a patronizing attitude were primary ways of dealing with problems. In these circumstances even the few specially supported health education campaigns were doomed to fail. People depended on the omnipotent central state in vain to solve their problems so that health promotion based on the community and self-empowerment did not develop. During the early nineties, in Eastern and Central Europe no central political strategies were initiated or launched to combat the mortality and morbidity tendences. The economic and social prerequisites of a long-term gradual improvement in the health status are missing in Central and Eastern Europe. A declining standard of living due to recession, growing deprivation, poverty, unemployment and migration are unfavourable to improvements in health. In a time of crisis, with stress but without adequate skills of coping, forced adaptation associated with sudden changes and perceived failure have only made matters worse. There are no short-term ‘solutions’. Hopefully, the ‘second generation’ of democratic governments will have the energy in the mid-nineties to work out their strategies and start to implement them.
A Simulation-Model Compiler for All Seasons

A new runtime simulation-model Compiler quickly reads, compiles, and immediately solves vector differential equations and difference equations as well as scalar equations for dynamic-system models. Vector assignments compactly model nonlinear as well as linear matrix/vector relations for many Problems in physics, control Systems, neural networks, and fuzzy logic. The key feature is that the new vector differential-equation solver can replicate a dynamic-system model many times and then simulates hundreds of such models in a Single Simulation run, e.g. for Monte Carlo studies. Also, partial differential equations (e.g. for a heat exchanger) can be solved together with ordinary differential equations. Portable C code runs on UNIX or LINUX Workstations. A fast machine-language version for personal Computers (Windows 98 and NT) directly utilizes the Pentium floating-point hardware Stack, which is automatically continued into memory.
On Modeling the Mechanical Behavior of Amorphous Polymers for the Micro-Hot-Embossing of Microfluidic Devices

In this paper, a brief summary of some of our recent work [1, 2] is presented, with the goal of developing an engineering science-based process-simulation capability for micro-hot-embossing of amorphous polymers. To achieve this goal: (i) a three-dimensional thermo-mechanically-coupled large deformation constitutive theory has been developed to model the temperature and rate-dependent elastic-viscoplastic response of amorphous polymers; (ii) the material parameters in the theory were calibrated by using new experimental data from a suite of simple compression tests on Zeonex-690R (cyclo-olefin polymer), that covers a wide range of temperatures and strain rates; (iii) the constitutive model was implemented in the finite element program ABAQUS/Explicit; and (iv) the predictive capability of the numerical simulation procedures were validated by comparing results from the simulation of a representative micro-hot-embossing process against corresponding results from a physical experiment.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Trends in Aromatic Ring Number Distributions of Coal Tars during Secondary Pyrolysis

To characterize the ring number distribution of coal tars throughout secondary pyrolysis, tar samples from two coal types were fractionated via gravity flow column chromatography (GFCC), and the po...
Ocular lesions and neoplasms in wistar rats after a single injection of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea

Abstract Ocular lesions such as retinal atrophy and cataract developed in Wistar rats after a single intravenous injection (70 mg/kg body weight) of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU). Sequential examination of the eyes confirmed a posterior nuclear cataract 3 months after treatment. These rats had neither hyperglycemia nor glucosuria. The observed changes may be due to a toxic effect of MNU on ocular tissues. The treated rats developed neoplasms of kidney, jaw, lung, adrenal, colon, ovary, mammary gland, and hemopoietic tissues. Results of this study suggest that toxicity and carcinogenicity may be independent events.
Fatigue behavior and modeling of short fiber reinforced polymer composites: A literature review

Abstract Applications of short fiber reinforced polymer composites (SFRPCs) have been rapidly increasing and most of the components made of these materials are subjected to cyclic loading. Therefore, their fatigue behavior and modeling have been of much interest in recent years. This literature review presents a broad review of the many factors influencing cyclic deformation, fatigue behavior, and damage development in SFRPCs. These include microstructural related effects as well as effects related to loading condition and their service environment. Microstructural related effects include those related to fiber length, content and orientation, surface treatment, and failure mechanisms. Cyclic deformation and softening, viscous characteristics, and dissipative response used to characterize and model their fatigue damage behavior and accumulation are discussed. The effects of stress concentrations and their gradient on fatigue behavior are also discussed, due to their significant influence. The effects related to the loading condition include mean stress effects which may be accompanied by cyclic creep, variable amplitude loading, and multiaxial stress effects. Since fatigue behavior is substantially influenced by the testing frequency with self-heating as the primary consequence of increased frequency, this effect is also investigated. Environmental effects considered include the effects of moisture content and temperature, as well as thermo-mechanical fatigue behavior. The effect of welded joints in manufactured components made of SFRPCs and fatigue analysis and life estimation techniques used for such components are also included.
Sexual jealousy as a facultative trait: Evidence from the pattern of sex differences in adults from China and the United States.

Abstract Across two studies, 716 and 308 undergraduate students from the United States and mainland China, respectively, were administered a series of measures on jealousy, emotional responses to partner infidelity, family background, and personality. Across both studies for the U.S. and Chinese samples, a higher proportion of males than females reported more distress to a partner's imagined sexual infidelity than to emotional infidelity, whereas a higher proportion of females than males reported more distress to a partner's emotional infidelity than to sexual infidelity, consistent with theoretical expectations and previous empirical research. However, a much higher proportion of U.S. males and females reported more distress to sexual infidelity than their same-sex Chinese peers, suggesting that the tendency toward sexual jealousy might be facultatively influenced by sexual permissiveness in the general culture. The overall pattern of results is considered in terms of individual and contextual differences in the expression of jealousy, as well as in terms of the emotional and behavioral responses associated with jealousy reactions.
An asymptotic method for construction of plate theories: Cylindrical bending of a homogeneous plate

Abstract An analytical method is presented for the construction of a one-dimensional theory for cylindrical bending of a homogeneous layer. The method forms the basis of a computational approach to the reduction of the equations of three-dimensional elasticity to two-dimensional theories of transversely heterogeneous plates of generally anisotropic materials.
Effects of the introduced parasite Philornis downsi on nestling growth and mortality in the medium ground finch (Geospiza fortis)

Invasive species have the potential to detrimentally affect native ecosystems by out competing or directly preying upon native organisms, and have been implicated in the extinction of endemic populations. One potentially devastating introduced species in the Galapagos Islands is the parasitic fly Philornis downsi. As larvae, P. downsi parasitize nestling birds and have been associated with high nestling mortality and reduced growth rates. Here I document nestling growth and mortality in a bimodal population of the medium ground finch, Geospiza fortis. Observations were conducted over three years, and under variable ecological conditions. Annual parasite prevalence in nests ranged from 64% to 98%, and nestling mortality in nests with parasites ranged from 16% to 37%. Parasite load and parasite load per nestling follow a skewed distribution with many nests having relatively few parasites, and few nest having many. Parasite load, however, was not correlated with onset of breeding, clutch size, the number of nestlings, nestling survival or fledgling success. Parasite load per nestling, on the other hand, was correlated with clutch initiation date and the proportion of nestlings that died in parasitized nests. Neither nestling size nor growth rate differed between parasitized and unparasitized nests. In addition, male and female beak morphology was not correlated with parasite load, breeding variables or nestling survival. Thus, while overall mortality due to parasitism is high, ecological conditions and possible host defenses may potentially counter some of the detrimental affects of P. downsi on nestling size and growth. These results taken together suggest that parasitism of P. downsi larvae on nestling G. fortis has the potential to lead to large population declines.
Modeling, Error Analysis, and Evaluation of Dual-Polarization Variables Obtained from Simultaneous Horizontal and Vertical Polarization Transmit Radar. Part II: Experimental Data

In this second article in a two-part work, the biases of weather radar polarimetric variables from simultaneous horizontally and vertically transmit (SHV) data are investigated. The biases are caused by cross coupling of the simultaneously transmitted vertical (V) and horizontal (H) electric fields. There are two primary causes of cross coupling: 1) the nonzero mean canting angle of the propagation medium (e.g., canted ice crystals) and 2) antenna polarization errors. Given herein are experimental data illustrating both bias sources. In Part I, a model is developed and used to quantify cross coupling and its impact on polarization measurements. Here, in Part II, experimental data from the National Center for Atmospheric Research’s (NCAR’s) S-band dual-polarimetric Doppler radar (S-Pol) and the National Severe Storms Laboratory’s polarimetric Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D), KOUN, are used to illustrate biases in differential reflectivity(Zdr). The S-Pol data are unique: both SHV data and fast alternating H and V transmit (FHV) data are gathered in close time proximity, and thus the FHV data provide ‘‘truth’’ for the SHV data. Specifically, the SHV Zdr bias in rain caused by antenna polarization errors is clearly demonstrated by the data. This has not been shown previously in the literature.
Differential antigen presentation by heat-treated peripheral blood mononuclear cells and Epstein-Barr virus-transformed lymphoblastoid cell lines (EBV-LCL): Heated EBV-LCL present alloantigen and soluble antigen but are deficient in the stimulation of autologous EBV-LCL primed T cells

Heat-treated PBM (1 hr at 45 degrees C) cannot present soluble Candida albicans antigens (CAN) or stimulate in the mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) reaction. This is despite their continued expression of serologically defined class II MHC antigens. In contrast, heat-treated EBV-LCL present soluble CAN and stimulate allogeneic T cells in the MLC. Heated EBV-LCL stimulate strong secondary responses from allogeneic alloprimed T-cell lines in the primed lymphocyte test (PLT), while heated PBM stimulate only weak secondary allogeneic responses. To test whether this difference was due to a subtle difference in the thermal stability of the functional expression of class II MHC antigens on PBM and EBV-LCL cells, the EBV-LCL cells were heated for 1 hr at temperatures from 45 degrees C to 60 degrees C. Even after treatment at 60 degrees C, the heated EBV-LCL strongly stimulated alloreactive T cells in MLC and PLT reactions. Heated EBV-LCL are not nonspecifically mitogenic, as they do not stimulate autologous T-cell lines primed to alloantigens. However, the weak response of alloprimed T-cell lines to heated allogeneic PBM can be augmented by coculturing with autologous heated EBV-LCL, suggesting heated EBV-LCL maintain a metabolic activity necessary for allogeneic stimulation that is deficient in heated PBM. While heated EBV-LCL stimulate allogeneic alloprimed T-cell lines, they no longer stimulate autologous EBV-LCL primed T-cell lines; irradiated EBV-LCL stimulate both strongly. This suggests the involvement of a heat labile antigenic or metabolic factor in the T-cell recognition of autologous but not allogenic EBV-LCL.
Early results from a high-resolution hybrid terrestrial and bathymetry mapping LiDAR

Over the last two decades airborne terrestrial and bathymetric LiDAR systems have experienced exponential development. However, the design criteria for either terrestrial or bathymetric systems have created a gap where these systems are not operational. This gap is in the interface and overlap of land surface and very shallow water (&#60; 5 m) bodies such as lakes, lagoons, rivers, intracoastal waterways, and the surf zone. These areas are of high interest for geoscientists and engineers, and mapping this topography at high resolution in a single pass with a single system until now has been unachievable. In this paper we present a new LiDAR system that integrates design characteristics of terrestrial and bathymetric systems which enables the high resolution topographic mapping of land and shallow water bathymetry in a single pass. We will also present early results from test flights of the system under different conditions and outline future work.
Localization of the P3 sources using magnetoencephalography and magnetic resonance imaging

Abstract In this study, two related issues were addressed: first, whether the P3 component of auditory evoked responses, obtained in the context of an oddball paradigm, and its magnetoencephalographically recorded counterpart (P3m) are generated by the same intracranial sources; and, second, whether these sources, modeled as equivalent current dipoles, can be localized in particular brain structures using magnetic resonance imaging. The study involving 8 normal adult subjects resulted in the following findings. (1) Both the similarities and differences in wave form characteristics of the simultaneously recorded P3 and P3m can be best accounted for by common intracranial sources. (2) Several successively activated single-dipolar sources, rather than a single source, account for the entire evolution of the P3m component. (3) Most of these sources were localized in the vicinity of the auditory cortex in all subjects, although some sources appeared to be in deeper structures, possibly the lateral thalamus. (4) The succesive activation of sources followed an orderly medial-to-lateral course. These results suggest that activity responsible for the surface-recorded P3 (and P3m) component may be initiated in deep structures, but it quickly spreads over and is sustained in areas near the auditory cortex.
A study of high alpha dynamics and flow visualization for a 2.5-percent model of the F-18 HARV undergoing wing rock

Free-to-roll experiments and flow visualization studies have been conducted for a 2.5-percent model of the F-18 undergoing unsteady wing rock oscillations. Data have been acquired in the form of roll angle time histories as well as video recordings and 35 mm photography of the forebody and leading edge extension vortices. The time histories were differentiated to produce angular velocity and angular acceleration. From this the roll moment as a function of time and/or roll angle could be estimated. A thorough analysis of the data has revealed a genuine wing-rock phenomenon. Off-surface flow visualization was used to identiify the forebody and LEX vortex core positions and their interaction in both static and dynamic configurations. A direct correlation between the dynamic data and visualized vortex activity during the wing-rock motion has been made.
Research and development efforts necessary to evolving satellite communication systems

This paper briefly reviews those salient factors which influence the operation of EHF MILSATCOM systems. This review is presented to establish a basis for research and development efforts that will be important during the next decade. Current and projected SATCOM frequency bands are presented first in order to establish the potential operating frequency bands that must be considered. This is followed by spatial and tempera1 interference suppression techniques and their dependence on operating frequency. Next, the effect of atmospheric and rain attenuation are summarized. Finally, the recommended R6D effprts, the expected time when these advances in technology are required, and the profitable sponsors are presented.
Role of polypeptide growth factors in normal and abnormal growth.

There are three general conditions in which cell growth occurs in animals. The first is during embryonic growth and subsequent development into an adult organism. Second, there is the cellular proliferation in response to an injury such as wound repair and, of special interest here, in compensatory growth. Finally, there is the rapid growth associated with the neoplastic transformation of cells and resulting tumor growth. In this short review we will present several examples of the best characterized factors which have been associated with one or more of these situations. As with most biologically active factors, it is impossible to make clear cut-cut dividing lines as to function and several factors can be implicated several places. For example, nerve growth factor may play a role both in normal neuronal development and wound repair. Also, growth factors active in neoplastic growth may be involved in embryonic development. Both these cases will be mentioned in detail later. Throughout this review, growth will be defined so as to include both an increase in the number of cells, hyperplasia, and the enlargement and extension of individual cells, hypertrophy. There are instances, however, where a distinction must be made. There has been an explosive proliferation in research findings concerning growth factors in the last 10 years, partially made possible by the commercial availability of several of the best characterized factors. Numerous literature makes it necessary to omit certain details here and, thus, no attempt will be made to detail the most recent theories on how growth factors transmit the mitogenic message once they interact with the target cells. For example, several recent reviews discussed in detail how this may occur as well as structural similarities of several factors [1–3]. In brief, we will summarize the current knowledge of growth factors in relationship to the three common situations where they are known to act; normal growth, response to injury, and neoplastic growth. The participation of growth factors has been well established in these situations, although there are other factors involved such as the substratum supporting the cells [4, 5] and growth-inhibiting substances [6, 7], some of which will be mentioned where necessary.
Theoretical Study of Atomic Layer Deposition Reaction Mechanism and Kinetics for Aluminum Oxide Formation at Graphene Nanoribbon Open Edges

The atomic layer deposition (ALD) reaction of Al2O3 at graphene nanoribbon open edges has been studied theoretically by ab initio density functional theory and transition state rate theory. The str...
Historical change in the link between adolescent deviance proneness and marijuana use, 1979-2004.

We examined historical change in the association between adolescent deviance proneness and marijuana use using 26 years (from 1979 through 2004) of national 12th grade data from the Monitoring the Future (MTF) study. “Deviance proneness” was measured using a latent factor model of behavioral and personality characteristics that underlie both substance use and antisocial disorders. Marijuana use was measured both in terms of annual frequency of use and degree of involvement with marijuana. Separate within-gender structural equation models were used to determine whether links between deviance proneness and marijuana use were consistently significant and invariant in magnitude across 13 two-year historical cohorts. Overall results affirmed the established association between adolescent deviance proneness and both the frequency of marijuana use as well as regular use. Among male youth, the size of the association between deviance proneness and marijuana use was significantly smaller at the cohort of lowest population prevalence (1991/92) compared to cohorts marking peaks in marijuana use prevalence, thus suggesting a “softening” historical trend. By contrast, the prediction of female marijuana use from deviance proneness was not consistently related to historical shifts in population prevalence of marijuana use. Study findings point to the utility of risk-focused prevention programming that targets early precursors of both antisocial and substance use disorders.
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid intoxication increases its accumulation within the brain.

Abstract Exposure to the phenoxyacetic acid herbicides has been shown to produce neurotoxicity. Therefore, adult mice (pregnant) and rabbits were used to examine the accumulation and regional distribution of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) within the brain following intraperitoneal injection of a low dose (0.2–0.4 mg/kg) of [14C]2,4-D. Controls, i.e. animals not previously exposed to 2,4-D, were compared to animals acutely pretreated with higher doses (40–160 mg/kg) of unlabeled 2,4-D. Both autoradiography and direct tissue analysis showed that in control animals brain levels were much lower than plasma in both adult (∼4%) and fetus (∼8%). In both species, small variations were seen between the brain regions, with brainstem and cerebellum somewhat higher than other regions. Pretreatment with unlabeled 2,4-D caused a 5- to 10-fold increase in accumulation of [14C]2,4-D in both mice and rabbits. On the other hand, 2-deoxyglucose entry into the brain was not altered by 2,4-D pretreatment. Thus, there was no generalized increase in blood-brain barrier permeability. Instead, increased 2,4-D accumulation appeared to be caused by its decreased elimination from the brain. Pretreatment with 40 mg/kg led to a CSF 2,4-D concentration of 10 μM, a concentration sufficient to inhibit choroid plexus transport of [14C]2,4-D by nearly 50% in vitro. These results suggest that exposure to organic anions like 2,4-D may lead to the retention of potentially toxic anions within the CNS via competitive inhibition of the organic anion transport system which normally reduces their brain and CSF concentrations to very low levels.
Intimacy: Nursing home resident issues and staff training

Expressions of intimacy involving nursing home residents with dementia are often ignored or handled with limitedfinesse. This article describes issues affecting residents, families and staff. A pre-admission intimacy profile and LifeStory outline is included. Reaction to self directed intimacy and considerations when responding to a confused resident 's involvement with a cognitively alert resident are described. Recommended guidelines for addressing intimate situations between residents with dementia are outlined. Understanding the effects on families and staff focuses the challenge of offering support and education. Creative staff training modules are included with practical caregiving suggestions.
Androgen receptor levels in hypothalamic and vocal control nuclei in the male zebra finch

Abstract Using a synthetic, non-metabolizable ligand, R1881 (methyltrienolone), an in vitro binding assay was developed to quantify levels of cytosol androgen receptors in microdissected nuclei from the finch brain. Saturable, high affinity binding in the nanomolar range was demonstrated in the brain areas examined, and receptor levels were unaffected by freezing the tissue samples. The assay was specific for androgen receptors when 10 μM triamcinolone acetonide was added to inhibit the binding of R1881 to glucocorticoid and progestin receptors. Levels of cytosol androgen receptors were quantified in 3 hypothalamic and 3 vocal control nuclei presumed to contain high concentrations of androgen receptors on the basis of previous autoradiography. All nuclei examined showed significant levels of androgen receptors ranging from 5.8 to 35.8 fmol/mg protein. Hypothalamic nuclei had higher concentrations than vocal control nuclei.
Seasonal and hormonally induced changes in plasma clearing factor and lipids in Phasianus colchicus.

Abstract Plasma clearing factor (CF) rose in normal hen pheasants just prior to the spring egg-laying season. Its elevation paralleled increments in plasma total lipid and β-lipoprotein; α-lipoprotein decreased. All of these parameters returned to normal at the end of the laying season. The changes did not occur in either intact or orchiectomized cocks, but could be stimulated by treatment with diethylstilbestrol. Exogenous estrogen also induced plasma CF and lipid elevation and lipoprotein changes in post-reproductive hens. Laying hens showed greater CF and lipid alterations after estrogen treatment. Progesterone completely inhibited the effects of endogenous estrogens in laying birds, but did not reduce plasma CF or lipid in post-reproductive hens or estrogenized laying hens. Lipoprotein patterns most closely resembled normal ones only in hens given both estrogen and progesterone. Progesterone also stimulated a rapid appearance of the body fat depletion characteristic of nesting birds. It is suggested that estrogen may enhance the release of depot triglycerides and endothelial CF into the blood, thus facilitating the transfer of depot fat to egg yolk. Progesterone may counteract the release of CF from the endothelium, however, making more plasma lipid available for catabolism while simultaneously inhibiting ovulation.
Bacteriological quality and safety of raw cow milk in Madurai (South India)

The microbiological quality and safety of raw milk from 60 dairy farms in Madurai were determined. Milk samples were collected at 60 centers from four regions, namely northern, eastern, western and southern (NEWS) according to stratified random sampling design. Samples were analyzed for Total plate count (TPC), psychrotrophs, thermophiles, Staphylococcus aureus , coliform, Escherichia coli 0157: H7 and Salmonella. The mean counts per ml for TPC, psychrotrophs and thermophiles were 12.5x10 6 , 5x10 3 and 6.85x10 3 respectively. From the 60 milk samples tested, coliform bacteria contaminated approximately 90% and 70% were E. coli positive, with mean counts ranged from 10 3 to 10 4 cfu ml -1 . S. aureus was isolated from more than 61.7% of the samples and the mean count per ml was 6.2x10 3 . Meanwhile, E. coli 0157: H7 was also detected in 39 (65%) samples. However, Salmonella was only detected in 8 (13.3%) of the samples with the southern region having the highest frequency of isolation. Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 48(2) , 109-114, 2013 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjsir.v48i2.15741
Testosterone replacement therapy for hypogonadal men with SSRI-refractory depression

Background: Testosterone replacement therapy is an effective treatment of some depressive symptoms in hypogonadal men, and may be an effective augmentation treatment for SSRI-refractory major depression in such men. Methods: We treated five depressed men who had low testosterone levels and had not responded to an adequate SSRI trial with 400 mg testosterone replacement biweekly for 8 weeks. Four patients underwent single-blind placebo discontinuation. Patients were assessed at baseline and biweekly thereafter using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) and the Endicott Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Scale (Q-LES-Q). Results: Patients' mean age was 40 years, and mean testosterone level 277 ng/dl. All had a rapid and dramatic recovery from major depression following testosterone augmentation: mean 21-item HAM-D decreased from 19.2 to 7.2 by week 2, and to 4.0 by week 8; mean Q-LES-Q increased from 45% to 68%. Three of four subjects who underwent discontinuation of testosterone under single-blind placebo treatment began to relapse. Conclusion: Testosterone replacement therapy may be an effective treatment of depressive symptoms in some men, and warrants further research.
Risk factors for adult imprisonment in a sample of youth released from residential child care

Abstract This study examined five cohorts of male youth released from residential child care (N=1550) to determine the likelihood that they would later appear in the adult correctional system. Approximately one quarter of the youth studied were sentenced to adult corrections within 7 1 2 years of release from residential child care. Years five and seven following release were periods of greatest risk. Among the key variables found to influence the likelihood and rate of adult sentencing were indicators of chronic juvenile delinquency (number of previous felonies, number previous stays) and subsequent placements as youth in residential or institutional settings. Policy and program implications of the findings are discussed.