cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reactions to disappointing performance in manufacturer–distributor relationships: The role of escalation and resource commitments

A model is presented of an exchange episode between a manufacturer and a distributor that generates disappointing performance outcomes. The authors suggest that manufacturers commit different types of resources in the initial stages of relationships with distributors, which affect both the distributor's ability and willingness to achieve performance goals. These initial resource commitments affect the commitment of further resources, after the receipt of negative outcomes, both directly (through a mental budgeting process) and indirectly (through the attributions made about the cause of the disappointment). The authors use resource theory, attribution theory, and research on escalation of commitment to structure their conceptual framework and research propositions. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The Phytophagous Insect Faunas of the Ragweeds, Ambrosia chenopodiifolia, A. eriocentra , and A. ilicifolia , in Southern California

Phytophagous insects representing 6 orders, 17 families, and 31 species are reported as comprising the insect fauna of Ambrosia chenopodiifolia (Bentham) Payne (Compositae) in southern California. Similarly, insects representing 6 orders, 21 families, and 33 species are reported as associates of A. eriocentra (Gray) Payne; insects representing 5 orders, 14 families, and 19 species as associates of A. ilicifolia (Gray) Payne. Most insects found attacking these 3 ragweeds were euryphagous, ectophagous, sap- and foliage-feeding species. Sixty-four percent, 55%, and 63% of the insect associates of A. chenopodiifolia, A. eriocentra , and A. ilicifolia , respectively, apparently reproduced on these ragweeds. Also, 24%, 39%, and 23% of the 21, 28, and 17 identified associates of these 3 ragweeds, respectively, were stenophagous, their hosts apparently confined to the tribe Heliantheae. Fourteen percent, 18%, and 24% of these identified associates, respectively, were minor or major pests of cultivars.
Ovine GM1 gangliosidosis

Abstract Ovine GM1 gangliosidosis is a newly described neuronal lysosomal storage disease first observed in Suffolk sheep. Affected sheep are clinically normal at birth and exhibit ataxia at 4 to 6 months of age which rapidly progresses to prostration. Affected sheep exhibit a profound deficiency of lysosomal β-galactosidase in fibroblasts and tissues, and a partial deficiency of α-neuraminidase. Abnormal accumulation of GM1 ganglioside, asialo-GM1 and neutral long chain oligosaccharides is present in the cerebrum with excretion of neutral long chain oligosaccharides in the urine. Genetic studies indicate the disease is inherited as an autosomal recessive. Pathologic lesions consist of marked distension and vacuolation of the cytoplasm in virtually all neurons (central and peripheral nervous system) and of periportal hepatocytes and renal epithelial cells. Preliminary ultrastructural studies disclosed numerous membranous whorls and lamellar stacks within membrane-bound vacuoles in neurons. Golgi staining of cerebrum discloses formation of spiny meganeurities and secondary neurite formation in pyramidal neurons. Lectin histochemistry indicates stored material has terminal saccharide moieties consisting of β-galactose, N-acetylneuraminic acid, and N-acetylgalactosamine. No consistent clinicopathologic and no musculoskeletal abnormalities have been identified. The prevalence and economic significance of ovine GM1 gangliosidosis is unknown. Most neonatal deaths and abortions of small ruminants remain undiagnosed, and possibly many have an undetermined genetic basis. The described disease emphasizes the importance of clinical and pathologic evaluation of neonatal deaths as the economic and research importance of genetic diseases are unrealized.
Digital baseband compensation of joint TX/RX I/Q imbalance in mobile MIMO SC-FDE transceivers in the presence of CFO

In this sequel to [1], the joint Tx/Rx I/Q imbalance model of mobile SC-FDE transceivers is extended to include the effect of residual carrier frequency offset. Furthermore, the equivalent channel model for multiple-antenna spatially-multiplexed SC-FDE transceivers in the presence of I/Q imbalance and mobility is derived and an effective digital baseband compensation scheme is proposed, and its performance is evaluated including the effects of channel estimation.
The Tomb of Giles de Bridport in Salisbury Cathedral

The tomb of Bishop Giles de Bridport (d. 1262) in Salisbury Cathedral illuminates a transitional period of 13th-century English sepulchral art. The carvers of the tomb experimented with newly fashionable naturalistic foliage while still practicing traditional “stiff-leaf” forms; for drapery style they chose not the early 13th-century narrow folds but more up-to-date broad folds; they borrowed ornamental details for tracery and leaves from new work at Westminster Abbey, yet built a monument that may have been a local Salisbury design. Eight narrative reliefs that apparently illustrate the life of Bishop Bridport were added to the tomb. The article suggests an underlying theme in this biographical narrative that may help explain its appearance in the 1260's.
A dideazatetrahydrofolate analog lacking a chiral center at C-6: N-[4-[2-(2-amino-3,4-dihydro-4-oxo-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-5yl)ethyl[benzoyl]-L-glutamic acid is an inhibitor of thymidylate synthase

N-[4-[2-(2-Amino-3,4-dihydro-4-oxo-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-5- yl)ethyl]benzoyl]-L-glutamic acid (15), prepared in five steps from 2-pivaloyl-7-deazaguanine, has been found to be an antitumor agent with its primary site of action at thymidylate synthase rather than purine synthesis. This compound appears to be a promising candidate for clinical evaluation.
Proliferative cycle in the growing hair follicle of the mouse.

THE intermitotic phase has been divided into three segments: the phase of synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) (S phase), preceded and followed by ‘gaps’ called G 1 and G 2 respectively1. The duration of these phases can be accurately measured by pulse-labelling with tritiated thymidine, followed by serial killing, preparation of autoradiographs, and determination of the fraction of mitoses labelled at various intervals between injection and death2,3. Several kinds of cells have been so studied; the present communication adds to the list the cells of the growing-hair follicle in the mouse.
Spatial ability and sensory interaction: Analog and propositional representation

Abstract To provide coverging support that the proper integration of analog and propositional representational systems is associated with spatial ability, visual, auditory and bimodal brain event-related potentials were recorded from 50 right-handed Caucasian males. Sensory interaction indices were derived for these S s who had taken the Surface Development Test of spatial ability. Product-moment correlations were computed between sensory interaction indices for eight cerebral sites and spatial ability test scores. Sensory interaction for left- and right-hemispheric regions was significantly related to spatial ability. As sensory suppression lessened, spatial ability increased. The results substantiated the theory that the visual-imaginal-analog and the auditory-verbal-propositional representational systems are implicated in spatial ability. The extent to which the cortex can inhibit or attenuate the interaction or integration between these dual-symbol systems is associated with complicated spatial task performance.
Fumed-silica containing carbon-paste dehydrogenase biosensors

The sensitivity and stability of dehydrogenase-based carbon paste biosensors are greatly improved upon adding fumed-silica nanoparticles into the electrode matrix. The enhanced performance is attributed to improved retention of the dehydrogenases and their NAD+ cofactro on the silica support, and to an electrocatalytic action of fumed silica towards the detection of NADH. Such advantages of the silica modified carbon paste are illustrated with the enzymes alcohol and lactate dehydrogenase, and using batch and flow conditions. The response is characterized wih respect to various experimental variables.
Development of a multi-frequency airborne radar instrumentation package for ice sheet mapping and imaging

We have developed improved versions of three different radar systems and integrated them as an airborne instrumentation suite for sounding and imaging Polar ice sheets. The first instrument consists of a multi-channel, coherent, pulsed radar operating at VHF with up to 20 MHz bandwidth. This instrument is capable of sounding a few-kilometer thick ice while flying at altitudes up to 10 km above mean sea level. The second instrument is designed to operate at UHF using a burst of narrow-bandwidth signals to digitally synthesize a bandwidth of in excess of 300 MHz. This apparatus is used to measure internal layers of the ice sheet to a depth close to 100 m. The third component to the instrumentation package is based on a frequency-modulated continuous wave (FMCW) radar, which operates at microwave (Ku band) frequencies with up to 1 GHz of instantaneous bandwidth. This radar set is used to measure the ice sheet surface elevation profile with centimeter accuracy. We are presenting a description of each system, with emphasis on the VHF depth sounder. We also present sample field test results obtained during the 2009 austral summer season in Antarctica, as a validation of the performance of the instrument package.
Multi-step hydrothermally synthesized TiO2 nanoforests and its application to dye-sensitized solar cells

Abstract Three-dimensional (3-D) titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoforests with a large surface area and a high electron transport property have been successfully synthesized on transparent conducting oxide (TCO) substrate by using a unique multi-step hydrothermal synthesizing process. First, TiO2 nanorods with well-controlled density and length are grown on TCO glass substrate.TiO2 nanowires are then synthesized on TiO2 nanorods with another hydrothermal process. In comparison with previously reported one-dimensional (1-D) TiO2 nanorod arrays, TiO2 nanoforests offer a larger surface area for the same height, which is beneficial for achieving higher efficiency dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC). The experimental results confirm that a conversion efficiency of 3.93% can be achieved with a 5.1 μm long TiO2 nanoforest based DSSC under AM1.5 illumination.
Impact of genomics on the field of probiotic research: historical perspectives to modern paradigms

For thousands of years, humans have safely consumed microorganisms through fermented foods. Many of these bacteria are considered probiotics, which act through diverse mechanisms to confer a health benefit to the host. However, it was not until the availability of whole-genome sequencing and the era of genomics that mechanisms of probiotic efficacy could be discovered. In this review, we explore the history of the probiotic concept and the current standard of integrated genomic techniques to discern the complex, beneficial relationships between probiotic microbes and their hosts.
Bis(benzenethiolato)nitrosyl[tris(3,5‐dimethyl‐1‐pyrazolyl)hydroborato]molybdenum(II)

[Mo(C15H22BN6)(C6H5S)2(NO)], Mr = 641.5, monoclinic, P2(1)/n, a = 10.898 (1), b = 18.484 (2), c = 15.989 (2) A, beta = 109.81 (1) degree, V = 3030.2 A3, Z = 4, Dx = 1.41, Dm = 1.41 g cm-3, lambda(Mo K alpha) = 0.7173 A, mu = 5.9 cm-1, F(000) = 1320, T = 293 K, wR = 0.047 for 3997 observed reflections. In each complex, the Mo atom is six-coordinate, ligated by a terminal NO group, a tridentate pyrazolylborate ligand and two benzenethiolate ligands. The structure is compared with that of similar complexes and the Mo-S bonding is discussed.
A mosaic of Drosophila consisting of 1X, 2X and 3X tissue and its probable origin by mitotic non-disjunction.

THE renewed interest in abnormal distributions of chromosomes leads me to place on record an unusual mosaic individual of Drosophila melanogaster found in 1933 while working at the California Institute of Technology. A ‘strange gynander’ appeared among the offspring of a cross between a female which carried the dominant bristle gene Minute-n (M-n) on one X-chromosome and the recessive eye colour gene carnation (car) on the other, and a male which carried the recessive body colour gene yellow (y) on its X-chromosome.
Antigen‐specific Treg regulate Th17‐mediated lung neutrophilic inflammation, B‐cell recruitment and polymeric IgA and IgM levels in the airways

Th17 cells play key roles in mediating autoimmunity, inflammation and mucosal host defense against pathogens. To determine whether naturally occurring Treg (nTreg) limit Th17-mediated pulmonary inflammation, OVA-specific CD4+ Th17 cells and expanded CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ nTreg were cotransferred into BALB/c mice that were then exposed to OVA aerosols. Th17 cells, when transferred alone, accumulated in the lungs and posterior mediastinal LN and evoked a pronounced airway hyperreactivity and neutrophilic inflammation, characterized by B-cell recruitment and elevated IgA and IgM levels. Cotransfer of antigen-specific nTreg markedly reduced the Th17-induced pulmonary inflammation and associated neutrophilia, B-cell influx and polymeric Ig levels in the airways, but did not inhibit airway hyperreactivity. Moreover, the regulation appeared restricted to the site of mucosal inflammation, since transfer of nTreg did not affect the Th17 response developing in the lung draining LN, as evidenced by unaltered levels of IL-17 production and low numbers of Foxp3+ Treg. Our findings suggest a crucial role for Th17 cells in mediating airway B-cell influx and IgA response, and demonstrate that antigen-specific nTreg suppress Th17-mediated lung inflammation. These results provide new insights into how Th17 responses are limited and may facilitate development of novel approaches for controlling Th17-induced inflammation.
The effect of an externally applied electric field on the reconstruction of Pt(110)

Abstract The influence of an externally applied electric field on the reconstruction of the Pt(110) surface has been examined by field ion microscopy. Electric field strengths up to and including 16 V/nm have no apparent effect on the thermally induced reconstruction of Pt clusters at 305 K. At field strengths of 21 V/nm and above, the thermal reconstruction process at 305 K is enhanced by “high-temperature” field evaporation.
Computer Simulation of Reading: A Progress Report

Simuread is a computer program which segments traditional English orthography into minimum graphic signals and designates a segmental phoneme, non phoneme, or phoneme combination for each. The segmental phoneme chains required for the oral representation of the orthography are simulated in numeric output.The program also derives a conditional association matrix. The rows of the matrix are the minimum graphic signals and the columns are the phoneme designates. The row totals and the percentages of specific graphic-phoneme associations are computed for the cells of the matrix.Samples of Simuread processing of various texts, a portion of a conditional association matrix and comparisons of the total occurrences of the graphic units in several first grade readers are presented in this article to illustrate its research applications.
Sequence of the gene for the constant region of the mu chain of Balb/c mouse immunoglobulin.

Abstract We present the complete sequence of Cμ immunoglobulin constant region gene of mouse with 5′ flanking and 3′ untranslated regions. The gene consists of four exons coding for protein domains which are separated by three introns. Intensive study of the homology relationship of DNA sequences within the Cμ gene and Cγ2b gene leads us to believe that the shifting of existing splice sites along with creation of new ones plays a significant role in evolution, driving the reversible reaction exon ↩ intron.
Effects of antioxidants on the hydrogen peroxide-mediated oxidation of methionine residues in granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and human parathyroid hormone fragment 13-34

Purpose. The effects and mechanisms of different antioxidants, methionine, glutathione, acetylcysteine, and ascorbic acid (AscH2), on the oxidation of methionine residues in granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and human parathyroid hormone fragment 13-34 (hPTH 13-34) by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) were quantified and analyzed.
Conventional Mechanical Ventilation in Acute Lung Injury and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome are inflammatory conditions involving a broad spectrum of lung injury from mild respiratory abnormality to severe respiratory derangement. Regardless of cause (direct or indirect lung injury), pulmonary physiology and mechanics are altered, leading to hypoxemic respiratory failure. The use of positive pressure ventilation itself may cause lung injury (ventilator-induced lung injury, or VILI). VILI may amplify preexisting injury, delay lung recovery, and result in adverse outcomes. This article examines the evidence supporting lung-protective ventilation strategies and addresses the methods, outcomes, and potential obstacles to implementation of such approaches.
Molecular cloning, overexpression, purification, and characterization of an aerobic FMN-dependent azoreductase from Enterococcus faecalis

Abstract Azo dyes represent a major class of synthetic colorants that are ubiquitous in foods and consumer products. Enterococcus faecalis is a predominant member of the human gastrointestinal microflora. Strain ATCC 19433 grew in the presence of azo dyes and metabolized them to colorless products. A gene encoding a putative FMN-dependent aerobic azoreductase that shares 34% identity with azoreductase (AcpD) of Escherichia coli has been identified in this strain. The gene in E. faecalis , designated as azoA , encoded a protein of 208 amino acids with a calculated isoelectric point of 4.8. AzoA was heterologously overexpressed in E. coli with a strong band of 23 kDa on SDS–PAGE. The purified recombinant enzyme was a homodimer with a molecular weight of 43 kDa, probably containing one molecule of FMN per dimer. AzoA required FMN and NADH, but not NADPH, as a preferred electron donor for its activity. The apparent K m values for both NADH and 2-[4-(dimethylamino)phenylazo]benzoic acid (Methyl red) substrates were 0.14 and 0.024 mM, respectively. The apparent V max was 86.2 μM/min/mg protein. The enzyme was not only able to decolorize Methyl red, but was also able to convert sulfonated azo dyes Orange II, Amaranth, Ponceau BS, and Ponceau S. AzoA is the first aerobic azoreductase to be identified and characterized from human intestinal gram-positive bacteria.
Digital-controlled electrooptic 1 × 2 switch for time-division multiplexing and data encoding

Commutateur constitue d'une serie d'interferometres de Mach Zehnder et de coupleurs directionnels
Unconventional T-cell activation by IL-15 in rheumatoid arthritis

Synovial T cells from rheumatoid patients, when activated by IL-15, stimulate production of the proinflammatory cytokine, TNF-α (pages 189–195).
Contraction-mapping fixed-point theorem and finite-time stability

The contraction-mapping fixed-point theorem is utilised to obtain information on the finite-time stability of a class of nonlinear time-varying single-loop control systems. The loop of a system, from the class of systems investigated, consists of an operator which satisfies a Lipschitz condition in tandem with a time-invariant linear causal convolution operator.
Perceptual models and the filtering of high-contrast achromatic images

A model based on research in the psychophysics of vision is developed for use in the design of image processing filters in order to quantify the results of image processing as perceived by a human observer. An alternate formulation of the classical frequency-domain filter design problem with both space and frequency-domain specifications is developed. New experimental results concerning the masking effect in the vicinity of edges are reported, and a structure of a model for detection of distortion in complex images is proposed. The ability of the model to predict the visibility of one-dimensional patterns in the vicinity of edges is tested. A distortion measure based on the model is introduced, and practical filter-design criteria are developed. Both FIR linear phase filters and IIR filters are used to demonstrate the applicability of the methods.
Improved gas diffusion electrodes for hybrid polymer electrolyte fuel cells

Abstract In this study, the performance of the anionic electrodes for hybrid polymer electrolyte fuel cells was improved. The anion exchange membrane (AEM) electrodes were initially characterized as the cathode on a proton exchange membrane (PEM) anode/membrane half-assembly (i.e. hybrid polymer electrolyte fuel cell). The electrode performance was improved by tailoring the ionomer distribution within the electrode structure so as to better balance the electronic, ionic, and reactant transport within the catalyst layer. An ionomer impregnation method was used to achieve a non-uniform ionomer distribution and higher performance. Traditional electrode fabrication methods (i.e. thin-film method) lead to a uniform ionomer distribution. The peak power density at 70 °C for a H 2 /O 2 hybrid fuel cell was 44 mW cm −2 using the thin-film electrode, and 120 mW cm −2 using the ionomer impregnated electrode. A hydrophobic additive used in the catalyst layer further improved the electrode performance, giving a peak power density of 315 mW cm −2 for H 2 /O 2 at 70 °C. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was used as an in situ diagnostic tool to help understand the origin of the electrode improvements. The increase in performance was attributed to improved catalyst utilization due to the creation of facile gas transport domains in the AEM electrode structure. Similarly, the AEM anode prepared by ionomer impregnation with polytetrafluoroethylene resulted in a three-fold increase in the peak power density compared to ones made by the thin-film method, which has no polytetrafluoroethylene.
F-18 fluoride positron emission tomography of the hip for osteonecrosis.

Osteonecrosis (ON) of the femoral head continues to be a devastating disorder for young patients. We evaluated the F-18 fluoride positron emission tomography (PET) imaging modality for use in detection of the bone involved in ON of the hip. We retrospectively reviewed the records of 60 consecutive patients diagnosed with ON and interviewed all by phone. Eleven patients (17 hips) of those interviewed agreed to participate in the study. We classified the ON using the University of Pennsylvania classification system and compared each patient’s plain AP bone scan, single photon emission 3-D computed tomography, and MRI. ON was associated with HIV, alcohol, steroid use, and polycythemia vera in this group. Nine of 17 hips (8 patients) had acetabular increased uptake when using the F-18 fluoride PET scans that were not seen on MRI, single photon emission computed tomography, or bone scans. These data suggest earlier acetabular changes in osteonecrosis may exist that traditional imaging modalities do not reveal.
Self-control Depletion and the General Theory of Crime

Criminological research on self-control focuses mainly on self-control failure. Such research has not, however, investigated the consequences of exercising self-control for the individual doing so. The present study investigates this issue within the framework of both criminological self-control theory and research on self-control depletion from social psychology, which depicts self-control as akin to a “muscle” that is “depletable” by prior use [Muraven and Baumeister (2000) Psycholog Bull 126:247–259]. Results are presented from a laboratory experiment in which students have the opportunity to cheat. Both “trait self-control,” as measured by the Grasmick et al. [(1993) J Res Crime Delinq 30:5–29] self-control inventory, and “self-control depletion” independently predicted cheating. The implications of these findings are explored for criminological perspectives on self-control and offender decision-making.
Medical service use and financial charges among opioid users at a public hospital.

We examined the prevalence of drug use related infectious complications among opioid using or dependent individuals and service charges associated with medical care received over a 2-year period at a public hospital. A computerized medical record review was used to identify 3147 individuals with diagnoses related to opioid use or dependence. Forty-nine percent of these patients were treated for bacterial infections and 30% presented for treatment of medical problems arising from the effects of the drugs themselves (e.g. drug withdrawal, overdoses, and drug-induced psychiatric symptoms). Mean charges were $13 393 for these patients, nearly 2.5 times the average per patient charges for non-opioid using patients during the study period. Patients with diagnoses related to opioid use or dependence comprised 2% of the total patient population for this period, yet accounted for 5% of total charges. Homeless patients were less likely to have used ambulatory services and were more likely than non-homeless patients to have used emergency and inpatient services. Early detection of patients with opioid use or dependence problems, coupled with effective strategies to engage them in ambulatory preventive services, could allow interventions to reduce morbidity and associated charges in this patient population. The findings suggest that health care providers and policy makers consider polices that promote ambulatory care use among opioid users seeking medical care through the public health care system.
Predicting the Performance of Batsmen in Test Cricket

Cricket is one of the team games played over 50 countries in different levels. Though the performance of each batsman in the team can be easily quantified, the prediction of player performance is arduous. This paper demonstrates a methodology to predict the performance of cricket batsman in test-match series. In this study, longitudinal test cricket data have been collected over five years of period. A model is developed to predict the player performance as a function of certain characteristics related to the player, the team and the match series. Due to the hierarchical nature of the collected cricket data, a three stage hierarchical linear model is proposed in this investigation. According to the outcome of the analysis, the handedness of the player (batsman) and the rank of the team significantly influence player performance. Finally, an accurate prediction of player performance is conducted using the proposed model.
Thermodynamics and reaction pathways of furfuryl alcohol oligomer formation

Abstract The acid-catalyzed transformation of furfuryl alcohol (FA) monomer to oligomers has been studied in the liquid phase to investigate the reaction mechanisms and intermediate species by using a combination of quantitative reaction product measurements and density functional theory calculations. FA monomer was converted into oligomers with a broad range of carbon number: C 9 –C 10 , C 14 –C 15 , C 19 –C 29 , > C 29 . Based on the calculations, terminal CH 2 OH dimer formation is both kinetically and thermodynamically favored, consistent with the experimental results. The order for dimer production in the C 9 –C 10 range follows terminal CH 2 OH > ether bridged–methylene bridged dimer > OH-carbon bridge.
Room temperature assembly of a uranyl carboxyphosphonate: Synthesis, characterization and UO22+ hydrolysis

Abstract A novel 1-dimensional U(VI) phosphonoacetate, UO2(O3PCH2CO2H)(H2O)·2H2O (1), has been synthesized from the room temperature reaction of uranium nitrate and phosphonoacetic acid (H3PPA) in water. The compound crystallizes in a monoclinic space group (P21, a = 8.3517(5) A, b = 7.0013(4) A, c = 8.3728(5) A, β = 107.310(1)°, Z = 2) and exhibits bonding to the UO22+ through both phosphonate and carboxylate oxygen atoms of the acid unit. The crystal structure, thermal and fluorescent behaviors, and role of UO22+ hydrolysis in the context of ambient versus hydrothermal syntheses are discussed.
A Long‐Term Comparison of Redband Trout Distribution, Density, and Size Structure in Southwestern Idaho

Abstract During 1993–2003, we reexamined the density and size structure of populations of Columbia River redband trout Oncorhynchus mykiss gairdneri at 43 sites in sagebrush desert basins of southwestern Idaho. Trout density had originally been sampled at these sites during 1977–1982. Populations were sampled in four major drainages of the Snake River basin: Bruneau River, Jordan Creek, Owyhee River, and Snake River tributaries. Redband trout distribution remained relatively stable between the two time periods, trout being present at 79% of the sites in 1977–1982 (1970s) and 84% of the sites in 1993–2003 (1990s). The mean density of redband trout did not differ between the 1970s (29.9 ± 6.3 trout/100 m2 (mean ± SE)) and the 1990s (26.4 ± 5.5 trout/100 m2), but the differences in redband trout density between these time periods were correlated with elevation. Densities were stable or declined at elevations less than 1,500 m, and densities generally were stable or increased at elevations of 1,500 m or great...
Recent developments in the preparation and properties of nanometer-size spherical and platelet-shaped particles and composite particles

Abstract By using self-assembly molecules as a template, nanometer-sized plate-like metal oxide and semiconductor particles can be obtained by confined growth inside the lamellar bilayers of microemulsion systems. It was found that a strong chemical affinity between the metal salt and the polar head group of amphiphilic molecules and the anisotropic structure of microemulsion systems play a premier role in the anisotropic growth. Nanometer-sized composite particles (nano-composites) with a core-shell structure have been prepared by arrested precipitation of metal or semiconductor clusters in reverse micelles, followed by hydrolysis and condensation of organometallic precursors in the microemulsion matrices. Temporally discrete nucleation and growth at elevated temperature (70 °C) give the resulting particles a narrow size distribution and defined crystallinity. Both the size of the core particles and the thickness of the coating layers can be varied by controlling processing parameters such as the ratio of water to surfactant and the ratio of water to organometallic precursors. By controlling the pH conditions and aging temperatures, a transparent gel composing the nanometer-sized inorganic clusters has been obtained. Optical properties of nanometer-sized composite particles are reviewed. For silver metal clusters and nano-composites, the shift of the absorption peak at the surface-plasmon resonance frequency due to the classical limited mean-free path of the conduction electrons or quantum size effects has been observed. The enhanced third-order non-linear susceptibility of the silver nano-composites results from the local-field enhancement and size effects, which has been experimentally demonstrated by the optical phase-conjugation technique.
Our Menses, Ourselves: Research and Commentary from The Society for Menstrual Cycle Research

The menstrual cycle is a unique aspect of being female that includes both biological and psychosocial experience. Individual girls and women experience cycle-related biological events, such as menarche (first menstruation), menstruation, amenorrhea, or menopause, within a cultural context in which prevailing cultural views about menstrual cycle experience play a role. The articles that we present in this special issue of Sex Roles raise awareness about menstrual experience as a biopsychosocial phenomenon that contributes to development of the self-concept in individual women and to more general notions of what being female is all about. More broadly, the authors investigate the contribution of context to contemporary menstrual cycle experience. The authors of these articles are colleagues who are members of the Society for Menstrual Cycle Research (SMCR). The Society was formed in 1977 by a group of multidisciplinary scholars who understood the centrality of the menstrual cycle in women’s health and more broadly in women’s lives. Founding members were committed to promoting feminist, woman-centered research on the menstrual cycle to redress the narrow and mostly negative focus on the role of menstrual cycle in reproduction to that date. Since 1977, the Society has held biennial conferences, which have yielded more than a dozen published volumes on menstrua-
Interactions between innexins UNC-7 and UNC-9 mediate electrical synapse specificity in the Caenorhabditis elegans locomotory nervous system

Approximately 10% of Caenorhabditis elegans nervous system synapses are electrical, that is, gap junctions composed of innexins. The locomotory nervous system consists of several pairs of interneurons and three major classes of motor neurons, all with stereotypical patterns of connectivity that include gap junctions. Mutations in the two innexin genes unc-7 and unc-9 result in identical uncoordinated movement phenotypes, and their respective gene products were investigated for their contribution to electrical synapse connectivity. unc-7 encodes three innexin isoforms. Two of these, UNC-7S and UNC-7SR, are functionally equivalent and play an essential role in coordinated locomotion. UNC-7S and UNC-7SR are widely expressed and co-localize extensively with green fluorescent protein-tagged innexin UNC-9 in the ventral and dorsal nerve cords. A subset of UNC-7S/SR expression visualizes gap junctions formed between the AVB forward command interneurons and their B class motor neuron partners. Experiments indicate that expression of UNC-7S/SR in AVB and expression of UNC-9 in B motor neurons is necessary for these gap junctions to form. In Xenopus oocyte pairs, both UNC-7S and UNC-9 form homomeric gap junctions, and together they form heterotypic channels. Xenopus oocyte studies and co-localization studies in C. elegans suggest that UNC-7S and UNC-9 do not heteromerize in the same hemichannel, leading to the model that hemichannels in AVB:B motor neuron gap junctions are homomeric and heterotypic. UNC-7S and UNC-9 are widely expressed and contribute to a large number of the gap junctions identified in the locomotory nervous system. Proper AVB:B gap junction formation requires UNC-7S expression in AVB interneurons and UNC-9 expression in B motor neurons. More broadly, this illustrates that innexin identity is critical for electrical synapse specificity, but differential (compartmentalized) innexin expression cannot account for all of the specificity seen in C. elegans, and other factors must influence the determination of synaptic partners.
Urmylation: A Ubiquitin-like Pathway that Functions during Invasive Growth and Budding in Yeast

Ubiquitin is a small modifier protein that is conjugated to substrates to target them for degradation. Recently, a surprising number of ubiquitin-like proteins have been identified that also can be attached to proteins. Herein, we identify two molecular functions for the posttranslational protein modifier from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Urm1p. Simultaneous loss of Urm1p and Cla4p, a p21-activated kinase that functions in budding, is lethal. This result suggests a role for the urmylation pathway in budding. Furthermore, loss of the urmylation pathway causes defects in invasive growth and confers sensitivity to rapamycin. Our results indicate that the sensitivity to rapamycin is due to a genetic interaction with the TOR pathway, which is important for regulation of cell growth in response to nutrients. We have found that Urm1p can be attached to a number of proteins. Loss of five genes that are also essential in a cla4Δ strain, NCS2, NCS6, ELP2, ELP6, and URE2, affect the level of at least one Urm1p conjugate. Moreover, these five genes have a role in invasive growth and display genetic interactions with the TOR pathway. In summary, our results suggest the urmylation pathway is involved in nutrient sensing and budding.
A Dose-Response Study of the Effects of Prenatal and Lactational Exposure to TCDD on the Immune Response to Influenza A Virus

The goal of the current study was to evaluate the immune response to a common respiratory pathogen, influenza A virus, in mice exposed to increasing doses of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) during development. Additionally, the treatment paradigm was designed to provide exposure throughout fetal and neonatal development, beginning on d 1 of gestation. To accomplish this, impregnated C57Bl/6 mice were treated with 0.25 μg/kg TCDD on d 0 and 7 of pregnancy, followed by 2 additional doses of 0.25, 1, or 5 μg/kg given on d 14 and postpartum d 2. The adult offspring were infected with influenza virus, and components of the adaptive and innate immune responses were evaluated. Our results show that developmental exposure to TCDD dose-responsively suppressed both the cell-mediated and antibody responses to influenza virus in female but not males. In contrast, TCDD exposure enhanced the innate immune responses in offspring of both sexes; specifically, neutrophilia and interferon (IFN) γ levels in the lu...
Bipolar disorder in children and adolescents

Background The existence of bipolar disorder (BP) in youth is controversial. Methods The current evidence regarding the diagnosis of BP in youth was reviewed. Results BP is a recurrent familial disorder that occurs in 1–3% of youth, particularly in adolescents. Except for subsyndromal BP, the prevalence of BP-I is similar across most countries. Due to the child's immaturity, the presence of comorbid disorders, and divergent interpretations of manic symptomatology, it is difficult to diagnose BP in youth. Youth with subsyndromal mania and family history of BP, are at high risk to develop BP-I and BP-II. Both the full-syndromal BP and subsyndromal BP are associated with significant psychosocial difficulties and increased risk for use of substances, suicidality, legal problems, and services utilization. Conclusion Bipolar disorder exists in youth, but it is difficult to diagnose. The recurrent nature and psychosocial morbidity associated with this illness during critical developmental stages call for comprehensive longitudinal evaluation and accurate recognition and treatment because delays in treatment are associated with poor outcome.
Deletion analysis of Streptococcus pneumoniae late competence genes distinguishes virulence determinants that are dependent or independent of competence induction

The competence regulon of Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) is crucial for genetic transformation. During competence development, the alternative sigma factor ComX is activated, which in turn, initiates transcription of 80 'late' competence genes. Interestingly, only 16 late genes are essential for genetic transformation. We hypothesized that these late genes that are dispensable for competence are beneficial to pneumococcal fitness during infection. These late genes were systematically deleted, and the resulting mutants were examined for their fitness during mouse models of bacteremia and acute pneumonia. Among these, 14 late genes were important for fitness in mice. Significantly, deletion of some late genes attenuated pneumococcal fitness to the same level in both wild-type and ComX-null genetic backgrounds, suggesting that the constitutive baseline expression of these genes was important for bacterial fitness. In contrast, some mutants were attenuated only in the wild-type genetic background but not in the ComX-null background, suggesting that specific expression of these genes during competence state contributed to pneumococcal fitness. Increased virulence during competence state was partially caused by the induction of allolytic enzymes that enhanced pneumolysin release. These results distinguish the role of basal expression versus competence induction in virulence functions encoded by ComX-regulated late competence genes.
Do “Illegal” Im/migrants Have a Right to Health? Engaging Ethical Theory as Social Practice at a Tel Aviv Open Clinic

As the notion of a "right to health" gains influence, it is increasingly deployed in ways that are diverse, contextually variable, and at times logically inconsistent. Drawing on extended fieldwork at an Israeli human rights organization that advocates for "illegal" migrants and other vulnerable groups, this article contends that medical anthropologists cannot simply rally behind this right. Instead, we must take it as an object of ethnographic analysis and explore bow it is invoked, debated, and resisted in specific contexts. Critical ethnographies of right to health discourse and practice can enlighten us, and help us enlighten scholars in other fields, to the complexity, messiness, and "mushiness" (Sen 2009) of this right, especially in the context of advocacy on unauthorized im/migrants' behalf. It can also deepen understanding of the complicated and sometimes tense relationships among human rights, humanitarianism, and other contemporary idioms of social justice mobilization, especially in the health domain.
Imperial paths, big comparisons: the late Ottoman Empire

The main goals of this article are to review historiographical trends and set new directions for late Ottoman history. First, the paper demonstrates that current research on the late Ottoman Empire still operates within the confines of the centre–periphery model, and sustains dualistic and state-centred narratives. Second, I argue that a ‘historical trajectory’ framework is a better analytical tool and empirical strategy. It is spatial, path-dependent, and comparative. With special reference to the Middle Eastern provinces, I show that the Ottoman Empire was characterized by distinct imperial paths during the nineteenth century, each representing an alternative route to state–society and local–global relations. The article further suggests that a trajectory-specific approach can provide new prospects for understanding Eurasian land-based empires from a comparative perspective.
Quantifying the average and the likelihood of increases in space weather indices and in situ measurements during Solar Cycles 20–23

It is known that space weather harshly affects spacecraft performance, yet spacecraft operations and understanding the cause of anomalies can be challenging due to the complexity of environmental metrics. In this work, we analyse five metrics and in-situ measurements (Kp, Dst, and AE index, and high-energy proton and electron flux) throughout Solar Cycles 20–23 (1964 to 2008), and provide a baseline for the environment during the phases of the solar cycles (maximum, minimum, declining or ascending). We define increased activity as activity greater than two median absolute deviations (MADs) above the average activity for each phase. MAD is used, rather than standard deviation, because it is more resilient to outliers. The average and MAD values are tabulated in Table 3 to Table 6. We determine the probability that increased activity occurs 3, 14 or 30 days before a random day to distinguish between increased/quiet activities and to aid in correlating intensifications of the environment and anomalous satellite performance.
Integrating and verifying intellectual property blocks using platform express and ModelSim

Platform-based design is a proven method for minimizing the time and risks involved in designing and verifying a system-on-chip (SoC). Our experiences in using Mentor Graphics' platform express (PX) tool to design an SoC platform will be described in this paper. The tool allows intellectual property (IP) developers to add their IP cores and enables system designers to explore different system architectures rapidly by integrating pre-installed IP components. Thus, the designers work directly at the component level instead of the usual register-transfer description level. We have successfully added an open IP core to the PX component library and have used it in our system design. Also, since we intend to add only freely-available IP cores - or the ones that are internally generated - to expand our component library, it can be shared with anyone using platform express. This paper discusses integrating IP components to build a baseline platform for future, derivative SoC designs as well as verification for correctness using ModelSim. The complete IP integration and system design flow is outlined along with a workaround for designs involving IPs specified using both VHDL and Verilog. Pointers are also provided as recommendations for first-time users to avoid possible errors
Optimal Estimation of Calibration Parameters in Polarimetric Microwave Radiometers

Methods for internal calibration of a certain class of microwave polarimetric radiometers are presented by Piepmeier. In that work, the calibration parameters are estimated algebraically. We demonstrate that Bayesian estimation decreases the root-mean-square error of the estimates by a factor of two. This improvement is obtained by using knowledge of the noise structure of the measurements and by utilizing all of the information provided by the measurements. Drawbacks are the increased complexity of the method and an increase in computation. We also extend the method to estimate several hardware component parameters of interest in system calibration.
Efficient inference for hybrid dynamic Bayesian networks

This paper is a revision of a paper presented at the SPIE conference on Signal Processing, Senior Fusion, and Target Recognition XII, Aug. 2004, Orlando, Florida. The paper presented there appears (unrefereed) in SPIE Proceedings Vol. 5429. Bayesian networks for static as well as for dynamic cases have been the subject of a great deal of theoretical analysis and practical inference-algorithm development in the research community of artificial intelligence, machine learning, and pattern recognition. After summarizing the well-known theory of discrete and continuous Bayesian networks, we introduce an efficient reasoning scheme into hybrid Bayesian networks. In addition to illustrating the similarities between the dynamic Bayesian networks and the Kalman filter, we present a computationally efficient approach for the inference problem of hybrid dynamic Bayesian networks (HDBNs). The proposed method is based on the separation of the dynamic and static nodes, and subsequent hypercubic partitions via the decision tree algorithm. Experiments show that with high statistical confidence the novel algorithm used in the HDBN performs favorably in the trade-offs of computational complexity and accuracy performance, compared to other exact and approximate methods for applications with uncertainty in a dynamic system.