cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Real-time and full-field detection of near-wall salinity using surface plasmon resonance reflectance.

An idea of real-time and full-field detection of near-wall salinity is presented to use the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) reflectance that changes with refractive index variations of the tested saline fluid. The laboratory-designed SPR system, based on the Kretschmann's configuration, uses a 47.5 nm thick gold layer as the SPR resonator, coated on a BK7 prism (n = 1.515), and requires a one-time system calibration to establish a correlation of the specified saline mass concentration levels to the corresponding CCD (charge-coupled device) pixel gray levels. As a gravity-falling saline drop in water reaches the bottom and diffuses thereafter, the SPR system quantitatively maps the evolution of the salinity distributions in the near-wall region (less than 1 μm). An elaborate uncertainty analysis shows that the overall measurement uncertainties critically depend on the uniformity of the metal film thickness and the accuracy of its dielectric constant.
Polarization intermodulated excitation (POLINEX) spectroscopy of the CuI 578.2 nm transition

Abstract Doppler-free spectra of the 578.2 nm transition of CuI atoms in a hollow cathode discharge have been recorded using Polarization Intermodulated Excitation (POLINEX). The POLINEX spectra, which are free of Doppler-broadened back-ground despite velocity changing elastic collisions, are discussed and related to spectra recorded under the same experimental conditions with the older intermodulated fluorescence method.
Plasma exchange does not improve survival in a canine model of human septic shock

Whether plasma exchange would improve survival in antibiotic-treated canines with septic shock was investigated. Escherichia coli O86H8 (1.4 × 10(10)) was surgically implanted as an intraperitoneal clot in 18 two- year-old (10–12 kg) purpose-bred beagles. Beginning 4 hours after surgery, all animals received cefoxitin and gentamicin for 5 days. Three treatment groups were defined: 1) a no apheresis, or control group, (n = 6); 2) a sham apheresis group, whose whole blood plasma was removed, separated, and then transfused (n = 6); and 3) a plasma exchange group from whom blood and plasma were removed and separated, to whom the blood was returned, and in whom infected plasma was replaced with compatible fresh-frozen canine plasma (n = 6). For the sham apheresis and plasma exchange groups, a commercial blood cell processor was used to separate 1.5 blood volumes of plasma at 5 and 24 hours after surgery. Serial radionuclide left ventricular ejection fractions and femoral and pulmonary arterial catheter hemodynamics were measured simultaneously in awake animals. All six animals in the plasma exchange group died. In both the sham and control groups, only one of six animals survived. Survival times were ordered (median in hours) (control [372 h] > sham apheresis [48 h] > plasma exchange [24 h] [p sham apheresis > control; p < 0.03). Thus, plasma exchange in this controlled trial of septic shock was associated with decreased survival and worsened hemodynamics. When extrapolated to humans, these results suggest that plasma exchange would be unlikely to provide therapeutic benefit and might produce harmful effects in patients with septic shock.
Study of protein dynamics in solution by measurement of (13)C (α)- (13)CO NOE and (13)CO longitudinal relaxation.

13Cα-13CO homonuclear NOE and 13CO T1 relaxation were measured for a 20 kDa protein using tripleresonance pulse sequences. The experiments were sufficiently sensitive to obtain statistically significant differences in relaxation parameters over the molecule. The 13Cα-13CO cross-relaxation rate, obtained from these data, is directly proportional to an order parameter describing local motion and it is largely independent of the local correlation time. It is therefore a relatively straightforward observable for the identification of local dynamics.
Harmonic modeling of three-phase neutral-point inverters

The paper derives a closed-form analytical approximation of the output currents harmonic spectra for the three-phase neutral-point inverters under the action of hysteresis current control. The model is an extension of the recently developed model for single-phase two-level hysteresis inverters. The model derives the instantaneous frequency of the inverter and then uses it to approximate the error currents by frequency-modulated sinusoids. The spectra of the error currents are simply the Fourier transforms of the signals' complex envelopes and are expressed in terms of Bessel functions of the first kind. The final expressions of the harmonic spectra are expressed in a suitable form for numerical calculations. MATLAB\Simulink© studies are presented to validate the proposed model.
1999 AMERICAN UROLOGICAL ASSOCIATION GALLUP SURVEY: CHANGES IN PHYSICIAN PRACTICE PATTERNS, TREATMENT OF INCONTINENCE AND BLADDER CANCER, AND IMPACT OF MANAGED CARE

Purpose: The Health Policy Survey and Research Committee of the American Urological Association and the Gallup Organization have performed a yearly survey of American urologists since 1992 to assess practice patterns. The results of the 1999 survey are presented.Materials and Methods: A random sample of 503 urologists was interviewed in February and March 1999. Major content areas were physician practice patterns, the impact of managed care, and the treatment of pediatric patients, prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia, female incontinence and bladder cancer.Results: The average urologist is 46.8 years old, certified by the American Board of Urology, sees 78 patients and performs 3.1 major surgical procedures weekly, refers moderate and complex pediatric procedures to specialists, and receives 40.6% of practice income from managed care.Conclusions: In an era when large group practices seem to be the norm remarkably 32% of urologists remain in solo practice. There has been a shift in where urolo...
Structure of a conserved RNA component of the peptidyl transferase centre

The structure of a conserved hairpin loop involved in peptidyl-tRNA recognition by 50S ribosomal subunits has been solved by NMR. The loop is closed by a novel G-C base pair and presents guanine residues for RNA recognition.
On nonuniform Euler–Bernoulli and Timoshenko beams with jump discontinuities: application of distribution theory

In this article, bending of nonuniform Euler–Bernoulli and Timoshenko beams with jump discontinuities in the slope, deflection and mechanical properties are studied. The governing equations are obtained in the space of generalized functions, and the expression of its governing differential equations in terms of a single displacement function and a single rotation function is shown always to be possible. In contrast, for a nonuniform Euler–Bernoulli beam with jump discontinuities in slope and deflection and abrupt changes in flexural stiffness, the governing equation can be written in terms of a single displacement function only under certain conditions. It is observed that for most discontinuous nonuniform Euler–Bernoulli beams we cannot write the governing differential equation in terms of a single displacement function: usually, if there are n discontinuity points on a nonuniform Euler–Bernoulli beam, n+1 displacement functions appear in the governing equilibrium equation.
A relaxed vacancy model for diffusion in crystalline metals

Abstract A mechanism for diffusion in solid metals is proposed in which the rate-limiting atom movements occur within small regions of disorder in the crystal. The disordered regions consist, on the average, of 12 to 14 atoms which have relaxed inward around a lattice vacancy, and have an energy content about the same as the equivalent number of atoms in the liquid state.
Data Acquisition for Specimen-Specific Computational Models

Advances in medical imaging techniques and computing power have allowed for the creation of sophisticated joint models that include anatomical soft tissue geometries. However the models still require experimental data of the joint’s mechanical response in order to validate the model and accurately predict joint biomechanics. Experimental methods to acquire data of the joint’s mechanical response have a long history in biomechanics [1], but it has been found that the validation of models [2] based on previously collected experimental data has been difficult because of the large inter-specimen variability. A shift, therefore, has taken place emphasizing the development of specimen specific models. Our aim was to develop a method by which the mechanical response of the knee could be measured and used as input and validation data for a specimen specific computational model.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
HIV/AIDS in Older Women: Unique Challenges, Unmet Needs

As persons living with HIV/AIDS live longer, both the prevalence and incidence of HIV infection in older women is expected to increase, and this review presents a model and review of the extant literature on older women with HIV/AIDS in the United States. Older women are rarely addressed in the discourse about HIV risk and prevention, and their concerns are often missed by risk-reduction programs that typically target men and younger adults. Societal biases around aging can compound factors such as stigma and disclosure for older women. Primary care providers are often not recommending routine HIV testing to older women, or addressing the impact of age-related physiological changes on risk and sexual health. Many older women may be starting new relationships, so it is important that providers understand the relational variables specific to this group of women. Empirical research focused on the needs of older women, and recognition of the diverse composition and needs of this group, are needed to inform prevention, intervention, and best practices with this population of women.
In-situ visualization and computational steering for large-scale simulation of turbulent flows in complex geometries

Large-scale simulations conducted on supercomputers such as leadership-class computing facilities allow researchers to simulate and study complex problems with high fidelity, and thus have become indispensable in diverse areas of science and engineering. These high-fidelity simulations generate vast amount of data which is becoming more and more difficult to transform into knowledge using traditional visual analysis approaches. For instance, there are tremendous challenges in analyzing big data produced by high-fidelity simulations in order to gain meaningful insight into complex phenomena such as turbulent two-phase flows. The traditional workflow, which consists in conducting simulations on supercomputers and recording enormous raw simulation data to disk for further post-processing and visualization, is no longer a viable approach due to prohibitive cost of disk access and considerable amount of time spent on data transfer. Visual Analytics approaches for big data have to be researched and employed to address the problem of knowledge discovery from such large-scale simulations. One approach to tackle this issue is to couple a numerical simulation with in-situ visualization so that the post-processing and visualization occurs while the simulation is running. This in-situ approach minimizes data storage by extracting and visualizing important features of the data directly within the simulation without saving the raw data to disk. In addition, in-situ visualization allows users to steer the simulation by adjusting input parameters while the simulation is ongoing. In this paper, we present our approach for in-situ visualization of simulation data generated by massively parallel finite-element computational fluid dynamics solver (PHASTA) instrumented and linked with ParaView Catalyst. We demonstrate our in-situ visualization and simulation steering capability with a fully resolved turbulent flow through 2×2 reactor subchannel complex geometry. In addition, we present results from our in-situ visualization for turbulent flow simulations conducted on the supercomputers Cray XK7 “Titan” at Oak Ridge National Laboratory and IBM BlueGene/Q “Mira” at Argonne National Laboratory up to 32,768 cores and examine the overhead of in-situ visualization and its effect on code performance.
Pyryliumsalze als Zwischenstufen bei der Umwandlung von NH2-Gruppen in andere funktionelle Gruppen

Das erste Pyryliumsalz wurde vor etwa 80 Jahren isoliert. In den letzten dreisig Jahren ist die Zahl der Veroffentlichungen erstaunlich stark gestiegen: Man hatte die Bedeutung der Pyryliumsalze als Zwischenstufen erkannt. Sie lassen sich nach vielen Methoden herstellen und sind gegenuber Nucleophilen sehr reaktiv. Wir haben hochsubstituierte Pyryliumsalze fur den zweistufigen Austausch der Aminogruppe in Alkylaminen RNH2 gegen zahlreiche andere Gruppen verwendet. Im ersten Schritt werden die Pyryliumsalze mit den Aminen zu N-substituierten Pyridiniumsalzen umgesetzt, die im zweiten Schritt mit Nu⊖ die gewunschten Produkte RNu bilden. In einigen Fallen wird auch der Rest R verandert, z. B. durch Eliminierung. Die Reaktionen haben zu interessanten Einblicken in den Mechanismus der nucleophilen Substitution gefuhrt und Alkylamine zu wichtigen Zwischenstufen fur Synthesen werden lassen. Die Methode erganzt somit die Diazotierung von Arylaminen.
Catalytic and immunochemical properties of hepatic cytochrome P450 1A in three avian species treated with β-naphthoflavone or isosafrole

Abstract Induction of cytochrome P450 1A (CYP1A) can be used as a biomarker of exposure to planar halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons (PHAHs). Our objective was to characterize the induction of CYP1A activity and protein in three avian species following in vivo treatment with β-naphthoflavone (BNF) and/or isosafrole. Alkoxyresorufin- O -dealkylase (alk-ROD) activities of hepatic microsomes from Herring Gulls ( Larus argentatus ) (HGs), Double-crested Cormorants ( Phalacrocorax auritus ) (DCCs) and chickens ( Gallus domesticus ) were measured using ethoxy-, methoxy-, pentoxy- and benzyloxy-resorufin, in the presence and absence of the inhibitors ellipticine or furafylline. Immunoreactivity of microsomal proteins with antibodies to several CYP1A proteins was investigated. CYP1A protein and alk-ROD activities of HGs and DCCs, but not chickens, were induced by isosafrole. Ellipticine was a potent and non-selective inhibitor of alk-ROD activity in all three species, while furafylline inhibition of alk-ROD activities varied among species and treatments. In all three species, BNF induced a protein immunoreactive with monoclonal antibody to CYP1A1 from the marine fish Stenotomus chrysops (scup), but a CYP1A2-like protein was not detected in avian microsomes probed with polyclonal antibodies to mouse CYP1A2. Variations in responses among avian species indicate that CYP1A proteins and substrate specificities should be characterized for each species used in PHAH biomonitoring programs.
Structural Basis for Recognition of Diubiquitins by NEMO

NEMO is the regulatory subunit of the IkappaB kinase (IKK) in NF-kappaB activation, and its CC2-LZ region interacts with Lys63 (K63)-linked polyubiquitin to recruit IKK to receptor signaling complexes. In vitro, CC2-LZ also interacts with tandem diubiquitin. Here we report the crystal structure of CC2-LZ with two dimeric coiled coils representing CC2 and LZ, respectively. Surprisingly, mutagenesis and nuclear magnetic resonance experiments reveal that the binding sites for diubiquitins at LZ are composites of both chains and that each ubiquitin in diubiquitins interacts with symmetrical NEMO asymmetrically. For tandem diubiquitin, the first ubiquitin uses the conserved hydrophobic patch and the C-terminal tail, while the second ubiquitin uses an adjacent surface patch. For K63-linked diubiquitin, the proximal ubiquitin uses its conserved hydrophobic patch, while the distal ubiquitin mostly employs the C-terminal arm including the K63 linkage residue. These studies uncover the energetics and geometry for mutual recognition of NEMO and diubiquitins.
Negative Acceleration and Adaptive Automation Approaches to Counter the Effect of Acceleration Induced Loss of Consciousness

Gravity-induced loss of consciousness (GLOC) is a major human factors problem facing fighter pilots today. A recent study by Tripp et al. (2006) reported that the GLOC episode consists of 24 sec of...
The disturbing student and the judicial process

In the context of a larger system such as the Assessment-Intervention of Student Problems model, the judicial process can respond to the disturbing student in a manner that is constructive for the student as well as for the institution.
Concentric spatial maps for neural network based navigation

A model for navigation based on artificial neural networks is proposed and tested for the task of planning and reaching a goal location in a continuous, dynamic environment. The model is based on the concept of concentric spatial maps, which is a cognitive representation of the surrounding environment in the central nervous system. With the construction and maintenance of these cognitive maps by a specialized neural network architecture, initial results demonstrate the system's ability to reach the goal by continuously fusing sensory inputs from the environment with the cognitive maps in memory to dynamically plan a path to the goal.
Rehabilitation of a child with a spinal cord injury

The incidence and sex distribution of spinal cord injury (SCI) changes with age. Motor vehicle accidents, bicycle accidents, sports accidents, and violence are major causes in the pediatric population. Pulmonary complications may be severe and life-threatening in the acute phase. Chronically, the degree of ventilatory support needed depends on the level of the injury, with high cervical injuries typically requiring life-long ventilatory support. Deep venous thrombosis, autonomic dysreflexia, hypercalcemia, heterotopic ossification, spasticity, neurogenic bowel and bladder, scoliosis, and pain all may be secondary to SCI. Numerous orthotic aids are available for rehabilitation. An integrated rehabilitation program may also include spasticity management, a bowel and bladder program, and other features geared to the individual patient.
Platinum CCC-NHC benzimidazolyl pincer complexes: synthesis, characterization, photostability, and theoretical investigation of a blue-green emitter

The recently reported metallation/transmetallation route for the synthesis of CCC-bis(NHC) pincer ligand architectures was extended to 1,3-bis(3′-(trimethylsilylmethyl)-benzimidizol-1′-yl)benzene. The precursor was metallated with Zr(NMe2)4 and transmetallated to Pt using [Pt(COD)Cl2]. This Pt complex was found to resist photobleaching under UV irradiation in ambient conditions. Density functional theory (DFT) computations were used to generate the emission spectrum of the complex and reveal that this spectrum is the result of a transition from the triplet excited state (T1) to the ground state (S0). The Pt complex's molecular structure was determined by X-ray crystallography. The UV-vis absorption and emission spectra in solution and the solid-state emission spectra are reported. The solid-state photostability data and the radiative lifetime is also reported.
On the extraction of spread-spectrum hidden data in digital media

This paper considers the problem of blindly extracting data embedded over a wide band in a spectrum (transform) domain of a digital medium (image, audio, video). We first develop a multi-signature iterative generalized least-squares (M-IGLS) core procedure to seek unknown data hidden in hosts via multi-signature direct-sequence spread-spectrum embedding. Neither the original host nor the embedding signatures are assumed available. Then, cross-correlation enhanced M-IGLS (CC-M-IGLS), a procedure described herein in detail that is based on statistical analysis of repeated independent M-IGLS processing of the host, is seen to offer most effective hidden message recovery. Experimental studies on images show that the proposed CC-M-IGLS algorithm can achieve recovery probability of error close to what may be attained with known embedding signatures and host autocorrelation matrix.
Regulation of motility by the ExpR/Sin quorum-sensing system in Sinorhizobium meliloti

A successful symbiotic relationship between Sinorhizobium meliloti and its host Medicago sativa (alfalfa) depends on several signaling mechanisms, such as the biosynthesis of exopolysaccharides (EPS) by S. meliloti. Previous work in our laboratory has shown that a quorum-sensing mechanism controls the production of the symbiotically active EPS II. Recent microarray analysis of the whole-genome expression profile of S. meliloti reveals that the ExpR/Sin quorum-sensing system regulates additional physiological processes that include low-molecular-weight succinoglycan production, nitrogen utilization, metal transport, motility, and chemotaxis. Nearly half of the flagellar genes and their dependence on quorum sensing are prominently displayed in our microarray analyses. We extend those observations in this work and confirm the findings by real-time PCR expression analysis of selected genes, including the flaF, flbT, flaC, cheY1, and flgB genes, involved in motility and chemotaxis. These genes code for regulators of flagellum synthesis, the chemotactic response, or parts of the flagellar apparatus. Gene expression analyses and visualization of flagella by electron microscopy performed at different points in the growth phase support our proposed model in which quorum sensing downregulates motility in S. meliloti. We demonstrate that the ExpR/Sin quorum-sensing system controls motility gene expression through the VisN/VisR/Rem relay. We also show that the ExoS-dependent two-component system suppresses motility gene expression through VisN and Rem in parallel to quorum sensing. This study contributes to our understanding of the mechanisms that govern motility in S. meliloti.
Two Concepts or Two Approaches? A Bifactor Analysis of Psychological and Subjective Well-Being

Researchers often debate about whether there is a meaningful differentiation between psychological well-being and subjective well-being. One view argues that psychological and subjective well-being are distinct dimensions, whereas another view proposes that they are different perspectives on the same general construct and thus are more similar than different. The purpose of this investigation was to examine these two competing views by using a statistical approach, the bifactor model, that allows for an examination of the common variance shared by the two types of well-being and the unique variance specific to each. In one college sample and one nationally representative sample, the bifactor model revealed a strong general factor, which captures the common ground shared by the measures of psychological well-being and subjective well-being. The bifactor model also revealed four specific factors of psychological well-being and three specific factors of subjective well-being, after partialling out the general well-being factor. We further examined the relations of the specific factors of psychological and subjective well-being to external measures. The specific factors demonstrated incremental predictive power, independent of the general well-being factor. These results suggest that psychological well-being and subjective well-being are strongly related at the general construct level, but their individual components are distinct once their overlap with the general construct of well-being is partialled out. The findings thus indicate that both perspectives have merit, depending on the level of analysis.
Studies on Auxin Protectors: IX. Inactivation of Certain Protectors by Polyphenol Oxidase

Protector-II (Pr-II) of the Japanese morning glory (Pharbitis nil Choisy) was inactivated by exposure to polyphenol oxidase. An unidentified protector in the same molecular weight range obtained from sunflower was also inactivated by this enzyme. Earlier speculations that protectors might be lipoprotein in nature were negated by the fact that neither lipase nor protease inactivated the protectors. The protectors were also not inactivated by incubating with alpha-amylase, DNase, or RNase. Catechol mimics Pr and is inactivated by polyphenol oxidase. The oxidation of catechol to o-quinone is accompanied by a loss of chromophores that absorb ultraviolet light and the appearance of a reddish brown color. Similarly, when the relatively low molecular weight auxin protectors (Pr-II class) were incubated with polyphenol oxidase, their oxidation was also frequently associated with the formation of brown color, and oxidation with H(2)O(2) caused a loss of ultraviolet-absorbing chromophores. The data indicate that auxin protectors contain o-dihydroxyphenolic groups at their active site.That o-dihydroxyphenols inhibit indoleacetic acid oxidation has been demonstrated by numerous workers. It is suggested that the high molecular weight auxin protectors and the phenolic compounds described by other authors comprise part of a metabolic system concerned with the regulation of peroxidase-catalyzed redox reactions.
A systematic design process for internal model average consensus estimators

In the dynamic average consensus problem, agents in a communication network use information from their immediate neighbors to track the average of the group's time-varying inputs. Estimators based on the internal model principle solve this decentralized averaging problem with zero steady-state tracking error while providing robustness to network topology changes, agent failures, and communication faults. We develop a systematic process for designing these estimators. By formulating estimator synthesis as a robust control problem, we decouple the design process from specific networks. This formulation allows us to use an existing robust pole placement method to design estimators that meet performance specifications for a set of networks.
The relative utilization of the acyl dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glycerol phosphate pathways for synthesis of glycerolipids in various tumors and normal tissues.

Abstract Rates of phosphatidate synthesis from dihydroxyacetone phosphate via acyl dihydroxyacetone phosphate or glycerol phosphate are compared in homogenates of 13 tissues, most of which are deficient in glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.8). In all tissues examined, dihydroxyacetone phosphate entered phosphatidate more rapidly via acyl dihydroxyacetone phosphate than via glycerol phosphate. Tissues with a relatively low rate of phosphatidate synthesis via glycerol phosphate, showed no compensating increase in the rate of synthesis via acyl dihydroxyacetone phosphate. The rates at which tissue homogenates synthesize phosphatidate from dihydroxyacetone phosphate via glycerol phosphate increase as glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase increases. Both glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase and glycerol phosphate: acyl CoA acyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.15) are more active than dihydroxyacetone phosphate: acyl CoA acyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.42). Thus, all the tissue homogenates possessed an apparently greater capability to synthesize phosphatidate via glycerol phosphate than via acyl dihydroxyacetone phosphate, but did not express this potential. This result is discussed in relation to in vivo substrate limitations.
Cosmology, Anomaly, and Paradigm Shift in the Classroom

Most students step into our classrooms completely innocent of the notion of consciousness, consciousness studies, or the possibility of altering states of consciousness. Our task is to build our courses to meet these students needs at the undergraduate level, and to bring them slowly—and with care—into the realm of consciousness studies. Protection of human subjects surely extends to our students in the classroom and not just to natives of some distant or proverbial "bush.” There are, however, innumerable ways of doing just this—consciousness studies with attention to the wide range of student experience—in any of our courses and at any level of instruction, and with awareness that perhaps the most interesting study of consciousness takes place through the alchemy of teaching—right there in the midst of our own classroom.
Carbon-13 NMR studies of quinolines and isoquinolines. II. Chlorine–nitrogen interactions and N-oxide effects

Carbon-13 chemical shift assignments are reported for four chloroquinolines, six chloroisoquinolines, one dichloroquinoline, four dichloroisoquinolines, four methylchloroquinolines, two methylchloroisoquinolines, quinoline N-oxide, isoquinoline N-oxide, five methylquinoline N-oxides, two methylisoquinoline N-oxides and three chloroisoquinoline N-oxides. Chlorine substituent chemical shift (SCS) effects are reported for the alpha, ortho, meta, para and peri positions. Consistent patterns are observed for the para and peri positions, a vinylogous ortho pattern is reported and the additivity of these SCS effects is demonstrated. Alpha SCS effects vary widely from 1.1 ppm upfield in 1-chloroisoquinoline to 6.7 ppm downfield in 4-chloroquinoline. These results, together with those in the literature, permit the definition of steric and nitrogen lone-pair contributions which modify the ‘normal’ chlorine SCS effect, and these modifying contributions are shown to be roughly additive. Large (6–16 ppm) upfield shifts are observed for the carbons ortho and para to the N-oxide group. The individual magnitudes of these shifts and their sum are constant and the effects are additive in substituted systems. A 9.5 ppm upfield shift is also observed for C-8 in quinoline N-oxides which is attributed to a space–charge interaction. Substituent chemical shift (SCS) effects for the chloro and methyl groups and the chemical shifts of the methyl carbons are essentially the same in the N-oxides as in the parent heterocycles and are additive, except for those molecules where the substituent is adjacent to the N-oxide moiety, in which cases substantial interactions are observed.
Organizational conditions of teacher learning

Abstract This research examined teachers' perceptions of the school organizational conditions that provide the greatest opportunities for professional development. Surveying 1,213 teachers in 78 elementary schools, we constructed scales measuring 10 workplace conditions. Path analysis revealed that 67% of the variance in teachers' perceptions of their skill acquisition was explained by the extent of the principals' collegiality, the recruitment and socialization of new entrants, principals' evaluation practices, instructional coordination and goal setting within the school, school-level management of student behavior, and teachers' collaboration with colleagues. Neither school SES nor school size significantly influenced teachers' learning opportunities.
76% efficient cryogenically-cooled eyesafe diode laser for resonant pumping of Er-doped gain media

There is great interest in the development of high-power, high-efficiency InP-based broad area pump diode lasers operating in the 14xx-15xx nm band to be used for resonant-pumping of Er-doped solid state lasers. Cryogenic cooling of diode lasers can provide great benefit to performance, arising from the dramatic reduction in the threshold current and the increase in the diode’s slope efficiency. These improvements are attributed to reduction in the non-radiative losses and leakage current associated with thermionic emission of carriers from the quantum well. This is, however, at the expense of a large increase in the diode voltage, limiting the power conversion efficiency at cryogenic temperatures. In this work, we report on the development of high-power, high-efficiency diode lasers and stacked arrays operating at 15xx-nm, which are specifically designed and optimized for operation at cryogenic temperatures. We show that the diode voltage defects under cryogenic operation can be greatly reduced through reducing the energy band offsets at the hetero-interface, and through material change to reduce the dopant ionization energy, effectively mitigating carrier freeze-out at low temperatures. Optical cavity designs and band engineering optimization are also explored for low intrinsic optical loss and low carrier leakage. A peak power conversion efficiency of >74% was demonstrated at a temperature of ~100K in a 15xx-nm single emitter. Record high peak conversion efficiency of 71% and peak power of > 500 W were also demonstrated in a stacked array, under QCW pulses of 1 ms and 10 Hz.
Thermodynamic Hall impedance for two-dimensional models

The Kubo current correlations between the longitudinal and transverse parts of the electronic currents are shown to be described by a previously discussed thermodynamic Hall impedance.
TH-C-201C-03: Tumor Segmentation in CT Images Using Globally Optimal Single Surface Detection

Introduction The problem of accurate and reproducible tumor definition is essential for radiation therapy in treatment planning as well as for volumetric assessment of tumor response to therapy. To improve the quality and reproducibility of the tumor definition as well as to accelerate the workflow of the oncologist and radiologist novel automated segmentation tools are needed. Nodule and lesion segmentation remain challenging and are not yet solved satisfactorily. Method and Material Our tumor segmentation algorithm is based on a single surface detection algorithm using regional properties. To use this method for tumor segmentation we created a framework which requires a small amount of user input that is then followed by an ellipsoidal transform on the data. The framework then uses the single surface detection method optimizing the intra‐class variance. The surface detection method utilizes the techniques of shape probing graph search and parametric maximum‐flow. Our algorithm was tested for the segmentation of livertumors from 15 CTimagedata sets and lungtumors from 18 CTimagedata sets.Surface positioning error and volume measures compared with expert‐traced results were computed. Results Our segmentation method demonstrated low surface positioning errors and robust performance compared with the expert‐traced results. The average signed and unsigned positioning errors for liver lesions were −0.07±0.31 and 0.77±0.16 voxels. For lungtumors the average signed and unsigned positioning errors were −0.03±0.10 and 0.78±0.13 voxels. Volume measures also showed accurate and robust correlation with expert‐traced results with 90% of acceptable percentage in terms of volume overlap. Conclusion We have implemented a novel single surface detection method that minimizes the intra‐class variance and provided a framework for tumor segmentation. Experiments on liver lesions and lungtumors show good applicability with sub‐voxel accuracy achieved for both cases.
Linear Programming-Based Optimization for Robust Data Modeling in a Distributed Sensing Platform

Creating accurate data models describing the dynamics of physical phenomena in time and space is important in optimized control and decision making. Models highlight various trends and patterns. However, producing accurate models is challenging as different errors are introduced by sampling platforms with limited resources, e.g., insufficient sampling rates, data loss due to buffer overwriting, reduced communication bandwidth, and long communication delays. Furthermore, the dynamics of the environment, like mobile energy sources and sinks, might further increase errors as resources must be shared between the sampling and communication activities. This paper presents a procedure to systematically construct robust data models using samples acquired through a grid network of embedded sensing devices with limited resources, like bandwidth and buffer memory. Models are in the form of ordinary differential equations. The procedure constructs local data models by lumping state variables. Local models are then collected centrally to produce global models. The proposed modeling scheme uses a linear programming formulation to compute the lumping level at each node, and the parameters of the networked sensing platform, i.e., best data communication paths and bandwidths. Two algorithms are described to predict the trajectories of mobile energy sources/sinks as predictions can further reduce data loss and delays during communication. The computed parameters and trajectory predictions are used to configure the local decision making routines of the networked sampling nodes. Even though the procedure can be used to model a broader set of phenomena, experiments discuss the effectiveness of the method for thermal modeling of ULTRASPARC Niagara T1 architecture. Experiments show that the presented method reduces the overall error between 58.29% and 76.91% with an average of 68.87%, and communication delay between -11.49% and 57.62% with an average of 21.85%.
The Devonian land plant Protosalvinia

Gray, Jane&Boucot, ArthurJ. 197901 15: The Devonian land plant Protosalvinia. Lethaia. Vol. 12, pp. 57–63. Oslo. ISSN 0024–1164. Protosalvinia (=Foerstia) shows a number of morphological features which suggest that it was a land plant, possibly an emergent aquatic. Certain kinds of biochemical data, as presently interpreted, also support the morphological evidence. The weight of evidence supports neither a fucoid nor even an algal attribution for this enigmatic plant. Protosalvinia should be treated as the representative of a separate group of land plants, as previously advocated. Tracheid-like tubes with internal spiral thickenings appear on the basis of direct comparison to be morphologically identical to those of nematophytalean origin. They may have functioned in a capacity similar to the tracheids of vascular plants. The Nematophytales are non-marine plants of uncertain taxonomic position.
Postoperative adhesion development after operative laparoscopy: Evaluation at early second-look procedures

Postoperative adhesion development after operative laparoscopy: Evaluation at early second-look procedures Diamond MP; Daniel1 JF; Johns DA; Everett R; Hill GA; Reich H; Martin DC; Maxson WS; Hoffman DI; Feste J Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06510-8063. USA FERTIL STERIL 1991 5514 (700-705) To assess the issue of the frequency and severity of adhesion reformation and de novo adhesion formation after operative laparoscopy, this multicenter collaborative report of early second-look procedures after operative laparoscopy was initiated. Sixty-eight subjects underwent operative laparoscopic procedures including adhesiolysis, followed by a second operative procedure within 90 days. The total mean adhesion score decreased from 11.4 f 0.7 at the initial operative procedure to 5.5 f 0.4 at the second-look procedure, a decrease of 52%. At the time of the second-look procedure, 66 of 68 women (97.1%) had pelvic adhesions. Adhesion reformation occurred in 66 of 68 women and at 230 of 351 sites (66%) at which adhesions were lysed. Despite this high incidence of adhesion reformation, de novo adhesion formation after operative laparoscopy occurred in only 8 of 68 women (12%) and at 11 of 47 available sites in these 8 women. We conclude that adhesion reformation is a frequent occurrence after operative laparoscopy; however de novo adhesion formation appears to occur much less frequently.
BUBBLE MOTION IN A THREE-PHASE LIQUID FLUIDIZED BED

Abstract This paper presents results for the rise velocities of air bubbles in liquids and liquid-solid fluidized beds. The bubble sizes ranged from approximately 0.03 to 0.45 cm radius. Tap water and distilled water were used as the fluidizing liquids. The solid phase consisted of low density alginate gel beads of mean radius 0.04 cm. The gel beads were translucent which permitted observation of bubbles inside the bed even at large solids volume fractions. Experiments were conducted for solids volume fractions ranging from 15% to 52% and in clear liquids. The goal of the experiments was to determine rise velocities of bubbles and to develop and evaluate correlations of bubble rise velocity based on bubble size, solids volume fraction and liquid properties. It was determined that, for moderate solids fractions (ranging from 28% to 45% solids), a semi-empirical correlation that treated the fluidized bed as a pure liquid with a higher viscosity than the liquid phase could be used to represent the data. The ...
Programming Language for Severely Retarded Children

This article describes methods of language programming for profoundly mentally retarded children that are based on linguistic principles. Examples of program contents are drawn from research report...
A Novel Micromachining Process Using DRIE, Thermal Oxidation, Electroplating, and Planarization to Create High Aspect Ratio Coplanar Waveguides

A micromachining process has been developed to create high aspect ratio coplanar waveguides (HARCs). The process creates tall Si mesas using deep reactive-ion etching and converts them into solid SiO2 mesas using thermal oxidation. Tall Au conductors are deposited using electroplating and planarized using lapping and chemical-mechanical planarization. The solid SiO2 mesas form the dielectric gap between the tall Au conductors, resulting in HARCs with a planar surface. The tall conductor sidewalls created from the high aspect ratio process reduce the transmission line resistance, which allows the lines to have lower loss at low impedances compared to conventional transmission lines. Transmission lines with characteristic impedances of 16-21 ? have been fabricated on high-resistivity Si. Transmission line characteristics were measured from 1 to 50 GHz and showed an attenuation of 1.0-1.4 dB/cm at 10 GHz. Measurements were compared to HFSS simulations and showed reasonable agreement over the frequency range.
RNase H cleavage of RNA hybridized to oligonucleotides containing methylphosphonate, phosphorothioate and phosphodiester bonds

Three types of 14-mer oligonucleotides were hybridized to human beta-globin pre-mRNA and the resultant duplexes were tested for susceptibility to cleavage by RNase H from E. coli or from HeLa cell nuclear extract. The oligonucleotides contained normal deoxynucleotides, phosphorothioate analogs alternating with normal deoxynucleotides, or one to six methylphosphonate deoxynucleosides. Duplexes formed with deoxyoligonucleotides or phosphorothioate analogs were susceptible to cleavage by RNase H from both sources, whereas a duplex formed with an oligonucleotide containing six methylphosphonate deoxynucleosides alternating with normal deoxynucleotides was resistant. Susceptibility to cleavage by RNase H increased parallel to a reduction in the number of methylphosphonate residues in the oligonucleotide. Stability of the oligonucleotides in the nuclear extract from HeLa cells was also tested. Whereas deoxyoligonucleotides were rapidly degraded, oligonucleotides containing alternating methylphosphonate residues remained unchanged after 70 minutes of incubation. Other oligonucleotides exhibited intermediate stability.
Fast and Efficient Strategies for Cubic and Non-Cubic Allocation in Hypercube Multiprocessors

A new approach for dynamic processor allo cation in hypercube multiprocessors which sup ports a multi-user environment is proposed. A dynamic binary tree is used for processor allo cation along with an array of free lists. Two al gorithms are proposed based on this approach that are capable of handling cubic as well as non-cubic allocation efficiently. The time com plexities for both allocation and deallocation are shown to be polynomial; orders of mag nitude improvement over the existing expo nential and even super-exponential algorithms. Unlike the existing strategies, the proposed strategies are best-fit strategies and do not ex cessively fragment the hypercube. Simulation results indicate that the proposed strategies outperform the existing ones in terms of pa rameters such as average delay in honoring a request, average allocation time and average deallocation time.
Syndepositional Deformation in a High-Relief Carbonate Platform and Its Effect on Early Fluid Flow as Revealed by Dolomite Patterns

Abstract Syndepositional fractures are common in Upper Permian strata of Dark Canyon, Guadalupe Mountains, New Mexico, USA, and are typically oriented parallel to the platform-margin trend with subvertical traces. Fracture apertures range from millimeter- to meter-scale with sediment, microbialite, breccia, and cement infill. Syndepositional normal faults are less frequent, and commonly are filled with fault-breccia and flanked by damage zones. Syndepositional fault offsets range from tens of centimeters up to 18 meters. In some instances, fault offsets were large enough to alter sedimentation patterns and stratal architecture of the Tansill shelf in the form of growth monoclines or small-scale grabens. Evidence for flow of dolomitizing fluids along syndepositional deformation features consists of narrow (centimeter- to meter-scale) dolomite halos along the fractures and faults, and dolomite bodies that extend laterally for several meters to tens of meters away from faults and fractures. Halos are interpreted to have formed where deformation features crosscut low-permeability strata. Dolomite bodies formed where deformation features intersected more permeable strata and dolomitizing fluids flowed laterally into the surrounding host rock. Isotopic data from individual fracture-controlled dolomite bodies indicate temporal variability in the dolomitizing fluids, suggesting that those fluids moved through different syndepositional fractures systems at different times.
CCHIME: a cache coherent hybrid interconnected memory extension

This paper presents a hybrid shared memory architecture which combines the scalability of a multistage interconnection network with the contention reduction benefits of coherent caches. The authors achieve this by replacing the memory modules and final stages of a multistage interconnection network with clusters of coherent caches. The performance of Cache Coherent Hybrid Interconnected Memory Extension (CCHIME) is evaluated by analyzing the results of extensive simulations of the network and coherent cache clusters. These results indicate that the CCHIME architecture can achieve lower memory access latencies and higher throughputs than typical multistage interconnection networks. >
An experimental study of spreadsheet presentation and error detection

Several well-founded concerns exist about the integrity and validity of electronic spreadsheets. One hundred thirteen MBA students sought eight errors planted in a single-page spreadsheet to discover if differences in the presentation format would facilitate error-finding performance. Five presentation formats were used. Spreadsheets were presented on the screen, both with and without formulas. Spreadsheets were also presented on paper with a list of formulas attached or without formulas. A new integrated formula paper treatment was introduced with formulas presented in each cell directly under each calculated value. Subjects found, on average, only about 50% of the errors across all presentation formats. The on-screen treatments were clearly inferior to the paper treatments, whether or not formulas were presented. Practitioners should be aware of the difficulties in finding even simple errors, especially on-screen, and should develop training programs to facilitate spreadsheet auditors' performance.