cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multiple forms of solubilized gonadotropin receptors from the rat testis.

Abstract Soluble preparations of the testicular gonadotropin receptor for luteinizing hormone (LH) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) exhibit a spectrum of physical characteristics according to the conditions employed for extraction with detergents. Gonadotropin receptors in particulate testis binding fractions were solubilized before or after equilibration with 125I-hCG by detergents, including Triton X-100, Lubrol PX, Lubrol WX, and sodium deoxycholate, and were shown to remain in solution after centrifugation at 350,000 x g. Characterization of such soluble receptors and hormone-receptor complexes by gel filtration and sucrose density gradient centrifugation revealed the presence of several physical forms. In addition to the 6.5 S form of the free receptor extracted by Triton X-100, and the 7.5 S hormone-receptor complex resulting from hCG binding to free receptors extracted with Triton X-100, dialysis of the 7.5 S complex against detergent-free solutions caused reversible conversion to an 8.8 S form of the complex. Extraction of prelabeled testis particles with Triton X-100 gave only the 8.8 S complex, which aggregated reversibly upon dialysis. Lubrol PX extracts of prelabeled particles contained a 7 S complex which also aggregated during dialysis and converted to the 8.8 S form in Triton X-100. The 7 S form of the complex was also observed after extraction of labeled particles with Lubrol WX. Exposure of the soluble receptors to trypsin and phospholipase A abolished subsequent hormone binding: neuraminidase, RNase, and DNase did not reduce the uptake of 125IhCG. Phospholipase A had no effect upon preformed 7.5 S and 8.8 S hormone-receptor complexes, while phospholipase C had no effect on the 7.5 S complex and caused aggregation of the 8.8 S form. The less pronounced effects of phospholipase A on preformed hormone-receptor complexes than on unoccupied particulate or soluble receptors suggest that binding activity is influenced by an essential phospholipid component. Interpretation of the several forms of the gonadotropin receptors extracted from testis particles is complicated by the differential effects of detergent binding and molecular conformation upon sedimentation velocity during density gradient centrifugation. Because the changes in density of the complexes extracted under various conditions are not sufficient to account for the observed sedimentation behavior of the hormone-receptor complexes, it is likely that changes in the symmetry or degree of association of the complexes are responsible for the multiplicity of forms detected under different conditions of detergent extraction.
CHAPTER 1 – The Nature of Multivariate Data Analysis

This chapter discusses the nature of multivariate data analysis. Stripped to their mathematical essentials, multivariate methods represent a blending of concepts from matrix algebra, geometry, the calculus, and statistics. In function and in structure, multivariate techniques form a unified set of procedures that can be organized around a relatively few prototypical problems. Multivariate analysis is concerned with both the discovery and testing of patterns in associative data. The chapter describes three prototypical problems, calling for various types of multivariate analysis, in terms of a miniature and common data bank. Multivariate methods emphasize two types of variables: (1) more or less continuous variables, that is, interval-scaled measurements, and (2) binary-valued variables, coded as zero or one. Multiple regression, aside from being the most popular multivariate technique in applied research, provides a vehicle for subsequent discussion of all basic matrix operations and, in particular, the topics of determinants, matrix inversion, and matrix rank.
The Rights of Israel's Palestinian Minority in the Two-State Solution to the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict

The escalating conflict within Israel today between its Jewish majority and its Palestinian minority is not just an issue of domestic importance to Israel that threatens the country’s internal stability and even its democratic regime. It is also an issue that is inextricably linked to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Thus, we have to rethink the solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. The existence of a sizable Palestinian national minority within Israel means that it is wrong to believe that the long-running conflict between Israel and the Palestinians can be solved by the two-state solution alone, that is a Jewish state and a Palestinian state. Under the best circumstances, an agreement between Israel and the Palestinian Authority over the future of the West Bank, Gaza Strip, and East Jerusalem can only be a first step toward an overall settlement of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. A comprehensive, lasting, and stable solution to the conflict is ultimately dependent upon a resolution of the Jewish-Palestinian conflict within Israel as much as it is dependent on resolving the conflict between Israel and Palestinians in the Occupied Territories. The establishment of a Palestinian state, therefore, must be accompanied by an enhancement of the status and rights of the Palestinian minority in Israel. The Israeli-Palestinian conflict will not be over until the individual and collective rights of Palestinians in Israel are also respected and accommodated.
Hypermyoinositolemic polyneuropathy in rats. A possible mechanism for uremic polyneuropathy.

Abstract Elevated plasma myoinositol levels were induced in normal rats by feeding diets containing 35% myoinositol or by the repeated intraperitoneal injection of myoinositol. This reproducibly resulted in the development of decreased sciatic motor nerve conduction velocity without any initial change in the amplitude of the evoked muscle action potential or in whole nerve sensitivity to threshold stimulation. These observations suggest the development of dysfunction of the Schwann cell-myelin complex rather than of the axons or anterior horn cells. The recent recognition that hypermyoinositolemia is a common concomitant of human uremia, and the similarities in the electrophysiological derangements in peripheral nerve function in experimental hypermyoinositolemia and in subclinical uremic neuropathy suggest that elevated plasma myoinositol levels may contribute to the pathogenesis of uremic polyneuropathy.
Resonant ultrasound spectroscopy

A resonant ultrasound spectroscopy method provides a unique characterization of an object for use in distinguishing similar objects having physical differences greater than a predetermined tolerance. A resonant response spectrum is obtained for a reference object by placing excitation and detection transducers at any accessible location on the object. The spectrum is analyzed to determine the number of resonant response peaks in a predetermined frequency interval. The distribution of the resonance frequencies is then characterized in a manner effective to form a unique signature of the object. In one characterization, a small frequency interval is defined and stepped though the spectrum frequency range. Subsequent objects are similarly characterized where the characterizations serve as signatures effective to distinguish objects that differ from the reference object by more than the predetermined tolerance.
Uterine vascular bed: effects of acute hyperoxia.

The acute effects of inspiration of 100 per cent oxygen on the uterine vascular beds of castrated and pregnant ewes were evaluated in chronic conscious preparations. In castrated ewes, vascular conductance decreased to 90.8 ± 17.9 (standard deviation) per cent of control levels. During pregnancy, no significant changes in conductance occurred. The results suggest that acute maternal hyperoxia causes no significant change in placental blood flow.
Specific infectivity and host resistance have predicated potyviral and pathotype nomenclature but relate less to taxonomy.

The names of potyviruses and viral-strains have represented the occurrence of predominant pathotypes on predominant crop genotypes. Thus virus nomenclature, but not viral taxonomy, has been decisively influenced by plant-genotype susceptibility and indirectly by host genetic resistance. Resistance to infection (i.e., host range) continues to serve a practical role in differentiating recognized viruses. Plant genes that confer disease tolerance or viral resistance remain a principal means of viral pathotype differentiation, as well as a principal control measure against major viral pathogens. Degrees of genetic diversity among isolates of recognized viruses should not be underestimated, and any system of viral taxonomy should be prepared for flexibility at the species level.
Building a new classifier in an ensemble using streaming unlabeled data

It is expensive and impractical to manually label all samples in realworld streaming data when the correct class is not available in real time. In this paper, we propose an ensemble method of determining which samples should be labeled from streaming unlabeled data and when they will be labeled according to changes in distribution of streaming unlabeled data. In particular, the labeling point in time is an important factor for building an efficient ensemble in practical aspects. In order to evaluate the performance of our ensemble method, we used synthetic streaming data with concept drift and the intrusion detection data from the KDD'99 Cup. We compared the results of the proposed method and those of the existing ensemble methods that periodically build new classifiers for an ensemble. In the synthetic streaming data, the proposed method produced average 14.1% higher classification accuracy, and the number of new classifiers reduced by average 12.6%. With the intrusion detection data, our method produced similar accuracy to existing methods but used only 0.007% of the labeled streaming data.
Parsing p53 Transactivation

Two functions of p53 are undisputed. Biologically, p53 is a potent tumor suppressor, whereas biochemically, it is a robust transcriptional activator of numerous target genes. Are these biological and biochemical functions of p53 related? The surprising answer, recently reported by Brady et al. (2011) in Cell, is minimally.
Survival in atrioventricular discordance

Limited information is available concerning the long-term survival of patients with atrioventricular discordance, ventriculoarterial discordance, and two ventricles (corrected transposition). The long-term follow-up of 107 patients examined at the Mayo Clinic over a 30-year period between 1951 and 1981 was reviewed. Overall survival from the date of Mayo Clinic diagnosis was 70% at five years and 64% at ten years. Associated variables were analyzed for their effect on survival including sex, age at diagnosis, presence of ventricular septal defect, pulmonary stenosis, dextrocardia, left atrioventricular valve insufficiency, and complete heart block. There was no significant difference between those with and without a ventricular septal defect (VSD). Pulmonary stenosis was protective when a VSD was present but was not a significant predictor of long-term survival. The only variable that consistently correlated with decreased survival was left atrioventricular valve insufficiency (p less than 0.04 for univariate and stepwise Cox, and p = 0.08 for multivariate analysis). A logistic model for survival after open-heart surgery failed to identify any significant variable. We conclude that the presence of left atrioventricular valve insufficiency in association with atrioventricular discordance significantly alters the long-term outcome. Atrioventricular valve replacement should be considered in such patients when insufficiency becomes hemodynamically significant.
Network Dynamics and the Evolution of International Cooperation

Cooperation helps states realize mutual gains, but mistrust and disagreements over institutional design inhibit cooperation. This article develops a network explanation for how states achieve cooperation in the face of persistent coordination and collaboration problems. The analysis focuses on bilateral cooperation agreements, a vast body of treaties spanning multiple issue areas. Bilateral agreements constitute an evolving network of cooperative ties. This network defines the strategic environment in which states bargain over new agreements, endogenously influencing subsequent bilateral endeavors by revealing strategically valuable information about states’ trustworthiness and preferences over institutional design, while also generating externalities that incentivize bilateral partnerships. Inferential network analysis shows that states are more likely to create bilateral agreements if they (1) share agreements with common third parties, (2) accede to more agreements in general, and/or (3) share important exogenous characteristics with current bilateral partners. These network dynamics drive bilateral cooperation in everything from commodities to cultural exchange to fisheries.
Capitalizing Disease: Biopolitics of Drug Trials in India

Recent success of Indian engineers, businessmen, as well as other technically qualified professionals has created an obsession with knowledge and creativity. Documents like India as a Knowledge Superpower have proliferated and we continually hear the mantra of investing in and harnessing of human capital. There are, however, several strands of human capital in India and not all of them harness knowledge and creativity. People on whom drugs are being tested represent one such human capital, which, even though it is being energetically mobilized to provide India with a strategic advantage in the world market, also highlights the contradictions within India’s shifting imaginary, economy and politics. Drug trials in India, in the context of neoliberal globalization, not only challenge and complicate, but also operate within a constellation of divisions ‐ labor/capital, west/nonwest, colonial/sovereign, national/global and so on. In this article I analyze how the people on whom drug testing is being done in India are being ‘harnessed’ as human capital, which leads to politicization of ‘bare life’ through ‘inclusive-exclusion’.
Mechanism of alkyl halide photolysis by a pulsed CO2 tea laser

Abstract A CO 2 TEA laser has been used to photolyze dilute samples of various alkyl halides in helium. The mechanism of the high intensity infrared photolysis of these molecules involves the decomposition of molecules into molecular or radical fragments. The reaction pathway is always dissociation into the lowest thermal dissociation channel(s) of the molecule photolyzed. Products from the initial process are also photo-dissociated by the laser pulse and their decomposition pathways are similarly governed. The molecules being photolyzed are not thermally equilibrated with the bath or with each other and the molecular-specific nature of the laser excitation is demonstrated.
The Relation of Psychotherapy Integration to the Established Systems of Psychotherapy

That individuals (and groups) have vested interests is part of the nature of the human condition and is captured in the cognitive theoretical concept “personal domain” (Beck, 1976, p. 56). Of relevance to psychotherapy integration (and consistent with this concept), there are some apparent philosophical differences between advocates of psychotherapy integration and those of the major systems of psychotherapy. In the same manner that the various schools of integrative and eclectic psychotherapy compete with one another (Lazarus & Messer, 1991, p. 144), so too do they contend with the established systems. In this article, we present several issues about which the systems of psychotherapy and the integration movement may differ, and we respond to criticisms of cognitive therapy that have been the focus of previous articles in this journal. Finally, we give examples of how those who research and apply the contemporary systems of psychotherapy can, within those systems, explore possibilities for psychotherapy integration. We conclude that there is probably much that the integration movement and the established systems of psychotherapy can offer each other.
Steady detonations in gaseous ozone

Steady detonation wave velocity in gaseous ozone in tubes of various diameters at initial pressure range and in mixtures with oxygen or argon
TANNINS IN NUTRIENT DYNAMICS OF FOREST ECOSYSTEMS- A REVIEW

Tannins make up a significant portion of forest carbon pools and foliage and bark may contain up to 40% tannin. Like many other plant secondary compounds, tannins were believed to function primarily as herbivore deterrents. However, recent evidence casts doubts on their universal effectiveness against herbivory. Alternatively, tannins may play an important role in plant–plant and plant–litter–soil interactions. The convergent evolution of tannin-rich plant communities on highly acidic and infertile soils throughout the world, and the intraspecific variation in tannin concentrations along edaphic gradients suggests that tannins can affect nutrient cycles. This paper reviews nutrient dynamics in forest ecosystems in relation to tannins. Tannins comprise a complex class of organic compounds whose concentration and chemistry differ greatly both among and within plant species. Because the function and reactivity of tannins are strongly controlled by their chemical structure, the effects of tannins on forest ecosystem processes are expected to vary widely. Tannins can affect nutrient cycling by hindering decomposition rates, complexing proteins, inducing toxicity to microbial populations and inhibiting enzyme activities. As a result, tannins may reduce nutrient losses in infertile ecosystems and may alter N cycling to enhance the level of organic versus mineral N forms. The ecological consequences of elevated tannin levels may include allelopathic responses, changes in soil quality and reduced ecosystem productivity. These effects may alter or control successional pathways. While a great deal of research has addressed tannins and their role in nutrient dynamics, there are many facets of tannin biogeochemistry that are not known. This lack of information hinders a complete synthesis of tannin effects on forest ecosystem processes and nutrient cycling. Areas of study that would help clarify the role of tannins in forest ecosystems include improved characterization and quantification techniques, enhanced understanding of structure-activity relationships, investigation of the fate of tannins in soil, further determination of the influence of environmental factors on plant tannin production and decomposition, and additional information on the effects of tannins on soil organisms.
Effects of sensitizer length on radiation crosslinked shape-memory polymers

Abstract Shape–memory polymers (SMPs) are smart materials that can be designed to retain a metastable state and upon activation, recover a preprogrammed shape. In this study, poly(methyl acrylate) (PMA) is blended with poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) of various molecular weights in various concentrations and subsequently exposed to ionizing radiation. PEGDA sensitizes the radiation crosslinking of PMA, lowering the minimum absorbed dose for gelation and increasing the rubbery modulus, after crosslinking. Minimum dose for gelation, as determined by the Charlesby–Pinner equation, decreases from 25.57 kGy for unblended PMA to 2.06 kGy for PMA blended with 10.00 mole% PEGDA. Moreover, increase in the blend concentration of PEGDA increases the crosslinking density of the resulting networks. Sensitizer length, namely Mn of PEGDA, also affects crosslinking and final mechanical properties. Increase in the length of the PEGDA molecule at a constant molar ratio increases the efficacy of the molecule as a radiation sensitizer as determined by the increase in gel fraction and rubbery modulus across doses. However, at a constant weight ratio of PEGDA to PMA, shorter PEGDA chains sensitize more crosslinking because they have more reactive ends per weight fraction. Sensitized samples of PMA with PEGDA were tested for shape–memory properties and showed shape fixity of greater than 99%. Samples had a glass transition temperature near 28 °C and recovered between 97% and 99% of the induced strain when strained to 50%.
Effects of bias and inert gas on properties of diamond-like carbon deposited by d.c. PACVD

Abstract Diamond-like carbon films were deposited by d.c. plasma-assisted CVD from acetylene or cyclohexane at substrate biases of −400 V to −800 V and pressures of 100 mTorr and 200 mTorr. The films were characterized for index of refraction, IR absorption, hydrogen content, and wear resistance. The thermal stability in vacuum was also characterized. It was found that the properties of the films are dependent on the precursor and the substrate bias. The properties of the films deposited from acetylene are only slightly dependent on the substrate bias and diamond-like properties were obtained for the whole range of investigated bias. In contrast, the properties of the films deposited from cyclohexane are strongly affected by the bias and an absolute bias higher than 500 V was required to obtain diamond-like properties at the used discharge pressures. Dilution of cyclohexane with an inert gas enhanced the diamond-like properties of the films deposited at −400 V and a sufficiently large dilution ( [ C 6 H 12 ] [ Ar ] = 1 4 ) produced films having properties similar to those of the films deposited at higher bias.
Electron density measurements ahead of shock waves in air

Precursor electron densities measured in nitrogen and air ahead of shock waves, noting shock tube wall reflectivity
Isolation and characterization of two new Drosophila protein kinase C genes, including one specifically expressed in photoreceptor cells

Abstract We have isolated and characterized two new protein kinase C (PKC) genes from D. melanogaster. One, dPKC98F, maps to chromosome region 98F and displays over 60% amino acid sequence identity with members of a recently described "PKC-related" subfamily in mammals. The other, dPKC53E(ey), maps to region 53E 4–7 on the second chromosome and lies within 50 kb of a PKC gene previously characterized (dPKC). While dPKC98F transcripts are expressed throughout development, expression of the two genes mapping at cytogenetic location 53E is primarily in adults. dPKC98F and the previously reported 53E gene are transcribed predominantly in brain tissue. In contrast, dPKC53E(ey) is transcribed only in photoreceptor cells. We will discuss the significance of this tissue-specific localization with regard to phototransduction.
ELECTROSTIMULATION OF CATECHOLAMINE RELEASE IN THE EEL : MODULATION BY ANTAGONISTS AND AUTOCRINE AGONISTS

Abstract The innervated chromaffin cells of the eel ( Anguilla rostrata ) release norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (E), while a component of the macrovascular wall releases dopamine (DA). The release of the three catecholamines is governed by complex controls which include adrenergic, nicotinergic, muscarinergic, and opioid mechanisms. To gain insight into the interactions between neural and autocrine factors in stimulated catecholamine release, we investigated the effect of adrenergic (phentolamine and propranolol) and muscarinergic (atropine) receptor antagonists, and of autocrine opioids (met-enkephalin, codeine, and morphine) on electrostimulated catecholamine secretion in situ. The hind brain (close to the root of nerve IX) of anesthetized eels was stimulated at four different time points, and segments of the posterior cardinal vein or the caudal vein were perfused with a saline solution, with or without test substances. Electrostimulation (30 s) four times within a total study duration of 14 min increased the release of DA, NE, and E into the perfusate of the cardinal vein. The vessel contains the innervated adrenomedullary equivalent. In the noninnervated caudal vein electrical stimulation had no impact on total DA release, while there was a slight decrease of NE release and a slight increase of E release. In the cardinal vein, both the alpha-adrenergic receptor antagonist phentolamine and the beta-adrenergic receptor antagonist propranolol strongly reduced the effect of electrostimulation on catecholamine release. Met-enkephalin reduced the release of all three catecholamines to a similar degree; its impact on NE release was especially strong. Codeine reduced the catecholamine release moderately, while morphine had no effect. Atropine reduced the release of all three catecholamines in a pattern similar to that of met-enkephalin. The findings on the posterior cardinal vein indicate that neurally stimulated NE and E release (1) involves autocrine/paracrine adrenergic mechanisms, (2) involves a muscarinergic mechanism, and possibly also endogenous codeine and morphine; and (3) is antagonized by met-enkephalin. The findings on the caudal vein are further evidence that macrovascular DA release is not under direct neural control.
Refrint: Intelligent refresh to minimize power in on-chip multiprocessor cache hierarchies

As manycores use dynamic energy ever more efficiently, static power consumption becomes a major concern. In particular, in a large manycore running at a low voltage, leakage in on-chip memory modules contributes substantially to the chip's power draw. This is unfortunate, given that, intuitively, the large multi-level cache hierarchy of a manycore is likely to contain a lot of useless data. An effective way to reduce this problem is to use a low-leakage technology such as embedded DRAM (eDRAM). However, eDRAM requires refresh. In this paper, we examine the opportunity of minimizing on-chip memory power further by intelligently refreshing on-chip eDRAM. We present Refrint, a simple approach to perform fine-grained, intelligent refresh of on-chip eDRAM multiprocessor cache hierarchies. We introduce the Refrint algorithms and microarchitecture. We evaluate Refrint in a simulated manycore running 16-threaded parallel applications. We show that an eDRAM-based memory hierarchy with Refrint consumes only 30% of the energy of a conventional SRAM-based memory hierarchy, and induces a slowdown of only 6%. In contrast, an eDRAM-based memory hierarchy without Refrint consumes 56% of the energy of the conventional memory hierarchy, inducing a slowdown of 25%.
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF SINGLE-WALLED CARBON NANOTUBES

We have measured the temperature-dependent thermal conductivity $\ensuremath{\kappa}(T)$ of crystalline ropes of single-walled carbon nanotubes from 350 K to 8 K. $\ensuremath{\kappa}(T)$ decreases smoothly with decreasing temperature, and displays linear temperature dependence below 30 K. Comparison with electrical conductivity experiments indicates that the room-temperature thermal conductivity of a single nanotube may be comparable to that of diamond or in-plane graphite, while the ratio of thermal to electrical conductance for a given sample indicates that the thermal conductivity is dominated by phonons at all temperatures. Below 30 K, the linear temperature dependence and estimated magnitude of $\ensuremath{\kappa}(T)$ imply an energy-independent phonon mean free path of \ensuremath{\sim}0.5--1.5 \ensuremath{\mu}m.
If We Build It, They Might Come: An Empirical Investigation of Supply and Demand in the Recruitment of Rural Psychologists

Past research has established that practicing doctoral level psychologists tend to cluster in metropolitan areas, leaving the rural population gravely underserved. Discussions of this problem have assumed that psychologists hold negative attitudes toward rural work for many reasons, leading to a supply shortage. The present study attempts to examine the accuracy of this hypothesis by examining attitudes of current doctoral students in clinical psychology. Eight hundred eighty-four students responded to an online survey. Results indicate that attitudes toward rural practice were not overwhelmingly negative as predicted. Additionally, a significant number of respondents endorsed positive attitudes toward rural practice. A follow-up study was conducted to determine if the shortage of rural psychologists might be attributed to a lack of demand from rural employers. A search of three popular job resources revealed that few rural jobs were advertised, indicating weak demand for psychologists in rural areas. Results indicate that efforts to recruit psychologists to rural areas should be rethought, and increasing the visibility of available opportunities for psychologists should be made a priority.
The Celtic Revolution: How Europe Was Turned Upside Down from the Early Romans to King Arthur

This engaging book can be recommended to almost every reader, regardless of specific period or thematic interest and whether or not particularly interested in the geopolitical and cultural history ...
Facilitating information transfer in the Eos era

A simple interactive demonstration program has been written in C to allow a user to input data field descriptions as label format. This program generates a full RECFMT (record format) description and the complete transfer syntax description notation (TSDN) file. It is intended that this program be upgraded to operational quality and be made available to users to simplify the description and TSDN file construction task. The total set of capabilities, from the standard formatted data unit packaging of related files and consistent segment structures, through the type definition techniques and the call server, will constitute a unique tool for the systematic transfer of data. This software on each end may be independent, one end from the other. With it available, local software that will be needed to convert user files to and from the canonical interface will be appreciably simplified. >
V482 Cygni: An R-Coronae Borealis Star In A Quadruple System

Observations of the R CrB variable star V482 Cyg, obtained with the University of Rochester 32 x 32 InSb array camera at the NASA IR Telescope Facility on Mauna Kea on August 20, 1984, are reported. The data-reduction and analysis procedures are described in detail, and the results are presented in tables and maps. V482 Cyg is shown to be a member of a quadruple system or perhaps a small obscured cluster. Parameters determined include distance 1.7 kpc, circumstellar-shell temperature 800 K, and absolute magnitude M(V) = -2.8.
The Impact of 3/11 on Japan

The question posed in this paper is whether the triple disaster of 3/11 constitutes a “critical juncture” in Japan. We can point to minor discontinuities in Japanese policies, institutions, and identity caused by the earthquake, tsunami, and nuclear plant meltdown that eventuated on March 11, 2011, but in the year following the event there was no evidence of a critical change. The disaster and post-disaster situation in Japan are summarized, and an explanation for the lack of critical change in nuclear policy—an area where change might have been expected in view of the fact that European countries reacted to 3/11 with critical changes in nuclear energy policy—is sought by comparing the ability of mainstream theories of Japanese politics to explain the situation.
Undercatch of tipping-bucket gauges in high rain rate events

Abstract. We have investigated differences in rainfall accumulations for seven high rain rate events from three gauges: a Geonor T-200B vibrating-wire weighing gauge and two MetOne tipping-bucket gauges. The Geonor gauge and one tipping-bucket gauge are located in a pit so that their collection orifices are at ground level. Thus their measured rainfall accumulations are minimally affected by wind speed. The other tipping-bucket gauge is located 105 m from the pit and is surrounded by an Alter-type slatted wind screen. Its collection orifice is positioned 1 m above ground level. The results from the seven events show that the tipping-bucket gauges noticeably underestimated storm event rainfall totals relative to the weighing-bucket gauge when 1-min rain rates exceeded about 50 mm/h (2 in/h). In addition, we conclude that observable wind induced undercatch by the aboveground tipping bucket gauge begins when the wind speed at a height of 2 m exceeds around 5 m/s. In this paper we show and discuss time series of rain rates, differences in rain rates, and wind speeds for two of the seven events in an attempt to account for the lower storm totals from the two tipping bucket gauges relative to the weighing-bucket gauge.
Application of Water Cooling for Improved Gas Turbine Fuel Flexibility and Availability

Near term application of water cooling to stage 1 nozzles on present day gas turbines results in significant improvements in fuel flexibility and performance. Design and performance calculations for application of a water-cooled stage 1 nozzle are compared to an air-cooled stage 1 nozzle in a heavy duty gas turbine. The results of ash deposition tests of both air-cooled and water-cooled nozzles using simulated residual fuel are presented for firing temperatures of 1850°F and 2050°F. This work was jointly sponsored by the Electric Power Research Institute and General Electric under the Advanced Cooling, Full-Scale Engine Demonstration Program.Copyright © 1981 by ASME
The Status of Science Education in K-6 Illinois Schools

Over the past decade, Illinois science education has experienced major reform efforts mandated by the state legislature. The end results of many of these mandates are not yet determined, although questions have arisen which bring some focus to the impact of these mandates on teachers within the state. During the 1992–93 school year, in an effort to address some of these questions, a statewide survey was developed and administered to 1,200 randomly selected K-6 teachers. Survey items were designed to examine science instructional processes; teacher (preservice and in service) preparation in science; school science leadership; teachers' perceived needs; implementation of the Illinois State Goals of Learning in Science; support of science by administrators, parents, and the community; obstacles to delivering quality science instruction; and student assessment in science instruction. Survey validation included cross-comparisons of data collected from site visitors, representing ten universities across the state, who used an observation checklist correlated with written survey items. Six percent of surveyed schools were visited. This paper presents the results of the survey and discusses the present state of the health and vigor of current and past funding support for scientific literacy.
A Shared Responsibility: U.S. Employers and the Provision of Health Insurance to Employees:

Employer-based health insurance is the backbone of the U.S. system of health insurance coverage. Yet it has been slowly eroding, and if these trends continue greater numbers of Americans are likely to be uninsured or without affordable coverage. Employer coverage has marked advantages, including benefits to employers and a natural risk pool that offers better benefits at lower cost than individual coverage, and is highly valued by employees. The shift of health care costs from employers who do not cover their workers to other parts of the economy is substantial. Very little attention has been given to policies that might strengthen and expand employer coverage. It will be important to shore up employer coverage both to curb its recent erosion and to build toward a more comprehensive system of health insurance.
Calcareous plankton from the tertiary of oregon

Abstract Tertiary sediments exposed in the central Oregon Coast Range were examined for calcareous nannoplankton and planktonic Foraminifera. Twenty-one samples were obtained from the Tyee, Yamhill and Nestucca Formations, the unnamed siltstone at Alsea Bay, the Yaquina Formation, and the Nye Mudstone. These formations previously have been correlated with the Ulatisian through Saucesian microfaunal stages recognized in California. Plankton were recovered from samples of the Tyee Formation, the “siltstone of Alsea” and the Nye Mudstone. The Tyee plankton, including Clavigerinella colombiana, Subbotina bolivariana, Truncorotaloides collactea, and Pseudohastigerina sharkriverensis, have been reported from the Middle Eocene elsewhere. Common planktonic Foraminifera of the “siltstone of Alsea” are Globigerina minima, G. senilis, and Chiloguembelina cubensis. Calcareous nannoplankton include Reticulofenestra scissura, Chiasmolithus cf. C. oamaruensis, and Isthmolithus recurvus. This assemblage suggests correlation of this siltstone with Late Eocene or basal Oligocene of the standard tropical plankton zonation. Planktonic Foraminifera from the upper Nye Mudstone include Globigerina euapertura, G. juvenilis, G. praebulloides, and Globigerinoides primordius, which suggest an Early Miocene age. Characteristically, the plankton specimens show much morphological variation. Generally, the plankton are sparse with lower species diversity than tropical assemblages of similar age. These observations suggest that the site of deposition was perhaps in nearshore areas, isolated from lower-latitude plankton provinces by southward-flowing currents.
Immunomodulation of peripheral lymphocytes by hormones of the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis

The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive examination of the current literature describing the immunoregulatory effects on the peripheral immune system by the hormones that comprise the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis. This article discusses the effects of the HPT axis hormones on the peripheral lymphoid tissues and the immune responses mediated by the cells that comprise these lymphoid tissues. Neuroendocrine dysfunction in the HPT axis, either naturally or experimentally induced, and the resulting immune dysfunction are also discussed. Emphasis in this article is placed on the most recent study findings and those that provide a unique or novel way of evaluating HPT hormone effects on the immune system. Our knowledge of the immunoregulatory effects of the hormones that comprise the HPT axis has grown tremendously in the last 10 years. As can be seen in this review, the immunoregulatory effects of the HPT axis hormones are quite diverse and influence most, if not all, aspects of immune system physiology. The continued exploration of the bidirectional circuitry between the immune and neuroendocrine systems may allow for development of appropriate prophylactic procedures that prevent dysfunction in both systems.
Using Architectural Models to Manage and Visualize Runtime Adaptation

The architectural runtime configuration management approach provides an accurate model of adaptive software system behavior over time. ARCM improves the visibility and understandability of runtime adaptive processes while allowing human input into the adaptation-control loop.
A Cost/Performance Evaluation of Advanced Low-Cost Heliostat Reflective Facets.

Heliostat reflective facets have traditionally been constructed with glass/silver and a metal back support. During the past year, Sandia National Laboratories evaluated low-cost materials and alternative manufacturing methods to construct facets with the goal of reducing current facet cost by at least 25% while maintaining surface slope errors at 1 milli-radians rms or below. Several companies developed prototype facet samples, which were optically evaluated at Sandia and compared to baseline facet samples using a proposed cost-to-performance metric.A cost-performance metric for comparing facets was developed by modeling and optimizing a 200 MWe power tower plant scenario in DELSOL, a computer code for system-level modeling of power tower systems. We varied the slope error on the facets and adjusted the cost on the facets to maintain the constant plant levelized cost of energy. The result of these models provides a chart of the facet optical performance and the allowable facet cost for a constant plant LCOE.The size of the prototype facet samples ranged from 1.4 to 3 m2. The measured optical slope errors were between 1 and 2 milli-radians rms when compared to a flat mirror design shape. Despite slope errors greater than 1 mrad rms, some of the prototype samples met the cost goals for this project using the cost-performance metric. Next steps are to work with the companies to improve the manufacturing processes and further reduce the cost and improve on the optical performance to reach DOE SunShot goal of $75/m2 for heliostats.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Characterization of very-long-period seismicity accompanying summit activity at Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai'i: 2007-2013

Abstract Eruptive activity returned to the summit region of Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai'i with the formation of the “Overlook crater” within the Halema'uma'u Crater in March 2008. The new crater continued to grow through episodic collapse of the crater walls and as of late 2013 had grown into an approximately elliptical opening with dimensions of ~ 160 × 215 m extending to a depth of ~ 200 m. Occasional weak explosive events and a persistent gas plume continued to occur through 2013. Lava was first observed in the new crater in September 2008, and through 2009 the lava level remained deep in the crater and was only occasionally observed. Since early 2010 a lava lake with fluctuating level within the Overlook crater has been nearly continuously present, and has reached to within 22 m of the Overlook crater rim. Volcanic activity at Kīlauea Volcano is episodic at all time scales and the characterization of very-long-period seismicity in the band 2–100 s for the years 2007–2013 illuminates a portion of this broad spectrum of volcanic behavior. Three types of very-long-period events have been observed over this time and each is associated with distinct processes. Type 1 events are associated with vigorous degassing and occurred primarily between 2007 and 2009. Type 2 events are associated with rockfalls onto the lava lake and occurred primarily after early 2010. Both of these event types are induced by pressure and momentum changes at the top of the magma column that are transmitted downward to a source centroid ~ 1 km below the northeast corner of the Halema'uma'u Crater where the energy couples to the solid Earth at a geometrical discontinuity in the underlying dike system. Type 3 events are not related to surficial phenomena but are associated with transients in mass transfer that occur within the dike system. Very-long-period tremor has also accompanied the return of eruptive activity, with increasing amplitude associated with hours- to months-long changes in gas emission rates and summit deformation.
Statistical basis of nonlinear Hebbian learning and application to clustering

Abstract Recently, the extension of Hebbian learning to nonlinear units has received increased attention. Some successful applications of this learning rule to nonlinear principal component analysis have been reported as well, however, a fundamental understanding of the processing capability of this learning rule in the nonlinear setting is still lacking. In this paper, we pursue a better understanding of what the nonlinear unit is actually doing by exploring the statistical characteristics of the criterion function being optimized and interpreting the operation of the nonlinear activation as a probability integral transformation. To improve the computational capability of the nonlinear units, data preprocessing is suggested. This leads to the development of a two-layer network which consists of linear units in the first layer and nonlinear units in the second layer. The linear units capture and filter the linear aspect (low order correlations) of the data and the nonlinear units discover higher order correlations. Several potential applications are demonstrated through simulated data and previously analyzed data from real measurements. The relationship to exploratory data analysis in statistics is discussed.
Enzyme activities, gene function and ageing in mammals. (Review).

Abstract Survey of age-related changes in mammalian enzymes shows that about 75 per cent of enzyme activities measured changed to a minor degree, if at all, during ageing. Because of the turnover of RNA and protein, this indicates that the genes coding for these enzymes remain active through old age. Analysis of certain enzymes showing changes in regulation during ageing indicates that extra-cellular influences, probably neuro-endocrine in nature, are the basis for these changes. Ageing does not appear to involve the loss of genomic competence.
Molecular Solids from Symmetrical Bis(piperazine-2,5-diones) with Open and Closed Monomer Conformations.

The design, synthesis, and solid-state structures of a new class of xylylene-linked bis(1,4-piperazine-2,5-diones) (bis-DKPs) are reported in an effort to extend the molecular framework of piperazine-2,5-diones. These compounds were derived from piperazine-2,5-dione as the core structure and synthesized via a new efficient route, and their crystal structures were determined. We examined the effects of side-chain substitution on conformations of the linked bis-DKPs. Crystallization of 3,3′-[1,4-phenylenebis(methylene)]-bis[6-(hydroxymethyl)-1,4-dimethylpiperazine-2,5-dione] yielded molecular solids with an unusual network of “C”-shaped monomers held together by four intermolecular hydrogen bonds per asymmetric unit. Similarly, intermolecular interactions between the iodomethyl groups in 3,3′-[1,4-phenylenebis(methylene)]-bis[6-(iodomethyl)-1,4-dimethyl-piperazine-2,5-dione] result in the monomers adopting a “C”-shape in the solid state. Assembly of the monomers with side chains converted to methyl groups o...
Role of a microbore capillary column in the development of a portable gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer

An approach to the development of a high-performance, field portable gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer is presented which is based on a combination of a short microbore capillary column and a miniaturized, light-weight focal plane mass spectrograph. Performance results of the short microbore column for the mixture separation of the major pollutants and data on time-resolved mass spectral measurements of overlapped gas chromatograph peaks are reported.
Ab initio molecular orbital and RRKM calculations of the thermal unimolecular dissociation of the CH2ClO radical

An ab initio molecular orbital study of the unimolecular elimination of HCI and Cl from the CH 2 ClO radical is reported. Geometry optimizations were carried out at the HF/6-31G(d), MP2(full)/6-31G(d), and MP2(full)/ 6-31G(d,p) levels, and total energies were calculated using G2 and G2(MP2) theories. The zero-point-energy-corrected energy barrier for HCl elimination is predicted to be 8 kcal/mol, and for Cl elimination it is predicted to be 10.5 kcal/mol. RRKM models for both unimolecular reactions were made from the ab initio vibrational frequencies (scaled), moments of inertia and barrier heights. The RRKM predicted thermal rate coefficients for HCl elimination are in good agreement with experimental data taken over the temperature range 265-306 K and the pressure range 5-35 Torr (Wu, F.; Carr, R. W. J. Phys. Chem. A 2001, 105, 1423.) when the barrier height is adjusted to 8.5 kcal/mol. Because of the low energy barrier and, to a lesser extent, the small size of the reactant, the falloff curve is very broad, and the high pressure limit is predicted to be closely approached only when pressures of 10 7 Torr and above are reached. RRKM calculations of the rate coefficient for Cl elimination predict that this reaction is negligible compared with HCl elimination at moderate temperatures, but should be taken into account in high-temperature reactions. G2 theory predicts the 298 K enthalpy of formation of CH 2 ClO to be -6.6 kcal mol - 1 .