cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The state of the evidence for computerized provider order entry: a systematic review and analysis of the quality of the literature.

Abstract Objective This paper presents the results of a systematic literature review and a formal analysis of the scientific quality of empirical research on computerized provider order-entry (CPOE) applications. Design Formal, systematic review techniques were used to search the literature, determine study relevance, and evaluate study quality. Measurement A search of multiple databases from 1976 through mid-2007 yielded a final set of 46 articles. Relevance criteria included: (1) a direct comparison of a CPOE system with a non-CPOE system; (2) implementation in a clinical setting; and (3) clinically relevant outcomes. Results Study quality varied widely. Three major areas were identified for improvement in future studies: (1) internal validity, especially in terms of study designs, blinding, and instrumentation bias; (2) construct validity of the phenomenon of CPOE itself; and (3) measurement strategies, including reliability and validity assessments. Conclusions The evidence for the impact of CPOE needs to be improved to support scientific generalizability. Several common confounds are found in this literature. Future researchers will want to address them to improve the strength of the inference between CPOE and clinical outcomes. Discussion focuses on methods to improve future CPOE research.
History of the urinary concentrating mechanism.

Although the processes that generate the osmotic gradients in the inner medulla remain controversial, the countercurrent mechanism for the osmotic concentration and dilution of urine is now generally accepted. It was not always so. The mechanism for urinary dilution posed no conceptual difficulties for renal physiologists. Active transport of sodium chloride by a nephron segment whose epithelium had restricted water permeability in the absence of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), presumably located in the “distal” portion of the uriniferous tubule, was logical and based on proven and analogous processes. It was also obvious that when its water permeability was increased by ADH, water transport would be closely coupled to solute transport and reabsorbate and tubular fluid would be isosmotic. It appeared necessary to postulate the active transport of water as the final step in the production of urine which was hyperosmotic to the body fluids. Despite the fact that there was no proven example of active water transport in the animal kingdom, active water transport by the cells of the collecting ducts was proposed and was generally accepted. The simple biological solution of establishing by solute transport a hypertonic environment in an anatomically restricted portion of the kidney such that all water transport could be postulated as passive was not obvious and was scorned when proposed.
ULTRASTRUCTURE OF BACTERIZED AND AXENIC TROPHOZOITES OF ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO HELICAL BODIES

Electron microscopy of bacterized and axenic trophozoites of Entamoeba histolytica showed only slight differences in ultrastructure between the two. As with other species of Entamoeba so far studied, this species lacks typical mitochondrial structures and formed endoplasmic reticulum. Dense clusters of glycogen particles are especially characteristic in axenic amebas. Microtubular structures 360 A in diameter appear randomly oriented in both bacterized and axenic trophozoites. Ribonucleoprotein (RNP) bodies are of two typical forms—elongate, parallel arrays of helices (the classical chromatoid bodies), and short helical fragments. Both kinds of helix show a recurring pitch angle of 68–80° and an over-all diameter of 480 A. RNP particles comprising the helices average 180 A in diameter. The longitudinal axes of adjacent helices are 440 A apart. Following RNase digestion of water-soluble methacrylate sections, helices show a core approximately 60 A in diameter. Short helices are also associated with digestive vacuoles. Free RNP particles per se are never seen within digestive vacuoles, but intact short helices are frequently detected closely associated with the external membrane of digestive vacuoles. In some cases, continuation of externally intact helical forms could be related to filamentous material within the vacuole. Acid phosphomonoesterase activity could be demonstrated within digestive vacuoles where deposition of reaction product is especially intense on the filamentous material.
THE CIRCULATION OF SURFACE WATERS IN RALEIGH BAY, NORTH CAROLINA1

Returns from helicopter-released drift bottles over Diamond Shoals, in April and August 1962, revealed a definite southwesterly coastal flow from Cape Hatteras, North Carolina. Influenced by northeast winds the flow was more pronounced in late summer than in late spring, some of the bottles rounding Cape Lookout. Recovery of drift bottles from Onslow Bay and Bogue Sound strongly supports the theory that the temporary winter populations of distinctly northern species in the Beaufort, North Carolina, area become established from planktonic larvae that originated north of Cape Hatteras and were transported around the capes. A postulated circulation, involving the influences of Diamond and Lookout shoals, runoff, northeasterly and southwesterly winds, and back eddies from the Florida Current and from wind-induced currents, is presented for Raleigh Bay.
Predictions of bone remodeling around dental implant systems

This study presents the implementation of a mathematical bone remodeling algorithm to bone adaptation in the premolar area of the mandible around various dental implant systems, and thus sheds a new perspective to the complex interactions in dental implant mechanics. A two-dimensional, plane strain model of the bone was built from a CT-scan. The effect of implant contour on internal bone remodeling was investigated by considering four dental implant systems with contours similar to commercially available ones and another four with cylindrical and conical cross-sections. The remodeling algorithm predicts non-homogeneous density/elastic modulus distribution; and, implant contour has some effect on how this is distributed. Bone density is predicted to increase on the tips of the threads of the implants, but to decrease inside the grooves. Threadless implants favor to develop a softer bone around their periphery, compared to implant systems that have threads. The overall contour (dimensions and the shape) of an implant affect the bone density redistribution, but the differences between different implant systems are relatively small.
Effect of Baseline Spastic Hemiparesis on Recovery of Upper-Limb Function Following Botulinum Toxin Type A Injections and Postinjection Therapy

Abstract Chang C-L, Munin MC, Skidmore ER, Niyonkuru C, Huber LM, Weber DJ. Effect of baseline spastic hemiparesis on recovery of upper-limb function following botulinum toxin type A injections and postinjection therapy. Objective To determine whether baseline hand spastic hemiparesis assessed by the Chedoke-McMaster Assessment influences functional improvement after botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) injections and postinjection therapy. Design Prospective cohort study. Setting Outpatient spasticity clinic. Participants Participants (N=14) with spastic hemiparesis divided into 2 groups: Chedoke-McMaster Assessment Hand-Higher Function (stage≥4, n=5) and Chedoke-McMaster Assessment Hand-Lower Function (stage=2 or 3, n=9). Interventions Upper-limb BTX-A injections followed by 6 weeks of postinjection therapy. Main Outcome Measures Primary outcomes were Motor Activity Log-28 and Motor Activity Log items. Secondary outcomes were Action Research Arm Test (ARAT), Motor Activity Log-Self-Report, and Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS). Measures were assessed at baseline (preinjection), 6 weeks, 9 weeks, and 12 weeks postinjection. Results Primary and secondary outcomes improved significantly over time in both groups. Although no significant differences in ARAT or MAS change scores were noted between groups, Chedoke-McMaster Assessment Hand-Higher Function group demonstrated greater change on Motor Activity Log-28 ( P =.013) from baseline to 6 weeks and Motor Activity Log items ( P =.006) from baseline to 12 weeks compared to Chedoke-McMaster Assessment Hand-Lower Function group. Conclusions BTX-A injections and postinjection therapy improved hand function and reduced spasticity for both Chedoke-McMaster Assessment Hand-Higher Function and Chedoke-McMaster Assessment Hand-Lower Function groups. Clinicians should expect to see larger gains for persons with less baseline impairment.
From Theory to Application: Attention and Performance–XVII: Cognitive Regulation of Performance: Interaction of Theory and Application. D. Gopher and A. Koriat (Eds.) 1999. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. 814 pp., $95.00.

Neuropsychology owes much to the pioneering efforts of researchers in cognitive psychology. Theory and methods derived from the cognitive sciences have provided an important foundation for neuropsychology. The Attention and Performance series has been at the vanguard of cognitive psychology, both chronicling major developments in cognitive science that emerged over the past half century, and catalyzing new directions in cognitive theory, method, and application. Most students of psychology can probably recall some time during their undergraduate or graduate studies, pulling from university library shelves, one of the earlier volumes of this series, as they prepared a term paper, thesis, or research project. The 17th volume of Attention and Performance of this edited series was the product of the proceedings of the International Association for the Study of Attention and Performance, held in Haifa, Israel, 30 years after the first edition in 1966. Reviewing the topics covered in the earlier editions, one is struck by the extent to which this series has both mirrored current direction and anticipated shifts in the paradigms of cognitive science.
Mast cell secretion: differences between immunologic and non-immunologic stimulation.

Non-immunologic and immunologic stimulation of mast cells have been compared. Non-immunologic stimulation relys heavily on cellular Ca, is unaffected by neuraminidase treatment, shows a rapid inactivation, and elicits no increase in the incorporation of3H-methyl groups into the lipid fraction. In contrast, stimulation by immunologic agents relys primarily on extracellular Ca, is inhibited by neuraminidase treatment, shows a comparatively slow rate of inactivation, and causes a significant increase in the incorporation of3H-methyl groups into the lipid fraction. We found no evidence of crossinactivation or desensitization between immunologic and non-immunologic agents. However, pretreatment of mast cells with neurotensin desensitized them to subsequent stimulation by compound 48/80. Our results support the hypothesis that immunologic and non-immunologic agents activate exocytotic mast cell secretion via separate mechanisms.
Plasma factors involved in the in vitro control of proliferation of bovine lens cells grown in defined medium. effect of fibroblast growth factor on cell longevity.

Experimental conditions have been defined that allow cultured bovine lens epithelial cells to grow in the complete absence of serum. Early-passage low density lens epithelial cell cultures seeded in absence of serum on extracellular matrix- (ECM-)coated dishes proliferate actively when exposed to Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DME) supplemented with high-density lipoprotein (HDL, 250 μ g protein/ml) and transferrin (10 μ g/ml). Late-passage cultures required, in addition to HDL and transferrin, the presence of insulin (2·5 μ g/ml) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF, 100 ng/ml). Omission of any of these components results, in late-passage cultures, in a slower growth-rate and in a lower final cell density. Lens epithelial cell cultures seeded on plastic dishes grow very poorly when exposed to similar conditions. The life spans of lens epithelial cell cultures maintained on plastic vs. fibronectin or ECM-coated dishes and exposed to serum-free vs. serum-supplemented medium have been compared. While cultures maintained on ECM and exposed to serum-supplemented medium had a life span of over 190 population doublings, similar cultures maintained on plastic had a life span of 59 population doublings. When lens epithelial cells were maintained on ECM and exposed to medium supplemented with optimal concentrations of HDL, transferrin, and insulin, cultures maintained in the absence of FGF underwent 28 population doublings and over 100 in its presence. Although fibronectin-coated dishes did support the long-term growth of lens epithelial cells exposed to transferrin-HDL and insulin, the life span of such cultures was shorter (13 population doublings) than that of similar cultures maintained on ECM-coated dishes. Addition of FGF to the medium increased the life span of such cultures to 38 population doublings. The enhancing effect of ECM and FGF on lens epithelial cell growth and culture longevity clearly illustrates the importance of the cell substrate and growth factors in the control of proliferation of these cells.
Stochastic dynamics of bacteria propelled spherical micro-robots

In this work we develop a stochastic dynamic model of bacteria propelled spherical micro-robots. S. marcescens type bacteria attach in small numbers to the surfaces of spherical microbeads. Given a small number of attached bacteria, generally 8–41, collective-behavior stochastic models become not applicable, hence a model based on individual bacterium behavior and motion is developed. This stochastic simulation is used to study the flexibility of the flagellar hook by comparing simulated and experimental results. The effect of bead diameter and the number of attached bacteria is investigated in this manner, with the results favoring a stiffer flagellar hook. The theoretical framework is intended to be used as a simulation and design tool for bacteria propelled micro-robots employed in future medical applications.
Aggression Among Children with ADHD, Anxiety, or Co-occurring Symptoms: Competing Exacerbation and Attenuation Hypotheses

Competing hypotheses for explaining the role of anxiety in the relation between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms and childhood aggression were evaluated. Two studies tested whether anxiety exacerbated, attenuated, or had no effect on the relation between ADHD and aggression subtypes among psychiatrically hospitalized children. In Study 1 (N = 99), children who scored above clinical cut-off levels for anxiety only, ADHD only, and co-occurring ADHD and anxiety were compared on aggression subtypes (i.e., reactive, proactive, overt, and relational aggression). In Study 2, the moderating role of anxiety on the relation between ADHD and aggression subtypes was examined with a larger sample (N = 265) and with continuous variables. No support was found for either the attenuation or exacerbation hypothesis, and results remained consistent when separately examining hyperactivity/impulsivity and inattention symptoms of ADHD. Although ADHD symptoms were significantly associated with all aggression subtypes, this association did not remain when including symptoms of oppositional defiant disorder.
Intramuscular lipid content is increased in obesity and decreased by weight loss

The triglyceride content of skeletal muscle samples determined by lipid extraction correlates with the severity of insulin-resistant glucose metabolism in muscle. To determine whether this reflects increased triglyceride within muscle fibers and to test the-hypothesis that the lipid content in muscle fibers is increased in obesity, the present study was undertaken using quantitative histochemistry of Oil Red 0 staining of vastus lateralis muscle. A percutaneous muscle biopsy was performed in 9 lean subjects, 15 obese subjects without type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM), and 10 obese subjects with type 2 DM (body mass index [BMI], 23 .4 ± 1 .0, 33 .6 ± 0 .6, and 36.0 ± 1.1 kg. M −2 for lean, obese, and DM, respectively). Eight obese and 7 DM subjects had a weight loss and reassessment of muscle lipid content. Transverse muscle cryosections were examined by light microscopy with quantitative image analysis (grayscale images obtained by analog to digital conversion) to determine a lipid accumulation index (LAI) based on the percentage of cross-sectional fiber area occupied by lipid droplets. Muscle fiber lipid content was greater in obese individuals with DM than in lean individuals (3 .62% ± 0.65% v 1 .42%: 0.28%, P
Low Power Approaches to High Speed CMOS Current Steering DACs

This paper discusses a number of circuit approaches which address lowering the power consumed by a modern current steering DAC while maintaining both DC and AC performance levels. An example design provides 14 bit resolution and 250 MSPS conversion rate in a 1P4M 0.18?m CMOS process, with optional 3.3 volt compatible devices. A power dissipation / conversion rate figure of merit of as low as 0.17 mW/MSPS was achieved for 1.8V operation and as low as 0.28 mW/MSPS at 3.3V. SFDR of 70 dB is achieved at a 50 MHz output frequency.
The prevalence of antiretroviral multidrug resistance in highly active antiretroviral therapy-treated patients with HIV/AIDS between 2004 and 2009 in South Korea.

Abstract Background Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) including protease inhibitors (PIs) has been used in South Korea since 1997. Currently, more than 20 types of antiretroviral drugs are used in the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus-infected/acquired immune deficiency syndrome patients in South Korea. Despite the rapid development of various antiretroviral drugs, many drug-resistant variants have been reported after initiating HAART, and the efficiency of HAART is limited by these variants. Objectives To investigate and estimate the annual antiretroviral drug resistance and prevalence of antiretroviral multi-class drug resistance in Korean patients with experience of treatment. Study design The amplified HIV-1 pol gene in 535 patients requested for genotypic drug resistance testing from 2004 to 2009 by the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention was sequenced and analyzed annually and totally. The prevalence of antiretroviral drug resistance was estimated based on “SIR” interpretation of the Stanford sequence database. Results Of viruses derived from 787 specimens, 380 samples (48.3%) showed at least one drug class-related resistance. Predicted NRTI drug resistance was highest at 41.9%. NNRTI showed 27.2% resistance with 23.3% for PI. The percent of annual drug resistance showed similar pattern and slightly declined except 2004 and 2005. The prevalence of multi-class drug resistance against each drug class was: NRTI/NNRTI/PI, 9.8%; NRTI/PI, 21.9%; NNRTI/PI, 10.4%; and NRTI/NNRTI, 21.5%. Conclusions About 50% and less than 10% of patients infected with HIV-1 have multidrug and multiclass resistance linked to 16 antiretroviral drugs, respectively. The significance of this study lies in its larger-scale examination of the prevalence of drug-resistant variants and multidrug resistance in HAART-experienced patients in South Korea.
Effect of human cord blood transfer on survival and disease activity in MRL-lpr/lpr mice

The MRL-lpr/lpr mice have a genetic defect and by 6 months of age usually die after developing severe autoimmune disease and massively enlarged lymph nodes (Cohen, P. L., and Eisenberg, R. A., Annu. Rev. Immunol. 9, 243-269, 1991). Similarly as in some genetic diseases in humans, these mice, if given an appropriate marrow transplant from a mouse not having the defect, will have partial correction of the disease process and an extension of life (Cohen, P. L., and Eisenberg, R. A., Annu. Rev. Immunol. 9, 243-269, 1991; Lenarsky, C., Kohn, D. B., Weinberg, K. I., and Parkman, R., Hematol. Oncol. Clin. N. Am. 4, 589-603, 1990). Utilizing human umbilical cord blood as a donor source for marrow transplantation, we have been able to obtain significant correction of the MRL-lpr/lpr genetic defect and double the life span. By 11 months of age, 5 months beyond their usual life span, both the animals receiving congenic marrow (MRL-+/+) and the animals with human cord blood had mild lymphadenopathy, a decrease in double-positive T cells, and an increase in double-negative T cells. Granulomatous vasculitis could be identified in the animals receiving human cells and could not be found in the animals receiving MRL-+/+ marrow.
The Role of Fantasy Contexts in Word Problems

This paper reports on the efficacy of different contexts for word problems given to Grade Four and Grade Six students. In particular, the use of fantasy contexts were examined and compared with both adult and children/s real-world contexts. The study found that students expressed an interest in the fantasy contexts, and solved problems using these contexts as well as or better than real-world problems.
Evolutionary modification of cell lineage in the direct-developing sea urchin Heliocidaris erythrogramma

The sea urchin Heliocidaris erythrogramma undergoes direct development, bypassing the usual echinoid pluteus larva. We present an analysis of cell lineage in H. erythrogramma as part of a definition of the mechanistic basis for this evolutionary change in developmental mode. Microinjection of fluoresceinated tracer dye and surface marking with vital dye are used to follow larval fates of 2-cell, 8-cell, and 16-cell blastomeres, and to examine axial specification. The animal-vegetal axis and adult dorsoventral axis are basically unmodified in H. erythrogramma. Animal cell fates are very similar to those of typically developing species; however, vegetal cell fates in H. erythrogramma are substantially altered. Radial differences exist among vegetal blastomere fates in the 8-cell embryo: dorsal vegetal blastomeres contribute proportionately more descendants to ectodermal and fewer to mesodermal fates, while ventral vegetal blastomeres have a complementary bias in fates. In addition, vegetal cell fates are more variable than in typical developers. There are no cells in H. erythrogramma with fates comparable to those of the micromeres and macromeres of typically developing echinoids. Instead, all vegetal cells in the 16-cell embryo can contribute progeny to ectoderm and gut. Alterations have thus arisen in cleavage patterns and timing of cell lineage partitioning during the evolution of direct development in H. erythrogramma.
Differential effects of delay on time-based prospective memory in younger and older adults

The current study measured forgetting in a time-based, naturalistic prospective memory (PM) task. In Experiment 1, younger and older participants were asked to mail a stamped postcard on a date that was delayed 1, 2, 5, 14, or 28 days in the future. In Experiment 2, a different sample of older participants completed the same task with similar delays to replicate results for the older sample in Experiment 1. Overall, older participants were more likely than younger participants to mail the postcard on time. In addition, delay affected on-time return rates more for the younger participants than the older participants. Younger participants' return rates illustrated the typical forgetting curve seen in numerous retrospective memory studies (i.e., rapid decline at shorter delays and slower decline for longer delays). However, older participants' return rates only declined at the longest delays. These results indicate that time-based PM performance declines with an increase in delay, but the form of the decline may differ across age groups.
Permeability of acetic acid across gel and liquid-crystalline lipid bilayers conforms to free-surface-area theory.

Solubility-diffusion theory, which treats the lipid bilayer membrane as a bulk lipid solvent into which permeants must partition and diffuse across, fails to account for the effects of lipid bilayer chain order on the permeability coefficient of any given permeant. This study addresses the scaling factor that must be applied to predictions from solubility-diffusion theory to correct for chain ordering. The effects of bilayer chemical composition, temperature, and phase structure on the permeability coefficient (Pm) of acetic acid were investigated in large unilamellar vesicles by a combined method of NMR line broadening and dynamic light scattering. Permeability values were obtained in distearoylphosphatidylcholine, dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine, dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine, and dilauroylphosphatidylcholine bilayers, and their mixtures with cholesterol, at various temperatures both above and below the gel-->liquid-crystalline phase transition temperatures (Tm). A new scaling factor, the permeability decrement f, is introduced to account for the decrease in permeability coefficient from that predicted by solubility-diffusion theory owing to chain ordering in lipid bilayers. Values of f were obtained by division of the observed Pm by the permeability coefficient predicted from a bulk solubility-diffusion model. In liquid-crystalline phases, a strong correlation (r = 0.94) between f and the normalized surface density sigma was obtained: in f=5.3 - 10.6 sigma. Activation energies (Ea) for the permeability of acetic acid decreased with decreasing phospholipid chain length and correlated with the sensitivity of chain ordering to temperature, [symbol: see text] sigma/[symbol: see text](1/T), as chain length was varied. Pm values decreased abruptly at temperatures below the main phase transition temperatures in pure dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine and dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine bilayers (30–60-fold) and below the pretransition in dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine bilayers (8-fold), and the linear relationship between in f and sigma established for liquid-crystalline bilayers was no longer followed. However, in both gel and liquid-crystalline phases in f was found to exhibit an inverse correlation with free surface area (in f=-0.31 - 29.1/af, where af is the average free area (in square angstroms) per lipid molecule). Thus, the lipid bilayer permeability of acetic acid can be predicted from the relevant chain-packing properties in the bilayer (free surface area), regardless of whether chain ordering is varied by changes in temperature, lipid chain length, cholesterol concentration, or bilayer phase structure, provided that temperature effects on permeant dehydration and diffusion and the chain-length effects on bilayer barrier thickness are properly taken into account.
Recovery of ground‐water supplies by pumping from watertable ponds

This paper summarizes a study made to determine whether ground-water storage in the glacial deposits in the vicinity of Fresh Pond, a water-table pond used as part of the public supply of the City of Cambridge, Massachusetts, is available to augment the supply from surface-water reservoirs. Test wells were drilled; water level, well and test boring, and quality of water data, and data on Inflow and outflow from Fresh Pond were collected, and seismic profiles were run, to determine whether the glacial deposits in the vicinity of the pond contribute appreciable quantities of water to the pond. The data show that water levels in certain wells fluctuate with the level of Fresh Pond and that certain other water levels do not, indicating ground-water contributions to the pond when it is at low stages and increases in ground-water storage when pond stages are high. The largest changes in ground-water storage occur in the glacial deposits underlying the banks to the west and northwest of the pond. Mineral characteristics of the well and pond waters offer no evidence as to the direction of ground-water flow.
The use of Monte Carlo simulation techniques to predict population blood lead levels.

Effective management of the risks posed by lead depends on an understanding of the relationship between exposure (the presence and accessibility of lead in the environment) and dose (blood lead levels). Our paper begins by outlining the type of information most valuable to a decision maker addressing the lead problem. A useful exposure-dose characterisation must address multiple contamination sources simultaneously, provide estimates of the number of people with blood lead levels exceeding critical thresholds, and assess the influence of “modifying factors” (e.g. the soil and dust ingestion rate) on population blood lead variability. We describe a pilot effort to develop an “urban setting” lead exposure-dose model, and use this model to compare three approaches for generating model input quantities: (1) worst-case estimates, (2) central estimates and (3) Monte Carlo simulation. Using the criteria outlined above, we find that the Monte Carlo technique provides the most useful model output. We describe the population blood lead level distribution generated by the model, as well as the relative influence of environmental and behavioural factors on the variability of the population distribution. Finally, we assess the impact of parameter uncertainty on the model output, and contend this type of information can help identify areas in which further empirical study would be most valuable.
Manipulation and light-induced agglomeration of carbon nanotubes through optical trapping of attached silver nanoparticles.

A simple experimental method has been demonstrated for manipulating multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) bundles through the optical trapping of attached silver nanoparticles (SNPs). In our experiments, without the SNPs, the MWCNTs cannot be trapped due to their irregular shapes and large aspect ratio. However, when mixed with SNPs, the MWCNTs can be successfully trapped along with the SNPs using a TEM00 mode laser at 532 nm. This is attributed to the optical trapping of the SNPs and attractive interaction or binding between the SNPs and MWCNTs due to electrostatic and van der Waals forces. Therefore, optical manipulation of MWCNT bundles is achieved through the manipulation of the attached silver nanoparticles/aggregates. In addition, we have observed the phenomenon of light-induced further agglomeration of SNPs/MWCNTs which could potentially be exploited for fabricating patterned MWCNT films for future nanoscale devices and other applications.
Maximizing phenolics, antioxidants and sensory acceptance of UV and ultrasound-treated peanuts

Abstract The effects of varying doses of UV and ultrasound (US), and incubation times at 25 °C on total phenolics (TP), antioxidant capacity by two methods, trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) and sensory overall acceptance (OA) of treated peanuts were investigated. Optimum process parameters for UV and US were determined using response surface methodology. UV and US increased TP, TEAC and ORAC total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of most treated peanuts, whereas OA decreased in all treatments compared to controls. US was more effective than UV in increasing total antioxidants. Optimum US process parameters at 36 h incubation time will result in products with TAC ≥ 68 μM TE/g, TP ≥ 1.51 mg GAE/g, TEAC ≥ 2.76 μM TE/g, and OA ≥ 5 or neither like nor dislike.
Coordination Networks of C3v and C2v Phenylacetylene Nitriles and Silver(I) Salts: Interplay of Ligand Symmetry and Molecular Dipole Moments in the Solid State†

Five organic ligands of C3v and C2v symmetry, 3,5-bis(4-cyanophenylethynyl)cyanobenzene (1), 3,5-bis(4-cyanophenylethynyl)-4-methoxycyanobenzene (2), and 4,4‘-dicyanobenzophenone (3), cyanotris(4-cyanophenyl)methane (4), and tris(4-cyanophenyl)methanol (5), have been prepared, crystallized with silver(I) salts, and characterized by single-crystal X-ray study. Crystallographic data are as follows: [Ag·1·CF3SO3]·2C6H6, triclinic, P1 (no. 2), a = 10.0864(6) A, b = 13.6029(10) A, c = 13.8822(12) A, α = 108.743(6)°, β = 95.063(6)°, γ = 95.484(5)°, Z = 2; [Ag·2·CF3SO3]·1.75C6H6, triclinic, P1 (no. 2), a = 14.6273(14) A, b = 15.161(2) A, c = 17.010(2) A, α = 85.481(7)°, β = 65.745(5)°, γ = 80.283(9)°, Z = 4; [Ag·3·CF3SO3], triclinic, P1 (no. 2), a = 8.8148(8) A, b = 10.5031(6) A, c = 10.8323(11) A, α = 81.782(6)°, β = 67.448(8)°, γ = 66.501(5)°, Z = 2; [Ag·4]BF4·1.5C6H6, monoclinic, C2/c (no. 15), a = 18.0187(4) A, b = 14.9717(3) A, c = 23.5469(5) A, β = 105.5641(8)°, Z = 8; [Ag·5·CF3SO3]·2C6H6, monoclinic, ...
IscS Is a Sulfurtransferase for the in Vitro Biosynthesis of 4-Thiouridine in Escherichia coli tRNA†

We have improved the in vitro assay for 4-thiouridine (s4U) biosynthesis in Escherichia coli tRNA by substituting an unmodified tRNA transcript as substrate and including recombinant ThiI protein, ...
Adsorption of amino acids and glucose by sediments of Resurrection Bay, Alaska, USA: Functional group effects

Abstract The adsorption of amino acids and glucose was investigated in sediments from Resurrection Bay, Alaska. Adsorption of the basic amino acid lysine was greater than adsorption of glutamic acid, alanine, leucine, or glucose. Formaldehyde and heat treatments were used to separate adsorption from biological uptake, but can alter adsorption significantly; formaldehyde treatment, followed by a seawater rinse, was the most satisfactory. Much of the rapid amino acid adsorption by these sediments was due to the formation of ionic bonds, since adsorbed amino acids could be extracted using concentrated solutions of amino acid, cesium chloride, sodium citrate, ammonium chloride, or sodium acetate. However, most amino acid adsorption was not reversible by ion exchange solutions, indicating that additional processes or chemical reactions occur which result in irreversible binding to sediment. Consistent with literature reports of the negative surface charge of marine particulate matter, lysine (with a net positive charge) was adsorbed to the greatest extent and had the largest cation-exchangeable adsorption. However, negatively charged amino acid functional groups also influenced adsorption. Chemical modification of sediments with reagents reactive with aldehydes decreased lysine adsorption. This suggests that reactive functional groups of sediment organic matter contribute to adsorption, consistent with a melanoidintype reaction. An estimate of the rate of amino acid adsorption indicates that adsorption could produce a significant amount of the total refractory sediment organic nitrogen.
Cardiac rehabilitation: Its role in evaluation and management of the patient with coronary heart disease

Abstract Comprehensive cardiac rehabilitation is not for every patient, but rather for those who require more than the services of a physician and a nurse. The services which eventually are required may be provided simply in some cases by paramedical persons and in the more complicated cases by an experienced multidisciplinary team. The main evaluative expertise of cardiac rehabilitation specialists is the functional evaluation of the patient—that is, the physical, psychological, social, and vocational functioning by a variety of specialized techniques. The major therapeutic recommendation is usually endurance-building exercise training for secondary prevention. The educational and supportive aspects of the rehabilitation process may make the difference between non-limiting impairment and disability.
Structure of the type-specific polysaccharide antigen of Streptococcus rattus.

Abstract The structure of the type-specific polysaccharide antigen of Streptococcus rattus was determined by methylation analysis, periodate oxidation, and by 2D1H- and 13C-n.m.r.-spectroscopy. The polysaccharide was found to possess the trisaccharide repeating unit → 3)-α- l -Rhap-(1→2)-[α- d -Galp-(1→3)]-α- l -Rhap-(1→.
mPath: facilitating human interaction

As the "baby-boomer" generation approaches retirement, the United States will enjoy a significant increase in the number of senior citizens. Issues involving seniors are likely to rise to the forefront of national consciousness. A primary concern for this population is the loss of companionship, which can contribute to isolation, depression, and decreased socialization [9]. A concept for a data management service - mPath - is proposed to combat isolation among seniors. mPath works with administrators of assisted-living facilities to oversee an ad-hoc volunteer network. Interacting with residents, these volunteers assess social relationships and emotional reactions, quantifying for the computer their qualitative observations. The system examines accumulated data over time to reveal anomalies, highlight trends and anticipate future responses. Administrators may choose to act upon that information. The overall effect is to increase the social well being of seniors in an unobtrusive manner.
Oracles for checking temporal properties of concurrent systems

Verifying that test executions are correct is a crucial step in the testing process. Unfortunately, it can be a very arduous and error-prone step, especially when testing a concurrent system. System developers can therefore benefit from oracles automating the verification of test executions.This paper examines the use of Graphical Interval Logic (GIL) for specifying temporal properties of concurrent systems and describes a method for constructing oracles from GIL specifications. The visually intuitive representation of GIL specifications makes them easier to develop and to understand than specifications written in more traditional temporal logics.Additionally, when a test execution violates a GIL specification, the associated oracle provides information about a fault. This information can be displayed visually, together with the execution, to help the system developer see where in the execution a fault was detected and the nature of the fault.
Kinetics of Initial Coarsening During Sintering of Nanosized Powders

Grain growth during sintering is a critical issue for the manufacture of nanocrystalline bulk materials from nanosized powders. The grain growth process during sintering can be viewed as consisting of two parts: initial coarsening during early and intermediate stages of sintering and latter stage grain growth during the final stage of sintering. The latter stage grain growth is the normal grain growth that has been well studied and reported in the literature. The initial coarsening, which often inevitably causes a material to lose nanoscaled grain size characteristics, however, is not well studied at all. In this investigation, the initial coarsening during sintering of nanosized powders was studied by both nonisothermal and isothermal experimental techniques using tungsten as an example material. The results show that the initial coarsening during the heat-up process of a sintering cycle is sufficient to increase the grain size beyond the nanoscale. The kinetics of initial coarsening is found to be linear rather than polynomial, as predicted by the conventional power law of grain growth. The analysis of activation energies showed that surface diffusion is the primary mechanism for interparticle mass transport during the initial coarsening. The linear kinetic behavior could be attributed to the pinning of grain boundaries by surface grooves and high concentration of defects as the result of the synthesis of nanosized powders.
Holland Codes and 16PF Global Factors: Sixty-Nine Samples:

Summary.-Global Factor scores from Cattell's Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF) were correlated with Holland codes using mean 16PF profiles from 69 occupational groups as data. Unlike prior studies, this study features occupational groups as the unit of analysis. Two analyses were done to test expectations, (a) l6PF scores would signiFicandy discriminate among Holland types and (b) 16PF mean scores for each type would differ from the population mean in a direction consistent with prior research. Results met expectations on each analysis. Findings for two of the Global Factors (Anxiety and Self-control) warranted special comment. Interpretations were offered and implications discussed. Holland's Malung Vocational Choices (8) presents the six well-known work personality types: Reahtic, Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising, and Conventional. Realistic types are described as conforming, practical, asocial, and thing-oriented. Lnvestigative types are said to be analytical, intellectual, critical, introspective, and reserved. Artistic types are imaginative, intuitive, emotional, and nonconforming. Social types are friendly, helpful, cooperative, and understanding. Enterprising types are described as ambitious, domineering, sociable, and self-confident. Conventional type are said to be systematic, precise, conforming, and efficient. Holland's scheme is pervasive in the literature and widely used in practice and can probably be considered the standard organizational map in vocational counsehg. It has been of interest to researchers (1, 6) to show the extent and kind of relationships between these types (usually measured by preference items having occupational or occupational activity content) and a range of personabty measures (usually assessed by a broader range of items). Various instruments have been used in assessing these relationships (7). Our interest here is Cattell's Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF) (2, 201, which gives the five Global Factors: Extraversion, Anxiety, Tough Practicahty, Lndependence, and Self-control, plus a short measure of general intehgence. Reasons for loolung at how Holland types correlated with scores on a personality scale are both practical and theoretical. For the practitioner, it provides a type of cognitive efficiency, predicting the characteristics of persons in a particular type. For theoretical purposes, the importance lies in the conceptual validity of personahty inventories and Holland concepts.
Coupler Cognates for the Double Flier Eight-Bar Linkage

This paper presents a graphical technique to construct the coupler cognate linkages for the double flier eight-bar linkage. The technique is based on the skew pantograph construction which converts the double flier linkage into a second eight-bar linkage by applying the concepts of stretch rotation and kinematic inversion. Since a stretch-rotation operation preserves the angular velocities of corresponding links of the two linkages then the second linkage has the same input-output motion as the original double flier linkage. Another stretch rotation is performed on the intermediate eight-bar linkage and a third eight-bar linkage, which duplicates the motion of the coupler link of the original linkage, is obtained. This graphical approach, to investigating coupler cognates, is believed to be an original contribution to the study of cognate linkages. The technique can be applied in a straightforward manner, requiring few constructions, and offers significant advantages over well-known analytical techniques which use the locus equation. For the double flier eight-bar linkage, the locus equation is of a high degree and the coefficients can only he obtained from a very laborious procedure. This paper shows the existence of two coupler cognates for each of the two floating binary links of the double flier eight-bar linkage that are connected to the ternary link which is pinned to ground.
Process and yield improvement based on fast in-line automatic defect classification

A methodology is presented which dramatically enhances process development and yield improvement by using rapid in-line defect classification. This methodology is based on a wafer inspection tools, both optical and SEM, which provide classified defect counts not simply total defect count. A wafer inspection system (WF736) is used in combination with a high throughput defect-review SEM (SEMVision). This combination of tools provides rapid defect classification and source identification for process development and defect elimination. The WF736 generates defect classification during the inspection with no loss in throughput. The SEMVision allows for further detailed analysis and classification. In addition, patterned wafers are utilized for thorough defect capture and process studies. The methodology provides critical information for improved process development and analysis, as well as enhanced time efficiency. Various applications and cases are presented: tool and process development and in-line monitoring. For each application, the methodology can be applied with slightly different emphasis. In the case of process development, there may be defect learning that requires separate analysis of defects. Here, using smart sampling and the defect review SEM, the exact nature of the defect can then be determined. For process monitoring, when an excursion is detected, the corrective action can be immediately taken.
Preliminary report on the diffuse reflectivity of some New Mexico coals

Abstract Diffuse reflectivity measurements have been made on seventeen analyzed coal specimens from New Mexico. Sample preparation is simple and rapid, involving cryogenic grinding and slight pressure to pelletize the sample. Using narrow-band interference filters, diffuse reflectivity was measured at 409, 450, 503, 518, 546, 577, 586, 596, 620, and 660 nm. At 409, 450, 503, 518, and 577 nm there is a correlation (equal to or less than −0.73) between volatile matter and diffuse reflectivity. The diffuse reflectance spectrum shows two maxima at 620 and 577 nm. The most intense maximum at 620 nm corresponds closely to the color of vitrinite in transmission. A minimum diffuse reflectivity is found near 450 nm. The range of diffuse reflectance for the studied range of volatile matter appears to be one and a quarter to 2.4 times as sensitive as would be obtained if one were to use conventional polished sections. Diffuse reflectivity measurements may be a rapid, facile, and equally accurate method for making petrographic measurements useful in characterizing coal.
Models for queue length in clocked queueing networks

We analyze a discrete-time network of queues. The unit element of the network is the 2 × 2 buffered switch, which we regard as a system of two queues working in parallel. We show how to transform transition probability information from the output of one switch, or network stage, to the input of the next one. This is used to carry out a Markov time series input model to predict mean queue length at every stage of the system. Another model considered is a renewal process time series model, which we use to find the mean queue length of the second stage of the network. Numerical simulations fall within the narrow band spanned by the two models.
A comparison of methods for labelling DNA for use in the radioimmuno assay of DNA-antibodies

Abstract The radioimmunoassay for DNA-antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus is assessed with DNA labelled with 125 I via chemical iodination on one hand ( 125 I-DNA), and with DNA containing [ 125 I]iododeoxyuridine via biological incorporation on the other ([ 125 IUdR]DNA). The results show that chemical iodination labels protein impurities in the DNA and reduces the difference in binding of normal vs lupus sera. 125 IUdR-DNA is a superior product since no label is introduced in proteins. The binding of 125 I-DNA by normal sera ranges from 5 to 20% and from 40 to 70% lupus sera. The same sera yield values of 0–3% for normal and 92–98% for lupus with 125 IUdR-DNA. The latter allows a sharper discrimination between normal and slightly elevated values, as in patients under treatment.
How Well Do Community Colleges Respond to the Occupational Training Needs of Local Communities? Evidence from California.

Using California as a case study, this chapter provides new evidence on whether community colleges supply occupational training that meets the skill requirements of local employers.