cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Oncogenic capacity of the E2F1 gene

Previous experiments have identified the E2F transcription factor as a potential downstream target for the action of cellular regulatory activities, such as the Rb tumor suppressor protein, that control cell growth and that, when altered, contribute to the development of human tumors. In light of these findings, we have assayed the ability of the E2F1 and DP1 genes, which encode heterodimeric partners that together create E2F activity, to act in an oncogenic fashion. We find that E2F1, particularly in combination with the DP1 product, cooperates with an activated ras oncogene to induce the formation of morphologically transformed foci in primary rat embryo fibroblast cultures. In addition, an E2F1 chimeric protein, in which sequences involved in Rb binding have been replaced with the herpesvirus VP16 activation domain, exhibits increased transformation activity. Cells transfected with E2F1 and DP1 or the E2F1-VP16 chimera form colonies in soft agar and induce tumor formation in nude mice. We conclude that deregulated E2F1 expression and function can have oncogenic consequences.
The Impact of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation on the Postcesarean Patient

Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation has long been used in the treatment of postoperative and chronic pain. Recently, this technique has been found to be useful in alleviating the pain following cesarean childbirth. Presented below is information on TENS therapy usage, advantages, and its relationship to clinical and research nursing practice.
Induction of multipolar spindles by single x-irradiated sperm.

Une experience simple de dilution etablit que les clivages multipolaires des œufs de oursins resultent de l'insemination par des spermatozoides individuels qui ont ete soumis aux rayons X.
A CUDA implementation of the Continuous Space Language Model

The training phase of the Continuous Space Language Model (CSLM) was implemented in the NVIDIA hardware/software architecture Compute Unified Device Architecture (CUDA). A detailed explanation of the CSLM algorithm is provided. Implementation was accomplished using a combination of CUBLAS library routines, NVIDIA NPP functions, and CUDA kernel calls on three different CUDA enabled devices of varying compute capability and a time savings over the traditional CPU approach demonstrated. The efficiency of the CUDA version of the open source implementation is analyzed and compared to that using the Intel Math Kernel Libraries (MKL) on a variety of CUDA enabled and multi-core CPU platforms. It is demonstrated that substantial performance benefit can be obtained using CUDA, even with nonoptimal code. Techniques for optimizing performance are then provided. Furthermore, an analysis is performed to determine the conditions in which the performance of CUDA exceeds that of the multi-core MKL realization.
Mary between Bible and Qur'an: Soundings into the Transmission and Reception History of the Protoevangelium of James on the Basis of Selected Literary Sources in Coptic and Copto-Arabic and of Art-Historical Evidence Pertaining to Egypt

Abstract Taking up the question of the permeability of boundaries between early Eastern Christian and Islamic communities and their literatures, this article studies the Coptic and Copto-Arabic trajectory of the transmission and reception history of the Protoevangelium of James, a text which offers remarkable parallels to presentations of Mary and Jesus in the Qur'an. Being a second-century Christian apocryphal work, the Protoevangelium tells of Mary's infancy and youth and ends shortly after the birth of Christ. The article proceeds from Emile de Strycker's claim of the Protoevangelium's Egyptian provenance through an examination of Egyptian Christian traditions concerning it, covering Coptic and Copto-Arabic literature up to and including the History of the Patriarchs of the Coptic Church of Alexandria. Ongoing research on Christian women in Copto-Arabic sources points to traces of the usage of the Protoevangelium of James in the early stages of redaction of the History of the Patriarchs of the Coptic C...
Age differences in personality: Adolescents and young adults

The multidimensional personality questionnaire-brief form (MPQ-BF) (Patrick, Curtin, & Tellegen, 2002; Tellegen, 1982) was administered to a sample of adolescents ranging from 13 to 17 years of age and a sample of young adults ranging from 19 to 23 years of age. The MPQ-BF is believed to provide a richer understanding of key personality traits and dimensions but is less widely used; particularly with the current two age groups. Significant differences were found between the adolescents and the young adults in the overall dimensions of constraint and positive emotionality. An age by gender interaction was found in the overall dimension of negative emotionality. These differences are discussed in terms of both developmental and neurological changes that take place over this age span.
The perils of data misreporting

With physicians, information managers, and payers all influencing health care data classification, data can end up as an injured party. This hurts all of us, as reimbursement levels and error analysis increasingly rely on coded and classified data.
Time-dependent selectivity of glass membrane electrodes

Abstract Time-dependent selectivities of both sodium- and hydrogen-selective glass membrane electrodes are investigated. Results indicate that these electrodes display little selectivity shortly after an increase or decrease in the activityof another cation at the electrode surface. Selectivity appears to increase as the potential approaches a steady-state value. A physical model is considered which accounts for the time-dependent selectivity with the generation of a chemical potential difference across the interface between the bulk solution and the hydrated glass layer.
Frozen section discrepancy in the evaluation of nonneoplastic central nervous system samples

Frozen section (FS) for intraoperative evaluation of central nervous system (CNS) lesions provides the neurosurgeon with a rapid preliminary pathologic diagnosis. Diagnosis of nonneoplastic lesions is particularly challenging in this venue. To highlight common diagnostic pitfalls, we sought to identify discrepancies between FS and final diagnoses among nonneoplastic CNS samples via a retrospective review of 303 FS cases encountered from 1997 to 2006. Thirty-nine (12.9%) discrepant diagnoses were identified, of which 27 were clinically suspected tumors. Final diagnoses in the discrepant group included the following: inflammatory lesions (n = 8, 20.5%), malformation of cortical development-cortical dysplasia (n = 5, 12.8%), gliosis (n = 5, 12.8%), vascular malformations (n = 5, 12.8%), demyelination/progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (n = 3, 7.7%), infarct (n = 3, 7.7%), hemorrhage/blood clot (n = 3, 7.7%), and no pathologic changes (n = 3, 7.7%). The remaining 4 (10.2%) discrepant cases involved one case each of amyloid angiopathy, nonspecific vasculopathy, vasculitis, and meningioangiomatosis. Nonneoplastic lesions are often more challenging than neoplastic lesions at FS, particularly because they are less commonly sampled for FS and, therefore, less familiar to pathologists.
Failure of a microbial assay to reliably predict disease recurrence in a treated periodontitis population receiving regularly scheduled prophylaxes.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to evaluate the reliability of differential dark-field microscopy (DDFM) of subgingival bacteria to correctly predict the recurrence of periodontitis in treated patients on 2 different recall schemes. The results are based on data from 51 patients on 3-month recalls (C group) and 39 patients (T group) who received periodontal prophylaxes according to a customized regimen based on DDFM of subgingival bacterial morphotypes. No significant differences were detected in the rate of recurrence of periodontitis between the 2 groups, although the incidence of disease recurrence tended to be greater in the C group. The proportions of spirochetes and motile rods observed at base line, or the average of the values observed at base line, 3 months and 6 months, were compared between subjects with and without disease recurrences. Significantly elevated proportions of these bacterial morphotypes were observed in patients of the T group who demonstrated evidence of disease recurrence during the first year as compared to subjects without disease recurrence. No significant differences could be detected in bacterial morphotypes between patients resistant to disease recurrence and those who developed recurrences at some time during the 3-year period covered by this report. The ability of DDFM of subgingival bacterial morphotypes to predict future disease occurrence was tested for 1- and 3-year periods, in both the C and T groups. The test appears to be reliable only for subjects on the experimental maintenance regimen (group T) and for prediction of disease recurrence for the initial 1-year period. The reliability of the test to predict disease recurrence over a 3-year period fails off significantly in the T group. The test was not reliable in predicting disease recurrence in the C group, presumably because of the disrupting effect of regularly scheduled tri-monthly prophylaxes on the composition of the subgingival microbiota.
Experiment Replication Using ProtoGENI nodes

Repeatability of network experiments has long been a goal for networking researchers but the lack of a scientific process of experimentation has made this exercise difficult to achieve. In this paper, we demonstrate that, if conducted in a scientific manner, experiments can indeed be repeated in different networks to produce the same results. We ran experiments in our lab, and on two different network configurations in ProtoGENI and demonstrated that we get similar results for network and application performance evaluations. We believe that this is an important step as we take the process of measurement-based networking research from its ad hoc phase into the realm of a scientific process. We also present these experiments using GENI infrastructure as a demonstration for other experimenters to run similar realistic experiments on GENI testbeds. Furthermore, we believe this is the first set of experiments to emulate per-connection Round- Trip-Times in GENI-based experiments.
The Relationship Contexts of Young Disadvantaged Men

Recent improvements in data collection offer unprecedented insight into the romantic partnerships of disadvantaged men, revealing higher levels of instability, complexity, and commitment than previously understood. Young disadvantaged men are often involved in casual romantic relationships that result in pregnancy. When this occurs, most men remain involved with the mother, are optimistic about the future of their relationships, and are committed to their children. Economic disadvantage, incarceration, conflict, and mistrust undermine the stability of these relationships, however, and most end within several years after the birth. New romantic relationships begin shortly thereafter, creating complex family structures. We know less about the patterns of interaction between couples that produce unstable partnerships or about the nature of romantic relationships that do not involve children. With our growing understanding of the presence of fathers in nonmarital households, policy-makers must adapt their pol...
Insulin‐like growth factor I stimulates oligodendrocyte development and myelination in rat brain aggregate cultures

Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and high concentrations of insulin have been shown to stimulate an increase in the number of oligodendrocytes that appear in developing monolayer cultures of rat brain cells (McMorris et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83:822–826, 1986; McMorris et al., Ann NY Acad Sci 605:101–109, 1990; McMorris and Dubois-Dalcq, J Neurosci Res 21:199–209, 1988). In the present study, we investigated whether IGF-I or insulin treatment induces a corresponding increase in the synthesis and accumulation of myelin. Aggregate cultures, established from 16-day-old fetal rat brains, were treated with either 100 ng/ml IGF-I or 5,000 ng/ml insulin and analyzed for the number of oligodendrocytes, activity of 2′,3′-cyclic nucleotide 3′-phosphohydrolase (CNP), total amount of myelin, and synthesis rate of myelin proteins. Cultures treated with IGF-I beginning on day 2 after explanation contained 35–80% more oligodendrocytes and had 60–160% higher CNP activity than controls when tested on day 13, 20, or 27. By day 27, treated cultures had 35–90% more myelin than controls. Similar results were observed in response to 5,000 ng/ml insulin, a concentration at which insulin binds to IGF receptors and acts as an analogue of IGF-I. The synthesis rate of myelin proteins was measured in experiments using 5,000 mg/ml insulin. When treatment was begun at day 20 rather than day 2, cultures did not exhibit an increased number of oligodendrocytes over control during the following 4–6 days. Therefore, this paradigm was used to separate the effects of insulin-like peptides on the number of oligodendrocytes from the effects on the synthesis rate of myelin proteins and the accumulation of myelin. Cultures treated from day 20 and controls showed no difference in either the myelin yield or the synthesis rate of myelin proteins. These data show that IGF-I (and insulin at high concentrations) increases the amount of myelin produced in aggregate cultures; and that the increase appears to be due primarily to an increase in the number of oligodendrocytes in the cultures rather than to a direct increase in the rate of myelin protein synthesis or an increase in the amount of myelin synthesized per oligodendrocyte.
New Marsupial from the Early Eocene of Virginia

A new species of the marsupial Peradectes is described from the early Eocene Nanjemoy Formation of Virginia. It is the first Tertiary marsupial known from the Atlantic Coastal Plain north of Florida. The smallest species of Peradectes, it is more closely related to species known from the Western Interior of North America than to contemporaneous European species.
Silica, Apoptosis, and Autoimmunity

Relatively little is known regarding mechanisms of environmental exposures in the development of autoimmune disease. However, several environmental agents are implicated in triggering or accelerating systemic autoimmune disease, including mercury, iodine, vinyl chloride, certain pharmaceuticals, and crystalline silica. There is increasing epidemiological evidence supporting the hypothesis that occupational silica exposure is associated with a variety of systemic autoimmune diseases, including scleroderma (SSc), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), glomerulonephritis (GN) and small vessel vasculitis (SVV). However, there have been few mechanistic studies examining silica exposure and autoimmune disease initiation and progression. This review summarizes human epidemiology data linking silica exposure with systemic autoimmune disease, but focuses on possible mechanisms by which silica can lead to the development and progression of autoimmunity.
The re-emergence of anticoagulation in coronary disease

The underlying pathophysiological process in acute coronary syndromes (ACS) is intracoronary thrombus formation, leading to varying degrees of occlusion of the culprit artery and the resulting clinical manifestations of ST-elevation myocardial infarction (complete occlusion) or unstable angina/non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (partial occlusion). Given the central role that thrombin plays in the pathogenesis of ACS, antithrombin agents are an important component of treatment. Current antithrombotics, however, have important limitations. Antiplatelet agents such as aspirin or clopidogrel, alone or in combination, fail to suppress activation of the coagulation cascade and thrombin generation in patients with ACS, highlighting the need for more intensive antithrombin therapy. Use of indirect thrombin inhibitors such as the heparins (unfractionated heparin (UFH) or low-molecular weight heparins) are restricted by the need for parenteral administration, risk of thrombocytopenia, inability to inhibit fibrin-bound thrombin, and the potential for rebound activation of the coagulation cascade and further ischaemic events after discontinuation of therapy. Direct thrombin inhibitors are potent inhibitors of both free and fibrin-bound thrombin. Trials of the intravenous direct thrombin inhibitors have shown these agents to be more efficacious than UFH for the prevention of recurrent myocardial infarction with short-term (7 days) use, supporting the rationale for the further development of the direct thrombin inhibitors. The oral anticoagulants, the vitamin K antagonists (VKAs), in combination with low-dose aspirin have demonstrated superior clinical benefits compared with aspirin treatment alone when moderate-intensity anticoagulation (international normalized ratio 2–3) is achieved. Combination antithrombotic therapy with VKAs is, however, associated with an increased risk of bleeding in a relatively high proportion of patients who subsequently have to discontinue therapy, and the complexity of treatment is a significant drawback. The limitations of existing antithrombotic therapies have provided the stimulus for the development of the oral direct thrombin inhibitors. Ximelagatran, the first in this class of agents, has the potential to overcome the limitations of existing antithrombotic therapies and is currently undergoing extensive clinical evaluation in a range of indications, including ACS.
Endoscopic management of biliary strictures after liver transplantation

Bile duct strictures remain a major source of morbidity after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). Biliary strictures are classified as anastomotic or non-anastomotic strictures according to location and are defined by distinct clinical behaviors. Anastomotic strictures are localized and short. The outcome of endoscopic treatment for anastomotic strictures is excellent. Non-anastomotic strictures often result from ischemic and immunological events, occur earlier and are usually multiple and longer. They are characterized by a far less favorable response to endoscopic management, higher recurrence rates, graft loss and need for retransplantation. Living donor OLT patients present a unique set of challenges arising from technical factors, and stricture risk for both recipients and donors. Endoscopic treatment of living donor OLT patients is less promising. Current endoscopic strategies for biliary strictures after OLT include repeated balloon dilations and placement of multiple side-by-side plastic stents. Lifelong surveillance is required in all types of strictures. Despite improvements in incidence and long term outcomes with endoscopic management, and a reduced need for surgical treatment, the impact of strictures on patients after OLT is significant. Future considerations include new endoscopic technologies and improved stents, which could potentially allow for a decreased number of interventions, increased intervals before retreatment, and decreased reliance on percutaneous and surgical modalities. This review focuses on the role of endoscopy in biliary strictures, one of the most common biliary complications after OLT.
Novel Ferromagnetic Aerogel Composite Materials with Nanoparticles Formation and Chemistry in Response to Light

Smart composites based on ferromagnetic hybrid aerogels have been prepared. These novel materials change chemistry in response to light to form nanoparticles that react with compounds that are present in the environment of the aerogels. Thus, high surface area silica/functional polymer hybrid aerogels have been formed via sol-gel synthesis. They also can contain coordinated metal-ion species. They are reacted with Fe-precursors to form air stable ferromagnetic aerogels, which they are transformed into active particles themselves or by incorporation of additional metal ions. These active materials, which adhere to tissue, can be positioned magnetically within their environment. Once they are positioned, they can be transformed by UV light to form Au(0) nanoparticles which react with the molecules in their environment. The preparation and properties of these aerogels, their photochemistry and reaction with bio-molecules will be presented.
Sodium, Potassium, the Sympathetic Nervous System, and the Renin—Angiotensin System

Under the usual circumstances of everyday life, the phasing of human circadian clocks and rhythms is set, or synchronized, by the sleep-in-darkness— activity-in-light, 24-h routine. These time cues greatly influence the intrinsic diurnal rhythm for blood pressure (BP). As an example of this, when shift workers are assigned to night duty, they ordinarily adhere to a different sleep—activity routine than do day workers. Because of this, the timing of their peak and trough BP differs, with reference to external clocktime, if compared to daytime active individuals. The biologic time structure of man is an inherited characteristic for a number of parameters, such as BP. Its normal expression, however, may be influenced by either environmental/nutritional factors or an individual’s normal or pathophysiologically acquired neuro-humoral status. When normal phase relationships change between circadian bioperiodicities, BP patterns may alter radically and unpredictably. The purpose of this review is to characterize the neurohumoral and nutritional determinants of the ambulatory blood pressure (ABP) profile in normotensive and hypertensive patients. In particular, this review focuses on the sympathetic nervous system (SNS), the renin—angiotensin—aldosterone (RAA) axis, and the role of dietary sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) in shaping circadian BP patterns.
Slot and Layer-Slot Waveguide in the Visible Spectrum

Slot waveguides based on TiO2 nanowires are numerically analyzed in the visible spectrum. The modal properties and the sensing capabilities of a conventional slot waveguide are investigated at an operating wavelength of 635 nm. Furthermore, a novel slot waveguide configuration called Layer-slot (L-slot) is proposed and discussed. The numerical results show that L-slot waveguides permit to achieve field confinement and sensing properties with values comparable with conventional slot waveguide, but with a strongly simplified fabrication process.
Neural Constraints on the Complexity of Avian Song

Why do birds sing? In many species, because the song attracts or retains a mate. Why do females pay attention? This paper reviews evidence that females may do so because male song can be an honest indicator of attributes of a male's brain that could contribute to his fitness or that of his young. Male songbirds learn and produce their songs using a set of brain regions collectively known as the song system. The learning has distinct auditory and motor components, and current data suggest that the neural changes that encode these forms of learning primarily occur in different subdivisions of the song system. There are positive correlations between song complexity and the volume of motor song system nucleus HVC, both between and within species. The correlations appear to arise because individual differences in volume lead to differences in capacity for learning. The differences in HVC volume are correlated with differences in the volumes of other song system components and with the volume of the forebrain. They are heritable. Thus, a complex song can be a signal to a female of immediate fitness (the male has a larger brain) and ultimate fitness (he has attractive characteristics that will be passed on to progeny).
Acquisition of Surgical Skills by Hepatobiliary Rotation

The changes that have occurred over the last several decades regarding the management of liver injuries have been described in several recent publications. The number of liver injuries being identified has increased over time associated with improvements in techniques for diagnosis and the widespread use of computed tomography (CT) in injured patients. However, the incidence of major, high-grade hepatic injuries has remained largely unchanged in 12–15 % of all liver injuries. Most liver injuries in patients with satisfactory hemodynamics are now managed nonoperatively. While some have reported that this shift in management has not changed resident operative experience, others have noted a significant decline in the resident operative experience in the management of liver trauma. Lucas reported that recent graduating chief surgical residents performed a mean of 1.2 operations for hemostasis with liver injuries with most having no experience with complex techniques of liver injury management such as tractotomy or hepatic resection.
Abstract 1657: Targeting Cullin-RING ligases by MLN4924 induces autophagy via modulating the HIF1-REDD1-TSC1-mTORC1-DEPTOR axis in breast cancer cells.

MLN4924, a newly discovered small molecule inhibitor of NEDD8-Activating Enzyme (NAE), inactivates Cullin-RING E3 ubiquitin ligases (CRLs) by blocking cullin neddylation. As a result, MLN4924 causes accumulation of several key substrates of CRLs and effectively suppresses tumor cell growth by inducing apoptosis and senescence. However, the role of MLN4924 in induction of autophagy and its biological significance are totally unknown. Here we showed that MLN4924 effectively induces autophagy in both time- and dose-dependent manners in breast cancer cells. Mechanistically, by inactivating CRLs, MLN4924 causes accumulation of DEPTOR and HIF1α. The siRNA knockdown and gene KO studies showed that DEPTOR and the HIF1α-REDD1-TSC1 axis are responsible for MLN4924-induced autophagy via inhibiting mTORC1. Biologically, autophagy is a survival signal to tumor cells, and blockage of autophagy via siRNA knockdown, gene KO and small molecule inhibitor remarkably enhanced MLN4924-induced apoptosis. Our study reveals an uncharacterized mechanism of MLN4924 action and provides the proof-of-concept evidence for strategic drug combination of MLN4924 with an autophagy inhibitor for maximal killing of tumor cells via enhancing apoptosis. Citation Format: Yongchao Zhao, Xiufang Xiong, Lijun Jia, Yi Sun. Targeting Cullin-RING ligases by MLN4924 induces autophagy via modulating the HIF1-REDD1-TSC1-mTORC1-DEPTOR axis in breast cancer cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1657. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-1657
Commensal and parasitic entameba histolytica infestation

The changes in host susceptibility to gastro-intestinal infections have been presented from the viewpoint developed in these laboratories. Definite intra-intestinal alterations have been demonstrated to occur during adaptation of the host to changes of his meteorological and nutritional environments.
Report of Survey Results for Newly Licensed Registered Nurses in Washington State

Abstract Current projections for the need for nurses in Washington state are based on an increase in the need for health care, the aging of the population, and the inability of the nursing educational institutions to supply adequate numbers of graduates. Yet many new graduates are providing anecdotal evidence that they cannot find a job in nursing. This study gathered information regarding the employment of newly licensed registered nurses in Washington between May 2009 and August 2010. Questionnaires were administered to a randomly selected sample of 2,200 newly licensed nurses; 532 responses were returned. Nearly 81% reported current employment as a registered nurse and 69.5% reported that they were very or somewhat satisfied with their employment situation. The job search strategies, type of job sought, and factors contributing to their success are reported. Factors contributing to the success of their job search and to job dissatisfaction are explored.
Neonatal Nasal Deformities

Congenital and iatrogenic nasal deformities are uncommon but may cause severe respiratory distress. Disruption of the normal developmental process causes most cases of congenital nasal obstruction. This report reviews the etiology, presentation, workup, and management of the most common lesions.
Comparison of DNA Content, S-Phase Fraction, and Survival Between Medullary and Ductal Carcinoma of the Breast

Medullary carcinoma (MC) of the breast has been regarded as a subtype of breast carcinoma with a relatively favorable prognosis despite its high nuclear grade and high mitotic index. High nuclear grade and high mitotic index have been correlated with DNA aneuploidy and high S-phase fraction (SPF) by flow cytometry. Generally in breast cancer, these histologic and DNA content features predict a less favorable prognosis. To address this paradox, all cases of MC of the breast (20 of 1,365 carcinomas (1.5%]) diagnosed between 1968 and 1982 were compared to age- and stage-matched cases of infiltrating ductal carcinoma (IDC) diagnosed during the same time period. All of the MC and 80% of the IDC had one or more DNA aneuploid stem lines. Average total SPF was 8.1% for MC and 4.8% for IDC. DNA analysis was performed from paraffin blocks (average CV: 4.5% DNA diploid; 4.1% DNA aneuploid), and subjected to computer modeled analysis. Statistically significant differences between presence or absence of DNA aneuploidy ( P = .035) and total SPF ( P = .029) were demonstrated between the two groups. Thirteen of 20 patients (65%) with MC (average followup 130 months) were alive at the end of the study period compared to 12 of 20 patients (60%) with IDC (average follow-up 160 months). The difference in crude survival was not statistically significant ( P = .867). However, there was a tendency toward early death in MC and late death in IDC. Within the TNM stage-matched patients, no significant difference was demonstrated for tumor size or nodal status when these variables were examined separately. In conclusion, statistically significant differences in DNA content and proliferative fraction exist between medullary carcinoma of the breast and ductal carcinoma. The biologic and clinical differences demonstrated in this analysis warrant careful consideration before including cases of medullary carcinoma in studies evaluating newer prognostic variables in breast cancer.
Post-invasion demography of prehistoric humans in South America

As the last habitable continent colonized by humans, the site of multiple domestication hotspots, and the location of the largest Pleistocene megafaunal extinction, South America is central to human prehistory. Yet remarkably little is known about human population dynamics during colonization, subsequent expansions, and domestication. Here we reconstruct the spatiotemporal patterns of human population growth in South America using a newly aggregated database of 1,147 archaeological sites and 5,464 calibrated radiocarbon dates spanning fourteen thousand to two thousand years ago (ka). We demonstrate that, rather than a steady exponential expansion, the demographic history of South Americans is characterized by two distinct phases. First, humans spread rapidly throughout the continent, but remained at low population sizes for 8,000 years, including a 4,000-year period of 'boom-and-bust' oscillations with no net growth. Supplementation of hunting with domesticated crops and animals had a minimal impact on population carrying capacity. Only with widespread sedentism, beginning ~5 ka, did a second demographic phase begin, with evidence for exponential population growth in cultural hotspots, characteristic of the Neolithic transition worldwide. The unique extent of humanity's ability to modify its environment to markedly increase carrying capacity in South America is therefore an unexpectedly recent phenomenon.
Impact of a rapid multiplex polymerase chain reaction blood culture identification technology on outcomes in patients with vancomycin-resistant Enterococcal bacteremia.

AbstractBackground: Early appropriate antibiotic selection is associated with favorable clinical outcomes. We evaluated the clinical impact of rapid detection of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcal bacteremia (VREB) by the FilmArray blood culture identification (BCID) panel coupled with antimicrobial stewardship program (ASP) interventions.Methods: Hospitalized adult patients with VREB identified by conventional methods (CM) were compared to patients with VREB identified by BCID. Real time alerts of BCID results were provided to the ASP for intervention. Outcomes were compared between groups.Results: Sixty-eight patients with VREB were included (CM, n = 45; BCID, n = 23). No significant differences in demographics, pre-existing conditions, or clinical characteristics were observed. Significant reductions were demonstrated between CM and BCID groups in median hours to organism identification (47.7 versus 18.2, p < 0.001), to identification of vancomycin resistance from time of culture positivity (50.1 versus...
Retinal manifestations of systemic diseases.

Ophthalmoscopy is a useful tool for the practitioner. Retinal changes may occur in systemic diseases other than diabetes mellitus and hypertension. In some unusual conditions coordination of systemic findings with evaluation of changes in the fundus oculi can be valuable in diagnosis, therapy and prognosis.
Husserl, Logical Psychologism and the Theory of Knowledge

It is often claimed that Frege was the one to have steered the “early” Husserl away from his presumed psychologism: Frege according to a widespread opinion was the one who prompted Husserl’s criticism of psychologism in the Logical Investigations (cf. Bell 1994; Follesdal 2001). It is clear that there were intellectual connections between Husserl and Frege at the time Husserl was first coming to grips with the issue in the early 1890s (see for instance the Frege-Husserl correpondence, in Bernet et al. 2005, 20–31). But in light of Husserl’s 1896 lectures on logic, it is much clearer that the real impetus behind Husserl’s criticism was Bolzano’s Theory of Science. Husserl’s antipsychologistic position rests on a meta-epistemological reflection that has two aims. The task is to fix the respective domains of the sub-disciplines that belong to the theory of knowledge in order to explain how these sub-disciplines are connected. In this regard, Husserl considerably diverges from Frege whose treatment of metaphilosophical questions of this type is insubstantial. Directly and indirectly — “indirectly” because Twardowski played an important role in Husserl’s rediscovery of Bolzano around 1894 — Husserl is indebted to Bolzano for many of his views on the nature of logic, its relation to psychology and their respective role within the theory of knowledge.
Abstract 1256: Multi-focal control of mitochondrial gene expression by oncogenic MYC provides effective therapeutic targets in cancer

The MYC transcription factor is the most dramatically overexpressed gene product in human cancer. However, defining the MYC-driven transcriptome critical to malignant transformation has remained a challenge, in part because MYC controls several thousand genes. Consequently, little progress has been made in the identification of sensitive nodes downstream of MYC that might be targeted therapeutically in order to interrupt its oncogenic signaling. To overcome this impediment, we performed a screen for downstream MYC effector pathways that are selectively linked to MYC9s functional properties. Via this strategy, we identified the mitochondrial RNA polymerase (POLRMT) as a direct downstream target of MYC. POLRMT induction by MYC regulates transcription of the mitochondrial genome, as well as mitochondrial DNA replication. Recent studies have shown that POLRMT also interacts with a mitochondrial ribosomal RNA methyltransferase TFB1M to regulate mitochondrial ribosome assembly. Notably, blocking induction of POLRMT (or TFB1M) by MYC converts the cellular response to MYC activation from enhanced cell cycle progression to apoptotic cell death. Of immediate clinical relevance, compounds blocking mitochondrial gene expression at any of several steps cause acute synthetic lethality with oncogenic levels of MYC. Among these compounds, the mitochondrial targeting antibiotic Tigecycline is FDA-approved and well-tolerated in patients. Tigecycline eliminates tumor formation and dramatically improves survival in our animal model of MYC-driven lymphoma. Evidence presented here demonstrates that uncoupling of MYC9s nuclear and mitochondrial transcriptomes exposes a point of exquisite vulnerability in tumor cells. Although targeting MYC as a therapeutic strategy has proven to be challenging in the past, our identification of a new node of sensitivity in MYC-driven cancers offers a potential for broad therapeutic implications. Citation Format: Amanda Taylor, Clare Adams, Xiao-yong Zhang, Victoria Gennaro, Justin Cotney, Gerald Shadel, Craig Cameron, Christine Eischen, Steven McMahon. Multi-focal control of mitochondrial gene expression by oncogenic MYC provides effective therapeutic targets in cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 1256.
Cold Flow Properties of Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Blends with and without Triacetin

Optimizing the cold flow properties of biodiesel is pertinent to its applicability as an alternative to conventional petrodiesel products. This work provides a systematic study of specific cold flow properties of binary blends of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) and a cold flow improver, triacetin. The cloud point, melting point, and heat of crystallization of various blends of FAME and triacetin were analyzed to further understand the molecular interactions affecting crystallization. Cloud point analysis revealed trends based on FAME and additive composition. Generally, the cloud point of pure FAME decreased with decreasing carbon number and increasing degree of unsaturation. The use of triacetin, which is a potential fuel component, as a cloud point depressant was also investigated for pure component and binary FAME fuel blends. The addition of triacetin depressed the cloud point up to 2.7 K in proportions of up to 20 wt %. Thermodynamic analysis and predictive modeling revealed the effect of component c...
Current Evaluation of Pathologic Correlates of Dementia

The involvement of pathology in mental disease was confirmed by Wilks in 1864: The more marked changes which have been described as occurring in the insane, especially in those long demented, are those of an atrophic kind; the whole brain, when weighed, is found to be much lighter than an organ would be which had quite filled the skull case. Thus on removing the dura mater, the surface of the brain is often quite hidden by the layer of serum which lies beneath the arachnoid, and filling up the spaces between the convolutions; instead of the sulci meeting they are widely separated, and their intervals filled with serum, and which, on being removed with the pia mater, the full depth of the sulci can be seen, At the same time the ventricles are distended by a large amount of serum; their walls are granular and the choroid plexus is full of cysts. Such conditions are indicative of a wasted brain and are those which have been regarded as characteristic of a chronic form of insanity.
Applications of Electrochemistry to the Study of Transport Phenomena in Layered Clays

Clay-modified electrodes are a useful tool for studying transport in layered materials. In situ pore structures can be determined as affected by the bathing solution. The effect of those pore structures on the transport of a wide variety of electrochemically active probe molecules can be ascertained. The results of these studies have implications for transport of pollutants (including radioactive species) in nature and for the development of catalytic and charge storage devices based on electroinactive support materials.
Mathematical Modeling and Evaluation of Human Motions in Physical Therapy Using Mixture Density Neural Networks.

Objective: The objective of the proposed research is to develop a methodology for modeling and evaluation of human motions, which will potentially benefit patients undertaking a physical rehabilitation therapy (e.g., following a stroke or due to other medical conditions). The ultimate aim is to allow patients to perform home-based rehabilitation exercises using a sensory system for capturing the motions, where an algorithm will retrieve the trajectories of a patient’s exercises, will perform data analysis by comparing the performed motions to a reference model of prescribed motions, and will send the analysis results to the patient’s physician with recommendations for improvement. Methods: The modeling approach employs an artificial neural network, consisting of layers of recurrent neuron units and layers of neuron units for estimating a mixture density function over the spatio-temporal dependencies within the human motion sequences. Input data are sequences of motions related to a prescribed exercise by a physiotherapist to a patient, and recorded with a motion capture system. An autoencoder subnet is employed for reducing the dimensionality of captured sequences of human motions, complemented with a mixture density subnet for probabilistic modeling of the motion data using a mixture of Gaussian distributions. Results: The proposed neural network architecture produced a model for sets of human motions represented with a mixture of Gaussian density functions. The mean log-likelihood of observed sequences was employed as a performance metric in evaluating the consistency of a subject’s performance relative to the reference dataset of motions. A publically available dataset of human motions captured with Microsoft Kinect was used for validation of the proposed method. Conclusion: The article presents a novel approach for modeling and evaluation of human motions with a potential application in home-based physical therapy and rehabilitation. The described approach employs the recent progress in the field of machine learning and neural networks in developing a parametric model of human motions, by exploiting the representational power of these algorithms to encode nonlinear input-output dependencies over long temporal horizons.
N-Acetylcysteine Amide, a Thiol Antioxidant, Protects TBHP-Induced Oxidative Stress in Primary Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of blindness in Americans at ago 60 and older. AMD is a degenerative condition that begins in Bruch’s membrane and progresses to the retinal pigment epithelium and, ultimately, the overlying photoreceptors. While oxidative stress is implicated in the pathogenesis of AMD, dietary antioxidants have been shown to delay progression of AMD in clinical studies. We hypothesized that N-acetylcysteine amide (NACA), a thiol antioxidant, would impede progression of retinal degeneration. tert-Butyl hydroperoxide (tBHP) is a model hydroperoxidant used to induce oxidative stress in cell cultures. The goal of this work was to evaluate the efficacy of NACA in preventing tBHP-induced acute oxidative stress in primary human retinal pigment epithelial cells (hRPEpiC). Our data indicated that tBHP induced ROS generation and resulted in reduced cell viability, depletion of intracellular glutathione (GSH) levels and compromise of glutathione reductase (GR) activity. Pretreatment with NACA significantly reduced ROS generation, restored the level of GSH and GR activity, and recovered transepithelical electrical resistance (TEER). However, pretreatment of NACA did not decrease the number of dying cells, defined as early and late apoptotic cells from flow cytometry. Our data suggests that pretreatment with NACA reduces sublethal but not the lethal effect in primary cultures of human retinal pigment epithelial cells. NACA is a potent antioxidant that could be further evaluated as a potential treatment for dry AMD.
The politics of imaginaries and bioenergy sub-niches in the emerging Northeast U.S. bioenergy economy

Abstract As part of a transition to lower carbon energy systems, bioenergy development is often assumed to follow a uniform pathway. Yet the design, organization, and politics of bioenergy production in specific regional contexts may be contested. This study examines contestation within an emerging perennial crop bioenergy sector in the U.S. Northeast. Synthesizing conceptual contributions from the multi-level perspective on the significance of niches and sub-niches in sustainability transitions and from science and technology studies on the material and moral implications of sociotechnical imaginaries and object conflicts, this paper analyzes the politics of bioenergy sub-niche imaginaries. It identifies two main bioenergy sub-niches centered on (1) regional production and (2) community energy. Examining proposed and current production of perennial energy crops on marginal land, the study draws on 42 semi-structured interviews with bioenergy actors (e.g., scientists, industry representatives, policymakers, farmers/landowners) and secondary documents. The two bioenergy sub-niche imaginaries revealed political contestations around scale of operations, control and beneficiaries, and about definitions and uses of marginal land relative to livelihoods and community. This study highlights the potency of rival imaginaries within a developing sociotechnical niche and implications for sustainability transitions. Tracing the contours and emphases of, as well as conflicts between, bioenergy sub-niche imaginaries can clarify which pathways for transition to a lower carbon energy future could garner political and public support. The paper concludes by considering how disagreements between sub-niche actors could lead to productive mutual learning and the possibility of forging solutions contributing to more robust and equitable sustainability transitions.
Program design for agroforestry extension in the south-eastern USA

Before prioritising regional agroforestry training and extension content, it is necessary to discover which practices are common, what benefits are perceived, which barriers prevent use, and how people feel about practices. Agroforestry taps both agriculture and forestry agencies to increase the possible set of educators for landowners and managers. Interdisciplinary activities also present barriers to professionals unfamiliar with some topics or not served by lead partner agencies. To understand motives, barriers and needs involved in agroforestry extension and training activities for professionals, the Center for Subtropical Agroforestry (CSTAF) designed a survey to gauge knowledge, practice and information needs of professionals in Alabama, Florida and Georgia. Landowners in Alabama and Florida received similar survey questionnaires. Initial interviews of a test group with open-ended questions formed the basis for a closed-ended mail survey to all agriculture and natural resource extension agents and county foresters in the subtropical area. Response rates for various professional groups varied between 14% and 43%, and most ranked the potential for use of agroforestry as moderate or high. In all three states, wildlife habitat, water quality and soil conservation were the most important benefits seen by extension professionals. The most important concerns identified were lack of familiarity, lack of demonstrations, no financial incentive, and lack of information about agroforestry. These data provide insights about how to prioritise research and materials development and indicate that agroforestry training can be expected to be of value to at least half of the regional forestry and extension professionals.