cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Connectivity of core forming melts: Experimental constraints from electrical conductivity and X-ray tomography

Abstract The formation of a metallic core is one of the most profound events in the early evolution of a planet. Although there is much evidence that favors a very hot and deep magma ocean for the major core formation event on Earth, many smaller planetesimals likely never became hot enough to generate the wide-scale melting required for such a scenario. Furthermore, there is evidence that planetesimal cores formed rapidly (within 3 My). An inefficient percolative flow mechanism has been suggested to be viable for systems that have a metallic melt fraction in excess of the percolation threshold (approximately 5 vol%), provided that the permeability of these connected melts is high enough to remove the majority of the core liquid from the silicate matrix in such a relatively short time span. More accurate knowledge of the permeability of core forming melts requires a detailed understanding of how the melt is connected in three dimensions, and the complex relationships between melt volume, connectedness and permeability. In this study, we calculated the permeability of core forming metallic liquids (Fe67S33) within a silicate matrix by lattice-Boltzmann simulations of flow through digital volumes generated from three-dimensional, synchrotron-based X-ray tomographic images of experimental run samples synthesized at 1300 °C and 1 GPa. Electrical conductivity measurements were also conducted on the same pre-synthesized samples to independently determine the percolation (connectivity) threshold. The percolation threshold of these samples was determined to be higher than some earlier measurements (>6 vol%), and the calculated permeability is substantially lower than previously estimated. As a consequence, although percolation still appears viable for some planetesimal sized objects, it may be a secondary mechanism, acting in conjunction with flow induced through other processes such as deformation or more wide spread melting.
Christian Religiosity, Self-Control and Social Conformity

Survey data from a southwestern metropolitan area are used to analyze whether the ability of personal Christian religiosity to predict social conformity is spuriously due to self-control. Results indicate that both personal religiosity and self-control display statistically significant, independent negative net relationships with many forms of projected misbehavior. And interaction between self-control and religiosity in predicting deviance appears to be limited. Thus, self-control does not seem to account for the effects of religiosity, leaving the issue of how and why religiosity leads to conformity unresolved.
Mental health in schools and public health.

Health policy and practice call for health and mental health parity and for a greater focus on universal interventions to promote, prevent, and intervene as early after problem onset as is feasible. Those in the public health field are uniquely positioned to help promote the mental health of young people and to reshape how the nation thinks about and addresses mental health. And schools are essential partners for doing the work.
Exploring Pedagogical Discourse on the Web: A Commentary on Bodzin

The struggle for many professors using Asynchronous Learning Networks has been creating a meaningful educational experience, as opposed to merely meeting informational needs of…students. (Thompson & McGrath, 1999). As student teachers of science enter the world of the high school and middle school, they are often at a loss for a sense of community and belonging. The teachers in the school to which they are assigned may be friendly; however, “intern” status is both an exciting challenge and a lonely, anxiety-creating experience for many. Using a web-based discussion forum to address the pedagogical issues that arise for preservice science teachers is a way to create a sense of community across distance and alleviate the anxiety and aloneness often experienced by student teachers. What distinguishes Bodzin’s (2002) web-based forum is its focus on “critical incidents” in science teaching. The necessity for a focused discourse on the Web cannot be understated. Linn (1998) noted that computer technology has introduced unprecedented options for teaching, learning, and knowledge building, while expanding the opportunities for building communities of learners. It is, however, crucial for teacher educators to ask themselves how they can create effective teaching strategies to serve this new social context for communication. Computer mediated communication has been found to contribute to a sense of community (Berg, 1999). Collaborations and social discourse, attributes of constructivist experiences, look different in online learning environments than in face-to-face classrooms (Howland, 2002). Koch, J. (2002). Exploring pedagogical discourse on the Web: A commentary on Bodzin. Contemporary Issues in Technology and Teacher Education, 2(3), 291-295.
How to lease the internet in your spare time

Today's Internet Service Providers (ISPs) serve two roles: managing their network infrastructure and providing (arguably limited) services to end users. We argue that coupling these roles impedes the deployment of new protocols and architectures, and that the future Internet should support two separate entities: infrastructure providers (who manage the physical infrastructure) and service providers (who deploy network protocols and offer end-to-end services). We present a high-level design for Cabo, an architecture that enables this separation; we also describe challenges associated with realizing this architecture.
Piezoelectric Nanogenerators for Self-Powered Nanodevices

A novel approach converts nanoscale mechanical energy into electric energy for self-powering nanodevices.In our own work, we've used piezoelectric zinc-oxide nanowire (ZnO NW) arrays to demonstrate a novel approach for converting nanoscale mechanical energy into electric energy. Here, we review the fundamental principle behind the nanogenerator, present an approach for improving its performance, and discuss some of the challenges we face in pushing this technology to reach its potential.
Polymerization of higher aldehydes. IV. Crystalline isotactic polyaldehydes: Anionic and cationic polymerization

Low temperature polymerization of aldehydes in solvents of low dielectric constants yields crystalline isotactic polyaldehydes. Alkali metal alkoxides were found to be the best initiators; but alkali metals, alkali metal alkyls, Grignard reagents, lithium aluminum hydride, and aluminum organic compounds also work effectively. Isotactic polyaldehydes were also obtained by cationic initiation (stannic bromide, solid BF3 etherate). The stereoregularity increases with the increase of the space requirements of the side chain.
Diffusion studies of CO2, NO, NO2, and SO2 on molecular sieve zeolites by gas chromatography

Gas chromatographic techniques were used to measure the diffusion coefficients and the isosteric heats of adsorption of CO2, NO, NO2, and SO2 on 5A and 13X molecular sieves, natural mordenites, and synthetic Na- and H-mordenites in the temperature range of 133 to 325°C. Diffusional resistances for all gases studied decrease in the following order: natural mordenites > Na-mordenites > H-mordenites > (13X, 5A) indicating the increased ease of flow in the 3-dimensional network. Isosteric heats of adsorption (range from 3 kcal/mole to 12 kcal/mole) and activation energies (range from 3 kcal/mole to 19 kcal/mole) decrease in the same order. The variations of diffusion coefficients, heats of adsorption, and activation energies are discussed in terms of the interaction between the surface and gas molecules as well as the openings of the pores relative to the size of the diffusing molecules.
What does anisotropy measure? Insights from increased and decreased anisotropy in selective fiber tracts in schizophrenia

Schizophrenia is a common, severe, and chronically disabling mental illness of unknown cause. Recent MRI studies have focused attention on white matter abnormalities in schizophrenia using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). Indices commonly derived from DTI include (1) mean diffusivity, independent of direction, (2) fractional anisotropy (FA) or relative anisotropy (RA), (3) axial diffusivity, and (4) radial diffusivity. In cerebral white matter, contributions to these indices come from fiber arrangements, degree of myelination, and axonal integrity. Relatively pure deficits in myelin result in a modest increase in radial diffusivity, without affecting axial diffusivity and with preservation of anisotropy. Although schizophrenia is not characterized by gross abnormalities of white matter, it does involve a profound dysregulation of myelin-associated gene expression, reductions in oligodendrocyte numbers, and marked abnormalities in the ultrastructure of myelin sheaths. Since each oligodendrocyte myelinates as many as 40 axon segments, changes in the number of oligodendrocytes (OLG), and/or in the integrity of myelin sheaths, and/or axoglial contacts can have a profound impact on signal propagation and the integrity of neuronal circuits. Whereas a number of studies have revealed inconsistent decreases in anisotropy in schizophrenia, we and others have found increased FA in key subcortical tracts associated with the circuits underlying symptom generation in schizophrenia. We review data revealing increased anisotropy in dopaminergic tracts in the mesencephalon of schizophrenics and their unaffected relatives, and discuss the possible biological underpinnings and physiological significance of this finding.
The case for encapsulated inheritance

Object-oriented programming (OOP) is rapidly gaining attention as a potential approach to nearly any computer software project. Two of the key features of OOP are encapsulation and inheritance. There are, however, several problems that occur when inheritance is allowed to violate encapsulation. The authors present these problems, highlighting their impact on the software development and maintenance processes, along with our proposed solutions to them. >
The Simplex Reference Model: Limiting Fault-Propagation Due to Unreliable Components in Cyber-Physical System Architectures

Cyber-physical systems are networked, component-based, real-time systems that control and monitor the physical world. We need software architectures that limit fault-propagation across unreliable components. This paper introduces our simplex reference model which is distinguished by: a plant being controlled in an external context, a machine performing the control, a domain model that estimates the plant state, and the safety requirements that must be met. The simplex reference model assists with constructing CPS architectures which limit fault-propagation. We present a representative case study to highlight the ideas behind the model and our particular decomposition.
Interval estimation of the critical value in a general linear model

This paper concerns interval estimation of the critical value θ which satisfies\(\mu (\theta ) = \mathop {\sup }\limits_{x \in \mathfrak{X}} \mu (x)\) under the general linear model,Yi=μ(xi)+ei(i=1,2,···), where\(\mu (x) = \sum\limits_{j = 1}^p {\beta _j f_j (x)} \) for\(x \in \mathfrak{X}\) and the functional forms offj′s are known. From an asymptotic expansion it is shown that, under reasonable conditions, the limiting distribution of\(\sqrt n (\hat \theta _n - \theta )\) is normal. Thus in the large-sample case a confidence interval for θ can be obtained. Such a result is useful when one is interested in carrying out a retrospective analysis rather than designing the experiment (as in the Kiefer-Wolfowitz procedure). In Section 3 a sequential procedure is considered for confidence intervals with fixed width 2d. It is shown that, for a given stopping variableN,\(\sqrt n (\hat \theta _n - \theta )\) is also asymptotically normal asd→0. Thus the coverage probability converges to 1−α (preassigned) asd→0. An example of application in estimating the phase parameter in circadian rhythms is given for the purpose of illustration.
Perceptual grouping in space and time: Evidence from the Ternus display

We report three experiments investigating the effect of perceptual grouping on the appearance of a bistable apparent-motion (Ternus) display. Subjects viewed a Ternus display embedded in an array of context elements that could potentially group with the Ternus elements. In contrast to several previous findings, we found that grouping influenced apparent motion perception. In Experiment 1, apparent motion perception was significantly affected via grouping by shape similarity, even when the visible persistence of the elements was controlled. In Experiment 2, elements perceived as moving without context were perceived as stationary when grouped with stationary context elements. In Experiment 3, elements perceived as stationary without context were perceived as moving when grouped with moving context elements. We argue that grouping in the spatial and temporal domains interact to yield perceptual experience of apparent-motion displays.
A polyglycine stretch is necessary for proper targeting of the protein translocation channel precursor to the outer envelope membrane of chloroplasts

Toc75 is a protein translocation channel in the outer envelope membrane of chloroplasts and its presence is essential for the biogenesis of the organelles. Toc75 is the only protein identified so far in the outer membrane of chloroplasts or mitochondria that is synthesized as a larger precursor, preToc75, with a bipartite transit peptide. Its N-terminus targets the protein to the stroma and is removed by the stromal processing peptidase, whereas its C-terminus mediates envelope targeting and is removed by a yet unknown peptidase. Several conserved domains have been identified in the C-terminal portion of the preToc75 transit peptide from six plant species. We evaluated their importance in the biogenesis of Toc75 by means of deletion or site-directed mutagenesis, followed by import experiments using isolated chlroplasts. Among the conserved domains, a polyglycine stretch was found to be necessary for envelope targeting. Substitution of this domain with other stretches of a single amino acid such as alanine caused mistargeting of the protein into the stroma, indicating an important role for this domain. Furthermore, a glutamate at +2 and two alanine residues at -3 and -1 to the second cleavage site were found to be important for processing. A potential mechanism for the biogenesis of Toc75 is discussed.
Biochemical Studies of Voltage-Gated Ca2+ Channels

Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels mediate Ca2+ entry into cells in response to membrane depolarization. Electrophysiological studies reveal different Ca2+ currents designated L-, N-, P-, Q-, R-, and T-type. The high-voltage-activated Ca2+ channels that have been characterized biochemically are complexes of a pore-forming α1 subunit of about 190 to 250 kDa, a transmembrane, disulfide-linked complex of α2 and δ subunits, an intracellular β subunit, and in some cases a transmembrane γ subunit. The α1 subunits form the transmembrane pore. The α2 and δ subunits are glycoproteins encoded by the same gene and produced posttranslational proteolytic processing. The γ subunits are transmembrane glycoproteins, whereas the β subunits are hydrophilic subunits located on the cytosolic face of the channel. The Cav1 family of α1 subunits conduct L-type Ca2+ currents, which initiate muscle contraction, endocrine secretion, and gene transcription. The Cav2 family of α1 subunits conduct N-type, P/Q-type, and R-type Ca2+ currents, which initiate rapid synaptic transmission. Both of these families of Ca2+ channels are regulated by protein phosphorylation and interact with intracellular signal transduction proteins that mediate Ca2+ -dependent regulatory events and in turn regulate the channels.
Peer-to-Peer-Based Publish/Subscribe Architecture for Advanced Infrastructure Systems

Civil engineers have introduced sophisticated sensing and control systems to better operate infrastructure systems, resulting in what are termed advanced infrastructure systems (AISs). Past AIS research has largely focused upon the sensors needed to collect data, as well as applications using this data to derive information to drive management/control decisions. Of equal importance to AIS success is the availability of an effective data delivery mechanism to ensure that data are effectively provided to applications. This research examined the challenge of data delivery in AISs. Following an analysis of AIS characteristics and a review of the state-of-the-practice in AIS data delivery, the paper presents a peer-to-peer-based publish/subscribe architecture developed by the research team to meet AIS data delivery requirements. Finally, a case study is presented in which the architecture is tailored for a vehicle-infrastructure integration AIS implementation. Simulation results of the implementation reveal that the proposed architecture provides significant scalability benefits, as compared to traditional data delivery approaches, providing up to a 50% reduction in message transmissions without increasing delivery times to unacceptable levels.
The challenge of treating preschool asthma.

Children with preschool asthma characterized by repeated episodic lower airway symptoms with viral respiratory tract infections have had the highest rate of hospitalization for asthma of any age group. The June issue of the Journal contains a post hoc study concluding that oral corticosteroids do not reduce the severity of acute lower respiratory tract illness in preschool children with recurrent wheezing. The nihilistic conclusion of that report was reiterated in an accompanying editorial. Similar negative conclusions have been presented in 2 studies by Grigg and colleagues. However, it is time to bring some critical thinking, common sense, and the results of clinical experience to the issue of treating preschoolers with this asthma phenotype. Doses were relatively low in the studies showing no effect from oral corticosteroids. Moreover, the progression of symptoms in the placebo group was associated with self-limited symptoms rapidly improving spontaneously within a few days on placebo in the recent publication and within 12 hours in others. This bears little resemblance to patients referred to specialists. Preschool children with recurrent episodic lower respiratory tract symptomswho I see at a tertiary care referral center have generally had recurrent symptomatic periods either lasting forweeks after a viral respiratory tract infection or have progressed rapidly to require urgent care or hospitalization. Multiple physician and emergency department visits and frequent hospitalization often result. In fact, as many as 1 in 200 US children in the preschool age group have been hospitalizedwith a diagnosis of asthma (ie, viral respiratory tract infection-induced lower airway disease). Moreover, asthma has been the leading cause of hospitalization at most children’s hospitals in the United States. From 2 national databases, more than 5% of pediatric hospitalizations are for asthma and another 5% are for pneumonia, which, based on our clinical experience, includes a substantial number of young children with asthma misdiagnosed as pneumonia. In contrast, asthma is an uncommon pediatric admission at the University of Iowa Children’s Hospital. I attribute this to our practice of treating nonatopic preschool children with this asthma phenotype by teaching the parents of children who have experienced episodes of viral respiratory tract infection-induced wheezing and cough that do not rapidly resolve with occasional albuterol to start an oral corticosteroid the day before dyspnea and wheezing are prominent. This has been shown to be recognizable in these children based on progressive severity of coughing.
Progressive Elaboration and Cross-Validation of a Latent Class Typology of Adolescent Alcohol Involvement in a National Sample

Objective:Most studies of adolescent drinking focus on single alcohol use behaviors (e.g., high-volume drinking, drunkenness) and ignore the patterning of adolescents’ involvement across multiple alcohol behaviors. The present latent class analyses (LCAs) examined a procedure for empirically determining multiple cut points on the alcohol use behaviors in order to establish a typology of adolescent alcohol involvement.Method:LCA was carried out on six alcohol use behavior indicators collected from 6,504 7th through 12th graders who participated in Wave I of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (AddHealth). To move beyond dichotomous indicators, a “progressive elaboration” strategy was used, starting with six dichotomous indicators and then evaluating a series of models testing additional cut points on the ordinal indicators at progressively higher points for one indicator at a time. Analyses were performed on one random half-sample, and confirmatory LCAs were performed on the second random ...
Genetics and epigenetics of gliomas.

Summary Gliomas are the most common primary intrinsic brain tumours. Their classification is based on phenotypic resemblance to normal glial cells (astrocytomas, oligodendrogliomas, mixed oligoastrocytomas) and pathological grading. Whereas this system is clinically relevant and has been the basis for our understanding of gliomas, systematic use of next-generation sequencing has transformed our knowledge of their pathogenesis and has uncovered genetic changes in an unanticipated number of genes and regulatory elements. In the past few years, in-depth analysis of low-grade astrocytomas and glioblastomas in both paediatric and adult populations has clarified our molecular understanding of these diseases, with distinct molecular events occurring in different age groups. In oligodendrogliomas, recent studies have highlighted mutations in candidate tumour suppressor genes located on 1p/19q, chromosome arms frequently deleted in this tumour. In this review, we discuss recent discoveries in the genetics of adult and paediatric gliomas, and highlight how some of the founding genetic mutations reshape the cancer epigenome. These studies provide an in-depth view of the molecular routes leading to brain tumour development and will be key for refining classification systems and improving clinical care.
Potentiation of the antihypertensive action of hydralazine by timolol in spontaneously hypertensive rats.

SummaryTimolol, a new β-adrenergic blocking agent, was found to potentiate the antihypertensive effect of hydralazine in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Propranolol did not have this effect.
Generating an Intracellular Diffusion Map by Two-Photon Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy

A new technique for determining cellular viscosity has been developed based on two-photon excitation and fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. We have applied this method to map intracellular diffusion coefficient of small molecules at selected cytoplasmic locations of mouse fibroblast cells. The cytoplasmic diffusion rate is one tenth of that in an aqueous environment.
A highly active manganese precatalyst for the hydrosilylation of ketones and esters.

The reduction of (Ph2PPrPDI)MnCl2 allowed the preparation of the formally zerovalent complex, (Ph2PPrPDI)Mn, which features a pentadentate bis(imino)pyridine chelate. This complex is a highly active precatalyst for the hydrosilylation of ketones, exhibiting TOFs of up to 76,800 h–1 in the absence of solvent. Loadings as low as 0.01 mol % were employed, and (Ph2PPrPDI)Mn was found to mediate the atom-efficient utilization of Si–H bonds to form quaternary silane products. (Ph2PPrPDI)Mn was also shown to catalyze the dihydrosilylation of esters following cleavage of the substrate acyl C–O bond. Electronic structure investigation of (Ph2PPrPDI)Mn revealed that this complex possesses an unpaired electron on the metal center, rendering it likely that catalysis takes place following electron transfer to the incoming carbonyl substituent.
Esterase profiles of diazinon-susceptible and -resistant horn flies (Diptera : Muscidae)

A field population of horn flies, Hematobia irritans irritans (L.), exhibiting diazinon resistance in bioassays also displayed high overall esterase activity and organophosphate-insensitive acetylcholinesterase in dot blot activity assays. Native polyacrylamide gels yielded a complex qualitative and quantitative profile of esterases that varied considerably among individual flies from 9 populations, with 28 different esterase bands identified. The results from topical diazinon application experiments and subsequent analysis indicate that a number of specific esterases may contribute to diazinon resistance in the horn fly.
Fundamental Interventions: How Clinicians Can Address the Fundamental Causes of Disease

In order to enhance the “structural competency” of medicine—the capability of clinicians to address social and institutional determinants of their patients’ health—physicians need a theoretical lens to see how social conditions influence health and how they might address them. We consider one such theoretical lens, fundamental cause theory, and propose how it might contribute to a more structurally competent medical profession. We first describe fundamental cause theory and how it makes the social causes of disease and health visible. We then outline the sorts of “fundamental interventions” that physicians might make in order to address the fundamental causes.
Carbonic Anhydrases: Nature Way to Balance CO2 Concentration

Citation: Aggarwal M, McKenna R. Carbonic Anhydrases: Nature’s Way to Balance CO2 Concentration. Biochem Mol Biol J. 2016, 1:1. The carbonic anhydrases (CAs; EC 4.2.1.1) are a family of structurally diverse (in both fold and oligomeric state), yet efficient metalloenzymes that catalyze the reversible hydration of CO2 and bicarbonate. They are categorized into five distinct classes (α, β, γ, δ, and ζ). Among these, the αCAs are found primarily in vertebrates, the βCAs are dominantly expressed in higher plants and some prokaryotes, while γCAs are present only in archaebacteria, and the δ and ζ classes have thus far been only isolated in diatoms. These ubiquitous enzymes equilibrate the reaction between three simple chemical molecules: CO2, bicarbonate, and protons; hence, they have important roles in ion transport, acid-base regulation, gas exchange, photosynthesis, and CO2 fixation (Figures 1A-1C) [1]. As such, structural studies of how this family of enzyme binds CO2 and convert it to bicarbonate may help in the understanding and designing of bio-industrial technologies for carbon sequestration. Recently, high-pressure cryo-crystallography studies have been successful in “trapping” CO2 in the active sites of an αCA and a βCA (Figures 1D and 1E) [2,3]. Note, Figure 1E shows a model of a γCA-CO2 complex which is based on the structural similarities observed between the αCA and βCA-CO2 complexes. These studies are significant for several reasons: (1) they demonstrate a substrate (with a kcat/KM approaching diffusion controlled limits of 108 M-1s-1) can be captured in an enzyme active site, (2) they show the mechanistic orientation of CO2 in a hydrophobic pocket, positioned and poised for the nucleophilic attack of a zinc-bound hydroxide to produce bicarbonate, but most importantly (3) they demonstrate that structurally distinct Carbonic Anhydrases: Nature’s Way to Balance CO2 Concentration
Metabolism of dichlorobenzenes in organ cultured liver slices.

A novel in vitro system was used to evaluate tissue specific toxicity. This system utilizes precision cut organ slices in dynamic organ culture and is viable for up to 24 hrs. The three isomers of dichlorobenzene were added to liver slices prepared from Sprague Dawley rats or human donors. The precursor dichlorobenzenes were radiolabelled and metabolites were separated by classes (i.e. glucuronides, sulfates and glutathione and cysteine conjugates). Covalent Binding of the dichlorobenzenes was also determined after extensive extraction of the tissue. The total amount of metabolism of the dichlorobenzenes varied depending on the isomer and the type of tissue. For example, the Sprague-Dawley rat liver slices metabolized 1,2-DCB and 1,3-DCB at approximately the same rate while 1,4-DCB was metabolized at a slower rate. This metabolism profile was also seen in the majority of the adult human liver slices. However, the fetal human slices showed that 1,4-DCB was metabolized to a greater extent than 1,3-DCB or 1,2-DCB while 1,3-DCB was metabolized at a faster rate than 1,2-DCB. Our results show that liver slices in organ culture are a suitable system for species comparisons and of structure/activity relationships in xenobiotic metabolism with an emphasis on the fate of reactive intermediates. In addition, this system is suitable for evaluation of hepatotoxic potency.
Fusion of differential morphological profiles for multi-scale weighted feature pyramid generation in remotely sensed imagery

Object recognition from remotely sensed imagery is an unsolved problem that is, in part, difficult because objects are typically observed in a variety of contexts. Of particular interest are general purpose methods for identifying important image structure robust to changes in context. In this respect, areas not related to the task at hand can be ignored, or de-emphasized, when features are extracted and subsequently used for classification. In this article, we utilize an unsupervised differential morphological profile (DMP) technique for the identification of important image structure of varying scales. The DMP levels are fused using a Choquet fuzzy integral with a bias towards identifying a general class of scale related objects via density selection. Fused DMP opening and closing results are compared, an entropic filter is used to further accentuate important regions and an eigen-based image chip alignment method is performed. Next, we propose importance map weighted cell-structured local binary pattern (LBP) and histogram of oriented gradient (HOG) multi-scale pyramid descriptors. The final descriptor is used in support vector machine-based classification. Cross validation and left out performance for three common aerial object classes at multiple geographical sites is discussed. Advantages of this work include higher positive detection rates, lowered false alarm rates and an improvement in robustness of object recognition.
Development of a Focusing DIRC

Benefiting from the recent introduction of new fast vacuum-based photon detectors with a transit time spread of sigmaTTS ~ 30-150ps, we are developing a novel RICH detector capable of correcting the chromatic error through good time measurements; we believe that this is the first time such a technique has been demonstrated. We have built and successfully tested a particle identification detector called "Focusing DIRC." The concept of the prototype is based on the BaBar DIRC, with several important improvements: (a) much faster pixelated photon detectors based on Burle MCP-PMTs and Hamamatsu MaPMTs, (b) a focusing mirror which allows the photon detector to be smaller and less sensitive to background in future applications, (c) electronics allowing the measurement of single photon timing to better than sigma ~ 100-200ps, which allows a correction of the chromatic error. The detector was tested in a SLAC 10GeV/c electron test beam. This detector concept could be used for particle identification at Super B-factory, ILC, GlueX, Panda, etc.
91 DISRUPTION OF TET1 DURING PORCINE EMBRYOGENESIS USING CRISPR/Cas9 SYSTEM

Ten-eleven translocation (TET) enzymes catalyse oxidation of 5-methylcytosine to 5-hydroxymethyl cytosine. This TET-mediated conversion of 5-methylcytosine to 5-hydroxymethyl cytosine is implicated in initiating the DNA demethylation process, observed post-fertilization. Three members (TET1–3) of the TET family are differentially expressed during embryo development and appear to have different roles. Previous studies in mice suggest that TET1 is a key regulator in maintaining pluripotency in embryonic stem cells by managing epigenetic marks such as DNA methylation. This would imply that TET1 should be a regulator of epigenetic marks during embryo development, although this has not been demonstrated. Previously, we have cloned porcine TET1 from blastocysts (GenBank accession number KC137683) and demonstrated that the level of TET1 (mRNA and protein) was high in blastocysts. The protein level was greater in the inner cell mass compared with the trophectoderm. In this study, we generated TET1 knockout porcine embryos using CRISPR/Cas9 system to study the role of TET1 in controlling epigenetic marks during porcine embryo development. First, 2 sgRNA, immediately downstream of the presumable translation initiation site, were designed and synthesised; location of the sgRNA were nucleotide position at 2 to 21 bp and 23 to 42 bp, respectively (KC137683). Then, sgRNA (10 ng μL−1 each) and Cas9 mRNA (20 ng μL−1) were injected into the cytoplasm of IVF zygotes, and Day 7 blastocysts were genotyped. All embryos carried mutations on both alleles of TET1 (10/10), one homozygous and 9 biallelic mutations. However, immunocytochemistry analysis of other CRISPR/Cas9 injected embryos revealed that TET1 was not removed (10/10), indicating that the sgRNA may have not introduced a premature stop codon 3′ to the presumable translation initiation site. Therefore, 2 new sgRNA were designed to generate a premature stop codon at the 5′ side of a key functional domain, the 2-oxoglutarate-Fe(II)-dependent oxygenase domain (4690 to 5160 bp); the locations of the 2 sgRNA were 4450 to 4469 bp and 4501 to 4520 bp, respectively. Similarly, all of the embryos carried mutations in TET1 (7/7), 2 homozygous and 5 biallelic mutations. In addition, TET1 proteins were not detected in 11 of 16 blastocysts, confirmed by immunocytochemistry. In this study, we successfully generated embryos lacking TET1 by introducing designed CRISPR/Cas9 system during embryogenesis. Presence of TET1 from the first injection experiment suggests that the presumable translation initiation site is not accurate. Discrepancy between genotyping and immunocytochemistry results from the second injection experiment indicates that embryos possessing TET1 protein probably have mutations in triplets, thus no premature stop codon was synthesised. Further studies will focus on identifying the role of TET1 in maintaining pluripotency and epigenetic modification during pre-implantation stage using these embryos.
Relationship of Soluble Adhesion Receptors to Red Cell Apoptosis In SCD.

Abstract 1654 The interaction of sickle red cells (SS RBCs) with endothelium can cause endothelial injury, leading to increased expression of soluble endothelial cell adhesion molecules and plasma markers of endothelial activation and dysfunction. Among such plasma markers, sVCAM-1 levels are increased in SCD and rise further during vaso-occlusive crisis (Duits et al. 1993), and several groups have shown that sVCAM-1 levels are positively related to LDH levels, a marker of hemolysis. Perfusion of endothelial cells with SS RBCs has been shown to increase the expression of the cellular adhesion molecules ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 by endothelial cells (Shiu et al. 2000). Furthermore, sVCAM-1, sICAM-1, and sE-selectin have been independently associated with risk of mortality (Kato et al. 2005). We were interested in determining whether identifiable characteristics of SS RBCs themselves might be associated with the degree to which soluble adhesion molecules are expressed in SCD patient plasma. Therefore, we measured sVCAM-1, sICAM-1, sCD40 ligand (sCD40L) and sP-selectin in SCD patient plasma by ELISA (n=46) and looked at the relationship of these biomarkers of disease activity to SS RBC characteristics. We specifically examined phosphatidylserine exposure (as measured by annexin V binding analyzed by flow cytometry) and the degree of SS RBC adhesion to laminin and endothelial cells, measured in vitro in a graduated height flow chamber. We found that the degree of red cell damage measured by annexin V binding correlated with the level of soluble adhesion receptors sVCAM-1 (p=0.036) and sICAM-1 (p=0.026). However, annexin V binding did not correlate with sCD40L or sP-selectin expression in plasma, and neither annexin V binding nor levels of soluble adhesion molecules correlated with SS RBC adhesion to laminin or endothelial cells in vitro. In addition, the concentrations of sVCAM-1 and sICAM-1 in plasma were strongly correlated with each other (p<0.0001), suggesting that both of these adhesion molecules may be released from activated endothelial cells in SCD patients as a result of the same mechanism involving contact with phosphatidylserine-exposing SS RBCs. These data support the hypothesis that phosphatidylserine exposure on SS RBCs is a critical factor in SS RBC interaction with the endothelium (Setty et al., 2002), including the release of soluble cellular adhesion markers that indicate endothelial activation and/or injury. Disclosures: Telen: GlycoMimetics, Inc.: Consultancy.
An Anatomy of Sexism: The Colonized Vagina

Abstract“Grab them by the pussy,” Donald Trump declared on a hot microphone in 2005. This statement went viral late in the 2016 United States (US) presidential campaign, indicating how the colonize...
"Exploring the Intersectionality of Age, Gender and Reputation on Perceptions of Leaders’ Fairness"

Our research contributes to the understanding of the complexities that women face in business by investigating through a series of three experimental studies (N = 192, N = 160, and N = 320) how a n...
Shear-wave Velocity Model from Rayleigh Wave Group Velocities Centered on the Sacramento/San Joaquin Delta

Rayleigh wave group velocities obtained from ambient noise tomography are inverted for an upper crustal model of the Central Valley, California, centered on the Sacramento/San Joaquin Delta. Two methods were tried; the first uses SURF96, a least squares routine. It provides a good fit to the data, but convergence is dependent on the starting model. The second uses a genetic algorithm, whose starting model is random. This method was tried at several nodes in the model and compared to the output from SURF96. The genetic code is run five times and the variance of the output of all five models can be used to obtain an estimate of error. SURF96 produces a more regular solution mostly because it is typically run with a smoothing constraint. Models from the genetic code are generally consistent with the SURF96 code sometimes producing lower velocities at depth. The full model, calculated using SURF96, employed a 2-pass strategy, which used a variable damping scheme in the first pass. The resulting model shows low velocities near the surface in the Central Valley with a broad asymmetrical sedimentary basin located close to the western edge of the Central Valley near 122°W longitude. At shallow depths, the Rio Vista Basin is found nestled between the Pittsburgh/Kirby Hills and Midland faults, but a significant basin also seems to exist to the west of the Kirby Hills fault. There are other possible correlations between fast and slow velocities in the Central Valley and geologic features such as the Stockton Arch, oil or gas producing regions and the fault-controlled western boundary of the Central Valley.
Hyperkalemic Arrest: Developing Team Cognition.

Introduction Critical events are frequently managed by individuals with different skill sets, funds of knowledge, and experiences who form ad hoc teams on a daily basis without any previous practic...
Advances in the understanding of risk factors for ovarian cancer.

The identification ofrisk factors for ovarian cancer is central to the goal of preventing deaths from this disease. Reproductive and hormonal history clearly modulate the risk of ovarian cancer. Continuous ovulation associated with nulliparity increases the likelihood of ovarian malignancy. Protective factors include conditions that suspend ovulation, such as pregnancy, lactation and oral contraceptive use. Hereditary syndromes account for 10% of ovarian cancer cases. The breast ovarian cancer syndrome is caused by mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes and is associated with an 11-40% risk of developing ovarian cancer. The hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer syndrome (HNPCC, or Lynch II) is caused by mutations in DNA mismatch repair genes and carries a 12% risk of ovarian cancer. Due to a lack of adequate screening techniques, women with BRCA1, BRCA2 or HNPCC mutations should consider prophylactic removal of the ovaries and fallopian tubes when childbearing is complete. Genetic polymorphisms are hereditary genetic variations that may act in concert with other genetic, hormonal or environmental factors to potentiate the risk of ovarian cancer. Finally, ovarian cancer risk is altered by environmental and behavioral factors. Further study of the risk factors for ovarian cancer is needed to develop effective preventive strategies.
Flexibility and Rigidity in Multicriterion Linear Programming

One justification for modeling with multiobjective linear programming (MOLP) is its ability to generate unique managerial information. One drawback of MOLP is the unwieldy nondominated set which it presents to the decision maker. Two new concepts for picking one element of this set are examined in this paper.
MULTIPLE IMPUTATION FOR BOUNDED VARIABLES

Missing data are a common issue in statistical analyses. Multiple imputation is a technique that has been applied in countless research studies and has a strong theoretical basis. Most of the statistical literature on multiple imputation has focused on unbounded continuous variables, with mostly ad hoc remedies for variables with bounded support. These approaches can be unsatisfactory when applied to bounded variables as they can produce misleading inferences. In this paper, we propose a flexible quantile-based imputation model suitable for distributions defined over singly or doubly bounded intervals. Proper support of the imputed values is ensured by applying a family of transformations with singly or doubly bounded range. Simulation studies demonstrate that our method is able to deal with skewness, bimodality, and heteroscedasticity and has superior properties as compared to competing approaches, such as log-normal imputation and predictive mean matching. We demonstrate the application of the proposed imputation procedure by analysing data on mathematical development scores in children from the Millennium Cohort Study, UK. We also show a specific advantage of our methods using a small psychiatric dataset. Our methods are relevant in a number of fields, including education and psychology.
Not in My Back Yard: Public Perceptions and Terrorism:

Why does the public care more about some terrorist attacks than others? In recent years, there has been a wave of terrorist attacks carried out by similar terrorist organizations, but these attacks...
Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: Application in Non-Accidental Trauma

Overall, the data from several studies suggest that MRS performed early after injury can be used to evaluate injury severity and more accurately predict long-term prognosis in children with NAT. MRS provides complementary information and frequently detects injury in brain regions that appear normal with conventional MRI and may help better understand the biomechanical forces and tissue changes that cause specific clinical symptoms. A better understanding of these relations is essential if we are to design therapies that might salvage injured brain tissue in these infants and children. All require further study to examine the effects of age, severity and location of injury, gender, and occurrence of ischemia or seizures on long-term neurological, neuropsychological, and behavioral function. MRSI, because it samples a larger area of the brain compared to single voxel MRS, is useful for demonstrating that injury after NAT is much more diffuse than what conventional imaging may show and helps to explain why global neuropsychological deficits are often seen in patients with normal or mild imaging findings. Future studies with higher field strength scanners optimized to acquire 3D MRSI in less time may be extremely useful for evaluating the full extent of brain injury after NAT. It is also likely that the combined use of MRS with newer techniques like diffusion tensor imaging may provide additional information than either method alone and may also provide new insights regarding the evolution of injury over time.
A Bibliography of Karamoja, Uganda: Books and Articles Published in English

The Karamoja region of northeastern Uganda is bordered on the east by the Rift Valley escarpment that drops down into the Kenya territory of Turkana, on the north by the Sudan, on the south by the Mt. Elgon region, and on the west by the home territories of the Teso, Langi, and Acholi peoples. A large region of approximately 27,200 square kilometers, it is dominated by the huge semi-arid plains of its center, where rainfall is seasonal, unpredictable, and too often sparse. In the north and south and along the eastern escarpment the land becomes more forested and mountainous, and in the west the area of the Labwor people is better watered.
Borderline personality disorder and substance use disorders: an updated review.

For decades, clinicians and researchers have recognized that borderline personality disorder (BPD) and substance use disorders (SUDs) are often diagnosed within the same person (e.g., (Gunderson JG. Borderline personality disorder: A clinical guide. Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Press, 2001; Leichsenring et al., Lancet 377:74-84, 2011; Paris J. Borderline personality disorder: A multidimensional approach. American Psychiatric Pub, 1994; Trull et al., Clin Psychol Rev 20:235-53, 2000)). Previously, we documented the extent of this co-occurrence and offered a number of methodological and theoretical explanations for the co-occurrence (Trull et al., Clin Psychol Rev 20:235-53, 2000). Here, we provide an updated review of the literature on the co-occurrence between borderline personality disorder (BPD) and substance use disorders (SUDs) from 70 studies published from 2000 to 2017, and we compare the co-occurrence of these disorders to that documented by a previous review of 36 studies over 15 years ago (Trull et al., Clin Psychol Rev 20:235-53, 2000).
Integrating Participatory Action Research into Graduate Geography Studies: A Tale of Two Dissertations.

ABSTRACTAlthough literature on participatory and action research approaches is increasing, little is published specifically about using such approaches as part of the doctoral dissertation in Geogr...
Ion irradiation effects on commercial PH 13-8 Mo maraging steel Corrax

Abstract The effects of irradiation on the precipitation behavior of commercial PH 13-8 Mo maraging steel a.k.a. Corrax are investigated through in-situ ion irradiation. Samples of the alloy in its solution annealed state are irradiated up to 10 dpa at 573 and 773 K using 1 MeV Kr ions, in-situ in a transmission electron microscope in order to probe irradiation effects on the precipitation usually observed in this alloy under thermal aging. Indeed, the alloy is known to develop a relatively fine distribution of precipitates during thermal aging which gives the martensitic alloy its strength. The effects of irradiation are substantiated by comparing with the same material thermally aged at 773 and 873 K for similar amounts of experimental time. Both radiation and thermal aging induced segregation and precipitation are characterized using analytical transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques. The diffusion coefficients under irradiation are estimated using the point defect balance equations based on Rate Theory and then compared with the thermal diffusion coefficients, demonstrating the accelerated precipitation of β-phase and Laves-phase in the irradiation case at relatively lower temperature is attributed to the radiation-enhanced diffusion. In addition, a numerical model based on classical precipitate nucleation and growth theories is introduced and shows a relatively good agreement with the experimental results in terms of precipitate density. This study serves to generate baseline data on ion irradiation effects on Corrax to learn how this steel responds to irradiation.