cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chemical deterioration of frozen bovine muscle at -4°C.

SUMMARY— During an 8-week storage period of bovine muscle at −4°C, the total extractable protein content dropped from 91 to 51%. This decline, accompanied by a decrease in water-binding capacity of muscle, was primarily caused by the insolubilization of both sarcoplasmic proteins and actomyosin. The increase in the free fatty acid content from about 1.6 to 9.1% over the 8-week period may be attributed to phospholipid hydrolysis. The TBA number rose progressively throughout the entire storage period while the peroxide value increased to a maximum in 2 weeks of storage and then decreased to a constant value of 7.
Throughput maximization for periodic real-time systems under the maximal temperature constraint

In this article, we study the problem of how to maximize the throughput of a periodic real-time system under a given peak temperature constraint. We assume that different tasks in our system may have different power and thermal characteristics. Two scheduling approaches are presented. The first is built upon processors that can be in either active or sleep mode. By judiciously selecting tasks with different thermal characteristics as well as alternating the processor's active/sleep mode, the sleep period required to cool down the processor is kept at a minimum level, and, as the result, the throughput is maximized. We further extend this approach for processors with dynamic voltage/frequency scaling (DVFS) capability. Our experiments on a large number of synthetic test cases as well as real benchmark programs show that the proposed methods not only consistently outperform the existing approaches in terms of throughput maximization, but also significantly improve the feasibility of tasks when a more stringent temperature constraint is imposed.
Direct Excitation of Mitral Cells Via Activation of α1-Noradrenergic Receptors in Rat Olfactory Bulb Slices

The main olfactory bulb receives a significant modulatory noradrenergic input from the locus coeruleus. Previous in vivo and in vitro studies showed that norepinephrine (NE) inputs increase the sen...
Future Opportunities for Humanistic Psychology

SYNOPSISPeople do not adapt to trauma easily. it is common for men and women to undergo potentially traumatizing events, however only some of these become traumatizing events that lead to traumatic experiences. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) results not from events but from experiences, the way someone gives meaning to an event. This attribution of meaning is a core concept of Humanistic and Existential Psychology and psychotherapy, which are undervalued resources in the treatment of PTSD. Humanistic and existential perspectives on dealing with PTSD can be practiced on their own or as a supplement to cognitive-behavior therapy, group therapy, or any of the other mainstream approaches to alleviating suffering and helping clients turn post-traumatic stress into post-traumatic strength.
Surface Reconstruction and Strain Relief in Si1− x- Gex Films on Si(100)

The equilibrium structure of a variety of Si1-χGeу/Si heterostructures have been simulated by Molecular Dynamics, modeled by the Stillinger-Weber potential, to investigate the effect of strain on the surfaces of SiGe thin Alms. It was found that the strain in SiGe/Si(100) thin films was relaxed by the segregation of Ge to the surface. Rebonding of sub-surface atoms into dimers in the presence of a vacancy or cluster of vacancies above them was observed in the ensuing surface reconstruction. For SiGe/Si, the amount of “re-bonded missing dimers” in the top two layers increased with increasing Ge composition. But for Ge/Si(100), a V-shaped twinning defect was observed in the Ge thin film. To further investigate the effect of strain on surface reconstruction, bulk Si and Ge structures were also studied. For bulk Si, several rebonded missing dimers were found at the surface, while for bulk Ge(100), the surface showed a typical 2×1 reconstruction. All these findings corroborate recent experimental studies and theoretical predictions.
Clinical practice. Care of the asplenic patient.

Key Clinical PointsCare of the Asplenic Patient Asplenic patients are at risk for episodes of rapidly progressive septicemia that are fatal in up to 50% of cases. Asplenic patients should be informed that any illness with fever or severe symptoms without fever could indicate the onset of a life-threatening infection. Asplenic patients in whom fever develops should receive empirical antimicrobial therapy immediately. Vaccinations against pneumococci, Haemophilus influenzae type b, meningococci, and influenza virus are recommended for asplenic patients. Prophylactic antimicrobial therapy is generally recommended for asplenic children younger than 5 years of age and may be considered for older children and adults during the initial 1 to 2 years after splenectomy, with lifelong prophylaxis for persons who have had an episode of postsplenectomy sepsis.
Clay (a poem)

A brief reflection, in which the smallest discrete part of our physical world is elevated (or more accurately, translocated) into the leading role.
In Vivo and In Vitro Effects of Xenogeneic Immune Ribonucleic Acid in Patients With Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Phase I Study

AbstractBased upon demonstration in our laboratory of repeated prevention of pulmonary metastases by adjuvant immune ribonucleic acid in animal preparations, xenogeneic immune ribonucleic acid was given in a phase I study to patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma. Six patients were treated with intravenous infusions of autologous lymphocytes incubated in vitro with immune ribonucleic acid extracted from splenocytes of guinea pigs immunized with the patient’s own tumor. Serial peripheral blood lymphocytes were obtained during and after each treatment with immune ribonucleic acid for in vitro evaluation of cell-mediated cytolysis by 51Chromium release assay and 125iodine iododeoxyuridine assay against allogeneic renal cell carcinoma targets and melanoma targets.Neither toxicity nor enhancement of tumor growth was observed. All patients demonstrated significantly increased cell-mediated cytolysis against allogeneic renal cell carcinoma targets but no change against melanoma targets. Increased cell-media...
Transactivation of the interleukin-1alpha promoter by human T-cell leukemia virus type I and type II Tax proteins

Human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I)-infected T-cell lines constitutively produce high levels of interleukin-1alpha (IL-1alpha). To analyze the mechanisms that lead to the expression of IL-1alpha in HTLV-I-infected cell lines, we studied regulatory regions of the human IL-1alpha promoter involved in activation of the IL-1alpha gene. IL-1alpha promoter constructs drive transcription of the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) reporter gene in HTLV-I-positive MT-2 cells, which constitutively produce IL-1alpha. In a cotransfection assay, the Tax protein of both HTLV-I and HTLV-II specifically activated transcription from the IL-1alpha promoter in an uninfected Jurkat cell line. A mutant Tax protein deficient in transactivation of genes by the nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB pathway was unable to induce transcriptional activity of IL-1alpha promoter-CAT constructs, but was rescued by exogenous provision of p65/p50 NF-kappaB. We found that two IL-1alpha kappaB-like sites (positions -1,065 to -1,056 and +646 to +655) specifically formed a complex with NF-kappaB-containing nuclear extract from MT-2 cells and that NF-kappaB bound with higher affinity to the 3' NF-kappaB binding site than to the 5' NF-kappaB site. Moreover, deletion of either 5' or 3' NF-kappaB sites reduced IL-1alpha promoter activity in MT-2 cells and transactivation of the IL-1alpha promoter by exogenous NF-kappaB and Tax in Jurkat cells. These data suggest a general role for Tax induction of IL-1alpha gene transcription by the NF-kappaB pathway. Expression of IL-1alpha by HTLV-I productively infected cells may be important in the hypercalcemia, osteolytic bone lesions, neutrophilia, elevation of C-reactive protein, and fever frequently seen in patients with HTLV-I-induced adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma.
The development and distribution of small intestinal disaccharidases in the horse.

Summary The disaccharidases, lactase, cellobiase, maltase, sucrase and trehalase are present in the small intestinal mucosa of the horse, presumably located ill the brush border. The enzyme activities are of the same order of magnitude and hare a similar distribution pattern to those reported in omnivorous and carnivorous species. During development, the α-glucosidases, maltase, sucrase and trehalase are barely discernible in the fetus, although maltase is present at low levels at birth, but all increase during the suckling period to reach adult levels by 7 months of age. Conversely, lactase and cellobiase are present by the third month of gestation and, although little changed in activity by the ninth month, reach maximal levels at birth. After 4 months the enzymes steadily decline in activity, and are not detected in the small intestine of horses older than 4 years of age. The disaccharidases are virtually absent from the large intestine and meconium.
Role of endogenous ANG II on resetting arterial baroreflex during development

Angiotensin II (ANG II) has been shown in adults to modulate baroreflex responses in heart rate (HR) and sympathetic outflow. To test the hypothesis that high circulating levels of ANG II in the ne...
Optimal Environmental Conditions and Anomalous Ecosystem Responses: Constraining Bottom-up Controls of Phytoplankton Biomass in the California Current System

In Eastern Boundary Current systems, wind-driven upwelling drives nutrient-rich water to the ocean surface, making these regions among the most productive on Earth. Regulation of productivity by changing wind and/or nutrient conditions can dramatically impact ecosystem functioning, though the mechanisms are not well understood beyond broad-scale relationships. Here, we explore bottom-up controls during the California Current System (CCS) upwelling season by quantifying the dependence of phytoplankton biomass (as indicated by satellite chlorophyll estimates) on two key environmental parameters: subsurface nitrate concentration and surface wind stress. In general, moderate winds and high nitrate concentrations yield maximal biomass near shore, while offshore biomass is positively correlated with subsurface nitrate concentration. However, due to nonlinear interactions between the influences of wind and nitrate, bottom-up control of phytoplankton cannot be described by either one alone, nor by a combined metric such as nitrate flux. We quantify optimal environmental conditions for phytoplankton, defined as the wind/nitrate space that maximizes chlorophyll concentration and present a framework for evaluating ecosystem change relative to environmental drivers. The utility of this framework is demonstrated by (i) elucidating anomalous CCS responses in 1998–1999, 2002 and 2005 and (ii) providing a basis for assessing potential biological impacts of projected climate change.
Occupational Therapy Wellness Program: Youth and Parent Perspectives.

Objective In this study, we explored the impact of an occupational therapy wellness program on daily habits and routines through the perspectives of youth and their parents. Method Data were collected through semistructured interviews with children and their parents, the Pizzi Healthy Weight Management Assessment(©), and program activities. Results Three themes emerged from the interviews: Program Impact, Lessons Learned, and Time as a Barrier to Health. The most common areas that both youth and parents wanted to change were time spent watching television and play, fun, and leisure time. Analysis of activity pie charts indicated that the youth considerably increased active time in their daily routines from Week 1 to Week 6 of the program. Conclusion An occupational therapy program focused on health and wellness may help youth and their parents be more mindful of their daily activities and make health behavior changes.
The miRNAome of durum wheat: isolation and characterisation of conserved and novel microRNAs and their target genes

The allotetraploid durum wheat [Triticum turgidum subsp. durum (Desf.) Husn.] is a highly economically important species especially in the Mediterranean basin. However, its genomics, transcriptomics and in particular microRNAome are still largely unknown. In the present work, two small RNA libraries from durum wheat Ciccio and Svevo cultivars were generated from different tissues at the late milk (Z77) developmental stage. A total of 167 conserved and 98 potential novel miRNAs were identified in the two libraries and interestingly, three novel miRNAs were found to be derived from ribosomal RNA. Putative target genes were predicted for conserved and novel miRNAs, the majority of which interact with nucleic acids, according to GO terms relative to molecular function. Quantitative qPCR analysis showed that several miRNAs identified were differentially expressed in the mature (Z77) developmental stage compared to young (Z14) tissues. Moreover, target gene expression analysis suggested that in roots, the putative genes encoding for the SQUAMOSA SPL2 and TGA1 proteins are regulated by ttu-miR156n, while MYB3 transcription factor by ttu-miR319f. Additionally, the Photosystem II P680 chlorophyll A apoprotein gene showed an expression level negatively correlated to that of ttu-novel-48 in leaves. Our results suggest that, in durum wheat, these genes may play important roles in root/leaf development and are subjected to miRNA regulation. The prediction of novel miRNAs putatively derived from ribosomal RNA opens new perspectives on the study of plant miRNAs.
Adult nostalgia and children’s toys past and present

ABSTRACTThis paper explores the role of adult nostalgia for the things and experiences of childhood, and the resulting perpetuation of certain toys and playthings in the contemporary marketplace. In doing so, it addresses the place of objects in the cross-disciplinary study of play, and the common emphasis on play’s preparatory and adaptive nature. While such nostalgic objects do not introduce children to the technology and social worlds of the future, they do enable adults to insinuate their own childhoods into the experiences of the next generation. This analysis focuses on two specific popular toys, the Fisher-Price Chatter Telephone, and Mickey Mouse Ears. Through a focus on the nostalgic aspects of toys, several important issues may be addressed, including the strain of conservatism that is perpetuated by adults in children’s material culture, and the implications for nostalgia in studying play and intergenerational relationships in the past and present.
Divergent roles of miR-126 in normal and malignant stem cells

Malignant blasts in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) are organized in a hierarchal manner resembling normal hematopoiesis, with leukemic stem cells (LSCs) at the apex, giving rise to more differentiated progeny with reduced capacity to self-renew (1). Functionally, LSCs demonstrate the ability to propagate disease upon transplantation (demonstrating leukemia-initiating cell, or LIC, activity), as well as serial transplantation. With each transplantation, LSCs cells are capable of retaining properties of the original leukemia, which reflects their unique capacity to self-renew, similar to normal hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs).
Dynamic simulation of flooded condensers

Abstract Pressure is controlled in most distillation columns by manipulating condenser heat removal, which can be achieved in a variety of ways. The most direct method is to manipulate the flowrate of the coolant. However if the coolant is cooling water, maintaining a high and constant flowrate is sometimes required to prevent fouling and corrosion. A commonly used alternative is to partially flood the condenser with liquid by placing a control valve beneath the condenser. Changing the liquid level changes the heat-transfer area, which changes the condenser duty. The flowrate of cooling water is fixed. The use a flooded condenser is widely but only qualitatively discussed in a host of papers and books. What has not appeared in the literature is how this condenser configuration can be easily simulated using commercial simulators. That is the purpose of this paper. The advantages and disadvantages of flooded condensers are discussed and a quantitative comparison of the effectiveness of pressure control between manipulating cooling water flowrate and manipulating condenser flooding is presented.
Meta-Path Selection for Extended Multi-Relational Matrix Factorization

Multi-relational matrix factorization is an effective technique for incorporating heterogenous datainto prediction tasks, such as personalized recommendation. Recent research has extended the set of relationsthat can be applied within heterogeneous network settings by composing non-local relations using network meta-paths. One of the key problems in applying this technique is that the set of possible non-local relations is essentially unbounded. In this paper, we demonstrate that an information gain based technique for heuristic pruning of relations can enhance the performance of multi-relational matrix factorization recommenders.
Disseminating Evidence-Based Practices for Child and Adolescent Mental Health: A Web-Based Initiative

Recent years have seen an increase in demand for evidence-based practices (EBPs) in mental health care; however, there exists a dearth of accessible, low-cost trainings in EBPs. This has led nation...
The Role of Peer Review in a Health Care Organization Driven by TQM/CQI

Articie-at-a-Giance Background Many health care organizations have embraced the philosophy and tools of total quality management (TQM) and continuous quality improvement (CQI) without overt linkage to existing peer review processes. Achieving total quality in an organization requires that both peer review and TQM/CQI improvement processes be effectively used. Examples Three ways of linking peer review and TQM/CQI include: 1) coordinating TQM/CQI and peer review quality improvement initiatives whenever possible; 2) expanding the focus of peer review to include assessment of the processes and systems within which the clinician functions; and 3) linking peer review and TQM/CQI improvement processes to address behavioral and attitudinal issues having economic roots.
Correlation between lattice distortion and friction stress in Ni-based equiatomic alloys

Abstract Many recent efforts have been made to apply traditional theories for solid solution strengthening to explain the strength increase in concentrated equiatomic alloys (or high-entropy alloys), but always faced the challenge of differentiating solvent from solute atoms. In this report, we conducted a systematical analysis of Ni-based equiatomic alloys with a face-centered cubic structure and found that the lattice distortion in this alloy system could be simply described by the parameter of atomic size mismatch. It was found that lattice friction stresses of these alloys were well correlated with the lattice distortion. Dislocation core width in this Ni-based alloy system was also estimated and compared with that in the pure nickel. The intrinsically high strength in high-entropy alloys was probably resulted from a high lattice friction stress.
The psychosocial impact of leg ulcers in patients with sickle cell disease: I don't want them to know my little secret.

Background Sickle cell disease (SCD) impacts millions of individuals worldwide and more than 100,000 people in the United States. Leg ulcers are the most common cutaneous manifestation of SCD. The health status of individuals living with chronic leg ulcers is not only influenced by clinical manifestations such as pain duration and intensity, but also by psychosocial factors. Garnering insights into the psychosocial impact can provide a more holistic view of their influence on quality of life. Methods Semi-structured interviews were conducted with participants living with active SCD-associated leg ulcers or with a history of ulcers. Subjects were recruited from an ongoing study (INSIGHTS, Clin Trial.Gov NCT02156102) and consented to this qualitative phase of the study. Five areas were explored: leg ulcer pain, physical function, social-isolation, social relationships and religious support. Data was collected from 20 individuals during these interviews and a thematic analysis was performed and reported. Results Twenty participants with a mean age of 42.4 (SD ± 11.1years) were included in the study. Major themes identified included:1) pain (acute and chronic); 2) compromised physical function as demonstrated by decreased ability to walk, run, and play sports; 3) social isolation from activities either by others or self-induced as a means of avoiding certain emotions, such as embarrassment; 4) social relationships (family support and social network); 5) support and comfort through their religion or spirituality. Conclusions SCD patients with leg ulcers expressed that they experience social isolation, intense and frequent ulcer pain, and difficulty in physical function. SCD-associated leg ulcers have been studied from a clinical approach, but the psychosocial factors investigated in this study informs how quality of life is impacted by the leg ulcers.
Geometries for creating a process seal insert for a standard waveguide-to-coax adapter

Simulation results for several novel shapes of dielectric inserts that can serve as effective process seals for a standard WR-90 waveguide-to-coax adapter are presented. The objective of the design is to modify a standard adapter as a convenient wave launching structure for the measurement of fields in the interior regions of a complex machine. Modifying the geometry of the process seal insert has the benefits of not disturbing the waveguide cutoff characteristics, and increasing efficiency as compared to a total dielectric fill.
A Computational investigation of the potential for non-sooting fuels to enable ultra-low NOx and CO2 emissions

Abstract Lean and stoichiometric DME fueled compression ignition engine concepts were compared to a base heavy-duty diesel engine at the near rated power operating condition. The ability to achieve ultra-low emissions and high thermal efficiency was evaluated using a combined 3D CFD and 1D cycle simulation approach. The peak gross indicated efficiency was achieved using lean DME operation due to improvements in mixing resulting from the DME injection event. Stoichiometric operation resulted in reductions in gross indicated efficiency due to incomplete combustion. System level comparisons showed that, when the impact of NOx after-treatment, air handling, and waste heat recovery are considered, the stoichiometric DME cases show an improvement in efficiency over lean DME and lean diesel combustion. The improvements are the result of reductions in pumping losses, elimination of DEF losses, and recovery of exhaust energy. Well-to-wheels analysis was performed and CO2 emission showed a heavy dependence on fuel feedstock for DME. Finally, extreme downsizing was investigated and it was found that stoichiometric operation provides the potential to decrease the displacement by a factor of two with no degradation in power, similar brake thermal efficiency, and near zero NOx emissions.
Q {\overline Q} g contribution to diffractive J/ψ electroproductionQbar Qg contribution to diffractive J/ψ electroproduction

We study the diffractive electroproduction of quarkonia from quark-antiquark-gluon states in the photon wave function. We show that these states contribute to the leading-power and leading-logarithm level. We suggest the measurement of J/? production via inelastic diffraction to study color-transparency and color-opacity effects in the diffractive gluon distribution.
Robust Approaches to Generating Reliable Predictive Models in Systems Biology

A computational technique is described to reduce the model search space and construct an ensemble of models for systems biology using perturbation data. While doing so, an effective way of representing a network model is developed for computing purposes using adjacency matrix-like data structures. This allows models to include Uni-Uni to Bi-Bi reactions in addition to enzymatic activation and inhibition. It is demonstrated that the technique is effective, fast, and suggests it can be used as an initial filtering step in conjunction with other computational techniques. Finally, other potential methods to construct a set of reliable network models using time-course data are explored.
Multi-principal element transition metal dichalcogenides via reactive fusion of 3D-heterostructures

Transition metal dichalcogenides combining multiple principal elements in their structures are synthesized via mechanochemical exfoliation and spontaneous reassembly of binary precursors into 3D-heterostructures that are converted into single-phase layered materials by high-temperature reactive fusion. Physical and chemical events enabling these transformations are summarized in the form of a conceivable reaction mechanism.
Abstract 235: Ionizing Radiation Induces Endothelial Inflammation and Apoptosis via P90rsk-mediated Erk5 S496 Phosphorylation

Background: Adverse cardiovascular events are a leading nonmalignant cause of morbidity and mortality among cancer survivors who have been exposed to ionizing radiation (IR), but the exact mechanis...
Connecting Primary Care to Community-Based Education: Michigan Physicians' Familiarity With Extension Programs

Clinical-community linkages enhance health care delivery and enable physician-patient partnerships to achieve better health. The Michigan State University (MSU) Model of Health Extension includes a strategy for forming these linkages by focusing on increasing primary care patient referrals and enrollment in health programs. This article shares the results of a survey of Michigan internal medicine and family medicine physicians (n = 323) to better understand attitudes toward and familiarity with community-based education (CBE) programs and to assess the logistical requirements to make CBE referrals efficient and sustainable. Survey results showed that at most, 55% of respondents were aware of at least one CBE program implemented by Cooperative Extension. Of those who were aware, over 85% agreed that the programs have positive benefits for patients. Thirty-five percent reported at least one referral barrier, and familiarity with the CBE programs was a significant predictor for reporting all referral barriers. The results suggest that increasing physicians' familiarity of CBE health programs is a key first step in identifying ideal strategies to overcome referral barriers. Data from this study may help determine scalable state level models for increasing awareness of chronic disease prevention and other CBE programs in efforts to improve the health of the nation.
Attention, Please: How the Attention-Related Stories We Tell Our Students in Class Influence Their Performance at Work

In recent years, two narratives surrounding attention in the workplace have generated much discussion in academia and the popular press. The first concerns the value of “mindfulness” and the practi...
Abstract B22: A method for early detection of hemangiosarcoma in dogs

Aims: We developed a test to detect hemangiosarcoma (HSA)-associated cells in the circulation of dogs prior to the onset of grossly detectable disease. Our objective is to assign dogs into risk categories for development of HSA, allowing for the rational deployment of eBAT, a drug to target the cancer-stem cell compartment and the tumor niche in these dogs, as an effective means for cancer prophylaxis. Methods: We used samples from 125 dogs (28 with hemangiosarcoma, 29 with other cancers, 27 with benign vascular pathology, and 41 for healthy) as a training set for machine learning. We used 10-fold cross validation, “leave-one-out” analyses to establish parameters of the test for detection of HSA-associated cells, and to determine sensitivity and specificity. We then applied the algorithms to a prospective cohort of 209 clinically healthy golden retrievers, boxers, and Portuguese Water Dogs older than 6 years of age as a validation set to assess the performance of the test in the early detection setting. Results: Using 10-fold cross validation, the test achieved a classification accuracy of 85% for healthy dogs and up to 89% for dogs with HSA, with 89% sensitivity and 95% specificity for detection of HSA. In the prospective cohort, more than 50% of clinically healthy dogs were categorized into one of the three conditions indicative of pathology (HSA, other cancer, benign splenic pathology). The test seems to have outstanding specificity and acceptable sensitivity for use in early detection: the false negative rate at 6-months after testing was Conclusions: We developed a blood test that can successfully detect the presence of HSA-associated cells in dogs with active disease, and that can be used in the early-detection setting to categorize risk of developing HSA. Our results from a prospective cohort of 200 dogs over 6 years of age suggest as many as 50% of these dogs have inapparent disease. The performance of the test is acceptable for use as an actionable component of a cancer prevention platform. Clinical Significance: To our knowledge, this is the first test that can accurately assign risk for development of hemangiosarcoma to clinically healthy dogs, providing a rationale for cancer chemoprophylaxis. Our study also provides proof of concept for prospective, large-scale trials for early cancer detection in companion dogs. Citation Format: Taylor A. DePauw, Ali Khammanivong, Jaime F. Modiano. A method for early detection of hemangiosarcoma in dogs [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Advances in Liquid Biopsies; Jan 13-16, 2020; Miami, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2020;26(11_Suppl):Abstract nr B22.
Dynamic, Non-binary Specification of Sexual State in the C. elegans Nervous System

Summary Biological sex in animals is often considered a fixed, individual-level characteristic. However, not all sex-specific features are static: for example, C. elegans males (XO) can sometimes exhibit hermaphrodite (XX)-like feeding behavior [ 1 , 2 ]. (C. elegans hermaphrodites are somatic females that transiently produce self-sperm.) Essentially all somatic sex differences in C. elegans are governed by the master regulator tra-1, whose activity is controlled by chromosomal sex and is necessary and sufficient to specify the hermaphrodite state [ 3 ]. One aspect of this state is high expression of the chemoreceptor odr-10. In hermaphrodites, high odr-10 expression promotes feeding, but in males, low odr-10 expression facilitates exploration [ 4 ]. However, males suppress this sex difference in two contexts: juvenile males exhibit high odr-10 expression and food deprivation activates odr-10 in adult males [ 4 , 5 , 6 ]. Remarkably, we find that both of these phenomena require tra-1. In juvenile (L3) males, tra-1 is expressed in numerous neurons; this expression diminishes as individuals mature into adulthood, a process that requires conserved regulators of sexual maturation. tra-1 remains expressed in a small number of neurons in adult males, where it likely has a permissive role in odr-10 activation. Thus, the neuronal functions of tra-1 are not limited to hermaphrodites; rather, tra-1 also acts in the male nervous system to transiently suppress a sexual dimorphism, developmentally and in response to nutritional stress. Our results show that the molecular and functional representation of sexual state in C. elegans is neither static nor homogeneous, challenging traditional notions about the nature of biological sex.
Higher-Order Decompositions for Modal Identification and Model Order Reduction

Output only modal analysis is an essential tool for monitoring operations of complex large structures like offshore platforms or studying complex flow dynamics. Here we consider a higher-order singular value and non-Hermitian matrix decompositions and describe how they can be used in linear modal analysis to enhance the currently available output only modal analysis methods such as dynamic mode decomposition or eigenvalue realization algorithm. In addition, we show how these methodologies can be used for empirical nonlinear modal identification to obtain the slow flow dynamics of nonlinear dynamical systems. Finally, we show how this information can be used to obtain high-fidelity robust reduced-order models of nonlinear systems.
Hot Potatoes: Underpricing of Stocks following Extreme Negative Returns

Although it is well established that investors are willing to accept a negative premium for lottery-like stocks, it is puzzling that the opposite effect is not observed in stocks experiencing large daily losses. We find that stocks that experience large negative daily returns (MIN) also display large positive daily returns (MAX); therefore the MIN effect is subdued. Once stocks ranked as high-MAX within MIN deciles are removed, we find that MIN positively predicts future stock returns. More importantly, a strategy that buys pure high-MIN stocks and shorts pure high-MAX stocks generates superior returns compared to stand-alone MAX and/or MIN strategies.
Social Presence Theory: The Effects of Changing Communication Mediums on Judgment and Decision Making in the Audit Environment

The audit environment has recently undergone many changes related to communication. Due to the recent health concerns, interactions between all parties involved in an audit (e.g., auditors, clients, specialists) have been forced to be conducted virtually or using some form of computer-mediated communication (CMC). Further, partner level auditors have previously commented that the auditors entering the profession have not only become accustomed to communicating using CMC, but often prefer it over traditional face-to-face communication methods to interact with clients. Given the multiple mediums of communication present in the auditing environment, it is critical to understand how the communication medium might influence the various elements of judgment and decision making in an audit setting. This area has just begun to be explored in the auditing literature. We contend that Social Presence Theory is a particularly appropriate theory to be used in the audit setting and is important for future research. We provide a review of research utilizing Social Presence Theory and we suggest possible future research questions throughout the paper in order to promote research that examines the important impact of communication medium on judgment and decision making in auditing.
Multicultural Aspects of Names and Naming in American Literature

Multicultural names are used to do the following things: (1) establish genre, that is, realism versus fantasy, fiction versus non-fiction; (2) establish tone and mode, that is, sombre versus light-hearted; (3) establish time periods, that is, contemporary versus historical versus futuristic, establish settings and locations; (4) reveal ethnic values and aid with characterisation; and (5) provide memory hooks for readers. Our examples will come mainly from the following books: Beloved by Toni Morrison, The House on Mango Street by Sandra Cisneros, The Joy Luck Club by Amy Tan, The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fistfight in Heaven by Sherman Alexie, and Weedflower by Cynthia Kadohata.
Syrup: User-Defined Scheduling Across the Stack

Suboptimal scheduling decisions in operating systems, networking stacks, and application runtimes are often responsible for poor application performance, including higher latency and lower throughput. These poor decisions stem from a lack of insight into the applications and requests the scheduler is handling and a lack of coherence and coordination between the various layers of the stack, including NICs, kernels, and applications. We propose Syrup, a framework for user-defined scheduling. Syrup enables untrusted application developers to express application-specific scheduling policies across these system layers without being burdened with the low-level system mechanisms that implement them. Application developers write a scheduling policy with Syrup as a set of matching functions between inputs (threads, network packets, network connections) and executors (cores, network sockets, NIC queues) and then deploy it across system layers without modifying their code. Syrup supports multi-tenancy as multiple co-located applications can each safely and securely specify a custom policy. We present several examples of uses of Syrup to define application and workload-specific scheduling policies in a few lines of code, deploy them across the stack, and improve performance up to 8x compared with default policies.
Regulation of human thymidine kinase during the cell cycle

As an approach to defining the molecular basis for the periodic expression of thymidine kinase activity during the cell cycle, we have examined properties of the cytosolic enzyme in cycling HeLa cells synchronized by centrifugal elutriation and mitotic selection. By immunoblot analyses with a specific antiserum raised against the purified HeLa enzyme, we have demonstrated that changes in the levels of thymidine kinase activity reflect similar changes in the levels of thymidine kinase polypeptide. In contrast, the steady state levels of thymidine kinase mRNA show relatively small changes during the cell cycle. Using pulse labeling methods, we have shown that the synthetic rate of thymidine kinase protein is about 10-fold greater in S phase than in G1 phase, indicating that the efficiency of translation of thymidine kinase mRNA increases as cells begin DNA replication. In addition, the stability of thymidine kinase protein dramatically decreases upon cell division, resulting in the rapid clearance of the enzyme from newly divided G1 cells. Thus, two different post-transcriptional mechanisms largely account for the periodic behavior of the enzyme activity during the cell cycle.
The Role of Design Components in Test Plan Generation

In this paper, we focus on the integration of a test plan generation technique in the context of a use case design methodology. The foundation for this approach lies in partitioning the design schemata into a layered architecture of functional components called design units together with action matrices that tabularly represent each use case scenario as a unique sequence of design units. Based on these two concepts, we demonstrate how test plan generation and software test metrics are developed. The action matrix with design unit boundaries provides the test engineer with a constructive framework to follow a bottom-up test process that proceeds from unit to integration and user acceptance testing. The proposed software testing metrics are employed to improve the productivity of the testing process through scenario prioritization. This approach supports effective test plan generation based on sound and systematic design procedures.
Optical rotatory dispersion of sugars : III. Relationship to structures of oligosaccharides☆

Abstract Optical rotatory dispersion curves have been obtained for a series of oligosaccharides. The rotatory data for the oligosaccharides, over the spectral region 600−185 mμ, where in general agreement with the sum of the rotations of the constituent monomeric residues. Distinct features of shape of the rotatory dispersion curves, including changes in the directional trends of rotation in the far-ultraviolet region, reflected the specific configurational features of the monomeric residues. Based on the previously proposed treatment of optical rotatory dispersion data for monosaccharides, a method has been outlined for relating the rotation in the far-ultraviolet region to the structure of oligosaccharides in solution.
Toward a Common Law for Undercover Investigations - A Book Review of ABSCAM Ethics: Moral Issues and Deception in Law Enforcement

ABSCAM Ethics: Moral Issues and Deception in Law Enforcement is a significant contribution to the public debate over the propriety of undercover tactics in criminal investigations. The book arose out of two conferences on deceptive law-enforcement techniques and police ethics held at Harvard University in 1981 and at the John Jay College of Criminal Justice of the City University of New York in 1982. The high level of debate at these conferences prompted the Police Foundation to ask Professor Gerald M. Caplan of The George Washington University National Law Center to assemble and edit the best papers for publication. The result is a collection of seven essays dealing with the specifics of ABSCAM, the use of informants in law enforcement, the selection of targets for investigation, strategies for dealing with victimless crimes, and the social and ethical implications of the new police undercover operations. The essays vary in their approaches and methodologies. Several of them are sensitive, enlightening, and provocative; a few are superficial and dull. Notwithstanding its title, the book transcends any particular undercover operation and provides a framework for further analysis of one of the most difficult and controversial issues facing law-enforcement officials today. The book demonstrates the need for new legal approaches to the problem of police undercover work, both to ensure fair and rational policies and to provide safeguards against abuse. One such approach, which I shall discuss below, is to create a new common law for undercover investigations, based on the overriding public interests in controlling law-enforcement misconduct and protecting citizens against governmental oppression.
RNA Crosslinking Methods

RNA-RNA crosslinking provides a rapid means of obtaining evidence for the proximity of functional groups in structurally complex RNAs and ribonucleoproteins. Such evidence can be used to provide a physical context for interpreting structural information from other biochemical and biophysical methods and for the design of further experiments. The identification of crosslinks that accurately reflect the native conformation of the RNA of interest is strongly dependent on the position of the crosslinking agent, the conditions of the crosslinking reaction, and the method for mapping the crosslink position. Here, we provide an overview of protocols and experimental considerations for RNA-RNA crosslinking with the most commonly used long- and short-range photoaffinity reagents. Specifically, we describe the merits and strategies for random and site-specific incorporation of these reagents into RNA, the crosslinking reaction and isolation of crosslinked products, the mapping crosslinked sites, and assessment of the crosslinking data.
Subwavelength optical elements (SOEs) and nanofabrications - a path to integrate optical communication components on a chip

Summary form only given. The paper presents a special class of optical devices, SOEs, which have feature size smaller than the wavelength of light and hence no non-zero order diffraction. SOEs drastically differ from bulk optics (i.e. ray optics) and diffractive optics in a number of ways. First, SOEs can perform conventional bulk optics functions, but with a size orders of magnitude smaller than bulk optics. Second, different SOEs can be made using the same materials but different nano-patterns, rather than different materials as in bulk optics. The two advantages make SOEs intrinsically suited for integration on a chip. Moreover, SOEs can offer new functionalities that bulk or diffractive optics do not have. SOE examples discussed include polarizers, beam splitters and combiners, waveplates, antireflection structures, filters (fixed or tunable), and lenses. Furthermore, integration of SOEs with lasers to control and tune laser properties (polarization, lasing mode and frequency, etc.) is explored. Finally, an innovative nanofabrication technology is described.
Muscular dysgenesis: a model system for studying skeletal muscle development.

Muscular dysgenesis, caused by an autosomal recessive lethal mutation (mdg) in mice, is characterized by an absence of contraction of skeletal muscle. A historical review of the investigation of this disorder is presented. The early studies of the morphological and physiological aspects of the disorder in vivo and in vitro presented evidence for dysfunction in the skeletal muscle excitation-contraction (E-C) system, and thus suggested that skeletal muscle was the primary target of dysfunction in dysgenesis. Subsequent evidence, including the phenomenon of rescue (restoration of contraction) of dysgenic muscle in culture by spinal cord cells, argued for involvement of the nervous system in the disorder. Experiments demonstrating that dysgenic muscle lacks the slow calcium current associated with E-C coupling, and the protein (the dihydropyridine receptor) also associated with such coupling, led to the discovery of the probable site of the mutation: the gene for the alpha 1 subunit of the dihydropyridine re...
Application of implicit attitude measures to the blood donation context

BACKGROUND: Past blood donation research has relied on explicit (self-report) measures to understand blood donation motivations, but has not yet considered the inherent implicit or automatic processing involved in decision-making. This study addresses this limitation by introducing and validating two novel implicit measures of blood donation attitudes. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Healthy young adults (n = 253) performed both image and word versions of a Single Target Implicit Association Test (ST-IAT) and then completed self-report measures of blood donation attitudes, blood and needle fears, social desirability, and donation intention. RESULTS: These results affirmed the validity of the blood donation ST-IATs in at least three ways. First, as expected, nondonors demonstrated more negative implicit donation attitudes than donors. Second, the implicit measures were significantly related in expected directions with explicit measures of donation attitudes as well as blood and needle fears. Finally, implicit donation attitudes were significantly related to donation intention, and the Image ST-IAT (but not the Word ST-IAT) significantly enhanced prediction of donation intention over and above needle fears and marginally enhanced prediction over and above blood fears. CONCLUSION: Image and word versions of the blood donation ST-IAT offer a valid method of assessing underlying automatic attitudes toward blood donation.
Linking future aerosol radiative forcing to shifts in source activities

[1] We model future direct radiative forcings of the major anthropogenic aerosol species, sulfate, black and organic carbon, within industrial, power, transport, and residential sectors and biomass burning. A sectoral perspective helps to inform mitigation directions. More accurate projections are facilitated by recent carbonaceous aerosol emission estimates that incorporate projected technology changes, now available for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change scenarios A1B and B1, for 2030 and 2050. Net present-day model anthropogenic forcing is −0.11 W m−2. By 2050 this doubles (A1B) or drops by 30% (B1), depending mostly on sulfate changes in the industry and power sectors. Present-day (non-biomass burning) BC forcing comes mostly from residential sources (+0.09 W m−2), however this is projected to decrease by more than a factor of 10 by 2050. Future BC forcing is projected to come mostly from transport, changing from +0.06 W m−2 in 2000 to +0.04 (B1) or +0.07 W m−2 (A1B) by 2050.
The crisis of British democracy: Back to the '70s or stuck in the present?

‘Crises can transform politics; scandals rarely do.’ Drawing a contrast with the ructions of the 1970s, David Runciman argues that British democracy is suffering from a permanent state of scandal which obscures the underlying crisis of elitist managerial politics.