cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Miniaturized micro-optical scanners

Optical beam scanners are critical components for airborne and space-based laser radar, on-machine-inspection systems, factory automation systems, and optical communication systems. We describe here a laser beam steering system based on dithering two complementary (positive and negative) microlens arrays. When the two microlens arrays are translated relative to one another in the plane parallel to their surfaces, the transmitted light beam is scanned in two directions. We have demonstrated scanning speeds up to 300 Hz with a pair of 6-mm-aperture microlens arrays designed for input from a HeNe laser. The output beam covers a discrete 16 x 16 spot scan pattern with about 3.6 mrad separation and only 400 μrad of beam divergence, in close agreement with design predictions. This demo system is relatively compact; less than 2 in. on a side. We also describe several near-term applications, some critical design trade-offs, and important fabrication and design issues.
Magnetic, electric and thermoelectric properties of the quasi-1D cobalt oxides Ba1−xLaxCoO3 (x=0,0.2)

Abstract The quasi-1D structure-type ferromagnetic (FM) cobalt oxide BaCoO3 was doped with La to a composition Ba0.8La0.2CoO3 (hexagonal, a=5.585(1) A and c=4.721(1) A ), introducing 0.2 electrons per formula unit. Magnetic, electric and thermoelectric properties are compared to those of BaCoO3. The electrical resistivity decreases approximately one order of magnitude at room temperature (5×10 −1 Ω cm ), but remains semiconducting. The nearest-neighbor magnetic interaction in chain is FM (J/ k B ∼+94 K ), and no manifest magnetic long-range order was observed above 5 K. Variable-range hopping behavior in the thermopower was found. Anderson localization is most likely to explain the poor electrical conductivity, as was suggested for the parent material BaCoO3.
A New Class of Methods for Solving Data Association Problems Arising from Multiple Target Tracking

The data association problem of partitioning observations into tracks and false alarms is posed as a multi-dimensional assignment problem. Although this combinatorial optimization problem is NP-hard, it is the purpose of this work to present a new formulation of this data association problem, a class of algorithms based on Lagrangean relaxation to solve these problems in real-time, and the results of extensive numerical studies on a modern workstation, the Cray Y-MP, and the Connection Machine. System identification techniques including smoothing, filtering, and prediction are used to determine past, present, and future behavior of the targets.
Demonstration of the benefits of SOI for high temperature operation

Summary form only given. To evaluate the performance of SOI circuits at high temperatures, CMOS 4K SRAMs were fabricated on SIMOX (separation by implantation of oxygen) and bulk starting material. Four varieties were included in this study: bulk (5 mu m epi on n/sup +/), and SIMOX/SOI with three silicon-layer thicknesses (0.5 mu m, 0.75 mu m, and 1.0 mu m). This combination allows the assessment of three device structures: standard bulk devices, standard SOI devices (S/D contacting the buried oxide), and semi-bulk SOI devices which operate like bulk devices but are dielectrically isolated. All the SOI SRAMs were functional to the maximum temperature available, 300 degrees C. The bulk circuits also functioned at elevated temperatures, but lost functionality between 250 degrees C and 275 degrees C due to the rapidly increasing leakage current associated with the well junction. The synchronous access time increased approximately linearly with temperature for all devices, and was nearly twice the measured room-temperature value at 300 degrees C. Leakage current increased strongly with temperature for all devices, with the thin SOI devices having the least static current at the highest temperatures. >
Dynamic analysis of the cable array robotic crane

Offshore loading and unloading of cargo vessels and on board cargo relocation during conditions of Sea State 3 or greater have been found to be difficult with existing crane technology due to oscillation of the payload. A new type of crane which uses four actuated cables to control the motion of the payload is presented. The closed chain configuration will intuitively provide more stability with respect to the motion of the sea compared to existing cranes. The kinematics and dynamics are derived using cable coordinates. Since there are four cables and three degrees of freedom, the system is redundant. This problem is solved by applying a geometric constraint to the equations of motion such that the reduced number of equations equals the degrees of freedom. The force distribution method is applied using linear programming to solve for the required cable tensions. Simulation results showing cable tensions and cable lengths during a typical crane operation are presented.
PERFORMANCE OF MICROFABRICATED PIEZOELECTRIC VIBRATION ENERGY HARVESTERS

ABSTRACT Model verification and design of MEMS piezoelectric vibration energy harvesters (MPVEH) are presented, motivated by lowering power requirements of wireless sensor nodes. Applications include structural health monitoring. Coupled electromechanical harvester models are presented and verified (through comparison with experimental data). Harvester material selection is discussed. The model is used to concurrently design a prototype MPVEH and a microfabrication scheme. Targeting low-level (2.5 m/s2), low-frequency (150 Hz) vibrations, power density (310 μW/cm3) and voltage (0.4 V p−p ) are predicted. Methodologies for scalar analysis and optimization of harvesters are presented with a scheme for chip-level assembly of harvester clusters to meet node requirements. **Currently Doctoral candidate at California Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering. ***Boeing Assistant Professor.
The move from categories to process: Attachment phenomena and clinical evaluation

En depit du degre auquel la theorie et les recherches sur l'attachement ont ete embrassees par les cliniciens dans les annees recentes, bien des cliniciens demeurent incertains sur ce que la theorie le l'attachement et les recherches sur l'attachement ajoutent a la comprehension clinique et a la reflexion psychodynamique sur le processus clinique, J'expose dans cet article certaines des facons dont les developpements dans l'etude de l'attachement peuvent enrichir notre travail clinique avec les enfants et les familles et peuvent s'averer particulierement eclairants pour ce qui concerne certains aspects d'evaluation, de formulation et de diagnostic. Cette valeur ajoutee ne vient pas de l'evaluation formelle de la classification de l'attachement des patients, mais de la sensibilisation des cliniciens a l'observation du fonctionnement du systeme de l'attachement et aux fonctions internes et interpersonnelles des processus de l'attachement. Une telle conscience de la part du therapeute permet a ces systemes dynamiques regulatoires, motivationnels et de defense d'etre abordes au sein du contexte du travail d'evaluation et du travail psychotherapeutique en cours. La reflexion sur les processus de l'attachement au sein de la situation clinique ne supplante pas d'autres aspects de l'evaluation orientee dynamiquement et de l'evaluation en general, mais s'inscrit plutot dans une lignee de coherence avec les modeles psychanalytiques de developpement, et offre de nouveaux niveaux de richesse et de comprehension de formulations et de planning de traitement.
Generalized oscillator strength for the 3s - 3p transition in sodium

Solutions of the close-coupling equations are obtained for sodium in a four-state approximation (3s,3p,4s,3d) at energies of 22.1, 54, and 150 eV. Generalized oscillator strengths (GOS) deduced from the resulting differential cross sections for the 3s-3p transition are plotted as a function of momentum transfer squared (${K}^{2}$). The resulting GOS do not tend to the exact value of the optical oscillator strength as ${K}^{2}$ goes to 0, thus violating Lassettre's hypothesis. While Lassettre's theorem is not satisfied exactly, the concepts underlying this hypothesis are still useful at sufficiently high energies.
The structure of West German university departments: Differences between the physical and the social sciences

Kuhn's concept of paradigm development and organizational contingency theories served as theoretical guidelines to examine the structures of 35 West German university departments. The results provide convincing evidence about different organizational structures used in scientific fields of varying technological development. Physical science departments are less differentiated with regard to different academic subspecialities than social science departments, and their role structure reflects their proximity to mechanized hardware technologies. In addition, variable maps, obtained through smallest space analysis, suggest that physical science departments apply coordination techniques more consistently than departments in less developed fields as differentiation increases. Bureaucratic coordination techniques, other than influences through external authorities, are not of great importance in academic departments. Organizational size, just like the level of paradigm development, has an impact on all aspects of structure investigated. The implications of these findings are discussed and elaborated.
Personality correlates of EEG change during meditation.

Summary.-15 seminary students who regularly practiced a form of Christian meditation were given the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) . Electroencephalographic (EEG) signals were recorded and analyzed for percent time alpha during performance of a series of mental arithmetic tasks and also during a period of meditation. Higher scores on the Hypochondriasis scale of the MMPI were associated with increase in alpha as the subject proceeded from the mental arithmetic tasks to the meditation period. This result is discussed in terms of previous research, the pre-meditation level of alpha, and the implications for the use of meditation as a therapeutic procedure. Several recent studies have demonstrated beneficial effects from the practice of meditacion of Eastern tradition. Most of this research has focused on Transcendencal Meditation, although some researchers have also investigated 2kn meditative techniques. Effects in the physiological domain include changes in metabolic, autonomic, and EEG systems (cf. Wallace & Benson, 1972). Studies of psychological effects have generally shown that meditators reported they are more at ease than non-meditators. Two abstracts of studies using the MMPI, for example, reported Transcendencal Meditators scored lower on some MMPI scales (Hypochondriasis, Psychasthenia, Schizophrenia, Social Introversion) and on the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Test than control groups of nonmeditators (Orme-Johnson, Author, Franklin, O'Connell, & Zold, 1973; OrmeJohnson, Kiehlbauch, Moore, & Bristol, 1973). Smith (1975) reviewed the literature on the beneficial psychological effects of meditation and suggested that comparisons of meditators and controls on psychological variables may be complicated by a self-selection tendency, since persons choosing to undertake a self-improvement program may differ from those who do not. Pretreatment personality variables have been examined directly by Maupin ( 1965), not as a methodological control, but rather in terms of which individuals are likely to respond best to a meditative training procedure. Maupin found that individuals having greater capacity for regression and tolerance for unrealistic experience (as measured by Rorschach responses) responded more favorably to a Zen meditacion exercise. The present data, collected in 1964 by the first author, were re-examined in light of the current interest in meditation, with a particular focus on the personality variables which influence an individual's response to meditation. The specific response examined was the change in the alpha rhythm of the EEG during meditation. The
Quantitative evaluation of the effect of low-intensity exercise on insulin secretion in man.

Abstract We studied insulin secretion rates (ISR) during low-intensity exercise (40% peak aerobic capacity [Vo2]) in 12 normal subjects to assess the contribution of altered insulin secretion to the reduction in peripheral insulin concentrations associated with exercise. ISR were calculated by a previously validated method of two-compartment analysis of peripheral C-peptide concentrations using individual parameters derived following a bolus injection of biosynthetic human C-peptide. In addition, the effect of low-intensity exercise on kinetic parameters of C-peptide was evaluated. The results showed that low-intensity exercise did not significantly affect C-peptide kinetics. Peripheral insulin concentrations and ISR decreased to a similar degree throughout exercise. There was a mean maximum decrease in serum insulin concentrations from 42 ± 5.4 pmol/L basally to 24 ± 2.6 pmol/L, constituting a 51% ± 5.9% decrease (P
Ethics and Research with Deceased Patients

In a provocative 1974 article entitled “Harvesting the Dead,” Willard Gaylin explored potential uses of “neomorts,” or what are currently referred to as “heart-beating cadavers”—that is, humans determined to be dead by neurological criteria and whose cardiopulmonary function is medically maintained by ventilators, vasopressors, and so forth. Medical research was one of the potential uses Gaylin identified. He pointed out that tests of drugs and medical procedures that would have unacceptable health risks if performed on living human subjects could be performed on neomorts without any health risks. According to Gaylin, the potential benefits of such research could be enormous, including not subjecting patients to ineffective or harmful medical procedures and eliminating delays in providing effective therapies to dying patients.
At the junction of SNARE and SM protein function

Sec1/Munc18 (SM) proteins bind to and function with soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (SNAREs) at each vesicle fusion site in the cell. The purpose for these interactions is becoming clearer, as what had been interpreted as functional divergence between SM proteins acting at different vesicle trafficking steps, or in specialized cells, is giving way to more recent evidence for common functions among all SM proteins. What is emerging is a picture of SM proteins acting not merely as SNARE regulators, but also as central components of the membrane fusion apparatus. The available data suggest sequential models that describe how the soluble SM protein might first regulate SNARE complex assembly and then cooperate with SNAREs to stimulate membrane fusion.
DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS AND INTERPERSONAL VICTIMIZATION AMONG AFRICAN AMERICAN WOMEN ATTENDING AN URBAN STD CLINIC

Objectives This study evaluated the association of depressive symptom levels and interpersonal victimization. The sample was comprised of 455 African American women attending an urban sexually transmitted disease clinic. Interpersonal victimization was defined as whether a woman was forced to have sexual intercourse and whether a woman was ever hit, slap or physically hurt by a boyfriend, girlfriend, or spouse in the past 12 months. Methods Using audio computer-assisted self-interviewing (ACASI), women responded to questions regarding interpersonal victimization and depressive symptom levels (e.g., depression, sadness, loneliness and crying in the past week). Results Results indicated that women with a history of interpersonal victimization were more likely to experience higher levels of depressive symptoms when compared with women who did not. Statistically significant differences were found for being forced to have sexual intercourse (all p 's p 's range from 0.012 to 0.0003) with regard to each depressive symptom item. Conclusion Behavioral women-focused interventions need to address mental health issues associated with risky sexual behaviors in order to be more efficacious.
Optimization of Fare Structure and Service Frequency for Maximum Profitability of Transit Systems

Providing efficient public transportation has been recognized as a potential way of alleviating congestion, improving mobility, mitigating air pollution, and reducing energy consumption. Many people use public transportation systems for their daily commute, while others use different transportation modes (e.g. cars, taxis, carpools, etc.). Inexpensive fares with good transit service encourages ridership, and the resulting revenue may be used to provide better service. Optimization of transit service frequency and its associated fare structure is desirable in order to increase revenue at reasonable transit operating expenditure. The objective of the study reported here is to maximize profit subject to service capacity constraint, while elastic demand is considered. The solution methodology is developed and applied to solve the profit maximization problem in a case study based on Newark, NJ, USA. Numerical results, including optimal solutions and sensitivity analyses, are presented. It is found that an optimal temporal headway and differential fare structure that maximizes total profit for the studied subway system can be efficiently solved.
Effect of Block Play on Language Acquisition and Attention in Toddlers: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial

Objective To test the hypotheses that block play improves language acquisition and attention. Design Randomized controlled trial. Setting Pediatric clinic. Participants Children aged 1½ to 2½ years. Intervention Distribution of 2 sets of building blocks. Main Outcome Measures Scores on the MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories, television viewing based on diary data, and the hyperactivity domain of the Child Behavior Checklist. Results Of 220 families approached in the clinic waiting room, 175 (80%) agreed to participate in the study. At least 1 diary was returned from 92 of the 175 families (53%). A total of 140 families (80%) completed exit interviews. Of the children in the intervention group, 52 (59%) had block play reported in their diaries compared with 11 (13%) in the control group ( P P = .07); percentile, 8.4 ( P = .15); low-income sample—raw score, 12.40 ( P = .01); percentile, 14.94 ( P = .03). For attention the results were as follows: entire sample—odds ratio, 0.49 ( P = .29); low-income sample—odds ratio, 0.48 ( P = .26) There were no statistically significant differences with respect to hyperactivity scores. Conclusions Distribution of blocks can lead to improved language development in middle- and low-income children. Further research is warranted.
Monitoring Toxic Chemical Pollution from Land Disposal Sites in Humid Regions

Practically all of the toxic chemical land disposal sites now in operation are equipped with only minimal and generally ineffectual monitoring systems, which seldom are capable of detecting even excessive surface-water and ground-water pollution from such sites. From monitoring data normally obtained, it is practically impossible to quantitatively evaluate the total toxic chemical buildup in contiguous soil, plant, and water environments or the vertical and horizontal migration patterns of pollutants through underlying earth materials. Monitoring facilities and procedures described in this paper are designed to provide that data required to effectively evaluate all of these parameters. These evaluations in turn should be most helpful in selecting the safest possible sites for hazardous waste disposal, and in developing ways and means to design, operate, and monitor such facilities that will assure minimal danger to public health from this particular waste disposal practice in the future.
Towards implementation of a nickel silicide process for CMOS technologies

In this paper, we review some of the advantages and disadvantages of nickel silicide as a material for the electrical contacts to the source, drain and gate of current and future CMOS devices. We first present some of the limitations imposed on the current cobalt silicide process because of the constant scaling, of the introduction of new substrate geometries (i.e. thin silicon on insulator) and of the modifications to the substrate material (i.e. SiGe). We then discuss the advantages of NiSi and for each of the CoSi2 limitations, we point out why Ni is believed to be superior from the point of view of material properties, miscibility of phases and formation mechanisms. Discussion follows on the expected limitations of NiSi and some of the possible solutions to palliate these limitations.
Computation of rotor blade flows using the Euler equations

Calcul des ecoulements tridimensionnels transsoniques stationnaires et instationnaires autour d'aubes de rotor non portantes
A Singularity Cancellation Technique for Weakly Singular Integrals on Higher Order Surface Descriptions

Accurate integration of singular and near-singular functions is critical to the accuracy of the method of moments solution to surface integral equations. While this problem has been widely addressed for flat geometries, its extensions to higher order surface descriptions have been limited. This letter provides a systematic prescription for the application of the rules for weakly singular integrals on higher order surfaces. Here, we present implementation details and several demonstrative results that compare the accuracy and convergence of the integration rules.
Gender effects and central opioid analgesia.

Central morphine analgesia is significantly greater in male than in female rats. Since mu and delta opioid receptor subtypes have been implicated in supraspinal analgesia, the present study evaluated whether gender or adult gonadectomy altered (a) analgesia on the tail-flick and jump tests following central administration of the mu-selective agonist, [d-Ala2, Me-Phe4, Gly(ol)5] enkephalin (DAMGO) and the delta-selective agonist, [d-Ser2, Leu5] enkephalin-Thr6 (DSLET) and (b) mu1, mu2 and delta opioid receptor binding. Sham-operated male rats displayed significantly greater magnitudes of peak and total analgesia than sham-operated females on the tail-flick test following DAMGO, but not DSLET. Gender differences were not observed for DAMGO and DSLET analgesia on the jump test. Gonadectomy failed to consistently affect either DAMGO or DSLET analgesia. Regression analyses failed to reflect significant shifts in the dose-response functions for either agonist on either measure. Gender differences were not observed for mu1, mu2, or delta binding in hypothalamus or cortex. These data are compared with analgesic responses sensitive to gender differences.
The flowerpiercers' hook: an experimental test of an evolutionary trade-off

The evolution of features that enhance an organism's performance in one activity can adversely affect its performance in another. We used an experimental approach to document a trade-off associated with the evolution of the long hook at the tip of the bill of birds belonging to the genus Diglossa (flowerpiercers). In Diglossa, the more derived flower-robbing nectarivorous species have maxillae (upper jaws) that terminate in enlarged curved hooks. The ancestral frugivorous species have maxillae with relatively small hooks. We mimicked bill evolution by clipping the terminal bill hook of nectarivorous Cinnamon-bellied Flowerpiercers (Diglossa baritula) to resemble the frugivorous condition. We found that birds with experimentally shortened bills ingested fruit more efficiently, but had a reduced ability to rob flowers. Birds with intact bills, by contrast, were good flower robbers but poor frugivores. The evolution of a hooked bill endowed flowerpiercers with the ability to efficiently pierce flowers and extract nectar, but hindered their efficiency to feed on fruit.
A theoretical model for stable combustion inside a refractory tube

Abstract An a priori model has been developed for the prediction of the behavior of stationary flames of premixed propane and air inside a refractory tube. The model postulates plug flow with perfect radial mixing and no axial mixing, conduction, or diffusion. The gas is assumed to be transparent but radiant exchange within the tube, longitudinal conduction in the tube wall, and chemical kinetics in the gas phase are taken into account. An approximate representation for the configuration factor for radiant exchange permitted reduction of the energy and component balances to a set of ordinary differential equations which were solved numerically by a finite-difference method. The numerical solutions agree well with the previous experimental results of Chen and Churchill and of Bath for the wall temperature profile and the blowoff and flashback velocities in the range of turbulent flow. A different model is needed for tubes less than 3/8-inin diameter since laminar flow then prevails. The model is used to predict the profiles of gas temperature and conversion and the effects of feed temperature, fuel-to-air ratio, tube diameter, tube length, wall emissivity, wall conductivity, and radial heat losses on the blowoff and flashback velocities. The model suggests the existence of multiple stationary states for all conditions in the stable region.
A second-generation blood substitute (perfluorodichlorooctane emulsion) does not activate complement during an ex vivo circulation model of bypass☆☆☆

Abstract Objectives: To examine whether a second-generation perfluorocarbon (PFC) blood substitute added to the cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) prime influences complement production. Design: A prospective, randomized, single-blinded, ex vivo model. Setting: A university hospital, laboratory, and clinics. Participants: Ten healthy adult consented volunteer blood donors (five men, five women). Interventions: Ex vivo closed-loop extracorporeal circuit including membrane oxygenator, tubing, and filter primed with crystalloid or crystalloid plus PFC was circulated for 1 hour with the addition of 500 mL of heparinized fresh human whole blood. Measurements and Main Results: Laboratory specimens were drawn from the circuit at 10-minute intervals for 1 hour and measured for complement (C3a, Bb fragment) concentrations, blood gases, fibrinogen concentration, platelet count, and hematocrit. In the PFC group, C3a and Bb fragments were equal to or less than those in the group that received crystalloid alone. Conclusion: The second-generation PFC added to the prime of a CPB circuit does not independently increase complement production.
Differential effects of ciprofibrate on renal and hepatic cytochrome P450 2E1 expression.

Abstract Since cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) mRNA levels have beenreported to be increased during physiological states in which peroxisomes are increased, we examined the effects of the peroxisome proliferator, ciprofibrate (CIPRO), on renal and hepatic CYP2E1 expression, as well as other enzymes associated with peroxisome proliferation, including CYP4A, CYP2B, fatty acyl CoA oxidase (FACO), and peroxisomal thiolase (PT). Male rats were treated with CIPRO for 18, 48, or 120 hr. Northern blot or immunoblot analyses were used to determine mRNA or protein levels, respectively, relative to levels in vehicle controls. CIPRO elevated renal CYP2E1 and CYP4A mRNA levels ∼3- to 4-fold at 18 hr, and these levels remained elevated to 120 hr. CIPRO progressively increased renal CYP2E1 and CYP4A protein levels, so that ∼7-and 4-fold increases, respectively, were observed at 120 hr of treatment. CIPRO treatment increased renal peroxisomal FACO mRNA levels ∼2-fold and PT mRNA levels ∼4- to 6-fold at all time points. In contrast to results observed in the kidney, hepatic CYP2E1 mRNA and protein levels were unchanged by CIPRO treatment. Hepatic CYP4A mRNA levels were increased ∼100-fold at all time points. Hepatic CYP2B mRNA levels were elevated ∼5-fold, but only at the 120-hr time point. Hepatic CYP4A and CYP2B protein levels were elevated in proportion to the respective mRNA levels. Hepatic FACO mRNA levels were increased ∼5-, 9-, and 20-fold, and hepatic PT mRNA levels were increased ∼15-, 24-, and 39-fold, at 18, 48, and 120 hr, respectively. These results show that CIPRO-mediated, tissue-specific changes in CYP2E1 expression are not obligatorily associated with elevations in peroxisomal enzymes.
Amino acid cycling in plankton and soil microbes studied with radioisotopes: measured amino acids in soil do not reflect bioavailability

In radioisotope studies in plankton, bacteria turn over the nanomolar ambient concentrations of dissolved amino acids within a few hours. Uptake follows Michaelis–Menten kinetics. In contrast, within minutes the very abundant bacteria and fungi in soil take up all labeled amino acids added at nanomolar to millimolar final concentrations; uptake kinetics accordingly cannot be measured. This rapid uptake agrees with earlier findings that soil microbes exist in a starving or low-activity state but are able to keep their metabolism poised to take up amino acids as they become available. How can this rapid uptake of added amino acids be reconciled with persistent soil concentrations of 10–500 μM of total dissolved amino acids? Although respiration of added amino acid carbon has been used to deduce uptake kinetics, the data indicate that in both soil and in eutrophic natural waters constant percentages of individual amino acids are respired; this percentage varies from less than 10% of the amount taken up for basic amino acids to more than 50% for acidic amino acids. We conclude that relatively fixed internal metabolic processes control the percent of amino acid respired and that the μM concentrations of amino acid measured in water extracts from soil are unavailable to microbes. Instead, these relatively high concentrations reflect amino acids in soils that are chemically protected, hidden in pores, or released from fine roots and microbes during sample preparation.
Regulation of Uterine Responsiveness to Injected Estradiol in Nutritionally Stressed Ovariectomized Rats by Adrenal-Derived Estradiol*

The effects of diet composition and starvation on the inducibility by estradiol of uterine glucose-6-dehydrogenase (G6PD) activity in mature ovariectomized rats has been evaluated. Starvation for 5 days and feeding a purified protein-free diet for 3 days caused a maximal increase in the inducibility of uterine G6PD activity relative to animals fed a basal diet. Inducibility of the enzyme was decreased as the amount of casein in the diet was increased from 0–45% and refeeding protein began to reverse the effect of protein deprivation on the inducibility of the enzyme within 24 h. The basal level of uterine G6PD activity was unchanged by diet or starvation, and the increased inducibility by estradiol in starved and/or proteindeprived rats was due to a 2-fold increase in the relative de novo rate of G6PD synthesis. The uterine binding and retention of [3H]estradiol given in vivo was increased by 40% in starved and/ or protein-deprived rats, and this increase appeared to be due to an increase in the estradiol...
A semantic similarity approach to predicting Library of Congress subject headings for social tags

Social tagging or collaborative tagging has become a new trend in the organization, management, and discovery of digital information. The rapid growth of shared information mostly controlled by social tags poses a new challenge for social tag-based information organization and retrieval. A plausible approach for this challenge is linking social tags to a controlled vocabulary. As an introductory step for this approach, this study investigates ways of predicting relevant subject headings for resources from social tags assigned to the resources. The prediction of subject headings was measured by five different similarity measures: tf–idf, cosine-based similarity (CoS), Jaccard similarity (or Jaccard coefficient; JS), Mutual information (MI), and information radius (IRad). Their results were compared to those by professionals. The results show that a CoS measure based on top five social tags was most effective. Inclusions of more social tags only aggravate the performance. The performance of JS is comparable to the performance of CoS while tf–idf is comparable with up to 70p less than the best performance. MI and IRad have inferior performance compared to the other methods. This study demonstrates the application of the similarity measuring techniques to the prediction of correct Library of Congress subject headings. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Magnetic domain structure and magnetization reversal in submicron-scale Co dots

We present a magnetic force microscopy (MFM) analysis of arrays of submicron-scale Co dots fabricated by interference lithography. The dots are thin (180-300 A) and are elliptical in shape. MFM of these structures reveals that they relax into highly ordered remanent states whose symmetry and configuration are governed by their shape anisotropy. In particular, when the dots are saturated along the easy-axis, a uniformly magnetized state persists at remanence. However, when the dots are saturated in hard-axis, they relax into a single-vortex state in which the circulation can have either sign. Both remanent states are characterized by smoothly varying magnetization patterns and a high degree of uniformity across the array. We attribute the ordered behavior of these structures to the film microstructure, which allows the shape anisotropy to dominate over magnetocrystalline anisotropy. By imaging a series of minor-loop remanent states, we show that magnetization reversal in these structures occurs via the nucleation and annihilation of a single vortex. Magnetic hysteresis loop measurements are consistent with these observations and provide additional details. Furthermore, we present the results of micromagnetic simulations, which are in excellent agreement with both the MFM images and the hysteresis loop measurements.
On Parallel Computations with Banded Matrices

We devise parallel algorithms for solving a banded linear system of equations and for computing the determinant of a banded matrix, substantially improving the previous record computational complexity estimates of E]. Our algorithms are in NC or RNC and support new record bounds on the parallel time complexity of these computations and simultaneously the bounds on their potential work (the product of time and processor bounds), which match (within constant or logarithmic factors) the record sequential time bounds for the same computations. Moreover, these algorithms are in NC1 or RNC1 if the bandwidth is a constant.
An integrated architecture for an effective knowledge organization

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the importance of an integrated architecture in creating an effective knowledge organization (EKO).Design/methodology/approach – Development of a conceptual model of the architecture of an EKO.Findings – Managers should strive to develop an integrated EKO but be careful to recognize the many differences in its key elements in doing so.Originality/value – Provides an EKO concept and an understanding of the limitations that exist in operationalizing this concept.
THREE-BODY IONIC RECOMBINATION AS A MARKOV PROCESS.

Abstract The description of ionic recombination as a Markov process is shown to yield the same equation for the quasi-equilbrium distribution of ion pairs among their bound states as that used by Bates and Flannery in their statistical theory of recombination. The description also permits a correlation between the previous approximate treatments, which regarded the recombination process as diffusion in energy space, and the formally and conceptually different treatment of Bates and Flannery.
Hydrogen production by chemically reacting species

Abstract Using thermochemical calculations in the system Na–C–H–O, it is shown that when used in appropriate molar proportions carbon or methane, water and sodium hydroxide react to produce almost pure hydrogen and solid sodium carbonate. At 1 atm , the reaction takes place over a wide range of temperatures (100–800°C) producing hydrogen with only traces of other hydrocarbon impurities. Sodium carbonate is the byproduct of the reaction.
Fluorescent brightener inhibits apoptosis in baculovirus-infected gypsy moth larval midgut cells in vitro

Abstract Fluorescent brighteners significantly lower the LC50 and LT50 in a variety of nucleopolyhedrovirus–insect host systems. In larvae of the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.), a European NPV strain of virus (LdMNPV) does not normally replicate in the midgut, but addition of a fluorescent brightener (Calcofluor M2R) to the virus suspension results in productive infections. In the current study, we show that LdMNPV also does not replicate in a larval midgut primary cell culture system unless a fluorescent brightener (Blankophor P167) is added. Morphological and cellular changes characteristic of apoptotic cell death were noted in infected midgut cells in vitro. We used the TUNEL assay to measure apoptosis in virus-challenged midgut cell cultures at 24–48 h post-inoculation. A significant decrease in apoptotic midgut cells was noted in the presence of 0.01 M brightener. The inhibition of apoptosis and presumptive inhibition of shedding of infected midgut cells in the presence of fluorescent brightener i...
Top Journals Selectivity Index: is it acceptable for drugs beyond the field of analgesia?

To predict the success of an analgesic drug we have suggested a bibliometric indicator, the Top Journals Selectivity Index (TJSI) (Kissin, Scientometrics, 86:785---795, 2011). It represents the ratio (as %) between the number of all types of articles on a particular drug in the top 20 biomedical journals and the number of articles on that drug in all (>5,000) journals covered by Medline over the first 5 years after a drug's introduction. For example, the highest TJSI score among analgesics was that of sumatriptan, the most successful drug for the treatment of migraine. The aim of this study was to demonstrate that TJSI may be used not only in the field of analgesics, but also for various other categories of drugs. The study tested two hypotheses. First, the difference between the most successful and less successful drugs in any pharmacological class can be reliably detected by TJSI. Second, drugs with TJSI indicators as high as that of sumatriptan can be found among other pharmacological classes as well. Drugs from various pharmacological classes approved by the Federal Drug Administration (FDA) during the 10-year period, 1980---1989, were used in this study. Two groups of 10 drugs were selected to test the first hypothesis. One group included the most successful (breakthrough) drugs; the other included less successful drugs matched with the breakthrough drugs according to mechanism of action. The difference between the two groups was compared using three publication indices: the TJSI, the number of all types of articles on a drug in journals presented by Medline (AJI), and the number of articles covering only randomized controlled trials (RCT). It was found that TJSI can detect the difference between the two groups of drugs better than the two other indices. TJSI detected the difference between a breakthrough drug and its less successful counterpart at least 69% of the time with 95% confidence. With the other two indices the difference was not distinguishable from random chance. Some of the breakthrough drugs (zidovudine, omeprazole, lovastatin) have TSJIs as high or even higher than that of sumatriptan (19.2 vs. 23.0, 21.4, and 20.6, respectively). In conclusion, TJSI can be useful not only in the field of analgesics, but also with drugs belonging to other pharmacological classes.
Rhinocerebral Mucormycosis: Evolution of the Disease and Treatment Options

Rhinocerebral mucormycosis is recognized as a potentially aggressive and commonly fatal fungal infection. The classic presentation is involvement of nasal mucosa with invasion of the paranasal sinuses and orbit. Mucormycosis is most commonly seen in association with diabetic ketoacidosis, but disease demographics have changed with the onset of AIDS and the advent of powerful immunosuppressive drugs. Treatment includes aggressive debridement, systemic antifungal therapy, and control of underlying comorbid factors. Although surgical intervention remains essential, advances in medical therapy have permitted a more limited surgical approach to minimize functional loss without compromising survival. We present the UCLA experience with rhinocerebral mucormycosis from 1955 to 1995, with emphasis on the evolution of disease presentation and alternative treatment options.
Measurements of electron-pair-production cross sections

A number of cross sections associated with electron pair production have been measured in the photon energy range 10-300 MeV in Ilford G-5 emulsion (Z/sub eff/ approx equal 21). Measurements include the distribution of the recoil momentum and scattering angle of the target nucleus, the divergence angle between the pair members, the energy partition, the effect of photon polarization, and the absolute pair production cross section. Agreements and disagreements with the theory and previous measurements are discussed. (auth)
Evolution in a time-varying environment

A simple model of competition in a time-varying environment was developed and used to discuss the evolution of life-history strategies.
Effect of Fluid Flow on the Stress Corrosion Cracking of AISI 304 Stainless Steel in Pure Water and 0.01 N Na2CO4 Solutions Differing in pH

Abstract The effect of fluid flow on stress corrosion cracking of sensitized AISI 304 stainless steel was studied in air-saturated pure water and in air-saturated acidified and alkaline 0.01 M Na2SO4 solutions under open circuit conditions at 250 C, using slow strain rate tensile tests. It was found that in pure water and in acidified sodium sulfate solution the time to failure increased with increasing fluid flow velocity. However, in alkaline solution the time to failure was not affected by the fluid flow. The AC impedance measurements showed that with increasing fluid flow velocity the protective properties of the oxide film improved in both the neutral and acidified Na2SO4 solutions but not in the alkaline Na2SO4 solution.
The Portrayal of Food Variety in Children's Picture Books

Abstract LEARNING OUTCOME : To explain how foods are portrayed in children's picture books and where improvement is needed. Children's picture books from the year groups 1984-88 and 1991-95 (i.e., the years preceding and following the releases of the 1989 RDA's and 1990 Dietary Guidelines) were content analyzed as to the variety of foods illustrated and the nutrient content of the foods portrayed. A total of 120 randomly selected books were evaluated; S5% of the books evaluated contained food pictures. For the year group 1984-88, 8$, 14J, 17%, 3%, 9% and 23% of the food pictures were from the grain, vegetable, fruit, dairy, meat, and fats, oils and sweets groups, respectively. For the 1991-95 year group, 6%, 16%, 17%, 8%, 10% and 16% of the food pictures were from the grain, vegetable, fruit, dairy, meat, and fats, oils and sweet food groups, respectively. Approximately 24% of the foods portrayed were unidentifiable. There were no significant differences in portrayal of food groups between the different year groups. When examining nutrient content, only calcium portrayal was significantly greater in books from 1991-95 than from 1984-88. In summary, illustrations from children's picture books need to portray more grains and fewer fats, oils and sweets in order to more closely reflect Food Guide Pyramid recommendations. This will in turn improve the nutritional messages on food variety that young children are receiving from the illustrations in their picture books.
Effect of stimulus presentation duration on gustatory reaction time

Abstract Human simple reaction time to 3 sec and brief (200 and 400 msec) flow durations of aqueous 500 mM NaCl to the anterior dorsal tongue surface was measured for fifteen participants. Overall reaction time was 403 ± 30 msec (median ± 99% standard error of the median confidence interval). No statistically significant difference in reaction time as a function of flow duration was found. We conclude that 200 msec is ⩾ minimum human taste input time. This suggests that the phasic components of the gustatory neural response are sufficient for some human taste judgments.
Magnetic Resonance Evaluation of Cervical Nerve Root Avulsion Injury

Cervical nerve root avulsion is hard to diagnose with cervical myelography even in combination with computed tomographic scanning. Although magnetic resonance imaging may not demonstrate a root avulsion, it can demonstrate the sequelae of traumatic injury, such as pseudomeningoceles or displacement of the spinal cord, contralateral to the avulsed root. The findings in three different patients are presented and discussed.
Optimal Stockpile Problems with Stochastic Consumption Saturation and Solution Interval

Economic problems in the optimal management of strategic resource stockpiles can be rigorously studied and solved by formulating them as optimal control problems in continuous time. Often, the real economic systems and stockpiling scenarios of interest exhibit both stochastic features and input saturation effects. Building on work to account for saturation effects into basic optimal stockpile problems, the following paper solves a basic optimal stockpile model with a stochastic saturation limit as well as a stochastic solution interval.
Direct patterning of conductive water-soluble polyaniline for thin-film organic electronics

We report a simple and low-cost technique for directly patterning conductive water-soluble polyaniline. This technique exploits the hydrophilic nature of polyaniline that was synthesized on a polymer acid template. To create conductive features, aqueous polyaniline solutions are directly spun cast onto substrates previously patterned with hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions. Polyaniline selectively adsorbs in the hydrophilic regions thereby resulting in features as small as 5 μm with an average conductivity of 0.3 S/cm over large areas. Polyaniline contacts for thin-film transistors were fabricated; such devices show on characteristics that are quantitatively similar to those of reference devices with gold electrodes.
Egypt and the Limits of Hellenism

Moyer's book provides new ways to examine the encounter of Greek and Egyptian cultures both in Antiquity and in the modern scholarship on Antiquity, starting with an analysis of past scholarly appr...
A View from Riggs : Treatment Resistance and Patient Authority-IX. Integrative Psychodynamic Treatment of Psychotic Disorders

Psychotic spectrum disorders present treatment challenges for patients, families, and clinicians. This article addresses the history of the dualism in the field between biological and psychological approaches to mental disorders, and surveys the contemporary literature about the etiology and treatment of psychotic spectrum disorders. An integrative approach to treatment derived from work at Austen Riggs with previously treatment refractory patients with psychotic spectrum disorders is described that combines individual psycho- dynamic psychotherapy, psychopharmacology, family systems approaches, and intensive psychosocial engagement. Helping patients develop their own authority to join the treatment, use relationships for learning, and understand the meaning of their symptoms is central to the treatment at Austen Riggs. An extended case vignette of a patient diagnosed with a schizoaffective disorder is presented illustrating this integrative psychodynamic treatment approach.