cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Physiological evidence for binaural directional computations in the brainstem of the oyster toadfish, Opsanus tau (L.).

Comparisons of left and right auditory input are required for sound source localization in most terrestrial vertebrates. Previous physiological and neuroanatomical studies have indicated that binaural convergence is present in the ascending auditory system of the toadfish. In this study, we introduce a new technique, otolith tipping, to reversibly alter directional auditory input to the central nervous system of a fish. The normal directional response pattern (DRP) was recorded extracellularly for auditory cells in the first-order descending octaval nucleus (DON) or the midbrain torus semicircularis (TS) using particle motion stimuli in the horizontal and mid-sagittal planes. The same stimuli were used during tipping of the saccular otolith to evaluate changes in the DRPs. Post-tipping DRPs were generated and compared with the pre-tipping DRPs to ensure that the data had been collected consistently from the same unit. In the DON, ipsilateral or contralateral tipping most often eliminated spike activity, but changes in spike rate (±) and DRP shape were also documented. In the TS, tipping most often caused a change in spike rate (±) and altered the shape or best axis of the DRP. The data indicate that there are complex interactions of excitatory and inhibitory inputs in the DON and TS resulting from the convergence of binaural inputs. As in anurans, but unlike other terrestrial vertebrates, binaural processing associated with encoding the direction of a sound source begins in the first-order auditory nucleus of this teleost.
Aromatic excimers: evidence for polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon condensation in flames

Abstract A new assignment for the broad band visible laser induced fluorescence observed in rich hydrocarbon flames is offered. It is postulated that emission from aromatic excimers is observed when exciting aromatic aggregates in flames. Because this emission will only occur when the aromatic molecular units are near one another, this assignment would provide evidence for agglomeration of modestly sized polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in flames. Both semi-empirical and density functional theory calculations are performed for several small aromatic dimers (benzene, naphthalene, and pyrene). As observed in several prior experimental studies, stacking of the aromatic rings in parallel, overlapping planes leads to excimer transitions. It is suggested that additional near-infrared optical diagnostics in rich flames may provide further support for this theory.
Self-diffusion in sheared suspensions by dynamic simulation

The behaviour of the long-time self-diffusion tensor in concentrated colloidal dispersions is studied using dynamic simulation. The simulations are of a suspension of monodisperse Brownian hard spheres in simple shear flow as a function of the Peclet number, Pe, which measures the relative importance of shear and Brownian forces, and the volume fraction, [phi]. Here, Pe = &[gamma]dot;a^2/D0, where &[gamma]dot; is the shear rate, a the particle size and D0 = kT/6[pi][eta]a is the Stokes–Einstein diffusivity of an isolated particle of size a with thermal energy kT in a solvent of viscosity [eta]. Two simulations algorithms are used: Stokesian Dynamics for inclusion of the many-body hydrodynamic interactions, and Brownian Dynamics for suspensions without hydrodynamic interactions. A new procedure for obtaining high-quality diffusion data based on averaging the results of many short simulations is presented and utilized. At low shear rates, low Pe, Brownian diffusion due to a random walk process dominates and the characteristic scale for diffusion is the Stokes–Einstein diffusivity, D0. At zero Pe the diffusivity is found to be a decreasing function of [phi]. As Pe is slowly increased, O(Pe) and O(Pe^3/2) corrections to the diffusivity due to the flow are clearly seen in the Brownian Dynamics system in agreement with the theoretical results of Morris & Brady (1996). At large shear rates, large Pe, both systems exhibit diffusivities that grow linearly with the shear rate by the non-Brownian mechanism of shear-induced diffusion. In contrast to the behaviour at low Pe, this shear-induced diffusion mode is an increasing function of [phi]. Long-time rotational self-diffusivities are of interest in the Stokesian Dynamics system and show similar behaviour to their translational analogues. An off-diagonal long-time self-diffusivity, Dxy, is reported for both systems. Results for both the translational and rotational Dxy show a sign change from low Pe to high Pe due to different mechanisms in the two regimes. A physical explanation for the off-diagonal diffusivities is proposed.
Pool boiling of saturated FC-72 on nano-porous surface

Pool boiling heat transfer from nano-porous surface immersed in a saturated FC-72 dielectric fluid has been experimentally studied at atmospheric pressure (101 kPa). The data obtained from nano-porous surface (Anodisc 25) of thickness about 70 μm made from aluminum oxide (Al2O3) obtained from Whatman, were compared to that of a plain surface (aluminum) of thickness about 105 μm. From the experimental data obtained it was evident that there is a reduction of about 30% in the incipient superheat for the applied power for nano-porous surface over plain surface. SEM photographs of the nano-porous coating were taken for determining the size of the pores.
Combined epidemic typhus and Q-fever vaccine: adjuvant effect of Coxiella burneti.

Summary1. Two doses of a partially purified, concentrated, formalin-killed epidemic typhus vaccine yielded excellent antibody responses in guinea pigs and in man. Even a single dose of this vaccine elicited an appreciable antibody response in man. 2. The compatibility of the epidemic typhus vaccine with a formalin-killed Q-fever vaccine administered as a mixture has been established in both guinea pigs and in man. 3. The C. bureti component of the combined vaccine definitely serves as an immunologic adjuvant for the epidemic typhus antigen in guinea pigs and may enhance the antibody response to the epidemic typhus component to some degree in man.
Product design for productivity and innovation with engineering thermoplastics and their blends in the nineties

Companies must constantly improve their technologies to survive the competitive battle in the nineteen nineties and beyond. This now holds more than ever for producers of engineering thermoplastics, who traditionally have enjoyed significantly higher margins than the commodity plastic producers. In today's competitive environment it is vital to be the high quality, low cost producer. At the same time products and processes need to become ''greener''. The drivers call for specific R&D approaches focused at cost and ecological improvements of processes and products. Examples are: (i) novel catalysis with fewer process steps, higher yields and selectivity for the production of monomers and polymers. (ii) solvent-free polymerisation processes, resulting in lower investment cost, lower operating cost and the lack of solvent traces in the final product (iii) design of polymer modifications, e.g. higher flow and/or higher heat copolymers such that products can be produced in existing equipment resulting in acceptable Return-on-Investment (ROI). Higher flow products are specifically needed for thin-wall designs to allow optimum use of the high mechanical properties of engineering thermoplastics, making shorter processing cycles possible during moulding and bringing less material in the environment. This paper reviews various routes to high flow technology, such as improving processing window, molecular engineering and blends. The pull for these technology developments come from optical data storage, thin wall bumper and super thin note bloc computer applications. The need for greener products is addressed through improved flame and fire retardant product design.
Public administration in early America: sex and the law in Puritan Massachusetts

When they arrived in the New World the English Puritans expected to pursue justice by using the Bible and discretionary justice. Because they left England, in part, as an escape from a contemporary Sodom and Gomorrah, it is ironical that the discovery of sexual license in the New World forced Puritan authorities to reconsider how they administered justice. It was, in fact, the ongoing sexual misdeeds of the colonists that forced the jettisoning of discretionary justice and the substitution for it of a system of justice administration with a legal code. In effect, this was the first public administration in English America, and it was established because of sexual misconduct.
Optimization of ultrasound contrast agents with computational models to improve selection of ligands and binding strength.

Diagnosis of cardiovascular disease is currently limited by the testing modality. Serum tests for biomarkers can provide quantification of severity but lack the ability to localize the source of the cardiovascular disease, while imaging technology such as angiography and ultrasound can only determine areas of reduced flow but not the severity of tissue ischemia. Targeted imaging with ultrasound contrast agents offers the ability to locally image as well as determine the degree of ischemia by utilizing agents that will cause the contrast agent to home to the affected tissue. Ultrasound molecular imaging via targeted microbubbles (MB) is currently limited by its sensitivity to molecular markers of disease relative to other techniques (e.g., radiolabeling). We hypothesize that computational modeling may provide a useful first approach to maximize microbubble binding by defining key parameters governing adhesion. Adhesive dynamics (AD) was used to simulate the fluid dynamic and stochastic molecular binding of microbubbles to inflamed endothelial cells. Sialyl Lewis(X) (sLe(x)), P-selectin aptamer (PSA), and ICAM-1 antibody (abICAM) were modeled as the targeting receptors on the microbubble surface in both single- and dual-targeted arrangements. Microbubble properties (radius [R(c)], kinetics [k(f), k(r)], and densities of targeting receptors) and the physical environment (shear rate and target ligand densities) were modeled. The kinetics for sLe(x) and PSA were measured with surface plasmon resonance. R(c), shear rate, and densities of sLe(x), PSA, or abICAM were varied independently to assess model sensitivity. Firm adhesion was defined as MB velocity 10(2) s(-1)) and kr(o) (<10(-3) s(-1)) for firm adhesion in a multi-targeted system. State diagrams for multi-targeted microbubbles suggest sLe(x) and abICAM microbubbles may require 10-fold more ligand to achieve firm adhesion at higher shear rates than sLe(x) and PSA microbubbles. The AD model gives useful insight into the key parameters for stable microbubble binding, and may allow flexible, prospective design, and optimization of microbubbles to enhance clinical translation of ultrasound molecular imaging.
An efficient method for the culturing and generation of neurons and astrocytes from second trimester human central nervous system tissue.

AbstractThe isolation culturing and expansion of human neural progenitors cells has important potential clinical applications in cellular transplantation strategies as well as in developmental studies involving the central nervous system (CNS). This study describes an efficient method to culture neurons and astrocytes as primary cultures, as well as from proliferative progenitor cells derived from second trimester fetal CNS tissue. Second trimester fetal human tissue was mechanically dissociated and subjected to trypsindissociation and trituration. The resulting suspension was passed over a Percoll density gradient. The middle (second) fraction of cells was centrifuged to yield a homogenous population of cells with 80%-90% viability. These cells were either cultured directly on laminin coated dishes with defined medium supplemented with fetal bovine serum or in defined medium supplemented with growth factors including epidermal growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor and leukemia inhibitory factor. ...
Isolation of rabbit muscle glucosephosphate isomerase by a single-step substrate elution.

Abstract A simple method has been developed for the rapid isolation of crystalline glucosephosphate isomerase (EC 5.3.1.9) from rabbit muscle. The enzyme is first bound to cellulose phosphate by adding the ion exchanger to a solution of the crude tissue extract. After filtering and washing the cellulose with buffer, the isomerase is specifically eluted in a batch process by its substrate, glucose 6-phosphate. The entire procedure is very rapid and results in a good recovery (at least 50%) of the enzyme with specific activity of approximately 900 units per mg. The enzyme is homogeneous by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence or absence of sodium dodecyl sulfate and by analytical ultracentrifugation.
On fixed point sets and Lefschetz modules for sporadic simple groups

Abstract We consider 2-local geometries and other subgroup complexes for sporadic simple groups. For six groups, the fixed point set of a noncentral involution is shown to be equivariantly homotopy equivalent to a standard geometry for the component of the centralizer. For odd primes, fixed point sets are computed for sporadic groups having an extraspecial Sylow p -subgroup of order p 3 , acting on the complex of those p -radical subgroups containing a p -central element in their centers. Vertices for summands of the associated reduced Lefschetz modules are described.
Leptomonas seymouri sp. n. from the cotton stainer Dysdercus suturellus

SYNOPSIS. Leptomonas seymouri sp. n., isolated from Dysdercus suturellus (Hemiptera: Pyrrhocoridae) from Florida, is described and distinguished from other species of Leptomonas from closely related hosts.
A Form of Iron Clad Thomson Astatic Galvanometer

A form of iron clad Thomson astatic galvanometer of high sensibility is described. It differs from the types described in the literature in that it is semi-portable, has a removable core containing coils and suspended magnetic system, has comparatively small weight and is easily adjusted to a high sensibility.
Data Extraction from a Video Display

A device for the extraction of data from a video display is described. A medical research application using a video tape recording of a densicardiogram as an example is explained. The methods of recording, reproducing, digitizing, and analyzing cardiovascular characteristics is described from the standpoint of development experience. Further applications outside of the medical field are suggested.
Optimal mean-square-error calibration of classifier error estimators under Bayesian models

A recently proposed Bayesian modeling framework for classification facilitates both the analysis and optimization of error estimation performance. The Bayesian error estimator is then defined to have optimal mean-square error performance, but in many situations closed-form representations are unavailable and approximations may not be feasible. To address this, we present a method to optimally calibrate arbitrary error estimators for minimum mean-square error performance within a supposed Bayesian framework. Assuming a fixed sample size, classification rule and error estimation rule, as well as a fixed Bayesian model, the calibration is done by first computing a calibration function that maps error estimates to their optimally calibrated values off-line. Once found, this calibration function may be easily applied to error estimates on the fly whenever the assumptions apply. We demonstrate that calibrated error estimators offer significant improvement in performance relative to classical error estimators under Bayesian models with both linear and non-linear classification rules.
Using population genetic analyses to understand seed dispersal patterns

Abstract Neutral genetic markers have been employed in several ways to understand seed dispersal patterns in natural and human modified landscapes. Genetic differentiation among spatially separated populations, using biparentally and maternally inherited genetic markers, allows determination of the relative historical effectiveness of pollen and seed dispersal. Genetic relatedness among individuals, estimated as a function of spatial separation between pairs of individuals, has also been used to indirectly infer seed dispersal distances. Patterns of genetic relatedness among plants in recently colonized populations provide insights into the role of seed dispersal in population colonization and expansion. High genetic relatedness within expanding populations indicates original colonization by a few individuals and population expansion by the recruitment of the original colonists’ progeny; low relatedness should occur if population growth results primarily from continuous seed immigration from multiple sources. Parentage analysis procedures can identify maternal parents of dispersed fruits, seeds, or seedlings providing detailed descriptions of contemporary seed dispersal patterns. With standard parent-pair analyses of seeds or seedlings, problems can arise in distinguishing the maternal parent. However, the use of maternal DNA from dispersed fruits or seed coats allows direct identification of maternal individuals and, as a consequence, the distance and patterns of seed dispersal and deposition. Application of combinations of these approaches provides additional insights into the role seed dispersal plays in the genetic connectivity between populations in natural and disturbed landscapes.
Macro-and micro-surface engineering to improve hot roll bonding of aluminum plate and sheet

Abstract Hot roll bonding of aluminum plate and sheet currently is the primary manufacturing method of fuselage skin sheet for aircraft and brazing sheet for automotive applications. Tremendous challenges and opportunities exist to improve quality and productivity of these products. This work explored the effects of macro- and micro-surface engineering on hot roll bonding process. It was found that micro-surface engineering yielded better bonding quality than macro-surface engineering did. The critical surface roughness of the core was about 0.58 μm below which bonding quality in terms of area contact and bonding energy can be significantly improved. However, no marked improvement was observed when the surface roughness was reduced further to 0.03 μm. Also, the oxide layer on the surface of the core and local deformation on the surface of liner played a very important role. Ultrasonic test and roller peel test were employed to assess the bonding strength and quality. The quantitative ultrasonic test results are in good agreement with the roller peel test results.
The role of foraging in the success of invasive Asian shore crabs in New England

Identifying the characteristics that determine the success of invasive species has been a major goal of ecology for many decades. Most efforts have focused on life history characteristics of introduced species, environmental tolerances, or on species interactions, such as enemy release. Many of these factors are themselves influenced by more fundamental characteristics such as physiological condition, which in turn is determined in large part by energy intake through foraging activities. Thus, foraging strategy may play a large role in determining the success of invaders. We investigate the contribution of foraging to the success of Hemigrapsus sanguineus, a crab that is native to Asia, but that has invaded the northwest Atlantic and the Mediterranean Sea. We demonstrate four individual foraging patterns of H. sanguineus in its northwest Atlantic invaded range: the presence of seasonal diet shifts, changes in diet with size, individual specialization in diet, and the allocation of current energy intake versus stored energy for reproductive efforts. We highlight how each of these foraging patterns may contribute to the success of this invasive species. Foraging plays a central role in nearly every ecological facet of a species’ ability to survive, reproduce, and thus succeed. We therefore suggest that understanding foraging patterns of introduced species in their new environment can enhance our ability to understand the success or failure of these invasions.
An alternative of CdSe nanocrystal emitters : Pure and tunable impurity emissions in znse nanocrystals

The concept, decoupling doping from nucleation and/or growth, allows us to dope nearly all nanocrystals in a given sample which is indicated by complete quenching of the host emission and bright emission from the dopants at characteristic wavelengths tunable in most parts of the visible window using a ZnSe host. In an extreme case, ZnSe coated MnSe nanocrystals (MnSe:ZnSe) emit similarly as commonly known doped nanocrystals. In comparison with CdSe nanocrystals, these alternative emitters not only are intrinsically less toxic but also show some unexpected and expected advantages: stable against thermal and environmental changes, zero reabsorption, and no Forster energy transfer. In addition to their applications to replace CdSe based nanocrystal emitters, the unique structure and properties of the doped nanocrystals are of interest for studying fundamental issues in the field.
A perspective on monoclonal antibody therapy: where we have been and where we are going.

Abstract The history of monoclonal antibody therapy for cancer includes many promising beginnings, a vast number of detours, and now a major success—perhaps soon to be joined by several more. Years of research by hundreds of investigators worldwide have led to a growing understanding of the principles that underlie successful monoclonal antibody therapy and that can be used to create new antibody-based agents. However, there are many remaining uncertainties about this mode of therapy, even for those agents that have already joined our therapeutic armamentarium. Several key questions will be identified and used to suggest avenues for future research.
Noncovalent Interactions of Nucleic Acid Bases (Uracil, Thymine, and Adenine) with Alkali Metal Ions. Threshold Collision-Induced Dissociation and Theoretical Studies

Threshold collision-induced dissociation of M+L (M+ = Li+, Na+, and K+; L = uracil, thymine, and adenine) with xenon is studied using guided ion beam mass spectrometry. In all cases, the primary product formed corresponds to endothermic loss of the intact neutral molecule. The only other product observed is the result of ligand exchange processes to form MXe+. Cross-section thresholds are interpreted to yield 0 and 298 K bond dissociation energies for M+−L after accounting for the effects of multiple ion−molecule collisions, internal energy of the reactant ions, and dissociation lifetimes. Ab initio calculations at the MP2(full)/6-311+G(2d,2p)//MP2(full)/6-31G* level of theory are used to determine the structures and relative energetics of several conformers of these complexes and to provide molecular constants necessary for the thermodynamic analysis of the experimental data. We find that all of the complexes are very nearly planar. Calculated M+−L bond dissociation energies compare favorably to the expe...
Explicit Consideration of Baseline Factors to Assess Recombinant Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activator Response With Respect to Race and Sex

Background and Purpose—Sex and race reportedly influence outcome after recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (rtPA). It is, however, unclear whether baseline imbalances (eg, stroke severity) or lack of response to thrombolysis is responsible. We applied balancing methods to test the hypothesis that race and sex influence outcome after rtPA independent of baseline conditions. Methods—We mapped group outcomes from the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) dataset based on race and sex onto a surrogate-control function to assess differences from expected outcomes at their respective National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale and age. Outcomes were also compared for subjects matched individually on key baseline factors using NINDS and 2 recent datasets from southeastern United States. Results—At similar National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale and age, 90-day good outcomes (modified Rankin Score, 0–2) in NINDS were similarly improved after rtPA for white men and women. Ther...
Coulomb gap of coupled quantum dots with adjustable interdot tunneling

Abstract We report low-temperature tunneling measurements at zero magnetic field through a double quantum dot with adjustable interdot tunneling rate, fabricated in a GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructure. We have measured the dependence of the current-voltage characteristic on interdot tunneling, and find that the Coulomb gap decreases continuously from that of two dots in series to that of a single large dot with twice the total capacitance as the interdot tunneling is increased from near zero to 2 e 2 / h . These results are in agreement with many-body charge fluctuations due to tunneling between the dots.
IMPLICATIONS OF WHISTLEBLOWING FOR PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION EDUCATION

Whistleblowing, or going public, is an issue which has received a great deal of media attention and scholarly consideration. Public administrators of the future will surely have to confront it. The author of this article divides whistleblowing into individual, organization, and environmental levels of analysis. Each level has its own unique considerations which must be understood separately before they can be understood comprehensively. Moreover, the author asserts that the study of whistleblowing fosters awareness of ethics, provides the skills needed to effectively cope with dissent, and imparts legal knowledge about the discipline of public administration to students.
Experimental evidence for the formation of fullerenes by collisional heating of carbon rings in the gas phase

THE discovery1–6 of the spherical carbon cage compound buck-minsterfullerene (C60) and the recent development of methods to produce it in bulk7 have led to an explosion in research in the physical and chemical properties of this unique species8,9. Nevertheless, the question of the formation mechanism of C60 (or of the other fullerenes) is still far from settled. We have shown elsewhere that carbon clusters in the gas phase develop from linear chains to planar ring systems to fullerenes as their size increases. One can easily envisage the transformation from chains to rings, but how the three-dimensional near-spherical fullerenes evolve from large planar rings is not obvious. Here we show that 'heating' these large ring systems above their 'melting' point leads to 100% fullerene formation accompanied by the evaporation of a small carbon fragment (C1 or C3 for odd systems and C2 for even systems). We propose a mechanism, based on these data, for efficient C60 production in carbon arcs.
A graph-theoretic, linear-time scheme to detect and resolve deadlocks in flexible manufacturing cells

A linear-time deadlock detection and resolution scheme is presented that effectively captures deadlock in manufacturing cells with alternate part routing. The deadlock handling scheme is based on a bipartite graph model of the part-machine relationship in the manufacturing cell. Two controller commands are proposed that facilitate the dynamic preparation of the evolving part-machine relationship and encapsulate the controller directives required to detect and resolve deadlocks. A distinction is made between permanent deadlock and transient deadlock. Permanent deadlock depicts a manufacturing system state where parts are irrevocably blocked and where external intervention is required to resolve the deadlock, whereas a transient deadlock indicates that there is a positive probability that the deadlock will resolve itself over time. To recover from deadlocks, two control policies are studied: either resolve permanent deadlocks or resolve both permanent and transient deadlocks in the manufacturing cell. Under both these policies, it is shown that it is sufficient to resolve any cycle in the set of deadlocked parts to resolve the deadlock. In addition, experimental results are presented comparing the proposed control policies versus a prevention strategy of providing sufficient in-process buffer spaces.
Ambient‐Temperature Mechanical Response of Alumina–Fluoromica Laminates

Flexural delamination experiments were used to evaluate the mechanical performance of thermochemically stable alumina-fluoromica laminates. Hot-pressed, precracked laminate specimens, in which two MgAl 2 O 4 -spinel-coated alumina substrates were separated by a thin layer of fluorophlogopite (KMg 3 (AlSi 3 )O 10 F 2 ), were tested in four- point flexure at room temperature. Two types of mechanical response were observed: steady-state delamination and brittle failure. Microstructural analysis showed that the delamination response was associated with fine (≤5 μm) grains of the mica; the brittle response occurred when the mica interphase consisted of large (>30 ym) grains that bridged the interphase (...)
Critical point in the magnetic field-temperature phase diagram of nematic liquid crystals

Abstract The mean field theory is used to examine the effects of a magnetic field applied to a nematic fluid having positive diamagnetic anisotropy. The H-T phase diagram exhibits a line of first order transitions which terminates in a classical critical point.
A Tailored Approach to the Surgical Treatment of Zenker’s Diverticula

The advent of endoscopic techniques has transformed the surgical therapy of Zenker's diverticula. Although the treatment paradigm has shifted to minimally invasive approaches with endoscopic stapling-assisted or laser-assisted repair, traditional transcervical procedures can still play a role in selected cases. The goal of this article is to illustrate our tailored approach to patients with Zenker's diverticula and illustrate our open surgical and endoscopic techniques. The discussion will also include the evidence-based rationale for our preoperative assessment and choice of technique.
Polymineralic inclusions in the Odessa iron meteorite.

Abstract A piece of the Odessa iron meteorite (a coarse octahedrite) was found to contain two types of nodules: globular and elongated ones. The globular nodules have a core of troilite surrounded by a shell of graphite and/or fine-grained graphite-troilite mixture containing some daubreelite, and a thin outer layer of schreibersite and cohenite, in some cases with further localization of schribersite and cohenite to one side. The relative proportions of the troilite and the intimate mixture of graphite and troilite vary greatly. The miniral content of the elongated nodules is more complex; they consist of troilite, graphite, schreibersite, cohenite, forsterite ,calcium-rich chromian clinopyroxene, enstatite, albite, chlorapatite, and daubreelite (listed in the approximate order of their abundances by volume). Magnetite and its small inclusions of nickel-rich iron are probably terrestrial alteration products. Again, schreibersite and cohenite are frequently concentrated on the same side of the elongated modules. The compositions of the silicates, magnetite, chlorapatite, nickel-rich iron, and daubreelite were measured by electron microprobe techniques. Plots of the small contents of iron in a number of olivine and pyroxene grains show ranges in composition that are narrow but that are outside the limits of uncertainty in the measurements. The consistent elongation in one direction of the nodules containing silicates may be interpreted as the result of solidification of the meteorite under the influence of a gravitational field and/or convection.
Strength and fracture origins of a feldspathic porcelain.

Abstract Objectives To identify the strength limiting flaws in in vitro test specimens of a fine-grained feldspathic dental porcelain. Methods Four-point flexural strengths were measured for 26 test specimens. The fracture origin site of every test specimen was studied using stereoptical and scanning electron microscopy. A fractographically labeled Weibull strength distribution graph was prepared. Results The complex microstructure of the feldspathic dental porcelain included a variety of feldspars, tridymite, and a feldspathoid as well as pores/bubbles and residual glass. The relatively high flexural strength is due in part to the fine grain size. Fractography revealed five flaw types that controlled strength: baseline microstructural flaws, pores/bubbles, side wall grinding damage, corner machining damage, and inclusions. The baseline microstructural flaws probably were clusters of particular crystalline phases. Significance Each flaw type probably has a different severity and size distribution, and hence has a different strength distribution. The Weibull strength distribution graph blended the strength distributions of the five flaw types and the apparent good fit of the combined data to a unimodal strength distribution was misleading. Polishing failed to eliminate deeper transverse grinding cracks and corner damage from earlier preparation steps in many of the test pieces. Bend bars should be prepared carefully with longitudinal surface grinding whenever possible and edge chamfers should be carefully applied. If the grinding and preparation flaws were eliminated, the Weibull modulus for this feldspathic porcelain would be greater than 30. Pores/bubbles sometimes controlled strength, but only if they touched each other or an exposed surface. Isolated interior bubble/pores were harmless.
EVALUATING THE USE OF ULTRASONIC TESTING IN LIEU OF RADIOGRAPHY FOR INSPECTING WELDS IN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS

The nuclear power industry has recently proposed using ultrasonic testing (UT) in lieu of radiographic testing (RT) on new construction welds and on the repairs of operating reactor component welds. Advantages of UT include a reduction in inspection time, costs, and plant personnel exposure to radiation fields. The replacement of one nondestructive testing method with another, however, requires a detailed analysis of the capabilities of the replacement method as compared to the existing method. Capabilities of interest in this context include detection reliability, false call rates, flaw characterization and sizing accuracy, human factors, data recording capabilities, and cost. The interchangeability of UT and RT has been studied by several institutions, but the evidence found to date in a literature search is not conclusive and therefore requires further investigation to assess the ability of UT to meet nuclear power industry fabrication and pre-service inspection standards. This paper reviews relevant literature on the interchangeability of UT and RT, and identifies potential gaps that may need to be addressed in this area.
Fine structure of rat pituitary cilia

Pituitary glands of 30 ♀ rats from one to seven and one-half months old were fixed in glutaraldehyde followed by osmium tetroxide. One five-month gland was fixed in Karnovsky's paraformaldehyde mixture. Cilia in the residual cleft at all ages and in the electron lucid vesicles found in the pars distalis during the first two months occur in great numbers per cell and show the 9 + 2 pattern (9 peripheral doublets around 2 central tubules slightly separated from each other) characteristic of kinocilia. The spaces into which these cilia project may contain disintegrating cells as well as colloid-like material of variable density. Cilia found in or between parenchymal cells of the pars distalis usually occur one per cell and lack central tubules. One of the doublets is often displaced toward the center. Cilia have been seen in three types of granular as well as in non-granular cells. A pair of cilia enclosed in the same membrane was found once within and twice between parenchymal cells. Central tubules appear to develop only in locations (cleft and vesicles) where motility is possible. The single cilia found in parenchymal cells may be considered immature and are presumably non-functional.
Pareto irrelevant externalities

Abstract Cases in which competitive equilibrium is efficient and unbiased in the presence of externalities are analyzed. Necessary and sufficient conditions for efficiency and unbiasedness are proved. It is shown that these conditions imply that utility must be interdependent; i.e., each individual must have a Bergson utility function that aggregates all individual's private utilities. In the interdependent case, unbiasedness requires non-negative externalities but efficiency is more complicated not quite requiring non-positive externalities.
Low-Temperature Solution Synthesis of Nanocrystalline Binary Intermetallic Compounds Using the Polyol Process

Nanocrystalline intermetallic powders have been synthesized from metal salt precursors at low temperatures using a modified polyol process with tetraethylene glycol as the solvent. This solution route has yielded several phase-pure compounds in the M−Sn (M = Ag, Au, Co, Cu, Fe, Ni), Pt−M‘ (M‘ = Bi, Pb, Sb, Sn), and Co−Sb bimetallic systems. In the Co−Sb system, CoSb and CoSb3 can be selectively produced by controlling the initial metal concentrations and the reaction temperature. The Co−Sn and Cu−Sn systems can selectively form Co3Sn2 vs CoSn and Cu6Sn5 vs Cu41Sn11 during a single reaction as a function of temperature. These results demonstrate kinetic control over crystal structure in these intermetallic systems. The reaction progress may be monitored at different times and temperatures by XRD, giving insight into the reaction pathways. TEM micrographs show that the particle sizes in the M−Sn systems range from 5 to 50 nm, while the Pt−M‘ systems range from 10 to 100 nm. SEM micrographs show that these p...
The streamlined and complete set of the nonsingular J 2 -perturbed dynamic and adjoint equations for trajectory optimization in terms of eccentric longitude

The complete set of the dynamic and multipliers differential equations for a nonsingular set of equinoctial elements where the eccentric longitude stands for the sixth or fast orbital element are derived in a more straightforward and streamlined manner as compared to a previous derivation also presented by this author. The mathematics are validated through comparison with the original formulation as well as with two other formulations using the mean longitude and the true longitude elements as the respective sixth element of the equinoctial set. Furthermore, this new formulation is used to derive the costate or adjoint differential equations by fully accounting for the secular first-order perturbative effect of the second zonal harmonic J2, and the complete set of the perturbed dynamic and adjoint system of equations are also validated by direct comparison with the two previously derived formulations using the mean and true longitudes respectively. The present formulation as well as the one using the true longitude as the sixth orbital element remove the need to solve Kepler’s transcendental equation at each integration step, a need that is inevitable when the mean longitude formulation is used, because in the latter case the right-hand sides of the various differential equations cannot be written directly in terms of the mean longitude. The inclusion of the J3 and J4 terms can be similarly accounted for with both the eccentric and true longitude sets and mutually validated also. This particular formulation has been adopted by several aerospace contractors in the United States to build specialized flight guidance software to steer payloads released in high energy orbits to their final destinations using highly efficient low-thrust propulsion.
Assay of human erythrocyte pyrimidine and deoxypyrimidine 5'-nucleotidase by isocratic reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography.

Abstract We report a rapid and reproducible assay for activity of human erythrocyte pyrimidine 5′-nucleotidase and deoxypyrimidine 5′-nucleotidase. The nucleotides CMP, UMP, dUMP, dCMP or dTMP are individually incubated 30 min at 37°C with erythrocyte hemolysate and 4 m M magnesium chloride in Tris, pH 7.5. Data are provided for standardization of the reaction with each substrate. Individual nucleoside products are assayed in less than 10 min by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography at 280 nm with 0–14% methanol in 0.01 M potassium dihydrogen phosphate. This is the first report ofa high-performance liquid chromatographic assay system which allows quantitation of the activity of pyrimidine 5′-nucleotidase isozymes using five individual pyrimidine and deoxypyrimidine nucleotides as the substrates.
Some Effects of Subinhibitory Concentrations of Penicillin on the Structure and Division of Staphylococci

A strain of Staphylococcus aureus was planted on filter membranes placed on Trypticase soy agar (BBL). After incubation, the membranes with growing staphylococci were transferred to Trypticase soy agar containing a subinhibitory concentration of penicillin (one-third minimal inhibitory concentration) and again incubated. The membranes were then returned to drug-free agar and incubated once more. Counts of the colony-forming units and electron microscopy were carried out at several time intervals. When grown on agar containing penicillin, the staphylococci formed what appeared to be abnormally large cells with multiple and unusually thick septa. Examination of a number of sections showed that these large cells were in reality clusters of staphylococci that had divided but failed to separate. When these large cells were subsequently grown on drug-free agar, smaller cells and normal staphylococci emerged. Subinhibitory concentrations of penicillin do not kill staphylococci; they seem to inhibit lysis of cross walls, preventing the separation of otherwise divided cells. Images
Profile of Kazutoshi Mori and Peter Walter, 2014 Lasker Basic Medical Research Awardees: The unfolded protein response

Bill Clinton was inaugurated as the 42nd president of the United Sates, Whitney Houston dominated the record charts, and the Noble Peace Prize was awarded to Mandela and de Klerk. Meanwhile, two groups quietly working in Texas and California would let curiosity lead them to uncover a mechanism of life essential for the evolution of multicellularity: the unfolded protein response (UPR). The year was 1993. It was a moment during which Peter Walter and Kazutoshi Mori (Fig. 1) would first describe a system that addressed one of the fundamental mysteries of the cell: how it could ensure that the millions of proteins it created and secreted were folded and functioning properly.
Structure of human prostatic acid phosphatase gene.

Two cDNA clones containing the complete protein-coding sequence of 1,188 nucleotides as well as the 5′ and 3′ noncoding regions of human prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) were isolated and sequenced. The size of PAP mRNAs from benign prostate hyperplasia and cancerous prostate was estimated to be 3.2Kb, indicating that the 3′ downstream polyadenylation signal was used. Several genomic clones containing parts of the human PAP gene were isolated and the nucleotide sequence of ten exons and their flanking regions was determined. The protein-coding sequence of the human PAP gene was interrupted by nine introns. The positions of all nine introns present in the human PAP gene were homologous to those of the first nine introns in the human lysosomal acid phosphatase (LAP) gene. However, the last (11th) exon of the LAP gene encoding the COOH-terminal domain, which includes a transmembrane segment, was found to be absent in human PAP gene. Southern blot analysis of ten mammalian genomic DNAs gave multiple EcoRI fragements. The data of human genomic DNAs were consistent with the total length of the PAP gene of at least 50 kilobases.
Incidental Displays of Cultural Knowledge in the Nonnative-English- Speaking Teacher's Classroom

This article examines incidental cultural knowledge displays by two nonnative-English-speaking teachers (NNESTs) in their intensive English program classrooms. Surprisingly, until recently, NNESTs have received little empirical attention in the literature, even though questions continue to arise about their language competence, pedagogical knowledge, and cultural orientation. This study goes beyond existing work on the impressions, ree ections, and beliefs of NNESTs to ask, What is the nature of the discourse produced in ESL classes taught by NNESTs? And, more to the point, does an analysis of this discourse suggest real problems with language, teaching, or culture? An analysis of videotaped classroom data of two teachers indicated that a wide and unpredictable range of cultural topics arose. Although with one exception they were able to deal with the cultural topics by displaying knowledge in a competent manner, the analysis suggested missed opportunities in that the teachers did not admit “ I don’ t know,” thus providing the chance for their students to become cultural informants in the classroom.
Sister Friends: A Reflection and Analysis of the Therapeutic Role of Sisterhood in African American Women's Lives

Research with ethnically diverse women has found that friendships can enhance women's health and mental wellbeing (Greif & Sharpe, 2010). Sister friends can be crucial in assisting African American women and women of ethnically diverse backgrounds to face, address, and overcome, major transitions including stress and traumatic stress. Through a reflection and analysis of the relationship with a sister friend, the author explores the strength and challenges of sister friendship as well as therapeutic value. Recommendations are provided for sisterhood as a clinical intervention as well as for women therapist's self care. A case study of an African American woman in need of mutual sister friends is summarized. This exploration is shared through a womanistic psychology.
Experimental observation of diffraction of ultrashort laser pulses by a single slit

Inspired by previous theoretical work, experiments on diffraction of 10 femtosecond ultrashort pulses passing through a single slit have been performed. Fringes are dramatically reduced or even eliminated in the diffraction of 10 fs ultrashort pulsed laser in the near field compared with that of the continuous-wave laser. This can be explained in the frequency domain as a result of the broadband spectrum contained in ultrashort pulses. Simulations are performed for Fresnel diffraction for both 10 fs ultrashort pulsed and continuous-wave lasers and the results agree with the experimental observation. The results of this work have important implication in biomedical imaging and remote imaging applications to name only a few.
A Study of Selected Characteristics of Hens’ Egg Yolk.3. Influence of Breed, Strain, and Age of Bird,,

Abstract Two experiments were designed to study the influence of genetic and age differences on emulsifying capacity, viscosity, pH, and solids content of egg yolk. In the first experiment, eggs from two inbred lines of Brown and White Leghorn birds 30, 40, 50, and 75 weeks of age were used. Emulsion stability differed significantly (P In the second experiment, eggs from hens selected for high and low aggressiveness from White Leghorn and Rhode Island Red breeds were used to study the effect of social behavior on selected yolk characteristics. Less aggressive birds of R.I.R. breed produced yolks with greater emulsifying capacity than yolks from the more aggressive birds (P = 0.06). Percentage of yolk solids differed significantly (P