cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterizing patient care in hospital emergency departments

The purpose of this study is to characterize the early stage (i.e., until first prescriber order) of patient care in emergency departments (EDs) by focusing on the temporal sequence of activities by multiple roles. A hundred and eight patient care episodes in three EDs were observed and modeled as patient-oriented workflows. Capturing individual episodes allowed us to account for cooperative work in EDs. Data analysis revealed a high level of variability across patient care episodes. We also identified six patterns differentiated primarily by whether the prescriber is a physician or midlevel clinician. Secondary differentiators included whether the patient arrived in the ED as walk-in or via ambulance, and in which ED the patient care occurred. The high level of workflow variability reported in this study should be recognized in the design of ED work systems. Moreover, work interventions should not limit EDs’ capacity to handle sequential variability in patient care.
Enhanced Excitatory Synaptic Connectivity in Layer V Pyramidal Neurons of Chronically Injured Epileptogenic Neocortex in Rats

Formation of new recurrent excitatory circuits after brain injuries has been hypothesized as a major factor contributing to epileptogenesis. Increases in total axonal length and the density of synaptic boutons are present in layer V pyramidal neurons of chronic partial isolations of rat neocortex, a model of posttraumatic epileptogenesis. To explore the functional consequences of these changes, we used laser-scanning photostimulation combined with whole-cell patch-clamp recording from neurons in layer V of somatosensory cortex to map changes in excitatory synaptic connectivity after injury. Coronal slices were submerged in artificial CSF (23 degrees C) containing 100 microM caged glutamate, APV (2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid), and high divalent cation concentration to block polysynaptic responses. Focal uncaging of glutamate, accomplished by switching a pulsed UV laser to give a 200-400 micros light stimulus, evoked single- or multiple-component composite EPSCs. In neurons of the partially isolated cortex, there were significant increases in the fraction of uncaging sites from which EPSCs could be evoked ("hot spots") and a decrease in the mean amplitude of individual elements in the composite EPSC. When plotted along the cortical depth, the changes in EPSCs took place mainly between 150 and 200 microm above and below the somata, suggesting a specific enhancement of recurrent excitatory connectivity among layer V pyramidal neurons of the undercut neocortex. These changes may shift the balance within cortical circuits toward increased synaptic excitation and contribute to epileptogenesis.
Effect of peptide acetylation on its interaction with antipeptide antibody.

Abstract The effects of trace acetylation on the contact sites in peptide-antibody binding have been investigated by using a label selection method. A 13-residue synthetic peptide having three lysines (LKLVEQQNPKVKL) corresponding to sequence position 155-168 of β1,4-galactosyltransferase was used in this study. The four amino groups located throughout the peptide sequence, labeled appropriately, served as probing marker groups. The amino terminus region of the peptide was highly reactive to trace acetylation. Over 80% of the label appeared in the amino terminus region, most likely in the α-amino group due to its lower pK value. Interestingly, acetylation of Lys10 and Lys12 (carboxy terminal region) showed a selection for interacting with the antibody. This approach, using label selection affords high sensitivity and could be applicable for mapping antigen-antibody interaction site/s.
Race-Specific Gender Equality and Rape: A Further Test of Feminist Hypotheses

Feminists have long argued that structural inequality between men and women influences the prevalence of rape. The patriarchal maintenance hypothesis predicts that gender inequality increases rape, while gender equality ameliorates rape (Whaley and Messner 2002). Alternatively, the backlash hypothesis predicts that gender equality exacerbates the rape problem (Russell 1975; Williams and Holmes 1981). To date, no study has explored this relationship with respect to race. In the present study, we use a cross-sectional design with racially disaggregated census and crime data in order to assess the differences among White and Black women in terms of their status along educational, employment, income, and occupational dimensions, and their risk of victimization. The findings indicate that the relationship between equality and rape is masked in the model that includes all women, but becomes apparent in the race specific models.
Nebulin as a giant actin-binding template protein in skeletal muscle sarcomere Interaction of actin and cloned human nebulin fragments

Nebulin is a family of giant sarcomere matrix proteins of 6OO–900 kDa in most vertebrate skeletal muscles. Recent sequence analysis suggests that human nebulin is mainly composed of a large number (> 200) of conserved repeats of ∼ 35 residues. Two cloned nebulin fragments, consisting of 6 and 8 of the repeats, have been expressed in E. coli using the pET3d vector. Both F-actin cosedimentation and solid-phase binding assays demonstrated a specific binding of these nebulin fragments to actin. This finding suggests that nebulin is a giant protein which binds actin at multiple sites in a template-manner. The presence of an actin-binding template protein in the skeletal muscle sarcomere may have significant implications in the assembly and function of the contractile apparatus.
Correlations between perceived stress and depressive symptoms among depressive outpatients

Cognitive distortions associated with depression may amplify the sense of strain and pressure derived from everyday stressors. The Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), designed to assess the degree to which situations are perceived as stressful, was administered before and after open treatment with fluoxetine 20 mg/day for eight weeks to 60 consecutive outpatients with major depression (15 men and 45 women; mean age: 36.9 ± 10.6 years) and to 22 normal controls (11 mean and 11 women; mean age: 34.6 ± 10.1 years). Pretreatment, the mean PSS score among the depressed patients was 38.8 ± 6.4, which was significantly higher (z score: 6.33; p < 0.0001) than that (22.4 ± 7.0) of the group of normal controls. After treatment with fluoxetine, the mean PSS score was 25.1 ± 8.9, not different from controls but significantly different from baseline (paired t-test = 10.8; p < 0.0001). The correlation between PSS and Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D-17) scores was significant both before (r = 0.33; p < 0.02) and after (r = 0.62; p < 0.0001) treatment with fluoxetine. An even greater correlation was found between differences in pre- and post-treatment PSS scores and differences in pre- and posttreatment HAM-D-17 scores (r = 0.65; p < 0.0001).
Systems considerations in real time video QoE assessment

We consider several key questions in the design of a real time video quality assessment system. How frequently can we generate subjective video quality ratings with some degree of accuracy? How often should we sample the data? How do we weigh the need to consolidate data collection (arguing for fewer, less frequent data points) with the need to monitor video quality in real time (arguing for more frequent data points)? What are the timing requirements for such a system, both in training the system and in assigning ratings to videos? Our results demonstrate that we can achieve accurate video quality ratings by using small portions of the video and a frequent sampling rate, and that in the worst case the system can be trained in ten minutes.1
Midline anterior repair alone vs anterior repair plus vaginal paravaginal repair: a comparison of anatomic and quality of life outcomes.

Our aim was to study the anatomic recurrence rates and quality of life outcomes of patients who had undergone either anterior colporrhaphy (AC) or anterior colporrhaphy and vaginal paravaginal repair (AC + VPVR) as part of surgery for pelvic organ prolapse. Chart reviews were used to identify anatomic prolapse recurrence. Phone interviews assessed quality of life outcomes [Urogenital Distress Inventory (UDI) and the Incontinence Impact Questionnaire (IIQ)] outcomes. There was a trend towards longer time to anatomic recurrence (any compartment ≥grade 2) in the AC group compared with the AC + VPVR group (median 24 vs 13 months, p=0.069). If only patients who had undergone previous surgery were compared, time to anatomic recurrence appeared significantly longer in the AC group (median 41 vs 12 months, p=0.022). There were 55% of women in the AC group and 46% of women in the AC + VPVR group who reported significant bladder or bulge symptoms based on responses to the phone-administered UDI and IIQ (p=0.89). Our retrospective study did not suggest that adding VPVR was superior in terms of anatomic or quality of life outcomes. Prospective assessment of the role of VPVR in the treatment of pelvic organ prolapse is needed.
Loss-of-function mutations reveal that the Drosophila nautilus gene is not essential for embryonic myogenesis or viability.

Abstract nautilus ( nau ), the single Drosophila member of the bHLH-containing myogenic regulatory family of genes, is expressed in a subset of muscle precursors and differentiated fibers. It is capable of inducing muscle-specific transcription as well as myogenic transformation, and plays a role in the differentiation of a subset of muscle precursors into mature muscle fibers. In previous studies, the nau zygotic loss-of-function phenotype was determined using genetic deficiencies in which the gene is deleted. We note that this genetic loss-of-function phenotype differs from the loss-of-function phenotype determined using RNA interference (L. Misquitta and B. M. Paterson, 1999, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96, 1451–1456). The present study re-examines this loss-of-function phenotype using EMS-induced mutations that specifically alter the nau gene, and extends the genetic analysis to include the loss of both maternal and zygotic nau function. In brief, embryos lacking nau both maternally and zygotically are missing a distinct subset of muscle fibers, consistent with its apparent expression in a subset of muscle fibers. The muscle loss is tolerated, however, such that the loss of nau both maternally and zygotically does not result in lethality at any stage of development.
Neonatal Mortality among High Birth Weight Infants Born to African American Adolescent Mothers

Neonatal Mortality among High Birth Weight Infants Born to African American Adolescent Mothers
Serum bile acids concentration in captive American flamingos ( Phoenicopterus ruber )

This study was conducted in order to determine serum bile acids concentration in captive American flamingos (Phoenicopterus ruber). Seventeen healthy flamingos of both sexes were evaluated as part of an overall clinical health assessment. Each bird underwent a complete physical examination, complete blood count, and serum biochemistry testing. Blood samples were collected from the medial metatarsal vein and submitted for a serum bile acids analysis. The median serum bile acids concentration for the American flamingo was 30 μmol/L (min = 20 μmol/L, max = 58 μmol/L), with no significant difference (p = 0.14) between males and females in this study. The data presented in this report can promote better physiological understanding and improve clinical management of this avian species.
Response of an acoustic-elastic system to a transient source in the acoustic medium: Analytical modelling for the air-coupled wave☆

Abstract The present work considers an elastic solid half-space contiguous to an acoustic half-space. Since the acoustic half-space does not support shear, gases and liquids are included in the present study. By the analysis, one deduces the stresses in the solid produced by a spherical source of pressure embedded in the acoustic medium. The solution is obtained by using one-sided and two-sided Laplace transforms and by relying quite heavily on the properties of the Green's function for the acoustic medium. These properties make compatible the prescription of the source pressure on a spherical surface and the application of the boundary conditions at the plane acoustic-elastic interface. For an arbitrary pressure history input, the transform inversion is effected by Cagniard's technique to yield the exact solution.
MO‐A‐M100J‐03: Performance Evaluation for New‐Technology CT Systems: Cone Beam C‐Arm CT

Conebeam CT using C‐arm mounted large area flat panels (FPs) is becoming more commonly used in neuro‐ and body‐interventional suites. The ability to visualize vascular geometry in 3D along with soft tissueduring an intervention is providing information that may increase accuracy, shorten procedure time and may even change the course of treatment. However, acquisition of the projection data required for volume imaging requires dose to the patient, and understanding the trade‐offs between acquisition parameters, dose and image quality is critical to the appropriate adoption of this imaging technique. Unlike conventional CT, the beam length in conebeam CT can cover the entire length of the object to be imaged or can be varied with the use of collimation, and the concept of CTDI is not, therefore, the metric of choice for measurement of dose. In addition, most C‐arm conebeam CT systems use a short‐scan (pi plus fan‐angle) acquisition, and the dose distribution within the object is not cylindrically symmetric. Finally, since FP design has been optimized for fluoroscopy, image quality when used for CT must be carefully evaluated. This lecture will describe a dose metric that is appropriate for conebeam CT and allows direct comparison with the CTDIw of conventional CT. A perception study using the CATPHAN 600 phantom for a range of acquisition parameters will be described, and the relationships between kVp, image noise, dose and contrast perception will be discussed. Research sponsored by Siemens Medical Solutions AG, AX Division, by NIH grant R01 EB003524 and by the Lucas Foundation. Educational Objectives: 1. Understand how differences in acquisition geometry between conebeam and conventional CT affect dose distribution and dose measurement. 2. Understand how contrast perception in conebeam CTimages depends on acquisition parameters.
Plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, HVA, MHPG, and conduct disorder in emotionally disturbed boys

Emotionally disturbed boys with conduct disorder undersocialized (CDU) have lower plasma dopamine-B-hydroxylase (DBH) than boys with other disorders and controls (Rogeness et al. 1982; Deutsch and Bowden, personal communication). When emotionally disturbed boys with near-zero plasma DPH are compared to emotionally disturbed boys with higher DBH activities, there is an increased frequency of CDU in the near-zero group (Rogeness et al. 1984, 1986), indicating an association between conduct disorder symptoms and low DBH activity. Quay (1987), based on the work of Gray et al. (1983), has hypothesized that externalizing
Human Rights: An Issue Among Anthropologists

James Glanz's article “Human rights fades as a cause for scientists” (News of the Week, 9 Oct., p. [216][1]) is helpful insofar as it focuses attention on changes in the ways scientists connect human rights to their work. But both the headline and parts of the article suggest a readiness to
Effects of processing conditions and test temperature on fatigue crack growth and fracture toughness of Be–Al metal matrix composites

Abstract The effects of changes in processing conditions and test temperature on the tension behavior, fatigue crack growth and fracture toughness of a Be–Al metal matrix composite (MMC) containing 70% by volume Be and 30% by volume Al have been determined. Prealloyed Be–Al powders were either hot isostatically pressed (HIP) or CIP/extruded to full density. Testing was conducted in uniaxial tension, three point bend fatigue, and both notched and fatigue precracked toughness, at temperatures ranging from −125 to 225 °C. The fatigue crack growth experiments were conducted at R =0.1, 0.4, and 0.6. Significant effects of processing conditions, test temperature, and R , on the balance of properties were obtained. Tensile and fracture toughness properties of the extruded material were higher than the HIP material. Increasing the test temperature from −125 to 225 °C decreased the strength and fracture toughness of both the HIP and extruded materials. Fracture surface observations revealed clear differences between the fracture morphologies in the HIP and extruded materials as well as those at low vs. high temperatures. These differences were used to rationalize the tensile and toughness behavior exhibited. In general, the materials tested exhibited fatigue behavior that is consistent with that of metals, despite the presence of the large volume fraction of Be, a semi-brittle constituent. Values for the Paris law slope and fatigue threshold were in the range of those exhibited by metals. However, changes in test temperature from 225 to −125 °C produced significant increases in the Paris law slope for both materials. The results obtained on the Be–Al composite are also compared to that of the constituents (i.e. Be, Al) in order to illustrate some of the benefits obtained by creating the composite structure.
The critical layers and other singular regions in ideal hydrodynamics and magnetohydrodynamics

The governing singular differential equations are stated for certain systems in ideal hydrodynamics and magnetohydrodynamics. The solutions of these equations are studied in the neighborhood of the singular regions, and can be conveniently characterised by the roots of the corresponding indicial equation. The nature of the solution determines the nature of the dispersion relation (relating frequency ω and wavenumberk) and of the Green's function for the problem. The differences between the various classes of problems are discussed, and exemplified by considering the initial value problem for three cases: (a) unstratified shear flow, (b) stratified shear flow, and (c) a static magnetofluid. The latter case is typical of a number of problems of astrophysical interest, and possesses a rich mathematical and physical structure.
Body temperature and oxygen consumption during rest and activity in relation to body size in some tropical beetles

Abstract Oxygen consumption at rest increased with body mass0.86, and during sustained terrestrial activity it increased with mass1.17. The difference between the two exponents is probably a function of body temperature. 1. 2.|At the rest metathoracic temperature was the same as ambient, but during activity it exceeded ambient with ΔT increasing linearly with body mass. 2. 3.|Prior to flight, body temperature was increased by endogenous heat production. Metathoracic temperature at take-off increased with both body mass and wing loading which were strongly correlated. 3. 4.|Metathoracic temperatures at take-off and after 30–90s of flight did not differ significantly. 4. 5.|Aerobic scope for activity was greater in large beetles than in small ones presumably because large beetles had higher temperatures during activity. 5. 6.|Elevated body temperature during terrestrial activity in beetles has probably been favored by natural selection because of its association with the maintenance of high levels of aerobic activity.
Effect of formaldehyde on fungi from broiler houses

Summary. A comparison was made of the relative sensitivity to formaldehyde of the predominant fungi isolated from broiler house litter by treating conidia with aqueous solutions of formaldehyde for 45 min at 20–22°. Aspergillus sydowi and A. versicolor were most tolerant of formaldehyde, followed by A. repens, A. flavus, and A. candidus. Least tolerant were Scopulariopsis brevicaulis, A. ruber, A. chevalieri, and Penicillium crustosum. The viability of conidia of selected strains differing in tolerance to formaldehyde and the viability of fungi and bacteria in dust samples collected from commercial broiler houses were tested after exposure to gaseous formaldehyde at 2 p/m (approximate theoretical concentration attained in broiler houses) and 10 p/m (theoretical) (estimated concentration 5 p/m) for 24 h at 20–22° and 65% relative humidity. The viability of the asexual conidia was always < 0.01% whereas with the dust samples only 10 p/m of formaldehyde markedly reduced the viability of all of the microorganisms.
Planning and control of under-actuated mobile manipulators using differential flatness

Mobile manipulators are intrinsically nonholonomic systems since the mobile base is subject to nonholonomic constraints that result from no-slip constraints on the wheels. The highly nonlinear dynamic coupling between the mobile base and the manipulator arm, in addition to the nonholonomic constraints at the base, makes these systems difficult to plan and control. If the system is under-actuated, the problem becomes even more difficult. In this paper, using a special inertia distribution on the manipulator arm, the differential flatness property of mobile manipulators is achieved. An integrated planning and control methodology is presented for two different types of under-actuated planar mobile manipulators, with a two-wheeled differentially driven mobile base and with a car-like mobile base, respectively. A mobile manipulator with either of the two bases is shown to be differentially flat. In addition, this paper shows that a wide range of under-actuated arm designs results in differential flatness. Through illustrative examples of under-actuated two-link planar mobile manipulators, it is demonstrated that with the differential flatness property, the trajectory planning and feedback controller design problem can be solved in an efficient and simplified way.
Temperature dependence of the dissociative ionization of CO2

Abstract The elecltron impact ionization of CO 2 as a function of temperature of the CO 2 up to 1500 K has been studied using modulated beam mass spectrometry. It is found that in this temperature range the cross section for forming the primary ion CO 2 + is temperature-independent, as is the cross section for forming C + . Formation of the fragment ions O + and CO + depends on temperature, however, with the former decreasing and the latter increasing with increasing temperature. The observations are understood in terms of the thermal population of certain vibrationally excited states of the CO 2 molecule and the experiments yields ratios of cross sections of the excited states to the ground state, for the production of the fragments.
Arbitrage in General Equilibrium

Normal trade in goods assumes two sectors that co-exist for reasons such as comparative advantage and interact via trade. Arbitrage trade in goods assumes two markets that artificially exist and converge via trade. Restoration of the law of one price via arbitrage creates one sector out of two, and in general equilibrium, equalizes opportunity cost of resources used in production. Arbitrage does not occur in a vacuum, such that when the high (low) price of a good decreases (increases) in its artificially segmented market during arbitrage, the supply of the good falls (rises), the resources used intensively in that good earn lower (higher) returns, affecting security prices, and the supply of those resources in that good’s production fall (rise).
Dissecting quantitative trait variation--examples from the tomato

Quantitative variation is prevalent in nature and in plant breeding. However, it wasn’t until the past two decades that it became technically feasible to begin probing the individual loci and genetic causes of natural, quantitative trait variation. Understanding the basis of quantitative variation is key not only to understanding evolution, but also in developing new insights and methodologies to improve traits such as yield, resistance to abiotic stress, and nutritional quality. In plants, tomato was one of the first species in which significant inroads were made into understanding the genetic and molecular bases of quantitative trait variation. Summarized herein are some of the lessons learned from tomato with regards to quantitative trait variation.
The emotion-evoked collective corruption model: : the role of emotion in the spread of corruption within organizations

We draw from research on emotions and moral reasoning to develop a process model of collective corruption that centers on the role of moral emotions in the spread of corruption within organizations. Our focus on a well-intentioned and deliberative path to corruption is a departure from previous theory, which has focused on mindless and ill-intentioned paths. In our model, moral emotions play a critical role in both the initial recruitment of a target individual (the direct process), as well as the spread of corruption to a broader group of nontargeted individuals through emotional contagion (the vicarious process). For both processes we explain how self-directed moral emotions (guilt, shame, embarrassment, and pride) facilitate the spread of corruption and how other-directed moral emotions (anger and contempt) do not. We conclude by discussing the implications of our theory and directions for future research.
Contrast-enhanced MRI of periarticular soft-tissue changes in experimental arthritis of the rat.

This study was to determine if manipulation of magnetic resonance signal intensity by means of an intravenously injected paramagnetic contrast agent is useful for the detection and characterization of periarticular inflammation. Arthritis was induced in 20 rats by means of intradermal injection of Freund's complete adjuvant. MR imaging was performed with a resistive magnet operating at 0.35 T. A double spin-echo technique with TE's of 28 and 56 ms and TR's of 0.5 and 2.0 s was used. The hindpaws of the adjuvant-injected rats were imaged on Day 8, Day 11, or Day 15 following injection of the adjuvant. The images were obtained in the transverse plane before and after intravenous injection of gadolinium-DTPA (0.2 mmol/kg). Because of their long T2 relaxation time, inflammatory lesions were characterized by high MR signal intensity on precontrast images obtained with long TR and long TE (T2-weighted images). On the other hand, because of their long T1 relaxation time, the inflammatory lesions were of relatively low intensity and not easily recognized on precontrast images obtained with short TR and short TE (T1-weighted images). Postcontrast T1-weighted images were also sensitive in detecting periarticular inflammation as a result of T1 shortening by the gadolinium-DTPA. However, in our particular model, the data did not indicate any greater MR sensitivity for detecting arthritis by means of gadolinium-DTPA enhancement. © 1986 Academic Press, Inc.
SiC (SCS-6) fiber reinforced–reaction formed SiC matrix composites: Microstructure and interfacial properties

Microstructural and interfacial characterization of unidirectional SiC (SCS-6) fiber reinforced–reaction formed SiC (RFSC) composites has been carried out. Silicon–1.7 at.% molybdenum alloy was used as the melt infiltrant, instead of pure silicon, to reduce the activity of silicon in the melt as well as to reduce the amount of free silicon in the matrix. Electron microprobe analysis was used to evaluate the microstructure and phase distribution in these composites. The matrix is SiC with a bi-modal grain-size distribution and small amounts of MoSi 2 , silicon, and carbon. Fiber push-outs tests on these composites showed that a desirably low interfacial shear strength was achieved. The average debond shear stress at room temperature varied with specimen thickness from 29 to 64 MPa, with higher values observed for thinner specimens. Initial frictional sliding stresses showed little thickness dependence with values generally close to 30 MPa. Push-out test results showed very little change when the test temperature was increased to 800 °C from room temperature, indicating an absence of significant residual stresses in the composite.
Blood Pressure Control Goes Nuclear

See related article, pages 902–910 The control of blood pressure is regulated with extreme precision, and requires integration of information from the central nervous system, the kidneys, the vasculature, and the heart. Salt and water balances, sympathetic activity, arterial stiffness, and the tone of resistance vessels determine the chronic regulation of intravascular pressure. It is a standard experiment for physicians-in-training to manipulate these activities using classical physiological techniques and observe the homeostatic mechanisms that return blood pressure to its normal levels. Given the many controls that exist to maintain blood pressure within a narrow and appropriate range, it is all the more remarkable that clinical hypertension is as common as it is, affecting more than 50 million Americans and 75% of the population older than 65 years of age. The paracrine and endocrine mechanisms that regulate blood pressure are now reasonably well understood, and indeed provide the pharmacological basis for most antihypertensive therapies. In contrast, the intracellular events that tune blood pressure are less well characterized. In particular, nuclear events that control blood pressure are not well known. This is a major gap in our understanding of the problem insofar as long-term changes in gene regulation are a likely proximate cause of the systematic events that result in chronic hypertension. A report in this issue of Circulation Research by Irani and colleagues,1 which clearly defines a role for the multifunctional nuclear protein apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease (APE1, also known as redox factor-1) in chronic regulation of vascular tone in vivo, represents an important step toward understanding how nuclear proteins may integrate diverse signals to tune the genetic program that regulates blood pressure. APE1 is a multifunctional protein (Figure, A). It contains tandem cysteine residues within its amino terminus that exert a reducing activity that is responsible for regulating redox-sensitive …
Interlevel Experiments and Multilevel Mechanisms in the Neuroscience of Memory

Abstract The dominant neuroscientific theory of spatial memory is, like many theories in neuroscience, a multilevel description of a mechanism. The theory links the activities of molecules, cells, brain regions, and whole organisms into an integrated sketch of an explanation for the ability of organisms to navigate novel environments. Here I develop a taxonomy of interlevel experimental strategies for integrating the levels in such multilevel mechanisms. These experimental strategies include activation strategies, interference strategies, and additive strategies. These strategies are mutually reinforcing, providing a kind of interlevel and intratheoretic robustness that has not previously been recognized.
The Role of Learning and Memory Paradigms in the Remediation of Aphasic Disorders

Traditional approaches to aphasia therapy in the last century have varied depending upon the theoretical assumptions underlying the therapy. These approaches include: reactivation of weakened representations, reorganization of function, reteaching of lost information, and functional compensation. In more recent years, there has been a move toward framing issues of rehabilitation within models of cognitive neuropsychology (Riddoch & Humphreys, 1994). This approach has proved quite useful in helping to focus remediation attempts at a more precise functional localization of the deficit and has clearly made a significant contribution to aphasia therapy. What we need to do in the next century is to go one step further, in focusing not on what needs to be fixed, but rather on what is the best procedure for fixing it. That is, we need to examine the role of the specific learning paradigm that is employed in aphasia therapy, independent of the nature of the deficit or the theoretical goal of the treatment. It may be useful to look to the current literature on learning and memory for help with this endeavor. The past two decades of this century have seen an explosion in the attention paid to different kinds of memory and learning. A new dichotomy of memory has become popular, based largely on research with amnesic patients. These patients perform poorly on memory tasks involving explicit (or, declarative) recognition or recall, i.e., the conscious recall or recognition of facts and events, including knowledge of explicit rules (‘‘i before e, except after c.’’) or procedures. However, it has been noted that new learning can be demonstrated in these amnesic patients on tasks of an implicit (or, nondeclarative) nature. In these tasks, the learning of new information is demonstrated by changes in performance. Such changes can take the form of in
Becoming a scientist: what I learned from Gunny.

It was the spring of 1968, I was 19 years old and a sophomore at University of Illinois in Urbana, and I very much needed a job. A chemistry classmate had mentioned that he was working some afternoons in the research lab of an organic chemist, washing glassware and preparing solutions. I went to see my friend at work and meet his boss, who told me that he didn’t have another job available but suggested that I go down the hall into the East Chem building and talk to a Professor Gunsalus, who he said often hired part-time people. My first memory of I.C. Gunsalus (Gunny to everyone who knows him) was hearing his unforgettable, mellifluous baritone voice as he welcomed me into his office. Gunny looked over my resume, which listed my previous work experience on a farm, as a caddy, a busboy, a factory worker, and dorm dining hall worker, plus my grades and courses in the chemistry curriculum, as I nervously awaited his verdict. When I left his office that day, I was walking on air about my good fortune in landing a laboratory job paying, what was to me at the time, the luxurious rate of $1.50 per hour. But I hadn’t an inkling that the course of my life was changed at that moment because I had taken the first step on the path toward becoming a research scientist. I started in Gunny’s lab at what must be the lowest rung on the research career ladder: part-time assistant to a part-time lab assistant. I first was given the responsibility of keeping the lab’s coffee pot filled and then was taught how to isolate mutants of a strain of the bacterium Pseudomonas putida that was able to degrade camphor [1]—a subject of investigation that seemed very odd to me in the beginning. I learned that Gunny was interested in this organism because it provided the opportunity to use the new tools of microbial genetics to understand the structure and function of oxidative enzymes, including P450 cytochromes, which
African terms of trade and the commodity terms of trade: close cousins or distant relatives?

This paper examines whether there is a relationship between the commodity terms of trade (the price of primary commodities relative to the price of manufactures) and the net barter terms of trade of 42 Sub-Saharan African countries. For most countries, there is little evidence of a stable, long-run relationship between the two terms of trade series. Accordingly, the practice in the literature of proxying for movements in any given country's terms of trade by using an aggregate index of relative commodity prices is inappropriate, and is likely to engender misleading policy conclusions.
The Role of the Media in Corporate Governance: Do the Media Influence Managers’ Decisions to Abandon Acquisition Attempts?

Using 636 large acquisition attempts that are accompanied by a negative stock price reaction at their announcement (“value-reducing acquisition attempts”) from 1990-2010, we find that, in deciding whether to abandon a value-reducing acquisition attempt, managers’ sensitivity to the firm’s stock price reaction during the announcement period is influenced by the level and the tone of media attention to the proposed transaction. We interpret the results to imply that managers have reputational capital at risk in making corporate capital allocation decisions and that the level and tone of media attention heighten the impact of a value-reducing acquisition on the manager’s reputational capital. To the extent that value-reducing acquisition attempts are more likely to be abandoned, the media can play a role in aligning managers’ and shareholders’ interests.
Source characteristics of the 1985 Michoacan, Mexico Earthquake at periods of 1 to 30 seconds

Source characteristics of the Sept. 19, 1985 Michoacan, Mexico earthquake and its aftershock on Sept. 21 were inferred from broadband and short-period teleseismic GDSN records. We Fourier-transformed the P waves, corrected for instrument response, attenuation, geometrical spreading, and radiation pattern (including the depth phases), and then averaged to obtain the teleseismic source spectrum from 1 to 30 s. The Michoacan source spectrum is enriched at 30 s and depleted at 1 to 10 s relative to an average source spectrum of large interplate subduction events. Source spectra for the Sept. 21 aftershock, 1981 Playa Azul, 1979 Petatlan, and 1978 Oaxaca events follow a trend similar to that of the 1985 Michoacan event. This spectral trend may characterize the Mexican subduction zone. A station-by-station least-squares inversion of the Michoacan earthquake records for the source time function yielded three source pulses, which we interpreted as events on the fault plane. The first two are similar in moment, and the third contains only 20% of the moment of the first. Directivity is evident in the timing. At each station, we measured the time differences between the pulses, and performed a least-squares nonlinear estimation of the strike, distance, and time separation between the events to locate them relative to one another. The second event occurred 26 s after the first, and 82 km southeast of it, indicating southeastward rupture along the trench. The third event occurred 21 s after the second, and about 40 km seaward of it. The two large events are also seen in the near-field strong motions. The mainshock records, spectrum, and time functions contain less high frequency radiation than those of the 1985 Valparaiso, Chile earthquake. Apparently, the Michoacan earthquake ruptured two relatively smooth, strong patches which generated large 30 s waves, but small 1 to 10 s waves. Such behavior contrasts with the Valparaiso event which had a more complex rupture process and generated more 1 to 5 s energy. This difference is consistent with the higher near-field accelerations recorded for the Valparaiso event.
Response of bankfull flood magnitudes to Holocene climate change, Uinta Mountains, northeastern Utah

Long-term variations in Holocene fl ood magnitude were quantifi ed from the bankfull dimensions of abandoned channels preserved on flsurfaces in the northern Uinta Mountains of northeastern Utah. Cross-sectional areas of abandoned channels were reconstructed, and relationships derived from the modern gage records were used to estimate bankfull discharges from bankfull cross-section areas. The results indicate systematic (nonrandom) variations of bankfull fl oods in the northern Uinta Mountains. Large fl oods, as much as 10%‐15% greater than modern, dominated from 8500 to 5000 calendar yr B.P., and again from 2800 to 1000 cal yr B.P. Small fl oods, as much as 15%‐20% less than modern, characterize the periods from 5000 to 2800 cal yr B.P., and from 1000 cal yr B.P. to near present. The middle and late Holocene record of bankfull fl ood magnitude compares well with independent evidence for climatic variation in the area. The early Holocene record indicates that larger than modern bankfull fl oods coincide with warmer than modern mean annual temperature. We hypothesize that an increased range of magnitude for seasonal solar radiation during the early Holocene favored the accumulation and rapid melting of deep snowpacks in the high Uinta Mountains, thus producing large fl oods despite warmer mean annual temperatures. The episode of smaller than modern bankfull fl oods between 5000 and 2800 cal yr B.P. coincides with records of increased forest fi re frequency in the northern Uintas. Larger than modern fl oods from 2800 to 1000 cal yr B.P. coincide with a local decrease in forest fi re frequency and evidence for minor local glacial readvances. The decrease in fl magnitudes following 1000 cal yr B.P. corresponds to numerous local and regional records of warming during the Medieval Climatic Anomaly.
K⋅⋅⋅F/O interactions bridge copper(I) fluorinated alkoxide complexes and facilitate dioxygen activation.

Seven E[Cu(OR)2] copper(I) complexes (E = K(+), {K(18C6)}(+) (18C6 = [18]crown-6), or Ph4P(+); R = C4F9, CPhMe(F)2, and CMeMe(F)2) have been prepared and their reactivity with O2 studied. The K[Cu(OR)2] species react with O2 in a copper-concentration-dependent manner such that 2:1 and 3:1 Cu/O2 adducts are observed manometrically at -78 °C. Analogous reactivity with O2 is not observed with the {K(18C6)}(+) or Ph4P(+) derivatives. Solution conductivity data demonstrate that these K[Cu(OR)2] complexes do not behave as 1:1 electrolytes in solution. The K(+) ions induce aggregation of multiple [Cu(OR)2](-) units through K⋅⋅⋅F/O interactions and thereby effect irreversible O2 reduction by multiple Cu centers. Bond valence analyses for the potassium cations confirm the dominance of the fluorine interactions in the coordination spheres of K(+) ions. Intramolecular hydroxylation of ligand aryl and alkyl C-H bonds is observed. Nucleophilic reactivity with CO2 is observed for the oxygenated Cu complexes and a Cu(II) carbonate has been isolated and characterized.
The Relationship between Linguistic Skills and Arithmetic Knowledge.

article i nfo Although language is implicated in children's mathematical development, few studies have focused specifically on how different linguistic skills relate to children's mathematical performance. Building on the model proposed by LeFevre et al. (2010), this study examined how general verbal ability and phonological skills were differentially related to children's arithmetic knowledge. Third grade children (N=287) were assessed on verbal analogies, phonological decoding, symbolic number skill, procedural arithmetic, and arithmetic word problems. Using mediation analyses, the results indicated that verbal analogies were indirectly related to arithmetic knowledge through symbolic number skill, whereas phonological decoding had a direct relationship with arithmetic perfor- mance. These results suggest that general verbal ability influences how children understand and reason with numbers, whereas phonological skills are involved in executing conventional arithmetic problems.
Glioblastomas with copy number gains in EGFR and RNF139 show increased expressions of carbonic anhydrase genes transformed by ENO1.

Abstract Background Prominence of glycolysis in glioblastomas may be non-specific or a feature of oncogene-related subgroups (i.e. amplified EGFR , etc.). Relationships between amplified oncogenes and expressions of metabolic genes associated with glycolysis, directly or indirectly via pH, were therefore investigated. Methods Using multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification, copy numbers (CN) of 78 oncogenes were quantified in 24 glioblastomas. Related expressions of metabolic genes encoding lactate dehydrogenases ( LDHA , LDHC ), carbonic anhydrases ( CA3 , CA12 ), monocarboxylate transporters ( SLC16A3 or MCT4 , SLC16A4 or MCT5 ), ATP citrate lyase ( ACLY ), glycogen synthase1 ( GYS1 ), hypoxia inducible factor-1A ( HIF1A ), and enolase1 ( ENO1 ) were determined in 22 by RT-qPCR. To obtain supra-glycolytic levels and adjust for heterogeneity, concurrent ENO1 expression was used to mathematically transform the expression levels of metabolic genes already normalized with delta-delta crossing threshold methodology. Results Positive correlations with EGFR occurred for all metabolic genes. Significant differences (Wilcoxon Rank Sum) for oncogene CN gains in tumors of at least 2.00-fold versus less than 2.00-fold occurred for EGFR with CA3 's expression ( p RNF139 with CA12 ( p XIAP associated negatively. Tumors with less than 2.00-fold CN gains differed from those with gains for XIAP with CA12 ( p CA12 ( p Conclusions Glioblastomas with CN increases in EGFR had elevated CA3 expression. Similarly, tumors with RNF149 CN gains had elevated CA12 expression. General significance In larger studies, subgroups of glioblastomas may emerge according to oncogene-related effects on glycolysis, such as control of pH via effects on carbonic anhydrases, with prognostic and treatment implications.
Amino acid fluxes in rat thin limb segments of Henle's loop during in vitro microperfusion

Amino acids are apparently recycled between loops of Henle and vasa recta in the rat papilla in vivo. To examine more closely papillary amino acid transport, we measured transepithelial fluxes ofl-...
Building the Evidence Base for Intensive Family Preservation Services

This article examines the state of intensive family preservation services (IFPS) research. Using studies of IFPS in five states, this article seeks to establish whether IFPS can be regarded as an evidence-based practice, an increasingly important standard for publicly funded services. While reporting rates of repeat child maltreatment, the analysis uses placement rates as the main outcome measure and compares effect sizes using Cohen's arcsine transformation for data reported as proportions. Significant differences in rates of child out-of-home placement and repeat maltreatment were found in some studies, particularly for higher risk families. The findings also underscore the difficulty of identifying which families to serve (targeting), ensuring treatment fidelity, and employing rigorous and appropriate evaluation methods. Overall, additional research is needed to move IFPS from a promising practice to an evidence-based practice.
The New Revolution in Partnership Tax

Partnerships play an increasingly vital role in the federal income tax, as they generate an ever-larger fraction of governmental revenues and also of policy debate. Partnership tax is deeply flawed, with complexity and persistent abuse compromising its ability to regulate modern partnership transactions. This article takes early steps toward comprehensive reform of partnership tax, analyzing intellectual frameworks that have enduring influence on the taxation of partnerships and their partners.In particular, this article traces the altering intellectual trajectory of partnership tax from its "codification" in 1954 to the present "technocratic era" before proposing a new, holistic approach to taxing partnerships. In doing so, the article draws on aspects of Ronald Dworkin’s principle of integrity to develop an accessible, fair, and functional system of taxation. Although rarely applied in the tax scholarship, integrity has a strong appeal in partnership tax, where discordant values have left the system remarkably fractured and incoherent. This article uses integrity as a guide to create a more principled system of partnership tax in which unified values work to serve systemically common ends.With intellectual frameworks to anchor the tax reform debate, this article turns to the practical question of particular reforms, beginning with one of the most ubiquitous and troublesome aspects of partnership tax — distributions. To this end, the article evaluates two existing distribution reform proposals: one embodies the codification era and the other reflects technocratic era thinking. The article then proposes a third, integrity-based option for reform, one grounded in the distinctive notion that distributions should generally be treated as taxable transactions. By linking these distribution reform proposals to different intellectual eras in partnership tax, this article offers a novel vantage through which to start thinking about the theoretical tradeoffs and practical challenges that will shape the taxation of twenty-first century partnerships and their partners.