cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modality Switching for Mitigation of Sensory Adaptation and Habituation in Personal Navigation Systems

When humans need to navigate across terrain accurately and quickly, they often use portable electronic navigation systems for directional guidance. Prior work in this field has focused on selecting either the visual or haptic sensory modality for providing such guidance and has indicated that either option may be preferable depending on the user's specific goals. However, basing the selection of visual or haptic guidance on static criteria of this type discounts important time-varying effects, primarily stimulus-specific adaptation (SSA) and habituation. Here, we propose a navigation system design that mitigates these detrimental effects by periodically switching between visual and haptic navigation guidance. While this is likely to incur an undesirable switching cost, we hypothesize that the long-term benefits of counteracting SSA and habituation will outweigh this cost. In this paper, we describe the design and results of a human-participant study intended to evaluate this hypothesis. Our findings indicate that modality switching results in a transient cost to performance, but also that switching modalities lessens the SSA and habituation effects over time as compared with single-modality systems. The results support the hypothesis that an alternating-modality system would outperform a single-modality system for long-duration navigation tasks.
the La Porte weather anomaly—fact or fiction?

A notable increase in precipitation, moderate rain days, thunderstorm days, and hail days has been occurring since 1925 at La Porte, Ind. Since La Porte is 30 miles east of the large complex of hea...
Nanowire-Based Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells

Abstract In contrast to the gradual development of mature wafer-scale silicon photovoltaic (PV) technologies, more recent development of nanostructured PV devices has experienced an explosive growth. These materials are solution-processable and as such can be deposited on flexible substrates, in a form of semitransparent devices, and potentially at low cost. In this chapter, we review our present understanding of the basic mechanisms that govern operation of nanowire-based bulk heterojunction PV devices by focusing on current limitations and future opportunities. In particular, colloidal quantum dots (QDs) have been studied as promising candidates for single-junction and tandem solar cell applications due to their direct and tunable band gap in the visible and near-IR spectral regions. However, a mismatch between the optical absorption length and the carrier collection length prevents these devices from achieving optimal photocurrent generation. To enhance charge collection, it is possible to combine (1) hydrothermally grown ZnO nanowire arrays to form an ordered bulk heterojunction and (2) a band alignment engineered PbS QD film that utilizes inorganic and organic ligands to generate cascaded energy-level offsets. Furthermore, the hydrothermal method enables the growth of high-quality ZnO nanowires on graphene electrodes resulting in flexible semitransparent devices.
Purpose and Rationale

The basic principles and practices of general hospital consultation and liaison have been laid down by several major figures in the field over the last 20 years. The reader is assumed to be conversant with this literature. The early papers of Kaufman1 followed by the outstanding summary and reviews of Lipowski2-4 are mandatory reading for all professionals working in this field.
Disorders of Lipid Digestion and Absorption

Disorders of lipid metabolism fall into two major categories according to their frequency of occurrence and whether they are genetically or environmentally determined. Some lipid disorders, such as atherosclerosis, develop over many years and are influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Other disorders such as the sphingolipidoses, involve rather specific genetic mutations of one enzyme; these may begin in utero and are usually fatal early in life. Therefore, a wide spectrum of lipid disorders occurs in humans, affecting persons either early or late in life and being either fairly mild or highly fatal. To understand the disorders of lipid metabolism, it is appropriate first to consider the types and structures of the lipids that occur in living cells and to discuss briefly their general properties.
Introduction: PKC and Cancer

PKC isozymes have been widely implicated in cancer progression. There are remarkable changes in the pattern of expression of PKCs in human cancer, and it is possible that a causal relationship between overexpression or underexpression of PKCs and oncogenesis exists. Individual members of the PKC family control pathways implicated in mitogenesis and survival, and important roles for these kinases have been established in skin, breast, prostate, and lung cancer, as well as in several other cancer types.
Transition metal dithio- and diselenophosphate complexes

In this review we have assessed the current state of knowledge of the chemistry and properties of ditiophosphate complexes. Although the pioneering work of JOrgensen 132) served to call attention to R-dtp compounds, many additional studies remain to be done. Compounds of many elements in the periodic table have not been characterized and a limited amount of structural data is available. The effect of substituent variation has been shown to affect structures but not to significantly vary electronic properties of complexes with similar structures. It is hoped that this work will assist investigations into the chemistry of dithiophosphate complexes. Although it has not been emphasized, there is an appreciable similarity between dithiophosphinate 9.425,426) and dithiophosphate complexes although significant differences in the properties of the compounds frequently occur.
Towards Interactive Natural Language Processing in Clinical Care

Building on my prior work for retrospective research, I propose to evaluate interactive NLP in clinical care. I describe the design and evaluation of the proposed prototype for preparing signout notes to demonstrate my approach.
Contemporary prostate cancer radiation therapy in the United States: Patterns of care and compliance with quality measures.

Abstract Purpose Quality measures represent the standards of appropriate treatment agreed upon by experts in the field and often supported by data. The extent to which providers in the community adhere to quality measures in radiation therapy (RT) is unknown. Methods and materials The Comparative Effectiveness Analysis of Surgery and Radiation study enrolled men with clinically localized prostate cancer in 2011 and 2012. Patients completed surveys and medical records were reviewed. Patients were risk-stratified according to D’Amico classification criteria. Patterns of care and compliance with 8 quality measures as endorsed by national consortia as of 2011 were assessed. Results Overall, 926 men underwent definitive RT (69% external beam radiation therapy [EBRT]), 17% brachytherapy (BT), and 14% combined EBRT and BT with considerable variation in radiation techniques across risk groups. Most men who received EBRT had dose-escalated EBRT ( > 75 Gy; 93%) delivered with conventional fractionation ( 2 Gy; 95%), intensity modulated RT (76%), and image guided RT (85%). Most men treated with BT received I125 (77%). Overall, 73% of the men received EBRT that was compliant with the quality measures (dose-escalation, image-guidance, appropriate use of androgen deprivation therapy, and appropriate treatment target) but only 60% of men received BT that was compliant with quality measures (postimplant dosimetry and appropriate dose). African-American men (64%) and other minorities (62%) were less likely than white men (77%) to receive EBRT that was compliant with quality measures. Conclusions Most men who received RT for localized prostate cancer were treated with an appropriately high dose and received image guidance and intensity modulated RT. However, compliance with some nationally recognized quality measures was relatively low and varied by race. There are significant opportunities to improve the delivery of RT and especially for men of a minority race.
Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome misdiagnosed as conversion disorder

Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker syndrome (GSS) is a rare cause of genetic prion disease. Overlapping neurological, cognitive and psychiatric symptoms make GSS difficult to diagnose based on clinical features alone. We present a 40-year-old man without relevant medical or family history who developed progressive neurocognitive and behavioural symptoms over 3 years. Initial extensive diagnostic workup of his variable motor symptoms was unrevealing and he was diagnosed with conversion disorder. This diagnosis persisted for over 2 years, despite progressive neurocognitive symptoms. He eventually developed dementia and severe neurological impairment. Repeat brain MRI revealed generalised cortical volume loss, establishing the diagnosis of a rapidly progressive neurodegenerative process. He ultimately died from aspiration pneumonia at age 43. Postmortem neuropathological examination showed widespread multicentric prion protein amyloid plaques characteristic of GSS. Ultimately, genetic testing of brain tissue revealed a heterozygous A117V variant in the PNRP gene, confirming the diagnosis.
Fifteen-minute consultation: Epilepsy in the child with intellectual disabilities—the challenges

The paediatric epilepsies are a challenging group of disorders to assess and manage appropriately. This may be because of factors relating to the epilepsy itself, to the difficulties associated with obtaining an appropriate history and investigations or to factors relating to the individual child or young person such as other health issues. This paper discusses the particular challenges of assessing and managing epilepsies in children with intellectual disabilities (with or without other comorbidities) with a view to raising awareness of potential pitfalls in this field and ultimately improving the standards of epilepsy care that are offered to this complex group of children.
Prevention of Psychological Abuse in Paediatric Populations

There are times when neglect or verbal abuse can be nearly as traumatic as physical assault. The social problem of violence relies on the fields of psychology and criminal justice to gain a deeper ...
Case Study: Boston Bombings, a Surgeon’s View

Two ground-level improvised explosive devices were detonated on Boylston Street during the running of the 117th Boston Marathon, at 14:49:43 and 14:49:57 on April 15, 2013. A total of 243 injured patients presented with a myriad of injuries. Of the total population of 243 injured casualties, 152 patients presented to the emergency department (ED) within 24 hours of the explosions. Among the 152 patients presented within 24 hours, there were 66 patients who suffered from at least one extremity injury.
Intermediate oncologic outcomes after uniportal video-assisted thoracoscopic thymectomy for early-stage thymoma

Background Recent years have seen a trend towards utilizing a video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) approach for treatment of thymoma. Although increasing in practice, intermediate- and long-term oncologic outcome data is lacking for the VATS approach. There is no oncologic data for the uniportal VATS approach. We sought to evaluate the feasibility and impact on patient survival of uniportal VATS thymectomy for early-stage thymoma. Method The clinical outcomes for 17 patients with Masaoka stage I to II thymomas treated between January of 2009 and July of 2014 at a single institution were collected retrospectively. Primary endpoint was overall survival (OS) and secondary endpoint was recurrence-free survival (RFS). Results Ten women and seven men underwent uniportal VATS thymectomy; eleven had stage I thymoma and six had stage II thymoma. There were no conversions to open surgery. Operative mortality was zero. Mean tumor size was 3.8±1.0 centimeters, with a range of 1.9 to 6.0 centimeters. All patients underwent a R0 resection. Five-year survival was 100%, and the estimated RFS was 100%. Conclusions Our findings suggest that uniportal VATS thymectomy for early-stage thymoma is feasible, and the intermediate-term oncologic outcomes are comparable to historic standards for open and multi-incision VATS thymectomy. However, additional follow-up is required to evaluate for long-term oncologic outcomes.
An Economic and Empirical Analysis of Certain Linguistic Practices Concerning Admission of Evidence

This contribution to a mock symposium empirically examines the implications of using the phrase "into evidence" rather than "in evidence" to describe introducing an exhibit in a trial. The article describes the relevance of economic efficiency analysis to the study of linguistics and presents empirical evidence showing that linguistic preference has practical implications of great utility in a growing economy. It discusses data collected for twenty-two states (two from each federal circuit) and from three statistical sources, expanding on the theory that one would expect that states favoring the "in" preposition would have economic characteristics different from those favoring the "into" form of speech. The study shows that states favoring the "in evidence" phraseology tend to have higher unemployment and greater economic growth than states favoring the "into evidence" phraseology. Finally, the article examines the correlation between relevant economic and cultural variables and the phrases, demonstrating inter alia that there is no evidence that a male power structure in a state is related to the linguistic choice, as suggested by at least one feminist.
“We commited ten of our number to the silent tomb”: The archaeological evidence of the Walnut Creek massacre, Kansas (14BT301)

Heavy rains and subsequent bank erosion in 1973 exposed the skeletal remains of 10 men and boys on Walnut Creek in Barton County, Kansas. The site (14BT301) has not been fully reported, and this ef...
Laparoscopic Left Colectomy with Intracorporeal Anastomosis

This chapter details the procedural steps of laparoscopic left colectomy with emphasis placed on the construction of a colo-colonic intracorporeal anastomosis. A brief discussion of dissection techniques will be provided to ensure oncologic resection and obtain additional reach to facilitate a tension-free anastomosis. A step-by-step guide to colonic positioning, preparation, stapling, and suturing is then highlighted. In addition, techniques for anastomotic assessment will be reviewed. Pre- and postprocedural care is briefly addressed to maximize procedural outcomes.
Jejunal Interposition for Esophageal Replacement After Lye Ingestion in a Pediatric Patient

Abstract Introduction: The conduit of choice for esophageal replacement (ER) in children with complex esophageal atresia or caustic injury remains controversial.1 The most frequently used conduits ...
Psychiatric Comorbidities Are Highly Prevalent in Nonesophageal Eosinophilic Gastrointestinal Diseases

Background & aims The prevalence of psychiatric comorbidity in nonesophageal eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders (EGIDs) has not been studied. We aimed to ascertain the prevalence of psychiatric diagnoses and psychiatric medication use in children, adolescents, and adults with EGIDs and to assess whether psychiatric comorbidity affects clinical presentation. Methods This was a retrospective cohort study of newly diagnosed patients with a nonesophageal EGID at the University of North Carolina from 2008 to 2020. Psychiatric diagnoses and medications were extracted from medical records. We compared the clinical and demographic features of EGID patients with and without psychiatric diagnoses. Results Of 79 patients (mean 23.3 years of age, 53% male, 78% White) with a nonesophageal EGID diagnosis, 40 (51%) were diagnosed with a comorbid psychiatric disease. Anxiety (37%) and depression (28%) were most common. There were also 40 (51%) patients treated medically for a psychiatric diagnosis. Patients with a psychiatric diagnosis were more commonly ≥18 years of age at the time of EGID diagnosis (odds ratio [OR], 3.95, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.20–13.02) and had endorsed symptoms of nausea (OR, 5.31; 95% CI, 1.33–21.22) and dysphagia (OR, 4.24; 95% CI, 1.18–15.26). Conclusion Psychiatric diagnoses were very common in nonesophageal EGID patients with approximately 7 in 10 adults and one-third of children diagnosed. Similar proportions were found for psychiatric medication use. We also found that psychiatric illness may influence age of clinical presentation and symptoms. Providers should assess for concomitant psychiatric comorbidities in EGID patients.
ARBITRATION IN BRAZIL

Information regarding arbitration in Brazil is generally found in the international reports in the various compilations on commercial arbitration. These reports contain primarily a systematic survey of the regulation of the arbitral process in Brazilian law and its particular characteristics. This information is, however, of secondary importance to foreign exporters and importers and their legal advisers because arbitration or execution of a foreign arbitral award in Brazil neverthless requires the services of a Brazilian attorney. When drafting a contract, it is more important to know beforehand the risks that may be involved in Brazilian or foreign arbitration. This study attempts to assess these risks in light of Brazilian law. The significance of treaties negotiated by Brazil, the extent of use of arbitration procedures, the enforceability of arbitration clauses, and the requirements for recognition of foreign arbitral awards will be discussed. This exposition is based upon Brazilian cases and legal practice.
Effect of Prenatal Nicotine Exposure and Serotonin Deficiency on Arousal to Hypoxia in Rat Pups

Smoking during pregnancy increases the risk for the Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) and 70% of SIDS infants have a deficiency in brainstem serotonin (5HT). Arousal in response to hypoxia may be...
How Individuals and Organizations Can Reduce Interpersonal Discrimination

Individuals do not always face overt, unambiguous forms of discrimination that often have legal repercussions. Rather, the current paper introduces the construct of interpersonal discrimination, a set of behaviors (e.g., increased interpersonal hostility, decreased eye contact, abbreviated interactions) that has negative implications for both individuals and organizations. For individuals, interpersonal discrimination may result in consequences such as lowered performance (2009, doctoral dissertation, Rice University). For organizations, this type of discrimination may lead to negative bottom line consequences (Journal of Applied Psychology, 91, 2006, 579–592). Individuals and organizations can both take steps to combat this discrimination and in this article, we review these strategies. While research on some individual-level strategies in reducing interpersonal discrimination is showing success, the research on other strategies (from allies and organizations) is sparse, and we end by encouraging such future research.
Regional Corn Planting Date Recommendations for Iowa

Corn is planted earlier every year and thisis one important component in maximizing grain yield. In 2009, 47% of the statewide corn crop was planted by approximately April 26. This was four days earlier than the previous 5-year average (USDA NASS, 2009). Earlier planting dates are attributed to several causes: larger acreage per producer, less spring tillage, advancements in hybrids, increased tile drainage, and improved seed treatments. The start of corn planting is generally related to the date when the soil temperature reaches 50°F (10°C) or greater.
Spin Current Response in Bi-YIG/Pt Thin Film Heterostructures Induced by Gamma Radiation

Most of the present solid-state nuclear radiation detectors require cooling to low temperatures for their operation. Herewith, we are reporting the observation of a room temperature spin current response to gamma radiation from a novel Bi-YIG/Pt thin film hetero-structure device. A pulsed laser deposition technique was used to fabricate a 45-nm thick Bi-YIG film over which a 5-nm thick Pt film was deposited by an e-beam technique. Films were thoroughly characterized using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy. Sensitivity of the Bi-YIG/Pt thin film device to gamma radiation was tested by investigating the strength of the inverse spin Hall effect voltage generated in the Pt layer on exposing the device to gamma radiation flux. Our results show that even for a very small flux source, a room-temperature spin current response is detectable.
Set Constraints: Results, Applications, and Future Directions

Set constraints are a natural formalism for many problems that arise in program analysis. This paper provides a brief introduction to set constraints: what set constraints are, why they are interesting, the current state of the art, open problems, applications and implementations.
Evidence for a 17-year cycle in the IMF directions at 1 AU, in solar coronal hole variations, and in planetary magnetospheric modulations

A dominant 16–17 yr cycle was observed in the net exposure times of the Earth to Toward and Away field directions of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF). A cycle of the same frequency and phase was observed in the polarity of the long-term hemispheric differences in coronal hole distributions. This was determined from north/south differences in average Fe xiv green line ‘quiet’ regions at high- and mid-latitudes. It is argued that the 17-yr cycle is a fundamental oscillation of coronal hole topology, which is transferred to Earth via variations in the neutral sheet. A comparison of the 17-yr cycle to the 22-yr Hale cycle indicated that they are not identical, but rather, can mix to form a 75-yr cycle plus a 9-yr cycle. Evidence for the 75-yr cycle existed in the Earth's net exposure times to fields from the solar North and South, and in the long-term imbalance of solar quiet regions between the northern and southern hemispheres. The 9-yr cycle was manifested in the mid- to low- latitude Fe xiv modulations and in solar wind velocity variations in the ecliptic. At Earth, evidence for a similar 17-yr cycle was observed in the horizontal magnetic field observations in a multitude of surface magnetic recording stations. In addition, the detection of a 17-yr cycle in the Huancayo neutron monitor cosmic ray series suggests that the effects of this cycle extend to the heliospheric boundaries. It is concluded that sufficient preliminary evidence exists to consider the hypothesis that the Sun contains a magnetic moment with an oscillatory cycle of 17 years.
Consistent 4D cortical thickness measurement for longitudinal neuroimaging study

Accurate and reliable method for measuring the thickness of human cerebral cortex provides powerful tool for diagnosing and studying of a variety of neuro-degenerative and psychiatric disorders. In these studies, capturing the subtle longitudinal changes of cortical thickness during pathological or physiological development is of great importance. For this purpose, in this paper, we propose a 4D cortical thickness measuring method. Different from the existing temporal-independent methods, our method fully utilizes the 4D information given by temporal serial images. Therefore, it is much more resistant to noises from the imaging and pre-processing steps. The experiments on longitudinal image datasets from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) show that our method significantly improves the longitudinal stability, i.e. temporal consistency, in cortical thickness measurement, which is crucial for longitudinal study. Power analysis of the correlation between cortical thickness and Mini-Mental-Status-Examination (MMSE) score demonstrated that our method generates statistically more significant results when comparing with the 3D temporal-independent thickness measuring methods.
Failure of human maternal immune tolerance at the uteroplacental interface in pre-eclampsia (HUM7P.322)

Background: Pre-eclampsia is an elusive disease specific to human pregnancy. Risk factors suggest an immunologic cause, but specific data is lacking. Methods: A case control study of normal to pre-eclamptic mothers was undertaken (UCLA IRB # 11-002962). Cells were harvested at the uteroplacental interface at the time of cesarean section using a surgical sponge and, together with peripheral blood lymphocytes, subjected to FACS analysis. Results: Comprehensive evaluation of the peripheral and local maternal cellular milieu demonstrates maternal immune activation during pre-eclampsia. Significant reduction of peripheral naive CD4 T cells concomitant with increased central memory CD4 T cells is accompanied by a significant increase of HLA-DR+ Activated Treg in pre-eclampsia. At the uteroplacental interface, CD8 HLA-DR+ effector T cells and Fas+ CD56hi NK cells are significantly enriched. Discussion: Systemic and local maternal immune activation is a feature of pre-eclampsia suggesting a breakdown in maternal immune tolerance. The observed peripheral increase in Activated Tregs is not mirrored at the uteroplacental interface suggesting a potential deficit in Treg trafficking. In pre-eclampsia, maternal cellular immune activation is invoked at the uteroplacental interface involving both the T cell and NK cell compartments. The kinetics of peripheral blood CD4 immune activation suggests long-standing underlying inflammation potentially providing a diagnostic- and prognostic tool.
Community Acquisition of Group B Streptococcus by Infants of Colonized Mothers

Forty-six infants of women known to be colonized by group B Streptococcus (GBS) during the third trimester of pregnancy were not colonized by GBS at the time of discharge from the hospital nursery. At 6 to 8 weeks of age, two of these infants (4.3%) were found to harbor GBS. The rate of community acquisition of GBS by uncolonized infants appears to be low.
Physician recommendations of elective surgery for duodenal ulcer patients: A comparison of surgeons and medical specialists

Abstract A questionnaire eliciting physician recommendations of elective surgery versus medical management for hypothetical duodenal ulcer patients with bleeding 2 wk earlier was completed by gastroenterologists and gastrointestinal surgeons. Surgeons consistently recommended surgery more often than did gastroenterologists. However, the two groups made similar qualitative use of the factors amount of bleeding, age of patient, and duration of ulcer disease in their decision rules.
Children, Humanoid Robots and Caregivers

This paper presents developmental learning on a humanoid robot from human-robot interactions. We consider in particular teaching humanoids as children during the child's Separation and Individuation developmental phase (Mahler, 1979). Cognitive development during this phase is characterized both by the child's dependence on her mother for learning while becoming awareness of her own individuality, and by self-exploration of her physical surroundings. We propose a learning framework for a humanoid robot inspired on such cognitive development.
Effects of sintering on dielectric constants of mesoporous silica

The presence of -OH groups increases the dielectric constant of mesoporous silica films making them less suitable as interlayer dielectrics. To reduce the concentration of -OH groups a sintering process was used. The films were prepared by a spin-on, binary solvent technique. The film porosity was controlled by changing the amount of glycol, a low-vapor-pressure pore former. The dielectric constants of these mesoporous silica films were measured electrically over a wide porosity range before and after sintering to investigate the effects of porosity and annealing. At a porosity of ∼50%, the dielectric constant agrees with Hrubesh's correlation, K gel = 1 + 7.1(η - 1) = 1 + 1.48ρ gel , a correlation determined using bulk aerogels, where K is the dielectric constant, and η and ρ gel are the refractive index and density of the mesoporous material, respectively. Above and below 50% porosity, the data show substantial deviations from this correlation. At porosities above 60%, the measured dielectric constant is lower than that predicted by Hrubesh's correlation. At porosities < 40%, the dielectric constant is much higher, even higher than thermal SiO 2 . There is no significant difference in the measured dielectric constant between as-prepared and sintered films above 60% porosity with surface modification by trimethylchlorosilane (TMCS), but starting with porosities ranging from 30% to 55%, there is a significant improvement in the dielectric constants of sintered mesoporous films. The annealing process improves the dielectric property of the mesoporous film because it eliminates -OH groups by a condensation reaction and heals the structure by reattachment at the Si-O-Si bonds that the surface modifier cannot reach at porosities below 40%. The surface chemistry and thermal stability of the films was investigated using thermogravimetric analysis and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Ellipsometry and field-emission scanning electron microscopy were used to observe the film morphology and determine the porosity and the thickness of the films before and after sintering. The internal surface area of the prepared mesoporous film was measured by ellipsometric porosimetry (IMEC) before and after the sintering to calculate the concentration of -OH groups that would exist in the film at equilibrium. This calculated value was then compared with actual values for OH concentration based on dielectric measurement results.
Impurity-defect complexes and doping mechanism in a-Si:H.

The most outstanding feature observed for dopants in hydrogenated amorphous silicon---a shift in the Fermi level accompanied by an increase in the charged-defect density---has previously been postulated to stem from the formation of substitutional-dopant--dangling-bond complexes. Using first-principles self-consistent pseudopotential calculations in conjunction with a supercell model for the amorphous network and the ability of network relaxation from the first-principles results, we have studied the electronic and structural properties of substitutional fourfold-coordinated phosphorus and boron at the second-neighbor position to a dangling-bond defect. We demonstrate that such impurity-defect complexes can account for the general features observed experimentally.
The influence of hypovolemia and curarization on the reabsorption of water from the intact urinary bladder of the toad, Bufo marinus.

Abstract 1. 1. The present work is a study on the role of “volume” receptors in the control of antidiuretic hormone release by the toad, Bufo marinus. 2. 2. The rate of reabsorption of water from the intact urinary bladder was used as an in vivo assay of circulating antidiuretic hormone. 3. 3. Acute severe volume deficit (blood loss of 7·0 ml/100 g body weight) stimulates bladder water reabsorption in intact toads, but lesser degrees of blood loss (3·5 ml/100 g) do not. 4. 4. The removal of plasma (plasmaphoresis) is rapidly compensated for by peripheral lymph mobilization involving increased lymph-heart activity and transcapillary filling. 5. 5. Plasmaphoresis is ineffective in stimulating bladder water reabsorption unless peripheral lymph mobilization is inadequate in maintaining the hematocrit. 6. 6. Toads without functioning lymph hearts are more sensitive to blood loss, demonstrating an increased bladder permeability after the withdrawal of 3·5 ml/ 100 g. 7. 7. d -Tubocurarine chloride (1·5 mg/100 g) causes a marked stimulation in rate of water uptake from the bladder, but the predicted hemoconcentration does not occur. 8. 8. This response is completely blocked by removal of the neurohypophysis.
Fluid relabelling symmetries, Lie point symmetries and the Lagrangian map in magnetohydrodynamics and gas dynamics

We explore the role of the Lagrangian map for Lie symmetries in magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) and gas dynamics. By converting the Eulerian Lie point symmetries of the Galilei group to Lagrange label space, in which the Eulerian position coordinate x is regarded as a function of the Lagrange fluid labels x0 and time t, one finds that there is an infinite class of symmetries in Lagrange label space that map onto each Eulerian Lie point symmetry of the Galilei group. The allowed transformation of the Lagrangian fluid labels x0 corresponds to a fluid relabelling symmetry, including the case where there is no change in the fluid labels. We also consider a class of three, well-known, scaling symmetries for a gas with a constant adiabatic index γ. These symmetries map onto a modified form of the fluid relabelling symmetry determining equations, with non-zero source terms. We determine under which conditions these symmetries are variational or divergence symmetries of the action, and determine the corresponding Lagrangian and Eulerian conservation laws by use of Noether's theorem. These conservation laws depend on the initial entropy, density and magnetic field of the fluid. We derive the conservation law corresponding to the projective symmetry in gas dynamics, for the case γ = (n + 2)/n, where n is the number of Cartesian space coordinates, and the corresponding result for two-dimensional (2D) MHD, for the case γ = 2. Lie algebraic structures in Lagrange label space corresponding to the symmetries are investigated. The Lie algebraic symmetry relations between the fluid relabelling symmetries in Lagrange label space, and their commutators with a linear combination of the three symmetries with a constant adiabatic index are delineated.
A new hybrid swarm optimization algorithm for power system vulnerability analysis and sensor network deployment

In this paper, a new particle swarm optimization (PSO) inspired swarm intelligence optimization algorithm, so called hybrid multiagent swarm optimization (HMSO) algorithm, is proposed and investigated for mixed-binary nonlinear programming (MBNLP) problems. This new HMSO algorithm, including a continuous optimizer and a binary optimizer, is motivated by the recently developed results about multiagent coordination for network systems. Specifically, the new HMSO algorithm not only shares the global optimal solution among the particles like the PSO algorithm, but also shares the neighboring particle's velocity and position information for each individual particle underlying a communication topology. In this paper, we present some applications of our new HMSO algorithm for solving recently raised power system vulnerability analysis and sensor network deployment problems. The simulation illustrations are provided and compared with an improved PSO from the literature, while the numerical results reveal the high accuracy of the new HMSO when solving MBNLP problems.
Continuity of the relative extremal function on analytic varieties in C^n

Let $V$ be an analytic variety in a domain $Omega subset Cn$ and let $K relcomp V$ be a closed subset. By studying Jensen measures for certain classes of plurisubharmonic functions on $V$, we prove that the relative extremal function $omega_K$ is continuous on $V$ if $Omega$ is hyperconvex and $K$ is regular.
On the form of psychometric functions for taste

Psychometric functions were determined for the discrimination of weak solutions of quinine hydrochloride or of hydrochloric acid from distilled water. The slopes of these functions were compared with those of some functions previously determined for sodium chloride and for sucrose. In general, the functions for QHCl were the least steep and those for NaCl were the most steep, but the differences were not great. Thus, it appears that the psychometric functions for these different taste qualities have substantially the same form, even though absolute sensitivity varies over several orders of magnitude.
Electrostatic Self-Assembly of Binary Nanoparticle Crystals with a Diamond-Like Lattice

Self-assembly of charged, equally sized metal nanoparticles of two types (gold and silver) leads to the formation of large, sphalerite (diamond-like) crystals, in which each nanoparticle has four oppositely charged neighbors. Formation of these non-close-packed structures is a consequence of electrostatic effects specific to the nanoscale, where the thickness of the screening layer is commensurate with the dimensions of the assembling objects. Because of electrostatic stabilization of larger crystallizing particles by smaller ones, better-quality crystals can be obtained from more polydisperse nanoparticle solutions.
Absent Secretion to Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide in Cystic Fibrosis Airway Glands

We are testing the hypothesis that the malfunctioning of airway gland serous cells is a component of cystic fibrosis (CF) airway disease. CF is caused by mutations that disrupt CF transmembrane conductance regulator, an anion channel essential for proper fluid secretion in some epithelia. Submucosal glands supply most of the mucus in upper airways, and gland serous cells are the primary site of CF transmembrane conductance regulator expression in airways. We have discovered a major defect in CF glands by in situ optical monitoring of secretions from single human airway glands. CF glands did not secrete to agents that elevated [cAMP]i (0 responses/450 glands, 8 subjects), whereas glands were responsive in all donor tracheas (605/827 glands, 15 subjects) and in bronchi from subjects who were transplanted because of other lung diseases (148/166 glands, n = 10). CF glands secreted to cholinergic stimulation, and serous cells were abundant in glands from all CF subjects. The complete absence of secretion to agents that elevate [cAMP]i suggests that altered secretion of gland mucus could contribute to CF lung disease.
Modeling and SPICE simulation of CdS-pentacene hybrid CMOS TFTs

In this work we demonstrate that the unified model and parameter extraction method (UMEM) can be used to describe the behavior of hybrid complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor thin film transistors (CMOS TFTs) fabricated with cadmium sulfide (CdS) and pentacene as n-type and p-type active layer, respectively. Both devices were fabricated using a bottom gate configuration and top source-drain (SD) contacts. In particular, we describe the effect of semiconductor defects using the effective medium approximation, which considers a localized charge distribution in the bandgap of the semiconductor. Extracted parameters from UMEM were used in HSPICE to simulate the CMOS inverters fabricated previously by our group.
Optimal bounded-state control with application to building structure

To prevent structural damage, it is safer to bound the vibration amplitude rather than to minimize the vibration energy as in an LQR formulation. This is due to the fact that even if the sum of the squares of the vibration amplitude over a period is minimal, at some instants vibration is still possible over the tolerable limit of the structure. Therefore, in this paper, bounded-state control is addressed by using linear state/output feedback in a numerical optimization. The worst-case maximum magnitude of the system response is first calculated with the assumption that the external excitation and the control force are infinity-norm-bounded and that the initial condition is uncertain. Based on this calculated worst-case maximum magnitude, a non-linear optimization procedure is then developed to determine an optimal bounded-state controller. This non-linear optimization procedure can also be extended to the design of a dynamic controller. It is also shown that the matching condition is both necessary and sufficient for controlling the state arbitrarily close to zero in the presence of an unknown but bounded disturbance. The developed bounded-state controller is applied to a building structure for damage protection. Two different types of control implementation considered are an active tendon control and an active mass driver.
Figures Of Merit To Characterize Integrating Image Sensors

Criteria and laboratory techniques used to measure the performance of integrating image sensors are described. The integrating image sensor has a sensing layer that continually monitors the field of view and an electronic mechanism that sequentially reads out the integrated signal on an elemental basis. Test procedures are given for determining transfer characteristics, spatial response, spectral response, response uniformity, and image retention of these integrating image sensors.
Dynamic Nuclear Polarization by Electrical Spin Injection in Ferromagnet-Semiconductor Heterostructures

Electrical spin injection from Fe into ${\mathrm{A}\mathrm{l}}_{x}{\mathrm{G}\mathrm{a}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}\mathrm{A}\mathrm{s}$ quantum well heterostructures is demonstrated in small ($l500\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{O}\mathrm{e}$) in-plane magnetic fields. The measurement is sensitive only to the component of the spin that precesses about the internal magnetic field in the semiconductor. This field is much larger than the applied field and depends strongly on the injection current density. Details of the observed hysteresis in the spin injection signal are reproduced in a model that incorporates the magnetocrystalline anisotropy of the epitaxial Fe film, spin relaxation in the semiconductor, and the dynamic polarization of nuclei by the injected spins.
Inhibition of endogenous hedgehog signaling protects against acute liver injury after ischemia reperfusion.

Purpose Although Hedgehog (Hh) signaling is required for endodermal commitment and hepatogenesis, the possibility that it regulates liver injury after ischemia reperfusion (I/R) has not been considered. Therefore, we determined the expression pattern of Hh signaling and its role in liver injury following I/R using Hh antagonist cyclopamine (CYA).
Diagnosis of silent myocardial ischaemia in women

The diagnosis of silent ischaemic heart disease may be important in men as well as in women. However, diagnosing women by exercise ECG is limited due to the higher rate of false positive results. For improving diagnostic validity the following investigations were done. In 310 women, aged 41–63 years (mean age 47 years', revealing ‘pathological’ exercise ECG, further testing was performed using nitroglycerin (NTG 0.8 mg). As a reference method, pulmonary artery (PA) pressure measurement was used. As a result of NTG testing, two groups could be separated: (a) those in whom ST segment depression remained constant (N = 217, NTG negatives = 70%). Since the end-diastolic PA pressure was found normal, these results were interpreted to be false-positive, (b) NTG effected a reduction or normalization of exercise induced ST segment changes (N = 93, NTG positives = 30%). There was a correspondence with exercise inducible end-diastolic PA pressure decrease. Consequently, true positives were assumed. Analysis of angina pectoris history indicated typical chest pain in 2% of NTG negatives only, but in 16% of NTG positives. In agreement with this during exercise, angina was reported by NTG negatives in 3% of cases and by NTG positive in 17%. The rest of this group (83%) is considered having exercise induceable silent myocardial ischaemia. When checking-up after five years, exercise-induced angina could be found in 4% of NTG negatives again, but 36% of NTG positives. It was concluded that exercise testingby additionally using nitroglycerin is a rather important approach for diagnosing myocardial ischaemia in women. In spite of missing chest pain in some women, a pathological NTG positive exercise ECG is already an indication of silent myocardial ischaemia and predictive also of angina pectoris occurring subsequently.
Production of Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus in Flowing Agricultural Waters in Arizona

Catfish were cultivated in 0.3 m3 site-specific cages built for fish culture in irrigation ditches. Poor growth (239 g ± 4.2) in 1989 was probably due to velocity of water and variability of fish size at stocking. Addition of baffles to the cages and hand grading of fish eliminated these problems in 1990. A power failure near the middle of the 1990 growing season forced the brief move of the fish from the ditch to a pond. Catfish reached an average weight of 465 g in 1990 over roughly the same growing season as in 1990. Before the cages were moved, fish at lower densities had significantly higher growth (588 ± 3, 515 ± 3) than those at higher densities (396 ± 4.6, 334 ± 4). However, at the end of the experiment, growth was not significantly different between densities (P > 0.05). Perhaps stress to fish caused by moving cages obliterated the previous density differences in growth.
Improving Performance Without Training: A Three Step Approach

Summary Condition 1 showed that employees recorded high percentages of completed tasks; and task performance was shown to slightly improve. At that point in the project, recording accuracy was at it's highest level. Condition 2 illustrated a continuance of high employee records of completed tasks but also showed that actual task performance considerably increased so that there was greater self-recording accuracy. Then, during Condition 3, actual task performance increased more so that it even more closely reflected self-recorded measures. Each of the steps discussed thus far could be sufficient individually to facilitate accurate self-recording and task performance gains, although each appeared to have gained additional strength by being collectively applied. The cost of the present organizational intervention was very low. The costs included material duplication costs and approximately 30 minutes of management time per day. Management time was used to make concession observations (management records), compute performance data, and provide feedback to the employee. Employees worked the same number of hours as in Baseline. Based on this breakdown, the approximate weekly cost of this project was about $30.00. The total cost could be reduced further, perhaps, by monitoring less frequently and reducing the frequency of feedback sessions as employee performance stabilized at higher levels. Thus, the longer this project would run, the less expensive it might become. The steps implemented during this project might easily be applied to other jobs that produce easily observable outputs and could also be applied to other work settings. Future research efforts that would identify cost-effective ways to stimulate and maintain high levels of accurate self-recording might provide today's managers several options that could all yield accurate data for organizational management. Other research efforts centered on specific analyses of participatory standard setting, peer reinforcement, and self-reinforcement for task performance could provide additional insight into the areas of job analysis and employee productivity. Lastly, increased knowledge about the long term effects of self-recording could be gained through future research methods that first established high recording accuracies and task performance levels, then evaluated maintenance procedures for these methods. Implications of successive research studies which clearly show that employee performance can be improved by rewarding performers for accurate self-recording could be profound.
The Anthropology of Infectious Disease: International Health Perspectives

The Anthropology of Infectious Disease: International Health Perspectives. MARCIA C. INHORN and PETER J. BROWN. eds. Amsterdam: Gordon and Breach Publishers, 1997. xv. 495 pp., contributors, index