cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inhibition of DNA synthesis but not of poly-dAT synthesis by the arabinose analogue of cytidine in vitro.

Kimball and Wilson1 reported that the arabinose analogue of cytidine (ara-C) inhibited DNA polymerase in a crude extract prepared from Ehrlich ascites cells. Furth and Cohen2 observed cytosine arabinoside triphosphate (ara-CTP) inhibited DNA polymerase in extracts from either calf thymus or bovine lymphosarcoma tissue, although these investigators3 had already found no effect of ara-CTP on DNA polymerase from Escherichia coli. The inhibition in both of these cases could be substantially reversed by dCTP; but incorporation of the arabinose nucleotide (ara-CMP) into DNA could not be unequivocally demonstrated. Graham and Whitmore4 reported the incorporation of ara-C into DNA in vivo and the inhibition of a DNA polymerase from L cells by ara-CTP. They found that ara-CMP was initially incorporated into small DNA strands but subsequently appeared in long strands. Momparler5 has presented evidence that, in vitro, ara-C incorporation was limited to the 3′-hydroxyl end of DNA chains. Such incorporation might be expected to block further chain elongation but this expectation was not supported by the evidence presented by Graham and Whitmore.
Regulation of ApoE receptor proteolysis by ligand binding.

Two brain receptors for apolipoprotein E (apoE), the apoE receptor 2 (apoEr2) and the very low density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLr), are important in neuronal migration during development. Using a series of tagged constructs, we found that these two receptors undergo extracellular cleavages to release secreted forms of the receptors and intramembranous cleavages to degrade the C-terminal fragments. Release of the extracellular domains was blocked by an inhibitor of metalloproteinases and increased by PMA. Accumulation of the intracellular domain was increased by the presence of an inhibitor of γ-secretase. ApoE binding to these receptors caused increased release of the extracellular domain and accumulation of the intracellular domains; similar increases in receptor proteolytic domains were observed from endogenous apoEr2 after treatment of primary neurons or rat hippocampus with an apoE-derived peptide. The human apoE isoforms promoted proteolysis to different degrees, with apoE2 resulting in a greater accumulation of the C-terminal fragments of apoEr2 compared with apoE4. These effects of apoE on receptor proteolysis were mediated by the ligand binding domain of the receptor. Similar promotion of receptor cleavage was seen with two other ligands, reelin and activated α2-macroglobulin. We suggest that signaling promoted by these receptors depends in part on these regulated proteolytic events.
Extended DNA binding site in Pot1 broadens sequence specificity to allow recognition of heterogeneous fission yeast telomeres

The Pot1 (protection of telomeres) protein binds to single-stranded telomeric DNA and is essential for the protection of chromosome ends from degradation and end-to-end fusions. The Pot1 amino-terminal DNA binding domain, Pot1N, adopts an oligonucleotide/oligosaccharide binding fold and binds GGTTAC motifs cooperatively and with exceptionally high sequence specificity. We have now examined DNA binding to naturally occurring telomeric substrates based on the analysis of 100 cloned chromosome ends and in the context of the full-length Pot1 protein. Here, we describe several important differences between Pot1 and Pot1N with apparent consequences for chromosome end protection. Specifically, full-length Pot1.DNA complexes are more stable, and the minimal binding site for a Pot1 monomer is extended into two adjacent telomeric repeats. We provide evidence that Pot1 contains a second DNA binding motif that recognizes DNA with reduced sequence specificity compared with the domain present in Pot1N. The two DNA binding motifs cooperate, whereby the amino-terminal oligonucleotide/oligosaccharide binding fold determines the registry of binding, and the internal DNA binding motif stabilizes the complex and expands the protected region toward the 3' -end. Consistent with a role in chromosome end capping, Pot1 prevents access of telomerase to the 3'-end and protects against exonucleolytic degradation.
Problem Solving, Community Building, and Systems Interaction: An Integrated Practice Model for Community Development

One popular and two less-emphasized processes converge in this paper to form an integrated practice model for community development. The first, problem solving, has historically occupied a prominent position in community development models. The second, community building, is a process that has been described as strengthening horizontal relations. The third, systems interaction, relates to the determination of those parties who play crucial roles in community development. Each process has an appropriate sequence of tasks; when the three processes are pursued simultaneously, they yield an integrated approach. A case study of a rural county dealing with youth substance abuse illustrates how problem solving creates the action in community development, how community building concomitantly assures broad ownership of that action, and how systems interaction lends direction to the action.
Bladder tube urinary diversion.

The advantages of bladder tube urinary diversion were outweighed by the complications of tube encrustation, ulceration and upper urinary tract dilatation when this operation was performed in dogs. Bowel conduit urinary diversion in dogs did not have these complications to the same extent. The operative procedure rather than the dog model was felt to be responsible for the poor results with bladder tube urinary diversion.
Faceting kinetics of stepped Si(113) surfaces: dynamic scaling and nano-scale grooves

Time-resolved synchrotron X-ray scattering studies are presented of the faceting kinetics of stepped silicon surfaces misoriented by 2.1° and 1.3° from the cubic [113] direction towards the [001] direction. Following a quench from the high-temperature one-phase region of the orientational phase diagram into the two-phase coexistence region, originally-uniformly-distributed steps rearrange to form a grooved superstructure. Time-resolved surface X-ray scattering measurements reveal the behavior of the grooved surface morphology as a function of time. For times up to several hundred seconds after a quench, the behaviors of the specular and diffuse scattering intensity support a dynamic scaling description of the surface morphology. Specifically, the surface is found to be self-similar in time, with a characteristic groove side (L) varying as a power-law versus time (t): L = Lotф with a coarsening exponent of ф = 0.164 ± 0.021 ⋍ 16. ф = 16 is consistent with a theory which focuses on thermally fluctuating step bunches and takes their collisions as the key growth mechanism. At later times, the groove size approaches a limiting value which depends on the stepped phase misorientation angle. This is consistent with the behavior expected for faceted surfaces in the case that elastic effects are important [V.I. Marchenko, Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 81 (1981) 1141].
Growth Ideology in a Period of Decline: Deindustrialization and Restructuring, Flint Style

This paper examines the ideology of growth in the context of local economic development activities in Flint, Michigan. The literature on urban political economies, which suggests that local communities can be best understood as “growth machines” directed by a “growth ideology,” is examined first. Then, Flint's growth ideology amid deindustrialization is explored through a case study of local economic development that pursued a costly and failed strategy based on tourism and tax abatement/infrastructure improvements. Finally, scrutiny is brought to bear on the most recent suggestion that a centralized planning process mil lead to an economic renewal in Flint; the conclusion is drawn that local growth ideology constrains the thinking of economic development decision-makers. This ideological constraint inhibits consideration of progressive economic planning aimed at sustainable economic development strategies.
Shear deformation of glassy metals: Breakdown of cauchy relationship and anelasticity

Abstract Shear deformation process of glassy metals is analyzed by computer simulation in terms of the topology defined by the connectivity of atoms. It is shown that the topology of the dense random packing structure is unstable against shear deformation, and the apparent softening of the shear modulus compared to the crystalline state and the resulting breakdown of the Cauchy relationship is due to anelasticity.
Pseudotumor of the distal common bile duct at endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography.

Abstract Background Prior studies have described a pseudocalculus appearance in the distal common bile duct as a normal variant at cholangiography. The objective of this study was to describe the occurrence of pseudotumor in the distal common bile duct at endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Methods Nine patients who underwent ERCP between May 2004 and July 2008 were identified as having a transient eccentric mural-based filling defect in the distal common bile duct. A single reader systematically reviewed all studies and recorded the imaging findings. Results The mean diameter of the filling defect was 9 mm (range, 5 to 11). Eight patients had resolution of the filling defect during the same ERCP or on a subsequent ERCP, and in two of these patients the inferior border of the filling defect was not well visualized. The other patient underwent surgical resection of a presumed tumor with no evidence of malignancy on surgical pathology. Conclusion An eccentric mural-based filling defect in the distal common bile duct can be artifactual in nature and may reflect transient contraction of the sphincter of Oddi. Recognition of this pseudotumor may help avoid unnecessary surgery.
Assessing Mild Cognitive Impairment with Amyloid and Dopamine Terminal Molecular Imaging

We evaluated positron emission tomography (PET)-based classification of neurodegenerative pathology in mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Methods A cross-sectional and prospective evaluation of a cohort of 27 MCI subjects drawn from a university-based Cognitive Disorders clinic. We compared expert clinical consensus classification of MCI at entry, and possible dementia at follow-up, with molecular imaging-based classification employing [11C]DTBZ-PET measurement of striatal dopamine terminal integrity and [11C]PiB-PET measurement of cerebral amyloid burden.
Quantum nucleation of solids

Quantum nucleation of solid4He from superfluid4He is discussed on the basis of a simple isotropic model. The nucleation rate is evaluated in the semiclassical WKB approximation developed earlier by Lifshitz and Kagan. The rate very strongly depends on the magnitude of overpressurization. The effect of a substrate that is characterized by a surface tension is examined; since the substrate reduces the liquid kinetic energy, the nucleation rate is substantially increased when the contact angle is small. The same method is applied to the two-dimensional nucleation of a new atomic layer on a singular face, with the result that the rate is very small under usual conditions.
Theoretical Study of Lift-Generated Vortex Wakes Designed to Avoid Rollup

The random motions of the vortex elements behind a wing that sheds a disturbed, translating array of vortices are analyzed. The analysis indicates that the wake would diffuse and decay rapidly when viscosity is present and would produce small rolling moments on encountering aircraft. It was found that comparable results could also be achieved with an array consisting of vortices that are equal in magnitude but which alternate in sign. This observation indicates that random motion can probably be achieved with a variety of stepped loadings.
Growth and characterization of InAs epitaxial layer on GaAs (111) B

The behavior of InAs deposition on $\mathrm{Ga}\mathrm{As}(111)B$ substrates and the corresponding routes toward strain relaxation have been investigated. InAs growth was for depositions ranging from 2 monolayers to 30 monolayers. Over this deposition range, different routes for strain relaxation caused by the lattice mismatch were observed. The strain relaxed through ragged step edge formation and Ga-In intermixing for low InAs deposition and through the formation of step bunching and dislocations for thicker depositions.
Specular Spectral Reflectance Of ALS1304 Stainless Steel At Near-Normal Incidence

A study has been performed experimentally to determine the effects of surface roughness, damaged surface layer and chemical composition on the specular spectral reflectance of A1SI304 austenitic stainless steel from the machining point of view. Stainless steel samples are heat-treated under various conditions and polished by various methods. Flat samples are polished supersmoothly to a surface roughness of 20 angstroms Rz by terminating the damage-free polishing of the damaged surface layer at a point prior to the appearance of the grain boundary due to crystallographic anisotropy. The reflectance is strongly dependent on wavelength and surface roughness and increases as damage to the surface layer decreases. The combination of adequate annealing and special polishing is useful to produce higher reflectance on metal substrates. Surface chemical composition profiles are measured by ILIA and ALS, which show that chromium is depleted at the very topmost oxidized layer on the polished sample, while there is a chromium-rich oxide layer beneath the layer. The thickness of the oxide layer is about 30 angstroms on the supersmoothly polished stainless steel.
An effective approach to prediction of the collapse mode in automotive seat structure

Abstract Safety is an important issue in automobile design, in which the seat structure plays a crucial part. Engineering of the seat structure has a wide range of benefits for the manufacturer in the areas of cost savings and better design techniques. The seat in an automobile must not only be comfortable for the passenger, but must also be designed to protect the occupant from a wide range of impact situations. The seat structure in our advancing automotive world must also have a simple, lightweight design to keep down material and manufacturing costs. Despite the importance of seat structure design, many manufacturers do not have the time or money to perform an in-depth analysis of multiple different designs. The nonlinear behaviour of the seat structure forces engineers to use virtual prototyping and numerical analysis in its design. Use of a complex model and the long computation time of a numerical model drive up the cost and limit the turn around time in the production and design of an automobile seat structure. This paper proposes a cost-effective analysis of a seat system to ensure the safety of the occupants in the case of a frontal impact. In order to predict the major collapse mode of a seat structure in this scenario, the strength effectiveness of each component in the seat system is examined using a self-developed experimental procedure. To be sure of shear deformation of the inner track section of the seat structure, a detailed FE simulation is carried out, leading to an effective 2-D finite element method with plastic hinge to represent the major collapse mode. The simulation results are then compared with corresponding tests in order to verify their validity.
Hydrothermal synthesis, structural determination, and thermal properties of 2-D cobalt- and nickel-based coordination polymers incorporating pendant-arm 3-pyridinecarboxylate ligands

Abstract Hydrothermal synthesis has afforded a family of four coordination polymers containing divalent nickel or cobalt and pendant-arm pyridylcarboxylate ligands. Utilizing 3-pyridylacetic acid and appropriate metal precursors produced [M(3-pyrac)2(H2O)2] phases (M = Co (1); M = Ni (2)), while 3-pyridylpropionic acid generated [M(3-pyrprop)2(H2O)2] coordination polymers (M = Co (3); M = Ni (4)). Single crystal X-ray diffraction revealed that 1–4 all display discrete 2-D layers with (4,4)-topology, anchored via bridging 3-pyridylcarboxylate ligands bearing monodentate carboxylate termini. Intralamellar hydrogen bonding between the aquo ligands and unligated carboxylate oxygen atoms is observed within 1–4. The pseudo 3-D structures of 1–4 are further assembled via stacking of individual neutral layers by interlayer hydrogen bonding. Thermal properties are also discussed.
Collaborative rhythm: temporal dissonance and alignment in collaborative scientific work

CSCW studies of large-scale distributed practice in the sciences and elsewhere have taught us important things about space and place as props and barriers to distributed collective action, but they have had relatively less to say about time. This paper develops a heuristic of collaborative rhythms and points to the work of temporal alignment as a neglected but crucial element underpinning distributed collective practice in the sciences (and other spheres of collective activity). Specifically, we argue that joint scientific work is organized around four separate registers, or 'rhythms' - organizational, infrastructural, biographical, and phenomenal - and that efforts to align such rhythms constitute an important and under-recognized aspect of collaborative work. The ideas and examples are drawn from our own field studies around IT infrastructure and collaborative practice across a range of scientific fields.
Contact finite element modeling of the short beam shear test for composite materials

A simple but accurate contact modeling scheme was developed and implemented into a three-dimensional elastic-plastic finite element analysis to study the three- and four-point loading short beam shear tests for composite materials. The developed scheme was found to model rigid loading and support cylinders in contact with a composite specimen very efficiently and accurately compared to available closed-form solutions and other rigorous contact modeling schemes. The effect of span-to-thickness ratio in the composite short beam shear test was then studied. The apparent interlaminar shear strength of unidirectional composite materials was found to be higher when lower span-to-thickness ratios were utilized. This predicted trend agrees with that observed experimentally.
Surface effects and structural dependence of magneto-optical spectra: Ultrathin Co films and CoPt n alloys and multilayers

First-principles calculations of the optical conductivities and magneto-optical Kerr effects for bulk and thin films of Co and for ${\mathrm{CoPt}}_{n}$ alloys $(n=1$ and 3) and multilayer $(n=3)$ are carried out using the full potential linearized augmented plane wave method with the local spin density approximation. For fcc bulk Co, we obtain a negligible dependence of the polar Kerr rotation on the direction of magnetization. By contrast, the calculated Kerr spectra of ${\mathrm{CoPt}}_{n}$ are found to be very sensitive to structural changes. For Co(001) and Co(111) ultrathin films, the surface effects cause a redshift for the high-energy peaks in the magneto-optic Kerr effect (MOKE) spectra, mainly due to band narrowing. Except for the free standing Co(001) monolayer, the profile of their MOKE spectra, however, is very close to that of bulk Co.
Arendt, Byron, and De Quincey in Dark Times

This article begins as an improvisation on terms developed in Hannah Arendt’s collection Men in Dark Times. Dark times for Arendt signal disastrous conditions under which life and the ideas about such a life remain invisible or obscure. Lives led under dark times are marked by a resistance to public declaration and display, and they are intelligible only in terms of privation. Dark times are thus hopeless and intransigent; while they are a state of emergency for Arendt, this paper aims to think differently about the non‐pathological and transformative effects produced by disaster – that is to say, how catastrophic events in texts by De Quincey and Byron are denatured or flattened out to the point where disaster expresses new relational forms of non‐destructive dark life.
Testing a Diffusion Trap Model for Store-Operated Calcium Entry by Single Particle Tracking

Depletion of calcium from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) triggers autonomous assembly of STIM1-Orai1 complexes at ER-plasma membrane (PM) junctions, leading to store-operated calcium entry (SOCE). One hypothesis to explain this process is a diffusion trap in which activated STIM1 diffusing in the ER becomes trapped at junctions by binding to the PM via its C-terminal polybasic domain. STIM1 then traps Orai1 in the PM through binding of STIM1's CRAC activation domain. We tested this diffusion trap model by analyzing STIM1 and Orai1 diffusion using single-particle tracking, photoactivation of protein ensembles, and Monte Carlo simulations. In resting cells, STIM1 diffusion is Brownian with a mean diffusion coefficient (D) of 0.12 µm2/s, while Orai1 is slightly subdiffusive (mean D=0.09 µm2/s). After store depletion both proteins slow to the same speed (mean D≈0.03 µm2/s), consistent with complex formation, and are confined to an area similar in size to ER-PM junctions. At high STIM1:Orai1 expression ratios, the probability that Orai1 escapes the diffusion trap is >1%, but the escape probability is significantly increased by reducing the affinity of STIM1 for Orai1 or by expressing the two proteins at comparable levels. Our results provide direct evidence that STIM1 and Orai1 are trapped by their physical connections across the junctional gap. However, we also find that STIM-Orai interactions are surprisingly dynamic in that readily reversible binding reactions generate free STIM1 and Orai1 which can escape and exchange with extrajunctional pools. These data suggest that STIM1 and Orai1 interact with low affinity, creating the potential for SOCE modulation even when ER calcium stores are mostly depleted, and promoting the reversal of SOCE upon store refilling.
Development of food motivated behavior in free feeding and food restricted zucker fatty (fa/fa) rats

Abstract The food motivated behavior of ad lib fed or calorically restricted male Zucker fatty and lean rats was compared at 12, 16, 20 and 30 weeks of age. The groups were fasted for 0, 12 and 24 hr and required to lever press for food pellets on VI 40 sec. Responding by ad lib fatties was elevated over lean controls during the rapid growth period (12 and 16 weeks of age) but was significantly reduced following the completion of growth (20 weeks). Elevated responding accompanied hyperphagia by the ad lib fatties during growth but did not accompany a second, adult onset period of hyperphagia in these fatties. In contrast, fatties calorically restricted from birth responded at elevated rates at all ages compared to lean controls. At 20 weeks restricted fatties, which were as obese on a percentage body composition basis as ad lib fatties, responded significantly more than the latter group at all fasting levels. Metabolic measurements revealed elevated fat cell size, LPL activity/cell and insulin levels in both fatty groups at 15 weeks, and elevated fat cell number in these groups at 33 weeks. The possibility is discussed that enhanced lipogenic factors present during the rapid growth period combine with the metabolic demands of growth to produce a “compensatory hyperphagia” in the fatty rat.
The Influence of Two Hospitals’ Designs and Policies on Social Interaction and Privacy as Coping Factors for Children With Cancer and Their Families:

Children with cancer and their families benefit from both social interaction and privacy in attempting to cope with the stresses of a child's hospitalization and illness. An analysis of findings from a study of stress and coping for children with cancer evaluated design features affecting social interaction and privacy at a hospital in the United Kingdom and a hospital in the United States and some of the ways in which these features and related hospital policies uphold the philosophy of family-centered care and support coping. Implications of these findings with the current call for single occupancy rooms in both countries are explored.
Proxies, application interfaces, and distributed systems

Proxy objects are local representatives of remote objects in a distributed system. The authors use proxies to construct a transparent application programming interface (API) for the Choices distributed operating system. In earlier work, proxies were used in Choices to provide a protected, object-oriented interface to system objects. The addition of Remote Proxies allows applications to access all resources in a uniform way by simply invoking methods on objects, irrespective of whether they are local, in the kernel, in a different user virtual address space or remote. They also extend proxies to optimize access to remote and protected objects and to provide support for changing server interfaces. They describe a new remote procedure call (RPC) facility for invoking methods on remote objects through the proxy mechanism. The API is made dynamically reconfigurable by using table lookup to perform all functions normally provided by stubs in conventional RPC implementations. The API permits new versions of a service to be introduced without requiring recompilation of application client code. >
Taking Action: A Cross-Modal Investigation of Discourse-Level Representations

Segmenting stimuli into events and understanding the relations between those events is crucial for understanding the world. For example, on the linguistic level, successful language use requires the ability to recognize semantic coherence relations between events (e.g. causality, similarity). However, relatively little is known about the mental representation of discourse structure. We report two experiments that used a cross-modal priming paradigm to investigate how humans represent the relations between events. Participants repeated a motor action modeled by the experimenter (e.g. rolled a ball towards mini bowling pins to knock them over), and then completed an unrelated sentence-continuation task (e.g. provided a continuation for “Peter scratched John. …”). In two experiments, we tested whether and how the coherence relations represented by the motor actions (e.g., causal events vs. non-causal events) influence participants’ performance in the linguistic task. Our analyses focused on the coherence relations between the prompt sentences and participants’ continuations, as well as the referential shifts in the continuations. As a whole, the results suggest that the mental representations activated by motor actions overlap with the mental representations used during linguistic discourse-level processing, but nevertheless contain fine-grained information about sub-types of causality (reaction vs. consequence). In addition, the findings point to parallels between shifting one’s attention from one event to another and shifting one’s attention from one referent to another, and indicate that the event structure of causal sequences is conceptualized more like single events than like two distinct events. As a whole, the results point towards common representations activated by motor sequences and discourse-semantic relations, and further our understanding of the mental representation of discourse structure, an area that is still not yet well-understood.
Oxygen isotopic composition of ferric oxides from recent soil, hydrologic, and marine environments

Low-temperature synthesis experiments on ferric oxide–water systems have resulted in disparate oxygen isotope fractionation–temperature (α-T) curves. In this study, recent ferric oxides, mostly goethites of Holocene age, were collected and analyzed from a variety of modern soil, stream, and marine environments, where formation temperature and the oxygen isotopic composition (δ18O) of the water from which ferric oxides precipitated can be independently measured or estimated. This allows comparison of experimental α-T relationships with data from natural systems. Selective dissolution methods were refined for the pretreatment of fine-grained minerals in order to obtain reliable δ18O values for pure and crystalline ferric oxides. The difference (Δδ18O) between the δ18O value of goethite and that of local mean meteoric water ranges from −1.5 to +6.3‰ for soil goethites from New Jersey, Indiana, Michigan, Iowa, South Dakota, and Taiwan. We argue that these variations are largely the result of differences between the δ18O of formation water and that of local mean meteoric water, induced probably by 18O-enrichment of soil waters by evaporation or other processes in soil horizons where ferric oxides are forming. A marine goethite sample from Scotland and a subaqueous bog iron sample from New Jersey, which can not be biased by evaporative processes, provide crucial natural evidence that the difference in δ18O between goethite and formation water is ∼−1.5‰ at ∼10°C. This result is consistent with our prior laboratory synthesis results (Bao and Koch, 1999), but in conflict with other experimental calibrations. Given the highly variable δ18O value of soil or other surface water, as well as the potential of initially formed ferric oxides for reequilibration with subsurface burial fluids during maturation to crystalline phases, an understanding of formational and diagenetic conditions is absolutely essential when attempting to use the oxygen isotope composition of ferric oxides as a paleoclimatic proxy.
The effect of feeding on the canine lower esophageal sphincter.

Lower esophageal sphincter pressure (LESP) is known to increase in experimental animals and in man after the administration of exogenous gastrin or gastrin analog. This was first shown independently by two groups in 1969 [I, 31. These data led to the speculation that the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) is controlled by serum gastrin. In 1973, Grossman [4] questioned this hypothesis. He felt the response of the LES to serum gastrin concentrations might reflect the pharmacologic action of gastrin on the LES and not be a true representative of the physiologic response of the LES to the serum gastrin level. The purpose of this investigation is to determine the LESP before and after a physiologic stimulus to gastrin release. The physiologic stimulus chosen was feeding.
Coordinated Denial-of-Service Attacks in IEEE 802.22 Networks

The cognitive radio enabled IEEE 802.22 wireless regional area network (WRAN) is designed to opportunistically utilize the unused or under-utilized TV bands. However, due to the lack of proactive security protocols and proper interaction policies among the secondary networks themselves, the IEEE 802.22 networks are vulnerable to various denial-of-service (DoS) threats. In this paper, we study the impact of coordinated DoS attacks on IEEE 802.22 networks from the malicious nodes' perspective. Assuming that multiple malicious nodes will launch coordinated attacks, we formulate a cooperative game among the malicious nodes. The expression of the net payoff is derived and the optimal decision strategy for the malicious nodes is obtained numerically. Simulation results demonstrate that the coordinated attack approach can enhance as high as 10-15% more net payoff for the malicious nodes than the uncoordinated attack.
On Clustering of Undetectable Single Stuck-At Faults and Test Quality in Full-Scan Circuits

We demonstrate that undetectable single stuck-at faults in full-scan benchmark circuits tend to cluster in certain areas. This implies that certain areas may remain uncovered by a test set for single stuck-at faults. We describe an extension to the set of target faults aimed at providing a better coverage of the circuit in the presence of undetectable single stuck-at faults. The extended set of target faults consists of double stuck-at faults that include an undetectable fault as one of their components. The other component is a detectable fault adjacent to the undetectable fault. We present experimental results of fault simulation and test generation for the extended set of target faults.
Study of cell opening in flexible polyurethane foam

The time to onset of cell opening and the modulus around the event were measured using a parallel-plate rheometer for flexible polyurethane foams. Cell opening time was compared with the visual blow-off time. The onset of cell opening occurs several seconds after phase separation, and the visual blow-off occurs several seconds (sometimes more than ten seconds) after the onset. Two series of formulations were studied, one in which the factors other than surfactant (tin catalyst level, TDI index, polyol type) were changed, and the second series in which only the surfactant was changed. In the first series, the modulus at cell opening did not change much with different formulations. However, the modulus development rate during the cell opening period (between the onset and the visual blow-off) changed significantly. Air flow was lower with higher modulus development rate. In the second series, the modulus development rate or the timing of onset of cell opening did not change even when the air flow changed co...
Array comparative genomic hybridisation-based identification of two imbalances of chromosome 1p in a 9-year-old girl with a monosomy 1p36 related phenotype and a family history of learning difficulties: A case report

Monosomy 1p36 is one of the most common terminal deletion syndromes, with an approximate incidence of 1 in every 5000 live births. This syndrome is associated with several pronounced clinical features including characteristic facial features, cardiac abnormalities, seizures and mental retardation, all of which are believed to be due to haploinsufficiency of genes within the 1p36 region. The deletion size varies from approximately 1.5 Mb to 10 Mb with the most common breakpoints located at 1p36.13 to 1p36.33. Over 70% of 1p36 deletion patients have a true terminal deletion. A further 7% have interstitial deletions and a proportion have a derivative chromosome 1 where the 1p telomere is replaced by material from another chromosome, either as a result of a de-novo rearrangement or as a consequence of malsegregation of a balanced parental translocation at meiosis. Array comparative genomic hybridisation analysis of a 9-year-old Caucasian girl presenting with dysmorphic facial features and learning difficulties, for whom previous routine karyotyping had been normal, identified two submicroscopic rearrangements within chromosome 1p. Detection of both an insertional duplication of a region of 1p32.3 into the subtelomeric region of the short arm of a chromosome 1 homologue and a deletion within 1p36.32 of the same chromosome instigated a search for candidate genes within these regions which could be responsible for the clinical phenotype of the patient. Several genes were identified by computer-based annotation, some of which have implications in neurological and physical development. Array comparative genomic hybridisation is providing a robust method for pinpointing regions of candidate genes associated with clinical phenotypes that extend beyond the resolution of the light microscope. This case report provides an example of how this method of analysis and the subsequent reporting of findings have proven useful in collaborative efforts to elucidate multiple gene functions from a clinical perspective.
Multi-level metallurgy for master image structured logic

A dense double-level metal interconnection process has been developed for application to master image structured logic products. The metal wiring pitches that are currently being produced, 5.0-µm metal 1 and 7.0-µm metal 2, are compatible with 2.0-µm lithography at other mask levels. These densities are achieved by use of a nitride-polyimide dual insulation scheme and second metal lift-off to achieve a unique overlapping via structure and elimination of metal borders. Details and rationale for the choice of the insulator/via etch scheme and second metal definition process are discussed. Finally, the influence of various topographical effects are also considered.
STUDIES ON EASTERN EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS : V. HISTOPATHOLOGY IN THE MOUSE.

In mice affected with equine encephalomyelitis, the first pathological disturbance in infant animals is an inflammatory reaction, which is usually less pronounced in adult animals. A characteristic type of parenchymal damage appears to be independent of the inflammation. In such foci of injury there is initially a vacuolation of intercellular tissue. Neurones in such areas are at first intact, later show cytoplasmic changes, and finally nuclear alterations. Complete disintegration of tissue and all its elements may be the end result.
How are icons processed by the brain? Neuroimaging measures of four types of visual stimuli used in information systems

We sought to understand how users interpret meanings of symbols commonly used in information systems, especially how icons are processed by the brain. We investigated Chinese and English speakers' processing of 4 types of visual stimuli: icons, pictures, Chinese characters, and English words. The goal was to examine, via functional magnetic resonance imaging fMRI data, the hypothesis that people cognitively process icons as logographic words and to provide neurological evidence related to human-computer interaction HCI, which has been rare in traditional information system studies. According to the neuroimaging data of 19 participants, we conclude that icons are not cognitively processed as logographical words like Chinese characters, although they both stimulate the semantic system in the brain that is needed for language processing. Instead, more similar to images and pictures, icons are not as efficient as words in conveying meanings, and brains people make more effort to process icons than words. We use this study to demonstrate that it is practicable to test information system constructs such as elements of graphical user interfaces GUIs with neuroscience data and that, with such data, we can better understand individual or group differences related to system usage and user-computer interactions.
Pediatric Cardiopulmonary Arrest and Resuscitation

In this chapter we will briefly review the current state-of-the-art in pediatric cardiac arrest: Epidemiology, the four phases of cardiac arrest, mechanisms of blood flow during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), interventions, post-arrest supportive care, special resuscitation circumstances (pediatric ventricular fibrillation [VF], post-congenital heart surgery, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation [ECMO]-CPR), and innovative implementation of training programs.
A Novel Codoping Approach for Enhancing the Performance of LiFePO4 Cathodes

By combining experimental and theoretical studies, we have demonstrated that donor-acceptor charge-compensating codoping is a promising approach to significantly enhance the rate performance of LiFePO4 cathodes. Our density-functional theory calculation predicts that codoping with Si on the P site and F on the O site modifies the nature of the conduction band edge of LiFePO4 from localized Fe 3d derived states to more delocalized F s and cation s derived states. This effect, thus changes the carrier transport from a poloron-like to a band-like mechanism, and consequently leads to significant improvement in the electrical conductivity of LiFePO4. Most importantly, our comparative doping experiments show that the electrical conductivity of Si P -FO codoped LiFePO4 exhibits at least 2 to 3 orders of magnitude increase in electrical conductivity as compared to that of un-doped LiFePO4. Because of the dramatic improvement of electrical conductivity, the optimal Si-F codoped LiFePO4 shows both a much higher rate-capability than un-doped LiFePO4 or LiFePO4 solely doped with either Si or F. Furthermore, we also believe that the charge-compensating codoping approach may be employed to improve the performance of other cathode materials suffering from inferior electrical conductivities due to localized conduction band states.
Las resquebrajaduras de Babel, o el problema de la crítica literaria y la poesía

E n el capitulo VII del primer libro de De vulgari eloquentia Dante Alighieri ofrece una curiosa lectura de las consecuencias producidas por la destruccion de la torre de Babel: “Cada lengua quedo circunscrita a los que cuidaban de una sola faena; esto es, un idioma para los arquitectos, otro para los que hacian girar las piedras sillares, un tercero para los que labraban, y asi a cada sector de los que trabajaban. El genero humano quedo dividido en tantos idiomas cuantas eran las variedades de trabajo en la misma obra”. Esta justificacion alegorica del toscano como lengua literaria ante la fragmentacion de un latin prebabelico tiene el merito de adelantarse en varios siglos a los problemas derivados de la division del trabajo, en particular a una de sus consecuencias mas alarmantes: la autonomia de las disciplinas academicas y la proliferacion de los lenguajes tecnicos. Ni siquiera la buena voluntad de Dante impide percibir el oraculo de un problema del que no escapan ni siquiera sus propios comentaristas, pero
The interannual variability of midwestern temperatures and precipitation as related to the ENSO and PDO

SE EXAMINARON REGISTROS HISTORICOS DE TEMPERATURA Y PRECIPITACION EN LA REGION DEL MEDIO OESTE DE LOS EUA A FIN DE DETERMINAR SI LA VARIABILIDAD INTERDECADAL ASOCIADA CON LA OSCILACION DECADAL DEL PACIFICO (PDO POR SUS SIGLAS EN INGLES) MODULA LA VARIABILIDAD INTERANUAL DE LOS CLIMAS DE ESTA REGION ASOCIADOS CON LA OSCILACION DEL SUR EL NINO (ENSO POR SUS SIGLAS EN INGLES). EL ANALISIS DE ESPECTRO DE PODER DEMUESTRA QUE EXISTEN VARIABILIDADES SIGNIFICATIVAS ASOCIADAS AL ENSO EN SERIES TEMPORALES DE 3 A 7 ANOS E INTERDECADALES ENTRE 12 Y 15 ANOS; HAY ADEMAS UN PERIODO DE APROXIMADAMENTE 21 ANOS ENTRE ESTAS SERIES TEMPORALES. SE SUGIERE QUE ESTA VARIABILIDAD INTERDECADAL REPRESENTA PERIODOS TEMPORALES EN LOS CUALES LA PDO ACTUA COMO MODULADOR DE LA VARIABILIDAD DE LOS CLIMAS DEL MEDIO OESTE ASOCIADA AL ENSO. ASI MISMO, EN ESTE ESTUDIO SE DETERMINO QUE LA VARIABILIDAD DE LOS CLIMAS DEL MEDIO OESTE ASOCIADA CON EL ENSO ERA BASTANTE PRONUNCIADA DURANTE LOS PERIODOS (P. EJ., 1925-1946 Y 1977-1999) Y MUCHO MENOR DURANTE LOS PERIODOS -PDO (P. EJ., 1900-1924; 1947-1976; AND 2000 AL PRESENTE). ESTOS RESULTADOS SUGIEREN QUE LOS IMPACTOS DEL ENSO EN LOS CLIMAS DEL MEDIO OESTE VARIAN EN ESCALAS INTERDECADALES. MAS AUN, LOS CLIMAS ESTACIONALES REGISTRADOS DURANTE UN ENSO EN PARTICULAR, NO NECESARIAMENTE SE REPETIRAN EN OTROS ENSO SIMILARES POSTERIORES. EN CONSECUENCIA, DESDE UNA PERSPECTIVA OPERACIONAL, LA VARIABILIDAD INTERDECADAL DEBER SER CONSIDERADA COMO SOBREPUESTA A LAS VARIACIONES INTERANUALES A FIN DE OBTENER PRONOSTICOS ESTACIONALES DE LARGO PLAZO MAS PRECISOS.
Clinically available extracorporeal assist devices

Mechanical circulatory support has been shown to be of benefit to allow recovery after conventional heart surgery and as a successful bridge to heart transplantation. Recent clinical trials with implantable left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) have been completed with these devices showing restoration of normal hemodynamics and successful bridge to transplantation. A major advantage of the implantable devices is the ability for the patient to be discharged and followed up at an outpatient setting. However, multiple advantages to extracorporeal devices still remain, which are the focus of this review. One advantage of the extracorporeal devices is that they can be placed in much smaller patients than currently available implantable LVADs. Also, because of differences in design of the assist devices, the extracorporeal devices can be placed without the need for the cardiopulmonary bypass and with decreased operative time and dissection. Perhaps the biggest advantage of the extracorporeal devices is that they can provide a support for both the right and left side of the heart as opposed to the implantable LVADs, which are only used as left ventricular assist devices. This article describes in detail the advantages and disadvantages of the extracorporeal devices as well as the operative techniques used to implant them. As the number of patients with heart failure continues to rise, so will the need for mechanical circulatory support. Though the majority of these patients will be served by a long-term implantable device, there will remain a subset of patients that will be best suited for treatment with extracorporeal devices.
A Framework for Robust Stability of Systems Over Finite Alphabets

Systems over finite alphabets are discrete-time systems whose input and output signals take their values in finite sets. Three notions of input/output stability (gain stability, incremental stability and external stability) that are particularly applicable to this class of systems are proposed and motivated through examples. New formulations for generalized small gain and incremental small gain theorems are presented, thus showing that gain stability and incremental stability are useful robustness measures. The paper then focuses on deterministic finite state machine (DFM) models. For this class, the problems of verifying gain stability, incremental stability, and corresponding gain bounds are shown to reduce to searching for an appropriate storage function. These problems are also shown to be related to the problem of verifying the nonexistence of negative cost cycles in an appropriately constructed network. Using this insight and based on a solution approach for discrete shortest path problems, a strongly polynomial algorithm is proposed. Finally, incremental stability and external stability are shown to be equivalent notions for this class of systems.
Illegitimacy, Concubinage, and Proletarianization in a French Town, 1760-1914:

The author examines patterns of illegitimacy and unmarried cohabitation in the town of Bezons France over the period 1760-1914. Changes in these patterns are discussed in relation to industrialization and the development of a wage-earner class in the late nineteenth century (ANNOTATION)
Effect of Four Grades of Sulphur upon Artificially Produced Coccidiosis Preliminary Report

Abstract FOR the past several years interest has increased in the use of sulphur as an agent to combat parasitic diseases of poultry. Philips, Carr, and Kennard (1921) believed that a ration containing 2 percent flowers of sulphur had interesting possibilities as an intestinal antiseptic. More recently Herrick and Holmes (1936) reported that flowers of sulphur holds much promise in the prevention of coccidiosis. These latter workers (1938) later stated that various types of sulphur could be used to prevent coccidiosis, but that ordinary flowers of sulphur seemed to be more satisfactory than the other kinds used in their tests. Dickinson and Scofield (1939) question the ability of flowers of sulphur to control coccidiosis when the chicks are kept under conditions favoring natural infection. Emmel (1937 Emmel (1939) reported that commercial flour sulphur is of value in controlling poultry lice, mites, fleas, ticks, and Capillaria contorta. Carpenter (1939) stated that sulphur flour . . .