cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
EFFECTS OF ANISOTROPIC HEAT CONDUCTION ON SOLIDIFICATION

Two-dimensional solidification influenced by anisotropic heat conduction has been considered. The interfacial energy balance was derived to account for the heat transfer in one direction (x or y) depending on the temperature gradient in both the x and y directions. A parametric study was made to determine the effects of the Stefan number, aspect ratio, initial superheat, and thermal conductivity ratios on the solidification rate. Because of the imposed boundary conditions, the interface became skewed and sometimes was not a straight line between the interface position at the upper and lower adiabatic walls (spatially nonlinear along the height). This skewness depends on the thermal conductivity ratio k(yy)/k(yx). The nonlinearity of the interface is influenced by the solidification rate, aspect ratio, and k(yy/k(yx).
GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION IN NUTRIENT AVAILABILITY, STOICHIOMETRY, AND METAL CONCENTRATIONS OF PLANTS AND PORE-WATER IN OMBROTROPHIC BOGS IN NEW ENGLAND, USA

Geographic trends in surface water chemistry and leaf tissue nutrients may reflect gradients of nutrient limitation and broad-scale anthropogenic inputs. In 24 rain-fed (ombrotrophic) peatland bogs in Massachusetts and Vermont, we measured nutrient and metal concentrations in pore-water and in leaf tissues of three common bog plant genera - leather leaf (Chamaedaphne calyculata), northern pitcher plant (Sarracenia purpurea), and peat moss (Sphagnum spp.). The concentrations of N, P, and K were low in leaf tissues of all three plant genera, as were the concentrations of many trace heavy metals, including Cr, Cu, Co, Cd, Mo, and Pb. Stoichiometric ratios of macronutrients (N:P, P:K, and N:K) in plant leaves suggested that plant growth in the sampled bogs was limited by P, or was co-limited by all three macronutrients. N:P and N:K nutrient ratios of Sarracenia purpurea and Sphagnum spp. increased toward the northwest and with elevation, but stoichiometric ratios of Chamaedaphne calyculata did not show any clear geographic trends. A principal components analysis revealed additional distinct differences among the three plant genera in their nutrient and metal concentrations. Furthermore, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), Cu, Mg ,N O 3, Al, and K in pore- water increased from the northwest (northwestern Vermont) to the southeast (Cape Cod and eastern Massachusetts near Boston), a gradient of increasing human population density and urbanization. In contrast, pore-water concentrations of SO4 and Al were highest in the western sites, and SO4 concentrations increased with elevations. These patterns may reflect atmospheric inputs from the Ohio River Valley leading to increased acidic deposition, causing Al to be leached from soils. Because bogs are naturally low in nutrients and do not receive substantial inputs from surrounding groundwater, the chemical signatures and nutrient stoichiometry of specific bog plant species or genera may provide useful indicators for assessing spatiotemporal changes in atmospheric deposition.
Professing Feminism: Feminist Academics and the Women's Movement

This article examines feminist academics' work in its social and political context, with the purpose of understanding the conditions which facilitate or impede the incorporation of a feminist perspective into college or university teaching. The discussion analyzes four basic contradictions which pervade feminist academic work: the contradictions (1) between feminist academics and their students, (2) between feminist academics and their disciplines, (3) between feminist academics and the institutional setting of their work, and (4) between feminist academics and feminists working in the larger women's community. The analysis of these contradictions focuses on the role of structured competition in shaping and constraining the ways in which feminist academics can do their work. The article ends with some brief suggestions concerning areas of needed action.
From Rabbits to Humans: The Contributions of Dr. Theodore E. Woodward to Tularemia Research

Tularemia is an endemic zoonotic infection caused by Francisella tularensis, which primarily causes infection in humans who have handled contaminated animal tissue or have been bitten by infected arthropods. Because of its ease of dispersion and transmission and its high degree of infectivity, F. tularensis is also considered to be a bioterrorism agent. Consequently, there is renewed interest in the development of safe, effective measures, such as vaccines, to prevent the morbidity and mortality associated with aerosol exposure to F. tularensis. Current efforts, however, are hampered by the lack of an animal model that faithfully reproduces human infection. Employing a model of "induced human infection" with aerosol administration of F. tularensis, Dr. Theodore E. Woodward and colleagues pioneered the clinical studies of tularemia vaccines that form the basis for current tularemia vaccine research.
Large Deflections of an Inflated Cylindrical Tent

Abstract : The report analyzes the large deformations of a cylindrical, inflated, single-wall tent due to wind pressure and is based on the membrane theory for large deflections but small strains. The tent cross-section is a sector of a circle in the undeformed position, and the wind is blowing on it in the broadside direction. The tent motion is taken as plane, and it is assumed that the wind pressure distribution is known in the deformed state. The problem is solved by numerical analysis and results are presented for the stress, deformed shape, aerodynamic resultants and anchor forces. The problem is of theoretical interest because the linear membrane theory does not have a unique solution for it, and also because it illustrates that the method of small deformations superposed on large is of little help when the large deformation is of unextensional type.
Labor Force Participation and Socioeconomic Attainment of Asian-American Women

Based upon 1970 U.S. Census data and an ethnic stratification analytical framework, this study examines the socioeconomic roles of AsianAmerican women in the United States relative to Anglo women. In general, Asian-American women are more likely to participate in the labor force and to have above-average earnings. The earnings advantage ofAsian women can be explained by theirsuperior educational qualifications, greater levels of full-time work, and geographical location. In spite of their relatively favorable economic position, some Asian women, particularly recent immigrants, remain in the low wage sector of the economy.
Upwind convective influences on the isotopic composition of atmospheric water vapor over the tropical Andes

We take advantage of the spatial coverage provided by the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer on-board the Aura satellite to evaluate processes that control seasonal variations in atmospheric water vapor HDO/H2O values (δDvapor) over the tropical Andes. δDvapor is lower in austral summer (December, January, and February, DJF) than austral winter (June, July, and August, JJA), which is broadly consistent with precipitation studies and with δ18Osnow preserved in tropical Andean glaciers. In DJF, 64% of δDvapor measurements over the tropical Andes are lower than predicted by Rayleigh distillation while 40% of JJA δDvapor measurements are lower than predicted by Rayleigh distillation. Air that has lower δDvapor than predicted by Rayleigh distillation at a given water vapor concentration (q) encounters low minimum outgoing longwave radiation (<240 W m−2) en route to the tropical Andes, suggesting convective intensity controls the isotopic ratios of these measurements. The broad regional coverage of the satellite data allows us to map the spatial extent of the region where isotopic ratios reflect convective processes in different seasons. In DJF, convection strongly influences δDvapor in the central tropical Andes. In JJA, convection influences δDvapor north of the tropical Andes. This pattern suggests that monsoon convection controls δDvapor in austral summer while large-scale advective mixing controls Andean δDvapor in austral winter.
Intercity Relations in Roman Palestine: The Case of Sepphoris and Tiberias

Sepphoris and Tiberias were the most important administrative and rabbinic centers of Roman Galilee. The two cities had much in common: both were associated with Herod Antipas, who rebuilt Sepphoris sometime after a futile revolt in 4 B.C.E. and still later founded Tiberias; both had jurisdiction over the bank and archives of Galilee at various times during the first century; both had pro-Roman factions in the First Revolt, though that of Sepphoris was more influential; both maintained Hellenistic institutions and minted coins; both were connected by the major road built by Hadrian from Acco to the Sea of Galilee;5 both would eventually become home to the Sanhedrin and the patriarchal house; both maintained communities ofpriests associated with a particular mishmar (priestly course), and finally, both attracted many prominent tannaim and amoraim who establishednoted academies.
Deriving binary phase diagrams for chromonic materials in water mixtures via fluorescence spectroscopy: cromolyn and water

We report here the first example of a new and novel method of determining the binary temperature-composition phase diagram of a chromonic material in water using its intrinsic fluorescence. Disodium cromoglycate, or cromolyn, is an anti-allergy medicine representative of a class of compounds known as the chromonics. We have discovered that cromolyn's fluorescence is very sensitive to the polarity, hence structure, of the phase it exhibits. The fluorescence signal shifts its wavelength maximum and its shape depending on whether the cromolyn is a single phase or in coexisting phases. Since the signal due to individual phases can be identified, the fluorescence signal can reveal the temperature-induced transitions between single phase and phase coexistence regions. By studying such fluorescence data for different compositions, an isobaric temperature-composition phase diagram may be constructed. We present here a phase diagram derived from fluorescence studies that is in agreement with previous determinations using other techniques. Our results suggest that the binary phase diagrams of other intrinsically fluorescent chromonic materials, such as perylene monoimide and bisimide derivatives used in organic optoelectronic devices, solar cells, and light-emitting diodes, can be studied in water using an analogous fluorescence approach.
‘Aid Where it is Needed Most’: American Labor’s Military Industrial Complex

Between the late 1940s and mid-1960s, American organized labor emerged among the most enthusiastic supporters of the military-industrial complex. This study examines that emerging relationship, focusing on the efforts of a group of unionists to mold defense spending into a vehicle for promoting employment and addressing social and economic problems. During the Korean War, labor representatives drafted, lobbied for, and helped administration Defense Manpower Policy #4, a policy channeling defense spending to areas suffering high rates of unemployment. With the advent of the Eisenhower administration, preferential policies fell by the wayside, but organized labor continued to press, with some success for defense spending as a general antidote to economic downturns. Late in the 1950s, the Construction Trades Department of Congress of Industrial Organizations and the American Federation of Labor (AFL-CIO), reacting to double-digit unemployment in their ranks, became an active promoter of fallout shelter construction. Despite some initial success in reimplementing preferential policies during the early months of the Kennedy administration, organized labor's defense agenda quickly ran afoul of Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara's plans to systematize and rationalize the defense sector. In the end, resistance from military and business leaders greatly impeded labor's progress. At the very least, however, labor's defense agenda reflects a larger social vision and also suggests the very real attraction to many unionists of the military-industrial complex, a malleable economic realm, open to political influence and somewhat removed from the harsh forces of the market.
Generation of Shear Waves from Explosions in Water-Filled Cavities

Abstract We analyze shear waves from a 27 kiloton nuclear explosion at 597 m depth in salt at Azgir, Kazakhstan, and four subsequent small nuclear explosions in the water-filled cavity of the original explosion. We use local recordings on a common set of radial and vertical component instruments to identify the source of these shear waves. These small explosions caused minimal damage to the cavity walls and so are similar in some important ways to cavity decoupled explosions; however, the signal size is comparable to a tamped explosion. The shear wave amplitudes relative to P generated by the water-filled cavity explosions are comparable to each other and to the tamped explosion. Comparison of the water-filled cavity explosions’ P spectra with a distinct bubble pulse peak and two distinct S phases, which lack that spectral peak, indicates that the S phases are not scattered from P . The initial S -waves’ travel-time curve, impulsiveness, and compactness are consistent with generation at or very near the source and are inconsistent with significant scattering much outside the source volume. We estimate that the S waves are consistent with an S -wave source at the same depth and with the same moment as the spherical component of the explosion source. Nonlinear axisymmetric numerical modeling of the nonlinear deformation of the salt medium indicates that neither fracturing nor asphericity of the nonlinear region outside of the cavity, for a variety of source asymmetries, would produce the observed shear waves for any of the water-filled cavity explosions. Oscillations of the cavity itself due to variations in the amplitude and timing of the pressure around the cavity wall can, however, produce shear waves at the frequencies observed. Both offset of the source and asphericity of the cavity lead to such variations in pressure.
Neo-Pragmatism, Communication, and the Culture of Creative Democracy, by Omar Swartz, Katia Campbell, and Christina Pestana

Omar Swartz, Katia Campbell, and Christina Pestana, Neo-Pragmatism, Communication, and the Culture of Creative Democracy (New York: Peter Lang, 2009), x+175 pp. $32.95 (paper). In this provocative ...
Role of Conserved Amino Acids in the Catalytic Activity of Escherichia coli Primase

The role of conserved amino acid residues in the polymerase domain of Escherichia coli primase has been studied by mutagenesis. We demonstrate that each of the conserved amino acids Arg146, Arg221, Tyr230, Gly266, and Asp311 is involved in the process of catalysis. Residues Glu265 and Asp309 are also critical because a substitution of each amino acid irreversibly destroys the catalytic activity. Two K229A and M268A mutant primase proteins synthesize only 2-nucleotide products in de novo synthesis reactions under standard conditions. Y267A mutant primase protein synthesizes both full-size and 2-nucleotide RNA, but with no intermediate-size products. From these data we discuss the significant step of the 2-nucleotide primer RNA synthesis by E. coli primase and the role of amino acids Lys229, Tyr267, and Met268 in primase complex stability.
A note on the mapping and quantification of the human brain corticospinal tract

Several diffusion tensor imaging tractography (DTT) have been adopted to construct the living human brain corticospinal tract. In this Note, we applied method "A" as recently described and used by "Lin CC, Tsai MY, Lo YC, et al. Reproducibility of corticospinal diffusion tensor tractography innormal subjects and hemiparetic stroke patients. Eur J Radiol 2013;82: e610-6." We compared the results obtained with method "A" with those obtained using an anatomy-guided method "B" on two healthy adults. We also quantified the results using tract volume, and corresponding fractional anisotropy, mean, and radial diffusivities. We demonstrate that accurate mapping and quantification of CST requires at least two regions of interest one at the level of the medulla oblongata, a second at the level of pons, this assures termination at the motor spine and contamination with cerebellar and sensory pathways.
AMISH SCHOOLING: A STUDY IN ALTERNATIVES

This paper summarizes the issues underlying the Amish conflicts with public school consolidation and the enforcement of extended compulsory school-age limits. It calls attention to a long-standing strategy for community control of schools contributing to the maintenance of a culturally divergent minority group tradition. None of the traditional arguments in favor of school consolidation are acceptable. Amish society is localized, formal, and familistic. They are opposed to separating school from life. The Amish struggle to retain the school on a human rather than an organizational scale has centered around four main issues: (1) the location of the school; the Amish insist that their children attend schools located close to their homes, so that children can help with farm work and aspire to become farmers; (2) the training and qualifications of the teacher; in order to teach their way of life, the Amish want to have teachers qualified by their commitment to Amish values; (3) the number of years of schooling; the Amish want education in the basic skills of reading, writing, and arithmetic; and, (4) the content of education; the Amish basically object to having their children trained for a way of life that is contrary to their religion. The Amish have, thus, been able through community discipline and support and protection their children to maintain cultural continuity and integrity, to remain a discrete minority, steadfast to their own vision of the good life. (Author/RJ) Yi Nel 1 14 ono ANTHEZ4014M1,011=1and EEDET VTD6DN Vol. III, No. 2 June 1972
Passive Microwave Remote Sensing of Extreme Weather Events Using NOAA-18 AMSUA and MHS

The ability to provide temperature and water-vapor soundings under extreme weather conditions, such as hurricanes, could extend the coverage of space-based measurements to critical areas and provide information that could enhance outcomes of numerical weather prediction (NWP) models and other storm-track forecasting models, which, in turn, could have vital societal benefits. An NWP-independent 1D-VAR system has been developed to carry out the simultaneous restitutions of atmospheric constituents and surface parameters in all weather conditions. This consistent treatment of all components that have an impact on the measurements allows an optimal information-content extraction. This study focuses on the data from the NOAA-18 satellite (AMSUA and MHS sounders). The retrieval of the precipitating and nonprecipitating cloud parameters is done in a profile form, taking advantage of the natural correlations that do exist between the different parameters and across the vertical layers. Stability and the problem's ill-posed nature are the two classical issues facing this type of retrieval. The use of empirically orthogonal-function decomposition leads to a dramatic stabilization of the problem. The main goal of this inversion system is to be able to retrieve independently, with a high-enough accuracy and under all conditions, the temperature and water-vapor profiles, which are still the two main prognostic variables in numerical weather forecast models. Validation of these parameters in different conditions is undertaken in this paper by comparing the case-by-case retrievals with GPS-dropsondes data and NWP analyses in and around a hurricane. High temporal and spatial variabilities of the atmosphere are shown to present a challenge to any attempt to validate the microwave remote-sensing retrievals in meteorologically active areas.
Low-threshold calcium channel subunit Cav3.3 is specifically localized in GABAergic neurons of rodent thalamus and cerebral cortex

Relatively little is known about the subcellular localization of low threshold Ca²+ channels (T-channels) in the brain. Using immunocytochemical labeling and preembedding immunoperoxidase and silver-enhanced immunogold electron microscopy, we localized T-channel subunit Ca(v) 3.3 in rodent cerebral cortex and thalamus. Double immunofluorescent staining demonstrated that Ca(v) 3.3-labeled neurons in cerebral cortex are a subgroup of GABAergic interneurons that coexpress calbindin and in half of the cases parvalbumin. In the thalamus, virtually all reticular nucleus (RTN) neurons were immunopositive for Ca(v) 3.3, while neurons in dorsal thalamic nuclei were nonimmunoreactive. At the electron microscopic (EM) level, in cortical layers IV-V and RTN neurons, Ca(v) 3.3 immunoreactivity was mainly associated with membranes of dendrites but with some localization in cytoplasm. None was found in axon terminals. In cortex, ≈73% of immunogold particles were present in close proximity to synaptic contacts ( 0.5 μm from the postsynaptic density). In RTN, ≈57% particles were evenly distributed along perisynaptic membranes and the remaining 43% of particles were diffusely localized at extrasynaptic membranes. The density of particles along the dendritic membranes of cortical neurons was 40% higher than in RTN neurons. These results suggest that Ca(v) 3.3 plays a role in regulating GABAergic neurons whose actions underlie thalamocortical rhythmicity.
A High Efficiency Outphasing Transmitter Structure for Wireless Communications

An outphasing radio transmitter can provide high linearity. The overall system efficiency for an outphasing transmitter is constrained by the combiner at the output stage. The combiner efficiency can be as low as 20% for an OFDM signal due to its high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR). We propose a digital signal processing approach to improve the average system efficiency of an outphasing transmitter from 20% to about 80%. The efficiency improvement is achieved by combining PAPR reduction technique with the outphasing transmitter structure. The efficiency achieved by this approach can be optimized according to the probability density functions of the input signals. This new approach is insensitive to the mismatch of the two branches in the outphasing structure.
Solar Neutrino Results from the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory

We describe here the measurement of the flux of neutrinos created by the decay of solar 8B by the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO). The neutrinos were detected via the charged current (CC) reaction on deuterium and by the elastic scattering (ES) of electrons. The CC reaction is sensitive exclusively to νe's, while the ES reaction also has a small sensitivity to νμ's and ντ's. The flux of νe's from 8B decay measured by the CC reaction rate is . Assuming no flavor transformation, the flux inferred from the ES reaction rate is . Comparison of ϕCC(νe) to the Super-Kamiokande Collaboration's precision value of ϕES(νx) yields a 3.3σ difference, assuming the systematic uncertainties are normally distributed, providing evidence that there is non-electron flavor active neutrino component in the solar flux. The total flux of active 8B neutrinos is thus determined to be 5.44 ± 0.99 × 106 cm- 2s- 1, in close agreement with the predictions of solar models.
Bioassay, Morphology, and Histology of the Female Sex Pheromone Gland of Dioryctria abietella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae (Phycitinae))1

The female sex pheromone gland of Dioryctria abietella (Denis & Schiffermuller) is located in the intersegmental membrane between abdominal segments 8 and 9. The gross morphology and histology of the gland are described. The function of the gland was confirmed by bioassay with male moths, and responses were different for relatively high and low concentrations of the sex pheromone. Results of the bioassays indicated that the mating behavior of the male was influenced by other stimuli in combination with the sex pheromone.
Pithomyces chartarum, a mycotoxin-producing fungus, isolated from seed and fruit in Oregon.

(1971). Pithomyces Chartarum, A Mycotoxin-Producing Fungus, Isolated from Seed and Fruit in Oregon. Mycologia: Vol. 63, No. 5, pp. 1086-1089.
A role for executive functions in explanatory understanding of the physical world

Abstract Are executive functions needed only for the expression of an already present understanding of the physical world or they are needed for the construction of that understanding? We addressed this question in the context of Hood’s (1995) tubes task. When asked to find a ball dropped down an opaque curved tube, 2- and 3-year-olds search directly below the place where they have seen the ball dropped, rather than at the bottom of the tube into which the ball was dropped. Instructions about the role of the tubes, but not visual feedback about the correct location of the ball, help children improve on this task. We found that children who scored higher on specific EF measures and on performance IQ showed greater improvement on the tubes task after receiving instructions about the role of the tubes than did children with lower EFs and performance IQ. These results suggest that EFs are needed for the construction of new explanatory understanding of the physical world.
Evaluation of surface components of Vibrio cholerae as protective immunogens

Surface components of a motile Inaba strain (CA401) were removed from washed cells by low-speed shearing. Flagella contaminated with a vesicular material (designated as crude flagella [CFA1) were obtained by differential centrifugation of the shear fluid. Vesicles were obtained from a nonflagellated mutant by the same procedure. Homogeneous small vesicles were obtained in diminished yield from CsCl gradients of CF preparations. Treatment of CF with sodium deoxycholate removed the vesicular material and flagellar sheaths and yielded naked flagella (NF). The ability of these preparations of passively protect infant mice suckled by CFW mothers that had been immunized at the time of mating was compared, on a dry-weight basis, with commercial vaccine (CV). Eight-day-old mice were challenged orally with more than 1,000 50% lethal doses of either the homologous or a heterologous (Ogawa Ca411) strain. The most effective immunogen was CF, which provided complete protection at 1 microng against both challenges. CF and vesicles provided 50- to 100-fold greater protection than CV against homologous challenge. With heterologous challenge, vesicles were 10-fold more protective than CV, markedly less protective than CF. The NF offered only slightly greater protection than CV against both challenges. Immunoelectrophoresis revealed an antigen in CF distinct from vesicles, cell wall lipopolysaccharide or NF. This antigen is not present in the nonflagellated mutant and is apparently associated with motility, Images
Raman and photoluminescence characterization of mesoscopic Si grating structures

Recent observations of efficient, visible room-temperature photoluminescence (PL) in porous Si has stimulated an intense debate regarding its physical origin. Various investigators have attributed this PL to quantum-size effects, to surface chemistry, or to a combination. The random heterogeneous structure of porous Si complicates experimental analysis. Here, we report on Raman and PL measurements of (110) Si grating structures with linewidths in the 5–50-nm range. We have developed a simple, inexpensive, scalable interferometric and dry-oxidation technique for fabrication of large area arrays of mesoscopic-scale Si structures.1,2 Figure 1 shows a scanning- electron-microscope (SEM) picture of a typical Si structure used for these measurements. This picture shows a cross section of 2-p.m-high Si walls (0.34-p.m pitch) with a linewidth of 30 run. These structures are parallel to the {112} direction, the walls face the [ID] directions, and the top of the grating walls are in a {110} direction.
SU-G-JeP3-13: Use of Volumetric Indices to Study the Viability of Respiratory Gating in Conjunction with Abdominal Compression in the Management of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Tumors Using Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy Under the Conditions of Controlled Breathing

Purpose: AAPM TG-76 report advises lung patients experiencing tumor motion >5mm to use some form of motion management with even smaller limit for complex/special procedures like SBRT. Generally, either respiratory gating or abdominal compression is used for motion management. In this retrospective study, we are using an innovative index, Volumetric Indices (VI) = (GTVnn AND GTV50+Xmm)/(GTVnn) to quantify how much of the tumor remains within 1, 2, and 3mm margins throughout the breathing cycle using GTV50+Xmm margin on GTV50[nn=0,10,20,…90]. Using appropriate limits, VI can provide tumor motion information and to check if RPM gates could have been used in conjunction with abdominal compression to better manage tumor motion. Methods: 64 SBRT patients with a total of 67 lung tumors were studied. 4DCT scans were taken, fully capturing tumor motion throughout the 10 phases of the breathing cycle. For each phase, Gross Tumor Volume (GTV) was segmented and appropriates structures were defined to determine VI values. For the 2mm margin, VI values less than 0.95 for peripheral lesions and 0.97 for central lesions indicate tumor movement greater than 4mm. VI values for 1mm and 3mm margins were also analyzed signifying tumor motion of 2mm & 6mm, respectively. Results: Of the 64 patients, 35 (55%) had motion greater than 4mm & could have benefited from respiratory gating. For 5/8 (63%) middle lobe lesions, 21/27 (78%) lower lobe lesions, and 10/32 (31%) upper lobe lesions, gating could have resulted in smaller ITV. 32/55 (58%) peripheral lesions and 4/12 (33%) central lesions could have had gating. Average ITV decreased by 1.25cc (11.43%) and average VI increased by 0.11. Conclusion: Out of 64 patients, 55% exhibited motion greater than 4mm even with abdominal compression. Even with abdominalcompression, lung tumors can move >4mm as the degree of pressure which a patient can tolerate, is patient specific.
Being and Becoming Australian

This chapter is based on the same data set used in Chapter 5 to support the argument that the Australian citizenship debate is currently split between liberal and conservative opinions. The liberal voice, consisting of the intelligentsia and refugee advocates, considers the citizenship test in particular to be an unnecessary burden placed on refugees and immigrants that is unacceptable in a diasporic and cosmopolitan world. On the other hand, the conservative view supports the citizenship test, arguing that refugees in particular are not keen to integrate, but are perceived as seeking citizenship for its benefits, such as the Australian passport and the social welfare entitlements. It is the conservative view that seems to prevail, hence the negative perceptions of refugees and migrants, who are not well received by some sections of Australian society. This chapter extends the discussion in Chapter 5 by arguing that we need to recast notions of citizenship, national identity and belonging in a manner that challenges predominant western-oriented understandings.
A case series of the safety and efficacy of testosterone replacement therapy in renal failure and kidney transplant patients

Background: Hypogonadism is common in patients with renal dysfunction and does not always correct following transplantation. Recent studies show increased mortality for dialysis and transplant patients with low testosterone (T). These patients are often not treated due to concerns over efficacy and complications (both real and imagined). There is surprisingly scant literature supporting the use of T therapy in these patients. We wished to examine the results of T therapy in our patients with renal failure or following transplant. Methods: We identified 15 men in our Men’s Health Registry treated with T who either were on dialysis or had a functioning transplant at time of therapy. Demographic, laboratory and clinical outcome data were collected from the electronic medical record. Results: There were 3 men on dialysis and 12 with a functioning transplant. Mean age was 53.7 years (range, 39–71 years) and mean total serum T was 207.9 ng/mL (range, 45–330 ng/mL). All had bothersome symptoms including fatigue (15/15) and erectile dysfunction (ED) (14/15). Mean hematocrit was 35.8% and 9/15 were anemic. Therapy included patches in 1, topical gels in 6 and testopel pellets in 8. With a mean follow-up of 22.7 months (range, 11–58 monthss), mean T post therapy was 528 (range, 226–869). Mean hematocrit improved to 42.6% and 7/9 anemic patients improved out of the anemic range. There were no cardiovascular or infectious complications. Conclusions: Symptomatic hypogonadism is common in dialysis and transplant patients and T replacement therapy can be safely given with improvement in T values and symptoms in most patients. Anemia is usually improved. Testopel pellets can be used in immunosuppressed transplant recipients without infectious complications.
Analysis of Children’s Errors in Comprehension and Expression:

Children’s oral language skills typically begin to develop sooner than their written language skills; however, the four language systems (listening, speaking, reading, and writing) then develop concurrently as integrated strands that influence one another. This research explored relationships between students’ errors in language comprehension of passages across oral and written modalities (listening and reading) and in language expression across oral and written modalities (speaking and writing). The data for this study were acquired during the standardization of the Kaufman Test of Educational Achievement–Third Edition (KTEA-3). Correlational analyses from the total sample (n = 2,443-3,552) and within grade bands revealed low to moderate correlations (.26-.50). No evidence of convergent or divergent validity was found when comparing correlations of “same-name” error types (e.g., inferential errors across modalities) with correlations of “different-name” error types. These results support previous researc...
Spinal cordectomy: A new hope for morbid spinal conditions

A spinal cordectomy is a treatment option for several disorders of the spinal cord like post-traumatic syringomyelia, spinal cord tumor and myelomeningocele. We have done a systematic analysis of all reported cases of spinal cordectomy to investigate the possible outcomes and complications. A PubMed search was performed for literature published from 1949 to 2015 with search words "spinal cordectomy", "spinal cord transection" and "cordectomy for malignant spinal cord tumors" to select articles containing information about the indication, outcome and complication of spinal cordectomy performed for diverse etiologies. Spinal cordectomy was performed for post-traumatic syrinx (76 cases), SPAM (2 cases), Central pain of spinal cord origin (22 cases), Spasticity (8 cases), Spinal tumors (16 cases) and Myelomeningocele (30 cases). Among the 76 cases, 60 cases fulfilled the inclusion criteria for our outcome analysis in terms of improvement, stabilization or deterioration after spinal cordectomy. The results showed 78.3% excellent improvement, 13.4% stable and 8.3% (5 cases) deterioration. The reported causes of failure of spinal cordectomy for post-traumatic syrinx were scarring of a proximal stump and severe arachnoid adhesion. Sixteen cases of spinal cordectomy related with spinal cord tumors have been reported. Also reported were seven cases of GBM, two cases of AA and one each case of anaplastic tanycytic ependymoma, schwanoma, neurofibroma, atypical meningioma and malignant ganglioglioma. Cordectomy shouldbe strongly considered in patients having malignant spinal cord tumors with complete motor loss and sensory loss below the level of the lesion as a means of preventing the spread of disease from the original tumor focus. Spinal cordectomy is a treatment option with a good outcome for post-traumatic spinal morbidity, spinal cord tumors and myelomeningocele. However, since it is an invasive and irreversible procedure, it is only considered when other options have been exhausted.
Multi-wavelength photoacoustic imaging for monitoring lesion formation during high-intensity focused ultrasound therapy

Photoacoustic imaging (PAI) can be used to monitor lesion formation during high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) therapy because HIFU changes the optical absorption spectrum (OAS) of the tissue. However, in traditional PAI, the change could be too subtle to be observed either because the OAS does not change very significantly at the imaging wavelength or due to low signal-to-noise ratio in general. We propose a machine-learning-based method for lesion monitoring with multi-wavelength PAI (MWPAI), where PAI is repeated at a sequence of wavelengths and a stack of multi-wavelength photoacoustic (MWPA) images is acquired. Each pixel is represented by a vector and each element in the vector reflects the optical absorption at the corresponding wavelength. Based on the MWPA images, a classifier is trained to classify pixels into two categories: ablated and non-ablated. In our experiment, we create a lesion on a block of bovine tissue with a HIFU transducer, followed by MWPAI in the 690 nm to 950 nm wavelength range, with a step size of 5 nm. In the MWPA images, some of the ablated and non-ablated pixels are cropped and fed to a neural network (NN) as training examples. The NN is then applied to several groups of MWPA images and the results show that the lesions can be identified clearly. To apply MWPAI in/near real-time, sequential feature selection is performed and the number of wavelengths is decreased from 53 to 5 while retaining adequate performance. With a fast-switching tunable laser, the method can be implemented in/near real-time.
Public relations, activism and identity: A cultural-economic examination of contemporary LGBT activism

Abstract This article examines a contemporary articulation of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) activism, LGBT youth outreach, as a historically contextual moment. By way of a cultural-economic examination, this study explores the identities constructed by both producers and consumers of an LGBT activist campaign. The cultural-economic model (CEM; Curtin & Gaither, 2005) provides a critical theoretical framework to examine public relations, activism, and social movements.
Sensory Processing Patterns in Autism, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, and Typical Development.

Aims: The purpose of this study was to examine sensory processing in children ages 3–14 years with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and typical devel...
Gut interpretations: how difficulties in emotion regulation may help explain the relation of visceral sensitivity with depression and anxiety among young adults with gastrointestinal symptoms

It is widely recognized that abdominal pain and discomfort are common problems in the United States and are often associated with negative quality of life. The prevalence of anxiety/depression elevations and disorders among persons with gastrointestinal disturbances (GI) is estimated to be at least two to three times the rate in the general population. Visceral sensitivity reflects anxiety about GI sensations and its accompanying contexts and often leads to worsening of sensations (e.g. bloating, upset stomach, diarrhea). Among individuals with GI symptoms, visceral sensitivity may be associated with interpreting common sensations as catastrophic which may be related to greater difficulties with emotion dysregulation (e.g. severe anxiety and depression). The current study evaluated the indirect association of visceral sensitivity via emotion dysregulation in relation to depression, anxious arousal, and social anxiety symptoms among 344 young adults with a current history of GI symptoms and problems. Results indicated an indirect effect of visceral sensitivity via emotion dysregulation. These findings provide novel empirical support for the association of visceral sensitivity with emotional distress symptoms among young adults with GI symptoms. Based on the results, targeting emotion dysregulation may be a promising health promotion tactic among young adults with GI symptoms and disorders.
Picture‐Based Memory Impairment Screen: Effective Cognitive Screen in Ethnically Diverse Populations

Objectives To describe the psychometric properties of the Picture‐based Memory Impairment Screen (PMIS) in a multidisciplinary memory disorder center serving an ethnically and educationally diverse community. Design Cross‐sectional cohort study. Setting Montefiore Center for Aging Brain (CAB) Participants Individuals with cognitive complaints (N=405; average age 76±10, 66% female). Measurements A geriatrician or neurologist administered the PMIS, and a neuropsychologist administered the Blessed Information, Memory, and Concentration (BIMC) test and determined whether participants had dementia, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), or subjective cognitive complaints (SCC). Results Mean PMIS scores were 4.0±2.6 in participants with dementia (n=194), 6.8±1.5 in those with MCI (n= 155), and 7.0±1.8 in those with SCC (n= 56) (p<.001). PMIS scores showed similar significant linear trends when analyzed according to ethnicity, education, sex, and language. The PMIS was negatively correlated with BIMC score (p<.001). The PMIS had positive predictive value of 77%, negative predictive value of 73%, sensitivity of 68%, and specificity of 81% to detect all‐cause dementia in this population of individuals with cognitive complaints. Conclusion The PMIS is a quick, valid screening tool to identify cognitive impairment in individuals with cognitive complaints that accounts for cultural and educational differences.
Oligoclonal Protein Bands and Ig Isotype Switching in Multiple Myeloma Treated With High-Dose Therapy and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation

Multiple myeloma (MM) is usually characterized by production of a single serum monoclonal protein of constant isotype and light-chain restriction. Multiple Ig isotypes and isotype switches, which are rare in untreated patients, are reported to be more common in patients undergoing myeloablative therapy. These additional protein bands, detected by immunofixation electrophoresis (IFE), could be due to altered paraprotein production by the malignant plasma cell clone or oligoclonal Ig production during recovery of B-cell function after myeloablative therapy. We analyzed abnormal protein bands (APB), distinct from the presenting paraprotein, in 550 patients receiving high-dose therapy with autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation at a single institution. Fifty-five patients (10%) had APB, 48 had oligoclonal bands (OB), and 23 had an apparent isotype switch (IS) on IFE (16 had both OB and IS). Morphologic and flow cytometric examination of bone marrow in 17 patients with IS showed no evidence of a clonal plasma cell isotype switch. Patients with APB had significantly higher complete response to therapy (67% v 37%, P = .001). To assess the independent prognostic relevance of APB, a multivariate analysis was performed among 471 patients surviving at least 12 months from first transplant (all patients developing APB had done so by 12 months from first transplant). APB (in 50 patients) was a favorable feature for both event-free (rank 3, P = .004) and overall survival (rank 3, P = .0005). We propose that OB and IS are likely to be due to recovery of Ig production rather than alterations in the biology of the malignant plasma cell clone.
Quantitation of Met Tyrosine Phosphorylation Using MRM-MS

Phosphorylation has long been accepted as a key cellular regulator of cell signaling pathways. The recent development of multiple-reaction monitoring mass spectrometry (MRM-MS) provides a useful tool for measuring the absolute quantity of phosphorylation occupancy at pivotal sites within signaling proteins, even when the phosphorylation sites are in close proximity. Here, we described a targeted quantitation approach to measure the absolute phosphorylation occupancy at Y1234 and Y1235 of Met. The approach is utilized to obtain absolute occupancy of the two phosphorylation sites in the full-length recombinant Met. It is further applied to quantitate the phosphorylation state of these two sites in SNU-5 cells treated with a Met inhibitor.
ROLE OF THE SIMPLE MECHANISMS IN THE PROTON INDUCED BREAKUP OF 3He AND 3H

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the role of simple mechanisms in the proton induced break up of 3He and 3H. One of the approaches related to the understanding of the few nucleon problems lies in the experimental study of the contributions from various open channels to the total reaction cross section of the light nucleus. All experiments have been performed in a coplanar geometry at angular settings that were either symmetrical for both the arms or chosen so as to demonstrate the enhancement in the cross -sections because of a particular reaction mechanism. Among the three body processes, both the (p,2p) and (p,pd) reactions show large enhancement in the reaction cross sections because of quasi-free scattering. Enhancement because of p-p final state interactions is observed at appropriate pairs of angles. Within the four breakup region of 3He, the 1S0 neutron–proton correlation can be isolated. Contributions from quasi-elastic scattering in the spectra can be reasonably well reproduced by plane wave impulse approximation calculations, except in the case of (p,pd) reaction, where possibly neutron pickup becomes important. The cross sections for final state interactions can be obtained reasonably well by using Watson–Migdal formalism.
Biosimilars: Exploring the History, Science, and Progress.

Background Biosimilars provide opportunities for improving healthcare access and outcomes and reducing overall healthcare costs for patients with cancer. Objectives The purpose of this article is to explore the history of biosimilars, regulatory pathways, and barriers to biosimilar approval. This article also aims to describe the patient and clinician barriers to biosimilars use and the progress that has been achieved since the first biosimilar approval in Europe in 2006 and in the United States in 2015. Methods A literature search was conducted to retrieve articles that are highly relevant to the history of biosimilars development and regulatory pathways in the United States, Europe, Asia, and Canada. Patient and clinician perspectives on safety issues and concerns regarding immunogenicity and bioequivalence that limit use of biosimilars are also included. Findings Patient and provider concerns regarding immunologic patient safety issues, such as immunogenicity, lack of comparability, and low biosimilarity, still exist. The clinical safety, efficacy, and tolerability of biosimilars are among the top concerns in patients, prescribers, and clinicians.
More Than One Trap: Problematic Interpretations and Overlooked Lessons from Thucydides

Popular rendition of the so-called Thucydides’ Trap focuses excessively on only one possible explanation of interstate wars to the exclusion of others. It also commits various acts of commission and omission that threaten the validity of its central proposition. This essay reviews some of the major problems pertaining to the logic of inquiry characteristic to this genre of analysis, its interpretation of historical evidence, and its neglect of alternative explanations of war – even those that Thucydides had written about in his account. There is a danger of self-fulfilling prophecy to the extent that leaders in Beijing and Washington are inclined to believe in an analogy to an ancient war that happened some 2500 years ago. Conventional invocations of Thucydides’ Trap fail to recognize that there are several possible pathways to war. Because they offer only a structural explanation based on interstate power shifts, they give short shrift to the role of human agency and fail to attend sufficiently to what leaders can do to avoid conflict.