cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Automated High-Throughput Synthesis of Protein-Loaded Polyanhydride Nanoparticle Libraries.

The development of high-throughput techniques and combinatorial libraries can facilitate rapid synthesis and screening of biomaterial-based nanocarriers for drug and vaccine delivery. This study describes a high-throughput method using an automated robot for synthesizing polyanhydride nanoparticles encapsulating proteins. Polyanhydrides are a class of safe and biodegradable polymers that have been widely used as drug and vaccine delivery vehicles. The robot contains a multiplexed homogenizer and has the capacity to handle parallel streams of monomer or polymer solutions to synthesize polymers and/or nanoparticles. Copolymer libraries were synthesized using the monomers sebacic acid, 1,6-bis(p-carboxyphenoxy)hexane, and 1,8-bis(p-carboxyphenoxy)-3,6-dioxactane and compared to conventionally synthesized copolymers. Nanoparticle libraries of varying copolymer compositions encapsulating the model antigen ovalbumin were synthesized using flash nanoprecipitation. The amount of the surfactant Span 80 was varied ...
Food and Drug Administration upscheduling of hydrocodone and the effects on nurse practitioner pain management practices.

Background and purpose In 2013, the Advisory Committee of the Food and Drug Administration determined hydrocodone combination medications (HCMs) needed tighter regulation due to high abuse potential; they recommended upscheduling HCMs from Schedule III to II. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of upscheduling of HCMs on pain management practices of advanced practiced registered nurses (APRNs) in Oklahoma. Methods In this qualitative study, 25 participants described their primary care experiences after the upscheduling. A thematic analysis was used to understand the effects on APRN pain management practices. Conclusions The upscheduling of HCMs has greatly affected the pain management practices of APRNs in a state where Schedule II narcotic prescribing is forbidden. Findings will assist APRNs with improving patient access to care, implementing practice regulations, and exploring options for alternative pain therapies in primary care. Implications for practice Upscheduling of HCMs has had a severe impact on APRNs, affecting their prescribing practices and leading to increased referrals. They noted limited treatment options, increased health care costs, and decreased access to care. The APRNs understand the problem of prescription opioid abuse, diversion, and misuse. A consensus model could standardize the regulatory process for APRNs, increase interstate mobility for practice, and increase access to APRN care nationwide.
Moving Forward: Psychotherapy with a Youth After Brain Injury

Shaun was sitting quietly on the couch in the dayroom of the residential treatment center (RTC), listening intently to a book on tape with a headset while his peers were talking or playing games. Just under 5 ft and 100 lbs, with curly blond hair and fair, even facial features, he looked more like his 12-year-old peers on the unit than his chronological age of 15 years. Shaun was pleasant and cooperative in conversation. His vocabulary was quite good, and he talked about the Harry Potter books he had heard on tape. He was open about not being able to read or tell time. He could read short words and the numbers on a digital watch, but he did not understand what time his activities and meals took place. He knew his colors, could count aloud into the double digits, and print his first name with difficulty. He asked for help in constructing an animal from a novel building set he saw on a shelf, but he knew what looked realistic and what did not. He denied having any auditory or visual hallucinations, and there was no mention of such in his medical record. He admitted being very picky about food and having trouble ending activities and said he wanted help to tell his schoolteacher how to understand him and help him learn. In a session with his parents, Shaun was teary, more regressed, and oppositional. He told his parents that he does not belong in this world and should die.
Acute Effects of Blood Glucose on Chromatic Visually Evoked Potentials in Persons With Diabetes and in Normal Persons

Purpose. To determine whether specific chromatic pathways are selectively affected by shortterm variations in blood glucose levels in observers with and without diabetes. Methods. Ten subjects with diabetes, all with type 1 diabetes and no retinopathy, and eight age-similar normal subjects were tested. Cortical visually evoked potentials (VEPs) in response to stimuli designed to selectively activate the short-wavelength-sensitive (S) or long- and middle-wavelength-sensitive (LM) chromatic (isoluminant) pathways or the achromatic pathway were recorded over a period of several hours. Capillary blood glucose also was measured repeatedly over the same period. The relation between VEP latency and blood glucose was determined. Results. The S-pathway VEP latency was correlated significantly with blood glucose in a slight majority (6/10) of persons with diabetes; S-pathway latency was longer at higher blood glucose levels. This association between S-pathway latency and blood glucose was not dependent on the pattern of blood glucose variation over time (i.e., significant correlations between blood glucose and latency were observed in persons for whom blood glucose increased, decreased, or rose and then fell over time). No dependence on blood glucose was observed for LM- or achromatic-pathway VEP latency in subjects with diabetes. Conclusions. Acute variations in blood glucose of subjects with diabetes over hours selectively affect the function of the short-wavelength-sensitive chromatic pathway. The findings are discussed within the context of known mechanisms by which elevated glucose affects cellular metabolism with a time course consistent with the transient nature of the effects observed. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1997; 38:800-810. At is well-recognized that in diabetes, changes in the function of the short-wavelength-sensitive system (Spathway) precede changes in more standard measures of visual function, such as visual acuity. Changes in Spathway function may be found before or in the absence of diabetic retinopathy. 1 ' 2 Such findings have motivated researchers to seek explanations other than retinopathic changes for the early vision loss in diabetes. In fact, the suggestion that functional changes may precede, and not be dependent on, retinal vascular
Economic Expectations of Young Adults

In uncertain economic times, who are those young adults that show positive expectations about their economic future? And who are those who worry? Based on previous stratification research and exten...
Technology and writing: Review of research

Abstract This review examined 29 empirical studies published in peer-reviewed journals from 2002 to 2017 that investigated the use of computers and information and communication technologies during writing instruction and related writing activities. Qualitative content analysis was employed to investigate how technology was used in the writing program, the impact of technology-mediated instruction on students' writing skills, and the barriers teachers faced in integrating technology into the writing curriculum. Results of the review demonstrated that computers and a range of digital technologies, applications, and web-based learning environments have been used to teach writing in K-12 educational settings. Technology-mediated writing instruction yielded improvements in students' composing processes and writing skills as well as their knowledge and use of new literacies. Students designed, produced, and presented a variety of multimodal and digital texts that represented their knowledge and understandings of literary material and contemporary social justice issues. The use of technology motivated student engagement and participation in writing assignments and increased social interaction and peer collaboration. Teachers faced a number of challenges in their efforts to integrate technology into the writing curriculum. Several recommendations are offered based on the results of this review. Relevant, high-quality teacher professional development on pedagogical uses of technology are urgently needed in order to promote technology-mediated writing instruction and build students' 21st century literacy skills. Institutional support is needed to ensure the availability of computers and appropriate applications in every classroom. Future research needs to identify how teachers can use multimedia and digital tools to improve writing instruction in the digital age, meet the objectives of the writing curriculum, and engage all students in the composing process. Continued exploration of how digital writing environments and online writing communities can support students’ competence as writers also is needed. Substantial investigative work is needed in the early childhood program.
Eradicating Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting: Human Rights-Based Approaches of Legislation, Education, and Community Empowerment

Female genital mutilation/cutting is a form of violence against women and girls. It includes all procedures that involve the partial or total removal of external genitalia or other injury to the female genital organs for non-medical reasons. It is estimated that over 200 million girls and women worldwide have suffered the effects of this practice and that approximately 3.6 million girls and women are at risk each year. Female genital mutilation/cutting violates several human rights outlined under the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women, and the Convention on the Rights of the Child. Human rights-based approaches to eradication include, but are not limited to, the enforcement of laws, education programs focused on empowerment, and campaigns to recruit change agents from within communities.
Proxy Consent in the Medical Context: The Infant as Person

This paper is the attempt of a parent, and pediatrician, and one concerned with the problems of medical ethics to examine critically the notion of proxy consent. I am motivated to write this paper by the finding that discussions of proxy consent in the literature (Shaw, 1973; Freedman, 1975; Jonsen, et. al., 1975), with few exceptions, are “too clean,” “too simple,” “too tidy” to account for a large number of problem situations which I have encountered in my life as a father and as a pediatrician. I cannot promise a systematic formulation or anything resembling a complete theory of proxy consent. My aim is primarily to muddy the waters, to point out ways in which accepted notions and concepts do not fit or fail to take into account the complexity of situations in which such consent is called for. I will argue that the accepted notions are inadequate primarily because they allow parents and others involved in the lives of infants and children a degree of comfort and assurance that is inappropriate to what is at stake in being a parent or in attempting to provide a service to children. The accepted notions would have us believe that infants and children are “transparent,” or “knowable” in ways that even our closest friends and associates are not. What I am asking of parents, pediatricians, child care professionals and others is to “see” and “feel” the difference between the statement: “I know my infant child would have me do “x” on his/her behalf” and the statement “I assume my infant child would have me do “x” on his/her behalf.”
Anatomic Characterization of the Ocular Surface Microbiome in Children

The microbiome is important in the evolution of the immune system in children; however, information is lacking regarding the composition of the pediatric ocular microbiome and its surrounding structures. A prospective, cross-sectional study of the ocular microbiome was conducted in children <18 years old. Samples from the inferior conjunctival fornix of both eyes, eyelid margin, and periocular skin underwent DNA amplification and 16S sequencing using Illumina MiSeq 250. The microbiome was analyzed using Qiime. Statistical analysis was performed using a two-sided Student’s t-test, diversity indices, and principal coordinate analysis. A total of 15 children were enrolled. The ocular surface microbiome was predominantly composed of Proteobacteria, whereas Bacteroidetes dominated the eyelid margin, and Firmicutes dominated the periocular skin. Despite these variations, no statistically significant compositional differences were found with Bray-Curtis analysis. The conjunctiva had the lowest Shannon diversity index with a value of 2.3, which was significantly lower than those of the eyelid margin (3.4, p = 0.01) and the periocular skin (3.5, p = 0.001). However, the evenness of the species using Faith’s phylogenetic diversity index was similar at all sites. Overall, the ocular surface microbiome is dominated by Proteobacteria in children. The niche is similar to the surrounding structures in terms of composition, but has a lower number and relative abundance of species.
Ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence in early stage breast cancer patients treated with breast conserving surgery and adjuvant radiation therapy: Concordance of biomarkers and tumor location from primary tumor to in-breast tumor recurrence.

Ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence in early stage breast cancer patients treated with breast conserving surgery and adjuvant radiation therapy: Concordance of biomarkers and tumor location from primary tumor to in-breast tumor recurrence
Innovating Support for Research: The Coalescence of Scholarly Communication?

Information professionals housed in academic libraries are increasingly taking a role in supporting scholarly communication activities. This article investigates the extent to which a formal role has grown in ARL libraries, the skills and competencies necessary for supporting work with data in this capacity, and how those skills and competencies relate to the research lifecycle. We find that scholarly communication has formalized in ARL libraries since 2012. We also find that the requisite skills and competencies for scholarly communication work have coalesced since 2009 in support of a core group that, when the research lifecycle is considered, also support the work of scholars.
5. DISTRESSING EVENTS: WHAT DO OUR TRAINEES WANT? A QUALITATIVE STUDY FROM A LARGE PEDIATRIC RESIDENCY PROGRAM

Background Patient care events that cause emotional distress are common during pediatric training. Research has demonstrated that ICU rotations have a significant impact on trainee burnout likely in part due to the number of distressing events that occur in that environment. Interventions have been proposed by the AAP for training on peer-debriefing as well interventions to decrease distress in the ICU. Objective: Perform a needs assessment in our training program to: examine what scenarios lead to distress, assess how they are able to process these events and, have their voices be heard on how they want to be debriefed. Methods Semi-structured interviews guided by open-ended questions were conducted with 15 trainees from our large academic pediatric training program. Demographic information was collected. Data was transcribed and analyzed using a phenomenological approach. The transcribed data was coded using an iterative approach and organized into themes. Results Interviews were conducted from Aug-Dec 2019. About half of our participants were female (8, 53%) and nearly all were senior residents PGY 2(8, 53%), PGY-3 (6, 40%). Trainees experienced distressing cases either in the NICU or PICU. Based on data analysis, these cases elicited feelings of shock, loneliness, helplessness, or fear. Currently, residents receive untrained support from their peers and families and are additionally challenged by the lack of protected time to debrief the event. A common theme revealed that the trainees expect a debrief from the service faculty to assist them in processing these events. The lack of intervention by the service faculty contributes to a higher level of distress in our trainees. When describing their ideal debrief, they all agreed that the emotional debrief should stand alone from a medical debrief. Conclusions Emotionally charged patient care events have a strong impact on trainees and lead to higher rates of burnout. We plan to use this data to support peer-training in debriefing, as well as to develop a framework for service faculty to use to debrief these events with our trainees.
Design of linear residual generators for fault detection and isolation in nonlinear systems

A systematic method for the design of disturbance-decoupled linear residual generators for fault detection and isolation (FDI) in nonlinear systems is developed. Necessary and sufficient conditions...
Models for Heart Failure Admissions and Admission Rates, 2016 through 2018.

Background: Approximately 6.5 to 6.9 million individuals in the United States have heart failure, and the disease costs approximately $43.6 billion in 2020. This research provides geographical incidence and cost models of this disease in the U.S. and explanatory models to account for hospitals’ number of heart failure DRGs using technical, workload, financial, geographical, and time-related variables. Methods: The number of diagnoses is forecast using regression (constrained and unconstrained) and ensemble (random forests, extra trees regressor, gradient boosting, and bagging) techniques at the hospital unit of analysis. Descriptive maps of heart failure diagnostic-related groups (DRGs) depict areas of high incidence. State- and county-level spatial and non-spatial regression models of heart failure admission rates are performed. Expenditure forecasts are estimated. Results: The incidence of heart failure has increased over time with the highest intensities in the East and center of the country; however, several Northern states have seen large increases since 2016. The best predictive model for the number of diagnoses (hospital unit of analysis) was an extremely randomized tree ensemble (predictive R2 = 0.86). The important variables in this model included workload metrics and hospital type. State-level spatial lag models using first-order Queen criteria were best at estimating heart failure admission rates (R2 = 0.816). At the county level, OLS was preferred over any GIS model based on Moran’s I and resultant R2; however, none of the traditional models performed well (R2 = 0.169 for the OLS). Gradient-boosted tree models predicted 36% of the total sum of squares; the most important factors were facility workload, mean cash on hand of the hospitals in the county, and mean equity of those hospitals. Online interactive maps at the state and county levels are provided. Conclusions. Heart failure and associated expenditures are increasing. Costs of DRGs in the study increased $61 billion from 2016 through 2018. The increase in the more expensive DRG 291 outpaced others with an associated increase of $92 billion. With the increase in demand and steady-state supply of cardiologists, the costs are likely to balloon over the next decade. Models such as the ones presented here are needed to inform healthcare leaders.
Infections in Immunocompromised Patients

SUMMARY Rapid advances in immunomodulative therapy have resulted in extended life expectancies for a great number of patients with viral infection, organ failure requiring transplants, malig- nant disease, and diabetes. As the number of these patient increases, the oral and maxillofacial surgeon must recognize and manage their special needs and the complications encountered. In this paper, the various types of head and neck infections seen in patients with five common immunosuppressive diseases have been reviewed. Successful treatment of these infections, and utilization of good surgical principles, will help to ensure optimum care for the immunocompromised patient having oral and maxillofacial surgery.
Frequency Of Social Media Use And Its Impact On Adolescent Mental Well-Being At An Urban High School

Social media (SM) and smartphones are a large part of most teens’ lives and social media platforms have expanded significantly over the past decade. The majority of teens have a smartphone or access to one and many are often online. As the use of social media increases, concerns arise regarding the negative impact of mental well-being on adolescents. The purpose of this study is to determine the frequency teens use SM and to identify any markers of problem use in a group of adolescents in a …
Real-time, High-resolution Depth Upsampling on Embedded Accelerators

High-resolution, low-latency apps in computer vision are ubiquitous in today’s world of mixed-reality devices. These innovations provide a platform that can leverage the improving technology of depth sensors and embedded accelerators to enable higher-resolution, lower-latency processing for 3D scenes using depth-upsampling algorithms. This research demonstrates that filter-based upsampling algorithms are feasible for mixed-reality apps using low-power hardware accelerators. The authors parallelized and evaluated a depth-upsampling algorithm on two different devices: a reconfigurable-logic FPGA embedded within a low-power SoC; and a fixed-logic embedded graphics processing unit. We demonstrate that both accelerators can meet the real-time requirements of 11 ms latency for mixed-reality apps.1
Real-Time Estimation of Drivers' Trust in Automated Driving Systems

Trust miscalibration issues, represented by undertrust and overtrust, hinder the interaction between drivers and self-driving vehicles. A modern challenge for automotive engineers is to avoid these trust miscalibration issues through the development of techniques for measuring drivers' trust in the automated driving system during real-time applications execution. One possible approach for measuring trust is through modeling its dynamics and subsequently applying classical state estimation methods. This paper proposes a framework for modeling the dynamics of drivers' trust in automated driving systems and also for estimating these varying trust levels. The estimation method integrates sensed behaviors (from the driver) through a Kalman lter-based approach. The sensed behaviors include eye-tracking signals, the usage time of the system, and drivers' performance on a non-driving-related task (NDRT). We conducted a study (n = 80) with a simulated SAE level 3 automated driving system, and analyzed the factors that impacted drivers' trust in the system. Data from the user study were also used for the identi cation of the trust model parameters. Results show that the proposed approach was successful in computing trust estimates over successive interactions between the driver and the automated driving system. These results encourage the use of strategies for modeling and estimating trust in automated driving systems. Such trust measurement technique paves a path for the design of trust-aware automated driving systems capable of changing their behaviors to control drivers' trust levels to mitigate both undertrust and overtrust.
Establishing Justice in Middle America: A History of the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit

Review of: "Establishing Justice in Middle America: A History of the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit," by Jeffrey Brandon Morris.
Temporal Coupling Verification in Time Series Databases

Time series are often generated by continuous sampling or measurement of natural or social phenomena. In many cases, events cannot be represented by individual records, but instead must be represented by time series segments (temporal intervals). A consequence of this segment-based approach is that the analysis of events is reduced to analysis of occurrences of time series patterns that match segments representing the events. A major obstacle on the path toward event analysis is the lack of query languages for expressing interesting time series patterns. We have introduced SQL/LPP (Perng and Parker, 1999). Which provides fairly strong expressive power for time series pattern queries, and are now able to attack the problem of specifying queries that analyze temporal coupling, i.e., temporal relationships obeyed by occurrences of two or more patterns. In this paper, we propose SQL/LPP+, a temporal coupling verification language for time series databases. Based on the pattern definition language of SQL/LPP (Perng and Parker, 1999), SQL/LPP+ enables users to specify a query that looks for occurrences of a cascade of multiple patterns using one or more of Allen's temporal relationships (Allen, 1983) and obtain desired aggregates or meta-aggregates of the composition. Issues of pattern composition control are also discussed.
An External Schema Facility For Codasyl 1978

We propose as an extension to the CODASYL Data Description Language a new external schema facility more powerful than that presently offered by CODASYL subschemas. We note that the present facility relies on records and set that closely resemble those employed in the schema, with unfortunate implications for programmer productivity, data independence, and communications channel traffic. We propose instead a powerful external schema facility that, in effect, offers applications programmers a virtual data base. This data base, while derivable from the stored data base, is not constrained to resemble it in form; thus programmers will use records formatted, not like those stored in the common data base, but like the cognitive structures employed in program development. A possible language for external scheme definition is introduced.
The advantages of post-link code coverage

Code coverage is often defined as a measure of the degree to which the source code of a program has been tested [19]. Various metrics for measuring code coverage exist. The vast majority of these metrics require instrumenting the source code to produce coverage data. However, for certain coverage metrics, it is also possible to instrument object code to produce coverage data. Traditionally, such instrumentation has been considered inferior to source level instrumentation because source code is the focus of code coverage. Our experience shows that object code instrumentation, specifically post-link instrumentation, can be very useful to users. Moreover, it does not only alleviate certain side-effects of source-level instrumentation, especially those related to compiler optimizations, but also lends itself to performance optimization that enables low-overhead instrumentation. Our experiments show an average of less than 1% overhead for instrumentation at the function level and an average of 4.1% and 0.4% overhead for SPECint2000 and SPECfp2000, respectively, for instrumentation at the basic block level. This paper demonstrates the advantages of post-link coverage and describes effective methodology and technology for applying it.
Beyond Interval Systems: What is Feasible and What is Algorithmically Solvable?

In many real-life applications of interval computations, the desired quantities appear (in a good approximation to reality) as a solution to a system of interval linear equations. It is known that such systems are difficult to solve (NP-hard) but still algorithmically solvable. If instead of the (approximate) interval linear systems, we consider more realistic (and more general) formulations, will the corresponding problems still be algorithmically solvable? We consider three natural generalizations of interval linear systems: to conditions which are more general than linear systems, to multi-intervals instead of intervals, and to dynamics (differential and difference equations) instead of statics (linear and algebraic equations). We show that the problem is still algorithmically solvable for non-linear systems and even for more general conditions, and it is still solvable if we consider linear or non-linear systems with multi-intervals instead of intervals. However, generalized conditions with multi-interval uncertainty are already algorithmically unsolvable. For dynamics: difference equations are still algorithmically solvable, differential equations are, in general, unsolvable.
Data compression and VLSI implementation neuroprocessor

VLSI data compression research has been motivated by the needs of high-speed high-performance data compression and inspired by the VLSI technologies. An integrated data compression system has been proposed to provide adaptive multi-mode data compression for an advanced multi-instrument spacecraft payload system that has various source data. It combines a high-ratio lossy data compressor with a lossless data compressor to provide various compression schemes. The embedded lossy compressor is a high-speed neuroprocessor for adaptive vector quantization based upon a frequency-sensitive self-organization neural algorithm. The embedded lossless compressor is a high-speed pipelined processor design based on the Rice algorithm. >
Nitric Acid and Particulate Measurements by Transition-Flow Reactor During the Carbonaceous Species Methods Comparison Study

Measurements of gaseous nitric acid and fine and total particulate nitrate and sulfate were made by the transition-flow reactor (TFR) during the Carbonaceous Species Methods Comparison Study (CSMCS...
Transcriptional networks in a rat model for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a microarray analysis.

Abstract Background: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common hepatic condition that may progress to end-stage liver disease. High-fat diets in animals reproduce many of the features found in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Objective: To understand how various dietary or genetic factors influence the development of fatty liver and consequently NAFLD, we performed microarray-based expression profiling of genes, induced by fish oil and dextrose diet, a putative mediator of alcohol-like effects on the liver of the female rat. Design: Male and age-matched female rats were fed fish oil and dextrose for 4 weeks. Hepatic RNA from each sample was extracted and used for microarray analysis. Results: A large number of genes underwent significant changes in the female liver as compared to male controls. In the female rat liver, biological theme analysis demonstrated a shift in the transcriptional program which included upregulation of genes involved in lipid metabolism, chaperone activity, mitochondrial and oxidoreductase activity combined with downregulation of genes involved in nucleic acid metabolism. The differential expression of genes of interest identified by microarray technique was validated by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Ingenuity computational pathway analysis tools were used to identify specific regulatory networks of genes operative in promoting liver injury. Conclusions: The use of networks stated above allowed us to identify genes involved in cell death, apoptosis, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha-regulated lipid metabolism and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways.
Upper Eocene Impact Ejecta/Spherule Layers in Marine Sediments

Abstract Microtektites with compositions and ages similar to those of the North American tektites have been found in deep-sea deposits in the Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean Sea, northwestern Atlantic Ocean and on Barbados. Unmelted impact ejecta (including shocked quartz and feldspar with multiple sets of planar deformation features, coesite, stishovite, and reidite, a high-pressure polymorph of zircon) have been found associated with this microtektite layer. These microtektites appear to belong to the North American tektite strewn field based on their geographic location, age (∼35 Ma), and composition. Clinopyroxene-bearing spherules (cpx spherules) are closely associated with the North American microtektitestherefore, occurrences of cpx spherules in the Indian Ocean and equatorial Pacific were originally interpreted to indicate a major extension of the North American strewn field. However, at a few sites it is clear that the cpx spherules are older than the North American microtektites and it is now accepted that they belong to a different impact event. The major crystalline phase in the cpx spherules is clinopyroxene, as their name implies, but they also contain Cr- and Ni-rich spinels. The cpx spherules generally have lower SiO 2 and Al 2 O 3 and higher FeO, MgO, and CaO contents compared with the North American microtektites. The cpx spherules also have high Ni, Cr, Co, and Ir contents compared to the North American microtektites and to the average upper continental crust. The cpx spherule layer is associated with a positive Ir anomaly and with the extinction of several taxa of Radiolaria. Flattened pancake spherules composed of clay have been found in upper Eocene deposits at Massignano, Italy, associated with a positive Ir anomaly. The pancake spherules are believed to be diagenetically altered cpx spherules. Shocked quartz with multiple sets of planar deformation features have been found associated with the spherule layer at Massignano. The number of upper Eocene microtektite/spherule layers is debated, but most authors agree that there are probably only two: the North American microtektite layer and the cpx spherule layer. Geographic variations in abundance, age, composition, and Sr and Nd isotopic data are consistent with the North American microtektites (and tektites) being derived from the 90 km-diameter Chesapeake Bay structure. Based on the nature of the shocked quartz found associated with the spherule layer at Massignano and the age and Sr and Nd isotopic composition of the cpx spherules, it has been suggested that the 100 km-diameter Popigai impact structure in northern Siberia may the source crater for the cpx strewn field.
EFFECT OF NEUTRALIZATION AND ADDITION OF UREA, SUCROSE, AND VARIOUS GLYCOLS ON PHOSPHORUS ABSORPTION AND LEAF DAMAGE FROM FOLIAR-APPLIED PHOSPHATE*

Inclusion of sucrose in the solution applied to soybean (Glycine max L. merr.) leaves much reduced the severity of the damage to the leaves from application of urea and, to a lesser extent, from application of phosphorus (P) as orthophosphoric acid. Sucrose had no evident effect on P absorption. Damage to the leaves from joint application of orthophosphoric acid and urea exceeded the sum of the damage caused by the substances individually. Urea did not seem to influence P absorption, but the effect, if any, was not readily determined because nearly all values for P absorption exceeded 90%.
Gamma Irradiation of the Melon Fly: Laboratory Studies of the Sexual Competitiveness of Flies Treated as Pupae 2 Days Before Eclosion or as 2-Day-Old Adults

Gamma irradiation (6 krad 2 days before eclosion or 8 had 2 days after eclosion) induced 98–99% sterility in a laboratory strain of male Dacus cucurbitae Coquillett. Comparable females treated with 4 krad at the same ages were completely infecund. In trials with 5:1:1 ratios of sterile males-normal males-normal females, sexual competitiveness of males sterilized with 8 krad as 2-day-old adults was similar to that of males treated as pupae with 6 krad. The suppression of the fertility of normal flies by the introduction of sterile females was negligible.
Precision Measurements of the Lattice Constants of Twelve Common Metals

The lattice constant $a$ has been determined within 0.1 percent (.03 percent for W) for aluminum, iron, nickel, copper, molybdenum, palladium, silver, tungsten, platinum, gold, lead and bismuth, by direct comparison with NaCl, $a(\mathrm{NaCl})=2.814$A. As pure samples as could be obtained were used, from 99.55 percent for Ni to 99.9995 percent for tungsten, and in many cases commercially pure samples were also measured for comparison. The results for the purest samples are summarized in Table XIII. The density from the x-ray data is in each case (except Al and Ag) greater than the density of the bulk metal as given in the literature, the difference being rather large for Mo (10.21 vs 9.1), for Pd (12.25 vs 11.9) and W (19.32 vs 18.77). For pure W remarkably sharp lines were obtained. For Bi a piece of a single artificial crystal was used.
Mechanism of grayanotoxin III-induced afterpotentials in feline cardiac Purkinje fibers.

Grayanotoxins are known to produce cardiac tachyarrhythmias. It is unknown, however, which of three mechanisms, i.e., reentry, induction of automatic activity or induction of triggered activity, accounts for grayanotoxin-induced arrhythmias. To distinguish between these possible mechanisms, effects of grayanotoxin III (GTX III) on the electrical activity of isolated feline cardiac Purkinje fibers were examined under control conditions in which reentry was not likely to occur (perfusion with an oxygenated physiological saline solution at 30 degrees C and pH 7.4) and under several other conditions known to either enhance or block triggered activity. GTX III alone (1 microM) produced either 1-2 low amplitude or repetitive, suprathreshold after potentials within 15 min of administration. At the onset of GTX III-induced afterpotentials, the configuration of electrically driven action potentials was only slightly altered. Increasing stimulation frequency, raising extracellular calcium concentration or lowering extracellular potassium concentration, each of which augment triggered activity, enhanced the production of GTX III-induced afterpotentials. Furthermore, verapamil, raising extracellular potassium concentration or phenytoin, each of which block triggered activity, suppressed afterpotentials elicited by GTX III. These results indicate that the mechanism underlying grayanotoxin-induced arrhythmias is the production of triggered activity in the form of oscillatory afterpotentials.
Assessment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in World War II Veterans.

Four posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) scales were compared in a community sample of 330 American former prisoners of war and combat veterans of World War II. The Mississippi Scale for Combat-Related PTSD (M-PTSD), the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 Pk PTSD scale, and the Impact of Event Scale (IES) all demonstrated moderate relationships with PTSD as defined by the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R. Comparative validities were similar to those observed in Vietnam veteran samples. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the 3 scales loaded significantly on 1 factor. The impact of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( 4th ed.) PTSD criteria changes was examined and found to be minimal. Implications for the use of the M-PTSD, Pk, and IES in combat-related PTSD assessment are discussed.
Fluorescent Analysis of Translesion DNA Synthesis by Using a Novel, Non‐natural Nucleotide Analogue

The replication of damaged DNA is a promutagenic process that can lead to disease development. This report evaluates the dynamics of nucleotide incorporation opposite an abasic site, a commonly formed DNA lesion, by using two fluorescent nucleotide analogues, 2-aminopurine deoxyribose triphosphate (2-APTP) and 5-phenylindole deoxyribose triphosphate (5-PhITP). In both cases, the kinetics of incorporation were compared by using a 32P-radiolabel extension assay versus a fluorescence-quenching assay. Although 2-APTP is efficiently incorporated opposite a templating nucleobase (thymine), the kinetics for incorporation opposite an abasic site are significantly slower. The lower catalytic efficiency hinders its use as a probe to study translesion DNA synthesis. In contrast, the rate constant for the incorporation of 5-PhITP opposite the DNA lesion is 100-fold faster than that for 2-APTP. Nearly identical kinetic parameters are obtained from fluorescence quenching or the 32P-radiolabel assay. Surprisingly, distinct differences in the kinetics of 5-PhITP incorporation opposite the DNA lesion are detected when using either bacteriophage T4 DNA polymerase or the Escherichia coli Klenow fragment. These differences suggest that the dynamics of nucleotide incorporation opposite an abasic site are polymerase-dependent. Collectively, these data indicate that 5-PhITP can be used to perform real-time analyses of translesion DNA synthesis as well as to functionally probe differences in polymerase function.
Evolution of the Structure and Thermodynamic Stability of the BaTiO 3 ( 001 ) Surface

We report a series of new surface reconstructions on ${\mathrm{BaTiO}}_{3}(001)$ as a function of environmental conditions, determined via scanning tunneling microscopy and low energy electron diffraction. Using density functional theory calculations and thermodynamic modeling, we construct a surface phase diagram and determine the atomic structures of the thermodynamically stable phases. Excellent agreement is found between the predicted phase diagram and experiment. The results enable prediction of surface structures and properties under the entire range of accessible environmental conditions.
A simple java package for GUI-like interactivity

This paper discusses the motivation for a simple package designed to incorporate user interactivity into a first course in computer science. The package enables novice programmers to build programs with GUI-like interactivity while maintaining good design principles. An advantage of this package is that it is easy to implement using the Swing class. Therefore, it can be used as a case study to illustrate Java features.
Structures, structural hierarchy and function in sea urchin spines

Sea urchin spines protect the animal's body from predators and from the effect of high energy environments. The spines of urchins from different orders, families and genera have very different sizes, morphologies and microarchitectures, and the different designs of sea urchin spines reveal much about the design space available for functional biogenic calcite-based structures. The 3D microarchitecture of primary spines of a number of sea urchins was studied with synchrotron microCT and reconstructed with 5 μm or smaller voxels (volume elements), and similarities and differences were determined in order to better understand the design space. Hollow spines from different genera of the family Diadematidae, order Diadematoida, are one type of solution, but significant differences were observed within this phylogenic subset. Spines from members of order Echinoidea, family Toxopneustidae, employ a very different strategy, one that emphasizes interconnected trabeculae to a greater degree than do the diadematids. Numerical data for some 3D structural characteristics are presented, data that would be impractical to obtain by methods other than microCT.
The symbolic/culture approach: managing transition in the service industry

Abstract Hospitality managers face many challenges as they implement strategic plans and lead their organizations through the transition process. In this paper, organizational transition is viewed from a symbolic/culture perspective and the impact of organizational culture on the change process is explored. The change process is seen as a disruption of existing organizational values, beliefs, and assumptions. Communication strategies are viewed as essential for effective transition leadership, enabling hospitality managers to overcome such barriers to change as: the customer as partial employee, a diverse workforce, and high levels of uncertainty. Effective managers use strategic ambiguity as well as myths and stories to communicate new organizational values. In order to lead their organization through the transition process, managers also facilitate information sharing and serve as boundary spanners, interpreting the perceptions of one group or department to those with different perspectives and concerns. Finally, hospitality leaders model effective listening skills which are essential to wise decision-making and the development of supportive work environments. The hospitality industry can respond to on-going organizational change by helping its managers understand the nature of organizational culture and develop the communication competencies that facilitate the transition process.
Identifying adaptive preferences in practice: lessons from postcolonial feminisms

I argue that postcolonial feminist critiques draw our attention to four phenomena that are easily confused with what I call ‘paradigmatic adaptive preference’ – and that the ability to distinguish these phenomena can improve the quality of development interventions. An individual has paradigmatic adaptive preferences (APs) if she perpetuates injustice against herself because her normative worldview is nearly completely distorted. The four look-alike phenomena postcolonial feminist critics help us identify are (a) APs caused by selective value distortion (SAPs), (b) APs caused by forced tradeoffs (TAPs), (c) APs caused by misperceptions of the facts (MAPs), and (d) wellbeing-compatible preferences that are misunderstood because of a lack of cultural or contextual knowledge. The first three, I argue, are non-paradigmatic forms of AP that have gone previously unrecognized and that we need to expand our conceptual vocabulary to describe; the last is not a form of AP at all. Development practitioners can grapp...
Photophysical Studies of Ru(II)tris(2,2′-bipyridine) Confined within a Zn(II)–Trimesic Acid Polyhedral Metal–Organic Framework

The ability to confine photoactive catalysts within metal–organic framework (MOF) materials affords the opportunity to expand the functional diversity of these materials into solar based applications. Here, the confinement of Ru(II)tris(2,2′-bipyridine) (RuBpy) by a MOF material derived from Zn(II) ions and trimesic acid (hereafter, USF2) is examined. Although the encapsulated RuBpy could not be crystallographically resolved within the MOF framework, the photophysical properties of the complex are characteristic of confinement including extended triplet metal-to-ligand (3MLCT) lifetime (τethanol = 614 ns and τUSF2 = 1.2 μs at 25 °C) and a slight hypsochromic shift in the steady-state emission spectrum relative to RuBpy in ethanol. The extended lifetime is attributed to a deactivation of a nonradiative 3dd that is antibonding with respect to the Ru(II)-bipyridine due to a confined molecular environment. These results represent one of the first examples of RuBpy encapsulation and photophysical characterizat...
Tenascin-X, collagen, and Ehlers–Danlos syndrome: Tenascin-X gene defects can protect against adverse cardiovascular events

Long thought to be two separate syndromes, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome hypermobility type (EDS-HT) and benign joint hypermobility syndrome (BJHS) appear on close examination to represent the same syndrome, with virtually identical clinical manifestations. While both EDS-HT and BJHS were long thought to lack the genetic loci of other connective tissue disorders, including all other types of EDS, researchers have discovered a genetic locus that accounts for manifestations of both EDS-HT and BJHS in a small population of patients. However, given the modest sample size of these studies and the strong correlation between serum levels of tenascin-X with clinical symptoms of both EDS-HT and BJHS, strong evidence exists for the origins of both types of hypermobility originating in haploinsufficiency or deficiency of the gene TNXB, responsible for tenascin-X. Tenascin-X regulates both the structure and stability of elastic fibers and organizes collagen fibrils in the extra-cellular matrix (ECM), impacting the rigidity or elasticity of virtually every cell in the body. While the impacts of tenascin-X insufficiency or deficiency on the skin and joints have received some attention, its potential cardiovascular impacts remain relatively unexplored. Here we set forth two novel hypotheses. First, TNXB haploinsufficiency or deficiency causes the range of clinical manifestations long identified with both EDS-HT and BJHS. And, second, that haploinsufficiency or deficiency of TNXB may provide some benefits against adverse cardiovascular events, including heart attack and stroke, by lowering levels of arterial stiffness associated with aging, as well as by enhancing accommodation of accrued atherosclerotic plaques. This two-fold hypothesis provides insights into the mechanisms underlying the syndromes previous identified with joint hypermobility, at the same time the hypothesis also sheds light on the role of the composition of the extracellular matrix and its impacts on endothelial sheer stress in adverse cardiovascular events.