cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Suppression of motor cortical excitability in anesthetized rats by low frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation.

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a widely-used method for modulating cortical excitability in humans, by mechanisms thought to involve use-dependent synaptic plasticity. For example, when low frequency rTMS (LF rTMS) is applied over the motor cortex, in humans, it predictably leads to a suppression of the motor evoked potential (MEP), presumably reflecting long-term depression (LTD) – like mechanisms. Yet how closely such rTMS effects actually match LTD is unknown. We therefore sought to (1) reproduce cortico-spinal depression by LF rTMS in rats, (2) establish a reliable animal model for rTMS effects that may enable mechanistic studies, and (3) test whether LTD-like properties are evident in the rat LF rTMS setup. Lateralized MEPs were obtained from anesthetized Long-Evans rats. To test frequency-dependence of LF rTMS, rats underwent rTMS at one of three frequencies, 0.25, 0.5, or 1 Hz. We next tested the dependence of rTMS effects on N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptor (NMDAR), by application of two NMDAR antagonists. We find that 1 Hz rTMS preferentially depresses unilateral MEP in rats, and that this LTD-like effect is blocked by NMDAR antagonists. These are the first electrophysiological data showing depression of cortical excitability following LF rTMS in rats, and the first to demonstrate dependence of this form of cortical plasticity on the NMDAR. We also note that our report is the first to show that the capacity for LTD-type cortical suppression by rTMS is present under barbiturate anesthesia, suggesting that future neuromodulatory rTMS applications under anesthesia may be considered.
A meta‐analytic evaluation of diversity training outcomes

Summary The purpose of this meta-analysis was to use theory and research on diversity, attitudes, and training to examine potential differential effects on affective-based, cognitive-based, and skill-based outcomes, to examine potential moderators of those effects with a focus on affective-based outcomes, and finally, to provide quantitative estimates of these posited relationships. Results from 65 studies (N=8465) revealed sizable effects on affective-based, cognitive-based, and skill-based outcomes as well as interesting boundary conditions for these effects on affective-based outcomes. This study provides practical value to human resources managers and trainers wishing to implement diversity training within organizations as well as interesting theoretical advances for researchers. Practitioners have quantitative evidence that diversity training changes affective-based, cognitive-based, and skill-based trainee outcomes. This study also supports and addresses future research needs. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fetal Surgery for Congenital Hydronephrosis

Fetal surgery is a treatment approach to anatomic lesions which, if left untreated, may be incompatible with life. Diagnosis of conditions amenable to surgical treatment has become possible because of recent advances in ultrasonography. Correction of such lesions may interrupt the pathologic process and enable the infant to live a normal life. Currently, fetal surgical treatment at the University of California, San Francisco, is limited to correction of posterior urethral valve obstruction and ureteropelvic junction obstruction. Two procedures have been used at the university for surgical correction of anomalies of the urinary tract of the fetus: an open technique and a closed technique. The procedures, parental responses to the treatment, and the role of the clinical specialist in the care of patients having this experimental surgery are described.
Cardioprotective Effects of Erythropoietin in the Reperfused Ischemic Heart A POTENTIAL ROLE FOR CARDIAC FIBROBLASTS

Erythropoietin has recently been shown to have effects beyond hematopoiesis such as prevention of neuronal and cardiac apoptosis secondary to ischemia. In this study, we evaluated the in vivo protective potential of erythropoietin in the reperfused rabbit heart following ventricular ischemia. We show that "preconditioning" with erythropoietin activates cell survival pathways in myocardial tissue in vivo and adult rabbit cardiac fibroblasts in vitro. These pathways, activated by erythropoietin in both whole hearts and cardiac fibroblasts, are also activated acutely by ischemia/reperfusion injury. Moreover, in vivo studies indicate that erythropoietin treatment either prior to or during ischemia significantly enhances cardiac function and recovery, including left ventricular contractility, following myocardial ischemia/reperfusion. Our data indicate that a contributing in vivo cellular mechanism of this protection is mitigation of myocardial cell apoptosis. This results in decreased infarct size as evidenced by area at risk studies following in vivo ischemia/reperfusion injury, translating into more viable myocardium and less ventricular dysfunction. Therefore, erythropoietin treatment may offer novel protection against ischemic heart disease and may act, at least in part, by direct action on cardiac fibroblasts and myocytes to alter survival and ventricular remodeling.
Differences in asian and white drinking: Consumption level, drinking contexts, and expectancies

Despite the heterogeneous nature of interethnic drinking differences within racial groups, research has demonstrated that cautious generalizations can be made when comparing Asian and White drinking patterns. Persons in the United States who identify their race as "Asian" drink much less than their White counterparts, and they report fewer problems. Some have speculated that drinking patterns between racial groups are mediated by culturally influenced social learning. To date there has been very little research examining the expectancy of reinforcement from drinking between different racial, cultural or ethnic groups. The current study of 637 white and 179 Asian university students examined differences in alcohol consumption and problem levels, the social context of drinking, and alcohol expectancies. Results show considerable differences between Asian and White drinking and level of associated problems, as well as similarities and differences in social drinking contexts. It also appears that Asians expected greater tension reduction from drinking despite drinking less overall. Implications for further research are suggested that would link racial, and more specifically, ethnic drinking differences with culturally defined alcohol expectancies.
In Search of a Synthesis

THE thesis and antithesis of language instruction obviously are the traditional method of language teaching and the relatively new audio-lingual technique. It is not easy to establish which of the two is the thesis. Certainly the audio-lingual approach chronologically does not merit this classification. However, since in recent years it has occupied the center of the stage, perhaps one may be justified in so designating it. It is now clear that the inevitable reaction is setting in, and that the audiolingual method is coming under fire both from the traditionalists and from some of its former supporters. I have been sharply reminded of this by two recent articles in The Modern Language Journal: one, by Theodore Huebener, entitled "The New Key is Now Off-Key,"' and the other, "The Bewildered Modern Language Teacher," by Max Zeldner;2 both critical of certain elements of audio-lingual methodology; and by the April 1963 bulletin of the North Dakota Education Association, Modern Language News, which dedicates several pages to opinions generally unfavorable to the audio-lingual approach. Stressed particularly are the slowness and monotony of oral drills, the overemphasis on mimicry and memorization, the neglect of other skills because of the concentration on oral work, the strain on the teacher, and the fact that the laboratory is not indispensable to good language training. This reaction against the audio-lingual method is not only inevitable, it is also desirable. Many language teachers, and perhaps even more notably, many superintendents and principals assumed that the new method possessed some magic quality. It was thought that a language laboratory would automatically instill in the student a knowledge of the foreign language, that drills would allow him to master the patterns of the language without obliging him ever to struggle with the grammatical principles upon which the drills are based. I think we all recognize the falsity of these assumptions now, and can be glad that their erroneousness is being recognized. This does not mean, however, that there is not also a danger inherent in the reaction against the extremes of the audio-lingual methodology. The danger is that the pendulum may now be carried to the other extreme, to the antithesis, rather than stopping in the middle,
Composition of Gum Turpentines of Pines XXV. A Report on two White Pines:Pinus koraiensis from Korea and P. peuce from Macedonia

Abstract As a whole, turpentine of P. koraiensis had the following composition: dl, l-α- pinene, 29 per cent; l-β-pinene, 15 per cent; △ 3 -carene, 7 per cent; dl, l-limonene, 6 per cent; ·-undecane, trace; dl, l-bornyl acetate, 2 per cent; sesquiterpenes, mostly longifolene, 9 per cent; diterpenes, 20.5 per cent; oxygenated compounds, 1 per cent; residue and losses, 10.5 per cent. As a whole, turpentine of P. peuce had the following composition: dl, -α-pinene, 50 per cent; l-β-pinene, 6 per cent; β- myrcene, 2 per cent; terpinolene, 1 per cent; dl, l-bornyl acetate, 1 per cent; two sesquiterpenes, one of which is of a cadalene type, 9 per cent; diterpenes, mainly cembrene, 17 per cent; oxygenated compounds, probably diterpene alcohols, 2 per cent; residue and loss, 12 per cent.
Millimeter wave radar for remote measurement of vital signs

We present the development of a 228 GHz heterodyne radar system for the remote measurement of respiration and heart rates. The advantages of a millimeter wave system include a higher sensitivity to small displacements, transmission through the atmosphere and clothing and the ability to maintain a collimated beam over large distances. We present a set of respiration and heart rate measurements out to a range of 50 meters.
The Translocating RecBCD Enzyme Stimulates Recombination by Directing RecA Protein onto ssDNA in a χ-Regulated Manner

Abstract Double-stranded DNA break repair and homologous recombination in E. coli are initiated by the RecBCD enzyme, which unwinds and simultaneously degrades DNA from a double-stranded DNA end. This process is stimulated by cis -acting DNA elements, known as χ sites. Using both in vitro pairing and nuclease protection assays, we demonstrate that the translocating RecBCD enzyme, which has been activated by χ, coordinates the preferential loading of the homologous pairing protein, RecA, onto the resultant single-stranded DNA downstream of χ. This facilitated loading of RecA protein results in a substantial increase in both the efficiency and rate of in vitro recombination reactions and offers an explanation for stimulation of recombination and repair in vivo by χ.
Magnetic and Structural Properties of Mn-implanted Si

P-type Si wafers (~1019 cm−3) were implanted with 300 keV Mn+ ions at 350°C to a dose of 1×1016 cm−2, and then annealed at 800°C for 5 min. The magnetic properties with dependence upon temperature were measured by using a Superconducting Quantum Interference Device (SQUID) magnetometer. The Mn-implanted Si compound shows ferromagnetic ordering above room temperature. The saturation magnetization increases by ~ 2 × after annealing and the Curie temperature is TC > 400 K. The structural properties have been investigated by means of Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy (SIMS) depth profiling and Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) imaging. Measurements showed that the Mn atoms redistribute in the Si crystal due to the thermal annealing and form a band layer composed of nanoscale structures such as crystallites or defects.ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Ultrahigh frequency lensless ultrasonic transducers for acoustic tweezers application

Similar to optical tweezers, a tightly focused ultrasound microbeam is needed to manipulate microparticles in acoustic tweezers. The development of highly sensitive ultrahigh frequency ultrasonic transducers is crucial for trapping particles or cells with a size of a few microns. As an extra lens would cause excessive attenuation at ultrahigh frequencies, two types of 200-MHz lensless transducer design were developed as an ultrasound microbeam device for acoustic tweezers application. Lithium niobate single crystal press-focused (PF) transducer and zinc oxide self-focused transducer were designed, fabricated and characterized. Tightly focused acoustic beams produced by these transducers were shown to be capable of manipulating single microspheres as small as 5 μm two-dimensionally within a range of hundreds of micrometers in distilled water. The size of the trapped microspheres is the smallest ever reported in the literature of acoustic PF devices. These results suggest that these lensless ultrahigh frequency ultrasonic transducers are capable of manipulating particles at the cellular level and that acoustic tweezers may be a useful tool to manipulate a single cell or molecule for a wide range of biomedical applications.
Hyalinizing trabecular adenoma of the thyroid gland identification through MIB-1 staining of fine-needle aspiration biopsy smears.

Smears of fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy specimens of 24 histologically proven and MIB-1– positive hyalinizing trabecular adenomas stained with Papanicolaou or Diff-Quik were stripped from the original slides, transferred to charged slides, destained, and restained with MIB-1. Positive immunoreactivity with MIB-1 in a peripheral cytoplasmic pattern was present in 17 specimens, no immunoreactivity was seen in 4 specimens, and equivocal staining was seen in 3 specimens. Papanicolaou-stained smears of papillary thyroid carcinoma, medullary thyroid carcinoma, thyroid follicular neoplasm, and Hurthle cell adenoma (5 specimens each) were treated similarly. None of the control cases stained with MIB-1 had the peripheral cytoplasmic pattern. Hyalinizing trabecular adenoma can be distinguished reliably from other thyroid neoplasms by MIB-1 staining of destained cells from FNA biopsy specimens. Hyalinizing trabecular adenoma (HTA) of the thyroid gland is a rare benign neoplasm described by Carney et al in
The Structure, Energetics and Propagation of Rotating Convective Storms. Part II: Helicity and Storm Stabilization

Abstract Rotating “supercell” thunderstorms are shown to be characterized by high helicity, the vector inner product of velocity and vorticity, which is obtained both from the mean flow in which they are embedded and from buoyancy enrichment. Some unique properties of supercell helical flow are described, including a tendency for trajectory rotation to be reversed from parcel vorticity. A simple helical (Beltrami) flow model resembles gross supercell structure and also provides a prediction of storm motion. Since theory, closure model calculations and numerical simulations indicate that helicity suppresses turbulent dissipation, it is suggested that supercells owe their noted stability and long life to this effect. Enhanced predictability of such storms is then expected and is apparently seen in some results of Wilhelmson and Klemp. It is concluded that rotating storm structure and propagation must involve a compromise between the energetic effects discussed by Lilly in Part I of this study and those cons...
Epithelial–mesenchymal transition in prostatic disease

A fully differentiated epithelium of the normal prostate gland allows epithelial cells to de-differentiate into mesenchymal-like derivatives via the process of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and redifferentiate via the reverse process, mesenchymal-epithelial transition. This review discusses the phenotypic changes associated with EMT and its programming in the development of the two growth disorders of the aging prostate gland, benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate adenocarcinoma. Considering the cellular heterogeneity that characterizes both conditions, identifying the transcriptional programming of the phenotypic framework defining EMT and its reverse process mesenchymal-epithelial transition in their pathological landscape will enable novel platforms for biomarker-driven therapeutics and their implementation in benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer.
Language and Domain Independent Entity Linking with Quantified Collective Validation

Linking named mentions detected in a source document to an existing knowledge base provides disambiguated entity referents for the mentions. This allows better document analysis, knowledge extraction and knowledge base population. Most of the previous research extensively exploited the linguistic features of the source documents in a supervised or semi-supervised way. These systems therefore cannot be easily applied to a new language or domain. In this paper, we present a novel unsupervised algorithm named Quantified Collective Validation that avoids excessive linguistic analysis on the source documents and fully leverages the knowledge base structure for the entity linking task. We show our approach achieves stateof-the-art English entity linking performance and demonstrate successful deployment in a new language (Chinese) and two new domains (Biomedical and Earth Science). Experiment datasets and system demonstration are available at http://tw.rpi.edu/web/doc/ hanwang_emnlp_2015 for research purpose.
Genetic Determinants of RNA Editing Levels of ADAR Targets in Drosophila melanogaster.

RNA editing usually affects only a fraction of expressed transcripts and there is a vast amount of variation in editing levels of ADAR (adenosine deaminase, RNA-specific) targets. Here we explore natural genetic variation affecting editing levels of particular sites in 81 natural strains of Drosophila melanogaster. The analysis of associations between editing levels and single-nucleotide polymorphisms allows us to map putative cis-regulatory regions affecting editing of 16 A-to-I editing sites (cis-RNA editing quantitative trait loci or cis-edQTLs, P < 10(-8)). The observed changes in editing levels are validated by independent molecular technique. All identified regulatory variants are located in close proximity of modulated editing sites. Moreover, colocalized editing sites are often regulated by same loci. Similar to expression and splicing QTL studies, the characterization of edQTLs will greatly expand our understanding of cis-regulatory evolution of gene expression.
Solid-Phase Behavior of Several Long-Chain n-Paraffins, Esters, and a Ketone.

The long-spacings of the compounds methyl stearate, ethyl stearate, n-butyl stearate, 2-non-adecanone, n-eicosane, n-hexatriacontane and n-tetratetracontane have been examined as a function of temperature by means of low-angle x-ray diffraction. The intensity of the long-spacing was also determined versus temperature. The effect of annealing temperature and time was examined by means of the DSC. Dielectric loss was studied in two crystalline phases of n-butyl stearate.
Abstract 4250: A novel thrombospondin-1 mimetic peptide, ABT-898, decreases angiogenesis in a mouse model of glioblastoma multiforme

Prognostic outlook for patients with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) still appears bleak in spite of medical advances in treatment of other malignant tumors in the past decades. With optimal therapy, of surgical resection, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy, a median survival merely approximates to 12 months. However, a recent dogma that the microvascular niche of such tumors plays a critical role in their maintenance has led to development of “anti-angiogenenic” therapies that target it. To evaluate the apoptotic effect of ABT-898, a TSP-mimetic, anti-angiogenic peptide on endothelial cells, we used human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) to model human brain microvasculature. Furthermore, to then assess its clinical applicability, an orthotopic xenograft mouse model was established using human-derived GBM cells lines, and its therapeutic effect evaluated in vivo. We found that ABT-898 induced apoptosis on HUVEC as evidenced by increased fraction of annexin-V positive cells on flow cytometry. Systemic treatment of BTSC-derived immunodeficient mouse tumors with ABT-898, either alone or in combination with temozolomide, significantly reduced tumor size at day 14 post-injection of GBM cells, compared with that of a vehicle, which was used as a control. In addition, treatment with ABT-898 allowed increase in median survival in the xenograft models compared to the control mice. These observations suggest that ABT-898 is a plausible candidate for use in future treatment of GBM. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4250. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-4250
Time, agency and the Anthropocene

The Anthropocene is here, but do we need the Anthropocene, and if so, when do we want it to start? My responses are ‘no’ and ‘never’ if the answers to those questions require a discrete definition of the Anthropocene and a specific start date. In that regard, I agree generally with Braje's arguments. Particularly unsettling in Anthropocene discourse (in archaeology or geology) has been the search for discernable origins in the form of golden spikes, and I am suspicious of even setting the Holocene as an Anthropocene equivalent. That stated, archaeology can and should continue to contribute to interdisciplinary Anthropocene dialogues.
Determination of Carbon in Ni-Al Powder by the Pure Chemical Substance Calibration-high Frequency Combustion Infrared Absorption Method

The carbon in Ni-based powder directly influences the property of the material.However,there is no national standard method to determine carbon content in Ni-based powder,according to the wide content range of carbon,different interferences and inconsistent optimal measuring conditions.The High Frequency CombustionInfrared Absorption Method is already widely used to determine carbon and sulfur in new materials(such as carbon ferro-silico-manganese).Based on the preliminary study on Ni-based brazing material and Ni-based self-fluxing alloy,the high frequency combustion infrared absorption method is used to determine carbon content in Ni-Al powder.The sample is burned at high-temperature and decomposed by adding the flux of Fe and W-Sn fluxes.The measurement conditions such as flux adding amounts,sequence and sample weight have been optimized to obtain accurate results.The method has been applied to the determination of practical samples with the relative standard deviation of less than 1.2% and recovery rate of 98.0%-105.0%.The flux used by the method solves the problems of bad conductivity and splashing during burning.As new materials fall short of standard materials,the calibration curve is prepared by standard sodium carbonate relating to the carbon content,which solves the problem of no reference material and also improves the accuracy.The provided analytical method is not only suitable for the analysis of carbon in Ni-Al power within the carbon content range of 0.005%-0.60%,but also provides the basis for the development of a carbon standard analysis method for nickel-based powder.
Kinetics of tension development in skinned cardiac myocytes measured by photorelease of Ca2

The rate of activation of tension development by free Ca2+ was examined in skinned rat ventricular myocytes. Pulse photolysis of the photosensitive Ca2+ chelator, Nitr-7, was used to rapidly elevate Ca2+ in the vicinity of the myofilaments. Tension increased exponentially with a first-order rate constant (kCa) that depended on the level of Ca2+ activation. kCa increased approximately linearly from 0.9 +/- 0.2 s-1 at 20% maximal Ca(2+)-activated tension (Po) to 4.0 +/- 0.9 s-1 at 85% Po, representing a fourfold increase in kCa with activation. Reducing free Mg2+ from 1 to 0.1 mM accelerated kCa by about twofold at all levels of Ca2+. Tension development kinetics were significantly different in skinned rabbit psoas fibers: kCa increased nonlinearly from 1.2 +/- 0.2 s-1 at 15% Po to a maximum of 17.5 +/- 1.3 s-1 at 85% Po, representing a 15-fold increase in kCa with activation. Moreover, lowering free Mg2+ increased kCa only at submaximal Ca2+ in psoas fibers. Extraction of troponin C (TNC) from psoas fibers and recombination with bovine cardiac TNC did not significantly alter any of these characteristics of tension development kinetics. We conclude that significant differences exist between cardiac and fast-twitch skeletal muscles in terms of the effects of Ca2+ and Mg2+ on contraction kinetics and that these differences cannot be attributed solely to differences in TNC isoforms.
Entry-level clinical dietetic practice as viewed by clients and allied professionals. A pilot study.

Are patients satisfied with the nutritional service they receive from beginning dietitians? Do professional colleagues consider the service rendered adequate?
Objective Measure of Nasal Air Emission Using Nasal Accelerometry.

Purpose This article describes the development and initial validation of an objective measure of nasal air emission (NAE) using nasal accelerometry. Method Nasal acceleration and nasal airflow sign...
Characterization and control of ZnGeN2 cation lattice ordering

Abstract ZnGeN2 and other heterovalent ternary semiconductors have important potential applications in optoelectronics, but ordering of the cation sublattice, which can affect the band gap, lattice parameters, and phonons, is not yet well understood. Here the effects of growth and processing conditions on the ordering of the ZnGeN2 cation sublattice were investigated using x-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. Polycrystalline ZnGeN2 was grown by exposing solid Ge to Zn and NH3 vapors at temperatures between 758 °C and 914 °C. Crystallites tended to be rod-shaped, with growth rates higher along the c-axis. The degree of ordering, from disordered, wurtzite-like x-ray diffraction spectra to orthorhombic, with space group Pna21, increased with increasing growth temperature, as evidenced by the appearance of superstructure peaks and peak splittings in the diffraction patterns. Annealing disordered, low-temperature-grown ZnGeN2 at 850 °C resulted in increased cation ordering. Growth of ZnGeN2 on a liquid Sn–Ge–Zn alloy at 758 °C showed an increase in the tendency for cation ordering at a lower growth temperature, and resulted in hexagonal platelet-shaped crystals. The trends shown here may help to guide understanding of the synthesis and characterization of other heterovalent ternary nitride semiconductors as well as ZnGeN2.
Nonadiabatic Berry phase in nanocrystalline magnets

It is investigated how a Berry phase is created in polycrystalline nanomagnets and how the phase translates into an emergent magnetic field and into a topological Hall-effect contribution. The analysis starts directly from the spin of the conduction electrons and does not involve any adiabatic Hamiltonian. Completely random spin alignment in the nanocrystallites does not lead to a nonzero emergent field, but a modulation of the local magnetization does. As an explicit example, we consider a wire with a modulated cone angle.
The Preferred Viewing Location in Top-to-Bottom Sentence Reading.

The preferred viewing location (PVL) is a robust finding in research on reading that when fixating on a word during normal sentence reading, readers tend to land slightly to the left of the center of the word. This is in contrast to the optimal viewing location in single word recognition, which falls at the center of the word. This study outlines the history of the PVL in eye tracking since Rayner’s 1979 original study, documenting the origins of the conflicting theoretical explanations. In addition, a new study is reported examining whether the PVL can be attributed solely to oculomotor error or a processing advantage by using an experimental manipulation that separates tracking direction (left-to-right reading) and landing position (left-to-right within a word). Sentences were presented to participants from the top to the bottom of a computer screen with one word per line while eye movements were recorded. In this presentation format, readers continued to land to the left of center, suggesting that the ...
Assessment of HCV infection stage as recent or chronic using multi-parameter analysis and machine learning

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) usually establishes chronic infection, which is often asymptomatic at the early stages of disease. Unfortunately, no diagnostic criteria that can distinguish between recent and chronic HCV infections are available. Error-prone replication of HCV causes each patient to host a heterogeneous population of genetically related HCV variants. Therefore, it is usually supposed that intra-host HCV heterogeneity gradually increases over the course of infection. However, due to the complex nature of the structural development of HCV populations inside hosts being influenced by selective sweeps and negative selection during chronic infection [3][2], the accuracy of simple metrics for the assessment of genetic heterogeneity is insufficient for HCV infection staging.
Efficacy and tolerability of antidepressants in Parkinson's disease: A systematic review and network meta-analysis.

Objective To systematically review and analyze the efficacy and tolerability of different antidepressant pharmacologic treatments for depressive symptoms in Parkinson's disease (PD) Methods We searched PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane database (CENTRAL), clinicaltrials.gov, and bibliographies for randomized controlled trials investigating the efficacy of antidepressant medications versus a non-treatment, placebo, or active treatment groups for depressive symptoms in PD. Twenty of 3191 retrieved studies (1893 patients) were included, but not all could be meta-analyzed. We used a random-effects model meta-analysis to compare depression scores between an active drug and placebo or control group then used a network meta-analysis to compare the effectiveness of different antidepressant classes. The primary outcome was the efficacy of different classes of antidepressant medications in PD patients with depressive symptoms, measured by standardized mean difference (SMD) in depression score from baseline compared with control. Results Pairwise meta-analysis suggested that type B-selective monoamine oxidase inhibitors (SMD = −1.28, CI = −1.68, −0.88), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SMD = −0.49, CI = −0.93, −0.05), and tricyclics (SMD = −0.83, CI = −1.53, −0.13) are effective antidepressants in PD. Network meta-analysis showed that monoamine oxidase inhibitors had the largest effect on depression in PD (SMD (vs selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) = −0.78, CI = −1.55, −0.01), but these might not be considered traditional antidepressants given their type B selectivity. Conclusions Although limited by few data, this review suggests that multiple antidepressant classes are potentially efficacious in the treatment of depression in PD, but that further comparative efficacy and tolerability research is needed.
Influence of fosetyl-Al on phytoalexin accumulation in the Plasmopara viticola-grapevine interaction

The effect of fosetyl-Al on phytoalexin accumulation was investigated in non-inoculated and Plasmopara viticola-inoculated leaf discs of a susceptible cv. (Riesling) intermediate resistant (V. rupestris 6544), and resistant cv. (Castor) Vitis spp. In non-inoculated tissues fosetyl-Al induced only a weak phytoalexin response. e-Viniferin was the predominant compound in both cv. Riesling and cv. Castor after application of low concentrations of fungicide; at high concentrations more resveratrol than e-viniferin accumulated in cv. Castor. In V. rupestris 6544, levels of both compounds were approximately the same. Following pre-infectional applications of fosetyl-Al, sporulation of Plasmopara viticola was completely suppressed by 40 μg ml−1 in V. rupestris 6544, 120 μg ml−1 in cv. Castor, and 280 μg ml−1fungicide in cv. Riesling. Degradation of e-viniferin was rapid in inoculated fungicide-treated tissue but the compound was not detected after post-infectional fungicide applications. Resveratrol was the predominant phytoalexin; it accumulated to the highest levels in cv. Castor, high levels in V. rupestris 6544, and low levels in cv. Riesling. Post-infectional fungicide treatments elicited a several fold increase in resveratrol compared with pre-infectional applications, and 400 μg ml−1 was more effective than 200 μg ml−1. Pre-infectional fungicide treatments with 200 μg ml−1and 400 μg ml−1 fosetyl-Al gave total control of Plasmopara viticola in cv. Castor and V. rupestris 6544; in cv. Riesling only the high concentration was effective. Post-infectional applications did not suppress sporulation in cv. Riesling; in V. rupestris 6544 400 μg ml−1, but not 200 μg ml−1 fosetyl-Al inhibited reproduction of the fungus, whereas, in cv. Castor, sporulation was completely controlled by both treatments. The degree of curative control was highly correlated with level of resveratrol accumulation. The results did not provide evidence for a phytoalexin response being the primary mode of action of fosetyl-Al. It is suggested that a combination of direct (= primary) and indirect (= secondary) modes of action exert a double selection pressure on the fungus which may explain the rarity of fosetyl-Al-resistant strains in the field.
Managing Politics and Politicians

If there is any political relationship that can be regarded as central to the understanding of maturing industrial societies, it is the relationship between senior bureaucrats and party politicians. The rise to power of both groups defines a major political characteristic of modern states, while interactions between bureaucrats and politicians now seem decisive in setting the course for future societal development. In Sweden these interactions have reflected the historic dominance of a public bureaucracy that was a sophisticated and effective organizational system for generations before modern political parties came into existence. Not until this century were party organizations significant in Swedish governance, by which time the social status, legal autonomy and decision-making influence of Swedish administrators had become an important and thoroughly accepted “tradition” of Swedish life.1
3 Conserved Mechanisms of Life-Span Regulation and Extension in Caenorhabditis elegans

Human aging correlates with stereotypical changes in physical attributes as well as with an increased incidence of many diseases: atherosclerotic heart disease, cancer, neurological disorders, osteoporosis, obesity, and diabetes. Before we can successfully combat such a wide range of debilitating conditions, a more thorough understanding of the molecular determinants of aging is required. The use of Caenorhabditis elegans to identify the basis of human aging has facilitated the rapid identification of genes through a combination of genetic and RNA interference screens. These life-span-controlling genes identified in the worm regulate life span in many organisms and have been shown to play roles in endocrine signaling, reproduction, stress adaptation, metabolism, and genomic maintenance.
Starting: The Different Approaches, the Entrance Speech

First impressions are important. As you start, convey that you will be friendly, just, and efficient. You will have no favorites, but expect loyalty to the entity, cooperation, and hard work from everyone starting with yourself.
Acute myeloid leukaemia.

Summary For several decades, few substantial therapeutic advances have been made for patients with acute myeloid leukaemia. However, since 2017 unprecedented growth has been seen in the number of drugs available for the treatment of acute myeloid leukaemia, with several new drugs receiving regulatory approval. In addition to advancing our therapeutic armamentarium, an increased understanding of the biology and genomic architecture of acute myeloid leukaemia has led to refined risk assessment of this disease, with consensus risk stratification guidelines now incorporating a growing number of recurrent molecular aberrations that aid in the selection of risk-adapted management strategies. Despite this promising recent progress, the outcomes of patients with acute myeloid leukaemia remain unsatisfactory, with more than half of patients ultimately dying from their disease. Enrolment of patients into clinical trials that evaluate novel drugs and rational combination therapies is imperative to continuing this progress and further improving the outcomes of patients with acute myeloid leukaemia.
Fossil herbivores and crocodiles as paleoclimatic indicators of environmental shifts from Bed I and Bed II times of the Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania

Abstract The radiation and extinction of East African vertebrate fauna have been linked to key climatic changes that occurred around 2.8, 1.7, and 0.5 Ma. This study tests whether vegetation and diet changes were linked to these climatic fluctuations, focusing on the climatic event at 1.7 Ma, by analyzing the stable isotope composition of fossil herbivore teeth from the Olduvai Gorge's stratigraphic units Upper Bed I, Lower Bed II, and Upper Bed II, which span ~1.83–1.33 Ma, in order to detect shifts in herbivore diets from C3 to C4 plants in conjunction with their drinking water isotope geochemistry. C4 grass expansion is known to be favored by drier conditions, and this study tests whether herbivore diets permanently changed to being C4 dominant at this key time period. Crocodile teeth are also tested to determine if they may be used as paleoclimatic indicators, since large crocodiles prey on terrestrial herbivores in wetland settings. Vertebrate bioapatite carbon and oxygen isotope compositions are found to show similar trends as those of pedogenic carbonates (carbonate nodules, or concretions), which reflect a drying environment that was changing from C3 woodland dominated habitats to mixed woodlands and grasslands from Bed I to Lower Bed II times. While a return to more humid conditions in Upper Bed II might be expected to lead to a reversal to C3 plants, herbivores in this study retained mostly the drought-resistant C4 plant diet. These results indicate that vegetation and ecosystems passed through a threshold to C4 domination that did not revert to C3 despite partial reversals in climate that occurred later. Crocodile teeth were not useful in tracking C4 plant expansion, but the oxygen isotopes from modern crocodiles are able to show seasonal cycles from wet to dry seasons, and Bed I crocodiles indicate a degree of annual seasonal changes during that time as well.
The Future of Migraine Prevention

Barring unforeseen circumstances, we anticipate the arrival of the first mechanism-specific class of molecules for migraine prevention in 2018. Despite many ground-breaking advances in the field over the last several years, these agents, broadly identified as calcitonin gene-related peptide-based pharmaceuticals, have captured the imagination and attention of the lay press and much of the headache community. This paper will address the factors, both class-specific and systems-based, that are likely to affect the launch, access, compliance, and adherence related to this new class, as well as attempt to place these novel medications in context of the current state and anticipated changes in headache medicine.
Pediatric Epilepsy Readmissions: The Who, When, and Why.

Abstract Background Prior studies have demonstrated a pediatric epilepsy readmission rate of 6% to 10% but have not described details of the readmitted patients. We report the characteristics of pediatric patients admitted for epilepsy who were readmitted to the hospital within 30 days of discharge. Methods An interdisciplinary team was established to individually review and characterize the 30-day readmissions of patients admitted for epilepsy from May 2014 to October 2016. The team contained both inpatient and outpatient neuroscience nurses, care managers, a quality outcomes manager, and child neurology physicians. Results Over a 30-month period we had an all-cause 30-day readmission rate of 8.0%, which was 219 pediatric epilepsy readmissions from 169 patients. We found that 21.5% of readmissions were scheduled, 37% were for progression of chronic epilepsy, 9.6% were for recently diagnosed epilepsy, and 14.6% were for unrelated diagnoses. We classified 21.5% of readmissions as preventable and 64.9% as not preventable. Thirty-five percent of readmissions occurred within seven days of the initial discharge, including 29 of 47 (61.7%) preventable readmissions. The most common reasons for preventable readmissions were problems with the discharge care plan or medication management. Conclusions We demonstrate that 21.5% of pediatric epilepsy readmissions were scheduled and 21.5% were judged to be preventable. The majority of preventable readmissions occurred within seven days of index discharge. Characterizing epilepsy readmissions is the first step in being able to reduce readmissions.
Cultivating commerce: cultures of botany in Britain and France, 1760-1815

In 1775, John Fothergill and William Pitcairn, two doctors and plant collectors, hired Thomas Blaikie to scour the Alps for rare plants for their botanical gardens. Blaikie, a Scottish gardener, se...
Transients in wind instruments modeled with the Navier-Stokes equations

Transient components make an important contribution to the “color” of a musical tone. While such transients can be observed in experiments, realistic modeling can be very challenging. We describe a modeling study of initial transients in the tone produced by a recorder using Navier-Stokes-based simulations. We have studied how the harmonic content of a recorder tone during the attack portion of the tone depends on a variety of factors including the labium position, the presence of chamfers at the exit of the windway, and the initial dynamics of the blowing pressure. While our results are obtained for a realistic model of the recorder, they should also be applicable to similar instruments such as flue organ pipes. [Work supported by NSF Grant PHY1513273.]Transient components make an important contribution to the “color” of a musical tone. While such transients can be observed in experiments, realistic modeling can be very challenging. We describe a modeling study of initial transients in the tone produced by a recorder using Navier-Stokes-based simulations. We have studied how the harmonic content of a recorder tone during the attack portion of the tone depends on a variety of factors including the labium position, the presence of chamfers at the exit of the windway, and the initial dynamics of the blowing pressure. While our results are obtained for a realistic model of the recorder, they should also be applicable to similar instruments such as flue organ pipes. [Work supported by NSF Grant PHY1513273.]
Modification of the glycolytic pathway in Pyrococcus furiosus and the implications for metabolic engineering.

The key difference in the modified Embden–Meyerhof glycolytic pathway in hyperthermophilic Archaea, such as Pyrococcus furiosus, occurs at the conversion from glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (GAP) to 3-phosphoglycerate (3-PG) where the typical intermediate 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate (1,3-BPG) is not present. The absence of the ATP-yielding step catalyzed by phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) alters energy yield, redox energetics, and kinetics of carbohydrate metabolism. Either of the two enzymes, ferredoxin-dependent glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate ferredoxin oxidoreductase (GAPOR) or NADP+-dependent non-phosphorylating glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPN), responsible for this “bypass” reaction, could be deleted individually without impacting viability, albeit with differences in native fermentation product profiles. Furthermore, P. furiosus was viable in the gluconeogenic direction (growth on pyruvate or peptides plus elemental sulfur) in a ΔgapnΔgapor strain. Ethanol was utilized as a proxy for potential heterologous products (e.g., isopropanol, butanol, fatty acids) that require reducing equivalents (e.g., NAD(P)H, reduced ferredoxin) generated from glycolysis. Insertion of a single gene encoding the thermostable NADPH-dependent primary alcohol dehydrogenase (adhA) (Tte_0696) from Caldanaerobacter subterraneus, resulted in a strain producing ethanol via the previously established aldehyde oxidoreductase (AOR) pathway. This strain demonstrated a high ratio of ethanol over acetate (> 8:1) at 80 °C and enabled ethanol production up to 85 °C, the highest temperature for bio-ethanol production reported to date.
The Effects of Time to Treatment Initiation for Patients With Non-small-cell Lung Cancer in the United States.

Abstract Background The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of time from diagnosis to treatment (TTI) on survival in patients with nonmetastatic non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Materials and Methods The National Cancer Database was queried for patients with stages 1 to 3 NSCLC between 2004 and 2013. Patients with missing survival status/time, unknown TTI, or receipt of palliative therapy were excluded. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards modeling, logistic regression, and recursive partitioning analysis were performed to determine associated variables and survival outcomes. Results Altogether, 1,393,232 patients met inclusion criteria. The median follow-up was 36 months. The median TTI increased between 2004 and 2013 from 35 to 39 days (P 90 days were independently related to poorer overall survival (OS) compared with TTI 1 to 30 days (hazard ratio, 1.04, 1.10, and 1.14; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02-1.06, 1.07-1.12, and 1.11-1.17, respectively; P 45 days) TTI (P 45 days had a higher risk of mortality compared with TTI ≤ 45 days (hazard ratio, 1.15 and 1.05; 95% CI, 1.12-1.17 and 1.01-1.09, respectively) (P Conclusions Increased TTI is independently associated with poorer survival in non-metastatic NSCLC. TTI ≤ 45 days is a clinically targetable time frame associated with improved outcomes and ought to be considered for patients with lung cancer undergoing definitive therapy.
A Racial Enactment Amid COVID-Focused Anxiety and Mania

“Iris,” a 37-year old Black woman and full-time parent, was hospitalized for an acute manic episode after sheltering in place with her family. Until the COVID-19 pandemic, she had been psychiatrica...
Endwall heat transfer characteristics of octahedron family lattice-frame materials

Abstract Recent studies on traditional metal foam thick blocks suggest that much of the foam volume remains unused in heat dissipation and that the thinner configurations are more efficient in forced convection scenarios. Single cell thick lattice-frame configurations are attractive solutions to the problem of unused foam volume and can also be additively manufactured through Direct Metal Laser Sintering process while also offering superior load bearing capabilities. Due to the inherent nature of such single cell thick configurations, their unit cell topologies' footprint at the enclosing walls has significant effect in both local heat transfer coefficient distribution and net overall heat dissipation. This study presents detailed endwall heat transfer coefficient measurements for lattice-frame structure of Octet unit cell topology and compares its thermal performance with two other members of the Octahedron family, viz. Octa and V-Octet. Developing heat transfer was measured through transient liquid crystal thermography at the endwalls of a unity aspect ratio duct featuring five consecutive interconnected unit cells at a Reynolds number of 37,200. Relative to a smooth channel, the cell-based averaged Nusselt numbers for Octet, Octa and V-Octet were 2.96, 2.78 and 3.05 times, respectively.