cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Ant Who Cried Wolf? Short-Term Repeated Exposure to Alarm Pheromone Reduces Behavioral Response in Argentine Ants.

In this study we test whether Argentine ants (Linepithema humile) progressively reduce their response to a salient stimulus (alarm pheromone) with increased exposure over time. First, we used a two-chamber olfactometer to demonstrate three focal behaviors of Argentine ants that indicate an alarmed state in response to conspecific alarm pheromone and pure synthetic iridomyrmecin (a dominant component of L. humile alarm pheromone). We then measured how these behaviors changed after repeated exposure to conspecific alarm pheromone from live ants. In addition, we investigate whether there is a difference in the ants’ behavioral response after “short” (3 min) versus “long” (6 min) intervals between treatments. Our results show that Argentine ants do exhibit reduced responses to their own alarm pheromone, temporarily ceasing their response to it after four or five exposures, and this pattern holds whether exposure is repeated after “short” or “long” intervals. We suggest alarm pheromones may be perceived as false alarms unless threatening stimuli warrant a continued state of alarm. These results should be kept in mind while developing pheromone-based integrated pest management strategies.
Induced secretion system mutation alters rhizosphere bacterial composition in Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench

A novel inducible secretion system mutation in Sorghum named Red root has been identified. The mutant plant root exudes pigmented compounds that enriches Actinobacteria in its rhizosphere compared to BTx623. Favorable plant–microbe interactions in the rhizosphere positively influence plant growth and stress tolerance. Sorghum bicolor, a staple biomass and food crop, has been shown to selectively recruit Gram-positive bacteria (Actinobacteria) in its rhizosphere under drought conditions to enhance stress tolerance. However, the genetic/biochemical mechanism underlying the selective enrichment of specific microbial phyla in the sorghum rhizosphere is poorly known due to the lack of available mutants with altered root secretion systems. Using a subset of sorghum ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) mutant lines, we have isolated a novel Red root (RR) mutant with an increased accumulation and secretion of phenolic compounds in roots. Genetic analysis showed that RR is a single dominant mutation. We further investigated the effect of root-specific phenolic compounds on rhizosphere microbiome composition under well-watered and water-deficit conditions. The microbiome diversity analysis of the RR rhizosphere showed that Actinobacteria were enriched significantly under the well-watered condition but showed no significant change under the water-deficit condition. BTx623 rhizosphere showed a significant increase in Actinobacteria under the water-deficit condition. Overall, the rhizosphere of RR genotype retained a higher bacterial diversity and richness relative to the rhizosphere of BTx623, especially under water-deficit condition. Therefore, the RR mutant provides an excellent genetic resource for rhizosphere-microbiome interaction studies as well as to develop drought-tolerant lines. Identification of the RR gene and the molecular mechanism through which the mutant selectively enriches microbial populations in the rhizosphere will be useful in designing strategies for improving sorghum productivity and stress tolerance.
Automation Error Type and Methods of Communicating Automation Reliability Affect Trust and Performance: An Empirical Study in the Cyber Domain

Antiphishing aid systems, among other automated systems, are not perfectly reliable. Automated systems can make errors, thereby resulting in false alarms or misses. An automated system's capabilities need to be communicated to the users to maintain proper user trust. System capabilities can be learned through an explicit description or from experience. Using a phishing-detection system as a testbed in this article, we systematically varied automation error type and the method of communicating system reliability in a factorial design and measured their effects on human performance and trust in the automation. Participants were asked to classify emails as legitimate or phishing with assistance from the phishing-detection system. The results from 510 participants suggest that learning through experience with feedback improved trust calibration for both objective and subjective trust measures in most conditions. Moreover, false alarms lowered trust more than misses for both unreliable and reliable systems, and false alarms turned out to be beneficial for proper trust calibration when using unreliable systems. Design implications of the results include using feedback whenever possible and choosing false alarms over misses for unreliable systems.
Oncolytic parainfluenza virus combines with NK cells to mediate killing of infected and non-infected lung cancer cells within 3D spheroids: role of type I and type III interferon signaling.

Background There is intense interest in developing novel oncolytic viruses, which can be used in cancer therapies along with immune cells such as natural killer (NK) cells. We have previously developed a particle-based method for in vitro expansion of highly cytotoxic human NK cells (PM21-NK cells). Here, we have tested the hypothesis that oncolytic parainfluenza virus 5 (P/V virus) can combine with PM21-NK cells for targeted killing of lung cancer cells. Methods PM21-NK cells were assayed for killing of P/V virus-infected A549, H1299 and Calu-1 lung cancer cells in two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) cultures using flow cytometry, luminescence and kinetic imaging-based methods. Blocking antibodies were used to evaluate NK cell activating receptors involved in PM21-NK cell killing of infected target cells. Media transfer experiments tested soluble factors that increase PM21-NK cell killing of both P/V virus-infected and uninfected tumor cells. Results In 2D cultures, PM21-NK cells efficiently killed P/V virus-infected cancer cells compared with non-infected cells, through involvement of the viral glycoprotein and NK cell receptors NKp30, NKp46 and NKG2D. In 3D spheroid cultures, P/V virus infection was restricted to the outer layer of the spheroid. However, PM21-NK cells were able to more efficiently kill both the outer layer of infected cells in the spheroid and progressing further to kill the uninfected interior cells. Media transfer experiments demonstrated that P/V virus infection produced both type I and type III interferons, which decreased cell growth, which contributed to a reduction in the overall number of uninfected tumor cells in conjunction with PM21-NK cells. Across five cancer cell lines, the contribution of P/V virus infection on PM21-NK cell killing of target cells correlated with interferon induction. Conclusion Our data support the potential of combining oncolytic parainfluenza virus with PM21-NK cell adoptive therapy against lung cancer.
Characteristics and Outcomes of Patients with Inflammatory Cardiomyopathies Receiving Mechanical Circulatory Support: An STS-Intermacs Registry Analysis

ABSTRACT Background Durable mechanical circulatory support therapy (MCS) improves survival in patients with advanced heart failure. Knowledge regarding the outcomes experienced by inflammatory cardiomyopathy patients who receive durable MCS therapy is limited. Methods We compared patients with inflammatory cardiomyopathy to idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (IDCM) patients enrolled in the STS-Intermacs registry. Results Among 19,012 patients, 329 (1.7%) had inflammatory cardiomyopathy, whereas 5,978 had IDCM (31.4%). The inflammatory cardiomyopathy patients were younger, more likely to be white, and women. These patients experienced more pre-operative arrhythmias and higher use of temporary MCS. Inflammatory cardiomyopathy patients had a higher rate of early adverse events ( Conclusion Inflammatory cardiomyopathy patients who received durable MCS appear to have similar survival compared to idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy patients despite a higher early adverse event burden. Our findings support the use of durable MCS in an inflammatory cardiomyopathy population.
Measurement and Estimation of GFR for Use in Clinical Practice: Core Curriculum 2021

Assessment of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is fundamental to clinical practice, public health, and research. The kidney has several critical functions; GFR is used as an overall assessment of these kidney functions. GFR is used to diagnose, stage, and manage chronic kidney disease (CKD); ascertain the prognosis for chronic kidney disease–related events and mortality; and determine drug dosages. GFR is the rate at which the glomerulus filters plasma to produce an ultrafiltrate and can be assessed from clearance or serum levels of filtration markers. Clearance measurements using exogenous filtration markers are difficult to perform in routine clinical practice, so GFR is more commonly estimated through equations based on serum concentrations of endogenous filtration markers, most commonly creatinine. These GFR estimates are reasonably accurate, but optimal care for patients may require a confirmatory test for a more accurate GFR assessment. Confirmatory tests currently available include cystatin C–based equations, urinary or plasma clearance of exogenous filtration markers, or urinary clearance of creatinine. Appreciation of the concept of GFR and methods for optimal assessment in routine practice or special circumstances, and their strengths and limitations, are critical in making judicious use of the available tools.
EIGENVALUE ANALYSIS AS AN APPROACH TO THE PREDICTION OF GLOBAL VIBRATION OF DECKHOUSE STRUCTURESES

There are several approaches to the prediction of global deckhouse vibration where the deckhouse natural frequencies lie close to the blade rate exciting frequencies. This paper discusses several approaches and recommends the eigenvalue analysis procedures as the most useful design tool for the early prediction of deckhouse vibration problems. Three eigenvalue analysis procedures are presented: the Hirowatari method--an empirical approach; and the finite--element method--a more sophisticated analytical approach. The need for simplicity and accuracy is emphasized. Two example problems are included to demonstrate the merits of the eigenvalue analysis procedures.
Keeping a Spacecraft on the Sun-Earth Line

Measurements of Earth's atmosphere as it occults sunlight can be obtained advantageously from a spacecraft placed in the proximity of the Sun-Earth Lagrange point L2. Maintaining the condition of continuous solar occultation by all parts of the atmospheric disk requires that the displacement of the spacecraft perpendicular to the Sun-Earth line remains less than 200 km. However, the gravitational force exerted by the Earth s moon must be negated by propulsion in order to meet this rather tight constraint. We provide an estimate of propulsive force needed to keep the spacecraft coincident with L2, as well as estimates of velocity increments needed to maintain various trajectories in the close vicinity of L2.
A Study of the Variable Factors in the Use of the Wright's Stain*

Excerpt During the last three years, while engaged in collecting and staining blood smears in quantity to be used in demonstrating to students the various pathological conditions of the blood, we h...
Chapter 7 Homogeneous Chemical Vapor Deposition

Publisher Summary This chapter review the homogeneous chemical vapor deposition (HOMOCVD) method and its use to study the chemistry of amorphous hydrogenated silicon (a-Si:H) film growth. The properties of films are also reviewed in the chapter for the similarities and differences among HOMOCVD, plasma, and conventional CVD material that have important implications concerning comparative growth environments. The chapter discusses the solid-state chemistry of a-Si:H and its preparation by conventional methods as background for understanding the evolution of the HOMOCVD technique. Like the plasma technique for depositing a-Si:H, HOMOCVD involves the gas phase formation of chemical intermediates that subsequently diffuse to the substrate and react to produce a film. Instead of using plasma excitation, the gas is decomposed thermally. A compositional-structural context for discussing the relationship between preparation method, growth mechanisms, and properties of a-Si:H is set in the form of an oversimplified phase diagram for the silicon–hydrogen system.
Use of substratum ripples for flow refuging by Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua

The ability to maintain position in a current without actively swimming (station-holding) was measured on substratum ripples for Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua, a bentho-pelagic fusiform species. The current velocities tested ranged from 0–111 cm sec-1. Ripples were sinusoidal, with twelve combinations of ripple wavelength (10, 25, 50, 125 cm) and ripple amplitude (1.0, 2.5, 5.0 cm). Ripple wavelengths were chosen to approximate 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 5.0 times fish total length. The potential of ripples to locally retard current and thereby provide a refuge from the flow was measured as a velocity ratio, utrough/ufree-stream, where utrough is the flow velocity measured at a height of 0.5 cm from the bottom of a trough and ufree-stream the flow velocity measured at a height of 10 cm above ripple crests. Cod usually swam steadily above substratum ripple crests in the free-stream flow. They used substratum ripples to hold station on only 3 of the 12 ripples tested by refuging from the flow in the ripple troughs (flow refuging). These ripples had wavelengths approaching twice the body length, with ripple amplitudes that produced velocity ratios of 0.44–0.65, thus providing at least a 35% flow reduction in the troughs. In addition, these ripples were only used at intermediate velocities starting at 49–78 cm sec-1 and ending at 81–109 cm sec-1 depending on the ripple morphology, suggesting there may be costs involved in flow refuging, probably in stability control. Flow refuging on substratum ripples could dramatically impact the physiology and ecology of cod in high current velocities by providing areas of retreat for energetic savings, but also offering opportunities for enhanced feeding and migration.
Cone-beam computed tomography image guided therapy to evaluate lumpectomy cavity variation before and during breast radiotherapy.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the rate of change (RoC) in the size of the lumpectomy cavity (LC) before and during breast radiotherapy (RT) using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), relative to the initial LC volume at CT simulation (CTVLC) and timing from surgery. A prospective institutional review board-approved study included 26 patients undergoing breast RT: 20 whole breast irradiation (WBI) patients and six partial breast irradiation (PBI) patients, with surgical clips outlining the LC. The patients underwent CT simulation (CTsim) followed by five CBCTs during RT, once daily for PBI and once weekly for WBI. The distance between surgical clips and their centroid (D) acted as a surrogate for LC size. The RoC of the LC size, defined as the percentage change of D between two scans divided by the time interval in days between the scans, was calculated before (CTsim to CBCT1) and during RT (CBCT1 to CBCT5). The mean RoC of D for all patients before starting RT was -0.25%/day (range, -1.3 to 1.4) and for WBI patients during RT was -0.15%/day (range, -0.45 to 0.40). Stratified by median CTVLC, the RoC before RT for large CTVLC group (≥ 25.7 cc) was 15 times higher (-0.47%/day) than for small CTVLC group (< 25.7 cc) (-0.03%/day), p = 0.06. For patients undergoing CTsim < 42 days from surgery, the RoC before RT was -0.43%/day compared to -0.07%/day for patients undergoing CTsim ≥ 42 days from surgery, p = 0.12. For breast cancer RT, the rate of change of the LC is affected by the initial cavity size and the timing from surgery. Resimulation closer to the time of boost treatment should be considered in patients who are initially simulated within six weeks of surgery and/or with large CTVLC.
Subspace Detection: A Robust Statistics Formulation

If data in ℝ d actually lie in a linear subspace, then principal component analysis (PCA) will find this subspace. If the data are corrupted by benign (eg. independent Gaussian) noise, then approximation bounds can quite easily be shown for the solution returned by PCA. What if the noise is malicious?
The SWI/SNF complex--chromatin and cancer.

The SWI/SNF complex is an evolutionarily conserved multi-subunit chromatin-remodelling complex, which uses the energy of ATP hydrolysis to mobilize nucleosomes and remodel chromatin. Increasing evidence supports a role for this complex in cancer development, as several subunits possess intrinsic tumour-suppressor activity or are required for the activity of other tumour-suppressor genes. For example, conditional inactivation of the Snf5 gene resulted in a highly penetrant cancer phenotype in mice. So, what are the links between the SWI/SNF complex and cancer, and what mechanisms might facilitate its involvement in oncogenesis?
Design, analysis, and performance of UHF oscillators using thin-film resonator-based devices as the feedback element

Thin-film bulk-acoustic-wave resonators (TFR) and TFR-based devices are synthesized using monolithic integrated circuit techniques. AlN and ZnO are used for piezoelectric transduction. The design, analysis, and operation of a series of 1-GHz fundamental mode single-line, comb-line, and voltage-controlled oscillators using several topological variations of TFR-based filters as the feedback element are discussed. SPICE linear and nonlinear closed-loop simulations and a perturbational S-parameter measurement technique are used for design and analysis. TFR circuit representations are based on a modified Butterworth-VanDyke model with values extracted from a TOUCHSTONE optimization routine. Phase noise performance ranges from -70 dBc/Hz to -100 dBc/Hz depending on the TFR topology and oscillator function. Although these oscillators were fabricated as hybrid circuits, monolithic realizations combining the TFR and active devices on the same silicon substrate have been demonstrated. >
Combining contrast enhancement by reverse mapping with multiresolution VQ for browsing

Forms a multiresolution vector quantization (MVQ) codebook for progressive transmission using principal components partitioning of a full search VQ codebook. Down-sized intermediate codewords provide fast reconstruction of coarse images appropriate for browsing satellite image databases in an X-Window environment. Browse images can be expanded in size and improved in quality progressively. Any single band of a Landsat image has very low contrast, but contrast enhancement by global histogram equalization produces a visually informative image. When VQ codebook design incorporates contrast enhancement of the codebook to produce the decoder, the VQ requires no additional operations to produce a contrast enhanced final image [Cosman et al., 1992]. The present authors adapt this technique for better performance in their multiresolution scheme by first designing the decoder codebook from a contrast enhanced training set. Using the inverse technique, reverse mapping, one then derive the encoder from the decoder. Thus the decoder is optimized for the contrast enhanced image, a necessity for expansion into the multiresolution decoder.
Proximal Femoral Replacement for Treatment of Vancouver Type B3 and Periprosthetic Femur Fractures

Vancouver B3 periprosthetic femur fractures present significant reconstructive challenges. Treatment requires revision of the femoral component of the hip replacement. The proximal femur is, by definition, of poor structural quality and won’t support standard revision prostheses. Modular proximal femoral replacement offers a solution in this difficult situation. The technique for treating B3 periprosthetic femur fractures with proximal femoral replacement is described.
Relational frame theory, acceptance and commitment therapy, and a functional analytic definition of mindfulness

The present article interprets mindfulness from the point of view of the effects of language and cognition on human action. Relational Frame Theory is described to show how human suffering is created by entanglement with the cognitive networks made possible by language. Mindfulness can be understood as a collection of related processes that function to undermine the dominance of verbal networks, especially involving temporal and evaluative relations. These processes include acceptance, defusion, contact with the present moment, and the transcendent sense of self. Each of these components of mindfulness are targeted in Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, and there is some evidence that they underlie the therapeutic changes induced by this approach. The relation between the present approach to mindfulness and other approaches is discussed.
Isoproterenol in the Treatment of Shock Due to Bacteremia with Gram-Negative Pathogens

RECENT investigations of the shock state associated with bacteremia due to gram-negative enteric bacteria (endotoxin shock)1 2 3 emphasize the profound changes in peripheral vascular resistance, venous tone, renal blood flow, cardiac output and redistribution of circulating blood volume. As a consequence, current therapeutic approaches are directed primarily at correcting these alterations rather than merely restoring the blood pressure. Antibiotic drugs, large doses of glucocorticoids and expansion of circulating blood volume are employed with varying degrees of success. In addition, pharmacologic agents that can be grouped according to their predominant action on the cardiovascular system are used4: vasoconstrictors,2 , 5 , 6 most of which . . .
Simulating a virtual customer service center

In today's global economy, it may be cost efficient to spread customer service center work across multiple cities, countries or continents. The obstacle to enabling these efficiencies is sizing how much work to send to each location and how many agents it would require to handle that work. Further complications include the potential desire for one-way sharing and prioritization of centers to handle calls. Traditional call center models are inadequate to accurately size virtual customer service centers, as sub-optimization may be counterproductive to the whole. Using simulation, this gap can be bridged, allowing a truly optimal staffing solution for a call center that may have agents taking the same set of calls in New York, Hong Kong and anywhere in-between.
Photosensitizer Drug Delivery via an Optical Fiber

An optical fiber has been developed with a maneuverable mini-probe tip that sparges O2 gas and photodetaches pheophorbide (sensitizer) molecules. Singlet oxygen is produced at the probe tip surface which reacts with an alkene spacer group releasing sensitizer upon fragmentation of a dioxetane intermediate. Optimal sensitizer photorelease occurred when the probe tip was loaded with 60 nmol sensitizer, where crowding of the pheophorbide molecules and self-quenching were kept to a minimum. The fiber optic tip delivered pheophorbide molecules and singlet oxygen to discrete locations. The 60 nmol sensitizer was delivered into petrolatum; however, sensitizer release was less efficient in toluene-d8 (3.6 nmol) where most had remained adsorbed on the probe tip, even after the covalent alkene spacer bond had been broken. The results open the door to a new area of fiber optic-guided sensitizer delivery for the potential photodynamic therapy of hypoxic structures requiring cytotoxic control.
Ethnic Stereotyping and Judgments of Children's Speech.

(1971). Ethnic stereotyping and judgments of children's speech. Speech Monographs: Vol. 38, No. 3, pp. 166-170.
Spiral resonators for on-chip laser frequency stabilization.

Frequency references are indispensable to radio, microwave and time keeping systems, with far reaching applications in navigation, communication, remote sensing and basic science. Over the past decade, there has been an optical revolution in time keeping and microwave generation that promises to ultimately impact all of these areas. Indeed, the most precise clocks and lowest noise microwave signals are now based on a laser with short-term stability derived from a reference cavity. In spite of the tremendous progress, these systems remain essentially laboratory devices and there is interest in their miniaturization, even towards on-chip systems. Here we describe a chip-based optical reference cavity that uses spatial averaging of thermorefractive noise to enhance resonator stability. Stabilized fibre lasers exhibit relative Allan deviation of 3.9x10^-13 at 400 microµs averaging time and an effective linewidth <100 Hz by achieving over 26 dB of phase-noise reduction.
Women's Physiological Reactions to Physically Demanding Work

Eight females (X age = 20 yrs.) were subjects in an experiment consisting of two parts. The first part measured the maximal work capacity and peak work load on a treadmill at a speed of 8 kms (5 mph) with grade increasing 2 1/2% every 3 minutes. The second part measured energy expended on a treadmill walked under varying conditions of speed, grade, and load in an eight hour day of strenuous work. The results showed that these women were able to do strenuous work expending 2369 kcals for 8 1/2 hours. The energy expended exceeded that required for most physically demanding occupations. The results have implications for vocational choice research for women who have been excluded from occupations due to an assumed lack of strength.
MATERIAL FROM LYMPH NODES : IV. THE HETEROLOGY OF LYMPHOID TISSUE WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE MONOCYTE-SUPRAVITAL STUDIES.

1. Lymph nodes from all parts of the body have been studied in a series of 58 rabbits. All of these studies have been on normal animals or on animals in which there were no specific pathologic lesions of the lymph nodes. 2. The supravital method of studying living cells has been employed together with the method of fixed sections. A correlation of the findings with these two methods is made. 3. Lymph nodes from different parts of the body possess marked differences in their cytology. 4. Developing monocytes have been found as normal constituents of all the lymph nodes of the rabbit except the mesenteric mass lying in the mesentery at the lower border of the stomach. When present the monocytes occur in varying numbers being most abundant in the more superficial nodes, particularly in the popliteal group, where they may constitute one-third to one-half of the total cells present. 5. The position of the developing monocytes in the lymph node is believed to be chiefly in the perifollicular area without definite relationship to the lymph sinuses. In some instances they are also found in the follicle itself or scattered in the medullary area. More accurate knowledge on this point must await further study. 6. During the first hours of life the monocytes are present in the lymph nodes in the same relationship as in the adult animal. 7. The monocytes are not normally present in the efferent lymphatics draining the popliteal nodes and are not normally present in the thoracic duct. It is suggested that the monocytes being extravascular in origin, enter the blood stream by means of their own motility in much the same manner as the granular leucocytes gain admission to the circulating blood. Unequivocal proof of this point can be obtained only by further investigation. 8. Many of the lymphoid cells of the lymph nodes have shown a definite division of cytoplasm into ectoplasm and endoplasm. The mitochondria and neutral red bodies are sharply limited to the less basophilic endoplasm. 9. Eosinophils are found in great numbers in the mediastinal lymph nodes and are less numerous in the mesenteric and superficial nodes. 10. Clasmatocytes are found in great numbers in the mesenteric lymph nodes where they are concentrated particularly in the medullary areas. They are also present in the spleen. They are much less numerous in other lymphoid tissue. 11. Several cell types not previously described are found to be normal constituents of a large percentage of normal rabbit lymph nodes. 12. Primitive cells are found throughout the lymphoid tissue, but are in greater numbers in the area of the germ center of the follicle. 13. No evidence of erythropoiesis could be found in normal lymph nodes. 14. The spleen and bone marrow in this series of animals have not been normally concerned to any significant degree in the formation and development of monocytes. 15. Further experiments are necessary to demonstrate conclusively whether or not the lymph nodes, other than the mesenteric group, are normally the exclusive source of the monocytes of blood.
Packaging of the bacteriophage lambda chromosome: A role for base sequences outside cos

Abstract The genetic basis for the divergent packaging specificities of phages λ and 21 ( B. Hohn, 1975 , J. Mol. Biol., 98, 93–106) has been examined. A hybrid derivative of lambda containing a substitution of the 21 head genes and left chromosome terminus has 21 packaging specificity, so the divergent packaging specificities of λ and 21 result from differences in this region. Helper packaging experiments show that lambda and 21 can carry out cohesive end site (cos) cleavage on chromosomes of the opposite packaging specificity, indicating that cos cleavage per se is not the reason for the divergent packaging specificities. Sequencing studies, compatible with the helper packaging studies, show that the cohesive end sites of lambda and the λ-21 hybrid are identical. It is concluded that base sequences outside of the 22 base pair cos segment are responsible for the packaging specifities of λ and 21. The possible molecular basis for the packaging specificities of λ and 21 is discussed. Complementation studies between lambda head ambers and phage 21 show that only D and FII mutants can be complemented by 21. Since DNA packaging involves specific interactions between DNA and recognition proteins and the prehead, it is not surprising that few components are interchangeable between these two systems.
Oxidation in wire HVOF-sprayed steel

It is widely held that most oxidation in thermally sprayed coatings occurs on the surface of the droplet after it has flattened. Evidence in this paper suggests that, for the conditions studied here, oxidation of the top surface of flattened droplets is not the dominant oxidation mechanism. In this study, a mild steel wire (AISI 1025) was sprayed using a high-velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) torch onto copper and aluminum substrates. Ion milling and Auger spectroscopy were used to examine the distribution of oxides within individual splats. Conventional metallographic analysis was also used to study oxide distributions within coatings that were sprayed under the same conditions. An analytical model for oxidation of the exposed surface of a splat is presented. Based on literature data, the model assumes that diffusion of iron through a solid FeO layer is the rate limiting factor in forming the oxide on the top surface of a splat. An FeO layer only a few nanometers thick is predicted to form on the splat surface as it cools. However, experimental evidence shows that the oxide layers are typically 100× thicker than the predicted value. These thick oxide layers are not always observed on the top surface of a splat. Indeed, in some instances the oxide layer is on the bottom, and the metal is on the top. The observed oxide distributions are more consistently explained if most of the oxide forms before the droplets impact the substrate.
Emergent Leadership in Children's Discussion Groups

Abstract Emergent leadership was examined in 12 discussion groups in 4 fourth-grade classrooms. Children's leadership moves were coded from transcripts of 10 free-flowing, open-format discussions of each of the 12 groups. The transcripts encompassed 26,000 turns for speaking, including 22,000 child turns of which 1,700 were judged to serve one of five leadership functions: Turn Management, Argument Development, Planning and Organizing, Topic Control, and Acknowledgment. Comparison of the number and kind of leadership moves made by the children showed that 1 primary child leader emerged in 6 out of the 12 groups and that, in all but 1 of the remaining groups, leadership was shared among several children. Even in groups with a dominant leader, leadership functions were widely distributed among group members. A three-level generalized hierarchical linear model, with multiple discussions nested within students and students nested within groups, showed that the frequency of leadership moves increased with the ...
Limited Expansion Gaussian Lobe Orbitals in Ab Initio Studies of Atoms and Molecules

Results of ab initio calculations for first‐row atoms and ions and LCAO–MO calculations for methane, fluoromethane, difluoromethane, trifluoromethane, and ethylene are presented for basis sets consisting of groups of limited numbers of s‐type Gaussians and simple Gaussian lobe p orbital representations. Parameters are presented for atoms and ions of elements beryllium through fluorine using a three‐Gaussian 1s‐core group, an additional Gaussian for the 2s orbital and a two‐Gaussian lobe p orbital. When used in LCAO–MO calculations this atomic orbital representation appears to provide results for charge distributions, molecular geometries, valence shell MO energies, calculated HF dissociation energies, and excitation energies (for ethylene) comparable to results obtained using minimum STO basis sets. A method for isolating the core orbitals from the LCAO variation process is applied and discussed for the molecular calculations.
Structural biology: Pain-sensing TRPA1 channel resolved.

The TRPA1 ion channel activates pain pathways in response to noxious compounds. The structure of TRPA1 has now been solved, providing insight into how it functions. See Article p.511
Ghosts in the Nursery Revisited

In the last decades new research findings have illuminated many of the factors that affect the mental health development of the pre-verbal child. Attachment theory has emerged as a central concept which has great applicability to the clinical field of infant-mental health. The new knowledge base has been utilized by clinical research programs to develop new models of clinical intervention programs with infants-at-risk and their families. This article describes some of the theoretical and research findings which can be translated to, and enhance, traditional child welfare practice. The theoretical considerations are illustrated by case examples.
The International Monetary Fund: A review of the recent evidence

A review of recent quantitative studies on the International Monetary Fund reveals that much of the conventional wisdom is incorrect. Recent studies have demonstrated a new degree of methodological rigor, have drawn more heavily upon insights from political science, and have asked a number of new questions. We review studies of participation in IMF programs, design of IMF conditionality, implementation and enforcement of IMF conditions, conventional program effects and catalytic effects. At every stage, we find substantial evidence of the influence of major IMF shareholders, of the Fund’s own organizational imperatives, and of domestic politics within borrowing countries. We conclude that very little is known with certainty about the effects of IMF lending, but that a great deal has been learned about the mechanics of IMF programs that will have to be taken into account in order to obtain unbiased estimates of those effects.
Information dissemination over low-bandwidth links

In today's Internet age, web-based applications are an extremely logical way to disseminate, update, and visualize information. Our modern wired infrastructure and high-speed wireless access points make it possible to access high-bandwidth demanding applications from nearly everywhere. However, in places where infrastructure does not exist, and where information needs to be disseminated over areas beyond which common wireless standards can reach, it is difficult to implement an efficient and inexpensive web-based application to handle the dissemination and visualization of such data. This paper presents a novel approach to creating a web-based application in such an environment. The AX.25 protocol is commonly found on the amateur radio bands. While this has the ability to be sent thousands of miles in an ad-hoc environment, its high latency and low bandwidth make it impractical, if not impossible, to establish TCP/IP links to send and receive HTTP-based data. However, this protocol is well suited for an environment that lacks a communication infrastructure. Therefore, instead of trying to send web traffic, one solution is to send only the required traffic by having two applications that synchronize their back-end data. The MySQL Database Management System software is an excellent choice for the database since it is open source and has a replication engine designed to work over slow dial-up links. In addition, Linux is the operating system of choice since it natively supports the AX.25 protocol as part of the protocol stack making the integration of MySQL and AX.25 straightforward. With a MySQL back-end, a standard web-based application can be made on either side of the AX.25 link and locally distributed using 802.11 wireless or ethernet. This system was shown to be effective at the 2010 Boy Scout Jamboree at West Point, where a front-end website was built using jQuery and AJAX. This gave the organizers of the event an intuitive drag-and-drop interface to assign and track troops which checked-in miles away from their camp sites, located over hilly terrain. The website was updated asynchronously allowing data to be shared in near-real time. This combination of AX.25 and modern web techniques using AJAX can potentially be used for many other applications. The interface has also been tested with a Ruby on Rails blog application which maintained perfect database synchronization as well. Based on these examples, we believe that many off the shelf web applications that use MySQL can easily be set up for use over AX.25.
UNIT PRICE AS A USEFUL METRIC IN ANALYZING EFFECTS OF REINFORCER MAGNITUDE

In this paper, we applied the behavioral-economic concept of unit price to the study of reinforcer magnitude in an attempt to provide a consistent account of the effects of reinforcer magnitude on behavior. Recent research in the experimental analysis of behavior and in behavioral pharmacology suggests that reinforcer magnitude interacts with the schedule of reinforcement to determine response rate and total consumption. The utility of the unit-price concept thus stems from its ability to quantify this interaction as a cost-benefit ratio (i.e., unit price = characteristics of the schedule of reinforcement divided by magnitude of reinforcement). Research employing the unit-price concept has shown that as unit price increases, a positively decelerating function exists for consumption (i.e., a function with an increasingly negative slope, when plotted on log coordinates) and a bitonic function exists for response rate. Based on these findings, the present analysis applied the unit-price concept to those studies of reinforcer magnitude and drug self-administration that examined the effects of reinforcer magnitude on response rate using simple schedules of reinforcement (e.g., fixed-ratio schedule). This resulted in three findings: (a) Reinforcer-magnitude manipulations and schedule manipulations interact in a manner that can be quantified in terms of unit price as benefit and cost factors, respectively; (b) different reinforcer-magnitude manipulations are functionally interchangeable as benefit factors in the unit-price ratio; and (c) these conclusions appear warranted despite the differences in reinforcers (food or drug), species (dogs, monkeys, or rats), and schedules (interval or ratio), and despite the fact that these studies were not designed for a unit-price analysis. In methodological terms, these results provide further evidence that employing the unit-price concept is a parsimonious method for examining the effects of reinforcer magnitude. In theoretical terms, these results suggest that a single process may underlie the effect of combined reinforcer-magnitude and schedule manipulations.
Oxidative stress, β-cell apoptosis, and decreased insulin secretory capacity in mouse models of hemochromatosis

The pathogenesis of diabetes associated with hemochromatosis is not known. We therefore examined glucose homeostasis and -cell function in mouse models of hemochromatosis. Mice with targeted deletion of the hemochromatosis gene (Hfe / ) on the 129/Sv genetic background exhibited a 72% increase in iron content in the islets of Langerhans compared with wild-type controls. Insulin content was decreased in Hfe / mice by 35%/pancreas and 25%/islet. Comparable decreases were seen in the mRNA levels of -cell-specific markers, ins1, ins2, and glucose transporter 2. By 6 – 8 months, islets from Hfe / mice were 45% smaller, associated with increased staining for activated caspase 3 and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxy-UTP nick end labeling. Islets from Hfe / mice were also desensitized to glucose, with halfmaximal stimulation of insulin secretion seen at 16.7 0.9 mM glucose in perifused islets from Hfe / mice compared with
Social Network Analysis

Network analysis is presented as a useful extension of conventional forms of analysis. We introduce and illustrate basic features of network analysis. Reference materials are suggested and data from a network of 80 emergency service organizations are used to illustrate a matrix approach to network analysis. Our discussion shows how network analysis can complement standard modes of analysis to broaden and deepen the application of theories to social work. We conclude that network analysis has great potential in social work research and theory.
Universal deterministic statistical independence

For a very special class of symbol sequences, both simple and complicated deterministic chaotic systems universally generate the same multiplicative multifractal generating functions. This new universality is based upon statistical independence that is deterministic in origin and accounts for the evidence that turbulence can mimic certain simple pseudo-random number generators. Our result follows from the construction of classes of symbol sequences that are a generalization of normal numbers and which occur universally for a certain class of dynamical systems. By constructing an example of the required class of symbol sequence, we are able to provide a fully deterministic explanation for thef(α) spectra of the sort obtained for one-dimensional cuts of turbulence. The application to turbulence in three dimensions is also discussed, as are deterministic noise and the application to experimental time series. The universality limits the extent within which one can infer the details of the dynamics from observedf(α) spectra.
Symmetry and Ferromagnetic Clusters

Isomers of pure Fe13 and icosahedral Fe12X clusters are studied using the all-electron linear-combination-of-Gaussian-type-orbital (LCGTO) local-density-functional (LDF) methods that allow the spin and geometry of the cluster to be determined self-consistently. The Fe13 ground state is icosahedral. The icosahedral cluster also has the greatest magnetic moment because of increased symmetry-required orbital degeneracy for electrons of different spins. The central atom of the icosahedral iron cluster has been varied to optimize the spin of the cluster keeping the oribital contribution to the magnetic moment quenched. Varying the central atom under this constraint can alter the magnetic moment by more than 20%. Similar studies have begun on 55-atom icosahedral iron clusters.
Interaction between central pattern generators for breathing and swallowing in the cat.

1. We examined the interaction between central pattern generators for respiration and deglutition in decerebrate, vagotomized, paralysed and ventilated cats (n = 10), by recording activity from the following nerves: hypoglossal, phrenic, thyroarytenoid and triangularis sterni. Fictive breathing was spontaneous with carbon dioxide above the apnoeic threshold (end-tidal PCO2, 32 +/- 4 mmHg) and fictive swallowing was induced by stimulating the internal branch of the left superior laryngeal nerve (SLN) continuously (0.2 ms pulse duration, 10 Hz). 2. In all ten animals, SLN stimulation evoked short bursts of thyroarytenoid and hypoglossal nerve activity indicative of fictive swallowing. In two of ten animals, respiration was inhibited completely during deglutition. In the other eight animals, fictive breathing and swallowing occurred simultaneously. 3. With SLN stimulation below threshold for eliciting swallowing, the respiratory rhythm decreased, the duration of inspiration did not change but the duration of expiration, especially stage II, increased. Integrated nerve activities indicated that the rate of rise and peak of phrenic nerve activity decreased, stage I expiratory activity of the thyroarytenoid and especially that of the hypoglossal nerve increased and stage II expiratory activity of the triangularis sterni nerve was suppressed completely. However, if inspired carbon dioxide was increased, i.e. hypercapnic ventilation, stage II expiratory activity remained partially during continuous SLN stimulation. 4. Fictive-swallowing bursts occurred only at respiratory phase transitions. At the minimal stimulus intensity that evoked repetitive swallowing bursts, the pattern of interaction between breathing and swallowing central pattern generators was consistent for each animal (n = 7) but was different across animals. In four animals, fictive swallows occurred at the phase transition between stage II expiration and inspiration, at the transition between inspiration and stage I expiration in one animal; and in two other animals, at the transition between stage I and II of expiration. 5. The response to SLN stimulation accommodated during the stimulus train. Accommodation was evident in both the interswallow interval (ISI) which lengthened, and the interaction pattern which had fewer swallows per breath as the stimulus period progressed. In contrast to the ISI, characteristics of the fictive swallow did not accommodate. For example, duration of the swallow was constant, distributed over a narrow range throughout the stimulus train. 6. We conclude that the central pattern generators for swallowing and breathing interact. The pattern of interaction supports the three-phase theory of respiratory pattern generation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Considerations for patients undergoing endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair

Endovascular aneurysm repair has taken over open surgery as the primary strategy for treatment of patients with abdominal and thoracic aneurysms. The minimally invasive nature of these techniques requires alterations in preoperative workup, intraoperative management, and familiarity with unique complications that can occur. Familiarity from the anesthetic standpoint of endovascular techniques, including treatment of patients with fenestrated, chimney, snorkel, and periscope grafts, is necessary for the contemporary cardiac anesthesiologist.
A model for equisection scaling.

The construction of an interval scale by equisection methods requires only that the subject partition a segment of a “physical” continuum into “subjectively equal” intervals with respect to the psychological attribute which is being scaled. Although many investigators have used these methods to construct scales, interest has focused primarily on problems connected with the psychophysical law. Here attention is devoted to tests of the validity of the constructed scale by providing an analysis that makes explicit those assumptions implicit in the use of equisection scaling methods.