cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Molecular forms of prostate-specific antigen and human kallikrein 2 (hK2) in urine are not clinically useful for early detection and staging of prostate cancer.

Abstract Objectives Prostate-specific antigen (PSA), a member of the human kallikrein (hK) family, is the most important tumor marker for early detection, staging, and monitoring of men with prostate cancer today. However, the sensitivity of serum PSA is not sufficient to be used alone for prostate cancer screening. Recently, it was reported that the serum-to-urinary total PSA ratio improves the detection of men with prostate cancer, especially in men with a serum total PSA level between 4.0 and 10.0 ng/mL. We tested this hypothesis by evaluating the clinical usefulness of this PSA ratio as well as the use of the different molecular forms of PSA and human kallikrein 2 (hK2) in urine for detection and staging of prostate cancer. Methods One hundred ten fresh, midstream urine specimens (prostate cancer 62, benign prostatic hyperplasia [BPH] 38, healthy male control 5, women 5) were collected. Serum total PSA, urine total PSA, urinary free PSA, urinary alpha,-antichymotrypsin-bound PSA, and urinary hK2 levels were determined by monoclonal antibody assays (Hybritech Inc.). The serum-to-urinary total PSA ratio was calculated. Results The serum-to-urinary total PSA ratio did not accurately distinguish between men with BPH and men with prostate cancer. There was no significant difference between the urinary levels of any of the molecular forms of PSA or hK2 between men with prostate cancer and men with BPH. Among men with prostate cancer, neither urinary hK2 nor urinary levels of any of the molecular forms of PSA correlated with age, pathologic stage, or Gleason grade. Conclusions In our study, the serum-to-urinary total PSA ratio did not improve the detection of men with prostate cancer. Furthermore, measurement of the molecular forms of PSA and hK2 in urine did not improve the detection or staging of prostate cancer over serum PSA alone.
SUBCELLULAR FRACTIONATION OF CULTURED GLIAL CELLS

We have studied the subcellular fractionation of a clonal line of glial cells from rat brain. In comparison to rat brain, more of the total protein is collected in the crude nuclear fraction following differential centrifugation. When a crude mitochondrial fraction is prepared and resolved on a density gradient, we find that like brain the glial cell crude mitochondrial fraction is also heterogenous. On a sucrose density gradient, such as that used for the preparation of synaptosomes, the glial cell crude mitochondrial fraction resolves into two major fractions. One of these bands sediments to the same isopycnic density as synaptosomes. This fraction contains 20% of the protein, and 50% of the Na-K ATPase and acid phosphatase of the crude mitochondrial fraction, but virtually no cytochrome oxidase or choline esterase. The fraction consists of numerous membrane structures resembling plasma membranes when examined by electron microscopy. Because the sedimentation properties of the glial membranes are very similar to synaptosomes, we conclude that synaptosomes prepared on sucrose gradients are probably contaminated by these membrane fragments. In contrast to the separation achieved on sucrose gradients, glial membranes separate from synaptosomes on Ficoll-sucrose gradients.
Rape and the Violence of Representation in J. M. Coetzee's Disgrace

An analysis of Disgrace’s representation of sexual violence exposes the inextricability of the social categories of gender, class, and race insofar as these identities are shown to accrue meaning in relation to one another rather than a posteriori. Specifically, the novel demonstrates that rape is not primarily a gendered crime that is then complicated by considerations of race or class, but a deeply discursive phenomenon whose material consequences are constituted by the profoundly racialized and class-based discourses that give it meaning. This paper shows how the discrepancy between the responses to the two rapes in the novel is only naturalized when insufficient attention is paid to the workings of narration, narrative, and racial politics. Coetzee’s book exposes not just the contingency of justice but also the deeply racialized nature of this contingency, whether the response to rape occurs in black South Africa or in the white liberal context of the university.
Comparison of ASD and LRFD Codes for Wood Members. III: Connections

A study was conducted to evaluate the two design codes currently in use for the design of mechanical connections subjected to both lateral and withdrawal loading in wood structures. The allowable stress design (ASD) code and the new reliability-based code using the load and resistance factor design (LRFD) format were evaluated to see which offers the greatest efficiency (i.e., economy) with respect to the design of mechanical fasteners. When the allowable dead load plus live load (due to floor occupancy, snow, wind, and seismic activity) combinations were calculated in each format, comparisons revealed that the LRFD code proved to be more economical over a wider range of the two relevant input variables [dead-to-live load ratio (N) and effect of time under load]. When snow or floor live load governed the design, the LRFD format was always optimal. The amount of increase in load-carrying capacity exceeded 40% for floor live load with very small values of N. In the more commonly seen range of load ratios, t...
High transconductance surface channel In 0.53 Ga 0.47 As MOSFETs using MBE source-drain regrowth and surface digital etching

We demonstrate In0.53Ga0.47As surface channel MOSFETs using a gate-last process and MBE source/drain (S/D) regrowth. The structure uses a sacrificial N+ InGaAs channel cap layer between the regrown S/D contact layer and the channel, which is removed in the channel region by a “digital” etch process incorporating UV ozone oxidation and surface stripping in dilute HCl. A device with 65 nm-Lg and 1.2 nm EOT shows 1.6 mS/μm peak transconductance at Vds = 0.5 V and 120 mV/dec SS at Vds = 0.05 V, while 535 nm-Lg devices show 95 mV/dec SS at at Vds = 0.1 V.
The impact of rural health care accessibility on cancer-related behaviors and outcomes

This research seeks to identify the relationship between economic factors related to the ability to receive and pay for health services and adverse cancer outcomes, as well as preventative screening and behavioral factors that influence the risk of cancer. We focus on the Northern High Plains region, where we are able to compare regions with extremely low access to health services with those with relatively high levels of access. This study aims to identify health disparities in rural communities, particularly among Native American populations, and, thereby, begin to determine the most effective means by which to deliver health services to areas where geography, economics, and culture might prevent traditional models of health delivery from providing sufficient incentives for the prevention of adverse cancer-related outcomes. The Health Care Accessibility Index (HCAI) is computed through the use of principal component analysis and includes economic variables as well as variables concerning institutional and geographic access to health care. Index values are then regressed onto cancer outcomes, cancer-prevention outcomes, and cancer-related risk, using weighted least squares and quantile regressions. Counties with relatively poor access to health care (low HCAI) also have statistically (1) lower breast cancer screening rates, (2) higher smoking prevalence, (3) higher obesity prevalence, and (4) higher cancer-related mortality rates. Breast cancer screening is found to be especially sensitive to areas of low health accessibility. Empirical results provide support for policy efforts to increase the accessibility of health care services that are targeted to areas with low mammography screening rates, high obesity rates, high smoking prevalence, as well as areas near Native American reservation territories.
Functional significance of projection from the cerebellar nuclei to the motor cortex in the cat.

Abstract The functional organization of projections from the cerebellar subcortical nuclei to the motor cortex through the nucleus ventralis lateralis (VL) of the thalamus was studied using tungsten microelectrodes for stimulation and recordings in acute and chronic cats. The following results were obtained. (1) Microstimulation of a small area of the ventral thalamus produced contraction of a single limb muscle as well as movements of whiskers. (2) The stimulus parameters for producing low threshold contraction of limb muscles were different from those for face muscles. The decrease of the frequency gradually increased the threshold values for face muscles whereas the decrease abruptly increased the threshold for limb muscles. The optimum duration of the train for the lowest thresholds was longer for face muscles. (3) Stimulation of cerebellar nuclei (interpositus and lateralis) produced contraction of limb muscles. The stimulus parameters for the minimum threshold were similar to those for producing contraction of limb muscles from the ventral thalamus. (4) The peripheral receptive fields of neurons located around the low threshold sites in the thalamus were diffuse, i.e. they were driven insecurely by twisting the joints or pressure to the deep structures, but could not be driven by touch or light pressure on a circumscribed area of the body. (4) Chronic ablation of the motor cortex did not abolish the muscle contractions produced by thalamic stimulation, excluding the possibility that the effects were produced by stimulation of the branches of the pyramidal tract fibers reaching the ventral thalamus. (6) Chronic section of the brachium conjunctivum abolished or changed the characteristics of the contractions produced by thalamic stimulation indicating that the previous effects were produced by stimulation of cerebellar efferent fibers reaching the thalamus. (7) From these results it was concluded that the efferent impulses originating from the cerebellar nuclei can produce contraction of a particular muscle through activation of the red nucleus. These impulses are, at the same time, transmitted to a small group of neurons in the VL and then forwarded to the neurons in the motor cortex. (8) The functional significance of the VL projection system has been discussed in relation to the efferent zones within the motor cortex.
Ultrasonic fragmentation of agglomerate powders

A theory for ultrasonic fragmentation of agglomerate particles suspended in liquids is presented. Imploding cavitation bubbles rupture the agglomerates. An expression for the fragmentation rate as a function of ultraosnic power and agglomerate size is derived. A sectional model for fragmentation is used to simulate the evolution of the particle size distribution of silica and titania powders suspended in water. The fragmentation rate expression is evaluated by comparing simulated with experimental size distributions at the self-preserving limit. The required time and energy for particle size reduction is calculated as a function of ultrasonic power input.
Review of Maryellen Weimer: Enhancing Scholarly Work on Teaching and Learning Jossey-Bass 2006

The great majority of those who teach operations research or management science at the college or graduate levels have no formal training in teaching and do not regularly read articles or books about teaching. These facts are well known but they raise fundamental questions for anyone interested in scholarly activity related to teaching MS/OR. Why do those of us who teach MS/OR spend so little time learning about teaching? Why is there essentially no literature (until recently) on teaching our subjects? Can there be a scholarship of teaching MS/OR? And the most provocative question: can the scholarship of teaching MS/OR ever deserve to be called research ?
Preparation, Conduct, Follow-Up, and Evaluation of a Departmental Retreat on Residency Education

Psychiatric residency training programs must continually respond to a changing graduate medical education environment. In the following, the authors discuss their use of an educational retreat as a mechanism to help faculty and residents analyze and plan responses to these challenges in a medical center located in an underserved inner-city area. Specific strategies for preparing for a retreat, such as evaluating attitudes of residents and faculty, conducting the retreat itself, following-up to incorporate recommendations into a course of action, and evaluating the success of the retreat, are presented. The results of the retreat are shared.
Crystal growth and structural motifs of luminescent PrCl 3 ·ROH complexes: Molecular adducts and 1-D chains of tetradecanuclear rings

Abstract Pr2Cl6(CH3OH)8 (1), Pr2Cl6((CH3)2CHOH)8 (2) and (PrCl3)7(CH3CH2CH2OH)18·(CH3CH2CH2OH) (3) were synthesized via slow evaporation of a supersaturated solution of PrCl3 in methanol, isopropanol and n-propanol respectively. The crystal structures were determined, revealing two very different topological arrangements. The evaporation in the presence of methanol and isopropanol lead to dimeric molecular adducts, while n-propanol leads to the formation of 1-D chains of tetradecanuclear rings. The molecular adducts are held together via edge sharing polyhedra while the rings are held together via edge- and face-sharing polyhedra. The absorbance and luminescence of these compounds was also investigated.
Pathophysiology of the anorexia of aging.

Purpose of reviewAnorexia represents a major problem for older persons leading to weight loss, sarcopenia, functional decline, and mortality. There is increasing information on the pathophysiological mechanisms that lead to anorexia.Recent findingsIncreasing evidence has shown the importance of gast
An automated algorithm to improve the precision of basilar artery diameter measurements before and after subarachnoid hemorrhage-induced vasospasm in an animal model.

OBJECTIVE Quantifying vasospasm has traditionally been performed manually, a method prone to imprecision and user bias. An alternative approach is to use computerized image analysis techniques to define and quantify the diameter of a vessel. The goal of this article is to demonstrate a novel automated vessel measurement algorithm specific to the needs of vasospasm studies and to compare it with traditional manual measurements in an animal model of vasospasm. METHODS A total of 576 arterial diameter measurements were collected by 4 independent, blinded examiners from 24 angiograms in a rabbit subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) model. Measurements were taken from 3 segments of the basilar artery in anteroposterior and lateral projections, both before SAH and after SAH-induced vasospasm. Means and standard deviations of 288 manual measurements were compared with 288 automated measurements. RESULTS The precision of automated measurements was significantly improved compared with standardized manual measurements (85.7% decrease in variation; P < .001). When using automated measurements, the precision was not affected by vessel size, but when using manual measurements, smaller arteries were less precise (P = .04). There was no significant difference in precision between 2 different contrast concentrations (P = .32). CONCLUSION Automated measurements of basilar artery diameters are more precise than manual measurements, both before and after SAH-induced vasospasm. The variability in the manual group worsens when the artery is smaller secondary to vasospasm, indicating a need for the use of this segmentation method.
An Ecological Approach to Examining Cumulative Violence Exposure Among Urban, African American Adolescents

Using an ecological approach, this study examined experiences with community, family, and partner violence within a sample of 280 urban, African American high school students. The prevalence of each type of violence by gender, associations between severe violence exposure, and the rate of exposure to multiple types of violence were examined. Findings include high rates of exposure to each type of violence, with significant gender differences on several indicators of community violence and intimate partner violence victimization; among the female students, associations between each type of severe violence exposure; and a very high rate of exposure to two or more types of violence. Implications for social work practice are discussed.
Coalitions, Leadership, and Social Norms: The Power of Suggestion in Games

This paper examines the set of outcomes sustainable by a leader with the power to make suggestions in games. By acting as focal points, these suggestions are important even if players can communicate and form coalitions. For finite-horizon games, I show that sustainable outcomes are supported by “scapegoat” strategies, which hold a single player accountable for the actions of a group. For infinite-horizon, two-player repeated games, I show that by using an appropriate sequence of punishments and rewards, a leader can induce sufficiently patient players to play any feasible, individually rational outcome. Finally, leadership power is shown to increase if coalitions must consider the credibility of deviations in a manner similar to Coalition-Proof Nash Equilibrium.
Passive cambering and flexible propulsors: cetacean flukes

The flukes are the primary locomotor structure in cetaceans, which produce hydrodynamic thrust as the caudal vertebrae are oscillated dorso-ventrally. Effective thrust generation is a function of the kinematics of the flukes, the angle of attack between the flukes and the incident water flow, and the shape of the flukes. We investigated the effect of bending within the caudal region of odontocete cetaceans to determine how changes in angular displacement between caudal vertebrae could effect passive shape change of the flukes. The internal and external changes of bent flukes were examined with computer tomography. Flukes and tailstock were removed from deceased Delphinus delphis, Lagenorhynchus acutus, Peponocephala electra, Phocoena phocoena and Tursiops truncatus, and bent on an adjustable support at 0, 45 and 90 ◦ .A t 0 ◦ , cross-sections of the flukes displayed a symmetrical profile. Cross-sections of bent flukes (45 ◦ ,9 0 ◦ ) were asymmetrical and showed a cambered profile. Maximum cambering occurred close to the tailstock and decreased toward the fluke tip. Maximum angular displacement occurred at the ‘ball vertebra’, which was located posterior of the anterior insertion of the flukes on the tailstock. Bending at the ‘ball vertebra’ passively cambers the flexible flukes. Cambering could increase hydrodynamic force production during swimming, particularly during direction reversal in the oscillatory cycle.
A Close Association of TorsinA and α-Synuclein in Lewy Bodies : A Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer Study

TorsinA, a novel protein in which a mutation causes dominant, early onset torsion dystonia, may serve as a chaperone for misfolded proteins that require refolding or degradation. It has been hypothesized that misfolded α-synuclein, a protein in which two mutations cause autosomal dominantly inherited Parkinson's disease, serves as a nidus for the development of a Lewy body. We hypothesized that torsinA plays a role in the cellular processing of α-synuclein. We demonstrate that anti-torsin antibodies stain Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites in the substantia nigra and cortex. Using sensitive fluorescent resonance energy transfer (FRET) techniques, we find evidence of a close association between torsinA and α-synuclein in Lewy bodies.
Influence of Dietary Taurine on Performance and Fat Retention in Broilers and Turkey Poults Fed Varying Levels of Fat

Taurine, an amino acid synthesized from Met, primarily functions in bile acid conjugation. Four experiments were conducted to determine whether Tau supplementation of broiler cockerels and female turkey poults to 3 wk of age would influence performance and fat retention at different levels of dietary fat. In these experiments, Tau was added at 0 or .8% to a corn and soybean meal basal diet with dietary poultry fat added at 0, 5, or 10%. Taurine did not affect BW gain of broiler cockerels; however, in one experiment feed efficiency was improved (P less than .01) during the 1st wk and fat retention was improved (P less than .06) at 7 days of age. In experiments with turkey poults, dietary Tau did not affect weight gain but improved feed efficiency (P less than .01) during the 1st wk and decreased overall feed efficiency (P less than .01) in one experiment. Improvement of fat retention by Tau at 14 days was significant (P less than .02) in one experiment and approached significance (P less than .07) in the other experiment. Fat supplementation of both the broiler and turkey diets significantly (P less than .05) improved weight gain, feed efficiency, and fat retention. Supplementary Tau appears to have little effect on performance of broilers and turkeys.
Are all aromatase inhibitors alike

The anti-estrogen tamoxifen was the gold-standard adjuvant therapy for hormone-receptor-positive (HR+) early breast cancer for several decades, but has recently been displaced by the third-generation aromatase inhibitors (AIs). Three AIs are commercially available: letrozole, anastrozole and exemestane. All are more effective and at least as well tolerated as tamoxifen as adjuvant therapy for HR+ breast cancer in postmenopausal women. Despite the wealth of data comparing AIs with tamoxifen, it is unclear whether the three AIs are clinically equivalent, owing to the lack of head-to-head trials directly comparing them. Preclinical and small clinical studies suggest that letrozole is the most potent inhibitor of aromatase, reducing circulating estrogen levels to a greater degree than the other agents. However, whether this greater activity translates into superior clinical efficacy remains to be determined. In the absence of direct comparative data, cross-trial comparisons have been used to gain insights into any safety or efficacy differences. All three AIs have been compared directly with tamoxifen, and efficacy relative to tamoxifen has been compared across trials, although such analyses are complicated by differences in treatment schedules, patient populations and trial designs. Definitive conclusions cannot yet be drawn, but some important differences are coming to light, with upfront letrozole appearing particularly effective at preventing early distant metastasis, an event strongly associated with breast-cancer-related death. No safety differences between the AIs have yet been identified. This article explores the pharmacologic and clinical differences between the AIs, based on data from clinical and preclinical studies.
The Influence of Generalized Trust on Volunteering in Japan

There is limited understanding of how attitudinal variables such as generalized trust influence formal volunteering compared with demographic and socioeconomic variables. Using data from the 2005 J...
Photoluminescence enhancement from colloidal quantum dots in a flexible microcavity

We report enhanced photoluminescence from InGaP/ZnS core/shell quantum dots embedded in a one dimensional flexible microcavity realized via spin coating alternating layers of polymers. Tunability of emission wavelength by bending the microcavity is also demonstrated.
Challenges of modern control theory

Abstract The fundamental objective of the descriptive theory which embraces most of classical science is that of determining the future history of a system given sufficient information concerning the present state. The fundamental objective of the new scientific discipline called ‘control theory’ is that of modifying the behavior of a system subject to various constraints of feasibility so as to achieve desired aims. From the mathematical point of view the prime purpose is to approximate to reality by means of hierarchies of mathematical models, each representing a projection of the scientific scene. In what follows, we shall discuss some aspects of this attitude. Finally, we shall briefly indicate the possible contributions of modern control theory to the biomedical domain.
Chlamydiae Has Contributed at Least 55 Genes to Plantae with Predominantly Plastid Functions

Background: The photosynthetic organelle (plastid) originated via primary endosymbiosis in which a phagotrophic protist captured and harnessed a cyanobacterium. The plastid was inherited by the common ancestor of the red, green (including land plants), and glaucophyte algae (together, the Plantae). Despite the critical importance of primary plastid endosymbiosis, its ancient derivation has left behind very few ‘‘footprints’’ of early key events in organelle genesis. Methodology/Principal Findings: To gain insights into this process, we conducted an in-depth phylogenomic analysis of genomic data (nuclear proteins) from 17 Plantae species to identify genes of a surprising provenance in these taxa, Chlamydiae bacteria. Previous studies show that Chlamydiae contributed many genes (at least 21 in one study) to Plantae that primarily have plastid functions and were postulated to have played a fundamental role in organelle evolution. Using our comprehensive approach, we identify at least 55 Chlamydiae-derived genes in algae and plants, of which 67% (37/55) are putatively plastid targeted and at least 3 have mitochondrial functions. The remainder of the proteins does not contain a bioinformatically predicted organelle import signal although one has an N-terminal extension in comparison to the Chlamydiae homolog. Our data suggest that environmental Chlamydiae were significant contributors to early Plantae genomes that extend beyond plastid metabolism. The chlamydial gene distribution and protein tree topologies provide evidence for both endosymbiotic gene transfer and a horizontal gene transfer ratchet driven by recurrent endoparasitism as explanations for gene origin. Conclusions/Significance: Our findings paint a more complex picture of gene origin than can easily be explained by endosymbiotic gene transfer from an organelle-like point source. These data significantly extend the genomic impact of Chlamydiae on Plantae and show that about one-half (30/55) of the transferred genes are most closely related to sequences emanating from the genome of the only environmental isolate that is currently available. This strain, Candidatus Protochlamydia amoebophila UWE25 is an endosymbiont of Acanthamoeba and likely represents the type of endoparasite that contributed the genes to Plantae.
A propaedeutic on logic for object-oriented systems analysis and design

This paper presents, motivates, and discusses a set of requirements for logic-based support of object-oriented systems analysis and design methods. It discusses the Object Modelling Technique (OMT) methodology, CASE tools, diagrams and software reuse.
Activity patterns, behavioural repertoires, and agonistic interactions of crayfish: A non-manipulative field study

Summary Agonistic behaviour of crayfish has been studied extensively in laboratory settings where pairs or groups of individuals are allowed to interact within an experimental arena. Crayfish agonistic behaviour within its natural context, however, has received little attention to date. The present, non-manipulative field study explored activity patterns, behavioural repertoires, and agonistic encounters of rusty crayfish (Orconectes rusticus) during the summer months using continuous, 24-hour, underwater video recording at a series of representative field sites. Following the filming, crayfish within the vicinity of the camera site were captured and measured. Individual densities were high, reaching a maximum of 68 individuals/m 2 at some sites. Large crayfish predominantly inhabited deeper sections of the river and were mostly active at night, whereas small crayfish generally utilized the shallows and were active outside their burrows during day and dusk. Time outside their shelter was mainly used for feeding. Individuals frequently returned to the same shelter they had emerged from. Agonistic encounters were common events and generally occurred in the context of shelter acquisition or defense. Dyadic fighting progressed with escalating sequences of stereotyped aggressive acts. Furthermore, high intensities with unrestrained use of claws were seen in encounters between size-matched opponents. The results of this study allow us to root laboratory findings of crayfish aggression within a comprehensive, ethological framework and to consider ultimate consequences for individual fighting decisions and strategies.
Noise reduction communication circuits

The demand for longer battery life and faster speeds for communications circuits coupled with the exponential expansion of wireless communications devices is creating increasingly serious noise problems for communications circuits. Longer battery life means lower power consumption usually obtained by reduced noise margins that can only be achieved by better circuit design, but at least this under the designer's control. Demand for more spectrum by the explosion of wireless devices creates noise sources outside the designer's control that must be dealt with by increasingly clever noise attenuation circuits. This paper will review the state of the art for adaptive filtering as applied to external noise attenuation in communication circuits highlighting the most promising technologies including adaptive heterodyne filters.
The Comparative Law and Economics of Standard-Essential Patents and FRAND Royalties

Standard setting organizations often require their members to declare which of their patents are essential to the practice of a prospective standard, and to agree to license any such standard-essential patents (SEPs) on "fair, reasonable, and nondiscriminatory" (FRAND) terms. Among the issues that have arisen in recent disputes involving FRAND-encumbered SEPs are (1) whether a FRAND commitment creates a binding contract for the benefit of third parties, obligating the SEP owner to forgo the right to seek injunctive relief for the infringement of the SEP; (2) whether the law of remedies, or other principles of generally applicable civil law such as the doctrine of "abuse of right," can limit the prevailing SEP owner’s ability to obtain injunctive relief; (3) the circustances under which competition law (antitrust) may play a role in resolving these matters; (4) whether the patentee is entitled to relief in the form of ongoing damages, if one or more of these bodies of law eliminates the possibility of an injunction; and (5) if so, how should courts calculate those damages. This article provides both an overview of how courts and other entities have begun to address these questions in the United States and elsewhere, and my analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of different possible approaches. I argue, among other things, first that courts generally should not allow SEP owners to obtain injunctions, but rather only ongoing damages; second, that in principle though perhaps not always in practice, it is preferable to use contract and patent law to achieve this result, as opposed to antitrust; and third, that in awarding monetary relief for the infringement of SEPs courts should apply the same methodology the use to calculate reasonable royalties generally, subject to a few modifications.
CAUSE OF PINHOLES AND SOME RELATED DEFECTS IN ENAMEL COATINGS ON CAST IRON

The confusion in identifying hydrogen as the predominating cause of certain defects in enamel on cast iron has been due largely to the close association of carbon and hydrogen in cast iron and steel. The principal relation of carbide and graphite to enameling defects is the release of hydrogen from the carbon during enamel firing. The much-discussed “chill layer” therefore is important chiefly because this layer often contains hydrogen that is bound to the carbon in the cementite. Experiments show that when hydrogen is absent, regardless of the depth or nature of the surface chill, no pinholing or blistering results during firing at 725°C. Sources of the hydrogen that causes the defacement are found chiefly in melting and in casting. The low oxygen pressure of molten cast iron favors hydrogen absorption. Moisture in the atmosphere, in the charge, or chemically combined in the rust on scrap provides the greatest quantities of the gas, and moisture and organic materials in the mold are also prolific sources of hydrogen for absorption by the iron. At ordinary temperatures, rusting is often harmful. Flushing the melt with a dry, hydrogen-free gas, such as nitrogen, removes the dissolved hydrogen, and defects during subsequent enameling will not occur unless hydrogen is obtained later from other sources. Chipping phenomena probably are caused chiefly by hydrogen effusion, just as are analogous defects in sheet-steel enameling.
On-demand time synchronization with predictable accuracy

Time synchronization remains as a challenging task in wireless sensor networks that face severe resource constraints. Unlike previous work's aiming at pure clock accuracy, this paper proposes On-Demand Synchronization (ODS), a design to achieve efficient clock synchronization with customized performance. By carefully modeling the error uncertainty of skew detection and its propagation over time, ODS develops a novel uncertainty-driven mechanism to adaptively adjust each clock calibration interval individually rather than traditional periodic synchronization, for minimum communication overhead while satisfying the desired accuracy. Besides, ODS provides a nice feature of predictable accuracy, allowing nodes to acquire the useful information about real-time qualities of their synchronization. We implemented ODS on the MICAz mote platform, and evaluated it through test-bed experiments with 33 nodes as well as simulations obeying real world conditions. Results show that ODS is practical, flexible, and quickly adapts to varying accuracy requirements and different traffic load in the network for improved system efficiency.
Development and Experimental Evaluation of a Tilt Stability Control System for Narrow Commuter Vehicles

This paper concentrates on development and experimental investigation of a compound control system designed for tilt stability of a narrow commuter vehicle. The control system is a combination of three different types of control schemes: Steering Tilt Control (STC) system, Direct Tilt Control (DTC) system and Tilt Brake system. These schemes utilize different types of actuators and offer complementary advantages over different ranges of operating speeds. The design of the control system is discussed. Then the combined STC-DTC system is first validated by running standard vehicle maneuver experiments such as turns and lane changes. The performance of the Tilt Brake algorithm is then verified for different low speed maneuvers. The feasibility of a stand alone DTC system is also experimentally investigated. Finally different experimental results are presented to demonstrate the effect of desired tilt angle definition on the handling of a narrow tilting vehicle.
A Trust Crisis

We conjecture that the changes in economic activity from late 2008 to early 2009 is due to a drop in trust. We present new survey evidence consistent with this hypothesis. I. INTRODUCTION If a modern Rip Van Winkle had fallen asleep 2 years ago and woken up in January 2009, he would have wondered what had happened to the US economy. In 2007, we were in the middle of an economic boom. Banks were eager to lend even at the cost of forgoing important covenants and corporate America (and the entire world) was producing at full steam, so much so that commodities prices were rising in anticipation of a future scarcity. By 2009, we were quickly sliding into a deep recession. Banks were not lending and com- modity prices were plummeting in expectation of a dramatic slowdown of production throughout the world. Neoclassical economic models cannot explain this dramatic change. There was no apparent shock to productivity or a clear slowdown in innovation. The government had kept taxes low. The Federal Reserve had kept interest rates low and cut them even further. What happened? Everyone agrees that this crisis originated in the financial system. When Lehman Brothers defaulted and AIG had to be rescued by the government in September 2008, the economy was still doing all right. The rate of growth during the second quarter was still a comfortable +2.8%. How could the default of an investment bank, with very limited lending to the real economy, have had such a disastrous effect?
Yoga as an adjunctive treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder: a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: More than a third of the approximately 10 million women with histories of interpersonal violence in the United States develop posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Currently available treatments for this population have a high rate of incomplete response, in part because problems in affect and impulse regulation are major obstacles to resolving PTSD. This study explored the efficacy of yoga to increase affect tolerance and to decrease PTSD symptomatology. METHOD: Sixty-four women with chronic, treatment-resistant PTSD were randomly assigned to either trauma-informed yoga or supportive women's health education, each as a weekly 1-hour class for 10 weeks. Assessments were conducted at pretreatment, midtreatment, and posttreatment and included measures of DSM-IV PTSD, affect regulation, and depression. The study ran from 2008 through 2011. RESULTS: The primary outcome measure was the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS). At the end of the study, 16 of 31 participants (52%) in the yoga group no longer met criteria for PTSD compared to 6 of 29 (21%) in the control group (n = 60, χ²₁ = 6.17, P =.013). Both groups exhibited significant decreases on the CAPS, with the decrease falling in the large effect size range for the yoga group (d = 1.07) and the medium to large effect size decrease for the control group (d = 0.66). Both the yoga (b = -9.21, t = -2.34, P =.02, d = -0.37) and control (b = -22.12, t = -3.39, P =.001, d = -0.54) groups exhibited significant decreases from pretreatment to the midtreatment assessment. However, a significant group × quadratic trend interaction (d = -0.34) showed that the pattern of change in Davidson Trauma Scale significantly differed across groups. The yoga group exhibited a significant medium effect size linear (d = -0.52) trend. In contrast, the control group exhibited only a significant medium effect size quadratic trend (d = 0.46) but did not exhibit a significant linear trend (d = -0.29). Thus, both groups exhibited significant decreases in PTSD symptoms during the first half of treatment, but these improvements were maintained in the yoga group, while the control group relapsed after its initial improvement. DISCUSSION: Yoga significantly reduced PTSD symptomatology, with effect sizes comparable to well-researched psychotherapeutic and psychopharmacologic approaches. Yoga may improve the functioning of traumatized individuals by helping them to tolerate physical and sensory experiences associated with fear and helplessness and to increase emotional awareness and affect tolerance. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00839813. Language: en
THE CONCENTRATION ELLIPSOID OF A RANDOM VECTOR REVISITED

Alternative definitions of the concentration ellipsoid of a random vector are surveyed, and an extension of the concentration ellipsoid of Darmois is suggested as being the most convenient and natural definition. The advantage of the proposed definition in providing substantially simplified proofs of results in (linear) estimation theory is discussed, and is illustrated by new and short proofs of two key results. A not-so-well-known, but elementary, extremal representation of a nonnegative definite quadratic form, together with the corresponding Cauchy-Schwarz-type inequality, is seen to play a crucial role in these proofs.
Performance of IEEE 802.16 OFDMA Standard Systems in Airport Surface Area Channels

Ever increasing demands for communication on airport surface areas have led to studies of new systems feasible for use in these environments. The IEEE 802.16e standard systems can be considered potential candidates for these areas because of their many attractive features, which include high data rate, mobility support, etc. In this paper, we evaluate the performance of an 802.16e system with the OFDMA air interface over non-stationary channel models developed for different airports. We first provide a brief introduction to the various non-stationary channel models. Next we provide a short overview of 802.16e and describe three potential channel estimation schemes. We then evaluate the performance of the 802.16e system over the proposed non-stationary channel models. We show that the proposed channel estimation methods allow good tradeoffs between channel estimation accuracy and computational complexity. Finally, we introduce a subcarrier based subcarrier based scheduling algorithm aimed to maximize the system throughput under proportional fairness, and evaluate its performance over the proposed non-stationary channel models.
The Octopus: Valuing Multi-Business, Multi-National Companies

As both investors and firms globalize, it should come as no surprise that valuing these firms brings special challenges. In this paper, we look at firms that not only operate in many countries but also in diverse businesses. The different risk, growth and cash flow profiles of the cash flow streams generated by these firms requires us to reconsider how we estimate discount rates and approach valuation. We consider how best to value these firms as consolidated entities and contrast these valuations with an alternative, where we value each part of the firm separately and use the sum of the parts to value the businesses.
Ultrafast laser diagnostics to investigate initiation fundamentals in energetic materials.

We present the results of a two year early career LDRD project, which has focused on the development of ultrafast diagnostics to measure temperature, pressure and chemical change during the shock initiation of energetic materials. We compare two single-shot versions of femtosecond rotational CARS to measure nitrogen temperature: chirped-probe-pulse and ps/fs hybrid CARS thermometry. The applicability of measurements to the combustion of energetic materials will be discussed. We have also demonstrated laser shock and particle velocity measurements in thin film explosives using stretched femtosecond laser pulses. We will discuss preliminary results from Al and PETN thin films. Agreement between our results and previous work will be discussed.
Controlling Plasmon-Induced Resonance Energy Transfer and Hot Electron Injection Processes in Metal@TiO2 Core–Shell Nanoparticles

Plasmonic metals can excite charge carriers in semiconductors through plasmon-induced resonance energy transfer (PIRET) and hot electron injection processes. Transient absorption spectroscopy reveals that the presence of plasmon-induced charge separation mechanisms in metal@TiO2 core–shell nanoparticles can be controlled by tailoring the spectral overlap and the physical contact between the metal and the semiconductor. In Ag@SiO2@TiO2 sandwich nanoparticles, the localized surface plasmon resonance band is overlapped with the absorption band edge of TiO2, enabling PIRET, while the SiO2 barrier prevents hot electron transfer. In Au@TiO2, hot electron injection occurs, but the lack of spectral overlap disables PIRET. In Ag@TiO2, both hot electron transfer and PIRET take place. In Au@SiO2@TiO2, photoconversion in TiO2 is not enhanced by the plasmon despite strong light absorption by Au.
Laser Arytenoidectomy for Bilateral Vocal Cord Paralysis

The CO2 surgical laser was found to be a useful tool for the performance of endoscopic arytenoidectomy for bilateral vocal cord paralysis. The dog was found to be a less-than-perfect experimental model for human bilateral abductor vocal cord paralysis. Documentation by measurements of arterial blood gases and direct in vivo measurements of airway resistance following bilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve section and endoscopic arytenoidectomy was attempted.
Crisis and war

His analysis suggests that certain explanations have not been sufficiently considered in previous works. For example, prior domestic strife can be linked to the escalation of foreign conflict in an impressive number of cases, a discovery which runs counter to the consensus which has emerged over the last two decades among political scientists. Prior research on causes of war has often lacked rigour. James has tried to remedy this through a long-term, comparative approach to the subject matter. While Crisis and War follows the tradition of aggregate research, statistical analysis is always connected to particular events through discussions of situations and leaders in both diplomatic history and contemporary world politics. James' comprehensive and original approach to past theories both clarifies and critiques them.
A Three-Dimensional Stochastic Analysis of the Lapping Process Used for Magnetic Recording Heads

A stochastic analysis was derived for the lapping process of magnetic recording heads. Numerical results of the final surface roughness, material removal rate, and wear coefficient are presented in terms of material properties, applied pressure, topographies of original ceramic surface and lapping plate surface, kinematics, diamond particles density and sizes of lapping plate. The estimated final roughness is in good agreement with experimental results.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Early Diagnosis of Alport′s Syndrome in 5 Children and Literature Reviews

Objective To explore the early diagnosis of Alport′s syndrome(AS).Methods Renal and skin biopsy was carried out in 5 patients who manifested with isolated hematuria and nephritic syndrome(NS).By using indirect immunofluorescence method,the expression of type Ⅳ collagen α chains was detected on epidermal basement membrane(EBM) and glomerular basement membrane(GBM).Results α_1 chains on EBM and GBM were expression in all patients,but α_5 chains on EBM and α_3,α_5 chains on GBM form 2 female patients were segmental expression.Thus the goal for early diagnosis was achieved.Conclusions α chains for EBM type Ⅳ collagen and GBM type Ⅳ collegan should be investigated if condition permits for those patients with isolated hematuria,NS(steroid-resistant) and thinned GBM in electron microscopy.It can be useful for diagnosis and differenial diagnosis of AS.
Analysis on the monitoring results of etiological characteristics of hand, foot and mouth disease in Putuo District of Shanghai in 2013

Objective To investigate the etiological characteristics of hand, foot and mouth disease(HFMD)in Putuo District of Shanghai in 2013, so as to provide the laboratory basis for prevention and control of HFMD.Methods Real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR was used for detecting the nucleic acid of universal entervirus(EV), Enterovirus 71(EV71), Coxsackie virus A16(CA16), Coxsackievirus A10(CA10) and Coxsackievirus A6(CA6) in throat swabs, herpes fluid and anal swabs from 366 patients with suspected HFMD. Results CA6 was detected most frequently, followed by EV71. There were 273 EV-positive cases(74.59%), 169 CA6-positive cases(46.17%), 58 EV71-positive cases(15.85%), 18 CA16-positive cases(4.92%), and 8 CA10-positive cases(2.19%).Conclusion The etiological characteristics of HFMD in Putuo District of Shanghai in 2013 showed the mostly detected pathogen was CA6(accounting for 46.17%), followed by EV71(accounting for 15.85%). It suggested that the pathogen composition of HFMD in Putuo District of Shanghai is complex. Further research on trends of CA6 and monitor on HFMD pathogen spectrum should be strengthened, so as to provide experimental evidence for prevention and treatment of HFMD.