cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopy of Seven Nova-Like Variables

We present the results of a multicomponent synthetic spectral analysis of the archival far ultraviolet spectra of several key nova-like variables including members of the SW Sex, RW Tri, UX UMa, and VY Scl sub- classes: KR Aur, RW Tri, V825 Her, V795 Her, BP Lyn, V425 Cas, and HL Aqr. Accretion rates as well as the possible flux contribution of the accreting white dwarf are included in our analysis. Except for RW Tri, which has a reliable trigonometric parallax, we computed the distances to the nova-like systems using the method of Knigge. Our analysis of seven archival IUE spectra of RW Tri at its parallax distance of 341 pc consistently indicates a low mass (∼0:4 M⊙) white dwarf and an average accretion rate, _ M ¼ 6:3 × 10 � 9 M⊙ yr � 1 . For KR Aur, we estimate that the white dwarf has Teff ¼ 29;000 � 2000 K, logg ¼ 8:4, and contributes 18% of the far-UV flux, while an accretion disk with accretion rate _ M ¼ 3 × 10 � 10 M⊙ yr � 1 at an inclination of 41° contributes the remainder. We find that an accretion disk dominates the far-UV spectrum of V425 Cas but a white dwarf contributes nonnegligibly with approximately 18% of the far-UV flux. For the two high state nova-likes, HL Aqr and V825 Her, their accretion disks totally dominate with _ M ¼ 1 × 10 � 9 M⊙ yr � 1 and 3 × 10 � 9 M⊙ yr � 1 , respectively. For BP Lyn we find _ M ¼ 1 × 10 � 8 M⊙ yr � 1 while for V795 Her, we find an accretion rate of _ M ¼ 1 × 10 � 10 M⊙ yr � 1 . We discuss the im- plications of our results for the evolutionary status of nova-like variables.
Curvature and flatness in a Brans-Dicke universe

Abstract The evolution of a universe with Brans-Dicke gravity and nonzero curvature is investigated here. We find solutions to the equations of motion during the radiation dominated era. In a Friedman-Robertson-Walker cosmology we show explicitly that the three possible values of curvature κ = + 1,0, − 1 divide the evolution of the Brans-Dicke universe into dynamically distinct classes just as for the standard model. Subsequently we discuss the flatness problem which exist in Brans-Dicke gravity as it does in the standard model. We also demonstrate a flatness problem in MAD Brans-Dicke gravity. In general, in any model that addresses the horizon problem, including inflation, there are two components to the flatness issue: (i) at the Planck epoch curvature gains importance, and (ii) during accelerated expansion curvature becomes less important and the universe flattens. In many cases the universe must be very flat at the Planck scale in order for the accelerated epoch to be reached; thus there can be a residual flatness problem.
Preparatory processes in a case of hemi-parkinsonism

Reaction times and movement times were recorded in a subject with parkinsonian symptoms confined largely to the left side of the body. Advance information concerning the movement was varied, being with complete, partial or no preparation. The results suggest that processing of preparation for the movement is not qualitatively different for the more affected side, but is substantially slowed.
Sum of squares method for sensor network localization

We formulate the sensor network localization problem as finding the global minimizer of a quartic polynomial. Then sum of squares (SOS) relaxations can be applied to solve it. However, the general SOS relaxations are too expensive to implement for large problems. Exploiting the special features of this polynomial, we propose a new structured SOS relaxation, and discuss its various properties. When distances are given exactly, this SOS relaxation often returns true sensor locations. At each step of interior point methods solving this SOS relaxation, the complexity is $\mathcal{O}(n^{3})$ , where n is the number of sensors. When the distances have small perturbations, we show that the sensor locations given by this SOS relaxation are accurate within a constant factor of the perturbation error under some technical assumptions. The performance of this SOS relaxation is tested on some randomly generated problems.
Boron Depletion in F and G Dwarf Stars and the Beryllium-Boron Correlation*

Boron provides a special probe below the stellar surface since it survives to greater depths than do Li and Be. To search for B depletions we have observed B in 13 F and G dwarfs with large Be depletions; for comparison we have also obtained spectra of five stars that are undepleted in Li and Be. We have used HST with STIS to obtain spectra of the B I resonance line at 2497 A. The spectral resolution is 30,000 or 114,000, and the median signal-to-noise ratio is 70 pixel-1. New Be and Li spectra have been obtained at Keck I with HIRES of four of the five standard stars at ~48,000 resolution. Abundances have been determined by the spectrum synthesis method with MOOG. A comparison between the standard stars and those with severe Be depletions shows a distinct difference in the B abundances between the two groups of 0.22 dex. We have discovered a correlation between the Be and B abundances. The slope between A(Be) and A(B)NLTE is 0.22 ± 0.05 [where A(element) = log N(element)/N(H) + 12.00], which, as expected, is shallower than the slope between A(Li) and A(Be) of 0.38. We have normalized the light-element abundances to account for the observation that the initial abundances are somewhat lower in lower metallicity stars by employing recently published empirical relations between Be and [Fe/H] and between B and [Fe/H]. The correlation between the normalized A(Be) and A(B)NLTE has a slope of 0.18 ± 0.06. The star with the largest Be depletion, HR 107, a main-sequence Ba star, also has the largest B depletion, with the B abundance lower by a factor of 3.5 relative to the standard stars.
Probing magneto-optic trap dynamics through weak excitation of a coupled narrow-linewidth transition

Ytterbium ~Yb, Z570) and other alkaline-earth-like atoms possess coupled two-level-like transitions ~see Fig. 1! whose widely different natural widths @1,2# support multiple magneto-optic trapping opportunities. Specifically, the strong and nearly closed @3# S0P1 transitions are well suited, due to their large scattering rates, to cooling atomic beams @2,4– 6,9,10# and loading magneto-optic traps ~MOTs! from thermal or slowed sources @4–6,9,10#. In contrast, and due to their narrow linewidths, the spin-forbidden S0P1 transitions support MOTs with ultralow limiting temperatures and potentially high spatial densities @5,7#, and are useful for high-resolution spectroscopic studies @8–10#. Employing these two types of transitions in complementary cooling, trapping, and spectroscopic roles may ultimately provide new routes to quantum degeneracy @5,7# and high-precision optical frequency standards @1,8–10#. A staged cooling experiment using first the S0P1 and then the S0P1 transitions in strontium ~Sr! has already led to record phasespace densities in a MOT @5#. Additionally, optical spectroscopy of the S0P1 magnesium ~Mg! @9# ~calcium ~Ca! @10#! transition in S0P1 MOTs has produced fractional frequency stabilities exceeding ~approaching! that which can be obtained with atomic-beam experiments using the same species. In this Rapid Communication, we present observations, in a steady-state 398.8-nm(6s)S0-(6s6p) P1 Yb MOT, of probe fluorescence spectra induced by excitation of the Yb(6s)S0-(6s6p) P1 555.6-nm transition. We find that the Zeeman structure of the P1 excited state is completely resolved and that peak widths and splittings provide diagnostic information about the atomic cloud size, location relative to the trap magnetic field zero @11#, and potentially, the atomic velocity distribution @10#. Use of an intercombination transition to perform in situ temperature measurements may provide an alternative approach to trapdestructive time-of-flight techniques @10,12#. Since a detailed description of the apparatus has been given previously @4#, we only review the relevant features of the trapping experiment here. Approximately 10 Yb atoms, loaded with a s Zeeman slower, are held in a S0P1 Yb MOT. For the power levels used in this experiment, the trap lifetime t is limited primarily by radiative branching from the P1 state to t;400 msec @4#. Trap axial
The Banach space S is complementably minimal and subsequentially prime

We first include a result of the second author showing that the Banach space S is complementably minimal. We then show that every block sequence of the unit vector basis of S has a subsequence which spans a space isomorphic to its square. By the Pe lczynski decomposition method it follows that every basic sequence in S which spans a space complemented in S has a subsequence which spans a space isomorphic to S (i.e. S is a subsequentially prime space).
Environmentally friendly organic synthesis using bismuth compounds: bismuth(III) iodide catalyzed deprotection of acetals in water

The chemoselective deprotection of a wide range of acetals and ketals in water is catalyzed by bismuth(III) iodide. Bismuth(III) compounds are remarkably nontoxic and hence are attractive as environmentally friendly catalysts.
Wide-range tuning of the titanium dioxide flat-band potential by adsorption of fluoride and hydrofluoric acid

The adsorption of fluoride, (HF){sub n}F{sup {minus}} ions, and hydrofluoric acid at the surface of n-type TiO{sub 2{minus}x}F{sub x} (x {approx} 0.001) electrodes was studied by electrochemical methods. Adsorption of F{sup {minus}} from acetontrile/tetraethylammonium fluoride (TEAF) solution follows a Langmuir isotherm above a fractional coverage of about 0.5, and the equilibrium constant for adsorption is 8,300 M{sup {minus}1}. Specific adsorption of fluoride ions, at millimolar concentration in acetonitrile, results in a large negative shift in the flat-band potential, as manifested by capacitance measurements and cyclic voltammetry of Ru(bpy){sub 3}{sup 2+}. Fluoride ions are strongly complexed by HF in acetonitrile to form (HF){sub n}F{sup {minus}} ions (n = 1,2), which are also specifically adsorbed at the TiO{sub 2{minus}x}F{sub x}(001) surface.
Glass ceiling: role of women in the corporate world

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to examine the existence of the glass ceiling in Texas.Design/methodology/approach – Data on publicly traded corporations registered in the state of Texas was used to examine the existence of the glass ceiling effect in Texas. The data for this study were gathered from ReferenceUSA, which is a subscription database that contains information on more than 12 million US businesses and one million Canadian businesses.Findings – The study found the existence of the glass ceiling based on the analysis of the sample. Of the 257 corporations in the sample, there were only two that had women chief executive officers (0.78 percent).Research limitations/implications – The dataset used was not a comprehensive list of corporations registered in Texas.Practical implications – Given the increase in ethnic and gender diversity at the work place, it is critical that women feel assured of an equal opportunity to reach top‐management positions.Originality/value – Although there have be...
My life as a physicist: Memories and perspectives

This paper constitu~s a brief personal history from my beginnings as a physicist through the period of my discovery and consolidation of what has since become the self-consistent field theory of molecular structure. My career as a molecular theorist began only a few short years after the most traumatic experiences of my life took place during World War II. My growth as a scientist did not stop during those difficult years, but proceeded as if driven by forces independent of the surrounding events. It is only during the last decade or so that I have spoken somewhat more freely about the painful experiences described below. However, those events were always vividly present in my mind. I hope that sharing those memories with my friends and colleagues will help them to understand me better, and perhaps also the human condition. And since my training in the fundamentals of physics occurred during those years, my account may also offer some insight into how learning can, and does, occur under improbable circumstances. But first I like to turn back to my chilled, when I experienced the earliest stirrings of scientific curiosity. I am certain that my interest in science began when I was three years old. I did not understand how toasters, lamps and irons depended on a wire coming out of the wall. In those days, wall outlets were surface mounted and covered by porcelain caps. One day I found an outlet whose cap had crumbled. I began to put my finger systematically on the various exposed parts, intent on getting some response from this mysterious gadget. I finally did, in the form of an electric shock that made me withdraw my finger abruptly, and imbued me with great respect for the mysterious force I had just experienced. This was one experiment that I reported to no one; I was brought up in a proper home and had sense enough to know that, whatever I had done, it was wrong. The experience increased my prudence but in no way diminished my curiosity. By the age of seven, I was conducting less dangerous experiments with batteries, lights, switches and electric bells. Radio broadcasting was just
Analysis of beam-on-target interaction in a neutron-source test facility

Abstract The need is urgent for a high-flux, high-energy neutron test facility to evaluate the performance of fusion reactor materials. An accelerator-based deuterium-lithium source is generally considered the most reasonable approach to a high-flux neutron source in the near future. The idea is to bombard a high-energy (20–40 MeV) deuteron beam into a lithium jet target to produce high-energy neutrons in order to simulate a fusion reactor environment via the Li (d, n) nuclear stripping reaction. Deposition of the high-energy deuteron beam and the subsequent response of the lithium jet are modeled and evaluated in detail. To assess the feasibility of this concept, the analysis is done parametrically for various deuteron beam energies, beam currents, and jet velocities. A main requirement for a successful operation is to keep the free jet surface at a minimum temperature to reduce surface evaporation of lithium into the vacuum system. The effects of neutron-generated heating and irradiation on the jet-supporting back plate are also evaluated. The back plate must maintain a reasonable lifetime during system operation.
ULTRAVIOLET SPECTROSCOPY OF RAPIDLY ROTATING SOLAR-MASS STARS: EMISSION-LINE REDSHIFTS AS A TEST OF THE SOLAR-STELLAR CONNECTION

We compare high-resolution ultraviolet spectra of the Sun and thirteen solar-mass main-sequence stars with different rotational periods that serve as proxies for their different ages and magnetic field structures. In this, the second paper in the series, we study the dependence of ultraviolet emission-line centroid velocities on stellar rotation period, as rotation rates decrease from that of the Pleiades star HII314 (P rot = 1.47 days) to ? Cen A (P rot = 28 days). Our stellar sample of F9?V to G5?V stars consists of six stars observed with the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph on the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) and eight stars observed with the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph on HST. We find a systematic trend of increasing redshift with more rapid rotation (decreasing rotation period) that is similar to the increase in line redshift between quiet and plage regions on the Sun. The fastest-rotating solar-mass star in our study, HII314, shows significantly enhanced redshifts at all temperatures above log T = 4.6, including the corona, which is very different from the redshift pattern observed in the more slowly rotating stars. This difference in the redshift pattern suggests that a qualitative change in the magnetic-heating process occurs near P rot = 2 days. We propose that HII314 is an example of a solar-mass star with a magnetic heating rate too large for the physical processes responsible for the redshift pattern to operate in the same way as for the more slowly rotating stars. HII314 may therefore lie above the high activity end of the set of solar-like phenomena that is often called the solar-stellar connection.
Finite temperature lattice QCD with clover fermions

We report on our simulation of finite temperature lattice QCD with two flavors of O(a) Symanzik-improved fermions and O(a2) Symanzik-improved glue. Our thermodynamic simulations were performed on an 83 × 4 lattice, and we have performed complementary zero temperature simulations on an 83 × 16 lattice. We compare our results to those from simulations with two flavors of Wilson fermions and discuss the improvement resulting from use of the improved action.
Javelin++: scalability issues in global computing

Javelin is a Java-based infrastructure for global computing. This paper presents Javelin++, an extension of Javelin, intended to support a much larger set of computational hosts. Contributions to scalability and fault tolerance are presented. This is the focus of the paper. Two scheduling schemes are presented: probabilistic work stealing and deterministic work stealing. The distributed deterministic work stealing is integrated with a distributed deterministic eager scheduler, which is one of the paper's primary original contributions. An additional fault tolerance mechanism is implemented for replacing hosts that have failed or retreated. A Javelin++ API is sketched, then illustrated on a raytracing application. Performance results for the two schedulers are reported, indicating that Javelin++, with its broker network, scales better than the original Javelin. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Permissibly Encouraging the Impermissible

According to some moral theorists, including advocates of the doctrine of double effect, the permissibility of actions can turn on the intentions with which they are performed. Intention-focused theories are susceptible to an objection based on the following three premises. It is morally impermissible to encourage morally impermissible actions; there are certain actions that can permissibly be encouraged; intention-focused theories imply that a subset of such actions are impermissible. The objection rests on the claim that the best way to reconcile these premises is to conclude that intention-focused theories mistakenly deem these actions impermissible. But a better way to reconcile these premises is by rejecting the claim that it is necessarily morally impermissible to encourage morally impermissible acts. Judith Jarvis Thomson seems to deserve credit for devising this objection to intention-focused theories. Here is how she puts the point in the context of a euthanasia case in which it is clear that a patient’s pain is so bad that his request to be put out of his misery is worthy of respect:
Comparing the spread of capitalism and democracy

Abstract We apply Leeson and Dean’s (2009) method for studying democratic dominoes to capitalist spillovers to compare the rates at which capitalism and democracy spread between countries. We find that capitalism and democracy spread at approximately the same modest rate.
Optical rotation: Recent advances in determining the absolute configuration

The field of optical rotations is currently undergoing a renaissance, which is a direct result of the advances in quantum mechanics and the availability of faster desktop computers. In the last few years, the field of optical rotations has taken an important role for determining the three-dimensional molecular structure (absolute configuration and conformations) with confidence. The purpose of this review is to present the latest advances in this area so that practicing chemists can utilize them in their respective areas of research and development.
On the convergence of Bayesian posterior processes in linear economic models Counting equations and unknowns

Abstract I propose a technique, counting ‘equations’ and ‘unknowns’, for determining when the posterior distributions of the parameters of a linear regression process converge to their true values. This is applied to examples and to the infinite-horizon optimal control of this linear regression process with learning, and in particular to the problem of a monopolist seeking to maximize profits with unknown demand curve. Such a monopolist has a tradeoff between choosing an action to maximize the current-period reward and to maximize the information value of that action. I use the above technique to determine the monopolist's limiting behavior and to determine whether in the limit it learns the true parameter values of the demand curve.
A multifunctional silicon-based microscale surgical system

Abstract In this paper, we report our progress on the development of silicon-based surgical tools. We report on the integration of piezoresistive sensors in noise insensitive Wheatstone configuration, silicon nitride/platinum composite overhanging blades, fluid channels, and electrical packaging features to make the device highly multifunctional. Multiple polysilicon piezoresistors were integrated onto bulk-micromachined ultrasonic transducers that were used to measure the ultrasonic strain, and the force applied to the cutting tip. The use of thin silicon nitride/metal composites films for cutting in vitro human retinas at the cellular level is demonstrated.
Nucleon elastic form factors and local duality

Using a newly obtained sample of inclusive electron-proton scattering data in the nucleon resonance region we have extracted the proton magnetic form factor, utilizing the quark-hadron duality concept. The extraction is in good agreement with direct measurements. Similarly, utilizing quark-hadron duality, a relation can be derived between the ratio of longitudinal to transverse deep inelastic electron-proton scattering cross sections and the ratio of the electric to magnetic proton elastic form factors. Again, the extracted ratio agrees reasonably with the existing world data. This agreement is a first experimental verification of duality in the longitudinal channel, and suggests that effects of higher-twist operators are suppressed on average in both the longitudinal and transverse electron-nucleon scattering processes.
Reply to the Discussion of “Estimating the Distribution of Dietary Consumption Patterns”

1. In a time when it is routine to see models with thousands of latent variables and small sample sizes, it seems far-fetched at best to call ours “highly complex.” We have 6 latent variables, a few regression parameters, two 19-dimensional covariance matrices and typically hundreds of observations, and thousands in our particular application. If that is “highly complex,” what is being discussed in this issue must be worthy of international awards. 2. Our model is fully parametric, not “semiparametric.” 3. “How, without something like sensitivity analysis, are we to know that it is valid?” As mentioned in my article, and the original paper, unlike massive latent variable problems, our model can be checked, because the simple bivariate submodels for every combination of dietary components can be fit by other means using standard weighted likelihoods, and we have confirmed that the bivariate sub-fits from our model agree with the direct fits to the submodels. See Section 4 of the Annals of Applied Statistics article where this issue is discussed in more detail. 4. We are sorry that the Bayesian sample survey methodology is a “mess.” This is too bad, on many fronts. Our method would be fully Bayesian if there were no sampling weights needed.
Vortex flow and transverse flux screening at the bose glass transition

We study the vortex phase diagram in untwinned YBCO crystals with colunmar defects. These randomly distributed defects are expected to induce a "Bose glass'' phase of localized vortices exhibiting a vanishing resistance and Meissner effect for magnetic fields H⊥ to transverse to the columns. We directly observe the transverse Meissner effect using a Hall probe array. As predicted, the Meissner state breaks down at temperatures T_s that decrease linearly as H⊥ to increases. However, T_s lies far below the conventional melting temperature T_m determined by a vanishing resistivity, suggesting a regime where vortices are effectively localized even when rotated off the columnar defects.
Political economy of taxation in an overlapping-generations economy

Abstract This paper analyzes the effects of intergenerational conflict on capital and labor income tax rates, transfers, and government spending in a model of multidimensional policy choice. The different nature of tax liabilities for the young and the old can explain why the old receive large gross lump-sum transfers through social security, while the young receive little or none. A natural link also emerges between the size of the government as a provider of public goods and the magnitude of transfers that the same government will implement.
Tidal Scattering of Stars on Supermassive Black Holes in Galactic Centers

Some of the mass that feeds the growth of a massive black hole (BH) in a galactic center is supplied by tidal disruption of stars that approach it on unbound, low angular momentum orbits. For each star that is disrupted, others narrowly escape after being subjected to extreme tidal distortion, spin-up, mixing, and mass loss, which may affect their evolution and appearance. We show that it is likely that a significant fraction of the stars around massive BHs in galactic centers have undergone such extreme tidal interactions and survived subsequent total disruption, either by being deflected off their orbit or by missing the BH due to its Brownian motion. We discuss possible long-term observable consequences of this process, which may be relevant for understanding the nature of stars in galactic centers and may provide a signature of the existence of massive BHs there.
Impact of climate change on photochemical air pollution in Southern California

Abstract. The effects of future climate and emissions-related perturbations on ozone air quality in Southern California are considered, with an assumed increase to 2× pre-industrial levels for global background levels of carbon dioxide. Effects of emission and climate-related forcings on air quality are superimposed on a summer 2005 high-ozone time period. Perturbations considered here include (a) effect of increased temperature on atmospheric reaction rates, (b) effect of increased temperature on biogenic emissions, (c) effect of increased water vapor concentrations, (d) effect of increased pollutant levels at the inflow (western) boundary, and (e) effect of population growth and technology change on emissions within Southern California. Various combinations of the above perturbations are also considered. The climate-related perturbations (a–c) led to combined peak 1-h ozone increases of up to 11 ppb. The effect on ozone was greatly reduced when the temperature increase was applied mostly during nighttime hours rather than uniformly throughout the day. Increased pollutant levels at the inflow boundary also led to ozone increases up to 5 ppb. These climate and inflow-related changes offset some of the anticipated benefits of emission controls within the air basin.
Hadronic correlators from all-point quark propagators

Abstract A method for computing all-point quark propagators is applied to a variety of processes of physical interest in lattice QCD. The method allows, for example, efficient calculation of disconnected parts and full momentum-space 2 and 3 point functions. Examples discussed include: extraction of chiral Lagrangian parameters from current correlators, the pion form factor, and the unquenched eta-prime.
Tight bounds for k -set agreement with limited-scope failure detectors

In a system with limited-scope failure detectors, there are q disjoint clusters of processes such that some correct process in each cluster is never suspected by any process in that cluster. The failure detector class Sx,q satisfies this property all the time, while ♦Sx,q satisfies it eventually. This paper gives the first tight bounds for the k-set agreement task in asynchronous message-passing models augmented with failure detectors from either the Sx,q or ♦Sx,q classes. For Sx,q, we show that any k-set agreement protocol that tolerates f failures must satisfy f < k+x-q if q < k and f < x otherwise, where x is the combined size of the q disjoint clusters if q < k (or the k largest, otherwise). This result establishes for the first time that the protocol of Mostefaoui and Raynal for the Sx = Sx,1 failure detector is optimal.For ♦Sx,q, we show that any k-set agreement protocol that tolerates f failures must satisfy f < min(n+1/2, k+x-q) if q < k and f < min(n+1/2,x) otherwise, where n + 1 is the total number of processes. We give a novel protocol that matches our lower bound, disproving a conjecture of Mostefaoui and Raynal for the ♦Sx = ♦Sx,1 failure detector.Our lower bounds exploit techniques borrowed from Combinatorial Topology, demonstrating for the first time that this approach is applicable to models that encompass failure detectors.
Thermal distortion test facility

The thermal distortion test facility (TDTF) at Phillips Laboratory provides precise measurements of the distortion of mirrors that occurs when their surfaces are heated. The TDTF has been used for several years to evaluate mirrors being developed for high-power lasers. The facility has recently undergone some significant upgrades to improve the accuracy with which mirrors can be heated and the resulting distortion measured. The facility and its associated instrumentation are discussed.
Understanding Resistance to Combination Chemotherapy

The current clinical application of combination chemotherapy is guided by a historically successful set of practices that were developed by basic and clinical researchers 50-60 years ago. Thus, in order to understand how emerging approaches to drug development might aid the creation of new therapeutic combinations, it is critical to understand the defining principles underlying classic combination therapy and the original experimental rationales behind them. One such principle is that the use of combination therapies with independent mechanisms of action can minimize the evolution of drug resistance. Another is that in order to kill sufficient cancer cells to cure a patient, multiple drugs must be delivered at their maximum tolerated dose - a condition that allows for enhanced cancer cell killing with manageable toxicity. In light of these models, we aim to explore recent genomic evidence underlying the mechanisms of resistance to the combination regimens constructed on these principles. Interestingly, we find that emerging genomic evidence contradicts some of the rationales of early practitioners in developing commonly used drug regimens. However, we also find that the addition of recent targeted therapies has yet to change the current principles underlying the construction of anti-cancer combinatorial regimens, nor have they made substantial inroads into the treatment of most cancers. We suggest that emerging systems/network biology approaches have an immense opportunity to impact the rational development of successful drug regimens. Specifically, by examining drug combinations in multivariate ways, next generation combination therapies can be constructed with a clear understanding of how mechanisms of resistance to multi-drug regimens differ from single agent resistance.
Experimental investigation and 3-D modeling of rate-dependent irrecoverable deformation in shape memory alloys

Active structures composed of Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs) are becoming more prominent in applications with high force/low space design constraints, and the capabilities of numerical models intended to aid to the design process must be expanded. New applications have been proposed which require special high temperature SMAs (HTSMAs) where the operating temperatures can exceed one-third the melting temperature. Such imposed thermal conditions induce rate-dependent irreversible phenomena (viscoplasticity). A new 3-D model for SMAs undergoing viscoplastic deformation is discussed for the first time in this work, and new developments in the experimental investigation and numerical analysis pertaining to rate-dependent irrecoverable inelasticity in SMAs are also addressed. The description of simultaneous phase transformation and viscoplastic deformation requires the development of a theoretical framework able to capture the coupling between the rate-independent transformation and the rate-dependent creep. The proposed model is based on continuum thermodynamics, where the evolution equations and the hardening functions are properly chosen. While the transformation processes are rate-independent, the evolution equation for the viscoplastic strain is non-homogeneous in time, and rate-dependency is shown. The viscoplastic strain evolution follows Norton's Law, where the rate of creep is dependent on temperature. Implementation in an Abaqus FEA framework is completed using return mapping algorithms specially derived to consider simultaneous transformation and viscoplastic yielding. The model is experimentally calibrated and a cylindrical compression specimen composed of HTSMA and undergoing simultaneous transformation and viscoplastic yield is modeled in a 3-D environment. This analysis represents the first example of 3-D viscoplastic SMA analysis found in the literature.
Magnetic field directional discontinuities: 1. Minimum variance errors

The paper deals with a statistical analysis of the errors associated with a minimum variance analysis of directional discontinuities by use of an idealized model of these discontinuities and various simulations, and also by an examination of actual Mariner 10 interplanetary magnetic field data. An empirical expression is derived for the magnitude of the error in an estimated discontinuity normal component, relative to the total field across the directional discontinuity. The analysis was performed primarily to aid in differentiating between interplanetary tangential and rotational discontinuities observed by Mariner 10.
PSEUDODUALITY AND CONSERVED CURRENTS IN SIGMA MODELS

We discuss the current conservation laws in sigma models based on a compact Lie groups of the same dimensionality and connected to each other via pseudoduality transformations in two dimensions. We show that pseudoduality transformations induce an infinite number of nonlocal conserved currents on the pseudodual manifold.
Gamma-ray bursts: light on the distant Universe.

Observations of a long-lasting γ-ray burst, one that has the brightest optical counterpart yet discovered, challenge theoretical understanding of these bursts but may enhance their usefulness as cosmic probes.
On contention resolution protocols and associated probabilistic phenomena

Consider an on-line scheduling problem in which a set of abstract processes are competing for the use of a number of resources. Further assume that it is either prohibitively expensive or impossible for any two of the processes to directly communicate with one another. If several processes simultaneously attempt to allocate a particular resource (as may be expected to occur, since the processes cannot easily coordinate their allocations), then none succeed. In such a framework, it is a challenge to design efficient contention resolution protocols.Two recently-proposed approaches to the problem of PRAM emulation give rise to scheduling problems of the above kind. In one approach, the resources (in this case, the shared memory cells) are duplicated and distributed randomly. We analyze a simple and efficient deterministic algorithm for accessing some subset of the duplicated resources. In the other approach, we analyze how quickly we can access the given (nonduplicated) resource using a simple randomized strategy. We obtain precise bounds on the performance of both strategies. We anticipate that our results with find other applications.
Dramatic Variability of X-Ray Absorption Lines in the Black Hole Candidate Cygnus X-1

We report results from a 30 ks observation of Cygnus X-1 with the High Energy Transmission Grating Spectrometer (HETGS) on board the Chandra X-Ray Observatory. Numerous absorption lines were detected in the HETGS spectrum. The lines are associated with highly ionized Ne, Na, Mg, Al, Si, S, and Fe, some of which have been seen in earlier HETGS observations. Surprisingly, however, we discovered dramatic variability of the lines over the duration of the present observation. For instance, the flux of the Ne X line at 12.14 A was about 5 × 10-3 photons cm-2 s-1 in the early part of the observation but became subsequently undetectable, with a 99% upper limit of 0.06 × 10-3 photons cm-2 s-1 on the flux of the line. This implies that the line weakened by nearly 2 orders of magnitude on a timescale of hours. The overall X-ray flux of the source did also vary during the observation but only by 20%-30%. For Cyg X-1, the absorption lines are generally attributed to the absorption of X-rays by ionized stellar wind in the binary system. Therefore, they may provide valuable diagnostics on the physical condition of the wind. We discuss the implications of the results.
The factors affecting illegal insider trading in firms with violations of GAAP

Abstract Consistent with the economics of crime approach, this paper finds that insider selling is decreasing in the perceived costs of potential private and public enforcement upon discovery of GAAP misstatements, and increasing in managerial private benefits as measured by the market reaction to the misstatement announcement. Additionally, insiders at fraud firms sell more on average, although the intensity of their trades is less likely to be associated with the magnitude of their private information. Further analysis suggests that managers perceive a higher cost of public enforcement in the post-Enron period.
Experiments on the stability of the flat-plate boundary layer with suction

Experiments have been conducted in the VPI and SU Stability Wind Tunnel on a flat-plate wind-tunnel model equipped with porous suction panels. Detailed hot-wire measurements were conducted in the laminar boundary layer to investigate the stabilizing effects of suction on growing Tollmien-Schlichting waves, which were introduced into the boundary layer using a vibrating ribbon. Special care was taken to minimize external disturbances and to avoid extraneous experimental bias. The measurements, which included mean-flow and disturbance-amplitude profiles across the boundary layer, showed that suction applied through discrete porous strips can be as effective as suction applied continuously over a much longer streamwise length. The measurements also showed that suction is more effective when placed forward, nearer to the region of neutral stability, than when placed in the region of maximum growth rate. These results also provided meaningful comparison with recent theory.
Lepton number and neutrino masses

Abstract I review the arguments that led theoretical physicistsin the 1970's to suspect that lepton number is not an exact symmetry of nature, and to guess a rough range of neutrino massess.
Analysis of the depolarized Rayleigh light scattering spectrum of liquids composed of anisometric molecules: Nitrobenzene

Analysis of the central component of the depolarized Rayleigh light scattering spectrum of nitrobenzene is complex. Existing experimental data for nitrobenzene, including the concentration and temperature dependence of the Rayleigh linewidth, the concentration dependence of the depolarized Rayleigh intensity, and the translational‐rotational coupling parameter, are analyzed using asymmetric top equations to obtain the orientational pair correlation parameters. The results of this analysis and the translational‐rotational coupling parameter are used to explain the temperature dependence of the δ parameter introduced by Lempert and Wang [J. Chem. Phys. 72, 3490 (1980)]. Finally, an equation for the depolarized Rayleigh doublet for a liquid composed of asymmetric top molecules (nitrobenzene) is presented. This result is similar to previous results for liquids composed of symmetric top molecules.
On Sample Skewness and Kurtosis

It is well documented in the literature that the sample skewness and excess kurtosis can be severely biased in finite samples. In this paper, we derive analytical results for their finite-sample biases up to the second order. In general, the bias results depend on the cumulants (up to the sixth order) as well as the dependency structure of the data. Using an AR(1) process for illustration, we show that a feasible bias-correction procedure based on our analytical results works remarkably well for reducing the bias of the sample skewness. Bias-correction works reasonably well also for the sample kurtosis under some moderate degree of dependency. In terms of hypothesis testing, bias-correction offers power improvement when testing for normality, and bias-correction under the null provides also size improvement. However, for testing nonzero skewness and/or excess kurtosis, there exist nonnegligible size distortions in finite samples and bias-correction may not help.
Pulsed Plasma Thruster Backflow Characteristics

ULSED plasma thrusters (PPT's) using solid teflon propellant have a flight-demonst rated simplicity and reliability1 and are of increasing interest for future flight applications. Earlier versions of this thruster have relatively low values of impulse bit and total impulse, and hence, are limited to applications such as east-west stationkeeping and fine attitude control.2 To extend the capabilities of the PPT to longer duration missions and larger spacecraft, a one millipound average thrust PPT is currently in the advanced stages of development. 3 This thruster has an impulse bit of 22.2 mN-s, roughly 50 times larger than earlier versions, and a total impulse of 310,800 N-s, roughly 10 times larger than earlier versions. In addition, its specific impulse, propellant flow rate, efficiency, and power are also significantly larger. Applications envisioned for this millipound thruster include north-south stationkeeping, orbital acquisition and maneuvering, and large structure attitude control. The flight experience of the earlier PPT's has shown that the exhaust plume of these smaller thrusters has a negligible effect on spacecraft surfaces.4 The exhaust plume of the one millipound thruster is of potentially greater concern, primarily due to its higher energy and greater mass per pulse. In addition, longer mission durations and ever more sensitive spacecraft instrumentation will aggravate any plume contamination that may exist. Previous studies have been conducted to assess the effect of the one millipound PPT plume on spacecraft surfaces by directly measuring the plume flux impinging on a spacecraft upstream of the thrust exhaust plane.5 Unfortunately, accurate results have been masked by a backscattered flux of particles reflected and eroded from the test facility vacuum chamber walls. In order to minimize this effect and develop a more accurate measure of the plumespacecraft interaction, a study has been carried out using a special molecular sink (MOLSINK) vacuum facility. 6>7 This
Improved Biomimetic Total Synthesis of d,l-Stephacidin A

The direct conversion of β-hydroxyproline derivatives into 5-hydroxypyrazin-2(1H)-ones under Mitsunobu conditions has been discovered to be a general biomimetic protocol generating IMDA intermediates and has been applied to the concise, biomimetic total syntheses of d,l-stephacidin A and d,l-brevianamide B.
THE HIGHEST ENERGY COSMIC RAYS, GAMMA-RAYS AND NEUTRINOS: FACTS, FANCY AND RESOLUTION

Although cosmic rays were discovered 90 years ago, we do not know how and where they are accelerated. There is compelling evidence that the highest energy cosmic rays are extra-galactic — they cannot be contained by our galaxy's magnetic field anyway because their gyroradius exceeds its dimensions. Elementary elementary-particle physics dictates a universal upper limit on their energy of 5 × 1019 eV, the so-called Greisen-Kuzmin-Zatsepin cutoff; however, particles in excess of this energy have been observed, adding one more puzzle to the cosmic ray mystery. Mystery is nonetheless fertile ground for progress: we will review the facts and mention some very speculative interpretations. There is indeed a realistic hope that the oldest problem in astronomy will be resolved soon by ambitious experimentation: air shower arrays of 104 km2 area, arrays of air Cerenkov detectors and kilometer-scale neutrino observatories.
Sovereign debt : a primer

The troublesome debts of many developing countries have spawned much literature on why countries borrow, on what debt contributes to growth, on why countries repay, and on how to deal with existing debt. The author provides an analytical primer on the following aspects of sovereign debt : 1) the basic accounting concepts associated with debt and some data associated with external borrowing; 2) debt as a component of an optimizing model of borrowing in a competitive loan market, when the borrower faces an intertemporal budget constraint; 3) debt as a component of recent models of endogenous growth; 4) problems arising from sovereign risk, including problems of liquidity, enforcement, and revenue-raising to finance repayment; 5) incentives to repay; 6) options available to a creditor whose debtor is unwilling to meet current debt-service obligations; and 7) debt buybacks. The author concludes that in the absence of any efficiency cost imposed by outstanding debt, how much a buyback benefits the borrower depends on how much buying back debt reduces what is available for repayment later. The author also concludes that if there are efficiency losses associated with debt, debt forgiveness can benefit both a debtor nation and its creditors. Contrary to claims in the literature, this outcome does not require that a reduction in the face value of debt raise its market value, and the debtor benefits even though the buyback raises the market price of the debt.
The Rule of Law and Economic Growth: Where are We?

Summary It is widely assumed that the rule of law is essential for economic growth. However, the rule of law is clearly a multidimensional concept, encompassing a variety of discrete components from security of person and property rights, to checks on government and control of corruption. We review the theory underlying these different causal mechanisms linking the rule of law to economic growth, and provide an introduction to some outstanding measurement issues. We find that the correlation among different components of the rule of law concept are not tight among developing countries and that some inferences about the effects of property rights protection may not be warranted.
Sleep in Mood Disorders

Sleep disturbances are among the most common symptoms in patients with acute episodes of mood disorders, and patients with mood disorders exhibit higher rates of sleep disturbances than the general population. Insomnia and hypersomnia are associated with an increased risk for the development or recurrence of mood disorders and increased severity of psychiatric symptoms. Primary sleep disorders are also associated with an increased incidence of depression. Sleep electroencephalogram recordings have identified objective abnormalities associated with mood disorders, providing insight into the neurobiologic relationships between mood and sleep. Future studies will continue to investigate this association, and potentially improve the treatment of both sleep and mood disorders.