cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Biochemical studies in the vole, Microtus montanus—II. The effects of a Trypanosoma brucei gambiense infection on the diurnal variation of hepatic glucose-6-phosphatase and liver glycogen

Abstract 1. 1. Reduced levels of liver glycogen were found in Microtus montanus when chronically infected with Trypanosoma brucei gambiense . The comparisons were made at six time points during a 24-hr period. Significant diurnal variations in glycogen were absent in infected animals maintained in 12 light : 12 dark. 2. 2. Hepatic glucose-6-phosphatase apparently was not seriously impaired by a T. b. gambiense infection. 3. 3. This investigation demonstrates that to avoid misinterpretations of results, a statistical analysis of all comparisons between infected and uninfected animals should be made at several time points during a 24-hr period.
Deans’ Perceptions of AACSB-Endorsed Post-Doctoral Bridge Programs

The Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB) International has endorsed 5 Post-Doctoral Bridge (PDB) to Business Programs. The objective of these programs is to prepare PhDs from other academic programs for teaching and research careers in business. The authors solicited feedback from deans of AACSB-accredited business schools as to their perceptions of these PDB programs. The results provide information to business schools offering bridge programs and business schools recruiting graduates of bridge programs, as well as individuals considering the transition. The results indicate that deans’ perceptions of PDB programs are extremely mixed.
Integrating computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models with GIS: an evaluation on data conversion formats

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models are powerful computational tools to simulate urban-landscape scale atmospheric dispersion events. They are proven to be very useful for security management and emergency response. Essential inputs to CFD models include landscape characteristics, which are often captured by various GIS data layers. While it is logical to couple GIS and CFD models to take advantage of available GIS data and the visualization and cartographic rendering capabilities of GIS, the integration of the two tools have been minimal. In this paper, we took the first step to evaluate the use of GIS data in CFD modeling. Specifically, we explore how efficient is to use GIS data in CFD models and how sensitive the CFD results are to different GIS data formats. Using campus topography and building data, and the FEFLO-URBAN CFD model, we performed atmospheric release simulations using topographic data in contour and raster formats. We found that using raster format was quite efficient and contour data required significant effort. Though the simulation outputs from the two data formats were not identical, their overall outcomes were similar and did not post alarming discrepancies. We concluded that using GIS data have tremendous potential for CFD modeling.
Dynamic programming and bicubic spline interpolation

Abstract Dynamic programming techniques were used to obtain the spline approximation for a function with prescribed values on the knot points along a line. Extending this procedure to two dimensions, the bicubic spline approximation defined over a two-dimensional region is obtained in this paper employing the methods of dynamic programming. A regular rectangular region as well as a region with irregular boundaries can be handled by this method, avoiding the difficulties of large storage and high dimensionality.
Ultrasound backscatter microscope using PZT, fine-grain PZT, and single-crystal perovskite transducers

Higher frequency ultrasound is rapidly becoming an important tool for dermatologic and ophthalmologic imaging. This brings about a need for improvement in single element transducers operating in the frequency range between 40 MHz and 100 MHz. Several piezoelectric materials may yield improved performance over common lead zirconate titanate (PZT) transducers. This study investigated several different materials incorporated into single element transducers. A static ultrasonic backscatter microscope (UBM) was constructed in the laboratory. This system allowed for a comparative testing of the imaging performance of various transducers. B-mode scans made by individual transducers show differences in image resolution. Clinically, these differences may be important to allow finer detail to be observed in a structure. Not only does this work show differences between transducers constructed from various materials, but it does so in an application-based environment. Previously, only a limited number of materials were used in such a system. This study showed results from several materials that had not been demonstrated before.
Précis of Behaviorism: A conceptual reconstruction

The conceptual framework of behaviorism is reconstructed in a logical scheme rather than along chronological lines. The resulting reconstruction is faithful to the history of behaviorism and yet meets the contemporary challenges arising from cognitive science, psycholinguistics, and philosophy. In this reconstruction, the fundamental premise is that psychology is to be a natural science, and the major corollaries are that psychology is to be objective and empirical. To a great extent, the reconstruction of behaviorism is an elaboration of behaviorist views of what it is for a science to be objective and empirical. The reconstruction examines and evaluates behaviorist positions on observation and the rejection of introspection, the behavioral data language, theory construction, stimulus-response psychology, the organization of behavior, complex processes, agency, and the interpretation of mentalistic language. The resulting reconstruction shows behaviorism to be a pragmatic psychological version of positivism based on a behavioral epistemology.
Murine mechanical ventilation stimulates alveolar epithelial cell proliferation

ABSTRACTHigh tidal volume mechanical ventilation can cause inflammation and lung damage. Mechanical strain is also necessary for normal lung growth. The current work was performed to determine if mechanical ventilation with clinically utilized tidal volumes stimulates a proliferative response in the lung. Six- to 8-week-old C57/Bl6 mice, anesthetized with ketamine/xylozine, were ventilated for 6 hours with 10 mL/kg tidal volume, positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) 3cm H2O. Pulmonary function testing demonstrated decreased compliance within 3 hours of ventilation. Assessment of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) demonstrated no significant increase in lactate dehydrogenase, total lavagable cell number, or total protein after ventilation. There was evidence of inflammation in the lungs of ventilated mice, with an increased percentage of lymphocytes and neutrophils in BAL, and an increase in macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-2 and interleukin (IL)-1β message in lung tissue. Immunohistochemistry of inflatio...
Operational MTF for Landsat Thematic Mapper

The Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) represents significant improvements in spatial, spectral, and radiometric resolution over the older Multispectral Scanner System (MSS). For the last three years, NASA has conducted the Landsat Image Data Quality Analysis (LIDQA) program to quantify the performance of the TM on the Landsat-4 and 5 spacecraft. As part of this program, analysis of the TM imagery to extract the overall system modulation transfer function (MTF) has been performed. In this paper, the San Mateo Bridge in San Francisco is described as a target for calculation of the line spread function and MTF. The analysis of two TM scenes, one from 12/31/82 and one from 8/12/83, yielded effective-instantaneous-field-of-views (EIFOVs) of 40.8 meters and 48.6 meters, respectively. These values are compared with the 33.8 meter EIFOV predicted by component modelling of the TM sensor, and the differences discussed.
Structure of trihexosylceramide isolated from rat spleen.

Abstract Trihexosylceramide isolated from rat spleen was shown by methylation to consist mainly of a molecular species in which two galactosyl residues are linked 1→ 3. Thus a compound of this structure occurs normally in rat spleen. This fact is consistent with the previously reported biosynthesis in vitro of galactopyranosyl-α-(1→3)-galactopyranosyl-β-(1→4)-glucopyranosyl-β-(1→1)-ceramide in the presence of galactosyltransferases from rat spleen and bone marrow.
The effect of time on word learning: an examination of decay of the memory trace and vocal rehearsal in children with and without specific language impairment.

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this study was to measure the effect of time to response in a fast-mapping word learning task for children with specific language impairment (SLI) and children with typically developing language skills (TD). Manipulating time to response allows us to examine decay of the memory trace, the use of vocal rehearsal, and their effects on word learning. Method Participants included 40 school-age children: half with SLI and half with TD. The children were asked to expressively and receptively fast-map 24 novel labels for 24 novel animated dinosaurs. They were asked to demonstrate learning either immediately after presentation of the novel word or after a 10-second delay. Data were collected on the use of vocal rehearsal and for recognition and production accuracy. Results Although the SLI group was less accurate overall, there was no evidence of decay of the memory trace. Both groups used vocal rehearsal at comparable rates, which did not vary when learning was tested immediately or after a delay. Use of vocal rehearsal resulted in better accuracy on the recognition task, but only for the TD group. Conclusions A delay in time to response without interference was not an undue burden for either group. Despite the fact that children with SLI used a vocal rehearsal strategy as often as unimpaired peers, they did not benefit from the strategy in the same way as their peers. Possible explanations for these findings and clinical implications will be discussed. Learning outcomes : Readers will learn about how time to response affects word learning in children with specific language impairment and unimpaired peers. They will see how this issue fits into a framework of phonological working memory. They will also become acquainted with the effect of vocal rehearsal on word learning.
Characterizing Morphology in Bulk Heterojunction Organic Photovoltaic Systems

Organic semiconductors are an alternative to inorganic materials in solar cell applications. While the efficiencies of organic photovoltaics (OPVs) have been improving rapidly, they are currently below that required for widespread power generation. OPV performance is sensitive to the nanoscale texture, or film morphology, in the photovoltaic active layer, particularly in bulk heterojunction (BHJ) devices, and characterizing morphology across many length scales is currently a major experimental challenge. Here, we discuss several different experimental approaches for characterizing morphology in BHJ systems. These include techniques ranging from X-ray diffraction and spectroscopy to electron microscopy and scanning probe microscopy. These methods provide complementary information to guide future materials design and device optimization efforts.
Neutron diffraction study of oxygen dissolution in α2-Ti3Al

Abstract Rietveld refinements of neutron powder diffraction data on α 2 -Ti 3 Al have been performed to determine the crystal structure as a function of interstitial oxygen (O) concentration for three alloys with a Ti/Al ratio of ≈2.34 and O concentrations of 0.25, 3.99, and 7.71%. The structures of the alloys are hexagonal in space group P6 3 / mmc where Ti and Al atoms populate unique sites with excess Al at the Ti site and O atoms occupy octahedral interstitial sites surrounded by six Ti sites. The length of the c -axis was found to increase linearly as the O occupancy of the interstitial sites increased; this lattice lengthening effect was much less pronounced along the a -axis. Correspondingly, the increases in the lengths of Ti–Al and Ti–Ti bonds with a major component of their direction parallel to the c -axis were roughly an order of magnitude greater than the increases in the lengths of Ti–Al and Ti–Ti bonds more closely aligned with the a -axis. Densities calculated from the lattice parameters and occupancy factors fall in the range (4.118±0.004) to (4.194±0.004) g/cm 3 , and exhibit a nearly linear increase with oxygen concentration. Measured densities of (4.113±0.001), (4.146±0.009), and (4.191±0.002) g/cm 3 for these alloys agree with the results of the refinements.
Nonprofit Agency Perspectives of Higher Education Service Learning and Volunteerism

ABSTRACT The majority of studies in the service learning field focus on campus-based impacts of service learning and community service. In order to provide a more balanced understanding of the impacts of service learning, this study examined college student service learning and volunteer activities from the nonprofit agency perspective. Findings from this qualitative study revealed the positive and negative impacts that college student volunteers and service learners have at the agencies where they serve and on the youth they provide service for.
Meditation on Ritual

NE of the most obscure and recalcitrant of the subjects with which religion is associated is that of the meaning of ritual forms. Though there can be no doubt that there is a very strong anti-ritual prejudice in the West, stemming from certain emphases in the New Testament and intensified by the Protestant Reformation, it is hard to deny the spirituality of such a basic part of religion, especially since it is probably impossible to find anywhere a religion that is not dependent on ritual. Such a constant companion of religion on all its levels must have a fundamental part to play in human spirituality, yet many theories of religion treat ritual as distinct from genuinely spiritual concerns, or even as unworthy of being considered in the same context. For many Western theorists, myth is a much more congenial form of religion, and more meaningful in itself. It has also been one of the major strategies of scholars conducting an attack on Western religion (or religion as such) to claim that the source of myth can be found in ritual, the source of religion in magic, and that the two propositions are homologous. This is, for example, the underlying thesis of Sir James Frazer's The Golden Bough, which so influenced a generation of poets, writers, thinkers, and scholars.
Ureteral obstruction in neonatal mice elicits segment-specific tubular cell responses leading to nephron loss.

Ureteral obstruction in neonatal mice elicits segment-specific tubular cell responses leading to nephron loss. Background To elucidate the sequence of renal responses leading to nephron loss in obstructive nephropathy, we examined the evolution of segmental nephron cellular changes consequent to chronic unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) in the neonatal mouse. Methods Neonatal mice were subjected to UUO or sham-operation, and kidneys were harvested 5, 12 or 19 days after surgery. Proximal tubules (PT), distal tubules (DT) and collecting ducts (CD) were identified with lectins. Histomorphometric quantitation was made for cellular necrosis, apoptosis, proliferation, tubular dilatation, tubular basement membrane (TBM) thickening, interstitial collagen, and glomerular maturation. The distribution of hypoxic tissue was determined using pimonidazole as a marker. Additional studies were performed by mechanically stretching monolayer cultures of mouse proximal tubular and collecting duct cells, and measuring apoptosis. Results Neonatal UUO induced an arrest of glomerular maturation throughout the period of study. Chronic UUO induced hypoxia, tubular necrosis, proliferation, and TBM thickening in the PT, but stimulated apoptosis in the DT and CD. Tubular dilation in the obstructed kidney was most severe in CD and least severe in PT. Tubular cell apoptosis closely paralleled tubular dilation ( P P P Conclusions Following UUO, the co-localization of hypoxia with cellular proliferation, necrosis, and TBM thickening of the PT is consistent with ischemic injury resulting from vasoconstriction. In contrast, a selective dilation of the distal portion of the nephron (DT and CD), which results from the greater tubular compliance there, leads to stretch-induced epithelial cell apoptosis, along with a progressive peritubular fibrosis. Nephron loss in the obstructed developing kidney likely results from complex, segment-specific cellular responses.
Catching HIV ‘in the act’ with 3D electron microscopy

The development of a safe, effective vaccine to prevent HIV infection is a key step for controlling the disease on a global scale. However, many aspects of HIV biology make vaccine design problematic, including the sequence diversity and structural variability of the surface envelope glycoproteins and the poor accessibility of neutralization-sensitive epitopes on the virus. In this review, we discuss recent progress in understanding HIV in a structural context using emerging tools in 3D electron microscopy, and outline how some of these advances could be important for a better understanding of mechanisms of viral entry and for vaccine design.
Intense blue-white luminescence from amorphous silicon oxycarbide (a-SiC x O y ) thin films

We report on blue-white luminescence from amorphous silicon oxycarbide a-SiC x O y≤1.68 (0.25<x<0.36) thin films, synthesized by thermal chemical vapor deposition (TCVD) process. The luminescence from SiC x O y was found to exhibit a broad band in the blue-violet to near infrared range (370 - 750 nm), visible to the naked eye in a bright room. The effects of carbon concentration (8.4 at.% < C < 13.6 at.%) in the material and post-deposition annealing treatments (Ar and forming gas 5% of H 2 ambient up to 1100°C) on the observed luminescence were studied. The emission intensity slightly decreased with increasing carbon content but was appreciably enhanced in the samples following post-deposition annealing treatment in forming gas 5% of H 2 ambient.
Team Projects: Achieving their Full Potential:

Team projects offer many pedagogical benefits, as is evident from their widespread use by marketing instructors. This article summarizes the major benefits of team projects, including new perspectives from educational research, and discusses a significant problem that can undermine these benefits, that of unequal team member contributions. The authors propose a reward structure with both individual and group grading components as a means to achieve the full potential of group assignments. The article concludes with a description of several techniques for individual evaluation.
Plant genotype differences to iron

Abstract Plant species have extensive variation among genotypes or cultivars for tolerating iron (Fe) deficiency chlorosis and Fe toxicity problems so common to many soils of the world. Taking advantage of these genotype differences to help solve Fe nutritional problems and to enhance the knowledge and understanding of plant Fe nutrition is natural and logical. Literature describing or documenting genotype differences within plant species is scattered. This article lists plant genotypes showing tolerance and susceptibility to Fe deficiency chlorosis and Fe toxicity and the references describing genotype differences.
Rock magnetic characterization of faulted sediments with associated magnetic anomalies in the Albuquerque Basin, Rio Grande rift, New Mexico

Variations in rock magnetic properties are responsible for the many linear, short-wavelength, low-amplitude magnetic anomalies that are spatially associated with faults that cut Neogene basin sediments in the Rio Grande rift, including the San Ysidro normal fault, which is well exposed in the northern part of the Albuquerque Basin. Magnetic-susceptibility measurements from 310 sites distributed through a 1200-m-thick composite section of rift-filling sediments of the Santa Fe Group and prerift Eocene and Cretaceous sedimentary rocks document large variations of magnetic properties juxtaposed by the San Ysidro fault. Mean volume magnetic susceptibilities generally increase upsection through eight map units: from 1.7 to 2.2E-4 in the prerift Eocene and Cretaceous rocks to 9.9E-4–1.2E-3 in three members of the Miocene Zia Formation of the Santa Fe Group to 1.5E-3–3.5E-3 in three members of the Miocene–Pleistocene Arroyo Ojito Formation of the Santa Fe Group. Rock magnetic measurements and petrography indicate that the amount of detrital magnetite and its variable oxidation to maghemite and hematite within the Santa Fe Group sediments are the predominant controls of their magnetic property variations. Magnetic susceptibility increases progressively with sediment grain size within the members of the Arroyo Ojito Formation (deposited in fluvial environments) but within members of the Zia Formation (deposited in mostly eolian environments) reaches highest values in fine to medium sands. Partial oxidation of detrital magnetite is spatially associated with calcite cementation in the Santa Fe Group. Both oxidation and cementation probably reflect past flow of groundwater through permeable zones. Magnetic models for geologic cross sections that incorporate mean magnetic susceptibilities for the different stratigraphic units mimic the aeromagnetic profiles across the San Ysidro fault and demonstrate that the stratigraphic level of dominant magnetic contrast changes with different exposure levels into the fault. These data indicate that tectonic juxtaposition of primary variations of magnetic properties of strata across the fault is the source of the associated magnetic anomaly. This study indicates that magnetic anomalies over faults and folds can be generated by sediments (1) deposited within tectonic basins having volcanic or basement source areas rich in magnetite, (2) having depositional environments with sufficient but varying energy to transport dense magnetic minerals and cause stratigraphic changes of magnetic properties, and (3) having magnetic minerals preserved owing to their youth or nonreactive geochemical environments.
Further Studies Concerning Stomatal Diffusion.

19. OVERSTREET, R. AND L. JACOBSON. 1952. Mechanism of ion absorption by roots. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. 3: 189-206. 20. ROTHSTEIN, A. 1959. Role of the cell membrane in the metabolism of inorganic electrolytes. Bacteriol. Rev. 23: 175-97. 21. SCOTT, G. T. 1944. Cation exchange in Chlorella pyrenoidosa. J. Cell. Comp. Physiol. 23: 47-58. 22. Scovr, G. T. 1943. The mineral composition of Chlorella pyrenoidosa grown in culture med:a containing varying concentrations of calcium, magnesium, potassium, and sodium. J. Cell Comp. Physiol. 21: 327-38. 23. STEWARD, F. C. 1935. Mineral nutrition of plants. Ann. Rev. Biochem. 4: 519-44. 24. SUTCLIFFE, J. F. 1962. Mineral Salts Absorption in Plants. Pergamon Press, New York. 25. ULRICH, A. 1941. Metabolism of nonvolatile organic acids in excised barley roots as related to cation-anion balance during salt accumulation. Am. J. Botany 28: 526-37.
Polymer-polymer friction as a function of test speed

Tests of sliding friction between identical polymer films have been carried out at sliding speeds of 0.0001 to over 10 m/s. In order to make measurements over such a wide range of speeds, three devices are employed. In each apparatus, a moving member with two identical polymer surfaces slides between two stationary blocks covered with the same polymer. The slow-moving crossarm of a standard Instron tester provides speeds of 0.0085 to 0.21 cm/s. A horizontal sled apparatus provides speeds of 1 to 10 cm/s. Finally, a modified impact test machine uses a pendulum that moves at about 3 m/s. Results with four polymer films illustrate a variety of behavior. The coefficient of friction, μ, for cellulose acetate decreases with increasing speed. Films of low-density polyethylene and polytetrafluoroethylene show increases in μ with speed. A film of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene shows only a slight decrease in μ with speed. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 67:1831–1836, 1998
Low Wavenumber Raman Scattering in Silica and Silicophosphate Aerogels

Raman spectra, measured on silica and silicophosphate aerogels in the range of 5 to 70 cm−1 , revealed a “particle band” that arises from the discrete particulate character of the gels at very small size scales. TEM measurements of the nanoscale structure in the gels correlate with the location of the particle band maximum.
EBV transformed B cell lines present to antigen specific T cell clones determinants different from those recognized by antibody in an HLA-DR linked restricted fashion

Abstract Human B cells nonspecifically activated by Epstein Barr virus (EBV) can present tetanus toxoid (TT) antigen to TT specific helper T cell lines and T cell clones. Presentation of TT antigen by EBV-B cells did not require the presence of TT specific B cells and did not involve B cell surface immunoglobulins. Immunosorbent purified antibody to TT added in great excess to EBV-B cells pulsed with TT for 18 hr did not inhibit the capacity of the EBV-B cells to present TT antigen. Furthermore, EBV-B cells induced proliferation in T cells in the presence of urea denatured TT which contained less than 1% TT reactive with serum anti TT antibody. Studies of TT presentation by a panel of EBB-B cells obtained from HLA typed donors indicated that T cell recognition of TT presented by EBV-B cells was MHC restricted by products of the HLA-D region some of which differed from serologically defined HLA-DR. These results indicate that the immunogenic moiety presented by EBV activated human B cells consists of antigenic determinants, which differ from those recognized by serum antibody, and of HLA-DR linked MHC determinants. This moiety is similar to that presented by monocytes. The implications of these findings for the amplification of the immune response by activated B cells are discussed.
A sparsity-driven joint image registration and change detection technique for SAR imagery

This paper presents a novel Sparsity-driven joint Image REgistration and Change Detection (SIRE-CD) technique for SAR imagery. The proposed algorithm simultaneously performs two main tasks: (i) locally register the test and reference images; and (ii) perform the change detection between the two. The key innovative concept here is the sparsity-driven transformation of the signatures from the reference image to match to those of the test image at the local image patch level. In other words, we are constructing a large dictionary from the reference data and use that to find the sparsest representation that best approximates the new incoming test data. The accuracy level of the approximation determines the detected changes between the reference and the test image. We demonstrate the performance of this technique using both simulated data and real SAR imagery from the Army Research Laboratory ultra-wideband (UWB) SAR forward-looking radar.
Periodicity of presentations of drugs of abuse and overdose in an emergency department.

In order to determine whether temporal factors impact on drugs of abuse and overdose presentations to an urban emergency department, we studied the records of 630 consecutive drug overdose presentations over a period from October 1987 to March 1990. Particular note was made of the time of day of presentation along with the nature of the drug(s) ingested. A significant curve (p < 0.0005) was obtained for a 24 h period with a peak time of presentation being 6:32 pm (95% confidence interval of 1 h 54 min). Significant periodic rhythms were noted for cocaine, opiates, alcohol, analgesics, marijuana, and benzodiazepines. A 4.8 h periodic rhythm was demonstrated for cocaine, marijuana and alcohol-in-combination. We conclude that the emergency department should be most prepared to treat the drug overdose patient in the early evening and emergency department staffing should reflect this peak in demand.
Decentralized variable structure control of interconnected multi-output nonlinear systems

This paper develops a method of decentralized variable structure control (DVSC) for a class of interconnected non-linear systems. Via the use of local switched controllers the system is made to behave as an interconnected linear system having a desired response characteristic such as stability or tracking. Two advantages result: a design scheme incorporating existing decentralized control techniques such as pole placement and extension of existing SIMO DVSC techniques to MIMO systems. For a special subclass of the systems considered, an algorithm to compute the feedback gains is developed via Kronecker product techniques.
“Take off 4-Health”: Innovative Strategies to Improve Wellness in Adolescents

Summer camps for weight loss are popular. We present the nutrition curriculum for a 3 week residential camp for adolescents with health risks related to obesity or type 2 diabetes. The curriculum includes a camper meal card six lessons based on strategies associated with healthy weight meal time tips and more. Formative evaluation was completed. Curriculum is available at www.ecu.edu/pedsweightcenter
Some Effects of Human Modifications on Sand-Bed Channels in Southwestern Mississippi, U.S.A.

This study examines the effects of land-use changes and channel foreshortening on the sediment regime and channel morphology of two sand-bed rivers in southwestern Mississippi. Historical data including sequences of channel surveys at various bridge sites document the impact of these human modifications. Land-use changes caused an increase in point bar size, but this trend was found to be reversed as the result of conservation and reforestation practices. Channel foreshortening has produced a knickpoint that has migrated 50 km upriver. River response to this disturbance included 5 m of channel incision, a 4.5-fold increase in bankfull width, and a fourfold increase in point bar size.
Generalized area rules and integral theorems for hypersonic wing-bodies

shape factor //, friction coefficient Cy, and the momentum thickness Reynolds number are shown as functions of the streamwise coordinate x. The shape factor remains almost constant, whereas the friction coefficient is slightly underpredicted. Summary The main features of this work are summarized as follows. 1) With tr^g inclusion of second-order (gradient diffusion) terms for k, uv, and L, the method is capable of predicting closely the mean flow as well as the turbulent characteristics of the flat-plate boundary layer. 2) In the case when Ice-1, 1/31, and (7! are greater than zero, stability is restored because of the condition that k, uTv , and L appear under second-order derivatives, and the system of equations becomes parabolic. This supports the earlier idea that for the hyperbolic set of equations the well-posed character of the differential equations is altered in a region close to the inner boundary.! 3) The restoration of numerical stability for la I, 1/31, and \y I greater than zero and the values that they assume suggest that gradient diffusion should be accounted for at least close to the inner boundary.
Early intervention in phonological awareness seems to improve phonological working memory in young children with specific language impairment1

(1) Will phonological-awareness training improve phonological working memory as measured by a non-word span task? (2) Will phonological awareness training improve performance on word tasks that are...
A Microfabricated Hybrid Device for DNA Sequencing

Round channels of different diameters have been microfabricated on chips to connect capillaries. Semicircular grooves are obtained using masks with very narrow line-width and a standard isotropic photolithograohic etching process. Round channels are formed when two etched wafers are face-to-face aligned and bonded (Figure 1). To extend straight separation channel on electrophoresis chips for DNA sequencing, we have created a hybrid device that couples a microfabricated twin-T injector on a microchip to a separation capillary (Figure 2). A two-mask fabrication process is used to make round channels of two different diameters, one matches the i.d. and the other the o.d. of the joining capillary. The capillary is inserted into a microchip through the larger channels, allowing integration of capillary bores to the rest of the channels on the chip. The dead-volume of the connection is estimated about 5 pico-liters. To demonstrate the efficiency of this hybrid device, we have performed four-color DNA sequencing on it. Using a 200-µm twin-T injector coupled with a capillary of 20-cm effective separation distance, readlengths of more than 800 bases have been obtained at an accuracy of 98.5% in 56 min. At higher separation field strength, the separation time has reduced to 20 min to separate 700 bases at 98.5% base-calling accuracy. Performance of a 16-channel hybrid device with 30-cm long effective separation distance demonstrated robust DNA sequencing over 800 bases at 98.5% in less than 1 hour. Open image in new window Figure 1 A schematic diagram for making round channels on microchips Open image in new window Figure 2 Images of real devices (a) a 400 µm twin-T injector; (b)cross section profile of a round channel; (c)ground capillary tips; (d)a twin-T injector incorporated with a capillary
DPOFA, a Cl-/HCO3- exchanger antagonist, stimulates fluid absorption across basolateral surface of the retinal pigment epithelium

Background Retinal detachment is a disorder of the eye in which sensory retina separates from the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) due to accumulation of fluid in subretinal space. Pharmacological stimulation of fluid reabsorption from subretinal space to choroid across the RPE has been suggested as a treatment strategy for retinal detachment. DPOFA, (R)-(+)-(5,6-dichloro 2,3,9,9a-tetrahydro 3-oxo-9a-propyl-1H-fluoren-7-yl)oxy]acetic acid, is an abandoned drug capable of inhibiting Cl-/HCO3- exchanger activity. We hypothesized that DPOFA may increase fluid absorption across basolateral surface of the RPE.
Current terminology and diagnostic classification schemes

This article reviews the current terminology and classification schemes available for temporomandibular disorders. The origin of each term is presented, and the classification schemes that have been offered for temporomandibular disorders are briefly reviewed. Several important classifications are presented in more detail, with mention of advantages and disadvantages. Final recommendations are provided for future direction in the area of classification schemes.
Traffic-aware packet matching for intrusion detection systems

Intrusion detection systems spend the majority of CPU time on matching packets against rules. Hence, fast identification of matches is crucial. Previous approaches may result in poor performance under certain traffic conditions because they either do not respond to traffic pattern or require setup time to organize rules whenever traffic pattern changes. We propose a two-stage packet matching to reduce matching time with little overhead. The first stage applies a small number of most-frequently matched rules. Only a fraction of packets are passed to the second stage, experiencing longer processing time. Rules in the first stage are constantly updated as their frequencies change.
Failure Model for Rate-Dependent Polymer Matrix Composite Laminates under High-Velocity Impact

A modified Hashin failure model is developed to characterize different failure modes related to high-velocity impact of composite laminates. Hashin’s compressive fiber failure mode has been extended to consider the shear stress effect. Several micromechanics-based degradation rules are developed and applied to the stress and material property calculations according to different failure modes after the corresponding failure criterion is satisfied. This model has been implemented into a recently developed micromechanics model. Computational results show that this model is able to address shear failure, delamination, and tearing failure observed in the high-velocity impact of composite laminates.
The Photo-oxidation of Dihydroxyphenylalanine in the Presence of 8-Methoxypsoralen*

8-Methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) is well known for its ability to stimulate melanin formation in vitiligo or normal skin if administration is coupled with exposure to sunlight or ultraviolet light. As an approach to studying the mechanism of action of 8-MOP, the latter was incubated with DOPA and exposed to various types of light. Sunlight, white light, or long wave ultraviolet light (3660 A.) stimulated the oxidation of DOPA in the presence of 8-MOP but not in the absence of the latter. 8-MOP protected DOPA against short wavelength ultraviolet(2540 A.) although DOPA was oxidized by the latter in the absence of 8-MOP. The photo-oxidation of DOPA in the presence of long wavelength ultraviolet light and 8-MOP was more rapid at pH values above 7 and was completely inhibited by ascorbic acid, cysteine, cysteamine, β -aminoethylisothiuronium bromide HBr, and partially inhibited by sodium thioglycollate. The possible implication of these in vitro observations to the mode of action of 8-MOP in vivo is discussed.
FAR‐RED INDUCED, LONG‐LIVED AFTERGLOW FROM PHOTOSYNTHETIC CELLS. SIZE OF AFTERGLOW UNIT AND PATHS OF ENERGY ACCUMULATION AND DISSIPATION

— –Small amounts of N-methyl phenazonium methosulphate (PMS) added to a suspension of Chlorella pyrenoidosa accelerate the emission of the long-lived far-red induced afterglow without greatly changing the amount of light emitted. The effect is noticeable in dilute suspensions at a PMS concentration of 10-9M. The concept of afterglow unit is introduced and defined as that part of the sample in which the rate of energy reemission can be controlled by a single molecule of PMS. The number of chlorophyll molecules per afterglow unit is about 105. It is possible that the afterglow unit is identical to the thylakoid. The rate constant for the final first order decay phase of afterglow at room temperature is about 0.7 min-1 without PMS and about 3 times larger for a unit with one PMS molecule. Diuron (DCMU) lowers the rate of afterglow decay. Desaspidin on the other hand decreases the amount of light emitted without affecting the decay rate. Carbonylcyanide-m-chlorophenyl hydrazone (CCCP) decreases the afterglow over the whole time-range and increases the decay rate. A kinetic model is developed to account for the results.
Evaluation of Several Agronomic Traits in 'Essex' By 'Forrest' Recombinant Inbred Line Population of Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.)

Crop yield is a polygenic complex trait and its improvement is a major goal of breeding programs. The objective of this study was to compare yield and its components along over a period of four years (2007-2010) in three locations in North Carolina using the ‘Essex’ by ‘Forrest’ recombinant inbred line (RIL) population of soybean (ExF, n=94). The RILs distribution for all traits showed higher means than their respective mid-parental values but do not differ significantly at P<0.05. Nearly 45% of the lines germinated later than 6 days which is the mean for the slower germinating parent, Essex. In approximately 63%, the first flower appeared at 52.5 days, which is the mean mid-parental value. As for seed weight, RILs showed better performance than parental lines and 46% of the plants exceeded the higher yielding parent, Forrest. Seed weight showed the highest level of variation ranging from 54.1% for year to 70.7% for genotype. The lowest coefficients of variation (CVs) on average were calculated for flowering time and did not exceed 31.6%. In contrast , the year of the experiment caused the lowest level of variation for the traits studied while the genotype caused the highest level of variation. Seed germination was positively correlated with plant height (r=0.441 at P<0.001) and negatively correlated with both flowering time (r=-0.374 at P<0.001) and seed weight (r=-0.357 at P<0.001) across environments. Flowering time was found negatively correlated with plant height (r=-0.579 at P<0.001) and positively correlated with seed weight. The ExF population performed well in all environments compared to other populations tested in the same environments. The results presented here can be beneficial to NC soybean breeding programs that aim to cre ate superior high yielding and disease free cultivars adapted to several NC environments.
Hyperventilation with He-O2 breathing is not decreased by superimposed external resistance.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of imposed external resistance on the ventilatory response to He-O(2) breathing during peak exercise. To accomplish this purpose, separate inspiratory and expiratory external resistances were applied to offset for the decrease in intrapulmonary airway resistance with He-O(2) breathing. Seven men and three women (69+/-3 years, mean+/-S.D.) with normal pulmonary function performed graded cycle ergometry to exhaustion breathing room air, He-O(2) (79% He, 21% O(2)), He-O(2) with imposed expiratory resistance, and He-O(2) with imposed inspiratory resistance. Ventilation (VE), lung mechanics, and PET(CO(2)) were measured during each 1 min increment in work rate and were analyzed by one-way ANOVA for repeated measures at rest, ventilatory threshold (VTh), and peak exercise. In response, VE was increased and PET(CO(2)) was decreased at VTh (P<0.01) and peak exercise (P<0.01) whenever breathing He-O(2). Thus, VE was increased during exercise above VTh with He-O(2) breathing regardless of increases in inspiratory or expiratory external resistance. In conclusion, these data suggest that inspiratory resistive unloading is no more important than expiratory resistive unloading to the increase in VE with He-O(2) breathing during heavy and peak exercise.
Detection of Elements in Poultry Skin by Energy Dispersive Analysis of X-Rays with the Scanning Electron Microscope,

Abstract Elemental composition and distribution in poultry skin were measured by energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis through the scanning electron microscope. The top, middle, and bottom layers of fresh broiler skin were analyzed for calcium, chlorine, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, and sulfur. The two most abundant elements were sodium and sulfur. Phosphorus and magnesium had intermediate concentrations. The least abundant elements were calcium, chlorine, and potassium. Calcium, sodium, and sulfur showed significant distribution differences.
Synaptic and voltage-gated currents in interplexiform cells of the tiger salamander retina

We have correlated the membrane properties and synaptic inputs of interplexiform cells (IPCs) with their morphology using whole-cell patch-clamp and Lucifer yellow staining in retinal slices. Three morphological types were identified: (a) a bistratified IPC with descending processes ramifying in both sublaminas a and b of the inner plexiform layer (IPL), and an ascending process that branched in the outer plexiform layer (OPL) and originated from the soma, (b) another bistratified IPC with descending processes ramifying in both sublaminas a and b, and an ascending process that branched in the OPL and originated directly from IPC processes in the IPL, and (c) a monostratified IPC with a descending process ramifying over large lateral extents within the most distal stratum of the IPL, and sending an ascending process to the OPL with little branching. Similar voltage-gated currents were measured in all three types including: (a) a transient inward sodium current, (b) an outward potassium current, and (c) an L-type calcium current. All cells generated multiple spikes with frequency increasing monotonically with the magnitude of injected current. The IPCs that send their descending processes into both sublaminas of the IPL (bistratified) receive excitatory synaptic inputs at both light ON and OFF that decay with a time constant of approximately 1.3 s. Slowly decaying excitation at both ON and OFF suggests that bistratified IPCs may spike continuously in the presence of a dynamic visual environment.
On Translating Chinese Philosophic Terms

The perennially fascinating problem of translating Chinese into Western languages (or vice versa) has evoked considerable discussion in recent years. My excuse for adding to it here is that Professor Boodberg, in his review (see foregoing note) of my translation of Fung Yu-lan's History of Chinese Philosophy, has raised questions which, while addressed specifically to my rendering of certain Chinese philosophic terms, at the same time bear importantly on the larger problems of Chinese translation as a whole. In the following pages, therefore, I shall begin by commenting—I trust in a spirit of friendly discussion—on what Professor Boodberg has said about these terms (indicating in parentheses for each of them the English equivalents used by me in my translation, the two volumes of which will hereafter be cited as Fung 1 and 2). Then, using some of these as illustrations, I shall comment on the theories of translation presented by Professor Boodberg in his own article on “semasiology,” as well as that by Professor Schafer on “two sinological maladies” (both cited in note 1 above). And having done this, I shall finally try to formulate a few general conclusions of my own.
Uniformly cordial graphs

Let G be a graph with vertex set V(G) and edge set E(G). A labeling f:V(G)->{0,1} induces an edge labeling f^*:E(G)->{0,1}, defined by f^*(xy)=|f(x)-f(y)| for each edge [email protected]?E(G). For [email protected]?{0,1}, let n"i(f)=|{[email protected]?V(G):f(v)=i}| and m"i(f)=|{[email protected]?E(G):f^*(e)=i}|. Let c(f)=|m"0(f)-m"1(f)|. A labeling f of a graph G is called friendly if |n"0(f)-n"1(f)|= =2 is uniformly cordial if and only if n=3 and G=K"3, or n is even and G=K"1","n"-"1.
On the Pervasiveness of Event-Specific Alcohol Use, General Substance Use, and Mental Health Problems as Risk Factors for Intimate Partner Violence

The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of demographic, mental health, and substance use as risk factors for intimate partner violence (IPV). Data were derived from Wave II of the National Epidemiological Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (2004-2005). Eligible participants (N = 25,778) reported having an intimate partner 1 year before the survey. Clustered survey multivariate multinomial regression methods were used to assess risk factors for episodes of IPV. IPV victimization, perpetration, and both victims/perpetrators were assessed. Bivariate analyses indicated that African Americans, Hispanics, and women were more likely to be victims, perpetrators, or victim/perpetrators as compared with men and Whites. Multivariate analyses suggested that having a marijuana use disorder was strongly associated with IPV victimization (odds ratio [OR] = 2.61) and victim/perpetration (OR = 2.65). Post-traumatic stress disorder was consistently associated with all IPV typologies. Depression was associated with victimization (OR = 2.00) and IPV victim/perpetration (OR = 1.74). Antisocial Personality Disorder and Mania were both related to IPV perpetration (ORs = 2.53 and 2.32) and victim/perpetration (ORs = 3.15 and 2.31). Results also indicated that alcohol use during episodes of IPV is common (i.e., 35% of those who reported IPV also reported that alcohol was involved). Results indicate several substance- and mental health-related correlates of IPV. In addition, findings indicate that alcohol use by the victim and/or perpetrator is common during IPV events. Policy implications and directions for future research are discussed.
Culture, Strategy and Foreign Policy Change:: Israel's Road to Oslo

What forces within Israel made possible its embrace of the Oslo Accords? I argue that a defining feature of Rabin's practices and policies was to create, however temporarily, a cultural space in Is...