cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs to prevent heterotopic ossification after spinal cord injury: a retrospective chart review

Retrospective chart review. The objective of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) prophylaxis for heterotopic ossification (HO) in the acute phase after spinal cord injury (SCI). Acute rehabilitation hospital in California, USA. This retrospective chart review (October 2013–March 2017) included individuals with motor complete SCI followed by the SCI service within 60 days of injury. Group demographics and HO diagnosis were compared in those who received and those who did not receive NSAID prophylaxis. A backward stepwise multiple regression was employed to assess the predictive association between injury characteristics and HO prophylaxis on HO diagnosis. A total of 108 AIS A and B cases were included, and 27 received ≥ 15 days of therapy (overall range 6–44 days). Logistic regression analysis revealed those who received ≥ 15 days of NSAID prophylaxis had an odds ratio of 0.1 of being diagnosed with HO compared with those who did not (95% CI, 0.02 to 0.52). Significant predictors of HO diagnosis were tracheostomy (OR 2.8, 95% CI, 1.05 to 7.5), urinary tract infection (OR 4.3, 95% CI, 1.5 to 12.2), and pressure injury (OR 3.3, 95% CI, 1.1 to 9.5). Adverse effects of NSAID use were minimal. NSAID prophylaxis appears to help prevent HO development during the acute phase after SCI. Prospective study with prolonged follow up is necessary to confirm the long-term efficacy of HO prevention and to further evaluate safety following spinal fusion. None.
Genetic ancestry analysis reveals misclassification of commonly used cancer cell lines

Background: Given the scarcity of cell lines from underrepresented populations, it is imperative that genetic ancestry for these cell lines is characterized. Consequences of cell line mischaracterization include squandered resources and publication retractions. Methods: We calculated genetic ancestry proportions for 15 cell lines to assess the accuracy of previous race/ethnicity classification and determine previously unknown estimates. DNA was extracted from cell lines and genotyped for ancestry informative markers (AIMs) representing West African (WA), Native American (NA), and European (EUR) ancestry. Results: Of the cell lines tested, all previously classified as White/Caucasian were accurately described with mean EUR ancestry proportions of 97%. Cell lines previously classified as Black/African American were not always accurately described. For instance, the 22Rv1 prostate cancer cell line was recently found to carry mixed genetic ancestry using a much smaller panel of markers. However, our more comprehensive analysis determined the 22Rv1 cell line carries 99% EUR ancestry. Most notably, the E006AA-hT prostate cancer cell line, classified as African American, was found to carry 92% EUR ancestry. We also determined the MDA-MB-468 breast cancer cell line carries 23% NA ancestry suggesting possible Afro-Hispanic/Latina ancestry. Conclusions: Our results suggest predominantly EUR ancestry for the White/Caucasian-designated cell lines, yet high variance in ancestry for the Black/African American-designated cell lines. Additionally, we revealed an extreme misclassification of the E006AA-hT cell line. Impact: Genetic ancestry estimates offer more sophisticated characterization leading to better contextualization of findings. Ancestry estimates should be provided for all cell lines to avoid erroneous conclusions in disparities literature.
Alpha transfer reaction /sup 16/O(/sup 14/N, /sup 10/B)/sup 20/Ne and high-spin states in /sup 20/Ne. [155 MeV]

The reaction /sup 16/O(/sup 14/N, /sup 10/B)/sup 20/Ne was studied at 155 MeV. The reaction mechanism shows characteristics of a direct ..cap alpha.. transfer process with high-spin enhancement. Observed transitions are discussed in terms of high rotational bands, and high-spin members of the SU(3) (9,0) and (12,0) bands are assigned. (AIP)
Pyloric duplication cyst with associated hypertrophic stenosis: A potential causal relationship

Abstract A 2-week-old baby girl was transferred to our facility with a suspected diagnosis hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. The diagnosis was confirmed by ultrasound, however an adjacent cystic structure was noted in close proximity to the pylorus concerning for a duplication cyst. Following the decision to address the hypertrophic pyloric stenosis first to allow growth and improve her nutritional status, she initially underwent an uneventful laparoscopic pyloromyotomy. However, due to continued postoperative oral intolerance she underwent an upper gastrointestinal series that was consistent with gastric outlet obstruction. She was taken for an open pyloric duplication cyst excision and has subsequently continued to grow and thrive.
Can Darwinian mechanisms make novel discoveries?: Learning from discoveries made by evolving neural networks

Some philosophers suggest that the development of scientificknowledge is a kind of Darwinian process. The process of discovery,however, is one problematic element of this analogy. I compare HerbertSimon's attempt to simulate scientific discovery in a computer programto recent connectionist models that were not designed for that purpose,but which provide useful cases to help evaluate this aspect of theanalogy. In contrast to the classic A.I. approach Simon used, ``neuralnetworks'' contain no explicit protocols, but are generic learningsystems built on the model of the interconnections of neurons in thebrain. I describe two cases that take the connectionist approach a stepfurther by using genetic algorithms, a form of evolutionary computationthat explicitly models Darwinian mechanisms. These cases show thatDarwinian mechanisms can make novel discoveries of complex, previouslyunknown patterns. With some caveats, they lend support to evolutionaryepistemology.
Self-contained Electrochemical Process to Produce Pure Compressed Hydrogen from Hydrocarbons and Steam Without an External Energy Supply

This paper describes and analyzes a system that tightly couples an electrochemical oxidation cell (EOC) with a protonic-conducting ceramic separation cell (PSC) to produce compressed pure hydrogen from a hydrocarbon feedstock and water. The EOC introduces oxygen through its membrane-electrode assembly (MEA) into the fuel chamber, enabling partial oxidation and reformation of the fuel to produce a hydrogen-rich mixture within the anode microstructure. At the same time, the EOC generates the electric power needed to drive the PSC for hydrogen separation and compression. On the other hand, removing hydrogen from the fuel stream by PSC can thermodynamically promote the catalytic conversion of the fuel stream. The concept leads to a self-contained integrated system, being independent of any external electrical power source, and being capable of producing pressurized hydrogen with potentially high energy-conversion efficiency.
Exosomal MicroRNAs and Organotropism in Breast Cancer Metastasis.

Breast cancer is the most frequent malignancy for women in which one in eight women will be diagnosed with the disease in their lifetime. Despite advances made in treating primary breast cancer, there is still no effective treatment for metastatic breast cancer. Consequently, metastatic breast cancer is responsible for 90% of breast cancer-related deaths while only accounting for approximately one third of all breast cancer cases. To help develop effective treatments for metastatic breast cancer, it is important to gain a deeper understanding of the mechanisms by which breast cancer metastasizes, particularly, those underlying organotropism towards brain, bone, and lungs. In this review, we will primarily focus on the roles that circulating exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs) play in organotropism of breast cancer metastasis. Exosomes are extracellular vesicles that play critical roles in intercellular communication. MicroRNAs can be encapsulated in exosomes; cargo-loaded exosomes can be secreted by tumor cells into the tumor microenvironment to facilitate tumor–stroma interactions or released to circulation to prime distant organs for subsequent metastasis. Here, we will summarize our current knowledge on the biogenesis of exosomes and miRNAs, mechanisms of cargo sorting into exosomes, the exosomal miRNAs implicated in breast cancer metastasis, and therapeutic exosomal miRNAs.
A report of two conservative approaches to early onset scoliosis: serial casting and bracing.

Previous reports have demonstrated the effectiveness of casting for EOS. Brace treatment for EOS has not been studied. The purpose of this multicenter retrospective study was to compare radiographic outcomes, complications, and rates of conversion to surgery in children with EOS treated with casting or bracing. Children aged 2–6 years with idiopathic or neuromuscular EOS treated with casting or bracing with minimum follow-up of 2 years were identified. 68 patients (36 cast, 32 brace) were analyzed. Diagnosis, age at start of treatment, and duration of follow-up were similar. Although the cast patients had a larger pre-treatment major curve magnitude (50° vs 31°, p < 0.001), both groups had a similar major curve magnitude at most recent follow-up (36° vs 32°, p = 0.456). T1–T12 and T1–S1 length increased in both groups. The cast and brace patients had similar complications and conversions to surgery. Sub-analysis showed that while casting resulted in curve improvement regardless of etiology, bracing was able to prevent curve progression in patients with idiopathic EOS but not in patients with non-idiopathic EOS (Δ− 15° vs 27°, p = 0.006). Regression analysis (significance p = 0.10) controlling for baseline age, major curve magnitude, and T1–T12 and T1–S1 length showed that treatment method was associated with difference in major curve magnitude (p = 0.090) and T1–T12 length (p = 0.024). In our study, serial casting led to curve improvement in children with idiopathic and neuromuscular EOS, whereas brace treatment appeared to prevent curve progression in patients with idiopathic EOS but did not appear to control the curve in neuromuscular EOS.
Problematizing "New Media": Culturally Based Perceptions of Cell Phones, Computers, and the Internet among United States Latinos

Recent studies of new communication technologies have shown that broad terms such as “new media” are problematic. This study expands previous research by exploring how first-generation, working class United States Latino participants perceive and use new communication technologies in relation to their cultural values. Discussions generated across seven focus group sessions (N=78) about three common new communication technologies, 1) cell phones, 2) computers, and 3) the internet, showed that United States Latinos positioned the perceived usefulness of each communication technology differently, based upon their cultural values regarding good communication. In particular, participants discussed how cell phones provide an effective way to make interpersonal contact whereas computers and the internet were viewed as damaging to the communication necessary for good social relations. The findings show that this group of United States Latinos did not view new media as a homogeneous category, but instead had very ...
New Tricks for an Old (Hedge)Hog: Sonic Hedgehog Regulation of Astrocyte Function.

The Sonic hedgehog (Shh) molecular signaling pathway is well established as a key regulator of neurodevelopment. It regulates diverse cellular behaviors, and its functions vary with respect to cell type, region, and developmental stage, reflecting the incredible pleiotropy of this molecular signaling pathway. Although it is best understood for its roles in development, Shh signaling persists into adulthood and is emerging as an important regulator of astrocyte function. Astrocytes play central roles in a broad array of nervous system functions, including synapse formation and function as well as coordination and orchestration of CNS inflammatory responses in pathological states. Neurons are the source of Shh in the adult, suggesting that Shh signaling mediates neuron–astrocyte communication, a novel role for this multifaceted pathway. Multiple roles for Shh signaling in astrocytes are increasingly being identified, including regulation of astrocyte identity, modulation of synaptic organization, and limitation of inflammation. This review discusses these novel roles for Shh signaling in regulating diverse astrocyte functions in the healthy brain and in pathology.
A Self-Supervised Deep Learning Framework for Unsupervised Few-Shot Learning and Clustering

Abstract The need to learn a good representation is a core problem central to AI. We present a self-supervised representation learning framework and demonstrate its use for few-shot classification and clustering. Our framework can be interpreted as repeatedly discovering new categories from learned embeddings and training a new embedding function with self-supervised signals to differentiate the discovered categories. In our framework, we first discover categories from unlabeled data. Next we post-process the previous partition results to remove outliers and derive prototypes of each category. We then construct few-shot learning tasks with previously selected data and augmented virtual data. Lastly, we iterative train the network through previous steps to learn the final representation. Our framework can considerably outperform previous baselines in unsupervised few-shot classification tasks on miniImageNet and Omniglot data sets. We also validate our learned representation on clustering tasks and demonstrate that our framework further improves upon the recent deep clustering methods.
Catch-down growth in infants born large for gestational age

Infants born large for gestational age (LGA) not exhibiting catch-down growth (a decline of weight z-score by 1) have a higher likelihood of future obesity. We aimed to identify the term LGA infants in our neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) and document nutrition interventions that may influence growth. Our 10-year retrospective review identified 47 term LGA infants who had a NICU length of stay (LOS) ≥7 days. We obtained demographic data, nutrition interventions in the NICU, and data regarding growth patterns. Of the 47 infants, 31 (66%), demonstrated catch-down growth at discharge at ≥7 days. Overall, 39 of 47 patients (83%) received interventions during their NICU stay, including 32 (69%) who had nasogastric tubes placed, and 24 (51%) had formula fortification to augment weight gain. Among patients with LOS ≥14 days, 23 of 23 patients without catch-down growth and four of five patients with catch-down growth had nutrition interventions performed. Of the overall population, only 38% of those who did not demonstrate catch-down growth had an LOS of ≥14 days vs 77% of all infants that did exhibit catch-down growth (P = .01). Our data suggest that nutrition interventions in LGA infants are common in the NICU. Our study highlights the need for further clinical studies to help direct care in this population of infants.
Propaganda State in Crisis: Soviet Ideology, Indoctrination, and Terror under Stalin, 1927-1941

The USSR is often regarded as the world's first propaganda state. Particularly under Stalin, politically charged rhetoric and imagery dominated the press, schools, and cultural forums from literature and cinema to the fine arts. Yet party propagandists were repeatedly frustrated in their efforts to promote a coherent sense of "Soviet" identity during the interwar years. This book investigates this failure to mobilize society along communist lines by probing the secrets of the party's ideological establishment and indoctrinational system. An expose of systemic failure within Stalin's ideological establishment, Propaganda State in Crisis ultimately rewrites the history of Soviet indoctrination and mass mobilization between 1927 and 1941.
A combinatorial approach to surface anchored polymers

Recent advances in the field of self-assembly have led to the development of a plethora of new technologies derived from soft lithography that enable alternative ways of fabricating thin films with two- and three-dimensional patterns on material surfaces. Techniques involving the patterning of thicker polymer layers grafted to the substrate have been developed, based on selectively decorating the material surfaces with polymerization initiators and then performing the polymerization directly on the surface. Using this technology, the thickness of the overcoat film can be adjusted by simply varying the polymerization conditions (time, monomer concentration, polymerization temperature). Using these techniques, we have developed two simple methodologies that allow for combinatorial variation of selected properties of polymers anchored on surfaces, most notably the polymer grafting density and the polymer molecular weight.
Our Pluralist Housing Ethics and Public-Private Partnerships for Affordable Housing

While affordable housing has been produced through a variety of public-private partnerships (PPPs) for many decades, this fact is garnering new and increasing attention by legal and policy analysts. This chapter considers how this new attention may affect the future of America's affordable housing movement through the lens of our pluralist housing ethics: (1) Housing as an Economic Good, (2) Housing as Home, (3) Housing as a Human Right, (4) Housing as Providing Social Order, and (5) Housing as One Land Use in a Functional System. (The housing ethics framework was first explicated in Tim Iglesias, Our Pluralist Housing Ethics and the Struggle for Affordable Housing, 42 Wake Forest L. Rev. 511 (2007).) After defining a housing ethic, this chapter briefly explains our five housing ethics and reflects on our housing ethics pluralism. Then, after analyzing the PPP phenomenon using this framework, the chapter concludes that development of affordable housing through the form of PPPs presents important and even historic opportunities for affordable housing development but also substantial risks. Specifically, the proliferation of affordable housing PPPs could engender increased subsidies, continued experimentation with creative methods of developing affordable housing, improved public perceptions of affordable housing, and, most importantly, a fundamental repositioning of affordable housing in legal and policy debates. However, this phenomenon could also lead to the opposite outcomes.
Regulation at the glnL-Operator-Promoter of the Complex glnALG Operon of Escherichia coli

We identified the portion of the glnALG operon that contains the promoter and operator of the glnLG suboperon and showed that the product of glnG represses transcription initiated at glnLp.
Long-term high salt diet delays development of renal injury and inflammation in murine systemic lupus erythematosus (860.12)

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disorder with prevalent renal disease, for reasons that continue to be elucidated. Recent evidence suggests that dietary salt may be an important...
Reward-related decision making in older adults: relationship to clinical presentation of depression.

Objective Impairment in reward processes has been found in individuals with depression and in the aging population. The purpose of this study was twofold: 1. To use an affective neuroscience probe to identify abnormalities in reward-related decision making in late-life depression. 2. To examine the relationship of reward-related decision making abnormalities in depressed, older adults to the clinical expression of apathy in depression. We hypothesized that relative to elderly, healthy subjects, depressed, elderly patients would exhibit impaired decision making and that apathetic, depressed patients would show greater impairment in decision making than non-apathetic, depressed patients.
Techniques to improve function of the arm and hand in chronic hemiplegia.

We evaluated functional improvement in the upper limb of chronic (more than six months' duration) stroke patients who received one of two electrical stimulation treatments, conventional treatment, or no treatment. Twenty-two right-handed patients were assigned to one of four groups studied for 12 months posttreatment. Subjects received (1) EMG-initiated electrical stimulation of wrist extensors (EMG-stim), (2) low-intensity electrical stimulation of wrist extensors combined with voluntary contractions (B/B), (3) proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) exercises, or (4) no treatment. Subjects were treated for three months. Before treatment, upon completion of treatment, and three and nine months after treatment, subjects were evaluated by the Fugl-Meyer (FM) poststroke motor recovery test and by grip strength. Subjects also attempted three Jebsen-Taylor hand function tests and a finger tapping test at the same evaluation sessions, but many were unable to complete these tests. During the course of treatment, FM scores of subjects receiving PNF improved 18%, B/B improved 25%, and EMG-stim improved 42%. The aggregate FM improvement of the treated groups was significant from pretreatment to posttreatment, and the improvement was maintained at three-month and nine-month followups (all p less than .005). The treated subjects' improvement in grip strength was also maintained at both followups (p less than .10). In contrast, the control group showed no significant change in FM scores or grip strength. The four treated subjects who were able to perform the hand function tests and finger tapping at all four evaluations also improved on these tests.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Information-guided persistent monitoring under temporal logic constraints

We study the problem of planning the motion of an agent such that it maintains indefinitely a high-quality estimate of some a priori unknown feature, such as traffic levels in an urban environment. Persistent operation requires that the agent satisfy motion constraints, such as visiting charging stations infinitely often, which are readily described by rich linear temporal logic (LTL) specifications. We propose and evaluate via simulation a two-level dynamic programming algorithm that is guaranteed to satisfy given LTL constraints. The low-level path planner implements a receding horizon algorithm that maximizes the local information gathering rate. The high-level planner selects inputs to the low-level planner based on global performance considerations.
Optimum Time of Delay for Parachute Opening

The opening of a parachute subjects the parachutist to sudden accelerations, varying as to their peak magnitudes approximately with the square of the speed. The peak accelerations for an air speed of 120 m.p.h. at the time of opening are 4-6g—uncomfortable for the parachutist but supportable both by him and the parachute. Openings at excessively high speeds may result in shocks of such magnitude as to cause immediate injury or tearing of the parachute. I t is shown that for any (horizontal) launching speed the velocity of a parachutist falling with parachute closed will pass through a minimum—less than either the launching speed or the terminal speed. The time between launching and the occurrence of the minimum speed is clearly the optimum time of delay for opening the parachute with as little shock as possible. Formulas are derived relating the magnitude of the minimal velocity to that of the launching velocity and to the angle of the trajectory at which the minimum occurs. The time interval between the launching and the occurrence of the minimum speed is determined from step-to-step computations for various launching velocities. Charts are given for graphic determinations of the optimum time of delay, the velocity and the distance fallen at any time before opening for various launching velocities. The formulas and charts are derived in general form, making them equally applicable to problems of landing material as well a s personnel by parachute, given only the terminal velocity (or the mass and the drag at a given air speed). As one example values obtained for an average parachutist (terminal velocity 160 i t . per second), launched with a horizontal velocity of 160 ft. per second, indicate that a minimum speed of 125 ft. per second will be reached after 2.8 sec. when the direction of falling makes an angle of 35 deg. with the horizontal and the vertical distance fallen is about 120 ft. The opening shock for the optimum delay would be approximately (125/160) or 61 per cent of what it would be for immediate opening or for opening delayed more than 12 sec. Even for a launching velocity of 500 ft. per second, the opening shock may be reduced to 80 per cent of the value for terminal velocity by opening the parachute at the proper time—• after 7 sec. for the average parachutist. I t is shown that the effect of altitude is to lengthen the optimum time of delay for a given indicated air speed at launching, the sealevel value having to be multiplied by the square root of the density ratio.
Causal Mediation Analysis

Estimating the mechanisms that connect explanatory variables with the explained variable, also known as “mediation analysis,” is central to a variety of social-science fields, especially psychology...
Effect of zinc ions on tRNA structure. I. Reversed-phase chromatography

Abstract The effect of zinc on the chromatographic behavior of four tRNAs was examined on RPC-5 and Aminex A-28 columns. RPC-5 contains dichlorodifluoroethylene beads coated with a quaternary ammonium compound where the substituents are: R 1 = methyl, and R 2-4 & z.dbnd; C 8-10 hydrocarbons. Aminex A-28 contains quaternary ammonium covalently attached to styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer lattice and R 1-3 are methyl groups. The retentions of tRNA Val , tRNA Ile , and tRNA Lys of E. coli and yeast tRNA Phe on RPC-5 were all markedly increased by Zn 2+ ions. In contrast, no increased retention due to Zn 2+ was observed when tRNA Phe was chromatographed on Aminex A-28. A model for chromatography on RPC-5 is developed which treats the elution behavior of tRNAs from this matrix as the sum of ionexchange and hydrophobic interactions. The chromatography of tRNA in the presence and absence of Zn 2+ is interpreted in terms of this model and the effects of sodium chloride concentration, temperature, and pH were explored as the experimental variables. These experiments suggest that in the absence of Zn 2+ tRNA does not interact appreciably with the hydrophobic surface of the column. The addition of Zn 2+ has three effects on chromatography: (1) a decrease in the number of anionic sites on the tRNA which interact with the positively charged ammonium ion, (2) an increase in affinity of the tRNA for these ionic sites, and (3) an increase in affinity of tRNA for hydrophobic sites on the column. All three effects were fully reversed by the addition of Cd 2+ (10 m M ) or Mg 2+ (35 m M ), but only partially reversed at lower concentrations of these competing ions. These results show that chromatography on RCP-5 can be a sensitive physical chemical technique for examination of the structure of tRNA, and probably for other nucleic acids as well.
A C++ Binding for Penguin: a System for Data Sharing among Heterogeneous Object Models

The relational model supports the view concept, but relational views are limited in structure. OODBMSs do not support the view concept, so that all applications must share the same arrangement of object classes and inheritance. We describe the Penguin system and its support for the view concept. Each application can have its own arrangement of object classes and inheritance, and these are defined as views of an integrated, normalized conceptual data model, in our case the Structural Model. We define view-objects in a language-independent manner on top of the conceptual data model. These view-objects can be complex objects supporting a composite structure. We discuss the extension of Penguin to support PART-OF (reference) and IS-A graphs for composite view-objects. We also discuss the C++ binding to Penguin, where C++ code is generated for object classes corresponding to the view-objects along with basic operations on them (creation, query, navigate, browsing, and update).
Exact Linearization Control of a PM Stepper Motor

This work considers the control of a PM stepper motor using the exact linearization method. We show how this method leads naturally to the Blondel-Park transformation of Electric Machine Theory.
Marching to Different Tunes: Commitment and Culture as Mobilizing Mechanisms of Trade Unions and Community Organizations

This study examines mobilizing mechanisms using a British community organization and a British trade union as exemplars. Although there has been substantial work on union revitalization on the one hand, and the emergence of alternative, community organizations on the other, no study has compared the challenges these organizations face in encouraging member mobilization. The findings illustrate how the trade union engages in a service-driven culture, cultivating instrumental commitment between the members and the union. The community organization, in contrast, engages in a relational culture and exemplifies a form of social commitment between the members and the group. As a result, different types of commitment and organizational cultures help explain why sustained member mobilization within a trade union is harder to achieve than within a community organization.
System of Double Infection Between Vaccinia Virus and Mengovirus

When L cells are simultaneously infected with vaccinia virus and mengovirus, double interference in the replication of both viruses is observed. Superinfection of vaccinia virus-infected cells by mengovirus during the first 5 hr of infection reduces vaccinia virus yields to between 1 and 3% of controls. The yields of mengovirus are reduced to between 1 and 16% of controls, depending upon the time of superinfection. The replication of vaccinia deoxyribonucleic acid is not inhibited by mengovirus; it is only delayed. On the other hand, vaccinia multiplication severely hinders the replication of mengovirus ribonucleic acid. The double-infected system, at early times, synthesizes proteins that resemble those synthesized in the vaccinia virus-infected cells. Later in infection, however, the pattern is switched to proteins synthesized by mengovirus-infected cells. Possible mechanisms for this double interference in multiplication are discussed.
Repeated exposure of Candida spp. to miconazole demonstrates no development of resistance.

Background Oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC) is a common infection among the immunocompromised population. Treatments include both systemic azoles, most commonly fluconazole (FLU), and topical agents such as miconazole (MICON). However, resistance to FLU has been reported with greater frequency.
Hereditary Pancreatitis: Report on Two Additional Families

Summary The pedigrees of two additional, unrelated families in which the hereditary form of chronic relapsing pancreatitis and sequelae have occurred have been described. These additional observations tend to confirm the original impression that in certain families chronic relapsing pancreatitis is transmitted as an autosomal dominant gene. The hereditary form of the disease appears to resemble the sporadic form in most respects. However, the hereditary form of the disease does appear to begin earlier in life and appears so far to involve females predominantly, whereas males seem more often affected in the usual form of chronic pancreatitis. The cause and pathogenesis of the disease are not known. Alcohol and hyperlipemia appear to be unimportant factors in the etiology of the hereditary form of the disease, nor have gallstones been associated. It is suspected that the inherited defect predisposing to recurring bouts of pancreatitis and sequelae is metabolic in nature. It appears quite probable that the hereditary form of chronic relapsing pancreatitis occurs more frequently than has been realized in the past and that increasing awareness of the entity will result in the discovery of many more families so affected.
Orientation-independent rapid pulsatile flow measurement using dual-angle Doppler OCT

Doppler OCT (DOCT) can provide blood flow velocity information which is valuable for investigation of microvascular structure and function. However, DOCT is only sensitive to motion parallel with the imaging beam, so that knowledge of flow direction is needed for absolute velocity determination. Here, absolute volumetric flow is calculated by integrating velocity components perpendicular to the B-scan plane. These components are acquired using two illumination beams with a predetermined angular separation, produced by a delay encoded technique. This technology enables rapid pulsatile flow measurement from single B-scans without the need for 3-D volumetric data or knowledge of blood vessel orientation.
Patterns of Enamel Maturation

Investigations of the maturation pattern of rat incisor enamel by quantitative electron microscopy and electron-probe microanalysis indicate that mineralization of rat enamel can be regarded, as in humans, as a regular and progressive process pattern of enamel matrix formation. The species variations that have been proposed in the pattern of enamel mineralization can be related to differences in both the rate of formation of the enamel matrix and in the total thickness of the enamel produced. Neither the microradiographic appearance of developing enamel, nor the solubility and staining characteristics of the organic matrix accurately reflects the mineral concentration gradients established during the mineralization process as indicated from electron microprobe analysis.
Regulation of the RAD2 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Regulation of the DNA damage-inducible RAD2 gene was investigated in yeast cells transformed with centromeric plasmids containing RAD2-lacZ fusion constructs. Deletion analysis defined several regions in the 350bp region upstream of the translational start codon which are required for induction of beta-galactosidase activity. No deletions resulted in constitutively enhanced expression. We therefore conclude that induction of RAD2 by DNA-damaging agents is positively regulated. Two domains required for induction have a similar sequence and are located approximately 70 and approximately 140bp upstream of the major transcriptional start site. Four other sequence domains required for induction contain uninterrupted poly(dA) poly(dT) stretches 9-13bp long. Deletion of some of these AT-rich domains also affects constitutive expression of RAD2. Expression of RAD2 is not cell-cycle-regulated in mitotic cells. However, meiosis is accompanied by increased steady-state levels of RAD2 mRNA in the absence of DNA damage. This enhanced transcription is not dependent on the presence of upstream sequences required for regulation of induction by DNA damage. Increased steady-state levels of RAD2 mRNA are induced by cycloheximide in asynchronously dividing populations of cells, but not in non-replicating cells arrested in G1 phase of the cell cycle. Following exposure to u.v. irradiation induction is also dramatically reduced in non-replicating cells.
Power and Reliability: The Case of Homogeneous True Score Regression Across Treatments

As part of their investigation of the relation between reliability of measures and statistical power, Nicewander and Price (1983) examined the situation in which true score regressions are homogeneous across treatments. They derived an equation indicating that the measure, X or Y, yielding the greater power depends on the reliabilities (pXX'. and pYY', respectively) and the squared linear correlation between true scores for X and Y (pT(X)T(Y)2). Typically, however, researchers cannot compute a direct estimate of pT(X)T(Y)2 The authors eliminate this problem by (a) pointing out situations in which the value of pT(X)T(Y)2 is either irrelevant or 1.0 and (b) demonstrating that their equation otherwise can be expressed in terms of pXX' and pXY only.
Association of mitochondrial dysfunction and fatigue: A review of the literature

Fatigue is often described by patients as a lack of energy, mental or physical tiredness, diminished endurance, and prolonged recovery after physical activity. Etiologic mechanisms underlying fatigue are not well understood; however, fatigue is a hallmark symptom of mitochondrial disease, making mitochondrial dysfunction a putative biological mechanism for fatigue. Therefore, this review examined studies that investigated the association of markers of mitochondrial dysfunction with fatigue and proposes possible research directions to enhance understanding of the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in fatigue. A thorough search using PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase databases returned 1220 articles. After the application of inclusion and exclusion criteria, a total of 25 articles meeting eligibility criteria were selected for full review. Dysfunctions in the mitochondrial structure, mitochondrial function (mitochondrial enzymes and oxidative/nitrosative stress), mitochondrial energy metabolism (ATP production and fatty acid metabolism), immune response, and genetics were investigated as potential contributors to fatigue. Carnitine was the most investigated mitochondrial function marker. Dysfunctional levels were reported in all the studies investigating carnitine; however, the specific type of carnitine that was dysfunctional varied. Genetic profiles were the second most studied mitochondrial parameter. Six common pathways were proposed: metabolism, energy production, protein transport, mitochondrial morphology, central nervous system dysfunction and post-viral infection. Coenzyme Q10 was the most commonly investigated mitochondrial enzyme. Low levels of Coenzyme Q10 were consistently associated with fatigue. Potential targets for further investigation were identified as well as gaps in the current literature.
Post-pass binary adaptation for software-based speculative precomputation

Recently, a number of thread-based prefetching techniques have been proposed. These techniques aim at improving the latency of single-threaded applications by leveraging multithreading resources to perform memory prefetching via speculative prefetch threads. Software-based speculative precomputation (SSP) is one such technique, proposed for multithreaded Itanium models. SSP does not require expensive hardware support-instead it relies on the compiler to adapt binaries to perform prefetching on otherwise idle hardware thread contexts at run time. This paper presents a post-pass compilation tool for generating SSP-enhanced binaries. The tool is able to: (1) analyze a single-threaded application to generate prefetch threads; (2) identify and embed trigger points in the original binary; and (3) produce a new binary that has the prefetch threads attached. The execution of the new binary spawns the speculative prefetch threads, which are executed concurrently with the main thread. Our results indicate that for a set of pointer-intensive benchmarks, the prefetching performed by the speculative threads achieves an average of 87% speedup on an in-order processor and 5% speedup on an out-of-order processor.
Joint Detection of Spatial-Temporal Spectrum Holes for Cognitive Radio Networks

Spectrum sensing is a key technology to reliably detect spectrum holes in multi-dimensions for cognitive radio networks. In this paper, a joint spatial-temporal spectrum sensing scheme is proposed. First of all, the secondary users (SUs) located inside the primary exclusive region (PER) perform temporal sensing. When the primary user (PU) is present, the SUs located outside the PER perform spatial spectrum sensing. The proposed method can improve the spectrum utilization by exploiting both temporal and spatial spectrum holes. The achievable throughput for the secondary network of joint spatial-temporal sensing is higher than that of pure temporal sensing. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
IgE, IgG AND IgG4 ANTIBODIES TO α-, β-, AND κ-CASEIN IN INFANTS WITH CHRONIC DIARRHEA

IgE, IgG and IgG4 antibodies to casein fractions were studied in 20 infants with chronic diarrhea (CD) and in 19 healthy infants (H). Mean ages were 4.6 months for CD and 5.9 for H. Mean duration of CD was 35 days. Cow milk was started during the 1st month of life in 18 of each group, duration 4.0 mo (CD), 5.1 (H). Seven of 20 CD rectal biopsies revealed colitis. Eighteen of 19 CD had abnormalities in small intestinal biopsies. All CD infants had acidic stools containing reducing substances. Mean total IgE was higher in CD (22 IU/ml) than in H (3.1 IU/ml, p .1). IgE and IgG4, antibodies to all caseins were higher in CD than H (p<.05). IgG antibodies to all proteins were markedly elevated in CD (p<.001). There was no difference in antibodies of CD infants with colitis compared to those without colitis. There was a tendency for antibodies to be higher in CD with severe small bowel changes than in those with mild. Increased antibodies to caseins in infants with chronic diarrhea could be secondary to increased mucosal permeability or to a heightened primary immune response.
Pellets Versus Mash for Starting Bobwhite Quail

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to compare the performance of Bobwhite quail chicks fed mash or pellets. Three treatments were compared: mash, hatch through 5 weeks; mash, hatch through 2 weeks then pellets through 5 weeks; pellets, hatch through 5 weeks. A total of 4320 chicks were used in the two experiments. Feeding pellets from hatch through 5 weeks of age resulted in larger body weights but did not affect feed conversion or mortality. Feeding mash from hatch through 2 weeks of age then pellets through 5 weeks of age resulted in significantly poorer feed conversion. The data suggested a possible adverse effect of changing types of feed (mash to pellets) at the end of 2 weeks.
Patterns of food storing by black-capped chickadees suggest a mnemonic hypothesis

Abstract There is no general theory of cache dispersal in food-storing animals. The present study of free-ranging black-capped chickadees,Parus atricapillus, was undertaken to determine whether caches were deployed in ways that might reduce the overall memory load required for cache recovery. Birds were studied in natural habitats of New York state's Hudson Valley during the time of the year when they lived in flocks. Birds were offered sunflower seeds at feeders during the autumn and winter. Storing flights ended usually at short distances from the feeder and tended to cluster around a preferred orientation. This orientation often persisted on subsequent days and overlapped with that of other flock members. The behaviour observed may reflect a compromise between the need to minimize the energy cost for food storing (close to source), to minimize the risk of thievery (scatter-hoarding), and to optimize the memorization of caching sites. One hypothesis offered to explain this behaviour is that cached sites clustered in a particular direction will be remembered with reference to a common set of landmarks, and thus pose less of a memory load than items cached over a broad area using all directions away from a food source.
Patients at risk on a cardiac rehabilitation unit: Implications for a liaison model

Abstract A subgroup of 20 of 75 patients on a cardiac rehabilitation unit was identified as having a perception of their health status and social support systems as poor, and a cognitive style of “vigilance.” Staff also had maximal uncertainty about the diagnoses and behavior of these patients, and about how to deal with them. These patients had more diagnosed myocardial infarctions than the other patients in the unit. A liaison model is proposed that would focus on facilitating staff-patient communications for such patients, who have special needs for information, as a means of helping them to cope with their illness and of facilitating rehabilitation.
Review of the 1994 dental materials literature

Abstract Objectives . Electronic databases provide strong support for research and education literature searches. However, there is still some lag in time between publication and updates of the database. The objective of this summary was to identify and categorize the 1994 dental materials scientific literature that dealth with restorative dentistry. Methods . Seventeen primary journals were manually searched via the Tables of Contents and 88 secondary journals were manually or electronically searched. Dental materials citations were categorized into 15 major sections and several subsections, excluding case reports and literature primarily related to dental implants or biomedical materials outside of dentistry. Results . Nearly twelve hundred citations were identified, the largest number being associated with composites and glass ionomers. Significance . This list provides a comprehensive source for review by academicians and researchers to bridge the gap between initial publication and electronic citation.
LEFT VENTRICULAR DIASTOLIC DYSFUNCTION IS AN INDEPENDENT PREDICTOR OF LONG-TERM MORTALITY IN PATIENTS WHO UNDERWENT LIVER TRANSPLANT FOR END STAGE LIVER DISEASE

Patients with end-stage liver disease (ESLD) may develop left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in the absence of coronary artery disease or hypertension. Prognostic value of the presence of diastolic dysfunction on post orthotopic liver transplant (OLT) survival is unknown. We report on the
Anesthetic management of the pregnant patient with Marfan syndrome

Two patients with Marfan syndrome who presented for labor and delivery are reviewed. The characteristics of Marfan syndrome and their significance in relation to the physiologic changes due to pregnancy and the implications for anesthetic management are discussed. Marfan syndrome can present with musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, ocular, and pulmonary complications believed to be secondary to an inheritable disorder of connective tissue metabolism. These patients must be carefully evaluated, monitored, and managed during the prepartum and peripartum period. The physiology of pregnancy, particularly the hemodynamic changes, can have catastrophic consequences for the parturient with Marfan syndrome. Serial echocardiographic studies evaluating aortic root size and aortic and mitral valve function are essential during pregnancy. Anesthetic management focuses on minimizing aortic root shear forces and wall stress through invasive monitoring, pharmacologic intervention, and pain treatment.
Adjunctive therapy for recurrent ventricular tachycardia in patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillators.

Implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) are now the mainstay of therapy in patients with sustained ventricular tachycardia (VT), ventricular fibrillation, resuscitated sudden cardiac death, or certain high-risk markers for these arrhythmic events. Although ICDs in such patients can be life-saving, they can impair quality of life when painful or frequent discharges occur or when residual VT symptoms recur prior to delivery of ICD therapies. As such, antiarrhythmic drugs often are employed in an attempt to reduce the triggering tachyarrhythmic events. Recently, studies with β-blockers, sotalol, amiodarone, and the investigational agent azimilide have been performed to objectify the efficacy, benefits, or risks of such therapies when administered to patients with ICDs. This review describes the considerations important to the use of these therapies in ICD patients and the results and applicability of these investigative studies.
Optimization of experimental parameters and procedures for fluorescence excitation spectroscopy

Abstract The critical experimental parameters necessary to obtain fluorescence excitation spectra of weakly fluorescing samples are presented, and the methods necessary for their determination are discussed. Details relating to experimental timing, optical alignment, supersonic jet operation, and nozzle design are of special importance.