cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A coupled temperature and strain rate dependent yield function for dynamic deformations of bcc metals

Abstract A coupled temperature and strain rate microstructure physically based yield function is proposed in this work. It is incorporated along with the Clausius–Duhem inequality and an appropriate free energy definition in a general thermodynamic framework for deriving a three-dimensional kinematical model for thermo-viscoplastic deformations of body centered cubic (bcc) metals. The evolution equations are expressed in terms of the material time derivatives of the elastic strain, accumulated plastic strain (isotropic hardening), and the back stress conjugate tensor (kinematic hardening). The viscoplastic multipliers are obtained using both the Consistency and Perzyna viscoplasticity models. The athermal yield function is employed instead of the static yield function in the case of the Perzyna viscoplasticity model. It is found that the static strain rate value, at which the material shows rate-independent behavior, varies with the material deformation temperature. Computational aspects of the proposed model are addressed through the finite element implementation with an implicit stress integration algorithm. Finite element simulations are performed by implementing the proposed viscoplasticity constitutive models in the commercial finite element program ABAQUS/Explicit [ABAQUS, 2003. User Manual, Version 6.3. Habbitt, Karlsson and Sorensen Inc., Providence, RI] via the user material subroutine coded as VUMAT. Numerical implementation for a simple compression problem meshed with one element is used to validate the proposed model implementation with applications to tantalum, niobium, and vanadium at low and high strain rates and temperatures. The analysis of a tensile shear banding is also investigated to show the effectiveness and the performance of the proposed framework in describing the strain localizations at high velocity impact. Results show mesh independency as a result of the viscoplastic regularization used in the proposed formulation.
A macroeconomic analysis of foreign assets and foreign liabilities

Although an increase in foreign assets and a decrease in foreign liabilities both increase a nation’s net foreign assets (NFA), they have alternative macroeconomic transmission mechanisms: while an increase in foreign assets is expansionary, the effect of a decrease in foreign liabilities is mixed due to the asymmetry between its income effect and wealth effect on aggregate demand. It is the relative strengths of the NFA’s wealth effect and income effect that determine the existence and natures of a saddle-point equilibrium in the NFA-real balance space as well as its comparative statics. The cointegration analysis suggests that in the 1990s, foreign liabilities bear more weight than foreign assets in the US NFA movement whereas the opposite holds for the case of Japan; therefore, correcting NFA imbalances calls for accelerated money growth and fiscal expenditure pruning in the U.S. but for the opposite policy responses in Japan.
Coherency and surface stress effects in metal multilayers

Abstract Layer thickness dependent stress behaviors observed during growth of Pd/Pt multilayer films, using in situ substrate curvature measurement, are due to the competing influences of coherency stress and surface stress. Our understanding of stress evolution in Pd/Pt multilayers is extended to Cu/Pd and Cu/Pt multilayers.
Drug Delivery of Antisense Molecules to the Brain for Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease and Cerebral AIDS

Antisense oligonucleotides (ODNs) and peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) are potential therapeutics for eradication of malignancies, viral infections, and other pathologies. However, ODNs and PNAs in general are unable to cross cellular membranes and blood–tissue barriers, such as the blood–brain barrier (BBB), which is only permeable to lipophilic molecules of molecular weight <600 Da. Cellular delivery systems based on conjugates of streptavidin (SA) and the OX26 monoclonal antibody directed to the transferrin receptor may be employed as a universal carrier for the transport of mono-biotinylated peptides, ODNs, or PNAs. 3′-Biotinylation of phosphodi-ester (PO)–ODN produces complete protection of ODN against serum and cellular 3′-exonucleases, facilitating the conjugation to avidin-based delivery systems and maintaining the activation of RNase H. These delivery systems markedly increased the cellular uptake and antisense efficacy of 3′-biotinylated ODNs in models of Alzheimer's disease and HIV-AIDS. In vivo brain delivery studies demonstrated that 3′-protected PO–ODNs and PO–phosphorothioate(PS)–ODN hybrids containing a single PO linkage are subjected to endonuclease degradation in vivo. On the contrary PS–ODNs, which were also protected at 3′-terminus by biotinylation, are metabolically stable in vivo and resistant to exo/endonuclease degradation. However, because of the strong binding of these oligomers to plasma protein, PS–ODNs are poorly transported into the brain through the BBB by the OX26-SA delivery vector following intravenous administration. PNAs are also resistant to exo/endonuclease and protease degradation, and these molecules biotinylated at the amino terminal group were transported into the brain by the OX26-SA delivery system with brain uptake levels comparable to that of morphine. Using the rev gene of HIV as a model target, RNase protection assays and cell-free translation arrest showed that the PNA–OX26-SA conjugate maintained active recognition and inactivation of target mRNA, respectively. The overall experimental evidence suggests that PNA–OX26-SA conjugates represent optimal antisense molecules for drug delivery to the brain.
Competency map: visualizing student learning to promote student success

Adult students often struggle to appreciate the relevance of their higher educational experiences to their careers. Capella University's competency map is a dashboard that visually indicates each student's status relative to specific assessed competencies. MBA students who utilize their competency map demonstrate competencies at slightly higher levels and persist in their program at greater rates, even after statistically controlling for powerful covariates, such as course engagement.
Regulation of L-arginine transport and metabolism in vascular smooth muscle cells.

L-Arginine is a semi-essential amino acid that is metabolized to important regulatory molecules. L-Arginine is transported into vascular smooth muscle cells (SMC) by the cationic amino acid transporter (CAT) family of proteins where it is metabolized to nitric oxide (NO), polyamines, or L-proline. Inflammatory mediators, growth factors, and hemodynamic forces stimulate the transport of L-arginine in vascular SMC by inducing CAT gene expression. However, they exert highly specific and divergent regulatory effects on L-arginine metabolism. Inflammatory cytokines induce the expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and direct the metabolism of L-arginine to the antiproliferative gas, NO. In contrast, growth factors stimulate the expression of arginase I and ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) and channel the metabolism of L-arginine to grwoth stimulatory polyamines. Alternatively, cyclic mechanical strain blocks both iNOS and ODC activity and stimulates arginase I gene expression, directing the metabolism of L-arginine to the formation of L-proline and collagen. Thus, specific biochemical and biophysical stimuli that are found in the circulation regulate the transport and metabolism of L-arginine in vascular SMC. The ability of these physiologically relevant stimuli to upregulate L-arginine transport and generate specific L-arginine metabolites modulates SMC function and may influence the development of vascular disease.
The "new ferment" in national health policies: the case of Norway's nutrition and food policy.

Abstract In all western countries presently, because of the rise of costs in the personal health services coupled with their inability to promote health, alternatives are being sought to contain the cost escalation and to improve health status. This situation appears to be resulting in a “new ferment” in the health polices of these nations, where non-specific, collective health promotion is increasingly being emphasized, and where the continued rate of development of personal health services is being reconsidered. The prevailing trend in health promotion appears to be in the area of health education and information. In light of the present prevailing trend, the Norwegian situation is quite unique. The most important health-promoting policy being developed in that country is the nutrition and food policy, which is the outcome of an ongoing effort to generate a national agricultural policy. It is the first national policy to comply with the recommendations of the 1974 World Food Conference for a global food supply plan. Unlike the focus of health promotion in the other countries of the western world, it does not emphasize individual behavior as much as it proposes to change dietary habits by changing the process of food production and distribution in order to prevent the availability of unhealthy foods. It thus changes the ideology of prevailing health promotion away from the market and demand orientation which is implicit in policies focusing on the individual, to the supply and collective orientation commonly associated with countries with planned economies. The aim of the policy is to establish professionally determined acceptable levels of nutrition, and to plan the food supply accordingly. This article discusses the assumptions underlying the policy, its overall goals and the means of implementation that it places at the policy-makers' disposal.
Biotinidase deficiency: the enzymatic defect in late-onset multiple carboxylase deficiency

Late-onset multiple carboxylase deficiency is characterized clinically by skin rash, alopecia, seizures and ataxia and occasionally by candidiasis and developmental delay. Biochemically, these individuals exhibit findings consistent with a combined deficiency of the biotin-dependent carboxylases. We have found that the activity of the enzyme biotinidase is also deficient in the sera of five affected children (0 to 3% of mean control activity, 5.80 +/- 0.89 nmol X min-1 X ml-1 serum), and believe that it represents the primary biochemical defect in this disease. Biotinidase catalyzes the removal of biotin from the epsilon-amino group of lysine, through which biotin is covalently bound to the four known human carboxylases, thereby regenerating biotin for reutilization. The deficient activity in our patients was not due to an inhibitor, particularly biotin. It is also not a consequence of feedback control in affected individuals under treatment with pharmacologic doses of biotin. The biotinidase activities of the parents of those children who were available for study were intermediate between deficient and normal values (46% to 65% of mean normal activity). Children lacking biotinidase activity are unable to recycle biotin, and are thus entirely dependent upon exogenous biotin to prevent deficiency. Our findings indicate that the primary biochemical defect in late-onset multiple carboxylase deficiency is in biotinidase activity which is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait.
Somatostatin inhibits calcium influx into rat rod bipolar cell axonal terminals.

In the retina, somatostatin (SST), an inhibitory peptide that influences neuronal activity, is predominantly expressed by sparsely occurring amacrine cells. The SST subtype 2A receptor is expressed by rod bipolar cells, including their axonal terminals. We used Ca 2+ -imaging techniques and the ratiometric Ca 2+ indicator dye fura-2 AM to investigate Ca 2+ dynamics in rod bipolar cell terminals. Depolarization of rod bipolar cells by the addition of high K + (50 or 100 mM) elicited a sustained increase in [Ca 2+ ] i in rod bipolar terminals that returned to basal levels following K + removal. The Ca 2+ response was dependent on extracellular Ca 2+ , and was inhibited by the Ca 2+ channel blocker Cd 2+ and by the selective L-type Ca 2+ channel blocker, nimodipine. SST inhibited a K + depolarization-induced [Ca 2+ ] i response in rod bipolar terminals. This inhibition was observed with 1 nM SST and was maximal with 1 μM SST. These findings indicate that SST may regulate transmitter release from rod bipolar terminals by activating the SST subtype 2A receptor through modulation of intracellular Ca 2+ .
Role of virtual computed tomographic colonography in patients with colorectal cancers and obstructing colorectal lesions.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to assess the ability of computed tomographic colonography to diagnose colorectal masses, stage colorectal cancers, image the proximal colon in obstructing colorectal lesions, and evaluate the anastomoses in patients with previous colorectal surgery. METHODS: We prospectively performed computed tomographic colonography examinations in 34 patients (20 males; mean age, 64.2; range, 19–91 years): 20 patients had colorectal masses (defined at endoscopy as intraluminal masses 2 cm or larger), 7 patients had benign obstructing colorectal strictures, and 7 patients had a prior colorectal resection. Final tumor staging was available in all 16 patients who had colorectal cancers and 15 patients were referred after incomplete colonoscopy. The ability of computed tomographic colonography to stage colorectal cancers, identify synchronous lesions in patients with colorectal masses, and image the proximal colon in patients with obstructing colorectal lesions was assessed. RESULTS: Computed tomographic colonography identified all colorectal masses, but overcalled two masses in patients who were either poorly distended or poorly prepared. Computed tomographic colonography correctly staged 13 of 16 colorectal cancers (81 percent) and detected 16 of 17 (93 percent) synchronous polyps. Computed tomographic colonography overstaged two Dukes Stage A cancers and understaged one Dukes Stage C cancer. A total of 97 percent (87/90) of all colonic segments were adequately visualized at computed tomographic colonography in patients with obstructing colorectal lesions compared with 60 percent (26/42) of segments at barium enema (P<0.01). Colonic anastomoses were visualized in all nine patients, but in one patient, computed tomographic colonography could not distinguish between local tumor recurrence and surgical changes. CONCLUSION: Computed tomographic colonography can accurately identify all colorectal masses but may overcall stool as masses in poorly distended or poorly prepared colons. Computed tomographic colonography has an overall staging accuracy of 81 percent for colorectal cancer and is superior to barium enema in visualizing colonic segments proximal to obstructing colorectal lesions.
Turbidity current transport of organic-rich sediments: Alpine and Mediterranean examples

Abstract Analyses of facies at the outcrop and petrological examination of cores provide a supplement to the geochemical study of deep-sea organic-rich layers, particularly those on margins and in basins likely to be affected by turbidity currents. Base-of-slope, including submarine fan, deposits of the Annot Sandstone Formation in the Maritime Alps display excellent examples of terrestrial plant-rich layers which accumulated in oxic basins. Preservation of this organic debris was enhanced by a frequent succession of downslope transport events, rapid basinward transport, and flows carrying sufficiently large volumes of sediment to insure rapid burial. Preferential concentration in overbank channel levee and interchannel sequences and also in more distal fan deposits is largely a result of hydraulic equivalent effects, i.e. delayed settling of low-density platy particles from flows of reduced concentration and velocity in a direction away from channels. Turbidity current and related sediment gravity flows can also considerably modify the development of dark organic layers (commonly termed “black shales”) in anoxic basins as demonstrated by the diversity of sapropel types which accumulated in the eastern Mediterranean during the Quaternary. The incursion of turbidites during periods of organic-rich layer formation expands organic layer thickness, dilutes the organic matter content and also produces local modification (repetition or even removal) of these distinct stratigraphic horizons. Focus on the role of redeposition can help facilitate, and give greater accuracy to, the interpretation of organic layers deposited in settings such as the once much narrower and tectonically more active Cretaceous Atlantic basins.
Sequential estimation in two-dimensional discrete random fields

Abstract A sequential minimum variance estimation algorithm for a discrete two-dimensional random field modeled by a non-symmetric half-plane (NSHP) model is derived. A modification of the algorithm to facilitate inplace computation is presented and its implementation discussed. The application of the algorithm in image processing is illustrated by using the algorithm to restore a class of monochromatic images modeled by a symmetric (1,) NSHP model.
Comments on ''Surface temperature changes following the six major volcanic episodes between 1780 and 1980''

Correlations between volcanic eruptions and the cooling of the earth's surface are discussed. (AIP)
Generational differences: revisiting generational work values for the new millennium

Summary As we enter the new millennium and face the entrance of another generation of workers into the changing world of work, managers are encouraged to deal with the generational differences that appear to exist among workers. This paper revisits the issue of generational differences and the causes of those differences. Data were obtained from more than 350 individuals across the country who responded to a request to complete a survey. Current generational differences in worker values are analysed and the results are compared to a similar study conducted in 1974. Results suggest that generational work values do differ. To a lesser degree, the results suggest that work values also change as workers grow older. Finally, the results indicate an increasing desire among American workers to balance work and personal goals. This change in attitude was reflected even within the same cohort group. Copyright # 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hypomaturation Enamel Defects in Klk4 Knockout/LacZ Knockin Mice

Kallikrein 4 (Klk4) is believed to play an essential role in enamel biomineralization, because defects in KLK4 cause hypomaturation amelogenesis imperfecta. We used gene targeting to generate a knockin mouse that replaces the Klk4 gene sequence, starting at the translation initiation site, with a lacZ reporter gene. Correct targeting of the transgene was confirmed by Southern blot and PCR analyses. Histochemical X-gal (5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-β-d-galactopyranoside) staining demonstrated expression of β-galactosidase in maturation stage ameloblasts. No X-gal staining was observed in secretory stage ameloblasts or in odontoblasts. Retained enamel proteins were observed in the maturation stage enamel of the Klk4 null mouse, but not in the Klk4 heterozygous or wild-type mice. The enamel layer in the Klk4 null mouse was normal in thickness and contained decussating enamel rods but was rapidly abraded following weaning, despite the mice being maintained on soft chow. In function the enamel readily fractured within the initial rod and interrod enamel above the parallel enamel covering the dentino-enamel junction. Despite the lack of Klk4 and the retention of enamel proteins, significant levels of crystal maturation occurred (although delayed), and the enamel achieved a mineral density in some places greater than that detected in bone and dentin. An important finding was that individual enamel crystallites of erupted teeth failed to grow together, interlock, and function as a unit. Instead, individual crystallites seemed to spill out of the enamel when fractured. These results demonstrate that Klk4 is essential for the removal of enamel proteins and the proper maturation of enamel crystals.
Adjunctive transcanthotomy lateral suborbicularis fat lift and orbitomalar ligament resuspension in lower eyelid ectropion repair.

Purpose: Severe or recurrent lower eyelid ectropion can be challenging to correct. Studies on the role of upper midface ptosis in lower eyelid malposition have been published. The authors describe their technique of supporting the lateral cheek by lifting and reestablishing support for the orbitomalar ligament through a 10-mm canthotomy incision as an adjunct to a lateral tarsal strip procedure. In many cases, this technique allows the eyelid to be properly repositioned without skin grafting. Methods: A retrospective chart review of patients with severe multifactorial or recurrent lower eyelid ectropion. A preperiosteal dissection over the malar eminence and resuspension of the lateral aspect of the suborbicularis oculi fat was performed through a 10-mm lateral canthotomy at the time of lateral tarsal strip procedure. The longest follow-up was 20 months, with an average of 7.8 months postoperatively. Postoperative eyelid position and patient symptoms were used as outcome measures. Results: Twelve patients underwent repair of severe ectropion with a lateral tarsal strip procedure and adjunctive transcanthotomy lateral suborbicularis oculi fat lift with orbitomalar ligament resuspension. In 3 cases of severe paralytic ectropion and in 1 patient with poor healing, a small lateral tarsorrhaphy was also performed. The patients achieved excellent improvement in lower eyelid position, with resolution of symptoms and satisfactory aesthetic outcomes. Conclusions: Elevating the lateral suborbicularis oculi fat by resuspending the orbitomalar ligament was effective in supporting the lateral cheek. This resulted in recruitment of anterior lamella and allowed for good lower eyelid repositioning. The extent of dissection could be graded to achieve the desired surgical objectives. More invasive surgery such as full-thickness skin grafting was avoided. This technique can be a relatively noninvasive, yet powerful adjunct in the treatment of severe or recurrent lower eyelid ectropion.
Factor hunting made easier

Recently, an experimental approach for identifying ligands for protein-tyrosine-kinase receptors has been presented. This method, developed by Flanagan and Leder, was used to identify cells producing the ligand for the protein-tyrosine-kinase receptor encoded by the kit gene. They used the ligand-binding domain of the receptor fused to the enzyme alkaline phosphatase to create a reagent that is essentially the equivalent of an enzyme-linked antibody to the ligand
On some mean value theorems of the differential calculus

A general mean value theorem, for real valued functions, is proved. This mean value theorem contains, as a special case, the result that for any, suitably restricted, function f defined on [a, b], there always exists a number c in (a, b) such that f(c) − f(a) = f′(c)(c−a). A partial converse of the general mean value theorem is given. A similar generalized mean value theorem, for vector valued functions, is also established.
Carbon export and transfer to depth across the Southern Ocean Great Calcite Belt

Abstract. Sequestration of carbon by the marine biological pump depends on the processes that alter, remineralize, and preserve particulate organic carbon (POC) during transit to the deep ocean. Here, we present data collected from the Great Calcite Belt, a calcite-rich band across the Southern Ocean surface, to compare the transformation of POC in the euphotic and mesopelagic zones of the water column. The 234Th-derived export fluxes and size-fractionated concentrations of POC, particulate inorganic carbon (PIC), and biogenic silica (BSi) were measured from the upper 1000 m of 27 stations across the Atlantic and Indian sectors of the Great Calcite Belt. POC export out of the euphotic zone was correlated with BSi export. PIC export was not, but did correlate positively with POC flux transfer efficiency. Moreover, regions of high BSi concentrations, which corresponded to regions with proportionally larger particles, exhibited higher attenuation of > 51 μm POC concentrations in the mesopelagic zone. The interplay among POC size partitioning, mineral composition, and POC attenuation suggests a more fundamental driver of POC transfer through both depth regimes in the Great Calcite Belt. In particular, we argue that diatom-rich communities produce large and labile POC aggregates, which not only generate high export fluxes but also drive more remineralization in the mesopelagic zone. We observe the opposite in communities with smaller calcifying phytoplankton, such as coccolithophores. We hypothesize that these differences are influenced by inherent differences in the lability of POC exported by different phytoplankton communities.
Ultrasound Detection of Ventricular Fibrillation Disguised as Asystole

Ultrasonography in the emergency department is being used for many purposes, including the evaluation of patients with cardiac arrest. Ultrasound testing has been shown to be useful in such patients in determining the presence of true electromechanical dissociation and pericardial effusions. We report a case of ventricular fibrillation identified by ultrasonography that appeared as asystole on ECG monitoring. Recognition of this ultrasound application can aid in the prompt diagnosis of occult ventricular fibrillation and allow for proper treatment with defibrillation.
Neurochemical evidence that AMPA receptor-mediated tonic inhibition of hypothalamic dopaminergic neurons occurs via activation of inhibitory interneurons.

Abstract Blockade of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA) receptors with 6-nitro-7-sulfamoyl-benzo-[f]quinoxaline-2,3(1H,4H)-dione (NBOX) activates tuberoinfundibular (TIDA) and periventricular-hypophysial dopaminergic (PHDA) neurons suggesting that these neurons are tonically inhibited by endogenous excitatory amino acid neurotransmitters acting at AMPA receptors. The purpose of the present study was to identify prospective inhibitory neurotransmitters mediating this effect by examining the ability of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A and κ-opioid receptor agonists to reverse the stimulatory effects of NBQX on the activity of these neurons (estimated from concentrations of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid [DOPAC] in the median eminence and intermediate lobe of the pituitary). The GABA A receptor agonist isoguvacine prevented the NBQX-induced increase in DOPAC concentrations in the median eminence but not in the intermediate lobe. The κ-opioid receptor agonist U-50,488 had no effect in the median eminence, but attenuated the NBQX-induced increase of DOPAC concentrations in the intermediate lobe. These results suggest that excitatory amino acid neurotransmitters activate AMPA receptors and increase release of GABA, which by acting at GABA, which by acting at GABA A receptors tonically inhibits TIDA neurons. On the other hand, AMPA receptor-mediated tonic inhibition of PHDA neurons occurs, at least in part, by a mechanism involving endogenous κ-opioids.
Analysis of χ 2 for inhomogeneously broadened intersubband transitions

We examine the effects of inhomogeneous broadening on second-order nonlinearities in intersubband-based quantum-well systems. In particular, we study the case of difference-frequency generation in a doubly resonant system, providing, to our knowledge, the first analysis of conversion efficiencies. For even modest amounts of inhomogeneous broadening both the peak conversion efficiency and the optimum interaction length may vary by more than a factor of 3 from that predicted by homogeneous theories.
The Treat-to-Target Trial and related studies.

Objective: To describe the rationale for, and the findings of, the Treat-to-Target Trial and to compare its results with those of two subsequent studies based on the same concepts.Methods: The 24-h...
Literature and Its Insistent Other

The reader of this voluminous book is well advised not to read it from cover to cover. Begin with the first three of the general essays at the end and read Josipovici's essay on the Epistle to the Hebrews as another such general essay. These four articles thoroughly shake up our common conceptions of the Bible. Josipovici demonstrates how Hebrews is an appropriation of the Bible yet is not monolithic; the Epistle as a text is contradictory, its stance impossible. Greenfield and Elsom present the Hebrew and the Greek Bibles respectively in their Canaanite and Greco-Roman contexts and in relation to genre, poetic techniques, and mythical elements. These presentations are more than merely useful; they are indispensible to begin thinking about the Bible not as the religious handbook it culturally has been assigned to be, but as a set of literary texts. Leach's analysis of a recurrent mythical structure proposes an even wider context and performs the master-stroke of showing that religious truth-his nice phrase is "mytho-logic"-requires in itself a tendency to unification; hence the similitude in various mythical materials. This similitude, then, undermines any pretentions to uniqueness and truth. And that seems a good starting point for a fresh perspective.
A Taxonomic problem concerning two diapsid genera from the Lower Yixian Formation of Liaoning Province, Northeastern China

It has come to our attention, while examining the fossils and paleoecology (Smith et al., 1998) of the much publicized ‘‘feathered dinosaur biota’’ from the lower Yixian Formation of western Liaoning Province, China (Wang, 1998), that there is a taxonomic incongruity concerning the diapsid genera Hyphalosaurus lingyuanensis Gao et al., 1999 and Sinohydrosaurus lingyuanensis Li et al., 1999. These two taxa, described in 1999 by authors from two institutions in Beijing, the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology (IVPP) and the Beijing Natural History Museum (BVC), are based on the part and counterpart of the same skeleton (Fig. 1). As this makes Hyphalosaurus and Sinohydrosaurus objective synonyms according to Articles 67 and 72 of the Fourth Edition (1999) of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN), we hereby propose formally synonymizing these two names.
CE2016: Guidelines for Forward-Looking Computer Engineering Curricula

Computer engineering programs must keep pace with rapid advances in the field to ensure that their graduates are prepared for practice.
Localization of Deep Water Formation: Role of Atmospheric Moisture Transport and Geometrical Constraints on Ocean Circulation

A series of coupled atmosphere‐ocean‐ice aquaplanet experiments is described in which topological constraints on ocean circulation are introduced to study the role of ocean circulation on the mean climate of the coupled system. It is imagined that the earth is completely covered by an ocean of uniform depth except for the presence or absence of narrow barriers that extend from the bottom of the ocean to the sea surface. The following four configurations are described: Aqua (no land), Ridge (one barrier extends from pole to pole), Drake (one barrier extends from the North Pole to 358S), and DDrake (two such barriers are set 908 apart and join at the North Pole, separating the ocean into a large basin and a small basin, connected to the south). On moving from Aqua to Ridge to Drake to DDrake, the energy transports in the equilibrium solutions become increasingly ‘‘realistic,’’ culminating in DDrake, which has an uncanny resemblance to the present climate. Remarkably, the zonal-average climates of Drake and DDrake are strikingly similar, exhibiting almost identical heat and freshwater transports, and meridional overturning circulations. However, Drake and DDrake differ dramatically in their regional climates. The small and large basins of DDrake exhibit distinctive Atlantic-like and Pacific-like characteristics, respectively: the small basin is warmer, saltier, and denser at the surface than the large basin, and is the main site of deep water formation with a deep overturning circulation and strong northward ocean heat transport. A sensitivity experiment with DDrake demonstrates that the salinity contrast between the two basins, and hence the localization of deep convection, results from a deficit of precipitation, rather than an excess of evaporation, over the small basin. It is argued that the width of the small basin relative to the zonal fetch of atmospheric precipitation is the key to understanding this salinity contrast. Finally, it is argued that many gross features of the present climate are consequences of two topological asymmetries that have profound effects on ocean circulation: a meridional asymmetry (circumpolar flow in the Southern Hemisphere; blocked flow in the Northern Hemisphere) and a zonal asymmetry (a small basin and a large basin).
Striatal deformities of the hand and foot in Parkinson's disease.

Summary Striatal deformities of the hand and foot are abnormal postures that are common in patients with advanced Parkinson's disease (PD); they can present in the early stages of PD and in other parkinsonian disorders. Over a century ago, Charcot and Purves-Stewart recognised these deformities, which cause substantial functional disability and discomfort. The term striatal is used because pathology in the neostriatum (putamen and caudate) has been suggested to cause the deformities, but the pathogenesis is unknown. Misdiagnosis of the deformities is common—particularly when they occur early and in the absence of cardinal parkinsonian signs, such as tremor, bradykinesia, and rigidity—because the hand deformities are similar to those in rheumatoid arthritis, equinovarus foot deformity typically suggests an orthopaedic problem, and toe extension may be thought to be the Babinski sign of upper-motor-neuron syndromes. Here we review the background and clinical features of these deformities to highlight these commonly unrecognised and poorly understood parkinsonian signs.
The Rainbow Flag and the Green Carnation: Grindr in The Gay Village

This paper uses autoethnography to examine locative media — specifically, the location–based social network app Grindr — in the context of spatial practices. Because of the way it integrates the physical location of a user in the construction of a digital space, its curious political and logistical challenge to previously defined spatial arrangements such as gay villages, and the negotiation over interpersonal relations its use entails, Grindr poses a unique case to examine questions around space and locative media. I argue that Grindr harkens back to Pre–Stonewall modes of cruising and socializing through the manipulation of cues, codes, and symbols and disturbs the link between spatial arrangements based on co–presence and gay identity politics.
Using virtual objects to aid underground storage tank teleoperation

Describes an algorithm by which obstructions and surface features in an underground storage tank can be modeled and used to generate virtual barrier functions for a real-time telerobotic system, which provides an aid to the operator for both real-time obstacle avoidance and for surface tracking. The algorithm requires that the slave's tool and every object in the waste storage tank be decomposed into convex polyhedral primitives, with the waste surface modeled by triangular prisms. Intrusion distance and extraction vectors are then derived at every time step by applying Gilbert's polyhedra distance algorithm, which has been adapted for the task. This information is then used to determine the compression and location of nonlinear virtual spring-dampers whose total force is summed and applied to the manipulator/teleoperator system. Experimental results using a PUMA 560 and a simulated waste surface validate the approach, showing that it is possible to compute the algorithm and generate smooth, realistic psuedo forces for the teleoperator system using standard VME bus hardware. >
Assessing the Applicability of Strategic Theory to Explain Decision Making on the Courts of Appeals

The focus of this analysis is whether a strategic perspective provides a useful approach that enhances an understanding of broad patterns of judicial decision making on the U.S. Courts of Appeals. ...
Dynamics of Ankyrin-containing Complexes in Chicken Embryonic Erythroid Cells: Role of Phosphorylation

Chicken erythroid ankyrin undergoes a fairly rapid cycle of cytoskeletal association, dissociation, and turnover. In addition, the cytoskeletal association of ankyrin is regulated by phosphorylation. Treatment of erythroid cells with serine and threonine phosphatase inhibitors stimulated the hyperphosphorylation of the 225- and 205-kDa ankyrin isoforms, and dissociated the bulk of these isoforms from cytoskeletal spectrin. In vitro binding studies have shown that this dissociation of ankyrin from spectrin in vivo can be attributed to a reduced ability of hyperphosphorylated ankyrin to bind spectrin. Interestingly, a significant fraction of detergent insoluble ankyrin accumulates in a spectrin-independent pool. At least some of this spectrin-independent pool of ankyrin is complexed with the AE1 anion exchanger, and the solubility properties of this pool are also regulated by phosphorylation. Treatment of cells with serine and threonine phosphatase inhibitors had no effect on ankyrin/AE1 complex formation. However, these inhibitors were sufficient to shift ankyrin/AE1 complexes from the detergent insoluble to the soluble pool. These analyses, which are the first to document the in vivo consequences of ankyrin phosphorylation, indicate that erythroid ankyrin-containing complexes can undergo dynamic rearrangements in response to changes in phosphorylation.
Upper airway endoscopy to optimize obstructive sleep apnea treatment in Apert and Crouzon syndromes

Abstract Introduction Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is highly prevalent in children with Apert and Crouzon syndromes. Although often related to midface hypoplasia, it is a multi-level problem for which routine midface advancement might be a suboptimal treatment choice. We therefore wished to: 1.) use upper airway endoscopy to examine the level of obstruction in children with OSA; 2.) determine the relationship between endoscopic assessment and OSA severity; and 3.) evaluate the effect of surgery on endoscopic assessment and OSA severity. Methods Prospective observational cohort study of patients considered for midface advancement, underwent upper airway endoscopy. Endoscopy findings were scored according to the system of Bachar, based on level (nose, uvulopalatine plane, tongue base, hypopharynx and larynx); and severity (no, partial or complete obstruction). Polysomnography was used to diagnose OSA. Results We included 22 children (Apert N = 10, Crouzon N = 12), 17 had OSA, 14 of whom had multilevel obstruction and 3 single-level obstruction. The endoscopy findings were correlated with OSA severity: R = 0.56, P = 0.01. Midface advancement (N = 8) reduced Bachar's severity index in 7 of 8 patients, and OSA in all patients. Conclusions OSA in children with Apert or Crouzon syndrome is often a multi-level problem. Upper airway endoscopy is essential to optimizing OSA treatment.
Modeling time series data with deep Fourier neural networks

Abstract We present a method for training a deep neural network containing sinusoidal activation functions to fit to time-series data. Weights are initialized using a fast Fourier transform, then trained with regularization to improve generalization. A simple dynamic parameter tuning method is employed to adjust both the learning rate and the regularization term, such that both stability and efficient training are achieved. We show how deeper layers can be utilized to model the observed sequence using a sparser set of sinusoid units, and how non-uniform regularization can improve generalization by promoting the shifting of weight toward simpler units. The method is demonstrated with time-series problems to show that it leads to effective extrapolation of nonlinear trends.
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: Preoperative Evaluation

The diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is frequently based on the symptomatic evaluation and upper endoscopy. However, both symptoms and endoscopic findings have low accuracy, leading to a wrong diagnosis in up to 30 % of patients. As a consequence, many patients without GERD are often treated with expensive medications or are referred for antireflux surgery on the assumption that symptoms are caused by reflux.
Revealing Discriminatory Intent: Legislator Preferences, Voter Identification, and Responsiveness Bias

Is bias in responsiveness to constituents conditional on the policy preferences of elected officials? The scholarly conventional wisdom is that constituency groups who do not receive policy representation still obtain some level of responsiveness by legislators outside of the policy realm. In contrast, we present a theory of preference-induced responsiveness bias where constituency responsiveness by legislators is associated with legislator policy preferences. Elected officials who favor laws harming minority groups are also less likely to engage in non-policy responsiveness to minority groups. To test this proposition, we conducted a field experiment in 28 U.S. legislative chambers. Legislators were randomly assigned to receive messages from Latino, Anglo, English-speaking, and Spanish-speaking constituents asking if a driver’s license is required for voting. If legislators supported voter identification, Latino constituents were less likely than Anglo constituents to receive communications from legislators. The implication is that discriminatory intent underlies legislative support for voter identification laws.
Carbon incorporation in metal-organic vapor phase epitaxy grown GaAs from CH x I 4-x , HI, and I 2

The incorporation of carbon into GaAs grown by metal-organic vapor phase epitaxy has been studied through the addition of CH2I2, CH3I, HI and I2 to the growth ambient. The epitaxial GaAs was grown using Ga(CH3)3 and AsH3 in a low pressure reactor. The addition of CH2I2 to the growth ambient resulted in the controlled incorporation of carbon. The addition of CH3I, HI and I2 did not result in any additional carbon incorporation. The decomposition of CH2I2 may result in the formation of methylene, CH2, on the growth surface. A reaction mechanism that explains the incorporation of carbon by CH2I2 and the implication of these results during conventional growth are discussed.
Whose Memories? Whose Victimhood? Contests for the Holocaust Frame in Recent Social Movement Discourse

Fifty years after the end of World War II, the Holocaust is being utilized as a symbolic resource by US social movements. This article investigates social movement “framing” processes, looking at t...
The ability of Tilletia fusca to hybridize with the wheat bunt species under axenic conditions

Members of the Tilletia fusca complex, a group of bunt fungi occurring on wild grass hosts, were successfully hybridized with the wheat bunt species T. controversa, T. laevis and T. tritici under a...
Acid-Reflux Disorders

In recent years, the concept of acid-reflux disorders has been broadened to include not only the effects of gastroesophageal reflux on the esophageal mucosa but also the role of acid reflux in laryngeal and pulmonary symptoms. This review discusses the effects of reflux on the esophagus, larynx, and lungs, emphasizing similarities and differences between gastrointestinal and respiratory manifestations of acid reflux. Esophageal Reflux Pathophysiology For the past 20 years, it was assumed that the lower esophageal sphincter is the primary determinant of esophageal reflux. It is now recognized, however, that transient relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter, not the resting . . .
Grey Relational Analysis Applied to Synthesis Factors of Salt-Resisting Hydro Gel

A new salt-resisting hydro gel was synthesized in terms of homogenous experimental design by water solution co-polymerization using acryl amide and acrylic acid as raw materials,montmorillonite(MMT) as inorganic filler.All the synthesis factors were studied by grey relational analysis.It can be concluded that amount of MMT was the main factor that affects salt-resistancy of hydro gel;the amount of cross-linking agent was the second factor.The results show that the grey relational analysis is useful and prospective as a novel powerful synthometric method in the optimization of chemical engineering proceeds.
A Discussion on the Effect and When to Use Hemabate in Preventing Postpartum Hemorrhage

Objective: To discuss the effect and when to use of hemabate in the treatment of preventing Postpartum hemorrhage.Methods: Randomly divided 122 cases of puerperas who had postpartum hemorrhage risk factors into the hemabate A group and hemabate B group.Choosing 61 cases of puerperas who had postpartum hemorrhage risk factors but no using hemabate into the normal group.In the hemabate A group,hemabate was used when the postpartum hemorrhage can't be controlled by normal drug.And the hemabate B group used hemabate immediately when the delivery of baby.Compared the intraoperatve blood soss,the volume of hemorrhage 2 hours and 24hours after parturition and the postpartum hemorrhage rate among the three groups.Results: The normal group had higher result than the hemabate group in the intraoperatve blood soss,the volume of hemorrhage 2 hours and 24 hours after parturition(P0.01).In the hemabate A group,the intraoperatve blood soss,the volume of hemorrhage 2 hours and 24 hours after parturition(P0.01) than those in the hemabate B group.The hemabate B group had lower postpartum hemorrhage rate than the hemabate A group(P0.05).Conclusion: Hemabate has a better effect in the preventing of postpartum hemorrhage than the Pitocin.It should be used immediately after the delivery of baby for the puerperas who had postpartum hemorrhage risk factors.
The respiratory toxicity of chemical warfare agents

Inhalation is one of the most important routes of exposure for chemical warfare agents (CWAs); thus, the lung remains a critical target of injury. The mode of action by which the CWAs cause injury, the nature of injury, the affected location within the respiratory tract, and the temporality of injury can vary considerably. Nerve agents can affect the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral neurons embedded within the respiratory tract. The respiratory effects can also be displayed secondary to neuronal and cardiovascular impairment. Inhaled riot control agents (RCAs) can activate irritant reflex responses compromising respiratory function. Blistering agents can injure the upper respiratory tract (URT) upon contact, but they may also damage the lung parenchyma if the concentration of agent and the duration of exposure are increased. Pulmonary agents such as arsine can have a variety of effects depending on the exposure dose, while chlorine will injure the URT and phosgene will cause deep lung edema. Respiratory failure is often a cause of mortality with a variety of CWAs; thus, the understanding of respiratory toxicity becomes an essential aspect of therapeutic intervention. In this chapter, we discuss the biochemical and pathological effects of CWAs on the respiratory tract.