cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chronic alcohol-induced alterations in the pancreatic secretory control mechanisms.

Chronic alcohol ingestion appears to increase susceptibility of the pancreas to pancreatitis through multiple mechanisms. The aim of the current study was to determine the effect of chronic low- and high-dose alcohol consumption on the neurohormonal control of the exocrine pancreas in rats. Male Wistar rats were fed Lieber DeCarli liquid control-, low-, and high-dose alcohol diets for 3 months. Pancreatic exocrine secretion was measured under basal and 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2-DG)-, CCK-, bethanechol-, or meal-stimulated conditions while on chronic alcohol diets and after 2-DG or CCK stimulation during alcohol withdrawal in awake rats. Chronic alcohol ingestion was associated with a dose-related inhibition of basal pancreatic protein secretion, which was reversed upon alcohol withdrawal. Low-dose alcohol feeding had no effect on bethanechol-stimulated pancreatic secretion but altered 2-DG-stimulated pancreatic secretion. In chronic high-dose alcohol rats, meal- and bethanechol-stimulated protein secretion was significantly potentiated during early and late phases. The response to CCK appeared to be disinhibited, whereas the response to 2-DG was uniformly blunted. Upon withdrawal of low-dose alcohol, the response to 2-DG was potentiated, whereas with the withdrawal of high-dose alcohol, the response to CCK was potentiated. Adaptation to chronic alcohol consumption differs depending on the alcohol dose. The most significant effects were seen after high-dose alcohol withdrawal, with apparent loss of central inhibitory regulation combined with exaggerated response at the acinar cell level. This combination of factors could increase susceptibility to acute alcoholic pancreatitis through a hyperstimulation mechanism.
A multiple-criteria framework for evaluation of decision support systems

In the literature, decision support systems (DSSs) have typically been evaluated on only a single criterion such as the outcome from decision making. However, it is clear that DSSs simultaneously have a critical impact on the process-oriented aspects of decision making, suggesting that a combination of both outcome and process criteria are highly relevant for DSS evaluation. Indeed, process characteristics are particularly crucial for web-based and real-time DSSs because of their ability to deliver timely, current information through features such as just-in-time information, real-time processing, on-line transaction processing, connectivity and globally up-to-date information. In this underexplored area, we propose a framework to evaluate DSSs that combines outcome- and process-oriented evaluation measures. The approach is demonstrated in the context of a real-time threat criticality detection DSS. Investigations are conducted using a multicriteria decision-making method called the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) as well as a newly developed stochastic enhancement of AHP. We find that the real-time DSS offered a significant improvement in terms of process-related characteristics. However, it did not offer a statistically significant improvement in terms of outcome-related characteristics. The importance of simultaneously addressing both sets of considerations is discussed.
Pathophysiology of Blast-Induced Ocular Trauma With Apoptosis in the Retina and Optic Nerve

ABSTRACT Background: Blast-induced ocular trauma is a frequent cause of morbidity for survivors of improvised explosive devices. Blast overpressure (BOP) of 120 ± 7 KPa has been shown to cause damage to lungs, brain, and gut in a rat model; however, the effects of BOP on ocular tissues have not been characterized. To elucidate the pathophysiology of blast-induced ocular trauma, ocular tissues from rats subjected to blast were examined for evidence of apoptosis by the detection of activated caspase 3 and TUNEL assay in their ocular tissues. Methods: A compressed air shock tube was used to deliver 120 ± 7 KPa of BOP for duration of 2 msec to the right side of the rats. Rats were then euthanized at specific time points after blast exposure (3 hours, 24 hours, 48 hours). Ocular tissues were processed for immunohistochemistry to detect activated caspase 3 and TUNEL assay. Tissues were evaluated for relative levels of positive signal as compared to nonblast exposed controls. Results: Activated caspase 3 was det...
Blast response comparison of multiple steel frame connections

When a structural steel frame is subjected to blast, the beam-to-column connections, which are responsible for load transfer between different members within the frame, play a major role in structural response. This paper presents results of a comparative finite element analysis of a steel frame subjected to a blast loading from a vehicular threat. The study compared three connection systems referred as standard, TA and SidePlate^T^M. Connection plate thickness variations were also considered. Strain rate effects were included in the material constitutive model. The pressure-time histories were determined using FEFLO, a general purpose computational fluid dynamics program developed by the Center for Computational Fluid Dynamics at George Mason University. The numerical results were used to compare both the structural response and the constructability of frames with the studied connection types. Three structural response evaluation criteria and three such constructability criteria were used to determine comparative advantages and disadvantages of the TA and SidePlate^T^M connection types with respect to the standard connection.
Bacterial ascorbic acid oxidase.

Abstract An ascorbic acid oxidase, somewhat similar to that of plants, has been identified in a strain of Aerobacter aerogenes . Only l -ascorbate and d -isoascorbate were oxidized by the enzyme; catechol, phenol, p -cresol, pyrogallol, cysteine, reduced glutathione, hydroquinone, and p -phenylenediamine were not oxidized. It was not inhibited by 50% of CO showing that the oxidation of l -ascorbate is not due to either phenol oxidase or cytochrome oxidase. The oxidase has maximum activity at pH 6.3; K m for l -ascorbic acid was 2.36·10 −2 M.
Synthesis and extrusion of collagen by freshly isolated cells from chick embryo tendon

Abstract Matrix-free cells were isolated from chick embryo tendons by digesting the tendons with trypsin and bacterial collagenase. Microscopic examination of the isolated cells indicated that they were essentially homogeneous and testing the cells with the Trypan Blue technique indicated that most of the cells were viable. The cells rapidly incorporated [ 14 C]proline into protein for up to 2 h and well over half of the [ 14 C]proline incorporated into protein was in collagen. Centrifuging the samples at low speed at the end of the incubation removed the cells from most of the newly-synthesized extracellular collagen. About 90 % of the [ 14 C]protein in the medium was fully hydroxylated collagen polypeptides which were at least as large as the α-chains of interstitial collagen. Incubating the cells with varying concentrations of α,α′-dipyridyl inhibited the hydroxylation of protocollagen and demonstrated that un-hydroxylated collagen is not extruded at a normal rate. Incubation with cis -hydroxyproline or with azetidine-2-carboxylic acid provided the first quantitative confirmation of earlier suggestions that collagen containing one of several proline analogues is also not extruded at a normal rate.
Selectivity as a Function of Nanoparticle Size in the Catalytic Hydrogenation of Unsaturated Alcohols

Layer-by-layer adsorption of poly(acrylic acid)−Pd(II) complexes and poly(ethylenimine) on alumina powder followed by reduction of Pd(II) with NaBH4 yields Pd−nanoparticle catalysts embedded in multilayer polyelectrolyte films. The use of different ratios of poly(acrylic acid) to Pd(II) in deposition solutions gives a series of films with Pd nanoparticles whose average diameters range from 2.2 to 3.4 nm, and the catalytic selectivities of these nanoparticles vary dramatically with their size. Turnover frequencies (TOFs) for the hydrogenation of monosubstituted unsaturated alcohols increase with decreasing average nanoparticle size, whereas multisubstituted unsaturated alcohols show the opposite trend. Hence, the ratio of TOFs for the hydrogenation of allyl alcohol and crotyl alcohol is 39 with average particle diameters of 2.2 nm and only 1.3 with average particle diameters of 3.4 nm. Ratios of TOFs for hydrogenation of allyl alcohol and β-methallyl alcohol are as high as 240 with the smallest nanoparticl...
Non-linear static and dynamic analysis of heated laminated plates: A finite element approach

Abstract The static and dynamic thermoelastic responses of laminated plates have been investigated by the use of a shear flexible finite element model. The model accounts for large deflections of the plate and non-uniform distributions of temperature. A nine-noded isoparametric element is implemented to obtain the numerical solutions. The validity of the model is demonstrated by comparison with solutions available in the literature. A wide variety of results are presented for the non-linear response of rectangular and circular plates under thermal and thermo-mechanical loads. The influences of anisotropy, the boundary conditions, aspect ratio, rotary inertia and stacking sequence on the thermally induced response are studied.
Determination of Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Activity in Subregions of Rat Brain by High Pressure Liquid Chromatography

Abstract A quantitative high pressure liquid chromato-graphic (HPLC) assay has been developed for the determination of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) activity in subregions of rat brain. GAD activity was determined indirectly by measurement of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Fluorimetric detection was made possible by derivatization with ortho-phthalaldehyde and the limit of detection was 11 ng GABA.
Finding the “best” optimal control using global search

A method of determining the weighting matrices Q and R in the performance index of an optimal control system is proposed. This involves defining a linear or nonlinear function which describes the desired performance of a control system and using a Bayesian global search algorithm to find the best choice of Q and R. The method is applied to the control of an unstable open loop system and compared with a simulated annealing algorithm using the same methodology.
Sea Turtle Nesting as a Process Influencing a Sandy Beach Ecosystem

Sea turtle egg mortality, egg predation, and small organisms associated with turtle nests were studied at Playa Ostional, Costa Rica. Sites with concentrated sea turtle nesting were compared with solitary nesting sites as a function of place and time based on ANOVA, Akaike's Information Criterion, and Bayesian analyses. Results indicate that sea turtle egg mortality was significantly associated (P < 0.005) with flowing water that erodes or saturates nesting sites, and with overlapped nesting in which sea turtles disturb each other's nests. Sarcophagid and calliphorid fly larvae (Bayesian prior = 1.19; posterior = 2.27), fungi (prior = 1.14; posterior = 1.92), mites (prior = 0.51; posterior = 1.15), and several other types of small organisms increased in number after turtle egg laying (N= 303 nests; 34,451 turtle eggs). During peak sea turtle nesting periods, visitation to nesting sites by poachers and vertebrate predators was high, and relative number of nests disturbed by these predators was low (P < 0.02). In multimodel analysis, the three most parsimonious models were: (1) turtle egg mortality and distance from mean high tide; (2) turtle egg predation and distance from mean high tide; and (3) turtle egg mortality and nesting density, with Akaike weights of 0.224, 0.203, and 0.153 respectively. Intensive sea turtle nesting might result in upwelling and turnover of nesting debris and nest organisms, and may influence biotic community structure of sandy beach ecosystems.
Regional transport of radioxenon released from the Chalk River Laboratories medical isotope facility

An examination of proposed sampling sites near Chalk River Laboratories in Ontario, Canada is performed by considering the regional transport of radioxenon using atmospheric dispersion modeling. The local geography is considered, as are the local meteorological conditions during the summer months. In particular the impacts of predicted conditions on the imprinting of atmospheric radioxenon into the subsurface are considered and weighed against site proximity, geography, and geology.
Confronting the assumptions underlying the management of knowledge: an agenda for understanding and investigating knowledge management

Knowledge and knowledge management are receiving tremendous interest from both practitioners and academics. Although knowledge management is often accepted as a very useful organizational activity, a number of the assumptions underlying knowledge management have not been investigated. This paper examines four knowledge management assumptions: knowledge is worth managing, organizations benefit from managing knowledge, knowledge can be managed, and little risk is associated with managing knowledge. The assumptions are analyzed at strategic and operational levels, and both negating and supporting evidence is presented. Based on this analysis, a framework for research in knowledge management is proposed. The framework is used to generate a number of key questions that should be addressed in knowledge management research. Particular attention is given to goals and rewards as well as to the role of information technology in knowledge management.
Ectopic pregnancy: not only a tubal disease.

Abstract Case histories of women with an obstetrical history and a current ectopic pregnancy (EP) were studied. When causal factors for EP such as salpingitis or inadequate contraception were ruled out there was a higher incidence of spontaneous abortion, ectopic pregnancy, and early labor ( P P = 0.01) than in matched controls.
Heterospecific cytotoxic cell activity induced during the first three days of acute lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection in mice

ACUTE infection of adult mice with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) induces several types of immune responses. H–2-restricted virus-specific cytotoxic T cells are demonstratable from day 5 to 6 and peak on day 7 to 10 post-infection1–5. Antiviral antibody in immune complexes is first detected by 4 d post infection6,7, and non-specifically activated macrophages can be demonstrated after 4 to 5 d (refs 3 and 8). We report here that the acute LCMV infection elicits the production or activation of another type of cytotoxic cell as early as 1 d post infection. These early cytotoxic cells lyse infected or uninfected syngenetic, allogeneic, and xenogeneic cell lines with some specificity. These effector cells do not belong to the cell types thus far implicated in the immune response to LCMV infection and have many of the properties of natural killer cells.
On Two Interior-Point Mappings for Nonlinear Semidefinite Complementarity Problems

Extending our previous work Monteiro and Pang 1996, this paper studies properties of two fundamental mappings associated with the family of interior-point methods for solving monotone nonlinear complementarity problems over the cone of symmetric positive semidefinite matrices. The first of these maps lead to a family of new continuous trajectories which include the central trajectory as a special case. These trajectories completely "fill up" the set of interior feasible points of the problem in the same way as the weighted central paths do the interior of the feasible region of a linear program. Unlike the approach based on the theory of maximal monotone maps taken by Shida and Shindoh 1996 and Shida, Shindoh, and Kojima 1995, our approach is based on the theory of local homeomorphic maps in nonlinear analysis.
Composite vascularized skin/bone graft model: a viable source for vascularized bone marrow transplantation.

In this study, we introduce a new model for vascularized skin and bone marrow transplantation. Twenty-five Lewis (RT11) rats were studied. Anatomic dissection studies were performed in 5 animals. In the experimental group, 10 isograft transplantations were performed between Lewis rats. Combined groin skin and femoral bone flaps were transplanted based on the femoral artery and vein. Transplants were evaluated on a daily basis. All flaps survived without problems over 100 days posttransplant. The skin component remained pink and pliable, and grew new hair. Histological examination of the femoral bone (except the femoral head) revealed active hematopoiesis with a viable compact and cancellous bone components on day 100 posttransplant. This model can be applied to tolerance induction studies across the major Histocompatibility (MHC) barrier, where bone will serve as donor of stem and progenitor cells, and the skin flap will serve as a monitor of graft rejection. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Integration of EDI and the Internet

Abstract This article explores the role of electronic data interchange (EDI) in retail supply-chain management. the benefits that EDI can offer retailers in assisting them in supply-chain management activities is highlighted. Then, the history and development of EDI over the years, as well as current practices, are reviewed. the article finally addresses the shortcomings and problems associated with EDI systems, as well as the growing need to integrate evolving Web-based technologies into legacy systems.
Visualizing and Testing the Multivariate Linear Regression Model

Recent results make the multivariate linear regression model much easier to use. This model has $m \geq 2$ response variables. Results by Kakizawa (2009) and Su and Cook (2012) can be used to explain the large sample theory of the least squares estimator and of the widely used Wilks' $\Lambda$, Pillai's trace, and Hotelling Lawley trace test statistics. Kakizawa (2009) shows that these statistics have the same limiting distribution. This paper reviews these results and gives two theorems to show that the Hotelling Lawley test generalizes the usual partial $F$ test for $m = 1$ response variable to $m \geq 1$ response variables. Plots for visualizing the model are also given, and can be used to check goodness and lack of fit, to check for outliers and influential cases, and to check whether the error distribution is multivariate normal or from some other elliptically contoured distribution.
PL/I compile time extensibility

Instead of presenting PL/I as an example of a fully-fledged extensible system, I should like to do two things. Firstly, I should like to point out the relevance of PL/I, as a major programming language, to the topic of extensibility. Secondly, I should like to indicate those parts of PL/I which have extensional powers. As I shall try to show, these include not only the compile-time facilities of PL/I, but also certain other features not normally regarded as being related to extensibility. As will be apparent later in the talk, I'm not presenting any specific proposals or designs for a system, but rather giving some personal views on this important subject.
Long-term correction of albumin levels in the Nagase analbuminemic rat : repopulation of the liver by transplanted normal hepatocytes under a regeneration response

Numerous studies have reported successful transplantation of hepatocytes with demonstration of function. However, none have shown long-term correction of a liver-related metabolic defect. Male Nagase analbuminemic rats, immunosuppressed with cyclosporin-A, were transplanted with normal hepatocytes (2 x 10(7) cells/rat) isolated from allogeneic male Sprague-Dawley rat donors. Hepatocytes were selectively transplanted via the portal vein tributary into the posterior liver lobes of Nagase analbuminemic rats. Following 2 wk, to allow engraftment, selected transplanted rats (Group I) were reoperated and the portal venous branch supplying the anterior liver lobes was permanently ligated, resulting in their atrophy and induction of regeneration in the residual transplant-bearing lobes. Control rats consisted of: Group II-transplanted with normal hepatocytes without portal branch ligation; Group III-transplanted with analbuminemic hepatocytes with portal branch ligation; and Group IV-nontransplanted analbuminemic rats with portal branch ligation. The experimental period extended to 3 mo posttransplantation. All rats transplanted with normal hepatocytes demonstrated a significant elevation in serum albumin levels (ELISA). Group I rats had dramatic elevations in serum albumin to near normal levels (1.78 +/- 0.20 g/dl), and maintained these levels until the end of the experiment. Albumin levels in Group II rats reached 0.26 +/- 0.07 g/dl (p < 0.001), whereas Group III and IV rats showed no changes in serum albumin levels throughout the experiment. Immunohistology of liver tissue obtained from Group I rats, demonstrated large numbers (22.6 +/- 7.5%) of albumin-positive hepatocytes populating the recipient liver. This is the first report of near-total and sustained correction of a genetic defect in liver function in an experimental animal model following allogeneic hepatocyte transplantation.
Radiocarbon constraints on ice sheet advance and retreat in the Weddell Sea, Antarctica

We report here the results of a study aimed at providing radiometric age control on glacial events in the Weddell Sea during the late Quaternary. Sediment cores from the eastern continental shelf, where the East Antarctic ice sheet was grounded, have recovered glacial-marine sediments resting on tills and the latter deposits predate the isotope stage 2 last glacial maximum. Sediment cores from the continental slope and rise sampled a prominent ice-rafted debris layer, and radiocarbon ages indicate that this ice-rafting event took place prior to 26 000 yr B.P. Thus, the combined data indicate that significant deglaciation of the Weddell Sea continental shelf took place prior to the last glacial maximum. Our data also suggest that the ice masses that border the Weddell Sea are more extensive than they were during the previous glacial minimum.
Characters of typical representations of classical lie superalgebras

(1977). Characters of typical representations of classical lie superalgebras. Communications in Algebra: Vol. 5, No. 8, pp. 889-897.
TU‐B‐137‐01: Radiobiological Principles of Fractionated Radiotherapy and the Potential for Hypofractionation

Firstly, we will review why we fractionate at all, looking first at physical reasons then at the radiobiological aspects. Mechanisms by which radiation kills cells and ways cell damage can be repaired will be reviewed. Using the linear‐quadratic model we will show the effect of radiobiological parameters which we can control for radiotherapy including dose/fraction, number of fractions, time between fractions, overall treatment time, and dose rate. We will show that there is a “Window of Opportunity” at low doses/fraction within which we can control cancers without exceeding normal tissue tolerance. We will then show how the use of highly conformal radiotherapy widens this “Window of Opportunity” so that we can use higher doses/fraction and hence hypofractionation. Finally, we will review some potential caveats that might reduce the effectiveness of hypofractionation and, possibly, make it inappropriate for some cancers. These are the presence of significant fractions of hypoxic cancer cells, the possibility that low‐dose hyper‐radiosensitivity in normal surrounding tissue cells might reduce the effectiveness of conformal therapies, and the lengthening of treatment times when using high doses/fraction thus allowing intra‐fraction repair of cancer cells. Learning Objectives 1. To understand why we fractionate and how the linear‐quadratic model can be used to demonstrate the effect of radiobiological parameters which we can control for radiotherapy. 2. To understand why hypofractionation might be possible with highly conformal radiotherapy. 3. To understand the circumstances when hypofractionation might not be appropriate.
Use of octyl-2-cyanoacrylate for skin closure in facial plastic surgery

Octyl-2-cyanoacrylate is a long carbon chain cyanoacrylate derivative that is stronger and more pliable than its shorter chain derivatives. One hundred and eleven patients underwent elective surgical procedures by the same surgeon using either octyl-2-cyanoacrylate or sutures for skin closure at the University of Illinois at Chicago. Most patients underwent excision of benign skin lesions with a mean wound size of 112 mm3. Patients were randomized into either control (vertical mattress suture closure) or test groups (closure with octyl-2-cyanoacrylate). Surgical judgment was used to determine which wounds in each group required application of subcutaneous sutures to relieve tension and aid in skin edge eversion. Generally, full-thickness (through dermis) wounds larger than 1 cm3 required the use of subcutaneous sutures. The time required to close the epidermis with suture (mean, 3 minutes and 47 seconds) was about four times that of octyl-2-cyanoacrylate (mean, 55 seconds). Wounds were evaluated at 5 to 7 days for infection, wound dehiscence, or tissue reaction, and at 90 days using the modified Hollander wound evaluation scale. At 1 year, photographs of the wounds were evaluated by two facial plastic surgeons that graded the cosmetic outcome using a previously validated visual analog scale. There were no instances of wound dehiscence, hematoma, or infection in either group. Results of wound evaluation at 90 days determined by the modified Hollander scal revealed equivalent cosmetic results in both groups. Results of the visual analog scale ratings showed scores of 21.7 +/- 16.3 for the 49 patients treated with octyl-2-cyanoacrylate and 29.2 +/- 17.7 for the 51 control patients treated with sutures. The lower visual analog scale score represented a superior cosmetic outcome at 1 year with the octyl-2-cyanoacrylate as compared with sutures. This difference is statistically significant at p = 0.03. Additionally, patient satisfaction was very high in the group treated with octyl-2-cyanoacrylate.
An Effective Floorplan-Guided Placement Algorithm for Large-Scale Mixed-Size Designs

In this article we propose an effective algorithm flow to handle modern large-scale mixed-size placement, both with and without geometry constraints. The basic idea is to use floorplanning to guide the placement of objects at the global level. The flow consists of four steps: (1) The objects in the original netlist are clustered into blocks; (2) floorplanning is performed on the blocks; (3) the blocks are shifted within the chip region to further optimize the wirelength; (4) with large macro-locations fixed, incremental placement is applied to place the remaining objects. There are several advantages to handling placement at the global level with a floorplanning technique. First, the problem size can be significantly reduced. Second, exact Half-Perimeter WireLength (HPWL) can be minimized. Third, better object distribution can be achieved so that legalization only needs to handle minor overlaps among small objects in a block. Fourth, macro-rotation and various geometry constraints can be handled. To demonstrate the effectiveness of this new flow, we implement a high-quality and efficient floorplan-guided placer called FLOP. We also construct the Modern Mixed-Size (MMS) placement benchmarks that can effectively represent the complexities of modern mixed-size designs and the challenges faced by modern mixed-size placers. Compared with most state-of-the-art mixed-size placers and leading macroplacers, experimental results show that FLOP achieves the best HPWL and easily obtains legal solutions on all circuits with all geometry constraints satisfied.
Communication and Freedom: An Althusserian Reading of Media - Government Relations

AbstractThis essay draws on the work of French philosopher Louis Althusser, particularly his contributions to the development of ideology, in an assessment of the relationship between communication and freedom. Althusser’s understanding of freedom as an ideological creation not only privileges the role of ideology in the construction of social relationships, but also calls into question the complex interplay between media, society, and freedom. The current billion dollar anti-drug public service announcement deal is interrogated in an effort to illustrate how the United States government has been inserting ideologically driven propaganda into prime time television shows with the full co-operation and approval of network executives. The anti-drug advertising deal provides an example of how freedom may be compromised as the ideological state apparatus of television places ruling class, government sanctioned ideas into the forefront of society.
Optimum subharmonic pumping frequency for parametric tunnel-diode memory arrays

Tunnel-diode parametric phase-locked oscillators may be used as very fast memory elements, and excessive pumping frequencies can be avoided by using subharmonic pumping. The effect of the small capacitive and inductive couplings between diodes used closely in quantity has been investigated. Computed pumping eigenfrequencies for the array can be significantly different from those when coupling effects are neglected.
Effects of Sesame Street: A meta-analysis of children's learning in 15 countries.

Sesame Street is broadcast to millions of children globally, including in some of the world's poorest regions. This meta-analysis examines the effects of children's exposure to international co-productions of Sesame Street, synthesizing the results of 24 studies, conducted with over 10,000 children in 15 countries. The results indicated significant positive effects of exposure to the program, aggregated across learning outcomes, and within each of the three outcome categories: cognitive outcomes, including literacy and numeracy; learning about the world, including health and safety knowledge; social reasoning and attitudes toward out-groups. The effects were significant across different methods, and they were observed in both low- and middle-income countries and also in high-income countries. The results are contextualized by considering the effects and reach of the program, relative to other early childhood interventions.
Copyright information queries in the health sciences: trends and implications from the Ohio State University.

OBJECTIVE This paper presents the results of data gathered on copyright questions asked at an academic health sciences library. METHODS Collected data include questioner's status or discipline, the subject of the questions, the types of activities that the questioners were engaged in, the communication mode, and the length of time it took to answer the questions. RESULTS Overall results showed most questions were about permissions. Staff asked the most questions, followed by faculty and students. CONCLUSIONS Copyright education is needed at universities, and further analysis of queries will determine the direction of the education.
Focusing Landslide Investigation Efforts with Geographic Information System Screening Techniques

Conventional approaches to solve slope failure problems involve deterministic and probabilistic models to calculate the factor of safety for slopes. These models usually require a large amount of field and laboratory data on soil properties and slope geometry. This requirement makes the determination of conventional factors of safety highly unrealistic if required over large areas, unless some techniques are used to direct investigative efforts to those areas with higher potential for failure. An efficient screening methodology involves creating a hazard zonation map in which regions are classified according to varying instability potential. A database of slope failure details and the power of a geographic information system (GIS) were used to analyze digital data for various causative factors of slope instability to assess the reliability of current landslide prediction methods in northwest Arkansas. A hazard zonation model was created through statistical weighting techniques from remotely sensed imagery...
Moderate resolution imaging spectrometer‐tilt (modis‐t)

There will be several state-of-the-art spectrometers in operation on the NASA Polar Oribting Platform (NPOP-1) as part of the Earth Observing System. The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) will consist of two imaging spectroradiometric instruments, one nadir-viewing (MODIS-N) and the other tiltable (MODIS-T) for ocean observation and land bidirectional reflectance studies. The MODIS-T instrument is required to cover the wavelength range of 400 to 880 nm in approximately 15 steps, have less than 2.3 percent instrument-induced polarization, be calibrated to an absolute radiometric accuracy of at least 5 percent over the full dynamic range of the instrument, have a 1.1 kilometer square instantaneous field of view at nadir, and be capable of + or - 50-deg along-track tilt.
Talk's form: Comments on goffman's Forms of Talk

In Forms of Talk, Goffman presents five essays written between 1974 and 1980, all of which reflect the importance he places on language use in face-to-face (or face-to-imagined-face) interaction. The essays focus both on talk as a general phe? nomenon, as well as different, specific "types of talk." The emphasis is on analyzing the ways a "speaker' ' manages utterances for listeners and potential lis? teners. Thus, it follows the Goffman tradition of analyzing impression manage? ment techniques initiated in Presentation of Self in Everyday Life and can be read as an expansion on his work in Frame Analysis. Three of the essays have been published previously: "Replies and Re? sponses," "Response Cries," and "Footing." The fourth essay, "The Lecture," published here for the first time is a verbatim reproduction of the Katz-Newcomb Memorial Lecture delivered at the University of Michigan in 1976. The fifth es? say, "Radio Talk" is an essay written for this collection. In many ways, it is the most interesting and perhaps most indicative of Goffman's current work on im? pression management, framing, footing and language use. According to Goffman the three major themes underlying each essay are: (1) "the process of ritualization" or "the movements, looks, and vocal sounds we make as an unintended by-product of speaking and listening. . .(which) acquire a specialized communicative role. . ." (p. 2); (2) "participation framework" or an awareness that ". . .all who happen to be in perceptual range of the event will have some sort of participation status relative to it" (p. 3); and (3) "embedding capacities, ' ' or our ' 'linguistic ability to speak of events at any remove in time and space from the situated present" (p. 3). That is, we can speak words and phrases that do not necessarily represent our own ideas (e.g., a broadcaster can read an advertisement for a particular product that he personally may not endorse).
Scientific Workflows: More e-Science Mileage from Cyberinfrastructure

We view scientific workflows as the domain scientist?s way to harness cyberinfrastructure for e-Science. Domain scientists are often interested in "end-to-end" frameworks which include data acquisition, transformation, analysis, visualization, and other steps. While there is no lack of technologies and standards to choose from, a simple, unified framework combining data modeling and processoriented modeling and design of scientific workflows has yet to emerge. Towards this end, we introduce a number of concepts such as models of computation and provenance, actor-oriented modeling, adapters, hybrid types, and higher-order components, and then outline a particular composition of some of these concepts, yielding a promising new synthesis for describing scientific workflows, i.e., Collection-Oriented Modeling and Design (COMAD).
Jensen, Jensenism, and the sociology of intelligence

Abstract As a term of praise, “Jensenism” pays homage to Jensen's rigorous and imaginative research, which has transformed the study of intelligence during the last three decades. As a term of abuse employed in public debate. “Jensenism” reflects the anger directed at scholars who reveal stubborn realities that conflict with popular ideologies. Although Jensen himself has been most interested in the biological origins of the dispersion in g , his work provides a firm foundation for examining the consequences of it at the individual, interpersonal, and societal levels. Jensen's own work has contributed most to understanding the consequences of g level for individuals. The public controversy over it is an example of the third-order, sociopolitical consequences that can accompany the dispersion in g in a society, in this case one that would deny the biologically- rooted diversity in intellect.
Self-concept of college students with ADHD: discordance between self- and parent-reports.

Objective: To investigate the self-concept of college students with ADHD. Method: College students with ADHD and their parents completed self-report and observer-report measures of self-concept, respectively. Results: Results indicated that college students with ADHD did not report problems with self-concept but their parents did for them. This difference was statistically significant and large in magnitude (d = .84). Conclusion: Perceptions of the self-concept of college students with ADHD appear to vary by informant source. Hypotheses for the discordance between self- and parent-reports are discussed. Multi-informant assessment is recommended as a way to obtain a more complete clinical picture than reliance on self- or parent-report alone.
Optical circuitry cooperative

AbstractAn Optical Circuitry Cooperative (OCC) has been formed as an NSF cooperative research center in which six ormore companies contribute financial support; NSF provides support which declines to zero in five years. Com-panies benefit from a center by early access to research results, leverage for their research dollars, partici-pation in research selection, and improved relations with faculty and students. The university receives supportfor a major research program that increases its research capability, provides reasonably stable funding, andopens more opportunities for graduate students.The potential of optical circuitry has been discussed for many years, but the excitement is growing rapidlyon the strength of the success of optical fibers for optical transmission, the generation of subpicosecond opti-cal pulses, and the development of promising optical logic elements, such as optical bistable devices. And yet, much research remains to be done to discover the best nonlinear optical materials and fabrication techniques.OCC will perform research to provide a data base to allow the development of optical circuitry devices.
An Analysis of Diversity in Freshwater Mussels (Bivalvia: Unionidae) of the Cuyahoga and Rocky River Watersheds (Ohio, USA) Based on the 16S rRNA Gene

The continued loss of freshwater unionid mussel species in the Great Lakes region, and particularly from Lake Erie, raises the question of how much phylogenetic and genetic variation remain in the watershed. The introduction of molecular markers into population biology offers one reproducible technique for assessing this variation. A fragment of the 16S rRNA gene of mitochondrial DNA has previously been used to infer phylogenetic relationships in the family Unionidae. Therefore, we reanalyzed these published molecular data with the addition of 12 species from the Cuyahoga and Rocky rivers in northeast Ohio. Both rivers drain to Lake Erie. The species assessed were Pyganodon grandis, Lasmigona complanata, Lasmigona compressa, Lampsilis radiata luteola, Fusconaia flava, Potamilus alatus, Strophitus undulatus, and Toxolasma parvus, for which published data were unavailable, and northern specimens of four wide ranging species, Lasmigona costata, Leptodea fragilis, Utterbackia imbecillis, and Quadrula quadrula. The resulting phylogenetic tree remained consistent with the accepted major taxonomic divisions in the Unionidae, and it indicates that these rivers still contain a phylogenetically diverse assemblage. However, the most abundant species all are members of the Anodontinae. Intraspecific variation in these unionid species was low, even where results were compared to published sequences on individuals from distant watersheds. One exception was a unique haplotype of Q. quadrula that differed at more base sites than is generally found for many congeneric species.
Comparison of proteases from chloroquine-sensitive and chloroquine-resistant strains of plasmodium falciparum

Abstract An aminopeptidase and four hemoglobin-degrading acid proteases have been isolated from cloned strains of chloroquine-sensitive and chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum. Aminopeptidases from both strains showed similar properties including molecular weights of 63,000 and noncompetitive inhibition by chloroquine; Ki = 535 and 410 μM for enzymes from the sensitive and resistant strains respectively. The acid proteases from the chloroquine-sensitive strain included a low molecular weight enzyme in the soluble fraction (protease S), an enzyme weakly associated with membrane (protease M2), and two enzymes strongly associated with membrane (proteases M3 and M4). The acid proteases from the chloroquine-resistant strain included protease S, protease M2, a second enzyme weakly associated with membrane (protease M1), and protease M3. All of the acid proteases were inhibited by ferriprotoporphyrin IX and by the chloroquine-ferriprotoporphyrin IX complex, I50 = 5–25 μM. The data were consistent with a model for chloroquine action wherein chloroquine acts to divert ferriprotoporphyrin IX from sequestration into malarial pigment, leaving ferriprotoporphyrin IX (or its chloroquine complex) to interfere with digestion of host cytosol by inhibiting hemoglobin-degrading proteases. However, the similarities among the proteases from chloroquine-sensitive and chloroquine-resistant strains of parasites suggest that chloroquine resistance does not result from changes in parasite proteases.
On the orderability problem for PLA folding

Abstract An interesting graph theoretic problem, called the orderability problem for programmable logic array (PLA) folding, was formulated and shown to be NP-complete. We show that a closely related problem, called the orderability problem for bipartite folding, is solvable in linear time.
Before the psychiatrist arrived.

Abstract [Jenkins HS. Before the psychiatrist arrived. Ann Emerg Med . February 2001;37:233-234.]
Emotional Ability and Nonverbal Communication

The authors review and extend the literature on emotional ability as it impacts nonverbal communication from the perspective of potential customers and depending on sales influence techniques. They discuss four dimensions of emotional ability and highlight emotional ability's impact on four aspects of face-to-face interactions—consumer characteristics, salesperson characteristics, the convergence of buyer/seller emotional abilities, and environmental characteristics. They suggest areas for future research to help consumers, marketers, and health care professionals better understand how emotional ability impacts nonverbal communication, and to enhance the quality of interactions.
Floral longevity and autonomous selfing are altered by pollination and water availability in Collinsia heterophylla.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS A plant investing in reproduction partitions resources between flowering and seed production. Under resource limitation, altered allocations may result in floral trait variations, leading to compromised fecundity. Floral longevity and timing of selfing are often the traits most likely to be affected. The duration of corolla retention determines whether fecundity results from outcrossing or by delayed selfing-mediated reproductive assurance. In this study, the role of pollination schedules and soil water availability on floral longevity and seed production is tested in Collinsia heterophylla (Plantaginaceae). METHODS Using three different watering regimes and pollination schedules, effects on floral longevity and seed production were studied in this protandrous, flowering annual. KEY RESULTS The results reveal that soil water status and pollination together influence floral longevity with low soil water and hand-pollinations early in the floral lifespan reducing longevity. However, early pollinations under excess water did not extend longevity, implying that resource surplus does not lengthen the outcrossing period. The results also indicate that pollen receipt, a reliable cue for fecundity, accelerates flower drop. Early corolla abscission under drought stress could potentially exacerbate sexual conflict in this protandrous, hermaphroditic species by ensuring self-pollen paternity and enabling male control of floral longevity. While pollination schedules did not affect fecundity, water stress reduced per-capita seed numbers. Unmanipulated flowers underwent delayed autonomous selfing, producing very few seeds, suggesting that inbreeding depression may limit benefits of selfing. CONCLUSIONS In plants where herkogamy and dichogamy facilitate outcrossing, floral longevity determines reproductive success and mating system. Reduction in longevity under drought suggests a strong environmental effect that could potentially alter the preferred breeding mode in this mixed-mated species. Extrapolating the findings to unpredictable global drought cycles, it is suggested that in addition to reducing yield, water stress may influence the evolutionary trajectory of plant mating system.
Novel mechanism of hydrogen sulfide-induced guinea pig urinary bladder smooth muscle contraction: role of BK channels and cholinergic neurotransmission.

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a key signaling molecule regulating important physiological processes, including smooth muscle function. However, the mechanisms underlying H2S-induced detrusor smooth mus...
A general operating-point instability test based on feedback analysis

A general test is presented for detecting unstable DC operating points, extending and simplifying previous results. Signal-flow-graph concepts illustrate how familiar feedback analysis methods can greatly simplify the required analyses.
Effect of 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone on sexual receptivity and neural progestin receptors in ovariectomized rats given pulsed estradiol.

Experiments were carried out to examine the mechanism whereby 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) antagonizes the stimulatory effects of estrogen plus progesterone (P) on sexual receptivity (lordosis) in the ovariectomized rat. Estradiol (E2; 1 microgram s.c. in 10% ethanol) was administered in a discontinuous (pulsed) treatment regimen thought to mimic phase requirements of estrogen action; two injections of E2 were given either 6 or 12 h apart (first injection, Hour 0). Progesterone (0.5 mg in oil) was injected at Hour 20, and behavioral testing occurred at Hour 24. Dihydrotestosterone (2.5 mg s.c. in 10% ethanol/propylene glycol) inhibited lordosis when it was given before (-12 or -3 h), between (+3, or -3 and +3 h), or after (+8 h) the two E2 injections, but was not effective when given at +20 h. Significant inhibition of E2 + P-induced lordosis was achieved by 2.5 but not 1.0 or 0.2 mg DHT at -3 h, while uterine weights in the same animals were reduced significantly by 2.5 and 1.0 mg DHT. Serum E2 and DHT concentrations peaked rapidly after injection, declining to near baseline by 3 and 12 h, respectively. Induction of cytosolic progestin receptors (cPR) in the preoptic area and medial basal hypothalamus by estrogen was not prevented by DHT when animals were given the two pulsed E2 injections or daily injections of estradiol benzoate, although P was able to override the inhibitory behavioral effects of DHT in the latter but not the former group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)