cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A variational multiscale stabilized formulation for the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations

This paper presents a variational multiscale residual-based stabilized finite element method for the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations. Structure of the stabilization terms is derived based on the two level scale separation furnished by the variational multiscale framework. A significant feature of the new method is that the fine scales are solved in a direct nonlinear fashion, and a definition of the stabilization tensor τ is derived via the solution of the fine-scale problem. A computationally economic procedure is proposed to evaluate the advection part of the stabilization tensor. The new method circumvents the Babuska–Brezzi (inf–sup) condition and yields a stable formulation for high Reynolds number flows. A family of equal-order pressure-velocity elements comprising 4-and 10-node tetrahedral elements and 8- and 27-node hexahedral elements is developed. Convergence rates are reported and accuracy properties of the method are presented via the lid-driven cavity flow problem.
Validation and Refinement of the ABCD2 Score: A Population-Based Analysis

Background and Purpose—Transient ischemic attacks are a frequent diagnosis in the emergency department setting, yet expert opinion as to the proper follow-up and need for hospitalization differs widely. Recently, an effort has been made to risk-stratify patients presenting with transient ischemic attacks through scoring systems such as the ABCD and ABCD2 scales. The aim of our study was to independently validate these scores using a population-based cohort. Methods—Using the data from the Rochester Stroke and Transient Ischemic Attack Registry and resources of the Rochester Epidemiology Project, medical records of all residents of Rochester, Minn, with a diagnosis of incident transient ischemic attack from 1985 through 1994 were examined (N=284). Patients were scored on the ABCD and ABCD2 scales and new scores were created by adding hyperglycemia and a history of hypertension. The end points of stroke and death were collected previously and were verified through the Rochester Epidemiology Project data. Re...
Screen Exposure and Body Mass Index Status in 2- to 11-Year-Old Children

Objective. To measure the relationship between screen exposure and obesity in a large, urban sample of children and to examine whether the relationship is moderated by sociodemographics. Methods. We asked parents of 11 141 children visiting general pediatrics clinics if the child had a television (TV) in the bedroom and/or watched more than 2 hours of TV/computer daily. We measured children’s height and weight, then used logistic regression to determine whether screen exposure indicators predicted obesity (body mass index ≥85th percentile) and interacted with race/ethnicity, sex, age, and health care payer. Results. Having a TV in the bedroom predicted obesity risk (P = .01); however, watching TV/computer for more than 2 hours a day did not (P = 0.54). There were no interactions. Conclusions. Asking whether a child has a TV in the bedroom may be more important than asking about duration of screen exposure to predict risk for obesity.
Caffeine and reduction of fetal ossification in the rat: Fact or artifact?

This study was done to determine the gestational period during which the rat fetus is susceptible to reduction of skeletal ossification by caffeine. Caffeine, 100 mg/kg/day by gavage, caused the greatest reduction in ossification, as assessed by staining with alizarin red S, in fetuses exposed between day 16 to 19 of gestation, less in those treated between day 7 to 19, and markedly less in those receiving it between day 7 to 16; a single dose on day 19 had very little effect. This indicates that the fetus is most susceptible late in pregnancy. Bones in early stages of mineralization on day 20 showed a greater reduction in staining than those in later stages. Thus, caffeine appears to lower the rate of ossification rather than reduce its final extent. In the day 7 to 19 caffeine treatment group, but not in the day 16 to 19 group, maternal and fetal body weights were reduced, and 1.6% of the fetuses had aphalangia. The day 7 to 16 caffeine treatment reduced fetal body weight. This argues against an association between reduction in fetal weight and ossification. None of the treatments affected rates of resorption or litter size. A novel and important observation made is that the different caffeine treatments affected the staining by alizarin of both claws and bones in a qualitatively and quantitatively similar manner. Since claws are devoid of osteoid, this observation questions the specificity of alizarin for the assessment of the state of fetal ossification and raises doubt as to the significance of the observed action of caffeine on ossification.
ANGER AND THE NEGOTIATION OF RELATIONSHIPS IN EARLY MODERN ENGLAND

This article, through a detailed examination of the private papers of the English landed elite, argues for the important place of anger in early modern society. It investigates the verbal expression of rage, from irritation to fury, in men and women: why it was aroused, how it was articulated, its effects, and in what circumstances anger was regarded as a legitimate response. Anger was a forceful invitation to renegotiate unsatisfactory aspects of relationships. It spotlighted deficiencies in duty, unacceptable conduct, disrespect, broken promises, and frustrated expectations. The article also challenges the prevailing approach to the history of emotions and suggests that we move from a model of linear repression to one of situated experience. Rather than postulating the gradual suppression of unacceptable emotions, historians should examine the conventions governing the expression of emotions in context, as well as the many perspectives on what was acceptable behaviour and what was not. Focusing on the situated use of emotions brings to light the different emotional mentality of the seventeenth century which linked emotions in unfamiliar ways. It also enables to us to uncover the interaction of emotions and how individuals engaged in daily life with cultural scripts, as well as bringing us closer to unravelling the emotional system of early modern England.
Quantitation and identification of fumonisins by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry.

A method was evaluated for the quantitation and identification of fumonisins by on-line liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) with electrospray ionization. A linear response in the full-scan mode with positive ion detection was obtained for fumonisin B1 (FB1) over the range of 5–5000 ng injected on-column. Purified FB1, FB2, and half-hydrolyzed FB1 showed equimolar responses. Fully hydrolyzed FB1 did not show a similar molar response profile and produced a signal which was approximately 2 times that obtained for an equal quantity of FB1. Most known fumonisins and preparative by-products such as methyl esters were chromatographically resolved and identified by MS by using an acetonitrile gradient and positive ion detection. Negative ion electrospray was used to differentiate fumonisin amides from esters on the basis of differences in response. Response factors for FB1 and the acetyl amide of FB1 in the negative ion mode at pH 4.5 were approximately 1:3, respectively.
Crystal structure of N-(3-oxo-butano-yl)-l-homoserine lactone.

The structure and absolute configuration of the title compound, C8H11NO4, which is a known quorum-sensing modulator, have been determined. The mol­ecule exhibits signs of an intra­molecular attractive carbon­yl–carbonyl n→π* inter­action between the amide and lactone ester groups, specifically – a short contact of 2.709 (2) A between the amide oxygen atom and ester carbon atom, approach of the amide oxygen atom to the ester carbonyl group along the Burgi–Dunitz trajectory, at 99.1 (1)°, and pyramidalization of the ester carbonyl group by 1.1 (1)°. Moreover, a similar n→π* inter­action is observed for the amide carbonyl group approached by the ketone oxygen donor. These inter­actions apparently affect the conformation of the uncomplexed mol­ecule, which adopts a different shape when bound to protein receptors. In the crystal, the mol­ecules form translational chains along the a axis via N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds.
The Joy of Publishing

This presentation to the Thomas M. Cooley Legal Authors Society describes three joyous stages in the publication of legal scholarship. They are identified as, first, the joy of birth (seeing your words in print). Second, the joy of recognition accorded the author (all too fleeting). And third, the joy of becoming an authority (due to the ripple effect of subsequent citations in the footnotes of others). Despite the drudgery of research, the tedium of writing, and the agony of awaiting editors’ decisions to publish or return your manuscript, new law teachers should strive to break into print as early as possible to experience the joys of publishing.
Possibilities of Computerizing the Field of Economic and Financial Analysis With Expert Systems Technologies

The now-a-day business environment, based on market economy, stresses out the idea that the main strengths of a business resides in the efficiency and profitability of its activity. Thus, with the use of intelligent systems for determining the economic and financial situation of an enterprise there may be better chances to fulfill the goal of obtaining better economic performances.As there are several expert systems shells available on the market that can be used to design an intelligent prototype for the purpose of analyzing and diagnosing the economic and financial ratios of an enterprise, the papers' major aim is to present some possibilities of computerizing the field of Economic and Financial Analysis with Expert Systems technologies.Moreover, throughout the current research I intend to present some Expert System shells contribution toward accomplishing the main goal of the paper.
Data dissemination protocols in wireless sensor networks: design, modeling and security

Wireless sensor and actuator networks have been one of the stepping stones towards realizing a pervasive computing infrastructure. However, in a post-deployment scenario, transferring critical updates and reconfigurations on a network-wide scale is a non-trivial proposition. Wireless techniques provide the only means of communication, and consequently, an in-depth study of the multihop broadcast based communication paradigm and the design of efficient and reliable data dissemination protocols for reprogramming a sensor network is of paramount importance. In this dissertation, we initially focus on the formal modeling and performance analysis of broadcast-based data dissemination protocols in wireless sensor networks. The data propagating in the network could be either small configuration information to be shared by all the nodes or a large code image required for reprogramming the network. In order to better understand the propagation behavior, we construct a mathematical model that allows us to compare different dissemination protocols in terms of their speed of propagation and extent of network reachability. Next, from a perspective of security, we investigate the potentially disastrous threat of node compromise originating from a single node infected with a piece of malware, propagating to other nodes and gradually compromising the entire sensor network. Focusing on the possible epidemic breakout of such a propagation, we model and analyze this spreading process and identify key factors determining potential outbreaks. More importantly, we compare the propagation process based on different sensor deployment strategies, for instance, uniform and group-based deployment, thereby getting valuable insights for designing secure networks. Subsequently, we delve onto a specific case of a malware spreading over existing data dissemination protocols in sensor networks. In order to better understand these protocols' vulnerability to piggybacked virus attacks, we construct a mathematical model for the malware infection, incorporating important parameters derived from the communication patterns of the protocol under test. We further enrich our study by observing the effects of a simultaneous recovery process on the infection propagation. The overall result is an approximate but flexible framework to characterize a broadcast protocol in terms of its vulnerability to malware propagation. Having focused on analyzing data dissemination techniques in static sensor networks, we observe that existing data dissemination protocols are inefficient in a mobile environment and require effective modifications to suit the uncertainties and demands of network mobility. Thus, we propose a novel wireless multihop data dissemination protocol, suitable to a mobile sensor network and evaluate it through extensive simulations as well as real testbed implementation on a network of SunSPOT devices. Our results indicate an improved performance of our protocol over existing reprogramming protocols, both in terms of completion time and total number of messages transmitted in the network.
AGE FACTOR IN ADAPTATION OF VACCINIA VIRUS TO MOUSE BRAIN.

SummaryVarious methods were examined in an effort to adapt a non-neurotropic line of the IHD strain of vaccinia virus to the central nervous system of the adult mouse. This was accomplished only by passing the virus serially in mouse brain, beginning with the 1-day-old mouse, and gradually increasing the age. The adaptation process was unique in that the age of the mouse could be increased only by small increments, with prolonged passage at each step,
Isolation of Circumferential Microtubules From Platelets Without Simultaneous Fixation

Circumferential bands of microtubules (MT) support the discoid shape of resting platelets and participate with the contractile apparatus in shape change and internal contraction following activation. Elucidation of interactions between the circumferential coils and proteins of the stable and contractile cytoskeleton is essential for understanding MT function in platelet physiology. A previous investigation demonstrated that the circumferential rings can be isolated intact from resting platelets following simultaneous exposure to glutaraldehyde and Triton X-100. However, the use of fixation prevented the characterization of protein interactions. The present study has circumvented this problem by developing a procedure for isolating intact microtubule coils from detergent-treated platelets without the use of fixative agents. Incubation of the platelets for intervals of 30 to 60 minutes with the microtubule-stabilizing agent taxol preserved the circumferential bundle after extraction with Triton X-100 even after washing five times. The procedure has made it possible to carry out protein studies on isolated microtubule rings and associated proteins.
Impairment of endothelium-dependent responses of cerebral arterioles in chronic hypertension.

The goal of this study was to determine whether endothelium-dependent responses are impaired in the cerebral microcirculation of stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP). We measured di...
ACC International Outreach and the Global Cardiovascular Community

![Figure][1] Although momentous progress has been made in treating cardiovascular diseases and reducing morbidity and mortality, they still remain the number 1 cause of death globally. We are living in “a new world” where global health is “central in a sustainable development paradigm
Investigations of Genetic Risk Factors in MDS and AML Using High- Density 6.0 Affymetrix Arrays

Genetic predisposition to MDS and AML is likely polygenic and may involve several low penetrance alleles which in concert with exogenous factors result in highly variable presentation, not easily amenable to genetic studies. With the advent of whole genome scanning (WGS) technologies utilizing various SNP array (SNP-A) platforms, large scale investigations in various disorders have been conducted. In hematological malignancies to date no systematic disease-association studies using SNP-A have been reported, likely due to lower prevalence of these conditions and a highly variable phenotype. We have applied SNP-A to conduct the first GWS in MDS and MDS-derived AML with the goal to identify possible low prevalence genetic variants that contribute to the pathogenesis of these conditions and explain individual disease risk. We have studied 189 patients with MDS and secondary AML as well 119 internal controls using SNP-A. Affymetrix GeneChip 6.0 (924644 SNP probes covering most of the known LD blocks) is designed to capture 67%-89% of SNP variation among Caucasians. Following exclusion of SNP’s with a call rate of −4 ) including, rs2477436, rs503243, rs3768593, rs4651151 and rs549191 are part of an LD block spanning NMAT2 and LAMC2 loci. The corresponding minor variant frequencies were 6.6% and 37.6% in homozygous and heterozygous constellation, respectively (controls: 0% and 21.6%). Second potential locus identified in our study consisted of 4 markers, all of them located on SGCE gene (rs1357318, rs2037496, rs4330611, rs13225971; p −4 ) with frequencies of homozygous variant in patients at 0.8% and 28.9% with heterozygous variant (controls 0% and 15.2%), respectively. FRAP1 (MTOR) gene was represented by singular rs3730380 marker (p=2.7×10 −6 ), occurring at the heterozygous frequency of 17.8% vs. allelic frequency of 0% in controls. FRAP1 is a critical downstream effector of Akt involved in cell cycle regulation and angiogenesis being central regulator in PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. Genetic alterations of the pathway are frequent events in preneoplastic lesions and advanced cancers. Similarly, increased frequency of minor alleles of rs6030469 in PTPRT locus was found in homozygous and heterozygous constellation at 1.4% vs. 0% and 27.3% vs. 8.5% (p=4.80 × 10-5) in patients and controls, respectively. PTPRT gene was also found to be frequently mutated in cancer and is involved in growth regulation. For example, overexpression of PTPRT may lead to reduced expression of STAT3 target genes. In sum, our study constituting the first systematic approach of WGS to identify genetic risk factors in AMS and AML, suggests that several informative loci can be selected for delineation of the causative polymorphisms.
Virtual Advisors in the Virtual World

Virtual environments such as immersive 3D virtual worlds often contain human-like embodied agents with different levels of intelligence.
Typical angina is associated with greater coronary endothelial dysfunction but not abnormal vasodilatory reserve.

Background Typical angina (TA) is defined as substernal chest pain precipitated by physical exertion or emotional stress and relieved with rest or nitroglycerin. Women and elderly patients are usually have atypical symptoms both at rest and during stress, often in the setting of nonobstructive coronary artery disease (CAD). Hypothesis To further understand this, we performed subgroup analysis comparing subjects who presented with TA vs nontypical angina (NTA) using baseline data of patients with nonobstructive CAD and coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD) enrolled in a clinical trial. Methods 155 subjects from the RWISE study were divided into 2 groups based on angina characteristics: TA (defined as above) and NTA (angina that does not meet criteria for TA). Coronary reactivity testing (responses to adenosine, acetylcholine, and nitroglycerin), cardiac magnetic resonance–determined myocardial perfusion reserve index (MPRI), baseline Seattle Angina Questionnaire (SAQ), and Duke Activity Status Index (DASI) scores were evaluated. Results The mean age was 55 ± 10 years; Overall, 30% of subjects had TA. Baseline shortness of breath, invasively assessed acetylcholine-mediated coronary endothelial function, and SAQ score were worse in the TA group (all P < 0.05), whereas adenosine-mediated coronary flow reserve, MPRI, and DASI score were similar to the NTA group. Conclusions Among subjects with CMD and no obstructive CAD, those with TA had more angina pectoris, shortness of breath, and worse quality of life, as well as more severe coronary endothelial dysfunction. Typical angina in the setting of CMD is associated with worse symptom burden and coronary endothelial dysfunction. These results indicate that TA CMD subjects represent a relatively new CAD phenotype for future study and treatment trials.
Perspectives on Pitfalls and Hassles in Single-Subject Research:

Single-case research designs have emerged as a major methodological strategy in some areas of social science research. Yet, single-subject research is plagued by a number of methodological, concept...
Early Personnel Management in the Federal Civil Service

Modern public personnel administration might be said to originate from the passage of the Civil Service Reform Act of 1883, or more generally from the management movement and from Taylor’s work in the late nineteenth century, which together fueled the scientific management movement of the twentieth century (Person 1930–35). But these events have a history also. Officials of the American government had to deal with personnel problems from the beginning of the Republic. The early presidents, giving substantial weight to qualifications as well as to political views and class background (“community standing”), personally filled the top appointive positions of the government (Finer 1952). They delegated to department heads the job of filling clerical positions. Department heads in turn frequently relied on the recommendations of their chief clerks when making these appointments (White 1951: 129). There was no need to recruit for these jobs; the number of applicants was more than adequate. Once employed, the civil servants, with official sanction, enjoyed long tenure in office (White 1948: 513–515). During the Federalist and Jeffersonian years, some departments even had a rudimentary system of promotion (Fish 1905; White 1953). Thus, long before industrialists began organizing jobs into promotion lines at the turn of the twentieth century, at least some federal administrators had concluded that promotion was an efficient way to fill job vacancies.1
Grooming behaviors of black‐tailed prairie dogs are influenced by flea parasitism, conspecifics, and proximity to refuge

Grooming is a common animal behavior that aids in ectoparasite defense. Ectoparasites can stimulate grooming, and natural selection can also favor endogenous mechanisms that evoke periodic bouts of “programmed” grooming to dislodge or kill ectoparasites before they bite or feed. Moreover, grooming can function as a displacement or communication behavior. We compared the grooming behaviors of adult female black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus) on colonies with or without flea control via pulicide dust. Roughly 91% of the prairie dogs sampled on the non-dusted colony carried at least one flea, whereas we did not find fleas on two dusted colonies. During focal observations, prairie dogs on the non-dusted colony groomed at higher frequencies and for longer durations than prairie dogs on the dusted colonies, lending support to the hypothesis that fleas stimulated grooming. However, the reduced amount of time spent grooming on the dusted colonies suggested that approximately 25% of grooming might be attributed to factors other than direct stimulation from ectoparasites. Non-dusted colony prairie dogs rarely autogroomed when near each other. Dusted colony prairie dogs autogroomed for shorter durations when far from a burrow opening (refuge), suggesting a trade-off between self-grooming and antipredator defense. Allogrooming was detected only on the non-dusted colony and was limited to adult females grooming young pups. Grooming appears to serve an antiparasitic function in C. ludovicianus. Antiparasitic grooming might aid in defense against fleas that transmit the plague bacterium Yersinia pestis. Plague was introduced to North America ca. 1900 and now has a strong influence on most prairie dog populations, suggesting a magnified effect of grooming on prairie dog fitness.
Why All the Shots at Airway Pressure Release Ventilation When Conventional Ventilation Doesn't Have Consensus?

To the Editor: I would like to thank the authors for bringing to light the need for further education on airway pressure release ventilation (APRV) and how to manage this mode of ventilation.[1][1] However, for Miller, Gentile, Davies, and MacIntyre to state that “there is only limited consensus
Large-Scale Polarization-Insensitive Silicon Photonic MEMS Switches

We report on 50 × 50 silicon photonic micro-electromechanical-system (MEMS) switches with reduced polarization dependence. The switches make use of two-level waveguide crossbars and MEMS-actuated adiabatic couplers. Simulations indicate that by eliminating all polarization-dependent elements (e.g., waveguide crossings), low polarization-dependent losses (<1 dB) can be realized. An experimental prototype switch was fabricated by bonding two silicon-on-insulator wafers. A polarization-dependent loss of 8.5 dB and a polarization-dependent delay of 44 ps were measured. The extinction ratios are greater than 40 dB for both polarizations. With improved fabrication, total on-chip loss <2 dB can potentially be achieved for both polarizations.
A New Soft-Switching Topology for Switched Inductor High Gain Boost

This paper proposes a new high-gain soft-switching dc–dc topology based on a switched inductor boost converter (SIBC). A conventional SIBC as a high gain boost topology has the issues of high conduction loss in switching diodes and high switching loss in the main switches. Also, it has severe electromagnetic interference (EMI) issue due to high-frequency ringing formed by parasitic inductance and diode junction capacitors. The new topology is derived with the objective of achieving zero voltage switching (ZVS) turn on of the main switch. Instead of adding extra active clamp zero voltage transition (ZVT) path at the switching node, the proposed topology augments the auxiliary ZVT path to the switching diode path. This is achieved by replacing the switching diodes with synchronous switches. The new topology can achieve soft switching for all the switches and alleviate the EMI issue. All the diodes achieve zero current switching (ZCS) turn off without reverse recovery. Auxiliary switches have ZCS turn on and ZVS turn off , and the main switches have ZVS turn on . The soft-switching SIBC also reduces the conduction loss in the switching diodes. A numerical simulation in PLECS and a prototype hardware are built corresponding to a micro-inverter application with 100 kHz switching frequency. Peak power conversion efficiency of 94.76% is achieved in the hardware prototype with Si devices.
Vitamin D and Lung Cancer

Abstract Vitamin D metabolites exhibit chemopreventive, antiproliferative, and antimetastatic activity in preclinical models of lung cancer. Besides having direct actions on tumor cells, vitamin D may control lung cancer by favorably altering the lung tumor microenvironment and immune function. Several factors are likely to modulate vitamin D activity in lung cancer patients including active cigarette smoke exposure, somatic variation in vitamin D pathway genes, and molecular heterogeneity of lung tumors. Promising data exist regarding vitamin D actions in individuals who have chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and are at elevated risk for lung cancer. However, vitamin D-containing therapies have yet to demonstrate significant activity in unselected, advanced lung cancer patients. Future trials may benefit from a personalized medicine approach wherein the molecular profile of a patient's lung tumor and a patient's vitamin D status are used to identify individuals who are more likely to benefit from vitamin D supplementation.
Validation of critical strain technique for assessing stability of coal mine intersections and its potential for development of roof control plans

Abstract Both room-and-pillar and longwall mining systems develop underground excavations whose stability must be ensured over their entire service life. Even though rock bolts have been extensively used as a support element in US coal mines for about 40 years, limited research has been conducted in quantifying its composite reinforcement effects. Recently, the authors suggested an approach to quantify the reinforcement effect of roof supports over a designated area based on critical failure strains in tension, compression and shear. This paper validates the critical strain technique (CST) using a case study and justifies the magnitude of selected critical strain by corroborating with the US roof fall statistics. Intersections are vulnerable to failure due to the larger exposed roof span and associated stress concentrations. Through numerical application of the CST to a case study, it was demonstrated that modifying the opening orientation and installing reinforcement at critical locations can help to improve the overall stability of intersections.
Uncharted forest: A technique for exploratory data analysis

Exploratory data analysis is crucial for developing and understanding classification models from high-dimensional datasets. We explore the utility of a new unsupervised tree ensemble called uncharted forest for visualizing class associations, sample-sample associations, class heterogeneity, and uninformative classes for provenance studies. The uncharted forest algorithm can be used to partition data using random selections of variables and metrics based on statistical spread. After each tree is grown, a tally of the samples that arrive at every terminal node is maintained. Those tallies are stored in single sample association matrix and a likelihood measure for each sample being partitioned with one another can be made. That matrix may be readily viewed as a heat map, and the probabilities can be quantified via new metrics that account for class or cluster membership. We display the advantages and limitations of using this technique by applying it to two classification datasets and three two provenance study datasets. Two of the metrics presented in this paper are also compared with widely used metrics from two algorithms that have variance-based clustering mechanisms.
Examining the Work of Teaching Geometry as a Subject-Specific Phenomenon

This paper describes how the notion of instructional situation can serve as a cornerstone for a subject-specific theory of mathematics teaching. The high school geometry course in the U.S. (and some of its instructional situations—constructing a figure, exploring a figure, and doing proofs) is used to identify elements of a subject-specific language of description of the work of teaching. We use these examples to analyze records of a geometry lesson and demonstrate that, if one describes the actions of a teacher using descriptors that are independent of the specific knowledge being transacted, one might miss important elements of the instruction being described. However, if the notion of instructional situations is used to frame how one observes mathematics teaching, then one can not only track how teacher and students transact mathematical meanings but also identify alternative instructional moves that might better support those transactions.
Ranking the Olympians Before U.S. News: When Vanity Fair and The Bookman Told Their Readers Who Really Mattered

When were the first law-related rankings published? Answering that question would be like determining when the first baseball game was played. You would have to start by settling fundamental and disputable definitional issues: What is a publication (or what is baseball)? What counts as a ranking (or a game)? And so on. Experts, even those who are most eminently knowledgeable and admirably reasonable, sometimes disagree about such things. Then, if you were to miraculously manage to settle all such matters of meaning, you would have to look everywhere that such a ranking might have been published (or such a game recorded). That is too much. Better to work incrementally – to report ever-earlier sightings as you find them and hope that definitional consensuses grow as unexplored territories shrink. That is the spirit in which I offer this report on two sets of rankings published in the early 20th century.
Understanding mental health among military veterans in the fire service.

Abstract Firefighters who have previously served in the military may be at potentially higher risk for worsened mental health outcomes. This investigation examined the mental health of military veterans, as compared to non-veterans, in the fire service. We hypothesized that firefighters who endorsed military veteran status would have higher rates of mental health symptoms, in comparison to firefighters who did not endorse prior service in the military. Age, gender, and race/ethnicity were used as covariates. The sample was comprised of 910 career firefighters, 209 (23.0%) of whom endorsed military veteran status. One-way analyses of covariance were employed. The military veteran subsample reported significantly higher levels of sleep disturbance, depression, and posttraumatic stress symptom severity in comparison to the non-veteran subsample; however, effect sizes were small indicating that between group differences are actually negligible. Results highlight the need to improve our understanding of risk and resilience factors for firefighters who have served in the military, as this line of inquiry has potentially important mental health intervention implications for this exceptionally understudied population.
Magnetostrictive Imaging Systems

Many ferromagnetic materials, especially nickel and certain ferrites, demonstrate magnetostrictive properties, i.e., they undergo a change in length along the direction of an applied magnetic field. This phenomenon is used to form an imaging system, using both electromagnetic and ultrasonic waves, with many characteristics different from the normal pulse-echo ultrasonic system.
Excretion of 14C-Fumonisin B1, 14C-Hydrolyzed Fumonisin B1, and 14C-Fumonisin B1-Fructose in Rats

14C-Fumonisin B(1) (FB(1)) was produced by Fusarium proliferatum M-5991 in modified Myro liquid medium and purified to >95% purity with a specific activity of 1.7 mCi/mmol. Nine male and nine female F344/N rats were each dosed by gavage with 0.69 micromol of (14)C-FB(1), (14)C-hydrolyzed FB(1), or (14)C-FB(1)-fructose/kg body weight. Urinary excretion of (14)C-FB(1) and (14)C-FB(1)-fructose was 0.5% and 4.4% of the total dose, respectively, and was similar between male and female rats. Urinary excretion of (14)C-hydrolyzed HFB(1) was significantly greater (P > 0.05) in female rats as compared with male rats (17.3% vs 12.8% of the total dose, respectively). There were no significant (P > 0.05) differences in biliary excretion of the three fumonisin compounds with a mean of 1. 4% of the dose excreted at 4 h after dosing. Lesser amounts continued to be excreted up to 9.25 h after dosing. Although biliary excretion of the (14)C-FB(1), (14)C-hydrolyzed FB(1), and (14)C-FB(1)-fructose was similar, increased urinary excretion of the (14)C-hydrolyzed FB(1) as compared to (14)C-FB(1) and (14)C-FB(1)-fructose indicated a greater absorption of the hydrolyzed form.
An Exploration of Organizational Capabilities for Emergency Response

REQUIRED) In this paper, we examine emergency response through the theoretical lens of organizational capability literature. Specifically, we theorize the crucial roles of dynamic capability and improvisational capability in improving functional competence of emergency management, which in turn determines main response outcomes such as response effectiveness and stakeholder satisfaction. We also discuss the likely value of IT leveraging capability in cultivating organizational dynamic capability and improvisational capability in emergency response. Based on emergency literature, we identify four imperative information technologies that are likely to cultivate IT leveraging capability in emergency management. Finally, we theorize the potential relationships between dynamic and improvisational capabilities. Expected findings of the paper will make contributions to the studies of emergency management and inform practitioners such as emergency technology developer and first responders.
Environmental Disclosure, Environmental Performance, and Firm Characteristics: An Analysis of S&P 100 Firms

Environmental protection and sustainable development have become an important issue in today's global economy. However, there are only limited requirements for environmental disclosure for publicly-held firms in the United States. This study first measures the environmental disclosure of S&P 100 firms based on keyword frequency count of their 10k reports from 2004 to 2008. It also examines the relationships between environmental disclosure, firm performance and firm characteristics. Our results indicate that environmental disclosure actually has a significant negative impact on firm performance after controlling for firm size, growth and leverage. The results imply that more environmental disclosure may indicate potential environmental problems within the firm and that this may hamper the firm's financial performance. We also find that better-performing firms and highly-leveraged firms tend to have lower environmental disclosures. It implies that these firms may have better compliance with environmental laws and regulations.
Molecular Mechanisms of Platelet Activation and Inhibition

The basic mechanisms that operate in hemostasis and thrombosis are similar although the inciting processes and the consequences are different. Both encompass a complex sequence of interrelated events involving the vessel wall, platelets, and the coagulation system. Following injury to the blood vessel, platelets adhere to exposed subendothelium by a process (adhesion) which involves the interaction of a plasma protein, von Willebrand factor (vWF), and a specific protein on the platelet surface, glycoprotein Ib (GPIb). Adhesion is followed by recruitment of additional platelets which form clumps, a process called aggregation (cohesion). This platelet-platelet interaction involves binding of fibrinogen to specific platelet surface receptors - a complex comprised of glycoproteins IIb-IIIa (GPIIb-IIIa). In the resting state, platelets do not bind fibrinogen; platelet activation induces a conformational change in the GPIIb-IIIa complexes leading to fibrinogen binding and a sequence of events resulting in aggregation. Activated platelets release contents of their granules (secretion or release reaction), such as adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and serotonin from the dense granules, which cause recruitment of additional platelets. In addition, platelets play a major role in hemostasis and thrombosis by contributing to coagulation mechanisms; several key enzymatic reactions in blood coagulation occur on the platelet membrane lipoprotein surface. Thrombin generation and formation of a clot composed of blood cells and fibrin strands leads to restoration of hemostasis or thrombosis with its attendant sequalae.
Foresight, risk attitude, and utility maximization in naturalistic sequential high-stakes decision making

Abstract We explore three research questions related to risky sequential choice: (1) Does adherence to expected utility theory increase or decrease over sequential choices? (2) Does risk attitude vary systematically over sequential choices? and (3) To what extent are sequential choices influenced by future possible choices? We selected the game show, Deal or No Deal (DOND), as a context to study sequential decision making under risk with high stakes. We obtained data from complete game episodes involving 1421 players in three versions of the DOND (UK, US primetime, and US syndicated), aired between October 2005 and May 2010. In all three versions of the game, players make a binary choice between accepting a sure-thing offer that ends the game (“deal”) or continuing to play the game under risk (“no deal”). Separate stochastic choice models are constructed for each round of each of the three versions of the game to assess both risk attitude and adherence to expected utility theory. Players were found to be quite risk averse across all rounds and tended to be less risk averse and less rational over rounds in all three versions of the game. Results also suggest that players tend to consider the expected value for different sets of remaining cases one round ahead, but do not consider different possible sure-thing offers one round ahead.
Development of a Group Judgment Process for Forecasts of Health Care Innovations.

Importance Health care costs have increased substantially over the past few decades, in part owing to the development and diffusion of new medical treatments. Forecasting potential future technologic innovations can allow for more informed planning. Objective To assess the predictive validity of a structured formal method for forecasting future technologic innovations in health care. Design, Setting, and Participants This pilot study combined an untested, unvalidated combination of a consensus process and group judgment process to evaluate forecasts made in 2001 for technologic innovations by 2021 in Alzheimer disease (AD) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Six experts in AD and 7 experts in CVD composed the judgment group. The study was conducted in 2017-2018. Main Outcomes and Measures Year 2001 forecasts for 2021 that were judged by experts as being close to correct, directionally correct, or not correct, as well as innovations that occurred since 2001 that were not predicted. Results Four forecasts of innovations in AD, each considered to be between 30% and 40% likely to be achieved by 2021, were judged to be close to correct. One forecast was considered to be directionally correct, with a likelihood of occurrence of 40%, in that it was overoptimistic. One innovation that occurred was missed: new imaging techniques (amyloid β plaque and tau tangle positron emission tomographic imaging). Five forecasts of CVD innovations were considered to be at least 50% likely to occur by 2021, and of these, 2 were judged to be close to correct, 1 was judged as being directionally correct, and 2 were judged as being not correct (although in one of these forecasts, the overarching innovation has been achieved but with a different noninvasive imaging modality). Of 7 additional forecasts considered to be less likely to be achieved by 2021, 4 were judged to be close to correct and 3 were judged as being directionally correct. Two innovations occurred but were missed: transcatheter aortic valve replacement and cardiac resynchronization therapy. Across both conditions, 15 of 17 innovations forecasted were judged to be close to correct or directionally correct, 2 were judged to be incorrect, and there were 3 missed innovations. Conclusions and Relevance Expert elicitation provided a useful, but not fully accurate, lens into future innovation.
Cannizzaro reactions over calcined hydrotalcite

Abstract Several aldehydes undergo disproportionation into corresponding acids and alcohols (Cannizzaro reaction) over calcined hydrotalcite, magnesium aluminum layered double hydroxide (LDH), in water. The reactions are slow and ~10% conversions were achieved after stirring for 24 h at room temperature. The mixed metal oxide obtained on calcination of the LDH gets hydrated to a meixnerite-type phase, which provides the necessary basicity for the Cannizzaro reaction. The calcination temperature of LDH, if it is above the decarbonation temperature, has no appreciable effect on the outcome of the reaction.
Rlim/Rnf12, Rex1 and X chromosome inactivation

RLIM/Rnf12 is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that has originally been identified as a transcriptional cofactor associated with LIM domain transcription factors. Indeed, this protein modulates transcriptional activities and multiprotein complexes recruited by several classes of transcription factors thereby enhancing or repressing transcription. Around 10 years ago, RLIM/Rnf12 has been identified as a major regulator for the process of X chromosome inactivation (XCI), the transcriptional silencing of one of the two X chromosomes in female mice and ESCs. However, the precise roles of RLIM during XCI have been controversial. Here, we discuss the cellular and developmental functions of RLIM as an E3 ubiquitin ligase and its roles during XCI in conjunction with its target protein Rex1.
Tricks of the Trade: Mobility and Critical Ethnographic Practice in Amadou Hampate Ba

The Malian writer Amadou Hampâte Bâ is most often remembered as a staunch, nostalgic defender of traditional African ways of life. However his writings complicate this pictureparticularly the story LEtrange destin de Wangrin (1973) and Bâs two-volume memoirs, Amkoullel lenfant peul (1991) and Oui! Mon commandant (1994). Each of these texts turns a critical, anthropological gaze on a variety of cultural settings in early-20th-century French West Africa. As colonial bureaucrats, Bâ and his character Wangrin crisscross the colonies, especially Sudan and Upper Volta, while occupying a variety of administrative posts. Bâ, who would become a professional ethnological researcher in the 1940s, documented folklore and described customsboth African and colonialeverywhere he went, while Wangrin, an interpreter, is a trickster hero who quickly mounts illicit money-making schemes by easily exploiting cultural and linguistic barriers. Both of these figures embody geographical and cultural mobility. Read side by side, these texts show that the figure of the trickster and that of the native-turned-anthropologist are aligned, since to move through the colonizer-colonized divide with the same critical sharpness is to trick the system in a way. Both colonial legitimacy and African traditions are exposed as depending on politicized, and contested, acts of interpretation.
Analysis of an LCL-Isolated Modular Multilevel DC-DC Converter

One of the key elements of realizing DC grids is efficient DC-DC converters for medium voltage applications. The Isolated Modular Multilevel DC-DC (IMM DC-DC) converter is a promising solution for interconnection of the Medium Voltage DC (MVDC) grids. However, the main drawback of this converter is its high reactive power and conduction losses, when it operates at its maximum power. An LCL resonant filter can substantially reduce the reactive power on the High Frequency Transformer (HFT) terminals of the converter and consequently, reduce the conduction losses of the converter. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the LCL-IMM DC-DC converter. In this paper, first, the design of an LCL resonant filter is presented. Second, the impact of the LCL resonant filter on the reactive power, the HFT primary- and secondary-side currents, upper- and lower-arm currents, and soft-switching operation of the converter is investigated. The presented analysis is validated by time-domain simulation studies of a test converter in the Matlab/Simulink software environment.
New Multisite Bioelectrical Impedance Device Compared to Hydrostatic Weighing and Skinfold Body Fat Methods.

The purpose of this study was to compare the Skulpt Chisel™ to seven-site skinfold (SKF) and hydrostatic weighing (HW) body fat percentage (%BF) estimates. Twenty-six participants (aged 24 ± 4 years; BMI 23.1 ± 3.5 kg·m-2) were assessed. Significant differences in %BF estimates were found for all methodological pairings; p 0.05). In conclusion, the Skulpt Chisel™ method should be used with caution when evaluating %BF of adults with similar demographics reported in this study.