cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Glutathione-S-transferase-theta genotypes and the risk of cyclophosphamide toxicity in dogs

The antineoplastic agent cyclophosphamide (CP) has dose-limiting side effects including sterile haemorrhagic cystitis (SHC), bone marrow (BM) suppression and gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity in dogs. The metabolites acrolein and phosphoramide that mediate these toxicities are glutathione-S-transferase (GST) substrates, and low functioning GST alleles are associated with CP toxicity in humans. The aim of this study was to determine whether variants in 2 canine GST genes, GSTT1 and GSTT5, were over-represented in dogs that developed CP toxicity. Dogs undergoing pulse or metronomic CP chemotherapy were recruited (n = 101) and genotyped for 6 GSTT1 polymorphisms and 1 GSTT5 6-bp deletion that leads to non-functional enzyme. Median cumulative CP dosages for dogs with SHC (1350 mg/m2 ) were significantly higher than for dogs with GI/BM toxicity (871 mg/m2 ) or no toxicity (991 mg/m2 ; P = .0012). Dogs with SHC were more likely to have had metronomic (84.2%, 16 of 19 SHC cases) vs pulse (15.8%, 3 of 19 SHC cases) CP dosing (P < .0001). All dogs with BM or GI toxicity (n = 30) had pulse chemotherapy. GSTT1 and GSTT5 variant allele frequencies were not significantly different in CP-treated dogs with SHC or GI/BM toxicity compared to dogs without documented adverse effects. Work is underway to identify which canine GSTs detoxify acrolein and phosphoramide, so that better tools are available to predict the risk of CP toxicity in dogs.
Identifying Observation Stays in Medicare Data: Policy Implications of a Definition

Observation stays are increasingly common, yet no standard method to identify observation stays in Medicare claims is available, including events with status change. To determine the claims patterns of Medicare observation stays, define comprehensive claims-based methodology for future Medicare observation research and data reporting, and identify policy implications of such definition, we identified potential observation events in a 2014 20% random sample of Medicare beneficiaries with both Part A and B claims and at least 1 acute care stay (1,667,660 events). Observation revenue center (ORC) and Healthcare Common Procedure Coding System codes occurring within 30 days of an inpatient hospitalization were recorded. A total of 125,920 (7.6%) events had an ORC code, and 75,502 (4.5%) were in the outpatient revenue center. Claims patterns varied tremendously, and almost half (47.3%, 59,529) of the ORC codes were associated with an inpatient claim, indicating status change and demonstrating a need for clarity in observation policy. The proposed University of Wisconsin method identified 72,858 of 75,502 (96.5%) events with ORC codes as observation stays, and provides a comprehensive, reproducible methodology.
Improving Hospital Safety Culture for Falls Prevention Through Interdisciplinary Health Education

Background. Falls are a serious public health problem, with an estimated 37.3 million falls a year requiring medical assistance. Improving hospital culture to address safety and falls prevention is...
Who Benefits from Treatment of Primary Hyperparathyroidism

Parathyroidectomy (PTx) is the only definitive treatment for primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT), but is commonly underutilized. Most patients are medically observed, whereas approximately 30% of patients are treated operatively. PTx is a low-risk surgical procedure and the most cost-effective treatment option. An international consensus statement was published in 1990 to guide clinicians in the management of patients with PHPT, particularly those with asymptomatic disease. Most patients with PHPT and low perioperative risk benefit from surgical treatment, regardless of whether they meet consensus criteria, due to fracture risk reduction, health-related quality-of-life improvements, and prevention or mitigation of disease progression.
Randomized phase I/II trial of pembrolizumab with and without radiotherapy for metastatic non-small cell lung cancer.

9104Background: We present findings of a randomized phase I/II trial studying PD-1 blockade with and without radiotherapy to lung lesions in patients with metastatic NSCLC. Methods: Patients with m...
Resurgence of Regression Test Selection for C

Regression testing – running available tests after each project change – is widely practiced in industry. Despite its widespread use and importance, regression testing is a costly activity. Regression test selection (RTS) optimizes regression testing by selecting only tests affected by project changes. RTS has been extensively studied and several tools have been deployed in large projects. However, work on RTS over the last decade has mostly focused on languages with abstract computing machines (e.g., JVM). Meanwhile development practices (e.g., frequency of commits, testing frameworks, compilers) in C++ projects have dramatically changed and the way we should design and implement RTS tools and the benefits of those tools is unknown. We present a design and implementation of an RTS technique, dubbed RTS++, that targets projects written in C++, which compile to LLVM IR and use the Google Test testing framework. RTS++ uses static analysis of a function call graph to select tests. RTS++ integrates with many existing build systems, including AutoMake, CMake, and Make. We evaluated RTS++ on 11 large open-source projects, totaling 3,811,916 lines of code. To the best of our knowledge, this is the largest evaluation of an RTS technique for C++. We measured the benefits of RTS++ compared to running all available tests (i.e., retest-all). Our results show that RTS++ reduces the number of executed tests and end-to-end testing time by 88% and 61% on average.
Surgical diverticulitis is not associated with defects in the expression of wound healing genes

Purpose The development of diverticuli may represent defects in collagen vascular tissue integrity possibly from a genetic predisposition. We evaluated the tissue expression of wound healing genes in sigmoid tissue from youthful patients undergoing surgery for diverticulitis and thus would more likely suffer from a genetic predisposition (SD mean age 39 ± 0.9) versus controls in the form of patients over the age of 50 (mean age 52.9 ± 10.5 years) without evidence of diverticular disease.
Love as Benevolence

This chapter highlights the old cultural idea that love is the benevolent intentions and actions toward other; it is the wishing and doing something good to other. It requires the feeling of empathy, compassion, caring, altruism, and sometimes, abnegation of self-interests. The chapter reviews cross-cultural studies of agape love attitude. The studies of cultural practices of gift-giving within romantic love model are reviewed.
A novel method for predicting superior gluteal nerve safe zones in the lateral approach to the hip

INTRODUCTION The superior gluteal nerve (SGN) is at risk for laceration during lateral approach total hip arthroplasty (THA). The purpose of this study is to assess the accuracy of the trochanter-to-iliac crest distance (TCD) and the nerve-to-trochanter distance (NTD) ratio in determining a reproducible safe zone around the SGN independent of height. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eighteen hemipelvises were dissected and the SGNs were exposed. The distance (NTD) from greater trochanter (GT) to the most inferior branch of the SGN encountered in each of the three approaches (Bauer et al., 1979) was measured. A reference distance (TCD) was measured from the GT to the highest point on the iliac crest. The NTD was divided by the TCD to generate standardized ratios. Coefficient of variation CV = (SD/mean) × 100 was calculated for each distance and ratio to measure relative variability. RESULTS The standardized ratios (and CV) were determined for the nerve branches in three different surgical approaches: Hardinge 0.464 (0.9%), Bauer 0.406 (1.7%), and Frndak 0.338 (4.1%). There was a strong correlation of the individual NTDs with the TCD: NTD for Hardinge (r = 0.996, p < .001), NTD for Bauer (r = 0.984, p < .001), and NTD for Frndak (r = 0.932, p < .001). CONCLUSION By measuring the TCD preoperatively and using the respective standardized ratios, surgeons can accurately predict the NTD and how proximal to the GT each SGN branch can be expected to be encountered during lateral approach to the hip. This will allow surgeons to work with a more precise safe zone around the SGN and minimize the possibility for a nerve injury.
The Clinical Research about Patient with Small Angle Esotropia Worn Prism Lens before Operation ABSTRACT

Objective To improve the orthophoria rate and functional recovery rate after small-angle esotropia surgery,and to expand the range of surgery of small angle esetropia.Methods Press-On prism were used for 33 patients with small-angle(+7～+20 △)esotropia in the average 16 months before surgery to counteract the angle of esetropia.Results In 33 patients worn prism lens,28 patients' angle of esotropia increase five degrees at least.It make the 12 patients whose initial angle of esotropia is less than 15△ to obtain surgery too.In the experimental group,there were 31 out of 33 cases(93.9%),while in the control group 14 out of 21 eases(66.7%)with long-dated orthophoria.The orthophoria rate of experimental group was apparently better than of the control group(x=7.407,P=0.025).In the experimental group,15 cases(45.5%)obtained near distance stereoacuity of ≤ 60",11 cases(33.3%)obtained far distance stereoaeuity of ≤60 ".In the control group,2 eases(9.5%)obtain of≤60 ",1 case(4.8%)obtained far distance stereoacuity of≤60".The rate of functional recovery of experimental group was better than of the control group apparently(near distance stereoacuity:x=24.106,P=0.000;far distance stereoacuity:x=13.137,P=0.004).Conclusions Through patients wear the prism lens in long-term before the surgery,patients' the target angle can be determined accurately and the range of this surgery can be expanded.Patients can obtain binocular vision before surgery,so the achievement rate of surgery could be improved. Key words: Small-angle esotropia; Prism lens; Surgery; Orthophoria rate; Functions recovery rate
Reverse Engineering Controller Area Network Messages using Unsupervised Machine Learning

The smart city landscape is rife with opportunities for mobility and economic optimization, but also presents many security concerns spanning the range of components and systems in the smart ecosystem. One key enabler for this ecosystem is smart transportation and transit, which is foundationally built upon connected vehicles. Ensuring vehicular security, while necessary to guarantee passenger and pedestrian safety, is itself challenging due to the broad attack surfaces of modern automotive systems. A single car contains dozens to hundreds of small embedded computing devices known as electronic control units (ECUs) executing 100s of millions of lines of code; the inherent complexity of this tightly-integrated cyber-physical system (CPS) is one of the key problems that frustrate effective security. We describe an approach to help reduce the complexity of security analyses by leveraging unsupervised machine learning to learn clusters of messages passed between ECUs that correlate with changes in the CPS state of a vehicle as it moves throughout the world. Our approach can help to improve the security of vehicles in a smart city, and can leverage smart city infrastructure to further enrich and refine the quality of the machine learning output.
The Mental Health Well-Being of Grandparents Raising Grandchildren: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to determine if raising grandchildren is related to diminished mental health well-being in custodial grandparents compared to contemporar...
Knowledge and psychosocial impact of genetic counseling and multigene panel testing among individuals with ovarian cancer

In a sample of individuals with ovarian cancer, we aimed to (a) identify factors associated with the psychosocial impact of genetic counseling and multigene panel testing, (b) identify factors associated with cancer genetics knowledge, and (c) summarize patient-reported recommendations to improve the genetic counseling and multigene panel testing process. Eligible participants in this secondary analysis of quantitative and qualitative survey data were English-speaking adults with ovarian cancer. Psychosocial impact was assessed using the Multidimensional Impact of Cancer Risk Assessment (MICRA) questionnaire. Knowledge of cancer genetics was assessed using the KnowGene scale. Significant predictors of MICRA and KnowGene scores were identified using multiple regression. Open-ended survey item responses were analyzed using conventional content analysis. Eighty-seven participants met eligibility criteria. A positive genetic test result was associated with greater adverse psychosocial impact (B = 1.13, p = 0.002). Older age (B = − 0.07, p = 0.044) and being a member of a minority racial or ethnic group (B = − 3.075, p = 0.033) were associated with lower knowledge, while a personal history of at least one other type of cancer (B = 1.975, p = 0.015) was associated with higher knowledge. In open-ended item responses, participants wanted clinicians to assist with family communication, improve result disclosure, and enhance patient and family understanding of results. A subset of individuals with ovarian cancer who receive a positive genetic test result may be at risk for adverse psychosocial outcomes. Tailored cancer genetics education is necessary to promote the equitable uptake of targeted ovarian cancer treatment and risk-reducing therapies. Interventions to enhance patient-clinician communication in this setting are a research priority.
A COVID-19 Obituary.

I read obituaries. I read obituaries every day. I have read obituaries every day since I was 11 years old. I wake up in the morning, and before I start my day I go to the front door, open it, and retrieve the New York Times that has been delivered to my home. I retreat to the bathroom and I open the paper to read the obituaries. Before I dress. Before my coffee. Before breakfast. I read obituaries. I check the ages of those who have died. 98, 102, and 89, perhaps there is hope. 62, 49, and 34, looks like it will be a bad day. I read the causes and circumstances of death. Died in his sleep of natural causes — a sigh of relief. I notice so many more musicians and artists and drummers for obscure rock groups of the 60s seem to die and get featured obituaries than doctors, psychiatrists, psychologists, and palliative care clinicians. Perhaps it’s a biased sample — those people who get that special obituary for noteworthy deaths with that special picture when they were younger in their prime. Why do I read obituaries so compulsively? Well, the answer is of course multi-layered. On the most accessible level, I am fascinated by the stories of peoples lives. The narratives of lives lived in all their variety, length, scope, and focus. They are dramas that have the potential to aid us all in the search for who we want to become and examples to measure ourselves against. As the Talmud taught us, “What is truer than the truth? The story.” However, on a perhaps deeper level, reading obituaries, for me, is an inquiry in how to create an attitude and a perspective to death. It is a re-confirmation, each day, that death is real, an inevitable part of life, and that, in fact, we live with death every moment. In creating the story of our life, we create a story of a life lived and a death that is ever present and can occur at any moment. It is a reminder that death is at the essence of life, reconfirms life, and that death punctuates life. Reading obituaries allows me to maintain a sense of mortality salience as I live each moment of life. Death is always present in our lives. It is a constant. But now, in the Age of the COVID-19 pandemic, death is even more constantly present. In fact, there are more deaths each day, and more deaths this past year, that at any time in our recent history. It is January 22, 2021, 1 year since the start of this global pandemic. The COVID-19 pandemic “Numbers” are unfathomable: 100 million COVID-19 cases worldwide and 2.1 million deaths globally. In the United States alone, we have almost 24 million COVID-19 cases and more than 420,000 deaths. This excess mortality due to COVID-19 has resulted in more obituaries being printed in our newspapers than at any time in the recent past. And so I am reading more obituaries; more COVID-19 obituaries.
Discovering Rare Cell Types through Information-based Dimensionality Reduction

Abstract Dimensionality reduction is the prevailing method for summarizing the complex transcriptomic land-scape of single cells, but current approaches favor large cellular populations defined by many genes, and consequently fail to capture the full transcriptional diversity of a sample. Here we present Shannon components analysis (SCA), a dimensionality reduction technique that leverages the information-theoretic notion of “surprisal,” and demonstrate its ability to accurately incorporate information about small-scale transcriptional variability into dimensionality reduction of single-cell RNA to enable downstream analyses at unprecedented resolution. On published data, SCA enables recovery of known cell types, both rare and common, with accuracy superior to existing methods. Furthermore, SCA reveals small and subtle subpopulations in complex tissues, including gamma-delta and MAIT cells among cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, which are invisible to existing pipelines. In addition to dimensionality reduction, we leverage SCA’s information-theoretic framework on multi-batched data to separate biological signal from systemic batch effects, achieving robust, interpretable, and state-of-the-art batch correction. SCA’s information-theoretic paradigm offers a principled and effective approach to signal extraction in any high-dimensional data analysis pipeline.
Developing Environmental Action Competence in an Urban High School Agriculture and Environmental Program

A key way that STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics) disciplines and agricultural education can be integrated into school-based curriculum and structures, particularly within urban contexts, is via an environmental education (EE) approach. We provide a case example in California of how science and environmental education can be merged in a holistic urban high school program focused on understanding food systems. Specifically, we discuss and apply the concept of environmental action competence (EAC) as a theoretical means of bringing together traditional science education (focused on ecological literacy) with the interdisciplinary and action-oriented focus of environmental education (civics literacy, values awareness and self-efficacy to take action). Using ethnographic methods, we followed 120 students in an urban, comprehensive high school, along with their teachers and community partners during the 2011–2012 and 2012–2013 school years. Interviews with 26 youth and adult participants, were transcribed and coded, then analyzed along with field notes, participant observations, and secondary source data to determine how program elements contributed to the development of students’ EAC. While many students exhibited some of the elements of EAC, only the students who had been in the academy for 3 years were able to base their actions toward the environment in sound ecological reasoning. While program elements supported students’ self-efficacy, students’ ecological understanding was not as well developed. We discuss implications for practitioners, suggesting how EAC can provide a framework to combine the leadership and experiential elements of traditional agricultural and environmental education to support students’ development of STEM competencies.
Self-Healing Circuits Using Statistical Element Selection

Due to the ongoing aggressive scaling of integrated circuit technologies, designers are challenged by creating robust analog and mixed-signal circuit designs. The increasing random intra-die variations of small feature sizes in advanced CMOS nodes severely limit the benefits of scaling for analog/mixed-signal circuits with the diminishing voltage headroom. This chapter describes the details of the statistical element selection (SES) methodology that relies on the combinatorial growth in number of subsets. With selectable circuit elements, the randomness can be used to provide post-manufacturing configuration to achieve specifications. The calibration methodology is demonstrated with two silicon results in 65nm CMOS technology. One test chip consists of an array of digitally calibrated comparators with built-in combinatorial redundancy. Over 99.5% of the comparators reach the given offset requirement compared to 15% for Pelgrom-type sizing. The other test chip is an 8-bit, 1.5GS/s flash ADC. The prototype achieves 37dB of SNDR with 1.3GHz ERBW for 35mW power consumption and 0.42pJ/conv-step of figure of merit.
Mechanisms of solvent evaporation encapsulation processes: prediction of solvent evaporation rate.

The mechanism of organic solvent evaporation during microencapsulation and its role during microsphere hardening has been investigated. Evaporation and encapsulation studies were carried out in a jacketed beaker, filled with aqueous hardening solution, which was maintained at constant temperature and constant stirring rate in the turbulent regime. Evaporation of dissolved methylene chloride (MC), ethyl acetate (EA), and acetonitrile (ACN) was examined by the decline in organic solvent concentration in the hardening bath, which was monitored by gas chromatography. The evaporation from the bath followed first-order kinetics under dilute conditions (e.g., MC EA > ACN). To establish the relationship of evaporation with microsphere hardening, the decline in MC concentration was determined in both the continuous and dispersed polymer phases during microencapsulation. By applying a mass balance with respect to MC in the hardening bath, the cumulative hardening profile of the microspheres was accurately predicted from the interpolating functions of the kinetics of MC loss from the bath with and without polymer added. These results have potential use for microsphere formulation, design of encapsulation apparatus, and scale up of microsphere production.
Comparison of wound-healing characteristics with feedback circuit electrosurgical generators in a porcine model

The type of incisional instrument used to create a surgical wound can influence the rate of wound healing and overall wound strength. The purpose of this study was to evaluate several facets of wound healing within incisions created in the small intestine, uterus, and skin in a porcine model by using feedback circuit electrosurgical generators and a standard steel scalpel blade in a porcine model. Eighteen pigs were evaluated by creating surgical incisions in the skin, uterus, and small intestine utilizing 2 computerized electrosurgical generators (FX, ValleyLab, Boulder, CO, and PEGASYS, Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc., Cincinnati, OH) and a scalpel blade. All incisions were reapproximated with absorbable suture. Incision sites were evaluated histologically at 3, 7, or 14 days postincision according to randomization. The skin and small intestine samples were tested for wound tensile strength at 7 and 14 days. There were no statistically significant differences demonstrated with tensile strength testing comparing the electrosurgical devices to the scalpel-blade incisions for skin or small intestine at all time points. The only significant difference detected with respect to wound tensile strength was when different organ types were compared, regardless of device used (i.e., skin, 19.5 N/cm2 vs. small intestine, 5.78 N/cm2). Histologic evaluation demonstrated that the wounds created by the electrosurgical generators displayed decreased overall wound healing at 3, 7, and 14 days compared to the scalpel group. These findings indicate that the electrosurgical devices tested delay wound healing at the surgical site, but fail to demonstrate any significant difference in overall wound tensile strength. Wound healing may occur at a more rapid rate when a traditional scalpel blade is used to create the surgical incision, but no difference in global wound dynamics could be detected.
Strichartz estimates in the hyperbolic space and global existence for the semilinear wave equation

The aim of this article is twofold. First we consider the wave equation in the hyperbolic space HI and obtain the counterparts of the Strichartz type estimates in this context. Next we examine the relationship between semilinear hyperbolic equations in the Minkowski space and in the hyperbolic space. This leads to a simple proof of the recent result of Georgiev, Lindblad and Sogge on global existence for solutions to semilinear hyperbolic problems with small data. Shifting the space-time Strichartz estimates from the hyperbolic space to the Minkowski space yields weighted Strichartz estimates in Rn x 1R which extend the ones of Georgiev, Lindblad, and Sogge.
The Medical Legal Partnership for Children: Policy Strategies for Expanding a Gateway Program

The authors featured in Ending Poverty in America propose progressive strategies for combating poverty, including the creation of gateway programs through which the poor can obtain comprehensive services. One of these programs, the Medical Legal Partnership for Children, has effectively implemented a new kind of preventative medical care by placing lawyers alongside pediatricians to address health issues with a related legal dimension. This book review analyzes MLPC and suggests that revising the Medicaid statute and earmarking a portion of the State Children’s Health Insurance Program block grant will help ensure the long-term viability of this important program.
Contribution of N-Nitrosamines and Their Precursors to Domestic Sewage by Greywaters and Blackwaters

N-nitrosamines and their precursors are significant concerns for water utilities exploiting wastewater-impacted water supplies, particularly those practicing potable reuse of wastewater. Previous efforts to identify specific precursors in municipal wastewater accounting for N-nitrosamine formation have met with limited success. As an alternative, we quantified the relative importance of greywater (i.e., shower, kitchen sink, bathroom washbasin, and laundry) and blackwater (i.e., urine and feces) streams in terms of their loadings of ambient specific and total N-nitrosamines and chloramine-reactive and ozone-reactive N-nitrosamine precursors to domestic sewage. Accounting for the volume fractions of individual greywater and blackwater streams, laundry water represented the most significant source of N-nitrosamines and their precursors, followed by shower water and urine. Laundry water was particularly important for ozone-reactive N-nitrosamine precursors, accounting for ∼99% of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) precursors and ∼69% of precursors for other uncharacterized N-nitrosamines. For the other greywater streams, consumer products contributed additional N-nitrosamines and precursors, but the remarkable uniformity across different products suggested the importance of common macroconstituents. The consumption of a standard dose of the antacid ranitidine substantially increased NDMA and its chloramine-reactive precursors in urine. Nevertheless, nearly 40% of the American population would need to consume ranitidine daily to match the NDMA loadings from laundry water.
On creating a multidisciplinary curricular paradigm

This work-in-progress reports on the state of the multidisciplinary experiment currently being conducted at North Carolina State University (NC State) as a result of an Action Agenda award from the National Science Foundation. The three-year plan is to develop a cross disciplinary, multifunctional, lab-integrated series of courses in bioprocessing. This semester, the Action Agenda team of nine faculty and staff representing various disciplines at NC State guided multidisciplinary student teams through senior design projects. The students involved in the pilot study received customized instruction in professional writing, speaking, and teaming that they applied to multidisciplinary projects.
The Extrinsic Precursor Kinetics of Methane Adsorption onto Ethylidyne-Covered Pt(111)

The kinetics of methane trapping on ethylidyne-covered Pt(111) were investigated using supersonic molecular beam techniques at surface temperatures between the temperature at which methane desorbs ...
Challenging paths of “research in theoretical and applied psychological anthropology

Schwartz, Theodore, Geoffrey M. White, and Catherine A, Lutz, eds. New Directions in Psychological Anthropology. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992. x + 352 pp. including chapter refernces and index. $54.95 cloth, $17.95 paper. Koss‐Chioino, Joan. Women as Healers, Women as Patients: Mental Health Care and Traditional Healing in Puerto Rico. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1992. xx + 237 pp. including end chapter notes, tables, bibliography, and index. $32.95.
Oxidation Unzipping of Stable Nanographenes into Joint Spin-Rich Fragments

When an all-benzenoid nanographene is linearly unzipped into oxygen-joined fragments, the oxidized benzenoid rings (aromatic sextets) selectively adopt the low-spin (ΔS = 0) or high-spin conformation (ΔS = 1) to yield the thermally most stable isomer. The selection of the conformation depends simply on the position of the aromatic sextets: the inner ones prefer the high-spin conformation, whereas the peripheral ones prefer the low-spin conformation. Therefore, the resulting most stable isomer has a total spin whose value equals the number of inner aromatic sextets (ni) along the oxidizing line. The nanographene fragments contained in this isomer have a ferromagnetic spin coupling. Due to the tautomerization between the high-spin and low-spin conformations, there also exist other possible isomers with higher energies and with spins at ground state ranging from 0 to (ni − 1). The rich geometrically correlated spins and the adjustable energy gaps indicate great potential of the graphene oxides in spintronic ...
The value of combined measurements of the venous pressure and arm-to-tongue and arm-to-lung circulation times in the study of heart failure

Abstract Much has been written on measurements of the venous pressure and circulation time of the blood in connection with various cardiovascular diseases. The value of such measurements in the diagnosis and continued observation in cases of heart failure has been sspecially emphasized. However, most of the clinical studies on heart failure have been concerned with one or another of these tests as an isolated procedure. Comparatively little information has been published which would indicate the importance, at times, of estimating the venous pressure and measuring the circulation time more or less simultaneously. It has been our purpose in this investigation to endeavor to appraise the value of these measurements when they are used in combination.
Pediatric golf-related head injuries.

Dear Editor: The article by K. N. Fountas et al. [1] is a useful reminder of the risks associated with the increasing popularity of golf. It is particularly welcomed by a pediatric neurosurgeon and parent, whose 5-year-old son in 1986 (20 years ago) sustained a compound depressed skull fracture from a golf club swung by a similar aged boy standing close by. While personally suturing the wound under local anesthetic in a small village hospital (to control hemorrhage), gentle insertion of a probe made the diagnosis that was confirmed by an X-ray later that day. Skilled and appropriate surgical elevation of the depressed fragments was kindly carried out by my senior colleague with an excellent long-term outcome. Your readers may remember that, in the same year of 1986, an identical injury happened to a young member of our Royal family. With better education for children, their parents and those responsible for the supervision of golf facilities, it is hoped that there will be increased awareness generally with more effective prevention measures.
On a rational theory of turbulence

Based on the Theory of Micromorphic Fluid Dynamics, a thermodynamically admissible and frame-independent theory of turbulence is introduced. Field equations, boundary and initial conditions are given. The theory is applied to obtain the solution of turbulent channel flow. Turbulent mean velocities predicted by the theory are in good agreement with experimentally measured turbulent mean velocities.
Histologic associations and long-term cancer risk in columnar cell lesions of the breast: a retrospective cohort and a nested case-control study.

BACKGROUND. Mammary columnar cell lesions with atypia have been receiving increased scrutiny in view of their association with atypical hyperplasia (AH) and carcinoma. However, the few retrospective outcome studies performed have failed to establish an increased risk for recurrence or carcinoma on long-term follow-up. METHODS. The authors evaluated the overall cancer risk for 1261 biopsies with columnar cell lesions (CCL) in 4569 women from the Nashville Breast Cohort who were biopsied between 1969 and 1988. On the basis of Schnitt and Vincent-Salomon's classification, they also classified 229 biopsies with CCL into 3 categories: without hyperplasia or atypia, with hyperplasia lacking atypia, and with atypia. By using a nested case-control design, they compared the risks of invasive cancer associated with these 3 categories. RESULTS. A 2- to 3-fold increase in the occurrence of AH in the presence of CCL versus in their absence (P < .005) was observed. Relative risk of invasive breast cancer for women with both AH and CCL compared with those with AH alone did not differ significantly (risk ratio [RR] = 1.55; P = .29). The presence of CCL alone was associated with a mild increase in the overall cancer risk (RR = 1.47; P = .05). In the nested case-control study, no significant risk difference was observed among the 3 categories of CCL. CONCLUSIONS. The authors observed a positive association between CCL and AH. The possibility that CCL by themselves significantly elevate breast cancer risk is not well supported. However, a finding of CCL on benign breast biopsy may indicate the presence of AH, a more worrisome lesion. Cancer 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
In vitro strength analysis of sagittal split osteotomy fixation: Noncompression monocortical plates versus bicortical position screws

An in vitro study using bovine ribs was performed to compare the strength of monocortical plates with bicortical position screws. An osteotomy was created to simulate a sagittal split and a 5-mm bone gap was produced. Four study groups were created: screw nongap, screw with gap, plate nongap, and plate with gap. Parameters of strength were analyzed by elastic deformation, stiffness ratio, permanent deformation, and breaking load. The results showed that monocortical plate fixation in bovine ribs provides less rigidity and is more susceptible to deformation than is bicortical position screw fixation.
Occurrence of psilocybin/psilocin in Pluteus salicinus (Pluteaceae)

(1981). Occurrence of Psilocybin/Psilocin in Pluteus Salicinus (Pluteaceae) Mycologia: Vol. 73, No. 4, pp. 781-784.
Relationship between Body Mass Index and Insulin Resistance in Patients Treated with Second Generation Antipsychotic Agents

Second generation antipsychotics (SGAs) can increase weight gain and weight-induced insulin resistance. Recent studies have suggested weight-independent effects of certain SGAs on insulin resistance; however the magnitude of these effects and the relationship between BMI and insulin resistance in patients on SGAs are not established. To evaluate, the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and insulin resistance in 54 patients being stably treated with olanzapine (n=19), risperidone (n=16), or aripiprazole (n=19) was compared with data from a large reference population (n=201) not on SGAs. Insulin resistance was directly quantified by measuring the steady-state plasma glucose (SSPG) concentration during the insulin suppression test. The relationship between BMI and SSPG was similar between the SGA (r=0.58) and the reference population (r=0.50). When SSPG was standardized based on expected values for the reference population, patients on olanzapine had a higher degree of insulin resistance (mean z-score+/-SD, 0.68+/-0.9) than expected for level of BMI compared with those on aripiprazole (-0.25+/-1) and risperidone (-0.3+/-0.9), F(2,51)=6.28 (p=0.004). Thus, olanzapine group was 0.76 SD above the reference population or in the 78 percentile for insulin resistance. SSPG was correlated with fasting plasma insulin concentration (0.78 (0.64-0.87), p<0.001) but not fasting glucose concentration (0.15 (-0.13-0.40), p=0.29). In conclusion, BMI contributes a quarter to a third of the variance in insulin resistance in the SGA population similar to the reference population. Olanzapine also appears to have an independent effect on insulin resistance that is above and beyond obesity.
The Economic Viability of Alternative Wetting and Drying Irrigation in Arkansas Rice Production

As water becomes scarcer in rice (Oryza sativa L.) production regions throughout the world, producers are becoming aware of the importance of increasing water use efficiency. Thus, new rice production methods which increase water use efficiency (WUE) are beginning to be adopted. This study analyzes one such alternative production method and its economic feasibility in Arkansas. Alternate wetting and drying (AWD) irrigation has the potential to address the concerns of groundwater depletion as well as greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) associated with rice production. Field experiments were conducted in 2012 and 2013 in the Arkansas Delta for three different AWD irrigation regimes and compared to continuous flooded rice. Data collection included CH₄ and N₂O emissions, grain yields, and irrigation total water use. Relative to continuous flooding WUE increased by 21 to 56% with the adoption of AWD irrigation and global warming potential (GWP) decreased by 45 to 90%. One common criticism of AWD is the potential for reduced yields and subsequent reductions in producer profits. Our results indicate that some AWD regimes are currently economically competitive even without incentives such as GHG reduction payments or water conservation payments. These results suggest that there is currently an economic rationale for adoption of some AWD regimes and those AWD regimes that are not currently economically competitive may be in the future as groundwater levels recede. A county-level break-even analysis indicates an additional depth to ground water of only 5 to 10 m will result in other AWD practices evaluated here becoming profitable.
A literature survey of biocontrol systems

Review of the various aspects of biological control systems and their relation to feedback theory is presented in this paper. To systematize the study of biocontrol systems the material is classified into the following topics: 1) General Human Operator Dynamics; 2) Neuromuscular Systems; 3) Eye Dynamics; 4) Respiratory and Circulatory Systems; 5) Biological Process Control; 6) Central Nervous Systems and Brain. Each of the above topics is summarily discussed and each is separately documented with the pertinent literature and research activities. In the conclusion of the paper the connection between the recent theoretical work in feedback control and the problems of bio-control systems is discussed. It is hoped that with this survey a new burst of research activities on the part of control scientists in the challenging field of biocontrol systems will be materialized.
Psychological Inflexibility and Symptom Expression in Anorexia Nervosa

The purpose of this article is to outline a model of anorexia nervosa (AN) as a disorder of psychological inflexibility, motivated by an insatiable desire for prediction and control with related intolerance for uncertainty. We describe preliminary data that provide initial support for this conceptualization and point to the ways in which mindfulness and acceptance-based strategies might be particularly useful for treating AN. This article is not intended to be an exhaustive literature review, rather a conceptual framework to guide future research and treatment development.
Evaluation of Mo-doped Ti salicide process for sub-0.18-μm CMOS

For scaled CMOS technology with gate length down to sub-0.25 micrometer, the conventional Ti salicide suffers from high polygate sheet resistance (R sheet ) due to difficulty in the low resistivity C54 TiSi 2 phase transition. To improve the sub 0.25 micrometer TiSi2 R sheet , pre-amorphization implant (PAI) was added to achieve low R sheet down to approximately 0.1 micrometer gate length, and PAI based TiSi 2 has been the base-line salicide process for current 0.25 micrometer CMOS technology. However, various studies on sub 0.18 micrometer devices have shown that PAI process tends to induce additional S/D dopant diffusion and results in the series resistance (R SD ) increase and drive current degradation, especially for pMOS transistors. On the other hand, Mo implant was found effective in enhancing the C54 TiSi 2 formation for narrow lines and has the potential to realize a simplified TiSi 2 process with one single thermal step. However, the Mo based Ti salicide is still relatively new to date, and a complete CMOS study is helpful in identifying the trade-offs for such a process. In this work, we present a detailed CMOS evaluation of Mo doped TiSi 2 process. Two different Mo based processes are studied: (1) Mo implant into gate before gate pattern (Mo-A case). In this case, the source/drain (S/D) diffusion regions have minimal Mo doping. (2) Mo implant into gate and S/D regions right before the S/D anneal (Mo-B case). For both Mo-A and Mo-B processes, we also studied the effect of Mo doses and the difference between the conventional 2-step rapid thermal process (RTP), low-temperature formation plus Ti strip plus high-temperature anneal, and the 1-step RTP process, namely low-T formation plus Ti stripe, where the high-T anneal is skipped. The results of the Mo processes are compared with three other reference salicide processes: conventional TiSi 2 without PAI (Conv.), TiSi 2 with Ge or As PAI and the emerging CoSi 2 technology. The following CMOS care-abouts are evaluated for the various salicide processes: (1) polysilicon and diffusion region R sheet , (2) various bridging mechanisms, (3) diode leakages: bottom junction, trench edge and gate edge leakage currents, (4) drive current and R SD , and (5) charge to breakdown (Q BD ).
Renal Artery Angioplasty: Technical Results and Clinical Outcome in 320 Patients

Objective To review the results of percutaneous transluminal renal artery angloplasty (PTRA), including technical success and clinical outcome, at Mayo Clinic Rochester. Design We retrospectively reviewed our experience with 320 patients who underwent PTRA for stenosis of 396 arteries during a 14-year period. Material and Methods We reviewed medical records and angiograms of patients who underwent PTRA at Mayo Clinic Rochester between January 1980 and December 1993. The patients were divided into four groups, based on clinical history and anglographic appearance of the stenosing lesion: renal artery atherosclerosis (ASO group), fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD group), previous renal artery bypass or endarterectomy, and renal artery stenosis in a solitary kidney. Technical results of the PTRA were determined by evaluation of angiograms obtained before and after the procedure. Data on patient demographics, blood pressure, antihypertensive medications, and serum creatinine were recorded for the period preceding PTRA, after the procedure, and at last follow-up. Results All groups had statistically significant reductions in mean arterial pressure and antihypertensive medications after PTRA. The percentage of patients who benefited after renal artery angioplasty was 70% for patients with ASO (8.4% cured), 63% for patients with FMD (22% cured), 53.8% for patients with prior surgical revascularization (23.1 % cured), and 91.7% for patients with a solitary kidney (0% cured). No significant overall change in serum creatinine level was noted after the procedure in any group. Complications were comparable to those reported in other studies. The 30-day all-cause mortality rate was 2.2 % for the current study, all deaths occurring in the ASO group. Conclusion PTRA rarely leads to a "cure" of renovascular hypertension but provides effective control of blood pressure and decreases the medication requirements in selected patients.
Laplacian pdf of DGD time derivative and application to predicting PMD-induced outage rates

It is reported for the first time that the time derivative of differential-group delay (DGD) on buried fibres has a Laplacian pdf. Using this, the previously reported expression for predicting the polarisation-mode dispersion (PMD)-induced outage rate is simplified and it is shown that it is a function of the mean DGD and the fibre's Laplacian parameter only.
Laser Flash Photolysis and Time-Resolved ESR Study of Phosphinoyl Radical † Structure and Reactivity §

The photochemistry of two phosphine oxides and the rate constants of reaction of their daughter radicals with several alkenes, halocarbons, and oxygen have been determined. Photolysis of (2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)diphenylphosphine oxide (1) and bis(2,6-dimethoxybenzoyl)-2,4,4-trimethylpentylphosphine oxide (4) in each case affords a phosphinoyl and a benzoyl radical. The phosphinoyl radicals are readily detected by laser flash photolysis and exhibit absorption maxima at 325 and 450 nm for the diphenylphosphinoyl (3) and 2,6-dimethoxybenzoyl-2,4,4-trimethylpentylphosphinoyl (6) radicals, respectively. The rate constants for reaction of the phosphinoyl radicals with alkyl halides, alkenes, and oxygen range from 104 to 109 M-1 s-1. Radical 3 is 2−6 times more reactive than radical 6. For example, 3 adds to methyl methacrylate with a rate constant of (11 ± 2) × 107 M-1 s-1 whereas 6 has an addition rate constant for the same reaction of (2.3 ± 0.3) × 107 M-1 s-1. The rate constants for reaction with alkyl halid...
The cerebellum in cognitive processes: supporting studies in children.

Over the last decade, increasing evidence of cognitive functions of the cerebellum during development and learning processes could be ascertained. Posterior fossa malformations such as cerebellar hypoplasia or Joubert syndrome are known to be related to developmental problems in a marked to moderate extent. More detailed analyses reveal special deficits in attention, processing speed, visuospatial functions and language. A study about Dandy Walker syndrome states a relationship of abnormalities in vermis lobulation with developmental problems. Further lobulation or volume abnormalities of the cerebellum and/or vermis can be detected in disorders as fragile X syndrome, Downs’s syndrome or William’s syndrome. Neuropsychological studies reveal a relation of dyslexia and attention deficit disorder with cerebellar functions. These functional studies are supported by structural abnormalities in neuroimaging in these disorders. Acquired cerebellar or vermis atrophy was found in groups of children with developmental problems such as prenatal alcohol exposure or extreme prematurity. Also focal lesions during childhood or adolescence such as cerebellar tumour or stroke are related with neuropsychological abnormalities, which are most pronounced in visuo-spatial, language and memory functions. In addition, cerebellar atrophy was shown to be a bad prognostic factor considering cognitive outcome in children after brain trauma and leukaemia. In ataxia teleangiectasia, a neurodegenerative disorder affecting primarily the cerebellar cortex, a reduced verbal IQ and problems of judgment of duration are a hint of the importance of the cerebellum in cognition. In conclusion, the cerebellum seems to play an important role in many higher cognitive functions especially in learning. There is a suggestion that the earlier the incorrect influence the more pronounced the problems.