cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Validation of benzodiazepine β-glucuronide primary reference materials for hydrolysis and quality assurance controls

Abstract The major metabolite of hydroxylated benzodiazepines is the β-glucuronide metabolite, thus a hydrolysis step is included in benzodiazepine analyses in urine. We evaluated the new Alltech ( R , S ) oxazepam and lorazepam β-glucuronide primary reference materials as hydrolysis controls and for use in proficiency testing. Using HPLC analysis and GC/MS analysis following acid and β-glucuronidase hydrolysis, we found that the lorazepam β-glucuronide material was >95% pure, but the oxazepam β-glucuronide material was only 54.0% pure. Recovery after hydrolysis with β-glucuronidase at 60 °C for two hours and 22 °C for 24 h was compared. There was no difference in the recovery of either drug incubated under both conditions. Using HPLC analysis to separate the R and S isomers of the glucuronides, we found that the S isomer hydrolyzes faster than the R isomer, but at optimal conditions hydrolysis of both isomers is complete. Alltech's glucuronide materials can be valuable as hydrolysis controls in method development and routine benzodiazepine analyses, but each laboratory must validate the purity of the materials and determine the acceptable references ranges for in-house controls made from these materials. The reference materials were also evaluated for possible use as quality control material for urine drug screening. The material had to be added at 130% of the reported cutoff concentration to produce a positive result on the Triage ™ Panel for Drugs of Abuse. For the Triage ™ Plus TCA Panel for Drugs of Abuse lorazepam β-glucuronide was added at 154% of the cutoff concentration, but addition of the oxazepam β-glucuronide at >200% of the reported cutoff concentration did not produce a positive result. Discrepancies may be due to preferential binding of antibodies to the S isomer, because the Alltech glucuronide materials do not contain the isomers in the same ratio as that excreted in human urine.
Design of a Sanguine Noise Processor Based Upon World-Wide Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) Recordings

This paper describes the design of a candidate noise processor for the Sanguine receiver based on communication theory considerations and detailed experiments using wide-band recordings of extremely low-frequency (ELF) (3-300 Hz) atmospheric noise. This processor consists of the following elements: 1) a compensating (or whitening) filter; 2) nonlinear notch filtering at frequencies of manmade interference; 3) a post-notch filter nonlinearity; and 4) a phase coherent linear matched filter. Due to the impulsive non-Gaussian nature of the noise, nonlinear processing with a bandwidth considerably greater than the 40-80-Hz signal bandwidth is significantly better than a linear receiver (consisting only of a matched filter and appropriate whitening filters). Simulations using noise recordings from a number of widely separated locations in the world have shown improvements of 7 dB to 20 dB at times of high ELF atmospheric noise levels at the receiver input.
Training and signal cancellation in adaptive radar

It is well known that the performance of adaptive arrays is affected by calibration errors. In particular, target cancellation occurs when there are calibration errors and/or the target signal is present during the computation of the array covariance matrix. Due to the mismatch between the presumed steering vector and the true signal vector, the target is not properly protected by the steering vector, it is interpreted as an interference, and the array proceeds to cancel it. Signal cancellation effects are particularly evident when the SMI method is employed. Researchers have suggested one of two main approaches to mitigate the signal cancellation problem: (1) modification of the beamformer constraints to widen the desired signal protection region and lessen the effects of calibration errors, and (2) modifications of the steering vector. In this work we analyze the robustness of eigenanalysis-based adaptive beamforming and compare its performance to the SMI method. It is shown that the eigenanalysis-based method is more robust to array pointing errors and to the presence of the target signal during training. Analytical expressions are developed and the results are illustrated using realistic scenarios generated by the Rome Laboratory RLSTAP algorithm development tool.
Prime numbers and output codes

In this paper, the prime number encoding scheme is proposed for representing the supervisory class signals at the output layer of multilayered feedforward networks. The notion of prime number encoding stems from the idea that the module representations with respect to two appropriately chosen primes can uniquely represent any bounded integer value. In particular, the derived prime number encoding scheme is a viable replacement for the conventional 1-per-class coding scheme used for indexing tasks. Face recognition experiments performed using a 24-face database, and word-spotting experiments performed with the TIMIT speech database, suggest that the prime number encoding scheme is beneficial for indexing purposes, not only from the point of parameter reduction, but also in terms of recognition performance.
Smoking and Parkinson disease Where there is smoke there may not be fire

Several case-control studies have demonstrated an inverse relationship between the presence of Parkinson disease (PD) and smoking cigarettes.1,2 The risk of PD in someone who has ever smoked is about half of that of a nonsmoker.3,4 These observations prompted some to hypothesize that smoking could protect against the development of PD. The lay press popularized this notion, and the idea inspired studies to test whether nicotine can slow disease progression.
Biomechanical strategies for mitigating collision damage in insect wings: structural design versus embedded elastic materials

The wings of many insects accumulate considerable wear and tear during their lifespan, and this irreversible structural damage can impose significant costs on insect flight performance and survivability. Wing wear in foraging bumblebees (and likely many other species) is caused by inadvertent, repeated collisions with vegetation during flight, suggesting the possibility that insect wings may display biomechanical adaptations to mitigate the damage associated with collisions. We used a novel experimental technique to artificially induce wing wear in bumblebees and yellowjacket wasps, closely related species with similar life histories but distinct wing morphologies. Wasps have a flexible resilin joint (the costal break) positioned distally along the leading edge of the wing, which allows the wing tip to crumple reversibly when it hits an obstacle, whereas bumblebees lack an analogous joint. Through experimental manipulation of its stiffness, we found that the costal break plays a critical role in mitigating collision damage in yellowjacket wings. However, bumblebee wings do not experience as much damage as would be expected based on their lack of a costal break, possibly due to differences in the spatial arrangement of supporting wing veins. Our results indicate that these two species utilize different wing design strategies for mitigating damage resulting from collisions. A simple inertial model of a flapping wing reveals the biomechanical constraints acting on the costal break, which may help explain its absence in bumblebee wings.
Traumatic brain injury increases TGFβRII expression on endothelial cells

Transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) modulates a variety of growth related functions following traumatic injury. The cellular response to TGFβ is predominantly mediated through TGFβ receptor I (TGFβRI) and receptor II (TGFβRII) on the cell surface and SMAD proteins intracellularly. We investigated the expression of TGFβ receptors in the acute and chronic phases of a traumatic cerebral injury (TCI) by immunohistochemistry and in cultures of murine brain microvascular endothelial (EN) cells using cytofluorimetry. Here, we report that TGFβRII expression significantly increases on brain endothelial cells in the chronic phase of TCI. SMAD3 and SMAD4 protein expression were also upregulated suggesting the activation of TGFβ receptor intracellular signaling. When TGFβRI and TGFβRII expression was studied in in vitro cultures of murine brain microvessel EN cells, TGFβRII showed increased expression on proliferating cells that are incorporating BrdU. These data show a differential expression of TGFβRI and TGFβRII on brain microvessel EN cells in the acute and chronic phases of TCI that might be associated with EN proliferation following injury.
Batch queue resource scheduling for workflow applications

Workflow computations have become a major programming paradigm for scientific applications. However, acquiring enough computational resources to execute a workflow poses a challenge in a batch queue controlled resource due to the space-sharing nature of the resource management policy. This paper introduces a scheduling technique that aggregates a workflow application into several subcomponents. It then uses the batch queue to acquire resources for each subcomponent, overlapping resource provisioning overhead (wait time) of one with the execution of others. We implemented a prototype of this technique and tested it using five high performance computing centers job submission logs. The results show that our approach can eliminate as much as 70% of the wait time over more traditional techniques that request resources for individual workflow nodes or that acquire all the resources for the whole workflow at once.
Moving towards effective chronic illness management: asthma as an exemplar:

The United States health care system is at a pivotal point in its ability to manage chronic illness. The demands and philosophical differences between the management of acute and chronic illnesses suggest the need for different strategies for effective and efficient management of chronic illness. The purpose of this article is to discuss the Chronic Care Model and the collaborative approach to managing chronic illnesses. Asthma, as an exemplar, will be used to illustrate the need for the development of new models of collaborative care for the treatment of chronic illnesses.
The hypertension complex

The complex of factors that operate in the genesis as well as the development of various types of hypertensive disease is discussed. Questions are asked and possible answers given to only a few of the unsolved problems of hypertension. The treatment of hypertension especially with drugs, is then discussed in the light of these complex mechanisms.
When Do Counterstereotypic Ingroup Members Inspire Versus Deflate? The Effect of Successful Professional Women on Young Women’s Leadership Self-Concept

Three experiments tested whether and when exposure to counterstereotypic ingroup members enhances women's implicit leadership self-concept. Participants read about professional women leaders framed as similar to versus different from most women (Experiment 1) or having the same versus different collegiate background as participants (Experiment 3). Experiment 2 manipulated similarity by giving false feedback about participants' similarity to women leaders. In all cases, seeing women leaders reduced implicit self-stereotyping relative to controls but only when they were portrayed as similar to one's ingroup (Experiment 1) and oneself (Experiments 2-3). Leaders portrayed as dissimilar either had no effect on self-beliefs (Experiment 1 and 3) or increased implicit self-stereotyping (Experiment 2). Dissimilar leaders also deflated participants' career goals and explicit leadership beliefs (Experiment 3). Finally, implicit self-beliefs became less stereotypic regardless of whether women believed the similarity feedback, but explicit self-beliefs changed only when they believed the feedback to be true (Experiment 2).
Abnormal brain structure in youth who commit homicide

BACKGROUND: Violence that leads to homicide results in an extreme financial and emotional burden on society. Juveniles who commit homicide are often tried in adult court and typically spend the majority of their lives in prison. Despite the enormous costs associated with homicidal behavior, there have been no serious neuroscientific studies examining youth who commit homicide. METHODS: Here we use neuroimaging and voxel-based morphometry to examine brain gray matter in incarcerated male adolescents who committed homicide (n = 20) compared with incarcerated offenders who did not commit homicide (n = 135). Two additional control groups were used to understand further the nature of gray matter differences: incarcerated offenders who did not commit homicide matched on important demographic and psychometric variables (n = 20) and healthy participants from the community (n = 21). RESULTS: Compared with incarcerated adolescents who did not commit homicide (n = 135), incarcerated homicide offenders had reduced gray matter volumes in the medial and lateral temporal lobes, including the hippocampus and posterior insula. Feature selection and support vector machine learning classified offenders into the homicide and non-homicide groups with 81% overall accuracy. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that brain structural differences may help identify those at the highest risk for committing serious violent offenses. Language: en
Electron cross-field transport in a miniaturized cylindrical Hall thruster

Summary form only given. Conventional annular Hall thrusters become inefficient when scaled to low power. Their lifetime decreases significantly due to the channel wall erosion. Cylindrical Hall thrusters that have lower surface-to-volume ratio and, thus, seem to be more promising for scaling down, exhibit performance comparable with conventional annular Hall thrusters of the similar size. Efficiency of a Hall thruster decreases with increasing electron current. Understanding of the mechanisms of electron transport in the discharge is, therefore, essential for the development of higher efficiency thrusters. Electron cross-field transport in a 2.6 cm miniaturized cylindrical Hall thruster (100 W power level) has been studied through the analysis of experimental data and Monte Carlo simulations of electron dynamics in the thruster channel. The numerical model takes into account elastic and inelastic electron collisions with atoms, electron-wall collisions, including secondary electron emission, and Bohm diffusion. It is shown that in order to explain the observed discharge current, the electron anomalous collision frequency nuB has to be on the order of the Bohm value, nuBapomegao/16. The contribution of electron-wall collisions to cross-field transport is found to be insignificant
The Politics of Union Decline: The Contingent Determinants of Union Recognition Elections and Victories

Despite the close political regulation of union recognition disputes, sociologists have paid little attention to recent political determinants of success in these contests. A state-centered political-opportunity approach suggests that if conservative political officials can reduce the number of union recognition elections, union organization will be blocked. Partly because many labor scholars claim there was a postwar departure in labor movement fortunes, we attempt to detect and model a contingent break in the relationship between Republican control of the presidency and these elections using interactive specifications. Our findings show that shortly after the conservative, anti-union Reagan administration took office, recognition elections, and union victories in these elections, fell sharply. With macroeconomic and other determinants held constant, other political conditions with explanatory power include congressional oversight committee ideology and conservative appointments to the key regulatory age...
Effects of Photo and Genotype-Based Misidentification Error on Estimates of Survival, Detection and State Transition using Multistate Survival Models

We simulated multistate capture histories (CHs) by varying state survival (ϕ), detection (p) and transition (ψ), number of total capture occasions and releases per capture occasion and then modified these scenarios to mimic false rejection error (FRE), a common misidentification error, resulting from the failure to match samples of the same individual. We then fit a multistate model and estimated accuracy, bias and precision of state-specific ϕ, p and ψ to better understand the effects of FRE on different simulation scenarios. As expected, ϕ, and p, decreased in accuracy with FRE, with lower accuracy when CHs were simulated under a shorter-term study and a lower number of releases per capture occasion (lower sample size). Accuracy of ψ estimates were robust to FRE except in those CH scenarios simulated using low sample size. The effect of FRE on bias was not consistent among parameters and differed by CH scenario. As expected, ϕ was negatively biased with increased FRE (except for the low ϕ low p CH scenario simulated with a low sample size), but we found that the magnitude of bias differed by scenario (high p CH scenarios were more negatively biased). State transition was relatively unbiased, except for the low p CH scenarios simulated with a low sample size, which were positively biased with FRE, and high p CH scenarios simulated with a low sample size. The effect of FRE on precision was not consistent among parameters and differed by scenario and sample size. Precision of ϕ decreased with FRE and was lowest with the low ϕ low p CH scenarios. Precision of p estimates also decreased with FRE under all scenarios, except the low ϕ high p CH scenarios. However, precision of ψ increased with FRE, except for those CH scenarios simulated with a low sample size. Our results demonstrate how FRE leads to loss of accuracy in parameter estimates in a multistate model with the exception of ψ when estimated using an adequate sample size.
Competing Archives, Competing Histories: French and Its Cultural Locations in Late-Medieval England

Thus, around 731 in Northumbria, Bede famously summarizes the language setting of his land. Despite his acknowledgement of the four ethnically linked insular languages and their implicit histories of invasion and conflict, though, Bede aims to draw that fragmented world, by analogy with divine law and Bible study, into a single transcendent and Latin-dominated system, however narrow a population segment may practice it.
Utah's 72-Hour Waiting Period for Abortion: Experiences Among a Clinic-Based Sample of Women.

Author(s): Roberts, Sarah CM; Turok, David K; Belusa, Elise; Combellick, Sarah; Upadhyay, Ushma D | Abstract: ContextIn 2012, Utah became the first state to enact a 72-hour waiting period for abortion. Despite debate about the law's potential effects, research has not examined women's experiences with it.MethodsA cohort of 500 women recruited at four family planning facilities in Utah in 2013-2014 completed baseline surveys at the time of an abortion information visit and follow-up telephone interviews three weeks later. Logistic regression and coding of open-ended responses were used to examine which women had abortions and, for those who did not, their reasons.ResultsAmong the 309 women completing follow-up, 86% had had an abortion, 8% were no longer seeking abortion, 3% had miscarried or discovered they had not been pregnant, and 2% were still seeking abortion; one woman was still deciding, and the waiting period had pushed one woman beyond her facility's gestational limit for abortion. At the information visit, women reported little conflict about the abortion decision (mean score on a scale of 0-100 was 13.9 for those who eventually had an abortion and 28.5 for others). Low decisional conflict, but not socioeconomic status, was associated with having an abortion (odds ratio, 1.1). On average, eight days elapsed between the information visit and the abortion.ConclusionAs most women in this cohort were not conflicted about their decision when they sought care, the 72-hour waiting requirement seems to have been unnecessary. Individualized patient counseling for the small minority who were conflicted when they presented for care may have been more appropriate.
Implementation of a New Methodology to Reduce the Effects of Changes of Illumination in Face Recognition-based Authentication

In this paper, the study of the effects of illumination changes in the process of face recognition is discussed. Additionally, a new methodology that integrates Single -Scale Retinex (SSR) and Scale Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT) is presented. The proposed methodolog y addresses the problem of illumination changes in face recognition-based authentication systems. To do this, the SSR transform eliminates the component of luminance from the face image and recovers the reflectance component which is invariant to illumination changes; then, the SIFT transform detects interest points from the reflectance component of the face image. The interest points are features rich in information and may be used to identify an individual from face images. The results have shown that theproposed methodology could reduce considerably the variability of the location of the features extracted from face images corresponding to the same scene but captured under different illumination conditions. Thus, it is obtained a solution to the problem of face recognition under illumination changes by extracting features robust enough to different illumination conditions. Finally, the results were obtained over a wide faces database affected by illumination changes.
Lifestyle and mental health correlates of psychological distress in college students

OBJECTIVE: College students are at an increased risk of mental distress. The purpose of this study was to determine whether mental and lifestyle factors differed according to self-reported levels of psychological distress. Design and setting: A self-report questionnaire comprising the Kessler-6 Psychological Distress Scale, Revised Life Orientation Test, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support and 24-hour recall of lifestyle behaviours was administered to 195 undergraduate college students at a Midwestern US university. Methods: Respondents were grouped into categories of low, moderate and severe mental distress using established cut-points for the Kessler-6 Psychological Distress Scale. Between-group differences were assessed to determine whether the mental and lifestyle variables under investigation differed according to magnitude of mental distress. Results: Significant differences were found between the three categories of mental distress and amounts of optimism, self-esteem and social support. Analysis of the lifestyle variables suggested groups were different for behaviours pertaining to computer screen time, fruit consumption and sugar-sweetened beverage intake when categorised into the three-tier groupings. No significant differences were found for the remaining lifestyle variables or for body mass index. Regression analysis found low levels of optimism, self-esteem and social support significantly predicted mental distress. Conclusion: Results of this study suggested higher amounts of optimism, self-esteem and social support were associated with decreased levels of mental distress in a sample of college students. Additional research is required to determine the role of lifestyle variables in mental distress. Language: en
Managing tuberculosis infection in children in the USA: an update

The rate of tuberculosis (TB) disease has steadily declined in the last two decades in the USA, and over two-thirds of all cases now occur in foreign-born persons. Further declines in the incidence of TB will be most impacted by identifying and treating persons with TB infection. However, difficulties in accessing care, poor specificity of diagnostic tests and long courses of therapy historically have led to suboptimal screening of groups at high risk for infection, false-positive test results from cross-reaction with the bacille Calmette–Guerin vaccine and low treatment completion rates, respectively. This article reviews newer testing and treatment strategies for TB infection emphasizing risk and benefits of testing and treating.
16.3 eV Neutron Capture in 107Ag: Nuclear Structure of 108Ag

The γ rays from neutron capture in the 0− resonance of 107Ag at 16.3 eV have been studied. Thirteen primary transitions populate spin 1 levels in 108Ag below an energy of 1.5 MeV. Transitions from low-lying levels change in intensity by as much as a factor of 2 between thermal neutron capture (largely spin 1) and the 0- resonance, indicating a strong correlation of the population with level spin.
Stress Urinary Incontinence in Men

AbstractStress urinary incontinence is a distinctly unusual finding in men who have had no prior pelvic or urologic surgery. Seven men with stress urinary incontinence underwent urodynamic evaluation. All patients had urethral smooth muscle dysfunction manifested by decreased urethral pressure and the presence of radiographic contrast material in the proximal urethra. One patient with adenocarcinoma of the prostate had had a prior prostatectomy and subsequently had metastases with cauda equina compression. One patient had destruction of the pelvic plexus from metastastic choriocarcinoma. All other patients had neurologic lesions involving spinal roots LI and/or L2, resulting in interference with adrenergic innervation of the proximal urethra. Thorough neurologic evaluation should be obtained in a man with stress urinary incontinence who has had no prior operation that could damage the pelvic plexus or urethral sphincter mechanisms.
A comparison of the Antek chemiluminescent system and kjeldahl procedure for determination of total nitrogen in plant tissue

Two methods for the determination of total N content in plant tissue were compared for precision and sensitivity. Two National Bureau of Standards (NBS) plant tissue samples (Tomato and Pine), and three of unknown nitrogen content were analyzed using the Antek Chemiluminescent Nitrogen Analyzer System and a Kjel‐Foss Automated Kjeldahl System. Samples were tested at two time periods for both systems. The Kjeldahl system was found to be more precise than the Antek system, although precision for the Antek system was well within acceptable limits. Precision over time was also better for the Kjeldahl system. Similar values were obtained for both systems at each of two test periods. In a second experiment, three sample particle sizes were compared using the Antek unit. As particle size decreased, total N content, as determined by the Antek unit increased, while precision decreased. Antek sample introduction containers (quartz boats) also had an effect on precision.
Genome Sequence of Gordonia Bacteriophage Lucky10.

ABSTRACT Lucky10 is a newly isolated phage of Gordonia terrae 3612 that was recovered from a soil sample in Pittsburgh, PA. Lucky10 has siphoviral morphology and a double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) genome of 42,979 bp, with 70 predicted protein-coding genes. Lucky10 shows little similarity to previously reported Gordonia phages.
Global Futures and Government Towns: Phosphates and the Production of Western Sahara as a Space of Contention

The study of natural resources lends itself to theorizing the politics of nature and the politics of time. The space of Western Sahara, where both remain highly contested, provides an opportunity to consider the ramifications of resources in political conflict at different historical moments. Drawing from environmental histories of North Africa and the Sahara, as well as the anthropology of time, the author focuses on two historical moments. The first, from 1945 to 1976, concerns the discovery of phosphate deposits during the Spanish colonial period and the implications of this discovery for political authority in the Sahara more broadly. The second, contemporary moment is characterized by intensifying interest in plotting the future use and reserves of phosphates, with potential implications for the political futures of Western Sahara. These two moments are considered in three parts: the first situates the discovery of phosphates in Western Sahara within the regional process of decolonization; the second...
STRONG PROLIFERATIVE RESPONSE, BUT LACK OF CYTOTOXIC EFFECTOR CELL GENERATION TO SYNGENEIC RCS TUMOR IN LYMPHOID CELLS FROM NORMAL AND IMMUNE SJL/J MICE

This chapter discusses normal SJL/J lymph node T cells and thymus cells that display a marked proliferative response in vitro to irradiated syngeneic reticulum cell sarcoma (RCS) cells from transplantable tumor lines. The nature of the antigen inducing this response and the possibility that there is cytotoxic cell development in the cultures are examined. The tumor cells lack Thy 1.2 and C 1 receptors, and are insensitive to lysis by anti-Ig and C 1 . However, they have B-cell homing properties, and more than 50% of tumor cells are lysed by antisera to Ia antigens of SJL/J B-cells. The surface antigen inducing 3 H-thymidine incorporation by normal lymph node (LN) cells is resistant to treatment with neuraminidase, pronase, and trypsin. Presence of anti-Ia in the cultures effectively blocks the proliferative response. Treatment of LN cells by anti-Ia + C 1 does not affect their ability to respond, but such treatment of RCS cells abolishes their ability to stimulate. Although irradiated RCS cells could induce specific immunity in SJL/J mice and normal RCS cells show only restricted growth in F l hybrids of SJL/J by C 57 B1 (SBF 1 ) mice, neither cytotoxic serum antibody nor cytotoxic effector cell development are found in SJL/J or SBF 1 mice immunized intraperitoneally with three biweekly injections of irradiated RCS cells. Cytotoxicity is determined on 51 Cr-labeled cells, using 51 cr-labeled PU5 cells (B-cell lymphoma of BALB/c origin) as specificity control cells. RCS cells cause appearance of cytotoxic activity in both peritoneal and spleen cells of allogeneic mice.
Curing Kinetics of Biobased Epoxies for Tailored Applications

The curing kinetics of a family of biobased epoxies derived from n-alkyl diphenolate esters differing in ester side chain length were compared with diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA). Isothermal isoconversional analysis and Kamal–Sourour model fitting by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were utilized to obtain reaction constants. The biobased epoxides and DGEBA have reaction orders that are comparable while the autocatalytic rate constant of DGEBA was larger than those of the biobased epoxies. As the n-alkyl side chain length of diphenolate esters increased, the autocatalytic rate constant decreased. Furthermore, the non-autocatalytic rate constant for DGEBA is smaller than that of the biobased epoxies. The cause for the difference in rate constants is discussed, and applications are assigned to the epoxies based on curing kinetics.
The Late Elizabethan Succession Question

On 24 March 1603, within hours of the death of his cousin Elizabeth, James VI of Scotland was proclaimed England’s king. The proclamation was both expected and welcome. For sixteen years, since the execution of Mary Stuart in 1587, it had been widely supposed that James was the likeliest and most politically attractive candidate for the English crown. Yet for the modern observer attempting to perceive a rule of monarchical succession in 1603, there is serious difficulty. The problem arises from the uncertainty of contemporaries about what the determining principle of succession was to be. As a political matter, James may have been the likely successor to Elizabeth, but as a constitutional matter it was far from certain whether he had the only right, or even the best right, to follow Elizabeth to the throne. There was simply no contemporary agreement as to whether the crown ought to pass automatically at the death of Elizabeth to the next in the hereditary line; whether the next in the hereditary line might be passed over because of a ‘legal’ incapacity to rule; whether the next monarch ought to be determined in parliament; or whether the queen should be exhorted in the waning days of her life to nominate and determine her own successor. And, as a further complication, there were the explicit directions in Henry VIII’s will, authorised by parliament, which, if honoured, would have diverted the succession from the channel of strict hereditary descent and at the same time deprived Elizabeth of any voice in the selection of the person to follow her upon the throne.
INDUCTION OF CYTOSOLIC ALDEHYDE DEHYDROGENASE ISOZYMES: INFLUENCE ON ACETALDEHYDE METABOLISM

There are several cytosolic aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) isozymes in rat liver. One of these is inducible by phenobarbital treatment in genetically selected (RR) rats, while it is not inducible in other (rr) rats. Administration of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) causes induction of another isozyme in the liver cytosol in both genotypes The isozymes induced by phenobarbital and TCDD have been purified and are known to be different proteins. The influence of ALDH induction on ethanol disappearance rates and blood acetaldehyde levels was measured. Phenobarbital administration led to an increased rate of ethanol disappearance and decreased blood acetaldehyde levels in RR rats only. TCDD treatment was without effect. The finding of an increase in blood acetaldehyde levels following pargyline treatment was attributed to inhibition of the mitochondrial matrix ALDH. Phenobarbital or TCDD treatment resulted in reversal of the pargyline effect in that normal or near normal blood acetaldehyde levels were seen after ethanol treatment. These results are rationalized by taking into account the kinetics of the mitochondrial matrix enzyme and the induced cytosolic ALDH isozymes. It is proposed that the mitochondrial matrix ALDH is primarily responsible for acetaldehyde metabolism, while the fine control of circulating acetaldehyde levels may rest with other ALDH isozymes such as those in the cytosol.
Effects of Sitting and Standing Work Postures on Short-Term Typing Performance and Discomfort:

The study evaluated effects of sitting and standing work postures on objective short-term computer typing performance and perceived discomfort. A randomized, repeated measures, study design was use...
The University of Michigan Cardiac and Thoracic Surgery Program

In 1928, the University of Michigan opened its thoracic surgery residency under the leadership of Dr John Alexander. Initially tasked with providing surgical care for patients with thoracic diseases such as tuberculosis, thoracic surgery subspecialties now provide surgical treatment for a spectrum of diseases, ranging from congenital cardiopulmonary abnormalities to thoracic malignancy to acquired heart and great vessel diseases. Both the residency and the medical center have evolved to mirror the changing practice of thoracic surgery.
On Devotion as Social Ornament Jan van Eyck's Virgin and Child with Chancellor Nicolas Rolin

This essay concerns the social significance of being visibly devout in early Netherlandish painting. I begin by treating the visual richness of the Rolin Virgin and Child and the narrative of priva...
From Notes to Annotations: Dedications as Data in the Library of Jacques Derrida at Princeton University

Current standards for describing rare materials are limited in the mechanisms they provide for encoding item-specific features, such as the presence of handwritten annotations on a page, in a way that facilitates machine manipulation. As a member of the Linked Data for Production (LD4P) project, Princeton University Library is undertaking initial work to encode handwritten dedications within the library of Jacques Derrida as linked open data. The implications of this modeling work potentially extend well beyond the rare book cataloging community and into many different areas of bibliographic description.
Organometallics Studied Using Mass Spectrometry

The use of mass spectrometry to investigate organometallic compounds is described. The interpretation of mass spectra in terms of molecular structures, ion fragmentation schemes, thermochemistry of complexes and the nature of metal–ligand bonds are all covered.
On the asymptotics of the motion of a nonlinear viscous fluid

Under study is the nonstationary problem of the motion of a nonlinear-viscous fluid in the case of low or high viscosity. We establish that the convergence of solutions to the corresponding limit solutions as the viscosity converges to zero or infinity.
Self-report and subjective history in the diagnosis of painful neck conditions: A systematic review of diagnostic accuracy studies

Abstract Rising healthcare costs and inherent risks with over-utilizing diagnostic imaging require a quality subjective examination to improve effectiveness and time management of physical examinations. This systematic review investigates the diagnostic accuracy of subjective history and self-report items to determine if there is significant alteration in the probability of identifying specific painful neck conditions. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines were followed. Inclusion criteria: 1) Written in the English language 2) Cervical pain with/without referred upper extremity or head pain 3) Subjective history or self-report items 4) Study designs that reported diagnostic statistics or allowed calculation of sensitivities, specificities, diagnostic odds ratios, and likelihood ratios 5) used a reference standard that has a sensitivity or specificity ≥75% or a diagnostic tool that is strongly supported in the literature where this data is not available. Quality Assessment of Studies of Diagnostic Accuracy II was performed to evaluate risk of bias. Five studies with 830 total patients met the inclusion criteria. Conditions commonly reported in the literature included: cervical radiculopathy, cervical myelopathy, degenerative joint disease, and cervicogenic headache. Individual history questions show minimal diagnostic value in identifying cervical conditions without the physical examination. The value of the subjective history report is important and requires further investigation for specific neck conditions. Clustering symptoms may provide more insight than individual history items in future studies. The diagnostic value of history for neck conditions may be underrepresented due to the lack of studies that isolate subjective examination from the physical examination. Level of Evidence: 3a
Peripartum Antibiotics Promote Gut Dysbiosis, Loss of Immune Tolerance, and Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Genetically Prone Offspring

Summary Factors affecting the developing neonatal gut microbiome and immune networks may increase the risk of developing complex immune disorders such as inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). In particular, peripartum antibiotics have been suggested as risk factors for human IBD, although direct evidence is lacking. Therefore, we examined the temporal impact of the commonly used antibiotic cefoperazone on both maternal and offspring microbiota when administered to dams during the peripartum period in the IL-10-deficient murine colitis model. By rigorously controlling for cage, gender, generational, and murine pathobiont confounders, we observed that offspring from cefoperazone-exposed dams develop a persistent gut dysbiosis into adulthood associated with skewing of the host immune system and increased susceptibility to spontaneous and chemically dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis. Thus, early life exposure to antibiotic-induced maternal dysbiosis during a critical developmental window for gut microbial assemblage and immune programming elicits a lasting impact of increased IBD risk on genetically susceptible offspring.
Molecular Aspects of Right Ventricular Adaptation to Stress

The development of left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy and the progression to LV failure have been extensively studied and have provided valuable insight into the mechanisms of disease progression. However, there is minimal data on the right ventricular (RV) adaptation to pressure and volume loading. These hemodynamic stressors are commonly seen in children and adults after surgery for congenital heart disease (CHD), placing the RV at risk for progression to heart failure. Here, we will highlight some of similarities and differences in the molecular remodeling between the right and left ventricles when subjected to abnormal loading conditions.
Analysis and Identification of 2'-Deoxyadenosine-Derived Adducts in Lung and Liver DNA of F-344 Rats Treated with the Tobacco-Specific Carcinogen 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone and Enantiomers of its Metabolite 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol.

4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) and its metabolite 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) are carcinogenic in animal models and are believed to play an important role in human lung carcinogenesis for cigarette smokers. Cytochrome P450-mediated metabolism of these tobacco-specific nitrosamines produces reactive species that alkylate DNA in the form of pyridyloxobutyl (POB)- or pyridylhydroxybutyl (PHB)-DNA adducts. Understanding the formation mechanism and overall levels of these adducts can potentially enhance cancer prevention methods through the identification of particularly susceptible smokers. Previous studies have identified and measured a panel of POB- and PHB-DNA base adducts of dGuo, dCyd, and Thd; however, dAdo adducts have yet to be determined. In this study, we complete this DNA adduct panel by identifying and quantifying levels of NNK- and NNAL-derived dAdo adducts in vitro and in vivo. To accomplish this, we synthesized standards for expected dAdo-derived D...
Covert Communications in a Dynamic Interference Environment

Much of security research focuses on preventing an adversary from deciphering a message's content, but there are a number of applications that motivate the more challenging goal of “covert” communications: transmitter Alice conveying information to legitimate receiver Bob while preventing a capable and attentive adversary Willie from detecting the presence of the message. Willie detects Alice's transmission by looking for deviations from the background environment; hence, covert throughput can be increased if Willie has uncertainty about that background environment, as might be caused by user mobility or time-varying jamming. Here, we consider how the dynamics of the background environment impact the throughput of covert communications. Our previous work has shown that a background environment varying a constant number of times per codeword duration can greatly increase the covert throughput. In this paper, we consider the covert throughput for all potential rates of variation of the background. Neither extreme of variation is favorable to Alice: (1) when the background environment varies too quickly relative to the codeword length, Willie can average out the variation and hence limit Alice's covert throughput; (2) when the background environment varies too slowly, Willie can estimate the current environment and again limit Alice's covert throughput. We analyze a detector at Willie that provides an upper bound (converse) to the covert throughput of Alice for all potential rates of variation. Next, we provide an explicit construction for a scheme for Alice that provides a lower bound (achievability) on the covert throughput at each rate of variation.
AN ACCURATE, HIGH EFFICIENCY RADIOASSAY PROCEDURE FOR CARBON14 AND TRITIUM COMPOUNDS SEPARATED BY SILICA GEL THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY

Abstract The accurate counting of radiolabelled materials after their separation by silica gel thin layer chromatography poses problems because self-absorption limits recovery and counting efficiency. A new method is described that uses hydrofluoric acid to dissolve and deactivate the silica gel and a scintillation solution of toluene:triton × 100. This method yields higher efficiencies than other systems and virtually quantitative recoveries of carbon14 and tritium labelled compounds.
Evaluation and Treatment of Zenker’s Diverticulum

The goal of this chapter is to describe the pathophysiology of Zenker’s diverticulum, their clinical presentation, and indications for treatment and provide an overview of the surgical management of patients with this rare esophageal pathology. Treatment approaches discussed include open transcervical resection, endoscopic stapled diverticulotomy, endoscopic harmonic scalpel diverticulotomy, and flexible endoscopic diverticulotomy. Finally, a comparison of the open and endoscopic approaches will be provided.
Antigen recognition and localization in RES blockaded mice: morphologic and immunologic studies.

Cells of the reticuloendothelial system (RES) obviously constitute the major cell types involved in immunologic events dealing with the maintenance of the body’s integrity against extrinsic and intrinsic parasites, such as microbial pathogens and neoplastic cells. Many recent morphologic and functional studies have helped elucidate some of the complex interactions among the various cells of the RES in immunologic reactions (1–3). In this regard, RES blockading agents have been utilized in attempts to “dissect” some of the cellular steps in the immune response. Studies from this laboratory, as well as from others, have indicated that RES blockade with various particulate substances, including colloidal carbon, induces a marked inhibition of antibody formation in mice (4–8). Pretreatment of mice with colloidal carbon before challenge immunization with an antigen such as sheep erythrocytes generally results in a 90–95 percent or greater suppression in appearance of antibody, as assessed at both the humoral and cellular levels (6–8). Various factors influencing such immunosuppression have been studied in detail, including some of the cell types involved (9).
Vesicular Stomatitis and Other Vesicular, Erosive, and Ulcerative Diseases of Horses

Physical trauma, dietary factors, certain toxins, immune mediated disorders, and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) infection are known causes of stomatitis in horses. There is evidence that some outbreaks of equine stomatitis are caused by as yet unidentified infectious agents. It remains to be determined whether stomatitis is an emerging equine infectious disease, or if the increase in reported cases is simply the result of greater public awareness as a consequence of widespread outbreaks of VSV in the southwestern United States in recent years. Focused laboratory and epidemiological studies are necessary to more adequately define non-VS related infectious and noninfectious causes of equine stomatitis.
Carbon Pricing: Correcting Climate Change's Market Failure

Abstract Climate change is the result of a market failure to account for the cost of greenhouse gas emissions to society, and pricing carbon is a powerful solution to correct this externality. Stud...
Does the Median Justice Control the Content of Supreme Court Opinions

A commonly-held view of Supreme Court decision-making is that the median justice on the Court controls the content of opinions. This view rests on an application of median voter theorem - typically applied to legislative decision-making or party positioning - in the judicial context. We argue that the judicial context often involves decision problems that differ from these more familiar applications of median voter theory in ways that make a straightforward application of the median voter theorem inappropriate. In particular, judges simultaneously vote on an outcome (the judgment) and sign onto a rationale (the opinion). We demonstrate that if judicial preferences across these two aspects of a case are discontinuous - that is, if justices do not switch their vote on the outcome in exchange for concessions on rationale - the median justice typically does not determine the content of Supreme Court decisions. We offer an alternative account of the location of influence on decision content. Finally, we offer empirical evidence that demonstrates the inadequacy of median justice theory, and suggests support for our alternative account.