cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Genetic consultations in cases of unexplained fractures and haemorrhage: an evidence-based approach.

Purpose of review When infants and young children present with suspected physical abuse, it is critical to follow standard guidelines and rule out alternative causes of fracture and haemorrhage. A multidisciplinary team involved in the initial evaluation typically includes paediatrics, radiology, child protective services and/or law enforcement, and in complex cases, haematology, neurology, and genetics. A comprehensive genetics consultation includes review of the history of present illness, birth and past medical history, review of growth curves, family history, physical examination, radiological findings, and when indicated, biochemical and/ or genetic testing. Recent findings A number of reports have mischaracterized several genetic disorders as child abuse mimics. There is a difference between a differential diagnosis, which includes every condition that can cause a fracture and/or subdural haemorrhage, and a mimic, so called because it can be difficult to differentiate from child abuse. In this review, we discuss the differential diagnosis for infantile fractures and subdural bleeds, highlight cardinal signs and symptoms of genetic disorders, and demonstrate that these genetic disorders can be readily differentiated and diagnosed using a stepwise approach. Genetic disorders rarely, if ever, are truly mimics of child physical abuse. Summary In cases of suspected child physical abuse, multidisciplinary evaluations by paediatric specialists, keen clinical judgment, complete physical examinations, and judicious testing provides an evidence-based, time tested approach to excluding genetic disorders and diagnosing suspected child physical abuse.
Novel pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidine microtubule targeting agents (MTAs): Synthesis, structure–activity relationship, in vitro and in vivo evaluation as antitumor agents

Abstract The design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of a series novel N1‑methyl pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidines as inhibitors of tubulin polymerization and colchicine binding were described here. Synthesis of target compounds involved alkylation of the pyrazolo scaffold, which afforded two regioisomers. These were separated, characterized and identified with 1H NMR and NOESY spectroscopy. All compounds, except 10, inhibited [3H]colchicine binding to tubulin, and the potent inhibition was similar to that obtained with CA-4. Compounds 9 and 11–13 strongly inhibited the polymerization of tubulin, with IC50 values of 0.45, 0.42, 0.49 and 0.42 μM, respectively. Compounds 14–16 inhibited the polymerization of tubulin with IC50s near ∼1 μM. Compounds 9, 12, 13 and 16 inhibited MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines and circumvented βIII-tubulin mediated cancer cell resistance to taxanes and other MTAs, and compounds 9–17 circumvented Pgp-mediated drug resistance. In the standard NCI testing protocol, compound 9 exhibited excellent potency with low to sub nanomolar GI50 values (≤10 nM) against most tumor cell lines, including several multidrug resistant phenotypes. Compound 9 was significantly (P
Identification of localized radiation damage in power MOSFETs using EBIC imaging

The rapidly increasing use of electronics in high-radiation environments and the continued evolution in transistor architectures and materials demand improved methods to characterize the potential damaging effects of radiation on device performance. Here, electron-beam-induced current is used to map hot-carrier transport in model metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistors irradiated with a 300 KeV focused He+ beam as a localized line spanning across the gate and bulk Si. By correlating the damage to the electronic properties and combining these results with simulations, the contribution of spatially localized radiation damage on the device characteristics is obtained. This identified damage, caused by the He+ beam, is attributed to localized interfacial Pb centers and delocalized positive fixed-charges, as surmised from simulations. Comprehension of the long-term interaction and mobility of radiation-induced damage are key for future design of rad-hard devices.
Do Users Have Contextual Preferencesfor Smartphone Power Management

Smartphones must balance power and performance. While most smartphones offer a power-saving mode, they typically provide a binary choice between full performance and monolithic performance degradation (e.g., reducing both screen brightness and processing speed) to save power. Could smartphones improve the user experience by automatically degrading only selected features based on the usage context? To gauge whether preferences for power-saving strategies vary by context, we conducted a 304-participant, survey-based experiment. Each participant was assigned a context (e.g., navigation) and degradation level. They viewed a series of side-by-side simulations of one smartphone operating normally in that context and another operating with reduced GPS accuracy, processing speed, or screen brightness. Participants rated their willingness to accept each tradeoff to save power. Contrasting current power-saving modes, we found that participants’ preferences did indeed vary by context. Using factor analysis to cluster preferences, we identified key personas that pave the way toward context-aware and self-aware alternatives to smartphone power-saving modes.
SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Response in Patients Undergoing Kidney Transplantation

The response of the immune system to COVID-19 in end stage kidney disease patients who undergo kidney transplantation has yet to be described. We report data on 72 patients who underwent SARS-CoV-2 antibody testing both before and after kidney transplantation and were followed for a median of 186 days (range 83, 277). Of the 25 patients with a positive antibody test at the time of transplant, 17 (68%) remained positive after transplantation. Patients were significantly more likely to have a persistently positive test if they reported a symptomatic COVID-19 infection prior to transplant (p=0.01). SARS-CoV-2 IgG index values were measured in a subset of kidney transplant recipients and compared to wait -listed dialysis patients. These assays demonstrated a more significant decline in IgG (58% versus 14% p = 0.008) in transplant recipients when compared to dialysis patients tested during the same time period. Additional analysis of the quality of the immune response measuring the binding of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies to the receptor-binding domain (RBD binding), the antibody neutralizing capability, and the antibody avidity demonstrated a more pronounced effect when comparing pre-transplant values to post-induction therapy/post transplant values. The attenuated IgG response seen in transplant patients compared to dialysis patients after induction therapy requires further study. These data have important implications for post-transplant management of vaccinated dialysis patients.
Preharvest and postharvest control of Trichinella in meat

Abstract Prevention of human exposure to Trichinella relies on both preharvest and postharvest control and the implementation of these controls varies by the meat source. Risk can be well controlled in pigs through both good management practices during pork production and various postharvest controls, including meat inspection, and postharvest processing methods. With adequate documentation of good management practices, populations of pigs can be considered to have a negligible risk for Trichinella. When negligible risk cannot be documented, consumer safety requires pork to be tested or otherwise treated (e.g., cooking or freezing) prior to consumption. Many countries have strict requirements for testing and processing pork and pork products and these requirements are often reflected in trade agreements. Limited preharvest control options are available for most other animals which may be a source of Trichinella infection in humans. Meat inspection is used for testing horsemeat, wild boar, crocodile, walrus, and some other species intended for human consumption. Likewise, postharvest treatment such as freezing can be used for inactivating Trichinella in meat as long as the method is validated for the host and species of Trichinella. Consumer education on proper preparation methods is important for protecting public health from the risk of exposure to game meats or any meat source which is not otherwise tested or commercially treated to inactivate Trichinella.
Reflection-Source Emissions Evoked with Clicks and Frequency Sweeps: Comparisons Across Levels

According to coherent reflection theory, otoacoustic emissions (OAE) evoked with clicks (clicked-evoked, CE) or tones (stimulus frequency, SF) originate via the same mechanism. We test this hypothesis in gerbils by investigating the similarity of CE- and SFOAEs across a wide range of stimulus levels. The results show that OAE transfer functions measured in response to clicks and sweeps have nearly equivalent time–frequency characteristics, particularly at low stimulus levels. At high stimulus levels, the two OAE types are more dissimilar, reflecting the different dynamic properties of the evoking stimulus. At mid to high stimulus levels, time–frequency analysis reveals contributions from at least two OAE source components of varying latencies. Interference between these components explains the emergence of strong spectral microstructure. Time–frequency filtering based on mean basilar-membrane (BM) group delays (τBM) shows that late-latency OAE components (latency ~ 1.6τBM) dominate at low stimulus intensities and exhibit highly compressive growth with increasing stimulus intensity. In contrast, early-latency OAE components (~ 0.7τBM) are small at low stimulus levels but can come to dominate the overall response at higher intensities. Although the properties of long-latency OAEs are consistent with an origin via coherent reflection near the peak of the traveling wave, the generation place and/or mechanisms responsible for the early-latency OAE components warrant further investigation. Because their delay remains in constant proportion to τBM across sound intensity, long-latency OAEs, whether evoked with tones or clicks, can be used to predict characteristics of cochlear processing, such as the sharpness of frequency tuning, even at high stimulus levels.
Grant Peer Review: Improving Inter-Rater Reliability with Training

This study developed and evaluated a brief training program for grant reviewers that aimed to increase inter-rater reliability, rating scale knowledge, and effort to read the grant review criteria. Enhancing reviewer training may improve the reliability and accuracy of research grant proposal scoring and funding recommendations. Seventy-five Public Health professors from U.S. research universities watched the training video we produced and assigned scores to the National Institutes of Health scoring criteria proposal summary descriptions. For both novice and experienced reviewers, the training video increased scoring accuracy (the percentage of scores that reflect the true rating scale values), inter-rater reliability, and the amount of time reading the review criteria compared to the no video condition. The increase in reliability for experienced reviewers is notable because it is commonly assumed that reviewers—especially those with experience—have good understanding of the grant review rating scale. The findings suggest that both experienced and novice reviewers who had not received the type of training developed in this study may not have appropriate understanding of the definitions and meaning for each value of the rating scale and that experienced reviewers may overestimate their knowledge of the rating scale. The results underscore the benefits of and need for specialized peer reviewer training.
Hairy Polyp of the Nasopharynx Arising from the Eustachian Tube

Hairy polyps of the nasopharynx display characteristic radiological imaging findings, including the presence of fat in the polypoid mass. Furthermore, diagnostic imaging is useful for delineating the site of origin of these lesions, which can facilitate surgical planning. For instance hairy polyps that arise from the right Eustachian tube can be amputated via a trans-nasal approach with endoscopy, but may necessitate a two stage approach in order to avoid injury to critical structures, such as the internal carotid artery. On histology, hairy polyps comprise an outer keratinizing squamous epithelium with adnexal tissue, including hair follicles, and central fibroadipose and cartilaginous tissue. These features are exemplified in this sine qua non radiology-pathology correlation article.
Neuropsychological Functioning in Individuals with Noonan Syndrome: a Systematic Literature Review with Educational and Treatment Recommendations

Noonan syndrome (NS) is a relatively common genetic syndrome with variable features including short stature, congenital heart disease, distinctive facial characteristics, skeletal anomalies, and varying degrees of developmental delay. NS is caused by gene mutations in a cellular signaling pathway that is essential for typical growth and development. Research in the past few decades has revealed that individuals with NS have highly variable neurocognitive and behavioral outcomes. To a certain extent, variability in cognitive functioning depends on the particular gene where a mutation is found; additionally, factors related to medical severity and environmental effects contribute substantially to outcomes. This article contains a systematic review of research on neuropsychological features of NS, including cognition, motor development, language, memory, attention, visual perception, adaptive behavior, social skills, and mental health concerns. Given the wide variety of possible cognitive and behavioral complications associated with NS, it is recommended that clinical neuropsychological evaluation of cognitive, adaptive, and psychological domains of functioning should be standard of care for all individuals with NS. Suggested considerations for assessment of individuals with NS are provided. The paper concludes with recommendations for educational and therapeutic interventions, as well as suggestions for future research directions.
Energy spectrum and geomagnetic cut-off of primary cosmic-ray α-particles near 41 °N mag

The energy spectrum of the primary cosmic-ray α-particles have been measured using nuclear photographic emulsions flown from Alamogordo, New Mexico, on 14th May 1962. An emulsion-orienting mechanism allowed estimates to be made of the average geomagnetic cut-off energies in the east and west directions up to 45° zenith angle. Around the zenith, the cut-off was found to be (1.5±0.1) GeV/nucleon kinetic energy, with a total flux of (80±7) particles/m2 s sr. The slope of the integral energy spectrum was found to be 1.7±0.15 in the kinetic energy range from 2.5 to 10 GeV/nucleon.
Future trends in assessment and planning: priorities for vocational rehabilitation in the 21st century.

The article examines the current status and future directions of assessment and planning in vocational rehabilita­ tion (VR). Major themes include (a) the increasing emphasis on consumer involvement, (b) career development as the ultimate goal of the VR process, (c) integrative assessment of the 'whole' person, (d) employers as partners in planning and service delivery, and (e) the expanding role of rehabilitation counselors in a highly diversified professional marketplace. © 1998 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd.
Ubiquitously Useful: The Jesuit College of St. Francis Xavier, New York City, 1847–1912

For sixty-five years the College of St. Francis Xavier was one of the largest and most important Jesuit colleges in the United States. It made a much greater contribution to Catholic higher education in New York City than St. John’s College (the future Fordham University), producing hundreds of clergy, lawyers, doctors, and businessmen. The Jesuits who ran the college also staffed a busy parish church; served as chaplains in many of the city’s hospitals, prisons, and asylums; and founded the Catholic Club of the City of New York, the most important lay Catholic social organization in New York City.
Expected stock returns and volatility

This paper examines the relation between stock returns and stock market volatility. We find evidence that the expected market risk premium (the expected return on a stock portfolio minus the Treasury bill yield) is positively related to the predictable volatility of stock returns. There is also evidence that unexpected stock market returns are negatively related to the unexpected change in the volatility of stock returns. This negative relation provides indirect evidence of a positive relation between expected risk premiums and volatility.
A Study of the Kinematic Dynamo Equation with Time-dependent Coefficients

During an active star formation epoch the interstellar medium of a galaxy is in a hyperactive state, and the average turbulent velocity is higher than in the long periods between star formation epochs. The galactic magnetic field generated by dynamo action depends strongly on the turbulent velocity, so that generation of magnetic field should vary with star formation activity. This paper is a preliminary study of the kinematic dynamo equation with time-dependent coefficients simulating the time dependence of the star formation activities. Ko and Parker argued in a simple model that the thickness of the dynamo region is the most sensitive dynamo parameter. The present work shows that the effect of inflating the galactic disk suddenly is to transform a stationary magnetic field into a growing field while keeping the profile more or less intact. Plane wave solutions for a dynamo with power-law time-dependent parameters show that the field may decay first and then grow, and vice versa, which is quite different from a constant parameter dynamo.
Consumer perceptions of product‐claim versus help‐seeking direct‐to‐consumer advertising

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to better understand the effectiveness of direct‐to‐consumer advertising (DTCA) by examining consumer perceptions of persuasive intent and informativeness associated with product‐claim and help‐seeking advertisements, respectively.Design/methodology/approach – In three behavioral experiments, a total of 413 participants provided data on their behavioral intentions and attitudes towards DTCA.Findings – Consumers perceived help‐seeking DTCA as being highly informative without persuasive intent, whereas they perceived product‐claim DTCA as having high‐persuasive intent with little informativeness. Help‐seeking (versus product‐claim) DTCA was more effective in generating stronger behavioral intention to seek treatment for the ailments advertised (i.e. clinical depression and migraine). Consumer perceptions of persuasive intent and informativeness of DTCA were the underlying mediators for this result.Research limitations/implications – The paper helps to resolve conflicti...
Using age-adjusted rates in ecological studies of suicide and homicide.

Summary.-The use of age-adiusted suicide rates changed significantly the size of 35% of the correlations between social variables and the suicide rates over the states of America but changed only 5% of the correlations for homicide rates. Almost all ecological studies of suicide and homicide have used crude suicide rates (e.g., Lester, 1988). The present study explored the effect of using age-adjusted rates. Age-adjusted suicide and homicide rates for 19791987 (Centers for Disease Control, undated) for each state were correlated with 37 social characteristics of the 48 continental states in 1980 (Lester, 1988). The Pearson correlations between crude and age-adjusted rates were 0.99 for suicide and 1.00 for homicide. Of the 37 social variables, 13 of the Pearson correlations differed significantly on a two-tailed test (p = .05) for the crude and age-adjusted suicide rates (by 0.04 or more), but only two differed significantly for the homicide rates. For the suicide rates, the major differences were obtained for the age variables (percent of those under 15 years of age, percent of those over 65 years of age, and median age) and for variables strongly related to age (birth rate and death rate). Thus, the use of age-adjusted versus crude suicide rates may affect the results of multiple regression analyses of regional suicide rates, and this should be taken into account in future research.
Acid desoxyribonuclease assay by the methyl green method.

Abstract The methyl green method of DNase assay is applicable in the acid range as well as at pH 7.5. As compared to the DNA degradation product assay, it has the advantages of greater technical simplicity, sensitivity, versatility, and economy of materials. It measures directly the enzymic degradation of DNA and is independent of secondary enzyme effects, such as of nucleotidases and phosphatases, which may influence the rate of formation of acid soluble products. Advantages of the methyl green method compared to other assay methods have been previously discussed.
Current Trends in South Mrica's Security Establishment

This article assesses three security trends in a transitional South Africa: the role of the police, the military's relation to state power, and what has not happened. Budgetary allocations to and the size of the South African Police have been vastly increased and the SAP-command structure has been regionalized. Although the military's confidence remains high, its grip on state power has been weakened. That the causes of these trends cut back to at least the last 10 years and that these trends now coincide with a new political will, has convinced many South Africans that minority rule will end soon. Yet civilian leadership has failed to act fully on evidence of scandalous behavior by members and units of the security establishment. Although it could be argued that this failure is explained by the fear that the transition to majority rule will be ruined at the last moment, it does little to strengthen the conditions of democracy in the long run.
A simple device for protein concentration by steady-state stacking

Abstract Preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with continuous elution flow gives rise to protein eluates at a very high degree of dilution. To concentrate such eluates with a minimum of effort, a new device was designed, constructed, and tested. This device is capable of simultaneously concentrating, by use of steady-state stacking, the eluate under an elution peak, divided into ascending, center, and descending fractions, comprising as much as 100 ml each. Final volumes were 1.5 ml per fraction. Protein recovery was 70–80%.
Tarsal Coalition A followup of adolescent athletes

A retrospective review was undertaken of 16 adoles cent patients (20 feet) with tarsal coalitions. All patients were active in sports and were seen in the Sports Medicine Clinic. Ages ranged from 9...
Scripting History: The Genre of Desegregation Stories

This article argues that desegregation stories form a subset of the school story genre. In drawing upon school story traditions, desegregation stories offer some unexpected and politically contentious solutions to the problems of segregated schooling, including queer friendships and critiques of classroom pedagogy. Nevertheless, the resolution of the school story requires that the protagonist be absorbed into an authorized institution and thus that she must relinquish some of the unconventional intellectual pursuits and friendships she has been pursuing. Thus, the desegregation story first opens up a variety of possibilities for critiquing the supposedly “superior” white-dominated school, and then often tames these possibilities through its generic format. The article draws upon three girls’ desegregation stories as exemplars of how this sub-genre comments upon the traditions of the school story novel.
The potential dependence of flotation of chalcocite with diethyl dithiophosphate

Abstract Equilibrium contact angle and flotation recovery of chalcocite in the presence of diethyl dithiophosphate at pH 9.2 have been determined as a function of potential, and the relationships compared with the corresponding chemisorption isotherms. The initial chemisorbed collector layer rendered the mineral hydrophobic and induced flotation; the presence of a copper diethyl dithiophosphate phase was not a requirement. Flotation recovery was found to be a more discriminating measurement of the influence of collector adsorption than the equilibrium contact angle. The potential at which flotation commenced in 10−5 mol dm−3 dithiophosphate corresponded to a very low surface coverage of collector, that for 50% recovery after 1 min to a fractional coverage of less than 0.1, and that for 90% recovery after 1 min to about half a monolayer.
Bayt al‐razzaz: The challenge of adaptive use for a vacant mamluk palace in Cairo

Abstract In 1995, the author prepared an Existing Conditions Report and a Conservation Action Plan for the Bayt al‐Razzaz palace for the Egyptian Antiquities Project of the American Research Center in Egypt, Inc. (ARCE). This effort was a Subgrant Project under ARCE's USAID‐funded Restoration and Preservation of Egyptian Antiquities Project grant. Bayt al‐Razzaz, a vacant fifteenth‐century palace in the heart of mediaeval Cairo presents an exciting opportunity for adaptive reuse to benefit an economically poor but socially and culturally stable urban neighbourhood. Realising such an opportunity will require innovative, cooperative vision and leadership on the part of the Egyptian Supreme Council of Antiquities, the local community and also continued international participation.
Inhibition of growth factor-induced differentiation of PC12 cells by microinjection of antibody to ras p21

The protein products (p21) of the ras cellular proto-oncogenes are thought to transduce membrane signals necessary for the induction of cell division. However, there is uncertainty as to the precise role of ras p21 in mediating ligand-membrane receptor signals leading to cell differentiation. Treatment of rat phaeochromocytoma cells (PC12) with nerve growth factor (NGF) results in the induction of a number of phenotypic characteristics of sympathetic neurones, including cessation of cell division and outgrowth of neuronal processes (neurites). Here we report that microinjection of antibody to ras p21 into PC12 cells inhibited neurite formation and resulted in temporary regression of partially extended neurites, an effect which was observed up to 36 h after initiation of NGF treatment. Neurite formation induced by cyclic AMP was unaffected by injection of anti-p21 antibody. These results indicate that p21 is involved in the initiation phase of NGF-induced neurite formation in PC12 cells and has a role in hormone-mediated cellular responses distinct from cell proliferation.
Help Wanted NOW: Legal Resources, the Women's Movement, and the Battle Over Sex-Segregated Job Advertisements

This article further develops the “political process” model of social movements by analyzing historical transformations in the women's movement and equal employment policy in the mid-to-late 1960s. Confronting the model's tendency to treat social movements exclusively as a dependent variable, I outline an interactive political process framework. My framework considers not only how movements are enabled and constrained by the broader political environment, but also how challengers in turn actively reshape that environment. I also revisit the political process model's core concept of “political opportunity structure” by exploring legal rules and institutions as key elements of a movement's opportunity structure. I apply this framework specifically to initial legal battles over sex-segregated help-wanted ads and formation of the National Organization for Women (NOW). Historical evidence suggests that NOW was both the recipient and creator of political opportunities embedded in equal employment law, and that mobilization of legal resources is one way in which social movements interact with and transform their broader political environment.
Monkey locomotion on inclined surfaces

Motion pictures were taken of a subadult, female squirrel monkey moving on level and inclined surfaces. The gaits for the various degrees of incline were compared. The noncontact periods were not affected by changes in inclination. The contact periods, which were inversely related to speed, were affected, by changes in slope and intersect constants. When the incline was steep the animal was forced to jump and zig-zag to retain its progression. The affect of inclination was advantageous at 16° and disadvantageous at higher and lower inclines. At the 16° inclination the animal's short fore legs and long hind legs held the body horizontal, cancelling the effect of the incline. It is reasoned that limb proportions may be adaptive for progression on inclined surfaces and that the locomotor niches for the various arboreal primates may be usefully categorized in terms of the inclinations of their substrates.
The orientation and navigation of juvenile alligators: evidence of magnetic sensitivity

Displaced juvenile alligators,Alligator mississipiensis, were released on land in a 9 m diameter dodecagonal arena to test their ability to orient in the absence of terrestrial landmarks. Navigational ability seemed to improve with age. When displaced along a fairly direct route yearlings (age 7–14 months) compensated for their displacement, moving in the direction from the arena to their home sites. When displaced by a circuitous route, yearlings failed to compensate for their displacement, exhibiting instead simple compass orientation in a direction that would have returned them to water had they been released on land near the site where they were captured. The older juveniles were oriented in a homeward direction under all displacement and test conditions.
Determination of aminoglycoside antibiotics by reversed-phase ion-pair high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with pulsed amperometry and ion spray mass spectrometry

This work constitutes a preliminary investigation of a high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC)-mass spectrometric (MS) method for confirming aminoglycoside residues in bovine tissues. A reversed-phase ion-pair HPLC method for the separation of four aminoglycosides was developed using volatile ion-pairing agents and optimized for detection with an ion spray HPLC-MS interface. The method is also compatible with a commercial pulsed amperometric detector that was used for HPLC method development and that may be useful for the screening and quantification phases of a regulatory method. Several column phases, eluent compositions, and pairing ions were evaluated for optimum HPLC-MS sensitivity. Detection limits are in the low nanogram range with the pulsed amperometric detector and with HPLC-MS in the selected ion monitoring mode. Results with bovine kidney, fortified to 20 ppm and extracted by matrix solid-phase dispersion, obtained using both detectors are presented.
The unsuitability of ellipsoids as test cases for line-source methods

angular velocity between the propellers. ticp is the radial distribution of the angular velocities of nested fans that would produce the same wake as the coaxial pair of propellers. For a swirlless counterrotating pair, co = 0, fic/7 = oo. If Q7 or Q// = 0, the front or rear propeller becomes a set of fixed vanes that can preor deswirl the flow. Unlike Eq. (1), Eq. (8) is not entirely in terms of wake quantities. The term ubrb, which is the angular momentum of a unit volume of fluid between the propellers at radius rb, on the same streamline as r in the wake, cannot be inferred from the flow in the wake. The second propeller makes its own arbitrary contribution to the swirl, which renders wake swirl useless as evidence of the swirl between the propellers.
Liquid Crystal Solubilization of Cholesterol: Potential Method for Gallstone Dissolution

Solubilization rate and phase equilibrium studies were conducted for cholesterol in aqueous sodium oleate solutions. The components interacted to form a lamellar liquid crystalline phase, and this phenomenon was investigated as a potential method for cholesterol gallstone dissolution. Phase equilibria data for cholesterol-sodium oleate-water showed that the mesophase contained approximately equimolar amounts of cholesterol and oleate with large amounts of water. The cholesterol solubilization rate from a static pellet in sodium oleate solutions was much faster than dissolution in sodium cholate solutions and was independent of oleate concentration from 2.5 to 10%. In these experiments, the medium became a cloudy dispersion of liquid crystalline phase in the micellar solutions. The rate-limiting step in the solubilization process appears to be dispersion of fragments from the liquid crystalline layer on the cholesterol surface. This hypothesis was consistent with the kinetic effects of viscosity, stirring rate, and oleate concentration. By converting cholesterol to a liquid crystalline phase, the solubilization process avoids the limitations for micellar solubility and interfacial resistance which control cholesterol dissolution in bile salt-containing media.
Hospital racial composition: A neglected factor in cardiac arrest survival disparities

Background Racial disparities in survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest have been reported, but their causes remain uncertain. We sought to determine if hospital racial composition accounted for survival differences for patients hospitalized after cardiac arrest. Methods We evaluated hospitalizations of white and black Medicare beneficiaries (2000-2007) admitted from the emergency department to the intensive care unit with a diagnosis of cardiac arrest or ventricular fibrillation. We examined unadjusted survival rates and developed a multivariable logistic regression model that included patient and hospital factors. Results We analyzed 68,115 cardiac arrest admissions. Unadjusted survival to hospital discharge was worse for blacks (n = 7,942) compared with whites (n = 60,173) (30% vs 33%, P P = .003). Similarly, whites had worse risk-adjusted survival at hospitals with higher proportions of black patients (28%, 95% CI 27%-30%) compared with predominately white hospitals (32%, 95% CI 31%-33%, P = .006). Blacks were more likely to be admitted to hospitals with low survival rates (23% vs 15%, P Conclusion Hospitals with large black patient populations had worse cardiac arrest outcomes than predominantly white hospitals, and blacks were more likely to be admitted to these high-mortality hospitals. Understanding these differences in survival outcomes may uncover the causes for these disparities and lead to improved survival for all cardiac arrest victims.
A Female Advantage in Cognitive Recovery from Early Cerebral Insult.

Gender differences in cognitive outcome were examined in children born prematurely who had incurred early cerebral lesions and in a high-risk comparison group. The boys and girls, who had suffered perinatal intracranial hemorrhage-the most common neurological insult in the preterm infant-were similar in their antenatal, perinatal, and postnatal course, as well as in their socio-familial attributes. After statistical adjustment to account for the extent of the insult, a significant gender difference in cognitive recovery was observed in the lesion group. Girls outperformed boys by about half a standard deviation on standardized intelligence tests. No gender differences were observed in the comparison group. The implications of the results for theories and empirical findings on gender differences in vulnerability to deviation from normal development are discussed.
Comparative aspects of hippocampal and neocortical long-term potentiation

Long-term potentiation (LTP) is a candidate for the synaptic alternations underlying memory storage in the mammalian CNS. In this chapter LTP in hippocampus and in visual neocortex are compared. Comparisons of the optimal tetanus parameters revealed that 2-3 trains of high-frequency stimulation (100-400 Hz) delivered within a brief period of time (minutes) results in maximal potentiation in hippocampal synapses. In contrast, the parameters most effective in neocortex were either low-frequency (2 Hz for 60 min) or high-frequency bursts (100 Hz, 100 ms train at 1/5 s for 10 min), both of which deliver at least an order of magnitude more afferent activation than that required for hippocampus. Hippocampal population spike potentiation averages 250% and the population excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) potentiation averages 50%. Neocortical LTP also averages about 50%. The expression of LTP requires about 5 min in CA1 hippocampus, whereas about 30 min are required for expression of neocortical potentiation. Both hippocampus and visual neocortex display an enhanced potentiation early in development, with a later stabilization at lower adult levels. Centering at postnatal day 15, hippocampal CA1 displays an LTP magnitude that is over twice that seen at day 60. Neocortical responses display a similar peak at postnatal day 15 and a subsequent adult stabilization at approximately half of the day 15 maximum. Both tissues first display LTP during the early stages of synapse formation between postnatal days 6-10. The role of the NMDA receptor is implicated in aspects of both hippocampal and neocortical LTP.
Relationships: The critical ties that bind professionals

The author discusses essential principles and skills in developing and managing professional relationships.
Analyzing Online Review Helpfulness Using a Regressional ReliefF-Enhanced Text Mining Method

Within the emerging context of Web 2.0 social media, online customer reviews are playing an increasingly important role in disseminating information, facilitating trust, and promoting commerce in the e-marketplace. The sheer volume of customer reviews on the web produces information overload for readers. Developing a system that can automatically identify the most helpful reviews would be valuable to businesses that are interested in gathering informative and meaningful customer feedback. Because the target variable---review helpfulness---is continuous, common feature selection techniques from text classification cannot be applied. In this article, we propose and investigate a text mining model, enhanced using the Regressional ReliefF (RReliefF) feature selection method, for predicting the helpfulness of online reviews from Amazon.com. We find that RReliefF significantly outperforms two popular dimension reduction methods. This study is the first to investigate and compare different dimension reduction techniques in the context of applying text regression for predicting online review helpfulness. Another contribution is that our analysis of the keywords selected by RReliefF reveals meaningful feature groupings.
Efficient online exchange via fiat money

In many online systems, individuals provide services for each other; the recipient of the service obtains a benefit but the provider of the service incurs a cost. If benefit exceeds cost, provision of the service increases social welfare and should therefore be encouraged—but the individuals providing the service gain no (immediate) benefit from providing the service and hence have an incentive to withhold service. Hence, there is scope for designing a protocol that improves welfare by encouraging exchange. To operate successfully within the confines of the online environment, such a protocol should be distributed, robust, and consistent with individual incentives. This paper proposes and analyzes protocols that rely solely on the exchange of fiat money or tokens. The analysis has much in common with work on search models of money but the requirements of the environment also lead to many differences from previous analyses—and some surprises; in particular, existence of equilibrium becomes a thorny problem and the optimal quantity of money is different.
Morphological and functional studies of thyroid tissue cultures.

Abstract 1. 1. By the use of the roller tube technique of tissue culture it was found possible to demonstrate the outgrowth of epithelial membranes from 50 per cent of tissue fragments of adult rabbit thyroid. 2. 2. Radioautographs of thyroid fragments prepared by the addition of radioiodine in vitro showed localization of I131 in the follicles. There was no apparent concentration of iodine in the epithelial outgrowth. 3. 3. Maximal I131 uptake by 20 rabbit thyroid fragments, weighing about 10 mg altogether, ranged between 10 and 40 per cent and was achieved between 40 and 70 hours of incubation. 4. 4. Enzymic hydrolysis of tissue fragments with subsequent paper chromatographic analysis yielded evidence of the presence of monoiodotyrosine, diiodotyrosine, and thyroxine as constituents of the iodo-protein formed. 5. 5. TSH was not found to influence the I131 content of the thyroid fragments, nor was it possible to demonstrate the release of free labeled amino acids into the medium. No histological changes were observed after the exposure to TSH. 6. 6. The advantages and limitations of the tissue culture technique for the purpose of studying in vitro iodine metabolism of thyroid tissue are discussed.
The Need for a Social Network 2.0

At the 2011 ALA conference, social media was still a topic of many discussions. For the past few years, librarians have shared their efforts to incorporate social networking applications like Faceb...
Closed U.S. community hospitals, 1972–1978: Perspectives and trends

Abstract This paper is a large-scale descriptive study of the 315 United States community hospitals registered with the American Hospital Association that closed permanently—merged hospitals are not included—in the 7-year period of 1972–1978. Using material drawn from the files of the American Hospital Association, we examined those hospitals within the framework of a series of parallel categories: the years in which the hospitals closed; closings by geographic region; closings by bed size; closings by ownership; and closings by location in metropolitan (Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas) or nonmetropolitan areas. For each category, this study first describes the anomalous distribution of closings revealed by aggregate data for the entire period and then demonstrates the trends through time revealed by the pattern of these closings.
Progesterone-facilitated lordosis in medial preoptic area-lesioned, juvenile guinea pigs.

Abstract Juvenile female guinea pigs rarely display lordosis in response to estradiol and progesterone treatments that elicit sexual receptivity in adults. To test the hypothesis that the medial preoptic area (MPOA) tonically inhibits the display of steroid-induced lordosis in juveniles, 11-day-old guinea pigs were ovariectomized (OVX) and received bilateral, sham, or electrolytic lesions aimed at the MPOA 3–4 days later. At 20–22 days of age, these females were tested for the expression of sexual receptivity following injections of estradiol benzoate (EB, 10 μg sc) and progesterone (0.5 mg sc, 40 h after EB). The lesions damaged portions of the MPOA, the nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca, the lateral aspect of the medial preoptic nucleus, the medial part of the preventricular portion of the periventricular nucleus, and the anterior commissure. The lesions did not alter the display of estradiol-induced lordosis. However, after treatment with EB plus progesterone, 20% of the sham-lesioned females displayed lordosis, as compared to 80% of the MPOA-lesioned animals. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that neurons originating in and/or traversing the MPOA tonically suppress the display of progesterone-facilitated lordosis in juvenile guinea pigs. Removal of this inhibitory input allows prepubertal females to respond behaviorally to estradiol and progesterone in an adult-typical fashion.
Über die Bildung salzartiger Verbindungen bei der Umsetzung von Antimon(V)‐chlorid mit Äthylat

Bei der Umsetzung von SbCl5 mit NaOC2H5 entstehen heteropolare Verbindungen mit 4fach koordiniertem Kation und 6fach koordiniertem Anion: [SbCla(OC2H5)4−a] [SbClb(OC2H5)6−b]. In polaren Losungsmitteln zeigen diese Substanzen elektrolytische Leitfahigkeit und Molekulargewichte, die in verdunnter Losung auf vollstandige Dissoziation schliesen lassen. In unpolaren Losungsmitteln sind die Verbindungen in homoopolarer Form SbClc(OC2H5)5−c gelost. Diese Losungen zeigen nur sehr geringe Leitfahigkeit. Die Infrarotspektren der Verbindungen in polaren und unpolaren Losungen unterscheiden sich stark voneinander.
Thermal and kinematic model of the southern Rio Grande rift: inferences from crustal and mantle xenoliths from Kilbourne Hole, New Mexico

A simple thermal conduction model constrained by piezothermometric data obtained from coexisting minerals in both crustal and mantle xenoliths from Kilbourne Hole maar. New Mexico, is used to understand the development of rifting and the thermal evolution of the lithosphere in the southern Rio Grande rift. The one-dimensional finite difference code models crustal thinning and underplating by magmatic injection into the lower crust and uppermost mantle. The model is in good agreement with crustal and mantle thermometric arrays assuming a transient, pre-rift gradient superimposed on a stable geotherm and yielding a net gradient of 20°C km−1 in the 40-km-thick crust and 3°C km−1 in the upper mantle 30 million years ago. This is consistent with pre-rift volcanic activity in the area possibly related to Laramide orogenic events. A massive injection of basaltic dikes and sills ( ≈ 70 vol.%) in the uppermost mantle and at the base of the crust probably occurred in the early development of the southern Rio Grande rift, between 20 and 30 Ma. The heat contribution due to the injection of magma is treated as a temperature-dependent heat source distributed uniformly throughout the intruded region which extends from 25 to 45 km depth. Textural observations along with major and trace element compositions of the mantle and crustal xenoliths indicate that metasomatism and recrystallization may have occurred during liquid infiltration and partial melting 20 to 30 Ma. This is consistent with early rift bimodal volcanism associated with crustal contamination and linked to approximately 25% total NE-SW extension. Dike injection and crustal thinning ceased 20 Ma associated with the mid-Miocene lull in volcanic activity. The total volume of material injected, 100 km3 per km length of rift per million years, is approximately an order of magnitude less than for a typical mid-ocean ridge. Conductive cooling of an uppermost mantle (40–45 km depth) from temperatures of over 1200°C (22 Ma) leads to the formation of a granulite metamorphic crustal complex and generation of a surface heat flow of 82 mW m−2, in accordance with observed present-day values in the southern Rio Grande rift. Overall, the results from the dike injection model are consistent with both the crustal and mantle piezothermometric arrays and present-day geochemical and geophysical data from the southern Rio Grande rift.
Electrostatic adhesion in food

Electrostatic adhesion is a significant force in painting and other industries. However, coating of food items uses powders and targets with properties that are far from ideal for electrostatic coating. In addition, the adhesion must last a long time in order to be useful. The goal of this study is to determine if electrostatic adhesion is significant in food coating. A range of food powders were coated onto different kinds of food samples electrostatically and nonelectrostatically and the adhesion measured. Electrostatic powder coating increased the adhesion of most food powders onto most food targets. Some correlation was found between effectiveness of the process and resistivity or oil content of the target, resistivity of the powder, and particle size. At low relative humidities, electrostatic adhesion lasted for several weeks, long enough to be valuable.