cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Public Sex, Same-Sex Marriage, and the Afterlife of Homophobia

The summer of 2011 marked an important turning-point in the geography and politics of sex: public sex, previously a domain dominated by the specter of a hypersexualized gay man, became the province of the irresponsible, foolish, and self-destructive heterosexual man, such as Anthony Weiner. Meanwhile, homosexuals were busy domesticating their sexuality in the private domain of the family. Just as hetero-sex shamefully seeped out into the open, homo-sex disappeared from view into the dignified pickets of private kinship. In this essay I examine the panic that unfolded in connection with Representative Weiner’s tweets as a kind of afterlife of homophobia; an afterlife that was not unrelated to the success of same-sex couples’ demand for marriage equality rights.
Dilemmas of Loyalty: Japanese Americans and the Psychological Warfare Campaigns of the Office of Strategic Services, 1943–45

(1990). Dilemmas of Loyalty: Japanese Americans and the Psychological Warfare Campaigns of the Office of Strategic Services, 1943–45. Amerasia Journal: Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 21-38.
Chromosomal Translocations Play a Unique Role in Influencing Prognosis in Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

Certain types of chromosomal abnormalities have been shown to exert strong independent influence on treatment outcome in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). To identify the changes most closely associated with prognosis, we analyzed the completely banded blast cell karyotypes of 161 children with this disease. One hundred twenty-five cases had one or more chromosomal abnormalities, with 45 showing translocations. The frequency of translocations was highest (58%) among patients with pseudodiploid karyotypes and lowest (0%) in the hyperdiploid group defined by 51 or more chromosomes. During the maximum 6-year follow-up period, 30 of the 45 patients with a translocation failed therapy, compared with only 27 of the 116 who lacked this feature. Life-table estimates of event-free survival indicate that only 14% of the translocation group will be in complete remission at 3 years. The percentages of failures associated with random and nonrandom translocations were virtually identical (68% v 65%). When entered in a Cox proportional hazards model with seven other types of chromosomal abnormalities, and then with 11 clinical and laboratory variables of known prognostic value in ALL, translocation emerged as the strongest single predictor of treatment outcome (P less than 0.0001). The model indicated that translocation increases the risk of treatment failure six times by comparison with the absence of this feature. These findings offer an explanation for the majority of early treatment failures in childhood ALL, including those previously attributed to ploidy classification.
Vapor Pressure and Heat of Sublimation of Platinum.

The vapor pressure of platinum was measured by the Langmuir method in the temperature range 1700-2000 K using a vacuum microbalance. Eight series of data gave concordant results and an average third-law heat of sublimation of 564.49 kJ mol-1 with an estimated overall uncertainty of 2.1 kJ mol-1 (134.92 ±0.5 kcal mol-1). Three out of eight second-law heats agreed with the third-law heats within one standard error but there was a tendency for second-law heats to be low. This was attributed to small systematic errors in the measurements. A vapor-pressure equation representing the data is log P(atm) = -29020/T+7.502, based on our third-law heat and tabulated entropies evaluated at 1800 K. Our data agree well with several previous Langmuir determinations but significantly decrease the error in the heat previously accepted. Inability to obtain saturation pressures at lower temperatures, previously reported in the literature, was confirmed. It was shown that microgram quantities of carbon are capable of blocking the sublimation reaction.
On Flora and Ornamental Plants of Baima Nature Reserve in Wulong County,Chongqing

Flora and ornamental plants of Baima Nature Reserve have been studied in this paper.The preliminary results show that: ①The floristic components of this area are complex and the taxa are abundant,including 143 families,380 genera,and 749 species of vascular plants;② There are 155 trees,299 shrubs,246 herbs and 49 climbing plants;③ The dominant families and genera of ornamental plants are obvious;④ The geographical components are complex;⑤ The flora is of tropical at the level of family,however,it is of temperate at the level of genus.
T Cell Immunity to Varicella-Zoster Virus in the Setting of Advanced HIV and Multiple Varicella-Zoster Virus Recurrences.

Abstract A woman presented with at least four manifestations of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) infection, including central nervous system vasculitis, during her first 2 years of HIV infection. We evaluated her CD4 T cell responses to VZV given the infrequency with which multiple recurrences of VZV occurred, especially following immune reconstitution on antiretroviral therapy.
Memory Deficits in Children with Mesial Temporal Sclerosis and Epilepsy

Researchers at Sao Paulo School of Medicine, Brazil, analyzed the occurrence of episodic memory (for personally experienced events) and semantic memory (for stored knowledge acquired in the past) deficits in 19 consecutive children with mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS) (8-16 years old; mean IQ 97).
On Becoming a Campus of Compassion

Over the past four years, three universities in the state of Connecticut (USA) have become partner institutions in the global Charter for Compassion movement. Different governance structures, mission statements and demographics have resulted in very different experiences at each institution. The author explores the history of this initiative at each institution and enquires into the nature of the project as part of a liberal arts education. What does it mean to be a Campus of Compassion? What led each university to become involved? How is the intention lived out at each institution? What has been learned along the way? Why should any university seek to become a Campus of Compassion?
Green Tea (−)-Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate and Amyloid Precursor Protein: Implications for Alzheimer's Disease

Plaques of beta-amyloid (Aβ) peptide are implicated in Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Aβ formation is precluded by α-secretase, which cleaves within the Aβ domain of APP, generating neuroprotective sAPP-α. We found green tea EGCG reduces brain Aβ levels, cognitive deficits and cerebral amyloidosis in mouse models of AD. EGCG seems to accomplish this by modulating APP processing, resulting in enhanced cleavage of the α-CTF of APP and corresponding elevation of sAPP-α. EGCG treatment of neuron-like (N2a) cells with mutant human APP lead to markedly elevated active ADAM10 protein, a candidate α-secretase. Further oral co-treatment with fish oil (8 mg/kg/day) and EGCG reduced AD-like pathology in AD mice. Further, co-treatment of N2a cells with fish oil and EGCG enhanced sAPP-α production compared to either compound alone. Fish oil enhanced bioavailability of EGCG versus EGCG treatment alone. Thus supplementation with green tea EGCG and fish oil has therapeutic potential for AD treatment.
Bladder-cancer-associated mutations in RXRA activate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors to drive urothelial proliferation.

Bladder cancer is the sixth most common type of cancer in the United States. At the moment, treatment options for advanced bladder cancer are limited to chemotherapy and immunotherapy, both of which benefit only some patients. Many other types of cancer can be treated with drugs that are specific to genetic mutations found in those cancer cells, often making the treatments more efficient with fewer side effects. Between 5–8% of people with bladder cancer have a mutation in the gene that produces a protein called RXRA. This protein partners with itself or with other proteins to control gene activity. However, it was not clear what mutant RXRA proteins do in bladder cancer cells. Halstead et al. studied the RXRA mutation in human bladder cancer cells and “mini-bladders” grown in the laboratory from mouse bladder cells. Biochemical experiments showed that the mutant RXRA protein causes abnormally high activity in one group of its partner proteins, called peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs). The PPARs, in turn, switch on genes that help cancer cells to grow and multiply. Computational simulations of the mutant RXRA binding to PPARs revealed, at a molecular level, how this activation occurs. Lastly, Halstead et al. used chemicals that block the activity of PPARs to stop the growth of cells in the mouse mini-bladders that contained the RXRA mutation. These findings suggest that bladder cancer patients with the RXRA mutation may benefit from therapies that inhibit PPARs. Such therapies could also benefit the approximately 15–20% of people with bladder cancer who do not have the RXRA mutation but who do have over-active PPARs. Although there are chemicals that block the activity of PPARs, more research is needed to refine them before they can be used to treat cancer.
Bridging the gap with hot electrons

Tunnel junctions fabricated over a large area provide a platform for efficient generation and utilization of hot carriers.
Nano-gap vapor sensor

This paper reports the development of a nano-gap vapor sensor that is capable of detecting an airborne target in a repeatable manner in near-zero static power consumption. The nano-gap sensor employed a matching gap distance of 5.8 nm to the lengths of both linkers and targets for selectivity. The nano-gap sensor was fabricated based on deposition and removal of a thin sacrificial layer via atomic-layer-deposition (ALD), and then coated with newly-synthesized linkers. The fabricated vapor sensor demonstrated the detection of a target gas (1, 5-Diaminopentane) or Cadaverine in a concentration of <100ppm; produced a notable on/off current ratio of 104∼107; and repeatable performance up to 2 times.
Dynamics of climate and ecosystem coupling: abrupt changes and multiple equilibria.

Interactions between subunits of the global climate-biosphere system (e.g. atmosphere, ocean, biosphere and cryosphere) often lead to behaviour that is not evident when each subunit is viewed in isolation. This newly evident behaviour is an emergent property of the coupled subsystems. Interactions between thermohaline circulation and climate illustrate one emergent property of coupling ocean and atmospheric circulation. The multiple thermohaline circulation equilibria that result caused abrupt climate changes in the past and may cause abrupt climate changes in the future. Similarly, coupling between the climate system and ecosystem structure and function produces complex behaviour in certain regions. For example, atmosphere-biosphere interactions in the Sahel region of West Africa lead to multiple stable equilibria. Either wet or dry climate equilibria can occur under otherwise identical forcing conditions. The equilibrium reached is dependent on past history (i.e. initial conditions), and relatively small perturbations to either climate or vegetation can cause switching between the two equilibria. Both thermohaline circulation and the climate-vegetation system in the Sahel are prone to abrupt changes that may be irreversible. This complicates the relatively linear view of global changes held in many scientific and policy communities. Emergent properties of coupled socio-natural systems add yet another layer of complexity to the policy debate. As a result, the social and economic consequences of possible global changes are likely to be underestimated in most conventional analyses because these nonlinear, abrupt and irreversible responses are insufficiently considered.
Subretinal delivery and electroporation in pigmented and nonpigmented adult mouse eyes.

Subretinal injection offers one of the best ways to deliver many classes of drugs, reagents, cells and treatments to the photoreceptor, Muller, and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells of the retina. Agents delivered to this space are placed within microns of the intended target cell, accumulating to high concentrations because there is no dilution due to transport processes or diffusion. Dilution in the interphotoreceptor space (IPS) is minimal because the IPS volume is only 10-20 μl in the human eye and less than 1 μl in the mouse eye. For gene delivery purposes, we wished to transfect the cells adjacent to the IPS in adult mouse eyes. Others transfect these cells in neonatal rats to study the development of the retina. In both neonates and adults, electroporation is found to be effective. Here we describe the optimization of electroporation conditions for RPE cells in the adult mouse eye with naked plasmids. However, both techniques, subretinal injection and electroporation, present some technical challenges that require skill on the part of the surgeon to prevent untoward damage to the eye. Here we describe methods that we have used for the past 10 years (Johnson et al. Mol Vis 14: 2211-2226, 2008).
New Civil Aircraft Competitors on the Horizon

The global market for LCA is shared by Boeing (United States) and Airbus SAS (France). This duopoly has remained unchallenged since 1997, as the costs of market entry have been prohibitive. In a highly unusual development, three RJ manufacturers Bombardier (Canada), Commercial Aircraft Company of China (CACC China), and Sukhoi Civil Aircraft Company (SCAC Russia)recently announced ambitious plans to enter the LCA market in direct competition with Boeing and Airbus. New competitors are coming from Japan as well.
The Mirage of Housing Affordability: An Analysis of Affordable Housing Plans in New York City:

In the opening of the 21st century, housing affordability was described by the U.S. Congress as the most urgent issue facing America. This article provides an analysis of how feasible Mayor de Blas...
Who Gets Needed Mental Health Care? Use of Mental Health Services among Adults with Mental Health Need in California.

Background Timely and appropriate treatment could help reduce the burden of mental illness. Purpose This study describes mental health services use among Californians with mental health need, highlights underserved populations, and discusses policy opportunities. Methods Four years of California Health Interview Survey data (2011, 2012, 2013, 2014) were pooled and weighted to the 2013 population to estimate mental health need and unmet need (n=82,706). Adults with mental health need had "unmet need" if they did not use prescription medication and did not have at least four or more mental health visits in the past year. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to predict the probability adults with mental health need did not receive past-year treatment (n=5,315). Results Seventy-seven percent of Californians with mental health need received no or inadequate mental health treatment in 2013. Men, Latinos, Asians, young people, older adults, people with less education, uninsured adults, and individuals with limited English proficiency were significantly more likely to have unmet need. Cost of treatment and mental health stigma were common reasons for lack of care. Conclusion Unmet mental health need is predominant in California. Policy recommendations include continued expansion of mental health coverage, early identification, and ensuring that treatment is culturally and linguistically appropriate.
Impact of an Extraglottic Device on Pediatric Airway Management in an Urban Prehospital System.

Author(s): Ostermayer, Daniel; Camp, Elizabeth A.; Langabeer, James R.; Brown, Charles A.; Mondragon, Juan; Persse, David E.; Shah, Manish I. | Abstract: Introduction: Prehospital pediatric endotracheal intubation has lower first-pass success rates compared to adult intubations and in general may not offer a survival benefit. Increasingly, emergency medical services (EMS) systems are deploying prehospital extraglottic airways (EGA) for primary pediatric airway management, yet little is known about their efficacy. We evaluated the impact of a pediatric prehospital airway management protocol change, inclusive of EGAs, on airway management and patient outcomes in children in cardiac arrest or respiratory failure.Methods: Using data from a large, metropolitan, fire-based EMS service, we performed an observational study of pediatric patients with respiratory failure or cardiac arrest who were transported by EMS before and after implementation of an evidence-based airway management protocol inclusive of the addition of the EGA. The primary outcome was change in frequency of intubation attempts when paired with an initial EGA. Secondary outcomes included EGA and intubation success rates and patient survival to hospitalization and discharge.Results: We included 265 patients age l16 years old, with 142 pre- and 123 post-protocol change. Patient demographics and event characteristics were similar between groups. Intubation attempts declined from 79.6% pre- to 44.7% (pl0.01) post-protocol change. In patients with an intubation attempt, overall intubation success declined from 81.4% to 63.6% (pl0.01). Post-protocol change, an EGA was attempted in 52.8% of patients with 95.4% success.Conclusion: Implementation of an evidenced-based airway management algorithm for pediatric patients, inclusive of an EGA device for all age groups, was associated with fewer prehospital intubations. Intubation success may be negatively impacted due to decreases in procedural frequency.
False-Negative Histopathologic Diagnosis of Prostatic Adenocarcinoma.

Context.— Histopathologic diagnosis of adenocarcinoma of the prostate is based on light-microscopic examination of hematoxylin-eosin–stained tissue sections. Multiple factors, including preanalytic...
The island of menstruating men: queerying leacock’s introduction to engel’s “Origin of the Family, The Private Property and the State”

portuguesEste artigo procura avaliar arqueologicamente a hipotese de Friedrich Engel sobre o papel cumplice dos casamentos monogâmicos no dominio patriarcal, conforme delineado por ele em sua obra canonica A Origem da Familia, a Propriedade Privada e o Estado, bem comointroduzida porEleanor Leacok (1972) aesse mesmotrabalho. Engel havia mencionado, mas nao totalmente elaborado, o impacto do trabalho na mudanca da producao comunitaria para a acumulacao individual dentro da familia nuclear; oque permitia ao agregado familiar acumular riqueza de forma hierarquica. Eu uso o material iconografico arqueologico da costa equatoriana para abordar esta hipotese, bem como, os recentes insightsde uma abordagem teorica Arqueologica Queer. EnglishMy initial reading, almost three decades ago (as a graduate student), of Leacock’s introduction was quite profound. It was the first time I read a succinct outline of how gender inequality might have developed and was equally offered a viable hypothesis of what might have also led to patriarchy. This is particularly significant since, most probably, for the majority of our species’ history, that is, for almost two hundred thousands years, a greater form of gender (and social) equality had existed. It was Engel’s work through Leacock’s introduction that enabled me to appreciate how when capital accumulation appeared, particularly under state formation, women faired worse than men and seem to have become second class citizens.However, the questions still remained: How did this shift occur? What were the mechanism that made normalized one gender over another, and made this a lasting legacy until our days? And what were the roles of child-birth, and perhaps warring itself, in this process, since both activity seemed to be the most gender-specific ones in the literature? Meanwhile, no actual hypothesis was proposed in Leacock’s introduction of how same-sex desire might have entered the picture. Although it was clear from the analysis that monogamous heterosexual arrangements were complicit with capital accumulation, as well as, with gender hierarchy, patriarchy and sexual discrimination.
Analysis of the monitored results of influenza from 2010 to 2014 in Huainan City

Objective To analyze the monitored results of the influenza from 2010 to 2014 in Huainan city,and to master the local status of influenza and the dynamic changes of this kind of epidemic, which can get us to find the outbreaks promptly. In the meantime,to provide the scientific basis for the further prevention. Methods 11 600 cases of patients with influenza like disease in Huainan were collected and viral nucleic acid was analyzed by using the method of detecting Real Time RT-PCR. Results From 2010 to 2014,3 633 cases were collected in Huainan General Hospital.PCR showed that 472 cases were positive(the positive rate was 13.0%),of which 187 cases were Seasonal H3 model(39.6%),91 cases were New type H1N1(19.3%),82 cases were B type(17.4%)and 81 cases were Yamagata type(17.2%). Conclusion From 2010 to 2014,the influenza was more active in the autumn and winter seasons in Huainan, and steady in other seasons. The H3 type is the main season separation plants. Key words: Influenza; Motoring
Exercise above the maximal lactate steady state does not elicit a V̇O2 slow component that leads to attainment of V̇O2max.

There is a pervasive belief that the severe-intensity domain is defined as work rates above the power associated with a maximal lactate steady state (MLSS) and by a oxygen uptake (VO2) response th...
Calcified chondroid mesenchymal neoplasms with FN1-receptor tyrosine kinase gene fusions including MERTK, TEK, FGFR2, and FGFR1: a molecular and clinicopathologic analysis

ABSTRACT Translocations involving FN1 have been described in a variety of neoplasms, which share the presence of cartilage matrix and a variable extent of calcification. Fusions of FN1 to FGFR1 or FGFR2 have been reported in nine soft tissue chondromas, mostly demonstrated indirectly by FISH analysis. Delineation of FN1 fusions with various partner genes will facilitate our understanding of the pathogenesis and diagnostic classification of these neoplasms. In this study, we present molecular, clinical and pathologic features of 9 cartilaginous soft tissue neoplasms showing a predilection for the TMJ region and the extremities. We analyzed for gene fusions with precise breakpoints using targeted RNA-seq with a 115-gene panel, including FN1, FGFR1 and FGFR2. All 9 cases were positive for a gene fusion, including two novel fusions, FN1-MERTK and FN1-TEK, each in one case, recurrent FN1-FGFR2 in 5 cases, FN1-FGFR1 without the Ig3 domain in one case, and FGFR1-PLAG1 in one case. The breakpoints in the 5’ partner gene FN1 ranged from exons 11-48, retaining the domains of signal peptide, FN1, FN2, and/or FN3, while the 3’partner genes retained the trans-membrane domain, tyrosine kinase domains and /or Ig domain. The tumors with FN1-FGFR1, FN1-FGFR2 and FN1-MERTK fusions are generally characterized by nodular/lobular growth of polygonal to stellate cells within a chondroid matrix, often accompanied by various patterns of calcification. These features resemble those as described for the chondroblastoma-like variant of soft tissue chondroma. Additional histologic findings include calcium pyrophosphate dehydrate deposition and features resembling tenosynovial giant cell tumor. Overall, while the tumors from our series show significant morphologic overlap with chondroblastoma-like soft tissue chondroma, we describe novel findings that expand the morphologic spectrum of these neoplasms and have therefore labeled them as “calcified chondroid mesenchymal neoplasms.” These neoplasms represent a distinct pathologic entity given the presence of recurrent FN1-receptor tyrosine kinase fusions.
Elephantiasis in a patient with thyroid eye disease.

A 29-year-old man with Graves disease presented with a 6-month history of bulging eyes and upper and lower extremity skin changes. The patient previously underwent radioactive iodine ablation and a...
Small cell carcinoma of the ovary of hypercalcemic type: a case report.

The authors report a case of small cell carcinoma of the ovary, hypercalcemic type (SCCOHT), in a mother and daughter and discuss the possibility of a heritable risk. Both mother and daughter were treated at the same institution for SCCOHT. A 23-year-old woman presented with hypercalcemia 4 months after giving birth to her daughter. She was diagnosed as having SCCOHT. Despite surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation, she died of the disease 11 months after diagnosis. Eleven years later, her daughter presented with a histologically and immunophenotypically identical SCCOHT tumor. She received postoperative chemotherapy and radiation but, eventually, relapsed and died of the disease at 27 months after the initial diagnosis. Small cell carcinoma of the ovary, hypercalcemic type, is an uncommon and aggressive malignancy that occurs in young women, which is associated with a solid ovarian tumor and hypercalcemia. Despite aggressive multimodality treatment, most patients die within 2 years of diagnosis. Genetic counseling, sonographic ovarian surveillance and serum calcium monitoring at early age, and even prophylactic oophorectomy should be considered for surviving at-risk family members.
A Taxonomic Review of Patient Complaints in Adult Hospital Medicine

Previous studies show that patient complaints can identify gaps in quality of care, but it is difficult to identify trends without categorization. We conducted a review of complaints relating to ad...
Neural network analysis of clinical variables predicts escalated care in COVID-19 patients: a retrospective study

This study sought to identify the most important clinical variables that can be used to determine which COVID-19 patients hospitalized in the general floor will need escalated care early on using neural networks (NNs). Analysis was performed on hospitalized COVID-19 patients between 7 February 2020 and 4 May 2020 in Stony Brook Hospital. Demographics, comorbidities, laboratory tests, vital signs and blood gases were collected. We compared those data obtained at the time in emergency department and the time of intensive care unit (ICU) upgrade of: (i) COVID-19 patients admitted to the general floor (N = 1203) vs. those directly admitted to ICU (N = 104), and (ii) patients not upgraded to ICU (N = 979) vs. those upgraded to the ICU (N = 224) from the general floor. A NN algorithm was used to predict ICU admission, with 80% training and 20% testing. Prediction performance used area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristic analysis (ROC). We found that C-reactive protein, lactate dehydrogenase, creatinine, white-blood cell count, D-dimer and lymphocyte count showed temporal divergence between COVID-19 patients hospitalized in the general floor that were upgraded to ICU compared to those that were not. The NN predictive model essentially ranked the same laboratory variables to be important predictors of needing ICU care. The AUC for predicting ICU admission was 0.782 ± 0.013 for the test dataset. Adding vital sign and blood-gas data improved AUC (0.822 ± 0.018). This work could help frontline physicians to anticipate downstream ICU need to more effectively allocate healthcare resources.
Delocalization and quantum diffusion of random band matrices in high dimensions II: $T$-expansion

We consider Green's functions $G(z):=(H-z)^{-1}$ of Hermitian random band matrices $H$ on the $d$-dimensional lattice $(\mathbb Z/L\mathbb Z)^d$. The entries $h_{xy}=\overline h_{yx}$ of $H$ are independent centered complex Gaussian random variables with variances $s_{xy}=\mathbb E|h_{xy}|^2$. The variances satisfy a banded profile so that $s_{xy}$ is negligible if $|x-y|$ exceeds the band width $W$. For any $n\in \mathbb N$, we construct an expansion of the $T$-variable, $T_{xy}=|m|^2 \sum_{\alpha}s_{x\alpha}|G_{\alpha y}|^2$, with an error $O(W^{-nd/2})$, and use it to prove a local law on the Green's function. This $T$-expansion was the main tool to prove the delocalization and quantum diffusion of random band matrices for dimensions $d\ge 8$ in part I of this series.
Effect of twist on transverse impact response of ballistic fiber yarns

Abstract A Hopkinson bar was employed to conduct transverse impact testing of twisted Kevlar KM2 fiber yarns at the same impact speed. The speed of Euler transverse wave generated by the impact was measured utilizing a high speed digital camera. The study included fiber yarns twisted by different amounts. The Euler transverse wave speed was observed to increase with increasing amount of twist of the fiber yarn, within the range of this investigation. The higher transverse wave speeds in the more twisted fiber yarns indicate better ballistic performance in soft body armors for personal protection.
Hardiness: An examination of psychological characteristics of participating in high intensity interval training

iv Acknowledgements v List of Tables viii List of Appendices ix CHAPTER I THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE Introduction 1 Purpose of the Study 2 Hypothesis 3 Significance of the Study 3 Limitations of the Study 4 Definition of Terms 4 CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE Introduction 6 High Intensity Interval Training 6 CrossFit Training 8 Boot camp exercise classes 16 High intensity interval training (HIIT) and psychological measures 17 Hardiness 20 Hardiness in Sport 31 Hardiness and HIIT 35 CrossFit and hardiness 36
Infant mortality : Some international comparisons

According to the UN Statistical Office 1994 infant mortality data supplied by 80 governments comprising 25% of the worlds population accurately report at least 90% of events which occur. Data submitted from the rest of the worlds countries are incomplete. In 1994 22 countries had an infant mortality rate (IMR) of 4.2-8.0 with Japan at the low end of the range and the US at the high end. In 1930 Japans IMR was 124.0 and the USs was 60.0. Compensating for possible underreporting of live births by excluding all deaths in the first hour of life would reduce the US IMR to about 7 still higher than the levels in 17 other countries. IMR in the US declined more slowly than it did in several other countries during 1930-94 especially during 1951-65. During 1983-94 the IMR decline in Puerto Rico was slower than in Chile Cuba and the US. IMRs in all countries reporting complete data are lower than the US rate was in 1930. IMRs in most of the world estimated from surveys and special studies vary from 27 to 190. Correlation studies suggest that a high rate of teenage pregnancy has relatively little effect upon IMRs but that high total fertility rates are accompanied by high infant mortality.
Catechol-O-methyltransferase. I. An enzymatic assay for cardiac norepinephrine.

Abstract Nanogram quantities of norepinephrine from heart tissue were assayed enzymatically by using purified catechol- O -methyltransferase and S-adenosylmethio-nine-methyI- 14 C. Conditions for extraction of tissues and incubations were optimized. The product of the enzymatic reaction, normetanephrine-methyl- 14 C, was extracted and measured by scintillation spectrometry. Cardiac norepinephrine levels were measured by this method in rat and guinea pig, and also in mouse, both before and after treatment with drugs that alter levels of norepinephrine. The results were in agreement with those obtained by the standard fluorometric assay for norepinephrine. It is suggested that, in combination with thin-layer separation of the O -methylated products, the method may be used for the simultaneous assay of dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine.
Robust stabilization of linear continuous-time parameter-varying systems without quadratic stability

In this paper we show how to design robust and gain-scheduled controllers for linear continuous-time parameter-varying systems without quadratic stability. Parameter-independent Lyapunov functions are constructed, of which quadratic stability is a particular case. Examples illustrate the application of the resulting stabilization conditions, which are Linear Matrix Inequalities with a set of tuning parameters.
The Constitutional Ghetto

The goal of this Article is to assess two Supreme Court desegregation decisions. It is our view that Board of Education v. Dowell and Freeman v. Pitts are, by almost every measure, seriously flawed decisions. The opinions of the Court rest on epistemic premises - reductionist views of race and racism, and an absurdly formalistic conception of equality - that are by turns either anachronistic, cramped and inauthentic, or demonstrably wrong. Worse, they promote a vision of American society - fragmented, hierarchical, and shamelessly individualistic - that is fundamentally inconsistent both with the egalitarian norms embodied in the Fourteenth Amendment and with the moral mandate that the Court once assumed on behalf of all Americans. And if our own jurisprudential leanings do not permit us to declare that these decisions are in error, they do not preclude us from insisting that Freeman and Dowell are, in human terms, utterly tragic. In the end, what Freeman and Dowell achieve may be nothing less than the virtual death of desegregation. The project is torn from its constitutional moorings; stripped of its history; isolated from its cultural contexts; and divorced, finally, from its moral underpinnings. What is left is an empty shell: a jurisprudence that is isolated, marginalized, and vacant. Consigned, perhaps, to irrelevance, the law of desegregation survives, for now, in a constitutional ghetto: an insular doctrinal realm where comprehension is impoverished and compassion subordinated. It is a place where human initiative seems futile, a place fast running out of hope.
The in vivo roles of müllerian-inhibiting substance.

The fetal testis functions as the sex differentiator by imposing a masculine pattern of development upon a genetic program that is inherently female. Two hormones produced by the fetal testis mediate the differentiation of the mullerian and Wolffian ducts (Figs. 1 and 4). MIS actively inhibits the development of the mullerian ducts, and testosterone induces the differentiation of the Wolffian ducts. The absence of these two hormones during fetal development in the female (the hormonal equivalent of no testes) permits mullerian duct differentiation and does not induce Wolffian duct development. The in vivo outcomes of ectopic MIS exposure or MIS deficiency illustrate the balance required to coordinately differentiate and cause regression of the respective male and female genital ducts. The observations made in the MIS-deficient mice demonstrate that codevelopment of both genital duct systems interferes with normal development of both systems and ultimately interferes with reproduction and fertility. Thus, reproduction and fertility in mammals appear to be most efficient if only one type of genital duct system develops. The phenotypes of the MIS-overexpressing transgenic mice and the MIS-deficient mice are similar yet different. Some of the explanations that might reconcile these differences probably lie with the receptor for MIS. Since the MIS-overexpressing transgenic mice are exposed to pharmacological levels of MIS during development, it seems possible that this may lead to productive interactions with other related receptors. Candidate genes have been isolated for the MIS receptor that are membrane-bound serine/threonine kinases (Baarends et al., 1994; di Clemente et al., 1994) similar to those cloned for the TGF-beta (Lin et al., 1992) and activin (Mathews and Vale, 1991) type II receptors. Interestingly, expression of these putative MIS receptor genes is localized by in situ hybridization to the mesenchymal cells adjacent to the mullerian ducts, suggesting that MIS most likely alters the surrounding mesenchyme to elicit mullerian duct regression. Experiments are underway to isolate the mouse MIS receptor gene to thereby generate MIS receptor-deficient mice and to compare the phenotype with the MIS gain-of-function and loss-of-function animals. Isolation of the human MIS receptor gene will facilitate the identification of human PMDS patients with normal levels of MIS that have mutations in the MIS receptor gene. Finally, studies of the MIS receptor gene will open up avenues for the molecular characterization of signal transduction pathways that mediate mullerian duct regression and Leydig cell proliferation control.
Report an Unusual Thrombotic Complication Two Months After Starting Fingolimod (P2.215)

OBJECTIVE: To describe a rare case of thrombosis of benign developmental venous anomaly after starting fingolimod. BACKGROUND: A developmental venous angioma is considered benign. There are only several case reports of prior angioma thrombosis, one in woman postpartum, on BCP who smoked. We report an unusual complication in the patient on fingolimod. DESIGN/METHODS: Case Report RESULTS: KU, 34-year-old female fitness trainer, with mild left lower extremity weakness and intermittent back spasms since previous year presented to JJMS center with progressive asymmetric spastic paraparesis. MRI revealed multifocal inflammatory demyelinating contrast enhancing lesions in thoracic spine. NMO antibody was negative. Brain MRI did not show any demyelination, but revealed developmental venous angioma in the left frontal lobe. Patient was treated with total 5 gm of IV SoluMedrol with improvement. KU was JC positive and was started on fingolimod. Patient developed recurrent left leg weakness two weeks after fingolimod started and received total 4 gm of IV SoluMedrol with improvement. Brain and spine MRI were unchanged. Two months later patient developed progressive right arm and right leg weakness over hours. MRI revealed thrombosis of benign venous angioma and patient was started on heparin drip. KU was not on BCP, and there were no risk factors for hypercoagulability, including negative work up for thrombophilia. Spinal MRI was stable without new demyelinating lesions. CSF was negative for infectious causes, NMO, and sarcoid. CONCLUSIONS: KU had no risk factors for hypercoagulability. Two months after starting fingolimod she thrombosed her venous angioma. Fingolimod has been associated with rare tumefactive demyelinating lesions, PRES, vasospam, branch retinal vein occlusion and retinal edema but not with hypercoagulability. Disclosure: Dr. Nealon has received personal compensation for activities with Biogen Idec and Serono Inc. Dr. Ternopolska has nothing to disclose. Dr. White has nothing to disclose.
Spiritual Coping: A Gateway to Enhancing Family Communication During Cancer Treatment

The researchers examined the spiritual coping, family communication, and family functioning of 95 participants in 34 families by an online survey. Multilevel linear regression was used to test whether individuals' and families' higher endorsement of more use of spiritual coping strategies to deal with a member's cancer would be associated with higher scores on family communication and family functioning, and whether better communication would also be associated with higher family functioning scores. Results revealed that spiritual coping was positively associated with family communication, and family communication was positively associated with healthier family functioning. The researchers provide suggestions for further research.
Concealed long QT syndrome and intractable partial epilepsy: a case report.

Herein, we describe a patient with concealed type 2 long QT syndrome with concomitant electroencephalogram-documented epilepsy. Although syncope in patients with long QT syndrome is common and often secondary to cerebral hypoxia after a protracted ventricular arrhythmia, this article demonstrates the importance of avoiding “tunnel vision” as patients with long QT syndrome could also have a primary seizure disorder. Identification of the etiology underlying seizurelike activity is paramount in instituting effective therapy. Furthermore, we theorize that abnormal KCHN2-encoded potassium channel repolarization in the brain could result in epilepsy and arrhythmias in long QT syndrome.
HEMATOLOGY IN THE NORMAL MALE GUINEA PIG.

Abstract Normal hematological values for mongrel, male guinea pigs are given. A comparison with values found in the literature showed slightly higher erythrocyte and lower leukocyte levels, higher proportion of lymphocytes, and lower proportions of other cells in the differential count.
The sea-surface microlayer of puget sound: Part I. Toxic effects on fish eggs and larvae

Abstract The sea surface is an important habitat for the developmental stages (eggs and larvae) of many fish and invertebrates; it is also a concentration point for anthropogenic contaminants entering the sea. Studies were conducted to determine the extent to which the sea surface of Puget Sound was toxic to the early life history stages of fish. Three urban bays with suspected contamination, a rural reference bay, and a Central Sound site were compared. Surface-dwelling eggs and organisms (zooneuston) were collected with a surface-skimming neuston net and their densities enumerated. Sand sole ( Psettichthys melanostictus ) embryos were exposed in the field and laboratory to the sea-surface microlayer. To develop a useful year-round approach to monitoring sea-surface toxicity, larval development of anchovies, kelp bass, and sea urchins was also evaluated as an indication of sea-surface microlayer toxicity. During the spawning season (February and March), urban boys in Puget Sound had lower concentrations of sand sole eggs and neustonic organisms on the sea surface than did the rural bayor Central Sound reference sites. Compared to the reference sites, laboratory exposure to surface microlayer samples collected from urban bay sites generally resulted in more chromsomal aberrations in developing sole embryos, reduced hatching success of sole larvae, and reduced growth in trout cell cultures. In situ hatching success of sole eggs was reduced by half or more in urban bays compared to reference sites. Toxicity was associated with visible surface slicks and, in urban bays, increased with increasing surface pressure (dynes cm −1 ). Results to be reported separately (Part II) indicate that toxicity is strongly correlated with the presence of high concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and metals in the sea-surface microlayer. The toxicity of SMIC samples was similar when evaluated by sole, anchovy, kelp bass, or sea urchin tests. A sea-surface monitoring program could use sea urchin embryos to evaluate site-specific sea-surface toxicity throughout the year.
A sporulating strain of Bacillus popiliae.

Durch Behandlung mit Chloroform ist es moglich,Bacillus popilliae in flussigem Medium zur Sporenbildung zu veranlassen. Diese Bakterien konnen zur Bekampfung von Insekten, derPopilliae japonica, benutzt werden.
Pediatric inflammatory bowel disease

The combination of an unprecedented number of new therapeutic options (Fig. 1), along with new insights in how to optimize currently available therapies and advances in our understanding of disease pathogenesis, present many exciting new aspects to the management of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Clinical management paradigms must evolve in parallel to keep pace with these advances. Traditional pediatric IBD regimens have underutilized combination therapies (Fig. 2) and immunomodulatory agents. Increased appreciation for steroid side effects is leading to a shift away from their inclusion in maintenance regimens. Immunomodulators are being introduced earlier in the course of disease for maintenance of remission and growth promotion. Recognition that the sole signs of active disease in children and adolescents may be growth and maturational delay, despite a relative lack of gastrointestinal symptoms, should prompt earlier, more aggressive interventions. When more potent, rapidly acting interventions such as infliximab, cyclosporine (CSA), or tacrolimus are considered, they should generally be co-administered with agents such as 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) or azathioprine (AZA) for longer-term disease suppression.
Tissue-engineered models of human tumors for cancer research.

Introduction: Drug toxicity often goes undetected until clinical trials, which are the most costly and dangerous phase of drug development. Both the cultures of human cells and animal studies have limitations that cannot be overcome by incremental improvements in drug-testing protocols. A new generation of bioengineered tumors is now emerging in response to these limitations, with potential to transform drug screening by providing predictive models of tumors within their tissue context, for studies of drug safety and efficacy. An area that could greatly benefit from these models is cancer research.Areas covered: In this review, the authors first describe the engineered tumor systems, using Ewing’s sarcoma as an example of human tumor that cannot be predictably studied in cell culture and animal models. Then, they discuss the importance of the tissue context for cancer progression and outline the biomimetic principles for engineering human tumors. Finally, they discuss the utility of bioengineered tumor mo...
An Electrochemical and XRD Study of Lithium Insertion into Mechanically Alloyed Magnesium Stannide

The intermetallic Mg 2 Sn is a promising negative electrode material for rechargeable lithium cells. Preliminary cycling tests have demonstrated stable capacities at 400 mAh/g for 20 cycles. Magnesium stannide was producedby mechanically alloying magnesium and tin powders. Mechanical alloying can convert the equilibrium Mg 2 Sn phase to a metastable phase by the introduction of defects with extended milling times. In situ X-ray diffraction has shown that the cubic Li 2 MgSn phase, which is similar in size and structure to cubic Mg 2 Sn, is produced by lithium insertion into the equilibrium and metastable phases. The conversion from the metastable phase is irreversible, so subsequent lithium removal from Li 2 MgSn produces the equilibrium Mg 2 Sn phase.
Structure and binding in small neutral and cationic boron clusters.

We have calculated, by means of ab initio techniques, the equilibrium geometries, total energies, binding energies, and fragmentation energies for the clusters B n , with n=2-8, inboth the neutral and cationic states. The ionization potentials for the neutral clusters have also been calculated. Electron correlation has been included through a perturbative approach. The results have beencompared with previ ously available theoretical and experimental work
Thermomechanically driven mass diffusion around elliptical notches

Thermomechanically induced, elastic-strain gradients can significantly redistribute initially-uniform dilute concentrations of impurities present in a deformable solid to regions of high impurity concentration. This investigation is concerned with the transient internal mass diffusion of a single impurity around elliptical notches in a finite elastic panel. Numerical results are based on a finite element formulation of a coupled thermomechanical-diffusion theory that considers the effects of coupling between concentration, temperature and strain. Impurity redistribution as a function of strain and temperature gradients is presented. These effects are studied for the diffusion of hydrogen in β-phase Ti alloys.