cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Predicting the impact of land management decisions on overland flow generation: Implications for cesium migration in forested Fukushima watersheds

The effects of land use and land cover (LULC) change on environmental systems across the land surface's “critical zone” are highly uncertain, often making prediction and risk management decision difficult. In a series of numerical experiments with an integrated hydrologic model, overland flow generation is quantified for both present day and forest thinning scenarios. A typhoon storm event in a watershed near the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant is used as an example application in which the interplay between LULC change and overland flow generation is important given that sediment-bound radionuclides may cause secondary contamination via surface water transport. Results illustrate the nonlinearity of the integrated system spanning from the deep groundwater to the atmosphere, and provide quantitative tools when determining the tradeoffs of different risk-mitigation strategies.
Synchronized matching with incomplete information

This paper considers two-sided matching in continuous time without transferable utility or costly effort signaling. Two continua of impatient agents signal their types by delaying before proposing or accepting a match. I use a mechanism design approach to study what matchings and schedules of match times are implementable when there is private information on one or both sides. When only one side has private information, a sufficient condition to implement assortative matching is for the uninformed side to value the log gain in partner quality from waiting more than the informed side, so that it pays to wait. When information is incomplete on both sides, the sufficient conditions to implement assortative matching are much more restrictive: even when coarse matching is considered, a simple sufficient condition is provided under which only simple random matching is implementable.
Fractional Factorial Designs with Randomization Restrictions

Run order restrictions were discussed for full factorial designs in Chapter 3. Here we consider how to conduct fractional factorials as randomized block or split-unit experiments.
Teaching Psychiatric Residents about Legal Issues

With all the new demands made by recent legal changes and with all the new interest in legal aspects of psychiatry, teaching about law in the practice of psychiatry remains surprisingly antiquated. Very few psychiatric residency training programs have expanded or changed their basic educational format in this area in the past decade. The majority of programs still continue to give a brief course on forensic psychiatry in the last year of training. Usually the content focuses on expert witness roles. The resident learns about issues involving malpractice and the treatment of severely disturbed patients largely through on-the-job training. Even departments of psychiatry with skilled forensic psychiatrists on their faculties do not provide residents with a great deal of teaching about legal issues. The forensic psychiatrist may be more involved in teaching courses on mental health law or other issues in the law school than in teaching about similar issues to residents. The law school course is usually too complicated or time-consuming to attract the interest of the psychiatric resident.
Assessing Loss Rates in the Preimplantation Stages of Gestation

Assessing safety of preimplantation genetics procedures requires a clear understanding of the natural history of pregnancy losses. Two aspects in particular will be addressed here - 1) What is the natural history of losses, both in vivo as well as in vitro? 2) What potential confounding variables need to be taken into account in order to judge loss rates in the four — to eight — cell embryo or in the blastocyst subjected to manipulation?
Glycemic Index and Age-Related Macular Degeneration

Abstract Carbohydrate is our major energy source, so it is reasonable that metabolism of sugars plays a significant role in aging and disease. Glycemic index (GI) reflects the kinetics of blood glucose levels after ingesting a meal in people both with and without diabetes. Recent data from a wide range of epidemiologic and molecular evidence offer strong support for the conclusion that dietary hyperglycemia is associated with risk for major metabolic disorders, including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases (CVD), and retinal diseases such as diabetic retinopathy (DR) and age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Therefore, it remains critical to reevaluate the management of carbohydrate nutrition as a means to prevent the onset or progression of these diseases. A low-GI diet should be recommended to those at high risk. In terms of identifying high-risk populations, development of susceptibility biomarkers, exposure biomarkers, and surrogate end points for a disease will be valuable. Future studies should focus on the relationship between management and efficacy of low-GI diets on disease risk. The biochemical mechanisms that link consuming high-GI diets to increased disease risk will need further understanding of the underlying pathogenesis.
Stochastically Driven Hysteretic Systems in Science and Engineering

This chapter presents an overview of hysteresis phenomena arising from various areas of science and engineering. A special interest is devoted to the classical area of magnetism, where fundamental deterministic and stochastic aspects of hysteresis are discussed in details. Then, prevalent examples and models of hysteresis in elasticity and plasticity, superconductivity, molecular materials, electronic devices and wireless communications are presented and connected to the models introduced in Chap. 1. The last section is dedicated to the transition from natural sciences and engineering areas to the social sciences opening the door for a more general discussion regarding the concept of hysteresis.
Pyruvatephosphate dikinase from Bacteroides symbiosus

1. An improved method is given for preparation of pyruvate,phosphate dikinase from Bacteroides symbiosus. 2. The bacterial enzyme is stable, free from interfering enzyme activities, and does not require thiol compounds to maintain stability during storage or assay. 3. New direct assays of enzyme activity are based on acid evolution or consumption as measured at constant pH in a pH-stat. 4. The optimum rate of reaction in the direction of pyruvate formation occurs at about pH6.4; in the direction of phosphoenolpyruvate formation, it is at pH7.2-7.8. 5. Newly determined substrate K(m) values for the enzyme are: AMP, 3.5x10(-6)m; ATP, 1x10(-4)m; pyruvate, 8x10(-5)m; P(i), 6x10(-4)m. 6. K(+) may substitute for NH(4) (+) in activating the reaction catalysed by the B. symbiosus enzyme. 7. In the direction of pyruvate formation the bivalent metal ion requirement of the enzyme is fulfilled by salts of nickel, manganese, magnesium and cobalt. In the other direction only magnesium salts were effective. 8. The nucleotide specificity of the enzyme is strictly limited to the adenine nucleotides. CTP and ITP strongly inhibit the reaction in the direction of phosphoenolpyruvate formation.
Awareness of Organ Donation, Prospective Behavior and Reasons why they do or do not Donate by Ethnicity

The purpose of this study was to investigate ethnic differences in: 1) awareness of organ donation, 2) prospective behavior and 3) reasons for/for not donating organs upon death. A total of 852 Mexican-Americans and Whites were sampled from two different locations in the U.S. Subjects were asked questions about their awareness and knowledge of organ donation, if they had signed an organ donation card or talked to their family about it, and their reasons why or why they would not donate organs. Several significant differences were found between the ethnic groups. In both locations, Mexican-Americans were less knowledgeable about an organ donor card. Differences in the results between El Paso and San Marcos locations were explained by different levels of income in the Mexican-American samples.
Heavy-Flavor Theory at "Hard and Electromagnetic Probes 2018".

An overview is given of the theoretical developments on heavy quarks and quarkonia in heavy-ion collisions as reported at the "Hard and EM Probes 2018" conference. Specifically, we address progress in the understanding of heavy-flavor diffusion and its hadronization, quarkonium transport and the extraction of quarkonium melting temperatures, energy loss of heavy quarks at high momentum, and their rescattering in small colliding systems.
Improved Synthesis of Unsymmetrical Carbonate Derivatives Using Calcium Salts

An effective synthetic method for unsymmetrical carbonate species has been developed. Calcium oxide and calcium hydroxide were found to be highly effective for this reaction, affording unsymmetrical carbonates in high yield and purity. Calcium chloride, which is a coproduct, serves as a water scavenger that can be easily removed. Additional drying processes and complicated purification steps are not necessary in this reaction. This improved process is important in terms of green sustainable chemistry principles.
Incentives for Better Public Outcomes? Evidence from Public Hospitals

There is disagreement between the theoretical and empirical literature as to whether economic incentives can lead to better public outcomes. Work in this arena has largely consisted of formal model...
Bcl-2 and Caspase-9 serum levels in children and adolescents with idiopathic epilepsy and active seizures.

BACKROUND In the present study we investigated the levels of proapoptotic Caspase-9 and antiapoptotic Bcl-2 proteins in the sera of children and adolescents with idiopathic epilepsy and tried to relate the findings to the patients clinical parameters. METHODS This retrospective study consisted of 118 children and adolescents with idiopathic epilepsy, categorized according to type and number of seizures, duration of the disease and the control of seizures and 30 age and sex matched controls. The relapse of seizures was taken into consideration. RESULTS Mean serum level between Bcl-2 and Caspase-9 was significantly higher only in Bcl-2 patients, compared to controls (p≤0,0001) and (p=0,987) respectively. Significant difference in Bcl-2 level was found among the different types of focal seizures. Caspase-9 level was statistically different in patients with two or more seizures per month compared to those with one seizure per month (p=0,048). No correlation was found between Bcl-2 and Caspase-9 levels and age, gender, seizure frequency, total number of seizures and the duration of epilepsy. No significant difference was found in patients with and without drug treatment. CONCLUSIONS Bcl-2 displays an association with apoptosis and highlights the potential of being a surrogate biomarker for active seizures and epilepsy. There is a significant difference in Bcl-2 serum level among the different types of focal seizures. Proapoptotic Caspase-9 cannot act as a marker of active seizures and epilepsy. Caspase-9 serum level is increased acutely in controlled cases after a single relapse.
Prognostic factors and outcome of Post-Neonatal Tetanus in an intensive care unit of a Tertiary Care Hospital

Objective: To determine the prognostic factors and outcome of tetanus in children of post-neonatal age admitted in the intensive care unit (ICU) of a tertiary care hospital. Methods: This prospective cross sectional study, carried out in the Pediatric ICU of The Children’s Hospital Lahore from Jan 2013 to March 2017. Children of both genders with age range of two months to 16 years diagnosed clinically as tetanus were included. All 132 patients were scrutinized for all possible risk factors, need for mechanical ventilation and outcome. Data was analyzed by SPSS version 20. Results: Mean age of children was 7.5±3.4 years with male predominance (70.5%). Only (38.6%) received three doses of vaccination but none had booster dose. Trauma (43.2%) encompassed maximum predisposing factor followed by ear or nose prick and ear discharge. Mean duration of ICU stay was 20±13.3 days. Mortality rate was (17.4%). Ventilator support was given to (78.8%). Neurological outcome was normal in (82.6%). Trauma, ear or nose prick in girls and ear discharge were significantly associated with poor outcome and death with p-value of <0.001, 0.011 and <0.001 respectively. Other factors associated with poor outcome were need for mechanical ventilation and neurological impairment with p-value of 0.001 and <0.001 respectively. Conclusion: Tetanus is causing our children to suffer from devastating disease. Vaccination status is not satisfactory and along with trauma, ear discharge and ear or nose prick are identifiable risk factors. To combat these issues large scale vaccination and booster doses remains promising option. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.35.5.656 How to cite this:Sultana N, Bari A, Faizan M, Sarwar M. Prognostic factors and outcome of Post-Neonatal Tetanus in an intensive care unit of a Tertiary Care Hospital. Pak J Med Sci. 2019;35(5):1233-1237. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.35.5.656 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
2D Oligosilyl Metal–Organic Frameworks as Multi-state Switchable Materials

We report the synthesis of a set of 2D metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) constructed with organosilicon-based linkers. These oligosilyl MOFs feature linear Sin Me2n (C6 H4 CO2 H)2 ligands (lin-Sin , n=2, 4) connected by Cu paddlewheels. The stacking arrangement of the 2D sheets is dictated by van der Waals interactions and is tunable by solvent exchange, leading to reversible structural transformations between many crystalline and amorphous phases.
An analysis of U.S. federal environmental legislation in the nineteenth, twentieth and beginning twenty-first centuries, with emphasis on presidential party and political majorities in congress

U.S. federal environmental legislation has followed a significant logistic growth curve from 1862 through 2012, as determined by the cumulative number of acts per Congress. Growth of federal enviro...
CHAPTER 4 – PRETREATMENT PROCEDURES

Publisher Summary It is often in the patient's best interest that radiation treatments are initiated soon after the decision to treat is made. However, it is essential to good radiation therapy that the patient's treatment course be planned and beam modifying devices be fabricated with utmost care prior to treatment. Poorly planned and delivered treatments can be more detrimental than no treatment at all. This chapter discusses the importance of pretreatment preparation. The quality of the treatment preparations should never be compromised due to time constraints. However, to minimize the time required between the decision to treat and the time of initiating treatment, it is helpful to establish a routine for each procedure. It is also essential that cooperation between the patient, physician, physicist, dosimetrist, and technologist exists so that each procedure can be carried out swiftly and correctly. The chapter describes a common practice in radiation oncology localization procedures in which a magnification device—an object with known dimensions—is placed directly on the patient's surface so that the magnification of internal organs situated at the same distance in the beam can be calculated. Thereafter, the size and position of various organs and radiopaque markers can be outlined in actual size on a contour of the patient. This procedure can be quite tedious since internal organs are positioned at different distances in the beam. When possible, it is desirable to place magnification devices at the same distance in the beam as most of the organs that need to be outlined on the contour.
Comparative phylogeography reveals how a barrier filters and structures taxa in North American warm deserts

Abstract The study of biogeographic barriers have been instrumental in understanding the evolution and distribution of taxa. Now with the increased availability of empirical datasets, it is possible to infer emergent patterns from communities by synthesizing how barriers filter and structure populations across species. We assemble phylogeographic data for a barrier and perform spatially-explicit simulations to quantify temporal and spatial patterns of divergence, the influence of species traits on these patterns, and understand the statistical power of differentiating alternative diversification modes. We incorporate published datasets to examine taxa around the Cochise Filter Barrier, separating the Sonoran and Chihuahuan deserts of North America, to synthesize phylogeographic structuring across the community with respect to organismal functional traits. We then use a simulation and machine learning pipeline to assess the power of phylogeographic model selection. Taxa distributed across the Cochise Filter Barrier show heterogeneous responses to the barrier in levels of gene flow, phylogeographic structure, divergence timing, barrier width, and divergence mechanism. These responses vary concordantly with locomotor and thermoregulatory traits. Many taxa show a Pleistocene population genetic break, often with introgression after divergence. Allopatric isolation and isolation-by-environment are the primary mechanisms purported to structure taxa. Simulations reveal that in spatially-explicit isolation-with-migration models across the barrier, age of divergence, presence of gene flow, and presence of isolation-by-distance can confound the interpretation of evolutionary history and model selection by producing easily-confusable results. By synthesizing phylogeographic data for the Cochise Filter Barrier we show a pattern where barriers interact with species traits to differentiate taxa in communities over millions of years. Identifying the modes of differentiation across the barriers for these taxa remains challenging because commonly invoked demographic models may not be identifiable across a range of likely parameter space.
Area-Selective Atomic Layer Deposition of Metal Oxides on DNA Nanostructures and Its Applications

We demonstrate area-selective atomic layer deposition (ALD) of oxides on DNA nanostructures. Area-selective ALD of Al2O3, TiO2, and HfO2 was successfully achieved on both 2D and 3D DNA nanostructures deposited on a polystyrene (PS) substrate. The resulting DNA-inorganic hybrid structure was used as a hard mask to achieve deep etching of a Si wafer for antireflection applications. ALD is a widely used process in coating and thin film deposition; our work points to a way to pattern oxide materials using DNA templates and to enhance the chemical/physical stability of DNA nanostructures for applications in surface engineering.
Gottfried Kellers Szenographie des Wirklichen

Der Aufsatz analysiert die szenographische Verfertigung des Wirklichen in der ersten Fassung von Gottfried Kellers Der Grune Heinrich. Kellers literarische Szenographie – so die These – bewirkt eine wechselseitige Verschiebung von Szene und Schrift: Erfahrt im Medium der Schrift das Szenische eine serielle Ausrichtung, ist Schrift zugleich dezidiert szenisch gestaltet. Fragen, denen der Aufsatz anhand der Analyse verschiedener Szenen im Roman nachgeht, sind: Welche szenischen Wirklichkeitseffekte generiert Kellers Realismus? Welche Epistemologie des Wirklichen artikuliert sich darin? Was, schlieslich, impliziert Kellers Szenographie fur die Frage nach dem Roman als Lebensform?
Late-quaternary spruce decline and rise in Japan and Sakhalin

The late-glacial logistic decline of spruce (Picea) populations (the intrinsic growth rate,r in yr−1=−0.0015) was progressively delayed toward cooler sites in Japan; spruce populations expanded asymptotically (r=0.0040−0.0045) in Sakhalin early in the Holocene. Such a time-transgressive range shift in spruce distribution, covering a wide latitudinal range (ca. 35–50°N), implies that the regional temperature rise was not instantaneous, but was rapid, being 0.0015–0.0025 C yr−1 from 13,000 to 10,000 years B.P. Spruce populations increased in response to Neoglacial cooling only at the margin of its distribution (r=0.0036), but then declined logistically 1,000 years B.P. (r=−0.0022).
Human spliceosomal snRNA sequence variants generate variant spliceosomes.

Human pre-mRNA splicing is primarily catalyzed by the major spliceosome, comprising five small nuclear ribonucleoprotein complexes, U1, U2, U4, U5, and U6 snRNPs, each of which contains the corresponding U-rich snRNA. These snRNAs are encoded by large gene families exhibiting significant sequence variation, but it remains unknown if most human snRNA genes are untranscribed pseudogenes or produce variant snRNAs with the potential to differentially influence splicing. Since gene duplication and variation are powerful mechanisms of evolutionary adaptation, we sought to address this knowledge gap by systematically profiling human U1, U2, U4 and U5 snRNA variant gene transcripts. We identified 55 transcripts that are detectably expressed in human cells, 38 of which incorporate into snRNPs and spliceosomes in 293T cells. All U1 snRNA variants are more than one thousand-fold less abundant in spliceosomes than the canonical U1, whereas at least 1% of spliceosomes contain a variant of U2 or U4. In contrast, eight U5 snRNA sequence variants occupy spliceosomes at levels of 1 to 46%. Furthermore, snRNA variants display distinct expression patterns across five human cell lines and adult and fetal tissues. Different RNA degradation rates contribute to the diverse steady state levels of snRNA variants. Our findings suggest that variant spliceosomes containing non-canonical snRNAs may contribute to different tissue- and cell-type specific alternative splicing patterns.
Developmental Improvement in Children With Intellectual Disability After Photorefractive Keratectomy for Severe Isoametropia.

Abstract Purpose : To assess the impact of refractive error correction from photorefractive keratectomy on development in children with severe isoametropia, subnormal visual acuityk and intellectual disability unable to use refraction correction. Study Design : Prospective noncomparative interventional case series Methods : Before and after PRK, subjects who had plateaued developmentally for 18+ months were assessed using a battery of developmental tests. The primary outcome measure was the change in the developmental quotient (DQ) 6 months after PRK. Secondary outcomes were the change in the DQ, uncorrected visual acuity, cycloplegic refraction and corneal status 12, 24, and 36 months after PRK. Results : Sixteen subjects aged 2-8 years were included. Twelve were highly myopic (mean -9.69 ± 3.82D), three highly hyperopic (mean +5.75 ± 0.59D) and one highly astigmatic (mean +3.50D). Six months post-PRK, the DQ significantly improved for expressive communication (mean 4.51 ± 2.27 months, (p = 0.04), interpersonal relationships (mean 9.45 ± 4.18 months) (p = 0.02) and coping (mean 6.44 ± 2.10 months) (p = 0.05). Twelve months post-PRK, the DQ significantly improved for receptive communication (8.04 ± 1.80 months) (p Conclusions : PRK significantly improves developmental abilities of children with intellectual disability, severe isoametropia, and previously plateaued development in addition to improving visual acuity and refractive error.
Nanoprecise Self-Assembly of Electro-Optic and Electroluminescent Molecular Arrays

Although the current state of molecular synthesis has reached an impressive level of sophistication in the past decades, the ability of scientists to organize array of engineered molecular building blocks to achieve certain specific materials functions is currently in its infancy. Of particular attraction would be pathways which led via spontaneous self-organization processes to robust arrays of molecules with designed electronic and/or opto-electronic characteristics and spatial relationships. Ideally, the structural control of the assembly process would be at the sub-nm level and the structures would “click” into place after initial self-assembly. In the present contribution, we briefly discuss two complementary efforts to achieve such capabilities. In one effort, we focus on self-assembly routes to fabricate nanoscopically acentric arrays of high-hyperpolarizability building blocks for electro-optic function and in the other on the nanoscopic interfacial phenomena that tune charge injection and radiative recombination efficiencies in electroluminescent molecule-based organic heterostructures. Each approach makes use of well-characterized siloxane condensation chemistry, which can be used in successions of self-limiting chemisorptive processes, to deposit conformai, adherent, and virtually pin hole-free layers of molecular entities with sub-nm precision. An important consideration here is to apply a battery of physical characterization techniques to precisely define nanostructure and to correlate this with photonic response.
The Demography of the Brief Authoritarian Scale

Which groups in the general US public are more or less authoritarian? This paper reports the demographic correlates of the Brief Authoritarian Scale of Professors Schuman, Bobo, and Krysan. Analyzing data in the leading US academic survey of attitudes, the National Opinion Research Center's General Social Survey, I find that education is the strongest predictor of authoritarian attitudes as measured by this scale. Though men and women do not differ significantly, authoritarianism does vary by race, political party, and liberal-conservative orientation (as well as education). These attitudinal differences are set out in a series of simple charts.
Filtering, Reductions and Synchronization in the Anton 2 Network

Parallel implementations of molecular dynamics (MD) simulation require significant inter-node communication, but off-chip communication bandwidth is not scaling as quickly as on-chip logic density. We present three network features targeting this problem that have been implemented in Anton 2, a massively parallel special-purpose supercomputer for MD simulations. The first is a mechanism to dynamically identify packets that do not need to be delivered to all endpoints within a multicast tree, these packets are filtered to conserve network bandwidth. The second is hardware for in-network reductions that supports over a thousand concurrent neighbourhood reductions per node and fast all-to-all global reductions. The third is a log-weight synchronization mechanism for multicast-reduce communication patterns that can be used to efficiently detect the completion of reduction operations when the number of summands is difficult to predict. We use the combination of packet filtering, in-network reductions and log-weight synchronization to decrease the communication requirements of MD simulations by as much as 51% on Anton 2, yielding application-level performance improvements of up to 14%.
An advanced multimodal platform for educational social networks

Multimediality and multimodality have demonstrated significant potential supporting students in learning activities; providing them with multimodal interaction can be a crucial issue for improving accessibility to the multimedia contents in learning environments. In fact, involving multiple input and output modalities enables a broader spectrum of users with different ages, skill levels and abilities to access these contents. In this paper, we present AMPLE, an advanced multimodal platform for e-learning that provides users with a multimodal access to an educational social network. The platform is based on a distributed architecture that integrates social networking technologies and multimodal facilities, enabling a collaborative learning experience to learners.
Automated daily processing of more than 1000 ground-based GPS receivers for studying intense ionospheric storms

To take advantage of the vast amount of GPS data, researchers use a number of techniques to estimate satellite and receiver interfrequency biases and the total electron content (TEC) of the ionosphere. Most techniques estimate vertical ionospheric structure and, simultaneously, hardware-related biases treated as nuisance parameters. These methods often are limited to 200 GPS receivers and use a sequential least squares or Kalman filter approach. The biases are later removed from the measurements to obtain unbiased TEC. In our approach to calibrating GPS receiver and transmitter interfrequency biases we take advantage of all available GPS receivers using a new processing algorithm based on the Global Ionospheric Mapping (GIM) software developed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. This new capability is designed to estimate receiver biases for all stations. We solve for the instrumental biases by modeling the ionospheric delay and removing it from the observation equation using precomputed GIM maps. The precomputed GIM maps rely on 200 globally distributed GPS receivers to establish the ''background'' used to model the ionosphere at the remaining 800 GPS sites.
Growth of lead barium niobate (Pb1−xBaxNb2O6) crystals by the vertical Bridgman method: I. Self-seeded growth

Abstract Pb 1− x Ba x Nb 2 O 6 (PBN) single crystals were grown by the vertical Bridgman method without the loss of PbO during the growth process, which has been a serious problem in the Czochralski growth method. A self-seeded technique using sealed Pt crucibles containing the ceramic charges produced stoichiometric and transparent single-crystal grains of millimeter sizes. The preferred growth direction was found to be [0 0 1] which is the same as in Sr 1− x Ba x Nb 2 O 6 (SBN). The grain size increased as the grains propagated, but normal grain selection was not sufficient to produce individual single grains with centimeter size cross sections. The ferroelectric domain structures of tetragonal PBN could be revealed either by etching in hydrofluoric acid or polishing with colloidal silica. The typical domain size on the surface perpendicular to the polar axis was 10–50 μm. The measured spontaneous polarization, P s , was 0.40–0.70 μC/mm 2 depending on the composition. As-grown crystals contained a high concentration of protons (H + ) on the order of 10 17 /cm 3 , which is important for the holographic data storage applications. In addition, the concentration of protons could be increased or decreased by post-growth heat-treatment processing.
The Rise and Fall of the First American Patent Thicket: The Sewing Machine War of the 1850s

When Michael Heller proposed that excessively fragmented property rights in land can frustrate its commercial development, patent scholars began debating whether Heller's anticommons theory applies to property rights in inventions. Do "patent thickets" exist? The rise and fall of the first American patent thicket -- the Sewing Machine War of the 1850s -- confirms that patent thickets do exist and that they can frustrate commercial development of new products. But this historical patent thicket also challenges the widely held assumption that this is a modern problem arising from allegedly new issues in the patent system, such as incremental high-tech innovation and the impact of "patent trolls." The Sewing Machine War exhibited all of these phenomena, proving that these are hoary issues in patent law. The denouement of this patent thicket in the Sewing Machine Combination of 1856, the first privately formed patent pool, further challenges the conventional wisdom that patent thickets are best solved through public-ordering regimes that limit property rights in patents. The invention and incredible commercial success of the sewing machine is a striking account of early American technological, commercial, and legal ingenuity, which heralds important empirical lessons for how patent thicket theory is understood and applied today.
Assessing the value of conoco's EIS

Corporate-wide efforts to eliminate unnecessary expenses prompted Conoco's decision to assess the benefits and costs of its executive information system (EIS). Because there was no accepted methodology for doing this, one was developed and successfully used. First, system usage statistics were collected in order to identify which applications were being used in each department, who was using them, and how often. Key users were then interviewed to further support the assessment of the tangible and intangible benefits derived from the EIS. The benefits included improved productivity, improved decision making, information distribution cost savings, services replacement cost savings, and software replacement cost savings. The costs included the direct costs of maintaining the EIS and the indirect costs absorbed by the operating groups who provide personnel to perform EIS-related tasks. Benefits were found to exceed the system's costs; low value applications that should be eliminated were identified, as were applications that needed to be added or enhanced. A number of lessons were learned that are generalizable to other organizations. The successful assessment of the benefits of Conoco's EIS raises the hopes that other types of applications with "soft" benefits might be better quantified.
More than a headache: a case of cetuximab-induced aseptic meningitis

While the wide belief is that monoclonal antibodies, due to their large size, would not be able to penetrate the blood–brain barrier, we present a rare case of aseptic meningitis induced by intravenous cetuximab administration. A 58-year-old man with tonsillar squamous cell cancer presented with headache and fever, which started approximately 1 h after his first dose of cetuximab (loading dose of 400 mg/m2 equalling 800 mg). CT scan of the head was non-revealing and laboratory tests including complete blood count, serum comprehensive metabolic panel and coagulation profile were within normal limits. Aseptic meningitis in the setting of cetuximab therapy has been reported on 6 previous occasions. Consistent with these prior reports, it is interesting to note that this case also occurred after administration of the initial higher loading dose of Cetuximab. This is of interest as Cetuximab is more frequently being dosed at 500 mg/m2 (higher dose) every 2 weeks in colorectal cancer.
Gender and Individual Access to Urban Opportunities: A Study Using Space–Time Measures

Conventional accessibility measures based on the notion of locational proximity ignore the role of complex travel behavior and space–time constraints in determining individual accessibility. As these factors are especially significant in women's everyday lives, all conventional accessibility measures suffer from an inherent “gender bias.” This study conceptualizes individual accessibility as space–time feasibility and provides formulations of accessibility measures based on the space–time prism construct. Using a subsample of European Americans from a travel diary data set collected in Franklin County, Ohio, space–time accessibility measures are implemented with a network-based GIS method. Results of the study indicate that women have lower levels of individual access to urban opportunities when compared to men, although there is no difference in the types of opportunities and areas they can reach given their space–time constraints. Further, individual accessibility has no relationship with the length of ...
Racial residential segregation impacts on low birth weight using improved neighborhood boundary definitions.

Abstract Research on local racial residential segregation and health generally utilize census tract boundaries as a proxy from within which to estimate individual exposures. Census tracts however, may not accurately reflect the neighborhood environments in which people live and interact. Census tract geography may also capture non-exchangeable populations in socially stratified cities, impacting statistical assumptions of independence. To address these concerns, this study assessed the impact of racial residential segregation (i.e., racial isolation and racial clusters) on low birth weight (i.e., intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) and preterm birth) in the Detroit Metropolitan Area using optimized neighborhood boundary definitions. Automated zone-matching (AZM) methodology was applied to redefine neighborhood (zones). Maternal and infant health information was obtained from Michigan’s vital statistics birth registry (n = 137,965) for the years 2004–2006. Multilevel models were estimated to assess the effect of high racial isolation and high racial clusters on IUGR and preterm birth, controlling for maternal race, single marital status, smoking and area-level poverty. The results from this study showed that high racial isolation had a significant effect on IUGR, while the odds of preterm birth were higher in racially clustered zones. African American mothers were at increased odds of having IUGR or preterm infants than other mothers; however, these disparities reduced in highly segregated zones. The predicted incidence of IUGR across racially isolated zones and census tracts differed indicating a modifiable area unit problem (MAUP). MAUP effects were not observed in models predicting preterm incidence in high racial clusters or IUGR or preterm incidence in high poverty areas, demonstrating the stability-reliability of these estimates. Future research should continue to optimize neighborhood boundary definitions, while assessing the sensitivity of segregation measures to changes in scale, to improve our understanding of segregation impacts on racial disparities in low birth weight.
Nursing Intervention to Facilitate Maternal‐Infant Attachment

It is well documented that maternal attachment does not materialize instinctively with the birth of the child. Also, interference in the development of this close relationship between the mother and child is known to have significant consequences for the child [failure‒to‒thrive, battered‒child syndrome, and poor emotional adjustments). The obstetric nurse has a responsibility to the mother and child to foster a strong, healthy relationship. In the following article maternal attachment is reviewed with the specific aim of facilitating the nurse's ability to incorporate the body of knowledge on maternal attachment into her nursing practice.
Speculation, interest arbitrage, and the forward foreign exchange rate of the Canadian dollar: Updated evidence☆

Abstract This note presents updated estimates of the reduced forms of the “Modern Theory of the Forward Foreign Exchange Rate” and of the “Interest Parity Theory” for Canada for the period 1962–1977. The evidence does not support the Modern Theory's hypothesis of a significant effect of speculation on the forward rate, and supports the hypothesis of effective interest arbitrage only for the most recent period 1976–1977.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine: effects on brain bioenergetic status and transverse relaxation time in healthy subjects.

Abstract Background S-adenosyl-L-methionine is an effective treatment for clinical depression, although the mechanism underlying this effect is unclear. Presently, in vivo phosphorus 31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy and brain transverse relaxometry were employed to test if S-adenosyl-L-methionine supplementation alters brain bioenergetics and/or transverse relaxation time in a nondepressed cohort. If these magnetic resonance techniques are sensitive to S-adenosyl-L-methionine induced alterations in neurochemical processes, these methods may be used in cases of clinical depression to elucidate the mechanism underlying the antidepressant effect of S-adenosyl-L-methionine. Methods Twelve subjects self-administered 1600 mg of oral S-adenosyl-L-methionine daily. Phosphorus 31 spectra and transverse relaxation time were acquired at baseline and after treatment using a 1.5 Tesla scanner. Results Mole percent concentrations of phosphocreatine were significantly higher after treatment, whereas mole percent β nucleoside triphosphate levels, predominantly adenosine triphosphate in brain, were significantly lower after treatment. In addition, a surprising gender difference in transverse relaxation time emerged after supplementation, with women exhibiting significantly lower transverse relaxation time than men. Conclusions The alterations in phosphocreatine and β nucleoside triphosphate are consistent with the report that S-adenosyl-L-methionine is involved in the production of creatine, which in turn is phosphorylated to phosphocreatine using adenosine triphosphate. These findings suggest that S-adenosyl-L-methionine alters parameters associated with cerebral bioenergetic status and that some effects of S-adenosyl-L-methionine (transverse relaxation time) occur in a gender-specific manner.
The effects of expectancy and imagined response to phobic stimuli on fear reduction

Speech phobic subjects prepared and presented two speeches with an interpolated phobic imagery task. During the imagery task subjects imagined a phobic stimulus scene followed by scene elaboration describing the subjects' responses to the situation. Phobic stimulus scenes were identical for all subjects, with only the response elaboration varying. For one-third of the subjects depicted response elaboration involved behaving in a relaxed and competent fashion; one-third imagined being anxious and performing incompetently; one-third visualized avoiding the phobic situation. Three stimulusresponse pairs were each presented three consecutive times. Half of the subjects in each imagery condition were given positive expectations regarding the likely effect of the imagery procedure on their speech fear, while half were given neutral expectations. Response imagery was significantly related to rate of subjective fear reduction within and across phobic image presentations, while expectancy influenced fear reduction on both subjective and heart rate measures during the imagery task.
Efficient allocation of subsidies to college students

Abstract This paper describes how the standard economic constrained maximization model can be applied to improve the efficiency of allocation of subsidies to college students. After a general discussion the model is applied to the allocation of a subsidy to freshman students at the University of California according to equity objectives. This model suggests that student subsidy programs should be based on explicit consideration of student willingness to pay for college in relation to carefully specified enrollment objectives. The administration of such a program would require changes in the currently used financial “need” approach to student subsidy programs. The case is made that the necessary changes are feasible.
Tarsal Coalitions: Long-Term Results of Surgical Treatment

We reviewed 40 patients who had undergone 57 operations for tarsal coalition between 1965 and 1980. Ten patients were treated for talocalcaneal coalitions. Four had successful resections and the remainder had successful single or combination arthrodesis. Thirty patients had 39 calcaneonavicular resections and five primary triple arthrodeses. In the entire series only two patients had a poor end result due to either technically poor surgery or failed calcaneonavicular resection because of advanced degeneration. Polytomography, computed tomography, or both were valuable in determining if talocalcaneal coalition resection was feasible. Care must be taken in evaluating the talonavicular joint for degenerative changes. The talar "beak" is not necessarily a degenerative spur, but rather a traction process occurring secondary to increased motion.
A CPT, classical perturbation theory, approach to slow varying, small reactivity reactor kinetics

Abstract Safety of nuclear plants under normal operating conditions depends on a full knowledge of the relationship between reactivity and neutron flux. The present paper suggests a C.P.T. (Classical Perturbation Theory) approach for studying slow varying, small reactivity transients and analyses the inhomogeneity witnessed between the behaviour of reactivity and neutron flux.
Relative Toxicity of Suspension and Oil Formulations of DDT to Native Fishes in Back Creek, West Virginia

Abstract On July 23, 1947, a 1-mile section of Back Creek, treated the previous year with a DDT suspension with little damage to fish, was re-treated with an oil spray at the same rate (1 pound per acre). The oil spray killed about six times as many fish as the suspension formula. Fish began dying within 3 to 4 hours after treatment, whereas several days elapsed before mortality began with the suspension formula in 1946. In addition to larger numbers of the minnow species, some adult game fish were killed. Losses of fish were not as great below the sprayed section as when a suspension formula was used, probably because a good part of the DDT was drifted ashore by breezes or by water currents. Some species of fish such as bluntnose minnows (Hyborhynchus notatus), chub suckers (Erimyzon oblongus), and pickerel (Esox niger), although numerous, were relatively unaffected. Considerable mortality of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) and bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus) occurred in liveboxes placed i...
Success after treatment of periprosthetic joint infection: a Delphi-based international multidisciplinary consensus.

Background The lack of agreement regarding what constitutes successful treatment for periprosthetic joint infections (PJI) makes it difficult to compare the different strategies of management that are used in clinical practice and in research studies.
Fast haemoglobin variant found in Hawaiian-Chinese-Caucasian family in Hawaii and a Chinese subject in taiwan.

. Haemoglobin J Honolulu, found in members of a family of mixed Hawaiian-Chinese-Caucasian ancestry, has been shown by chemical structure studies to have its structural alteration at position β-59 where a threonyl group replaces the lysyl group normally occupying that position. The same anomaly was found recently in haemoglobin J Kaohsiung, a variant from a Chinese subject living in Taiwan. The relative amounts of haemoglobin A0 to haemoglobin J Honolulu were 52/48; the corresponding ratio for A0/J Kaohsiung was 53/47. In both subjects there were no signs of anaemia resulting from the anomalous haemoglobins. Family studies in the Honolulu kindred are not sufficiently complete to provide conclusive evidence concerning which part of the ancestry, Chinese, Hawaiian, or Caucasian, is the source of the variant.
Surface-diffusion-limited island decay on Rh(0 0 1)

We use low-energy electron microscopy to study the mechanisms of thermal smoothing on Rh(001) surfaces at high temperature. By examining the change of areas of two-dimensional islands as a function of time and temperature, we find that smoothing from 1210 K to 1450 K is limited by the rate of surface diffusion on terraces and not by bulk vacancy diffusion as observed in other systems in the same temperature range. However, the activation energy we measure for island decay is inconsistent with previous measurements and calculations of the activation energy of surface diffusion and the adatom formation energy. This inconsistency combined with an unexpectedly large activation entropy suggests a surface transport mechanism other than simple hopping of adatoms across the surface.