cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identities ‘Betwixt and between’: analyzing Belgian representation in ‘homegrown’ extremism

ABSTRACTBelgium has seen more foreign fighters leave for the ISIS ‘caliphate’ than any other western European country in per capita figures. But among Belgian foreign fighters, as well as among Belgian terrorists who did not travel abroad, a stunning majority have been Belgian-Moroccan. What factors can explain this phenomenon? Both groups live in relatively similar socio-economic settings, experience stigmatization and discrimination, and both are, relative to broader Belgian society, poorly integrated. However, in investigating this question, an interesting caveat emerges vis-a-vis the ‘integration deficit’ theory: Belgian-Turks, who are found to be comparatively less integrated than the Belgian-Moroccans, are underrepresented in extremist milieus. This paper argues that the insularity of the Belgian-Turkish population, a phenomenon not found to the same extent among Belgian-Moroccans despite also being poorly integrated (with some outliers), has protected the population from negative environmental elem...
A nanostructure-enabled fluorescence chip for monitoring cell secretion

Herein a nanostructure-enabled fluorescence chip to monitor the cell secretion is reported for the first time. The fluorescence chip is based on nanostructured aluminum oxide or nanoporous anodic aluminum oxide (Nano-AAO), which can dramatically enhance the fluorescence signal compared to coverslip glass. As a proof of concept, transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) secreted directly by pancreaticstellate (iTAF) cells in isolation and in co-culture with pancreatic cancer (capan-1) cells has been monitored by the sensors using a sandwich assay. It has been found that 10 ng/ml of TGFβl can be readily detected in the complexity of conditioned cell media. The successful detection of the TGFsl secreted by iTAF cells in conditioned media indicates the possibility of the fluorescence sensors to monitor the cell secretion in real time.
Second-Order Effects on Wind-Induced Structural Behavior of High-Rise Steel Buildings

AbstractThis paper investigates second-order effects on wind-induced structural dynamic behavior of a 60-story high-rise steel structure known as the Commonwealth Advisory Aeronautical Research Cou...
Do children understand iconic gestures about events as early as iconic gestures about entities

Children can understand iconic co-speech gestures that characterize entities by age 3 (Stanfield et al. in J Child Lang 40(2):1–10, 2014; e.g., “I’m drinking” $$+$$ tilting hand in C-shape to mouth as if holding a glass). In this study, we ask whether children understand co-speech gestures that characterize events as early as they do so for entities, and if so, whether their understanding is influenced by the patterns of gesture production in their native language. We examined this question by studying native English speaking 3- to 4 year-old children and adults as they completed an iconic co-speech gesture comprehension task involving motion events across two studies. Our results showed that children understood iconic co-speech gestures about events at age 4, marking comprehension of gestures about events one year later than gestures about entities. Our findings also showed that native gesture production patterns influenced children’s comprehension of gestures characterizing such events, with better comprehension for gestures that follow language-specific patterns compared to the ones that do not follow such patterns—particularly for manner of motion. Overall, these results highlight early emerging abilities in gesture comprehension about motion events.
Dramatic reduction in the densification temperature of garnet-type solid electrolytes

Cubic garnet Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO) and similar compositions of fast ion-conducting solid-state electrolytes have shown great potential for the development of high-energy-density solid-state Li-ion batteries. Although these materials have shown unprecedented ionic conductivities and chemical stability, these materials require high processing temperatures for synthesis. For many of the common compositions of LLZO, temperatures above 1000 °C are required to form the cubic garnet phase and to achieve high conductivities. Therefore, lowering the processing temperatures of these materials is of great interest for the purposes of scalability and fabrication. It has been reported that a Bi co-dopant not only stabilizes the cubic garnet phase but also lowers the densification temperature. In this study, Li6La3ZrBiO12 (LLZBO) was prepared by a rapid-induction hot-pressing technique and characterized using a variety of techniques, including X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. We demonstrate the ability to synthesize phase-pure LLZBO with higher relative densities (~ 94%) than can be achieved by pressure-less sintering methods, at pressing temperatures of only 850 °C. The ionic conductivity was measured to be 0.1 mS cm−1, which is comparable to the best reported conductivities of high-density LLZO. This demonstrates the ability to fabricate dense, phase-pure, and high-conductivity LLZBO at temperatures significantly lower than other garnet compositions, which will prove useful for scalability and reducing reactivity with cathodes during densification.
Eine Auswaschpipette für Mikroliter-Mengen

Es wird eine Auswaschpipette fur kleine Flussigkeitsmengen beschrieben, mit deren Hilfe das Volumen der Auswaschflussigkeit konstant gehalten werden kann.
Water hardness and sodium trends in Texas aquifers.

Median hardness and sodium levels in groundwater were calculatedfor 244 Texas counties from measurements at 7728 water wells.The data were mapped and analyzed with a geographic informationsystem (GIS). County median hardness levels varied widely, from4–2304 mg L-1. More than 60% of the counties had hardnessmedians above 180 mg L-1. County medium sodium concentrationsranged from 6–1170 mg L-1, with more than 90% of those valuesexceeding 20 mg L-1. There was a significant positive correlationbetween hardness and sodium concentrations in six of Texas' ninemajor aquifers. A significant negative correlation betweenhardness and sodium was observed in two aquifers. Severalfactors control hardness and sodium variations in Texas aquifers including rock/sediment composition, groundwaterchemical evolution, and seepage from nearby formations. Probablehuman controls include agricultural return flow andpumping-induced saltwater intrusion.
What you talk about is what you look at

Studies in event perception have shown that people sort ongoing experiences into neat and tidy event packages instead of unedited recordings of the world. For events unfolding along multiple tracks, there is evidence that humans impose boundaries onto them and perceive them to be one psychological entity (i.e., temporal chunking). Language users have been shown to use the differences in the beginning states of activities to describe the event sequence of simultaneous events. The current study investigated whether language users have a perceptual bias toward the beginning states while describing event sequences. Participants viewed films of simultaneous events, and described the temporal relationship of events. Throughout the experiments, their eye movements were recorded. The results did not show a compelling bias in visual attention toward the beginning boundaries. We present the findings of our eye tracking study and discuss the results in the context of the interplay between nonlinguistic and linguistic representations of events.
“Watery Words Awash”: The Sounds of Water in Wallace Stevens

“Above everything else”, Wallace Stevens mused in one of his most celebrated essays, “The Noble Rider and the Sounds of Words,” “Poetry is words; and ... words, above everything else, are, in poetry, sounds.”1 In the absence of religious faith, Stevens conjectures, words and their sounds take on greater significance in our lives: “The deepening need for words to express our thoughts and feelings which, we are sure are all the truth that we shall ever experience, having no illusions, makes us listen to words when we hear them, loving them and feeling them, makes us search the sound of them, for a finality, a perfection, and unalterable vibration, which it is only within the power of the acutest poet to give them.”2 The attention Stevens pays to sound in his poetry ensures that we enjoy his poems even though we may have no idea what they mean. The aesthetic appreciation for a Stevens poem involves more than enjoyment, however. Stevens’ rhythms, sound repetitions, and word plays have profound psychological effects on our unconscious as we endeavor to interpret his idiosyncratic and seemingly cryptic syntax. They return us to a childlike awareness of the sensuousness of words. Sound in a Stevens poem, when they wash over us, give life to an idea or an experience that through time or familiarity has become deadened.
Nationwide Analysis of Cost Variation for Treatment of Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Background and Purpose- Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) has a high healthcare cost burden. Methods- We performed a cross-sectional analysis of the costs of clipping and coiling of aSAH using the National Inpatient Sample and Vizient databases. We conducted multiple regression analyses to estimate national costs and study associations between patient demographic, clinical, and hospital factors and treatment costs. Results- We identified 23 324 ruptured aneurysm patients in the National Inpatient Sample (2002-2013) and found mean inflation-adjusted costs for clipping increased 41.0% ($66 358±1354-$93 597±2339), whereas costs for coiling increased 38.9% ($62 972±2657-$87 441±2382). Multivariate analysis showed that age, length of stay, insurance, comorbidities, risk of mortality, and urban teaching hospital status were associated with higher hospital costs for clipping and coiling (all P<0.05). In the Vizient database (2013-2015), costs for clipping and coiling increased 11% and 5%, respectively. Both databases demonstrated that the western United States had the highest health expenditures for aSAH ( P<0.05). Conclusions- Findings show substantial cost increases and regional cost disparities for aSAH treatments. Patient and hospital factors copredict higher costs for aSAH procedures. Interhospital and regional cost variations open the door for cost-containment strategic development.
Universais of Behavioral Development in Relation to Brain Myelination

This chapter reviews evidence for fixed sequences of behavioral and psycho-logical development drawing on cross-cultural and cross-population studies throughout the world, and relates these behavioral data to brain development in infants and children. Based on these data, a model is proposed to account for certain universais of psychological behavioral development in infancy in terms of maturing brain function. The chapter draws on data derived from several of these assessment methods including tests of neurological maturation, motor development and social development. Experimental animal studies also demonstrate correlations between myelination sequences and other indices of regional brain development. Neonatal neurological and behavioral assessment scales have produced a detailed characterization of human neurological status at birth. A useful paradigmatic case is provided by the emergence of bipedal locomo-tion, a species typical, centrally organized neuromotor action pattern shown by all normal adults—indeed by all normal 2 year olds—in people species.
High Risk Employment: The Management Headache Over Medical Marijuana

Legalization of medical marijuana is a growing trend among states: 16 states and DC have medical marijuana laws, 13 states have decriminalized possession of small amounts, and 80% of Americans support allowance of medical marijuana to treat pain, this article notes. Based on this trend, it seems employees using marijuana with a valid prescription would have protection; If it is legal in my state, medical marijuana must be treated like any other prescription drug, right? Wrong, this paper shows. Courts have made it clear that, so far, there is no protection for employees who fail their company’s drug test because they tested positive for marijuana they use pursuant to state law. By looking at various cases on both the state and Federal level, this article outlines this tension and the ensuing confusion it causes both employees and employers.The article also points towards likely future trends in court decisions and illuminates two seminal, dissenting Federal arguments that might provide useful guidelines for managers. Some employers want to accommodate marijuana and create workplace policies that reflect a new view of off-duty use of medical marijuana. The courts may have given management a blueprint for an effective workplace drug policy that allowed for some medical marijuana use. But whether these guidelines can adequately and appropriately address the very real concerns for employers about drug use in the workplace today remains a decision managers are making on a piecemeal basis.
Design of Minimum Time Maneuvers for Multi-Spacecraft Interferometric Imaging Systems

In this paper, we consider the design of minimum time maneuvers for multi-spacecraft interferometric imaging systems. We show that the process of image formation in a multi-spacecraft interferometric imaging system is analogous to painting a “large disk” with smaller “paintbrushes,” while satisfying a paint thickness constraint. We show that spiral maneuvers form the dominant set for the painting problem. Further, we frame the minimum time problem in the space of spiral maneuvers and obtain the Double Pantograph Problem. We show that the solution of a discretized version of the Double Pantograph Problem is given by the solution to two associated linear programming problems. We illustrate our results through an imaging example where the image of a fictitious exo-solar planet is formed using the maneuver prescribed by the Double Pantograph Problem.
Assistive mobility device

Objective: To develop a rolling walker that would reduce the risk of fall induced injuries. Methods: Three main components of the design were the failsafe brake, the active brake, and the frame. The failsafe footprint was tested for frictional forces on various surfaces. The active brake was tested by applying known loads on the spring and measuring deflection. The frame was evaluated by applying a cyclic load to the pins. The effects of loading were evaluated. Results: Contact area was shown to be 99.66%, 96.74%, and 95.34% for tile, wood and cement respectively. The springs were loaded with a percentile of the maximum weight to be applied and pound/in load rates were established for 50–85% maximum weight. For the frame component the pins were loaded to simulate three months of use. All pins passed. Conclusion: This rolling walker design has proven to be a success. The innovative braking mechanisms shall reduce injuries due to walker related falls.
Substrate discrimination and quality control require each catalytic activity of TRAMP and the nuclear RNA exosome.

Quality control requires discrimination between functional and aberrant species to selectively target aberrant substrates for destruction. Nuclear RNA quality control in Saccharomyces cerevisiae includes the TRAMP complex that marks RNA for decay via polyadenylation followed by helicase-dependent 3′ to 5′ degradation by the RNA exosome. Using reconstitution biochemistry, we show that polyadenylation and helicase activities of TRAMP cooperate with processive and distributive exoribonuclease activities of the nuclear RNA exosome to protect stable RNA from degradation while selectively targeting and degrading less stable RNA. Substrate discrimination is lost when the distributive exoribonuclease activity of Rrp6 is inactivated, leading to degradation of stable and unstable RNA species. These data support a proofreading mechanism in which deadenylation by Rrp6 competes with Mtr4-dependent degradation to protect stable RNA while selectively targeting and degrading unstable RNA.
OSIRIS-REx at Bennu: Overcoming challenges to collect a sample of the early Solar System

Abstract The Origins, Spectral Interpretation, Resource Identification, and Security–Regolith Explorer (OSIRIS-REx) spacecraft arrived at its target, near-Earth asteroid (101955) Bennu, in December 2018. Observations by the onboard instruments revealed an asteroid substantially different from pre-encounter expectations, including a rough and rugged terrain that complicated the mission’s objective of collecting a sample. The team altered the mission profile to accommodate the reality of the target and incorporate lessons learned during operations. The data acquired by the OSIRIS-REx spacecraft at Bennu characterized this primitive asteroid’s physical, chemical, and geological properties and provided critical context for the collected sample. In December 2019, after a year of operating in proximity, the team selected primary and backup sites for sample collection. In October 2020, OSIRIS-REx descended to the Bennu surface and collected a sample from the primary site, Nightingale. The spacecraft departs Bennu in 2021 and will return the sample to Earth in September 2023.
Cash-Flow Bullwhip Effect in the Semiconductor Industry: An Empirical Investigation.

Cash flow bullwhip effect (CFB) is the amplification of working capital variance along a supply chain. High CFB is a sign of inefficient working capital (WC) management and can lead to a significant reduction in financial resilience. CFB can be used as a measure of a company’s ability to manage operational risks and corresponding resilience. We investigate the existence of CFB and the traditional bullwhip effect (BWE) in a sample of 238 semiconductor companies over 2010-Q1 to 2020-Q4. These companies' average CFB and BWE are 3.95 and 2.77, respectively. We find that CFB and BWE of a semiconductor company are negatively associated with company size, degree of seasonality in demand, and company’s payment policy conservativeness; and positively associated with procurement and payment lead times.
Optogenetic stimulation of striatal patches modifies habit formation and inhibits dopamine release.

Habits are inflexible behaviors that develop after extensive repetition, and overreliance on habits is a hallmark of many pathological states. The striatum is involved in the transition from flexible to inflexible responding, and interspersed throughout the striatum are patches, or striosomes, which make up ~15% of the volume of the striatum relative to the surrounding matrix compartment. Previous studies have suggested that patches are necessary for normal habit formation, but it remains unknown exactly how patches contribute to habit formation and expression. Here, using optogenetics, we stimulated striatal patches in Sepw1-NP67 mice during variable interval training (VI60), which is used to establish habitual responding. We found that activation of patches at reward retrieval resulted in elevated responding during VI60 training by modifying the pattern of head entry and pressing. Further, this optogenetic manipulation reduced subsequent responding following reinforcer devaluation, suggesting modified habit formation. However, patch stimulation did not generally increase extinction rates during a subsequent extinction probe, but did result in a small ‘extinction burst’, further suggesting goal-directed behavior. On the other hand, this manipulation had no effect in omission trials, where mice had to withhold responses to obtain rewards. Finally, we utilized fast-scan cyclic voltammetry to investigate how patch activation modifies evoked striatal dopamine release and found that optogenetic activation of patch projections to the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) is sufficient to suppress dopamine release in the dorsal striatum. Overall, this work provides novel insight into the role of the patch compartment in habit formation, and provides a potential mechanism for how patches modify habitual behavior by exerting control over dopamine signaling.
A Spatial Music Listening Experience in Augmented Reality

Live music provides a more immersive and social experience that recorded music cannot replicate. In a live music setting, listeners perceive sounds differently based on their position with respect to the musicians and can enjoy the experience with others. To make recorded music a dynamic listening experience, we propose and implement an app that adds a spatial dimension to music using augmented reality to allow users to listen to a song as if it were played live. The app lets users place virtual instruments around a physical space and plays the instrument track for each instrument. Users can move around in the space and change the importance of various sound localization aspects to customize their experience. Finally, users can record and livestream to share their listening experience with others.
Psychiatric Aspects of Acute Viral Encephalitis

“A diagnostic enigma”; “a puzzling clinical picture”; “a bizarre presentation”: these phrases recur with great frequency in the descriptions of cases of acute viral encephalitis. The puzzling, bizarre, or enigmatic quality of many cases is caused by the vague and subjective nature of many of the initial symptoms and disturbances in encephalitis. These initial symptoms are frequently seen as “psychiatric” even though they are not truly psychiatric but nonspecific and nonfocal symptoms indicating generalized rather than specifically localized CNS dysfunction.
From Below Table Mesa

ion after George Oppen There is no nobility in middle America like the oil rigs. Each another, even the steel oxidized Dipping in measures to the ground Planted, head And cables strictly part of it Tight from the quick tools And the quick farmer's hands. The arm dives, grazes the field stubble The base shudders. Once I Unfocused my eyes And there for only me, not for others with things to do, Not even for the farmer Was riggness. What I've seen Is all I might have been: another. Lost Thought after Charles Wright Mid-step in the kitchen and something leaves. One feels a synapse lose its hold. Just twenty five. And an easing in the tension between lobes, a slack rope, or a snapped cable of some sort. Memory ephemeral as Sunlight Soap bubbles. An easing in the tension, the dash-dot-dash and static of a cut transmission. One lives in one's mind, One mind and a memory, memory and one mind. As though time and its chimings could never sound and part us. Whenever we look back all is changed, pixilated. have a hunger for the lasting, an unyielding block of empirical knowledge. have an itching for recall, for all things linked and unbreaking. want to know my life Where its smaller things have fallen beneath floorboards, where only I might re-create, Where the half-lit, half-open windows are shaded; they are just out of reach. Written Twenty-Two Years After a Child Never Born after David Wojahn Forsythia, Honeysuckle, Rose of Sharon. Shooting Rocket I watch my mother bend to weed, stretch through the tightenings of spinenearly every season blooms beneath her hands. Early July after a wet spring: June bugs pulse the damp ground. 8 p.m. & still she's pulling onion grass, gloves tossed on the flagstone, fingers bare to grope to the root & draw away, hands in tandem motion. This is how far she has come without you. This is her limit. Creased palms & a garden cut with care, treading your path through her planting, you tell her what will flower, what must go, tamping down the earth against next year. Her eyes are tired & full. It is enough.
Tachypleus syriacus (Woodward)—a sexually dimorphic Cretaceous crown limulid reveals underestimated horseshoe crab divergence times

The fossil record represents an important test to molecular divergence estimates, with known occurrences representing minimum divergence times for sister taxa. As such, accurately placing fossils in phylogenies is integral to understanding the patterns and processes that shape the tree of life. The chelicerate order Xiphosura comprises classic archetypes of morphological stasis, with the earliest known Ordovician representatives exhibiting all key morphological characteristics of the group. Molecular studies on the four extant species consistently retrieve a basal split between Limulinae and Tachypleinae, but conflict regarding the relationships of the three Asian species. Molecular divergence estimates using either no or a single fossil calibration point infer a Cretaceous or Palaeogene origin for Limulidae and a Palaeogene or Neogene origin for Tachypleinae and Tachypleus. Here, we present male and female specimens of Tachypleus syriacus (=‘Mesolimulus’ syriacus) from the Cretaceous of Lebanon, revealing an anterior scalloped carapace margin in males—a derived condition of sexual dimorphism shared with Tachypleus tridentatus. Morphological phylogenetic analysis of total group Limulidae retrieves a monophyletic Tachypleus with a minimum divergence time during the Cretaceous, while crown-group Tachypleinae and Limulidae are both present during the Triassic, showing that molecular clock analyses have significantly underestimated the divergence times for these taxa.
Is There a Logic of Society

Continuing the discussion above, we came to identify “valid proof” with “proof in first order logic,” proved complete by Godel. And we came to identify effective procedures with procedures which could be carried out (or somehow simulated) by Turing machines.
Abstract 20028: Improved Outcomes with IT-enabled Care Management Following Coronary Revascularization

Objective: Hospitals are increasingly responsible for the longitudinal care of patients discharged from their institution. We report preliminary results from an IT-enabled care management program for patients following coronary revascularization at a large regional medical center. Methods: The program consisted of patient education, telephonic management, and integration with community providers. The intensity of the intervention was tailored to patient risk of subsequent utilization. We used hierarchical logistic regression to compare severity-adjusted all-cause non-elective 30-day readmissions to our institution for all patients discharged in the first year (April 2013 - April 2014) with the baseline period (January 2010 - March 2013). We used mixed effects models to compare patient responses to the Care Transitions Measure-3 (CTM-3), a CMS-endorsed measure of transition quality, and the Seattle Angina Questionnaire-7 (SAQ-7) following discharge, both of which were collected as part of routine care management. Results: We enrolled 1,542 revascularized patients in the first year, including 1,188 with PCI and 354 with CABG. The overall rate of readmission for PCI was 7.5% in the baseline period and 8.0% in the intervention period. After adjusting for patient factors, the adjusted rate of readmission was 8.9% and 6.8% (adjusted RR 0.77 [0.76 - 0.78]). The unadjusted rates for CABG were 12.6 and 12.9; with adjusted rates of 13.3 and 10.8 in the baseline and intervention period, respectively (adjusted RR 0.81 [0.8 - 0.83]). The CTM-3 score improved from 67.4±13.3 to 78.8±16.8 for PCI and from 72.7±12.7 to 75±20.7 for CABG during the intervention period (p Conclusions: A care management program was associated with improved process and outcome measures, including significant improvements in patient-reported outcomes, when compared to historical controls. Interdisciplinary care management programs can play a significant role in improving care, including in non-integrated healthcare environments.
Modeling contact/impact of flexible manipulators with a fixed rigid surface

A new technique for modeling contact/impact of flexible manipulators with a fixed rigid surface is presented. The manipulator is discretized using the finite element method. The technique is based on the use of the conservation of energy and momentum principles as a local velocity constraint on the nodes in contact with the rigid surface to obtain the post-impact velocities of those nodes. Two friction parameters one for the tangential momentum and one for energy can be used. A slight variation of the technique is to use the momentum conservation principle along with Newton's collision rule as the velocity constraint also with two friction parameters one for the tangential momentum and the coefficient of restitution. Momentum conservation/Newton collision rule constraint and momentum/energy conservation constraint are equivalent if friction effects are neglected. Numerical examples are solved to show the accuracy and versatility of the new technique.
Are Crossings Important for Drawing Large Graphs

Reducing the number of edge crossings is considered one of the most important graph drawing aesthetics. While real-world graphs tend to be large and dense, most of the earlier work on evaluating the impact of edge crossings utilizes relatively small graphs that are manually generated and manipulated. We study the effect on task performance of increased edge crossings in automatically generated layouts for graphs, from different datasets, with different sizes, and with different densities. The results indicate that increasing the number of crossings negatively impacts accuracy and performance time and that impact is significant for small graphs but not significant for large graphs. We also quantitatively evaluate the impact of edge crossings on crossing angles and stress in automatically constructed graph layouts. We find a moderate correlation between minimizing stress and the minimizing the number of crossings.
Lowest common ancestors in trees and directed acyclic graphs

We study the problem of finding lowest common ancestors (LCA) in trees and directed acyclic graphs (DAGs). Specifically, we extend the LCA problem to DAGs and study the LCA variants that arise in this general setting. We begin with a clear exposition of Berkman and Vishkin's simple optimal algorithm for LCA in trees. Their ideas lay the foundation for our work on LCA problems in DAGs. We present an algorithm that finds all-pairs-representative LCA in DAGs in O(n2.688) operations, provide a transitive-closure lower bound for the all-pairs-representative-LCA problem, and develop an LCA-existence algorithm that preprocesses the DAG in transitive-closure time. We also present a suboptimal but practical O(n3) algorithm for all-pairs-representative LCA in DAGs that uses ideas from the optimal algorithms in trees and DAGs. Our results reveal a close relationship between the LCA, all-pairs-shortest-path, and transitive-closure problems.We conclude the paper with a short experimental study of LCA algorithms in trees and DAGs. Our experiments and source code demonstrate the elegance of the preprocessing-query algorithms for LCA in trees. We show that for most trees the suboptimal Θ(n log n)-preprocessing Θ(1)-query algorithm should be preferred, and demonstrate that our proposed O (n3) algorithm for all-pairs-representative LCA in DAGs performs well in both low and high density DAGs.
The Declaration of Independence and The Frailties of Historical Method

(1995). The Declaration of Independence and The Frailties of Historical Method. The Historian: Vol. 57, No. 4, pp. 859-872.
Quantitative analysis of 39 polybrominated diphenyl ethers by isotope dilution GC/low-resolution MS.

A GC/low-resolution MS method for the quantitative isotope dilution analysis of 39 mono- to heptabrominated diphenyl ethers was developed. The effects of two different ionization sources, electron impact (EI) and electron capture negative ionization (ECNI), and the effects of their parameters on production of high-mass fragment ions [M − xH − yBr]- specific to PBDEs were investigated. Electron energy, emission current, source temperature, ECNI system pressure, and choice of ECNI reagent gases were optimized. Previously unidentified enhancement of PBDE high-mass fragment ion [M − xH − yBr]- abundance was achieved. Electron energy had the largest impact on PBDE high-mass fragment ion abundance for both the ECNI and EI sources. By monitoring high-mass fragment ions of PBDEs under optimized ECNI source conditions, quantitative isotope dilution analysis of 39 PBDEs was conducted using nine 13C12 labeled PBDEs on a low-resolution MS with low picogram to femtogram instrument detection limits.
Existence of a Critical Line in Ferromagnetic to Paramagnetic Transitions

We show a possible connection between a theorem due to Griffiths and a conclusion of van der Hoeven, Teaney, and Moruzzi about the critical magnetic properties of EuS.
An Electrochemical Coulomb Staircase: Detection of Single Electron-Transfer Events at Nanometer Electrodes

The current-potential curve at a 2.8-nanometer-radius electrode immersed in a solution containing micromolar concentrations of a redox couple, [(trimethylammonio)methyl] ferrocene (Cp 2 FeTMA + )/Cp 2 FeTMA 2+ , shows discrete steps (a coulomb staircase) representing single electron-transfer events. Discrete potential steps are also found in the current-time curve as the electrode potential relaxes back to equilibrium after a coulostatic potential step.
Properties and detection of two cryptoviruses from pepper (Capsicum annuum).

Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) contains a range of endogenous dsRNA molecules resembling the genomes of cryptoviruses. In this work, we have completed the molecular characterization of Pepper cryptic virus 1 (PCV-1) from cv “Jalapeno M” and generated complete genomic sequences of another cryptovirus from cv “Hungarian Wax” designated Pepper cryptic virus 2 (PCV-2). The two viruses share limited identical amino acid content in both genomic segments and appear phylogenetically closer to cryptoviruses reported from other crops (i.e. Raphanus sativus cryptic virus 3, Black raspberry cryptic virus) than to each other. Two sets of virus-specific primers were successfully used in RT-PCR tests for the simultaneous and discriminative detection of these two viruses in pepper leaves and seeds. Both viruses were detected in several pepper cultivars tested, either as single or mixed infections.
Spectral-Feature-Based Analysis of Reflectance and Emission Spectral Libraries and Imaging Spectrometer Data

This research demonstrates the application of spectral-feature-based analysis to identifying and mapping Earth-surface materials using spectral libraries and imaging spectrometer data. Feature extraction utilizing a continuum-removal and local minimum detection approach was tested for analysis of both reflectance and emissivity spectral libraries by extracting and characterizing spectral features of rocks, soils, minerals, and man-made materials. Library-derived information was then used to illustrate both reflectance- and emissivity-feature-based spectral mapping using imaging spectrometer data (AVIRIS and SEBASS). An additional spectral library of emission spectra from selected nocturnal lighting types was used to develop a database of key spectral features that allowed mapping and characterization of night lights from ProSpecTIR-VS imaging spectrometer data. Results from these case histories demonstrate that the spectralfeature- based approach can be used with either reflectance or emission spectra and applied to a wide variety of imaging spectrometer data types for extraction of key surface composition information. © (2012) COPYRIGHT Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE). Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
DATA-CONSISTENT FUZZY APPROACH FOR ONLINE DRIVER BEHAVIOR UNDER INFORMATION PROVISION

A fuzzy approach to predict online driver routing decisions under information provision is proposed. The problem is characterized by subjectively interpreted and linguistic data, limited data on qualitative variables, and the need for computational efficiency to enable real-time deployment in a traffic control framework. The appropriateness of a fuzzy model to address these characteristics is highlighted. The proposed model enables theoretical consistency with the underlying behavioral mechanisms revealed through the available data. This is done by transforming the probabilities obtained from the data to possibilities, and then constructing membership functions. An S-shaped curve is proposed as a more robust behavioral indicator than the often-used triangular and trapezoidal shapes for these functions, while retaining their analytical tractability, computational efficiency, and ease of construction. In general, the approach suggests membership functions that are consistent with actual data. The model is a...
An observational study of the potential for human exposures to pet-borne diazinon residues following lawn applications.

This study examined the potential for pet dogs to be an important pathway for transporting diazinon residues into homes and onto its occupants following residential lawn applications. The primary objectives were to investigate the potential exposures of occupants and their pet dogs to diazinon after an application to turf at their residences and to determine if personal contacts between occupants and their pet dogs resulted in measurable exposures. It was conducted from April to August 2001 before the Agency phased out all residential uses of diazinon in December 2004. Six families and their pet dogs were recruited into the study. Monitoring was conducted at pre-, 1, 2, 4, and 8 days post-application of a commercial, granular formulation of diazinon to the lawn by the homeowner. Environmental samples collected included soil, indoor air, carpet dust, and transferable residues from lawns and floors. Samples collected from the pet dogs consisted of paw wipes, fur clippings, and transferable residues from the fur by a technician or child wearing a cotton glove(s). First morning void (FMV) urine samples were collected from each child and his/her parent on each sampling day. Diazinon was analyzed in all samples, except urine, by GC-MS. The metabolite 2-isopropyl-4-methyl-6-hydroxypyrimidine (IMPy) was analyzed in the urine samples by HPLC-MS/MS. Mean airborne residues of diazinon on day 1 post-application were at least six times higher in both the living rooms (235+/-267 ng/m(3)) and children's bedrooms (179+/-246 ng/m(3)) than at pre-application. Mean loadings of diazinon in carpet dust samples were at least 20 times greater on days 2, 4, and 8 post-application than mean loadings (0.03+/-0.04 ng/cm(2)) at pre-application. The pet dogs had over 900 times higher mean loadings of diazinon residues on their paws on day 1 post-application (88.1+/-100.1 ng/cm(2)) compared to mean loadings ( 0.05) at pre-application compared to post-application of diazinon to turf. The results showed that the participants and their pet dogs were likely exposed to low levels of diazinon residues from several sources (i.e., air, dust, and soil), through several pathways and routes, after lawn applications at these residences. Lastly, the pet dog appears to be an important pathway for the transfer and translocation of diazinon residues inside the homes and likely exposed occupants through personal contacts (i.e., petting).
Body Packing — The Internal Concealment of Illicit Drugs

The transportation of illicit drugs by concealment within the body is now a common practice, and it has implications for clinical care. Body packers may ingest dozens of packets containing life-threatening doses of heroin, cocaine, or amphetamines. These smugglers may then present to physicians for evaluation while in legal custody or because of drug-induced toxic effects or obstruction or perforation of the gastrointestinal tract. This review provides guidance for the recognition and management of this clinical problem, which often also poses ethical and legal challenges for the clinician.
Rapid Polymer Identification by In-Source Direct Pyrolysis Mass Spectrometry and Library Searching Techniques

In-source direct pyrolysis mass spectrometry is studied for rapid identification of polymers in industrial products. In this technique, polymers are pyrolyzed within the ion source of a mass spectrometer by a coiled filament designed for desorption chemical ionization/desorption electron ionization applications. Pyrolysis products are ionized by 70 eV electron impact, yielding highly reproducible mass spectra characteristic of the polymer composition. Using this technique and a commercial library editor, a comprehensive mass spectral library containing more than 150 polymer entries was developed. The impacts of experimental and polymer variables on the reproducibility of polymer mass spectra were evaluated. The technique was successfully applied to the analysis of polymers in industrial products, showing advantages of short analysis time, high confidence level, and low matrix interference. This study suggests that a robust standard polymer library, independent of laboratory and mass spectrometer type, may...
The Effect on Cutting Tool Forces of Pre-Weakening a Rock Surface by Waterjet Kerfing

Empirical models are developed to describe the influence on the cutting process of preweakening a rock, by cutting a series of parallel kerfs in the surface with high pressure waterjets, prior to excavating the rock with a polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) drag bit. These models show that both the bit cutting force and the bit normal force are reduced substantially (by as much as a factor of four) when the spacing and the depth of the kerfs is appropriate to the depth of cut taken by the bit. The mechanical specific energy, or the mechanical energy applied to the bit to excavate a unit volume of rock, is also reduced dramatically when the rock is prekerfed.
From black Cuban to Afro‐Cuban: Researching race in Cuba

(1999). From black Cuban to Afro‐Cuban: Researching race in Cuba. Souls: Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 73-79.
A paleoclimate model of northern hemisphere ice sheets

A model for predicting the growth and decay of ice sheets based on the astronomical theory of climate change is presented. The purpose of the study in part is to isolate the role of the ice-sheet physics and earth response under varying ice load by simplifying to the extreme the role of the hydrosphere-atmosphere. Ice sheet physics and the response of the lithosphere-asthenosphere under the ice load are modeled explicitly. Insolation anomalies (taken at a fixed latitude) directly force latitudinal displacement of the snow line. Accumulation rate a, and ablation rate a′ evaluated at mean sea level are specificed as external constants; a,a′ decrease linearly with ice sheet elevation. Rough tuning of the model to the general shape of the ice-volume record of the last two major glacials determines the external constants. Model predictions of the ages of several events in the last major glaciation compare well with the radiological ages. The six glacial terminatios (I–VI) over the last 600,000 yr are identified and the predicted ages compare reasonably well with the δ18O record for two deep-sea cores. A direct comparison of model power spectra of ice volume as a function of period with spectra of the δ18O record shows apparent underprediction of power near 100,000 yr. When a quantitative but heuristic method for taking into account the “red noise” spectrum evident in the geological records is used, a much more favorable comparison is possible. The model prediction lends support to the hypothesis that the nonlinearity of the ice-sheet physics is responsible for the 100,000-yr periodicity in the geological record of the late Pleistocene.
Process‐based and correlative modeling of desert mistletoe distribution: a multiscalar approach

Because factors affecting distributional areas of species change as scale (extent and grain) changes, different environmental and biological factors must be integrated across geographic ranges at different resolutions, to understand fully the patterns and processes underlying species' ranges. We expected climate factors to be more important at coarse resolutions and biotic factors at finer resolutions. We used data on occurrence of a parasitic plant (Phoradendron californicum), restricted to parts of the Sonoran and Mojave deserts, to analyze how climate and mobility factors explain its distributional area. We developed analyses at five spatial resolutions (1, 5, 10, 20, 50 km) within the distributional area of the disperser species, and compared ecological niche models from three commonly used correlative methods with a process-based model that estimates colonization and extinction rates in a metapopulation framework. Correlative models improved when layers associated with hosts and disperser were used as predictors, in comparison with models based on climate only; however, they tended to overfit to data as more layers were added. Dispersal-related parameters were more relevant at finer resolutions (1–5 km), but importance of extinction-related parameters did not change with scale. We observed greater coincidence between correlative and process-based models when based only on dimensions of the abiotic niche (i.e., climate), but a clearer and more comprehensive mechanistic understanding was derived from the process-based algorithm.
Indium nanocrystals studied by perturbed angular correlations

Abstract The technique of perturbed angular correlations of gamma rays (PAC) was applied to study indium metal nanocrystals containing 111In/Cd probe atoms. Metal clusters were synthesized from In salts in an inverse micelle solution by chemical reduction to In metal using NaBH4. Signals were distinguished by their nuclear quadropole interactions and attributed to volume and surface sites. Effective radii of clusters were deduced via a simple model from the site fraction of PAC probes on volume sites. The quadrupole coupling frequency of the volume site was found to decrease below the value for macroscopic crystals and was 25% smaller for a radius of 3 nm. This decrease can be explained by the hypothesis that the face-centered tetragonal structure of In crystals approaches the “ideal” close-packed face-centered cubic structure as crystal size decreases and, consequently, the band-structure energy become less important as a determinant of structure.
Extraction of financial information from online business reports

CAINES, Content Analysis and INformation Extraction System, employs a semantic based information extraction (IE) methodology through a design science approach to extract unstructured text from the Web. Our system was knowledge-engineered and tested on an active business database by experts who use the database regularly to perform their job functions. We believe that by heavily involving business experts, we are able to advance our thinking about IS research. CAINES extracts information to meet three objectives that were deemed important by our experts: (1) understand what current market conditions impacted the growth of certain balance sheets (2) summarize management's discussion of potential risks and uncertainties (3) identify significant financial activities including mergers, acquisitions, and new business segments. These objectives were developed based on the advice of financial experts who regularly analyze financial reports.A total of 21 online business reports from the EDGAR database, each averaging about 100 pages long, were used in this study. Based on financial expert opinions, extraction rules were created to extract information from financial reports. Using CAINES, one can extract information about global and domestic market conditions, market condition impacts, and information about the business outlook. User testing of CAINES resulted in recall of 85.91%, precision of 87.16%, and an F-measure of 86.46%. Speed with CAINES was also greater than manually extracting information. Users agreed that CAINES quickly and easily extracts unstructured information from financial reports on the EDGAR database. This study highlights the significance of creating a semantic based IE system that addresses practical business issues and solves a true business problem with the knowledge of business experts.