cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterization of Boron-Modified Co/Al2O3 Catalysts by EXAFS Spectroscopy:

EXAFS spectroscopy has been used to examine the effect of boron on the structure of Co/Al2O3 catalysts. The EXAFS results from unmodified Co/Al2O3 catalysts indicated that Co3O4 was formed at Co loadings of 1.5 wt % Co and higher. The lowest-loading (0.7 wt % Co) catalyst showed evidence of both tetrahedral and octahedral Co surface species. Modification of the Co/Al2O3 catalysts with 3 wt % B completely suppressed the formation of Co3O4 for Co loadings of 6 wt % Co and lower. In the absence of Co3O4, the Co species formed on the 3 wt % boron-modified catalysts were in a highly disordered state with large first shell Co-O coordinations and large Co-O nearest-neighbor distances. Results from a constant Co loading series (3 wt % Co) indicated that Co3O4 formation decreased as the boron loading increased. The distribution of supported Co species determined by EXAFS was compared with previous characterization by ESCA and gravimetric measurements; good agreement was found. A two-phase procedure was used to analyze the EXAFS data from the Co/B/Al2O3 catalysts. This two-phase analysis considered both the fraction of Co EXAFS from bulk Co oxide (Co3O4) and the remaining fraction from Co surface species. This allowed the amount of Co3O4 to be determined quantitatively and enabled structural information to be obtained from the Co surface phase.
Cardiovascular and Overall Mortality Risk in Relation to Alcohol Consumption in Patients With Cardiovascular Disease

Alcohol, in striking contrast to tobacco and illicit drugs, is linked to an extensively documented J-shaped dose-effect curve, with regular moderate consumption reducing cardiovascular and overall mortality,1 whereas excessive or binge drinking has the opposite effect.1,2 Data indicative of a lower risk of cardiovascular events among moderate drinkers in apparently healthy people are extensive and consistent, whereas the role of alcohol intake among patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD) is less clear.3 Among the factors that contribute to prevention in survivors of primary cardiovascular events, lifestyle and dietary habits play a major role. However, guidelines in this area are based either on studies of apparently healthy subjects or on a few studies of cardiovascular patients.4,5 In particular, recommendations about alcohol consumption in patients with previous CVD reflect experts’ consensus rather than circumstantial evidence.3,6 The US Food and Drug Administration warns that heart disease patients should stop drinking, and people who take aspirin regularly should not drink alcohol.7 However, in the American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology guidelines for secondary prevention,5 CVD patients are encouraged to maintain a lifestyle that includes drinking alcohol in moderation. The “Diet and Lifestyle Recommendations” scientific statement from the American Heart Association Nutrition Committee8 advises, “If you consume alcohol, do so in moderation (equivalent of no more than 1 drink in women or 2 drinks in men per day).” The latter statement is largely accepted within the scientific community, definitely when referring to healthy people, although some would advise people to abstain completely rather than encouraging them to drink small amounts regularly. It has in fact been suggested that the consumption of alcohol for certain health benefits should not be encouraged, because the harm would far outweigh the gain, especially among poor populations and in low-income countries, where the …
Pareto, Edgeworth and Hicks: the education of an economist

Hicks was very influenced by Pareto’s Manual.He regarded Pareto’s contribution towards the development of the pure theory of exchange value as being particularly significant. As for Edgeworth, Hicks disclosed to me in my last meeting with him that he regarded his earlier theoretical works as being a continuation of Edgeworth’s contribution. Hicks was particularly impressed by the breadth of Edgeworth’s interests. In his last bookA market theory of money, he returned to this issue concerning the narrowness of much of contemporary economics. We specialize too soon and are often too easily seduced by techniques to render us able to deal meaningfully with many of the social problems that economists should be able to tackle.
The Use of Hypofractionated Whole Breast Irradiation in Treatment of Patients With Early-Stage Breast Cancer in the United States

RESULTS Hypofractionated WBI increased from 10.6% (95% CI, 8.8%-12.5%) in 2008 to 34.5% (95% CI, 32.2%-36.8%) in 2013 in the hypofractionation-endorsed cohort and from 8.1% (95% CI, 6.0%-10.2%) in 2008 to 21.2% (95% CI, 18.9%-23.6%) in 2013 in the hypofractionation-permitted cohort. Adjusted mean total health care expenditures in the 1 year after diagnosis were $28 747 for hypofractionated and $31 641 for conventional WBI in the hypofractionationendorsed cohort (difference, $2894; 95% CI, $1610-$4234; P < .001) and $64 273 for hypofractionated and $72 860 for conventional WBI in the hypofractionation-permitted cohort (difference, $8587; 95% CI, $5316-$12 017; P < .001). Adjusted mean total 1-year patient out-of-pocket expenses were not significantly different between hypofractionated vs conventional WBI in either cohort.
QUANTIFYING AGGREGATION AND ASSOCIATION IN THREE-DIMENSIONAL LANDSCAPES

Interactions among organisms depend on their spatial distributions. In particular, meaningful interpretations of the role of these interactions in structuring population, community, and ecosystem dynamics depend on the scale of analysis. Here, I develop two statistical methods for analyzing patterns in the aggregation and association of organisms inhabiting pelagic ecosystems that are inherently three dimensional. The first method only utilizes data on the nearest neighbors of individuals and works well for multiple comparisons over species or time, but it is not designed to test for departures from a Poisson random distribution toward uniformity. The second approach, however, takes advantage of the measured distances among all of the sampled individuals in the population and can test for departures toward uniformity. I also develop an edge correction to account for the biases associated with sampling by hydroacoustics, an effective means for measuring the three-dimensional positions of organisms in pelagic ecosystems. I used empirical data on the locations of predatory and prey fishes obtained with hydroacoustics in Lake Washington to illustrate how three-dimensional patterns of aggregation and association of predators and their prey can be assessed with these metrics. I found that prey fish were aggregated only during the day and at spatial scales of 1 m or less. Their potential predators, on the other hand, were aggregated at all spatial scales up to 5 m during the day, but only at scales 2 m during the day, which may reflect predator avoidance. These results highlight how high-resolution, three-dimensional data on the spatial positions of aquatic organisms can improve understanding of the spatial scaling of interactions among organisms in pelagic ecosystems.
Trade Reforms and Horizontal Inequalities: The Case of Uganda

Uganda has undertaken various trade policy reforms over the past 15 years. The size and dispersion of tariffs have been substantially reduced; export taxes have been abolished; quantitative trade restrictions and non-tariff barriers to trade (such as trade licensing, prohibitions/bans, quotas, administrative pricing and foreign exchange rate controls) have been greatly reduced. Using a dynamic computable general equilibrium model, we implement simulations reflecting the various trade reforms that have been undertaken. Broadly, we find that reducing tariffs would have an impact on reducing poverty especially in the Northern and Eastern regions. All trade reforms would have an impact on reducing inequality within the regions, although this impact is found to be generally small. Depuis une quinzaine d′annees, l′Ouganda a entrepris diverses reformes de politiques commerciales. La taille et dispersion des tarifs douaniers ont ete considerablement reduites, les taxes a l′exportation ont ete supprimees, les restrictions quantitatives aux echanges ainsi que les obstacles non tarifaires au commerce (telles que les licences commerciales, les prohibitions et interdictions, les contingents, la tarification administrative et les controles des taux de change) ont ete considerablement reduits. A l′aide d′un modele dynamique d′EGC, nous conduisons des simulations refletant les differentes reformes commerciales entreprises. Globalement, nous constatons qu′une baisse des tarifs douaniers aurait un impact sur la reduction de la pauvrete, particulierement dans les regions du Nord et de l′Est. Meme si cet effet resterait modeste, toute reforme commerciale contribuerait a reduire les inegalites au sein des regions.
An exposure effect opposes flavor-nutrient learning

When a caloric substance is followed by a flavored substance, preference for the flavor that followed the calories can increase because of a flavor-nutrient association. We showed here that this effect is opposed by a fullness effect: consuming the caloric substance itselfreduces-consuniption of the flavor that follows. Because consumption of this flavor was less than consumption of a flavor that was given alone, there was a reduced preference for the flavor that followed the calories—an effect opposing flavor-nutrient learning. The preference for the flavor that was given alone and consumed in greater amounts seems to be due to exposure per se and is not a result of contrast. When the amount of the flavor given alone was directly controlled so that it was one half the amount of the flavor that followed the calories, preference for the flavor following the calories was no higher than when consumption of the two flavors was equal. Thus, exposure can interfere with flavor-nutrient learning, but does not enhance it.
Formation of ground and excited states of antihydrogen

Differential and integrated cross sections for the formation of antihydrogen by the impact of intermediate-energy (20--500 keV) antiprotons on positronium are calculated using the first Born approximation. The calculations are carried out for the formation of antihydrogen in ground and various excited electronic states (n = 1--3) when positronium, the target atom, is in the ground state, and for the formation of antihydrogen in the ground state when the positronium is in various excited electronic states (n = 1--2). The 1/n/sup 3/ behavior for the capture cross sections is used to calculate the total (that is, all states added together) integrated cross sections. The cross sections for the formation of antihydrogen presented here are obtained from those for the formation of positronium by the impact of positrons on hydrogen atoms by using charge invariance and the principle of detailed balance.
What Do the Critics Want?—A Brief Reflection on the Difference between a Disciplinary History and a Discourse Analysis

The following essay is intended to respond to my critics and their criticisms of The Invention of World Religions . By providing an account of the book's pre-history, I hope to provide a framework for understanding why this particular project appealed to me in the first place. More to the point, however, I attempt to justify my sense that many of my critics have missed the point of Invention . As I originally imagined the project, the central question was not primarily about how the field of religious studies emerged in the nineteenth century, but rather how the discourse on "religions" (in the plural) played a role in the discursive formation of "the West."
The Everyday Use of Surname to Determine Ethnic Ancestry

This paper examines the influence of surname on how descendants of white European immigrants to the United States, who are of mixed ethnic ancestry, determine their ethnic identification. It is based on 60 in-depth interviews about ethnic identity and family history, conducted with Catholic, suburban later-generation residents of Santa Clara County California and Montgomery County, Pennsylvania (suburbs of San Jose and Philadelphia, respectively).
A critical feminist perspective of the health belief model: Implications for nursing theory, research, practice, and education

The health care system is in a state of crisis, and nursing is in a unique position to influence the decisions that are made regarding health care reform. However, without transforming our ways of knowing and being, the changes that are needed to meet the challenges of the future may not become a reality. Nursing theory, research, and practice reflect the historical, social, and political ideologies of western tradition. Consequently, the knowledge gained from the majority of nursing research has primarily developed from an empiricism or logical positivist philosophy. The underlying assumption of this school of thought is that only empirically quantifiable and measurable matters yield the truth, suggesting that there is only one reality. Because one cannot be socially critical as an empiricist, nurse educators have begun to question the adequacy of the empiricist philosophy and method of research for meeting changing societal demands. Social behavioral theories in general and the Health Belief Model in particular have frequently guided nursing research in an attempt to increase knowledge of health-related behaviors. Too often these theories have done little to increase our knowledge of women and people of color. For the most part, they have contributed to the oppression of individuals and groups. A critical feminist perspective can be useful in the understanding of health practices that are based on contextual knowledge. The purpose of this article is to increase awareness and understanding of the underlying assumptions, constraints, and contradictions that are embedded within social behavioral theories such as the Health Belief Model. The article will also discuss how theories predicated on the logical positive philosophy limit the understanding of health-related behaviors.
Beyond demographics: Understanding the college experience through television

Understanding the prime-time television portrait of college helps educators better understand the expectations our entering students may hold of college life.
Direct radiative forcing by anthropogenic airborne mineral aerosols

Although airborne mineral aerosols are traditionally considered a natural component of the earth-atmosphere climate system, an examination of dust production mechanisms and dust source regions reveals that a significant fraction of the dust loading could be due to human activities. We find that the global mean direct solar radiative forcing by anthropogenically generated mineral aerosols may be comparable to the direct solar radiative forcing by other anthropogenic aerosols. The net regional forcing by mineral aerosols can greatly exceed the regional forcing by sulfate aerosol and can even be comparable to the net forcing by clouds. An improved understanding of the radiative forcing due to mineral aerosols requires better knowledge of the regional patterns of dust production rates and dust optical depths, more comprehensive measurements of dust microphysical and optical characteristics, as well as a comprehensive assessment of the role of dust aerosols on infrared radiative forcing.
Quaternary ammonium bromide catalyzd chloride for bromide redistributions between carbon of alkyl halides and tin of tri-n-butyltin halides

Abstract Quaternary ammonium bromides have been found to strongly catalyze reversible chloride for bromide substitution reactions by tri-n-butyltin chloride on benzyl bromide and n-octyl bromide. However, they have only a small effect upon the rate of the corresponding reaction with benzhydryl bromide. It is suggested that the catalytic effect involves initial coordination of bromide ion with tri-n-butyltin chloride to form a nucleophilic anionic complex containing pentavalent tin which is reactive for backside displacements at carbon of sterically unhindered alkyl halides. No catalytic effects could be demonstrated, however, for ligands such as pyridine or N , N -dimethylformamide which could potentially form zwitterionic complexes with tri-n-butyltin chloride.
895 FREE C-PEPTIDE LEVELS IN INFANTS OF DIABETIC MOTHERS: RELATIONSHIP TO HYPOGLYCEMIA, MACROSOMIA, AND HYALINE MEMBRANE DISEASE

Hyperinsulinism is postulated to be related to three major abnormalities in the infant of the diabetic mother (IDM): postnatal hypoglycemia, macrosomia, and hyaline membrane disease (HMD). To test these associations we measured free C-peptide in cord serum of infants of gestational and insulin-requiring diabetics. Free C-peptide levels measure endogenous insulin secretion independent of interfering antibodies. No significant correlation was found between free C-peptide and gestational age in IDM's. IDM's who developed hypoglycemia (serum glucose<30 mg/dl in the first 6 postnatal hours) had significantly (p<0.025) higher cord free C-peptide levels as compared to those without hypoglycemia (7.37±1.23 ng/ml, n=37 vs. 3.91±0.69, n=35, mean±SEM). IDM's with birth weight above the 90th %-ile for gestational age had significantly (p<0.05) higher cord free C-peptide levels as compared to those with birthweight below the 90th %-ile (7.51±1.46, n=31 vs. 4.18±0.60, n=43). 7 IDM's who developed HMD did not have significantly elevated cord free C-peptide levels as compared to 71 IDM's without HMD. The lower than expected incidence of HMD in this series precludes a definitive evaluation of the relationship of hyperinsulinism to HMD in the IDM. We conclude that hyperinsulinism in the IDM, as reflected by free C-peptide level, is directly related to macrosomia and to postnatal hypoglycemia.
Charge Flow between Ions and a Dielectric Continuum. 2. Variational Method for Distributing Charge into the Dielectric

The paper presents a variational method to distribute the charge transferred (CT) between an ion and a dielectric continuum onto a boundary element (BE) grid used to represent the dielectric continuum media. The CT charge is transferred into the dielectric using a methodology that combines a semiempirical effective Hamiltonian with a modified Poisson-Boltzmann equation, which includes CT in the form of a surface charge density positioned at the dielectric interface. The variational method eliminates the bias of the earlier method used to distribute CT charge into the dielectric, i.e., the need to specify the solute atoms used in constructing the BE grid. The surface pattern of the magnitudes of the CT charges placed onto the BE grid is obtained by minimizing an energy functional defined as the sum of the CT charge self-interaction energy and the energies due to CT charge interaction with the reaction field (RF) and solute partial atomic charges. The total energies due to CT charge interaction with the reaction field (RF) and solute partial atomic charges. The total amount of charge, distributed on the BE grid, is constrained to the amount of charge transferred from/to the solute HOMO-LUMO molecular orbital, by using the method of Lagrangemore » multipliers.« less
A critical review of caffeine withdrawal: empirical validation of symptoms and signs, incidence, severity, and associated features.

Although reports of caffeine withdrawal in the medical literature date back more than 170 years, the most rigorous experimental investigations of the phenomenon have been conducted only recently. The purpose of this paper is to provide a comprehensive review and analysis of the literature regarding human caffeine withdrawal to empirically validate specific symptoms and signs, and to appraise important features of the syndrome. A literature search identified 57 experimental and 9 survey studies on caffeine withdrawal that met inclusion criteria. The methodological features of each study were examined to assess the validity of the effects. Of 49 symptom categories identified, the following 10 fulfilled validity criteria: headache, fatigue, decreased energy/activeness, decreased alertness, drowsiness, decreased contentedness, depressed mood, difficulty concentrating, irritability, and foggy/not clearheaded. In addition, flu-like symptoms, nausea/vomiting, and muscle pain/stiffness were judged likely to represent valid symptom categories. In experimental studies, the incidence of headache was 50% and the incidence of clinically significant distress or functional impairment was 13%. Typically, onset of symptoms occurred 12–24 h after abstinence, with peak intensity at 20–51 h, and for a duration of 2–9 days. In general, the incidence or severity of symptoms increased with increases in daily dose; abstinence from doses as low as 100 mg/day produced symptoms. Research is reviewed indicating that expectancies are not a prime determinant of caffeine withdrawal and that avoidance of withdrawal symptoms plays a central role in habitual caffeine consumption. The caffeine-withdrawal syndrome has been well characterized and there is sufficient empirical evidence to warrant inclusion of caffeine withdrawal as a disorder in the DSM and revision of diagnostic criteria in the ICD.
Efficacy of the new repellent BioUD® against three species of ixodid ticks

BioUD® with the active ingredient 2-undecanone originally derived from wild tomato plants is a new repellent recently registered by the US EPA. Repellent efficacy of BioUD® (7.75% 2-undecanone) and DEET (98.11%) was examined in the laboratory using a choice test between repellent-treated and control filter paper surfaces for Amblyomma americanum, Dermacentorvariabilis, and Ixodesscapularis. BioUD® provided greater repellency against A. americanum and I. scapularis than DEET. No difference was found between BioUD® and DEET against D. variabilis. In head-to-head assays between BioUD® and DEET, undiluted and 50% dilutions of BioUD® were more repellent than undiluted DEET against all three species tested. Similarly, a 25% dilution of BioUD® was more repellent than DEET against A. americanum while no difference in mean percentage repellency was found between a 25% dilution of BioUD® and DEET against I. scapularis. Based on regression analysis, the concentration of BioUD® required for equivalent repellency to 98.11% DEET was 39.5% for D. variabilis and 29.7% for I. scapularis. A log-probit model could not be constructed for A. americanum from the dosages tested. Based on filter paper head-to-head assays, BioUD® is at least 2–4 times more active as a repellent than DEET against three species of ixodid ticks under the conditions of our laboratory bioassays.
Laser theory without the rotating-wave approximation.

The effect of counter-rotating terms in the interaction Hamiltonian on the photon statistics is investigated for a single-mode laser. The treatment is based on the Scully-Lamb model. A perturbation expansion is used to derive an equation of motion for the field-density matrix. The counter-rotating terms are found to lead to both transient and secular effects. With some reasonable approximations the steady-state photon-number distribution is derived and it is shown that the counter-rotating terms tend to raise the threshold of laser action and broaden the photon-number distribution. The relative size of these effects is found to be very small and depends on the square of the ratio of the atomic linewidth and the transition frequency.
Basic pain management interventions using fluoroscopy: targets and optimal imaging of lumbar spine

Interventional pain procedures for management of low back pain (LBP) have significantly evolved over the last decade. A major reason for recent advancements could be attributed to the widespread use of image-guided techniques utilizing fluoroscopy and contrast media. This change improved the delivery of medications to the areas of pathology and potentially contributed to better outcomes and decreased complication rates.
A novel property of propolis (bee glue): anti-pathogenic activity by inhibition of N-acyl-homoserine lactone mediated signaling in bacteria.

Abstract Ethnopharmacological Relevance An alternative approach to antibiotics is the development of anti-pathogenic agents to control the bacterial virulome. Such anti-pathogenic agents could target a phenomena known as quorum sensing (QS). Materials and methods Six bacterial N -acyl-homoserine lactone (AHL)-dependent bioreporter strains were used to evaluate if bee hive glue also known as propolis contains constituents capable of inhibiting QS-controlled AHL signaling. In addition, the effect of propolis on the QS-dependent swarming motility was evaluated with the opportunisitic pathogen, Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Results Differences in the propolis tincture samples were identified by physiochemical profiles and absorption spectra. Propolis tinctures at 0.0005% (v/v) that do not affect bacteria biosensor growth or the reporter system monitored were exposed to biosensors with and without the addition an AHL. No AHL signal mimics were found to be present in the propolis tinctures. However, when propolis and an inducer AHL signal were together exposed to five Escherichia coli and a Chromobacterium violaceum biosensor, propolis disrupted the QS bacterial signaling system in liquid- and agar-based bioassays and in C 18 reverse-phase thin-layer plate assays. Swarming motility in the opportunistic pathogen, Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 and its AHL-dependent LasR- and RhlR-based QS behaviors were also inhibited by propolis. Conclusions Together, we present evidence that propolis contain compounds that suppress QS responses. In this regard, anti-pathogenic compounds from bee harvested propolis could be identified and isolated and thus will be valuable for the further development of therapeutics to disrupt QS signaling systems which regulate the virulome in many pathogenic bacteria.
Simulated Vortex Detection Using a Four-Face Phased-Array Doppler Radar

AbstractThe National Weather Radar Testbed was established in Norman, Oklahoma, in 2002 to evaluate, in part, the feasibility of eventually replacing mechanically scanned parabolic antennas with electronically scanned phased-array antennas on weather surveillance radars. If a phased-array antenna system is to replace the current antenna, among the important decisions that must be made are the design (flat faces, cylinder, etc.) that will be needed to cover 360° in azimuth and the choice of an acceptable beamwidth. Investigating the flat-face option, four faces seem to be a reasonable choice for providing adequate coverage. To help with the beamwidth decision-making process, the influence of beamwidth on the resolution of various-sized simulated vortices is investigated. It is found that the half-power beamwidth across the antenna should be no more than 1.0° (equating to a broadside beamwidth of 0.75°) in order to provide National Weather Service forecasters with at least the same quality of data resolutio...
Toxin detection based on action potential shape analysis using a realistic mathematical model of differentiated NG108-15 cells

Abstract The NG108-15 neuroblastoma/glioma hybrid cell line has been frequently used for toxin detection, pharmaceutical screening and as a whole-cell biosensor. However, detailed analysis of its action potentials during toxin or drug administration has not been accomplished previously using patch clamp electrophysiology. In order to explore the possibility of identifying toxins based on their effect on the shape of intracellularly or extracellularly detected action potentials, we created a computer model of the action potential generation of this cell type. To generate the experimental data to validate the model, voltage dependent sodium, potassium and high-threshold calcium currents, as well as action potentials, were recorded from NG108-15 cells with conventional whole-cell patch-clamp methods. Based on the classic Hodgkin–Huxley formalism and the linear thermodynamic description of the rate constants, ion-channel parameters were estimated using an automatic fitting method. Utilizing the established parameters, action potentials were generated in the model and were optimized to represent the actual recorded action potentials to establish baseline conditions. To demonstrate the applicability of the method for toxin detection and discrimination, the effect of tetrodotoxin (a sodium channel blocker) and tefluthrin (a pyrethroid that is a sodium channel opener) were studied. The two toxins affected the shape of the action potentials differently and their respective effects were identified based on the changes in the fitted parameters. Our results represent one of the first steps to establish a complex model of NG108-15 cells for quantitative toxin detection based on action potential shape analysis of the experimental results.
Panther Politics: Neoliberalizing Nature in Southwest Florida

The past quarter century has witnessed a ‘quieter revolution’ in land-use management in the United States, from top-down regulation and adversarial environmentalism to multistakeholder collaboration and voluntary market-based mechanisms designed to forge a compromise between nature protection, property rights, and local livelihoods. The latter approach has become hegemonic, and yet this dramatic shift has received little attention from political ecologists. In this paper I argue that two contradictory lessons on the topic can be drawn from political ecology. On the one hand, proponents of the ‘quieter revolution’ invoke themes and normative stances shared by political ecologists, celebrating self-management by place-based communities drawing on local knowledge, in opposition to control by central governments and powerful environmental groups wielding ‘big science’. On the other hand, the ‘quieter revolution’ exemplifies the neoliberalization of nature, which political ecologists have critiqued as providin...
Modeling deer herd management: sterilization is a viable option

A closed-population demographic model was developed to examine population consequences of hunting, predation, and sterilization as methods of deer herd (Odocoileus sp.) reduction strategies. Sterilization appears attractive where legislation or public pressure prevent hunting or other forms of culling. Sterilizing a fixed number of animals annually during the initial phase of a control program, and then reducing the number of annual sterilizations as herd size declines, will probably not be effective, as our model predicts only two outcomes: no reduction in herd size, or extinction. The number of annual sterilizations must be calculated based on the number of fertile females remaining in the herd, not on total herd size, and the number of annual sterilizations must be greatly reduced before total herd size decreases significantly. For Cumberland Island National Seashore, GA, the model predicts that the herd of 1500 deer can be controlled at 750. Over 3 years, an initial rate of 200 sterilizations per year is reduced to a constant rate of 42 per year. If the current levels of hunting and predation continue, the initial number of sterilizations is reduced from 200 to 81, but the constant annual rate increases to 58.
1842 MEASUREMENT OF TIDAL VOLUMES (VT) IN PREMATURE INFANTS USING THE INDUCTANCE PLETHYSMOGRAPH

The standard method of measuring VT or VE in infants has been to utilize a face mask with the pneumotachograph. This technique can change VT or VE through stimulatory affects of placing the mask upon the infant's face. Inductance plethysmography has been used to measure VT and VE in term infants with excellent correlation (r≈.98). This technique has not previously been reported in premature infants. The purpose of this study was to correlate VT measurements using inductance plethysmography to simultaneous measurements of VT made by the pneumotachograph. Five premature infants were studied (mean B.W. 1.77 ± 0.14 kg SD; mean G.A. 36 ± 1.22 wk SD). The inductance plethysmograph was calibrated by using the two-position technique (supine and upright), with the rib cage belt placed just below the axilla and the abdominal belt above the iliac crest (belt size = 4.5 cm × 23 cm). A series of breaths were collected to insure a reversal of the predominance of either the abdominal or rib cage signal in the two positions. After calibration the infant remained supine and VT measurements were made using both the inductance plethysmograph and the pneumotachograph. On the five premature infants, 296 breath-by-breath analyses (mean breath/pt. = 59 ± 19 SD) yielded a correlation coefficient of .90 with a slope of .92. The mean VT (induct. pleth.) = 14.6 cc ± 4.1 SD, the mean VT (pneumotach.) = 13.8 cc ± 3.3 SD, the mean VT/kg (induct, pleth.) = 8.25 cc/kg, the mean VT/kg (pneumotach.) = 7.8 cc/kg. We conclude that the inductance plethysmograph is an excellent method of non-invasive, low-stimulatory measurements of VT in premature infants.
Modeling the outcomes of nursing home care

Abstract In this exploratory analysis using data on 290 patients, we use regression analysis to model patient outcomes in two Veterans Administration nursing homes. We find resource use, as measured with minutes of nursing time, to be associated with outcomes when case mix is controlled. Our results suggest that, under case-based reimbursement systems, nursing homes could increase their revenues by withholding unskilled and psychosocial care and discouraging physicians' visits. Implications for nursing home policy are discussed.
On the theoretical basis of the asymptotic semilogarithmic heat penetration curves used in food processing

Abstract To characterize heat penetration curves in food processing, ‘f’ and ‘j’ values are generally used for conduction as well as convection heating. Such asymptotic semilogarithmic time-temperature relations have been mathematically proven only for the restricted cases of conduction heating in regular geometries and for forced convection heating. This study mathematically justifies and interprets such approximation in the case of conduction heating in arbitrary shapes. In the case of natural convection heating, the complicated nature of the governing equations and the flow instabilities are discussed and it is concluded that such a semilogarithmic time-temperature relation is unlikely from physical as well as mathematical considerations, although, both the theoretical (numerical) solution as well as the experimental data for the natural convection heating can be empirically approximated to such a semilogarithmic form over small ranges of processing time for practical purposes.
Polar solvation dynamics in the femtosecond evolution of two-dimensional Fourier transform spectra

Femtosecond two-dimensional Fourier transform (2D FT) spectra remove inhomogeneity and simultaneously provide time resolution and two dimensions (excitation, signal) of frequency resolution limited only by the sample. The time evolution of separate real and imaginary 2D FT spectra is used to study local environments around molecules in methanol. Polar solvation dynamics are extracted by comparing 2D FT spectra of structurally related dyes with and without spectral sensitivity to solvent polarity. This comparison reveals specific signatures of inertial motion and the dynamic Stokes' shift.
On Amalgamations of Languages with Magidor-Malitz Quantifiers

In this paper we indicate how compact languages containing the Magidor-Malitz quantifiers Q κ n in different cardinalities can be amalgamated to yield more expressive, compact languages. The language L κ , originally introduced by Magidor and Malitz [9], is a natural extension of the language L ( Q ) introduced by Mostowski and investigated by Fuhrken [6], [7], Keisler [8] and Vaught [13]. Intuitively, L κ is first-order logic together with quantifiers Q κ n ( n ∈ ω) binding n free variables which express “there is a set X of cardinality κ such than any n distinct elements of X satisfy …”, or in other words, iff the relation on determined by φ contains an n -cube of cardinality κ. With these languages one can express a variety of combinatorial statements of the type considered by Erdos and his colleagues, as well as concepts in universal algebra which are beyond the scope of first-order logic. The model theory of L κ has been further developed by Badger [1], Magidor and Malitz [10] and Shelah [12]. We refer to a language as being 1 compact.
Overseas AUTOVON Systems Testing for Acceptance and Cutover

On June 7, 1969, a major milestone in the augmentation of the Defense Communications System's global automatic voice network (AUTOVON) was achieved with the simultaneous cutover into an operational network of four automatic switching centers in Europe and one in Panama. With this cutover, for the first time direct-distance dialing on a worldwide basis became possible for AUTOVON subscribers. This successful cutover followed a period of intensive testing in which the switching equipment was thoroughly checked out, after which the entire system was tested in its operational configuration to ensure that the new system would provide satisfactory service to its high-level subscribers. A description of the test philosophy, test conduct, and test result is contained in this paper, together with recommendations for improvement in future cutovers.
Clinical evaluation of multimodal environmental modification (MEMO) in the management of cats with idiopathic cystitis

This prospective observational study evaluated client-reported recurrence of lower urinary tract signs (LUTS) and other signs of abnormalities in cats with idiopathic cystitis after institution of multimodal environmental modification (MEMO). Forty-six client-owned indoor-housed cats with idiopathic cystitis, diagnosed based on a history of recurrent LUTS and evidence of absence of urolithiasis or bacterial urinary tract infection were studied. In addition to their usual care, clients were offered recommendations for MEMO based on a detailed environmental history. Cases were followed for 10 months by client contact to determine the effect of MEMO on LUTS and other signs. Significant (P<0.05) reductions in LUTS, fearfulness, nervousness, signs referable to the respiratory tract, and a trend (P<0.1) toward reduced aggressive behavior and signs referable to the lower intestinal tract were identified. These results suggest that MEMO is a promising adjunctive therapy for indoor-housed cats with LUTS, and should be followed up with prospective controlled clinical trials.
Magnification of the ribosomal genes in female Drosophila melanogaster.

The genetically induced increase in the number of 18s + 28s ribosomal genes known as magnification has been reported to occur in male Drososphila but has not previously been observed in females. We now report that bobbed magnijied (bb"') is recovered in progeny of female Dpophila carrying three different X bobbed (X") chromosomes and the helper XYbb- chromosome, which is a derivative of the Ybb- chromosome. Using different combinations of bb or bb+ X and Y chromosomes, we show that magnification in females requires both a deficiency in ribosomal genes and the presence of a Y chromosome: X/X females that are rDNA-deficient but do not carry a Y chromosome do not produce bb"; similarly, X/X/Y females that carry a Y chromosome but are not rDNA-deficient dz not produce y. Bobbed magnijied is only recovered from rDNA-deficient X/XY, X/ X/Y or XX/Y females. We havz also found that females carrying a ring Xbb chromosome together with the XY bb- chromosome do not produce bb"', indicating that ring X chromosomes are inhibited to magnify in females as in males. We postulate that the requirement for a Y chromosome is due to sequences on the Y chromosome that regulate or encode factor(s) required for magnification, or, alternatively, affect pairing of the ribosomal genes.-These studies demonstrate that magnification is not limited to males but also occurs in females. Magnification in females is induced by rDNAdeficient conditions and the presence of a Y chromosome, and probably occurs by a mechanism similar to that in males. AGNIFICATION is a genetically induced increase in the number of 18s M + 28s ribosomal RNA genes that typically occurs over several generations in Drosophila males carrying X or Y chromosomes that are deficient for the ribosomal genes (RITOSSA 1968). These rDNA-deficient X or Y chromosomes are referred to as X bobbed or Y bobbed (Xbb or Ybb) chromosomes. Increases in rDNA content occur in the presence of a "helper" Xbb or Ybb chromosome (RITOSSA 1972), producing bobbed magn@ed (bb") offspring. Although bb" offspring have been recovered from rDNA-deficient X/Y males of several different genotypes, bb" has not been recovered from rDNA-deficient females. The broad assumption has been that magnification does not occur in female Drosophila. This assumption is based on largely unpublished experii Publication delayed due to loss of manuscript in the mail.
Three surveillance strategies for vancomycin-resistant enterococci in hospitalized patients: detection of colonization efficiency and a cost-effectiveness model.

Objective:To evaluate the cost-effectiveness and detection sensitivity associated with three active surveillance strategies for the identification of patients harboring vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) to determine which is the most medically and economically useful.Design:Culture for VRE from 200 consecutive stool specimens submitted for Clostridium difficile culture. Following this, risk factors were assessed for patients whose culture yielded VRE, and a cost-effectiveness evaluation was performed using a decision analytic model with a probabilistic analysis.Setting:A 688-bed, tertiary-care facility in Chicago, Illinois, with approximately 39,000 annual admissions, 7,000 newborn deliveries, 56,000 emergency department visits, and 115,000 home care and 265,000 outpatient visits.Subjects:All stool specimens submitted to the clinical microbiology laboratory for C. difficile culture from hospital inpatients.Results:From 200 stool samples submitted for C. difficile testing, we identified 5 patients with VRE in non-high-risk areas not screened as part of our routine patient surveillance. Medical record review revealed that all 5 had been hospitalized within the prior 2 years. Three of 5 had a history of renal impairment. The strategy that would involve screening the greatest number of patients (all those with a history of hospital admission in the prior 2 years) resulted in highest screening cost per patient admitted (480), and the best survival rates.Conclusion:An expanded VRE surveillance program that encompassed all patients hospitalized within the prior 2 years was a cost-effective screening strategy compared with a more traditional one focused on high-risk units.
Minimal order loop-free routing strategy

A multiorder routing strategy is developed which is loop-free even in the presence of link/node failures. Unlike most conventional methods in which the same routing strategy is applied indiscriminately to all nodes in the network, nodes under this proposal may adopt different routing strategies according to the network structure. Formulas are developed to determine the minimal order of routing strategy for each node to eliminate looping completely. A systematic procedure for striking a compromise between the operational overhead and network adaptability is proposed. Several illustrative examples are presented. >
Intravascular Photoacoustics for Image-Guidance and Temperature Monitoring During Plasmonic Photothermal Therapy of Atherosclerotic Plaques: A Feasibility Study

Recently, combined intravascular ultrasound and photoacoustic (IVUS/IVPA) imaging has been demonstrated as a novel imaging modality capable of visualizing both morphology (via IVUS) and cellular/molecular composition (via IVPA) of atherosclerotic plaques, using both endogenous tissue absorbers and exogenous contrast agents. Plasmonic gold nanoparticles were previously utilized as IVPA contrast agents which co-localize with atherosclerotic plaques, particularly phagocytically active macrophages. The present work demonstrates the use of IVUS/IVPA imaging as a tool for localized temperature monitoring during laser heating. The temperature dependent change in IVPA signal intensity of silica-coated gold nanorod contrast agents absorbing within the near-infrared optical wavelength range is evaluated and shown to have a linear relationship, with a slope greater than that of endogenous tissue. A continuous wave laser was subsequently incorporated into the IVUS/IVPA integrated catheter and utilized to selectively heat the nanoparticles with simultaneous IVPA temperature monitoring. IVUS/IVPA, therefore, provides a platform for detection and temperature monitoring of atherosclerotic plaques through the selective heating of plasmonic gold nanoparticle contrast agents.
Primary HIV Type 1 Infection

Emerging evidence suggests that early events in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection may play a critical role in determining disease progression. Although there is limited evidence on which to base medical decisions, the diagnosis and treatment of acute HIV-1 infection may have virologic, immunologic, and clinical benefits. In addition, rapid diagnosis of infection may prevent unknowing transmission of HIV-1 during a period of high-level viremia. We review the basic principles of primary HIV-1 infection, clinical and diagnostic markers of acute seroconversion, approaches to management, and new therapeutic strategies.
Optimal allocation of dynamic VAR for enhancing stability and power quality

This paper introduces a method for determining optimal location and capacity of dynamic shunt reactive power (VAR) support which is needed to enhance power quality and ensure short term stability with respect to credible contingencies. In this paper, simulated annealing (SA) and trajectory optimization (TO) technique is proposed for solving mixed integer minimax trajectory optimization (MIMTO) problem. This method is tested on 3 bus system and IEEE 39 bus system with promising results.
Pricing an Option on Revenue from an Innovation: An Application to Movie Box Office Revenue

We develop a model for valuing revenue streams from innovations. The stochastic properties of revenue from innovations create a more difficult environment in which to value options than when the underlying is a security. There is no initial revenue, and cumulative revenue cannot decrease. Revenues from innovations are characterized by different lives and different rates of the resolution of uncertainty. A common deterministic model for predicting revenue from an innovation is known as the Bass model. We embed the Bass model in a gamma process, resulting in a stochastic process with moments proportional to the mean of the Bass model. To illustrate this model we choose the valuation of options on movie box office revenue. These options enable film distributors to manage the risk of a movie, and they offer diversification opportunities for investors. We develop the econometric methodology for ex ante parameter estimation and a Bayesian updating scheme using Markov chain Monte Carlo simulation as data after release become available. Call prices obtained using the maximum likelihood (ML) parameter estimates from the full data set closely approximate the average discounted value of ex post call payouts that would have occurred at option maturity.
Is Combat Pay Effective? Evidence from Operation Desert Storm*

Objective. To determine whether combat pay for U.S. Army officers has been adequate to maintain troop strength during wartime in the all-volunteer military. Methods. Data from a panel survey of 3,800 officers collected one year prior to Operation Desert Storm and again during the Iraqi engagement are used. The primary economic indicator of work disutility—the marginal rate of substitution (MRS) or tradeoff of time for money—is estimated; and the MRS-hourly pay relationship in both time periods is determined. Results. Combat pay was found to be generally adequate to offset increases in wartime disutility. Additional payment was required for male officers in only two branch groups, and these involved relatively small numbers of personnel compared to the larger Combat Arms branches. Conclusions. We find no evidence that a market-oriented volunteer army could not maintain adequate troop strength during wartime, at least in environments similar to that of the early 1990s when these data were collected.