cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Community Perspective on Stimulant Therapy for ADHD

The use of stimulant medications in relation to diagnoses of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) was reviewed in interviews with 9- to 16-year-olds from the Great Smoky Mountains Study and reported from Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC.
SMEDL: Combining Synchronous and Asynchronous Monitoring

Two major approaches have emerged in runtime verification, based on synchronous and asynchronous monitoring. Each approach has its advantages and disadvantages and is applicable in different situations. In this paper, we explore a hybrid approach, where low-level properties are checked synchronously, while higher-level ones are checked asynchronously. We present a tool for constructing and deploying monitors based on an architecture specification. Monitor logic and patterns of communication between monitors are specified in a language SMEDL. The language and the tool are illustrated using a case study of a robotic simulator.
System design considerations for collimation in a small-animal PET scanner

We propose using collimation in PET scanners to achieve spatial resolution beyond the limits of detector resolution. In this study, we use simulations to characterize and optimize the collimator for a small-animal PET scanner. We design trapezoidal tungsten collimator septa to mask half of each crystal in a PET scanner to detect collimated lines of response (LORs) within the unmasked portion of the crystals. Since each crystal can be conceptually split into 2 sub-crystals, each pair can measure 4 finer LORs with 4 collimator configurations. The advantages of collimation are: 1) reduced effective crystal width and increased spatial resolution, 2) increased linear and angular-sampling, 3) cost-effective integration-no requirement to modify existing PET systems, 4) reduced inter-crystal scatter and random events. Collimation reduces sensitivity; however, it can improve overall image quality and quantification even with reduced efficiency. We devised a collimator configuration to achieve complete LOR sampling by just rotating the collimator. We have developed a 3-D ray-tracing model for the collimator incorporating collimator penetration. We optimized the collimator by maximizing the average sensitivity within a 15 mm FOV subject to fixed LOR resolution inside the feasible geometric parameter space. We developed LabVIEW-controlled linear/rotation stages and electronics to synchronize collimator motion and PET acquisition. We also developed an LOR-interleaving image reconstruction for PET with collimation. In conclusion, using collimation can dramatically increase sampling and improve spatial resolution, which may have significant implications in PET imaging applications where high resolution is demanded.
Leader's of Color in Higher Education: Transforming a Negative Climate

Within higher education, leaders of color face a history of racism expressed through negative experiences of bias and discrimination in today’s colleges and universities. In the book, Leaders of Color in Higher Education: Unrecognized Triumphs in Harsh Institutions, Leonard A. Valverde (2003) illustrates the pain felt by leaders of color as they navigate an unwelcoming system. He provides readers with the tools necessary to recognize systematic injustices and examines ways in which leaders of color can “act” as the change they wish to see within the institutions they serve. The following book review explores how Valverde examines the unheard and unrecognized voices of leaders of color and provides ways to create awareness in today’s increasingly diverse college and university environments.
Air sacculitis in three rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) and one Japanese macaque (M. fuscata).

Bacterial infection of the laryngeal air sacs (air sacculitis) is infrequently reported in nonhuman primates, where it leads to chronic respiratory disease. It is particularly uncommon in macaques; however, we report here suppurative air sacculitis with extension to adjacent cervical tissues in three rhesus macaques and one Japanese macaque. Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus sp., and an anaerobic bacterium were isolated.
Evaluation of Quality-of-life (QoL) in patients(pts) with advanced solid tumors as screening tool during phase 1 clinical trial recruitment- risk assessment for adverse events and subject replacement.

e17755 Background: Serious adverse events (SAEs) and subject replacements occur frequently in phase I studies. Whether QoL or other clinical features can predict SAEs or subject replacement among p...
Prequels to Nobrow

Chapter 5, Kenneth Krabbenhoft’s “Prequels to Nobrow: Battles of the Brows from Socrates to Cervantes,” dials up a time machine to the beginning of Western civilization. The precursory forms of highbrow, lowbrow, and even nobrow discourse, as we quickly find out, run from Socrates to Cervantes. Moving from potato-nosed philosophers of the agora to the high-minded Don Quixote and his lowbrow sidekick Sancho Panza, we find not only constant schisms between the upper crust and the masses but also constant traffic between them as well.
Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Predictors and Causes of Early and Late Hospital Readmissions

Background and Aims:The rate of hospital readmission after discharge has been studied extensively in chronic conditions such as hepatic cirrhosis, diabetes mellitus, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and heart failure. Causative factors associated with hospital readmission have not been adequat
Perioperative Allogeneic Red Blood-Cell Transfusion Associated with Surgical Site Infection After Total Hip and Knee Arthroplasty.

Background:Perioperative allogeneic red blood-cell transfusion is a suspected risk factor for surgical site infection (SSI) after total joint arthroplasty (TJA), but the interrelationships among SSI risk, transfusion dose, preoperative anemia, and the presence of coagulopathies have not been well de
Prostatic Urethral Lift

Abstract The Urolift is a minimally invasive device that alleviates benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)–induced lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). In contrast to most other minimally invasive surgeries for BPH/LUTS, the Urolift operates mechanically instead of relying on prostate tissue removal. Research studies have demonstrated all measured improvements in International Prostate Symptom Score, urinary flow, and quality of life remained stable through the final follow-up interval. This chapter will navigate through the clinical effectiveness of Urolift along with the future directions for the procedure.
The Battle without and Within: The Psychology of Sin and Salvation in the Desert Fathers and Mothers

Some 1600 years separate our world from the world of the Desert Fathers and Mothers, a world that might seem strange to us. There is much in it that does in fact seem disturbing and bizarre, especi...
Chemical teratogenesis in humans: Biochemical and molecular mechanisms

In 1993, Progress in Drug Research published a review dealing with mechanisms of teratogenic/embryotoxic effects of chemicals on humans and other vertebrates [1] and covering the literature through 1992. Since 1992, significant strides have been made in understanding the biochemical and molecular mechanisms whereby chemicals are capable of eliciting birth defects as the result of prenatal exposure of conceptuses to such chemicals. These strides thus justify this review, which accordingly will focus primarily on research published since 1992 and extending through 1996. Emphasis will be directed toward those chemicals/chemical classes that are frequently regarded at present [1–5] as capable of producing birth defects in humans (“established” or “recognized” human teratogens). Most of the chemicals commonly regarded as established human teratogens (Tables 1 and 2) are xenobiotics, i.e., exogenous chemicals that are not utilized by the reference organism as nutrient materials, are not essential to the reference organism for maintenance of normal physiologic/biochemical function and homeostasis, and do not constitute a part of the conventional array of chemicals synthesized from nutrient chemicals by the reference organism in normal intermediary metabolism. Such xenobiotic chemicals are thus also often classified as “foreign”.
Illumination normalization using self-lighting ratios for 3d2d face recognition

3D2D face recognition is beginning to gain attention from the research community. It takes advantage of 3D facial geometry to normalize the head pose and registers it into a canonical 2D space. In this paper, we present a novel illumination normalization approach for 3D2D face recognition which does not require any training or prior knowledge on the type, number, and direction of the lighting sources. Estimated using an image-specific filtering technique in the frequency domain, a self-lighting ratio is employed to suppress illumination differences. Experimental results on the UHDB11 and FRGC databases indicate that the proposed approach improves the performance significantly for face images with large illumination variations.
REVIEW: Unusually High Incidence of Positive HTLV I/II Results Among Young Female Organ Donors in the Peripartum Period

HTLV I and II are unusual retroviruses associated with multiple neurologic and hematologic disorders. We observed an unusually high incidence of HTLV I-II seropositivity among young and middle-aged female organ donors, especially among those in the peripartum period. Ethical issues may arise when informing the families as well as when deciding whether to use organs from these donors. Further confirmatory tests may be difficult to obtain because of time and economic constraints associated with organ procurement.
Practical strategic reasoning with applications in market games

Strategic reasoning is part of our everyday lives: we negotiate prices, bid in auctions, write contracts, and play games. We choose actions in these scenarios based on our preferences, and our beliefs about preferences of the other participants. Game theory provides a rich mathematical framework through which we can reason about the influence of these preferences. Clever abstractions allow us to predict the outcome of complex agent interactions, however, as the scenarios we model increase in complexity, the abstractions we use to enable classical game-theoretic analysis lose fidelity. In empirical game-theoretic analysis, we construct game models using empirical sources of knowledge—such as high-fidelity simulation. However, utilizing empirical knowledge introduces a host of different computational and statistical problems. I investigate five main research problems that focus on efficient selection, estimation, and analysis of empirical game models. I introduce a flexible modeling approach, where we may construct multiple game-theoretic models from the same set of observations. I propose a principled methodology for comparing empirical game models and a family of algorithms that select a model from a set of candidates. I develop algorithms for normal-form games that efficiently identify formations—sets of strategies that are closed under a (correlated) best-response correspondence. This aids in problems, such as finding Nash equilibria, that are key to analysis but hard to solve. I investigate policies for sequentially determining profiles to simulate, when constrained by a budget for simulation. Efficient policies allow modelers to analyze complex scenarios by evaluating a subset of the profiles. The policies I introduce outperform the existing policies in experiments. I establish a principled methodology for evaluating strategies given an empirical game model. I employ this methodology in two case studies of market scenarios: first, a case study in supply chain management from the perspective of a strategy designer; then, a case study in Internet ad auctions from the perspective of a mechanism designer. As part of the latter analysis, I develop an ad-auctions scenario that captures several key strategic issues in this domain for the first time.
Equivalent State of Finite Automata and Its Judgment Theorem

Automata theory is an important tool in modern computer science, playing a role in compiler and many other engineering fields. This paper first analyzes the automata theory. For sake of enhancing the mathematical logicality of automata theory and to carry out the further research on the equivalent state of finite automata, we modify and optimize the basic concept of automata theory. Next, this paper defines the string set of state, in order to formalize the concept of equivalent state. According to these basic concepts, we advance several judgment theorems of equivalent state, which can explain the effectiveness of the simplification algorithms of finite automata, and complete their proofs. Finally, we also introduce a merging based simplification algorithm for finite automata, which is the direct application of one of the judgment theorems above.
Technology-Enhanced L2 Writing: A Systematic Literature Review and Analysis/Synthesis

A key challenge of second/foreign language acquisition is writing. Improvements in the capabilities and availability of technology have resulted in increased use of technology in L2 writing instruction. This review and analysis of 50 research studies on the effects of technology on L2 writing covers literature utilizing both quantitative and qualitative research methods. Both collaborative and individual writing are examined, both in terms of achievement and perception. Additionally, the impact of writing task structure is investigated. Results suggest technology generally has a positive effect on both L2 writing achievement and perceptions. The impact of task structure as a moderating factor on L2 writing was found to be inconclusive, and further research to link L2 writing performance to this and other factors is recommended. Keywords : collaborative writing; foreign language writing; individual writing; L2 writing; task structure; technology; writing achievement; writing perception
Factors Associated with Mortality in Patients with a Solid Malignancy Admitted to the Intensive Care Unit - A Prospective Observational Study

Purpose Several studies show conflicting results regarding the prognosis and predictors of the outcome of critically ill patients with a solid malignancy. This study aims to determine the outcome of critically ill patients, admitted to a hospital, with a solid malignancy and the factors associated with the outcomes. Methods and Materials All patients with a solid malignancy admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU) at a tertiary academic medical center were enrolled. Clinical data upon admission and during ICU stay were collected. Hospital, ICU, and six months outcomes were documented. Results There were 252 patients with a solid malignancy during the study period. Urogenital malignancies were the most common (26.3%) followed by lung cancer (23.5%). Acute respiratory failure was the most common ICU diagnosis (51.6%) followed by sepsis in 46%. ICU mortality and hospital mortality were 21.8% and 34.3%. Six months mortality was 38.4%. Using multivariate analysis, acute kidney injury, OR 2.82, 95% CI 1.50-5.32 and P=0.001, use of mechanical ventilation, OR 2.67 95% CI 1.37 - 5.19 and P=0.004 and performance status of ≥2 with OR of 3.05, 95% CI of 1.5-6.2 and P= 0.002 were associated with hospital mortality. There were no differences in outcome between African American patients (53% of all patients) and other races. Conclusion This study reports encouraging survival rates in patients with a solid malignancy who are admitted to ICU. Patients with a poor baseline performance status require mechanical ventilation or develop acute renal failure have worse outcomes.
Improving hand hygiene compliance with patient zone demarcation: More than just lines on the floor:

BackgroundHand hygiene compliance can be difficult to improve as this prospective activity may not come to mind easily during busy clinical operations. Clinicians are often driven by clinical goals...
Performance of layer wound epoxy-impregnated coils made from a multifilamentary cable of exfoliated YBCO

The performance and reliability of magnets made from second generation (2G), exfoliated, YBCO conductors are highly improved by use of narrow, stacked, multifilamentary cable instead of a single wide tape. This paper reports on tests of five mini-coils wound from 2.4 mm wide ExoCable™, which is comprised of eight, stacked, exfoliated, YBCO filaments. The filaments are coupled electrically through a re-flow process, which results in enhanced electrical connectivity between the adjacent layers. The coils were tested at 77 K (up to 500 A) in liquid nitrogen and at 22 K (up to 700 A) in a conduction-cooled mode. The cable carries 500 A critical current at 77 K. A six-layer coil wound from 10.5 m of the cable, the largest coil created in the study, demonstrates a critical current of 280 A at 77 K at 0.4 T magnetic field on the winding. The coils were fully impregnated with Stycast 1266 and Henkel W19 low-viscosity epoxies. Repeated thermal cycling, to 77 and 22 K, does not degrade the coil's performance. The cable AC loss and the coil winding magnetization are compared with the traditional 2G wide tape pancake geometry at 77 K. We observe a five times reduction of the winding magnetization when the 12 mm tape is replaced by a 2.4 mm cable, which is explained by the smaller magnetic moment of the cable winding. The field hysteresis profiles recorded at 22 and 77 K are presented to demonstrate the effect of the operation temperature on the winding magnetization. A finite element analysis of the winding magnetization shows a good agreement between the experimentally measured trapped field value, and the critical state model prediction. Finally, we discuss the stability of an ExoCable™ coil in a conduction-cooled operation.
PERSISTENT INTRINSIC FUNCTIONAL NETWORK CONNECTIVITY ALTERATIONS IN MIDDLE-AGED AND OLDER WOMEN WITH REMITTED DEPRESSION

Introduction In younger populations, residual functional neural network alterations persist in remitted depression, yet there are less data for older adults who are at high risk of recurrence. This study tested for differences in intrinsic network functional connectivity in midlife and older women with remitted depression. Methods 69 women (24 with a history of depression and 45 with no psychiatric history) over age 45 entered the study and completed 3T MRI with a resting state acquisition. Participants with past depression met DSM-IV-TR criteria for an episode in the last 10 years, but not in the prior year. Whole-brain seed-to-voxel analyses examined the default mode network (DMN), executive control network (ECN), and salience network (SN), plus bilateral hippocampal seeds. All analyses adjusted for age and were conducted with a cluster FDR correction of p Results Women with a history of depression exhibited decreased connectivity between the SN, using a right insula seed, and ECN regions, specifically the left superior frontal gyrus. They also exhibited increased connectivity between the left hippocampus and the left postcentral gyrus. We did not observe any differences in connectivity for DMN or ECN seeds. Conclusions Remitted depression in women is associated with connectivity differences between the SN and ECN, and between the hippocampus and the postcentral gyrus, a region involved in interoception. Further work is needed to determine whether these findings are related to functional alterations and whether they are related to recurrence. This research was funded by K24 MH110598
Perinatal Outcomes of Incarcerated Pregnant Women: An Integrative Review

Incarcerated pregnant women experience psychosocial conditions that put them at risk of adverse perinatal outcomes. To examine perinatal outcomes including maternal mental health well-being, birth ...
Geometric Extravaganza: Spicing Up Geometry.

If we can have science fairs, why not geometry fairs? They are excellent ways for elementary teachers to add pizzazz to the teaching of geometry. A geometry fair or geometric extravaganza is a display or exhibit of geometry projects representing the students' culminating work in a geometry unit. The purposes of a geometry fair are (1) to remind students of important geometric terms and concepts; (2) to enable students to explore the world of lines, angles, points, and geometric shapes; (3) to help students identify and construct geometric shapes and designs; (4) to help students prepare projects using their knowledge of geometry and creativity; and (5) to help students share work with others, thus building pride in their work.
HPLC-assisted automated oligosaccharide synthesis: the implementation of the two-way split valve as a mode of complete automation

Reported herein is the development of a user-friendly platform for simple and transformative automation based on standard HPLC equipment. We showcase how the improved platform works in application to the completely automated, a “press of the button,” synthesis of various glycan sequences.
The Alliance Formation Puzzle in Contests with Capacity-Constraints: A Test using American Football Reception-Coverage Contest Data

We utilize a contest-theoretic model to demonstrate a version of the alliance formation puzzle that aligns with reception-coverage contests in American football. Namely, secondary defenders can opt for single-coverage-1 v 1 contest. Alternatively, they can choose to ally-form double-coverage or 2 v 1 contest with exogenous intra-alliance prize division-when defending a given receiver. In our theoretical treatment, we find that defenses have a lower equilibrium success rate in preventing the receiver from "getting open" under double-coverage than under single-coverage in the absence of capacity constraints. We also find that this success rate paradox is a necessary condition for the alliance formation puzzle. We then test the theoretical treatment by analyzing 8,508 plays of NCAA and NFL game data within a set of fixed effects, logistic regression models that control for receiver, level-of-play, and season-of-play. We find that equilibrium level of defensive success rises significantly and substantially (p-value < 0.01 and marginal effect of between 13 and 17 percentage points) when moving from single-coverage to double-coverage, ceteris paribus. There is strong evidence that the necessary condition for the alliance formation puzzle does not hold in this setting. We conclude that sufficiently-binding physiological and training-based capacity constraints eliminate the alliance formation puzzle in this setting, as was shown theoretically by Konrad and Kovenock (2009). This empirical result suggests that other contest settings that regularly feature alliance, such as liquidity-constrained conflict, may not be puzzling.
Effect of Patient Demographics and Tracheostomy Timing and Technique on Patient Survival.

OBJECTIVES The ideal timing and technique of tracheostomy vary among patients and may impact outcomes. We aim to examine the association between tracheostomy timing, placement technique, and patient demographics on survival. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. METHODS A retrospective review was performed for all patients who underwent tracheostomy in 2016 and 2017 at one urban academic tertiary-care hospital. Kaplan-Meier curves were created based on combinations of tracheostomy timing and technique (early percutaneous, early non-percutaneous, late percutaneous, and late non-percutaneous). Cox proportional hazard models were used to determine multivariable effects of timing, technique, and other demographic factors. Primary outcome measures were tracheostomy-related mortality and overall survival. Secondary outcomes were in-hospital, 30-day, and 90-day mortality. RESULTS Our study included 523 patients. There were six tracheostomy-related deaths, with hemorrhage and tracheoesophageal fistula being the most common causes. Tracheostomy timing and technique combinations were not associated with differences in all-cause mortality or survival following discharge. Cox proportional hazard models showed that Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) and unknown partner status were associated with a decrease in survival (P < .01 and P = .05, respectively). Additionally, patient age, gender, race, CCI, and body mass index were not independently associated with changes in survival. CONCLUSION Late and non-percutaneous tracheostomies were associated with more tracheostomy-related deaths, but timing and technique were not associated with differences in patient survival. Multiple regression analysis showed that increased patient comorbidities, measured via CCI, and unknown partner status were independently associated with decreased survival. Proceduralists should discuss timing, technique, and patient social factors together with the medical care team when constructing plans for postdischarge management. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 4 Laryngoscope, 131:1468-1473, 2021.
Arithmetic properties of septic partition functions

Congruences and related identities are derived for a set of colored and weighted partition functions whose generating functions generate the graded algebra of integer weight modular forms of level ...
Multi-needle detection in ultrasound image using max-margin mask R-CNN

Digitalizing all the needles in ultrasound (US) images is a crucial step of treatment planning for US-guided high-dose-rate (HDR) prostate brachytherapy. However, current computer-aided technologies are broadly focused on single-needle digitization, while manual digitization of all needles is labor intensive and time consuming. In this paper, we proposed a deep learning-based workflow for fast automatic multi-needle digitization, including needle shaft detection and needle tip detection. The major workflow is composed of two components: a large margin mask R-CNN model (LMMask R-CNN), which adopts the lager margin loss to reformulate Mask R-CNN for needle shaft localization, and a needle-based density-based spatial clustering of application with noise (DBSCAN) algorithm which integrates priors to model a needle in an iteration for a needle shaft refinement and tip detections. Besides, we use the skipping connection in neural network architecture to improve the supervision in hidden layers. Our workflow was evaluated on 23 patients who underwent USguided HDR prostrate brachytherapy with 339 needles being tested in total. Our method detected 98% of the needles with 0.0911±0.0427 mm shaft error and 0.3303±0.3625 mm tip error. Compared with only using mask R-CNN and only using LMMask R-CNN, the proposed method gains a significant improvement of accuracy on both shaft and tip localization. The proposed method automatically digitizes needles per patient with in a second. It streamlines the workflow of USguided HDR prostate brachytherapy and paves the way for the development of real-time treatment planning system that is expected to further elevate the quality and outcome of HDR prostate brachytherapy.
New Anti-Merger Theories

This paper discusses two recent innovations in federal antitrust enforcement of mergers—“unilateral effects” and “innovation markets.” These instruments of merger analysis, despite increasing usage by federal regulators, are inconsistent with modern economic theory, and lead to erroneous and overly restrictive enjoinments of potential mergers. Antitrust regulators should avoid using these and similar instruments in future merger evaluations.
Counterinsurgency as an institution: Evidence from Turkey

Are emergency zones effective counterinsurgency measures? In response to Kurdish rebellion, the Turkish state put 13 provinces under emergency rule (1987–2002). In this paper, we investigate the li...
Evolutionary perspectives in a mutualism of sepiolid squid and bioluminescent bacteria: combined usage of microbial experimental evolution and temporal population genetics.

The symbiosis between marine bioluminescent Vibrio bacteria and the sepiolid squid Euprymna is a model for studying animal–bacterial Interactions. Vibrio symbionts native to particular Euprymna species are competitively dominant, capable of outcompeting foreign Vibrio strains from other Euprymna host species. Despite competitive dominance, secondary colonization events by invading nonnative Vibrio fischeri have occurred. Competitive dominance can be offset through superior nonnative numbers and advantage of early start host colonization by nonnatives, granting nonnative vibrios an opportunity to establish beachheads in foreign Euprymna hosts. Here, we show that nonnative V. fischeri are capable of rapid adaptation to novel sepiolid squid hosts by serially passaging V. fischeri JRM200 (native to Hawaiian Euprymna scolopes) lines through the novel Australian squid host E. tasmanica for 500 generations. These experiments were complemented by a temporal population genetics survey of V. fischeri, collected from E. tasmanica over a decade, which provided a perspective from the natural history of V. fischeri evolution over 15,000–20,000 generations in E. tasmanica. No symbiont anagenic evolution within squids was observed, as competitive dominance does not purge V. fischeri genetic diversity through time. Instead, abiotic factors affecting abundance of V. fischeri variants in the planktonic phase sustain temporal symbiont diversity, a property itself of ecological constraints imposed by V. fischeri host adaptation.
Contrastive Hebbian Learning in the Continuous Hopfield Model

Abstract This paper shows that contrastive Hebbian, the algorithm used in mean field learning, can be applied to any continuous Hopfield model. This implies that non-logistic activation functions as well as self connections are allowed. Contrary to previous approaches, the learning algorithm is derived without considering it a mean field approximation to Boltzmann machine learning. The paper includes a discussion of the conditions under which the function that contrastive Hebbian minimizes can be considered a proper error function, and an analysis of five different training regimes. An appendix provides complete demonstrations and specific instructions on how to implement contrastive Hebbian learning in interactive activation and competition models (a convenient version of the continuous Hopfield model).
The Use Of Financial And Nonfinancial Information For Evaluating Performance: An Attributional Perspective

This study utilized attribution theory to understand how executives use financial and nonfinancial information to evaluate departmental and managerial performance. An experiment was conducted in which 54 executives of a large retail department store were asked to evaluate the performance of a hypothetical retail selling department and the performance of its manager. The execu­tives responded to 51 cases, each of which contained a different combination of values for eight performance cues. Four of the cues were financial and four of the cues were nonfinancial. Separate main-effects linear models were used to analyze how the subjects used the cues to arrive at judgments about departmental and managerial performance. The results supported a number of predictions based on attribution theory. First, the evaluations of performance were characterized by bounded rationality, as most subjects used one or more, but not all, of the cues to attribute blame or credit for performance outcomes. Second, the evaluations of performance relied on the cues in a way which indicated the existence of causal links between the performance outcomes reflected in the financial and nonfinancial cues, and managerial control and responsibility for those outcomes. Third, the financial and nonfinancial cues were used in distinctly different ways depending on whether the performance of the department or its manager was being evaluated. Fourth, the cues were used differently to evaluate managerial performance by experts and non-experts in that area. And finally, there was limited self-awareness of the relative importance of different types of information when making causal inferences.
Reverse genetics of nodaviruses.

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the reverse genetics of Nodaviruses. With the construction of full-length complementary DNA (cDNA) clones of the two genomic RNAs of an alpha nodavirus, it became possible to address all stages of the virus life cycle using reverse genetic methods. Since then, progress has been made in investigating the cis- and trans-acting requirements for RNA replication, its mechanism of regulation, the encapsidation of RNA, the assembly and structures of provirions and virus-like particles, and the efficacy of Nodaviruses as platforms for the antigenic presentation of foreign epitopes. Nodavirus RNA replication has been transplanted to the cells of higher vertebrates and to the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae in studies aimed at exploring its potential as the basis of an expression vector. The chapter discusses various contributions of reverse genetics, such as functions of viral nonstructural proteins, mechanism of RNA replication, regulation of RNA replication, virus structure and assembly, and epitope presentation.
Quantitative relationships of near-surface salinity variations and their causes in an area of the western tropical Atlantic

The vertical salinity distribution in the upper strata of the ocean area near Fernando de Noronha is characterized by a nearly homohaline surface, layer of about 60 m depth and a salinity maximum at about 75 m depth followed by a strong decrease of salinity with depth. The annual march of salinity in the upper mixed layer reveals a maximum between November, and December and a minimum in May. Although the evaporation minus precipitation difference in this area has a annual range of 13.2 cm/month, the annual range of salinity remains relatively small, that is 0.33‰. A quantitative analysis of mean monthly salinity variations suggests that horizontal advection in the upper mixed layer and vertical mixing at the lower boundary of this layer are the most important “forcing functions” for the observed annual march, of salinity along with evaporation and precipitation. In this area evaporation exceeds precipitation by as much as 42 cm/year, which leads to an increase of salinity in the upper layer during the year. Moreover, this increase is augmented by an additional salt gain as a result of vertical mixing at the lower boundary of the top layer. In order to maintain a constant mean annual salinity in this region, other factors must be involved that balance this salt gain. The significant role of horizontal advection of water with lower salinity in the annual balance is demonstrated, and the combined effects of the three forcing functions yield a fair explanation, of the observed mean salinity variation during the year.
An unusual cause of alveolar hemorrhage post hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: a case report.

Background: Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is being increasingly used in cancer therapy. Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage, an early complication of stem cell transplant, results from bacterial, viral and fungal infections, coagulopathy, and engraftment syndrome, or can be idiopathic. Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage associated with Strongyloides stercoralis hyperinfection in stem cell transplant patients has been rarely reported. Case presentation: We describe an unusual cause of alveolar hemorrhage post hematopoietic stem cell transplant due to Strongyloides hyperinfection. Therapy with parenteral ivermectin and thiabendazole was initiated but the patient deteriorated and died of respiratory failure and septic shock. Conclusion: Strongyloides stercoralis hyperinfection is an unusual cause of alveolar hemorrhage early after hematopoietic stem cell transplant with very high mortality.
[2.1.1]-(2,6)-Pyridinophane(L)-controlled alkane C–H bond cleavage: (L)PtMe2H+ as a precursor to the geometrically “tense” transient (L)PtMe+

(η2-L)PtMe2 {L = [2.1.1]-(2,6)-pyridinophane} is protonated at Pt to give (η3-L)PtHMe2+, where three pyridine ligands of the macrocycle L bind to Pt in a facial manner. This cation eliminates methane at a rate convenient for trapping of the T-shaped, 14-valence electron (η2-L)PtMe+ (based on DFT geometry optimization) by ethane, propane, n-butane, cyclopentane and cyclohexane to give (η3-L)Pt(olefin)H+ and CH4. The crystal structure of (η3-L)Pt(cyclohexene)H+ as its BArF−4 salt is reported.
Maximum O2 uptake, O2 debt and deficit, and muscle metabolites in Thoroughbred horses.

This study determined maximal O2 uptake (VO2max), maximal O2 deficit, and O2 debt in the Thoroughbred racehorse exercising on an inclined treadmill. In eight horses the O2 uptake (VO2) vs. speed relationship was linear until 10 m/s and VO2max values ranged from 131 to 153 ml.kg-1.min-1. Six of these horses then exercised at 120% of their VO2max until exhaustion. VO2, CO2 production (VCO2), and plasma lactate (La) were measured before and during exercise and through 60 min of recovery. Muscle biopsies were collected before and at 0.25, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 40, and 60 min after exercise. Muscle concentrations of adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP), phosphocreatine (PC), La, glucose 6-phosphate (G-6-P), and creatine were determined, and pH was measured. The O2 deficit was 128 +/- 32 (SD) ml/kg (64 +/- 13 liters). The O2 debt was 324 +/- 62 ml/kg (159 +/- 37 liters), approximately two to three times comparative values for human beings. Muscle [ATP] was unchanged, but [PC] was lower (P less than 0.01) than preexercise values at less than or equal to 10 min of recovery. [PC] and VO2 were negatively correlated during both the fast and slow phases of VO2 during recovery. Muscle [La] and [G-6-P] were elevated for 10 min postexercise. Mean muscle pH decreased from 7.05 (preexercise) to 6.75 at 1.5 min recovery, and the mean peak plasma La value was 34.5 mmol/l.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Hegel's Social Philosophy: The Project of Reconciliation

This book provides an authoritative account of Hegel's social philosophy at a level that presupposes no specialised knowledge of the subject. Hegel's social theory is designed to reconcile the individual with the modern social world. Michael Hardimon explores the concept of reconciliation in detail and discusses Hegel's views on the relationship between individuality and social membership, and on the family, civil society, and the state. The book is an important addition to the string of major studies of Hegel published by Cambridge. It will interest a broad swathe of readers in philosophy, (both students and specialists), and could be used in courses on political and social theory.
A Controlled Evaluation of the Addition of Cognitive Therapy to a Home‐Based Biofeedback and Relaxation Treatment of Vascular Headache

SYNOPSIS Seventy-six patients with vascular (migraine or mixed migraine and tension) headache (HA) participated in a controlled evaluation of a minimal-therapist-contact, largely home-based, treatment program which combined relaxation (R) training with thermal biofeedback (TBF). One group received TBF+R administered in 3 office visit over 8 weeks, supplemented by audio tapes and manuals. A second group received the TBF + R plus instruction in cognitive stress coping techniques, all of which was administered in 5 office visits over 8 weeks. A third group monitored headache activity for 8 weeks. Evaluations, based on 4 weeks of HA diary at pre-treatment and after treatment, revealed significantly greater reductions in HA activity and medication consumption for both treated groups than the HA monitoring controls who did not change. Significantly more of the treated patients had clinically significant reductions in HA activity than the controls. The two treated groups did not differ on any measure.
Spontaneous pneumomediastinum, pneumopericardium and epidural pneumatosis: insights on clinical management

Spontaneous pneumomediastinum is a benign condition that has been reported, however the association with epidural pneumatosis is much less common. A 27-year-old male presented with concomitant air in the epidural space, mediastinum and pericardium after illicit drug use and engagement in sexual activity. The patient was hemodynamically stable. Non-invasive tests ruled out aerodigestive injury. The patient was discharged after a short observation without intervention. Invasive and potentially risky diagnostic tests may be safely avoided in patients who remain asymptomatic with this unique presentation.
An investigation of the hole-drilling technique for measuring planar residual stress in rectangularly orthotropic materials

The applicability of the semidestructive holedrilling technique to the experimental determination of residual stresses in relatively thin rectangularly orthotropic materials was investigated. From the exploratory work, it was determined that the similitudes, for measurements at a particular ratio of hole depth to diameter, which exist for thick materials are not present in relatively thin materials. This implies that calibration tests must be made for each combination of strain-gage size and plate thickness. As a consolation, however, it was found that there is no need to drill to an optimum depth for thin materials. That is, one may simply drill a small hole completely through the material to obtain the desired strain change.
Effect of chronic pre- and post-natal low-dose ethanol exposure on brain enolase isoenzyme activities

Sprague-Dawley dams were treated with 3 v/v % ethanol in liquid diet from the 8th day gestation through 3 weeks nursing period. Offsprings, ages 1, 2 and 3 weeks, and their dams were studied. Brain weights and their total proteins were not affected by this ethanol treatment. Total enolase activity/mg protein and its isoenzymes, i.e. non-neuron-specific, hybrid and neuron-specific, (μmol/min/mg protein) in 100,000 g supernate, were significantly lower in the treated. Additionally, enolase isoenzyme transformation was delayed.
Diffractive multifocal focusing of de Broglie matter waves

Diffraction of a de Broglie matter wave by a system of two pinholes on an optical axis exhibits the multifocal focusing effect of matter waves in the near-field (Fresnel zone). The focusing, defocusing and refocusing phenomenon results from periodic phase changes at singular points, which are observed for the even Fresnel numbers, where the intensity is zero and the phase is undefined. As an on-axis observation point passes through a singular point, the nature of the wave in the neighborhood of the axis changes from that of a diverging wave to that of a converging wave, i.e., the wave refocuses. The amplitudes of the oscillations in the intensity and phase of the de Broglie wave depend on the ratio of the radii of the two apertures in the system. This effect of diffractive multifocal focusing of de Broglie waves can be used for designing a diffractive lens for matter-wave beams.
Thermodynamic measurements in magnetically ordered solid3He

Measurements of the melting pressure and constant-volume pressure of solid3He have been made in the vicinity of the various magnetic-ordering transitions. Data have been obtained at several magnetic fields for both the low-field phase and the high-field phase, with particular attention given to the region of the polycritical point. The absence of a latent heat indicates that the transition from the paramagnetic to the high-field phase is second order or λ type. A spin-wave velocity of 6.95 cm/sec was obtained from theT4 temperature dependence of the melting pressure in the high-field phase forB=0.495 T. These data provide the entropy and volume discontinuities as functions of field along the first-order low-field phase boundary. The volume dependence of the transition temperatures has been extracted from these and other data.
A Bayesian model for gas saturation estimation using marine seismic AVA and CSEM data

We develop a Bayesian model to jointly invert marine seismic amplitude versus angle (AVA) and controlled-source electromagnetic (CSEM) data for a layered reservoir model. We consider the porosity and fluid saturation of each layer in the reservoir, the bulk and shear moduli and density of each layer not in the reservoir, and the electrical conductivity of the overburden and bedrock as random variables. We also consider prestack seismic AVA data in a selected time window as well as real and quadrature components of the recorded electrical field as data. Using Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) sampling methods, wedraw a large number of samples from the joint posterior distribution function. With these samples, we obtain not only the estimates of each unknown variable, but also various types of uncertainty information associated with the estimation. This method is applied to both synthetic and field data to investigate the combined use of seismic AVA and CSEM data for gas saturation estimation. Results show th...
Exposure to American culture is associated with Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder among ethnic minority women

Abstract Background Ethnic minorities in America will achieve majority by 2042, and due to their younger age distribution, will represent the largest proportion of women at risk for premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD). Research has not addressed ethnic minority women's vulnerabilities to PMDD. The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between acculturation and PMDD. Methods An analysis of acculturation and PMDD among 3856 English-speaking, pre-menopausal Asian, Latina, and Black women from the National Latino and Asian American Survey and the National Survey of American Life was performed. Results The lifetime prevalence of PMDD was 3.3%. Nativity status, duration of residence, and age at immigration were significantly associated with PMDD. Foreign-born women (OR = 0.38; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.21–0.68) and immigrants arriving to the US after age six (OR = 0.33, 95% CI = 0.18, 0.62) were less likely to have PMDD, compared to US-born women, and US-born women/immigrants who arrived before age six, respectively. The likelihood of PMDD increased as the duration of residence in the US lengthened. Limitations The diagnosis of PMDD was provisional due to retrospective symptom reporting. Statements of causality could not be made because the study was cross-sectional. Conclusions A substantial percentage of ethnic minority women suffer from PMDD in their lifetimes. Exposure to American culture appeared to elevate ethnic minority women's likelihood for PMDD. The stressors that are associated with ethnic minority life in America—discrimination, poverty, pressures to assimilate, etc.—may contribute to ethnic minority women's vulnerability to PMDD, and clinicians should be sensitive to the special risks in this population.