cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Finite partially-ordered quantification

In [3] Henkin made the observation that certain second-order existential formulas may be thought of as the Skolem normal forms of formulas of a language which is first-order in every respect except its incorporation of a form of partially-ordered quantification. One formulation of this sort of language is the closure of a first-order language under the formation rule that Qφ is a formula whenever φ is a formula and Q, which is to be thought of as a quantifier-prefix, is a system of partial order whose universe is a set of quantifiers. Although he introduced this idea in a discussion of infinitary logic, Henkin went on to discuss its application to finitary languages, and he concluded his discussion with a theorem of Ehrenfeucht that the incorporation of an extremely simple partially-ordered quantifier-prefix (the quantifiers ∀x, ∀y, ∃v, and ∃w, with the ordering {〈∀x, ∃v〉, 〈∀y, ∃w〉}) into any first-order language with identity gives a language capable of expressing the infinitary quantifier ∃zκ0x.
Headache and Pain in Guillain-Barré Syndrome

While moderate and severe back or extremity pain is frequent in Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS), headache appears to be uncommon. Most of the reports of headache in GBS place it in the context of the posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) which is increasingly recognized as a likely dysautonomia-related GBS complication. There are also a few reports of headache in the setting of increased CSF pressure and papilledema and in association with the Miller Fisher GBS variant. In comparison, back and extremity pain is highly prevalent. Aching muscle pain and neuropathic pain are the two most common of several pain types. Pain may be a heralding feature and has been described in patients as long as 2 years after disease onset. Pain management is a major axis of treatment in GBS. Gabapentin is a reasonable first-line choice, and opioid medications can be added for more severe pain but there are few clinical trials to inform specific recommendations. While the understanding of pain pathophysiology in GBS is incomplete, its prevalence and clinical impact are increasingly recognized and studied. Pain should be considered a cardinal manifestation of GBS along with acute, mostly symmetric weakness and diminished reflexes.
Interspecific Differences in Seed Germination, Establishment, and Early Growth in Relation to Preferred Soil Type in an Alpine Community

ABSTRACT Species distributions may be limited by substrate boundaries due to constraints at either the germination or seedling establishment life history stages. In a community of alpine tundra plants from the Sierra Nevada, some species are widespread, occurring across all four substrates studied: diorite, granite, hornfels, and marble. Other species are restricted to fewer soil types. We collected seeds from 12 species and performed a reciprocal transplant experiment in growth chambers using native soils. Eleven species germinated and established equally well across all soil types, indicating substrate chemistry did not alone determine species field distributions. However, two patterns emerged that may contribute to our understanding of species composition and dominance across substrates. First, species more dominant on the drier substrates reached at least half their total germination within two weeks of planting. Species more dominant on the wetter substrates required a longer period in wet soil to ge...
Yield of emergent neuroimaging in children with new-onset seizure and status epilepticus.

Abstract Purpose To determine the yield of emergent neuroimaging among children with new-onset seizures presenting with status epilepticus. Method We performed a cross-sectional study of children seen at a single ED between 1995 and 2012 with new-onset seizure presenting with status epilepticus. We defined status epilepticus as a single seizure or multiple seizures without regaining consciousness lasting 30min or longer. Our primary outcome was urgent or emergent intracranial pathology identified on neuroimaging. We categorized neuroimaging results as emergent if they would have changed acute management as assessed by a blinded neuroradiologist and neurologist. To ensure abnormalities were not missed, we review neuroimaging results for 30 days following the initial episode of SE. Results We included 177 children presenting with new-onset seizure with status epilepticus, of whom 170 (96%) had neuroimaging performed. Abnormal findings were identified on neuroimaging in 64/177 (36%, 95% confidence interval 29–43%) children with 15 (8.5%, 95% confidence interval 5.2–14%) children having urgent or emergent pathology. Four (27%) of the 15 children with urgent or emergent findings had a normal non-contrast computed tomography scan and a subsequently abnormal magnetic resonance image. Longer seizure duration and older age were associated with urgent or emergent intracranial pathology. Conclusion A substantial minority of children with new-onset seizures presenting with status epilepticus have urgent or emergent intracranial pathology identified on neuroimaging. Clinicians should strongly consider emergent neuroimaging in these children. Magnetic resonance imaging is the preferred imaging modality when available and safe.
A Case for Activist Ethnography in Political Science

Recently, political scientists have marshaled an impressive methodological discussion of political ethnography. However, this discussion has yielded little debate about the potential for an activist turn in political ethnography. In order to promote such a turn, this paper takes on four tasks. First, I characterize activist ethnography as collaborating with research subjects in order to rethink local understandings of social problems and possibilities for political action. Second, I address two potential concerns about applying activist ethnography in political science: 1) an interpretive concern that it may juxtapose so-called misunderstandings of local politics to the expertise of the activist ethnographer; and 2) a neopositive concern that it invalidates hypothesis tests by actively mobilizing observations. I argue that these concerns, in fact, point towards activist ethnography's relative strengths – namely, its requirement that ethnographers' expert understandings be challenged within subjects' local contexts and its capacity for testing hypotheses in the field through the mobilization of alternative possibilities. Third, to illustrate these strengths, I present a case taken from my research on anti-poverty activism and settlement in the US. In this case, I engage the 'color blind' understandings of poverty circulating through two activist organizations. Finally, I discuss the limits of an activist turn stemming from the precariousness of political ethnography.
Battle of the Internet Channels: How Does Mobile and Fixed-Line Quality Drive Internet Use?

This article studies whether and how mobile Internet networks compete with traditional fixed-line Internet networks by examining the how the quality of local fixed-line Internet service influences mobile Internet adoption and use. An empirical analysis shows that local fixed-line Internet speed is negatively related to mobile Internet adoption and use; if the local fixed-line connection is insufficient, consumers tend to go online using their mobile phones. Further, better local mobile Internet coverage increases the likelihood of adopting and using the mobile Internet. Neither fixed-line nor mobile Internet speed has significant impacts on mobile offline services, such as taking photos or videos. In some circumstances, competition between the two channels is stronger, such as among younger consumers and those who live in areas with lower fixed-line Internet speeds. The authors discuss the implications of these findings for policy makers, consumers, and mobile service providers.
The Armenian Life of Marutha of Maipherkat

The Armenian Vita here translated, of Marutha, a Syrian bishop of the fifth century, has an interest because of Marutha's activity as mediator between the Byzantine emperors, Arcadius and Theodosius II, and the Sassanian king Yezdegerd I.The ancient sources for the life of Marutha are scanty nor does the biography here translated add greatly to our knowledge of him. From the Greek and Nestorian sources it is known that he was present at the important councils of the church in the last decades of the fourth century; was sent to the court of Persia, probably at least twice, once on the accession of Yezdegerd in 399 A.D. and again about 408 A.D., when Theodosius II became emperor of the eastern Romans; and that he was present at the Council of Seleucia in 410 A.D.
Implantation of a Tissue-Engineered Tubular Heart Valve in Growing Lambs

Current pediatric heart valve replacement options are suboptimal because they are incapable of somatic growth. Thus, children typically have multiple surgeries to replace outgrown valves. In this study, we present the in vivo function and growth potential of our tissue-engineered pediatric tubular valve. The valves were fabricated by sewing two decellularized engineered tissue tubes together in a prescribed pattern using degradable sutures and subsequently implanted into the main pulmonary artery of growing lambs. Valve function was monitored using periodic ultrasounds after implantation throughout the duration of the study. The valves functioned well up to 8 weeks, 4 weeks beyond the suture strength half-life, after which their insufficiency index worsened. Histology from the explanted valves revealed extensive host cell invasion within the engineered root and commencing from the leaflet surfaces. These cells expressed multiple phenotypes, including endothelial, and deposited elastin and collagen IV. Although the tubes fused together along the degradable suture line as designed, the leaflets shortened compared to their original height. This shortening is hypothesized to result from inadequate fusion at the commissures prior to suture degradation. With appropriate commissure reinforcement, this novel heart valve may provide the somatic growth potential desired for a pediatric valve replacement.
Hereditary Kidney Cancer Syndromes

In 2014, there are over 65,000 newly diagnosed cases of kidney cancer, responsible for nearly 14,000 deaths. While the death rates fell by 0.9 % per year from 2006 to 2010, it is still very much a lethal disease. Current expert opinion suggests that while the overwhelming majority of RCC is sporadic in nature, hereditary kidney cancer accounts for 5–8 % of cases. This number may be a gross estimation and with the explosion of next-generation sequencing techniques. More syndromes are expected to be discovered, some with highly complex inheritance patterns.
MR appearance of an orbital leiomyoma

The authors describe the MR appearance of an intraconal orbital vascular leiomyoma that probably arose from smooth muscle in the wall of a vein. Cavernous hemangiomas, schwannomas, neurofibromas, and other well-encapsulated masses can have a similar appearance.
Human Superior Temporal Gyrus Organization of Spectrotemporal Modulation Tuning Derived from Speech Stimuli

The human superior temporal gyrus (STG) is critical for speech perception, yet the organization of spectrotemporal processing of speech within the STG is not well understood. Here, to characterize the spatial organization of spectrotemporal processing of speech across human STG, we use high-density cortical surface field potential recordings while participants listened to natural continuous speech. While synthetic broad-band stimuli did not yield sustained activation of the STG, spectrotemporal receptive fields could be reconstructed from vigorous responses to speech stimuli. We find that the human STG displays a robust anterior–posterior spatial distribution of spectrotemporal tuning in which the posterior STG is tuned for temporally fast varying speech sounds that have relatively constant energy across the frequency axis (low spectral modulation) while the anterior STG is tuned for temporally slow varying speech sounds that have a high degree of spectral variation across the frequency axis (high spectral modulation). This work illustrates organization of spectrotemporal processing in the human STG, and illuminates processing of ethologically relevant speech signals in a region of the brain specialized for speech perception. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Considerable evidence has implicated the human superior temporal gyrus (STG) in speech processing. However, the gross organization of spectrotemporal processing of speech within the STG is not well characterized. Here we use natural speech stimuli and advanced receptive field characterization methods to show that spectrotemporal features within speech are well organized along the posterior-to-anterior axis of the human STG. These findings demonstrate robust functional organization based on spectrotemporal modulation content, and illustrate that much of the encoded information in the STG represents the physical acoustic properties of speech stimuli.
Perspective of Food and Drug Administration on Dietary sodium.

The Food and Drug Administration is planning various initiatives to monitor the sodium content of the national food supply.
Racial Disparities in Active Surveillance for Prostate Cancer

Purpose: Active surveillance protocols track low risk prostate cancer progression over time. However, given the lack of uniform criteria for managing low risk prostate cancer, men who qualify for active surveillance might have less intensive surveillance and, thus, experience poorer outcomes. In this study we examined racial disparities in the frequency and intensity of active surveillance between African-American and Caucasian men.Materials and Methods: Using the linked SEER-Medicare data set we identified 13,374 men with low risk prostate cancer (defined by the D’Amico criteria) diagnosed from 2004 to 2009 and then followed through 2011. A total of 2,916 men did not receive any treatment (radiation, hormonal therapy or surgery) within 1 year after diagnosis. Men were considered to be on active surveillance if they had at least 1 of the following 3 surveillance strategies within 2 years after diagnosis, namely 1 or more prostate biopsies, 4 or more prostate specific antigen tests, and/or 4 or more visits...
Emerging Research and Policy Issues in Behavioral Finance (Presentation Slides)

This is a PDF file of ‘Emerging Research and Policy Issues in Behavioral Finance’ slides from a presentation at the Seventh Annual Meeting of the Academy of Behavioral Finance & Economics, September 16-18, 2015, Drexel University Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.This special session provided conference attendees a presentation and discussion of emerging issues in behavioral finance.Note: SSRN is experimenting with enabling the distribution of different types of files: slides, spreadsheets, video, etc. This is an upload of a PDF file of PowerPoint slides. We are interested in our user’s desires to distribute files that go beyond word processing text files. You can communicate with me on these issues via my email address below. We invite you to submit your own presentation slides.
The motivations of ubiquitous computing: revisiting the ideas behind and beyond the prototypes

Ask anyone in the field, "What is ubiquitous computing?" and you'll get a different answer from each person. The one definition of ubicomp that nearly everyone points to (as an almost obligatory citation) is Mark Weiser's 1991 Scientific American article: "The most profound technologies are those that disappear. They weave themselves into the fabric of everyday life until they are indistinguishable from it." While this vision was clearly inspiring, many readers miss the point that ubicomp was not simply a dream of putting computers everywhere. Weiser was deeply concerned about what it would be like to live in a world of ubiquitous computing. Those human issues were compressed to a single paragraph of his Scientific American article, citing Herbert Simon, Michael Polanyi, James Gibson, Hans Georg Gadamer, and Martin Heidegger. By unpacking this dense paragraph, tracing connections between ideas through his library archives, and interviewing many of Weiser's professional and personal influencers from the early days of ubicomp (late 1980s at Xerox PARC), we get a sense for the philosophical history behind ubiquitous computing. This broader understanding of the influencers and ideas can serve as a source for inspiration for exploration and innovation that refocuses upon the first-person human experience of ubicomp systems: (1) leveraging human experience below the level of focused, conscious attention, (2) bringing back embodiment, and (3) simultaneously supporting and getting out of the way of human interpersonal interactions and relationships.
Intensification and intrahousehold decisions: Fertilizer adoption in Burkina Faso

In most West African countries, agricultural production is a complex process that involves multiple household members managing land and sharing agricultural inputs. We develop an intrahousehold decision-making model to illustrate how technology adoption can influence bargaining processes on farms in harsh agricultural environments of West Africa, where staple food production by extended families is organized collectively under the leadership of a senior head. The head, who assumes primary responsibility for household food security, also allocates fields to members who manage production individually. Drawing on this and the intrinsic complementarity of labor and fertilizer as divisible inputs, we test the nature of the linkage between fertilizer use on collective and individual plots by applying bivariate probit and tobit models to nationally-representative, panel data from Burkina Faso. We find evidence of input sharing, though bargaining is inadequate to sustain efficient allocation of fertilizer. Plot manager characteristics that influence bargaining power, such as literacy, gender, age, contact with extension, and membership in farmer organizations differ between collectively- and individually-managed plots-confirming the differential status of household members in technology adoption. Agroforestry practices are strongly and positively associated with fertilizer use, regardless of plot manage type. Programs aimed at increasing use of modern agricultural inputs should consider impacts on bargaining positions within the household. Providing inputs to women and young men will increase their influence on other decisions, which may lead to greater equity within the household. It may also enhance efficiency in production, since currently, inputs are not allocated efficiently within the household.
Laccase induced degradation of perfluorooctanoic acid in a soil slurry

Abstract Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) can induce undesirable effects to humans and animals and has thus attracted much attention from the public and scientific communities in recent years. Extensive studies have been devoted to exploring PFOA degradation in aqueous phase, while information for that in soil is rather limited. Understanding the transformation of PFOA in soil is important in developing strategies to assess and manage its environmental fate. In this study, we have demonstrated that PFOA can be effectively degraded by enzyme catalyzed oxidative humification reactions (ECOHRs) with a natural organic material, soybean meal, as the mediator. In the presence of soybean meal and laccase, PFOA was degraded 24% in water after 36 days, 40% in soil slurry after 140 days. The water extract of soybean meal contained high concentrations of natural organic mediators and multivalent metal ions, both of which were essential to PFOA degradation by ECOHRs. The ECOHR degradation products of PFOA in soil were identified to be partially fluorinated organic compounds, and the molecular features of the products suggest that the degradation mechanism involves free radical chain reaction processes, which was initiated by direct free radical attacks on the C C bonds in perfluoroalkyl acids.
Mineralogy and Phase Composition

Names and formulas of 24 common meteoritic minerals are listed in Table V-1. Their crystal structures and meteoritic occurrences are summarized by Keil (1969a), who also summarizes information about the less common minerals. Mason (1967d; 1972) gives brief general reviews of the mineralogy of meteorites, and Van Schmus (1969a) a somewhat more detailed review of chondrite mineralogy. Ramdohr (1963a, b, 1964,1973) gives detailed accounts of his optical observations of opaque minerals in stony meteorites.
OXIDATION OF ORGANIC ACIDS

This chapter discusses the oxidation of organic acids. Acetyl-CoA is a product of carbohydrate metabolism by the oxidation of pyruvic acid, which is a product of fatty acid oxidation and amino acid oxidation, and is formed from acetate of the medium by the action of acetokinase and phosphotransacetylase. The most important mechanism for the oxidation of acetyl-CoA is the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Citrate synthetase (citrate oxaloacetate-lyase [CoA-acetylating]) is the first enzyme of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and is a key enzyme in the complete oxidation of acetate. Citrate synthetase has been measured in unfractionated extracts of several species of bacteria and purified from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Aconitase (citrate [isocitrate] hydro-lyase) is the second enzyme of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and catalyzes the reversible hydration of cis -aconitate. In the early studies of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, the belief was generally held that citric acid formed from labeled precursors should have identical isotope content in the two −CH 2 COOH groups because citrate was a symmetrical molecule. However, it was pointed out that this was not necessarily. Therefore, if citrate were attached to the enzyme at three sites, then aconitase should be able to distinguish between the two −CH 2 COOH groups of citrate.
Noradrenergic Modulation of Cerebral Cortical Oxidative Metabolism

The delivery of oxygen and glucose to the cerebral cortex is tightly matched to energy demand under a wide variety of physiologic and probably under some pathophysiologic conditions. The maintenance of this relationship must involve the ability to detect changes in metabolic requirements and to modify the delivery of oxygen and substrates through a delicate control of cerebral blood flow (CBF). Furthermore, since many physiologic and pathophysiologic conditions cause only regional alterations in cerebral metabolic activity, tight matching of supply and demand will have to act at a local, regional or global level.
Discrete and Continuous Models of Lizard Populations

Difference and differential equations are used to model the mating strategies of side-blotched lizards. The lizard population is divided into three sub-classes based on mating strategies. The discrete model using difference equations assumes that the lizards are playing a “rock-paper-scissors game” and results in long-term behaviour contradicting observations. The same evolution can be modelled using a system of ordinary differential equations similar to predator-prey systems and results in a long-term behaviour that matches the observations. The lizard project is assigned as a capstone project in a second year undergraduate course with single variable calculus as a prerequisite. The students use Excel and Maple to study the long-term behaviour of the various models, justify their observations using analytic solutions when appropriate, explore and learn the process of checking model validity through comparison with observed data, and learn verbal and written communication skills.
Earnings Volatility and the Value of Earnings Releases for Markets

Prior research has conflicting findings concerning earnings volatility's effect on earnings releases to the stock market. In this paper, "volatility" refers to the variability of accounting earnings information. For purposes of analysis, an option pricing model (OPM) framework is developed which shows that earnings directly associate with stock market price. This OPM model's characteristics indicate that higher (lower) accounting return volatilities will associate with lower (higher) market response coefficients to accounting earnings information. Empirical findings provide evidence that is consistent with this proposition. Recent earnings data (i.e., the previous four quarters) is sufficient to demonstrate a volatility effect on the earnings-return relation.
Sugarcane Filtercake Compost Influence on Tomato Emergence, Seedling Growth, and Yields

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)(‘Sunny’) seeds were sown in Speedling trays filled with sugarcane filtercake (a waste byproduct of sugarcane processing), plug-mix, field soil (sandy), compost:soil mixture (1:1, v:v) under greenhouse conditions. Mean days to emergence, final percent emergence, or mean days to fully expanded cotyledons were not different among treatments. In a second study, tomato ‘Sunny’ transplants were placed in 3.7 L pots filled with compost, field soil, or compost:soil mixture (1:1, v:v) under greenhouse conditions. After 25 days, plant grown in compost, or compost:soil mixture had heavier shoots and roots, thicker stems, and taller plants than plants grown in field soil. In a field study, ‘Sunny’ plants were transplanted in plots without and with compost (224 mtha-1) at 0, 76.5N-67P-140K, or 153N-134P-280K fertilizer rates. Early and total marketable yields, shoot heights, diameters, and weights were higher in plots with compost than without compost, regardless of fertilizer rates. These results suggest that plots with incorporated sugarcane filtercake compost produced higher tomato yields and larger plants than plots without compost.
Amine-Functionalized MIL-101 Monoliths for CO₂ Removal from Enclosed Environments

Amine-functionalized metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are facile adsorbents for CO2 removal from enclosed environments. In this study, we prepared polyethylenimine (PEI) and tetraethylenepentamine (...
Bilevel Flexible-Robust Optimization for Energy Allocation Problems

A common issue in energy allocation problems is managing the tradeoff between selling surplus energy to maximize short-term revenue, versus holding surplus energy to hedge against future shortfalls...
Applications of Multidimensional Scaling to the Psychological Evaluation of Odors

The use of multidimensional scales is outlined for two problems in odor perception. Multidimensional analyses of profile data allow the experimenter to obtain, at a glance, the necessary information about qualitative relations among odorants and their linguistic descriptors, as well as changes in the perception of the same odorant evaluated across time. All can be represented by the analysis procedures of multidimensional scaling.
Interventions to Reduce Unhealthy Alcohol Use among Primary Care Patients with HIV: the Health and Motivation Randomized Clinical Trial

Unhealthy alcohol use has adverse effects on HIV treatment. Screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment (SBIRT) has some evidence of efficacy but may not be sufficient for those with low motivation or comorbid substance use. To examine the effectiveness of motivational interviewing (MI) and emailed feedback (EF) among primary care HIV-positive patients, compared with treatment as usual care (UC) only, which included SBIRT. Randomized clinical trial. Six hundred fourteen adult HIV-positive patients in Kaiser Permanente Northern California who reported prior-year unhealthy alcohol use. Participants were randomized to either three sessions of MI (one in person and two by phone), information regarding alcohol risks via EF through a patient portal, or UC alone. MI and EF participants who reported unhealthy alcohol use at 6 months were offered additional MI and EF treatment, respectively. Participant-reported unhealthy alcohol use (defined as ≥ 4/≥ 5 drinks per day for women/men), alcohol problems at 12 months, based on blinded telephone interviews. Secondary outcomes included drug use and antiretroviral (ART) adherence. At 12 months, there were no overall group differences, but in all three arms, there were declines in unhealthy alcohol use and alcohol-related problems (p < 0.001). Participants reporting low motivation to reduce drinking at baseline were less likely to report unhealthy alcohol use if they received MI vs. EF and UC (p = 0.013). At 6 months, reported illegal drug use/misuse of prescription drugs other than marijuana was lower in the MI arm than EF or UC (p = 0.012). There were no differences in ART adherence between groups. In a randomized trial of HIV-positive patients using two behavioral interventions compared with SBIRT alone, participants in all three conditions reduced unhealthy alcohol use. MI may provide added benefit for patients with low motivation or who report illegal drug use/misuse of prescription drugs. NCT01671501 ( ClinicalTrials.gov )
Substrate recognition and processing by γ-secretase

The γ-secretase complex is composed of four membrane protein subunits, including presenilin as the catalytic component with aspartyl protease activity. The enzyme cleaves within the transmembrane domain of >70 different type I integral membrane proteins and has been dubbed "the proteasome of the membrane". The most studied substrates include the Notch family of receptors, involved in cell differentiation, and the amyloid precursor protein (APP), involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. A central mechanistic question is how γ-secretase recognizes helical transmembrane substrates and carries out processive proteolysis. Recent findings addressing substrate recognition and processing will be discussed, including the role of protease subunit nicastrin as a gatekeeper, the effects of Alzheimer-causing mutations in presenilin on processive proteolysis of APP, and evidence that three pockets in the active site (S1', S2', and S3') determine carboxypeptidase cleavage of substrate in intervals of three residues. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Molecular biophysics of membranes and membrane proteins.
Fingerprinting Cryptographic Protocols with Key Exchange Using an Entropy Measure

Encryption has become increasingly prevalent in many applications and for various purposes, but its use also brings big challenges to network security. In this paper, we take the first steps towards addressing some of these challenges by introducing a novel system to identify key exchange protocols. These protocols are usually required if encryption keys are not shared in advance. We observed that key exchange protocols yield certain patterns of high-entropy data blocks, such as those found in key material. We propose a multi-resolution approach to accurately detect high-entropy data blocks and a method of generating fingerprints for cryptographic protocols. We provide experimental evidence that our approach has the potential to identify cryptographic protocols by their unique key exchanges, leading to the ability to detect malware traffic that includes customized key exchange protocols.
Using Deep Learning and Satellite Imagery to Assess the Damage to Civil Structures After Natural Disasters

Since 1980, millions of people have been harmed by natural disasters that have cost society over three trillion dollars. After a natural disaster has occurred, the creation of maps that identify the damage to buildings and infrastructure is imperative. Currently, many organizations perform this task manually, using pre- and post-disaster images and well-trained humans to infer the degree and extent of damage. This manual task can take days to complete. We propose to do this task automatically using post-disaster satellite imagery. We use a pre-trained neural network, SegNet, and replace its last layer with our own damage classification scheme. The final layer of the network is re-trained using cropped segments of the satellite image of the disaster. Our test results show that it is possible to create these maps quickly and efficiently.
Adolescent food insecurity: the special case of Marshallese youth in north-west Arkansas, USA.

Objective Food insecurity is not randomly dispersed throughout the population; rather, there are a number of risk and protective factors shaping both the prevalence and severity of food insecurity across households and sociodemographic populations. The present study examines some of these factors and the role that race and ethnicity among adolescent individuals in north-west Arkansas might play, paying specific attention to a subgroup of Pacific Islanders: the Marshallese. Design The study uses cross-sectional survey data collected from a self-administered questionnaire of 10th-12th grade students. Setting A city in north-west Arkansas, USA. Participants The number of enrolled students in the selected high school at the time of the survey was 2148. Ten classrooms (116 students) were unable to participate at the time of the survey, making 2032 students eligible to be surveyed. Approximately 22% refused to participate and 105 students were absent from school, yielding a response rate of approximately 78% (n 1493). Results Marshallese students had a higher prevalence of food insecurity than all other racial and ethnic groups in the study. After controlling for other sociodemographic, risk and protective factors, their odds of food insecurity remained significantly higher than both non-Hispanic White and Hispanic or Latinx students. Conclusions Adolescent food insecurity among Marshallese students must be made sense of in relation to structural-level determinants that shape the distribution of vital resources such as food across racial, ethnic and foreign-born lines.
Phase I Trial of Weekly Cabazitaxel with Concurrent Intensity Modulated Radiation and Androgen Deprivation Therapy for the Treatment of High-Risk Prostate Cancer.

Purpose Cabazitaxel has been demonstrated to improve the overall survival for men with metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer. The purpose of this study was to determine the maximum tolerated dose for concurrent cabazitaxel with androgen deprivation and intensity modulated radiation therapy in men with high-risk prostate cancer. Methods and Materials Twenty men were enrolled in this institutuional review board–approved phase I clinical trial using a 3 + 3 design. Patients were followed prospectively for safety, efficacy, and health-related quality of life (Expanded Prostate Index Composite). Efficacy was assessed biochemically using the Phoenix definition. Results With a median follow-up time of 56 months, the maximum tolerated dose of concurrent cabazitaxel was 6 mg/m2. The 5-year biochemical disease-free survival was 73%, despite 75% of patients having very high risk prostate cancer per the National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines. Four patients were unable to complete chemotherapy owing to dose-limiting toxicities (eg, rectal bleeding, diarrhea, and elevated transaminase). There was no significant minimally important difference in Expanded Prostate Index Composite patient-reported outcomes for either the urinary or bowel domains; however, there was a significant decrease in the sexual domain. Conclusions This is the first clinical trial of prostate cancer to report on the combination of cabazitaxel and radiation therapy. The maximum tolerated dose of concurrent cabazitaxel with radiation and androgen deprivation therapy was determined to be 6 mg/m2. Despite the aggressive nature of the disease, robust biochemical control was observed.
Idelalisib in indolent NHL - has it finally found its niche?

Unlike in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), where over the past few years multiple novel therapies have dramatically improved outcomes, the therapeutic landscape of indolent non-Hodgkin Lymphoma ...
The association between traumatic dental and brain injuries in American children.

BACKGROUND/AIM It is crucial that dentists who treat traumatic dental injuries rule out concomitant brain injuries. Despite anatomic proximity, controversy exists regarding association between facial trauma and head injury. The aim of this study was to examine the association between dento-alveolar trauma (DAT) and traumatic brain injuries (TBI) using a national dataset of emergency department (ED) visits. MATERIAL AND METHODS Nationwide Emergency Department Sample (NEDS) data, one of the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) datasets, were analyzed. Encounters of patients age 0-18 years with International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) codes associated with DAT and TBI in the 2010-2014 NEDS were identified. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-square test, and logistic regression models to investigate the association between DAT and TBI and factors associated with TBI in DAT-positive patients. RESULTS During the study period, 6 281 658 ED visits were associated with traumatic injuries. DAT was recorded in 93 408 (1.5%) and TBI was recorded in 996 334 (15.9%) of these traumatic injury visits. Within the group of DAT-positive encounters, 7035 (7.5%) had codes associated with TBI. Of trauma encounters where a DAT was not involved (6 188 250 encounters), 989 299 (16%) had an associated TBI code. Patients with DAT had 0.20 odds of having TBI (95% CI, 0.19-0.20, P < .0001) compared with patients who did not have DAT when all other confounding variables were kept constant. Having multiple injuries, being involved in motor vehicle crashes, and injuries due to assault were associated with higher odds of concomitant TBI in patients who sustained DAT. CONCLUSIONS There was an inverse association between DAT and TBI in this study population.
Clathrin adaptors mediate two sequential pathways of intra-Golgi recycling

Abstract The pathways of membrane traffic within the Golgi apparatus are not fully known. This question was addressed using the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, in which the maturation of individual Golgi cisternae can be visualized. We recently proposed that the AP-1 clathrin adaptor mediates intra-Golgi recycling late in the process of cisternal maturation. Here, we demonstrate that AP-1 cooperates with the Ent5 clathrin adaptor to recycle a set of Golgi transmembrane proteins. This recycling can be detected by removing AP-1 and Ent5, thereby diverting the AP-1/Ent5-dependent Golgi proteins into an alternative recycling loop that involves traffic to the plasma membrane followed by endocytosis. Unexpectedly, various AP-1/Ent5-dependent Golgi proteins show either intermediate or late kinetics of residence in maturing cisternae. We infer that the AP-1/Ent5 pair mediates two sequential intra-Golgi recycling pathways that define two classes of Golgi proteins. This insight can explain the polarized distribution of transmembrane proteins in the Golgi.
High temperature reliable epitaxially grown quantum dot lasers on (001) Si with record performance

We report a novel solution to the high temperature reliability of InAs quantum dot lasers grown on (001) Si. Negligible degradation was observed after 1800 h aging, giving an extrapolated lifetime of two million hours.
Systems with Perfect Accessibility

We now begin our study of modern work on the mathematical foundations of thermodynamics. This study will be substantially more abstract than our discussion of homogeneous fluid bodies, because we here seek a presentation of thermodynamics which covers a far broader class of physical systems. At the same time, we wish to preserve as much of the logical structure of classical thermodynamics as possible. To achieve these goals, we attempt to extract from classical thermodynamics its fundamental features, and the present chapter is devoted to providing abstract counterparts of the following features of homogeneous fluid bodies: states, paths, cycles, and the expressions for work and heat.
The policy/procedure manual, part II

Purpose – This article's purpose is to show the “why” and “how” of making well thought‐out procedures.Design/methodology/approach – The article introduces the training need for good procedures, further defines them, and then describes how to think about them in order to produce a useful set of them.Findings – The findings are that good procedures are useful to, and necessary for, a well‐run library.Practical implications – Libraries need to have, and consistently follow, good procedures in order to function efficiently.Social implications – Libraries will only survive as long as they are offering good service for a reasonable cost, the end goal of good procedures.Originality/value – The value of the article is in learning how to come up with good procedures as a basic tool that will help library staff to perform their duties as efficiently as possible.
Introverts and Extraverts: Leisure Activity Behavior in Persons with Dementia

Abstract Leisure activity is important to overall life satisfaction in persons with dementia. The personality trait of extraversion defines style of interest as it relates to the amount of social stimulation preferred in leisure activity. In general, extraverts enjoy interacting with people, while introverts prefer more solitary activities. This pilot study was conducted to identify the types of leisure activity and length of time persons with dementia engaged in those activities by personality trait of extraversion. The responsible party for twenty-one elderly veterans, enrolled in a project that tested the effect of activities on sleep, was interviewed to obtain data on the veterans' personality trait of extraversion. Veterans who were identified as extraverted tended to engage in activities for longer periods of time than introverts. Veterans described as introverted engaged in more one-on-one activities than group activities, but for shorter periods of time than extraverts.
InAlGaP vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs): processing and performance

The performance of AlGaInP based visible VCSELs has been advanced with the application of new heterostructure designs and the technique of selective oxidation. Improved performance at elevated temperatures as well as high wallplug efficiency, low threshold devices have been demonstrated for devices operating in the 670-680 nm region. Challenges still remain in demonstrating high performance devices with emission wavelengths shorter than 650 nm.
Impact of smoking status on cardiovascular outcomes following percutaneous coronary intervention.

Background Many military veterans in the United States with coronary artery disease continue to smoke despite undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Previous studies have described improved cardiovascular outcomes in smokers, the so-called “smokers' paradox.” In this study, we examined the effects of smoking on cardiovascular outcomes following PCI. Hypothesis Do patients who smoke have different post-PCI outcomes than nonsmokers? Methods All patients who underwent PCI at a single US Veterans Administration hospital from 2004 to 2009 were followed. Outcomes of interest included myocardial infarction, unplanned coronary intervention, unplanned cardiac hospitalization, death, and a composite of events for 6 months after PCI. Changes in traditional risk factors were also assessed. Results Unadjusted analysis revealed that in almost all categories, smokers had lower incidence of adverse events than nonsmokers. However, after adjusting for the older age of the nonsmokers, no favorable statistical trend toward smokers was seen. Significant improvement in blood pressure and lipid levels were seen in both groups. Conclusions After adjusting for differences in age, there did not appear to be any protective effect of smoking on cardiovascular outcomes following PCI. Smokers achieved similar degrees of risk factor optimization during the follow-up period as their nonsmoker counterparts. Aggressive efforts to decrease the prevalence of smoking must be maintained.
Nonlinear feature transforms using maximum mutual information

Finding the right features is an essential part of a pattern recognition system. This can be accomplished either by selection or by a transform from a larger number of "raw" features. In this work we learn nonlinear dimension reducing discriminative transforms that are implemented as neural networks, either as radial basis function networks or as multilayer perceptrons. As the criterion, we use the joint mutual information (MI) between the class labels of training data and transformed features. Our measure of MI makes use of Renyi entropy as formulated by Principe et al. (1998, 2000). Resulting low-dimensional features enable a classifier to operate with less computational resources and memory without compromising the accuracy.
Increased exposure to acute thermal stress is associated with a non-linear increase in recombination frequency and an independent linear decrease in fitness in Drosophila

Meiotic recombination rate has long been known to be phenotypically plastic. How plastic recombination evolves and is maintained remains controversial; though a leading model for the evolution of plastic recombination rests on the tenet that organismal fitness and recombination frequency are negatively correlated. Motivated by the mounting evidence that meiotic recombination frequencies increase in response to stress, here we test for a negative correlation between fitness and recombination frequency. Specifically, the fitness-associated recombination model (FAR) predicts that if stress increases meiotic recombination frequency, then increasing exposure to stressful conditions will yield an increasing magnitude of the recombinational response, while concomitantly decreasing fitness. We use heat shock as a stressor to test this prediction in Drosophila melanogaster. We find that increased exposure to heat shock conditions is associated with a non-linear increase in meiotic recombination frequency. We also find an independent effect of heat shock on organismal fitness, with fitness decreasing with increased duration of thermal stress. Our results thus support the foundation of the FAR model for the evolution of plastic recombination. Our data also suggest that modulating recombination frequency is one mechanism by which organisms can rapidly respond to environmental cues and confer increased adaptive potential to their offspring.
Correlates of hospitalized patients' perceptions of Service quality

The purpose of this study was to examine hospital patients' perceptions of service quality in relation to four independent variables: (a) nurses' perceptions of human resource practices, (b) nurses' perceptions of autonomy in practice, (c) patient satisfaction with nursing care, and (d) patients' perceptions of organizational climate for service. The sample consisted of 102 nurse-patient dyads in an acute care hospital. Patients responded to the Modified Health Care Service Performance Instrument, the revised LaMonica-Oberst Patient Satisfaction Scale, and the Organizational Climate for Service Semantic Differential. Nurses responded to the Employee Turnover Diagnostic and the Dempster Practice Behaviors Scale. Two of the four correlational hypotheses were supported. Patient satisfaction with nursing care and patients' perceptions of organizational climate for service were each positively related to patients' perceptions of service quality. A multivariate regression hypothesis was not supported. Failure to support two theoretically based correlational hypotheses may be related to methodological problems experienced with dyadic research.
Estimating attractor dimensions from limited data: A new method, with error estimates

Abstract A maximum-likelihood method is presented for estimating an attractor's generalized dimensions Dl, l= 2, 3, 4, … from time-series data. It gives improved discrimination of the “scaling region”, and approximate confidence intervals for dimension estimates based on short data sets. Monte Carlo simulations support the accuracy of the confidence intervals.