cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Immunopathologic study of the implantation site in molar pregnancy

Abstract The implantation sites of 11 molar pregnancies were examined for the deposition of immunoglobulin and complement by direct immunofluorescence. None of the 10 women experiencing their first molar pregnancy had immunoglobulin or complement deposition in the implantation site. The one patient with immunoglobulin and complement deposition in the implantation site was also the only patient experiencing a second molar pregnancy. Immunofluorescent staining for IgG, IgM, and C3 was confined to the decidual arteries in this patient and was unassociated with endovascular trophoblastic deposits. While only one of the 10 women with their first molar pregnancy had focal vasculitis at the implantation site, the patient with her second consecutive mole had diffuse vasculitis. Because molar implantation sites are generally free of immunoglobulin and complement deposition, molar pregnancies do not appear to induce a vigorous host humoral immune response at the time of presentation at the molar implantation site.
Development of a defined medium and two-step culturing method for improved exotoxin A yields from Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Abstract A two-step method is described for the production of exotoxin A by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in which a defined growth medium is modified for the toxin production phase. As a result, specific exotoxin A yields comparable to those obtained with complex media were achieved. In the development of this two-step process, several divalent metallic cations (Ca2+, Cu2+, and Mn2+), in addition to iron, were found to inhibit the yield of exotoxin A while Ca2+ and glycerol were found to increase yields. Northern blot analysis of total RNA isolates suggests that these effects on exotoxin A yields are based on events at the transcription level.
An Extracellular Matrix–Based Mechanism of Rapid Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Formation in Response to Candida albicans

The armament of neutrophil-mediated host defense against pathogens includes the extrusion of a lattice of DNA and microbicidal enzymes known as neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). The receptor/ligand interactions and intracellular signaling mechanisms responsible for elaborating NETs were determined for the response to Candida albicans. Because the host response of extravasated neutrophils to mycotic infections within tissues necessitates contact with extracellular matrix, this study also identified a novel and significant regulatory role for the ubiquitous matrix component fibronectin (Fn) in NET release. We report that recognition of purified fungal pathogen-associated molecular pattern β-glucan by human neutrophils causes rapid (≤ 30 min) homotypic aggregation and NET release by a mechanism that requires Fn. Alone, immobilized β-glucan induces reactive oxygen species (ROS) production but not NET release, whereas in the context of Fn, ROS production is suppressed and NETs are extruded. NET release to Fn with β-glucan is robust, accounting for 17.2 ± 3.4% of total DNA in the cell population. Release is dependent on β-glucan recognition by complement receptor 3 (CD11b/CD18), but not Dectin-1, or ROS. The process of NET release included filling of intracellular vesicles with nuclear material that was eventually extruded. We identify a role for ERK in homotypic aggregation and NET release. NET formation to C. albicans hyphae was also found to depend on β-glucan recognition by complement receptor 3, require Fn and ERK but not ROS, and result in hyphal destruction. We report a new regulatory mechanism of NETosis in which the extracellular matrix is a key component of the rapid antifungal response.
The Observation, Inquiry, and Measurement Challenges Surfaced by Complexity Theory

The purpose of this chapter is twofold. (1) to gather in one place, the measurement and inquiry challenges surfaced by complexity theory. Most of these have been addressed, separately, elsewhere. (2) to offer insights into how complexity theory can better inform both organizational researchers and practitioners as they deal with these measurement challenges.
Response of soybean and sorghum to varying spatial scales of climate change scenarios in the southeastern United States

This study examines how uncertainty associated with the spatial scale of climate change scenarios influences estimates of soybean and sorghum yield response in the southeastern United States. We investigated response using coarse (300-km, CSIRO) and fine (50-km, RCM) scale climate change scenarios and considering climate changes alone, climate changes with CO2 fertilization, and climate changes with CO2 fertilization and adaptation. Relative to yields simulated under a current, control climate scenario, domain-wide soybean yield decreased by 49% with the coarse-scale climate change scenario alone, and by 26% with consideration for CO2 fertilization. By contrast, the fine-scale climate change scenario generally exhibited higher temperatures and lower precipitation in the summer months resulting in greater yield decreases (69% for climate change alone and 54% with CO2 fertilization). Changing planting date and shifting cultivars mitigated impacts, but yield still decreased by 8% and 18% respectively for the coarse and fine climate change scenarios. The results were similar for sorghum. Yield decreased by 51%, 42%, and 15% in response to fine-scale climate change alone, CO2 fertilization, and adaptation cases, respectively — significantly worse than with the coarse-scale (CSIRO) scenarios. Adaptation strategies tempered the impacts of moisture and temperature stress during pod-fill and grain-fill periods and also differed with respect to the scale of the climate change scenario.
An interactive viewpoint on the role of UML

The role of the Unified Modeling Language (UML) is to model interactive systems, whose behaviors emerge from the interaction of their components with each other and with the environment. Unlike traditional (algorithmic) computation, interactive computation involves infinite and dynamic (late binding) input/output streams. Algorithmic tools and models do not suffice to express the behavior of today’s interactive systems, which are capable of self-reconfiguring and adapting to their environment. Whereas procedural languages may express precise designs of closed processes, UML provides support for the inherently open-ended preliminary steps of system analysis and specification, which are becoming increasingly complex. Interactive systems require dynamic models where interaction has first-class status, and where the environment is modeled explicitly, as actors whose roles constrain the input patterns. UML’s interaction-based approach to system modeling fits well with the encapsulation-based OO approach to implementation. By coupling these approaches, the software engineering process can provide a complete solution to system design and implementation. A theoretical framework for modeling interactive computing can strengthen the foundations of UML and guide its evolution.
Incidental hepatic schistosomiasis in a liver transplant recipient

Hepatic schistosomiasis is a well recognized cause of chronic liver disease and portal hypertension. Herein, we describe a case of a 62-year-old Kuwaiti man who underwent liver transplantation for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and, as an incidental finding in the histopathology of the explanted liver, eggs consistent with Schistosoma were found. In endemic regions, hepatic schistosomiasis is often observed as an incidental finding in explanted livers of patients who receive liver transplantation for other indications. In the context of this case, we provide a brief review of the management of schistosomiasis in transplant recipients.
Perfluoroglutaryl chloride — a useful precursor to heterocycles

Abstract Perfluoroglutaryl chloride formed heterocyclic compounds with 2,3-dihydroxynaphthalene and with o-phenylenediamine. However, only a disubstituted acyclic compound resulted with bis(trimethylsilyl)piperazine.
Variability and circular polarisation in the nucleus of NGC5128 at 10.7 GHz

THE galaxy NGC5128 (Centaurus A), has been found to contain a compact radio source in its nucleus1. This compact source is one of the most remarkable yet discovered, and, as NGC5128 is the nearest of the strong radio galaxies (∼ 4 Mpc), it provides a possibly unique opportunity to investigate the physical processes which produce these objects. The results which we report here place important constraints on its structure and magnetic field strength.
Lessons Learned from On-the-Ground Conservation in Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Summary The war and genocide that swept through Rwanda and the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo has severely disrupted conservation activities there. However, those conservation organizations that have stayed in the region have been able to achieve a considerable amount. During 1998, I carried out a survey of staff from two conservation projects in Rwanda to determine what had motivated them to carry on working despite the loss of all senior staff, the suspension of regular salaries, and threats to their lives. The two projects were the Nyungwe Forest Conservation Project supported by the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) and the Karisoke Research Center supported by the Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International. Staff at both sites felt that continuing to work had increased the risk to their lives. The factors that motivated staff to continue working included their expectation of future payment of salaries, the dedication of conservation organizations to supporting the sites, and the dedication of...
Results and Analysis of Implicit Large Eddy Simulations of Equilibrium Spatially Developing Turbulent Boundary Layers at Multiple Mach Numbers

Equilibrium turbulent flat plate boundary layers with time invariant statistics were obtained at Mach numbers 1.7, 2.3, and 2.9. These are to be used as the initial condition for Large Eddy Simulations (LES) or Direct Numerical Simulations (DNS) of shock wave/turbulent boundary layer interactions utilizing a body force-based method. The results obtained are supplemented by an analysis of the mean and statistical properties of the respective boundary layers. The spanwise extent of the domain required to allow adequate decorrelation between the centerline and the boundaries is investigated by extensively probing the flowfields obtained. This is done to quantify the coherent structures of the turbulent flow. Specifically, two point correlations and integral length scales are used to investigate spanwise decorrelation distances in an attempt to pick a computational domain which is large enough to permit decorrelation downstream but small enough to minimize computational costs. It is shown that by examining the precursor events in the upstream region, namely the generalized stability criterion, it is possible to provide estimates for the force field parameters necessary for transition for a given flow, with only a small portion of the domain in the neighborhood of the trip. The technique is made even more efficient by investigating the possibility of determining these parameters using a two-dimensional simulation. Additionally, the three flow fields obtained are surveyed to confirm that they are suitable for subsequent SBLI simulations. We check that (i)they possess the expected turbulent characteristics and (ii)there is no signature of the tripping mechanism.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Detailed physical mapping of the ribosomal RNA genes of Bacillus subtilis

Characterization of patterns of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) homology with restriction digests of Bacillus subtilis 168 chromosomal DNA and with cloned DNA sequences has resulted in the construction of a physical map of the rRNA gene sets. There are two types of gene sets which differ in the size of "spacer" DNA sequences separating the 16S and 23S rRNA determinants. It was estimated that there are ten rRNA gene sets on the B. subtilis chromosome.
Plasticity of Binocularity and Visual Acuity Are Differentially Limited by Nogo Receptor

The closure of developmental critical periods consolidates neural circuitry but also limits recovery from early abnormal sensory experience. Degrading vision by one eye throughout a critical period both perturbs ocular dominance (OD) in primary visual cortex and impairs visual acuity permanently. Yet understanding how binocularity and visual acuity interrelate has proven elusive. Here we demonstrate the plasticity of binocularity and acuity are separable and differentially regulated by the neuronal nogo receptor 1 (NgR1). Mice lacking NgR1 display developmental OD plasticity as adults and their visual acuity spontaneously improves after prolonged monocular deprivation. Restricting deletion of NgR1 to either cortical interneurons or a subclass of parvalbumin (PV)-positive interneurons alters intralaminar synaptic connectivity in visual cortex and prevents closure of the critical period for OD plasticity. However, loss of NgR1 in PV neurons does not rescue deficits in acuity induced by chronic visual deprivation. Thus, NgR1 functions with PV interneurons to limit plasticity of binocularity, but its expression is required more extensively within brain circuitry to limit improvement of visual acuity following chronic deprivation.
Falsely high refractometric readings for the specific gravity of pleural fluid.

For 128 pleural fluids, the relationship between the protein content and the reading for the specific gravity obtained from a refractometer calibrated for urinary specific gravity was analyzed. The refractometer gave falsely high levels for the specific gravity of the pleural fluid. A reading for 1.019 (rather than 1.016) corresponded to a concentration of protein of 3.0 gm/100 ml, and each deviation of 0.005 (rather than 0.003) corresponded to a concentration of 1 gm/100 ml; however, determinations of the concentration of protein In the pleural fluid directly from the refractometer’s scale for protein (calibrated for serum) was rapid and accurate. Calculation of the protein content of the pleural fluid from the reading for specific gravity on the refractometer is erroneous and sometimes misleading.
Bandwidth tunable amplifier for recording biopotential signals

This paper presents a low noise, low power, bandwidth tunable amplifier for bio-potential signal recording applications. By employing depletion-mode pMOS transistor in diode configuration as a tunable sub pA current source to adjust the resistivity of MOS-Bipolar pseudo-resistor, the bandwidth is adjusted without any need for a separate band-pass filter stage. For high CMRR, PSRR and dynamic range, a fully differential structure is used in the design of the amplifier. The amplifier achieves a midband gain of 39.8dB with a tunable high-pass cutoff frequency ranging from 0.1Hz to 300Hz. The amplifier is fabricated in 0.18em CMOS process and occupies 0.14mm2 of chip area. A three electrode ECG measurement is performed using the proposed amplifier to show its feasibility for low power, compact wearable ECG monitoring application.
Serotonergic mediation of DRL 72s behavior : Receptor subtype involvement in a behavioral screen for antidepressant drugs

Abstract Background: The functioning of the brain serotonin system has been implicated in the action of antidepressant drugs. The behavior of rats performing the Differential Reinforcement of Low Rate–72 sec (DRL 72s) has been used as a screen for drugs with antidepressant activity. Many antidepressant drugs alter serotonergic function. Hence, experiments were designed to investigate the role of the brain serotonin system in the performance of DRL 72s behavior. Methods: Rats were trained to perform a DRL 72s, and then depleted (LESION) of brain serotonin (5-HT) using intracerebroventricular 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT). Control rats (SHAM) were injected with the 5,7-DHT vehicle. Results: The 5,7-DHT-treated rats showed a higher response rate, a decrease in the number of reinforcements, and a shift in the interresponse time (IRT) distribution toward shorter IRTs when compared to SHAM and prelesion performance. The behavioral deficit in the 5,7-DHT rats persisted for 17 weeks. Postmortem assays indicated extensive depletion of 5-HT in all the assayed brain regions of the LESION rats. The effects of the serotonergic agonists 8-hydroxy-2-di-N-propylaminotetralin (8-OH-DPAT), 5-methoxy-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeODMT), buspirone, and 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) were assessed. 5-MeODMT and 8-OH-DPAT resulted in greater improvement of DRL 72s performance in the LESION rats than in the SHAM rats. Buspirone failed to ameliorate the behavioral deficit in the LESION rats and produced a behavioral deficit in the SHAM rats. 5-HTP improved performance in the SHAM rats and in the LESION rats. Conclusions: These results support the contention that the brain 5-HT system is involved in the mediation of antidepressant drug effects.
Successful Management Of New Optical Fabrication Projects

In the business of high precision optical components, whether in prototype, small or intermediate quantities, certain characteristic difficulties are frequently encountered affecting both customer and supplier. Among them are misinterpretation of specifications, erratic pricing, late bids, inability to perform, economic losses on the part of vendors, and, especially, late deliveries. Problems, and occasional disasters, may be expected when state of the art optical fabrication projects are undertaken, but many of these frequently recurring syndromes should be reduced through the application of some management principles. These include 1) assessment of relative capabilities within the industry, 2) clarification of project requirements through discussion with customer prior to submitting proposal, 3) codified baseline pricing guidelines from which to make pricing decisions, 4) radical review of project at time of order, 5) establishment and monitoring of procedures and milestones, and 6) open, knowledgeable, and objective communication with customer when questions or difficulties arise. Examples and detailed suggestions for putting these principles into operation are provided.© (1978) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Hospital Costs Associated with Stillbirth Delivery

Fetal deaths account for nearly one percent of all births in the United States. The cost of hospital care associated with fetal deaths may be substantial. However, there is very limited data on the economic burden of fetal death. We conducted a retrospective medical chart review of stillbirths at three large hospitals in Michigan over a ten-year period and identified medical complications, hospital costs, and length of stay for these deliveries. Mothers with stillbirth were matched with mothers of the same age who delivered a live-born infant at the same hospital during the same year. Our final sample was comprised of 533 stillbirths and 1,053 matched live births. Average hospital cost for stillbirth was $7,495 (±7,015) and the average length of stay was 2.8 days (±2.8). Having a serious maternal medical complication was associated with higher costs and longer length of stay among women with stillbirth. Early stillbirths between 20 and 28 weeks gestational age, epidural/spinal/general anesthesia, and cesarean delivery were also associated with longer length of stay. Average hospital costs for women with stillbirth were more than $750 higher than women with live births but length of stay was not significantly different between the two. This study suggests that stillbirths were associated with substantial maternal hospital costs. Future research examining the economic impact of stillbirths beyond labor and delivery such as increased costs associated with additional testing and care in subsequent pregnancies will help better understand the overall economic impact of stillbirths.
After the Facts: Alternative Student Evaluation for Active Learning Pedagogies in the Undergraduate Biblical Studies Classroom

After laying a theoretical basis for an active learning orientation in the classroom, the co-authors describe methods they developed to evaluate active learning in two different settings of introductory courses in biblical studies. They argue that honoring diverse learning and communication styles among students does not need to compromise academic rigor. The authors show how portfolio-based assessment of student learning allows students a range of ways to demonstrate their mastery of the material. Examples are provided of components of student portfolios from their undergraduate classes.
Morphology of a Wetland Stream

/ Little attention has been paid to wetland stream morphology in the geomorphological and environmental literature, and in the recently expanding wetland reconstruction field, stream design has been based primarily on stream morphologies typical of nonwetland alluvial environments. Field investigation of a wetland reach of Roaring Brook, Stafford, Connecticut, USA, revealed several significant differences between the morphology of this stream and the typical morphology of nonwetland alluvial streams. Six morphological features of the study reach were examined: bankfull flow, meanders, pools and riffles, thalweg location, straight reaches, and cross-sectional shape. It was found that bankfull flow definitions originating from streams in nonwetland environments did not apply. Unusual features observed in the wetland reach include tight bends and a large axial wavelength to width ratio. A lengthy straight reach exists that exceeds what is typically found in nonwetland alluvial streams. The lack of convex bank point bars in the bends, a greater channel width at riffle locations, an unusual thalweg location, and small form ratios (a deep and narrow channel) were also differences identified. Further study is needed on wetland streams of various regions to determine if differences in morphology between alluvial and wetland environments can be applied in order to improve future designs of wetland channels.KEY WORDS: Stream morphology; Wetland restoration; Wetland creation; Bankfull; Pools and riffles; Meanders; Thalweg
Synchrotron radiation X-ray spectroscopic studies of interface electronic structure in molecular organic photovoltaic thin films

Abstract This paper reviews the application of synchrotron radiation-excited soft X-ray spectroscopies in the study of the interface electronic structure of small molecule organic photovoltaic materials. Recent results of photoemission, X-ray emission, and X-ray absorption experiments on a variety of bilayer systems grown in situ using organic molecular beam deposition will be discussed.
Adrenal Steroids Uniquely Influence Sexual Motivation Behavior in Male Rats

The androgenic adrenal steroids dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and 4α-androstenedione (4-A) have significant biological activity, but it is unclear if the behavioral effects are unique or only reflections of the effects of testosterone (TS). Gonadally intact male Long-Evans rats were assigned to groups to receive supplements of DHEA, 4-A, TS, corticosteroid (CORT), all at 400 µg steroid/kg of body weight, or vehicle only for 5 weeks. All males were tested in a paradigm for sexual motivation that measures time and urinary marks near an inaccessible receptive female. It was found that DHEA and 4-A supplements failed to influence time near the estrous female in the same way TS supplements did, and, indeed, 5 weeks of 4-A administration reduced the time similar to the suppressive effects of CORT after 3 weeks. Further, animals treated with DHEA or 4-A left fewer urinary marks near an estrous female than TS and control groups. These results suggest that DHEA and 4-A are not merely precursors of sex hormones, and provide support for these steroids influencing the brain and behavior in a unique fashion that is dissimilar from the effects of TS on male sexual behavior.
Combined MR-assisted motion and partial volume effects corrections – impact on PET data quantification

Our goal in this study was to characterize the combined effect of MR-assisted motion correction (MC) and partial volume effects correction (PVEC) on the estimation of [11C]NNC112 binding potential (BP) in healthy volunteers. 29 subjects were scanned on the Siemens 3T MR-BrainPET scanner prototype. Emission data were acquired in list mode format for 90-minutes following the i.v. administration of ~8 mCi of [11C]NNC112. The head attenuation map was obtained from the MPRAGE data using an atlas-based method. Head motion estimates were derived from the MR data and used to correct the PET data in LOR space before image reconstruction [1]. PVEC was applied to the motion corrected data using the region-based voxel-wise (RBV) method [2] and regions of interest (ROIs) defined from the MPRAGE images using FreeSurfer and the measured point-spread function [3]. BPnd for each of the ROIs was estimated in PMOD using the simplified reference tissue kinetic (SRTM) model and the cerebellum as a reference tissue. Maximum translations of up to 9 mm and rotations of up to 12 degrees have been observed in this group of subjects (Figure ​(Figure1).1). Less variability in the tissue time activity curves (TACs) was noted after MC (the curves before and after MC for a representative subject are shown in Figure ​Figure2).2). The percentage changes in BPnd after MC and PVEC revealed both under- and overestimation in the ROIs analyzed (Figure ​(Figure3).3). The cumulative effect exceeded 100% for some of the structures analyzed. Figure 1 Maximum translations (left) and rotations (right) measured in 29 healthy volunteers scanned for 90 minutes Figure 2 TACs in the left and right caudate and cerebellar cortices before (left) and after (right) MR-assisted motion correction Figure 3 Percent change in NNC112 BPnd after motion and partial volume effects corrections Significant motion and PVE were observed in all the subjects, biasing the PET estimates. The combined effect is difficult to predict, depending on the size and location of the structure of interest and patient compliance. Without addressing these issues, the value of the BPnd’s derived from these data is questionable.
A Newton-type univariate optimization algorithm for locating the nearest extremum

This paper introduces an algorithm for univariate optimization using linear lower bounding functions (LLBF's). An LLBF over an interval is a linear function which lies below the given function over an interval and matches the given function at one end point of the interval. We first present an algorithm using LLBF's for finding the nearest root of a function in a search direction. When the root-finding method is applied to the derivative of an objective function, it is an optimization algorithm which guarantees to locate the nearest extremum along a search direction. For univariate optimization, we show that this approach is a Newton-type method, which is globally convergent with superlinear convergence rate. The applications of this algorithm to global optimization and other optimization problems are also discussed.
De-Biasing the Age-Happiness Bias: Memory Search and Cultural Expectations in Happiness Judgments Across the Lifespan

While most research shows increasing happiness across the adult life-span, there is a common and persistent misconception that happiness decreases with age. In two experiments, we found evidence to suggest that this age-happiness bias results in part from a biased search for exemplars in memory. When provided with specific exemplars, aged 30 or 70, showing clear evidence of an active and sociable lifestyle, happiness estimates were unaffected by age. However, we also found evidence that the bias may influence judgments by invoking different standards for young and old. Among participants in the United States in Experiment 1, a negative lifestyle description resulted in negative happiness ratings for a 30 year-old and neutral ratings for a 70 year-old, suggesting that the lifestyle was considered normative for the older adults. Among Irish participants in Experiment 2, we found no such distinction, arguably because of cultural differences in social expectations across the generations. These studies help to reveal the judgment mechanisms behind the age-happiness bias, and identify the boundaries of this persistent bias.
Altering Biomineralization by Protein Design

To create a bioceramic with unique materials properties, biomineralization exploits cells to create a tissue-specific protein matrix to control the crystal habit, timing, and position of the mineral phase. The biomineralized covering of vertebrate teeth is enamel, a distinctive tissue of ectodermal origin that is collagen-free. In forming enamel, amelogenin is the abundant protein that undergoes self-assembly to contribute to a matrix that guides its own replacement by mineral. Conserved domains in amelogenin suggest their importance to biomineralization. We used gene targeting in mice to replace native amelogenin with one of two engineered amelogenins. Replacement changed enamel organization by altering protein-to-crystallite interactions and crystallite stacking while diminishing the ability of the ameloblast to interact with the matrix. These data demonstrate that ameloblasts must continuously interact with the developing matrix to provide amelogenin-specific protein to protein, protein to mineral, and protein to membrane interactions critical to biomineralization and enamel architecture while suggesting that mutations within conserved amelogenin domains could account for enamel variations preserved in the fossil record.
Robert R. Sokal (1926–2012)

Robert R. Sokal, Distinguished Professor Emeritus of Ecology and Evolution at Stony Brook University, passed away on 9 April 2012 in Stony Brook, New York. He was 86 years old. He was renowned for his contributions to quantitative analysis in biology, especially in ecology, evolutionary biology, and systematics. As a cofounder of “numerical taxonomy,” he devised methods for classifying organisms (later applied much more widely) that foreshadowed the development of phylogenetic analysis. He honed a wide variety of statistical tools, especially for analyzing spatially distributed data, and contributed abundantly to analyzing patterns of human genetic variation. His textbook Biometry , coauthored with F. J. Rohlf, profoundly influenced training and data analysis in ecology and evolutionary biology.
Development of an etch-definable lift-off process for use with step and flash imprint lithography

Along with other Next Generation Lithography (NGL) methods, imprint lithography has been included on the International Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS) for the 32 nm node, predicted to be production-ready by 20131. Step and Flash Imprint Lithography (S-FIL) is one of the imprinting technologies being pursued due to its impressive imprinting capabilities, where imprinted features of less than 30 nm have been demonstrated. Unlike optical-based lithography, S-FIL uses techniques similar to that of contact printing, and thereby does not require complex and expensive optics and light sources to create images. Couple this with a reliable pattern transfer, and S-FIL could become a contender as a viable NGL technology. Similar to other imprint lithography systems, S-FIL printed features possess a residual layer several hundred angstroms thick, which requires a breakthrough etch prior to etching a subsequent layer. Of a greater concern, however, is the etch barrier used as the imaging layer for S-FIL. The present silicon content is limited to approximately nine percent, and the formulation is optimized for dispensing and achieving mechanical properties for the imprinting process. As a result, oxygen-based plasmas typically used for pattern transferring more conventional bi-layer structures are not compatible with the current S-FIL resist stack, and therefore pose a challenge from an etch perspective. The development of a recent etch process incorporating an ammonia-based plasma was a key enabler for pattern transfer, and ongoing development is being done to improve critical dimensions (CD). In this study, we examined a lift-off process using S-FIL. The material stacks with and without a "glue" layer will be discussed, and the challenges from imprinting to etch will be shared. Finally, the lift-off process will be used to demonstrate fabrication of a surface acoustic wave (SAW) device in addition to demonstrating patterning of a non-reactive metallization scheme such as Ti/Au.
Aidrin and Dieldrin in the Blood of Pesticide Formulators

Blood samples from 21 employees in a pesticide-formulating plant were analyzed for aldrin and dieldrin at the conclusion of formulating 2000 pounds of technical aldrin. Working conditions which allowed for increased aldrin exposure resulted in increased aldrin residues in the erythrocytes and increased dieldrin residues in the blood plasma. The latter values were about Fifty times as great, but the trends were similar. The mean residue values for the aldrin formulators were 182.5 ppb dieldrin in the plasma and 3.7 ppb aldrin in the erythrocytes. Aldrin residues in the blood plasma and dieldrin residues in the erythrocytes were not indicative of degree of aldrin exposure. The blood plasma contained proportionately more aldrin and dieldrin than the erythrocytes as exposure to aldrin increased.
Unsteady heat transfer during laminar flame quenching

Measurements were made of the unsteady heat transfer to a wall during the quenching of premixed, methane-air flames. One dimensional laminar flames were produced in a constant volume chamber and the heat transfer into the quenching surface was measured by means of a platinum thin film resistance thermometer. The experiments were performed at pressures near atmospheric over a range of equivalence ratios from 0.7 to 1.2. Predictions of the heat transfer were made with two numerical finite difference models, one with detailed kinetics and the other with single step kinetics. The main experimental results are: 1) the data are successfully correlated using the heat release rate of the flame prior to quenching; 2) the maximum heat flux is related to the quenching distance and thus it may be possible to use measurements of the quenching distance to predict the maximum heat flux. A comparison of the experimental results and the numerical calculations revealed that: 1) a single step reaction model predicts the heat transfer as well as a detailed kinetics model, to within 15% of the experimental results; 2) thermal diffusion and the chemical reaction rate of combustion are the dominant processes which determine the heat flux during quenching.
New Telecommunications and Residential Location Flexibility

Information and communications technologies are now used by a rapidly increasing number of people as means of spatial interaction. This has two major effects on transportation: (1) telecommunications partially substitute for travel to the workplace and to some other preexisting destinations; and (2) often indirectly, telecommunications stimulate new activities and generate extra travel. In this paper, I first develop an analytical framework for understanding changes in residential location flexibility that result from the direct travel substitution effect. I then apply this analytical tool to an exploration of the emerging urban spatial structure in the information age; alternative scenarios of telecommunications usage are simulated in a hypothetical metropolitan setting, and insightful results are obtained. The simulation is followed by a discussion of the role of urban planning in shaping the future pattern of residential growth. In an effort to stimulate further thinking and research, I point out in th...
Color Dissociation Artifacts in Double Maddox Rod Cyclodeviation Testing

Background: The double Maddox rod test, based on a red Maddox rod in front of one eye and a clear Maddox rod in front of the other, is used to measure cyclodeviation, typically in patients with superior oblique muscle pareses. Discrepant results between the double Maddox rod test and other torsion measures, and reports of "paradoxic" cyclodeviation in the normal eye of some patients with superior oblique paresis, suggest the two-color format of the double Maddox rod test may produce artifactual torsion measures. Methods: Forty patients with superior oblique paresis were tested twice using the double Maddox rod test, reversing the red and white Maddox rods between eyes for the second test, and 18 were tested further with same-color red or clear Maddox rods in front of both eyes. Results: With the standard double Maddox rod test, 33 (83%) of 40 patients localized their cyclodeviation to the eye viewing through the red Maddox rod, irrespective of laterality of the paresis or fixation preference. In all 33 patients, laterality of the perceived torsion changed between eyes when testing was repeated with red and white Maddox rods interchanged between eyes. With same-color Maddox rods before both eyes, 17 (94%) of 18 patients localized extorsion to the paretic eye. There was a 7.6:1 ratio of luminance transmission and a 1.6:1 ratio of grating spatial frequency bandpass in the plano meridian between the clear and red Maddox rods, which appear to be responsible for the double Maddox rod test artifact. Conclusion: The traditional double Maddox rod test may produce artifactual cyclodeviation measurements. An alternative version of the test, based on same-color Maddox rods in front of both eyes, is proposed. The relatively high spatial frequency bandpass characteristics of the plano meridian of the Maddox rod (as high as 20/25 Snellen equivalent resolution through the clear Maddox rod) also suggests double Maddox rod testing should be conducted in a dark room to avoid biases from visual environment cues.
Corals: Their Use in Dental Research

SYNOPSIS IN INTERLINGUACORALLOS: LOR USO IN LE RECERCA DENTAL.—Es signalate pro le beneficio del biologo oral le possibilitate de utilisar certe corallos molle in le investigation del mechanismo de calcification. Tres membros del ordine Gorgonacea, specificamente Pseudoplexaura crucis, Eunicea calyculaia, e Gorgonia ventalina, esseva colligite in le Mar Caribe in le vicinitate de Mata de la Gata, al longo del costa sud-west de Puerto Rico. Es presentate un description macroscopic, le histologia, e simple factos del histochimia de iste corallos.
Decision-making in rectal cancer surgery: Survey of north American colorectal residency programs

PURPOSE: Although rectal cancer is common in the United States, there is significant variation in management and outcome of this disease. The aim of this study is to measure the amount of variability that exists in the way colorectal surgeons investigate and manage patients with rectal cancer. METHODS: A detailed questionnaire covering preoperative assessment, operative technique, and follow-up of primary rectal cancer was sent to all colorectal surgeons associated with colorectal residency programs throughout North America. RESULTS: One hundred ten responses were obtained (response rate, 71 percent). Surgeons were in broad agreement (>75 percent agree) on the routine preoperative use of endorectal ultrasound and carcinoembryonic antigen and the postoperative use of endorectal ultrasound. There was also broad agreement about the use of adjuvant therapy and radical resection for a poorly differentiated uT2,N0 cancer, the use of total mesorectal excision for a mid rectal cancer, and for the choice of loop ileostomy if diversion is necessary. Two-thirds of the surgeons used adjuvant therapy and radical resection for a uT3,N0 cancer and preferred a follow-up schedule of three monthly visits for two years with six monthly visits for the next three years. Opinion was divided (<63 percent agreement) on the use of a preoperative liver scan, the approach to a moderately differentiated uT2,N0 cancer, the use of rectal irrigation before resection, the timing of colonoscopy in a patient with stenosing rectal cancer, and the frequency of postoperative colonoscopies. CONCLUSIONS: There is considerable variation in the management of low rectal cancer advocated by colorectal surgeon educators. For each histologic and pathologic stage, opinion is divided about which operation is best. Careful outcomes analysis is required to clarify the situation.
Determination of the Dielectric Constant of Nanoparticles. 1. Dielectric Measurements of Buckminsterfullerene Solutions

The static dielectric constant e of buckminsterfullerene (C60) particles is determined in cis-decalin, toluene, and 1,2-dichlorobenzene using continuum models for spherical and spherical shell inclusions. The value for e for isolated C60 in cis-decalin and toluene agrees well with molecular beam measurements using a spherical shell model, but the e estimate in the highly polar solvent 1,2-dichlorobenzene deviated from these other measurements. Complications of measurements in highly polar solvents are summarized. We conclude that virial measurements have a great potential for determining the effective properties of nanoparticles from the properties of nanofilled materials over a range of dilute filler concentrations.
TNF is required for the induction but not the maintenance of compression-induced BME signals in murine tail vertebrae: limitations of anti-TNF therapy for degenerative disc disease.

While bone marrow edema (BME) is diagnostic of spondyloarthropathy, its nature remains poorly understood. In contrast, BME in ankylosing spondylitis is caused by TNF-induced vascular and cellular changes. To investigate the relationship between chronic compression and TNF signaling in compression induced BME we utilized a tail vertebrae compression model with WT, TNF-Tg and TNFR1&2−/− mice to evaluate: 1) healing following release of chronic compression, 2) induction of BME in the absence of TNFR, and 3) efficacy of anti-TNF therapy. Compression-induced normalized marrow contrast enhancement (NMCE) in WT was significantly decreased 3-fold (p<0.01) within 2 weeks of release, while the NMCE values in TNF-Tg vertebrae remained elevated, but had a significant decrease (p<0.05) by 6 weeks after the release of compression. TNFR1&2−/− mice were resistant to compression-induced BME. Anti-TNF therapy did not affect NMCE vs. placebo. Histological examination revealed that NMCE values significantly correlated with marrow vascularity and cellularity (p<0.05), which account for 76% of the variability of NMCE. Collectively, these data demonstrate a critical role for TNF in the induction of chronic compression-induced BME, but not in its maintenance. Amelioration of BME is achieved through biomechanical stability, but is not affected by anti-TNF therapy.
AAU Moratorium on earmarking funds for facilities

A majority of the member institutions of the Association of American Universities (AAU) recently voted to observe a ban on seeking congressionally earmarked funding for research facilities. The vote represented part of AAU's response to a report on facilities funding that was issued by a working committee (the so-called “Langenberg Committee,” named for chairman Donald N. Langenberg, chancellor of the University of Illinois at Chicago) that was sponsored by AAU, among others (Eos, May 19, 1987, p. 530). In recent years, an increasing number of colleges and universities have sought and received direct congressional appropriations earmarked for their research facilities without conventional merit review.
Organic-Soluble Cyclic and Cage Alkylaluminophosphates: X-ray Crystal Structure of [(tBu)2Al(μ2-O)2P(OSiMe3)2]2

The organic-soluble alkylaluminophosphates [(tBu)2Al(μ2-O)2P(OSiMe3)2]2 (1) and [(tBu)Al(μ2-O)3P(OSiMe3)]4 (2) have been prepared by equimolar reaction of (Me3SiO)3PO with tBu2AlCl and tBuAlCl2, respectively. X-ray crystallography confirms a cyclic Al2P2O4 framework for 1 that is analogous to four-membered-ring secondary building units in some AlPO4 molecular sieves. Similarly, spectroscopic (1H, 13C, 31P NMR; MS) and analytical data suggest that 2 has a cubic Al4P4O12 core analogous to double-four-ring (D4R) secondary building units in AlPO4 materials.
The practice of the everyday in the literature of nursing.

If intense pain is “world-destroying,” as Elaine Scarry has argued, one of the ways nurses respond to that loss is by re-enacting the commonplace—both in practice and in writing—through daily, accumulating acts of care. Such care poses a critique of medicine’s emphasis on the exceptional moment and stresses forms of physical tending that are quotidian rather than heroic, ongoing rather than permanent or conclusive. I develop this view of care through the writings of nurses like Walt Whitman, Louisa May Alcott, Cortney Davis and Joyce Renwick.
(α, n) measurements and the determination of the alpha optical potential

Cross sections for (α, n) reactions on ^(59)Co, ^(63)Cu, and ^(65)Cu have been measured from thresholds to beyond the (α, 2n) thresholds. In addition, ^(35)Cl(α, n)^(38)K and ^(35)Cl(α, n)^(38m)K cross sections have been measured from threshold to 12 MeV. Predictions of the Hauser-Feshbach model with the α-potential of McFadden and Satchler agree well with the data. This α-potential provides better fits, not only for these four reactions but for sixteen other α-induced reactions measured previously, than do the potentials of Igo or of Michaud and Fowler.
Parallel disk-based computation for large, monolithic binary decision diagrams

Binary Decision Diagrams (BDDs) are widely used in formal verification. They are also widely known for consuming large amounts of memory. For larger problems, a BDD computation will often start thrashing due to lack of memory within minutes. This work uses the parallel disks of a cluster or a SAN (storage area network) as an extension of RAM, in order to efficiently compute with BDDs that are orders of magnitude larger than what is available on a typical computer. The use of parallel disks overcomes the bandwidth problem of single disk methods, since the bandwidth of 50 disks is similar to the bandwidth of a single RAM sub-system. In order to overcome the latency issues of disk, the Roomy library is used for the sake of its latency-tolerant data structures. A breadth-first algorithm is implemented. A further advantage of the algorithm is that RAM usage can be very modest, since its largest use is as buffers for open files. The success of the method is demonstrated by solving the 16-queens problem, and by solving a more unusual problem --- counting the number of tie games in a three-dimensional 4x4x4 tic-tac-toe board.
EFFECT OF ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE ON INCORPORATION OF GLUCOSE CARBON INTO FATTY ACIDS BY LIVERS OF HYPOPHYSECTOMIZED AND HYPOPHYSECTOMIZED-ADRENALECTOMIZED RATS.

1. The conversion of glucose carbon to fatty acids and CO2 was investigated in slices prepared from the livers of hypophysectomized, adrenalectomized, and hypophysectomizedadrenalectomized rats. The effects of treatment with ACTH were also studied. 2. Adrenalectomy depressed the incorporation of glucose carbon into fatty acids in the rat liver. The impaired hepatic lipogenesis in this rat preparation was apparently not as severe as that induced by hypophysectomy alone. 3. The daily injection of 50 μg of ACTH for 14 days brought about complete repair of the defective hepatic lipogenesis in the hypophysectomized rat, but not in the hypophysectomized-adrenalectomized rat. 4. It is concluded that ACTH repairs the depressed hepatic lipogenesis in the hypophysectomized rat through activation of the adrenal glands. (Endocrinology 75: 923, 1964)