cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Isolation and characterization of the principal hemicellulose from corn germ

Abstract A hemicellulose obtained in 14.7% yield from corn germ by lime water extraction is a single polysaceharide as evident from its behavior during electrophoresis and fractionation. The polysaceharide has [α]D25 −99.1 ° (c, 0.4 in water), a number-average molecular weight of 57,000, and an intrinsic viscosity of 1.63. Analysis indicates the presence of 6.6% glucuronic acid units, 48.5% d -xylose units, 43.7% l -arabinose units, and 2% d -galactose units. Methanolysis, followed by hydrolysis of the fully methylated hemicellulose shows the presence of d -xylose (2 moles), 2-O-methyl- d -xylose (7 moles), 2,3-di-O-methyl- d -xylose (3 moles), 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-methyl- d -galactose (2 moles) and 2,3,5-tri-O-methyl- l -arabinose and 2,3,4-tri-O-methyl- d -xylose (7 moles, combined). The polysaceharide thus consists of a somewhat linear chain of β-(1 → 4)-linked d -xylose residues to which are attached numerous residues of d -galactose, l -arabinofuranose, and d -glucuronic acid, probably in the form of terminal side chains.
Green process design, industrial ecology, and sustainability: A systems analysis perspective

This paper presents a systems analysis perspective that extends the traditional process design framework to green process design and industrial ecology leading to sustainability. For green process design this involves starting the design decisions as early as chemical and material selection stage on one end, and managing and planning decisions at the other end. However, uncertainties and multiple and conflicting objectives are inherent in such a design process. Uncertainties increase further in industrial ecology. Combining AI approaches with optimization methods, and constraining the system using thermodynamics and physics can provide a way to address this problem. The concept of overall sustainability goes beyond industrial ecology and brings in time dependent nature of the ecosystem and multi-disciplinary decision making. Optimal control methods and theories from financial literature can be useful in handling the time dependent uncertainties in this problem.
Metal binding characterization and conformational studies using Raman microscopy of resin-bound poly(aspartic acid)

The metal binding capacities, conditional stability constants, and secondary structure of immobilized polyaspartic acid (PLAsp) (n = 6, 20, and 30) on TentaGel resin were determined when binding Mg2+, Co2+, Cd2+, and Ni2+. Metal binding to the synthesized peptides was evaluated using breakthrough curves from a packed microcolumn and flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry (FAAS) detection. The metal capacities reached values of 590, 2160, and 3710 mumol of metal/g of resin for the 6-mer, 20-mer, and 30-mer, respectively, and this resulted in 2-3 residues per metal for all peptides and metals tested. Surprisingly, the concentrated environment of the resin along with the spatial distribution of attachment groups allowed for most residues to participate in metal binding regardless of the peptide length. Conditional stability constants calculated using single metal binding isotherms indicated that binding strength decreased as the chain length increased on the resin. Raman microscopy on single beads was used to determine PLAsp secondary structure, and all peptides were of a mixed conformation (i.e., beta-sheets, alpha-helices, random chain, etc.) during neutral conditioning and metal binding. Uniquely, the longer 20-mer and 30-mer peptides showed a distinct change from a mixed conformation to beta-sheets and alpha-helices during metal release with acid. This study confirms that metal release by longer immobilized peptides is often assisted by a conformational change, which easily spoils the binding cavity, while shorter peptides may release metal primarily by H+ displacement.
Optimization of modulation doped FET structures

The Modulation Doped Transistor (MODFET) has recently achieved its predicted performance goals, thus demonstrating its potential for providing the semiconductor transistor component necessary for future high speed and millimeter wave integrated systems. This high performance has been achieved through i) the optimization of MBE growth of pseudomorphic heterojunctions, ii) modifications to the epitaxial layer design based on new physical insight into the operation of MODFET structures at high frequency and iii) improvements in the FET fabrication and “layout” structure (geometry) to minimize resistive and reactive parasitic impedances.
Ultrasonic properties of granular media saturated with DNAPL/water mixtures

[1] We present the results of four experiments investigating the ultrasonic properties of granular materials partially saturated with trichloroethylene (TCE), a dense non-aqueous contaminant. P-wave velocity measurements were made under in situ effective stress conditions using a pulse transmission cell at ≈250 kHz. Two synthetic samples and two natural aquifer cores were fully saturated with water and then subjected to an axial injection of TCE. The resulting measurements show reductions in P-wave velocity of up to 15% due to contaminant saturation. A theoretical model combining Gassmann fluid substitution and Hill's equation was used to estimate the effects of DNAPL saturation; this model underpredicted observed reductions in velocity at high TCE saturations. A linear relationship, expressed in terms of volumetric contaminant fraction, provided an excellent empirical fit to the laboratory measurements.
Expansion of haematopoietic stem cells from normal donors and bone marrow failure patients by recombinant hoxb4

We produced six versions of recombinant human hoxb4 proteins and evaluated their effectiveness in expanding human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells in vitro and in vivo. An N-terminal-tat and C-terminal histidine-tagged version of hoxb4 (T-hoxb4-H) had the highest activity in expanding colony forming cells (CFCs) and long-term culture-initiating cells (LTC-ICs) when used at 50nM concentration in cell culture. Human cord blood CD34+ cells cultured with 50nM T-hoxb4-H had a significant increase in severe-combined immunodeficient mouse-repopulating cells (SRCs). In a mouse model of immune-mediated BM failure, T-hoxb4-H showed an additive effect with cyclosporine in alleviating pancytopenia. In addition, T-hoxb4-H expanded CFC and LTC-IC on BM samples from patients with refractory severe aplastic anemia and myelodysplastic syndromes: after culturing with 50nM T-hoxb4-H for four days, BM cells from 10 of the 11 patients showed increases in CFC and LTC-IC, and the increase in LTC-IC was statistically significant in samples from 4 patients. Recombinant human hoxb4 could be a promising therapeutic agent for BM failure.
Primary nutrients and the biotic integrity of rivers and streams

1. Controls to reduce loadings of primary nutrients to maintain biotic integrity in rivers and streams have not been widely implemented because the relation between nutrients and chlorophyll, and its consequences for higher trophic levels, is confounded in lotic ecosystems by their openness, the variable degree of nutrient limitation and by the effect of physical factors. 2. The relationship between primary nutrients and biotic integrity in rivers and streams was tested using biological, physical and chemical information collected since 1982 from similar locations in streams throughout Ohio using standard procedures. 3. There was a negative correlation between nutrients, especially total phosphorus, and biotic integrity. The deleterious effect of increasing nutrient concentration on fish communities in low order streams was detectable when nutrient concentrations exceeded background conditions (total inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus > 0.61 mg L–1 and 0.06 mg L–1, respectively). 4. These results suggest that the control of release of toxins and oxygen-demanding wastes to rivers is insufficient to protect aquatic life, and confirm the importance of non-point sources of pollution in catchment planning as well as the combined effect of habitat and riparian quality on nutrient assimilation.
Volitional Control of Cortical Oscillations and Synchrony

Oscillatory activity in motor cortex has been observed in many experimental contexts, leading to various hypotheses about its possible behavioral function. In this issue of Neuron, Engelhard et al. (2013) report that oscillations can be volitionally controlled, opening new directions to explore their function and underlying mechanisms.
A simple method for citation metadata extraction using hidden markov models

This paper describes a simple method for extracting metadata fields from citations using hidden Markov models. The method is easy to implement and can achieve levels of precision and recall for heterogeneous citations comparable to or greater than other HMM-based methods. The method consists largely of string manipulation and otherwise depends only on an implementation of the Viterbi algorithm, which is widely available, and so can be implemented by diverse digital library systems.
The crystal structure and stability of Ba5Fe4S11

Abstract The crystal structure of Ba 5 Fe 4 S 11 is orthorhombic, a = 16.060(1) A, b = 7.260(1) A, c = 8.863(1) A, Z = 2, Pmn 2 1 . The structure was solved from a three-dimensional analysis using 1452 reflections with intensities I ≧ 2σ(I) . The refinement converged to R = 0.0204, wR = 0.0216. The structure consists of BaS 6 distorted trigonal prisms and an irregular BaS 7 pentagonal bipyramid which articulate into a three-dimensional framework enclosing a cavity which contains the tetranuclear unit Fe 4 S 11 . The four FeS 4 tetrahedra form an isolated cluster in which a central tetrahedron shares one edge with another tetrahedron and the two remaining corners with two additional tetrahedra. The phase is stable below 750°C although the kinetics for formation are slow.
Coding of vibrotactile stimulus frequency by Pacinian corpuscle afferents

Psychophysical and electrophysiological techniques were used to study the encoding and processing of information about the frequency content of vibrational stimuli applied to glabrous skin in humans and cats. Trained human subjects were asked to discriminate changes in stimulus frequency and harmonic content for pairs of mono- and diharmonic sinusoidal vibrations applied to the fingertips. These psychophysical tests supplied data on what information is available to the central nervous system about the frequency components of vibratory stimuli. Electrophysiological recordings from nerves innervating the glabrous skin of the paw in cats during presentation of the same stimuli used in the psychophysical study provided data on how the peripheral nervous system encodes information about the physical parameters of cutaneous vibratory stimuli. The two sets of data indicated that the subjects derived information about the frequency of vibrotactile stimuli from the mean interval between action potentials in afferent nerve fibers activated by the stimulus.
Hoxa5 in Developing Lung: Protein Expression and CellSpecific Regulation by Retinoic Acid 270

Hoxa5 in Developing Lung: Protein Expression and CellSpecific Regulation by Retinoic Acid 270
Flaw tolerance vs. performance: A tradeoff in metallic glass cellular structures

Abstract Stochastic cellular structures are prevalent in nature and engineering materials alike. They are difficult to manipulate and study systematically and almost always contain imperfections. To design and characterize various degrees of imperfections in perfect periodic, stochastic and natural cellular structures, we fabricate a broad range of metallic glass cellular structures from perfectly periodic to highly stochastic by using a novel artificial microstructure approach based on thermoplastic replication of metallic glasses. For these cellular structures, precisely controlled imperfections are implemented and their effects on the mechanical response are evaluated. It is found that the mechanical performance of the periodic structures is generally superior to that of the stochastic structures. However, the stochastic structures experience a much higher tolerance to flaws than the periodic structure, especially in the plastic regime. The different flaw tolerance is explained by the stress distribution within the various structures, which leads to an overall "strain-hardening" behavior of the stochastic structure compared to a "strain-softening" behavior in the periodic structure. Our findings reveal how structure, "strain-hardening" and flaw tolerance are microscopically related in structural materials.
Observing the states of systems with unmeasurable disturbances

In order to estimate the state of a linear time-invariant multivariable system by using a Luenberger observer, it is generally assumed that all system inputs are measurable. This correspondence presents a simple and useful procedure for the construction of minimal-order state estimators for systems with unmeasurable disturbances.
Metallic-Oxide encrustations of the nonprosthecate stalks of naturally occurring populations ofPlanctomyces bekefii

Naturally occurring metallic-oxide encrustations of the multifibrillar stalks of morphotype Ia (Planctomyces bekefii) of theBlastocaulis-Planctomyces group of budding and nonprosthecately appendaged prokaryotes from two sources-a pond in Budapest, Hungary (containing topotypical material) and Gebharts Teich, a fishpond in Austria-have been examined by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Some rosettes of morphotype Ib (Planctomyces crassus) also occurred in the Budapest pond; only morphotype Ia was found in Gebharts Teich. Manganese was the major metallic element in the morphotype Ia stalk encrustations from the Budapest pond; iron was not detected. However, morphotype Ib rosettes occurring in the same Budapest pond sampes contained both manganese and iron in their stalk encrustations. Both iron and manganese were present in the morphotype Ia stalk encrustation of rosettes from Gebharts Teich.
Interaction Frequency and Quality as Two Dimensions of Complementarity: An Empirical Examination of Some Contingency Variables

Suggesting a complementarity relationship between elected and administrative officials, recent literature emphasizes a frequent interaction based on mutual respect, reciprocal influence, and political responsiveness, all of which are presented as indicators of the quality of such interactions. Although interaction frequency and quality emerged as two important dimensions of what defines this complementarity relationship, very few studies, indeed, focused on the important question of what contributes to interaction frequency and quality. This paper first examines the concepts of interaction frequency and quality, and then identifies some important contingency variables that might have an impact on interaction frequency and quality.
Noise estimation for remote sensing image data analysis

Noise estimation does not receive much attention in remote sensing society. It may be because normally noise is not large enough to impair image analysis result. Noise estimation is also very challenging due to the randomness nature of the noise (for random noise) and the difficulty of separating the noise component from the signal in each specific location. We review and propose seven different types of methods to estimate noise variance and noise covariance matrix in a remotely sensed image. In the experiment, it is demonstrated that a good noise estimate can improve the performance of an algorithm via noise whitening if this algorithm assumes white noise.
Activity of Ubiquitin-dependent Pathway in Response to Oxidative Stress UBIQUITIN-ACTIVATING ENZYME IS TRANSIENTLY UP-REGULATED

Relations between the ubiquitin pathway and cellular stress have been noted, but data regarding responses of the ubiquitin pathway to oxidative stress are scanty. This paper documents the response of this pathway to oxidative stress in lens cells. A brief exposure of lens epithelial cells to physiologically relevant levels of H2O2 induces a transient increase in activity of the ubiquitin-dependent pathway. Ubiquitin conjugation activity was maximal and increased 3.5–9.2-fold over the activity noted in untreated cells by 4 h after removal of H2O2. By 24 h after removal of H2O2, ubiquitin conjugation activity returned to the level noted in untreated cells. In parallel to the changes in ubiquitin conjugation activity, the activity of ubiquitin-activating enzyme (E1), as determined by thiol ester formation, increased 2–6.7-fold during recovery from oxidation. Addition of exogenous E1 resulted in an increase in ubiquitin conjugation activity and in the levels of ubiquitin carrier protein (E2)-ubiquitin thiol esters in both the untreated cells and the H2O2-treated cells. These data suggest that E1 is the rate-limiting enzyme in the ubiquitin conjugation process and that the increases in ubiquitin conjugation activity which are induced upon recovery from oxidation are primarily due to increased E1 activity. The oxidation- and recovery-induced up-regulation of E1 activity is primarily due to post-synthetic events. Substrate availability and up-regulation of E2 activities also appear to be related to the enhancement in ubiquitinylation upon recovery from oxidative stress. The oxidation-induced increases in ubiquitin conjugation activity were associated with an increase in intracellular proteolysis, suggesting that the transient increase in ubiquitinylation noted upon recovery from oxidative stress may play a role in removal of damaged proteins from the cells.
Atomic-field bremsstrahlung at zero degrees

Abstract Bremsstrahlung spectra have been measured for elements with atomic numbers ranging from 29 to 92 at 0°, 30°, 45° and 90° photon emission angle with a 70-keV electron beam. In an earlier experiment, the electron beam had been deflected away from the detector by a magnet; however, the dispersion of the electron beam in the target created a background that could not be subtracted out easily. Hence, in this work, we introduce an alternate approach to magnetic deflection. Here, the incident or scattered beam is stopped completely by adding a thick carbon backing to the thin-film target. The thick-target bremsstrahlung from the low- Z backing, which decreases linearly to zero at the end point, can be subtracted out, and reliable measurements of the cross section can be made over a wide range of radiated photon energy. Typical results will be presented and compared with theory. Theory is found to reproduce well the shape of the radiated photon energy spectrum at 30°, 45° and 90°, but there is a significant discrepancy between theory and experiment for 0°.
Minimal Change Glomerular Disease: A Paraneoplastic Syndrome in Two Patients With Bronchogenic Carcinoma

Glomerulonephritis has often been reported as a paraneoplastic syndrome. In patients with carcinoma, the most common glomerular disease is membranous glomerulonephritis mediated presumably by immune complexes. Minimal change glomerular disease has been hitherto reported, to our knowledge, in only one patient with carcinoma. We report two patients with bronchogenic carcinoma in whom the simultaneous development of the nephrotic syndrome was due to minimal change glomerular disease.
Asymmetries in the perceptual span for Israeli readers

Abstract Native Israeli readers read Hebrew and English text as their eye movements were monitored. A window of text moved in synchrony with their eye movements and the window was either symmetrical about the fixation point or offset to the left or right. When subjects were reading Hebrew, the perceptual span was asymmetric to the left and when they were reading English it was asymmetric to the right. The results point out the importance of attentional factors in reading.
Improvement of Tapping Mode AFM Imaging Stability by Operation Far Below Resonance Frequency of a Cantilever

In tapping mode AFM, a cantilever is driven near its resonance frequency and intermittently strikes the sample while raster scanned across a surface. The oscillation amplitude is monitored via a feedback loop to extract topographical information of surfaces at the nanoscale. This paper deals with major factors limiting scanning speed: 1) the slow transient response of the cantilever, and 2) instabilities associated with systems with high quality factors (Q). Due to the slow transient response, the AFM has difficulty in instantly responding to steps along the surface, resulting in the need for slower scan rates. By driving the cantilever well below its resonance frequency, stability of the system is greatly improved, resulting in better feature tracking and the ability to scan at faster speeds.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
A General and Highly Efficient Solid Phase Synthesis of Oligosaccharides. Total Synthesis of a Heptasaccharide Phytoalexin Elicitor (HPE)

A new solid phase method for the synthesis of complex oligosaccharides is described. The method involves attachment to phenolic polystyrene of the first carbohydrate unit, through its anomeric position and via a photolabile linker, using dimethylthiomethylsulfonium triflate as an activator. Reiteration of the glycosidation process allows stereocontrolled growth of linear or branched oligosaccharides in high yield. Cleavage from the resin is efficiently achieved photolytically. The application of the method to the total prepn. of the heptasaccharide phytoalexin elicitor (HPE) is described.
Effects of photolabile calcium chelators on fluorescent calcium indicators

Abstract The fluorescence properties of the calcium indicators Fura-2 and Fluo-3 have been investigated in the presence of the ‘caged calcium’ photolabile chelators Nitr-5 and DM-nitrophen. The excitation spectra of dilute solutions of these indicators was distorted by the presence of photolabile chelators, owing to differential absorbance of excitation light by the chelators, as well as calcium-dependent fluorescence of the chelators themselves. This distortion was altered on partial photolysis of the chelators, due to changes in their absorbance and fluorescence. At high concentrations of indicators (100 μM) and photolabile chelators (10 mM), similar to those used experimentally, DM-nitrophen quenched the fluorescence of Fluo-3 at low calcium concentrations. The results suggest that Fura-2 may be used with either chelator, and Fluo-3 with Nitr-5, to measure calcium released on photolysis of the caged compounds, but that careful calibration of the chelator-indicator mixture after the appropriate degree of photolysis is necessary.
Angiosarcoma after breast-conserving therapy.

BACKGROUND Angiosarcoma arising in the irradiated breast after breast-conserving therapy is being reported with increasing frequency. As more women undergo breast-conserving therapy, the incidence can be expected to increase. Surgeons, medical oncologists, and radiation oncologists will be faced with difficult management decisions for this aggressive disease. METHODS A comprehensive review of all English-language reports of angiosarcomas after breast-conserving therapy was performed. Approximately 100 cases were reviewed for treatment details and outcome analysis was performed. RESULTS Surgical excision is associated with very high rates of disease recurrence (55 of 75 patients with at least 1 year of follow-up; 73%). Local disease recurrences in the tumor bed or along the mastectomy scar are a component of almost all recurrences (96%). Distant metastases develop simultaneously or shortly after local recurrences. Hyperfractionated radiotherapy has successfully prevented local disease recurrences in a limited number of patients. CONCLUSIONS Angiosarcoma after breast-conserving therapy is increasingly diagnosed in a small but significant portion of breast carcinoma survivors. The aggressive nature of this disease demands further investigation of adjuvant therapy to prevent recurrence of disease after surgery. Cancer 2003;97:1832–40. © 2003 American Cancer Society. DOI 10.1002/cncr.11277
A Probabilistic Model of Lexical and Syntactic Access and Disambiguation

The problems of access—retrieving linguistic structure from some mental grammar —and disambiguation—choosing among these structures to correctly parse ambiguous linguistic input—are fundamental to language understanding. The literature abounds with psychological results on lexical access, the access of idioms, syntactic rule access, parsing preferences, syntactic disambiguation, and the processing of garden-path sentences. Unfortunately, it has been difficult to combine models which account for these results to build a general, uniform model of access and disambiguation at the lexical, idiomatic, and syntactic levels. For example, psycholinguistic theories of lexical access and idiom access and parsing theories of syntactic rule access have almost no commonality in methodology or coverage of psycholinguistic data. This article presents a single probabilistic algorithm which models both the access and disambiguation of linguistic knowledge. The algorithm is based on a parallel parser which ranks constructions for access, and interpretations for disambiguation, by their conditional probability. Low-ranked constructions and interpretations are pruned through beam-search; this pruning accounts, among other things, for the garden-path effect. I show that this motivated probabilistic treatment accounts for a wide variety of psycholinguistic results, arguing for a more uniform representation of linguistic knowledge and for the use of probabilistically-enriched grammars and interpreters as models of human knowledge of and processing of language.
The treaty of Nice : the sharing of power and the institutional balance in the European Union--a continental perspective

This paper presents an initial response to the conclusions of the Nice Summit and the new EU Treaty which emerged from it. It consists of two parts: in the first I discuss the climate in which the Intergovernmental Conference (IGC) took place and the opening positions of the Institutions, the Member States, and the applicant countries. The results achieved at Nice are set out in the second part, with special emphasis on the themes that mark a shift of power within the Community's institutional architecture; i.e. the extension of qualified‐majority voting in the Council and the co‐decision procedure with the European Parliament, the reweighting of votes and the composition of the Institutions with a view to an enlargement which is both imminent and unprecedented in the history of the EU. I conclude that while the results of the IGC and the new Treaty of Nice fall short of what is needed in an EU with ambitions on a continental scale, they do mark another stage in the process of European integration and the permanent evolution of its constitution. In this sense, the balance of power is likely to be different from what it has been in the past. The Franco‐German axis has been severely weakened, the UK and Spain seem to be determined to play a central role, and the smaller countries are seeking to retain some influence over how the process works. New alliances are likely to emerge, particularly after enlargement, with Germany in search of a dominant position, France desperately trying to preserve the status quo, and the UK wanting to influence the direction of moves towards integration from the inside. Nice seems to mark an interim stage in this process. A new IGC has already been scheduled for 2004. There is no doubt that the post‐Nice period will be one of transition towards a new distribution of power within the EU, sanctioned by a new, highly constitutional treaty.
Conformationally constrained, stable, triplet ground state (S = 1) nitroxide diradicals. Antiferromagnetic chains of S = 1 diradicals

Nitroxide diradicals, in which nitroxides are annelated to m-phenylene forming tricyclic benzobisoxazine-like structures, have been synthesized and characterized by X-ray crystallography, magnetic resonance (EPR and 1H NMR) spectroscopy, as well as magnetic studies in solution and in solid state. For the octamethyl derivative of benzobisoxazine nitroxide diradical, the conformationally constrained nitroxide moieties are coplanar with the m-phenylene, leading to large values of 2J (2J/k > 200 K in solution and 2J/k ≫ 300 K in the solid state). For the diradical, in which all ortho and para positions of the m-phenylene are sterically shielded, distortion of the nitroxide moieties from coplanarity is moderate, such that the singlet−triplet gaps remain large in both solution (2J/k > 200 K) and the solid state (2J/k ≈ 400−800 K), though an onset of thermal depopulation of the triplet ground state is detectable near room temperature. These diradicals have robust triplet ground states with strong ferromagnetic c...
Rainstorm-induced event sedimentation at the tidewater front of a temperate glacier

Runoff from a late summer storm drained rapidly to a subglacial stream of McBride Glacier, southeast Alaska. The stream transported large volumes of sediment that discharged from the glacier's tidewater front directly into fjord water at 40 m depth. Measurements of salinity, temperature, and suspended-sediment concentration indicate that the sediment was transported by interflows within brackish fjord water. Sedimentation rates were exceptionally high (up to five times normal). Laminated fine sand accumulated in proximal sediment traps, and silty mud accumulated in distal traps. The low frequency of large storms late in the melt season indicates that the sedimentary products would be rare but significant marker horizons in temperate glaciomarine sequences.
Surface variation reduction for face milling based on high-definition metrology

This paper develops a face milling planning method to reduce surface height variation based on the high definition metrology (HDM). HDM provides high-lateral resolution data over an area up to 300×300 mm2. The measurement results on production engine head surfaces reveal a strong correlation between the surface height and the effective material removal rate (eMRR) along the cutting path. Such a correlation can be explained by a cutting force model which verifies that the surface variation is attributed to the axial cutting force variations, and the axial force is proportional to the eMRR. This paper proposes a machining algorithm that minimizes eMRR to reduce the cutting force variation by altering the feed rate and cutter path, thereby reducing the surface height variation. The varying feed approach can eliminate one surface pattern in the case study without significantly changing the cycle time. The optimized cutter path results in 25% reduction in zone flatness on the other surface pattern. This improvement demonstrates the potential of the eMRR based approach in attaining cost-effective high-precision machining. The method may also be extended to a wide range of face milling applications.© 2012 ASME
Infrared Spectra of Some Chloro Derivatives of s-Triazine

The effects of chlorine atoms on the fundamental frequencies of the s-triazine ring are discussed and the vibrational assignments in the region 1600–700 cm−1 are extended. The variation in the position of the C3N3-ring bending mode in the region near 810 cm−1 is discussed.
Oscillatory free surface displacement of finite amplitude in a small orifice

The oscillatory free-surface displacement in an orifice periodically driven at the inlet is studied. The predictions based on a potential flow analysis are investigated in light of viscous and large curvature effects. Viscous effects near the wall are estimated, as are surface viscous energy loss rates. The curvature effect on the modal frequency is shown to become large at the higher modal surface shapes. Experimental results are obtained using water for two orifice diameters, 794 and 1180 μm
Generating better evidence to engage local food outlets in obesity prevention research

Abstract Participation from the business community is critical to effectively addressing the problem of obesity. This commentary builds on the recent Institute of Medicine report – Accelerating Progress in Obesity Prevention – which calls for participation from the business community, particularly food outlets, to effectively address the problem of obesity. This commentary specifically discusses the importance of collecting information on fiscal-related outcomes (e.g., revenue) in order to better engage local food outlets in obesity prevention activities in the community. The routine collection of fiscal indicators in obesity prevention studies is critical so that the argument for more involvement from local food outlets, particularly for those interventions which are revenue positive or revenue neutral, can be more persuasively made.
Electromagnetic unbalances of six-phase transmission lines

Abstract In this paper, the electromagnetic unbalance factors of six-phase transmission lines with compact and conventional tower-top configurations, with and without two overhead ground wires, are reviewed and the results presented.
The logic of conditionals

The standard use of the propositional calculus ('P.C.’) in analyzing the validity of inferences involving conditionals leads to fallacies, and the problem is to determine where P.C. may be ‘safely’ used. An alternative analysis of criteria of reasonableness of inferences in terms of conditions of justification rather than truth of statements is proposed. It is argued, under certain restrictions, that P. C. may be safely used, except in inferences whose conclusions are conditionals whose antecedents are incompatible with the premises in the sense that if the antecedent became known, some of the previously asserted premises would have to be withdrawn.
Structure and Expression of the Promoter for the Human Type II Transforming Growth Factor-β Receptor

Abstract The type II TGF-β receptor is a serine/threonine kinase whose expression is essential for the action of TGF-β. In this paper, we describe the cloning and expression of the human type II TGF-β promoter. DNA sequence analysis indicates that the region near the transcription initiation site lacks a TATA and CAAT box but contains Sp l binding sites. A similar promoter type has been identified in the 5′ flanking regions of genes that code for certain other growth factor receptors. Transfection of the promoter (888 bp fragment) mediated transcriptional activity in bovine vascular smooth muscle cells and human lung fibroblasts.
The Efficiency of Government Expenditure: Experiences from Africa

This paper assesses the efficiency of government expenditure on education and health in 38 countries in Africa in 1984-95, both in relation to each other and compared with countries in Asia and the Western Hemisphere. The results show that, on average, countries in Africa are less efficient than countries in Asia and the Western Hemisphere; however, education and health spending in Africa became more efficient during that period. The assessment further suggests that improvements in educational attainment and health output in African countries require more than just higher budgetary allocations.
Grain-scale measurement of slip resistances in aluminum polycrystals using spherical nanoindentation

Abstract In this work, we develop and demonstrate novel protocols based on spherical nanoindentation and orientation image mapping (OIM) for quantifying the local increases in slip resistances in the individual grains of a deformed (or strain hardened) polycrystalline sample. These new protocols utilize the recently developed data analyses methods for extracting indentation stress–strain (ISS) curves in conjunction with the measurements of the local crystal orientations at the indentation sites using the OIM technique. The proposed protocols involve two main steps. In the first step, spherical nanoindentation measurements are conducted on fully annealed samples of the material of interest to map out the functional dependence of the indentation yield strength (Yind) on the crystal lattice orientation in the annealed condition. In the second step, spherical nanoindentation and OIM measurements are conducted on the deformed samples of the same material and are analyzed rigorously to reliably estimate the increase in the local slip resistance at the indentation sites. The function established in the first step is utilized in the second step to properly account for the influence of the local crystal orientation on the measured Yind in the deformed sample. This novel measurement and data analysis protocol is demonstrated in this paper on polycrystalline samples of high purity aluminum. From this study, it was noted that the influence of the crystal lattice orientation on the measured Yind in Al crystals can be as high as 40%, with the lowest values corresponding to the [1 0 0] (cube) orientation and highest values corresponding to the [1 1 1] orientation. The measurements on the deformed samples showed a significant variation in the strain hardening rates in the individual grains of the polycrystalline sample. A positive correlation was observed between the percentage increase in the local slip resistance and the value of the Taylor factor computed for the local crystal orientation at the indentation site subjected to the macroscale imposed deformation.
Comitogenic effects of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide on rat hepatocytes

The primary mitogens such as epidermal growth factor and transforming growth factor-α are known to stimulate DNA synthesis in primary cultures of adult rat hepatocytes. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) was found to amplify DNA synthesis induced by the primary mitogens and thus acted as a comitogen. The comitogenic effect of VIP was specific for the culture medium, suggesting that minor components in the medium were required for hepatocytes to fully respond to VIP. Glutamic acid is probably one of these minor components, although other components present in the nutrient-rich medium were also necessary for the full comitogenic effect. Other comitogens such as insulin, vasopressin, and angiotensin II interacted additively with low concentrations of VIP. The comitogenic effect of VIP was also found in hepatocytes cultured from regenerating rat liver after a partial hepatectomy. In the regenerating hepatocyte cultures, VIP can act as a mitogen even in the absence of the primary mitogen EGF. VIP mRNA was found in several organs including brain, intestine, and liver, and its expression was slightly induced in liver 24 h after a partial hepatectomy. These results suggest that VIP can act as a hepatic comitogen and may play a role in liver cell proliferation. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Academic Dishonesty Among Nursing Students

Student cheating on college campuses is believed to be a common occurrence, but academic dishonesty among nursing students is a source of legitimate concern to nursing faculty members because of its potential effect on present and future professional practice. Strategies are outlined that can promote academic honesty in the nursing program through moral and character development of nursing students, teaching moral decision-making skills, role-modeling of honest academic behavior, and developing and enforcing an appropriate academic integrity policy.
Advantages of naming species under the PhyloCode: An example of how a new species of Discodorididae (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Euthyneura, Nudibranchia, Doridina) may be named

Abstract A new species of Discodorididae is described from the Pacific coasts of Mexico and Panama. It is named using a modified version of the epithet-based nomenclature proposed by Url Lanham 40 years ago. The species described here can be placed confidently in the clade Discodorididae, but not in any of its subclades (traditionally taxa of genus rank). The unique, epithet-based name of the species is “aliciae Dayrat, 2005”. The combination Discodorididae aliciae may also be used, once the unique, epithet-based name has been cited. Discodorididae aliciae is an example of how a new species of Discodorididae could be named in the context of phylogenetic nomenclature. I argue that epithet-based species names and their combinations with clade addresses should be very appealing to people who think phylogenetically. I also discuss two advantages of such combinations: first, they should be more stable than Linnaean binomials, which often change for arbitrary (e.g. non-phylogenetic) reasons; second, they should...
Long-term treatment with glucocorticoids increases synthesis and stability of junctional acetylcholine receptors on innervated cultured human muscle

: We have studied the effect of long-term treatment with hydrocortisone on the expression of acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) at the neuromuscular junctions of human muscle cultured in monolayer and innervated de novo by fetal rat spinal cord motoneurons. Hydrocortisone increased accumulation of junctional AChRs in a dose-and time-dependent fashion. This increase was due to both decreased degradation and increased synthesis of AChRs. Other glucocorticoids, dexamethasone and prednisolone, exerted similar effects. Our study demonstrates a novel action of glucocorticoids on human junctional AChRs.
hcp Ising model in the cluster-variation approximation

We present a study of the hexagonal-close-packed Ising model for binary alloys within the cluster-variation approximation. Ground states of order stabilized by interactions that span the next-nearest-neighbor (NNN) distance (octahedron and all of its subclusters) were determined with the cluster-configuration polyhedron method. We predict 32 physically realizable ground states with stoichiometries [ital A], [ital AB], [ital A][sub 2][ital B], [ital A][sub 3][ital B], [ital A][sub 5][ital B], and [ital A][sub 4][ital B3]. Of these structures, six are stabilized by NN pairs and eight by NNN pairs; the remaining 18 structures require multiplet interactions for their stability. The results in this study are consistent with previous pair-interaction studies. Information concerning ground states and their domains of stability was then used in conjunction with the cluster-variation method (CVM) to calculate the finite-temperature phase equilibria for prototypical binary alloys. We present ordering phase diagrams computed with the CVM that contain all relevant ground states for both isotropic and anisotropic NN pair interactions. The results of the ground-state and CVM calculations are compared with those for ordering on the face-centered-cubic lattice.
Prepapillary hemorrhage and persistent hyaloid artery.

Summary A patient with bilateral persistent hyaloid vessels suffered a prepapillary and intravitreal hemorrhage. The clot hemolyzed and lines in the retina extended in all directions, involving the fovea. There was no vitreous separation and visual acuity was 6/6-3 (20/20-3). The patient was lost to follow-up shortly thereafter. Although persistent hyaloid vessels rarely cause intravitreal hemorrhage, they are often found in cases of persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous and must be considered possible complicating factors at surgery.
Detecting and comparing the direction of gene-frequency gradients

Directional gene flow between genetically differentiated populations leads to parallel gene-frequency gradients at various loci; processes of differential selection are not expected to result in equally oriented patterns of gene frequencies. Therefore, inferences on the mechanisms maintaining genetic diversity can be drawn by comparing the directions of clines at different loci. An approach to quantifying the orientation of a cline is put forward here. The method is based on description of gene-frequency variance as a function of distance between populations, by means of directional variograms. The mean axis of the cline is then computed by averaging the directional components of variation; it can be regarded as the axis along which the frequencies of an allele vary showing the maximum degree of order. The significance of the mean axis can be tested, and the directions of two clines can be compared, using techniques developed in circular statistics. An example of application of this method to human gene frequencies is presented. Discordant clines are observed at six electrophoretically polymorphic loci in Eurasian populations. Only a fraction of such clines can be accounted for by the Neolithic radiation of early farmers in the Middle East and Europe.
Improved Descriptions of Herbaceous Perennial Growth and Residue Creation for RUSLE2

Earlier versions of the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation, version 2 (RUSLE2) calculated vegetative residue production only during periods of canopy decline or in response to management operations. This resulted in underestimation of residue amounts and overestimation of soil erosion from pasture and hay lands. To solve this problem, new vegetation routines were implemented in RUSLE2. These modifications were designed to better reflect the amount of residue added by perennial vegetation during its growth and to make it is easier to model haying and grazing scenarios. The new routines were based on the assumption that all unharvested aboveground biomass growth will die after its life span is reached, and this biomass will be added to a standing residue pool. Trained specialists can define the characteristics of a vegetation assemblage in terms of total annual potential production under good management, monthly production percentages reflecting expected fertility and irrigation levels, average vegetation lifespan, maximum canopy height, cutting height for optimal yield, and the tendency of the vegetation to thicken at lower heights (form a sod) in response to repeated defoliations. Users will specify actual harvest management and an underlying model predicts plant growth responses in terms of the amount of harvested forage and the amount of above- and belowground residues returned to the soil. The USDA-NRCS is developing extensive databases so that the new version of RUSLE2 will allow erosion estimates to be a factor considered as part of forage and grazing planning.
Behavioral and Cognitive Readiness for School: Cross-Domain Associations for Children Attending Head Start.

Utilizing a diverse sample of 356 four-year-old children attending Head Start, this study examined the degree to which behavioral aspects of school readiness, including classroom participation, prosocial behavior, and aggression control were related to direct assessments of child cognitive readiness (academic knowledge, executive function skills) at the start of the prekindergarten year. Classroom participation and prosocial behavior each accounted for unique variance in cognitive readiness. Aggressive behavior, in contrast, was not correlated with academic knowledge, and was associated with low levels of executive function skills. In multiple regressions, aggressive behavior paradoxically enhanced the prediction of child cognitive readiness. Profile analyses strengthened the conclusion that the promotion of competencies associated with classroom participation and prosocial behavior may be particularly critical to cognitive readiness in prekindergarten. Implications are discussed for developmental models of school readiness and preschool classroom practice.
Effects of rotary inertia, shear deformation, and joint model on vibration characteristics of single-story multi-bay planar frame structures

The effects of rotary inertia, shear deformation, and joint model on vibration characteristics of single-story multi-bay planar frame structures are studied in this paper. An exact analytical solution is obtained using a wave vibration approach, in which vibrations are described as waves propagating along uniform structural elements and being reflected and transmitted at structural discontinuities. Both bending and longitudinal vibrations in the multi-bay frames are taken into account. It is found that rotary inertia and shear deformation play an important role in accurately predicting natural frequencies of multi-bay frames at higher frequencies. It is also found that the choice of joint model affects the predicted natural frequencies.