cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Immigrant incorporation in the garment industry of Los Angeles.

This study expands immigrant social network theory and examined employment patterns in the garment industry in Los Angeles California among Latino workers employed by Asian immigrant entrepreneurs. The study determined that a large percentage of immigrant employees found their jobs through the immigrant economy. Entrepreneurship increased the supply of local jobs and expanded the economy at destination at no expense to natives. Immigrant entrepreneurs bought firms from nonimmigrant owners or started new ones with an immigrant labor supply. Masseys index is flawed due to its exclusion of the role of entrepreneurs. Migration networks facilitate entrepreneurship but some ethnic groups have fewer entrepreneurs such as Mexicans and Central Americans. A 1993 Los Angeles survey identified 3642 garment factories in its county. Mean employment was 27.1 persons. The garment industry was the 4th largest industry in the area in 1996 with 98700 employees. It represented 6% of all wage and salary employees in the City and 5.5% of the immigrant labor force in the County in 1990. 93% of garment workers in 1990 were immigrants. It is estimated that 51% of garment factory owners were Asians; most employees were Latinos. Census figures on sewing machine operators indicated 47.3% of owners were Whites and 42.45 were Asians. 53.3% of employees were other ethnic groups 14.5% were Asians and 32.2% were Whites. It is estimated that 47.2% of total employment was due to the immigration economy. 71.5% of the total employment in the garment industry was in the immigrant sector.
Radiative transfer modeling of the effect of mineralogy on some empirical methods for estimating iron concentration from multispectral imaging of the Moon

[1] Several empirical models for deriving FeO concentration from multispectral imaging of the Moon are tested using model spectra of lunar soil. The spectra are computed from a radiative transfer model based on the work of Bruce Hapke and cover the system plagioclase-orthopyroxene-clinopyroxene-olivine-ilmenite, and vary the Mg number and maturity over lunar relevant ranges. The high degree of correlation between measured and spectrally estimated FeO when applied to lunar soils returned by Apollo provides constraints on the abundance of certain rock types, and these constraints are consistent with geochemical mixing models. Good FeO estimates are yielded for mixtures of plagioclase, clinopyroxene, and ilmenite by all the algorithms. It is found that all spectral algorithms show large errors in the presence of significant olivine and significant errors in the presence of ferroan orthopyroxene. The best performance is shown by the LeMouelic et al. (2002) algorithm that is also insensitive to topographic shading in the absence of ilmenite. Previously noted differences between spectrally derived FeO and that derived by other techniques are all consistent with reported mineralogical differences.
Successful treatment of chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis with ketoconazole.

Ketoconazole, a new oral antifungal agent, was evaluated in the treatment of four patients with severe chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis refractory to standard antifungal therapy. Three had Candida esophagitis, and too had previously received intravenous amphotericin B. Initial ketoconazole dosage was 100 mg daily for patients weighing less than 30 kg and 200 mg daily for patients over 30 kg. All four patients showed dramatic improvement on the initial dose; three had complete clearing of mucous membrane and skin lesions within three weeks. Of the three patients with Candida esophagitis, one had complete clearing of esophagitis within one month and two were markedly improved. One patient required 400 mg daily to obtain complete clearing of skin and mucous membrane lesions. Two patients were maintained free of overt disease on one dose three times weekly but two patients relapsed and have required daily ketoconazole therapy to keep them free of Candida . The only side effects were mild nausea (two patients) occasional emesis at higher doses (two patients), and transient hypocholesterolemia (one patient). No adverse hematologic, gastrointestinal, or renal effects were noted. Ketoconazole appears to be a valuable oral antifungal agent for some patients with CMC.
Strain variations of mouse Sγ1 globulins

Abstract Strain variations in the migration of the S γ 1 globulin of mice have been demonstrated by immunoelectrophoresis. The variation of electrophoretic mobility seems to have a hereditary basis and was not accompanied by any detectable antigenic dissimilarity. The fast migration of the CBA 7 S γ 1 was presumably not due to to the presence of sialic acid. Papain digestion of the 7 S γ 1 from a strain of mice with 7 S γ 1 of fast mobility (CBA) and a strain with slow mobility (C57BL/6) showed that both the F c and the F ab pieces migrated at rate similar to the parent molecule. In addition, the F c piece of the 7 S γ 1 was seen to migrate faster than the F c piece of the 7 S γ 2 globulin.
Managing Impressions: “Face-Saving” Strategies of Vegetarians and Vegans

Goffman’s concept of impression management, front stage/backstage, and face work are used to explain how the participants in this qualitative study engage in promoting veganism and vegetarianism to...
FAMILIAL HYPOCALCIURIC HYPERCALCEMIA AND OTHER DISORDERS WITH RESISTANCE TO EXTRACELLULAR CALCIUM

The G protein–coupled, extracellular calcium (Ca 2+ o )-sensing receptor (CaR), which was cloned originally from parathyroid 11 and then from kidney 48 and several other cell types, 10 is a key mediator of systemic Ca 2+ o homeostasis in humans. The identification and characterization of the CaR has clarified how Ca 2+ o exerts diverse direct actions on several of the cells and tissues that maintain Ca 2+ o homeostasis (e.g., parathyroid, kidney, bone and intestine) in health and in various disease states. 10 The identification of naturally occurring loss-of-function 43 or gain-of-function 44 mutations in the gene encoding the CaR as the cause of human hypercalcemic or hypocalcemic disorders, 10 respectively, has proven the central nonredundant role of the CaR in maintaining near constancy of Ca 2+ o . From a pathophysiologic perspective, cloning of the CaR has also permitted the delineation of a group of disorders of Ca 2+ o homeostasis that result from abnormal Ca 2+ o -sensing. Some of these disorders represent generalized abnormalities in Ca 2+ o -sensing, whereas, in others, the defect is tissue selective (e.g., present only in a single tissue, such as the parathyroid). Furthermore, some disorders of Ca 2+ o -sensing are heritable and are caused by mutations in the CaR gene, whereas others are acquired and are not associated with any identifiable mutations in the receptor's coding sequence. 10 This article briefly reviews the normal roles of the CaR in maintaining Ca 2+ o homeostasis. Recent progress in understanding hypercalcemic states is described, in which there is inherited or acquired, generalized or tissue-selective resistance to the usual actions of Ca 2+ o on CaR-expressing tissues.
Sensitivity of renal brush-border Na+-cotransport systems to anions

The effect of anions on Na+-cotransport of succinate, lactate, glucose, and phenylalanine was studied under voltage clamped conditions in brush-border membrane vesicles prepared from rabbit renal cortex. The initial rate of succinate uptake varied by an order of magnitude depending on the anion: the highest rates were obtained with fluoride and gluconate, and the lowest with iodide. The anion sequence corresponded with the inverse of the anion hydration energies. The kinetics of succinate uptake were measured in the presence of fluoride and chloride. There was no difference in the maximal rates of uptake, but the Kt in fluoride (0.30 mM) was less than half that in chloride (0.70 mM), i.e. Cl− behaved as a competitive inhibitor of succinate transport with a Ki of 150 mM. The uptake of l-lactate, d-glucose and l-phenylalanine was less sensitive to anions, and there was no correlation with hydration energies. We conclude that the anion effects on sugar and amino acid uptakes measured under open-circuit conditions are largely due to variations in membrane potential, but in the case of the dicarboxylate transporter anions behave as weak competitive inhibitors. The specificity of the anion inhibition suggests that the dicarboxylate binding sites have a weak field strength relative to water.
The case of charged density distribution versus semi-permanent polarization as a basis for electret behavior

Abstract It is generally recognized that a distribution of volume and surface charge densities of total amount zero is the equivalent, as regards the field produced, of a suitably chosen distribution of polarization. A formal proof of this matter is given. The distribution of polarization lacks uniqueness to the extent of any contribution which, considered as a vector, is not derivable from a potential. It is shown that, if an electret were composed of ordinary charge distributions, its effects would diminish by fifty per cent in a day or two on the basis of any reasonable assumption for the conductivity of the medium.Electret behavior must thus be based upon assumption of a semi-permanent polarization decaying in a manner independent of conductivity. The effects observed can be regarded as arising from a lag in the action of conductivity in providing for a cancellation of the effects of polarization at each instant. The fact that the polarization, regarded as a sub-macroscopic distribution of charges, is itself not annihilated by the conductivity with a time constant appropriate thereto calls for explanation, and such is given.
Progressive facial hemiatrophy

Summary 1. Two cases of progressive facial hemiatrophy with cerebral calcification and convulsions in a girl twelve and a boy fifteen years old are presented. 2. Roentgenograms demonstrating cerebral calcification conform most closely to proved cases of calcified hemiangioma. 3. It is believed that in the first case the convulsions, which antedated the hemiatrophy by three or four years, were directly related to the calcified cerebral lesion. In the second case, also, it is believed that the convulsions were related to a hemangioma, which later became calcified. It does not seem probable that the history of trauma bore any relation to the convulsions. 4. The relation of the intracranial process to the hemiatrophy in both cases is not determined.
Genetic background influences timing, morphology and dissemination of lymphomas in p53-deficient mice

To examine the influence of genetic background on tumorigenesis in p53-deficient mice, we used selective breeding to produce congenic mice with a null p53 gene mutation introduced into the VM inbred strain. Cohorts of homozygous p53 null (-/-) mice from the original C57B6/129Sv mixed strain and the VM congenic strain were monitored for spontaneous tumor development, as were control cohorts of wild-type (+/+) and heterozygous (+/-) animals. Twenty-six of 28 C57B6/129Sv (-/-) mice died by the study end date (median survival =184.5 days). Twenty-three of 26 VM (-/-) mice died and their survival was significantly shorter (111 days, P<0.0001). Of 26 C57B6/129Sv (-/-) mice that died, 21 were autopsied: all 21 had lymphomas. Of 26 VM mice that died (23 -/-, 3 +/-), 21 were autopsied: 19 developed lymphoma and two had sarcomas. Several mice had additional neoplasms. Lymphomas in VM mice were distinct from those in C57B6/129Sv mice in that they i) arose on average more than two months earlier, ii) involved thymus more often than spleen or lymph nodes and iii) were more often poorly differentiated, high grade tumors. These results demonstrate that genetic background alone influences the onset, morphology and dissemination of lymphomas in p53-deficient mice and suggest the presence of genes which modify the timing and biological nature of lymphomas in these mice.
On the Realizability of Special Classes of Autonomous Sequential Networks

A procedure for testing the realizability of complete 2n-state directed graphs by means of n-stage synchronous autonomous sequential networks of particular types, supplying at the same time state assignments pertaining to realizations of a specified class, is described. The analysis is confined to decomposed and linear networks, although the outlined method, based on the matrix representation of sequential circuits, can be applied to other types of networks. The similarity between transition matrices and corresponding logic matrices permits deriving circuit results through sole consideration of state graph structures. By resorting to the classical theory of rational canonical matrices, with any transition matrix a unique set of invariant vector subspaces of the 2n-dimensional space is systematically associated, upon which the prescribed realizability test is performed.
Neither Mao, Nor Che: The Practical Evolution of Revolutionary Theory. A Comment on J. Moreno's ‘Che Guevara on Guerrilla Warfare’

An official, albeit implicit, Chinese critique of Che Guevara's methods in Bolivia in 1966–67 can be found in Peking's praise in 1969 for a Bolivian Communist Draft Peasant-Agrarian Program. Peking stresses Bolivia's feudal character and its domination by American imperialism. That is, the revolution should ally with bourgeois nationalism. Consequently it must be based on a minimalist program to attract a maximum of support. The National Liberation Front in Vietnam follows that course. The Cuban revolution of Fidel Castro took that road. Nonetheless, R6gis Debray insists that ‘Cuba remembered from the beginning that the socialist revolution is the result of an armed struggle against the armed power of the bourgeois state’. While Peking Review agreed on the need for an ‘armed struggle… rely[ing] firmly on the peasants’, it did not propose making the middle classes the main target of that fight. By stressing socialism instead of alliance with nationalistic capitalists, Che isolates himself from a potential source of support and forces those rich entrepreneurs to help reactionary militarists and landed oligarchs whom they may abhor. Nationalist anti-imperialism is a major issue in Latin America as most everywhere else in the world. Yet there is no necessary reason why narrowly based Che-style guerrillas must win the nationalist mantle. It has been the bourgeois parties and interests in Latin America which usually have expropriated Yankee businesses. It is the native national bourgeoisie who are most obviously hurt by Yankee competition. But if the guerrillas cannot appear as the nationalists, they will not win the thousands upon thousands of patriotic youth needed to educate, organize, lead and die.
A Chandra Study of Sagittarius A East: A Supernova Remnant Regulating the Activity of Our Galactic Center?

We report on the X-ray emission from the shell-like, nonthermal radio source Sgr A East (SNR 000.0+00.0), located in the inner few parsecs of the Galaxy based on observations made with the ACIS detector on board the Chandra X-Ray Observatory. This is the first time Sgr A East has been clearly resolved from other complex structures in the region. The X-ray-emitting region is concentrated within the central 2 pc of the larger radio shell. The spectrum shows strong Kα lines from highly ionized ions of S, Ar, Ca, and Fe. A simple isothermal plasma model gives electron temperature ~2 keV, absorption column ~1 × 1023 H cm-2, luminosity ~8 × 1034 ergs s-1 in the 2-10 keV band, and gas mass ~2η1/2 M☉ with a filling factor η. The plasma appears to be rich in heavy elements, overabundant by roughly a factor of 4 with respect to solar abundances, and shows a spatial gradient of elemental abundance; the spatial distribution of iron is more compact than that of the lighter elements. The gas mass and elemental abundance of the X-ray emission support the long-standing hypothesis that Sgr A East is a supernova remnant (SNR), perhaps produced by the Type II supernova explosion of a massive star with a main-sequence mass of 13-20 M☉. The combination of the radio and X-ray morphologies classifies Sgr A East as a new metal-rich "mixed morphology" (MM) SNR. The size of the Sgr A East radio shell is the smallest of the known MM SNRs, which strongly suggests that the ejecta have expanded into a very dense interstellar medium. The ejecta-dominated chemical compositions of the plasma indicate that the ambient materials should be highly homogeneous. We thus evaluate a simplified dynamical evolution model where an SNR was formed about 10,000 yr ago and expanded into an ambient medium with a homogeneous density of 103 cm-3. The model roughly reproduces most of the observed properties in the X-ray and radio wavelengths. A comparison with the radio observations requires the dense ambient medium to be ionized, but a luminous X-ray irradiator with an expected X-ray luminosity of ~1040 ergs s-1 is not currently present. The presence of the ionized gas may be explained if the massive black hole (MBH) associated with the compact, nonthermal radio source Sgr A* was bright in X-rays about 300 yr ago but is presently dim. It is possible that the dust/molecular ridge compressed by the forward shock of Sgr A East hit Sgr A* in the past, and the passage of the ridge may have supplied material to accrete onto the black hole in the past and may have removed material from the black hole vicinity, leading to its present quiescent state. This may be a specific example of the intimate relationship between an SNR and MBH accretion activity in galactic nuclei.
Evaluating perceptual video quality for mobile clients in 802.11n WLAN

In this paper, we characterize the performance of HD video streaming in 802.11n WLANs under user mobility. We conducted experiments in QuRiNet, a large-scale outdoor wireless testbed that experiences little electromagnetic interference. We observe the variation in video quality with the variance of both speed of a mobile user and his distance from access point (AP). Using subjective scores and objective video quality assessment metrics, we build a non-linear regression model to estimate video quality based on user speed and distance. An ensemble machine learning kernel, bagging, is used in conjunction with Reduced Error Pruning Decision Trees to build a non-linear prediction model that scores 69% correlation with video quality. Overall, we find that distance has larger impact on video quality than speed. However, the physical factors such as speed and distance cannot be used in isolation to estimate video quality accurately.
Things not known

Discovery and reporting are probably the two most important tasks facing responsible intellectuals. A serious problem appears, however, in regard to the linkage of the two efforts. Some authors provide conclusions without having undertaken the prior task of investigation. The problem appears in many works of popular writers, biographers, historians, social scientists, journalists, and free-lance commentators. Responsible intellectuals should reject such procedures but with remarkable frequency many authors continue to provide what may, appropriately, be termed ‘declared truths’.
Ulcerative colitis in children. Current views and therapies.

Ulcerative colitis is a disease of the lower gastrointestinal system. Clinically it manifests itself in attacks of abdominal cramps and bloody diarrhea, commonly associated with fever, nausea, and weight loss. The onset is generally sudden but can also be insidious. The course of the illness is characterized by spontaneous remissions and exacerbations, often leading to chronic illness and surgical intervention. In some cases it may even prove fatal. To the pediatrician and the internist, chronic ulcerative colitis has been and remains an enigma, as a survey of the recent medical literature on ulcerative colitis in children confirms. The etiology of this disease is unknown and accordingly the treatment at best is aimed at symptomatic relief. There is no known medical treatment which can control the course or severity of the disease. The purely medical approach to the treatment of this disease has proven so unsatisfactory that surgery has become a rather frequent procedure. In fact, very recently Lynn (1965), a pediatric surgeon of the Mayo Clinic, earnestly suggested that in every case of ulcerative colitis in a child, total colectomy and permanent iliostomy should be performed not later than six months after the onset of the first symptoms of ulcerative colitis. Lynn states that, "The entire medical treatment of ulcerative colitis in children should be viewed as pre-
The arrangement of chromatin in the interphase nucleus with reference to cell differentiation and repression in higher organisms.

Abstract HeLa cells were grown as monolayer cultures in Spinner medium and given 12-minute pulse labels of 3 H thymidine. Synchronous crops of cells labelled in the last minutes of S showed a metaphase pattern of chromosomes hot-labelled close to the kinetochores (centromeres). Such cells in subsequent stages of interphase showed a concentration of label at the nuclear envelope. A control experiment with cells labelled in the first minutes of S yielded chromosomes labelled at the tips and in the nucleolar organizers. These cells showed label concentrated in the central area of the nucleus in the next interphase. The results are compatible with the view that the kinetochore regions of chromosomes are attached to the nuclear envelope in interphase. The significance of these results is considered with reference to interpreting DNA replication patterns, the segregation of chromosomes, eukaryote differentiation and repression, and the rationale for chromosome numbers. It is argued that the nuclear envelope serves as a ‘repressor organelle’ in higher organisms, and that DNA methylation may be involved in the control of RNA transcription, and hence gene expression.
A Rotational-Level Hydrogen Physical Chemistry Model for General Astrophysical Application

A physical chemistry model has been developed to predict the non-LTE state of hydrogen-dominated astrophysical objects under electron and photon forcing. The model is composed of five constituents, H2, H, H, H, and H+, and is unique in the application of physical chemistry at the rotational level. The range of behavior is explored for electron and solar deposition. Application of solar forcing includes a prediction of the steady state photoelectron energy distribution, calculated from the interaction of solar photons and photoelectrons with the fine structure. The model is applied to a wide range of physical conditions, including those appropriate to the outer-planet upper atmospheres, from the exobase to the hydrocarbon homopause. Steady state partitioning is found to vary by multiple orders of magnitude in response to variation of neutral diffusion, ambient electron density, and gas kinetic temperature. The model is particularly sensitive to neutral diffusion. The non-LTE H2 X 1Σ (v : J) partitioning exhibited for the range of explored physical conditions and forcing is critical to the prediction of the states of the outer-planet ionospheres. The determination of rotational-level H2 partitioning allows the prediction of discrete and continuum emission features running the entire spectral range for comparison to observations of astrophysical phenomena, including outer-planet aurora and dayglow, comet coma environments, and stellar atmospheres.
Ghosts, Fairies, Elves, and Nymphs: Towards a Semantic Template for Non-Human Being Concepts

The aim of this study was to devise a semantic template for non-human being terms. To achieve this objective, four non-human being concepts were analysed, and an explication for each concept was built. Comparing the explications yielded a nine-part semantic template. The usefulness of this semantic template is threefold: first, it eases the task of explicating non-human being concepts because the parts of the template can serve as guidelines to be followed while constructing the explications. Second, it eases the comparison between related non-human being concepts from different languages. Third, it reveals the devices embodied in the structure of non-human being concepts which enable people to use these complex concepts without difficulty.
Thermal decomposition of polymeric C60

Abstract Raman scattering is used to study the thermal decomposition of photochemically produced polymeric C60 films. Under the experimental conditions, a steady state monomer population is maintained through a competition between: (a) the photoattachment of monomers to other monomers and higher oligomers (e.g. dimers, trimers) driven by the Raman laser and (b) the thermal scission of the intramolecular CC bonds. The rate for thermal dissociation of these bonds is found to follow an Arrhenius-type behaviour with an activation energy Ea=1.25 eV.
The metabolic abnormalities associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common disorder in the Western hemisphere. It encompasses two histological lesions: fatty liver and steatohepatitis. A large body of literature indicates that insulin resistance is a key pathophysiological abnormality in patients with NAFLD. Insulin resistance results from a complex interplay between the major targets of insulin action, i.e. muscle, adipose tissue and liver, versus the ability of the pancreatic islet beta cells to compensate for insulin resistance by increasing insulin production. The metabolic and clinical profile associated with insulin resistance is thus defined by the factors that produce and maintain insulin resistance and the effects of decreased insulin sensitivity on various insulin-dependent pathways. The major metabolic defects associated with insulin resistance are increased peripheral lipolysis, increased hepatic glucose output due to increased gluconeogenesis and increased lipid oxidation. This is associated with an oxidative stress in the liver that may be compounded by additional pathophysiological abnormalities. While much work remains to be done, the current understanding of the pathogenesis of NAFLD provides direction for both future investigation and development of therapeutic trials.
S-methyl N,N-diethylthiolcarbamate sulfone, an in vitro and in vivo inhibitor of rat liver mitochondrial low Km aldehyde dehydrogenase.

Abstract S-Methyl N,N-diethylthiolcarbamate sulfone (DETC-Me sulfone) was investigated for its rat liver mitochondrial low Km aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2) inhibitory properties. DETC-Me sulfone inhibited ALDH2in vitro ( ic 50 = 3.8 μ M ) and in vivo ( id 50 = 170 μ mol/kg ; 31 mg/kg ). Maximum inhibition (60%) of ALDH2 was observed 8 hr after DETC-Me sulfone administration. In addition, incubation of S-methyl N,N-diethylthiolcarbamate (DETC-Me) or S-methyl N,N-diethylthiolcarbamate sulfoxide (DETC-Me sulfoxide) with rat liver microsomes and an NADPH-generating system failed to produce DETC-Me sulfone. Furthermore, DETC-Me sulfone could not be detected in plasma from rats treated with either DETC-Me sulfoxide or DETC-Me sulfone. In conclusion, DETC-Me sulfone inhibited ALDH2in vitro and in vivo. However, there was no evidence suggesting that DETC-Me sulfoxide was metabolized to DETC-Me sulfone.
Thermodynamic analysis of binary liquid alloys of group II B metals—II The alloys of cadmium with gallium, indium, tin, thallium, lead and bismuth

Abstract Some new information is presented on the integral heat of mixing in the liquid alloys of cadmium with gallium, indium, thallium and bismuth. The results are discussed along with corresponding data reported earlier for the cadmium-tin and cadmium-lead systems. The relative partial molal heat contents of cadmium are derived from the integral heat data. The corresponding excess entropies are evaluated from these quantities and the equivalent excess free energies available from e.m.f. studies and/or calculated from the appropriate phase diagrams. The excess entropies correlate roughly with the valence difference of the two components. The excess entropies of cadmium are compared with the entropies of zinc in equivalent alloys involving this metal. This comparison seems to confirm that the valence difference of the two components is of particular importance in determining the magnitude of the excess entropy.
The Stylisation of Internet Life?: Predictors of Internet Leisure Patterns Using Digital Inequality and Status Group Perspectives

This research addresses the question: What are the predictors of internet leisure patterns? With the barriers to internet access receding the question can be asked: Whether or not social groups are...
Clinical characterization and blepharoptosis surgery outcomes in Hispanic New Mexicans with oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy.

PURPOSE To clinically characterize blepharoptosis in Hispanic New Mexicans with oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy and examine eyelid surgery outcomes. METHODS A retrospective noncomparative case series and retrospective, nonrandomized, comparative interventional case series was performed on medical records from 86 patients. Main outcome measures included preoperative correlations between margin reflex distance, palpebral fissure height, levator function, and age and postoperative change in palpebral fissure height and time to reoperation for recurrent blepharoptosis after blepharoplasty, levator advancement, or frontalis sling surgery. RESULTS Preoperative measurements between the right and left eye were symmetrical with respect to margin reflex distance, palpebral fissure height, and levator function (all p 0.39). Eighty-three patients underwent eyelid surgery. As initial surgery, 15 underwent blepharoplasty, 17 levator advancement, and 51 frontalis suspension. Overall, 93.3% of blepharoplasty patients, 47.1% levator advancement patients, and 7.84% undergoing frontalis suspension had additional surgery for recurrent ptosis (rates differed, p < 0.001). Postoperative change for palpebral fissure height was 0.33 +/- 1.83 mm OD and 1.1 +/- 0.86 mm OS for levator advancement and 2.63 +/- 1.34 mm OD and 2.68 +/-1.47 mm OS for frontalis suspension (p = 0.03, OD and p = 0.004, OS). CONCLUSIONS Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy in Hispanic New Mexicans is a symmetrical, progressive disease that affects men and women similarly. Frontalis suspension is an effective primary surgery with respect to upper eyelid elevation, need for reoperation, and time to reoperation in this patient population.
Oxytocin decreases sweet taste sensitivity in mice

Abstract Oxytocin (OXT) suppresses food intake and lack of OXT leads to overconsumption of sucrose. Taste bud cells were recently discovered to express OXT-receptor. In the present study we tested whether administering OXT to wild-type mice affects their licking behavior for tastants in a paradigm designed to be sensitive to taste perception. We injected C57BL/6J mice intraperitoneally (i.p.) with 10 mg/kg OXT and assayed their brief-access lick responses, motivated by water deprivation, to NaCl (300 mM), citric acid (20 mM), quinine (0.3 mM), saccharin (10 mM), and a mix of MSG and IMP (100 mM and 0.5 mM respectively). OXT had no effect on licking for NaCl, citric acid, or quinine. A possible effect of OXT on saccharin and MSG + IMP was difficult to interpret due to unexpectedly low lick rates to water (the vehicle for all taste solutions), likely caused by the use of a high OXT dose that suppressed licking and other behaviors. A subsequent experiment focused on another preferred tastant, sucrose, and employed a much lower OXT dose (0.1 mg/kg). This modification, based on our measurements of plasma OXT following i.p. injection, permitted us to elevate plasma [OXT] sufficiently to preferentially activate taste bud cells. OXT at this low dose significantly reduced licking responses to 0.3 M sucrose, and overall shifted the sucrose concentration — behavioral response curves rightward (mean EC50saline = 0.362 M vs. EC50OXT = 0.466 M). Males did not differ from females under any condition in this study. We propose that circulating oxytocin is another factor that modulates taste-based behavior.
COAST: An Architectural Style for Decentralized On-Demand Tailored Services

Decentralized systems are systems-of-systems whose services are governed by two or more separate organizations under distinct spheres of authority. Coordinated evolution of the various elements of a decentralized system may be difficult, if not impossible, as individual organizations evolve their service offerings in response to organization- and service-specific pressures, including market demand, technology, competitive and cooperative interests, and funding. Consequently, decentralized services offer unique challenges for evolution and adaptation that reach well beyond any\ one single organizational boundary. However, client-driven service customization and tailoring is a powerful tool for meeting conflicting, independent client demands in an environment where disorderly and uneven service evolution predominates. To this end, we contribute an architectural style, COmputAtional State Transfer (COAST), designed to provide extensive, safe, and secure client-directed customization of decentralized services. COAST combines mechanisms from software architecture, cryptography, security, and programming languages, granting application architects flexible provisioning of their core services and assets while protecting those services and assets from attack and misuse.
Regulation About Time-Varying Trajectories: Precision Entry Guidance Illustrated

Anewmethodforregulating nonlineardynamicsystemsabouttime-varying referencetrajectoriesisintroduced. The control law is a closed-form approximate receding-horizon control law based on the linearized time-varying dynamics. No on-line integration or explicit gain scheduling is required for implementation. Closed-loop stability canalwaysbeachievedwithsuchacontrollaw.TheapplicationofthismethodinentryguidancefortheX-33vehicle leads to very accurately controlled e ight in all the state variables in simulations, which was dife cult to achieve previously. This application demonstrates the potential of this approach as a powerful guidance and trajectory control method in cases for which high precision is required. I. Introduction T HE trajectory control problem for dynamic systems is often addressed in two steps: off-line trajectory planning and on-line trajectory tracking. It is the case for many robot control problems. Inaerospaceengineering,entryguidanceofa spacecraftis currently performed this way. Off-line trajectory planning allows careful design of the trajectory to satisfy all the constraints, optimize performance,andbalancethecone icting requirementsarising fromdifferent aspects of the mission. In the on-line implementation, however, some judicious choices in deciding how to accomplish the control objectives may have to be made because of the limited number of controlsand nonlineardynamics.Forinstance,intheentry guidance problem, the primary means for trajectory control is through modulation of the bank angle. Current nonlinear control methodology
Natural history of colonization with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE): a systematic review

No published systematic reviews have assessed the natural history of colonization with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) or vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE). Time to clearance of colonization has important implications for patient care and infection control policy. We performed parallel searches in OVID Medline for studies that reported the time to documented clearance of MRSA and VRE colonization in the absence of treatment, published between January 1990 and July 2012. For MRSA, we screened 982 articles, identified 16 eligible studies (13 observational studies and 3 randomized controlled trials), for a total of 1,804 non-duplicated subjects. For VRE, we screened 284 articles, identified 13 eligible studies (12 observational studies and 1 randomized controlled trial), for a total of 1,936 non-duplicated subjects. Studies reported varying definitions of clearance of colonization; no study reported time of initial colonization. Studies varied in the frequency of sampling, assays used for sampling, and follow-up period. The median duration of total follow-up was 38 weeks for MRSA and 25 weeks for VRE. Based on pooled analyses, the model-estimated median time to clearance was 88 weeks after documented colonization for MRSA-colonized patients and 26 weeks for VRE-colonized patients. In a secondary analysis, clearance rates for MRSA and VRE were compared by restricting the duration of follow-up for the MRSA studies to the maximum observed time point for VRE studies (43 weeks). With this restriction, the model-fitted median time to documented clearance for MRSA would occur at 41 weeks after documented colonization, demonstrating the sensitivity of the pooled estimate to length of study follow-up. Few available studies report the natural history of MRSA and VRE colonization. Lack of a consistent definition of clearance, uncertainty regarding the time of initial colonization, variation in frequency of sampling for persistent colonization, assays employed and variation in duration of follow-up are limitations of the existing published literature. The heterogeneity of study characteristics limits interpretation of pooled estimates of time to clearance, however, studies included in this review suggest an increase in documented clearance over time, a result which is sensitive to duration of follow-up.
Anomeric selectivity in the synthesis of galloyl esters of D-glucose.

Abstract The anomeric selectivity of the ester formation between d -glucopyranose and gallic acid was investigated under a variety of conditions. A new protocol was established that allows performing the reaction under conditions where mutarotation is very slow. Highly α- or β-selective transformations are possible when starting with α- or β- d -glucopyranose, respectively. Due to the kinetic anomeric effect, a high α-selectivity is more difficult to achieve than a high β-selectivity. The new methodology presented in this article was compared with established procedures for the synthesis of gallotannins. In addition to the advantages of a high yield and an easy purification protocol, the new procedure uniquely allowed for a highly selective synthesis of α-products.
Atmospheric correction and cross-calibration of LANDSAT-7/ETM+ imagery over aquatic environments: A multiplatform approach using SeaWiFS/MODIS

Abstract Atmospheric correction of Landsat/TM and Landsat-7/Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM+) over aquatic environments is generally more demanding than over land because the signal from the water column is small. Because the Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS; Orbview-II satellite) and the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS; Terra satellite) provide highly improved radiometric calibration, sensitivity, and spectral bands specifically designed for estimating aerosol radiance and its spectral quality, we attempted a multiplatform assessment of the path radiance and diffuse transmittance. Using SeaWiFS and ancillary data, we estimated the ETM+ path radiance and found that for a typically clear atmosphere, without knowledge of aerosol type (difficult to estimate with ETM+ data alone), the errors in the estimated aerosol radiance in Bands 1 and 2 can be a few counts (1 count corresponds to 0.0786 and 0.0817 mW cm −2 μm −1 sr −1 for Bands 1 and 2, respectively), comparable to errors in the estimated Rayleigh radiance by ignoring polarization correction. The same method can also be used to cross-calibrate the ETM+ over clear water where the target radiance (water-leaving radiance) is known. For a windless day (28 July 1999, wind −1 ), ETM+ Bands 2 and 3 agreed with the SeaWiFS-predicted values to within 0.5 count (∼1.5–3.3% of the total signal), while Band 1 was a few counts higher (∼5%) than predictions, possibly due to polarization or calibration effects. For a high-wind day (5 February 2000, wind speed ∼10 m s −1 ), the agreement is less satisfactory due to uncertainties in estimating the whitecap contribution. However, the overall trend for all the bands remains the same over the period: the difference for Band 1 is consistently larger than for Bands 2 and 3. Based on these results, we propose to use Rayleigh and aerosol data estimated with SeaWiFS and/or MODIS for atmospheric correction of ETM+ over aquatic environments. We also propose to use SeaWiFS/MODIS for monitoring the long-term stability of the Landsat-7/ETM+ calibration as the mission progresses.
Positive muon and the positron as probes of defects

A brief but hopefully general comparison has been made between muons and positrons as probes for the study of defects in metals. Since muon experiments are not only more demanding in manpower, cost and availability than positron experiments, they should be carefully designed in light of the knowledge that the muon is extremely sensitive to both intrinsic and extrinsic defects. Initial experiments should provide estimates of the muon diffusion coefficients as a function of sample temperature. High temperature hydrogen diffusion measurements do provide quidelines, although so far most of the observations of muon trapping have been made at low sample temperatures where hydrogen diffusion data do not exist. Given that the diffusion constant is known as a function of temperature, high-purity Fe26 after low temperature electron irradiation is therefore a good candidate to study with muons. Since the defect type and concentration can be controlled in electron irradiated samples, such investigations could confirm the stated values of the diffusion constants in Fe thereby providing a new method for evaluating diffusion coefficients below Stage III in different metals.
Planting and harvest date effects on productivity and root/shoot quotient of four brassica cultivars

Summer-planted turnip (Brassica rapa L.) is a highly productive crop, and may allow farmers to extend the grazing season and lower animal production costs. A field study was conducted to determine the influence of planting date and harvest date on morphological development and productivity of leafy plants like turnip in late fall. Turnip and a spinach x mustard hybrid were seeded in rows on Hagerstown silt loam soil (fine, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludalfs), using a factorial treatment structure (6 planting dates x 4 cultivars) in a split-plot design, with planting date as whole plot, cultivar as subplot, and four replicates. Three to six harvest dates were used, depending on planting date, resulting in an overall incomplete factorial treatment structure. Mean yield of all cultivars with optimal planting date-harvest date combinations was 11.5 Mg ha -1 without severe foliar disease and 9.7 Mg ha -1 with alternaria leaf spot (caused by Alternaria spp.). The interaction of planting date and harvest date on morphological development depended on resource allocation characteristics of the cultivar for top and root production. Delay of planting from late July to late August decreased top and root production more in 1990 than 1989. An optimum harvest date for maximizing fall top yield occurred each year regardless of planting date. Root yields increased in November and early December, whereas top yields did not. In general, total yields were high for crops planted in late July and harvested in late October or early November. Top/root quotient (top yield divided by root yield) was increased by delaying summer planting, and decreased by delaying fall harvest. Savanna had the highest, and Purple Top had the lowest top/root quotient. Turnip offers very high production potential for late-fall grazing, with a wide range of top/root yields.
Effect of hexaflumuron on mortality of the Western subterranean termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) during and following exposure and movement of hexaflumuron in termite groups

The effects of hexaflumuron consumption on the mortality of workers of the Western subterranean termite, Reticulitermes hesperus Banks, were observed following various exposures to a substrate treated with 14C-labeled hexaflumuron at 5 g kg−1. Uptake of hexaflumuron by workers was rapid, peaking at approximately 280 ng hexaflumuron per termite 12 days after exposure. The onset of mortality began at day 8, with cumulative mortality reaching approximately 96% by day 45. Excretion of hexaflumuron from worker termites was rapid following various exposure periods, half-lives ranging from 2.1 to 4.7 days. Trophallaxis among worker termites was efficient, hexaflumuron levels in recipient termites approaching two-thirds of levels present in donor termites feeding continuously on hexaflumuron-treated filter paper. The effect of donor-to-recipient group ratios was negligible on the amounts of hexaflumuron transferred from donors to recipients. In laboratory tests, hexaflumuron diffused from a feeding source within 7 days. The presence of additional food sources appeared to inhibit movement of hexaflumuron. Movement of hexaflumuron by cannibalism and coprophagy occurred, but was significant only when termites were starved. Hexaflumuron also appeared to adversely affect egg development by preventing hatch. Hexaflumuron was readily transferred through termite groups, effectively suppressing laboratory populations of R hesperus. Variable efficacy in field situations employing baiting with hexaflumuron in southern California may be a consequence of sporadic feeding at bait stations, the rapid clearance of hexaflumuron from individual termites, and the difficulties in bait presentation (low foraging activity, poor bait station foraging fidelity) inherent in the foraging characteristics of the Western subterranean termite. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Toxicocalamus, a New Guinea genus of snakes of the family Elapidae

Toxicocalamus is expanded to include Apistocalamus and Ultrocalamus as subgenera. Pseudapistocalamus nymani, Apistocalamus pratti, A. loennbergi, and A. lamingtoni are considered geographic variations of Toxicocalamus (Apistocalamus) loriae. Toxicocalamus (Ultrocalamus) buergersi, synonymized with T. (U.) preussi by previous workers, is recognized as a distinct species because of many structural peculiarities (most notably, extension of the venom gland back within the body cavity nearly to the heart, as in Maticora). Three species are described as new: T. (Apistocalamus) spiblepidotus, characterized by large size and peculiar colouration; T. (A.) holopelturus, characterized by entire subcaudals and hemi-penial structure; and T. (Toxicocalamus) misimae, differing from the related T. longissimus in much lower ventral count and in having only 15 scale rows. A population from Garaina (Morobe Division) is believed to be of recent origin from hybridization between T. (A.) loriae and T. (T.) stanleyanus. Toxicocalamus is most closely related to the Australian genera called Brachyurophis, Melwardia, Narophis, Rhinelaps, and Rhynchoelaps by Worrell, but here all grouped in the genus Rhynchoelaps. This Australian genus and Toxicocalamus make up the Rhynchoelaps group, which does not include the genera Vermicella (for V. annulata only), Ogmodon, or Parapistocalamus. The lack of a diastema behind the fang in the elapid genera Kerilia, Ogmodon, and Toxicocalamus is not a primitive, but a specialized, feature, probably developed independently in each of these genera as a mechanism for coordinating the replacement rhythm of the fangs with that of solid teeth behind. It is suggested that the solid maxillary teeth of Toxicocalamus are neomorphs, formed by backward extension of the fang-forming portion of the dental lamina.