cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effects of multiple applications of different organic wastes on the growth, fecundity and survival of Eisenia fetida (Savigny) (Lumbricidae)

The growth, fecundity, and mortality of the epigeic earthworm Eisenia fetida, in a range of different wastes were studied for more than one year in the laboratory. Separated, pre-composted, and fresh cattle manure solids, fresh pig manure solids of different levels of maturity (nursery young, growing-finish, and sow pigs), and fruit and vegetable wastes from a supermarket were offered to the earthworms as substrates. The growth, fecundity and mortality of E. fetida were monitored for 23 weeks until the earthworms stopped producing cocoons. The surviving adult earthworms in each substrate were separated into two population groups. The first group was cultured without any further substrate additions (batch cultures), using the earthworm casts as bedding. The second group was cultured in their casts with new substrates added regularly (continuous cultures). The second and third new substrate changes were after intervals of 22 and 15 weeks respectively. E. fetida could not survive in fresh cattle solids, fresh young pig solids, fruit wastes, and vegetable wastes. The growth of E. fetida in growing-finish pig solids and sow pig solids was faster than in either separated cattle solids or pre-composted cattle solids. Most earthworms produced cocoons again when the second substrate was added. The rate of growth of E. fetida was slower and the cocoon and hatchling production was lower after adding the third substrate. Some E. fetida could survive without any new substrate addition up to 60 weeks.
Application of Computer Techniques to the Detection and Analysis of Spontaneous P-Wave Variations

A small, laboratory-oriented computer, programmed to scan highly amplified electrocardiographic signals in real-time, specifically searches for spontaneous changes in P-wave configuration. The tape-recorded bipolar extremity leads of 71 normal subjects so scanned revealed sustained periods of ectopic atrial beating in 31. There were 18 with a single well-defined ectopic focus, six with double foci, and seven with atrial activity too variable for simple categorization. Random noise was removed from atrial complexes of the classifiable groups by a discriminant procedure which averaged 50 to 100 members of a preselected P-wave family and automatically bypassed all others. The unexpectedly high incidence of variability indicates that normal atrial excitation is commonly an unstable or metastable process. Actual shifts of pacemaker location, variable exit sites from sinoatrial tissue, and preferential conduction pathways through the atria are postulated as possible explanations of the observed behavior. The richly notched configuration of normal P waves suggests that atrial depolarization proceeds through specialized conductive tissue rather than by uniform centrifugal spread.
MO-A-137-09: Reduced Order Prioritized Optimization for IMRT Planning

Purpose: A prioritized optimization scheme is introduced to improve the previously proposed Reduced Order Constrained Optimization (ROCO) method for generating clinically competitive IMRT plans. The improvement eliminates manual repetition of the ROCO constrained optimization stage to automatically produce an IMRT plan with target coverage equivalent to and organ‐at‐risk (OAR) doses lower than those in the original plan. Methods: The prioritized optimization consists of three stages. The first is creation of a baseline ROCO plan with initial constraints for all the OARs based on the clinical protocol and the planner's expertise. This process involves constrained optimization over a low‐dimensional parameter space and is able to directly satisfy requested dose limits. In the second stage, certain critical OAR dose constraints are selected to be further reduced, and the constrained optimization phase of ROCO is re‐applied. These constraints are reduced simultaneously by a constant dose until PTV coverage metrics (D95) are violated (maintaining all other constraints from the previous stage). The third stage sequentially pushes each individual OAR constraint on a priority list until PTV D95s are violated (maintaining all other constraints from previous stages). Results: The prioritized optimization scheme was tested on the simulation image sets of 10 head‐and‐neck patients. The prioritized ROCO scheme automatically improved OAR protection with equivalent target coverage (i.e., 6.5% average lower dose in cord, 7.7% in brainstem, 4.4% in the left parotid and 5.4% in the right parotid) automatically in comparison to the first‐stage plans. While 26 minutes of constrained optimizations on average were required to obtain these superior plans, no human interaction is involved until plan evaluation. Conclusion: After initial site‐and patient‐specific decisions by the planner, the proposed prioritized optimization method runs automatically and produces superior plans than the original ROCO method, avoiding intermediate manual evaluation. This publication was supported in part by Grant Number 1R01CA148876‐03 from the National Cancer Institute (NCI). Its contents are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of the National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health.
Diet and blood nutrient correlations with ischemic heart, hypertensive heart, and stroke mortality in China.

Though major differences exist in sabcategory mortality levels, cardiovascular disease remains a leading cause of death among both Asian Chinese and Westerners. This paper examines the possible relationship between cardiovascular mortality and biochemical, diet and lifestyle factors based on two surveys in China. Statistically significant associations indicate five variables negatively correlated: molybdenum, oleic acid, liquor consumption (males), legumes, and age at first pregnancy with ischemic heart disease; molybdenum, oleic acid (females) and age at first pregnancy with hypertensive heart disease; and legumes and age at first pregnancy with stroke. Five variables were positively correlated: triglycerides and herpes antibodies with ischemic heart disease; salt and phosphorus (females) with hypertensive heart disease; and only albumin (males) with stroke. Some findings confirm those observed in the West (salt, triglycerides, herpes, legumes, oleic acid, and liquor), but molybdenum and age at first pre...
MATERNAL PSYCHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AS INFLUENCES ON HOME VISITATION CONTACT † 624

Objective: To ascertain how women's psychological characteristics influence their use of home visitation services in programs for mothers and infants.
Preliminary evaluation of the prototype stereoscopic endoscope: precise three-dimensional measurement system

A prototype stereoscopic endoscope (incorporating two charged-coupled devices), developed for the accurate three-dimensional measurement of gastrointestinal tract lesions, was initially evaluated with two-dimensional target grids and in vitro measurement of 15 objects of known size (marbles, cubes, and rectangular prisms) placed in a plastic model of the sigmoid colon. Images of the objects were captured and stored in a computer. Stereoscopic measurements were compared with results from the standard (open biopsy forceps) method by a blinded endoscopist. The volume measured with the stereoscope did not differ significantly from the true volume, whereas the volume obtained with the open biopsy forceps method differed significantly from the actual volume, consistently underestimating the actual size. The aberration ratios (percentage deviation between the measured and true volume, expressed as mean ± SD) obtained with the stereoscopic endoscope were superior (9.2%±9.5%) to those obtained with the open biopsy forceps method (−34.0%±26.8%). These preliminary in vitro results with the stereoscope show considerable promise for the simple and precise three-dimensional measurement of gastrointestinal lesions and warrant human clinical trials.
Profiles in Social Justice Research—Morton Deutsch

Morton Deutsch has been a leading figure in the social psychological study of social justice for more than 50 years. His experimental and field research on such pivotal topics as conformity, intergroup relations, cooperation and competition, trust and suspicion, conflict resolution, and distributive justice has profoundly influenced several generations of social scientists and practitioners. I am delighted to publish in this issue a new article by Morton Deutsch (2006) in which he outlines “A Framework for Thinking about Oppression and Its Change” as well as several new articles written by prominent justice researchers, including former students and colleagues who have been inspired by Deutsch and his work (see also Bunker & Rubin, 1995). The contributors to this special issue were gathered together for a conference on “Interrupting Oppression and Sustaining Justice” that was held at Teachers College, Columbia University on February 27–28, 2004. As Deutsch (1999) notes in an autobiographical essay, he was born (prematurely) on February 4, 1920 as the fourth son in a Jewish middle-class family in New York City (see also Frydenberg, 2005). He enrolled in the City College of New York at age fifteen and received his bachelor’s degree in psychology in 1939. His first laboratory experiment made use of Sherif’s paradigm for using the autokinetic effect to investigate social influence. At City College, Deutsch also developed a life-long interest in the themes addressed by members of the Frankfurt School and—inspired by Brown (1936)—the possibility of integrating the work of Karl Marx, Sigmund Freud, and social psychologists such as George Herbert Mead and Kurt Lewin (see Deutsch, 1999). He also earned a reputation as a social activist, union organizer, and someone who was quick to criticize racial and other injustices in everyday life. After he obtained a master’s degree in clinical psychology from the University of Pennsylvania in 1940, Deutsch’s academic career was put on hold following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in December of 1941. Deutsch joined the air force
Pareto-optimal search-based software engineering (POSBSE): A literature survey

The Search-Based Software Engineering (SBSE) community is increasingly recognizing the inherit “multiobjectiveness” in Software Engineering problems. The old ways of aggregating all objectives into one may very well be behind us. We perform a well-deserved literature survey of SBSE papers that used multiobjective search to find Pareto-optimal solutions, and we pay special attention to the chosen algorithms, tools, and quality indicators, if any. We conclude that the SBSE field has seen a trend of adopting the Multiobjective Evolutionary Optimization Algorithms (MEOAs) that are widely used in other fields (such as NSGA-II and SPEA2) without much scrutiny into the reason why one algorithm should be preferred over the others. We also find that the majority of published work only tackled two-objective problems (or formulations of problems), leaving much to be desired in terms of exploiting the power of MEOAs to discover solutions to intractable problems characterized by many trade-offs and complex constraints.
An interactive method for surface fitting three-dimensional bodies

The paper discusses a computerized surface fitting procedure which, using interactive graphics, will surface fit mathematical relations to complex three-dimensional bodies. The program has been written so that it 'leads' the user step-by-step through the procedure, thus allowing a user of limited experience to rapidly digitize a body and obtain an accurate surface fit. Results are presented which indicate that the method yields accurate coordinates, slopes, and radii of curvature at any specified position on the body provided an adequate number of accurate cross section coordinates are available to adequately describe the body.
Assay of Methotrexate in the Presence of Its Decomposition Products and Other Folic Acid Analogs

Extensive studies with the folic acid antagonist methotrexate in cancer chemotherapy prompted the development of an assay for methotrexate in the presence of its decomposition products and other folic acid analogs. This was accomplished by quantitative chromatographic separation and spectrophotometric analysis of intact methotrexate and its decomposition products. Methotrexate U.S.P. samples were assayed and found to be at best approximately 90 per cent pure.
Assessment of the impact of pain and impairments associated with spinal cord injuries.

Abstract Widerstrom-Noga EG, Duncan R, Felipe-Cuervo E, Turk DC. Assessment of the impact of pain and impairments associated with spinal cord injuries. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2002;83:395-404. Objectives: To determine the adequacy of the Multidimensional Pain Inventory (MPI) for assessing pain impact after spinal cord injury (SCI) and to determine whether the impact of pain can be separated from other consequences of SCI. Design: Postal survey. Setting: General community. Participants: Of the 159 subjects contacted who experienced chronic pain, 120 (75.5%) participated. Interventions: Subjects were mailed the original MPI and a set of additional items specific to SCI. Main Outcome Measure: The MPI. Results: Confirmatory (CFA) and exploratory factor analyses were performed for each section of the MPI. Elimination of several items, including those related to work in section 1 (pain impact), improved the goodness-of-fit index (GFI). A CFA for section 2 (response of significant other) resulted in acceptable GFI after 2 items were deleted. Decrease in activity levels (section 3) because of other consequences of injury was significantly greater after tetraplegia than after paraplegia. In contrast, pain-related reduction in activities was not associated with injury level. Although other consequences of SCI may have greater impact on activities than pain, severe pain is likely to affect activity levels significantly. Conclusion: The MPI appears to be appropriate for use in a SCI population when modified to eliminate questions related to work and to supplement the activity scale with items addressing decreased activity levels due to pain. © 2002 by the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Experimental and modeling study on the high-temperature oxidation of Ammonia and related NOx chemistry

Abstract Ammonia oxidation and ignition delay time measurements for pressures above 10 atm are scarce. In addition, NH 3 is known to adsorb on stainless steel, so measurement results could be in question if wall passivation is not employed for apparatuses utilizing steel. To overcome these measurement difficulties and overall lack of high-pressure data for ammonia, new and methodical ignition delay time measurements have been performed behind reflected shock waves over a wide range of temperatures (1560–2455 K), pressures (around 1.4, 11, and 30 atm) and equivalence ratios (0.5, 1.0, and 2.0) for mixtures of ammonia highly diluted in Ar (98–99%). The new set of data from the present study was compared to several models from the literature. It was found that a large majority of the models do not predict the ignition delay times with accuracy, and there is a surprisingly wide variation amongst the predictions. One satisfactory model, from Dagaut et al. (2008), was selected and extended to compounds other than NH 3 using H 2 /O 2 /CO, N 2 O, NO 2 , and NNH sub-mechanisms from the literature. The resulting comprehensive mechanism predicts well the ammonia ignition delay time data from the present study along with other NH 3 , NO 2 , and N 2 O data from the authors as well as from the literature with high accuracy. In addition to the new ammonia oxidation data and related model comparisons, the present paper documents a state-of-the-art NOx sub-mechanism that can be used for a wide range of combustion calculations when added to, for example, baseline mechanisms involving hydrogen and hydrocarbon kinetics.
Positron emission tomography scanning poorly predicts response to preoperative chemotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer

Abstract Background The ability to accurately predict pathologic response to preoperative chemotherapy may have a significant impact on the treatment strategy for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The purpose of this study was to examine the accuracy of positron emission tomography (PET) scanning in predicting the pathologic response to preoperative chemotherapy in the primary tumor and draining lymph nodes. Methods A total of 25 patients were enrolled in two separate phase II trials investigating induction chemotherapy for NSCLC. All patients underwent pre-treatment and post-treatment PET scans followed by surgical resection. A significant PET scan response was defined as a reduction in the standard uptake value by 50% or more. We defined a major pathologic response as either no disease or microscopic disease only in the primary tumor. The percentage change in standard uptake value was then calculated and correlated with pathologic response in the primary tumor. In addition, the presence or absence of nodal metastases as determined by the postchemotherapy PET scan was compared with final pathologic nodal stage. Results The positive and negative predictive values for PET detection of major pathologic response in the primary tumor were 43% and 100%, respectively. Positron emission tomography did not accurately predict nodal status in 52% of patients. The positive and negative predictive values of PET to detect node-positive disease were 73% and 64%, respectively. For N2 disease the positive predictive value of PET scans was less than 20%. Conclusions Positron emission tomography scanning does not reliably predict pathologic response to preoperative chemotherapy in NSCLC in either the primary tumor or the draining lymph nodes.
Structural and magnetic properties of Er thin films and Er/Y superlattices: Magnetoelastic effects

Crystalline erbium thin films and Er/Y superlattices with varying Er-layer thicknesses have been grown by molecular-beam epitaxy. The magnetic and structural properties of these samples have been analyzed by x-ray-scattering, bulk-magnetization, and neutron-diffraction techniques. From a comparison of the data for the two systems, the importance of interfacial strain relative to artificial modulation in shaping the magnetic behavior has been determined. Though the basic nature of the erbium magnetic order is not qualitatively altered in either the thin films or superlattices, the conical ferromagnetic phase is suppressed in all of the samples considered. The enhanced critical fields exhibit a systematic dependence on Er-layer thickness. These effects appear to follow directly from the epitaxial basal-plane strain which is measurable in films over 14 000 \AA{} thick. This strain, along with a ``clamping'' of the Er thermal expansion to the Y lattice, leads to a reduction of the magnitude of the magnetoelastic energy that drives the ferromagnetic transition. The dependence of the magnetoelastic energy on the epitaxial strain is described by a model which accounts for the elastic coupling of the erbium lattice to the yttrium.
The Gillett Brothers and the Mid Nineteenth Century Black Powder Mill, Portage County, Ohio: An Entrepreneurship Presaging the Industrial Era:

Pioneers who settled in the Ohio country in the beginning of the 19th century were faced with many challenges in addition to survival. Among them was a need to discover and exploit the natural reso...
Coffee, money and inflation in Colombia

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to analyse the relationship between coffee, money, inflation and international competitiveness in Colombia. The basic hypothesis being investigated is that higher (lower) prices of coffee will tend to result, through the accumulation of international reserves, in higher (lower) inflation. In turn, this higher inflation will generate, for a given rate of devaluation of the nominal exchange rate, a reduction of the real exchange rate, with the consequent loss of competitiveness in the non-coffee tradable goods sector. A ‘Dutch-disease’ type of model is developed to discuss analytically the relationship between coffee prices, money creation and competitiveness in the short and long run. Empirical results for 1952–1980 are presented. These results support the hypothesis that there has been a positive relationship between the price of coffee, money creation and inflation in Colombia.
Therapeutic Manipulation of the Microbiome in IBD: Current Results and Future Approaches

Despite recent major strides in our understanding of the genetic and microbial influences that contribute to the development of the inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), their etiology continues to be enigmatic. Results from experiments in animal models of IBDs overwhelmingly support a causal role of the microbiota in these diseases, though whether such a cause-effect relationship exists in human IBDs is still uncertain. Therefore, virtually all currently approved and most often prescribed treatments for IBDs are directed toward the over-active immune response in these diseases rather than the intestinal bacteria. Nevertheless, there is an important need for non-immunosuppressive therapies that may present a more favorable risk-benefit profile such as those that selectively target the disruptions in gut microbiota that accompany IBDs. This need has led to clinical trials of various microbial-directed therapies including fecal microbial transplant, antibiotics, probiotics, and prebiotics. Unfortunately, these published studies, many of which are small, have generally failed to demonstrate a consistent benefit of these agents in IBDs, thus leading to slow acceptance of microbe-focused treatments for these conditions. In this article, we review and summarize the microbial basis for IBDs and the results of the most recent trials of fecal microbial transplant, antibiotics, probiotics, and prebiotics in IBDs. We also comment on possible safety concerns with these agents, speculate on why they have failed to show efficacy in certain clinical settings, and propose strategies to improve their usefulness.
A Meta-Analysis of Behavioral Interventions for Adolescents and Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorders

Evaluation of evidence-based treatments is important for adolescents and adults with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) given the increasing number of interventions available and the prevalence of ASD. In this study, we sought to evaluate the effectiveness of behavioral interventions for this population by conducting a meta-analysis of published single-case research studies. A new metric for calculating effect size in single-case research, nonoverlap of all pairs, was utilized. In addition, the certainty of evidence, a system to evaluate research methodology, was applied to the reviewed articles. Forty-three articles were identified in the study. Results suggested that the behavioral interventions in the areas of academic skills, adaptive skills, problem behavior, phobic avoidance, social skills, and vocational skills have medium-to-strong effect sizes. Medium-to-high confidence in findings was noted for 81 % of the studies in the meta-analysis; however, three-fourths of the reviewed studies did not include treatment integrity, which may affect the ability to draw conclusions about the effectiveness of the interventions. Overall, the evidence is promising for the use of behavioral interventions for this population; however, additional research and dissemination are needed to fill the gap between research and practice in order for practitioners to meet the increasing demand as individuals with ASD age.
Effect of Surface Density of Active Sites on Rupture Force Distributions of Single Molecule Interactions

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is used in measuring dissociation in protein systems and protein-protein interactions forces at single molecular level. However, an explicit interpretation of the acquired rupture force data is not always easy. The Bell-Evans Standard Theory, used for analyzing rupture force data (contingent on the concept of thermal activation and the deformation of the activation barrier) yields a rupture force distribution function which is skewed to the left (towards low force). However, most of the experimental measurements of rupture force data generate a probability distribution function (pdf) with a high force tail. The probable cause of this high force tail in the rupture force pdf is either multiple attachments (though recognizable multiple ruptures are typically removed from rupture force analysis) or heterogeneous bonding. To study the effect of multiple attachments, we created a varying density of active sites using self assembled monolayer by incubating the substrate in mixed solutions of active (biotin) and inactive (methyl-terminated) PEG molecules and pursued imaging and force measurements with avidin functionalized AFM tip. Here, we present a combined approach to answer the question of how much of the high force tail can be attributed to either cause. We found that the presence of multiple attachments, while significant, accounts for only a fraction of the events in the high force tail of the distribution.
Voltage splay modes and enhanced phase locking in a modified linear Josephson array

We analyze a modified linear Josephson-junction array in which additional unbiased junctions are used to greatly enhance phase locking. This geometry exhibits strong correlated behavior, with an external magnetic field tuning the voltage splay angle between adjacent Josephson oscillators. The array displays a coherent in-phase mode for f=(1)/(2), where f is the magnetic frustration, while for 0{lt}f{lt}(1)/(2), a voltage wave propagates along the array with a phase velocity v{sub p}(f)=2aV{sub dc}/{Phi}{sub 0}(1{minus}2f). The locked splay modes are found to be tolerant of critical current disorder approaching 100{percent}. The stability of the array has also been studied by computing Floquet exponents. These exponents are found to be negative for all array lengths, with a 1/N{sup 2} dependence, N being the number of series-connected junctions. {copyright} {ital 1996} {ital The American Physical Society}
Distinct element modeling of deformation bands in sandstone

Abstract We have conducted numerical experiments with the distinct element method to study factors that control the development of deformation bands in sandstone. These experiments show how sorting and initial porosity of the host rock control the development and the mode of deformation in the area of strain localization. The results of the numerical experiments are in qualitative agreement with field and microstructural observations of deformation bands at Arches National Park (Utah). In our numerical experiments sand grains are modeled as cylindrical elements that move in response to externally applied boundary conditions. Systems of elements that have a large variability in radius and/or loose packing deform at lower applied stresses than systems of elements that have a uniform radius and/or tight packing. The mode of deformation in the first kind of aggregate is particulate flow, where elements of different sizes move easily with respect to each other due to a low degree of interlocking. The mode of deformation in the second kind of aggregates is localized failure on small deformation bands. Shear bands in our numerical experiments nucleate as a zone of dilatancy and propagate via organization of dilatant zones into discrete faults. The presence of a flaw in the form of a ‘weak’ grain promotes the nucleation and propagation of shear bands.
On computing reciprocals of power series

It is shown that root-finding iterations can be used in the field of power series. As a consequence, we obtain a class of new algorithms for computing reciprocals of power series. In particular, we show that the recent sieveking algorithm for computing reciprocals is just Newton iteration. Moreover, ifL n is the number of non scalar multiplications needed to compute the firstn+1 terms of the reciprocal of a power series, we show that $$n + 1 \leqq L_n \leqq 4n - \log _2 n$$ and conjecture that $$L_n = 4n - lowerorderterms.$$
Kinetics of Individual Block Copolymer Island Formation and Disappearance near an Absorbing Boundary

We investigate the formation and coalescence of surface relief structures in symmetric diblock copolymers films of poly(styrene-b-2-vinylpyridine) (PS−PVP) on chemically patterned surfaces. The substrates have patterns of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) produced by microcontact printing HO-terminated (HO−) SAM stripes alternating with H3C-terminated (H3C−) SAM stripes. The PS−PVP lamellae over the H3C−SAM have a defect-rich morphology compared to the film above the HO−SAM. These film sections above the H3C−SAM attract excess PS−PVP that would normally form islands on a uniform substrate. In the early stages of annealing waves of thickness develop from the H3C/HO−SAM boundary and propagate into the film over the HO−SAM. For a 3 μm wide HO−SAM stripe a single line of excess copolymer breaks up into a single line of islands with a well-defined spacing along the grating. At long times these islands dissolve by transport of copolymer to the H3C−SAM stripe. The well-defined 2D geometry allows us to analyze the...
Hepatic metabolism and transport of bilirubin during physiologic jaundice in the newborn rhesusmonkey

Hepatic metabolism and transport of bilirubin during physiologic jaundice in the newborn rhesusmonkey
Comment on "Abiotic controls on H2 production from basalt-water reactions and implications for aquifer biogeochemistry".

Abiotic production of H{sub 2} from basalt reactions in aqueous solutions is hypothesized to support microbial ecosystems in deep subsurface aquifers, such as those found in the Columbia River Basalt group (CRB). The authors investigated factors controlling this phenomenon, including rock composition, pH, temperature, sterilization method, reducing agents, and product removal. Ferrous silicate minerals were found to be the basalt components responsible for H{sub 2} production from anaerobic water-rock interactions. H{sub 2} evolution was faster at pH < 7 but occurred from pH 5 to pH 11, which covers the pH range (7--10) measured in CRB groundwaters. The onset of H{sub 2} evolution coincided with the appearance of dissolved Fe{sup 2+}, and an apparent alkaline inhibition could be alleviated by the addition of excess FeCl{sub 2}. This may reflect, in part, the low redox conditions needed for H{sub 2} evolution and suggests that H{sub 2} may be controlled by reaction rates of ferrous silicate minerals. Rates were higher at 60 C than at 30 C, suggesting that the geothermal gradient may lead to increased H{sub 2} production at depth. The results were consistent with the hypothesis at depth. The results were consistent with the hypothesis that basalt-redox reactions support primarymore » production by microorganisms in some terrestrial subsurface environments.« less
Tourism, Development, and Media

Tourism has long figured in municipal and state- wide plans for economic development and revitalization. Such plans often articulate themes subsequently used to organize tours, advertising campaigns, and merchandising. In the 1990s, some residents of Roswell, New Mexico, tried to build tourism using typical southwestern themes. Others capitalized on Roswell's unique association with an alleged crash of an extraterrestrial craft. Early support from the New Mexico Tourism Department (NMTD) facilitated the success of Roswell's UFO-based tourism. In 2007, NMTD launched its own alien-based advertising campaign pro- moting New Mexico as a tourist destination.
EFFECTS OF FISHES ON ALGAL RESPONSE TO STORMS IN ATROPICAL STREAM

We examined how biotic factors (natural assemblages of omnivorous fishes) control the community response of primary producers to physical disturbance (frequent high discharge events) in a lowland tropical stream. As a secondary objective, we assessed effects of fishes on benthic insects. We used electric “fences” to exclude access of fishes to benthic communities in a riffle of a fourth-order stream draining the foothills on Costa Rica’s Caribbean slope. Benthic algae and aquatic insects accessible to fishes were subject to intense omnivory by a diverse assemblage of fishes. Over a 7-wk period in the rainy season, three large discharge events occurred in which water levels rose up to 3 m above base flow, discharge increased by up to 160-fold, and suspended gravel and small cobbles caused major scouring. Fishes significantly affected algal succession, community composition, and response to high discharge events. Algal assemblages that developed in the presence of fishes were dominated by filamentous blue-g...
Bamboo shoots after the rain: Development and challenges of autism intervention in China

The purpose of this study was to gain an in-depth understanding of autism intervention in China, including history, progress, and current challenges. This qualitative research study included interviews with experienced professionals and observation at autism intervention organizations. Analysis of this empirical data led to three themes regarding this field. First, the development of the field can be described using the Chinese expression, mozhe shitou guohe (feeling stones to cross the river). Owing to limited exposure to outside information, methods are often created independent of research-based best practices. Second, autism intervention in China has had a strong, and until recently, almost exclusive, focus on young children. Finally, there are continued challenges to providing effective services that relate to the desires of parents and professionals to provide 'more'; a focus on quantity may be preventing a focus on quality. The article concludes with an analysis of the findings and practical implications that may be used by practitioners or scholars planning to do work in China.
Joint Power Control and Waveform Adaptation for Distributed Networks

This paper presents a joint power control and waveform adaptation algorithm for networks with non-colocated receivers, amenable to a distributed implementation. The proposed algorithm allows users to meet their target signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINK) requirements while reducing the transmit power-levels in the network. The performance of the algorithm is investigated via theoretical-analysis and simulations. It is shown that the joint algorithm results in better solutions than a pure power-control or a pure waveform adaptation algorithm.
Use of Barbed Wire by Loggerhead Shrikes (Lanius ludovicianus) to Manipulate Nest Materials

Abstract Loggerhead shrikes were observed using barbed wire to anchor and tear nest-lining materials in Indiana. This is a previously unreported function of impaling by shrikes and may explain the impaling of certain inedible objects.
Clinical findings associated with acute proximal deep vein thrombosis: a basis for quantifying clinical judgment.

Abstract purpose: To identify clinical findings useful in estimating the probability of acute proximal deep vein thrombosis (DVT). patients and methods: The records of 355 symptomatic patients who underwent ascending venography were reviewed. Data on 76 clinical items were collected using standardized forms. Venograms were interpreted according to standard criteria and interobserver agreement was evaluated in a sample of 119 venograms. Independent clinical correlates of proximal DVT were identified using multivariate discriminant analysis in 236 randomly chosen patients; they were tested in the remaining 119 patients. conclusion: Acute proximal DVT was shown by venogram in 96 patients (27%). Five independent clinical correlates of proximal DVT—swelling above the knee of the affected leg, swelling below the knee, recent immobility, cancer, fever—predicted proximal DVT in the testing group; in patients with none, one, or two or more of these clinical findings, proximal DVT was present in 5%, 15%, and 42%, respectively. If venography had been performed only in patients with one or more of the five factors, 97% of cases of proximal DVT would have been diagnosed and venography would have been avoided in 26% of patients with normal test results. conclusion: These data provide a quantitative basis for estimating the probability of proximal DVT on the basis of clinical findings in symptomatic patients. How these findings can best be integrated with noninvasive testing and venography into diagnostic strategies for DVT remains to be determined.
Short-term retention of lexical-semantic representations: implications for speech production.

Patients with semantic STM deficits have difficulty comprehending sentences that require the retention of several lexical-semantic representations prior to their integration into higher-level propositions (Martin, 1995; Martin & Romani, 1994). In Experiment 1, patients with a semantic retention deficit had difficulty with the same type of constructions in speech production, namely noun phrases with one or two prenominal adjectives. Their performance improved when they could produce the nouns and adjectives in sentence form, which placed smaller demands on lexical-semantic retention. In Experiment 2 these patients were better able to produce syntactically complex sentences than the prenominal adjective phrases having an equal number of content words, indicating that the findings in Experiment 1 could not be attributed to syntactic complexity. These patients produced more pauses in the sentence constructions in Experiments 1 and 2, suggesting that the timing of such productions is abnormal. In contrast, patient EA, with a phonological retention deficit, performed better than the patients with a semantic retention deficit on the AN phrases despite having a smaller STM span. She showed no significant benefit of producing sentence compared to phrase constructions, and also made fewer and shorter pauses than the other patients. These findings support the multiple capacities view of verbal working memory and suggest that the same semantic retention capacity used in language comprehension is used in speech production.
Comparative MRI Compatibility of 316L Stainless Steel Alloy and Nickel–Titanium Alloy Stents

The initial success of coronary stenting is leading to a proliferation in peripheral stenting. A significant portion of the stents used in a clinical setting are made of 316 low carbon stainless steel (SS). Other alloys that have been used for stent manufacture include tantalum, MP35N, and nickel ‐t itanium (NiTi). The ferromagnetic properties of SS cause the production of artifacts in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The NiTi alloys, in addition to being known for their shape memory or superelastic properties, have been shown to exhibit reduced interference in MRI. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine the comparative MRI compatibility of SS and NiTi stents. Both gradient echo and spinecho images were obtained at 1.5 and 4.1 T field strengths. The imaging of stents of identical geometry but differing compositions permitted the quantification of artifacts produced due to device composition by normalizing the radio frequency shielding effects. These images were analyzed for magnitude and spatial extent of signal loss within the lumen and outside the stent. B1 mapping was used to quantify the attenuation throughout the image. The SS stent caused significant signal loss and did not allow for visibility of the lumen. However, the NiTi stent caused only minor artifacting and even allowed for visualization of the signal from within the lumen. In addition, adjustments to the flip angle of standard imaging protocols were shown to improve the quality of signal from within the lumen.
REACTIONS OF RABBITS TO NON-HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI III. A STUDY OF MODES OF SENSITIZATION

The most satisfactory method thus far found for the induction and maintenance of a high degree of hypersensitiveness—"allergy," "hyperergy"—against non-hemolytic streptococci consists in the repeated production of small focal lesions with minimal doses of bacteria. After a preliminary sensitizing period of about 2 weeks' duration with either large initial, or small multiple daily inoculations, the later foci need be produced only at 7 to 10 day intervals. Chronicity of low-grade infection appears to be an important factor in the attainment of a high degree of hypersensitiveness.
Evaluating Variant Callous–Unemotional Traits Among Noninstitutionalized Youth: Implications for Violence Research and Policy

Variants in the profile of youth with callous–emotional traits have been observed in juvenile and adult populations, and the presence of such traits has been repeatedly linked with violence. Although data on this issue are often culled from institutionalized populations, little is known about the heterogeneous nature of these psychopathic features in the population of youth at large. This research evaluates these variants in a national sample of youth while examining the intersection of violence–crime between those resembling the two subsets of primary and secondary psychopathy. Distinctions based on variant type and promise for more targeted intervention are also discussed.
Temperature-Dependent Thermal Boundary Conductance at Al/Al2O3 and Pt/Al2O3 interfaces

With the ever-decreasing size of microelectronic devices, growing applications of superlattices, and development of nanotechnology, thermal resistances of interfaces are becoming increasingly central to thermal management. Although there has been much success in understanding thermal boundary conductance at low temperatures, the current models applied at temperatures more common in device operation are not adequate due to our current limited understanding of phonon transport channels. In this study, the scattering processes in Al and Pt films on Al2O3 substrates are examined by transient thermoreflectance testing at high temperatures. At high temperatures, traditional models predict the thermal boundary conductance to be relatively constant in these systems due to assumptions about phonon elastic scattering. Experiments, however, show an increase in the conductance indicating potential inelastic phonon processes.
Development of two-waveband color-mixing binoculars

Previous studies showed that two- and three-waveband color-mixing methods perform the optical equivalent of two- and three-wavelength band ratio calculations that are typically implemented using multispectral imaging to enhance target classification and detection. This paper presents a prototype two-waveband color-mixing binocular device for enhancing visual target detection and classification, as tested using Ishihara test cards. Target identification for the test cards in this study was improved by using two-waveband color-mixing binoculars fitted with filters centered at wavelength pairs selected according to the criterion of uniform background. The test-card imaging results demonstrate that color-mixing binoculars can be used to greatly enhance target identification and detection.
A comparison of U.S. and Canadian findings on Uxoricide risk for women with children sired by previous partners

The 1997 work of Daly, Wiseman and Wilson concludes that women with children from previous intimate partners were at significantly higher risk of murder by present partners than women whose children were the offspring of their current partner. Using an evolutionary psychological perspective, Daly et al. found that, among Hamilton, Ontario's population of women with male partners and coresident minor children, 7% had children who were not those of the current partner. Yet such women accounted for 50% of all uxoricides (wife killings). The present research replicates that study for Houston, Texas during 1985 to 1994. Our analysis reveals that families including minor step-children represented less than 20% of the city's two-parent households at large; yet 48% of all uxoricides were of women with coresident minor children from previous partners. These studies lend strong support to evolutionary psychological theories of homicide. Some implications and suggestions for further research are discussed.
Interactions of Cytomegalovirus with the Human Immune System

Infection of the normal host with human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is followed by both humoral and cellular immune responses against this herpesvirus. The importance of cell-mediated immunity against HCMV is exemplified by the occurrence of severe and prolonged HCMV infections in individuals with congenital, iatrogenic, or acquired deficiencies of this arm of host immunity. In contrast, infection in most individuals with primary B cell disorders usually is not severe. The nature of different aspects of cell-mediated immunity, including cytotoxic T cell (CTL) responses and levels of natural killer cell (NKC) and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) during infection, has been characterized in detail in susceptible populations. To a high degree, the presence or absence of CMV-specific CTL responses correlates inversely with the severity of infection, as do levels of NKC and ADCC activity. Clinical correlates of these immune responses will be discussed. In addition, recent observations implicating HCMV as an immunosuppressive virus will be presented.
Reinterpreting a Proterozoic enigma: Conophyton-Jacutophyton stromatolites of the Mesoproterozoic Atar Group, Mauritania

The Mesoproterozoic Atar Group, Taoudeni Basin, Mauritania, preserves a spectacular diversity of stromatolite morphologies, including stromatolitic biostromes comprised of the conical form Conophyton, the enigmatic branching conical form Jacutophyton, and a variety of irregularly branching forms, including Tilemsina and Baicalia. Until now, the peculiar juxtaposition of high- and low-relief stromatolite morphologies has posed a conundrum for environmental interpretation of stromatolite forms, and has led to interpretations of strict biological control over stromatolite morphology. Careful assessment of superpositional relationships among stromatolite elements, however, suggests that the diversity of stromatolite morphologies in the Atar Group can be readily explained via parasequence-scale sea-level changes and the incomplete and laterally discontinuous fi lling of accommodation space. In the Atar Group, biostrome growth initiates during relative rises in sea level with the widespread, subtidal nucleation of Conophyton. Exposure of Conophyton to wave energy during falls in relative sea level result in disruption of stromatolitic laminae, generation of interstromatolitic debris, and development of both superimposed and laterally adjacent branching stromatolite forms. In this scenario, the enigmatic stromatolite form Jacutophyton represents stromatolite growth through a complete depositional parasequence, and the unusual juxtaposition of stromatolite forms refl ects growth of different forms that is separated by time and depositional environment. With subsequent rises in sea level, nucleation of new Conophyton in subtidal regions, and continued growth of branching forms and aggradation of the depositional substrate in intertidal regions, results in continued modifi cation of sea-fl oor topography. In the model presented here, stratigraphic time is partitioned both vertically and laterally during biostrome growth, resulting in a complex internal architecture that is not readily discerned in outcrop. In connecting hydrodynamic variables to stromatolite morphology, this model provides a more comprehensive understanding of Atar Group stromatolites in terms of basin geometry, relative sea level and carbonate production.