cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Stamp-Sealed Microshell Package for RF MEMS Switches

This paper describes a unique method of encapsulating MEMS switches at the wafer level using a thin-film “microshell” lid and a novel micro-embossing, or “stamping” technique to seal the lid. After fabrication of the MEMS switch and subsequent formation of the microshell, the switches are released through gold tunnels that allow the penetration of a chemical etchant. In a controlled ambient, a “stamp” wafer is aligned to the device wafer, and the wafers are thermally compressed together. This process applies pressure across each tunnel to fuse the gold, thereby sealing the microshell packages. By sealing and passivating the switches at the wafer level, the wafers can be exposed to backend processing, packaging, and assembly steps such as dicing without damaging the sensitive MEMS devices. Furthermore, the size, cost, and complexity of the packaged system are significantly reduced compared to standard wafer bonding processes.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Hidden Markov model as a framework for situational awareness

In this paper we present a hidden Markov model (HMM) based framework for situational awareness that utilizes multi-sensor multiple modality data. Situational awareness is a process that comes to a conclusion based on the events that take place over a period of time across a wide area. We show that each state in the HMM is an event that leads to a situation and the transition from one state to another is determined based on the probability of detection of certain events using multiple sensors of multiple modalities - thereby using sensor fusion for situational awareness. We show the construction of HMM and apply it to the data collected using a suite of sensors on a Packbot.
Ultrastructure and chaetotaxy of sensory receptors in the cercaria of a species of Allopodocotyle Pritchard, 1966 (Digenea: Opecoelidae)

Previous investigations of sensory systems in opecoelid cercariae have focused on chaetotaxy and ultrastructure of sensory receptors. They revealed chaetotaxic patterns within family, genus, and species as well as different receptors. Chaetotaxic and ultrastructural observations have rarely been combined. We investigated the ultrastructure of cercarial sensory receptors in conjunction with chaetotaxy and neuromorphology in a species of Allopodocotyle. Cercariae were treated with acetylthiocholine iodide and silver nitrate, and some were processed for light, scanning (SEM), and transmission (TEM) electron microscopy. Five nerve regions were distinguished. Chaetotaxy was consistent with that of other opecoelids. Five types of receptors were distinguished with SEM. Types differed in number of cilium-like structures (one or more), length of cilium-like structure (short, moderately long, or long), presence or absence of a tegumentary collar, and length of tegumentary collar (low, moderately low, or very high). Internal ultrastructure of some types revealed unsheathed cilium-like structures, basal body, and thickened nerve collars. Possible subtegumentary and sheathed receptors are introduced. Some receptor types were site-specific. For example, receptors with multiple cilium-like structures were concentrated on cephalic region whereas receptors with short cilium-like structure were widespread throughout most regions. Ultrastructure and site-specificity observations suggest that most receptors are mechanoreceptors.
Comparison of mechanical properties of keratoconus and normal corneas.

Abstract In order to measure more directly the physical properties of the corneoscleral shell in keratoconus, mechanical stress-strain tests were performed on strips of human cornea. Rectangular human corneal samples were glued to the arms of an extensiometer, a technique that avoids the problems of slippage and compression found with conventional clamps. Strain was measured using an electromagnetic displacement probe. The entire apparatus was immersed in a thermoregulated mineral oil bath to maintain constant corneal hydration. The resultant data obey the relation σ = A [e αϵ −1]. Stiffening constants α ranged from 34 to 82. We found that there are significant differences in the parameters for the two groups, with keratoconus corneas yielding lower α and higher A values than the normal controls. However, within the physiological range these differences offset so that there is no difference in the overall elastic behaviour of the keratoconus and normal corneas. Creep tests at constant load were also performed on normal and keratoconus corneas.
Sufi Mysticism and Dreams in Nabil Ayouch's Ali Zaoua, Prince of the Streets

This article examines the poetics of childhood in Moroccan filmmaker Nabil Ayouch’s Ali Zaoua, Prince of the Streets , focusing on dream culture, sea travel, and elements of Sufi mysticism. In Ali Zaoua , symbols such as eyes, a compass, Twin Towers, sea travel, and an imaginary island with two suns visualize an Islamic dream culture. Ayouch presents the cruelty of life on the streets marked by violence, filth, and concrete, yet the film celebrates a dream culture by focusing on fantasy, images of a spiritual voyage, poetry, and Sufi mysticism, which eclipse the harsh, socially realistic portrayal of the lives of homeless children.
Choosing a framework for ethical analysis in advanced practice settings: The case for casuistry

The need for advanced practice nurses to incorporate ethical analysis into case management is becoming more apparent—particularly for the increasingly independent practice settings of psychiatric and mental health nursing. The nursing literature contains many articles dealing with the more abstract treatment of clinical ethics, but for the practitioner there is unfortunately little information available that uses ethical principles in a practical framework, which addresses the concrete reality of daily, difficult clinical decision making. This article applies a model of reasoned analysis to an actual case study using the concepts of casuistry or case-based reasoning. This method offers an alternative to the more popular paradigm of principilism. Complicated by the existence of violence and abuse, the case examines several ethical issues including patient privacy and legitimate breaches of patient confidentiality.
Chemical synthesis of hard magnetic SmCo nanoparticles

We report a facile synthesis of ferromagnetic SmCo nanoparticles (NPs) via a controlled reduction of SmCo–O NPs. The SmCo–O NPs were prepared by co-precipitation of Co(II) and Sm(III) acetates with hexadecyl-trimethylammonium hydroxide and were embedded in a CaO matrix. The 7 nm SmCo3.6–O NPs were reduced by Ca at 960 °C and converted into ferromagnetic 6 nm SmCo5 NPs with their coercivities reaching 7.2 kOe. The synthesis provides a viable route to ferromagnetic SmCo NPs with controlled compositions and magnetism for high performance permanent magnetic applications.
Parallel simulation on the hypercube multiprocessor

This paper focuses upon a particular conservative algorithm for parallel simulation, the Time of Next Event (TNE) suite of algorithms [13]. TNE relies upon a shortest path algorithm which is independently executed on each processor in order to unblock LPs in the processor and to increase the parallelism of the simulation. TNE differs fundamentally from other conservative approaches in that it takes advantage of having several LPs assigned to each processor, and does not rely upon message passing to provide lookahead. Instead, it relies upon a shortest path algorithm executed independently in each processor. A deadlock resolution algorithm is employed for inter-processor deadlocks. We describe an empirical investigation of the performance of TNE on the iPSC/i860 hypercube multiprocessor. Several factors which play an important role in TNE's behavior are identified, and the speedup relative to a fast uniprocessor-based event list algorithm is reported. Our results indicate that TNE yields good speedups and out-performs an optimized version of the Chandy&Misra-null message (CMB) algorithm. TNE was 2-5 times as fast as the CM approach for less than 10 processors (and 1.5-3 times as fast when more than 10 processors were used for the same population of processes.)
The nature of self-directed learning in older rural adults

As a result of this research we know that older rural adults from this sample were deeply involved in a variety of self-directed learning. The nature of the self-directed learning was of particular interest. This personal learning was seen as highly engaging, variably structured, collaborative, and goal-directed. This is based on a sample of ten older rural adults who were nominated to be in this study. This was a basic qualitative study incorporating constant comparative analysis. Findings indicate the importance of self-directed learning in the lives of older rural adults.
Perforin and Gamma Interferon Are Critical CD8+ T-Cell-Mediated Responses in Vaccine-Induced Immunity against Leishmania amazonensis Infection

Previous studies have demonstrated that protection against New World leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania amazonensis can be elicited by immunization with the developmentally regulated Leishmania amastigote antigen, P-8. In this study, several independent experimental approaches were employed to investigate the protective immunological mechanisms involved. T-cell subset depletion experiments clearly indicate that elicitation of CD8(+) (as well as CD4(+)) effector responses is required for protection. Further, mice lacking beta(2)-microglobulin (and hence deficient in major histocompatibility complex class I antigen presentation) were not able to control a challenge infection after vaccination, indicating an essential protective role for CD8(+) T effector responses. Analysis of the events ongoing at the cutaneous site of infection indicated a changing cellular dynamic involved in protection. Early postinfection in protectively vaccinated mice, a predominance of CD8(+) T cells, secreting gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) and expressing perforin, was observed at the site of infection; subsequently, activated CD4(+) T cells producing IFN-gamma were primarily found. As protection correlated with the ratio of total IFN-gamma-producing cells (CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells) to macrophages found at the site of infection, a role for IFN-gamma was evident; in addition, vaccination of IFN-gamma-deficient mice failed to provide protection. To further assess the effector mechanisms that mediate protection, mice deficient in perforin synthesis were examined. Perforin-deficient mice vaccinated with the P-8 antigen were unable to control infection. Thus, the elicitation of CD8(+) T cell effector mechanisms (perforin, IFN-gamma) are clearly required in the protective immune response against L. amazonensis infection in vaccinated mice.
The Supply of Money and Reichsbank Financing of Government and Corporate Debt in Germany, 1919–1923

During the five years of inflation, price stability, and hyperinflation in Germany after World War I, three factors determined the growth of the money supply. First, the Reichsbank freely issued money in exchange for whatever government or corporate debt the private sector did not wish to hold at the official discount rate. Second, the government persistently ran large deficits. Political instability and the inflation itself prevented taxation adequate to pay for social programs, subsidies to the railroad and businesses, and reparations to the Allies. The third factor was expectations of inflation, which, as they became more pessimistic, led people to hold less and monetize more of the outstanding stock of debt. Thus, the money supply was partly endogenous and partly dependent on government fiscal policy. The monetary policy of the Reichsbank, although essential to the inflation process, was a constant and passive one until stabilization at the end of 1923. Tr 1jHERE is no doubt that the growth of the money supply has for the most part its origins in the growth of the [government's] floating debt," the Reichsbank Direktorium wrote to the Finance Ministry in July 1919.1 Four years later, in August 1923, Reichsbank President Havenstein was still saying the same thing.2 Interest in the causes of the German inflation have led to studies that usually reached a conclusion similar to that of the Reichsbank, but the motives and varying approaches of the different inquiries indicate that a more precise understanding of Reichsbank policy and the money supply process is still needed. Historians in the last decade have sought and found in the trauma of the inflation causes for the traumas of the great depression and Nazi rule that followed a decade later.3 This return in a more sophisticated way to
The Effects of Maxillofacial Surgery on Speech and Velopharyngeal Function

Individuals undergoing conventional maxillary advancement surgery or maxillary distraction should have perceptual and instrumental assessment of speech and velopharyngeal function, pre- and postsurgically. They should be counseled on the risk of deterioration in velopharyngeal function, particularly for those who have repaired cleft palate presenting with characteristics of borderline velopharyngeal function. These individuals should also be counseled that there may be a positive change in speech articulation, with normalization of the maxillary-mandibular relationship, especially for the highly sibilant /s/ and /z/ sounds. This article highlights speech errors often seen in individuals who have dentofacial skeletal deformities, and discusses the impact of conventional orthognathic surgery and distraction osteogenesis on speech production. Methods of assessing speech production, including perceptual assessment and instrumentation are also reviewed.
Experimental evidence for the origins of determinative development in the polyclad turbellarians

Cell-deletion experiments were carried out on the embryo of the polyclad turbellarian Hoploplana inquilina to examine further the nature of development in primitive spiralians. The polyclads are of particular interest because they provide a link between the regulative development of acoels and the determinative development of annelids and molluscs. Single blastomeres were deleted at the two- and four-cell stages by puncture through the eggshell membrane with tungsten needles. All deletions resulted in abnormal larvae with consistent characteristics representing half or three-quarter Muller's larvae. The number of larval eyes was a particularly useful character in revealing mosaicism. This study establishes the polyclad embryo as determinative, but with important cell interactions also occurring during early development, and provides evidence that mosaicism became associated with spiral cleavage in the quartet form during the evolution of the Turbellaria.
A comparison of the localization of choline acetyltransferase and glutamate decarboxylase immunoreactivity in rat cerebral cortex.

Abstract The neurotransmitter-synthesizing enzymes choline acetyltransferase and glutamate decarboxylase were localized immunocytochemically at the light microscopic level. Their respective laminar distributions were compared in 17 different cytoarchitectural areas, comprising limbic and neocortical regions of rat cerebral cortex. The immunoreactive intensities within these areas were measured with an image analysis system and dark-field optics. Choline acetyltransferase and glutamate decarboxylase immunoreactivity displayed distinctive distribution patterns throughout the cerebrum. In general, limbic cortex showed greater intensity of both choline acetyltransferase and glutamate decarboxylase immunoreactivity than neocortex. For example, choline acetyltransferase immunoreactivity in pyriform and retrosplenial cortex was 54% and 29% greater, respectively, than in neocortex, and glutamate decarboxylase immunoreactivity in the same cortical areas was 5% and 17% greater, respectively. In addition to these regional differences, the marked variations of choline acetyltransferase and glutamate decarboxylase immunostaining were characterized as either coincidental or complementary when comparing their laminar distributions. The laminar pattern and relative intensities of choline acetyltransferase and glutamate decarboxylase immunostaining were coincident in some layers of all cortical regions. For example, both choline acetyltransferase and glutamate decarboxylase immunoreactive intensities were high in cellular layers II and IV of the entorhinal cortex. In contrast, examples of complementary choline acetyltransferase and glutamate decarboxylase immunoreactive patterns were observed in retrosplenial cortex and neocortex. In neocortex, layers III and part of V were intensely glutamate decarboxylase-positive, whereas these same layers were less intensely choline acetyltransferase immunoreactive than the intervening layer IV and upper part of V. Quantitatively, choline acetyltransferase immunoreactivity in layers IV and upper V was 27–37% greater than adjacent layers II and deep V. The glutamate decarboxylase immunostaining pattern was complementary in that layer IV was 19–23% less intensely stained than adjacent layers III and V. Our results demonstrate that terminals immunoreactive for choline acetyltransferase and glutamate decarboxylase, and presumably the synaptic terminals that respectively use acetylcholine or γ-aminobutyric acid as their neurotransmitters, are distributed in distinct laminar patterns that are strategically situated for modulating either afferent information in the case of cholinergic terminals or efferent transmission for GABAergic endings. Moreover, the highest cortical levels of both choline acetyltransferase and glutamate decarboxylase are found in the limbic cortices, and these cortices have been implicated in the linking of affective and memory functions with environmental cues of neocortical and subcortical origin.
“Los embrujos secretos del trópico”. Frontera amazónica y producción del espacio estatal en la obra cinematográfica de Jorge Ruiz

Este articulo estudia la obra cinematografica de Jorge Ruiz utilizando la teoria socio-espacial de Henri Lefebvre. Argumenta que sus documentales, peliculas etnograficas y noticieros para el cine constituyen una totalidad discursiva que presenta esteticamente la produccion del espacio estatal boliviano durante el siglo XX. A partir de una retorica audiovisual que juega con nociones de verticalidad, horizontalidad y centralidad, la obra de Ruiz posiciona el espacio andino como el eje de la modernizacion estatal y situa a la cuenca amazonica en los margenes del estado. Concluye que hacer visible la region amazonica en el discurso de la nacion tuvo como efecto el desplazamiento de los antagonismos de clase en favor del conflicto entre centro y regiones. This article studies the cinematography of Jorge Ruiz making use of the socio-spatial theory of Henri Lefebvre. It argues that his documentaries, ethnographic films and newsreels for the cinema constitute a discursive totality that presents aesthetically the production of the Bolivian state space during the twentieth century. From an audiovisual rhetoric that plays with notions of verticality, horizontality and centrality, Ruiz’s work locates Andean space as the focal point of state modernization and situates the Amazon basin at the margins of the state. It concludes that in making the Amazon region visible in the nation’s discourse this had the effect of displacing class antagonisms in favor of the conflict between center and regions.
Adrenal weight and morphology in victims of completed suicide

Several lines of evidence have implicated hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis dysfunction in major depression and suicidal behavior. In the present study, the weight and morphology of postmortem adrenal glands were compared between suicide victims and sudden death, nonpsychiatric controls. The mean adrenal weight of the combined left and right glands was significantly higher in the suicide group; this difference was accounted for specifically by increases in left adrenal weight of suicides compared with the control group. There was a positive correlation between adrenal weight and total cortical thickness in both left and right glands, providing direct evidence that increased adrenal weight in suicide victims is due to cortical hypertrophy. The finding of left-right adrenal weight asymmetry in suicides is consistent with the hypothesis of abnormal lateralized input from higher control centers of the HPA axis.
Antarctic Sea Ice Climatology, Variability, and Late Twentieth-Century Change in CCSM4

AbstractA preindustrial control run and an ensemble of twentieth-century integrations of the Community Climate System Model, version 4 (CCSM4), are evaluated for Antarctic sea ice climatology, modes of variability, trends, and covariance with related physical variables such as surface temperature and sea level pressure. Compared to observations, the mean ice cover is too extensive in all months. This is in part related to excessively strong westerly winds over ~50°–60°S, which drive a large equatorward meridional ice transport and enhanced ice growth near the continent and also connected with a cold bias in the Southern Ocean. In spite of these biases in the climatology, the model’s sea ice variability compares well to observations. The leading mode of austral winter sea ice concentration exhibits a dipole structure with anomalies of opposite sign in the Atlantic and Pacific sectors. Both the El Nino–Southern Oscillation and the southern annular mode (SAM) project onto this mode. In twentieth-century inte...
Experience and lessons learned in a graduate-level course based on students as “Teachers”

This paper describes the experience and lessons learned in teaching a graduate-level course on Power Electronics in Power Systems, which was based on student projects and most of the in-class “lecturing” was done by students.
Induction of overlapping genes by fasting and a peroxisome proliferator in pigs: evidence of functional PPARα in nonproliferating species

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα), a key regulator of fatty acid oxidation, is essential for adaptation to fasting in rats and mice. However, physiological functions of PPARα in ...
Videotaped vs traditional lectures for medical students.

Closed-circuit television (CCTV) provides medical departments with alternatives in instructional formats. Concern, however, has been voiced about teaching via TV because the medium itself might cause inattention. This study investigated whether TV will lower the test scores of medical students. Sixty-one students were randomly divided into two groups. The lecture (control) group received the information via traditional lectures, including use of 2" X 2" transparencies. The video group received concurrently the same information via CCTV. Multiple-choice examinations were given after each of the six sessions. The cumulative mean scores were similar: lecture group=87.56%, video group=87.99%, i.e., no significant difference (P=0.77). To detect attitudinal differences toward the two formats, the students were surveyed at the end of the series and intragroup agreement on specific questions was calculated. The students rated the lecture format more highly. In response to the question 'Did the audiovisual materials used by the instructor aid your learning?', the mean rating from the lecture group was 7.37 (scale of 0-9) compared to a mean rating of 5.93 from the video group (P < 0.0003).
Application of high‐pressure liquid chromatography to the study of variables affecting theobromine and caffeine concentrations in cocoa beans

Boiling water extracts were cooled, centrifuged and injected into a high-pressure liquid chromatograph. Total alkaloid content among varieties ranged from 24-50 mg/g defatted cocoa with an average of 37 mg for 10 samples. Theobromine's share of the total ranged from 52-99%, averaging 87%. Among samples, Criollo had the lowest concentration of total alkaloids, but its caffeine content was highest. Alkaloid accumulation in seeds was greatest near the terminal stage of pod growth, and this extended into the ripening phase. One-fourth of the alkaloid content of cotyledons was lost during fermentation through migration into the testa and pulp sweatings.
Factors affecting the accumulation of exocellularexo-β-d-galactofuranosidase and other enzymes fromPenicillium charlesii

Abstract exo -β- d -galactofuranosidase and β- d -glucosidase first appeared in culture filtrates of Day 14 cultures of Penicillium charlesii and after the medium was depleted of glucose. Acid phosphatase, ribonuclease, and protease activities appeared about 7 days earlier. The appearance of the glycohydrolases also occurred in Day 7 culture filtrates if the growth medium of Day 3 cultures was titrated to 4 with alkali. This treatment of the growth medium did not change the initial appearance of acid phosphatase, ribonuclease, or protease activities. Addition of protease inhibitors to the modified growth medium further enhanced galactofuranosidase activity and the maximum activity attained was severalfold greater than that obtained in untreated cultures. These data suggest that galactofuranosidase activity is destroyed by acid protease(s) and that galactofuranosidase activity appears in the medium only after it is depleted of glucose and sufficient organic acid has been taken up to increase the pH of the medium above 4. A possible role of organic acids in regulating the onset of release of glycohydrolases into the medium is discussed.
Discourse Analysis: A Sample Text

This paper offers an example of how connected discourse can be formally analyzed in such a way as to reveal something of its structure. The method used here was described in a previous paper, ‘Discourse Analysis’, Lg. 28 (1952), 1–30. It consists essentially of the following steps: given a particular text, we collect those linguistic elements (morphemes or sequences of morphemes) which have identical environments within a sentence, and we call these equivalent to each other; thus, if we find the sentences A F and B Fin our text, we write A=B and say that A is equivalent to B or that both are in the same equivalence class. We further collect those linguistic elements which have equivalent (rather than identical) environments, and we call these also equivalent to each other; if we find the sentences A F and B E, and if A=B (because B F occurs too), then F is secondarily equivalent to E, and we write F=E. (Note that in the sentence A F, A is the environment of F, and Fis the environment of A.) This operation enables us to collect many or all of the linguistic elements or sections of any particular text into a few equivalence classes. For example, if our text consists of the sentences1 A F: B E: C G: B F: M E: A G: N E: N G: M H, we set up two classes: one class to include A, B (because of A F and B F), C (because of A G and C G), M, and N (because of B E and M E and N E); the other class to include F, E (because of B F and B E), G (because of A F and A G), and H (because of M E and M H).2
Effects of divalent metal ions on the fluorescence and glucose-quenching of yeast hexokinase isozymes.

Titrations of the quenching of the tryptophan fluorescence of yeast hexokinase isozymes P-I and P-II by Mg2+, Mn2+, Ca2+, Cd2+, and Zn2+ ions and by glucose in the presence of each of these ions (10mM) were performed at pH 5.5 and 6.5 at 20°C. At the higher pH there was a reversal of the type of glucose-binding cooperativity for P-II from negative to positive when either Mn2+ or Ca2+ was present in the buffered isozyme solution before the glucose titration, whereas Mg2+ caused the glucose binding to become noncooperative. Zn2+ and Cd2+ decreased the glucose quenching of P-II fluorescence drastically at pH 5.5, from a value of 15% in buffer to only 4%. Thus, only these two ions, of the five studied, cause the conformation change that results in quenching of the glucose-quenchable cleft tryptophan of P-II. Glucose binding to the P-I isozyme exhibited positive cooperativity in the presence of either Ca2+, Mg2+, or Mn2+, as well as in buffer alone, at both pH's. At the lower pH, Ca2+ enhanced the efficiency of glucose quenching of P-I fluorescence several-fold, while Mn2+ increased it only about 40% and Mg2+ not at all. Further, Ca2+ raised the degree of cooperativity (Hill coefficient) of glucose binding to P-I at this pH from the value of 1.42 in buffer and in the presence of Mg2+ and Mn2+ to 1.94, i.e., almost up to the highest possible value, 2, for dimeric hexokinase. However, at pH 6.5 the Ca2+ effect on the cooperativity was negligible, while Mg2+ and Mn2+ decreased the coefficient from 1.6 in buffer to about 1.4. The biological implications of these diverse metal ion effects are discussed.
Structured assembly language programming

For those of us who are essentially high level programmers, the intricacies and lack of structure in assembly language programs are often an insurmountable barrier to effective assembly language programming. This paper attempts to show a way to overcome this barrier. Structured pseudocode is used to solve the problem just as if the solution were to be coded in PL/I, PASCAL, ADA, or some other structured high level language. Then the structured pseudocode is “compiled” into assembly language using appropriate labels to show the structure of the assembly language program.
The State of Research on Situational Judgment Tests: A Content Analysis and Directions for Future Research

Situational judgment tests (SJTs) have become popular selection methods, with 59 empirical studies having been published since 1990. In contrast to prior narrative reviews or meta-analyses, this study develops (a) a comprehensive structure of SJT features, or “attributes,” (b) uses this structure to quantitatively and qualitatively summarize existing research in a content analysis, and then (c) uses the content analysis to generate directions for future research. The review is organized around a single question: What are the current practices in SJT research? Using this question as a foundation, we focus the content analysis on three significant theoretical and practical themes: (a) SJT development, scoring methods, and uses; (2) types of reliability estimates reported for SJTs, and (3) attributes that enhance or reduce internal consistency reliability.
Solubility of aromatic pollutants in mixed solvents

The solubility behavior of several aromatic and polynuclear aromatic pollutants was determined in a variety of water/cosolvent mixtures. The data was used to test a log-linear solubility model and develop a relationship for determining the slope of the log-linear solubility curve.
SARM1 activation triggers axon degeneration locally via NAD+ destruction

Axon degeneration is an intrinsic self-destruction program that underlies axon loss during injury and disease. Sterile alpha and TIR motif-containing 1 (SARM1) protein is an essential mediator of axon degeneration. We report that SARM1 initiates a local destruction program involving rapid breakdown of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+)) after injury. We used an engineered protease-sensitized SARM1 to demonstrate that SARM1 activity is required after axon injury to induce axon degeneration. Dimerization of the Toll-interleukin receptor (TIR) domain of SARM1 alone was sufficient to induce locally mediated axon degeneration. Formation of the SARM1 TIR dimer triggered rapid breakdown of NAD(+), whereas SARM1-induced axon destruction could be counteracted by increased NAD(+) synthesis. SARM1-induced depletion of NAD(+) may explain the potent axon protection in Wallerian degeneration slow (Wld(s)) mutant mice.
Effects of pore pressure on compressional wave attenuation in a young oceanic basalt

Laboratory data are reported for ultrasonic compressional wave attenuation (αp) as a function of pore pressure in a Juan de Fuca Ridge dredge basalt. Four experiments have been made to determine the relationships between attenuation and quality factor (Qp) and confining and pore pressures in the shallow ocean crust. Attenuation was measured at 1) a constant differential pressure of 40 MPa; 2) confining pressures to 120 MPa and atmospheric pore pressures; 3) a constant confining pressure of 50 MPa while varying pore pressures; 4) a constant confining pressure of 100 MPa while varying pore pressures. For atmospheric pore pressures, αp ranges from 1.64 dB/cm to 7.08 dB/cm (Qp = 24 to 10). In addition, attenuation increases systematically with increasing pore pressure and decreasing differential pressure (confining pressure - pore pressure). Results from DSDP and ODP downhole packer experiments suggest that the hydrostatic pore pressure regime may best approximate in situ conditions for young oceanic crust. Hydrostatic pore pressures (@ 5000 meters depth) reduce Qp as much as 35% from normal atmospheric pressure conditions; therefore, pore pressures generated in the upper oceanic crust may be responsible in part for the observed low seismic Qp within layer 2A. Qp measurements at elevated pore pressures agree well with seismic Qp data.
Uses of metaphor: a qualitative case study

This article argues that the analysis of metaphors is a proper and needed aspect of the qualitative research tradition. A brief review is given of some theoretical issues surrounding metaphor. Then an analysis is made of metaphors that were generated by teachers about effective teaching and effective schools. The metaphors are classified and analyzed using several frameworks from the literature on metaphor. An argument is made that metaphors are generated unconsciously and are used as partial explanations for processes not fully understood by the users. Finally, it is suggested that the analysis of metaphors can serve as an alternative triangulating strategy in qualitative research as well as raise epistemological issues related to positivism and subjectivism.
Postnatal Angiographic Appearance of Left Ventricular Myocardium in Fetal Patients With Aortic Stenosis Having In-Utero Aortic Valvuloplasty

Fetal aortic valvuloplasty (FAV) is performed on the basis of the hypothesis that aortic stenosis leads to the impairment of left ventricular (LV) filling and growth. Given that most fetuses fail to exhibit normalization of LV growth even after successful FAV, better understanding of the associated LV myocardial pathology is indicated. Postnatal angiography was reviewed retrospectively for all patients who (1) underwent FAV for severe aortic stenosis and (2) had well-opacified LV angiograms before any surgical intervention from 2000 to 2007. The angiographic appearance of the LV myocardium was described as either smooth or trabeculated in a total of 6 anatomic segments in 2 projections (anteroposterior and lateral). Twenty-four infants who underwent FAV had angiographic images appropriate for review. Of these, 4 (17%) had uniformly smooth LV myocardium, whereas 20 (83%) had deep trabeculations of ≥1 LV myocardial segment. Half of the infants (n = 13) had extensive trabeculations with the involvement of ≥4 segments. In all cases, the septal segments were smooth. In conclusion, patients after FAV have angiographically abnormal left ventricles, commonly involving extensive trabeculations of the free wall, but without septal involvement.
Limits on rock strength under high confinement

Abstract Understanding of deep earthquake source mechanisms requires knowledge of failure processes active under high confinement. Under low confinement the compressive strength of rock is well known to be limited by frictional sliding along stress-concentrating flaws. Under higher confinement strength is usually assumed limited by power-law creep associated with the movement of dislocations. In a review of existing experimental data, we find that when the confinement is high enough to suppress frictional sliding, rock strength increases as a power–law function only up to a critical normalized strain rate. Within the regime where frictional sliding is suppressed and the normalized strain rate is below the critical rate, both globally distributed ductile flow and localized brittle-like failure are observed. When frictional sliding is suppressed and the normalized strain rate is above the critical rate, failure is always localized in a brittle-like manner at a stress that is independent of the degree of confinement. Within the high-confinement, high-strain rate regime, the similarity in normalized failure strengths across a variety of rock types and minerals precludes both transformational faulting and dehydration embrittlement as strength-limiting mechanisms. The magnitude of the normalized failure strength corresponding to the transition to the high-confinement, high-strain rate regime and the observed weak dependence of failure strength on strain rate within this regime are consistent with a localized Peierls-type strength-limiting mechanism. At the highest strain rates the normalized strengths approach the theoretical limit for crystalline materials. Near-theoretical strengths have previously been observed only in nano- and micro-scale regions of materials that are effectively defect-free. Results are summarized in a new deformation mechanism map revealing that when confinement and strain rate are sufficient, strengths approaching the theoretical limit can be achieved in cm-scale sized samples of rocks rich in defects. Thus, non-frictional failure processes must be considered when interpreting rock deformation data collected under high confinement and low temperature. Further, even at higher temperatures the load-bearing ability of crustal rocks under high confinement may not be limited by a frictional process under typical geologic strain rates.
Co-Complexes Derived from Alkene Insertion to Alkyne-Dicobaltpentacarbonyl Complexes: Insight into the Regioselectivity of Pauson−Khand Reactions of Cyclopropenes

Described are the X-ray crystallographic and spectral properties of Co-complexes that were isolated from two Pauson−Khand reactions of chiral cyclopropenes. These are the first examples of isolated Co-complexes derived from the putative alkene-insertion intermediates of Pauson−Khand reactions. The binuclear Co-complexes are coordinated to μ-bonded, five-carbon “flyover” carbene ligands. It is proposed that the complexes result from cyclopropane fragmentation subsequent to alkene insertion. The observation of these metal complexes provides a rationale for the origin of regioselectivity in Pauson−Khand reactions of cyclopropenes.
Why Do Firms Adopt Profit‐Sharing and Employee Ownership Plans?

Profit-sharing and employee ownership in companies have attracted considerable interest, yet there has been little research on factors predicting the adoption and maintenance of these plans. This study uses new data from a survey of 500 US public companies, and panel data on corporate financial variables, to examine factors predicting the presence and adoption of profit- sharing and employee stock ownership plans (ESOPs) in the 1975–91 period. Several findings support productivity-related motivations for such plans (including higher R&D levels among old profit-sharing firms, and recent adoption of job enrichment programmes among new profit-sharing firms), while others support flexibility-related motivations (including higher variance in profits prior to the adoption of profit-sharing plans and ESOPs). Unionized firms were less likely to have either type of plan in 1975, but equally likely to adopt them subsequently (often in concessionary contracts). Comparisons of cross-sectional and panel results illustrate advantages of panel data in disentangling the causes and effects of profit-sharing and ESOPs.
A Model Study of the Influence of Stress on the Thermal Conductivity of Dry Sand

An equivalent resistor model was investigated to determine its suitability for describing the thermal conductivity of dry granular soils. The suitability of the model for incorporating the influence of stress on thermal conductivity was also examined. The parameters necessary to specify the model were determined experimentally by fitting the model to measured values of thermal conductivity from two different granular soils. Measurements were made with a thermal probe located in the center of cylindrical specimens of dry sand which were subjected to isotropic compressive stresses in a modified triaxial cell. It was found that the model provides a convenient and accurate method to determine the thermal conductivity of dry granular soils.
Simulations of the Urban Planetary Boundary Layer in an Arid Metropolitan Area

Abstract A modified version of the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model (MM5) was applied to the arid Phoenix, Arizona, metropolitan region. The ability of the model to simulate characteristics of the summertime urban planetary boundary layer (PBL) was tested by comparing model results with observations from two field campaigns conducted in May/June 1998 and June 2001. The modified MM5 included a refined land use/cover classification and updated land use data for Phoenix and bulk approaches of characteristics of the urban surface energy balance. PBL processes were simulated by a version of MM5’s Medium-Range Forecast Model (MRF) scheme that was enhanced by new surface flux and nonlocal mixing approaches. Simulated potential temperature profiles were tested against radiosonde data, indicating that the modified MRF scheme was able to simulate vertical mixing and the evolution and height of the PBL with good accuracy and better than the origi...
Fine structure of leopard frog (Rana pipiens) lymphocytes after in vitro transformation by phytohemagglutinin

Abstract Stimulation of leopard frog ( Rana pipiens ) spleen lymphocytes in vitro with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) caused a gradual change from small or medium sized lymphocytes to lymphoblasts. Lymphocytes cultured with PHA formed cell clusters with uropods oriented towards the center, giving them a rosette-like appearance. Mitotic figures were observed within lymphocyte clusters. At the ultrastructural level, unstimulated lymphocytes had sparse cytoplasm containing a few mitochondria, scattered free ribosomes and nuclei containing heavy clumps of heterochromatin. In contrast, after PHA stimulation, lymphocytes possessed the typical ultrastructure of lymphoblasts. The nucleus contained loosely packed euchromatin and prominent nucleoli. Ribosomes were aggregated to form polysomes, rough endoplasmic reticulum was sparse and mitochondria numerous. Uropods contained a well developed Golgi apparatus, centrioles with associated microtubules, various membrane bound bodies and abundant mitochondria and polysomes. The fine structural features of transformed frog lymphocytes are similar to those observed in several mammalian species, suggesting that this facet of lymphocyte biology has been conserved during evolution.
The DIME System: A Preliminary Report

Investment management is a complex, yet promising, domain for the application of intelligent automation. In this paper we discuss the Diversified Investment Management Expert DIME system which is under development. DIME is designed to operate in a dynamic environment and hence one of its salient features is its knowledge acquisition via learning. The system starts out with some rules built into it, and machine-learning techniques are used to acquire further knowledge with time. In this paper we focus on how similarity-based learning SBL is used to acquire new rules and explanation-based learning EBL to refine the built-in rules and the newly acquired ones.
Season-Of-Birth and Acute Leukemia of Infancy

Because of its short and clearly delineated latency period, acute leukemia of infancy is particularly suited to etiologic analysis. From 1950 to mid-1985,31 infants with acute leukemia (< 1 year of age) were registered at the University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center at Houston. The medical records of these infants were reviewed for demographic and birth information. Of the 31 infants, 14 (45%) were Hispanic. The sex ratio was 3:1 male/female) for white infants and 5:9 for Hispanic infants. Of the white infants, half had acute lymphocytic leukemia, compared with all but one of the Hispanic infants. There was a significant excess of winter births among the infants diagnosed with acute leukemia (P< 0.05). The significant association between season-of-birth and the occurrence of leukemia cases is suggestive of periodicity of an environmental etiologic agent, perhaps acting in concert with endogenous rhythmicities in susceptibility to that agent. This finding is deserving of further study.
Low complexity PAPR reduction methods for carrier-aggregated MIMO OFDMA and SC-FDMA systems

New generation wireless systems target to support much higher data rate which requires larger bandwidth than the existing systems. Lack of contiguous spectrum resources and the compatibility requirement with the legacy systems make the concept of carrier aggregation (CA) a practical means for supporting high data rate in next generation systems. One of the practical issues related to the CA is the dramatically increased peak-to-average power ratio of the time domain signal. This article proposes several low-complexity and no-overhead PAPR reduction methods for bandwidth aggregated systems with orthogonal frequency division multiplexing/multiple-access or single-carrier frequency division multiple access in multi-in multi-out system configurations. For the proposed phase-rotation based PAPR reduction methods, a reliable phase rotation detector at the receiver is developed to maintain the receiver performance. Performance evaluation under 3GPP LTE-Advanced environment shows the advantage of the proposed methods while not requiring any signaling overhead.
Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry of dexamethasone and betamethasone

Chemical ionization mass spectra of dexamethasone and betamethasone have been obtained via liquid chromatography mass spectrometry using a moving belt interface. These results have confirmed a concentration-dependent competition between thermal degradation and vaporization. Caution should be exercised when dealing with molecules subject to thermal instability since sample introduction via the mechanical transport system does not guarantee evaporation without thermal decomposition.
Drug Treatment Availability and Effectiveness Studies of the General and Criminal Justice Populations

Rates of illicit drug use, especially heroin and cocaine, are many times greater among criminal justice populations than in the general population. Research demonstrates that among crimeprone persons, illegal drug use intensifies criminal activity. This article presents the abundant research evidence that supports drug treatment as an effective means to reduce illegal drug use, crime, and recidivism among offender populations. The article is divided into four sections. The first describes the findings of three large-scale investigations of drug treatment's effects. The second reviews the literature on drug treatment effectiveness and availability. The third discusses the benefits of coerced treatment for criminal justice clients. The final section enumerates the principles of effective drug treatment.
QUANTIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SULFATE-REDUCING BACTERIA FROM GROUNDWATER FROM THE MOGOLLON RIM, ARIZONA

Abstract Naturally occurring sulfates are common contaminants of groundwater. Dissolved sulfates are used by sulfate reducing bacteria which release hydrogen sulfide. Sulfate reducing bacteria are common in anaerobic environments such as deep wells. This results in production of hydrogen sulfide, a corrosive gas. Monitoring and control of sulfate reducing bacteria may be used to control the formation of hydrogen sulfide. To this end, the present study examined the prevalence of sulfate-reducing bacteria from five groundwater sources on the Mogollon Rim in central Arizona. The five samples were negative by both assays. Results serve as a basis for future study of ground-water microbiology and sulfate-reducing geochemistry in the Mogollon Rim.