cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adapting Farm Equipment for Workers with Disabilities

Farm workers experience a very high incidence of injuries leading to physical and cognitive (strokes, TBI) disabilities. Since 1991, the AgrAbility Project 2 and its staff have provided direct assistance and education to many U.S. farmers and farm workers. If farmers, ranchers or farm workers who become disabled continue to be employed in agriculture, often their agricultural operation must be modified and/or agricultural machinery must be modified or adaptive equipment purchased to meet their new ne ds. Some common tractor modifications include operator lifts, hand controls, added/modified steps and handrails, automated hitches, and custom seating. Some modifications are commercially available but others are done on an individual need basis. AgrAbility staff would welcome the opportunity to work closer with farm equipment manufacturers to create modifications that would make farming and ranching easier and safer for all.
Trends in the Analysis of Interstate Rivalries

The analysis of interstate rivalries is still a relatively new approach to studying conflict in world politics. The basic idea is that a disproportionate amount of interstate conflict is traceable to a very small number of state pairs that engage in recidivistic hostilities. Why not focus more on the recidivists? The question is what should we focus on? Six analytical categories are reviewed. It is argued that we have good foundations in terms of rivalry origins, maintenance/escalation, and termination/de-escalation. We can certainly improve on the foundations but we also need to expand our understanding of rivalry “complexities,” rivalry effects, and domestic rivalries. Keywords: rivalry; conflict; escalation; territory; inertia; reciprocity; rapprochement; triangles; peace; civil war
Action of adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate-dependent histone kinase in vivo.

Abstract An adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate-dependent protein kinase preparation from liver catalyzes the phosphorylation of a specific serine residue in lysine-rich (f1) histone. Evidence, based on the isolation of electrophoretically and chromatographically identical tryptic phosphopeptides from f1 histone phosphorylated in vivo and in vitro, indicates that phosphorylation of this serine residue occurs in rat liver in vivo and is increased 8- and 20-fold, respectively, by intraperitoneal injections of adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate and N6,O2'-dibutyryl cyclic AMP. Thus histones appear to serve as substrates in vivo for the adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate-dependent protein kinase of liver.
Breast and cervical cancer screening in minority populations: A model for using lay health educators

Although mammography and the Pap smear have significantly reduced US deaths related to breast and cervical cancers, screening prevalence and survival rates for both diseases are disproportionately lower among minority women. This model program outlines techniques for recruiting and training minority women to serve as lay health educators who can effectively deliver preventive health care information to their peers. Lay health educators have three primary functions: to serve as mediators between minority women and health agencies, to establish a social network, and to offer social support. When properly recruited and trained, these educators can bridge the gap between health professionals and the community as well as help health professionals to better understand community and individual concerns about cancer. The goal is to increase the detection, prevention, and treatment of breast and cervical cancers in minority communities and thus decrease related deaths. An ongoing intervention by the Arizona Disease Prevention Center, targeting Yaqui Indian and Mexican-American women aged 35 and older, illustrates specific elements of the model.
Dosage Compensation in DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER Triploids. II. Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Activity.

The level of activity of the enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase was determinel in flies having seven different chromosomic constitutions. All those having an integral number of chromosomes [XAA, XXAA, XAAA, XXAAA, and XXXAAA (X=X chromosome, A=set of autosomes)] were found to have similar units of enzyme activity/mg live weight, while diploid females with a duplication and triploid females with a deficiency showed dosage effect. The amount of enzyme activity per cell, on the other hand, is also independent of the number of X's present but appears roughly proportional to the number of sets of autosomes.—It is proposed that dosage-compensated sex-linked genes are controlled by a positively acting regulatory factor(s) of autosomal origin. With this hypothesis it is possible to explain dosage compensation as a consequence of general regulatory mechanisms without invoking a special device which applies only to the X chromosomes.
The impact of maternal uterine genotype on postnatal growth and adult body size in mice.

Embryo transfers were used to demonstrate that the genotype of the mother providing the uterine developmental environment significantly influences postnatal growth and adult body size of her progeny. Irrespective of their own genotype, mouse embryos transferred into the uterus of an inbred strain with large body size (C3H) had greater body weights, longer tails and higher growth rates than those transferred into the uterus of a strain with small body size (SWR). Uterine heterosis on body size was smaller than progeny heterosis, and both progeny and uterine heterosis persisted in adult mice. Uterine litter size was significantly negatively associated with body weight, tail length, growth rate and the timing of developmental events. The inbred SWR strain was more sensitive to the embryo transfer procedure than the C3H strain, but effects due to embryo transfer were moderate. Prenatal uterine effects have ramifications for biotechnologies utilizing embryo transfers as well as predictions about evolutionary change by selection.
Off-label use of naltrexone for compulsive behavior

Abstract Purpose: The objective of this case summary is to evaluate the potential role of naltrexone in reducing compulsive behaviors in a psychiatric patient. Summary: Naltrexone is an opioid anta...
Regulation of the Ca2+/CaM-Responsive Pool of CaMKII by Scaffold-Dependent Autophosphorylation

CaMKII is critical for structural and functional plasticity. Here we show that Camguk (Cmg), the Drosophila homolog of CASK/Lin-2, associates in an ATP-regulated manner with CaMKII to catalyze formation of a pool of calcium-insensitive CaMKII. In the presence of Ca(2+)/CaM, CaMKII complexed to Cmg can autophosphorylate at T287 and become constitutively active. In the absence of Ca(2+)/CaM, ATP hydrolysis results in phosphorylation of T306 and inactivation of CaMKII. Cmg coexpression suppresses CaMKII activity in transfected cells, and the level of Cmg expression in Drosophila modulates postsynaptic T306 phosphorylation. These results suggest that Cmg, in the presence of Ca(2+)/CaM, can provide a localized source of active kinase. When Ca(2+)/CaM or synaptic activity is low, Cmg promotes inactivating autophosphorylation, producing CaMKII that requires phosphatase to reactivate. This interaction provides a mechanism by which the active postsynaptic pool of CaMKII can be controlled locally to differentiate active and inactive synapses.
Behavioral effects of carotenoid sequestration by the parsnip webworm, Depressaria pastinacella

The parsnip webwormDepressaria pastinacella, acquires a distinct yellow stripe when it consumes the yellow flowers of its principal host plantPastinaca sativa, the wild parsnip. Caterpillars raised on artificial diet lacking host-plant material lack this yellow coloration. By chemical characterization and comparison of caterpillars raised on parsnip flowers and on artificial diet, we were able to determine that lutein, along with smaller amounts of other xanthophylls from the host plant, is selectively sequestered in the fat body. In bioassays designed to measure avoidance of ultraviolet light, caterpillars raised on parsnip flowers or on artificial diet supplemented with lutein were less likely to avoid exposure to ultraviolet light than caterpillars raised on unaugmented artificial diet and thus lacking sequestered carotenoids. The ability to sequester xanthophylls, which are highly effective antioxidants, may confer a selective advantage on these caterpillars, whose apiaceous host plants produce large quantities of furanocoumarins, natural products that are photoactivated by light wavelengths in the ultraviolet region; such sequestered pigments may reduce not only the oxidative stress associated with ultraviolet light and diurnal foraging but also the photooxidative stress associated with ingestion of photoactive furanocoumarins.
UTILIZATION OF DYNAMIC RESPONSES OF RECOMBINANT CELLS TO IMPROVE CSTBR OPERATIONS

Abstract Stable recombinant strains containing different copy numbers (1, 2, and 10) of a multiple integration vector were constructed and their dynamic responses were studied. The dynamic responses of the host strain are faster than those of the recombinant strains. For the recombinant strains the higher the copy numbers, the slower the responses. Unstructured dynamic models were developed for the host and stable recombinant strains. These dynamic models were combined with a two-population segregational model to mimic a segregationally unstable system. The model suggests that cyclic shifts in dilution rate and feed substrate concentration can stabilize the segregationally unstable plasmid system in a continuous bioreactor over a long period of time. The experimental results of cyclic shifts in dilution rate and feed substrate concentration show similar trends indicated by the simulation results. Experimental cyclic shifts in feed substrate concentration between 10.0 and 0.0 g/l, stabilized the bioreactor...
Synthesis of 2-acetamido-3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-β-d-glucopyranosylamine and dimer formation

Abstract the synthesis of 2-acetamido-3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-β- d -glucopyranosylamine (2), the key intermediate in glycopeptide synthesis, has been improved. The dimerization of 2 has been studied as a model for its activity in biological systems. The formation of β,⨿ and α,β dimers from 2 and their interconversions could be readily followed by 13C-n.m.r. spectroscopy, and a probable mechanism of their formation involving an acyclic immonium ion intermediate has been proposed.
Use of stereo-matching to coregister multiangle data from MISR

The pattern-matching algorithms originally developed for Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) (flying on the Earth Observing System (EOS) Terra platform) cloud retrieval have also proven useful in independently providing quality assurance of the coregistration of multiangle measurements with the nadir view. Two new techniques developed to test the coregistration are described in this paper along with results of the misregistration detection on both historical and current data. No ground-control points are strictly necessary for these calculations-just simultaneous clear-sky land imagery for three cameras and knowledge of the terrain altitude. The difficulty of registration increases with the obliquity of the view angle, so our emphasis is on coregistering to the nadir view. This paper also provides proxy validation of the stereo-matching algorithms for clear-sky land scenes.
Topological foundations of electrocardiololgy

Topological characteristics of the ventricular muscle and propagating ventricular depolarization wavefront are sensitive descriptors of various cardiac diseases. It is shown that these invariants are derivable from proper analysis of the induced body surface potentials (a vectorcardiogram is sufficient input). In theory, various classes of cardiac pathology which are often undiagnosable by standard means can be identified by the derived topological methods. As a corollary, the widely held belief that geometric properties of cardiac muscle cannot be uniquely determined from body surface potentials is shown to be incorrect. Of considerable novelty is the utilization of differential topology both in the understanding of a basic physiological process and in the design of a diagnostic tool with potentially significant impact on the routine practice of medicine.
Feedback: Fundamental relationship or frame or mind?

Feedback is not the frame of an engineer's mind. Feedback is one of the four fundamental ways in which variables can be related to each other. Failure to recognize this elementary fact has led, on the one hand, to such broadening of the meaning of feedback as to rob it of any significance, and, on the other, to such narrowing of meaning as to exclude any system which has not been “designed” for the “purpose” of correcting “error”. The engineer has been enormously successful in exploiting the concept of feedback, but his success does not prove that his frame of mind, his techniques of analysis, and his particular jargon should be adopted uncritically by the rest of science. There is urgent need for universal agreement about the precise meaning of the term “feedback”, so that, once fully informed about the working behavior of a particular system, any scientist will be able to decide objectively and unequivocally whether it is or is not a feedback system, and, if it is, what variables compose the feedback loop. On this broad base of agreement, the engineer can continue to build his rigorous and elegant analysis of linear systems, while the physiologist can begin to build a more modest framework to encompass his more complicated array of predominantly nonlinear systems. The engineer's approach can then enrich the physiologist's, and the physiologist's approach can enrich the engineer's. But for this enrichment to occur, the engineer and the physiologist must share a common language and a common understanding. In this critique, I have been hard upon the engineer; unjustly hard, some will say, and more than a little ungrateful. After all, the engineer has furnished the biologist with a whole new set of methods for exploring the behavior of physiological systems, methods which have already given us a far deeper comprehension of (for example) the control of respiration, and the pupillary reaction to light, than would otherwise have been possible. If biology has made any comparable contribution to engineering (at least in recent years) I am not aware of it.∗ Under these circumstances, a biologist who criticizes the approach used by the engineer is like a drowning sailor who criticizes the design of the motor launch sent to rescue him. I shall therefore let an engineer have the last word: I maintain that the application of system analysis to physiological processes can make significant contributions to our understanding of living systems. This development cannot take place through forcing physiological systems into conventional block diagrams. It can take place if we start from experimental studies and develop a description of the system to suit the observations. This approach promises to lead to an increase in our understanding of physiological processes and, in all likelihood, to a major broadening of the base of system theory.(16)
Detachment of low-force bridges contributes to the rapid tension transients of skinned rabbit skeletal muscle fibres

1 To probe the cross-bridge cycle and to learn more about the cardioplegic agent BDM (2,3-butanedione monoxime), its effects on the force–velocity properties and tension transients of skinned rabbit muscle fibres were studied at 1–2 °C and pH 7.0. 2 Three millimolar BDM decreased isometric force by 50%, velocity by 29%, maximum power by 73%, and stiffness by 25%, so that the relative stiffness (stiffness/force ratio) increased by 50% compared with reference conditions in the absence of BDM. 3 Tension transients obtained under the reference condition (0 BDM) could be represented by three components whose instantaneous stiffness accounted for the initial (Phase 1) force deviation and whose exponential recoveries caused the rapid, partial (Phase 2) force recovery following the step. The fastest component had non-linear extension–force properties that accounted for about half the isometric stiffness and it recovered fully. The two slower components had linear extension-force properties that together accounted for the other half of the sarcomere stiffness. These components recovered only partially following the step, producing the intermediate (T2) level which the force approached during Phase 2. 4 Matching the force transients obtained under test conditions (3 mm BDM) required three alterations: (1) reducing the amplitude of the two slower components by 50%, in proportion to isometric force, (2) adding a non-relaxing component and (3) decreasing the amplitude of the rapidly recovering component by 12.5% so that its relative amplitude (amplitude/isometric force) was increased by 75%. The non-recovering component and the increase in relative amplitude of the rapid component were responsible for the increase in relative stiffness of the fibres produced by BDM. The rapidly recovering component had the same time constant and step-size-dependent recovery rates as the fastest of the three mono-exponential components isolated from the tension transient response under the reference condition. BDM therefore appeared to augment the fastest component of the tension transient under the reference condition. 5 The results suggest that BDM detains cross-bridges in low-force, attached states. Since these bridges are attached, they contribute to sarcomere stiffness. Since they are detained, relaxation or reversal of their immediate responses is probably due to bridge detachment rather than to their undergoing the power stroke. The observation that a portion of the test response matched the fastest component of the reference response when the amplitude of the fastest component was increased suggests that a part of the normal rapid, transient tension recovery following a release step is due to detachment of low-force bridges moved to negative-force positions by the step.
Effects of hepatectomy on the response of the uterus to estradiol-17-beta.

SummaryWhen a single subcutaneous injection of 0.1 μg of estradiol 17-β is administered to immature rats immediately following removal of 60%–70% of liver, fluid imbibition by the uterus is retarded 3–6 hours and at maximum is somewhat less than in normal animals at 6 hours. However, partial hepatectomy does not modify growth response of the uterus to estrogen. There is no significant difference in uterine growth between control and experimental animals from approximately 15th to 30th hour following a single injection of estrogen. Since the effect of partial hepatectomy on fluid imbibition by the uterus is primarily a retardaton, and uterine growth is not changed, it seems doubtful that the liver has important influence on the action of estrogen under these conditions.
Effects of an experimental viral infection on plasma lipid and lipoprotein metabolism.

Abstract Sandfly fever was found to stimulate a series of changes in the plasma concentration of lipids and their transport lipoproteins when the disease was induced experimentally in healthy young adult men, who had been equilibrated for 17 days on a constant liquid diet containing 40 per cent of calories as fat. Plasma values for total and esterified cholesterol, phospholipids, free fatty acids, and free glycerol declined in conjunction with, or prior to, the onset of fever, as did both the cholesterol and protein components of the low density lipoproteins. Concentrations of these moieties remained depressed for varying periods thereafter. Plasma triglyceride values also fell initially but then rose above base line in early convalescence. These lipid changes seemed compatible with a concept, (1) that the use of triglycerides and other lipids as metabolic fuel was increased prior to and during the early febrile period, and (2) that mechanisms that mediated metabolic responses to even a mild self-limited virus infection took precedence over some of the ordinary demands of energy balance.
Energy profile of rollback-recovery strategies in high performance computing

An analytical model to understand and represent the energy consumption of rollback-recovery mechanisms.Insights on the main factors that affect the power draw in rollback-recovery protocols.An experimental evaluation of the energy consumed by three rollback-recovery techniques.Projections of the energy profile of the rollback-recovery strategies at extreme scale. Extreme-scale computing is set to provide the infrastructure for the advances and breakthroughs that will solve some of the hardest problems in science and engineering. However, resilience and energy concerns loom as two of the major challenges for machines at that scale. The number of components that will be assembled in the supercomputers plays a fundamental role in these challenges. First, a large number of parts will substantially increase the failure rate of the system compared to the failure frequency of current machines. Second, those components have to fit within the power envelope of the installation and keep the energy consumption within operational margins. Extreme-scale machines will have to incorporate fault tolerance mechanisms and honor the energy and power restrictions. Therefore, it is essential to understand how fault tolerance and energy consumption interplay. This paper presents a comparative evaluation and analysis of energy consumption of three different rollback-recovery protocols: checkpoint/restart, message logging and parallel recovery. Our experimental evaluation shows parallel recovery has the minimum execution time and energy consumption. Additionally, we present an analytical model that projects parallel recovery can reduce energy consumption more than 37% compared to checkpoint/restart at extreme scale.
Gender and time differences in the associations between sexual violence victimization, health outcomes, and risk behaviors

An estimated 1 out of 6 women and 1 out of 33 men has been a victim of sexual assault at some point in their lifetime. The objective of this study was to quantify the associations between sexual assault and negative health outcomes among males and females who reported being sexually assaulted in the past 12 months or at some point before the past 12 months. Data were obtained from the 2005 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System core and sexual violence modules. A series of logistic regression models, including all respondents and stratified by gender, was used to identify differences associated with victimization. Among women, victimization before the past 12 months was significantly associated with poor health status, poor mental health, lower life satisfaction, activity limitations, smoking, and binge drinking. Women who reported victimization in the past 12 months were also significantly more likely to report poor mental health, lower life satisfaction, activity limitations, and binge drinking. Among males, significant associations were found with smoking (past 12 months), poor life satisfaction (before the past 12 months) and activity limitations (before the past 12 months). Results of this study suggest that poor mental and physical health associated with victimization are more prevalent in women and that these relationships persist over time. The broad range of outcomes associated with victimization suggests that further research is needed to better understand the consequences associated with sexual violence across the lifespan. Language: en
Eye–head coupling tendencies in stationary and moving subjects

Humans exhibit considerable individuality in their propensity to make head movements during horizontal saccades. These variations originate in multiple quantifiable characteristics, including individuals’ preferred ranges of gaze, eye-in-head, and head-on-neck eccentricity. Such “eye–head tendencies” have been uniformly assessed in seated subjects. It is unknown whether they continue to influence behavior when subjects are in motion. Previous studies of eye–head coordination in subjects ambulating in laboratories would predict that wholly different eye–head tendencies become ascendant when subjects ambulate. We tested this prediction by recording eye and head positions in normal subjects in an outdoor environment as they spontaneously regarded their surroundings while seated, passively riding in a wheelchair, and ambulating. Individuals exhibited the usual subject-to-subject variations in the preferred ranges of eye, head, and gaze position, but their own behavior was similar across the different conditions. While ambulation did affect some of the measured eye–head tendencies, passively riding had similar effects, indicating that these effects relate more to motion through the environment than to the act of walking. In a surprising departure from studies of eye–head coordination in subjects ambulating in laboratory environments, neither head nor gaze was particularly strongly aligned with the direction of travel. Thus, the neural mechanisms of walking do not demand that specific gaze or head orientations be maintained continuously, at least not in the common situation of a non-challenging path that can be negotiated without much attention. In such situations eye and head control is flexible, and the eye–head tendencies manifesting when stationary can emerge.
Coronary Artery Calcification Progression Is Heritable

Background— Coronary artery calcification (CAC), a marker of coronary artery atherosclerosis, can be measured accurately and noninvasively with the use of electron beam computed tomography. Serial measures of CAC quantify progression of calcified coronary artery plaque. Little is known about the role of genetic factors in progression of CAC quantity. Methods and Results— We quantified the relative contributions of measured risk factors and unmeasured genes to CAC progression measured by 2 electron beam computed tomography examinations an average of 7.3 years apart in 877 asymptomatic white adults (46% men) from 625 families in a community-based sample. After adjustment for baseline risk factors and CAC quantity, the estimated heritability of CAC progression was 0.40 (P<0.001). Baseline risk factors and CAC quantity explained 64% of the variation in CAC progression. Thus, genetic factors explained 14% of the variation [(100−64)×(0.40)] in CAC progression. After adjustment for risk factors, the estimated ge...
Pop-Ups: The Rise and Fall of One Convention in a First Grade Writing Workshop.

Abstract Much recent research in literacy examines the social nature of the creation of texts. Workshop methods for literacy instruction are widely promoted, with social interaction around texts a major focus of these workshops. In this qualitative study, the researcher spent five months examining how social interactions during writing workshops in a first grade classroom affected texts produced. She specifically focused on the rise and fall of one popular convention in the children's writing, the pop-up. Connections are made between the emergence of this first grade convention and the evolution of adult genres documented by literary researchers. Particular attention was paid to whole class discussions of student texts, analyzed by examining who demonstrated the most power in influencing the popularity of different conventions in the class. Implications discussed include the need for more detailed analyses of how power is gained and lost in writing workshops that try to promote egalitarian values.
Optical activity of aromatic chromophores. I. O, m, and p-tyrosine.

The optical activity and the conformational energy of the amino acids tyrosine, o-tyrosine, and m-tyrosine have been calculated as a function of molecular conformation. A new graphic technique, rotatory strength–conformational energy maps, was developed for the presentation of these calculations. Experimental circular dichroism spectra were determined by utilization of a new experimental technique that involves complete computer control of a Cary spectropolarimeter. This permitted repetitive scanning with signal averaging over extended time periods and resulted in a greatly enhanced signal to noise ratio. On the basis of these calculations, it, was concluded that the Kirkwood “coupled oscillator” mechanism is capable of explaining the observed optical activity of the aromatic chromophores of the molecules that were investigated.
Gated SPECT imaging.

Gated SPECT imaging has allowed the simultaneous assessment of both perfusion and function through one study. The popularity of this is amply shown by the unprecedented growth of this imaging modality throughout the country. In addition to the benefits that ventricular function adds to perfusion, gated SPECT imaging also adds to the specificity of perfusion imaging. With recent studies showing the benefit of medical therapy to interventional approaches for the treatment of patients with angina, in particular, patients with chronic stable angina, there has been an increased dependence on noninvasive imaging to assess their ischemic burden. Perfusion, with technetium-99m sestamibi SPECT imaging together with gated SPECT imaging has been the modality of choice in the majority of cases because of the ease of performance of these studies and the increased information provided. This has in large part been attributable to the ability of gated SPECT imaging to provide functional data, significantly increasing the use of radionuclide perfusion imaging. This article reviews the method of acquisition, validation, clinical use, and the newer advances of gated SPECT imaging. It gives an appreciation of the benefit that gated SPECT imaging has added in terms of risk stratification and prognosis in many cardiac patients. Under the more recent uses are myocardial viability and the increased utility of gating in this scenario, ischemic versus nonischemic cardiomyopathies, and the quandary that this testing poses to physicians and the dilemma of gated thallium imaging with its inferior image quality.
Characterization of endocardial electrophysiological substrate in patients with nonischemic cardiomyopathy and monomorphic ventricular tachycardia

Background— Although catheter mapping has been used to define the endocardial electrogram characteristics in patients with ventricular tachycardia (VT) and coronary disease, characterization of the electrophysiological substrate in patients with VT and nonischemic cardiomyopathy is limited. Methods and Results— Left ventricular endocardial electroanatomical mapping was performed in 19 patients with nonischemic cardiomyopathy and monomorphic VT with an average of 178±83 sites per chamber mapped. Abnormal bipolar electrogram was defined as endocardial voltage signal amplitude of <1.8 mV. The extent and location of abnormal endocardium was estimated by measuring areas of abnormal electrogram recordings from 3D voltage maps. The origin of VT was approximated by identifying sites of entrainment with concealed fusion or early presystolic activity and/or by pace mapping. Abnormal electrograms were recorded over a 41±28 cm2 area that represented 20±12% of total endocardial surface. The majority of patients (14/19...
African Americans' Racial Identity and Socially Desirable Responding: An Empirical Model

The authors developed a model of the relationships between racial identity development and socially desirable responding, using a sample of African American undergraduate students. Instruments used were the Racial Identity Attitude Scale-Long Form (J. E. Helms & T. A. Parham, 1996) and the Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding (D. L. Paulhus, 1991). The results challenge previous research conclusions regarding social desirability and racial identity development. Implications of findings for researchers, instrument developers, and counselors are included.
Rearing the Disabled Child: A Framework For Further Research.

Abstract This paper presents a framework which could be used by researchers to obtain descriptive and experimental data about the child-rearing practices of parents of disabled children. In addition, the authors suggest specific areas of research which might prove useful in assisting school psychologists to develop programs of counseling for the parents of such children.
The effect of hot working on structure and strength of a precipitation strengthened austenitic stainless steel

The development of microstructure and strength during forging in a γ′ strengthened austenitic stainless steel, JBK-75, was investigated by means of forward extrusion of cylindrical specimens. The specimens were deformed in a strain range of 0.16 to 1.0, from 800°C to 1080°C, and at approximate strain rates of 2 (press forging) and 2 × 103 s-1 (high energy rate forging), and structures examined by light and transmission microscopy. Mechanical properties were determined by tensile testing as-forged and forged and aged specimens. The alloy exhibited an extremely wide variety of structures and properties within the range of forging pzrameters studied. Deformation at the higher strain ratevia high energy rate forging resulted in unrecovered substructures and high strengths at low forging temperatures, and static recrystallization and low strengths at high temperatures. In contrast, however, deformation at the lower strain ratevia press forging resulted in retention of the well developed subgrain structure and associated high strength produced at high forging temperatures and strains. At lower temperatures and strains during press forging a subgrain structure formed preferentially at high angle grain boundaries, apparently by a creep-type deformation mechanism. Dynamic recrystallization was not an important restoration mechanism for any of the forging conditions. The results are interpreted on the basis of stacking fault energy and the accumulation of strain energy during hot working. The significance of observed microstructural differences for equivalent deformation conditions (iso-Z, where Z is the Zener-Holloman parameter) is discussed in relation to the utilization of Z for predicting hot work structures and strengths. Aging showed that the γ′ precipitation process is not affected by substructure and that the strengthening contributions, from substructure and precipitation, were independent and additive. Applications for these findings are discussed in terms of process design criteria.
Continuous amphetamine administration induces tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive patches in the adult rat neostriatum.

Abstract Continuous 3-day administration of d-amphetamine sulfate via a subcutaneous minipump induced the appearance of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive patches in the neostriatum of adult Sprague-Dawley and Long-Evans rats at doses (>20 mg/kg/day) that also produced axonal terminal degeneration as evidenced by Fink-Heimer silver grain deposition. The tyrosine hydroxylase patches coincided with striosomes identified by Leu-enkephalin immunoreactivity on adjacent sections. Sham-operated control, naive control, low dose amphetamine- (
Isolation and culture of Sertoli cells from the testes of adult Siberian hamsters: analysis of proteins synthesized and secreted by Sertoli cells cultured from hamsters raised in a long or a short photoperiod.

In the present study, we describe two procedures for isolation and culture of Sertoli cells from the testes of adult Siberian hamsters. In procedure I, collagenase and pancreatin were used for differential enzymatic digestion of the tissue at 32 0 C, and effects of several attachment factors were examined. Sertoli cells isolated from adult hamsters were not affected by addition of Na selenite, epidermal growth factor, insulin, and transferrin, with or without 5% fetal bovine serum, to Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium + Ham's F-12. Significant increase in the yield and plating efficiency of Sertoli cells was achieved by developing a novel procedure (procedure II) for Sertoli cell isolation. In this procedure, testicular tissue was exposed to only one enzyme (collagenase I) for two consecutive digestions at 37°C, and the total period of enzymatic exposure was reduced relative to that of procedure . Another objective of this study was to compare the functions of Sertoli cells isolated from spermatogenetically active and inactive adult testes. Isolated Sertoli cells from 60 ± 5-day-old hamsters raised in long day conditions (LD, 16L:8D) or in short day conditions (SD, 6L:18D) were stimulated with FSH and testosterone in the presence of "S-methionine for 24 h on Day 4 of culture. The medium was concentrated, and equal amounts of radioactive proteins from LD and SD hamster Sertoli cell cultures were analyzed by two-dimensional PAGE. Compared to Sertoli cells derived from SD hamsters, Sertoli cells from LD animals produced greater amounts of two secretory proteins and a smaller amount of one. The fourth species of secretory protein discernible in the gel was present in similar amounts in cultures derived from LD- and SD-raised adults.
Complex Lives: Resiliency of African American Women with HIV/AIDS Serving as Informal Kinship Care Providers

Using the resiliency model as a framework, this qualitative description study was designed to elicit the experiences of African American women living with HIV/AIDS serving as informal kinship care providers. Themes emerging from the interviews included (a) strengths of informal social supports, (b) benefits of living with HIV as opposed to women who are not HIV positive, and (c) negative experiences of child welfare services. Findings suggest a plethora of resources women accessed through community-based agencies because of their HIV/AIDS status, as opposed to child welfare agencies.
Are Large, Infrequent Disturbances Qualitatively Different from Small, Frequent Disturbances?

In this article, we develop a heuristic model of ecosystem-disturbance dynamics that illustrates a range of responses of disturbance impact to gradients of increasing disturbance extent, intensity, or duration. Three general kinds of response are identified and illustrated: (a) threshold response, (b) scale-independent response, and (c) continuous response. Threshold responses are those in which the response curve shows a discontinuity or a sudden change in slope along the axis of increasing disturbance extent, intensity, or duration. The response threshold occurs at a point where the force of the disturbance exceeds the capacity of internal mechanisms to resist disturbance, or where new mechanisms of recovery become involved. Within this conceptual framework, we find that some unusually large or intense disturbances, but not all, produce qualitatively different responses compared with similar disturbances of lesser magnitude. If disturbance impact does not increase with increasing disturbance extent, intensity, or duration, or if the response curve changes monotonically, then large disturbances are not qualitatively different from small ones. For example, jack pine tends to become reestablished after stand-replacing fire in boreal forests, regardless of fire size, because its serotinous cones provide an adequate seed source throughout the burned area. Thus, large fires are not qualitatively different from small fires in terms of jack pine reproduction. However, if disturbance impact does increase abruptly at some point with increasing disturbance extent, intensity, or duration, often because of thresholds in the capacity of internal mechanisms to resist or respond to disturbance impact, then large disturbances are qualitatively different from small ones, at least for some parameters of ecological response. For example, balsam fir and white cedar can recolonize a small burned patch of boreal forest in close proximity to surviving individuals of these species, but they will be eliminated from a large burn because of their susceptibility to fire-caused mortality and their inability to disperse their seeds over long distances. The conceptual framework presented here permits some new insights into the dynamics of natural systems and may provide a useful tool with which managers can assess the potential for catastrophic damages resulting from large, infrequent disturbances.
Characterization of monoclonal antibodies directed against determinants on cardiac myosin heavy chain

Summary Monoclonal antibodies against cardiac myosin from chicken (18d embryos) and rabbit were produced in vitro by fusion of mouse myeloma cells (P3-X63-Ag8) with spleen cells from immunized BALB/c mice and Lewis rats. Three antibodies were examined and found to react with different antigenic determinants in the myosin heavy chain subunit. Antibody RCM-79 reacted specifically with heavy meromyosin. Antibodies CCM-13 and RCM-79 reacted with equal affinities to cardiac myosin from chicken, rabbit, rat, and man, but with lower affinities to skeletal muscle myosins from chicken and rabbit. Antibody CCM-31A reacted only to chicken cardiac myosin and not to other cardiac or skeletal myosins tested. Our results show that monoclonal antibodies can be produced that are either specific for sequences common to all of the cardiac myosins examined or unique to the immunizing type.
Vaginitis: Meeting the clinical challenge

Abstract Vaginitis is a common gynecologic disorder that is responsible for 10 million office visits to physicians each Year. Infectious vaginitis is the most common cause of a vaginal discharge, but other important diagnostic considerations include infectious cervicitis, a physiologic discharge, atrophic vaginitis, and allergic or irritant vaginitis. Although the history and gynecologic examination may suggest the diagnosis, laboratory confirmation should be routinely sought by performance of the vaginal pool wet mount examination, the amine whiff test, determination of the vaginal pH, and the Q-tip test. Once a precise diagnosis is made, effective therapy can then be prescribed. For patients with Candida vaginitis, therapeutic options include either the vaginal administration of a number of available imidazole or triazole antifungal agents or the prescription of the oral triazole agent fuconazole. Oral metronidazole remains the only effective treatment for trichomoniasis in the United States. Bacterial vaginosis, which has been linked to a number of obstetric and gynecologic complications, is effectively treated with oral metronidazole, although vaginal metronidazole gel and oral and vaginal clindamycin formulations are available as well.
Progenitor expansion in apc mutants is mediated by Jak/Stat signaling

Background Mutations in APC, a negative regulator of the Wnt/s-catenin pathway, can cause cancer as well as profound developmental defects. In both cases, affected cells adopt a proliferative progenitor state and fail to differentiate. While the upregulation of some target genes of Wnt/s-catenin signaling has been shown to mediate these phenotypes in individual tissues, it is unclear whether a common mechanism underlies the defects in APC mutants.
The Expanding Federal Role in Teacher Workforce Policy

This article examines the recent expansion of the federal role into teacher workforce policy, primarily as embodied by the Race to the Top Fund of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act. Such recent federal teacher workforce policy reflects an important expansion of the federal role into a policy domain that deserves more attention. The financial incentives and governance arrangements structuring federal-state relationships under these policies have proven effective at facilitating the enactment of state-level reforms. However, these policies ultimately pay too little attention to fundamental governance questions that must be addressed for efficacious teacher workforce development.
Protein release from hippocampus in vitro.

Physiologically viable slices of rat hippocampus in vitro continuously release protein into the superfusion medium at a rate of about 2 g/mg tissue/h. Assays of a cytoplasmic marker enzyme (lactate dehydrogenase) indicate that this material is not the result of cell lysis. Pulse-chase experiments using [3H]valine indicate that a substantial fraction of the newly synthesized proteins eventually appear in the incubation medium (18.7% ± 3% of the total TCA precipitable radioactivity during a 6-h superfusion) and that the releasable protein pool has an apparent half-life of about 4 h. Simultaneous labeling of newly synthetized proteins with [3H]fucose and [14C]valine showed a 3-fold higher ratio of [3H]fucose to [14C]valine in the released protein fraction compared to the soluble cytoplasmic protein and to the crude membrane protein fraction, suggesting that the soluble released proteins are more highly glycosylated than the proteins retained in the tissue. Electrophoretic migration patterns on SDS-polyacrylamide gels with both labeled and unlabeled proteins show differences between the released proteins and the soluble cytoplasmic proteins of the tissue. Several molecular weights between 14 kdalton and 86 kdalton appear to be characteristic of the released protein fraction. These results suggest that a distinct group of proteins and glycoproteins exists in hippocampal tissue which is destined to be selectively released into the extracellular space.
METHODS FOR COMPARING OUTCOMES ASSESSMENT INSTRUMENTS

This article outlines a general process for faculty use in comparing the relative efficacy of college outcomes assessment instruments for gauging student progress toward goals considered important by the faculty. Analysis of two standardized general education exams—the ACT COMP and the ETS Academic Profile—illustrates the process.
A HISTOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE SKIN LESIONS OF PELLAGRA

The cutaneous lesions in pellagra consist of an early erythema, or, in occasional cases, of vesicles or bullous formations which are followed by hyperkeratosis and pigmentation, resulting in a dry, dark brown scaliness. These various lesions are similar to those normally produced by the action of sunlight, but are much more marked. The histological phenomena of the erythematous and bullous stage are those of a mild acute inflammatory reaction, together with a degeneration in the superficial layers of the corium. Following this degeneration, which involves not only the general connective tissue but the connective tissue of the blood vessels, there is a reparative change evidenced histologically by an increased cellularity of the corium and the presence of fibroblasts. The capillaries also are increased in number and much dilated. Apparently as a result of this increased vascularity of the corium, there is an increased proliferation of the epithelium resulting in a thickening of the epidermis. This increase in thickness of the epithelial layer is especially marked in the prickle cells and the stratum granulosum. In the later stages, in an effort to secure a firm basement membrane, the epithelium is seen to dip down deeply into the rarefied connective tissue. About the blood vessels during the reactionary process are found collections of lymphoid cells, a few plasma cells, but no mast cells or eosinophiles. That the irritant producing the degeneration in the corium is sunlight in the presence of some predisposing factor, is suggested by the enormous increase in pigment formation in the epithelial cells and by the large number of chromatophores in the superficial layers of the corium. This pigmentation is autochthonous in both types of cell. There is no reason for believing that the pigment is formed in the cells of the corium and thence discharged into the epithelium, or that the reverse process takes place. The predisposing factor inducing the changes in the corium is, apparently, a lessened resistance of the epithelium to the violet and ultra-violet rays, due to some metabolic insufficiency on the part of the epithelial cells. Further observation may justify the conclusion that throughout the body, pellagra is a disease essentially of the epithelium, including the nervous system, this pathological condition manifesting itself by an insufficient or altered function.