cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A case study on cogeneration

Abstract Princeton University is considering the installation of a new central energy supply system. The existing system burns natural gas or residual oil to produce low temperature steam at 232 °C and 1.62 MPa. This steam powers compression chillers, supplies process heat, and drives a small backpressure turbine, the exhaust of which is used for hot water and space heat on campus. The steam demand varies from approximately 7 to 70 MW t , and the electric demand from 3 to 8 MW e . Energy prices have escalated sharply during the past decade, and recent changes in utility regulations have created favorable conditions for cogeneration. Therefore, a study was undertaken to evaluate reasonable alternatives for reducing energy costs. We study the most promising candidate systems: a gas turbine cogeneration system and a coal-fired fluidized bed boiler with a new, high temperature steam cogeneration system. A diesel cogeneration system is also investigated, but it turns out to be less attractive in this particular application because much of the cogenerated heat has too low a temperature. The savings are critically dependent on the economic scenario, in particular the escalation rates for energy prices. A wide price range for the various energy forms has been considered and the results for life-cycle savings and for rate of return are presented in compact graphical format. Under the most likely economic scenarios both the coal/steam system and the gas turbine offer rates of return in the range of 10–20% above inflation.
Glucose Response to Discontinuation of Parenteral Nutrition in Patients Less Than 3 Years of Age

Background: The effects of abrupt discontinuation and tapering of total parenteral nutrition (TPN) on glucose concentration were compared in patients < 3 years of age. Methods: Serial glucose concentrations were measured over 120 minutes after abrupt discontinuation as compared with tapering (decreasing infusion rate by 50% for 1 hour before discontinuation). Serial insulin concentrations were measured after abrupt discontinuation. Results: There was a significantly greater decrease in glucose concentration from baseline at 30 minutes after abrupt discontinuation as compared with tapering. Fifty-five percent (6/11) of the patients developed hypoglycemia (glucose concentration < 40 mg/dL) after abrupt discontinuation. Age, glucose infusion rate, and serum insulin concentrations were not predictive of the development of hypoglycemia. The tapering regimen did not prevent hypoglycemia, which developed in 20% (2/ 10). Conclusion: The high incidence of hypoglycemia after TPN discontinuation in children < 3 year...
Working Memory Effects of Gap-Predictions in Normal Adults: An Event-Related Potentials Study

The current study examined the relationship between verbal memory span and the latency with which a filler-gap dependency is constructed. A previous behavioral study found that low span listeners did not exhibit antecedent reactivation at gap sites in relative clauses, in comparison to high verbal memory span subjects (Roberts et al. in J Psycholinguist Res 36(2):175–188, 2007), which suggests that low span subjects are delayed at gap filling. This possibility was examined in the current study. Using an event-related potentials paradigm, it was found that low span subjects have an onset latency delay of about 200 ms in brain responses to violations of syntactic expectancies after the gap site, thus providing a time course measure of the delay hypothesized by previous literature.
Magnetic and structural characterization of CoNiCr thin film media

Preparation de couches minces de Co 62,5 Ni 30 Cr 7,5 par pulverisation haute frequence sur verre et sur Cr/verre. Comparaison de l'anisotropie magnetique, du champ coercitif et de l'aimantation avec ces proprietes induites a partir des caracterisations structurales
Hydrogen vehicles: an evaluation of fuel storage, performance, safety, environmental impacts, and cost

Abstract Hydrogen offers the prospect of plentiful supplies of clean transportation energy. This paper is a comprehensive review and analysis of hydrogen in efficient passenger vehicles. It addresses hydrogen production and distribution, on-board storage technology, refuelling, vehicle performance and safety, the environmental impacts of hydrogen use, and life-cycle costs. The environmental impact analysis focuses on NO, emissions from vehicles, the environmental impacts of making hydrogen from coal, and the contribution to the Greenhouse effect of CO 2 emissions from the use of coal-based hydrogen. The life-cycle cost model compares hydrogen vehicles to similar baseline gasoline vehicles, and includes estimates of the total retail cost of liquid and gaseous hydrogen from coal and solar-powered electrolysis, the cost of fuel storage equipment, the cost of pollution control equipment, maintenance costs, other ownership and operating costs, and the external costs of hydrogen use. While there is considerable uncertaintly about several important parameters, I conclude that under certain plausible (though not necessarily likely) conditions-low hydrogen fuel and vehicle costs, high nonmarket costs of gasoline use, and moderately strong efforts to avoid a Greenhouse warming-hydrogen vehicles could be the socially preferred highway transportation option.
The East Greenland Coastal Current: Structure, variability, and forcing

Abstract The subtidal circulation of the southeast Greenland shelf is described using a set of high-resolution hydrographic and velocity transects occupied in summer 2004. The main feature is the East Greenland Coastal Current (EGCC), a low-salinity, high-velocity jet with a wedge-shaped hydrographic structure characteristic of other surface buoyancy-driven currents. The EGCC was observed along the entire Greenland shelf south of Denmark Strait, while the transect north of the strait showed only a weak shelf flow. This observation, in conjunction with water mass considerations and other supporting evidence, suggests that the EGCC is an inner branch of the East Greenland Current (EGC) that forms south of Denmark Strait. It is argued that bathymetric steering is the most likely reason why the EGC apparently bifurcates at this location. Repeat sections occupied at Cape Farewell between 1997 and 2004 show that the alongshelf wind stress can have an influence on the structure and strength of the EGCC and EGC on timescales of 2–3 days. Accounting for the wind-induced effects, the volume transport of the combined EGCC/EGC system is roughly constant (∼2 Sv) over the study domain, from 68°N to Cape Farewell near 60°N. The corresponding freshwater transport increases by roughly 60% over this distance (59–96 mSv, referenced to a salinity of 34.8). This trend is consistent with a simple freshwater budget of the EGCC/EGC system that accounts for meltwater runoff, melting sea-ice and icebergs, and net precipitation minus evaporation.
Anti-John Cunnigham virus antibody prevalence in multiple sclerosis patients: baseline results of STRATIFY-1

Objective: A study was undertaken to define the prevalence of anti-JC virus (JCV) antibodies in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and to evaluate the analytical false-negative rate of a 2-step anti-JC virus antibody assay. Methods: STRATIFY-1 is an ongoing, longitudinal, observational study of relapsing MS patients in the United States who are being treated or considering treatment with natalizumab. Baseline serum and plasma samples were collected for anti-JC virus antibody detection using an analytically validated, 2-step, virus-like particle-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Urine was collected for JC virus DNA detection. Results: At baseline (n = 1,096), overall anti-JC virus antibody prevalence was 56.0% (95% confidence interval [CI], 53.0-59.0) in STRATIFY-1 patients, with an assay false-negative rate of 2.7% (95% CI, 0.9–6.2). Prevalence was significantly lower in females (53.4%; 95% CI, 49.9–56.8) than males (64.3%; 95% CI, 58.2–70.0) and increased with age, p = 0.0019 and p = 0.0001, respectively. Prevalence was similar in patients regardless of natalizumab exposure or prior immunosuppressant use, p = 0.9709 and p = 0.6632, respectively. STRATIFY-1 results were generally consistent with those observed in another large North American cohort, TYGRIS-US (n = 1,480). Interpretation: Baseline results from STRATIFY-1 are consistent with other studies utilizing this assay that demonstrate a 50 to 60% prevalence of anti-JC virus antibodies, a low false-negative rate, and an association of increasing age and male gender with increasing anti-JC virus antibody prevalence. Neither natalizumab exposure nor prior immunosuppressant use appear to affect prevalence. Longitudinal data from STRATIFY-1 will confirm the stability of anti-JC virus antibody prevalence over time. ANN NEUROL 2011
Regulatory issues during early craniofacial development: a summary.

Abstract During neurulation, craniofacial structures derived from the first branchial arch are determined to become maxillary, mandibular, and tongue formations. At least four interdependent developmental processes become integrated: (1) allocation of cells into specific lineages (perhaps during gastrulation); (2) regulation of time-dependent differential regulatory and structural gene expressions; (3) positional information resulting in pattern formations; and (4) morphogenesis, histogenesis, and cytodifferentiation. This review highlights progress toward understanding when, where, and how the one-dimensional genetic information encoded within DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is sequentially expressed into the embryonic craniofacial complex. Specifically, how might intrinsic autocrine and/or paracrine regulatory factors control the developmental program for early first branchial arch morphogenesis, histogenesis, and cytodifferentiation. Rules learned from normal development should be useful toward advancing t...
Extraversion-introversion and improvement in an auditory vigilance task.

The study deals with the effect of a secondary signal-detection task on performance in a primary signal-detection task in an auditory vigilance situation. Forty subjects were tested under two conditions. In one condition they listened to an 80-min. recording of a sequence of digits in order to detect the occurrence of primary signals defined as three successive odd digits which are all different. In another condition they listened for primary signals as described above, but in addition they also had to detect secondary signals defined as the occurrence of the digit68. The primary signals occurred ten times every 16 min.; there were about ten times as many secondary signals (digit 6) as there were primary signals (odd-odd-odd). The over-all detection of primary signals was better when subjects were listening for both primary and secondary signals than when they listened for primary signals alone. Extraverts benefited more by the secondary task than introverts. No significant relationship was found between either neuroticism or intelligence and vigilance performance. A theoretical account of the events in a vigil is proposed and the difference between introverts and extraverts is considered in terms of this account.
Absence of long-term potentiation in the subcortically deafferented dentate gyrus.

Abstract All subcortical afferents to the dorsal hippocampus, running in the fimbria-fornix and supracallosal path, were removed by aspiration. Three to 5 months later the rats were implanted with chronic recording electrodes in the dentate gyrus and CA1 region, and stimulating electrodes in the angular bundle. In non-lesioned rats, high-frequency trains delivered to the angular bundle gave rise to a sustained increase of the evoked population spike in the dentate gyrus. In lesioned animals, high-frequency stimulation resulted in only short-lasting changes, and by 15 min after the conditioning trains the amplitude of both the population spike and field postsynaptic potentials returned to baseline. In lesioned rats large amplitude interictal spikes (
Base of the Measles Virus Fusion Trimer Head Receives the Signal That Triggers Membrane Fusion

The measles virus (MV) fusion (F) protein trimer executes membrane fusion after receiving a signal elicited by receptor binding to the hemagglutinin (H) tetramer. Where and how this signal is received is understood neither for MV nor for other paramyxoviruses. Because only the prefusion structure of the parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5) F-trimer is available, to study signal receipt by the MV F-trimer, we generated and energy-refined a homology model. We used two approaches to predict surface residues of the model interacting with other proteins. Both approaches measured interface propensity values for patches of residues. The second approach identified, in addition, individual residues based on the conservation of physical chemical properties among F-proteins. Altogether, about 50 candidate interactive residues were identified. Through iterative cycles of mutagenesis and functional analysis, we characterized six residues that are required specifically for signal transmission; their mutation interferes with fusion, although still allowing efficient F-protein processing and cell surface transport. One residue is located adjacent to the fusion peptide, four line a cavity in the base of the F-trimer head, while the sixth residue is located near this cavity. Hydrophobic interactions in the cavity sustain the fusion process and contacts with H. The cavity is flanked by two different subunits of the F-trimer. Tetrameric H-stalks may be lodged in apposed cavities of two F-trimers. Because these insights are based on a PIV5 homology model, the signal receipt mechanism may be conserved among paramyxoviruses.
Spatially fractionated (GRID) radiation for palliative treatment of advanced cancer

To evaluate the use of single large doses spatially fractionated radiation (GRID) therapy either alone or in combination with conventional radiation in the palliative treatment of advanced cancer. Sixty-one patients with advanced cancer who had exhausted conventional approaches to palliative treatment with surgery, chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy were treated with high dose GRID therapy using high energy photons. Seventy-two symptomatic areas of disease were irradiated. A 50:50 GRID (open to closed areas) was utilized and a single fraction of 1,000–2,000 cGy to dmax was delivered to the open areas using a single field with either 6 MV or 25 MV photons. Follow-up ranged from 2 weeks to 28 months. Short follow-up times in some patients was due to their end stage disease. Patients were analyzed for palliation of symptoms and normal tissue morbidity. Sixty-four of 72 treatments were evaluable for palliative response. The results of treatment indicated a 27% (17/64) complete palliative response. A partial response was obtained in 64% (41/64). Overall response rate was 91%. Pain was the primary reason for treatment. Twenty-eight percent complete pain relief and 62% partial pain relief was achieved with GRID therapy. Symptoms related to large tumor masses were completely relieved in 19% and partially relieved in 71%. No acute morbidity was observed in spite of the large single doses delivered. Eight patients who were followed 12 to 28 months have shown no late morbidity. The use of spatially fractionated GRID therapy to deliver large single doses of radiation for palliative treatment has proven effective, especially for patients with short life expectancies. Further optimization of the GRID radiation distribution and maximum tolerable doses need to be established. Radiat Oncol Invest 1996;4:41–47. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The effect of fibrous fillers and metallic powders on the triboengineering characteristics of frictional composites based on the combined phenol-rubber binder

The findings of studies of the triboengineering characteristics of frictional composites based on the combined phenol-rubber binder filled with glass, basalt, carbon, and polyoxadiasol fibers and copper and iron powders are presented. The fibrous filler type and quality are found to influence the strength, friction, and wear characteristics of the composites. It is demonstrated that the composites filled with metallic powders have better thermal and physical characteristics.
Luminal osmolarity downregulates gene expression of Na+/H+ exchanger (NHE3) in rat colon mucosa.

Water-coupled Nas P <0.05) decreases in mRNA levels for NHE3, with iso-osmolar mannitol eliciting the greatest changes. Decreases in NHE2 and Na+/K+ mRNA levels were observed following these infusions but were not as marked as the changes for NHE3. These findings suggest that (1) loss of luminal Na+ is not, in itself, a signal that regulates NHE expression and (2) infusion of any solute, including Na+ itself, provides a signal to downregulate expression of NHE3 in colon mucosa.
The Expertise of Adolescent Literacy Teachers

The purpose of the study described in this article was to identify the qualities of teaching expertise that correlate with highly effective literacy instruction in grades 6 through 12. Findings draw on survey responses of secondary literacy supervisors at the local school district or state department of education level in every U.S. state. From these responses, 397 characteristics of teaching expertise were analyzed and collapsed into 38 categorical behaviors. After interrater reliabilities were computed, researchers returned to analyze and consolidate the data. This process yielded the following eight domains of secondary literacy teaching expertise: •Approaches to teaching (pedagogy) •Addressing diverse needs •Personal characteristics •Knowledge base •Approaches to teaching (activities) •Professional development •Appropriate relationships with students •Classroom management Applications of these data for research, policy, and practice are discussed.
Transport layer support for highly-available network services

We advocate a transport layer protocol for highly available network services by means of transparent migration of the server endpoint of a live connection between cooperating servers that provide the same service. We propose a transport protocol that: (i) offers a better alternative than the simple retransmission to the same server, which may be suffering from overload or a DoS attack, may be down, or may not be easily reachable due to congestion; and (ii) decouples a given service from the unique/fixed identity of its provider. Our protocol can be viewed as an extension to the existing TCP, and compatible with it.
Self-Regulated Learning and College Students' Regulation of Motivation.

This study extends current models of self-regulated learning by addressing 3 research questions, including what strategies do students use to regulate their motivation? is the use of these strategies dependent on contextual factors? how is motivational regulation related to other aspects of self-regulated learning and achievement? Self-report data were collected from 115 college students by using an open-ended questionnaire and Likert-style survey. Findings provide evidence that students regulate their level of effort in academic tasks by using a variety of cognitive, volitional, and motivational strategies; that students' reported use of these strategies varied across the 3 motivational problems with which they were presented; and that different aspects of students' motivational regulation were related positively to their goal orientation, use of some cognitive strategies, and course grade.
Forest understory clover populations in enriched CO2 and O3 atmospheres : Interspecific, intraspecific, and indirect effects

The effects of CO2 and tropospheric O3 on forest trees are increasingly the subject of experimental evaluation. Little is known, however, about the effects of these gases on understory plant taxa. At the Aspen free-air CO2 and O3 enrichment (Aspen FACE) site we assessed colonization and establishment of two common forest understory species, red (Trifolium pratense) and white (Trifolium repens) clover. To better understand these natural patterns in red clover, the more responsive of the two clover species, we also assessed intraspecific variation in growth performance to altered atmospheric conditions. Natural red clover populations were larger in enriched CO2 atmospheres, whereas white clover populations showed no response to CO2. Neither species showed beneficial or detrimental responses to enriched O3 atmospheres. Nine red clover genotypes exhibited similar, but counterintuitive, decreases in shoot and root biomass, and increases in foliar nitrogen concentrations and root nodule numbers, under elevated CO2. We suggest that in enriched CO2 habitats, increased shading from rapidly growing trees offsets the positive benefits of CO2 for understory plant performance. Enriched CO2 and O3 atmospheres may have large direct and indirect effects on colonization, establishment, and performance of common understory plants. Such changes may in turn alter forest community and ecosystem dynamics.
Calculation of Brownian particle transmission in long, wide channels

The transport of Brownian particles in channels which are long and wide compared to their height is addressed. The cross-sectional shape of the channel is assumed to be slowly varying, but otherwise arbitrary. A solution to the convective-diffusive equation with reaction-rate boundary condition was obtained by locally incorporating the modified Graetz solution in a flat channel. The solution was evaluated asymptotically for the cases of a channel with a maximum height occurring at an endpoint and at an interior maximum. The asymptotic method was applied in two example geometries: the calibration apparatus used to determine reaction-rate constants for virus adsorption to latex barriers, and overlapping pores in a nucleation-track membrane. The asymptotic expressions compared well with finite-element calculations in the examples. The utility of the asymptotic approach lies in rapid estimation of particle transmission through a channel as a function of geometric and physical parameters.
WHY ARE SOME FLORAL NECTARS SCENTED

Despite recent interest in the non-sugar components of floral nectar, nearly nothing is known about the ecological importance and phylogenetic distribution of scented nectar. If present, the scent of nectar would provide an honest signal to nectar-feeding animals. Nectar odors may directly impact plant reproductive fitness, through pollinator attraction or deterrence of nectar robbers and florivores. In addition, nectar odors may indirectly impact plant fitness through antimicrobial activity, pleiotropic interactions with plant defense, and communication with predators and parasitoids. The literature provides only circumstantial evidence for scented nectar, through the study of bee honey odors. Here I confirm the presence of scent in the nectar of four out of seven angiosperm species sampled with solid-phase micro-extraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. In Abelia x grandiflora and Hedychium coronarium, nectar odors are a hydrophilic subset of the compounds emitted by surrounding floral tissues, suggesting passive absorption by the nectar standing crop. Sucrose solution applied to the petals of a nectarless flower, Magnolia grandiflora, absorbed a hydrophilic subset of scent compounds after one hour, lending support to this hypothesis. Nectar from Oenothera primiveris and Agave palmeri contained unique scent compounds compared to the floral tissues. The presence of fermentation volatiles in A. palmeri nectar suggests a dynamic role for yeast in its floral biology. These data highlight the need for systematic studies on the distribution and mechanistic importance of scented floral nectar to plant–animal interactions.
Efficient detection and tracking of moving objects in geo-coordinates

We present a system to detect and track moving objects from an airborne platform. Given a global map, such as a satellite image, our approach can locate and track the targets in geo-coordinates, namely longitude and latitude obtained from geo-registration. A motion model in geo-coordinates is more physically meaningful than the one in image coordinates. We propose to use a two-step geo-registration approach to stitch images acquired by satellite and UAV cameras. Mutual information is used to find correspondences between these two very different modalities. After motion segmentation and geo-registration, tracking is performed in a hierarchical manner: at the temporally local level, moving image blobs extracted by motion segmentation are associated into tracklets; at the global level, tracklets are linked by their appearance and spatio-temporal consistency on the global map. To achieve efficient time performance, graphics processing unit techniques are applied in the geo-registration and motion detection modules, which are the bottleneck of the whole system. Experiments show that our method can efficiently deal with long term occlusion and segmented tracks even when targets fall out the field of view.
Development of an antimicrobial susceptibility testing method suitable for performance during space flight.

Very little is known regarding the effects of the microgravity environment of space flight upon the action of antimicrobial agents on bacterial pathogens. This study was undertaken to develop a simple method for conducting antibacterial susceptibility tests during a space shuttle mission. Specially prepared susceptibility test research cards (bioMerieux Vitek, Hazelwood, Mo.) were designed to include 6 to 11 serial twofold dilutions of 14 antimicrobial agents, including penicillins, cephalosporins, a beta-lactamase inhibitor, vancomycin, erythromycin, tetracycline, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. MICs of the drugs were determined by visual reading of color end points in the Vitek research cards made possible by incorporation of a colorimetric growth indicator (alamarBlue; Accumed International, Westlake, Ohio). This study has demonstrated reproducible susceptibility results in the testing of isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, group A Streptococcus species, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli (beta-lactamase-positive and -negative strains), Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter cloacae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In some instances, the MICs were comparable to those determined by a standard broth microdilution method, while in some cases the unique test media and format yielded slightly different values that were themselves reproducible. The proposed in-flight experiment will include inoculation of the Vitek cards on the ground prior to launch of the space shuttle, storage of inoculated cards at refrigeration temperature aboard the space shuttle until experiment initiation, and then incubation of the cards for 18 to 48 h prior to visual interpretation of MICs by the mission's astronauts. Ground-based studies have shown reproducible MICs following storage of inoculated cards for 7 days at 4 to 8 degrees C to accommodate the mission's time schedule and the astronaut's activities. For comparison, ground-based control (normal gravity) MIC values will be generated by simultaneous inoculation and incubation of a second set of test cards in a laboratory at the launch site. This procedure can provide for a safe and compact experiment that should yield new information on the effects of microgravity on the biological activities of various classes of antibiotics.
The association between media exposure of interracial relationships and attitudes toward interracial relationships

From an extended contact hypothesis (ECH) framework, mass-media portrayals of interracial relationships may encourage positive attitudes toward such relationships. Caucasian participants (N = 218) indicated examples of media portrayals of Black– White interracial relationships, attitudes toward Blacks, attitudes toward interracial relationships, degree of identification with Whites, and the degree to which Blacks are included in self-representations. Supporting our hypotheses, extended contact with Black–White relationships via media portrayals was associated with more positive attitudes toward Blacks and interracial relationships. These relationships were mediated by the degree to which Blacks are included in self-representations. This study furthers understanding of ECH by including representations of dyadic relationships and suggests an avenue for the creation of interventions for improving attitudes toward interracial relationships.
On the development of Pontryagin's Maximum Principle in the works of A.Ya. Dubovitskii and A.A. Milyutin

We give a short review of the development and gen- eralizations of the Pontryagin Maximum Principle, provided in the studies of Dubovitskii and Milyutin in the 1960s and later years. Keywords: Euler-Lagrange equation, Maximum Principle, classes of variations, Pontryagin minimum, state constraints, mea- sure in adjoint equation, regular and nonregular mixed constraints, phase points, closure with respect to measure, three-storey theorem.
Chebyshev super spectral viscosity method for a fluidized bed model

A Chebyshev super spectral viscosity method and operator splitting are used to solve a hyperbolic system of conservation laws with a source term modeling a fluidized bed. The fluidized bed displays a slugging behavior which corresponds to shocks in the solution. A modified Gegenbauer postprocessing procedure is used to obtain a solution which is free of oscillations caused by the Gibbs-Wilbraham phenomenon in the spectral viscosity solution. Conservation is maintained by working with unphysical negative particle concentrations.
Bounded Production and Inventory Models with Piecewise Concave Costs

An n period single-product single-facility model with known requirements and separable piecewise concave production and storage costs is considered. It is shown using network flow concepts that for arbitrary bounds on production and inventory in each period there is an optimal schedule such that if, for any two periods, production does not equal zero or its upper or lower bound, then the inventory level in some intermediate period equals zero or its upper or lower bound. An algorithm for searching such schedules for an optimal one is given where the bounds on production are -∞, 0 or ∞. A more efficient algorithm assumes further that inventory bounds satisfy “exact requirements.”
Commensurate-Incommensurate and Melting Transitions in Bromine-Intercalated Single Crystal Kish Graphite

We summarize the results of an extensive x-ray scattering study of the phase transitions in intercalated graphite-Br2 compounds. The experiments are aimed at understanding the intraplanar and interplanar correlations of the intercalate bromine as a function of temperature. Using in-situ high resolution x-ray scattering techniques, we have studied stage-4 graphite-Br2 under equilibrium conditions, where the intercalant is in the commensurate phase, incommensurate phase, and fluid phase. We demonstrate that the transitions between these phases are model examples of phase transitions in quasi two-dimensional systems. The coherently ordered in-plane bromine regions exceed 10000 A in size in both commensurate and incommensurate phases. A commensurate-incommensurate transition in the 7–fold direction is observed from a centered (√3 × 7) phase to a stripe domain phase. The domain wall density exhibits a power-law behavior in temperature with an exponent of 0.50 ± 0.02. We have also observed power-law lineshapes for bromine superlattice peaks in the incommensurate phase due to the rigorous absence of true long range order. The intercalate layer appears to exhibit an anisotropic melting transition from an incommensurate solid to a novel fluid phase.
Research Participation Among Older Adults With Mobility Limitation

The purpose of this qualitative descriptive study was to examine reasons for participation in clinical research among older adults with mobility limitation. A purposive sample of 20 men and 20 women aged 70 years or older was recruited. Data were collected by audiotaped telephone interviews using a semistructured interview guide and transcribed verbatim. Participants expect privacy, professionalism by research staff, and respectful treatment. Benefits to protocol adherence include personal education, comparison of their health status with that of others, opportunity to maintain vitality, and altruism. Barriers to protocol adherence are apprehension, in particular a negative impact on their health care, randomization to the control group, and experimental drugs; and inconvenience. Factors promoting study completion are obligation, reciprocity, receipt of test results, health promotion, and socialization. Implications include meeting expectations, providing health education and study results to participants...
Pre-disease pregnancy complications and systemic sclerosis: pathogenic or pre-clinical?

The fetal microchimerism theory for the pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis (SSc) has compelling biologic support, including the female predominance of the disease, the mean age of onset after childbearing years, similarities between diffuse cutaneous SSc and graft-versus-host disease, as well as the detection of microchimeric cells in peripheral blood and skin of SSc patients. The previous issue of Arthritis Research and Therapy presents findings of a positive association between pregnancy complications and future diagnosis of SSc in parous women. Before interpreting the results of this epidemiologic study as support for fetal microchimerism, however, other theories for the observed associations must be considered.
THE LS-ANTIGEN OF VACCINIA : I. INHIBITION OF L- AND S-ANTIBODIES BY SUBSTANCES IN TREATED VACCINE DERMAL FILTRATE.

Experimental data are presented which may be interpreted as follows. The heat-labile (L) and heat-stable (S) antigens of vaccinia occur in nature as a complex consisting of a single substance with two serologically active parts, each of which may be degraded independently of the other.
Huber-Sense Robust M-Estimation of a Scale Parameter, with Application to the Exponential Distribution.

Abstract Huber's (1964) classical theory of robust M-estimation of a location parameter is also applicable to nonnegative data X having scale parameter θ, since Y = log X has location parameter log θ. In the present article, Huber's location parameter results are reformulated in the scale parameter context and then applied to the problem of robust estimation of the parameter of the exponential distribution. The robust M-estimator is obtained here as the solution of a minimax problem, and it turns out to be a type of Winsorized mean.
When R & R is not rest & recovery but revise & resubmit.

In the October 2010 (volume 33, number 5) issue of Research in Nursing & Health, two errors were unintentionally introduced to the article during production revisions. The first error appears on page 381, paragraph 2. The first sentence should read, ‘‘Authors hope a journal will accept their manuscript on first submission, with no further revisions needed’’. The second error appears on page 384, paragraph 1. The last sentence in the paragraph should read, ‘‘Essentially, ‘‘if you cannot think of a good reasonnot to make a revision, make it’’ (Dowd &McElveny, 1997, pg. 53). We apologize to the authors and readership for the errors introduced to the final published article.
Cost of Gram-negative resistance.

Objective:It is unclear that infections with Gram-negative rods resistant to at least one major class of antibiotics (rGNR) have a greater effect on patient morbidity than infections caused by sensitive strains (sGNR). We wished to test the hypothesis that rGNR infections are associated with higher
Pheromone Blend Variation and Cross-Attraction Among Populations of the Black Cutworm Moth (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Abstract Sex pheromone quantity, blend ratio, and cross-attraction were studied in four populations of the black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel). Analysis of pheromone gland extracts showed that the three pheromone components of A. ipsilon, (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate (Z7–12:Ac), (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate (Z9–14:Ac) and (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate (Z11–16:Ac) were present in all four populations. On average, Z7–12:Ac was the most abundant component in the populations from Kentucky and Kansas, whereas in the Egyptian and French populations Z11–16:Ac was the most abundant component. All populations had a similar quantity of Z7–12:Ac. The population from Kentucky had significantly more Z9–14:Ac than the population from Kansas, and the other two populations had intermediate quantities of this component (P < 0.05). The Egyptian population had significantly more Z11–16:Ac than the French population, which had significantly more than the populations from Kentucky and Kansas (P < 0.05). Comparing Nearctic (Kentuc...
Consequnces of Inaction: The Fiscal Cliff and the Looming Entitlement Crisis

Policymakers and policy analysts are well aware of both the near- and long-term fiscal threats posed by inaction. The consequences of failing to solve these problems, however, are less appreciated. Each problem has a unique makeup and poses specific challenges to policymakers. This paper explores the implications of the seemingly unimaginable actually occurring, first looking at the consequences of the near-term fiscal cliff and then focusing on the Social Security and Medicare entitlement crisis down the road.
The performative spirit of Amalia Mesa-Bains’ New World Wunderkammer

Amalia Mesa-Bains' New World Wunderkammer (2013-2014) reactivates the Early Modern cabinet of curiosities, a display form that European collectors once used to express their knowledge and possession of the known world. Her art installation restages the Caribbean collision of Native American, African, and European peoples that began in 1492, connecting it to the colonial histories of objects from the Fowler Museum at UCLA's permanent collections. In her creative, feminist, decolonial interventions, Mesa-Bains secures agency for the oppressed by invoking Lucumi—a spiritual practice born in the Caribbean—and by performatively implicating her audience in related processes of coming together and healing.
Direct DNA transfer into intact plant cells and recovery of transgenic plants via microprojectile bombardment

Microprojectile bombardment into plant cells was first described by Sanford et al. [19] in 1987. At that time, tungsten particles of approximately 4 μm size were accelerated into onion epidermal cells and directly visualized using an inverted microscope. The original air pressure propulsion system was modified by using 0.22 caliber blank charges combined with an ultra-high molecular weight (UHMW) polyethylene macroprojectile to carry DNA-coated microprojectiles. The transient expression of the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene in onion epidermal cells was verified using this instrument [10].
Plasma Shield

Summary form only given. The plasma shield is a vortex stabilized arc that is employed to shield beams and workpiece area of interaction from atmospheric or liquid environment. A vortex-stabilized arc is established between a beam generating device (laser, ion or electron gun) and the target object. The arc, which is composed of a pure noble gas (chemically inert), engulfs the interaction region and generates an outward flow, thus, shielding it from any surrounding liquids (water) or atmospheric gases. The vortex is composed of a sacrificial gas or liquid that swirls around and stabilizes the arc. In current art, many industrial processes like ion material modification by ion implantation, dry etching, and micro-fabrication, as well as, electron beam processing, like electron beam machining and electron beam melting is performed exclusively in vacuum, since electron guns, ion guns, their extractors and accelerators must be kept at a reasonably high vacuum, and since chemical interactions with atmospheric gases adversely affect various processes. Various processes involving electron, ion and laser beams can, with the plasma shield, be performed in practically any environment. For example, electron beam and laser welding can be performed under water. It allows for in situ repair of ship and nuclear reactor components, as well as in air ion implantation of semiconductors
The Time Lag in Transient Nucleation

The time lag in transient nucleation was originally introduced to characterize the temporal evolution of the nucleation current in the simplest possible way. Previous attempts to calculate the time lag have relied mainly on either the approximate solution of the continuous Fokker-Planck equation or the numerical solution of the discrete rate equations. It is shown that the exact time lag can be calculated using a different method which requires knowledge only of the initial and the steady-state cluster populations.
On the relation between person-oriented and subject-specific approaches

The necessity of using subject-specific data analysis of non-ergodic psychological processes is explained, emphasizing the difference between inter-individual and intra-individual variation. It is argued that subject-specific data analysis not only matches the principles underlying Developmental Systems Theory, but also enables testing of all principles of person-oriented theory. A new generalized perspective on measurement equivalence in subject-specific data analysis is introduced. The importance of computational optimal control of psychological processes within the context of subject-specific data analysis is emphasized. In closing, some broader aims of subject-specific data analysis are considered.
Feed Water Control Strategy with Advanced Parallel Control and Its Applications to 1 000 MW Units

Successful RUNBACK is of importance to ensure the safety and stability of thermoeletricity units.Analyzing the boiler feed water control during the RB process of 1 000 MW ultra supercritical unit,this paper proposes a novel feed water control strategy that adopts dynamic feed forward control,and provides methods to deal with the feed forward signal without disturbation as the number of feed water pump changing,the feed water flow speeding up in the RB process as well.The experimental results in Haimen Power Plant show that the proposed strategy can realize stable and accurate feed water control.
Use of the World Health Organization Quality of Life Assessment Short Version in Mild to Moderate Parkinson Disease.

Abstract Objective To investigate the distribution, internal consistency reliability, and convergent and discriminant validity of the World Health Organization Quality of Life Scale Brief Version (WHOQOL-BREF) in persons with mild to moderate Parkinson disease (PD). Design Cross-sectional. Setting Movement disorders center. Participants Convenience sample of people with PD (n=96) recruited from a movement disorders center and controls (n=60) recruited from the community (N=156). Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measure WHOQOL-BREF. Results The WHOQOL-BREF domain data were relatively normally distributed, and internal consistency reliability was acceptable ( α =.65–.85). Participants with PD reported lower quality of life (QOL) than controls in all except the environment domain, and physical QOL was the most impaired domain in the PD group. Age, fatigue, and physical activity limitations predicted physical QOL; depression, fatigue, and apathy predicted psychological QOL; education, executive dysfunction, and apathy predicted social QOL; and age, education, depression, and apathy predicted environment QOL. Conclusions The WHOQOL-BREF is a suitable tool to assess QOL in patients with mild to moderate PD. It is relatively normally distributed and internally consistent; effectively discriminates between individuals with and without PD; and correlates with relevant demographic characteristics, PD-related impairments, and activity limitations.
Dilute versus concentrated vasopressin administration during laparoscopic myomectomy: a randomised controlled trial

Objective To determine if higher-volume, fixed-dose administration of vasopressin further reduces blood loss at the time of minimally invasive myomectomy. Design Randomised multicentre clinical trial. Setting Tertiary-care academic centres in the USA. Population Women undergoing conventional laparoscopic or robot-assisted laparoscopic myomectomy. Methods All participants received the same 10-unit (U) dose of vasopressin, but were randomly assigned to one of two groups: (i) received 200 ml of diluted vasopressin solution (20 U in 400 ml normal saline), and (ii) received 30 ml of concentrated vasopressin solution (20 U in 60 ml normal saline). Main outcome measures The primary study outcome was estimated blood loss; the study was powered to detect a 100-ml difference. Results A total of 152 women were randomised; 76 patients in each group. Baseline demographics were similar between groups. The primary outcome of intraoperative blood loss was not significantly different, as measured by three parameters: surgeon estimate (mean estimated blood loss 178 ± 265 ml and 198 ± 232 ml, dilute and concentrated groups respectively, P = 0.65), suction canister-calculated blood loss, or change in haematocrit levels. There were no vasopressin-related adverse events. Conclusion Both dilute and concentrated vasopressin solutions that use the same drug dosing demonstrate comparable safety and tolerability when administered for minimally invasive myomectomy; however, higher volume administration of vasopressin does not reduce blood loss. Tweetable abstract This randomised trial failed to show benefit of high-volume dilute vasopression.
The Malmo platform for artificial intelligence experimentation

We present Project Malmo - an AI experimentation platform built on top of the popular computer game Minecraft, and designed to support fundamental research in artificial intelligence. As the AI research community pushes for artificial general intelligence (AGI), experimentation platforms are needed that support the development of flexible agents that learn to solve diverse tasks in complex environments. Minecraft is an ideal foundation for such a platform, as it exposes agents to complex 3D worlds, coupled with infinitely varied game-play. Project Malmo provides a sophisticated abstraction layer on top of Minecraft that supports a wide range of experimentation scenarios, ranging from navigation and survival to collaboration and problem solving tasks. In this demo we present the Malmo platform and its capabilities. The platform is publicly released as open source software at IJCAI, to support openness and collaboration in AI research.
Trump, Trade and Virginia

The founding of the Virginia Colony in the New World by the Virginia Company reflected the British Empire’s notion that enlightenment would come through trade. By the post-World War II era this notion was unequivocally adopted by U.S. policymakers.This belief in the linkage between trade and the spread of liberal values has been the cornerstone of U.S. foreign policy for over 75 years. It was the underpinning of the architecture of the United States’ international trade and investment rules-based system that has evolved since the adoption of the Bretton Woods system, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and subsequently, by the World Trade Organization (WTO). It resulted in the historical growth of liberal democracy in the United States and elsewhere globally. Donald Trump was elected, in large part, by those who now felt marginalized by globalization. Globalization and the liberal economic order is now under challenge by him and his trade policy pronouncements.The challenge now is for the U.S. to put in place immediately a broad range of domestic policies regarding trade adjustment assistance, public and private reinvestment into infrastructure, and global tax reform to recapture the billions of offshore dollars being hoarded by U.S. multinationals. Both federal and state governments, with a broad outward-looking mindset, need to aggressively engage collectively the global system. This entails having complimentary domestic social and economic policies ensuring a competitive home front.Blustering away at globalization, walking away from the TPP, withdrawing from NAFTA or the WTO, and from leadership in the global trading system are not good for developing viable U.S. policies for trade, geostrategic relations or promoting state economic development.