cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aggregation, segregation, and dispersal of homotypic germ plasm RNPs in the early zebrafish embryo

Background In zebrafish and many other organisms, specification of primordial germ cells (PGCs) requires the transmission of maternally-derived germ plasm. Zebrafish germ plasm ribonucleoparticles (RNPs) aggregate along the cleavage furrows during the first several cell cycles, segregate asymmetrically during the cleavage stages, and undergo cytoplasmic dispersal in the late blastula. Results For all tested germ plasm RNAs [carbonic anhydrase 15b (ca15b), deleted in azoospermia-like (dazl), dead end (dnd), nanos 3 (nos3), regulator of G-protein signaling14a (rgs14a), and vasa/DEAD box polypeptide 4 (vasa/ddx4)], RNPs are homotypic (containing a single RNA type), with RNPs packing tightly yet remaining distinct within germ plasm aggregates. Homotypic clustering of RNAs within RNPs is observed before aggregation in the cortex and is maintained through germ plasm recruitment, asymmetric segregation and RNP dispersal. We also identify a step of germ plasm fragmentation during the cleavage stages that precedes RNP dispersal. Conclusions Our findings suggest that germ plasm aggregates act as subcellular compartments that temporarily collect and carry single RNA-type RNPs from fertilization until their cytoplasmic dispersal in PGCs at the end of the blastula period, and describe a previously unknown fragmentation step that allows for an increase in the pool of germ plasm-carrying cells, presumably PGCs. Developmental Dynamics 248:306-318, 2019. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A method for hardware metering

In this paper we present a hardware metering method to meter or monitor legitimate use of integrated circuits embedded in a computer system. The motivation for this work comes from fabless semiconductor design business/operation model which has become very effective and popular in last few years. A fabless design house produces a design and gives it to a foundry to manufacture the final chip. Once design masks are with the foundry, the original designer has no effective control over the number of copies of the chip that are produced by foundry. We present a finite state machine based automated hardware metering technique to control the use of chip regardless of the number of copies being manufactured.
Carrie Scott Banks and Cindy Mediavilla. Libraries & Gardens: Growing Together . Chicago, IL: ALA Editions, 2019. 144p. Paper. $57.99 (ISBN 978-0-8389-1855-5). LC 2018059577.

In Libraries & Gardens: Growing Together , Carrie Scott Banks and Cindy Mediavilla bring librarianship into conversation with gardening. While the histories of gardens and libraries are intertwined, there has not been much written about library gardens. Banks and Mediavilla’s book encourages us to look at how library gardens “extend and enhance the library’s role as an information center and community space” (x). Writing from public library backgrounds, Banks and Mediavilla focus on how library gardens can contribute to the inclusiveness and accessibility of libraries. The book gives a tour of various kinds of library gardens, including many academic and research library gardens. In discussing library gardens, Libraries & Gardens: Growing Together contributes to a broader conversation about libraries as multisensory, experiential places.
Investigating the whole picture: Comparing the effects of Airbnb supply and hotel supply on hotel performance across the United States

Abstract This study examines and compares the extent to which Airbnb and hotel supply affect key hotel performance measures in the United States. The results show that although both Airbnb and hotel supply adversely affect hotel revenues (i.e., RevPAR), the magnitude of the impact of hotel supply on RevPAR is much larger than that of Airbnb. Airbnb adversely affects hotel room prices (i.e., ADR), however; it does not affect occupancy rates (i.e., OCC). Yet, increasing hotel supply negatively affects OCC but not ADR. The results from the state-level analyses further showed that the negative effects of Airbnb and hotel supply on RevPAR, ADR and OCC persist only in states with high hotel supply. Analyzing the joint effects of Airbnb and hotel supply on hotel performance in a manner that is both geographically-comprehensive and spatially-meaningful, this study provides a more complete and nuanced understanding on the economic dynamics of the accommodation industry.
Distinct roles for luminal acidification in apical protein sorting and trafficking in zebrafish

Epithelial cell physiology critically depends on the asymmetric distribution of channels and transporters. However, the mechanisms targeting membrane proteins to the apical surface are still poorly understood. Here, we performed a visual forward genetic screen in the zebrafish intestine and identified mutants with defective apical targeting of membrane proteins. One of these mutants, affecting the vacuolar H+-ATPase gene atp6ap1b, revealed specific requirements for luminal acidification in apical, but not basolateral, membrane protein sorting and transport. Using a low temperature block assay combined with genetic and pharmacologic perturbation of luminal pH, we monitored transport of newly synthesized membrane proteins from the TGN to apical membrane in live zebrafish. We show that vacuolar H+-ATPase activity regulates sorting of O-glycosylated proteins at the TGN, as well as Rab8-dependent post-Golgi trafficking of different classes of apical membrane proteins. Thus, luminal acidification plays distinct and specific roles in apical membrane biogenesis.
Multi-Resolution Open-Top Light Sheet Microscopy Enabled by a Solid Immersion Meniscus Lens (SIMlens)

We report the development of a solid immersion meniscus lens (SIMlens), a wavefront-matching optical element for open-top light sheet microscopy that increases numerical aperture and enables multi-resolution imaging with air objectives.
Criminal offending and health over the life-course: A dual-trajectory approach

Abstract Despite a growth of research on the intersection of health and crime, limited work investigates this relationship as it evolves over the life-course. Drawing on data from four waves of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (N = 9037), the current study uses dual group-based trajectory modeling to investigate the joint development of criminal offending, physical health, and mental well-being from adolescence into young adulthood (ages 11–32). Further, multinomial logistic regression is employed to determine common sociodemographic, personality, and behavioral factors associated with multiple trajectories. Study findings suggest that individuals who persistently offend at higher rates are more likely to experience worse overall health and more depressive symptoms, whereas the lowest rate offenders have substantially lower likelihoods of physical and mental health problems. Several theoretically relevant characteristics including being male, low self-control, adolescent academic performance, and illicit drug use in adolescence predict membership in trajectories characterized by higher rates of offending and lower quality health. Theoretical and policy implications of these findings are discussed in the context of extant literature.
The Bio3D packages for structural bioinformatics

Bio3D is a family of R packages for the analysis of biomolecular sequence, structure, and dynamics. Major functionality includes biomolecular database searching and retrieval, sequence and structure conservation analysis, ensemble normal mode analysis, protein structure and correlation network analysis, principal component, and related multivariate analysis methods. Here, we review recent package developments, including a new underlying segregation into separate packages for distinct analysis, and introduce a new method for structure analysis named ensemble difference distance matrix analysis (eDDM). The eDDM approach calculates and compares atomic distance matrices across large sets of homologous atomic structures to help identify the residue wise determinants underlying specific functional processes. An eDDM workflow is detailed along with an example application to a large protein family. As a new member of the Bio3D family, the Bio3D-eddm package supports both experimental and theoretical simulation-generated structures, is integrated with other methods for dissecting sequence-structure-function relationships, and can be used in a highly automated and reproducible manner. Bio3D is distributed as an integrated set of platform independent open source R packages available from: http://thegrantlab.org/bio3d/.
Using theory to better communicate to different audiences about Whooping Crane conservation

Effective outreach for an endangered species often requires an understanding of human dimensions information to guide pro-conservation behavior. To provide a foundation for outreach communication s...
Predicting pediatric esophageal wall thickness: An EUS study

Background and Objective: EUS has been shown in two small series to be capable of documenting increases in the total esophageal wall thickness (TWT) in children and adults with eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE). To apply EUS-derived TWT in clinical situations or in scientific investigations in pediatric EoE, measurements of esophageal TWT in children of differing ages and heights are required. Materials and Methods: Thirty patients (18M: 12F, 7 months to 20 years and 10 months) with a history of esophageal symptoms, but no endoscopic or histologic criteria of EoE were studied using a through the scope 20 MHZ Olympus Ultrasound miniprobe UM-3R (Olympus America, Center Valley Pa 18034) through a GIF Q180 or 160 (Olympus) standard pediatric upper endoscope. The mucosa, the mucosa plus submucosa, and the TWT were measured in the mid- and distal esophagus immediately before taking diagnostic biopsies. Results: Measurements from both sites showed a statistically significant increase in TWT as a function of age (P
Risk of Postoperative Complications and Revision Surgery Following Robot-assisted Posterior Lumbar Spinal Fusion.

STUDY DESIGN Retrospective Study. OBJECTIVE This investigation examined matched cohorts of lumbar spinal fusion (LSF) patients undergoing robot-assisted and conventional LSF to compare risk of revision, 30-day readmission, 30-day complications, and postoperative opioid utilization. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Patient outcomes and complication rates associated with robot-assisted LSF compared to conventional fusion techniques are incompletely understood. METHODS The PearlDiver Research Program (www.pearldiverinc.com) was used to identify patients undergoing primary LSF between 2011 and 2017. Patients receiving robot-assisted or conventional LSF were matched using key demographic and comorbidity variables. Indication for revision was also studied. Risk of revision, 30-day readmission, 30-day complications, and postoperative opioid utilization at 1 and 6 months was compared between the cohorts using multivariable logistic regression additionally controlling for age, sex, and Charlson Comorbidity Index. RESULTS The percent of LSFs that were robot-assisted rose by 169% from 2011 to 2017, increasing linearly each year (p = 0.0007). Matching resulted in 2528 patients in each cohort for analysis. Robot-assisted LSF patients experienced higher risk of revision (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 2.35, P ≤ 0.0001), 30-day readmission (aOR = 1.39, P = 0.0002), and total 30-day complications (aOR = 1.50, P < 0.0001), specifically respiratory (aOR = 1.56, P = 0.0006), surgical site infection (aOR = 1.56, P = 0.0061), and implant-related complications (aOR = 1.74, P = 0.0038). The risk of revision due to infection after robot-assisted LSF was an estimated 4.5-fold higher (aOR = 4.46, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.95-12.04, P = 0.0011). Furthermore, robot-assisted LSF had increased risk of revision due to instrument failure (aOR = 1.64, 95% CI 1.05-2.58, P = 0.0300), and pseudarthrosis (aOR = 2.24, 95%CI = 1.32-3.95, P = 0.0037). A higher percentage of revisions were due to infection in robot-assisted LSF (19.0%) than in conventional LSF (9.2%) (P = 0.0408). CONCLUSION Robotic-assisted posterior LSF is independently associated with increased risk of revision surgery, infection, instrumentation complications, and postoperative opioid utilization compared to conventional fusion techniques. Further research is needed to investigate long-term postoperative outcomes following robot-assisted LSF. Spine surgeons should be cautious when considering immediate adoption of this emerging surgical technology. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 3.
The Intact Non-Inducible Latent HIV-1 Reservoir is Established In an In Vitro Primary T CM Cell Model of Latency

The establishment of HIV-1 latency has hindered an HIV-1 cure. "Shock and Kill" strategies to target this reservoir aim to induce the latent provirus with latency reversing agents (LRAs). However, recent studies have shown that the majority of the intact HIV-1 viral reservoir found in ART-suppressed HIV infected individuals is not inducible. We sought to understand whether this non-inducible reservoir is established, and thus able to be studied, in an in vitro primary TCM model of latency. Furthermore, we wanted to expand this model system to include R5-tropic and non-B subtype viruses. To that end, we generated our TCM model of latency with an R5 subtype B virus, AD8 and an R5 subtype C virus, MJ4. Our results demonstrate that both intact and defective proviruses are generated in this model. Less than 50% of intact proviruses are inducible regardless of viral strain in the context of maximal stimulation through the TCR or with different clinically relevant LRAs including the HDAC inhibitors SAHA and MS-275, the PKC agonist Ingenol 3,20-dibenzoate or the SMAC mimetic AZD-5582. Our findings suggest that current LRA strategies are insufficient to effectively reactivate intact latent HIV-1 proviruses in primary CD4 TCM cells and that the mechanisms involved in the generation of the non-inducible HIV-1 reservoir can be studied using this primary in vitro model.Importance: HIV-1 establishes a latent reservoir that persists under antiretroviral therapy. Antiretroviral therapy is able to stop the spread of the virus and the progression of the disease but does not target this latent reservoir. If antiretroviral therapy is stopped, the virus is able to resume replication and the disease progresses. Recently, it has been demonstrated that most of the latent reservoir capable of generating replication competent virus cannot be induced in the laboratory setting. However, the mechanisms that influence the generation of this intact and non-inducible latent reservoir are still under investigation. Here we demonstrate the generation of defective, intact and intact non-inducible latent HIV-1 in a TCM model of latency using different HIV-1 strains. Thus, the mechanisms which control inducibility can be studied using this primary cell model of latency, which may accelerate our understanding of the latent reservoir and the development of curative strategies.
The effects of substance use and physical activity on cognition: The impact of incongruent health behaviors

Abstract Background Cognitive functioning refers to storage and manipulation of information and includes executive functioning (EF) and attention (ATT). While physical activity (PA) improves cognitive functioning, decrements are associated with frequent substance use. This study examined PA on cognitive functioning within the context of past-year substance use. Methods Using NESARC–III data (N = 36,309), cross-sectional analysis examined interactions between self-reported past-year PA and substance use in relation to cognitive functioning. Results As hypothesized, light-to-moderate, vigorous, and total PA conditional main effects were positively associated with both facets of cognition, while frequent substance use conditional main effects were negatively associated with ATT and EF. The positive association between PA and cognition was diminished by substance use. Frequent binge drinking, marijuana, cocaine, and opioid use weakened the impact of light-to-moderate PA on EF, and only frequent cocaine use lessened the relationship between vigorous PA on EF. When PA intensities were combined, frequent binge drinking and cocaine use weakened the PA and EF association. Infrequent stimulant use reduced the association between all levels of PA and ATT, while infrequent marijuana use unexpectedly enhanced the relation between vigorous PA and ATT. Conclusions Overall, PA enhanced two facets of cognitive functioning across six substances. However, these benefits are reduced in the context of frequency of substance use. The positive association between light-to-moderate PA and EF appears to be more sensitive in the context of frequent substance use than vigorous PA. Implications for public health messaging and PA as cognitive remediation treatment for substance use disorders are discussed.
CHAPTER 4 – CLASSICAL FREDHOLM THEORY

Publisher Summary Fredholm gave the solution of equation g(s)= f (s) + λ ∫K(s,t)g(t)dt in general form for all values of the parameter λ. His results are contained in three theorems that bear his name. This chapter discusses this equation when the function ƒ(s) and the kernel K(s, t) are any integrable functions. This method enables the readers to get explicit formulas for the solution in terms of certain determinants. The method used by Fredholm consists in viewing the integral equation as the limiting case of a system of linear algebraic equations. This theory applies to two- or higher-dimensional integrals; however, the chapter discusses this theory only for one-dimensional integrals in the interval (a, b). In the analysis of Fredholm's first theorem, it has been shown that the inhomogeneous equation: g(s) = f (s) + λ ∫K(s,t)g(t)dt possesses a unique solution provided D(λ) ≠0. Fredholm's second theorem is concerned with the study of the homogeneous equation g(s) = λ ∫ K(s,t)g(t)dt, when D(λ) = 0. The chapter investigates the possibility of the inhomogeneous equation g(s) = f (s) + λ ∫K(s,t)g(t)dt having a solution when D(λ) = 0.
Comparing recidivism rates among domestically violent men enrolled in ACTV versus Duluth/CBT.

Objective: The goal of the present study was to replicate and extend published preliminary evidence demonstrating that a relatively new treatment (Achieving Change through Value-Based Behavior [ACTV]) for men convicted of domestic violence significantly reduces recidivism compared to the standard treatment offered across the United States (the Duluth Model and/or cognitive-behavioral approaches). Method: Men convicted of domestic assault (DA) and court-mandated to a Batterers Intervention Program [N = 725; Mage = 34.9 years (SDage = 10.37 years)] were assigned to attend ACTV or treatment-as-usual (TAU). Participants were predominantly Black (63.3%). Recidivism, defined as any new convictions, any violent convictions, and any DA convictions, was examined up to 5 years posttreatment. Only men classified as medium or high risk were included. Results: Men in TAU were more likely to receive any conviction (95% CI [1.61, 4.40]), a violent conviction (95% CI [1.67, 9.60]), and a DA conviction (95% CI [1.36, 4.90]) compared to men in ACTV. Time to new conviction posttreatment was shorter for men in TAU versus ACTV (95% CI [2.16, 4.11]). Finally, the risk of receiving any new conviction (95% CI [1.46, 7.11]) was more strongly associated with noncompletion for TAU than ACTV participants. Conclusions: ACTV shows great promise for reducing recidivism compared to TAU. The present study represents the first time this intervention has been implemented in a state other than where it was developed and provides initial evidence for its generalizability and robustness. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Implementation Research Revisited

The analysis in the last ten chapters of federal disaster policy and of FEMA as the lead federal agency in implementing and managing disaster policy has been guided by the results of earlier implementation studies, most of which focused on social policies. In this chapter, we explore the extent to which our findings concerning disaster policy implementation correspond with those of the earlier studies about social policies. This comparison serves both to summarize the theoretical implications of our study and to add to the store of knowledge about implementation. In the chapter’s first section, we review the extent to which our findings about disaster policy implementation and management support general propositions derived from previous studies of social policies. In the final section, we look broadly at the past twenty years of experience with federal programs involving shared governance in order to make inferences about future implementation problems for shared governance programs.
Strengthening learning communities by promoting social skill development

There are many documented efforts of designers creating community environments to enable improved student learning. Many of these efforts involve giving students the opportunity to participate in interesting settings with novel, educationally beneficial roles. Sometimes, these roles can be complex, and students can find themselves without the social skills to participate effectively. When widespread, social deficiencies can interfere with the functioning of a learning environment, and reduce the overall effectiveness of the environment for promoting student learning. While many successful learning community designs have been documented, there is not a lot of literature discussing what to do to strengthen weak implementations. This paper attempts to contribute to the literature by describing the effect of one approach to addressing this kind of problem. It describes the design and outcomes of an intervention to strengthen a sub-optimally functioning learning community by promoting social skill development.
Presidents and the Politics of Centralized Control: Regulatory Auditing at the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs

The emergence of a vast administrative state is a hallmark "arguably the hallmark" of modern government. As was quickly understood by Woodrow Wilson and other early students of American political development, the presence of gigantic standing bureaucracies with enormous scope and power presents not merely a problem in public administration; it presents a problem in brute politics. The crux of the matter, as a leading scholar of public management rather dryly notes, is that "whoever controls the bureaucracy controls a key part of the policy process" [Lewis 2008]. The problem of political control is acute for Congress. Not surprisingly, it became an analytical focus of the "new institutionalist" revolution in scholarship on Congress and the administrative state [McNollgast 1987], [Ferejohn and Shipan 1990], [Epstein and O'Halloran 1999]. But the problem of control is equally if not more acute for America's chief executive officer, the President: How can one man, aided by a relative handful of confederates, exert effective control over rule making in the agencies? Presidents, working diligently and with considerable ingenuity, have responded to the challenge by developing a remarkable set of tools for controlling policy making in the administrative state. Perhaps the most important is "politicization," the systematic placement of loyal subordinates into supervisory positions within the agencies [Lewis 2008]. But others include: - Centralized budgeting [Tomkin 1998], - Direct command through executive orders [Howell 2003], - Centralized review and direction of the agencieslegislative programs [Rudalevige 2002], [Neustadt 1954], and - Reorganizing or terminating agencies [Lewis 2003]. One of the newest tools, and potentially a puissant one, is direct centralized review and revision of the agencies' proposed rules. This tool (innovated by the Nixon Administration but solidly institutionalized during the Reagan Administration, and then retained by every subsequent president) can be seen as the apotheosis of the centralizing tendencies of the American presidency, noted so crisply in Moe's classic analysis [Moe 1985]. The locus for the President's centralized review and revision of agency rules is the Office of Information and Regulatory A¤airs (OIRA) in the office of Management and Budget (OMB). In a very real sense, OIRA is the point of the spear in the President's battle to exert direct centralized control over agency rules.
Player performance prediction in massively multiplayer online role-playing games (MMORPGs)

In this study, we propose a comprehensive performance management tool for measuring and reporting operational activities of game players This study uses performance data of game players in EverQuest II, a popular MMORPG developed by Sony Online Entertainment, to build performance prediction models for game players The prediction models provide a projection of player's future performance based on his past performance, which is expected to be a useful addition to existing player performance monitoring tools First, we show that variations of PECOTA [2] and MARCEL [3], two most popular baseball home run prediction methods, can be used for game player performance prediction Second, we evaluate the effects of varying lengths of past performance and show that past performance can be a good predictor of future performance up to a certain degree Third, we show that game players do not regress towards the mean and that prediction models built on buckets using discretization based on binning and histograms lead to higher prediction coverage.
A note on multiplying boolean matrices II

In a note by Baker [1], a method is given for getting the limiting connectivity matrix, B, of a matrix whose entries are Boolean 0's and 1's. Harary [2] suggests determining An-1 since An-1 = An = ··· , where n is the order of the matrix. The purpose of this note is to give a method for determining An-1. The method is also applicable to finding the output matrix of a switching network as described in [3] and [4] where again An-1 = An = ··· , but A now has Boolean switching functions as entries instead of 0's and 1's.
Individual differences in trait motivation: Development of the Motivational Trait Questionnaire.

Abstract The development and initial evaluation of a measure of motivational traits, the Motivational Trait Questionnaire (MTQ), is described. Based upon theorizing by Kanfer and Heggestad (In B.M. Staw, & L.L. Cummings (Eds.), Research in organizational behaviour, vol. 19 (pp. 1–56). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, Inc.) development of the MTQ began by identifying and defining five motivational traits. Item pools were generated for each of the proposed traits, and initial facets were developed through a content-sorting procedure. Two studies were conducted to evaluate the MTQ at the item, facet, and scale levels. In Study 1, the facet scales were refined based on item-level factor analyses and item characteristics. An exploratory factor analysis of the refined MTQ facets provided support for three of the proposed traits. In Study 2, the facets were re-evaluated at the item-level. The factor structure of the MTQ facets was similar to that found in Study 1. An extension analysis from the three trait factors to extant measures of achievement, test and trait anxiety, and personality provided construct validity evidence for the MTQ scales. Results from these studies support the multidimensional structure of motivational traits proposed by Kanfer and Heggestad (In B.M. Staw, & L.L. Cummings (Eds.), Research in organizational behaviour, vol. 19 (pp. 1–56). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, Inc.). Implications for motivation research in education are discussed.
Natural area destinations: the Moroccan experience

Abstract The fact that America's 337 natural and historical national park areas currently record more than 300 million visits each year has not gone unnoticed by tourism experts from other countries. Priscilla R. Baker, special assistant to the director (tourism) at the National Park Service in the USA, recounts how a team from the US Park Service travelled to Morocco to complete a study for the Moroccan Ministry of Tourism.
Effects of forskolin and isoproterenol on cyclic AMP and tension in the myometrium

The effects of forskolin and isoproterenol on total cyclic AMP accumulation and relaxation were compared in uterine segments from estrogen-treated rabbits and term-pregnant rats. In the rabbit, forskolin (0.2-5.0 microM) inhibited spontaneous and acetylcholine-induced contractions and increased cyclic AMP levels. At lower doses forskolin significantly inhibited contractions but had little effect on cyclic AMP (cAMP) levels. Isoproterenol (0.005-0.5 microM), doses equi-effective to those of forskolin for inhibition of contractions, did not alter cyclic AMP levels. In the rat, forskolin (0.5 microM) and isoproterenol (0.05 microM) inhibited spontaneous and potassium-induced contractions by 80%. This reduction was accompanied by an increase in cyclic AMP levels, but the increase was significantly greater with forskolin than with isoproterenol. We conclude that: (1) cAMP may mediate relaxation under certain conditions but it is not an obligatory mediator, (2) some form of compartmentalization of cyclic AMP might exist in the myometrium.
Hazy viewpoints: administrators' perceptions of hazing

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine the perceptions regarding hazing from the perspective of the current National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division 1 (D1) Student Athletes (SAs), Athletic Directors (ADs) and Senior Women Administrators (SWAs). Design/Methodology/Approach: This was a non-experimental mixed-method electronic survey. Findings: The perceptions regarding hazing from the three participant groups indicate that differences exist in how hazing is perceived both within and outside the institution. These differences may decrease the overall effectiveness of a hazing policy, unless a clear succinct hazing definition is created. Practical implications: Both the NCAA and its member institutions need to send a clear antihazing message by establishing written antihazing policies that include a clear definition of hazing. Educational programmes, which provide information on hazing, the possible consequences and the recognition of perceptual differences, should be implemented for administrators and athletes. Originality/Value: By identifying both the extent and perceived severity of hazing in women's collegiate athletics and establishing the present perceptions regarding hazing, this study may provide valuable information that may help create guidelines on hazing, as well as attempt to reduce the risk of injury.
SU‐GG‐T‐75: Phantom Studies of Difficulties with Seed Detection Software Following I‐125 Prostate Implants

Purpose: In our experience, both recent versions (7.1 and 8.0) of the Variseed software have shown variability in seed detection capabilities—wrong identification, missing seeds. A phantom study was begun to improve our understanding of the effectiveness of seed identification in CT scans of patients following prostate implantation. Materials and Methods: A simple planar phantom was constructed for investigation of the effects of seed spacing, orientation, and CT slice thickness on the ability of commercial software to detect the positions and numbers of seeds accurately. Single seed spacings were varied from 4 mm to 11 mm in the longitudinal direction and from 1.9 to 8 mm in the axial plane; stranded seeds (10 mm spacing) were used to test the effect of plane orientations of 90, 75, and 60 deg (relative to the axial CT plane); CT slice thicknesses were varied from 1 to 5 mm; two versions of Varian's seed finder software (7.1 and 8.0) were compared for loose seed detection. V8.0 was used for the angular/slice thickness study. Non‐radioactive STM 1251 seeds were supplied by Bard Brachytherapy, Inc. Results: V 7.1 was slightly superior to V8.0 for loose seed identification in the longitudinal (100% vs 93%), but inferior (13% vs 98%) in the cross direction. No effect of slice thickness was observed. Increasing the angle between the seed plane and CT cross plane tended to increase both mean and maximum errors in seed spacing (up to 5 mm). Slice thicknesses of 2 or 3 mm seemed optimal. Conclusions: The seed phantom revealed differences between the two versions of the Variseed software for seed detection, a dependence on seed plane angle and confirmed the recommended CT slice thickness of 2–3 mm (TG137).
Electrostriction: material parameters and stress/strain constitutive relations

The objective of this work is to formulate stress/strain constitutive relations in terms of material parameters. A secondary aim is to introduce a sequence of independent tests sufficient to evaluate these parameters. A stress constitutive equation in polarizable materials follows from the Helmholtz free energy related to a unit volume of deformed material. Similarly, a strain constitutive equation is obtained from the Gibbs free energy. These two relations explicitly account for the contribution of elastic deformation, electrostatic interactions of surface charges and the electrostriction effect. Both formulations of the constitutive relations are equivalent, yet yield different sets of electrostriction coefficients. For instance, a complete set of electrostriction parameters can be formulated based on either strain or stress dielectric rules. Strain–dielectric or stress–dielectric measurements necessitate monitoring variations in dielectric constants with the applied strains or stresses. Such measuremen...
Variation in native micro-predator abundance explains recruitment of a mobile invasive fish, the common carp, in a naturally unstable environment

Why certain species of fish become invasive is poorly understood and a key obstacle to restoring many of the world’s ecosystems. In this study we tested whether variation in biotic resistance exerted by native predators might explain the reproductive success of the common carp, a large and fecund invasive species that typically spawns in outlying and unstable shallow habitat. An initial three-year study of the relative abundance of young-of-year (YOY) carp in interconnected lakes in the Upper Mississippi River Basin discovered that YOY carp are only found in shallow waters that experience winter hypoxia (winterkill) and have low densities of the native egg-predators that otherwise dominate these locales. A follow-up experiment tested if native fish predation on carp eggs could explain this distribution. It found that while carp eggs survived in winterkill lakes, they only survived in non-winterkill lakes when protected by a mesh that excluded fish. Large numbers of carp eggs were found in the stomachs of native fish inhabiting lakes that did not winterkill. We conclude that common carp, and likely many other highly mobile and fecund invasive fish, have evolved life histories to avoid egg predators and can become invasive when they are absent.
Nucleotide exchange and rheometric studies with F-actin prepared from ATP- or ADP-monomeric actin

It has recently been reported that polymer actin made from monomer containing ATP (ATP-actin) differed in EM appearance and rheological characteristics from polymer made from ADP-containing monomers (ADP-actin). Further, it was postulated that the ATP-actin polymer was more rigid due to storage of the energy released by ATP hydrolysis during polymerization (Janmey et al. 1990. Nature 347:95–99). Electron micrographs of our preparations of ADP-actin and ATP-actin polymers show no major differences in appearance of the filaments. Moreover, the dynamic viscosity parameters G' and G" measured for ATP-actin and ADP-actin polymers are very different from those reported by Janmey et al., in absolute value, in relative differences, and in frequency dependence. We suggest that the relatively small differences observed between ATP-actin and ADP-actin polymer rheological parameters could be due to small differences either in flexibility or, more probably, in filament lengths. We have measured nucleotide exchange on ATP-actin and ADP-actin polymers by incorporation of alpha-32P-ATP and found it to be very slow, in agreement with earlier literature reports, and in contradiction to the faster exchange rates reported by Janmey et al. This exchange rate is much too slow to cause "reversal" of ADP-actin polymer ATP-actin polymer as reported by Janmey et al. Thus our results do not support the notion that the energy of actin-bound ATP hydrolysis is trapped in and significantly modifies the actin polymer structure.
Proteasome inhibition blocks caspase-8 degradation and sensitizes prostate cancer cells to death receptor-mediated apoptosis.

BACKGROUND Proteasome inhibition through the administration of Velcade is a viable chemotherapeutic strategy that is approved to treat multiple myeloma and is being evaluated for efficacy against prostate cancer. Currently, the apoptotic pathways that contribute to this anticancer response are poorly understood. Our goal is to test the extent to which proteasome inhibition modulates apoptosis through death receptor pathways. METHODS Several prostate cancer cell lines and primary prostate epithelial cells (PrECs) were used as models. The death receptor pathway was activated by the expression of Fas ligand (FasL) or addition of TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) in the presence or absence of proteasome inhibitors. The apoptotic response was quantified by annexin V, TUNEL and nuclear condensation assays. Western blot analysis was conducted to quantify protein levels and enzyme assays were used to measure caspase activity. RESULTS Proteasome inhibition markedly sensitized prostate cancer cells to apoptosis initiated by Fas ligand (FasL) or TRAIL. In the presence of either death ligand, procaspase-8 processing occurred, but led to minimal amounts of active caspase-8. The addition of Velcade, however, led to robust active caspase-8 protein abundance and activity. In the presence of Velcade the caspase-8 p18 subunit half-life increased from 22 min to over 2 hr. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that proteasome inhibition can sensitize cells to apoptosis elicited by tumor necrosis factor ligands and retarding caspase-8 degradation provides one explanation for this activity. This study suggests that the clinical efficacy of Velcade may result, at least in part, from the activity of death ligands. Prostate 68: 200–209, 2008. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Abstract B70: Inhibition of nuclear bile acid receptor FXR as a target in prevention of esophageal adenocarcinoma

Incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma is increasing in the United States and other Western countries. Frequent gastroesophageal reflux or gastroesophageal reflux disease, resulting in Barrett esophagus, may be responsible for the increase. The main function of bile acid is to facilitate the formation of micelles for promotion of the processing and absorption of dietary fat. As surfactants or detergents, bile acids are potentially toxic to the cells, so their concentrations in the small intestine are tightly regulated. However, patients with frequent gastroesophageal reflux will have reflux damage caused by acid and bile acid-containing juice in the distal esophagus, with the result that normal squamous cells around the gastroesophageal junction will change to a new cell phenotype (incomplete intestinal metaplasia), because this type of cell is more resistant to acid and bile-caused injuries; therefore, Barrett esophagus is formed. This study aimed to determine the tumor-promoting effects of bile acid on esophageal cancer cells and the underlying molecular mechanisms. The data showed that different bile acids (i.e., chenodeoxycholic acid, deoxycholic acid, and lithocholic acid) induced COX-2 but inhibited RAR-β2 expression through farnesoid X receptor (FXR) expression in esophageal cancer cell lines. FXR is a nuclear receptor for bile acids functioning as a signaling molecule in the liver and the intestines and frequent gastroesophageal reflux induces FXR expression in esophageal cells. Indeed, the ex vivo data demonstrated that FXR was highly expressed in esophageal adenocarcinoma (81%) tissues and was associated with reduced RAR-β2 expression. Knockdown of FXR expression using FXR shRNA antagonized the effects of bile acid in gene expression and suppressed tumor cell viability in vitro and in nude mouse xenografts. Moreover, guggulsterone, a FXR inhibitor, was able to reduce the viability of esophageal cancer cells in time- and dose-dependent manner in vitro. Apoptosis induced by guggulsterone was through activation of caspase 8, 9, and 3. In conclusion, suppression of FXR expression using FXR shRNA or its inhibitor guggulsterone was able to suppress tumor cell growth in vitro and in vivo and induce apoptosis in vitro. This study demonstrated that inhibition of FXR could be further evaluated as a target in prevention of esophageal adenocarcinoma. Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2011;4(10 Suppl):B70.
An Analysis of Factors Affecting Employment of Chronic Dialysis Patients

Less than 30% of chronic dialysis patients are employed, but little is known about the factors affecting the employment status of these patients. Some conflicting reports about an improvement in vocational status with the use of erythropoietin and the lack of information about the contribution of dialysis adequacy (as assessed by KT/Vurea) to employment status prompted us to examine demographic and biochemical factors associated with employment status in chronic in-center hemodialysis (n = 46) and continuous peritoneal dialysis (n = 31) patients who were 12 years of education; P = 0.005) and on dialysis for a shorter mean time (44 +/- 52 months for the working patients v 77 +/- 78 months for the nonworking patients; P = 0.03). Sex, race, diabetes mellitus, mode of dialysis, and prior transplant were not associated with employment status. Similarly, mean hematocrit (30.2% +/- 5% in the working patients v 30.5% +/- 4% in the nonworking patients) and mean weekly delivered KT/V (1.4 +/- 0.7 v 1.3 +/- 0.6 for hemodialysis and 2.3 +/- 0.7 v 2.3 +/- 0.6 for peritoneal dialysis in the working and nonworking patients, respectively) were not different among the working and nonworking patients. Albumin was also not significantly different among the working and nonworking patients (4 +/- 0.3 v 3.9 +/- 0.4, respectively; P = 0.27).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Reactivity, spectroscopy, and structure of reduced fullerenes

Abstract Reduced fullerenes, the simplest covalent derivatives of the fullerene family of carbon allotropes, provide an excellent context for the study of the fundamental chemical reactivity of fullerenes. We have developed a general method for the formation of a number of these compounds. Using Zn(Cu) reduction, we have access to pure samples of several isomerically pure C 60 H n and C 70 H n species. We have completely assigned the 13 C NMR spectrum of C 60 H 6 and have assigned the majority of the resonances in C 60 H 2 .
An increased efficiency series hybrid electric bus using decoupled DC-link voltages

This paper proposes a new main circuit topology, the back-to-back current fed quasi-Z-source architecture, for the series hybrid electric bus (SHEB) using decoupled dc-link voltages, which will greatly improve system efficiency. This work is based on urban drive cycle operating conditions, the optimal operating region of the internal combustion engine, and the varying voltage requirement of traction motors. The paper presents how the efficiency of the SHEB can be significantly enhanced by decoupling the dc-link voltage at the generator end of the topology from that of the traction inverter end. The analyzed results verify the proposed circuit for SHEB applications.
The dialectical psychoeducational workshop (DPEW) for males at risk for intimate partner violence: a pilot randomized controlled trial

Data are presented from a pilot study that tested the initial effectiveness of the Dialectical Psychoeducational Workshop (DPEW) in reducing the potential risk for intimate partner violence (IPV). A randomized controlled trial (RCT) of an experimental intervention (DPEW), and a control condition, the first session of an eight-week anger management program (AMW), was employed. Differences between experimental and control groups were analyzed by chi-square and t tests. Self-report questionnaires were administered pre- and post-test to 55 study participants. The questionnaire was comprised of standardized measures and highly-structured questions. Quantitative analyses provided strong preliminary support for the DPEW’s effectiveness in lowering a participant’s desire to express anger physically, while decreasing the potential risk for physical violence. This pilot study demonstrated promising initial support for the DPEW as an alternative, preventative intervention for males at risk for intimate partner violence. Its strong preliminary results provide evidence for a larger RCT. The study’s results are limited by a reliance on self-report measures, the brevity of the intervention, and a small sample size.
Applications of the ram accelerator to hypervelocity aerothermodynamic testing

A ram accelerator used as a hypervelocity launcher for large-scale aeroballistic range applications in hypersonics and aerodynamics research is presented. It is an in-bore ramjet device in which a projectile shaped like the centerbody of a supersonic ramjet is propelled down a stationary tube filled with a tailored combustible gas mixture. Ram accelerator operation has been demonstrated at 39 mm and 90 mm bores, supporting the proposition that this launcher concept can be scaled up to very large bore diameters of the order of 30-60 cm. It is concluded that high quality data obtained from the tube wall and projectile during the aceleration process itself are very useful for understanding aerothermodynamics of hypersonic flow in general, and for providing important CFD validation benchmarks.
In-situ ultrasonic surface wave assessment of mechanical fatigue damage accumulation in metal matrix composites

Abstract This study demonstrates that an in-situ nondestructive, ultrasonic surface wave technique can successfully detect the onset and extent of matrix cracking fatigue damage in a titanium metal matrix composite (MMC). A quasi-isotropic [0/±45/90] s SCS-6/Timetal® 21S MMC material was used for room temperature fatigue tests and the resultant matrix cracking damage was ultrasonically monitored in situ as a function of cycle count. Damage accumulation in the material was successfully correlated with decreases in ultrasonic pitch catch amplitude and verified through the use of immersion ultrasonic C-scans and metallographic techniques. Damage initiation and progression was tracked through the use of complementary nondestructive and destructive techniques. The in-situ surface wave data show that the higher the fatigue stress level, the more quickly damage occurs; conversely, the lower the stress level, the slower the damage initiation. The in-situ surface wave technique proved to be more sensitive to the accumulating damage than standard load-displacement modulus measurements. The surface wave technique also indicated a change in material properties after only one fatigue cycle. The data acquired show that a better understanding of damage initiation and accumulation can be gained using the in-situ surface wave technique in comparison to current load-displacement modulus measurements.
Kearns-Sayre syndrome. A review of a multisystem disorder of children and young adults.

The syndrome of a slowly progressive external ophthalmoplegia, pigment retinopathy, and disorder of cardiac conduction was described by Kearns and Sayre in 1958. In patients with this triad, other neurological deficits may occur with associated abnormalities of the electrocardiogram, electroencephalogram, audiogram, and an elevation of protein in cerebrospinal fluid. The onset of a potentially lethal cardiac dysrhythmia in a patient with this slowly progressive degeneration of the nervous system can be anticipated and prevented by the use of an artificial cardiac pacemaker. ( Arch Intern Med 136:1290-1293, 1976)