cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Genetics of oxidative phosphorylation: mitochondrial loci determining ossamycin-, venturicidin- and oligomycin-resistance in yeast.

With a view towards identifying new ATPase loci on the mitochondrial genome a large number of oligomycin-, ossamycin- and venturicidin-resistant mutants were isolated after MnCl2 mutagenesis. The mutants were subjected to mass-screens which divided them into different cross-resistance phenotype-classes and also distinguished the common OLI1 mutations from the mutations at all other loci.
Best Practices and Considerations for Effective Service Provision via Remote Technology

Teleconsultation is a method of providing services using remote technology. In rural areas it can be the solution to close the gap in service provision. In this paper, we detailed the technical factors that individuals who are attempting to engage in teleconsultation should consider. In addition, we
Ultrasound-assisted catheter-directed thrombolysis compared with anticoagulation alone for treatment of intermediate-risk pulmonary embolism.

It is unclear if ultrasound-assisted catheter-directed thrombolysis (UACDT) confers benefit over anticoagulation (AC) alone in the management of intermediate-risk (“submassive”) pulmonary embolism ...
Comparing Postpartum Visit Attendance with a Scheduled 2- to 3-Week or 6-Week Visit after Delivery.

Objective To evaluate whether scheduling a 2- to 3-week versus 6-week postpartum visit results in higher visit attendance. Study Design We conducted a secondary analysis of a quasi-experimental before–after study to compare postpartum visit attendance after changing routine scheduling of visits from 6 weeks to 2 to 3 weeks after delivery. Secondary outcomes include patient satisfaction and breastfeeding continuation at 3 and 6 months postpartum. We collected postpartum visit information through a chart review and conducted telephonic interviews at 3 and 6 months postpartum to assess satisfaction with visit timing and breastfeeding status. We performed multivariable analyses to assess predictors of visit attendance. Results Women scheduled at 2 to 3 weeks postpartum demonstrated higher visit attendance (90.2%; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 86.6–93.9%) compared with 6 weeks (81.6%; 95% CI: 76.3–86.2%; p Conclusion Scheduling a 2- to 3-week postpartum visit is associated with higher attendance.
Performance Analysis Using Apriori Algorithm Along with Spark and Python

We have proposed an improved Apriori algorithm based on comparing different data structures to obtain a better and improved performance level than presently available approaches. Our approach is to apply on large transaction data where space and time management has been a center of attraction. The improved algorithm is using an existing Apriori approach and gives us a more time efficient output. Our approach is implemented on a spark framework along with the PySpark facility that can process data on a much-improved rate compared to the Hadoop framework. Moreover, we have proposed that using python as our programming language has a faster computational rate. We have used a local file system for our data to be stored. In addition, we have shown our time efficiency on spark framework and generated a report using those data to compare spark based analysis on our proposed algorithm. Furthermore, this proposed method can also be effectively applied for a big data mining optimization purpose.
A Flexible Virtual Battery: A Wearable Wireless Energy Harvester

Continuous advancements in the domains of biomedical sensors, Internet of Things (IoT) devices, in vivo sensors, and other similar technologies have created a great need to miniaturize portable and end-user devices, especially their powering circuitry. Nearly all devices and sensors require a powering mechanism to obtain, process, and/or transmit information. For example, [1] discusses a flexible gastric battery and a wireless power link that can replace traditional bulky batteries and reduce the size of the wireless capsule. Low-power circuit solutions are of paramount importance for wearable and implantable devices to reduce battery size and improve user comfort [2]. Harvesting the available unused microwave energy from, e.g., Wi-Fi and cellular signals seems a promising solution for replacing a conventional battery with a virtual battery. This term has been used in [3] to describe RF-to-dc converters that are able to power small, portable RF applications for a reasonably long time in the absence of a direct illuminating RF field.
Effects of Classroom Public Transportation Instruction on Generalization to the Natural Environment.

A severely handicapped 20-year-old woman in a public school setting was taught to ride the city bus. It was determined that bus-riding skills would facilitate access to environments the woman was e...
Processing and characterization of zinc sulfide based materials

Nano-composite powders between zinc sulfide and gallium phosphide were synthesized. Monodisperse, submicron, spherical, and porous clusters of ZnS nano-crystallites were used as a host material, into which a solution containing a phosphinogallane, [(/-Bu)2GaPR2]x wherein R = /-Pr, x = 2 or R = ^Bu, x = 1, was impregnated. The pure ZnS powders and the composite powders obtained after flash pyrolysis at 600°C were subsequently heat treated at various temperatures ranging from 500° to 900''C and characterized using a variety of techniques. While pure ZnS powders underwent significant grain growth and morphology change at temperatures as low as eoo'c, the composite powders maintained their integrity up to 800°C. [Key words; zinc sulfide, gallium phosphide, nano-composite, synthesis, infi-ared window]
Prosthesis design influences segmental contribution to total cervical motion after cervical disc arthroplasty.

We investigated a new metric for assessing the quality of motion of the cervical segments over the arc of extension-to-flexion motion after cervical disc arthroplasty (CDA). We quantified: (1) the amount of motion contributed by individual spinal segments to the total cervical spine motion, termed segmental motion fraction, and its variation throughout the arc of extension-to-flexion motion and (2) how cervical disc arthroplasty using two distinct prosthesis designs may influence the segmental motion contributions. We tested 16 human C3–T1 spine specimens under physiologic loads; first intact, after CDA at C5–C6, and then at C5–C6 and C6–C7. The M6-C (Orthofix, USA) and Mobi-C (Zimmer, USA) disc prostheses were used in eight specimens each. The designs of the cervical disc prostheses tested significantly influenced the variation in segmental motion fraction as the spine underwent motion between the endpoints of extension and flexion. While the mean segmental motion contribution to the total cervical motion was not influenced by prosthesis design, the way the motion took place between the extension and flexion endpoints was significantly influenced. The M6-C artificial disc restored physiologic motion quality such that implanted segments continued to function in harmony with other segments of the cervical spine as measured before arthroplasty. Conversely, the Mobi-C prosthesis, while maintaining average motion contributions similar to the pre-implantation values, demonstrated large deviations in motion contribution over the extension-to-flexion arc motion in ten of 16 implanted segments. Such non-physiologic implant kinematics could cause excessive prosthesis wear and motion and stress shielding at adjacent segments. These slides can be retrieved under Electronic Supplementary Material.
Introduction to bioenergy and waste to energy

Abstract This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of bioenergy and its related issues. The geographic focus is North America (the United States, in particular), although much of the information presented is applicable to other regions and countries, with the exception of policy. The discussion is limited to energy products and feedstocks (e.g., wood, agricultural sources, waste/manure, advanced fuels, algae) that are currently considered feasible or plausibly will be in the near future because of the current momentum in technology, policy, and economic change. From this chapter, the reader will gain an appreciation of the scope of bioenergy, biomass supply, waste to energy, impacts, and related issues.
10.11 – Quinone Reductases☆

Quinone reductases are a large group of enzymes that catalyze the reduction of quinones. NQO1 and NQO2 are the major mammalian quinone reductases that catalyze the reduction of quinones to hydroquinones. Both NQO1 and NQO2 are FAD-containing homodimers with a similar catalytic mechanism and overlapping substrate specificities; however, major differences have been observed between the two enzymes in the utilization of reduced pyridine nucleotide cofactors and inhibitors. NQO1 and NQO2 undergo similar ARE-/Nrf2-mediated transcriptional regulation and both enzymes have been shown to protect mice against chemical carcinogenesis. In humans single nucleotide polymorphisms have been discovered in both the NQO1 and NQO2 genes resulting in lower levels of functional proteins. In addition to reducing quinones to hydroquinones NQO1 and NQO2 have been shown to perform additional antioxidant functions and protein–protein interactions with tumor suppressors and transcription factors. In cancer treatment, NQO1 and NQO2 have been utilized as molecular targets because of the high levels of these enzymes in many human cancers in combination with their ability to bioactivate a wide-range of quinone antitumor drugs.
Big Data for Clinical Trials: Automated Collection of SpO2 for a Trial of Oxygen Targets during Mechanical Ventilation.

“Smoothing” is the phenomenon by which manually recorded vital signs are less likely to document values at the extremes compared to automated systems [1]. Intermittent manual recording of the peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2) has the potential to inaccurately reflect patients’ true physiological states. Taenzer et al. observed that manually charted SpO2 values were, on average, 6.5 percentage points greater than SpO2 values collected by automated sampling [2]. Automated high-frequency SpO2 monitoring may more reliably quantify the incidence and severity of hypoxemia and hyperoxemia. Intensive Care Units (ICUs) have traditionally been more vigilant in preventing hypoxemia than hyperoxemia, and ICU patients frequently receive more supplemental oxygen than required to maintain normal values for SpO2 [3]. Hyperoxemia has been associated with worse patient outcomes in observational studies [4, 5], but randomized trials evaluating oxygen saturation targets for mechanically ventilated adults have reported conflicting results [6–9]. These trials have used intermittent recording of SpO2 by study personnel every 4 to 24 h to assess oxygenation. Automating data collection for SpO2 has the potential to facilitate the design, conduct, and analysis of pragmatic clinical trials examining SpO2 targets in mechanically ventilated ICU patients [10]. We developed a technique for automated extraction of large-volume data on SpO2 values for use in a randomized clinical trial. We aimed to quantify the completeness and density of SpO2 data among mechanically ventilated patients. We evaluated the reliability of automated extraction of SpO2 data from pulse oximetry using physician manual review of photoplethysmographic waveforms.
On the origins of the god Ruḍaw and some remarks on the pre-Islamic North Arabian pantheon

This contribution proposes an interpretation of a newly attested divine title of the ancient Arabian deity Ruḍaw, mkśd ‘(the one) from Chaldea’. It explores what sense this title could have had and its implications on our understanding of Ruḍaw's position in the ancient Arabian pantheon, especially in relation to Allāt. It also examines mentions of Ruḍaw in Islamic-period narrative sources and concludes that his cult likely disappeared by Islamic times; tales of the destruction of his cult site reflect the use of the ‘smashing idols’ topos to narrativize the passage from pre-Islam to Islam.
Got HIPs? Making student engagement enhancement a core part of program development with high impact practices:

Learning how to engage students in educationally purposeful activities has been a challenge for instructors in higher education. It is often hard to push through institutionalized pedagogical bound...
Mysterious Bodies: Aristotelian Animal Generation and the Early Christian Doctrine of Bodily Resurrection

How does a living body come to be? What happens when it passes away? Questions like these captivated both Aristotle and St. Paul, despite their significantly different times and cultures. While it does not make any claim that Paul explicitly relied on Aristotle, this article does argue that each of them faced down parallel dilemmas and responded with the same conceptual move. Writing on animal generation, Aristotle rejected theories which overemphasize continuity through the developmental process or so stress the intelligibility of discrete stages that the process itself disintegrates without coherence. Likewise, Paul, writing on the plausibility of bodily resurrection, exhorts the Christian community in Corinth to reject overly continuous caricatures of resurrection while also urging them not to abandon hope for the bodies of those who have died – “what you sow,” he tells them, “come[s] to life.” Both Paul and Aristotle point their readers toward accounts of bodily development which refuse to collapse into either identity with the past or discontinuity between past and future – Paul and Aristotle insist on both. Such insistence is plausible on each of their accounts because they advance a shared conceptual shift away from prioritizing the temporal order of bodily change and toward a teleological order which privileges a greater whole.
The Timing and Aesthetics of Public Engagement: Insights from an Urban Street Transformation Initiative

Through an analysis of a street transformation initiative in Saint Paul, Minnesota, this article argues that public engagement can be effective when it occurs early in a planning process and takes ...
Surfaces: Color, Substances, and Ritual Applications on African Sculpture (review)

Leonard Ka han. Donna Page, and Pascal Imperato, eds. Surfaces: Color, Substances, and Ritual Applications on African Sculpture. Bloomington Indiana University Press, 2009. 536 pp. 122 Color Photographs. Bibliography. Index. $75.00. Cloth. Surfaces was inspired by an exhibition by the same name that was curate d by the authors for the African Art Museum of the SMA Fathers in Tenafly, New Jersey, in 2004. In the book the authors assert that the surfaces of African sculptures, like their forms, are imbued with important cultural meanings and that these surfaces require detailed study. The volume includes seven chapters that investigate a variety of materials and artistic practices used to decorate, embellish, and treat the surfaces of wood sculpture. Each draws our attention to the ways that surfaces may be intentionally or unintentionally altered over the lifetime of an object. As they are altered, the sculptures accrue additional meanings and their alterations often provoke intense aesthetic responses. The first five chapters constitute the book's argument for a more robust study of surfaces in African art. The first two essays, a historical essay on embellishments written by Kahan, a curator of African art, and an essay on the materials by Page, a museum conservator, establish the framework for the book. These two essays use examples from throughout the continent, drawing from a wide array of published sources from quite different time periods. The three case studies that follow - Imperato on Bamana sculpture, Bordogna on Yoruba ibeji, and Campbell on Yoruba orisa - narrow the focus as each of these authors investigates the particularities and nuances of the relationship among surface embellishments, aesthetic systems, local belief systems, and meaning in the making and use of objects among the Bamana and Yoruba, respectively. Collectively the five essays argue persuasively that by attending to objects' surfaces, we open ourselves up to thinking about African sculpture in new and more comprehensive ways. The final two chapters engage larger issues in material science, and along with the two appendixes, they constitute an invaluable reference guide. Kahan 's essay, delineating the various surface markings and conditions of wood objects, and Page's essay, listing the various substances applied to objects, are especially useful for museum curators and conservators who are regularly engaged in describing, cataloguing, and treating African sculptures. …
Market Theory and the Price System

"Market Theory and the Price System" was published in 1963 as Kirzner's first (and only) textbook. This volume presents an integrated view of Austrian price theory. The basic aim of this book is to utilise the tools of economic reasoning to explain the market process. The unique framework Kirzner develops for microeconomic analysis, following Mises and Hayek, examines error in decision-making, entrepreneurial profit, and competition as a process of discovery and learning.
Approximation Theories: Granular Computing vs Rough Sets

The goal of approximation in granular computing (GrC), in this paper, is to learn/approximate/express an unknown concept (a subset of the universe) in terms of a collection of available knowledge granules. So the natural operations are "and" and "or". Approximation theory for five GrC models is introduced. Note that GrC approximation theory is different from that of rough set theory (RST), since RST uses "or" only. The notion of universal approximation theory (UAT) is introduced in GrC. This is important since the learning capability of fuzzy control and neural networks is based on UAT. Z. Pawlak had introduced point based and set based approximations. We use an example to illustrate the weakness of set based approximations in GrC.
Band discontinuities at epitaxial SrTiO3/Si(001) heterojunctions

We have used photoemission methods to directly measure the valence and conduction band offsets at SrTiO3/Si(001) interfaces, as prepared by molecular-beam epitaxy. Within experimental error, the measured values are the same for growth on n- and p-Si, with the entire band discontinuity occurring at the valence band edge. In addition, band bending is much larger at the p-Si heterojunction than at the n-type heterojunction. Previously published threshold voltage behavior for these interfaces can now be understood in light of the present results.
Crossing the Heliospheric Current Sheet

The heliospheric current sheet (HCS), the largest coherent structure in the heliosphere, is a wavy surface separating the two opposite magnetic polarity hemispheres of the heliosphere. Joint WIND magnetic field and electron observations near solar minimum conditions and far away from the Earth’s bow shock reveal that while sector boundary crossings are usually marked by many, up to dozens of large field directional discontinuities, in most cases only one of them is a true sector polarity reversal and, hence, a bona fide crossing of the global HCS. Though a number of multiple HCS crossings were identified along with magnetic cloud occlusions, most observations during our analysis interval are consistent with a single HCS surface with significant magnetic field kinks nearby it.
X‐Ray Absorption Spectroscopy Study of Copper Doped ZnO Thin Films

X‐ray absorption spectroscopy technique is used to study copper‐doped ZnO thin films, prepared by pulsed‐laser deposition. The samples with various doping levels are examined. It is found that the samples contain metallic clusters with the sizes ⩽ 2 nm as well as Cu1+ and Cu2+ states. The Cu1+ states exist as stable oxide clusters, while the Cu2+ ones participate in the ZnO lattice some of which may be pertaining to the surfaces of the Cu clusters as well. The copper clusters of ∼1 nm are unstable and fragment under monochromatic x‐ray beam illumination.
Development of Antigens in Human Cells Infected with Simian Virus 40

Bissett, Marjorie L. (University of Michigan, Ann Arbor), and Francis E. Payne. Development of antigens in human cells infected with simian virus 40. J. Bacteriol. 91:743-749. 1966.-An explanation for the apparent infrequency with which human cells transform in response to exposure to simian virus 40 (SV40) was sought by following the development of virus-induced antigens in human euploid cells, strain CR. For about 8 weeks after exposure to a high multiplicity of SV40, only a small proportion of the cells produced tumor (T) or viral (V) antigen detected by immunofluorescence. Double-tracer staining techniques revealed that the development of T and V antigen in about 1% of the CR cells resembled that in green monkey kidney cells, strain BS-C-1, in which SV40 replicates and destroys all the cells. T antigen was detected before V antigen; both antigens were detected in the nucleus, but only V antigen appeared later in the cytoplasm. All intact cells that contained V antigen also contained T antigen. Infected CR cell cultures, before and after transformation or when in "crisis," contained only 0.1 to 1.0% of cells with both V and T antigen. Some CR cells contained only T antigen, and by 8 days after exposure to virus these cells were present as loose foci associated with an occasional cell containing V antigen. The proportion of CR cells with only T antigen increased from about 1% during the first 4 weeks to 8% at 7 weeks, and to nearly 100% at 11 weeks, when essentially all of the cells were epithelioid. Foci of epithelioid cells were first recognized in the 9th week. It was concluded that those CR cells that contained T antigen at any given time represented (i) a few cells that subsequently produced V antigen and lysed, and (ii) a progressively increasing population that produced only T antigen. If the latter population, in whole or in part, gave rise to the epithelioid transformed cells, then its initial size could account, at least in part, for the apparent infrequency with which human cells transform in response to SV40.
A Guide to Biblical Hebrew Syntax: CLAUSES AND SENTENCES

Thus far in this book we have treated the syntax of individual words and phrases. By “phrases” we mean the function of individual words and the way they relate to each other in larger units to create noun phrases, verb phrases, adverbial phrases, and prepositional phrases. In most cases, a phrase is a series of words capable of serving the syntactical function of a single word. In this final section, we move beyond phrases to clauses and sentences. The very definitions of “clause” and “sentence” may be problematic, and so we begin by clarifying a few more terms. Put simply, a clause is a group of words containing a subject and only one predicate. This distinguishes a clause from a phrase, which makes no specific grammatical predication. Having clarified clause and phrase, we need to qualify the statement with which we began this unit, “Thus far in this book we have treated the syntax of individual words and phrases.” Exceptions to this statement exist in our treatment of the finite verbal forms (sections 3.2 and 3.3) and verbal sequences (section 3.5). Since Hebrew finite verbs contain implied subjects (embedded by means of pronominal morphemes), the subject and predicate of a clause are both contained in the verb, making it impossible to study verbal syntax without considering clause-level relationships. Nonetheless, our study of BH syntax prior to this point in the book has been primarily focused on the phrase-level relationships of Hebrew nouns, verbs, and particles.
Left Turn in Europe? Reactions to Austerity and the EMU

Several important changes have occurred in the European Union (EU) over the course of the last decade. In particular, the Maastricht Treaty criteria for entry into the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) brought economic austerity across the member states, in spite of high levels of unemployment in the region. At the same time an electoral shift resulted in parties of the left holding government positions in 13 of 15 member states, a marked contrast to the recent past. We examine if recent electoral fluctuations can be attributed to the traditional explanations of economic voting and anti-incumbency or if there is evidence of a fundamental shift in the electoral arena following the passage of the Maastricht Treaty Using pooled cross-sectional data for the years 1983-1998, we find that for both EMU members and non-members traditional forces help explain electoral outcomes, however an indicator for the squeeze of the post-Maastricht time period also plays a significant role. While left parties have fared well...
Antibody response to hepatitis A immunization among human immunodeficiency virus-infected children and adolescents.

Abstract: Seventy-one of 84 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected children [84.5% (95% confidence interval: 75–91.5%)] were hepatitis A virus (HAV) seropositive after 2 doses of HAV vaccine. Higher CD4% and HIV suppression were significantly associated with increased HAV seropositivity rate. In multivariate analysis, CD4 ≥25% and young age were independent predictors of HAV seropositivity. Of 7 children given a third HAV vaccine dose because of negative HAV antibody after 2 doses, 2 (29%) became seropositive.
A simple and sensitive assay for dopamine-β-hydroxylase

Abstract A simple, rapid, and highly sensitive radiochemical assay for measuring the activity of dopamine-β-hydroxylase in tissues and serum is described. Enzyme activity is detected by converting [1- 14 C]tyramine to [1- 14 C]octopamine which is then subjected to periodate cleavage to form [ 14 C]form-amide. This radiolabeled product is oxidized to 14 CO 2 by addition of permanganate and the 14 CO 2 is trapped and counted. The assay is simple and sensitive, it can linearly detect enzyme in all tissues with a wide range of activity, it uses maximal concentration of substrate, and it requires the addition of only one concentration of EMI to block endogenous inhibitor(s) in different tissues or enzyme concentrations.
Assessing disaster risks in supply chains

Purpose – As organizations increase their dependence on supply chain networks, they become more susceptible to their suppliers’ disaster risk profiles, as well as other categories of risk associated with supply chains. Therefore, it is imperative that supply chain network participants are capable of assessing the disaster risks associated with their supplier base. The purpose of this paper is to assess the supplier disaster risks, which are a key element of external risk in supply chains. Design/methodology/approach – The study participants are 15 automotive casting suppliers who display a significant degree of disaster risks to a major US automotive company. Bayesian networks are used as a methodology for examining the supplier disaster risk profiles for these participants. Findings – The results of this study show that Bayesian networks can be effectively used to assist managers in making decisions regarding current and prospective suppliers vis-a-vis their potential revenue impact as illustrated throug...
Urban adolescents’ experience of social class in relationships at work

Abstract This article describes a qualitative study examining two interrelated facets of the school-to-work transition among urban high school students: their relationships with important adults within that transition and the ways they experience the subjective aspects of social class and class-related constructs in those relationships. Participants were 27 urban adolescents participating in a school-to-work program or otherwise employed after school. We analyzed data generated from participants’ elaborations on their scaled responses to adapted Relational Health Index items pertaining to supervisors and other important adults at work. Qualitative analysis identified four thematic categories of how social class is experienced in urban adolescents’ relationships at work: Navigation of Identity; Perceptions of Similarity, Difference, and Being Understood; Receipt of Mobility Encouragement; and Awareness of Stratification. Results suggest that the first two of these categories represent the ways that participants work to find balance between the dual realities of Mobility and Stratification.
Teaching Upper-Division Biochemistry Students the Role of Noncovalent Interactions and Ligand Structure in DNA Binding

The experiment described here uses the binding of cyanine dyes to DNA as a model system for demonstrating the role that both ligand structure and noncovalent interactions play in DNA binding. Upper-division biochemistry laboratory students observe changes in absorbance and fluorescence spectra when small molecules bind either in the minor groove of DNA or by intercalation. Students specifically note that ligand charge, substituents, and flexibility greatly influence binding mode. Based on these observations, students then determine the binding mode of an unknown small molecule. This experiment also fosters independent thought and problem-solving abilities. Students must self-direct binding-mode identification of their unknown without any guidance from the instructor. After completing this experiment, students demonstrate a clear understanding of the factors that influence DNA binding.
Gene expression profile assays as predictors of recurrence-free survival in early-stage breast cancer: a metaanalysis.

Abstract Background Several investigators have reported efforts to define gene expression signatures based on prediction of survival in early-stage breast cancer. The analysis reported here reviews test performance characteristics of reported gene expression signatures in women with breast cancer. Patients and Methods All published reports of gene expression profiling in breast cancer were sought through an extensive search of the published literature. Seventeen cohorts of patients with primary breast cancer were identified reporting on the relationship between a gene expression signature and recurrence-free survival. Several measures of test performance were evaluated including sensitivity, specificity, likelihood ratio, predictive value, and the diagnostic odds ratio as an overall measure of test performance. Results Reported series included 2908 patients ranging from 20 to 668 per study. Seven cohorts were evaluated using cross validation techniques, and 10 were studied in independent cohorts. Overall, 52.6% of patients were classified as high risk and 20.5% experienced disease recurrence. The false negative rate was > 20% in 8 studies (47%) and false positive rate was > 50% in 6 (35%). The number of genes in the assay correlated with assay sensitivity (r sp = 0.537; P = 0.032), the positive predictive value (r sp = 0.501; P = 0.048), and the diagnostic odds ratio (r sp = 0.532; P = 0.041). Conclusion Gene expression profiles based on microarray analysis show early promise for predicting survival in patients with breast cancer. However, the use of these assays in therapeutic decision-making must consider the limitations of assay test performance and the specific patient population being evaluated.
T3 blood levels and treatment outcome in depression.

Objective:We examined the correlation between the basal triiodothyronine resin uptake (T3-RU) levels in depressed subjects and the response to antidepressant treatment.Method:We treated with fluoxetine 235 outpatients meeting DSM-IV criteria for major depression. We measured T3 resin uptake (T3-RU) levels before the onset of treatment. The 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (Ham-D-17) was administered before, during and after the eight weeks of treatment to assess changes in depressive symptoms.Results:16 patients (6.8 percent) had low T3-RU levels (range 16.5–21), and 7 patients (3.0 percent) had high T3-RU levels (range 36–38). No relationship was found between T3-RU levels and clinical improvement, defined as either total Ham-D-17 score change or Ham-D-17 score ≤ 7 in the last 3 weeks of treatment, even after adjusting for baseline severity of depression.Conclusion:Abnormal T3-RU levels are rather uncommon in outpatient depression and do not correlate with the response to antidepressant treat...
Distribution of alpha2, alpha3, alpha4, and beta2 neuronal nicotinic receptor subunit mRNAs in the central nervous system: A hybridization histochemical study in the rat

Previous studies have revealed the existence of a gene family that encodes a group of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subunits. Four members of this family have been characterized thus far; three of these subunits (alpha 2, alpha 3, and alpha 4) are structurally related to the ligand binding subunit expressed in muscle and form functional nAChRs when combined with the beta 2 gene product in Xenopus oocytes. In addition, the alpha 4 gene appears to encode two different products (alpha 4-1 and alpha 4-2) that have been proposed to arise by alternative mRNA splicing. Nine different [35S]-complementary ribonucleic acid (cRNA) probes were used in the present study to map the distribution of these nAChR subunit mRNAs throughout the central nervous system (CNS) of the rat. It was found that the beta 2 gene is expressed in most regions of the CNS, as are the alpha subunit genes as a group. However, each alpha gene is expressed in a unique, although partly overlapping, set of neuronal structures. Alpha 4 is the most widely expressed alpha gene, and the evidence suggests that mRNAs for the alpha 4-1 and alpha 4-2 products are virtually always found in the same regions, in approximately the same ratios (alpha 4-2 greater than alpha 4-1). In addition, there are several examples of cell groups that express beta 2 but none of the alpha subunit mRNAs examined here (particularly in the hypothalamus), as well as all groups that express the converse, thus suggesting that additional neuronal nAChR subunits remain to be characterized. Finally, the extensive expression of multiple alpha subunits in certain regions, particularly for alpha 3 and alpha 4 in the thalamus, suggests that there is microheterogeneity in a small population of cells or that some neurons may express more than one alpha subunit. This problem needs to be examined directly with double labeling methods but raises the possibility that some neuronal nAChRs may be composed of more than one kind of alpha subunit. The wide expression of these receptor genes suggests that nAChRs constitute major excitatory systems in the CNS.
Circadian organization and neural mediation of hamster reproductive rhythms

Abstract (1) Circadian rhythms mediate various cycles of the hamster's reproductive physiology and behavior. (2) Destruction of the suprachiasmatic nuclei interfered with the integration and/or generation of coherent circadian rhythms of wheel-running behavior and also abolished photoperiodic regulation of the testes, which remain large and functional after the lesion regardless of photoperiod or presence of the eyes. (3) The retinohypothalamic tract is the principal visual projection for the entrainment of circadian activity rhythms to the light: dark cycle and also appears necessary and sufficient for mediating the effects of photoperiod on the reproductive physiology of the male hamster. (4) The hamster estrous cycle free-ran under constant dim illumination with a period significantly different from 4 days; regression analyses of concurrently recorded free-running heat onsets and wheel-running behavior showed that the period of the estrous cycle was a multiple (× 4) of the circadian activity period. This implies a circadian organization of the estrous cycle and mediation of both activity and estrous behaviors by a common circadian system. Implications of these findings for contemporary views of sexual differentiation of gonadotrophin release are considered. (5) Estradiol influenced the phase angle of entrainment of wheel-running behavior by ovariectomized hamsters. The period of the free-running activity rhythm was significantly shortened in blind ovariectomized hamsters implanted with Silastic capsules containing estradiol benzoate. The functional significance of these hormone-mediated changes in rhythm periodicity is discussed. (6) Exposure of male hamsters to short daily photoperiods reduced the frequency of copulation. Castrated males maintained on short daily photoperiods were less responsive than those on long days to the activational effects of testosterone on copulation. The significance of this photoperiodically induced refractoriness to hormones, which in this species appears limited to the male, is discussed.
Preparation of biological tissue sections for correlative ion, electron, and light microscopy

In order to correctly interpret the chemical images obtained using ion microscopy (IM), it is useful to correlate them with the information provided by conventional light microscopy (LM), secondary electron imaging (SEI), backscattered electron imaging (BEI), and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA). Accordingly, we have devised a technique of specimen preparation which allows for the application of several different microanalytical techniques to a single histologic section mounted on the same substrate. Sections are cut onto polyester plastic coverslips (devoid of peaks for any element with atomic number > 9 using EPMA) and studied by LM. After a light rotary coating with carbon (to prevent charging), the section can then be examined by SEI, BEI, and EPMA. Specific areas can be marked for IM study either with an objective-mounted pin tissue microlocater, or by placing small pieces of metal foil, cut in specific geometric shapes, over features of interest. After sputter-coating the sample with platinum, metal-free shadows are visible using a low-power reflected light microscope available on a typical IM sample chamber as a guide for ion beam placement. The conductive coatings also minimize specimen charging during IM. Post-IM light microscopy, SEI, and BEI are used to confirm the location of specific areas probed in the IM experiments and to provide information on differential ion-sputtering artifacts and tissue contaminants. This new correlative technique should permit better understanding of the images obtained with these diverse instruments.
Depression in Women with Heart Disease: The Importance of Social Role Performance and Spirituality

Compared with men, women are more likely to experience depression, and depression increases risk of morbidity and mortality in individuals with heart disease. Psychosocial interventions have been developed for depressed patients with heart disease; however, women's experience of chronic disease differs from men's and women may benefit from interventions tailored to address their difficulties. Spirituality and social roles have been related to depressive symptoms in other populations. To identify the relationship between depression and spirituality and social role performance (i.e., role concerns, role rewards and confidence in ability to fulfill roles) in women with heart disease, we assessed depressive symptoms, spirituality, social role functioning and medical history in 125 women with heart disease. After controlling for age and severity of medical conditions, spirituality, role confidence and role concerns were significantly associated with depressive symptoms. Consideration of spirituality and aspects of social role performance may be important when developing psychosocial interventions for depressed women with heart disease.
A SIMPLE CONSTRUCTION OF A FAITHFUL, IRREDUCIBLE REPRESENTATION OF Sn

A simple direct method of constructing a faithful, irreducible representation of Sn of degree n - 1 is given.
ISOSCALAR NUCLEON STRUCTURE

The three-pion contribution to the isoscalar nucleon structure is examined in dispersion theory. We assume that the amplitudes (photon \ensuremath{\rightarrow} three pions) and (three pions \ensuremath{\rightarrow} nucleon pair) are characterized by the pions interacting in pairs. This interaction is taken to be the low energy $J=T=1$ resonance, which consequently dominates the picture. The effects of a three-pion interaction are included so as to satisfy an extended unitarity condition. The lowest mass singularities, including the complex ones, are discussed, interpreted, and included. If the $\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\pi}$ resonance is at $10{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{2}$, then a reasonable radius can be easily obtained. On the other hand, if the resonance is at $20{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{2}$ or higher, then a strong intrinsic three-pion resonance or a bound state seems to be needed for agreement with experiment.
Drosophila dMyc is required for ovary cell growth and endoreplication

Although the Myc oncogene has long been known to play a role in many human cancers, the mechanisms that mediate its effects in both normal cells and cancer cells are not fully understood. We have initiated a genetic analysis of the Drosophila homolog of the Myc oncoprotein (dMyc), which is encoded by the dm locus. We carried out mosaic analysis to elucidate the functions of dMyc in the germline and somatic cells of the ovary during oogenesis, a process that involves cell proliferation, differentiation and growth. Germline and somatic follicle cells mutant for dm exhibit a profound decrease in their ability to grow and to carry out endoreplication, a modified cell cycle in which DNA replication occurs in the absence of cell division. In contrast to its dramatic effects on growth and endoreplication, dMyc is dispensable for the mitotic division cycles of both germline and somatic components of the ovary. Surprisingly, despite their impaired ability to endoreplicate, dm mutant follicle cells appeared to carry out chorion gene amplification normally. Furthermore, in germline cysts in which the dm mutant cells comprised only a subset of the 16-cell cluster, we observed strictly cell-autonomous growth defects. However, in cases in which the entire germline cyst or the whole follicular epithelium was mutant for dm, the growth of the entire follicle, including the wild-type cells, was delayed. This observation indicates the existence of a signaling mechanism that acts to coordinate the growth rates of the germline and somatic components of the follicle. In summary, dMyc plays an essential role in promoting the rapid growth that must occur in both the germline and the surrounding follicle cells for oogenesis to proceed.
Malaria enhances cyclic AMP production by immature erythrocytes in vitro.

Abstract Infection with a chloroquine-susceptible line of Plasmodium berghei NYU-2 enhanced the production of cyclic AMP in response to isoproterenol only in immature mouse erythrocytes, which possess a functional hormone-receptor-adenylate cyclase complex. With 10−7 M isoproterenol the increases in cyclic AMP concentrations (picomoles per 108 erythrocytes) were 19 for a preparation of mature erythrocytes, 81 for a preparation enriched with immature erythrocytes, 25 for a preparation of infected mature erythrocytes, and 900 for a preparation enriched with infected immature erythrocytes. Beta-adrenergic receptor blockade with propranolol prevented this response to isoproterenol but had no effect on the stimulation produced by prostaglandin E1. These findings indicate that the malaria parasite enhances the responsiveness of a fundamental regulatory system that is intrinsic to immature erythrocytes.
A Highly Reliable LAN Protocol

As a research project for NASA's Langley Research Center, we developed a variation on MIL-STD-1553B (the military standard for avionics buses) whose goal was increased fault tolerance. The resulting protocol, called implicit token passing (ITP), replaces an explicit token with brief "soundoff" messages from all nodes participating on the LAN. Since every node participates on every "token cycle," bus silence is an error indication and initiates recovery action. By encoding state information in the headers of the transmitted words, nodes are continuously aware of the global state of the network. This local knowledge of the global network state allows the system to continue operation in spite of nodal failures. A station which fails but then recovers can quickly assess the global network state and then safely rejoin the active nodes. ITP features high throughput and bounded message delay, and achieves high reliability through tolerance of failed nodes and automatic resynchronization when failed nodes are revived. The protocol is ideally suited for a bus topology and fiber optic media.
Callus cultures of six species of cotton (Gossypium L.) on defined media

Abstract Callus was initiated from hypocotyl explants of six Gossypium species on a modified Murashige-Skoog medium. With glucose as the carbon source and under high light intensity (8000–9000 lux) at 29 ± 1°C, only modifications of the phytohormone combinations and concentrations were necessary to obtain vigorous green callus subcultures free of the discoloration commonly reported in the literature.
Velocity dispersion of M87 using a population model

The velocity dispersion of M 87 (NGC 4486) is determined using (1) a single star of class K0 III and (2) two different population models to represent the spectral region of the G-band. Although the models fit the overall spectrum better than the single-star, there is only a small difference in the derived velocity dispersion. This work revises the earlier velocity dispersion result of Brandt and Roosen (1969) down to 350 km/sec, in agreement with Faber and Jackson (1976) and Sargent et al. (1978).
Viscoelastic damage model for asphalt concrete

The strain rate-dependent mechanical behavior of asphalt concrete was characterized using unconfined compression tests carried out at different loading rates. It was shown that at high strain rates, the elastic deformation and peak axial stress are highly sensitive to strain rate. Both increase as the strain rate increases. At very low strain rates, elastic response and unconfined compressive strength are relatively independent of the loading rate. Based on the experimental observations, a simple viscoelastic damage model is proposed for the strain rate-dependent unconfined compression behavior of asphalt concrete. In the model, strain rate response is modeled by a two-component viscoelastic model consisting of a constant elastic modulus and a viscous modulus that is related by a power-law function to the axial strain rate. Failure and strain softening are modeled via a damage formulation where damage evolution in the asphalt concrete is given by a simple form of the Weibull distribution function. The model was shown to be capable of describing the strain rate-dependent deformation, compressive strength, strain-softening and creep behavior of asphalt concrete. The model is relatively simple and requires only five material parameters.
Globalization, wage shares and income distribution in Turkey

Globalization is often observed to result in greater labour flexibility and decreased labour bargaining power; thus, imposing a downward pressure on wages, especially in the sectors producing tradable goods. This would result then in a deterioration of the wage share and rising inequality within developing countries. In 1980s, Turkey implemented liberalization policies to promote globalization of the Turkish economy by raising trade and capital flows. Using a sectoral panel data, this paper shows that low-wage competition followed by trade liberalization reduced the wage shares in the manufacturing industry. The analysis also exhibits that the financial liberalization and rising capital flows hurt workers by increasing macroeconomic volatility, leading to financial crises that affected the functional income inequality.