cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Notion of N=1 Supergeometric Vertex Operator Superalgebra and the Isomorphism Theorem

We introduce the notion of N=1supergeometric vertex operator superalgebra motivated by the geometry underlying genus-zero, two-dimensional, holomorphic N=1 superconformal field theory. We then show, assuming the convergence of certain projective factors, that the category of such objects is isomorphic to the category of N=1 Neveu–Schwarz vertex operator superalgebras.
Rates and mechanisms of fatty acid degradation in oxic and anoxic coastal marine sediments of Long Island Sound, New York, USA

Abstract The rates and pathways of labile organic matter degradation significantly affect the cycling of organic carbon and nutrients in coastal sediments. In this study, we measured degradation rate constants of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids by incubating radiolabeled 1- 14 C-palmitic (16:0) and 1- 14 C-oleic (18:1) acids and an unlabeled plankton mixture in oxic and anoxic sediments from Long Island Sound (LIS) under laboratory-controlled conditions. Rate constants for degradation of 16:0 and 18:1 fatty acids were higher in oxic sediments than in anoxic sediments. Degradation of the unsaturated 18:1 acid in anoxic sediments was two times faster than for 16:0, while there was little difference between the two fatty acids in oxic sediments. The incubation results clearly showed that fatty acids degrade through multiple pathways in both oxic and anoxic sediments. About 80–90% of the label was lost from the incubated sediments (presumably as 14 CO 2 or other volatile products), and 5–10% was incorporated into the sediment matrix. Both degradation and incorporation into the sediment matrix were slightly greater under oxic conditions. A small part (5–10%) of the label was incorporated into what are presumed to be metabolic products. A higher percentage of this incorporation occurred under anoxic conditions, implying that anaerobic bacteria are less efficient at degrading the labeled fatty acid to volatile products such as CO 2 . In the oxic sediments, more oleic than palmitic acid was converted into intermediate metabolites, indicating that the unsaturated fatty acid was degraded less efficiently. There was little difference in formation of metabolites between oleic and palmitic acids under anoxic conditions. The seasonal distributions of palmitic and oleic acids at two coastal LIS sites with distinctive oxygen content were modeled to yield degradation rate constants for these two fatty acids. The comparison between fatty acid degradation rate constants derived from incubation experiments and field profiles is consistent with anaerobic degradation being predominant in LIS sediments.
RECURRENCE FORMULAE FOR THE HANSEN'S DEVELOPMENTS*

In this paper we derive some recurrence formulae which can be used to calculate the Fourier expansions of the functions (r/a) n cosmv and (r/a) n sinmv in terms of the eccentric anomaly E or the mean anomaly M. We also establish a recurrence process for computing the series expansions for aI1 n and m when the expansions of two basic series are known. These basic series were given in ex- plicit form in the classical literature. The recurrence formulae are linear in the functions involved and thus make very simple the computation of the series.
Calculation of Magnet Losses in Concentrated-Winding Permanent-Magnet Synchronous Machines Using a Computationally Efficient Finite-Element Method

The proposed hybrid method combines computationally efficient finite-element analysis (CE-FEA) with a new analytical formulation for eddy-current losses in the permanent magnets (PMs) of sine-wave current-regulated brushless synchronous motors. The CE-FEA only employs a reduced set of magnetostatic solutions yielding substantial reductions in the computational time, as compared with the conventional FEA. The 3-D end effects and the effect of pulsewidth-modulation switching harmonics are incorporated in the analytical calculations. The algorithms are applied to two fractional-slot concentrated-winding interior PM motors with different circumferential and axial PM block segmentation arrangements. The method is validated against 2-D and 3-D time-stepping FEA.
Understanding the edge effect in TASEP with mean-field theoretic approaches

We study a totally asymmetric simple exclusion process (TASEP) with one defect site, hopping rate q < 1, near the system boundary. Regarding our system as a pair of uniform TASEP's coupled through the defect, we study various methods to match a finite TASEP and an infinite one across a common boundary. Several approximation schemes are investigated. Utilizing the finite segment mean-field (FSMF) method, we set up a framework for computing the steady state current J as a function of the entry rate α and q. For the case where the defect is located at the entry site, we obtain an analytical expression for J(α, q) which is in good agreement with Monte Carlo simulation results. When the defect is located deeper in the bulk, we refined the scheme of MacDonald et al (1968 Biopolymers 6 1) and find reasonably good fits to the density profiles before the defect site. We discuss the strengths and limitations of each method, as well as possible avenues for further studies.
Balancing act: The new medical ethics of medicine's new economics

Balancing act: The new medical ethics of medicine's new economics. E. Haavi Morreim (Georgetown University Press, Washington, D.C., 1995), 184 pages (soft cover), $17.95.
Localization of André¿Quillen¿Goodwillie towers, and the periodic homology of infinite loopspaces

Abstract Let K ( n ) be the n th Morava K -theory at a prime p, and let T ( n ) be the telescope of a v n -self map of a finite complex of type n. In this paper we study the K ( n ) * -homology of Ω ∞ X , the 0th space of a spectrum X, and many related matters. We give a sampling of our results. Let P X be the free commutative S-algebra generated by X: it is weakly equivalent to the wedge of all the extended powers of X. We construct a natural map s n ( X ) : L T ( n ) P ( X ) → L T ( n ) Σ ∞ ( Ω ∞ X ) + of commutative algebras over the localized sphere spectrum L T ( n ) S . The induced map of commutative, cocommutative K ( n ) * -Hopf algebras s n ( X ) * : K ( n ) * ( P X ) → K ( n ) * ( Ω ∞ X ) , satisfies the following properties. It is always monic. It is an isomorphism if X is n-connected, π n + 1 ( X ) is torsion, and T ( i ) * ( X ) = 0 for 1 ⩽ i ⩽ n - 1 . It is an isomorphism only if K ( i ) * ( X ) = 0 for 1 ⩽ i ⩽ n - 1 . It is universal. The domain of s n ( X ) * preserves K ( n ) * -isomorphisms, and if F is any functor preserving K ( n ) * -isomorphisms, then any natural transformation F ( X ) → K ( n ) * ( Ω ∞ X ) factors uniquely through s n ( X ) * . The construction of our natural transformation uses the telescopic functors constructed and studied previously by Bousfield and the author, and thus depends heavily on the Nilpotence Theorem of Devanitz, Hopkins, and Smith. Our proof that s n ( X ) * is always monic uses Topological Andre-Quillen Homology and Goodwillie Calculus in nonconnective settings.
Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy studies of lithium diffusion in doped manganese oxide

Cathode performance is critical to lithium ion rechargeable battery performance; effects of doping lithium manganese oxide cathode materials on cathode performance are being investigated. In this paper, Li diffusion in Al-doped LiMn{sub 2}O{sub 4} was studied and found to be controlled by the quantity of Al dopant. Electrochemical cycling was conducted at 0.5mA/cm{sub 2}; electrochemical impedance spectra were taken at open circuit potential, with impedance being measured at 65 kHz-0.01 Hz. As the Al dopant level was increased, the Li diffusion rate decreased; this was attributed to the decreased lattice parameter of the doped oxide.
Coupled Slow and Fast Dynamics of Flow Excited Elastic Cable Systems

Analytical studies of vortex-induced vibration (VIV) of cables during lock-in have considered small amplitude and relatively fast dynamic responses about an equilibrium configuration. However, this equilibrium may change as a result of the significantly increased mean drag created during lock-in. In response to increased drag, the cable may slowly drift downstream causing appreciable changes in cable geometry and tension. The resonance conditions for lock-in may be preserved during this slow drift or they may be disrupted. A nonlinear cable/fluid model is discussed that captures both fast (small amplitude) motions due to VIV and slow (large amplitude) motions due to drift.
Model refinement for hardware-software codesign

Hardware-software codesign, which implements a given specification with a set of system components such as ASICs and processors, includes several key tasks such as system component allocation, functional partitioning, quality metrics estimation, and model refinement. In this work, we focus on the model refinement task which transforms a specification from an original functional model to a refined implementation model. First, we categorize several commonly used implementation models and describe a set of refinement procedures to transform a specification to each of these implementation models. We also present a set of experimental results to compare the implementation models and to demonstrate how the proposed approach can be used to explore different implementation styles.
Compromise Solution for Economic-Environmental Decisions in Agriculture

Least-cost production versus the environmental on- and off-site erosion damage of agriculture is evaluated in a policy context for a major Corn Belt watershed. Compromise programming, previously utilized in firm-level multi-criteria decision-making problems, is applied to a regional agricultural production model with environmental policy goal trade-offs. The crop sector model allocates land, water, labor, capital and commodity-program base acres to crop production. Production options include four conservation practices, three tillage methods and several crop rotations. Crop yield and fertilizer levels are dependent upon erosion. Cropping options selected allow for both wind and water erosion. The vector of objectives include three minimization functions: current production cost, future value of productivity loss and sediment damage. Vector optimization technique was used to generate the payoff matrix containing efficient but simultaneously unobtainable solutions. Given the ideal but infeasible solution vector we generated efficient solutions in the compromise subset corresponding to the L1, L2 and L∞ metrics. Trade-off relations were developed using the non-inferior set estimation technique.
Bank exposure to market fear

Abstract We find that increases in implied market volatility (a proxy for market fear) have a significant impact on returns of bank stocks, above and beyond systematic risk proxied by the expected excess market return during a bad economic regime. Large bank returns are favorably affected by increases in implied market volatility during the crisis, while small banks are adversely affected by increases in implied market volatility. We attribute the different effects among the size-categorized bank portfolios to the perception that large banks are protected by too-big-to-fail policies. Within the sample of small banks, the adverse share price response to increased implied market volatility is more pronounced for banks that rely more heavily on non-traditional sources of funds, use a high proportion of loans in their assets, have a higher level of non-performing assets, and have a relatively low provision for loan losses. The adverse effect of negative innovations in implied market volatility on small bank returns during the crisis is primarily driven by exposure of their loan portfolio to weak economic conditions.
From Laboratory to Market: On the Propensity of Young Inventors to Form a New Business

Many researchers have studied correlates of business formation. Through the case-based and statistical literature, several broad categories of influence on the entrepreneurial decision to start a new business have been identified. We contribute to this literature through statistical analysis of a unique database of young inventive scientists and engineers and their propensity toward new business formation. Our particular focus is on young inventors starting a business based on their creative achievements. Among this group, we do not find empirical support for the influence of traditional variables such as age, education, and gender on the propensity to start a new business. Rather, we find that their entrepreneurial experience as a new business proprietor is driven by dimensions of their university laboratory research experience.
Toward a Direct Measurement of the Cosmic Acceleration

We present precise H I 21 cm absorption line redshifts observed in multiple epochs to directly constrain the secular redshift drift or the cosmic acceleration, Δv/Δt . A comparison of literature analog spectra to contemporary digital spectra shows significant acceleration likely attributable to systematic instrumental errors. However, we obtain robust constraints using primarily Green Bank Telescope digital data. Ten objects spanning z = 0.09-0.69 observed over 13.5 years show yr–1 or Δv/Δt = –5.5 ± 2.2 m s–1 yr–1. The best constraint from a single object, 3C 286 at z = 0.692153275(85), is yr–1 or Δv/Δt = 2.8 ± 8.4 m s–1 yr–1. These measurements are three orders of magnitude larger than the theoretically expected acceleration at z = 0.5, yr–1 or Δv/Δt = 0.3 cm s–1 yr–1, but they demonstrate the lack of peculiar acceleration in absorption line systems and the long-term frequency stability of modern radio telescopes. A comparison of UV metal absorption lines to the 21 cm line improves constraints on the cosmic variation of physical constants: Δ(α2 gp μ)/α2 gp μ = (– 1.2 ± 1.4) × 10–6 in the redshift range z = 0.24-2.04. The linear evolution over the last 10.4 Gyr is (– 0.2 ± 2.7) × 10–16 yr–1, consistent with no variation. The cosmic acceleration could be directly measured in ~125 years using current telescopes or in ~5 years using a Square Kilometer Array, but systematic effects will arise at the 1 cm s–1 yr–1 level.
The Fine Structure of the Kasparov Groups I: Continuity of the KK -Pairing

In this paper, it is demonstrated that the Kasparov pairing is continuous with respect to the natural topology on the Kasparov groups, so that a KK-equivalence is an isomorphism of topological groups. In addition, we demonstrate that the groups have a natural pseudopolonais structure, and we prove that various KK-structural maps are continuous.
A prospective psychological evaluation of patients with dysphagia of various etiologies

We hypothesized that patients who complain of dysphagia without demonstrable organic abnormality may have an underlying psychological dysfunction. We thus conducted a comprehensive assessment in three groups of patients with dysphagia. Dysphagia was classified as obstructive (Obst) when an obstructive lesion was present on esophagoscopy or barium swallow, motility-related (Mot) when abnormal motility was shown on esophageal manometry in the presence of normal esophagoscopy or barium swallow, or nonobstructive, nonmotility-related (NONM) when manometry and esophagoscopy or barium swallow were both normal. We prospectively evaluated 71 patients with Obst-dysphagia, 15 patients with Mot-dysphagia and 10 patients with NONM-dysphagia with a battery of standardized psychological tests including the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R), and the Millon Behavioral Health Inventory (MBHI). The results indicate that patients with NONM-dysphagia have psychological attributes similar to those found in patients with Obst-dysphagia or Mot-dysphagia. Combination of scores for parameters such as somatization, depression, and anxiety could not distinguish among the three groups of dysphagia patients. We thus conclude that patients with NONM-dysphagia, as a group, have similar psychological profiles compared to patients with dysphagia due to organic causes.
Formation of the prelunar accretion disk

Considerations related to the angular momentum of the earth-moon system have led Ward and Cameron (1978) to the suggestion of a collisional origin of the moon. The required projectile would be about the mass of Mars (i.e., about 0.1 earth masses). The possibility has been considered that both the proto-earth and the projectile would be remnants of the formation of giant gaseous protoplanets. Processes of lunar formation studied take into account the viscous dissipation of an accretion disk. The present paper is concerned with the formation of the prelunar accretion disk. The hydrodynamics of a compressible viscous gas are simulated with the aid of the particle-in-cell method. The obtained results imply that the projectile is in an elliptical earth-crossing orbit.
Improved Forecasts for the Baryon Acoustic Oscillations and Cosmological Distance Scale

We present the cosmological distance errors achievable using the baryonic acoustic oscillations as a standard ruler. We begin from a Fisher matrix formalism that is upgraded from earlier Seo and Eisenstein work. We isolate the information from the baryonic peaks by excluding distance information from other less robust sources. Meanwhile, we accommodate the Lagrangian displacement distribution into the Fisher matrix calculation to reflect the gradual loss of information in scale and in time due to nonlinear growth, nonlinear bias, and nonlinear redshift distortions. We then show that we can contract the multidimensional Fisher matrix calculations into a two-dimensional or even one-dimensional formalism with physically motivated approximations. We present the resulting fitting formula for the cosmological distance errors from galaxy redshift surveys as a function of survey parameters and nonlinearity, which saves us going through the 12 dimensional Fisher matrix calculations. Finally, we show excellent agreement between the distance error estimates from the revised Fisher matrix and the precision on the distance scale recovered from N-body simulations.
Nearwork-induced changes in lenticular thickness in different refractive groups

Abstract Purpose The aim of this study was to directly measure lenticular thickness and its additivity after 1 and 2 hours of continuous reading at near in myopic and emmetropic young adults. Methods Thirty-five subjects consisting of 12 early-onset myopes, 11 late-onset myopes, and 12 emmetropes were tested. Axial lenticular thickness was measured in the right eye using A-scan ultrasonography before and immediately after 1 and 2 hours of continuous reading at near (35 to 40 cm). Results Group mean (±SD) changes in lenticular thickness from baseline values after the first and second hours of reading were 0.025 ± 0.011 and 0.035 ± 0.017 mm, respectively. The group mean increase in lenticular thickness after the second hour was significantly larger than after the first hour, with subsequent subgroup analysis indicating that this was found in the myopes only. Conclusion The lenticular increase was additive in nature, but only in the late-onset and early-onset myopes. This confirmed and extended objectively earlier studies that suggested increased nearwork accommodative susceptibility of a primarily lenticular nature in myopes.
Radiative heat transfer in a completely general plane-parallel environment

Abstract A new approach to radiative heat transfer with scattering is presented and used to obtain the first general solution for radiative equilibrium in a non-grey, plane-parallel medium. Use of the method when including conduction and convection is also discussed. Diffuse radiative fields are calculated in terms of defined scattering functions (Green's functions) that represent the response of the medium and any scattering (reflecting) surfaces to unitary-type illumination. These scattering functions are found using the computationally fast adding/doubling method. The energy conservation equation containing these scattering functions is then solved numerically for any particular heat transfer problem.
Endo-Selective Pd-Catalyzed Silyl Methyl Heck Reaction

A palladium (Pd)-catalyzed endo-selective Heck reaction of iodomethylsilyl ethers of phenols and aliphatic alkenols has been developed. Mechanistic studies reveal that this silyl methyl Heck reaction operates via a hybrid Pd-radical process and that the silicon atom is crucial for the observed endo selectivity. The obtained allylic silyloxycycles were further oxidized into (Z)-alkenyldiols.
On the Lack of a Soft X-Ray Excess from Clusters of Galaxies

A soft X-ray excess has been claimed to exist in and around a number of galaxy clusters, and this emission has been attributed to the warm-hot intergalactic medium that may constitute most of the baryons in the local universe. We have reexamined a study of the XMM-Newton observations on this topic by Kaastra and coworkers and find that the X-ray excess (or deficit) depends on Galactic latitude and appears to be most closely related to the surface brightness of the 1/4 keV emission, which is largely due to emission from the local hot bubble and the halo of the Milky Way. We suggest that the presence of the soft X-ray excess is due to incorrect subtraction of the soft X-ray background. An analysis is performed for which we choose a 1/4 keV background that is similar to the background near the cluster (and a similar H I column). We find that the soft X-ray excess largely disappears using our background subtraction and conclude that these soft X-ray excesses are not associated with the target clusters. We also show that the detections of redshifted O VII lines claimed by Kaastra and coworkers are correlated with solar system charge exchange emission, suggesting that they are not extragalactic either.
Staggered Boards and Earnings Management

ABSTRACT: The literature suggests that staggered boards may have two opposite effects on earnings management: the expropriation view emphasizes the exacerbating effect, whereas the quiet life view advocates the mitigating effect. We use two approaches to examine this issue: a small-sample test based on whether firms are accused of committing financial reporting fraud, and a large-sample test based on the absolute value of unexpected accruals. We find that staggered boards are associated with lower likelihoods of committing fraud and smaller magnitudes of absolute unexpected accruals. Consistent with prior studies, we also find that staggered boards are negatively associated with firm value. The results suggest that staggered boards may enable managers to enjoy the quiet life and lessen their motivation to increase firm value; as a consequence, managers are not motivated to manage earnings.
What do gravitational lens time delays measure

Gravitational lens time delays depend on the Hubble constant, the observed image positions, and the surface mass density of the lens in the annulus between the images. Simple time delay lenses like PG 1115+80, SBS 1520+530, B1600+434, PKS 1830-211, and HE 2149-2745 have H0 = A(1 - κ) + Bκ(η - 1), where the two coefficients A 90 km s-1 Mpc-1 and B 10 km s-1 Mpc-1 depend on the measured delays and the observed image positions, κ is the mean surface density in the annulus between the images, and there is a small correction from the logarithmic slope η 2 of the density profile, κ R1-η, in the annulus. These five systems are very homogeneous since for fixed H0 = 100 h km s-1 Mpc-1 they must have the same surface density, κ = 1.11 - 1.22 h ± 0.04, with an upper bound of σκ < 0.07 on any dispersion in κ beyond those due to the measurement errors. If the lenses have their expected dark halos, κ 0.5 and H0 51 ± 5 km s-1 Mpc-1, while if they have constant mass-to-light ratios, κ 0.1-0.2 and H0 73 ± 8 km s-1 Mpc-1. More complicated lenses with multiple components or strong perturbations from nearby clusters, like RX J0911+0551 and Q0957+561, are easily recognized because they have significantly different coefficients.
Finite Energy Scattering for the Lorentz–Maxwell Equation

In the case where the charge of the particle is small compared to its mass, we describe the asymptotics of the Lorentz–Maxwell equation (Abraham model) for any finite-energy data. As time goes to infinity, we prove that the speed of the particle converges to a certain limit, whereas the electromagnetic field can be decomposed into a soliton plus a free solution of the Maxwell equation.
Low effective mass leading to high thermoelectric performance

High Seebeck coefficient by creating large density-of-states effective mass through either electronic structure modification or manipulating nanostructures is commonly considered as a route to advanced thermoelectrics. However, large density-of-state due to flat bands leads to large transport effective mass, which results in a simultaneous decrease of mobility. In fact, the net effect of such a high effective mass is a lower thermoelectric figure of merit, zT, when the carriers are predominantly scattered by phonons according to the deformation potential theory of Bardeen–Shockley. We demonstrate that the beneficial effect of light effective mass contributes to high zT in n-type thermoelectric PbTe, where doping and temperature can be used to tune the effective mass. This clear demonstration of the deformation potential theory to thermoelectrics shows that the guiding principle for band structure engineering should be low effective mass along the transport direction.
Radiative Transfer in the Refractive Atmospheres of Very Cool White Dwarfs

We consider the problem of radiative transfer in stellar atmospheres where the index of refraction departs from unity and is a function of density and temperature. We present modified Feautrier and Λ-iteration methods to solve the equation of radiative transfer with refraction in a plane-parallel atmosphere. These methods are general and can be used in any problem with one-dimensional geometry where the index of refraction is a monotonically varying function of vertical optical depth. We present an application to very cool white dwarf atmospheres in which the index of refraction departs significantly from unity. We investigate how ray curvature and total internal reflection affect the limb darkening and the pressure-temperature structure of the atmosphere. Refraction results in a much weakened limb-darkening effect. We find that through the constraint of radiative equilibrium, total internal reflection warms the white dwarf atmosphere near the surface (τ 1). This effect may have a significant impact on studies of very cool white dwarf stars.
The Metallicity Dependence of the Fourier Components of RR Lyrae Light Curves is the Oosterhoff-Arp-Preston Period Ratio Effect in Disguise

The correlation of particular Fourier components of the light curves of RR Lyrae variables with metallicity, discovered by Simon and later by Kovacs and his coworkers, is shown to have the same explanation as the period ratios (period shifts in log P) between RRab Lyrae variables that have the same colors, amplitudes, and light-curve shapes but different metallicities. A purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that the model that predicts the period-metallicity relations in the mediating parameters of colors, amplitudes, and light-curve shapes also explains the Simon-Kovacs et al. correlation between period, 31, and metallicity. The proof is made by demonstrating that the combination of the first- and third-phase terms in a Fourier decomposition of RRab light curves, called 31 by Simon & Lee, varies monotonically across the RR Lyrae instability strip in the same way that amplitude, color, and rise time vary with period within the strip. The premise of the model is that if horizontal branches at the RR Lyrae strip are stacked in luminosity according to the metallicity, then there necessarily must be a log period shift between RR Lyrae stars with different metallicities at the same 31 values. However, there are exceptions to the model. The two metal-rich globular clusters NGC 6388 and NGC 6441, with anomalously long periods of their RR Lyrae stars for their amplitudes, violate the period-metallicity correlations both in amplitudes and in 31 values (for NGC 6441 where 31 data exist). The cause must be related to the anomalously bright horizontal branches in these two clusters for their metallicities. The effect of luminosity evolution away from the zero-age horizontal branch, putatively causing noise in the metallicity equation, is discussed. It is clearly seen in the amplitude-period correlations but apparently does not exist in the 31-period correlation in the data for the globular cluster M3 analyzed by Jurcsik and coworkers and by Cacciari and Fusi Pecci, for reasons not presently understood. Clarification can be expected from study of precision photometric data of evolved RR Lyrae stars in globular clusters of different metallicity when their Fourier components are known.
Phenomenology of a non-standard Higgs

Abstract The one-Higgs-doublet standard model is necessarily incomplete because of the triviality of the scalar symmetry-breaking sector. If the Higgs mass is approximately 600 GeV or higher, there must be additional dynamics at a scale Λ which is less than a few TeV. In this case the properties of the Higgs resonance can differ substantially from those predicted by the standard model. In this letter we construct an effective Lagrangian description of a theory with a non-standard Higgs boson and analyze the features of a theory with such a resonance coupled to the Goldstone bosons of the breaking of SU(2) × U(1). This Lagrangian describes the most general theory in which the Higgs and the Goldstone bosons are the only particles with a mass small compared to Λ. We compute the leading corrections to the decay width of the Higgs boson and the contribution to the Peskin-Takeuchi parameter S and present results for the corrections to Goldstone boson scattering. We find that the most prominent effects are due to one new parameter, which is directly related to the Higgs boson width.
ON THE AMPLITUDE OF CONVECTIVE VELOCITIES IN THE DEEP SOLAR INTERIOR

We obtain lower limits on the amplitude of convective velocities in the deep solar convection zone based only on the observed properties of the differential rotation and meridional circulation together with simple and robust dynamical balances obtained from the fundamental MHD equations. The linchpin of the approach is the concept of gyroscopic pumping whereby the meridional circulation across isosurfaces of specific angular momentum is linked to the angular momentum transport by the convective Reynolds stress. We find that the amplitude of the convective velocity must be at least 30 m s −1 in the upper CZ (r ∼ 0.95R) and at least 8 m s −1 in the lower CZ (r ∼ 0.75R) in order to be consistent with the observed mean flows. Using the base of the near-surface shear layer as a probe of the rotational influence, we are further able to show that the characteristic length scale of deep convective motions must be no smaller than 5.5–30 Mm. These results are compatible with convection models but suggest that the efficiency of the turbulenttransport assumed in advectiondominated flux-transport dynamo models is generally not consistent with the mean flows they employ.
Evidence for two folding domains in glycoprotein hormone alpha-subunits.

We reconstituted ovine (o) LH alpha from its amino- and carboxyl-terminal fragments obtained as follows. oLH alpha was nicked at Arg46-Ser47 with Arg-C protease. Nicked oLH alpha disulfide bonds were broken by sulfitolysis, and its N-terminal peptide and C-terminal glycopeptide were separated by Sephacryl S-200 chromatography. Both fragments were mixed, reduced, and reoxidized. Reoxidation products were chromatographed on Sephacryl S-200, and an alpha-monomer fraction was recovered. The putative nicked alpha-monomer fraction was reassociated with native oLH beta, and the resulting oLH derivative was isolated by S-200 chromatography with a reduced yield of 11% (intact subunits yield, 67% oLH). This preparation was 2.6% as active as oLH in a LH receptor binding assay. Two additional oLH derivatives were prepared. Cleavage at alpha Arg46-Ser47 alone, followed by reassociation with native oLH beta, produced Arg-C-nicked oLH alpha:oLH beta (14% yield) that was 3.3% as active as native oLH. Reduction-reoxidatio...
A decomposition of the Harberger expression for tax incidence

Abstract In this paper we propose a decomposition of the Harberger expression for the incidence of the corporate income tax into ‘commodity price distortion’ and ‘factor price distortion’ effects. By applying Harberger's estimates of the parameters for the U.S. economy, we will demonstrate that the factor price distortion effect, which has an extremely simple formal expression, explains 115 percent of the total effect of the tax change on the rate of return. This suggests that the commodity price distortion effect may be relatively unimportant in explaining the tax incidence. The difference between our two effects and Mieszkowski's (1967) output and factor substitution effects is also noted.
Predicting In-Hospital Mortality in Elderly Patients With Cervical Spine Fractures: A Comparison of the Charlson and Elixhauser Comorbidity Measures.

Study design Retrospective analysis of nationally representative data collected for the National Hospital Discharge Survey. Objective To compare the performance of the Charlson and Elixhauser comorbidity-based measures for predicting in-hospital mortality after cervical spine fractures. Summary of background data Mortality occurring as a consequence of cervical spine fractures is very high in the elderly. The Charlson comorbidity measure has been associated with an increased risk of mortality, but its predictive accuracy has yet to be compared with the more recent and increasingly used Elixhauser measure. Methods Using the National Hospital Discharge Survey for the years 1990 through 2007, we identified all patients aged 65 years or older hospitalized with a diagnosis of cervical spine fracture. The association of each Charlson and Elixhauser comorbidity with mortality was assessed in bivariate analysis using χ tests. Two main multivariable logistic regression models were constructed, with in-hospital mortality as the dependent variable and 1 of the 2 comorbidity-based measures (as well as age, sex, and year of admission) as independent variables. A base model that included only age, sex, and year of admission was also evaluated. The discriminative ability of the models was quantified using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). Results Among an estimated 111,564 patients admitted for cervical spine fractures, 7.6% died in the hospital. Elixhauser comorbidity adjustment provided better prediction of in-hospital case mortality (AUC = 0.852, 95% confidence interval: 0.848-0.856) than the Charlson model (AUC = 0.823, 95% confidence interval: 0.819-0.828) and the base model with no comorbidities (AUC = 0.785, 95% confidence interval: 0.781-0.790). In terms of relative improvement in predictive ability, the Elixhauser model performed 43% better than the Charlson model. Conclusion The Elixhauser comorbidity risk adjustment method performed numerically better than the widely used Charlson measure in predicting in-hospital mortality after cervical spine fractures. Level of evidence N/A.
Lyapunov Stability of Linear Predictor Feedback for Time-Varying Input Delay

For linear time-invariant systems with a time-varying input delay, an explicit formula for predictor feedback was presented by Nihtila in 1991. In this note we construct a time-varying Lyapunov functional for the closed-loop system and establish exponential stability. The key challenge is the selection of a state for a transport partial differential equation, which has a non-constant propagation speed, and which is the basis of the stability analysis. We illustrate the design and its conditions with several examples. We also develop an observer equivalent of the predictor feedback design, for the case of time-varying sensor delay.
Fermions in spherical field theory

Abstract We derive the spherical field formalism for fermions. We find that the spherical field method is free from certain difficulties which complicate lattice calculations, such as fermion doubling, missing axial anomalies, and computational problems regarding internal fermion loops.
Cementing the case for collusion under the National Recovery Administration

Abstract Macroeconomists have long debated the aggregate effects of anti-competitive provisions under the “Codes of Fair Conduct” promulgated by the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA). Despite the emphasis on these provisions, there is only limited evidence documenting any actual effects at the micro-level. We use a combination of narrative evidence and a novel plant-level dataset from 1929, 1931, 1933, and 1935 to study the effects of the NIRA in the cement industry. We develop a test for collusion specific to this particular industry. We find strong evidence that before the NIRA, the costs of a plant's nearest neighbor had a positive effect on a plant's own price, suggesting competition. After the NIRA, this effect is completely eliminated, with no correlation between a plant's own price and its neighbor's cost.
The Constellation X-ray mission

Constellation-X combines both the large collecting area and sensitive spectrometers required to obtain high spectral resolution, broad bandpass (0.25—40 keV) spectroscopy for all classes of X-ray sources, over a wide range of luminosity and redshift. It represents a major advance in sensitivity, providing up to a factor of 100 increase in throughput over currently planned high resolution (R > 300) X-ray spectroscopy missions. Constellation-X is the X-ray equivalent of the Keck Telescope. When observations begin towards the end of the next decade, they will mark the start of a new era with high resolution X-ray spectra obtained for all classes of X-ray sources over a wide range of luminosity and distance. With its increased capabilities, Constellation-X will address many fundamental astrophysics questions such as observing the formation and evolution of clusters of galaxies; constraining the Baryon content of the Universe; determining the spin and mass of super massive black holes in AGN; and probing strong gravity in the vicinity of black holes.
Product Differentiation and Public Education

Beginning with Tiebout (1956), numerous studies have argued that we should expect to see differences in public services among localities as a result of people “voting with their feet”. Here, we consider differentiation in public services as a way of reducing competition among localities (cities). If cities finance their public services with a property tax that generates “tax competition”, we find that adoption of quality differentiation in the public services will change the amount of services provided. If the cities maximize property values, this means a reduction in the level of public services provided for both the city that provides high quality as well as with low quality. The reduction in public services in both cities means that under certain conditions property values in both cities can increase. Thus in a two-stage game of adoption, we can observe quality differentiation in the services when the property tax is used. This is in sharp contrast to the case with a head tax in which we should never observe this type of differentiation. We believe quality differentiation might be particularly relevant to the provision of primary and secondary education. We argue that the extent of the differentiation in the quality and type of educational services provided among school districts might be in part a response to the detrimental effects of tax competition rather than entirely a “Tiebout-like” response to differences in tastes.
Asymmetric Michael reactions catalyzed by a highly efficient and recyclable quaternary ammonium ionic liquid-supported organocatalyst in aqueous media

A novel ionic liquid-support organocatalyst, which contains the quaternary ammonium ion moiety, was recently developed and successfully applied to the asymmetric Michael reaction in the presence of a newly developed ionic liquid-supported (ILS) benzoic acid as co-catalyst. For the reactions studied, in which various aldehydes and nitroolefins were examined, excellent diastereo- and enantioselectivities were obtained with low catalyst loading. Also, the catalyst could be recycled for ten times without significant loss of enantioselectivity.
The Fleeting Effects of Disclosure Forthcomingness on Management's Reporting Credibility

This study provides a theoretical framework and experimental evidence on how managers' disclosure decisions affect their credibility with investors. I find that in the short‐term, more forthcoming disclosure has a positive effect on management's reporting credibility, especially when management is forthcoming about negative news. However, these short‐term credibility effects do not persist over time. In the long‐term, managers who report positive earnings news are rated as having higher reporting credibility than managers who report negative earnings news, regardless of their previous disclosure decisions.
Characterizing the Orbital Eccentricities of Transiting Extrasolar Planets with Photometric Observations

The discovery of over 200 extrasolar planets with the radial velocity (RV) technique has revealed that many giant planets have large eccentricities, in striking contrast with most of the planets in the solar system and prior theories of planet formation. The realization that many giant planets have large eccentricities raises a fundamental question: Do terrestrial-size planets of other stars typically have significantly eccentric orbits or nearly circular orbits like the Earth? Here we demonstrate that photometric observations of transiting planets could be used to characterize the orbital eccentricities for individual transiting planets, as well as the eccentricity distribution for various populations of transiting planets (e.g., those with a certain range of orbital periods or physical sizes). Such characterizations can provide valuable constraints on theories for the excitation of eccentricities and tidal dissipation. We outline the future prospects of the technique given the exciting prospects for future transit searches, such as those to be carried out by the COROT and Kepler missions.
Total Synthesis of Apoptolidin A

A highly convergent, enantioselective total synthesis of the potent antitumor agent apoptolidin A has been completed. The key transformations include highly selective glycosylations to attach the C27 disaccharide and the C9 6′-deoxy-l-glucose, a cross-metathesis to incorporate the C1−C10 trienoate unit, and a Yamaguchi macrolactonization to complete the macrocycle. Twelve stereocenters in the polypropionate segments and sugar units were established through diastereoselective chlorotitanium enolate aldol reactions.
Synthetic strategies in combinatorial chemistry

Different synthetic strategies are required for the two kinds of libraries being developed for combinatoral chemistry. Preparation of a 'focused' library involves conversion of a known synthetic route to the solid-phase or automated format, whereas generation of a 'prospecting' library is driven more by availability of input materials and considerations of structural novelty. While both types can be identified over the history of combinatorial chemistry, elaborating syntheses of novel, nonoligomeric, 'drug-like' molecules for use in prospecting libraries is a relatively recent development.
On knots with infinite smooth concordance order

We use the Heegaard Floer obstructions defined by Grigsby, Ruberman, and Strle to show that forty-five of the sixty-six knots through eleven crossings whose concordance orders were previously unknown have infinite concordance order.
A SYSTEMATIC EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF ACID FRACTURE CONDUCTIVITY

The fracture conductivity created in the acid fracturing process is critical to the success of this stimulation method but is difcult to predict. We have conducted a series of experiments in which core samples were acidized in a cell that allows for linear flow through a vertical fracture with fluid loss through the cores. The fracture conductivity created was then measured as a function of closure stress. We find that increased acid contact time sometimes results in lower fracture conductivity, fluid loss can increase fracture conductivity, and the Nierode-Kruk correlation accurately predicts the effects of rock embedment strength and closure stress on acid fracture conductivity. We also observed that high fracture conductivity is created when the acid forms a deep channel in the fracture.
Tensile-Integrity Structures for the Moon

A brief review of lunar base structural concepts is presented followed by a discussion of tensile structural concepts. Specifically, tensile integrity (tensegrity) structures are suggested for study for possible use on the lunar surface due to their efficiencies and advantages. Such application could conceivably be for second generation structures. These structures, like pneumatic and truss structures, are self-sustaining and can be designed not to require any significant foundation structure. One exciting advantage of the class of structure discussed here is the possibility of designing deployable versions.
Antimicrobial resistance and presence of virulence factor genes in Arcanobacterium pyogenes isolated from the uterus of postpartum dairy cows

Arcanobacterium pyogenes is considered the most significant bacterium involved in the pathogenesis of metritis in cattle. Infections caused by antimicrobial-resistant bacteria are a great challenge in both human and veterinary medicine. The purpose of this study was to present an overview of antimicrobial resistance in A. pyogenes isolated from the uteruses of postpartum Holstein dairy cows and to identify virulence factors. Seventy-two A. pyogenes isolates were phenotypically characterized for antimicrobial resistance to amoxicillin, ampicillin, ceftiofur, chloramphenicol, florfenicol, oxytetracycline, penicillin, spectinomycin, streptomycin and tetracycline by the broth microdilution method. Presence of virulence factor genes of A. pyogenes was investigated. Isolates exhibited resistance to all antimicrobial agents tested; high levels of resistance were found to amoxicillin (56.9%); ampicillin (86.1%), chloramphenicol (100%), florfenicol (59.7%), oxytetracycline (54.2%), penicillin (86.1%) and tetracycline (50%). Of all isolates, 69 (95.8%) were resistant to at least 2 of the antimicrobial agents tested and multidrug resistance (resistant to at least 3 antimicrobials) was observed in 64 (88.9%) of the A. pyogenes isolates. The major multidrug resistance profile was found for chloramphenicol-ampicillin-penicillin-florfenicol-amoxicillin-tetracycline, which was observed in 21 (29.2%) multidrug resistant isolates. No isolate was resistant to all nine antimicrobial agents tested but four isolates (5.6%) were resistant to eight antimicrobials. The information highlights the need for prudent use of specific antimicrobial agents. All four virulence factor genes occurred in isolates from normal puerperium and clinical metritis; however, the fimA gene was present in significantly higher frequency in isolates from metritis cows.
An atomistic J-integral at finite temperature based on hardy estimates of continuum fields

In this work we apply a material-frame, kernel-based estimator of continuum fields to atomic data in order to estimate the J-integral for the analysis of an atomically sharp crack at finite temperatures. Instead of the potential energy appropriate for zero temperature calculations, we employ the quasi-harmonic free energy as an estimator of the Helmholtz free energy required by the Eshelby stress in isothermal conditions. We employ the simplest of the quasi-harmonic models, the local harmonic model of LeSar and co-workers, and verify that it is adequate for correction of the zero temperature J-integral expression for various deformation states for our Lennard-Jones test material. We show that this method has the properties of: consistency among the energy, stress and deformation fields; path independence of the contour integrals of the Eshelby stress; and excellent correlation with linear elastic fracture mechanics theory.