cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Building a Democratic Political Order: Democratic opportunities in the crises of the 1930s

In 1932 the issue was the restoration of American democracy: and the American people were in a mood to win. They did win. In 1936 the issue is the preservation of their victory. Again they are in a mood to win. Again they will win. – Franklin Roosevelt, 1936 In the 1930s progressive liberals in the Roosevelt administration and Congress allied with new mass political forces to build the Democratic order. They led the way in forming a Democratic political bloc whose elements cut across conventional institutional boundaries and whose themes reshaped American liberalism. The new order entailed an expanding state, a renovated Democratic Party, and new movements and interest groups, most notably the labor movement. It was committed to modernization, efficiency, and moderately egalitarian social and economic reform. The events and outcomes of the decade are still the subject of lively debates, which are often linked to contemporary political positions. For some, the 1930s (and 1940s) show a healthy politics of interest-aggregating parties. Others argue that a special chance was lost to develop a more aggressively reformist liberalism, perhaps a mass social democratic force. Arguments persist about the labor movement and the decade's radical political movements, as well as about New Deal agricultural policies and racial practices.
Theoretical Applications of the MODE Model to Law Enforcement Training and Interventions

As discussed in the focal article, numerous research studies have supported the existence of automatic or implicit racial bias (Ruggs et al., 2016). In this commentary, we argue that examining implicit bias through the perspective of the motivation and opportunity as determinants (MODE) model (see Fazio & Olson, 2014, for a review) offers a framework for industrial–organizational (I-O) psychologists to design and implement strategies that reduce the number of violent interactions between police and communities. The MODE model has been applied to areas such as interpersonal relationships (McNulty, Olson, Meltzer, & Shaffer, 2013), effective treatment of mental disorders (Vasey, Harbaugh, Buffington, Jones, & Fazio, 2012), and crafting of media messages (Ewoldsen, Rhodes, & Fazio, 2015), as well as racial prejudice (Olson & Fazio, 2004). Below, we elaborate on how the I-O-related strategies and interventions described in the focal article can be captured by the components of the MODE model and highlight which interventions may be most efficacious in reducing discriminatory police officer behavior.
Exploration of misperceptions in hypergames

This paper studies adversarial scenarios within the framework of hypergames, where rational players have misperceptions about the game they are involved in. We introduce the notion of inconsistent equilibrium to capture those equilibria of the hypergame that are not perceived by at least one player as an equilibrium in her own game. We identify a class of actions, termed exploratory, that a player can take from an inconsistent equilibrium to improve her payoff (even though such actions are perceived to be sanctioned by other players). We analyze the asymptotic convergence properties of the resulting dynamical system and characterize to what extent misperception can be decreased by the use of exploratory actions.
Dynamic Allocation of Service Function Chains under Priority Dependency Constraint

Network functions virtualization is a new technology for the future internet that eliminates the dependency of the network function and the hardware requirement. The network functions virtualization provides a successful approach for meeting the increase in demand of the end-to-end (E2E) services with low operational and capital costs. Replacing the network specific purpose hardware (e.g. firewall) with a software implementation of the network functions in which a chain of Virtualized Network Functions (VNFs) can logically connect the end points and provide the desired network services. However, this approach is associated with the challenge of dynamically mapping the predefined VNFs onto the existing substrate network in an optimal way. In this paper, we propose a simple and effective approach for mapping the VNFs with the physical resources in a dynamic service request environment. The algorithm considers the priority dependency between the VNFs as a case of study, with the objective of minimizing the mapping blocking rate.
Considerations for Pediatric Cochlear Implant Recipients With Unilateral or Asymmetric Hearing Loss: Assessment, Device Fitting, and Habilitation

Purpose The purpose of this clinical report is to present case studies of children who are nontraditional candidates for cochlear implantation because they have significant residual hearing in 1 ea...
Engineering Bioartificial Lungs for Transplantation

The purposes of this study were to review current progress being made in engineering bioartificial lungs for transplantation and identify tangible benefits to the implementation of this research into development of 4D lung models for disease modeling, drug screening, and personalized medicine that could be realized in the next 5 years. We focused primarily on the generation and analysis of decellularized lung scaffolds, the repopulation of acellular lung scaffolds by primary cells and pluripotent stem cells-derived cells, and current disease modeling approaches. Bioengineered lung has significant potential in transplantation and facilitates future biomedical research by establishing of 4D cell culture model on the scaffold; it will benefit the implementation of the development of disease modeling, drug screening, and personalized medicine.
Learning Stock Market Sentiment Lexicon and Sentiment-Oriented Word Vector from StockTwits

Previous studies have shown that investor sentiment indicators can predict stock market change. A domain-specific sentiment lexicon and sentiment-oriented word embedding model would help the sentiment analysis in financial domain and stock market. In this paper, we present a new approach to learning stock market lexicon from StockTwits, a popular financial social network for investors to share ideas. It learns word polarity by predicting message sentiment, using a neural net-work. The sentiment-oriented word embeddings are learned from tens of millions of StockTwits posts, and this is the first study presenting sentiment-oriented word embeddings for stock market. The experiments of predicting investor sentiment show that our lexicon outperformed other lexicons built by the state-of-the-art methods, and the sentiment-oriented word vector was much better than the general word embeddings.
Addressing maternal deaths due to violence: the Illinois experience.

Homicide, suicide, and substance abuse accounted for nearly one fourth of all pregnancy-associated deaths in Illinois from 2002 through 2013. Maternal mortality review in Illinois has been primarily focused on obstetric and medical causes and little is known about the circumstances surrounding deaths due to homicide, suicide, and substance abuse, if they are pregnancy related, and if the deaths are potentially preventable. To address this issue, we implemented a process to form a second statewide maternal mortality review committee for deaths due to violence in late 2014. We convened a stakeholder group to accomplish 3 tasks: (1) identify appropriate committee members; (2) identify potential types and sources of information that would be required for a meaningful review of violent maternal deaths; and (3) revise the Maternal Mortality Review Form. Because homicide, suicide, and substance abuse are closely linked to the social determinants of health, the review committee needed to have a broad membership with expertise in areas not required for obstetric maternal mortality review, including social service and community organizations. Identifying additional sources of information is critical; the state Violent Death Reporting System, case management data, and police and autopsy reports provide contextual information that cannot be found in medical records. The stakeholder group revised the Maternal Mortality Review Form to collect information relevant to violent maternal deaths, including screening history and psychosocial history. The form guides the maternal mortality review committee for deaths due to violence to identify potentially preventable factors relating to the woman, her family, systems of care, the community, the legal system, and the institutional environment. The committee has identified potential opportunities to decrease preventable death requiring cooperation with social service agencies and the criminal justice system in addition to the physical and mental health care systems. Illinois has demonstrated that by engaging appropriate members and expanding the information used, it is possible to conduct meaningful reviews of these deaths and make recommendations to prevent future deaths.
Breaking New Ground in the Landscape of Single-Cell Analysis

Here, we outline p-Creode, a new algorithm to construct multi-branching cell lineage trajectories from single-cell data. Application of this platform to diverse sources of single-cell data demonstrates its robustness and scalability, while the discovery of a new origin for rare gut tuft cells showcases the utility of p-Creode.
Plenary lecture 1: information criteria and detection of change

Change-point problem primarly arose from the process of quality control in which one concerns about the outputs of a production line and wishes to find any departure from an acceptable standard of the product. The problem of abrupt changed is often encountered in various experimental and mathematical sciences. From a statistical point of view, we wish to infer (detect) whether there is a statistically significant change-point in a sequence of chronologically ordered date. In the case that there is a statistically significant change-point, we also will locate (estimate) the change-point. In particular, the testing and estimation of multiple covariance change point for a sequence of m-dimensional (m>1) Gaussian random vectors by using Schwarz information criterion (SIC) have been studied. We will estimate the number of change points as well as their locations. The unbiased SIC is also obtained. Then asymptotic null distribution of the test statistic is derived. The result is applied to the weekly prices of Exxon and General Dynamics stocks (m=2) from 1990 to 1991, and changed are successfully detected.
Disinhibition of the Dorsomedial Hypothalamus Increases the Frequency of Augmented Breaths in the Anesthetized Rat

The present study was undertaken to identify if activation of the dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH) elicits augmented breaths (ABs). DMH disinhibition in urethane anesthetized rats produced both an increase in baseline respiratory rate (RR) and an increase in the number of ABs. The increase in RR was associated with a decrease in both the time of inspiration (T(i)) and expiration (T(e)) and the peak change in RR was observed 5 min post DMH activation. In contrast, the increase in ABs was greatest during the first 1.25 min, and both T(i)s of the ABs did not change significantly from pre-injection values. The T(e) of the ABs did decrease but remained significantly greater than the T(e) of the normal breath during DMH disinhibition. Our results support the hypothesis that the central neural pathway involved in the maintenance of normal respiratory pattern may be distinct from pathways involved in the generation of ABs.
There and Back Again - An Indian Hobbit's Holiday: Indians Teaching Indian Law

Addressing the issue of Indians teaching Indian law requires some understanding of the criteria defining the terms "Indian" and "Indian law" - not to mention the whole concept of teaching and pedagogy. These terms, however, are controversial on many levels, and subject to internal and external definitional treatments based on race, culture, societal expectations, law, and political systems.Acknowledging these various and sometimes contradictory treatments and understandings, an attempt is made to survey the members of the academy teaching Indian law to obtain some picture of the progress made as of the date of the article in opening the legal academy to members of federally recognized tribes as tenured and tenure track teachers in America's ABA approved law schools, and to think about the impact that this widening of views within the academy may have in the future.
Global potable water: Current status, critical problems, and future perspectives

Providing access to potable water and sanitation has become a human right through various designations in international treaties and declarations. Many countries and international organizations have established water quality guidelines for potable water supplies, thereby defining standards for treatment processes to meet. Unfortunately, potable water for all is a goal that has not yet been fully realized. Water-related diseases remain the number one cause of death for children under five worldwide; these problems are particularly evident in rural areas of developing countries. In addition, emerging contaminants and disinfection by-products have been linked to chronic health problems for people in the developed and developing world. This chapter provides an overview of critical problems relating to the provisioning of global potable water. First, current health impacts of water-related illnesses as well as natural and human influences that will alter our current water supply in the coming decades are reviewed. The technical limitations to water treatment in both developed and emerging economies are then discussed. Additionally, a brief look at the social and political factors influencing potable water access such as government capacity, competing interests, and the influence of food choices on water availability will be discussed. Finally, some current innovative approaches and suggested strategies for water management in the future are presented.
Morse-Smale Diffeomorphisms Are Unipotent on Homology

This chapter discusses that the Morse–Smale diffeomorphisms are unipotent on homology. If f : M → M is homotopic to a Morse–Smale diffeomorphism f * : H * ( M , R ) is unipotent.
Utilization and Abandonment of Low Vision Devices Prescribed on a Mobile Clinic.

Significance Device utilization and abandonment for patients seen on a mobile clinic are explored. Findings are informative for resource allocation in a novel low vision rehabilitation (LVR) delivery model. This study also explores the relationships between device abandonment and LVR patient-reported functional outcomes. Purpose This prospective cohort study investigated low vision device utilization and abandonment in a novel mobile clinic delivery model. Methods A device abandonment questionnaire was administered by telephone 3 months and 1 year after mobile clinic LVR. Participants (n = 65) had previously met the U.S. definition of legal blindness and were prescribed a total of 154 devices at their low vision consultative visits. Trends in device utilization and correlations with clinical and demographic participant characteristics, as well as functional outcomes as assessed by Massof Activity Inventory, are explored. Results An average of 2.6 device recommendations were made per participant. Digital magnification, optical magnifiers, and filters were most frequently recommended. At 3 months, 29% of participants abandoned at least one device, although only 17% of received devices were abandoned. There was no significant difference in the number of devices used, abandoned, or not received at 3 months versus 1 year after LVR. Devices prescribed for reading goals were most frequently used and least often abandoned, whereas glare control and distance magnification devices were more frequently abandoned. Neither patient characteristics nor Massof Activity Inventory change score was predictive of device abandonment. There was no significant difference in the odds of device abandonment in comparison with a previous study that assessed academic outpatient LVR clinics using the same questionnaire. Conclusions Although more device recommendations are given per patient on the mobile clinic, there is no significant difference in device abandonment for patients seen on the mobile clinic versus other outpatient LVR delivery models.
Study on pre‐charging process and pre‐insertion resistors selection of VSC‐HVDC system with different MMC topologies

Here, the uncontrolled rectification pre-charging characteristics of the VSC-HVDC system with different modular multilevel converter (MMC) topologies such as full-bridge, half-bridge, and hybrid topologies are proposed based on theoretical analysis and PSCAD/EMTDC simulations. Different MMC topologies have a great impact on the selection of pre-insertion resistors. The surge energy of pre-insertion resistors is the lowest with the full-bridge sub-module (FBSM) MMC, while much higher with the half-bridge sub-module (HBSM) MMC. In order to prevent start-up failure caused by extremely non-uniform voltage between FBSM and HBSM of hybrid MMC, the FBSM should be turned to half-bridge state by valve control system as soon as possible so as to carry out the second charge, and then balance the sub-modules voltage by bypass certain high-voltage sub-modules. The half-controlled charging process has a great influence on the absorbed energy of the pre-insertion resistors of hybrid MMC. The research results can be used to guide the selection of VSC-HVDC pre-insertion resistors and start-up strategy making.
Exploring Scholarly Impact Metrics in Receipt of Highly Prestigious Awards

The authoritative data that underlies research information management (RIM) systems supports fine-grained analyses of faculty members’ research practices and output, data-driven decision making, and organizational research management. Administrators at Texas A&M University (TAMU) asked the University Libraries to develop institutional reports that describe faculty research practices and identify their research strengths. The library runs Scholars@TAMU (https://scholars.library.tamu.edu/) based on VIVO, a member-supported, open source, semantic-web software program, as the university’s RIM system. This paper explores the scholarly impact and collaboration practices of senior faculty members in the College of Engineering at TAMU and identifies relationships between their impact metrics and collaboration practices. Full professors were divided into three groups: (1) those who received highly prestigious (HP) awards, (2) those who received prestigious (P) awards, and (3) those who did not receive any awards categorized as either HP or P by the National Research Council. The study’s results showed that the faculty members with HP awards had significantly higher mean ranks for their total citation count, the citation count of their top cited article, their h-index, and their total number of publications than did the faculty members without any HP or P awards. The findings from this study can inform researchers, university administrators, and bibliometric communities about the use of awards as an indicator that corresponds to other research performance indicators. Furthermore, researchers could also use the study’s results to develop a machine-learning model that could identify those faculty who are on track to win HP awards in the future.
Comparison of three-dimensional fine and coarse nodalization of the reactor vessel for a small-break loss-of-coolant accident

This paper evaluates two significantly different models of a Westinghouse 414 reactor system using the TRAC-PF1/MOD1 computer code for a small-break loss-of-coolant accident (SBLOCA). A coarse three-dimensional model of the reactor vessel is developed. In the coarse model, three of the four reactor coolant loops are combined into one loop. A detailed three-dimensional model of the reactor vessel is also developed. In the detailed model, each of the four coolant loops is modeled separately. Both models are run to steady-state convergence until the calculated system parameters are in good agreement. In addition, the steady state result of both models closely match operational parameters given in the final safety analysis report. Form the self-consistent steady-state conditions, a 60-s transient calculation is performed with each model. The transient simulates a 4-in. SBLOCA. The overall results of code predictions for the two models closely agree, and the vessel global parameters for the two models are also in good agreement. However, the computer times for the two calculations are significantly different.
Electrostatic Complementarity Drives Amyloid/Nucleic Acid Co-Assembly

Proteinaceous plaques associated with neurodegenerative diseases contain many biopolymers including the polyanions glycosaminoglycans and nucleic acids. Polyanion-induced amyloid fibrillation has been implicated in disease etiology, but structural models for amyloid/nucleic acid co-assemblies remain limited. Here we constrain nucleic acid/peptide interactions with model peptides that exploit electrostatic complementarity and define a novel amyloid/nucleic acid co-assembly. The structure provides a model for nucleic acid/amyloid co-assembly as well as insight into the energetic determinants involved in templating amyloid assembly.
Private Property Rights, Government Interventionism and Welfare Economics

We develop a critique of government interventionism based on the Misesian calculation argument against socialism. If private property rights and relative prices based on supply and demand are necessary for successful economic coordination, then conventional market failure theories cannot be sustained. Government interventionism based on the idea of correcting “market failures” is analytically just a milder form of socialist central planning. Between the two, there are only differences in degree, not in kind. We criticize several public choice and law and economics scholars for disregarding this Misesian angle in their market failure theories. In our view they are reducible to arguments based on a fallacious political economy while perpetuating false neoclassical economic analysis of market failure theorists. We claim that government interventionism is just a milder form of socialist central planning. Therefore, the traditional arguments against the efficiency of central planning also apply to government interventions aiming at fixing market failures. In particular, we maintain that governments face the “knowledge problem”, which means that they cannot determine the optimal allocation of resources. In section two of this paper we discuss market failure and economic calculation. Section three is given over to our claim that the “Nirvana fallacy” is itself fallacious. The burden of section four is to address Coase and consequences. We conclude in section five.
Low Vision Care - Out of Site. Out of Mind.

To estimate the number of patients accessing eye care with low vision (LV) at a large multi-site ophthalmology institute who utilize low vision rehabilitation (LVR) services and compare their chara...
Isolation of Pancreatic RNA

Measurement of gene expression usually involves isolation of total RNA which includes mRNAs. Isolation of high quality intact RNA from the pancreas can be a challenge because of the very high levels of RNase. This protocol describes modifications to the widely used guandinium thiocyanate-phenol-chloroform extraction method, using commercial preparations of extraction reagent. The major modification to existing protocols is to increase the ratio of extraction reagent to tissue wet weight. This procedure yields high quality total RNA suitable for downstream measurement of gene expression such as quantitative RT-PCR and microarray transcriptome analysis.
COVID-19 and Flu Pandemics Follow a Pattern: A possible Cross-immunity in the Pandemic Origin and Graver Disease in Farther Regions

So far, the COVID-19 pandemic has caused less casualty in Eastern Asia areas compared to the other parts of the world. The pattern of less casualty in the pandemic origin has also been observed in the three main flu pandemics in the last century. It is reasonable to speculate that less casualty of COVID-19/flu in the pandemic origin is likely due to the preexisting cross-immunity to some close viruses being more prevalent in those regions. Experts and modelers should scale up the severity of a flu-like viral epidemic to predict its real severity for the rest of the world.
Role of Medical and Health Factors

In this chapter we will consider some of the medical factors that may be significant for assessing any health risks caused by an employee’s exposure to specific hazards used in biomedical research. We will also examine certain medical conditions that predispose an individual to additional risk if he or she is engaged in research involving biohazardous agents.
Exaggerated and questioning clickbait headlines and their influence on media learning.

Abstract. Headlines that are incongruous with article content can negatively impact media learning outcomes. Clickbait headlines intentionally misrepresent news content, often in sensational ways t...
Transferrin-mediated iron sequestration as a novel therapy for bacterial and fungal infections

Pathogenic microbes must acquire essential nutrients, including iron, from the host in order to proliferate and cause infections. Iron sequestration is an ancient host antimicrobial strategy. Thus, enhancing iron sequestration is a promising, novel anti-infective strategy. Unfortunately, small molecule iron chelators have proven difficult to develop as anti-infective treatments, in part due to unacceptable toxicities. Iron sequestration in mammals is predominantly mediated by the transferrin family of iron-binding proteins. In this review, we explore the possibility of administering supraphysiological levels of exogenous transferrin as an iron sequestering therapy for infections, which could overcome some of the problems associated with small molecule chelation. Recent studies suggest that transferrin delivery may represent a promising approach to augment both natural resistance and traditional antibiotic therapy.
Strip Searches and the Silo Effect: Adopting a Holistic Approach to Charter Remedies

The process by which the United States Supreme Court determined who should bear the risk of loss of constitutional violations stands as a cautionary tale as the courts of Canada embark on the task of deciding when, and from whom, an award of damages is an “appropriate and just” remedy for Charter breaches. The United States Supreme Court developed its jurisprudence in three discrete silos: 1) immunity of individual officials; 2) entity liability for damages; and 3) standards for issuance of equitable and declaratory relief. The Court consistently neglected to consider how its rulings in one of the three silos, when applied in concert with other doctrines, affect the final allocation of losses caused by constitutional wrongdoing. As a consequence, innocent victims often are left without any remedy for infringement of their fundamental constitutional liberties.This article proposes that in litigating and adjudicating any single issue that arises when a citizen seeks to recover damages for a Charter violation, the advocates and judges must adopt a holistic approach, assessing how resolution of that one issue will impact the overall assignment of the risk of loss. Counsel and the court always must consider how the answer to the question posed in the case at bar will affect plaintiff’s and future citizen’s ability to obtain a viable remedy for deprivations of Charter rights in light of 1) rules regarding immunity of individual officials; 2) doctrines approving or limiting the liability of governmental entities; and 3) the availability of injunctive or declaratory relief to redress the constitutional violation.
Spring‐Block Models of Seismicity: Review and Analysis of a Structurally Heterogeneous Model Coupled to a Viscous Asthenosphere

Since the introduction of the Burridge-Knopoff model for fault mechanics many spring-block models have been proposed which purportedly generate a Gutenberg-Richter (GR) distribution of earthquake moments. Upon close examination, not all of these models generate distributions consistent with GR. Of those that do, few are able to generate other realistic aspects of distributed seismicity such as numbers of foreshocks and aftershocks consistent with Omori's Law and both characteristic and noncharacteristic seismic cycle behavior. We have systematically constructed a structurally-heterogeneous spring-block model coupled to a viscous asthenosphere which generates many realistic features of distributed seismicity. Versions of the model without viscous coupling were found to be inadequate to generate realistic model seismicity. A structurally heterogeneous model with viscous coupling is compared in detail to previous spring-block models and data for observed seismicity in terms of the cumulative frequency-size distribution of events, the occurrence of foreshocks and aftershocks, the increase of cumulative Benioff strain release prior to large earthquakes, the dependence of seismicity on depth, fault length, and structural heterogeneity, the relationship between the average slip and moment of an earthquake, and the heterogeneity of the rupture process. These comparisons demonstrate the effectiveness of the model in simulating seismicity and suggest that heterogeneity and viscous coupling are necessary conditions for a realistic spring-block model of seismicity.
Comparative biology of prokaryotic resting cells.

Publisher Summary This chapter examines the comparison of the properties of various types of resting cells formed by prokaryotes. It also describes the formation of the resting stage, the resting cell, and the germination. The chapter largely emphasizes on the comparative aspects of resting cells. Resting cells refer to those cells in which division does not occur, endogenous respiration is absent or much decreased, and in which formation of the resting stage is part of the natural life-cycle of the organism. The resting cell is usually morphologically distinct from the growing or vegetative form, and most types are more resistant than vegetative cells to adverse conditions. Endospores of the various genera—Bacillus, Clostridium, Sporosarcina, and Thermoactinomyces—are fundamentally different from other types of resting cells. They are largely formed within vegetative cells, none of the cell wall being derived from the wall of the mother cell. They also contain unusually large amounts of Ca2+ and DPA, which can be involved in the maintenance of heat resistance and dormancy. The phenomenon of activation, sometimes a necessary prelude to germination, is observed only for endospores. Increased resistance properties, a dissemination apparatus, and timing devices are the most likely biological functions of prokaryotic resting cells, each type of resting cell is necessarily suited to one or more of these functions.
On the properties of positive spanning sets and positive bases

The concepts of positive span and positive basis are important in derivative-free optimization. In fact, a well-known result is that if the gradient of a continuously differentiable objective function on \(\mathbb{R}^n\) is nonzero at a point, then one of the vectors in any positive basis (or any positive spanning set) of \(\mathbb{R}^n\) is a descent direction for the objective function from that point. This article summarizes the basic results and explores additional properties of positive spanning sets, positively independent sets and positive bases that are potentially useful in the design of derivative-free optimization algorithms. In particular, it provides construction procedures for these special sets of vectors that were not previously mentioned in the literature. It also proves that invertible linear transformations preserve positive independence and the positive spanning property. Moreover, this article introduces the notion of linear equivalence between positive spanning sets and between positively independent sets to simplify the analysis of their structures. Linear equivalence turns out to be a generalization of the concept of structural equivalence between positive bases that was introduced by Coope and Price (SIAM J Optim 11:859–869, 2001). Furthermore, this article clarifies which properties of linearly independent sets, spanning sets and ordinary bases carry over to positively independent sets, positive spanning sets, and positive bases. For example, a linearly independent set can always be extended to a basis of a linear space but a positively independent set cannot always be extended to a positive basis. Also, the maximum size of a linearly independent set in \(R^n\) is n but there is no limit to the size of a positively independent set in \(\mathbb{R}^n\) when \(n \ge 3\). Whenever possible, the results are proved for the more general case of frames of convex cones instead of focusing only on positive bases of linear spaces. In addition, this article discusses some algorithms for determining whether a given set of vectors is positively independent or whether it positively spans a linear subspace of \(\mathbb{R}^n\). Finally, it provides an algorithm for extending any finite set of vectors to a positive spanning set of \(\mathbb{R}^n\) using only a relatively small number of additional vectors.
Rapid assessment of health literacy on admission to the hospital.

No abstract available. (Published: 19 October 2015) Citation: Journal of Community Hospital Internal Medicine Perspectives 2015, 5: 29131 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/jchimp.v5.29131
The Evil That Men Think—And Do

Like Shklar, Milo is too perceptive and too circumspect tojoin the simplifiers that Midgley deplores. And yet, despite their perceptiveness and circumspection, many of our analyzers of evil have grossly simplified the idea of immorality. In their scrupulous examinations of complexities they have left out much of the ferocious ugliness of Kliban's monster. They too are negligent simplifiers. For instance, Jonathan Bennett has written an essay entitled "The Conscience of Huckleberry Finn;' in which he proves to his satisfaction that the morality of the eighteenthcentury American theologian Jonathan Edwards was "worse than
Holocene fire and vegetation along environmental gradients in the Northern Rocky Mountains

Abstract Holocene records of fire, vegetation, and climate were reconstructed from four sites in the Bitterroot Range region of the Northern Rocky Mountains in order to examine the vegetation and fire histories and evaluate the hypothesis proposed by Whitlock and Bartlein (1993) regarding the effects of increased summer insolation on precipitation patterns. Vegetation history in the series of sites was broadly similar. In the late-glacial period, the pollen data suggest open parkland dominated by Picea or alpine meadow, which reflect conditions cooler and drier than present. These open forests were replaced in the early to middle Holocene by forests composed mainly of Pinus and Pseudotsuga , which suggest conditions warmer than present. Modern forest compositions were in place by ca 3000 cal yr BP, and small variations in the timing of the vegetation shifts reflect local differences among sites. The long-term trends in fire occurrence support the hypothesis proposed by Whitlock and Bartlein (1993) that precipitation regimes were sharpened during the early Holocene summer insolation maximum but their location has remained unchanged as a result of topographic constraints. Sites located in areas currently summer-dry were drier-than-present during the early Holocene and fires were more frequent. Conversely, sites located in the areas that are summer-wet at present were wetter-than-present in the early Holocene, and fires were less frequent. On millennial time scales it appears that the climate boundary is controlled by topography and does not shift.
Plac8 Links Oncogenic Mutations to Regulation of Autophagy and Is Critical to Pancreatic Cancer Progression

Mutations in p53 and RAS potently cooperate in oncogenic transformation, and correspondingly, these genetic alterations frequently coexist in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) and other human cancers. Previously, we identified a set of genes synergistically activated by combined RAS and p53 mutations as frequent downstream mediators of tumorigenesis. Here, we show that the synergistically activated gene Plac8 is critical for pancreatic cancer growth. Silencing of Plac8 in cell lines suppresses tumor formation by blocking autophagy, a process essential for maintaining metabolic homeostasis in PDA, and genetic inactivation in an engineered mouse model inhibits PDA progression. We show that Plac8 is a critical regulator of the autophagic machinery, localizing to the lysosomal compartment and facilitating lysosome-autophagosome fusion. Plac8 thus provides a mechanistic link between primary oncogenic mutations and the induction of autophagy, a central mechanism of metabolic reprogramming, during PDA progression.
Parotidectomy: ten-year review of 237 cases at a single institution.

Objective To review a single surgeon’s experience with parotidectomy with an emphasis on examining the appropriate use of partial superficial parotidectomy and the differences in early outcomes observed with the various types and extent of parotidectomy used. Study Design and Setting A series of 237 patients who underwent parotidectomy over a 10-year period was reviewed. Results Postoperative complications included facial nerve weakness (18%), sialocele (6.3%), wound infection (3.8%), hematoma (3.8%), and symptomatic Frey’s syndrome (1.7%). More extensive surgical procedures, including complete superficial or total parotidectomy, were associated with a 2.7 times greater incidence of immediate postoperative facial nerve weakness compared with partial superficial parotidectomy. Conclusion Partial superficial parotidectomy is associated with a decreased incidence of transient postoperative facial nerve weakness compared with more extensive procedures such as complete superficial or total parotidectomy. Intraoperative frozen section was an accurate means of selecting patients for the partial superficial parotidectomy procedure. Significance Partial superficial parotidectomy is an effective method for treating benign tumors confined to the superficial lobe.
Further Evidence for an Elongation-Decarboxylation Mechanism in the Biosynthesis of Paraffins in Leaves

In isolated tobacco leaves l-valine-U-(14)C gave rise to labeled even-numbered isobranched fatty acids containing 16 to 26 carbon atoms and iso C(29), iso C(31), and iso C(33) paraffins. l-Isoleucine-U-(14)C on the other hand produced labeled odd-numbered anteiso C(17) to C(27) fatty acids and anteiso C(30) and C(32) paraffins. Trichloroacetic acid inhibited the incorporation of isobutyrate into C(20) and higher fatty acids and paraffins without affecting the synthesis of the C(16) and C(18) fatty acids. Thus the very long branched fatty acids are biosynthetically related to the paraffins. In Senecio odoris leaves acetate-1-(14)C was incorporated into the paraffins (mainly n-C(31)) only in the epidermis although acetate was readily incorporated into fatty acids in the mesophyll tissue. Similarly only the epidermal tissue incorporated acetate into fatty acids longer than C(18) suggesting that the epidermis is the site of synthesis of both paraffins and the very long fatty acids. In broccoli leaves n-C(12) acid labeled with (14)C in the carboxyl carbon and (3)H in the methylene carbons was incorporated into C(29) paraffin without the loss of (14)C relative to (3)H. Since n-C(18) acid is known to be incorporated into the paraffin without loss of carboxyl carbon these results suggest that the condensation of C(12) acid with C(18) acid is not responsible for n-C(29) paraffin synthesis in this tissue. Thus all the experimental evidence thus far obtained strongly suggests that elongation of fatty acids followed by decarboxylation is the most likely pathway for paraffin biosynthesis in leaves.
On-Resin Assembly of a Linkerless Lanthanide(III)-Based Luminescence Label and Its Application to the Total Synthesis of Site-Specifically Labeled Mechanosensitive Channels

A synthesis strategy for the on-resin assembly of luminescent lanthanide chelates from commercially available compounds was developed. Advantages of the approach include the absence of spacers between the metal ion and the attachment site, and the compatibility with typical chemical protein synthesis protection schemes. Methoxycoumarin-labeled lysine and tris(tert-butyl)-DOTA were consecutively coupled with high efficiency to a free amino group in otherwise fully protected peptide segments using standard peptide synthesis methods. Addition of stoichiometric amounts of Tb3+ to the modified, cleaved, and purified peptides yielded the desired lanthanide chelate. Incorporation of this label into a chemically synthesized, full-length mechanosensitive channel of large conductance (MscL) of E. coli and subsequent reconstitution into vesicles resulted in a functional mechanosensitive channel of comparable conductance to the wild-type channel. However, this channel required increased suction to gate. Excitation of the antenna molecule methoxycoumarin at 336 nm resulted in an emission spectrum typical for Tb3+ and a luminescence lifetime of 0.67 ms. The location of the probe close to the backbone of this protein may provide precise information about conformational changes during channel opening from LRET studies.
The impracticability of using fascia for the gradual occlusion of large arteries

Abstract 1. 1. A method of partial occlusion of arteries with six to eight turns of heavy fascia was attempted. This amount of connective tissue was used in the hope of inducing enough scar tissue contracture to complete the obstruction. 2. 2. This method was used on the thoracic aorta of dogs in ten experiments and the abdominal portion below the renal vessels in six instances. 3. 3. With a plastic substance such as tissue strips it is difficult to judge the degree of constriction. Because of this three animals were killed by too great obstruction of the thoracic aorta. 4. 4. In four instances the arterial wall atrophied and ruptured at the site of the constricting device. Rupture occurred in from seven to seventeen days after operation. 5. 5. In the remaining nine experiments relaxation of the fascia invariably occurred. Restitution of the caliber of the lumen was partial in one month and complete in from two to three months. Resorption of the tissue bands occurred in from three to four months. 6. 6. The results of these experiments permit the conclusion that fascia is an unreliable and somewhat dangerous material to use for partial occlusion of the great vessels.
Spatial distribution of visible coherent harmonics generated by the Mark III FEL

Abstract We report measurements of the spatial distributions of the high order harmonics generated by the Mark III FEL [1] operating at 3.2 μm. A simple charged disk model appears adequate to describe the generation of the odd-order harmonics.
Coping responses by adults who stutter: part I. Protecting the self and others.

Abstract Using a grounded theory approach, four clusters were identified that represent patterns of coping by adults who stutter. In order to understand the complexities within the coping responses of speakers to the experience of stuttering, this first of two companion papers summarizes the literature on the human coping response to stress and the nature of two of the four main findings identified. These findings describe a coping process that emphasizes strategies of protecting both the speaker and the listener from experiencing discomfort associated with stuttering. The companion paper describes the remaining two main findings that emphasize the characteristics of self-focused and action oriented coping responses. Educational Objectives : The reader will be able to: (1) describe, from the perspective of a select group of adults who stutter, the themes associated with the process of coping with stuttering, (2) describe the basic rationale for the procedures associated with grounded theory methods, (3) describe the factors that influence the choice to use emotion-focused and problem-focused coping strategies, and (4) explain the factors that contribute to the use of methods of escape.
Aerosols in Alaskan Air Masses

Results from measurements of the composition and size distribution of aerosol particles advected into central Alaska are reported. It is argued that the aerosol predominant in number, but not necessarily in mass, consists of submicron droplets of sulfuric acid. The major aerosol by mass in arctic air is a removal-resistant accumulation mode (radius ∼ 0.3μm) probably to large extent originating from pollution sources ∼ 103 km upstream (mostly in central Eurasia) from the site in Alaska. The accumulation mode aerosol disappears when arctic air masses are replaced with relatively warmer air masses flowing in from the northern Pacific. The latter air mass systems have been strongly scavenged by clouds and precipitation associated with the Aleutian low pressure system and with forced orographic uplifting over the Alaska Mountain Range; nevertheless the Pacific air masses contain substantial (i.e., 500’1000 cm-3) quantities of small (several hundredths of a micron in radius) particles. Arctic-derived air masses are enriched in large (i.e, ∼ 0.3 μ) particles compared to Pacific Marine air masses, whereas the opposite trend is found for smaller, Aitken, particles. The smaller particles are found in greatest abundance in warmer air mass systems, presumably because of the relatively brief time since such air masses were last exposed to sunlight with attendant production of small particles from the gas phase.
Variability in Gross and Microscopic Pathology Reporting in Excisional Biopsies of Breast Cancer Tissue

: Accurate and complete information in pathology reporting is essential since most breast cancer treatment decisions are based on pathologic findings. The College of American Pathologists (CAP) has guidelines for breast cancer reporting; however, pathology reports remain variable. Data were collected on 91 consecutive breast cancer excisional biopsies from “outside slide review” (OSR) cases for a 2-year period to determine the variability in pathology reports in gross and microscopic examinations from 50 different outside community and university hospitals located primarily in the southwestern United States. From the gross pathology report, the following items were analyzed: measurement and weight of specimens, orientation provided by surgeons, number of blocks submitted, designation of margins, and whether margins were indicated as “shaved” or “perpendicular” in relation to the breast tissue at the time of grossing. From the final diagnoses, the following items were analyzed: type and size of tumor, and surgical margins. The results show that 100% of the reports documented the measurement of specimen size, and 30% documented the specimen weight. Surgeons provided orientation of the breast specimens in 65% of cases. Surgical margins were inked in 58%, while only 18% described how margins were submitted (either shaved or perpendicular to the mass). Only 30% of specimens were submitted in toto, 1% were submitted with an unknown amount of tissue, and 69% were submitted in representative sections with an average of 13 blocks for lumpectomies. In the final diagnoses, all reports had documentation of the tumor type and size of the invasive cancer; 26% of the final diagnoses had ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and just 5% of those reports documented the size of the DCIS. The surgical margin status was reported in only 76% of the final diagnoses. This study shows that the pathology reports were heterogeneous with respect to reporting gross and microscopic final diagnoses from the variable hospitals.