cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The relationship of three measures of childhood depression to academic underachievement

Abstract Clinical features of depression (short attention span, lethargy, poor memory and shortened task persistence) appear to be incompatible with effective learning. This has led several investigators to suggest that depression is a significant cause of academic underachievement. The most adequate test of this hypothesis (Tesiny, Lefkowitz, & Gordon, 1980), however, found only small correlations between depression and academic achievement when neither IQ nor socioeconomic status were controlled. In the present study, three measures of childhood depression (Peer Nomination Inventory for Depression, Children's Depression Inventory, and an ad hoc teacher rating) were correlated with scores from the Peabody Individual Achievement Test and the Stanford Achievement Test. IQ was statistically controlled to provide a direct measure of underachievement and analyses were conducted separately for males, females, and the combined sample in a sample that was homogeneous for socioeconomic status. Although intercorrelations among the variables indicated that the sample was appropriate to test the hypothesis, only a few significant correlations were found. These findings suggest that if depression causes academic underachievement, it is a weak or uncommon effect.
RFID pharmaceutical tracking: From manufacturer through in vivo drug delivery

Advances in medical technology rely heavily on the collection and analysis of measured data to facilitate patient diagnosis and business decisions. The healthcare industry, particularly pharmaceuticals and diagnostic processes, has an ongoing need to improve item tracking and data collection to improve the quality of care while reducing cost. The remote, non-invasive characteristics of radio frequency identification (RFID) can facilitate the information needs of healthcare without imposing additional burden onto the patient or the staff. Properly deployed RFID enabled devices can provide convenient and accurate data for disease diagnosis, evaluation of prescription noncompliance, and identification of medication dosage errors. This paper describes an overview of the concept of an all-encompassing RFID pharmaceutical tracking system that begins with compliance documentation from the drug manufacturer and continues through the confirmation of patient compliance by capsule extraction from the bottle into a pill case and ultimately ingested or inserted into the body. This system also facilitates compliance with Food and Drug Administration proposed e-pedigree requirements and provides data for healthcare decision making. An introduction to healthcare trends is provided in order to communicate the need for such a biocompatible RFID pharmaceutical tracking system. Also presented in this paper is the overall scope of research and in vitro test method to develop biocompatible RFID tag components for use in a "pharmaceutical supply chain system" beginning with the manufacturer, continuing through distribution, and ending at the point of interest within the patient's body.
High-voltage normally off GaN MOSFETs on sapphire substrates

Gallium nitride self-aligned MOSFETs were fabricated using low-pressure chemical vapor-deposited silicon dioxide as the gate dielectric and polysilicon as the gate material. Silicon was implanted into an unintentionally doped GaN layer using the polysilicon gate to define the source and drain regions, with implant activation at 1100/spl deg/C for 5 min in nitrogen. The GaN MOSFETs have a low gate leakage current of less than 50 pA for circular devices with W/L=800/128 /spl mu/m. Devices are normally off with a threshold voltage of +2.7 V and a field-effect mobility of 45 cm/sup 2//Vs at room temperature. The minimum on-resistance measured is 1.9 m/spl Omega//spl middot/cm/sup 2/ with a gate voltage of 34 V (W/L=800/2 /spl mu/m). High-voltage lateral devices had a breakdown voltage of 700 V with gate-drain spacing of 9 /spl mu/m (80 V//spl mu/m), showing the feasibility of self-aligned GaN MOSFETs for high-voltage integrated circuits.
Alterations in PKC signaling underlie enhanced myogenic tone in exercise-trained porcine coronary resistance arteries

The intracellular mechanisms underlying enhanced myogenic contraction (MC) in coronary resistance arteries (CRAs) from exercise-trained (EX) pigs have not been established. The purpose of this stud...
Online near optimal control of unknown nonaffine systems with application to HCCI engines

Multi-input and multi-output (MIMO) optimal control of unknown nonaffine nonlinear systems is a challenging problem due to the presence of control inputs inside the unknown nonlinearity. In this paper, the optimal control of MIMO nonlinear nonaffine discrete-time systems in input-output form is considered when the internal dynamics are unknown. First, the nonaffine nonlinear system is converted into an affine-like equivalent nonlinear system under the assumption that the higher-order terms are bounded. Next, a forward-in-time Hamilton-Jaccobi-Bellman (HJB) equation-based optimal approach is developed to control the affine-like nonlinear system using neural network (NN). To overcome the need to know the control gain matrix of the affine-like system for the optimal controller, an online identifier is introduced. Lyapunov stability of the overall system including the online identifier shows that the approximate control input approaches the optimal control with a bounded error. Finally, the optimal control approach is applied to the cycle-by-cycle discrete-time representation of the experimentally validated HCCI engine which is represented as a nonaffine nonlinear system. Simulation results are included to demonstrate the efficacy of the approach in presence of actuator disturbances.
Quality Analysis in Flexible Manufacturing Systems With Batch Productions: Performance Evaluation and Nonmonotonic Properties

In this paper, we present an analytical method to evaluate the quality performance of flexible manufacturing systems with batch operations. By using a Markov chain model, a closed formula to quantify the probability of producing a good part is derived and nonmonotonic properties in quality are investigated.
Sooner Elementary Engineering and Science (SEES) clubs-an informal education experience for elementary children

It has been stated that if you have not interested a child by the 4/sup th/ or 5/sup th/ grade in science or mathematics, you have lost the opportunity (Prism, February 2001). Since engineering is mainly composed of science and mathematics, the industry has lost its potential entrants at a very early age. Based on this realization, the idea of the Sooner Elementary Engineering and Science (SEES) Club was formed. This program is an informal education program in that it is a voluntary, after-school learning experience that is open to all children, pre-kindergarten through 5/sup th/ grade. Hands-on, inquiry based experiments aimed at teaching 3 to 4 words or key concepts are presented each month. These words or concepts are in the physical sciences or mathematics areas. Curricula presented to date include the areas of chemistry, aeronautics, weather, environment, logic, electricity, circuits, and physics. During a meeting, the students are offered multiple stations where different yet related experiments can be performed in an active environment. The students leave each month with a summary of the topics taught in addition to a list of resources that their parents can obtain from local educational stores. Faculty and students from the University of Oklahoma College of Engineering and some parent volunteers from the individual schools staff the program. To date, the elementary schools' PTAs, the Norman School District Foundation, and the Oklahoma State Society of Professional Engineers have provided the funding for the program. In this paper, a brief description of the program and its specific curricula are presented. In addition, basic demographic data that has been gathered for the 2000-2001 academic year is discussed.
Research note: Physical activity in pediatric healing gardens

Abstract The present research note is an extension of previous study which used a survey method to investigate barriers to garden visitation in five children's hospitals in Texas. In previous study, we found that lack of shade and comfortable seats will significantly reduce duration of garden visitation for staff, and inadequate shade significantly reduces duration and frequency of garden visitation for visitors and patients. With the findings from previous study, we used scores from garden shade maps in conjunction with scores from available hospital garden audit tools (which measured quality of garden seats, plants, layout, and amenities for children, and location) to evaluate the same five hospital gardens. Through an exploratory data analysis strategy, the gardens were scored and ranked based on their design characteristics, reported garden use, and observed garden use. The general agreement observed between these rankings suggested that quality of design, can influence levels of physical activity in pediatric hospital gardens.
Intensifying the Countryside: A Sociological Study of Cropland Lost to the Built Environment in the United States, 2001–2006

This study illuminates the systemic drivers of land-use intensification with the example of cropland lost in the construction of the built environment. The analysis integrates county-level variables from US government sources with data from the National Land Cover Database, which tracks permutations of specific land-use transitions over time. In a fixed-effects analysis, the area of cropland lost to the built environment is regressed on different measures of population and economic growth. Results indicate that natural increase and net migration differentially affect the loss of cropland at the local level across the continental United States, challenging the traditional focus in environmental sociology on overall population growth. This study also advances the concept of aristocratic conservation as a process by which increasing residential affluence slows down the intensification of land. The results of the analysis are discussed in terms of what land-use intensification means for environmental sustainability and town-country relations.
Latitudinal patterns of mammalian species richness in the New World: the effects of sampling method and faunal group

. Although the latitudinal gradient of species richness for mammals in North America is well documented, few investigators have quantified the relationship in South America. We examined the pattern in North and South America, at two spatial scales (2.5° and 5°) for each of two sampling methods (quadrats and latitudinal bands). A scale effect was evident for quadrats but not for bands. Significant linear relationships between species richness and latitude were found for three faunal groups: all mammals, nonvolant species, and bats. Effects of area confound the latitudinal relationship. By statistically removing such effects, we found that the latitudinal gradient is not an artifact of the species-area relationship, and that the latitudinal gradients for North and South America were statistically indistinguishable. Our data suggest that both faunal subgroups, nonvolant species and bats, contributed substantially to the overall mammalian pattern. Further, multiple regression analyses showed that only latitude is a necessary variable to explain bat richness; for nonvolant species, in addition to latitude, area and longitude may be important.
Shifts in bacterial community structure associated with inputs of low molecular weight carbon compounds to soil

Low molecular weight carbon (C) substrates are major drivers of bacterial activity and diversity in the soil environment. However, it is not well understood how specific low molecular weight C compounds, which are frequently found in root exudates and litter leachates, influence bacterial community structure or if there are specific groups of soil bacteria that preferentially respond to these C inputs. To address these knowledge gaps, we added three simple C substrates representative of common root exudate compounds (glucose, glycine, and citric acid) to microcosms containing three distinct soils from a grassland, hardwood forest, and coniferous forest. CO2 production was assessed over a 24 h incubation period and, at the end of the incubation, DNA was extracted from the samples for assessment of bacterial community structure via bar-coded pyrosequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. All three C substrates significantly increased CO2 production in all soils; however, there was no relationship between the magnitude of the increase in CO2 production and the shift in bacterial community composition. All three substrates had significant effects on overall community structure with the changes primarily driven by relative increases in b-Proteobacteria, g-Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria. Citric acid additions had a particularly strong influence on bacterial communities, producing a 2e5-fold increase in the relative abundance of the b-Proteobacteria subphylum. These results suggest that although community-level responses to substrate additions vary depending on the substrate and soil in question, there are specific bacterial taxa that preferentially respond to the substrate additions across soil types.
Reactive inflight obstacle avoidance via radar feedback

Avoidance of unmapped obstacles is critical to autonomous flight in forested areas and urban canyons. The small vehicles capable of navigating in these spaces necessarily cannot carry the heavy and sophisticated sensor packages carried on large aircraft. We propose simple reactive feedback laws that enable obstacle avoidance for a hover-capable unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) using a crude low resolution, small field of view radar sensor. The basic component in these laws is the reduction in the velocity component in the direction of the obstacle. We illustrate the performance of these feedback laws on a point mass double integrator model with velocity and acceleration limits. Simulation results in both 2-D and 3-D settings are presented.
Environmental Sporting Birding at Superfund Sites, Landfills, and Sewage Ponds

This article describes birding as an example of what I call environmental sporting, an ostensibly green category of sport that relies on both environmental protection and degradation. Three competi...
Mountain Beaver: A Primitive Fossorial Rodent

As the largest mammalian order, rodents are nearly cosmopolitan in dis-tribution,canexploitabroadspectrumoffoods,andcanoftenreachhighpopulation densities. One sole representative of the most primitive familyof rodents, Aplodontidae, does not share some of these common rodentcharacteristics. The aplodontoid rodents in the family Aplodontidae andMylagsulidae radiated during the Miocene from the Allomyinae family(CarrawayandVerts1993).TheextinctMylagaulidaerepresentstheearlierradiation of these rodents who exhibited great specialization (Carrawayand Verts 1993). Unlike the other members of the rodent order, moun-tain beavers are not proliﬁc breeders; nor are they broad-spectrumhabitatinvaders,retainingintheirmorphologytheprimitiveconditionofthemas-setermuscleoriginatingentirelyonthezygomaticarch.ThemostlyextinctAplodontidae family is now made up of the monotypic genus
Fidaxomicin versus Conventional Antimicrobial Therapy in 59 Recipients of Solid Organ and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation with Clostridium difficile-Associated Diarrhea

ABSTRACT The feasibility of fidaxomicin versus vancomycin and metronidazole (conventional therapy) was assessed in 59 transplant recipients with 61 episodes of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (CDAD). Overall clinical cure was achieved in 86% of episodes, and in 7% of episodes, infection recurred. Fidaxomicin was well tolerated. Clinical cures were not significantly different compared with conventional therapy (67% versus 89%, respectively; P = 0.06). Univariate analysis of predictors for lack of clinical cure included continued use of broad-spectrum systemic antibiotics ( P = 0.026) and prior diagnosis of CDAD (95% confidence interval, 1.113 to 19.569; odds ratio, 4.667; P = 0.041). New-onset vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) colonization was not noted after fidaxomicin therapy alone. However, this occurred in 10 of 28 patients (36%) following conventional therapy, and 2 of 3 patients with subsequent bacteremia died.
Context matters: The structure of task goals affects accuracy in multiple-target visual search

Career visual searchers such as radiologists and airport security screeners strive to conduct accurate visual searches, but despite extensive training, errors still occur. A key difference between searches in radiology and airport security is the structure of the search task: Radiologists typically scan a certain number of medical images (fixed objective), and airport security screeners typically search X-rays for a specified time period (fixed duration). Might these structural differences affect accuracy? We compared performance on a search task administered either under constraints that approximated radiology or airport security. Some displays contained more than one target because the presence of multiple targets is an established source of errors for career searchers, and accuracy for additional targets tends to be especially sensitive to contextual conditions. Results indicate that participants searching within the fixed objective framework produced more multiple-target search errors; thus, adopting a fixed duration framework could improve accuracy for career searchers.
Convergence of non-communicable and infectious diseases in low- and middle-income countries

The convergence of non-communicable disease (NCD) and infectious disease (ID) in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) presents new challenges and new opportunities to enact responsive changes in policy and research. Most LMICs have significant dual disease burdens of NCDs such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes and cancer, and IDs including tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS and parasitic diseases. A combined strategy is needed in surveillance and disease control; yet, experts, institutions and policies that support prevention and control of these two overarching disease categories have limited interaction and alignment. NCDs and IDs share common features, such as long-term care needs and overlapping high-risk populations, and there are also notable direct interactions, such as the association between certain IDs and cancers, as well as evidence of increased susceptibility to IDs in individuals with NCDs. Enhanced simultaneous surveillance of NCD and ID comorbidity in LMIC populations would generate the empirical data needed to better understand the dual burden, and to target coordinated care. Where IDs and NCDs are endemic, focusing on vulnerable populations by strengthening social protections and improving access to health services is crucial, as is the re-alignment of efforts to combine NCD and ID screening, treatment programmes, and the assessment of their impact. Integrating public health activities for ID and NCD should extend beyond health care services to prevention, which is widely seen as crucial to successful NCD and ID control campaigns alike. The convergence of NCD and ID in LMICs has the potential to overstretch already strained health systems. With some LMICs now focused on major health system reforms, a unique opportunity is available to address NCD and ID challenges with newfound urgency and novel approaches.
An evaluation of “OV” liquid phases for the gas-liquid chromatographic separation of biologically active steroids

Abstract Selected steroids with androgenic, estrogenic or progestational activity were chromatographed either as the native steroid alcohols or as steroid esters under varying conditions on six different “OV” liquid phases coated on Chromosorb W HP. The results, based on optimal retention times and molar responses, indicate that OV-225 is preferred for chromatography of the native steroid alcohols while OV-101 is favored for chromatography of steroid heptafluorobutyrates and perfluorooctanoatcs.
Interferon regulatory factor-1 (IRF-1) exhibits tumor suppressor activities in breast cancer associated with caspase activation and induction of apoptosis

We have directly assessed the ability of interferon regulatory factor-1 (IRF-1) to act as a tumor suppressor gene in human breast cancer cells and explored whether this suppressor function is mechanistically conferred by affecting cell cycle transition, apoptosis and/or caspase activation. We have used a dual approach, measuring whether overexpression of wild-type IRF-1 or a dominant negative IRF-1 (dnIRF-1) produce opposing effects on breast cancer cell proliferation in vitro or tumorigenicity in athymic nude mice. Mechanistic studies determined the effects of blocking endogenous IRF-1 expression on cell cycle transition by flow cytometry, on apoptosis by Annexin V staining, and on caspase activation by fluorescent substrate cleavage. IRF-1 mRNA (P < or = 0.001) and protein (P < or = 0.001) are highly expressed in non-tumorigenic, normal, mammary epithelial cells, with intermediate expression in tumorigenic, but non-metastatic, cells and very low expression in metastatic cell lines. In MCF-7 cells transfected with a wild-type IRF-1 (MCF-7/IRF-1), IRF-1 mRNA expression inversely correlates with the rate of cell proliferation (r = -0.91; P = 0.002). Conversely, expression of dnIRF-1 in both MCF-7 (MCF-7/dnIRF-1; p53 wild-type) and T47D cells (T47D/dnIRF-1; p53 mutant) increases cell proliferation (P < or = 0.001). In athymic nude mice, the incidence of MCF-7/IRF-1 xenografts is reduced (P = 0.045), whereas MCF-7/dnIRF-1 xenografts exhibit a significantly higher tumor incidence (P < or = 0.001). Effects of IRF-1/dnIRF-1 are mediated through changes in the rates of apoptosis and not through cell cycle regulation. MCF-7/dnIRF-1 cells exhibit a 50% decrease in basal apoptosis (P = 0.007) and a significant reduction in caspase 8 activity (P = 0.03); similar effects occur in T47D/dnIRF-1 cells, where the effects on apoptosis appear to be mediated through inhibition of caspases 3/7 (P < 0.001) and caspase 8 (P = 0.03). These data establish a functional role for IRF-1 in the growth suppression of breast cancer cells and strongly implicate IRF-1 as a tumor suppressor gene in breast cancer that acts, independent of p53, to control apoptosis.
Design, simulation and evaluation of kinematic alternatives for Insertable Robotic Effectors Platforms in Single Port Access Surgery

This paper presents the task specifications for designing a novel Insertable Robotic Effectors Platform (IREP) with integrated stereo vision and surgical intervention tools for Single Port Access Surgery (SPAS). This design provides a compact deployable mechanical architecture that may be inserted through a single O15 mm access port. Dexterous surgical intervention and stereo vision are achieved via the use of two snake-like continuum robots and two controllable CCD cameras. Simulations and dexterity evaluation of our proposed design are compared to several design alternatives with different kinematic arrangements. Results of these simulations show that dexterity is improved by using an independent revolute joint at the tip of a continuum robot instead of achieving distal rotation by transmission of rotation about the backbone of the continuum robot. Further, it is shown that designs with two robotic continuum robots as surgical arms have diminished dexterity if the bases of these arms are close to each other. This result justifies our design and points to ways of improving the performance of existing designs that use continuum robots as surgical arms.
Layout decomposition for triple patterning lithography

As minimum feature size and pitch spacing further decrease, triple patterning lithography (TPL) is a possible 193nm extension along the paradigm of double patterning lithography (DPL). However, there is very little study on TPL layout decomposition. In this paper, we show that TPL layout decomposition is a more difficult problem than that for DPL. We then propose a general integer linear programming formulation for TPL layout decomposition which can simultaneously minimize conflict and stitch numbers. Since ILP has very poor scalability, we propose three acceleration techniques without sacrificing solution quality: independent component computation, layout graph simplification, and bridge computation. For very dense layouts, even with these speedup techniques, ILP formulation may still be too slow. Therefore, we propose a novel vector programming formulation for TPL decomposition, and solve it through effective semidefinite programming (SDP) approximation. Experimental results show that the ILP with acceleration techniques can reduce 82% runtime compared to the baseline ILP. Using SDP based algorithm, the runtime can be further reduced by 42% with some tradeoff in the stitch number (reduced by 7%) and the conflict (9% more). However, for very dense layouts, SDP based algorithm can achieve 140× speed-up even compared with accelerated ILP.
Imaging correlates of neural control of ocular movements

The purpose of oculomotor movements is maintenance of clear images on the retina. Beyond this oversimplification, it requires several different types of ocular movements and reflexes to focus objects of interest to the fovea-the only portion of retina capable of sharp and clear vision. The different movements and reflexes that execute this task are the saccades, smooth pursuit movements, fixation, accommodation, and the optokinetic and vestibulo-ocular reflexes. Many different centres in the cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem and thalami, control these movements via different pathways. At the outset, these mechanisms appear dauntingly complex to a radiologist. However, only a little effort could make it possible to understand these neural controls and empower the reading session. The following review on ocular movements and their neural control will enable radiologists and clinicians to correlate lesions with clinical deficits effectively without being swamped by exhaustive detail. Key Points • Knowledge of cortical and subcortical areas controlling ocular movements is important. • Understanding of neural control of ocular movements makes a good foundation. • Awareness of anatomic areas controlling ocular movements helps in clinico-radiologic correlation.
MARS: Link-layer rate selection for multicast transmissions in wireless mesh networks

IEEE 802.11 devices dynamically choose among different modulation schemes and bit-rates for frame transmissions. This rate adaptation, however, is restricted only to unicast frames. Multicast (and broadcast) frames are constrained to use a fixed low bit-rate modulation, resulting in low throughput for multicast streams. Availability of high bandwidth and efficient use of the medium is crucial to support multimedia multicast streaming applications such as IPTV, especially in multihop mesh networks. To address this problem, we propose a rate adaptation algorithm for multicast transmissions in these networks. The proposed algorithm, MARS, is distributed in nature, and relies on local network measurements to select a transmission bit-rate for a given multicast group. The algorithm also facilitates the joint use of bit-rate selection and link-layer mechanisms such as acknowledgements and retransmissions to improve reliability of high throughput multicast streams. Based on implementation and evaluation on a testbed, the algorithm provides up to 600% gain in throughput compared to traditional 802.11 networks in some scenarios. Additionally, the algorithm can support multicast streams while consuming a small fraction (20%) of the resources compared to the basic 802.11 operation.
Increasing online sales by facilitating spillover shopping

Abstract The Internet can serve dual roles as a source of information and a shopping channel for consumers. As a source of information, it competes with traditional sources such as print and direct mail. As a shopping channel, it competes with traditional shopping formats such as brick-and-mortar retailing and catalogs. There is little research as yet, however, regarding how the use of the online channel for information can affect its use for purchasing products. Our research is aimed at filling this gap in the literature, i.e., of examining if and how the use of the Internet as a source of information can affect consumers’ willingness to shop online. We use an integrated modeling framework that simultaneously models consumers’ choice of a shopping channel from three options – brick and mortar, catalog and online – and a source of information from three options as well: newspapers and magazines, direct mail, and online.
Interpretation and International Law

As an activity, interpretation in international law is ubiquitous, involving all types of facts, processes, doctrines, values, and theories. As a concept, however, international legal interpretation has played a much smaller role. Until recently, international lawyers largely associated interpretation with a limited set of objects (treaties), methods (those found in the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties), and functions (the exposition of meanings). In this short chapter, I problematize such traditional understandings of interpretation in international law. I explain how standard accounts oversimplify interpretation’s role in the treaty context; international law has moved beyond the Vienna Convention’s text to include larger questions about treaty interpretation’s scope, nature, and purpose. At the same time, interpretation’s fixation on treaties understates its potential to reach additional objects, methods, and functions. The proliferation of international tribunals, institutions, and non-treaty instruments offer new objects for interpretation that require methodologies beyond the Vienna Convention, whether drawn from law or other disciplines. And, while the core of interpretation retains its expository function, the concept can (and does) serve other functions, be they inventive, relational, or even existential. Taken together, I conclude with a call for more attention to the work interpretation does for international law. As States and scholars continue to elaborate a deeper and broader understanding of this concept, it is poised to occupy an even more central place in our understanding of the international legal order and the discourse that sustains it.
Frontal Aslant Tract Abnormality on Diffusion Tensor Imaging in an Aphasic Patient With 49, XXXXY Syndrome

Abstract Background The karyotype 49, XXXXY is one of the most severe forms of chromosome aneuploidy and is characterized clinically by developmental delay and profound language impairment, particularly involving expressive language functions. We describe the neurocognitive profile and structural anatomy of language pathway in a 2-year-old boy with 49, XXXXY syndrome with expressive aphasia. Methods Retrospective chart review of the patient was performed. We characterized the language deficits using neuropsychologic testing. We further studied the language pathways using diffusion tensor imaging analytical technique. Results The neurocognitive profile of the patient showed relative weakness of expressive language skills compared with other domains. Diffusion tensor imaging analysis demonstrated a poorly developed frontal aslant tract, a weak indirect segment of arcuate fasciculus, and normally developed direct segment of arcuate fasciculus. The frontal aslant tract is a novel pathway that connects the Broca's area with the anterior cingulate and presupplementary motor area and plays a role in the "motor stream" of language. Conclusion A poorly developed frontal aslant tract may underlie the expressive language deficits and provide some insight into the role of X chromosome in modulating the development of language tracts.
Making Progress in U.S. Mathematics Education: Lessons Learned—Past, Present, and Future

Critics have deplored the quality of U.S. mathematics education for over 50 years. Schemes to improve it disappoint in their outcomes. At the same time, much more is now known about the challenges of effective mathematics education and about what it takes to tackle them. The U.S. mathematics education community stands at a threshold where it could help the country take substantial steps forward if it deliberately learned from the past, clarified its best ideas, and developed strategies for moving those ideas into the public debate. This chapter characterizes the challenge and argues for action informed by current practice and past reforms.
Rearing Stored-Product Insects for Laboratory Studies: Bean and Cowpea Weevils

A standardized system was developed for routine weekly maintenance of minimum stocks of bean weevils. Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say), on Red Kidney beans, phaseolus vulgaris L., and cowpea weevils, Callosobruchus maculates (F.), on blackeye peas, Vigna sinensis (Torner) Savi. All cultures were contained in quart jars at a constant room temperature of 80±2°F and 55±5% relative humidity. Regular use of CO2 anesthesia facilitated frequent handling of cultures and had no deleterious effect on yield. Parent weevils were collected on the day of peak emergence from cultures which had been screened to assure collection of adults within the desired age range. Each week 1 culture of cowpea weevils was started by placing 300 unsexed parents, ranging from recently emerged to 2 days old, on I pint of blackeye peas. Each culture yielded an average of 6400 progeny. Emergence began in 22 days, reached its peak at 28 days, and continued in usable numbers of insects through the 35th day after initial introduction of parent stock. Bean weevil cultures were set up by placing 150 adults, ranging from recently emerged to 3 days old, on I V2 pints of Red Kidney beans. Each culture was expected to yield approximately 2200 progeny, based on test results in which an average production of 1500 per pint of beans was obtained with 100 parents. Emergence of adults began on the 29th day, reached its peak on the 33rd day, and continued in usable numbers through the 38th day following introduction of parents. Three cultures of bean weevils were started each week. To obtain comparable numbers of insects, the ratio of 1 cowpea to 3 bean weevil cultures was maintained when the number of cultures was increased to provide insects for scheduled experiments. Cultures were increased in number by screening to remove adults soon after first emergence was observed; parent weevils of a known age were collected at regular intervals thereafter to start new cultures.
Hyaluronidase inhibitors in body fluids in normal and disease states.

Conclusions1. A reliable biological method for the quantitative assay of small quantities of hyaluronidase or hyaluronidase inhibitor in the presence of body fluids is described.2. Presumably, the conjugates of salicylates as well as salicylate itself in therapeutic concentrations have no inhibitory effect on testicular hyaluronidase in vitro.3. Thermolabile hyaluronidase inhibitor has been found increased in a significant proportion of the sera of human malignancies in a small series studied.4. Rheumatic states do not differ from the normal with respect to this inhibitor toward testicular hyaluronidase.
Coffee Bean Weevil, a Pest of Citrus in Florida: Injury to Citrus, Occurrence in Citrus, Host Plants, and Seasonal Activity

Coffee bean weevil (CBW), Araecerus fasciculatus (De Geer), is a sporadic pest of citrus in Florida. Females oviposit into the albedo of fruit, followed by larval feeding and development within fruit. Pupation occurs within fruit, and adults emerge by chewing exit holes. Adults of both sexes infrequently chew holes in the peel of healthy fruit. Premature fruit drop occurs from both types of injury. Only immature or mature fruit on trees of five varieties (‘Hamlin,’ ‘Washington’ navel, ‘Valencia,’ and ‘Pineapple’ orange, and ‘Marsh’ grapefruit) have been attacked by CBW. All motile stages of CBW are found feeding and developing throughout the year in dried (= mummified) citrus fruit, whether attached to living or dead trees or as drops. Chinaberry, Melia azedarach L., was the next most frequently encountered host plant present within or around the perimeter of citrus groves previously attacked by CBW. Forty-nine species of plants are hosts of CBW, including 18 varieties or species of citrus in Florida. The insect has multiple and overlapping generations, with larvae, pupae, and adults present in one or more host plants each month of the year.
Sidewalks of Elmont

The article reviews how the song "Sidewalks of New York" came to be the official song of the Belmont Stakes and how it was replaced by other songs.
Effectiveness Evaluation of Supplementary Immunization Activities of Polio Vaccine in Minority Area of Sichuan in 2012

Objective To evaluate the effect of polio campaign in minority area of Sichuan province in 2012,and to provide references for maintaining non-polio status.Methods According to implemental guideline of polio campaign,3 rounds of polio campaign were conduced in minority areas,and coverage rapid survey and serum antibody test were both conduct after each round vaccination.Results The vaccination rates of 3 rounds were respectively 97.54%,97.77% and 96.94%.A total number of 15,583 zero-dose children were reported in routine immunization,concentrating in 0-1 years(51.71%).Three rounds coverage of rapid surveys are respectively 99.53%,98.42% and 97.96%.One month later,the positive rate of polio virus antibody of 0-14 years children was 97.70%.Conclusion The vaccination rate of this campaign is qualified,yet weaknesses still exist.A consecutive immunization program is still the key work emphasis.
Internalized Homophobia, Disclosure, and Health

Heterosexism and homophobia are unconscious or conscious inconsideration or negative feelings, respectively, toward someone whose sexual orientation is not heterosexual. The internalization of these concepts results when lesbian, gay and bisexual people harbor these same socially constructed feelings toward themselves and others who do not have a heterosexual orientation. The same types of inconsideration and negativity can also be aimed toward people who do not conform to binary gender roles or toward those who transition from birth gender to a differing gender. This chapter highlights the differences in isms and phobias along with causes, manifestations and ways to avoid instilling these into your practice. Further, facilitators and barriers to disclosure of sexual identity in the healthcare environment will be discussed in the context of creating safe and trusting relationships to promote better health outcomes.
Cerebral O2 transport with hematocrit reduced by cross-linked hemoglobin transfusion.

The purpose of this study was to dissociate effects of reduced viscosity from those of low arterial O2 content (CaO2) on cerebral blood flow (CBF) during anemia. Three groups (n = 8) of pentobarbit...
SU-F-T-165: Daily QA Analysis for Spot Scanning Beamline

Purpose: The dosimetric results of our daily quality assurance over the last 8 years for discrete pencil beam scanning proton therapy will be presented. Methods: To perform the dosimetric checks, a multi-ion chamber detector is used, which consists of an array of 5 single parallel plate ion chambers that are aligned as a cross separated by 10cm each. The Tracker is snapped into a jig, which is placed on the tabletop. Different amounts of Solid Water buildup are added to shift the dose distribution. The dosimetric checks consist of 3 parts: position check, range check and volume dose check. Results: The average deviation of all position-check data were 0.2±1.3%. For the range check, the average deviation was 0.1%±1.2%, which also corresponds to a range stability of better than 1 mm over all measurements. The volumetric dose output readings were all within ±1% with the exception of 2 occasions when the cable to the dose monitor was being repaired. Conclusion: Morning QA using the Tracker device gives very stable dosimetric readings but is also sensitive to mechanical and output changes in the proton therapy delivery system.
Chapter 2 – Introduction to Algebra

This chapter provides an introduction to algebra through learning basic principles of addition, multiplication, exponents, and radicals. The chapter shows addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division of polynomials. Also, the chapter introduces ratios, proportions, and variation.
A robust offset cancellation scheme for analog multipliers [utilises digital integrator]

A new robust offset cancellation scheme for analog multipliers is presented. The offset signal is extracted from the multiplier output using a digital integrator and is fed back to the input for cancellation. This scheme cancels the offset at both the inputs of analog multipliers. The cancellation circuitry is simple and mostly digital, so is suitable for on-chip implementation. The circuit and a Gilbert multiplier are designed in TSMC 0.18 /spl mu/m CMOS technology to verify the scheme. Schematic simulation shows that the cancellation can greatly attenuate the DC offset and harmonics.
Estradiol shifts interactions between the infralimbic cortex and central amygdala to enhance fear extinction memory in female rats

There is growing evidence that estradiol (E2) enhances fear extinction memory consolidation. However, it is unclear how E2 influences the nodes of the fear extinction network to enhance extinction memory. This study begins to delineate the neural circuits underlying the influence of E2 on fear extinction acquisition and consolidation in female rats. After fear conditioning (day 1), naturally cycling female rats underwent extinction learning (day 2) in a low-E2 state, receiving a systemic administration of either E2 or vehicle prior to extinction training. Extinction memory recall was then tested 24 hr later (day 3). We measured immediate early gene c-fos expression within the extinction network during fear extinction learning and extinction recall. During extinction learning, E2 treatment increased centrolateral amygdala c-fos activity and reduced lateral amygdala activity relative to vehicle. During extinction recall, E2-treated rats exhibited reduced c-fos expression in the centromedial amygdala. There were no group differences in c-fos expression within the medial prefrontal cortex or dorsal hippocampus. Examining c-fos ratios with the infralimbic cortex (IL) revealed that, despite the lack of group differences within the IL, E2 treatment induced greater IL activity relative to both prelimbic cortex and central amygdala (CeA) activity during extinction memory recall. Only the relationship between IL and CeA activity positively correlated with extinction retention. In conclusion, E2 appears to modify interactions between the IL and the CeA in females, shifting from stronger amygdalar modulation of fear during extinction learning to stronger IL control during extinction recall. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Comparative Investigation of Rheological and Flow Behavior Among Clean Polymeric and Surfactant Based Fluids

This study involves experimental investigation of rheological and hydraulic characteristics of aqueous based polymeric and surfactant fluids in straight and coiled tubing. The fluids matrix includes guar, HPG, PHPA, welan, xanthan, and surfactant. Bohlin rheometer was used to evaluate rheological and viscoelastic characteristics. For hydraulic characteristics, small- and large-scale flow loops were used.It is observed that all fluids exhibit comparable non-Newtonian behavior and improved viscous and elastic properties. Among polymeric fluids, guar and welan provide better viscosity and suspension properties. Surfactant is significantly affected by the formation of rod-like micelles and other microstructures. Master curves for rheological and elastic properties are developed using the molecular theory approach. The foremost benefit of these curves is its dimensionless form that provides a unique technique to predict viscosity for all fluids.For hydraulic properties, friction losses in coiled tubing are significantly higher than in straight tubing due to centrifugal forces and secondary flows. Surfactant is more sensitive to shear field applied where different microstructures are induced and thus they exhibit better drag reduction characteristics than polymeric fluids especially in coiled tubing with larger sizes. However, in straight tubing, guar shows better drag reduction characteristics than surfactant and other polymers, which diminishes as tubing size increases. However, welan gum exhibits a comparable performance. Overall, all fluids are considered good candidates as fracturing fluids with specific features for each. Unique characteristics of each fluid is discussed and explained in more details within the context of the present paper.Copyright © 2016 by ASME
Biopolymer production and end of life comparisons using life cycle assessment

Abstract This paper presents an attributional life cycle assessment of biopolymers and traditional plastics using real world disposal methods based on collected data and existing inventories. The focus of this LCA is to investigate actual disposal methods for the end of life phase of biopolymers and traditional fossil-based plastics relative to their corresponding production impacts. This paper connects commonly available methods of disposal for traditional fossil-based plastics and the compostability of polylactic acid and thermoplastic starch to compare these materials not just based on production impacts but also on various scenarios for recycling, composting, and landfilling. Additionally, three traditional resins were evaluated (PET, HDPE, and LDPE) using fossil and bio-based production pathways to assess the performance of bio-based products in the recycling stream. The results demonstrate real environmental tradeoffs associated with agricultural production of plastics and the consequential changes resulting from shifting from recyclable to compostable products. The potential for methane production in landfills is a significant factor for global warming impacts associated with biopolymers while recycling provides major benefits in the global warming and fossil fuel depletion categories. A sensitivity analysis was conducted to investigate the relative importance of locale-specific factors such as travel distances and sorting technologies to the end of life treatment methods of recycling, composting, and landfilling. The results show that composting has some advantages, especially when compared to impacts associated with landfilling, but that recycling provides the greatest benefits at end of life.
A Mixed-Methods Exploration of the Needs of People Living with HIV (PLWH) Enrolled in Access to Care, a National HIV Linkage, Retention and Re-Engagement in Medical Care Program.

Competing needs pose barriers to engagement in HIV medical care. Mixed methods were used to explore and describe the needs of participants enrolled in Access to Care, a national HIV linkage, retention and re-engagement in care (LRC) program that served people living with HIV who knew their status but were not engaged in care. When asked to prioritize their most urgent needs, participants reported housing or shelter (31%), HIV medical services (24%), and employment (8%). When we assessed the HIV continuum of care by needs status, we found no significant differences in linkage, retention, or viral suppression between participants with and without basic needs. Qualitative interviews with program staff contextualized the barriers to HIV medical care faced by participants and explored the strategies used by LRC programs to address participant needs. Study findings will be of use to future programs and have implications for HIV policy, in particular the implementation of the National HIV/AIDS Strategy (2015–2020).