cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Two Cases of Marek's Disease in Backyard Turkeys

In two independent submissions, a 3-yr-old, dead Bourbon Red turkey tom from a zoo and a Royal Palm turkey hen from a backyard flock were submitted for necropsy. Both birds had been kept together with chickens. Findings of the necropsy of the first turkey were an enlarged and dark liver with many pale white foci and a few small white nodules, pale and enlarged spleen, prominent thymus, mottled and pale kidneys, and pale and enlarged testes. Findings of the necropsy of the second turkey were a dark and mildly enlarged liver and severely enlarged, firm, and pale kidneys. Histopathology revealed infiltration of most organs of both birds with neoplastic lymphocytes, which were uniform in the first turkey and pleomorphic in the second turkey. Immunohistochemistry with a CD3 marker identified the neoplastic lymphocytes as T cells. Marek's disease virus serotype 1 was detected with PCR in the livers of both birds, whereas PCRs for reticuloendotheliosis virus and lymphoproliferative disease virus were negative. Based on these findings, Marek's disease was diagnosed in both turkeys, which is very rare and were the first definitive cases reported in the United States. It is likely that the chickens were the source of infection.
Improvement in the Analysis of Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System Database.

As a national public health surveillance resource, Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) is a key component in ensuring the safety of vaccines. Numerous methods have been used to conduct s...
Medical Student Concerns Relating to Neurosurgery Education During COVID-19.

Background The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has created significant obstacles within medical education. For medical students interested in pursuing neurosurgery as a specialty, the educational policies surrounding COVID-19 have resulted in unique challenges. The present study used a nationwide survey to identify the concerns of medical students interested in pursuing neurosurgery during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods Students who had previously registered for medical student neurosurgery training camps were sent an online Qualtrics survey requesting them to assess how the COVID-19 pandemic was affecting their neurosurgical education. The Pearson χ2 test and post hoc pairwise Fisher exact test were used for analysis of categorical variables, and the 2-tailed paired Student t test was used for continuous variables. Results The survey was distributed to 852 medical students, with 127 analyzed responses. Concerns regarding conferences and networking opportunities (63%), clinical experience (59%), and board examination scores (42%) were most frequently cited. Of the third-year medical students, 76% reported ≥1 cancelled or postponed neurosurgery rotation. On average, students were more likely to take 1 year off from medical school after than before the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, measured from 0 to 100 (25.3 ± 36.0 vs. 39.5 ± 37.5; P = 0.004). Virtual mentorship pairing was the highest rated educational intervention suggested by first- and second-year medical students. The third- and fourth-year medical students had cited virtual surgical skills workshops most frequently. Conclusions The results from the present nationwide survey have highlighted the concerns of medical students regarding their neurosurgery education during the COVID-19 pandemic. With these findings, neurosurgery organizations can consider targeted plans for students of each year to continue their education and development.
The Trial-Ready Cohort for Preclinical and Prodromal Alzheimer's Disease (TRC-PAD): Experience from the First 3 Years

The Trial-Ready Cohort for Preclinical and Prodromal Alzheimer’s disease (TRC-PAD) aims to accelerate enrollment for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) clinical trials by remotely identifying and tracking individuals who are at high risk for developing symptoms of AD, and referring these individuals to in-person cognitive and biomarker evaluation with the purpose of engaging them in clinical trials. A risk algorithm using statistical modeling to predict brain amyloidosis will be refined as TRC-PAD advances with a maturing data set. To provide a summary of the steps taken to build this Trial-Ready cohort (TRC) and share results of the first 3 years of enrollment into the program. Participants are remotely enrolled in the Alzheimer Prevention Trials (APT) Webstudy with quarterly assessments, and through an algorithm identified as potentially at high risk, referred to clinical sites for biomarker confirmation, and enrolled into the TRC. Both an online study and in-clinic non-interventional cohort study. APT Webstudy participants are aged 50 or older, with an interest in participation in AD therapeutic trials. TRC participants must have a study partner, stable medical condition, and elevated brain amyloid, as measured by amyloid positron emission tomography or cerebrospinal fluid analysis. Additional risk assessments include apolipoprotein E genotyping. In the APT Webstudy, participants complete the Cognitive Function Index and Cogstate Brief Battery. The TRC includes the Preclinical Alzheimer’s Cognitive Composite, comprised of the Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test, the Delayed Paragraph Recall score on the Logical Memory IIa test from the Wechsler Memory Scale, the Digit-Symbol Substitution test from the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised, and the Mini Mental State Examination total score (1). During the first 3 years of this program, the APT Webstudy has 30,650 consented participants, with 23 sites approved for in person screening, 112 participants have been referred for in-clinic screening visits with eighteen enrolled to the TRC. The majority of participants consented to APT Webstudy have a family history of AD (62%), identify as Caucasian (92.5%), have over twelve years of formal education (85%), and are women (73%). Follow up rates for the first quarterly assessment were 38.2% with 29.5% completing the follow up Cogstate Battery. After successfully designing and implementing this program, the study team’s priority is to improve diversity of participants both in the APT Webstudy and TRC, to continue enrollment into the TRC to our target of 2,000, and to improve longitudinal retention, while beginning the process of referring TRC participants into clinical trials.
Nonlocal elastic metasurfaces: Enabling broadband wave control via intentional nonlocality

While elastic metasurfaces offer a remarkable and very effective approach to the subwavelength control of stress waves, their use in practical applications is severely hindered by intrinsically narrow band performance. In applications to electromagnetic and photonic metamaterials, some success in extending the operating dynamic range was obtained by using nonlocality. However, while electronic properties in natural materials can show significant nonlocal effects, even at the macroscales, in mechanics, nonlocality is a higher-order effect that becomes appreciable only at the microscales. This study introduces the concept of intentional nonlocality as a fundamental mechanism to design passive elastic metasurfaces capable of an exceptionally broadband operating range. The nonlocal behavior is achieved by exploiting nonlocal forces, conceptually akin to long-range interactions in nonlocal material microstructures, between subsets of resonant unit cells forming the metasurface. These long-range forces are obtained via carefully crafted flexible elements, whose specific geometry and local dynamics are designed to create remarkably complex transfer functions between multiple units. The resulting nonlocal coupling forces enable achieving phase-gradient profiles that are functions of the wavenumber of the incident wave. The identification of relevant design parameters and the assessment of their impact on performance are explored via a combination of semianalytical and numerical models. The nonlocal metasurface concept is tested, both numerically and experimentally, by embedding a total-internal-reflection design in a thin-plate waveguide. Results confirm the feasibility of the intentionally nonlocal design concept and its ability to achieve a fully passive and broadband wave control.
Digital Pathology Analysis Quantifies Spatial Heterogeneity of CD3, CD4, CD8, CD20, and FoxP3 Immune Markers in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer

Overwhelming evidence has shown the significant role of the tumor microenvironment (TME) in governing the triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) progression. Digital pathology can provide key information about the spatial heterogeneity within the TME using image analysis and spatial statistics. These analyses have been applied to CD8+ T cells, but quantitative analyses of other important markers and their correlations are limited. In this study, a digital pathology computational workflow is formulated for characterizing the spatial distributions of five immune markers (CD3, CD4, CD8, CD20, and FoxP3) and then the functionality is tested on whole slide images from patients with TNBC. The workflow is initiated by digital image processing to extract and colocalize immune marker-labeled cells and then convert this information to point patterns. Afterward invasive front (IF), central tumor (CT), and normal tissue (N) are characterized. For each region, we examine the intra-tumoral heterogeneity. The workflow is then repeated for all specimens to capture inter-tumoral heterogeneity. In this study, both intra- and inter-tumoral heterogeneities are observed for all five markers across all specimens. Among all regions, IF tends to have higher densities of immune cells and overall larger variations in spatial model fitting parameters and higher density in cell clusters and hotspots compared to CT and N. Results suggest a distinct role of IF in the tumor immuno-architecture. Though the sample size is limited in the study, the computational workflow could be readily reproduced and scaled due to its automatic nature. Importantly, the value of the workflow also lies in its potential to be linked to treatment outcomes and identification of predictive biomarkers for responders/non-responders, and its application to parameterization and validation of computational immuno-oncology models.
Security Smells in Ansible and Chef Scripts: A Replication Study

Context: Security smells are recurring coding patterns that are indicative of security weakness and require further inspection. As infrastructure as code (IaC) scripts, such as Ansible and Chef scripts, are used to provision cloud-based servers and systems at scale, security smells in IaC scripts could be used to enable malicious users to exploit vulnerabilities in the provisioned systems. Goal: The goal of this article is to help practitioners avoid insecure coding practices while developing infrastructure as code scripts through an empirical study of security smells in Ansible and Chef scripts. Methodology: We conduct a replication study where we apply qualitative analysis with 1,956 IaC scripts to identify security smells for IaC scripts written in two languages: Ansible and Chef. We construct a static analysis tool called Security Linter for Ansible and Chef scripts (SLAC) to automatically identify security smells in 50,323 scripts collected from 813 open source software repositories. We also submit bug reports for 1,000 randomly selected smell occurrences. Results: We identify two security smells not reported in prior work: missing default in case statement and no integrity check. By applying SLAC we identify 46,600 occurrences of security smells that include 7,849 hard-coded passwords. We observe agreement for 65 of the responded 94 bug reports, which suggests the relevance of security smells for Ansible and Chef scripts amongst practitioners. Conclusion: We observe security smells to be prevalent in Ansible and Chef scripts, similarly to that of the Puppet scripts. We recommend practitioners to rigorously inspect the presence of the identified security smells in Ansible and Chef scripts using (i) code review, and (ii) static analysis tools.
Data: Delivering on Biden's 2030 Conservation Commitment

Abstract On January 27, 2021, President Biden signed an executive order, Tackling the Climate Crisis at Home and Abroad, committing the United States to various goals within his campaign’s major climate policy, the Biden Plan for a Clean Energy Revolution and Environmental Justice. Included in this executive order is a commitment to “conserving at least 30 percent of [the United States’] lands and oceans by 2030.” This ambitious conservation target signals a promising direction for biodiversity in the United States. However, while the executive order outlines several goals for climate mitigation, the ‘30×30’ target remains vague in its objectives, actions, and implementation strategies for protecting biodiversity. Biodiversity urgently needs effective conservation action, but it remains unclear where and what this 30% target will be applied to. Achieving different climate and biodiversity objectives will require different strategies and, in combination with the associated costs of implementation, will lead to different priority areas for conservation actions. Here, we illustrate what the 30% target could look like across four objectives reflective of the ambitious goals outlined in the executive order. We compile several variations of terrestrial protected area networks guided by these different objectives and examine the trade-offs in costs, ecosystem representation, and climate mitigation potential between each. We find little congruence in priority areas across objectives, emphasizing just how crucial it will be for the Biden administration to develop clear objectives and establish appropriate performance metrics from the outset to maximize both conservation and climate outcomes in support of the 30×30 target. We discuss important considerations that must guide the administration’s conservation strategies in order to ensure meaningful conservation outcomes can be achieved over the next decade.
Analysing the Information That Arises from Research Designed Using a Mapping Sentence

This chapter is concerned with the process of analysing the information gathered from research designed by using a mapping sentence. We will discuss how to do this in regard to the examples presented in the previous chapter which consisted of two declarative and two traditional mapping sentences both with and without background facets. We structure this chapter in two parts, one for each style of mapping sentence: traditional and declarative. We look at these two forms of mapping sentence separately because they each take a different approach to facet theory (explained in Chapters 1 and 3) which necessitates different approaches to their analysis (quantitative and qualitative).
Risk, Return, and Environmental and Social Ratings

We analyze the risk and return characteristics across firms sorted by their environmental and social (ES) ratings. We document that ES ratings have no significant relationship with average stock returns or unconditional market risk. Stocks of firms with higher ES ratings do have significantly lower systematic downside risk. Such reduction in downside risk delivers modest, yet non-trivial, gain in long-term returns of around 0.96% per annum. Realized firm news sentiment and institutional trading patterns are also consistent with these results. Our evidence suggests that investors who derive non-pecuniary benefits from ES investing need not sacrifice performance in the stock market.
Mixed Weibull distribution model of DC dielectric breakdowns with dual defect modes

This work provides physical insight into common statistical models for DC dielectric breakdown field strengths. Voltage step-up tests were performed on low density polyethylene films. The merits of generalizations to widely-used empirical Weibull models are discussed. The cumulative probability distributions of the breakdown fields were fit to standard two- and three-parameter Weibull distributions. Mixed two-parameter Weibull distributions, sometimes used in the literature to model multiple breakdown modes, were found to yield the best fits to the data. In addition, the same data were fit to a physically-motivated dual-defect mean field model incorporating both low- and high-energy defect modes with different defect densities; this produced a much better fit than single-defect mean field models. Values obtained for the mean defect energies and densities were within the ranges expected from independent determinations of these intrinsic materials properties. By incorporating these physics-based concepts into traditionally empirical models, their accuracy and utility can be extended. The mixed Weibull distribution and the dual-defect model predicted very similar cumulative distributions of LDPE breakdown data, suggesting that mixed Weibull distributions may reflect similar multiple defect modes used in dual-defect models. Theories of DC breakdown, based on distributions of microscopic defects in disordered insulating materials may provide improved guidance in understanding the physical origins of empirical parameters used in statistical methods to characterize breakdown properties.
A Fully-Integrated 0.13/spl mu/m CMOS Low-IF DBS Satellite Tuner

A first low-IF fully-integrated tuner for DBS satellite TV applications was realized in 0.13 mum CMOS. A wide bandwidth, ring oscillator integer-N frequency synthesizer having a large frequency step was used to down-convert a cluster of channels to a coarsely defined low-IF frequency, while the second down-conversion to base band was performed in the digital domain. Eliminating the oscillator inductors has reduced the parasitic magnetic coupling from the digital circuitry, allowing single-chip tuner-demodulator integration
Tool for predicting transmission of air-borne and structure-borne sound in buildings

This paper provides a terse overview of how experimental characterization of the direct and flanking sound transmission paths in wood-framed construction leads to a manageable set of path transmission terms (which depend on the specific construction details). By combining an interactive interface with a calculation framework, a new internet-based tool presents predicted energy transmitted via all paths in an intuitive and user-friendly form that supports informed design decisions.
ToolBlocks: An Infrastructure for the Construction of Memory Hierarchy Analysis Tools

In an era dominated by the rapid development of faster and cheaper processors it is difficult both for the application developer and system architect to make intelligent decisions about application interac- tion with system memory hierarchy. We present ToolBlocks, an object oriented system for the rapid development of memory hierarchy models and analysis. With this system, a user may build cache and prefetching models and insert complex analysis and visualization tools to monitor their performance.
Intracavitary radium at time of vaginal plastic operation

M ANY gynecologists have feared to use intracavitary radium for benign uterine disease at the time of repairing the vagina, although both procedures might be clearly indicated. Indeed, it is the recommended practice in many clinics not to carry out these procedures concurrently. Te Linde’ definitely considers vaginal plastic operation a contraindication to the simultaneous use of radium. This restriction is apparently based on the fear that the tissue changes subsequent to radiation will hamper the healing powers of the repaired structures and, perhaps, will even cause wound breakdown. Rongy and Seley’ state that their experience with the concomitant use of these operations is but recent. It seemed of value to analyze these poMibilities by a critical study of the cliniral course of patients in whom the dual therapy had been applied.
Multilevel phase holograms for free-space optical interconnects: design and analysis

Diffraction from multi-level phase holograms can be used to implement completely general free-space optical interconnect patterns. This paper provides a review of the basic forward problem of diffraction from a multi-level phase structure, the inverse problem of designing a computer-generated hologram to achieve a specific interconnect, and the issues involved in the performance analysis of these interconnect holograms.
Mitochondria and glyoxysomes from castor bean endosperm. Enzyme constitutents and catalytic capacity.

The recent isolation of the glyoxysome, a cellular organelle containing the enzymes of the glyoxylate cycle, raised the possibility that this metabolic sequence may be compartmentalized in plant tissues actively converting fat to carbohydrate. To sustain this view it is necessary to demonstrate that all of the pertinent enzymes are present in quantities consistent with the conversion of fat to sucrose in the intact tissue. To this end we have assayed each of the enzymes of the citric acid and glyoxylate cycles in preparations of mitochondria and glyoxysomes from 5-day-old castor bean endosperm. This survey shows that the glyoxysome contains more than 85% of the total isocitratase and malate synthetase activities, and the mitochondria less than 5%. With the exception of aconitase, which appears to be easily solubilized, all enzymatic activities observed in the glyoxysome are sufficient to support rates of acetate metabolism that are greater than those known to be occurring in the intact tissue. In addition to those enzymes which have been previously reported to be compartmented in the glyoxysome, a specific glutamate: oxalacetate transaminase has been found in very high concentrations in both the glyoxysomes and the mitochondria. Our inability to detect succinic dehydrogenase and fumarase in the glyoxysome suggests that the succinate produced from isocitrate cleavage must be transported to the mitochondria (where these activities are high) before undergoing oxidation to malate. With the use of isolated particle preparations, isotopic evidence supporting this conclusion has been obtained.
Laser acceleration in vacuum with an open iris-loaded waveguide

An open iris-loaded waveguide structure is considered for laser acceleration of highly relativistic particles in vacuum. Complete characterization of all eigenmodes are given in analytical form for the structure. In particular the dominant radially polarized TM mode is evaluated in detail for laser acceleration. The entire parameter space is searched and it is found that below the laser damage threshold of the structure an acceleration gradient around 1 GV/m can be obtained over a phase slippage length of 10s of cm with TWs laser in the wavelength range from 1 to 10 /spl mu/m.
Alternating sign matrices and domino tilings

We introduce a family of planar regions, called Aztec diamonds, and study the ways in which these regions can be tiled by dominoes. Our main result is a generating function that not only gives the number of domino tilings of the Aztec diamond of order n but also provides information about the orientation of the dominoes (vertical versus horizontal) and the accessibility of one tiling from anothe r by means of local modifications. Several proofs of the formula are given. The problem turns out to have connections with the alternating sign matrices of Mills, Robbins, and Rumsey, as well as the square ice model studied by Lieb.
Nested Multigrid Vector and Scalar Potential Preconditioner

This chapter contains sections titled: Two-Dimensional Electromagnetic Scattering Three-Dimensional Electromagnetic Scattering Finite Element Modeling of Passive Microwave Components Symmetry of the Nested Multigrid Potential Preconditioner ]]>
Domestic Democracy: The Road to National and International Democracy

In this paper, I draw an analogy between participatory democracy in the Qur`anic gender revolution and the national-international democratic relationship. Qur`anic relations create an active process of individual political consciousness and social action, while the present national-international relations hardly create national awareness or global justice. I argue that antithetical to the active process of the Qur`anic gender revolution stands the analysis of Muslim women's role in the political discourse and the governance of Muslim societies merely within gender, "add-on," strategies, particularly as discussed in contemporary Western academic and Muslim traditionalist discourses. As a Muslim woman scholar-activist, I view the use of gender and other constructs as deactivating factors in the conscious process of participatory democracy within Islam. This deactivation of consciousness could explain why some Muslim women scholar-activists resist feminism that emphasizes universal group solidarity, without paying attention to individual worldviews. It could also explain why these women resist the predominantly Muslim male elite conception and practice of the consultative process (shura): participation is limited to the selected few, and women's participation is an, "add-on," or only to address domestic issues. By defining Islam as an action-oriented worldview that encompasses social, cultural, and political elements, including religious and secular, "Ijtihad," I emphasize this worldview's reliance on human capacity to reason, and its goal being the construction of fair decision-making process that brings equilibrium (Taqwa). I bring to the surface underlying assumptions about how tension in the domestic relationship is reflected in tensions between national and international relationships. I specifically address the tension between feminists-generated conceptions of democracy vis-a-vis Muslim women's participatory democracy. These tensions are manifested on four levels: Ontological or value claims, epistemological or knowledge claims, cultural or historical claims, and praxis or socialization claims. My focus will be on the relation between the power of knowledge and social and political constructs. My goal is to develop a self-learning process to improve my own capacities and those of other Muslim women (and men) to control our destinies more effectively: to change life situations in the home, in the learning/work environment, and in the larger social context to support self-realization and self-determination. It means the ability to bridge individual political consciousness and social action to effect a cognitive and attitudinal change on the individual, social and political levels, mitigating potential resistance by both modernists and traditionalists.
Streamline diffusion methods for Fermi and Fokker-Planck equations

e derive error estimates in certain weighted L2-norms for the streamline diffusion and discontinuous Galerkin finite element methods for steady state, energy dependent, Fermi and Fokker-Planck equations in two space dimensions, giving error bounds of order O(hk+1/2), for the weighted current function J, as in the convection dominated convection-diffusion problems, with J e Hk+1(Ω) and h being the quasi-uniform mesh size in triangulation of our three dimensional phase-space domain Ω = Iz, times Iy times Iz, with z corresponding to the velocity variable. Our studies, in this paper, contain a priori error estimates for Fermi and Fokker-Planck equations with both piecewise continuous and piecewise discontinuous (in x and xy-directions) trial functions. The analyses are based on stability estimates which relay on an angular symmetry (not isotropy!) assumption. A continuation of this paper, the a posteriori error estimates for Fermi and Fokker-Planck equations, is the subject of a future work.
Acute myocarditis simulating myocardial infarction.

SUMMARY Acute myocarditis of viral, bacterial, or allergic origin presents many of the features of myocardial infarction. The majority of the cases die suddenly and etiologic factors may be difficult to elicit. Myocarditis is suggested by low-grade fever, more gradual onset, the absence of severe chest pain and dyspnea out of proportion to the clinical state. The electrocardiogram usually reads nonspecific "ST-T wave" change rather than reciprocal alteration. The SGO-T levels may be elevated earlier than in myocardial infarction. Grossly the heart may not reveal its true picture, being enlarged and dilated. Microscopically a common or diffuse type or a granulomatous more rare type may be described. Two additional cases of acute myocarditis are presented terminating fatally: one was of the "Fiedler type;" the other followed a reaction to intravenous dye given for pyelography. Both patients received routine supportive measures.
Complete heart block in a fetus associated with maternal Sjögren's syndrome.

This report illustrates the case of a fetus who was diagnosed by M-mode echocardiography, at the twentieth week of gestation, as having a complete heart block. The mother had a positive antinuclear antibody test result with antibodies directed against the Ro (SSA) and La (SSB) antigen system consistent with the diagnosis of Sjogren's syndrome. Management and outcome of the pregnancy are discussed.
Seroprevalence of Antibody to Mumps Virus in the US Population, 1999–2004

Background In 2006, the largest mumps outbreak in the United States in 20 years occurred. To understand prior mumps seroprevalence and factors associated with the presence of antibody to mumps virus, data from the 1999-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) were analyzed. Methods A mumps virus-specific enzyme immunoassay was used to measure the seroprevalence of serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody among NHANES participants aged 6-49 years. Participants were grouped on the basis of 10-year birth cohorts, 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using SUDAAN software, and logistic regression was used to identify independent predictors. Results The overall age-adjusted seroprevalence of IgG antibody to mumps virus during 1999-2004 was 90.0% (95% CI, 88.8%-91.1%). Seroprevalence was higher among US-born non-Hispanic blacks (96.4% [95% CI, 95.5%-97.2%]) and non-US-born Mexican Americans (93.7% [95% CI, 92.0%-95.2%]). Seroprevalence was significantly lower in the 1967-1976 birth cohort (85.7% [95% CI, 83.5%-87.8%]). The variables sex, education, and race/ethnicity/birthplace were independent predictors in at least 1 of the birth cohorts. Conclusions The overall estimate of 90.0% is at the lower end of the estimated population immunity (90%-92%) needed to achieve herd immunity. Lower seroprevalence among groups suggest that they represent populations at an increased risk. For mumps control, high vaccine coverage and high population immunity must be achieved and maintained.
Placing the View from Nowhere: Historical and Sociological Problems in the Location of Science

Over the past two decades broadly geographical sensibilities have become prominent in the academic study of science. An account is given of tensions in science studies between transcendentalist conceptions of truth and emerging localist perspectives on the making, meaning and evaluation of scientific knowledge. The efficient spread of scientific knowledge is not a phenomenon that argues against the applicability of geographical sensibilities towards science but actually calls for an even more vigorous project in the geography of knowledge.
The magnetospheric currents - An introduction

It is pointed out that the scientific discipline concerned with magnetospheric currents has grown out from geomagnetism and, in particular, from geomagnetic storm studies. The International Geophysical Year (IGY) introduced a new area for this discipline by making 'man-made satellites' available for the exploration of space around the earth. In this investigation, a brief description is provided of the magnetospheric currents in terms of eight component current systems. Attention is given to the Sq current, the Chapman-Ferraro current, the ring current (the symmetric component), the current systems driven by the solar wind-magnetosphere dynamo (SMD), the cross-tail current system, the average ionospheric current pattern, an example of an instantaneous current pattern, field-aligned currents, and driving mechanisms and models.
The impact of video review on supervisory conferencing

This study investigated how video-based observation may alter the nature of post-observation talk between supervisors and teacher candidates. Audio-recorded post-observation conversations were coded using a conversation analysis framework and interpreted through the lens of interactional sociology. Findings suggest that video-based observations impacted the content and extent of teacher candidate reflection during post-observation discussions, enabling candidates to comment at greater length about their teaching, initiate topics, and cite evidence through reference to the video data. Implications for the role of supervisors and the potential of video-informed post-observation conferencing are discussed.
Mutagenicity of the environments in the vicinity of an oil refinery and a petrochemical complex

The mutagenicity of the vicinity of an oil-refining complex and a petrochemical complex was examined using the germinal revertant frequency of Zea mays waxy-C W22 and the somatic stamen hair system of Tradescantia. A 3-year study was conducted at Wood River, Illinois, in 1978, 1979, and 1980, and a 1-year study in 1979 at Beaumont, Texas. The studies conducted in 1978 registered the effects of airborne pollutants and possible soil pollutants. The studies in 1979 and 1980 registered only the effects of airborne pollutants. Elevated mutation frequencies of Zea mays compared to various controls occurred in 1978, 1979, and 1980 at both complexes. The mutation frequencies of Zea mays were particularly high, up to 26-times control values. By contrast, the mutation frequencies of Tradescantia were much lower, with maximum mutation frequencies five times control value.
The Singing Cowboy and the Professor: The New West at the Autry National Center

Abstract The Autry National Center has engaged with the New Western History since its conception, yet faces many challenges in so doing. The name itself implies a romantic interpretation of the region, and the art and artifacts it holds are strongest in traditional subjects such as saloons, gunfighters, and cowboys. Yet the museum9s founders were also committed to showing the history of women and the many cultures of the West in an honest way. Since its opening, exhibitions have expanded the scope to look at the environment, cities, and the twentieth-century West.
Linking Assessments: Concept and History:

In this article, the history of linking is summarized, and current linking frameworks that have been proposed are considered. Key publications discussed include Flanagan (1951), Angoff (1971), Linn (1993), Mislevy (1992), and Feuer, Holland, Green, Bertenthal, and Hemphill (1999). The article further focuses on the concordance situation for linking and discusses the concept of concordance and future research that is needed.
Trauma-Related Risk Factors for Substance Abuse Among Male Versus Female Young Adults

Clinical efforts to reduce risk for Substance Use Disorders (SUDs) among young adults rely on the empirical identification of risk factors for addictive behaviors in this population. Exposure to traumatic events and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) have been linked with SUDs in various populations. Emerging data, particularly from adolescent samples, suggest that traumatic event exposure increases risk for SUDs for young women, but not young men. The purpose of the current study was to examine trauma-related risk factors for alcohol and drug abuse among a national sample of young adults and compare such risk factors between men and women. Participants were 1753 young adults who participated in the 7-8 year follow-up telephone-based survey to the original National Survey of Adolescents. In the full sample, 29.1% met criteria for substance abuse. Trauma-related risk factors for alcohol and drug abuse differed for men and women. Clinical implications of these results are discussed.
Feeling good in daily life: from the point of view of boys with posterior urethral valves.

Purpose: We determined what is important to feel good in daily life when living with a long-term illness that requires daily treatment routines.Materials and Methods: Seven boys between 6 and 16 years old who were born with posterior urethral valves narrated their experiences with daily life. They were on clean intermittent catheterization, had impaired renal function and 2 had undergone transplantation.Results: Being involved in decisions about themselves was important, as was having their own doctor and nurse. Friends were important. Clean intermittent catheterization was something that worried them in relation to friends and made them feel uncertain about how they would react to it. The boys accepted the catheterization procedure as something that had to be done but they needed strategies to be able to comply. A single event, such as no available toilet, was enough to interrupt treatment.Conclusions: In these boys prescribed treatment was a surprisingly small part of their lives. The clean intermittent...
Dilepton production from a nonequilibrium quark-gluon plasma in ultrarelativistic nucleus-nucleus collisions.

Dilepton production from a nonequilibrium quark-gluon plasma produced in ultrarelativistic nucleus-nucleus collisions is studied, based on the flux-tube model which has been formulated in terms of a model relativistic Boltzmann-Vlasov equation with a boost-invariant particle source term. This model kinetic equation is solved with the collision term in the relaxation-time approximation. In the collisionless limit, the solution of the kinetic equation becomes oscillatory, indicating the spontaneous excitation of the plasma oscillation. We study how such a nonequilibrium evolution of the system is reflected in the dilepton spectrum. It is shown that the dileptons emitted during such a nonequilibrium stage of matter evolution does not necessarily lead to a spectrum which interpolates smoothly the spectrum from thermal emission and that from the Drell-Yan mechanism. Our results show, on the contrary, that the dilepton spectrum is softened significantly in the absence of thermalization. {ital M}{sub {ital T}} scaling, which is expected in scaling one-dimensional hydrodynamic evolution, is also broken due to the anisotropy in the phase-space distribution of quarks.
Ordering in Classical Coulombic Systems

The properties of finite one-component plasma clouds at very low temperatures have been investigated-similar to the conditions obtained in laser-cooled ion traps or storage rings. The minimum-energy configurations of few ions in isotropic confinement are discussed, and the features of the shell structure that is characteristic of larger clouds. The eventual transition to infinite-matter behavior is being investigated. Dimensional phase transitions as a function of the external confinement have been studied. Normal modes of these systems has been explored.
New directions for treatment research on sequelae of sexual abuse in persons with severe mental illness

Sexual abuse in childhood is increasingly recognized as an important etiologic component in a number of psychiatric disorders. One-quarter to one-third of all female children suffer sexual abuse before their eighteenth birthday, and at least one half of women with severe mental illness acknowledge such events. An even higher percentage of a particularly vulnerable group, dually diagnosed homeless women, appear to have a premorbid history of childhood victimization. In this paper, we review the emergent literature on childhood abuse, its sequelae and treatment; and discuss the implications of these data for the development of new approaches to trauma recovery in people with severe mental illness.
On the theory of perfectly plastic anti-plane straining

A general formulation of two-dimensional elastic-perfectly-plastic anti-plane straining is presented for materials with arbitrary anisotropic convex yield surfaces. Stress and strain distributions in plastic regions adjoining portions of the boundary are obtained directly in terms of the yield surface geometry. When specialized to the classical torsion problem, results lead directly to a generalization of the well-known plastic roof construction for limit loads. Examples of the determination of fully plastic stress distributions and corresponding limit torques are given for circular and rectangular shafts with various yield conditions. Another specialization is made to the contained plastic deformation created by longitudinal shearing of a body containing a sharp edge notch. Here the determination of the elastic-plastic boundary and strain distribution is reduced to a potential theory problem for a region in the stress plane bounded by straight line segments and a portion of the yield surface, and a membrane analogy is presented which allows effective visualization of the solution. A solution valid for small scale yielding near a crack is given in terms of a conformal transformation of the yield surface to a unit circle, and some specific examples are worked. Particular attention is given to single crystal type yield surfaces made up of straight line segments corresponding to discrete slip planes.
Rheumatoid arthritis synovial fluid macrophages express decreased tumor necrosis factor–related apoptosis‐inducing ligand R2 and increased decoy receptor tumor necrosis factor–related apoptosis‐inducing ligand R3

Objective To characterize the expression pattern of tumor necrosis factor–related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) and its cognate receptors (TRAIL R1, R2, R3, and R4) on rheumatoid arthritis (RA) synovial fluid (SF) lymphocytes and monocyte/macrophages and on cultured RA synovial fibroblasts. Methods The expression of TRAIL and TRAIL receptors on RA SF lymphocytes and monocyte/macrophages, normal macrophages, and RA synovial fibroblasts was examined by flow cytometry with previously characterized monoclonal antibodies. The ability of adenoviral-mediated delivery of TRAIL to induce macrophage or RA synovial fibroblast apoptosis was examined by flow cytometry. Results By flow cytometry, neither TRAIL nor its cognate receptors was detectable on RA SF lymphocytes or RA synovial fibroblasts. In contrast, RA SF macrophages expressed TRAIL R3, a decoy receptor (P < 0.01 versus isotype control), but not TRAIL, or TRAIL R1, R2, or R4. Normal peripheral blood–derived monocyte-differentiated macrophages expressed TRAIL R2 (P < 0.01), but not TRAIL or the other TRAIL receptors. Adenoviral-mediated delivery of TRAIL had no effect on the survival of normal macrophages or RA synovial fibroblasts but readily induced apoptosis in the prostate cancer cell line (PC-3) that expressed TRAIL R1 and R2. Conclusion TRAIL R1 and R2, which are required for signal transmission by TRAIL, were not detected on RA SF lymphocytes, macrophages, or synovial fibroblasts. These observations do not support a potential therapeutic role for TRAIL in RA.
Long-term (5-year) changes in HDL cholesterol in cardiac rehabilitation patients : do sex differences exist ?

Background It is unknown whether the benefits of a cardiac rehabilitation program on HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) are equally achieved in men and women. To study this, we compared changes in HDL-C and other lipids in a large group of men and women participating in a cardiac rehabilitation program for up to 5 years. Methods and Results We compared changes in HDL-C and other fasting lipids in 553 men and 166 women participating in a cardiac rehabilitation program at baseline and then annually for up to 5 years. Patients exercised 3 days a week at 70% to 85% of their maximum heart rate predetermined by a symptom-limited treadmill test. Aerobic capacity was estimated in metabolic equivalents (METs), and percent body fat was determined by skin-fold measurements. Baseline HDL-C, LDL cholesterol (LDL-C), and total cholesterol were significantly higher in women, whereas the ratio of total cholesterol to HDL-C was lower. Although both men and women showed an increase in HDL-C after 1 year (10% and 7%, respectively), only the women’s level continued to increase over 5 years (20% versus 5% for men, P =.03). The sex difference in change in HDL-C remained after adjustment for age and smoking. A nonsignificant trend toward a greater change in HDL-C in women existed after adjustment for baseline percent body fat and estimated METs. The change in the ratio of total cholesterol to HDL-C was also more favorable in women, with a 38% decrease over 5 years compared with a 14% decrease in men ( P =.01). Total cholesterol decreased by 20% in women and 8% in men ( P =.0001), whereas LDL-C dropped by 34% in women and 15% in men ( P =.0001). There was no sex difference in change in triglycerides. Conclusions Women with heart disease who participate in a cardiac rehabilitation program may achieve greater lipid benefits over longer periods of time than previously demonstrated in men.
Optical bus protocol for a distributed-shared-memory multiprocessor

We discuss our motivation in determining the use of optics in a general purpose parallel computing system when examined from the point of view of computer architecture. We assume the use of traditional electronic nodes interconnected via optical waveguides. We define distributed shared memory (DSM) and describe our optical interconnection network architecture by defining our proposed architectural environment and optical bus access control protocols. We present some analytical performance metrics and describe our ongoing simulation studies. We believe our architecture shows promise in allowing a large number of nodes to be optically interconnected in a familiar topology.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Retinal ganglion cell death in glaucoma: the how, the why, and the maybe.

SummaryPurposeResearch on the mechanism of cell death in experimental glaucoma indicates that ganglion cells die by apoptosis. Several stimuli may account for the activation of apoptosis in glaucoma, including neurotrophin deprivation caused by blockage of retrograde axonal transport during periods
Increasing the bending fatigue strength of carburized spur gear teeth by presetting

Abstract Presetting is used to enhance the fatigue strength of many products. This study investigated the use of presetting as a method to increase the bending fatigue strength of carburized spur gear teeth. An elastic–perfectly plastic finite element model was formulated to predict the effects of presetting on a gear tooth. The model's results were verified both analytically and experimentally. It was determined that presetting induces compressive residual stress in the area of the tooth from which fatigue cracks typically originate. Fatigue tests and subsequent statistical analyses were conducted at three load levels with R = 0.10 to determine the effect of presetting on fatigue life. Both the finite element model and fatigue tests showed presetting as more effective than carburization in inducing compressive residual stress and thereby increasing fatigue strength.