cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Teologia prática e pedagogia: incorporando o know-how teológico

In the revival of practical theology in the past few decades, little attention has been given to pedagogy. Rarely have scholars asked how those in the field actually teach— qua practical theologians — even though faculty in practical areas have begun to teach in new and valuable ways. This essay explores patterns in practical theological pedagogy in practical subdisciplines and their implications not only for the definition of the field but also for other areas of theological study. It argues that pedagogy in practical theology makes visible some of the core commitments of the discipline as a whole. Moreover, it contends that practical theologians have expertise in a particular kind of knowledge of crucial importance for ministry and Christian living, a practical wisdom the author calls “know-how.”
“United Breaks Guitars”: Examining in Anti-Corporate Protest Music

When Canadian singer Dave Carroll’s guitar was broken on a United Airlinesflight, he expected compensation. After a year-long battle with the airline and no results,he vowed to record and release videos for three songs about his ordeal on YouTube. Thispaper takes a critical-rhetorical approach to the study of this case. Rhetoric allows us tounderstand the implications of discursive and mediated choices on messages and society.Carroll’s act of protest demonstrates musical dissent, made even more apparent throughhis use of media. This paper examines the anti-corporate protest function of his songsthrough the lens of the ideograph .
THE CENTRAL PANEL SYSTEM AND THE DECISIONMAKING INDEPENDENCE OF ADMINISTRATIVE LAW JUDGES: LESSONS FOR A PROPOSED FEDERAL PROGRAM

Ten years ago administrative law judges were so well hidden from America's justice system that they were sometimes called "the hidden judiciary."1 Yet this administrative judiciary continues to playa major role in deciding not only decisions regarding individual financial well-being but policy decisions as well. There are more than 4,000 federal and state administrative law judges.2 Administrative law judges serve numerous agencies at both the state and federal levels, resolving often complex disputes between agencies and the public in such diverse areas as commerce, commu­ nications, health and safety, social security and rates for gas, electric and telephone service. Although their decisions are "initial deci­ sions" subject to review, in practice most become the final agency opinion; what they decide thus affects the daily lives of virtually everyone. Historically, administrative adjudication has evolved from a time in which hearing examiners were used merely to improve effi­ ciency by gathering facts for use by agency officials.3 In the more
Adaptive Control of a Nonlinear Oscillating System

A slowly adapting feedforward controller is applied to a nonlinear (Duffing) oscillator. Simulation results show that the adaptation continues relentlessly to improve performance despite the complex system behavior, i.e., the system state passes in and out of both chaotic and multi-periodic attractors, finally settling down to a "quiet" periodic orbit. An analysis is presented based on the method of averaging. Under slow parameter adjustment it is shown that the source of the complex behavior is the nonlineariy in the system being controlled, not that introduced by the adaptation.
B-cell subsets responsive to fluorescein-conjugated antigens: IV. Cross-stimulation of B cells genetically unresponsive to LPS by hapten-conjugated lipopolysaccharide

Abstract B-cell subsets specific for the same hapten share immunoglobulin (Ig) receptors for hapten, but presumably possess different receptors for mitogen. However, we and others recently presented evidence that B cells responsive to different forms of the same hapten (FL) could be activated to clonal expansion by a single FL-antigen, an effect called “cross-priming.” Since it was critical to establish that this phenomenon was independent of putative mitogen receptors for a given FL-antigen, we attempted cross-priming of C3H/HeJ spleen cells with FL-conjugated LPS, an antigen to which they are unable to respond by either mitosis or polyclonal differentiation. Our data indicate that FL-LPS does indeed cross-prime C3H/HeJ B cells such that the subsequent response to other FL-antigens is increased. Augmentation of the anti-FL response was elicited by even nanogram doses of FL-LPS, whereas unconjugated LPS (up to 10 μg/ml) was without effect. These data suggest that induction of a positive signal in FL-responsive cells does not require an interaction with putative mitogen receptors but can occur via hapten:Ig receptor interactions.
Equipment management system (EMS)

Equipment Management System (EMS) is a software tool used to monitor and track equipment states, restrictions and PM schedules in real time. EMS has been designed and customized to support the MOS-2 die production facility. The system provides graphical representation of the entire factory. Color coded icons represent equipment's current state (i.e. qualification, production, unscheduled maintenance, etc.). Preventative maintenance schedules and restrictions are indicated using different patterns. Users can Click on these icons and use pull down menus to change, modify and display current or historical information. The purpose of the system is to collect variable equipment data to facilitate equipment utilization improvement and to increase the visibility of the production areas In this paper, we discuss the system description, implementation and training process, impact of EMS on manufacturing and benefits of the systems.
Building a user-interface for the O-Raid database system using the Suite system

O-UI, the graphic interface to the O-Raid distributed object-oriented database system, supports access and direct manipulation of relations and objects. Since O-Raid supports a hybrid object-relation data model, an evolutionary approach to design was required. The use of Suite user interface construction tool led to rapid prototyping of the interface, which allowed the authors to experiment with the interface itself, leading to modifications and refinements to the initial design. They describe how O-UI was engineered using Suite, present their experiences, and discuss the related software integration issues. >
Chromoendoscopy and magnification endoscopy in the colon

CHROMOENDOSCOPY Chromoendoscopy is a technique in which tissue stains are applied to the gastrointestinal mucosa at endoscopy to better characterize, delineate, or highlight specific gastrointestinal findings. At times it may be used with an endoscope that also magnifies the image (magnification endoscopy). Stains of the current generation often are classified according to their interaction with gastrointestinal mucosa. Absorptive stains are inculcated into the cell by means of diffusion or absorption through the cell membrane. Reactive stains interact with the epithelium to produce a characteristic color change caused by a chemical reaction. The prototype in this category is Congo red, which reacts with acid. The color change produced defines the mucosa as acid producing. Contrast stains are not absorbed and do not react with surface mucosa. They disperse into mucosal elevations and depressions and in so doing better define the topography of the area. Contrast stains often are used in combination with magnifying endoscopy. The evaluation and management of digestive diseases has been revolutionized with endoscopy. In the most basic sense, what endoscopy does is deliver the physician to the gastrointestinal mucosa where observation and therapies can be carried out. For the most part, current observations are made by the physician’s eye (and brain), but there should be more. Endoscopes of the current generation contain microcomputers equipped with digital image capture and network boards linked to video processors.1
Current Immunotherapeutic Strategies in Breast Cancer

Despite significant advances in the administration of combination cytotoxic chemotherapy, the overall 5-year survival rate is about 75% for a woman who has node-positive breat cancer, and metastatic disease in considered incurable. Recent advances in our understanding of the immune system have led to the hope that manipulation of this organ system could be used as a cancer treatment. Strategies that have been used in the immune therapy of breast cancer include the administration of exogenous cytokines, vaccines, and humanized monoclonal antibodies (mAb). Each of these approaches is discussed in turn in this article.
Globalization of Sustainable Development: Principles and Practices in Transnational Corporations

The growing public concern that private corporations should not only earn reasonable profits and provide fair returns to shareholders, but also operate as good corporate citizens and socially responsible organizations, has spread to the largest transnational corporations (TNCs), and seems to have been taken up by companies in both richer and poorer countries. Sustainable development calls for people and organizations to meet their present needs in such a way that does not hinder future generations’ ability to do the same. Many TNCs are creating voluntary environmental programs to manage more effectively the environmental impacts of their plants, facilities, and operations. These initiatives are especially important in developing countries with hazardous environmental conditions, social conditions, and non‐existent or poorly implemented regulatory protection.
Salesperson–Employer Relationships: Salesperson Responses to Relationship Problems and their Antecedents

Responses to problems in committed relationships, relationships characterized by an implicit or explicit pledge of relationship continuity, have received considerable attention in several literatures outside of personal selling. There it is argued that an offended party will exit his or her relationship only as a last resort. The party is likely to respond with loyalty—remaining silent, confident that things will get better—or with voice—constructive attempts to change objectionable relationship conditions. Relationship neglect, allowing the relationship to deteriorate, and opportunism, surreptitious self-interest seeking, have also been proposed as responses to relationship problems. Antecedents of these responses include satisfaction, alternative attractiveness, past relationship investments, and switching costs. Integrating social exchange theory and Hirschman’s (1970) “social economics,” this research explores responses to relationship problems and their antecedents in salespeople. It contributes new ...
Chimeric hemoglobins - Hybrids of human and swine hemoglobin: Assembly and stability of interspecies hybrids

Transgenic swine expressing human HbA contained only one of two types of the anticipated interspecies hybrids, namely H alpha 2 P beta 2 (H = human, P = swine). In an attempt to establish whether the absence of the swine alpha and human beta (P alpha 2 H beta 2) hybrid in vivo is a reflection of the lack of complementarity between the interspecies chains to generate appropriate interfaces, we have undertaken the in vitro assembly of swine alpha and human beta chimeric tetramer. In contrast to the in vivo transgenic swine system, in vitro the hybrid of swine alpha human beta chain is assembled readily and the hybrid exhibits normal cooperative oxygen binding. Both the swine alpha human beta and the human alpha swine beta interspecies hybrids are stable around neutral pH and do not segregate into parent tetramers even when mixed together. On the other hand, nearly complete exchange of P alpha chain of P alpha 2 H beta 2 hybrid occurs in the presence of H alpha chain at pH 6.0 and room temperature, resulting in the formation of HbA. However, very little of such an exchange reaction takes place at pH 7.0. These results suggest that the thermodynamic stability of P alpha 2 H beta 2 hybrid is lower compared to that of HbA. In contrast, P beta chain of H alpha 2 P beta 2 hybrid is refractory to exchange with H beta chain at pH 7.0 as well as at pH 6.0, suggesting that the stability of H alpha 2 P beta 2 is higher compared to that of HbA (H alpha 2 H beta 2). The swine alpha human beta chimeric Hb undergoes subunit exchange reaction with human alpha-chain in the presence of 0.9 M MgCl2, at pH 7.0. This demonstrates the lower thermodynamic stability of the intradimeric interactions of the heterodimer even at neutral pH. A synergistic coupling of the intra- and interdimeric interactions of the swine alpha and human beta chain heterodimer is essential for the thermodynamic stability of the chimeric Hb under the physiological conditions. Accordingly, we speculate that the lower thermodynamic stability of P alpha H beta heterodimer (compared to the homodimers H alpha H beta and P alpha P beta) facilitates its segregation into the homodimers by subunit exchange reaction involving either H alpha or P beta. This molecular aspect by itself or possibly along with other cellular aspects of the swine system results in the absence of P alpha 2 H beta 2 hybrid in transgenic swine expressing HbA.
HETEROTROPHY OF FOUR MARINE PHYTOPLANKTERS AT LOW SUBSTRATE CONCENTRATIONS1

Three pelagic marine phytoplankters, Coccolithus huxleyi, Skeletonema costatum, and Thalassiosira ro-tula, and a facultative heterotroph, Cyclotella cryp-tica, have been exposed to three organic substrates, viz, glucose, acetate, and glutamate, at low concentrations (organic carbon 0.25 mg/liter). Experiments were performed in the dark and light and the net assimilation of substrate was measured by using radiocarbon. The dark uptake of carbon dioxide was also determined, together with photosynthesis at near optimum light intensity. The expected heterotrophy was detected with Cyclotella cryptica. Thalassiosira rotula was found to assimilate glutamate at an appreciable rate. In all cases, however, the short-term uptake of carbon dioxide in the dark was the greatest assimilation rate measured. Values are discussed in relation to their ecological significance and it is concluded that heterotrophic survival of these and probably most other algae in the open ocean xuould be impossible unless they were in contact with a high concentration of substrate in the form of particulate matter.
Synthesis of the protected tridecapeptide (56-68) of the VH domain of mouse myeloma immunoglobulin M603 and its reattachment to resin supports.

A protected tridecapeptide, representing a new peptide corresponding to residues 56–68 of the VH domain in the mouse M603 myeloma protein, has been prepared by solid phase peptide synthesis. The protected tridecapeptide was prepared using the photolabile 4-bromomethyl-(3-nitro)-benzamidomethyl-resin and the multidetachable 2-[4-bromomethyl)phenylacetoxy] propionyl-resin as solid supports. The synthetic protocol and protecting groups were the same for both syntheses. The protected tridecapeptide was removed photolytically from both supports and the sequence integrity was determined by preview analysis using the solid phase Edman degradation procedure. The protected tridecapeptide-OMPA was purified to homogeneity by DMF/H2O precipitation and LH-60 chromatography. The purity of the protected peptide was further demonstrated by high pressure liquid chromatography on the free peptide after HF deprotection. The protected tridecapeptide was reattached to 4-bromomethyl-(3-nitro)-benzamidomethyl-resin to give the photolabile Boc-(protected) peptidyl-4 - oxymethyl - (3 - nitro) benzamidomethyl - resin in 25% yield. The protected tridecapeptide-oxymethylphenylacetic acid derivative was reattached to aminomethyl-resin to give Boc -(protected)peptidyl-2-[(4-oxymethyl)phenyl]acet-amidomethyl-resin in 45% yield and to 2-bromopropionyl-resin generating the multidetachable Boc - (protected)peptidyl - 2 - [(4 - oxymethyl) phenylacetoxy] propionyl-resin in 80% yield. The reactivity of these reattached peptides was demonstrated by the quantitative coupling of Boc-leucine to the protected peptide-resin. The advantages and disadvantages of the different resins with respect to solid phase fragment synthesis are discussed.
129 EFFECT OF DEVELOPMENTAL STAGE OF ICSI-PRODUCED EQUINE EMBRYOS ON PREGNANCY RATES

Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) can be used to produce offspring from mares or stallions with fertility problems. Early embryos can be transferred into recipients’ oviducts or embryos can be cultured for nonsurgical transfer into recipients’ uteri. The aim of this research was to evaluate the optimal time to transfer ICSI-produced embryos into recipients’ uteri. The objective was to compare pregnancy rates after the nonsurgical transfer of early morulae, compact morulae, and blastocysts. Oocytes were collected by transvaginal, ultrasound-guided follicular aspirations between 20 and 24 h after administration of deslorelin (1.5 mg, i.v., Francks Pharmacy, Ocala, FL, USA) to donors. Oocytes were cultured for 16 to 18 h in M199 (Invitrogen, San Jose, CA, USA) with 10% FCS (HyClone, Logan, UT, USA), 0.2 mm pyruvate (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) and 25 μg mL–1 gentamycin (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) at 38.5°C and 6% CO2. Cumulus cells were denuded by gentle pipetting, after oocytes were placed into hyaluronidase (500 U mg–1, Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA). Oocytes were injected with a single sperm from one of two stallions, with sperm being frozen or sex-sorted and refrozen (Squires EL et al. 2008). Forty-six of 62 (74%) injected oocytes cleaved. The presumptive zygotes were cultured in DMEM/F12 (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) with 10% FCS at 38.5°C and an atmosphere of 5% CO2, 5% O2 and 90% N2. Embryos were placed in fresh medium every 3 days. Injected oocytes were observed for cleavage at 2 days, and embryos were assigned to a transfer group. Embryos were transferred as early morulae (EM, 8-cell to precompaction stage, n = 14), compact morulae (CM, postcompaction, n = 10) or blastocysts (B, observed blastocoele, n = 9) into recipients at 3 to 5 days (EM), 3 to 6 days (CM) or 5 to 6 days (B) after the recipient’s ovulation or follicle aspiration. Pregnancy scans were performed on Day 12, 14, and 16 after ICSI, and pregnant recipients were examined until 30 days to detect the embryo proper and heartbeat. Number of embryonic vesicles detected per transferred embryo was determined by Fisher’s Exact Test. Pregnancy rates differed (P = 0.0017) among groups (EM, 1/14, 7%; CM, 4/10, 40%; B, 7/9, 78%), with fewer (P = 0.001) EM than B resulting in embryonic vesicles; however, pregnancy rates were not significantly different between CM and other embryo stages. An embryo proper with heartbeat was observed for all pregnancies, with the exception of one pregnancy resulting from the transfer of a blastocyst. In this study, all blastocysts were transferred prior to the embryo attempting to hatch from the zona pellucida, but after the appearance of a distinct blastoceole. In our study, pregnancy rates were higher after the transfer of later v. earlier stages of embryo development.
A runs rule alternative to level crossings in statistical process control

We develop a method for monitoring autocorrelated and independent processes based on the number of consecutive values above or below a threshold level. Our runs rule based method is compared to the level crossing control chart proposed by Willemain and Runger (1994). Monte Carlo simulations are used to show that the runs rule based method detects large and small shifts in the process mean more quickly than the level crossing method. The runs rule based method is widely applicable to high output processes, robust to the marginal distribution of the data, highly accessible to practitioners, and effectively detects shifts in the porcess mean.
The Old and New Methods of Assessing Kidney Function

Chronic kidney disease is a worldwide problem. Accurate assessment of kidney function is important for defining stages of kidney disease and assisting with drug dosing. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is a good index of the health of the kidney. Although measured GFR using an exogenous substance is the most accurate, it is difficult to obtain due to cost and resources. Equations calculating creatinine clearance and estimated GFR as a measure of kidney function have been developed using serum creatinine as a marker of kidney function. The Cockcroft-Gault, Modification of Diet in Renal Disease, and Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equations have been shown to have statistically significant differences in estimating GFR in various populations. Drug-dosing adjustments based on the various equations may differ. However, without clinical outcome data, it is yet to be determined whether these differences are clinically significant.
Chromophore detection by fluorescence spectroscopy in tissue-like phantoms

In the near-infrared spectral region (700-900 nm) light penetrates a few centimeters into tissues and hemoglobin dominates the absorption. Consequently, in vivo near-infrared tissue absorption spectroscopy becomes difficult for endogenous compounds of biological interest other than hemoglobin. Exogenous chromophore detection by fluorescence spectroscopy has the potential to provide enhanced sensitivity and specificity for in vivo optical tissue spectroscopy, facilitating the study of many important metabolites in tissues other than hemoglobin. We have performed measurements of the DC fluorescence intensity generated by a fluorophore (rhodamine B) homogeneously dissolved inside a highly scattering tissue-simulating phantom (aqueous suspension of titanium-dioxide particles). The phantom was prepared with optical coefficients (absorption and reduced scattering) similar to those of tissue in the near-infrared; these coefficients were measured with a frequency-domain spectrometer. Measurable DC fluorescence intensity signals from 1 nM rhodamine concentrations inside the phantom are reported. Furthermore, we were able to resolve changes in rhodamine concentration on the order of 1% using the DC fluorescence intensity. This DC fluorescence sensitivity is characterized experimentally at two concentrations (55 and 360 nM) and over a range of source-detector separations. Other aspects of the sensitivity are discussed over a large range of concentrations using a fluorescence photon migration model.
The quality of quality of life studies in general surgical journals.

Abstract Background: There has been a tremendous increase in interest on quality of life in surgical research. An increase in interest does not necessarily translate into better research. This study evaluates surgical articles that claim to measure or make some conclusion on quality of life. Study Design: All articles published in the calendar years 1996 and 1999 that purported to assess quality of life as end points or make some conclusion about quality of life were chosen for review from eight general surgical journals. Articles were assessed for use of a quality of life instrument, type of instrument, validation of the instrument, appropriateness of the instrument for the hypothesis, quality of statistical analysis, and adherence to the Gill and Feinstein criteria. Results: Of the 18 articles published in 1996, 72% used a quality of life instrument. Eighteen instruments were used in 13 studies: 7 generic, 10 disease-specific, and 1 ad hoc. Forty-three percent were validated, 39% were appropriate for the study hypothesis, 39% had correct statistical analysis. The majority did not meet the Gill and Feinstein criteria. Of the 24 studies published in 1999, 63% used a quality of life instrument. Twenty-two instruments were used in 15 studies: 11 generic, 5 disease-specific, and 6 ad hoc. Fifty-five percent were validated, 45% were appropriate, 45% had correct statistical analysis. Once again, the majority did not meet the Gill and Feinstein criteria. Conclusions: Despite the emphasis on quality of life outcomes, a substantial number of studies made errors in conceptually defining quality of life and in use of quality of life instruments. Researchers and journal reviewers need to be better versed on the techniques of quality of life research.
Quantitative trait loci for periosteal circumference (PC): identification of single loci and epistatic effects in F2 MRL/SJL mice

Abstract To test the hypothesis that periosteal circumference (PC), which is associated with bone size through cross-sectional moment of inertia (CMI), has heritable components, we performed a linkage analysis using 633 MRL/SJL F2 mice that have 14% difference in mean PC. PC was determined in femurs by use of peripheral quantitative computerized tomography (pQCT). The genome-wide scan identified nine QTL for PC adjusted by body weight on chromosomes 1 (2 QTL), 2 (2 QTL), 8, 11, 15, 17, and X, which accounted for 38.6% of phenotype variance. QTL on chromosomes 1 (D1Mit33), 8 (D8Mit125), 15 (D15Mit 62), 17 (D17Mit176), and X (DXMit208) were unique for PC adjusted by body weight and femur length, while the remaining PC QTL were shared with body weight but not femur length. Four epistatic interactions were identified which accounted for 37.6% of phenotype variance. There was also evidence of pleiotropic effects on chromosome 11 among four size phenotypes (PC, body length, body weight, bone mineral density, and muscle size), which may represent a common genetic mechanism that may regulate bone size and body size.
Estimation of Regional Myocardial Blood Flow Using Computed Tomography: A Stochastic Formulation

Previously, we have presented a deterministic formulation for estimation of regional myocardial blood flow (RMBF) using X-ray computed tomography (CT) [1]. Quantitation of RMBF with the deterministic theory requires computing the zeroth and first moments of extrapolated myocardial contrast enhancement (CT numbers versus time) curves. This extrapolation is a potential source of error in the presence of recirculation, especially in myocardial regions with reduced flows. In the present paper, a stochastic approach for parameter estimation is undertaken, which renders an optimal RMBF estimate based upon the least squares error criteria. Random measurement errors are minimized, curve extrapolation is avoided, and the accuracy of RMBF estimates is predicted. The advantages of the stochastic versus the deterministic approach are demonstrated in the results obtained from the in vivo estimation of RMBF in normal and acutely ischemic myocardium of dogs.
CUSP/p63 expression in rat and human tissues

The human homolog of KET, p63, bears strong homology to the tumor suppressor p53 and plays an essential role in epithelial development. CUSP, the most abundant cutaneous product of p63, has been identified as an autoantigen in chronic ulcerative stomatitis (CUS). The original report of KET expression at least partially contradicts p63 expression subsequently reported by many different groups. We have examined p63 expression by Northern analysis of RNA from multiple human tissues and by indirect immunofluorescence of rat tissue with CUS patient sera. Northern analysis reveals p63 RNA in skin, thymus, placenta, skeletal muscle, kidney, and lung, with non-transactivating p63 RNA in skin, thymus, and placenta. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rtPCR) assays show abundant non-transactivating p63 RNA, and little to no transactivating p63 RNA, in human basal cell carcinoma as well as in normal skin adjacent to the tumors. p63 RNA expression was not detected in brain, heart, colon, spleen, liver, or small intestine. Immunofluorescence reveals p63 expression in skin, oral epithelium, tongue, kidney, and trachea, but not in liver, large intestine, testis, skeletal muscle, or heart. Focal p63 expression within tissues, the complex array of isoforms encoded by the gene, and the specificity of the probes and antibodies utilized, may all contribute to contradictory accounts of CUSP/p63 expression.
Modulation by estrogen of synthesis of specific uterine proteins

Abstract The contemporary procedure for high resolution two dimensional gel electrophoresis was extended to include an initial nondenaturing dimension of electrophoresis. Use of the resulting three dimensional procedure revealed that the previously described single peak of estrogen-induced protein in the uterus of the rat contains at least three distinct proteins whose rates of synthesis are regulated by estrogen. These proteins were localized within partial protein maps, thereby providing definitive operational definitions for the detection and identification of each. It was unambiguously demonstrated that each of the three proteins is continuously synthesized in control uteri. These findings cast doubt on the simplistic hypothesis that estrogen induces a single key protein that triggers a "cascade" of sequential transcriptional events in the uterus. Our finding that the major uterine protein induced by estrogen is also synthesized in liver and muscle cells is significant in that it points to a more general cellular function for the protein, rather than a unique role within uterine cells. Finally, our procedure for three dimensional gel electrophoresis opens new avenues for the detection of minor proteins in heterogeneous protein mixtures, such as those from the tissues of higher animals.
Vascular endottielial cell proliferation in culture and the influence of flow

The influence of laminar shear stress on cell proliferation was investigated for subconfluent bovine aortic endothelial cell monolayers seeded on either glass or Thermanox. The effect of both steady and pulsatile shear stress was studied. For bovine aortic endothelial cells on Thermanox exposed to steady flow, shear stress levels greater than 15 dyne/cm2 resulted in a dose-related reduction in the rate of cell proliferation. At 90 dyne/cm2, the rate of proliferation was virtually totally arrested for 48 h, but then resumed. Pulsatile shear stress produced an exaggeration of the effect observed in response to steady shear stress. Bovine aortic endothelial cells seeded on glass, exhibited a similar but more sensitive response, with a significant reduction in growth rate observed after 24 h at shear stress levels greater than 5 dyne/cm2 and a near cessation of proliferation at 13 dyne/cm2.
Literature, the Interpretive Mode, and Novice Learners

The qualitative study reported in this article analyzes how novice learners develop the interpretive mode (as outlined in Standard 1.2 of the Standards for Foreign Language Learning in the 21st Century, 1996, 1999) in a classroom setting when reading a literary text in a foreign language (FL). Using unmotivated looking through conversation analysis, we examined transcripts from video- and audiorecordings of students' discussions in a teacher-moderated classroom setting and in small groups of 3 to 4 students. Our findings indicate that novice learners were able to interpret and understand a challenging literary text (in this case, a poem) if they were in the teacher-moderated group. In addition, our findings suggest that use of the first language was effective in encouraging interpretive talk among students in the teacher-moderated classroom but not among students in small groups. Ultimately, these findings indicate that the nature of the teacher-moderated, yet distinctly student-centered, interaction had a clear impact on developing the interpretive mode in novice learners.
Robust linear controllers using observers

The possibility of determining a linear robust control law when the full state cannot be measured and observers are implemented to estimate the state is considered. The focus is on systems where the uncertainty satisfies the matching condition. The control law and the observer are designed using two Riccati equations. The first result establishes that if certain scalar parameters are chosen so that a matrix inequality is satisfied, the closed-loop system is stable for the uncertainty levels of interest. It is then shown that if there are at least as many sensors as there are actuators and the transfer function of the nominal system (or a squared-down form of it) does not have zeros in the closed right-half plane, the closed-loop system can be stabilized by the technique, regardless of the size of the uncertainty bounding set. >
Effect of 1,2-dibromoethane (DBE) on meiotic chromosomes of tradescantia

Abstract The production of micronuclei (MCN) in tetrads of microsporogenesis of Tradescantia clone 4430 by a 6-h treatment with 1,2-dibromoethane (DBE) gas showed a positive correlation with the concentration of the gas administered. A range of 0.001–0.002 MCN/tetrad/ppm-h was established by dose-effect experiments. The dose-response curve of the present study resembles that of a previous study on pink mutation in stamen hairs of the same clone of plants. The mutagenic efficiency of DBE for induction of MCN in tetrads is about 36 times that of DBE for induction of pink mutation in stamen hairs if comparison is made on the basis of MCN/tetrad and pink mutation/stamen hair.
Ionization in heavy-particle collisions: Multichannel treatment with discretization of the electronic continuum

A theoretical treatment of ionization in atomic collisions is developed for quantum-mechanical and semiclassical relative motions. It is based on a molecular-wave-function expansion containing both discrete and continuum spectrum states. The continuum is discretized by further expansion, which leads to normalizable ''electronic state packets.'' A procedure is described to calculate scattering amplitudes that avoids having to orthogonalize continuum states to all the (usually unknown) discrete ones.
The structural basis for pseudoreversion of the H95N lesion by the secondary S96P mutation in triosephosphate isomerase.

The structural basis for the 3000-fold decrease in catalytic efficiency of the H95N mutant chicken triosephosphate isomerase and the 60-fold regain of catalytic efficiency in the double mutant, H95N.S96P, have been analyzed. The results from a combination of X-ray crystallography and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy experiments indicate that the predominant defect in the H95N mutant isomerase appears to be its inability to bind the substrate in a coplanar, cis conformation. The structures of each mutant isomerase were determined from X-ray crystallography of the complex of phosphoglycolohydroxamate (PGH), an intermediate analog with the isomerase, and each was solved to a resolution of 1.9 A. The PGH appeared to be in two different conformations in which the enediol-mimicking atoms, O2-N2-C1-O1, of the PGH were not coplanar. No density was observed that would correspond to the coplanar conformation. Two bands are observed for the dihydroxyacetone phosphate carbonyl in the H95N mutant FTIR spectrum, and these can be explained if the O1 of DHAP, like the O1 of PGH in the crystal structure, is in two different positions. Two ordered water molecules are located between O1 of PGH and N delta of N95. Comparison of the structure of the pseudorevertant, H95N.S96P with that for the H95N single mutant, shows that S96P mutation causes the double mutant to regain the ability to bind PGH predominantly in the coplanar, cis conformation. Electron density for a single ordered water molecule bridging the N95 amide side chain and the O2 of PGH is observed, but the density was weak, perhaps indicating that the water molecule is somewhat disordered. Whether or not a water molecule is hydrogen bonded to O2 of PGH may explain the two carbonyl stretching frequencies observed for the GAP carbonyl. Together, the crystal structures and the FTIR data allow a complete explanation of the catalytic properties of these two mutant isomerases.
Dynamics of Probes in Model Glassy Matrices

The dynamics of diatomic probe molecules in matrices composed of hard spheres are studied using molecular dynamics simulations. The matrix particles are connected to fixed attachment points by strings of length, l, which is varied from l-->infinity (fluid) to 0 ("glass"). The probe diffusion coefficient, D interpolates smoothly between these limits when l is changed. As l is decreased, D displays a transition from a power-law l dependence, which is well fit by the mode-coupling theory expression, to an Arrhenius l dependence. Single particle analysis shows that the hopping motion sets in for l much larger than a critical length, l(c), and Arrhenius behavior occurs when hopping becomes the dominant mode of transport. The system displays dynamic heterogeneity even though there is no growing dynamic correlation length of any kind.
Barriers Against Interdisciplinarity: Implications for Studies of Science, Technology, and Society (STS

Interdisciplinary work is intractable because the search for knowledge in different fields entails different interests, and thereby different values too; and the different possibilities of knowledge about different subjects also lead to different epistemologies. Thus differ ences among practitioners of the various disciplines are pervasive and aptly described as cultural ones, and interdisciplinary work requires transcending unconscious habits of thought. The more those unconscious habits are explicated and the more we under stand how the disparate characteristics of the various intellectual cultures are related to the necessarily different interests, values, and epistemologies, the more feasible becomes the goal of transcending thought habits. Two sorts of interdisciplinary effort seem to have been successful: specific, delimited problems have been solved by teams in what is actually multidisciplinary rather than interdisciplinary work, and new disciplines have sprung up at the intersections of existing ...
SYNTHESIS AND PROPERTIES OF A LIPID BILIRUBIN ANALOG

A new synthesis of dipyrrinone acids is described from the known dipyrrinone, 3-ethyl-2,7,9-trimethyl-(10H)-dipyrrin-1-one (11) with a free β-position. In six steps, 11 was converted to 5 with a C20 eicosanoic acid chain, and 5 was converted to a lipid analog (1) of bilirubin with eicosanoic acids replacing propionic at carbons C(8) and C(12). Unlike bilirubins with short acid chains, 1 behaves much like its dimethyl ester (2) and probably adopts a helical rather than the characteristic ridge-tile conformation. Circular dichroism of 1 complexed with quinine in CHCl3 gives a bilirubin-like bisignate Cotton effect: Δe438max⁡+18,Δe390max⁡−24.
Rainfall intensity-duration thresholds for postfire debris-flow emergency-response planning

Following wildfires, emergency-response and public-safety agencies can be faced with evacuation and resource-deployment decisions well in advance of coming winter storms and during storms themselves. Information critical to these decisions is provided for recently burned areas in the San Gabriel Mountains of southern California. A compilation of information on the hydrologic response to winter storms from recently burned areas in southern California steeplands is used to develop a system for classifying magnitudes of hydrologic response. The four-class system describes combinations of reported volumes of individual debris flows, consequences of debris flows and floods in an urban setting, and spatial extents of the hydrologic response. The range of rainfall conditions associated with different magnitude classes is defined by integrating local rainfall data with the response magnitude information. Magnitude I events can be expected when within-storm rainfall accumulations (A) of given durations (D) fall above the threshold A = 0.4D0.5 and below A = 0.5D0.6 for durations greater than 1 h. Magnitude II events will be generated in response to rainfall accumulations and durations between A = 0.4D0.5 and A = 0.9D0.5 for durations less than 1 h, and between A = 0.5D0.6 and A = 0.9D0.5 or durations greater than 1 h. Magnitude III events can be expected in response to rainfall conditions above the threshold A = 0.9D0.5. Rainfall threshold-magnitude relations are linked with potential emergency-response actions as an emergency-response decision chart, which leads a user through steps to determine potential event magnitudes and identify possible evacuation and resource-deployment levels. Use of this information in planning and response decision-making process could result in increased safety for both the public and emergency responders.
Fault Tolerant Relative Navigation using Inertial and Relative Sensors

Many emerging applications of space, ground, marine, and air vehicles require relative automated navigation with respect to other vehicles and objects. Disturbances in the environment may cause faults in relative navigation sensors. For sensors based on cameras or laser range finders, events as common as lighting changes, glint, or obstruction by debris could potentially cause spurious responses. Relative navigation is safety critical‐fault tolerance must be addressed. We propose a fault detection, identification, and recovery architecture using multiple moving horizon estimators, each for a separate hypothesis of the fault state of the system. The hypothesis with maximum empirical likelihood is selected. Detected and identified faults are reported to the main navigation filter, which may then discard the relative navigation sensor data, and instead temporarily rely on the inertial navigation system. The guidance system may also act on the identified fault state, taking actions to recover the system to a safe state. This logic is demonstrated in simulation for the automated rendezvous and docking (AR&D) of spacecraft‐a key technology for the near future demands of the space program. The simulation results demonstrate that faulty relative sensors may seriously aect the navigation solution. The proposed fault detection scheme has demonstrated an ability to identify faults in these sensors and take them oine before they disrupt navigation and lead to mission failure.
An ab Initio and Density Functional Theory Study of the Structure and Bonding of Sulfur Ylides

Sulfur ylides are useful synthetic intermediates that are formed from the interaction between singlet carbenes and sulfur-containing molecules. Partial double-bond character frequently has been proposed as a key contributor to the stability of sulfur ylides. Calculations at the B3LYP, MP2, and CCSD(T) levels of theory employing various basis sets have been performed on the sulfur ylides H2S-CH2 and (CH3)2S-CH2 in order to investigate the structure and bonding of these systems. The following general properties of sulfur ylides were observed from the computational studies: C-S bond distances that are close in length to that of a typical C -S double bond, high charge transfer from the sulfide to the carbene, and large torsional rotation barriers. Analysis of the sulfur ylide charge distribution indicates that the unusually short C -S bond distance can be attributed in part to the electrostatic attraction between highly oppositely charged carbon and sulfur atoms. Furthermore, n f U* stabilization arising from donation of electron density from the carbon lone pair orbital into S - Ho r S-C antibonding orbitals leads to larger than expected torsional barriers. Finally, natural resonance theory analysis indicates that the bond order of the sulfur ylides H 2S-CH2 and (CH3)2S-CH2 is 1.4-1.5, intermediate between a single and double bond.
Biliverdin-induced brainstem auditory evoked potential abnormalities in the jaundiced Gunn rat.

Abstract Brainstem auditory evoked potential (BAEP) abnormalities occur in jaundiced Gunn rats given sulfadimethoxine to displace bilirubin bound to serum albumin, releasing it into the tissues. One problem with the model is that after displacement, plasma bilirubin levels drop and do not correlate with neurological dysfunction. In this report, we administered biliverdin, the immediate precursor of bilirubin, in 15- to 17-day-old Gunn rat pups to create an improved model of bilirubin-induced neurological dysfunction. Total plasma bilirubin (TB) levels were measured with a Leica bilirubinometer. Biliverdin (40 mg/kg) or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) was administered either once and BAEPs recorded 8 h later or twice, 12 h apart, and BAEPs recorded 24 h after the initial injection. A single biliverdin injection produced a significantly decreased amplitude of BAEP wave III, 1.21 ± 0.25 vs. 0.49 ± 0.27 μV (control vs. biliverdin). The two-injection paradigm resulted in a significantly elevated TB (9.9 ± 1.2 vs. 14.9 ± 3.1 mg/dl; control vs. biliverdin), significant increases in I–II (1.15 ± 0.08 vs. 1.42 ± 0.09 ms) and I–III (2.17 ± 0.08 vs. 2.5 ± 0.13 ms) interwave intervals and a decrease in the amplitude of wave III (1.36 ± 0.30 vs. 0.38 ± 0.26 μV). Additionally, there were significant correlations between TB and the amplitude of wave III (r2 = 0.74) and TB and the I–III interwave interval (r2 = 0.51). In summary, biliverdin administration in jaundiced Gunn rat pups produces BAEP abnormalities consistent with those observed in the sulfadimethoxine model and human newborn hyperbilirubinemia and resulted in increased plasma bilirubin levels that correlate with the degree of neurological dysfunction.
Effect of injection chamber length and pull speed of tapered resin injection pultrusion

The objective of the present study is to improve the pultrusion process by improving the reinforcement wetout, and thus, the quality of the pultruded part in the resin injection pultrusion process. The emphasis here is on one of the processing parameters (pull speed/line speed) with a slot injection tapered chamber by varying the length of the injection chamber. Investigated is the impact of tapering of the walls of the injection chamber on the minimum injection pressure necessary to achieve complete wetout via varying the length of the tapered injection chamber and also the pull speed. This work presents the injection chamber exit pressure, since this is important for chamber design with respect to personnel safety and die/chamber damage.
Imatinib mesylate and zoledronic acid in androgen-independent prostate cancer.

Objectives. To determine the safety and efficacy of zoledronic acid (Zometa) combined with imatinib mesylate (Gleevec) in patients with bone pain due to androgen-independent prostate cancer. Methods. Fifteen patients were treated with zoledronic acid 4 mg intravenously every 28 days and imatinib mesylate 400 mg/day. The pain response, defined as a 2-point reduction in the Present Pain Intensity Scale or normalization if the initial score was 1, was the primary endpoint. Secondary endpoints included palliative response, prostate-specific antigen response, measurable disease response, time to progression, impact on quality of life, decrease in markers of bone turnover, and tolerability of the drug combination. Results. The study was stopped early because of a lack of activity. No palliative or clinical activity was detected for the combination, and no prostate-specific antigen responses were observed. The median time to progression was 4 weeks (95% confidence interval 3 to 5), and the median duration of treatment was 8 weeks (range 1.6 to 16.7). The median overall survival was 54 weeks (95% confidence interval 18 to 90). Therapy was associated with a reduction in urine N-telopeptides and a trend toward a reduction in serum osteocalcin, but no change occurred in bone-specific alkaline phosphatase. Conclusions. In this patient population, imatinib mesylate and zoledronic acid produced no prostatespecific antigen responses and had no palliative or clinical activity. UROLOGY 63: 934‐939, 2004. © 2004 Elsevier Inc.