cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Random iterates of monotone maps

In this paper we prove the existence, uniqueness and stability of the invariant distribution of a random dynamical system in which the admissible family of laws of motion consists of monotone maps from a closed subset of a finite dimensional Euclidean space into itself.
The Arecibo Dual-Beam Survey: Arecibo and VLA Observations

The Arecibo Dual-Beam Survey is a blind 21 cm search for galaxies covering ~430 deg2 of sky. We present the data from the detection survey as well as from the follow-up observations to confirm detections and improve positions and flux measurements. We find 265 galaxies, many of which are extremely low surface brightness. Some of these previously uncataloged galaxies lie within the zone of avoidance, where they are obscured by the gas and dust in our Galaxy. Eighty-one of these sources are not previously cataloged optically, and there are 11 galaxies that have no associated optical counterpart or are only tentatively associated with faint wisps of nebulosity on the Digitized Sky Survey images. We discuss the properties of the survey, and in particular we make direct determinations of the completeness and reliability of the sample. The behavior of the completeness and its dependencies is essential for determining the H I mass function. We leave the discussion of the mass function for a later paper, but do note that we find many low surface brightness galaxies and seven sources with M < 108 M?.
Nitric Oxide: A Unique Endogenous Signaling Molecule in Vascular Biology (Nobel Lecture).

“Endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) must be nitric oxide.” Although there was much experimental evidence that effects on or actions of EDRF were identical to those of nitric oxide, proposing this hypothesis certainly meant going out on a limb. However, once this discovery was made increased investigation indicated the physiological significance of nitric oxide in vascular biology.
A study of debt servicing capacity applying logit analysis

Abstract This paper empirically investigates the importance of various economic factors in determining debt servicing capacity of borrowing countries. The paper builds on earlier work by Frank and Cline (1971) and Dhonte (1975) who tried to identify empirically the more important factors. Using logit analysis and significance tests, this paper suggests several factors which are important determinants of default probabilities. These findings are consistent with the descriptive literature on international borrowing. The estimates for predictive ability of the model are checked with alternative data and confirm a relatively low rate of error (around 4 percent).
Adaptive Harmonic Steady-State Control for Disturbance Rejection

We consider harmonic steady-state (HSS) control for active noise and vibration rejection when the system dynamics are unknown. After a brief review and analysis of the HSS control theory, we develop an adaptive control algorithm based on a recursive least squares algorithm that estimates the system dynamics. Active noise cancellation in an acoustic drum is demonstrated using the adaptive control algorithm. The results presented here unify and extend previous results on HSS control
Sensitivity of modeled far-IR radiation budgets in polar continents to treatments of snow surface and ice cloud radiative properties

While most general circulation models assume spectrally independent surface emissivity and nonscattering clouds in their longwave radiation treatment, spectral variation of the index of refraction of ice indicates that in the far IR, snow surface emissivity can vary considerably and ice clouds can cause nonnegligible scattering. These effects are more important for high-elevation polar continents where the dry and cold atmosphere is not opaque in the far IR. We carry out sensitivity studies to show that in a winter month over the Antarctic Plateau including snow surface spectral emissivity and ice cloud scattering in radiative transfer calculation reduces net upward far-IR flux at both top of atmosphere and surface. The magnitudes of such reductions in monthly mean all-sky far-IR flux range from 0.72 to 1.47 Wm−2, with comparable contributions from the cloud scattering and the surface spectral emissivity. The reduction is also sensitive to sizes of both snow grains and cloud particles.
The Law of Demand versus Diminishing Marginal Utility

Diminishing marginal utility(DMU)is neither necessary nor sufficient for downward sloping demand. Yet upper-division undergraduate and beginning graduate students often presume otherwise. This paper provides two simple counter examples that can be used to help students understand that the Law of Demand does not depend on diminishing marginal utility. The examples are accompanied with the geometry and basic mathematics of the utility functions and the implied ordinary/Marshallian demands.
Unusual, Strained Heterocycles: 3-Alkylidene-2-methyleneoxetanes from Morita-Baylis-Hillman-type Adducts

3-Alkylidene-2-methyleneoxetanes have been prepared by treating α-alkylidene-β-lactones, derived from Morita−Baylis−Hillman-type adducts, with dimethyltitanocene. Preliminary studies of the reactivity of these little known, strained heterocycles are also described.
"Linguistic Distance" as a Determinant of Bilateral Trade

We introduce a measure of language difficulty called "linguistic distance" into a modified gravity model to determine whether a language being further away from English affects the level of trade. Our sample of 36 non-English-speaking countries includes Japan and South Korea, which we argue are special cases because of World War II, the Korean War, and subsequent close political and economic ties with the United States. Presence of a stock of immigrants in the home country has been shown to enhance trade with the country of origin. Controlling for immigrant network and information attributes, the special relationship with Japan and Korea, and the standard gravity model variables, we find that trade will be less between the United States and a country the further that country's language is from English. These results hold for aggregate exports and imports and for exports and imports of consumer and producer manufactures.
Risk factors for early unplanned hospital readmission in the elderly

Study objective:To determine the prevalence of early (in 14 days or less) readmissions to the hospital, and to identify risk factors for readmission.
Is the Entropy S q Extensive or Nonextensive

The cornerstones of Boltzmann-Gibbs and nonextensive statistical mechanics respectively are the entropies S BG ≡ −k ∑ i = 1 W p i ln p i and S q ≡ k (1−∑ i = 1 W p i q )/(q−1) (q∊ℜ S 1 = S BG ). Through them we revisit the concept of additivity, and illustrate the (not always clearly perceived) fact that (thermodynamical) extensivity has a well defined sense only if we specify the composition law that is being assumed for the subsystems (say A and B). If the composition law is not explicitly indicated, it is tacitly assumed that A and B are statistically independent. In this case, it immediately follows that S BG (A+B) = S BG (A)+S BG (B), hence extensive, whereas S q (A+B)/k = [S q (A)/k]+[S q (B)/k]+(1−q)[S q (A)/k][S q (B)/k], hence nonextensive for q ≠ 1. In the present paper we illustrate the remarkable changes that occur when A and B are specially correlated. Indeed, we show that, in such case, S q (A+B) = S q (A)+S q (B) for the appropriate value of q (hence extensive), whereas S BG (A+B) ≠ S BG (A)+S BG (B) (hence nonextensive). We believe that these facts substantially improve the understanding of the mathematical need and physical origin of nonextensive statistical mechanics, and its interpretation in terms of effective occupation of the W a priori available microstates of the full phase space. In particular, we can appreciate the origin of the following important fact. In order to have entropic extensivity (i.e., lim N→∞ S(N)/N < ∞, where N≡ numberof elements of the system), we must use (i) S BG , if the number W eff of effectively occupied microstates increases with N like W {{eff}}∼ W ∼ μ N (μ ≥ 1); (ii) S q with q = 1−1/ρ, if W {{eff}}∼ N^ρ < W (ρ ≥ 0). We had previously conjectured the existence of these two markedly different classes. The contribution of the present paper is to illustrate, for the first time as far as we can tell, the derivation of these facts directly from the set of probabilities of the W microstates.
Terrestrial Carbon Sinks for the United States Predicted from MODIS Satellite Data and Ecosystem Modeling

A simulation model based on satellite observations of monthly vegetation cover from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) was used to estimate monthly carbon fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems of the conterminous United States over the period 2001-04. Predicted net
Highly Efficient B(C6F5)3-Catalyzed Hydrosilylation of Olefins†

A convenient and highly efficient method for the Lewis acid-catalyzed trans-selective hydrosilylation of alkenes has been developed. The mechanism of this novel protocol operates via direct additio...
On the Cardy-Verlinde Formula and the de Sitter/CFT Correspondence

We derive the Cardy-Verlinde entropy formula for the field theory that lives on the boundary of an asymptotically de Sitter space with a black hole. The boundary theory which is not conformal has a monotonic C-function defined by the Casimir energy. The instability of the space due to Hawking radiation from the black hole corresponds to an RG flow from the IR to the UV during which C increases. The endpoint of black hole evaporation is de Sitter space which is described by a conformal theory at the UV fixed point of the RG flow.
An oxidatively removable protecting group for aldehydes and ketones

Abstract Aldehydes and ketones can be converted to the corresponding p-methoxyphenylethylene acetals and ketals in good to excellent yield. Deprotection can be accomplished under mild conditions to produce uniformly excellent yields of the original carbonyl compound.
Interactive layout mechanisms for image database retrieval

In this paper we present a user interface, CANDID Camera, for image retrieval using query- by-example technology. Included in the interface are several new layout algorithms based on multidimensional scaling techniques that visually display global and local relationships between images within a large image database. We use the CANDID project algorithms to create signatures of the images, and then measure the dissimilarity between the signatures. The layout algorithms are of two types. The first are those that project the all-pairs dissimilarities to two dimensions, presenting a many-to-many relationship for a global view of the entire database. The second are those that relate a query image to a small set of matched images for a one-to-many relationship that provides a local inspection of the image relationships. Both types are based on well-known multidimensional scaling techniques that have been modified and used together for efficiency and effectiveness. They include nonlinear projection and classical projection. The global maps are hybrid algorithms using classical projection together with nonlinear projection. We have developed several one-to-many layouts based on a radial layout, also using modified nonlinear and classical projection.
Time preference assumptions in normative analyses of household financial decisions

Economists conducting normative analyses of household financial decisions typically assume specific values of parameters of the household utility function. We review 12 normative analyses and discuss justifications for the personal discount rates assumed. None of the normative articles cited an independent estimate of the personal discount rate. Instead, the authors made arbitrary assumptions or cited another article’s assumption. We conclude with recommendations for assumptions about the personal discount rate in normative analyses of household financial decisions.
Mechanical and Electrical Properties of Glass and Carbon Fiber Reinforced Composites

The design of composite rotors for high-energy density pulsed power supplies demands accurate characterization of both the mechanical and electrical properties of fiber-reinforced epoxy. The mechanical properties of S-2 glass-epoxy, IM6 graphite-epoxy, and hybrid graphite-glass epoxy composites were measured in tension and torsion tests, providing strength and stiffness parameters for rotor dynamics modeling. Variable frequency electrical resistivity tests were conducted to allow estimation of eddy current losses arising in carbon-reinforced materials. Volume fraction measurements using electron microscopy and analysis by digestion allow for normalization of the test results with respect to composite fiber content. The experimental results were used to evaluate the micromechanical rule of mixtures and Halpin-Tsai correlations.
The therapist-spiritist training project in Puerto Rico: An experiment to relate the traditional healing system to the public health system

Abstract This paper describes a project that attempts to integrate two healing systems by providing their practitioners with a means of continuous contact. Spiritist healers, mental health workers and medical and other health professionals meet on neutral academic ground provided by the program. So far, organized groups of practitioners from both systems have met over three 10-month periods to interchange ideas and discuss cases. From the inception we planned to use unscheduled outcomes as they emerged through the interactions of participants. Participants express anxiety about the lack of direction in this procedure but it has been effective. One project goal appears valid on preliminary consideration, in that therapists and Spiritists have begun to refer patients to each other; in some cases they have even consulted each other about their own personal problems.
Inflation Illusion and Stock Prices

We empirically decompose the S&P 500's dividend yield into (1) a rational forecast of long-run real dividend growth, (2) the subjectively expected risk premium, and (3) residual mispricing attributed to the market's forecast of dividend growth deviating from the rational forecast. Modigliani and Cohn's (1979) hypothesis and the persistent use of the Fed model' by Wall Street suggest that the stock market incorrectly extrapolates past nominal growth rates without taking into account the impact of time-varying inflation. Consistent with the Modigliani-Cohn hypothesis, we find that the level of inflation explains almost 80% of the time-series variation in stock-market mispricing.
Glossing Over Shoplifting: How Thieves Act Normal

Although criminals are known to put on a facade of normalcy while offending, no study has categorized the various ways they do so in a theoretically informed manner. We address this gap in the literature by drawing on Goffman’s notion of body gloss to explore how shoplifters “act normal” as they enter a store, take possession of and conceal a target, and exit. Our data consist of in-depth descriptions and explanations of active shoplifters who simulated shoplifting at retail stores while wearing an eye-tracking device. We find shoplifters’ normalcy-generating actions reflect two of the three types of body gloss outlined by Goffman, and that the type used depends on the stage of shoplifting. Implications for theory and research are discussed.
Repeat migration, information costs, and location-specific capital

It is well-known from previous research that recent migrants often migrate again. This paper seeks to illuminate several possible mechanisms that might give rise to this association. The effect of previous migration on subsequent migration appears to be largely due to the fact that the consequences of one move often become the cause of the next and that people tend to return to places they recently left. The concepts of location-specific capital (assets that are more valuable in their current location than they would be elsewhere) and information costs provide powerful explanations for the patterns of multiple movement disclosed in the longitudinal data used in this study.
Catalytic, enantioselective 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions of nitrile imines with methyleneindolinones

Catalytic, enantioselective 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions of nitrile imines with methyleneindolinones are reported. The spiro[pyrazolin-3,3′-oxindole] products are formed in good yields (up to 98%) and high enantioselectivity (up to 99% ee).
Testing the Hubble Law with the IRAS 1.2 Jy Redshift Survey

We test and reject the claim of Segal and coworkers that the correlation of redshifts and flux densities in a complete sample of IRAS galaxies favors a quadratic redshift-distance relation over the linear Hubble law. This is done, in effect, by treating the entire galaxy luminosity function as derived from the 60 μm 1.2 Jy IRAS redshift survey of Fisher et al. as a distance indicator; equivalently, we compare the flux density distribution of galaxies as a function of redshift with predictions under different redshift-distance cosmologies, under the assumption of a universal luminosity function. This method does not assume a uniform distribution of galaxies in space. We find that this test has rather weak discriminatory power, as argued by Petrosian, and the differences between models are not as stark as one might expect a priori. Even so, we find that the Hubble law is indeed more strongly supported by the analysis than is the quadratic redshift-distance relation. We identify a bias in the Segal et al. determination of the luminosity function, which could lead one to mistakenly favor the quadratic redshift-distance law. We also present several complementary analyses of the density field of the sample; the galaxy density field is found to be close to homogeneous on large scales if the Hubble law is assumed, while this is not the case with the quadratic redshift-distance relation.
Stretchable Polymeric Multielectrode Array for Conformal Neural Interfacing

Highly stretchable neural interface of concurrent robust electrical and mechanical properties is developed with a conducting polymer film as the sole conductor for both electrodes and leads. This neural interface offers benefits of conducting polymer electrodes in a demanding stretchable format, including low electrode impedance and high charge injection capacity, due to large electroactive surface area of the electrode.
The cost of collaboration for code and art: evidence from a remixing community

In this paper, we use evidence from a remixing community to evaluate two pieces of common wisdom about collaboration. First, we test the theory that jointly produced works tend to be of higher quality than individually authored products. Second, we test the theory that collaboration improves the quality of functional works like code, but that it works less well for artistic works like images and sounds. We use data from Scratch, a large online community where hundreds of thousands of young users share and remix millions of animations and interactive games. Using peer-ratings as a measure of quality, we estimate a series of fitted regression models and find that collaborative Scratch projects tend to receive ratings that are lower than individually authored works. We also find that code-intensive collaborations are rated higher than media-intensive efforts. We conclude by discussing the limitations and implications of these findings.
Petascale computational systems

A balanced cyberinfrastructure is necessary to meet growing data-intensitive scientific needs. We believe that available resources should be allocated to benefit the broadest cross-section of the scientific community. Given the power-law distribution of problem sizes, this means that about half of funding agency resources should be spent on tier-1 centers at the petascale level and the other half dedicated to tier-2 and tier-3 centers on a cost-sharing basis. Funding agencies should support balanced systems, not just CPU farms, as well as petascale IO and networking. They should also allocate resources for a balanced tier-1 through tier-3 cyberinfrastructure.
Laboratory verification of patient identity

In considering the installation of a computer-based laboratory report system, what are the legal and professional responsibilities created by such systems? Computer-generated reports and records are acceptable, legally, in place of the original handwritten laboratory request form, but there is nevertheless an increased legal duty, as well as a strong professional responsibility, to see to it that the computer record is correct in every detail. By adoption of proper verification procedures, similar in principle to quality control procedures now regarded as essential in every laboratory, a computer-based record system can be made much more accurate and reliable and far more accessible than the usual manual methods of record-keeping. And this can be done without substantially increasing the burden of laboratory work.
Electron-hole-pair dephasing of adsorbate vibrations.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the contribution to the adsorbate line–width arising from electron-hole pair dephasing. The theory uses a Newns–Anderson Hamiltonian to describe the adsorbate and metal electronic degrees of freedom, and models the adsorbate vibrational motion by a harmonic oscillator. Because of the dependence of the electronic interaction terms on the amplitude of the vibration, its motion acquires an anharmonicity leading to both dephasing and decay type processes. Standard linewidth theory from the study of condensed phase systems is used to express the lifetime width in terms of a Golden Rule expression. A very intriguing consequence of the model for surface dynamical processes is the possibility of longer vibrational lifetimes than the basis of electron-hole pair decay. The experimental vibrational widths measured are in some cases dominated by electron-hole pair dephasing, surface reactions and surface chemistry are more likely to occur.
Compositional dependence of negative thermal expansion in the prussian blue analogues MIIPtIV(CN)6 (M = Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd)

The effect of MII substitution on the magnitude of the negative thermal expansion (NTE) behavior within a series of Prussian Blue analogues, MIIPtIV(CN)6 for MII = Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, has b...
Decarboxylative Cyclizations and Cycloadditions of Palladium-polarized Aza-ortho-Xylylenes

Vinyl benzoxazinones undergo decarboxylation in the presence of palladium catalysts to form palladium-polarized aza-ortho-xylylenes, which are versatile reaction intermediates. These palladium-polarized aza-ortho-xylylenes are generated under exceptionally mild conditions and undergo a plethora of different reactions depending on the reaction conditions. Specifically, they undergo dimerization reactions to produce macrocycles, cyclizations to form dihydroquinolines, cycloadditions with electrophilic p-bonds, and nucleophilic attack by amines. Thus, a wide array of structurally unique aniline derivatives can be accessed from these unique intermediates.
Real Estate Versus Financial Wealth in Consumption

The consumption function for the U.S. economy is estimated with real estate and financial wealth for quarterly data for 1952:1–2001:4. An additional dollar of real estate wealth increases consumption by 8 cents in the current year, as compared with only 2 cents for financial wealth. The results are consistent with theoretical bounds on the marginal propensity to consume from aggregate wealth. The decline in the stock market during 2000–2001 had a limited impact on aggregate demand in part because of an offsetting real estate wealth effect.
MIND THE GAP -- THE VICIOUS CIRCLE OF MEASURING AUTOMOBILE FUEL USE.

We review the circularity between estimates of automobile use, fuel consumption and fuel intensity. We find that major gaps exist between estimates of road gasoline, the quantity most often used to represent automobile fuel use in economic studies of transport fuel use, and the actual sales data of gasoline, diesel and other fuels used for automobiles. We note that significant uncertainties exist in values of both the number of automobiles in use and the distance each is driven, which together yield total automobile use. We present our own calculations for total automobile fuel use for a variety of OECD countries. We comment briefly on the impact of these gaps on econometric estimates of the price and income elasticities of automobile fuel use. We show that improper use of the circularity often leads to gross errors in estimating fuel intensity and other indicators of energy use for personal transport.
SIMULATIONS OF PLANAR FLAPPING JETS IN CONFINED CHANNELS

Computational analyses are used to provide a more complete understanding of the mechanisms that contribute to the development of oscillating planar jets. The geometry considered is a two-dimensional jet exhausting into a blind channel, whose open end is opposite to the initial direction such that the jet must turn through 180 deg to exit. The resulting flowfields exhibit three distinct characters that depend on the channel expansion ratio and the Reynolds number. At low Reynolds numbers the flow is steady and symmetric. A symmetry-breaking bifurcation at intermediate Reynolds numbers produces steady asymmetric flows. A Hopf bifurcation at higher Reynolds numbers yields unsteady flows. Predicted critical Reynolds numbers and oscillation frequencies are presented for different expansion ratios. Solutions are obtained from the time-dependent Navier-Stokes equations by means of an incompressible formulation based on dual-time stepping via artificial compressibility
ROSSBY WAVE INSTABILITY OF THIN ACCRETION DISKS - II. DETAILED LINEAR THEORY

In an earlier work we identi—ed a global, nonaxisymmetric instability associated with the presence of an extreme in the radial pro—le of the key function L(r) 4 (&)/i2)S2@! in a thin, inviscid, nonmagnetized accretion disk. Here &(r) is the surface mass density of the disk, )(r) is the angular rotation rate, S(r )i s the speci—c entropy, ! is the adiabatic index, and i(r) is the radial epicyclic frequency. The dispersion relation of the instability was shown to be similar to that of Rossby waves in planetary atmospheres. In this paper, we present the detailed linear theory of this Rossby wave instability and show that it exists for a wider range of conditions, speci—cally, for the case where there is a ii jump ˇˇ over some range of r in &(r) or in the pressure P(r). We elucidate the physical mechanism of this instability and its dependence on various parameters, including the magnitude of the ii bump ˇˇ or ii jump,ˇˇ the azimuthal mode number, and the sound speed in the disk. We —nd a large parameter range where the disk is stable to axisym- metric perturbations but unstable to the nonaxisymmetric Rossby waves. We —nd that growth rates of the Rossby wave instability can be high, for relative small jumps or bumps. We discuss possible D0.2) K conditions which can lead to this instability and the consequences of the instability. Subject headings: accretion, accretion diskshydrodynamicsinstabilitieswaves
Staying Late Comparing Work Hours in Public and Nonprofit Sectors

Economic theories suggest that work behavior of public and nonprofit employees should resemble one another closely, owing to the lack of profit incentives and owner oversight of work. However, empirical descriptions of public and nonprofit workers imply that these work-forces differ in many ways. One easily conceptualized but nonetheless crucial test of possible differences is the level of work activity in the respective organizational settings. This research compares work hours reported in public and nonprofit organizations by asking, "Do managers working in, respectively, public and nonprofit organizations differ in their number of work hours and what are the determinants of managers' work hours?" The study is based on questionnaire data from the National Administrative Studies Project-III. Results indicate that managers in the nonprofit sector work longer hours compared to state managers and that work hours are mitigated by external organizational ties, perceptions, and work histories.
Surface roughness effects on equilibrium temperature of interacting surfaces

Radiatively interacting adjoint plates in presence of collimated solar flux, considering surface roughness effects on equilibrium temperature distribution
A DEEP X-RAY VIEW OF THE HOT HALO IN THE EDGE-ON SPIRAL GALAXY NGC 891

NGC 891 is a nearby edge-on galaxy that is similar to the Milky Way and has a hot X-ray-emitting halo that could arise from accretion, a galactic fountain, or a combination of the two. The metallicity of the gas can help distinguish between these models, and here we report on results that use 138 ks of archival Chandra data and 92 ks of new XMM-Newton data to measure the temperature and metallicity of the hot halo of the galaxy. We find good fits for a thermal model with kT {approx} 0.2 keV and Z {approx} 0.1 Z {sub Sun }, and rule out solar metallicity to more than 99% confidence. This result suggests accretion from the intergalactic medium as the origin for the hot halo. However, it is also possible to fit a two-temperature thermal model with solar metallicity where kT {sub 1} {approx} 0.1 keV and kT {sub 2} {approx} 0.25 keV. A consideration of the cooling rate and scale height prefers the single-temperature model. We also find that the cooling rate in the hot gas cannot explain the massive H I halo in the steady state. In addition, a galactic fountain model cannot eject enough mass to accountmore » for the H I halo, and we speculate that the neutral halo may be gas from a prior outflow that has since cooled.« less
From the Decks to the Bridges: Optoelectronics in [2.2]Paracyclophane Chemistry

In this microreview, we highlight optical properties of [2.2]paracyclophanes (pCps). We demonstrate how the spectroscopic properties that stem from the strained and π-stacked structure have resulted in pCps being incorporated in materials science and polymer synthesis. As a result of chromophore substitution, internal charge transfer (ICT) between the two rings of the cyclophane core produce frameworks with unique optical properties. Deck-substituted molecules and polymers have beensynthesized that possess donor and acceptor groups that affect internal charge transfer (ICT). We also demonstrate that bridge-substituted [2.2]paracylophanes, although not well studied in this context, display unexpected optical properties owing to nonconventional ICT. A highlight is a recent templated solid-state synthesis that affords a pCp that exhibits dramatic red-shifted fluorescence.
Parity nonconservation in atomic thallium.

We present a detailed description of new observations of parity nonconservation in the ${6}^{2}$${P}_{1/2}$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}${7}^{2}$${P}_{1/2}$ transition (293 nm) in atomic $_{{\mathrm{}}^{2}{\mathrm{}}_{81}^{05}}\mathrm{Tl}$. Linearly polarized 293-nm photons, polarization \ensuremath{\varepsilon}^, are absorbed by ${6}^{2}$${P}_{1/2}$ atoms in crossed E and B fields. The transition probability for each Zeeman component contains a pseudoscalar term, proportional to \ensuremath{\varepsilon}^\ensuremath{\cdot}B\ensuremath{\varepsilon}^\ensuremath{\cdot}E\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}B, arising from interference between the parity-nonconserving E1 amplitude ${\mathrm{scrE}}_{P}$ and the Stark E1 amplitude \ensuremath{\beta}E. This is detected by observation of fluorescence at 535 nm accompanying the decay ${(7}^{2}$${P}_{1/2}$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}) ${7}^{2}$${S}_{1/2}$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}${6}^{2}$${P}_{3/2}$. Systematic corrections, due to imperfect linear polarization and misaligned E and B fields, are determined precisely by auxiliary experiments and found to be small. Our final result: Im[${\mathrm{scrE}}_{P/\ensuremath{\beta}}$]${\ensuremath{\Vert}}_{\mathrm{expt}}$=-(1.73\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0 .26\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.07) mV/cm, where the first uncertainty is statistical, and the second is systematic, is compared with results of other experiments and with theoretical estimates based on the standard SU(2)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}U(1) electroweak model.
TEMPO free radical derived β-aminoalkoxyketolactones: substrates for base-, acid- and radical-induced fragmentation reactions

β-Aminoalkoxyketolactones 2 and 3 obtained from the TEMPO free radical substitution of iodolactones 1 undergo fragmentations under basic, acidic and free radical conditions.
Criminal Choice, Nonmonetary Sanctions, and Marginal Deterrence: A Normative Analysis

This paper develops a normative model of optimal sanctions in the Becker Tradition which emphasizes the role of marginal deterrence. The paper complements Shavell's 1987 American Economic Review paper, the essential difference being that Shavell's model concentrates on variations in the sanction imposed within a single category of acts (a specific crime) while the model in this paper concentrates on variations in the sanction imposed across categories of acts (different crimes). In their most general formulations, neither Shavell's model nor the model developed in this paper yields the result that acts with greater social harm should receive greater sanctions. But special cases, which readers may or may not find reasonable, do yield that result, within crimes for both models and across crimes in the model developed in this paper. This paper also identifies the necessary condition of jointness in the cost of law enforcement in the case of comparisons across crimes.
Ownership Structure and Efficiency in Large Economies

We analyze the limit behavior of sequences of oligopolistic equilibria in which firms follow objectives consistent with their shareholders’ interests. We show that convergence to a competitive outcome may fail for some distributions of firms’ shares across consumers and provide a characterization of the class of ownership structures that lead to Walrasian equilibrium allocations in the limit.
Primary amine catalyzed aldol reaction of isatins and acetaldehyde

Several cinchona alkaloid-derived chiral primary amines were applied as the catalyst for the cross aldol reaction of isatins with acetaldehyde. With the quinine-derived amine catalyst 3, the desired aldol products were obtained in high yields and good enantioselectivities (up to 93% ee) under the optimized conditions. Although other enolizable aldehydes and ketones may also be applied in this reaction, the ee values obtained are usually low. A mechanism was proposed to account for the formation of the major enantiomer in this reaction.
Tibet uplift and erosion

Abstract The 5-km-high Tibetan plateau is an outstanding topographic feature on the Earth today. Its horziontal extent, elevation, and location cause significant effects on modern atmospheric circulation and climate, so the history of uplift of the surface of Tibet is linked to Cenozoic climate changes, at local, regional, and perhaps global scales. Geological and geophysical studies of the plateau are contributing data on the present and past deformation of the Tibetan lithosphere that has formed the plateau, primarily during the Cenozoic. The principal of isostasy then can be used to estimate the elevation history of the surface for a given deformation history. Different parts of Tibet probably had different uplift histories, but presently available data are not sufficient for distinguishing many contrasts. In one scenario, Cretaceous and Early Cenozoic north-south distributed shortening of Tibetan crust and mantle lithosphere probably caused significant uplift of the surface relative to sea level to perhaps half of the present elevation by the early Miocene. Thinning of the high-density mantle portion of the lithosphere during the Miocene may then have allowed the thick Tibetan crust to rise close to its present elevation (perhaps higher) before ∼8 Ma. Since then, slow east-west extension of Tibet probably reduced the crustal thickness slightly and may have caused the elevation of the plateau to decrease during the late Cenozoic. Erosion of Tibet, unlike narrow mountain belts, has been unable to match the uplift of a broad plateau. Orographic precipitation and efficient river networks concentrate erosion on the edges, while the interior is protected from significant erosion despite its lofty elevation. The southern edge of the plateau, the Himalaya, has suffered a minimum of 25 km of denudation since the Miocene, while central Tibet shows little or no sign of major erosion since that time. The Gangdese arc in southern Tibet was rapidly eroded during the mid-Miocene when >4 km of rock apparently were removed from the surface, as shown by mineral cooling ages. This pulse of erosion was probably caused by a combination of local thrust-system movement and changes in base level and precipitation due to relative elevation changes between the Gangdese and the Himalaya to the south. The modern long-wavelength flatness of Tibet is unlikely to have been caused by erosion and indicates viscous flow at some level of the lithosphere has been acting to level the plateau surface.
Financial development and manufactured exports: the african experience

Using a sample of 29 African countries for which adequate time series data are available this paper explores the nexus between financial development and manufactured exports. This particular relationship is especially important in the context of Africa since export diversification away from resources and agriculture is an important part of Africa’s growth strategy. Our results show that in 11 countries financial development causes manufactured exports and manufactured exports causes financial development in seven countries. We then explore reasons for these findings and find that a rich and surprising set of factors explain our findings.
Measuring Factor Adjustment Costs

I estimate adjustment costs for labor and capital from the Euler equations for factor demand. For both factors, I find relatively strong evidence against substantial adjustment costs. My estimates use annual data from two-digit industries. My results support the view that rents arising from adjustment costs are relatively small and are not an important part of the explanation of the large movements of the values of corporations in relation to the reproduction costs of their capital. I investigate the potential effects of three types of specification error: (1) aggregation over time, (2) aggregation over firms with heterogeneous demand shocks, and (3) estimation of a convex adjustment-cost technology in the presence of nonconvex discrete adjustment costs. I find that the likely biases from these specification errors are relatively small.
Quantum Symmetries and Exceptional Collections

We study the interplay between discrete quantum symmetries at certain points in the moduli space of Calabi-Yau compactifications, and the associated identities that the geometric realization of D-brane monodromies must satisfy. We show that in a wide class of examples, both local and compact, the monodromy identities in question always follow from a single mathematical statement. One of the simplest examples is the \({{\mathbb Z}_5}\) symmetry at the Gepner point of the quintic, and the associated D-brane monodromy identity.
An efficient synthesis of γ-alkylated E-olefin dipeptide isosteres

Abstract An efficient synthetic sequence was developed for the preparation of γ-alkylated E-olefin isosteres of dipeptides.
Bootstrap confidence bands for shrinkage estimators

Empirical application of shrinkage estimators has been limited by the inability to estimate confidence intervals. We investigate confidence band estimators based on Edgeworth expansions and bootstrapping. Our Monte Carlo results suggest that both Efron's bias correction method with acceleration and the simple percentile bootstrap methods generate reasonable confidence bands. Approximations based on Edgeworth expansions performed poorly. We then use the percentile method with a single bootstrap to generate bands for predictions of GNP growth rates from a leading-indicators model. Our study shows that simple percentile bootstrap confidence bands perform well enough to support empirical applications of shrinkage estimators.
The Effects of Metropolitan Job Growth on the Size Distribution of Family Income

. This article examines how a metropolitan area's job growth affects its income distribution, using CPS data from 1979 to 1988. Metropolitan growth increases the poorest quintile's income by a greater percentage than for the average family. Metropolitan growth also increases the value of property owned by the richest quintiles. Economic development programs to increase local growth will have a net progressive effect if the cost per job created is low, and these costs are financed by personal taxes. But programs with a high cost per job, or financed by cutting welfare, will reduce the net income of the poorest quintile.
Charged current disappearance measurements in the NuMI off-axis beam

This article studies the potential of combining charged-current disappearance measurements of {nu}{sub {mu}} {yields} {nu}{sub {tau}} from MINOS and an off-axis beam. The author finds that the error on {Delta}m{sup 2} from a 100 kt-yr off-axis measurement is a few percent of itself. Further, the author found little improvement to an off-axis measurement by combining it with MINOS.
Model-based damping of coupled horizontal and vertical oscillations in a flexible rod

This paper reviews the theory associated with vibrations of angularly accelerated cantilevered beams which display significant gravitational sag (coupling the out-of-plane dynamics of the flexible beam) and formulates a control approach for moving such beams to damp residual first horizontal and vertical modes of oscillation. An experimental implementation of the control strategy using an open-loop, single axis torque that is shaped for simultaneous damping of the horizontal and vertical vibrations is described. The experimental control strategy demonstrates more than a 90% reduction in the coupled residual vibrations.
Microbial ligand coordination: Consideration of biological significance

Abstract Siderophores are generally considered to be microbial chelating compounds secreted by bacteria to facilitate uptake of iron(III). Certain siderophores, however, have a high affinity for other transition metal ions, including manganese(III), copper(II), molybdenum(VI), and vanadium(V). A new class of microbial ligands produced by methanotrophs, called chalkophores, is produced to facility copper uptake. This review considers the coordination of siderophores to Mn(III), Cu(II/I), Mo(VI) and V(V), and their stability constants relative to Fe(III), when available, as well as the coordination complexes of chalkophores to Cu(I).
Dominant regions in noncrystallographic hyperplane arrangements

For a crystallographic root system, dominant regions in the Catalan hyperplane arrangement are in bijection with antichains in a partial order on the positive roots. For a noncrystallographic root system, the analogous arrangement and regions have importance in the representation theory of an associated graded Hecke algebra. Since there is also an analogous root order, it is natural to hope that a similar bijection can be used to understand these regions. We show that such a bijection does hold for type H"3 and for type I"2(m), including arbitrary ratio of root lengths when m is even, but does not hold for type H"4. We give a criterion that explains this failure and a list of the 16 antichains in the H"4 root order which correspond to empty regions.
An institutional analysis of voter turnout: the role of primary type and the expressive and instrumental voting hypotheses

Recent events highlight primary type as an institutional variable that merits further examination in the economics literature on voter turnout. Using panel data for U.S. gubernatorial elections and treating primary type as a proxy for candidate deviation from the median voter, we test whether primary type changes voter turnout and whether that change is dominated by instrumental or expressive voting. The results show that states with more open primaries tend to have greater voter turnout in general elections, and that this increase reflects the effect of open primaries on expressive voting.
Asymmetric Alkyldifluoroboranes and Their Use in Secondary Amine Synthesis

Asymmetric diol boronic esters with potassium bifluoride form the corresponding alkyltrifluoroborate and free diol under mild conditions. Defluoridation with tetrachlorosilane produces an alkyldifluoroborane intermediate. This conversion of relatively unreactive boronic esters to derivatives that are strong Lewis acids opens new synthetic opportunities, as illustrated by the preparation of (R)-2-phenylpyrrolidine in 98% ee from a pinanediol or 1,2-dicyclohexyl-1,2-ethanediol boronic ester via potassium (2-phenyl-4-azidobutyl)trifluoroborate.
Election Forensics and the 2004 Venezuelan Presidential Recall Referendum as a Case Study

A referendum to recall President Hugo Chavez was held in Venezuela in August of 2004. In the referendum, voters were to vote YES if they wished to recall the President and NO if they wanted him to continue in office. The official results were 59% NO and 41% YES. Even though the election was monitored by various international groups including the Organization of American States and the Carter Center (both of which declared that the referendum had been conducted in a free and transparent manner), the outcome of the election was questioned by other groups both inside and outside of Venezuela. The collection of manuscripts that comprise this issue of Statistical Science discusses the general topic of election forensics but also focuses on different statistical approaches to explore, post-election, whether irregularities in the voting, vote transmission or vote counting processes could be detected in the 2004 presidential recall referendum. In this introduction to the Venezuela issue, we discuss the more recent literature on post-election auditing, describe the institutional context for the 2004 Venezuelan referendum, and briefly introduce each of the five contributions.
Reagents in microfluidics: an ‘in’ and ‘out’ challenge

Microfluidic devices are excellent at downscaling chemical and biochemical reactions and thereby can make reactions faster, better and more efficient. It is therefore understandable that we are seeing these devices being developed and used for many applications and research areas. However, microfluidic devices are more complex than test tubes or microtitre plates and the integration of reagents into them is a real challenge. This review looks at state-of-the-art methods and strategies for integrating various classes of reagents inside microfluidics and similarly surveys how reagents can be released inside microfluidics. The number of methods used for integrating and releasing reagents is surprisingly large and involves reagents in dry and liquid forms, directly-integrated reagents or reagents linked to carriers, as well as active, passive and hybrid release methods. We also made a brief excursion into the field of drug release and delivery. With this review, we hope to provide a large number of examples of integrating and releasing reagents that can be used by developers and users of microfluidics for their specific needs.
The Strategic Logic of Nuclear Proliferation

When do states acquire nuclear weapons? To address this question, a strategic theory of nuclear proliferation must take into account the security goals of all of the key actors: the potential proli...