cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesis Routes and Characterization of High‐Purity, Single‐Phase Gallium Nitride Powders

Synthesis of high-purity, single-phase gallium nitride powder has been achieved in a hot-wall tube furnace via (i) the reaction of gallium with ammonia (NH{sub 3}) and (ii) the conversion of gallium oxide (Ga{sub 2}O{sub 3}). For complete reaction, the optimum temperatures, NH{sub 3} flow rates, and boat positions relative to the NH{sub 3} inlet were 975 C, 400 standard cubic centimeters per minute (sccm), and 50 cm, respectively, for the gallium-NH{sub 3} reaction, and 1,050 C, 500 sccm, and 50 cm, respectively, for the Ga{sub 2}O{sub 3} conversion. Polyhedra of various shapes were obtained from both processes; some rod-shaped crystals also were observed in the material derived from Ga{sub 2}O{sub 3}.
How Individualism‐Collectivism Moderates the Effects of Rewards on Creativity and Innovation: A Comparative Review of Practices in Japan and the US

Recent research has shown that the relationship between rewards and creative performance is complex: while rewards increase creativity in some situations, they are detrimental to creative performance in others. The present paper explores the role of cross-cultural differences in moderating some effects of rewards on creativity and innovation. I focus on individualism-collectivism and its related differences in motivation, cognition and emotion. I then propose five ways in which differences in I-C between Japan and the US moderate the effects of incentives on creative performance and innovation in these nations. Specifically, I claim that organizations in individualistic and collectivist cultures differ on: Effects of rewards on intrinsic motivation, effects of in-group versus out-group controlled rewards, effects of group vs. individual based incentives, reactions to in-group and out-group competition, and the effects of members’ identification with the organization on their innovation efforts. The notion of ‘congruence’ is offered as a theoretical framework for explaining the proposed ideas. Recommendations and implications of these prepositions for management of creativity in a cross-cultural work force are discussed.
Remarks on Kähler Ricci Flow

We show the convergence of Kahler Ricci flow directly if the α-invariant of the canonical class is greater than \(\frac{n}{n+1}\). Applying these convergence theorems, we can give a Kahler Ricci flow proof of Calabi conjecture on such Fano manifolds. In particular, the existence of KE metrics on a lot of Fano surfaces can be proved by flow method. Note that this geometric conclusion (based on the same assumption) was established earlier via elliptic method by Tian (Invent. Math. 89(2):225–246, 1987; Invent. Math. 101(1):101–172, 1990; Invent. Math. 130:1–39, 1997). However, a new proof based on Kahler Ricci flow should be still interesting in its own right.
Oxidative Allene Amination for the Synthesis of Azetidin-3-ones

Regioselectivity in the aziridination of silyl-substituted homoallenic sulfamates is readily diverted to the distal double bond of the allene to yield endocyclic bicyclic methyleneaziridines with excellent stereocontrol. Subsequent reaction with electrophilic oxygen sources initiates facile rearrangement to densely functionalized, fused azetidin-3-ones in excellent d.r., effectively transferring the axial chirality of the allene to central chirality in the products. The steric nature of the silyl group dictates which of the two rings of the fused azetidin-3-one will undergo further functionalization, providing an additional element of diversity for the preparation of enantioenriched azetidine scaffolds with potential biological activity.
THE TANGENT BUNDLE OF AN ALMOST-COMPLEX FREE LOOPSPACE

The space LV of free loops on a manifold V inherits an action of the circle group T. When V has an almost-complex structure, the tangent bundle of the free loopspace, pulled back to a certain inÞnite cyclic cover g , has an equivariant decomposition as a completion of TV a (aC(k)), where TV is an equivariant bundle on the cover, nonequivariantly isomorphic to the pullback of TV along evaluation at the basepoint (and aC(k) denotes an algebra of Laurent polynomials). On a sat manifold, this analogue of Fourier analysis is classical. The purpose of this note is to show that the study of the equivariant tangent bundle of a free smooth loopspace can be reduced to the study of a certain Þnitedimensional vector bundle over that loopspace – at least, provided the underlying manifold has an almost-complex structure (e.g. it might be symplectic), and if we are willing to work over a certain interesting inÞnite-cyclic cover of the loopspace. The Þrst section below summarizes the basic facts we’ll need from equivariant differential topology and geometry, and the second is a quick account of the universal cover of a symmetric product of circles, which is used in the third section to construct the promised decomposition of the equivariant tangent bundle. It is interesting that the covering transformations and the circle act compatibly on the tangent bundle of the covering, while their action on the splitting commutes only up to a projective factor.
Continence for Women: Evaluation of AWHONN’s Third Research Utilization Project

Objective To develop an evidence-based protocol for initial evaluation and treatment of urinary incontinence and to design procedures that would facilitate the protocol's implementation into clinical practice. Design Descriptive report of the Association of Women's Health, Obstetric and Neonatal Nurses (AWHONN) Continence for Women Project. Setting Twenty-one public, private, and other women's health sites. Participants Women in ambulatory care settings ( N = 1,474) provided demographic statistics. Methods The protocol was developed, sites were selected, site coordinator training was provided, data collection was facilitated by project-specific teleforms, and the overall process was evaluated by the science team. Main Outcome Measures Site representation, patient representation, site coordinator feedback on the training program, and site coordinator experience during project implementation. Results The process yielded a representative mix of site and patient diversity appropriate for testing of the protocol. Site coordinators felt well-prepared to implement the protocol and experienced increased professional satisfaction because of therapeutic benefits achieved for patients and positive collaboration with physicians. Conclusions The Continence for Women Project demonstrated the potential for developing and testing evidence-based protocols for clinical practice when the resources of an organization such as AWHONN and the research community are combined.
Statistical mechanical theory of liquid entropy

The multiparticle correlation expansion for the entropy of a classical monatomic liquid is presented. This entropy expresses the physical picture in which there is no free particle motion, but rather, each atom moves within a cage formed by its neighbors. The liquid expansion, including only pair correlations, gives an excellent account of the experimental entropy of most liquid metals, of liquid argon, and the hard sphere liquid. The pair correlation entropy is well approximated by a universal function of temperature. Higher order correlation entropy, due to n-particle irreducible correlations for n{ge}3, is significant in only a few liquid metals, and its occurrence suggests the presence of n-body forces. When the liquid theory is applied to the study of melting, the author discovers the important classification of normal and anomalous melting, according to whether there is not or is a significant change in the electronic structure upon melting, and he discovers the universal disordering entropy for melting of a monatomic crystal. Interesting directions for future research are: extension to include orientational correlations of molecules, theoretical calculation of the entropy of water, application to the entropy of the amorphous state, and correlational entropy of compressed argon. The author clarifies the relation amongmore » different entropy expansions in the recent literature.« less
On the eccentricity distribution of short-period single-planet systems

We apply standard Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) analysis techniques to 50 short-period, single-planet systems discovered with radial velocity technique. We develop a new method for accessing the significance of a non-zero orbital eccentricity, namelyanalysis, which combines the frequentist bootstrap approach with Bayesian analysis of each simulated data set. We find that the eccentricity estimations from theanalysis are generally consistent with the results from both the standard MCMC analysis and previous references. Themethod is particular useful for assessing the significance of small eccentricities. Our results suggest that the current sample size is insufficient to draw robust conclusions about the roles of tidal interaction and perturbations in shaping the eccentricity distribution of short-period single- planet systems. We use a Bayesian population analysis to show that a mixture of analytical distributions is a good approximation of the underlying eccentricity distribution. For short- period planets, we find the most probable values of parameters in the analytical functions given the observed eccentricities. These analytical functions can be used in theoretical investigations or as priors for the eccentricity distribution when analysing short-period planets. As the measurement precision improves and sample size increases, the method can be applied to more complex parametrizations for the underlying distribution of eccentricity for extrasolar planetary systems.
Measurement error in two-stage analyses, with application to air pollution epidemiology.

Public health researchers often estimate health effects of exposures (e.g., pollution, diet, and lifestyle) that cannot be directly measured for study subjects. A common strategy in environmental epidemiology is to use a first-stage (exposure) model to estimate the exposure on the basis of covariates and/or spatiotemporal proximity and to use predictions from the exposure model as the covariate of interest in the second-stage (health) model. This induces a complex form of measurement error. We propose an analytical framework and methodology that is robust to misspecification of the first-stage model and provides valid inference for the second-stage model parameter of interest. We decompose the measurement error into components analogous to classical and Berkson errors and characterize properties of the estimator in the second-stage model if the first-stage model predictions are plugged in without correction. Specifically, we derive conditions for compatibility between the first-stage and second-stage models that guarantee consistency (and have direct and important real-world design implications), and we derive an asymptotic estimate of finite-sample bias when the compatibility conditions are satisfied. We propose a methodology that does the following: (i) corrects for finite-sample bias; and (ii) correctly estimates standard errors. We demonstrate the utility of our methodology in simulations and an example from air pollution epidemiology. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Canonical correlations and generalized SVD: Applications and new algorithms

Abstract In this paper we consider canonical correlations and a generalization of the singular value decomposition (SVD) that involves three matrices. We show how the two matrix problems are related and how they can be used in important applications such as weighted least squares and optimal prediction. We present two new computational procedures for the problems based on implicit SVD methods for triple matrixproducts. Our algorithms are well suited for parallel implementation.
Formulation of Ionic‐Liquid Electrolyte To Expand the Voltage Window of Supercapacitors

An effective method to expand the operating potential window (OPW) of electrochemical capacitors based on formulating the ionic-liquid (IL) electrolytes is reported. Using model electrochemical cells based on two identical onion-like carbon (OLC) electrodes and two different IL electrolytes and their mixtures, it was shown that the asymmetric behavior of the electrolyte cation and anion toward the two electrodes limits the OPW of the cell and therefore its energy density. Also, a general solution to this problem is proposed by formulating the IL electrolyte mixtures to balance the capacitance of electrodes in a symmetric supercapacitor.
Past and Future Issues in Motor Programming

(1980). Past and Future Issues in Motor Programming. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport: Vol. 51, No. 1, pp. 122-140.
Changes of Numeraire for Pricing Futures, Forwards, and Options

A change of numeraire argument is used to derive a general option parity, or equivalence, result relating American call and put prices, and to obtain new expressions for futures and forward prices. The general parity result unifies and extends a number of existing results. The new futures and forward pricing formulas are often simpler to compute in multifactor models than existing alternatives. We also extend previous work by deriving a general formula relating exchange options to ordinary call options. A number of applications to diffusion models, including stochastic volatility, stochastic interest rate, and stochastic dividend rate models, and jump-diffusion models are examined. A self-financing portfolio is called a numeraire if security prices, measured in units of this portfolio, admit an equivalent martingale measure. The most commonly used numeraire is the reinvested short-rate process; the corresponding equivalent martingale measure is the risk-neutral measure. Geman, El Karoui, and Rochet (1995) show that other numeraires can simplify many asset pricing problems. In this article, we build on their results and, using the reinvested asset price as the numeraire, unify and extend the literature on option parity, or equivalence, results relating American call and put prices for asset and futures options. The same numeraire change is used to obtain new pricing formulas for futures and forwards that are often simpler to compute in multifactor models. Finally, we use a numeraire change to simplify exchange option pricing, extending a similar result in Geman, El Karoui, and Rochet to dividend-paying assets. The change of numeraire method is most intuitive in the context of foreign currency derivative securities. As discussed by Grabbe (1983), an American call option to buy 1 DM, with dollar price process S, for K dollars is equivalent to an American put option to sell K dollars, with DM price process K=S, for a strike price of 1 DM. The dollar price of the call must therefore equal the product of the current exchange rate, S0, and the DM price of the put. The call price is computed using the dollar value of a U.S. I am grateful to Kerry Back (the editor) and Costis Skiadas for their many helpful suggestions. Thanks also to Peter DeMarzo, Matt Jackson, Naveen Khanna, David Marshall, Robert McDonald, Jim Moser, Phyllis Payette, and an anonymous referee for their comments. This article subsumes Schroder (1992).
Position-sensitive single carrier CdZnTe detectors

Abstract Single polarity charge sensing on room temperature semiconductor gamma-ray detectors can be achieved by using the coplanar electrode read-out technique. This mehod can eliminate the hole-trapping problem of the wide band gap semiconductors which are currently available. Our previous results on 5 mm cube CZT detectors confirmed [6] that the energy resolution can be dramatically improved compared with that obtained using the conventional read-out method. This paper explores the application of this technique to CdZnTe detectors of larger volume, namely 1 cm 3 . In our previous work, we suggested a method to obtain γ-ray interaction depth and further progress is reported here. This technique can be used to correct for the electron trapping as a function of distance from the anode. The intrinsic position resolution has been analyzed and energy resolutions of less than 2% FWHM at 662 keV were obtained on both detectors tested. Finally, the factors which inhibit attaining the statistical energy resolution limit of CdZnTe detectors have been explored. These results will be of interest in the design of higher performance, portable and imaging-related, room-temperature semiconductor γ-ray detectors.
Recent advances and future advances in time-of-flight PET

Simple theory predicts that the statistical noise variance in positron emission tomography (PET) can be reduced by an order of magnitude by using time-of-flight (TOF) information. This reduction can be obtained by improving the coincidence timing resolution, and so would be achievable in clinical, whole-body studies using with PET systems that differ little from existing cameras. The potential impact of this development is large, especially for oncology studies in large patients, where it is sorely needed. TOF PET was extensively studied in the 1980s but died away in the 1990s, as it was impossible to reliably achieve sufficient timing resolution without sacrificing other important PET performance aspects, such as spatial resolution and efficiency. Recent advances in technology (scintillators, photodetectors, and high-speed electronics) have renewed interest in TOF PET, which is experiencing a rebirth. However, there is still much to be done, both in instrumentation development and evaluating the true benefits of TOF in modern clinical PET. This paper looks at what has been accomplished and what needs to be done before TOF PET can reach its full potential.
Synthesis of Fused Tetrahydrofuran‐γ‐lactone Motifs via One‐Pot Ring Expansion of Cyclopropane Rings

Abstract An efficient method for constructing fused tetrahydrofuran‐γ‐lactone scaffolds, such as 8, is presented. Key to this strategy is an acid‐catalyzed ring expansion of cyclopropyl precursor 6 that proceeds in the presence of MeSO3H in acetone and produces the desired bicyclic system in good to excellent yields.
Peer-to-Peer Markets

Peer-to-peer markets such as eBay, Uber, and Airbnb allow small suppliers to compete with traditional providers of goods or services. We view the primary function of these markets as making it easy for buyers to find sellers and engage in convenient, trustworthy transactions. We discuss elements of market design that make this possible, including search and matching algorithms, pricing, and reputation systems. We then develop a simple model of how these markets enable entry by small or flexible suppliers, and how they impact existing firms. Finally, we consider the regulation of peer-to-peer markets and the economic arguments for different approaches to licensing and certification, data, and employment regulation.
Solubility and kinetic properties of deuterium in single crystal Pd

Abstract The pressure–composition (PC) behavior of deuterium in single crystal Pd has been measured over a temperature range extending from room temperature to 393 K. These data allow the determination of (i) relative partial molar enthalpy and entropy, without the contribution of the configuration entropy, for the dilute solid solution phase, (ii) enthalpy and entropy change characterizing the α→α′ phase transformation, and (iii) Gibbs free energy loss associated with the PC thermodynamic hysteresis. Comparison of these quantities with published data for polycrystal Pd and with our own polycrystal Pd measurements show good agreement, indicating grain boundary interfaces and second phase inclusions known to exist in polycrystalline Pd do not influence these thermodynamic properties. The time dependence of deuterium absorption and desorption from the gas phase has been measured in both single and polycrystal Pd as well. The activation energy and diffusion constant of deuterium in the solid solution phase of Pd agree with published values. The time dependence of deuterium absorption and desorption within the miscibility gap are reduced by approximately two orders of magnitude compared to solid solution behavior. The two-phase kinetic data exhibit an Arrhenius behavior with a factor of two increase in the activation energy compared to diffusion. This is attributed to the phase transformation process controlling the deuterium absorption/desorption kinetic behavior when the Pd–D system is within the miscibility gap.
Empirical Evidence on the Determinants of Rent-to-Own Use and Purchase Behavior:

This study uses logit and multinomial logit models and data from a nationwide random sample of rent-to-own (RTO) customers to investigate financial, demographic, regulatory, and other factors associated with consumer use of RTO transactions and the purchase of RTO merchandise. The analysis recognizes that RTO transactions can be used for either the purchase of merchandise or a temporary rental and models the determinants of use and purchase separately for each group of customers. The study concludes that income, access to credit, education, and race are significant determinants of whether consumers use RTO transactions with the intent to purchase. The study also finds some indication that state RTO laws may affect use and purchase, although this result is less robust. The determinants differ for consumers entering RTO transactions intending to purchase and intending a temporary rental, suggesting the industry serves two separate and distinct markets. The policy implications are discussed.
Entanglement and out-of-equilibrium dynamics in holographic models of de Sitter QFTs

In this paper we study various aspects of entanglement entropy in strongly- coupled de Sitter quantum field theories in various dimensions. We focus on gravity solutions that are dual to field theories in a fixed de Sitter background, both in equilibrium and out-of-equilibrium configurations. The latter corresponds to the Vaidya generalization of the AdS black hole solutions with hyperbolic topology. We compute analytically the entanglement entropy of spherical regions and show that there is a transition when the sphere is as big as the horizon. We also explore thermalization in time-dependent situations in which the system evolves from a non-equilibrium state to the Bunch-Davies state. We find that the saturation time is equal to the light-crossing time of the sphere. This behavior is faster than random walk and suggests the existence of free light-like degrees of freedom.
Development of a robotic bridge maintenance system

This paper will expand on the Robotic Bridge Maintenance System (RBMS) developed by the Construction Automation and Robotics Laboratory (CARL) at North Carolina State University (NCSU). The system consists of a 4-dof robot, designed and built at NCSU, mounted on the end of a truck-mounted peeper crane. Additionally, a containment system is mounted in front of the robot to contain the toxic waste created by the removal of the lead-based paint from the bridge beams and trusses.
The beam tracking during the first few milliseconds of a low energy booster

The space charge effect in the presence of sextupole resonance was studied using the lattice of the SSC (Superconducting Super Collider) low-energy booster. The multiparticle tracking was performed with a self-consistent charge distribution. When there are synchrotron oscillations, a slight emittance growth is observed, which differs from the result of nonself-consistent tracking. However, this growth cannot be caused by repeated crossing of resonances due to a sectupole field in dipoles. the tracking result has shown that the emittance dilution of the whole beam should be considered instead of the amplitude growth of some particular particles. >
Submicron Ferroelectric Elements Fabricated by Direct Electron Beam Lithography

To realize Gigabit density ferroelectric memory devices, downscaling issues involving processing, materials, and fundamental ferroelectric behavior must be resolved. To address patterning and characterizing ferroelectric films at the nanoscale, we have prepared different lateral sizes of ferroelectric PZT capacitors down to 120 nm, using direct-write electron beam lithography. Characterization of the piezoelectric activity of the patterned elements was performed by means of piezoelectric-sensitive scanning probe microscope in the contact mode. Switching of single 120 nm cells was achieved.
Perspectives on the Equity Risk Premium

The equity risk premium has commanded the attention of professional economists and investment practitioners for decades. It is critical in financial economics; it determines asset allocations, projections of retirement and endowment wealth, and the cost of capital. Economists are still searching for a simple model that justifies the premium in face of the much lower volatility of aggregate economic data. Although the future equity risk premium is apt to be lower than it has been historically, U.S. equity returns of 2–3 percent over bonds will still amply reward those who will tolerate the short-term risk of stocks.
Synthesizing products for online catalogs

A comprehensive product catalog is essential to the success of Product Search engines and shopping sites such as Yahoo! Shopping, Google Product Search, and Bing Shopping. Given the large number of products and the speed at which they are released to the market, keeping catalogs up-to-date becomes a challenging task, calling for the need of automated techniques. In this paper, we introduce the problem of product synthesis, a key component of catalog creation and maintenance. Given a set of offers advertised by merchants, the goal is to identify new products and add them to the catalog, together with their (structured) attributes. A fundamental challenge in product synthesis is the scale of the problem. A Product Search engine receives data from thousands of merchants about millions of products; the product taxonomy contains thousands of categories, where each category has a different schema; and merchants use representations for products that are different from the ones used in the catalog of the Product Search engine.We propose a system that provides an end-to-end solution to the product synthesis problem, and addresses issues involved in data extraction from offers, schema reconciliation, and data fusion. For the schema reconciliation component, we developed a novel and scalable technique for schema matching which leverages knowledge about previously-known instance-level associations between offers and products; and it is trained using automatically created training sets (no manually-labeled data is needed). We present an experimental evaluation using data from Bing Shopping for more than 800K offers, a thousand merchants, and 400 categories. The evaluation confirms that our approach is able to automatically generate a large number of accurate product specifications. Furthermore, the evaluation shows that our schema reconciliation component outperforms state-of-the-art schema matching techniques in terms of precision and recall.
How closely do changes in surface and column water vapor follow Clausius-Clapeyron scaling in climate change simulations?

The factors governing the rate of change in the amount of atmospheric water vapor are analyzed in simulations of climate change. The global-mean amount of water vapor is estimated to increase at a differential rate of 7.3% K −1 with respect to global-mean surface air temperature in the multi-model mean. Larger rates of change result if the fractional change is evaluated over a finite change in temperature (e.g., 8.2% K −1 for a 3 K warming), and rates of change of zonal-mean column water vapor range from 6 to 12% K −1 depending on latitude. Clausius‐Clapeyron scaling is directly evaluated using an invariant distribution of monthly-mean relative humidity, giving a rate of 7.4% K −1 for global-mean water vapor. There are deviations from Clausius‐Clapeyron scaling of zonal-mean column water vapor in the tropics and mid-latitudes, but they largely cancel in the global mean. A purely thermodynamic scaling based on a saturated troposphere gives a higher global rate of 7.9% K −1 . Surface specific humidity increases at a rate of 5.7% K −1 , considerably lower than the rate for global-mean water vapor. Surface specific humidity closely follows Clausius‐Clapeyron scaling over ocean. But there are widespread decreases in surface relative humidity over land (by more than 1% K −1 in many regions), and it is argued that decreases of this magnitude could
Unique Identification of Graviton Exchange Effects in e+e- Collisions

Many types of new physics can lead to contact interaction-like modifications in e{sup +}e{sup -} processes below direct production threshold. We examine the possibility of uniquely identifying the effects of graviton exchange, which are anticipated in many extra dimensional theories, from amongst this large set of models by using the moments of the angular distribution of the final state particles. In the case of the e{sup +}e{sup -} {yields} f{bar f} process we demonstrate that this technique allows for the unique identification of the graviton exchange signature at the 5{sigma} level for mass scales as high as 6{radical}s. The extension of this method to the e{sup +}e{sup -} {yields} W{sup +}W{sup -} process is also discussed.
The Role of Competition Policy in the Promotion of Economic Growth

This essay discusses the role that competition policy can play in promoting economic growth. The essay begins by outlining the main components of modern antitrust policy. The essay then discusses the major aspects of an economy that contribute to economic growth and shows the ways that competition policy can favorably influence economic growth. Next the essay discusses industrial policy, as a set of policies that are in contradiction to competition policy and describes the tensions between them. Finally, the paper discusses the role of economics and economists in the development of competition policy in the U.S. and highlights some major advances in U.S. competition policy (to which economics and economists have contributed), which have made competition policy more consonant with economic efficiency (and economic growth); in addition, some potential improvements that could promote the effectiveness of competition policy even further are proposed.
PULSAR RADIATION AND QUANTUM GRAVITY

Quantum gravity may lead to an energy dependence in the speed of light. The high energy radiation from gamma-ray pulsars can be used to place limits on such effects. We find that emission from the Crab pulsar at energies above 2 GeV trails that at 70-100 MeV by no more than 0.35 ms (95% confidence) and place a lower bound on the energy scale of quantum gravitational effects on the speed of light of 1:8 10 15 GeV. This bound might be improved by two orders of magnitude by observation of pulsations from the Crab at higher energies, 50-100 GeV, in the near future.
Gas–liquid interface of room-temperature ionic liquids

The organization of ions at the interface of ionic liquids and the vacuum is an ideal system to test new ideas and concepts on the interfacial chemistry of electrolyte systems in the limit of no solvent medium. Whilst electrolyte systems have numerous theoretical and experimental methods used to investigate their properties, the ionic liquids are relatively new and our understanding of the interfacial properties is just beginning to be explored. In this critical review, the gas–liquid interface is reviewed, as this interface does not depend on the preparation of another medium and thus produces a natural interface. The interface has been investigated by sum frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy and ultra-high vacuum techniques. The results provide a detailed molecular-level view of the surface composition and structure. These have been complemented by theoretical studies. The combinations of treatments on this interface are starting to provide a somewhat convergent description of how the ions are organized at this neat interface (108 references).
The direct access search system

The development of mechanized information retrieval systems has been rapid. Successful operating systems have been established and new ones are being set up almost every day. Techniques not practical with manual systems have been developed, notably in the searching of deep indexes.
Indium-mediated Barbier-type allylation of aldehydes as a convenient method for the highly enantioselective synthesis of homoallylic alcohols

Abstract We report a general method for the indium-mediated Barbier-type enantioselective allylation of both aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes using commercially available (1 S ,2 R )-(+)-2-amino-1,2-diphenylethanol as a chiral auxiliary. Using only two equivalents of allyl bromide, excellent yields and very good to excellent enantioselectivities are obtained. To our knowledge, the enantioselectivities reported herein are the highest obtained for indium-promoted allylations of carbonyl compounds.
Automatic classification of active sonar data using time-frequency transforms

Automatic classification of active sonar signals using the Wigner-Ville transform (WVT), the wavelet transform (WT) and the scalogram is addressed. Features are extracted by integrating over regions in the time-frequency (TF) distribution, and are classified by a decision tree. Experimental results show classification and detection rates of up to 92% at -4 dB of SNR. The WT outperforms the WVT and the scalogram, particularly at high noise levels. This can be partially attributed to the absence of cross terms in the WT. >
Regioselectivity of the borylation of alkanes and arenes

The borylation of alkanes and arenes has become some of the most practical C–H bond functionalization chemistry. Most striking is the high regioselectivity of these reactions. Rhodium and ruthenium complexes catalyze with exquisite selectivity the borylation of methyl C–H bonds over methylene or methine C–H bonds. Iridium complexes catalyze, with high steric control, the borylation of one aromatic C–H bond over another. In contrast, iridium-catalyzed borylation of heteroaromatic C–H bonds is more controlled by electronic effects. Detailed information on these selectivities and mechanistic information on the origins of this regioselectivity will be described in this critical review (95 references).
Circuit Analysis and Simulation Programs -An Overview-

The paper is intended to be a tutorial-like description of the development of electrical circuit analysis programs used for analyzing digital and analog circuits. The anatomy of circuit simulator programs, analysis formulation techniques, and solution procedures will be addressed. A few of the features, capabilities, and limitations of several of the more widely used current programs will also be covered.
Formation of the lunar atmosphere

Measurements of Ar-40 and helium made by the Apollo 17 lunar surface mass-spectrometer are used in the synthesis of atmospheric supply and loss mechanisms. The argon data indicate that about 8% of the Ar-40 produced in the moon due to decay of K-40 is released into the atmosphere and subsequently lost. Variability of the atmospheric abundance of argon requires that the source be localized, probably in an unfractionated, partially molten core. If so, the radiogenic helium released with the argon amounts to 10% of the atmospheric helium supply. The total rate of helium escape from the moon accounts for only 60% of the solar wind particle influx. This seems to require a nonthermal escape mechanism for trapped solar-wind gases, probably involving weathering of exposed soil-grain surfaces by solar-wind protons.
Management commitments that maximize business impact from IT

A long-standing question for both IT research and management practice has been: how can IT be used in organizations to increase firm performance? IT researchers have provided many candidate capabilities that impact business and financial performance, including enterprise architecture, IT governance, IT metrics, top management engagement, IT-business alignment, and business and IT unit capabilities. However, based on a series of case studies, we propose that a limited number of enterprise commitments are key to maximizing business value from IT. We demonstrate, via a survey of 221 respondents in publicly traded firms, that these commitments are positively correlated to Business Impact from IT, which in turn correlates with higher financial performance.
The design, testing and implementation of Virginia's NOx allowance auction

We report on the design and testing of three auction mechanisms to maximize revenue and efficiency in the sale of two vintages of nitrous oxide emission allowances by the Commonwealth of Virginia in 2004. The three mechanisms considered were a combinatorial sealed bid (CSB) auction, a sequential English clock (SEC) auction, and a combinatorial English clock (CEC) auction. We find the SEC and CEC mechanisms to be superior the CSB when demand is relatively elastic. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Probing radiative recombination in semiconductor nanocrystals with cavity QED

Summary form only given. The physical nature of photoluminescence (PL) from semiconductor nanocrystals has been a subject of considerable debate. Earlier studies using organically-capped nanocrystals have shown that the PL arises primarily from dark excitonic states with a radiative lifetime of order microseconds. Recent advances in developing inorganically-capped nanocrystals have led to much improved quantum efficiency and thus prompted the need to reexamine radiative processes in these core/shell nanocrystals. Time-resolved PL of typical core/shell nanocrystals, however, is characterized by complex multi-exponential decays. It has been difficult to extract information on radiative processes from these measurements. We report studies of radiative recombination in core/shell nanocrystals using an experimental approach based on cavity QED and the fact that only radiative processes are affected by modifications in vacuum fluctuations. We single out radiative processes from the complex decay dynamics in time resolved PL by embedding nanocrystals in an optical microresonator and by comparing time-resolved PL obtained at energies resonant or off-resonant with relevant resonator modes. An estimated radiative lifetime of order l0 ns is obtained, indicating that a significant part of the PL arises from dipole-allowed radiative recombination in nanocrystals. Core/shell CdSe/ZnS nanocrystals with a diameter near 5 nm are fabricated by using high temperature organometallic synthesis.
Impact of proton beam availability on patient treatment schedule in radiation oncology

Proton beam therapy offers unique physical properties with potential for reduced toxicity and better patient care. There is an increased interest in radiation oncology centers to acquire proton therapy capabilities. The operation of a proton treatment center is quite different than a photon-based clinic because of the more complex technology involved, as well as the single proton beam source serving multiple treatment rooms with no backup source available. There is limited published data which investigates metrics that can be used to determine the performance of a proton facility. The purpose of this study is to evaluate performance metrics of Indiana University Cyclotron Operations (IUCO), including availability, mean time between failures, and mean time to repair, and to determine how changes in these metrics impact patient treatments. We utilized a computerized maintenance management system to log all downtime occurrences and servicing operations for the facility. These data were then used to calculate the availability as well as the mean time between failures and mean time to repair. Impact on patient treatments was determined by analyzing delayed and missed treatments, which were recorded in an electronic medical record and database maintained by the therapists. The availability of the IUCO proton beam has been increasing since beginning of operation in 2003 and averaged 96.9% for 2009 through 2011. The mean time between failures and mean time to repair were also determined and correlated with improvements in the maintenance and operating procedures of the facility, as well as environmental factors. It was found that events less than 15 minutes in duration have minimal impact on treatment delays, while events lasting longer than one hour may result in missed treatments. The availability of the proton beam was more closely correlated with delayed than with missed treatments, demonstrating the utility and limitations of the availability metric. In conclusion, we suggest that the availability metric and other performance parameters, such as the mean time between failures and the mean time to repair, should be used in combination with downtime impact on patient treatments in order to adequately evaluate the operational success of a proton therapy facility.
Tilting Wing Overspeed Control for Vertical Axis Wind Turbines

Nomenclature b span of rotor blade / = centrifugal force on blade g = acceleration of gravity / = moment of inertia of rotor blade in tilt k = torsion spring constant M = mass of blade N = turbine rpm Nj= tilt start feathering rpm R wind turbine radius Rj = radius defined in Fig. 1 r blade spanwise distance measured from tilt hinge T = tilt torque on blade Tj = tilt torque on blade at start of feathering Ts — tilt counter torque due to torsion spring T = tilt counter torque at start of feathering T0 reference torque equal the product: R •/ W weight of blade y = distance tilt hinge is away from middle blade 7 = tilt angle measured from vertical 7, = initial tilt angle due to tilt stop y0 = no-load torsion spring tilt angle p mass density of blade per unit span = angle defined in Fig. 1 co = angular velocity of wind turbine
Computer education at Orange Coast College: problems and programs in the fourth phase

The business and industrial growth that has been associated with Orange County (California) speaks for itself. New and relocating firms representing the entire spectrum of technologies are moving into the cities of Costa Mesa and Newport Beach daily. The Coast Community College District, and especially the staff of the Business Division of Orange Coast College have continually developed educational programs to support this environment.
Seiberg-Witten invariants, orbifolds, and circle actions

The main result of this paper is a formula for calculating the Seiberg-Witten invariants of 4-manifolds with fixed-point-free circle actions. This is done by showing under suitable conditions the existence of a diffeomorphism between the moduli space of the 4-manifold and the moduli space of the quotient 3-orbifold. Two corollaries include the fact that b + >1 4-manifolds with fixed-point-free circle actions are simple type and a new proof of the equality SW Y 3 × S 1 = SW Y 3. An infinite number of 4-manifolds with b + = 1 whose Seiberg-Witten invariants are still diffeomorphism invariants is constructed and studied.
Phenserine and ring C hetero‐analogues: Drug candidates for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease

I . Historical Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11. Target of Physostigmine an oids: Cholinesterase Enzymes . . . . . . . . A. Localization and Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B. Structure of AChE and BChE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. Mechanism of Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111. Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationships of Calabar A IV. Pharmacology and Clinical Use of Physostigmine A. Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B. Physostigmine in the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. Preclinical and Clinical Pharmacology of Heptastigmine and Alkylcarbamates V. Phenserine, Tolserine, and Cymserine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. Phenserine* . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B. Tolserinet and Cymserine* . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. Biological Properties of Phenylcarbamates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Masers for the Telstar satellite communications experiment

This paper discusses the design and characteristics of ruby traveling-wave masers operating at 4 gc. These masers, characterized by an average gain of ≈35 db over a bandwidth of 25 mc, are equipped with waveguide input transmission lines, rather than the previously employed coaxial cables. This change results in an over-all noise temperature of 3.5°K for these devices, rather than the 10°K exhibited by earlier masers. The maser noise temperature now closely approximates sky temperatures, which set the ultimate limit on earthbound receiver sensitivity. The improvements to be had by further reduction in amplifier noise are therefore almost negligible. A less well known maser property, i.e., its freedom from distortion, even when driven well into gain saturation, is discussed
Military Aircraft Noise

Opportunities to reduce military aircraft noise without inhibiting mission capability are considered. Emphasis is placed on the need for a comprehensive military aircraft noise abatement program involving compatible land use in the vicinity of military airports, operational constraints, and procedures to reduce noise impact and source noise reduction. The military to civil transfer of aircraft and engine technology is discussed together with the effect of increasing civil noise constraints on this evolutionary practice. Research and development activities to reduce military aircraft noise at the source are highlighted and plans to incorporate noise reduction technology early in the development cycle of military engines are outlined. Recommended noise goals for military aircraft are presented.
Improved Constraints on the Acceleration History of the Universe and the Properties of the Dark Energy

We extend and apply a model-independent analysis method developed earlier by Daly & Djorgovski to new supernova, radio galaxy, and galaxy cluster samples to study the acceleration history of the universe and the properties of the dark energy. There is good agreement between results obtained with radio galaxies and supernovae, suggesting that both distance indicators are reliable. The deceleration parameter q(z) is obtained assuming only the validity of the FRW metric, allowing for a range of values of space curvature, and independent of a gravity theory and the physical nature of the contents of the universe. We show that q_0 is independent of space curvature, and obtain q_0 = − 0.48 ± 0.11. The transition redshift when q0 = 0 is z_T = 0.78(^+0.08)_(−0.27) for zero space curvature, and has a weak dependence on space curvature. We find good agreement between model-independent quantities and those predicted by general relativity, indicating that GR provides a good description of the data over look-back times of ten billion years.
Reduced Mobility and PPC in In .20 Ga .80 As/Al .23 Ga .77 as Hemt Structure

Transport properties of a pseudomorphic In .20Ga.80As/Al.23Ga.77As HEMT structure have been measured by Hall and SdH techniques. Two samples of identical structures but different doping levels were compared. Low temperature mobility measurements as a function of concentration shows a sharp peak at a Hall concentration of 1.9.1012/cm2. This concentration coincides with the onset of second subband occupancy, indicating that the decrease in mobility is due to intersubband scattering. In spite of the low Al content (23%) large PPC was observed in the highly doped sample only, showing a direct correlation between the PPC and doping concentration of the barrier layer.