cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Microwave spectrum, conformation, and quadrupole coupling constants of cyclopentyl chloride

Abstract The microwave spectra of the normal and two isotopic species of cyclopentyl chloride have been observed and analyzed. For the normal isotopic species the rotational constants (in MHz) are A = 4547.77 ± 0.01, B = 2290.22 ± 0.01, and C = 2073.34 ± 0.01. From the rotational constant data, it has been shown that the stable molecular conformation is the bent axial form. Quadrupole coupling constants have been measured for the 35 Cl nucleus, the values being (in MHz) χ aa = −23.70 ± 0.10, χ bb = 32.33 ± 0.36, and χ cc = −8.63 ± 0.37. When transformed to the CCl bond axis system, the coupling constants confirm the axial structure. Extensive vibrational satellite structure, presumably arising from the pseudorotational ring mode with a fundamental frequency of 52 ± 5 cm −1 , has been observed and assigned. No spectral evidence has been observed for a second stable molecular conformer.
CRT-112 “Very” Very Late Stent Thrombosis: Acute Myocardial Infarction From Drug Eluting Stent Thrombosis Occurring Greater Than 5 Years Post-Implantation

A serious long-term complication of drug-eluting stents (DES) is the occurrence of very late stent thrombosis (VLST) beyond one year after implantation. While VLST has been observed at least 3 to 5 years following the initial procedure, it remains unknown whether DES thrombosis is a finite
Child sexual abuse prevention training for childcare professionals: an independent multi-site randomized controlled trial of Stewards of Children.

Given the significant rates and deleterious consequences of childhood sexual abuse (CSA), identifying effective primary prevention approaches is a clear priority. There is a growing awareness that childcare professionals (e.g., teachers, childcare personnel, clergy) are in a unique position to engage in prevention efforts due to high accessibility to children and expertise in child development. However, CSA prevention programs targeting childcare professionals have received insufficient attention. The goal of this study was to conduct an independent multi-site controlled evaluation of an existing CSA prevention program, Stewards of Children, offered through both in-person and web-based formats. This study included 352 childcare professionals recruited from children’s advocacy centers across three states. Participants were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: (1) in-person training, (2) web-based training, or (3) waitlist control. Dependent variables included CSA knowledge, CSA attitudes, and self-reported CSA preventive behaviors. Results indicated that Stewards impacted knowledge, attitudes, and preventive behaviors. No differences were found between training modalities (i.e., in-person versus web-based) on knowledge and preventive behaviors. Results indicate that brief trainings for childcare professionals may impact CSA prevention efforts.
Deconstructing helicoplacoids: reinterpreting the most enigmatic Cambrian echinoderms

Helicoplacoids, the most enigmatic group of Early Cambrian echinoderms, have a spirally plated, inverted pear- to spindle-shaped theca with numerous interambulacral pleats and a long triradiate ambulacrum. They occur in western Laurentia along with the earliest edrioasteroids and epispire-bearing eocrinoids(?), but unlike these other groups, helicoplacoids do not show pentameral symmetry around a centrally located, upward-facing mouth. It is uncertain where the major body openings were located in helicoplacoids, where new plates were added during thecal growth, and whether helicoplacoids were primitive, pre-pentameral, stem-group echinoderms or derived, relatively specialized forms that had lost several ambulacra. We made highly modified, side-layout, plating diagrams of different helicoplacoid species by cutting the theca apart half-way between the spiraling ambulacra, leaving four to six interambulacral pleats on each side. This deconstructed thecal strip resulted in an elongate sigmoid-shaped plating diagram with a long central single or paired ambulacrum that is interpreted as three ambulacral branches (A down, C and D up) around a central mouth on the side of the theca. The unrolled plating diagram resembles an elongate French curve drawing template with nearly parallel sides, a large or small sigmoidal top (where the theca is rounded and the interambulacral pleats converge), and an open deviated bottom, where the interambulacral pleats turn down to a truncated conical base. The two upward-extending ambulacra are only one to two interambulacral pleats apart, which only slightly increases the plating strip width. New interambulacral plates are added at the summit and base, and interambulacral pleats rarely branch elsewhere. New floor and cover plates are added at the top and bottom distal ambulacral tips. If this plating model is correct, the anus (which has still not been identified) should be located near the thecal summit where the C and D ambulacra end, and all imperforate extraxial plating has apparently been lost from the theca. If upright, spirally pleated helicoplacoids with three ambulacra were derived from attached, domal or pyrgate, pentameral edrioasteroids, numerous changes must have occurred in the thecal shape, number of ambulacra, and interambulacral areas. These changes either occurred gradually in a sequence, or a single major change (spiralled body form?) caused all the others to rapidly follow. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multiparameter flow cytometry for the diagnosis and monitoring of small GPI-deficient cellular populations.

Background: Glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol (GPI)-negative blood cells are diagnostic for Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria (PNH). Marrow failure states are often associated with GPI-negative cell populations. Quantification of small clonal populations of GPI-negative cells influences clinical decisions to administer immunosuppressive therapy in marrow failure states (aplastic anemia or myelodysplastic syndrome) and to monitor minimal residual disease after allogeneic blood or marrow transplantation (BMT). We studied the reliability of high-resolution flow cytometry markers operating at the limits of detection. Methods: We performed serial quantification of the PNH clone size in 38 samples using multiparameter flow cytometry. Granulocytes, monocytes, and RBCs were gated using forward and side scatter as well as lineage-specific markers. The GPI-linked markers fluorescent aerolysin (FLAER), CD55, and CD59 were comparatively evaluated. We also evaluated CD16 on granulocytes and CD14 on monocytes. The sensitivity of detection by each marker was further defined by serial dilution experiments on a flow-sorted sample. Two patients had quantification of their GPI-negative clones before and after allogeneic BMT. Results: FLAER was the most discriminant marker and allowed identification of 0.1% of GPI-negative cells despite other markers having superior signal-to-noise characteristics. CD14 and CD16 were inferior to CD55 at lower concentrations and in clinical application. Conclusions: Multiparameter flow cytometry permits quantification of small GPI-negative clones with a sensitivity limit of about 0.1%. The single most reliable marker to monitor small granulocyte or monocyte PNH clones is FLAER, especially in conditions such as myelodysplastic syndromes or BMT, when traditional GPI-linked surface marker expression can be significantly altered. © 2010 International Clinical Cytometry Society
Effects of Exercise on the Prevention and Treatment of Depression

Abstract Neither psychotherapy nor psychotropic mediation have been shown to reduce the risk of becoming depressed. Because of the many personal and social costs of depression, interventions that successfully prevent and treat depressive disorders must be part and parcel of a psychotherapist's treatment regime. In this article the researched effects of physical exercise on reducing depression are detailed for the reader. The authors make an oft-neglected suggestion that mental health professionals training should include knowledge regarding the rewards and determinants of physical activity, especially in relation to treating depression.
Nonparametric estimation in nonlinear mixed effects models

SUMMARY A nonparametric approach is developed herein to estimate parameters in nonlinear mixed effects models. Asymptotic properties of the nonparametric maximum likelihood estimators and associated computational algorithms are provided. Empirical Bayes estimators of functionals of the random effects are also developed. Applications to population pharmacokinetics are given.
Cooling orbital frontal cortex disrupts matching-to-sample and visual discrimination learning in monkeys

Matching-to-sample and visual discrimination performance was examined during cooling of the, orbital cortex in monkeys. Cooling produced severe deficits in simultaneous match-to-sample and delayed match-to-sample performance across all delays, 0–60 sec, and resulted in substantial difficulties in learning visual discriminations. Retention of discriminations learned during cooling of the orbital cortex was unaffected when tested under cooling or noncooling conditions. Discriminations learned prior to cooling were also not affected by orbital cooling. These results suggest that the orbital cortex is important in visual learning but not in retention, and are similar to findings on these tasks with anterior temporal lobe cooling.
Behavior of platinum crystallites on carbon substrates

Abstract A model catalyst suitable for examination in the transmission electron micrsocope is used to study the sintering of platinum crystallites. The model catalyst consists of a carbon film upon which metal crystallites have been deposited. The samples are subjected to heating at various temperatures for various times. Following the same region or different regions of a specimen before and after each heat treatment, it is shown that Pt crystallites as large as 20 nm in size migrate upon the substrate surface and sinter to form large crystallites. The chemical atmosphere, in particular O2 or water vapor, strongly affects the migration even at very low pressures. Pt crystallites react with oxygen or water vapor at 500°C to form platinum oxide. Its presence is identified by electron diffraction and dark field election microscopy.
Transgenic mouse mammary tumor virus superantigen expression prevents viral infection.

Abstract Endogenous mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) proviruses have recently been shown to cosegregate genetically with the minor lymphocyte-stimulating loci, also termed self-superantigens. The antigenic activity has been localized to the open reading frame (ORF) protein encoded in the long terminal repeat of MMTV. We show here that unlike their nontransgenic littermates, transgenic mice expressing high levels of an ORF protein derived from the C3H exogenous MMTV specifically delete their Vβ14 + T cells and do not become infected with this virus when it is present in their mother's milk. Thus, it appears that MMTV utilizes cells of the immune system in its infection pathway, and mice that retain endogenous MMTVs should be immune to infection by exogenous virus. These results offer possible new approaches to anti-viral therapy or immunization.
Effects of dizocilpine (MK-801) on motor activity and memory

The effects of MK-801 upon motor activity and memory were assessed in a novel use of open-field behavior testing. In this study, rats were treated with different doses of MK-801 (0.025, 0.05, 0.1 and 0.2 mg/kg) and given a brief 10-min exposure to an open-field in which locomotor activity and within-session habituation were measured. Doses of MK-801 ≤0.1 mg/kg had no effect upon locomotor activity or within-session habituation. MK-801 0.2 mg/kg produced a marked hyperlocomotion and completely prevented within-session habituation. One day later, the animals were tested for their retention of habituation to evaluate the effects of MK-801 on memory processes. In that animals treated with 0.2 mg/kg MK-801 failed to habituate to the novel environment under the influence of 0.2 mg/kg MK-801, it was not surprising that these animals were impaired on the retention test for the novel environment. Importantly, however, the 0.1 mg/kg MK-801 treatment, which did not affect locomotor activity or within-session habitation to the novel environment, severely interfered with retention of the novel environment. Additional experiments indicated that this result could not be accounted for by drug conditioning or drug state-dependent effects. Thus, the results indicated that MK-801 can produce profound effects upon motor activity and memory and that these two effects can be disassociated.
Challenge of rehospitalizations for heart failure: Potential of natriuretic doses of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists

There are N1 million hospitalizations for heart failure (HF) each year in the United States. During the 60 to 90 days postdischarge for HF, readmission rates are approximately 30%. Taken together, recurrent hospitalizations account for N75% of the US $46 billion in annual HF expenditures. Three fourths of hospitalizations are in patients with exacerbations of previously diagnosed HF. Prospective randomized studies in patients with severe HF have shown improved survival by blocking the mineralocorticoid receptor, primarily with nonnatriuretic doses of spironolactone (RALES). Nevertheless, the results of treating patients hospitalized for HF are still disappointing. According to the results of the Acute Decompensated Heart Failure Registry in hospitalized patients, at least 50% of these patients are discharged with continued symptoms. Despite treatment with intravenous loop diuretics in 90% of these patients, 33% are discharged with≤5 lb of weight loss; and 16% are actually discharged with an increase in body weight. Thirty percent of these patients were considered to be resistant to diuretic therapy. Moreover, loop diuretics block sodium chloride entry into the macula densa, which causes further stimulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). Because angiotensin and aldosterone have both been shown to contribute to cardiac fibrosis and remodeling, this may be a negative component to loop diuretics therapy in HF patients. However, 84% of the patients are admitted with dyspnea, 67% with rales, and 66% with peripheral edema. Moreover, these physical findings predict 1-year cardiovascular rehospitalization and mortality; and currently, loop diuretics are the therapy of choice for these symptoms. There is, therefore, a need for additional approaches to treat congestive HF, a problem that will no doubt increase with the aging of the population. Gheorghiade et al have suggested that early intervention should be undertaken in these patients. Hemodynamic congestion, defined as a high left ventricular filling pressure, generally precedes clinical congestion that then leads to hospitalization for HF. Whether earlier diuretic intervention in patients with
Customized Message Passing

Replacing traditional operating systems communication implementations with customized implementations increases the performance of parallel and distributed applications. This paper describes the design and implementation of customizable message passing systems. The customized message passing systems are generated using application-specific information such as the profile of an application's communication pattern. FFT, Simplex, and Cholesky are used as example parallel applications. The message passing system has also been customized for different types of distributed system services including a distributed scheduling facility. The customized message passing system likewise improves the performance of these facilities and enhances their scalability. As a practical concern, as there are a large number of possible optimizations, object-oriented frameworks are employed to organize the implementations and to facilitate the choice of optimizations.
Toward the development of an adolescent gambling problem severity scale

The development and initial psychometric properties of an adolescent gambling problem severity measure are described. The scale, based on a revision of the South Oaks Gambling Screen (Lesieur & Blume, 1987), was administered to 1,101 older (ages 15 to 18) Minnesota adolescents as part of a state-wide gambling survey. Study results indicated that the scale had moderate internal consistency reliability and was significantly related to alternate measures of problem severity for male subjects. Because the rate and severity of gambling among females was very low, the psychometric adequacy of the scale for females is not known at this time. The implications of study findings to the conceptual understanding of adolescent gambling problem severity as well as study limitations and future research needs, are discussed.
Isolation and Amino Acid Composition of Para-Kappa-Casein

Abstract One major and two minor para-κ -casein components were isolated after rennin treatment from each of two genetic variants of κ -casein (A and B) by carboxy-methyl cellulose chromatography. Homocitrullin was present only in the minor components, while the major component was richer in lysine. The minor components were not present in para-κ -casein preparations not treated with urea. These findings indicate that the minor para-κ -casein components are produced by carbamylation of lysine with the cyanate formed in the urea solution. The homocitrullin-free para-κ -caseins A and B were identical as judged by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and amino acid analysis. Each contained 108 amino acid residues (molecular weight of about 13,000), and no phosphorus or sialic acid.
Effect of bacterial cultures on microbial toxicity assessment.

For a long period of time, soil and aquatic environments have been taken for granted as a depository for industrial and domestic wastes. In the United States alone, more than 280 million metric tons of wastes are estimated to be annually disposed of into ponds, lagoons and landfills ( Bauer et al. 1981 ). Due to inadequate planning and poor management, many of the toxic chemicals such as mirex and chlorobenzenes from these wastes have found their ways into rivers, lakes and groundwater ( Kaiser 1978; Oliver and Nicol 1982 ). To safeguard the public health, there is a need to establish criteria for identifying toxic substances in the total ecosystem and in determining their levels of toxicity. Due to the vast number of existing and newly introduced chemicals, the nu/nber of toxicity assessments required is increasing at a faster rate
The influence of information technology on patient-physician relationships

Interpersonal relationships and information are intertwined as essential cornerstones of health care. Although information technology (IT) has done much to advance medicine, we are not even close to realizing its full potential. Indeed, issues related to mismanaging health information often undermine relationship-centered care. Information technology must be implemented in ways that preserve and uplift relationships in care, while accommodating major deficiencies in managing information and making medical decisions. Increased collaboration between experts in IT and relationship-centered care is needed, along with inclusion of relationship-based measures in informatics research.
Correlation of intraurethral ultrasonography and needle electromyography of the urethra.

Abstract Objective: To correlate structural intraurethral ultrasound findings with needle electromyography of striated urethral sphincters in young continent nulliparas. Methods: Twenty-three nulliparas, each less than 35 years old and without pelvic floor disorders, were recruited at Methodist Hospital in Indianapolis, Indiana, and the University of Louisville in Louisville, Kentucky. Each had concentric needle electromyography of their urethra to localize their striated urethral sphincter. Intraurethral ultrasound was used to identify the needle tip and layer in which it was found, examine the sonographic appearance of periurethral anatomy, and measure the thickness of hypoechoic and outer hyperechoic layers. Results: Three layers were seen on intraurethral ultrasound: a mildly hyperechoic inner layer, a hypoechoic middle layer, and a hyperechoic outer layer. The concentric needle tip was seen in all subjects and showed motor unit action potentials when located in the outer hyperechoic layer. The mean thickness of the hypoechoic layer was 2.5 mm, and the mean thickness of the outer hyperechoic layer was 2.6 mm. Conclusion: Motor unit action potentials showed that striated muscle was present in the outer hyperechoic layer on intraurethral ultrasound, implying that it contains the striated urethral sphincter.
Posthatch Incubation Time and Early Growth of Broiler Chickens

Fertile eggs from broiler breeder hens were hatched to evaluate the effects of time of hatch and time held in the incubator posthatch on subsequent chick weights to 4 weeks of age. All chicks suitable for removal at 486, 492, 498, 504, 510, 516, and 522 hr of incubation in Trial 1 were weighed at their respective hatch times. One-half of each group remained in the incubator until 522 hr and the rest were placed in brooding pens at the initial weighing time, with water provided immediately and feed 6 hr later. The earlier the chicks hatched, the greater was the weight loss when held in the incubator to 522 hr (over 10% loss for those hatched at 486 and 492 hr). Males removed at hatch times of 486, 492, 498, and 504 hr were significantly heavier to 4 weeks of age than were their hatch mates held to 522 hr. A similar but less pronounced response was noted for females. Time on feed did not account for the total differences noted. Earlier hatching female chicks in Trial 1 were heavier at the time of hatch. They tended to maintain this weight advantage to 4 weeks of age when not held, but lost it when left in the incubator for the total hatching period. This effect was less pronounced for males. Trial 2 eggs were obtained from a different breeding source that had a larger egg size. Resulting chick weights were a higher percentage of initial egg weight than those in Trial 1. With hatch times of 492, 500, 508, and 516 hr, the trend was similar to that in Trial 1 but much less pronounced.
Pressure induced triploidy in hybrid Lepomis.

Worldwide expansion of aquaculture will require identification of species more adapted to localized conditions and less likely to affect genetic diversity of natural populations in the event of escape. Hybrids of Lepomis sunfish have the potential as an alternative for aquaculture in regions of North America where the growing season is unsuitable for production of traditional coldwater and warm-water species. Triploidy was induced in hybrids of green sunfish Lepomis cyanellus males and bluegill L. macrochirus females using hydrostatic pressure shocks. A total of 27 combinations of pressure (41,369, 48,264, and 55,158 kPa), duration (2, 3, 4 min), and post-fertilization time of shock initiation (2, 3, 4 min) were tested to identify those which were most efficient for inducing triploidy. Several of the shock regimes produced 100% triploid hybrid sunfish with at least 90% survival relative to unshocked controls. The two shock treatments deemed best overall were: 1) 48,264 kPa for 4 min begun 2 min after fertilization; and 2) 41,369 kPa for 2 min begun 3 min after fertilization.
Ibuprofen therapy and nasal polyposis in cystic fibrosis patients

Objectif: Evaluer l'effet de l'ibuprofene sur la polypose nasale d'enfant avec une maladie pulmonaire associee a la fibrose kystique. Devis: Serie de cas retrospective. Variable principale: Presence ou absence de polypes nasaux. Resultats: Parmi 235 patients avec une fibrose kystique, nous avons identifie 22 patients ayant suivi une therapie avec de hautes doses d'ibuprofene pour ameliorer leur fonction pulmonaire. Dix-neuf avaient une maladie naso-sinusienne dont 12 presentaient une polypose nasale. Nous avons observe chez ces 12 patients une disparition au moins temporaire des polypes durant leur traitement a l'ibuprofene. Les polypes etaient presents chez cinq de ces patients durant le traitement et sont tous disparus avec une augmentation des doses. Apres l'arret du traitement, les polypes sont reapparus chez 6 des 8 patients. Cinq des 12 patients ont eventuellement eu besoin d'une chirurgie endoscopique pour leurs polypes. Conclusion: Un traitement chronique d'ibuprofene a haute dose (basee sur le poids) est une option therapeutique possible pour les jeunes adultes avec une polypose associee a la fibrose kystique. D'autres etudes sont indiquees.
Suffocation and respiratory responses to carbon dioxide and breath holding challenges in individuals with panic disorder.

Abstract Objective Findings showing that individuals with panic disorder (PD) are prone to experience panic attacks when inhaling CO 2 -enriched air have given rise to the hypothesis that physiological systems underlying the experience of suffocation may be important in the etiology of PD. In this study, we tested several predictions stemming from this view. Methods Forty individuals with PD and 32 controls underwent both a breath-holding challenge and a CO 2 rebreathing challenge. A wide array of physiological and psychological responses, including continuous measurements of subjective suffocation, was recorded. Results Individuals with PD experienced elevated physiological reactivity to both challenges and greater levels of suffocation sensations during the rebreathing challenge. Furthermore, PD individuals who experienced a panic attack in response to the rebreathing challenge exhibited faster but shallower breathing during the challenge than did other PD individuals. Conclusion Findings are consistent with theories linking PD to hypersensitive brain systems underlying the experience of suffocation. The possibility that subjective suffocation was in part mediated by peripheral interoceptive disturbances (vs. brainstem dysregulation) is discussed.
Mirages, magnification, and the refractive propagation factor

An accurate model for propagation of infrared energy within the marine atmospheric surface layer remains an elusive goal. Within the first tens of meters of elevation above the sea surface there are substantial vertical gradients of mass and temperature. This has a strong effect on the prediction of extinction of the infrared signal. There exist models to enable the computation of the effects generated by these factors, but often these models contribute only extinction factors. The refractive propagation factor is proposed as a critical component of an accurate transmission model within the marine surface layer. The propagation factor is a multiplicative quantity that is derived entirely from the local refractive field and the geometry of the entire transmission system. A ray-trace model is used to compute the refractive magnification or minification. The ray-trace model also elucidates the importance of mirage images to account for all energy received at the sensor. I will present a comparison of the model with field data that contain episodes of anomalously large signal intensities. The core thesis of this paper is that the necessary final component in a complete model for near-sea-surface infrared transmission is the propagation factor induced by refractive effects.
Relationships between immunoreactive estrone and estradiol in milk, blood, and urine of dairy cows

Quantities of immunoreactive estrone and estradiol in blood plasma, urine, and milk were measured during the estrous cycle and pregnancy of cows. The objectives were to develop a radioimmunoassay procedure for quantifying estrogen in milk and urine and to compare changes in milk estrogen with those in blood plasma and urine. Concentrations of estrone and estradiol in milk varied during the estrous cycle. Relative concentrations of estradiol in blood plasma and milk were not different, but average estrone concentrations in milk were four times greater than those in blood plasma. Concentration of total estrogen (estradiol plus estrone) exceeded 1 ng/ml in colostrum and milk from cows milked prepartum, and was correlated with total estrogen in blood plasma and urine before and after calving. Blood plasma estrone was correlated only with milk estrone whereas blood plasma estradiol was correlated with urinary estradiol, milk estrone, and milk estradiol during the estrous cycle. These results raise possibilities that mammary gland of the lactating cow may concentrate preferentially estrone or convert estradiol to estrone. However, estimated excretion of estrogen through the milk represents no more than a fraction of 1% of the total excreted during the estrous cycle, and the proportion becomes less as gestation progresses up to at least 7 mo.
Organic coprecipitates with calcite: NMR spectroscopic evidence.

Dissolved organic ligands are well known to interact strongly with the calcite surface, altering precipitation and dissolution rates, crystal morphology, and possibly the ability of calcite to sequester metal contaminants. We show, using NMR spectroscopic techniques, that some of the citrate molecules present in a solution of precipitating calcite are incorporated structurally into the calcite crystal. Calcite grown by a seeded constant-addition method contains approximately 1 wt % coprecipitated citrate and yields 13 C{ 1 H} cross-polarization magic-angle spinning NMR spectra that contain broad peaks for citrate plus a signal from carbonate. Results from 13 C{ 1 H} heteronuclear correlation NMR experiments show that citrate is located in close spatial proximity to carbonate groups. In addition, calcite/citrate coprecipitates contain about 0.4 wt % excess water, which is not present as fluid inclusions, and some of which occurs as rigid structural water. These results suggest that water and hydrogen-bonding interactions play a role in the interface between included organic molecules and the calcite host. Additional NMR data obtained for calcite coprecipitates of aspartic and glutamic acids suggest they are also incorporated structurally but at concentrations much lower than for citrate, whereas no evidence was found for phthalate incorporation.
Hemodynamic nonlinearities affect BOLD fMRI response timing and amplitude

Abstract The interpretation of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies based on blood oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) contrast generally relies on the assumption of a linear relationship between evoked neuronal activity and fMRI response. While nonlinearities in this relationship have been suggested by a number of studies, it remains unclear to what extent they relate to the neurovascular response and are therefore inherent to BOLD fMRI. Full characterization of potential vascular nonlinearities is required for accurate inferences about the neuronal system under study. To investigate the extent of vascular nonlinearities, evoked activity was studied in humans with BOLD fMRI (n = 28) and magnetoencephalography (MEG) (n = 5). Brief (600–800 ms) rapidly repeated (1 Hz) visual stimuli were delivered using a stimulation paradigm that minimized neuronal nonlinearities. Nevertheless, BOLD fMRI experiments showed substantial remaining nonlinearities. The smallest stimulus separation (200–400 ms) resulted in significant response broadening (15–20% amplitude decrease; 10–12% latency increase; 6–14% duration increase) with respect to a linear prediction. The substantial slowing and widening of the response in the presence of preceding stimuli suggest a vascular rather than neuronal origin to the observed nonlinearity. This was confirmed by the MEG data, which showed no significant neuro-electric nonlinear interactions between stimuli as little as 200 ms apart. The presence of substantial vascular nonlinearities has important implications for rapid event-related studies by fMRI and other imaging modalities that infer neuronal activity from hemodynamic parameters.
In vivo and in vitro nuclear conditions in the hyphae of Fusarium solani and Aspergillus flavus.

Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium solani are opportunistic agents of mycoses in immunosuppressed patients. While species of both genera can be readily identified in culture, they are indistinguishabl...
Corrosion fatigue crack growth of steels in aqueous solutions II: Modeling the effects of ΔK

Abstract The objective was to model the effect of the stress intensity factor range ΔK on the enhancement of the crack growth rate (ECGR) for medium to high strength steels in aqueous environments. Experimental results demonstrated that ΔK affected both the magnitude and time response of the ECGR. Tests on an HY-130 steel in de-aerated 3.5% NaCl solution showed that the magnitude of the ECGR ∝ Kmax3 and that the time response of the ECGR ∝ ΔK−2.3. A model for the ECGR, as a function of Kmax and saturation charge transfer level, was developed using the heuristic modeling framework developed in Part I of this paper (J. P. Thomas and R. P. Wei, Mater. Sci. Eng., A159 (1992) 205–221) and a stress-assisted diffusion model taken from the literature. The model accounted for K in terms of its effect on the hydrogen distribution in the crack tip region and its effect on the surface reaction kinetics.
The resolution of nucleic acid-ligand binding sites by CD first-neighbor analysis.

The first-neighbor approximation for representation of double-stranded polynucleotide CD has been used to determine which first-neighbor units are favorable binding sites for a ligand. Here, we refine the process to yield a more definitive answer. The binding at the first-neighbor units, ApA:TpT and CpC:GpG, may be unequivocally resolved, and when fewer than six of the remaining eight base-paired first-neighbor units are bound by the ligand, they too can be resolved. If this condition is not met, then the binding can be characterized as nonspecific.
The impact of climate change on California timberlands

California timber production has been declining in an era of warming, increased wildfires, land conversion, and growing emphasis on recreation. Climate change has the potential to further affect California timber production through changes in individual tree growth rates, forest dieback, and shifts in species ranges and ecosystem composition. Coupled with changes in global timber prices, themselves the result of productivity effects, these production impacts hold important consequences for California’s private timberlands. This study uses models that project tree species productivity and movement across the landscape under climate change, coupled with economic models of landowner adaptation and returns from multiple harvest strategies. Our results show that under likely price scenarios, climate change will result in an overall decline in harvested timber value relative to no climate change, with decreases of 4.9 to 8.5% by the end of the century. The magnitude of decrease depends on climate change scenario, price scenario and management option – with dollar losses totaling up to $8.1 billion in total land value (−$2.7 billion given a 4% discount rate). There is substantial spatial variation in these changes; most areas show significant declines in timber value while some show modest increases relative to a no climate change baseline. If prices are not affected by climate change, more areas experience gains in value. We find that forestry management strategies can mitigate lost value, indicating that climate change adaptation programs can yield important economic benefits. Declining timber value corresponds disproportionately to areas already experiencing timberland conversion to housing or agriculture. Policy measures to stem conversion of devalued timberlands may warrant consideration.
Explaining Turkey's emergence and sustained competitiveness as a full-package supplier of apparel

By using the main insights of the global value chains perspective and some of its critiques, we attempt to explain how Turkey has developed and sustained its export success as a full-package supplier of apparel during the 1990s and early 2000s. Towards this end, we first analyze the global dynamics that have facilitated Turkey's incorporation into global value chains and the development of full-package production. Second, we outline the key strategies which Turkish full-package suppliers have employed to meet international standards, typically associated with this export role. Third, we show that all of these developments have unfolded against a national context, unique features of which have further helped Turkey to sustain its competitiveness in this export role. Our analysis shows that, in the Turkish national context, more attention should be given to the role of business associations and the state.
REMARKS AND RIGOROUS BOUNDS RELATING TO THE DECAY Z → πγ AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO THE ANOMALY

It is rigorously shown that the amplitude for the decay Z → πγ must fall at least as fast as . Consequently its branching ratio must be smaller than 10−4; with slightly less conservative assumptions, this limit reduces to 5 × 10−6. The anomaly, the triangle graph and the Ward identities are shown to be consistent with both these bounds and the rate for π0 → 2γ.
Full-length, Membrane-anchored TWEAK Can Function as a Juxtacrine Signaling Molecule and Activate the NF-κB Pathway

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family members are initially synthesized as type II transmembrane proteins, but some of these proteins are substrates for proteolytic enzymes that generate soluble cytokines with biological activity. TWEAK (TNF-like weak inducer of apoptosis), a member of the TNF family, is a multifunctional cytokine that acts via binding to a cell surface receptor named Fn14 (fibroblast growth factor-inducible 14). Studies conducted to date indicate that TWEAK-producing cells can co-express both membrane-anchored and soluble TWEAK isoforms, but there is little information on TWEAK proteolytic processing. Also, it is presently unclear whether membrane-anchored TWEAK, like soluble TWEAK, is biologically active. Here we show that full-length human TWEAK is processed intracellularly by the serine protease furin and identify TWEAK amino acid residues 90–93 as the predominant furin recognition site. In addition, we report that full-length, membrane-anchored TWEAK can bind the Fn14 receptor on neighboring cells and activate the NF-κB signaling pathway. Thus, TWEAK can act in a juxtacrine manner to initiate cellular responses, and this property may be important for TWEAK function during physiological wound repair and disease pathogenesis.
Predicting mammography utilization through model generation

Abstract Currently, breast cancer screening with periodic mammography offers our best hope of reducing breast cancer mortality. The purpose of this report is to determine the best predictors of mammography screening using structural equation modelling with LISREL analysis. Using the Health Belief Model as a theoretical framework, the variables of perceived susceptibility, seriousness, benefits, barriers, health motivation, control, and suggestion by a health care provider, were hypothesized to directly impact mammography compliance with demographic/experiential variables indirectly influencing compliance. A total of 581 women selected through random digit dialling were interviewed in their homes by a graduate research assistant. A total of 51% of the compliance was predicted by direct and indirect paths. Variables that significantly predicted compliance with a direct path included health motivation, age, suggestion by a health care provider, knowledge and symptoms.
Surface deterioration of ammonium acid phthalate crystals

Ammonium acid phthalate crystals are observed to deteriorate in a high vacuum environment and to decrease in reflectivity.
Design futures in action: Documenting experiential futures for participatory audiences

The futures field demonstrates a willing openness in embracing methodologies, approaches, and influences from a diversity of disciplines and perspectives. This plurality of practice is evidenced in a growing body of work that increasingly embodies futures thinking in the design of everyday material and networked experiences. The intersection of design and futures produces artifacts, applications and interactions created to provoke dialog in an accessible manner. As part of the Futures special issue on the Emerge: Artists and Scientists Redesign the Future event, this article describes the documentation and public representation of the creative outcomes from nine Emerge design futures workshops. These workshops provided a rich opportunity to study how designers and futurists collaboratively engage, implement and communicate alternative futures. The goal of the documentation effort described is to capture the experience of creating experiential futures and extend the capacity for developing social foresight through a participatory exhibit and online social platform.
A Digital Drift Chamber Digitizer System

A digital drift chamber digitizer system has been developed for use in a PEP experiment. The system is packaged 8 channels to a # 1 CAMAC module, and features real time digitization, 5 ns time binning, automatic data compression, and access to wire hit information for use by an external fast trigger processor. The modules are operable in an autonomous digitizer crate with a special digitizer controller, or in a standard CAMAC crate for testing, and incorporate extensive system test and debugging aids.
Structure of the Human MutSalpha DNA Lesion Recognition Complex.

Mismatch repair (MMR) ensures the fidelity of DNA replication, initiates the cellular response to certain classes of DNA damage, and has been implicated in the generation of immune diversity. Each of these functions depends on MutSalpha (MSH2*MSH6 heterodimer). Inactivation of this protein complex is responsible for tumor development in about half of known hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer kindreds and also occurs in sporadic tumors in a variety of tissues. Here, we describe a series of crystal structures of human MutSalpha bound to different DNA substrates, each known to elicit one of the diverse biological responses of the MMR pathway. All lesions are recognized in a similar manner, indicating that diversity of MutSalpha-dependent responses to DNA lesions is generated in events downstream of this lesion recognition step. This study also allows rigorous mapping of cancer-causing mutations and furthermore suggests structural pathways for allosteric communication between different regions within the heterodimer.
Assessment of agitation in elderly patients with dementia: correlations between informant rating and direct observation.

Background Assessment of behavior problems in elderly persons with dementia is important for understanding and managing those behaviors. The most common method for assessing agitation is the use of informant ratings; however, these ratings may be affected by staff bias, inaccurate or insufficient memory, or stress. An alternative method is direct observation, which is more objective, but very costly and necessitates time sampling, thereby limiting the period covered by the assessment. To date, little research attention has been given to the degree to which these two methods converge. Methods In the present study, 175 elderly persons with dementia who manifested problem behaviors were recruited from 11 nursing home facilities in Maryland. The average age for the participants was 87 years; 78% were female. Two methods were employed for assessing agitation: the Agitated Behaviors Mapping Instrument (ABMI), which is based upon direct observations, and the Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory (CMAI), which is a frequency rating scale completed by a formal caregiver. The ABMI and CMAI contain some identical items for tapping behavior problems. Results Data analysis revealed significant Pearson correlations between identical items on the two assessment instruments, as well as significant correlations of summary measures based on these different instruments, demonstrating a strong convergence between informant ratings and direct observations. Conclusions Informant ratings can achieve moderate agreement with direct observation when valid instruments and informants are used. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Organizational characteristics and restraint use for hospitalized nursing home residents.

OBJECTIVES: To examine the effect of organizational characteristics on physical restraint use for hospitalized nursing home residents. DESIGN: Secondary analysis of data obtained between 1994 to 1997 in a prospective phase lag design experiment using an advanced practice nurse (APN) intervention aimed at reducing physical restraint for a group of hospitalized nursing home residents. SETTING: Eleven medical and surgical units in one 600-bed teaching hospital. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred seventy-four nursing home residents aged 61 to 100, hospitalized for a total of 1,085 days. MEASUREMENTS: Physical restraint use, APN intervention, age, perceived fall risk, behavioral phenomena, perceived treatment interference, mental state, severity of illness, day of week, patient-registered nurse (RN) ratio, patient-total nursing staff ratio, and skill mix. RESULTS: Controlling for the APN intervention, age, and patient behavioral characteristics (all of which increased the likelihood of restraint use), weekend days as an organizational characteristic significantly increased the odds of restraint (weekend day and patient-RN ratio on physical restraint use: odds ratio (OR) = 1.92, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.38-2.68, P <.001; weekend day and patient-total staff ratio on physical restraint use: OR = 1.91, 95% CI = 1.37-2.66, P <.001; weekend day and skill mix on physical restraint use: OR = 1.91, 95% CI = 1.37-2.67, P <.001). CONCLUSION: Key findings suggest that organization of hospital care on weekends and patient characteristics that affect communication ability, such as severely impaired mental state, English as a second language, sedation, and sensory-perceptual losses, may be overlooked variables in restraint use.
Crystal structures and luminescence properties of osmium complexes of cis-1,2-vinylenebis(diphenylarsine) and pyridyl ligands : Possible evidence for metal d, ligand d backbonding

Abstract Divalent osmium complexes of the form [ Os ( N – N ) 2 L – L ] ( PF 6 - ) 2 where N–N was a polypyridyl, and L–L was either cis-1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethene (dppene) or cis-1,2-vinylenebis(diphenylarsine) (dpaene) have been synthesized and characterized. X-ray structures were determined for three complexes and for the free dpaene molecule. It was observed that the P–C bond lengths, and C–P–C bond angles do not change significantly when complexed to osmium. It was observed the As–C bond lengths shorten by 2.3 pm and the C–As–C bond angles broaden by 5.6° when dpaene was complexed to osmium. These changes in the arsine structure may indicate a different method of backbonding between arsenic and osmium. It was found that the arsine complexes had absorption and emission that were to the red of analogous phosphine complexes. In violation of “energy gap law”, the dpaene complexes were found to have higher quantum yields. This may be due to the way that the arsenic atoms bond to osmium.
Baier and Medlin on ethical egoism

8 In his exposition Barker says "confirmed." 9Barker says this problem arises in connection with Popper's discussion of J. M. Keynes in section 83 of Logik der Forschung. Actually it appears in section 36, "Levels of Universality and Degree of Precision." 1 Barker, Induction and Hypothesis, p. 160. " Popper, The Logic of Scientific Discovery, Chapter VIII and new appendixes (1959), nos. II-vII and ix.