cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Pathogenic Variation among Phakopsora pachyrhizi Isolates Collected from the United States and International Locations, and Identification of Soybean Genotypes Resistant to the U.S. Isolates.

A major constraint in breeding for resistance to soybean rust has been the virulence diversity in Phakopsora pachyrhizi populations. In greenhouse experiments, reactions of 18 soybean genotypes to 24 U.S. isolates from 2007 and 2008 and 4 foreign isolates were compared. Reactions of four differentials (Rpp1 to Rpp4) to these U.S. isolates were also compared with reactions to nine foreign isolates and three U.S. isolates from 2004. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the reaction types grouped the U.S. isolates into a single virulence group, whereas each of the foreign isolates had a unique virulence pattern. In another experiment, reactions of 11 differentials to the 24 U.S. isolates were compared and significant interactions (P < 0.001) were found between the isolates and host genotypes for rust severity and uredinia densities. PCA of these two measures of disease placed the 24 isolates into seven or six aggressiveness groups, respectively. In a third experiment, evaluation of 20 soybean genotypes for ...
Test applications of a predictive model for delineation of fluvial sand bodies using geologically based calculations

Abstract A model for minimizing data needed to define a discontinuous sand body, specifically a fluvial, meandering sand body, was applied to hypothetical exploration programs. The model used geologically based statistical methods to guide the exploration program. These methods included establishing environment of deposition from stratigraphic data, which was then used in conjunction with predictive formulas to estimate sand body width. With an estimate of sand body width, probability of encountering the sand body again was established, which was combined with errors of sand body thickness estimates produced by kriging, to establish data point locations. The procedures of the model were followed until the sand bodies were defined. The model was applied to an existing data set at the Rocky Mountain Arsenal in Colorado. The sand body at the Rocky Mountain Arsenal was defined to within the standard deviation of the sand thicknesses less than that of the whole data set. However, the exploration already conducted at the Arsenal had not defined the sand body in this way, thus, a planned comparison for accuracy could not be made. This resulted in a supplemental site being used for comparison purposes. Since the Arsenal site did support the stratigraphic determination portion of the model, the supplemental site was chosen as a modern floodplain whose width could be easily established, and used as a hypothetical sand body. The site chosen was a portion of the Brazos River floodplain in Texas. Hypothetical exploration programs were then conducted to define the sand body, using the model's method of exploration and a typical grid method of exploration. The results of each method were then compared. The comparison showed that the model's method of exploration had defined the hypothetical sand body with fewer data points, but with similar accuracy to that of the grid method of exploration. Thus, the model's method for exploration can be used to select data point locations in defining a sand body deposited by a fluvial meandering system by following the sand body into and through a site and with fewer data point locations.
Evolution of a Plasma Waveguide Created during Relativistic-Ponderomotive Self-Channeling of an Intense Laser Pulse

An on-axis plasma density depression channel was observed during and after the passage of a relativistically and ponderomotively self-guided laser pulse through a plasma. Optical interferometry was used to produce time-resolved plasma density distributions, revealing the formation of a plasma waveguide. These results were complemented by the guiding of a collinear trailing pulse.
Photometric Measurements of the Fields of More than 700 Nearby Stars

In preparation for optical/IR interferometric searches for substellar companions of nearby stars, we undertook to characterize the fields of all nearby stars visible from the Northern Hemisphere to determine suitable companions for interferometric phase referencing. Because the Keck Interferometer in particular will be able to phase-reference on companions within the isoplanatic patch (30'') to about 17th magnitude at K, we took images at V, r, and i that were deep enough to determine if field stars were present to this magnitude around nearby stars using a spot-coated CCD. We report on 733 fields containing 10,629 measurements in up to three filters (Gunn i, r and Johnson V) of nearby stars down to about 13th magnitude at V.
Electron microscopic observations on a case of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy

Electron microscopic observations are reported on a case of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy unassociated with any lympho-proliferative disease. The morphological evidence suggests that the condition may be caused by the replication, in the glial cell nuclei of the central nervous system, of an infective agent belonging, or related, to the papova group of viruses. The possible implications of these observations are briefly discussed.
Greener aviation with virtual sensors: a case study

The environmental impact of aviation is enormous given the fact that in the US alone there are nearly 6 million flights per year of commercial aircraft. This situation has driven numerous policy and procedural measures to help develop environmentally friendly technologies which are safe and affordable and reduce the environmental impact of aviation. However, many of these technologies require significant initial investment in newer aircraft fleets and modifications to existing regulations which are both long and costly enterprises. We propose to use an anomaly detection method based on Virtual Sensors to help detect overconsumption of fuel in aircraft which relies only on the data recorded during flight of most existing commercial aircraft, thus significantly reducing the cost and complexity of implementing this method. The Virtual Sensors developed here are ensemble-learning regression models for detecting the overconsumption of fuel based on instantaneous measurements of the aircraft state. This approach requires no additional information about standard operating procedures or other encoded domain knowledge. We present experimental results on three data sets and compare five different Virtual Sensors algorithms. The first two data sets are publicly available and consist of a simulated data set from a flight simulator and a real-world turbine disk. We show the ability to detect anomalies with high accuracy on these data sets. These sets contain seeded faults, meaning that they have been deliberately injected into the system. The second data set is from real-world fleet of 84 jet aircraft where we show the ability to detect fuel overconsumption which can have a significant environmental and economic impact. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study of its kind in the aviation domain.
A human rights framework for midwifery care.

This article presents a rights-based model for midwifery care of women and childbearing families. Salient features include discussion of the influence of values on how women are viewed within cultures and societies, universal ethical principles applicable to health care services, and human rights based on the view of women as persons rather than as objects or chattel. Examples of the health impact on women of persistent violation of basic human rights are used to support the need for using a human rights framework for midwifery care—a model supported by codes of ethics, the midwifery philosophy of care, and standards of practice.
Contact Stress Between Two-Dimensional Finite Elastic Bodies

A method is presented for determining the contact stress distribution between two two-dimensional finite elastic bodies with general surface configurations. The bodies treated are nearly rectangular with surfaces which deviate from the rectangular shape by a small amount. The approximate method used involves a solution to the partial differential equations of elasticity for surface load expressed in terms of a trigonometric series. The coefficients of the trigonometric series are evaluated by enforcement of the appropriate constraint conditions. Experimental and theoretical stress distributions are compared and are in good agreement.
Near-Infrared Reflectance Analysis for Prediction of Cooked Rice Texture

ABSTRACT The ability of near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy to predict sensory texture attributes of diverse rice cultivars was examined. The sensory texture of 87 samples representing 77 different short-, medium-, and long-grain cultivars was evaluated by trained panelists using descriptive analysis. Correlations between sensory texture attributes and NIR reflectance data were examined using the multivariate method of partial least squares (PLS) regression. Texture attributes (hardness, initial starchy coating, cohesiveness of mass, slickness, and stickiness) measured by panelists in the early evaluation phases were successfully predicted (R2calibration 0.71–0.96). Cohesiveness of mass, the maximum degree to which the sample holds together in a mass while chewing, was best modeled with R2calibration = 0.96 and R2validation = 0.90. Key wavelengths contributing to the models describing the texture attributes were wavelengths also contributing to models for amylose, protein, and lipid contents.
Merchant fleet development by legislation: lessons from West and Central Africa

In the late 1960s and early 1970s, several developing maritime nations began to invoke their ‘legitimate right’ to carry, in their own vessels, cargo generated by their own import and export trades as one way to reverse their underdevelopment and dependency on traditional maritime nations. Consequently, they embarked on the establishment and development of national merchant fleets by means of cargo reservation legislation and flag discrimination practices. West and Central African states have pursued a vigorous policy of merchant fleet development for over two decades. This study examines some of the cargo reservation policies and flag discrimination practices in West and Central Africa and concludes that these two measures alone are insufficient to build up a significant merchant marine. Merchant fleet development depends equally on the resolution of problems such as shortage of ship finance or capital, disruptive bureaucratic politics among the state agencies concerned with shipping, low volume of trade...
Physiological Effects of Collecting and Transporting Emigrating Juvenile Chinook Salmon past Dams on the Columbia River

Abstract Emigrating juvenile salmonids are collected at McNary Dam on the Columbia River and transported past the three downstream dams to avoid mortalities caused by passage through power-generating turbines. During the 1982–1984 seaward migrations of juvenile fall and spring chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, we used an array of physiological measurements (plasma cortisol and glucose, white blood cell counts) and challenge tests (saltwater challenge, secondary stress, and swimming endurance) to identify the stressful elements in these activities. Sequential increases in plasma cortisol titers offish sampled at the physically separable points in the collection system led us to conclude that the elements of the system stressed fish cumulatively. Furthermore, there were decreases in numbers of white blood cells, in osmoregulatory ability, and in swimming endurance during the first 24 h after fish were collected. Increasing the water flow rate in the system after the 1982 season seemed to reduce total...
Identifying Unmet Needs: Recommendations for Creating a Model Kinship Subsidy Program

More than 2.7 million children are being raised by grandparents and other relatives (kinship care) across the United States because their parents are unable, for a variety of reasons, to care for them. Caregivers face a number of physical and socioeconomic challenges and their access to services to address these problems is limited. Many states and social service agencies are exploring and struggling with policies and approaches to serve kinship families, especially those uninvolved with formal child welfare systems. This article describes the outcome of a study completed on behalf of a public welfare serving agency in a small southern state charged with determining how to best serve kinship families, given the State's existing resources and congruent with best-practice models. The final recommendation to the State resulted in a three-phase program with a 5-year implementation strategy. Benefits to this discussion include an illumination of the process and critical factors to explore for program and polic...
High molecular weight complex formation of rat liver lysyl-tRNA synthetase reduces enzyme lability to thermal inactivation.

Abstract Eukaryotic aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases tend to occur in high molecular weight multienzyme complexes in contrast to the prokaryotic counterparts. The functional significance of complex formation is not understood but stabilization of enzyme activities in the complex(es) has been suggested as one of many possible functions. We provide evidence that the 24S complex lysyl-tRNA synthetase activity is more resistant to thermal inactivation than the 6S free lysyl-tRNA synthetase activity at 30°, 37°, and 43°C.
Estimating the incremental effects of interactions for marketing attribution

Assigning credit to different marketing activities has long been an important but challenging goal for a marketer. With the advent of digital marketing, the marketer can now potentially record each interaction with a prospective customer. With this development it is possible to measure and assign credit for each marketing interaction. We propose an econometric model to estimate the true incremental number of purchases that can be attributed to a given marketing channel. We extend our model to attribute credit for revenue realization. We also propose an approach to automatically identify audience segments where attribution models differ. We build and test our model on a real world data set belonging to a travel and experience industry organization's web data. The results show that our approach improves upon industry standard rule-based approaches, by correcting for the biases inherent to these model.
Effort thrombosis with sepsis

This report of a recreational athlete who had arm discomfort, fever, headache, and emesis frames a discussion of the diagnosis and treatment for primary upper-extremity deep vein thrombosis (PUEDVT). An unusual aspect of the case was sepsis without typical risk factors. Treatment of PUEDVT usually involves immediate anticoagulation and local thrombolysis followed by evaluation for post-thrombosis management; septic thrombophlebitis usually responds to intravenous antibiotics. Postthrombosis management is somewhat controversial, but first-rib resection is frequently recommended for patients who have thoracic outlet compression. This patient returned to unrestricted athletics without surgical intervention.
Small-angle x-ray scattering of semicrystalline polymers. II. Analysis of experimental scattering curves

The small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) patterns of a number of linear polyethylene (PE) and polyoxymethylene (POM) samples have been measured and compared to the intensity functions of one-dimensional paracrystalline lattices. It was found that the ratio of the angular positions of the second and first scattering maxima (θ2/θ1) is generally less than or equal to 2.0, implying that the paracrystalline lattice statistics are symmetric or moderately skewed to larger periods. The Bragg spacing (“long period”) of such samples is within 3% of the identity period of the macrolattice. With quenched POM the ratio θ2/θ1 is substantially larger than 2.0, which indicates either extremely asymmetric lattice statistics or coexisting structures within the material. From consideration of the reduced widths of the first scattering maxima, it was found that some broadening is present in addition to that from the paracrystallinity. This excess broadening could result from a finite lattice length of ∼1000 A. The need for careful experimental technique for obtaining the actual position of the scattering maximum is emphasized. In addition, it is demonstrated that the scattering curve and the correlation function of the system yield essentially the same apparent structural periods.
An alternative injection technique for performing MR ankle arthrography: the lateral mortise approach

This study evaluates whether the recently described lateral mortise (LM) approach to therapeutic ankle injections can also be used to inject the ankle prior to magnetic resonance arthrography (MRA) without impairing the evaluation of the anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL). An IRB-approved, retrospective review of ankle MRAs performed using the LM approach between April 2009 and April 2011 was conducted. The MRAs were independently evaluated by three musculoskeletal radiologists for: ATFL assessment (well assessed, limited or unable to assess), amount of fluid in the anterolateral soft tissues (none to large), and capsular distention (underdistended to overdistended). Patient age, gender, fluoroscopy time, injection location, degree of ankle arthritis, and ankle joint narrowing on radiographs were recorded. Statistical analysis was performed using exact binomial confidence limits. Fifteen MRAs were successfully performed on 13 patients (mean age: 27 years, 11 male, 2 female). Mean fluoroscopic time was 39 s (range 9–108) and mean volume injected was 7 mL (range 5–9 mL). The ATFL was well assessed on all MRAs. A moderate to large amount of fluid was noted in the anterolateral soft tissues on 5 out of 15 MRAs. No ankle joints were underdistended, but 3 out of 15 were overdistended. Since the ATFL is inferior to the location used for the LM injection, the interpretation of the ankle MRA, specifically ATFL evaluation, was not compromised in any patient. Therefore, the LM approach can be used as an alternative to the anteromedial approach for ankle MRA without sacrificing diagnostic quality.
Selective expression of a sec1/munc18 member in sea urchin eggs and embryos

Regulated secretion is mediated by SNAREs (soluble NSF attachment receptors) and their regulators and effectors, which include the SM (sec1/munc18) family of proteins. Homologs of the SNAREs have been identified in sea urchins, associated with cortical granule exocytosis at fertilization, with membranes of the cleavage furrow, and in secretory cells later in development. To contribute to the understanding of regulated secretion in sea urchins we have cloned the single SM protein homolog from two species of sea urchin, Lytechinus variegatus and Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. In oocytes and eggs, we find that it localizes to the plasma membrane and the cortical region of the egg, consistent with a role in one of the steps leading to cortical granule exocytosis. The protein is also expressed throughout development, enriched in membranes of the cleavage furrow in early embryos, and in cells of the gut in advanced embryos. Furthermore, we find that sec1/munc18 co-localizes with its cognate binding partner syntaxin. Finally, our biochemical analysis shows that the protein associates with rab3 in high molecular weight complexes, suggesting that the exocytotic machinery functions as a multi-protein subunit to mediate regulated secretion in sea urchins. These results will be instrumental in the future to functionally test the SNARE regulators associated with multiple membrane fusion events.
Cacti supply limited nutrients to a desert rodent community

except during the summer, when it exploited seeds and/or fruit pulp (June-July mean = 39 %, range 20-64 %). We also found little evidence for a shift to greater consumption of insects by heteromyids during the hot dry months. Over- all, use of cactus resources by the small mammal commu- nity is very limited and highly variable among species. Abstract In the Sonoran Desert, cacti represent a poten- tially important source of nutrients and water for consum- ers. Columnar cacti, in particular, produce a large pulse of flowers and succulent fruit during hot summer months. The importance of cactus stems, flowers and fruit to the small mammal community has not been quantified. We exploited natural variation in the carbon isotope (δ 13 C) values of cacti (CAM) versus C3 plants to quantify the relative use of these resources by a diverse desert small mammal community. We also estimated trophic level by measuring nitrogen iso- tope (δ 15 N) values. We hypothesized that (H 1 ) granivorous heteromyids (kangaroo rats, pocket mice) would exploit the summer pulse of seeds and pulp; (H 2 ) folivorous and omnivorous cactus mice, wood rats, and ground squirrels would exploit cacti stems year-round and seeds when avail- able; and (H3) kangaroo rats and pocket mice would shift from seeds to insects during hot dry months. We found that heteromyids made minimal use of seeds during the period of heavy seed rain. Of the cricetids, only the folivore Neo- toma albigula made continuous but highly variable use of cacti resources (annual mean = 32 %, range 0-81 %), whereas the omnivore Peromyscus eremicus ignored cacti
On nonlocal plasticity

Abstract A theory of nonlocal plasticity is developed. Balance laws are given. Constitutive equations are obtained and restricted by the second law of thermodynamics. Yield criterion is derived from the second law. The theory is specialized to isotropic materials.
Design, fabrication and characterization of a polarization-sensitive focal plane array

Measurement of polarization is a powerful yet underutilized technique, with potential applications in remote sensing, astronomy, biomedical imaging and optical metrology. We present the design, fabrication and characterization of a CCD-based polarization-sensitive focal plane array (FPA). These devices are compact permanently aligned detectors capable of determining the degree and angle of linear polarization in a scene, with a single exposure, over a broad spectral range. To derive the polarization properties, we employ a variation of the division-of-focal plane modulation strategy. The devices are fabricated by hybridizing a micropolarizer array (MPA) with a CCD. The result is a "general-purpose" polarization-sensitive imaging sensor, which can be placed at the focal plane of a wide number of imaging systems (and even spectrographs). We present our efforts to date in developing this technology and examine the factors that fundamentally limit the performance of these devices.
Murine Rous-sarcoma-specific immunity detected by leukocyte adherence inhibition: inhibitory effect of normal serum.

The standard one-stage lymphocyte adherence inhibition (LAI) assay was used to investigate cellular and humoral immune responses within the murine Rous sarcoma system. Significant specific cellular reactivity to Rous sarcoma antigen extracts was detected when the responder peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) were obtained from mice bearing or immunized against primary or transplanted Rous sarcomas; no cellular reactivity to control methylcholanthrene (MC)-induced tumor antigen extracts was observed. Similarly, specific cell-mediated recognition of MC tumor antigen extract was demonstrated. Initial experiments designed to assess the role of serum components in the LAI assay demonstrated that normal mouse serum of C57BL/10ScSn, B10.D2, or A/WySn origin, either fresh or frozen, obtained from old (over 7 months) or young (under 6 weeks) mice non-specifically abrogated the specific loss of PEC adherence.
Plant chemical defense: monoterpenes and the growth-differentiation balance hypothesis

Recent studies of allocation to defensive chemicals in plants have provided insights into the ecological controls over plant defensive chemicals. Both developmental and ecological studies now suggest that we can understand the factors influencing allocation to defense by examining the relative availability of resources, external needs for chemical defense, and the internal demands for growth that plants face. These studies have also shed light on one of the more popular theories in plant evolutionary ecology, the growth-differentiation balance hypothesis of plant resource allocation.
Side effects of stimulant use

The current literature on side effects of central nervous system (CNS) stimulant medications used in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is reviewed, with particular emphasis on dose-response effects on differing behavioural systems. The reasons for variation in findings may lie in individual differences in children, or in differing responses of target behavioural systems. These may be understood in terms of underlying pharmacological mechanisms. Social, educational and philosophical issues relating to medication use are discussed, and the need for ongoing critical clinical and research approaches, rather than polarization of professional attitudes, is emphasized.
Place of Birth, Place of Residence, and Concentration in Social Occupations

To explore the hypothesis that people who migrate across international, provincial, and state borders tend to veer away from occupations that require intense social interaction, demographic data were obtained on 2,638 North Americans who have attained eminence within their chosen fields. Occupations were blind-coded either as “social” or “nonsocial.” While there were similar concentrations in social occupations among Native Americans (75.00%) and Native Canadians (73.02%), there were successively fewer social occupations among Canadian emigres (59.53%), world (predominantly European) emigres (51.46%), and Asian emigres (40.99%) to the U.S. Findings suggest that Asian Americans' well-documented tendencies to veer away from lines of work that involve forceful self-expression reflects a continuous variable rather than a dichotomous variable that sharply separates Asian and North American cultures.
Engineering ab initio dynamic interoperability and composability via agent-mediated introspective simulation

Complex software intensive simulation systems must respond to changing technology, environments, and requirements. Hence, dynamic extensibility and adaptability is a significant concern in an application domain. However, existing interoperability and composability solutions are limited in dealing with (1) dynamically evolving content needs of existing simulations and (2) run-time inclusion of new components into a simulation system. Simulations that are dynamically extensible, while being interoperable require principled designs that facilitate engineering extensibility, interoperability, and composability in the first place. We propose and examine the utility of a strategy based on an agent-mediated meta-simulation architecture.
A Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Succinate Dehydrogenase/Fumarate Reductase Double Mutant Is Avirulent and Immunogenic in BALB/c Mice

Previously we showed that the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle operates as a full cycle during Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium SR-11 peroral infection of BALB/c mice (M. Tchawa Yimga et al., Infect. Immun. 74:1130-1140, 2006). The evidence was that a ΔsucCD mutant (succinyl coenzyme A [succinyl-CoA] synthetase), which prevents the conversion of succinyl-CoA to succinate, and a ΔsdhCDA mutant (succinate dehydrogenase), which blocks the conversion of succinate to fumarate, were both attenuated, whereas an SR-11 ΔaspA mutant (aspartase) and an SR-11 ΔfrdABCD mutant (fumarate reductase), deficient in the ability to run the reductive branch of the TCA cycle, were fully virulent. In the present study, evidence is presented that a serovar Typhimurium SR-11 ΔfrdABCD ΔsdhCDA double mutant is avirulent in BALB/c mice and protective against subsequent infection with the virulent serovar Typhimurium SR-11 wild-type strain via the peroral route and is highly attenuated via the intraperitoneal route. These results suggest that fumarate reductase, which normally runs in the reductive pathway in the opposite direction of succinate dehydrogenase, can replace it during infection by running in the same direction as succinate dehydrogenase in order to run a full TCA cycle in an SR-11 ΔsdhCDA mutant. The data also suggest that the conversion of succinate to fumarate plays a key role in serovar Typhimurium virulence. Moreover, the data raise the possibility that S. enterica ΔfrdABCD ΔsdhCDA double mutants and ΔfrdABCD ΔsdhCDA double mutants of other intracellular bacterial pathogens with complete TCA cycles may prove to be effective live vaccine strains for animals and humans.
Long γ-Ray Bursts and Type Ic Core-Collapse Supernovae Have Similar Locations in Hosts

When the afterglow fades at the site of a long-duration � -ray burst (LGRB), Type Ic supernovae (SNe Ic) are the only type of core-collapse supernova observed. Recent work found that a sample of LGRB in high-redshift galaxies haddifferentenvironmentsfromacollectionofcore-collapseenvironments,whichwereidentifiedfromtheircolors and light curves. LGRBs were in the brightest regions of their hosts, but the core-collapse sample followed the overall distribution of the galaxy light. Here we examine 504 supernovae with types assigned based on their spectra that are locatedinnearby(z < 0:06)galaxiesforwhichwe haveconstructedsurfacephotometryfromtheSloanDigitalSky Survey (SDSS). The distributions of the thermonuclear supernovae (SNe Ia) and some varieties of core-collapse supernovae (SNe II and SNe Ib) follow the galaxy light, but the SNe Ic (like LGRBs) are much more likely to erupt in the brightest regions of their hosts. The high-redshift hosts of LGRB are overwhelmingly irregulars, without bulges, while many low-redshift SNe Ic hosts are spirals with small bulges. When we remove the bulge light from our low-redshift sample, the SN Ic and LGRB distributions agree extremely well. If both LGRBs and SNe Ic stem from very massive stars, then it seems plausible that the conditions necessary for forming SNe Ic are also required for LGRBs.Additionalfactors,includingmetallicity,maydeterminewhetherthestellarevolutionofamassivestarleadsto a LGRB with an underlying broad-lined SN Ic, or simply a SN Ic without a � -ray burst. Subject headingg gamma rays: bursts — supernovae: general Online material: machine-readable table
Beyond the genome (BTG) is a (PGDB) pathway genome database: HumanCyc.

HumanCyc is a manually curated database of enzymatic reactions and metabolic pathways that can be used as a versatile reference resource or as a tool for analyzing ‘omics’ data sets in the context of metabolic pathways. The HumanCyc database was generated from the annotated genome using the Pathway Tools [1] software package written by SRI International (SRI). The software assists users in analyzing genomic data by predicting the metabolic network of an organism, presenting pathway and genome data in user-friendly and intuitive displays, and providing tools for missing enzyme identification, ‘omics’ data analyses and comparative studies. The HumanCyc website (http://humancyc.org/) and the downloadable HumanCyc software support a variety of query, visualization and analysis tools. Users can find and display existing metabolites, pathways and enzymes. Users can also define groups of metabolites or proteins and perform enrichment analysis of an ‘omics’ data set to determine over- represented substrates, pathways or enzymes. It is possible to color code a ‘zoomable’ human metabolic network diagram with metabolomic, proteomic or transcriptomic data for visual analysis of patterns in data sets. The software colors entities in the diagram to reflect their measured levels in useruploaded ‘omics’ data sets. By connecting metabolites to reactions to enzymes to genes, HumanCyc facilitates the integration of multiple ‘omics’ data types. It describes 255 human metabolic pathways, 3315 human enzymes, 1862 biochemical reactions, and 1359 human metabolites. HumanCyc is linked to human genome resources such as Ensembl, GeneCards, Entrez Gene, OMIM, PubChem and UniProt. Curation of the HumanCyc knowledge base is proceeding in conjunction with the Pharmacometabolomics Research Network (PMRN), a multi-year collaboration to develop tools and provide resources for the metabolomics community. To this end, we have focused on curation of information from the scientific literature concerning chemical compounds and enzymes of interest to the PMRN and the larger field of metabolomics, including pathways for metabolism of xenobiotics, nutrients and metabolites produced by the gut microbiome. HumanCyc is a component of the SRI maintained BioCyc databases, which number nearly 700, mostly prokaryotic and PGDBs. BioCyc databases contain 9000 compounds, including many produced by the human microbiome and plant dietary nutrients. Future work will include expansion of the BioCyc collection to keep pace with genome sequencing from the Human Microbiome Project and allow analysis of these Human Microbiome PGDBs and the impact of interspecies interactions on human metabolism.
The effect of propylthiouracil on exocrine glands.

This study was designed to compare the effect of hypothyroidism on the submaxillary gland with that on other exocrine glands. Weights and enzymatic activity of submaxillary gland, parotid gland and pancreas were determined at 30, 60 and 90 day intervals in a control group of rats fed ad libitum, an experimental group fed ad libitum and receiving .075% propylthiouracil in their drinking water, and a pair-fed group. Rats on propylthiouracil reduced their food intake by about 23-30%. The pair-fed group showed that this degree of restriction of food intake: 1) resulted in an increase in the relative weights of the submaxillary gland and of the pancreas, 2) caused a significant decrease in the specific protease activity of the submaxillary gland, but did not affect the specific protease activity of the pancreas, and 3) had no effect on the specific amylase activity of the pancreas or parotid. After discounting these effects of reduced food intake in the experimental animals, it was concluded that propylthioura...
Inhibition of the hypersensitive reaction in barley to powdery mildew by heat shock and cytochalasin B

Abstract Partially dissected coleoptiles of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) in a microculture system were inoculated with Erysiphe graminis (DC) Merat f. sp. hordei Em. Marchal to test for the effects of heat shock and cytochalasin B (CB) on the hypersensitive reaction (HR). The progress of HR, cytoplasmic activity in the host, fungus growth and development of haustoria were directly observed. Heat shock was most effective at 55 °C for 45 s, 30 min before inoculation. With this treatment, cytoplasmic streaming halted immediately but began to recover 13 h after inoculation. HR was completely inhibited; haustorium development and hyphal growth were equivalent to that in a compatible host for at least 2 days. CB inhibited HR at 10 μgml−1 applied continuously starting at 13 or 15h after inoculation. Fungus growth was not inhibited, but cytoplasmic streaming patterns were altered and rates were reduced. These results suggest that HR depends on the movement of host metabolites to the site of the fungus and possibly on the integrity of the cytoskeleton.
Intramolecular electron transfer from RuII(EDTA)2− to ComIII(NH3)53+ via nitrogen heterocycle bridging ligands

Abstract A series of binuclear complexes of formula (EDTA)Ru III LCo III (NH 3 ) 5 2+ (EDTA= ethylenediaminetetraacetate, L=pyrazine, 4,4′-bipyridine, 3,3′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridine, trans -l,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethylene, 1,4-bis(4-pyridyl)butadyne) were prepared in aqueous solution by reaction of Ru III (EDTA)OH 2 - with Co(NH 3 ) 5 L 3+ . The reduction potentials of the binuclear complexes were measured. Reactions of the binuclear complexes with ascorbic acid or dithionite result in the preferential reduction of Ru(III) to Ru(II) and produce (EDTA)Ru II LCo III (NH 3 ) 5 + . The latter undergo intramolecular electron transfer from Ru(II) to Co(III) with rate constants (25.0 °C, I =0.20 M) 22.7±0.4, 0.64±0.02, 0.067±0.002, 0.21±0.01 and 0.039±0.001 s -1 (in the same order as above). The decrease in rate constant with increasing distance between metal centers is ascribed to the increase in solvent reorganization energy with increasing metal to metal distance. The reorganization energies corrected for the solvent contribution (ellipsoidal cavity model) have values of 10.6, 10.5, 11.8, 10.5 and 10.9 kcal mol -1 . Except for 3,3′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridine, it is suggested that the electron transfer is adiabatic. The results are compared with results from previous studies with (NC) 5 Fe III LCo III L(NH 3 ) 5 .
Theoretical prediction of pressure loss in pressurized plastic containers

Relations describing the time dependence of pressure loss in pressurized plastic containers are presented and discussed. These relations are expected to be useful in predicting the shelf life performance of pressurized plastic containers in applications such as aerosol and carbonated beverage containers. The time dependence of pressure loss in pressurized plastic containers is shown to be dependent on at least three independently contributing factors, namely gas absorption, gas permeation, and material viscoelastic characteristics. The influence of these three qualities is shown to be time dependent and expressions are presented which allow the relative importance of each to be assessed in terms of quantities that are conveniently measured in the laboratory. The pitfalls associated with defining quantitatively the effectiveness of a plastic barrier material as predicted by a steady state analysis is discussed. It is shown that such steady state analysis may be extremely misleading and may not necessarily be a measure of a material's time dependent qualities.
Prognostic and Predictive Blood-Based Biomarkers in Patients with Advanced Pancreatic Cancer: Results from CALGB80303 (Alliance)

Purpose: CALGB80303 was a phase III trial of 602 patients with locally advanced or metastatic pancreatic cancer comparing gemcitabine/bevacizumab versus gemcitabine/placebo. The study found no benefit in any outcome from the addition of bevacizumab to gemcitabine. Blood samples were collected and multiple angiogenic factors were evaluated and then correlated with clinical outcome in general (prognostic markers) and with benefit specifically from bevacizumab treatment (predictive markers). Experimental Design: Plasma samples were analyzed via a novel multiplex ELISA platform for 31 factors related to tumor growth, angiogenesis, and inflammation. Baseline values for these factors were correlated with overall survival (OS) using univariate Cox proportional hazard regression models and multivariable Cox regression models with leave-one-out cross validation. Predictive markers were identified using a treatment by marker interaction term in the Cox model. Results: Baseline plasma was available from 328 patients. Univariate prognostic markers for OS were identified including: Ang2, CRP, ICAM-1, IGFBP-1, TSP-2 (all P P P P P Conclusion: This study identified strong prognostic markers for pancreatic cancer patients. Predictive marker analysis indicated that plasma levels of VEGF-D, Ang2, and SDF1 significantly predicted for benefit or lack of benefit from bevacizumab in this population. Clin Cancer Res; 19(24); 6957–66. ©2013 AACR .
Optimal Layered Transmission Over Quasi-Static Fading Channels

We consider layered transmission of a successively refinable complex Gaussian source over a quasi-static fading channel. For a given number of source coding layers, we propose an efficient algorithm to calculate the optimal rate assignment for each layer, as well as the optimal size of each layer. The optimality of the algorithm is proved and numerical results for a multiple antenna Rayleigh fading channel are presented. It is numerically shown that a small number of layers is usually sufficient to achieve most of the layering gain.
Bayesian Nonparametrics via Neural Networks

(2006). Bayesian Nonparametrics via Neural Networks. Journal of the American Statistical Association: Vol. 101, No. 475, pp. 1313-1313.
Model-Based Estimates of HIV Acquisition Due to Prison Rape

Nearly 1.4 million men are incarcerated in federal and state prisons in the United States. These men are disproportionately affected by HIV in comparison with the at-large male population. The elevated prevalence of HIV infection in U.S. prisons has raised concerns over the potential for intraprison HIV transmission due to rape and other forms of sexual victimization. However, the number of men who acquire HIV after being raped in U.S. prisons is not known. We developed a mathematical model of HIV transmission to estimate the likelihood that an incarcerated man would become infected as a result of prison rape and to provide preliminary estimates of the number of prison rape victims who acquire HIV. Our results suggest that between 43 and 93 currently incarcerated men already have or will acquire HIV as a result of being raped in prison.
On target tracking with binary proximity sensors

We consider the use of binary proximity sensors for tracking targets. Such sensors provide only 1-bit information regarding a target's presence or absence in their vicinity, albeit with less than 100% reliability. A novel tracking method employing such binary sensors is proposed and its performance in different deployment scenarios evaluated. For a given target, the method utilizes the sensor outputs to estimate individual positions in the path of the target in the near past and finds the line which best fits the path points. This line is then used to estimate the target's current position. A performance study has been conducted through comprehensive simulation using parameters collected from a prototype deployment consisting of wireless micro-sensors with binary acoustic detectors.
Tissue-specific imprinting of the G protein Gsα is associated with tissue-specific differences in histone methylation

The G protein Gsalpha is imprinted in a tissue-specific manner, being primarily expressed from the maternal allele in some tissues, such as renal proximal tubules. The Gsalpha promoter is unmethylated, but is downstream of a differentially methylated region [the exon 1A differentially methylated region (DMR)] that is methylated on the maternal allele. Maternal Gsalpha null mutations or loss of maternal-specific exon 1A methylation leads to pseudohypoparathyroidism types 1A or 1B, respectively. We now have examined the chromatin state of each parental allele within the exon 1A-Gsalpha promoter region by chromatin immunoprecipitation of samples derived from mice with heterozygous deletions within the region using antibodies to covalently modified histones. The exon 1A DMR had allele-specific differences in histone acetylation and methylation, with histone acetylation and H3 lysine 4 (H3K4) methylation of the paternal allele, and H3 lysine 9 (H3K9) methylation of the maternal allele. Both parental alleles had similar levels of histone acetylation and H3K4 methylation within the Gsalpha promoter and first exon, with no H3K9 methylation. In liver, where Gsalpha is biallelically expressed, both parental alleles had similar levels of tri- and dimethylated H3K4 within the Gsalpha first exon. In contrast, in renal proximal tubules there was a greater ratio of tri- to dimethylated H3K4 of Gsalpha exon 1 in the more transcriptionally active maternal as compared with the paternal allele. These results show that allele-specific differences in Gsalpha expression correlate in a tissue-specific manner with allele-specific differences in the extent of H3K4 methylation, and are the first demonstration that chronic transcriptional activation in mammals is correlated with trimethylation of H3K4.
Extinction and Retrieval + Extinction of Conditioned Fear Differentially Activate Medial Prefrontal Cortex and Amygdala in Rats.

Pairing a previously neutral conditioned stimulus (CS; e.g., a tone) to an aversive unconditioned stimulus (US; e.g., a footshock) leads to associative learning such that the tone alone comes to elicit a conditioned response (e.g., freezing). We have previously shown that an extinction session that occurs within the reconsolidation window (termed retrieval+extinction) attenuates fear responding and prevents the return of fear in Pavlovian fear conditioning (Monfils et al., 2009). To date, the mechanisms that explain the different behavioral outcomes between standard extinction and retrieval+extinction remain poorly understood. Here we sought to examine the differential temporal engagement of specific neural systems by these 2 approaches using Arc catFISH (cellular compartment analysis of temporal activity using fluorescence in situ hybridization). Our results demonstrate that extinction and retrieval+extinction lead to differential patterns of expression, suggesting that they engage different networks. These findings provide insight into the neural mechanisms that allow extinction during reconsolidation to prevent the return of fear in rats.
Manufacturing and application of an electric insect trapper

Objective To make the multi-purpose electric insect trapper used in sandfly capture. Methods Making small electric insect trapper with small bulb trimmer and beverage bottles. Results The electric insect trapper can be operated easily with high capture efficiency when used in capturing mosquitoes and other small insects. Conclusion This electric insect trapper can be made with materials easy to get,simple methods,and meet the need of the field investigation.
Analysis of Web access logs for surveillance of influenza.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether the level of influenza in a population correlates with the number of times that internet users access information about influenza on healthrelated Web sites. We obtained Web access logs from the Healthlink Web site. They contain information about the user and the information the user accessed, and are maintained electronically by most Web sites, including Healthlink. We developed weekly counts of the number of accesses of selected influenza-related articles on the Healthlink Web site and measured their correlation with traditional influenza surveillance data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) using the cross-correlation function (CCF). We defined timeliness as the time lag at which the correlation was a maximum. There was a moderately strong correlation between the frequency of influenza-related article accesses and the CDC’s traditional surveillance data, but the results on timeliness were inconclusive. With improvements in methods for performing spatial analysis of the data and the continuing increase in Web searching behavior among Americans, Web article access has the potential to become a useful data source for public health early warning systems.
cDNA cloning of a renal Na(+)-Ca2+ exchanger

In the present study, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and library screening were used to clone a cDNA for a rabbit kidney Na(+)-Ca2+ exchanger on the basis of homology with the canine cardiac sarcolemmal sequence (D. A. Nicoll, S. Longoni, and K. D. Philipson. Science Wash. DC 250:562-565, 1990). There is a high degree of similarity between the two sequences, with nucleotide identities of 95, 89, and 90% in the hydrophobic membrane-associated domain, cytoplasmic domain, and 39-untranslated region, respectively. The rabbit kidney cDNA encodes a predicted protein of 941 amino acids, 29 amino acids shorter than the canine sequence, with a relative molecular weight of 105,121. The deduced amino acid sequence is 96% identical in the membrane-associated domain and 94% identical in the cytoplasmic domain. Northern blot analysis reveals that the cDNA is expressed in the renal cortex. No expression is detected in the medulla. This result is in agreement with micropuncture studies that show Na(+)-Ca2+ exchanger activity in cortical but not medullary nephron segments.