cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tissue Plasminogen Activator (t-PA) Is Targeted to the Regulated Secretory Pathway CATECHOLAMINE STORAGE VESICLES AS A RESERVOIR FOR THE RAPID RELEASE OF t-PA

Tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) is a serine protease that plays a central role in the regulation of intravascular thrombolysis. The acute release of t-PA in vivo is induced by a variety of stimuli including exercise, trauma, and neural stimulation. These types of stimuli also result in sympathoadrenal activation and exocytotic release of amines and proteins from catecholamine storage vesicles of the adrenal medulla and sympathetic neurons. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that t-PA is packaged in and released directly from catecholamine storage vesicles, using several chromaffin cell sources including the rat pheochromocytoma PC-12 chromaffin cell line, primary cultures of bovine adrenal chromaffin cells, and human pheochromocytoma. t-PA was expressed in chromaffin cells as detected by Northern blotting, immunoprecipitation of [35S]Met-labeled t-PA, and specific t-PA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of cell homogenates. In addition, chromaffin cell t-PA was enzymatically active by fibrin zymography. To explore the subcellular localization of the expressed t-PA, PC-12 cells were labeled with [3H]norepinephrine, homogenized, and subjected to sucrose density fractionation. [3H]Norepinephrine and t-PA antigen were co-localized to the same subcellular fraction with a major peak at 1.4 M sucrose, consistent with the buoyant density of catecholamine storage vesicles. In addition, catecholamine storage vesicle lysates isolated from human pheochromocytoma tumors were enriched approximately 30-fold in t-PA antigen, compared with tumor homogenate. Furthermore, exposure of PC-12 cells or primary bovine adrenal chromaffin cells to chromaffin cell secretagogues (60 microM nicotine, 55 mM KCl, or 2 mM BaCl2) resulted in co-release of t-PA in parallel with catecholamines. These data demonstrate that t-PA is expressed in chromaffin cells, is sorted into the regulated pathway of secretion, and is co-released with catecholamines by chromaffin cell stimulation. Catecholamine storage vesicles may be an important reservoir and sympathoadrenal activation an important physiologic mechanism for the rapid release of t-PA. In addition, expression of t-PA by chromaffin cells suggests a role for this protease in the proteolytic processing of chromaffin cell proteins.
A genetic epidemiology approach to cyber-security

While much attention has been paid to the vulnerability of computer networks to node and link failure, there is limited systematic understanding of the factors that determine the likelihood that a node (computer) is compromised. We therefore collect threat log data in a university network to study the patterns of threat activity for individual hosts. We relate this information to the properties of each host as observed through network-wide scans, establishing associations between the network services a host is running and the kinds of threats to which it is susceptible. We propose a methodology to associate services to threats inspired by the tools used in genetics to identify statistical associations between mutations and diseases. The proposed approach allows us to determine probabilities of infection directly from observation, offering an automated high-throughput strategy to develop comprehensive metrics for cyber-security.
Newer imaging technology for the diagnosis of early RA and monitoring of inflammation and joint damage.

saw my ﬁrst patient with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) when Iwas 12 years old. My father, Nathan Troum, was also arheumatologist, and I would join him when he saw patients inhis ofﬁce. At that time, in 1964, the typical treatmentsavailable for patients with RA were intramuscular gold,high-dose aspirin, and corticosteroids—indomethacin wasjust introduced.Inthe1980s,methotrexatewasapprovedforRAand,inmore recent years, biologic response-modifying agents haveadded signiﬁcantly to our armamentarium. It was then thatrheumatologists realized that we needed better tools to helpdetect early damage. Such tools would enable us to use moreeffective medications in an attempt to prevent damage early.That was the pretext for my getting involved with ofﬁce-based magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
A Model for Transcription Termination Suggested by Studies on the trp Attenuator in Vitro Using Base Analogs

Abstract In vitro, termination of transcription at the attenuator site of the E. coli tryptophan ( rp ) operon occurs efficiently in the absence of additional factors. In contrast, an altered attenuator site created by the deletion trp Δ LC1419 (which removes four of the eight consecutive TA base pairs at the termination site, but still functions partially in vivo) does not cause termination in vitro under standard conditions, even with the addition of rho factor. By varying components and conditions of the transcription reactions, we have found conditions under which termination does occur at the altered site ( trp a1419 ), as well as conditions affecting termination on the wild-type template. —RNA polymerase can terminate at trp a1419 when the analog iodo-CTP (which forms stronger base pairs with G) replaces CTP. —A mutant polymerase (rpo203) that restores termination in strains carrying rho mutations can also terminate at trp a1419, at a position just past the deletion junction, suggesting that the point of termination may be specified by the remaining upstream leader sequence. —Analogs such as Br-UTP and allylamine-UTP, which form stronger base pairs with A, elevate readthrough levels at the wild-type attenuator site. —At low temperatures, readthrough on the wild-type template by wild-type RNA polymerase is enhanced, whereas the rpo203 enzyme still terminates efficiently. The results of these experiments suggest a model for termination of transcription in the absence of rho factor involving both RNA-RNA and RNA-DNA interactions. We propose that the response of RNA polymerase at a terminator site is governed by a balance between the formation or stability of a hairpin structure in the transcript and the strength of polymerase-stabilized base pairing between the distal nucleotides of the transcript and the DNA template. In more complex cases in vitro, or within the cell, formation or stabilization of these structures may also involve other regions of RNA and additional factors.
Effects of kainic acid applied to the ventral surface of the medulla oblongata on vasomotor tone, the baroreceptor reflex and hypothalamic autonomic responses

Summary Application of an excitotoxic amino acid, kainic acid, to the ventral medullary surface just caudal to the trapezoid bodies (at Feldberg and Guertzenstein's glycine-sensitive area) led to the following observations. (1) Blood pressure began to rise within 25 s and by 10 min rose to high levels (200–240 mm Hg). Blood pressure subsequently fell to levels at or approaching those of a spinal animal. (2) Sympathetic vasomotor activity became insensitive to baroreceptor inhibition s shortly after the peak in blood pressure, and the cardioinhibitory action of the reflex was enhanced during this time. (3) The autonomic effects of hypothalamic stimulation were differentially affected — pupillary dilatation retrattion of the nictitating membranes were unaffected, while the increases in blood pressure and renal activity were blocked. (4) Recovery from these effects was observed on two occasions, when the animals were infused with a pressor agent and allowed to survive beyond 6 h after the kainic acid application. These results support the view that vasomotor tone is dependent upon the activity of relatively superficial cells in the ventral medulla. We further suggest that baroreceptor inhibition of sympathetic vasomotor activity acts via these cells and that descending hypothalamic autonomic pathways are organized at this level in terms of separate end organs.
Mechanism of damage and failure in an orthotropic glass/polypropylene composite

The mechanism of damage accumulation and failure in thin sheets of an orthotropic long discontinued glass fiber reinforced polypropylene composite was studied using optical and electron microscopy coupled with acoustic emission (AE) monitoring. The effect of strain rate (0.1 to 100 percent) was investigated, and a close correspondence was established between AE response and microscopic observations. Furthermore, simultaneous AE monitoring and optical microscopy performed during sample deformation substantiated the assignment of certain AE amplitude ranges with specific failure events in the composite. Specifically, the failure process was found to be very inhomogeneous in nature, and could be divided into three main stages of damage accumulation. Finally, cumulative AE energy curves were found to follow an interesting powerlaw behavior. Results based on the coupling of AE methods with optical and electron microscopy were found to be self consistent and in agreement with previous reports on thicker-section composites manufactured from the same materials.
Indispensable Resource? A Phenomenological Study of Textbook Use in Engineering Problem Solving

Background Textbooks play an important role in engineering education, influencing instructors’ pedagogical approaches and providing much of the information students learn. Research has explored students’ recollections of the roles that textbooks played in their educational experiences, but how students actually use textbooks remains largely unexplored. Purpose This phenomenological study describes engineering students’ textbook use during problem-solving activities. This study directly examined how students employed a textbook in order to generate detailed descriptions of students’ behaviors, approaches, and reflections regarding their actual problem-solving experiences. Method Ten senior materials engineering students (8 males and 2 females) were asked to think aloud while solving engineering problems. Follow-up retrospective interviews regarding the think aloud session were conducted to gain in-depth information on students’ textbook use during the problem-solving activities. Results Students used the textbook primarily to find information related to problem constraints that were explicitly stated in the problem. Furthermore, textbook example problems exerted a strong influence on students’ problem-solving processes. Students also reported limitations of the textbook, contrasting it to the diversity of resources available via the Internet. Conclusions This study provides insight into students’ textbook use during engineering problem-solving activities. Students’ limited application of the textbook during problem solving suggests that textbooks may not be serving their intended purposes.
Heavy Quark Fragmentation Function at NNLO

We examine not‐completely inclusive production of heavy flavors in DIS and other collider processes. We review the Perturbative Fragmentation Functions formalism as the appropriate tool for such studies and detail the extension of this formalism at Next‐to‐Next‐to‐Leading order. Various collider applications are considered.
Shrinkage control: regulation of insulin-mediated growth by FOXO transcription factors

The insulin signaling pathway regulates organismal growth in response to nutrient conditions by controlling a range of metabolic and biosynthetic processes. Recent studies in Drosophila have shown how transcriptional responses to reduced insulin and nutrient levels can act to inhibit growth.
Assessing risks for a pre-emergent pathogen: virginiamycin use and the emergence of streptogramin resistance in Enterococcus faecium

Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) are an important cause of hospital-acquired infections and an emerging infectious disease. VRE infections were resistant to standard antibiotics until quinupristin/dalfopristin (QD), a streptogramin antibiotic, was approved in 1999 for the treatment of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium infections in people. After that decision, the practice of using virginiamycin in agriculture for animal growth promotion came under intense scrutiny. Virginiamycin, another streptogramin, threatens the efficacy of QD in medicine because streptogramin resistance in enterococci associated with food animals may be transferred to E faecium in hospitalised patients. Policy makers face an unavoidable conundrum when assessing risks for pre-emergent pathogens; good policies that prevent or delay adverse outcomes may leave little evidence that they had an effect. To provide a sound basis for policy, we have reviewed the epidemiology of E faecium and streptogramin resistance and present qualitative results from mathematical models. These models are based on simple assumptions consistent with evidence, and they establish reasonable expectations about the population-genetic and population-dynamic processes underlying the emergence of streptogramin-resistant E faecium (SREF). Using the model, we have identified critical aspects of SREF emergence. We conclude that the emergence of SREF is likely to be the result of an interaction between QD use in medicine and the long-term use of virginiamycin for animal growth promotion. Virginiamycin use has created a credible threat to the efficacy of QD by increasing the mobility and frequency of high-level resistance genes. The potential effects are greatest for intermediate rates of human-to-human transmission (R0 approximately equal 1).
Using Multimedia to Facilitate Software Instruction in an Introductory Modeling Course

Multimedia tutorials were developed to introduce basic software functions to students in an introductory operations research modeling course. The purpose of these tutorials was to reduce the amount of class time spent addressing deficiencies in software mastery and allow for more class time to focus on modeling concepts. The motivation for developing these tools and details on the design of the tutorials are outlined. We conducted a quasi-experimental pre-test/post-test assessment of the value of the tutorials. The results of the formal assessment as well as student reactions and anecdotal evidence of their usefulness are discussed. We conclude with an evaluation of lessons learned in the process and encourage other educators to consider a similar approach.
The Human Population: Size and Dynamics1

Demography, the study of human population dynamics, is a fundamental part of human ecology. The explosive growth of the human population, especially in the last century, is an underlying cause of the human predicament today and will continue to be for the foreseeable future. A treatment of human ecology in an introductory biology course should acquaint students with the basic concepts and terminology of demography, including a brief history of the human population, a description of the present demographic situation, and the prospects for the future, including the phenomenon of population momentum. The discussion should be cast in the context of the human environment and resource base, including consideration of the size and behavior of the human population relative to the carrying capacity of the planet for human life.
Congestive heart failure, hypertension, and hyperreninemia in bilateral Wilms' tumor: Successful medical management

Congestive heart failure is an unusual complication of the hyperreninemia of Wilms' tumors. Cases with bilateral tumors present a difficult management problem. This is a report of the successful medical management of a child with congestive heart failure secondary to hyperreninemia from bilateral Wilms' tumor. Hypertension and hyperreninemia were extensively documented. Their etiologic relation to the congestive heart failure was supported by the patient's improved cardiac function following specific renin-angiotensin blockade. With unilateral tumors, surgical excision corrects the hypertension; however, with large bilateral tumors, excision is out of the question. A unique feature of this case is the ability to control the blood pressure with saralasin. With subsequent antitumor therapy, renin concentrations decreased proportional to tumor size, and renin angiotensin blocking therapy could be discontinued.
A compelling case for a centralized filesystem on the TeraGrid: enhancing an astrophysical workflow with the data capacitor WAN as a test case

In this article we explore the utility of a centralized filesystem provided by the TeraGrid to both TeraGrid and non-TeraGrid sites. We highlight several common cases in which such a filesystem would be useful in obtaining scientific insight. We present results from a test case using Indiana University's Data Capacitor over the wide area network as a central filesystem for simulation data generated at multiple TeraGrid sites and analyzed at Mississippi State University. Statistical analysis of the I/O patterns and rates, via detailed trace records generated with VampirTrace, for both the Data Capacitor and a local Lustre filesystem are provided. The benefits of a centralized filesystem and potential hurdles in adopting such a system for both TeraGrid and non-TeraGrid sites are discussed.
Fabrication and magnetic behavior of Co/Cu multilayered nanowires

Multilayered Co/Cu nanowires were fabricated using anodic alumina templates, containing 40-nm-diameter nanopores, and electrochemical deposition. The Cu layer thickness was varied to study the resulting differences in coercivity and magnetization reversal. Magnetization versus field loops both parallel and perpendicular to an applied field were measured to investigate the mechanisms of magnetization reversal. It was found that the coercivity decreased with increasing Cu thickness. In addition, the magnetization reversal appeared to be a combination of rotation and spin flipping, which was dependent on the Cu thickness and on the angle of the nanowires with the applied field.
Bacterial sampling by absorbent paper points. An in vitro study.

This in vitro study was designed to test the hypothesis that sampling of bacterial suspensions by absorbent paper points would accurately reflect the proportion of the bacterial species whether they are homogeneously or non-homogeneously distributed in the sample site. The non-homogeneously distributed populations consisted of equal numbers of colony forming units (CFU) of two periodontal bacterial species present as separate cultures, one layered on top of the other. The species in the top layer accounted for greater than 90% of the total number of CFU detected by paper point sampling, regardless of which species formed the top layer. In contrast, when the layers were mixed prior to sampling to give a homogeneous bacterial distribution, the paper points detected equal numbers of CFU of each species. Thus the hypothesis was not supported and the proportions yielded by paper point sampling are not the same when the bacteria are nonhomogeneously distributed as when they are homogeneously distributed. Ultras...
Interpopulation hybridization results in widespread viability selection across the genome in Tigriopus californicus

Background: Genetic interactions within hybrids influence their overall fitness. Understanding the details of these interactions can improve our understanding of speciation. One experimental approach is to investigate deviations from Mendelian expectations (segregation distortion) in the inheritance of mapped genetic markers. In this study, we used the copepod Tigriopus californicus, a species which exhibits high genetic divergence between populations and a general pattern of reduced fitness in F2 interpopulation hybrids. Previous studies have implicated both nuclear-cytoplasmic and nuclear-nuclear interactions in causing this fitness reduction. We identified and mapped population-diagnostic single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and used these to examine segregation distortion across the genome within F2 hybrids. Results: We generated a linkage map which included 45 newly elucidated SNPs and 8 population-diagnostic microsatellites used in previous studies. The map, the first available for the Copepoda, was estimated to cover 75% of the genome and included markers on all 12 T. californicus chromosomes. We observed little segregation distortion in newly hatched F2 hybrid larvae (fewer than 10% of markers at p < 0.05), but strikingly higher distortion in F2 hybrid adult males (45% of markers at p < 0.05). Hence, segregation distortion was primarily caused by selection against particular genetic combinations which acted between hatching and maturity. Distorted markers were not distributed randomly across the genome but clustered on particular chromosomes. In contrast to other studies in this species we found little evidence for cytonuclear coadaptation. Instead, different linkage groups exhibited markedly different patterns of distortion, which appear to have been influenced by nuclear-nuclear epistatic interactions and may also reflect genetic load carried within the parental lines. Conclusion: Adult male F2 hybrids between two populations of T. californius exhibit dramatic segregation distortion across the genome. Distorted loci are clustered within specific linkage groups, and the direction of distortion differs between chromosomes. This segregation distortion is due to selection acting between hatching and adulthood.
Destruction of joint homografts

The host synovium undergoes a striking transformation at about 26 weeks after joint homografting. Histologically the synovium invaded and destroyed the graft with which it came in contact, becoming markedly hypercellular; the infiltrate consisted mainly of plasma cells and lymphocytes. The synovium at this stage closely resembled a rheumatoid pannus. The cartilage in contact with this invasive synovium lost its staining qualities, failed to take up S-35, and was gradually destroyed. The mechanism causing this transformation remains unclear. It is postulated that these changes could be due to an inflammatory or immune response.
Schizophrenia and red light : fMRI evidence for a novel biobehavioral marker

Previous research has demonstrated the ability of diffuse red light to suppress activity in the magnocellular (M) visual pathway. An earlier psychophysical study found that a subset of nonpsychotic relatives of persons with schizophrenia showed the opposite effect when compared to healthy adults (Bedwell et al., 2003), suggesting a novel biobehavioral marker for the disorder. The present study attempted to replicate and explore the mechanism for this effect using fMRI. Results provide physiological evidence that the M pathway response to red light is in the opposite direction than expected in a subset of nonpsychotic relatives of persons with schizophrenia.
DNA Damage, a Biomarker of Carcinogenesis: Its Measurement and Modulation by Diet and Environment

Free radicals and other reactive oxygen or nitrogen species are constantly generated in vivo and can cause oxidative damage to DNA. This damage has been implicated to be important in many diseases, including cancer. The assessment of damage in various biological matrices, such as tissues, cells, and urine, is vital to understanding this role and subsequently devising intervention strategies. During the last 20 years, many analytical techniques have been developed to monitor oxidative DNA base damage. High-performance liquid chromatography-electrochemical detection and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry are the two pioneering contributions to the field. Currently, the arsenal of methods available include the promising high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry technique, capillary electrophoresis, 32P-postlabeling, antibody-base immunoassays, and assays involving the use of DNA repair glycosylases such as the comet assay. The objective of this review is to discuss the biological significance of oxidative DNA damage, evaluate the effectiveness of several techniques for measurement of oxidative DNA damage in various biological samples and review current research on factors (dietary and non-dietary) that influence DNA oxidative damage using these techniques.
Susceptibility of breast cancer cells to an oncolytic matrix (M) protein mutant of vesicular stomatitis virus

Matrix (M) protein mutants of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), such as rM51R-M virus, are attractive candidates as oncolytic viruses for tumor therapies because of their capacity to selectively target cancer cells. The effectiveness of rM51R-M virus as an antitumor agent for the treatment of breast cancer was assessed by determining the ability of rM51R-M virus to infect and kill breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Several human- and mouse-derived breast cancer cell lines were susceptible to infection and killing by rM51R-M virus. Importantly, non-tumorigenic cell lines from normal mammary tissues were also sensitive to VSV infection suggesting that oncogenic transformation does not alter the susceptibility of breast cancer cells to oncolytic VSV. In contrast to results obtained in vitro, rM51R-M virus was only partially effective at inducing regression of primary breast tumors in vivo. Furthermore, we were unable to induce complete regression of the primary and metastatic tumors when tumor-bearing mice were treated with a vector expressing interleukin (IL)-12 or a combination of rM51R-M virus and IL-12. Our results indicate that although breast cancer cells may be susceptible to VSV in vitro, more aggressive treatment combinations are required to effectively treat both local and metastatic breast cancers in vivo.
Tensile Properties of Textured Polyester Woven Fabrics: Theoretical Model for Plain Weave Fabric:

A force-geometric model is developed to predict the stress-strain relationship of textured polyester woven fabrics for small strains. The model is based on yarn param eters, fabric geometry, and force equilibrium principles. Strains due to removal of weave crimp, removal of textured yarn crimp, and extension of textured yam filaments are assumed to be in series and then summed to yield total predicted fabric strain as a function of stress. Only two strain components are considered: strain due to weave crimp removal and to textured yarn crimp removal. The analysis adopted by Johnson is used to derive the weave crimp component. Predicted stress-strain curves are com pared to experimental curves for eight different fabrics representing two levels of feed yarns and four levels of textured yarns; the fabrics are in the dyed state, having been woven and hot water bulked prior to jet dyeing. In this state, these textured woven fabrics have maximum stretch potential resulting from yarn crimp in the woven fabric a...
Motor neurons and oligodendrocytes arise from distinct cell lineages by progenitor recruitment

During spinal cord development, ventral neural progenitor cells that express the transcription factors Olig1 and Olig2, called pMN progenitors, produce motor neurons and then oligodendrocytes. Whether motor neurons and oligodendrocytes arise from common or distinct progenitors in vivo is not known. Using zebrafish, we found that motor neurons and oligodendrocytes are produced sequentially by distinct progenitors that have distinct origins. When olig2(+) cells were tracked during the peak period of motor neuron formation, most differentiated as motor neurons without further cell division. Using time-lapse imaging, we found that, as motor neurons differentiated, more dorsally positioned neuroepithelial progenitors descended to the pMN domain and initiated olig2 expression. Inhibition of Hedgehog signaling during motor neuron differentiation blocked the ventral movement of progenitors, the progressive initiation of olig2 expression, and oligodendrocyte formation. We therefore propose that the motor neuron-to-oligodendrocyte switch results from Hedgehog-mediated recruitment of glial-fated progenitors to the pMN domain subsequent to neurogenesis.
Cytokinin response factor 4 (CRF4) is induced by cold and involved in freezing tolerance

Cytokinin response factor 4 (CRF4) shows a short-term induction by cold (4 °C) that appears to play a role in non-acclimated freezing tolerance as seen in mutant and overexpression lines. Responses to abiotic stresses, such as cold stress, are critical to plant growth and optimal production. Examination of Arabidopsis cytokinin response factors (CRFs) showed transcriptional induction after exposure to cold (4 °C). In particular, CRF4 was strongly induced in both root and shoot tissues. As CRF4 is one of several CRFs not transcriptionally regulated by cytokinin, we further investigated its response to cold. Peak CRF4 induction occurred 6 h post cold exposure, after which expression was maintained at moderately elevated levels during extended cold and subsequent treatment recovery. Examination of CRF4 mutant and overexpression lines under standard (non-cold) conditions revealed little difference from WT. One exception was a small, but significant increase in primary root growth of overexpression plants (CRF4OX). Under cold conditions, the only phenotype observed was a reduction in the rate of germination of CRF4OX seeds. The pattern of CRF4 expression along with the lack of strong phenotype at 4 °C led us to hypothesize that cold induction of CRF4 could play a role in short-term cold acclimation leading to increased freeze tolerance. Examination of CRF4OX and crf4 plants exposed to freezing temperatures revealed mutants lacking expression of CRF4 were more sensitive to freezing, while CRF4OXs with increased levels CRF4 levels were more tolerant. Altered transcript expression of CBF and COR15a cold signaling pathway genes in crf4 mutant and overexpression lines suggest that CRF4 may be potentially connected to this pathway. Overall this indicates that CRF4 plays an important role in both cold response and freezing stress.
Religiously-Motivated Murder: Rodef and the Assassination of Yitzhak Rabin

The article discusses attempts by religiously-motivated assassins to justify their actions by arguing that they acted in defense of others. It starts with the assassination of Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin by Yigal Amir. Amir argued that, in killing Rabin, he acted in defense of Israeli Jews who were endangered by Rabin's actions in furtherance of the Middle East peace process. The article then examines Amir's place in the current debate over the Middle East peace process. While many were equally concerned with Rabin's policies, Amir separated himself by taking the step of killing the Prime Minister, which set him apart from even the extremists. Amir tried to justify his actions by claiming the rodef defense -- that is, by saying that Rabin was setting the nation on a course doomed to destroy Israeli Jews, and that it was Amir's duty to kill Rabin before more Jewish blood was shed. The article explores the roots of this defense in Judaism, then its current application in Israeli secular law. Turning back to the United States, the article then looks at the American counterpart, the defense of others justification. During this Part, the article compares the Jewish and Israeli approaches with various American legal sources -- the Model Penal Code, state statutes, and case law. This discussion closes with a comparison between Amir and those Americans who shoot doctors who perform abortions. Similar legal arguments are raised in their defense, and the article explains why these arguments do not and should not succeed.
Identity, interpretation, and the moral ecology of learning

Within hermeneutic theory, human identity has been conceptualized as a form of self-interpretation, situated within value-laden practices that offer moral points of reference and standards for cultural engagement. Central to the notion of identity, from this perspective, is a kind of practical-moral position-taking in which a person is an expression of what it means to be human within a particular moral space. This article extends this argument by showing the connection between self-interpretation and situated learning, suggesting that human learning is a type of moral becoming. To do so, the article will, first, offer a review of situated learning scholarship that has drawn a connection between learning and identity; second, show how the adequation of learning and identity is entailed within the broader hermeneutic claim that identity is a moral self-interpretation; and third, argue that learning is fundamentally a moral phenomenon. This argument raises possibilities regarding practical and conceptual is...
Taxonomic certification versus the scientific method

Over the last 30 years or so there has been an increasing need for organism identification services. This has been the positive result of increased habitat monitoring, particularly as regards water quality. Organism diversity and community structure are used as an overall meter stick of habitat health and functionality, in a method referred to as biomonitoring. To meet the organism identification need, private and government laboratories specializing in identification work have been developed, particularly in North America, Europe and Australia. I myself have worked in this industry and was employed in either government or private laboratories over the last 18 years. These laboratories primarily identify benthic aquatic invertebrates, periphyton, phytoplankton, zooplankton and fish (both freshwater and marine).
Treatment of symptomatic epidermolysis bullosa simplex with botulinum toxin in a pediatric patient

Botulinum toxin has been used to treat plantar blistering and pain in 7 epidermolysis bullosa simplex patients, including one child, with excellent but transient success (Table I). Most of these patients were treated with abobotulinumtoxinA, including the indexed pediatric patient. We recently investigated the use of onabotulinumtoxinA to treat epidermolysis bullosa simplex (EBS) symptoms in a pediatric patient, making this successful treatment unusual. Dose equivalence ranging from 2:1 to 4:1 abobotulinumtoxinA to onabotulinumtoxinA, respectively, has been suggested for the treatment of glabellar wrinkles and axillary hyperhidrosis, but further evidence is needed to determine the appropriate dose for management of EBS symptoms in both pediatric and adult patients.3 Additionally, the relative importance of the toxin's role in hyperhidrosis reduction and on local neurotransmitter release in neuropathic pathways deserves exploration. Table I Reported cases of EBS symptoms treated with botulinum toxin Case report A 6-year-old African-American boy with a history of EBS presented with painful blisters on the plantar aspect of both feet. The hyperhidrosis was fairly well controlled during the winter months with glycopyrrolate, 1 mg daily. However, he noted continued exacerbations of plantar blistering, hyperhidrosis, tenderness, and malodor with warmer temperatures. Given the recalcitrance to other interventions and after informed consent, the patient was administered 50 U of onabotulinumtoxinA in 4 mL preserved normal saline under general anesthesia in the operating room in January 2013. Injections were intradermal and placed 1.5 to 2 cm apart, 1 U per site on the weight-bearing areas of the plantar surface: sole, ball, and heel of each foot, excluding the arch. A second onabotulinumtoxinA treatment of 100 U, 2 U per site, was given 4 months after the first administration. The patient tolerated both procedures well without complication He experienced decreased pain, bullae, malodor, and less hyperhidrosis, first noted approximately 2 weeks after each treatment. The patient continued to have baseline pain along the plantar surface of his feet, especially with increased physical activity. However, overall pain was decreased, which was attributed to fewer and smaller bullae. The patient's symptoms were noted to recur approximately 3 months after each onabotulinumtoxinA injection. He received 2 further treatments using the same dosing regimen and denied any additional side effects. Of note, he is able to stay involved with sports activities, including football, in the summer and fall because of his improvement.
Teleconferencing, Concern for Face, and Organizational Culture

(1982). Teleconferencing, Concern for Face, and Organizational Culture. Annals of the International Communication Association: Vol. 6, Communication Yearbook 6, pp. 874-904.
Toward 4D Nanoprinting with Tip-Induced Organic Surface Reactions.

ConspectusFuture nanomanufacturing tools will prepare organic materials with complex four-dimensional (4D) structure, where the position (x, y, z) and chemical composition within a volume is controlled with sub-1 μm spatial resolution. Such tools could produce substrates that mimic biological interfaces, like the cell surface or the extracellular matrix, whose topology and chemical complexity combine to direct some of the most sophisticated biological events. The control of organic materials at the nanoscale-level of spatial resolution could revolutionize the assembly of next generation optical and electronic devices or substrates for tissue engineering or enable fundamental biological or material science investigations. Organic chemistry provides the requisite control over the orientation and position of matter within a nanoscale reference frame through the formation of new covalent bonds. Several challenges however preclude the integration of organic chemistry with conventional nanomanufacturing approac...
Vehicle-to-vehicle connectivity analysis for vehicular ad-hoc networks

Vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication in Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs) is of importance in the Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) in which vehicles enlisted with wireless devices can communicate with each other. Many applications can save peoples life or time on traffic such as accident alerts or congestion prediction, etc. However, network communication over VANETs is inheritedly unstable because of the high mobility of vehicles. In this paper, we analyze vehicle to vehicle wireless connectivity by using mathematic models. We consider the effect of headway distance, acceleration, association time (i.e. connection setup time), relative speed of vehicles, transmission range and message/data size in short range based V2V communications in the models. The numerical results in simulations validate the analysis.
Ideology, Partisanship, and Judicial Review of Acts of Congress, 1789-2006

Predominant empirical theories of judicial review indicate that the Supreme Court should be more likely to strike down legislation passed by its partisan and ideological opponents and uphold against constitutional challenge legislation passed by its allies. This article introduces an original dataset composed of all cases in which the Court substantively reviewed the constitutionality of federal statutes from 1789 through 2006 in order to provide a substantial test of these expectations across the full range of American history and across the full range of judicial review. The evidence suggests that ideologically distant legislation is more likely to be facially invalidated by the Court, but is no more likely to be struck down as applied in particular cases. The Court is more likely to strike down statutes as applied when they are being implemented by ideologically distant administrations, however. Laws adopted under conditions of divided government are much more likely to be upheld than are others that come under review by the Court. Although older statutes are more vulnerable to as-applied invalidations, they are less vulnerable to facial challenges than are more recent statutes. Contrary to common expectations, controlling for ideological factors, relatively unimportant statutes are not more vulnerable to judicial invalidation than important statutes and the presence of government lawyers arguing the case does not help preserve statutes against challenge.
Direct and indirect effects of climate on bird abundance along elevation gradients in the Northern Appalachian mountains

Aim: The stratification of organisms along elevational gradients is widely reported, with montane communities characterized by species occurring in relatively small and isolated populations; these species are of considerable interest to ecologists and conservationists. This stratification is generally attributed to climatic zonation. Evidence that species are shifting upward in elevation has fuelled speculation that species are tracking their climatic niches in response to climate change. Uncertainty regarding the degree to which climate directly influences species abundance versus the degree to which climate has an indirect influence via vegetation represents a key impediment to understanding the ecology of montane species; here, we evaluate these direct and indirect effects. Location: White Mountains, New Hampshire, USA. Methods: We used N‐mixture models to correct for imperfect detection of species, principal component analysis to represent gradients in vegetation structure and composition and structural equation models to assign variation to the direct and indirect effects of climate upon birds. Results: Analysis of 13 species revealed that climate exerts direct influences on bird abundance and indirect influences mediated by vegetation composition and structure. All species exhibited indirect effects of climate via forest habitat, with 77% exhibiting both direct and indirect effects and 53% exhibiting stronger indirect effects. Main conclusions: We provide insight into the mechanistic pathways of how climate influences the distribution of species along elevational gradients, underscoring the complex vulnerability of species to climate change. Our results reveal that the majority of species experience both direct and indirect effects of climate, implying that forests play a key role in mediating climate effects. For species that are primarily influenced by climate directly, typical climate envelope models may continue to be informative, but for the majority of the species included in this study, we show that distribution models should also include measures of habitat.
Physiological Calcium Concentrations Slow Dynamics at the Lipid-Water Interface.

Abstract Phospholipids can interact strongly with ions at physiological concentrations, and these interactions can alter membrane properties. Here, we describe the effects of calcium ions on the dynamics in phospholipid membranes. We used a combination of time-resolved ultrafast two-dimensional infrared spectroscopy and molecular dynamics simulations. We found that millimolar Ca 2+ concentrations lead to slower fluctuations in the local environment at the lipid-water interface of membranes with phosphatidylserine. The effect was only observed in bilayers containing anionic phosphatidylserine; membranes composed of only zwitterionic phosphatidylcholine did not experience a slowdown. Local water dynamics were measured using the ester groups as label-free probes and were found to be up to 50% slower with 2.5 mM Ca 2+ . Molecular dynamics simulations show that Ca 2+ primarily binds to the carboxylate group of phosphatidylserines. These findings have implications for apoptotic and diseased cells in which phosphatidylserine is exposed to extracellular calcium and for the biophysical effects of divalent cations on lipid bilayers.
Dual-channel ITO-microfluidic electrochemical immunosensor for simultaneous detection of two mycotoxins.

Abstract Due to the widely occurring co-contamination of mycotoxins in raw food materials, simultaneous monitoring of multiple mycotoxins is needed. Herein, we report the design and fabrication of an electrochemical immunosensor for simultaneous detection of two mycotoxins, fumonisin B1 (FB1) and deoxynivalenol (DON), in a single test. A dual-channel three-electrode electrochemical sensor pattern was etched on a transparent indium tin oxide (ITO)-coated glass via photolithography and was integrated with capillary-driven polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microfluidic channel. The two working electrodes were functionalized with gold nanoparticles and anti-FB1 and anti-DON antibodies. Tests were performed by incubating the working electrodes in a sample solution introduced in the PDMS channel. The formation of toxin-antibody immunocomplexes on the working electrode surface produced electrochemical signal responses, which were recorded and compared with control signal to quantify individual mycotoxin concentrations. Using this dual-channel ITO-microfluidic electrochemical immunosensor we achieved limits of detection (LODs) of 97 pg/mL and 35 pg/mL, respectively for FB1 and DON, and their corresponding linear ranges of detection were 0.3–140 ppb and 0.2–60 ppb. The sensor performance, which remained stable for two weeks under proper storage, was validated by testing with ground corn extract used as a real food matrix.
Magnetic Gold Nanoshells: Step-wise Changing of Magnetism through Step-wise Biofunctionalization.

We report stepwise changing of the magnetic behavior of iron oxide core−gold shell nanoparticles from superparamagnetic to permanent magnetism at room temperature upon stepwise biofunctionalization with luteinizing hormone and releasing hormone (LHRH) through a cysteamine linker. The observed permanent magnetism at room temperature in LHRH-capped gold nanoshells provides opportunities to extend fundamental investigations of permanent magnetism to other novel nanostructures and biofunctionalized nanogold architectures, simultaneously opening the way to newer applications, especially to those in biomedicine.
Medicine Meets Virtual Reality 2001. James D. Westwood, ed. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: IOS Press, 2001, 604 pp., $99.00. ISBN 1-58603-143-0.

This volume consists of the proceedings of a Conference of the same name held in January 2001 in Newport Beach, CA. The book begins with a preface by the editor that expounds nicely on the conference theme: Outer Space, Inner Space, Virtual Space. Next comes an essay by Richard Satava on what he calls the “Biointelligence Age”. He proposes that the Information Age is being replaced by a nascent age marked by …
Exploring the Disproportionate Use of Restraint and Seclusion Among Students with Disabilities, Boys, and Students of Color

To examine disproportionality in the use of restraint and seclusion for students with disabilities compared with their peers, for boys compared with girls, and for students of color, specifically Black and Hispanic students, compared with White students. We used the 2015–2016 Civil Rights Data Collection (CRDC), in which 21% (n = 19,700) of U.S. public schools reported using restraints or seclusions at least once during the 2015–2016 school year and 6% (n = 5485) of schools reported using restraints or seclusions at least 10 times. We used risk ratios (RR) and robust variance estimation (RVE) meta-regression analyses to estimate a covariate-adjusted mean RR to identify disproportionate use of restraints and seclusions. In schools with reported use of restraint or seclusion at least 10 times, students with disabilities were 200% more likely to be subject to restraint or seclusion relative to their peers; students attending elementary schools were more likely to receive restraint or seclusion than students attending secondary schools. Similarly, Black students were almost 200% more likely and Hispanic students were 45% more likely to experience a restraint or seclusion than their White counterparts. Prior research and results from this study indicate that subgroups of students—particularly students with disabilities, Black students, and Hispanic students—are disproportionately subject to the use of restraint and seclusion. Yet, research has found that restraints and seclusions are not effective interventions and should only be used as a last resort.