cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Information Aggregation and Multiplicity in Creditor Runs: The Role of Public Disclosure

This paper studies the role of public disclosure in a coordination game, in which creditors trade a financial asset of the firm they finance, before deciding whether to rollover lending to the firm. Creditors base their trading and lending decisions on three sources of information: private information, public disclosure, and asset prices. We show that public disclosure plays a critical role in equilibrium outcome of corporate default, through its interaction with private information. Specifically, when public disclosure is sufficiently noisy, unique equilibrium only obtains for intermediate values of the precision of private information; when public disclosure is sufficiently precise, multiple equilibria always emerge. The impact of public disclosure on ex ante run probability and creditor welfare is conditioned on the precision of private information, and (when multiple equilibria exist) which equilibrium is played. We also show that the results hold for at least two categories of financial assets, equity shares and credit derivatives.
Cognitive master teacher

The "Cognitive Master Teacher" is a result of discussions with teachers, members of educational institutions, government bodies and other thought leaders in the United States who have helped us shape its the requirements. It is conceived as a cloud-based and mobile-accessible personal agent that is readily available for teachers to use at anytime and assist them with various issues related to day-to-day teaching activities as well as professional development.
STIM and Orai Proteins in Calcium Signaling: an AJP-Cell Physiology series of Themed Reviews

calcium release-activated currents (CRAC) were first described in the early 1990s and shown to carry out key cellular functions. As examples, CRAC channels mediate the depolarizing effect of muscarinic receptor activation in pancreatic β cells ([1][1]) and promote cell cycle progression,
Clay Dispersion, Infiltration, and Erosion as Influenced by Exchangeable ca and Mg

Soils of the US Corn Belt often experience surface sealing, low infiltration, and erosion under rainfall, all of which result in economic loss. This study seeks to establish if high Mg content in these soils can have an adverse effect on soil structure, clay dispersability, water intake rate, and er
Are Channels of Distribution what the Textbooks Say

The author maintains that the role of the middleman is obscured by oversimplified treatment in marketing literature and Census data. In this article he examines channel-building from the standpoint...
MITOCHONDRIAL DNA PHYLOGENY OF THE PAPILIO MACHAON SPECIES GROUP (LEPIDOPTERA: PAPILIONIDAE)

In swallowtail butterflies of the Papilio machaon species group, mitochondrial (mt) DNA divergence has allowed speciation and adaptation to be understood more precisely. The reconstructed phylogeny of mtDNA of the P . machaon group is largely congruent with prior systematic hypotheses based on allozymes and color pattern. Genetic divergences of mtDNA support use of broad, character-based species concepts for the P . machaon group, and allow inferences regarding the origin of hybrid populations. The mtDNA phylogeny provides a guide for evolutionarily appropriate comparisons in studies of the chemical and genetic basis of hostplant use. Finally, mtDNA demonstrates the phylogenetically distinct status of an endangered species, P . hospiton .
Recent advances in anti-armor technology

Recent advances in direct fire, gun-launched, anti-armor technologies are summarized from a U.S. perspective. Critical aspects of gun propulsion, flight, and terminal ballistics are treated. Technology integration and systems considerations are explicitly considered. Plausible directions tor future anti-armor technologies are discussed.
Evaluation of Coulter S-Plus three-part differential in population with a high prevalence of abnormalities.

The authors evaluated the Coulter® S-Plus three-part differential and compared it with the total of component cells obtained by manual slide differential. The patient population (N = 989) was strikingly abnormal, in that 109 samples contained nucleated red blood cells, 118 samples contained one or more abnormal cells (blasts, promyelocytes, or lymphoma cells), and 95 samples had >10% monocytes. The GRAN and LYMPH fractions were accurately measured in the specimens that did not display region (R) flags. The MONO fraction correlated poorly with the manual differential and underestimated monocytes when they were increased. Not all samples with small numbers of abnormal cells or nucleated red blood cells were flagged by the three-part differential. Specimens with eosinophilia and reactive lymphocytosis likewise did not always show R-flags. The following findings (prevalence = 23.9%) were arbitrarily defined to constitute an “abnormal” manual differential: nrbc > 0%, blasts > 0%, promyel > 0%, lymphoma cells > 0%, baso > 5%, myel > 5%, meta > 5%, eos > 10%, reactive lymphs > 10%. Sensitivity of Rflagging for these abnormalities was 81.7% and specificity 73.3%. The predictive value of an R-flagged (“positive”) result was 48.3% and of an unflagged (“negative”) result, 93.0%. Efficiency (accuracy) was calculated to be 75.5%.
Effects of Proton and X-ray Irradiation on Graphene Field-Effect Transistors with Thin Gate Dielectrics

Charge pumping and drain current-gate voltage ( I D - V G ) measurements are used to investigate degradation and environmental effects in X-ray and proton-irradiated graphene transistors. X-ray irradiation initially degrades mobility due to hole trapping in the oxide, and induces oxygen-related p-type doping that is evident in the increase in ID once trapped holes anneal out; after long times, interface trap buildup dominates device response. Both the drain current and charge pumping current decrease initially after proton irradiation due to displacement damage and dedoping. However, continued degradation indicates further damage to the graphene layer itself, likely from oxygen-related defect creation in the graphene, induced water and gas molecules between the graphene layer and underlying substrate, or some combination of both. These results indicate that the environment can significantly affect the radiation response of graphene devices, and that the long-term response of the device may be quite different from the initial response due to defect creation, charge migration and annealing.
Job Design/Redesign Procedure for Manual Materials Handling Tasks

Based on the information available in the literature, a set of MMH capacity models have been developed to accommodate: (1) various types of tasks, such as lifting, lowering, carrying, pushing, and pulling, and (2) important MMH task parameters, such as frequency of handling, height/distance of handling, box sizes, and presence/absence of handles. The models can also be adjusted for work (shift) duration, body twist, and different population percentiles. Following the development of these models, a comprehensive job design/redesign procedure was developed.
Racial and rural-urban disparities in stroke mortality outside the Stroke Belt.

Objectives: Stroke disparities in relation to the Stroke Belt have been studied extensively, but little is known about stroke mortality disparities outside the Stroke Belt. We examined the hypothesis that racial and rural-urban stroke disparities exist outside the Stroke Belt. Design, setting, participants: A county-based population study of stroke mortality in adults, aged $25 years, for a seven-year period (2000–2006) was conducted in the non-Stroke Belt states. Data on stroke deaths were obtained from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. Relative risks (RR) were estimated by multivariable Poisson regression, adjusting for known confounders. Main outcome measure: Stroke death rates. Results: In the non-Stroke Belt states, African Americans had 1.44 times higher stroke death rates than Caucasians, 2.14 times higher than Asians/Pacific Islanders, and 1.56 times higher than American Indians (adjusted RR51.44, P,.001; adjusted RR52.14, P,.001; and, adjusted RR51.56, P,.001, respectively). After adjusting for race, sex, and age, residents of rural counties outside the Stroke Belt still had a statistically significant 12% increase in stroke mortality compared to urban counties (adjusted RR51.12, P,.001). Female sex and older age were also associated with higher stroke mortality. Conclusions: The present study revealed that racial and rural-urban disparities in stroke mortality exist in populations residing outside the Stroke Belt. Stroke mortality in the nonStroke Belt states is disproportionately higher in African Americans and in rural area residents. African Americans are the only racial group in which urban residency is not associated with a decrease in stroke mortality. (Ethn Dis. 2011;21(3):307–313)
Learning Sustainability Leadership: An Action Research Study of a Graduate Leadership Course

This study used action research methodology to examine the development of sustainability leadership in a graduate leadership course. The research investigated the impact of this leadership course, which was designed using transformative learning theory with attention to integrating thematic content, multiple and nondominant perspectives, a participatory process, and a contextual place-based approach. Grounded theory was used to explore if and how students’ understanding of sustainability leadership changed, and the pedagogical strategies that were most influential to their learning. Results revealed that students came to understand sustainability leadership as: the facilitation of a shared process, a process of emergence, and a way of being. Key pedagogical strategies that stood out as being most influential to students’ learning of sustainability leadership including: creating a sense of community, learning from peers, and case-in-point experiential learning. These results point to key pedagogical elements that may support the development of sustainability leadership in higher education courses.
Reactive Metabolites of Oxygen and Nitrogen in Liver Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the evidences that supports the hypothesis that I/R enhances the generation of the superoxide anion radical (O−ˉ) as well as other ROS and that the I/R-induced decrease in steady-state production of NO is mediated directly or indirectly by the O−ˉ-dependent decomposition of endogenous NO. It also discusses the evidence implicating endogenous eNOS-dependent and -independent generation of NO as important regulatory pathways that limit I/R-induced liver injury. Liver ischemia and reperfusion (I/R)-induced injury and inflammation represent a major clinical problem associated with hemorrhagic or endotoxin shock and thermal injury as well as liver transplantation and resectional surgery. Data obtained from several different studies suggest that an important initiating event in the pathophysiology of I/R-induced tissue injury is enhanced production of superoxide concomitant with a decrease in the bioavailability of endothelial cell-derived NO. There is evidence supporting the concept that I/R-induced tissue damage is initiated by the O−ˉ-dependent decrease in steady-state levels of NO. Furthermore, accumulating evidence suggests that eNOS-dependent as well as eNOS-independent generation of NO acts to limit post-ischemic tissue injury. The mechanisms by which this NO free radical protects the post-ischemic liver remain to be defined and are the subject of active investigation. Therapeutic uses of NO or nitrites are currently under way in several different laboratories to treat a variety of ischemic disorders.
Stroke Treatment Academic Industry Roundtable: The Next Generation of Endovascular Trials.

Background and Purpose— The STAIR (Stroke Treatment Academic Industry Roundtable) meeting aims to advance acute stroke therapy development through collaboration between academia, industry, and regulatory institutions. In pursuit of this goal and building on recently available level I evidence of benefit from endovascular therapy (ET) in large vessel occlusion stroke, STAIR IX consensus recommendations were developed that outline priorities for future research in ET. Methods— Three key directions for advancing the field were identified: (1) development of systems of care for ET in large vessel occlusion stroke, (2) development of therapeutic approaches adjunctive to ET, and (3) exploring clinical benefit of ET in patient population insufficiently studied in recent trials. Methodological issues such as optimal trial design and outcome measures have also been addressed. Results— Development of systems of care strategies should be geared both toward ensuring broad access to ET for eligible patients and toward shortening time to reperfusion to the minimum possible. Adjunctive therapy development includes neuroprotective approaches, adjuvant microcirculatory/collateral enhancing strategies, and periprocedural management. Future research priorities seeking to expand the eligible patient population are to determine benefit of ET in patients presenting beyond conventional time windows, in patients with large baseline ischemic core lesions, and in other important subgroups. Conclusions— Research priorities in ET for large vessel occlusion stroke are to improve systems of care, investigate effective adjuvant therapies, and explore whether patient eligibility could be expanded.
Modelos de la femme fatale en el cine de Bigas Luna: Lola y Lulú

Lola (1985) y Las edades de Lulu (1990) son dos filmes del director catalan Bigas Luna donde ya se empieza a constituir la figura femenina –en vinculacion con lo erotico– como eje central de su produccion siguiente. En ambos films, la aparicion de la mujer se inscribe en una tradicion –de antecedentes biblicos, por cierto– que la convierte en la generadora del conflicto: en Lola se asocia con una fuerza involuntaria que hace de ella misma tambien una victima y Lulu es una variante practicamente infantil de un despertar de la sexualidad.
Conceptualizing “Prayer” for an East–West Dialogue and Beyond

Early in the American psychology of religion, prayer was a central topic, emphasizing the “self” (James in Varieties of religious experience. Longmans, Green, New York, 1902) and social activity (Strong in The psychology of prayer. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1909). These writings, and contemporary efforts as well, typically conceptualize prayer as a theistically directed activity of communication, locating the work firmly in Western faith traditions. While this orientation captures a portion of the practice within those traditions, it is difficult to carry that definition over into comparative studies with Eastern practices. The present paper explores alternative ways to think about prayer and analogous activities that may facilitate an East–West dialogue. In addition, non-theistic formulations may help extend the conversation to encompass the spiritual practices of people not associated with any sort of traditionally bounded belief system.
Exemplar-Model Accounts of Dissociations Between Categorization and Old–New Recognition

Single-system exemplar models of categorization and old–new recognition have been challenged on grounds of dissociations observed between the tasks. Statistical dissociations have been reported that show low correlations between categorization and recognition. Behavioral dissociations have been reported in which amnesics with poor recognition memory perform normally on categorization tasks. Brain imaging dissociations have been reported that indicate that separate neural networks are activated when participants engage in categorization versus recognition. Whereas the usual interpretation is that separate memory systems govern categorization and recognition, this chapter reviews work that argues that single-system exemplar models provide natural accounts of the dissociation findings.
Fungal and bacterial contributions to nitrogen cycling in cheatgrass-invaded and uninvaded native sagebrush soils of the western USA

There is interest in determining how cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum L.) modifies N cycling in sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata Nutt.) soils of the western USA. To gain insight into the roles of fungi and bacteria in N cycling of cheatgrass-invaded and uninvaded sagebrush soils, the fungal protein synthesis inhibitor, cycloheximide (CHX), and the bacteriocidal compound, bronopol (BRO) were combined with a 15NH4 + isotope pool dilution approach. CHX reduced gross N mineralization to the same rate in both sagebrush and cheatgrass soils indicating a role for fungi in N mineralization in both soil types. In cheatgrass soils BRO completely inhibited gross N mineralization, whereas, in sagebrush soils a BRO-resistant gross N mineralization rate was detected that was slower than CHX sensitive gross N mineralization, suggesting that the microbial drivers of gross N mineralization were different in sagebrush and cheatgrass soils. Net N mineralization was stimulated to a higher rate in sagebrush than in cheatgrass soils by CHX, implying that a CHX inhibited N sink was larger in the former than the latter soils. Initial gross NH4 + consumption rates were reduced significantly by both CHX and BRO in both soil types, yet, consumption rates recovered significantly between 24 and 48 h in CHX-treated sagebrush soils. The recovery of NH4 + consumption in sagebrush soils corresponded with an increase in the rate of net nitrification. These results suggest that cheatgrass invasion of sagebrush soils of the northern Great Basin reduces the capacity of the fungal N consumption sink, enhances the capacity of a CHX resistant N sink and alters the contributions of bacteria and fungi to gross N mineralization.
Slum Upgrading and Health Equity

Informal settlement upgrading is widely recognized for enhancing shelter and promoting economic development, yet its potential to improve health equity is usually overlooked. Almost one in seven people on the planet are expected to reside in urban informal settlements, or slums, by 2030. Slum upgrading is the process of delivering place-based environmental and social improvements to the urban poor, including land tenure, housing, infrastructure, employment, health services and political and social inclusion. The processes and products of slum upgrading can address multiple environmental determinants of health. This paper reviewed urban slum upgrading evaluations from cities across Asia, Africa and Latin America and found that few captured the multiple health benefits of upgrading. With the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) focused on improving well-being for billions of city-dwellers, slum upgrading should be viewed as a key strategy to promote health, equitable development and reduce climate change vulnerabilities. We conclude with suggestions for how slum upgrading might more explicitly capture its health benefits, such as through the use of health impact assessment (HIA) and adopting an urban health in all policies (HiAP) framework. Urban slum upgrading must be more explicitly designed, implemented and evaluated to capture its multiple global environmental health benefits.
Optogenetic Inhibition of Ventral Pallidum Neurons Impairs Context-Driven Salt Seeking.

Salt appetite, in which animals can immediately seek out salt when under a novel state of sodium deprivation, is a classic example of how homeostatic systems interface with learned associations to produce an on-the-fly updating of motivated behavior. Neural activity in the ventral pallidum (VP) has been shown to encode changes in the value of salt under such conditions, both the value of salt itself (Tindell et al., 2006) and the motivational value of its predictive cues (Tindell et al., 2009; Robinson and Berridge, 2013). However, it is not known whether the VP is necessary for salt appetite in terms of seeking out salt or consuming salt following sodium depletion. Here, we used a conditioned place-preference procedure to investigate the effects of optogenetically inhibiting the VP on context-driven salt seeking and the consumption of salt following deprivation. Male rats learned to associate one context with sucrose and another context with less-desirable salt. Following sodium depletion, and in the absence of either sucrose or salt, we found that inhibiting the VP selectively reduced the elevation in time spent in the salt-paired context. VP inhibition had minimal effects on the consumption of salt once it was made available. To our knowledge, this is the first evidence that the VP or any brain region is necessary for the ability to use contextual cues to guide salt seeking. These results highlight a dissociation between deficit-driven reward seeking and reward consumption to replenish those deficits, with the former process being particularly sensitive to on-line VP activity. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Salt appetite, in which rats will immediately seek out a once-undesirable concentrated salt solution after being depleted of bodily sodium despite never having tasted salt as a positive reward, is a phenomenon showing how animals can update their motivational goals without any new learning or conditioning. This salt-seeking behavior is also observed when the animal is presented with salt-paired cues. The neural circuitry necessary for context-driven salt-seeking behavior is unknown. We used a novel conditioned place preference procedure to show that optogenetic inhibition of the ventral pallidum (VP), a region known for processing reward, impairs context-driven salt seeking and has minimal effects on the consumption of salt itself following sodium depletion. These results highlight the importance of the VP in context-driven reward-seeking behavior.
Big Data Revolution: Is It a Business Disruption?

This paper examines big data revolution and whether big data intertwined with analytics would disrupt the culture, data architecture, data structure, management and security of business, which in turn could fundamentally transform the way business compete, operate, develop product and product profitability. The variety, velocity, veracity, and volume of a typical twentieth-century business data and traditional technology are contrasted against the twenty-first-century business data and innovative technology. The final hypothesis is that big data revolution intertwined with analytics is an innovation that is transforming business. Therefore, there is a need for more businesses to adopt and benefit from big data technology. After close and critical review of big data technology intertwined with analytics, it is argued that a fruitful approach would be the development of a suitable Information Technology and Computer Science academic courses that would reflect big data technology.
Interaction Between Pitch and Timbre Perception in Normal-Hearing Listeners and Cochlear Implant Users

Despite their mutually exclusive definitions, pitch and timbre perception interact with each other in normal-hearing (NH) listeners. Cochlear implant (CI) users have worse than normal pitch and timbre perception. However, the pitch-timbre interaction with CIs is not well understood. This study tested the interaction between pitch and sharpness (an aspect of timbre) perception related to the fundamental frequency (F0) and spectral slope of harmonic complex tones, respectively, in both NH listeners and CI users. In experiment 1, the F0 (and spectral slope) difference limens (DLs) were measured with a fixed spectral slope (and F0) and 20-dB amplitude roving. Then, the F0 and spectral slope were varied congruently or incongruently by the same multiple of individual DLs to assess the pitch and sharpness ranking sensitivity. Both NH and CI subjects had significantly higher pitch and sharpness ranking sensitivity with congruent than with incongruent F0 and spectral slope variations, and showed a similar symmetric interaction between pitch and timbre perception. In experiment 2, CI users' melodic contour identification (MCI) was tested in three spectral slope (no, congruent, and incongruent spectral slope variations by the same multiple of individual DLs as the F0 variations) and two amplitude conditions (0- and 20-dB amplitude roving). When there was no amplitude roving, the MCI scores were significantly higher with congruent than with no, and in turn than with incongruent spectral slope variations. The 20-dB amplitude roving significantly reduced the overall MCI scores and the effect of spectral slope variations. These results reflected a confusion between higher (or lower) pitch and sharper (or duller) timbre and offered important implications for understanding and enhancing pitch and timbre perception with CIs.
Macromolecular Synthesis in Synapses

The synapse has recently been recognized as the critical and even rate-limiting factor in intercellular communication and information processing within the nervous system. An understanding of synaptic organization and synaptic biochemical properties may, therefore, hold the key to understanding the mechanisms of short- and long-term information storage as well as the key to understanding those factors which modulate behavior. Only with the advent of electronmicroscopy and sophisticated electrophysiologic techniques has it been possible to characterize these vital junctions and demonstrate their normal variations, both morphologically and electrophysiologically.
Repetitive simulation is an effective instructional design within a pediatric resident simulation curriculum

Introduction Repetitive paediatric simulation (scenario-debrief-scenario; RPS) is an instructional design that allows immediate application of learner-directed feedback, in contrast to standard simulation (scenario-debrief; STN). Our aim was to examine the impact of RPS embedded within a paediatric resident simulation curriculum, comparing it to STN. Methods In this prospective educational cohort study, paediatric residents were enrolled in STN (n=18) or RPS (n=15) groups from August 2012 through June 2013. Each group performed an initial high-fidelity simulation and another after 1–2 weeks. Attitudes, confidence and knowledge were assessed using anonymous surveys with each scenario and at 4–6 months. Skills were assessed in real time with a modified Tool for Resuscitation Assessment Using Computerised Simulation (TRACS). Two blinded reviewers assessed a subset of videotaped scenarios for TRACS inter-rater reliability. Results Both STN and RPS designs were rated highly. The curriculum led to significant short-term and long-term improvements in confidence, knowledge and performance, with no significant differences between groups. All final respondents reported that they would prefer RPS to STN (n=6 STN, 4 RPS). TRACS intraclass correlation was 0.87 among all reviewers. Conclusions Paediatric residents reported preference for RPS over STN, with comparable impacts on confidence, knowledge and performance. The modified TRACS was a reliable tool to assess individual resident performance. Further research is needed to determine whether RPS is a more effective instructional design for teaching resuscitation skills to paediatric residents.
Meaning, Purpose, and Value of Water

The rational optimization method of allocating water to competing users assumes that water decisions should be rational, efficient, and based on scientific evidence. That may or may not be true. Underlying values about water reflect beliefs about economic efficiency, social equity and environmental protection, the need to provide for future generations, aesthetic and spiritual concerns, the role of government in civil society, and the human right to water. This chapter explores the value basis for water policy decisions. Increasingly, water decisions reflect attitudes about climate change, beliefs about the efficacy of climate science, and competing values about water. Effective water governance acknowledges competing values and adjudicates public disagreements about the meaning, purpose, and value of water.
Digital Communication Systems Using Matlab And Simulink

Digital Communication using MATLAB and Simulink is intended for a broad audience. For the student taking a traditional course, the text provides simulations of the MATLAB and Simulink systems, and the opportunity to go beyond the lecture or laboratory and develop investigations and projects. For the professional, the text facilitates an expansive review of and experience with the tenets of digital communication systems.
Girth Welding Development For X120 Linepipe

This paper discusses the development of a girth welding technique for X120 linepipe. The solid-wire, pulsed gas metal arc welding (PGMAW) process with Ar-based shielding gas was selected for its process control, and low oxygen and hydrogen potentials. The weld metal microstructure was designed using fundamental metallurgical principles and verified through the evaluation of about 20 experimental wires and several commercial-scale heats of wire. Weld metal chemistry and shielding gas composition were optimized. The developed microstructure is termed acicular ferrite interspersed in martensite (AFIM). Transmission electron microscopy was the primary tool used for microstructural analysis and weld metal inclusion design.
History of Teratomas

The recognition of teratomas stretches in time from fragmentary descriptions in ancient times to increasingly frequent gross anatomical observations in the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries. Clinical observations of the biologic behavior of teratomas likewise expanded from isolated descriptions of patients with tumors in various locations to reports of series of cases with increasing knowledge of clinical signs and symptoms. The understanding of the genesis of these tumors, initially attributed to demons and various forms of sexual misbehavior, languished half-buried under the weight of 19th century speculations (Pauly, 1875) until experimental biologists working in the past 15–20 yr began to unravel some of the mysteries of germ cell development and cellular differentiation.
Carbonic Anhydrase and the Carotid Body

In 19322 Meldrum and Roughton in Cambridge and Stadie and Obrien in Philadelphia knew that there must be a catalytic acceleration of the dehydration of HCO3 - in the red cells in a lung capillary and were looking for an enzyme, which turned out to be carbonic anhydrase (CA). In contrast today we know there is CA in the carotid body, but we do not know its function. A fundamental assumption is that since nature carefully maintains CA in the carotid body, it is there for a definite purpose.Therefore I will briefly summarize our present knowledge about CA and list some possible ways in which it might be involved in chemosensing by the carotid body.
Multilevel Systems and Biology—View of a Submolecular Biologist

An attempt is made to analyze biology and the biological sciences as multilevel systems. Models and their use as explanations, as well as the movement of knowledge and scientists between levels is discussed. Three molecular and submolecular level models of biological processes (RNA and memory, DNA replication, and codon-anticodon recognition) are used to illustrate the application of multilevel systems analysis.
Steady-State Simulations of a 30-Tube Once-Through Steam Generator with the RELAP5/MOD3 and RELAP5/MOD2 Computer Codes

AbstractA steady-state analysis of a 30-tube once-through steam generator has been performed on the RELAP5/MOD3 and RELAP5/MOD2 computer codes for 100, 75, and 65% loads. Results obtained are compa...
Resonant and Stationary Waves in Rotating Disks

The analytical conditions for resonant and stationary waves in rotating disks are presented. These conditions are derived from a nonlinear plate theory pertaining to initial configurations and are applicable to rotating disks with initial waviness and/or undergoing large- amplitude displacements. The rotational speeds at which the resonant and stationary waves occur for a 3.5-inch diameter computer memory disk are computed. The resonant waves for linear and nonlinear, rotating disks are simulated numerically. It is found that some disk modes exhibit a hardening effect under which the rotational speeds for the resonant and stationary waves increase with increasing wave amplitude, while other modes experience a softening effect with those rotational speeds decreasing with increasing wave amplitude. The rotating-disk resonant spectrum presented in this paper is relevant to the disk drive industry for determining the range of operational rotation speed.
Phenological and fitness responses to climate warming depend upon genotype and competitive neighbourhood in Arabidopsis thaliana

Author(s): Taylor, MA; Cooper, MD; Schmitt, J | Abstract: Increasing temperatures during climate change are known to alter the phenology across diverse plant taxa, but the evolutionary outcomes of these shifts are poorly understood. Moreover, plant temperature-sensing pathways are known to interact with competition-sensing pathways, yet there remains little experimental evidence for how genotypes varying in temperature responsiveness react to warming in realistic competitive settings. We compared flowering time and fitness responses to warming and competition for two near-isogenic lines (NILs) of Arabidopsis thaliana transgressively segregating temperature-sensitive and temperature-insensitive alleles for major-effect flowering time genes. We grew focal plants of each genotype in intraspecific and interspecific competition in four treatments contrasting daily temperature profiles in summer and fall under contemporary and warmed conditions. We measured phenology and fitness of focal plants to quantify plastic responses to season, temperature and competition and the dependence of these responses on flowering time genotype. The temperature-insensitive NIL was constitutively early flowering and less fit, except in a future-summer climate in which its fitness was higher than the later flowering, temperature-sensitive NIL in low competition. The late-flowering NIL showed accelerated flowering in response to intragenotypic competition and to increased temperature in the summer but delayed flowering in the fall. However, its fitness fell with rising temperatures in both seasons, and in the fall its marginal fitness gain from decreasing competition was diminished in the future. Functional alleles at temperature-responsive genes were necessary for plastic responses to season, warming and competition. However, the plastic genotype was not the most fit in every experimental condition, becoming less fit than the temperature-canalized genotype in the warm summer treatment. Climate change is often predicted to have deleterious effects on plant populations, and our results show how increased temperatures can act through genotype-dependent phenology to decrease fitness. Furthermore, plasticity is not necessarily adaptive in rapidly changing environments since a nonplastic genotype proved fitter than a plastic genotype in a warming climate treatment. A plain language summary is available for this article.
Trading with China, India, and the United States: Bangladesh’s Track Record

To better understand how Bangladesh is gliding into today’s mutable global trade network, this chapter traces trade and investment growth between Bangladesh, on the one hand, and India, China, and the United States, on the other. Both domestic policy changes and evolving global market opportunities have catalyzed the country’s rapid global amalgamation. Amid growing future competition the country’s import size and growth may emerge as a major constraint.
Approximate Fundamental Period for Seismic Design of Steel Buildings Assigned to High Risk Categories

AbstractSeismic analysis provisions in ASCE/SEI 7-16 (ASCE. 2016. Minimum design loads and associated criteria for buildings and other structures. ASCE/SEI 7-16. Reston, VA: ASCE.) use an approxima...
Cerebrospinal fluid pressures during labor.

Abstract 1. The effect of uterine contraction on cerebrospinal fluid pressure has been studied by simultaneous recording of intra-amniotic and cerebrospinal fluid pressures during labor. 2. Changes of intra-abdominal and intrathoracic pressure related to sensation of pain effect the elevation of cerebrospinal fluid during the uterine contraction. 3. Uterine contraction itself does not have effect on cerebrospinal fluid pressure.
Minimization-Aware Recursive K*: A Novel, Provable Algorithm that Accelerates Ensemble-Based Protein Design and Provably Approximates the Energy Landscape.

Protein design algorithms that model continuous sidechain flexibility and conformational ensembles better approximate the in vitro and in vivo behavior of proteins. The previous state of the art, iMinDEE-\(A^*\)-\(K^*\), computes provable \(\varepsilon \)-approximations to partition functions of protein states (e.g., bound vs. unbound) by computing provable, admissible pairwise-minimized energy lower bounds on protein conformations and using the \(A^*\) enumeration algorithm to return a gap-free list of lowest-energy conformations. iMinDEE-A\(^*\)-\(K^*\) runs in time sublinear in the number of conformations, but can be trapped in loosely-bounded, low-energy conformational wells containing many conformations with highly similar energies. That is, iMinDEE-\(A^*\)-\(K^*\) is unable to exploit the correlation between protein conformation and energy: similar conformations often have similar energy. We introduce two new concepts that exploit this correlation: Minimization-Aware Enumeration and Recursive \(K^{*}\). We combine these two insights into a novel algorithm, Minimization-Aware Recursive \(K^{*}\) (\({ MARK}^{*}\)), that tightens bounds not on single conformations, but instead on distinct regions of the conformation space. We compare the performance of iMinDEE-\(A^*\)-\(K^*\) vs. \({ MARK}^{*}\) by running the \(BBK^*\) algorithm, which provably returns sequences in order of decreasing \(K^{*}\) score, using either iMinDEE-\(A^*\)-\(K^*\) or \({ MARK}^{*}\) to approximate partition functions. We show on 200 design problems that \({ MARK}^{*}\) not only enumerates and minimizes vastly fewer conformations than the previous state of the art, but also runs up to two orders of magnitude faster. Finally, we show that \({ MARK}^{*}\) not only efficiently approximates the partition function, but also provably approximates the energy landscape. To our knowledge, \({ MARK}^{*}\) is the first algorithm to do so. We use \({ MARK}^{*}\) to analyze the change in energy landscape of the bound and unbound states of the HIV-1 capsid protein C-terminal domain in complex with camelid V\(_{\mathrm{{H}}}\)H, and measure the change in conformational entropy induced by binding. Thus, \({ MARK}^{*}\) both accelerates existing designs and offers new capabilities not possible with previous algorithms.
Patient characteristics associated with objective measures of digital health tool use in the United States: A literature review

Author(s): Nouri, Sarah S; Adler-Milstein, Julia; Thao, Crishyashi; Acharya, Prasad; Barr-Walker, Jill; Sarkar, Urmimala; Lyles, Courtney | Abstract: The study sought to determine which patient characteristics are associated with the use of patient-facing digital health tools in the United States.We conducted a literature review of studies of patient-facing digital health tools that objectively evaluated use (eg, system/platform data representing frequency of use) by patient characteristics (eg, age, race or ethnicity, income, digital literacy). We included any type of patient-facing digital health tool except patient portals. We reran results using the subset of studies identified as having robust methodology to detect differences in patient characteristics.We included 29 studies; 13 had robust methodology. Most studies examined smartphone apps and text messaging programs for chronic disease management and evaluated only 1-3 patient characteristics, primarily age and gender. Overall, the majority of studies found no association between patient characteristics and use. Among the subset with robust methodology, white race and poor health status appeared to be associated with higher use.Given the substantial investment in digital health tools, it is surprising how little is known about the types of patients who use them. Strategies that engage diverse populations in digital health tool use appear to be needed.Few studies evaluate objective measures of digital health tool use by patient characteristics, and those that do include a narrow range of characteristics. Evidence suggests that resources and need drive use.
Postoperative Pain after Treatment Using the GentleWave System: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Abstract Introduction Cleaning and shaping are necessary to allow for the delivery of irrigants and medicaments to the apical third of the canal. Standard treatment irrigation generally uses a conventional needle and some frequency of sonic activation. The GentleWave System (GWS; Sonendo, Inc, Laguna Hills, CA) combines irrigant delivery with multisonic activation. This randomized clinical trial aimed to determine if the GWS significantly decreases the incidence and intensity of postoperative pain. Methods Patients used a numeric rating scale to record their pain level at the 6-hour time point before treatment. All participants were randomly divided into 2 groups and were blind to the treatment they received. The standard (control) group received endodontic treatment with conventional side-vented needle irrigation and ultrasonic activation. The second group received treatment with the GWS. Following treatment, patients used a numeric rating scale to record their pain level at 6, 24, 72, and 168 hours. Results In the standard treatment group, 72.2% of patients experienced at least 1 occurrence of postoperative pain, whereas in the GWS group, 83.3% of patients experienced at least 1 occurrence of postoperative pain. The highest pain intensity level for both treatments occurred at the 6-hour posttreatment time point. All pain decreased with time after the 6-hour posttreatment time point (P Conclusions There was no significant difference in the incidence or intensity of postoperative pain after either treatment group. However, both groups reported a statistically significant decrease in pain with time.
Managing Crop Diseases Under Water Scarcity.

The significance of water scarcity to crop production and food security has been globally recognized as a pivotal sustainability challenge in the UN Sustainable Development Goals (86). The critical...
Software Design of E-government model Conception

World Currently, there are many forms and areas of application of e-government. At the same time, there is a growing variety of technologies available to improve online administration. The research aims to develop a process model to measure citizen satisfaction. This document presents a complete overview of the e-government landscape through an advanced review of these technologies. This finding suggests that the personalization of e-government initiatives is ideal for the local needs of constituents. Understand the needs of all public segments to ensure that the electronic government system truly helps each citizen meet their human development needs. And enabling citizens to participate in the design of online administration services are the recommendations of the case studies by providing a secure experience to web visitors through the development of a security and disaster recovery plan for the 'online administration. This document allows the user to be the primary determinant of e-government adoption and satisfaction. Of course, we will emphasize that software design research studies the methods to determine the best way to divide a system, how the components are identified and communicated, how the information is communicated, how the elements of a system can evolve independently. The component model of our service is setting by the UML model, that is made up for use case, class and sequence diagrams.
Barriers to Implementing an Artificial Intelligence Model for Unplanned Readmissions

Background Electronic health record (EHR) vendors now offer “off-the-shelf” artificial intelligence (AI) models to client organizations. Our health system faced difficulties in promoting end-user utilization of a new AI model for predicting readmissions embedded in the EHR. Objectives The aim is to conduct a case study centered on identifying barriers to uptake/utilization. Methods A qualitative study was conducted using interviews with stakeholders. The interviews were used to identify relevant stakeholders, understand current workflows, identify implementation barriers, and formulate future strategies. Results We discovered substantial variation in existing workflows around readmissions. Some stakeholders did not perform any formal readmissions risk assessment. Others accustomed to using existing risk scores such as LACE+ had concerns about transitioning to a new model. Some stakeholders had existing workflows in place that could accommodate the new model, but they were not previously aware that the new model was in production. Concerns expressed by end-users included: whether the model's predictors were relevant to their work, need for adoption of additional workflow processes, need for training and change management, and potential for unintended consequences (e.g., increased health care resource utilization due to potentially over-referring discharged patients to home health services). Conclusion AI models for risk stratification, even if “off-the-shelf” by design, are unlikely to be “plug-and-play” in health care settings. Seeking out key stakeholders and defining clear use cases early in the implementation process can better facilitate utilization of these models.
This Land is Our Land: The Struggle for a New Commonwealth: Jedediah Purdy, (Princeton, NJ and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2019, 164 pages, $19.95)

Jedediah Purdy builds his central argument around Aziz Rana’s thesis that the American ideal of freedom has two incompatible faces. America “began as both a world-historical land grab and a world-h...
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Features and Clinical Findings in Pediatric Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension: A Case-Control Study.

The purpose of this study is to identify salient magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of pediatric IIH, to determine the relevance of these findings with regard to disease pathogenesis, and to relate these findings to the clinical presentation towards identification of risk factors of disease. A retrospective, a case–control study of 38 pediatric patients with and 24 pediatric patients without IIH from the ophthalmology department at a tertiary care center was performed. Clinical data, including ophthalmic findings and lumbar puncture results, were recorded. Neuroimaging, including both MRI and magnetic resonance venography (MRV), was evaluated for perioptic subarachnoid space diameter enlargement, posterior globe flattening, optic nerve head protrusion, empty or partially empty sella turcica, dural venous sinus abnormalities, skull base crowding, and prominent arachnoid granulations. Compared with controls, IIH patients had larger perioptic subarachnoid space diameters, higher incidences of posterior globe flattening, protrusion of the optic nerve heads, an empty sella turcica, and dural venous sinus abnormalities. A perioptic subarachnoid space diameter of ≥5.2 mm was identified as an independent predictor of IIH (p < 0.001) with sensitivity of 87% and specificity of 67%. Several significant MRI findings in pediatric IIH were identified. Using a model that uniquely incorporated clinical and MRI findings at presentation, we provide a framework for risk stratification for the diagnosis of pediatric IIH which may be utilized to facilitate diagnosis. Future prospective work is needed to further validate the model developed in this study.