cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Carbonate system response to iron enrichment

Abstract In May of 1995, the second iron experiment (IronEx II) was carried out in the Equatorial Pacific Ocean (beginning at 3.5°S and 104.5°W) with the purpose of examining the effect of iron enrichment in high nutrient, low chlorophyll (HNLC) waters. During the cruise, the carbonate parameters TA (total alkalinity), TCO 2 (total inorganic carbon), pH and p CO 2 (partial pressure of CO 2 ) were determined from water samples both inside and outside the iron-fertilized patch. The carbonate parameters, along with hydrographic properties, were found to be uniform in the surface waters of the study area before the addition of iron. Values were found to be pH=7.93±0.02, TA=2311±5 μ mol kg −1 , TCO 2 =2051±4 μ mol kg −1 , and p CO 2 =538±12 μ atm. The response of the carbonate system to an initial 2 nM iron infusion and two subsequent 1 nM reinfusions to the surface water was measured several times a day during the study. The maximum changes of the carbonate parameters within the patch relative to `outside' measurements were −27 μ mol kg −1 in TCO 2 , −73 μ atm in p CO 2 , and +0.058 in pH on days 8 and 9 of the experiment. The TA did not change within the experimental error of the measurements ±3 μ mol kg −1 ). In addition to the daily measurements, three transects were made across the patch (at 63, 78, and 122 h post-addition) that show a spatial biochemical response to the influence of iron and correlations between nutrients and the various carbonate parameters. A diel study of the patch showed daytime decreases of 27 μ atm in p CO 2 and 16 μ mol kg −1 in TCO 2 . The changes in carbon to nutrients during the experiment give ΔNO 3 /ΔPO 4 =14.3±0.7, ΔC/ΔNO 3 =6.2±0.2, ΔC/ΔPO 4 =90±5, ΔC/ΔO 2 =−0.66±0.07, ΔC/ΔSiO 2 =5.05±0.3. Corrections for the flux of gases across the air–sea interface during the experiment affect the oxygen changes, giving ΔC/ΔO 2 =−0.72. The slightly lower ratios than those predicted from the Redfield model have been attributed to the predominant production of diatoms that have high concentrations of lipids. These results suggest the following stoichiometry, 90 CO 2 +104 H 2 O +14 HNO 3 + H 3 PO 4 +18 SiO 2 →( CH 2 O ) 76 ( CH 2 ) 14 ( NH 3 ) 14 ( H 3 PO 4 )( SiO 2 ) 18 +125 O 2 for the production of phytoplankton in the iron-enriched patch.
Racemic amino acids from the ultraviolet photolysis of interstellar ice analogues

The delivery of extraterrestrial organic molecules to Earth by meteorites may have been important for the origin and early evolution of life. Indigenous amino acids have been found in meteorites-over 70 in the Murchison meteorite alone. Although it has been generally accepted that the meteoritic amino acids formed in liquid water on a parent body, the water in the Murchison meteorite is depleted in deuterium relative to the indigenous organic acids. Moreover, the meteoritical evidence for an excess of laevo-rotatory amino acids is hard to understand in the context of liquid-water reactions on meteorite parent bodies. Here we report a laboratory demonstration that glycine, alanine and serine naturally form from ultraviolet photolysis of the analogues of icy interstellar grains. Such amino acids would naturally have a deuterium excess similar to that seen in interstellar molecular clouds, and the formation process could also result in enantiomeric excesses if the incident radiation is circularly polarized. These results suggest that at least some meteoritic amino acids are the result of interstellar photochemistry, rather than formation in liquid water on an early Solar System body.
Robust Hand Geometry Measurements for Person Identification using Active Appearance Models

The increased demand for tighter border and building security has renewed public interest in biometric identification and verification systems. With fingerprint recognition being socially stigmatized, hand geometry-based recognizers have emerged as niche solutions. However, systems currently available in the marketplace require direct contact with the device, raising, among others, significant hygiene concerns. In this paper we introduce a novel approach to hand geometry-based identification. The proposed method employs Active Appearance Models to track the hand inside the capture device and to extract geometry features for identification. The AAM fitting algorithm runs faster than real-time, enabling robust system performance. In experiments on a small-scale database of hand images, the accuracy of our system exceeds 90% using as little as five features.
Sport And Downtown Development Strategy If You Build It, Will Jobs Come?

ABSTRACT: Many policy analysts have cautioned against public spending for professional and amateur sports. Within the last year, numerous cities have received demands from major and minor league teams for investments. These investments by the public sector can involve hundreds of millions of dollars and are usually defended by the economic impact of the facilities or teams and the economic development and revitalization which will follow. Indianapolis formulated an economic development strategy which relied substantially on sports. In addition, its development policies did not involve one team or facility, but a series of investments. As a result, the policies followed in Indianapolis afford an opportunity to measure the ability of sport facilities to encourage other investments and enhance economic development. The results reported here indicate that a sports strategy, even one as pronounced and as articulated as that of Indianapolis, is likely to have an inconsequential impact on development and economic growth.
Angiogenesis in invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the lip: tumor vascularity is not an indicator of metastatic risk

Background– Recent studies have shown that tumor growth beyond a certain size requires angiogenesis. Microvessel density has, moreover, correlated with metastatic risk in some tumors. Invasive squamous carcinoma (SCC) can develop in the epithelium of the lip and metastasize even when relatively small. This study investigates neovascularization and its relationship to metastatic risk in this tumor. Methods– All 41 primary SCCs of the lip diagnosed at our institution from 1960 to 1991 were immunostained for factor VIII. Microvessel grade (Mv) from 1+ to 4+ and the average number of vessel profiles (TMvD) in the highest density 200 × (0.785 mm2) and 400 × (0.196 mm2) microscopic fields were determined. TMvDs were compared with those of adjacent non-tumor tissue (NTMvD). Normalized counts (TMvDns) were calculated as TMvD/NTMvD. TMvDs and TMvDnns of metastasizing (N=10) and non-metastasizing (N = 31) tumors were compared (student t-test). Results– In all SCCs TMvDs exceeded NTMvDs (50 vs.35 at 200 ×, P = 0. 0014, and 26 vs. 14 at 400 ×, P< 0.0001). Metastasizing and non-metastasizing tumors did not, however, differ in Mv, TMvD, or TMvDn. Conclusions– Angiogenesis develops, but is not quantitatively related to metastatic risk, in primary invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the lip. Tahan SR, Stein AL. Angiogenesis in invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the lip: tumor vascularity is not an indicator of metastatic risk.
Vascular endothelial growth factor blockade reduces plasma cytokines in a murine model of polymicrobial sepsis.

Numerous cytokines, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), are implicated in the pathogenesis of sepsis. While overexpression of VEGF produces pulmonary capillary leak, the role of VEGF in sepsis is less clear. We investigated VEGF in sepsis, utilizing a VEGF trap (VEGFT). Polymicrobial sepsis was induced in C57BL/6 mice by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) and resulted in significantly increased plasma VEGF levels (234 vs. 46 pg/mL; p = 0.03). Inhibition of VEGF had no effect on mortality or lung leak but did attenuate plasma IL-6 (120 vs. 236 ng/mL; p = 0.02) and IL-10 (16 vs. 41 ng/mL; p = 0.03). These alterations in inflammatory cytokines were associated with increased levels of the dominant negative inhibitory C/EBPβ. In vitro, VEGF stimulated IL-6, IL-10 and reduced the inhibitory isoform of C/EBPβ in cultured macrophages. Together these data suggest VEGF can regulate inflammatory cytokine production in murine polymicrobial sepsis, via regulation of C/EBPβ.
Polynomial iteration in characteristic p

Abstract Let f ( x ) = ∑ s = 0 d a s x s ∈ Z [ x ] be a polynomial with a d ≠ 0 mod p . Take z ∈ F p and let O z = { f i ( z ) } i ∈ Z + ⊂ F p be the orbit of z under f , where f i ( z ) = f ( f i − 1 ( z ) ) and f 0 ( z ) = z . For M | O z | , we study the diameter of the partial orbit O z , M = { z , f ( z ) , f 2 ( z ) , … , f M − 1 ( z ) } and prove that diam O z , M ≳ min { M c log log M , M p c , M 1 2 p 1 2 } , where ‘diameter’ is naturally defined in F p and c depends only on d . For a complete orbit C , we prove that diam C ≳ min { p c , e T / 4 } , where T is the period of the orbit.
Health status and behavior among middle-school children in a midwest community: what are the underpinnings of childhood obesity?

Background Childhood obesity is one of the nation's foremost health challenges. How much of this is due to lifestyle choices? The objective of the study was to determine health behaviors that contribute to obesity in sixth-grade children. Methods To assess which health habits contribute to childhood obesity, we studied body mass index, blood pressure, lipid profile, glucose, and heart rate recovery after a 3-minute step test among sixth-grade children enrolled in a school-based intervention study from 2004 to 2009, comparing health behaviors and physiologic markers in obese versus nonobese children. Univariate associations with obesity ( P values ≤.10) were entered into a stepwise logistic regression to identify independent predictors. Results Among 1,003 sixth graders (55% white, 15% African American; average age 11.5 years), 150 (15%) were obese. Obese students had higher levels of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, blood pressure, and recovery heart rates. They consumed more regular soda and school lunches but were less likely to engage in physical activities. Obese students were more likely to watch TV ≥2 hours per day. Independent predictors were watching TV or video games (odds ratio [OR] 1.19, 95% CI 1.06-1.33) and school lunch consumption (OR 1.29, 95% CI 1.02-1.64); moderate exercise was protective (OR 0.89, 95% CI 0.82-0.98). Conclusions Obesity is present in 15% of our sixth graders and is associated with major differences in cardiovascular risk factors. Opportunities to improve childhood health should emphasize programs that increase physical activity, reduce recreational screen time, and improve nutritional value of school lunches. Whether genetic or not, childhood obesity can be attacked.
Nucleotide sequence of the ilvB multivalent attenuator region of Escherichia coli K12.

Abstract The ilvB gene of Escherichia coli K12 has been cloned into a multicopy plasmid. The regulation of the cloned gene by valine or leucine limitation and by catabolite repression is the same as for the chromosome encoded gene. The nucleotide sequence of a regulatory region preceding the ilvB structural gene has been determined. This DNA sequence includes a promoter, a region which codes for a putative 32 amino acid polypeptide containing multiple valine and leucine codons, and a transcription termination site. In vitro transcription of this region produces a 184 nucleotide terminated leader transcript. Mutually exclusive secondary structures of the leader transcript are predicted. On the basis of these data, a model for multivalent attenuation of the ilvB operon is presented. Data are presented which suggests that at least part of the postulated CRP-cyclic AMP binding site of the ilvB operon precedes the transcription start site by more than 71 base pairs.
Sulfur-dependent inhibition of protein and RNA synthesis by iron-grown Thiobacillus ferrooxidans.

Abstract The addition of sulfur to iron-grown Thiobacillus ferrooxidans resulted in a rapid inhibition in the rates of protein synthesis and RNA synthesis. The inhibition of both functions was measured within 15 to 30 min and was maximal between 70 and 90% compared to the iron-grown controls. DNA synthesis, carbon dioxide fixation, and short-term ferrous oxidation rates of the bacteria growing on ferrous ions were not effected by sulfur addition, indicating that the sulfur addition was not perturbing general cellular energy metabolism. The inhibition caused by sulfur mimicked the effect of the RNA synthesis inhibitor, rifampicin, which inhibited both RNA and protein synthesis, but did not correspond with the translational inhibitor, chloramphenicol, which inhibited only protein synthesis in the first hour. Since chloramphenicol pre-treatment did not block the sulfur effect, the inhibition of RNA synthesis following sulfur addition was not mediated through protein synthesis.
Analytical differential centrifugation: An analysis of the sedimentation properties of synaptosomes, mitochondria and lysosomes from rat brain homogenates

Abstract A newly developed analytical differential centrifugation procedure for use in angle rotors was used to analyze the sedimentation of certain brain subcellular particles. Particle sedimentation was measured over a wide range of applied forces, and a curve descriptive of this sedimentation was computed. Precise conditions for complete and fractional sedimentation of mitochondria, choline acetyltransferase-containing nerve-end particles, and lysosomal activities from rat brain cerebral cortex homogenates were established. Mitochondria, nerve-end particles, and lysosomal activities began to sediment together, but all mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase sedimented before nerve-end particles and lysosomes. Even though populations overlapped, a discrete sizing of mitochondria and nerve-end particles was accomplished. Mitochondria sedimentation was similar to an ideal particle even though brain mitochondria are composed of at least two populations. These data are compared with those used by other investigators to provide a basis for making a decision on significant differences among diversified separation conditions.
Method of Complex Coordinates for Three-Body Calculations above the Breakup Threshold

A method is proposed for calculating elastic and inelastic three-particle scattering amplitudes in the breakup region using a coordinate-space variational approach, with each coordinate multiplied by a complex phase factor. The trial wave functions have relatively simple asymptotic forms. The method applies to short-range potentials analytic in coordinate space. A numerical example indicates that the method works well for two-particle scattering.
Utility of mammaglobin immunohistochemistry as a proxy marker for the ETV6-NTRK3 translocation in the diagnosis of salivary mammary analogue secretory carcinoma

Mammary analogue secretory carcinoma is a recently described salivary gland neoplasm defined by ETV6-NTRK3 gene fusion. Mammary analogue secretory carcinoma's morphology is not entirely specific and overlaps with other salivary gland tumors. Documenting ETV6 rearrangement is confirmatory, but most laboratories are not equipped to perform this test. As mammary analogue secretory carcinomas are positive for mammaglobin, immunohistochemistry could potentially replace molecular testing as a confirmatory test, but the specificity of mammaglobin has not been evaluated across a large and diverse group of salivary gland tumors. One hundred thirty-one salivary gland neoplasms were evaluated by routine microscopy, mammaglobin immunohistochemistry, and ETV6 break-apart fluorescent in situ hybridization. The cases included 15 mammary analogue secretory carcinomas, 44 adenoid cystic carcinomas, 33 pleomorphic adenomas, 18 mucoepidermoid carcinomas, 10 acinic cell carcinomas, 4 adenocarcinomas not otherwise specified, 3 polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinomas, 3 salivary duct carcinomas, and 1 low-grade cribriform cystadenocarcinoma. All 15 mammary analogue secretory carcinomas harbored the ETV6 translocation and were strongly mammaglobin positive. None of the 116 other tumors carried the ETV6 translocation; however, mammaglobin staining was present in 1 (100%) of 1 low-grade cribriform cystadenocarcinoma, 2 (67%) of 3 polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinomas, 2 (67%) of 3 salivary duct carcinomas, 2 (11%) of 18 mucoepidermoid carcinomas, and 2 (6%) of 33 pleomorphic adenomas. Mammaglobin is highly sensitive for mammary analogue secretory carcinoma, but immunostaining can occur in a variety of tumors that do not harbor the ETV6 translocation. Strategic use of mammaglobin immunostaining has a role in the differential diagnosis of salivary gland neoplasms, but it should not be indiscriminately used as a confirmatory test for mammary analogue secretory carcinoma.
Meiotic instability of tandemly iterated plasmid sequences in the yeast chromosome.

The stability of tandemly arrayed plasmid sequences in the yeast genome has been studied. Haploid strains carrying 75 copies of a 25 kb plasmid repeat did not undergo significant loss of copy number during mitosis. Diploids in which only one chromosome contained the multiple iterated sequences displayed a similarly low level of mitotic instability. In contrast, 60–90% of the meiotic diploid progeny showed significant decreases in the number of iterated sequences. Segregation for the integrated sequences was generally 2:2, indicating that interchromosomal recombination was not the cause of meiotic instability. Meiotic progeny from diploids in which both chromosomes contained multiple integrated sequences also showed the same high rate of loss of iterated sequences. These results suggest that the meiotic instability is a result of intrachromosomal recombination, a process which is enhanced during meiosis.
Temporal higher-order contracts

Behavioral contracts are embraced by software engineers because they document module interfaces, detect interface violations, and help identify faulty modules (packages, classes, functions, etc). This paper extends prior higher-order contract systems to also express and enforce temporal properties, which are common in software systems with imperative state, but which are mostly left implicit or are at best informally specified. The paper presents both a programmatic contract API as well as a temporal contract language, and reports on experience and performance results from implementing these contracts in Racket.Our development formalizes module behavior as a trace of events such as function calls and returns. Our contract system provides both non-interference (where contracts cannot influence correct executions) and also a notion of completeness (where contracts can enforce any decidable, prefix-closed predicate on event traces).
Neighboring Group Participation by Sulfonamido Nitrogen

The ability of sulfonamido nitrogen to enter into neighboring group participation was established in two different reaction settings. The first was uncovered during the bromination of benzodiazocine 8 in dichloromethane at 0 °C, and the second during the base treatment of 15a en route to allene 18.
Predictors of Noncompliance in Patients With Schizophrenia

Background: Around 50% of patients with schizophrenia do not fully comply with treatment, and noncompliance is linked to relapse, rehospitalization, poor outcome, and high economic costs. The health belief model views noncompliance as a decision made by the patient, arrived at after weighing the perceived risks and benefits of treatment. Data sources: A MEDLINE search for the years 1980-2002 using combinations of the keywords schizophrenia, compliance, adherence, antipsychotics, tolerability, and side effects was used to identify articles investigating the factors influencing compliance in schizophrenia. Results: Many factors influence compliance, including those that affect patients' beliefs about their illness and the benefits of treatment (e.g., insight into illness, belief that medication can ameliorate symptoms), perceived costs of treatment (e.g., medication side effects), and barriers to treatment (e.g., ease of access to treatment, degree of family or social support). Medication side effects that are distressing to patients and linked to noncompliance include extrapyramidal side effects, neuroleptic dysphoria, akathisia, sexual dysfunction, and weight gain. Compliance can be improved by cognitive-behavioral therapies, such as compliance therapy, and other psychosocial interventions associated with improved social functioning and a lower risk of rehospitalization. Treatment adherence may also be improved by use of atypical antipsychotics with few perceived side effects. Conclusion: By considering the factors leading to noncompliance and adopting a comprehensive strategy for improving compliance, encompassing psychosocial intervention and optimum choice of medication, the management of schizophrenia could be greatly improved.
Diffusion and superdiffusion of a particle in a random potential with finite correlation time

We study theoretically the long time asymptotic of a quantum particle moving in a random time-dependent potential with finite correlation time, in $d\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}1$. By applying a new unitary numerical scheme we first show the minor importance of quantum interference and then derive an effective Langevin-type equation for the corresponding clasical problem in the limit of weak potential. We find that on intermediate time scales $\overline{{E}_{\mathrm{kin}}(t)}\ensuremath{\sim}{t}^{2/5}$, while the true long time asymptotic is determined by a new friction term, which gives rise to a stationary power law velocity distribution, multifractality of the velocity moments, and a slowing down of the superdiffusive behavior.
Insulin and analogue effects on protein degradation in different cell types. Dissociation between binding and activity

In adult animals, the major effect of insulin on protein turnover is inhibition of protein degradation. Cellular protein degradation is under the control of multiple systems, including lysosomes, proteasomes, calpains, and giant protease. Insulin has been shown to alter proteasome activity in vitro and in vivo. We examined the inhibition of protein degradation by insulin and insulin analogues (Lys(B28),Pro(B29)-insulin (LysPro), Asp(B10)-insulin (B10), and Glu(B4),Gln(B16),Phe(B17)-insulin (EQF)) in H4, HepG2, and L6 cells. These effects were compared with receptor binding. Protein degradation was examined by release of trichloroacetic acid-soluble radioactivity from cells previously labeled with [(3)H]leucine. Short- and intermediate-lived proteins were examined. H4 cells bound insulin with an EC(50) of 4.6 x 10(-9) m. LysPro was similar. The affinity of B10 was increased 2-fold; that of EQF decreased 15-fold. Protein degradation inhibition in H4 cells was highly sensitive to insulin (EC(50) = 4.2 x 10(-11) and 1.6 x 10(-10) m, short- and intermediate-lived protein degradation, respectively) and analogues. Despite similar binding, LysPro was 11- to 18-fold more potent than insulin at inhibiting protein degradation. Conversely, although EQF showed lower binding to H4 cells than insulin, its action was similar. The relative binding potencies of analogues in HepG2 cells were similar to those in H4 cells. Examination of protein degradation showed insulin, LysPro, and B10 were equivalent while EQF was less potent. L6 cells showed no difference in the binding of the analogues compared with insulin, but their effect on protein degradation was similar to that seen in HepG2 cells except B10 inhibited intermediate-lived protein degradation better than insulin. These studies illustrate the complexities of cellular protein degradation and the effects of insulin. The effect of insulin and analogues on protein degradation vary significantly in different cell types and with different experimental conditions. The differences seen in the action of the analogues cannot be attributed to binding differences. Post-receptor mechanisms, including intracellular processing and degradation, must be considered.
The growth of largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides (Lacepede), under constant and fluctuating temperatures

Growth of largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides, was tested under constant (15° C, 29° C) and cyclic (18 h at 15°C, 6 h at 29° C) temperature conditions. Six groups of 10 fish each were tested; one group under each constant condition, and four groups in the thermocycles. The four latter groups differed in the timing of their feeding; one group each was fed at the start and middle of the warm and cool periods, respectively. All groups were fed to near-satiation. The fish fed at the start of the warm cycle and start cool group grew most rapidly, followed by the constant warm, mid warm, mid cool, and constant cool groups. These data were evaluated in relation to vertical migrations of fish to test the physiological enhancements that may be important to vertical migrations. Apparently thermocycles allow more rapid consumption of food than constant cool conditions and lower metabolic rates than constant warm conditions, which allows some fish to grow more rapidly under thermocycles than under constant conditions at either extreme of the cycle. However, the timing of feeding in relation to temperature in the thermocycle is important in the degree of growth enhancement.
Severe Hydrocephalus and Respiratory Distress

A male infant presents with severe hydrocephalus and respiratory distress. ### Prenatal and birth history On physical examination, the infant’s weight is 4,772 g, length is 51.5 cm, and head circumference is 45 cm. The most remarkable finding is hydrocephalus , and the infant has adducted thumbs. Over the first several postnatal days, the infant experiences progressively worsening respiratory distress and eventually develops a right-sided pneumothorax that requires intubation and mechanical ventilation. He is treated with inhaled nitric oxide for …
Contact mechanics analysis of oscillatory sliding of a rigid fractal surface against an elastic–plastic half-space

Oscillatory sliding contact between a rigid rough surface and an elastic–plastic half-space is examined in the context of numerical simulations. Stick-slip at asperity contacts is included in the analysis in the form of a modified Mindlin theory. Two friction force components are considered – adhesion (depending on the real area of contact, shear strength and interfacial adhesive strength) and plowing (accounting for the deformation resistance of the plastically deformed half-space). Multi-scale surface roughness is described by fractal geometry, whereas the interfacial adhesive strength is represented by a floating parameter that varies between zero (adhesionless surfaces) and one (perfectly adhered surfaces). The effects of surface roughness, apparent contact pressure, oscillation amplitude, elastic–plastic properties of the half-space and interfacial adhesion on contact deformation are interpreted in the light of numerical results of the energy dissipation, maximum tangential (friction) force and slip ...
Defective DNA double-strand break repair underlies enhanced tumorigenesis and chromosomal instability in p27-deficient mice with growth factor-induced oligodendrogliomas.

The tumor suppressive activities of the Kip-family of cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk) inhibitors often go beyond their role directly regulating the cell cycle. In this study, we show that p27 enhances Rad51 accumulation during repair of double-strand DNA breaks. Progression of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-induced oligodendrogliomas was accelerated in mice lacking the cyclin–cdk binding activities of p27kip1. To understand how p27 deficiency contributes, cell lines were developed from RCAS–PDGF infection of nestin-tv-a brain progenitor cells in culture. p27 deficiency did not affect cell proliferation in early passage cell lines; however, the absence of p27 affected chromosomal stability. In p27-deficient cells, the activation of Atm and Chk2 and the accumulation of γ-H2AX was unaffected when compared with wild-type cells, and the number of phospho-histone H3 staining mitotic cells was decreased, consistent with G2/M checkpoint activation. However, the percentage of Rad51 foci-positive cells was decreased, and the kinase activity that targets the C-terminus of BRCA2, regulating BRCA2/Rad51 interactions, was increased in lysates derived from p27-deficient cells. Increased numbers of chromatid breaks in p27-deficient cells that adapted to the checkpoint were also observed. These findings suggest that Rad51-dependent repair of double-stranded breaks was hindered in p27-deficient cells, leading to chromosomal instability, a hallmark of cancers with poor prognosis.
Blocking and Persistence in the Zero-Temperature Dynamics of Homogeneous and Disordered Ising Models

A ``persistence'' exponent theta has been extensively used to describe the nonequilibrium dynamics of spin systems following a deep quench: for zero-temperature homogeneous Ising models on the d-dimensional cubic lattice, the fraction p(t) of spins not flipped by time t decays to zero like t^[-theta(d)] for low d; for high d, p(t) may decay to p(infinity)>0, because of ``blocking'' (but perhaps still like a power). What are the effects of disorder or changes of lattice? We show that these can quite generally lead to blocking (and convergence to a metastable configuration) even for low d, and then present two examples --- one disordered and one homogeneous --- where p(t) decays exponentially to p(infinity).
Software licensing models amid market turbulence

Paying a maintenance fee for licensed software is one way of getting corrective, perfective and adaptive maintenance done, in whole or in part. This paper reports on the experience of Cadence Design Systems, Inc. in modifying its software licensing fees. The paper gives background on Cadence, and reviews the historical development of the software licensing maintenance fee. The paper then summarizes the current pressures for changes in licensing practices and maintenance fees to fit customer needs better, and describes the experience Cadence has had with the changes it adopted. The paper closes with four lessons learned relevant to software maintenance. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Petrogenesis of Sierra Nevada plutons inferred from the Sr, Nd, and O isotopic signatures of mafic igneous complexes in Yosemite Valley, California

Mafic complexes in the central Sierra Nevada batholith record valuable geochemical information regarding the role mafic magmas play in arc magmatism and the generation of continental crust. In the intrusive suite of Yosemite Valley, major and trace element compositions of the hornblende-bearing gabbroic rocks from the Rockslides mafic complex and of the mafic dikes in the North America Wall are compositionally similar to high-alumina basalt. Of these rocks, two samples have higher Ni and Cr abundances as well as higher eNd values than previously recognized for the intrusive suite. Plagioclase crystals in rocks from the North America Wall and the Rockslides have prominent calcic cores and sharply defined sodic rims, a texture commonly associated with mixing of mafic and felsic magmas. In situ analyses of 87Sr/86Sr in plagioclase show no significant isotopic difference from the cores to the rims of these grains. We propose that the high 87Sr/86Sr (~0.7067) and low eNd (~−3.4) of bulk rocks, the homogeneity of 87Sr/86Sr in plagioclase, and the high δ18O values of bulk rocks (6.6–7.3 ‰) and zircon (Lackey et al. in J Petrol 49:1397–1426, 2008) demonstrate that continental crust was assimilated into the sublithospheric mantle-derived basaltic precursors of the mafic rocks in Yosemite Valley. Contamination (20–40 %) likely occurred in the lower crust as the magma differentiated to high-alumina basalt prior to plagioclase (and zircon) crystallization. As a consequence, the isotopic signatures recorded by whole rocks, plagioclase, and zircon do not represent the composition of the underlying lithospheric mantle. We conclude that the mafic and associated felsic members of the intrusive suite of Yosemite Valley represent 60–80 % new additions to the crust and include significant quantities of recycled ancient crust.
Daily Bone Alignment With Limited Repeat CT Correction Rivals Daily Ultrasound Alignment for Prostate Radiotherapy

Purpose To compare the effectiveness of daily ultrasound (US)- and computed tomography (CT)-guided alignments with an off-line correction protocol using daily bone alignment plus a correction factor for systematic internal prostate displacement (CF ID ). Methods and Materials Ten prostate cancer patients underwent CT scans three times weekly using an integrated CT-linear accelerator system, followed by alignment using US for daily radiotherapy. Intensity-modulated radiotherapy plans were designed with our current clinical margins. The treatment plan was copied onto the repeat CT images and aligned using several methods: (1) bone alignment plus CF ID after three off-line CT scans (bone+3CT), (2) bone alignment plus CF ID after six off-line CT scans (bone+6CT), (3) US alignment, and (4) CT alignment. The accuracy of the repeated US and CT measurements to determine the CF ID was compared. The target dosimetric effect was quantified. Results The CF ID for internal systematic prostate displacements was more accurately measured with limited repeat CT scans than with US (residual error, 0.0 ± 0.7 mm vs. 2.0 ± 3.2 mm). Bone+3CT, bone+6CT, and US provided equivalent prostate and seminal vesicle dose coverage, but bone+3CT and bone+6CT produced more precise daily alignments. Daily CT alignment provided the greatest target dose coverage. Conclusion Daily bone alignment plus CF ID for internal systematic prostate displacement provided better daily alignment precision and equivalent dose coverage compared with daily US alignment. The CF ID should be based on at least three repeat CT scans, which could be collected before the start of treatment or during the first 3 treatment days. Daily bone alignment plus CF ID provides another option for accurate prostate cancer patient positioning.
Integration of problem-based learning and innovative technology into a self-care course.

Objective. To assess the integration of problem-based learning and technology into a self-care course. Design. Problem-based learning (PBL) activities were developed and implemented in place of lectures in a self-care course. Students used technology, such as computer-generated virtual patients and iPads, during the PBL sessions. Assessments. Students’ scores on post-case quizzes were higher than on pre-case quizzes used to assess baseline knowledge. Student satisfaction with problem-based learning and the use of technology in the course remained consistent throughout the semester. Conclusion. Integrating problem-based learning and technology into a self-care course enabled students to become active learners.
Quasi-static RAM design for high performance operation at liquid nitrogen temperature

Abstract The leakage currents which cause information loss in dynamic random access memories (DRAMs) at room temperature disappear at liquid nitrogen temperature, permitting operation of the circuits without the need for refresh (quasi-static operation). The current drive characteristics of the MOS transistor also improve significantly at liquid nitrogen temperatures. Combining these factors leads to an exploration of high speed dynamic RAM design based upon cells with non-destructive readout. This paper describes an experimental high speed RAM based upon a new two-transistor (2T) memory cell designed to exploit the unique advantages of operation at low temperature. Non-destructive readout coupled with a large d.c. sensible output current yields a high speed RAM with low power consumption. An experimental 4 kbit memory, fabricated using a 2 μm CMOS technology, exhibits an access time of 7 nS at 77 K.
Aldose reductase regulates TNF‐α‐induced cell signaling and apoptosis in vascular endothelial cells

In this study, we examined the role of aldose reductase (AR) in regulating the cytotoxic effects of TNF-α on human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Inhibition of AR by sorbinil or tolrestat prevented TNF-α-induced increase in Bax and Bak and the downregulation of Bcl-2. Inhibition of AR abrogated AP-1 DNA binding activity and prevented the activation of caspase-3, JNK, and p38 MAPK in cells stimulated by TNF-α. Exposure to TNF-α also induced apoptotic cell death, which was attenuated by AR inhibition or antisense ablation. These observations suggest that AR is a critical regulator of TNF-α-induced apoptotic signaling in endothelial cells.
Xenon computed tomography measuring cerebral blood flow in the determination of brain death in children.

Local cerebral blood flow was measured using stable xenon computed tomography in 21 children, 10 of whom were clinically brain dead and had electrocerebral silence as determined by electroencephalography. Radioisotopic brain scanning in 9 patients showed no visible cerebral activity in all patients and minimal residual sagittal sinus activity in 4. In this population, mean cerebral blood flow as measured by xenon computed tomography was 1.3 ± 1.6 ml/min/100 gm. Respiratory support was discontinued in 8 patients, and 2 patients had cardiac arrest. Eleven profoundly comatose children who did not meet all clinical criteria for brain death and who had markedly suppressed but not isoelectric electroencephalograms had an average cerebral blood flow of 33.5 ± 16.3 ml/min/100 gm as determined by xenon computed tomography. Flows in this group ranged from 11.8 ± 4.1 to 62.3 ± 1.9 ml/min/100 gm. There was no difference in cerebral blood flow in those children who survived (30.4 ± 16.3 ml/min/100 gm; n = 7) compared with those who died acutely (38.3 ± 14.3 ml/min/100 gm; n = 4). Two patients who survived had average total flows of only 11.8 and 12.1 ml/min/100 gm. Our findings suggest that in infants and children older than 1 month, (1) cerebral blood flow below approximately 10 ml/min/100 gm is consistent with clinical brain death, (2) cerebral blood flow of less than 5 ml/min/100 gm is consistent with no flow as demonstrated by radionuclide techniques, and (3) flow of more than 10 to 15 ml/min/100 gm is associated with the potential for survival.
Acute abdominal pain with a calcified pelvic mass.

Abstract Synopsis A case of a 15-year-old with a calcified pelvic mass is presented with a review of the differential diagnosis.
Flow‐Induced Cytoskeletal Changes in Endothelial Cells Growing on Curved Surfaces

Objective:Our purpose was to investigate the effect of the shape of the growth surface (curved versus flat) on flow-induced F-actin organization in endothelial cells. Methods:Human umbilical vein endothelial cells were grown to confluence on curved or flat surfaces. Microchannels (curved surface, 10- to 30-µm radius) or parallel plate flow chambers were perfused (30 minutes to 6 hours) at physiological flow rates (wall shear stress 1 to 10 dyn/cm2). Results:On curved surfaces, the number of central F-actin stress fibers (for cells of equal area) decreased from 4.8 ± 0.3 (mean ± SE, n= 36) (static) to 0.9 ± 0.5 per cell in perfused microchannels. Perfusion with 100 µM histamine prevented this response to flow (5.5 ± 0.8 per cell, n= 12). Stress fibers were initially aligned with the long axis of the microchannel at an angle of 9 ± 0.7° (static). With flow, alignment of the few remaining central F-actin stress fibers with respect to the long axis of the microchannel decreased to 19 ± 4°; this was prevented ...
Why FRET over genomics

De Angelis, Dino A. Why FRET over genomics? Physiol. Genomics 1: 93–99, 1999.—Genetic information is being uncovered quickly and in vast amounts through the largely automated sequencing of genomes ...
Training for Careers in Primary Care: Time for Attention to Culture.

There is general agreement that the primary care physician workforce is not sufficient to meet the evolving needs of our health care system. The aging population and the adoption of the Affordable Care Act will necessitate a more robust primary care system in the future. Estimates of the shortfall vary, but recent analyses suggest the need for at least 12,500 to 31,000 additional primary care physicians by the year 2025.1
Community Capacity and Teleconference Counseling in Rural Texas

How can psychologists aid in addressing current disparities in accessibility to meet the mental health needs of rural areas? In this paper, we discuss an innovative partnership created between community leaders in a rural county and an APA-accredited doctoral training program and its mental health clinic at a regional Federally Qualified Health Center (FQHC) to provide mentalhealth services. We describe the efforts to build community capacity to develop the partnership and provide sustainable mental health services via teleconferencing to a remote site in a rural county. Also, to presentinitial evidence of the services’ effectiveness in alleviatingclientdistress,aswellasmeetingtheexpectationsofreferralsourcesandcommunitystakeholders, we used the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ), the SF-12v.2, and a qualitative community survey. We examined data from a maximum of 68 clients ( M age 5 40.5, SD 5 14.1; 48 females and 20 males); the number of available client data varied by analysis. We found that clients showed significant decreases in depressive symptoms ( M decrease 5 5.88, SD 5 7.16, p , .001) and significant increases Mental Health Composite Scores (MCS; Mincrease 511.39, SD 57.94, p ,.005). Results from the community survey revealed encouraging results as well as areas for improvement. Implications of developing community capacity for sustainable psychological services in rural areas are discussed.
Effects of Velopharyngeal Incompetence on Speech

This article begins with a presentation of the author's classification of velopharyngeal disorders. The taxonomy uses the term velopharyngeal inadequacy as generic to all varieties of velopharyngea...
The Social Basis of English Commercial Expansion, 1550–1650

… for each period into which our economic history may be divided, there is a distinct and separate class of capitalists. In other words, the group of capitalists of a given epoch does not spring from the capitalist group of the preceding epoch. At every change in economic organization we find a breach of continuity. It is as if the capitalists who have up to that time been active, recognize that they are incapable of adapting …. They withdraw from the struggle and become an aristocracy, which if it again plays a part in the course of affairs does so in a passive manner only, assuming the role of silent partners. In their place arise new men.…
20-fluoromethylpyropheophorbide: The first synthesis of a fluorine-substituted derivative of chlorophyll

Chlorophyll-containing complexes involved in energy transfer in in vivo and in vitro systems are often difficult to crystallize. Consequently, there is an interest in the synthesis of NMR probes that can be used to study their structures. Such probes must bear a close structural similarity to the chlorophylls themselves; they may then be incorporated into arrays of chlorophyll-protein complexes or chlorophyll aggregates without disturbing the structural integrity. Fluorine substitution does not usually perturb the structure of complex organic molecules. Because {sup 19}F-NMR is highly sensitive and only an insignificant fluorine background is present in natural biological compounds, fluorinated chlorophylls represent an ideal probe. Synthesis and properties of the previously unknown 20-F methylpyropheophorbide (2) prepared by electrophilic substitution with cesium fluoroxysulfate CsSO{sub 4}F (5) are described. Spectroscopic studies of the influence of the fluorine atom on electronic properties of C-20 substituted chlorins are presented. Properties of (2) are compared with those of C-20 H-, Cl-, and Br- substituted derivatives.
Gettered GaP Substrates for Improved Multijunction Solar Cell Devices

We report on the characterization of gettered p-type GaP substrates for application in high-efficiency multijunction solar cells. A commercial zinc-doped GaP substrate was divided, with one piece soaked in a phosphorus-saturated gallium-aluminum melt at 975°C. Low-temperature continuous-wave photoluminescence indicated a significant decrease in deep-level impurity peaks due to oxygen and zinc-oxygen complexes after gettering in the phosphorus-saturated gallium-aluminum melt. To illustrate what effect this has on minority-carrier diffusion lengths, Au/GaP Schottky solar cells were fabricated on the substrates, and the spectral response of each was examined. A marked increase in response across all wavelengths on the gettered sample indicates an increase in minority-carrier diffusion lengths. To ensure these results were not simply due to an increase in the depletion region width resulting from a change in carrier density, C–V profiling was performed and found only a small change in carrier concentration of the gettered sample.
The Detection of Incipient Faults in Transmission Cables Using Time Domain Reflectometry Techniques: Technical Challenges

The location and repair of faults in underground transmission lines is a difficult and time-consuming operation. The Department of Energy has sponsored research in the development of instrumentation to detect and locate incipient fault sites. Some of these methods rely on reflectometry techniques in either the time or frequency domain. NBS has investigated the feasibility of using such methods in extruded polyethylene cables.
Applied Research Offers Undergraduate Students Experience and Ideas for Projects

This paper describes a NASA-funded project that has provided students in engineering technology, computer science, geographic information sciences, and mathematics at A&M-CC with technical experience and ideas for graduate and undergraduate projects. The project involves the development of a remotely-controlled, shallow-draft vehicle designed as a supplemental tool for our studies of the South Texas Coastal waters. The system transmits environmental data wirelessly via a radio to a control station in real-time. The paper will describe several undergraduate projects resulting from students' involvement in this research project.
THE COMPUTER AS AN ACTIVE COMMUNICATION MEDIUM

Communication is often conceived of in basically the fol lowing terms. A person has some idea which he or she wants to communicate to a second person. The first person translates that idea into some symbol system which is t ransmit ted through some medium to the receiver. The receiver receives the transmission and translates it into some internal idea. Communication, in this view, is considered good to the extent that there is an isomorphism between the idea in the head of the sender before sending the message and the idea in the receiver's head after recieving the message. A good medium of communication, in this view, is one that adds minimal noise to the signal. Messages are considered good partly to the extent that they are unabmiguous. This is, by and large, the view of many of the people concerned with computers and communication.
A Qualitative/Interpretive Taxonomy of Stop Smoking Strategies (QU/ITS):

Research has indicated that using coping strategies is significantly related to resisting smoking during highly tempting situations. However, little is known about the nature of coping during smoki...
Effects of the Thin-Film Metal Ground Embedded in On-Chip Microstrip Lines

This letter studies the influence of embedded thin-film metallization layers, normally designed as ground planes, upon the dispersive characteristics of multilayer microstrip lines. The spectral domain approach is used to analyze the effects of the metallization thickness as a design parameter in two structures: the thin-film microstrip line and metal-insulator-metal-insulator line. Numerical results indicate that the thin metallization layer can excite the slow-wave mode and change significantly the dispersive characteristics. Moreover, at low frequencies a local minimal attenuation can be achieved with certain metallization thickness. Thus, it is necessary to take into account this thin-film metal ground to achieve reliable numerical simulation from dc to millimeter-wave frequencies