cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Introduction to Criminal Justice

1. Criminal Justice Perspectives 2. The Justice Process 3. Crime and Crime Control 4. Counting Crimes and Criminals 5. Police and Policing 6. Law Enforcement in the Criminal Justice System 7. The Criminal Courts 8. People and Problems in the Courts 9. Sentencing: The Goals and Process of Punishment 10. Incarceration 11. Problems and Issues in Incarceration 12. Probation, Parole, and Community Corrections 13. Issues in Community Supervision 14. The Juvenile Justice System 15. Discharge and Developments
Irreversible electroporation (IRE): a novel method for renal tissue ablation

OBJECTIVE • To evaluate the effects of irreversible electroporation (IRE) on renal parenchyma and the renal collecting system in a porcine model. MATERIALS AND METHODS • Eight female Yorkshire pigs underwent a series of laparoscopic ablations using either monopolar or bipolar IRE (Angiodynamics, Queensbury, NY, USA). • The pigs were killed between 10 min and 14 days after IRE, and the kidneys were harvested for gross and histological analysis, including NADH staining for cellular viability. RESULTS • In all, 24 ablations were performed and all the pigs survived without complications. • Initial gross lesions were diffusely haemorrhagic, decreasing progressively in size (30-40%) to small white scars over the 14-day period. • Immediately after IRE, ablated tissue was characterized by diffuse tubular desquamation, eosinophilia, and nuclear pyknosis, with absence of cellular viability by NADH. • At 7 days after IRE, there was diffuse cellular necrosis with early peripheral granulation changes, and by 14 days there was marked tissue granulation, chronic inflammation, and dystrophic calcification with early fibrosis and cellular contraction. • Initial patchy urothelial injury and ulceration showed signs of repair and viability by 14 days after IRE. CONCLUSIONS • Renal IRE in the porcine kidney leads to predictable histological changes characteristic of cellular death within 1 h of ablation, with relative urothelial sparing. • Further animal studies are warranted to determine safety and efficacy of this novel ablation technology.
Shape versus Size: Improved Understanding of the Morphology of Brain Structures

Standard practice in quantitative structural neuroimaging is a segmentation into bram tissue, subcortical structures, fluid space and lesions followed by volume calculations of gross structures. On the other hand, it is evident that object characterization by size does only capture one of multiple aspects of a full structural characterization. Desirable parameters are local and global parameters like length, elongation, bending, width, complexity, bumpiness and many more. In neuroimaging research there is increasing evidence that shape analysis of brain structures provides new information which is not available by conventional volumetric measurements. This motivates development of novel morphometry analysis techniques answering clinical research questions which have been asked for a long time but which remained unanswered due to the lack of appropriate measurement tools. Challenges are the choice of biologically meaningful shape representations, robustness to noise and small perturbations, and the ability to capture the shape properties of populations that represent natural biological shape variation. This paper describes experiments with two different shape representation schemes, a fine-scale, global surface characterization using spherical harmonics, and a coarsely sampled medial representation (3D skeleton). Driving applications are the detection of group differences of amhygdala-hippocampal shapes in schizophrenia and the analysis of ventricular shape similarity in a mono/dizygotic twin study. The results clearly demonstrate that shape captures information on structural similarity or difference which is not accessible by volume analysis. Improved global and local structure characterization as proposed herein might help to explain pathological changes in neurodevelopment/neurodegeneration in terms of their biological meaning.
A large atomic hydrogen shell in the outer Galaxy: SNR or stellar wind bubble?

We report the detection of a ring like HI structure toward l=90.0, b=2.8 with a velocity of v_LSR=-99 km/s. This velocity implies a distance of d=13 kpc, corresponding to a Galactocentric radius of R_gal=15 kpc. The l-v_LSR diagram implies an expansion velocity of v_exp ~ 15 km/s for the shell. The structure has an oblate, irregular shell-like appearance which surrounds weak infrared emission as seen in the 60 micrometer IRAS data. At a distance of 13 kpc the size of the object is about 110 x 220 pc and placed 500 pc above the Galactic plane with a mass of 1e5 solar mass. An expanding shell with such a high mass and diameter cannot be explained by a single supernova explosion or by a single stellar wind bubble. We interpret the structure as a relic of a distant stellar activity region powered by the joint action of strong stellar winds from early type stars and supernova explosions.
The Industrious Revolution: A Second Industrious Revolution?

In the twentieth century all this would change. Upper-class foreshadowings early in the century became a broadly based social trend after the 1950s, questioning both the value of the common goods provided by the breadwinner–homemaker household and the justice and rationality of the division of labor on which the production of those goods depended. A new industrious revolution emerged in whose grip we continue to live today. Similarities and Differences The basic facts are familiar. Expressed in the terms of the household models used in this study, the past generation has witnessed (1) a vast expansion of the number of households with multiple earners, (2) a pronounced redeployment of labor time from household to market production, (3) the introduction of consumption technologies that are much less intensive in their use of household labor, (4) reduced income pooling, and (5) the shift of consumer preferences toward services, public consumption, and individuated consumption. Each of these features has parallels in the industrious revolution of the long eighteenth century and involves the household in similar decisions about consumption objectives and the means to achieve them. Yet, these similarities notwithstanding, it is obvious that the modern context of household decision making differs significantly from that in the centuries before 1850. To begin with, the state now encroaches on household decisions far more than in the past.
Applications of the Probabilistic Method to Partially Ordered Sets

There are two central themes to research involving applications of probabilistic methods to partially ordered sets. The first of these can be described as the study of random partially ordered sets. Among the specific models which have been studied are: random labelled posets; random t-dimensional posets; and the transitive closure of random graphs. A second theme concentrates on the adaptation of random methods so as to be applicable to general partially ordered sets. In this paper, we concentrate on the second theme. Among the topics we discuss are fibers and co-fibers; the dimension of subposets of the subset lattice; the dimension of posets of bounded degree; and fractional dimension. This last topic leads to a discussion of ramsey theoretic questions for probability spaces.
The Relation of Radial Growth to Maximum and Minimum Temperatures in Three Tree Species

jenny, H. 1941. Factors of soil formation. McGrawHill Co., New York. Kelting, R. W. 1954. Effects of moderate grazing on the composition and plant production of a native tall-grass prairie in central Oklahoma. Ecology 35: 200-207. Oakes, M. C. 1952. Geologic map of Tulsa County, Oklahoma. Okla. Geol. Surv. Bull. 69, Plate 1. Boosting, H. J. 1948. The study of plant communities. W. H. Freeman and Co., San Francisco, Cal. Penfound, Wm. T. 1948. A phytosociological analysis of a goldenrod community near Kenner, Louisiana. Ecology 29: 124-125.
An ocular tack for minimally invasive continuous wireless monitoring of intraocular pressure

This paper presents a novel minimally invasive implantable pressure sensing transponder for continuous wireless monitoring of intraocular pressure (IOP). The transponder was designed to make the implantation and retrieval surgery simple while still measuring the true IOP through direct hydraulic contact with the intraocular space. Most parts of the sensor sit externally on the sclera and only a micro-needle penetrates inside the vitreous space through pars plana. In vitro tests showed a sensitivity of 15 kHz/mmHg with about 1 mmHg resolution. In vivo tests included one month implantation in rabbits, confirming the device biocompatibility and functionality.
On the fluxes and fates of 3He accreted by the Earth with extraterrestrial particles

Abstract The influx of extraterrestrial (ET) matter on the Earth results in appreciable fluxes of 3 He originating from several different processes. We have analyzed the published data on the observed concentrations of 3 He in interplanetary dust particles (IDPs) sampled in the stratosphere, in polar ice samples, and in meteorites. This information, considered together with production of secondary fragments during the atmospheric entry of meteoroids, allows us to make plausible estimates of fluxes of the extra-terrestrial fluxes of the two principal 3 He types accreted along with the extraterrestrial materials: (i) solar wind (SW) and solar energetic particle (SEP) 3 He implanted in ET particles, and (ii) 3 He produced in the ET matrix by interactions of galactic cosmic ray (GCR) particles. An appreciable fraction of 3 He brought to the Earth by ET particles is expected to be lost from the particles during ablation and fragmentation of the particles during their transit through the atmosphere. By comparing the measured 3 He fluxes in two terrestrial archives, polar ice and marine sediments, and based on supplementary data ( 3 He / 4 He and 20 Ne / 22 Ne ratios), we have attempted to determine the relative fluxes of solar (SW and SEP) and GCR 3 He that are preserved in them. Our analyses establish the fact that the reported 3 He concentrations in particles in “relatively small size polar ice samples from Greenland and Antarctica” are primarily due to the solar 3 He accreted via IDPs of (2–5) μm radii scavenged in the polar ice. We predict that if larger ice samples were analyzed, greater contributions would be found from GCR 3 He present in fragments of meteoroids produced during their entry through the atmosphere. It follows therefore that long-term fluxes of IDPs can be estimated from studies of 3 He in relatively small samples of polar ice sheets. One observes appreciable concentrations of 3 He in marine sediments. Extensive observational data are available for sediments in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. We show that besides IDPs, there is an important source which is an important contributor to the flux of 3 He in marine sediments. This is the GCR produced 3 He in meteoroids of sizes up to ∼1 m. We compare the measured 3 He fluxes in marine sediments with those predicted from solar 3 He in IDPs, and from GCR produced 3 He in secondary fragments of meteoroids of sizes up to ∼1 m, produced during their transit through the atmosphere. Our studies allow us to reach plausible conclusions regarding the predominant source of 3 He in marine sediments.
Phosphorylation of the Rat Vesicular Acetylcholine Transporter

Metabolic labeling of a mutant PC12 cell line, A123.7, expressing recombinant rat vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) with radiolabeled inorganic phosphate was used to demonstrate phosphorylation of the transporter on a serine residue. Mutational analysis was used to demonstrate that serine 480, which is located on the COOH-terminal cytoplasmic tail, is the sole phosphorylation site. Phosphorylation of serine 480 was attributable to the action of protein kinase C. Using a permanently dephosphorylated form of rat VAChT, S480A rVAChT, it was shown that this mutant displays the same kinetics for the transport of acetylcholine and the binding of the inhibitor vesamicol as does the wild type transporter. However, sucrose gradient density centrifugation showed that, unlike wild type VAChT, the S480A mutant did not localize to synaptic vesicles. These results suggest that phosphorylation of serine 480 of VAChT is involved in the trafficking of this transporter.
Carcinoma in situ of the cervix in pregnancy: Treatment with primary cesarean hysterectomy

Abstract Thirty-two patients treated with primary cesarean hysterectomy for carcinoma in situ of the cervix diagnosed during pregnancy are reported. This approach has been offered to selected patients who for many reasons, primarily social, have been unable to return to the hospital after vaginal delivery for completion of therapy. The fetal outcome and maternal complications have been acceptable and the operative specimens have been adequate for treatment of the disease process.
Trace formulas for a class of subnormal tuples of operators

Trace formulas are established for the product of commutators related to subnormal tuple of operators (S 1,...,S n ) with minimal normal extension (N 1,...,N n ) satisfying conditions that sp(S j )/sp(N j ) is simply-connected with smooth boundary Jordan curve sp(N i ) and [S * ,S j ]1/2 ∈L 1,j=1, 2,...,n. Some complete unitary invariants related to the trace formulas are found.
Adsorption of [N-(Phosphonomethyl)imino]diacetic Acid and Iminodiacetic Acid on Poly(4-vinylpyridine)

[N-(Phosphonomethyl)imino]diacetic acid (PMIDA) and iminodiacetic acid (IDA) are two structurally similar amino acid derivatives found prevalently in a highly concentrated NaCl solution in the waste stream from the synthesis of the herbicide Roundup. Because IDA is biodegradable and PMIDA is not, it is important to be able to separate the two acids. In this work, it is shown that PMIDA and IDA have very different affinities for the basic polymer adsorbent poly(4-vinylpyridine), while NaCl has a negligible affinity. The adsorbent has been found to be robust as well as chemically and thermally regenerable. Single- and multiple-frontal column tests are used to determine equilibrium adsorption isotherms and mass-transfer parameters at temperatures between 23 and 85 °C. An Arrhenius temperature dependence is used to correlate the equilibrium adsorption data. A parallel pore and surface diffusion model can accurately describe the breakthrough and elution behavior of the high-affinity solutes, PMIDA and IDA, whi...
Significant features in the early prenatal development of the human brain.

A review of the early prenatal development of the human brain has been prepared following a long-standing investigation of 192 embryos. The precise sequence of developmental events has been traced with the aid of accurate morphological staging. The three major divisions of the brain appear in the walls of the completely open neural groove at 3(1/2) postfertilizational weeks (stage 9). They do not develop as "cerebral vesicles" in a closed neural tube. The 16 neuromeres and the various subdivisions of the neural crest are highlighted. It is stressed that only two neuropores are normally found in the human. The telencephalon can be distinguished as early as 4 weeks (stage 10) and the five chief subdivisions of the brain are recognizable at 5 weeks (stage 15). The development of the medial (diencephalic) and lateral (telencephalic) ventricular eminences (so-called Ganglienhugel) is elaborated, and their role in the formation of the basal nuclei is clarified. The cortical plate and subplate have been identified as early as 7 weeks (stage 21). Finally, it is pointed out that the timing of the origin of many congenital anomalies of the nervous system shows the special importance of the embryonic period, i.e., the first 8 postfertilizational weeks.
Fuzzy guidance of the shuttle orbiter during atmospheric reentry

Abstract The guidance law for the Space Shuttle Orbiter is required to track a reference state trajectory satisfying a given drag-acceleration versus velocity profile. Newly available nonlinear guidance laws will require complicated multi-dimensional interpolation. In this paper, Sugeno approximators (hybrid fuzzy-crisp inference systems) trained by example are used to conduct this interpolation. Moreover, the concept of surface-tracking guidance is introduced in which the reference trajectory itself is updated when severe disturbances warrants it. Surface tracking requires an “on-line optimizer” which is implemented using a constellation of a few blocks, two of which are multi-input/multi-output Sugeno approximators. The different approximators and guidance laws have been studied and simulated.
Theory of Ferromagnetic Resonance in Rare Earth Garnets. III. Giant Anisotropy Anomalies

The giant sharp anisotropy anomalies in YIG discovered by Dillon and attributed to rare earth ions are explained in terms of the crossovers or, most probably, near crossovers of the energy levels of the rare earth ions in the combined crystal and exchange fields. The central consequence deduced by the theory, independent of the detailed behavior of the energy levels, is that $\ensuremath{-}{H}_{\ensuremath{\alpha}}{(\ensuremath{\Delta}{\ensuremath{\theta}}_{\frac{1}{2}})}^{2}\ensuremath{\approx}\frac{\mathrm{kT}{N}^{\ensuremath{'}}}{M}$, where ${H}_{\ensuremath{\alpha}}$ is the anisotropy field; $\ensuremath{\Delta}{\ensuremath{\theta}}_{\frac{1}{2}}$ the angular width of the peak; ${N}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ the concentration of rare earth ions at the crossover; $M$ is the total magnetization; the result assumes $\mathrm{kT}\ensuremath{\gg}\mathrm{level}$ splitting at apparent crossover. This and other results appear to be in satisfactory agreement with the available experimental data. Crystals with giant anomalies have useful properties for adiabatic demagnetization experiments---the ferric-rare earth exchange field of 100 koe can be effectively turned on or off by rotation of the magnetic moment of the crystal. In an appendix we examine the validity of the molecular field approximation to the ferric-rare earth ion interaction, and we find that the approximation is excellent. A further appendix discusses the question of crossing or noncrossing of energy levels in static fields.
The frequency and size of ozone “mini-hole” events at northern midlatitudes in February

Ozone “mini-holes” represent regions of low total ozone (<300 D U) that persist for several days over extratropical latitudes in winter. These events are usually associated with breaking Rossby waves in the upper troposphere that allow poleward injections of ozone-poor, low potential vorticity (PV) tropospheric air into the lower stratosphere. Using daily TOMS total ozone data together with daily PV maps derived from reanalyzed NCEP data, the interannual variability of ozone mini-hole events in the northern hemisphere is investigated for one winter month (February) during the 1979–1993 period. For this purpose, the total area of anomalously low total ozone and PV between 40°N and 50°N and between 90°W and 90°E is computed for February of each year. The low-ozone and low-PV areas both peak during February of 1988, 1989, and 1990, coincident with the lowest monthly zonal mean total ozone values observed at northern midlatitudes prior to the Pinatubo eruption.
Inversion of the Classical Second Virial Coefficient

It is shown that, on the basis of some weak assumptions regarding the nature of the intermolecular pair potential, the classical second virial coefficient determines the potential uniquely.
The Case of the Wretched Retcher

Fundoplication is an effective treatment for severe gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) because it provides a mechanical solution to what is essentially a mechanical, not a medical, problem. However, manifestations of feeding intolerance postfundoplasty are well known and include dysphagia, gastric dysfunction, retching, gagging, intestinal dysfunction, and gas bloat syndrome. These difficulties are exacerbated by feeding plans that disregard the mechanical constraints imposed by the operation, particularly limited gastric volume, decreased gastric compliance, diminished ability to burp, sensitivity to osmolarity, and formula composition. These complications are preventable and treatable by informed construction of feeding plans that limit boluses (around 15 mL/kg/bolus), promote proper motility, manage intraluminal air, and limit polypharmacy. This case presentation describes a postfundoplasty infant with severe retching and intolerance treated according to these principles.
Diethyl 2‐oxo‐4,5‐di­phenyl­cyclo­pentane‐1,3‐di­carboxyl­ate

The title compound, C23H20O5, is one of a series of soluble precursors to electroluminescent conjugated polymers as well as leading to helical structures. The geometries of the ring systems are within normal limits, as are those of the ethyl esters. There are few close contacts within the mol­ecule, leading one to rationalize the overall geometry arising from pure steric interactions without any attractive forces such as hydrogen bonding.
Thermal conductivity in Si/Ge and Si/SiGe superlattices

Silicon-germanium and silicon-germanium alloy-based superlattices show promise for application as efficient thermoelectrics because of their low thermal conductivity, below that of bulk Si 1−x Ge x alloys. In this paper, we demonstrate the sensitivity of the lattice thermal conductivity in Si/Ge and Si 1−x Ge x /Si 1−y Ge y superlattices to the interface properties, based on solving the phonon Boltzmann transport equation with partially diffusive scattering at the interfaces, captured by a momentum and direction-dependent interface specularity parameter. We demonstrate that scattering from the atomically imperfect interfaces that separate the layers of the superlattice plays a strong role in the lattice thermal conductivity, and that a competition exists between scattering from the partially diffuse interfaces and the internal scattering mechanisms, especially in alloy-based superlattices. Therefore, interface properties, such as roughness, orientation, and composition, are expected to play a significant role in thermal transport and they offer additional degrees of freedom to control the thermal conductivity in semiconductor nanostructures based on superlattices.
Automatic compilation to a coarse-grained reconfigurable system-opn-chip

The rapid growth of device densities on silicon has made it feasible to deploy reconfigurable hardware as a highly parallel computing platform. However, one of the obstacles to the wider acceptance of this technology is its programmability. The application needs to be programmed in hardware description languages or an assembly equivalent, whereas most application programmers are used to the algorithmic programming paradigm. SA-C has been proposed as an expression-oriented language designed to implicitly express data parallel operations. The Morphosys project proposes an SoC architecture consisting of reconfigurable hardware that supports a data-parallel, SIMD computational model. This paper describes a compiler framework to analyze SA-C programs, perform optimizations, and automatically map the application onto the Morphosys architecture. The mapping process is static and it involves operation scheduling, processor allocation and binding, and register allocation in the context of the Morphosys architecture. The compiler also handles issues concerning data streaming and caching in order to minimize data transfer overhead. We have compiled some important image-processing kernels, and the generated schedules reflect an average speedup in execution times of up to 6× compared to the execution on 800 MHz Pentium III machines.
Practice and endpoint accuracy with the left and right hands of old adults: the right-hemisphere aging model.

The purpose of the study was to quantify the aging-related differences in endpoint accuracy during isometric contractions of the left and right hands based on the prediction that declines in motor performance with aging may be greater for muscles controlled by the right hemisphere. Twelve young (6 men, 25 ± 5 years) and 12 old (6 men, 76 ± 6 years) adults performed a task that involved matching the peak of a force–time trajectory to a target. The old adults were less accurate than the young men and exhibited greater endpoint error with the left hand than the right hand on day 1, but not on days 2 and 3. Although electromyographic amplitude was similar between hands, old adults exhibited greater timing variability. These findings indicate that given sufficient practice there was no difference in endpoint accuracy between the left and right hands of old adults, which is not consistent with the prediction of an asymmetrical decline in motor performance by the right-hemisphere aging model. Conversely, an inability by an old adult to achieve similar accuracy with both hands during such tasks likely indicates an underlying motor impairment. Muscle Nerve, 2007
The Magnetic Pole in the Formulation of Electricity and Magnetism

The use of the magnetic pole in the development of the concepts of electricity and magnetism leads unambiguously to a relativistic formulation of the field vectors which is well within the grasp of the sophomore student. The development is wholly consistent with Maxwell's equations and leads to clear and understandable definitions of the field vectors both in vacuum and in the material medium, as well as to the relations defining the transformations of the field vectors.
The spoken web: software development and programming through voice

It has been a constant aim of computer scientists, programming language designers and practitioners to raise the level of programming abstractions and bring them as close to the user's natural context as possible. The efforts started right from our transition from machine code programming to assembly language programming, from there to high level procedural languages, followed by object oriented programming. Nowadays, service oriented software development and composition are the norm.There have also been notable efforts such as Alice system from CMU to simplify the programming experience through the use of 3D virtual worlds. The holy grail has been to enable non-technical users such as kids or non-technical people to be able to understand and pick up programming and software development easily. We present a novel approach to software development that lets people use their voice to program or create new software through composition. We demonstrate some basic programming tasks achieved by simply talking to a system over an ordinary phone. Such programs constructed by talking can be created in user's local language and do not require IT literacy or even literacy as a prerequisite.We believe this approach will have a deep impact on software development, especially development of web based software in the very near future.
Dopaminergic inhibition of catecholamine secretion from chromaffin cells: evidence that inhibition is mediated by D4 and D5 dopamine receptors.

Previous studies have suggested that activation of D2-like dopamine receptors inhibits catecholamine secretion from adrenal chromaffin cells. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the activation of D1-like receptors on chromaffin cells affects either catecholamine release from the cells or the inhibition of secretion by D2-like dopamine receptors. Both D1- and D2-selective agonists inhibited secretion elicited by dimethylphenyl-piperazinium (DMPP), veratridine, and high K + levels. The D1-selective agonists 6-chloro-7,8-dihydroxy-3-allyl-1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine (CI-APB) and SKF-38393 inhibited DMPP-stimulated catecholamine secretion in a concentration-dependent manner ; 50% inhibition was obtained with ∼10 μM CI-APB and ∼100 μM SKF-38393. Of the D2-selective agonists, bromocriptine was a more potent inhibitor of DMPP-stimulated catecholamine release than was quinpirole. The inhibition of secretion caused by CI-APB or SKF-38393 was additive with the inhibition caused by bromocriptine. Pertussis toxin treatment (50 ng/ml, 18 h) attenuated the inhibitory effect of D2-selective, but not D1-selective, dopamine agonists. In addition, forskolin-stimulated adenylyl cyclase activity was inhibited by D2-selective, but not D1-selective, agonists. Neither D1- nor D2-selective agonists stimulated adenylyl cyclase activity in the cells, although cyclase activity was stimulated by forskolin, carbachol, and vasoactive intestinal peptide. DMPP-stimulated Ca 2+ uptake was inhibited by both D1- and D2-selective dopamine agonists. PCR analysis was used to determine which of the dopamine receptor subtypes within the D1-like and D2-like subfamilies was responsible for the observed inhibition. PCR analysis indicated that mRNA for only D4 and D5 dopamine receptor subtypes was present in chromaffin cells. These combined data suggest that D1- and D2-selective agonists inhibit Ca 2+ uptake and catecholamine secretion by activating D4 and D5 dopamine receptors on chromaffin cells.
Vaginal ultrasound probe cover leakage: implications for patient care

Abstract Objective: To assess the risk of probe contamination following transvaginal ultrasonography. Design: Prospective cohort study. Setting: University Infertility Center. Patient(s): Women undergoing transvaginal ultrasonography. Intervention(s): One physician obtained 840 consecutive transvaginal ultrasonograms over nine months. Latex condoms were used to cover the probe. Following examination, the condoms were removed and the probe was wiped with a germicidal disposable cloth and left to air dry for 5 minutes. Condoms were filled with water and examined for leaks. Main Outcome Measure(s): Number of perforations and distance from condom tip. Result(s): Seventeen (2%) of 840 condoms leaked. The mean distance from the tip to the point of leakage was 10.6 cm ± 2.8 (mean ± SD; range, 7–14). Sixty-five percent of the leaks were ≤10 cm from the tip. In several instances, two leaking condoms were found within a few examinations of each other. No visual contamination of the probe was noted. Conclusion(s): Although only 2% of condoms leaked, 65% were at distances that could have led to probe soiling intravaginally. While no body fluids were grossly visible, microscopic contamination was still possible. Since perforations were noted in close, and even consecutive scans, this study underscores the need for routine probe disinfection between examinations.
Growth of native Hawaiian school children: II. Body mass index and skinfold measurements.

Annual measurements of skinfold thicknesses at six sites (triceps, biceps, medial calf, subscapular, abdominal, and suprailiac) and the body mass index have been obtained from a sample of native Hawaiian school children and their non-Hawaiian classmates in a four year semilongitudinal study. Four cohorts were measured, with the children beginning the study in grades one, four, seven and ten, respectively. Information on percentage of Polynesian ancestry, identity with Hawaiian culture, social class, and income were obtained from family interviews for the native Hawaiian children. Hawaiian boys at most ages surveyed are significantly fatter than their classmates on trunk sites, and are also fatter than National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey II (NHANES-II) medians. Native Hawaiian girls have significantly greater trunk skinfold measures than classmates in only one surveyed age group. The percentage of Polynesian ancestry in this admixed sample of Hawaiian children is significantly related to fatness and body mass among children aged 9–12 years, but is not clearly related to fatness in other age groups. Socioeconomic measures are also not related to fatness in a simple manner. Intensive study of specific sex-age groups may be required to identify factors that influence the amount of fatness of native Hawaiian school children. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Access to Science and Literacy through Inquiry and School Yard Habitats

In this article, the authors describe an integrated science and literacy instructional model in which students build background knowledge by engaging in free-choice learning options during an investigation of school yard habitats. Students interact with their peers while inquiring, discussing findings, and using print resources to enhance learning.
The Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute Laryngotracheobronchitis

Acute laryngotracheobronchitis is a disease of varied bacterial origin. It is a very serious disease but more so when it occurs in children less than one year of age. Treatment consists in providing adequate moisture in the inspired air, sometimes the use of expectorant drugs, the administration of the proper chemotherapeutic or antibiotic agent, and careful nursing. Tracheotomy is sometimes necessary. Suggestions have been made regarding indications for its need, performance of the procedure and the after-treatment of the tracheotomized child. Sedative and antihistaminic drugs are contraindicated in the treatment of acute laryngotracheobronchitis.
Effects of 2-substituted-4-phenylquinolines on uptake of serotonin and norepinephrine by isolated brain synaptosomes.

Abstract In this present communication, the in vitro inhibition of the uptake of [3H]-L-norepinephrine ([3H] NE) and [3H]-Serotonin ([3H] 5-HT) by eleven synthesized 2-substituted-4-phenylquinolines were studied using rat brain synaptosomal preparations. Compounds with an open side chain were relatively weak inhibitors of the synaptosomal uptake of [3H] NE and [3H] 5HT. Compounds having a distance of three atoms between the terminal basic nitrogen of the side chain and the quinoline ring were better inhibitors of serotonin uptake than those compounds having a four-atom distance. The replacement of the side chain with a piperazine ring produced compounds which were more potent and selective inhibitors of the uptake of either [3H] 5-HT or [3H] NE. Further structure-activity relationships are also discussed.
Projections to the cardioinhibitory region of the nucleus ambiguus of rat

The nucleus ambiguus is a brainstem structure which sends projections through the vagus nerve to the viscera, primarily heart, lung, and gut. The anatomical relationship between the nucleus ambiguus and other brain structures has not been elucidated nor has the cardiac region been identified physiologically in rats. We have attempted to clarify which areas of the nucleus ambiguus are cardioinhibitory and to determine other regions of the brain which send direct projections to this physiologically identified cardiac region. Stimulating electrodes were positioned stereotaxically in the medulla of anesthetized rats. Small currents were passed through the electrodes to locate regions in the ventrolateral medulla which slowed heart rate. In each rat, the area found was small (less than 200 micron in diameter), very specific, and located in the rostral portion of the nucleus ambiguus. Micro-quantities of horseradish peroxidase were then iontophoretically ejected into this brainstem area; 24-72 hours following the HRP injection, the rats were processed for HRP reaction product using the tetramethybenzidine method. The major brain area which sent projections to the rostral nucleus ambiguus was the ipsilateral medial subnucleus of the solitary tract. A few labeled cells were found in the ipsilateral ventrolateral subnucleus of the solitary tract, parabrachial complex, the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, and the contralateral nucleus ambiguus. Control injections in reticular areas surrounding the rostral nucleus ambiguus showed no label in the medial solitary nucleus.
Mirror-image dextrocardia with failure of apical pivoting ("levocardia") and situs inversus.

We here describe a 51-year-old man diagnosed as having complete situs inversus with levocardia and no associated significant cardiac or visceral defect. We believe this represents the first reported case of pure isolated levocardia
Gamma spectrometer measurements of microgram quantities of plutonium using uranium L X-rays in the 13–21 keV region

Nineteen groups of Marple series cascade impact filters were used to collect aerosol particles associated with various operations in plutonium glove boxes. The cascade impactor separated particles based upon size, while the total mass of plutonium deposited on the filters ranged from 10−4 to 10−8 g. Gamma spectrometer measurements with an n-type high-purity germanium detector (HPGe) were performed with the goal of accurately quantifying the 239Pu mass on each filter using counts from the uranium L X-rays in the 13–21 keV region. However, the mass was great enough in some of the measurements to also quantify using the 239Pu gamma ray at 129.29 keV. One-half portions of each filter were also analyzed using thermal ionization mass spectroscopy (TIMS) and comparisons between the two methods were performed. A significant challenge was to find a calibration source with very low self-absorption characteristics so that the detector response to the low-energy X-rays could be properly characterized. This was accomplished by doping an actual Marple filter with a small NIST traceable quantity of 239Pu (7.3 μg). The comparison of gamma spectrometry to TIMS results yielded largely favorable results. Some notable sources of measurement bias beyond counting statistics were uncovered in the process. The particle distributions on the filters were not perfectly symmetrical, and since the TIMS analyses were performed on just one-half of a filter, a significant difference could result. Replicate filter gamma measurements revealed potential biases in the reproducibility of sample geometry, and high concentrations of 241Am appeared to cause L-shell X-ray fluorescence effects in two of the filter sets.
FONTOGRAM - NON-INVASIVE INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE MONITORING

The accuracy and usefulness of the aplanation transducer for measuring intracranial pressure over the infant's intact fontanel (FONTOGRAM) were evaluated. Normal Fontogram values (mm Hg) in newborn and premature infants were also determined. The aplanation transducer was secured in place over the anterior fontanel by Surgiflex gauze, with the infant in supine, brow-up position. The transducer's output was shown in a 2-channel recorder standardized such that 1 mm = 1 mm Hg pressure. In infants needing ventricular punctures for diagnostic and/or therapeutic reasons, simultaneous intracranial pressure determination was obtained using standard transducer with the needle into the ventricles. Eighteen paired determinations were done in 7 patients. Pearson Correlation coefficient was 0.99, p value ≤0.001. In clinically normal infants, intracranial pressures determined by Fontogram alone were in the range of 1-8 mm Hg. The Fontogram shows promise for detecting increased intracranial pressure in infants before it is clinically apparent and for monitoring the effect of treatment.
Genetic factors in recurrent pregnancy loss.

Technologies such as fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) are facilitating analysis of tissue that cannot be cultured. Increasing recognition and knowledge of confined placental mosaicism are giving us greater appreciation of the role of aneuploidies in cases of spontancous and recurrent abortion. Newer molecular analyses suggest important roles for single-gene mutations, X inactivation, and imprinting effects. In the coming years, our increased understanding of the genetics of recurrent spontaneous abortion should result in new and more expedient diagnoses and potential treatments.
Pediatric Medication Order Error Rates Related to the Mode of Order Transmission

Objective: This study was undertaken to measure the medication error rates associated with verbal orders compared with handwritten and computer-entered orders in an acute-care children's hospital. Methods: All medication and intravenous fluid orders for a 3-month interval were entered into a computer database. For the same interval, all errors pertaining to the transmission of a medication or intravenous fluid order were also entered into the database. Errors were detected by the hospital pharmacy, which continuously reviews all inpatient medication and intravenous fluid orders for potential errors before dispensing. Errors were also detected by nurses on the floors, who submit incident reports when medication or intravenous fluid errors occur. Results: Verbal orders were associated with significantly lower error rates than either handwritten orders or computer-entered orders (2.6, 8.5, and 6.3 per 1000, respectively), with transcription errors and dosage errors in particular being reduced. Total error rates did not differ between residents and attending physicians. Error rates did not differ between verbal, written, and computer orders for medications with a low frequency of verbal orders and therefore presumed greater complexity. However, the verbal order error rates seemed more sensitive to order complexity than order error rates in general. Conclusions: The hypothesis that verbal orders are more prone to transmission error than written or computer orders is not supported by the findings in this study. Identifying medications with high levels of order complexity for restriction of verbal order use seems justified. Suggested guidelines for verbal order transmission are presented. (Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1994;148:1322-1326)
Weight polarization and divisibility

Abstract A test for a code to be divisible, applicable to a spanning set, is developed from a formula for the polarization of the weight function.
The Determinants of the Duration of Postpartum Sexual Abstinence in West Africa: A Multilevel Analysis*

The question of how postpartum sexual abstinence responds to social change in West Africa is important because declines in the practice could increase fertility levels and worsen child and maternal health. This study uses data from the late 1970s in Cote d’Ivoire, Ghana, and Cameroon to examine effects of modernization and women’s status on the length of abstinence. The results show that modernization and female status should be associated with declines in abstinence, which could lead to an increase in fertility and deterioration in maternal and child health.
Force-Induced Changes in Subnuclear Movement and Rheology

Extracellular mechanical forces result in changes in gene expression, but it is unclear how cells are able to permanently adapt to new mechanical environments because chemical signaling pathways are short-lived. We visualize force-induced changes in nuclear rheology to examine short- and long-time genome organization and movements. Punctate labels in the nuclear interior of HeLa, human umbilical vein endothelial, and osteosarcoma (Saos-2) cells allow tracking of nuclear movements in cells under varying levels of shear and compressive force. Under adequate shear stress two distinct regimes develop in cells under mechanical stimulation: an initial event of increased intranuclear movement followed by a regime of intranuclear movements that reflect the dose of applied force. At early times there is a nondirectionally oriented response with a small increase in nuclear translocations. After 30 min, there is a significant increase in nuclear movements, which scales with the amount of shear or compressive stress. The similarities in the nuclear response to shear and compressive stress suggest that the nucleus is a mechanosensitive element within the cell. Thus, applied extracellular forces stimulate intranuclear movements, resulting in repositioning of nuclear bodies and the associated chromatin within the nucleus.
Hepatocarcinogenesis by hydrazine mycotoxins of edible mushrooms

Two edible mushrooms are known to contain hydrazine analogs. The wild false morel Gyromitra esculenta contains up to 0.3% acetaldehyde methylformylhydrazone and N‐methyl‐N‐formylhydrazine (MFH). The latter chemical, under certain conditions, also yields methylhydrazine. The commonly eaten, cultivated mushroom Agaricus bisporus contains up to 0.04% β‐N‐[γ‐L(+)‐glutamyl]‐4‐hydroxymethylphenylhydrazine and 4‐hydroxymethylphenylhydrazine. MFH was administered in drinking water continuously for life to Swiss mice and Syrian (golden) hamsters. In both species the compound induced high incidences of benign and malignant hepatocellular neoplasms. Also, methylhydrazine given orally induced a significant incidence of malignant histiocytomas in the livers of hamsters. The N'‐acetyI derivative of 4‐hydroxymethylphenylhydrazine administered orally to mice gave rise to lung tumors and blood vessel tumors, mainly in the liver. Furthermore, these three compounds produced tumors in various other tissues. Histopathological...
Lessons from the Social Psychology of Evolution Warfare: Good Science Alone is not Enough

American student acceptance of evolution is far from uniform, even when students experience instruction in the relevant scientific methods and data. But, excellent science teaching alone cannot be expected always to lead to rejecting creationism. Powerful psychological, social, and political forces are at work as well as pure pedagogy, and such forces are often implicated in the failure of students to accept evolution, especially human evolution. These forces are often sufficiently powerful to defeat even attempts to teach evolution that use the most effective science education methods. We end by urging increased activism on behalf of evolution education.
Magnetic domain wall motion with current perpendicular to the plane spin transfer torque

ABSTRACT In this paper we discuss current-driven magnetic domain wall (DW) dynamics in ferromagnetic nanowires in thecurrent-perpendicular-to-plane geometry. We show that s pin transfer torque from dir ect spin-polarized currentapplied parallel to a magnetic domain wall induces DW motion in a direction independent of the current polarity.This unidirectional responseofthe DW to spin torque enablesDW pumping long-rangeDW displacement drivenby alternating current. Our numerical simulations reveal that DW pumping can be resonantly amplied throughexcitation of internal degrees of freedom of the DW by the current. We also experimentally study the interactionsof spin-torque with a domain wall. We resonantly excite high-speed motion of a domain wall trapped at a pinningsite and observe velocities over 800 m/s at current densities below 10 7 A/cm 2 .Keywords: magnetic domain wall, spin-torque, spin-valve 1. INTRODUCTION Domains in ferromagnetic nanostructures are candidates for information storage