cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measures of Agreement for Probabilistic Diagnoses

Most medical diagnoses take the form of statements such as “Mr. Jones has D” or “Mr. Jones does not have D,” where D represents some condition, disease, disorder, or syndrome. Such “does” and “does not” declarations fail to capture the real state of a physician’s typical beliefs, which lack total certainty and would be better expressed as probabilities. Were physicians to express diagnoses as probabilities, they might not disagree as much as they seem to disagree when they give single, exclusive diagnoses. This paper describes a new measure, M, that quantifies the level of agreement between probabilistic diagnoses. After briefly considering two-alternative diagnostic tasks, the paper focuses on situations in which diagnosticians consider three diagnostic possibilities and offer probabilistic diagnoses accordingly.
Preinjury to Postinjury Disablement and Recovery After a Lateral Ankle Sprain: A Case Report.

A healthy 19-year-old male college student (height = 177.8 cm, mass = 64.3 kg, body mass index = 20.3 kg/m2, Foot Posture Index = −1) participating in a study sustained a grade 2 inversion lateral ...
Allometric scaling of hepatic biotransformation in rainbow trout.

Abstract Biotransformation may substantially impact the toxicity and accumulation of xenobiotic chemicals in fish. However, this activity can vary substantially within and among species. In this study, liver S9 fractions from rainbow trout (4–400 g) were used to evaluate relationships between fish body mass and the activities of phase I and phase II metabolic enzymes. An analysis of log-transformed data, expressed per gram of liver (g liver−1), showed that total cytochrome P450 (CYP) concentration, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) activity, and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity exhibited small but significant inverse relationships with fish body weight. In contrast, in vitro intrinsic clearance rates (CLIN VITRO,INT) for three polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) increased with increasing body weight. Weight normalized liver mass also decreased inversely with body weight, suggesting a need to express hepatic metabolism data per gram of body weight (g BW−1) in order to reflect the metabolic capabilities of the whole animal. When the data were recalculated in this manner, negative allometric relationships for CYP concentration, UGT activity, and GST activity became more pronounced, while CLIN VITRO,INT rates for the three PAHs showed no significant differences across fish sizes. Ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) activity normalized to tissue weight (g liver−1) or body weight (g BW−1) exhibited a non-monotonic pattern with respect to body weight. The results of this study may have important implications for chemical modeling efforts with fish.
Towards True Decentralization: A Blockchain Consensus Protocol Based on Game Theory and Randomness

One of the fundamental characteristics of blockchain technology is the consensus protocol. Most of the current consensus protocols are PoW (Proof of Work) based, or fixed-validators based. Nevertheless, PoW requires massive computational effort, which results in high energy and computing resources consumption. Alternatively, fixed-validators protocols rely on fixed, static validators responsible for validating all newly proposed blocks, which opens the door for adversaries to launch several attacks on these validators such as DDoS and eclipse attacks. In this paper, we propose a truly decentralized consensus protocol that does not require PoW and randomly employs a different set of different size of validators on each block’s proposal. Additionally, our protocol utilizes a game theoretical model to enforce the honest validators’ behavior by rewarding honest validators and penalizing dishonest ones. We have analyzed our protocol and shown that it mitigates various attacks that current protocols suffer from.
Concordance of a laparoscopic scoring algorithm with primary surgery findings in advanced stage ovarian cancer.

Abstract Objectives To determine the concordance between the laparoscopic scoring assessment and extent of disease identified at primary tumor reductive surgery (TRS) in patients with advanced ovarian cancer. Methods From April 2013 to June 2017, we prospectively triaged patients with stage IIA to IVB ovarian cancer to laparoscopic scoring assessment. A validated predictive index value (PIV) score (range: 0–14) was assigned. Patients with PIV scores Results 226 patients underwent laparoscopic scoring assessment, of which 139 (61.5%) had a PIV score Conclusions Laparoscopic assessment of tumor burden is a feasible tool to predict R0 cytoreduction in patients with advanced ovarian cancer. Concordance between PIV scores at laparoscopy and primary TRS varied by anatomic location, with the lowest concordance seen in predicting bowel infiltration.
Content-Based Effectiveness Prediction of Video Advertisements

Advertisements are an integral part of internet economics and culture, and video ads are the most popular and arguably the most entertaining form of advertisements. With the recent growth in digital marketing, video ads have seen unprecedented growth and are growing in importance as an advertising means. Video ads are expensive to create and are not always effective. The effectiveness of a video ad is usually not known before its deployment, which is non-ideal for creators, advertisers, and ad platforms. In this paper, we outline an idea to provide feedback before an ad is placed on its effectiveness based on the video along with the historical data about the effectiveness of other video ads. We propose a multi-modal mixture based algorithm to predict the effectiveness automatically. Specifically, we exploit rich textual information often found with an advertisement as well as visual information to learn a finite mixture model. Our experiments on a publicly available dataset show that our approach can outperform other baseline approaches.
Histopathological examination of an embolus in infective endocarditis: Case report and review of the literature

Abstract A 62-year-old woman with history of chronic back pain and vertebral osteomyelitis presented with right hemiparesis and aphasia with last known well 10 h prior to presentation and a CT angiography demonstrating a left M1 occlusion. A thrombectomy was performed with resultant TICI-2b improving NIHSS from 28 pre-thrombectomy to 19 post-thrombectomy. Pathologic examination of the embolus demonstrated abundant bacterial colonies. While echocardiography was negative for valvular vegetations, fluoroscopy demonstrated abnormal mechanical valve motion. Blood cultures grew Enterococcus faecalis for which antibiotics were initiated. NIHSS continued to improve to a score of 12. There are rare cases in the literature that discuss diagnosis and initiation of antibiotics assisted by histopathologic examination of the embolus. Routine histopathologic evaluation of emboli may facilitate timely diagnosis and early antibiotic initiation in the setting of septic emboli.
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Locally Advanced, Unresectable, and Metastatic Upper Gastrointestinal Malignancies.

Upper gastrointestinal (UGI) malignancies including esophageal, gastroesophageal junction (GEJ), and gastric cancers have a poor prognosis in the metastatic setting. Treatment with cytotoxic chemotherapy remains the treatment of choice in the first-line setting with the addition of trastuzumab, a monoclonal antibody against HER-2, if the tumor is HER2-positive. Before the era of checkpoint inhibitors, there were only few treatment options after failure of the first-line systemic therapy. We extensively searched the English written literature for peer-reviewed manuscripts regarding the use of checkpoint inhibitors in advanced stage and metastatic UGI cancer. We also searched and reviewed ongoing clinical trials from Clinicaltrials.gov. Checkpoint inhibition is a promising therapeutic option in UGI cancers, which have overexpression of PD-L1, high mutation burden, or microsatellite instability. Checkpoint inhibitors that are being investigated or are approved in advanced UGI malignancies include PD-1 antibodies, nivolumab and pembrolizumab, PD-L1 antibody, avelumab, and CTLA-4 inhibitors, ipilimumab and tremelimumab. Based on recent and ongoing studies, eligible patients who have progressed beyond the first-line cytotoxic chemotherapy may benefit from immunotherapy. This review outlines the checkpoint inhibitors that are currently or previously being investigated for patients with metastatic UGI cancers.
Framework for estimation of the direct rebound effect for residential photovoltaic systems

Abstract Over the past two decades the market for residential rooftop photovoltaic (PV) systems has grown substantially due mainly to declining costs—a trend that is expected to continue. One drawback of PV system diffusion is the potential for a rebound effect, a well-known economic response through which potential energy savings are partially offset by increased demand resulting from lower energy costs. Our work differs from the existing literature, however, because the rebound effect associated with the adoption of rooftop PV is due not to an improvement in energy efficiency, but to the availability of a zero-marginal cost alternative to grid electricity. This paper develops a novel method for estimating the rebound effect for rooftop PV based on economic and geographic information systems modeling. The method is illustrated through a numerical example, using neighborhood-level data from Fulton County, Georgia, USA. We discuss possible applications of our proposed method, which include (i) enhancing the predictive capability for conventional power grid managers in balancing forecasted demand with dispatchable supply, and (ii) aiding policy makers in designing policies to mitigate the rebound effect associated with solar PV adoption.
Sarcopenia Predicts Overall Survival in Patients with Lung, Breast, Prostate, or Myeloma Spine Metastases Undergoing Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy (SBRT), Independent of Histology

BACKGROUND Predicting survival of patients with spinal metastases would help stratify treatments from aggressive to palliation. OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether sarcopenia predicts survival in patients with lung, breast, prostate, or multiple myeloma spinal metastases. METHODS Psoas muscle measurements in patients with spinal metastasis were taken from computed tomography scans at 2 time points: at first episode of stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) and from the most recent scan available. Overall survival and hazard ratios were calculated with multivariate cox proportional hazards regression analyses. RESULTS In 417 patients with spinal metastases, 40% had lung cancer, 27% breast, 21% prostate, and 11% myeloma. Overall survival was not associated with age, sex, ethnicity, levels treated, or SBRT volume. Multivariate analysis showed patients in the lowest psoas tertile had shorter survival (222 d, 95% CI = 185-323 d) as compared to the largest tertile (579 d, 95% CI = 405-815 d), (HR1.54, P = .005). Median psoas size as a cutoff value was also strongly predictive for survival (HR1.48, P = .002). Survival was independent of tumor histology. The psoas/vertebral body ratio was also successful in predicting overall survival independent of tumor histology and gender (HR1.52, P < .01). Kaplan-Meier survival curves visually represent survival (P = .0005). CONCLUSION In patients with spine metastases, psoas muscle size as a hallmark of frailty/sarcopenia is an objective, simple, and effective way to identify patients who are at risk for shorter survival, regardless of tumor histology. This information can be used to help with surgical decision making in patients with advanced cancer, as patients with small psoas sizes are at higher risk of death.
Perpendicular Interlaced Magnetic Recording

Perpendicular magnetic recording is the current generation hard disk drive technology, which enables the continued and significant growth of large storage systems in data centers. There are currently two common architectures for the layout of tracks in perpendicular hard disk drives: conventional magnetic recording (CMR) and shingled magnetic recording (SMR). In CMR, any track can be written at any time and neighboring tracks do not intentionally overlap. In SMR, the tracks are written sequentially in bands with the tracks intentionally overlapped like shingles on a roof. In this article, interlaced magnetic recording (IMR) architecture is applied with a perpendicular magnetic recording system. With Perpendicular Interlaced Magentic Recording (PIMR), we observed 2%–3% increase in areal density for single writer PIMR and 7%–20% increase in areal density for two writer PIMR over CMR whereas with SMR, we observed 19% increase in areal density over CMR.
Precursors to Modern Social Work

Histories of social work and the social clinic face a number of barriers to fulfill the most basic tasks of description. Little can be surmised about the extent of operations, the details of service, the number served and most important the effects of the services on recipients or more broadly on the culture itself. Even the more recent program evaluations, and notably those that attempted to address outcomes are themselves tortuously biased. Their methods, data, and conclusions can be untwisted to provide a general estimate of outcomes that usually reduce their modest claims to levels of ineffectiveness. All that is left is the field’s beleaguered adherence to popular values—a pantomime of ineffective talking cures in denial of the material claims of those in need.
CRT-300.05 Impact of Table Height on Radiation Dose Exposure for the Female Interventional Cardiologist

Radiation dose has widely been studied, focusing on the impacts of source distance, patient access site, type of imaging used, and availability of protective equipment. However, as more female operators come into practice, the impact of lower table and operator height during cardiac catheterization
Is Maternal Guilt a Cross-National Experience?

Many working mothers in the US say that they feel guilty about their inability to live up to cultural ideals of the “good mother” embedded in intensive mothering discourse. Intensive mothering is reflected in and exacerbated by the country’s work-family policies. The United States is an outlier among Western welfare states for its lack of policy supports for families, assuming that childrearing is a private responsibility even though most mothers work outside the home today. So how do working mothers outside of the US experience maternal guilt? Does a more family-friendly policy environment mitigate these feelings of guilt? Using detailed accounts of four women drawn from a larger interview study of 109 working mothers in Sweden, Germany, Italy, and the United States, I demonstrate how policy context does—and does not—make a difference in the experience of maternal guilt. A feeling of guilt helped to define “good mothers” across all four contexts. However, I found that public policy has a role to play in reducing maternal guilt in three specific ways: (1) by giving mothers more time outside of work, (2) encouraging fathers to complete more unpaid care work, and (3) distributing the responsibility and costs of childrearing more broadly.
Visualizing Chemokine-Dependent T Cell Activation and Migration in Response to Central Nervous System Infection

In response to central nervous system (CNS) injury and infection, astrocytes, neurons, and CNS vasculature express several chemokines, including CCL21. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), western blot, and immunohistochemical methods can quantify mRNA and protein expression. However, these methods do not quantify chemokine bioavailability and bioactivity, variables modified by many environ mental factors including composition of extracellular matrix (ECM). Here we illustrate how two-photon microscopy and carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE or CFDA SE) labeling of T cells coupled with flow cytometry can be used as tools to assess chemokine-mediated regulation of T cell proliferation, activation, and migration.
Risk, Uncertainty, Organizational Structure and Incentives

We develop a theoretical model to examine the impact of the characteristics of a firm's pool of projects and, more generally, those of its industry on its size, internal organizational structure, and the incentive structures of its decision-making employees or managers. The uncertainty in the quality of the firm's projects, and the process of learning due to the effort exerted by managers to develop and screen projects, leads to the commonly observed pyramidal organizational form. The optimal "breadth" of a firm's organizational structure increases with its risk and the optimal "height" increases with its growth opportunities. High growth firms have higher proportions of managers than low growth firms. Our analysis and results provide an alternative explanation for recent empirical evidence that firms "flatten" over time. We also derive several implications for the effects of firm characteristics on the incentive structures of managers. The pay-performance sensitivity of a manager increases with her level in the firm's organizational hierarchy. The pay-performance sensitivities of top-level managers increase with the intrinsic growth rate of the firm's projects, and decrease with the projects' risk. As predicted by the theory, our empirical analysis shows that firms in high growth industries have higher proportions of managers than firms in low growth industries. Top-level managers' pay-performance sensitivities increase with firms' growth opportunities.
Training future psychologists to be competent in self-care: A systematic review.

The purpose of this systematic review of the literature was to explore the ways in which clinical, counseling, and school psychology doctoral-level graduate students are trained to build competency in self-care and the scientific methodologies that are being used to assess self-care competency trainings. Twenty self-care competency training articles were identified. Results from the systematic review revealed that the majority of studies conducted were quantitative (50%), followed by mixed methods (25%), theoretical (15%), and qualitative (10%). Over half of the quantitative studies used a cross-sectional design. A pre-post test design was also commonly used, but none included a control group. The qualitative portions of the mixed study designs were varied, including exploratory, content and thematic analysis, and grounded theory. Furthermore, five themes of self-care training content were identified: Self-care interventions, mentorship and supervision, self-compassion, workbooks and training tools, and creating a culture of self-care. More rigorous methodology is needed to determine the efficacy of each of five themes of training that have been identified. Recommendations were made for future research, both within the five identified themes and for self-care training studies in general.%%%%M.S., Psychology – Drexel University, 2018
Laboratory Biomarkers in the Management of Patients With COVID-19.

Objectives Laboratory testing and the measurement of appropriate biomarkers play a critical role in managing patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), allowing for disease diagnosis, monitoring progression, prognostication, prediction of treatment response, and risk stratification. We sought to characterize these effects on a more detailed, mechanistic level. Methods We reviewed the literature and identified a multitude of reports that describe the unique effects of this virus and its devastating consequences to multiple organ systems in COVID-19 patients. Results There are specific alterations in biomarkers related to coagulation, depopulation of T-cell subtypes, the cytokine storm and inflammation, and kidney and cardiac dysfunction. Conclusions Laboratory measurement of specific parameters and the use of appropriate prognostic, predictive, and monitoring biomarkers afford clinicians the ability to make informed medical decisions and guide therapy for patients afflicted with this dreaded disease.
Benign Cysts and Tumors of the Jaw Bones

■ Contemporary surgical treatment of benign pathology of the jaws must be based on evidence-based concepts related to the principles of specific cyst and tumor biology.
Comparative Study on Performance of Time Series Fitting and Prediction of SF 6 Decomposition Gas Under Over-heated Condition by GM(1,1) and OBGM(1,N) Grey System

The temperature field distribution of high voltage electrode system of SF 6 gas under condition of overheating is simulated, and the surface thermal field distribution of complex high-voltage conductor electrode system under the condition of operation is obtained, and the actual observation is carried out. On this basis, the volume fraction time series of the SF 6 typical decomposition gases, such as SOF 2 , SO 2 , H 2 S and CF 4 , with over-heat failure time are obtained. At the same time, the grey system GM (1,1) and OBGM (1,N) are used to fit and predict the above time series. The two grey systems are used to fit and predict the time series of SF 6 characteristic decomposition gas. Research results of this paper have good theoretical guidance value for judging the development trend of overheating fault by decomposing gas time series.
History and Philosophy of Jewish Education

Study and learning are integral to the Jewish way of life. The search for knowledge is rooted first in the experience of God as teacher and the appreciation of the treasure bequeathed in his Word. Thus, any review of the Jewish culture points to the relationship between the people and the Bible, its commentaries and numerous works deriving from the spirituality it offers.
A Systems Approach to Optimizing Patient Flow During the COVID-19 Pandemic

In 2020, health systems have been affected by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, causing an influx of COVID-19 related visits and a sharp decline in non-emergency and elective visits. To mitigate the spread of COVID-19, healthcare systems – including the University of Virginia Health System – reduced ambulatory visits and implemented various social distancing measures, resulting in a drastic change in the patient admittance process. The focus of this work is to accurately characterize the effect of COVID-19 on one of the UVA Internal Medicine, Primary Care clinics, and where possible, to refine and optimize patient flow through the appointment process while accommodating public health restrictions. To achieve these goals, the team adopted a systems approach, which involves the iterative process of problem identification, analysis, and testing recommendations.The first phase of the project focused primarily on establishment of the current state and problem identification. The appointment process contains six major elements: scheduling, sign-in/remote registration, check-in, rooming, check-out, and telemedicine. Through extensive discussions with the clients, surveys of clinic staff, in-person observation, and data collection and analysis, the capstone team was able to understand the pandemic’s impact on the clinic’s patient flow and identify key problem areas at each stage in the appointment process. The team then used these insights to develop informed recommendations for these pain points. The second phase of the project consisted of formulating trials within UVA health restrictions and guidelines to test the impact of our recommendations. Through a pilot of a new remote registration process, on-time patients increased from 68% to 75%, nurse perceived workload decreased significantly, and the arrival process became more predictable. From this work, the team was able to develop a more generic framework for how health systems might assess and address patient flow issues under normal circumstances as well as during future pandemics.
The Perception of Affordances in Mobile Augmented Reality

Today, augmented reality (AR) is most easily experienced through a mobile device such as a modern smartphone. For AR to be useful for applications such as training, it is important to understand how people perceive interactions with virtual objects presented to them via mobile AR. In this paper, we investigated two judgments of action capabilities (affordances) with virtual objects presented through smartphones: passing through an aperture and stepping over a gap. Our goals were to 1) determine if people can reliably scale these judgments to their body dimensions or capabilities and 2) explore whether cues presented in the context of the action could change their judgments. Assessments of perceived action capabilities were made in a pre/post-test design in which observers judged their affordances towards virtual objects prior to seeing an AR cue denoting their body dimension/capability, while viewing the cue, and after seeing the cue. Different patterns of results were found for the two affordances. For passing through, estimates became closer to shoulder width in the post-cue compared to the pre-cue block. For gap stepping, estimates were closer to actual stepping capability while viewing the cue, but did not persist when the cue was no longer present. Overall, our findings show that mobile smartphones can be used to assess perceived action capabilities with virtual targets and that AR cues can influence the perception of action capabilities in these devices. Our work provides a foundation for future studies investigating perception with the use of mobile AR with smartphones.
Transforming School Mental Health Services Based on a Culturally Responsible Dual-Factor Model

In this article the authors advocate for a culturally responsible dual-factor model for the delivery of mental health services in the schools. This case is made because too many children are not re...
Perturbational Molecular Orbital Analysis

A molecular orbital (MO) interpretation of a chemical reaction, A + B →AB, results from the study of the relationship between the MO’s of AB and those of A and B. In perturbational molecular orbital (PMO) analysis this relationship is examined from the viewpoint of perturbation theory, 1-4 which leads to the concept of orbital interaction that has provided substantial insight into the specificity of chemical reaction. In describing the electronic structure of a single molecule this orbital interaction analysis has been of great utility as well. That is, when a molecule is regarded as an assembly of molecular fragments, it becomes possible to describe the molecular electronic structure as a result of orbital interactions among the molecular fragments. The perturbation behind those interactions is that separate molecules or molecular fragments were brought together in close proximity, and hence may be termed an inter-system perturbation.
Optimizing X-ray mirror thermal performance using matched profile cooling.

To cover a large photon energy range, the length of an X-ray mirror is often longer than the beam footprint length for much of the applicable energy range. To limit thermal deformation of such a water-cooled X-ray mirror, a technique using side cooling with a cooled length shorter than the beam footprint length is proposed. This cooling length can be optimized by using finite-element analysis. For the Kirkpatrick–Baez (KB) mirrors at LCLS-II, the thermal deformation can be reduced by a factor of up to 30, compared with full-length cooling. Furthermore, a second, alternative technique, based on a similar principle is presented: using a long, single-length cooling block on each side of the mirror and adding electric heaters between the cooling blocks and the mirror substrate. The electric heaters consist of a number of cells, located along the mirror length. The total effective length of the electric heater can then be adjusted by choosing which cells to energize, using electric power supplies. The residual height error can be minimized to 0.02 nm RMS by using optimal heater parameters (length and power density). Compared with a case without heaters, this residual height error is reduced by a factor of up to 45. The residual height error in the LCLS-II KB mirrors, due to free-electron laser beam heat load, can be reduced by a factor of ∼11 below the requirement. The proposed techniques are also effective in reducing thermal slope errors and are, therefore, applicable to white beam mirrors in synchrotron radiation beamlines.
Diffusion Tensor Image Registration Using Tensor Geometry and Orientation Features

This paper presents a method for deformable registration of diffusion tensor (DT) images that integrates geometry and orientation features into a hierarchical matching framework. The geometric feature is derived from the structural geometry of diffusion and characterizes the shape of the tensor in terms of prolateness, oblateness, and sphericity of the tensor. Local spatial distributions of the prolate, oblate, and spherical geometry are used to create an attribute vector of geometric feature for matching. The orientation feature improves the matching of the WM fiber tracts by taking into account the statistical information of underlying fiber orientations. These features are incorporated into a hierarchical deformable registration framework to develop a diffusion tensor image registration algorithm. Extensive experiments on simulated and real brain DT data establish the superiority of this algorithm for deformable matching of diffusion tensors, thereby aiding in atlas creation. The robustness of the method makes it potentially useful for group-based analysis of DT images acquired in large studies to identify disease-induced and developmental changes.
Superresolution autoregressive spectral estimation technique using multiple step prediction

A single channel spectrum estimation is transformed to a multichannel problem. If λ is the pole of the autoregressive model and L is the dimension of the channels, then λLis the resulting pole location obtained from the multichannel approach. The simulations illustrate that the new method is superior over the Burg's method for the lowpass signals, regarding to the resolution.
The global village playground: a qualitative case study of designing an arg as a capstone learning experience

The Global Village Playground (GVP) was a capstone learning experience designed to address institutional assessment needs while providing an integrated, contextualized, and authentic learning experience for students. In the GVP, students work on simulated and real-world problems as a design team tasked with developing an alternate reality game that makes an impact on the United Nations Millennium Development Goals. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the design of the GVP as a capstone experience. The research design follows a qualitative case study approach to gather and analyze data collected from the instructors and students participating in the pilot implementation of the GVP. Results of the study show predominantly favorable reactions to various aspects of the course and its design. Students reported to have learned the most through interactions with peers and through applying and integrating knowledge in developing the alternate reality game that was the central problem scenario for the course. What students demonstrated to have learned included knowledge construction, social responsibility, open-mindedness, big picture thinking, and an understanding of their relationship to the larger society and world in which they live. Challenges that resulted from the design included the amount of necessary to build consensus and then develop an overarching game concept, the tension between guided and directed instruction, and the need to foster greater interdependence among students while encouraging them to become more self-directed.
Effects of rheological properties and mass transfer on plant cell bioreactor performance: production of tropane alkaloids.

Volumetric mass transfer coefficients, K(L)a were measured over an aeration rate range from 0.1 to 1.0 vvm in a 1.2-L draft-tube-type airlift bioreactor for different Datura stramonium cell concentrations and correlated with superficial air velocity and rheological properties of the cell suspension. The measured K(L)a values (17-40 h(-1)) for a cell volume fraction of 0.2 (v/v) were approximately 2 times higher than those for the highest cell concentrations tested (cell volume fraction 0.7-0.8 v/v). Cell suspensions exhibited yield stress and pseudoplastic behavior. This behavior was described by the Casson model. The estimated yield stress values depended upon cell concentration with an exponent of 4.0. An empirical correlation based on the data for plant cell suspensions exhibiting yield stress was developed in order to determine aeration strategy for the plant cell cultivation in draft-tube-type airlift bioreactors: K(L)a = A(U(gr))(0.3(eta(eff))(-0.4). Aeration rates above 1.0 vvm caused a significant drop in cell yield and product content. Maximum growth and production were obtained at 0.6 vvm aeration. The cell and product yields obtained at 1.7 vvm were 2.8 times lower than the maximum values (25 g cell DW/L and 73.8 mg tropane alkaloid/L). The effects of the increased aeration rates on cell yield were also evaluated in terms of Reynolds stress. It was found that there was a relation between cell damage and the estimated Reynolds stress. The Reynolds stress estimated for the same aeration rate decreased with increasing cell concentration, suggesting that cells in the cultures at low cell concentrations are subjected to hydrodynamic damage. In the experiments with the cell cultures having a cell concentration of 0.3 (v/v), approximately 70% reduction in cell concentration was observed when the Reynolds stress was increased from 10 to 50 dyn/cm(2).
Effects of Flood Control Structures on Flood Response for Hurricane Floyd in the Brandywine Creek Watershed, Pennsylvania

Small watersheds in urbanizing and suburbanizing regions are an increasingly important element of the flood hazard problem in the United States and abroad. This paper presents a methodology to estimate flood response in urban watersheds, with the goal of assessing the performance of systems of small flood control reservoirs for extreme floods. The setting of this study is the Brandywine Creek watershed in Chester County, Pa. A number of flood control structures were built within the basin, and the availability of data from U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) stream gauging stations and rainfall estimates from National Weather Service weather radars provides the opportunity to study the performance of a small watershed flood control system. In this paper, the flood response to rainfall from Hurricane Floyd, which produced record flooding in Brandywine Creek on September 16, 1999, is examined. A distributed hydrologic model was developed and used to estimate flood discharges both with and without the existing flo...
Language use in and out of context

Abstract One hundred-fifty elementary school children were asked to describe a picture in English under two different instructional conditions. The children varied in age from 7 to 12, and their language histories 67 were native speakers of English from monolingual English-speaking homes, 51 camr from homes in which English and another language were spoken, and 32 had acquired English through ESL classes and attendance at an English curriculum school. The task instructions were designed to elicit different styles which would reflect the children's ability to adjust their language in task-specific ways to the absence of an interactive intercutor and to the absence of shared background knowledge with the audience. While all children showed high levels of competence on traditional measures of language proficiency, the native speakers of English showed greater ability to produce clear and unambiguous messages under the more difficult instructional conditions. Results suggested that measures of sensitivity to contexts of language use add information about a language learner's profile of skills and relative weaknesses. Results also confirm other's findings that achieving complete control of a second language even under rich input conditions can take several years for elementary-school aged children.
The roles of associative responses at study and semantically guided recollection at test in false memory: the Kirkpatrick and Deese hypotheses

False recall is found for semantically related words that are not presented on both categorized and associatively structured study lists. Four experiments provide evidence that the associative list method produces false memories because of semantic processes involved in studying list words (the Kirkpatrick hypothesis), but that false memories produced by categorized lists occur because of the use of semantic knowledge at test (the Deese hypothesis). In a free association task, words from associative lists, but not categorized lists, tended to evoke critical words as responses, indicating that our categorized list words have low associative strength to critical nonpresented items. Studying those associative lists, but not the categorized ones, produced indirect priming effects in stem completion. Critical nonpresented words from categorized lists showed a priming effect only when participants were instructed at test to try to complete stems with studied list words (i.e., stem cued-recall). The results highlight important differences between categorized and associative list methods, and indicate that false memories can be caused by semantic processes that occur at the time of a memory test.
A note on the Edgeworth approximation to the distribution of Spearman's RHO with a correction to Pearson's approximation

The approximation of Edgeworth's form of the Gram-Charlier series to the exact cumulative distribution function (c.d.f.) of Spearman's Rank Correlation Coefficient is examined. For both the uncorrected and continuity correction cases, the maximum differences between the Edgeworth approximation and the exact c.d.f. is presented for 9 ≤ n ≤ 18. A correction to a similar, earlier table for the Pearson Type II approximation is also incorporated and comparisons made.
The effect of intraperitoneal administration of sodium tolmetin-hyaluronic acid on the postsurgical cell infiltration in vivo

Intraperitoneal administration of sodium tolmetin-hyaluronic acid reduced the formation of adhesions at early postsurgical time points. In addition, at 6, 48, 72, and 96 hr following surgery, there was a significant reduction in the number of red blood cells (RBC) recovered from peritoneal lavage. This effect was not the result of fluid or viscous solution in the peritoneal cavity since intraperitoneal administration of Ringer's lactate or Hyskon (a 32% solution of Dextran 70) did not affect RBC recovery. In contrast, the influx of leukocytes into the peritoneal cavity was elevated at 12 hr after surgery, but suppressed at 96 hr. These data may suggest a mechanism by which sodium tolmetin in hyaluronic acid reduced adhesion formation.
Integrated analysis of high-penetration PV and PHEV with energy storage and demand response

Abstract The increasing utilization of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) in future will have significant impact on utility companies and customers depending on their charging characteristics. Uncontrolled or unscheduled vehicle charging may increase the residential peak and the risk of electric distribution network failure. In order to reduce the peak load utility companies encourage customers who have such high electricity consuming devices to participate in various demand response (DR) programs. Additionally, considering increasing Photovoltaic (PV) generation and storage facility installation on customer side, the integration of PHEVs needs more attention as system’s performance becomes highly fluctuating and unpredictable. This paper presents a simulation based optimization framework for integrated analysis of demand response programs, with high penetration of PHEV and PV and storage systems from residential customer’s perspective as well as utility company’s perspective. An agent-based simulation model is built in AnyLogic to mimic the household load, PHEV charging, PV generation and storage together with various demand response programs such as time-of-use (TOU), Real-time Pricing (RTP), and curtailment. In the considered scenarios, customers schedule their PHEV charging time and duration to minimize the electricity bill considering the price at the time of use, while the utility company aims to minimize the peak due to the PHEV charging by changing prices. The constructed simulation helps the utility company identify the best policies, and helps customers make better response under different DR programs. Three demand response programs are simulated with and without PV and storage. Results show that the simulation model successfully represents the cases and appropriate scheduling has benefits for both customers and utility companies.
Managing obesity in primary care practice: an overview with perspective from the POWER-UP study

Primary care practitioners (PCPs) have been encouraged to screen all adults for obesity and to offer behavioral weight loss counseling to the affected individuals. However, there is limited research and guidance on how to provide such intervention in primary care settings. This led the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute in 2005 to issue a request for applications to investigate the management of obesity in routine clinical care. Three institutions were funded under a cooperative agreement to undertake the practice-based opportunities for weight reduction (POWER) trials. The present article reviews selected randomized controlled trials, published before the initiation of POWER, and then provides a detailed overview of the rationale, methods and results of the POWER trial conducted at the University of Pennsylvania (POWER-UP). POWER-UP's findings are briefly compared with those from the two other POWER trials, conducted at Johns Hopkins University and Harvard University/Washington University. The methods of delivering behavioral weight loss counseling differed markedly across the three trials, as captured by an algorithm presented in the article. Delivery methods ranged from having medical assistants and PCPs from the practices provide counseling to using a commercially available call center, coordinated with an interactive website. Evaluation of the efficacy of primary care-based weight loss interventions must be considered in light of costs, as discussed in relation to the recent treatment model proposed by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services.
Euthanasia. Historical, ethical, and empiric perspectives

Debates about the ethics of euthanasia date from ancient Greece and Rome. In 1870, S. D. Williams, a nonphysician, proposed that anesthetics be used to intentionally end the lives of patients. Between 1870 and 1936, a debate about the ethics of euthanasia raged in the United States and Britain. These debates predate and invoke different arguments than do debates about euthanasia in Germany. Recognizing the increased interest in euthanasia, this article reviews the definitions related to euthanasia, the historical record of debates concerning euthanasia, the arguments for and against euthanasia, the situation in the Netherlands, and the empirical data regarding euthanasia in the United States. (Arch Intern Med. 1994;154:1890-1901)
Genome-wide Association Study of Suicidal Ideation Emerging During Citalopram Treatment of Depressed Outpatients

ObjectivesSuicidal ideation is an uncommon but worrisome symptom than can emerge during antidepressant treatment. We have described earlier the association between treatment-emergent suicidal ideation (TESI) and markers in genes encoding glutamate receptor subunits GRIK2 and GRIA3. The present genom
Conversion of Danger Signals into Cytokine Signals by Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells for Regulation of Stress-Induced Hematopoiesis

During an infection, the body increases the output of mature immune cells to fight off the pathogen. Despite convincing evidence that hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) can sense pathogens directly, how this contributes to hematopoietic cell output remains unknown. Here we have combined mouse models with a single cell proteomics platform to show that in response to toll-like receptor stimulation, short-term HSCs and multipotent progenitor cells produce copious amount of diverse cytokines through the NF-κB signaling. Interestingly, the cytokine production ability of HSPCs trumps mature immune cells in both magnitude and breadth. Among cytokines produced by HSPCs, IL-6 is a particularly important regulator of myeloid differentiation and HSPC proliferation in a paracrine manner and in mediating rapid myeloid cell recovery during neutropenia. This study has uncovered a novel property of HSPCs that enables them to convert danger signals into versatile cytokine signals for regulation of stress hematopoiesis.
Apomorphine in the treatment of Parkinson disease and other movement disorders.

Background: Apomorphine, a medication that has been studied intensively over the years, is available in the US as intermittent subcutaneous injections for treatment of ‘off’ motor states in Parkinson disease. Objective: The clinical literature is summarized with particular focus on randomized controlled studies of apomorphine in the treatment of Parkinson disease. Methods: After reviewing the pharmacologic properties of apomorphine, the English language literature is summarized with particular attention on articles resulting from a Medline search of apomorphine and Parkinson disease limited to randomized controlled studies. Other formulations and indications for treatment of movement disorders are also discussed. Results/conclusion: Subcutaneous apomorphine is well tolerated when co-administered with trimethobenzamide or domperidone premedication. It has a unique efficacy as a ‘rescue’ medication owing to its rapid onset of action. Subcutaneous infusion, although not an approved route of administration in...
Plasma Estrone Levels in the Chick Embryo

Abstract Plasma estrone (E1) concentrations in male and female chick embryos were determined by radioimmunoassay (RIA) on days 9.5, 11.5, 12.5, 13.5, 14.5, 15.5, and 17.5 of development. Levels of E1 in female embryos demonstrate a statistically significant increase from days 9.5 (275.0 pg/ml) to 13.5 (399.0 pg/ml). On days 14.5 to 17.5 plasma E1 values appear to decrease with respect to day 13.5 values (day 14.5, 349.0 pg/ml; day 15.5, 326.0 pg/ml; day 17.5, 338.6 pg/ml). This change, however, may or may not be real (P