cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prediction of Spherule Size in Gas Phase Nanoparticle Synthesis

Surprisingly, there is still no rational yet practical method to reliably predict absolute ‘primary’ nanospherule sizes and, hence, specific surface areas, in gas phase flame nanoparticle synthesis. The present paper summarizes our approach to this important problem, using a plausible and tractable coagulation–coalescence (two-rate process) model, but with an important modification to the rate of nanoparticle coalescence. The Smoluchowski equation is used to describe the particle Brownian coagulation rate process (free-molecule regime), together with the assumption that the particle population follows a self-preserving size distribution. The decisive coalescence process, driven by the minimization of surface energy of the coalescing nanoparticles, is presumed to occur via the mechanism of surface diffusion. However, a curvature-dependent energy barrier for surface-diffusion is proposed, taking into account the extended ‘surface-melting’ behavior of nanoparticles. This is shown here to have the effect of accelerating the coalescence rate of touching nanoparticles, leading to absolute sizes (at the predicted onset of aggregate formation) in encouraging agreement with available experiments. It was found that the coalescence rate, especially with a curvature-augmented surface diffusivity, is far more sensitive to particle size than is the Brownian coagulation rate. As a result, when cast in terms of characteristic process times, a distinct crossover generally exists, allowing the determination of observed ‘primary’ spherule sizes within larger aggregates. This approach is successfully applied here to several published synthesis examples of vapor-derived nanosized alumina and titania. Its broader implications for nanoparticle synthesis in non-isothermal reactors, including our own counterflow diffusion flame reactor, are also briefly summarized.
Copyright and Comics in Japan: Does Law Explain Why All the Cartoons My Kid Watches are Japanese Imports?

The growth and development of a major Japanese export - comics and related products, including animated cartoons and so-called "character goods" such as trading cards, lunchboxes, etc. - has occurred simultaneously with the development of very large, openly-held markets for what would appear to be books and products that infringe copyrightholders' interest in these well-known characters. While many infringers are judgment-proof small timers, those who operate the markets and bookstores that trade these wares are often for-profit and even publicly-traded corporations. Although actions for both infringement and contributory infringement are clearly winnable under existing Japanese law, up until now they have been rare. It appears that for a variety of reasons - such as reputational consequences and relatively low (reasonable royalty) damage awards - it is not economically rational to bring these suits. Interestingly, many observers believe that the vibrancy of these markets for infringement has created numerous innovations and fostered the emergence of talented artists who have benefitted the industry as a whole. The relatively weak legal regime in Japan, noted widely elsewhere, appears to have by chance solved a collective action problem and prevented the interests of a few copyrightholders from inhibiting the growth and development of the industry as a whole.
Intersectionality of Race, Class and Gender: The Complex Representation of Bipolar Disorder on Fox Network's Empire

ABSTRACTCritical analysis of representations of mental illness in television programming are woefully lacking, due in part to the limited existence of major characters with mental illness in entertainment media. Much of the theoretical work done on the topic has relied upon parasocial relationships the audience may develop with characters with mental illness, and normative determinations of the positive or negative nature of representations of mental illness. Fox Network's show Empire provides an opportunity to examine the representation of mental illness through a major character, Andre Lyon. Through narrative analysis, the author argues that Empire presents a complex and sometimes problematic representation of bipolar disorder. This depiction provides the opportunity to explore the intersectionality of race, class, and gender with the representation of mental illness, and this nuanced view may offer audiences the narrative probability and fidelity needed to guide the ways we understand and interact with...
Toward Personalized Control of Human Gut Bacterial Communities

ABSTRACT A key challenge in microbiology will be developing tools for manipulating human gut bacterial communities. Our ability to predict and control the dynamics of these communities is now in its infancy. To manage human gut microbiota, I am developing methods in three research domains. First, I am refining in vitro tools to experimentally study gut microbes at high throughput and in controlled settings. Second, I am adapting “big data” techniques to overcome statistical challenges confronting microbiota modeling. Third, I am testing study designs that can streamline human testing of microbiota manipulations. Assembling these methods creates new challenges, including training scientists who can work across disciplines such as engineering, ecology, and medicine. Nevertheless, I envision that overcoming these obstacles will enable my group to construct platforms that can personalize microbiota treatments, particularly ones based on diet. More broadly, I anticipate that such platforms will have applications across fields such as agriculture, biotechnology, and environmental management.
An Experimental Examination of the Aberrant Salience Hypothesis Using a Salience Manipulation and a Behavioral Magical Thinking Task

A prominent hypothesis of delusions is that they reflect aberrant salience caused by increased striatal dopamine. For the first time, we conducted an experimental test of the aberrant salience hypo...
Warrior Fathers and Warrior Sons

This chapter considers whether Vietnam veterans whose fathers served in combat have an increased risk of posttraumatic stress disorder and other postwar adjustment problems when compared with other Vietnam veterans. Samples are Vietnam veterans who participated in the National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study (NVVRS) and veterans seeking treatment for PTSD from the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA). In the total NVVRS sample there were no differences between these two groups. However, within the subgroup of veterans who met criteria for PTSD,those whose fathers had been exposed to combat had more severe problems on several measures. In the VA sample, too, veterans whose fathers served in combat scored higher in PTSD symptoms, suicidality, guilt, and loss of religious faith. We conclude that intergenerational effects of trauma emerge when the second generation itself has PTSD, and show that these transgenerational effects are related to intergenerational processes during the homecoming period rather than to differences in premilitary experience.
SPATIAL CONTAGION IN REGIONAL MACHINE STRENGTH: EVIDENCE FROM VOTING IN RUSSIA'S FEDERAL ELECTIONS

Bryon J. Moraski Department of Political Science The University of Florida Gainesville, FL 32611 bmoraski@polisci.ufl.edu and William M. Reisinger Department of Political Science The University of Iowa Iowa City, Iowa 52242 william-reisinger@uiowa.edu Prepared for delivery at the 2010 Annual Meeting and Exhibition of the American Political Science Association, September 2-5, 2010, Washington, DC.
Hypopharynx and Proximal Esophagus

Cancers of the hypopharynx and proximal esophagus typically present at an advanced stage. They are often underestimated on clinical examination as they tend to grow in a submucosal fashion. On imaging, evaluation of the normally present fat planes within the post-cricoid musculature and around the hypopharynx as well as proximal esophagus is essential for mapping of the tumor boundaries. Cartilage invasion, tumor volume and involvement of the pyriform sinus apex are important variables in stratification of patients into favorable and unfavorable treatment groups. Patients with favorable tumors typically receive radiation therapy while patients with unfavorable tumors usually undergo surgical resection and subsequent reconstructive surgery. Both treatments cause some alteration of the tissue planes with additional marked distortion of the normal anatomy seen with surgical resection. The growth patterns of tumors arising from the different subsites within the hypopharynx and proximal esophagus, pretreatment considerations for staging and treatment planning purposes, as well as posttreatment complications and surveillance issues will be discussed in this chapter.
The Dogma Of Kornblith's Naturalism

It is dusk on the African Savannah in 1723. A biologist slinks along the dried river bed trying to catch a glimpse of the gazelles. As he negotiates a turn in the parched soil, he spies the carcass of a creature that looks much like a horse. But this white horse-like creature is covered with black stripes! He realizes that he has encountered a new species1 and hastily reaches for his observation notebook. He elects to name this particular species "zebra" and, after recording its external characteristics, determ ines to examine its interior the following day. As he dozes that evening, he mumbles to himself that this creature is definitely a striped horse. At dawn he hurries to the carcass and prepares his dissection gear. Carefully opening the creature, he begins to record the internal organ composition, when to his utter shock he finds seven kidneys!2 We could imagine our biologist reacting in different ways to this dis covery. On the one hand, he might indignantly demand that the real zebra be returned. Zebras are horses, after all, and everyone knows that no horse has seven kidneys. We might imagine him scurrying over the grassland searching for the thief with the "real" carcass. On the other hand, since we might suppose him a bit naive for such a reaction, we could envisage him rejecting his earlier conclusion that this creature was a horse. He might then alter his concept of "zebra" to "moderately horse-shaped" and "possesses seven kidneys". We can classify these different methods of conceptual formation as antecedent concept formation, where the concept formed does not logic ally depend on our experience of the object,3 and consequent concept formation,4 where the concept formed does logically depend on our exper ience of the object. In the case where the biologist protested that someone had stolen his zebra, he had formed his concept of "zebra" independently of his experience of the creature. Since the term "zebra" meant "a striped horse", it was impossible that a creature with a definitely unhorse-like interior could qualify. So, our deranged biologist employed antecedent concept formation, giving his concept priority over his experience.
Minimal cubature rules and polynomial interpolation in two variables II

As a complement to Xu (2012), minimal cubature rules of degree 4 m + 1 for the weight functions W α , β , ź 1 2 ( x , y ) = | x + y | 2 α + 1 | x - y | 2 β + 1 ( ( 1 - x 2 ) ( 1 - y 2 ) ) ź 1 2 on - 1 , 1 2 are shown to exist and near minimal cubature rules of the same degree with one node more than minimal are constructed explicitly. The Lagrange interpolation polynomials on the nodes of the near minimal cubature rules are also studied.
Trauma Service Utilization Increases Cost But Does Not Add Value for Minimally Injured Patients.

Abstract Objective Trauma care provides value to the critically injured. Our aim was to assess whether trauma team involvement adds value to the care of minimally injured patients and to define its costs. Methods Minimally injured patients admitted to a trauma center were propensity matched and compared by involvement versus no involvement of the trauma service (TS). Demographics, injury severity, complications, length of emergency department stay, mortality, and hospital costs and charges were studied. Results A total of 1253 patients were enrolled, with 308 propensity matched to the following groups: TS (n = 102) and no TS (n = 206). TS demonstrated a 30% increase in total charges and costs with no difference in complications. TS did demonstrate decreased time in the emergency department but had an increased delay to operation. Findings were similar when stratified for only lower extremity injuries. Conclusions TS involvement for minimally injured patients does not increase value. Reducing TS involvement while avoiding trauma undertriage may reduce costs to the healthcare system without affecting outcomes.
An fNIRS-Based Motor Imagery BCI for ALS: A Subject-Specific Data-Driven Approach

Objective: Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) has recently gained momentum in research on motor-imagery (MI)-based brain-computer interfaces (BCIs). However, strikingly, most of the research effort is primarily devoted to enhancing fNIRS-based BCIs for healthy individuals. The ability of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), among the main BCI end-users to utilize fNIRS-based hemodynamic responses to efficiently control an MI-based BCI, has not yet been explored. This study aims to quantify subject-specific spatio-temporal characteristics of ALS patients’ hemodynamic responses to MI tasks, and to investigate the feasibility of using these responses as a means of communication to control a binary BCI. Methods: Hemodynamic responses were recorded using fNIRS from eight patients with ALS while performing MI-Rest tasks. The generalized linear model (GLM) analysis was conducted to statistically estimate and evaluate individualized spatial activation. Selected channel sets were statistically optimized for classification. Subject-specific discriminative features, including a proposed data-driven estimated coefficient obtained from GLM, and optimized classification parameters were identified and used to further evaluate the performance using a linear support vector machine (SVM) classifier. Results: Inter-subject variations were observed in spatio-temporal characteristics of patients’ hemodynamic responses. Using optimized classification parameters and feature sets, all subjects could successfully use their MI hemodynamic responses to control a BCI with an average classification accuracy of 85.4% ± 9.8%. Significance: Our results indicate a promising application of fNIRS-based MI hemodynamic responses to control a binary BCI by ALS patients. These findings highlight the importance of subject-specific data-driven approaches for identifying discriminative spatio-temporal characteristics for an optimized BCI performance.
On the equivalency of factor and network loadings

Recent research has demonstrated that the network measure node strength or sum of a node’s connections is roughly equivalent to confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) loadings. A key finding of this research is that node strength represents a combination of different latent causes. In the present research, we sought to circumvent this issue by formulating a network equivalent of factor loadings, which we call network loadings. In two simulations, we evaluated whether these network loadings could effectively (1) separate the effects of multiple latent causes and (2) estimate the simulated factor loading matrix of factor models. Our findings suggest that the network loadings can effectively do both. In addition, we leveraged the second simulation to derive effect size guidelines for network loadings. In a third simulation, we evaluated the similarities and differences between factor and network loadings when the data were generated from random, factor, and network models. We found sufficient differences between the loadings, which allowed us to develop an algorithm to predict the data generating model called the Loadings Comparison Test (LCT). The LCT had high sensitivity and specificity when predicting the data generating model. In sum, our results suggest that network loadings can provide similar information to factor loadings when the data are generated from a factor model and therefore can be used in a similar way (e.g., item selection, measurement invariance, factor scores).
Proinsulin:C-peptide ratio trajectories over time in relatives at increased risk of progression to type 1 diabetes.

Abstract Objective Biomarkers are needed to characterize heterogeneity within populations at risk for type 1 diabetes. The ratio of proinsulin to C-peptide (PI:C ratio), has been proposed as a biomarker of beta cell dysfunction and is associated with progression to type 1 diabetes. However, relationships between PI:C ratios and autoantibody type and number have not been examined. We sought to characterize PI:C ratios in multiple islet autoantibody positive, single autoantibody positive and autoantibody negative relatives of individuals with type 1 diabetes. Methods We measured PI:C ratios and autoantibodies with both electrochemiluminescence (ECL) assays (ECL-IAA, ECL-GADA and ECL-IA2A) and radiobinding (RBA) assays (mIAA, GADA, IA2A and ZnT8A) in 98 relatives of individuals with type 1 diabetes followed in the TrialNet Pathway to Prevention Study at the Barbara Davis Center for a mean of 7.4 ​± ​4.1 years. Of these subjects, eight progressed to T1D, 31 were multiple autoantibody (Ab) positive, 37 were single Ab positive and 22 were Ab negative (by RBA). Results In cross-sectional analyses, there were no significant differences in PI:C ratios between type 1 diabetes and/or multiple Ab positive subjects (4.16 ​± ​4.06) compared to single Ab positive subjects (4.08 ​± ​4.34) and negative Ab subjects (3.72 ​± ​3.78) (p ​= ​0.92) overall or after adjusting for age, sex and BMI. Higher PI:C ratios were associated with mIAA titers (p ​= ​0.03) and showed an association with ECL-IA2A titers (p ​= ​0.09), but not with ECL-IAA, GADA, ECL-GADA, IA2A nor ZnT8A titers. In mixed-effects longitudinal models, the trajectories of PI:C ratio over time were significantly different between the Ab negative and multiple Ab positive/type 1 diabetes groups, after adjusting for sex, age, and BMI (p ​= ​0.04). Conclusions PI:C ratio trajectories increase over time in subjects who have multiple Ab or develop type 1 diabetes and may be a helpful biomarker to further characterize and stratify risk of progression to type 1 diabetes over time.
BABA: Beta Approximation for Bayesian Active Learning.

This paper introduces a new acquisition function under the Bayesian active learning framework, namely BABA. It is motivated by previously well-established works BALD, and BatchBALD which capture the mutual information between the model parameters and the predictive outputs of the data. Our proposed measure, BABA, endeavors to quantify the normalized mutual information by approximating the stochasticity of predictive probabilities using Beta distributions. BABA outperforms the well-known family of acquisition functions, including BALD and BatchBALD. We demonstrate this by showing extensive experimental results obtained from MNIST and EMNIST datasets.
Ideal Positions: 3D Sonography, Medical Visuality, Popular Culture

As digital technologies are integrated into medical environments, they continue to transform the experience of contemporary health care. Importantly, medicine is increasingly visual. In the history of sonography, visibility has played an important role in accessing fetal bodies for diagnostic and entertainment purposes. With the advent of three-dimensional (3D) rendering, sonography presents the fetus visually as already a child. The aesthetics of this process and the resulting imagery, made possible in digital networks, discloses important changes in the relationship between technology and biology, reproductive health and political debates, and biotechnology and culture.
THEIR ANCIENT CLAIM: SAPPHO AND SEVENTEENTH- AND EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY BRITISH WOMEN'S POETRY

(1997). THEIR ANCIENT CLAIM: SAPPHO AND SEVENTEENTH- AND EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY BRITISH WOMEN'S POETRY. The Seventeenth Century: Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 111-134.
WWJD?: What the Judiciary Should Do About North Carolina's Magistrate Recusal Bill

This article discusses the constitutionality of SB2, a law passed in North Carolina in June of 2015 in reaction to the legal right of same-sex couples to now marry. The law allows magistrates to opt out of performing marriage ceremonies, and assistant and deputy registers of deeds to opt out of issuing marriage licenses, based on their “sincerely held religious objection.” Part I of the article reviews the history of the passage of SB2. Part II contains a survey of what positions can perform marriage ceremonies in different states, illustrating how limited civil access to marriage currently is in North Carolina. Part III presents legal arguments against SB2, including the observation that a magistrate takes an oath of office to perform the duties of the position when sworn into office, much like a judge; further, that being so sworn, a magistrate has ethical duties similar to a judge. Constitutional challenges brought under the Establishment Clause are also included in Part III in the context of applicability to SB2. Part IV addresses and distinguishes arguments that magistrates and assistant/deputy registers of deeds might make for recusal in the absence of SB2. In Part V, SB2 is contrasted with similar efforts by magistrates (and others) in the 1960s to refuse to marry persons of different races. The article concludes by summarizing the positions analyzed in the article, finding that ultimately, these public servants need to perform the duties of their positions.
A new screening tool for behavioral disturbances in HD: The Huntington’s Disease-Behavioral Questionnaire (HD-BQ) (P3.002)

OBJECTIVE: To examine the usefulness of a new behavioral questionnaire for patients with, and at risk for, Huntington’s disease. BACKGROUND: Behavioral changes, including apathy, depression, irritability, anxiety, and difficulty prioritizing and initiating activities, are characteristic features of HD. For families and caregivers, they are often the most distressing aspect of the disease. The assessment of these behavioral disturbances is therefore important. DESIGN/METHODS: The UCSD HD-BQ was administered to 54 HD, 24 at-risk gene positive (AR+), and 13 normal control (NC) subjects at our Center. The UCSD HD-BQ was also administered to 32 HD caregivers. We used Cronbach’s alpha analysis to examine the internal consistency of the HD-BQ components; One-Way ANOVA/Tukey Posthoc to compare groups on dependent variables; Pearson product-moment correlations to compare HD-BQ scores with other variables. RESULTS: The HD-BQ showed substantial internal consistency (Cronbach α = 0.94). It showed construct validity with high-very high correlations with other behavioral measures (PBA r=0.55-0.70; HADS r=0.73-0.90), and poor correlations with measures of cognitive functioning and motor impairment (r=-0.04-0.16 and 0.00, respectively). The HD-BQ discriminated between HD (mean 30.5), preHD (mean 21.7), and control subjects (mean 5.0) (p=0.000), with no floor or ceiling effects. When questionnaires were completed independently by 32 HD subject/caregiver pairs, there was a discrepancy in the perception of impairment between patients and their caregivers, with caregivers identifying more behavioral changes (mean difference=16.17 points). Items with the largest discrepancies included more indecision, difficulty shifting thoughts or activities, increased sensitivity, and less insight with regard to symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: The HD-BQ is a quick, reliable instrument for screening behavioral changes in patients with, and at risk for, HD. When possible, information regarding behavior should be corroborated by an informant since HD patients tend to underestimate their impairment. Study supported by: UCSD HDSA CoE and UCSD Shiley-Marcos ADRC NIH P50 AG 005131. Disclosure: Dr. Corey-Bloom9s husband holds stock and/or stock options in Alkermes. Dr. Corey-Bloom has received research support from PRANA, Omeros, Teva, HSG, and CHDI. Dr. Herndon has nothing to disclose. Dr. Lam has nothing to disclose. Dr. Goble has nothing to disclose. Dr. Gilbert has nothing to disclose.
Direct deposition of textured ZnO:Al TCO films by rf sputtering method for thin film solar cells

Textured thin films ZnO has been successfully grown by rf magnetron sputtering method using a special technique of introducing a small amount of water and methanol on the deposition chamber. The surface morphology of the films has pyramidal structure and the degree of texture is dependent on the Ar ambient pressure. The pressure in this experiment varied from 50 mTorr to 5 mTorr and the highest grain size of the film is obtained at 5 mTorr. The total transmittance of the films are more than 85% in the wavelength of 400 to 800nm, and haze ratio of about 14% is obtained at 400nm wavelength. Beside the textured surface, these films also have very low resistivity, lower than 1.4 /spl times/ 10/sup -3/ /spl Omega/cm. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of the films showed the clear change of film growth from columnar to granular growth when the water or methanol was added during sputtering process. The granular growth of the films was closely related to the amount of OH molecules in the films.
Analysis and comparisons of acceleration protocols for TCP over satellite

Networks utilizing transmission control protocol/Internet protocol (TCP/IP)-based communications over geostationary satellite links are impaired by TCP's inability to handle the large propagation delay and link losses that are inherent in satellite communications. TCP's control mechanisms cause such links to be underutilized, and in general perform below acceptable levels. Several methods have been researched and developed to overcome these problems. One of the most popular solutions has been the encapsulation of TCP in another protocol via an acceleration gateway. Such gateways optimize TCP traffic to use the full capacity of the available satellite link. In this paper, an evaluation of the following encapsulation mechanisms are presented: space communications protocol standards (SCPS), Xpress transport protocol (XTP and, transport morphing protocol (TMP), the evaluation involved performing comprehensive tests in a controlled laboratory environment. Results presented in this work compare and contrast the encapsulation methods over a variety of scenarios
Itô, Kiyosi (1915–2008)

This is a brief account of Ito's mathematical carrier by someone who was fortunate enough to know him. Keywords: probability; stochastic processes; stochastic integration
Implications of Arctic sea ice changes for North Atlantic deep convection and the meridional overturning circulation in CCSM4‐CMIP5 simulations

[1] Using CCSM4 climate simulations for 1850–2300 with four different future forcing scenarios, we show that the maximum strength of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (MOC) decreases proportionally to the applied CO2 forcing. This weakening of the overturning is caused by a reduction or shut down of North Atlantic (NA) deep convection due to a surface freshening. In the Labrador Sea, the surface freshening is caused by strongly increased liquid freshwater exports from the Arctic, which are largely due to the decrease in the Arctic sea ice cover. In the strongest forcing scenario (RCP8.5), the Arctic becomes summer ice-free by the end of the 21st century and year-round ice-free by the end of the 23rd century. As a result of the associated freshening, all NA deep convection ceases by 2145, which leads to a 72% (18 Sv) decrease of the MOC strength by the end of the simulation in 2300.
Instructional reasoning about interpretations of student thinking that supports responsive teaching in secondary mathematics

Basing instruction on the substance of student thinking, or responsive teaching, is a critical strategy for supporting student learning. Previous research has documented responsive teaching by identifying observable teaching practices in a broad range of disciplines and classrooms. However, this research has not provided access to the teacher thinking that is at play leading to these responsive practices. In this study, we use an innovative methodology to explore the cognitive dimensions of responsive teaching as they take place during the moments of instruction. Data include 17 point-of-view observations in which two high school mathematics teachers saved video of important moments in real time and discussed the moments during an interview immediately following instruction. Both teachers were observed to use sophisticated responsive teaching practices, providing a window into consequential teacher thinking around student thinking. An open coding of teachers’ comments about the moments they selected to capture during instruction was used to identify three types of instructional reasoning about interpretations of student thinking used by the teachers: (a) making connections between multiple specific moments of student thinking, (b) considering the relation between the mathematics of student thinking and the structure of a mathematical task, and (c) developing tests of student thinking. We provide contextualized examples of each of the types of instructional reasoning and discuss how these findings relate to current theory on responsive teaching. We conclude by considering the implications of this study for the necessary mathematical and pedagogical expertise required to engage in responsive teaching, and consider how this instructional reasoning can be supported through professional development.
Imaging and Therapy of Pancreatic Cancer with Phosphatidylserine-Targeted Nanovesicles.

Pancreatic cancer remains one of the most intractable cancers, with a dismal prognosis reflected by a 5-year survival of ~ 6%. Since early disease symptoms are undefined and specific biomarkers are lacking, about 80% of patients present with advanced, inoperable tumors that represent a daunting challenge. Despite many clinical trials, no single chemotherapy agent has been reliably associated with objective response rates above 10% or median survival longer than 5 to 7 months. Although combination chemotherapy regimens have in recent years provided some improvement, overall survival (8-11 months) remains very poor. There is therefore a critical need for novel therapies that can improve outcomes for pancreatic cancer patients. Here, we present a summary of the current therapies used in the management of advanced pancreatic cancer and review novel therapeutic strategies that target tumor biomarkers. We also describe our recent research using phosphatidylserine-targeted saposin C–coupled dioleoylphosphatidylserine nanovesicles for imaging and therapy of pancreatic cancer.
Stall alleviation using a deformable leading edge concept

The dynamic stall characteristics of conventional airfoils used in helicopter blades, and airfoils whose shapes change dynamically with time are numerically studied. Two-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations in integral form are solved on a body-fitted grid that deforms as the airfoil changes its shape, and rotates with the airfoil in pitch. The scheme is second order accurate in time and space. The effects of turbulence are accounted for using a two-layer eddy viscosity model. The computed surface pressure distributions and the integrated loads show that the dynamically deforming leading edge airfoil has a superior performance compared to the NACA 0012 airfoil. It tends to have lower pitching moments, milder stall, and lower drag characteristics. The difference between the two flow fields is striking, given the fact that the airfoil deformations are rather small.
Association between antidepressants and falls in Parkinson's disease

Parkinson's disease (PD) patients have an increased risk of falls resulting in important social and economical consequences. Risk factors for falls include the use of psychotropic drugs, which are used for the treatment of PD neuropsychiatric symptoms. We aimed to determine the association between psychotropic drug use and falls in a PD cohort. A cross-sectional study from the NPF QII study UF site was conducted. Subjects reported presence and frequency of falls in the prior year. Frequency was scored from 0 (no falls) to 4 (falling daily). Antidepressants, antipsychotics, cognitive enhancers/stimulants, and benzodiazepines were considered psychotropics. Forty percent of the 647 subjects included had a fall in the previous year. Fallers were found to have clinical signs of a more advanced disease. After adjusting for confounding variables, the regression analysis showed that use of antidepressants alone (adjusted OR 2.2, CI 95 % 1.3-3.8, p = 0.04), benzodiazepines alone (adjusted OR 2.0, CI 95 % 1.1-3.5, p = 0.02), and the combination of antidepressants with benzodiazepines (adjusted OR 4.1, CI 95 % 2.0-8.3, p < 0.0001) were independently associated with the presence of falls. When comparing to those not on psychotropics, subjects on antidepressants alone had a significantly higher mean frequency of falls score (1.07 vs. 0.44, p < 0.0001). The use of antidepressants was independently associated with falls in our PD cohort after considering for confounding variables such as age and measures of disease progression. Other factors related to disease progression should be considered before claiming the use of psychotropic drugs as causative.
The structure of perceptual categories

Abstract When presented with a small set of sample objects, human observers have the striking capacity to induce a more general class. Generalization can even proceed from a single object (“one-shot categorization”). The inference is apparently guided by the principle that a good categorical hypothesis is one in which the observed object would be a typcal, “non-accidental,” or generic example; this idea is formalized here as the Genericity Constraint. In the theory proposed here, each categorical hypothesis is a “generative model,” a sequence of transformations by which the object is interpreted as having been created; objects are considered to be in the same category if they were created by the same set of operations. The set of all available category models can be explicitly enumerated in a lattice, an explicit structure that partially orders the models by their degree of regularity or genericity—more abstract models are higher in the lattice, and more regular or constrained models are lower. The Genericity Constraint dictates that among all the models on the lattice that apply, the observer should choose the one in which the observed object is generic, which is simply the lowest in the partial order. A series of experiments are reported in which subjects are asked to generalize from simple figures. The results corroborate the role of the lattice and the Genericity Constraint in subjects' interpretations
Printing press without copyright: a historical analysis of printing and publishing in Song, China

This article explores the development of printing and publishing in the Song Dynasty to reconsider the historical linkage between the printing press and the birth of copyright. Focusing on the widespread use of woodblock printing during the Song Dynasty, this article analyzes (1) technical features of woodblock printing, (2) the political economic structure of the publishing industry, and (3) the socio-economic status of professional writers in China. The absence of copyright despite the substantial development of printing in the Song Dynasty resulted from the country's unique communication contexts that were shaped by a combination of technological, political, socio-economic, and cultural factors. The development of printing in China did not have the same kind of historical trajectory and effect on the emergence of the copyright system as it did in Europe. This distinction implies that copyright is not an ahistorical concept.
Neurophysiological and biochemical effects of naphthoquinones on the central nervous system of Periplaneta

Abstract The effects of 1,4-naphthoquinones and several sulphydryl reagents on endogenous nerve activity in the central nervous sytem of Periplaneta americana were studied. Neurophysiological effects on intact abdominal nerve cords were recorded extracellularly and compared with biochemical effects on the solubilized ATPase system in nerve cord homogenates. Juglone (5-OH-1,4-naphthoquinone, 10−4 M) blocked activity in intact nerves within 10 to 15 min after application and was a potent ATPase inhibitor, inhibiting 49 per cent of the total ATPase activity. Ouabain sensitive and juglone sensitive ATPases appeared to be of the same type, i.e. the Na+K+Mg2+-ATPase thought to be involved in active transport. 1,4-Naphthoquinone blocked nerve activity by 15 to 20 min and inhibited 39 per cent of the total ATPase activity, whereas menadione (2-CH3-1,4-naphthoquinone) gradually reduced nerve activity after application but had no effects on ATPase activity. Because the addition of 2 mM pyruvate slightly increased the time required for juglone to suppress nerve activity, this quinone may be inhibiting metabolic functions as well as the Na+K+Mg2+-ATPase in the intact nerve. Menadione more directly demonstrated inhibition of macromolecular sulphydryl groups controlling the permeability of the axonal membrane. A mercaptide-forming reagent, p-chloromercuribenzoate, was a potent ATPase inhibitor but, apparently due to its ionic nature and resultant slow penetration of the nerve sheath, it failed to cause any observable electrophysiological effects.
Spin-spin relaxation near the curie point*

Abstract The electronic spin-spin relaxation time, T2, is calculated for Heisenberg ferromagnets in the region immediately above the Curie point. The calculation, which pertains to zero field, predicts that 1/T2 diverges as χT3/4 where χT is the isothermal susceptibility. The relative efficiencies of the dipolar spin-spin relaxation and exchange induced spin diffusion are compared. For systems with parameters comparable to EuO spin-spin relaxation dominates for temperatures such that the ratio of the correlation length to lattice parameter is greater than two. In systems having the parameters of iron dipolar effects are much less important.
Rats Perform Better on Spatial Than Brightness Delayed Matching-to-Sample Water-Escape Due to an Unlearned Bias to Use Spatial Cues

Abstract Rats readily acquire water-escape spatial delayed matching-to-sample (DMTS) tasks and show excellent performance with retention intervals as long as 120 m [17] . They also acquire the task more readily with a 5-min retention interval (RI) than with a 1-min RI [16] . To determine if these observations are unique to spatial DMTS, or are also true of nonspatial water-escape DMTS, 75-day-old rats were compared on acquisition and subsequent retention of spatial and brightness DMTS. A larger proportion of the rats tested on the spatial problem were able to acquire the task, made fewer acquisition errors, and demonstrated better retention when tested at RIs of 1, 5, 15, 30, 60, and 120 min than did the rats tested on the brightness problem. Acquisition RI did not affect the rate of acquisition on either task. Examination of perseveration errors, the occurrence of intrusions, and position-congruent performance (escape platform in the same physical location on both runs of a trial) revealed that the choices of brightness-trained rats were often more influenced by spatial than brightness cues, suggesting that rats have an unlearned bias to use spatial cues in water-escape DMTS tasks.
Litterfall dynamics and ecosystem recovery during forest development

Abstract A field study was conducted at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest (USA) to quantify changes in the mass, chemistry and timing of litterfall during stand development of the northern hardwood forest and to relate changes to other ecologically meaningful forest dynamics. Leaf fall on three contiguous watersheds, harvested 1, 15 and 66 years ago, was measured with litter traps from 1984 to 1988. Woodfall into the 15-year-old stand was monitored on permanent plots. During the first 17 years of forest development, fallen leaves and wood of Prunus pensylvanica accounted for 32–59% and more than 97%, respectively, of total mass litter inputs. In the older forest, Acer saccharum, Fagus grandifolia , and Betula alleghaniensis contributed 53%, 25%, and 21%, respectively, of the total leaf fall mass of the stand. Changes in the leaf mass of each species during forest development were the result of an increased number of leaves rather than increased mass per leaf. Leaves fell first in the oldest stand and last in the youngest stand. The nitrogen (N) content and non-structural carbohydrates of fallen leaves were highest in the youngest stand, but there was no overall trend in later stages of forest development. In 1985, leaves of all species in all stands had significantly reduced N contents (only 23–80% of N in leaves falling in 1984). In the oldest stand, this difference resulted in leaf fall N of 30.3 kg ha −1 (1984) and only 15.6 kg ha −1 (1985). Leaves of different species varied considerably in organic fractions but, with few exceptions, cellulose and lignin were significantly higher in 1985 than in 1984. The large difference between 1984 and 1985 in organic fractions and N suggests that leaf litter quality may vary greatly from year to year and may partially account for unbalanced nitrogen budgets. Large pulses of wood fell each year into the mid-aged stand (1151–1283 kg ha −1 year −1 ). This woodfall, high in lignin (28–31%) but low in nitrogen (0.1–0.2%), supplemented leaf fall and yielded total litterfall lignin: nitrogen ratios of 18.9 (1984) and 30.8 (1985). The timing of this deposition coincides with a transition to accretion of forest floor biomass from a protracted decline following disturbance. Apparently, the combined effects of high litterfall and low substrate quality lead to a sustained accumulation of the forest floor until a steady state is reached, about 50 years after disturbance.
A comparison of the Tuber-Unit and the Tuber-Index methods of potato improvement

Following this method of procedure, 4 Kentucky growers indexed 1,000 tubers each in 1932. Although it is too early to say that “indexing” will supersede “tuber-uniting,” yet several things stand out.
Negative ion atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometry: Ionization of aromatic hydrocarbons

A corona discharge atmospheric pressure ionization source generates the reagent ions, OH− and O− ions in addition to better known O2− ions, when ambient air is used as the carrier. All three ions are gas-phase bases that could form negative ions from organics via proton abstraction. Ionization of simple aromatic hydrocarbons by O2− is thermodynamically not feasible. Simple aromatic hydrocarbons are ionized only by O− and/or OH− to form [M H]− ions. However, [M H]− ions do not appear in the mass spectrum as they undergo stabilization via clustering with predominantly oxygen atoms.
Epithelial impedance analysis in experimentally induced colon cancer

Epithelial impedance analysis was used to measure the alterations in resistance of the large bowel in a murine model of large bowel cancer. The technique was able to resolve the epithelial resistance from the total resistance of the bowel wall. A progressive decrease in resistance of the bowel epithelium occurs during carcinogenesis induced with dimethyhydrazine. About a 21% decrease in epithelial resistance from 22.0 +/- 1.3 omega.cm-2 to 17.5 +/- 1.1 omega cm-2 (p less than 0.025) was observed after 20 wk of carcinogen administration. The sensitivity of the technique in detecting altered epithelial resistance in premalignant bowel mucosa was improved by examining the impedance profile in a sodium-free Ringer's solution where the epithelium of control colons had a resistance of 24.4 +/- 1.8 omega.cm-2 compared with 19.0 +/- 1.1 omega.cm-2 (p less than 0.02) in colons from animals treated for only 4 wk with the carcinogen. Epithelial impedance analysis would seem to be a sensitive technique capable of identifying changes in the electrical properties or the large bowel early in disease states.
Applying data warehousing technique in pervasive assistive environment

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is an automatic identification (Auto-ID) Technology, which is most commonly used now days in healthcare for tracking and identifying objects. In the context of assistive environment, statistical query analysis over the history of Data generated from RFID Applications as well as real time monitoring of the patients or the elderly people (people who need assistance) are really important. But Data generated from these types of healthcare applications can be very large, if each individual object becomes RFID-Tagged. As a result, the RFID technology is also imposing a greater challenge to provide efficient query responses over these Data. In this paper, we show how to apply traditional Data Warehousing techniques to model these massive amounts of RFID Data. In short, we describe how to construct an RFID Warehouse so that important query analyses can be performed very efficiently. We also show how to process a continuous stream of RFID Data to answer real time queries using Sliding Window techniques. By the help of using synthetic Datasets, we conclude that querying over Data Warehouse is much faster than traditional Relational DBMS. We also find that the aforesaid performance improvement is expected to be much higher as the size of the Dataset increases.
Rectal mucosal ornithine decarboxylase activity is not a useful marker of risk for colorectal neoplasia

Rectal mucosal ornithine decarboxylase activity has been reported to distinguish patients with adenomas from normal controls. In order to further explore this association, we assayed biopsy samples from 119 unselected individuals undergoing routine colonoscopic examinations. The overall mean ODC activity was 127.4(±93.1sd) pmol/mg protein/hr. There were no differences by age, sex, or race. Tissue handling and storage influenced ODC activity. Specimens collected and transported on Dry Ice had higher ODC activity than specimens initially frozen in a −20°C freezer. After adjusting for storage and collection method, the activity was similar in subjects with adenomas (126.3 pmol/mg/hr) compared to those without adenomas (128.8 pmol/mg/hr). We conclude that variations in assay technique make comparisons between laboratories difficult. Patients with largebowel adenomas do not necessarily have higher ODC activity in uninvolved rectal mucosa. Further study of the environmental and genetic factors that influence rectal mucosal proliferation may improve our understanding of carcinogenesis in the large bowel.
Development of a magnetic acquisition and attitude control system for spinning rocket payloads

An attitude control system capable of pointing the roll principle axis of a spinning payload to within one degree of the magnetic field vector was flown successfully in 1981-82 aboard three Black Brant X payloads and one Terrier Malemute payload, and additional flights with the system have been requested. Using a filtered linear combination of signals provided by a single-axis rate gyro and a two-axis magnetometer, and control actuation from two cold-gas thrusters, the system can be assembled from standard rocket components and fitted to any payload size.
Diffuse variant of lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma: a diagnostic challenge

The diffuse variant of nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma (D-LPHL) is exceedingly rare. Here we report a case of D-LPHL in a 35-year-old Caucasian female who presented with left cervical and right axillary lymphadenopathy. Histopathologic examination reveals large atypical lymphoid cells resembling lymphocyte-predominant (LP) cells in a background of reactive T cells, B cells, and histiocytes. Extensive immunohistochemical study demonstrates that these large atypical lymphoid cells express characteristic phenotype of LP cells including CD20, CD79a, BOB-1, OCT-2, BCL-6, and EMA and are negative for CD30 and fascin. The diffuse nature of the lymphoid proliferation is confirmed by negative CD21, CD23, and CD35 stains showing a complete lack of follicular dendritic cell meshworks. The associated T cell microenvironment shows increased CD57(+) T cells arranged into peritumoral cell rosettes. The diagnostic criteria of this case are discussed and a review of the literature about the differential diagnosis is provided.