cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chromosome Counts and Taxonomy of Mentzelia thompsonii (Loasaceae)

Abstract The species Mentzelia thompsonii Glad was published in 1976 based solely on herbarium material, and it is the only species in Mentzelia section Trachyphytum that has not been examined cytogenetically. Here we report that M. thompsonii is diploid (2n = 18), making it the easternmost diploid species in section Trachyphytum and the only one that does not occur in California. The diploid status and edaphic specialization of M. thompsonii suggest that it is a paleoendemic isolated from other diploids in Trachyphytum by specialization during Pleistocene climate change. Our investigations have also uncovered confusion in the literature and herbaria regarding the taxonomy of M. thompsonii and its overall place within Mentzelia. Mentzelia thompsonii has been synonymized with Mentzelia humilis (Urb. & Gilg) J. Darl. (a member of section Bartonia) in several prominent databases and herbaria. To the contrary, our studies reveal that M. thompsonii is distinct from M. humilis; furthermore, as a unique compon...
Death to pion condensates in nuclear matter

It is first noted that if the coupling of spin, isospin modes in nuclei to pions were of anywhere near the strength required to produce pion condensation in nuclear matter, then there would be strong effects in nuclear spectra, which are not seen. A model proposed by A. B. Migdal is worked through and it is shown that addition of a strong short-range repnlsion in the nucleon-nuclear interaction modifies the effective interaction in such a way as to remove the main spin-isospin interaction which originally gave rise to the pion condensate. It is believed that short-range repulsions also strongly modify the work of Sawyer and Scalapino, but have not yet shown that they destroy the condensate in neutron stars. The conclusion is that the off-shell p-wave attraction of pions and nucleons lies, at least in the region of low momenta, completely in the domain of the DELTA -isobars. Effects from these would be incapable of producing pion condensates, except at extremely high densities, equal to several times normal nuclear density. (auth)
Understanding and Treatment of Chronic Abdominal Pain in Pediatric Primary Care

This study examined the practices used by primary care pediatricians to assess and treat chronic abdominal pain (CAP), as an initial step in guiding clinical practice guideline (CPG) development. A survey was mailed to a random sample of office-based pediatrician members (primary care pediatricians [PCPs]) of the American Medical Association. PCPs (n = 470) provided information about the typical presentation of CAP, assessment/treatment approaches used in their own practice, their definition of a functional gastrointestinal disorder (FGID), and their familiarity with the Rome Criteria for diagnosing FGIDs. Substantial variability among PCPs was noted across all these areas. Results suggest that perceptions and practices of pediatric CAP vary widely among PCPs; no single standard of care emerged to guide development of a CPG for this population. Future research should evaluate the efficacy of specific strategies currently in use to identify potential opportunities for improving assessment and treatment of CAP in pediatric primary care.
Oxidation of N-nitrosamines at a ruthenium-based modified electrode in aqueous solutions

Abstract A modified electrode comprising a film of mixed-valent ruthenium oxides with cyano cross-links on glassy carbon mediates the oxidation of N-nitrosamines. The oxidations are two-electron processes that are complicated by neither coupled chemical reactions in the solution phase nor heterogeneous kinetics during cyclic voltammetry at pH 0.3 with scan rates of 4–144 mV s−1. Over the pH 0.3–3.0 range, the current is limited by diffusional mass transport to the electrode|solution interface. Using N-nitrosodi-n-propylamine as a model compound, the mechanism of the oxidation was shown to involve a coupled protonation of the oxidized form of the mediating film; the pKa of this material was estimated as 2.9. Bulk-scale controlled-potential electrolysis of N-nitrosamines yielded the corresponding N-nitramine; gas chromatography—mass spectrometry did not show any evidence of side reactions. The efficiency of this process, together with the known stability of this modified electrode, makes electrochemical oxidation an alternative to the chemical oxidation of N-nitrosamines by hydrogen peroxide.
Learning How a Fruit Fly Forgets

There are three stages to memory: acquisition, storage, and retrieval. But distinguishing which brain structures are involved in each stage has been very difficult. In their Perspective, [Waddell and Quinn][1] discuss new findings showing that synaptic output from structures in the fruit fly brain called mushroom bodies is required for memory recall but not for its acquisition and storage ([ McGuire et al .][2]). [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/293/5533/1271 [2]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/293/5533/1330
Massive cytoplasmic transfers between early blastomeres of Rana pipiens eggs

A technique for injecting large amounts of cytoplasm into early blastomeres of frog eggs is reported. It has been possible to replace part of the cytoplasm of animal blastomeres at the 8-cell stage with injected cytoplasm, some of which was also included in the upper region of the corresponding cell in the vegetal hemisphere. When the injected cytoplasm matched the stage and type of the cytoplasm at the site of injection, the majority of the recipient embryos developed into normal larvae. If it matched the stage, but not the type, the majority of the eggs developed abnormally. The experiments also indicated a relationship between the stage of injected cytoplasm (4-64+ cells) and the frequency and severity of abnormalities.
Psychosocial costs of racism to Whites: Understanding patterns among university students.

This investigation adds to the growing body of scholarship on the psychosocial costs of racism to Whites (PCRW), which refer to consequences of being in the dominant position in an unjust, hierarchical system of societal racism. Extending research that identified five distinct constellations of costs of racism (Spanierman, Poteat, Beer, & Armstrong, 2006), we used multinomial logistic regression in the current study to examine what factors related to membership in one of the five PCRW types during the course of an academic year. Among a sample of White university freshmen (n = 287), we found that (a) diversity attitudes (i.e., universal diverse orientation and unawareness of privilege) explain PCRW type at entrance; (b) PCRW type at entrance explained participation in interracial friendships at the end of the year; (c) 45% of participants changed PCRW type during the course of the year; and (d) among those who changed type, particular PCRW types at entrance resulted in greater likelihood of membership in particular PCRW types at the end of the year.
Subproblem analysis of discrimination shift learning

Although attention models assume that the two subproblems of a discrimination shift are treated as a single problem, learning of a nonreversal shift can be broken down into performance on the subproblem that changes reward conditions and the one that does not. A general analysis of performance on these subproblems, appropriate to a broad range of attention models, is developed in this paper. This analysis leads to a rejection of attention models for some S populations, but shows that attention models may have been rejected prematurely for other populations of Ss.
Interaction of thrombin with PAR1 and PAR4 at the thrombin cleavage site

Investigations determined the critical amino acids for alpha-thrombin's interaction with protease-activated receptors 1 and 4 (PAR1 and PAR4, respectively) at the thrombin cleavage site. Recombinant PAR1 wild-type (wt) exodomain was cleaved by alpha-thrombin with a Km of 28 microM, a kcat of 340 s-1, and a kcat/Km of 1.2 x 10(7). When the P4 or P2 position was mutated to alanine, PAR1-L38A or PAR1-P40A, respectively, the Km was unchanged, 29 or 23 microM, respectively; however, the kcat and kcat/Km were reduced in each case. In contrast, when Asp39 at P3 was mutated to alanine, PAR1-D39A, Km and kcat were both reduced approximately 3-fold, making the kcat/Km the same as that of PAR1-wt exodomain. Recombinant PAR4-wt exodomain was cleaved by alpha-thrombin with a Km of 61 microM, a kcat of 17 s-1, and a kcat/Km of 2.8 x 10(5). When the P5 or P4 position was mutated to alanine, PAR4-L43A or PAR4-P44A, respectively, there was no change in the Km (69 or 56 microM, respectively); however, the kcat was lowered in each case (9.7 or 7.7 s-1, respectively). Mutation of the P2 position (PAR4-P46A) also had no effect on the Km but markedly lowered the kcat and kcat/Km approximately 35-fold. PAR1-wt exodomain and P4 and P3 mutants were noncompetitive inhibitors of alpha-thrombin hydrolyzing Sar-Pro-Arg-pNA. However, PAR1-P40A displayed a mixed type of inhibition. Mutation of P4, P3, or P2 had no effect on the Ki. All PAR4 exodomains were competitive inhibitors of alpha-thrombin. Mutation of P5, P4, or P2 had no effect on the Ki. These investigations show that Leu at P4 in PAR1 or P5 in PAR4 critically influences the kinetics of alpha-thrombin binding and cleavage of PAR1 and PAR4 exodomains. It also implies that factors other than the hirudin-like binding region on PAR1 exodomain predominate in influencing PAR1 cleavage on cells.
SPATIAL RELATIONSHIPS AS AN INDICATOR OF SUCCESSFUL PACK FORMATION IN FREE-RANGING AFRICAN WILD DOGS

Pack formation in the African wild dog is a social process that usually involves more than two individuals. Typically, same-sex relatives emigrate and join opposite-sex groups. Same-sex relatives have a shared social history and, consequently, established social bonds. In contrast, opposite-sex groups are unfamiliar with one another. Patterns of association (approaches and resting partners) were recorded during the daily resting period for three newly formed packs. Two packs annulled (Gijima and Amazoro) and one pack (Sinajima) became a stable reproductive unit (i.e. an established pack). An analysis of resting patterns suggests that spatial relationships mirror the relative strength of social bonds and thus the degree of social integration between females and males. Former members of the annulled Gijima pack rested with the same sex more often, and actively maintained this pattern, while opposite-sex associations were observed and maintained more often in the Sinajima pack. The Amazoro pack appeared more integrated than the Gijima pack, but less integrated than the Sinajima pack. Mate choice (i.e. group compatibility) may have influenced the outcome of attempted pack formation. The two cases of pack annulment were not the result of takeovers (i.e. the forceful expulsion of same-sex individuals), and same-sex associations were more common in these packs suggesting that opposite-sex group members were incompatible. The extremely social nature of this canid is reflected in the maintenance of physical contact or relatively short inter-individual distances while resting.
Hume'S Critique of Miracles: An Irrelevant Triumph

In The Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding Hume argues that there can in principle be no good reason for believing a miracle has occurred. Recently, Richard Swinburne has disagreed, arguing that there could be good reason to believe a miracle has occurred. I will argue that both Hume and Swinburne are correct. So long as we accept Hume's notion of a miracle, his argument against the rationality of belief in such events stands firm. In this respect, Swinburne's attempted refutation fails. In a deeper sense, however, Swinburne's project succeeds. Hume's critique of miracles turns on a truncated understanding of the supernatural. Making use of suggestions drawn from Swinburne's unsuccessful argument, the concept of miracle can be reformulated so as to allow for the possibility of rational belief.
Induction Effects in Terrestrial Magnetism Part I. Theory

The paper deals with the electromagnetic effect of motions in the earth's core, considered as a fluid metallic sphere. On the basis of simple estimates the electric conductivity of the core is assumed of the same order of magnitude as that of common metals. The mathematical treatment follows Hansen and Stratton: three independent vector solutions of the vectorial wave equation are introduced; two of these have vanishing divergence, and they are designated as toroidal and poloidal vector fields. The vector potential and electric field are toroidal, whereas the magnetic field is poloidal. These vectors, expressed in terms of spherical harmonics and Bessel functions, possess some notable properties of orthogonality which are briefly discussed. The theory of the free, exponentially decaying current modes is then given, leading to decay periods of the order of some tens of thousands of years. Next, the field equations in the presence of mechanical motions of the conducting fluid are set up. The field is developed in a series of the fundamental, orthogonal vectors, and the field equations are transformed into a system of ordinary differential equations for the coefficients of this development. The behavior of the solutions depends on the symmetry of the "coupling matrix" that arises from the term of the field equations expressing the induction effects. In order to evaluate this matrix the velocity field is developed into a series of the fundamental vectors similar to the series for the electromagnetic field. It is then shown that when the velocity is a toroidal vector field the coupling matrix is antisymmetrical. When the velocity field is poloidal, the coupling matrix is neither purely symmetrical nor purely antisymmetrical. For stationary fluid motion the linear differential equations can be integrated in closed form by a transformation to new normal modes, whenever the matrix of the system is either symmetrical or antisymmetrical. In the latter case the eigenvalues are purely imaginary and the coefficients of the new normal modes are harmonic functions of time, representing oscillatory changes in amplitude of the field components. For a symmetrical matrix the eigenvalues are real and the time factors of the new normal modes are real exponentials representing amplification or de-amplification as the case may be, depending on the sign of the velocity. For a matrix without specific symmetry, normal modes do not, as a rule, exist but similar, somewhat less stringent results can be derived in special cases. In the case of toroidal flow, in particular, the oscillatory changes of the field components are superposed upon the slow exponential decay characteristic of the free modes.
Efferent fiber projections of the habenula and the interpeduncular nucleus. An experimental study in the opossum and cat.

A study of efferent fiber connections of the habenula and the inter-peduncular nucleus was conducted using anterograde degeneration techniques. Lesions were placed in the habenula of the opossum and the habenula and interpeduncular nucleus of the cat. Degeneration was studied by means of the Nauta and Fink-Heimer techniques. Fibers from the habenular nucleus of the opossum extended caudally and were traced bilaterally to the interpeduncular nucleus, dorsal tegmental nucleus of Gudden, deep (ventral) tegmental nucleus of Gudden, nucleus centralis superior and nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis. Rostrally fibers were traced to the preoptic and septal region and the anterior and lateral hypothalamus. The medial and lateral habenular nuclei of the cat projected differentially to portions of the interpeduncular nucleus and the tegmental nuclei of Gudden. The medial habenular nucleus sent fibers to the paramedian subnucleus of the interpeduncular nucleus and to the deep tegmental nucleus; whereas the lateral habenular nucleus distributed to the apical and central subnuclei of the interpeduncular nucleus and the dorsal tegmental nucleus. Fibers from both the medial and lateral habenular nuclei were found to project bilaterally to the nucleus paraventricularis anterior, nucleus ventralis anterior, anterior medialis and anterior dorsalis of the thalamus, and the septal area. Fibers from the interpeduncular nucleus of the cat were represented bilaterally. Those passing rostral went to the lateral habenular nucleus, nucleus centromedianus and parafascicularis of the thalamus, and to the septal area. Those directed caudally projected to the nucleus centralis superior, and the dorsal and deep tegmental nucleus of Gudden.
A comprehensive characterization of photoelectron resonance capture ionization aerosol mass spectrometry for the quantitative and qualitative analysis of organic particulate matter

Abstract Photoelectron resonance capture ionization (PERCI), when coupled with thermal vaporization aerosol mass spectrometry (AMS) is found to be an excellent ionization method for the identification of particle-bound organics. While the qualitative analytical advantages of PERCI have been demonstrated previously, a comprehensive characterization of PERCI-AMS, which will be of paramount importance in developing the method to perform reliable quantitative measurements, is discussed here. A detailed analysis, based on photoelectron, gas phase, and particle phase measurements, of the behavior and limitations of PERCI-AMS is given. The performance of PERCI-AMS is affected by: delayed time between anion formation and extraction for mass spectral analysis, relative positioning of the vaporization probe (VP) and photoelectrode (PE), laser intensity, analyte pressure in the ionization region, particle matrix, and vaporization temperature ramping rate. Gas phase detection limits are found to be on the order of 10 7 –10 9 cm −3 and particle phase detection limits for individual compounds are found to be on the order of 10 −8 –10 −7 g of total sampled mass. An additional level of analyte selectivity is gained with the vapor pressure dependent desorption of deposited particles, achieved with ramped thermal vaporization. The major limitation of the thermal vaporization PERCI-AMS is the low duty cycle of the measurement, stemming from the pulsed nature of PERCI. Finally, prospects for improvements in detection limits as high as 3–4 orders of magnitude by adaptation of pulsed IR laser desorption to the system are discussed.
Passive transfer of serum from tilapia vaccinated with a Vibrio vulnificus vaccine provides protection from specific pathogen challenge

Abstract Vibrio vulnificus is a Gram-negative bacterium that has been associated with disease losses in some aquaculture reared fish species. Vaccination has proven effective for reducing the impact of this disease and research has suggested that specific antibodies are important for protective immunity. The present study determined the role of antibodies specific for V. vulnificus in protection by passive immunization and identified components of the bacterium the antibodies specifically recognize. Antiserum was generated by vaccinating hybrid tilapia with a formalin killed V. vulnificus ARS-1-Br-09 bacterin. Two passive immunization experiments were conducted, with and without heat inactivation of the antiserum. In both experiments, hybrid tilapia (mean weight, 6.5 g) were passively immunized by intraperitoneal injection of antiserum or control serum and then challenged with homologous V. vulnificus 24 h post-immunization. Following the challenge, relative percent survival values of 86 and 90 were obtained for tilapia passively immunized with non-heated and heat inactivated antiserum, respectively. Cell lysates and lipopolysaccharide preparations from V. vulnificus ARS-1-Br-09 and a heterologous isolate (CECT 4601) were probed with the antiserum and control serum by western blot analyses to determine the specificity of the antibodies. The antibodies exhibited specificity to proteins of both isolates and to the lipopolysaccharide of only the homologous isolate. The results supported a role of specific antibodies in the protection of tilapia against V. vulnificus, and suggested that shared immunogenic antigens were involved in protection previously described against heterologous isolates.
The play of risk, affect, and the enterprising self in a fourth-grade classroom

As a predominant discourse of the early twenty-first century, the new capitalism (and its companion cultural system, neoliberalism) privilege flexibility, risk, emotional intelligence, and the enterprising self. New capitalist discourses exert powerful and pervasive effects across all dimensions of human experience and activity from personal decision-making to family life to school to the workplace, and they encourage, even demand, that workers become individualized, self-actualized subjects. In this article, we discuss how new capitalist discourses affected talk and social interaction in one fourth-grade classroom. More specifically, we report on how the classroom teacher encouraged students to become more deeply aware of their affective investments in relation to themes in the books they read and to connect these investments to their everyday lives. We demonstrate further that this emphasis on affective investment involved high levels of risk for the students and positioned them as enterprising selves.
Calcium accumulation by isolated nerve ending particles from brain. I. The site of energy‐dependent accumulation

Synaptosomes (isolated nerve ending particles) prepared from rat brain accumulated 45Ca in the presence of ATPd and MgCl2. In order to localize the site of this energy-dependent process the ability of synaptosomes to accumulate 45Ca was compared to that of a purified preparation of brain mitochondria, since mitochondria are contained within nerve endings. The purity of synaptosomal and mitochondrial fractions was monitored in terms of enzymatic markers and electron microscopy. The rate of accumulation by mitochondria was sufficient to account for the observed rate with synaptosomes, suggesting that the intra-synaptosomal mitochondria were the site of accumulation in the nerve endings. Furthermore, subfractionation of synaptosomes that had accumulated 45Ca indicated that the bulk of the radioactivity was associated with the mitochondria recovered from the nerve ending. 45Ca accumulation was also supported by oxidizable substrates. This accumulation could not be blocked, either in synaptosomes or in mitochondria, by oligomycin. Since oligomycin blocked ATP-energized accumulation, free ATP could therefore not be the energy source derived from these substrates, further implicating the intra-synaptosomal mitochondria as the site of accumulation. Accumulation energized by oxidizable substrates was stimulated by Pi. No stimulation was apparent in the presence of ATP, probably due to the rapid release of Pi by ATPase activity, which was far greater than the rate of 45Ca accumulation. These findings suggest that mitochondria at the nerve ending may actively participate in regulating cytoplasmic Ca2+ levels, a vital role at that site.
Investigation of Mechanisms Contributing to Slow Desorption of Hydrophobic Organic Compounds from Mineral Solids

This research investigates the mechanisms contributing to the slow desorption of hydrophobic organic compounds from water-saturated mineral solids. The mechanisms investigated were adsorption-retarded aqueous diffusion, micropore diffusion, high-energy micropore adsorption, and micropore blockage by precipitated minerals. To reduce the potential confounding effects of adsorbent heterogeneity, a set of homogeneous silica gel and glass bead adsorbents were used in the investigation. Desorption rates for the slow-desorbing fractions of chloroform (CF), trichloroethylene (TCE), and perchloroethylene (PCE) from silica gel did not conform to the pore-diffusion model for adsorption-retarded aqueous diffusion. This indicated that diffusion through adsorbent mesopores was not responsible for slow desorption from silica gel. Micropore-diffusion modeling of TCE desorption from three silica gels and microporous glass beads indicated that pores less than 2 nm in diameter were responsible for slow desorption. Desorptio...
DRM interoperability analysis from the perspective of a layered framework

Interoperability is currently seen as one of the most significant problems facing the digital rights management (DRM) industry. In this paper we consider the problem of interoperability among DRM systems from the perspective of a layered architectural framework. The advantage of looking at the problem from this point of view is that the layered framework provides a certain amount of structure that is very helpful in guiding those working on DRM interoperability issues. Specifically, the layered framework we describe provides a useful design abstraction along architectural lines. One of the advantages of this perspective is that it allows us to consider the level within computing/communication architectures at which certain functionality should be provided, and then to address how the functionality between layers should interact in order to provide specific DRM capabilities. The communications that occur between layers, both within a single system and between two communicating systems, are the places where protocols can be defined and possibly standardized. Thus, they provide focal points for studying and addressing interoperability in DRM systems.
Design, synthesis, and pharmacokinetic evaluation of a chemical delivery system for drug targeting to lung tissue.

Abstract We espouse the application of a novel chemical delivery system (CDS) approach to a delivery mechanism for drug targeting to lung tissue using the 1,2-dithiolane-3-pentyl moiety of lipoic acid as the “targetor moiety”. The synthesis and the physicochemical and pharma-cokinetic evaluation of a CDS modeling the lipoyl and other ester derivatives of chlorambucil (an antineoplastic agent) and cromolyn (a bischromone used in antiasthma prophylaxis) as compared with their respective parent drugs are described. The chlorambucil CDS was synthesized by esterifying the alcohol derivative of lipoic acid with chlorambucil using dicyclohexylcarbodiimide as the coupling agent. The cromolyn CDS was prepared by a multistep synthetic procedure culminating in the reaction of the alkyl bromide derivative of lipoic acid with the disodium salt of the bischromone compound. All the esters were highly lipophilic unlike the parent compounds. The in-vitro kinetic and in-vivo pharmacokinetic studies showed that the respective CDSs were sufficiently stable in buffer and biological media, hydrolyzed rapidly into the respective active parent drugs, and significantly enhanced delivery and retention of the active compound to lung tissue in comparison with the underivatized parent compounds used in conventional therapy.
Signal-to-noise ratio in the evaluation of simultaneous vision multifocal ophthalmic lenses

Simultaneous vision multifocal ophthalmic lenses in contact lenses or intraocular lenses present a challenge in design and testing. The SNR represents one criterion that can aid the design in evaluating such systems. The definition of SNR as applied to such systems and an example of its use are presented here.
When the Truth Hurts: Endangered Species Policy on Private Land with Imperfect Information☆☆☆

Abstract Current species conservation policy gives landowners little incentive to cooperate with information collection and may result in little conservation occurring on private land. Modifying the current system by paying compensation to landowners or forcing landowners to provide information before developing, improves equilibrium efficiency. With symmetric but imperfect information about conservation value, combining elements of compensation and information requirements in a regulatory scheme, similar to the current incidental take provisions of the Endangered Species Act, can generate an efficient outcome. When landowners have private information about land value and compensation cannot be based on species conservation value, an efficient outcome cannot be assured.
Wildlife trade products available to U.S. military personnel serving abroad

Military personnel and affiliates have significant buying power that can influence demand for wildlife products. Purchase and transport of certain wildlife products violates United States laws, military regulations, and national country laws where the items were purchased. We surveyed military bazaars (n = 4) in Kabul, Afghanistan from June 2007 to March 2009 to observe which species were available to soldiers. In June 2008, we conducted a pilot survey of U.S. Army personnel (n = 371) stationed at Fort Drum, New York, USA, who had been deployed or stationed overseas including in Afghanistan and Iraq. Soldiers reported skins of wild felids and gray wolf Canis lupus as most commonly observed wildlife products available for sale in Afghanistan. Forty percent of respondents said they had either purchased or seen other members of the military purchase or use wildlife products. The U.S. military was willing to assist in curtailing supply and demand for wildlife products in order to protect soldiers from unknowingly breaking the law and to conserve wildlife in the countries where they serve. Regular, focused training of military personnel should be considered an important step to reducing trade in wildlife products by addressing both demand and market supply.
A Dynamic Cell Range Expansion for LTE-Advanced Heterogeneous Networks

Deploying Pico cell Base Station (PBS) throughout a Macro cell layout is a promising solution to enhance system capacity and users throughput. However, the strong received power from Macro cell Base Station (MBS) makes the Pico cell areas narrow and limits cell splitting gain. Range Expansion (RE) is desirable to balance the network load between MBS and PBS by expanding the coverage, which subsequently increases cell splitting gains. However, more interference may be introduced if the bias value of RE is not set properly. In this paper, we propose a Dynamic Cell Range Expansion (DCRE) strategy that the bias value of RE is set dynamically according to the change of network environment. The proposed scheme aims to fulfill the resources utilization by RE scheme, and meanwhile improve the users performance of cell edge through cell load balancing method. Simulation results show that DCRE scheme can improve the network performance of cell edge, and increase the cell capacity and users throughput compared with the existing methods.
Recurrent global dynamics underlie perceptual grouping

Abstract Arrays of ambiguous objects often appear to group into a single interpretation. Examples include Attneave's triangles and the dynamic dot arrays of Ramachandran and Anstis. However, there are other displays in which perceptual grouping fails. We find that in a variety of such displays—which interpretations are seen, or whether grouping occurs at all—depends on whether the ambiguous property of the objects can be assigned values consistent with a single viewer position or motion. This implies that grouping depends on the visual system developing a 3-D scene model which constrains the relation of the viewer to objects in the scene.
The preparation and properties of equine pituitary gonadotropin.

A method is described for the alkaline extraction of equine pituitary glands which produced gonadotropic hormone, containing only traces of foreign protein but which was contaminated with posterior pituitary extract. Equine pituitary gonadotropin was found to possess a lower potency than that of serum gonadotropin. When injected into sensitized guinea pigs, equine pituitary gonadotropin did not produce anaphylactic shock.
Isolation and characterization of microbodies and symphyomicrobodies with different buoyant densities from the fungus Blastocladiella emersonii

Abstract Microbodies isolated from sporangia of the aquatic fungus Blastocladiella emersonii have a mean buoyant density of 1.222 g/cm3 after centrifugation through a linear sucrose gradient, and contain catalase, isocitrate lyase and malate synthase. Microbodies fuse to produce one symphyomicrobody per zoospore at the time of sporogenesis. An increase in density accompanies this process. The symphyomicrobody has a mean buoyant density of 1.292 g/cm3 while the spore's single mitochondrion has a buoyant density of 1.219 g/cm3. Statistical data are also provided for both starting levels and purification of symphyomicrobody and mitochondrial enzyme markers.
INFORMATION, SPACE, AND THE CONTROL OF LOCAL DECISIONS

Policy scientists have long recognized that economic institutions located far from cities can manipulate resources to affect local policies and politics. Too often, however, these same students have failed to consider the implications of these same actors' control over the production and manipulation of information used to affect economic and political issues. This article assesses the current balance of control over information between cities and the economic and political institutions city officials must deal with to plan for the future of their communities. After detailing the declining ability of cities to control their own information environment and the factors leading to this state of affairs, a series of recommendations is proposed to help local decision makers regain control over their local economic space.
Studies on mitochondria IV. The cytological localization of mitochondria in heart muscle

Abstract The mitochondria in heart muscle are rod shaped, beaded structures which under certain conditions are converted to granules. They are interfibrillary in position and may be either parallel or transverse to the sarcomere. Only the transverse mitochondria maintain an exact relation to the sarcomere and lie in apposition to the anisotropic segment. The intimate relation to the myofibrils suggests an active contribution to the contractile process.
Characteristics of dispersions and water-soluble extracts of crude and refined oils and their toxicity to estuarine crustaceans and fish

The quantitative hydrocarbon composition and behavior in seawater of water-soluble fractions (WSF) and oil-in-water dispersions (OWD) of 4 oils was investigated. Two crude oils, South Louisiana crude and Kuwait crude, and two refined oils, No. 2 fuel oil and bunker C residual oil, were used in these investigations. The WSFs of the crude oils had higher total oil-hydrocarbon concentrations and were richer in light aliphatics and single-ring aromatics than were the WSFs of the refined oils. The WSFs of the refined oils contained significantly higher concentrations of naphthalenes than did those of the crudes. The hydrocarbon composition of the aqueous phase of OWDs closely resembled that of the parent oils. Gentle aeration of the OWDs resulted in a loss of 80 to 90% of the aqueous hydrocarbons in 24 h. Alkanes disappeared from the dispersions more rapidly than aromatics. The WSFs and OWDs of the refined oils were considerably more toxic to the 6 test species than were those of the crude oils. The test species can be ranked according to increasing sensitivity to oil as follows: Cyprinodon variegatus, Menidia beryllina, Fundulus similus, Penaeus aztecus postlarvae, Palaemonetes pugio and Mysidopsis almyra. The results of this investigation are discussed in relation to the potential impacts of oil spills on the marine and estuarine environments.
SHEAR VISCOSITY VIA PERIODIC NONEQUILIBRIUM MOLECULAR DYNAMICS

(mkT)112/a 2 , at strain rates of 0.0253,0.0408, and 0.0724 a fit is shown in our own fig. 1. The sinh 1 function (kT/m)ll2/a. The straight-line intercept of 11.7 considerably is smooth at the origin and also has been confirmed exceeds the (solid-line) Ree-Eyring value of 9.4 (mkT)1I2/a2. experimentally, for some materials, over many decades The Ree-Eyring extrapolation corresponds to a viscous rela­ of strain rate [6]. Its use in fitting the hard-sphere data xation time of 30 a(m/kT)1/2. The 500-particle Alder-Gass·· significantly reduces 1/(0), from 11.7 to 9.4 in units Wainwright viscosity is 7.2 (mkT)1/2/a 2 .
The use of refusal postcards in recruiting older adults

This article examines whether a refusal postcard makes recruitment more efficient or instead reduces response rates to a telephone survey of older adults. Medicare health maintenance organization (HMO) members were randomly sampled in sequential phases. All samples received an initial contact letter from a HMO geriatrician. A refusal postcard was included in the first sample (N = 178); however, the remaining six samples did not receive this postcard (N = 1,003). An overall refusal rate of 32% was observed when postcards were included versus a 14% rate of refusal when postcards were excluded (p < .001). When potential respondents were reached by telephone, refusal rates were similar (9% versus 10%). Despite the higher refusal rate among the sample receiving the refusal postcard, no significant differences in demographics, health, and health behaviors were observed between the two final sample groups completing the survey. We conclude that refusal postcards greatly increase the refusal rates without offering any prescreening advantage in the recruitment process of older adults and could increase the costs of recruitment for a telephone survey. Furthermore, use of a refusal postcard precludes individuals from making fully informed decisions about participating in research.
The ciliate epibiont Epistylis pygmaeum: selection for zooplankton hosts, reproduction and effect on two rotifers

SUMMARY 1. A clonal culture of the peritrich Epistylis pygmaeum was used for all observations and experiments. Motile cells preferentially attached to the eggs of three species of Brachionus but also attached to the body of adult B. angularis. Zooids on the transitory egg substratum developed only short stalks, while those on the body often developed long stalks and branched colonies. Selection for the eggs positions the ciliate near the cloaca, and thus high concentrations of fine particulate material excreted by the host. Settlement on eggs occurred equally well in the light and dark, and on moving and stationary eggs. 2. Motile Epistylis cells attached to a wide variety of rotifer and crustacean zooplankton, but exhibited some pronounced selectivity. They readily settled on the eggs of other rotifers (Epiphanes, Polyarthra), on the carapace of several cladocerans (Ceriodaphnia, Daphnia, Diaphanosoma), and on the egg sacs of a copepod (Tropocyclops). They settled less readily on the bodies of the rotifers Asplanchna and Synchaeta, and rarely or never settled on the rotifer Keratella, the cladocerans Bosmina and Scapholeberis, and the body of the copepod. 3. Epistylis populations initiated with a single zooid on Brachionus increased exponentially and often contained several hundred attached zooids and motile cells after 3 days at 20 °C. Observations of a culture initiated from a single telotroch provided new information about peritrich life cycles: (1) motile cells reproduced themselves at a rapid rate (λ = 4.26 day−1); (2) telotrochs produced or transformed into swimming zooids and vice versa. Functions of the two types of motile cells remain to be clarified. Telotrochs likely are specialised for finding and attaching to hosts. Swimming zooids can feed and reproduce, producing both their own cell type and telotrochs. Together, they should enhance dispersal and population growth, especially when hosts are rare. 4. Life-table experiments with two species of Brachionus showed that colonisation by Epistylis had no effect on adult survival but significantly decreased fecundity, by 29% in both cases. Zooids attached to eggs could be a weight burden, increase drag, and possibly inhibit egg development. Those on the body of B. angularis also could interfere with coronal cilia, inhibiting feeding and further slowing locomotion. The ability of E. pygmaeum to select and then interfere with its hosts indicates that this epibiont has the potential to influence the species structure of zooplankton communities.
Primary and secondary binding sites for lanthanide shift reagents with amides. Differential behavior of cis vs trans amide isomers with LSR

Lanthanide induced shifts (LIS) were measured for four dimethylamides, RCON(CH3)2, and four monomethyl amides, RCONHCH3, R H, CH3, CF3 and CCl3, using Eu(fod)3 in CCl4 and benzene (C6D6) solution. Structural correlations for HCON(CH3)2 and CH3CON(CH3)2 in both solvents yield a preferred binding site for the Eu(fod)3 on one of the lone-pair orbitals of the oxygen atom, with a probable site of secondary importance on the other lone-pair orbital. The cis vs trans isomers of HCONHCH3 and CH3CONHCH3 exhibit remarkably different chemical shift behavior upon addition of Eu(fod)3.
Grief response of parents to neonatal death and parent participation in deciding care.

We determined the grief response to neonatal death of 50 mother-father pairs by administering a queastionnaire and conducting a semistructured interview during the infant postmortem review. As measured by a parent grief score, maternal grief significantly exceeded paternal grief (t = 5.89, P .0001). Parent grief was not significantly related to birth weight, duration of life, extent of parentinfant contact, previous perinatal loss, parent age, or distance from the hospital of birth to the regional center (Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients). However, the attitudes and behavior of family, friends, and health care personnel in the hospital of birth often adversely influenced parent grieving. Of 39 mother-father pairs whose infants required respirator support, 18 participated in a group decision with their physician to withdraw respirator support when the prospects of infant survival seemed hopeless (limited respirator care group). No significant differences in parent grief scores were found (t tests) when the limited respirator care group was compared to those parents of infants who died despite uninterrupted respirator care. Our data suggest that informed parents can participate as partners with their physician in difficult infant care decisions, even when death results, and adjust to their loss with healthy grieving.
Diffusion-weighted Imaging Shows Cytotoxic and Vasogenic Edema in Eclampsia

In eclampsia, MR imaging shows reversible T2 hyperintensities in a parietal and occipital distribution. Findings on diffusion-weighted images suggest that these abnormalities are areas of vasogenic edema. We describe the presence of both cytotoxic and vasogenic edema, as detected by diffusion-weighted imaging, in a woman with eclampsia. Follow-up MR imaging showed that the regions of cytotoxic edema progressed to cerebral infarction. This case suggests that diffusion-weighted imaging allows the early detection of ischemic infarcts in patients with eclampsia.
Considerations for Aerodynamic Testing of Scaled Runback Ice Accretions

and Mach number of 0.18 with and without the simulated ice shapes attached. Simple 2-D simulations were constructed for the test as well as 3-D simulations that used multiple substrate layers as well as roughness to simulate the features of the full-scale accretion. Significant penalties due to runback accretions were identified. The NACA 3415 experienced a 20% reduction in Clmax and no loss in stalling angle of attack due to the 3-D warm hold simulation while the NACA 23012 experienced a 25% reduction in Clmax and a loss of two degrees in stalling angle of attack. The 3-D cold hold simulation caused a 40% loss in Clmax and a two degree reduction in stalling angle of attack for the NACA 3415 while the same ice shape caused a 55% reduction in Clmax and a seven degree reduction in stalling angle of attack for the NACA 23012. Geometrically-scaled 2-D simulations of the warm hold accretions were found to enhance the lift performance of the NACA 3415 and had little effect on the NACA 23012. The cause of this phenomenon is hypothesized to be a combination of energizing the boundary-layer and the pressure distribution established by the presence of the ridge shape. The boundary-layer-scaled equivalent of that ice shape was observed to reverse this phenomenon. Boundary-layer calculations indicated that the geometrically- scaled ice shape was approximately the same height as the local boundary thickness at angles of attack near stall. The boundary-layer-scaled ice shapes were observed to cause greater penalties than both the 2-D and 3-D geometrically-scaled ice shapes. Boundary-layer-scaled 3-D ice shapes remain to be tested. It should be noted that data regarding the effect of full- scale runback ice accretions are not available at this time. Therefore, it is difficult to judge which scaling method is appropriate. However, it is clear from this work that geometric scaling may not be sufficient for scaling runback-type ice accretions for aerodynamic testing.
Atmospheric Radiative Transfer

Because radiative transfer cuts across many scientific disciplines with applications including remote sensing, climate, atmospheric chemistry, and photobiology, there is a need for comprehensive books on this subject that can appeal to a wide readership. While Atmospheric Radiative Transfer takes strides toward filling this niche by addressing a broad range of topics, it is dry reading and suffers from lack of detail. The book was based on a graduate-level course taught at the University of Sciences and Technologies in Lille, France, and indeed, the text reads much like an expanded outline perhaps derived from lecture notes. Part one deals with general radiative transfer, and part two covers Earth's radiation budget, the climate system, and remote sensing techniques. The radiative transfer equation and solutions for absorbing and scattering atmospheres are discussed as are the details of absorption, such as energy levels, line strengths, line intensities, equivalent widths, and weak- and strong-line limits.
Emergence of a Novel Penicillin-Nonsusceptible, Invasive Serotype 35B Clone of Streptococcus pneumoniae within the United States

Monitoring antibiotic-resistant pneumococcal strains not covered by the 7-valent conjugate vaccine is an important priority. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Active Bacterial Core Surveillance identified 68 invasive penicillin-nonsusceptible serotype 35B (PN35B) isolates recovered from 1995 to 2001 from patients residing in the states of California, Colorado, Connecticut, Georgia, Maryland, Minnesota, New York, Oregon, Tennessee, and Texas. Nonsusceptible isolates accounted for 69% of all serotype 35B isolates recovered during this time. Twelve (18%) of the 68 PN35B isolates recovered since 1995 were obtained from pediatric patients. These 68 isolates exhibited penicillin MICs of 0.25-2 microg/mL and reduced susceptibility to cefotaxime. Representative PN35B isolates exhibited a common chromosomal macrorestriction profile and identical penicillin-binding-protein gene restriction profiles characteristic of penicillin-resistant strains, and they shared a unique 7-locus sequence type that included 3 new alleles. The mosaic pbp2b and divergent ddl sequences were suggestive of interspecies recombination at the ddl-pbp2b chromosomal region.
Adaptive threshold spike detection using stationary wavelet transform for neural recording implants

Spike detection is an essential first step in the analysis of neural recording signals. A new spike detection hardware architecture combining absolute threshold method and stationary wavelet transform (SWT) is described. The method enables spike detection with 90% accuracy even when the signal-to-noise is −1dB. A noise monitoring block was implemented to automatically calculate the appropriate threshold value for spike detection, and the system then chooses either absolute threshold method or the SWT method to optimize power consumption. The system was designed in 130nm CMOS and shown to occupy 0.082 mm2 and dissipate 0.45 μW for one channel.