cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Solubility of ammonia in water at low concentrations

Abstract Comparisons of ammonia concentrations in air and in rainwater indicate that a substantial discrepancy exists between observed values and those calculated on the basis of conventional solubility theory, which is based on extrapolation of solubility measurements obtained at higher concentrations. This paper presents the results of ammonia solubility measurements at low concentrations, which have been conducted in an attempt to resolve this anomaly. These results have demonstrated that existing solubility theory, which presumes dissolution to occur via an interphase transport step plus a dissociation of aqueous-phase ammonia to form ammonium ion, provides an adequate description of true behavior at environmental concentrations whenever pure water or pure water plus strong acid is utilized as a solvent. The results are presented in terms of a Henry's Law constant for the interphase transport step NH 3 | g ⇌ H 1 NH 3 | aq which is given as log 10 H 1 = −1.69 + 1477.7 T ( dimensionless ) , where T is the absolute temperature (K), based on molar units for both gas- and liquid-phase concentrations. Previously-measured values of the ammonia dissociation constant were utilized with the experimental data to derive the above expression for H1. Limited tests in the presence of carbon dioxide indicate that previous calculations of ammonia solubility in combination with carbon dioxide at atmospheric concentrations are high by about an order of magnitude. These results are not conclusive and should be verified by further experiments. At the present time, however, they suggest that a substantial restructuring of many concepts regarding the aqueous-phase behavior of environmental ammonia may be necessary.
Frequency Stability Analysis of a Grounded-Base Voltage-Controlled Crystal Oscillator

The frequency stability is analyzed for a voltage-controlled grounded-base crystal oscillator by matrix algebra. The validity of the resulting equation was verified by measurements on an oscillator with a 110-MHz fifth-overtone quartz crystal. Sensitivity coefficients for the oscillator are computed with the aid of a time share computer program and its sweep range is drawn by a plotting routine.
Using Virtual Secure Circuit to Protect Embedded Software from Side-Channel Attacks

Side-Channel Attacks (SCAs) can break a cryptographic implementation within a very short time, and therefore, has become a practical threat to embedded security. This work presents Virtual Secure Circuit (VSC) as a software countermeasure to SCA. VSC provides protection to software by emulating WDDL, an SCA-resistant hardware circuit style. VSC is algorithm independent. This enables designers to protect different cryptographic software with only one solution. This work proposes the concept of VSC together with two implementation schemes. One scheme is based on a custom-instruction single-core processor architecture and the other on a dual-core architecture. Correspondingly, we built two prototypes on FPGA systems. Experiments with real-world side-channel power and electromagnetic attacks demonstrate that, compared with the unprotected software, VSC on single-core processor provides 20 times security improvement. The experiments also show that, although VSC on dual-core processor does not thwart electromagnetic attacks, it offers more than 25 times security improvement against power attacks. We conclude that VSC is comparable in security improvement to WDDL, but is more flexible and has much lower hardware cost.
Cell–Cell Junctions: α-Catenin and E-Cadherin Help Fence In Yap1

Metazoan cells translate adhesive events with neighbors into anti-proliferative signals in the nucleus. The cadherin-catenin adhesion complex has long been suspected of playing a key role in this process, and three recent papers suggest that it does so by modulating subcellular localization of the Hippo pathway component Yap1.
Variability in islet cell antibody determination: a quantitative assessment.

The source of variability in the outcome of islet cell antibody (ICA) determinations due to pancreas and serum were independently assessed with a quantitative assay. The effect of choice of pancreatic substrate and serum specimen was assessed by testing for parallelism among twenty-five dilution curves of five sera from diabetic subjects and five pancreata. The five by five format allowed for five tests of pancreatic variability (one serum against five pancreata) and five tests of serum variability (one pancreas against five sera). Analyses of variance and covariance of these dilution curves indicate that test outcome is affected by both the sera (5 tests, p values 10-6 to 10-7) and the pancreas (5 tests, p values 10-3 to 10-5). The data support heterogeneity among islet cell antibody isotypes and raise the possibility of diversity of islet cell antigens. Antigenic diversity of pancreatic substrates may interfere with inter- and intra-laboratory comparisons of islet cell antibody determinations. The stron...
Aromatic alkylamine N-acetyltransferase in regional tissues of developing rat brain

The specific activities of N-acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.5) were examined in several regions of rat brain of both sexes at various times after birth. The enzyme activity increased with development in whole brain, hippocampus, midbrain, cerebellum and the remainder of brain, peaking around 36 days of age. Lineweaver-Burk plots indicated linear kinetics for N-acetyltransferase in dialyzed supernatant and ammonium sulfate precipitates from the newborn rat brain, whereas enzyme preparation further purified by Bio Gel yielded biphasic kinetics. These data remain consistent with the possibility that there are two forms of N-acetyltransferase in rat brain even from birth.
Electromyographic activity of mystacial pad musculature during whisking behavior in the rat.

Cinematographic measurements of whisker movements generated by behaving rats were compared with electromyographic (EMG) activity recorded simultaneously from mystacial pad musculature. Muscle activity consisted of repetitive bursts, each of which initiated a “whisking” cycle consisting of a protraction followed by a retraction. Protraction amplitude and velocity were directly proportional to the amount of EMG activity during forward whisker movement. Over time, the intensity of muscle discharge determined the set point about which the vibrissae moved; higher levels of muscle activity resulted in a greater degree of overall whisker protraction. These findings are consistent with the known anatomy of the facial musculature and underscore the importance of whisker protraction in the acquisition of tactile information by the vibrissae.
Creole formation in the context of contact linguistics

L'A. examine la validite des criteres qui permettent de distinguer creoles et pidgins. Il tente de determiner si le critere structural a lui seul permet d'etablir une telle distinction, ou bien s'il est necessaire de tenir egalement compte d'un critere socio-historique
The HOXB13:IL17BR biomarker: prognostic for late recurrence and predictive for benefit from endocrine therapy

SUMMARY Estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer accounts for more than two-thirds of breast cancer cases. While much attention has been focused on metastatic recurrence during the first 5 years following diagnosis, more than half of distant recurrences occur beyond 5 years. Several studies have demonstrated significant patient benefit for extended adjuvant therapy, but there is a clinical need for biomarkers that can identify patients who are at risk for late distant recurrence and would benefit from extended therapy. The HOXB13:IL17BR gene-expression ratio has been repeatedly validated as a prognostic breast cancer biomarker that estimates risk independent of clinicopathological factors, including tumor grade. Recent studies have revealed that the HOXB13:IL17BR ratio is both prognostic for late recurrences and predictive for endocrine therapy response.
Quasi-modes in disordered waveguide with gain

Disorder realizations that contribute to bulk of conductance distribution in passive system are shown to strongly contribute to large-g tail of the distribution in system with gain. Explanation in terms of waveguide quasi-modes is given.
Excitation of Coupled Nuclear Antiferromagnetic Resonance Modes

The presence of a strong hyperfine coupling in the antiferromagnets KMn${\mathrm{F}}_{3}$ and CsMn${\mathrm{F}}_{3}$ leads to a strong intermixing of the nuclear magnetic resonance and antiferromagnetic resonance (AFR) modes at low temperatures. In the experiments described here, ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{55}$ resonance absorption is detected by monitoring the field for AFR while driving at appropriate nuclear frequencies. Such resonance absorption is observed for a range of frequencies many times larger than the nuclear linewidth. A spin-pinning model is proposed which provides nucleation centers for this "off-resonance" saturation.
Delivery of antitumor compounds to the rat colon: In vitro and in vivo evaluation

Abstract Using a rat model we have demonstrated that an enteric-coated hydroxypropyl-methylcellulose (HPMC) granular formulation was capable of targeting or persisting in the colonic region. The formulation was optimized by measuring the in vitro release of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) of granules prepared with different molecular weights of HPMC (‘Methocel’) coated with different hydrophobicities of acrylic acid copolymers (‘Eudragits’), a ‘Methocel’ K100M granule coated with ‘Eudragit’-S being selected. X-ray examination of lightly anaesthetized rats demonstrated that orally administered enteric-coated granules containing 50% w/w barium sulfate persisted in the colon for longer than similar barium sulfate suspensions. Granules of HPMC, coated and uncoated, containing 5-FU were administered by oral gavage and the tissue levels of drug were determined by high performance liquid chromatography. At 6 h, drug from the uncoated formulation could be found in all tissues examined. On the other hand, at 8 h, drug from the coated granules could only be found in significant quantities in colon contents and colon tissue homogenates with increasing amounts being measured at 12 and 24 h. These data suggest that, at least in the rat model, formulations can be designed that would persist in the colon and rectal regions, releasing drug to and not through the tissues. This concept might be valuable in the post-surgical treatment of colonic cancer, reducing the required dose of drug and therefore side effects. This should improve patient compliance and thus, the treatment outcome.
Task-related MEG source localization via discriminant analysis

To investigate the neural activity corresponding to different cognitive states, it is of great importance to localize the cortical areas that are associated with task-related modulation. In this paper, we propose a novel discriminant pattern source localization (DPSL) method to analyze MEG data. Unlike most traditional source localization methods that aim to find “dominant” sources, DPSL is developed to capture the “differential” sources that distinguish different cognitive states. As will be demonstrated by the experimental results in this paper, the proposed DPSL method offers superior accuracy to identify the spatial locations of task-related sources.
Cocaine increases isolation-induced fighting in mice

Abstract Isolated male mice were treated with IP cocaine (10 or 35 mg/kg), saline, or received no injections. Groups of four identically-treated animals were placed in a small arena where fighting behavior was observed. Cocaine produced a marked dose-dependent increase in fight duration. The results are discussed in terms of possible catecholaminergic mechanisms.
Learning from leprosy: insights into contemporary immunology from an ancient disease.

Leprosy provides an ideal model to study immune responses in humans and in skin. Learning from leprosy, we have gained insight into mechanisms of host resistance and susceptibility to infection. New paradigms include the role of Th1/Th2 cytokines, the ability of CD1 to present nonpeptide antigens to T cells, the ability of microbial lipoproteins to stimulate antimicrobial activity in monocytes and the demonstration that T cells can mediate a direct antimicrobial activity through release of granulysin. Together, these findings provide a rationale for developing new strategies to treat and prevent infectious disease.
The discoverers of glass.

I found the essay “A world of glass” by A. Macfarlane and G. Martin (3 Sept. 2004, p. 1407) interesting and informative. However, the section titled “A Brief History of Glass” perpetuated a common piece of misinformation, namely, the origin of glassmaking. They stated that “[glass] may
The prognosis and predictors of sports function and activity at minimum 6 years after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a population cohort study.

Background: The predictors of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) outcome at 6 years as measured by validated patient-based outcome instruments are unknown.Hypothesis: Certain variables evaluated at the time of ACLR will predict return to sports function (as measured by the International Knee Documentation Committee [IKDC] questionnaire and the Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score [KOOS] Sports and Recreation subscale), knee-related quality of life (KOOS Knee Related Quality of Life subscale), and activity level (Marx Activity Scale). Potential predictor variables include demographic factors, surgical technique and graft choice for ACLR, and intra-articular injuries and treatment.Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2.Methods: All patients with unilateral ACLRs from 2002 currently enrolled in the MOON (Multicenter Orthopaedic Outcomes Network) cohort were evaluated. Patients completed the validated outcome instruments preoperatively. Physicians documented intra-articular pat...
Referential choices and the need for repairs in covertly-taped conversations

Abstract This paper examines how speakers’ conversational goals of concealment which guide the speakers’ use of reference in conversation, affect the way speakers negotiate and repair the identity of a human referent in conversation. In conversations where the speakers design their utterances so as to conceal matters from overhearers, the speakers prefer reference forms that the addressees can recognize easily but that cannot be recognized by overhearers, such as ‘private keys.’ This referencing strategy (which is often successful) consists in speakers and addressees using their communal and personal common ground to identify referents in the data. There are instances, however, where the speakers’ referencing strategy is not consistent with their conversational goals of concealment, and the reference forms fail to be recognized by the addressees or to evoke the intended connections. Once a reference form has failed to trigger mutual understanding between the speakers and their addressees, the repair mechanisms and strategies used to resolve this lack of understanding are in line with the speakers’ conversational goals of concealment.
Cell interactions in the developing leech embryo

The stereotyped pattern of cell commitments during leech embryogenesis is described. The nature of cell commitments during segmentation differs significantly between leech and fruit fly. Despite the constancy of cell fate assignments in normal development, ablation experiments show that cell interactions are essential in setting some of these commitments. Interacting cells follow a positionally determined hierarchy of fate choices. For other cells, which appear to have fates fixed from birth, the possibility of determinative interactions between mother and daughter cells is discussed.
The Self-Excitation Of Induction Machines With Application To Motor Starting

The self-excitation of polyphase induction motors having stator circuit shunt capacitors is reviewed in this paper. The criterion for self-excitation of a coasting motor and capacitor combination, which has been disconnected from the line, is derived by a dynamic analysis using d-and q-axis variables. The criterion has been confirmed by analog simulation. Also reported are studies of a novel method, employing motor self-excitation, for starting squirrel cage motors. The method may have application where it is important to minimize the system voltage dips that accompany motor starting.
A study of the reaction K−p→Λπ+π− at c.m. energies in the range 1.65 to 1.72 GeV☆

Abstract Results are presented of a study of the reaction K − p→ Λπ + π − in the c.m. energy region of 1.65 to 1.72 GeV. Dalitz plots indicate that the reaction proceeds primarily through the intermediate states Σ − (1385) π + and Σ − (1385) π + , but the resonance bands intersect inside the kinematic ellipse and a simple quasi-two-body interpretation is not possible. Legendre coefficients are presented for the angular distributions of the Λπ + and Λπ − sub-systems in the overall c.m. frame. Analogous coefficients as suggested by Deler and Valladas, which describe the angular distribution of the final three-body state are also presented.
Serial evaluation of patients with brain tumors using volume MRI and 3D 1H MRSI.

Patients with brain tumors are routinely monitored for tumor progression and response to therapy using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Although serial changes in gadolinium enhancing lesions provide valuable information for making treatment decisions, they do not address the fate of non-enhancing lesions and are unable to distinguish treatment induced necrosis from residual or recurrent tumor. The introduction of a non-invasive methodology, which could identify an active tumor more reliably, would have a major impact upon patient care and evaluation of new therapies. There is now compelling evidence that magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) can provide such information as an add-on to a conventional MRI examination. We discuss data acquisition and analysis procedures which are required to perform such serial MRI–MRSI examinations and compare their results with data from histology, contrast enhanced MRI, MR cerebral blood volume imaging and FDG-PET. Applications to the serial assessment of response to therapy are illustrated by considering populations of patients being treated with brachytherapy and gamma knife radiosurgery. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pressure ulcer prediction in older adults receiving home health care: implications for use with the OASIS.

ABSTRACTOBJECTIVETo determine whether admission data routinely collected on the Outcome and Assessment Information Set (OASIS) might be used to identify the older adult at risk for pressure ulcer development in home health care.DESIGNSecondary analysis of data from a retrospective cohort studySETTIN
Caffeine reinforcement: the role of withdrawal

This study examined caffeine’s acute and withdrawal effects in moderate caffeine consumers (mean = 379 mg/day caffeine) to compare the relative contributions each might have to caffeine reinforcement. Subjects were caffeine restricted on the night before each of three sessions, which generally occurred at weekly intervals; these restrictions lasted until the session was completed approximately 19 h later. During the first two sessions, subjects received either placebo or caffeine (each subject’s average daily intake). These two conditions occurred using a double-blind, quasi-random, crossover design. At the end of each session subjects completed the POMS, a caffeine withdrawal questionnaire, and a Multiple-Choice Form on which subjects made a series of discrete choices between receiving the drug again or receiving varying amounts of money. This form also included negative money amounts to assess how much subjects would forfeit to avoid placebo (e.g., withdrawal symptoms after placebo). During the third session, one of the previous choices was randomly selected and the consequence of that choice was implemented. Placebo increased self-reported feelings of “worn out,”“headache,” and “flu-like feelings,” and decreased “alert,”“upset stomach,”“helpful,” and “well-being” relative to caffeine. On the Multiple-Choice Forms, subjects chose to receive caffeine rather than an average of $0.38 and to forfeit $2.51 to avoid receiving placebo again. “Headache” was significantly correlated with amount of money forfeited to avoid placebo. These results suggest that, under these conditions, choice of caffeine is more potently controlled by avoiding withdrawal than it is by the positive effects of caffeine.
Introduction and Overview: Why Alternate Delivery Systems?:

This special issue of the Journal of Career Development will look at several at tempts to develop al ternate delivery systems to help adults cope with the sometimes bewildering changes occurring in the workplace. As we shift away from the industrial society, the economy is restructuring, and as we know thousands of jobs are being eliminated and created each year. Men and women who thought they would have a life-time career find themselves unemployed because of takeovers, down-sizing, factory closings, farm foreclosures and mergers. If they are not at the top of the corporate ladder where outplacement counseling is available they may not know where to turn for help. Indeed, there may be nowhere to turn for help in their community. These unprecedented changes are being compared to the turn of the last century when families moved from farms to cities to work in a new industrialized society. It was then that vocational counseling, testing and new mental heal th professions were born and libraries and social agencies were created to assist adults with the transitions required from the new economy. Perhaps the profession of career development needs to re-think its role and methods of service delivery in light of the current changes in the world of work and family; changes which are as profound as those which occurred when the profession was born. The restructuring of the infra-structure is not confined to the United States. While walls are coming down and the cold war is
Comparison of microstructures in oxidation and reduction: Rh and Ir particles on SiO2 and Al2O3☆

Abstract X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) are used to compare the microstructures and fractions of metal and oxide formed in oxidation and subsequent reduction of ~ 100-A particles of Rh and Ir on SiO 2 and Al 2 O 3 by treating identically prepared samples under identical conditions in O 2 and H 2 . XPS shows that both metals are oxidized at ~200 °C higher temperatures on SiO 2 than on Al 2 O 3 , and reduction in H 2 occurs at a slightly lower temperature on Al 2 O 3 . For TEM, metal particles are deposited on curved regions of SiO 2 and Al 2 O 3 on microscope grids so that particle shapes perpendicular to the substrates can be examined. Rh oxidation occurs largely by film growth and is complete by 600 °C, while Ir does not oxidize significantly until 500 °C, and complete oxidation does not occur even at 700 °C. At higher temperatures the mode of oxide formation changes from film growth to nonuniform oxide penetration into the particles. Oxidation of Ir produces protrusions which grow out from the original metal particles. Subsequent reduction of both oxides produces clusters of 10- to 20-A particles which only sinter into their original shapes after heating to above 500 °C.
Pharmacologically active drug metabolites: therapeutic and toxic activities, plasma and urine data in man, accumulation in renal failure.

Drugs that are administered to man may be biotransformed to yield metabolites that are pharmacologically active. The therapeutic and toxic activities of drug metabolites and the species in which this activity was demonstrated are compiled for the metabolites of 58 drugs. The metabolite to parent drug ratio in the plasma of non-uraemic man and the percentage urinary excretion of the metabolite in non-uraemic man are also tabulated. Those active metabolites with significant pharmacological activity and high plasma levels, both relative to that of the parent drug, will probably contribute substantially to the pharmacological effect ascribed to the parent drug. Active metabolites may accumulate in patients with end stage renal disease if renal excretion is a major elimination pathway for the metabolite. This is true even if the active metabolite is a minor metabolite of the parent drug, as long as the minor metabolite is not further biotransformed and is mainly excreted in the urine. Minor metabolite accumulation may also occur if it is further biotransformed by a pathway inhibited in uraemia. Some clinical examples of the accumulation of active drug metabolites in patients with renal failure are: (a) The abolition of premature ventricular contractions and prevention of paroxysmal atrial tachycardia in some cardiac patients with poor renal function treated with procainamide are associated with high levels of N-acetylprocainamide. (b) The severe irritability and twitching seen in a uraemic patient treated with pethidine (meperidine) are associated with high levels of norpethidine. (c) The severe muscle weakness and tenderness seen in patients with renal failure receiving Clofibrate are associated with excessive accumulation of the free acid metabolite of Clofibrate, (d) Patients with severe renal insufficiency taking allopurinol appear to experience a higher incidence of side reactions, possibly due to the accumulation of oxipurinol. (e) Accumulation of free and acetylated sulphonamides in patients with renal failure is associated with an increase in toxic side-effects (severe nausea and vomiting, evanescent macular rash), (f) Peripheral neuritis seen after nitrofurantoin therapy in patients with impaired renal function is thought to be due to accumulation of a toxic metabolite. The high incidence of adverse drug reactions seen in patients with renal failure may for some drugs be explained in part, as the above examples illustrate, by the accumulation of active drug metabolites. Monitoring plasma levels of drugs can be an important guide to therapy. However, if a drug has an active metabolite, determination of parent drug alone may cause misleading interpretations of blood level measurements. The plasma level of the active metabolite should also be determined and its time-action characteristics taken into account in any clinical decisions based on drug level monitoring.
Intractable upper gastrointestinal ulceration due to aspirin in patients who have undergone surgery for peptic ulcer

Abstract Background & Aims: Postsurgical ulcer recurrence is a challenging problem. The aim of this study was to define the role of aspirin in postsurgical ulcers. Methods: We studied 30 patients with postsurgical ulcer and aspirin abuse. Preoperatively 13 had stenosis, 7 bleeding, and 7 perforation or penetration; 18 had undergone vagotomy and 11 gastrectomy. Results: Of 30 patients, 15 admitted long-term aspirin use (1–4 g/day), whereas 15 denied use but had positive salicylate blood levels (15.1 ± 2.25 mg/100 mL; >1 mmol/L). Gastrin or gastric secretion was normal in the 24 patients tested. On follow-up, 3 (10%) healed after surgery (all stopped taking aspirin), whereas 27 continued and had new ulcers; 12 (44%) developed stenosis, and 6 (23%) developed bleeding. A second operation was required in 16 patients who had continued aspirin abuse, which was surreptitious in 10 (63%). Thirteen of these 16 had recurrent ulceration (7 [43%] with stenosis and 1 with bleeding); 1 died and 2 stopped taking aspirin and healed. A third operation was required in 8 patients. All had continued aspirin abuse (75% surreptitiously), and all again had relapses (3 with stenosis); 1 underwent an unsuccessful fourth operation, and 3 died. Conclusions: With continued aspirin abuse, recurrent ulceration is the rule, and complications, especially stenosis, are common. Surreptitious aspirin abuse, if discovered, is a clear contraindication to elective ulcer surgery, because aspirin-abuse ulceration is incurable by gastric surgery. GASTROENTEROLOGY 1998;114:883-892
Action of histamine liberator compound 48 80 in the guinea pig

Abstract 1.1. As shown by the previous results of other workers, compound 4880 is a potent histamine liberator and depletor in many animals, in vivo and in vitro. 2.2. In the guinea pig the injection or inhalation of the compound fails to produce asthma or emphysema as is commonly seen in anaphylactic or histamine intoxication. 3.3. The symptoms in the guinea pig are itching of the skin, prostration, convulsions, and sometimes embarrassed respiration. 4.4. Autopsy findings show a hemorrhagic, contracted lung and a congested liver. 5.5. Repeated administration of this compound intraperitoneally or by aerosol fails to make the animals refractory to this drug. 6.6. The concept that release of histamine is the major toxic action of this drug is weakened by the poor inhibiting effects of antihistamines. 7.7. These findings do not detract from the establishment of this compound as a substance which releases or depletes histamine in other animals, or in the guinea pig under different conditions. It must be concluded, however, that in the living guinea pig other toxic effects, at present undetermined, predominate. These toxic effects present an obstacle to the use of this compound as a histamine liberator and depletor.
Isolated lung liposome-mediated gene transfer produces organ-specific transgenic expression.

Abstract Background. Gene therapy is a promising strategy for the treatment of inoperable pulmonary tumors and rejection after lung transplantation. However, unlike ex vivo administration, intravenous in vivo transfection lacks organ specificity and has a limited duration of expression. The objectives of this study were to limit transfection to a single lung and to increase the duration of gene expression in vivo. Methods. Sixteen male Fisher rats were anesthetized and divided into two groups. Animals in group I (n = 7) received an intrajugular administration of 1,320 μg of chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) complementary DNA complexed with cationic liposomes. Animals in group II (n = 9) received 660 μg of CAT complementary DNA complexed with cationic liposomes into the pulmonary artery of an isolated left lung over 10 minutes. After 40 minutes of incubation, the lung was flushed with 10 mL of normal saline solution, and the perfusate was suctioned through a left pulmonary venotomy. The circulation to the left lung was then restored. After 48 hours, the animals were divided into subgroups (a and b) and CAT activity was assessed in the lungs, hearts, livers, and kidneys of groups Ia (n = 3) and IIa (n = 5). After 21 days, CAT activity was assessed in the left lungs of groups Ib (n = 4) and IIb (n = 4). Results. After 48 hours, animals that had received intravenous administration of CAT cDNA showed strong expression in the lungs and hearts and negligible expression in the livers and kidneys. In contrast, animals in group IIa, which had received isolated left lung perfusion of CAT cDNA showed expression only in the left lung. After 21 days, the left lungs of animals in group Ib, which had received intravenous administration of CAT complementary DNA, showed no CAT expression, but the left lungs of animals in group IIb, which had received isolated left lung perfusion of CAT complementary DNA, exhibited strong CAT expression. Conclusions. Compared with intravenous administration, isolated lung liposome-mediated gene transfer provides prolonged organ-specific gene expression. This provides a useful model to study the effects of gene therapy on pulmonary tumors, which may have further application when gene therapy is used in clinical practice.
Lattice-ordered loops and quasigroups☆

Abstract In studying the effect of an order on non-associative systems such as loops or quasigroups, a natural question to ask is whether some order condition which implies commutativity in the group case implies associativity in the corresponding loop case. For example, a well-known theorem (Birkhoff, [1]) concerning lattice ordered groups states that if the descending chain condition holds for the positive elements, then the l.o. group is actually a direct product of infinite cyclic groups with its partial order induced in the usual way by the linear order in the factors. It is easy to show (Zelinski, [6]) that a fully-ordered loop satisfying the descending chain condition on positive elements is actually an infinite cyclic group. In this paper we generalize this result and Birkhoff's result, by showing that any lattice-ordered loop with descending chain condition on its positive elements is associative. Hence, any l.o. loop with d.c.c. on its positive elements is a free abelian group. More generally, any lattice-ordered quasigroup in which bounded chains are finite, is isotopic to a free abelian group. These results solve a problem in Birkhoff's Lattice Theory , 3rd ed. The proof uses only elementary properties of loops and lattices.
Initial Value Treatment for Torsion of an Elastic Layer

Abstract An initial value treatment is presented for a mixed boundary value problem of axisymmetric torsion of an elastic layer. The problem is expressed in terms of dual integral equations which are first reduced to a Fredholm integral equation of second kind with a continuous kernel. An initial value problem is derived for this Fredholm integral equation using invariant imbedding. This constitutes a new analytical approach to a large class of torsion problems.
The Wilson's disease protein expressed in Sf9 cells is phosphorylated

The Wilson9s disease protein (WNDP), a copper transporter, is a crucial mediator of copper homoeostasis in mammalian cells. We recently found that changes in copper concentration regulate the phosphorylation level of WNDP. WNDP phosphorylation was observed in several mammalian cell lines, suggesting that a common phosphorylation pathway exists in these cells. Here we demonstrate that WNDP expressed in Sf9 insect cells is also phosphorylated, as evidenced by metabolic labelling of these cells with [ 32 P]P i . Because the baculovirus system allows us to generate large amounts of protein, we are using this expression method to isolate WNDP and map the sites of WNDP phosphorylation. The identification of phosphorylation sites is the first step towards understanding the physiological role of WNDP phosphorylation.
Internal Reliability of Rorschach Oral Dependency Scale Scores

The internal reliability of Masling, Rabie, and Blondheim's Rorschach Oral Dependency (ROD) scale was assessed in a mixed-sex sample of 200 undergraduate subjects (100 women and 100 men). ROD scale scores had adequate internal reliability when reliability was assessed using traditional procedures (i.e., odd-even, coefficient alpha). Internal reliability, coefficients derived from recently developed "minimization" and "maximization" procedures differed from traditional internal reliability coefficients, with "minimized" coefficients being smaller than traditional indexes of internal reliability and "maximized" coefficients being larger than traditional internal reliability indexes. Implications of these results for the construct validity of ROD scale scores are discussed, and suggestions regarding the assessment of internal reliability for Rorschach-derived personality and psychopathology variables are offered.
Interaction of Polarized Neutrons with Polarized Mn 55 Nuclei

The dependence of the capture cross section of polarized ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{55}$ nuclei for polarized neutrons upon relative orientations of incident and bombarded particles has been directly observed. The target material was the paramagnetic substance, manganous ammonium sulfate, which is known to have a large hyperfine structure coupling. It was placed in a magnetic field of 2350 oersteds at a temperature of 0.20\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. Under these conditions the polarization of the paramagnetic electrons is about 85 percent. Because of the large effective magnetic field created by the paramagnetic electrons at the Mn nucleus, the nuclei should achieve a polarization of 16 percent. The 2.6-hour activity of the residual nucleus, ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{56}$, was measured after the sample had been bombarded with a beam of slow neutrons polarized to the extent of 32 percent by passage through magnetized iron. The activity for neutron polarizing field and sample polarizing field parallel was found to be 3.4 percent less than for the fields antiparallel. The difference in the two activities was found to depend upon the sample temperature in accordance with theory. The difference was found to be unaccompanied by a corresponding change in sample transmission. These results are interpreted to mean that the change in sample activity was due to the dependence of the capture cross section of the polarized Mn nuclei upon the relative orientation of the interacting particles. The observations are discussed in terms of available information about the energy level system of the compound nucleus, ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{56}$.
Preventing Complications of Mechanical Ventilation: Permissive Hypercapnia

Research suggests that the forces exerted on the lungs by mechanical ventilators may cause as much damage to the lungs as the original pathologic process. In an attempt to limit additional injury to damaged lungs and improve the morbidity and mortality of patients requiring mechanical ventilation, investigators have proposed a controversial method of ventilatory management, permissive hypercapnia. This method attempts to maintain adequate oxygenation while allowing ventilation to decrease; carbon dioxide increases. The use of permissive hypercapnia is advocated in patients with acute lung injury and status asthmaticus. Ventilating pressures and volumes are lowered, with a resultant lower minute ventilation. Few adverse effects have been noted when this process has occurred gradually. By using permissive hypercapnia from the initiation of mechanical ventilation, it is possible to support the body through the resolution of the disease process while preventing additional lung injury.
Applications for Large Solid Scintillator Detectors in Neutrino and Particle Astrophysics

Abstract Applications for solid scintillator have expanded tremendously over the last decade due, in part, to the development of extruded plastic scintillator. In addition, the rapid development of new solid-state photo detectors over the last few years has further expanded the possibilities for this type of detector. This talk will review the state-of-the-art in solid scintillator detectors focusing on applications in neutrino physics, and will present some new possibilities for inorganic scintillator use in particle astrophysics experiments.
An evaluation of mechanical anisotropy of zircaloy using impression testing

A knowledge of the mechanical anisotropy is important for predictability of dimensional changes and stability of fuel rods in service. In addition, the anisotropy parameters control formability and the ease with which Zircaloy tubing can be pilgered from tube-reduced extrusions (TREX). The mechanical anisotropy parameters are usually determined using tensile and internal pressurization tests while monitoring the biaxial (hoop and axial) strains; the parameters are evaluated INDIRECTLY from stresses and strains. We report here the application of the recently developed impression test method in evaluating these anisotropy parameters relatively more DIRECTLY from yield and flow stresses along the three orthogonal directions, namely axial, hoop and radial directions of the tubing. In addition, this type of testing can be made on relatively small specimens, which is of great advantage in investigating radiation effects on materials.
Effects of bite block speech on intrinsic segment duration.

The fact that low vowels tend to have longer intrinsic durations than high vowels is sometimes attributed to mechanical characteristics associated with the greater distance the jaw travels in producing low vowels. To investigate this tendency, 6 adult speakers of English each produced 72 [h]-vowel-consonant stimuli containing high and low vowels under ‘normal’ conditions and with their jaw fixed. If duration differences commonly observed between high and low vowels are a result of only mechanical effects of mandibular movement, it was hypothesized that stabilizing the jaw would eliminate these intrinsic vowel duration differences. Based on acoustic measurements that were made, it was found that the fixed-jaw conditions affected the intrinsic durational differences between high and low vowels to some extent, but the contrast was not entirely removed. In addition to the vowel duration changes, a number of systematic effects upon consonant closure duration were also observed as a result of the normal versus fixed-jaw conditions.
Effect of Calcium Succinate and Calcium Carbonate on the Stability of Aspirin Tablets

The effect of calcium carbonate and calcium succinate on the stability of aspirin tablets containing corn starch and talc were studied over a period of eight weeks. This study shows that aspirin in the absence of moisture is stable in the presence of calcium carbonate, but unstable in the presence of calcium succinate.
Evolutionary pattern of specificity regions in light chains of immunoglobulins.

An examination of the distribution of changes of single amino acids in the specificity (S) regions of light chains of immunoglobulins G shows that the changes, in terms of minimum base changes at each site, correspond quite well with the Poisson distribution, if it is assumed that approximately ten sites are invariant and five in the “hinge” region are hypervariable. The findings are concordant with other evidence that the S regions of light chains are evolving in a manner similar to that in other series of homologous proteins, such as the cytochromes c and hemoglobins, by the incorporation of randomly occurring adaptive or neutral point mutations into the genome and the discarding of deleterious point mutations. It is suggested that mutations in S regions are predominantly adaptive and that those in C regions are usually deleterious, thus accounting for the variability of S and the constancy of C sequences.
The Pursuit of Social Equity in the Federal Government: A Road Less Traveled?

This descriptive study examines the extent to which the federal government has achieved social equity in its workforce. In particular, the author addresses the degree to which white women and people of color have been successful in reaching the upper, higher-paying levels of nonpostal federal government jobs. The study shows that, with few exceptions, these groups, despite continued calls for greater equity, remain in lower-level, lower-paying, less prestigious jobs.
Signal integrity in reflection-limited channels

High-speed digital signal integrity is strongly limited by microwave reflections, which degrade the reliability of a serial link. This work describes the relationship between the reflections and attenuation that occur along interconnects and the signal integrity. Bounds on ISI and DDJ resulting from reflections and attenuation quantify system design of link jitter budgets. This paper demonstrates analytical methods to quickly deduce the signal integrity penalty of transmission line discontinuities.
Oxytocin mediates stress-induced analgesia in adult mice

As a neurohormone and as a neurotransmitter, oxytocin has been implicated in the stress response. Descending oxytocin-containing fibres project to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, an area important for processing nociceptive inputs. Here we tested the hypothesis that oxytocin plays a role in stress-induced analgesia and modulates spinal sensory transmission. Mice lacking oxytocin exhibited significantly reduced stress-induced antinociception following both cold-swim (10 °C, 3 min) and restraint stress (30 min). In contrast, the mice exhibited normal behavioural responses to thermal and mechanical noxious stimuli and morphine-induced antinociception. In wild-type mice, intrathecal injection of the oxytocin antagonist dOVT (200 μm in 5 μl) significantly attenuated antinociception induced by cold-swim. Immunocytochemical staining revealed that, in the mouse, oxytocin-containing neurones in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus are activated by stress. Furthermore, oxytocin-containing fibres were present in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. To test whether descending oxytocin-containing fibres could alter nociceptive transmission, we performed intracellular recordings of dorsal horn neurones in spinal slices from adult mice. Bath application of oxytocin (1 and 10 μm) inhibited excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) evoked by dorsal root stimulation. This effect was reversed by the oxytocin antagonist dOVT (1 μm). Whole-cell recordings of dorsal horn neurones in postnatal rat slices revealed that the effect of oxytocin could be blocked by the addition of GTP-γ-S to the recording pipette, suggesting activation of postsynaptic oxytocin receptors. We conclude that oxytocin is important for both cold-swim and restraint stress-induced antinociception, acting by inhibiting glutamatergic spinal sensory transmission.
A Field Study on Simulation of CO2 Injection and ECBM Production and Prediction of CO2 Storage Capacity in Unmineable Coal Seam

CO2 sequestration into a coal seam project was studied and a numerical model was developed in this paper to simulate the primary and secondary coal bed methane production (CBM/ECBM) and carbon dioxide (CO2) injection. The key geological and reservoir parameters, which are germane to driving enhanced coal bed methane (ECBM) and CO2 sequestration processes, including cleat permeability, cleat porosity, CH4 adsorption time, CO2 adsorption time, CH4 Langmuir isotherm, CO2 Langmuir isotherm, and Palmer and Mansoori parameters, have been analyzed within a reasonable range. The model simulation results showed good matches for both CBM/ECBM production and CO2 injection compared with the field data. The history-matched model was used to estimate the total CO2 sequestration capacity in the field. The model forecast showed that the total CO2 injection capacity in the coal seam could be 22,817 tons, which is in agreement with the initial estimations based on the Langmuir isotherm experiment. Total CO2 injected in the first three years was 2,600 tons, which according to the model has increased methane recovery (due to ECBM) by 6,700 scf/d.
Incremental support vector machine construction

SVMs (support vector machines) suffer from the problem of large memory requirement and CPU time when trained in batch mode on large data sets. We overcome these limitations, and at the same time make SVMs suitable for learning with data streams, by constructing incremental learning algorithms. We first introduce and compare different incremental learning techniques, and show that they are capable of producing performance results similar to the batch algorithm, and in some cases superior condensation properties. We then consider the problem of training SVMs using stream data. Our objective is to maintain an updated representation of recent batches of data. We apply incremental schemes to the problem and show that their accuracy is comparable to the batch algorithm.
A Tale of Two SCIDs

Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantation may be curative for severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID). However, for a majority of infants with SCID a suitable donor is not available, and even with a matched donor, allogeneic HSC transplantation itself carries potential complications such as graft-versus-host disease as well as side effects from myelosuppressive chemotherapy. In the past decade, substantial advances have been made in the transplantation of gene-modified autologous HSCs, especially for two forms of SCID: X-linked SCID (SCID-X1) and adenosine deaminase (ADA)–deficient SCID. Two new reports in this issue of Science Translational Medicine add to the accumulating findings from gene therapy trials in Italy, France, and the United States that show clinical benefits of this alternative treatment.