cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Peroxynitrite Scavenger Uric Acid Prevents Inflammatory Cell Invasion into the Central Nervous System in Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis through Maintenance of Blood-Central Nervous System Barrier Integrity

Uric acid (UA), a product of purine metabolism, is a known scavenger of peroxynitrite (ONOO−), which has been implicated in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis and experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). To determine whether the known therapeutic action of UA in EAE is mediated through its capacity to inactivate ONOO− or some other immunoregulatory phenomenon, the effects of UA on Ag presentation, T cell reactivity, Ab production, and evidence of CNS inflammation were assessed. The inclusion of physiological levels of UA in culture effectively inhibited ONOO−-mediated oxidation as well as tyrosine nitration, which has been associated with damage in EAE and multiple sclerosis, but had no inhibitory effect on the T cell-proliferative response to myelin basic protein (MBP) or on APC function. In addition, UA treatment was found to have no notable effect on the development of the immune response to MBP in vivo, as measured by the production of MBP-specific Ab and the induction of MBP-specific T cells. The appearance of cells expressing mRNA for inducible NO synthase in the circulation of MBP-immunized mice was also unaffected by UA treatment. However, in UA-treated animals, the blood-CNS barrier breakdown normally associated with EAE did not occur, and inducible NO synthase-positive cells most often failed to reach CNS tissue. These findings are consistent with the notion that UA is therapeutic in EAE by inactivating ONOO−, or a related molecule, which is produced by activated monocytes and contributes to both enhanced blood-CNS barrier permeability as well as CNS tissue pathology.
Evaluation of Sesoil, Przm and Pestan in a laboratory column leaching experiment

Four 2-m columns filled with sandy soil were loaded with six organic chemicals (dicamba, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, atrazine, diazinon, pentachlorophenol, and lindane) and watered for 30 d in a controlled laboratory experiment. Chemical migration was monitored by analyses of daily effluent samples and soil sample cores, the latter collected on day 30 from 5-cm compartments throughout each column. Observed chemical migration patterns were compared with the predictions of three vadose zone fate-and-transport models: SESOIL, PRZM and PESTAN. Two sets of comparisons with the observed data were conducted using input data either obtained from the literature or derived from laboratory measurements using the actual experimental chemicals and soil. Evaluations of model performance revealed substantial variability depending on the chemical type and model tested. PRZM and PESTAN showed greater improvement in prediction of observed chemical migration patterns with the use of measured input data than did SESOIL. The limitations of these models, if used for screening purposes without a priori measurement of chemical- and site-specific model input data or post hoc calibration with existing field data, should be recognized.
Visual data flow language based on iterative constructs

Iterative control constructs in data flow programming languages have always been a challenging part of language design. We suggest a solution for iterative processing in data flow diagrams based on the notion of a conditional data flow switch, and specialized iterative constructs based on pattern matching for vectors, matrices, and multisets. All of these constructs can be seamlessly incorporated into a dataflow visual programming language. We demonstrate how these constructs may be used to reveal the spatial/temporal dualism of data streams.
Efficient genome ancestry inference in complex pedigrees with inbreeding

Motivation: High-density SNP data of model animal resources provides opportunities for fine-resolution genetic variation studies. These genetic resources are generated through a variety of breeding schemes that involve multiple generations of matings derived from a set of founder animals. In this article, we investigate the problem of inferring the most probable ancestry of resulting genotypes, given a set of founder genotypes. Due to computational difficulty, existing methods either handle only small pedigree data or disregard the pedigree structure. However, large pedigrees of model animal resources often contain repetitive substructures that can be utilized in accelerating computation. Results: We present an accurate and efficient method that can accept complex pedigrees with inbreeding in inferring genome ancestry. Inbreeding is a commonly used process in generating genetically diverse and reproducible animals. It is often carried out for many generations and can account for most of the computational complexity in real-world model animal pedigrees. Our method builds a hidden Markov model that derives the ancestry probabilities through inbreeding process without explicit modeling in every generation. The ancestry inference is accurate and fast, independent of the number of generations, for model animal resources such as the Collaborative Cross (CC). Experiments on both simulated and real CC data demonstrate that our method offers comparable accuracy to those methods that build an explicit model of the entire pedigree, but much better scalability with respect to the pedigree size. Contact: weiwang@cs.unc.edu
Optimization and comparison of polysiloxane acrylic hybrid latex synthesis methods

Two methods were used to prepare polysiloxane-functionalized acrylic latexes via emulsion polymerization. Ethyl acrylate and 2-ethylhexyl acrylate were used in both methods as acrylic phase. In the first method, an acrylic core was prepared with addition of a coupling agent, 3-(trimethoxysilyl) propyl methacrylate, after which cyclic siloxane monomer (octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane) was reacted with the coupling agent. In the second method, a silane-terminated polysiloxane (H-PDMS) was reacted with ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, and then copolymerized with ethyl acrylate and 2-ethylhexyl acrylate in a batch emulsion polymerization. Particle size distribution and particle morphology were evaluated by using dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), respectively. Core-shell morphology was observed in TEM for the first preparation method as proposed. After film formation, surface tension, morphology and dynamic mechanical properties were investigated. Stratification of polysiloxane was examined by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX). Energy dispersive X-ray data indicated that only the second preparation method had higher silicon content at film-air interface than film-substrate interface. In both methods, storage modulus and surface energy of latex films decreased after grafting polysiloxane.
GENETIC EXCHANGE IN SALMONELLA

Genetic investigations with many different bacteria have revealed parallelisms and some contrasts with the biology of higher forms. The successful application of selective enrichment techniques to the study of gene recombination in Escherichia coli (Tatum and Lederberg, 1947; Lederberg et al., 1951) suggestred that a similar approach should be applied to other bacteria. This paper presents the results of such experiments with Salmonella typhimurium a.nd other Salmonella serot,ypes. The mechanism of genetic exchange found in these experiments differs from sexual recombination in E. coli in many respect’s so as t,o warrant a new descriptive term, transduction.
Biodegradability of Cellulose Acetate Plasticized with Citrate Esters

Abstract Cellulose acetate (CA) was melt compounded with two different citric acid esters: triethyl citrate and acetyl triethyl citrate. It was observed, based on the glass transition temperatures, that both plasticizers were miscible with CA. The addition of plasticizer reduced the tensile modulus and increased the elongation of CA. The biodegradation rates increased dramatically with an increase in plasticizer content.
Monolithically grown In x Ga 1−x As nanowire on silicon tandem solar cells with high efficiency

Heteroepitaxial integration of III–V and Si has been researched for many years since the Si is the prevalent platform and III–V can be used for light emitting source (i.e., direct bandgap) [1]. Although vertical InAs nanowires (NWs) growth on Si substrate (11.6% lattice mismatch) without catalysts and patterning has been demonstrated by several groups, [2, 3], direct heteroexpitaxial growth of ternary In x Ga 1−x As nanowires hasn't been systematically studied yet, in spite of its important spectral coverage in the near infrared range. In this paper, we report the one-dimensional heteroepitaxial growth of dislocation free In x Ga 1−x As nanowires on silicon (111) substrate in the entire composition range and demonstrate monolithically grown axial p-n junction tandem solar cells consisting of In x Ga 1−x As NWs on Si with an efficiency that well exceeds the planar Si single junction solar cell fabricated using identical process.
Does Capital Structure Affect Institutional Investor Choices

Evidence from a panel dataset of S&P 500 firms over 1997–2001 indicates that capital structure influences institutional investors9 stock-picking choices. Dividend yield has a strong negative relation to number of institutional investors, total number of shares of institutional holdings, percentage of institutional ownership, and average number of shares held by each institutional investor. Debt ratio is positively and significantly related to the average shares held by each institutional investor but negatively related to number of institutional investors. Among the control variables, firm size and three-year stock returns are significantly related to institutional ownership.
A new equalization algorithm based on minimizing error negentropy

We introduce and investigate a new adaptive equalization method based on minimizing approximate negentropy of the estimation error for a finite-length equalizer. We consider an approximate negentropy using non-polynomial expansions of the estimation error as a new performance criterion to improve performance of a linear equalizer based on minimizing minimum mean squared error (MMSE). The proposed equalizer, called the NEGMIN equalizer, has two kinds of solutions, the MMSE solution and the other one, depending on the ratio of the normalization parameters. The NEGMIN equalizer has the best bit error rate (BER) performance when the ratio of the normalization parameters is properly adjusted to maximize the output power (variance) of the NEGMIN equalizer. Simulation experiments show that BER performance of the NEGMIN equalizer with the other solution than the MMSE one has similar characteristics to the adaptive minimum BER (AMBER) equalizer. The main advantage is that the proposed equalizer needs significantly fewer training symbols than the AMBER equalizer. Furthermore, the proposed equalizer is much more robust to nonlinear distortions compared to the NMSE equalizer.
Kernel-density-based clustering of time series subsequences using a continuous random-walk noise model

Noise levels in time series subsequence data are typically very high, and properties of the noise differ front those of white noise. The proposed algorithm incorporates a continuous random-walk noise model into kernel-density-based clustering. Evaluation is done by testing to what extent the resulting clusters are predictive of the process that generated the time series. It is shown that the new algorithm not only outperforms partitioning techniques that lead to trivial and unsatisfactory results under the given quality measure, but also improves upon other density-based algorithms. The results suggest that the noise elimination properties of kernel-density-based clustering algorithms can be of significant value for the use of clustering in preprocessing of data.
BEHAVIORAL ADAPTATIONS INCREASE THE VALUE OF ENEMY‐FREE SPACE FOR HELIOTHIS SUBFLEXA, A SPECIALIST HERBIVORE

We investigated the importance of specialized behaviors in the use of enemy-free space by comparing the host-use behavior of two closely related moths, Heliothis subflexa Guenee and H. virescens Fabricius. Heliothis subflexa is a specialist on plants in the genus Physalis, whereas H. virescens is an extreme generalist, feeding on plants in at least 14 families. Heliothis subflexa uses the inflated calyx surrounding Physalis fruits as enemy-free space, and field rates of parasitism for H. subflexa on Physalis are much lower than for H. virescens on tobacco and cotton, common hosts found in the same habitat as Physalis. If Physalis, architecture were solely responsible for H. subflexa's low rates of parasitism on Physalis, we predicted that H. virescens larvae experimentally induced to feed on Physalis would experience parasitism rates similar to those of H. subflexa. We found, however, that specialized host-use and host-acceptance behaviors are integral to the use of enemy-free space on Physalis and strongly augment the effects of the structural refuge. In laboratory assays, we found considerable differences between the larval behavior of the specialist. H. subflexa, and the generalist, H. virescens, and these contributed to H. subflexa's superior use of enemy-free space on Physalis. We tested the importance of these behavioral differences in the field by comparing parasitism of H. virescens on Physalis, H. virescens on tobacco, and H. subflexa on Physalis by Cardiochiles nigriceps Vierick, a specialist braconid parasitoid. For H. virescens, a threefold decrease in parasitism occurred when feeding on Physalis (mean parasitism +/- SEM = 13 +/- 4%) rather than tobacco (43 +/- 4%), a difference we attribute to the structural refuge provided by Physalis. However, parasitism of H. virescens on Physalis was more than ten times as great as that of H. subflexa on Pliv.salis (1 +/- 4%), supporting the hypothesis that specialized behaviors have a substantial impact on use of Physalis as enemy-free space. Behavioral adaptations may be central to the use of enemy-free space by phytophagous insects and may act as an important selective force in the evolution of dietary specialization.
Socioecology of a Terrestrial Salamander: Females and Males as Territorial Residents and Invaders

Abstract Male and female Red-Backed Salamanders (Plethodon cinereus) establish territories under cover objects (rocks, logs) on forest floors of northeastern North America. Because females should be food limited and males mate limited in terms of fitness, we tested the hypothesis that territorial residents and invaders should differ intersexually in certain morphological or behavioral traits. We displaced males and females from cover objects on the forest floor at Mountain Lake Biological Station, Virginia, and monitored homing by displaced individuals and invasion of vacated cover objects by novel individuals. Neither residents nor invaders differed significantly intersexually in snout–vent lengths, total lengths, or sizes of cover objects inhabited. Also, the number of male versus female residents that successfully returned to their cover objects did not differ significantly. However, significantly more females than males invaded vacated cover objects, and they did so significantly faster. These data su...
Mobile Device Adaptation Efforts: The Impact of Hedonic and Utilitarian Value

This research delves into the acceptance and use of mobile device (MD) technology and goes beyond what is provided in the technology acceptance literature. The hedonic and utilitarian value that an individual assigns to a mobile device can have a significant impact on the overall value of the device to that person. For those individuals that see the high value of the mobile devices, a high degree of opportunity for utilizing the mobile device is seen. Further, those who see the opportunities that exist with the mobile devices place an added amount of effort into using the device. In addition, it was determined that for those individuals perceiving greater control by the organization, more user adaptation effort was put forth. The impact of this organizational-level study could have an impact on the use of MDs within an organization as well as the efforts used by employees related to MD use.
Improvement of Technical Route for Breeding two Line Rice with Genic Male Sterile

Two-line hybrid rice has been widely used in production, but good sterile lines are few. This is because there are some problems in the breeding technology of two line rice genic male sterile in the past. This paper introduced a more effi- cient method for breeding genic male sterile line, which can change the selection from starting selection of sterile plants at F2 to starting selection of fertile plants at F2-5 generation. The method has the advantages of increasing the reliability of select- ed line, greatly improving the efficiency of breeding male sterile line, increasing the reliability of selection for rice quality and ensuring a good combining ability.
Gadgets and Gizmos

Emerging technologies are often categorized in terms used by the specialists who engineer them. For the layman, however, a better approach is to speak in terms of nanotechnology, human enhancement technologies (including neuroscience), robotics, non-lethal weapons, and cyber technology. Each has applications which are presently on the battlefield and each carries with it its own governance concerns. Part one: Nanotechnology Part two: Human Enhancement Part three: Robotics Part four: Non-lethal Weapons Part five: Cyber Technology
Software framework for realistic MRI simulations using the polyhedral Fourier transform

This work presents a freely available operating system-independent Matlab software tool for simulation of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) acquisition and image reconstruction using polyhedral phantoms. The tool is based on an efficient implementation of the closed form solution of the polyhedral Fourier transform (FT). The software tool, named “PolyFT”, can be applied to polyhedral surface and tetrahedral volume meshes. The tool enables the calculation of the Fourier domain representation of physiologically relevant objects with spatially varying intensities, permitting accurate simulation of slice selection and parallel imaging techniques that require coil sensitivity profiles. Several examples of applications are given. Though more computationally intense than the FT, the polyhedral FT allows relevant simulation of both MRI sampling and reconstruction processes. The freely-available software tool should be useful in the same situations in which the standard Shepp-Logan phantom is used, and additionally when analytical Fourier representations of objects with non-uniform intensities are needed.
Follow-Up of Electrocardiographic Findings and Arrhythmias in Patients With Anomalously Arising Left Coronary Artery from the Pulmonary Trunk.

Follow-up data and correlation of arrhythmias, electrocardiogram (ECG) changes, and cardiac function in anomalous left coronary artery from the pulmonary trunk or artery have not been previously studied. This is a retrospective single-center review of 44 anomalous left coronary artery from the pulmonary trunk or artery patients diagnosed between 1992 and 2014, at a median age of 3 months (3 days to 13 years). Clinical history, ECG, Holter, and echocardiogram data were reviewed. ECGs were reviewed for contiguous Q-or T-wave inversions, hypertrophy, bundle branch block, and axis deviation. High-grade ventricular ectopy, supraventricular tachycardia (SVT), and ventricular tachycardia (VT) were recorded. Patients with
Negative effects of the western thatching ant ( Formica obscuripes ) on spiders (Araneae) inhabiting big sagebrush ( Artemisia tridentata )

The effect of thatching ants ( Formica obscuripes ) on number of spiders found on sagebrush ( Artemisia tridentata ) was determined by comparing spider abundance on shrubs at different distances from ant mounds. Spider abundance was inversely related to proximity to mounds. Spider abundance on shrubs abound abandoned mounds revealed no effects of mound proximity. Two mounds in which ants were exterminated showed a declining effect of mound proximity 1 month after treatment. One year after treatment there was no effect.
Distribution system state estimation using compressive sensing

Abstract This paper leverages the big data provided by micro-phasor measurement units (μPMUs) placed along the smart distribution networks for distribution system state estimation (DSSE). We propose a novel and straightforward DSSE algorithm by solving a set of linear equations without any iterative process. The μPMUs are placed at few buses to measure the voltage phasors. The measured voltage vector is expressed as the product of current injections vector and impedance matrix of the system. Since number of μPMUs is less than number of buses, the constructed set of linear equations are underdetermined. Furthermore, the injection currents vector is sparse because any single load/generator current is negligible when compared with the total current injected from the external grid to the distribution network. Subsequently, we use Compressive Sensing and l1-norm minimization to recover the sparse current vector from the limited number of μPMUs. The voltages at all buses are obtained by multiplying the reconstructed current vector by the impedance matrix. Performance of our method is demonstrated on the IEEE 123-bus test system and a 13.8-kV, 134-bus real network with different distributed generations (DGs) penetration level and under a weakly meshed operation mode. Also, the performance of the proposed technique is compared with that of the conventional weighted least-square (WLS) method.
Iron Oxide Nanosheets and Pulse-Electrodeposited Ni–Co–S Nanoflake Arrays for High-Performance Charge Storage

Nanostructured nickel cobalt sulfide (Ni4.5Co4.5S8) has been prepared through a single-step pulse-electrodeposition method. Iron oxide nanosheets at hollow graphite shells (Fe3O4@g-shells) were prepared from graphite-coated iron carbide/α-Fe (g-Fe3C/Fe) in a two-step annealing/electrochemical cycling process. Electrochemical characterization of the Ni4.5Co4.5S8 and g-Fe3C/Fe materials showed that both have high specific capacities (206 mAh g–1 and 147 mAh g–1 at 1 A g–1) and excellent rate capabilities (∼95% and ∼83% retention at 20 A g–1, respectively). To demonstrate the advantageous pairing of these high rate materials, a full-cell battery with supercapacitor-like power behavior was assembled with Ni4.5Co4.5S8 and g-Fe3C/Fe as the positive and negative electrodes, respectively. The (Ni4.5Co4.5S8//g-Fe3C/Fe) device could be reversibly operated in a 0.0–1.6 V potential window, delivering an impressive specific energy of 89 Wh kg–1 at 1.1 kW kg–1 and a remarkable rate performance of 61 Wh kg–1 at a very h...
Orthogonal Dimensions in Digital Entrepreneurship

The poorly defined term “high tech” is used to describe diverse concepts including products, services, revenue models, marketing channels, administrative functions, and entrepreneurial disposition, just to name a few. Moreover, once considered to be exclusively within the purview of innovation-based economies, high tech entrepreneurship in developing economies is growing due in great part to the virtualization – and reduced startup infrastructure requirements – it permits (Drouillard, Taverner et al. 2014, Quinones, Nicholson et al. 2015). One consistency in the global use of this term is the reference to digital technology, from which the term “digital entrepreneurship” has recently emerged.
Clinical presentation and echocardiographic diagnosis of postinfarction papillary muscle rupture: A review of 22 cases.

Background Acute myocardial infarctions (AMI) continue to be common in the United States. Mechanical complications of AMI can lead to cardiogenic shock (CS) and death. The aim of this study was to review the cases of papillary muscle ruptures in the setting of myocardial infarctions at a tertiary care center, with a focus on the clinical presentation and echocardiographic diagnosis. Methods This was a retrospective study from January 1, 2000 through December 31, 2014. In all, 22 patients with AMI and papillary muscle rupture (AMI-PMR) who had surgical intervention were identified. Results The average age was 70 (±11) with 16 (73%) males. Six patients presented with ST-elevation myocardial infarctions (STEMI) and all underwent emergent revascularization with primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) prior to the diagnosis of AMI-PMR. The other 16 patients presented with a non-STEMI. In total, 17 (77%) of the 22 patients were diagnosed with an AMI-PMR within 7 days from their onset of symptoms. In all, 12 patients (55%) had anterolateral papillary muscle ruptures (ALPMR), and the other 10 had posteromedial papillary muscle ruptures (PMPMR). Ruptures were complete in 10 patients (45%). Patients presented with pulmonary edema early ( 14 days). Transthoracic echocardiography was able to demonstrate severe mitral regurgitation in 86% and a definitive or suggestive diagnosis in 93%. All 22 patients survived to operative management, and the overall in-hospital mortality rate was 9%. Conclusion In conclusion, ischemic papillary muscle ruptures continue to occur, but with prompt diagnosis by echocardiography and rapid surgical management, the mortality rate continues to decline.
A novel single-input two-output (SITO) strategy for split range control

This paper presents a novel method∗ for implementing a split range control using a Proportional-Integral (PI) controller where two valves, a big and a small valve, can be used to simultaneously control the underlying process. The proposed control strategy uses proportional action to move the small valve while the integral action is directed to the big valve. Linear stability analysis and design techniques are shown to be applicable to the proposed control strategy. Simulation examples are used to illustrate the advantages of the SITO scheme. The proposed method is demonstrated on a dehydrator drum level at a gas-oil separation plant (GOSP).
Triose phosphate limitation in photosynthesis models reduces leaf photosynthesis and global terrestrial carbon storage

Triose phosphate utilization (TPU)-limited photosynthesis occurs when carbon export from the Calvin-Benson cycle cannot keep pace with carbon inputs and processing. This condition is poorly constrained by observations but may become an increasingly important driver of global carbon cycling under future climate scenarios. However, the consequences of including or omitting TPU limitation in models have seldom been quantified. Here, we assess the impact of changing the representation of TPU limitation on leaf- and global-scale processes. At the leaf scale, TPU limits photosynthesis at cold temperatures, high CO2 concentrations, and high light levels. Consistent with leaf-scale results, global simulations using the Community Land Model version 4.5 illustrate that the standard representation of TPU limits carbon gain under present day and future conditions, most consistently at high latitudes. If the assumed TPU limitation is doubled, further restricting photosynthesis, terrestrial ecosystem carbon pools are reduced by 9 Pg by 2100 under a business-as-usual scenario. The impact of TPU limitation on global terrestrial carbon gain suggests that CO2 concentrations may increase more than expected if models omit TPU limitation, and highlights the need to better understand when TPU limitation is important, including variation among different plant types and acclimation to temperature and CO2.
Explaining Political Violence: A Dynamic Modeling Approach

Abstract This paper describes a dynamic model of a prototypical Third World nation and an application of the model to Argentina. The model represents a generic theory that explains outbreaks of domestic political violence. The principal hypothesis is that fluctuations in economic performance, mediated through attitudes and institutions, are a major cause of violence. Strong emphasis is given to relative deprivation theory in the model structure. The three major sectors–population, government and economy–are briefly described. Formulations for opposition/support and violence are described in detail. Model runs based on assumptions of stable and fluctuating growth are presented. Stable growth produces stable social and political conditions. A high potential for violence and outbreaks of violence result from fluctuating growth.
Aspekte individueller Erfahrung aus neurobiologischer Sicht1

Thema meines Beitrags ist die Frage, wie Erfahrungen in der Disziplin der Neurobiologie gesehen werden. Dabei geht es zunachst um Charakteristika der neurobiologischen Disziplin, das heist um den Bedingungsrahmen der entsprechenden Aussagen (1).
Malignant Phylloides Tumor in Pregnancy

Malignant phylloides tumors are exceedingly rare with few cases being reported in pregnancy. We describe the first case ever reported of a malignant phylloides tumor presenting in the first trimester of pregnancy and provide insight into the complexities of management as well as a review of the known literature. An extensive PubMed literature search for "cystosarcoma," "phylloides," and "pregnancy" was performed. References of each citation were reviewed. Only six previous cases of phylloides tumor in pregnancy were found, none of which were in the first trimester. Medical records of a patient presenting to our institution at 9 weeks gestation with a malignant phylloides tumor were reviewed. We further provide a review of the current literature of the management of phylloides tumor in pregnancy. A 27-year-old white G2P0SA1 woman with no family history of breast cancer presented with a right breast mass at her first prenatal examination at 9 weeks of pregnancy. Ultrasound confirmed a solid mass measuring 24 mm. Core needle biopsy demonstrated a malignant phylloides tumor. She previously had a fibroadenoma removed from the same breast 7 years previously. The current tumor was excised to clear margins. Histopathological examination revealed a 4-cm fibroepithelial tumor with marked stromal cellularity and a high mitotic count (five to seven mitoses/high-power field), confirming the diagnosis of malignant phylloides tumor. The patient continued her pregnancy without complications. Six other cases of phylloides tumor presenting in pregnancy have been reported in the literature, one of which had bilateral disease. Of these, the average patient age was 32 years (range, 28 to 35 years). The majority of these patients presented in their third trimester (mean, 29 weeks; range, 20 to 36 weeks) and often had large tumors (mean, 15 cm; range, 5 to 21 cm). Four of the seven tumors (57%) required a mastectomy. Previous cases have shown phylloides tumors to present in the third trimester as large masses that require mastectomy. With early detection, malignant phylloides tumors can present in the first trimester of pregnancy at smaller sizes; in these patients, breast-conserving surgery is possible.
Conversational Speech Behaviors

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses conversational speech behaviors. The prevalent mode of articulation by both first-language learners and by adult users of a language is conversational speech. The discoveries of sharp contrasts between naturally occurring speech and single-word articulations elicited in imitative tasks, picture-naming tests, and so forth probably come as no surprise to anyone. Virtually all tests of articulation demand imitative or picture-naming sorts of speech. The rationale for the use of such instruments is becoming more and more suspect now that evidence from studies of conversational speech is available in the literature. It is increasingly obvious that these sorts of diagnostic and therapeutic points of view should be abandoned for procedures that reflect more directly the kind of speech actually produced by the individual in his everyday environments. It is to the construction of these individualized programs for treatment that future work in conversational speech analysis should be directed.
High-performance and scalable on-chip digital Fourier transform spectroscopy

On-chip spectrometers have the potential to offer dramatic size, weight, and power advantages over conventional benchtop instruments for many applications such as spectroscopic sensing, optical network performance monitoring, hyperspectral imaging, and radio-frequency spectrum analysis. Existing on-chip spectrometer designs, however, are limited in spectral channel count and signal-to-noise ratio. Here we demonstrate a transformative on-chip digital Fourier transform spectrometer that acquires high-resolution spectra via time-domain modulation of a reconfigurable Mach-Zehnder interferometer. The device, fabricated and packaged using industry-standard silicon photonics technology, claims the multiplex advantage to dramatically boost the signal-to-noise ratio and unprecedented scalability capable of addressing exponentially increasing numbers of spectral channels. We further explore and implement machine learning regularization techniques to spectrum reconstruction. Using an 'elastic-D1' regularized regression method that we develop, we achieved significant noise suppression for both broad (>600 GHz) and narrow (<25 GHz) spectral features, as well as spectral resolution enhancement beyond the classical Rayleigh criterion.
Match, mismatch, and envisioning transfer events: How verbal constructional bias and lexical-class concord shape motor simulation effects

Abstract Prior studies suggest that language users perform motoric simulations when construing action sentences and that verbs and constructions each contribute to simulation-based representation (Glenberg & Kaschak 2002; Richardson et al. 2003; Bergen et al. 2007; Bergen & Wheeler 2010). This raises the possibility that motorically grounded verb and construction meanings can interact during sentence understanding. In this experiment, we use the action-sentence compatibility effect methodology to investigate how a verb’s lexical-class membership, constructional context, and constructional bias modulate motor simulation effects. Stimuli represent two classes of transfer verbs and two constructions that encode transfer events, Ditransitive and Oblique Goal (Goldberg 1995). Findings reveal two kinds of verb-construction interactions. First, verbs in their preferred construction generate stronger simulation effects overall than those in their dispreferred construction. Second, verbs that entail change of possession generate strong motor-simulation effects irrespective of constructional context, while those entailing causation of motion exert such effects only when enriched up to change-of-possession verbs in the semantically mismatched Ditransitive context. We conclude that simulation effects are not isolable to either verbs or constructions but instead arise from the interplay of verb and construction meaning.
Coupled quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics modeling of metallic materials: Theory and applications

We review two recent advances in coupled quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) modeling for metallic materials. The QM/MM methods are formulated based on quantum mechanical charge density embedding. In the first method, QM/MM coupling is accomplished by an embedding potential evaluated via orbital-free density functional theory. The charge density embedding in the second QM/MM method is achieved through constrained density functional theory. The extension of QM/MM coupling to the quasicontinuum method is illustrated, offering a route toward quantum mechanical simulations of materials at micron scales and beyond. The theoretical formulations of the QM/MM methods are discussed in detail. We also provide some examples where the QM/MM methods have been applied to understand fundamental physics in a wide range of material problems, ranging from void formation, pipe diffusion along dislocation core, nanoindentation of thin films, hydrogen-assisted cracking, magnetism-induced plasticity to stress-controlled catalysis in metals. An outlook to future development of QM/MM methods for metals is envisioned.
Cover Crops and Compost Influence Soil Enzymes during Six Years of Tillage-Intensive, Organic Vegetable Production

Soil enzymes are considered sensitive indicators of soil health but are not well understood in tillage-intensive vegetable systems. The activities of soil enzymes involved in nutrient cycling (β-glucosidase, β-glucosaminidase, alkaline phosphatase, dehydrogenase, aspartase, and L-asparaginase) were evaluated during 6 yr of commercial-scale production in five organic vegetable systems in Salinas, CA. The systems differed in yard-waste compost inputs (none or 15.2 Mg ha–1 yr–1), winter cover crop frequency (annually or every fourth year), and cover crop type (legume-rye, mustard, or rye). Large differences in cumulative organic matter input (7.4 to 136.8 Mg ha–1) from compost and cover crop shoots affected soil enzyme activities. With exception of aspartase, all enzyme activities were on average lowest without compost, intermediate with compost and infrequent cover cropping, and highest with compost and annual cover cropping. After 6 yr of vegetable production there was a positive relationship between microbial biomass and activities of all enzymes except aspartase. Despite lower inputs of cover crop shoot biomass from mustard compared with rye and the legume-rye, and differences in shoots residue quality, cover crop type had relatively little influence on enzyme activities. We conclude that soil enzyme activities were influenced primarily by annual cover cropping. These results and other attributes of soil health in this long-term study illustrate the importance of frequent cover cropping in tillage-intensive vegetable production. This raises questions about the sustainability of organic and conventional vegetable systems if cover crops are seldom used, and highlights the need for innovative strategies to increase cover cropping.
Ce 3 - x Mg x Co 9 : Transformation of a Pauli Paramagnet into a Strong Permanent Magnet

Reducing the reliance on rare-earth elements for permanent magnets is seen as a key technological issue. Enhancing ferromagnetism in a material by adding a magnetic element seems intuitive, but this work reports a rare case where magnetism is enhanced by doping with a $n\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}o\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}n\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}m\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}a\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}g\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}n\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}e\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}t\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}i\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}c$ component. Starting from the Pauli paramagnet CeCo${}_{3}$, when 45% of Ce atoms are replaced by Mg, the compound becomes a rare-earth-lean ferromagnet that is promising for applications like motors for electric cars. This discovery illustrates that the Stoner mechanism should not be overlooked as a means to induce ferromagnetism by substituting nonmagnetic elements.
The Genetic Education for Men (GEM) Trial: Development of Web-Based Education for Untested Men in BRCA1/2-Positive Families

Cascade testing for hereditary breast/ovarian cancer is an important public health priority. Increasing attention has been paid to the relevance of testing for men within BRCA1/2-positive families given that such testing may provide important information about their cancer risks, particularly for prostate cancer, and risks to their offspring. However, men are much less likely to seek genetic counseling and testing than their at-risk female relatives. To facilitate access to pre-test information and testing, we developed a web-based intervention (WI) for men that we are evaluating in a pilot randomized controlled trial (RCT). This paper describes three phases of research in the development of the WI: (1) formative (qualitative) research among men from BRCA1/2 families to assess needs and preferences for education; (2) a detailed description of the organization, format, and content of the WI; and (3) usability testing. We discuss the aims and hypotheses of the pilot RCT in which the WI is being compared with an enhanced usual care condition among at-risk men. We expect that the WI described here will foster informed decisions and lead to increased use of BRCA1/2 counseling and testing, potentially yielding improved cancer control outcomes for this understudied group, and for their at-risk relatives.
Female Mice Exposed to Postnatal Neglect Display Angiotensin II–Dependent Obesity‐Induced Hypertension

Background We have previously reported that female mice exposed to maternal separation and early weaning (MSEW), a model of early life stress, show exacerbated diet‐induced obesity associated with ...
Influence of cisco (Coregonus artedi, Lesueur) on muskellunge (Esox masquinongy, Mitchill) mean length, population size structure, and maximum size in northern Wisconsin lakes

Population size structure and maximum size of managed sportfish populations are dictated by abiotic, biotic, ecosystem, and anthropogenic influences. In their native ranges of northern Wisconsin, muskellunge (Esox masquinongy) and cisco (Coregonus artedi) are co‐adapted cool‐ and cold‐water species where cisco presence may influence population size structure and maximum size of muskellunge. We tested whether muskellunge size structure indices (length‐frequency distributions, proportional size distribution), mean length, and mean maximum length of muskellunge differed when cisco were present or absent in Ceded Territory of Wisconsin (CTWI) lakes during 2015–2018. Cisco presence had a positive influence on size structure and mean length of individual muskellunge within populations. In contrast, cisco presence had no influence on the mean maximum length of muskellunge observed in CTWI populations suggesting that other factors may be better predictors of this metric than cisco presence. In cisco lakes, mean muskellunge length was negatively correlated with mean cisco length suggesting that gape limitation may be a factor influencing population size structure and individual growth rates. Therefore, cisco populations with primarily large individuals may be unavailable to muskellunge as forage. Our results suggest that cisco are an important forage species for some aspects of muskellunge population ecology; however, other factors may also contribute to muskellunge population size structure and maximum size outcomes. As such, conservation of remaining cisco populations in Wisconsin is critical because they influence muskellunge population ecology in lakes where the species coexist. Future research is needed to better understand the interactions of cisco, abiotic and biotic factors, and anthropogenic influences on muskellunge growth dynamics.
Suicide fatalities in the US compared to Canada: Potential suicides averted with lower firearm ownership in the US.

Introduction and objective The United States (US) has the highest rate of firearm suicides in the world. The US and Canada are comparable countries with markedly different rates of firearm ownership, providing an opportunity to estimate suicide fatalities that could be averted in the US with a lower rate of firearm ownership. Methods We compared 2016 US suicide fatality rates-standardized within fourteen sex-specific age groups to reflect the ethnic composition of Canada-to 2016 Canadian suicide rates. We then calculated the number and proportion of suicides that could be averted in the US if the US had the same rates of suicide as in Canada. Results If the US had the same suicide rates as in Canada, we estimate there would be approximately 25.9% fewer US suicide fatalities, equivalent to 11,630 suicide fatalities averted each year. This decline would be driven by a 79.3% lower rate of firearm-specific suicide fatalities. The male suicide fatality rate would be 28.8% lower and equivalent to 9,992 fewer suicide fatalities each year. The female suicide fatality rate would be 16.0% lower and equivalent to 1,638 fewer suicide fatalities each year. While 36% of firearm suicide fatalities could be replaced by non-firearm suicide fatalities, 64% of firearm fatalities could be averted entirely. Conclusions US policymakers may wish to consider policies that would reduce rates of firearm ownership, given that that about 26% of US suicide fatalities might be averted if the US had the same suicide rates as in Canada, a country with drastically lower firearm ownership rates.
Chapter 5 – Rock Properties

The details of rock properties, including acoustic impedance (Z), shear impedance (Zs), density (ρ), porosity (o), Young’s modulus (E), shear modulus (μ), and bulk modulus (K), are presented in this chapter. It aims to broaden our understanding of the prediction of rock properties and describes methods for their estimation. Amplitude versus offset (AVO)/amplitude versus angle (AVA) analysis workflow is discussed in detail. AVO modeling together with AVO attributes intercept (A) and gradient (B) examples highlighting unconventional plays from different parts of the worlds are presented. The pattern of reflection coefficient behavior for gas hydrate studies from offshore USA and India, Japan, and New Zealand is explained. The relationship between Poisson’s ratio and E for shale plays with real data examples is discussed. The simultaneous seismic inversion method for predicting elastic properties is explained in detail. Different workflow steps, including seismic data conditioning, seismic petrophysics and rock physics modeling, log calibration and seismic to well tie, and low-frequency modeling, are discussed. A real data example of predicting acoustic impedance and hydrate saturation is presented. An example of predicting porosity from impedance and total organic carbon (TOC) for unconventional reservoirs by utilizing the seismic inversion technique is illustrated.
Convenience and corner store fruit and vegetable access: attitudes and intentions among Colorado adults, 2014

The term food desert generally refers to areas where healthy food options, such as fresh fruits and vegetables, are unavailable within a certain number of miles. However, other factors besides distance may affect the ability to purchase healthier foods. The goal of this study was to understand Colorado adults’ perceptions of their access to healthy food options and to assess how other structural and socio-demographic factors may affect that access. Colorado adults were asked questions about self-reported access to healthy food, likelihood of buying fresh fruits and vegetables from convenience/corner stores if available, perceived characteristics of fruits and vegetables available for purchase near respondents’ residence, and demographics. A majority of Colorado adults in 2013–14 reported wanting fresh fruits and vegetables to be more available, more varied, higher quality, and/or less expensive. Socioeconomic status, race/ethnicity, and regular shopping habits were significantly associated with reported likelihood of purchasing fruits and vegetables from a convenience/corner store if available. Factors other than proximity to a grocery store affect Colorado adults’ perceived access to healthy food options and should be considered in the development and implementation of public health programs and policies geared toward improving healthy food access.