cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Influence of electron collisions inside the cathode sheath upon the electron energy spectrum in the negative glow region of a gas discharge

Computer models developed to solve the Boltzmann equation for the electron energy spectrum in both the cathode sheath and the negative glow region of a glow discharge are discussed. Electron collisions occurring during acceleration inside the cathode sheath partially determine the structure of the electron energy distribution measured in the negative glow. The relative roles of elastic, excitation, and ionization collisions are examined using the computer model. Good qualitative agreement was obtained between calculated electron energy distributions and previous experimental measurements both at the sheath-plasma interface as well as in the negative glow region of the discharge. >
What young children think about the relationship between language variation and social difference.

Abstract Previous work suggests that preschoolers understand that members of some social groups (e.g., based on occupation or gender) speak in distinct ways, but do not understand that members of other social groups (e.g., based on race, culture, or nationality) speak different languages. In these four studies we explored preschool children's inferences about language and social group membership. In Study 1 we found that preschoolers believed that minority race individuals, people wearing unfamiliar clothing, or people living in unfamiliar dwellings were more likely to speak an unfamiliar foreign language than to speak English. Studies 2A and 2B showed that children do not map social group differences to language for all social categories. Specifically, children were more likely to attribute language differences to racial rather than age differences and were more likely to map differences in music preference onto age than racial differences. Results of Study 3 showed children's inferences about language and social group differences were not derived from differences in intelligibility. Study 4 provides insight into why children readily make these language to social kind mappings by identifying a common property that both broad social kinds and distinct languages are thought to share. Together these studies provide evidence that even preschoolers may be coordinating knowledge across content domains in a coherent and meaningful way that underwrites the projection of existing knowledge to unknown instances.
Putting Parolees Back in Prison Discretion and the Parole Revocation Process

As the prison population in the United States has ballooned over the past 30 years, people entering prison for parole revocation have come to constitute an increasingly large percentage of all prison admissions (35% in 2006). As a result, researchers have begun to turn their attention toward this criminal justice decision-making point to examine the factors that relate to why an individual is returned to prison. Notably, this developing body of research focuses almost entirely on one decision maker: the parole board who ultimately determines whether or not an individual on parole stays in the community, receives alternative sanctions, or returns to prison. Notably, this ignores the fact that parole revocation is a process beginning with the parolee who commits a violation behavior, turning next to the parole officer who uses his or her discretionary power to determine whether or not to file a complaint, and ending with the decision of the parole board. In this article, we examine each stage of this revocation process using structured qualitative interviews with 35 parole officers as well as quantitative data on 300 individuals on parole in Colorado between 2006 and 2007, who we followed for an 18-month period. We find that parolees with mental health needs commit significantly more technical violations; that race, gender, age, and measures of parolee effort affect whether a parole officer files a complaint; and that the decision made by the parole board is either largely random or driven by variables unspecified in our models. Language: en
Relative Effects of Climate and Water Use on Base‐Flow Trends in the Lower Klamath Basin1

Abstract: Since the 1940s, snow water equivalent (SWE) has decreased throughout the Pacific Northwest, while water use has increased. Climate has been proposed as the primary cause of base-flow decline in the Scott River, an important coho salmon rearing tributary in the Klamath Basin. We took a comparative-basin approach to estimating the relative contributions of climatic and non-climatic factors to this decline. We used permutation tests to compare discharge in 5 streams and 16 snow courses between “historic” (1942-1976) and “modern” (1977-2005) time periods, defined by cool and warm phases, respectively, of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation. April 1 SWE decreased significantly at most snow courses lower than 1,800 m in elevation and increased slightly at higher elevations. Correspondingly, base flow decreased significantly in the two streams with the lowest latitude-adjusted elevation and increased slightly in two higher-elevation streams. Base-flow decline in the Scott River, the only study stream heavily utilized for irrigation, was larger than that in all other streams and larger than predicted by elevation. Based on comparison with a neighboring stream draining wilderness, we estimate that 39% of the observed 10 Mm3 decline in July 1-October 22 discharge in the Scott River is explained by regional-scale climatic factors. The remainder of the decline is attributable to local factors, which include an increase in irrigation withdrawal from 48 to 103 Mm3/year since the 1950s.
Ethnic differences in cognitive function over time.

Purpose Minority group membership in old age has been implicated as a risk factor for lower scores on cognitive function tests, independent of education level. In addition, differential rates of cognitive decline by ethnic group have been identified in several epidemiologic studies. However, others have not been able to detect differences. Methods In order to determine if health disparities in cognitive function scores extend to rates of decline, the current research examined rates of change in memory and mental status over the course of 9 years (1996–2004) in a nationally representative sample of late middle-aged and older white, black, and Hispanic adults who were part of the nationally representative Health and Retirement Study. Change in cognitive function was measured by separate indices of memory and mental status items and analyzed with multivariable mixed modeling. Results Results indicated that, after controlling for demographic, social, and health-related variables, ethnicity was associated with cognitive function scores across waves ( P P Conclusions Some health disparities in cognitive function exist even in late middle age, but ethnic differences in rates of decline are mixed.
Black-box accountable authority identity-based encryption

A well-known concern in the setting of identity based encryption is that the PKG is all powerful and has to be completely trusted. To mitigate this problem, the notion of Accountable Authority Identity-Based Encryption (A-IBE) was recently introduced by Goyal. Goyal provided constructions to realize the notion of A-IBE only in the white box and weak black box models. However, the security guarantees provided by these models fall short of those required in practice.In this paper, we resolve the main open question left in Goyal's work by providing a construction of a (fully) black box A-IBE system. Our construction is based on the Decisional Bilinear Diffie-Hellman assumption and uses techniques from key policy attribute based encryption.
Aperture coupling near-field cavity effects for electromagnetic testing with measurements on a slotted circular cylinder

Electric field measurements for an electromagnetic wave excited from a log-periodic dipole array at two separation distances on a finite slotted circular cylinder are compared to an analytical model of a plane wave on an infinite slotted circular cylinder. The four foot diameter cylinder cross section is used to represent the cross section (1/2 scale) of an Army Blackhawk helicopter. The frequency range of interest is in the Very High Frequency (VHF) band where the first resonances of the cavity occur. Transverse Magnetic (TM) and Transverse Electric (TE) polarizations are considered.
Refinement of the postnatal growth restriction locus of chromosome 5q12-13 deletion syndrome

Individuals with deletions of chromosome 5q12-13 have rarely been reported and have a range of phenotypes including postnatal growth restriction, intellectual disability, hyperactivity, and ocular abnormalities. Most individuals reported have large deletions or complex rearrangements which have made identifying genes responsible for these phenotypes challenging. Here we report an individual with a chromosome 5q12-13 deletion with intellectual disability, hyperactivity and restricted linear growth. Based on the location of our patient's deletion in relation to the previously reported deletions, we have narrowed the locus for postnatal growth restriction to less than 1 megabase. Further refinement of this locus with reports of additional individuals with deletions of this region will allow for better understanding of the gene(s) responsible for this phenotype.
Prepartum Milking. IV. The Effect of Prepartum Milking on Milk Production and Length of Time Required to Reach Peak of Lactation

Summary Twenty-two cows were milked prepartum and their production records were compared with a similar group of 22 postpartum-milked cows. In the prepartum-milked group, 21 of the cows had a subsequent or previous lactation and these yields were compared with their prepartum yields. In the postpartum-milked group there were 16 cows with a subsequent or previous lactation, the yields of which were compared with the yields during the experimental lactation. In the three comparisons made, there was no significant difference in yields of F.C.M. The prepartum and the postpartum groups were compared to determine if there was any difference in the length of time required to reach the peak of lactation. The prepartum cows reached their peak in 35.9 ± 2.53 days and the postpartum cows reached theirs in 44.8 ± 4.51 days. This difference was not statistically significant. Within the prepartum-milked group, a comparison was made to determine whether the 21 cows which had two records reached their peak any earlier in their prepartum lactation than in their subsequent or previous lactation. The length of time required to reach peak of lactation during the prepartum lactation was 36.7 ± 2.54 days, as opposed to 44.6 ± 3.69 during their subsequent or previous lactation. This difference was significant at the 5 per cent level of probability. A similar comparison was made within the postpartum group of 16 cows with two records. There was no significant difference in the length of time required to reach peak of lactation in this case.
Red Cell Exchange in Sickle Cell Disease

Red cell exchange transfusions remain an effective but possibly underutilized therapy in the acute and chronic treatment of sickle cell disease. In sickle cell disease, increased blood viscosity can cause complications when the hemoglobin exceeds 10 g/dL even if this is due to simple transfusion. Red cell exchange can provide needed oxygen carrying capacity while reducing the overall viscosity of blood. Acute red cell exchange is useful in acute infarctive stroke, in acute chest and the multi-organ failure syndromes, the right upper quadrant syndrome, and possibly priapism. Neither simple or exchange transfusions are likely to hasten resolution of an acute pain episode.
Iterative Solutions to the Steady-State Axisymmetric Boundary-Layer Equations Under AN Intense Pressure Gradient

Abstract Steady-state solutions to the complete axisymmetric Navier-Stokes equations are obtained by an iterative technique for an intense pressure-gradient force representative of the tropical cyclone. Solutions for the horizontal and vertical components of motion are compared for various horizontal and vertical mixing coefficients, drag coefficients, and Coriolis parameters. A multilevel model is used, and the results are compared with those from a simple one-level model.
Thrombospondin 1—a regulator of adenoma growth and carcinoma progression in the APC Min/ mouse model

Thrombospondin 1 (TSP-1) is a multifunctional extracellular matrix protein that is an endogenous regulator of tumor angiogenesis. The effects of TSP-1 on adenoma formation and development into cancerous lesions has been evaluated in the Min(/+) (multiple intestinal neoplasia) mouse model. These mice develop multiple adenomas in the small intestine due to a mutation in the homologous APC (adenomatous polyposis coli) gene. As in its human counterpart, these adenomas may progress to carcinomas. Intestines of APC(Min/+) mice were dissected and histologic evaluation of adenomas was then conducted. Significant increases in vascularization and proliferation were observed in adenomatous, as compared with normal, mucosa. TSP-1 immunostaining revealed significant decreases in the number and intensity of positive cells in adenomas, as compared with normal mucosa. TSP-1 scores were inversely correlated with vascularity and proliferation rate. Cross breeding of mice homozygous for a deletion of the TSP-1 gene (TSP-1(-/-)) with mice heterozygous for the APC gene mutation (APC(Min/+)), resulted in animals that showed a significant increase in adenoma number and diameter. Also, histopathological examination of these adenomas showed accelerated dysplasic changes, carcinoma in situ and early invasion, compared with their APC(Min/+) littermates. Moreover, a significant decrease of TUNEL-positive cells was observed in intestinal adenomas of TSP-1(-/-)/APC(Min/+) mice. This study reports the first in vivo impact of TSP-1 during early stages of tumor initiation and development in an intestinal carcinogenesis model and demonstrates that TSP-1 affects both angiogenesis and tumor cell apoptosis.
Dynamic Impact Force on a Special Drilling Mechanism for Planetary Exploration

AbstractSpecial percussive mechanisms have been used to explore the lunar, Martian, and other planetary subsurface and extract soil (regolith)/rock samples for further study. The special type of percussive mechanisms investigated in this study, Auto-Gopher and Ultrasonic/Sonic Driller/Corer (USDC) developed by National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Jet Propulsion Laboratory and Honeybee Robotics Spacecraft Mechanisms Corporation, consists of an ultrasonic horn, a free mass (hammer), and the drill rod. This paper presents a general methodology to perform the dynamic contact analysis of the longitudinal impact of the free mass on the drill rod including the effects of structural vibration and damping of the rod. The contact force caused by impact is obtained by using Hertz force-indentation relation coupled with the structural vibration of the rod obtained by using mode superposition method and finite-element technique. Numerical solution, with equilibrium iterations, of the equations of motio...
Manipulated Connectivity in Island Isolation: Maltese Prehistoric Stone Tool Technology and Procurement Strategies Across the Fourth and Third Millennia BC

AbstractThe prehistory of the Maltese Islands is known for its megalithic monuments dating to the fourth and third millennia BC, often emerging in debates surrounding the connectivity of islands. By focusing on the declining presence of obsidian over the Maltese Neolithic and the development of the “Temple” period, these islands are seen as an example of isolation and insularity. Instead, the ongoing analysis of lithic assemblages from Late Neolithic megalithic structures suggests a narrowed and manipulated connectivity between Malta and the outside world. Even in a setting of presumed isolation, prehistoric islanders reacted to declining obsidian by procuring flint from southeastern Sicily. Their use of imported flint was wasteful within the confines of the megalithic structures, suggesting a disinterest in the limited availability of this raw material and a control of its procurement by individuals in power. The connection between Malta and the outside world seems tied to the organization of the megalit...
Video intervention changes parent perception of all-terrain vehicle (ATV) safety for children

Background Children aged Objective To determine if a brief intervention consisting of validated computer simulations of ATV performance with a child driver changes attitudes, beliefs and planned safety behaviours of parents of children who ride ATVs. Design/methods Participants were parents of children presenting to a children9s hospital emergency department. All participants had children who had ridden an ATV in the past year. Subjects viewed a video simulation of ATVs in scenarios featuring 6-year-old and 10-year-old biofidelic anthropomorphic test devices. Parents completed a survey both before and after viewing the video to report attitudes/beliefs on ATV safety for children, use of safety equipment and family ATV use, as well as risk and safety perception. Results Surveys were collected from 99 parents, mostly mothers (79%), Caucasian (61%) and had high school education or less (64%). The intervention shifted parents’ belief in overall ATV safety (48% unsafe pre-intervention, 73% unsafe post-intervention, p Conclusion Video simulations of ATV performance with child riders changed short-term risk perception and planned safety behaviours of parents whose children ride ATVs. Similar educational interventions hold promise for larger-scale studies in at-risk populations.
Incubation patterns of a shorebird with rapid multiple clutches, the Mountain Plover (Charadrius montanus)

The rapid multiclutch parental care system of the Mountain Plover (Charadrius montanus J.K. Townsend, 1837) presents a rare opportunity to examine sex-specific differences in avian uniparental care. We monitored incubation activity for this species using a combination of video (857 h at 25 nests during 2007) and temperature data-recording (>10 000 h at 124 nests during 2006-2008) at breeding areas in Montana. We modeled possible differences in nocturnal activity using the duration of off-bouts of incubating adults and included the effects of nest age, day of season, ambient temperature, precipita- tion, and time of departure. Males, on average, made 1.48 departures·h -1 over a 24 h period (SE = 0.35 departures·h -1 , n = 6 days) and females made 1.41 departures·h -1 (SE = 0.11 departures·h -1 , n = 26 days). The mean duration of nocturnal off- bouts for males was 0.38 h (SE = 0.01 h, n = 1925), while the mean duration of female off-bouts was 0.36 h (SE = 0.01 h, n = 2716). Plovers had longer off-bouts from their nests in the middle of the night and early in the breeding season. This study furthers an understanding of incubation patterns in an uncommon avian parental care system and provides impor- tant behavioral information about a species of conservation concern.
Penetrating Traumatic Brain Injury: A 10-Year Experience (P06.265)

Objective: There are limited studies available to understand the natural history of penetrating traumatic brain injury (pTBI). We explored the characteristics associated with poor outcome in pTBI. Background Civilian pTBI is a cause of significant mortality and often is excluded from studies of traumatic brain injury. Design/Methods: Using a prospective trauma registry at a tertiary academic level I trauma center, we identified patients with penetrating injuries to the head presenting from January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2009. Those without dural penetration on computed tomography (CT) were excluded. Demographics, clinical features on admission, laboratory data, initial CT findings, medical and surgical interventions, and mortality were abstracted from the registry and medical record. The primary outcome was 30-day mortality. Descriptive statistics were computed and associations with outcome were determined using t-test and Wilcoxon rank sum. A p-value below 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Among 508 patients with pTBI, 336 patients (66.1%) died by 30 days. 115 patients were considered dead on arrival. Predictors of 30-day mortality included older age (p=0.003), male gender (p Conclusions: This is one of the largest series of patients of civilian pTBI reported to date. Several clinical, laboratory and radiological features of pTBI can identify those patients at highest risk for poor outcome. Surgical intervention and ICP monitoring were associated with improved outcome. Disclosure: Dr. Park has nothing to disclose. Dr. Stein has received research support from Hospira. Dr. Kufera has nothing to disclose. Dr. Aarabi has nothing to disclose. Dr. Scalea has nothing to disclose. Dr. Sheth has nothing to disclose.
Multinational corporate social policy process for ethical responsibility in sub-Saharan Africa

The article identifies the challenges that multinational corporations (MNCs) from the developed world face in sub-Saharan Africa and examines the direct foreign-investment and development interests of the region. In light of these challenges and interests, it also explores answers to the question “What is to be done?” The occurrence of MNCs' operations in culturally pluralistic societies suggest that they use, as the basis for a corporation-formulated regional code of conduct, a value-based corporate social policy process. That process should embody utilitarian and situation ethics in the exercise of MNCs' prima facie operations and of their responsibilities to society. For the African normative environment, the appeal of this approach is substantiated by the notion that both utilitarian and situation ethics are at once consistent with the region's investment codes, development interests, and value systems. But more than that, utilitarian and situation ethics are consistent with corporate social policy process and can assist MNCs to meet effectively their social responsibilities by helping them reverse the economic stagnation of most of the continent. However, because deontological (that is, Kantian) ethics emphasize autonomous actions that satisfy individual goals, they are largely at odds with sub-Saharan African value systems that typically emphasize the ethnic group (heteronomy) rather than the self. MNCs would, therefore, do well to de-emphasize their use in the region.
The Effect of Paid Leave Laws on Family Caregivers for the Elderly

The purpose of this study was to determine if the introduction of a 2002 paid leave law in California had effects on the mental or physical health of family caregivers. In addition, the multivariate analysis focused on the role of marital status and family supports on caregiver health outcomes. The U.S. is considered to have the least generous paid leave laws compared to Canada, Japan, and other European OECD nations. Using nationally representative panel data from eight waves of the Health and Retirement Survey (HRS), we used a differences-in-differences approach to examine the empirical effects of a policy change. We did not find effects on caregiver mental or physical health as a result of California’s Family Rights Act. However, being married (−0.459, p < .001) and having a living brother (−0.216, p < .01) were both significantly associated with improved mental health. Although the multivariate analysis did not show that California’s paid leave law had effects on health outcomes, it revealed the critical role of family support on caregiver mental health.
Lectin-reactive anti-α-gal in patients with Crohn's disease: correlation with clinical phenotypes.

Background Patients with inflammatory bowel disease have higher proportions of immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies lacking N-galactose, also called agalactosyl IgG, in their serum. Such agalactosyl IgGs have been associated with disease activity and the immunogenicity of biologics. The aim was to describe the relationship between circulating levels of a subset of agalactosyl IgGs (anti-α-Gal) and Crohn’s disease (CD) phenotypes.
Thermal Challenge for Sun-Viewing Instruments on Solar Probe 3 R(sub s) from Sun

The Solar Probe science team at NASA GSFC is considering enhance science observations by adding the nadir viewing Plasma Spectrometer instrument and using heat shields to protect the Plasma Wave antennas to permit full extension at 3 R. The electrostatic mirror of the Plasma Spectrometer is thermally protected from the Sun by a miniature sunshield that consists of two carbon-carbon composite layers, and a much smaller carbon-carbon heat shield. The sun-viewing surface of the miniature sunshield has an Al2O3 thin film coating. The slope of the sunshield is minimized to the smallest possible extent so that it can still accommodate the elliptical electrostatic mirror. Two small MLI flaps minimize the heat radiation from the Plasma Spectrometer to the spacecraft bus. This design meets the thermal requirements. Each of the four Plasma Wave wire antennas is 5 m long, and thermally protected from the Sun by a sunshield. The sunshield consists of two carbon-carbon composite sheets. One sheet views the Sun, and one does not. The slope of most of the sun-viewing sheet is 23deg with the nadir axis. For mechanical reason, it gradually increases to 37.5deg at the tip. The exterior of the sun viewing surfaces has a thin film of Al2O3. The exterior of the shaded sheets has a thin film of vapor deposited rhodium. It minimizes the heat radiation to the spacecraft bus. A high temperature MLI blanket between the carbon-carbon sheets radiatively isolates them. The thermal design meets the temperature requirements, but exceeds the 20 W limit of heat radiation to the spacecraft bus by 20 W. Thermal options to reduce the heat radiation include reducing the alpha to epsilon ratio of the Al2O3 thin film and reducing the number of antennas to three. Testing in 2006 includes thermal model validation and materials testing. High temperature ovens and a high light intensity Vortex Lamp will be used.
How Social Enterprises Change: The Perspective of the Evolution of Technology

AbstractA novel account of social enterprises is presented by explaining that they are technologies. This perspective leads to an understanding that social enterprises evolve in two different ways. First, individual social enterprises are subject to a non-Darwinian, ‘combinatorial’ evolution. This helps explain how social enterprises change incrementally, how they get stuck, and how they then must look to new, inventive principles to advance. Second, social enterprises evolve as a domain, which is a set of tools, practices, and activities underlying a discipline. This second form of evolution propels the entire field forward. Finally, an explanation is given for how one technology domain ‘encounters’ another, bringing about changes to them both.
Puerarin Content Determination in Kudzu Powder by HPLC

Puerarin in kudzu powder was shocked and extracted with pure water and determination by HPLC.The extract was detected qualitatively and quantitatively using a Diode array detector by dualwavelength at 250nm and 305nm.The mobile phase was methanol-0.5%Acetic acid(30:70),the flow speed was 0.5mL/min,and the column temperature was 30℃.The methodology and the sample analysis proved that this method was practical,convenient,reliable,nontoxic and environment-friendly.
Comparative analysis of iodine nutritional status between pregnancy and non-pregnancy women among Shijiazhuang district

Objective Iodine nutrition level of pregnancy and non-pregnancy women among Shijiazhuang district was investigated in order to provide reliable data for effective prevention of new born defects caused by iodine deficiency.Method Urine iodine of 737 pregnancy and 249 non-pregnancy women was tested by the arsenic cerium catalytic spectrophotometer(WSl07-2006).Result The medine of urine iodine among pregnancy women was 169 μg/L,lower than non-pregnancy women 216.2 μg/L,difference(χ2=49.68,P0.001) was statistical significance.There were 297 pregnancy women(40.30 %)and 57 non-pregnancy of women(22.89 %)whose urine iodine level were lower than 150 μg/L.Difference between two groups was also statistically significant(χ2=24.51,P0.001).Conclusion Iodine deficiency rate of pregnancy women among Shijiazhuang district was relatively high.In order to prevent new born defects effectively,it's very important to supply iodine reasonably during pregancy and to monitor iodine level dynamically.
The Use of Retractions in the Fixed Point Theory for Ordered Sets

Abstract This chapter gives an overview how retractions are used to prove fixed point results in ordered sets. The primary focus is on comparative retractions, that is, retractions r so that, for each x, the image r(x) is comparable to the preimage x. We start with infinite ordered sets and the classical Abian-Brown Theorem, which establishes that, for every order-preserving self map f of a chain-complete ordered set, if there is an x ≤ f (x), then f has a fixed point. Subsequently, using comparative retractions, we prove that the unit ball in Lp has the (order-theoretical) fixed point property, that is, every order-preserving self map has a fixed point. On a finite ordered set, a comparative retraction is the composition of comparative retractions that each remove a single point. Such a point is called irreducible and the fixed point property is not affected by the presence or absence of irreducible points. An ordered set that can be reduced, by successive removal of irreducible points, to a singleton is called dismantlable by irreducibles. We exhibit the relation between ordered sets that are dismantlable by irreducibles and the application of constraint propagation methods to find fixed point free order-preserving self maps. Closely related to irreducible points are points that are removed by a, not necessarily comparative, retraction that removes a single point. These points are called retractable points. There is a fixed point theorem for retractable points that generalizes the one for irreducible points. However, connectedly collapsible ordered sets, a natural class of ordered sets that is defined based on this theorem, are computationally more challenging than ordered sets that are dismantlable by irreducibles. Whereas the definition of dismantlability can be directly verified in polynomial time, direct verification of the definition of connected collapsibility is worst-case exponential. For graphs, the natural analogue of the fixed point property for ordered sets is the fixed clique property. Although there is no analogue of the Abian-Brown Theorem for the fixed clique property, there are analogues of the fixed point theorems for irreducible and for retractable vertices. For simplicial complexes, the natural analogue of the fixed point property for ordered sets is the fixed simplex property. Although there is an analogue of the fixed point theorem for irreducible vertices, there is no full analogue of the corresponding theorem for retractable vertices. We conclude with the connection between the fixed point property for ordered sets and the iteration of the clique graph operator on the comparability graph. Specifically, it is shown that, for ordered sets that are dismantlable by irreducibles, iteration of the clique graph operator on the comparability graph leads to a graph with one vertex. It is also shown that, if iteration of the clique graph operator on the comparability graph leads to a graph with one vertex, then the ordered set has the fixed point property.
Truth, Vision, and the Market: Selling Religion in the Suqs of Damascus

This article examines merchants’ shop displays in the marketplaces of Damascus, Syria, with a focus on Islamic texts and images. In Damascus, most merchants’ businesses, from the air-conditioned to...
Separate and Unequal: The Impact of Socioeconomic Status, Segregation, and the Great Recession on Racial Disparities in Housing Values:

The effects of race, class, and residential segregation on housing values continue to be a major focus of sociological research. Nevertheless, there has yet to be a study that places these factors ...
The resilience of appreciative inquiry allies: business education sustains the business community

In a time of environmental turbulence characterised by dynamic complexity, business organisations have been challenged by changes in personnel, high levels of turnover and disruptive project driven environments (Eisenhardt and Martin, 2000). Some businesses have responded by successfully developing resilient cultures within their organisations to face challenges and instability (Lengnick-Hall et al., 2011). Resiliency is the ability to endure change and challenges, and the power of individual resiliency presents itself consistently throughout the ravages of history (Everly, 2011). In this case study, business leaders in collaborating communities with business students learn from environments founded on the theoretical framework of appreciative inquiry that focus on the endurance rather than the descent. This can also serve as a bridge between the business student's experience and the understanding of the management framework of human resources in an organisation.
Mosaic Crystal Model for Dynamical X-Ray Diffraction from Step-Graded InxGa1-xAs and InxAl1-xAs/GaAs (001) Metamorphic Buffers and Device Structures

In this paper we apply a mosaic crystal model for dynamical x-ray diffraction to step-graded metamorphic semiconductor device structures containing dislocations. This model represents an extension of the previously-reported phase-invariant model, which is broadly applicable and serves as the basis for the x-ray characterization of metamorphic structures, allowing determination of the depth profiles of strain, composition, and dislocation density. The new model has more general applicability and is more appropriate for step-graded metamorphic device structures, which are of particular interest for high electron mobility transistors and light emitting diodes. Here we present the computational details of the mosaic crystal model and demonstrate its application to step-graded InxGa1-xAs/GaAs (001) and InxAl1-xAs/GaAs (001) metamorphic buffers and device structures.
Equilibrium potential well due to finite Larmor radius effects at the tokamak edge

We present a novel mechanism for producing an equilibrium potential well near the edge of a tokamak. Briefly, because of the difference in gyroradii between electrons and ions, an equilibrium electrostatic potential is generated in the presence of spatial inhomogeneity of the background plasma, which, in turn, produces a well associated with the radial electric field, Er, as observed at the edge of many tokamak experiments. We will show that this theoretically predicted Er field, which can be regarded as producing a long radial wavelength zonal flow, agrees well with recent experimental measurements. The relationship between the equilibrium configuration used in this study and that of the Woltjer-Taylor state will be discussed.
Examining Children with Nystagmus: Pearls for Success

ABSTRACTExamining a child with nystagmus can be intimidating even for an experienced clinician. The purpose of this paper is to provide examination pearls for the clinical assessment of the pediatr...
The Influence of Assimilated Upstream, Preconvective Dropsonde Observations on Ensemble Forecasts of Convection Initiation during the Mesoscale Predictability Experiment

AbstractThis study tests the hypothesis that assimilating mid- to upper-tropospheric, meso-α- to synoptic-scale observations collected in upstream, preconvective environments is insufficient to improve short-range ensemble convection initiation (CI) forecast skill over the set of cases considered by the 2013 Mesoscale Predictability Experiment (MPEX) because of a limited influence upon the lower-tropospheric phenomena that modulate CI occurrence, timing, and location. The ensemble Kalman filter implementation within the Data Assimilation Research Testbed as coupled to the Advanced Research Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model is used to initialize two nearly identical 30-member ensembles of short-range forecasts for each case: one initial condition set that incorporates MPEX dropsonde observations and one that excludes these observations. All forecasts for a given mission begin at 1500 UTC and are integrated for 15 h on a convection-permitting grid encompassing much of the conterminous United Stat...
MDMA (Ecstasy/Molly) Use Among African Americans: Patterns of Initiation

3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; ecstasy/molly) use among African Americans has increased over the last two decades, yet there has been little examination into how African Americans initiate their use of the drug. This study aimed to fill this knowledge gap by exploring the initiation experiences of African Americans and their narrative accounts of the circumstances surrounding their MDMA onset. Audiotapes of in-depth interviews were transcribed, coded, and thematically analyzed. Analyses revealed the presence of initiation patterns that contrast somewhat with those found in other groups of MDMA users. This study adds to the limited research on African American MDMA use and sheds light on why some African Americans decide to start using the drug. The findings provide insights to prevention specialists, harm reduction workers, and treatment providers who work with African American drug users.
Colombia: Conditionality to Contain a Killer

The war between the Colombian state and Pablo Escobar's Medellin cartel is perhaps the most well-known example of cartel–state conflict on record; this chapter marshals the theory developed in Part I to explain its dynamics. I make the following claims: (1) Colombia's initial crackdown and escalation (1983–1986) were unconditional. This led cartels—united under Medellin's leadership—to adopt increasingly violent strategies toward the state. (2) From 1987 onward, repression increasingly focused on Medellin to the exclusion of Cali because the former engaged in anti-state violence; that is, conditionality across cartels increased. This contributed to Cali's decision to attack Medellin (1988), and permitted it to operate in concert if not cooperation with the state to destroy Escobar (1992–1993). (3) The Sometimiento policy (1990–1991) allowed the state to credibly promise reduced repression on Medellin if it eschewed violence going forward, raising conditionality within cartels. Medellin members responded by eschewing anti-state violence. (4) The rescinding of Sometimiento after Escobar's escape (1992–1993) decreased conditionality within cartels, leading Escobar to re-engage in anti-state violence. I also conjecture that after the fall of Medellin and Cali, an effectively conditional approach has deterred cartel–state conflict. I describe the policy reform process that produced Sometimiento and the failed attempts at reform that preceded it, and discuss the unique role of violent lobbying in Colombia. OVERVIEW In a country wracked by waves of mass violence and civil war, from the nineteenth century to the present day, the narco-guerra between Colombia's state and its drug cartels—dating roughly from Pablo Escobar's murder of Justice Minister Rodrigo Lara Bonilla in April 1984 to Escobar's death at the hands of state forces in December 1993—still stands out. Ask most Colombians who were alive at the time, and they will vividly recall the day of Escobar's death. Fernando Botero, Colombia's greatest living artist, mythologized that moment in two iconic paintings. And though non-specialists were often unfamiliar with the details of the period when I first visited Colombia in 2007, everyone became an expert after watching the immensely popular 2012 mini-series El Patron del Mal , based on Salazar's (2001) definitive history.
Impact of the Pathologist on Prostate Biopsy Diagnosis and Immunohistochemical Stain Usage Within a Single Institution.

Objectives To determine whether pathologists in a tertiary care institution vary in diagnosis and immunohistochemical stain usage in prostate biopsy specimens. Methods Men who underwent prostate needle biopsies between 2008 and 2013 were included. Results In total, 1,777 prostate biopsy specimens diagnosed by nine pathologists showed variation in diagnostic reporting (atypical small acinar proliferation, 2.0%-8.0%; high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, 2.0%-8.5%; nonneoplastic, 30.2%-48.3%; adenocarcinoma, 46.2%-55.3%; P < .001). Variation in Gleason scoring was observed (P < .001), with the 4 + 3 = 7 category having the greatest variability (6.9%-30.3%). A blinded review from the most outlying pathologist in this category revealed 45% grading discrepancies. The mean number of immunostains performed per case (0.3-1.2) differed between pathologists (P < .001), and one pathologist used immunostains at twice the rate of the remaining cohort. Conclusions Case pathologist significantly affects prostate biopsy diagnosis and immunohistochemical workup. We recommend evaluation for outlying practice patterns to provide consistent and efficient patient care.
Bioethics and the Federal Government

Psychiatric genetics lies at the confluence of several turbulent streams in social policy. It increasingly involves the tools of molecular genetics, one of the fastest evolving areas of modern science; it taps into the ethics of genetic research, particularly the special aspects of family studies; and it deals with clinical conditions that by definition hinder normal mental functions, thus complicating the process by which individuals agree to participate in research. The symptoms of psychiatric conditions are behavioral, and the study of how genes influence behavior has long been attended by controversy. As historian Daniel Kevles noted, “In its ongoing fascination with questions of behavior, human genetics will undoubtedly yield information that may be wrong, or socially volatile, or, if the history of eugenic science is any guide, both” (Kevles & Hood, 1992).
Encouraging Clients to Forgive People who have Hurt Them: Review, Critique, and Research Prospectus:

The literature addressing forgiving and its use as a counseling technique is reviewed. Forgiving is hypothesized to yield cognitive, emotional, and interpersonal benefits to individuals who forgive others of significant interpersonal offenses, though little evidence supports these claims. Religious counselors and clients value forgiveness and its implementation in counseling, and forgiveness is frequently encouraged in religious counseling. However, forgiveness receives little attention from many non-religious professionals and remains to be investigated critically. In light of the potential benefits associated with forgiving, researchers and practitioners are encouraged to consider forgiveness as a therapeutic technique and to investigate its effects scientifically.
Rabbis, Sages, and Dervishes

Although Browning’s works showcase his talent in adapting and integrating diverse materials, both ancient and modern, surprisingly little has been said by his (Western) critics about how the spirit and message of the East infused his writing regarding the question of the soul. This chapter focuses on three of Browning’s Eastern poems in which he addresses the transmission of knowledge and wisdom about the soul, examined from the vantage of his modernity while acknowledging his debt to ‘those divine men of old time’ (Cleon). The three poems highlight an early Christian Arab physician, a Moorish rabbi, and a Hebrew-quoting Persian Muslim dervish.
Liability of industry representatives in the or.

U.S. courts have ruled that device manufacturer representatives’ presence in the operating room does not make them responsible for the supervision of physicians or liable for the practice of unauthorized medicine. Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association.
Industrial Livestock Production Facilities: Airborne Emissions

Industrial livestock production facilities emit to the air noxious gases, vapors, bioaerosols, and particulate matter. These compounds emanate from livestock buildings, open waste storage reservoirs, and sites of manure land application. Some effluents act as greenhouse gases, whereas others present respiratory health hazards to the livestock facility workers. Vapor-phase toxicants and bioaerosols can be transported via the air to neighboring dwellings and pose a public health risk. Odors associated with anaerobic microbial decomposition of manure contain over 300 identified chemicals and can be particularly offensive. Airborne microorganisms can be infectious or noninfectious or can act as allergens. When inhaled, bacterial endotoxin and fungal glucans act as ligands for pattern recognition receptors to trigger innate immunity producing inflammatory lung disease. Evidence is mounting that excessive nontherapeutic use of antibiotics is giving rise to resistant bacteria that are airborne in the barns and are emitted and carried downwind from animal houses. Large setbacks from residences or public use areas, application of biofilters, use of aerobic manure digestors, and proper manure handling are available controls that reduce the risks of community exposures to toxicants from livestock production facilities.
Session IX: Extrapolation of Genotoxic Data to Human Health Effects

The detection of genotoxic activity in any agent, whether by “short-term” bioassays or by chronic tumor studies in rodents, is only the first step in the regulation of hazardous agents. The next step, and one far more difficult, is the extrapolation of these experimentally derived data to a quantitative estimate of human health risk. Experimental data are generally obtained at “unnaturally” high exposure levels under “unreal” conditions. Consequently, these data must be extrapolated to low exposure levels where a threshold for effects may exist, between species certainly differing in innate cellular sensitivities and in metabolic profiles, and to multiple exposure situations where potential synergistic/antagonistic interactions may be commonplace.
Sebaceous carcinoma of the eyelids. The role of adjunctive cryotherapy in the management of conjunctival pagetoid spread.

Abstract The extension of sebaceous carcinoma of the eyelid within the epithelium of the palpebral, forniceal, and bulbar conjunctiva (pagetoid spread) is a frequent indication for exenteration, but this recommendation is controversial. Six patients with upper eyelid tumors and variable degrees of epibulbar pagetoid extension were treated without exenteration. All underwent wide local resections of their upper eyelids (repaired by Cutler-Beard procedures), with adjunctive cryotherapy to the involved epibulbar surfaces after preoperative map biopsies of the conjunctiva had been done. Cryotherapy was applied during the secondstage Cutler-Beard procedure after initial resection of the tumor bulk. Followups ranging from 12 to 50 months, with conjunctival biopsies at 6-month intervals, showed no recurrence of pagetoid tumor. Although exenteration was avoided, dry-eye symptoms, symblepharon, corneal erosion, and vascularization were side effects, which the patients were willing to tolerate to avoid radical surgery. The complications were most severe in the two patients who were either elderly or had more than two quadrants of epibulbar pagetoid disease.
COAMPS Refractivity Forecast Evaluation Using LATPROP- UWB Propagation Loss Data

Lower Atmospheric Propagation Ultra Wide Band (LATPROP-UWB) system is deployed during Coupled Air-Sea Processes and Electromagnetic Ducting Research (CASPER) East campaign to measure range-dependent propagation loss for 2–40 GHz. Couple Ocean/Atmosphere Mesoscale Prediction System (COAMPS) is used to obtain refractivity forecasts during CASPER East. Range-dependent forecast refractivity profiles are used with a parabolic wave equation code to get simulated propagation loss. The simulated and measured propagation loss are compared to compute COAMPS forecasting accuracy.
Comfort, class and climate change: The rise of glass in late medieval and early modern domestic architecture

In the modern world, glass windows are considered an indispensable element of the built environment. Throughout premodern times, however, glass was not universally used in European architecture. Th...