cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fishery development in the eastern North Pacific: a natural‐cultural system perspective, 1888–1976

Commercial fishery landings data spanning almost a century were examined from three regions within the eastern North Pacific: north-central California, Oregon-Washington, and Southeast Alaska. Fisheries in each region developed differently because each region had unique species, community trophic composition, and other community parameters related to differences in physico-chemical characteristics. Fisheries also began at different times in each region. Despite differences, overall patterns of landings were similar among regions. A ‘fishing-up’ sequence occurred in each region that included seaward expansion of the fishery and diversification of taxonomic composition of landings. Mean annual landed weights of several very desirable taxa fished continuously from the early years of the fisheries initially increased, peaked, then declined. These patterns are similar to those found in studies of long-term fishery development in the Great Lakes. Other patterns of landings over time common to each region were: exclusions of particular taxa in more recent time periods; predominance of pelagic species; and shifts in trophic composition away from predominance of taxa at high trophic levels. In two regions there were initial increases, then declines in mean annual weights of total landings. Similarities in these patterns among regions that differ greatly in terms of physico-chemical characteristics suggest the overwhelming importance of common cultural parameters. Management suggestions are made based on the common patterns of commercial fishery development.
Prolonged ovarian sex steroid treatment of male rats produces antinociception: identification of sex-based divergent analgesic mechanisms

Simulation of the pregnancy blood concentration profile of 17β-estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P) in nonpregnant ovariectomized rats has been shown to result in a significant elevation of nociceptive response thresholds. The present report demonstrates that spinal opioid antinociceptive responsiveness to these ovarian steroids is not sex-specific. Treatment of orchidectomized sexually mature males with an analogous regimen of E2 and P also elicits an antinociception, the robustness and temporal profile of which is comparable with that previously observed in females. Neither E2 nor P, alone, is sufficient to produce antinociception in male rats, as was previously demonstrated in females. Neurobiological substrates and antinociceptive mechanisms underlying ovarian sex steroid antinociception do, however, exhibit sex specificity. In males, the analgesia resulting from ovarian steroid treatment derives from the independent contributions of spinal κ and μ, not δ, opioid receptor pathways that are additive, not synergistic. Spinal α2-noradrenergic receptor activity and its attendant analgesic synergy with spinal opioid systems do not contribute to ovarian sex steroid analgesia in males. This is in contrast to the previous demonstrations that ovarian sex steroid-induced antinociception in females results from antinociceptive synergy between activated spinal κ/δ opioid as well as α2-noradrenergic receptor systems. The current data reveal that ovarian steroid-activated multiplicative spinal antinociceptive pathways that had been demonstrated in female rats are not manifest in their male counterparts.
Moderate and Small Deviations for the Ranges of One-Dimensional Random Walks

We establish moderate and small deviations for the ranges of integer valued random walks. Our theorems apply to the limsup and the liminf laws of the iterated logarithm.
Development of an oral operant nicotine/ethanol co-use model in alcohol-preferring (p) rats

Background: Alcohol abuse is frequently associated with nicotine (Nic) use. The current experiments were conducted to establish an oral operant ethanol + Nic (EtOH + Nic) co-use model and to characterize some aspects of EtOH + Nic co-use. Methods: Rats were allowed to choose between EtOH alone or EtOH + Nic solutions. Additionally, alcohol-preferring (P) rats were allowed to concurrently self-administer 3 distinct EtOH solutions (10, 20, and 30%) with varying amounts of Nic (0.07, 0.14, or 0.21 mg/ml) under operant conditions. P rats were also allowed to concurrently self-administer 2 distinct amounts of Nic (0.07 and 0.14 mg/ml) added to saccharin (Sacc; 0.025%) solutions. Results: During acquisition, P rats responded for the EtOH + Nic solutions at the same level as for EtOH alone, and responding for EtOH + Nic solutions was present throughout all drinking conditions. P rats also readily maintained stable self-administration behaviors for Nic + Sacc solutions. The results demonstrated that P rats readily acquired and maintained stable self-administration behaviors for EtOH + 0.07 and EtOH + 0.14 mg/ml Nic solutions. Self-administration of EtOH + 0.21 mg/ml Nic was established in only 50% of the subjects. P rats readily expressed seeking behaviors for the EtOH + Nic solutions and reacquired EtOH + Nic self-administration during relapse testing. In addition, tail blood samples indicated that EtOH + Nic co-use resulted in pharmacologically relevant levels of both EtOH and Nic in the blood. Conclusions: Overall, the results indicate that P rats readily consume EtOH + Nic solutions concurrently in the presence of EtOH alone, express drug-seeking behaviors, and will concurrently consume physiologically relevant levels of both drugs. These results support the idea that this oral operant EtOH + Nic co-use model would be suitable for studying the development of co-abuse and the conse
A GENETIC ANALYSIS OF PHOTOTACTIC BEHAVIOR IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER I. SELECTION IN THE PRESENCE OF INVERSIONS

The effectiveness of selection for positive and negative phototactic behavior in populations of Drosophila melanogaster heterozygous for various multiple inversions was compared using the method of realized heritability. Selection in the presence of FM6, SM1 or TM3 alone was as effective as in populations carrying no inversions. However, the presence of FM6 and TM3 together reduced the effectiveness of selection for photopositive behavior and FM6 and SM1 and TM3 restricted the response to selection for negative phototactic behavior. The results are discussed in terms of the organization of genes influencing phototactic behavior in this species.
Inflation in weekend box office estimates

Do movie studios inflate box office estimates that they report every Sunday? Is the pattern of this inflation consistent with the studios’ strategic incentives? Analysing actual and estimated box office returns of major movie releases between 2003 and 2010, we find that movie studios substantially overestimate weekend box office performance and that this overestimation is highly unlikely to be due to chance. Our findings also suggest that box office inflation is strategic because (1) inflation is substantially higher in the first weekend of release when the incentives are greatest to generate positive word of mouth and (2) inflation for the top two films in a weekend increases with the degree of competition between the films.
Identity Crises in Love and at Work Dispositional Optimism as a Durable Personal Resource

Using the 2004 General Social Survey (N = 453), the identity stress process is investigated in terms of crises in intimate relationships and at the workplace. I discuss dispositional optimism as a ...
Signal Decomposition of Transmembrane Voltage-Sensitive Dye Fluorescence Using a Multiresolution Wavelet Analysis

Fluorescence imaging of transmembrane voltage-sensitive dyes is used to study electrical activation in cardiac tissue. However, the fluorescence signals, typically, have low SNRs and may be contaminated with motion artifact. In this report, we introduce a new processing approach for fluoresced transmembrane potentials (fTmps) that is based upon a discrete wavelet transform. We show how fTmp signals can be decomposed and reconstructed to form three subsignals that contain signal noise (noise signal), the early depolarization phase of the action potential (rTmp signal), and motion artifact (rMA signal). A coiflet4 wavelet is used for fTmp decomposition and reconstruction of these subsignals. Results using fTmp signals that are contaminated with motion artifact indicate that the approach is a useful processing step to remove baseline drift, reduce noise, and reveal wavefronts. It streamlines the preprocessing of fTmps for the subsequent measurement of activation times and conduction velocities. It is a promising approach for studying wavefronts without aggressive mechanical tissue constraint or electromechanical uncoupling agents and is, useful for single-camera systems that do not provide for ratiometric imaging.
Abstract B12: The antitumor and antiangiogenic activity of brivanib, a dual inhibitor of VEGFR‐2 and FGFR‐1 kinases

Angiogenesis plays a central supporting role in tumorigenesis in a wide variety of different cancer types. This complex and highly regulated process has been shown to be driven by various proangiogenic factors. The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family of growth factors in conjunction with their associated tyrosine kinase receptors exert a major influence on tumor growth and dissemination, and potentially work synergistically to promote angiogenesis. Brivanib alaninate (BMS‐582664) which is currently in phase III clinical trails is the orally active prodrug of brivanib (BMS‐540215), a selective dual inhibitor of VEGF and FGF signaling. We demonstrate here that in vivo brivanib provides antitumor activity in a broad range of xenograft models over multiple dose levels, and that brivanib alaninate demonstrates dose‐dependent efficacy equivalent to brivanib. Brivanib alaninate also reduces tumor cell proliferation as determined by a significant reduction in Ki‐67 staining as well as a decrease in tumor vascular density as reflected by a reduction in CD34 staining, a cellsurface marker of endothelial cells. Additionally, using Matrigel™ plug assays in athymic mice we demonstrated that brivanib alaninate inhibits angiogenesis driven by VEGF or bFGF alone as well as when both of these cytokines are combined to drive angiogenesis in this model. Moreover, brivanib was more effective in inhibiting angiogenesis in this model system under all these conditions when compared to either bevacizumab, an antibody directed at the human VEGF cytokine or DC101, an antibody directed at the murine form of VEGF receptor‐2. Dynamic contrast‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging, used to assess the effects of brivanib alaninate on tumor microcirculation, demonstrated a marked decrease in contrast agent uptake at an efficacious dose level, with a reduction in area under the plasma concentration‐time curve from time 0 to 60 min (AUC60) at 24 h and 48 h of 54% and 64%, respectively. These results demonstrate that brivanib alaninate is an effective antitumor agent in preclinical tumor and angiogenesis models across a range of doses, and that efficacy is accompanied by changes in cellular and vascular activities. Citation Information: Mol Cancer Ther 2009;8(12 Suppl):B12.
Patient centric identification and association

Increased technological complexity of medical devices and systems coupled with increased workloads and reduced staffing, have created difficulties and discontinuities in the management of patient information. These issues have directly impacted and contributed to a rise in equipment-related errors, patient dissatisfaction, a potential for patient injury and resulting overall increased concern for patient safety. In response these concerns a variety of new devices, systems and applications have been developed to share information, provide cross checks along with verified delivery of critical information to the point of care. These applications include biomedical information systems, medication administration, sample collection, and electronic medical records. The deployment of these new integrated and networked devices, systems and applications are dependent on an accurate and consistent patient identification and association methodology which dynamically manages the relationship between patients, staff and equipment. Since the association information is common to many applications and utilizes a variety of technologies, (i.e. active and passive radio frequency identification (RFID), barcodes, etc.) an institutional approach is necessary to mange these processes in a consistent manor utilizing a common set of identification hardware. Implementation of a “Patient Centric Identification and Association Platform” represents a significant advance in the management of clinical patient information. The implementation of a Biomedical Device Information Network at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) integrates the identification and association of patients with devices and care providers and provides the methodologies to manage alarms, providing the ability to filter low priority or nuisance alarms. This implementation enables critical information to be distributed directly to care providers utilizing dedicated communications devices. Patient Centric Identification and Association is the enabling technology providing precise identification and association establishing an enhanced environment of care, increased patient safety, and a clear proactive response to the regulatory requirements of the Joint Commission (JCAHO) national patient safety initiatives.
Ground plane identification using LIDAR in forested environments

To operate autonomously in forested environments, unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs) must be able to identify the load-bearing surface of the terrain (i.e. the ground). This paper presents a novel two-stage approach for identifying ground points from 3-D point clouds sensed using LIDAR. The first stage, a local height-based filter, discards most of the non-ground points. The second stage, based on a support vector machine (SVM) classifier, operates on a set of geometrically defined features to identify which of the remaining points belong to the ground. Experimental results from two forested environments demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach.
Resentment, indignation, entitlement the transformation of unconscious wish into need

An underlying premise of this paper is that human beings actively and purposefully impose meanings on their experiences of psychic injury and that these meanings then have important implications for character development. Specifically, the paper examines how individuals, in defensive reaction to psychic injury, may repress their “impossible‐to‐fulfill”; wishes, only to find those wishes eventually reborn as needs. In this way, a person's oppressive cruelty to his own wishes gives rise to resentment, indignation, and entitlement, which, in turn, fuel the experience of need. While wish implicitly communicates a request to receive from another, need, with its vicissitudes of demand and urgency, may do violence to the free social discourse of giving and receiving. The interpersonal field of give‐and‐take may be so constrained by the circular compulsivity of mandated giving and entitled needfulness that it is emptied of any spontaneous desire. The differential impact of communicating needs and wishes on the wi...
Ground based digital imagery for grassland biomass estimation

Aboveground biomass was estimated on the shortgrass prairie of eastern Colorado using ground based conventional (RGB) digital camera imagery. The accuracy and efficiency of image‐based estimates were compared with clipped biomass measurements. Field measurements of aboveground biomass were obtained on three grazing treatments and three sample dates (phenological status). Grazing treatments did not significantly affect (p>0.10) estimates of clipped green biomass taken from digital images. However, plant phenology, green biomass estimates from images, and the interaction of plant phenology and green biomass estimates from images significantly affected clipped green biomass measurements (p≤0.04). Analysed images provided fair estimates of total clipped green biomass (R2 = 0.55) and clipped green biomass without cactus (R2 = 0.73) when plant phenological status was included in the models. When plant phenology was removed from the models, the variability explained by green biomass estimates from images decline...
Tonal Cognition in Pattern Discrimination: Evidence from Three Populations.

The development of tonal pattern discrimination was investigated in 24 college musicians, 24 college nonmusicians, and 38 children in first grade. Comparisons of the two college-age groups on three tests yielded differences in accuracy and speed that interacted with item type. Comparisons of all three groups on one test demonstrated that college nonmusicians were no more accurate, although they responded to some item types faster than did the first-grade group. These data support the process validity of the approach developed by Saunders and Holahan (1993) to the study of functional mechanisms of tonal audiation across the developmental span from the majority of children in first grade to college-age students with different levels of musical training.
A Beta Oscillation Network in the Rat Olfactory System During a 2-Alternative Choice Odor Discrimination Task

We previously showed that in a two-alternative choice (2AC) task, olfactory bulb (OB) gamma oscillations (∼70 Hz in rats) were enhanced during discrimination of structurally similar odorants (fine discrimination) versus discrimination of dissimilar odorants (coarse discrimination). In other studies (mostly employing go/no-go tasks) in multiple labs, beta oscillations (15–35 Hz) dominate the local field potential (LFP) signal in olfactory areas during odor sampling. Here we analyzed the beta frequency band power and pairwise coherence in the 2AC task. We show that in a task dominated by gamma in the OB, beta oscillations are also present in three interconnected olfactory areas (OB and anterior and posterior pyriform cortex). Only the beta band showed consistently elevated coherence during odor sniffing across all odor pairs, classes (alcohols and ketones), and discrimination types (fine and coarse), with stronger effects in first than in final criterion sessions (>70% correct). In the first sessions for fine discrimination odor pairs, beta power for incorrect trials was the same as that for correct trials for the other odor in the pair. This pattern was not repeated in coarse discrimination, in which beta power was elevated for correct relative to incorrect trials. This difference between fine and coarse odor discriminations may relate to different behavioral strategies for learning to differentiate similar versus dissimilar odors. Phase analysis showed that the OB led both pyriform areas in the beta frequency band during odor sniffing. We conclude that the beta band may be the means by which information is transmitted from the OB to higher order areas, even though task specifics modify dominance of one frequency band over another within the OB.
Deposition, structure, and hardness of polycrystalline transition-metal nitride superlattice films

Polycrystalline TiN/VN, NbN/VN, and TiN/NbN superlattices with periods Λ between 2 and 160 nm were deposited onto steel substrates using an opposed-cathode reactive magnetron sputtering system. The nitrogen partial pressure and the substrate bias values were optimized in order to obtain dense stoichiometric films, which yielded the highest Vickers hardnesses HV. HV for TiN/VN and TiN/NbN superlattices reached maximum values of ≈5000 kgf/mm2 at Λ ≈ 5–10 nm, compared with ≈2000 kgf/mm2 for homogeneous TiN, NbN, and VN films. In contrast, HV ≈ 2000 kgf/mm2 was obtained for VN/NbN superlattices independent of Λ. Model calculations in which the hardness enhancement was proportional to the difference in layer shear moduli gave good agreement with the data. The lack of hardness enhancement in VN/NbN indicates that any other hardening mechanisms, such as coherency strains and dislocation blocking by interfacial misfit dislocations, were not important.
Interaction of Mycobacterium ulcerans with Mosquito Species: Implications for Transmission and Trophic Relationships

Mycobacterium ulcerans is the causative agent of Buruli ulcer, a severe necrotizing skin disease that causes significant morbidity in Africa and Australia. Person-to-person transmission of Buruli ulcer is rare. Throughout Africa and Australia infection is associated with residence near slow-moving or stagnant water bodies. Although M. ulcerans DNA has been detected in over 30 taxa of invertebrates, fish, water filtrate, and plant materials and one environmental isolate cultured from a water strider (Gerridae), the invertebrate taxa identified are not adapted to feed on humans, and the mode of transmission for Buruli ulcer remains an enigma. Recent epidemiological reports from Australia describing the presence of M. ulcerans DNA in adult mosquitoes have led to the hypothesis that mosquitoes play an important role in the transmission of M. ulcerans. In this study we have investigated the potential of mosquitoes to serve as biological or mechanical vectors or as environmental reservoirs for M. ulcerans. Here we show that Aedes aegypti, A. albopictus, Ochlerotatus triseriatus, and Culex restuans larvae readily ingest wild-type M. ulcerans, isogenic toxin-negative mutants, and Mycobacterium marinum isolates and remain infected throughout larval development. However, the infections are not carried over into the pupae or adult mosquitoes, suggesting an unlikely role for mosquitoes as biological vectors. By following M. ulcerans through a food chain consisting of primary (mosquito larvae), secondary (predatory mosquito larva from Toxorhynchites rutilus septentrionalis), and tertiary (Belostoma species) consumers, we have shown that M. ulcerans can be productively maintained in an aquatic food web.
A change in growth potential of cells after conversion by rous sarcoma virus.

Chick embryo cells transformed by Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) were able to grow in suspension, either as colonies when trapped in nutrient agar, or in spinner cultures using liquid medium. Two strains of RSV, RSV (RAV-1) and Schmidt-Ruppin RSV, were able to increase the ability of chick embryo cells to grow in suspension but Rous-associated virus (RAV-1) and polyoma virus were not. Cells growing in suspension supported high levels of RSV production and a simple method for propagating large amounts of virus is suggested. Suspended noninfected cells, which do not grow extensively, lose their ability to be infected by RSV, suggesting that cellular divisions must be in progress for successful infection by RSV.
Distributed source coding for sensor networks

In recent years, sensor research has been undergoing a quiet revolution, promising to have a significant impact throughout society that could quite possibly dwarf previous milestones in the information revolution. Realizing the great promise of sensor networks requires more than a mere advance in individual technologies. It relies on many components working together in an efficient, unattended, comprehensible, and trustworthy manner. One of the enabling technologies in sensor networks is the distributed source coding (DSC), which refers to the compression of the multiple correlated sensor outputs that does not communicate with each other. DSC allows a many-to-one video coding paradigm that effectively swaps encoder-decoder complexity with respect to conventional video coding, thereby representing a fundamental concept shift in video processing. This article has presented an intensive discussion on two DSC techniques, namely Slepian-Wolf coding and Wyner-Ziv coding. The Slepian and Wolf coding have theoretically shown that separate encoding is as efficient as joint coding for lossless compression in channel coding.
Strontium Zirconate and Strontium Titanate Ceramics for High-Voltage Applications: Synthesis, Processing, and Dielectric Properties

The synthesis, processing, and electrical properties of SrZrO3 and SrTiO3 materials have been examined. Phase-pure powders of SrZrO3 and SrTiO3 materials were synthesized using the Pechini method. Powder processing routes that used water and 2-propanol as carrier fluids were developed to achieve high green densities, which resulted in sintered densities of >99% of the theoretical density. The relative permittivity and average breakdown strength for carefully processed SrZrO3 were 60 and 40 V/μm; the corresponding values for SrTiO3 were 400 and 35 V/μm. The higher breakdown strengths suggest that these materials can be used in high-voltage capacitor applications.
Incomplete DNA methylation underlies a transcriptional memory of somatic cells in human iPS cells

Human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells are remarkably similar to embryonic stem (ES) cells, but recent reports indicate that there may be important differences between them. We carried out a systematic comparison of human iPS cells generated from hepatocytes (representative of endoderm), skin fibroblasts (mesoderm) and melanocytes (ectoderm). All low-passage iPS cells analysed retain a transcriptional memory of the original cells. The persistent expression of somatic genes can be partially explained by incomplete promoter DNA methylation. This epigenetic mechanism underlies a robust form of memory that can be found in iPS cells generated by multiple laboratories using different methods, including RNA transfection. Incompletely silenced genes tend to be isolated from other genes that are repressed during reprogramming, indicating that recruitment of the silencing machinery may be inefficient at isolated genes. Knockdown of the incompletely reprogrammed gene C9orf64 (chromosome 9 open reading frame 64) reduces the efficiency of human iPS cell generation, indicating that somatic memory genes may be functionally relevant during reprogramming.
Inverse problem for fractional diffusion equation

We prove that by taking suitable initial distributions only finitely many measurements on the boundary are required to recover uniquely the diffusion coefficient of a one dimensional fractional diffusion equation. If a lower bound on the diffusion coefficient is known a priori then even only two measurements are sufficient. The technique is based on possibility of extracting the full boundary spectral data from special lateral measurements.
Synthesis of vinyl polymers containing α‐substituted γ‐butyrolactone groups in their backbones

When vinyl chloride—methyl methacrylate copolymers having a uniform chain-to-chain composition, are pyrolyzed at temperatures around 150°C., an intramolecular lactonization occurs forming α-methyl-γ-butyrolactone groups in the polymer backbone concomitant with the quantitative elimination of methyl chloride. This reaction has been shown to be a general reaction for copolymers containing α-substituted γ-haloester groups in their backbone. The formation of the lactone groups in these polymers leads to increased chain rigidity and higher polymer softening points. Advantage has been taken of the gaseous alkyl halide elimination to produce rigid vinyl foams of good compressive strengths.
Why Genic and Multilevel Selection Theories Are Here to Stay

I clarify the difference between pluralist and monist interpretations of levels of selection disputes. Lloyd has challenged my claim that a plurality of models correctly accounts for situations such as maintenance of the sickle‐cell trait, and I revisit this example to show that competing theories don’t disagree about the existence of ‘high‐level’ or ‘low‐level’ causes; rather, they parse these causes differently. Applying Woodward’s theory of causation, I analyze Sober’s distinction between ‘selection of’ versus ‘selection for’. My analysis shows that this distinction separates true causes from pseudocauses, but it also reveals that the distinction is irrelevant to the levels debate; it makes no sense to say true causes are at higher levels and not lower levels. The levels debate is not about separating real causes from pseudocauses; it’s about finding useful ways to parse and disentangle causes.
Photochemical changes in water accommodated fractions of MC252 and surrogate oil created during solar exposure as determined by FT-ICR MS

To determine effects of photochemical weathering of petroleum, surrogate and Macondo (MC252) crude oils were exposed to solar radiation during the formation of Water Accommodated Fractions (WAFs) in sterile seawater. Samples were incubated in either unfiltered sunlight, with ultraviolet radiation blocked (Photosynthetically Active Radiation [PAR] only), or in darkness. WAFs were collected at two time points over the course of a week. Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) analyses of water soluble species formed during exposure to sunlight were compared for the different treatments. Photochemical alterations resulted in differences in compound class distributions. In general, surrogate oil was photo-oxidized across a wider carbon number range compared to MC252. While photochemical differences were observed between MC252 and surrogate oils, microbial production in seawater responded similarly to both WAFs from both types of oils with the majority of the inhibition resulting from oil exposure to visible light.
Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Differentiation and Cytogenetic Alterations in γδ Hepatosplenic T-Cell Lymphoma and Posttransplant Lymphoproliferative Disorders

To the Editor: We read with great interest the recent reports on hepatosplenic γδ T-cell lymphoma (γδ HSTCL)[1][1] and T-cell posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders (T-PTLD).[2][2] Since 1991 we have encountered 5 patients with γδ HSTCL: 2 occurred in chronic renal transplant patients (
Platelet deficiency a factor in diminished coagulability of the blood in anaphylaxis.

Delay or loss of coagulability of the blood in anaphylaxis has long been recognized. It is generally attributed to excess of antithrombin or to diminished thromboplastin. While making a study of the blood fibrin in canine anaphylaxis by the method of Foster and Whipple1 observations were made which we believe throw further light on the phenomenon. In making the blood fibrin studies, approximately 9 cc. of blood, obtained by cardiac puncture, are discharged into a centrifuge tube containing 1 cc. of a 1.5 per cent sodium oxalate solution. The samples are then centrifuged at moderate speed for thirty minutes. Exactly 2 cc. of the oxalated plasma is discharged into 40 cc. of clotting solution. This consists of 0.125 per cent calcium chloride in physiologic salt solution. Normal oxalated plasma usually forms a jelly-like coagulum within one hour, whereas the plasma in fatal anaphylaxis may remain uncoagulated for days. Occasionally a feeble coagulum forms after several days. During the course of the work seve...
Focus in Corrective Exchanges: Effects of Pitch Accent and Syntactic Form.

A dialog consisting of an utterance by one speaker and another speaker’s correction of its content seems intuitively to be made more acceptable when the new information is pitch accented or otherwise focused, and when the utterance and correction have the same syntactic form. Three acceptability judgment studies, one written and two auditory, investigated the interaction of focus (manipulated by sentence position and, in Experiments 2 and 3, pitch accent) and syntactic parallelism. Experiment 1 indicated that syntactic parallelism interacted with position of the new (contrastive) term: nonparallel forms were relatively acceptable when the new term appeared in object position, a position that commonly contains new information (a ‘default focus’ position). Experiments 2 and 3 indicated that presence of a pitch accent and placement in a default focus position had additive effects on acceptability. Surprisingly, spoken dialogs in which the new term appeared in object position were acceptable even when given i...
The interrelationship of the foam stability test, immaturity, and intrapartum complications in the respiratory distress syndrome

Amniotic fluid surface active material was measured by the foam stability test (FST) in 102 high-risk pregnancies within 24 hours of delivery. There was no linear correlation between the FST and gestational age in the 106 preterm infants studied. The incidence of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), however, was significantly related to the FST. The case fatality rate (CFR) was not significantly related to the FST. The CFR was significantly related to low five-minute Apgar score (≤5), suggesting that the events prior to delivery contributed toward this increased mortality rate. RDS also occurred in immature infants with positive FST and good Apgar scores, which indicates that immaturity is an independent variable in the pathogenesis of RDS. Our study supports the conclusion that three factors are of prime importance in the pathogenesis and outcome of RDS: surfactant deficiency, intrapartum complications, and immaturity.
Incentives and Welfare Implications of Recycling In the Reverse Channel of Distribution

Recycling disposed off products has increasingly become more important as the landfill cites have diminished and the reality of exhaustible resources has become evident. Using the reverse logistics channel to recycle some of the waste produced by consumers has been recognized for a few decades. However, there has been no attempt to develop a theoretical analysis of the incentives in the reverse distribution channel which would encourage the channel members to recycle. In addition, marketers have not formally studied the welfare implications of recycling on producers, retailers, and consumers of products. Also, there has been no analysis of the effects of waste disposal on the welfare of people external to the marketing channel.
GnRH Stimulates Peptidylarginine Deiminase Catalyzed Histone Citrullination in Gonadotrope Cells

Peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD) enzymes convert histone tail arginine residues to citrulline resulting in chromatin decondensation. Our previous work found that PAD isoforms are expressed in female reproductive tissues in an estrous cycle-dependent fashion, but their role in the anterior pituitary gland is unknown. Thus, we investigated PAD expression and function in gonadotrope cells. The gonadotrope-derived LβT2 cell line strongly expresses PAD2 at the protein level compared with other PAD isoforms. Consistent with this, PAD2 protein expression is highest during the estrous phase of the estrous cycle and colocalizes with the LH β-subunit in the mouse pituitary. Using the GnRH agonist buserelin (GnRHa), studies in LβT2 and mouse primary gonadotrope cells revealed that 30 minutes of stimulation caused distinct puncta of PAD2 to localize in the nucleus. Once in the nucleus, GnRHa stimulated PAD2 citrullinates histone H3 tail arginine residues at sites 2, 8, and 17 within 30 minutes; however, this effect and PAD2 nuclear localization was blunted by incubation of the cells with the pan-PAD inhibitor, biphenyl-benzimidazole-Cl-amidine. Given that PAD2 citrullinates histones in gonadotropes, we next analyzed the functional consequence of PAD2 inhibition on gene expression. Our results show that GnRHa stimulates an increase in LHβ and FSHβ mRNA and that this response is significantly reduced in the presence of the PAD inhibitor biphenyl-benzimidazole-Cl-amidine. Overall, our data suggest that GnRHa stimulates PAD2-catalyzed histone citrullination in gonadotropes to epigenetically regulate gonadotropin gene expression.
Direct digital control of a high pressure life research laboratory

This report describes planning, selection, and incorporation of a digital computer operating in the direct digital mode (DDC) for complete computer management of a large High Pressure Life Laboratory (HPLL) for deep submergence simulation to 40 atmospheres.
Focal Adhesion Kinase Inactivation Reduces the Development of Acute Leukemia and Partially Rescues Hematopoietic Stem Cell Defects in Pten -Knockout Mice

Abstract 864 Phosphatase and tensin homolog on chromosome 10 (Pten) is a tumor suppressor which possesses both lipid and protein phosphatase activities. Mutations and epigenetic inactivations of the Pten gene are commonly detected in a large number of tissue malignancies, including leukemias and lymphomas. Studies using Hematopoietic Pten -knockout in adult mice ( Pten −/− ) have demonstrated that Pten plays a critical role in maintaining the homeostasis of bone marrow (BM) hematopoiesis. Pten inactivation promotes the proliferation and peripheral mobilization of BM hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Pten −/− mice develop myeloproliferative disorders (MPD) within days, followed by acute leukemic transformation. Most previous studies attributed such phenotypic changes observed in Pten −/− mice to excessive activation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signal, a consequence of the loss of Pten9s lipid phosphatase activity. However, the role of Pten9s protein phosphatase activity in the regulation of HSCs and leukemogenesis is not well studied. Focal adhesion kinase (Fak) is a critical substrate for the protein phosphatase activity of Pten. Dysregulation of Fak has been observed in many cancers, including acute myeloid leukemias (AML) and acute lymphocytic leukemias (ALL). Therefore, we postulated that Fak might play a pivotal role in the development and progression of leukemia following Pten deletion. To test this hypothesis, we generated Mx1-Cre + Pten fl/fl Fak fl/fl mice (an interferon-inducible Pten and Fak compound-knockout, Pten −/− Fak −/− ) in which both the Pten and Fak genes in the hematopoietic system are deleted upon injection of polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (pI-pC). Our results showed that the genetic inactivation of Fak can partially rescue HSC defects associated with Pten deficiency. We found that peripheral mobilization of HSCs in Pten −/− Fak −/− mice is significantly reduced compared to Pten −/− mice. As a consequence, more long-term HSCs (LT-HSCs) are preserved in the BM of Pten −/− Fak −/− mice compared to Pten −/− mice. Transplantation studies suggested that the hematopoietic reconstitutive capacity of Pten −/− Fak −/− HSCs is significantly improved compared to Pten −/− HSCs. Although Fak deletion fails to prevent the development of MPD in Pten −/− mice, Fak deletion does significantly reduce the frequency of AML/ALL, also significantly delays the onset of AML/ALL in comparison to Pten −/− mice. This study suggests that Fak might be a potential target for preventing the MPD-to-AML/ALL transformation and therefore blocking the Fak activity may hold a promise for a novel anti-leukemia therapy. The molecular mechanisms underlying the phenotype restoration of Pten −/− mice by Fak deletion in the hematopoietic system are actively being studied in our laboratory. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Simulating Scarcity in an Online Multiplayer Game: The Counter-Strike Weapons Market

Valve Software's popular game Counter-Strike: Source uses prices to balance more and less desirable pieces of equipment purchased by players. Because scarcity in the game is only an illusion, a price adjustment algorithm was implemented to simulate a global weapons market. This simulated market mechanism, its operation, history, and results are examined. In an attempt to better understand what is going on, particularly in regards to how the mechanism produces undesirable results, simple simulations are conducted. Some changes are proposed that may improve the behavior of prices over time.
Proactive help-seeking: Preschoolers know when they need help, but do not always ask for it

Abstract Help-seeking can be costly, particularly when help is not truly needed. Children typically seek help after encountering difficulty with a problem, but little is known about whether children can accurately judge whether they will need help with a problem prior to attempting it. Anticipation of a need for help requires children to assess both the problem and their existing knowledge of it; if an existing skill applies to a new problem, they should not need to seek help from a teacher. In four experiments, 151 3- to 5-year-olds were taught the solution to a puzzle box and decided how to approach subsequent boxes that were identical to (in perceptual appearance and name) or different from the initial box. Children successfully predicted that they would need help with different, but not identical, boxes. Other factors that may affect children’s willingness to seek help are discussed.
What Will China Do When Land Use Rights Begin to Expire? The Evolution Toward Rule of Law in Real Estate

China does not permit the private ownership of land. Instead, private parties may obtain the right to use property for seventy years or less. These parties own the structures on the land but not the underlying real estate.China’s recent economic boom hinges on the success of its real estate market. But the government has not yet addressed three critical questions it must answer soon: First, does a party that holds a land use right enjoy the right to renew it? Second, will that renewal be free or at a price? And third, how will that price be calculated?While it is always perilous to guess how the Chinese government will act, it is instructive to examine how the government has behaved in similar situations in the past. To begin with, the Chinese government expends great effort to avoid social unrest and upheaval. In addition, the government frequently sidesteps new problems and waits to see how the private market responds, later endorsing and officially implementing the most successful outcomes. Finally, both government bodies and individual government officials are heavily invested in the real estate market and thus care personally about the answers to these renewability questions. By keeping these facts in mind, it becomes somewhat less hazardous to forecast how China will act as the first land use rights begins to approach their expiration date. This Article addresses the renewability of Chinese land use rights. Part I describes the different paths the government might follow as land use rights begin to expire. Part II assesses how the government has acted in the past in an effort to predict which of these different options the government is mostly likely to adopt. Part III pulls back and seeks to locate the resolution of these important questions in the broader context of China’s uncertain movement toward the rule of law.
Kompetenz-Kompetenz and Its Negative Effect — A Comparative View

The paper deals with the “negative-effect”-of-Kompetenz-Kompetenz doctrine in some of the major arbitration venues, France, Germany, Switzerland, the U.S., England and Canada (Quebec). The negative effect doctrine refers to the circumstances under which a national court, before which a case is pending, will refrain (or not) from a full review of whether an alleged arbitration agreement (requiring arbitration of the parties’ dispute) exists as between the parties, is valid, and covers the dispute — in deference to allowing the arbitrators to decide those issues in the first instance. Although national jurisdictions universally accept the “positive” Kompetenz-Kompetenz doctrine — under which arbitrators are authorized to decide their own jurisdiction, although not with finality — they follow dramatically different approaches to the “negative-effect” issue. After canvassing and analyzing how the major jurisdictions just mentioned approach the negative-effect doctrine, the paper closes with some suggestions for what it proposes as a “best practices” approach to the subject.
Phase I trial of safety of combining BCG with pembrolizumab in patients with high grade superficial bladder cancer unresponsive to previous intravesical therapy.

TPS111Background: Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is the most effective agent in the treatment of high grade superficial bladder cancer (HGSBC); however, not all patients respond to BCG, and recurrent disease is associated with a poor prognosis. The blockade of immune checkpoints of the pathway involving programmed death 1 (PD1) has been shown recently to be effective in cancer therapy. We started the first trial in the United States to combine an anti-PD1 drug (pembrolizumab) with BCG therapy in patients with HGSBC. Methods: The primary objective of the study was to determine the safety of administering a 200 mg fixed dose of pembrolizumab in conjunction with intravesical BCG treatment in HGSBC patients who have failed two courses of induction therapy or one course of BCG induction therapy followed by maintenance therapy. Patients included had to have pathologically documented HGSBC (Ta, T1) at time of restaging, or have pathologically documented high grade CIS of the bladder at time of initial resection f...
Chapter 12 Aggregate investment

Abstract The 1990s have witnessed a revival in economists' interest and hope of explaining aggregate and microeconomic investment behavior. New theories, better econometric procedures, and more detailed panel data sets are behind this movement. Much of the progress has occurred at the level of microeconomic theories and evidence; however, progress in aggregation and general equilibrium aspects of the investment problem also has been significant. The concept of sunk costs is at the center of modern theories. The implications of these costs for investment go well beyond the neoclassical response to the irreversible-technological friction they represent, for they can also lead to first-order inefficiencies when interacting with informational and contractual problems.
In Vivo Imaging of Alzheimer Pathology in Transgenic Mice using Multiphoton Microscopy

Senile plaques found in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and in transgenic mouse models of AD are comprised primarily of the amyloid-β peptide. We developed an imaging technique using multiphoton microscopy to enable both detection of amyloid-β pathology in living transgenic mice and functional results of amyloid-β deposition. We used this imaging method to characterize the in vivo kinetics of a novel amyloid-binding agent (6-OH-BTA-1, or Pittsburgh compound B, “PIB”) in transgenic mice. PIB is a novel, thioflavin-T analog that stains plaques, tangles and cerebrovascular amyloid in post-mortem sections of AD brain with high sensitivity and specificity that can cross the blood-brain-barrier. Individual plaques in living transgenic mice could be detected within 1 min after i.v. injection of 2–10 mg/kg PIB. Thirty min after iv injection, the fluorescence in the parenchyma was largely diminished, whereas amyloid-β deposits remained brightly labeled. These findings suggest that PIB is a viable candidate as an in vivo amyloid imaging agent that could allow both diagnostic detection of amyloid pathology and provide a biomarker to evaluate anti-amyloid drug efficacy studies in AD. We also exploited a fluorogenic probe of oxidative stress to detect free radical generation in vivo in these mouse models that is associated specifically with dense-core, but not diffuse, amyloid-β deposits. We then extended the use of multiphoton microscopy and 2’,7’-dichlorodihydrofluorescein (DCF) fluorescence to screen anti-oxidants that may serve a protective role against plaque-derived oxidative stress in an ex vivo system. These results suggest that anti-oxidant therapy may play a beneficial role in the treatment of AD.
Organic Acid Production by Filamentous Fungi

Many of the commercial production processes for organic acids are excellent examples of fungal biotechnology. However, unlike penicillin, the organic acids have had a less visible impact on human well-being. Indeed, organic acid fermentations are often not even identified as fungal bioprocesses, having been overshadowed by the successful deployment of the β-lactam processes. Yet, in terms of productivity, fungal organic acid processes may be the best examples of all. For example, commercial processes using Aspergillus niger in aerated stirred-tank-reactors can convert glucose to citric acid with greater than 80% efficiency and at final concentrations in hundreds of grams per liter. Surprisingly, this phenomenal productivity has been the object of relatively few research programs. Perhaps a greater understanding of this extraordinary capacity of filamentous fungi to produce organic acids in high concentrations will allow greater exploitation of these organisms via application of new knowledge in this era of genomics-based biotechnology.