cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of Thiazides on Established Nephrocalcinosis Induced by Furosemide in the Young Rat † 1818

Studies in children showed that despite ultrasonographic resolution of nephrocalcinosis (NC) caused by furosemide (F), glomerular and tubular perturbations may persist (J. Pedr. 1992;120:563). Histologic studies in rats demonstrated only partial resolution of NC up to 12 wks after stopping F(Pedr. Nephrol 1996;10:191). In the present study we examined whether treatment with chlorothiazide (CTZ) will enhance the resolution of established F-induced NC. 4-wks old male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 8 groups(n=6- 12). 3 groups (a-c) were studied for 1 wk as follows: (a) controls, (b) F 40 mg/kg/24 h; (c) CTZ 100 mg/kg/24 h. 5 groups were studied for 5 weeks as follows; (d) controls; (e) (f) (g) F as in b followed by 4 wks of (e) observation (f) CTZ 50 mg/kg/24 h (g) CTZ 100 mg/kg/24 h; (h) CTZ 100 mg/kg/24 h. In the last 4 days of each study period rats were placed in metabolic cages and urine collected. At the end animals were killed, blood obtained and the kidneys harvested. One kidney was studied histologically and the other ashed for Ca analysis. Results (mean ± SD): rats in gr. b developed NC(Kidney Ca 1894±203 mcg/gm dry tissue) compared with gr. a(248±84) and gr. c (254±54). There were no differences among the 3 groups in Ccr, urine P or Ca although the latter tended to be lower in gr. c. In comparison with gr. b rats in gr. e showed lowered kidney Ca(530±398), however it was still significantly higher than in gr. d(140±27) and gr. h (162±63). There were no differences among grs. d-h in regard to Ccr and urine P; urine Ca was lower in the 3 grs. treated with CTZ compared with grs. d and e. However, kidney Ca in grs. f(497±142) and g (489±271) were not different from gr. e and higher than in grs. d and h. We conclude that despite significant reduction in urine Ca excretion CTZ therapy does not affect established F-induced NC. This result further emphasizes the need for prevention of this complication.
Anisotropy of Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio in diamond

The elastic modulus E of diamond is often set equal to 1s11 = 1050 GPa, which assumes that it does not vary much with orientation, and many authors use v = 0.2 as an appropriate average value of Poisson's ratio, which is incorrect. In this paper, we show that, since the elastic constants of diamond are known with great accuracy, it is a straightforward matter to derive exact numbers for E and v that take into consideration the stress direction, the intrinsic anisotropy, as well as the crystalline configuration. For textured CVD diamond deposits, we find that, in a first approximation, the Hershey-Kroner-Eshelby averaging procedure yields acceptable numbers, E = 1143 GPa and v = 0.0691, which are quite compatible with available experimental evidence; this confirms that high-quality deposits have elastic constants similar to those of single-crystal natural diamond.
Sobriety and its Cultural Politics: An Ethnographer's Perspective on “Culturally Appropriate” Addiction Services in Native North America

Abstract The growing international trend toward greater community control of mental health programs in indigenous communities illuminates ongoing discursive and material pressures that shape the development of locally responsive and culturally relevant health services. In this article, I apply insights derived from practice theory and critical psychological anthropology to the ethnographic example of a substance abuse program on a Northern Plains reservation. This analysis suggests that by attending to how addiction and its psychotherapeutic transformation are represented in various community and institutional discourses impacting local services, ethnographers can accomplish two vital tasks: (1) documenting social, cultural, and psychological diversity within contemporary Native American communities, and (2) illuminating forces that undermine recognition of this diversity by federally funded mental health services. These forces include the often subtle but persistent power inequalities in relationships between local communities and federal health agencies. [mental health, substance abuse, Native North America]
The pro-resolving lipid mediator maresin 1 (MaR1) attenuates inflammatory signaling pathways in vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells.

Objective Inflammation and its resolution are central to vascular injury and repair. Maresins comprise a new family of bioactive lipid mediators synthesized from docosahexaenoic acid, an ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid. They have been found to exert anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving responses in macrophages, neutrophils and bronchial epithelial cells and impart beneficial actions in murine models of peritonitis and colitis. We investigated the impact of maresin-1 (MaR1) on tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) induced inflammatory responses in human vascular endothelial (EC) and smooth muscle cells (VSMC). Methods Primary cultures of human saphenous vein EC and VSMC were employed. We tested the naturally occurring MaR1 as modulator of TNF-α effects, with examination of monocyte adhesion, oxidant stress, and intracellular inflammatory signaling pathways. Results MaR1 attenuated TNF-α induced monocyte adhesion and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in both EC and VSMC, associated with down-regulated expression (cell surface) of the adhesion molecule E-selectin (in EC) and NADPH-oxidases (NOX4, NOX1, NOX2). MaR1 attenuated TNF-α induced release of pro-inflammatory mediators by EC and VSMC. MaR1 caused an attenuation of TNF-α induced NF-κB activation in both cell types associated with inhibition of I-κ Kinase (IKK) phosphorylation, IκB-α degradation and nuclear translocation of the NF- κB p65 subunit. MaR1 also caused a time-dependent increase in intracellular cyclic AMP (cAMP) in both naive and TNF-α stimulated VSMC and EC. Conclusions MaR1 has broad anti-inflammatory actions on EC and VSMC, which may be partly mediated through up-regulation of cAMP and down-regulation of the transcription factor NF-κB. The results suggest that the pro-resolving lipid mediator MaR1 exerts homeostatic actions on vascular cells that counteract pro-inflammatory signals. These findings may have direct relevance for acute and chronic states of vascular inflammation.
Relation between coronary artery stenosis assessed by visual, caliper, and computer methods and exercise capacity in patients with single-vessel coronary artery disease. The Veterans Affairs ACME Investigators.

BACKGROUNDPractitioners often assume a close relation between angiographic coronary artery stenosis and patient functional capacity. To test this unproven hypothesis, we analyzed the relation betwe...
Electron charge redistribution following electrophilic attack on heterocycles: nitrogen as a charge transducer

Abstract It is shown that an electrophilic attack on the ring nitrogen in pyrrole or tryptamine produces an electron charge redistribution that is qualitatively different from the redistribution caused by an attack on the oxygen in furan. The electrophilic attacks are represented theoretically as interactions with a positive point charge and calculated by an ab-initio LCAO-SCF method with gaussian basis sets. Results show that an attacked nitrogen responds to the perturbation by moving electronic charge to the adjacent carbons whereas oxygen retains most of the charge polarized by the interaction. The nitrogen also acts as a charge transducer in other systems that are structurally very different. As a consequence of the charge redistribution, the comparative susceptibility of various sites in the heterocyclic molecules to an electrophilic attack may also depend on the response of the molecule to a prior attack on the heteroatom. The results indicate the need for dynamical reactivity considerations which reflect the variability in the molecular response to an incipient attack and the possibility that enhanced reactivity can be induced at certain sites by this response.
Adiabatic resonant oscillations of solar neutrinos in three generations

The Mikheyev-Smirnov-Wolfenstein model of resonant solar-neutrino oscillations is discussed for three generations of leptons. Assuming adiabatic transitions, bounds for the ..mu..- and e-neutrinos mass-squared difference ..delta../sub 21,0/ are obtained as a function of the e-..mu.. mixing angle theta/sub 1/. The allowed region in the ..delta../sub 21,0/-theta/sub 1/ plot that would solve the solar-neutrino problem is shown to be substantially larger than that of the two-generation case. In particular, the difference between the two- and three-generation cases becomes significant for theta/sub 1/ larger than --20/sup 0/.
Quantitative measurement of the polydispersity in the extent of functionalization of glass-forming calix[4]resorcinarenes.

The polydispersity in the degree of functionalization for two calix[4]resorcinarenes was determined by measuring quantitatively their molecular mass distribution with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. A mathematical method for polydisperse materials is described that creates a calibration curve to correct the ion signal intensities in the mass spectrum to give a more reliable molecular mass distribution. Correction is required due to various sample preparation and instrumental effects that may produce a systematic mass bias in the number of oligomers measured. This method employs gravimetric mixtures of analytes with different degrees of functionalization. One calix[4]resorcinarene was found to give accurate molecular mass distributions with little correction, while another, having a very similar molecular structure, was found to exhibit strong over-counting of the oligomers having a high degree of functionalization. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Anomalous specific heat of solid deuterium below 0.6 K

An anomaly has been observed in measurements of the specific heat at saturated vapor pressureC s of pure, solid D2 of low para-D2 concentration below0.6 K. The new anomaly has been interpreted as evidence for the significance of electric quadrupole-quadrupole interaction between next-nearest-neighbor pairs of para-D2 molecules.
Accumulation of 32P and (14C) Sucrose in Decapitated and Intact Shoots of the Fern Davallia trichomanoides Blume

The transport and accumulation of (32)P and [(14)C] sucrose in decapitated and intact shoot segments of the fern Davallia were studied. The apical buds of intact shoots and the expanding buds of shoots decapitated 4 weeks before application are major sinks for these nutrients. Decapitation results in a shift of (14)C accumulation from the apex to the lateral buds within 36 h. This shift can be reversed in shoots decapitated for 12 h by replacing the apex. Increased (14)C accumulation into the stump region occurs when decapitated shoot segments are treated with indole-3-acetic acid, and decreased label accumulation into the apical region results when intact shoots are treated with 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid.
Relationship between maternal parenting and eating self-efficacy in overweight children when stressed

Background Emotional eating is associated with negative eating habits and obesity. Parents may be able to decrease the risk of emotional eating in children by promoting greater self-efficacy to engage in healthy eating behaviors. Our goal was to determine the relationship between certain parenting behaviors and eating self-efficacy (ESE) to consume healthy foods during times of emotional stress in a population of overweight/obese children.
Interactions of nucleolin and ribosomal protein L26 (RPL26) in translational control of human p53 mRNA.

Ribosomal protein RPL26 enhances p53 translation after DNA damage, and this regulation depends upon interactions between the 5′- and 3′-UTRs of human p53 mRNA (Takagi, M., Absalon, M. J., McLure, K. G., and Kastan, M. B. (2005) Cell 123, 49–63; Chen, J., and Kastan, M. B. (2010) Genes Dev. 24, 2146–2156). In contrast, nucleolin (NCL) suppresses the translation of p53 mRNA and its induction after DNA damage. We confirmed reports that RPL26 and NCL interact with each other and then explored the potential role of this interaction in the translational control of p53 after stress. NCL repression of p53 translation utilizes both the 5′- and 3′-UTRs of p53 mRNA, and NCL binds to the same 5′-3′-UTR interaction region that is critical for the recruitment of RPL26 to p53 mRNA after DNA damage. We also found that NCL is able to oligomerize, consistent with a model in which NCL stabilizes this double-stranded RNA structure. We found that the RNA-binding domain of NCL participates in binding to p53 mRNA, is required for both NCL dimerization and NCL-mediated translational repression, and is the domain of NCL that interacts with RPL26. Excessive RPL26 disrupts NCL dimerization, and point mutations in the NCL-interacting region of RPL26 reduce NCL-RPL26 interactions and attenuate both RPL26 binding to human p53 mRNA and p53 induction by RPL26. These observations suggest a model in which the base pairings in the p53 UTR interaction regions are critical for both translational repression and stress induction of p53 by NCL and RPL26, respectively, and that disruption of a NCL-NCL homodimer by RPL26 may be the switch between translational repression and activation after stress.
Periodic solutions of first order functional differential equations

We study the existence of T-periodic solutions of some first order functional differential equations. Several existence criteria are established for our problems; in particular, we obtain conditions for the existence of multiple (even infinitely many) T-periodic solutions of one of the problems. Examples are also included to illustrate our results.
Merits of the production volume based similarity coefficient in machine cell formation

Abstract In this paper, two types of similarity coefficients are compared: (1) the Jaccard's coefficient and (2) the production volume based coefficient. Each is used to form a cellular manufacturing system whose performance will be used as a measure of effectiveness of the similarity coefficient. The sum of intercellular and intracellular material handling costs is used as a criterion for performance evaluation.
The Rate of Convergence to Efficiency in the Buyer's Bid Double Auction as the Market Becomes Large

A trader who privately knows his preferences may misrepresent them in order to influence the market price. This strategic behaviour may prevent realization of all gains from trade. In this paper, trade in a simple market with an explicit rule for price formation is modelled as a Bayesian game. We show that the difference between a trader's bid and his reservation value is maximally 0(1/m) where m is the number of traders on each side of the market. Competitive pressure as m increases thus quickly overcomes the inefficiency private information causes and f,ces the market towards an efficient allocation.
A two-step approach to assessing composition effects of the National Voter Registration Act

Abstract Using aggregate level data from 1996 and 1998 this paper employs a two-step strategy to explore the impact of implementing the National Voter Registration Act (NVRA) on the education, income, age, and racial/ethnic composition of state electorates. The results of the project suggest that implementation of the reform had a moderate effect on reducing the tendency of state registered electorates to be skewed toward higher education, income, and age groups. The implementation of NVRA procedures was also associated with reductions in the tendency of the voting electorate to be skewed toward higher socioeconomic groups and older Americans. The impact was indirect, however, in that changes in the voting electorate were a result of changes in the registered population, which were, in part, due to the implementation of the reform.
Resveratrol Prevents Endothelial Cells Injury in High-Dose Interleukin-2 Therapy against Melanoma

Immunotherapy with high-dose interleukin-2 (HDIL-2) is an effective treatment for patients with metastatic melanoma and renal cell carcinoma. However, it is accompanied by severe toxicity involving endothelial cell injury and induction of vascular leak syndrome (VLS). In this study, we found that resveratrol, a plant polyphenol with anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties, was able to prevent the endothelial cell injury and inhibit the development of VLS while improving the efficacy of HDIL-2 therapy in the killing of metastasized melanoma. Specifically, C57BL/6 mice were injected with B16F10 cells followed by resveratrol by gavage the next day and continued treatment with resveratrol once a day. On day 9, mice received HDIL-2. On day 12, mice were evaluated for VLS and tumor metastasis. We found that resveratrol significantly inhibited the development of VLS in lung and liver by protecting endothelial cell integrity and preventing endothelial cells from undergoing apoptosis. The metastasis and growth of the tumor in lung were significantly inhibited by HDIL-2 and HDIL-2 + resveratrol treatment. Notably, HDIL-2 + resveratrol co-treatment was more effective in inhibiting tumor metastasis and growth than HDIL-2 treatment alone. We also analyzed the immune status of Gr-1+CD11b+ myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) and FoxP3+CD4+ regulatory T cells (Treg). We found that resveratrol induced expansion and suppressive function of MDSC which inhibited the development of VLS after adoptive transfer. However, resveratrol suppressed the HDIL-2-induced expansion of Treg cells. We also found that resveratrol enhanced the susceptibility of melanoma to the cytotoxicity of IL-2-activated killer cells, and induced the expression of the tumor suppressor gene FoxO1. Our results suggested the potential use of resveratrol in HDIL-2 treatment against melanoma. We also demonstrated, for the first time, that MDSC is the dominant suppressor cell than regulatory T cell in the development of VLS.
Oxygen evolution and the permeability of the outer envelope of isolated whole chloroplasts.

A rapid oxygraph method of studying the permeability of the envelope of isolated chloroplasts was used. The outer envelope of aqueously isolated whole spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) chloroplasts in buffer is readily permeable to 3-phosphoglyceric acid, which induces an immediate light dependent oxygen evolution. This light dependent oxygen evolution was completely eliminated by swelling these plastids in an osmotically dilute solution. Exogenous adenosine diphosphate, but not inorganic phosphate, strongly stimulated this oxygen evolution. This indicated that the chloroplast envelope is relatively permeable to adenosine diphosphate.Oxygen evolution and swelling studies indicated that the chloroplast envelope is relatively impermeable to NADP and to ferredoxin.A method is described whereby the percent of whole chloroplasts present in a chloroplast preparation may be rapidly estimated.
The mechanochemistry of cytogels

Abstract We present a mechanochemical model for force generation by actomyosin cytogel. The model is built around the observation that calcium ions both solate actomyosin gels and stimulate active contraction of the gel. The model cytogel can mimic a variety of morphogenetic pattern-producing phenomena.
Trampling Human Rights in the War on Terror: Implications to the Sociology of Denial

Critical criminology has greatly benefited fromthe concept of moral panic, which is a helpfulframework for understanding immigration‘‘reform’’ and the treatment of immigrants –especially in relation to concerns aboutterrorism. In response to the events ofSeptember 11, 2001, the United Statesgovernment swiftly produced legislationintended to protect homeland security,culminating in the USA Patriot Act. Whilemainstream political leaders supported the newlaw, many legal experts expressed concernsabout its expansive powers as serious dangersto immigrants’ rights and civil liberties.Among those concerns are controversial tacticsinvolving ethnic profiling, detentions, andgovernment secrecy. This article examinescritically the nature of those forms of humanrights violations while elaborating on thecontradictions in the war on terror. ApplyingCohen’s sociology of denial – how literal,interpretive, and implicatory denial perpetuatelong-term social problems – developments areinterpreted conceptually, contributing to adeeper understanding of growing threats tohuman rights.
Defect size variations and their effect on the critical area of VLSI devices

The effect on VLSI device yield of variations in the size of defects has not been widely recognized until recently, when the theory of critical areas and fault probabilities was developed. It is shown that assumptions regarding the defect size distribution can substantially affect the computed critical area.
THE SPATIAL RESPONSE OF NEGROES AND WHITES TOWARD OPEN HOUSING: THE FLINT REFERENDUM

ABSTRACT The white and Negro response to the 1968 open housing referendum in Flint, Michigan, is used to investigate spatial variations in attitudes. Simple and step-wise multiple regression models were utilized that incorporated measures of income, education, housing, and distance. Separate analyses were made for the white and Negro voting behavior. For the white population it was hypothesized that a positive vote would be associated with high median incomes, high median education levels, high median housing values, and increased distances from the edge of the nearest Negro ghetto and nearest Negro precinct. This hypothesis was rejected. For the Negro precincts it was postulated that the variations in income, education, and housing value would not account for differences in the vote owing to the crucial nature of this issue. This was accepted.
Co-administration of subtherapeutic diazepam enhances neuroprotective effect of COX-2 inhibitor, NS-398, after lithium pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus.

Rationale Seizures during status epilepticus (SE) cause neuronal death and induce cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Pilocarpine-induced SE was used to determine if COX-2 inhibition with NS-398, when administered alone or with diazepam, decreases the duration and/or intensity of SE and/or reduces neuronal injury in the rat hippocampus.
Comparison of evaporative fractions estimated from AVHRR and MODIS sensors over South Florida

Remote sensing cannot provide a direct measurement of evapotranspiration (ET) but it can provide a reasonably good estimate of Evaporative Fraction (EF), defined as the ratio of ET and available energy. Recent studies have successfully estimated EF using a contextual interpretation of radiometric surface temperature (T0) and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) such as from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) onboard NOAA-14 satellite. To provide a continuous monitoring capability for EF, it is important to explore the utility of such an approach to recently launched sensors with better spectral resolution. Here, we explore the utility of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), onboard EOS Terra satellite, sensors to estimate EF over large areas. We compare and contrast EF estimates from AVHRR and MODIS sensors over South Florida. We also explore the sensitivity of NDVI and T0 to sensor response functions (SRFs) and atmospheric variables. Our results show that NDVI–T0 space, when using T0 from a single channel derived temperature, is affected by the SRFs and overpass times. Despite differences in NDVI and T0 estimates from AVHRR and MODIS sensors, it appears that they capture similar contextual information of energy partitioning and the EF estimates are comparable. Our results suggest that the proposed EF estimation is relatively insensitive to changes in absolute values of T0, induced by local atmospheric conditions and sensor viewing angles, and EF is primarily determined by the overall contextual space of NDVI–T0 diagram.
Frequency of diastolic third and fourth heart sounds with myocardial ischemia induced during percutaneous coronary intervention.

Abstract Background Although the standard 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) is considered the gold standard to diagnose acute myocardial ischemia, nearly half of ECGs are nondiagnostic in patients who present with chest pain and have subsequent confirmation of infarction with positive serum biomarkers. Methods A prospective study was performed to investigate the frequency and intensity of diastolic third and fourth heart sounds (S3 and S4), as measured by computerized acoustic cardiography, with myocardial ischemia induced by balloon occlusion during percutaneous coronary intervention. Results In our 24 subjects, during percutaneous coronary intervention–induced ischemia, a new or increased intensity S3 or S4 developed in 67%. Ten (67%) of 15 patients without clinical ST criteria for ischemia also developed new or increased-intensity diastolic heart sounds. Conclusions The combined use of diastolic heart sounds, as a measurement of ventricular dysfunction, with the standard ECG may improve the noninvasive diagnosis of myocardial ischemia that is likely to develop into infarction.
Ruth page, an American original

Ruth Page, An Intimate Biography. By John Martin. Illustrated, 342 pp. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1977. $17.50. Page by Page. By Ruth Page. Edited and with an Introduction by Andrew Mark Wentink. Illustrated, 224 pp. Brooklyn, N.Y.: Dance Horizons, 1978. $14.95.
Self-esteem in american and Chinese (Taiwanese) children

This study compared self-esteem between American and Chinese children. A sample of 446 American children and a sample of 437 Chinese (Taiwanese) children were administered the Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory, Form B. The Self-Esteem Rating Scale for Children was also given to the teachers of these children. American children obtained higher self-esteem scores than did their Chinese counterparts on both selfesteem measures. Cross-cultural comparisons of environmental factors contributing to the development of self-esteem are made to explain this difference in self-esteem.
1049 "Breaking the Bad News": a Survey of Practice Patterns in Disclosing a Pancreatic Cancer Diagnosis Amongst US Endosonographers

Table 1. Comparison of demographics and lesion characteristics between patients in the cytopathologist present and cytopathologist absent arms
Rationale supporting an “opt-out” policy for pharmacological venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in hospitalized medical patients

Pulmonary embolism is the number one cause of preventable death among hospitalized patients. Prescription of either low dose low molecular weight heparin, such as enoxaparin or dalteparin, or prescription of low dose fondaparinux can halve the rate of deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism, without increasing major bleeding complications. Nevertheless, there has been a "failure-to-prophylax" syndrome, especially among hospitalized medical patients at risk. One approach is to mandate venous thromboembolism prophylaxis for these patients without exception or flexibility. The alternative approach is to institute or maintain an "opt-out" policy so that the responsible clinician can make the final decision as to whether the benefits of prophylaxis outweigh the risks. This paper, makes the case for an "opt-out" policy, so that we can personalize, individualize, and humanize our medical care. Such an approach permits flexibility, encourages collaborative "buy-in" to the concept of prophylaxis, and allows the clinician to withhold anticoagulation in special situations that do not fit prespecified protocols. Ultimately, such an "opt-out" policy might make VTE prophylaxis more effective by avoiding anticoagulation of low thrombosis risk patients who are at high risk of bleeding complications.
One- and two-dimensional proton NMR studies of cys-102 S-methylated yeast isozyme-1 ferricytochrome c

The effect of S-methylating cysteine-102 (cys-102) (SH----SSCH3) of yeast isozyme-1 (iso-1) ferricytochrome c has been studied using proton NMR spectroscopy. COSY, NOESY, and one-dimensional nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) difference spectroscopies have all been used. The NMR spectrum of this derivative is very similar to that of native yeast iso-1 ferricytochrome c. The advantage of using the cys-102 S-methylated derivative is that it is unable to spontaneously dimerize in solution, like native iso-1 monomer does. This makes the derivative a simple, ideal protein for long NMR experiments. This work yields many proton resonance assignments for S-methylated yeast iso-1 monomer and confirms all of the assignments for iso-1 monomer that were previously made using only the one-dimensional NOE method.
Dislocation nucleation and defect formation in copper by stepped spherical indenter

We investigated dislocation nucleation and defect formation underneath a spherical indenter which possesses atomic steps on its surface. Atomic-scale simulations of Cu (111) nanoindentation were performed. Our simulation results reveal that dislocations nucleate from surface ledges formed by atomic steps on indenter surfaces. We found that stepped indenters promote concurrent activation of three inclined {111} planes, which leads to an increased probability of forming threefold symmetric defects and punching prismatic loops along threefold symmetric directions. A new junction structure was observed and found to unzip during the formation of prismatic loops. The formation and destruction of defect structures can be explained using a conventional theory of dislocation reactions.
Intradiskal electrothermal therapy: a preliminary histologic study.

Abstract Shah RV, Lutz GE, Lee J, Doty SB, Rodeo S. Intradiskal electrothermal therapy: a preliminary histologic study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2001;82:1230-7. Objective: To characterize descriptively the histologic and temperature effects of intradiskal electrothermal annuloplasty on human cadaveric lumbar disks. Design: In vitro histologic study. Setting: Hospital-based soft-tissue research laboratory. Cadavers: Six human cadaveric lumbar disks, from 5 cadavers aged 39 to 79 who died from nonspine-related causes. Interventions: Intradiskal electrothermal therapy (IDET) by using a standard high-temperature heating protocol with the temperature of the probe gradually increased from 65°C to 90°C over 16.5 minutes. Disks were stained and examined by light microscopy and electron microscopy. Main Outcome Measures: Temperatures in outer annulus, gross macroscopic changes, and histologic damage. Results: Gross inspection showed a small circumferential area of tissue alteration localized to the posterior annulus but not extending to the endplates. Light microscopy of the posterior aspect of the lumbar disks showed denaturation, shrinkage, and coalescence of annular collagen; the anterior portions, which served as internal controls, showed no evidence of damage. The endplates were structurally preserved and showed no evidence of damage. Electron microscopy showed extensive collagen disorganization, decreased quantity of collagen, collagen fibril shrinkage, and chondrocyte damage when compared with a control portion. The temperature curves showed parallel changes in temperature at the level of the probe and at the posterior portion of the disk. Conclusions: IDET raises temperatures sufficiently to induce collagen denaturation and coalescence. These histologic changes may play a substantial role in the clinical efficacy of IDET. © 2001 by the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
The Online Honesty Box

This column discusses two examples of online "honesty boxes"&#x2014;specifically, the pay-what-you-want model adopted for Radiohead's album In Rainbows and Cards Against Humanity's 2012 holiday pack.
A proof of Hamblin's algorithm for translation of arithmetic expressions from infix to postfix form

We show that a particular algorithm for the translation of arithmetic expressions in infix form into postfix form is correct. The method used is ad hoc, in contrast to other work in this field, and it is hoped that this in itself is of interest.
The specificity of induction of β-glucosidase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Abstract The kinetics and stereospecificity of gratuitos induction of β-glucosidase in S. cerevisiae strain Yeast Foam have been studied. Enzyme synthesis, following the addition of either methyl- or ethyl-β- d -thioglucoside as inducers, is constant and proportional to increases in cell mass. The differential rate of enzyme synthesis is dependent upon the concn. and type of the inducer. A comparison of the stereospecificity of the induction process and of the enzyme itself indicates that induction is independent of enzyme action. Phenyl-β- d -thioglucoside was found to be a competitive inhibitor of enzyme induction.
Factors affecting help-seeking during depression in a community sample

Little is known about factors that influence community residents to seek professional help while experiencing diagnosable episodes of depression. The present study utilized longitudinal data from 96 female subjects to examine whether clinical and psychosocial features of a recent depressive episode, as well as preexisting psychiatric and psychosocial characteristics, could distinguish between individuals who (a) did and did not seek help during their episode and (b) chose to consult one professional source rather than another. Results showed that less than half of the sample sought professional help. Few variables could distinguish subjects who sought help from those who did not. Instead, subjects consulting mental health specialists were more clinically impaired and had fewer psychosocial assets than both those consulting nonpsychiatric physicians and those seeking no help. Subjects in the latter two groups were indistinguishable from one another on the assessed variables. Results were cross-validated with a smaller sample of male community residents.
Comorbidity of Substance Use Disorders and Other Psychiatric Disorders Among Adolescents: Evidence from an Epidemiologic Survey

This paper extends our knowledge of comorbidity of substance use disorders (SUDs) and other psychiatric disorders by examining comorbidity of specific types of SUDs and risk of comorbidity separately for abuse and dependence. The research question is whether there is specificity of risk for comorbidity for different SUDs and whether greater comorbidity is associated with dependence. Data are presented from a probability sample of 4175 youths aged 11-17 assessed with the NIMH DISC-IV and self-administered questionnaires. SUDs outcomes are alcohol, marijuana and other substances in past year. Mean number of other comorbid disorders ranged from 1.9 for marijuana abuse to 2.2 for other substance abuse and 1.9 for marijuana dependence to 2.8 for other substance dependence. None of the abuse SUDs does not increase risk of anxiety disorders, but dependence does. Both abuse and dependence increased risk of comorbid mood disorders. Similar results were observed for disruptive disorders. Patterns of comorbidity varied by substance, by abuse versus dependence, and by category of other psychiatric disorders. In general, there was greater association of comorbidity with other disorders for dependence versus abuse. Marijuana is somewhat less associated with other disorders than alcohol or other substances. The strongest association is for comorbid disruptive disorders, regardless of SUDs category. Having SUDs and comorbid other psychiatric disorders was associated with substantial functional impairment. Females with SUDs tended to have higher rates of comorbid disorders, as did older youths. There were no differences observed among ethnic groups. When comorbidity of SUDs with other disorders was examined, controlling for other non-SUDs disorders for each specific disorder examined, the greater odds for dependence versus abuse essentially disappeared for all disorders except disruptive disorders, suggesting larger number of comorbid non-SUDs in part account for the observed effects for dependence.
Insecticidal action of PF2 lectin from Olneya tesota (Palo Fierro) against Zabrotes subfasciatus larvae and midgut glycoconjugate binding.

Zabrotes subfasciatus (Boheman) is the main pest of common beans (Phaselous vulgaris). Some wild legume seeds may contain lectins with insecticidal activities against this insect. The larval developments of Z. subfasciatus on seeds of Olneya tesota (a desert wild legume) and on artificial seeds containing purified PF2 lectin were evaluated. PF2 susceptibility to proteolysis was assessed by incubation with midgut extract at different times. PF2 binding to midgut glycoconjugates was assessed by histochemistry. A reduced level of oviposition and a lack of emergence of adult beetles were observed in O. tesota seeds (compared to common beans), and in artificial seeds containing PF2 at 0.5 and 1%. PF2 was resistant to larval midgut proteolysis for 24 h, while PHA-E (lectin control) was fully digested after 4 h. Histochemistry analysis of midguts incubated with PF2 showed recognition for microvillae and possibly with peritrophic gel. On the other hand, PHA-E exhibited no interaction with larval midgut glycoprote...
Sensitivity of a Spectrally Filtered and Nudged Limited-Area Model to Outer Model Options

Abstract Numerical filters required to control spatial computational modes in a limited-area model (LAM) that uses the unstaggered. A grid are developed and tested over the complex topography of the Great Basin of the western United States. The filters are founded upon Fourier expansions of forecast deviation fields and function equally effectively for both periodic and aperiodic local structures. Unlike other spatial filters, the approach used here avoids any direct contamination of larger scales. Provided that the shortest resolved wavelength of two grid intervals is removed, the results do not depend strongly on the range of filtered short waves or on the type and order of horizontal space difference approximations. This approach leads naturally to methods in which the large scales predicted by an ambient outer model can be directly incorporated within the complete domain of the inner LAM, rather than just through conditions applied at the lateral boundaries of the LAM. This technique has some similari...
Structure and Properties of Modular Components for Applications in Topological Supramolecular Chemistry

As a practical application of the structure of products derived from simple reactions of modular components, the background to a system for topological supramolecular assembly is introduced. Familiar base-catalyzed carbonyl condensation chemistry, acting on combinations of cyclic 1,3-diketones and aromatic aldehydes, provides thermodynamically controlled access to molecular entities of appropriate bulk to act as stoppers in rotaxane structures. Under acid-catalyzed reaction conditions, an additional, irreversible, dehydration step is introduced, thereby providing a putative mechanism for locking in place a specified topology. These ideas are illustrated with the preparation and X-ray structures of model systems derived from 5,5-dimethylcyclohexane-1,3-dione and two model aromatic dialdehydes, representing the results of the application of both reversible and irreversible reaction conditions. Additional model compounds are employed to demonstrate reaction reversibility in the former case.
Development of proficiency testing for detection of bacterial contamination of platelet products.

BACKGROUND: Accrediting agencies now require quality control for minimizing platelet (PLT) bacterial contamination (PBC). A proficiency testing (PT) strategy for PBC testing was developed. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: During Phase 1, validation of the pH meter and an enhanced bacteria detection system (Pall eBDS)—methods used in our blood bank—was accomplished with two aliquots of an apheresis PLT unit inoculated with Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922, 70 CFU/mL) or Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 27217, 46 CFU/mL) with an uninoculated aliquot serving as a negative control. Quantitative plate culture was the reference method. PLTs were stored on a rotator at 22°C. Units were sampled in duplicate at 0, 24, and 48 hours. pH testing was considered positive when the pH value was less than 6.6. eBDS was positive when the oxygen concentration was less than 9.4 percent. During Phase 2, synchronized PT of pH and eBDS was performed at four independent sites. PLT samples were inoculated and incubated as above, and aliquots were removed at Time 0 for eBDS testing and at 48 hours for pH testing. RESULTS: In Phase 1, on inoculated bags eBDS was positive at all time periods but pH was positive only at 48 hours. In Phase 2, synchronized results showed positive eBDS at Time 0 and positive pH at 48 hours on inoculated bags with agreement between paired sites. CONCLUSIONS: This strategy may serve as a useful model for developing PT materials for PBC detection. eBDS was able to identify low levels of PBC, and pH testing, only much higher levels. It is important to carefully coordinate and standardize handling of PT materials and reporting of results.
A Theory of Political Ambition: Career Choices and the Role of Structural Incentives

Office-holders periodically face the problem of choosing among a set of career alternatives, and these alternatives customarily include the choice of dropping out of political life, or seeking reelection, or of choosing to seek higher office. This paper assumes that officeholders behave according to a rational calculus in making such choices, and that the main elements involved in the choice process include the probabilities and values attached by the candidate to his alternatives, and the investments required to obtain these alternatives. Political ambition, or the desire to seek higher office, is shown to develop as a product of the investments that politicians make in their political careers, and the investments are shown to be associated with the structural characteristics of community size and electoral competitiveness. The subjects of the research are 435 city councilmen from 89 cities of the San Francisco Bay Region, and the data include information derived from interviews with the councilmen and aggregate election data collected on each city.
Lost while searching: difficulties in information seeking among end-user programmers

End-user programmers, those who write code but lack formal training in computer science, are often reliant on various tools such as API documentation or searching the Web for information in order to complete a specific task. This study examines the information foraging behaviors of a group of web and graphic designers engaged in a series of code modification tasks. We find that users were largely unsuccessful in their foraging activities, with few information seeking events resulting in noticeable changes to participants' source code. Participants viewed remarkably few results generated by their queries and rarely refined queries multiple times. However, these kinds of activities were positively correlated with task success metrics. We conclude with a discussion of the study's results and their implications on the design of future programming environments and search tools for end-user programmers.
POSTTRANSCRIPTIONAL MODIFICATION OF TRNA IN PSYCHROPHILIC BACTERIA

Posttranscriptional modification in tRNA is known to play a multiplicity of functional roles, including maintenance of tertiary structure and cellular adaptation to environmental factors such as temperature. Nucleoside modification has been studied in unfractionated tRNA from three psychrophilic bacteria (ANT-300 and Vibrio sp. strains 5710 and 29-6) and one psychrotrophic bacterium (Lactobacillus bavaricus). Based on analysis of total enzymatic hydrolysates by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, unprecedented low amounts of modification were found in the psychrophiles, particularly from the standpoint of structural diversity of modifications observed. Thirteen to 15 different forms of posttranscriptional modification were found in the psychrophiles, and 10 were found in L. bavaricus, compared with approximately 29 known to occur in bacterial mesophiles and 24 to 31 known to occur in the archaeal hyperthermophiles. The four most abundant modified nucleosides in tRNA from each organism were dihydrouridine, pseudouridine, 7-methylguanosine, and 5-methyluridine. The molar abundances of the latter three nucleosides were comparable to those found in tRNA from Escherichia coli. By contrast, the high levels of dihydrouridine observed in all three psychrophiles are unprecedented for any organism in any of the three phylogenetic domains. tRNA from these organisms contains 40 to 70% more dihydrouridine, on average, than that of the mesophile E. coli or the psychrotroph L. bavaricus. This finding supports the concept that a functional role for dihydrouridine is in maintenance of conformational flexibility of RNA, especially important to organisms growing under conditions where the dynamics of thermal motion are severely compromised. This is in contrast to the role of modifications contained in RNA from thermophiles, which is to reduce regional RNA flexibility and provide structural stability to RNA for adaptation to high temperature.
Entropy attacks and countermeasures in wireless network coding

Multihop wireless networks gain higher performance by using network coding. However, using network coding also introduces new attacks such as the well-studied pollution attacks and less-studied entropy attacks. Unlike in pollution attacks where an attacker injects polluted packets (i.e., packets that are not linear combinations of the packets sent by the source), in entropy attacks an attacker creates non-innovative packets (i.e., packets that contain information already known by the system). In both cases the result is a severe degradation of the system performance. In this paper, we identify two variants of entropy attacks (local and global) and show that while they share some characteristics with pollution attacks and selective forwarding, none of the techniques proposed to defend against such attacks are applicable to entropy attacks because the packets look legitimate and the packet forwarding is stealthy in nature. We propose and evaluate several defenses that vary in detection capabilities and overhead.
The HIV and AIDS Pandemic as a Foreign Policy Concern

(1994). The HIV and AIDS Pandemic as a Foreign Policy Concern. The Washington Quarterly: Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 201-215.
MEO SAR System Concepts and Technologies for Earth Remote Sensing

Next-generation interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) systems may provide the basis for establishing an earthquake-forecasting capability within a twenty-year time frame. Such systems would need to provide data with fine temporal resolution, so the system architecture would need to allow for wide-area coverage in order to minimize the effective interferometric repeat time. This paper discusses the coverage advantages associated with medium-Earth orbit (MEO) InSAR systems for observing geophysical phenomena. As MEO architectures dictate the need for large radar antennas, this paper also presents a discussion of advanced antenna technologies—and associated challenges—that might provide revolutionary decreases in the mass densities of large radar aperture antennas.
Accountability where it belongs and how it got there in North Dakota

An exchange of flexibility for accountability placed the responsibility for being accountable at the campus level.