cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Using the unmatched count technique to improve base rate estimates of risky driving behaviours among veterans of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan

Background Few studies have investigated base rate estimates of risky driving behaviours among veterans of the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq despite evidence suggesting such behaviours result in increased death rates. In addition, published estimates of driving behaviours may be subject to a significant response bias via the impact of perceived mental health stigma on honest self-reporting. Aim The present study compared the unmatched count technique, a form of randomised response technique used to mitigate biased responding, with traditional anonymous self-report to gain information about base rates of risky driving behaviours among combat veterans. Methods Cross-sectional data gathered as part of a study of attitudes and behaviours related to military service provided estimates of target activities. Six facets of risky driving (horn honking, carrying firearms in the vehicle, drinking and driving, screaming at other drivers, following other drivers to complain, and tailgating) were assessed. Results In our sample of 1351 combat veterans, the unmatched count technique revealed significantly higher rates relative to traditional anonymous assessment specifically for horn honking in anger (22.1% vs 13.6%), carrying firearms (51.1% vs 32.2%), and drinking and driving (77.8% vs 54.0%). There were no significant differences for the remaining three items. Conclusions The high level of morbidity associated with risky driving and motor vehicle crashes is a significant concern in the combat veteran population. These data suggest the presence of a strong response bias associated with endorsing certain risky driving behaviours, potentially leading to serious underestimation of these problem behaviours in standard anonymous questionnaires.
Spirituality and Well-Being: The Relationship Between Religious Coping and Recovery From Sexual Assault

Despite a growing body of literature documenting beneficial outcomes of religious coping, there are virtually no studies examining sexual assault survivors' use of religious coping. To fill this gap in the literature, the current study examines predictors and outcomes of positive and negative religious coping among 100 sexual assault survivors who believed in God. Results suggested that African American survivors were more likely to use both forms of religious coping than survivors from other ethnicities. Yet, results also suggest that positive religious coping is related to higher levels of psychological well-being and lower levels of depression, whereas negative religious coping is related to higher levels of depression, regardless of ethnicity. The only outcome where ethnicity makes a difference is posttraumatic growth with a stronger relationship between positive religious coping and posttraumatic growth among Caucasian survivors space. The implications of these findings for research and practice are discussed.
Radiation Belt Storm Probe spacecraft and impact of environment on spacecraft design

NASA's Radiation Belt Storm Probe (RBSP) is an Earth-orbiting mission scheduled to launch in September 2012 and is the next science mission in NASA's Living with a Star Program. The RBSP mission will investigate, characterize and understand the physical dynamics of the radiation belts, and the influence of the sun on the earth's environment, by measuring particles, electric and magnetic fields and waves that comprise the geospace. The mission is composed of two identically instrumented spinning spacecraft in an elliptical orbit around earth from 600 km perigee to 30,000 km apogee at 10 degree inclination to provide full sampling of the Van Allen radiation belts. The twin spacecraft will follow slightly different orbits and will lap each other 4 times per year; this offers simultaneous measurements over a range of spacecraft separation distances. A description of the spacecraft environment is provided along with spacecraft and subsystem key characteristics and accommodations that protect sensitive spacecraft electronics and support operations in the harsh radiation belt environment.
National Trends in Surgical Therapy for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia in the United States (2000-2008)

Objective To report an update of the change in usage trends for different surgical treatments of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) among the United States Medicare population data from 2000-2008. The rate of usage of thermotherapy and laser therapy in the surgical treatment of BPH has been changing over the past decade in conjunction with a steady decrease of transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP). Methods Using the 100% Medicare carrier file for the years 2000-2008, we calculated counts and population-adjusted rates of BPH surgery. Rates of TURP, thermotherapy, and laser-using modalities were calculated and compared in relation to age, race, clinical setting, and reimbursement. Results After years of a steady rise, the total rate of all BPH procedures peaked in 2005 at 1078/100,000 and then declined by 15.4% to 912/100,000 in 2008. TURP rates continued to decline from 670 in 2000 to 351/100,000 in 2008. Rates of microwave thermoablation peaked in 2006 at 266/100,000 and then declined 26% in 2008. Laser vaporization almost completely replaced laser coagulation and in 2008 was the most commonly performed procedure second to TURP, with the majority performed as outpatient procedures (70%) and an increasing percentage in the office (12%). Men between ages 70 and 75 had the highest rate of procedures. Reimbursement rates correlate using some but not all procedures. Racial disparities reported previously appear to have resolved. Conclusion Surgical treatment of BPH continues to change rapidly. TURP continues to decline and laser vaporization is the fastest growing modality. There is a big shift toward outpatient/office procedures. Reimbursement rates do not appear to have a consistent effect on usage.
Functional analysis of dengue virus (DENV) type 2 envelope protein domain 3 type-specific and DENV complex-reactive critical epitope residues

The dengue virus (DENV) envelope protein domain 3 (ED3) is the target of potent virus neutralizing antibodies. The DENV-2 ED3 contains adjacent type-specific and DENV complex-reactive antigenic sites that are composed of a small number of residues that were previously demonstrated to be critical for antibody binding. Site-directed mutagenesis of a DENV-2 16681 infectious clone was used to mutate critical residues in the DENV-2 type-specific (K305A and P384A) and DENV complex-reactive (K310A) antigenic sites. The K305A mutant virus multiplied like the parent virus in mosquito and mammalian cells, as did the P384A mutant virus, which required a compensatory mutation (G330D) for viability. However, the K310A mutant virus could not be recovered. The DENV-2 type-specific critical residue mutations K305A and P384A+G330D reduced the ability of DENV-2 type-specific, but not DENV complex-reactive, mAbs to neutralize virus infectivity and this was directly correlated with mAb binding affinity to the rED3 mutants.
Circumferential Finger Measurements Utilizing a Torque Meter to Increase Reliability

The purpose of this study was to compare the reliabilities of two methods of measuring finger circumference. Traditionally, finger circumference is determined clinically by the use of a tape measure. In this study, a tape-measure device for recording finger circumference utilizing a torque meter was compared with the traditional method to determine reliability differences. Ninety-two occupational therapists and occupational therapy students obtained circumferential measurements of the author's left index finger at the middle of the proximal phalanx utilizing the two methods. The readings obtained for each method were analyzed to determine the coefficient of variation and to compare their variances. The coefficient of variation for the traditional method was 2.92 and for the device utilizing the torque meter was 0.75. The F ratio was 15.63, which is significant at the 0.01 level. The results of this study indicate greater interrater reliability using a device that can accurately measure torque and allow the therapist to control the amount of tension applied when obtaining circumferential measurements using a tape measure.
Gyroscope architecture with structurally forced anti-phase drive-mode and linearly coupled anti-phase sense-mode

This paper reports, for the first time, a vibratory MEMS z-axis rate gyroscope architecture with structurally forced anti-phase drive-mode and linearly coupled, dynamically balanced anti-phase sense-mode. The new design utilizes two symmetrically-decoupled tines with drive- and sense-mode synchronization mechanisms, and prioritizes sense-mode quality factor. The levered drive-mode mechanism structurally forces the anti-phase drive-mode motion and eliminates the lower frequency spurious modes. The linearly coupled, dynamically balanced antiphase sense-mode design minimizes substrate energy dissipation. SOI prototypes characterized in vacuum demon-strated drive-mode quality factor of 67,000 and ultra-high sense-mode quality factor of 125,000, yielding mechanical scale factor of 0.4 nm/(°/h) for mode-matched operation.
Does high population growth help or hurt economic development? Cases of China and Pakistan

In this paper a comparative analysis of China and Pakistan is conducted to see the relationship between large and growing populations and their effects on their economic development. We explore the popular Malthusian theory as well as the pro-natalists theory of Simon, in an effort to conclude whether these countries will fall into scenarios explained by them. We conclude that in China's case, large population proved beneficial to its economic development, once certain policies were correctly implemented to get the labour market working more efficiently. Pakistan, on the other hand did not adopt favourable policies to manage and educate the growing population, and therefore showed a different result. These policies, must then be explored, which are Gerald Scully's mechanisms for economic development, in order to properly account for other reasons. We conclude that it is mandatory for a country to correctly manage the increase in population. This paper is divided into four sections: Section 1 is an introductory section, it explains the population explosion, Section 2 discusses the traditional population theories of Malthus and Simon. Section 3 explains Gastill-Scully mechanisms for economic growth and applies them to the Chinese and Pakistani cases. Section 4 makes the summary and concludes our arguments.
Tuning Up the Performance of Constant-Time Distributed Scheduling Algorithms via Majorization

Scheduling algorithms assign contention probability for each link in wireless ad hoc networks and plays a key role in deciding the system performance. Recently, many low-cost distributed scheduling algorithms are proposed. In this paper, we propose to improve the performance of a class of distributed collision-based scheduling algorithms, called constant-time distributed scheduling algorithms, by exploring the advantage brought by the unevenness of links' contention probabilities. Specifically, we prove that there exists ordering relationship for the success probability of any neighborhood when the contention probability vectors are ordered in the sense of majorization. We show how to modify the existing algorithms so as to find a new contention probability vector that majorizes the original one in a distributed manner. Our simulation results indicate that by using our modified algorithms, the average queue-lengths of a stable system can be reduced by 25% to 50%, while the capacity region remains the same. Our modification to the existing algorithms is extremely simple and entails essentially zero additional cost.
Sustainable Reactions in Tunable Solvents

There are now available a variety of tunable solvents; these have been used extensively for extractions and in a variety of materials applications. Our focus has been to apply these techniques to chemical reactions to take advantage of the special properties available, primarily for sustainable technology, to create processes that are potentially more benign and more advantageous. We report here our work in using supercritical fluids, near-critical fluids, and gas-expanded liquids to couple organic reactions with separations. In this paper, we review applications involving improved transport, catalyst recycling, and product separation as well as the in situ generation of catalysts. Although such tunable solvents are in no way a panacea, they do offer the chemical community alternatives that can often be applied creatively to many reaction opportunities.
Ectoparasite Behavior and Its Effects on Avian Nest Site Selection

In planning convervation efforts for birds, nest-site quality must be considered. An important but neglected aspect of nest-site quality is the presence of ectoparasites; these may cause birds to reject or abandon nests. Here, we present published and unpublished data showing the importance of ectoparasites, particularly blood-feeding arthropods.
The Community Construction of the Underage Drinker

“Community” is one of the most popular solutions to crime and delinquency problems in America today. But what is meant by “community” and what is its function? One function of a community is to form coalitions through which definitional processes of local problems and the construction of putative “people-types” (Loseke 1993) are accomplished. In this paper, I examine rhetoric at a series of community hearings on a local underage drinking problem in a rural, Midwestern county. Based on testimonies given at the hearing, three underage drinking people-types are discussed: the Sad Alien, the Uninformed Child, and the Artful Dodger. These people-types are used by social problems workers as resources to defend and legitimate their roles in existing strategies to reduce underage drinking and to authenticate and reproduce lines of programmatic action.
Posterior elbow coverage using whole and split flexor carpi ulnaris flaps: a cadaveric study.

Purpose The purpose of this study is to evaluate the coverage patterns of whole and split flexor carpi ulnaris (FCU) pedicle muscle flaps for posterior elbow soft-tissue defects. Methods Seventeen fresh-frozen cadaveric upper extremities were used. The whole FCU was raised to the dominant vascular pedicle and transposed proximally over the olecranon. The widths of coverage at 2-cm distances about the posterior elbow were measured. Widths were also measured after making 3 longitudinal cuts in the fascia and after suturing the muscle to adjacent soft tissue under tension. The FCU was also split into its ulnar and humeral heads along the central tendon. The larger ulnar head was transposed and the widths again measured. Mid-forearm circumference, elbow circumference, and ulnar length were assessed for ability to predict flap width. Results The whole muscle under no tension provided an average of 2.7 cm width coverage at the tip of the olecranon process. Cutting the fascia provided approximately 15% additional width and suturing the muscle to the surrounding soft tissue an additional 25%, to approximately 4 cm. The isolated FCU ulnar head provided approximately 75% of the width of the entire muscle. Mid-forearm circumference was the most predictive of flap width, and divisors were generated that improved the accuracy of predicting the width for outlier specimens. The dominant pedicle was a consistent distance relative to the end of the central tendon and the olecranon tip. Conclusions The whole and split FCU pedicle flaps provide predictable coverage for 2- to 4-cm posterior elbow soft-tissue defects. For especially large and small arms, the divisors improve accuracy in predicting flap width. Consistent locations of the olecranon tip and the end of the central tendon in relation to the dominant pedicle make them useful surgical landmarks.
DetH: approximate hierarchical solution of large Markov decision processes

This paper presents an algorithm for finding approximately optimal policies in very large Markov decision processes by constructing a hierarchical model and then solving it approximately. It exploits factored representations to achieve compactness and efficiency and to discover connectivity properties of the domain. We provide a bound on the quality of the solutions and give asymptotic analysis of the runtimes; in addition we demonstrate performance on a collection of very large domains. Results show that the quality of resulting policies is very good and the total running times, for both creating and solving the hierarchy, are significantly less than for an optimal factored MDP solver.
Atomistic theory of emission from dark excitons in self-assembled quantum dots

We present atomistic theory of emission from dark excitons in self-assembled quantum dots. Using the atomistic tight-binding model coupled with the configuration-interaction approach, we calculate the emission spectrum of a dark exciton confined in a single, self-assembled quantum dot. We demonstrate that the dark exciton state is optically active and that it emits photons in the plane of the dot, polarized along its vertical axis. This finite radiative lifetime is due to the mixing of hole subbands and can be tuned over several orders of magnitude by engineering the size and shape of the quantum dot.
A follow-up study of HIV long-term non-progress populations in Henan province

Objective To explore the related testing indicators variation of HIV long-term non-progress populations. Methods The long-term non-progress populations in some areas of Henan were recruited, and the study was carried out according to different CD4+T lymphocytes counts for two groups. The dynamic characteristics of immune status and viral load between LTNP-1group (CD4+T lymphocytes≥500/μl, 42 cases) and LTNP-2 group (350/μl≤CD4+T lymphocytes<500/μl, 49 cases) from July 2010 to August 2013 were observed. The characteristics of HIV elite controllers during the follow-up were also described. Results LTNP were recruited, 56% (51 cases) were men, and 44% (40 cases) were women. The study population were aged from 38 to 65 years old. A total of 320 individuals were followed-up, 14 cases were lost, 2 deaths, and 16 cases had received antiretroviral therapy during four years. To analyze the annual changes of CD4+T lymphocytes and VL of the group from 2010 to 2013, LTNP-1 group CD4+T lymphocytes from 654.0 (545.2-809.5) decreased to 494.0 (341.0-574.7), and LTNP-2 group decreased from 493.0 (429.5-770.0) to 343.5 (253.0-500.8), CD4+T lymphocytes decline of over times of two groups in longitudinal analysis (χ2=50.32, P 0.05). The same year inter-group comparison found CD4+T lymphocytes of LTNP-1 group were higher than LTNP-2 group (Z=5.23, P<0.01; Z=3.06, P<0.01; Z=2.51, P<0.05; Z=2.47, P<0.05). VL of LTNP-2 group increased from 4.35 (3.97-4.94) to 5.04 (4.78-5.26) during 2011 to 2013, were higher than LTNP-1 group in the same year (Z=2.28, P<0.05; Z=2.58, P<0.05; Z=2.76, P<0.05).65 cases HCV antibody were positive in 91 individuals, and the HCV antibody positive rate was 76% (32/42), 67% (33/49) between LTNP-1 group and LTNP-2 group. Six elite controllers maintained CD4+T lymphocytes≥500/μl, VL<1 000 copies/ml during four years follow-up. Conclusion The long-term non-progress populations in Henan were overall healthy, and VL were relatively stable, there was a decreased trend of CD4 year by year, and HCV co-infection rate was high. Key words: HIV; Viral load; Long-term non-progress populations; Elite controllers; Cohort studies
Is Judicial Expertise Dynamic? Judicial Expertise, Complex Networks, and Legal Policy

INTRODUCTION 568 I. GROWING COMPLEXITY OF THE LEGAL SYSTEM 571 II. EXPERTISE IN POLITICAL SCIENCE 573 III. EXPERTISE IN PSYCHOLOGY 575 IV. A NEW MEASURE OF EXPERTISE 580 V. TEXT-BASED INDICATORS OF EXPERTISE 582 A. Network Indicators 583 1. Number of Nodes 583 2. Number of Links 584 3. Clustering Coefficient 584 4. Node Strength 585 5. Shortest Path Length 585 6. Efficiency 586 7. Diameter 587 8. Radius 587 9. Betweenness Centrality 588 10. Community Affiliation 588 11. Modularity Index 589 12. Node Diversity 589 B. Cognitive Science Indicators 589 1. Review Internal Entropy (RI-Ent) 590 2. Average Unigram Information (AUI) 590 3. Average Conditional Information (ACI) 591 4. Conditional Information Variability (CIV) 591 5. Average Number of Words 592 VI. METHODS 592
Effects of fast walking on tibiofemoral bone water content in middle-aged adults.

Abstract Background Although it is believed that genu varum increases loading on the medial knee during locomotion, the acute effect of increased loading on bone stress has not been determined. This study aimed to examine the effects of locomotion and lower extremity alignment on bone water content in middle-aged adults without knee osteoarthritis. Methods Five males and 5 females participated. Lower extremity alignment was defined as the angle between the midpoint of the anterior mid-thigh and the midpoint of the patellar tendon using the center of the patella as the fulcrum. A chemical-shift-encoded water-fat magnetic resonance imaging protocol was used to assess bone water content before and after a 30-minute fast walking session. Bone stress response was determined by quantifying water content within the weight-bearing regions of the medial and lateral compartments of the tibiofemoral joint. Paired t-tests were used to compare bone water content before and after fast walking. Pearson correlation coefficients were used to determine the associations between lower extremity alignment and changes in water content post-walking. Findings The paired t-tests revealed no changes in water content after fast walking within medial and lateral femur/tibia (P > 0.05). Pearson correlation analyses revealed a significant moderate correlation between increased bone water content of the medial femur and increased varus alignment (R = 0.688, P = 0.028). Interpretation Although there was no significant change in bone water content following locomotion, knee varus was associated with signs of bone stress in the medial femur.
Review: In patients with depressive disorders, EPA-predominant omega-3 HUFAs improve depression symptoms.

Source Citation Hallahan B, Ryan T, Hibbeln JR, et al. Efficacy of omega-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids in the treatment of depression. Br J Psychiatry. 2016 Apr 21. [Epub ahead of print] 27103682
Motility Disorders in Children

Gastrointestinal motility disorders in the pediatric population are common and can range from benign processes to more serious disorders. Performing and interpreting motility evaluations in children present unique challenges. There are primary motility disorders but abnormal motility may be secondary due to other disease processes. Diagnostic studies include radiographic scintigraphic and manometry studies. Although recent advances in the genetics, biology, and technical aspects are having an important impact and have allowed for a better understanding of the pathophysiology and therapy for gastrointestinal motility disorders in children, further research is needed to be done to have better understanding of the pathophysiology and for better therapies.
Synthetic routes to graphene preparation from the perspectives of possible biological applications

Preparation of graphene by specific routes and their relevance to biological applications has been compared here. After necessary discussion on numerous methods of graphene preparation, the major thrust of this chapter was devoted to the preparation of high-quality graphene for biological and biomedical applications. The bottom-up synthesis of graphene using chemical vapor deposition (CVD) or chemical synthesis is discussed first, followed by elaborate descriptions of liquid-phase exfoliation methods. The focus is then further narrowed down to biologically relevant, aqueous-phase exfoliation by ultrasonication, shear/turbulence, ball milling, and electrochemical routes. The production cost of graphene by these methods generally is as low as $3–$5 per gram in water, highly economical compared to commercially available graphene ($80–$100 per gram) or graphene oxide ($100–$120 per gram). The resulting graphene layers were almost defect free with I D / I G as low as 0.1–0.3 (ratio increases with defects), whereas the CVD method generally shows that of 0–0.1 (defect free). Furthermore, we discussed new opportunities to make bio-grade, sterile graphene suspensions in cell media or sera or common biological buffers which are relevant to the biological community. These are water dispersible, stable, nearly defect-free graphene rather than commonly used alternatives such as graphene oxide or reduced graphene oxide, which are known to have numerous defect sites.
Clinical and radiological results of posterior cervical foraminotomy at two or three levels: a 3-year follow-up

Single-level unilateral posterior cervical foraminotomy is regarded as a safe method. However, the outcomes of posterior cervical foraminotomy performed on two or three levels are uncertain and debated. We aimed to analyze the long-term clinical and radiological outcomes of posterior cervical foraminotomy at two or three levels. From September 2008 to December 2011, a total of 42 patients who underwent a posterior cervical foraminotomy at two or three levels and were followed for at least 3 years were analyzed with retrospective cohort study. Clinical assessments were performed using the visual analog scale (VAS), neck disability index (NDI) and modified MacNab criteria. Radiological evaluation included the assessment of static and dynamic lateral radiographs to identify instability, postlaminectomy kyphotic deformity, adjacent segmental degeneration (ASD), and focal degeneration. The mean VAS improved from preoperative score 8.5 ± 0.3 to postoperative score 1.8 ± 0.5 significantly. The mean presenting NDI score was 32.9 ± 2.0 and the mean postoperative NDI score was 14.2 ± 1.3. Improvement of radiculopathy was displayed in 39 patients (92.9%). During radiological evaluation, no significant change in disc height related to ASD and focal degeneration was noted. However, we confirmed one patient with radiological instability and one patient with radiological postlaminectomy kyphotic deformity. Posterior cervical foraminotomy at two or three levels is fairly effective for treating patients with cervical radiculopathy, and results in long-lasting pain relief and improved quality of life in nearly all patients. However, further studies of three levels that include more patients are needed.
ImageSfERe: Image sharing for epilepsy research

Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy (SUDEP) is the leading mode of epilepsy-related death and is most common in patients with intractable, frequent, and continuing seizures. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and other neuroimaging techniques create an important data source for investigators to collaborate and share a larger cohort of potential SUDEP patient data. To address the challenges of sharing neuroimaging data across institutions with good semantic precision, we developed ImageSfERe, a web-based image sharing module for Epilepsy Research. Since various aspects of patient information need to be harmonized and integrated, a dedicated questionnaire consisting of 248 questions about patient background information is incorporated into ImageSfERe. Eight repositories of patient de-identified images in Digital Image and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) format, over 23 GB of data, have been successfully processed and made available via ImageSfERe. To enable interoperability, we also adapted epilepsy neuroimaging common data elements from the National Institute of Health (NIH).
Climate justice after Paris: a normative framework

This paper puts forward a normative framework to differentiate between the climate-related responsibilities of different countries in the aftermath of the Paris Agreement. It offers reasons for app...
Mathematics Teachers' Subject Matter Knowledge and Pedagogical Content Knowledge in Problem Posing.

Since the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics ([NCTM], 2000) and the National Research Council ([NRC], 2005) revealed that problem posing needed to be incorporated into mathematics classrooms, the importance of teachers’ roles in problem posing has been emphasized in K-12 mathematics curriculum because of instructors’ impact on students’ mathematical performance. In the present study, researchers investigated teachers’ subject matter knowledge (SMK), knowledge of content and teaching (KCT), and knowledge of content and students (KCS) in terms of problem-posing. A qualitative study design and inductive analysis were used to gather and interpret data from interviews conducted with four mathematics teachers. Results indicated that participants had SMK of problem posing, but their actual problem-posing results did not reflect their SMK well. In terms of KCS and KCT, teachers were aware of the importance of problem posing for students’ mathematical development but felt that there were several significant factors impeding the effective incorporation of problem posing within their classes. These findings underscore the importance of professional development for teacher pedagogical knowledge in problem posing.
Light water reactor safety before and after the Three Mile Island accident

Light water reactor safety in the United States through the Three Mile Island (TMI) accident is reviewed and safety gains up to 1983 are assessed. The work was undertaken during 1982-198 to support Alvin Weinberg's ''Second Nuclear Era Study.'' Safety studies, such as the ''Rasmussen Reactor Safety Study,'' and accidents, such as TMI, disclosed deficiencies in the design basis accident technique and the lack of attention to human factors, including management. Operational problems also highlighted the fact that reactors grew too quickl in size and number for experience to be factored into designs, operating procedures, and regulations. Actions taken by the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission and by the industry following TMI are reviewed. Analytical and experimental programs on severe accidents are examined. Safety gains resulting from these activities and from improved quality of operation are assessed qualitatively and quantitatively. It was determined that a factor of 3 to 6 for core melt frequencies and of at leas 10 for public risk have been achieved since TMI.
The Role of the Private Power Company

The public service of the private power company includes cooperation with federal, state, and local public agencies in conservation and development of water resources. Company dams help control floods and store water for irrigation and domestic use, as well as for generation of hydroelectric power. Company payments for falling water or power made available at federal, state, and local public water conservation projects aid in financing their construction. Operation of the company electric system in coordination with the power plants of public agencies makes their power more valuable and increases their revenues. Company transmission and distribution lines are used by public agencies to market power to their consumers. Company tax payments to federal, state, and local treasuries make funds available for public water resources development. Company power is sold without discrimination to public agencies and all other company customers at fair rates established under public regulation. This cooperation by the private power company means maximum power revenues to aid public water resources development, minimum cost of water for irrigation and other consumptive uses and lowest taxes for taxpayers generally. What the private power company can do in these areas of cooperation has been well demonstrated in California.
Differential activation of keratinocyte phospholipase A2S by tumor promoters and other irritants.

The hydroxy and hydroperoxy derivatives of fatty acids such as the arachidonic acid (AA) derived eicosanoids are important lipid mediators in signal transduction and tumor promotion. The tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA) and other irritants, including the calcium ionorphore A23187, elicit the release of the fatty acids from which these compounds are derived (1). Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) plays a key role in regulating the release of fatty acids and thus their derived eicosanoids. Activation of different forms of PLA2 may result in the release of different fatty acids and the formation of different eicosanoids (2). This eventually would lead to the differing biological responses. This paper focuses on the differential activation of different forms of PLA2 and identifies and characterizes two forms of PLA2, namely the cytosolic (cPLA2) and secretory (sPLA2) forms in mouse epidermal keratinocytes.
Understanding users' preferences for surface gestures

We compare two gesture sets for interactive surfaces---a set of gestures created by an end-user elicitation method and a set of gestures authored by three HCI researchers. Twenty-two participants who were blind to the gestures' authorship evaluated 81 gestures presented and performed on a Microsoft Surface. Our findings indicate that participants preferred gestures authored by larger groups of people, such as those created by end-user elicitation methodologies or those proposed by more than one researcher. This preference pattern seems to arise in part because the HCI researchers proposed more physically and conceptually complex gestures than end-users. We discuss our findings in detail, including the implications for surface gesture design.
Photoradiation Therapy of Human Tumors

Apparently the earliest attempt to use light-activated materials to treat human cancer was in 1903, when Jesionek and Tappenier used topical eosin, activated by white light, on skin tumors (1). Although not well documented, some positive results were indicated. However, no subsequent clinical work, by these workers or others, was reported until the mid-1970s, when Kelly and Snell (2) and Dougherty et al. (3–5) both used a hematoporphyrin derivative—a preparation first introduced by Lipson et al. (6)—as sensitizing dye. Current interest in the use of in vivo light-activated dyes to treat malignant tumors began in the early 1970s in several laboratories. Diamond et al. reported that hematoporphyrin (not the hematoporphyrin derivative of Lipson), administered parenterally and activated in vivo with white light, caused destruction of glioma tumors transplanted subcutaneously in rats (7). About the same time, Dougherty reported that fluorescein (given intraperitoneally) could be activated in vivo by 488-nm light to reduce the growth rate of a mammary tumor transplanted into mice (8). Neither group reported complete tumor control, however, until 1975, when Dougherty showed that hematoporphyrin derivative, given parenterally, could be activated by light in the red region of the spectrum (to increase light penetration into tissue) to cause complete eradication of spontaneous or transplanted mammary tumors in mice and rats (9). Tomson et al. demonstrated that acridine orange fed to mice accumulated in transplanted tumors and caused their destruction following local exposure to blue-green light from an argon laser (10).
Trees and Linearly Ordered Sets

Publisher Summary This chapter presents an introduction to several problems concerning trees and linearly ordered sets and the dualities between them. Several classes of trees and linearly ordered sets are presented and considered as set-theoretical, topological, and algebraical structures in the chapter. The chapter also discusses many fundamental problems concerning trees and linearly ordered sets, which are set-theoretical in nature. Most of the problems are undecidable on the basis of the usual axioms of set theory. Thus, a great number of results presented in the chapter are consistency results.
Legal Requisites for Social Work Practice in Child Abuse and Neglect

There is considerable confusion and concern among social workers regarding the workings of child protective services (CPS) and the legal systems that deal with child abuse and neglect. Social workers in agencies, schools, institutions, and private practice are expected to identify and report suspected cases of maltreatment and, increasingly, to testify in court proceedings in these cases. Certainly, those in the helping professions want to comply with reporting laws and protect endangered children, yet many are unclear as to what constitutes abuse and neglect in the eyes of CPS and the law. Others know from firsthand experience that involving CPS may result in adverse consequences for children and their families, may interfere with therapeutic relationships, and may lead to reprisals by clients or employers. To make responsible and effective decisions, social workers must understand the written and unwritten laws and procedures followed in child maltreatment cases. However, at the same time, it must be noted that literature indicates that CPS systems are overburdened by ongoing maltreatment cases, hundreds of thousands of referrals (for which many turn out to be unsubstantiated), and a high burn out rate for staff. Societal efforts to protect endangered children have resulted in increased responsibilities for social workers, who are expected to identify, report, and provide testimony in suspected cases of abuse and neglect. Their decisions in these cases may have profound consequences for children, families, and themselves. This chapter will increase social workers’ knowledge of legal requisites and system realities in child protection to help them make high-quality decisions. This chapter outlines the working definitions and prevalence of physical abuse and neglect, emotional abuse and neglect, and sexual abuse. Reporting procedures as well as social work implications are also addressed.
Present and Future Questions

Previous chapters described a new interactionist model of sexual attraction in which erotic predispositions in social information processing guide, shape, and are shaped by postnatal social experiences. The differences between the new model and current models were examined. I argued that the new model of sexual attraction better fits current data and cultural observations than do other models.
Toward a Theory of Attributes

Following Rescher we will develop a theory of attributes on the assumption that “properties must admit of exemplification, but they need not be exemplified.”1We will thus make use of the undefined expression,“x. exemplifiesy”. as well as thede re. modal concept expressed by“x. is necessarily such that it isF”. We presuppose the theory of states of affairs. The latter theory makes use of the ontological concept ofobtaining., as well as the intentional concepts ofacceptance andentertainment. 2 The theory of states of affairs also requires an apparatus for temporal reference; in what follows I will make use of tense.
J OHN J. D ONOHUE , The Buwayhid Dynasty in Iraq 334H./945 to 403H./1012: Shaping Institutions for the Future , Islamic History and Civilization. Studies and Texts 44 (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 2003). Pp. 399. $131.00 cloth

In A. D. 945, eleven days after receiving his title from the ruling Abbasid Caliph al-Mustakfi, the Buwayhid amir Mu izz al-Dawla deposed him. Like the green dome of the palace of Abu Ja far Mansur that had crumbled during the spring rains of 939, the Abbasid caliphate was collapsing inward. Not until the turn of the next century, with the loosening of the hold of the Buwayhid amirs on Baghdad, did a caliph make guarded efforts to assert his divinely sanctioned authority outside his sacred precinct. By that time, beyond the walls of the caliphal palace, monumental changes in the structure of power had long since occurred.
Partitioning and predicting forage biomass from total aboveground biomass of regenerating tree species using dimensional analyses

Foresters and wildlife biologists use biomass estimates as proxies of habitat structure, productivity, and carrying capacity. Determining biomass, however, is challenging without destructive harves...
Genetic techniques for studies of methyl-coenzyme M reductase from Methanosarcina acetivorans C2A

Methanogenic archaea generate methane as a by-product of anaerobic respiration using CO2, C1 compounds (like methanol or methylated amines), or acetate as terminal electron acceptors. Methanogens are an untapped resource for biotechnological advances related to methane production as well as methane consumption. However, key biological features of these organisms remain poorly understood. One such feature is the enzyme methyl-coenzyme M reductase (referred to as MCR), which catalyzes the last step in the methanogenic pathway and results in methane formation. Gene essentiality has limited genetic analyses of MCR thus far. Therefore, studies of this important enzyme have been limited to biochemical and biophysical techniques that are especially laborious and often reliant on sophisticated instrumentation that is not commonly available. In this chapter, we outline our recently developed CRISPR-Cas9-based genome editing tools and describe how these tools have been used for the introduction of a tandem affinity purification tag at the chromosomal mcr locus in the model methanogen, Methanosarcina acetivorans C2A. We also report a protocol for rapid affinity purification of MCR from M. acetivorans C2A that will enable high-throughput studies of this enzyme in the future.
Putting on partisan glasses: Political identity, quality of life, and oil and gas production in Colorado

Abstract Unconventional oil and gas technologies—such as hydraulic fracturing—have drastically increased the volume of oil and gas produced in the U.S., while simultaneously bringing drilling closer to residential areas. We examine quality of life impacts of unconventional oil and gas production, arguing that how people perceive its local effects is rooted in their political identities. Using survey data from three northern Colorado communities, we employ counterfactual mediation methods to understand relationships between political identity, perceived socio-environmental and community changes from oil and gas development, and self-reported quality of life. We find significant differences in how people perceive local development based upon political identity, whereby Tea Party supporters see little negative impact, and in turn are likely to believe that local development improves their quality of life. At the other extreme, Democrats perceive more negative community changes from oil and gas development and are more apt to believe that it reduces their quality of life. Republicans who do not support the Tea Party and political independents hold more mixed views. Overall, our analysis suggests that people's perceptions of local energy development and how it matters for their quality of life is, to some degree, a function of their political identities.
Congotay! Congotay! A Global History of Caribbean Food

Since 1492, the distinct cultures, peoples, and languages of four continents have met in the Caribbean and intermingled in wave after wave of post-Columbian encounters, with foods and their styles of preparation being among the most consumable of the converging cultural elements. This book traces the pathways of migrants and travellers and the mixing of their cultures in the Caribbean from the Atlantic slave trade to the modern tourism economy. As an object of cultural exchange and global trade, food offers an intriguing window into this world. The many topics covered in the book include foodways, Atlantic history, the slave trade, the importance of sugar, the place of food in African-derived religion, resistance, sexuality and the Caribbean kitchen, contemporary Caribbean identity, and the politics of the new globalisation. The author draws on archival sources and European written descriptions to reconstruct African foodways in the diaspora and places them in the context of archaeology and oral traditions, performance arts, ritual, proverbs, folktales, and the children's song game "Congotay." Enriching the presentation are sixteen recipes located in special boxes throughout the book.
Physical activity across the curriculum (PAAC3): Testing the application of technology delivered classroom physical activity breaks

Abstract Only 43% of children in the U.S., ages 6–11 yrs., meet current physical activity (PA) guidelines. To satisfy the MVPA requirement, schools have begun incorporating MVPA in the form of activity breaks or MVPA academic lessons. We completed two, 3 academic-yr. cluster randomized trials (DK61489, DK85317) called “Physical Activity Across the Curriculum” (PAAC) which involved increasing MVPA in the classroom. Across 3-yrs. teachers in PAAC schools delivered ~60 min/wk. (12 min/day) of MVPA. Although short of our MVPA goal (20 min/d), the PAAC approach substantially increased in-school MVPA. Teacher reluctance to devote additional time to develop and integrate PA lessons into their curriculum was the overwhelming barrier to meeting the MVPA goal. Therefore, to reduce barriers to delivery of classroom PA we developed a 3-academic yr. cluster randomized trial (2 yrs. active intervention, 1 yr. follow-up) to compare the effectiveness and sustainability of technology delivered (PAAC-R) and classroom teacher delivered (PAAC-T) activity breaks for increasing classroom MVPA in elementary school students in grades 2 and 3 at baseline who will progress to grades 4–5. NCT registration: NCT03493139
External ESG Reporting Frameworks

There are many reporting frameworks for environmental, social, and governance (ESG) factors. The common intention is to disclose information to investors that is material to their investment decisions. Yet materiality is defined differently by various standards-setting organizations. Therefore, to understand the purpose of a reporting framework, one needs to understand the decision it is designed to support, the question it is trying to answer, and the problem it is trying to solve. Energy strategists need to know how their investors are demanding energy and climate data. They may be called upon to draft the reports or give their interpretations of reports of other organizations for insights and best practices.
Case ReportsA stone in a grossly dilated cystic duct stump: a rare cause of postcholecystectomy pain

We describe the unusual case of a patient who developed recurrent right upper quadrant pain 25 yr after cholecystectomy. A cystic lesion containing a calculus was identified on transabdominal ultrasound, initially suggesting the possibility of gallbladder duplication. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiography identified this lesion as a massively dilated cystic duct stump. Surgical resection led to complete resolution of symptoms. Recurrent cholelithiasis involving the cystic duct stump may lead to massive dilatation, and must be considered in the differential diagnosis of postcholecystectomy syndrome.
Experimental comparison of material removal rates in abrasive waterjet cutting and a novel droplet stream technique

Abstract The use of abrasive waterjets (AWJ) to machine metal surfaces is prevalent through-out industry. AWJ requires the purchase and disposal of costly abrasive particles which increases manufacturing costs and environmental-footprint. This motivates the exploration for low-cost, eco-friendly alternatives. A novel method which utilizes a stream of high-speed water droplets (WD) travelling through a sub-atmospheric pressure environment to remove material without using abrasive grit is presented. In this paper, the efficacy of this new process is investigated and compared to AWJ and pure water jet (WJ) (i.e., without abrasive particles) by measuring the material removal rates (MRR) of each process on a hard-to-machine steel, DP 1180, for equivalent water-flow conditions. Trench profiles are created by traversing each of the jets across a metal sample, from which the MRR and trench profiles are obtained. The MRR results reveal that WD is significantly faster than WJ, but is subordinate compared to AWJ for MRR efficiency. This identifies a trade-off between manufacturing cost and time.