cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Studies on Polynucleotides CI. ESCHERICHIA COLI TYROSINE AND FORMYLMETHIONINE TRANSFER RIBONUCLEIC ACIDS: EFFECT OF CHEMICAL MODIFICATION OF 4-THIOURIDINE TO URIDINE ON THEIR BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES

Abstract A method which uses cyanogen bromide for the quantitative conversion of 4-thiouridine to uridine has been developed. The general nature and the specificity of this reaction has been studied with thiouridine residues present in a hexanucleotide isolated from enzymic digests of Escherichia coli tyrosine transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA), and also with those present in intact E. coli tyrosine and formylmethionine specific tRNAs. Comparison of enzymic digests of tRNAs before and after treatment with cyanogen bromide showed that the conversion of 4-thiouridine was essentially quantitative. The function of 4-thiouridine in these E. coli tRNAs has been studied by comparing the biological properties of cyanogen bromide-treated tRNAs with those of native tRNAs. For tyrosine tRNA, the rate, extent, and specificity of amino acid acceptance, pyrophosphorolysis or repair of the 3'-terminal-CpCpA by tRNA pyrophosphorylase, codon-directed binding to ribosomes, amino acid incorporation studies in vitro using poly[r(U-A-C)] as messenger RNA, and absorbance versus temperature profiles were compared. Similarly, for the formylmethionine tRNA, the amino acid acceptor activity, the ability for enzymic formylation subsequent to aminoacylation and the ability to initiate protein synthesis in vitro using poly[r(U-G)] as messenger RNA were compared. With the exception of reduced binding of tyrosyltRNAtyr to ribosomes, the results show that 4-thiouridine residues can be converted to uridine without causing any other appreciable change in the properties of these tRNAs.
Tolerance for Shirking in Exchange for Loyalty

We develop a model that captures the basic characteristics of a competitively authoritarian regime. An incumbent (government) faces a challenge from a rival (opposition). There is also an agent (bureaucracy) that can interfere in this contest. In addition, the agent can also shirk, which is costly to the incumbent. Before the contest the incumbent and the rival offer the agent certain payoffs contingent on the agent's strategy and the outcome of the contest. Based on these offers, the agent determines his optimal strategy. This, in turn, determines each contestant's winning probability. We calculate this probability for every possible strategy combination of the contestants. The result is a two-player (incumbent-rival) constant sum game matrix. We numerically find Nash Equilibria for several interesting scenarios and analyze the results. A major conclusion is that equilibria can exist where the incumbent tolerates the agent's shirking in exchange for loyalty. In addition, this tolerance can increase as the rival's challenge becomes more serious.
XProM: a collaborative knowledge-based project management tool

There is a growing need for better project management to bring together people with diverse knowledge and skills to develop and implement project activities effectively and efficiently. This paper is a preliminary report on XProM (Expert Program Manager), a project management tool which assists users in project definition and control. XProM improves on most existing commercial tools by integrating groupware and expert system technologies into the concept map knowledge building tool developed at the Institute for Human and Machine Cognition. By employing groupware concepts, XProM facilitates communication, collaboration and cooperation among all involved parties in order to jointly identify project needs and requirements and to reduce the number of changes due to misunderstandings. XProM also includes a rule-based project control advisor which contains heuristic knowledge to guide users to possible corrective actions when things do not go as planned. The paper describes XProM's components and possible future directions for this work.
Knowledge Discovery in an Oceanographic Database

Knowledge discovery from image data is a multi-step iterative process. This paper describes the procedure we have used to develop a knowledge discovery system that classifies regions of the ocean floor based on textural features extracted from acoustic imagery. The image is subdivided into rectangular cells called texture elements (texels)s a gray-level co-occurence matrix (GLCM) is computed for each texel in four directions. Secondary texture features are then computed from the GLCM resulting in a feature vector representation of each texel instance. Alternatively, a region-growing approach is used to identify irregularly shaped regions of varying size which have a homogenous texture and for which the texture features are computed. The Bayesian classifier Autoclass is used to cluster the instances. Feature extraction is one of the major tasks in knowledge discovery from images. The initial goal of this research was to identify regions of the image characterized by sand waves. Experiments were designed to use expert judgements to select the most effective set of features, to identify the best texel size, and to determine the number of meaningful classes in the data. The region-growing approach has proven to be more successful than the texel-based approach. This method provides a fast and accurate method for identifying provinces in the ocean floor of interest to geologists.
The in Vitro Metabolism of 25-Hydroxycholecalciferol to 1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol by Chick Renal Tubules EFFECT OF ACTINOMYCIN D, PUROMYCIN, CALCIUM, AND PARATHYROID HORMONE

Abstract Free cell suspensions of renal tubules obtained from the rachitic chicken were observed to be capable of the rapid and sustained metabolism of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol. Among the products of the in vitro metabolism of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol was a metabolite identified to be identical to 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, the cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) metabolite known to be most active for the initiation of intestinal calcium transport. Unlike the results reported for kidney homogenates, the renal tubule metabolism results in the production of at least one major metabolic product other than 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol. Further-more the renal tubule preparation was observed to be able to rapidly metabolize 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol to other as yet unidentified metabolites. The initial rates of consumption of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol were estimated to be, respectively, 4.5 and 27.9 fmoles per min per mg of renal tubule protein. The rates of renal tubule RNA and protein synthesis were observed to be linear for 15 and 180 min, respectively. The short interval for linear RNA synthesis appeared to be due to precursor pool equilibration as nonlinear RNA synthesis could be demonstrated during at least a 45-min incubation interval. The complete inhibition of RNA synthesis by actinomycin D or protein synthesis by puromycin did not diminish either the rate of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol consumption or the amount of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol produced by renal tubules. This result was obtained even after the renal tubules had been incubated for 3 hours in the presence of the metabolic inhibitors prior to the initiation of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol metabolism. The rate of α-ketoglutarate consumption by the chick renal tubules was observed to be sensitive to changes in extracellular calcium ion concentration in a manner analogous to that reported for rat renal tubules. Additionally the chick renal tubules showed a marked elevation in cyclic 3',5'-adenosine monophosphate content after stimulation by parathyroid hormone. Identical changes in extracellular calcium ion concentration or stimulation by parathyroid hormone had no effect on the metabolism of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol or production of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol as measured after 30 min of incubation. It was concluded that the ability of renal tubules to metabolize 25-hydroxycholecalciferol to 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol is not dependent upon their ability to synthesize either RNA or proteins and that the renal metabolism of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol is not subject to regulation by extracellular calcium ion concentration. Additionally parathyroid hormone was observed to have no regulatory effect upon the metabolism of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol by renal tubules isolated from rachitic chickens.
Medication Therapy Management Interventions in Outpatient Settings A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Importance Medication therapy management (MTM) services (also called clinical pharmacy services ) aim to reduce medication-related problems and their downstream outcomes. Objective To assess the effect of MTM interventions among outpatients with chronic illnesses. Data Sources MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts through January 9, 2014. Study Selection Two reviewers selected studies with comparators and eligible outcomes of ambulatory adults. Data Extraction and Synthesis Dual review of titles, abstracts, full-text, extractions, risk of bias, and strength of evidence grading. We conducted meta-analyses using random-effects models. Main Outcomes and Measures Medication-related problems, morbidity, mortality, quality of life, health care use, costs, and harms. Results Forty-four studies met the inclusion criteria. The evidence was insufficient to determine the effect of MTM interventions on most evaluated outcomes (eg, drug therapy problems, adverse drug events, disease-specific morbidity, disease-specific or all-cause mortality, and harms). The interventions improved a few measures of medication-related problems and health care use and costs (low strength of evidence) when compared with usual care. Specifically, MTM interventions improved medication appropriateness (4.9 vs 0.9 points on the medication appropriateness index, P Conclusions and Relevance We graded the evidence as insufficient for most outcomes because of inconsistency and imprecision that stem in part from underlying heterogeneity in populations and interventions. Medication therapy management interventions may reduce the frequency of some medication-related problems, including nonadherence, and lower some health care use and costs, but the evidence is insufficient with respect to improvement in health outcomes.
Beyond Strategies and Tactics: Toward the Ethical Institutionalization of Community Literacy

This essay revises Paula Mathieu’s call for ethical engagement practices that privilege community expertise and goals by eschewing strategic institutionalization in favor of tactical flexibility. Because scholars cannot operate autonomously from academic institutions, they must work to build ethical principles such as reciprocity and egalitarianism into the academic paradigm. And while systemic institutional change is a long-term process, rhetoric and composition scholars can begin to institutionalize this ethical mandate within their local contexts. One step toward such institutional invention would be the development of formative, inquiry-based mechanisms for assessing community literacy projects.
Emission from O2 gas in the Kleinman-Low region of the Great Nebula in Orion

EMISSION FROM O2 GAS IN THE KLEINMAN-LOW REGION OF THE GREAT NEBULA IN ORION by Michael D. Turner We calculated line intensities of ground-state emission from atomic ([O I]) and molecular (O2) oxygen under various conditions of temperature (10–10 4 K) and density (10–10 cm−3) in photodissociation regions (PDR) of molecular gas clouds, with UV flux intensity (G0) of 10 . Using a magnetohydrodynamic shock model to produce profile data in a range of pre-shock velocities (5 ≤ vs ≤ 20 km s−1) and a range of pre-shock H and H2 gas densities (10 –10 cm−3), we calculated line intensities for both [O I] and O2 emission. Finally, we used these tools successfully to find a model that best describes the recent observations made by the Herschel Oxygen Project team of the 487 GHz, 774GHz, and 1121 GHz lines of O2 in the Kleinman-Low region of the Great Nebula in Orion. Assuming that the source fills all the beams, our calculated 1121/774 intensity ratio falls well outside the statistical uncertainty limits of the observed ratio. Alternatively, assuming that the source fills the 1121 GHz beam, but not the 774 GHz and 487 GHz beams, we found source diameters which produce ratios equal to the mean values for the observed beam ratios.
Arresting Features of Bacterial Toxins

Bacteria produce an arsenal of sophisticated toxins that disrupt the normal processes of the host cell, usually by modifying or inactivating host cell proteins. Now, as Coburn and Leong discuss in their Perspective, members of the cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) family have been identified as enzymes that attack DNA (and not protein) within the host cell (Lara-Tejero and Galan). By attacking DNA, perhaps during chromosomal replication, CDTs cause the host cell to halt in G2 phase of the cell cycle.
Phase Transitions in Chemisorbed Layers on Crystal Surfaces

Publisher Summary 2-Dimensianal discrete lattice models display a variety of phase diagrams and an interesting critical behavior at the points or lines of continuous phase transitions which due to the universality hypothesis provides full information about the critical behavior of a large class of two-dimensional systems. A lot of methods are developed for calculation of thermodynamic properties of discrete lattice models. The most often used ones are Monte Carlo calculations, low and high temperature series expansions and variational methods including mean field approximation. An attention should be paid to the regions in which phase transitions occur. There the finite size or finite cluster methods fail to reproduce the right critical behaviour. In this case the renormalization group (RG) method, especially the real space renormalization provides a powerful tool for calculation not only critical exponents but also the free energy, correlation functions, structure factor and other quantities near the critical points. The approximate treatments of lattice models can be tested comparing the results with exact solutions of a limited set of 2-dimensional models as Ising model, hard hexagon or three state Potts model, eight vertex model and four state Potts model.
Solid electrolyte carbon dioxide sensor based on the Na/sub 2/CO/sub 3///NASICON//YSZ structure

To test the stability of the electromotive force (EMF) of the solid electrolyte CO/sub 2/ sensor with Na/sub 2/CO/sub 3///NASICON structure, the potential variations at the cathode (the NASICON/gas interface) and anode (the gas/Na/sub 2/CO/sub 3/ interface) of the cell were separately measured by setting a reference electrode. In air, the EMF of the sensor showed a significant deviation, which was caused by the instability of the cathode electrode. Electrode probe micro analysis (EPMA) detected the formation of Na/sub 2/SO/sub 4/ at the cathode. A novel sensor with a structure in which the NASICON was covered with yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) at the cathode was proposed to prevent the formation of Na/sub 2/SO/sub 4/. This sensor exhibited excellent long-term stability and works well, according to the Nernst equation, in air. >
Bonding Agents and Adhesives: Reactor Response:

Adhesive materials must form multiple bonds with sound tooth substrates for maximum adhesion. Adhesive resins can be applied in incremental layers to bond composite materials to enamel and dentin. Hardening shrinkage and stress concentrations are factors that have detrimental effects on adhesive bonding with resins and composites. Improvements in dimensional stability of composites can therefore allow for better bonding and sealing of preventive and restorative materials.
BBLimage: a portable open-source software toolkit for volume image analysis

BBLimage is a set of software tools for medical image processing, particularly skull stripping and segmentation of MR brain images; tools to support other applications may be added later. These tools are intended to support researchers who need to prototype new image analysis algorithms or to develop automated image analysis tools for specific image analysis applications. The sequence of processing operations is specified through a scripting language which can be used interactively or in command files; the language used is an extension of Python. Important design criteria include: script files and data files are portable across multiple Unix platforms, including Linux; suitable for rapid prototyping of new algorithms and analysis protocols; suitable for efficient, automated processing of the finished analysis protocols; and easily extensible by programmers outside the original development team. BBLimage is being distributed under an Open Source license which permits free use, modification, and redistribution provided that proper credit is given.
Making It Work: Administrator Views on Sustaining Evidence-Based Mental Health Interventions

This qualitative study explored the perspectives of 16 administrators from 11 mental health agencies serving children, youth, and families on what affects the successful implementation and sustained use of evidence-based interventions. Both positive and negative factors impacting sustainability are identified and implications for practice are presented.
Conserved, developmentally regulated mechanism couples chromosomal looping and heterochromatin barrier activity at the homeobox gene A locus

Establishment and segregation of distinct chromatin domains are essential for proper genome function. The insulator protein CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) is involved in creating boundaries that segregate chromatin and functional domains and in organizing higher-order chromatin structures by promoting chromosomal loops across the vertebrate genome. Here, we investigate the insulation properties of CTCF at the human and mouse homeobox gene A (HOXA) loci. Although cohesin loading at the CTCF binding site is required for looping, we found that cohesin is dispensable for chromatin barrier activity at that site. Using mouse embryonic stem cells in both a pluripotent and differentiated neuronal progenitor state, we determined that embryonic stem cell pluripotency factor OCT4 antagonizes cohesin loading at the CTCF binding site. Loss of OCT4 in the committed and differentiated neuronal progenitor cells results in loading of cohesin and chromosome looping, which contributes to heterochromatin partitioning and selective gene activation across the HOXA locus. Our analysis reveals that chromatin barrier activity of CTCF is evolutionarily conserved and is responsible for the coordinated establishment of chromatin structure, higher-order architecture, and developmental expression of the HOXA locus.
On contour-based classification of dolphin whistles by type

Abstract Classification of cetacean vocalizations may help marine biologists study their behavioral context in different environments yet automatic classification of vocalizations for their information content has not been adequately addressed in the literature. Since classifier performance has a strong dependence on the extent to which features cluster, we, in this paper, explore the effect of two feature sets on two classifiers and assess their performance and computational complexity. We choose two feature sets that are exemplary of very different methods: The first set consists of Tempo-Frequency Parameters (TFPs) that are hand-picked to describe the spectral whistle contours. The second feature set embodies spectral information measured with the Fourier Descriptors (FD) commonly used in image processing for contour representation. The computed feature vectors are fed into the K-nearest neighbor (KNN) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) classification algorithms. The KNN in its basic form is a simple classifier that works well if feature clusters have clear margins and SVM uses a data dependent margin chosen for optimal performance. We argue that KNN serves to accentuate the effect of the feature sets and the SVM acts as the scientific process control. Experimental results show best results with the combination of the TFP feature extractor and the SVM classifier, suggesting a future research direction of developing non-linear kernels for SVM.
Morphology and variability of masticatory structures in the orangutan

The present study examines and describes variability and ontogenetic change in the masticatory structures of the orangutan. Mm. temporalis, masseter, pterygoideus lateralis, and pterygoideus medialis as well as m. digastricus are dissected, described, and removed unilaterally for drying from a sample of 10 orangutans. The temporomandibular joint and related structures are also described. Results indicate substantial interindividual variability in muscle morphology as well as possible age-related changes. Age-related changes in m. temporalis include an expansion of attachment area, adjustments in fiber direction, and changes in related bony structures. An increased attachment area is likewise seen in m. masseter in older individuals. Age-related variation is also seen in the position and extent of the origin of m. digastricus as well as in its fiber direction. A comparison of muscle weights indicates that m. pterygoideus lateralis is relatively larger in the neonate, whereas in the older individuals, it is relatively smaller compared to other masticatory muscles. The general morphology of the masticatory structures in the orangutan resembles that of other extant great apes and humans with the exception of m. digastricus. The orangutan differs in possessing only a posterior belly of this muscle.
THE CONSORTIUM FOR SOCIAL WORK TRAINING IN AGING: SCHOOLS OF SOCIAL WORK IN PARTNERSHIP WITH COUNTY DEPARTMENTS OF ADULT AND AGING SERVICES

This article describes the Consortium for Social Work Training in Aging (CSWTA), a unique partnership among 3 schools of social work and 6 county departments of adult and aging services. Using an innovative collaborative training model that included structured rotations and curricular support, CSWTA contributed to increased student interest in aging, improved knowledge about aging and aging services, and enhanced training capacity of county departments of adult and aging services. This model represents a promising approach for increasing the number of professional social workers trained to provide effective service and leadership to the public sector in the field of aging.
OAZ Uses Distinct DNA- and Protein-Binding Zinc Fingers in Separate BMP-Smad and Olf Signaling Pathways

We have identified the 30-zinc finger protein OAZ as a DNA-binding factor that associates with Smads in response to BMP2, forming a complex that transcriptionally activates the homeobox regulator of Xenopus mesoderm and neural development, Xvent-2. OAZ contains a BMP signaling module formed by two clusters of fingers that bind Smads and the Xvent-2 BMP response element, respectively. Previously implicated as a transcriptional partner of Olf-1/EBF in olfactory epithelium and lymphocyte development in the rat, OAZ fulfills this role through clusters of fingers that are separate from the BMP signaling module. The mutually exclusive use of OAZ by the BMP-Smad and Olf pathways illustrates the dual role of a multi-zinc finger protein in signal transduction during development.
Bilateral primary breast cancers. A prospective clinicopathological study

A prospecitve 20-year study on the occurrence of bilateral breast ca ncer is presented. Among 1458 patients treated at Memorial Hospital New York 1940-1943 follow-up has proved a primary cancer in both breasts in 91. Incidence has averaged 7 patients per year per 1000 patients at risk. It is thought that overall frequency may have been greater than recorded. Women less than 50 years of age at the time of first mastectomy had about twice the risk as women who were over 60. The overall risk of a second cancer is 5 times greater than that of breast cancer in the general female population. It is 10 times normal for women less than age 50 but under 2 times normal after age 70. Women who have survived their first cancer (5-year survival) and are presently alive have an average life expectancy of another 15 years. The story for many is only half told but the risk tends to decrease with age. There has been development of a second breast cancer for each 8 deaths from the first cancer or 1 for each 3 deaths from other causes. About 1 in every 10 in the original series will be affected despite deaths fro m recurrence of the first cancer and other causes. The highest incidenc e was found among patients who had multiple cancers in the first breast. When the first tumors were low-grade duct cancers incidence of second cancers was least. When first tumors were comedocarcinomas or colloid carcinomas incidence was highest. Mixed patterns including mixed grades were common. Patients with metastases at bilateral cancers to develop. Second cancers had fewer metastases. They tended to resemble first cancers in type. The observed 20-year survival rate was 27%. Despite all the follow-up efforts 66% of the second cancers were not early when removed. Second cancers acting in conjuction with recurrence of the first cancer almost halved the survival expected. The greater the gains in early diagnosis and salvage from first cancers the more important become the second ones. The early years after the first mastectomy are the primary time for second cancers to appear.
Review of statistical analyses in drug discovery and chemogenomics

A review of the basic organizational structure of chemogenomics outlines how chemoinformatics, combinational and medicinal chemistry integrate with microarray methods and systems biology to discover new drugs. Key statistical issues include investigations of quantitative structural activity relationships (QSARs), the role of compound similarity in constructing experimental designs, and techniques for getting reliable and accurate measures of genomic response. Four current areas of research are highlighted: correlational analyses, integration of non-coding RNA signals into modeling, connectivity maps, and yeast deletion libraries. Copyright © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Statistical Analysis and Data Mining 2: 88-102, 2009
Scaling analysis of a neocortex inspired cognitive model on the Cray XD1

This paper presents the implementation and scaling of a neocortex inspired cognitive model on a Cray XD1. Both software and reconfigurable logic based FPGA implementations of the model are examined. This model belongs to a new class of biologically inspired cognitive models. Large scale versions of these models have the potential for significantly stronger inference capabilities than current conventional computing systems. These models have large amounts of parallelism and simple computations, thus allowing highly efficient hardware implementations. As a result, hardware-acceleration of these models can produce significant speedups over fully software implementations. Parallel software and hardware-accelerated implementations of such a model are investigated for networks of varying complexity. A scaling analysis of these networks is presented and utilized to estimate the throughput of both hardware-accelerated and software implementations of larger networks that utilize the full resources of the Cray XD1. Our results indicate that hardware-acceleration can provide average throughput gains of 75 times over software-only implementations of the networks we examined on this system.
Solar electric propulsion breadboard thrust subsystem test results.

Work providing a firm basis for building an engineering model thrust subsystem (TSS) is described. A 1500-hr functional demonstration test revealed the impact of each element on TSS integration, operation, and future development. The primary conclusions are: accurate and specific definition of interfaces is essential to a timely system integration program. In addition to normal operating requirements, this definition must include requirements for preflight checkout, self-protection of all interfaces, capability expansion, failure modes, maximum input power, interelement power losses, noise and transient sensitivity and production, packaging for vacuum, thermal control, electrical grounding, cabling, mounting, and handling. In any future design, each phase of the TSS operation (startup, throttling, switching, etc.) should be considered in detail to anticipate and account for possible in-flight variations in element characteristics and performance.
Mechanical and microstructural properties of Nylon-12/carbon black composites: Selective laser sintering versus melt compounding and injection molding

Abstract Composites of Nylon-12 reinforced with 4 wt.% carbon black (CB) manufactured by selective laser sintering (SLS) are compared in terms of flexural strength and flexural modulus, tensile strength and tensile modulus, and impact strength to composites made by extrusion and injection molding (Ex-IM). The Nylon-12 system made by SLS had 25% and 35% higher flexural and tensile modulus, respectively, compared to the Nylon-12 system made by Ex-IM and ∼10% higher strength. However, upon addition of CB both the modulus and the strength of the composites made by SLS were significantly lower compared to composites made by Ex-IM. This is due to the poor dispersion of nanoscale CB and due to the higher porosity of the composites made by SLS, which also explains the relatively low impact strength observed. Based on XRD and DSC studies, it is concluded that the composites made by the two processing methods did not differ significantly in their crystallization characteristics such as the degree of crystallinity, crystal type, and lamellar thickness. However, it was found that CB acted as a nucleating agent for Nylon-12 when Ex-IM was used, leading thus to smaller but more numerous polymer crystals.
An audit of surgical management of gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GIST).

Abstract Aim To analyze GIST outcome after primary resection and to determine if a new grading system could adequately predict there prognosis. Methods A retrospective review (1993–2002) identified 80 patients who underwent primary surgical resection for, c-KIT positive, GIST. Follow-up was complete for all patients (median follow-up 42, range 1–132, months). GIST were classified as low or high grade according to the following parameters: size, mitotic rate, mitotic index (MiB1), presence of necrosis, invasion of adjacent structure and presence of metastasis. Results GIST originated from the stomach (46), small bowel (30), colon and rectum two and mesentery two. At surgery, 94% of cases presented with localized disease and 6% blood born metastasis with or without lymph node invasion. Resections were complete (R0) in 72 cases. R0 resection correlated with prognosis (p Conclusion Prognosis of GIST after surgical treatment is influenced by completeness of primary resection and tumour malignant potential. Low grade GIST have an excellent prognosis after surgery alone, while high grade GIST have a high rate of recurrence after primary resection. Adjuvant treatment should be advocated for patient with either high grade GIST or after incomplete primary resection. The presented grading system can reliably predict GIST outcome after primary surgical treatment. Complete surgical resection offers good chance of cure for low grade GIST, while for high grade GIST surgery alone is not sufficient. The presented grading system could be used to identify patients who may benefit of adjuvant treatment with imatinib mesylate after GIST resection.
Heat Transfer Enhancement Induced by Cube- and Diamond-Shaped Block Arrays in Two-Pass High-Aspect Ratio Channels With a 180-Degree Turn

Described in this paper is an experimental investigation of the heat transfer and pressure characteristics in a high aspect ratio, (4.5:1 width-to-height), two-pass channel, with cube-shaped and diamond-shaped block arrays placed in both passes before and after a 180-degree sharp turn. Transient liquid crystal technique was applied to acquire detailed local heat transfer data on both the channel surfaces and the block elements. Reynolds number tested varies between 13000 and 28000. To further explore potential design alternatives for enhancement cooling, the effects of block height, ranging from 1/4, 1/2, 3/4 and full span of the channel height were also evaluated. Present results suggest that a staggered cube-array can enhance heat transfer rate up to 3.5 fold in the first pass and about 1.9 fold in the second pass, relative to the fully-developed smooth channel counterpart. For the corresponding diamond-shaped block array, the enhancement is 3.4 and 1.9 fold respectively. Even though the post-turn turbulence transport in the second pass is generally higher than that in the first pass, the effects of surface-block induced heat transfer enhancement in fact are less prominent in the post-turn region of the second pass. Pressure loss for diamond block arrays is generally higher than that of the corresponding cube-block arrays.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Cascaded rhombic crossbar interconnection networks

Abstract Multiprocessor interconnection networks based upon cascaded crossbar switches which have the characteristic that each processor can directly connect to a group of memory modules and to other groups through intermediate processors are introduced. In the rhombic (overlapping connectivity) version of the networks, adjacent interconnection groups include some of the same memories. The networks are attractive especially for a very large number of processors which cannot be provided with full connectivity but need to operate with simultaneous requests top locally shared memory or by communication between processors. Applications for cascaded /overlapping connectivity networks include vision systems, neural computers, and dataflow computers. Bandwidth and execution time formulas are derived using a probabilistic approach, including when intermediate processors are used in the interconnection path. Supporting simulation results are presented.
Position Loss and Image Loss in Bargaining

Bargaining theorists have had a long-standing interest in understanding the relationship between the tangible and intangible aspects of concession-making—what Pruitt (1971) has described as the risks of "position loss" and "image loss," respectively. In order to evaluate the precise relationship between position loss and image loss, two questionnaire studies were conducted. In Experiment I, bargainers read a cover story describing a dyadic bar gaining episode and were asked to take the role of one of the disputants; they were then to rate the "image" associated with each of a series of offers, and the monetary concession values associated with a set of possible bargainer appearances in a within-subjects design. Experiment II was identical to the first study in all respects, except that only one offer and one bargaining appearance were rated in a between-subjects design. Subjects were found to discriminate better among various bargainer appearances in Experiment I than in Experiment II. In addition, an exp...
Microstructural features affecting fracture toughness of high strength steels

Abstract The fracture toughness of quenched and tempered steels, such as AISI 4340, AISI 4130 and 300M, can be increased by 50–100% by minor changes in heat treating procedures. Certain microstructural features, particularly blocky ferrite, upper bahnte and twinned martensite plates, are deleterious to fracture toughness. Similarly, the presence of undissolved carbides and sulfide inclusions, which act as crack nuclei, can lower fracture toughness by 25–50%. Other microstructural constituents, such as lower bainte, autotempered martensite, and retained austenite can enhance fracture toughness. By controlling the amounts and distributions of the microstructural constituents, the fracture toughness values of AISI 4340, AISI 4130 and 300M can be raised to the fracture toughness level of 18Ni maraging steel at equivalent values of yield strength.
Electrodeless Measurements of the Effective Resistivity of the Human Torso and Head by Magnetic Induction

A magnetically coupled impedance measuring instrument has been developed for determining an effective electrical resistivity of human subjects without electrodes. The instrument operates at 100 kHz. The value obtained represents an average of the resistivity of tissue near the coils.
Practical strategy for concurrent substructure analysis

Abstract Substructure modeling of general large-scale structures requires repetitive computations coming from various combinations of subcomponent or local structure modeling changes. Parallel algorithms for finite element analysis proposed in the literature have been targeted only toward high speedup and do not consider recomputations. In this paper, a practical computational strategy is proposed with the development of a theoretical formulation to predict the performance of a parallel matrix solver for two massively parallel machines (BBN/Butterfly, KSR1) and an efficient processor assignment algorithm to cover the initial computation stage and the recomputation stage of an irregularly shaped substructure model.
Preparation of chemically derivatized platinum and gold electrode surfaces. Synthesis, characterization, and surface attachment of trichlorosilylferrocene, (1,1'-ferrocenediyl)dichlorosilane, and 1,1'-bis(triethoxysilyl)ferrocene

The synthesis and characterization of three ferrocene-centered, hydrolytically unstable, surface derivatizing reagents and their attachment to pretreated (anodized) Pt and Au electrode surfaces are described. Trichlorosilylferrocene (1) has been isolated from the reaction of SiCl/sub 4/ and lithioferrocene; (1,1'-ferrocenediyl)dichlorosilane (II) has been isolated from the reaction of SiCl/sub 4/ and 1,1'-dilithioferrocene; and 1,1'-bis(triethoxysilyl)ferrocene (III) has been isolated from reaction of ClSi(OEt)/sub 3/ with 1,1'-dilithioferrocene. The species I, II, and III have been fully characterized by /sup 1/H NMR, mass, and uv-vis spectra and elemental analyses. All are moisture sensitive and are capable of derivatizing anodized Pt surfaces. Detailed studies for derivatization of anodized Au using II are described. In many respects the properties of derivatized Au electrodes parallel those for derivatized Pt. Such derivatized electrodes exhibit persistent cyclic voltammetric waves at a potential expected for an electroactive ferrocene derivative. Greater than monolayer coverages are found in each case, as determined by the integration of the cyclic waves. The cyclic voltammetric parameters are as expected for a reversible, one-electron, surface-attached electroactive system except that the peak widths are broader than theoretical. This is attributed to chemically distinct ferrocene centers resulting from the oligomerization of the derivatizing reagent during the derivatization procedure.
A detailed analysis of cracks bridged by fibers—I. Limiting cases of short and long cracks

Abstract Two axisymmetric bridged crack problems that correspond to the limiting cases of short and long cracks are studied. The objective is to understand such details of crack bridging as the tensile stress distribution in bridging fibers, the effect of bridging on crack propagation and the load transfer from bridging fibers to the matrix. The solution method, which accounts for interfacial slip explicitly, involves the use of continuous distributions of dislocation loops to represent the opening of the crack and the slip at the fiber-matrix interfaces. This yields a set of coupled singular integral equations, which are solved numerically. In Part II, cracks of intermediate size will be studied. The results will be used to determine the effect of initial flaw size on the proportional limit and to assess the range of validity of a commonly used model of crack bridging in which bridging fibers are represented by distributed springs.
Transport models of the turbulent velocity-temperature products for computations of recirculating flows

Performance tests of the third-order turbulence closure for predictions of separating and recirculating flows in backward-facing steps were studied. Computations of the momentum and temperature fields in the flow domain being considered entail the solution of time-averaged transport equations containing the second-order turbulent fluctuating products. The triple products, which are responsible for the diffusive transport of the second-order products, attain greater significance in separating and reattaching flows. The computations are compared with several algebraic models and with the experimental data. The prediction was improved considerably, particularly in the separated shear layer. Computations are further made for the temperature-velocity double products and triple products. Finally, several advantages were observed in the usage of the transport equations for the evaluation of the turbulence triple products; one of the most important features is that the transport model can always take the effects of convection and diffusion into account in strong convective shear flows such as reattaching separated layers while conventional algebraic models cannot account for these effects in the evaluation of turbulence variables.
Role of thiol/disulfide exchange in newcastle disease virus entry.

Newcastle disease virus (NDV) entry into host cells is mediated by the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) and fusion (F) glycoproteins. We previously showed that production of free thiols in F protein is required for membrane fusion directed by F protein (S. Jain et al., J. Virol. 81:2328-2339, 2007). In the present study we evaluated the oxidation state of F protein in virions and virus-like particles and its relationship to activation of F protein by HN protein, F protein conformational intermediates, and virus-cell fusion. F protein, in particles, does not have free thiols, but free thiols were produced upon binding of particles to target cells. Free thiols were produced at 16°C in F protein in virions bound to the target cells. They also appeared in different fusion defective mutant F proteins. Free thiols were produced in the presence of mutant HN proteins that are defective in F protein activation but are attachment competent. These results suggest that free thiols appear prior to any of the proposed major conformational changes in F protein which accompany fusion activation. These results also indicate that HN protein binding to its receptor likely facilitates the interaction between F protein and host cell isomerases, leading to reduction of disulfide bonds in F protein. Taken together, these results show that free thiols are produced in F protein at a very early stage during the onset of fusion and that the production of free thiols is required for fusion in addition to activation by HN protein.
Stress-enhanced chemical vapor deposited graphene NEMS RF resonators

In this work we present room-temperature measurements of graphene nanoelectromechanical resonators (GN-ERs) demonstrating quality factors (Qs) greater than 200 at resonance. A nominal resonant frequency (fo) of 200 MHz is attained by applying strain to the suspended graphene using an SU-8 polymer clamp. Additionally, the device fo can be tuned by more than 5% by application of a DC gate bias on the order of 5V. Chemical vapor deposited (CVD) graphene is used to demonstrate the scalability of the process.
Long-term ticarcillin desensitization by the continuous oral administration of penicillin

Abstract Patients with documented allergies to penicillin may require desensitization for treatment of severe infections, and maintenance of desensitization by continuous oral administration of the drug has been proposed. We report the case of an 11-yr-old boy with cystic fibrosis who was allergic to ticarcillin and responded to desensitization and to subsequent maintenance with oral penicillin. After an intravenous dose of ticarcillin for pseudomonas pneumonia, he devloped throat burning, periorbital edema, and pruritus, which responded to antihistamines and epinephrine. Penicillin skin testing was positive with intradermal injections of benzylpenicilloyl polylysine (36 mm 2 wheal) and 1:10,000 dilutions of 3.3 mg/ml stock solutions of minor determinant mixture (25 mm 2 wheal) and ticarcillin (25 mm 2 wheal). Intravenous desensitization to ticarcillin was performed according to a schedule similar to that for penicillin, beginning with 1:1,000,000 dilution of the proposed therapeutic dose of ticarcillin and advancing by 10-fold increments. Nasal pruritus, periorbital edema, and urticaria developed with 1:10 and full-strength dilutions but responded to antihistamine. The patient tolerated a full therapeutic-course, with occasional symptoms. To prevent need for further desensitization, the patient was begun on continuous oral penicillin (250 mg) every 12 hr. Repeat skin tests 6 wk later were negative but converted to positive (25 mm 2 wheal with undiluted ticarcillin) when the penicillin dose was decreased to 250 mg every 24 hr and prompted repeat desensitization for an infection occurring at this time. A change in oral penicillin therapy to every 8 hr ablated skin-test reactivity and allowed the use of ticarcillin without prior desensitization, with only mild nasal itching and congestion. Increasing the serum concentration of ticarcillin with the use of the renal tubular blocking agent, probenecid, produced a transient return of allergic symptoms, suggesting that the patient was only partially desensitized. This case demonstrates the successful application of penicillin desensitization procedures to a semisynthetic penicillin and maintenance of desensitization by continuous oral therapy with the parent drug.
Response of lower trophic level production to long‐term climate change in the southeastern Bering Sea

[1] The Bering Sea ecosystem has undergone profound changes in response to climate regime shifts in the past decades. Here, lower trophic level production is assessed with a vertically one-dimensional (1-D) coupled ice-ocean ecosystem model, which was applied to data collected by a National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)/Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) mooring from 1995 to 2005. The physical model is forced by sea surface winds, heat and salt fluxes, tides, and sea ice. The biological model includes coupled pelagic and ice algae components. Model results are validated with daily mooring temperature, fluorometer, and daily Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS) chlorophyll data. Two distinct ocean conditions and phytoplankton bloom patterns are related to the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) Index regimes: warmer temperature and later warm-water phytoplankton species bloom in PDO > 1 year; colder temperature and earlier cold-water phytoplankton species bloom in PDO < −1 year. Productivity of different phytoplankton species changed dramatically after the 1976 climate shift, but the total annual net primary production (NPP) remained flat over the past four decades under similar nutrient regulation. Climate shift also affected the vertical distribution of lower trophic level production and energy flow to the upper ocean pelagic ecosystem or the benthic community. A long-term PDO regime shift occurred in 1976, and a short-term PDO reversal occurred in 1998. Phytoplankton biomass responded promptly to both short- and long-term climate changes. Zooplankton biomass responded more to the long-term than to the short-term climate shift. The model results captured observed trends of zooplankton abundance changes from the 1990s to 2004.
Precursors of human colon carcinoma: a serial section study of colectomy specimens.

All polyps and strips of colonic mucosa 1 to 15 cm from tumor margins were examined for possible precursors of carcinoma in 24 patients undergoing partial colectomy for primary colorectal adenocarcinoma. Of 114 polyps found, 40.4% were adenomatous, and the remainder were hyperplastic or inflammatory or showed normal mucosa. No primarily dysplastic lesions, which could be interpreted as early de novocarcinomas, were found. Serial sections of mucosal strips revealed minute adenomatous foci in 3 of 24 patients, one of whom also showed several patches of exclusively dysplastic epithelium. This finding suggests that carcinomas may rarely arise de novo, but most carcinomas appear to be accompanied by (? preceded by) adenomatous changes.