cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Teacher and student perceptions of an outdoor classroom

A six-week study was conducted with two kindergarten teachers and 37 kindergarten students aged five and six to determine their perceptions of teaching and learning in a traditional indoor classroom compared to a newly constructed outdoor classroom. This mix-methods study took place in a charter school located in the southeast region of the United States. Observational data was collected in both the outdoor and indoor learning environments during the literacy block called “LMNOP time” as well as during recess or “free time.” The teachers and children were also surveyed and interviewed. Of the 37 children who participated in the study, five of the children had special needs. Quantitative observations and qualitative interview records were analyzed to compare the impact of the learning environments on children with and without disabilities. The data revealed that both the teachers and the students reported an increased perception of wellbeing, pleasure, and interest when teaching and learning in the outdoor classroom. In addition, research assistants noted that the children with disabilities were less distracted and more on-task when working in the outdoor classroom.
On the rate of convergence for the length of the longest common subsequences in hidden Markov models

Let (X, Y) = (Xn, Yn)n≥1 be the output process generated by a hidden chain Z = (Zn)n≥1, where Z is a finite-state, aperiodic, time homogeneous, and irreducible Markov chain. Let LCn be the length of the longest common subsequences of X1,..., Xn and Y1,..., Yn. Under a mixing hypothesis, a rate of convergence result is obtained for E[LCn]/n.
"When you can do it, why can't I?": Racial and Socioeconomic Differences in Family Technology Use and Non-Use

There is racial diversity as well as economic inequality in the United States (U.S.). To gain a nuanced understanding of how households from different socio economic and racial backgrounds integrate technology into their lives, we conducted a diary study with 22 parents who were Asian Indian (the fastest-growing immigrant population in U.S.) and 18 who were White American (the largest racial group in U.S.) parents from the working and middle classes. The participants logged in-situ instances of using smart phones and speaker use by, with, and around children for 8 weeks, and were interviewed once every four weeks (two times in total). Our findings reveal differences and similarities in parents' attitudes and practices of using or not using these devices around and with children, in parental restrictions of children's use of technology, and children's daily use patterns. The paper concludes with a discussions of the implications of our findings and suggestions for future design improvements in smart phones and speakers.
Insurance type impacts bronchoscopy for foreign body aspiration: An analysis of the Kids' Inpatient Database.

Abstract Objectives To ascertain whether insurance type is associated with postoperative adverse effects and hospital length of stay for inpatient airway foreign body removal. Methods Retrospective analysis of children Results A total of 5,850 children underwent bronchoscopy for foreign body removal. The median age was 2 (IQR: 4–1) years and 61.6% patients were male. Payer status included Medicaid (38.9%), private insurance (51.5%), self-pay (4.3%) and other (9.6%). The Medicaid cohort had a higher proportion of black (19.1%) and Hispanic patients (34.5%) (P Conclusion This study demonstrated that a difference in postoperative complications and LOS exist between public and privately insured children for foreign body removal via bronchoscopy. Further studies are warranted to investigate factors that drive these disparities.
Neurons and normativity: A critique of Greene’s notion of unfamiliarity

In his article “Beyond Point-and-Shoot Morality,” Joshua Greene argues that the empirical findings of cognitive neuroscience have implications for ethics. Specifically, he contends that we ought to...
Political Judgments and Political Inquiry: Arendt and Dewey

This chapter asks what political judgment is—the central concept of the book—given the Deweyan account of judgment presented in the previous chapter. I relate Dewey’s conception of judgment to Arendt’s conception of political judgment and discuss the similarities and differences between the two. Following on from the previous chapter, I start with the observation that Dewey’s understanding of judgments (in terms of the analogy between judgments as the outcomes of inquiry processes and judicial judgments as the outcomes of a trial) resembles Kant’s understanding of judgments. I then go on to outline Arendt’s identification of political judgments with Kantian aesthetic judgments and discuss her conception of aesthetic political judgments in relation to the contemporary neo-Arendtian theory of democratic judgment by Linda Zerilli. In a next step, I first point to the similarities of such an understanding of political judgment and Dewey’s notions of judgment and inquiry by stressing the affective and aesthetic dimensions of his notion of experience, and second I offer a criticism of the non-epistemic Arendtian interpretation of the concept of political judgment from a Deweyan point of view. This critical engagement with Arendtian theories of political judgment will set up the Deweyan account of political judgment, which is the subject of chapter five.
Consciousness among delta waves: a paradox?

A common observation in EEG research is that consciousness vanishes with the appearance of delta (1-4 Hz) waves, particularly when those waves are high amplitude. High amplitude delta oscillations are frequently observed in states of diminished consciousness, including slow wave sleep, anaesthesia, generalized epileptic seizures, and disorders of consciousness, such as coma and the vegetative state. This strong correlation between loss of consciousness and high amplitude delta oscillations is thought to stem from the widespread cortical deactivation that occurs during the 'down states' or troughs of these slow oscillations. Recently, however, many studies have reported the presence of prominent delta activity during conscious states, which casts doubt on the hypothesis that high amplitude delta oscillations are an indicator of unconsciousness. These studies include work in Angelman syndrome, epilepsy, behavioural responsiveness during propofol anaesthesia, postoperative delirium, and states of dissociation from the environment such as dreaming and powerful psychedelic states. The foregoing studies complement an older, yet largely unacknowledged, body of literature that has documented awake, conscious patients with high amplitude delta oscillations in clinical reports from Rett syndrome, Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, schizophrenia, mitochondrial diseases, hepatic encephalopathy, and non-convulsive status epilepticus. At the same time, a largely parallel body of recent work has reported convincing evidence that the complexity or entropy of EEG and magnetoencephalographic signals strongly relates to an individual's level of consciousness. Having reviewed this literature, we discuss plausible mechanisms that would resolve the seeming contradiction between high amplitude delta oscillations and consciousness. We also consider implications concerning theories of consciousness, such as integrated information theory and the entropic brain hypothesis. Finally, we conclude that false inferences of unconscious states can be best avoided by examining measures of electrophysiological complexity in addition to spectral power.
Virtual teamwork in healthcare delivery: I-O psychology in telehealth research and practice

[...]research on virtual healthcare teams will take place primarily in field-based versus laboratory-based settings, which may improve the ecological validity of research findings when applied in practice. [...]the rapid transition to telehealth due to the COVID-19 pandemic presents a significant opportunity for longitudinal research to study healthcare teams with a prior (and, perhaps long-term) history of face-to-face (FTF) interactions that now take place with some extent of virtuality. [...]in the inpatient setting, teams engaging in virtual rounding or teams working within inpatient COVID-19 care units will exhibit variations in functional diversity (e.g., clinical expertise), technology used (e.g., videoconferencing, telephone), and geographic dispersion (e.g., locally within the hospital with some in/out of the patient room) throughout the duration of a patient’s hospitalization. [...]there is an opportunity to move beyond subjective satisfaction and experience indicators of virtual team performance to more objective outcomes.
Evolution of texture and internal stresses within polycrystalline rock salt using in situ 3D synchrotron computed tomography and 3D X-ray diffraction

Rock salt caverns have been extensively used as reliable repositories for haza­rdous waste such as nuclear waste, oil or compressed gases. Undisturbed rock salt deposits in nature are usually impermeable and have very low porosity. However, rock salt formations under excavation stresses can develop crack networks, which increase their porosities; and in the case of a connected crack network within the media, rock salt may become permeable. Although the relationship between the permeability of rock salt and the applied stresses has been reported in the literature, a microscopic study that investigates the properties influencing this relationship, such as the evolution of texture and internal stresses, has yet to be conducted. This study employs in situ 3D synchrotron micro-computed tomography and 3D X-ray diffraction (3DXRD) on two small-scale polycrystalline rock salt specimens to investigate the evolution of the texture and internal stresses within the specimens. The 3DXRD technique measures the 3D crystal structure and lattice strains within rock salt grains. The specimens were prepared under 1D compression conditions and have shown an initial {111} preferred texture, a dominant {110}〈110〉 slip system and no fully connected crack network. The {111} preferred texture under the unconfined compression experiment became stronger, while the {111}〈110〉 slip system became more prominent. The specimens did not have a fully connected crack network until applied axial stresses reached about 30 MPa, at a point where the impermeability of the material becomes compromised due to the development of multiple major cracks.
Rosacea Pathogenesis, Common Triggers and Dietary Role: The Cause, the Trigger and the Positive Effects of Different Foods

Rosacea is a common chronic inflammatory cutaneous disorder, primarily manifesting on the cheeks, nose, chin, and forehead with a classic relapsing-remitting course that affects mostly fair skin types (Fitzpatrick I and II). The pathogenesis remains unclear, but the complex interplay between environmental and genetic factors may augment the innate immune response and neurovascular dysregulation. Different nutrients may play a role in the pathogenesis of rosacea. Many dietary triggers, including hot beverages, alcohol, spicy foods, caffeine, vanilla, cinnamon, niacin, marinated meats, and dairy products, have been postulated for this disease; however, there is a lack of well-designed and controlled studies evaluating the causal relationship between rosacea and dietary factors. We have explored the available evidence and hypotheses based on trigger-food categories of rosacea, the role of the skin-gut microbiome axis, and potentially benefiting dietary factors such as probiotics, prebiotics, and high-fiber diets.
Seismic velocity variations along the rupture zone of the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, California

[1] We revisit the rupture zone of the 1989 Mw6.9 Loma Prieta earthquake, central California, by developing high-resolution three-dimensional (3-D)Vp and Vp/Vs models. We apply the simul2000 inversion method and algorithm to a set of “composite” events, which have greater number of picks per event and reduced random picking errors compared with traditional master events. Our final P-wave velocity model generally agrees with previous studies, showing a high velocity body of above 6.7 km/s in the southeast rupture zone of the main shock. The 3-DVp/Vs model, however, has different features, with low Vp/Vs in the upper crust and high Vp/Vs anomalies in deeper layers of the rupture zone. We interpret the low Vp/Vs at shallow depths to be granitic rocks, whereas at greater depths the areas of higher Vp/Vs(around 1.725–1.75) presumably are mafic rocks. The resulting 3-D velocity model was used to improve absolute locations for all local events between 1984 and 2010 in our study area. We then applied a similar event cluster analysis, waveform cross-correlation, and differential time relocation methods to improve relative event location accuracy. Over 88% of the seismicity falls into similar event clusters. A dramatic sharpening of seismicity patterns is obtained after using these methods. The medians of the relative location uncertainties calculated by using the bootstrap approach are 5 m for horizontal and 8 m for vertical. Differential times from cross-correlation are used to estimatein situnear-sourceVp/Vsratio within each event cluster. The high-resolutionVp/Vs method confirms the trend of the velocity variations from the tomographic results, although absolute values are slightly different.
Interim Results from Alternative Fuel Truck Evaluation Project

The objective of this project, which is supported by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) through the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), is to provide a comprehensive comparison of heavy-duty trucks operating on alternative fuels and diesel fuel. Data collection from up to eight sites is planned. Currently, the project has four sites: Raley's in Sacramento, CA (Kenworth, Cummins LlO-300G, liquefied natural gas - LNG); Pima Gro Systems, Inc. in Fontana, CA (White/GMC, Caterpillar 31768 Dual-Fuel, compressed natural gas - CNG); Waste Management in Washington, PA (Mack, Mack E7G, LNG); and United Parcel Service in Hartford, CT (Freightliner Custom Chassis, Cummins B5.9G, CNG). This paper summarizes current data collection and evaluation results from this project.
The Duality of State Responsibility

While international law has existed for several centuries, State responsibility — the remedial rules triggered when a State breaches international law — is a modern phenomenon. Its creation resulted from two nineteenth century events: the U.S. protection of foreign investments and the German doctrinalization of public law. I will argue that contemporary doctrines of State responsibility are institutional reactions to and continuations of these separate developments. As a result, the same norms do not apply to all international disputes. For example, the rules the International Court of Justice employed to hold Serbia responsible for the Srebrenica massacre do not resemble those that the NAFTA arbitration panel used to hold Mexico responsible for expropriating an American corporation’s property. In the aftermath of the First World War, the League of Nations sought to codify State responsibility based on intra-American arbitrations; however, this effort failed because Latin American countries viewed that practice as imperialistic. Later attempts succeeded when the U.N. dissociated codification from the practice and relied instead on abstract German theory. As I will explain below, the successful codification of State responsibility had little effect on the American practice of investor protection. Accordingly, I describe international law enforcement in terms of two separate doctrines: one “spoken” and the other “unspoken.” International organizations such as the International Court of Justice regularly invoke the codified principles of State responsibility. At the same time, the American manner of investment protection has become the mainstay of international dispute resolution — though it remains unarticulated. Given the centrality of State responsibility to international law enforcement, its codification provides an opportunity to consider the relationship between doctrine and practice. Because the U.N. divorced the codification of State responsibility from international practice, it formulated a global rule of law and, simultaneously, provided the means for bypassing the very structure it created. As a result, there remain two frameworks of international law enforcement: the institutional and the ad hoc. As long as international institutions continue to ritualistically affirm the U.N. doctrine, the controversial American practice of investment protection will continue unabated.
Premature menopause: I. Etiology

The premature menopause syndrome has been regarded as one of the organ-specific autoimmune disorders because circulating antibodies to ovarian tissue have been demonstrated. Fifteen women with spontaneous cessation of menses after initial menarche before they were 35 years old were seen between 1975 and 1977. Increased serum levels of gonadotropin and failure of estrogen secretion were documented. Serum from each woman was examined for antibodies to normal ovary. Proteins from ovaries of normal premenopausal women were extracted and iodinated with 125I. The labeled proteins were incubated with sera for 48 hours, after which goat antihuman gamma-globulin was added and allowed to incubate for 72 hours. The precipitate was washed and evaluated for radioactive label. The binding of antibodies increased in the sera of patients with the premature menopause syndrome, compared with the control sera. This suggests that the etiology of premature menopause may be mediated by circulating antibodies to ovarian tissue.
Congestion control and adaptive routing in data networks: Modeling and analysis

In this talk we focus on the application of analytical techniques to the study of two critical and interrelated control problems in data communication networks. These are, respectively, congestion control and adaptive, routing. Both of these problem areas may be subsumed under the general question of optimum resource allocation in data networks. In essence the basic problem is that of appropriately allocating the system resources (for example, nodal buffers and channel capacity) so as to maintain a desired throughput in the network at a given cost, with as small a time delay as possible. Other criteria exist as well, and some of these may in fact be mutually incompatible.
The Bow and Arrow Mesoscale Convective Structure

AbstractThe accurate prediction of warm-season convective systems and the heavy rainfall and severe weather associated with them remains a challenge for numerical weather prediction models. This study looks at a circumstance in which quasi-stationary convection forms perpendicular to, and above the cold-pool behind strong bow echoes. The authors refer to this phenomenon as a “bow and arrow” because on radar imagery the two convective lines resemble an archer’s bow and arrow. The “arrow” can produce heavy rainfall and severe weather, extending over hundreds of kilometers. These events are challenging to forecast because they require an accurate forecast of earlier convection and the effects of that convection on the environment. In this study, basic characteristics of 14 events are documented, and observations of 4 events are presented to identify common environmental conditions prior to the development of the back-building convection. Simulations of three cases using the Weather Research and Forecasting M...
Engineering of SiO2-Au-SiO2 sandwich nanoaggregates using a building block: single, double, and triple cores for enhancement of near infrared fluorescence.

We have developed a simple and flexible chemical method to synthesize orderly metallic nanoaggregates using a designed SiO2−Au core−shell building block. The number of the building blocks in a nano...
Radiation-induced decomposition of PETN and TATB under pressure

We have investigated decomposition of PETN and TATB induced by white synchrotron X-ray radiation in a diamond anvil cell at ambient temperature and two pressures, nearly ambient and about 6 GPa. The decomposition rate of TATB decreases significantly when it is pressurized to 5.9 GPa. The measurements were highly reproducible and allowed us to obtain decomposition rates and the order parameters of the reactions.
Older adults' acquisition of word processing : the contribution of cognitive abilities and computer anxiety

Abstract This study examined relationships between computer attitude, computer experience, gender, cognitive abilities, and the acquisition of word processing by older adults. A total of 28 older adults (Mg. = 68.70 years) completed computer attitude questionnaires before and after a 6-week word-processing course and, additionally, completed spatial scanning, deductive, and inductive reasoning tests during the course. Gender differences were observed for attitudes towards computers, with females having a less positive attitude than males. Greater computer experience was associated with a more positive attitude, and with learning more word-processing knowledge during the course, replicating previous findings with young adults. No overall change in attitudes was found across the course, with the exception of computer liking; subjects tended to like computers less after the course, suggesting that the type of computer exposure may be an important factor in determining attitudes. Spatial scanning was found to be important in rapidly locating control keys for editing. Inductive and deductive reasoning were important predictors of word-processing knowledge, accounting for 60% of the variance. Identification of individual difference factors is a first step towards suggesting design changes in word-processing programs for older adults.
Demonstration of the exact anatomic tachycardia circuit in the fast-slow form of atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia.

To the Editor: We are responding to the recent article by Yamabe et al1 who concluded that a retrograde pathway extending from the His bundle (Hb) to the area below the coronary sinus os “is an integral limb of the reentry circuit in fast/slow atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT).” In a previous report,2 the same area was found to be involved in antegrade activation during slow/fast AVNRT. Thus, only one limb of the reentrant circuit has been delineated in which activation moves in opposite directions for the two varieties of AVNRT. Our recent studies of AVNRT in the rabbit heart3,4⇓ provide evidence suggesting that the entire AVNRT circuit is located within the triangle of Koch. Specifically, in 19 of 72 AV junctional preparations, the antegrade and retrograde limbs were located in the transitional cells closest to the tricuspid annulus and those transitional cells located just below the tendon of …
SECRET SOCIETIES AND SECRET COLLECTIVES

In the 60 years since Camilla Wedgwood's article appeared in the first volume of Oceania, anthropological studies of secrecy have undergone a marked change of perspective. Simple distinctions between secret process and content, between 'society5 and 'secret society*, as marked by inside/outside, sacred/profane, and like contrasts, are no longer tenable. Early studies recognized that secret formation could not be understood apart from the wider social order (Webster 1932). SimmeFs (1950) work, which I criticise in this essay, was instrumental in shifting but not fully analyzing the structural/historical assumption that a 'society* contains but one social order. Secrecy is an intentional process of differentiating included persons and entities from those excluded, while simultaneously building solidarity among secret-sharers. We should not speak of 'secret societies' but rather secret 'formations' and 'collectives', to underline the problematical relationship between secret collectives and other social formations. Secret collectives assemble hierarchies, between outsiders and insiders, and between members of the collective itself. Power and resources are at issue. However, secret societies are pre-eminently systems of cultural production, in which the ontological dimension is particularly significant. Secrecy as a semiotic system creates an intentional world, a cultural reality, set apart from other secular social formations. In this essay I shall discuss conceptual issues in the anthropological study of secrecy from three perspectives: the relationship between social hierarchy and secret collectives; the relationship between ontology and secrecy; and the relationship between secret collectives and the ontological development of the self/person.
Fondaparinux led to less bleeding than enoxaparin in patients with non–ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes

Source Citation Budaj A, Eikelboom JW, Mehta SR, et al. Improving clinical outcomes by reducing bleeding in patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes. Eur Heart J. 2009;30:655-61. 187...
Maps versus clusters: different representations of auditory space in the midbrain and forebrain

The auditory system determines the location of stimuli based on the evaluation of specific cues. The analysis begins in the tonotopic pathway, where these cues are processed in parallel, frequency-specific channels. This frequency-specific information is processed further in the midbrain and in the forebrain by specialized, space-processing pathways that integrate information across frequency channels, creating high-order neurons tuned to specific locations in space. Remarkably, the results of this integrative step are represented very differently in the midbrain and forebrain: in the midbrain, space is represented in maps, whereas, in the forebrain, space is represented in clusters of similarly tuned neurons. We propose that these different representations reflect the different roles that these two brain areas have in guiding behavior.
Na"Fuzzy space": does it exist, and is it important in ischemic injury?

Na + Fuzzy Space. Work is reviewed which provides evidence for the presence of a subsarcolemmal microdomain, in which the [Na + ] is influenced by Na + influx via the Na + channel and the activity of the Na pump. The sarcolemma adjacent to this microdomain, which has been referred to as "Na + fuzzy space," appears to include Na-Ca exchangers, and thus alterations of [Na + ] in this space may influence Ca 2+ influx and efflux, and thus Ca 2+ loading, more directly than do alterations of bulk cytoplasmic [Na + ]. The degree of Ca 2+ loading is an important determinant of contractility in heart muscle, and therefore alterations in fuzzy space [Na + ] may be important in mediating the positive inotropic effects of Na pump inhibitors, such as digitalis, and the negative inotropic effects of Na + channel blockers such as disopyramide. During ischemia, myocyte Ca 2+ overload can contribute to ATP depletion by activation of Ca 2+ -dependent ATPases and by induction of the mitochondrial permeability transition, and thus is an important contributor to myocyte dysfunction and injury. Hypoxia associated with ischemia can induce Na + influx via a persistent opening of the Na + channel. It is likely that this Na + influx elevates [Na + ] in the fuzzy space, and thus increases Ca 2+ influx via Na-Ca exchange, and increases Ca 2+ loading. Inhibition of the persistent Na + current with a resulting decrease in Ca 2+ loading by drugs such as tetrodotoxin (TTX) and ranolazine may be a mechanism by which these agents produce a cardio-protective effect during ischemia.
Optimization of Precision and Accuracy in X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis of Silicate Rocks:

The precision of XRF measurements on a Rigaku 3064 has been determined for 10 major and 12 trace elements in 10 geochemical reference rocks. A complete procedure for evaluating the sources of imprecision in XRF analyses is presented with new equations and data demonstrating that for many measurements a minute is an adequate count time for obtaining the minimum error (1% RSD) in an analysis. Longer analysis times were found to be limited by sample preparation errors, and for very long analysis times, the precision is predicted to get worse.
FRET spectrometry: a new tool for the determination of protein quaternary structure in living cells.

Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) is an exquisitely sensitive method for detection of molecular interactions and conformational changes in living cells. The recent advent of fluorescence imaging technology with single-molecule (or molecular-complex) sensitivity, together with refinements in the kinetic theory of FRET, provide the necessary tool kits for determining the stoichiometry and relative disposition of the protomers within protein complexes (i.e., quaternary structure) of membrane receptors and transporters in living cells. In contrast to standard average-based methods, this method relies on the analysis of distributions of apparent FRET efficiencies, Eapp, across the image pixels of individual cells expressing proteins of interest. The most probable quaternary structure of the complex is identified from the number of peaks in the Eapp distribution and their dependence on a single parameter, termed pairwise FRET efficiency. Such peaks collectively create a unique FRET spectrum corresponding to each oligomeric configuration of the protein. Therefore, FRET could quite literally become a spectrometric method—akin to that of mass spectrometry—for sorting protein complexes according to their size and shape.
Response to ""Comment on ""Magnetic topology effects on alcator c-mod scrape-off layer flow

Recent interest in the experimental study of tokamak plasma flow for different magnetic field geometries calls for theoretical understanding of the effects of tokamak magnetic topology changes on the flow. The consequences of total magnetic field reversal and/or X-point reversal on divergence-free plasma flow within magnetic flux surfaces are considered and the results are applied to interpret recent Alcator C-Mod scrape-off layer flow measurements. In his comment to that work, Aydemir asserted that poloidal plasma flow reversal is not a valid response to toroidal magnetic field reversal in an up-down symmetric tokamak, and that the toroidal plasma flow must reverse instead. We show that this assertion is wrong due to his misunderstanding of the corresponding symmetry transformation.
Discovery, validation and characterization of 1039 cattle single nucleotide polymorphisms

We identified approximately 13 000 putative single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) by comparison of repeat-masked BAC-end sequences from the cattle RPCI-42 BAC library with whole-genome shotgun contigs of cattle genome assembly Btau 1.0. Genotyping of a subset of these SNPs was performed on a panel containing 186 DNA samples from 18 cattle breeds including 43 trios. Of 1039 SNPs confirmed as polymorphic in the panel, 998 had minor allele frequency > or =0.25 among unrelated individuals of at least one breed. When Btau 4.0 became available, 974 of these validated SNPs were assigned in silico to known cattle chromosomes, while 41 SNPs were mapped to unassigned sequence scaffolds, yielding one SNP every approximately 3 Mbp on average. Twenty-four SNPs identified in Btau 1.0 were not mapped to Btau 4.0. Of the 1015 SNPs mapped to Btau 4.0, 959 SNPs had nucleotide bases identical in Btau 4.0 and Btau 1.0 contigs, whereas 56 bases were changed, resulting in the loss of the in silico SNP in Btau 4.0. Because these 1039 SNPs were all directly confirmed by genotyping on the multi-breed panel, it is likely that the original polymorphisms were correctly identified. The 1039 validated SNPs identified in this study represent a new and useful resource for genome-wide association studies and applications in animal breeding.
Transplantation of wild-type white adipose tissue normalizes metabolic, immune and inflammatory alterations in leptin-deficient ob/ob mice

Leptin-deficient ob/ob mice exhibit several metabolic and immune abnormalities, including thymus atrophy and markedly reduced inflammatory responses. We evaluated whether transplantation of wild-type (WT) white adipose tissue (WAT) into ob/ob mice could mimic the effect of recombinant leptin administration in normalizing metabolic, immune and inflammatory abnormalities. Female ob/ob mice received a subcutaneous transplantation of WAT obtained from WT littermates. A separate group of ob/ob mice was sham-operated. Despite raising leptin levels to only 15% of those observed in WT mice, WAT transplantation normalized metabolic abnormalities (glycemia, ALT, liver weight) in ob/ob mice and prevented further body weight gain. The transplanted group demonstrated normalization of thymus and spleen cellularity, thymocyte subpopulations and rates of thymocyte apoptosis. In the model of dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis, WAT transplantation restored inflammation to levels equivalent to those of WT mice. Colonic production of IL-6 and MIP-2 was markedly reduced in the non-transplanted ob/ob group compared to transplanted ob/ob and WT mice. Our data indicate that WAT transplantation is an effective way to normalize metabolic as well as immune and inflammatory parameters in ob/ob mice. The threshold of leptin sufficient to normalize metabolic, immune and inflammatory function is significantly lower than levels present in lean WT mice. Finally, leptin derived exclusively from WAT is sufficient to normalize metabolic, immune and inflammatory parameters in ob/ob mice.
Development and Validation of a Musculoskeletal Physical Examination Decision-Making Test for Medical Students

Objective Despite a renewed emphasis among educators, musculoskeletal education is still lacking in medical school and residency training programs. We created a musculoskeletal multiple-choice physical examination decision-making test to assess competency and physical examination knowledge of our trainees. Design We developed a 20-question test in musculoskeletal physical examination decision-making test with content that most medical students and orthopedic residents should know. All questions were reviewed by ratings of US orthopedic chairmen. It was administered to postgraduate year 2 to 5 orthopedic residents and 2 groups of medical students: 1 group immediately after their 3-week musculoskeletal course and the other 1 year after the musculoskeletal course completion. We hypothesized that residents would score highest, medical students 1 year post–musculoskeletal training lowest, and students immediately post–musculoskeletal training midrange. We administered an established cognitive knowledge test to compare student knowledge base as we expected the scores to correlate. Setting Academic medical center in the Midwestern United States. Participants Orthopedic residents, chairmen, and medical students. Results Fifty-four orthopedic chairmen (54 of 110 or 49%) responded to our survey, rating a mean overall question importance of 7.12 (0 = Not Important; 5=Important; 10=Very Important). Mean physical examination decision-making scores were 89% for residents, 77% for immediate post–musculoskeletal trained medical students, and 59% 1 year post–musculoskeletal trained medical students ( F = 42.07, p r = 0.54, p Conclusions The physical examination decision-making test was found to be internally consistent in exposing the deficiencies of musculoskeletal education skills of our medical students and differentiated between ability levels in musculoskeletal physical examination decision-making (residents vs recently instructed musculoskeletal students vs 1 year post–musculoskeletal instruction).
Matchline dosimetry of a three field technique for breast treatment using cobalt or 6 mv X rays

Abstract The matchline dose distribution between the tangential and supraclavicular fields used for treatment of breast cancer was investigated using 60 Co and 6 MV X rays. Techniques which allow minimum, moderate, and maximum overlap between the fields as well as a geometric alignment technique were studied. For a given technique, comparable matchline widths and doses were obtained with either machine. Average matchline doses were slightly greater with 6 MV X rays, however, more tissue was irradiated to higher dose levels with 60 Co. Among the techniques which do not geometrically align the three fields, doses as high as 150% or as low as 70% were observed depending on the amount of overlap between the fields. Matching the tangents 3.5 em medial and lateral to the supraclavicular field center yielded average maximum and minimum matchline doses within ten percent of those with geometric alignment techniques. However, these distributions will vary with patient size and matchline length. Geometric alignment techniques offer the advantages of matchline dose uniformity and reproducibility over the patient population with maximum matchline doses of only 110–115%.
Molecular genetics of neuroendocrine tumors.

Neuroendocrine tumors can develop either sporadically or in association with familial syndromes such as multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1), multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN2) or von Hippel–Lindau (VHL). A variety of genetic approaches has been utilized to dissect the underlying molecular pathogenesis of these distinctive tumors, including genome-wide screens such as comparative genomic hybridization, loss of heterozygosity and DNA microarray analysis as well as targeted investigations into specific tumor suppressor gene and oncogene candidates. The identification of the MEN1 tumor suppressor gene that underlies the MEN1 syndrome has provided important new insights into tumor pathogenesis. In addition, a number of independent approaches has converged on a pivotal role for regulators of the cell cycle. However, our understanding of the molecular biology of these tumors remains far from complete. In this review we highlight some of the key approaches, findings and implications of these genetic studies.
Fermion masses and mixings in a string-inspired model.

In this paper we study quark and lepton mass matrix textures in a model containing an additional U(1){sub {ital X}} gauge symmetry with origins in string compactification. The U(1){sub {ital X}} symmetry is broken near the string scale, and we assume that the anomalies are canceled by the Green-Schwarz mechanism. We also assume that fermion mass matrices are generated by an additional scalar field through an approach analogous to that of Froggatt and Nielsen. By requiring that supersymmetry not be broken at the high scale, we can derive the vacuum expectation value of this scalar field to then predict fermion masses and mixings for any given {ital X} charge assignment. We examine the possible solutions, and although in the simplest model they do not completely agree with experiment, the results are close enough to merit further inspection. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}
Portable gas chromatograph with tunable retention and sensor array detection for determination of complex vapor mixtures.

A prototype portable gas chromatograph that combines a multiadsorbent preconcentrator/focuser, a tandem-column separation stage with individual column temperature control and junction point pressure modulation, and a detector consisting of an integrated array of polymer-coated surface acoustic wave microsensors is described. Using scheduled first-column stop-flow intervals and independent temperature programming of the two columns, it is possible to adjust the retention of eluting analyte vapors to maximize vapor recognition with the microsensor array and minimize the time of analysis. A retention window approach is combined with Monte Carlo simulations to guide retention tuning requirements and facilitate pattern recognition analyses. The determination of a 30-vapor mixture of common indoor air contaminants in <10 min is demonstrated using ambient air as the carrier gas. Detection limits of <10 ppb are achieved for the majority of compounds from a 1-L air sample on the basis of the most sensitive sensor ...
Temporal variation in early mortality of an intertidal barnacle

During the period following settlement to the substratum and preceding metamorphosis, dispersive larval stages of marine invertebrates must undergo a physiologi- cally demanding metamorphosis, after which juveniles are exposed to new environmental conditions. Given that the intensity of biological and physical disturbance and larval physiological quality can vary over time, it would be expected that survival and growth would also vary among daily cohorts of settlers arriving to the benthic habitat. The objectives of this field study were to determine the extent to which daily cohorts of settlers of the barnacle Semibalanus balanoides differ in early post-metamorphic (i.e., juvenile) growth and survival, and to compare mortality of early juveniles and newly attached, pre-metamorphic individuals (i.e., cyprids). Mean mortality of all individuals 30 d after settlement differed significantly among the 5 daily cohorts examined, ranging from 29.9 to 70.2%. Mean mortality also differed significantly among the 5 daily cohorts for cyprids (range 15.3 to 43%) and juveniles (range 7.1 to 30.8%), indicating that mortality of cyprids is generally at least as great as early juvenile mor- tality. Mean juvenile growth differed significantly among the 4 cohorts examined, with cohorts arriving during the begin- ning of the recruitment season exhibiting the fastest growth. These results support previous reports of significant variation in mortality and growth among daily cohorts of barnacles. It is proposed that temporal variation in cyprid mortality may weaken the strength of the relationship between larval abun- dance and recruitment for populations of marine inverte- brates.
A bound on the chromatic number of graphs without certain induced subgraphs

Abstract For each n , we obtain a (polynomial) bound on the chromatic number in terms of the maximum size of a complete subgraph, for graphs not having n · K 2 as an induced subgraph.
Selective Survival Rescue in 15-Lipoxygenase-1-deficient Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells by the Novel Docosahexaenoic Acid-derived Mediator, Neuroprotectin D1

The integrity of the retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell is essential for the survival of rod and cone photoreceptor cells. Several stressors, including reactive oxygen species, trigger apoptotic damage in RPE cells preceded by an anti-inflammatory, pro-survival response, the formation of neuroprotectin D1 (NPD1), an oxygenation product derived from the essential omega-3 fatty acid family member docosahexaenoic acid. To define the ability of NPD1 and other endogenous novel lipid mediators in cell survival, we generated a stable knockdown human RPE (ARPE-19) cell line using short hairpin RNA to target 15-lipoxygenase-1. The 15-lipoxygenase-1-deficient cells exhibited 30% of the protein expression, and 15-lipoxygenase-2 remained unchanged, as compared with an ARPE-19 cell line control established using nonspecific short hairpin RNA transfected cells. NPD1 synthesis was stimulated by tumor necrosis factor α/H2O2-mediated oxidative stress in nonspecific cells (controls), whereas in silenced cells, negligible amounts of NPD1, 12(S)- and 15(S)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, and lipoxin A4 were found under these conditions. Neither control nor the deficient cells showed an increase in 15-lipoxygenase-1 protein content after 16 h of oxidative stress, suggesting that the increased activity of 15-lipoxygenase-1 is due to activation of pre-existing proteins. 15-Lipoxygenase-silenced cells also displayed an exacerbated sensitivity to oxidative stress-induced apoptosis when compared with the control cells. NPD1 selectively and potently rescued 15-lipoxygenase-silenced cells from oxidative stress-induced apoptosis. These results demonstrate that 15-lipoxygenase-1 is activated by oxidative stress in ARPE-19 cells and that NPD1 is part of an early survival signaling in RPE cells.
A Compelling Experimental Test of the Hypothesis That Enzymes Have Evolved To Enhance Quantum Mechanical Tunneling in Hydrogen Transfer Reactions: The β-Neopentylcobalamin System Combined with Prior Adocobalamin Data

An intriguing but controversial hypothesis has appeared that “The optimization of enzyme catalysis may entail the evolutionary implementation of chemical strategies that increase the probability of tunneling and thereby accelerate the reaction rate” (Kohen, A.; Klinman, J. P. Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 397). Restated, enzymes may have evolved to enhance quantum mechanical tunneling by coupling to protein low ν modes that squeeze the reacting centers together in, for example, their H• atom abstraction reactions. Such a putative “protein squeezing” mechanism would enhance hydrogen quantum mechanical tunneling by reducing the barrier width. An alternative hypothesis is that enzymes do not enhance tunneling, but simply exploit the same amount of tunneling present in their enzyme-free solution reactions, if those reactions occur. A third, conceivable hypothesis is that enzymes might even inadvertently decrease the amount of tunneling as an undesired result of increasing the barrier width while reducing the barr...
Error Bounds on the SCISSORS Approximation Method

The SCISSORS method for approximating chemical similarities has shown excellent empirical performance on a number of real-world chemical data sets but lacks theoretically proven bounds on its worst-case error performance. This paper first proves reductions showing SCISSORS to be equivalent to two previous kernel methods: kernel principal components analysis and the rank-k Nystrom approximation of a Gram matrix. These reductions allow the use of generalization bounds on these techniques to show that the expected error in SCISSORS approximations of molecular similarity kernels is bounded in expected pairwise inner product error, in matrix 2-norm and Frobenius norm for full kernel matrix approximations and in root-mean-square deviation for approximated matrices. Finally, we show that the actual performance of SCISSORS is significantly better than these worst-case bounds, indicating that chemical space is well-structured for chemical sampling algorithms.
Leveraging and Adapting ExoGENI Infrastructure for Data-Driven Domain Science Workflows

In this paper, we present our ongoing work on a novel use of networked cloud infrastructures like GENI for running adaptive domain science applications. We specifically report our recent experience at the SC'13 conference with showcasing a dynamically adaptable cloud infrastructure driven by the demand of a data-driven scientific workflow. Our work used resources from ExoGENI - a Networked Infrastructure-as-a-Service (NIaaS) testbed funded through NSF's Global Environment for Network Innovation (GENI) project. We used on-ramps to compute and data resources in the RENCI SC'13 booth to a large dynamically provisioned 'slice' spanning multiple ExoGENI cloud sites that were interconnected using dynamically provisioned connections from Internet2, NLR and ESnet. The slice was used to execute a scientific workflow driven from a computer in the RENCI SC'13 booth connected to the slice via SCinet. A closed-loop control mechanism leveraging a monitoring infrastructure based on persistent queries adapted the slice to the demands of the workflow as it executed.
Creation of an academic medical centre: management and service delivery at the Canberra Clinical School.

The Canberra Clinical School is attached to Woden Valley Hospital, the principalhospital in the Australian Capital Territory. The clinical school arose out of amemorandum of understanding signed between the University of Sydney and theACT Department of Health (as it then was) in March 1993. One of theaspirations of those who negotiated the memorandum of understanding was thatthe creation of the clinical school would lead to a cultural shift in attitudes towardschange within the health care system. This paper looks at the management structureof Woden Valley Hospital and at what the development of a clinical school inCanberra can achieve, particularly in relation to hospital and health servicemanagement.