cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantitative Development in Infancy and Early Childhood

1. Historical Trends and Current Issues 2. Quantification in Infancy 3. Quantification in Early Childhood 4. Quantification of Discrete Sets: A Synthesis 5. Continuous Amount 6. Relative Quantity 7. Nonverbal Representation of Quantity 8. Acquiring Conventional Skills 9. The Whole Child
Institutional Heterogeneity Among Stock Exchanges: Implications for Market Efficiency

The current financial crisis is a crisis of theory as well. The dominant theory of financial markets, the efficient market hypothesis (EMH), states that in an efficient market the price of a financial asset reflects publicly available information about that asset. Competing theories, such as behavioral finance, argue that other factors, including irrational investor behavior, impact the price of financial assets. We argue, however, that an analysis of market institutions can help explain when and why the EMH works. Although not widely examined, we argue it is significant that until very recently the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), whose listed companies’ price behavior inspired the EMH, was a nonprofit organization. Thus, we apply an economic theory of nonprofits to the NYSE, and NASDAQ, to identify the incentives of Exchange members and the various governance mechanisms they created in response. We find that the NYSE, which was organized by underwriters, generated mechanisms that made prices on the NYSE relatively well behaved, what we term synthetic inertia. The NASDAQ, on the other hand, was organized by traders who had polar opposite incentives with regard to disclosure. We hypothesize that NYSE demutualization - converting from nonprofit to for-profit - altered the incentives of the NYSE and undermined this synthetic inertia and thus informational efficiency. We test our hypothesis by comparing bid-ask spreads, a measure information quality, at the NYSE and NASDAQ and find that bid-ask spreads on the NYSE were consistently lower than the NASDAQ (suggesting better information quality at the NYSE) but that spreads converged after demutualization. We believe that our approach helps resolve an apparent tension between competing theories of market behavior and contributes an analytical framework from which to consider regulatory changes.
Fixed Priority Scheduling Theory for Hard Real-Time Systems

This paper summarizes recent research results on the theory of fixed priority scheduling of hard real-time systems developed by the Advanced Real-Time Technology (ART) Project of Carnegie Mellon University. The Liu and Layland theory of rate monotonic scheduling is presented along with many generalizations including an exact characterization of task set schedulability, average case behavior and allowance for arbitrary task deadlines Recent research results including the priority ceiling protocol which provides predictable scheduling when tasks synchronize and the deferrable and sporadic server algorithms which provide fast response times for aperiodic tasks while preserving periodic task deadlines are also presented.
Locality-constrained discriminative learning and coding

This paper explores the enhancement by locality constraint to both learning and coding schemes, more specifically, discriminative low-rank dictionary learning and auto-encoder. Previous Fisher discriminative based dictionary learning has led to interesting results by learning more discerning sub-dictionaries. Also, the low-rank regularization term has been introduced to take advantage of the global structure of the data. However, such methods fail to consider data's intrinsic manifold structure. To this end, first, we apply locality constraint on dictionary learning to explore whether the identification capability will be enhanced or not by using the geometric structure information. Moreover, inspired by the recent advances from auto-encoders for learning compact feature spaces, we propose a locality-constrained collaborative auto-encoder (LCAE) for feature extraction. The improvement from applying locality to dictionary learning and auto-encoder is evaluated on several datasets. Experimental results have demonstrated the effectiveness of locality information compared with state-of-the-art methods.
The Agency of Responsive Envelopes: Interaction, Politics and Interconnected Systems

This article positions the territory of responsive envelopes within the context of contemporary disciplinary questions surrounding the politics of the architectural envelope on one hand, and the agency of material explication of environmental, social and spatial performance on the other. Two recent prototype-based responsive envelope projects undertaken by the authors, the Stratus Project and Resonant Chamber, are described in detail relative to the reciprocity between the development of their materiality, form, production methods and their dynamic interaction with external forces, environments and inhabitants. An argument is made that responsive envelopes, in their capacity to structure continually evolving energetic, material and information exchanges between humans, buildings and the wider environment, have the potential to actively construct and enable political participation through spatial transformation, data driven processing and informatics. These envelopes are positioned as agents within wider e...
Positronium yields in gaseous N2 and N2Ne mixtures at 77 K

Abstract The positronium yield in pure N 2 and in N 2 Ne mixtures at 77 K for N 2 densities in the range 0.9–3.7 amagat is measured to be 73% greater than that recently reported for the same densities of pure N 2 at 297 K.
Gene Expression Analysis of Zebrafish Heart Regeneration

Mammalian hearts cannot regenerate. In contrast, zebrafish hearts regenerate even when up to 20% of the ventricle is amputated. The mechanism of zebrafish heart regeneration is not understood. To systematically characterize this process at the molecular level, we generated transcriptional profiles of zebrafish cardiac regeneration by microarray analyses. Distinct gene clusters were identified based on temporal expression patterns. Genes coding for wound response/inflammatory factors, secreted molecules, and matrix metalloproteinases are expressed in regenerating heart in sequential patterns. Comparisons of gene expression profiles between heart and fin regeneration revealed a set of regeneration core molecules as well as tissue-specific factors. The expression patterns of several secreted molecules around the wound suggest that they play important roles in heart regeneration. We found that both platelet-derived growth factor-a and -b (pdgf-a and pdgf-b) are upregulated in regenerating zebrafish hearts. PDGF-B homodimers induce DNA synthesis in adult zebrafish cardiomyocytes. In addition, we demonstrate that a chemical inhibitor of PDGF receptor decreases DNA synthesis of cardiomyocytes both in vitro and in vivo during regeneration. Our data indicate that zebrafish heart regeneration is associated with sequentially upregulated wound healing genes and growth factors and suggest that PDGF signaling is required.
Protein Phosphatase 2A Negatively Regulates Integrin αIIbβ3 Signaling

Integrin αIIbβ3 activation is critical for platelet physiology and is controlled by signal transduction through kinases and phosphatases. Compared with kinases, a role for phosphatases in platelet integrin αIIbβ3 signaling is less understood. We report that the catalytic subunit of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2Ac) associates constitutively with the integrin αIIbβ3 in resting platelets and in human embryonal kidney 293 cells expressing αIIbβ3. The membrane proximal KVGFFKR sequence within the cytoplasmic domain of integrin αIIb is sufficient to support a direct interaction with PP2Ac. Fibrinogen binding to αIIbβ3 during platelet adhesion decreased integrin-associated PP2A activity and increased the phosphorylation of a PP2A substrate, vasodilator associated phosphoprotein. Overexpression of PP2Acα in 293 cells decreased αIIbβ3-mediated adhesion to immobilized fibrinogen. Conversely, small interference RNA mediated knockdown of endogenous PP2Acα expression in 293 cells, enhanced extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2) and p38 activation, and accelerated αIIbβ3 adhesion to fibrinogen and von Willebrand factor. Inhibition of ERK1/2, but not p38 activation, abolished the increased adhesiveness of PP2Ac α-depleted 293 cells to fibrinogen. Furthermore, knockdown of PP2Acα expression in bone marrow-derived murine megakaryocytes increased soluble fibrinogen binding induced by protease-activated receptor 4-activating peptide. These studies demonstrate that PP2Ac α can negatively regulate integrin αIIbβ3 signaling by suppressing the ERK1/2 signaling pathway.
Institutional Vision at Proprietary Schools: Advising for Profit

A college or university's general approach to students and student support services, as reflected in its institutional vision, can serve to advocate the adoption of one type of advising structure, approach, and delivery system over another. A content analysis of a nationwide sample of institutional vision statements from NACADA-membership colleges and universities was performed. Findings suggest that for-profit institutions are driven by an outcome-oriented, pragmatic mission statement rather than the complex, compelling vision statement often employed by traditional nonprofit institutions. The customer-service model of the former places priority on student affairs, but in the form of highly centralized prescriptive academic-advising operations. Implications for all academic institutions are discussed. Relative Emphasis: research, practice, theory
Measurement of Developmental Change in Late Life: A Validation Study of the Change in Activities and Interests Index

The Change in Activities and Interest Index (CAII) was developed to examine empirically the perceived changes that occur in the lives of older adults. To continue to define the properties of the measure and its relevance to socio-emotional selectivity and gerotranscendence theories, this study compares findings on the 30-item CAII from a sample of elders in independent living facilities with previously published findings from a sample of older adults residing in the community. Compared with community-dwelling elders, independent living residents reported greater reductions in Active Instrumental (productive) and Active Social activities, but had similar distribution of reduced and increased activity investment. Further, age and health and depressive symptoms were associated with changes in activities, but not with changes in attitudes congruent with gerotranscendence. This study provides support for theories of aging and identifies the need for future refinements to the CAII.
Evaluation of bacterial ribosomal RNA (rRNA) depletion methods for sequencing microbial community transcriptomes

Microbial community (metagenomics) structure and function are known to play a significant role in human health, development and disease. Shotgun sequencing of metagenomes provides a catalog of genes in the microbial community. However, to understand function, it is necessary to interrogate the community transcriptome. Bacterial RNA content is >95% rRNA, and unlike eukaryotic mRNA, bacterial mRNA is not polyadenylated for easy isolation using oligo-dT selection. Therefore, it is essential to develop rRNA depletion protocols to make RNAseq cost effective. We are comparing different rRNA depletion methods: a hybrid subtraction-based approach using the MICROBExpress Kit (Ambion) and a 5'-phosphate-dependent exonuclease-based approach using the mRNA-ONLY™ Prokaryotic mRNA Isolation Kit (Epicentre). These depletion methods are being tested on well characterized genomes with a range of GC composition: P. marinus (30%), E. coli (51%), and R. sphaeroides (69%). MICROBExpress rRNA capture oligos were designed to work on intact E.coli 5S, 16S and 23S rRNA, however, all microbes do not have intact 16S and 23S: in R. sphaeroides, the 23S molecule is processed into separate 1.4kb and 1.6kb molecules, and in P.marinus, some of the 23S appears as smaller 0.7kb and 2.3kb molecules. Hence, different removal efficiencies have been observed. Visual inspection of the rRNA molecules on the Agilent Bioanalyzer shows almost complete depletion of 16S and 23S peaks for E.coli, depletion of the 16S peak for both R. sphaeroides and P. marinus but not the smaller 23S processed molecules in R. sphaeroides and P. marinus. By comparison, mRNA-ONLY removes roughly 2/3 of the rRNA transcripts in both E.coli and R. sphaeroides. To determine efficiency of mRNA enrichment using these methods, the mRNA was transcribed to cDNA and sequenced by Illumina. rRNA reads decreased by 25% in E.coli and 4.5% in R. sphaeroides with MICROBExpress and ~17% in both with mRNA-ONLY. As a result, a larger fraction of sequenced bases align to the annotated transcriptome with both methods: ~30-40% with MICROBExpress) and ~13-28% with mRNA-ONLY. We are evaluating additional depletion methods that will increase the amount of non-rRNA reads. These will also be applied to P. marinus. Determining enrichment efficiency by sequencing is very costly, thus we are developing qPCR assays for high, mid, and low expressed genes and the 16S and 23S rRNA genes for these organisms, and we will assess changes in rRNA/mRNA ratios with different depletion rRNA methods. The optimal method will be applied to microbe community transcriptomes.
Spin transfer torques by point-contact spin injection

Abstract Spin-transfer torques (STT) provides a new mechanism to alter the magnetic configurations in magnetic heterostructures, a feat previously only achieved by an external magnetic field. A current flowing perpendicular through a magnetic noncollinear spin structure can induce torques on the magnetization, depending on the polarity of the current. This is because an electron carries angular momentum , or spin, part of which can be transf erred to the magnetic layer as a torque. A spin-polarized current of a substantial current density (e.g., 10 8 A/cm 2 ) is required to observe the effect of the spin transfer torques. Consequently, switching by spin-polarized currents is often realized in small structures with sub-micron cross sections made by nanolithography. Here we demonstrate spin transfer torque effects using point-contact spin injection involving no lithography. In a continuous Co/Cu/Co trila yer, we have observed hysteretic reversal of sub-100 nm magnetic elements by spin injection through a metal tip both at low temperature and at room temperature. A small magnetic domain underneath the tip in the top Co layer can be manipulated to align parallel or anti-parallel to the bottom Co layer with a unique bias voltage. In an exchange-biased single ferromagnetic layer, we have observed a new form of STT effect which is the inverse effect of domain wall magnetore sistance effect rather than gi ant magnetoresistance effect. We further show that in granular solids, the STT effect that can be exploited to in duce a large spin diso rder when combined with a large magnetic field. As a result, we have obtained a spectacular MR effect in ex cess of 400%, the largest ever reported in any metallic systems.
The broadcast media: A persuasive institution

Abstract At present, the broadcast media (radio and television) because of their pervasive presence in society are a “taken‐for‐granted” part of the social environment, as natural as the air one breathes. The persuasive power of the media is not so readily ascertained by all who watch and listen. Looking at the growth and spread of the media in three highly industrialized countries, namely Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States, each with its own particular broadcast system, one can see the variety of emphasis on commercial and public broadcasting. Since the media have more in common with interpersonal communication than they have differences, the public is constantly open to media messages, continuously processing as well as responding to information received via media sources. The persuasive effect of these broadcast media in terms of the latent function of commercial messages needs deep and careful analysis.
Governance as political theory

The concept of governance has become very fashionable over the past several decades, and indeed has become one of the most commonly used terms in political science. One French scholar, for example, has referred to this term as a “fetish.” Further, the term has become widely used in the discussions and publications of international organizations, especially those responsible for improving the lives of people around the world living with poverty and oppression. The concept of governance also has been used in relation to the management of organizations in the private sector, with interest in corporate governance becoming all the more pervasive after major debacles in firms such as Enron and Lehmann Brothers.
Community characteristics and child sexual assault: Social disorganization and age

Abstract Purpose This study examines the utility of social disorganization theory as an explanation for community rates of child sexual assault. We explore the sources of preteen ( Methods Drawing on 1,172 child sexual assault incidents reported to law enforcement agencies in Orange County, Florida in 2004-2006, the present study assesses whether social disorganization theory can explain variation in amounts of preteen and teen sexual assault across census tracts. Social disorganization is assessed using measures of economic disadvantage, collective efficacy, and social cohesion, along with measures of population density, violent crime and presence of sex offenders in the community, and gender-related socioeconomic standing. Results Economic disadvantage is positively related to the amount of both preteen and teen sexual assault. Surprisingly, immigrant concentration is negatively related to both preteen and teen sexual assault. Housing density is positively related to preteen sexual assault and the presence of registered sex offenders is positively related to teen sexual assault. Conclusion Social disorganization provides a moderate explanation for community variance in the amount of preteen and teen sexual assault. Also, sources of child sexual assault are different between younger children and older adolescents.
Shear-induced network-to-network transition in a block copolymer melt

A tricontinuous (10,3)c network phase is documented in a poly(cyclohexylethylene-b-ethylethylene-b-ethylene) triblock copolymer melt based on small-angle x-ray scattering. Application of shear transforms the self-assembled soft material into a single crystal (10,3)d network while preserving the short-range threefold connector geometry. Long-range topological restructuring reduces the space group symmetry, from Fddd to Pnna, maintaining orthorhombic lattice symmetry. Both phases are stable to long time annealing, indicative of nearly degenerate free energies and prohibitive kinetic barriers.
Simplified energy-balance model for pragmatic multi-dimensional device simulation

Abstract To pragmatically account for non-local carrier heating and hot-carrier effects such as velocity overshoot and impact ionization in multi-dimensional numerical device simulation, a new simplified energy-balance (SEB) model is developed and implemented in FLOODS[16] as a pragmatic option. In the SEB model, the energy-relaxation length is estimated from a pre-process drift-diffusion simulation using the carrier-velocity distribution predicted throughout the device domain, and is used without change in a subsequent simpler hydrodynamic (SHD) simulation. The new SEB model was verified by comparison of two-dimensional SHD and full HD DC simulations of a submicron MOSFET. The SHD simulations yield detailed distributions of carrier temperature, carrier velocity, and impact-ionization rate, which agree well with the full HD simulation results obtained with FLOODS. The most noteworthy feature of the new SEB/SHD model is its computational efficiency, which results from reduced Newton iteration counts caused by the enhanced linearity. Relative to full HD, SHD simulation times can be shorter by as much as an order of magnitude since larger voltage steps for DC sweeps and larger time steps for transient simulations can be used. The improved computational efficiency can enable pragmatic three-dimensional SHD device simulation as well, for which the SEB implementation would be straightforward as it is in FLOODS or any robust HD simulator.
Physiological and cytological aspects of manganese toxicity in barley seedlings

Abstract Symptoms of Mn toxicity in barley leaves (Hordeum vulgare cv Morex) grown in full concentration Hoagland and Arnon #2 nutrient solution, one‐fifth concentration nutrient solution, or 0.5 mM CaSO4 solution plus 9.1, 91, or 910 GMM Mn were tip chlorosis, marginal necrosis, and isolated necrotic lesions. Leaf toxicity symptoms, which were related to leaf Mn content, were more severe in plants grown in solutions which contained a greater concentration of Mn or a lesser concentration of other nutrient ions. Microscopic examination of leaves with Mn toxicity symptoms revealed that necrotic lesions first appeared in the walls of cells directly adjacent to the sub‐stomatal cavity, and then enlarged with time to produce an area of localized tissue necrosis between the vascular bundle. The profile of Mn absorption by excised roots in response to increasing absorption solution Mn concentration resembled a saturable curve, suggesting that Mn transport is carrier‐mediated.’ Mn absorption by roots was markedly...
Raman and far-i.r. studies of 1,2-bis-diphenylphosphinoethane complexes of mercury halides☆

Assignments of Hg-X (X = Cl, Br, I or SCN) stretching modes are made from Raman and far i.r. spectra of 1,2-bis-diphenylphosphinoethane (DPE) complexes of mercury halides. Evidence is presented that indicates the presence of both terminal and bridging bromines and chlorines in the (HgX2)2·DPE complexes while the respective HgX2·DPE complexes appear to be totally bridged structures and the spectra of HgI2·DPE and Hg(SCN)2·DPE complexes show only terminal Hg-X stretching modes. Note is made of low frequency (550−380 cm−1) Raman band patterns which appear to be characteristic of the structure of the complexes.
Adhesive interactions in peri-implantation morphogenesis and placentation

Antibody perturbation and gene knockout studies show that adhesion receptor modulation plays a critical role in peri-implantation mouse embryo and human cytotrophoblast differentiation. Deletion of beta 1 integrins leads to cell death in the inner cell mass of mouse embryos shortly after implantation in vivo or blastocyst outgrowth in vitro. In F9 embryonal carcinoma cells, deleting beta 1 also affects migration of parietal endoderm even on substrates for which the mutant cells express alternative receptors. Human cytotrophoblasts switch their integrin repertoire as they differentiate and invade the uterine interstitium and vasculature. Interestingly, cytotrophoblasts also transform their cell-cell adhesion molecule phenotype, expressing additional cadherins and immunoglobulin family members as they differentiate. Many of these modulations in adhesion phenotype are initiated early in the pre- and/or peri-implantation periods in human and mouse embryos. Therefore, they constitute important markers of normal progression for evaluating effects of environmental stress and for testing the hypothesis that abnormal switching of adhesion molecules characterizes a significant proportion of conceptuses that fail early in development.
Synergistic interaction of phenazone and iodide on thyroid hormone biosynthesis in the rat.

An anti-asthmatic preparation, Felsol, apparently has an inordinate potency in producing what has been termed iodide goiter or iodide myxedema. Among other components, Felsol contains phenazone or antipyrine and a compound of phenazone and iodine, iodopyrine. The antithyroid action of phenazone and its interaction with varying doses of iodide has been investigated in the rat. Doses of phenazone in excess of approximately 200 mg/100 g body weight produced an acute inhibition of thyroidal organic-binding and coupling reactions evident in a decreased thyroidal uptake of 131I, decreased percentage organisation of thyroidal 131I, increase in 131I-labeled monoiodotyrosine/diiodotyrosinediiodotyrosine ratio, and decrease in the proportion of organic 131I present in iodothyronines. Doses of phenazone and of iodide which had little or no effect on organic-binding reactions when given alone acted synergistically to produce a marked inhibition of thyroidal organic-binding reactions when given together. From a consid...
Primary peritoneal mesotheliomas in children: a clinicopathological and immunohistochemical study of eight cases

Aims: To present eight cases of primary diffuse peritoneal malignant mesothelioma in children <15 years old, with a discussion of the pitfalls of this diagnosis in the paediatric age group. Methods and results: The cases were selected based on the following criteria: (i) primary peritoneal neoplasms confined grossly or radiographically to the abdominal cavity; (ii) negative history of previous or another associated malignancy; (iii) histopathological confirmation. All patients (five female, three male) presented clinically with symptoms of abdominal pain, distention and ascites. Grossly, the tumours showed multiple, diffuse peritoneal nodules. Histologically, seven cases corresponded to epithelioid mesotheliomas and one case displayed biphasic (epithelioid and spindle) cellular proliferation. Immunohistochemical studies for cytokeratin (CK) 5/6, calretinin and low-molecular-weight CK (CAM5.2) showed strong cytoplasmic positivity in the neoplastic cells. Three patients were treated by chemotherapy. On clinical follow-up, four patients with epithelioid mesotheliomas were alive and well from 12 to 18 months after initial diagnosis; one patient with a mixed (biphasic epithelioid/sarcomatoid) mesothelioma died of tumour 24 months after diagnosis. Conclusions: Peritoneal malignant mesothelioma in children is a rare condition that can introduce difficulties in histopathological diagnosis.
Glucocorticoid-mediated destabilization of cyclin D3 mRNA involves RNA-protein interactions in the 3'-untranslated region of the mRNA.

Glucocorticoids regulate the expression of the G1 progression factor, cyclin D3. Cyclin D3 messenger RNA (CcnD3 mRNA) stability decreases rapidly when murine T lymphoma cells are treated with the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone. Basal stability of CcnD3 mRNA is regulated by sequences within the 3′-untranslated region (3′-UTR). RNA-protein interactions occurring within the CcnD3 3′-UTR have been analyzed by RNA electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Three sites of RNA-protein interaction have been mapped using this approach. These elements include three pyrimidine-rich domains of 25, 26, and 37 nucleotides. When the cyclin D3 3′-UTR was stably overexpressed, the endogenous CcnD3 mRNA was no longer regulated by dexamethasone. Likewise, overexpression of a 215-nucleotide transgene that contains the 26- and 37-nucleotide elements blocks glucocorticoid inhibition of CcnD3 mRNA expression. These observations suggest that the 215-nucleotide 3′-UTR element may act as a molecular decoy, competing for proteins that bind to the endogenous transcript and thereby attenuating glucocorticoid responsiveness. UV-cross-linking experiments showed that two proteins of approximate molecular weight 37,000 and 52,000 bind to this 3′-UTR element.
Luteolytic role of prolactin during the estrous cycle of the rat.

To determine the luteolytic role of prolactin on corpora lutes during the estrous cycle of the rat and the effect of ergocornine (EC) on this mechanism normally cycling rats treated with ergocornine-methanesulfonate a prolactin release inhibitor were injected with ovine prolactin and ovarian weight and corpora lutea (CL) were studied. 26 rats were injected intraperitoneally with 50 mcg EC/100 gmbodyweight for 4 days at proestrus and 14 of these rats received 1 subcutaneous injection of 1 mg prolactin. The EC administration during 1 cycle with or without prolactin resulted in a significant increase in ovarian weight (p less than .001). The number of CL per ovary was significantly greater in the rats treated with EC alone than in the controls or in rats treated with both EC and prolactin (p less than .001). In the second experiment 24 rats received the EC doses for 3 cycles and during each cycle on the first day of estrus 11 of the rats received 1 mg prolactin. EC again significantly increased bodyweight (p less than .001) but this effect was completely prevented in the prolactin-treated rats. Though EC administration increased the number of CL in the ovaries concomitant prolactin administration again reduced the number of CL to normal. It is concluded that the normal rise in blood prolactin on the day of proestrus and continuing into estrus serves to induce luteolysis of the previous crop of CL formed during each cycle.
Underestimating the costs of conservation in Southeast Asia

[Extract] In their letter, Ruslandi et al. raise some interesting points but also make several misleading statements, which overall make us confident that the cost of protecting the primary rainforests of Southeast Asia is indeed very high.
The role of the Fontan operation in the treatment of congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries

Congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries (ccTGA) is a complex cardiac anomaly with an unfavorable natural history. Surgical treatment has been available for over 50 years. Initial procedures used for ccTGA did not correct atrio-ventricular discordance, leaving the right ventricle in systemic position. In the past two decades anatomic repair has been considered to be a better option. Many cases subjected to anatomic repairs would also be suitable for the Fontan strategy, which probably has a lower initial risk. The rationale for use of the Fontan operation in management of congenitally corrected transposition is discussed in this review, with comparisons to other strategies.
Einwirkung von Kaliumamid auf Schwefel in flüssigem Ammoniak

1. Wenn Schwefel allmahlich zu einer Losung Kaliumamid in flussigem Ammoniak bei −33° zugesetzt wird, bildet sich schnell ein wenig loslicher, gelber Niederschlag. Dieser geht bei Einwirkung von weiterem Schwefel in Losung. Der Verlauf der Reaktion mustc indirekt bestimmt werden: a) durch Ermittlung der Gewichtsanderungen wahrend der Reaktion, b) durch Bestimmung des bei der Reaktion und dem darauf folgenden Auspumpen des Gefases stattfindenden Stickstoffverlustes und c) durch Feststellung des Schwefelgewichtes, das mit einer gegebenen Menge Kaliumamid in Reaktion tritt.
Enteric coccidia of Cashmere goats in southwestern Montana, USA

A survey of enteric coccidia was made in a Cashmere goat herd in Montana, USA. Eimerian oocysts were found in 97.2% of 616 fecal samples. Newly weaned wethers and does had higher oocyst counts than yearling wethers. Nine Eimeria species were identified, with Eimeria arloingi, Eimeria ninakohlyakimovae and Eimeria alijevi jointly comprising 88.3% of all oocysts recovered. These three species and Eimeria hirci were present in all specimens examined. Prevalence of the other species was as follows: Eimeria caprina, 88.2%; Eimeria jolchijevi, 70.6%; Eimeria christenseni, 32.4%; Eimeria caprovina, 29.4%; Eimeria apsheronica 26.5%.
Atomic force microscopy observations of iron-sapphire fracture surfaces

Abstract Planar iron-sapphire interfaces were fractured along the interface and the iron side examined with an atomic force microscope in an ambient environment. Al2O3 pegs, which span the interface and which fracture in a brittle manner near the interface, were observed on the Fe surface. These pegs are less than 0.5 μm in diameter, with an average spacing of a few micrometers. Striations, produced by plasticity at the crack front, are also observed with an amplitude of a few nanometers. Variations in the spacing and height of these striations indicate that these brittle pegs do toughen the interface, even though the failure of the pegs themselves appears to be purely brittle, involving no energy-dissipative process.
"Popular" health and the state: dialectics of the peace process in El Salvador.

Abstract The poor performance of large-scale “vertical” rural health programs tied to state Ministries of Health in Third World countries has often been attributed to a lack of “political will”. But that term tells little about the conditions that favor health reform and may obscure disparate power relations and struggles over development. This work explores such a struggle over community health that emerged as part of the peace process in a former war zone of El Salvador since the 1992 ceasefire. The formalized negotiations (and behind-the-scenes confrontations) over health in Chalatenango province took place between Ministry of Health administrators and proponents of a “popular” health system that has functioned in repopulated villages of rebel-controlled Chalatenango since 1987. The Ministry has set up its own national (U.S. AID-designed) community health worker program, and agreed in theory with the popular system's emphasis on village-based lay health promoters; however, in negotiations and efforts at collaboration in Chalatenango the Ministry has been unwilling to support the promoters in the popular system, to accommodate local participation in health decision-making, or to restructure its own physician-centered practices around the need for more comprehensive approaches to health.
Development of a protozoan chemoattraction bioassay for evaluating toxicity of aquatic pollutants.

A microcapillary assay technique was developed to assess effects of pollutants on the chemoattraction of the ciliate, Tetrahymena pyriformis. Parameters in the protocol such as starvation period, exposure period, and trough design were standardized in an effort to obtain consistent results. Cadmium, phenol, and naphthalene were tested for effects on ciliates' chemoattraction to 0.15% yeast extract. All three toxicants inhibited chemoattraction; cadmium had the greatest effect, followed by naphthalene and phenol, respectively. The percent inhibition of chemoattraction for each concentration was used to determine EC50 values for both 1 and 5 h exposures. Results show that the chemoattraction assay may provide a rapid, inexpensive, and sensitive asessment of aquatic toxicity. Inclusion of a protozoan assay fills the existing taxonomic gap in the routine battery of toxicity tests used for many hazard evaluations.
Experimental Validation of a Thermoelastic Model for SMA Hybrid Composites

This study presents results from experimental validation of a recently developed model for predicting the thermomechanical behavior of shape memory alloy hybrid composite (SMAHC) structures, composite structures with an embedded SMA constituent. The model captures the material nonlinearity of the material system with temperature and is capable of modeling constrained, restrained, or free recovery behavior from experimental measurement of fundamental engineering properties. A brief description of the model and analysis procedures is given, followed by an overview of a parallel effort to fabricate and characterize the material system of SMAHC specimens. Static and dynamic experimental configurations for the SMAHC specimens are described and experimental results for thermal post-buckling and random response are presented. Excellent agreement is achieved between the measured and predicted results, fully validating the theoretical model for constrained recovery behavior of SMAHC structures.
Experimental Evidence for Water Mediated Electron-Transfer Through Bis-Amino Acid Donor-Bridge-Acceptor Oligomers

This work compares the photoinduced unimolecular electron transfer rate constants for two different solute molecules (D-SSS-A and D-SRR-A) in water and DMSO solvents. The D-SSS-A solute has a cleft between the electron donor and acceptor units, which is able to contain a water molecule but is too small for DMSO. The rate constant for D-SSS-A in water is significantly higher than that for D-SRR-A, which lacks a cleft, and significantly higher for either solute in DMSO. The enhancement of the rate constant is explained by an electron tunneling pathway that involves water molecule(s).
Post-rift deformation of the Midcontinent rift under Grenville tectonism

Abstract Using a thin-viscous-sheet model, we investigate the hypothesis that compressive stresses resulting from the Grenville orogeny caused uplift along the Midcontinent rift. The objective of this study is to investigate factors involved in shaping the post-rift structure of the Midcontinent rift including: the size and location of the colliding terranes and the convergence angle between the colliding terranes and the North American craton. We find a linear relationship between the size of the terrane and the deformation within the Midcontinent rift. The calculations predict comparable deformation along both the eastern and western arms of the Midcontinent rift. Our results demonstrate that the geologically indicated NE–SW deformation can be produced without a multistage compression event because of the nonlinear interaction of far-field compressive stress and the mechanically weak rift. Therefore, it is not possible to determine which compression direction is representative of the compression associated with the Grenvillian orogenic event based on the post-rift pattern of deformation.
A functional comparison of animal anterior cruciate ligament models to the human anterior cruciate ligament

Many investigators have used animal models to clarify the role of the human anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). Because none of these models are anatomically and biomechanically identical to the human ACL, there exists a need for an objective comparison of these models. To do this, we used a universal force-moment sensor to measure and compare the in situ forces, including magnitude and direction, of the ACL and the anteromedial (AM) and posterolateral (PL) bundles of human, pig, goat, and sheep knees. An Instron was used to apply 50 and 100 N anterior tibial loads at 90° of knee flexion, while a universal force-moment sensor was used to measure the forces applied by the ACL to the tibia, the in situ force of the ACL. We found significant differences between the magnitude of force experienced by the goat and sheep ACL and AM and PL bundles when compared with the human ACL and AM and PL bundles. Also, the direction of the in situ force in the ACL and AM bundles of the goat and sheep were different from the human. The pig knee differed from the human only in the magnitude and direction of the in situ force in the PL bundle in response under anterior tibial loading. A tally of the significant differences between the animal models and the human knees indicates that goat and sheep knees may have limitations in modeling the human ACL, while the pig knee may be the preferred model for experimental studies.
Modelling lost demand in competitive facility location

In this paper, we propose a simple new approach to model lost demand (also referred to as elastic demand) in competitive facility location. A ‘dummy’ competing facility that attracts the lost demand is added to the list of competing facilities. All competitive facility location models, regardless of their complexity or assumptions, can be modified to include lost demand and be solved by the same algorithms designed for standard models once the dummy facility is added to the data as an additional competitor.
Sorption of tannin and related phenolic compounds and effects on soluble-N in soil

Abstract Some tannins, plant-derived polyphenolic compounds, can rapidly affix to soil and affect the solubility of labile soil-N but a more complete understanding of the nature and persistence of tannin-soil interactions is needed. Forest and pasture soils from two depths were treated for 1 h with cool (23 °C) water (Control) or solutions that added 10 mg g−1 soil tannic acid (TA), an imprecisely defined mixture of galloyl esters, gallic acid (GA), a phenol, or β-1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl- d -glucose (PGG), a hydrolyzable tannin. Soluble-C and N, in treatment supernatants, was measured to uncover evidence for sorption of treatments or effects on extraction of soil-N. Significant amounts of soluble-C, added with treatments, were not recovered in supernatants indicating sorption of nearly 90% of the PGG-C, about 75% of the TA-C but less than 25% of the GA-C in surface soil. Disappearance of soluble-C from treatment supernatants was accompanied by a corresponding reduction of total phenolic content. Treatments added a negligible amount of N to soil; but while PGG and TA reduced soluble-N, in extracts from surface soil, GA had little effect. Soluble-N in extracts was composed mainly of organic-N. Effects of tannins persisted in surface soil through 12 washings with hot water (80 °C), suggesting the formation of stable complexes with soil. The proportion of initial soil-C and N remaining after all extractions was higher in samples treated with PGG or TA than either the Control or GA treatment. We conclude PGG readily sorbs to soil and reduces the solubility of soil organic-N unlike GA, its simple monomeric constituent. These differences could be especially important near the surface where quantities of soil organic matter and biological activity are comparatively large and most easily affected by management.
SIEVE TUBES IN FOLIAR VEIN ENDINGS: REVIEW AND QUANTITATIVE SURVEY OF RUDBECKIA LACINIATA (ASTERACEAE)

Sieve tube distribution in foliar vein endings of angiosperms is mentioned in 33 publications. Their collective judgment is that sieve tubes may be lacking, may end partway along, or may extend to the vein tip. Most reports conclude that all vein endings are the same within a species, but a few studies mention variation. Only three studies include quantitative data, all based on reconstruction from microtome sections. The present quantitative study, the most extensive one to date, surveyed sieve tubes in vein endings from cleared and stained leafpieces of Rudbeckia laciniata (Asteraceae, tribe Heliantheae), a North American perennial herb. Of 203 areoles sampled, 32 (15.8%) lacked vein endings whereas 171 (84.2%) had one to six endings per areole. There were 385 individual vein endings in the 171 areoles: 1 5 lacked sieve tubes, 38 had them to the vein tip, but in most (232) they ended at some intermediate point. Serial cross sections of the latter showed phloem parenchyma continuing beyond the sieve tubes for some distance, beyond which occurred a distal zone consisting solely of tracheary elements. R. laciniata vein endings exhibit the same range ofvariation reported for dicots in general. More studies combining clearings with selected sections are needed to establish the range of vein ending pattems among angiosperms.
MCMI-II predictors of judgmental tendencies as measured by the first impression interaction procedure

Abstract The present study investigates the validity of the MCMI-II personality disorder scales to predict judgmental tendencies as measured by ( King & Pate, 2002) . A total of 137 women and 48 men completed two separate 25-min uncontrolled interaction sessions as specified by the FIIP. Scores on the 14-item FIIP rating form were then combined to quantify first impression central tendency (Judgment Index), variability (Judgment Variability Index), and the degree to which participants judged others more harshly than self (Judgment Ratio). Judgmental tendencies as measured by the FIIP were associated with DSM-IV cluster B (“dramatic, emotional, or erratic”) features among women and cluster A (“odd or eccentric”) qualities among men. These gender by personality interactions were particularly evident for the histrionic and narcissistic scales. Personality features such as social alienation and insecurity provided the best predictors of judgmental tendencies among men, while harsh FIIP judgment ratings were more common among self-confident women who sought attention and affirmation from others. It was speculated that initial social appraisals might be differentially coarsened by personality traits of insecurity in men and grandiosity in women.
Visual Acuity and Macular Hole Size After Unsuccessful Macular Hole Closure

Purpose To evaluate the visual acuity, change in macular hole size, and change in subretinal fluid cuff size after unsuccessful macular hole closure. Methods Forty-two consecutive eyes with macular hole and unsuccessful surgery for macular hole were studied. Preoperative and postoperative best-corrected visual acuities were tested according to the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) protocol, and changes were compared. Preoperative and postoperative fundus photographs were analyzed on a photograph documenter for changes in diameter of the macular hole and surrounding subretinal fluid cuff. Results Mean visual acuity decreased from 20/133 preoperatively to 20/154 postoperatively (mean loss, 0.79 ETDRS line). Mean diameter of the macular hole enlarged 22%; mean diameter of the visible surrounding subretinal fluid cuff enlarged 36%. A decrease in best-corrected visual acuity postoperatively was correlated with better preoperative visual acuity, earlier macular hole stage, and shorter duration. Enlargement in the diameter of the macular hole and fluid cuff did not correlate with better preoperative best-corrected visual acuity, earlier macular hole stage, or shorter duration. In 23 eyes that had failed previous surgery, macular hole surgery was anatomically successful in 17 (65%) (mean improvement, 3.7 ETDRS lines; mean best-corrected final visual acuity, 20/74). Conclusion After macular hole surgery, anatomically unsuccessful closure of the hole correlates with small enlargements in the diameter of the macular hole and its surrounding subretinal fluid cuff, and with a slight decrease in visual acuity. Macular hole closure after repeat surgery improves visual acuity outcome in the majority of retreated eyes.
Hydrochloric acid-catalyzed levulinic acid formation from cellulose: data and kinetic model to maximize yields

In this study, the kinetics of the acid catalyzed hydrolysis of microcrystalline cellulose (Avicel PH101) to levulinic (LA) and formic (FA) acids was investigated in a batch reactor over the following range of conditions: 160–200°C, hydrochloric acid concentrations of 0.309–0.927 M (11.3–33.8 g/l), cellulose concentrations of 49.8–149 mM (8.06–24.1 g/l), and residence times of 0–50 min. The maximum LA yield of around 60% of theoretical was achieved for an initial cellulose concentration of 99.6 mM, acid concentration 0.927 M, and 180–200°C. A mathematical model and its analytical solution were developed to predict conversion of cellulose to LA and FA through glucose and hydroxymethyl-2-furfural based on an irreversible pseudo-first order reaction. Rate analysis of each reaction indicated that the rate-controlling step shifted from LA formation initially to HMF formation later. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012
Spiral Structure and Nuclear Activity in Galaxies

Spiral galaxies with strong density wave compression have a lower specific angular momentum than weak compression galaxies of the same mass. Such galaxies also have a larger degree of central mass concentration and generally better developed and possibly more active nuclei.