cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Traditional and Online IPO Processes: Are there Differences in after-Market Trading and Market Making?

In this study we compare the after-market trading and market making activities of a sample of Nasdaq online initial public offerings (IPOs) to a matched sample of traditional IPOs. We find that online IPOs have significantly higher turnover in after-market trading, and more market makers, dealers, and electronic communications networks servicing their trading activities than traditional IPOs. We find no difference between the samples in after-market volumes, block trades, or the number of dealers actually engaged in trading. We believe this provides some support for the notion that distribution of IPOs to online customers facilitates liquidity in the after-market, at least for the smaller investor. We also believe that the evidence implies that control of the after-market trading is still in the hands of the institutional investor and that the advantages the Internet offers as a global communication network are at this point not being fully utilized.
High-sensitivity fiber optic planar ultrasonic microphone

We describe the design and performance of a novel planar ultrasonic fiber sensor for detection of air acoustic signals. The sensor is formed from a potted single layer of spirally wound optical fiber, and configured such that the static backing pressure can be varied. Experimentally we demonstrate normalized sensitivities (?O /O?P) of-295 to .265dB re. 1 µPa1.
Two models for transforming auditory signals from head-centered to eye-centered coordinates

Two models for transforming auditory signals from head-centered to eye-centered coordinates are presented. The vector subtraction model subtracts a rate-coded eye position signal from a topographically weighted auditory target position signal to produce a rate-code of target location with respect to the eye. The rate-code is converted into a place-code through a graded synaptic weighting scheme and inhibition. The dendrite model performs a mapping of head-centered auditory space onto the dendrites of eye-centered units. Individual dendrites serve as logical comparators of target location and eye position. Both models produce a topographic map of auditory space in eye-centered coordinates like that found in the primate superior colliculus. Either type can be converted into a model for transforming visual signals from retinal to head-centered coordinates.
Polyelectrolyte Hollow Sphere Lithographic Patterning of Surfaces: Construction of 2-Dimensional Well-Ordered Metal Arrays

Lithographic patterning of interconnected well-ordered metal arrays onto silicon wafers utilizing a 2-dimensional array of poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride)/poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) thin shells as the template is reported. The polyelectrolyte (PE) thin shells (hollow spheres) were produced by dissolving the polystyrene (PS) sphere cores. Structures of the arrays can be altered by varying the size of the PS spheres. The preparation of such arrays represents an inexpensive lithographic method for the fabrication of a variety of materials.
Open-die forging of structurally porous sandwich panels

Structurally porous metal sandwich panels consisting of dense face sheets and porous cores of controlled relative density can be manufactured by trapping inert gas during hot isostatic pressing and modifying its distribution via subsequent thermomechanical forming. A plane-strain solution for analyzing the open-die forging of such a plastically compressible sandwich panel is developed. An effective yield potential for the face sheet/core sandwich is constructed from the Mises yield criterion for the rigid-plastic face sheet and Doraivelu et al’s density-dependent yield function for the compressible core. This effective constitutive response is used in a classical “slab” analysis of open-die forging. The analysis predicts the upsetting force and the distributions of pressure, core relative density, and average stresses within both the face sheet and the core. During upsetting, a zone of fully constrained material (i.e., with zero lateral strain) is predicted to occur at the center of the workpiece, and this densifies first. A densification front then advances laterally from the panel center toward the outer edges. The nonuniform densification complicates the use of forging for the production of components requiring a uniform density core.
Chronic morphine administration enhances nociceptive sensitivity and local cytokine production after incision.

The chronic use of opioids prior to surgery leads to lowered pain thresholds and exaggerated pain levels after these procedures. Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain this heightened sensitivity commonly termed opioid-induced hyperalgesia (OIH). Most of these proposed mechanisms involve plastic events in the central or peripheral nervous systems. Alterations in the abundance of peripheral mediators of nociception have not previously been explored. In these experiments mice were treated with saline (control) or ascending daily doses of morphine to generate a state of OIH followed by hind paw incision. In other experiments morphine treatment was initiated at the time of incision. Both mechanical allodynia and peri-incisional skin cytokine levels were measured. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) assays were used to determine neutrophil activity near the wounds. The cytokine production inhibitor pentoxifylline was used to determine the functional significance of the excess cytokines in previously morphine treated animals. Mice treated chronically treated with morphine prior to incision were found to have enhanced skin levels of IL-1β, IL-6, G-CSF, KC and TNFα after incision at one or more time points compared to saline pretreated controls. The time courses of individual cytokines followed different patterns. There was no discernable effect of chronic morphine treatment on wound area neutrophil infiltration. Pentoxifylline reduced cytokine levels and reversed the excess mechanical sensitization caused by chronic morphine administration prior to incision. Morphine treatment initiated at the time of incision did not lead to a generalized enhancement of cytokine production or nociceptive sensitization in excess of the levels observed after incision alone. The enhanced level of nociceptive sensitization seen after incision in animals chronically exposed to morphine is associated with elevated levels of several cytokines previously reported to be relevant to this incisional pain model. The cytokines may be functional in supporting nociceptive sensitization because pentoxifylline reverses both peri-incisional skin cytokine levels and OIH. Opioid administration beginning at the time of incision does not seem to have the same cytokine enhancing effect. Approaches to postoperative pain control involving a reduction of cytokines may be an effective way to control excessive pain in patients chronically using opioids prior to surgical procedures.
Examining School Improvement Through the Lens of Principal and Teacher Flow of Influence in High-Achieving, High-Poverty Schools

Based on the social exchange theory of Homans, Gouldner, and Malinowski, this sociocultural analysis of three elementary schools focused on principal-teacher and teacher-teacher exchanges of instructional influence. Two questions were asked: (a) In what ways, if any, do principals and teachers in high-achieving, high-poverty schools exchange social influence? and (b) How might these exchanges contribute to a school's instructional capacity? Collected through interview, observation, and document mining, data were analyzed inductively. Two major findings emerged from the data. First, principal and teachers exchanged influence reciprocally through (a) informal prerequisites that created a zone of trust for other exchanges of influence, (b) exchanges initiated by assertive teachers that provided reciprocity and indirect social equilibrium between teachers and principals, and (c) exchanges perceived by all players as instructionally valuable. Second, three processes were analyzed as increasing schoolwide instr...
Whole-island carbon stocks in the tropical Pacific: Implications for mangrove conservation and upland restoration

Management of forest carbon (C) stocks is an increasingly prominent land-use issue. Knowledge of carbon storage in tropical forests is improving, but regional variations are still poorly understood, and this constrains forest management and conservation efforts associated with carbon valuation mechanisms (e.g., carbon markets). This deficiency is especially pronounced in tropical islands and low-lying coastal areas where climate change impacts are expected to be among the most severe. This study presents the first field estimate of island-wide carbon storage in ecosystems of Oceania, with special attention to the regional role of coastal mangroves, which occur on islands and coastal zones throughout the tropics. On two island groups of Micronesia (Yap and Palau), we sampled all above- and belowground C pools, including soil and vegetation, in 24 sites distributed evenly among the three major vegetation structural types: mangroves, upland forests, and open savannas (generally on degraded lands formerly forested). Total C stocks were estimated to be 3.9 and 15.2 Tg C on Yap and Palau, respectively. Mangroves contained by far the largest per-hectare C pools (830e1218 Mg C ha
Policy Development, Planning, and Resource Allocation in the Department of Defense

The U.S. Department of Defense develops policies, plans, and allocates resources using PPBS—the Planning, Programming, Budgeting System. The system is used to formulate both long-range policies and resource allocation plans. The scope of DoD's activities make this an enormous undertaking. It is also politically charged because of the role of Congress in determining the department's budget and activities. Therefore, complexity and plurality characterize these processes.
Effects of stimulants, anorectics, and related drugs on schedule-controlled behavior.

The effects of nine drugs were studied in rats responding under either fixed-ratio 30 (FR-30) or fixed-interval 2-min (FI-2) schedules of food presentation. All the drugs decreased average rates of responding under both schedules in a dose-related manner, with apomorphine and clonidine being the most potent and caffeine the least potent.d-Amphetamine was about three times more potent thanl-amphetamine in decreasing responding under the FR schedule, while the two isomers were equipotent in reducing the average response rates under the FI schedule. A 10 mg/kg dose of fenfluramine decreased responding for two to three days after administration, but this treatment did not produce long-lasting changes in control performance or in the effects of the serotonergic drugs quizapine andd-paramethoxyamphetamine. The effects of the drugs on the local rates of responding during the FI may be divided into three categories: (1) those drugs that increased low rates of responding and decreased high rates of responding (rate-dependent effects) at dosages that did not markedly decrease the average response rates (d-amphetamine, methylphenidate, and cocaine); (2) those that produced rate-dependent effects only at dosages that markedly reduced average response rates (fenfluramine, quipazine, and clonidine); and (3) those that did not produce clear rate-dependent effects at any dose tested (l-amphetamine, apomorphine, and caffeine). These behavioral results are discussed in relation to their known biochemical effects on brain catecholamine and serotonin systems.
Tautomerism of 2-azidoadenine nucleotides. Effects on enzyme kinetics and photoaffinity labeling.

Abstract The 2-azidoadenine nucleotides show promise as photoaffinity probes. Substitution at the C-2 position should favor an anti conformation and enable binding of the analogue to enzyme sites which exhibit low affinity for the 8-azidoadenine derivatives. The 2-azidoadenine nucleotides were found to be substrates for pyruvate kinase, phosphofructokinase, adenylate kinase, hexokinase and the mitochondrial F 1 -ATPase. However, tautomerism of 2-azidoadenine nucleotides to two nonphotoreactive tetrazole forms complicates kinetic analyses and their use as photoaffinity probes. An analysis of the ultraviolet spectra of these analogues enables an estimation of the tetrazolo isomer content and the rates of tautomerization. The photoreactive azido isomer was found to represent only 45% of the total analogue population in neutral aqueous solution. The azidoazomethine-tetrazole equilibrium favors the azido isomer in acidic or nonpolar solutions. The first-order rate constants at 25°C were determined to be 0.017 min −1 and 0.021 min −1 for tautomerism to the azido and tetrazolo isomers, respectively. Prior equilibration of the probe in various solvents thus allows investigation of the analogue's behavior with an enzyme system at different, essentially fixed, isomer ratios. The determination of the impact of the tetrazolo tautomers on the system allows optimization of conditions for photoaffinity-labeling experiments.
Case Report Arthroscopic reduction and internal fixation of an anterior glenoid fracture

This case report describes the use of the arthroscope for the treatment of an anterior glenoid rim fracture associated with anterior shoulder instability.
Depression and Neurocognitive Performance After Concussion Among Male and Female High School and Collegiate Athletes

Abstract Kontos AP, Covassin T, Elbin RJ, Parker T. Depression and neurocognitive performance after concussion among male and female high school and collegiate athletes. Objectives To prospectively examine the relationship of sport-related concussion with depression and neurocognitive performance and symptoms among male and female high school and college athletes. A secondary objective was to explore age and sex differences. Design Pretest, multiple posttest, repeated-measures design. Setting Laboratory. Participants High school and collegiate athletes (N=75) with a diagnosed concussion. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures Beck Depression Inventory-II and computerized neurocognitive test battery (Immediate Post-concussion Assessment and Cognitive Test), which includes concussion symptoms (Post-concussion Symptom Scale) at baseline and at 2, 7, and 14 days postinjury. Results Concussed athletes exhibited significantly higher levels of depression from baseline at 2 days ( P ≤.001), 7 days ( P =.006), and 14 days postconcussion ( P =.04). Collegiate athletes demonstrated a significant increase in depression at 14 days postconcussion than did high school athletes ( P =.03). There were no sex differences in depression levels. Neurocognitive decrements at 14 days were supported for reaction time ( P =.001) and visual memory ( P =.001). Somatic depression at 7 days postconcussion was related to slower reaction time at 7 days postconcussion. Somatic depression at 14 days postinjury was related to lower visual memory scores at 14 days postinjury. Conclusions Although not clinically significant, athletes experienced increased depression scores up to 14 days after concussion that coincided with neurocognitive decrements in reaction time and visual memory. Somatic depression appears to be most salient with regard to lower neurocognitive performance. Mood assessments after concussion are warranted to help monitor and enhance recovery.
Interactions of Copper with Interlayer Dielectrics and Adhesion Promoters / Diffusion Barriers.

Copper with its high conductivity, specific heat and melting point (compared to Al), is being investigated as the interconnection metal for applications both on and off the chip. Such interconnection wirings will be seperated by the dielectric layers which could be either polymers or inorganic oxides like SiO 2 . In such applications an adhesion promoter, which may also work as a diffusion barrier, maybe used between the dielectric and the metal film. An investigation of the diffusion and interaction of Copper with such dielectrics and insulators has been carried out in the temperature range of 200 – 500 oC. Specifically, interactions of Copper with SiO 2' P—glass, Polyimidesiloxane and Magnesium are investigated. Results of these studies will be presented and discussed.
USE OF TRANSMITTED COLOR TO CALIBRATE THE THICKNESS OF SILICON SAMPLES

Abstract In preparing silicon-based semiconductors for transmission electron microscopy (TEM), it has been widely observed that a backlit silicon sample displays a series of colors in the thinnest regions. These colors results from absorption and optical interference of light within the silicon sample and depend upon the type of light source and the silicon sample thickness. These colors can range from deep red for thickness ≥5 μm, through orange and yellow in the thinner regions, to essentially colorless at the thinnest regions. In this work we present the first direct measurement of silicon color versus thickness and discuss the factors that influence this relationship.
Background and Content of the Historical Archives of Goa

In the 1976 volume of History in Africa D.N. Beach published a brief but very interesting account of his visit to and findings in the Historical Archives of Goa (HAG). The objectives of Beach's visit to the Archives were precisely and rather narrowly delimited by the particular interests of this scholar and his university. He searched for and found a number of documents bearing on Shona history, which was at the center of his professional interests, and he identified some but by far not all the relevant collections. Beach's mission in view of his limited objectives and time restrictions can be rated successful. However, there are other interesting collections in the Goa archives of value to historians with interest in the territory of south-eastern and central Africa with all its peoples rather than one particular group. To historians with broader interests in the history of south-eastern, central, and even western Africa, as well as that of the Indian Ocean, the following background and description of the contents of the Historical Archives of Goa should be of considerable interest. The account is based on a two-week visit I made to the Archives in 1971 and my four months of research in the Archives in 1974.Although barely known to the community of modern historians, the Historical Archives of Goa are probably the best existing archives in the non-western world and the records there cover a large area of the world over a period of four hundred and fifty years from the early sixteenth to the twentieth century. These documents represent primarily the history of the Portuguese State of India from 1515 to 1961, an area which covered far more than what was known in 1961 as Goa, Damao, and Dio. For much of four centuries the viceroyalty of Goa extended for all practical purposes from the Cape of Good Hope to Nagasaki and Timor. Thus the documents collected in Goa contain the history of many countries with which the Portuguese came into contact. Among them the most prominent are, in geographic order: Mozambique, Rhodesia, Zanzibar, Tanzania, Kenya, Ethiopia, the Arab countries, Persia, the Mughal Empire, the Marathas, the Deccani Sultanates, Goa, Vijayanagar, Ceylon, Bengal, Siam, Malaysia (Malacca), China, Japan, the Moluccas, and Timor. In addition there is a good deal of information on Angola and Brazil. The wide geographic coverage of the archival holdings is matched by the depth of the period covered. Although the Archives were instituted in 1595, the holdings extend further back into the sixteenth century and provide detailed evidence for study of diplomatic, religious, political, economic, and social history, unmatched in amount and quality in any archives in the given geographic area.
Meniscal Repair Versus Partial Meniscectomy: A Systematic Review Comparing Reoperation Rates and Clinical Outcomes

Purpose The aim of this investigation was to compare reoperation rates and clinical outcomes after meniscal repair and partial meniscectomy. Methods A systematic literature review was performed to identify outcome studies of arthroscopic meniscal repair (inside-out, outside-in, and all-inside techniques) or partial meniscectomy in patients with traumatic meniscal tears. The studies included patients with no previous injuries or operations. Results At short- and long-term follow-up, partial meniscectomy had a lower reoperation rate (1.4% [2 of 143] and 3.9% [52 of 1,319], respectively) than isolated meniscal repair (16.5% [47 of 284] and 20.7% [30 of 145], respectively). There was a slightly higher reoperation rate after partial lateral meniscectomy compared with partial medial meniscectomy. Repairs of the medial meniscus resulted in higher reoperation rates than repairs of the lateral meniscus. Meniscal repairs at the time of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction had a lower failure rate than isolated repairs. In the limited number of studies with long-term clinical outcome scores, meniscal repair was associated with higher Lysholm scores and less radiologic degeneration than partial meniscectomy. Conclusions Whereas meniscal repairs have a higher reoperation rate than partial meniscectomies, they are associated with better long-term outcomes. Level of Evidence Level IV, systematic review of Level I–IV studies.
Smart material database compilation and material selection tool development

In this paper, information on the various aspects of smart materials is compiled in an easy-to-consult format by conducting extensive survey of published articles and including the properties of the materials. The compilation of a comprehensive database on smart materials enables to expedite a material selection process in the design of smart material devices or systems. We show the compiled database in a legible format such as GUI based computer software that determines and simulates what material to use based on properties and performance. Finally, the associated system-level models for selected materials are developed and shown in the compilation.
Respiratory excretion of selenium.

Summary and conclusionsThe current experiments demonstrate that the formation and excretion of volatile selenium compounds occur soon after administration of 75SeO3= and L-seleno-75 methionine. The rate of excretion of volatile substances through the lungs when administered either as inorganic (75SeO3=) or organic (L-seleno-75 methionine) selenium is more rapid during the first 6 hours than during any subsequent 6-hour period up to 24 hours. On the basis of mg selenium per kg body weight, larger amounts of selenium are excreted when administered as inorganic than as organic selenium. It is apparent that the mechanism of methylation and rapid excretion via the respiratory gases assumes a more significant detoxification role when amounts of selenium approaching the lethal levels are administered.
Moving toward a theory of normative influences: How perceived benefits and similarity moderate the impact of descriptive norms on behaviors.

ABSTRACT In recent years researchers have focused attention on understanding the role of normative factors in influencing behaviors. Although there is some evidence to support the idea that restructuring normative beliefs can result in behavior change, the norms literature is largely silent about how or why this influence occurs. The theory of normative social behavior describes the moderators of the descriptive norm-behavior relationship. Through a 2 (descriptive norms: high or low)×2 (perceived benefits: high or low)×2 (similarity: high or low) between-subjects experiment(N = 174), we tested whether these cognitive mechanisms moderated the norms-behavior link. Results indicated that descriptive norms do not exert a direct influence on behavior. Rather, perceived benefits moderated the relationship between descriptive norms and behavioral intention and perceived similarity moderated the relation between descriptive norms and self-efficacy.
Gleaning Meaning: Harvest Time

I gathered a large bouquet of different flowers, and was going home, when I noticed in a ditch, in full bloom, a beautiful thistle plant.... In front of me, to the right of the road, I saw some kind of little clump, and drawing nearer I found it was the same kind of thistle as that which I had vainly plucked and thrown away. This "Tatar" plant had three branches. One was broken, and stuck out like the stump of a mutilated arm. Each of the other two had one flower, once red but now blackened. ... A cartwheel had obviously run over the plant, but it had risen again. ... "What energy!" I thought. "Man has conquered everything, and destroyed millions of plants, yet this one still won't submit." And I remembered a Caucasian episode of years ago, which I had partly seen myself, partly heard of from eye-witnesses, and partly imagined to myself.
Takes a transnational network to raise a child: the case of migrant parents and left-behind Jamaican teens

Migration of parents, in pursuit of 'a better life', has deep roots in Caribbean history and culture. However, the separation from children that results means that care gets provided through a transnational network of caregivers and devices. In this paper we describe how mobile phones in particular have entered a complex care network and while they support some communications they have also contributed to many of the difficulties associated with migration. On the basis of our observations, we conclude with a call for future Ubicomp research into family communication to look to support parenting by considering caregiving networks as wider than just the family. Moreover, this study contributes to our thinking about what 'more' means when introducing additional technologies in family and care networks and their ability to reinforce or shift power structures in the networks in which they are embedded.
The method to predict wear depth and wear volume of tube at near-distant future from measured or prescribed depth at present time

The existing results of the impact model for a cylindrical projectile are modified. The material constant associated with the impact model is inversely determined from the given wear depth and number of impacts. The wear depth or wear volume in the near-distant future is estimated from the material constant using the present wear status. The results are compared with measured depths of a steam generator tube in a nuclear power plant. The results show that predicted wear depth envelops the measured depth. It can be concluded that the methods employed in the present paper can be applied to the prediction of wear depth from a given status of wear at the present time.
Time-resolved photoresponse of a gallium-doped germanium photoconductor using a variable pulse-width terahertz source

Picosecond to nanosecond-wide terahertz pulses are used to study the fast photoresponse of a gallium-doped germanium (Ge:Ga) photoconductor operating at 4.2 K. A recombination time of about 2 ns is observed in the time-resolved photoresponse. Laser-activated semiconductor reflection switches are used to “slice” the variable-width terahertz pulses from the quasicontinuous-wave output of a free-electron laser.
Macular Hemorrhages Associated With Posterior Vitreous Detachment

We treated three patients with small, macular-area hemorrhages associated with posterior vitreous detachment. All patients were young and had no associated systemic illness or associated retinal vascular disease. Visual acuity returned to normal without treatment as the hemorrhages resolved.
Heterochromatin and gene regulation in Drosophila

Abstract We have recently learned more about the biochemistry of heterochromatin and about how heterochromatic environments affect gene function. New findings have emphasized the distinctions betweeen telomeric and pericentric heterochromatin in Drosophila and have suggested a mosaic structure within pericentric heterochromatin. Theories concerning the mechanism of inactivation of euchromatic genes in heterochromatic environments have been tested using transgenes inserted into heterochromatin. The current data support a competition/chromatin structure model, in which multiprotein repressor complexes compete with transcriptional activators to assemble an active or inactive chromatin structure.
Galileo Ultraviolet Spectrometer experiment

The Galileo ultraviolet spectrometer experiment uses data obtained by the Ultraviolet Spectrometer (UVS) mounted on the pointed orbiter scan platform and from the Extreme Ultraviolet Spectrometer (EUVS) mounted on the spinning part of the orbiter with the field of view perpendicular to the spin axis. The UVS is a Ebert-Fastie design that covers the range 113–432 nm with a wavelength resolution of 0.7 nm below 190 and 1.3 nm at longer wavelengths. The UVS spatial resolution is 0.4 deg × 0.1 deg for illuminated disc observations and 1 deg × 0.1 deg for limb geometries. The EUVS is a Voyager design objective grating spectrometer, modified to cover the wavelength range from 54 to 128 nm with wavelength resolution 3.5 nm for extended sources and 1.5 nm for point sources and spatial resolution of 0.87 deg × 0.17 deg. The EUVS instrument will follow up on the many Voyager UVS discoveries, particularly the sulfur and oxygen ion emissions in the Io torus and molecular and atomic hydrogen auroral and airglow emissions from Jupiter. The UVS will obtain spectra of emission, absorption, and scattering features in the unexplored, by spacecraft, 170–432 nm wavelength region. The UVS and EUVS instruments will provide a powerful instrument complement to investigate volatile escape and surface composition of the Galilean satellites, the Io plasma torus, micro- and macro-properties of the Jupiter clouds, and the composition structure and evolution of the Jupiter upper atmosphere.
Vendor/library relations: A perspective

L'auteur evoque son experience de bibliothecaire dans le cadre des relations avec les fournisseurs: les problemes qui se posent pour la fourniture de documents et les reponses qu'il a su y apporter sont detailles
Hybrid carbon nanotube and dye-doped liquid crystal material for holographic imaging

Without the application of AC or DC electric fields, we recorded permanent holographic images in a hybrid material based on the nematic liquid crystal E7, doped with 0.6% Methyl Red (MR) and 0.002% single-wall carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The images were recorded using a 488-nm laser and reconstructed using 488, 532 and 633-nm probe beams. Multi-order diffraction patterns were observed, during image storage and reconstruction, for thin films having thicknesses of 15 μm. The quality and diffraction efficiency were higher for the hybrid cells than for cells doped only with MR. Average first-order diffraction efficiencies of 7.1 and 3.7% were found for the hybrid and MR-only doped cells, respectively. The primary objective of this study was to utilize the molecular properties of MR and CNTs to produce a hybrid material with improved holographic properties. Dynamics of image formation and a proposed CNT-enhancement mechanism are presented. The holograms are robust and have remained stable for over 2 years.
Plasma Membrane: Rapid Isolation and Exposure of the Cytoplasmic Surface by Use of Positively Charged Beads

Erythrocytes were ionically attached to polylysine-coated beads 30 micrometers in diameter. The binding of the cells was so tenacious that lysis or disruption of the attached cells left the beads covered by plasma membranes whose cytoplasmic surface was exposed and accessible for further analysis.
The Sunrayce '95 Idea: Adding Hands‐on Design to an Engineering Curriculum

During the 1994-95 academic year, Catalano taught a first-time senior capstone design class with the goal of entering a student-designed and built, solar-powered race car in the Department of Energy's Sunrayce '95 competition. This course came from an effort to move toward a more fully integrated mechanical engineering curriculum designed to supplement the learning experiences of students in their more traditional engineering courses. In this paper, we summarize the planning for the course, the design and construction phases of the class—especially how students and faculty perceived their design work, the cadets' perceptions of their learning during the class, and experiences of the students and faculty during the race. Teaching this new course provided insights into some of the dilemmas raised when changes to an existing curriculum are made.
Band of t-archimedean semigroups.

A semigroup S is called t-archimedean if for all a,b∈S, there exists a positive integer i such that bi∈aS∩Sa. The purpose of this paper is to characterize semigroups which are bands of t-archimedean semigroups. We then apply this result to exponential semigroups.
Laser annealing characteristics of multiple bulk defect populations within DKDP crystals

Laser annealing by pre-exposure to subdamage threshold laser pulses is a well-established method to increase the damage performance of bulk KH2PO4 and KDxH2−xPO4 nonlinear optical materials. The origin of laser-induced damage is believed to be localized absorption by a defect structure, either a light-absorbing foreign nanoparticle or a cluster of stoichiometric defects. It has been recently shown that there are at least three populations of such defect structures in these materials in which pre-exposure to laser pulses of specific fluence and wavelength results in a measurable reduction in their number density or decrease in their susceptibility to damage. In this work, we investigate the annealing characteristics of these three populations of defect structures in DKDP under variable irradiation conditions. The aim is to understand the similarities and differences between these populations in the way they interact with laser light. The results depict distinct behaviors that reveal information on the rela...
The pathological substrate of limbic epilepsy: neuronal loss in the medial dorsal thalamic nucleus as the consistent change.

Purpose: The focus of research in limbic epilepsy has been the hippocampus because of its well-known pathology of hippocampal atrophy and sclerosis as well as the strong propensity for this structure to seize under a variety of circumstances. There is ample evidence, however, for pathological alterations in other regions of the limbic system in limbic/ mesial temporal lobe epilepsy, including the amygdala, the entorhinal cortex, and, in some cases, the thalamus. In this preliminary evaluation of the pathological substrate for limbic epilepsy, we wished to determine if there was consistent anatomic change at extrahippocampal sites. Methods: We compared paraffin sections of brains from rats with chronic spontaneous limbic epilepsy and age-matched controls to determine the consistency of the pathology at five sites: the hippocampus, amygdala, entorhinal cortex, piriform cortex, and medial dorsal thalamus. Results: In a qualitative evaluation of these sections taken from standardized positions, we found that the medial dorsal thalamic nucleus in the epileptic animals was the site that was consistently involved with neuronal loss. With all other sites, at least several animals had qualitatively normal tissue. Conclusions: This finding suggests that neuronal loss in the medial dorsal thalamus may be the consistent pathology in limbic epilepsy, at least in an animal model of the disorder. The presence of a structurally abnormal subcortical region with broad connections to the limbic sites involved with chronic epilepsy may have implications for our understanding of the pathophysiology of this disorder.
Estimating Precipitation in the Central Cascades of Washington

Abstract Precipitation in the central Cascades of Washington correlates well over 1966–96 with wind and moisture in twice-daily upper-air soundings at a radiosonde station near the Pacific coast, 225 km away. A simple model estimates precipitation by using the component of the wind roughly normal to the north–south range of the Cascade Mountains, which it raises to a power and scales by the relative humidity. Values at 850 mb are taken as an index of the total moisture flux. Thresholds are imposed for the wind component and the relative humidity to reduce the likelihood of estimating precipitation from weak onshore flow on dry days. A split-sample analysis indicates that the model parameters are highly robust against sampling error. This moisture flux model estimates precipitation over 5-day periods with the coefficient of determination r2 ≈ 0.55, which increases for precipitation aggregated over 30-day periods to 0.75 and decreases to 0.30 for daily precipitation. Results over a 4-month period in the win...
New ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from Micronesia

Nine new species of ants collected in Micronesia are described and illustrated: Camponotus eperiamorum n. sp. (Pohnpei I.), C. erythrocephalus n. sp. (Yap I.), C. flavicomans n. sp. (Palau), C. marianensis n. sp. (Mariana Is.), C. peleliuensis n. sp. (Palau), Pheidole recondita n. sp. (Marianas and eastern Caroline Is), Vollenhovia kaselela n. sp. (Pohnpei I.), V. mwereka n. sp. (Pohnpei I.), and V. pwidikidika n. sp. (Pohnpei I.). They were discovered while cataloging the ant fauna of Micronesia, and several of them were already noted as possible new species when found in museum collections. Type series for five of the species include modern collections made during the course of this study.
Epistatic interaction between COMT and DAT1 genes on eating behavior: a pilot study.

Abstract Problems related to food and weight in women may be influenced by the (DA) dopamine system. Catechol-o-methyl transferase (COMT) and the dopamine transporter (DAT) exert control on concentrations of extracellular DA. High and low functioning alleles of the COMT Val158Met and DAT1 3' UTR VNTR polymorphisms have been identified, and their associations with reward and cognition suggest a role in the modulation of eating behavior. A sample of undergraduate college women (N = 71) was characterized for binge eating and eating psychopathology and genotyped for the COMT and DAT1 markers. Results revealed a significant epistatic interaction between COMT and DAT1 genes on eating psychopathology and binge eating (p = .02 for both). This suggests that genetic studies of risk for maladaptive eating behavior involving the dopamine system should explicitly consider epistasis.
The hard-magnetic properties of rare earth-transition metal alloys

The intermetallic phases formed between the rare earth metals (R) and the elements of the 3-d transition series are a large group of new substances with interesting magnetic properties. They have been studied intensely in the last decade. Their properties are reviewed with a view toward their usefulness for permanent magnets. Some aspects of the recently developed magnets based on certain RCo 5 compounds are discussed. The prediction is made that second-generation rare earth magnets can be developed using R 2 (Co,Fe) 17 alloys. These should have energy products and thermal stability superior even to sintered SmCo 5 , while being less expensive. Experimental evidence supporting this claim is discussed.
Lower Paleozoic Autochthonous Sequence in Southeastern California

The Bonanza King Dolomite (Middle and Late Cambrian), Lead Gulch Formation (Late Cambrian), and Tamarack Canyon Dolomite (Late Cambrian) are exposed in the Front Ridge area on the west side of the Inyo Mountains east of Lone Pine, California, and represent the southwestern most occurrences of miogeosynclinal rocks of Late Cambrian age in North America. The Bonanza King Dolomite forms the core of an elongate north-northwest-trending anticline that is the southernmost extension of a regionally significant fold in the northern Inyo Mountains. This anticlinal block is in place relative to the allochthonous northern Inyo and northern Panamint Mountains and provides evidence for a possible eastern limit for the root zone from which rocks of Late Cambrian age originated, which are included in allochthonous masses east of the Front Ridge area.
The complete genomic sequence of the marine phage Roseophage SIO1 shares homology with nonmarine phages

Viruses are ubiquitous components of the marine environment, frequently reaching concentrations of 10 7 ‐10 8 viruses per milliliter of surface seawater. The majority of these viral particles are bacteriophages (phages). Although the oceans are probably the largest pool of bacteriophages on the planet, the evolutionary relationships of marine phages to phages from other environments are unknown. To address this issue, we have completely sequenced the genome of the lytic marine phage, Roseophage SIO1, that infects the heterotrophic marine bacterium Roseobacter SIO67. This phage has an isometric capsid with a diameter of approximately 43 nm, a short tail, a buoyant density of 1.49 g cm 23 in CsCl, and a 39,906-bp dsDNA genome. Sequence similarities and relative positions within the genome suggest that three of the open reading frames (ORFs) are homologous to the primase, DNA polymerase, and endodeoxyribonuclease I proteins of coliphages T3 and T7. The results are consistent with the mosaic theory of phage evolution and indicate a genetic link between marine and nonmarine phages. Additionally, basic life histories of marine phages can be elucidated by comparison of complete genomes to those of other extensively studied phages (e.g., lambda, T4, T7). The DNA replication machinery of Roseophage SIO1 shows a clear homology with that of coliphages T3 and T7, suggesting that the process of DNA replication may be similar among these phages. The Roseophage SIO1 genome also encodes four predicted proteins involved in phosphate metabolism (RP PhoH, RP ribonucleotide reductase, RP Thy1, and RP endodeoxyribonuclease I) suggesting that phosphate recycling is important to Roseophage SIO1’s life cycle. Other interesting clues about Roseophage SIO1’s life history come from the absence of certain expected protein regions. For example, we have not been able to identify the Roseophage SIO1 structural proteins (e.g., capsid proteins) by homology to other phages. It is also conspicuous that the Roseophage SIO1 genome lacks a recognizable RNA polymerase, an essential component of T3 and T7 life cycles. Analysis of the Roseophage SIO1 genome shows that marine and nonmarine phages are genetically related but basic life histories may be significantly different.
Cutaneous Necrotizing Sarcoidosis

A 33-year-old African American woman presented with a 2 year history of skin lesions on her legs. Skin biopsy demonstrated interstitial and focally confluent reticular dermal histiocytic infiltrate consistent with granuloma annulare. She was treated with high-potency topical steroids and returned 14 months later with diffuse papular lesions, 80 lb. weight loss, and dyspnea. Repeat skin biopsy showed similar distribution of interstitial and sheet-like histiocytopathy, accompanied by fibrinoid necrosis, cell-poor lymphocytic interface dermatitis and thrombogenic vasculopathy. Stains for fungi (AB – PAS and GMS) and mycobacterial species (Ziehl-Neelsen, Fite and auramine-rhodamine immunofluorescence) were negative. No foreign material was evident under polarized light. A diagnosis of cutaneous necrotizing sarcoidosis was made. Necrotizing sarcoidosis is a well-recognized pulmonary entity, but is rarely reported in the skin. Diagnostic features include granulomata with regional necrosis, often with a granulomatous vasculitis, in the absence of demonstrable microbial pathogens. Patients are typically adult women who present with pulmonary symptoms, fever, weight loss and fatigue. The etiology of sarcoidosis remains obscure. One proposed mechanism is an id reaction to an as yet unidentified pathogen, with circulating microbial antigens leading to an occlusive and infarctive vasculopathy. Such a mechanism could explain the pathologic changes seen with our patient.
Influence of predispositions on post-traumatic stress disorder: does it vary by trauma severity?

BackgroundOnly a minority of trauma victims (<10%) develops post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), suggesting that victims vary in predispositions to the PTSD response to traumas. It is assumed that the influence of predispositions is inversely related to trauma severity: when trauma is extreme predispositions are assumed to play a secondary role. This assumption has not been tested. We estimate the influence of key predispositions on PTSD induced by an extreme trauma – associated with a high percentage of PTSD – (sexual assault), relative to events of lower magnitude (accidents, disaster, and unexpected death of someone close).MethodThe National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC) is representative of the adult population of the USA. A total of 34 653 respondents completed the second wave in which lifetime PTSD was assessed. We conducted three series of multinomial logistic regressions, comparing the influence of six predispositions on the PTSD effect of sexual assault with each comparison event. Three pre-existing disorders and three parental history variables were examined.ResultsPredispositions predicted elevated PTSD risk among victims of sexual assault as they did among victims of comparison events. We detected no evidence that the influence of predispositions on PTSD risk was significantly lower when the event was sexual assault, relative to accidents, disasters and unexpected death of someone close.ConclusionsImportant predispositions increase the risk of PTSD following sexual assault as much as they do following accidents, disaster, and unexpected death of someone close. Research on other predispositions and alternative classifications of event severity would be illuminating.
In vitro production of huperzine A, a promising drug candidate for Alzheimer’s disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is growing in impact on human health. With no known cure, AD is one of the most expensive diseases in the world to treat. Huperzine A (HupA), a anti-AD drug candidate from the traditional Chinese medicine Qian Ceng Ta (Huperzia serrata), has been shown to be a powerful and selective inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase and has attracted widespread attention because of its unique pharmacological activities and low toxicity. As a result, HupA is becoming an important lead compound for drugs to treat AD. HupA is obtained naturally from very limited and slowly growing natural resources, members of the Huperziaceae. Unfortunately, the content of HupA is very low in the raw plant material. This has led to strong interest in developing sources of HupA. We have developed a method to propagate in vitro tissues of Phlegmariurus squarrosus, a member of the Huperziaceae, that produce high levels of HupA. The in vitro propagated tissues produce even higher levels of HupA than the natural plant, and may represent an excellent source for HupA.
LOW-COST SIMULATION AND MILITARY AVIATION TEAM TRAINING

Many modem job environments impose the need for teams of individuals to work together to effectively and efficiently accomplish their tasks, due to the complex nature of these tasks. Rapid changes in the workforce and workplace, such as advancements in technology and decreases in resources, suggest that teams will continue to be used to perform a variety of functions well into the future. In these settings, proficient task accomplishment depends upon teams employing appropriate and coordinated teamwork processes-. This element of teamwork is paramount hi that ineffective interaction among team members can cause severe performance effects. For some teams, such as military teams, surgical teams, and aircrews, potentially catastrophic results may occur when teamwork processes breakdown. For example, there is considerable documentation of dire consequences resulting from ineffective teamwork, including mishaps attributed to breakdowns in skills such as communication, leadership, and decision making'--. The need to train these teams to coordinate their activities is obvious. This is especially apparent hi military aviation given the dynamic characteristic of cockpit conditions and the potentially extreme consequences of ineffective teamwork hi this arena-. The key to successfully training teamwork hi complex team settings is to delineate the requisite team Knowledge, Skills, and Attitudes (KSAs) for effective mission accomplishment and to provide information, demonstration, practice and feedback to build these