cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neuropharmacology of Chemotherapy-induced Emesis

Vomiting occurs when forces generated by the respiratory muscles evacuate the gut. This fact explains why the act of vomiting, like breathing, is a somatic and not an autonomic process and why vomiting, like breathing, continues after interruption of all autonomic activity. Contrary to commonly held belief, ‘central emetics’ do not act directly on the vomiting centre to induce emesis. The vomiting centre does not respond directly to emetic agents. Rather, it is reflex-activated, in the case of apomorphine through a specialised chemosensor, the emetic chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) located on the surface of the brain. The CTZ is an important receptive locus for chemically-induced emesis but vomiting can also be induced by substances acting on other chemosensory inputs to the emetic centre. Pharmacological sensitivity of the CTZ is not equivalent to neurotransmitter receptor specificity. Thus the blockade of dopamine-induced vomiting does not interrupt interneuronal transmission between the CTZ and the vomiting centre. Unlike the situation with more common substances whose emetic action can be abolished by the interruption of nerve impulses from a single source, significant blockade of vomiting in cancer chemotherapy may necessitate intervention at the convergence point of numerous neural inputs upon the vomiting centre itself. Whether this is possible, because of the functional overlap of vomiting with respiratory control, remains to be seen. Although hypotheses implicating putative neurotransmitters in the emetic actions of cytotoxic agents have been published, specific neurotransmitters have not yet been identified and synaptic transmission in the central nervous system is far from being well understood. Bearing in mind this limited data some conclusions on the relative emetic activity of chemotherapeutic agents can be arrived at. First, an inverse relationship exists between onset time for vomiting and the emetic incidence. Second, with some exceptions, a separation is evident between the minimum emetic latencies of cytotoxic agents and hormone-related substances. Third, refractory periods to the onset of emesis after rapid intravenous injection suggest that substances with a latency of an hour or longer do not directly activate emetic receptors. Finally, there is apparently no correlation between duration of effect and incidence of latency of vomiting.
Thinking Skillfully and Respecting Difference: Understanding Religious Privilege on Campus

Understanding religious privilege involves extending our abilities to think in complex ways about difficult issues. Respecting differences in religious values also involves the ability to manage our own emotions, listen without judgment and differentiate between personal values and the assumption that these values are universal.
Predicting premarital cohabitation: Employing individuals versus couples as the units of analysis

This study employs a sample of 309 recently married couples to discover predictors of cohabitation and cohabital duration before marriage. On the individual level religiosity and sex-role traditionalism were negatively related to the probability of having cohabited for both husbands and wives. However, couple-level analyses revealed that these variables significantly predictnot cohabiting only whenboth partners are religious or traditional. A history of previous divorce is related to a greater propensity to cohabit only when the wife has been married before, but the husband has not. No variables were significantly related to cohabital duration.
A quick look at matrix organization from the perspective of the practicing manager

Abstract The purpose of this article is to examine a segment of the current matrix organizational literature for material which is of use to the practicing manager. The approach is to search and utilize a sample of periodicals to present various concepts of matrix organization, explore the pros and cons of matrix concepts, and constructively criticize the readings in regard to the issues raised. The publication concludes with a brief description of the findings, resultant conclusions and recommendations for further research of interest to the practicing manager.
In vitro and in vivo evaluation of native glucagon and glucagon analog (MAR-D28) during aging: lack of cytotoxicity and preservation of hyperglycemic effect.

Background For automated prevention of hypoglycemia, there is a need for glucagon (or an analog) to be sufficiently stable so that it can be indwelled in a portable pump for at least 3 days. However, under some conditions, solutions of glucagon can form amyloid fibrils. Currently, the usage instructions for commercially available glucagon allow only for its immediate use.
On the Equimorphism Types of Linear Orderings

§1. Introduction. A linear ordering (also known as total ordering) embeds into another linear ordering if it is isomorphic to a subset of it. Two linear orderings are said to be equimorphic if they can be embedded in each other. This is an equivalence relation, and we call the equivalence classes equimorphism types. We analyze the structure of equimorphism types of linear orderings, which is partially ordered by the embeddability relation. Our analysis is mainly fromthe viewpoints of Computability Theory and Reverse Mathematics. But we also obtain results, as the definition of equimorphism invariants for linear orderings, which provide a better understanding of the shape of this structure in general. This study of linear orderings started by analyzing the proof-theoretic strength of a theorem due to Jullien [Jul69]. As is often the case in Reverse Mathematics, to solve this problem it was necessary to develop a deeper understanding of the objects involved. This led to a variety of results on the structure of linear orderings and the embeddability relation on them. These results can be divided into three groups.
An error estimate for matrix equations

This paper proposes a new method for estimating the error in the solution of matrix equations. The estimate is based on the adjoint method in combination with small sample statistical theory. It can be implemented simply and is inexpensive to compute. Numerical examples are presented which illustrate the power and effectiveness of the new method.
A new plan for life-testing two-component parallel systems

Abstract Although life-testing of parallel systems provides more information than testing series systems, it can be very time consuming, which limits its usage in practice. In this article, a new plan of life-testing two-component (A and B) parallel systems is proposed. This plan terminates life-testing experiments at the rth smallest order statistics X(r) of component A data. Our data type consists of type-II censored data (i), i = 1, 2, …, n from component A and their concomitants Y[i] randomly censored at X(r) from component B. Compared to the plan with complete samples, where the experiment is terminated until observing W(n), the maximum of Wi = max(Xi, Yi), i = 1, 2, …, n, our new plan will shorten the test duration and save some unfailed components. General procedures of constructing the likelihood function and of deriving the expected number of failed components and testing duration are presented and illustrated under Marshall and Olkin's bivariate exponential distribution. A follow-up study shows that the loss of accuracy in maximum likelihood estimation is not severe compared with the gain of shortening the testing duration and saving some unfailed components.
Threshold influence on vibrotactile magnitude production scaling

The present investigation attempted to look at possible influences that the obtainment of vibrotactile threshold might have on the power function exponent derived from magnitude production scaling. Two groups of six subjects each provided vibrotactile magnitude functions for the lingual dorsum and thenar eminence of the right hand. Group 1 was required to provide a series of vibrotactile thresholds on the test structures prior to scaling. Group 2 performed the scaling task only. Results showed that the inclusion of the threshold task within the test paradigm had no influence on the subsequent scaling activity.
A model for ultrasound modulated light in a turbid medium

The ability to focus light in most tissue degrades quickly with depth due to high optical scattering. Researchers have investigated using both ultrasound (US) and light synergistically to overcome this difficulty. Ultrasound has been utilized to modulated light within tissue to create a diffusive wave at that is modulated at the US frequency. Recently, there has been interest in the modulated sidebands which reside at optical frequency plus or minus the US frequency. This paper will discuss a model for US-light interactions in a scattering medium. We will use this model to relate the radiance in the probe beam to the radiance in the diffusive wave. We will then employ the P-1 approximation to the radiative transport equation to find the fluence and flux of the modulated wave. We will use these parameters to write a diffusion equation for the modulated wave that can be described in terms of the incoming optical power, and the US intensity and geometry.
Spontaneous polarizations, electrical properties, and phononic properties of GaN nanostructures and systems

Spontaneous polarizations of GaN nanostructures and quantum dots are calculated for different surface terminations. In addition, dimensionally-confined phonons in GaN-based nanostructures are discussed. GaN-based nanostructures have applications in a variety of systems and concepts including: non-charge-transfer-based devices and single-photon detectors based on GaN-based double-barrier quantum-well injectors, conductive-polymer collectors, and colloidal quantum dot recombination regions. In this paper, application of photodetectors is considered along with the related application of using colloidal quantum-dot-based ensembles for solar cell applications.
Etiology of large pericardial effusions

Abstract purpose: To determine the effectiveness of the preoperative evaluation and overall diagnostic efficacy of subxiphoid pericardial biopsy with fluid drainage in patients with new, large pericardial effusions. design: A prospective interventional case series of consecutive patients admitted with new, large pericardial effusions. patients and methods: Fifty-seven of 75 consecutive patients admitted to a university tertiary-care center and a university-affiliated Veterans Administration Medical Center with new, large pericardial effusions were studied over a 20-month period. Each patient was assessed by a comprehensive preoperative evaluation followed by subxiphoid pericardiotomy. The patients' tissue and fluid samples were studied pathologically and cultured for aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, fungi, mycobacteria, mycoplasmas, and viruses. results: A diagnosis was made in 53 (93%) patients. The principle diagnoses consisted of malignancy in 13 (23%) patients; viral infection in 8 (14%) patients; radiation-induced inflammation in 8 (14%) patients; collagen-vascular disease in 7 (12%) patients; and uremia in 7 (12%) patients. No diagnosis was made in four (7%) patients. A variety of unexpected organisms were cultured from either pericardial fluid or tissue: cytomegalovirus (three), Mycoplasma pneumoniae (two), herpes simplex virus (one), Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare (one), and Mycobacterium chelonei (one). The pericardial fluid yielded a diagnosis in 15 (26%) patients, 11 of whom had malignant effusions. The examination of pericardial tissue was useful in the diagnosis of 13 (23%) patients, 8 of whom had an infectious agent cultured. Of the 57 patients undergoing surgery, the combined diagnostic yield from both fluid and tissue was 19 patients (33%). conclusions: A systematic preoperative evaluation in conjunction with fluid and tissue analysis following subxiphoid pericardiotomy yields a diagnosis in the majority of patients with large pericardial effusions. This approach may also result in the culturing of "unusual" infectious organisms from pericardial tissue and fluid.
Motor activity and mitotic spindle localization of the Drosophila kinesin-like protein KLP61F.

Abstract The KLP61F gene product is essential for Drosophila development. Mutations in KLP61F display a mitotic arrest phenotype caused by a failure in the proper separation of duplicated centrosomes (Heck et al., 1993). Sequence analysis of KLP61F identified it as a member of the bimC family of kinesin-like microtubule motor proteins. Here we report that KLP61F is distinct from KRP130, a kinesin-like protein recently purified from Drosophila embryos and suggested to be the product of the KLP61F gene (Cole et al., 1994). We also characterized recombinant KLP61F and found that it possesses microtubule-stimulated ATPase and microtubule translocation activities in vitro. In addition, we have used an affinity-purified, KLP61F-specific antiserum to localize native KLP61F and an epitope-tagged KLP61F fusion protein during various stages of mitosis in Drosophila syncytial blastoderm embryos. From early prophase through anaphase, KLP61F is coincident with the distribution of tubulin. Together these results confirm the existence of multiple bimC-like kinesins in Drosophila and suggest that KLP61F function is intrinsic to the mitotic spindle.
The cost of capital, asset prices, and the effects of monetary policy

Abstract The primary objective of this paper is to study the interaction between monetary policy, asset prices, and the cost of capital. In particular, we explore this issue in a setting where individuals face idiosyncratic risk. Incomplete information also provides a transactions role for money so that monetary policy can be studied. In contrast to standard monetary growth models which focus on the transmission of monetary policy to the demand for capital goods, we incorporate a separate capital goods sector so that the supply response to monetary policy is taken into account. Consequently, in contrast to the standard monetary growth model, monetary policy plays an important role in investment activity through the relative price of capital goods. Moreover, different sources of productivity can affect the degree of risk sharing. Although the optimal money growth rate falls in response to an increase in productivity in either sector of the economy, monetary policy should react more aggressively to the level of productivity in the capital sector.
Electron-impact-excitation cross sections out of the 2 3 S metastable level of helium at high energies

In this paper we report experimental measurements of the electron-impact-excitation cross sections out of the $2{}^{3}S$ metastable level of helium into higher excited levels, with emphasis on measurements at high electron energies. The agreement between our metastable results and recent theoretical calculations is comparable to the agreement between experimental and theoretical values for excitation from the ground state.
Pulmonary Hypertension Hemodynamic Diagnosis and Management

Hemodynamic classification of pulmonary hypertension relates to the hemodynamic mechanisms of pulmonary arterial hypertension, such as abnormalities of pulmonary blood flow, pulmonary vascular resistance, and pulmonary venous pressures. The therapeutic approaches can be directed to the hemodynamic mechanisms of pulmonary hypertension.
Childhood obesity: behavioral aberration or biochemical drive? Reinterpreting the First Law of Thermodynamics

Childhood obesity has become epidemic over the past 30 years. The First Law of Thermodynamics is routinely interpreted to imply that weight gain is secondary to increased caloric intake and/or decreased energy expenditure, two behaviors that have been documented during this interval; nonetheless, lifestyle interventions are notoriously ineffective at promoting weight loss. Obesity is characterized by hyperinsulinemia. Although hyperinsulinemia is usually thought to be secondary to obesity, it can instead be primary, due to autonomic dysfunction. Obesity is also a state of leptin resistance, in which defective leptin signal transduction promotes excess energy intake, to maintain normal energy expenditure. Insulin and leptin share a common central signaling pathway, and it seems that insulin functions as an endogenous leptin antagonist. Suppressing insulin ameliorates leptin resistance, with ensuing reduction of caloric intake, increased spontaneous activity, and improved quality of life. Hyperinsulinemia also interferes with dopamine clearance in the ventral tegmental area and nucleus accumbens, promoting increased food reward. Accordingly, the First Law of Thermodynamics can be reinterpreted, such that the behaviors of increased caloric intake and decreased energy expenditure are secondary to obligate weight gain. This weight gain is driven by the hyperinsulinemic state, through three mechanisms: energy partitioning into adipose tissue; interference with leptin signal transduction; and interference with extinction of the hedonic response to food.
Unmet Mental Health Care Needs for Children with Special Health Care Needs Stratified by Socioeconomic Status

Background: The purpose of this research study was to identify factors that affect mental health care for children with special health care needs (CSHCN) and to identify how these factors vary among different socioeconomic levels. Methods: Data were obtained from the National Survey of Children with Special Health Care Needs, 2000–2002. The analysis examined the relationships of demographic characteristics, geographical location of household, severity of condition, and social factors on unmet need for mental health care. Multiple logistic regression models were constructed for four socioeconomic status (SES) levels defined by the federal poverty level (FPL): <133%; 133–199%; 200–299%; ≥300%. Standardised regression coefficients were calculated to compare among SES strata. Results: There were 38,866 CSHCNs represented in the survey with 9,639 needing mental health care in the past 12 months. The household income distribution was 22% below the 133% FPL, 15% between 133–199% FPL, 18% between 200–299% FPL, and 45% at or above 300% FPL. Black race, ethnicity, insurance type/status, geographical location of household, and number of kids in the household were significant in the <133% of FPL stratum for predicting having received all needed mental health care in the last 12 months. Age and geographical location of household were significant in the 133–199% of FPL stratum. Maternal education was significant in the 200–299% of FPL stratum. Severity of condition, other race, and insurance type/status were significant in the ≥300% of FPL stratum. Conclusions: Factors affecting unmet needs for mental health care differed by socioeconomic status. Future research should explore a more in-depth picture of the CSHCN population that includes stratification by income groups to better understand and serve this population.
Drug Studies in Newborns: A Therapeutic Imperative

Although some drugs have been developed for the neonate, drug development for the least mature and most vulnerable pediatric patients is lacking. Most of the drugs are off-label or off-patent and are empirically administered to newborns once efficacy has been demonstrated in adults and usefulness is suspected or demonstrated in the older pediatric population. Few drugs are approved by the Food and Drug Administration for use in this population. The factors that prevent the demonstration of efficacy and safety in the newborn are discussed and a change in the current approach for neonatal drug studies is suggested.
Preparation of anticipatory postural adjustments prior to stepping.

Step initiation involves anticipatory postural adjustments (APAs) that propel the body mass forward and laterally before the first step. This study used a startle-like acoustic stimulus (SAS) and t...
On the probabilistic analysis of software (invited talk abstract)

Probabilistic software analysis aims at quantifying how likely a target event is to occur, given a probabilistic characterization of the behavior of a program or of its execution environment. Examples of target events may include an uncaught exception, the invocation of a certain method, or the access to confidential information.We are working on a symbolic execution approach to probabilistic software analysis that first computes the conditions to reach the target event, and then tries to quantify the fraction of the input domain satisfying these conditions. Unlike past approaches, that were mostly performed at model level, and were thus only applicable to early software design stages or required explicit (and hard to maintain) abstraction from the code, our techniques are performed directly at the code level. Our techniques are built on top of the Symbolic PathFinder symbolic execution tool. We discuss applications to the analysis of Unmanned Aerial Systems developed at NASA Ames.
Cross sectional measurements of dense high aspect ratio patterns using CD-SAXS

Developing non-destructive, high precision characterization methods of pattern cross section is critical to the maturation of sub-65 nm technologies. In this study, Criticial Dimension Small Angle X-ray Scattering (CD-SAXS) data are used to non-destructively characterize the dimensions of dense, high aspect ratio patterns with sub-nm precision. Data are presented for a series of photoresist patterns with varying degrees of footer and sidewall angle. The scattering intensity, I, is measured as a function of the scattering vector, q, and the sample rotation angle, w. The resulting data are transformed to an effective Qx-Qz plane, representing the Fourier transform of the average pattern cross section. From this data, complex features of cross sectional shape can in principle be obtained through systematic analysis of appropriate intensity slices. Here, we demonstrate the protocol for high precision measurements using CD-SAXS. Data are analyzed to extract average values of pitch, line width, line height, sidewall angle, and the size of a foot or undercut. In addition, the ability of the technique to analyze more complex features, such as lines with curved sidewalls and corner rounding, is discussed. The CD-SAXS technique is found to provide dimensions with sub-nm precision and sidewall angles with sub-degree precision in a non-destructive manner, providing an option for characterization of next generation microelectronic and nanofabricated structures.
Wide-Field Background Free Imaging by Magnetic Modulation of Nanodiamond Fluorescence

Autofluorescence and other sources of background noise often limit fluorescence based imaging, particularly in vivo. To overcome these limitations, we developed a wide field background-free imaging technique based on magnetic modulation of the emission of fluorescent nanodiamonds combined with phase-sensitive detection. Negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy (NV¯) centers in fluorescent nanodiamonds are fluorescent sources with remarkable optical properties. They do not photo-bleach or blink and their fluorescence emission can be modulated with a magnetic field. NV¯ centers have broad excitation (∼500-600 nm) and emission (∼600-700 nm) spectra and the red to near infrared emission facilitates in vivo detection. We demonstrate in vitro and in vivo background-free imaging through the application of an alternating magnetic field during imaging with a conventional fluorescence microscope. Post-processing of the images to extract the modulated signal from the background improves the signal-to-noise ratio by as much as 100-fold over conventional florescence imaging techniques. As a proof of principle, we demonstrate in vivo background-free detection of ∼100 nm fluorescent nanodiamonds taken up by primary draining lymph nodes in mice. Background-free imaging of NV¯ centers is readily implemented on any imaging platform by combining magnetic field modulation with straightforward image processing. We present two alternative image processing approaches to improve the signal-to-noise of the magnetically modulated fluorescence images.
E09 Insights into the pathogenesis & therapy of myeloproliferative disease from mouse models

myelogenous leukemia (CML) in chronic phase (CP). J Clin Oncol 2007;25:abstract 7007. [17] Le Coutre P, Gatterman N, Hochhaus A, et al. A phase II study of nilotinib administered to imatinib resistant or intolerant patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) in accelerated phase (AP). J Clin Oncol 2007;25:abstract 7006. [18] Larson R, Ottmann O, Kantarjian H, et al. A phase II study of nilotinib administered to imatinib resistant or intolerant patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) in blast crisis (BC) or relapsed/refractory Ph+ acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). J Clin Oncol 2007;25:abstract 7040. [19] Mueller MC, Branford S, Radich J, et al. Response dynamics to nilotinib depend on the type of BCR-ABL mutations in patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) after imatinib failure. J Clin Oncol 2007;25:abstract 7024. J Clin Oncol 2007;25:abstract 7024. [20] Gambacorti-Passerini C, Blummedorf T, Kantarjian H, et al. Bosutinib (SKI-606) exhibits clinical activity in patients with Philadelphia chromosome positive CML or AML who failed imatinib. J Clin Oncol 2007;25:abstract 7006. [21] Craig AR, Kantarjian HM, Cortes JE, et al. A phase I study of INNO-406, a dual inhibitor of Abl and Lyn kinases, in adult patients with Philadelphia chromosome positive (PH+) chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) or acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) relapsed, refractory, or intolerant of imatinib. J Clin Oncol 2007;25:abstract 7046.
Classification features for attack detection in collaborative recommender systems

Collaborative recommender systems are highly vulnerable to attack. Attackers can use automated means to inject a large number of biased profiles into such a system, resulting in recommendations that favor or disfavor given items. Since collaborative recommender systems must be open to user input, it is difficult to design a system that cannot be so attacked. Researchers studying robust recommendation have therefore begun to identify types of attacks and study mechanisms for recognizing and defeating them. In this paper, we propose and study different attributes derived from user profiles for their utility in attack detection. We show that a machine learning classification approach that includes attributes derived from attack models is more successful than more generalized detection algorithms previously studied.
The nature of the transition in the dental mechanism from pongids to hominids

Abstract Many recent discoveries of Ramapithecus, and of probably ground-living dryopithecines, Dryopithecus (subgenus Sivapithecus), clarify the nature of the transition of the dental mechanism from that of pongids to the hominid stage with reduced canines and flattened cheek teeth with thick enamel. Faunal correlation with potassium/argon dated sites indicates that Sivapithecus and Ramapithecus appeared in the Old World about the same time, approximately 13 million years ago. The thickened molar enamel of these hominoids suggests a terrestrial adaptation in both groups, probably resulting from climatic changes. This adaptation was not necessarily a unique event in the ancestry of the two genera, for species of the two seem to have been different sizes when the change was made. New Ramapithecus finds come from Pyrgos, near Athens, from Candir in Anatolia, and from Rudabanya, Hungary. At the latter site various specimens preserve all upper and lower teeth in place, while the Candir and Pyrgos mandibles give important new information about symphyseal structure and orientation, as well as about arcade arrangement. The Rudabanya finds confirm, as do the others, marked facial foreshortening, relatively orthal incisors, anteriorly abbreviated mandible and canine reduction in Ramapithecus. The dental mechanics of Ramapithecus suggested from earlier described finds recovered in the Siwalik deposits of India and Pakistan, as well as at Fort Ternan, Kenya are clarified by the finds from Athens, Anatolia, and Hungary. Like Australopithecus, Ramapithecus mandibles have well-developed double transverse, shallow but transversely thick horizontal rami and anteriorly shifted, vertically oriented, deep ascending branches. These addes resemblances increase the probability that Ramapithecus is in or near the ancestry of Australopithecus and other hominids.
Wear reduction of orthopaedic bearing surfaces using polyelectrolyte multilayer nanocoatings

This work explores the use of conformal polyelectrolyte multilayer (PEM) coatings for wear reduction of orthopedic bearing surfaces. These films, with easily tunable architectures, provide excellent adhesion to a wide variety of metallic, plastic, and ceramic substrates. For this study, PEM films, only a few hundred nanometers thick, were assembled by sequential adsorption of poly(acrylic acid) and poly(allylamine hydrochloride). It was observed that the pH of the polylectrolyte solutions used for film assembly needs careful consideration to avoid any adverse effects on film structure when exposed to physiological conditions of pH and ionic strength. The wear reducing capacity of these coatings in the presence of bovine calf serum-lubricant solution was established for metal/metal systems at the meso/microscale over 30 cycles of reciprocating motion, as well as for the commonly used metal/ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) system over 500,000 cycles of bi-directional motion in a macroscale pin-on-disk test. In the latter case, the use of the films reduced UHMWPE wear by up to 33% when compared with the uncoated control. This is the first clinically relevant laboratory demonstration of the wear-reducing ability of these films. Further optimization will be needed before this novel class of materials can be used by the orthopedic community.
Effect of simultaneous prenatal exposure to ochratoxin A and citrinin in the rat

Ochratoxin A (OA) and citrinin (CT) are food‐borne mycotoxins produced by several fungal species of the genera Aspergillus and Penicillium. Both are teratogenic in the rat. To determine the prenatal effects of simultaneous exposure to these toxins, pregnant Sprague‐Dawley rats were injected either with a single individual subthreshold teratogenic dose of OA (1 mg/kg) or CT (30 mg/kg) or with both toxins. Toxins were dissolved in 5% sodium bicarbonate and administered subcutaneously on one of gestation d 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, or 14. Maternal body weight gain of animals in the combination group was similar to other treatment groups and the control. Approximately 22–40% mortality in dams occurred on gestation d 5, 6, 7, and 14. Other than d 7, there was no significant effect on the number of implants. Treatment on d 5 or 7 resulted in increased fetal resorptions. Fetal body weights were not decreased significantly. OA and CT in combination resulted in a significant increase in gross malformations on d 6 and 7,...
Psychology at Cornell after Titchener: Madison Bentley to Robert Macleod, 1928-1948.

Madison Bentley, Titchener's successor at Cornell, effected radical changes in the curriculum of the psychology department and in the psychological point of view it emphasized. It is a point of view that deserves to be better known today. Bentley's change of direction was supported and supplemented by other former colleagues of Titchener, notably H. P. Weld, K. M. Dallenbach, S. Feldman, and J. G. Jenkins. On Bentley's retirement, Weld guided the department through the years of World War II. This account is based mainly on personal recollections.
Stoichiometry and DNA Unwinding by the Bacteriophage T4 41:59 Helicase *

The bacteriophage T4 41 protein is a replicative helicase that forms a hexamer in the presence of ATP and associates with the T4 59 protein. The stoichiometry of the 41:59 helicase complex and its mechanism for DNA unwinding have been investigated using steady-state and single-turnover kinetics. A partial duplex DNA fork containing two regions of single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) of 30 nucleotides each, and 30 base pairs served as the substrate. 59 was found to increase the steady-state unwinding rate of the substrate by 200-fold over the rate of 41 alone. Maximum unwinding occurred when 59 and 41 were equimolar, revealing a 1:1 stoichiometry for the complex. Varying 41 while holding 59 constant resulted in sigmoidal kinetics suggesting strong cooperativity for formation of the 41 hexamer and providing a lower limit for hexamer assembly of 65 nM. Substrates were prepared that contained a biotin-streptavidin block in either the leading or lagging strand of the duplex region of the substrate. The first order rate constant for unwinding was reduced only when the block was placed in the lagging strand of the DNA fork, indicating that the helicase interacts primarily with the lagging DNA strand.
Meta-analysis: methods for diagnosing intravascular device-related bloodstream infection

0.94 [95% CI, 0.88 to 1.0]), followed by IVD-drawn qualitative blood culture (Q* 0.89 [CI, 0.79 to 0.99]) and the acridine orange leukocyte cytospin test (Q* 0.89 [CI, 0.79 to 0.91]). The most accurate catheter segment culture test was quantitative culture (Q* 0.87 [CI, 0.81 to 0.93]), followed by semi-quantitative culture (Q* 0.84 [CI, 0.80 to 0.88]). Significant heterogeneity in pooled sensitivity and specificity was observed across all test categories. Limitations: The limited number of studies of some of the diagnostic methods precludes precise estimates of accuracy. Conclusions: Paired quantitative blood culture is the most accurate test for diagnosis of IVD-related bloodstream infection. However, most other methods studied showed acceptable sensitivity and specificity (both >0.75) and negative predictive value (>99%). The positive predictive value of all tests increased greatly with high pretest clinical probability. Catheters should not be cultured routinely but rather only if IVD-related bloodstream infection is suspected clinically. Ann Intern Med. 2005;142:451-466. www.annals.org For author affiliations, see end of text.
The determinants of venture creation time: a cross-country perspective

The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of macro-institutional and macro-non-institutional factors on the new venture creation time across emerging as well as developed economies in Europe using panel data from 2003 to 2006 in 15 emerging and developed countries. This paper finds significant relationships between the venture start-up time and institutional factors that include lending interest rates, start-up procedures, and taxation and one non-institutional factor, GDP per capita. Additionally, we found differences in the factors between emerging and developed countries. Institutional factors, such as start-up procedures and trade opportunities, are important determinants of new venture creation time in emerging countries, consistent with the findings of recent studies. To encourage business formation, policy makers may need to revise policies concerning these factors which can facilitate or restrict new venture formation. Implications for further research and practice are discussed. An earlier version of this paper has been accepted and presented at the Kauffman International Research and Policy Roundtable 2012, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
Joint oligopsony-oligopoly in the U.S. leaf tobacco market, 1924–39

The leaf tobacco marketplace is highly organized. Prior to 1940, the few large tobacco companies controlled that organization explicitly. The question is whether this organization set oligopsonistic leaf prices or minimized production and transaction costs. A model of joint oligopsonyoligopoly shows that pricing of cigarettes and leaf tobacco was unified: oligopolistic cigarette pricing was sufficient to curtail both cigarette production and leaf purchases. The companies could just bid in the market for the leaf necessary for that cigarette production rate.Prima facie, the organization was not for oligopsony coordination. The implied econometric model of pricing fits observed behavior well.
Disseminated cutaneous and meningeal sporotrichosis in an AIDS patient

We report the first proven case of Sporothrix meningoencephalitis in an AIDS patient. The patient had dramatic, wide-spread ulcerative and infiltrative disease with progressive meningoencephalitis in spite of amphotericin and itraconazole therapy. Sporothrix was cultured from premortem cerebrospinal fluid and seen in the meninges and in brain vessels at autopsy.
Numerical simulation of a periodic flow reversal reactor for sulfur dioxide oxidation

Abstract A one-dimensional, heterogeneous model was employed to simulate the performance of an adiabatic, periodic flow reversal reactor for the reversible catalytic oxidation of sulfur dioxide to sulfur trioxide. For a given set of operating conditions, variation of the feed gas temperature over a sufficiently wide range allows one to understand the qualitative effects of changes in the reactor operating variables (inlet gas velocity, flow reversal frequency and catalyst pellet size) on reactor performance. In general, operating conditions that cause reaction rate limitations give rise to bell-shaped temperature profiles, which facilitate better enthalpy trapping in the reactor. The temperature profiles are plateau-shaped when operating conditions are such that thermodynamic limitations to sulfur dioxide conversion prevail in the central portion of the reactor. In such a case, sulfur dioxide oxidation is primarily confined to the cooler entrance and exit regions of the reactor. For typical operating conditions, overall sulfur dioxide conversion remains high (> 80%) even when feed temperatures are within 10 K of reaction extinction. While the maximum catalyst temperature, the average catalyst temperature and the sulfur dioxide conversion decrease consistently as an extinction point is approached, these reactor performance measures vary non-monotonically away from an extinction point. Because the catalyst bed acts as a heat reservoir, the reaction extinction process is relatively slow. Hence, if detected sufficiently early, reaction extinction can be thwarted by suitable changes in operating conditions. These qualitative results are applicable in general to reversible exothermic reactions occurring in adiabatic flow reversal reactors.
Network security auditing as a community-based learning project

Security courses can focus on encryption/authentication algorithm design, attack/defend methodologies, or security techniques. Our goal is to train computer personnel in how to secure networks. What better way than to work with real equipment and real organizations? This course includes a community-based project which involves students auditing part of a syst for local organizations. Auditing is common in industry, and requires students to be well-versed in security techniques, the auditing process, and the application of results. This paper outlines our experiences in bringing community-based audit projects into the classroom.
Technologies and techniques for lasercom terminal size, weight, and cost reduction

The generic system level requirements for lasercom satellite crosslinks are considered. The system and subsystem design approaches and technologies that can be pursued to achieve a lasercom terminal with minimum size, weight, and cost are examined. A preliminary lasercom terminal design is described which represents a major reduction in size and weight, resulting from a minimum cost design philosophy.
Racial Articulation and Labor in the 19th Century Brazil

This article seeks to explain how economic and local political structures shaped the ways in which public officials articulated ideas of race and labor in the nineteenth century Brazil. Employing a comparative historical method, this work advances the literature in two ways. First, it suggests that what we have come to view as a positive valuation of blackness has roots in the economic development prior to the centralized nationbuilding processes. Second, the findings of this study point to the effects of intranational factors, such as economic structures and patterns of labor incorporation, in shaping how regional public officials articulated notions of “race,” labor, and progress.
The Role of the President in Supporting the College's Foundation.

This chapter discusses how strong, engaged presidential leadership can energize the foundation and fundraising efforts.
Heat capacities of solid, branched macromolecules

Abstract Heat capacities at constant pressure and volume for solid, branched macromolecules were calculated from 0 to 1000K from approximated frequency data and compared, when possible, with experimental data. The polymers analysed were: polyethylene, polypropylene, poly-1-butene, poly-1-pentene, poly-1-hexene, poly-1-heptene, poly-1-octene, polyisobutylene, polyacrylonitrile, poly(methyl methacrylate), poly(ethyl methacrylate), poly(n-butyl methacrylate), poly(methacrylic acid), poly(methyl acrylate), poly(ethyl acrylate), poly(n-butyl acrylate) and poly(octadecyl acrylate). It was found that the group vibrations are strictly additive and that the skeletal vibrations can be fitted to an empirical distribution which reaches the polyethylene spectrum at a side-chain length of about six chain atoms.
Photosynthetic gas exchange and temperature-induced damage in seedlings of the tropical alpine species Argyroxiphium sandwicense

The capacity of Argyroxiphium sandwicense (silverword) seedlings to acclimate photosynthetic processes to different growing temperatures, as well as the tolerance of A. sandwicense to temperatures ranging from −15 to 60° C, were analyzed in a combination of field and laboratory studies. Altitudinal changes in temperature were also analyzed in order to explain the observed spatial distribution of A. sandwicense. A. sandwicense (Asteraceae) is a giant rosette plant that grows at high elevation on two Hawaiian volcanoes, where nocturnal subzero temperatures frequently occur. In addition, the soil temperatures at midday in the open alpine vegetation can exceed 60° C. In marked contrast to this large diurnal temperature variation, the seasonal variation in temperature is very small due to the tropical maritime location of the Hawaiian archipelago. Diurnal changes of soil and air temperature as well as photosynthetic photon flux density were measured on Haleakala volcano during four months. Seedlings were grown in the laboratory, from seeds collected in ten different A. sandwicense populations on Haleakala volcano, and maintained in growth chambers at 15/5, 25/15, and 30/25° C day/night temperatures. Irreversible tissue damage was determined by measuring electrolyte leakage of leaf samples. For seedlings maintained at each of the three different day/night temperatures, tissue damage occurred at −10° C due to freezing and at about 50° C due to high temperatures. Tissue damage occurred immediately after ice nucleation suggesting that A. sandwicense seedlings tend to avoid ice formation by permanent supercooling. Seedlings maintained at different day/night temperatures had similar maximum photosynthetic rates (5 μmol m−2 s−1) and similar optimum temperatures for photosynthesis (about 16° C). Leaf dark respiration rates compared at identical temperatures, however, were substantially higher for seedlings maintained at low temperatures, but almost perfect homeostasis is observed when compared at their respective growing conditions. The lack of acclimation in terms of frost resistance and tolerance to high temperatures, as well as in terms of the optimum temperature for photosynthesis, may contribute to the restricted altitudinal range of A. sandwicense. The small seasonal temperature variations in the tropical environment where this species grows may have prevented the development of mechanisms for acclimation to longterm temperature changes.
Effects of social isolation on neuromuscular excitability and aggressive behaviors in Drosophila: altered responses by Hk and gsts1, two mutations implicated in redox regulation.

Social deprivation is known to trigger a variety of behavioral and physiological modifications in animal species, but the underlying genetic and cellular mechanisms are not fully understood. As we described previously, adult female flies reared in isolation show increased frequency of aggressive behaviors than those reared in a group. Here, we report that isolated rearing also caused significantly altered nerve and muscle excitability and enhanced synaptic transmission at larval neuromuscular junctions (NMJs). We found that mutations of two genes, Hyperkinetic (Hk) and glutathione S-transferase-S1 (gsts1), alter the response to social isolation in Drosophila. Hk and gsts1 mutations increased adult female aggression and larval neuromuscular hyperexcitability, even when reared in a group. Unlike wild type, these behavioral and electrophysiological phenotypes were not further enhanced in these mutants by isolated rearing. Products of these two genes have been implicated in reactive oxygen species (ROS) metab...
Does Haste Make Waste? How Long Does It Take to Do a Good Regulatory Impact Analysis?:

We examine the relationship between the amount of information in a Regulatory Impact Analysis (RIA) and the time it takes to write and review the RIA. We find that the longer an agency spends devel...
Chondroitin sulfate-E is a negative regulator of a pro-tumorigenic Wnt/beta-catenin-Collagen 1 axis in breast cancer cells.

Expression of the glycosaminoglycan chondroitin sulfate-E (CS-E) is misregulated in many human cancers, including breast cancer. Cell-surface associated CS-E has been shown to have pro-tumorigenic functions, and pharmacological treatment with exogenous CS-E has been proposed to interfere with tumor progression mediated by endogenous CS-E. However, the effects of exogenous CS-E on breast cancer cell behavior, and the molecular mechanisms deployed by CS-E are not well understood. We show here that treatment with CS-E, but not other chondroitin forms, could interfere with the invasive protrusion formation and migration of breast cancer cells in three-dimensional organotypic cultures. Microarray analysis identified transcriptional programs controlled by CS-E in these cells. Importantly, negative regulation of the pro-metastatic extracellular matrix gene Col1a1 was required for the anti-migratory effects of exogenous CS-E. Knock-down of Col1a1 gene expression mimics the effects of CS-E treatment, while exposing cells to a preformed collagen I matrix interfered with the anti-migratory effects of CS-E. In addition, CS-E specifically interfered with Wnt/beta-catenin signaling, a known pro-tumorigenic pathway. Lastly, we demonstrate that Col1a1 is a positively regulated target gene of the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway in breast cancer cells. Together, our data identify treatment with exogenous CS-E as negative regulatory mechanism of breast cancer cell motility through interference with a pro-tumorigenic Wnt/beta-catenin - Collagen I axis.
Distinguishing between carbamate and organophosphate insecticide poisoning in house flies by symptomology

Abstract Three criteria, latency to convulsions, still period, and recovery are used to distinguish between carbamate and phosphate insecticide poisoning in house flies, Musca domestica . Because of shorter latencies with carbamate-treated flies, the central nervous system was considered more sensitive to the presence of carbamates than phosphates. Recovery from carbamate-induced tetany was considered correlated with reactivation of carbamylated cholinesterase. There appeared to be a fundamental difference between the insecticidal actions of carbamates and phosphates not wholly explainable by cholinesterase inhibition. Tethered or held house flies were less susceptible to poisoning than unrestrained flies.
Row and column orthogonal (0,1)-matrices

Abstract In this note we investigate pairs of graphs that can be realized as the row-orthogonal and column-orthogonal graphs of a square (0,1)-matrix, and graphs that can be realized as the row- and column-orthogonal graph of a symmetric (0,1)-matrix. We provide a general construction that shows, in particular, that trees, and all bipartite graphs with a vertex of degree 1 or of diameter at least 9 have such a symmetric realization.