cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Further delineation of the dup(3q) syndrome

Three patients with duplication of 3q regions ranging from 3q25-+qter to the entire long arm provide additional documentation of the dup(3q) malformation syndrome. Data on 40 cases now reported define a characteristic face with hirsutism, synophrys, broad nasal root, anteverted nares, downturned corners of the mouth, micrognathia, and malformed ears recognizable even in the 30-week fetus and distinct from that of the Brachmann-de Lange syndrome. Other characteristic anomalies include congenital heart anomalies involving primarily septa1 defects, hand malformations including simian creases, abnormal dermatoglyphics, clinodactyly or camptodactyly, omphalocele, skeletal anomalies, and genitourinary malformations. Severe mental and growth retardation are common in those patients (64%) who survive the first year. Chromosome study of relatives is extremely important for counseling because only 10 of 40 cases represented de novo duplications.
Grain Marketing Systems: The Case of the United States versus Canada

This paper compares the U.S. and Canadian grain‐marketing systems, emphasizing wheat. The historical evolution of each system is first presented; then each system's performance is evaluated using such criteria as producer prices and export market shares. The particular marketing system by itself is not the only determinant of performance differences of the two systems; government policies also play a role. Furthermore, the two marketing systems do not operate independently of each other. Often the Canadian Wheat Board uses the private system in the United States to carry out the delivery of grain once sales have been made; also, at times, the Board has made direct sales to U.S. grain firms.
Visual Imagery in Brain-Injured Children

Summary.-The incidence of eidetic imagery and prolonged after-imagery was invesrlgated in a population of young retardates. Incidence of eidetic imagery was 19%, significantly higher than normal samples, and all children with eidetic imagery were classified as "brain-injured" by common neurological diagnostic criteria. Children with long, stable afterimages had a significantly higher mean IQ than those with short afterimages, capacity for fixation and task learning being controlled. A possible explanation of the IQ discrepancy in terms of how a longer time to process visual input into short-term memory may be functional for children of low intelligence is presented. The original impetus for this study came from two sources: first, the diagnostic testing of several retarded children who displayed unusual ability to retain and use visual images; second, recent work on the incidence of eidetic imagery in normal, retarded and partially non-literate populations (Haber & Haber, 1964; Siipola & Hayden, 1965; Doob, 1964, 1965, 1966). Siipola and Hayden found 9 of the 34 older retardates tested to have eidetic imagery, a significantly higher incidence than in Haber's sample of normal school children. Eight of the 9 were classified as "brain-injured" in school records. Initial questions in this study, therefore, were (1) whether the incidence of eidetic imagery in young retardates would differ significantly from that in normal children and (2) whether eidetic imagery would be as highly correlated with the diagnosis of "brain-injured" in our group as it was in the Siipola and Hayden sample. In the course of testing the children, it became apparent that there was within the population a discontinuous subgroup with prolonged, pronounced and easily obtained afterimages. The relationship of "long" vs "short" afterimages to eidetic imagery, and some of the distinguishing characteristics of these subgroups of the sample, were also investigated. Early work on eidetic imagery showed great variability in procedures and terminology; in some studies "eidetic image" describes positive or negative afterimages, in others a memory phenomenon for which there was no essential image concomitant at all (Kluever, 1928; Meenes & Morton, 1936). However, the recent work of Haber and his associates has established eidetic imagery as a verifiable characteristic of about 8% of school children, who score discontinuously on all measures used to define it, and it is their method of testing that is followed here (Haber & Haber, 1964). Some expansions and alterations were necessary in working with these young retardates, but it is not felt that any variations from the Haber procedure that were introduced biassed the observed incidence. The procedure is thoroughly described, however, that the reader may judge.
Two-Quantum Absorption Spectrum of KI and CsI

The measurement of the two-quantum fundamental absorption edge in KI and CsI at 300, 77, and 4\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K is described. Selection rules, exciton models, phonon coupling, and the theory of two-quantum absorption are briefly discussed. Comparison of the present results with theory and the one-quantum absorption leads to the quantitative understanding of the shape and magnitude of the two-quantum spectrum. It is shown that one-electron band structure and Wannier excitons, rather than excitation models, provide the best understanding of the low-energy part of the fundamental absorption edges in the materials studied.
The stressed pulp condition: An endodontic-restorative diagnostic concept

The stressed pulp condition is a clinical concept that describes pulps that have received repeated previous injury and survived with diminished responses and lessened repair potentials. Before performing restorative dentistry the dentist should conduct a comprehensive pulpal health evaluation on teeth to be restored. This evaluation should include (1) traditional pulp-testing methods and (2) a review of the past, present, and planned future treatment of the tooth. This analysis will usually identify teeth with stressed pulp conditions. Teeth with stressed pulps should be treated before complex restorative dentistry.
Activated Monocytes Induce Smooth Muscle Cell Death Role of Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor and Cell Contact

Background— Plaque disruption is the inciting event for coronary thrombosis and acute coronary syndromes. Multiple factors influence plaque rupture, including the loss of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). We hypothesized that monocytes/macrophages (MMs) activated by macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) are responsible for VSMC death. Methods and Results— VSMC apoptosis was markedly increased in the presence of both M-CSF and MMs (58.8±3.3%) compared with VSMCs plus M-CSF without MMs (15.7±1.5%, P≤0.00005), VSMCs plus MMs without M-CSF (22.7±3.7%, P≤0.0001), or control VSMCs alone (13.2±2.1%, P≤0.0001). MM cell contact was required for M-CSF–stimulated killing of VSMCs, and MMs displayed an M-CSF concentration-dependent killing effect. Abciximab binds Mac-1 (CD11b/CD18) on MMs. When added to VSMCs exposed to MMs and M-CSF, abciximab (7 μg/mL) significantly reduced VSMC apoptosis (19.1±2.2%, P≤0.0003). Therapeutic doses of tirofiban (0.35 μg/mL) and eptifibatide (5 μg/mL), which inhibit platelet...
Studies of the impact of Euseius species (Acari: Phytoseiidae) on citrus mites using predator exclusion and predator release experiments.

To create plots with differential levels ofEuseius, malathion sprays, highly toxic to phytoseiids but of low toxicity to citrus red mite,Panonychus citri (CRM), and citrus thrips,Scirtothrips citri, were applied to blocks of “Valencia” oranges for three seasons (1984, 1985 and 1986) and “Eureka” lemons for one season (1985). Releases ofEuseius spp. were made in plots within the treated blocks. In 1984, CRM populations were highest in the treated/no release plot, lowest in the untreated and intermediate in the treated/Euseius stipulatus-release plot. In 1985, CRM populations were high in all plots in the oranges (including theE. tularensis release) except theE. stipulatus-release plot, and in all plots in the lemons except the untreated.Euseius releases in the lemons had no effect, apparently because they were followed by very hot weather. In 1986, CRM was very low in all plots.Euseius stipulatus became the dominant phytoseiid species even in theE. tularensis-release plots after a few weeks, indicating that this species colonized more readily and spread to other trees more rapidly than didE. tularensis. The results support the hypothesis thatE. stipulatus is an important mortality factor contributing to CRM control at low levels.Euseius stipulatus also may have a negative impact on the citrus rust mite,Phyllocoptruta oleivora. Citrus thrips populations were low during the entire study period and did not differ significantly between plots.
Transplants of embryonic brainstem containing the locus coeruleus into spinal cord enhance the hindlimb flexion reflex in adult rats.

Abstract Cell suspensions of embryonic brainstem containing the locus coeruleus were injected intervertebrally into the lumbar spinal cord of adult rats whose descending catecholamine (CA) fibers had been lesioned with intracisternal injection of 6-hydroxydopamine. Up to 1100 CA cells were found 2 and 4 months later, and these cells grew processes which produced histologically detectable reinnervation of the lumbar gray matter on the injected side of the cord. To assess the functional activity of the transplanted CA cells, the force of the hindlimb flexion reflex was measured in acute spinal rats. This reflex has been shown previously to be strongly enhanced by catecholamines. The flexion reflexes were significantly stronger in the transplanted rats than in the controls. Further, the flexion reflexes were significantly reduced by phenoxybenzamine, an α-adrenergic blocker, in the transplanted rats while the reflexes of controls were not significantly changed. These results demonstrate that cell suspension transplants of embryonic brainstem containing the locus coeruleus into the adult rat spinal cord survive, grow reinnervating catecholamine processes, and can affect the functional activity of the spinal cord.
The Effect of Imperfect Judgment Rankings on Properties of Procedures Based on the Ranked-Set Samples Analog of the Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon Statistic

Abstract In this article we address the issue of imperfect judgment rankings in ranked-set sampling and, in particular, their effect on the properties of test procedures based on the ranked-set samples analog of the Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon statistic, U rss. We consider the impact of these imperfect rankings on the null distribution of the statistic and the resulting effect on the nominal level of associated hypothesis tests. We propose a model for the probabilities of imperfect judgment rankings based on the concept of expected spacings and use this model to study the properties of tests based on U rss. This investigation includes both small-sample Monte Carlo power simulations and a detailed analysis of the asymptotic relative efficiency properties of the U rss procedure. We also examine, as an indication of the merits of using ranked-set sampling, the relative cost of measuring the value of a sample item as compared to obtaining a judgment ordering of a set of sample items.
Simplified Language as an Accommodation on Math Tests

As accountability requirements for determining adequate yearly progress increase, states are working to make standards-based assessments accessible for all students. Providing accommodations on assessments is one of the main ways to allow not only students with disabilities but also students who are English Language Learners to be included in large-scale assessments. Difficulties with complex language in the content areas can result in similar accommodations being appropriate for both groups of students. This study examined the impact of simplified language on one state's mathematics performance assessment. A total of 1,232 seventh-grade students participated. Results indicate that students in general education and English Language Learners do not benefit from this accommodation. Students receiving special education services (N=138) did benefit from the simplified language, although their scores remained significantly below that of their general education counterparts. Practical issues related to providin...
Antigenic variation is associated with DNA rearrangements in a relapsing fever borrelia

Summary Borrelia hermsii, an agent of relapsing fever, undergoes antigenic variation in its host. Surface-exposed proteins with differing primary structures determine the serotype of each organism. Using amino acid sequence data from two of these variable proteins, we synthesized two mixed-sequence oligonucleotides and then used the oligonucleotides to probe mRNA and DNA of three isogenic serotypes of B. hermsii. In Northern blots the probes were specific for the mRNA of the homologous serotype. Southern blots revealed two classes of hybridizing fragments: those common to the three serotypes and those specific for a particular serotype. A serotype-specific DNA fragment, which had hybridized to both oligonucleotide probes, was cloned. Subsequent use of the cloned fragment as a probe provided further evidence that antigenic variation in B. hermsii is associated with DNA rearrangements and with occurrence of expression-linked copies of all, or part, of an antigen-specifying gene.
A research program for establishing the validity of the price-quality relationship

Despite over 30 years of empirical investigations, it remains unclear whether (1) there is an actual positive relationship between price and product quality, and (2) whether buyers perceive a positive relationship between price and product quality. Although there has been a plethora of studies on the relationship, there is little agreement on what we know about the relationship. The paper assesses the current state of knowledge on the relationship and argues for a better conceptual framework for understanding the price-quality relationship. Then the paper outlines a systematic research program for establishing the validity of the relationship, and establishes a set of criteria for evaluating the contribution to knowledge of future research on the price-quality relationship.
Treating Geriatric Depression: A 26-week Interim Analysis

: Two concurrent studies of geriatric outpatients who received diagnoses of depression were conducted. In the first, patients were treated with one of two tricyclic antidepressants or with a placebo. In the second, patients were assigned to groups receiving either psychodynamic group therapy or cognitive-behavioral group therapy. Patients in the placebo group showed the least improvement; most patients receiving group psychotherapy showed some improvement, but only 12% had full remissions; by contrast, 45% of patients receiving imipramine or doxepin had full remissions, while 36% of them experienced little or no benefit. An early response to tricyclic antidepressant drugs was a reliable predictor of continued improvement.
Black Church Electoral and Protest Politics from 2002 to 2012: a Social Media Analysis of the Resistance Versus Accommodation Dialectic

The continued debate about whether the Black Church has lost its activist voice is rooted in the historic resistance versus accommodation dialectic. The former stance positions the Black Church for involvement in electoral and protest politics; the latter stymies these processes. This project examines the contemporary Black Church's political presence on several social media sites. Findings document its continued political involvement thematically associated with calls for social justice and moral action, electoral and protest politics, redress for social problems, and a linked fate mentality and collective memory. Moreover, results illustrate how electoral and protest politics, based on a historic Black Church cultural toolkit, can reflect both a social issue to be championed and a strategic process used to promote other agendas. A resistance versus accommodation dialectical model provides a cogent explanation for the political pluralism and ambiguity such congregations can exhibit as well as for many Black Christians to prioritize issues of racial justice and economic empowerment above more conservative religious views they may espouse.
Short-term exposure to a neuroactive steroid increases α4 GABAA receptor subunit levels in association with increased anxiety in the female rat

Previous work from this laboratory has demonstrated that withdrawal from the neuroactive steroid 3α,5α-THP (3α-hydroxy-5α-pregnan-20-one) after 3-week exposure to its parent compound, progesterone (P), increases anxiety and produces benzodiazepine (BDZ) insensitivity in female rats. These events were linked to upregulation of the α4 subunit of the GABAA receptor (GABAR) in the hippocampus [Brain Res. 507 (1998) 91; Nature 392 (1998) 926; J. Neurosci. 18 (1998) 5275]. The present study investigates the role of shorter term hormone treatment on α4 subunit levels as well as relevant behavioral and pharmacological end-points related to GABAR function. After 2–3 days of P exposure, two- to threefold increases in α4 protein levels were observed, which declined to control values after 5–6 days of hormone exposure. This effect was due to the GABA-modulatory metabolite of P, 3α,5α-THP. α4 upregulation was inversely correlated with BDZ potentiation of GABA-gated current, assessed using whole cell patch clamp techniques on acutely isolated hippocampal pyramidal cells. A near total BDZ insensitivity was observed by 2–3 days of hormone exposure in association with the maximal increase in α4 levels. Up-regulation of the α4 GABAR subunit was also reflected by an increase in anxiety in the elevated plus maze. A significant decrease in open arm entries was observed after 72-h exposure to P, an effect which recovered by 6 days of P treatment. As demonstrated in vitro, α4 upregulation also resulted in a relative insensitivity to the anxiolytic actions of BDZ. These results suggest that short-term exposure to 3α,5α-THP produces changes in GABAR subunit composition similar to those that occur after chronic exposure and withdrawal from the steroid.
Emission of spatial solitons from nonlinear waveguides

Abstract One of the unique features of nonlinear planar waveguides is that spatial solitons can be emitted into a self-focussing cladding medium. In this paper we discuss this phenomenon for a variety of models for the nonlinear medium, and show that soliton emission persists even when nonideal media are employed. We discuss the conditions for the emission and trapping of such solitons.
Structure and properties of polyurethanes prepared from triglyceride polyols by ozonolysis.

Ozonolysis was used to obtain polyols with terminal primary hydroxyl groups and different functionalities from trilinolein (or triolein), low-saturation canola oil, and soybean oil. The functionality of the model polyol from triolein (trilinolein) was 3.0 and that of soy polyol was 2.5, due to the presence of unreactive saturated fatty acids, while canola gave a polyol with a functionality of 2.8. All polyols exhibited a high tendency to crystallize at room temperature. The resulting waxes had melting points comparable to that of paraffin and very low viscosities in the liquid state. The polyols were cross-linked using 4,4‘-methylenebis(phenyl isocyanate) to give polyurethanes. Glass transitions (Tg) for the model-, canola-, and soy-based polyurethanes were 53, 36, and 22 °C, respectively. The about 30 °C lower Tg of the soy-based polyurethane than that of the model polyurethane was the result not only of lower functionality but also of the presence of saturated fatty acids in the former. Polyurethane fro...
Segment Alignment For The Keck Telescope Primary Mirror

We propose to use a Shack-Hartmann camera to align and phase the thirty-six segments of the ten meter primary mirror of the Keck Telescope. Tilt errors are determined by employing the Shack-Hartmann device in a manner exactly analogous to that used in mirror testing and in adaptive optics. Piston errors are determined (with the same device) by exploiting diffraction effects near the intersegment edges. These two tests are shown to have sensitivities that are comparable to each other and that are sufficient to achieve the design goals of the telescope. We describe how the tilt test can be extended to give information both about the individual segment figures and about the global mirror parameters. Some of the complications and potential systematic effects associated with these tests are discussed.
Size exclusion chromatography–multiangle laser light scattering analysis of hyaluronan size distributions made by membrane-bound hyaluronan synthase

Size exclusion chromatography-multiangle laser light scattering (SEC-MALLS) analyses of Escherichia coli membranes expressing Streptococcus equisimilis hyaluronan synthase (seHAS) demonstrated an inherent artifact (10-100 MDa) that coeluted with hyaluronan (HA) and skewed the apparent weight-average mass of HA to erroneously high values. Briefly heating samples to 65-75 degrees C eliminated this artifact and increased the yield of recovered HA due to the release of HA chains that were attached to membrane-bound HAS. Inclusion of alkaline phosphatase, which removed uridine 5'-diphosphate (UDP) produced during the reaction, improved the linearity of HA synthesis-even at high substrate use. Surprisingly, the addition of EDTA, to chelate Mg(2+) ions, did not completely stop the HAS reaction at 30 degrees C or at 4 degrees C. The best conditions for stopping the reaction without altering SEC-MALLS profiles of the product HA were to chill samples on ice in the presence of both EDTA and UDP. Even with excess substrate, the maximum size of product HA decreased as the enzyme concentration increased. Therefore, the maximum HA size made by HAS was determined by extrapolation to zero enzyme concentration. Using the above conditions, membrane-bound seHAS synthesized a cohort of HA products that steadily increased in weight-average molar mass, reaching a final maximal steady-state size of 4 to 6 MDa within 2-4 h.
Effects of a novel inotropic agent (OPC-18790) on systolic and diastolic function in patients with severe heart failure.

A double-blind placebo-controlled study to determine the acute hemodynamic and cardiac mechanical effects of the quinolinone derivative OPC-18790 was performed in 12 patients with New York Heart Association class III or IV congestive heart failure. Simultaneous echocardiographic, Doppler, and invasive hemodynamic studies were performed before and after a 6-hour intravenous infusion of drug at 2.5, 5.0, or 10.0 μg/kg/min or of placebo. OPC-18790 (mean dose 5.9 ± 3.5 mg) caused significant increases in left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (15% ± 4% vs 23% ± 5%; p < 0.05) and cardiac index (1.7 ± 0.4 vs 2.5 ± 0.6 L/min/m2; p < 0.05) and a rightward and upward shift in the stress-shortening relation. LV end-diastolic volume and heart rate were unchanged. LV filling and posterior LV wall thinning rates from digitized M-mode echocardiographic studies (0.49 ± 0.16 vs 0.75 ± 0.21 cm/sec and 2.0 ± 0.9 vs 3.0 ± 1.4 cm/sec, respectively; both p < 0.05), transmitral deceleration time (67 ± 24 vs 81 ± 19 msec, p < 0.05), and atrial filling fraction (31.0% ± 11.2% vs 38.9% ± 13.9%, p < 0.05), infusion. Despite a significant decrease in pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (28 ± 9 vs 18 ± 10 mm Hg) there was no change in the velocity-time integral of early diastolic filling (53 ± 12 vs 59 ± 22 cm), suggesting improved LV relaxation. Hemodynamics and parameters of LV function were unchanged in the 3 patients receiving placebo. We conclude that in addition to its positive inotropic effects, OPC-18790 may produce hemodynamic benefit by salutary effects on LV relaxation, atrioventricular compliance, and late ventricular diastolic filling.
Quantifying the super-resolution capabilities of the CLEAN image processing algorithm

The problem of image restoration has an extensive literature (e.g.J1^^’^) and can be expressed as the solution of an integral equation of the first kind. Conventional linear restoration methods reconstruct spatial frequencies below the diffraction-limited cutoff of the optical aperture. Nonlinear methods, such as maximum entropy^, have the potential to reconstruct frequencies above the diffraction limit. Reconstruction of information above diffraction we refer to as super-resolution. Specific algorithms developed for super-resolution are the iterative algorithms of Gerchbergf5! and Papoullis^, the maximum likelihood method of Holmes^, and the Poisson maximum-a-posteriori algorithm of Hunrf8^. The experimental results published with these algorithms show the potential of super-resolution, but are not as satisfactory as an analytical treatment. In the following we present a model to quantify the capability of super-resolution, and discuss the model in the context of the well-known CLEAN algorithm.
Geographic correlation between hot spots and deep mantle lateral shear-wave velocity gradients

Abstract Hot spot volcanism may originate from the deep mantle in regions exhibiting the Earth’s most pronounced lateral S-wave velocity gradients. These strong gradient regions display an improved geographic correlation over S-wave velocities to surface hot spot locations. For the lowest velocities or strongest gradients occupying 10% of the surface area of the core–mantle boundary (CMB), hot spots are nearly twice as likely to overlie the anomalous gradients. If plumes arise in an isochemical lower mantle, plume initiation should occur in the hottest (thus lowest velocity) regions, or in the regions of strongest temperature gradients. However, if plume initiation occurs in the lowest velocity regions of the CMB lateral deflection of plumes or plume roots are required. The average lateral deflections of hot spot root locations from the vertical of the presumed current hot spot location ranges from ∼300 to 900 km at the CMB for the 10–30% of the CMB covered by the most anomalous low S-wave velocities. The deep mantle may, however, contain strong temperature gradients or be compositionally heterogeneous, with plume initiation in regions of strong lateral S-wave velocity gradients as well as low S-wave velocity regions. If mantle plumes arise from strong gradient regions, only half of the lateral deflection from plume root to hot spot surface location is required for the 10–30% of the CMB covered by the most anomalous strong lateral S-wave velocities. We find that strong gradient regions typically surround the large lower velocity regions in the base of the mantle, which may indicate a possible chemical, in addition to thermal, component to these regions.
What happened to surface temperature with sunspot activity in the past 130 years

Based on composite analysis using categories of solar inactivity and activity, the responses of surface temperature to different categorized solar activity and a plausible mechanism have been discussed. The results show the increasing solar sunspot activity during solar cycles 13 to 24 (1880–2010) and it seemed to make a positive contribution to rising global temperature. However, the sunspots were fewer in number, if we focused on the most recent 60 years (1950–2010), and the decreasing solar activity did not contribute to a cooler Earth. This result indicates that the connection between sunspots and the Earth’s climate is sensitive to the study period. An extreme analysis was performed in an attempt to gain a better understanding of solar impacts. The extreme top 10 composite analysis demonstrated that the surface temperature response to solar activity is spatially different and is highly sensitive to El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events. The most sensitive areas in the Pacific sector revealed a significant difference between including and excluding ENSO years. During the solar inactive years, the tropical eastern Pacific was observed as a weak El Nino-like (strong La Nina-like) pattern in the composite including (excluding) ENSO events. Another interesting feature is the strong similarity in the composites which include or exclude ENSO events during the sunspot active years, but it differs from the La Nina-like pattern observed in previous studies. The bottom-up mechanism associated with the response of the surface dynamical circulation and the heat balance when compared to the total solar irradiance forcing partially explains the connection.
Seeing is believing: Exposure to counterstereotypic women leaders and its effect on the malleability of automatic gender stereotyping

Abstract Two studies tested the conditions under which social environments can undermine automatic gender stereotypic beliefs expressed by women. Study 1, a laboratory experiment, manipulated exposure to biographical information about famous female leaders. Study 2, a year-long field study, took advantage of pre-existing differences in the proportion of women occupying leadership positions (e.g., female professors) in two naturally occurring environments—a women’s college and a coeducational college. Together, these studies investigated: (a) whether exposure to women in leadership positions can temporarily undermine women’s automatic gender stereotypic beliefs, and (b) whether this effect is mediated by the frequency with which female leaders are encountered. Results revealed first that when women were in social contexts that exposed them to female leaders, they were less likely to express automatic stereotypic beliefs about their ingroup (Studies 1 and 2). Second, Study 2 showed that the long-term effect of social environments (women’s college vs. coed college) on automatic gender stereotyping was mediated by the frequency of exposure to women leaders (i.e., female faculty). Third, some academic environments (e.g., classes in male-dominated disciplines like science and math) produced an increase in automatic stereotypic beliefs among students at the coed college but not at the women’s college—importantly, this effect was mediated by the sex of the course instructors. Together, these findings underscore the power of local environments in shaping women’s nonconscious beliefs about their ingroup.
Aortic insufficiency following transcatheter aortic valve replacement is underestimated by echocardiography compared with cardiac MRI

Background The degree of aortic insufficiency (AI) after transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) has been identified as a predictor of increased mortality. Since even mild AI is associated with increased mortality in some studies, accurate quantification of post-TAVR AI is critical. Assessment of AI by echocardiography is typically performed by visual inspection and semi-quantitative methods. Most post-TAVR AI is paravalvular, however echocardiography has limited ability to quantify multiple eccentric paravalvular jets. Using flow quantification methods, cardiac MRI (CMR) may more accurately quantify AI severity post-TAVR and therefore more accurately assess risk in this population. Methods Twenty-three patients who underwent TAVR with a SAPIEN prosthesis were studied. All patients underwent an intraoperative transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE), as well as a post-procedure transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) and CMR. Paravalvular AI by TTE and TEE was graded using color Doppler by quantifying the circumferential extent of AI as a percentage of the aortic annulus (none 30%) following recommendations from the Valve Academic Research Consortium. AI severity by CMR was quantified as the regurgitant fraction of forward aortic flow based on previously published recommendations (none 48%). Results The mean age was 79 +/- 10 years; 52% were men. TTE and CMR were performed at 1 [1-1] and 4 [1-4] days postTAVR respectively (median [IQR]). The left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) by CMR was 65 +/- 10%. AI severity by TTE was none in 9 (39.1%), trace in 11 (47.8%), and mild in 3 (13%) patients. TEE identified trace central AI in 6 patients (26%). Paravalvular AI by TEE was none in 4 (17.4%), trace in 14 (60.9%), and mild in 5 (21.7%) patients. AI by CMR was none in 2 (8.7%), trace in 5 (21.7%), mild in 13 (56.5%), and moderate in 3 (13%) patients; (Figure 1). A higher proportion of patients with mild or greater AI was identified by CMR (16/23, 70%) compared to TTE (3/23, 13%) and TEE (5/23, 22%); (Figure 2). Conclusions
Neural Lie Detection, Criterial Change, and OrdinaryLanguage

Michael Pardo and Dennis Patterson have recently put forward several provocative and stimulating criticisms that strike at the heart of much work that has been done at the crossroads of neuroscience and the law. My goal in this essay is to argue that their criticisms of the nascent but growing field of neurolaw are ultimately based on questionable assumptions concerning the nature of the ever evolving relationship between scientific discovery and ordinary language. For while the marriage between ordinary language and scientific discovery is admittedly not always a happy one, it is an awkward union that nevertheless seems to work itself out with the passage of time. In the following pages, I will try to show that Pardo and Patterson’s primary argumentative strategy ultimately depends on basic assumptions concerning the fixity of language that we should reject.
Targeted nanoparticles assembled via complexation of boronic-acid-containing targeting moieties to diol-containing polymers.

The delivery of therapeutics via nanoscaled vehicles for solid cancer treatment can be enhanced by the incorporation of a targeting capability. Here, we describe a new method for assembling a targeted nanoparticle that utilizes the reversible covalent complexation between boronic acids and diols to achieve a targeted nanoparticle for the delivery of the anticancer drug camptothecin (CPT). CPT is conjugated to a biocompatible, hydrophilic copolymer of mucic acid and PEG (MAP). When this polymer–drug conjugate is placed in water, it self-assembles into MAP–CPT nanoparticles of ca. 30 nm (diameter) and slightly negative zeta potential. The antibody Herceptin is attached to a boronic acid via a polyethylene glycol (PEG) spacer, and this boronic acid-containing targeting moiety is complexed with the diol-containing MAP to form a targeted MAP–CPT nanoparticle. The addition of Herceptin targeting agent to the MAP–CPT nanoparticles yields targeted MAP–CPT nanoparticles with increased nanoparticle size to ca. 40 nm (diameter). The main mechanisms of CPT release from MAP–CPT nanoparticles are found by in vitro analysis to be hydrolysis and nanoparticle disruption by fat. Cellular uptake of nanoparticles is enhanced by 70% compared to nontargeted version by the incorporation of a single Herceptin antibody targeting agent per nanoparticle. This single Herceptin antibody targeted MAP–CPT nanoparticle system carries ca. 60 CPT molecules per nanoparticle and shows prolonged plasma circulation with an elimination half-life of 21.2 h and AUC value of 2766 μg.h/mL at a 10 mg CPT/kg tail vein injection in mice.
Adipogenesis in a murine bone marrow stromal cell line capable of supporting B lineage lymphocyte growth and proliferation: Biochemical and molecular characterization

Recent advances in long-term bone marrow (BM) culture techniques have allowed investigators to dissect cellular components responsible for lympho-hematopoiesis. Consequently, a number of “stromal” cell clones have been developed which are capable of supporting B lineage lymphocyte growth and proliferation in vitro by direct cell-cell interactions and the release of cytokines. While much work has focused on the support function of these cells, questions remain regarding their own differentiation potential. We have examined adipo-genesis in the cloned BM stromal cell, BMS2. The presence of hydrocortisone, methylisobutylxanthine, or 30% fetal calf serum each accelerated adipocyte differentiation. This process was accompanied by the accumulation of triglycerides and cholesterol esters along with the induction of adipocyte-specific enzymes. Likewise, the steady-state level of mRNA transcripts increased for genes related to lipid metabolism. However, the pattern of mRNA expression in BMS2 adipocytes differed from that of a well-established, pre-adipocyte cell line, 3T3-L1, with respect to the following genes: glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase, CAAT/enhancer binding protein and angiotensinogen. Adipocyte BMS2 cells retailed the ability to support stromal cell-dependent B lineage lymphocytes in methylcellulose assays. The adipocytes continued to express macrophagecolony-stimulating factor mRNA constitutively and interleukin 6 mRNA in an inducible manner, similar to the BMS2 pre-adipocytes. Together, these data document a close developmental relationship between a specialized fibroblasts and adipocytes in the BM and suggest that adipocyte stromal cells may play an active role in lympho-hematopoiesis.
NOTES ON THE ECOLOGY OF A SPECIES OF ZYGOGONIUM (KÜTZ.) IN YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK.

A species of Zygogonium forms extensive dark purple mats in Yellowstone National Park in acidic habitats adjacent to thermal areas. These mats range up to 6 cm in thickness and up to 3000 m(2) in areal extent. Temperatures in the mats varied from 20-31 C and pH varied from 2.4-3.1. These mats form on soil in areas where a moist surface is created by the presence of small acidic springs or seeps. The effect of light, temperature, and pH on photosynthesis was studied in the field by use of (14) CO2 . Photosynthesis increased in rate up to full sunlight; light inhibition was not observed. Temperature optimum for photo-synthesis was 25 C. A broad pH optimum was found between 1.0 and 5.0. The Zygogonium mats have a high water holding capacity and create a moist habitat in which Euglena and Chlamydomonas develop. The mats also serve as repositories for the eggs of the brine fly Ephydra bruesi and both larvae and adults of this fly probably consume Zygogonium filaments as their main food source.
Application of tissue characterization in intravascular ultrasound imaging

ABSTRACT Current intravascular ultrasound imaging technology is able to determine theextent and distribution of pathologic processes within the vessel wall, but is not highlysensitive in discriminating between certain types of tissue. "Tissue characterization"refers to a set of computer-based techniques that utilize features of the ultrasound signalbeyond basic amplitude to help define the composition of the tissue of interest. Thistechnique involves quantitative analysis of the ultrasound signals reflected from tissuebefore these signals pass through the processing steps in the ultrasound instrument. INTRODUCTION Intravascular ultrasound imaging provides a clinical method to directly visualizeatherosclerosis and other pathology within the wall of blood vessels. The ultrasoundcatheter provides a series of two-dimensional "slices" detailing endovascular structure.Because of the ability of ultrasound to penetrate below the luminal surface, the entirecross section of an artery, including the complete thickness of a plaque, can be imaged inreal time. This provides the opportunity to gather new diagnostic information about theprocess of atherosclerosis and to directly observe the effects of different interventions onthe plaque and arterial wall.Several laboratories15 have demonstrated that catheter-tipped ultrasound canprovide a safe and accurate means to image intravascular structure. In-vivo and in-vitroimaging of coronary and peripheral vessels has shown close correlation to histology withsuch measurements as wall thickness and internal vessel diameter2'3'7. Studies have alsoshown that intravascular ultrasound permits a more accurate assessment of the degree ofstenosis than angiography810. Recent advances in image processing have made possiblethree dimensional reconstruction of the artery from two dimensional images, which mayprove to be the ideal approach for a more complete evaluation of vascular pathology1 1•
Adaptive Model-Following Controls for Uncertain Dynamical Systems

The model-following problem for nonlinear uncertain dynamical systems is considered. Based only on knowledge of functional properties relating to the time-varying uncertainty, a class of adaptive feedback controls is developed which, under some realistic assumptions, guarantees the error between the uncertain dynamical system and the model tends to zero. Application to robotic tracking is discussed.
An experimental study of detection in nonstationary noise

The performance of any system for detecting a noise-like signal in additive background noise is critically dependent on the statistics of the signal and the noise. In analyzing the performance of a given detector it is necessary to make assumptions regarding these statistics. The situations in which both the noise and the signal are Gaussian and stationary (or very nearly so) are quite numerous, and the assumption that such is the case has led to useful results. There are, however, situations where this assumption is not justified: fading signals and fluctuations in noise intensity are commonly encountered in practice.1?7 In such cases, for short observation intervals the signal and the noise may often be regarded as Gaussian and approximately stationary and detectors can then be designed and analyzed on this assumption. However, if the observation interval is lengthened sufficiently in an attempt to increase the sensitivity of the detector, the inputs to the detector will eventually be nonstationary and the performance of the detector will differ from that expected for stationary inputs.
On the numerical solution of two-point boundary value problems II

Abstract : In a recent paper Greengard and Rokhlin introduce a numerical technique for the rapid solution of integral equations resulting from linear two-point boundary value problems for second order ordinary differential equations. In this paper, we extend the method to systems of ordinary differential equations. After reducing the system of differential equations to a system of second kind integral equations, we discretize the latter via a high order Nystrom scheme. A somewhat involved analytical apparatus is then constructed which allows for the solution of the discrete system using O(N . p squared . n cubed) operations, with N the number of nodes on the interval, p the desired order of convergence, and n the number of equations in the system. Thus, the advantages of the integral equation formulation (small condition number, insensitivity to boundary layers, insensitivity to end-point singularities, etc. ) are retained, while achieving a computational efficiency previously available only to finite difference of finite element methods. We in addition present a Newton method for solving boundary value problems for nonlinear first order systems in which each Newton iterate is the solution of a second kind integral equation; the analytical and numerical advantages of integral equations are thus obtained for nonlinear boundary value problems. (kr)
The Role of Consumption Emotions in the Satisfaction Response

We report 2 studies that served to clarify the role of consumption emotions in the satisfaction response. In the 1st study, we examined the role of consumption emotions within the expectancy-disconfirmation model of consumer satisfaction and investigated whether consumption emotions are a result of product performance or disconfirmation. The findings show that both positive and negative emotions are primarily a function of product performance and influence satisfaction even when the effects of expectations, performance, and disconfirmation are controlled. In the 2nd study, we proposed and tested an alternative framework for understanding the role of consumption emotions in the satisfaction response for situations in which consumers use more of an experiential perspective to anticipate and experience consumption. According to this model, consumers form affective expectations about how consumption of the product will make them feel, experience positive or negative emotions as a result of these expectations and product consumption, and evaluate the discrepancy between experienced and anticipated emotions. All 3 variables, then, impact satisfaction. The results empirically support many of the relations in the new model of the experiential satisfaction response but also raise several interesting avenues for future research.
Reassesment of electrophysiological and contractile characteristics of sensitized airway smooth muscle

Airway smooth muscle preparations were isolated from control guinea pigs, from animals sensitized to albumin and Pertussis vaccine, from sensitized animals which had been resensitized and from animals that had been sensitized and exposed to an inhalation challenge of albumin for 14 days. The resting membrane potential, its changes and contractile response of airway smooth muscle were measured during in vitro antigen challenge, administration of histamine dihydrochloride (10−3 M), or isoproterenol (10−3 M). We found that: (1) The resting membrane potential of normal airway smooth muscle of guinea pig was −61.3±0.2 mV (± SE); (2) Resting membrane potential of airway smooth muscle from sensitized animals was significantly (P < 0.05) to −72.9 ± 0.3 mV (± SE); (3) One week after resentization of animals a further significant increase (P < 0.05) in resting membrane potential to −76.2 ± 0.2 mV (± SE) was observed; (4) Resting membrane potential of airway smooth muscle isolated from animals repeatedly exposed to inhalation challenge of antigen significantly decreased (P < 0.01) to −50.6 ± 0.5 mV (± SE) as compared to controls; (5) After histamine, isoproterenol or antigen administration, the airway smooth muscle from sensitized animals repeatedly exposed to inhalation challenge showed attenuated response (P < 0.01) as measured by both membrane potential and isometric force. In contrast, the response to antigen and histamine in preparations from sensitized animals is potentiated. It is conducted that both acute sesitization and resentization on one hand and repeated exposure of sensitized aninals to inhaled albumin on the other will alter mechanism9s) responsible for the maintaenance of membrane potential and the regulation of excitation-contraction coupling in airway smooth muscle.
Gambling Loss Deductions: “The Three Faces of Eve” Revisited

The growth of legalized casino gambling in the United States will no doubt spur an increase in the number of gamblers who are required to report their respective winnings annually for federal income tax purposes. Yet, the primary tax concern of many gamblers is “how to deduct losses.” Basically, all gamblers are impacted by I.R.C. § 165(d), which limits gambling loss deductions to gambling gains and effectively disallows carry‐backs or carry‐forwards of excess gambling losses. But like Joanne Woodward's character in the film “The Three Faces of Eve,” gambling loss deductions possess multiple personalities. If the gambler is a “professional,” his losses are broadly defined and subject to I.R.C. § 165(d) ceiling limit. Conversely, a “casual” gambler's losses are narrowly defined and subject to even more code‐imposed ceiling limits. Then again, a “commercial gaming establishment” is apparently not subject these limitations. According to the Commissioner, a professional gambler's “wagering losses” include not...
Autophagy: Cells SNARE Selves

Autophagosomes sequester cytosolic constituents and deliver this cargo to lysosomes for destruction. Two groups now report that autophagosome maturation requires homotypic membrane fusion catalyzed by SNARE proteins.