cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Outcomes for Extremely Premature Infants

Premature birth is a significant cause of infant and child morbidity and mortality. In the United States, the premature birth rate, which had steadily increased during the 1990s and early 2000s, has decreased annually for 7 years and is now approximately 11.39%. Human viability, defined as gestational age at which the chance of survival is 50%, is currently approximately 23 to 24 weeks in developed countries. Infant girls, on average, have better outcomes than infant boys. A relatively uncomplicated course in the intensive care nursery for an extremely premature infant results in a discharge date close to the prenatal estimated date of confinement. Despite technological advances and efforts of child health experts during the last generation, the extremely premature infant (less than 28 weeks gestation) and extremely low birth weight infant (<1000 g) remain at high risk for death and disability with 30% to 50% mortality and, in survivors, at least 20% to 50% risk of morbidity. The introduction of continuous positive airway pressure, mechanical ventilation, and exogenous surfactant increased survival and spurred the development of neonatal intensive care in the 1970s through the early 1990s. Routine administration of antenatal steroids during premature labor improved neonatal mortality and morbidity in the late 1990s. The recognition that chronic postnatal administration of steroids to infants should be avoided may have improved outcomes in the early 2000s. Evidence from recent trials attempting to define the appropriate target for oxygen saturation in preterm infants suggests arterial oxygen saturation between 91% and 95% (compared with 85%-89%) avoids excess mortality; however, final analyses of data from these trials have not been published, so definitive recommendations are still pending. The development of neonatal neurocritical intensive care units may improve neurocognitive outcomes in this high-risk group. Long-term follow-up to detect and address developmental, learning, behavioral, and social problems is critical for children born at these early gestational ages.The striking similarities in response to extreme prematurity in the lung and brain imply that agents and techniques that benefit one organ are likely to also benefit the other. Finally, because therapy and supportive care continue to change, the outcomes of extremely low birth weight infants are ever evolving. Efforts to minimize injury, preserve growth, and identify interventions focused on antioxidant and anti-inflammatory pathways are now being evaluated. Thus, treating and preventing long-term deficits must be developed in the context of a "moving target."
Some Coccidae from Eastern Asia

Through the kindness of Professor E. O. Essig, of the University of California, I have been enabled to examine a collection of C occidae from Formosa, made by M. Maki and S. Inamura, and also a small amount of material from Foochow, China, collected by Mr. C. R. Kellogg. It is upon this material that the present paper is for the most part based. In addition to this, I am taking advantage of the opportunity to rectify certain errors that have been made in the identification of a few species from Japan.
Plasmonic nano-protractor based on polarization spectro-tomography

A three-dimensional spectroscopic sensor is demonstrated that uses a polarization-resolved scattering technique to determine the location and orientation of small particles. It exploits strong Fano resonance between a pair of particles, one barely visible and another that is relatively bright, to obtain nanoscale orientation information.
Severity, chronicity, and timing of maternal depression and risk for adolescent offspring diagnoses in a community sample.

Background Risk for depression and other disorders is known to be high among children of depressed mothers, but little is known about the parameters of severity, chronicity, and timing of depression and its effects on children. The study addresses these issues, disaggregating their overlapping effects. Methods A sample of 816 women and their 15-year-old children in an Australian community were selected from a large birth cohort study to represent variation in maternal depression history during the child's first 10 years of life. Quantification of maternal depression severity and duration, and dates of occurrence, permitted analyses of youth depression and nondepressive disorders as a function of relative severity, chronicity, and timing of maternal depression. Results Diagnosable depression in children as old as 15 years was twice as likely among offspring of depressed, as compared with never-depressed mothers. After controls for demographic factors, severity of maternal depression contributed more to children's risk for depression than did chronicity. Children exposed even to 1 to 2 months of maternal major depression, or to more than 12 months of mild depression had elevated risks of depression; however, chronicity of maternal depression was associated more with nondepressive outcomes than was severity. Timing of exposure did not differentially predict risk for the disorder in children when separated from confounding chronicity and severity parameters. Conclusions Even relatively brief maternal major depression, but more prolonged mild depression, predicted children's risk for depressive disorders by age 15 years in a community sample. Nondepressive outcomes were more complex to predict, which was due in part to difficulty dating disorder onset in relation to maternal depression. Exposure to maternal depression at any period in the first 10 years equally predicted youth depression if the mother was depressed only once. Further studies are needed to shed light on the mechanisms by which maternal depression has its effects.
The impact of product information and trials on demand for smokeless tobacco and cigarettes: Evidence from experimental auctions

Introduction Epidemiological and toxicological evidence suggests lower risk of smokeless tobacco (ST) products compared to cigarettes. Less is known, however, about consumer perceptions and use of novel forms of ST, including snus and dissolvable tobacco.
Two pseudogaps in the cuprates.

A Comment on the Letter by C. Meingast et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 86, 1606 (2001). The authors of the Letter offer a Reply.
Why are clinical trials of glucosamine no longer uniformly positive

In contrast to earlier industry-funded trials of for knee OA, recent studies have generated negative results. While there will be a tendency to assume that these studies were negative because of the absence of any conflicts of interest, a number of issues must be taken into consideration before drawing such conclusions. These issues include design issues and important differences in sample characteristics. Ultimately, it is clear that more work needs to be done to clarify issues surrounding the efficacy and utility of the various glucosamine compounds.
Antecedents of Underemployment: A Three-Wave Study of Canadian Job Seekers

The current study examined a job search model including aspects of social cognitive theory: job search self-efficacy (JSSE) and job search outcome expectations (JSOE). Respondents were participants...
Study of 39K levels via the 39K(α, α') reaction

Abstract The 39K(α, α') reaction has been studied at Eα = 31 MeV. A number of hole-core coupled states were identified by their strong excitations with angular momentum transfers of L = 3 or 5. The L = 3 transitions showed fairly good agreement with strengths predicted from holecore coupled wave functions. However, agreement between experiment and theory for the states excited by L = 5 excitations ( 11 2 − and 13 2 − levels ) requires accounting for the blocking effects in the wave functions for these levels.
Application of Bernoulli's equation to buoyant systems

The various forms of Bernoulli's equation as customarily written express static pressure energy in terms of absolute pressure, thereby restricting their direct application to systems situated in vacuo. It is shown here that recognition (1) of the universal presence of a fluid outside all systems over which Bernoulli's equation is written, and (2) of the practical necessity of measuring pressure within such systems as gauge pressures relative to the pressure of the exterior fluid leads to a more general set of equations and to a concept of buoyant static pressure and potential energies, as opposed to strictly abslute values. Failure properly to distinguish between these two types of energy quantities may result in error and confusion in the application of the various forms of Bernoulli's equation.
Coping and adjustment in distressed and healthy adolescents

Abstract The way in which adolescents respond to stressors may be an important predictor of how successfully they adapt to the challenges of the teen years. In this article we examine coping responses in four groups of youth (healthy controls, adolescents with rheumatic disease, adolescents with conduct problems and depressed adolescents) using eight narrow-band scales hierarchically organized into broader-band domains of approach and avoidance coping. We then examine the association between coping responses and individual differences in adjustment. Adolescents in the four groups do not differ in their use of approach coping; however, depressed adolescents and adolescents with conduct disorder use more avoidance coping than rheumatic disease and healthy adolescents. Overall, adolescents who use more approach and less avoidance coping are better adjusted. The results suggest that efforts to change, manage, or positively reappraise a problematic situation actively, are important for good long-term adjustment. Adolescents who engage in more avoidance coping may be at greater risk for poorer adjustment to subsequent life stressors and crises.
l-(−)-Desmethylselegiline, a Metabolite of Selegiline [l-(−)-Deprenyl], Protects Mesencephalic Dopamine Neurons from Excitotoxicity In Vitro

Selegiline [L-(-)-deprenyl], a monoamine oxidase B inhibitor, has been used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease as a putative neuroprotective agent. Selegiline is metabolized rapidly in the gastrointestinal tract and liver to desmethylselegiline (DMS) and methamphetamine. We have previously shown that selegiline protects dopamine neurons in mesencephalic cultures from toxicity resulting from activation of glutamate receptors. In the present study we examined whether DMS has similar neuroprotective effects. Our data show that DMS protects dopamine neurons from N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-mediated excitotoxic damage. The efficacy of DMS is greater than that of selegiline, as it can cause protection at lower concentrations and provide significantly greater levels of protection at the same concentrations. Our results suggest that DMS might be the active compound responsible for the neuroprotective properties of selegiline.
Apolipoprotein-E and White-Matter Hyperintensities in Late-Life Depression

The authors conducted a follow-up study of 16 patients with late-life depression approximately 6 years after their initial assessment to evaluate the relationships between apolipoprotein-E (APO-E) status and white-matter hyperintensities (WMH). Ten patients had WMH at baseline, and four patients demonstrated an increase in WMH size over time. Three of four patients with the APO-E ɛ4 allele demonstrated an increase in WMH over time, and only 1 of 12 patients without an ɛ4 allele had an increase in WMH. Three of four patients with APO-E ɛ4 allele developed a chronic course of major depression at follow-up. Patients with APO-E ɛ4 had a higher number of depressive episodes and lower age at onset. APO-E may be a risk factor for cerebrovascular disease associated with late-life depression and may affect the clinical characteristics and disease course of depression.
Dynamical System Theory for the Detection of Anomalous Behavior in Computer Programs

Code injection is a common approach which is utilized to exploit applications. We introduce some of the well-established techniques and formalisms of dynamical system theory into analysis of program behavior via system calls to detect code injections into an applications execution space. We accept a program as a blackbox dynamical system whose internals are not known, but whose output we can observe. The blackbox system observable in our model is the system calls the program makes. The collected system calls are treated as signals which are used to reconstruct the system's phase space. Then, by using the well-established techniques from dynamical system theory, we quantify the amount of complexity of the system's (program's) behavior. The change in the behavior of a compromised system is detected as anomalous behavior compared with the baseline established from a clean program. We test the proposed approach against DARPA-98 dataset and a real-world exploit and present code injection experiments to show the applicability of our approach.
The effects of the sex composition of groups on style of social interaction.

Bales's revised interaction category analyses (1970) were done from audio tapes of 77 four-person discussion groups: 46 mixed-sex groups, 15 female groups, and 16 male groups. Each group discussed three cases for a total of 35 minutes. The hypothesis tested was that females in mixed-sex groups would suppress their level of “task” contribution and engage in higher levels of “socioemotional” contributions when compared to the performance of women in one-sex groups. Males were also predicted to become more sex-role stereotyped in mixed-sex groups, showing the opposite effect. Results showed large sex differences, regardless of group composition, in the direction of traditional sex roles. The effect of group composition, however, was opposite to that predicted. An effect of an experimental intervention during the second discussion topic on subsequent sex-role performance was also found. Implications for education are discussed.
Verbal and Imagery Processes in Children's Paired-Associate Learning.

Abstract Experimental operations that typify studies in syntactic mediation were used in a study of 64 second-grade children split into four independent groups. Syntactic and imagery mediators were imposed on the learners. Both kinds of mediators were shown to facilitate the learning of noun pairs, but a minimal language cue (prepositional connective) was more effective than imagery. The results offer support for the hypothesis that verbalization is the preferred symbolic process in young children. In particular a recognition procedure ruled out a response availability hypothesis which has been held to account for the superiority of syntactic mediators.
Phosphorylation of nonhistone chromatin proteins during sea urchin development.

The phosphorylation of nonhistone chromatin proteins during development was studied in the sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. The rate of phosphorylation was found to be maximal during gastrula, slightly lower during prism and almost 70% lower in pluteus stage embryos. Analysis of the phosphorylated nonhistone chromatin proteins by SDS-acrylamide gel electrophoresis showed significant variations in the labeling pattern during different stages of development. A specific protein which is actively phosphorylated during gastrula and prism stages is nearly absent from the pluteus stage.
MO-C-17A-01: BEST IN PHYSICS (JOINT IMAGING-THERAPY) - A Method to Estimate Deformable Dose Accumulation Errors in Patients with Cancers of the Head and Neck

Purpose: The dosimetric uncertainties of deformable image registration (DIR) dose accumulation are not well understood. A clinically relevant method to estimate the dosimetric error of dose accumulation for head and neck (H&N) cancer patients is presented. Methods: Ten virtual H&N phantoms with known deformations were registered with a commercial DIR algorithm to determine the spatial errors that might be observed when performing DIR. The spatial error distributions obtained from the phantoms were then applied to 10 clinical H&N patients to simulate the potential errors that could occur. These errors were simulated by selecting ROI-specific error vectors at random from the phantom error distributions and adding them to the deformation vector fields (DVFs) of the patient registrations. This method of error simulation was evaluated for its ability to accurately represent real DVF errors. Finally, dose was deformed using the DVFs of the patient registrations without any added errors (nonperturbed DVFs) and compared to the dose deformed using the simulated error DVFs. Results: The mean error introduced by the error simulation method was less than 1% for all evaluated DVH endpoints. For the patient cases, the following ranges were observed for the median simulated DIR dosimetric errors: brainstem D2%: 0% to 2%, cord D2%: 0% to 0.5%, mandible D2%: 0% to 0.5%, left parotid Dmean: 0.5% to 4.2%, right parotid Dmean: 0.2% to 1.3%. Maximum dosimetric errors were: brainstem D2%: 6.5%, cord D2%: 1.3%, mandible D2%: 1.1%, left parotid Dmean: 13%, right parotid Dmean: 35%. Conclusions: A method for simulating DIR errors for dose accumulation in clinical cases was presented and evaluated. The sample DIR algorithm assessed with this method showed that large dosimetric errors are possible when dose accumulation is performed and that DIR should be used with caution. This work was partially supported by a research grant from Accuray Inc.
Analysis and Improvement of Upwind and Centered Schemes on Quadrilateral and Triangular Meshes

Second-order accurate upwind and centered schemes are presented in a framework that facilitates their analysis and comparison. The upwind scheme employed consists of a reconstruction step (MUSCL approach) followed by an upwind step (Roe's flux-difference splitting). The two centered schemes are of Lax-Friedrichs (L-F) type. They are the nonstaggered versions of the Nessyahu-Tadmor (N-T) scheme and the CE/SE method with epilson = 1/2. The upwind scheme is extended to the case of two spatial dimensions (2D) in a straightforward manner. The N-T and CE/SE schemes are extended in a manner similar to the 2D extensions of the CE/SE scheme by Wang and Chang for a triangular mesh and by Zhang, Yu, and Chang for a quadrilateral mesh. The slope estimates, however, are simplified. Fourier stability and accuracy analyses are carried out for these schemes for the standard 1D and the 2D quadrilateral mesh cases. In the nonstandard case of a triangular mesh, the triangles must be paired up when analyzing the upwind and N-T schemes. An observation resulting in an extended N-T scheme which is faster and uses only one-third of the storage for flow data compared with the CE/SE method is presented. Numerical results are shown. Other improvements to the schemes are discussed.
Impulsivity and genetic variants in DRD2 and ANKK1 moderate longitudinal associations between sleep problems and overweight from ages 5 to 11.

Impulsivity and genetic variants in DRD2 and ANKK1 moderate longitudinal associations between sleep problems and overweight from ages 5 to 11
The Chediak-Higashi Syndrome and the Homologous Trait in Animals

The Chedi a kHigashi syndrome (CHS ) is included in a sympos ium on genetics and the skin be c a use of the unusual pigmentary diluti on that is a primary phenotypic ma nifestation of the condi tio n . Although the syndrome is rare in man , it ca n be investiga ted in severa l anima l homologues. The d isea se states, which are a part of t he syndrome, fasc ina te in vestigators of host defenses aga inst infections and malignancy, a nd the nat ure of the subcellula r morphologic defect offers considerable ch a llenge to t hose interested in cytopl as mic orga n e lles. S e veral reviews of th e condi t ion (Windhorst et a l. , 1968a; Padget t , 1968; Padgett et a l. , 1970) have pro mpted this discussion which will focus on two a reas t hat wa rrant furth er comment : t he pigmentar y a nomaly and poss ible ex planations for t he suscept ibility to infect ious agents . First, a brief desc ript ion of the syndrome.
High-sensitivity 25-micron microbolometer FPAs

Raytheon Infrared Operations (RIO) has achieved a significant technical breakthrough in uncooled FPAs by reducing the pixel size by a factor of two while maintaining state-of-the-art sensitivity. Raytheon has produced the first high-quality 320x240 microbolometer FPAs with 25 micrometers pitch pixels. The 320 x240 FPAs have a sensitivity that is comparable to microbolometer FPAs with 50 micrometers pixels. The average NETD value for these FPAs is about 35 mK with an f/1 aperture and operating at 30 Hz frame rates. Good pixel operability and excellent image quality have been demonstrated. Pixel operability is greater than 99% on some FPAs, and uncorrected responsivity nonuniformity is less than 4% (sigma/mean). The microbolometer detectors also have a relatively fast thermal time constant of approximately 10 msec. This state-of-the-art performance has been achieved as a result of an advanced micromachining fabrication process. The process allows maximization of both the thermal isolation and the optical fill-factor. The reduction in pixel size offers several potential benefits for IR systems. For a given system resolution (IFOV) requirement, the 25 micrometers pixels allow a factor of two reduction in both the focal length and aperture size of the sensor optics. The pixel size reduction facilitates a significant FPA cost reduction since the number of die printed on a wafer can be increased. The pixel size reduction has enabled the development of a large-format 640x480 FPA array. Raytheon has produced arrays with very good sensitivity, operability, and excellent image quality. These FPAs are applicable to wide-field-of-view, long range surveillance and targeting missions. Raytheon is also developing a high performance 160x128 FPA that is designed for applications where miniaturization and temperature invariance are required as well as low cost and low power.
On specifying verifiers

The goal of automatic program verification is to prove programs correct formally. We argue that the existing notions of formal proof are too syntactic and as such too intimately bound up with details of low-level computation. We propose a more semantic notion of formal proof which nevertheless pays due respect to the problem of effectiveness in proof checking. Such a notion supplies a more practical basis for the specification of verifiers than do extant approaches. In particular the problem of constructing verifiers according to our approach is reduced entirely to routine development and implementation of decision methods, while permitting shorter proofs and yet remaining easy to develop proofs with.
Poverty Reduction in Zambia: A Conceptual Analysis of the Zambian Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper

Poverty reduction strategy papers (PRSPs) present a recipient country’s program of intent for the utilization of World Bank loans and grants to alleviate debt under the bank’s programs of action for poverty reduction in highly indebted poor countries (HIPCs). This article argues that structural transformation is a prerequisite for poverty reduction in Zambia. However, the Zambian PRSP is largely informed by mainstream thinking on poverty and livelihoods. It champions a neoliberal program constructed on the sanctity of the market and seeks to maintain the very structural processes that engender poverty. Because it fails to break, conceptually and methodologically, from past program failures, the PRSP is likely to be just the latest installment in the ever-changing fashionable semantics of the “development community.” The article examines the conceptual and methodological failures of the Zambian PRSP particularly with respect to the measurement of poverty and the concept of participation.
Role of laser-pulse duration in the neutron yield of deuterium cluster targets

We present an experimental and computational study of the ion and fusion neutron yields from explosions of deuterium clusters irradiated with 100-TW laser pulses. We find that the cluster explosion energy and resultant fusion yield are sensitive to the laser pulse rise time as determined by the pulse duration for a fixed envelope shape. Our experimental observations are consistent with the results of particle simulations of the laser-cluster interaction which show that the explosion energies of the clusters are determined by a single parameter: the ratio of the cluster ionization time to its intrinsic expansion time. This competition of time scales sets a fundamental constraint on the ion emission and resultant neutron yield performance of these targets as a function of laser-pulse duration.
Heavy Alcohol Use and Dating Violence Perpetration During Adolescence: Family, Peer and Neighborhood Violence as Moderators

We examined the hypothesis that family, peer and neighborhood violence would moderate relations between heavy alcohol use and adolescent dating violence perpetration such that relations would be stronger for teens in violent contexts. Random coefficients growth models were used to examine the main and interaction effects of heavy alcohol use and four measures of violence (family violence, friend dating violence, friend peer violence and neighborhood violence) on levels of physical dating violence perpetration across grades 8 through 12. The effects of heavy alcohol use on dating violence tended to diminish over time and were stronger in the spring than in the fall semesters. Consistent with hypotheses, across all grades, relations between heavy alcohol use and dating violence were stronger for teens exposed to higher levels of family violence and friend dating violence. However, neither friend peer violence nor neighborhood violence moderated relations between alcohol use and dating violence. Taken together, findings suggest that as adolescents grow older, individual and contextual moderators may play an increasingly important role in explaining individual differences in relations between alcohol use and dating violence. Implications for the design and evaluation of dating abuse prevention programs are discussed.
Caffeine and Pregnancy Outcome

Caffeine is a drug which easily crosses the placental barrier and enters the fetal circulation. To date, most studies that demonstrate caffeine's teratogenic potential have been conducted in animal models. Although no definite relationship in humans has been confirmed, it is suggested that a pregnant woman should limit or discontinue her intake of caffeine.
Blum-Kulka, Shoshana. (1997). Dinner Talk: Cultural Patterns of Sociability and Socialization in Family Discourse. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.

(1997). Blum-Kulka, Shoshana. (1997). Dinner Talk: Cultural Patterns of Sociability and Socialization in Family Discourse. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. Bilingual Research Journal: Vol. 21, No. 4, pp. 431-435.
Preparation of Glass Blanks by Fusion with Lithium Tetraborate for X-Ray Spectrographic Analysis

This sample-preparation technique is used for obtaining homogeneous, stress-free glass blanks for x-ray-analysis. The glass blanks are ground to a 600 grit finish. Previously published papers have given the basic theories of the method.1–6
Editors' Introduction: Interventions for Out-of-Treatment Drug Users

(1998). Editors' Introduction: Interventions for Out-of-Treatment Drug Users. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs: Vol. 30, HIV/AIDS Interventions For Out-of-Treatment Drug Users, pp. 225-229.
Secret Communication with a Fading Eavesdropper Channel

We investigate the achievable secrecy rate with Gaussian random codes when the main channel is an AWGN channel, while the eavesdropper's channel is Rayleigh fading with additive Gaussian noise. Several transmission strategies according to the main channel's relative channel gain are proposed and evaluated. We show that even if the main channel channel gain is arbitrarily worse than the eavesdropper's average channel gain, positive secrecy rate can still be achieved with artificial noise injection and a burst signaling strategy.
Modeling of Fluid Dynamics and Heat Transfer Induced by Dielectric Barrier Plasma Actuator

Glow discharge at atmospheric pressure using a dielectric barrier discharge can induce fluid flow, and can be used for active control of aerodynamics and heat transfer. In the present work, a modeling framework is presented to study the evolution and interaction of such athermal nonequilibrium plasma discharges in conjunction with low Mach number fluid dynamics and heat transfer The model is self-consistent, coupling the first-principles-based discharge dynamics with the fluid dynamics and heat transfer equations. Under atmospheric pressure, the discharge can be simulated using a plasma-fluid instead of a kinetic model. The plasma and fluid species are treated as a two-fluid system coupled through force and pressure interactions, over decades of length and time scales. The multiple-scale processes such as convection, diffusion, and reaction/ioniwtion mechanisms make the transport equations of the plasma dynamics stiff To handle the stiffness, a finite-volume operator-split algorithm capable of conserving space charge is employed. A body force treatment is devised to link the plasma dynamics and thermo-fluid dynamics. The potential of the actuator for flow control and thermal management is illustrated using case studies.
Alternative splicing of the Na(+)-Ca2+ exchanger gene, NCX1

We describe an analysis of the NCX1 gene and show that various tissues express different alternatively spliced forms of the gene. Alternative splicing has been confirmed by the genomic analysis of the Na(+)-Ca2+ exchanger gene. We also describe the Drosophila Na(+)-Ca2+ exchanger as having many of the same structural characteristics of the mammalian exchangers and this locus as possibly undergoing alternative splicing in the same region that has been described in the NCX1 gene. The general structure of the exchangers is similar to that of the alpha-subunit of the (Na(+)+ K+)-A Pase. Finally, sequence comparison of the various molecules demonstrates that structural characteristics of these molecules are more strongly conserved than the primary sequence of these products.
The inoculum effect with Gram-negative bacteria in vitro and in vivo

The in-vitro MICs and MBCs of ciprofloxacin, cefoperazone, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, gentamicin and imipenem were measured for five strains each of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa with standard and high inocula. The MBC was raised more than the MIC at the higher inoculum for all the drugs except ciprofloxacin. However, the MBC of imipenem against P. aeruginosa was increased relatively little at the higher inoculum in contrast to the findings with other beta-lactam drugs. In a rabbit model of endophthalmitis both cefoperazone and imipenem were markedly more bactericidal against a high inoculum of K. pneumoniae than would have been predicted from the results of in-vitro time kill curve studies. We conclude that the therapeutic relevance of the inoculum effect remains to be proved.
Evidence of Higher Primordial Lithium from Keck Observations of M92

Knowledge of the primordial lithium abundance (Lip) tests and constrains models of big bang nucleosynthesis and may have implications for dark matter and the laws of physics. An apparent small dispersion in the Li abundances of field halo dwarfs had been predicted to result from differences in the Li depletion of models with rotationally induced mixing, and would imply a higher Lip than is observed today in these stars. However, this dispersion could also be explained by differential Galactic Li enrichment (from lower Lip) coupled with a halo age spread and/or incomplete mixing. To differentiate between these possibilities, we have obtained Keck/HIRES observations at R = 45,000 in one of the oldest and most metal-poor globular clusters, M92, where differential Li enrichment within the cluster is unlikely. We find some evidence for differences in the Li abundances of three otherwise apparently identical M92 subgiants in the Spite Li plateau. We provide evidence against cosmic-ray, supernova, and asymptotic giant branch star Li production as causing these Li differences, and suggest that different stellar surface Li depletion histories in these stars from a higher initial abundance is a more likely explanation (as is also the case for open clusters). This higher initial abundance may have been the Lip, or a combination of Lip plus significant pre-M92 Galactic Li. Implications are discussed.
From The Book of Resemblances

From The Book of Resemblances This article is available in Studies in 20th Century Literature: http://newprairiepress.org/sttcl/vol12/iss1/3 From THE BOOK OF RESEMBLANCES* Edmond Jabes Paris ' ed, or the First Mist "But there went up a mist, 'ed, from the earth, and watered the whole face of the ground." (Genesis, II, 6) "Preparing to create man, He made the mist rise from the abyss up into the heavens to wet the earth, and man was created in the way a baker adds water and then kneads the bread." (Rashi's Commentary on Genesis II, 6) MOMENT OUTSIDE THE BOOK (`I exist because you know me," he said. "I owe you my likeness." What is Thought but the imagined death of all thoughts sacrificed to its name, Likeness examined through the questions it raises when it becomes but the distance covered by insidious likenesses? "To think resemblance, does that not mean thinking the complex relation between thought and the word that prints or deletes it? We are praised or despised by our brothersfor how we resemble or dissemble. "Thought is a glimmer spied before sunrise. At noon, light is at its apogee. All shadows are alike, all letters in search ofthe same word," you said. 13 1 Jabes: From The Book of Resemblances Published by New Prairie Press 14 STCL, Vol. 12, No. 1 (Fall, 1987) one. The word strips off likenesses, intending to favor a single God cannot be written.)
Local Detection of Activation Energy for Ionic Transport in Lithium Cobalt Oxide

Local activation energy for ionic diffusion is probed on the nanometer level in LiCoO2 thin films using variable temperature electrochemical strain microscopy (ESM). The high spatial resolution of ESM allows one to extract information about ionic activation energies on the level of individual grains and grain facets, thus bridging the lengths scales of atomistic calculations and traditional macroscopic experiments. A series of control experiments have been performed and possible signal generating mechanisms are discussed to explain the temperature-dependent ESM measurements.
Interaction of a nanomagnet with a weak superconducting link

We study electromagnetic interaction of a nanomagnet with a weak superconducting link. Equations that govern coupled dynamics of the two systems are derived and investigated numerically. We show that the presence of a small magnet in the proximity of a weak link may be detected through Shapiro-type steps caused by the precession of the magnetic moment. Despite very weak magnetic field generated by the weak link, a time-dependent bias voltage applied to the link can initiate a nonlinear dynamics of the nanomagnet that leads to the reversal of its magnetic moment. We also consider quantum problem in which a nanomagnet interacting with a weak link is treated as a two-state spin system due to quantum tunneling between spin-up and spin-down states.
Detection of proton-induced C(Kα) X-rays with Si(Li) detectors☆

Abstract Proton-induced X-rays (PIX) have been shown to be valuable in investigations of semiconductor detector characteristics for detection of low energy X-rays. The major advantage of PIX over electron and X-ray excitation is the virtual absence of background radiation. For the detection of proton-induced C(Kα) X-rays by Si(Li) detectors, the influence of detector bias voltage and, hence, the applied electric field on the detector efficiency, the fraction of the X-ray energy detected and the width of the peak is presented. In addition, the Si(Li) detectors have been shown to exhibit a very linear relationship between X-ray energy and detector pulse-height down to X-ray energies of 277 eV [i.e., C(Kα) X-rays)].
Biological nitrogen fixation: Recent advances and future prospects ☆

Current research on nitrogen fixation is basic to finding the knowledge needed for agriculture research in the future. Genetic engineering is the best approach to increase biological nitrogen fixation and recent developments hold promise for this technology. This concept employing atmospheric nitrogen fixation instead of fertilizer to grow food and feed crops, while a complex engineering task, is possible. The opportunities and difficulties are discussed.
Induction of carotenogenesis in cultured cells of Lycopersicon esculentum

Abstract The bioregulator 2-(4-chlorophenyl-thio) triethylamine (CPTA) which is known to induce lycopene formation and chromoplast differentiation in immature tomato fruits, was tested for its ability to bring about carotenogenesis in suspension cultures of tomato cells ( Lycopersicon esculentum cv. EP-7). Untreated dark-grown cultured tomato cells contain low levels of carotenoids, of which lycopene and β-carotene are the most abundant. The addition of CPTA to the culture medium brought about over a 60-fold increase in their total carotenoids during a 14-day culture period. The carotenoid content of the cells increased at a constant rate throughout the log phase of growth and this increase was brought about primarily by the accumulation of lycopene. When CPTA was given to logarithmically growing cells, carotenoid accumulation began after a 3-h lag period. This CPTA-heximide increase in carotenoids could be blocked by simultaneous cycloheximide (CH) treatment at concentrations of this drug which were shown to block [ 3 H] leucine incorporation into protein.
Prediction of response to brief psychotherapy.

(1946). Prediction of Response to Brief Psychotherapy. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 269-284.
The role of the certified diabetes educator in telephone counseling.

PURPOSEthis paper describes a telephone-based, outcomesfocused approach to diabetes education provided by certified diabetes educators (CDEs).METHODSRandom chart audits were conducted to evaluate the scope of practice and effectiveness of telephone-based interventions provided by CDEs to people with diabetes. Four case studies and a sample prevention case are used to illustrate the role of telephone-based CDEs in providing diabetes education.RESULTSCounseling provided by CDEs helped to identify potential barriers and strategies for making lifestyle behavioral changes.CONCLUSIONSTelephone-based counseling is a brief, effective, ongoing intervention that gives patients with diabetes immediate access to CDEs who provide education to support lifestyle behavioral changes.
Challenges in a Dialectical Conception of Career Evolution

This article seeks to clarify the differences between traditional and dialectical perspectives on career development. The application of a dialectical model to career evolution is based on the assumption that an individual's work experiences and other life experiences exert an ongoing, reciprocal effect on career development.
Construction of Solutions of Gravitational, Electromagnetic, Or Other Perturbation Equations from Solutions of Decoupled Equations

A simple proof is given of a general result which shows how to construct solutions of a coupled system of linear self-adjoint partial differential equations once one has succeeded in deriving a decoupled equation in the manner described below. In the case of electromagnetic and gravitational perturbations of algebraically special vacuum space-times, this procedure yields the formulas of Cohen and Kegeles and of Chrzanowski.
Cation transport and structure of the red-cell plasma membrane.

This paper recounts recent work concerning the Na and K permeability of red blood cells. The discussion deals principally with results derived from isolated red-cell membranes, or ghosts. Using defined isolation techniques, a system of ghosts is described in which Na is actively pumped. Like intact cells, the pump requires extracellular K and energy derived from the metabolism. The source of energy for the pump has been assessed by incorporating normally impermeable substrates into the ghost interior at the time of hemolysis. The specific and direct substrate of the pump has been identified as ATP. Further studies are described that correlate the activity of the Na pump with an ATPase. This ATPase, like the pump, requires both Na and K for activity and is inhibited by cardiac glycosides. The evidence points toward the involvement of this ATPase as an intermediate component of the pump reaction.
Effect of Zoledronate on the Responses of Osteocytes to Acute Parathyroid Hormone

The bone anabolic effect of parathyroid hormone (PTH) therapy is blunted when used in patients who were previously on bisphosphonate treatment. Osteocytes may play a role in the bisphosphonate silencing effect on PTH therapy since bisphosphonates have been shown to reach the lacunocanalicular system. In vivo osteocyte studies pose a significant challenge. For the current study, we developed a simple method to isolate RNA from cortical bone enriched with osteocytes. Our purpose was to investigate how zoledronate (ZA) treatment modulates the responses of osteocytes and the bone marrow (BM) to acute PTH treatment. Mice received ZA treatment for 3 months and a single PTH injection prior to death. Bone was histomorphometrically evaluated. Gene expression was assessed at the RNA level in osteocytes and BM. Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) and γδT cells were analyzed in the BM and blood using flow cytometry. We found that ZA treatment altered bone responses to PTH. Expression of Sfrp4, a Wnt antagonist, was significantly increased in ZA-affected osteocytes. BM EPCs were increased in response to acute PTH but not when treatment was combined with ZA. ZA treatment augmented EPCs in the BM but not in blood, which suggests that ZA treatment may have differential effects between the BM and blood. These findings indicate that osteocytes and BM EPCs in mice on ZA treatment respond differently to acute PTH from those not receiving ZA. This may partially explain the mechanisms of previous reports that ZA therapy attenuates the anabolic effect of PTH in bone.
Kinetic Analysis of the Formation and Decay of a Non-Heme Ferric Hydroperoxide Species Susceptible to O–O Bond Homolysis

The formation of a ferric hydroperoxide species from [Fe(bbpc)(MeCN)2]2+ (bbpc = N,N′-dibenzyl-N,N′-bis(2-pyridylmethyl)-1,2-cyclohexanediamine) and its subsequent decomposition were analyzed kinetically. The rate of decay is not strongly influenced by the presence of either water or substrate, suggesting that the ferric hydroperoxide degrades through O–O bond homolysis and is not the relevant metal-based oxidant in the observed catalysis of C–H activation. The rate law corresponding to the complex’s formation from O2 is consistent with the intermediacy of a mononuclear ferric superoxo species.
Actors and networks in urban community garden development

Abstract Community gardens play a significant role in challenging neoliberal inequities by serving as spaces of alternative food production and community development activities in marginalized neighborhoods. While past research has explored the production of place in community gardens, less attention is paid to the role of social networks in garden development. Yet, network formation is critical for grassroots groups to navigate neoliberal governance and politics of power. This article draws on social network theories to examine the process of urban community garden development set within the context of neoliberalization. These theories provide a useful framework for evaluating networking as a spatial strategy and conceptualizing power relations within networks. We contend that forming spaces of engagement through scaled networks constituted by strong and weak ties is an essential means by which actors obtain information and leverage resources necessary to build and maintain urban community gardens. However, we also find that these networks contain power hierarchies that shape the conditions for participation in the networks. Actors with fewer resources and lesser political clout are compelled to conform to the interests of powerful actors. In employing social network theories to analyze urban community garden formation, this paper aims to achieve greater theorization and understanding of the complexities embedded in community garden development.
Progress toward sub-100 Kelvin operation of an optical cryocooler

In this paper we review our recent progress in development of a ytterbium doped yttrium-lithium fluoride cryocooler. Preliminary modeling results are presented that indicate requirements on the material parameters to reach sub-100 K temperatures.
Influence of cell type and virus upon lysis of rabies virus-infected cells by antibody and complement.

Mouse neuroblastoma (MNB) cells infected with ERA virus were specifically lysed in the presence of rabbit complement by antisera produced in mice to challenge virus standard (CVS), ERA, Flury HEP or street virus (SV) strains of rabies. MNB or EL-4 cells persistently infected with ERA, MNB cells infected with CVS, and BHK-21/S13 cells infected with ERA or Flury HEP also were suitable targets. CER cells infected with either ERA, CVS or Flury HEP, BHK-21/S13 cells infected with CVS and MNB cells infected with Flury HEP were not suitable targets. Two unusual findings indicated that 1. some cells which were >80 percent positive for rabies viral membrane antigens(s) were poorly lysed, and 2. some cells that expressed cytoplasmic antigen lacked detectable membrane antigens.
Changing Emphases in Recent Theology

lege teacher, and more specifically a college teacher of religion should be, above all, a lover of truth and truth is not always represented by the latest trend. It might be the duty of a college professor of religion, and likewise of a theologian, to oppose the dominant theological movement of his time. Certainly he should not be an adherent of what J. Paul Williams appropriately calls, "BandWagon Theology." (See article of that title by J. Paul Williams in The Christian Century, Vol. 70, No. 34 [August 26, 1953], pp. 962-63.) 'However, it is important that the teacher know what the trends are, even if the most important implications for his work are warnings of battles he is called upon to fight for what he believes to be truth. Moreover, the trend is rare from which no good can be gleaned, whether by outright appropriation or by the suggestion of related ideas. Actually, it happens that I believe the most characteristic trends in theology evident during the last five years have been in the main wholesome and useful in the quest for truth and for holiness. Moreover, I am convinced that they have useful implications for the teaching of undergraduate courses in religion. The trends to which I invite attention may not be universally acknowledged as trends. It may be argued that they are only projections of my own subjective impressions. The long view of hi tory may eventually show that some were only minor eddies soon swept away in stronger and broader currents. I make no claim to powers of predictive prophecy. I am only describing with considerable trepidation what I think can be observed by anyone participating fairly widely in current theological discussions. Most of the trends to which I shall be pointing have been commented upon by other men and women representing widely varying points of view, particularly in oral discussions of the American Theological Society.