cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Against Disanalogy-Style Responses to the Exclusion Problem

This paper focuses on an influential line of response to the exclusion problem for nonreductive physicalism, one defended with the most subtlety by Karen Bennett. According to this line of thought, a successful nonreductive response to the exclusion problem, a response that allows one to maintain each of the core components of nonreductive physicalism, may consist in showing that the manner in which the effects of mental causes also have distinct and sufficient physical causes is disanalogous to other types of cases in which an effect may have distinct sufficient causes. After laying out the formulation of the exclusion problem that Bennett endorses, along with her response to the problem, I offer an initial critique of this response insofar as it is couched in terms of her preferred formulation. I then present a general critique of disanalogy-style responses to the exclusion problem. I argue that extant implementations of this strategy are at best underdeveloped, and suggest that lack of clarity in the use of “overdetermination” may function to mask the shortcomings of this strategy. While others have questioned the details of such responses, the worries that I raise concern the very logic of the exclusion problem and how such responses fit into this logic.
Ultrafast Two-Photon Absorption Approach to Optical Line Shape Measurements†

An analysis of optical heterodyne detected (OHD) two-photon absorption (TPA) resonant signals in transparent materials is presented. The formal analogies between the vibrationally resonant Raman and electronically resonant TPA P ( 3 ) signals and response functions are given. Fourier transform procedures are shown to allow recovery of the complex TPA response function and eliminate residual Raman contributions from these spatially selected OHD TPA responses. The phase selectivity and wavelength dependence of this technique can be exploited to reveal both the real and imaginary parts of the line shape function describing the solute-solvent response to the two-photon resonant electronic excitation. In-phase and in-quadruture measurements at any resonant wavelength yield the absorption band shape. Intramolecular vibronic structure can be determined for totally diffuse absorption bands. These effects are illustrated by the analysis of two model electronic absorption systems: the MD-simulated methyl iodide B-state origin band in Ar and a multimode Brownian-oscillator-modeled absorption line shape with simple vibronic structure. Electronic excitations less accessible to one-photon resonant ultrafast studies such as UV/VUV transition, electronic excitations in inherently optically dense media, and dipole-forbidden states are well suited for study by this TPA approach.
Applications of radiodermatography to human and primate studies.

Using 325-mesh tantalum powder as a contrast medium, it is possible to take high-resolution “radiodermatographs” of man and infra-human primates that combine the advantages of postero-anterior hand radiographs and conventional paper palm-and-finger prints. The radiodermatographs are particularly useful in relating creases, triradii and fingertip ridge patterns to differences in the proportions of the carpals, metacarpals and phalanges.
Insights Into the Structure and Mechanics of a Mostly Disordered Protein: Lamin A and Progerin Tail Domians

Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS) is a premature aging disease caused by the expression and accumulation of a mutant lamin A protein, progerin. We report experimental and computational results that characterize the biophysical stability of lamin A and progerin tail domains which are mostly disordered. We study protein unfolding with increasing temperature using tryptophan fluorescence and circular dichroism of purified, recombinant wild type (wt) and progerin tail domains. Both methods indicate that the progerin tail has a higher transition melting temperature than its wt counterpart. Replica Exchange Molecular Dynamics (REMD) simulations predict the progerin tail to be a more compact structure. Simulated forced protein unfolding confirm our experimental results; where the predicted energy to unfold the progerin tail is higher than the wt lamin A tail. Also, the structural simulations of wt lamin tail show that the main site for proteolysis during normal posttranslational modification of lamin A is an unfolded region located on a loop on the periphery of all the predicted protein configurations, suggesting its ample accessibility to proteolysis. Progerin lacks this region for posttranslational proteolysis, but its further compactness suggests a more general resistance to turnover and more stable filament structures, as previously observed, potentially leading to the toxic accumulation observed in disease. We also believe that this combination of experimental results and REMD simulations is a useful method of studying structure of disordered proteins.
Maximum Likelihood Estimation of the Linear Expenditure System

Abstract The linear expenditure system provides a convenient model for representing consumer response to prices and income. The parameters of the model enter nonlinearly and standard estimation procedures lack desirable properties. This note discusses the problems with existing techniques and derives the maximum-likelihood estimators. The linear expenditure system (LES) was proposed and applied by Stone [7, 8], and it has found further application in [9], [2], and [4]. Aspects of the estimation of the LES are also discussed in [3].
Towards modeling user behavior in interactions mediated through an automated bidirectional speech translation system

This paper addresses modeling user behavior in interactions between two people who do not share a common spoken language and communicate with the aid of an automated bidirectional speech translation system. These interaction settings are complex. The translation machine attempts to bridge the language gap by mediating the verbal communication, noting however that the technology may not be always perfect. In a step toward understanding user behavior in this mediated communication scenario, usability data from doctor-patient dialogs involving a two way English-Persian speech translation system are analyzed. We specifically consider user behavior in light of potential uncertainty in the communication between the interlocutors. We analyze the Retry (Repeat and Rephrase) versus Accept behaviors in the mediated verbal channel and as a result identify three user types -Accommodating, Normal and Picky, and propose a dynamic Bayesian network model of user behavior. To validate the model, we performed offline and online experiments. The experimental results using offline data show that correct user type is clearly identified as a user keeps his/her consistent behavior in a given interaction condition. In the online experiment, agent feedback was presented to users according to the user types. We show high user satisfaction and interaction efficiency in the analysis of user interview, video data, questionnaire and log data.
Police ethics: A critical perspective

Much of the current scholarship on police ethics ignores the fundamental impact of the rational-purposive organization on ethical decision-making. As a consequence, debate has remained relatively sterile, quibbling, as it does, about whether deontological, teleogical, or other moral theories provide solutions to moral dilemmas. This debate has failed to take into account a set of structural preconditions to ethical discourse or, for that matter, to comprehend the practical issues at stake in ethical discussion and training. This article introduces Habermas's distinction between technical and symbolic communicative frameworks as a promising strategy for rethinking ethical decision-making in the police occupation. This symbolic-interactive approach establishes bilateral communication, role reciprocity, and binding consensual norms as essential ingredients for an efficacious ethics code. Although the article concludes that modern police organizations, as presently constituted, do not offer a favorable environment for these conditions, it suggests ways of debureaucratizing policing to foster their development.
Interactions of 8-anilino-1-napthalenesulfonic acid (ANS) and cytochrome P450 2B1: Role of ANS as an effector as well as a reporter group

Interactions of cytochrome P450 2B1 were probed using 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid (ANS), a well known and frequently used reporter group for hydrophobic interactions. Titration of cytochrome P450 2B1 with ANS revealed 6.6 ± 0.2 ANS binding sites per molecule of P450 2B1 with a Kd value of 42 ± 2 μM. In our evaluation of the consequences of the binding of ANS to cytochrome P450 2B1, we found that the binding of ANS to P450 2B1 increased benzphetamine demethylation activity by 1.5-fold, indicating a role for ANS as an effector in addition to its role as a reporter group. Kinetic analysis of the effects of ANS on P450 2B1-dependent demethylation activity revealed that ANS increased both the Vmax and Km of the benzphetamine demethylation reaction. ANS stimulation of activity appears not to be due to the replacement or augmentation of the role of lipid since studies of binding and catalytic activities in the presence and absence of added lipid gave the same array of effects. These results demonstrate that ANS can bind to cytochrome P450 2B1 as would be expected of a reporter group probe but show in addition that this probe also acts as an effector molecule stimulating catalytic activity. Thus, results of ANS studies should be viewed with caution since the molecule may play more than one role in its reaction with a protein.
MIDAZOLAM MALEATE INDUCTION IN PATIENTS WITH ISCHAEMIC HEART DISEASE: HAEMODYNAMIC OBSERVATIONS

Midazolam maleate is a new water soluble benzodiazepine used for induction of anaesthesia. Ten patients with symptomatic ischaemic heart disease were premedicated intramuscularly with morphine 0.l mg · kg-1 and scopolamine 6–8 µg · kg-1, 60–90 minutes before induction. The heart rate, systolic/diastolic blood pressure, mean systolic blood pressure, mean pulmonary artery blood pressure, pulmonary artery occluded pressure, mean right atrial pressure, cardiac output (duplicate thermodilution) and arterial blood gas tensions were measured at four time periods: (1) after instrumentation while breathing room air, (2) after transfer to the operating room while breathing 100 percent oxygen by mask, (3) one to two minutes after intravenous midazolam maleate 0.2 mg · kg-1 and (4) four to five minutes after midazolam maleate. The cardiac index, stroke index, heart ratesystolic blood pressure product, systemic vascular resistance index, pulmonary vascular resistance index, left ventricular stroke work index and right ventricular stroke work index were calculated for each of the study time-periods from the measured parameters.
Determination of Lead(II) with the Rotating Sample System

As a result of industrialization lead is one of the most widely dispersed toxic heavy metals in the environment. There is a pressing need for a reliable, affordable and portable analytical technique for routine determination of lead at trace levels in biological and environmental samples. Despite their potential for portability and low cost, the currently available electrochemical stripping methods still have limited commercial availability. Among the reasons are the relatively large sample volumes and the large amount of reagents needed (1–3 mL), lower than required precision, and the inconvenience of a rotated electrode system. The Rotating Sample System is a unique approach to electrochemical stripping, devised for 20 μL sample droplets utilizing a large surface area electrode. This design combines the advantages of a microelectrode and a rotated electrode system. The semispherical sample drop itself is rotated by a fine gas jet directed at it tangentially, eliminating the need for a sample container. Neither fine moving mechanical parts nor sophisticated controls are required. The detection limit for lead(II) was found low enough and the reproducibility is sufficient for routine determinations in biomedical samples (5 ppb, 6%). The system can support a CDC recommended screening for blood lead levels and an on-site analysis of environmental samples as well. Under suitable conditions calibration free direct determinations can also be performed.
Engagement of National Winners of the 2006 All-USA Community College Academic Team While Attending Senior Colleges

All-USA Community College Academic Team national winners attending senior colleges were compared with both a general population of community college transfer students as well as senior college native students based on their responses to the National Survey on Student Engagement (NSSE). Results indicated that the national winners' levels of engagement in each of the five NSSE benchmark categories were higher and significantly different when compared to the other two groups. Further, the findings revealed that the level of engagement in the academic challenge benchmark of female respondents who were national winners was higher and significantly different compared to male respondents who were national winners.
Ara-C affects formation of cancer cell DNA synthesome replication intermediates.

Purpose: An intact and fully functional multiprotein DNA replication complex (DNA synthesome) from human as well as from murine mammary carcinoma cells was first isolated and characterized in our laboratory. The human cell synthesome supports the in vitro origin-specific simian virus 40 (SV40) DNA replication reaction in the presence of the viral large T-antigen using a semiconservative mechanism and has been shown to contain all the proteins and enzymes required to support DNA synthesis. We are currently using the DNA synthesome as a unique model for analyzing the mechanism of action of anticancer drugs affecting DNA replication. The purpose of this study was to further investigate the mechanism of action of ara-C using the DNA synthesome isolated from the human breast cancer cell line MDA MB-468. Methods: Synthesome-mediated SV40 DNA replication was performed in the presence of various concentrations of ara-CTP (the active metabolite of ara-C) and the types of daughter DNA molecules produced were analyzed using neutral and alkaline gel electrophoresis. We also examined the effect of ara-C on intact MDA MB-468 cell DNA synthesis and on cell proliferation. In addition, we studied the effect of ara-CTP on the activity of some of the synthesome target proteins (the DNA polymerases α and δ). Results: Full-length daughter DNA molecules were obtained in the presence of low concentrations of ara-CTP while at higher concentrations, there was an inhibition of full-length daughter DNA synthesis. The findings suggest that specifically the initiation phase of DNA synthesis was inhibited by ara-CTP since the production of the short Okazaki fragments was suppressed at all concentrations of the drug above 10 μM. In addition, it was found that the IC50 of ara-CTP for inhibition of synthesome-mediated in vitro DNA replication was comparable to that required to inhibit intact cell DNA synthesis. Further experimentation has shown that ara-CTP preferentially inhibits the activity of the synthesome-associated DNA polymerase α enzyme while the DNA polymerase δ seems to be resistant to the inhibitory effect of that drug. Conclusions: Our results indicate that ara-C's action on DNA replication is mediated primarily through DNA polymerase α and suggest that this enzyme plays a key role in DNA synthetic initiation events. The results also provide definitive support for the use of the DNA synthesome as a unique and powerful model for analyzing the mechanism of action of anticancer drugs which directly affect DNA replication.
Regulation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 metabolism in a human promyelocytic leukemia cell line (HL-60): 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 stimulates the synthesis of 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3.

Abstract The human promyelocytic leukemia cell line HL-60 undergoes macrophage-like differentiation after exposure to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3], the biologically active metabolite of vitamin D3. In the current study, we demonstrate that 1,25(OH)2D3 also regulates 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [25(OH)D3] metabolism in HL-60 cells. The presence of 1,25(OH)2D3 in the culture medium of HL-60 cells stimulated the conversion of 7–10% of the substrate [25(OH)D3] to a more polar metabolite, which was identified as 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [24,25(OH)2D3] from the elution positions on sequential HPLC systems and the sensitivity to periodate treatment. The HL-60 subclone HL-60 blast, which is unresponsive to 1,25(OH)2D3 in terms of differentiation, also responded to 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment with the production of 24,25(OH)2D3. Maximal stimulation of 24,25(OH)2D3-synthesis (approximately 7 pmol/5 × 106 cells) in HL-60 cells was noted with a 12-h exposure to 10−9 m 1,25(OH)2D3. The ability of vitamin D3 metabolites other than 1,25(OH)2D3 to induce the synthesis of 24,25(OH)2D3 in HL-60 cells was, with the exception of 1α-hydroxyvitamin D3, in correlation with their reported affinities for the specific 1,25(OH)2D3 receptor which is present in HL-60 cells. Treatment of HL-60 cells with phorbol diesters abolished the 1,25(OH)2D3 responsiveness, while treatment with dimethylsulfoxide and interferon γ did not markedly alter the 25(OH)D3 metabolism of HL-60 cells. Small amounts (approximately 1% of substrate) of two 25(OH)D3 metabolites, which comigrated with 5(E)- and 5(Z)-19-nor-10-keto-25-hydroxyvitamin D3 on two HPLC solvent systems, were synthesized by HL-60 cells, independently from 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment or stage of cell differentiation. Our results indicate that 1,25(OH)2D3 influences 25(OH)D3 metabolism of HL-60 cells independently from its effects on cell differentiation.
Anisotropy of the many-body enhancements on the Fermi surface of Pd

A new Korringa-Kohn-Rostoker parametrization of the cyclotron effective masses in Pd based on the data reported in the preceding paper is described. The parametrization was used to derive the many-body-enhanced Fermi velocities of electrons in the high-symmetry planes on each of the four sheets of the Fermi surface, the enhanced density of states for each sheet, and the total enhanced density of states. The total enhanced density of states agrees with the value derived from specific-heat measurements to within 2.9%. Compariso
Coupled seismic slip on adjacent oceanic transform faults

[1] In a four and a half hour period, more than 60 events in an earthquake swarm on the western boundary of the Easter microplate were detected by an array of ocean bottom seismometers. The larger events of the swarm were strike-slip earthquakes located on two transform faults separated by about 25 km. Slip on the faults was closely coupled, with activity alternating back and forth randomly between the two transforms. Coupled seismic activity is usually attributed to triggering by static stress changes or dynamic stresses in propagating shear waves generated by another earthquake, but these earthquakes are too small for either mechanism to be plausible. We suggest that the swarm may have been the seismic manifestation of a larger, primarily aseismic, slip event or slow earthquake involving both transforms, perhaps triggered by dike injection on the Easter-Pacific spreading center.
PREDICTION OF CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE AMONG ADULT CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE PATIENTS USING FRAMINGHAM RISK SCORE

Risk assessment tools to predict coronary artery disease (CAD), such as the Framingham Risk Score (FRS), have been developed to assess various populations. The FRS evaluates cardiovascular (CV) risk factors including age, gender, BP, smoking status, diabetes, and lipid profile. The CAD risk among
3-(1′,1′-Dimethylbutyl)-1-deoxy-Δ8-THC and related compounds: synthesis of selective ligands for the CB2 receptor

Abstract The synthesis and pharmacology of 15 1-deoxy-Δ 8 -THC analogues, several of which have high affinity for the CB 2 receptor, are described. The deoxy cannabinoids include 1-deoxy-11-hydroxy-Δ 8 -THC ( 5 ), 1-deoxy-Δ 8 -THC ( 6 ), 1-deoxy-3-butyl-Δ 8 -THC ( 7 ), 1-deoxy-3-hexyl-Δ 8 -THC ( 8 ) and a series of 3-(1′,1′-dimethylalkyl)-1-deoxy-Δ 8 -THC analogues ( 2 , n =0–4, 6, 7, where n =the number of carbon atoms in the side chain−2). Three derivatives ( 17 – 19 Download high-res image (42KB) Download full-size image Scheme 3 . (a) (C 6 H 5 ) 3 PCH 3 + Br − , n -BuLi/THF, 65°C; (b) LiAlH 4 /THF, 25°C; (c) KBH( sec -Bu) 3 /THF, −78 to 25°C then H 2 O 2 /NaOH. ) of deoxynabilone ( 16 ) were also prepared. The affinities of each compound for the CB 1 and CB 2 receptors were determined employing previously described procedures. Five of the 3-(1′,1′-dimethylalkyl)-1-deoxy-Δ 8 -THC analogues ( 2 , n =1–5) have high affinity ( K i = 2 receptor. Four of them ( 2 , n =1–4) also have little affinity for the CB 1 receptor ( K i =>295 nM). 3-(1′,1′-Dimethylbutyl)-1-deoxy-Δ 8 -THC ( 2 , n =2) has very high affinity for the CB 2 receptor ( K i =3.4±1.0 nM) and little affinity for the CB 1 receptor ( K i =677±132 nM).
Genetic analysis of a population of tribolium. IV. Gene expression modified by corn oil and relative humidity

Genetic analysis of a population of Tribolium. IV. Gene expression modified by corn oil and relative humidity 1
When Do States Comply with International Treaties? Policies on Violence against Women in Post-Communist Countries

There is growing evidence that states’ formal ratification of international human rights treaties does not generate changes in states’ domestic human rights practice. This article proposes to investigate a gap between states’ formal commitments to international laws and their domestic practice by careful differentiation of mechanisms of social influence: coercion, persuasion, and acculturation. It is argued that each mechanism has profound implications for rates of ratification of international treaties and the scope of implementation. Two arguments drive the discussion. First, states often ratify international treaties in response to perceived or real social pressures to formally assimilate with other states in the global arena. Thus, they do not have intentions or capacities to implement them. Second, ratification of human rights agreements makes states vulnerable to social pressures of monitoring bodies, which generates different levels of policy compliance. I explore the empirical merits of this approach on the analysis of government compliance with the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women provisions on violence against women in 26 post-Communist countries of Central and Eastern Europe and Central Asia.
Spiked helmet sign: An under-recognized electrocardiogram finding in critically ill patients.

A 77-year-old male patient presented with rhabdomyolysis. He developed progressive respiratory failure and acute respiratory distress syndrome during his hospital stay requiring mechanical ventilation. An electrocardiogram during mechanical ventilation showed findings suggestive of ST elevation myocardial infarction. Closer review showed dome and spike findings that have been likened to a “spiked helmet.” This finding has been associated with significant mortality. We discuss this under-recognized finding and the potential contributing mechanisms.
Influence of glucagon, an inducer of cellular autophagy, on some physical properties of rat liver lysosomes.

The response of rat liver lysosomes to an intraperitoneal injection of glucagon has been evaluated from studies on the mechanical fragility, osmotic sensitivity, and sedimentation properties of these subcellular particles. It has been found that about ½ hr after the injection of glucagon the hepatic lysosomes exhibit a fairly sudden increase in their sensitivity to mechanical stresses and to exposure to a decreased osmotic pressure. At the same time, their sedimentation properties undergo complex changes characterized mainly by a significant increase in the sedimentation coefficient of a considerable proportion of the total particles. In addition, glucagon causes an increase in the proportion of slowly sedimenting particles, with the result that the distribution of sedimentation coefficients within the total population tends to become bimodal. The latter change is more pronounced for acid phosphatase, less so for cathepsin D, and barely detectable for acid deoxyribonuclease. All these modifications are maximal between 45 and 90 min after injection and regress to normal within approximately 4 hr. With the exception of the increase in the slow component, for which no explanation can be advanced at the present time, they are consistent with the hypothesis that glucagon causes an increase in lysosomal size, and may be related to the autophagic-vacuole formation known to occur after glucagon administration.
Conformational heterogeneity and quasi-static self-quenching in DNA containing a fluorescent guanine analogue, 3MI or 6MI.

Two different microenvironments in the DNA sequence 5′-act aGa gat ccc tca gac cct ttt agt cag tGt gga-3′ (in both single- and double-stranded forms) are explored using two similar fluorescent nucleoside analogues, 3MI and 6MI. Each probe was evaluated in two environments, one strand with the probe flanked by thymines (PTRT) and the other by adenines (PTRA) with positions indicated by G’s in the sequence. Both time-resolved anisotropies and lifetimes of the probes depend upon local interactions, and these are altered by duplex formation. Integrals of lifetime curves compared with quantum yields reveal that each probe displays a “dark” component (below detection limits, with a lifetime of <70 ps). For 6MI in PTRA, this QSSQ “quasi-static self-quenching” or “dark” component represents approximately half the molecules, whether in single- or double-stranded form. In PTRT, 6MI displays an unusual increase in the quantum yield upon formation of the double strand (from 0.107 to 0.189) apparently the result of es...
Synthesis and anti-HIV activities of 2′-deoxy-2′,2″-difluoro-β-L-ribofuranosyl-pyrimidine and -purine nucleosides

1- or 9-(2-Deoxy-2,2-difluoro-β-L-ribofuranosyl)-thymine, -cytosine and -adenine were synthesized and their in vitro activity against HIV were evaluated.
Distribution of neurons expressing immunoreactivity for the 5HT3 receptor subtype in the rat brain and spinal cord.

The cellular distribution of the type 3 serotonin receptor (5HT3R) in the rat brain was established immunocytochemically by using a polyclonal antibody raised against a synthetic peptide from the deduced amino-acid sequence of the cloned 5HT3R. The 5HT3R-immunoreactive neurons were found in the forebrain, brainstem, and spinal cord, but within each region, the intensity of the immunoreactivity differed considerably. Within the forebrain, intensely immunoreactive cells were found in layers II–III of the neocortex, anterior olfactory nucleus, hippocampal formation, and amygdala. A few strongly immunoreactive neurons were consistently observed in the caudate putamen, and moderately or weakly labeled neurons were occasionally found in the nucleus accumbens. Within the brainstem, intensely labeled neurons were found in the trigeminal motor (V) and facial (VII) nuclei. Immunostained neurons were detected in the dorsal and the ventral horn of the spinal cord. These results reveal that the 5HT3R-immunoreactive neurons are broadly distributed throughout the rat brain spinal cord, and suggest that this receptor can subserve significant participation in central nervous system neurotransmission. J. Comp. Neurol. 402:385–401, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Effects of pH and precipitation on autohydrogenotrophic denitrification using the hollow-fiber membrane-biofilm reactor

Experiments carried out in a hollow-fiber, membrane-biofilm reactor (HFMBR) showed that the optimum pH for autotrophic denitrification was in the range 7.7–8.6, with the maximum efficiency at 8.4. Increasing the pH above 8.6 caused a significant decrease in nitrate removal rate and a dramatic increase in nitrite accumulation. The pH rose by 1.2 units when a large buffer was not added, suggesting that some field applications may require pH control. Precipitation of Ca2+ occurred in every experiment. Precipitation was the largest sink for carbonate, and it also offset alkalinity production by denitrification. Although the alkalinity increased in most cases, systems with a high carbonate buffer and high pH accentuated precipitation, and the net change in alkalinity was negative. The long-term success of field applications of the HFMBR may depend upon the interactions among calcium concentration, total carbonate concentration, pH, and alkalinity changes.
Effectiveness of a Redesigned Water Diversion Using Rock Vortex Weirs to Enhance Longitudinal Connectivity for Small Salmonids

Abstract For nearly 100 years, water diversions have affected fish passage in Beaver Creek, a tributary of the lower Methow River in north-central Washington State. From 2000 to 2004, four dam-style water diversions were replaced with a series of rock vortex weirs (RVWs). The weirs were designed to allow fish passage while maintaining the ability to divert water into irrigation canals. We observed the new appearance of three species (juvenile Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, juvenile coho salmon O. kisutch, and mountain whitefish Prosopium williamsoni) upstream of the RVWs, indicating successful restoration of longitudinal connectivity. We used passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags and instream PIT tag interrogation systems during 2004–2007 to evaluate upstream passage of small salmonids (<240 mm fork length) through one series of RVWs. We documented 109 upstream passage events by small salmonids through the series of RVWs; most of the events (81%) involved passage of rainbow trout O. mykiss o...
Keep Calm and Carry on: Appraising the Transatlantic Relationship from Iraq to Obama

It is believed in some quarters that the transatlantic relationship has never endured a more trying decade than the last, and yet the ‘Obama effect’ seems to have resurrected it from beyond the ‘tipping point’. Can we conclude then that the crisis was not as damaging as feared? Or are we erroneously subscribing to inflated expectations of America's ability to change in the age of Obama? Without a reliable measure of what constitutes an exceedingly good or bad period in the relationship, any narrative that tells us we have ventured into the extreme seems inconclusive. America and Europe need each other, and contrary to far-reaching theories of demise or rebirth, this vital relationship will evolve not on the fringes but instead in moderation and into something more complete.
The place escape/avoidance paradigm: A novel method to assess nociceptive processing

This paper summarizes a behavioral paradigm that was developed as a novel method to dissociate the multidimensional pain experience in rodents. The place escape/avoidance paradigm (PEAP) is based on the assumption that if animals escape and/or avoid a noxious stimulus, then the stimulus is aversive to the animal. Data is presented showing that when animals are placed in a specific environmental condition, they will perform purposeful behavior to escape and/or avoid the noxious stimulus. Additional data is presented to demonstrate the validity of the behavioral paradigm and how the paradigm has been used to test the hypothesis that the affective/motivational dimension of pain can be dissociated and studied independent of sensory pain processing. The behavioral paradigm highlights the emerging trend in the area of pain research and management towards developing more realistic behavioral paradigms to assess nociceptive processing in rodent models of chronic pain.
New Directions in Revenue Management Research

Research in revenue management is rapidly changing as the environment in which firms operate changes. The Internet, the adoption of new information technologies, and other market forces are driving a new wave of research in revenue management. At the same time, more and more industries are adapting the tools of revenue management to their needs. Promising research directions are more sophisticated models of consumer behavior, more general models and understanding of rivalry, and more general pricing mechanisms. These are important issues for today's revenue managers and promising areas for both theoretical and empirical research.
Chemical Processing of Materials on Silicon: More Functionality, Smaller Features, and Larger Wafers

The invention of the transistor followed by more than 60 years of aggressive device scaling and process integration has enabled the global information web and subsequently transformed how people communicate and interact. The principles and practices built upon chemical processing of materials on silicon have been widely adapted and applied to other equally important areas, such as microfluidic systems for chemical and biological analysis and microscale energy storage solutions. The challenge of continuing these technological advances hinges on further improving the performance of individual devices and their interconnectivity while making the manufacturing processes economical, which is dictated by the materials' innate functionality and how they are chemically processed. In this review, we highlight challenges in scaling up the silicon wafers and scaling down the individual devices as well as focus on needs and challenges in the synthesis and integration of multifunctional materials.
Diversification of Electronics and Electrical Systems and the Technologies for Integrated Systems

Vehicle electronics systems have progressed rapidly from their beginnings in the 1970s into the integrated control systems of today. This chapter describes the layering and structuring methods used in basic development of these complex and large-scale vehicle electronics systems, the standardization and reuse of common parts in these systems, and activities to develop related international standards. Layering and structuring are outlined through a description of software structures and a motion control platform for longitudinal vehicle behavior. International standardization is covered in sections about automotive open system architecture (AUTOSAR) and functional safety standards. Keywords: layering; structuring; standardization; reuse; platform; AUTOSAR ; functional safety
Feeding and hydration issues for older adults with dementia

All cultures dictate the need to feed the hungry and create rituals for almost every life passage around the consumption of food and beverage. Yet, in old age and among those who cannot advocate for themselves, mealtime is medicalized and demoted to an insignificant event without dignity or regard for individualized needs. Attention must be paid to not only what people eat, but how they eat, and how they are supported in that process. Kayser-Jones summarized the extensive findings of several ethnographic studies in nursing homes by noting the multi-factorial issues involved in delivering excellent care to all residents, especially those lacking an advocate. Her findings exposed how lack of staff education, inadequate staffing and supervision, disregard for personal and cultural preferences, lack of assessment for comorbid health problems, intake of food and fluids, dysphagia, and oral health problems all contributed to malnutrition and dehydration among the residents studied. This seminal set of studies, along with Dr. Kayser-Jones' testimony in US Congressional hearings directly affected the design of federal regulatory protocols to address malnutrition and dehydration. In an attempt to increase the number of staff available to assist at meals, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid issued a change in regulations on Sept. 26, 2003, allowing reimbursement for staff trained for a total of 8 hours to act as feeding assistants. This change is intended to, "provide more residents with help in eating and drinking and reduce the incidence of unplanned weight loss and dehydration". Although seen as answering some of the staffing ratio issues at meal times,this rule change has been criticized for not addressing the complexities of resident needs at meal times. Although offering food and fluid is time-consuming and requires special knowledge of physiological changes and empathy for persons whose behavior might be objectionable at times, it may be one of the few times during the day that the individual with dementia receives normalized social interaction. Thus, as in the care of all vulnerable persons with dementia, whether at home or in an institution, perhaps the greatest challenge and need is for nurses and other caregivers to provide a social environment that promotes individual dignity and comfort.
Effects of Depression and Anxiety Improvement on Adherence to Medication and Health Behaviors in Recently Hospitalized Cardiac Patients

Impaired adherence to medications and health behaviors may mediate the connection between psychiatric symptoms and mortality in cardiac patients. This study assessed the association between improvements in depression/anxiety and self-reported adherence to health behaviors in depressed cardiac patients in the 6 months after cardiac hospitalization. Data were analyzed from depressed patients on inpatient cardiac units who were hospitalized for acute coronary syndrome, heart failure, or arrhythmia and enrolled in a randomized trial of collaborative care depression management (n = 134 in primary analysis). Measurements of depression (Patient Health Questionnaire-9), anxiety (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Anxiety subscale), and adherence to secondary prevention behaviors (Medical Outcomes Study-Specific Adherence Scale items) were obtained at baseline, 6 weeks 12 weeks, and 6 months. The association between improvement in depression/anxiety and adherence was assessed by linear regression after accounting for the effects of multiple relevant covariates. At all time points improvement in the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 was significantly and independently associated with self-reported adherence to medications and secondary prevention behaviors. In contrast, improvement in the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Anxiety subscale was associated with improved adherence only at 6 weeks. In conclusion, in a cohort of depressed cardiac patients, improvement in depression was consistently and independently associated with superior self-reported adherence to medications and secondary prevention behaviors across a 6-month span, whereas improvement in anxiety was not.
Nickel/palladium finish for leadframes

The structure (and its rationale) of the palladium/nickel leadframe finish which Texas Instruments introduced in 1989 is reviewed and the reasons for its development, the advantages and features of this lead finish are discussed. Unique implications for the leadframe maker, the assembly test site and for the end user, result from using this finish, some of which were not anticipated at its inception. There are now more than 30 billion devices in the field with palladium/nickel plated leads. A synopsis of the performance of this finish with one of the lead-free pastes in the market is included. There is also a section on the observed shelf life of this finish under Battelle class 2 mixed flowing gas conditions.
Clinical Reasoning: A case of unilateral facial pain

A 62-year-old man admitted with B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) reported 2 weeks of progressive left-sided jaw and facial pain. He first noticed the pain occurring during prolonged chewing. It was exacerbated by teeth clenching and resolved with jaw rest. The patient described the pain as dull and gnawing without radiation. He also described a “knot” within his left “jaw muscles” at the mandibular angle. He had decreased range of motion, could not fully open his mouth, and felt that his jaw was misaligned. He was therefore placed on a soft mechanical diet. He denied a temporal headache or transient loss of vision. He was on his second day of obinutuzumab chemotherapy but was not on any other new medications. He had no history of trauma to his face, head, or neck. The authors thank Victoria L. Jackson, MLIS, ELS, for assistance with copyediting, formatting, and submitting the manuscript.
Prostate Stem Cell Antigen Is Overexpressed in Human Transitional Cell Carcinoma

Prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA), a homologue of the Ly-6/Thy-1 family of cell surface antigens, is expressed by a majority of human prostate cancers and is a promising target for prostate cancer immunotherapy. In addition to its expression in normal and malignant prostate, we recently reported that PSCA is expressed at low levels in the transitional epithelium of normal bladder. In the present study, we compared the expression of PSCA in normal and malignant urothelial tissues to assess its potential as an immunotherapeutic target in transitional cell carcinoma (TCC). Immunohistochemical analysis of PSCA protein expression was performed on tissue sections from 32 normal bladder specimens, as well as 11 cases of low-grade transitional cell dysplasia, 21 cases of carcinoma in situ (CIS), 38 superficial transitional cell tumors (STCC, stages Ta-T1), 65 muscle-invasive TCCs (ITCCs, stages T2-T4), and 7 bladder cancer metastases. The level of PSCA protein expression was scored semiquantitatively by assessing both the intensity and frequency ( i.e. , percentage of positive tumor cells) of staining. We also examined PSCA mRNA expression in a representative sample of normal and malignant human transitional cell tissues. In normal bladder, PSCA immunostaining was weak and confined almost exclusively to the superficial umbrella cell layer. Staining in CIS and STCC was more intense and uniform than that seen in normal bladder epithelium ( P 50% of tumor cells) seen in 32% of invasive and 43% of metastatic samples. Higher levels of PSCA expression correlated with increasing tumor grade for both STCCs and ITCCs ( P < 0.001). Northern blot analysis confirmed the immunohistochemical data, showing a dramatic increase in PSCA mRNA expression in two of five muscle-invasive transitional cell tumors when compared with normal samples. Confocal microscopy demonstrated that PSCA expression in TCC is confined to the cell surface. These data demonstrate that PSCA is overexpressed in a majority of human TCCs, particularly CIS and superficial tumors, and may be a useful target for bladder cancer diagnosis and therapy.
Mutation and evolution of microsatellite loci in Neurospora.

The patterns of mutation and evolution at 13 microsatellite loci were studied in the filamentous fungal genus Neurospora. First, a detailed investigation was performed on five microsatellite loci by sequencing each microsatellite, together with its nonrepetitive flanking regions, from a set of 147 individuals from eight species of Neurospora. To elucidate the genealogical relationships among microsatellite alleles, repeat number was mapped onto trees constructed from flanking-sequence data. This approach allowed the potentially convergent microsatellite mutations to be placed in the evolutionary context of the less rapidly evolving flanking regions, revealing the complexities of the mutational processes that have generated the allelic diversity conventionally assessed in population genetic studies. In addition to changes in repeat number, frequent substitution mutations within the microsatellites were detected, as were substitutions and insertion/deletions within the flanking regions. By comparing microsatellite and flanking-sequence divergence, clear evidence of interspecific allele length homoplasy and microsatellite mutational saturation was observed, suggesting that these loci are not appropriate for inferring phylogenetic relationships among species. In contrast, little evidence of intraspecific mutational saturation was observed, confirming the utility of these loci for population-level analyses. Frequency distributions of alleles within species were generally consistent with the stepwise mutational model. By comparing variation within species at the microsatellites and the flanking-sequence, estimated microsatellite mutation rates were ∼2500 times greater than mutation rates of flanking DNA and were consistent with estimates from yeast and fruit flies. A positive relationship between repeat number and variance in repeat number was significant across three genealogical depths, suggesting that longer microsatellite alleles are more mutable than shorter alleles. To test if the observed patterns of microsatellite variation and mutation could be generalized, an additional eight microsatellite loci were characterized and sequenced from a subset of the same Neurospora individuals.
Response behavior of sodium-selective electrodes modified by surface attachment of the anticoagulant polysaccharides heparin and chondroitin sulfate

Two different polysaccharides with anticoagulant activities, heparin and chondroitin sulfate, were used to modify the surface of sodium-selective electrodes based on asymmetric cellulose triacetate (CTA) membranes. The membranes were formulated with sodium ionophore X, anionic additive, and o-nitrophenyl octyl ether. The response behavior of the surface-modified sodium electrodes was compared with that of control CTA, as well as poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC)-based sodium-selective electrodes. It was found that the selectivity coefficients obtained with the surface modified CTA membrane electrodes were slightly higher than those of the control, but in the case of heparin-modified electrodes they still met the requirements for analysis of sodium in physiological fluids within an error of <1%; the corresponding error for chondroitin sulfate-modified electrodes was also <1% except for the case of potassium ion in which the error was 1.3%. Likewise, it was found that other response characteristics, such as detection limit, linear range, slope of the response plot, selectivity pattern, and response time were comparable in both the control and the polysaccharide-modified electrodes. Therefore, the surface modification does not significantly alter the response behavior of the sensors.
Reconciliation of different gate-voltage dependencies of 1/f noise in n-MOS and p-MOS transistors

We have examined the 1/f noise of 3 /spl mu/m/spl times/16 /spl mu/m, n- and p-MOS transistors as a function of frequency (f), gate-voltage (V/sub g/) and temperature (T). Measurements were performed for 3 Hz/spl les/f/spl les/50 kHz, 100 mV/spl les/|V/sub g/-V/sub th/|/spl les/4 V, and 77 K/spl les/T/spl les/300 K, where V/sub th/ is the threshold voltage. Devices were operated in strong inversion in their linear regimes. At room temperature we find that, for n-MOS transistors, S(V/sub d/)/spl prop/V/sub d//sup 2//(V/sub g/-V/sub th/)/sup 2/, and for p-MOS transistors, we generally find that S(V/sub d/)/spl prop/V/sub d//sup 2//(V/sub g/-V/sub th/, consistent with trends reported by others. At lower temperatures, however, the results can be very different. In fact, we find that the temperature dependence of the noise and the gate-voltage dependence of the noise show similar features, consistent with the idea that the noise at a given T and V/sub g/ is determined by the trap density, D/sub t/(E), at trap energies E=E(T,V/sub g/). Both the T- and V/sub g/-dependencies of the noise imply that D/sub t/(E) tends to be constant near the silicon conduction band edge, but increases as E approaches the valence band edge. It is evidently these differences in D/sub t/(E) that lead to differences in the gate-voltage dependence of the noise commonly observed at room temperature for n- and p-MOS transistors. >
A programmable adaptive phase-shifting PLL for clock data compensation under resonant supply noise

Power supply noise has become one of the main performance-limiting factors in sub-1V technologies. Resonant supply noise caused by the package/bonding inductance and on-die capacitance has been reported as the dominant supply noise component in high performance microprocessors [1,2]. Resonant noise frequency typically resides in the 40MHz to 300MHz frequency band but can be made as low as 7MHz with a dedicated metal-insulator-metal capacitor technology [3].