cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A dual mode imaging array for damage detection in grout structures

Due to the heterogeneous nature of the cement-based materials, the ultrasonic waves in concrete exhibit highly scattering and attenuation, leading to the difficulty of concrete damaged detection. This paper presents a dual mode ultrasonic array imaging methodology that can map damage using Rayleigh surface waves and permanently installed piezoelectric sensors. The dual mode sensing integrates passive acoustic emission and active ultrasonic wave inspection. When a crack is developing, acoustic emission (AE) occurs and the disturbance can propagate outwards along the structure surface. A novel AE source imaging algorithm has been developed to detect and locate the AE source. Once the AE source is located, the sensor array switches to its active mode. For active sensing, one sensor in the array is used to generate Rayleigh wave for interrogation, while all the others are used as the wave receivers. All the sensory data are processed by the active ultrasonic array imaging algorithm. The proof-of-concept testing was performed on a grout specimen with representative dimensions. The passive array imaging algorithm was able to locate the AE source simulated by pencil lead break while active sensing imaging was able to detect the damage simulated by a hole. The duel mode imaging method is promising and economically beneficial for solving a key source localization problem in damage detection on large concrete structures.
Jud coon: 35 years of P450 research, a synopsis of P450 history

The year 2004 marks the 50th anniversary of the discovery of cytochrome P450. Minor J. (Jud) Coon has been a leader in this field for the last 35 years. This review summarizes his contributions to P450 research by discussing six of his most significant publications; not surprisingly, these papers serve as landmarks for the major directions followed in P450 research.
Malignant germ cell tumours in two siblings

Familial germ cell tumours are well recognised in kinship with gonadal dysgenesis, but their occurrence in siblings with normal chromosomes is rare. We report two sisters who presented within a 4 month period with malignant ovarian germ cell tumours; one a dysgerminoma and the other a mixed tumour with marked choriocarcinomatous elements. Both children had a normal female constitutional karyotype and normal phenotype.
The LPA receptors

Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a growth factor-like lipid that produces many cellular responses. These responses, including actin cytoskeletal rearrangements, cell proliferation and inhibition of gap junction communication, have been documented in many cell types over the last 2 decades. Both non-receptor and receptor-mediated mechanisms had been implicated to explain these responses. A clear advance in this field was the cloning and functional identification of LPA receptors, and there are currently three high-affinity members, LPA1, LPA2 and LPA3 (synonymous with orphan receptor names edg-2, edg-4 and edg-7, respectively). Here we review the gene structure, expression and functions of LPA receptors. We also discuss the in vivo roles mediated by a single LPA receptor type, based on studies of the nervous system, a major locus of LPA receptor expression.
The shear strength of gypsum single crystals on three cleavage planes

Abstract Single crystals of gypsum were strained to failure in simple shear at low confining pressures (1–10 bar). The crystals were sheared on the (010) principal cleavage plane in seven directions, and they showed both elastic and ductile behavior prior to failure. Mean critical resolved shear stresses (τc) range from 0.20 to 0.52 MPa for shear on the (010) plane. On the two secondary cleavages, (100) and (011) the mean values for τc are 14.0 MPa and 10.5 MPa, respectively. The ultimate shear strengths (τu) in each of the seven directions on the (010) plane range from 0.58 to 1.36 MPa. The minimum ultimate shear strength is in the [103] direction which has been previously identified by other workers as the preferred translation glide direction. Gypsum crystals strained to failure on two secondary cleavages, (100) and (001), have much higher ultimate shear strength than any of the seven shear directions measured on (010). Strengths range from 18.5 MPa on (100) to 14.3 MPa on (011). The static modulus of rigidity on (010) ranges from 0.07 GPa to 0.16 GPa, and the values of dynamic rigidity obtained from ultrasonic pulse measurements range from 2.85 to 2.02 GPa. The range of values of static rigidity on the two secondary cleavages is 0.90 to 3.0 GPa, approximately one order of magnitude higher than the values on the (010) plane. The work of Fairbairn (1935) can be cited to demonstrate how the results can be applied to field studies of gypsum deformation.
Global population structure and migration patterns suggest significant population differentiation among isolates of Pyrenophora tritici-repentis

Abstract The global population structure and migration patterns of foliar wheat pathogen Pyrenophora tritici-repentis (PTR) were determined using 12 microsatellite loci. Analysis of 439 single-spore isolates of PTR from five continents (18 wheat-producing countries) showed high level of genetic diversity, and moderate to high population differentiation between continents. A high level of gene diversity (HS = 0.31 to 0.56) was observed within each population. Allelic richness indicated the European and the North American population have a high effective population size. Bayesian analyses showed five clusters where the inferred clusters did not represent geographical populations. Corrected standardized fixation index ( G ST ″ ) estimates ranged from 0.042 to 0.265 between populations, indicating low to high genetic differentiation exists between populations. We found migration (gene flow) between old world (Europe) and new world (Americas) population; however, little migration was observed among other continents. The European population was the major source of immigrants for the North American, South American, Australian and the Asian populations. Significant (P
Communicating Hydrocephalus Associated with Persistent Superior Vena Cava(SVC) Obstruction in Infants Treated with Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation(ECMO). 891

Communicating Hydrocephalus Associated with Persistent Superior Vena Cava(SVC) Obstruction in Infants Treated with Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation(ECMO). 891
A four-level “essential states” model of third order optical nonlinearity in π-conjugated polymers

Abstract Theoretical description of optical nonlinearity in π-conjugated polymers must necessarily include both the on-site and the intersite electron correlations. We show that only three dominant nonlinear optical channels, involving four “essential states”, determine the bulk of the optical nonlinearity. In ideal isolated strands, third harmonic generation experiments should find two three-photon resonances, and not merely one, as has been generally assumed. Two-photon resonances other than the one due to the essential two-phonon excited state will have vanishingly weak intensities due to cancellations between nonlinear optical channels with opposite signs.
Corticosteroid-Induced Differential Regulation of β-Adrenergic Receptors in Circulating Human Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes and Mononuclear Leukocytes*

A method of reproducibly measuring human leukocyte β-adrenergic receptor density and affinity has been developed and applied to the study of receptor regulation in man. The method has the advantages of using a membrane preparation which binds highly specifically and employing techniques such as using low concentrations of [3H] dihydroalprenolol, analyzing the data by computer modelling techniques, and providing data from both granulocytes and lymphocytes in the same individual to minimize measurement errors. Using this methodology,human β-adrenergic receptor regulation is examined. Cortisone acetate was found to induce an acute rise in granulocyte βadrenergic receptor density and adenylate cyclase activity and an acute fall in lymphocyte βadrenergic receptor density. This potentially differential regulation of a single receptor subtype in two lines of leukocytes has important implications for the study of receptor regulation in man using leukocyte models.
Agonistic Behavior of the Short-Tailed Shrew (Blarina Brevicauda)

Observations were made on the agonistic behavior of 39 Blarina brevicauda matched in pairs in a test cage. Nine agonistic behavior patterns, including four action patterns and five postures, are described. Analyses were made to determine the function of each posture in terms of an opponent’s reaction to it. Each of the five agonistic postures serves to intimidate the opponent in varying degrees. These postures are termed threat postures and their possible functions are discussed in terms of territoriality and species recognition.
A Patient With Systolic Dysfunction and an Alternating Axis

A woman in her 70s presented to our hospital with progressive shortness of breath, fatigue, and lower extremity edema. Her history included nonischemic cardiomyopathy with a left ventricular ejection fraction of 25%, New York Heart Association functional class IIIb to IV heart failure, cardiac resynchronization therapy for a left bundle branch block, atrial fibrillation, and stage 3 chronic kidney disease. Her medications included metoprolol succinate, furosemide, digoxin, and dabigatran etexilate. She was intolerant of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockade, and aldosterone antagonists because of symptomatic hypotension. She reported that during the preceding month she had experienced increasing orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, and weight gain but denied chest pain, nausea, or vomiting. On arrival to the hospital, her blood pressure was 92/64 mm Hg and her heart rate was 72 beats per minute. Pulse oximetry revealed 99% arterial oxygen saturation on room air. The physical examination was notable for jugular venous distention and warm extremities with marked pitting edema. She received a diagnosis of acute decompensated heart failure and was admitted to the cardiomyopathy service for administration of intravenous diuretics. Initial laboratory values were notable for a serum creatinine level of 1.5 mg/dL (baseline, 1.2-1.5 mg/dL; to convert to micromoles per liter, multiply by 88.4), normal thyroid-stimulating hormone level, and normal electrolyte levels. On the second day of hospitalization, she developed palpitations. An electrocardiogram (ECG) was obtained (Figure). Questions: What kind of tachycardia is this and what is the etiology? Interpretation The Figure shows an ECG with 2 different ventricular rhythms. The initial rhythm, seen in the limb leads, is a wide-complex tachycardia with 180°, beat-to-beat alternation in the ventricular axis, consistent with a bidirectional ventricular tachycardia (BVT). The latter rhythm, seen in the precordial leads, is a right bundle branch pattern with pacer spikes (arrowhead) consistent with the patient’s baseline biventricular pacing. This arrhythmia was hemodynamically well tolerated, and it spontaneously resolved in minutes. Her serum digoxin level was 2.0 ng/mL (reference range, 0.8-2.0 ng/mL; to convert to nanomoles per liter, multiply by 1.281).
Reimmunization and splenic autotransplantation: A long-term study of immunologic response and survival following pneumococcal challenge

Splenic autografts have phagocytic function and increase survival after experimental sepsis. The long-term effect of transplant viability, phagocytic capacity, and immunologic responsiveness were evaluated. Rats were divided into experimental groups: control, splenectomized, and splenic autotransplant rats. Approximately one-half of the rats were immunized against pneumococcus. Twelve months later, the rats were reimmunized, and the pneumococcal antibody titers were measured. The effect of operation and immunization was determined by challenging rats with intravenously administered pneumococci. Bacterial clearance from the bloodstream was measured and mortality recorded. Spleens were weighed and examined histologically. In unimmunized rats, pneumococcus was cleared from the bloodstream of control rats, whereas splenectomized and splenic autotransplant rats demonstrated a progressive increase of pneumococci in the bloodstream. However, splenic autotransplant rats grew fewer bacteria after challenge (P < 0.05). All control rats survived. Thirty-three percent of splenic autotransplant rats were alive, but significantly fewer splenectomized rats (6%) survived (P < 0.05). After reimmunization, highest antibody titers were noted in control rats (P < 0.05). Splenic autotransplant rats had higher antibody titers than did splenectomized rats (P < 0.05). Reimmunized splenic autotransplant rats had greater survivorship (71%) when compared with reimmunized splenectomized rats (26%) (P < 0.003). At 1 year, transplants were smaller than control spleens (P < 0.001), although histologic integrity was maintained. Splenic autotransplantation results in better phagocytic function, improved response to reimmunization, and increased survival after pneumococcal challenge and may be an important measure in preventing postsplenectomy sepsis.
An integrated model of response to sport injury: Psychological and sociological dynamics

Abstract This paper reviews literature on the psychological and sociological dynamics of response to sport injury. An integrated model is illustrated which provides a synthesis of existing conceptual models depicting the dynamic process of psychological response to sport injury. This integrated model encompasses personal and situational moderating factors. as well as cognitive, emotional. and behavioral responses of athletes to sport injury. Empirical research on the cognitive appraisals and emotional responses associated with sport injury is reviewed and general themes are summarized. As the cultural context of sport has a major influence on these cognitive appraisals and emotional responses, sociological literature on sport injury is also highlighted. Concluding recommendations are made for future research on the psychological and sociological dimensions of sport injury.
External Debt Burden and its Impact on Growth: An Assessment of Major Macro- Economic Variables in Nigeria

The study examines External debt burden and its impact on major macro economic variables in Nigeria. The Econometric method of co integration technique was applied to establish the quantitative impact and relative significance of the explanatory variables. The study shows that there exists a long run relationship among the major macro economic variables. The results show that External debt burden, foreign direct investment, inflation and Export have a positive relationship with economic growth. The study recommends that the Nigerian government should not contract further unproductive debt as it may be detrimental to the growth and development of the economy. DOI: 10.5901/ajis.2013.v2n2p143
Electronic states of (2 × 1) and (1 × 1) (111) surfaces of Ge, Si, diamond, GaAs and Ge on Si

Abstract The “dangling-bond” surface state dispersion curves, E ( k ), have been calculated for the (2 × 1) and (1 × 1) (111) surfaces of Ge, Si, and diamond, for (1 × 1) GaAs, anand for (2 × 1) Ge on Si. The calculations employ the sp 3 s ∗ empirical tight-binding model of Vogl et al. and the atomic relaxation of Feder et al. The surface state band gaps are in good agreement with optical-absorption and electron-energy-loss measurements for Ge and Si. For the assumed epitaxial geometry, Ge on Si is predicted to shift the dangling-bond states downward by ≈0.1 to 0.4 eV.
Women’s Exposure to Psychological Abuse: Does That Experience Predict Mental Health Outcomes?

Women’s experience with psychological abuse was examined as a predictor of symptoms and clinical levels of depression, anxiety, and somatization, as well as suicidal ideation and life functioning. A national sample of 361 women reporting themselves to be in a problematic or conflictual relationship completed an online survey assessing psychological abuse, pre-existing risk factors, risk factors related to exposure of psychological abuse and mental health indicators. The results indicated that while psychological abuse does predict mental health outcomes, perceived negative changes in one’s traits, problematic relationship schemas, and response styles more strongly predict mental health outcomes than the reported abuse. Implications discussed include the importance of identifying women in psychologically abusive relationships who are at risk for mental health problems, prevention of development of mental health problems, and the need for mediation path analysis of the factors explored in this study.
Curvature enhanced adsorbate coverage mechanism for bottom-up superfilling and bump control in damascene processing

Abstract Superconformal electrodeposition is explained by the curvature enhanced adsorbate coverage (CEAC) mechanism. A CEAC model is used to quantitatively explain shape evolution during bottom-up “superfill” of trenches and vias. The bottom-up filling dynamic is seen to be a consequence of competitive adsorption between a rate suppressing polyethylene glycol-chloride layer (PEG-Cl) and a depassivating or rate accelerating species comprised of sulfonate-terminated propane thiol/disulfide and chloride (SPS-Cl). The SPS is the stronger surfactant and it adsorbs concurrently with displacement of the more rapidly formed PEG-Cl layer; growth on non-planar geometries thus leads to enrichment of SPS on advancing concave surfaces and dilution on convex sections. Because the metal deposition rate rises monotonically with the local accelerator (SPS-Cl) surface coverage, this yields positive feedback that naturally gives rise to desirable bottom-up superfilling. As the accelerating action of SPS can also be quenched by the addition of a cationic surfactant (LEV), additive concentrations can be optimized to allow SPS derived bottom-up superfilling followed by LEV induced SPS deactivation. The LEV addition can thus be used to inhibit overshoot that otherwise would result in undesirable bump formation above the features. This paper presents a summary of electroanalytical experiments and simulations designed to determine the mechanism and rate constants of the adsorbate interactions during copper deposition in the PEG-Cl–SPS-LEV system as well as predictions of feature filling using the CEAC shape change model.
CASE-CONTROL STUDY OF RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS AND PRIOR USE OF ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES

This study was designed to determine whether oestrogens in oral contraceptives and other drugs have a protective effect against development of rheumatoid arthritis. The medical records of 229 women with rheumatoid arthritis and 458 individually matched controls identified through the comprehensive records system for the population of Rochester, Minnesota, were examined for current and prior use of oestrogens. No association was found between rheumatoid arthritis and the use of oral contraceptives, or the use of oestrogens for menopause-related or postmenopausal symptoms.
Error Models and Software Certification

Abstract- An error-based approach to certification is described. A classical theory of error is reviewed and a software interpretation of the theory is developed. The interpretation suggests a strategy for testing and analysis. The strategy was evaluated by comparing its potential effectiveness with that of certification standards based on individual methods.
Deoxyribonucleic acid structures in the nucleolus.

PHASE-CONTRAST observation and electron microscopy indicate that the nucleolus is structurally heterogeneous consisting of a ground material in which is embedded a more compactly aggregated material generally described as filamentous (Estable and Sotelo1 proposed for them the names of ‘pars amorpha’ and ‘nucleolonema’). Nucleoli of plant and animal cells are seen at mitosis and meiosis associated with a particular chromosome or chromosomes—the so-called ‘nucleolar organizer’ chromosomes—at the site of a heterochromatic region. If a chromosomal deletion includes such a region or if a mutation occurs2, nucleolar material is then produced at other ‘loci’ (the latent organizers).
Scalable and accurate approaches for program dependence analysis, slicing, and verification of concurrent object oriented programs

With the advent of multi-core processors and rich language support for concurrency, the paradigm of concurrent programming has arrived; however, the cost of developing and maintaining concurrent programs is still high. Simultaneously, the increase in social ubiquity of computing is reducing the "time-to-market" factor while demanding stronger correctness requirements. These effects are amplified with ever-growing size of software systems. Consequently, there is (will be) a rise in the demand for scalable and accurate techniques to enable faster development and maintenance of correct large scale concurrent software. This dissertation presents a collection of scalable and accurate approaches to tackle the above situation. Primarily, the approaches are focused on discovering dependences (relations) between various parts of the software/program and leveraging the dependences to improve maintenance and development tasks via program slicing (comprehension) and verification. Briefly, the proposed approaches are embodied in the following specific contributions: (1) New trace-based foundation for control dependences. (2) An equivalence class based analysis to efficiently and accurately calculate escape information and intra- and inter-thread dependences. (3) A new parametric data flow style slicing algorithm with various extensions to uniformly and easily realize and reason about most existing forms of static sequential and concurrent slicing. (4) A new generic notion of property/trace sensitivity to represent and reason about richer forms of context sensitivity. (5) Program dependence based partial order reduction techniques to enable efficient and accurate state space exploration in both static and dynamic mode. In an attempt to simplify the approaches, they have been based on the basic concepts/ideas of the affected techniques (e.g. program slicing is a rooted transitive closure of dependence relation). As trace-based reasoning is well suited for concurrent systems, an attempt has been made to explore trace-based reasoning wherever possible. While providing a rigorous theoretical presentation of these techniques, this effort also validates the techniques by implementing them in a robust tool framework called Indus (available from http://indus.projects.cis.ksu.edu) and then providing experimental results that demonstrate the effectiveness of the techniques on various concurrent applications. Given the current trend towards concurrent programming and social ubiquity of computing, the approaches proposed in this dissertation provide a foundation for collectively attacking scalability, accuracy, and soundness challenges in current and emerging systems.
Genetic Mapping and Non-Mendelian Segregation of Mating Type Loci in the Oomycete, Phytophthora Infestans

DNA markers linked to the determinants of mating type in the oomycete, Phytophthora infestans, were identified and used to address the genetic basis of heterothallism in the normally diploid fungus. Thirteen loci linked to the A1 and A2 mating types were initially identified by bulked segregant analysis using random amplified polymorphic DNA markers (RAPDs) and subsequently scored in three crosses polymorphisms (SSCP), cleaved amplified polymorphisms (CAPS), or allele-specific polymerase chain reaction markers (AS-PCR). All DNA markers mapped to a single region, consistent with a single locus determining both mating types. Long-range restriction mapping also demonstrated the linkage of the markers to one region and delimited the mating type locus to a 100-kb region. The interval containing the mating type locus displayed non-Mendelian segregation as only two of the four expected genotypes were detected in progeny. This is consistent with a system of balance lethal loci near the mating type locus. A model for mating type determination is presented in which the balanced lethals exclude form progeny those with potentially conflicting combinations of mating type alleles, such as those simultaneously expressing A1 and A2 functions.
Integration and Test of a 2nd Generation Dual Purpose Pulse Forming Network into the P&E HWIL SIL

A 2nd generation dual purpose pulse forming network (DP-PFN) has been developed to power both the electro-thermal-chemical (ETC)/electro-thermal-ignition (ETI) lethality capability and the electro-magnetic armor (EMA) survivability capability improvements envisioned for future hybrid-electric vehicles. ETI decreases the ignition variability associated with the launching of conventional munitions by roughly a factor of ten which, in conjunction with the systems ballistic computer, greatly enhances hit probability of the round. ETC provides maximum performance in all conditions, including temperature compensation, resulting in increased lethality and range with higher average muzzle velocities. EMA uses stored electric energy to disrupt a shaped-charge jet and reduce it's depth of penetration. The second generation DP-PFN for driving both ETI/ETC and EMA emulators has been integrated into the Power and Energy (P&E) Hardware-in-the-Loop (HWIL) System Integration laboratory (SIL) in Santa Clara, California. The DP-PFN is capable of providing either the short pulse lengths required by the EMA or the considerably longer pulse lengths required by the ETI/ ETC Gun as well as emulating various "degraded functionality'" states such as loss of individual capacitors. Integration of this DP-PFN marks another great milestone for the SIL, ensuring that it continues to be capable of emulating all the major hybrid-electric mobility functions of a ground combat vehicle as well as the major lethality and survivability electrical loads. This paper describes the DP-PFN components, the overall DP-PFN design philosophy and the integration and testing of the DP-PFN in the P&E HWIL SIL.
The Condenser Motor

After a brief description of the construction and connections of the condenser motor the necessity of varying the capacitance is discussed, and the performance at start and under load is considered. Locus diagrams illustrating the operating performance in detail are given, followed by a more detailed discussion of starting torque. The Appendix gives the mathematical derivation of many of the formulas discussed.
The Evolving Role of the Public Sector in Managing Catastrophic Disasters Lessons Learned

This article focuses on the emerging role of the public sector in dealing with catastrophic disasters. An empirical analysis of the 9/11 response operations provides a detailed case study with an eye to its implications for not only emergency management practice but public policy as well. The “horde of hurricanes” inundating Florida in 2004 provides a brief example of a “routine” disaster for comparative purposes. The argument is made that the response to the extreme event of 9/11 provides clear evidence of (a) the different standards expected of the public sector in the 21st century and (b) the fundamental difference in kind between routine disasters and catastrophic disasters. The article states that the public increasingly expects better public sector leadership before, during, and after catastrophic disasters than has been seen in the past. High standards of responsiveness and the ubiquitous media compel public leaders to coordinate resources effectively.
The Role of Migratory Waterfowl as Nutrient Vectors in a Managed Wetland

Dense aggregations of waterfowl, often caused by loss of native wetlands and increased waterfowl numbers, can result in the destruction of wetland vegetation and agricultural crops, increase the risk of infec- tious disease outbreaks, and decrease water quality. Problems related to water quality may be particularly se- vere in arid regions of the southwestern United States, where water quality and quantity are contentious is- sues. Over 40,000 Lesser Snow Geese (Chen caerulescens caerulescens) and Ross' Geese (Chen rossii) winter annually at Bosque del Apache National Wildlife Refuge, New Mexico. Daily feeding bouts by geese move large quantities of nutrients from farm fields where they feed to managed wetlands where they roost. Using energy and mass balance models, population estimates, daily and seasonal migration patterns, and feeding behaviors, we estimated the mass and ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus of nutrients loaded by geese into the wetlands of the Bosque del Apache National Wildlife Refuge. Loading rates peaked in late November 1995 at more than 300 kg nitrogen per day and over 30 kg phosphorus per day. As feeding behaviors changed through the winter and bird densities declined, loading rates fell. Our estimates suggest that in the winter of 1995-1996, bird-borne nutrients supplied nearly 40% of the nitrogen and 75% of the phosphorus entering the primary wetland used for geese roosting. High loading rates by geese are a consequence of their colonial roosting behavior; over 90% of the geese roost on 10% of the wetland area. The effects of nutrient loading could be reduced by increasing flushing rates or dispersal of roosting waterfowl. The loss of natural wetlands, however, limits options for expanding wetland area available to waterfowl, and it may be difficult to in- crease flushing rates in this arid region. Thus, management of waterfowl and the nutrients they move will continue to be an important issue for wetlands of wildlife refuges.
Computer implants and death.

Although a patient whose whole brain has ceased to function may have his heart, lungs, and other organs continue to function if they are connected to the appropriate machines, the patient is still dead and the machines can be disconnected. In the future, nanotechnology, or other technology, may allow putting implants in the brainstem that can keep a patient's heart, lungs and other organs functioning, even though the whole natural brain has ceased to function. It would be useful to consider how this technology might affect the criterion of death before it is actually available. Language: en
The effect of burner orientation on quenching distance

The effect of burner orientation, from 02 (vertically up) to 180° (vertically down), on the quenching distance of laminar, premixed methane, propane, and n-butane flames was determined experimentally with a plane-parallel-plate-type burner. The mass ratio of the oxygen to oxygen plus nitrogen was held at 0.21 to simulate the combustion of those fuels with air. The gas mixtures were varied from about 50% lean to 50% rich. These tests found no change in quenching distance for orientations from 0 to 90° from any of the three fuels and their mixtures. For orientations between 90 and 165°, two curves were obtained that were tangent at the stoicheiometric mixture, first a quenching curve with quenching distances slightly smaller than the 0–90° curve, and second, a flashback curve with distances slightly larger. For orientations between 165 and 180, the flame was unsteady in a random way, and the separation of the flashback and quenching curves became pronounced.
An intact connexin N-terminus is required for function but not gap junction formation

The cytoplasmic N-termini of connexins have been implicated in protein trafficking, oligomerization and channel gating. To elucidate the role of the N-terminus in connexin37 (CX37), we studied mutant constructs containing partial deletions of its 23 N-terminal amino acids and a construct with a complete N-terminus in which residues 2-8 were replaced with alanines. All mutants containing nine or more N-terminal amino acids form gap junction plaques in transiently transfected HeLa cells, whereas most of the longer deletions do not. Although wild-type CX37 allowed intercellular transfer of microinjected neurobiotin in HeLa cells and formed conducting hemichannels in Xenopus oocytes, none of the mutant constructs tested show evidence of channel function. However, in coexpression experiments, N-terminal mutants that formed gap junction plaques potently inhibit hemichannel conductance of wild-type CX37 suggesting their co-oligomerization. We conclude that as much as half the length of the connexin N-terminus can be deleted without affecting formation of gap junction plaques, but an intact N-terminus is required for hemichannel gating and intercellular communication.
Supporting highly-decoupled thread-level redundancy for parallel programs

The continued scaling of device dimensions and the operating voltage reduces the critical charge and thus natural noise tolerance level of transistors. As a result, circuits can produce transient upsets that corrupt program execution and data. Redundant execution can detect and correct circuit errors on the fly. The increasing prevalence of multi-core architectures makes coarse-grain thread-level redundancy (TLR) very attractive. While TLR has been extensively studied in the context of single-threaded applications, much less attention is paid to the design issues and tradeoffs of supporting parallel codes. In this paper, we propose a microarchitecture to efficiently support TLR for parallel codes. One of the main design goals is to support a large number of unverified instructions, so that long latencies in verification can be easily tolerated. Another important objective is to have a comprehensive coverage that includes not only the computation logic but also the coherence and consistency logic in the memory subsystem. Hence, the redundant copy of the program needs to independently access the memory and the system needs to efficiently manage the non-determinism in parallel execution. The proposed architectural support to achieve these goals is entirely off the processor critical path and can be easily disabled when redundancy is not requested. The design, with a few effective optimizations, is also efficient in that during error-free execution, it causes less than 3% additional performance degradation on top of throughput loss due to redundancy.
NETROPSIN: INTERACTION WITH ULTRAVIOLET IRRADIATED DNA

—Ultraviolet irradiation of double-stranded DNA reduces the circular dichroism (i < 300 nm) induced when the basic peptide antibiotic netropsin (Nt) is added to DNA subsequent to thc irradiation compared to the CD induced by the same concentrations of Nt added to unirradiated DNA. Nt is known to bind to A T base pairs in duplex DNA but will not bind to single-stranded DNA. The reduction in the maximum induced CD observed with saturating concentrations of Nt is a linear function of the concentration of pyrimidine dimers which. along with other dinucleotide photoproducts. form short disrupted regions in duplex DNA. The decrease in the CD of Nt bound to irradiated DNA could be due to elimination of potential Nt sites in the vicinity of a dimer. reduction in the average magnitude of the CD of Nt bound near a dimer or various combinations of these effects. In addition there is a reduction in the average binding constant for Nt bound to irradiated DNA compared to unirradiated DNA suggesting that formation of dinucleotide photoproducts either tends to preferentially eliminate the tighter binding sites or that tighter sites are converted to weaker ones. A simple model suggests that no more than one-third to one-half of the pyrimidine dimcrs formed in DNA completely eliminate a Nt site.
Thermodynamic modeling of concentrated aqueous electrolyte and nonelectrolyte solutions

A new approach is presented for calculation of activity coefficients in aqueous electrolyte solutions. This approach requires only standard thermodynamic properties for the pure components and for the solutes at infinite dilution. No adjustable mixture parameters are necessary. This new procedure has been applied to calculate: (1) the solubility of salts and the activity of water in binary aqueous solutions; (2) the temperature dependence of the solubility of salts; (3) the azeotropic composition of a system containing a volatile electrolyte, (H2HNO3); (4) the solubility of carbon dioxide in water at elevated pressures and at different temperatures.
A Study of Vertical Integration and Vertical Divestiture: The Case of Store Brand Milk Sourcing in Boston

This article investigates whether a retailer’s store brand supply source impacts vertical pricing and supply channel profitability. Using chain-level retail scanner data, a random coefficients logit demand model is estimated employing a Bayesian estimation approach. Supply models are specified conditional on demand parameter estimates. Bayesian decision theory is applied to select the best fitting pricing model. Results indicate that a vertically integrated retailer engages in linear pricing for brand manufacturers’ products while competing retailers make nonlinear pricing contracts with brand manufacturers for branded products and store brands. A simulated vertical divestiture based on real world events provides evidence for improved channel efficiency.
Fast parallel algorithms for binary multiplication and their implementation on systolic architectures

Two algorithms for parallel multiplication of two n-bit binary numbers are presented. Both use column compression to increase the speed of execution. They require almost regular interconnection between only two types of cells and hence are very suitable for VLSI implementation. Both of them can also be easily modified to handle two's complement numbers with constant differences in time. >
The frontiers of memory: What the marathas remembered of Vijayanagara

The past two decades have seen a dramatic renewal of interest in the subject of historical memory, its reproduction and transmission. But most studies have focused on the selection and construction of extant memories. This essay looks at missing memory as well. It seeks to broaden our understanding of memory by investigating the way in which historical memory significant to one historical tradition was slighted by another, even though the two overlapped both spatially and chronologically. It does this by an examination of how the memory of the Marathi-speaking peoples first neglected and then adopted the story of the Vijayanagara empire that once dominated southern India.
Two-phase flow instability analysis for transient electronics cooling

Because of increasing power densities, refrigeration systems are being explored for two-phase cooling of ultra high power electronic components. This paper presents a framework for the transient analysis of pressure-drop refrigerant flow instabilities under both steady-state and transient imposed heat loads. Based on an analytical two-phase flow model, the system pressure and other effects on flow characteristics are quantitatively studied, so as to predict the associated flow instability margin. The most significant effect on electronics cooling system dynamics is the imposed heat load. One of the main research topics here is to study the boiling oscillatory flow responses to transient heat load changes, which can reflect the transient two-phase cooling capacity. Furthermore, the effect of wall thermal inertia on flow oscillation is systematically studied. Application-based pulsed heat load scenarios are finally evaluated. This transient instability analysis offers useful insight for future active thermal management system design.
The pharmacist and me.

The first time we met, your dispensary was half liquor store and half college drug store: gobs of hair products, racy magazines and condoms for sale, and lots and lots of beer. I bought some gin and picked up all that stuff: predrugs and postdrugs and mouthwash that turned my teeth brown even though it was blue. I said it scared me; you said the surgeon was protecting me. A couple years later we tried out assorted hormones together . . . well I took ’em, but you handed out the first try, then the second with a noncommittal expression, looking me right in the face. By the time I finally got some that didn’t give me a lightning-white eye ache, you were calling me by my first name. Not that we’d had any conversation, mind you, but you were getting to see my life even though I didn’t get to see yours. Our pharmacy, yours and mine, was edged out of the drugstore-now-full-time-liquor-store into the newer, biggerand-not-better superdupermarket that shares the same acre of asphalt. Now the medicines are doled out in plastic bags hung on long rods like so much dry cleaning, each containing a long skinny bag stapled over with pages and pages of warnings: blah blah blah or death, that’ll be $100 please. Later, there were some itis-es, a couple Z-paks, an inhaler. Then we got around to the nicotine patches, which frankly didn’t work all that well. I need to have my lips sutured shut and some kind of Zen patch stapled over my brain. Still, you handed over the keys for me to open the NOT ALLOWED, STAFF ONLY cabinet by myself, to support my intention. Nice. One busy Friday night, I pushed a script for narcotics across the counter in my freshly casted arm. I’d scored a filet I could cut with one hand and some tonic with which to dilute a little gin and wash down the Vicodin, because my doctor—my boss—said I could. And I paid for the whole shootin’ match at
Photonic MEMS for NIR in-situ Gas Detection and Identification

We report on a novel sensing technique combining photonics and microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) for the detection and monitoring of gas emissions in environmental, medical, and industrial applications. We discuss how MEMS-tunable vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) can be exploited for in-situ detection and NIR spectroscopy of several gases, such as O2, N2O, CH4, HF, HCl, etc., with estimated sensitivities between 0.1 and 20 ppm on footprints <<10-3 mm3. The VCSELs can be electrostatically tuned with a continuous wavelength shift up to 20 nm, allowing for unambiguous NIR signature determination. Selective concentration analysis in heterogeneous gas compositions is enabled, thus paving the way to an integrated optical platform for multiplexed gas identification by bandgap and device engineering. We will discuss here, in particular, our efforts on the development of a 760 nm AlGaAs-based tunable VCSEL for O2 detection.
The Volume-Quality Relationship in Antibiotic Prescribing When More Isn’t Better

For many surgeries and high-risk medical conditions, higher volume providers provide higher quality care. The impact of volume on more common medical conditions such as acute respiratory infections (ARIs) has not been examined. Using electronic health record data for adult ambulatory ARI visits, we divided primary care physicians into ARI volume quintiles. We fitted a linear regression model of antibiotic prescribing rates across quintiles to assess for a significant difference in trend. Higher ARI volume physicians had lower quality across a number of domains, including higher antibiotic prescribing rates, higher broad-spectrum antibiotic prescribing, and lower guideline concordance. Physicians with a higher volume of cases manage ARI very differently and are more likely to prescribe antibiotics. When they prescribe an antibiotic for a diagnosis for which an antibiotic may be indicated, they are less likely to prescribe guideline-concordant antibiotics. Given that high-volume physicians account for the bulk of ARI visits, efforts targeting this group are likely to yield important population effects in improving quality.
Prewarming Operating Rooms for Prevention of Intraoperative Hypothermia During Total Knee and Hip Arthroplasties

Prewarming operating rooms has been shown to limit hypothermia in pediatric surgical patients but may be associated with extreme discomfort for surgeons. We examined the effect of prewarming operating rooms on core temperatures during knee and hip arthroplasties. Sixty-six patients were randomized to the prewarmed group at 24 °C or control group at 17 °C. The prewarmed group core temperature (mean, 36.14 °C) before active warming was significantly higher (P = .018) than that of the control group (mean, 35.83 °C). By the start of surgery, the difference was 36.01 °C prewarmed vs 35.83 °C control, P = .038. There was no significant difference in the last recorded mean temperatures between groups: 36.35°C (prewarmed) vs 36.16 °C (control). A prewarmed operating room for adults undergoing knee or hip arthroplasty had minimal effect on preventing intraoperative hypothermia.
The influence of movement and outcome on young children's attributions of intention

Two studies investigated preschoolers' ability to infer an actor's intended goal based upon the perceptual properties of the actor's movement. Scenes were presented showing a computer-generated display in which a circle persistently jumped and rebounded off wall. One of three outcomes occurred: the acting circle reached its target, it reached an outcome opposite the target of its persistent movement (non-goal condition), or it reached neither target. Children accurately inferred the acting circle's goal in Expt 1 except for the 3-year-olds in the non-goal condition. Experiment 2 modified the non-goal condition so that the passive movements were not increasingly closer to the non-goal, resulting in above-chance performance for both age groups ( p <.01). Taken together, these findings suggest that by age 3 children will account for how an actor is moving when identifying its intended goal and will then distinguish the inferred goal from the eventual outcome of the act. Implications of these findings for the relation between outward features of motion and the development of mental concepts are discussed.
Incorporating prior knowledge of gene functional groups into regularized discriminant analysis of microarray data

Motivation: Discriminant analysis for high-dimensional and low-sample-sized data has become a hot research topic in bioinformatics, mainly motivated by its importance and challenge in applications to tumor classifications for high-dimensional microarray data. Two of the popular methods are the nearest shrunken centroids, also called predictive analysis of microarray (PAM), and shrunken centroids regularized discriminant analysis (SCRDA). Both methods are modifications to the classic linear discriminant analysis (LDA) in two aspects tailored to high-dimensional and low-sample-sized data: one is the regularization of the covariance matrix, and the other is variable selection through shrinkage. In spite of their usefulness, there are potential limitations with each method. The main concern is that both PAM and SCRDA are possibly too extreme: the covariance matrix in the former is restricted to be diagonal while in the latter there is barely any restriction. Based on the biology of gene functions and given the feature of the data, it may be beneficial to estimate the covariance matrix as an intermediate between the two; furthermore, more effective shrinkage schemes may be possible. Results: We propose modified LDA methods to integrate biological knowledge of gene functions (or variable groups) into classification of microarray data. Instead of simply treating all the genes independently or imposing no restriction on the correlations among the genes, we group the genes according to their biological functions extracted from existing biological knowledge or data, and propose regularized covariance estimators that encourages between-group gene independence and within-group gene correlations while maintaining the flexibility of any general covariance structure. Furthermore, we propose a shrinkage scheme on groups of genes that tends to retain or remove a whole group of the genes altogether, in contrast to the standard shrinkage on individual genes. We show that one of the proposed methods performed better than PAM and SCRDA in a simulation study and several real data examples. Contact: weip@biostat.umn.edu