cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Role of isovaleroyl lipids in channeling of sound in the porpoise melon.

Physical properties (e.g. specific gravity, adiabatic compressibility and sound velocity) of lipids isolated from tissues from contiguous areas of the fatty melon of an echo-locating porpoise (Delphinus delphis) were determined to elucidate relations between lipid composition and structure, and sound transmission in the head. Lipid content varied greatly within the melon (13.6–77.6% of the tissue weight) and triacylglycerols (80–100%) were the major lipid components. This lipid class was composed of diisovaleroylglycerides (triacylglycerols containing two isovaleroyl moieties and a long-chain acyl moiety), monoisovaleroyldiacylglycerols and triacylglycerols consisting of long-chain acids. The lipid-rich (>45%) areas in the melon contained a high proportion (>45% of total triacylglycerols) of diisovaleroylglycerides. There were gradations of sound velocities within the melon; the lowest sound velocities were associated with high concentrations of diisovaleroylglycerides (<1400 m/s) and the highest with high concentrations of long-chain triacylglycerols. Assuming an average sound frequency of 75 kHz, and considering dimensions of melon (path length and width of 12–14 cm and 5 cm, respectively), a forward radiating lobe of 15–25 degrees is produced. Thus, the deposition of lipids of different acoustic properties in a three-dimensional matrix within the porpoise melon results in a lens for the projection of sound into the marine environment.
Physics and chemistry of silicate glasses and melts

Property and structure data from binary and ternary silicate and aluminosilicate melts and glasses often reveal simple and systematic relationships to composition and temperature. Properties whose dominant structural control is the abundance of fully polymerized Q 4 -species, exhibit smooth variations with silica content. Such properties include activation energies associated with transport. Properties that depend on the type and abundance of coexisting structural species in depolymerized melts, either show smooth functional relationships to melt polymerization, NBO/T, or exhibit pronounced minimum or maximum values at intermediate NBO/T-values. The former properties include those, which are related to the availability of configurational states. The latter group includes those whose behavior is controlled by the energetics of mixing of the individual structural species. An example is enthalpy of mixing. Crystal-liquid element partition coefficients also exhibit behavior governed by thermodynamics of mixing of the structural species of the melt. Aluminum in most silicate melts is in tetrahedral coordination at ambient pressure and substitutes for silicon. The Al 3+ Si 4+ substitution lowers (Si,Al)-O-(Si,Al) bond energy. In principle, the value of properties that depends on bridging oxygen bond strength, decreases, therefore, with increasing Al/(Al+Si). Properties that depend on the proportion of polymerized and depolymerized Q n -species in the melt can show minima or maxima in relationships to Al/(Al+Si) because the abundance of the Q n -species in depolymerized silicate melts depends on the bulk melt Al/(Al+Si). Transport properties fall in this category. It is possible that Al-distribution between Q n -species in depolymerized aluminosilicate melts depends on temperature. It is likely, therefore, at least for high-temperature viscosity, its temperature-dependence is non-Ahrrenian. Other melt transport properties that are functionally related to viscous flow ( e.g. , diffusivity, electrical, and thermal conductivity) may also show non-Ahrrenian temperature-dependence at high temperature.
Glucose tolerance and obesity.

Abstract Rapid i.v. glucose tolerance tests performed on 22 severely obese and 36 nonobese women showed no significant difference between the groups. From these groups, four obese and nine nonobese women were selected for repeated study of their glucose tolerance. Variability of glucose disappearance rates was greater (p
The topographical distribution of interhemispheric projections in the corpus callosum of the rhesus monkey.

Summary The relative location of the interhemispheric cortical fibers within the corpus callosum was studied after callosal section in 7 rhesus monkeys with the silver impregnation techniques. Section of different parts of the corpus callosum resulted in strikingly dissimilar cortical projection patterns. On the basis of these patterns, the topography of the intracallosal fibers can be summarized as follows: (1) The rostral half of the corpus callosum carries the interhemispheric fibers to the various subdivisions of the frontal lobe (Fig. 5A and C). (2) The caudal half of the corpus callosum carries fibers to the parietal, temporal and occipital lobes and to the insulo-opercular region (Fig. 5B and C). (3) In the caudal half of the callosum, the parietal lobe fibers occupy a more rostral location than those of the temporal lobe. (4) The fibers to the precentral opercula cross the midline in the posterior half of the corpus callosum. (5) Fibers of the temporal lobe (with the exception of the prostriate area) and the insular region occupy the caudal part of the body of the corpus callosum. (6) The splenium contains the interhemispheric fibers to the occipital lobe and, in addition, those to the prostriate area.
Morphine antinociception elicited from the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray is sensitive to sex and gonadectomy differences in rats.

Abstract Sex differences have been observed in antinociception following central administration of morphine into either the lateral ventricles or rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM) such that male rats exhibit significantly greater antinociception than female rats. The present study examined whether sex and adult gonadectomy differences were observed in morphine-induced (1–10 μg) antinociception elicited from the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (vlPAG) on two nociceptive measures. Both sham-operated (ED50=1.20–1.60 μg) and castrated (ED50=1.08–1.09 μg) male rats displayed significantly greater magnitudes and potencies of morphine-induced antinociception on both tests than female rats. Sham-operated female rats tested during the estrous phase (ED50=>50 μg) were significantly less sensitive to morphine than ovariectomized female rats (ED50=1.98–2.51 μg). Thus, the vlPAG, a site sensitive to interactions between estradiol-containing hypothalamic loci and opioid peptides, elicits morphine-induced antinociception which is sensitive to sex differences and adult gonadectomy.
Calcium-induced patterns of calcium-oxalate crystals in isolated leaflets of Gleditsia triacanthos L. and Albizia julibrissin Durazz

For experimental induction of crystal cells (=crystal idioblasts) containing calcium-oxalate crystals, the lower epidermis was peeled from seedling leaflets of Gleditsia triacanthos L., exposing the crystal-free mesophyll and minor veins to the experimental solutions on which leaflets were floated for up to 10 d under continous light. On 0.3–2.0 mM Ca-acetate, increasing numbers of crystals, appearing 96 h after peeling, were induced. The pattern of crystal distribution changed with Ca2+-concentration ([Ca2+]): at low [Ca2+], crystals formed only in the non-green bundlesheath cells surrounding the veins, believed to have a relatively low Ca2+-extrusion capacity; at higher [Ca2+], crystals developed in up to 90% of the mesophyll cells, and at supraoptimal [Ca2+], large extracellular crystals formed on the tissue surface. By sequential treatments with solutions of different [Ca2+], the following three phases were identified in the induction of crystal cells: (1) during the initial 24-h period (adaptive aging), Ca2+ is not required and crystal induction is not possible; (2) during the following 48 h (induction period), exposure to 1–2 mM Ca-acetate induces the differentiation of mesophyll cells into crystal cells; (3) crystal growth begins 72 h after the start of induction. In intact leaflets of Albizia julibrissin Durazz., calcium-oxalate crystals are found exclusively in the bundle-sheath cells of the veins, but crystals were induced in the mesophyll of peeled leaflets floating on 1 mM Ca-acetate. Exposure to inductive [Ca2+] will thus trigger the differentiation of mature leaf cells into crystal cells; the spatial distribution of crystals is determined by the external [Ca2+] and by the structural and functional properties of the cells in the tissue.
Genetic and gene-environment interaction effects on preschoolers' social behaviors.

This study examined effects from a specific dopamine receptor gene (DRD4), environmental influences from parents and peers, and the interaction between them, on aggressive and prosocial behaviors of preschoolers. Children were classified as DRD4-L (n = 27) if they had at least one DRD4 allele with six to eight repeats and as DRD4-S (n = 35) if not. Parent–child interactions were coded when children were 3–4 years old. Peer interaction data and parent questionnaires were collected at age 5. DRD4-L children shared less with each other and parents were less sensitive during parent–twin triadic interactions. Also, genotype interacted with peer aggression to affect children's aggression during a peer play interaction at age 5, and genotype interacted with prior parental sensitivity to affect later externalizing problems. Thus, children having a certain genetic disposition may be more sensitive to certain environmental stimuli and therefore more likely to exhibit aggressive behaviors under more stressful circumstances. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 51: 451–464, 2009
Characteristics of adults dying with COPD.

Study objective To describe factors associated with COPD deaths in the United States. Design Cross-sectional survey. Participants A total of 12,803 decedents in the National Mortality Followback Survey, a nationally representative sample of US deaths in 1993. Methods We compared the characteristics of adults ≥ 35 years of age who died with COPD (bronchitis, emphysema, chronic airway obstruction) with those dying without COPD listed on their death certificates. Results Of the estimated 225,400 adults who died with COPD in 1993, 16.7% had never smoked. People dying with COPD were more likely than those dying without COPD to be current smokers (odds ratio [OR], 6.5; 95% confidence interval [CI], 4.3 to 9.9) or former smokers (OR, 3.7; 95% CI, 2.5 to 5.3), have a history of asthma (OR, 5.0; 95% CI, 3.2 to 7.8), be underweight (OR, 4.5; 95% CI, 2.8 to 7.2), and be of the white race (OR, 3.1; 95% CI, 2.4 to 4.0), after controlling for age group and sex. Conclusions A significant proportion of COPD-related deaths occurs in never-smokers. Factors such as a history of asthma and being underweight are associated with COPD mortality and may provide additional opportunities for intervention.
Shear Behavior of High-Volume Fly Ash Concrete versus Conventional Concrete

AbstractThe production of portland cement—the key ingredient in concrete-generates a significant amount of carbon dioxide. However, due to its incredible versatility, availability, and relatively low cost, concrete is the most consumed manufactured material on the planet. One method of reducing concrete’s contribution to greenhouse gas emissions is the use of fly ash to replace a significant amount of the cement. An experimental investigation was conducted to study the shear strength of full-scale beams constructed with both high-volume fly ash concrete (HVFAC)—concrete with at least 50% of the cement replaced with fly ash—and conventional concrete (CC). This experimental program consisted of 16 beams (12 without shear reinforcing and four with shear reinforcing in the form of stirrups). Additionally, three different longitudinal-reinforcement ratios were evaluated within the test matrix. The beams were tested under a simply supported four-point loading condition. The experimental shear strengths of the b...
Panama Disease: A Classic and Destructive Disease of Banana

Panama disease, also known as Fusarium wilt of banana (Musa spp.), is one of the most notorious of all plant diseases. Although the pathogen probably originated in Southeast Asia, the disease was f...
Superconductivity and structural transformation in HfRuAs

Abstract HfRuAs exists in two structural modifications. The high-temperature phase (ZrRuSi-type structure) exhibits superconductivity at 4.93-4.37 K, whereas the low-temperature phase (TiFeSi-type superstructure) remains normal at 1 K. The lattice distortion giving rise to the superstructure indicates zig-zag chains of metal atoms are crucial to superconductivity in this class of compounds.
Distribution of Arsenic in Nonexposed Persons (Hair, Liver, and Urine)

Abstract Analysis of “normal” hair showed an average of 0.3 jug of arsenic per gram, and analysis of “normal” liver showed an average arsenic content of 0.35 μg/gm on an air-dried basis. The commercially available alcoholic beverages tested did not contain an appreciable amount of arsenic. An increased body level of arsenic in persons with cirrhosis of the liver who were alcoholics, compared with other persons, could not be shown.
Hierarchical level, length, and quality of supervisory relationship as predictors of subordinates' use of maintenance tactics

Maintenance of the supervisory relationship is perhaps the most important communication objective pursued by subordinates. This study examined variations in the maintenance tactics used by 511 working adults as a function of three relational variables that include a) position of the relationship in the organizational hierarchy, b) length of the relationship, and (c) relationship quality. Results indicated that subordinates who have hierarchical position power reported more Direct maintenance tactic use than did lowest level subordinates. Length of the relationship had no effect on maintenance tactic choice. Subordinates in high quality relationships reported more extensive use of Personal and Contractual tactics. Regulative tactics were used by subordinates in lower quality relationships.
Digital Preservation: Organizational Commitment, Archival Stability, and Technological Continuity

The archives of e-culture, e-government, e-learning, and e-business have grown by leaps and bounds worldwide during the last several years. Although the IT industry has invested significant time and effort to create and maintain those archives, IT professionals do not have the ability to make all digital records generated by the processes available across generations of information technology, making them accessible with future technology and enabling people to determine whether they are authentic and reliable. This is a very serious problem—called digital preservation—for which no solutions have yet been devised. This article discusses practical technologies needed for digital preservation to succeed, and describes a general framework of the life cycle of information to address this important problem so that IT professionals may find reasonable ways to preserve digital records that can be analyzed and evaluated in quantitative measures and incremental manners.
A Regional Perspective of the Hydrology of the 1993 Mississippi River Basin Floods

The Great Flood of 1993 was one of the costliest natural disasters in American history. This flood was primarily the result of a persistent weather pattern that delivered precipitation across a very large part of the Midwest for an extended period of the summer. In contrast to normal years when most places in the region receive about half of their annual precipitation between May and August, many places received the equivalent of the annual rainfall in that time period in 1993. Much of this rain fell on soils that were already saturated and unable to store additional runoff. Annual and monthly rainfall totals for the states of Iowa, Minnesota, and Illinois for 1993 were the highest in 100 years. Precipitation was highest in Iowa, where the annual total precipitation of 1,200 mm was estimated to have an exceedence probability of 0.001. Peak discharges on the upper Mississippi and lower Missouri Rivers were likewise characterized by low probabilities, but these estimates can be interpreted very differently ...
Characterization of endothelin receptors in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat vas deferens☆

Abstract As there is increasing evidence that diabetes induces changes in the plasma levels of endothelins (ETs) and in the properties of ET receptors in peripheral tissues, and as there are reports indicating the presence of significant amounts of ET receptors in mammalian vasa deferentia, we studied possible alterations in ET receptor characteristics in the vasa deferentia of the following groups of rats: 8 weeks diabetic (D 8 ), 8 weeks age-matched control (C 8 ), 16 weeks diabetic (D 16 ), 16 weeks diabetic-insulin-treated (started 8 weeks after the onset of diabetes) (DI 16 ), and 16 weeks age-matched control (C 16 ). Diabetes was induced by the i.v. injection of 65 mg/kg streptozotocin (STZ). Diabetic rats had hyperglycemia, hypoinsulinemia, glucosuria, polydipsia, and polyuria and had smaller vasa deferentia than control and diabetic-insulin-treated animals. Receptor binding experiments with [ 125 I]ET-1 demonstrated that the densities of ET receptors in vasa deferentia from D 8 , C 8 , D 16 , DI 16 , and C 16 animals were 377 ± 11, 255 ± 24, 315 ± 18, 210 ± 12, and 214 ± 7 fmol/mg of protein, respectively. [ 125 I]ET-1 binding to the ET receptors was inhibited by ET-1 (non-selective), BQ 610 (ET A selective), ET-3 (ET C selective), and IRL 1620 (ET B selective) with the following rank order of K i values: ET-1 A receptor subtype in the rat vasa deferentia. Our data indicate that experimental diabetes up-regulates the density of ET receptors in the rat vasa deferentia and that the receptor up-regulation is reversed by insulin treatment.
Laminar convective heating and ablation in the Mars atmosphere.

Mars atmospheric composition and laminar convective heating and ablation studied to predict performance of heat protection systems during entry
The effect of furosemide on 24-hour hypothermic renal preservation.

Abstract The protective effect of furosemide (Lasix) in renal ischemia has been studied in five groups of dogs. Each animal underwent removal of one kidney which was perfused with Collins' solution maintained at 4°C for 24 hr before autotransplantation. Contralateral nephrectomy was carried out at the time of the second operation in all groups. Furosemide was administered before kidney removal, in the perfusate, or immediately after transplantation or in various combinations of these. Maximum improvement in results was obtained when furosemide was administered intravenously in the posttransplantation period. On this basis we recommend clinical use of furosemide in the immediate posttransplant period.
A local greedy scheduling scheme with provable performance guarantee

In recent years, there have been many efforts to develop low-complexity scheduling schemes that can approximate optimal performance in multi-hop wireless networks. A centralized sub-optimal scheduling policy, called Greedy Maximal Scheduling (GMS) is a good candidate because it achieves high throughput. However, its distributed realization requires O(|V|) complexity, which becomes a major obstacle for practical implementation, where |V| is the number of nodes in the network. In this paper, we develop a simple distributed scheduling policy for multi-hop wireless networks. It achieves O(log |V|) complexity by relaxing the global ordering requirement of GMS. Instead, it deterministically schedules only links that have the largest queue length among their local neighbors. We show that, it still guarantees a fraction of the optimal performance, which is no smaller than GMS. We also further improve its performance and address some important implementation issues. The simulation results confirm that the new scheduling scheme achieves the performance equivalent of GMS and significantly outperforms state-of-the-art distributed random access scheduling policies.
Critical care ultrasound training: a survey of US fellowship directors.

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this study is to describe the current state of bedside ultrasound use and training among critical care (CC) training programs in the United States. Materials and methods This was a cross-sectional survey of all program directors for Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education accredited programs during the 2012 to 2013 academic year in CC medicine, surgical CC, pulmonary and critical care, and anesthesia CC. Availability, current use, and barriers to training in CC ultrasound were assessed. Results Sixty of 195 (31%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 24%-38%) program directors responded. Most of the responding programs had an ultrasound system available for use (54/60, 90%; 95% CI, 79%-96%) and identified ultrasound training as useful (59/60, 98%; 95% CI, 91%-100%) but lacked a formal curriculum (25/60, 42%; 95% CI, 29%-55%) or trained faculty (mean percentage of faculty trained in ultrasound: pulmonary and critical care, 25%; surgical CC, 33%; anesthesia CC, 20%; CC medicine, 7%), and relied on informal teaching (45/60, 77%; 95% CI, 62%-85%). Faculty with expertise (53/60, 88%; 95% CI, 77%-95%), simulation training (60/60, 100%; 95% CI, 94%-100%), establishing and meeting required number of examinations (47/60, 78%; 95% CI, 66%-88%), and regular review sessions (49/60, 82%; 95% CI, 70%-90%) were identified as necessary to improve ultrasound training. Most responding programs (32/35 91%; 95% CI, 77%-98%) without a formal curriculum plan to create one in the next 5 years. Conclusions This study identified deficiencies in current training, suggesting a need for a formal curriculum for bedside ultrasound training in CC fellowship programs.
Dynamics of flux penetration and critical currents in type-II superconductors

We study the dynamics of flux penetration and vortex pinning in a type-II superconductor by numerical simulations with forces appropriate in the London regime. Straight vortex lines at zero temperature are studied in a slab geometry, and, unlike previous studies, full account is taken of the dynamical penetration of the flux lines across the surface under the application of an external magnetic field. Our simulation produces flux penetration in the sample beyond H{sub c1} as expected, with the flux lines forming an Abrikosov lattice in the absence of the pinning centers. The pinning centers impede flux penetration into the bulk and the resulting critical current decreases with increasing vortex density roughly in agreement with the modified Bean{close_quote}s model. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
Promutagen activation by the green alga Selenastrum capricornutum

The capability of Selenastrum capricornutum to activate o-phenylenediamine (OPD) and 2-aminofluorene (2-AF) was tested in a modified Ames assay in which the activation component (S9) was replaced by the algal cells. Normal-grown algae did not activate OPD but these cells activated 2-AF by sixfold. Copper induces a peroxidase in S. capricornutum. Algae pregrown on copper-enriched medium increased the mutagenicity of OPD by more than 16-fold, but these cells failed to further activate 2-AF. However, 2-AF was further activated by algae pretreated with flavone, Aroclor, 5,6-naphthoflavone, or 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, but not lindane or ethanol. This suggested that a cytochrome P450 system was involved in 2-AF activation. Coincubating algae with cytochrome P450 inhibitors including diethyldithiocarbamate, methimizole, or acetaminophen, but not catechin, 7–8-naphthoflavone, or CuCl2 reduced the activation level of 2-AF significantly.
Role of alpha class glutathione transferases (GSTs) in chemoprevention: GSTA1 and A4 overexpressing human leukemia (HL60) cells resist sulforaphane and curcumin induced toxicity

Alpha-class glutathione transferases (α-GSTs) have been shown to protect cells from the harmful effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced lipid peroxidation (LPO) during oxidative stress caused by various physico-chemical agents. While GSTA1-1/A2-2 isozymes exhibit high activity towards lipid and fatty acid hydroperoxides through their selenium independent glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity, the GSTA4-4 isozyme efficiently metabolizes the LPO product 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) by conjugating it with glutathione (GSH). Because of the fact that ROS generated by the chemopreventive agents, sulforaphane (SFN) and curcumin (Cur), are implicated in the mechanisms of cancer cell killing, the present studies were designed to investigate the contribution of ROS induced LPO in the cytotoxic effects of these agents and the role of α-class GSTs in modulating their toxicity. Human erythroleukemic (HL60) cells were stably transfected with the cDNA encoding the hGSTA1-1 and mGsta4-4 isozymes. After analysing the expression and activities of the respective GST isozymes, the effects of SFN and Cur on the extent of LPO, cytotoxicity and apoptosis were compared in empty vector (VT), hGSTA1-1 and mGsta4-4 expressing HL60 cells. These studies demonstrate that when compared with SFN, Cur was relatively more cytotoxic to HL60 cells. The ectopic expression of hGSTA1-1 and mGsta4-4 isozymes provided resistance to SFN and Cur induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis through a significant suppression of LPO in these cells. Overall, the results suggest that the expression of α-class GSTs in cancer cells can modulate the therapeutic efficacy of chemopreventive agents.
Hydroxyurea lowers TCD—and also stroke?

The management or, more accurately, the prevention of stroke in sickle cell disease (SCD) has evolved considerably since the 1980s, when regular transfusion programs were instituted to prevent recurrent stroke in children with SCD but there was no strategy to prevent the first stroke. Unfortunately
Ultra-low power digital subthreshold logic circuits

Numerous efforts in balancing the trade-off between power, area and performance have been done in the medium performance, medium power region of the design spectrum. However, not much study has been done at the two extreme ends of the design spectrum, namely the ultra-low power with acceptable performance at one end (the focus of this paper), and high performance with power within limit at the other. One solution to achieve the ultra-low power requirement is to operate the digital logic gates in the subthreshold region. We analyze both CMOS and Pseudo-NMOS logic families operating in the subthreshold region. We compare the results with CMOS in the normal strong inversion region and with other known low-power logic, namely, energy recovery logic. Our results show an energy per switching reduction of two orders of magnitude for an 8/spl times/8 carry save array multiplier when it is operated in the subthreshold region.
Design Considerations for High Speed Direct Drive Turbine Generators

The University of Texas at Austin Center for Electromechanics (UT-CEM) conducted development and testing of a 3 MW high speed generator and turbine drive system for a hybrid vehicle propulsion system as a part of the Advanced Locomotive Propulsion System (ALPS) Program [1]. Several critical design issues were identified that apply to high speed wound field synchronous generators and turbine drive systems. The focus of the paper is directed to the more aggressive designs that, like ALPS, are intended to maximize the power density of the turbine/generator package. Design issues addressed by the paper include: • Thermal management for the armature and field windings; • Structural support and insulation of the rotating field winding; • Design of the brushless exciter and rotating diode array; • Design of the rotor bearings, seals, and dampers; • System dynamic response to sudden load changes. The results of trade studies for selection of the generator technology (wound field, permanent magnet, high temperature superconducting) will also be presented to identify key size/weight and cost drivers in the design process. Lessons learned during the fabrication, assembly, and testing of the ALPS generator will be discussed in this paper, in particular, issues concerning the high pressure stator air cooling system, improvements to the field winding insulation, and field coil installation techniques will be addressed. A companion paper will present the results of testing the high-speed generator and turbine drive system to a 1.5 MW power level at NAVSEA (Philadelphia, PA) and UT-CEM with a fixed resistive load.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
The challenge of "Healthy People 2000".

The federal Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (U.S. Public Health Service) has again prepared a compilation of goals and objectives for the health of the Nation's people, applicable to anticipated achievements within the decade ending in the year 2000. This effort involved work groups from numerous federal agencies, testimony in regional hearings from 800 citizens, and enrollment of a consortium of 300 national organizations. The final product, “Healthy People 2000,” was released in September 1990, and contains 298 measurable objectives. Content regarding children, genetic disorders, developmental disabilities, and disabilities in general is less featured and less specific than was hoped for. Ten objectives of relatively direct concern to geneticists are discussed, plus 23 others of interest in the maternal and child health field. On balance, it is suggested that the Healthy People 2000 objectives can be useful and stimulating for workers in genetics, child health care, and disabilities' services. Regrettably, there was no simultaneous proposal of legislation that would provide new federal programs, funding, or assistance to states.
VARIATIONS IN THE INCORPORATION OF THYMIDINE INTO THE DNA OF SOME RODENT SPECIES.

Abstract 1. 1. The ability of injected tritiated thymidine to serve as a precursor for DNA synthesis was tested in a number of rodent species. 2. 2. Radioautographs of tongue, duodenum and spleen showed good labeling for Mus musculus, Mesocricetus auratus, Glis glis, Eliomys quercinus and Scriurus carolinensis , inconstant labeling for Tamiasciurus hudsonicus and Tamias striatus , and no labeling for Marmota monax, Citellus tridecemlineatus and Citellus lateralis . 3. 3. Extraction of DNA from spleen and small intestine demonstrated a relative incorporation similar to the radioautographs. 4. 4. The urinary excretion patterns of M. musculus, M. auratus, C. tridecemlineatus and C. lateralis were similar with regards to volatile and non-volatile radioactivity; 8·5–18·9 per cent of the injected tritium was recovered as non-volatile radioactivity in the first 5 hr. 5. 5. In vitro incubatio of spleen cells with labeled thymidine demonstrated a relative incorporation in the DNA of the various species parallel to the in vivo findings. 6. 6. The urinary and in vitro findings suggest that the defect in thymidine incorporation found in several resides at the cellular level. 7. 7. The ability to incorporate thymidine showns some correlation with the phylogenetic relationship of the species tested, but no correlation with their ability to hibernate.
Enhanced ad hoc wireless connectivity in complex environment using small radio repeater systems

Ad hoc communication among small robotic platforms in complex indoor environment is further challenged by three limiting factors: 1) limited power, 2) small size antennas, and 3) near-ground operation. In complex environments such as indoor scenarios often times the line-of-sight communication cannot be established and the wireless connectivity must rely on multi-path propagation. As a result, the propagation path-loss is much higher than free-space, and more power will be needed to obtain the need coverage. Near ground operation also leads to increased path-loss. To maintain the network connectivity without increasing the required power a novel high gain miniaturized radio repeater is presented. Unlike existing repeater systems, this system utilizes two closely spaced low profile miniaturized planar antennas capable of producing omnidirectional and vertical radiation patterns as well as a channel isolator layer that serves to decouple the adjacent antennas. The meta-material based channel isolator serves as an electromagnetic shield, thus enabling it to be built in a sub-wavelength size of 0.07λ0 2 × λ0/70, the smallest repeater ever built. Also wave propagation simulations have been conducted to determine the required gain of such repeaters so to ensure the signal from the repeater is the dominant component. A prototype of the small radio repeater is fabricated to verify the design performance through a standard free-space measurement setup.
Model-based visual tracking for outdoor augmented reality applications

Outdoor augmented reality (AR) applications rely on hybrid tracking (GPS, digital compass, visual) for registration. RSC has developed a real-time visual tracking system that uses visual cues of buildings in an urban environment for correcting the results of a conventional tracking system. This approach relies on knowledge of a CAD model of the building. It not only provides motion estimation, but also absolute orientation/position. It is based on the "visual servoing" approach, originally developed for robotics tasks. We have demonstrated this approach in real-time at a building on the NRL campus This poster shows the approach and results. The concept can be generalized to any scenario where a CAD model is available. This system is being prepared for integration into the NRL system BARS (Battlefield Augmented Reality System).
"Statistical," "practical", and "clinical": How many kinds of significance do counselors need to consider?

The present article reviews and distinguishes 3 related but different types of significance: “statistical,” “practical,” and “clinical.” A framework for conceptualizing the many “practical” effect size indices is described. Several effect size indices that counseling researchers can use, or that counselors reading the literature may encounter, are summarized. A way of estimating “corrected” intervention effects is proposed. It is suggested that readers should expect authors to report indices of “practical” or “clinical” significance, or both, within their research reports; and it is noted that indeed some journals now require such reports.
Effects of cytoplasm on nutrient absorption by maize

Abstract Cytoplasms of two maize (Zea mays L.) inbreds, GA 199 and GT 112 with a nuclear genotype in common, were used to determine if the maternal cytoplasm of an inbred line can influence nutrient absorption. Significant cytoplasmic differences occurred in the absorption of NO3, NH4 and K during the 0–10 and 11–20 day seedling growth periods. Maternal cytoplasm had no significant effect on the total absorption of the other nutrients evaluated. Root and shoot dry‐weights of plants with GT 112 cytoplasm were 13 and 18%, respectively, below those of plants with GA 199 cytoplasm.
Document Review Meets Social Software and the Learning Sciences

This article argues that e-collaboration technologies often pose obstacles to effective communication in complex collaborative tasks. The reason presented is that typically those technologies selectively suppress face-to-face communication elements that human beings have been designed by evolution to use extensively while communicating with each other. It is argued that technology users invariably react to those obstacles by engaging in compensatory adaptation, whereby they change their communicative behavior in order to compensate for the obstacles. The article concludes with a call for more research on how e-collaboration technologies can be designed to facilitate compensatory adaptation.
Noninvasive Electrocardiographic Imaging of Arrhythmogenic Substrates in Humans

Cardiac excitation is determined by interactions between the source of electric activation (membrane depolarization) and the load that cardiac tissue presents. This relationship is altered in pathology by remodeling processes that often create a substrate favoring the development of cardiac arrhythmias. Most studies of arrhythmia mechanisms and arrhythmogenic substrates have been conducted in animal models, which may differ in important ways from the human pathologies they are designed to represent. Electrocardiographic imaging is a noninvasive method for mapping the electric activity of the heart in humans in real-world conditions. This review summarizes results from electrocardiographic imaging studies of arrhythmogenic substrates associated with human clinical arrhythmias. Examples include heart failure, myocardial infarction scar, atrial fibrillation, and abnormal ventricular repolarization.
Two-layer gap-leaping oceanic boundary currents: experimental investigation

The problem of oceanic gap-traversing boundary currents, such as the Kuroshio current crossing the Luzon Strait or the Gulf Stream traversing the mouth of the Gulf of Mexico, is considered. Systems such as these are known to admit two dominant states: leaping across the gap or penetrating into the gap forming a loop current. Which state the system will assume and when transitions between states will occur are open problems. Sheremet (J. Phys. Oceanogr., vol. 31, 2001, pp. 1247–1259) proposed, based on idealized barotropic numerical results, that variation in the current’s inertia is responsible for these transitions and that the system admits multiple states. Generalized versions of these results have been confirmed by barotropic rotating-table experiments (Sheremet & Kuehl, J. Phys. Oceanogr., vol. 37, 2007, 1488–1495; Kuehl & Sheremet,J. Mar. Res., vol. 67, 2009, pp. 25–42). However, the typical structure of oceanic boundary currents, such as the Gulf Stream or Kuroshio, consists of an upper-layer intensified flow riding atop a weakly circulating lower layer. To more accurately address this oceanic situation, the present work extends the above findings by considering two-layer rotating table experiments. The flow is driven by pumping water through sponges and vertical seals, creating a Sverdrup interior circulation in the upper layer which impinges on a ridge where a boundary current is formed. The effect is incorporated in both layers by a sloping rigid lid as well as a sloping bottom and the flow is visualized with the particle image velocimetry method. The experimental set-up is found to produce boundary currents consistent with theory. The existence of multiple states and hysteresis, characterized by a cusp topology of solutions, is found to be robust to stratification and various properties of the two-layer system are explored.
Temporomandibular joint pain/dysfunction overlying more insidious diseases: report of two cases

The attention being directed to the diagnosis and treatment of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) pain and dysfunction is evident from the literature. Because of this greater interest, referral of patients by physicians and dentists to TMJ and orofacial pain clinics is increasing. A potential problem that may arise from a narrow viewpoint of facial pain (concentrating on the TMJ) is the large risk of misdiagnosing the rare patient with a neoplastic tumor. Such a patient presents a serious diagnostic challenge, particularly when clinical signs of TMJ dysfunction also appear. Neoplastic diseases (primary or metastatic to the jaws and TMJ) while relatively rare, do occur.1-3 A report has been documented of one patient being treated for TMJ pain and dysfunction when the underlying cause of the pain was an undiscovered and undiagnosed tumor of life-threatening proportions.4 The purpose of this report is to emphasize the pitfalls that may arise because of a preoccupation with TMJ pain and dysfunction and to illustrate the necessity of an appropriate and adequate clinical and radiographic examination.
Problem identification for structural test generation: first step towards cooperative developer testing

Achieving high structural coverage is an important goal of software testing. Instead of manually producing high-covering test inputs that achieve high structural coverage, testers or developers can employ tools built based on automated test-generation approaches to automatically generate such test inputs. Although these tools can easily generate high-covering test inputs for simple programs, when applied on complex programs in practice, these tools face various problems, such as the problems of dealing with method calls to external libraries, generating method-call sequences to produce desired object states, and exceeding defined boundaries of resources due to loops. Since these tools currently are not powerful enough to deal with these various problems in testing complex programs, we propose cooperative developer testing, where developers provide guidance to help tools achieve higher structural coverage. To reduce the efforts of developers in providing guidance to the tools, we propose a novel approach, called Covana. Covana precisely identifies and reports problems that prevent the tools from achieving high structural coverage primarily by determining whether branch statements containing not-covered branches have data dependencies on problem candidates.
Musculoskeletal Overexertion Injuries in the United States: Mitigating the Problem Through Ergonomics and Engineering Interventions

Rehabilitating and accommodating injured workers when they return to work is a contemporary issue that is being addressed by rehabilitation experts in a variety of ways. Even though the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) are mandating that employers provide reasonable accommodation to returning workers, it is the need to control increasing workers' compensation costs that is forcing employers to rethink their injury management strategies. Historically, the preventive approach has been advocated by ergonomists in the belief that all injuries can be prevented. However, available injury data from different sources, such as the National Safety Council and the Bureau of Labor Statistics presented in the initial sections of this paper, show that both the incidence and costs of occupational injuries in the United States continue to rise. It is clear, that no matter what preventive measures are taken, some injuries will happen. With this in mind, this paper examines the current injury management approach, and suggests an integrated injury management model incorporating the principles of ergonomics and engineering design, and the principles of disability management. Further, this paper highlights ergonomics interventions that industries should follow for injury management. The paper also provides guidelines and recommendations from ergonomics research for identification, quantification, and control of risk factors associated with musculoskeletal injuries of the back and the upper extremities.
Numerical Construction of Space-Time

Traditional analytic methods have not been powerful enough to solve for strongfield time-dependent solutions of the nonlinear Einstein field equations. For this reason, numerical solution of the equations seemed to be a natural approach. Building on the earlier work inspired by DeWitt & Misner, my colleagues and I have developed a practical algorithm for constructing space-times. The point of view is that space-time is decomposed into spacelike time slices and a congruence of curves threading these slices. The time coordinate is that scalar function which is constant on each time slice, while spatial coordinates are constant along the members of the congruence. The systematic 3+1 Hamiltonian approach was exhaustively studied by Arnowitt et al . (1962); the application to solution of the field equations was recently stressed by Smarr & York (1978 a, b ).
Outcome of the Norwood procedure in the setting of transposition of the great arteries and functional single left ventricle.

Objective: To assess the surgical results of the Norwood procedure and subsequent clinical outcome in the setting of transposition of the great arteries (TGA) with a dominant morphologic left ventricle. Methods: Among 486 patients who underwent the Norwood procedure from 1988 to 2007 at our institution, there were 37 patients with TGA and left ventricular dependant circulation with the following associated lesions: double inlet left ventricle (DILV) (n = 24), tricuspid atresia (n = 9), ventricular septal defect (VSD) with hypoplastic right ventricle (RV) (n = 4). Outcomes for all three-staged procedure were compared with the overall Norwood group. Results: Early mortality was 21.6% (8/37) compared to 26.7% (120/449) in the overall Norwood group (p = ns). There was only one subsequent death giving a 5- and 10-year actuarial survival of 72.8 7.4% compared to 55.3 2.6% and 52 2.9% at 5 and 10 years for the overall series (p = 0.06). Median follow-up was 4.7 (0.7—10.2) years. Eighteen patients underwent stage III completion at 3.9 1.5 years from the second stage with no mortality. Preoperative mean pulmonary artery (PA) pressureand transpulmonarygradientwere respectively 11.6 3.4 and5.2 3.3 mmHg.All patientshad goodleft ventricle(LV) functionat time of stage III. All patients except one are currently in NYHA I. One patient (with DILV) had congenital heart block and required a pacemaker. There was no postoperative heart block. The systemic outflow was unobstructed in all patients and no patient required any additional intracardiac procedure. Conclusions: The Norwood procedure provides good palliation in this subgroup of patients and avoids the need for subsequent intracardiac operations, maintaining unobstructed systemic outflow tract and avoiding the risk of postoperative heart block. # 2008 European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Normalization of joint image-intensity statistics in MRI using the Kullback-Leibler divergence

We describe a novel algorithm for altering global statistics of magnetic resonance images (MRI) to fit a model distribution while preserving local feature contrast. Our algorithm estimates a multiplicative correction field that alters the intensity statistics of an image or set of images to best match those of a model. This is achieved by minimizing the Kullback-Leibler divergence between the observed and desired intensity distributions. This procedure is effective for the discovery and removal of undesirable intra-individual and inter-individual signal intensity changes caused by developmental processes, disease processes or MR scanner intensity artifacts. Ultimately our goal is to improve the quality of segmentations obtained by classification of tissues on the basis of signal intensities by removing undesirable signal differences both within a subject, where tissue of the same composition may image differently in different parts of the acquisition volume, and between subjects in cases where both inter-subject and inter-acquisition variability are confounds. Validation experiments with synthetic data indicate the algorithm can successfully remove typical signal intensity inhomogeneities, and illustrative results demonstrate successful intensity normalization applied to a segmentation problem.