cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Manual action motivates networked meanings of a productive construction in Mandarin: Rethinking polysemy

Abstract This study analyzes the manual action verb dǎ as part of the [dǎ – NP] construction in two Chinese corpora. Drawing on constructionist perspectives on language productivity ( Goldberg 2006 ; Gries 2012 ), I show that [dǎ – NP] is a productive construction the multiple meanings of which are conceptually motivated by manual action. The type-token distributions show the productivity of the [dǎ – NP] schema, and the semantic clusters in a network of meanings show a gradation of manual action experiences with no clear-cut conceptual boundaries. Usage productivity goes hand in hand with semantic extension, which gives rise to the emergence of the light verb dǎ. Contra previous morpheme-based studies that view dǎ as a polysemy in its own right, isolated from its network of collocates, I argue that polysemy is a consequence and an epiphenomenon of constructional productivity resulting from language use and exemplar propagation.
Objective Measurement of Social Communication Behaviors in Children with Suspected ASD During the ADOS-2

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is defined by persistent disturbances of social communication, as well as repetitive patterns of behavior. ASD is identified on the basis of expert, but subjective, clinician judgment during assessments such as the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-2 (ADOS-2). Quantification of key social behavioral features of ASD using objective measurements would enrich scientific understanding of the disorder. The current pilot study leveraged computer vision and audio signal processing to identify a key set of objective measures of children's social communication behaviors during the ADOS-2 (e.g., social gaze, social smile, vocal interaction) that were captured with adult-worn camera-embedded eyeglasses. Objective measurements of children's social communicative behaviors during the ADOS-2 showed relatively low levels of association with the examiner-adjudicated ADOS-2 scores. Future directions and implications for the use of objective measurements in diagnostic and treatment monitoring are discussed.
Deformation and fracture behavior of a laser powder bed fusion processed stainless steel: In situ synchrotron x-ray computed microtomography study

Abstract Tensile plastic deformation and fracture behavior of a laser powder bed fusion processed 316L stainless steel alloy was investigated in situ using high-resolution synchrotron x-ray computed microtomography (sXCT). Three different cases were studied: (1) specimen A1, near full-density with initial porosity of 0.04%, (2) specimen B1, initial lack-of-fusion (LOF) porosity of about 3% with the major axis of defects aligned nearly perpendicular to the tensile loading direction (LD), and (3) specimen B, similar to B1 but with the major axis of LOF defects aligned nearly parallel to LD. The effects of type, density, and orientation of defects in as-printed samples on plastic deformation and failure modes were studied by analyzing sXCT image sequences and quantitative defect properties. Specifically, the evolutions of porosity, size, aspect ratio, and angle of gas pores and LOF defects were characterized as a function of applied strain. Moreover, interactions between as-printed defects and deformation-induced crack propagation were investigated. The tensile behavior of specimen A1 was comparable to that of a commercial wrought plate. The quantitative in-situ sXCT results showed a void-growth phenomenon in A1 but without noticeable coalescence, resulting in a ductile cup-cone failure. Specimen B1 showed damage-driven brittle failure with limited plasticity due to early and rapid propagation of open voids. On the other hand, specimen B, with a similar amount of LOF defects as B1, showed deceivingly strong and ductile tensile behavior similar to A1 without any major crack propagations due to the favorable orientation relationship between LOF defects and the LD.
Aspects of Bacteria as Cells and as Organisms* Part I

Publisher Summary Bacteria, which are among the most numerous members of the microbiologic population, are at the same time microscopic plant cells and individual organisms. Because of the practical importance of bacteria in medicine, agriculture, and industry, bacteriology is cultivated mainly as an applied science. This chapter discusses the aspects of bacteria as cells and as organisms. The observations of genetic behavior in bacteria include the phenomena of the continuity of genetic determiners, their recombination and segregation, which are currently expressed in the idioms of classical genetics. Analysis of nuclear phenomena in bacteria by the most revealing techniques presently available is exhibiting the sequences of classical mitosis. Bacterial cells conform the familiar pattern of cellular organization, in which they possess external cell wall, cytoplasmic membrane, and protoplast containing well-differentiated nucleus and organelles for organized energy exchange or mitochondria. The fundamental biochemical similarities between the cells of bacteria and of higher plants and animals are also discussed.
The Role of Formalism in Economic Thought, with Illustration Drawn from the Analysis of Social Interaction in the Firm

Economists tend to use the word “analysis” rather glibly to describe the things that they do. The list of these things is long, including verbal descrip-tion, numerical manipulation, model building in its many forms, and so on. In all usages, however, the underlying goal of analysis is the same: to make sense out of or to understand worldly phenomena. And in all cases, analysis proceeds by organizing and explaining the thoughts one has about the phenomena in question.
Use of Expression Constructs to Dissect the Functional Domains of the CHS/Beige Protein: Identification of Multiple Phenotypes

The Chediak–Higashi Syndrome (CHS) and the orthologous murine disorder beige are characterized at the cellular level by the presence of giant lysosomes. The CHS1/Beige protein is a 3787 amino acid protein of unknown function. To determine functional domains of the CHS1/Beige protein, we generated truncated constructs of the gene/protein. These truncated proteins were transiently expressed in Cos-7 or HeLa cells and their effect on membrane trafficking was examined. Beige is apparently a cytosolic protein, as are most transiently expressed truncated Beige constructs. Expression of the Beige construct FM (amino acids 1–2037) in wild-type cells led to enlarged lysosomes. Similarly, expression of a 5.5-kb region (amino acids 2035–3787) of the carboxyl terminal of Beige (22B) also resulted in enlarged lysosomes. Expression of FM solely affected lysosome size, whereas expression of 22B led to alterations in lysosome size, changes in the Golgi and eventually cell death. The two constructs could be used to further dissect phenotypes resulting from loss of the Beige protein. CHS or beige j fibroblasts show an absence of nuclear staining using a monoclonal antibody directed against phosphatidylinositol 4,5 bisphosphate [PtdIns(4,5) P2]. Transformation of beige j fibroblasts with a YAC containing the full-length Beige gene resulted in the normalization of lysosome size and nuclear PtdIns(4,5)P2 staining. Expression of the carboxyl dominant negative construct 22B led to loss of nuclear PtdIns(4,5)P2 staining. Expression of the FM dominant negative clone did not alter nuclear PtdIns(4,5) P2 localization. These results suggest that the Beige protein interacts with at least two different partners and that the Beige protein affects cellular events, such as nuclear PtdIns(4,5)P2 localization, in addition to lysosome size.
Prolactin induces up-regulation of its cognate receptor in breast cancer cells via transcriptional activation of its generic promoter by cross-talk between ERα and STAT5

// Raghuveer Kavarthapu 1 , Chon-Hwa Tsai Morris 1 and Maria L. Dufau 1 1 Section on Molecular Endocrinology, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute for Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD Correspondence: Maria L. Dufau, email: // Keywords : prolactin, prolactin receptor, ERα, STAT5, Sp1/ C/EBPβ, signal transduction, breast cancer Received : May 27, 2014 Accepted : August 20, 2014 Published : August 21, 2014 Abstract Prolactin (PRL) serves a critical role in breast cancer progression via activation of its cognate receptor. These studies reveal up-regulation of PRLR gene expression by PRL in absence of estradiol in MCF-7 and T47D breast cancer cells. PRL/PRLR via activation of STAT5 that binds a GAS-element in the PRLR gene and the participation of ERα stimulates PRLR transcription/expression. PRL/PRLR induces phosphorylation of ERα through the JAK2/PI3K/MAPK/ERK and JAK2/HER2 activated pathways. The increased recruitment of phospho-ERα, induced by PRL to Sp1 and C/EBPβ at PRLR promoter sites, is essential for PRL-induced PRLR transcription. This recruitment is prevented by blockade of PRL expression using RNA interference or ERα phosphorylation with specific inhibitors of PI3K and ERK. Direct evidence is provided for local actions of PRL, independent of estradiol, in the up-regulation of PRLR transcription/expression by an activation-loop between STAT5 and the phospho-ERα/Sp1/C/EBPβ complex with requisite participation of signaling mechanisms. PRL’s central role in the up-regulation of PRLR maximizes the action of the endogenous hormone. This study offers mechanistically rational basis for invasiveness fueled by prolactin in refractory states to adjuvant therapies in breast cancer.
Positive Charge of “Sticky” Peptides and Proteins Impedes Release From Negatively Charged PLGA Matrices

The influence of electrostatic interactions and/or acylation on release of charged (“sticky”) agents from biodegradable polymer matrices was systematically characterized. We hypothesized that release of peptides with positive charge would be hindered from negatively charged poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microparticles. Thus, we investigated release of peptides with different degrees of positive charge from several PLGA microparticle formulations, with different molecular weights and/or end groups (acid- or ester-terminated). Indeed, release studies revealed distinct inverse correlations between the amount of positive charge on peptides and their release rates from each PLGA microparticle formulation. Furthermore, we examined the case of peptides with net charge that changes from negative to positive within the pH range observed in degrading microparticles. These charge changing peptides displayed counterintuitive release kinetics, initially releasing faster from slower degrading (less acidic) microparticles, and releasing slower from the faster degrading (more acidic) microparticles. Importantly, trends between agent charge and release rates for model peptides also translated to larger, therapeutically relevant proteins and oligonucleotides. The results of these studies may improve future design of controlled release systems for numerous therapeutic biomolecules exhibiting positive charge, ultimately reducing time-consuming and costly trial and error iterations of such formulations.
Regulation of mitochondrial K+H+ antiport activity by hydrogen ions☆

The effect of matrix pH (pHi) on the activity of the mitochondrial K+/H+ antiport has been studied using the fluorescence of 2,7-biscarboxyethyl-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein (BCECF) to monitor pHi and passive swelling in K+ acetate to follow antiport activity. Heart mitochondria suspended in hypotonic K+ acetate in the absence of respiration show an initial delta pH of -0.4 (interior acid) that decays slowly. Addition of A23187 to deplete matrix Mg2+ results in a further acid shift in pHi followed by equilibration of delta pH. This equilibration appears to depend on K+/H+ antiport and is slow at acid pHi but very rapid when the matrix is alkaline. Swelling of Mg(2+)-depleted mitochondria in K+ acetate is multiphasic with a slow initial rate, a period of maximum swelling, and a final period in which the rate declines. At constant external pH (pH0), the initial rate of swelling is faster with increasing pHi and the time to the onset of the maximum swelling rate decreases. The maximum swelling rate is initiated at pHi 7.4 when pH0 is 7.8 and at pHi 7.1 when pH0 is 7.4. The maximum rate of swelling increases linearly with increasing pH0 in the range from 7.0 to 8.2. This rate also shows a linear relationship to the value of pHi at the time the maximum rate is attained. Dixon plots of the reciprocal of the maximum swelling rate vs [H+]0 suggest that external [H+] is a noncompetitive inhibitor of K+ entry on the antiport. It is concluded that K+/H+ antiport in Mg(2+)-depleted heart mitochondria can be regulated by matrix [H+] (see Beavis, A. D., and Garlid, K. D. (1990) J. Biol. Chem. 265, 2538-2545), but that this antiport is also sensitive to external [H+] or to delta pH when it acts in the direction of K+ uptake.
Quasi-injective reductions

Abstract A reduction is said to be quasi-injective if no element of the range is mapped to by infinitely many elements. Via two natural families of quasi-injective reductions, we study the connection between degree of injectivity and strength of reduction. In particular, we completely determine the relative strengths of polynomial-time ƒ(n) -to- reductions, and of polynomial-time k -to- k ′ reductions.
Generating legal arguments and predictions from case texts

In this paper, we present methods for automatically finding abstract, legally relevant concepts in case texts and demonstrate how they can be used to make predictions of case outcomes, given the texts as inputs.In a set of experiments to test these methods, we focus on the open question of how best to represent legal text for finding abstract concepts. We compare different ways of representing legal case texts in order to test whether adding domain knowledge and some linguistic information can improve performance.We found that replacing individual names by roles in the case texts led to better indexing, and that adding certain syntactic and semantic information, in the form of Propositional Patterns that capture a sense of "who did what", led to better prediction. Our experiments also showed that of three learning algorithms, Nearest Neighbor worked best in learning how to identify indexing concepts in texts.In these experiments, we introduced a prototype system that can reason with text cases; it analyzes a case, predicts its outcome considering other cases in the database, and explains the prediction, all starting with a textual description of the case's facts as input.
Conventional strain energies of 1,2-dihydroazete, 2,3-dihydroazete, 1,2-dihydrophosphete, and 2,3-dihydrophosphete

The conventional strain energies of 1,2-dihydroazete, 2,3-dihydroazete, 1,2-dihydrophosphete, and 2,3-dihydrophosphete are determined within the isodesmic, homodesmotic, and hyperhomodesmotic models. Optimum equilibrium geometries, harmonic vibrational frequencies, and corresponding electronic energies and zero-point vibrational energies are computed for all pertinent molecular systems using SCF theory, second-order perturbation theory, and density functional theory and employing the correlation consistent basis sets cc-pVDZ, cc-pVTZ, and cc-pVQZ. Single-point fourth-order perturbation theory, CCSD, and CCSD(T) calculations employing the cc-pVTZ and the cc-pVQZ basis sets are computed using the MP2/cc-pVTZ and MP2/cc-pVQZ optimized geometries, respectfully, to ascertain the contribution of higher order correlation. Three DFT functionals, B3LYP, wB97XD, and M06-2X, are employed to determine whether they can yield results similar to those obtained at the CCSD(T) level.
Synthesis and accumulation of ribosomes in individual cells of the female gametophyte of maize during its development

The pattern of synthesis of ribosomes during three stages of development of the female gametophyte of maize has been studied by in situ hybridization using a ribosomal RNA probe. Changes in volume of individual cells of the embryo sac during its maturation have been determined by confocal microscopy. These data have permitted us to calculate the relative numbers of ribosomes in the cells of the embryo sac at different stages of their maturation. The egg apparatus and the central cell at all stages of development contain several fold greater numbers of ribosomes than are present in the antipodal cells or cells of the surrounding nucellus. The accumulation of ribosomes during embryo sac maturation appears to proceed at a constant and high rate, with the rate being highest in the developing central cell.
Iron Sensing and Regulation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Ironing Out the Mechanistic Details

Regulation of iron metabolism in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is achieved at the transcriptional level by low (Aft1 and Aft2) and high iron-sensing (Yap5) transcription factors, and at the post-transcriptional level by mRNA-binding proteins (Cth1 and Cth2). In this review we highlight recent studies unveiling the critical role that iron-sulfur clusters play in control of Aft1/2 and Yap5 activity, as well as the complex relationship between iron homeostasis and thiol redox metabolism. In addition, new insights into the localization and regulation of Cth1/Cth2 have added another layer of complexity to the cell's adaptation to iron deficiency. Finally, biophysical studies on subcellular iron speciation changes in response to environmental and genetic factors have further illuminated the elaborate control mechanisms required to manage iron bioavailability in the cell.
On a cis-neurosporene ex Pyracantha and the in vitro stereoisomerization of neurosporene

Abstract A cis neurosporene, termed neo P, occurs in the ripe berries of Pyracantha angustifolia Schneid. and is possibly identical with the tomato pigments, “unidentified pigment I,” “poly cis -Ψ-carotene,” and “protetrahydrolycopene.” The spectral properties of neo P are described and data are presented in favor of its interpretation as a poly(unhindered)- cis -neurosporene. The in vitro stereoisomerization of all- trans -neurosporene yields six new cis forms none of which is identical with neo P ex Pyracantha .
tPA-Associated Reperfusion After Acute Stroke Demonstrated by SPECT

Purpose —The aim of our study was twofold: to determine the frequency and magnitude of perfusion defect in stroke patients who qualify for rtPA therapy within 3 hours of stroke onset and to determine the ability of rtPA to improve perfusion by 24 hours. Subjects and Methods —Patients with suspected hemispheric stroke who fulfilled entry criteria into the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) rt-PA Stroke Study and also had pretreatment injection of 99mTc-HMPAO, with single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) performed using a triple-head camera at baseline and 24 hours, were included. Results —All 12 patients who qualified for rtPA therapy had perfusion defects on baseline SPECT (SPECT graded scale [SGS] score range, 16 to 79). Mean±SD perfusion defect was comparable in rtPA (n=4)versus placebo (n=5) groups (SGS score, 36±18 versus 39±12; NS) despite earlier injection time in the rtPA group (98±24 versus 141±21 minutes; P =.02). Total SPECT scanning time was 20 to 25 minutes. At 24 hours, reperfusion was greater in rtPA patients compared with the placebo group (SGS score, 7±9 versus 29±17; P =.05), with relative improvement in the region-of-interest scores of 87±16% after rtPA compared with 28±30% with placebo ( P =.01). Conclusions —A substantial perfusion defect exists in stroke patients with larger hemispheric infarcts who meet NINDS criteria for rtPA therapy, and rtPA is better able than placebo to rectify this defect. SPECT is feasible for clinical trials and should be evaluated as a substituted end point in stroke therapeutic trials.
Emphasis on Educational Technologies Within National Science Foundation Projects

Our research team evaluated 18 months of National Science Foundation (NSF) program announcements and awarded programs to discern the amount and type of emphasis placed upon educational technologies. NSF issued 65 solicitations for proposals, with 53.8% calling for educational technology components. A sampling of 366 of the 1,180 funded projects showed that 34.7% included educational technology. Twenty-five percent of the projects were in biology and cognitive science, with another 40% in general science, computer science, technical education, engineering, and math. Many types of educational technologies were funded, with an emphasis on cognitive tutors/intelligent agents, distance learning, and online communities.
Inhibitory effect of bile acids on renin angiotensinogen reaction system.

Wahrend Versuchsreihen an Ratten uber Gewohnung, Paarung und Ausloschung wurden jeweils signifikante Veranderungen des kortikalen Bestandespotentials (Gleichspannung) als Antwort auf Schallreiz gemessen.
PVDF polymers: Imaging transducers and ultrasonic hydrophone probes

Abstract This paper presents practical applications of PVDF polymers in biomedical ultrasonics. The applications discussed entail both miniature hydrophone probes for sensing ultrasonic fields and a new generation of non-resonant pulse-echo imaging transducers, which use multilayer polymer films. The multilayer PVDF transducer structure discussed here represents a relatively unconventional approach to the pulse-echo imaging transducer design. The non-resonant design provides exceptionally wide bandwidth and is suitable for operation at the clinically relevant frequencies. The design described uses multiple active piezopolymer layers arranged according to a Barker code pattern and is adapted for pulse echo imaging. The operation principle of the switchable Barker code transducer (SBCT) is outlined and it is shown that not only SBCTs pulse-echo sensitivity is on a par with that achievable with the resonant PZT or PZT composite transducer design but also the bandwidth achievable with SBCTs is twice as large ...
Disparity between Adult and Juvenile American Robins Turdus migratorius Foraging for Ground Invertebrates and Cherry Fruits

Although it has long been known that juveniles often have foraging skills inferior to those of adults, it has generally been assumed that animal prey are more difficult to capture than fruit, and thus that juveniles foraging on fruit should be similar to adults in their efficiency. To examine these ideas, we investigated the abilities of juvenile and adult American robins Turdus migratorius to forage for ground invertebrates and fruits of the black cherry tree Prunus serotina. We hypothesized that juveniles, lacking the experience of adults, would not have the skills of adults and therefore would be less proficient invertebrate and fruit foragers. Juveniles captured 69% of invertebrates at which they struck compared with 80% of adults’ strikes that ended in capture. However, juveniles made more strikes than adults, so mean prey capture per minute was the same. Juveniles were also less skilled fruit foragers. Juveniles were twice as likely as adults to fail to pick a cherry (55% of adults’ vs. 28% of juveniles’ attempts ended in success). However, there was no significant difference in the proportion of juveniles and adults that dropped a cherry once it was picked. As a result of their low levels of success, juveniles consumed about half the number of cherries per minute as did adults. Contrary to prior assumptions, skills involved in fruit foraging may not be so easily acquired and many omnivorous species, like the American robin, must learn both invertebrate and fruit foraging skills.
Relative efficacy of a pregnancy sexually transmitted infection or human immunodeficiency virus prevention-focused intervention on changing sexual risk behavior among young adults.

Abstract Objectives: Despite findings suggesting that young adults are more concerned about experiencing an unplanned pregnancy or contracting a sexually transmitted infection (STI) than becoming human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected, no empirical work has investigated whether the specific focus of an intervention may be more or less efficacious at changing sexual behavior. Participants: Participants were 198 college students randomized to 1 of 4 conditions: pregnancy intervention, STI intervention, HIV intervention, or a control condition during 2008–2009. Methods: The authors compared the efficacy of 3 theory-based, sexual risk–reduction interventions that were exactly the same except for an exclusive focus on preventing pregnancy, STI, or HIV. Condom use and risky sexual behavior were assessed at baseline and 4-week and 8-week follow-up. Results: Participants exposed to the pregnancy or STI interventions reported greater condom use and less risky sexual behavior than those exposed to the HIV inte...
Text and the mediation of text

The purpose of this study was to explore the nature and process of text construction in a reading lesson. More specifically, the focus was to analyze the structure and content of a basal text narrative, the nature of teacher-student interaction with the text during reading, and the discussion of the text following reading. Twenty sixth-grade students and their teacher participated in a 2-day lesson which focused on the story. The story itself was analyzed in terms of the global text structures which revealed an introduction and four episodes and the narrator's voice which suggested a distancing between the narrator and the reader in the text. A second level of analysis on the teacher's mediation of the text during and following the reading of the story reflected (a) teacher monitoring of student word identification, (b) teacher links to life experiences, (c) teacher and student interpretations of text, and (d) intertextual references. The questions suggested by the basal authors were also analyzed to determined the text features that were signalled. The study raises several issues regarding the text construction process in instructional settings.
Quantum sum formulae for the collision-induced spectroscopies: Molecular systems as H2-H2

Abstract Quantum expressions for the second moment of collision-induced spectra are developed in the low-density limit. Previous work by Moraldi is extended to account for the rotational structure of colliding linear molecules; isotropic interaction is assumed. Computations of the lowest three moments are presented for the case of infrared absorption and Raman scattering of molecular hydrogen pairs at temperatures from 77 to 300 K. The radial distribution functions of pairs, mean energy and angular momentum, which are required for that purpose, are obtained for the case of H2 molecules interacting with H2, and compared with their classical counterparts. The simple classical approximations with lowest-order Wigner-Kirkwood quantum corrections serve as an accurate representation of the quantum expressions at large separations and may be sufficient for massive systems at high temperatures.
Statistical models for surface renewal in heat and mass transfer. Part III: Residence times and age distributions at wall surface of a fluidized bed, application of spectral density

A method was developed for estimating the age density of transporting elements at a transport surface by using the spectral density of the total element counts. Only total counts, and not individual element histories, need be observed. The method was compared with autocorrelation methods used in an earlier work. Residence times were measured for several sizes of particles at a paticular wall surface of a stirred fluidized bed and at various gas velocities using both spectral density and autocorrelation methods. A dimensionless plot brought all data points near a single curve, valid only for this surface in this bed. Checks of these residence times against values obtained by direct observation of individual particles confirmed the methods.
Scrap minimization in production processes with stochastic outputs

Abstract Occurrence of scrap due to uncertainties in a production process is considered in this paper. Two raw materials undergo preparatory processing before they are combined in a definite ratio to make a final product. During the processing, the materials expand or shrink by random amounts, so that at the end of the process one or the other material is in excess. This excess is worthless and is scrapped. A model is developed for the optimal ex ante ratio of the raw materials that would minimize the expected cost of scrap. Data from a field study are used to illustrate the effectiveness of the model.
Dance pedagogy case studies: A grounded theory approach to analyzing qualitative data

Combining traditional forms of research to fit unique populations contributes to understanding broad phenomena within the discipline of dance. This paper describes a methodological approach for understanding separate, but interrelated, case studies which illuminated a particular approach to teaching and learning about the body. In each case study the participants explored factual information about the body through movement using a somatic approach. A multi‐case study design with ethnographic and phenomenologic lenses was used in the data collection; a grounded theory analytical process was used to understand the data. The specific procedures in a grounded theory methodology provide a rigorous yet productive means for developing a theoretical perspective from differing sources of data about how dancers come to ‘know’ in their bodies.
Free-electron laser irradiation of the cornea

ABSTRACTThe Free Electron laser was used to explore ablative and toxic effects of infrared irradiation of the cornea at wavelengths rangingfrom 2.5-4.0 jim including the peak absorptive wavelength for water of 2.94 jim. The macropulse length was 6 .ts. Effects werestudied by visible light and scanning electron microscopies. Ablation was noted at a threshold fluence of 550-750mJ•cm2 andabove at a wavelength of 2.94 p.m. Ablation was accompanied by a distinct zone of tissue denaturation extending up to 12 .uninto the adjacent tissue. Thennal denaturation appears to be a significant effect of infrared free-electron irradiation on the corneaand appears to be a consequence of the relatively long macropulse duration. 1 . INTRODUCTIONBeginning with the application of the argon laser for the treatment of glaucoma and retinal disease,laser technology has been used in ophthalmic surgery for over 20 years. Several types of lasers have beensuccessfully applied to various aspects of ophthalmic therapy, culminating most recently in extensive studiesinvolving the use of the excimer laser for keratorefractive surgery.1'2In tissues with very high water content such as cornea, lens, and vitreous, it has been postulated that
The Blowup Closure of a Set of Ideals with Applications to TI Closure

Abstract We introduce a new closure operation on sets of ideals in a commutative Noetherian ring of characteristic p, called the blowup closure. We develop the theory of this operation and prove that given a set of ideals in a Noetherian ring of characteristic p, under mild conditions, the tight integral closure of this set agrees with the blowup closure of certain extensions of those ideals in an extension of the original ring. We then use properties of blowup closure to settle open questions on tight integral closure posed by M. Hochster (J. Algebra230 (2000), 184–203). In particular, we show that under mild conditions on the ring, tight integral closure persists under ring maps and that it commutes with localization if and only if tight closure does.
The L 1 Method for Robust Nonparametric Regression

Abstract Consider the problem of estimating the regression function underlying a set of data that is contaminated by a heavy-tailed error distribution. The two standard approaches to such a problem are each flawed. Robust parametric least squares is appropriate only if there is good reason to believe that the underlying function has some particular form, whereas most nonparametric regression methods are asymptotically equivalent to kernel regression methods, which are not resistant against outliers. Existing algorithms for robustifying nonparametric regression procedures use either nonlinear optimization of an influence function or iterative solution of local polynomial fitting using reweighted least squares. Neither of these two approaches combines computational ease with asymptotic theoretical results. Furthermore, application of the robust procedure has been limited almost exclusively to the case of a single explanatory variable with the response variable. In this article a new hybrid method is propose...
Girls, computers, and ‘becoming’: The Pink Voice writing project

Through a feminist content analysis of young women's writing and reflections, this study gives evidence of how a school-based new literacy project shared knowledge in a public voice about the irreducible and complex world of ‘becoming’ a girl. This project, called The Pink Voice, was conducted in a large urban centre on the West Coast of Canada. The paper explores the development of school-based new literacy practices that takes up forms of feminine subjectivity that are acknowledged through performative practices of creative writing and reading. Educators need to consider how to develop responsive pedagogical spaces within public education that can expand into the indeterminate and as yet unknown hybrid subjectivities of youth with creative energy and commitment to nurturing active participation and engagement with multimodal networks, designs, and embodied forms of literacy.
Transumbilical breast implant replacement

Background: The transumbilical approach to breast augmentation has been described in the plastic surgery literature. However, the replacement of failed implants by way of the transumbilical approach has not been fully described. Objective: This article reports the instruments and surgical procedures used in breast implant replacement by way of the transumbilical approach. Methods: The initial operative steps for transumbilical breast implant replacement are identical to those previously described for transumbilical breast augmentation. However, instead of advancing the Johnson obdurator deep to the breast on the muscle or chest wall, as in the original procedure, it was elevated away from the chest wall with pressure sufficient to maintain contact with the capsule. A cutting cautery was used to open the capsule. The implant was punctured and nearly evacuated, and the position and orientation of the most accessible fold were assessed endoscopically. An endo-grasper was used to grasp the implant, which was then withdrawn. The interior of the pocket was examined and endoscopic capsulotomy was performed, if necessary, before insertion of the new implant. Results: Transumbilical breast implant replacement, including size decrease and modest size increase, has been performed on 28 breasts with no complications. Conclusion: Although primary transumbilical breast augmentation should be performed only by surgeons who have taken a formal training course, those surgeons who are already familiar with primary transumbilical augmentation can safely perform implant replacement by way of the navel without additional training.
Change in Preservice Teachers' Beliefs: An Evaluation of a Mathematics Methods Course

This study investigated and evaluated the potential impact of an elementary mathematics methods course in promoting teacher beliefs and attitudes that are consistent with the underlying philosophy of current reform efforts in mathematics education. Using the Mathematics Beliefs Instrument (MBI; Hart, 2002), data from 89 preservice teachers were used to evaluate the course. Findings from the study suggest a positive relationship between participating in the mathematics methods course and change in teacher beliefs and attitudes. This study also provided additional validation of the MBI.
Computational fluid dynamics investigation of particle inhalability

Abstract This study uses computational fluid dynamics to investigate particle aspiration at the low air velocities typical of occupational settings. A realistic representation of a human head on a simpler geometric torso was positioned facing the wind ( 0.2 , 0.4 m s - 1 ) , and breathing was simulated using constant inhalation ( 1.8 , 4.3 m s - 1 ) . Aspiration was simulated using laminar transport for particles 0.3– 116 μ m . Results from the 0.4 m s - 1 freestream and 4.3 m s - 1 inhalation rate compared well with results from the literature for smaller particles. For particles ⩾ 68 μ m , simulations yielded smaller aspiration efficiencies than reported in experiments. For all low velocity conditions studied, the aspiration efficiency curve dropped well below the 50% recommended by the ACGIH in the forward-facing orientation. Additional investigation of aspiration efficiency at other orientations relative to the wind is recommended to fully investigate aspiration efficiency for large particles in occupational environments.
Doing the Right Thing: How Social Security Claimants View Compliance

Since 1986, the Australian Department of Social Security has increasingly stressed client compliance. Attitudes toward several compliance requirements were assessed through interviews with 196 clients. While most were satisfied with social security and found staff to be helpful, nearly one- third (30.1 per cent) expressed dissatisfaction citing payment delays, long queues, rude treatment, lost documents and inaccurate information. There was considerable acceptance of eligibility review procedures which, for some, served to assuage feelings of shame at being 'on the dole'. Most respondents (74.3 per cent) said unequivocally they would report income for reasons of honesty, fairness to others, or fear of detection. Others would not report small amounts of casual earnings, justifying their non-compliance on grounds that payments failed to meet basic subsistence needs, or that income-reporting would unfairly disrupt payments. The findings suggest that client perceptions of fairness reinforce voluntary compliance.
GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM METHODOLOGY FOR ASSESSING GROWTH EFFECTS OF HIGHWAY IMPROVEMENTS

A methodology is presented to assess the induced land use effects of state highway improvements on urban development patterns. The methodology is applied to the case study city of Hillsboro, Oregon, and illustrates a framework for data management and analysis. Temporal land use characteristics and spatial measures are used as predictors of urban development activities resulting from highway accessibility improvements. A logit regression analysis tests the significance of these variables in predicting the locations of urban development over time. The primary objective of this research is to identify the relationship between capacity-increasing highway improvements and changes in urban development. The analysis provides quantifiable indicators that describe the urban development trends associated with the city of Hillsboro.
Preservation potential of transgressive coastal lithosomes on the U.S. Atlantic shelf

Abstract Migration of coastal lithosomes across the continental shelf is a response to the latest Quaternary rise in sea level. Variable fractions of the transgressive sequence may be preserved, depending on pre-existing topography, depth of erosion, wave energy, sediment supply, erosion resistance, tidal range, and rate of relative sea-level change. Materials at greater depth in the stratigraphic column are more likely to be preserved. Sediment samples, seismic profiles, and bathymetric observations, indicate better preservation of shoreline elements on the outer shelf and more reworking on the inner shelf. This is hypothesized to be due primarily to the rate of sea-level rise. A relative sea-level curve for Delaware, obtained from radiocarbon dates on basal peats, rises smoothly from 25 m below present sea level 10,000 years B.P. The rate of rise decreases with time. Sea-level rise resulted in rates of coastal retreat of 20 m/yr 10,000 years B.P., 5 m/yr 5000 years B.P., and 1.5 m/yr at present. The long-term average rate of coastal retreat throughout the Holocene was 10 m/yr. In a conceptual model of constant volume of net erosion per unit length of coast, smaller depths of erosion are envisioned during the period of rapid coastal retreat early in the transgression, allowing a greater preservation potential. During the present slower rate of sea-level rise and coastal retreat, depths of erosion are greater, averaging 10 m off Delaware. In this situation there is a decreased potential for preservation of the coastal environmental lithosomes in a continuing transgression. Changes in factors such as wave climate, sediment supply, tidal range, and tectonics affect this simple model.
A Shortest Path Algorithm for Edge-Sparse Graphs

An algorithm (FLOW) for finding the shortest distance from a given node S to each node X of a directed graph with nonnegative integer arc lengths less than or equal to WM is presented. FLOW is compared with its best-known competitor, that of Dijkstra and Yen (DFLO). The new algorithm is shown to execute in time of order max (V, E, D), where D is the maximum distance computed in a graph with E edges and V nodes. By counting the number of operands fetched during execution of FLOW and DFLO, an estimate of the running time of each is obtained. This estimate shows that FLOW should execute faster than DFLO when E/V2 = a V ≥ 22 WM/b + 5/b + 7.04, where b = 23 - 80a. FLOW also will solve the all-pairs shortest distance problem, requiring time O(V * max(V, E, D)) for the solution.
Genomics of the thermo-acidophilic red alga Galdieria sulphuraria

Extremophilic organisms dwell in environments that are characterized by high or low temperatures (thermophiles or psychrophiles), very low or high pH-values (acidophiles or alkalophiles), high salt concentrations (halophiles), high pressure (barophiles), or extreme drought (xerophiles). Many extremophiles are microbes, and many also belong to the prokaryota. Galdieria sulphuraria, however, is a member of a group of extremophilic eukaryotes that are named Cyanidiales. Cyanidiales are unicellular red micro-algae that occur worldwide in hot acidic waters, volcanic calderas, and in human-made acidic environments such as acidic mine drainage. G. sulphuraria has a unique position within the Cyanidiales because, in contrast to the other obligate photoautotrophic members of this group, it is able to grow photoautotrophically, mixotrophically, and heterotrophically. It is not only resistant to acid (pH 0) and heat (56oC), but also to high salt (1.5 M NaCl), toxic metals, and many other abiotic stressors. This unusual combination of features such as thermophily, acidophily, resistance to a wide array of abiotic stressors, and an extraordinary metabolic plasticity make G. sulphuraria highly interesting model organism to study adaptation to extreme environments. We have started a genomics approach to gain insight into the biology of G. sulphuraria and to identify genes and gene products critical for survival under extreme conditions. To this end, we pursue a whole-genome, shotgun sequencing approach towards unraveling the genome sequence of G. sulphuraria. We report here on the status quo of the genome-sequencing project and we summarize what we have learned to date from the genome sequence about the biology of this truly unique extremophile.
Infrared reflectance spectra of Na2S with contaminant Na2CO3 - Effects of adsorbed H2O and CO2 and relation to studies of Io

A previously reported laboratory determination of the IR spectrum of Na2S is presently noted to have been incorrectly interpreted, due to the inadvertent contamination of the sample with Na2CO3. New Na2S spectra are presented, and the Na2CO3 spectrum is examined in order to demonstrate that this phase is the primary sample contaminant. Na2S is a candidate surface component on the Jupiter satellite, Io, in view of its apparent high IR brightness and spectral neutrality in the 1-5 micron range.
Female perceptions of female and male managerial behavior

Nine branches of a large bank were investigated in a study designed to measure female subordinate reactions to male and female managers. Eighty percent of the female subordinates in the sample showed a preference for male managers. This result was not confounded by organizationally determined manager-subordinate relationships since subordinates were not assigned to a particular manager. Further analyses suggest that this preference for male managers was caused by situational variables rather than by sex differences. Although male and female managers did not differ with respect to age, education, career orientation, and organizational commitment, male managers had significantly more experience and reported having more influence than did the female managers.
Possible explanation for the nonlinear piezoelectric response of polyvinylidene fluoride

Abstract It is conjectured that the recently observed stress-induced variation in one of the piezoelectric coefficients of β-poly (vinylidene fluoride) may be due to an instability of the crystal lattice at modest strains. This instability arises as a consequence of the similarity of the Bravais lattice to hexagonal form.
Turf wars or a misunderstanding of roles: an examination of the relationship between marketers and lawyers within the corporation

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between the marketing and legal departments within the corporation and how this relationship allows corporate attorneys to protect the firm against third‐party lawsuits.Design/methodology/approach – A literature review is followed by a discussion of the relevant sections of the American Bar Association's Model Rules of Professional Conduct which govern the professional conduct of all attorneys in the USA relative to how they treat the client, third parties, and relate to the court. Then, the concept of the client/customer from the viewpoint of marketers and “legal people” (corporate counsels) is examined.Findings – After a thorough examination of the roles of corporate attorneys and the marketing department within the firm, the study concludes that the occasional turf wars between the two departments stem from the differences in the cultures and norms of the two departments.Research limitations/implications – To the extent that the study f...
Oscillator strengths of Cl/I/ in the vacuum ultraviolet - The 2D-2P transitions

Experimental oscillator strengths are reported in absorption for the 2Dj-2Pj transitions of atomic chlorine using chemical titration for the quantitative production of Cl atoms. The closely spaced 2D52,32-2P3,2 doublet at 118.9 nm was resolved in emission using a 6.65 m normal incidence vacuum spectrometer. Multiplet emission ratios are combined with line absorption measurements to obtain the following absolute oscillator strengths: 2D32-2P32 (118.875 nm), 0.0050 ± 0.0010; 2D32-2P12 (118.877 nm), 0.068 ± 0.007; 2D32-2P32 (120.135 nm), 0.102 ± 0.010.
Population dynamics in variable environments. II. Correlated environments, sensitivity analysis and dynamics

Abstract Mean and mean square number are studied for age-structured populations with serially correlated temporally fluctuating vital rates. Results are that (1) Moments of population number can be used effectively to analyse growth rates of the coefficient of variation and an approximate median population number. (2) Analytical approximations to the growth rates of moments reveal dynamic consequences of covarying phenotypic traits and of temporal correlation along environmental sequences. (3) Dynamic properties can be explicitly related to the static sensitivity of an average vital rate matrix. (4) The use of (1), (2) and (3) allows an extension of many applications of static vital rate theory to dynamics with fluctuating rates.