cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Madmen: An Evolutionary Perspective on Anger and Men’s Violent Responses to Transgression

Though often described as leading to costly and irrational decisions, anger’s effects on behavior are understandable when anger is viewed as an adaptation favored by natural selection. Anger motivates responses to transgression despite our propensity to discount the future, truncating ongoing transgressions and deterring additional transgressions. An evolutionary perspective sheds light on differences in anger’s effects on male and female behavior. Due to differences in the variance of reproductive success between men and women, men can be viewed as playing a higher stakes game than women, one in which the fitness consequences of transgression are generally greater. Selection has therefore favored more risky aggressive responses to transgressions in men, with corresponding differences in the propensity to engage in other forms of risky behavior. This explains both robust sex differences in rates of violence and parallel patterns in other forms of risk taking. Similarly, the cost/benefit ratio of aggression and other forms of risk taking changes both across the lifecycle and as a function of reproductive status; involvement in violence and other risky behavior directly tracks such changes. Matching the physical architecture to the tasks at hand, changes in both male musculature and underlying neurophysiology likewise correspond to changes in the payoffs of aggressive responses to transgression.
Multilevel fluidic flow control in a rotationally-driven polyester film microdevice created using laser print, cut and laminate

This paper presents a simple and cost-effective polyester toner microchip fabricated with laser print and cut lithography (PCL) to use with a battery-powered centrifugal platform for fluid handling. The combination of the PCL microfluidic disc and centrifugal platform: (1) allows parallel aliquoting of two different reagents of four different volumes ranging from nL to μL with an accuracy comparable to a piston-driven air pipette; (2) incorporates a reciprocating mixing unit driven by a surface-tension pump for further dilution of reagents, and (3) is amenable to larger scale integration of assay multiplexing (including all valves and mixers) without substantially increasing fabrication cost and time. For a proof of principle, a 10 min colorimetric assay for the quantitation of the protein level in the human blood plasma samples is demonstrated on chip with a limit of detection of ∼5 mg mL(-1) and coefficient of variance of ∼7%.
Rehospitalization rates for patients with pneumonia who require supplemental oxygen therapy following hospital discharge

Objective: To compare the hospital readmission rates for patients with pneumonia who require supplemental oxygen therapy following an exacerbation who are entered into a home-care based, respiratory therapist centered transition of care program. Method: Patients with a diagnosis of pneumonia who required supplemental oxygen therapy on hospital discharge were entered into a post hospitalization transition of care program {Discharge, Assessment and Summary @ Home (D.A.S.H., Klingensmith HealthCare, Ford City, PA)]. Patients with a diagnosis of COPD were excluded from this analysis. The program consists of face to face visits by a respiratory therapist with the patient on days 2, 7, and 30 following hospital discharge. Education, behavior modification, skills training, oxygen titration during performance of activities of daily living, clinical assessment, and adherence data collection are components of the program. The 30 day readmission rates following discharge for those patients entered into the program over a twenty four month period were evaluated. Results: 22 consecutive patients with pneumonia from 23 different hospitals were enrolled into the program over the two year period. None (0%) of the patients were rehospitalized within the first thirty days following hospital discharge. Conclusions: The use of a multiple visit respiratory therapist based patient centered management program resulted in a significant decrease in the 30 day readmission rates for those patients who were discharged following a hospitalization for pneumonia.
Autonomy in Alzheimer Disease

Patient autonomy is a cornerstone principle of medical ethics, so much so that bioethicists have tended uncritically to assume, and sometimes insist on, its importance in all research and therapeutic contexts. Typically, an abstract, ideal model of autonomy underlies and influences most treatments. This model assumes a set of ideal capacities that the autonomous agent is supposed to possess, namely, the ability to function as an independent, rational decision maker, as one who knows her own desires and preferences, and whose freedom is expressed in actions or choices that are directed at the fulfillment of her desires and preferences. While these features represent unremittingly high expectations for most patients, they represent an impossible ideal for Alzheimer Disease (AD) patients. This fact alone should warn us that the standard applications of autonomy to AD will not be without problems.
Intercellular Communication, the Tumor Microenvironment, and Tumor Progression

Within a solid tumor, cancer cells interact with normal host cells as well as with insoluble and soluble factors, including extracellular matrix proteins and chemokines. Here, we survey the molecular mechanisms by which cancer cells interact with their surrounding microenvironment, with a particular focus on intercellular communication. This host-tumor crosstalk provides key signals that direct the growth, migration, and dissemination of cancer cells. Approaches that disrupt or coopt intercellular communication between the tumor and its host are exciting and potentially powerful anti-cancer therapeutic strategies.
Parasitization of Diatraea saccharalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) by Cotesia chilonis and C. flavipes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

The Old World parasites Cotesia chilonis and C. flavipes were compared for survival, parasitization, and utilization of the New World host Diatraea saccharalis. Parasite cultures consisted of one collection of C. chilonis from Japan and three collections of C. flavipes, two temporally separate collections from the Rio Grande Valley of Texas, and a collection from Thailand. Adult females kept without food or water lived an average of 20.3 h and did not differ among parasite cultures. Egg-larval development averaged 13.1 d and did not differ among the cultures. Pupal development averaged 6.5 d for C. chilonis, 7.6 d for the two Texas C. flavipes cultures, and 8.5 d for the Thai C. flavipes culture. Numbers of progeny per parasitized host ranged from 73.9 for one Texas C. flavipes culture to 36.7 for C. chilonis. The C. chilonis culture successfully parasitized 76% of hosts, versus 52 and 57% for the two Texas cultures, and 30% for the Thai culture. Seventy-nine of the 800 D. saccharalis hosts exposed to parasites encapsulated parasite progeny, as evidenced by a localized, dark spot on the posterior dorsum of host larvae. The magnitude of encapsulation differed greatly among cultures. Only one host exposed to C. chilonis encapsulated parasites (0.5%), whereas the three C. flavipes cultures averaged 13% of hosts that encapsulated the parasites. Host larvae exhibiting the characteristic dark spot had several outcomes: delayed complete or partial host pupation (22%); hosts remained in a terminal larval stage (50%); or hosts produced a few parasite progeny (28%). Few differences were found between the two parasite collections from Texas that differed only in the duration of time in culture. However, the results suggested biological differences among C. chilonis, the Thai collection, and the two collections of C. flavipes from Texas.
Effect of Chlortetracycline and Other Antibiotics on Protozoan Numbers in the Eastern Subterranean Termite

Termites, Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar), were exposed to Gloeophyllum trabeum (Pers. ex Fr.) Murr. decayed (attractive) wood blocks impregnated with antibiotics in tests with an alternate food source (choice tests). Neither atabrine nor chloroquine phosphate significantly reduced protozoan numbers, possibly because termites did not readily feed on wood blocks treated with these chemicals. Wood blocks and filter pads treated with chlortetracycline also were placed in tests with no alternate food supply (no-choice tests). Chlortetracycline (CTC, aureomycin) eliminated protozoa and subsequently killed termites in both choice (decayed wood blocks) and no-choice (absorbent pads and decayed wood blocks) tests. Therefore, CTC may have potential for use in the bait-block method of termite control.
A Move toward Improved Portfolio Seismic Risk Assessment Methods for the Practicing Engineer

The last decade has seen growing interest in probabilistic portfolio-level (regional) seismic risk assessment. State-of-the-art methods build on established performancebased earthquake engineering methods for individual buildings, in combination with robust treatment of spatial correlations of ground motion intensity, building response, and collapse, which complicate the analysis significantly. Consequently, these methods are practically out of reach for many potential users. Relationships between advanced portfolio risk assessments and a second set of risk assessments that are based on the summation of risks for individual buildings are examined. Results for a sample region show that a simple sum of the risks for each individual building within a portfolio under-estimates the values of small frequent losses and over-estimates the values of large rare losses. Since their differences are systematic, a simplified procedure to estimate portfolio-level seismic risks based on assessments of individual buildings (or building types) within the portfolio is feasible in the future.
Polymer Mechanochemistry: Force Enabled Transformations

In this viewpoint, we highlight the ability of mechanical force to overcome the limitations associated with using thermal or photochemical stimuli to facilitate chemical transformations. Emphasis will be directed toward examples of new chemical reactions that are accessed through externally applied mechanical forces, as these are illustrative of the emerging concept of using polymer chemistry to drive the synthesis of small molecules. In parallel, we offer perspectives on the potential applications of polymer mechanochemistry in the development of novel synthetic strategies.
Application of magneto sensor HMC2003 on all-directions borehole inclinometer

The magneto sensor HMC2003 from Honeywell is introduced.The working principle,numerical calculation and error compensation of HMC2003 as azimuth sensor applied on borehole inclinometer are explained on.The experimental show that this magneto sensor is effective than fluxgate for the improvement of vibrancy resistant and reliability,it has the better measuring accuracy and the volume of equipment is reduced also.
Laboratory Test of Palatability and Toxicity of Two Rodenticides Against Rattus norvegicus albinus

[Objective] To explore palatability and toxicity of 0.005% bromadiolone bait and 0.005% brodifacoum bait.[Method] Rattus norvegicus albinus rats with the identical origin were divided into bromadiolone group(abbreviated as BL group) and brodifacoum group(abbreviated as BF group).BL group were administrated with bromadiolone bait and nonpoisonous bait,BF group with brodifacoum bait and nonpoisonous bait.Daily consumption of poisonous and nonpoisonous bait was recorded,and activity and death of rats were observed.[Result] BL group rats consumed poisonous bait far more than BF group,with feeding coefficient of 0.005% bromadiolone bait of 1.79 and 0.005% brodifacoum bait being 0.66.Rats in BL group started to die 1 day post-giving-poison,reaching peak time of mortality 3 or 4 days post-givingpoison,and the whole died on the fifth day after giving poison period.Rats in BF group started to die 1 day post-giving-poison,and 0- 2 rats died per day after giving poison period with null on day 7,2 rats on day 6 and 8,and 1 rat on leftover day.All of rats in BF group were poisoned to death 9 days post-giving-poison.[Conlusion]The esults suggest 0.005% bromadiolone bait demonstrates better palatability and toxicity against Rattus norvegicus albinus rats than 0.005% brodifacoum bait.
Associations between departmental features and departmental scholarly activity

Background and objectives Although the medical literature emphasizes the role of the research environment in research productivity, no study has investigated the effect of different environmental features on research productivity in a family medicine department. This study evaluated the association between departmental features and scholarly productivity. Methods Since 1985, our department has implemented a series of features designed to foster scholarly activity. In addition, it implemented two major curricular obligations--an inpatient service and a required third-year student rotation--without expansion of its faculty. During this period, scholarly activity was measured by an annual survey that included the number of scholarly projects underway, measures of study progress, and the number of publications and presentations submitted and accepted. The temporal sequences of scholarly measures were analyzed using the Runs Test and the Change Point Test. Results Departmental research goals and a monthly research forum were associated with increases in quantity of research projects. Required faculty involvement in research correlated with increased involvement. The formation of a research section and provision of scholarly activity mornings were associated with increases in presentations made. The implementation of an inpatient service was not detrimental to scholarly activity, but implementation of a third-year clerkship slowed research progress, shifted activity into non-research projects, and decreased scholarly communications. Conclusions Certain departmental features were associated with quantity of research, faculty involvement in research, and quantity of presentations made.
The surgical approach to the septal area of the heart based on experiences with 45 patients with Kent bundles

Experience gained from interruption of 45 anterior and posterior septal Kent bundles has permitted the formulation of a safe surgical approach to the anterior and posterior divisions of the septal area. To clarify the surgical anatomy of this difficult region, the posterior space has been likened to a trihedral pyramid, toppled on its side, with the apex the right fibrous trigone, the right and left atria making two of its sides, and the muscular ventricular septum and the left ventricle or third side, the floor. The pyramidal space contains fat, the atrioventricular (AV) nodal artery, and coronary sinus. The anterior division extends from the right fibrous trigone anteriorly to the free wall. The right atrium is connected to the anulus fibrosus, which rests upon the muscular septum and infundibulum. The AV node and His bundle are protected from dissections in both divisions by the atrial septum and right fibrous trigone. The cases of 31 patients with posterior septal Kent bundles in whom interruption was attempted resulted in division in 20, forced His division in four, and failure in seven. Elective His interruption was done in three. Success occurred in the last 10. Three failures at interruption occurred in 14 anterior septal Kent bundles.
Some Dynamical Questions in Mathematical Economics

Cette courte note met a jour mon article de l’American Economic Review [3]. Un theme particulier de cet article est developpe ici, a savoir le lien entre la nature des biens et la notion d’equilibre a retenir.
Is Early Appropriate Care of axial and femoral fractures appropriate in multiply-injured elderly trauma patients?

Previous work established resuscitation parameters that minimize complications with early fracture management. This Early Appropriate Care (EAC) protocol was applied to patients with advanced age to determine if they require unique parameters to mitigate complications. Between October 2010 and March 2013, 376 consecutive skeletally mature patients with unstable fractures of the pelvis, acetabulum, thoracolumbar spine, and/or proximal or diaphyseal femur fractures were treated at a level I trauma center and were prospectively studied. Patients aged ≤30 years (n = 114), 30 to 60 years (n = 184), and ≥60 years (n = 37) with Injury Severity Scores (ISS) ≥16 and unstable fractures of the pelvis, acetabulum, spine, and/or diaphyseal femur were treated within 36 h, provided they showed evidence of adequate resuscitation. ISS, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), and American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) classification were determined. Lactate, pH, and base excess (BE) were measured at 8-h intervals. Complications included pneumonia, pulmonary embolism (PE), acute renal failure, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), multiple organ failure (MOF), deep vein thrombosis, infection, sepsis, and death. Patients ≤30 years old (y/o) were more likely to sustain gunshot wounds (p = 0.039), while those ≥60 y/o were more likely to fall from a height (p = 0.002). Complications occurred at similar rates for patients ≤30 y/o, 30 to 60 y/o, and ≥60 y/o. There were no differences in lactate, pH, or BE at the time of surgery. For patients ≤30 y/o, there were increased overall complications if pH was <7.30 (p = 0.042) or BE <−6.0 (p = 0.049); patients ≥60 y/o demonstrated more sepsis if BE was <−6.0 (p = 0.046). EAC aims to definitively manage axial and femoral shaft fractures once patients have been adequately resuscitated to minimize complications. EAC is associated with comparable complication rates in young and elderly patients. Further study is warranted with a larger sample to further validate EAC in elderly patients. Level of evidence: level II prospective, comparative study.
An Examination of Personal Health Promotion and Curricular Coverage of Health at US Seminary Schools

Seminary schools train clergy members, who have significant influence on the health-related environment of their faith-based organizations. The purpose of this study was to examine health promotion in seminary schools, including curriculum coverage of health-related topics. This cross-sectional, mixed methods study used print and online surveys. Seminary schools (n = 57) self-reported approaches to health and health-related curriculum. Most schools emphasized the inclusion of health in clerical practice, and healthy behaviors among students, and covered holistic views of health and self-care issues within their curriculum. This study provides insight into how seminary schools are training future generations of clergy on health-related topics.
Context-sensitive network-based disease genetics prediction and its implications in drug discovery.

Motivation Disease phenotype networks play an important role in computational approaches to identifying new disease-gene associations. Current disease phenotype networks often model disease relationships based on pairwise similarities, therefore ignore the specific context on how two diseases are connected. In this study, we propose a new strategy to model disease associations using context-sensitive networks (CSNs). We developed a CSN-based phenome-driven approach for disease genetics prediction, and investigated the translational potential of the predicted genes in drug discovery. Results We constructed CSNs by directly connecting diseases with associated phenotypes. Here, we constructed two CSNs using different data sources; the two networks contain 26 790 and 13 822 nodes respectively. We integrated the CSNs with a genetic functional relationship network and predicted disease genes using a network-based ranking algorithm. For comparison, we built Similarity-Based disease Networks (SBN) using the same disease phenotype data. In a de novo cross validation for 3324 diseases, the CSN-based approach significantly increased the average rank from top 12.6 to top 8.8% for all tested genes comparing with the SBN-based approach ( p<e-22 ). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for the CSN approach was also significantly higher than the SBN approach (0.91 versus 0.87, p<e-3 ). In addition, we predicted genes for Parkinson's disease using CSNs, and demonstrated that the top-ranked genes are highly relevant to PD pathologenesis. We pin-pointed a top-ranked drug target gene for PD, and found its association with neurodegeneration supported by literature. In summary, CSNs lead to significantly improve the disease genetics prediction comparing with SBNs and provide leads for potential drug targets. Availability and Implementation nlp.case.edu/public/data/. Contact rxx@case.edu.
Fast divide-and-conquer algorithm for evaluating polarization in classical force fields

Evaluation of the self-consistent polarization energy forms a major computational bottleneck in polarizable force fields. In large systems, the linear polarization equations are typically solved iteratively with techniques based on Jacobi iterations (JI) or preconditioned conjugate gradients (PCG). Two new variants of JI are proposed here that exploit domain decomposition to accelerate the convergence of the induced dipoles. The first, divide-and-conquer JI (DC-JI), is a block Jacobi algorithm which solves the polarization equations within non-overlapping sub-clusters of atoms directly via Cholesky decomposition, and iterates to capture interactions between sub-clusters. The second, fuzzy DC-JI, achieves further acceleration by employing overlapping blocks. Fuzzy DC-JI is analogous to an additive Schwarz method, but with distance-based weighting when averaging the fuzzy dipoles from different blocks. Key to the success of these algorithms is the use of K-means clustering to identify natural atomic sub-clu...
Regulating vaccines at the FDA: development and licensure of Zika vaccines

Infection with the Zika virus, a mosquito-borne member of the Flaviviridae family, may cause symptoms similar to those of other arbovirus infections, including fever, muscle and joint pain, malaise...
The Omega-3 Index and relative risk for coronary heart disease mortality: Estimation from 10 cohort studies.

Abstract Background and aims A recent 19-cohort meta-analysis examined the relationships between biomarkers of omega-3 fatty acids and risk for coronary heart disease (CHD). That study did not, however, report hazard ratios (HRs) specifically as a function of erythrocyte eicosapentaenoic (EPA) plus docosahexaenoic (DHA) levels, a metric called the Omega-3 Index in which EPA + DHA content is expressed as a percent of total fatty acids. The Omega-3 Index has been used in several recent studies and is a validated biomarker of omega-3 fatty acid tissue levels, but additional data are needed to confirm (or refute) the originally-proposed clinical cut-points of Methods The present study was therefore undertaken using published data from this meta-analysis to estimate HRs per 1-SD increase in the Omega-3 Index and median quintile values for this metric across 10 of the cohorts for which the needed data were available. Results The overall mean (SD) for the Omega-3 Index in these 10 cohort studies was 6.1% (2.1%), and the HR for a 1-SD increase was 0.85 (95% confidence interval, 0.80–0.91). Median quintile 1 and 5 levels were 4.2% vs. 8.3%, respectively. Based on these values, we estimate that risk for fatal CHD would have been reduced by about 30% moving from an Omega-3 Index of 4%–8%. Conclusions These findings support the use of 8% as reasonable therapeutic targets for the Omega-3 Index.
Behavioral semantics of modeling languages: a pragmatic approach

Domain-specific modeling languages (DSMLs) are specialized languages tailored with concepts and features of a particular domain. The abstractions offered by DSMLs allow designers of software systems to ignore implementation details and instead focus on the system at a high level. While higher levels of abstraction can offer many advantages, there are still unresolved issues with DSMLs. One of these is the difficulty of applying formal verification methods. This dissertation presents two contributions that assist with the formal verification of domain-specific models. The first is a unified framework in which Statechart models of different semantic variants can be defined, simulated and verified. The key idea is that the user describes only the structure of a model, and then selects the semantics from a set of pluggable components. This allows a single model to be executed using multiple semantics, and a system comprised of interacting models using different semantics can be simulated and verified in a single environment. A lightweight method for specifying properties based on a pattern system was also developed. To perform analysis, the framework is integrated with Java Pathfinder, a software model checker, and Symbolic Pathfinder, its symbolic execution engine. Symbolic execution allows both test-vector generation and reachability analysis. The second major contribution is an extension to Formula, a modeling language and analysis tool from Microsoft Research, that calculates execution traces of models. The behavioral semantics are defined as a set of model transformations, each of which represents an atomic step of execution. The trace computing extension consists of three components. The first is a component that applies all applicable transformations to an input model at a given step and creates a separate trace for each application. The second component is used to create a separate trace for each non-deterministic choice of the input parameters that are passed to a transformation, making non-determinism inside a single execution step explicit to the trace computing module. The third component stores execution traces efficiently by computing and storing only the differences between consecutive steps in a trace when possible.
Abstract 214: Immune Response Biomarkers Characterize Endothelial Injury and Predict Acute Coronary Syndrome

Acute Coronary Syndromes (ACS) are caused by free-radical mediated endothelial injury. Soft unstable coronary artery wall lesions form that can rupture causing thrombosis and obstruction. Three sof...
Gene Expression Changes in Kindling

Kindling is a phenomenon by which the periodic application of an initially subconvulsive electrical stimulus results in a progressive development of epileptiform activity, culminating in the manifestation of generalized seizures in response to the stimulus. Once the animal is kindled, the enhanced state of excitability is permanent1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Kindling stimulation can produce a great number of effects, any of which could contribute to the development of an epileptogenic state. Many studies have shown interactions between kindling and neurotransmitter systems,6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 second messengers,12, 13, 14 and ion channels.15, 16, 17 Histological studies with light and electron microscopy also reveal neural structure changes and mossy fiber sprouting in kindled animals.18, 19, 20 Thus, kindling produces both structural and chemical changes, many of which are associated with or result from changes in gene expression. This chapter focuses on changes in regulator of G-protein signaling (RGS), Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMK II) gene expression, and long-lasting changes in gene expression in kindling.
Identification of Sudden Cardiac Arrest (SCA) using Modified Wavelet Transform

Electro Cardiogram (ECG) is used to measure and diagnose electrical activity of heart. R peak detection from ECG signal is our main goal. It is the basic mark for identification of different arrhythmias. In this paper, R wave extraction is performed by using Wavelet Transform for the identification of Sudden Cardiac Arrest (SCA). Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is a global health issue. Analysis revealed that millions of people all around the world die as the result of SCD. We need to purpose a suitable and accurate method for its identification. Modified Wavelet Transform method is used for the extraction of R peaks from ECG signal and then RR interval is extracted from ECG signal with the help of MATLAB software to identify SCA. Here a brief comparison is performed to identify SCA patient with Normal Patient. The MIT BIH database has been utilized for evaluating the algorithm.
Getting an “A”: Report Cards for Reducing Health Care Waste

The health care system in our country is facing a number of challenges. We spend close to $3 trillion, or 18% of our gross domestic product, on health care annually, with projections to reach an unsustainable 20% of our gross domestic product by 2020.1 A good first step to reducing costs is eliminating waste because up to one third of medical expenditures constitute waste and rework.1 Berwick and Hackbarth1 prioritize cutting waste over the more traditional routes of cuts in care or coverage, “Here is a better idea: cut waste. That is a basic strategy for survival in most industries today, ie to keep processes, products, and services that actually help customers and systematically remove the elements of work that do not.” Physicians have envisaged this lean strategy as a decrease in “low-value care,” defined as health care services with little potential benefit or for which less expensive alternatives are available.2 In addition to increasing costs, low-value care has the potential to harm patients, decreasing the quality of care. Therefore, eliminating low-value care has benefits on both sides of the value equation, defined as quality divided by costs. Efforts to improve the health care delivery system and decrease waste are generally mediated through quality metrics. Although outcome measures exist, currently most quality measures are process measures. These process measures can target underuse, in which too little care has been provided (eg, failure to obtain an appropriate screening test); overuse, in which too much care has been provided (eg, prescribing antibiotics for a viral upper respiratory tract infection); or misuse, in which care has been provided incorrectly or a preventable complication occurs (eg, a delay in …
Pharmacokinetics of intravenous gentamicin in healthy young‐adult compared to aged alpacas

The study objective was to evaluate the effects of age on aminoglycoside pharmacokinetics in eight young-adult ( 10 times the MIC of gentamicin-susceptible pathogens with MIC levels ≤2 μg/ml, in both young-adult and geriatric alpacas. However, the observed reduction in gentamicin clearance in aged alpacas may increase their risk for gentamicin-related adverse drug reactions.
Liquid Surface X-Ray Scattering

Abstract Structures near liquid surfaces have intrigued researchers from various disciplines such as physics, chemistry, and biology for more than a century. Unlike solid surfaces, liquid surfaces cannot be tilted. Moreover, capillary wave fluctuations make the roughness of liquid surfaces much larger compared with solid surfaces. These two limitations have restricted the measurements of liquid surfaces/interfaces using conventional X-ray scattering setups. It is only the availability of high-brilliance synchrotron radiation which has enabled the development of X-ray scattering methods capable of determining structures near liquid surfaces with subnanometer level resolution. This chapter presents a brief overview of several liquid surface X-ray scattering techniques and their applications in interfacial chemistry and biology.
Permanent coexistence for a linear response omnivory model

In mathematical ecology, the question of long-term survival for each species in a set of populations is very important. This paper focuses on populations that interact in a mixture of competition and predation known as omnivory. Omnivory is defined as the consumption of resources from more than one trophic level. Simple mathematical models have been developed for systems with omnivory. However, equilibrium analysis on these models shows that species extinction is likely. In this work, we investigate a differential equation model with linear responses and show under certain parameter restrictions that the model is permanent or permanently coexistent.
Intrapelvic component retrieval via anterior inferior iliac spine osteotomy in revision total hip arthroplasty

Introduction:In the revision setting, intrapelvic acetabular components provide a unique set of challenges for the treating surgeon. Retrieval is complicated by complex anatomical relationships wit...
Integral Representation of the Standard L-Function

In this chapter, we want to discuss an integral representation for the standard L-function of degree n holomorphic Siegel cusp forms twisted by characters. The goal is to assume as little as possible about the Siegel modular forms. We will allow vector-valued modular forms with respect to any congruence subgroup. Rallis, Piatetski-Shapiro, and also Bocherer, have obtained the integral representation in special cases. We will modify their methods to suit our level of generality. We will illustrate an application of the integral representation to algebraicity of special values of the L-function in the genus 2 case.
No work for a theory of epistemic dispositions

Externalists about epistemic justification have long emphasized the connection between truth and justification, with this coupling finding explicit expression in process reliabilism. Process reliabilism, however, faces a number of severe difficulties, leading disenchanted process reliabilists to find a new theoretical home. The conceptual flag under which such epistemologists have preferred to gather is that of dispositions. Just as reliabilism is determined by the frequency of a particular outcome, making it possible to characterize justification in terms of a particular relationship to truth, dispositions are accompanied by concrete, worldly manifestations. By taking true beliefs as the result, not of certain processes but of particular dispositions, these epistemologists have attempted to respond to the numerous obstacles to reliabilism. Yet all this work has proceeded without regard to the wealth of contemporary work on the metaphysics of dispositions, making the new hope premature at best, ill-founded at worst. Combining contemporary dispositional accounts of justification with extant analyses of dispositions reveals that the latter is the case. The structural differences between epistemic justification and dispositions make it clear that not only should process reliabilism be abandoned, but the subsequent appeal to dispositions along with it.
The Monge–Ampère equation with Guillemin boundary conditions

Existence and boundary regularity away from the corners are established for two-dimensional Monge–Ampere equations on convex polytopes with Guillemin boundary conditions. An important step is to derive an expansion in terms of functions \(y^n\) and \(y^n\log y\) for solutions to equations of the form \(\det D^2u(x,y) = y^{-1}\) in a half-ball.
Boundedness of Commutators and H$${}^$$-BMO Duality in the Two Matrix Weighted Setting

In this paper we characterize the two matrix weighted boundedness of commutators with any of the Riesz transforms (when both are matrix $$\hbox {A}_p$$ weights) in terms of a natural two matrix weighted BMO space. Furthermore, we identify this BMO space when $$p = 2$$ as the dual of a natural two matrix weighted $$\hbox {H}^1$$ space, and use our commutator result to provide a converse to Bloom’s matrix $$\hbox {A}_2$$ theorem, which as a very special case proves Buckley’s summation condition for matrix $${\hbox {A}}_2$$ weights. Finally, we use our results to prove a matrix weighted John–Nirenberg inequality, and we also briefly discuss the challenging question of extending our results to the matrix weighted vector BMO setting.
Evolution of the Earth: Plate Tectonics Through Time

The tectonic mechanisms of heat escape have evolved over time as the Earth's interior cooled. The Earth condensed from rock vapor over liquid magma immediately following the Moon-forming impact, ~ 4.5 billion years ago. The liquid magma convected vigorously and cooled rapidly until solids formed in the deep mantle. Multiple layers of clouds made the atmosphere opaque, so heat escaped slowly. Tidal dissipation maintained a thin solid layer in the deep mantle over a few million years until the Moon moved far enough away that dissipation no longer balance the heat lost to space. Over a few more million years, the Earth cooled to mostly solid mush capped solid rock. This ‘mush ocean’ eventually evolved into modern plate tectonics. About a billion years in the future, the Earth's interior will become too cold for plate tectonics. Then, the Earth will become a one-plate planet like Mars. Current geodynamic understanding of the modern Earth provides only shopping lists of and qualitative inferences on plausible tectonic mechanisms within the early Earth. Plate processes are complex and involve poorly understood mechanical properties of partly molten rock and faults. Poor geologic preservation cloaks tectonic processes on the early Earth. A few detrital zircons indicate chemically isolated continent-like reservoirs by ~ 4.5 Ga shortly after the Moon-forming impact and survival of some zircons by ~ 4.4 Ga. Periods of non-zircon-forming local stability occur after ~ 4.36 Ga, as on the modern Earth. Plate-like processes became evident as soon as there was a geologic record that might have preserved them. Transform faults, oceanic crust, rifting, continents with thick chemically buoyant lithosphere, and subduction were all present in the Archean. As on the modern Earth, vertical tectonic processes dominated in many Archean regions. The high temperature of the interior allowed for broad regions of hot mobile continental crust. Other differences between modern and Archean plate processes are less clear. The thermal history of the interior may not even have been monotonic. That is, plate tectonics may have been unable to vent the heat supplied by radioactive decay. Physically, thick oceanic crust produced above the hot mantle is difficult to subduct into the mantle asthenosphere, like with modern oceanic plateaus. The pileup of thick hot oceanic plateaus likely produced regional conditions analogous to the earlier mush ocean throughout the Archean. Hydrated basaltic crust subducted into gabbroic mush, producing low-Ni granitic rocks. The geologic record after 3.0 Ga is well enough preserved to relate to modern processes. Still, the cooling rate of the Earth's interior and the rate of plate motions are only modestly constrained. Overall, the life span of oceanic crust after 3.0 Ga was comparable to that of the present. However, limited data indicate short-lived episodes of rapid plate motion in the Archean.
A Possible Neural Mechanism of Intentional Forgetting.

Directed forgetting is a cognitive-control-dependent process that confers to the brain the flexibility for forgetting undesirable memories ([Bjork et al., 1968][1]; for review, see [MacLeod, 1999][2]). This process has been proposed to have distinct neural signatures from unintentional forgetting;
Dielectric Elastomers: An Investigation in Strain Dependent Electrostatic Pressure of Soft Compliant Dielectric

Dielectric elastomer actuators (DEA) have the potential of exhibiting large strains when the material is in the presence of an electric field. The dielectric in this case is a soft acrylic (VHB 4910) film that is sandwiched between two complaint electrodes that are subjected to a high voltage potential. When high voltage is applied, attracting charges lead to a contractive force known as electrostatic pressure. The electrostatic pressure deforms the elastomer membrane and the contraction occurs in the thickness (z-plane) direction, which leads to actuation and expansion of the film. The pressure in the z-direction is usually governed by electrostatic pressure from Pelrine [1]. In Pelrine's model the relative permittivity is assumed to be constant when calculating for pressure. Recent research has found that relative permittivity changes as the DEA material is stretched [1]. The trend has shown the permittivity decreases as stretch rates increase. From a microscopic level, polarization within the DEA determines the materials permittivity, making it deformation dependent. This work will look to investigate theoretically and experimentally polarization dependent electrostatic pressure model. Using the GR 1689/1689M measuring system the permittivity of the DEA as a function of stretch can be solved for. This data will be collected and used in a best fit curve to determine the permittivity ranges of the DEA from its relaxed state to a maximum deformation state.
Palliation for pancreatic cancer

Background: Although laparoscopy reveals undetected metastases in many patients with pancreatic cancer, most surgeons have chosen to proceed directly with laparotomy in an attempt at resection or for palliation of biliary and gastric outlet obstruction. In an effort to overcome this limitation, this study attempted to determine the feasibility of laparoscopic cholecystojejunostomy and gastrojejunostomy.
Large eddy simulation of hurricane boundary layer turbulence and its application for power transmission system

Abstract Recent extreme hurricanes caused a huge loss in damages to critical civil infrastructure. To estimate hurricane wind loading on structures, spectral methods are widely used to generate neutral atmosphere boundary layer winds, which however are limited to describe extreme wind fields that are non-stationary and more turbulent. To overcome this limitation, a high-fidelity high-resolution computational model is developed to simulate hurricane wind field with detailed physics. A large eddy simulation (LES) solver is developed using a sub-grid-scale model based on open source program OpenFOAM. The simulated wind field is validated through comparison with observations. The generated wind field is applied to analyze structural response of a power transmission system. The proposed hurricane boundary layer (HBL) model and a neutral atmosphere boundary layer (ABL) model are compared in tropical storm and category-3 hurricane scenarios. Compared with the HBL model, the ABL model doesn’t consider the mesoscale terms and overestimates the crosswind velocity and the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) near the ground. As a result, the ABL model overestimates the dynamic responses of the wires and towers. The developed HBL model captures the main characteristics of hurricane wind and is applicable for modeling civil infrastructure exposed to hurricanes at a large scale.
Production of Microwaves with an Intense Relativistic Sheet Electron Beam

There has been a great deal of interest in the production of high power microwaves in the mm and sub mm bands using high current relativistic electron beams. Coherent radiation from the cyclotron maser configuration has been produced at powers in excess of 100 MW in the Ku band [1], 8 MW in the Ka band, and 1 MW in the V band [2]. We report here on an investigation into the radiation produced by the interaction of an intense REB with a slow wave structure. In this case, both the beam and the structure are of rectangular cross section. The structure is open at the sides; thus the dispersion characteristics of the guide are independent of its width. This allows an arbitrary choice for the structure and beam width, and makes possible a reduction in the usual scaling of power with the frequency from P α 1/f5/2 to P α 1/f3/2.
3D Printing in The Chemical Industry

3D printing translates computer-aided design 3D models into physical objects in a layer-bylayer fashion. It enables designers to have fully functional prototype a few hours after the design is completed. A new industrial revolution is around the corner as commercial 3D printers become smaller, portable, and cheaper. Chemical companies must implement 3D printing as part of their overall digital transformation process. This paper provides a brief overview of using 3D printing in the chemical industry.
The M Curve and the multinationality-performance relationship of Korean INVs

Purpose – Using data from a sample of new high technology manufacturing start-ups in Korea, the purpose of this paper is to examine the multinationality-performance relationship of international new ventures (INVs) which are born regional in terms of exporting activities. Design/methodology/approach – The paper estimates econometric models as both cubic and quartic fits between the degree of multinationality and firm performance of Korean INVs using a feasible generalized least square (FGLS) regression method. Findings – It is found that the relationship between the INVs' degree of multinationality and firm performance is M-shaped, supporting the augmentation from the traditional S-curve fit applied to multinational enterprises (MNEs). In addition, in terms of performance implications, high technology manufacturing INVs perform better in their home region than in non-home regions when the degree of multinationality is mediocre or becomes very high. Finally, these findings hold for diverse performance meas...
The Diversity of Fatherhood: Change, Constancy, and Contradiction

The articles in this volume seek to examine the many faces of fatherhood. As we edited this very informative collection, the message conveyed very clearly is that fatherhood is no simple phenomenon, but a complex tapestry of many things. Contemporary fatherhood is both diverse in its manifestations and subject to contradictory qualities, forces, and trends. Acquiring an accurate view of contemporary fatherhood is not possible without images of constant change, lingering traditionality, and, above all, a complex set of roles that vary from having very clear expectations to being highly ambiguous. This collection of original articles conveys the reality that fatherhood is not a static phenomenon, but more like a moving target, only some of which has constant meaning. Like so many things in social life, we also need to accommodate constant changes in what each generation expects of paternity
STRATEGIC ARMS LIMITATION TREATIES AND INNOVATIONS IN WEAPONS TECHNOLOGY

The Brito and Intriligator paper is an ambitious and provocative piece of work. The lack of a satisfactory theoretical model of the interactions between the executive branch, the legislative branch, and the bureaucratic apparatus is one of the major shortcomings of modern political economy. In general, efforts by political theorists to remedy this deficiency should be encouraged. The present authors, in particular, should be encouraged to continue their line of research, refining and further developing their political model, while applying it to other important policy areas.
Evolvable Hardware for Space Applications

This paper focuses on characteristics and applications of evolvable hardware (EHW) to space systems. The motivation for looking at EHW originates in the need for more autonomous adaptive space systems. The idea of evolvable hardware becomes attractive for long missions when the hardware looses optimality, and uploading new software only partly alleviates the problem if the computing hardware becomes obsolete or the sensing hardware faces needs outside original design specifications. The paper reports the first intrinsic evolution on an analog ASIC (a custom analog neural chip), suggests evolution of dynamical systems in state-space representations, and demonstrates evolution of compression algorithms with results better than the best-known compression algorithms.