cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Three-dimensional finite element calibration of the short-rod specimen

The short rod is a simple, inexpensive configuration for fracture toughness testing. Since no rigorous analytical stress-intensity factor calibration of this geometry has yet appeared, a three-dimensional finite element study was undertaken. Successively finer meshes were employed to investigate convergence in compliance versus crack length, and the dimensionless calibration constant, A, in the expression% MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGak0dh9WrFfpC0xh9vqqj-hEeeu0xXdbba9frFj0-OqFf% ea0dXdd9vqaq-JfrVkFHe9pgea0dXdar-Jb9hs0dXdbPYxe9vr0-vr% 0-vqpWqaaeaabaGaciaacaqabeaadaqaaqaaaOqaaGqaciaa-Teada% WgaaWcbaacbaGaa4xmaiaa-ngaaeqaaOGaeyypa0Jaa8NramaaBaaa% leaacaWFJbaabeaakiaa-feacaGFVaGaa43waiaa-jeadaahaaqcba% uabeaalmaalyaajeaqbaGaaG4maaqaaiaaikdaaaaaaOGaaiikaiaa% igdacqGHsislcaWF2bWaaWbaaSqabKqaafaacaWFYaaaaOGaaiykam% aaCaaaleqajeaqbaWaaSGbaeaacaaIXaaabaGaaGOmaaaaaaGccaGG% Dbaaaa!4A74!\[K_{1c} = F_c A/[B^{{3 \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {3 2}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} 2}} (1 - v^2 )^{{1 \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {1 2}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} 2}} ]\]
The influence of perceived ad relevance on social media advertising

Todays, in order to break out of cluttered ad environment, advertisers provide customized ad messages for an individual consumer based on personal information. The targeting technique is a successful way for advertisers to increase advertising effectiveness, but it also causes privacy concern. Using an online survey, the current study examines the influence of perceived ad relevance and privacy concern on social media ads. The results confirmed that perceived ad relevance influences advertising effectiveness such as increased attention to ads and decreased ad avoidance. However, perceived relevance also increases privacy concern which ultimately raises ad avoidance in social media. Theoretical and practical implications of findings are discussed. Perceived ad relevance increases privacy concern and ad attention, but decrease ad avoidance.Privacy concern increases ad avoidance.Privacy concern mediates perceived ad relevance and ad avoidance.
Partial Memory Erasure: Testing Shannon’s Entropy Function

The entropy function for an equilibrium system has a Gibbs-Shannon form; however, there is a long, sometimes contentious debate as to whether the Gibbs-Shannon form applies to systems out of equilibrium. Here, I show my first attempt to directly measure the entropy function form for a system out of equilibrium. In a feedback trap, I confine a silica bead immersed in water in a virtual double-well potential that models a two-state system capable of storing one bit of information. By measuring the average work to erase a controlled fraction of the information, I opened the possibility to isolate directly the change in entropy in a nonequilibrium system and compare it with the Gibbs-Shannon form.
Shifted Golgi targeting of glycosyltransferases and α-mannosidase IA from giantin to GM130-GRASP65 results in formation of high mannose N-glycans in aggressive prostate cancer cells.

Abstract Background There is a pressing need for biomarkers that can distinguish indolent from aggressive prostate cancer to prevent over-treatment of patients with indolent tumor. Methods Golgi targeting of glycosyltransferases was characterized by confocal microscopy after knockdown of GM130, giantin, or both. N -glycans on a trans -Golgi enzyme β4galactosyltransferase-1 isolated by immunoprecipitation from androgen-sensitive and independent prostate cancer cells were determined by matrix-assisted laser desorption-time of flight-mass spectrometry. In situ proximity ligation assay was employed to determine co-localization of (a) α-mannosidase IA, an enzyme required for processing Man 8 GlcNAc 2 down to Man 5 GlcNAc 2 to enable synthesis of complex-type N -glycans, with giantin, GM130, and GRASP65, and (b) trans -Golgi glycosyltransferases with high mannose N -glycans terminated with α3-mannose. Results Defective giantin in androgen-independent prostate cancer cells results in a shift of Golgi targeting of glycosyltransferases and α-mannosidase IA from giantin to GM130-GRASP65. Consequently, trans -Golgi enzymes and cell surface glycoproteins acquire high mannose N -glycans, which are absent in cells with functional giantin. In situ proximity ligation assays of co-localization of α-mannosidase IA with GM130 and GRASP65, and trans -Golgi glycosyltransferases with high mannose N -glycans are negative in androgen-sensitive LNCaP C-33 cells but positive in androgen-independent LNCaP C-81 and DU145 cells, and LNCaP C-33 cells devoid of giantin. Conclusion In situ proximity ligation assays of Golgi localization of α-mannosidase IA at giantin versus GM130-GRASP65 site, and absence or presence of N -glycans terminated with α3-mannose on trans -Golgi glycosyltransferases may be useful for distinguishing indolent from aggressive prostate cancer cells.
Hypoglossal Canal Lesions: Distinctive Imaging Features and Simple Diagnostic Algorithm.

OBJECTIVE. The objective of this study is to compare the prevalence of hypoglossal canal lesions and identify differentiating imaging features. MATERIALS AND METHODS. A 15-year retrospective review...
Plasmonic heterodimensional resonance for subwavelength imaging

Plasmonic resonant properties of nanoparticles, nanowires and nanotubes forming heterodimensional junctions with twodimensional electron gas (2DEG) enable local resonant coupling and could be used for subwavelength imaging. The resonant plasmon frequency of a nanoparticle is tunable by varying the bias of the gate capacitively coupled to the nanoparticles. Our analyses of the plasmonic properties of nanoparticles accounting for the boundary scattering and for the carrier fluid velocity shows that the plasma oscillations in Si, GaN, and InGaAs and nanoparticles could achieve high quality factors. Single embedded nanoparticles or arrays of such nanoparticles placed into the perforated asymmetrical 2DEG or/and 2DHG structures or superlattices could be used for detection, mixing, or frequency multiplication of sub- THz, THz or IR radiation. The embedded nanoparticle arrays could be also used as active elements of THz emitters and as sub-THz, THz, or IR sensitive photodetector layers for pixelless THz to visible converters.
Propagation, Spreading, and Scattering

The state of each submicroscopic particle in a system is described, as we have noted before, by a function Ψ. The observable probability-density distribution of the particle over space at each time t and the observable changes associated with increasing time are derivable from this function. Analogous to the classic mechanical current found in a moving fluid is an apparent current of streaming probability density.
Tensile Properties and Notch Toughness of Some 7XXX Alloys at —452°F

Because of the economic advantages in utilizing aluminum alloys for applications at very low temperatures, data were published in 1967 and 1968 for a variety of 2XXX and 5XXX aluminum alloys and for welds in those alloys at -452°F [1’2] showing their high strength, ductility, and toughness. This program has now been extended to include 7XXX alloys in several tempers.
Transitioning from Practicing Teacher to Teacher Leader: A Case Study.

ABSTRACTGiven US students’ lack of international competitiveness in mathematics and science, many states have adopted the Common Core State Standards for Mathematics (CCSSM). To help ensure that th...
The CARE Inventory: A Self-Reflective, Behavior-Based Instrument to Guide Professional Development and Mentorship of Academic Faculty.

Introduction Traditional needs assessments often rely on self-reported skill levels. To gather more objective and growth-focused data, we developed a behavior-based inventory to measure perceived f...
Building the modern world: Albert Kahn in Detroit, by Michael C. Hodges

Albert Kahn was a prolific industrial and commercial architect whose Herculean achievement in transforming large swaths of our built environment has been largely pigeonholed into regional (Detroit ...
Introduction to the focused issue of award-nominated papers from JCDL 2013

The papers in this issue represent some of the best-received research presented at the ACM/IEEE Joint Conference on Digital Libraries in 2013 [1]. The papers were originally selected basedon their nomination for oneof the conference’s best paper awards. The set of nominated papers was then narrowed based on a combination of their original reviews and subsequent examination by the conference program chairs and senior program committee members. After the work’s presentation at the conference, authors were asked to expand on the presentation of their work, taking advantage of feedback from both before and after the conference. The papers in this issue include a mixture of technical and social results related to a range of themes: automatic or semi-automatic metadata generation, archiving, and citation and comment analysis. They have gone through a rigorous additional review cycle ensuring both the quality of the work and that the results go beyond what was presented at the conference. As such, they represent some of the strongest work from the JCDL community. The earlier version of the paper “A Comprehensive Evaluation of Scholarly Paper Recommendation Using Potential Citation Papers”, by Sugiyama and Kan [2] received the conference’s 2013 Vannevar Bush Best Paper Award. The earlier version of the paper by Suppawong Tuarob, Line C. Pouchard, and C. Lee Giles, “A Generalized Topic Modeling Approach for Automatic Document Annotation” [3], received the Best Student Paper Award. Both papers have
Changing Suicide Bereavement Narrative Through Integral Breath Therapy

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to examine the efficacy of Integral Breath Therapy (IBT) as an appropriate intervention for facilitating meaning-making out of a traumatic loss and reducing sy...
Network Architecture Framework Applications with FOCUS-Compliant Ship Designs

Ongoing development of the US Navy’s LEAPS data repository, research exploring the use of networks in ship system design by the Naval International Cooperative Opportunities in Science and Technology Program (NICOP), and tool development by the Electric Ship Research and Development Consortium (ESRDC) have provided an excellent opportunity to interface efforts to address preliminary distributed system design and analysis in early-stage ship design. This paper builds on the architecture framework and network-based methods by demonstrating new ways to process FOCUS-compliant data, develop network views, and analyze connectivity and flow of distributed ship systems. This framework decomposes system architecture into three primary views: physical, logical, and operational. Network-based tools targeted on these views and their intersections efficiently explore and analyze broad ranges in the ship system design space. These explorations generate knowledge, encourage innovation, and support the synthesis of affordable, effective ship designs. The authors present the findings of these efforts in consideration for future changes to the FOCUS Product Meta-Model to support integrated advanced network architecture analyses.
Analysis of Close Range Evaporation Duct Inversion from LATPROP Radar Data Collected During CASPER West Research Campaign

Refractive atmospheric conditions at low altitudes can have a significant impact on electromagnetic signals propagating at low grazing angles in many coastal regions. Refractivity from clutter (RFC) is a technique that refers to the estimation of an atmospheric refractivity profile from radar sea clutter returns. The RFC algorithm obtains the simulated clutter pattern that has the best fit to the collected radar data. RFC is traditionally performed with the minimum range not starting before 10 km. This is because there are large fluctuations in the grazing angle of an electromagnetic signal when an evaporation duct is present. This paper proposes using a commercial Koden MDS-63R marine radar architecture converted for increased sea clutter sensitivity and implementing a modified version of the Georgia Institute of Technology (GIT) model to perform RFC inversions starting on the first kilometer of the returned clutter power. Radar data for testing the procedure was collected in Southern California at Pt. Mugu from September to October 2017 as part of the coupled Air-Sea Processes and EM ducting research (CASPER) West Campaign. Validation data was also collected during the campaign and consist of buoy in situ bulk measurements of air temperature, humidity, wind speed, and sea surface temperature.
The Thalamocortical Circuit of Auditory Mismatch Negativity.

Abstract Background Mismatch negativity (MMN) is an extensively validated biomarker of cognitive function across both normative and clinical populations and has previously been localized to supratemporal auditory cortex. MMN is thought to represent a comparison of the features of the present stimulus versus a mnemonic template formed by the prior stimuli. Methods We used concurrent thalamic and primary auditory cortical (A1) laminar recordings in 7 macaques to evaluate the relative contributions of core (lemniscal) and matrix (nonlemniscal) thalamic afferents to MMN generation. Results We demonstrated that deviance-related activity is observed mainly in matrix regions of auditory thalamus, MMN generators are most prominent in layer 1 of cortex as opposed to sensory responses that activate layer 4 first and sequentially all cortical layers, and MMN is elicited independent of the frequency tuning of A1 neuronal ensembles. Consistent with prior reports, MMN-related thalamocortical activity was strongly inhibited by ketamine. Conclusions Taken together, our results demonstrate distinct matrix versus core thalamocortical circuitry underlying the generation of a higher-order brain response (MMN) versus sensory responses.
Novel, Inexpensive Portable Respiratory Protection Unit (PRPU) for Healthcare Workers

Introduction: Given concern for increased aerosolization during intubation of patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, we sought to create a portable, inexpensive, and easily constructed device to help protect healthcare workers Methods: A respiratory protection unit can be constructed in approximately 30 minutes and for less than 50 United States dollars in materials, using polyvinylchloride pipe and automobile collision wrap Conclusion: This device provides possible increased protection during video laryngoscopy and can easily be replicated
Association of pathogenic germline variant KDR Q472H with angiogenesis and resistance to treatment in melanoma.

10060Background: Preclinical data suggest that melanoma angiogenesis promotes resistance to MAPK-pathway (MAPKi) and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). However, phase II clinical trials of anti-a...
Fear and Fearlessness in Gandhi and Fanon

The essay argues for a novel interpretation of the political thought of Mahatma Gandhi and Frantz Fanon, a pair invoked in stark dichotomies between nonviolent and violent resistance. While I concede the importance of acknowledging their vast differences on the role of violence, I argue that it might be fruitful philosophically and politically to explore how their conceptions of fear and fearlessness push them towards disparate stances on violence, while bringing them closer together in other interesting ways. Both thinkers, I contend, are ultimately committed to an ethics of fearlessness that might have profound implications for politics if taken seriously.
What next? A Bayesian hierarchical modeling re‐examination of treatments for adolescents with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor‐resistant depression

Background Psychiatrists frequently struggle with how to sequence treatment for depressed adolescents who do not respond to an adequate trial of a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). This study leveraged recent statistical and computational advances to create Bayesian hierarchal models (BHMs) of response in the treatment of SSRI-resistant depression in adolescents study to inform treatment planning. Methods BHMs of individual treatment trajectories were developed and estimated using Hamiltonian Monte Carlo no u-turn sampling. From the Monte Carlo pseudorandom sample, 95% credible intervals, means, posterior tail probabilities, and so forth, were determined. Then, for the random effects model, posterior tail probabilities were used to create Bayesian two-tailed p values to evaluate the null hypotheses: no difference in efficacy between SSRIs and venlafaxine. The robustness of the results was examined using the fixed effects model of treatment comparisons. Results In patients not receiving cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT; n = 168), SSRIs produced greater and faster improvement in depressive symptoms compared to venlafaxine (p = .015). No differences in response or trajectory of response for symptoms of anxiety were detected between SSRIs and venlafaxine (p = .168). For patients receiving CBT (n = 162), SSRIs and venlafaxine produced similar improvements in symptoms of anxiety and depression. Conclusions Findings from this novel computational approach suggest that a second trial of an SSRI is warranted for depressed adolescents who fail to respond to initial SSRI treatment.
Teaching Manufacturing Process Design as a Means for Competitive Advantage in Chemical Process Industries

Abstract While manufacturing engineering curricula rightly borrows from both industrial engineering and mechanical engineering curricula, there is an increasing awareness in education that manufacturing engineering should be taught as a distinguishable engineering design activity. Doing so recognizes the potential for manufacturing engineering to drive deep sources of competitive advantage in product development through manufacturing innovation. This paper provides details on a pedagogy used to educate chemical engineers, without a background in discrete part manufacturing, about a design-oriented approach to manufacturing process selection, in the context of a four-day educational workshop on advancing chemical process innovations to market. The engineers were taught this manufacturing process design method in the context of designing and innovating chemical reactor components. E-books, in-lab process demonstrations, and spreadsheet cost models were all used as pedagogical tools to teach the method through a sequence of lectures, tutorials/laboratories, and class exercises. Survey results show that the chemical engineering participants scored the segment on selecting manufacturing processes higher than any other innovation segment in the four-day workshop. In-laboratory process demonstrations were scored high suggesting value in exposing chemical engineers to physical manufacturing processes during the workshop.
CapSat-DRAGONS: A Rideshare Technology Demonstration/Orbital Debris Measurement Mission

CapSat-DRAGONS is a mission to measure orbital debris in the earth science orbit called the A-Train. CapSat-DRAGONS stands for Capsulation Satellite - Debris Resistive/Acoustic Grid Orbital National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)-Navy Sensor. The CapSat-DRAGONS mission intends to collect actual impact data on the millimeter-sized orbital debris (OD) at 600–1000 km altitude. Such small debris represents the highest penetration risk to satellites operating in that region (currently over 400 spacecraft). However, there is a lack of data for reliable OD impact risk assessments to support the development and implementation of cost-effective protective measures for the safe operations of future NASA missions. CapSat-DRAGONS will help provide that data which will be used to update NASA's Orbital Debris Engineering Model (ORDEM). The model is developed and maintained by the NASA Orbital Debris Program Office (ODPO), funded by the NASA Office of Mission Assurance and used by all NASA missions and the aerospace community. CapSat-DRAGONS is in NASA's budget starting in fiscal year 2020. It is planned to launch on an available rideshare opportunity approximately 3 years later. This paper will focus on the mission architecture and technical challenges associated with implementing this type of a low cost rideshare mission.
Consent for Medical Autopsy

In many countries as well as the consent as above, legally the autopsy is authorized by a human tissue act officer or medical director or their nominee, who legally allows the postmortem to go ahead. This is done after parental consent. There are variations throughout the world, and some of these are discussed. Consent is now recognised to be a process, a communication and understanding, and not just a simple signature to an official form.
Pregnancy and Fertility Concerns: A Survey of United States Obstetrics and Gynecology Residents

Reproductive life planning is an important aspect of OBGYN resident education. Despite learning about declining fertility and the implications associated with delaying pregnancy, OBGYN residents overestimate the age when fertility declines and fertility treatment success rates. To characterize attitudes towards infertility, pregnancy timing, and fertility preservation among OBGYN residents at academic programs in the United States. Cross sectional study of female trainees from 27 academic OBGYN residency programs. A voluntary, anonymous online survey was used to assess reproductive experiences and characterize attitudes towards personal family planning and infertility. Of 756 trainees who were sent the survey, 487 opened the email, and 309 participated (63.4% response rate per opened email, 40.9% overall). The majority of residents expressed a desire to have children, but had not started childbearing (75.8%, n = 210) with a planned delay for career/educational reasons (84.5%, n = 196). The majority planned to have children before age 35 (90%, n = 210). Of those not finished with childbearing, 78.5% reported worrying about infertility (n = 205) and 40.8% reported considering fertility preservation (n = 111). If interested in fellowship, trainees were more worried about infertility (p = 0.01, OR 2.74 (95% CI 1.24 –6.04)). Female OBGYN residents learn to help patients with reproductive planning and many may personally delay family building. To help alleviate anxiety, improve reproductive autonomy, and prevent future regret, OBGYN residents may benefit from counseling regarding declining fertility with age and the advantages and disadvantages of fertility preservation, specifically emphasizing the realistic chance of success with oocyte cryopreservation compared to conception at a young age.
Post-Cesarean Delivery Analgesic Outcomes in Patients Maintained on Methadone and Buprenorphine: A Retrospective Investigation

Background Despite the increasing prevalence of opioid use disorder (OUD) in pregnant women, there are limited studies on their anesthesia care and analgesic outcomes after cesarean delivery (CD). Methods Patients with OUD on either buprenorphine or methadone maintenance therapy who underwent CD at our institution from 2011 to 2018 were identified. Anesthetic details and analgesic outcomes, including daily opioid consumption and pain scores, were compared between patients maintained on buprenorphine and methadone. Analgesic outcomes were also evaluated according to anesthetic type (neuraxial or general anesthesia) and daily buprenorphine/methadone dose to determine if these factors impacted pain after delivery. Results A total of 146 patients were included (buprenorphine n=99 (67.8%), methadone n=47 (32.2%)). Among all patients: 74% had spinal/CSE, 15% epidural, and 11% general anesthesia. Anesthesia types were similar among buprenorphine and methadone patients. For spinal anesthetics, intrathecal fentanyl (median 15 µg) and morphine (median 100 µg) were commonly given (97.2% and 96.3%, respectively), and dosed similarly between groups. Among epidural anesthetics, epidural morphine (median 2 mg) was commonly administered (90.9%), while fentanyl (median 100 µg) was less common (54.5%). Buprenorphine and methadone groups consumed similar amounts of oxycodone equivalents per 24 hours of hospitalization (80.6 vs 76.3 mg; p=0.694) and had similar peak pain scores (8.3 vs 8.0; p=0.518). Daily methadone dose correlated weakly with opioid consumption (R=0.3; p=0.03), although buprenorphine dose did not correlate with opioid consumption or pain scores. General anesthesia correlated with greater oxycodone consumption in the first 24 hours (median 156.1 vs 91.7 mg; p=0.004) and greater IV PCA use (63% vs 7%; p<0.001) compared to neuraxial anesthesia. Conclusion Patients on buprenorphine and methadone had similar high opioid consumption and pain scores after CD. The anesthetic details and analgesic outcomes reported in this investigation may serve as a useful reference for future prospective investigations and aid in the clinical care of these patients.
Functional Ankle Range of Motion but Not Peak Achilles Tendon Force Diminished With Heel-Rise and Jumping Tasks After Achilles Tendon Repair.

Background:Deficits in sporting performance after Achilles tendon repair may be due to changes in musculotendinous unit structure, including tendon elongation and muscle fascicle shortening.Purpose...
RGS14 Regulation of Post-Synaptic Signaling and Spine Plasticity in Brain.

The regulator of G-protein signaling 14 (RGS14) is a multifunctional signaling protein that regulates post synaptic plasticity in neurons. RGS14 is expressed in the brain regions essential for learning, memory, emotion, and stimulus-induced behaviors, including the basal ganglia, limbic system, and cortex. Behaviorally, RGS14 regulates spatial and object memory, female-specific responses to cued fear conditioning, and environmental- and psychostimulant-induced locomotion. At the cellular level, RGS14 acts as a scaffolding protein that integrates G protein, Ras/ERK, and calcium/calmodulin signaling pathways essential for spine plasticity and cell signaling, allowing RGS14 to naturally suppress long-term potentiation (LTP) and structural plasticity in hippocampal area CA2 pyramidal cells. Recent proteomics findings indicate that RGS14 also engages the actomyosin system in the brain, perhaps to impact spine morphogenesis. Of note, RGS14 is also a nucleocytoplasmic shuttling protein, where its role in the nucleus remains uncertain. Balanced nuclear import/export and dendritic spine localization are likely essential for RGS14 neuronal functions as a regulator of synaptic plasticity. Supporting this idea, human genetic variants disrupting RGS14 localization also disrupt RGS14’s effects on plasticity. This review will focus on the known and unexplored roles of RGS14 in cell signaling, physiology, disease and behavior.
Effects of Wearing an N95 Respirator or Cloth Mask Among Adults at Peak Exercise: A Randomized Crossover Trial.

For the majority of apparently healthy adults, mask wearing while at rest or during activities of daily living is recommended to be safe and effective for reducing the risk of person-to-person airborne transmission of SARS-Cov-2.1,2 Original research has yet to find evidence showing an effect of mask wearing on clinical indicators of exercise safety.3 In this study, we tested whether mask wearing during exercise stress testing (EST) to peak exhaustion provokes clinically indicated safety concerns.
Selection into Identification in Fixed Effects Models, with Application to Head Start

Many papers use fixed effects (FE) to identify causal impacts of an intervention. In this paper we show that when the treatment status only varies within some groups, this design can induce non-random selection of groups into the identifying sample, which we term selection into identification (SI). We begin by illustrating SI in the context of several family fixed effects (FFE) applications with a binary treatment variable. We document that the FFE identifying sample differs from the overall sample along many dimensions, including having larger families. Further, when treatment effects are heterogeneous, the FFE estimate is biased relative to the average treatment effect (ATE). For the general FE model, we then develop a reweighting-on-observables estimator to recover the unbiased ATE from the FE estimate for policy-relevant populations. We apply these insights to examine the long-term effects of Head Start in the PSID and the CNLSY. Using our reweighting methods, we estimate that Head Start leads to a 2.6 percentage point (p.p.) increase (s.e. = 6.2 p.p.) in the likelihood of attending some college for white Head Start participants in the PSID. This ATE is 78% smaller than the traditional FFE estimate (12 p.p). Reweighting the CNLSY FE estimates to obtain the ATE produces similar attenuation in the estimated impacts of Head Start. Institutional subscribers to the NBER working paper series, and residents of developing countries may download this paper without additional charge at www.nber.org.
Alberto Ginastera: A Research and Information Guide

Preface State of Ginastera Research Organization of this Volume Acknowledgements Abbreviations Chapter 1. Alberto Ginastera: An Introduction to His Life and Work The Formative Years Early Successes The Guggenheim Period Consolidation and Crisis Expansion and Innovation in the Post-Peron Years The Di Tella Institute and the First Two Operas Separation and Change Tranquility and Nostalgia in Switzerland Chapter 2. Alberto Ginastera: An Introduction to His Musical Style Rhythmic Profile Melodic Resources Harmonic Structures Timbral Stategies Form and Genre Final Reflections Chapter 3. Catalogue of Works Ginastera Catalogues: A Brief History Organization and Scope of the Chapter Chronological Catalogue of Works Juvenilia and Miscellaneous Attributed Works Unfinished Compositions Chapter 4. The Published Writings of Alberto Ginastera Contemporary Composers and Their Music Historical Concert Repertoire Argentine Music and Music Institutions Analysis of His Own Works Current Artistic Debates Chapter 5. Selected Bibliography of Secondary Sources Books Journal Articles, Book Chapters, and Conference Proceedings Selected Doctoral Dissertations, D.M.A. Documents, and Master's Theses Major Signed Articles in Music Reference Works Catalogues of the Composer's Works Selected Interviews Selected Major Reviews and Newspaper Articles Memorials References to Ginastera in General Music Sources Discographies Miscellaneous Chapter 6. Archives and Internet Resources Archives Europe Latin America United States Internet Sources General Research on Argentine Music Specialized Ginastera Sources Appendix. Chronology of Ginastera's Life and Works Author Index Title Index Subject Index
Equilibrium analysis of the possibilities of unenforced exchange in multiagent systems

In multiagent systems, interaction protocols are usually enforced by law. Enforcement is problematic among computational agents, because they may operate under incomplete or different laws, the laws may not be uniformly enforced, and the agents can vanish easily. This paper presents an enforcement free method for carrying out exchanges so that both agents are motivated to abide to their contract. This is achieved by splitting the exchanged goods into partial exchanges so that at each step, both agents benefit more from the future of the exchange than from vanishing with the goods or payment. The conditions for such exchange are presented in general, and the maximum deliveries and payments--for any point in the exchange--are solved for. Similar analysis is carried out for the case, where the agents' current actions affect their future contracts. Strategic delaying is also discussed. The paper presents a fast algorithm that will find a sequence of independent partial deliveries in a way that enables unenforced exchange if such a sequence exists. This problem cannot be solved in polynomial time if the partial deliveries are interdependent. Finally, the paper shows that the unenforced exchange scheme hinders unfair renegotiation.
Radiographic Detection of 100 Å Thickness Variations in 1-μm-Thick Coatings on Submillimeter-Diameter Laser Fusion Targets

We have developed x-ray radiography to measure thickness variations of coatings on laser fusion targets. Our technique is based on measuring the variation in x-ray transmission through the targets. The simplest targets are hollow glass microshells* or microballoons** 100 to 500 μm in diameter (Fig. 1), that have several layers of metals or plastics, 1 to 100 ym thick (Fig. 2). Our goal is to examine these opaque coatings for thickness variations as small as 1% or 0.1%, depending on the type of defect. Using contact radiography we have obtained the desired sensitivity for concentric and elliptical defects of 1%. This percentage corresponds to thickness variations as small as 100 A in a 1-μm-thick coating. For warts and dimples, the desired sensitivity is a function of the area of the defect, and we are developing a system to detect 0.1% thickness variations that cover an area 10 μm by 10 μm.
3,4‐Diethylpyrrole and 2,3,7,8,12,13,17,18‐Octaethylporphyrin

3,4-Diethylpyrrole and 2,3,7,8,12,13,17,18-octaethylporphyrin intermediate: 3-nitro-4-hexanol intermediate: 4-acetoxy-3-nitrohexane intermediate: ethyl 3,4-diethylpyrrole-2-carboxylate (3) product: 3,4-diethylpyrrole product: 2,3,7,8,12,13,17,18-octaethylporphyrin Keywords: addition, to CO; addition, to CO; alkylation, C-alkylation; annulation, heterocyclic-[5]; annulation, heterocyclic-[>6]; condensation, carbonyl-active methylene condensations; condensation, miscellaneous; cyclization, condensation; cyclization, condensation; deacylation; decarboxylation; esterification, unsubstituted monobasic acids; hydrolysis, esters and lactones; benzene; chloroform, highly toxic, cancer suspect agent; ethyl isocyanoacetate, stench
An algorithm for the evaluation of the incomplete gamma function and the first two partial derivatives with respect to the parameter

A simple to use, straight coded, Fortran 4 algorithm, is presented. This algorithm has the ability to: 1) evaluate the Incomplete Gamma function, Y(r,λx), for parameter values in the range 0 < r < 20.0 and upper limit of integration values in the range 0 75.0; 2) evaluate both the first and second partial derivatives of y with respect to the parameter 3) evaluate both the Euler Di and Trigamma functions, ψ(r) and if ψ′(r)for 0<rf.20.0. In all cases the accuracy is nine or more significant figures. The user has several choices of data output format
Semiconductor–Insulator–Semiconductor Structures

The sections in this article are 1 Fabrication and Materials Issues 2 Extended Defects 3 Electrical Characterization 4 Electron Paramagnetic Resonance 5 Summary and Future Trends Keywords: silicon on insulator (SOI); SIMOX; bonded SOI (BSOI); charge injection; trapped holes; point defects; electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR); fabrication
Singularity and nonlinearity in the Kapitza resistance between gold and superfluid 4He near T lambda.

We report experimental results for the Kapitza resistance {ital R}{sub {ital K}} between gold and superfluid {sup 4}He, which were obtained by using very-high-resolution thermometry. The data imply that {ital R}{sub {ital K}} is singular at the superfluid transition temperature {ital T}{sub {lambda}}. Comparison with theory suggests that the singularity results from a hydrodynamic effect proposed by Landau, and that it is associated with the vanishing of the superfluid and normal-fluid currents at the boundaries. Recently a quantitative prediction of the singular part of this Kapitza resistance has been made based on dynamic renormalization-group theory. This theory requires no adjustable parameters and it agrees well with our data. The measurements of {ital R}{sub {ital K}} are independent of the heat flux {ital Q} only for reduced temperatures {ital t}=1{minus}{ital T}/{ital T}{sub {lambda}} greater than a characteristic value {ital t}{sub {ital c}}. We find that {ital t}{sub {ital c}} is approximately proportional to {ital Q}, and that for {ital t}{lt}{ital t}{sub {ital c}} the maximum value of ({partial derivative}{ital R}{sub {ital K}}/{partial derivative}{ital Q}){sub {ital t}} is approximately proportional to 1/{ital t}. The {ital Q}-dependent contribution {ital R}{sub {ital K}{ital Q}} to {ital R}{sub {ital K}} can be represented by amore » function of the single variable {ital Q}/{ital t}. For large {ital Q}/{ital t}, this function saturates at a value near 0.35 cm{sup 2} K/W. We know of no theory that predicts the dependence of {ital R}{sub {ital K}} on {ital Q}.« less
Slow Axonal Transport

Slow axonal transport is the movement of cytoskeletal polymers and cytosolic protein complexes along axons at average rates on the order of millimeters per day. These subcellular structures move rapidly along microtubule tracks propelled by molecular motor proteins, yet the overall rate is slow because the movements are very infrequent. This traffic is critical for the growth and survival of axons and is disrupted in many neurodegenerative diseases, but the precise identity of the cargo structures and the motors that move them is largely unknown.
Genetic analysis of Escherichia coli RadA: functional motifs and genetic interactions

The RadA/Sms protein is a RecA-related protein found universally in eubacteria and plants, implicated in processing of recombination intermediates. Here we show that the putative Zn finger, Walker A motif, KNRXG motif and Lon protease homology domain of the Escherichia coli RadA protein are required for DNA damage survival. RadA is unlikely to possess protease activity as the putative active site serine is not required. Mutants in RadA have strong synergistic phenotypes with those in the branch migration protein RecG. Sensitivity of radA recG mutants to azidothymidine (AZT) can be rescued by blocking recombination with recA or recF mutations or by overexpression of RuvAB, suggesting that lethal recombination intermediates accumulate in the absence of RadA and RecG. Synthetic genetic interactions for survival to AZT or ciprofloxacin exposure were observed between RadA and known or putative helicases including DinG, Lhr, PriA, Rep, RuvAB, UvrD, YejH and YoaA. These represent the first affected phenotypes reported for Lhr, YejH and YoaA. The specificity of these effects sheds new light on the role of these proteins in DNA damage avoidance and repair and implicates a role in replication gap processing for DinG and YoaA and a role in double-strand break repair for YejH.
Social Networks as a Shortcut to Information and Correct Voting

This paper reports on a small group experiment designed to study how the preferences and expertise of an individual’s social network affect that individual’s ability to vote for the candidate that will provide them with the greater benefit on both valence and issue positions. Formal models suggest that individuals should seek out information from political experts with similar preferences. This will allow a voter to behave as a political expert without paying the high costs of becoming informed. Individuals, however, are constrained in their selection of discussion partners and will occasionally find themselves located in networks without ideal discussion partners. In this paper, I demonstrate that the preferences of discussion partners play a larger role than partner expertise in determining the probability of correct voting. Further, while interpersonal communication aids the uninformed, it can potentially hinder the decision making of those with some information.
Ionospheric Langmuir Turbulence Driven by an Electromagnetic Pump Below the Upper-Hybrid Frequency

In ionospheric modification experiments, an intense ground-launched radio wave of frequency ω 0 reflects from the critical altitude in the ionosphere where ω p = ω 0 setting up a standing Airy pattern with the maximum electric field intensity occuring below the critical layer (ω p < ω 0) and with the electric field polarized approximately in the direction of the background magnetic field vector B0 near the critical altitude. The driving of the ionosphere can be approximated by considering a spatially uniform (k = 0) electrostatic pump E0 parallel to B0and at frequency ω 0. A driver of this form has been used as a source in numerical simulations of ionospheric turbulence using the Zakharov equations.1–3 The simulations of Refs. 1 and 2 treated a parameter regime different from that considered in Ref. 3. Specifically, Refs 1 and 2 modeled the pump at the altitude of the first Airy maximum whereas Ref. 3 modeled the pump at a lower altitude corresponding to the matching height of the incoherent scatter radar diagnostic used in the Aracebo experiments. As a result, the pump amplitude was lower and the frequency mismatch (ω 0 − ω p ) larger under the assumptions of Ref. 3. In addition, a weaker ion-acoustic damping ratio was assumed in Ref. 3. All of these difference favor the existence of a weak-turbulence backscatter cascade under the conditions modeled in Ref. 3 and, in fact, such a cascade was observed in Ref. 3 but not in Refs 1 and 2. However, whereas Ref. 3 used a 2D simulation, only 1D simulations were used in Refs 1 and 2.
Corrective Justice From Aristotle To SecondOrder Liability: Who Should Pay When TheCulpable Cannot?

Right and The Possibility of a Nondistributive Conception of Contract: Hegel and Contemporary Contract Theory, 10 CARDozo L. REv. 1077, 1094 n.168 (1989). Specifically, Professor Bensen sees this view of corrective justice as indistinct from distributive justice because such a view "simply enshrines whatever contingently happens to be the preexisting set of circumstances." Id. Although corrective justice may use the established distribution as a starting point, corrective justice is a separate form of justice because it provides a basis upon which parties can recover from one another without resorting to the perhaps cumbersome distributive process. For example, when Ann takes Bob's watch, Bob could resort to the distributive process and prove that Ann and Bob do not have their appropriate share of resources under the distributive standard. Ann has more, Bob less. Bob may be able to recover from Ann through this process, but the process is likely to be cumbersome because Bob must put on elaborate proof regarding the appropriate share of wealth that each of the litigants is to have at a particular moment in the society. Corrective justice provides an alternative method of redress: Bob proves Ann injured him and that he suffered a loss as a result of the injury. Ann should be made to rectify the injury to return the two to the positions they held before
Stumbling blocks to a sustainable society: Incoherences in key premises about the way the world works

Abstract A society that hopes to make wise policy, must communicate clearly. In most countries, that is currently impossible because of incoherences in the key premises disputants hold about how the world works. This article identifies a set of key premises held by leadership groups in most contemporary societies (called the dominant social paradigm—DSP) and contrasts them with different premises on these same matters held by followers of a new environmental paradigm (NEP). The premises underlying the NEP are based on the latest environmental science research; they deeply challenge the premises of the DSP. Societies organized according to these differing paradigms would be deeply different. The societies dominated by the DSP are unsustainable. Nature will be our most powerful teacher as we learn our way to a new, more sustainable paradigm.
Neuroanatomical correlates of heterotypic comorbidity in externalizing male adolescents.

Children and adolescents with externalizing behavior disorders including attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and conduct disorder (CD) often present with symptoms of comorbid internalizing psychopathology. However, few studies have examined central nervous system correlates of such comorbidity. We evaluated interactions between externalizing and internalizing symptoms in predicting mesolimbic, septo-hippocampal, and anterior cingulate volumes among 12- to 16-year-old boys with either ADHD, ADHD and CD, or no psychiatric condition (n = 35). These regions were chosen given established links to trait impulsivity, trait anxiety, and behavior regulation, respectively. Collapsed across groups, Externalizing × Internalizing symptom interactions accounted for individual differences in gray matter densities in each region. Externalizing youth with comorbid internalizing symptoms showed smaller reductions in gray matter than individuals with externalizing psychopathology alone. These results suggest tha...
Opiate antinociception is altered by immunemodification: the effect of inteferon, cyclosporine and radiation-induced immune suppression upon acute and long-term morphine activity

It has recently been demonstrated that various forms of immune modification result in a profound attenuation of the opiate withdrawal syndrome. Herein we investigate the extent to which some of the immune modifiers active in withdrawal attenuation affect other opiate related behaviors, namely antinociception and the development of tolerance to this effect. The observations demonstrate that immune modification by cyclosporine and irradiation exposure result in an alteration of the acute antinociceptive effect of morphine; while none of these treatments modify the development of tolerance to this property of morphine.
Canopy Spectra and Remote Sensing of Ashe Juniper and Associated Vegetation

A study was conducted in central Texas to determine the potential of using remote sensing technology to distinguish Ashe juniper (Juniperus ashei Buchholz) infestations on rangelands. Plant canopy reflectance measurements showed that Ashe juniper had lower near-infrared reflectance than other associated woody plant species and lower visible reflectance than mixed herbaceous species in spring and summer. Ashe juniper could be distinguished on color-infrared aerial photographs acquired in March, April, June, and August and on QuickBird false color satellite imagery obtained in June, where it had a distinct dark reddish-brown tonal response. Unsupervised classification techniques were used to classify aerial photographic and satellite imagery of study sites. An accuracy assessment performed on a computer classified map of a photographic image showed that Ashe juniper had producer's and user's accuracies of 100% and 92.9%, respectively, whereas an accuracy assessment performed on a classified map of a satellite image of the same site showed that Ashe juniper had producer's and user's accuracies of 94.1% and 88.1%, respectively. Accuracy assessments performed on classified maps of satellite images of two additional study sites showed that Ashe juniper had producer's and user's accuracies that ranged from 87.1% to 96.4%. These results indicate that both color-infrared photography and false color satellite imagery can be used successfully for distinguishing Ashe juniper infestations.
Mexican ethnohistory: Cultural adaptation and social inequality

Lockhart, James. Nahuas and Spaniards: Postconquest Central Mexican History and Philology. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press, 1991. xiii + 304 pp. including notes, glossary, bibliographical appendix, references, and index. $42.50 cloth. Haskett, Robert. Indigenous Rulers: An Ethnohistory of Town Government in Colonial Cuernavaca. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1991. xii + 294 pp. including tables, map, appendix, notes, bibliography, and index. $17.50 paper. Harvey, H. R., ed. Land and Politics in the Valley of Mexico: A Two‐Thousand Year Perspective. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1991. xiii + 325 pp. including references and index. $35.00 cloth. Murphy, Arthur D. and Alex Stepick. Social Inequality in Oaxaca. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1991. xix + 282 pp. including figures, notes, bibliographic essay, and index. $39.95 cloth, $16.95 paper.