cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prediction of the Fatigue Life of Cast Steel Containing Shrinkage Porosity

A simulation methodology for predicting the fatigue life of cast steel components with shrinkage porosity is developed and validated through comparison with previously performed measurements. A X-ray tomography technique is used to reconstruct the porosity distribution in 25 test specimens with average porosities ranging from 8 to 21 pct. The porosity field is imported into finite element analysis (FEA) software to determine the complex stress field resulting from the porosity. In the stress simulation, the elastic mechanical properties are made a function of the local porosity volume fraction. A multiaxial strain-life simulation is then performed to determine the fatigue life. An adaptive subgrid model is developed to reduce the dependence of the fatigue life predictions on the numerical mesh chosen and to account for the effects of porosity that is too small to be resolved in the simulations. The subgrid model employs a spatially variable fatigue notch factor that is dependent on the local pore radius relative to the finite element node spacing. A probabilistic pore size distribution model is used to estimate the radius of the largest pore as a function of the local pore volume fraction. It is found that, with the adaptive subgrid model and the addition of a uniform background microporosity field with a maximum pore radius of 100 μm, the measured and predicted fatigue lives for nearly all 25 test specimens fall within one decade. Because the fatigue lives of the specimens vary by more than four orders of magnitude for the same nominal stress amplitude and for similar average porosity fractions, the results demonstrate the importance of taking into account in the simulations the distribution of the porosity in the specimens.
Vaginographic Examination of the Pelvic Floor

In women with genital prolapse, damage to the pelvic floor muscles, fasciae, and ligaments leads to characteristic changes in the shape and position of the vagina. This observational study was undertaken to determine how these changes can be used to document damage to individual pelvic floor structures. Resting and straining radiographs in the standing position with barium in the vagina were made of 23 women with normal and 31 women with abnormal support, and correlated with anatomic studies of 23 cadavers. These studies demonstrate that the downward sagging of the upper vagina seen in frontal radiographs reflects a failure of the cardinal-uterosacral complex. Loss of the lateral indentations in the lower vagina indicates loss of the constricting effects of the levator ani. In lateral radiographs the levator plate's inclination can be measured. The distance between the pubic symphysis and anterior perineal body indicates the levator ani muscles' closure of the vagina. A line from the lower pubic symphysis to the ischial spine represents the location of the arcus tendineus fasciae pelvis. The distance between this line and the anterior vaginal wall indicates the status of the pubocervical fascia and its attachment to the arcus. With these observations, the vaginogram can be used to examine the status of the fascial and muscular supports of the vagina. It offers a research tool for the study of individual parts of the supportive system, and can be applied to such questions as the frequency of damage to muscles, fasciae or ligaments in recurrent prolapse.
Pediatric Stroke: Past, Present and Future

The past two decades have seen a renewed interest and focus in pediatric stroke. Although pediatric stroke in its various guises (acute infantile hemiplegia, hemiplegic cerebral palsy, and apoplexy) was described as early as the 15th century, it is only more recently that a systematic effort has been made to better define the epidemiology and etiology of pediatric stroke, classify pediatric stroke types, and move toward randomized controlled therapeutic and prevention trials. Although relatively uncommon compared with many other childhood diseases, pediatric stroke carries with it a disproportionately high morbidity and long-term personal and societal cost. Improved and safer noninvasive imaging modalities, and an increasing awareness of pediatric stroke amongst physicians, have allowed for better ascertainment data, which is reflected in the increased incidence in recent years. With more children surviving once-fatal and incurable disease (eg, congenital heart disease [CHD] and malignancies), the incidence of pediatric stroke is likely to increase as neurologic morbidity, in particular stroke, is a well-known sequela of many of these disorders. This review focuses on arterial ischemic stroke (AIS) in childhood and the perinatal period and does not address other stroke mechanisms such as primary hemorrhagic stroke or sinus venous thrombosis. A brief historical review describes the basis of current knowledge on the incidence, epidemiology, etiology, outcome, and recurrence risk in pediatric stroke, and recent developments in treatment and research are highlighted. HISTORICAL CONTEXT The concept of pediatric AIS is defined as any clinical neurologic presentation, including seizure, associated with radiographic evidence of ischemia, infarction, or encephalomalacia in an arterial vascular distribution corresponding to the neurologic deficit or presentation. Acute infarction in confirmed by a hypodensity on computerized tomography (CT) scan in a vascular distribution, or by a diffusion-weighted image abnormality on magnetic resonance imaging
A comparative study of male and female opium addicts among the Hmong (Meo).

This study was undertaken in order to elucidate the differences and similarities between male and female opium addicts in Hmong society. Remarkably, only two differences were found: sex ratio (more male addicts) and occupation (most women reported themselves as ‘housewives’). Comparison of twelve other demographic and clinical factors failed to show statistically significant differences. This study suggests that the many sex-linked clinical differences observed in the United States and elsewhere (such as earlier onset in men and more rapid course among women) are related to sex-linked sociocultural factors rather than biological differences.
Phytoplankton forcing by a record freshwater discharge event into a large lagoonal estuary

We report here the response of the water column and phytoplankton biomass of a large lagoonal estuary to a record freshwater discharge event which followed from extraordinary hurricane activity. In the fall of 1999, three hurricanes passed over eastern North Carolina coast in a 7-wk period: Hurricane Dennis (August 24–September 5), Hurricane Floyd (September 14–17), and Hurricane Irene (October 13–16). The hurricanes delivered record rainfall to the watersheds of the Pamlico Sound, North Carolina, the second largest estuary in North America. Hurricane Floyd was followed by a 500-yr flood that displaced 80% of the volume of the Sound and delivered half the annual nitrogen (N)-nutrient load to this N-limited system.
In Situ Hybridization of Human Erythropoietin in Pre -and Postnatal Kidneys

Due to the transient transcription of the gene of erythropoietin (EPO) in response to hypoxic stimuli, localization within the cell of origin in humans has not been possible. Under acutely induced transcription of the EPO gene, through severe bleeding (hematocrit <10%), EPO transcripts were detected within renal interstitial cells in rodents. However, by immunohistochemistry or tissue culture, human tubular epithelial cells or glomerular mesangium have been shown to produce EPO, suggesting a species difference. Aiming to investigate the precise location of EPO in intact human kidneys, 38 fetal, infant, and adult kidneys were examined by in situ hybridization. Kidneys from patients with conditions predisposing to severe hypoxia and/or induced polycythemia were utilized, because under these conditions active EPO mRNA synthesis is expected. We found specific EPO mRNA transcripts within a small population of cortical interstitial cells of near-term or postnatal kidneys.
Hypophosphatasia: review and report of case

Hypophosphatasia is reviewed, and the clinical, radiographic, and biochemical findings of the case history of a 5-year-old boy are described.
The Use of Gas Turbine Laboratories in Teaching Engineering and Non-Engineering Students

The United States Navy has committed itself to gas turbine power systems for a number of its present-day ships. Although gas turbine theory and practice have long been a part of the curriculum at the U. S. Naval Academy, it recently has become essential to expand classroom and laboratory programs. The graduating naval officer, regardless of educational major, must have a background that familiarizes him not only with the theory of gas turbines, but with the actual running of such machinery. Special problems associated with applying gas turbines to shipboard conditions must be understood and appreciated. This paper traces the history of the use of gas turbine laboratories in supporting classroom work at the U. S. Naval Academy. Two levels of educational effort are addressed: (a) gas turbine theory and laboratory exercises for the engineering major, and (b) gas turbine theory and laboratory exercises for the non-engineering major. Programs for both classes of students are explained including sample laboratory exercises and typical results.Copyright © 1978 by ASME
High-Quality Teaching Requires Collaboration: How Partnerships Can Create a True Continuum of Professional Learning for Educators

AbstractProducing high-quality teachers should be a shared goal and a shared endeavor -between those who prepare teachers in universities and those who support teachers’ learning in schools. Yet, teacher education has been portrayed more as a dichotomy than a continuum of lifelong learning, beginning with the preservice teacher and continuing throughout an inservice teacher's career. When schools and universities work together, especially in professional development school -contexts, this goal can be actualized.
An analytical method on circumferential periodic cracked pipes and shells

Based on the conservation law and bending theory, a very simple method to estimate stress intensity factors for circumferential periodic cracked pipes and shells is proposed. A series of closed form expressions of stress intensity factor are derived for cracked pipes and shells under different loads, such as bending, tension, three-point-bending, distributed load or combined loads. The examples show that the present method can produce the results obtained from complete shell analysis.
Perceived Probability of Going to Jail and Predictors of Attitudes toward Prisoners' Rights

In examining correlates of prisoners' rights, 109 undergraduates indicated the likelihood that they would never go to prison, completed the Just World Scale, a measure of conservatism, and a measure of attitudes toward prisoners' rights. Perceived likelihood of going to jail moderated the relationship between conservatism and attitudes toward prisoners' rights. That is, conservative students who expected never to go to prison showed little support for prisoners' rights, while those who indicated a higher probability of going to prison showed support for prisoners' rights.
The Teacher as Broker of Scholarly Knowledge

White suggests that the theme of the teacher as a broker of scholarly knowl edge can be used to give unified pur pose to teacher preparation programs. The teacher is conceptualized as a pivotal per...
Overexpressed nitric oxide synthase in portal-hypertensive stomach of rat : A key to increased susceptibility to damage?

Abstract BACKGROUND & AIMS: Portal hypertension predisposes gastric mucosa to increased injury. The aim of this study was to determine whether overexpression of constitutive nitric oxide synthase (cNOS) is responsible for increased susceptibility of portal-hypertensive (PHT) gastric mucosa to damage. METHODS: In gastric specimens from PHT and sham-operated rats, cNOS messenger RNA expression was determined by Northern blotting and cNOS protein expression by Western blotting, immunohistochemistry, and enzyme activity assay. Extent of ethanol- induced gastric mucosal necrosis, mucosal blood flow, and gastric NOS activity in PHT and sham-operated rats was determined after administration of N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) or saline. RESULTS: cNOS messenger RNA level, cNOS enzyme activity, and fluorescence signals for cNOS were increased significantly in PHT rats compared with controls. Inhibition of overexpressed cNOS by L-NAME (5 mg/kg) significantly reduced ethanol-induced mucosal necrosis and normalized blood flow in PHT gastric mucosa, whereas this dose of L- NAME significantly increased mucosal necrosis in sham-operated rats. CONCLUSIONS: Portal hypertension activates the cNOS gene with overexpression of cNOS protein in endothelia of gastric mucosal vessels. Excessive NO production by overexpressed cNOS may play an important role in the increased susceptibility of PHT gastric mucosa to damage. (Gastroenterology 1997 Jun;112(6):1920-30)
Pulsed Fourier-transform NQR of 14N with a dc SQUID.

The zero-field free induction decay of solid ammonium perchlorate at 1.5 K has been directly detected with a dc superconducting quantum interference device. The Fourier-transform spectrum consists of three sharp lines at 17.4, 38.8, and 56.2 kHz arising from pure $^{14}\mathrm{N}$ nuclear quadrupole resonance transitions. The absence of splittings and resonance transitions from dipolar-coupled proton spins is attributed to reorientation of the ammonium groups by quantum tunneling in combination with motional averaging in the three proton levels characterized by the irreducible representation T. The measured $^{14}\mathrm{N}$ spin-spin relaxation time is 22\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2 ms and the spin-lattice relaxation time is 63\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}6 ms.
Addressing Sustainable Apparel Design Challenges With Problem-Based Learning:

As consumers' social and environmental concerns have grown in the last decade, so has interest in eco-fashion. Behind fast-changing fashion trends, the apparel industry generates substantial environmental and resource depletion problems throughout the textile lifecycle. To respond to these trends, fashion designers and merchandisers have been motivated to practice sustainability in design and production. Some sustainable options are available, such as organic fibers and environmentally safe dyes. Still, there are challenges for apparel designers and merchandisers when trying to realize sustainability. To help undergraduate apparel students learn problem-solving approaches to sustainable garment design, a problem-based learning project was created and implemented in an undergraduate design course. In the course, students designed and produced an original sustainable garment. Student feedback following the project was largely positive, with most students indicating they would continue using sustainable prac...
Unsaturated fatty acids repress expression of ATP binding cassette transporter A1 and G1 in RAW 264.7 macrophages

Reverse cholesterol transport (RCT), a process to deliver excess cholesterol from the periphery to the liver for excretion from body, is a major atheroprotective property of high-density lipoproteins. As major transporters for cholesterol efflux in macrophages, ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) and G1 (ABCG1) are critical for RCT. We investigated mechanisms for the regulation of ABCA1 and ABCG1 expression by fatty acids (FA) in RAW264.7 macrophages. Cells were incubated with 100 μmol/L of palmitic, oleic, linoleic, linolenic or eicosapentaenoic acids in the absence or presence of T0901317, a liver X receptor (LXR) agonist. Unsaturated FA, but not saturated FA, significantly reduced ABCA1 and ABCG1 mRNA without the agonist. Trichostatin A (TSA), a histone deacetylase inhibitor, not only increased basal ABC transporter expression but abrogated the transcriptional repression by unsaturated FA. The increased basal ABCA1 and ABCG1 mRNA by TSA paralleled the increased peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and PPARγ coactivator 1α expression, whereas LXRα and PGC-1β expression was significantly lowered. Although the repressive effect of ABCA1 and ABCG1 mRNA by unsaturated FA was abolished by T0901317, protein levels remained diminished. Chemical and genetic deficiency of protein kinase C δ did not abolish the repressive effect of linoleic acid on ABCA1 and ABCG1. In conclusion, unsaturated FA repressed ABCA1 and ABCG1 expression by two distinct mechanisms in RAW 264.7 macrophages: LXR-dependent transcriptional repression possibly by modulating histone acetylation state and LXR-independent posttranslational inhibition.
Contactless power delivery system for mining applications

The ability to transfer large amounts of electrical power (up to 1 MW) to a moving load has traditionally used means that are unreliable, inefficient, and potentially unsafe. These include sliding or rolling metal contacts, sliding carbon brushes, and trailing cables. More recently, flat inductively coupled coils have been used to help mitigate these problems. Except for the inductively coupled coils, these techniques have not been developed with the capabilities of power electronics in mind. This paper presents the first conceptual description of a power delivery system design unifying power electronics and a coaxial-winding transformer for devices that require a contactless connection and/or relative motion while delivering large amounts of power. The transformer's unique characteristics and how they might be used to advantage in combination with power electronics are emphasized. Potential applications are flexible power distribution, material handling, electric vehicle boost, and battery opportunity recharge. Test results of a small scale prototype are presented and verify these initial concepts.
Interactions between Statistical and Semantic Information in Infant Language Development.

Infants can use statistical regularities to form rudimentary word categories (e.g. noun, verb), and to learn the meanings common to words from those categories. Using an artificial language methodology, we probed the mechanisms by which two types of statistical cues (distributional and phonological regularities) affect word learning. Because linking distributional cues vs. phonological information to semantics make different computational demands on learners, we also tested whether their use is related to language proficiency. We found that 22-month-old infants with smaller vocabularies generalized using phonological cues; however, infants with larger vocabularies showed the opposite pattern of results, generalizing based on distributional cues. These findings suggest that both phonological and distributional cues marking word categories promote early word learning. Moreover, while correlations between these cues are important to forming word categories, we found infants’ weighting of these cues in subsequent word-learning tasks changes over the course of early language development.
Complexity of generalized graph coloring

We characterize the complexity of the class of generalized coloring problems, denoted GCP F,k , which arise in resource allocation and VLSI theory. Depending on the parameters, this complexity ranges from polynomial to ∑ 2 p -complete. The latter represent apparenly the first natural graph problems to be complete for any intermediate slot of the polynomial hyerarchy. A parallelizable algorithm for the polynomial problems is presented.
Harnessing the Currents of the Digital Ocean

The digital revolution concerns the shift in human history that allows the transformation of experiential inputs and work products into digital form that can be immediately collected, modified, moved, stored, and computed upon. This shift has already had remarkable social consequences and raises fundamental questions regarding the nature of science and knowledge. In the context of educational research, it raises key questions about the nature of our relationship with data in scientific endeavor and the role of computing systems and computational skills of researchers.
5-HTTLPR genotype and daily negative mood moderate the effects of sertraline on drinking intensity.

We previously reported moderating effects of age of onset of alcohol dependence (AD) and a functional polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) in the gene encoding the serotonin transporter protein in a sample of 134 individuals participating in a 12-week, placebo-controlled trial of sertraline (Kranzler et al. 2011). To understand more fully the effects seen in that study, we examined moderation by negative moods reported each evening, with nighttime drinking intensity (i.e., the number of standard drinks consumed at night) as the dependent variable. We found a daily anxiety × age of onset × 5-HTTLPR polymorphism × medication interaction, which reflected a daily anxiety × medication group effect for early-onset individuals homozygous for the high-expression (L’) allele, but not others. Specifically, on days characterized by relatively high levels of anxiety, early-onset L’ homozygotes receiving placebo reduced their drinking intensity significantly. In contrast, early-onset L’ homozygotes treated with sertraline non-significantly increased their drinking intensity. These findings implicate anxiety as a key moderator of the observed effects pharmacogenetic effects. These findings have important implications because of the high prevalence of AD and the frequency with which SSRIs and other antidepressants are prescribed for a variety of psychiatric disorders.
State Lotteries and Agency Costs: Hidden Costs to Nonparticipants

. Some nonparticipants support lotteries because they expect the lottery will shift a portion of their tax burden to participants. The principal-agent model suggests that lotteries will result in an above normal increase in state expenditures. This paper finds that 77 percent of net lottery proceeds are utilized for above normal spending increases, suggesting that tax benefits to nonparticipants are greatly diminished.
Climatic influences on continental deposition during late-stage filling of an extensional basin, southeastern Arizona

Climatic, rather than tectonic, influences on continental deposition are recorded in the late-stage fill of a Neogene extensional basin in south-eastern Arizona. Regional geomorphic relations, low sedimentation rates, and stratigraphic overlap of the principal basin-bounding structures identified in a gravity anomaly profile, indicate that the Plio-Pleistocene St. David Formation accumulated in the San Pedro Valley during a period of tectonic quiescence. Stable isotopic composition of paleosol calcite is placed within a magnetostratigraphic framework that provides an interpretive record of variable arid to semiarid climate in the valley. Before 3.4 Ma the valley was hydrologically closed and experienced an arid climate with seasonal precipitation. Drainage integration at ca. 3.4 Ma corresponds with a transition to wetter conditions, less seasonally variable precipitation, and a rising water table indicated by hydromorphic paleosols and pond deposits. Gradually increasing seasonality of precipitation after 2.8 Ma and further decrease in winter rainfall after 2.2 Ma led to establishment of a dry, monsoonal climate between 1.6 and 0.6 Ma. The change in climate at ca. 1.6 Ma coincides with abrupt appearance of sheet-flood-dominated fan gravels above earlier vertically aggraded fluvial-channel and interfluve-flood-plain deposits. This change in facies is interpreted as the result of climatic change rather than an example of subsidence-driven gravel progradation. Sedimentation rates were greatest when climate was relatively wet, with dominant winter rainfall, and about equally low for relatively dry, with dominant summer rain, and relatively wet, but nonseasonal, conditions. Contrary to past model simulations, channel: flood-plain-facies ratios and sedimentation rate varied directly. Ribbon, as opposed to sheet, channel bodies were favored by relatively wet climatic conditions and were less commonly formed during dry, strongly seasonal times. Precise process-response interpretation of this correlation of sedimentological variability to changing climate is limited by the restricted interpretation of paleosolisotope paleoclimate data and the poor understanding of sedimentological response to climate change during 10 5 - to 10 6 -yr. time intervals. The results of this study suggest, however, that caution be applied to a priori interpretations of stratigraphic variations within thick syntectonic basin fills as responses to varying subsidence rates only.
Spirometry and PRAM Severity Score Changes During Pediatric Acute Asthma Exacerbation Treatment in a Pediatric Emergency Department

Objectives. To examine the time-dependent changes of spirometry (percent-predicted forced expiratory volume in 1 second [%FEV1]) and the Pediatric Respiratory Assessment Measure (PRAM) during the treatment of acute asthma exacerbations. Study design. We conducted a prospective study of participants aged 5–17 years with acute asthma exacerbations managed in a Pediatric Emergency Department. %FEV1 and the PRAM were recorded pretreatment and at 2 and 4 hours. We examined responses at 2 and 4 hours following treatment and assessed whether the changes of %FEV1 and of the PRAM differed during the first and the second 2-hour treatment periods. Results. Among 503 participants, median [interquartile range, IQR] age was 8.8 [6.9, 11.4], 61% were male, and 63% were African-American. There was significant mean change of %FEV1 during the first (+15.4%; 95% CI 13.7 to 17.1; p < .0001), but not during the second (+1.5%; 95% CI −0.8 to 3.8; p = .21), 2-hour period and of the PRAM during the first (–2.1 points; 95% CI −2....
The Structure of Optimal Trust: A Comment and Some Extensions

The article presents a response to an article in an earlier issue of “Academy of Management Review” from Wicks, Berman, and Jones on the structure of optimal trust. The authors appreciate the article's strengthening of the bond between trust theory and the practical business world, but feel that two issues have been left out of the discussion. The authors assert that trust is part of an interconnected group of concepts, such as reciprocity, opportunism, and forebearance. Additionally, the authors contend that the logic of trust can be framed mathematically. Trust in the business context is a field that is ripe for further study.
Forced vibrations of orthotropic shells when there is viscous resistance

Forced vibrations of orthotropic shells when there is viscous resistance are considered, when two versions of the spatial boundary conditions are given on the upper face of the shell, and the displacement vector is given on the lower face. The solution of the corresponding dynamic equations of the three-dimensional problem of elasticity theory is obtained by an asymptotic method. The amplitudes of the forced vibrations are determined and it is established that the viscous resistance causes the amplitudes of the forced vibrations to increase in the range of values of natural vibrations, but they remain finite. Boundary-layer type functions are obtained, and characteristic equations for determining the rate of decay of boundary vibrations in the direction from the side surface into the shell are established.
Auditor Perspectives on Confidentiality: A Qualitative Investigation Examining the Differences in European Auditors' Opinions

This exploratory research examines the existence of variations in the application of the principle of auditor confidentiality within a western European setting. A case study method was used employing a series of open ended questions to isolate participants' views on the importance of and factors influencing the practice of keeping client information confidential. The interviews yielded substantially different views on the application of the principle of confidentiality when placed in the context of a dilemma situation. Participants were partners and managers from four large international accounting firms located in eight western European countries (Denmark, France, Ireland, Italy, Spain, Sweden, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom). The findings imply that, although similar codes regarding confidentially exist, in practice there may be substantial variations in western European auditors' interpretations of the codes, resulting in potential audit opinion variations despite similar factual situations. Understanding this type of variation is critical to stakeholders in the international financial communities who rely on auditors to attest to the accuracy of the financial statements for decision making purposes.
The Problem of the Shortest Network Joining n Points

(1968). The Problem of the Shortest Network Joining n Points. Mathematics Magazine: Vol. 41, No. 5, pp. 225-231.
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for pediatric respiratory failure: Survival and predictors of mortality.

Objective:The last multicentered analysis of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in pediatric acute respiratory failure was completed in 1993. We reviewed recent international data to evaluate survival and predictors of mortality.Design:Retrospective case series review.Setting:The Extracorporeal Lif
Fear of Neighborhood Violence During Adolescence Predicts Development of Obesity a Decade Later: Gender Differences Among African Americans.

BACKGROUND: African American youth are more likely than other racial and ethnic groups to be obese. African American youth are also more likely to live in disadvantaged neighborhoods which increase their victimization, observation, and fear of violence. Objectives: This study tested if victimization, observation, and fear of violence in the neighborhood during adolescence predict trajectory of body mass index (BMI) in the 3rd decade of life in African Americans. Patients and Methods: Data came from an 18-year community-based cohort. We used multi-group latent growth curve modeling for data analysis, considering neighborhood violence at age 15 (i.e. victimization, observation, and fear) as predictors, and the linear slope for the average change in BMI from age 21 to 32 as the outcome, with age and socioeconomic status (i.e. intact family and parental employment) as covariates. Results: Fear of neighborhood violence at age 15 was predictive of an increase in BMI from age 21 to 32 among female but not male African Americans. Victimization and observation of violence at age 15 did not predict BMI change from age 21 to 32 among female or male African Americans. Conclusions: Fear of neighborhood violence is a contributing factor to increased risk of obesity for female African American youth who live in disadvantaged areas. This finding has implications for prevention of obesity among African American women who are at highest risk for obesity in the United States. Initiatives that enhance neighborhood safety are critical strategies for obesity prevention among African American women. Keywords: Violence; African Americans; Obesity; Emerging Adulthood Language: en
The effect of parole agents' judgments on recidivism rates.

(1969). The Effect of Parole Agents’ Judgments on Recidivism Rates. Psychiatry: Vol. 32, No. 2, pp. 192-199.
Dual blockade of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in patients with diabetic nephropathy.

Dual blockade of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system in patients with diabetic nephropathy
Endourethroplasty in the management of complicated posterior urethral strictures.

Abstract A 2-step endourethroplasty was performed to repair complicated posterior urethral strictures in 3 patients. In the first procedure scar tissue was resected transurethrally to create a smooth grafting bed. In a second endourological procedure a piece of full thickness prepuce was grafted at the stricture site. An intraluminal balloon catheter was used to keep the skin graft in close contact with the resected area of the urethra. Of the patients 2 have remained free of stricture for more than 22 months and 1 has remained free of stricture for more than 12 months after endourethroplasty. The technique offers a promising alternative to open surgery in selected patients with complicated posterior urethral strictures. ( J. Urol., 140: 607–610, 1988 )
Correlation of dopamine and opiate binding with adenylate cyclase in rat striatum

The neuroleptic properties of opiate drugs in striatum are well-recognized, but the mechanisms underlying these properties are not known (Lal, 1975). Recently it was reported that opiates inhibit the dopamine (DA)-activated adenylate cyclase of monkey amygdala (Walczak et al., 1979) and rat striatal membranes (Neff et al., 1981). However, no interaction between DA and opiate binding has been observed under standard binding assay conditions (Burt et al., 1976; Snyder et al., 1975). In this study, micromolar, rather than nanomolar, DA binding was measured under assay conditions in which DA activates adenylate cyclase and opiates inhibit the activation. There is a strong correlation between the ability of opiates to block micromolar DA binding and to block activated adenylate cyclase. GTP and dithiothreitol (DTT) appear to be required for these effects. Thus, at least some of the neuroleptic effects of opiates can be attributed to blockade of the D1 receptor as defined by Kebabian and Calne (1979) in striatum.
Bayesian Predictive Inference for a Finite Population Proportion: Two‐Stage Cluster Sampling

SUMMARY Given binary data from a two-stage cluster sample, we present a method to carry out Bayesian predictive inference for a finite population proportion. Our probabilistic specification should be useful for many surveys of this type and yields simple analytical expressions for the prior and posterior mean and variance. Within cluster k, we assume that the Yki are a random sample from the Bernoulli distribution with probability Ok. Conditional on ,B and T, 01, . . ., ON are a random sample from a beta distribution. Finally, 13 has a discrete distribution with specified probabilities. We use data from the National Health Interview Survey to illustrate the methodology and to show how to choose values for the parameters in the prior distribution.
Allogeneic transplantation for myelofibrosis: Final analysis of a prospective study after a median follow up of 5 years.

7008 Background: We report final results of a prospective phase II clinical trial of busulfan(bu) and fludarabine(flu) conditioning in patients with myelofibrosis(MF). After observing a higher rela...
Interplay between Hippocampal Sharp-Wave-Ripple Events and Vicarious Trial and Error Behaviors in Decision Making

Current theories posit that memories encoded during experiences are subsequently consolidated into longer-term storage. Hippocampal sharp-wave-ripple (SWR) events have been linked to this consolidation process during sleep, but SWRs also occur during awake immobility, where their role remains unclear. We report that awake SWR rates at the reward site are inversely related to the prevalence of vicarious trial and error (VTE) behaviors, thought to be involved in deliberation processes. SWR rates were diminished immediately after VTE behaviors and an increase in the rate of SWR events at the reward site predicted a decrease in subsequent VTE behaviors at the choice point. Furthermore, SWR disruptions increased VTE behaviors. These results suggest an inverse relationship between SWRs and VTE behaviors and suggest that awake SWRs and associated planning and memory consolidation mechanisms are engaged specifically in the context of higher levels of behavioral certainty.
Computer programming with Python for industrial and systems engineers: Perspectives from an instructor and students

This paper examines recent efforts at Binghamton University to teach the computer programming language Python to Industrial and Systems Engineering (ISE) undergraduates who possess little prior programming experience. The rationale behind selecting Python to teach is discussed. An evaluation of students’ learning outcomes shows that performance is distinguishable by gender, class standing, and class attendance. Lessons learned from the instructor's and the students’ perspectives are presented.
Enhanced Aortic Pressure Wave Reflection in Patients with Aortic Coarctation after Aortic Arch Repair.

Background In patients with aortic coarctation after successful aortic arch repair, it is well known that early-onset cardiovascular diseases can develop. Summary We studied the pressure waveform in patients after aortic arch repair focusing on a pressure wave reflection. In patients after aortic arch repair, the repaired portion generates a new reflected pressure wave. As a result, the newly generated pressure wave causes aortic pressure augmentation, loss of pressure amplification, and left ventricular hypertrophy with fibrosis. Balloon dilatation of the aortic arch may also generate a new pressure wave reflection. Key Messages In patients with aortic coarctation after aortic arch repair, the reconstructed site generates a new pressure wave reflection. This could be one of the causes of their future cardiovascular diseases.
Spline model for wake effect analysis: Characteristics of a single wake and its impacts on wind turbine power generation

Understanding and quantifying the wake effect plays an important role in improving wind turbine designs and operations, as well as wind farm layout planning. The majority of the current wake effect...
The association between bouted and non-bouted physical activity on retinopathy prevalence.

Abstract Objective We evaluated the specific differential association between non-bouted, lifestyle physical activities (vs. structured exercise; i.e., bouted physical activity) on retinopathy prevalence among a national sample of the broader U.S. adult population. Methods Data from the 2005–2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) was used to identify 1501 adults, between 40 and 85 years. Bouted and non-bouted physical activities were assessed using objective accelerometer monitoring. A 10-minute bout was defined as 10 + consecutive minutes above the moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) cut-point, with the allowance of 1–2-minute interruption intervals. Non-bout MVPA was determined by the number of MVPA minutes not accrued in a bout. Participants were screened for non-proliferative retinopathy using Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study grading criteria, as well as objective retinal imaging assessments using the Canon Non-Mydriatic Retinal Camera CR6-45NM. Individuals were excluded if they had been diagnosed with coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure, heart attack or stroke. Results Participants with worse retinopathy engaged in less bouted and non-bouted physical activity, had a higher BMI and were more likely to have diabetes and hypertension. For every 1 min/day increase in non-bouted MVPA, participants had a 7% reduced odds of moderate-to-severe retinopathy compared to no retinopathy (OR = 0.93; 95% CI: 0.87–0.99; P = 0.04); results were similar in an unadjusted model (OR = 0.93; 95% CI: 0.89–0.97; P = 0.007). Bouted MVPA was not associated with retinopathy prevalence in the multivariate model. Conclusion In this nationally representative sample of adults, those who engaged in non-bouted physical activity had reduced odds of a diagnosis of moderate-to-severe retinopathy.
Edema and BBB Breakdown in Stroke

Abstract Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability affecting 15 million people worldwide. Although rapid recognition and treatment have dropped mortality rates, many are left with permanent disability. Approximately 87% of all strokes result from the occlusion of cerebrovasculature (ischemic strokes). Current research distinguishes between zones of core infarct and areas of metabolically compromised but potentially viable tissue receiving collateral circulation known as penumbra. Research has long focused on how endogenous mechanisms of neuroprotection and neurorepair affect penumbral expansion. Such therapeutic approaches have included antiinflammatory interventions, reactive oxygen species scavengers, and many other targets with the common goal of mitigating the acute and chronic inflammatory responses typically seen in an ischemic stroke. This chapter will discuss acute and chronic molecular mechanisms underlying edema following ischemic stroke.
Guidelines for the intravenous management of hypophosphatemia, hypomagnesemia, hypokalemia, and hypocalcemia

Nutrition Support Consultant features issues pertinent to the clinical aspects of pharmacy nutritional support practice.
Gastroenterologist and primary care perspectives on a post-endoscopy discharge policy: impact on clinic wait times, provider satisfaction and provider workload

To reduce unnecessary ambulatory gastroenterology (GI) visits and increase access to GI care, San Francisco Health Network gastroenterologists and primary care providers implemented guidelines in 2013 that discharged certain patients back to primary care after endoscopy with formal written recommendations. This study assesses the longer-term impact of this policy on GI clinic access, workflow, and provider satisfaction. An email-based survey assessed gastroenterologist and primary care provider (PCP) opinions about the discharge process. Administrative data and chart review were used to assess clinic access, intervention fidelity, and re-referral rates. 102/299 (34%) of PCPs and 5/7 (71%) of gastroenterologists responded to the survey. 74% of PCPs and 100% of gastroenterologists were satisfied or very satisfied with the discharge process. 80% of gastroenterologists believed the discharge process decreased their workload, while 53.5% of primary care providers believed it increased their workload. 6.7% of patients discharged to primary care in 2013 had re-referrals to GI. Wait time for the third-next-available new outpatient GI clinic appointment had previously decreased from 158 days (2012, pre-intervention) to 74 days (2013, post-intervention). In 2015, wait time was 19 days (p < 0.001 for 2012 vs. 2015). Primary care providers and gastroenterologists are satisfied with an intervention to discharge patients from gastroenterology to primary care after certain endoscopic procedures, although this conclusion is limited by a relatively low PCP survey response rate. Discharging appropriate patients using consensus criteria from the gastroenterology clinic was instrumental in sustainably reducing clinic wait times with low re-referral rates.
Initial Beam Dynamics Simulations of a High-Average-Current Field-Emission Electron Source in a Superconducting RadioFrequency Gun

Abstract High-power electron beams are sought-after tools in support to a wide array of societal applications. This paper explores the production of high-power electron beams by combining a high-current field-emission electron source to a superconducting radio-frequency (SRF) cavity. We especially carry out beam-dynamics simulations that demonstrate the viability of the scheme to form ∼ 300 kW average-power electron beam using a 1+1/2-cell SRF gun.
Early detection of recurrent medulloblastoma: the critical role of diffusion-weighted imaging.

Background Imaging diagnosis of medulloblastoma recurrence relies heavily on identifying new contrast-enhancing lesions on surveillance imaging, with diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) being used primarily for detection of complications. We propose that DWI is more sensitive in detecting distal and leptomeningeal recurrent medulloblastoma than T1-weighted postgadolinium imaging. Methods We identified 53 pediatric patients with medulloblastoma, 21 of whom developed definitive disease recurrence within the brain. MRI at diagnosis of recurrence and 6 months prior was evaluated for new lesions with reduced diffusion on DWI, contrast enhancement, size, and recurrence location. Results All recurrent medulloblastoma lesions demonstrated reduced diffusion. Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) measurements were statistically significantly lower (P = .00001) in recurrent lesions (mean=0.658, SD=0.072) as compared to contralateral normal region of interest (mean=0.923, SD=0.146). Sixteen patients (76.2%) with disease recurrence demonstrated contrast enhancement within the recurrent lesions. All 5 patients with nonenhancing recurrence demonstrated reduced diffusion, with a mean ADC of 0.695 ± 0.101 (normal=0.893 ± 0.100, P = .0027). While group 3 and group 4 molecular subtypes demonstrated distal recurrence more frequently, nonenhancing metastatic disease was found in all molecular subtypes. Conclusion Recurrent medulloblastoma lesions do not uniformly demonstrate contrast enhancement on MRI, but all demonstrate reduced diffusion. Our findings support that DWI is more sensitive than contrast enhancement for detection of medulloblastoma recurrence, particularly in cases of leptomeningeal nonenhancing disease and distal nonenhancing focal disease. As such, recurrent medulloblastoma can present as a reduced diffusion lesion in a patient with normal postgadolinium contrast MRI.
Experiential Organizing: Pursuing Relational and Bureaucratic Goals Through Symbolically and Experientially Oriented Work

Current scholarship on organizational practices that foster a sense of care and collaboration in work relationships has yet to fully account for the potential misalignment between the goals of a gi...
Effect of testosterone propionate on performance and carcass characteristics of heifers and cows.

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of testosterone on growth and composition of cattle. In the first experiment, crossbred yearling heifers (n = 48) were assigned to four treatments: 1) control (no implant), 2) Synovex-H implants on d 1 and 84, 3) one testosterone propionate implant administered on d 1 and a second on d 84 and 4) two testosterone propionate implants administered on d 1. Heifers were fed a high-energy diet for the 157-d study. Implanting with the high-testosterone treatment improved (P less than .05) daily gain and feed efficiency compared with the other treatments. Marbling score was reduced (P less than .05) with the high-testosterone treatment. In Exp. 2, mature cows (n = 36) were assigned to one of three feeding periods (0, 42, or 84 d) with the cows fed 42 or 84 d subdivided into two groups (implanted with testosterone propionate or nonimplanted control). Cows were fed a high-energy diet and slaughtered at the end of each feeding period. Testosterone did not influence (P greater than .05) feedlot performance. Increased time on feed reduced (P less than .01) daily gain (live weight basis) and feed efficiency but did not influence feed intake. Testosterone treatment had little influence on the fat and moisture contents of the carcass soft tissue or on the palatability characteristics of loin steaks. Time on feed increased lean muscle mass and carcass fat (P less than .05). Sensory traits were improved at 42 d on feed (P less than .05), but no further sensory improvement was observed at 84 d.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Office-Based Surgical and Medical Procedures: Educational Gaps

Over the past decade, the number of procedures performed in office-based settings by a variety of practitioners—including surgeons, gastroenterologists, ophthalmologists, radiologists, dermatologists, and others—has grown significantly. At the same time, patient safety concerns have intensified and include issues such as proper patient selection, safe sedation practices, maintenance of facilities and resuscitation equipment, facility accreditation and practitioner licensing, and the office staff9s ability to deal with emergencies and complications. An urgent need exists to educate practitioners about safety concerns in the office-based setting and to develop various educational strategies that can meet the continued growth of these procedures. This review outlines educational needs and possible solutions such as simulation exercises and education during residency training.