cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Black Women's Experiences with Racial Microaggressions in College: Making Meaning at the Crossroads of Race and Gender

In the present chapter, we argue that Black college women's experiences with microaggressive racial discrimination are best understood through the lens of intersectionality, which emphasizes the interrelations between race and gender. We use a focus group method with 20 Black female students (mean age=20) from two different settings: a four-year university and a community college both located in the same college town. This qualitative approach allows us to understand Black women's experiences in more detail and to gain insight into how microaggressions are lived on a daily basis during college. Our findings affirm that in and around college campuses, many Black female students regularly encounter microaggressive forms of discrimination unique to being Black and female, which communicate messages of inferiority, criminal status, abnormal cultural values, and rigid stereotypes. We conclude with suggestions for what colleges and universities should do in order enhance support services and create a more inclusive environment.
Orbits and Morse–Bott Theory in Compact Lie Groups

There once was a real classy Groupie Who longed from the homotopyists to mut'nie Bott appeared, it was Fate, Made her period 8 By applying Morse Code to her Loopie. The Topology of Conjugacy Orbits We now wish to study in more detail the topology of conjugacy orbits in a compact Lie group G with given maximal torus T . But first we present an example (more complicated than the SO (3) case of Figure D.1) to keep in mind.
Proactive School Organization: Identifying and Meeting Special Population Needs.

Abstract A four-step, proactive model of school organization is presented to help administrators define the needs of special populations, and to establish school-wide educational programs. By systematically collecting data, defining students needs, using student-oriented strategies, and evaluating outcomes, administrators can anticipate areas of special concern and direct resources towards a proactive process of meeting students’ educational needs. The proactive school organization is a viable model for schools because: (a) it allows schools to establish summative and formative goals; (b) it provides accountability to those inside the school system and to the public community; (c) it allows for the identification and use of resources available within, as well as outside, the school; (d) it meets current system needs for special education placement; and (e) it provides a continually self-correcting method for guiding and refining successful school practices.
Discrepancies among Measures of Executive Functioning in a Subsample of Young Adult Survivors of Childhood Brain Tumor: Associations with Treatment Intensity.

Objectives Treatments for childhood brain tumors (BT) confer substantial risks to neurological development and contribute to neuropsychological deficits in young adulthood. Evidence suggests that individuals who experience more significant neurological insult may lack insight into their neurocognitive limitations. The present study compared survivor, mother, and performance-based estimates of executive functioning (EF), and their associations with treatment intensity history in a subsample of young adult survivors of childhood BTs. Methods Thirty-four survivors (52.9% female), aged 18 to 30 years (M=23.5; SD=3.4), 16.1 years post-diagnosis (SD=5.9), were administered self-report and performance-based EF measures. Mothers also rated survivor EF skills. Survivors were classified by treatment intensity history into Minimal, Average/Moderate, or Intensive/Most-Intensive groups. Discrepancies among survivor, mother, and performance-based EF estimates were compared. Results Survivor-reported and performance-based measures were not correlated, although significant associations were found between mother-reported and performance measures. Survivors in the Intensive/Most-Intensive treatment group evidenced the greatest score discrepancies, reporting less executive dysfunction relative to mother-reported F(2,31)=7.81, p.05). Conclusions There may be a lack of agreement among survivor, mother, and performance-based estimates of EF skills in young adult survivors of childhood BT, and these discrepancies may be associated with treatment intensity history. Neuropsychologists should use a multi-method, multi-reporter approach to assessment of EF in this population. Providers also should be aware of these discrepancies as they may be a barrier to intervention efforts. (JINS, 2016, 22, 900-910).
The Effect of Carpal Tunnel Release on Typing Performance.

Purpose To describe the effect of carpal tunnel release (CTR) on typing performance. Methods We prospectively studied 27 patients undergoing open CTR. Patient demographics and clinical characteristics including nerve conduction studies, electromyography results, and duration of symptoms were collected. Before surgery and at 8 time points after surgery, ranging from 1 to 12 weeks, typing performance for an approximately 500-character paragraph was assessed via an on-line platform. The Michigan Hand Questionnaire (MHQ) and the Boston Carpal Tunnel Questionnaire functional component (BCTQ-F) and symptom severity component (BCTQ-S) component were completed before surgery and at 1, 3, 6, and 12 weeks after surgery. We used repeated-measures analyses of variance and follow-up dependent-samples t tests to analyze change in typing performance across sessions, and linear regressions to assess relationships between typing performance and demographic and outcome measures. We compared typing speed with the MHQ, BCTQ-F, and BCTQ-S using the Pearson correlation test. Results Average typing speed decreased significantly from 49.7 ± 2.7 words per minute (wpm) before surgery to 45.2 ± 3.1 wpm at 8 to 10 days after surgery. Mean typing speed for the group exceeded the preoperative value between weeks 2 and 3, with continued improvement to 53.5 ± 3.5 wpm at 12 weeks after surgery. No clinical or demographic variables were associated with the rate of recovery or the magnitude of improvement after CTR. The MHQ, BCTQ-F, and BCTQ-S each demonstrated significant improvement from preoperative values over the 12-week period. The MHQ and BCTQ-F scores correlated well with typing speed. Conclusions On average, typing speed returned to preoperative levels between 2 and 3 weeks after CTR and typing speed showed improvement beyond preoperative levels after surgery. The MHQ and BCTQ-F correlate well with typing speed after CTR. Type of study/level of evidence Prognostic IV.
Flexible Specialization and the Garment Industry

This paper takes issue with accounts that argue that flexible specialization is the appropriate industrial paradigm for the high-end, fashion segment of the apparel industry. Many accounts have argued that apparel factories using mass-production face three obstacles in this segment of the industry: they cannot produce goods quickly enough, they cannot change styles fast enough, and they cannot meet quality standards. Evidence from two case studies and a review of the industry press reveals that large firms in the 1990s have been able to meet these challenges using mass production methods. Quality challenges have been met by the implementation of hyper-Taylorist labor practices such as “statistical process control.”
Secondary Production and Consumer Energetics

Consumers play two key roles in ecosystem energetics: their respiration destroys organic matter that serves as the medium of energy exchange in ecosystems, and some of the organic matter a consumer eats is used for growth and reproduction (called secondary production). This chapter explores the basic energy budget of consumers and its ecological significance, and discusses the controls and prediction of secondary production, a particularly important and well studied part of consumer energetics. Finally, aspects of nutrient flow through consumer populations is briefly discussed.
Opportunities and Challenges of Spatially Distributed Innovation Imaginariums

Alfred Marshall’s evocative explanation for localized specialization of industry—that “the secrets of industry are in the air”—has had a profound influence on the study of the geography of innovation. Physical proximity will always be a potentially powerful vector for the transmission of ideas and tacit knowledge. However, in contrast to Marshall’s late nineteenth century industrial districts, the number and capability of means of transmission not reliant on physical proximity have greatly expanded. This chapter will review recent empirical evidence that chronicles the declining importance of physical proximity for the transmission of innovative ideas and examine alternatives for spatially dispersed knowledge management. An important dimension to be examined is the extent to which physical proximity privileges the conventional linear model of innovation and predictions of increasing concentration of innovation in global cities. In contrast, alternative models that emphasize the importance of users in innovation communities or imaginariums support innovation occurring throughout the settlement hierarchy.
Imagine all the people sharing all the world

At the end of the 20 th century an editorial published in The New England Journal of Medicine summarizing the 11 most important medical achievements of the past 1,000 years included body imaging together with the discovery of antimicrobial agents, the development of anesthesia and the elucidation of inheritance and genetics (1).
Effects of competition, litter, and disturbance on an annual carnivorous plant (Utricularia juncea)

The effects of removal of live plants and litter (using herbicide, clipping, and raking) on seedling establishment were examined in Utricularia juncea (bladderwort), an annual carnivorous plant of low frequency in wet, nutrient-poor pine savannas of the southeastern United States. In addition, the spatial distribution of this species in relation to crayfish disturbances was determined. The creation of competition-free gaps in the groundcover canopy in May 1996 (using herbicide) promoted establishment of this species at two sites by September 1997. Standing dead and litter left in herbicide-treated plots inhibited establishment. Density was near zero in undisturbed plots. Natural occurrences of this species were associated with crayfish mounds, which bury plant litter as they erode and increase in area. These results suggest that Utricularia juncea is a fugitive species that depends on disturbances or litter-free microsites to become established in wet, nutrient-poor seepage savannas in southern Mississippi. It is hypothesized that the production of carnivorous traps combined with relatively high allocation to reproductive structures (>90%) and the production of a persistent seed bank make it well-adapted to nutrient-poor and disturbed habitats.
Beyond Efficiency: Value Frameworks for Public Administration

Considering tradition and modernity in public administration encourages us to focus on the field’s normative dimensions. Tradition teaches us that efficiency has not always been a dominant or default value for organizing public administration. Although efficiency rose to dominance in the 1930s, as with tradition, today it is contested by a plethora of competing public administrative values. Because there is no agreed upon framework for analyzing and organizing these values, this article offers a format for categorizing them and ordering their relationships to one another based on whether they are intrinsic, ancillary, or extrinsic to agency core missions. 행정학 공동체의 이론적 수준에서 행정학 원리들이 어느 국가에나 보편적으로 적용될 수 있을지 혹은 정치적, 경제적, 사회적, 문화적, 역사적, 환경적 그리고 전통적 요소들에 의하여 제한되는지에 관한 지속적 논의가 있다. 21세기 들어 선진국과 개도국 간에 행정개혁의 접합접에 관한 집합점이 전환기를 맞이함에 따라 본 연구는 국가적 맥락이 특정 국가의 행정 개혁에 있어 유의미한 (만약 ‘중요한’이 아니라면) 역학을 한다고 주장한다. 이 논의를 맥락에 맞추기 위하여, 본 연구는 중국과 미국 행정 개혁 간의 비슷한 점과 상이한 점을 논의하고, 중국 행정 개혁은 서양 신공공관리 모델의 반복이 아닌 파생물이라고 결론짓는다.
Emerging, Emergent, Emergence: Boundary Maintenance, Definition Construction, and Legitimation Strategies in the Establishment of a Post-Evangelical Subculture

Extending social anthropologist Mary Douglas's theory of purity and danger, this article employs a form of textual and discourse analysis and draws on subcultural identity theory. The article argues that one central aspect of social formation occurs through definitional battles or arguments situating theological boundaries and setting the socioreligious parameters of an inchoate group. The Emerging Church Movement (ECM) offers a clear example of discursive scrimmaging. In the late 1990s and 2000s, insiders sought to legitimate the movement through a series of strategies. Published definitions and descriptions worked to establish the normative agenda of the movement and in applying methods of hyper-specification and internal categorical nuance vied with one another over criteria lists and theological validity. Critical outsiders attempted to discredit the nascent ECM through an inverse set of gate-keeping strategies. This article underscores the centrality of language, print text, and media in the production of new subcultural identities and suggests that the ECM's effective problematization by gatekeepers has marked the movement as dangerous to evangelicalism's traditional boundaries, thus compelling the emergence, via textual discourse, of a quasi- or post-evangelical identity.
Sluggish Cognitive Tempo Symptoms Contribute to Heterogeneity in Adult Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) persists into adulthood in over 50% of cases, although its associated symptom profiles, comorbid problems, and neuropsychological deficits change substantially across development. Sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) symptoms may contribute to associations between ADHD and comorbid problems and may partially explain the substantial heterogeneity observed in its correlates. 349 adults aged 18-38 years (M = 23.2, SD = 4.5, 54.7% male, 61.03% with ADHD) completed a multi-informant diagnostic procedure and a comprehensive neuropsychological battery. Adults with ADHD (n = 213) were retained for analyses. Latent class analyses (LCA) revealed three profiles of SCT symptoms among those with ADHD, which we classified as minimal, moderate, or severe SCT. Multiple analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) revealed significant differences among these profiles, which remained when controlling for persistence of ADHD symptoms and sex. In general, adults with ADHD combined with SCT symptoms (moderate and severe) had significantly more symptoms of anxiety, depression, and persistent inattention, and had more severe professional and relational impairment compared to ADHD adults without SCT. Compared to those with moderate or minimal SCT symptoms, the severe SCT group had the most symptoms of depression and internalizing disorders, and the most impairment in the domain of daily responsibility. No significant differences based on externalizing symptoms emerged when controlling for sex and persistence of inattention symptoms, suggesting the moderate and severe SCT groups do not simply reflect more symptoms. Moreover, follow-up mediation analyses revealed that SCT might at least partially explain the heterogeneity in ADHD. Findings have implications for refinement of etiological conceptualization, assessment methods, and intervention strategies.
Current concepts of fluid management in enhanced recovery pathways.

Abstract Perioperative fluid management impacts outcomes and plays a pivotal role in enhanced recovery pathways (ERPs). There have been major advances in understanding the effects of fluid therapy and administration during the perioperative period. Improving fluid management during this period leads to a decrease in complications, decrease in length of stay (LOS), and enhanced patient outcomes. It is important to consider preoperative and postoperative fluid management to be just as critical as intraoperative management given multiple associated benefits to the patients. Preoperative hydration with (complex) carbohydrate drinks up until 2 h before surgery is safe and should be encouraged, as this helps improve metabolism, decrease insulin resistance, reduce anxiety, and reduce nausea and vomiting. During the intraoperative period, the goals of fluid management are to maintain euvolemia using an individualized plan for fluid and haemodynamic management, matching the needs for monitoring with patient and surgical risk through goal-directed therapy (GDT). By combining the use of fluids and inotropes, GDT uses measurements and indicators of cardiac output and stroke volume to improve blood flow intraoperatively, and ultimately reduce LOS and complications. In the postoperative period, an early transition to oral hydration helps to enhance the conditions for healing and recovery from surgery. I.V. fluid therapy should be kept at a minimum, and urine output should not be the driving force for fluid administration. The optimization of perioperative fluid management is critical to ERPs as it helps improve pulmonary function, tissue oxygenation, gastrointestinal motility, and wound healing.
Revascularization for failed carotid artery stenting in a patient with a rare vertebral artery anomaly

Abstract There is a growing cohort of patients requiring complex revascularization for failed carotid artery stenting. This revascularization can be complex in patients with coexisting supra-aortic vascular anomalies. Aberrant origin of the vertebral artery (VA) is an example of such an anomaly. Although VA anomalies are rare, their occurrence is of significant importance in endovascular and open vascular procedures. We report a case of a 78-year-old man with rare VA anomaly, whose left internal carotid artery ostium was inadvertently covered during a carotid artery stenting procedure. We discuss the carotid artery revascularization in this patient as well as the relevant literature.
Urban Planning: Growth Management

‘Growth Management’ is a particular kind of comprehensive land use and facility planning used in parts of the United States to achieve a preferred form of the built and natural environment in a way that accommodates all projected growth. When done properly, growth management has been shown to elevate economic performance, raise the quality of life, reduce fiscal burdens, and improve environmental conditions relative to the status quo. After a historical perspective, growth management efforts at the state, regional, and local levels of government are reviewed. This is followed by substantive discussions addressing growth management's primary elements including identifying the preferred form of the built and natural environment, devising a growth guidance system to achieve that form over the planning horizon, providing infrastructure, protecting open spaces, enhancing community life, and coordinating between governments. Benefits of growth management and the future challenges it faces complete this entry.
The Vicissitudes of Government: Machiavelli on Temporality and Pragmatism

It has been held by some scholars that Machiavelli espouses a view of morality which juxtaposes pagan morality with Christian morality, to the latter's detriment. In contrast others have argued that Machiavelli advocates a kind of evil, where destruction of the old order and fear of the new is the necessary foundation upon which a political system (and also a system of morality) is built. As much as these influential interpretations point us to important themes, it seems that neither of them are sufficiently sensitive to the situational ethic of political action deemed necessary by Machiavelli to temporarily forestall institutional decay - an ethic grounded on his assumption (drawn from the ancients) of the inevitable impermanence of political institutions. I demonstrate that this situational ethic holds implicit within it an under-recognized normative paragon - the prince as a complex political being holding within himself paradoxical qualities so as to be able to accord with circumstances in ways foreclosed by the Christian ethics valorized by quattrocento humanism. After giving an interpretation of Machiavelli's theory of history as a view fully aware of the ultimate impermanence of political collectivities, I demonstrate that an adequate understanding of the dialectic between changing circumstances and the malleability of human nature is necessary to properly understand Machiavelli's unique conception of morality. This conception of morality is consistent with strands of contemporary moral theory which argue for ethical action as involving spontaneous action working to extend acquired ethical dispositions to the newness of the present. I aim in the paper to present a coherent and justifiable account of the relationship between history, morality, and virtue in Machiavelli's conception of political man.
Obesity trends in the surgical population at a large academic center : a comparison between 1989-1991 to 2006-2008 epochs.

BACKGROUND Changes in the prevalence of obesity of surgical patients overtime and in relation to the general population have not been well characterized. METHODS Height, weight, age and gender data of adult patients who underwent general anesthesia at our institution were abstracted. Reliable data was available for the years 1989-1991 and 2006-2008, and comparisons were made between these epochs. Additional comparisons were made between our Minnesota surgical patients and the general Minnesota population. RESULTS Substantial changes in patient weight occurred with a decline in normal weight patients (body mass index [BMI] 35) from 7.1% to 14.8% (P <0.001). Minnesota surgical patients had a higher prevalence of obesity in every demographic category (P <0.001) compared to the general population. CONCLUSION A substantial increase in the prevalence of obesity and morbid obesity among surgical patients at our institution occurred and the prevalence of obesity in our contemporary practice is higher than the general population. These observations most likely have profound implications on healthcare delivery resources, though its impact has yet to be determined.
Using Cyber Competitions to Build a Cyber Security Talent Pipeline and Skilled Workforce

Many organizations struggle with cyber security issues and the demands on protecting corporate assets. Finding high quality candidates for a cyber talent “pipeline” can be a challenge. Many potential employees claim to have knowledge relating to this field, made apparent by the abundance of certification acronyms present on many resumes. In order to better assess this field of applicants, the interview process can be augmented through the process of gamification, whereby applicants are asked to prove their technical abilities by competing in a hands-on capture-the-flag style competition. In this paper, I discuss an approach currently used by MITRE to build a corporate talent pipeline in cyber security through the use of challenge competitions across high school, university and professional levels. I provide updated results based on using this approach over the span of several years.
Transplantation Immunology: Retinal Cell-Based Therapy

The success of retinal cell-based therapy in regenerative medicine has many obstacles to overcome. One of the foremost barriers is acceptance of the retinal transplant in the subretinal space of the eye by the host’s immune system. Ocular immune privilege exists in several compartments of the eye including the subretinal space. However, immunologic privilege is a dynamic phenomenon that can be breached by the underlying disease and/or the host immune response. The success of retinal transplantation is not only dependent on the site of engraftment but also on the type of tissue/cell transplanted. The complex immunologic interaction between host, site of transplantation, and cell type transplanted will ultimately determine the potential of retinal cell-based therapy for the treatment of several retinal diseases. There is enormous promise for regenerative medicine to treat retinal diseases and preserve vision, but important issues still need to be resolved before translational clinical use.
Flipping the script: Using an online captain’s course to leverage leadership development training with youth club soccer athletes

AbstractEngaging youth athletes in leadership and life skills development through sport, and explicitly helping them identify how to transfer those assets to other areas of their life has been enco...
Gold-Decorated M13 I-Forms and S-Forms for Targeted Photothermal Lysis of Bacteria

With the emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria, photothermal therapy has been proposed as an alternative to antibiotics for targeting and killing pathogens. In this study, two M13 bacteriophage polymorphs were studied as nanoscaffolds for plasmonic bactericidal agents. Receptor-binding proteins found on the pIII minor coat protein targeted Escherichia coli bacteria with F-pili (F+ strain), while a gold-binding peptide motif displayed on the pVIII major coat protein templated Au nanoparticles. Temperature-dependent exposure to a chloroform-water interface transformed the native filamentous phage into either rod-like or spheroid structures. The morphology, geometry, and size of the polymorphs, as well as the receptor-binding protein and host cell receptor interaction were studied using electron microscopy. Au/template structures were formed through incubation with Au colloid, and optical absorbance was measured. Despite the closely packed Au nanoparticle layer on the surface the viral scaffolds, electron microscopy confirmed that host receptor affinity was retained. Photothermal bactericidal studies were performed using 532 nm laser irradiation with a variety of powers and exposure times. Bacterial viability was assessed using colony count. With the shape-modified M13 scaffolds, up to 64% of E. coli were killed within 20 min. These studies demonstrate the promise of i-form and s-form polymorphs for the directed plasmonic-based photothermal killing of bacteria.
Testes-Determining Locus

The mammalian Y chromosome contains a locus ( Sry ) that is responsible for the developmental switch causing the formation of testes in males. Sry is the mammalian testes determination factor and is found only in placental mammals and marsupials but not monotremes. Sry is a high-mobility group (HMG) box containing transcription factor. The HMG region is highly conserved in mammalian Sry loci, and regions outside of the HMG box are less well conserved. Sry was probably derived from Sox3 , an X-linked locus, in the formation of the modern mammalian X and Y chromosomes from an ancestral chromosome pair containing Sox3. Sry is also expressed in other tissues in adult mammalian males and may have other functions in males.
CH 4 – Biological limits

Publisher Summary Psychologists have taken learning into the laboratory and have established with some rigor a set of laws and principles that seem to govern behavior in that limited setting. The areas of research described in this chapter represent a challenge to that set of laws. American psychologists have spent the better part of this century developing what may be termed the interchangeable-parts conception of learning. According to this model, certain laws and generalizations govern the development of associations between all stimuli and all responses. The nature of the stimuli, the nature of the responses, and the nature of the animal doing the learning are not considered to be particularly important. However, this position is challenged by a growing body of literature, which indicates that the rule of equivalent associability is inadequate. The chapter presents the argument of Seligman who proposed a continuum of preparedness, which suggests that animals may be differentially prepared to associate certain events.
Post-traumatic Arthritis of the Foot

The most common traumatic orthopaedic injuries of the hindfoot and midfoot are calcaneus fractures and tarsometatarsal (TMT) fracture-dislocations (Lisfranc injury), respectively. These injuries can result in significant long-term morbidity primarily due to the development of posttraumatic osteoarthritis secondary to acute articular damage at the time of initial injury and chronic malalignment and abnormal force distribution across the foot resulting in progressive degeneration. This chapter will describe the normal anatomy and biomechanics of the hindfoot and midfoot, provide an outline for clinical evaluation, and describe both nonoperative and operative management strategies for treating symptomatic posttraumatic osteoarthritis of the hindfoot and midfoot.
Associations between goal orientation and suicidal thoughts and behaviors at one-month follow-up: Indirect effects through ruminative flooding.

Abstract Previous research has identified both goal orientation and ruminative flooding as potential risk factors for suicidal thoughts and behaviors, as well as positive associations between goal orientation and rumination. The present study examined whether the association between goal orientation and suicidal thoughts and behaviors, assessed one month later, was accounted for by ruminative flooding. A sample of 924 psychiatric outpatients (Mage = 39.09 years, SD = 14.82, range = 18 to 84; 61.7% female; 37.0% White) completed self-report and interview measures at baseline and provided information about suicide-related outcomes at one-month follow-up. Goal orientation was positively associated with ruminative flooding, and both goal orientation and ruminative flooding were associated with suicidal thoughts and behaviors at one-month follow-up. Controlling for lifetime suicidal thoughts and behaviors, as well as patient age and sexual orientation, ruminative flooding accounted for the relationship between goal orientation and suicidal thoughts and behaviors at one-month follow-up. These findings were especially relevant for individuals with a history of multiple suicide attempts. Overall, this study provided evidence that difficulties with goal orientation may relate to suicidal thoughts and behaviors through intense ruminations perceived as a loss of cognitive control. Interventions that address ruminative thinking and cognitive flexibility may, in turn, assist in reducing emotion dysregulation and managing suicidality among those who struggle with goal orientation.
The Current State of Efforts to Address Disparities, Racism and Cultural Humility in Medical Education.

Racism is a complex problem in the US that is institutionalized, personally mediated, and internalized (Jones 2000). Within medical education the recognition and response to structural racism is be...
Three methylmercury poisoning disasters

Abstract Mercury has been used industrially and commercially for a variety of purposes through the years. It was used extensively in medicine, for example, in pharmaceuticals as an antiseptic, antisyphilitic, and diuretic agent, in the processing of radiological films, as a weight in Miller-Abbott tubes, and in medical devices, such as thermometers and sphygmomanometers. However, its toxic effects in man have been a subject of growing concern among clinical toxicologists over the past 70 years, along with growing attempts to limit or ban its use in everyday items and protect the public from exposure. In particular, its toxic effects in both children and adults can be seen even at low-level, chronic environmental exposures. Mercury also passes to the placenta; its potent effects on the growing fetal nervous system can be devastating. In this chapter, we review in detail three of the most serious disasters involving methylmercury contamination of foodstuffs: at Minamata Bay, Japan, in 1956, Niigata, Japan, in 1965, and throughout Iraq in 1971.
COMPARISON OF BRIDGE BACKWATER RELATIONS

A previously developed subcritical (submerged) flow analysis for open channel constrictions has been shown to be generally applicable to computing backwater due to bridges, whether the flow prior to bridge placement is uniform or nonuniform (abnormal stage-discharge condition). Existing backwater equations have been shown to fit the subcritical flow analysis.
The control of α-amylase synthesis by calcium in the barley aleurone

Barley aleurone layers synthesize and secrete at least four isozymes of α-amylase which are separated by various criteria (including isoelectric points) into two groups: A (low pI; isozymes 1 and 2) and B (high pI; isozymes 3 and 4). Isozyme 2 is produced under all conditions of aleurone incubation but its rate of accumulation is enhanced by the presence of gibberellic acid (GA). Isozyme 1 requires GA for its production as do isozymes 3 and 4. Isozymes 3 and 4 also require Ca2+ for their accumulation in and secretion from aleurone layers; the production and secretion of isozymes 1 and 2 is completely independent of the level of Ca2+ in the external medium. The dependence of amylase secretion on Ca2+ has been investigated previously and shown to be specific to the B group (Jones, R. L. and Jacobsen, J. V., 1982, Planta 156:421–432), and the Ca2+ requirement was demonstrated to be at the level of the plasma membrane (Moll, B. A. and Jones, R. L., 1982, Plant Physiology 70:1149–1155). The work presented here concerns the effect of Ca2+on amylase synthesis.
A “heavy metal sponge” for selective removal and recovery of toxic or precious metals from water (844.8)

Metallothionein (MT) is a low molecular weight metal binding protein. It has the unique ability to selective bind trace amounts of toxic heavy metals such as lead and cadmium. It does not bind essential metals such as sodium or calcium. We are developing a novel patented “heavy metal sponge” technology for the removal and recovery of toxic, e.g., lead and mercury, and precious metal, e.g., gold and platinum, from water. MT also has the ability to bind the lanthanides lanthanum and europium. Recombinant MT was cloned into pET vectors with and without a Pel secretory sequence, pPMpel, and pCODAmt, respectively. The protein is expressed in bacteria and purified to near homogeneity from cell lysates by a simple and cost effective method using FPLC anion exchange chromatography. The purity of the preparation was confirmed by SDS-PAGE. Expression of MT and secretion of the protein using the pPMpel construct is pH dependent. The level of expression from both constructs was the same for IPTG ranging from 0.5 to 2...
Capital asset prices versus time series models as predictors of inflation

Abstract This paper examines the robustness of one month treasury bills as predictors of inflation. The evidence is inconsistent with the joint hypothesis that (1) the expected real rate of interest was constant for one-month bills and (2) that markets are efficient with regard to the time series of inflation. When the expected real rate of interest is set equal to the conditional expectation given the time series of real rates, the results are much more consistent with the efficient markets model. In more positive terms, the failure to confirm market efficiency appears to be the result of naive estimates of the expected real rate.
The Brain's Number-Crunching Power

What Counts How Every Brain Is Hardwired for Math. Brian Butterworth. Free Press, New York, 1999. 432 pp. $26. ISBN 0-684-85417-1. () Writing for a general audience, Butterworth marshals evidence from a wide range of studies to argue that humans are endowed with an innate number module.
Livermore’s Pragmatic Approach to Integrated Mapping for Chromosome 19

For several years Livermore has been using a bottom-up approach to physical mapping, constructing contigs from cosmid clone fingerprints. We currently have 7112 clones placed in 854 contigs and now are using various other means to close gaps, complete, and verify the map. This has required us to develop an information model capable of handling all the important relationships between any “mappable object” and producing a variety of ways of visualizing this integrated data. We have defined a set of relations on a single generic map object class that allows us to distill all the distance/order/orientation/overlap/etc. data contained in our underlying database, along with algorithms to construct partial order trees and display the integrated results in our X-windows database browser tool. This system uses Sybase/SQL/Unix/C and can be used on Sun color Sparcstations with Internet access. We currently have SQL access to the GDB and GenBank database servers but are not yet extracting relevant data from these sources into our integrated map except through our direct collaborations with data submitters. This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under Contract No. W7405-ENG-48.
Opt-Out HIV Testing of Inmates in North Carolina Prisons: Factors Associated with not Wanting a Test and not Knowing They Were Tested

Opt-out HIV testing is recommended for correctional settings but may occur without inmates' knowledge or against their wishes. Through surveying inmates receiving opt-out testing in a large prison system, we estimated the proportion unaware of being tested or not wanting a test, and associations [prevalence ratios (PRs)] with inmate characteristics. Of 871 tested, 11.8 % were unknowingly tested and 10.8 % had unwanted tests. Not attending an educational HIV course [PR = 2.34, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.47-3.74], lower HIV knowledge (PR = 0.95, 95 % CI 0.91-0.98), and thinking testing is not mandatory (PR = 9.84, 95 % CI 4.93-19.67) were associated with unawareness of testing. No prior incarcerations (PR = 1.59, 95 % CI 1.03-2.46) and not using crack/cocaine recently (PR = 2.37, 95 % CI 1.21-4.64) were associated with unwanted testing. Residence at specific facilities was associated with both outcomes. Increased assessment of inmate understanding and enhanced implementation are needed to ensure inmates receive full benefits of opt-out testing: being informed and tested according to their wishes.
Comparative biology and genomics join forces to decipher the diversity of life

A report on the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory meeting on the Evolution of Developmental Diversity, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA, 17-21 April 2002.
Estimating the opportunity cost of capital for inventory investments

Abstract Accurately estimating inventory holding cost is important for several reasons. It would lead to an improved analysis of the benefits of Just-In-Time philosophy, a more accurate specification of cost savings associated with investments in new technologies, and improved accuracy of production-inventory decisions. The inventory holding cost of a firm is typically calculated as the sum of the out-of-pocket cash flows associated with storage, and the opportunity cost of capital tied in inventories. Recently many writers have suggested that inventory holding cost may be misestimated in many firms. This paper presents an approach for estimating the opportunity cost of capital for inventory investments. The approach uses the capital asset pricing model CAPM to evaluate the risk of the cash flows associated with inventory decisions. Using the periodic review inventory model as an example, the paper shows how the opportunity cost of capital varies with lead time, ordering costs, and the time between reviews.
Weak Allee effects and species coexistence

Abstract In this article, we study the population dynamics of a two-species discrete-time competition model where each species suffers from either predator saturation induced Allee effects and/or mate limitation induced Allee effects. We focus on the following two possible outcomes of the competition: 1. one species goes to extinction; 2. the system is permanent. Our results indicate that, even if one species’ intra-specific competition is less than its inter-specific competition, weak Allee effects induced by predation saturation can promote coexistence of the two competing species. This is supported by the outcome of two-species competition models without Allee effects. Also, we discuss our results and future work on multiple attractors in competition models with Allee effects.
Derived trail making test indices in a sample of sedative abusers: demographic effects.

Derived indices on the Trail Making test (TMT), a test often used for screening for cognitive impairment, were examined in a sample of hallucinogen abusers in drug abuse treatment programs. A mixed race sample (N = 128) was drawn from electronic files of data from the Drug Abuse Treatment Outcome Study (DATOS). The DATOS was a naturalistic, prospective cohort study that collected data from 1991 to 1993 in 96 programs in 11 cities in the United States. Data were analyzed to determine the effects of demographic variables on derived indices created by adding, subtracting, multiplying, and dividing Parts A and B of the TMT in this large treatment sample of hallucinogen abusers. The variables of sex and age were not statistically significant for derived indices of the TMT. The variable of ethnicity was significant for the all derived indices except the ratio score (divide Part B by Part A) and the variable of education was significant for the interaction score (multiply Part A by Part B and divide by 100).
Cryorenin in the newborn human and lamb

Abstract Renin and big renin (cryorenin) were measured in the plasma of 78 babies at birth, and studied in six newborn lambs 2–3 weeks of age in response to angiotensin II (0.25 μg/kg per min) infusion. There were (mean ±S.E.M.) 15.9 ±2.0 ng/ml per h of renin and 11.1 ± 2.3 of cryorenin, measured as plasma renin activity (PRA) in newborn cord blood. Cryorenin and renin decreased in parallel in the newborn lamb from 19 ± 2.3 ng/ml per h and 28.6 ± 2.7 to 6.5 ± 1.8 (P
A lexicographic combination model of decision making by superintendents among multiattribute instructional program alternatives

Abstract The decision-making process of 16 superintendents in choosing among alternative instructional programs for elementary level grades was studied. The additive and lexicographic combination models of decision making were investigated for consistency with the process used by the S s in ranking 27 alternative instructional programs. The programs were formed from all possible combinations of three different results on each of three attributes. The attributes were (1) program cost per pupil, (2) reading achievement gain in grade units, and (3) arithmetic achievement gain in grade units. Fifteen S s performed with five or fewer pairwise reversals from the lexicographic model. The lexicographic model was accepted as most consistent with the decision-making process.
Registration of 'Lariat' and 'Stampede' pinto beans.

'Lariat' (Reg. No. CV-293, PI 654383) and 'Stampede' (Reg. No. CV-292, PI 654382) are two new high-yielding pinto bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars adapted to the northern Great Plains. These cultivars were developed by North Dakota State University and released by the North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station in 2007. Both cultivars have commercially acceptable visual seed traits (size, shape, and appearance). Both Lariat and Stampede growth habit is Type llb (upright, short vine), and both possess high lodging resistance. Both lines exhibit good and synchronous plant dry-down before harvest (both plant and pods mature concurrently). Multilocation testing across more than 30 environments has shown their superior performance compared with commercial cultivars commonly grown in the region. Lariat and Stampede are both significantly superior in seed yield to 'Maverick' pinto bean (the main pinto cultivar grown in the region), and similar to 'Buster' pinto bean, one of the highest seed yielding cultivars commercially available. The improved plant structure, combined with its synchronous dry-down, suggests that these lines could be suitable for direct harvest, given appropriate equipment, field conditions, and operator care. Both lines are resistant to bean common mosaic virus (BCMV) and bean rust [caused by Uromyces appendiculatus (Pers.) Unger]. These cultivars represent new and better alternatives for pinto bean growers of the northern Great Plains.
Cortical cells projecting to the dorsal column nuclei of Rhesus monkeys

Corticals cells projecting to the dorsal column nuclei (DCN) of Rhesus monkeys have been identified after unilateral or bilateral injection of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into the dorsal medulla. HRP-positive neurons identifiable as the source of cortico-DCN projections were pyramidal cells in layer V whose largest diameters ranged from 12–31 μm. Cortico-DCN neurons were concentrated in the trunk, fore- and hindlimb regions of area 4 and of SI, and to a lesser extent in SII. This distribution is comparable to the topographical distribution of cortico-DCN neurons in cats. However, cortico-DCN neurons in monkeys are also numerous in at least part of the supplementary motor cortex and in area 5. The results suggest that cortical neurons in several different cytoarchitectonic areas may exert direct control upon cells in the DCN and that the functional role of cortico-DCN projections ought not be viewed as a simple “feedback” system.
Brain arachidonic acid incorporation is decreased in heart fatty acid binding protein gene-ablated mice.

Heart fatty acid binding protein (H-FABP) is expressed in neurons, but its role in brain fatty acid incorporation and metabolism is poorly defined. We examined the effect of H-FABP gene ablation on brain incorporation of arachidonic ([1- 1 4 C]20:4n-6) or palmitic ([1- 1 4 C]16:0) acid in vivo. Analysis of brain mRNA confirmed gene ablation and demonstrated no compensatory changes in the levels of other FABP mRNA in the gene-ablated mice. In brains from H-FABP gene-ablated mice, the incorporation coefficient for [1- 1 4 C]20:4n-6 was reduced 24%, while that for [1- 1 4 C]16:0 was unaffected. Within the organic and aqueous fractions, significantly more [1- 1 4 C]20:4n-6 was distributed into the aqueous fraction, suggesting a disruption in the metabolic targeting of 20:4n-6 in these mice. There was less incorporation of [1- 1 4 C]20:4n-6 into total phospholipids and a marked reduction (51%) in the level of incorporation into the choline glycerophospholipids (ChoGpl). Because FABP can influence steady-state lipid mass, brain individual lipid masses were measured. The brain total phospholipid mass was reduced 17% by gene ablation, ascribed to a 27% and 32% reduction in the masses of ChoGpl and sphingomyelin, respectively. Plasmalogen subclass masses were also reduced, suggesting that H-FABP may augment brain plasmalogen synthesis. In gene-ablated mice, the phosphatidylinositol 20:4n-6 level was reduced 25%, while the proportion of total n-6 fatty acids was reduced in the major phospholipid classes. Thus, these results demonstrate for the first time that H-FABP expression influences brain 20:4n-6 uptake and trafficking as well as steady-state brain lipid levels.
Effects of a hormone-supplemented medium on cytochrome P-450 content and mono-oxygenase activities of rat hepatocytes in primary culture.

Abstract Cytochrome P-450 content and associated mono-oxygenation activities (7-ethoxycoumarin- O -deethylase, biphenyl-4-hydroxylase and 7-ethoxyresorufin- O -deethylase) of rat hepatocytes were found to decrease during the first 48 hr in primary culture in control (WOBA-M 2 ) medium. However, by culturing the hepatocytes in a hormone-supplemented medium (AB medium), all of these enzymes were maintained at higher levels after 12. 24 and 48 hr in culture. In particular. 7-ethoxyresorufin- O -deethylase activity was markedly enhanced after 12 and 24 hr in culture in AB medium to levels greater than that in isolated hepatocytes. Metabolic capacities of the cytochromes P-450 present in hepatocytes cultured in WOBA-M 2 medium vs AB medium were also quantitatively different at 12, 24 and 48 hr when specific activities/pmole of hemoprotein were compared. Sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) experiments further suggested that a cytochrome P-450-related protein was maintained to a greater extent in AB medium than in WOBA-M 2 medium. It is proposed that AB medium may maintain a higher cytochrome P-450 concentration in cultured primary rat hepatocytes by increasing both the rate of hcme synthesis and the synthesis of a cytochrome P-450-related protein.