cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Checkpoint inhibition for colorectal cancer: progress and possibilities

Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains the third most common cause of cancer death in the USA. Despite an increase in the repertoire of treatment options available for CRC, median overall survival has plateaued at approximately 2.5 years. Strategies that engage the patient's native immune system to overcome checkpoint inhibition have proven to be promising in subsets of CRCs, specifically those with mismatch repair deficiency. Further studies are required to determine combinations of standard therapies with immunotherapy drugs and to discover the best biomarkers to predict response. This review provides insight into the progress made in treating patients with advanced CRC with immunotherapeutics and the areas that demand further research to make these drugs more effective in this patient population.
Q-space analysis of light scattering by ice crystals

Abstract Q-space analysis is applied to extensive simulations of the single-scattering properties of ice crystals with various habits/shapes over a range of sizes. The analysis uncovers features common to all the shapes: a forward scattering regime with intensity quantitatively related to the Rayleigh scattering by the particle and the internal coupling parameter, followed by a Guinier regime dependent upon the particle size, a complex power law regime with incipient two dimensional diffraction effects, and, in some cases, an enhanced backscattering regime. The effects of significant absorption on the scattering profile are also studied. The overall features found for the ice crystals are similar to features in scattering from same sized spheres.
The Costs and Benefits of Antitrust Consents

Over the last three decades, the United States Federal Trade Commission and the Antitrust Division of the Department of Justice have undergone a dramatic shift toward greater reliance upon consent decrees rather than litigation to resolve antitrust disputes. As many national competition agencies examine the desirability of adopting a similar approach, we focus upon identifying and analyzing the costs and benefits associated with a marginal shift along the continuum from an enforcement model of agency behavior to a regulatory regime. We rely upon the U.S. experience to substantiate our claim that the costs associated with such a marginal shift toward the regulatory model, including the potential distortion in the development of substantive antitrust doctrine, are often under appreciated and discernable only in the long run. We acknowledge that consent decrees can and should be a part of an antitrust agency’s toolkit for resolving antitrust disputes. We contend merely that a full accounting of the benefits and costs of reliance upon consent decrees is necessary to inform this important strategic decision for competition agencies.
Career Development for Women Veterans: Facilitating Successful Transitions From Military Service to Civilian Employment

The ProblemWomen veterans suffer from higher unemployment rates than their male counterparts. This is especially true among women veterans of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. Although scholars and...
Reducing the effects of compressibility in DPD-based blood flow simulations through severe stenotic microchannels

Viscous fluid flow simulations based on dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) may bear compressible flow effects when flowing through severe stenotic geometries. This is caused by the soft repulsive potential employed in the DPD force field, which limits the particle-based fluid system ability to sustain a large degree of compression. To mitigate this problem, a Morse potential was added to the DPD force field. We studied the fluid properties of the modified fluid model (DPDMorse) and compared it with a previously published conventional DPD based fluid model. Our DPDMorse model demonstrated reduced compressibility while preserving other fluid properties such as the fluid density and viscosity. We further investigated the fluid flow properties for a severe 3D stenotic microchannel with a 67% stenosis, using the two models. The DPD fluid model presented a significant density gradient along the flow direction, where the fluid density increased upstream towards the stenosis and decreased downstream from the stenosis before regaining its initial value. In contrast, the DPDMorse model demonstrated a far better uniform fluid density distribution along the flow direction. We compared both solutions with CFD simulations. The DPDMorse fluid resembled the behavior of the continuum fluid model whereas DPD fluid deviated from it. To estimate the effect that the difference between the two DPD formulations may have on the platelet activation potential, we have further embedded a platelet model within the flow field and investigated the shear stress accumulation along the platelet transport trajectory. In the stenotic section, the DPD fluid demonstrated a larger stress gradient than the DPDMorse fluid. The platelet transport period was shorter for the DPD fluid as it generated a larger fluid density gradient that overestimated the acceleration of the platelet through the stenosis. With reduced fluid compressibility, our modified DPDMorse fluid model was more accurate than the DPD fluid model when computing the platelet activation potential in a severe stenosis.
Varieties of Counterfactual Thinking

The essays in this volume attest to the rapid advances achieved in a relatively short period of time in the psychological study of counterfactual thinking. Some of the advances are methodological: Research has moved far beyond vignettes to the study of real counterfactual emotions and causal intuitions in the laboratory and in the world. New topics of research have also emerged, including the preparatory function of counterfactual think­ ing (chapters 5, 6, and 10), and individual differences in the generation of various types of counterfactual thoughts (chapters 3 and 10). And there is more to come. In this chapter I focus on topics that may further enlarge the domain that students of counterfactual thinking call their own.
Management of Peritoneal Metastasis from Uterine Sarcoma

Uterine sarcomas (US) are a group of rare heterogeneous mesenchymal malignancies arising from uterine stromal musculature or connective tissue [1]. US represent only 1% of all female genital malignancies and 3–9% of uterine tumors [2]. Over the past decade, the incidence of tumors from the uterine corpus has been rising, making up 60,050 (20%) of new cases of all female genital tract tumors reported in the United States in 2016 [3]. Risk factors are difficult to estimate, due to the rarity of the disease. However, it is generally accepted that race (African descent) [4, 5], chronic tamoxifen usage (>5 years) [6, 7], and inherited syndromes and conditions (hereditary leiomyomatosis, renal cell carcinoma, and retinoblastoma) increase the risk of developing US [8, 9].
Who Gets to Play in the Sandbox? Debating Identities, Methodologies, and Theoretical Frameworks

Editor's introduction to the Bulletin for the Study of Religion 44.4 (2015). Specifically, this introduction presents a panel of appears responding to Caroline Schaffalitzky de Muckadell's JAAR article on essentialist definitions of religion, an Open Letter to the AAR from Kat Daley-Bailey (and comments on the problems facing adjunct faculty with regard to the AAR annual meeting), a standalone article by Joseph Laycock on the Irving, Texas controversy Ahmed Ahmed Mohamed’s homemade clock (taken as a bomb threat), an interview with the editors of the Practicum blog, and finally an Editor's Corner announcement with comment on a new subscription arrangement with NAASR.
Exclusion by Elections: Inequality, Ethnic Identity, and Democracy

Exclusion by Elections develops a theory about the circumstances under which 'class identities' as opposed to 'ethnic identities' become salient in democratic politics, and links this theory to issues of inequality and the propensity of governments to address it. The book argues that in societies with even modest levels of ethnic diversity, inequality invites ethnic politics, and ethnic politics results in less redistribution than class politics. Thus, contrary to existing workhorse models in social science, where democracies are expected to respond to inequality by increasing redistribution, the argument here is that inequality interacts with ethnic diversity to discourage redistribution. As a result, inequality often becomes reinforced by inequality itself. The author explores the argument empirically by examining cross-national patterns of voting behaviour, redistribution and democratic transitions, and he discusses the argument's implications for identifying strategies that can be used to address rising inequality in the world today.
Snow Accumulation and Snowmelt Monitoring in Greenland and Antarctica

Snow deposition, accumulation, and melt on an ice sheet are key components of mass balance. Innovative algorithms using satellite scatterometer data have been developed to monitor snowmelt, ice layer extent, and snow accumulation on Greenland with verifications using in-situ data from the Greenland Climate Network (GC-Net). QuikSCAT/SeaWinds Scatterometer (QSCAT) has collected data over Greenland and Antarctic two times per day since July 1999. QSCAT data show the shortest melt season in 2004, verified by GC-Net data at ETH/CU Camp, and detect peculiar snowmelt during wintertime in Greenland in 2005. QSCAT results reveal a record increase in the snow accumulation rate on the Greenland ice sheet including the west flank in January–March 2005 with an estimate of 565 km3 of total snow accumulation volume. The record snow anomaly is verified by GC-Net snow measurements, showing the largest snow accumulation rate in the first half of 2005 ever recorded in the past decade since the inception of the GC-Net. The QSCAT algorithms developed for Greenland are adapted for Antarctica. QSCAT results show strong melt in 2002 and prolonged melt in 2005 at McMurdo. New extensive ice layers, created by refreezing of melt water in the firn layer, were identified by QSCAT along the Antarctica Walgreen, Bakutis, and Hobbs coasts extending well inland in 2005. Extensive regions of ice layering, evidence of preceding strong melt occurrence, were also found over the Rockefeller Plateau and along the Ross Ice Shelf adjacent to Queen Maud Mountains in 2005.
Preschool book-sharing and oral storytelling experiences in ethnically diverse, low-income families

Children’s book-sharing and oral storytelling experiences were examined in 264 4-year-olds from low-income African-American, Dominican, Mexican, and Chinese families in the United States. Mothers r...
Comparison of Percentile Weight Gain of Growth-Friendly Constructs in Early-Onset Scoliosis

Abstract Study Design Multicenter retrospective cohort. Objective To compare improvement in nutritional status seen in early-onset scoliosis (EOS) patients following treatment with various growth-friendly techniques, especially in underweight patients ( Background Thoracic insufficiency resulting from EOS can lead to severe cardiopulmonary disease. In this age group, pulmonary function tests are often difficult or impossible to perform. Weight gain has been used in prior studies as a proxy for improvement and has been demonstrated following VEPTR and growing rod implantation. In this study, we aim to analyze weight gain of EOS patients treated with four different spinal implants to evaluate if significant differences in weight percentile change exist between them. Methods Retrospective review of patients treated surgically for EOS was performed from a multicenter database. Exclusion criteria were index instrumentation at >10 years old and Results 287 patients met the inclusion criteria and etiologies were as follows: congenital = 85; syndromic = 79; neuromuscular = 69; and idiopathic = 52. Average patient age at surgery was 5.41 years, with an average follow-up of 5.8 years. Preoperatively, 55.4% (162/287) fell below the 20th weight percentile. There was no significant difference in preoperative weight between implants (p = .77), or diagnoses (p = .25). Among this group, the mean change in weight percentile was 10.5% (range: −16.7% to 88.7%) and all implant groups increased in mean weight percentile at final follow-up. There were no significant differences in weight percentile change between the groups when divided by implant type (p = .17). Conclusions Treatment of EOS with growth-friendly constructs resulted in an increase in weight percentile for underweight patients ( Level of Evidence Level III.
Disclaiming the Future: Investigating the Impact of Cautionary Disclaimers on Investor Judgments Before and After Experiencing Economic Loss

ABSTRACT We examine how cautionary disclaimers about forward-looking statements affect investor judgments both before making an investment and after having suffered an investment loss. In our first...
Connect, Refresh, and Energize: Enabling Organizational Innovation Capacities Through Self-Determination Theory:

The ProblemIn the past decade, consumer spending on unique experiences (like vacations and concerts) relative to consumer spending on material goods (like vehicles and clothing) has increased drama...
Synthesis and Evaluation of a 18F-Labeled Triazinediamine Analogue for Imaging Mutant IDH1 Expression in Gliomas by PET.

Mutations in the isocitrate dehydrogenase gene 1 (IDH1) are common in gliomas. Studies suggest that IDH1 mutations are early events in glioma formation and are important drivers of malignant progression. Herein, we report the synthesis and evaluation of a 18F-labeled triazinediamine analogue, [18F]1, as a candidate radiotracer for noninvasive imaging of IDH1 mutations in gliomas by positron emission tomography (PET). In vitro studies revealed good binding inhibition potency and binding affinity for [18F]1 in IDH1 mutant glioma cell lines, with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration value (IC50) of 54 nM and an equilibrium dissociation constant (Kd) of 40 nM. In vivo studies using mutant IDH1 glioma xenografts showed good tumor uptake of [18F]1 and specific inhibition by the unlabeled 1, but also elevated radioactivity uptake in the bone, suggesting significant defluorination. The results support further optimization of the triazinediamine scaffold to develop a more stable and potent 18F-labeled analogue ...
Perinatal complications and abnormal proton metabolite concentrations in frontal cortex of adolescents seen on magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

Objective: The relation of perinatal complications to metabolism of orbitofrontal cortex was studied in 12 normal adolescents aged 13 to 17 years. Background: Perinatal complications are associated with both (a) behavioral signs of frontal lobe dysfunction and (b) increased risk for mood disorders and schizophrenia. Perinatal complications are not usually sufficient to produce these disorders, however, suggesting an etiologic model in which perinatal complications interact with a second, familial, liability factor. The present study tested a key prediction of this two-factor model, namely, that perinatal complications will be associated with physiologic signs of frontal dysfunction, even in persons who have no personal or family history of these psychiatric disorders. Methods: Subjects were screened by structured interviews with the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia and had no personal or family history of psychiatric disorder. Ratios of choline and N-acetyl aspartate to creatine in orbitofrontal cortex were measured using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Perinatal complications were scored with the examiners blinded to magnetic resonance spectroscopy data, applying published scales to hospital records on subjects' gestations and births. Results: Perinatal complications were significantly correlated with reduced concentrations of choline and N-acetyl aspartate. Conclusions: Our results complement earlier findings of significant relations between perinatal complications and signs of frontal lobe dysfunction, as well as elevated rates of these two types of variables in mood disorders and schizophrenia.
Symmetry and Matrices

In the early chapters of this book, we described rigid motions with phrases like “the 90 degrees rotation about a point.” Then we learned to describe rigid motions with formulas like F(x,y) = (–y,x). But for many purposes, the very best way to describe a rigid motion is with a matrix. That is what we will do in this final chapter.
Die „Neue Intoleranz“ der Kreativen Klasse: Veränderungen in der Stadtkultur durch das Arbeitsethos der flexiblen Ökonomie

Wir erleben eine Renaissance der Stadte. Und wir erleben einen Bedeutungsgewinn der Wissensokonomie. Beide Tendenzen fuhren zusammen genommen fuhren zu einem markanten Phanomen: Die Gesellschaften des 21. Jahrhunderts werden urbane Wissensgesellschaften sein. Wissen wird heute sowohl als Voraussetzung fur eine erfolgreiche Stadtentwicklung angesehen, zugleich gilt eine metropolitane Entwicklung als Bedingung fur Innovation und Wirtschaftswachstum (vgl. Atkinson/Easthope 2009; Cheshire/Magrini 2009). Dieses wechselseitige Verhaltnis birgt Chancen fur die Zukunft der Stadte allgemein. Man konnte sogar argumentieren, dass insbesondere der Typus der europaischen Stadt, so wie er zu Teilen im wissenschaftlichen Diskurs als Gegenmodell zur US-amerikanischen Stadt verankert ist (vgl. Hannemann/Mettenberger in diesem Band), von der Entwicklung zur Wissensgesellschaft profitieren wird. Es gibt Grunde zu vermuten, dass gerade die neuen Anforderungen der Wissensokonomie ausgewahlte traditionelle Qualitaten der europaischen Stadt wieder beleben. Hierzu gehoren stadtebauliche Asthetiken und Potenziale der grunderzeitlichen Dichte, der Funktionsmischung und des gewachsenen historischen Erbes, ebenso wie stadtkulturelle Werte des sozialen Friedens, der politischen Fuhrung und der planerischen Entwicklung der europaischen Stadt (vgl. Siebel 2004b; Lapple/Kanai 2005). In diesem Beitrag beschaftige ich mich mit den Chancen fur einen neuen sozialen Frieden in der europaischen Stadt. Mich interessiert die Frage des gegenwartig zu beobachtenden stadtkulturellen Wandels, der bedingt ist durch die Entwicklung zum desorganisierten Kapitalismus und den Aufstieg der kreativen, aber auch flexiblen Okonomie (Lash/Urry 1994). Wahrend in den fruhen internationalen Debatten zur Wissensstadt, etwa der „informational city“ von Manuel Castells (2000), die harten Standortfaktoren der Wissensokonomie im Zentrum
Tax Reporting Behavior Under Audit Certainty

This study uses a confidential data set of firms assigned to the Internal Revenue Service's Coordinated Industry Case (CIC) program to examine the effect of audit certainty on firms' tax reporting behavior. We first model the determinants of assignment to the program. Although the ability and incentive to avoid taxes are related to CIC assignment, we find that the IRS assigns firms primarily based on size and complexity. We then test whether audit certainty has a detectable effect on tax payments. Our results show that tax payments do not change when firms enter the CIC program, suggesting the CIC program does not have higher deterrence or enforcement effects relative to the IRS's standard selection and audit process for large corporations not included in the CIC program. However, supplemental analysis suggests that audit certainty does alter managers' expectations regarding future tax payments. Our paper provides new empirical evidence on the strategic game between the taxpayer and the tax authority and has important implications for tax authorities as they consider the costs and benefits of certain audit programs. Comportement en matiere de declarations fiscales en situation de controle assure Les auteurs utilisent un ensemble de donnees confidentielles relatives a des societes affectees au programme Coordinated Industry Case (CIC) de l'Internal Revenue Service afin d'analyser l'incidence d'un controle assure sur le comportement des societes quant a leurs declarations fiscales. Ils modelisent d'abord les determinants de l'affectation au programme. Bien que la possibilite d’eviter l'impot et la motivation a le faire soient liees a l'affectation des societes au programme CIC, les auteurs constatent que l'IRS les y affecte principalement en fonction de leur taille et de leur complexite. Les auteurs verifient ensuite si le controle fiscal assure a une incidence decelable sur les paiements d'impot. Les resultats qu'ils obtiennent revelent que les paiements d'impot ne changent pas lorsque les societes entrent dans le programme CIC, ce qui semble indiquer que le programme n'a pas d'effet dissuasif ou persuasif plus important que celui du processus standard de selection et de controle fiscal que l'IRS applique aux grandes societes non affectees au programme CIC. Une analyse complementaire permet toutefois de croire que le controle assure influe sur les attentes des gestionnaires en ce qui a trait aux paiements d'impot futurs. L’etude livre de nouvelles donnees empiriques illustrant le jeu strategique qui se joue entre le contribuable et le fisc, donnees qui ont des repercussions importantes pour les administrations fiscales dans leur analyse des couts et des avantages de certains programmes de controle fiscal.
Health care utilization trends in ductal carcinoma in situ admissions.

e18053Background: Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is a neoplasm confined to breast ducts. The incidence of DCIS has increased since 1970s with acceptance of screening mammography. The treatment of ...
Media Stereotypes and “Coconut” Colorism: Latino Denigration Vis-à-Vis Dark Skin:

By stereotype media images, Latina(o)s interact with various Eurocentric elements of the dominant population, which results in a form of discrimination called colorism. Colorism is a partiality for...
Scavenging dicarbonyls with 5\'-O-pentyl-pyridoxamine improves insulin sensitivity and reduces atherosclerosis through modulating inflammatory Ly6Chi monocytosis and macrophage polarization

Background: Lipid peroxidation products impair HDL function and contribute to the development of atherosclerosis. Ours and other studies have shown that reactive dicarbonyls such as Isolevuglandins (IsoLG) and malondialdehyde (MDA), crosslink apoAI and impair the ability of HDL to promote cholesterol efflux. We examined whether scavenging of reactive dicarbonyls protects against the development of insulin resistance and atherosclerosis. Methods and Results: Here, we found that 5'-O-pentyl-pyridoxamine (PPM), a potent scavenger of reactive dicarbonyls, abolished MDA-mediated crosslinking of apoAI in HDL by 80 % (P<0.05). In addition, PPM prevented the reduction in cholesterol efflux capacity of MDA treated HDL and preserved the cholesterol efflux capacity of MPO-modified HDL in Apoe-/- macrophages. Furthermore, PPM significantly improved the cholesterol efflux capacity and PON1 activity of HDL in Ldlr-/- mice (P<0.05), indicating that PPM protects HDL from modifications by reactive dicarbonyls and maintains HDL function in vivo. Importantly, PPM improved hyperglycemia and insulin sensitivity in male Ldlr-/- mice. Administration of 1 mg/mL of PPM, versus 1 mg/mL of the nonreactive analogue PPO, to Ldlr-/- mice consuming a western diet (WD) for 16 weeks reduced the extent of proximal aortic atherosclerosis by 48% and by 46% (P<0.05) in female and male Ldlr-/- mice. PPM also reduced the extent of en face aortic lesion by 52% in male Ldlr-/- mice. In addition, PPM reduced pro-inflammatory enzyme MPO expression by 57.5% and the number of TUNEL positive cells by 52% (P<0.01) in atherosclerotic lesions of Ldlr-/- mice. Immunohistochemistry studies revealed that PPM reduced the lesion macrophage content by 55% (P<0.05). Importantly, PPM increased M2 marker Arg1+ in macrophages of lesions and reduced the number of blood pro-inflammatory Ly6Chi monocytes and the ratio between Ly6Chi and Ly6Clow, but not the numbers of Ly6Clow, neutrophils in Ldlr-/- mice. Similarly, treatment of Apoe-/- mice on a WD for 16 weeks with PPM significantly reduced the extent of atherosclerotic lesions and also enhanced plaque stability as evidenced by a 47% increase in fibrous cap thickness and a 64.7% reduction in necrotic core area. Conclusions: Reactive dicarbonyl scavenging with PPM in vivo preserves HDL function which improves insulin sensitivity and decreases atherosclerosis development. These results support the therapeutic potential of reactive dicarbonyl scavenging in the treatment of insulin resistance and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Keywords: Cholesterol efflux, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), malondialdehyde (MDA), macrophage, myeloperoxidase (MPO), 5'-O-pentyl-pyridoxamine (PPM).
Eliminating the Sex and Gender Gap and Transforming the Cardiovascular Health of All Women.

Critical to eliminating the sex and gender gap in cardiovascular health is addressing known differences in disease burden, dis­parities in treatment and clinical outcomes, and the scientific importance of sex as a biological variable that influences resilience, pathophysiology, and ultimately the health of women. Furthermore, key disparities exist at the intersection of sex/gender and race/ ethnicity where women of color are dis­proportionately affected by higher burden of disease and poorer outcomes in several cardiovascular conditions. Through efforts to galvanize strategic partnerships, The NHLBI Strategic Vision sets forth research priorities across all of its objectives relevant to the cardiovascular health of women; it encour­ages strategic partnerships in both establish­ing and implementing research priorities. The Vision promotes a promise of precision medicine that embraces sex as its highest order, leverages an integrated approach to data science, explores sex influences on molecular underpinnings of disease, and advances sex-specific and race-sex interac­tion analyses toward the elimination of gaps in the cardiovascular care and health of all women. Ethn Dis. 2019;29(Suppl 1):65-70; doi:10.18865/ed.29.S1.65.
Unequal Social Protection under the Federalist System: Three Unemployment Insurance Approaches in the United States, 2007–2015

Author(s): Chang, YL | Abstract: Despite the increased attention paid to federal-state unemployment insurance (UI) schemes after the Great Recession (2007-2009), research examining the policy characteristics and the underlying logic shaping the social protection provided by a federal-state UI system is limited. Integrating the perspectives of policy design theory, comparative welfare politics, and fiscal welfare, this paper examines the unequal social protection under the American UI system during and after the Great Recession. By using model-based cluster analysis and fixed-effect panel regression models, this paper identifies three distinct UI approaches, i.e. the limited social protection approach, the unbalanced social protection approach, and the balanced social protection approach. The policy choices made by those states that follow the three approaches reflect different mixtures of policy logic, including social protection, economic stabilization, work disincentives, and interstate competition. The overall downward trend in social protection signals that the American UI system is under-prepared for the next economic recession, thereby exposing unemployed workers to the risk of economic insecurity. These findings provide implications for future policy designs aiming to strengthen the social protection of the federal-state UI system.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is defined, as are the common causes, including the epidemiologic and pathophysiologic bases. Types and patterns of emphysema are defined, as well as the specific causes of each, including both common and rare causes and both congenital and acquired etiologies. Radiologic signs are defined, as are the common complications of COPD.
Comparing Causes of Death in the Holocaust with the Tragedy of the Indigenous Peoples of Spanish America: The View of David E. Stannard

In his American Holocaust, as well as in a number of his essays,1 David E. Stannard has repeatedly compared the treatment of the Native Peoples of the Americas by the conquistadors and the Spanish ...
Emotional Maltreatment and Adolescent Depression: Mediating Mechanisms and Demographic Considerations in a Child Welfare Sample

Emotional maltreatment is a risk factor for adolescent depression. Yet, it remains unclear whether commissions and omissions of emotional maltreatment (a) confer vulnerability via distinct mechanisms and (b) demonstrate similar risk across adolescent subpopulations. The present, multiwave study examined whether school engagement and peer relationships explain the depressive effects of distinct emotional maltreatment subtypes in an at-risk child welfare sample (N = 657; ages 11-14, AgeMean = 12.49). The findings indicated that commission subtypes of emotional maltreatment predicted increasing depressive symptoms via increasing peer relationship problems, especially for girls. Meanwhile, decreasing school engagement was a depressogenic risk pathway for Hispanic adolescents reporting omission subtypes of emotional maltreatment. The results emphasize the importance of distinguish between emotional maltreatment subtypes to identify specific risk pathways for adolescent depression.
Event-related brain potentials in multilingual language processing: The N's and P's

Abstract The cognitive, neural, and linguistic mechanisms underlying the comprehension and production of language are complex. This complexity is compounded when we consider the fact that the majority of people in the world learn, master, and switch between multiple languages. One way that we can track the complex dynamics of language use in the brain is through the direct recording of brain electrical activity. In this chapter, we review studies of human event-related brain potentials (ERPs) and their use in elucidating the mechanisms of language processing and multilingualism. First, we introduce ERPs, discussing the neural origins of the signal, methods for ERP recording, and the many benefits of ERP measures for language research. We then discuss major ERP components, stable and reliable features of the ERP signal that reflect different aspects of sensory, perceptual, and higher-order cognitive functioning, with a focus on application to language processing in both monolingual and multilingual language contexts.
Systemic chemotherapy for gastro-oesophagogastric junction adenocarcinoma and stomach adenocarcinoma in a metastatic setting

Gastro-oesophageal (GE) cancers are a heterogeneous disease that traditionally have been approached as a monolith. Data regarding the benefit of systemic chemotherapy among the anatomical, histological and molecular subgroups of GE cancers are sparse. The authors of the recent article ‘Single-institute comparison of the efficacy of systemic chemotherapy for oesophagogastric junction adenocarcinoma and stomach adenocarcinoma in a metastatic setting’ should be commended for publishing their valuable data.1 We do, however. have a few critical observations. A key question the authors sought to answer was whether tumour location …
Lactate production by Staphylococcus aureus biofilm inhibits HDAC11 to reprogramme the host immune response during persistent infection

Staphylococcus aureus is a leading cause of biofilm-associated prosthetic joint infection (PJI), resulting in considerable disability and prolonged treatment. It is known that host leukocyte IL-10 production is required for S. aureus biofilm persistence in PJI. An S. aureus bursa aurealis Tn library consisting of 1,952 non-essential genes was screened for mutants that failed to induce IL-10 in myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), which identified a critical role for bacterial lactic acid biosynthesis. We generated an S. aureus ddh/ldh1/ldh2 triple Tn mutant that cannot produce d- or l-lactate. Co-culture of MDSCs or macrophages with ddh/ldh1/ldh2 mutant biofilm produced substantially less IL-10 compared with wild-type S. aureus, which was also observed in a mouse model of PJI and led to reduced biofilm burden. Using MDSCs recovered from the mouse PJI model and in vitro leukocyte–biofilm co-cultures, we show that bacterial-derived lactate inhibits histone deacetylase 11, causing unchecked HDAC6 activity and increased histone 3 acetylation at the Il-10 promoter, resulting in enhanced Il-10 transcription in MDSCs and macrophages. Finally, we show that synovial fluid of patients with PJI contains elevated amounts of d-lactate and IL-10 compared with control subjects, and bacterial lactate increases IL-10 production by human monocyte-derived macrophages. Bacteria-derived lactate mediates inhibition of HDAC11 during Staphylococcus aureus biofilm infections, resulting in epigenetic changes that reprogramme the host immune response.
What a Difference a Body Makes: Addiction Studies and the Authority of Experience

Grisel, Judith. (2019). Never enough: The neuroscience and experience of addiction. New York, NY: Doubleday. pp. 256. Hardcover $26.95. Jamison, Leslie. (2018). The recovering: Intoxication and its aftermath. New York, NY: Little, Brown and Company. pp. 544. Hardcover $30.00. Szalavitz, Maia. (2016). Unbroken brain: A revolutionary new way of understanding addiction. New York, NY: St. Martin’s Press. pp. 352. Hardcover $27.99.
Focused, low tube potential, coronary calcium assessment prior to coronary CT angiography: A prospective, randomized clinical trial.

Abstract: Background Coronary artery calcium (CAC) scanning is commonly performed before coronary CT angiography (CTA) based partly on its potential to influence CTA scan parameters. Encompassing the whole heart and performed at high tube potential (120 kVp), standard (Agatston) CAC scanning adds to patient radiation exposure. Most CAC exists in the proximal and mid coronary segments and is easily visualized at low kVp. Methods We tested the impact of a modified calcium scan on coronary CTA acquisition decision-making and image quality in a randomized clinical trial. Providers documented planned CTA acquisition parameters prior to CAC scanning in a blinded manner. Standard Agatston CAC scans proceeded in typical fashion whereas modified scans utilized 80 kVp and reduced z-axis length focused on the proximal-to-mid coronary arteries. CTA providers reviewed the CAC burden then documented final acquisition parameters. Results The study included 172 patients (48% female; mean age 59 ± 6.7). As planned, the calcium scan effective dose was significantly lower in the modified CAC scan group (0.14 vs. 0.74 mSv using a 0.014 k-factor or 0.26 vs. 1.38 mSv using a 0.026 k-factor; both p Conclusions A low-kVp scan with focused field-of-view provides actionable information regarding the presence and severity of CAC prior to coronary CTA. Coronary CTA parameters based on patient variables are frequently modified after assessing CAC burden in the CTA suite. ClinicalTrials.gov registration number NCT02972242
An Electrochemical-thermal Coupled Gas Generation and Overcharge-to-thermal-runaway Model for Large-format Lithium Ion Battery

Lithium-ion batteries (LIB) have found a wide range of applications in many consumer products in the last 25 years. The United States Navy and Marine Corps have various applications using LIB, and safe battery technologies are critically needed. While many consumer applications typically utilize smaller high capacity cells, military applications can utilize specialty large-format (>30 Ah) cells in their LIB packs. One of the most important safety considerations for LIB cells is their thermal stability under various abuses such as exposure to heat, nail penetration, external short circuit, crushing, and so on. Several exothermic reactions can occur as the inner cell temperature increases, and if the heat generation is larger than the dissipated heat to the surroundings, this leads to heat accumulation in the cell and acceleration of the chemical reactions, which can then lead to a thermal runaway. To understand and control thermal runaway, many researchers have formulated complex mathematical models and built experimental set-ups for investigating the phenomenon in detail. However, most of the studies focused on the effect of thermal runaway event, while no detailed numerical analysis on the vaporization of the electrolyte and the correlation of electrochemical reactions with overcharge in large-format LIB has been reported yet. So this study reports the recently developed electrochemical-thermal coupled gas generation and overcharge-to-thermal-runaway model for a large-format lithium-ion battery tested at NSWCCD using COMSOL software.
The integrated socio-perceptual approach: Using ecological mental maps and future imaginaries to understand land use decisions

Abstract Rural places are important centers of environmental and social transformation. Landholders are not only affected by socio-environmental changes, but they are influencing futures related to climate change, food security, freshwater, biodiversity, and social and economic development. Much environmental land use work understands individual landholders as rational actors, portrayed through the economic lens of “producer.” These approaches generally focus on present capacities and limitations as the principal factors contributing to land use, and the individual farm as the reference unit for decisions. Our research takes steps to expand conceptualizations of rural landholders as active and knowledgeable in envisioning, managing, and shaping environmental futures. We design and test a new approach using ecological mental maps and future imaginaries to understand land use practices through a case study in the cocoa-producing and Atlantic Forest region of Southern Bahia, Brazil. The integrated socio-perceptual (ISP) approach combines qualitative and quantitative methodologies to honor the depth of landholders’ experiences and perspectives and to allow broader regional relationships and insights to emerge. We demonstrate that the ISP approach—through 49 surveys—has the capacity to capture variation and identify patterns in ecological mental maps and future imaginaries in a population, approximate the relevant spatial scales underlying these factors, and identify relationships between these and land uses. In this context, the types of narratives landholders hold about the region’s future are associated with current forest land use on their properties. We discuss potential applications of the ISP approach for land use study and practice.
Gliadin Sequestration as a Novel Therapy for Celiac Disease: A Prospective Application for Polyphenols

Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by a heightened immune response to gluten proteins in the diet, leading to gastrointestinal symptoms and mucosal damage localized to the small intestine. Despite its prevalence, the only treatment currently available for celiac disease is complete avoidance of gluten proteins in the diet. Ongoing clinical trials have focused on targeting the immune response or gluten proteins through methods such as immunosuppression, enhanced protein degradation and protein sequestration. Recent studies suggest that polyphenols may elicit protective effects within the celiac disease milieu by disrupting the enzymatic hydrolysis of gluten proteins, sequestering gluten proteins from recognition by critical receptors in pathogenesis and exerting anti-inflammatory effects on the system as a whole. This review highlights mechanisms by which polyphenols can protect against celiac disease, takes a critical look at recent works and outlines future applications for this potential treatment method.
Integration of Elliptic Integrals

(1900). Integration of Elliptic Integrals. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 7, No. 12, pp. 285-291.
Evaluating Arguments for Antitrust Action against Tech Companies

Growing concern about large digital platform companies, particularly Google, Facebook, Amazon, and Apple, exercising monopoly power has given rise to antitrust investigations that examine whether they are guilty of exclusionary practices. After defending the consumer welfare standard as the basis for decisions, this paper explores whether the market power and conduct of each company justifies antitrust action. Whether to pursue such action should be based partly on a counterfactual analysis of the consequences of the likely remedies that would be applied if a company is found guilty. Remedies, such as divestiture of acquired firms or structural separation of vertically integrated firms, would likely harm consumers who benefit from lower costs and increased innovation that result from combining complementary products into one ecosystem. This paper argues against a more activist antitrust policy considering the knowledge and incentives of the courts and those who enforce it. It is difficult to accurately assess the effects of firm conduct on consumer welfare, and enforcement agencies’ decisions may not be based entirely on objective analysis but on political pressure, sometimes from a firm’s competitors. Instead of pursuing more activist antitrust policy, the government should remove barriers that keep firms from entering new markets and competing vigorously.
Copyright & Memes: The Fight for Success Kid

This Essay explores the complicated relationship between memes and copyright. Internet memes have become a ubiquitous part of social communications. They effectively express an idea, message, or sentiment, often more humorously and efficiently than words. Most memes evolved from original content that internet users found online and copied, altered, shared, and imbued with new cultural and social meaning. Because memes frequently involve the unauthorized use, alteration, and sharing of a content creator’s original image or photograph, they naturally implicate the content creator’s copyright. But who owns a meme? What rights, if any, does the creator of the original content have in a meme derived from their work? What rights, if any, do the users of the meme have? This Essay examines a current copyright case Griner v. King, involving the unauthorized use of the highly popular Success Kid meme, to explore doctrinal uncertainties involving copyright authorship and ownership, abandonment, social media sharing and implied licensing, and fair use in internet memes.
FedSLD: Federated Learning with Shared Label Distribution for Medical Image Classification.

Machine learning in medical research, by nature, needs careful attention on obeying the regulations of data privacy, making it difficult to train a machine learning model over gathered data from different medical centers. Failure of leveraging data of the same kind may result in poor generalizability for the trained model. Federated learning (FL) enables collaboratively training a joint model while keeping the data decentralized for multiple medical centers. However, federated optimizations often suffer from the heterogeneity of the data distribution across medical centers. In this work, we propose Federated Learning with Shared Label Distribution (FedSLD) for classification tasks, a method that assumes knowledge of the label distributions for all the participating clients in the federation. FedSLD adjusts the contribution of each data sample to the local objective during optimization given knowledge of the distribution, mitigating the instability brought by data heterogeneity across all clients. We conduct extensive experiments on four publicly available image datasets with different types of non-IID data distributions. Our results show that FedSLD achieves better convergence performance than the compared leading FL optimization algorithms, increasing the test accuracy by up to 5.50 percentage points.
The Teamsters, the White House, the Labor Department

This paper examines the instrumental networks established between organized criminals and national politicians. Its major focus centers on the International Brotherhood of Teamsters, the Department of Labor, and the Reagan Administration. We explore the organized crime influence that affected President Reagan's selection of Raymond Donovan as Secretary of Labor. The choice of Donovan resulted in several related investigations into Donovan's association with organized criminals primarily in the construction industry in New Jersey and New York. We explain and critique the investigations thereby establishing the instrumental quality of the networks and the politics of law enforcement.
Enrichment Topic: “Efficient” Pairing Functions, with Applications

We have already seen the preceding admonition by William of Occam (fourteenthth century), in Section 6.1.2. The principle that underlies the admonition—always to strive for simplicity—is particularly worth heeding when one seeks mathematical models of computational phenomena, for it is always tempting to embellish one’s models with “real” features of the phenomenon or structure being modeled.
Control of apoptosis by cytokines.

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on current understanding of how hematopoietic cytokines and growth factors may control the process of apoptosis. In particular, the chapter features the signal transduction pathways that are triggered by receptor binding and are likely to be involved in suppression of apoptosis. Hematopoietic cytokines consist of growth factors and interleukins that principally regulate the proliferation and function of lymphohematopoietic cells. Growth factor stimulation of hematopoietic cells is required to ensure the constant, daily replenishment of these cells, most of which have a relatively short life span compared to cells from other less dynamic tissues. Tight control over hematopoietic cell turnover and regeneration is critical to maintaining homeostasis of the blood system and avoiding the clinical catastrophes attendant with excessive or deficient production. Hematopoietic growth factors (HGFs) help maintain this delicate homeostatic balance by coordinating proliferation and/or differentiation with survival. It is now clear that efficient cell growth represents the net effect of proliferation, differentiation, and inhibition of programmed cell death. Signals that inhibit programmed cell death must be continuously generated or the cell dies. Therefore, it is perhaps no surprise that all growth factors seem to inhibit apoptosis regardless of their other bioactivities.
Design and Usability of an Enhanced Geographic Information System for Exploration of Multivariate Health Statistics

Abstract The multidimensional nature of many types of data in modern geography calls for creative and innovative approaches to their analysis. Statisticians have recently developed methods for exploring and visualizing large, multivariate datasets, but cartographers and geographers in general have only recently begun to integrate these methods for use with spatial and spatiotemporal datasets that are multivariate in character. This article will present an example of such an integration—an environment for visualization of health statistics—as a case study to demonstrate the philosophical and practical advantages of geovisualization systems for the exploration of complex spatiotemporal information. Emphasis is placed on the encouragement of creative thinking about geographic phenomena through the use of such data-rich graphical tools. *I am pleased to acknowledge support for portions of this work provided by a contract from the NIH-National Cancer Institute and a grant from the U.S. National Science Foundat...
Investment and industrial expansion: A corporate variables framework

Abstract The article proposes that firm investment and, in turn, industry expansion are determined by firm-specific corporate variables in addition to the typically considered variables characterizing the firm's experience and expected conditions in a given market, such as rate of growth of demand, price and cost of capital. Defined to represent the internal characteristics of firms, the particular corporate variables hypothesized to affect investment behavior include cash flow, firm-specific assets, internal firm structure, and corporate strategy. The choice of the postulated corporate variables is motivated by the presence of factors associated with the failure or absence of markets: an uncertain and complex environment, the irreversibility of much capital investment, information asymmetry and organizational boundaries.