cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Oral, Written, and Literate Process in the Transmission of Medieval Music

This paper is about ways of understanding how music was made and how it circulated in the European Middle Ages.* My intent is theoretical: to pose the problem, sharpen the concepts, and identify the pertinent categories of evidence. I shall propose a broad historical view of the subject, not for its own sake, but to provide a perspective for the task of interpreting medieval documents. The topic of musical transmission in the Middle Ages cannot be discussed without reference to the debates about oral and written tradition, and it is my intention to pose the problem in that light explicitly. In doing so I shall refer to the literature about oral poetry and the history of writing, in which these matters have received more attention than they have so far in the study of music. On the other hand I hope to bring to the attention of students of literature the relevance of evidence from musical studies to the oral-written question, and to begin to identify the parallels between our subjects that can constitute the grounds for a general theory of literacy. I begin with a metaphor that will enable me to develop in a fresh and accessible context some ways of thinking about musical transmission that our habits in dealing with medieval musical traditions have tended so far to exclude. Some years ago I was able to purchase at auction in Vermont the music librarv of a German emigre musician named Bauer, who had settled near Boston about 1840. It included samples from every level of musical art, from handwritten copies of Haydn symphonies to horse quadrilles for the circus. Somewhere between those extremes was a print of a short piece bearing the title Le Desir: Favorite Waltz by Beethoven, published in 1842 in Boston. The piece is actually more or less the second of Schubert's opus 9 Waltzes, commonly known in that incarnation as the Sehnsuchtswalzer. I The tune is the samne, but in the pseudo-Beethoven version it is dressed in a flashy triplet
Cross Contamination of Turkey Carcasses by Salmonella Species During Defeathering

Salmonella present on the feathers of live birds could be a source of contamination to carcass skin during defeathering. In this study, the possibility of transfer of Salmonella from the feathers of live turkeys to carcass tissue during the defeathering process at a commercial turkey processing plant was investigated. The contribution of scald water and the fingers of the picker machines to cross contamination were also examined. Over 4 visits, swab samples were collected from 174 randomly selected tagged birds before and after defeathering. Two swab samples from the fingers of the picker machines and a sample of scald water were also collected during each visit. Detection of Salmonella was carried out following standard cultural and identification methods. The DNA fingerprints obtained from pulsed field gel electrophoresis of Salmonella serotypes isolated before and after defeathering, from scald water, and from the fingers of the picker machines were compared to trace cross contamination routes. Salmonella prevalence was similar before and after defeathering during visits 2 and 3 and significantly increased after defeathering during visits 1 and 4. Over the 4 visits, all Salmonella subtypes obtained after defeathering were also isolated before defeathering. The results of this study suggest that Salmonella was transferred from the feathers to carcass skin during each visit. On each visit, the Salmonella subtypes isolated from the fingers of the picker machines were similar to subtypes isolated before and after defeathering, indicating that the fingers facilitate carcass cross contamination during defeathering. Salmonella isolated from scald water during visit 4 was related to isolates obtained before and after defeathering, suggesting that scald water is also a vehicle for cross contamination during defeathering. By using molecular subtyping, this study demonstrated the relationship between Salmonella present on the feathers of live turkeys and carcass skin after defeathering, suggesting that decontamination procedures applied to the external surfaces of live turkeys could reduce Salmonella cross contamination during defeathering.
Ascorbic acid possesses labile oxygen atoms in aqueous solution

The interaction between ascorbic acid and water was examined using gas chromatographic–mass spectrometric analysis. Structural modifications were analyzed by comparing spectra of tert.-butyldimethylsilyl-derivatized ascorbic acid, [6,6-2H2]ascorbic acid, and [13C6]ascorbic acid with ascorbic acid incubated in 18O-labeled water. The [M−57]+ ion of ascorbic acid readily gained a mass increase of m/z 4 on incubation with labeled water, demonstrating an exchange of two atoms of oxygen. Structural analysis showed this mass increase to occur on carbons 2 and 3. These data indicate that ascorbic acid readily exchanges specific hydroxyl oxygen which may account for some of the prooxidant properties of ascorbic acid in solution.
A survey of EPA/OPP and open literature data on selected pesticide chemicals tested for mutagenicity. I. Introduction and first ten chemicals

Parties interested in registering a pesticide chemical with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (USEPA's) Office of Pesticide Programs (OPP) must submit toxicity information to support the registration. Mutagenicity data are a part of the required information that must be submitted. This information is available to the public via Freedom of Information requests to the OPP. However, it is felt that this information would be more effectively and widely disseminated if presented in a published medium. Beginning with this publication, sets of mutagenicity data on pesticide chemicals will be periodically published in the Genetic Activity Profile (GAP) format. In addition, mutagenicity data extracted from the currently available open literature is also presented to provide a more complete database and to allow comparisons between the OPP-submitted data and other publicly available information.
Integrated biorefinery model based on production of furans using open-ended high yield processes

The biodetoxification pathway for the reduction of the fermentation inhibitor furfural was utilized to produce furfuryl alcohol using both a commercial Bakers’ yeast and six other native strains, selected for their high tolerance towards the inhibitory effects of furfural. This study explores the potential of the microbial method as an environmentally-benign alternative to the conventional catalytic hydrogenation process for producing furfuryl alcohol used extensively in industry. The microbial method for furfuryl alcohol production provides the benefit of a homogeneous biochemical conversion, devoid of chemical catalysis, in conjunction with other carbohydrate-based processes (e.g. production of ethanol). Results showed that the yields of furfuryl alcohol using the laboratory yeast strains exceeded 90% of the theoretical yield at a furfural concentration of 25 g l−1, which are comparable to yields obtained using the catalytic process. Furfuryl alcohol yields progressively declined as the furfural concentration was increased up to 65 g l−1, where the yields averaged over 37%. Piecing together novel high-yield conversion processes for furfural and furfuryl alcohol, an integrated biorefinery model based on the production of furans has been envisioned. Such a facility bypasses the need for high pressure hydrogenation using copper chromite catalysts and hydrogen and azeotropic distillation of furfural to produce dilute streams of both notable platform chemicals.
Estrogens, brain and behavior: studies in fundamental neurobiology and observations related to women's health

Abstract Mechanisms and consequences of the effects of estrogen on the brain have been studied both at the fundamental level and with therapeutic applications in mind. Estrogenic hormones binding in particular neurons in a limbic-hypothalamic system and their effects on the electrophysiology and molecular biology of medial hypothalamic neurons were central in establishing the first circuit for a mammalian behavior, the female-typical mating behavior, lordosis. Notably, the ability of estradiol to facilitate transcription from six genes whose products are important for lordosis behavior proved that hormones can turn on genes in specific neurons at specific times, with sensible behavioral consequences. The use of a gene knockout for estrogen receptor α (ERα) revealed that homozygous mutant females simply would not do lordosis behavior and instead were extremely aggressive, thus identifying a specific gene as essential for a mammalian social behavior. In dramatic contrast, ERβ knockout females can exhibit normal lordosis behavior. With the understanding, in considerable mechanistic detail, of how the behavior is produced , now we are also studying brain mechanisms for the biologically adaptive influences which constrain reproductive behavior . With respect to cold temperatures and other environmental or metabolic circumstances which are not consistent with successful reproduction, we are interested in thyroid hormone effects in the brain. Competitive relations between two types of transcription factors — thyroid hormone receptors and estrogen receptors have the potential of subserving the blocking effects of inappropriate environmental circumstances on female reproductive behaviors. TRs can compete with ERα both for DNA binding to consensus and physiological EREs and for nuclear coactivators. In the presence of both TRs and ERs, in transfection studies, thyroid hormone coadministration can reduce estrogen-stimulated transcription. These competitive relations apparently have behavioral consequences, as thyroid hormones will reduce lordosis, and a TRβ gene knockout will increase it. In sum, we not only know several genes that participate in the selective control of this sex behavior, but also, for two genes, we know the causal routes. Estrogenic hormones are also the foci of widespread attention for their potential therapeutic effects improving, for example, certain aspects of mood and cognition. The former has an efficient animal analog, demonstrated by the positive effects of estrogen in the Porsolt forced swim test. The latter almost certainly depends upon trophic actions of estrogen on several fundamental features of nerve cell survival and growth. The hypothesis is raised that the synaptic effects of estrogens are secondary to the trophic actions of this type of hormone in the nucleus and nerve cell body.
Os construtores do Império : ideais e lutas do Partido Conservador brasileiro

Analisa o conservadorismo, que e uma posicao politica que reconhece que a existencia das comunidades esta sujeita a determinadas condicoes e que as mudancas sociais, para serem justas e validas, nao podem quebrar a continuidade entre o passado e o futuro.
Photochemical instability of CdSe nanocrystals coated by hydrophilic thiols.

The photochemical instability of CdSe nanocrystals coated by hydrophilic thiols was studied nondestructively and systematically in water. The results revealed that the photochemical instability of the nanocrystals actually included three distinguishable processes, namely the photocatalytic oxidation of the thiol ligands on the surface of nanocrystals, the photooxidation of the nanocrystals, and the precipitation of the nanocrystals. At first, the thiol ligands on the surface of a nanocrystal were gradually photocatalytically oxidized using the CdSe nanocrystal core as the photocatalyst. This photocatalytic oxidation process was observed as a zero-order reaction in terms of the concentration of the free thiols in the solution. The photogenerated holes in a nanocrystal were trapped onto the thiol ligands bound on the surface of the nanocrystal, which initiated the photooxidation of the ligands and protected the nanocrystal from any photooxidation. After nearly all of the thiol ligands on the surface of the ...
Diaphyseal Fractures of the Radius and Ulna in Adults

Diaphyseal fractures involving the radius and ulna, so called "both-bone" or "double-bone" forearm fractures are common orthopedic injuries. These injuries can result in significant loss of function if inadequately treated. As the upper extremity serves to position the hand in space, loss of forearm motion and/or muscle imbalance resulting from a poorly treated fracture can be particularly debilitating. Preservation of the anatomic relationships of the proximal and distal radioulnar joints as well as the interosseous space is critical to preserving function. This article overviews the management of diaphyseal fractures of the radius and ulna in adults.
On-shell effective field theory☆☆☆

I show how to organize the coefficients in an effective field theory so that the accuracy of the effective field theory calculation is less seriously degraded when there are ratios of mass scales in the problem that are not large. I show how this new effective field theory can be obtained automatically, by doing the matching calculation on the perturbative mass shell. I also speculate about how to do even better by consistently including non-local terms in the effective lagrangian.
CNS Myelin and Sertoli Cell Tight Junction Strands Are Absent in Osp/Claudin-11 Null Mice

Oligodendrocyte-specific protein (OSP)/claudin-11 is a recently identified transmembrane protein found in CNS myelin and testis with unknown function. Herein we demonstrate that Osp null mice exhibit both neurological and reproductive deficits: CNS nerve conduction is slowed, hindlimb weakness is conspicuous, and males are sterile. Freeze fracture reveals that tight junction intramembranous strands are absent in CNS myelin and between Sertoli cells of mutant mice. Our results demonstrate that OSP is the mediator of parallel-array tight junction strands and distinguishes this protein from other intrinsic membrane proteins in tight junctions. These novel results provide direct evidence of the pivotal role of the claudin family in generating the paracellular physical barrier of tight junctions necessary for spermatogenesis and normal CNS function.
The integro-differential equation form of a Hodgkin-Huxley type system of differential equations

Abstract A theorem is presented that establishes an equivalence between a Hodgkin-Huxley system of four first-order nonlinear ordinary differential equations (with initial values) and one first-order nonlinear ordinary integrodifferential equation (with initial value). The system was studied theoretically and numerically in [1].
Chemical and Thin-Film Strategies for New Transparent Conducting Oxides

Transparent conducting oxides (TCOs) have been known and employed technologically for more than 50 years, primarily in the form of doped single-cation oxides such as In2O3 and SnO2. Beginning in the 1990s, however, multi-cation oxide TCOs began to be developed in Japan (see the article by Minami in this issue and the references therein) and at the former Bell Laboratories. Since then, new TCO phases are being reported with increasing frequency as technological interest in this area heightens. At the same time, our fundamental understanding of the chemical and structural origins of transparent conductivity continues to expand and promises a pathway to dramatically improved materials for a host of applications. This article describes a collaborative, multi-investigator bulk an d thin-film research effort at Northwestern University aimed at the synthesis, characterization, and enhanced understanding of multi-cation (compound and solidsolution) TCOs, and provides a brief account of what we are discovering about this important class of materials.
The biological effects of structural variation at the meta position of the aromatic rings and at the end of the alkenyl chain in the alkenyldiarylmethane series of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors.

In an effort to elucidate a set of structure−activity relationships in the alkenyldiarylmethane (ADAM) series of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, a number of modifications were made at two locations: (1) the meta positions of the two aromatic rings and (2) the end of the alkenyl chain. Forty-two new ADAMs were synthesized and evaluated for inhibition of the cytopathic effect of HIV-1RF in CEM-SS cell culture and for inhibition of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. The size of the aromatic substituents was found to affect anti-HIV activity, with optimal activity appearing with Cl, CH3, and Br substituents and with diminished activity occurring with smaller (H and F) or larger (I and CF3) substituents. The substituents at the end of the alkenyl chain were also found to influence the antiviral activity, with maximal activity associated with methyl or ethyl ester groups and with diminished activity resulting from substitution with higher esters, amides, sulfides, sulfoxides, sulfones, thioesters, a...
Low-molecular-weight chromium-binding substance from chicken liver and American alligator liver

Low-molecular-weight chromium-binding substance (LMWCr), also known as chromodulin, is a chromium-binding oligopeptide proposed to have a function in chromium transport and insulin signaling in mammals. In this work, LMWCr has been isolated and purified for the first time from non-mammalian sources: chicken and American alligator. Milligram quantities of the oligopeptide can be obtained from kilogram quantities of liver. The LMWCr's from both sources are asparatate- and glutamate-rich oligopeptides which possess multinuclear chromium assemblies. The composition and physical and spectroscopic properties of the avian and reptilian LMWCr's are extremely similar to those of their mammalian analogues, suggesting the multinuclear sites of the biomolecule from all three classes of animal possess very similar structures. The chicken and alligator oligopeptides may possess intrinsic phosphotyrosine phosphatase activity.
The Scope and Genre of Velleius' History

When first confronted by the Historia Romana of Velleius Paterculus, it is easy for a reader to assume on the basis of the title and the surviving part of the text that it is a history of Rome, albeit a short one. In the following discussion I intend to demonstrate, first, why that initial assumption should be rejected and, secondly, how the work fits into the tradition of Roman historical writing.
Characterization of curve map graphs

Abstract In this paper we provide a characterization of curve map graphs as defined by Gavril and Schonheim, and also give a recognition algorithm for them. A curve map graph is the dual of a map obtained by placing a finite number of two-way infinite Jordan curves in the Euclidean plane in such a way that each curve divides the plane into two regions, no two curves intersect in more than one point, and any two curves which intersect at a point cross at that point. Our method is based on Gavril and Schonheim's approach, but corrects several difficulties in their characterization.
Evidence for Extinction and Accretion Variability in T Tauri South

We present angularly resolved spectra of T Tau North and South in the 3 μm water-ice feature and K band. Most of the water-ice absorption lies along the line of sight toward T Tau South, confirming that it is viewed through stronger extinction. A decrease in ice-band absorption toward T Tau S between 1998 December and 2000 January, significant at the 2 σ level, was associated with an increase in its near-IR flux. Brγ emission is detected in T Tau North and South and H2 (2.12 μm) emission toward only T Tau South, consistent with previous studies of infrared companions to T Tauri stars. Our results suggest that the near-IR variability of T Tau S is probably caused by both variations in accretion rate and variable extinction along the line of sight.
Complement Receptors CD21/35 Link Innate and Protective Immunity during Streptococcus pneumoniae Infection by Regulating IgG3 Antibody Responses

Abstract The CD21/35 receptor provides an important link between innate and adaptive immunity. Its importance during protective immune responses to encapsulated extracellular bacteria was assessed using a new line of mice completely deficient in CD21/35 expression (CD21/35 −/− ). CD21/35 expression was essential for the rapid trapping of C3dg-antigen complexes by B cells in vivo, especially in splenic marginal zones. Despite normal B cell development in CD21/35 −/− mice, T cell-independent and -dependent antibody responses to low-dose antigens were significantly decreased, with a striking impairment in IgG3 responses. Accordingly, CD21/35 −/− mice were more susceptible to acute lethal Streptococcus pneumoniae infection. Thus, CD21/35 expression is critical for early protective antibody responses to lethal pathogens that rapidly multiply and quickly overwhelm the immune system.
The convention on biological diversity: Implications for agriculture

Among other goals, the Convention on Biological Diversity addresses two controversies surrounding the international system of exchange of crop genetic resources (CGRs). One debate has been over the definition of property rights over CGRs and the distribution of benefits from their use. The second has been over the adequacy of incentives for conserving CGRs both in situ and ex situ. This paper examines how these two debates are linked and reviews previous multilateral attempts to resolve disputes over genetic resources. The scope for Convention provisions and proposed implementation strategies to resolve disputes and achieve stated goals are assessed. The Convention signals wider international acceptance of both intellectual property rights (IPRs) over biological inventions and the need for multilateral assistance for CGR preservation. There remains disagreement over how strict future IPRs should become, however, and current proposals to implement the Convention appear inadequate to achieve their stated objectives. Future controversies remain over four broad issues: (1) the breadth of IPR protection, including the future of research and farmer exemptions to patents, (2) control over operation of international seed banks, (3) the need for an international biosafety protocol regulating biotechnology testing and trade, and (4) how biodiversity conservation funds will b¢ raised and allocated.
Thick Dielectric Charging on High-Altitude Spacecraft,

Abstract Thick dielectric charging, in which energetic electrons embed within bulk dielectrics, building up to potentials in excess of the breakdown potential of the dielectric, is shown to be a causative factor in anomalous operation of high-altitude satellites. A table of maximum expected electron fluxes in various altitude orbits is presented. Consideration of these maximum fluxes and the fact that the energy associated with a bulk dielectric breakdown is small demonstrates that bulk charging can be eliminated as a spacecrafts problem through minimal shielding (400 mg/cm 2 ) of all cables and circuit boards otherwise exposed to the environment, and through desensitizing digital logic inputs which are serviced by cables.
Early Lunar Magnetism

It is uncertain whether the Moon ever formed a metallic core or generated a core dynamo. The lunar crust and returned samples are magnetized, but the source of this magnetization could be meteoroid impacts rather than a dynamo. Here, we report magnetic measurements and 40Ar/39Ar thermochronological calculations for the oldest known unshocked lunar rock, troctolite 76535. These data imply that there was a long-lived field on the Moon of at least 1 microtesla approximately 4.2 billion years ago. The early age, substantial intensity, and long lifetime of this field support the hypothesis of an ancient lunar core dynamo.
Optimal control of uncertain nonlinear systems using a neural network and RISE feedback

A sufficient condition to solve an optimal control problem is to solve the Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman (HJB) equation. However, finding a value function that satisfies the HJB equation for a nonlinear systems is challenging. Previous efforts have utilized feedback linearization methods which assume exact model knowledge, or have developed neural network (NN) approximations of the HJB value function. The current effort builds on our previous efforts to illustrate how a NN can be combined with a recent robust feedback method to asymptotically minimize a given quadratic performance index as the generalized coordinates of a nonlinear Euler-Lagrange system asymptotically track a desired time-varying trajectory despite general uncertainty in the dynamics. A Lyapunov analysis is provided to examine the stability of the developed optimal controller.
Study of Brain Anatomy with High Field MRI: Recent Progress

Recent developments in high-field magnetic resonance imaging technology have led to improved contrast and resolution and are opening up new possibilities for the study of human brain anatomy. In particular, techniques sensitized to magnetic susceptibility contrast provide particular advantages at high field that have allowed visualization of brain structures that have been difficult to detect with conventional technology. In this review, some of these developments and techniques will be discussed, and an attempt will be made to interpret magnetic susceptibility contrast based on recent studies.
An actively mode-locked, 10-GHz, single-polarization, picosecond erbium fiber laser

Summary form only given. We have developed an actively mode locked laser that utilizes intracavity nonlinear pulse compression to produce a completely filled pulse train with a pulse duration of 1.24 ps at repetition rates in excess of 10 GHz. The laser is driven by an external oscillator allowing it to be synchronized to a master clock in an optical-fiber communications system. The components of the laser are either polarization-maintaining (PM) or are birefringence-compensated, making the laser insensitive to environmentally induced birefringence variations.
Human development is linked to multiple water body impairments along the California coast

To elucidate relationships between land cover and water quality along the central California coast, we collected monthly samples from 14 coastal waterway outlets representing various degrees of human development. Sites were distributed between three salinity categories, freshwater, estuarine, and marine, to better understand land cover-water quality relationships across a range of coastal aquatic ecosystems. Samples were analyzed for fecal indicator bacteria (FIB), dissolved nutrients, stable nitrogen isotopes in particulate organic matter, and chlorophylla (chla). Sediment samples from 11 sites were analyzed for the concentration of the anthropogenic organic contaminant perfluorooctane sulfonate and its precursors (ΣPFOS). While the data indicated impairment by nutrient, microbial, and organic contaminants at both agricultural and urban sites, the percentage of agricultural land cover was the most robust indicator of impairment, showing significant correlations (p<0.05) to FIB, nutrient, chla, and ΣPFOS levels. FIB densities were strongly influenced by salinity and were highest at sites dominated by agriculture and urbanization. Nutrient levels and chla correlated to both agricultural and urban land use metrics as well. Positive correlations among FIB, nutrients, chla, and ΣPFOS suggest a synergy between microbial, nutrient, and organic pollution. The results emphasize the importance of land management in protecting coastal water bodies and human health, and identify nutrient, microbial, and organic pollution as prevalent problems in coastal California water bodies.
Studying Organizational Advocacy and Influence: Reexamining Interest Group Research

In Basic Interests: The Importance of Groups in Politics and in Political Science (1998), Frank Baumgartner and Beth Leech characterized a series of problems in the interest group research published between 1950 and 1995. In this article, we assess whether recent research has become more theoretically coherent, more attentive to context, and broader in both scope and topical focus, all of which are crucial to advancing the systematic study of interest groups and their policy-making activities. Overall, we observe more large-scale and longitudinal studies between 1996 and 2011 than Baumgartner & Leech observed between 1950 and 1995. This newer literature also is much more likely to focus on key issues for students of politics, and to give attention to the context in which organizations operate to affect public policy. However, we see minimal evidence that scholars addressing similar questions within the subfield are operating from one or a few shared theoretical frameworks.
Abdominal Mesh Sacrocolpopexy without Promontory Fixation: Initial Results of the Peritoneocolpopexy Technique

Purpose: We present our experience and early outcomes using a new technique for mesh anchorage during open sacrocolpopexy called peritoneocolpopexy.Materials and Methods: A prospective review of patients from an institutional review board approved sacrocolpopexy database who underwent mesh peritoneocolpopexy was performed. Data included complications, validated questionnaires, pelvic organ prolapse quantification examination and associated outcomes. After placement of a Marlex® mesh anteriorly and posteriorly to the vaginal apex, the tail of the mesh is positioned in a peritoneal groove extending toward the promontory. The mesh is secured to surrounding tissues (peritoneum and fat underneath) with 2 running 2-zero V-Loc™ 180 (unidirectional barbed delayed absorbable) sutures placed on either side of the mesh tail well below the promontory.Results: Fourteen patients were identified from our prospective database. Mean age and followup were 60.5 years (range 28 to 82) and 19.6 months (range 7 to 38.3), respe...
Integrated passive component technology education project

A Web-based course in integrated passive technology is proposed, aimed at both the industrial user who must access stand-alone topics and at the university student who wants a comprehensive graduate-level course for academic credit. A brief description is given on how such a course would be organized along with an outline of suggested course topics. The bulk of this paper goes into the details of some of these topics to demonstrate why they are valuable to the understanding of integrated passive technology and to show how they might be presented in the course.
Distributed decision fusion with a random-access channel for sensor network applications

The envisioned use of sensor networks for military and civilian applications calls for the deployment of a large number of sensors for extended periods over wide geographical areas. Due to energy and bandwidth constraints, most sensor fields would be "dormant," initiating communication only when a threat is detected. Many architectures under consideration call for compression of locally sensed data into binary "target/no target" decisions. These schemes use a common channel for communication between local detectors (LDs) and the decision fusion center (DFC) that integrates the multiple detector decisions. Unlike most parallel fusion schemes, which use a dedicated communication channel between every LD and the DFC, sensor fields would employ a single shared, time-slotted communication link for all LDs to transmit decisions to the DFC. In this paper, we introduce two window-based methods for managing traffic over this channel. The first allows simultaneous messages to collide. The DFC uses the statistics of the channel states (i.e., the numbers of successful transmissions, idle slots, and collisions during a specified time period) to make its global target/no target decision. The second method uses a simple collision resolution algorithm (CRA), similar to slotted-ALOHA, with dynamically updated retransmission probability. With this scheme, the DFC makes its decision based on data communicated successfully within a specified time window. Overall performance of the two approaches are presented and compared. Simple rules are developed for assessing the conditions under which each one is preferred.
Streamflow regulation and multi-level flood plain formation: channel narrowing on the aggrading Green River in the eastern Uinta Mountains, Colorado and Utah

Abstract The style and degree of channel narrowing in aggrading reaches downstream from large dams is dependent upon the dominant geomorphic processes of the affected river, the magnitude of streamflow regulation, and the post-dam sediment transport regime. We measured different magnitudes of channel adjustment on the Green River downstream from Flaming Gorge Dam, UT, USA, that are related to these three factors. Bankfull channel width decreased by an average of about 20% in the study area. In reaches with abundant debris fans and eddy deposited sand bars, the amount of channel narrowing was proportional to the decrease in specific stream power. The fan–eddy-dominated reach with the greatest decrease in stream power narrowed by 22% while the reach with the least decrease in stream power narrowed by 11%. In reaches with the same magnitude of peak flow reduction, meandering reaches narrowed by 15% to 22% and fan–eddy-dominated reaches narrowed by 11% to 12%. Specific stream power was not significantly affected by flow regulation in the meandering reaches. In the diverse array of reach characteristics and deposit types found in the study area, all pre- and post-dam deposits are part of a suite of topographic surfaces that includes a terrace that was inundated by rare pre-dam floods, an intermediate bench that was inundated by rare post-dam floods, and a post-dam floodplain that was inundated by the post-dam mean annual flood. Analysis of historical photographs and tree-ring dating of Tamarix sp. shows that the intermediate bench and post-dam floodplain are post-dam landforms in each reach type. Although these two surfaces occur at different levels, they are forming simultaneously during flows of different magnitude. And while the relative elevation and sedimentologic characteristics of the deposits differ between meandering reaches and reaches with abundant debris fans and eddies, both reach types contain deposits at all of these topographic levels. The process of channel narrowing varied between fan–eddy-dominated and meandering reaches. In the meandering reaches, where stream power has not changed, narrowing was accomplished by essentially the same depositional processes that operated prior to regulation. In fan–eddy-dominated reaches, where significant reductions in stream power have occurred, channel narrowing has been accompanied by a change in dominant depositional processes. Mid-channel sand deposits are aggrading on deposits that, in the pre-dam era, were active gravel bars. These deposits are creating new islands and decreasing the presence of open-framework gravel bars. In eddies, bare sand bars are replaced with vegetated bars that have a simpler topography than the pre-dam deposits.
Simple Question, Not So Simple Answer: Interpreting Interaction Terms in Moderated Multiple Regression

The appropriate interpretation of interaction terms in studies employing moderated multiple regression (MMR) analysis is considered. It is argued that given a theory-based, a priori hypothesis, an MMR analysis is analogous to a planned statistical comparison and, thus, a significant overall F value is not a prerequisite for interpreting a significant interaction term.
The phenotype and frequency of f. medionigra of Panaxia dominula L. (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) at Cothill, Oxfordshire, England, 1988-1991

New research at Cothill Fen and examination of E. B. Ford's field note-books have revealed much evidence of great variation in the expression of the medionigra form of Panaxia dominula L. Over the years there is a high probability that individual insects have been misclassified. While this casts doubts on the accuracy of the published frequencies of the medionigra form and hence of the medionigra allele, it seems unlikely that the errors will have any serious effect on the interpretations and principles of ecological genetics that the long-term study has revealed. It is clear that both the fore- and hindwings must be examined before a judgement can be made about the phenotype of any individual moth. The new work shows that the medionigra form remains at a low frequency at Cothill. The colony is flourishing, the population size in 1991 being the largest ever recorded.
A highly conductive, non-flammable polymer–nanoparticle hybrid electrolyte

We report on the physical properties of lithium-ion conducting nanoparticle–polymer hybrid electrolytes created by dispersing bidisperse mixtures of polyethylene glycol (PEG)-functionalized silica nanoparticles in an aprotic liquid host. At high particle contents, we find that the ionic conductivity is a non-monotonic function of the fraction of larger particles xL in the mixtures, and that for the nearly symmetric case xL ≈ 0.5 (i.e. equal volume fraction of small and large particles), the room temperature ionic conductivity is nearly ten-times larger than in similar nanoparticle hybrid electrolytes comprised of the pure small (xL ≈ 0) or large (xL ≈ 1) particle components. Complementary trends are seen in the activation energy for ion migration and effective tortuosity of the electrolytes, which both exhibit minima near xL ≈ 0.5. Characterization of the electrolytes by dynamic rheology reveals that the maximum conductivity coincides with a distinct transition in soft glassy properties from a jammed to partially jammed and back to jammed state, as the fraction of large particles is increased from 0 to 1. This finding implies that the conductivity enhancement arises from purely entropic loss of correlation between nanoparticle centers arising from particle size dispersity. As a consequence of these physics, it is now possible to create hybrid electrolytes with MPa elastic moduli and mS cm−1 ionic conductivity levels at room temperature using common aprotic liquid media as the electrolyte solvent. Remarkably, we also find that even in highly flammable liquid media, the bidisperse nanoparticle hybrid electrolytes can be formulated to exhibit low or no flammability without compromising their favorable room temperature ionic conductivity and mechanical properties.
Treatment of Refractory Status Epilepticus: Literature Review and a Proposed Protocol

Refractory status epilepticus describes continuing seizures despite adequate initial pharmacologic treatment. This situation is common in children, but few data are available to guide management. We review the literature related to the pharmacologic treatment and overall management of refractory status epilepticus, including midazolam, pentobarbital, phenobarbital, propofol, inhaled anesthetics, ketamine, valproic acid, topiramate, levetiracetam, pyridoxine, corticosteroids, the ketogenic diet, and electroconvulsive therapy. Based on the available data, we present a sample treatment algorithm that emphasizes the need for rapid therapeutic intervention, employs consecutive medications with different mechanisms of action, and attempts to minimize the risk of hypotension. The initial steps suggest using benzodiazepines and phenytoin. Second steps suggest using levetiracetam or valproic acid, which exert few hemodynamic adverse effects and have multiple mechanisms of action. Additional management strategies that could be employed in tertiary-care settings, such as coma induction guided by continuous electroencephalogram monitoring and surgical options, are also discussed.
Prospects for Organization Theory in the Early Twenty-First Century: Institutional Fields and Mechanisms

This paper argues that research in organization theory has seen a shift in orientation from paradigm-driven work to problem-driven work since the late 1980s. A number of paradigms for the study of organizations were elaborated during the mid-1970s, including transaction cost economics, resource dependence theory, organizational ecology, new institutional theory, and agency theory in financial economics. These approaches reflected the dominant trends of the large corporations of their time: increasing concentration, diversification, and bureaucratization. However, subsequent shifts in organizational boundaries, the increased use of alliances and network forms, and the expanding role of financial markets in shaping organizational decision making all make normal science driven by the internally derived questions from these paradigms less fruitful. Instead, we argue that problem-driven work that uses mechanism-based theorizing and research that takes the field rather than the organization as the unit of analysis are the most appropriate styles of organizational research under conditions of major economic change-such as our own era. This sort of work is best exemplified by various studies under the rubric of institutional theory in the past 15 years, which are reviewed here.
Therapeutic Efficacy of a Combination of a β1-Adrenoreceptor (AR) Blocker and β2-AR Agonist in a Rat Model of Postmyocardial Infarction Dilated Heart Failure Exceeds That of a β1-AR Blocker plus Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor

We had proposed previously a novel combination of β2-adrenoreceptor (AR) agonist and β1-AR blocker that in the rat model of postmyocardial infarction (MI) dilated cardiomyopathy exceeds the therapeutic effectiveness of either monotherapy. In the present study, we compared that treatment with a combination of β1-AR blocker and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEi), a current standard chronic heart failure (CHF) therapy. Two weeks after coronary artery ligation, rats were divided into groups of similar average MI size, measured by echocardiography, and the following 12-month treatments were initiated: fenoterol (250 μg/kg/day), a β2-AR agonist, plus metoprolol (100 mg/kg/day), a β1-AR blocker (β1-β2+); metoprolol plus enalapril (20 mg/kg/day), an ACEi (β1-ACEi); and a combination of all three drugs (β1-β2+ACEi). These treatment groups were compared with each other and with nontreated (nT) and sham groups. The 12-month mortality was significantly reduced in all treatment groups (44% in β1-β2+, 56% in β1-β2+ACEi, 59% in β1-ACEi versus 81% in nT). Bimonthly echocardiography revealed significant attenuation of the left ventricular (LV) chamber remodeling, LV functional deterioration, and MI expansion in all three treatment groups, but effects were significantly more pronounced when treatment included a β2-AR agonist. The results indicated that a combination of β1-AR blocker and β2-AR agonist is equipotent to a combination of β1-AR blocker and ACEi in the treatment of CHF in rats, with the respect to mortality, and exceeds the latter with respect to cardiac remodeling and MI expansion. Thus, this novel therapeutic regimen for CHF warrants detailed clinical investigation.
Correlates of Emergency Room Utilization in the First Year of Life

We conducted a case-control study to examine the correlates of emergency room use in the first year of life, particularly the role of parental health beliefs, among the families of inner-city children enrolled in a hospital-based primary care program. Data were collected by structured interviews and by medical record review. Emergency room users were more likely to have single mothers and to have acute, recurrent medical conditions than were non-users. Health beliefs differed between groups by maternal report of worry about the kinds of illnesses that her child acquires. Emergency room use was predicted by: maternal marital status, maternal worry and concern that illness interferes with her child's activity, acute recurrent illnesses, hospitalization. This model may be applicable to other populations in designing intervention strategies to modify emergency room utilization.
A Methodology for Analyzing Case Retrieval from a Clustered Case Memory

Case retrieval from a clustered case memory consists in finding out the clusters most similar to the new input case, and then retrieving the cases from them. Although the computational time is improved, the accuracy rate may be degraded if the clusters are not representative enough due to data geometry. This paper proposes a methodology for allowing the expert to analyze the case retrieval strategies from a clustered case memory according to the required computational time improvement and the maximum accuracy reduction accepted. The mechanisms used to assess the data geometry are the complexity measures. This methodology is successfully tested on a case memory organized by a Self-Organization Map.
Autophagy in Cell Life and Cell Death

Macroautophagy (hereafter referred to as autophagy) is a process used by the cell to deliver cytoplasmic components to the lysosome for degradation. Autophagy is most often associated with cell survival, as it provides cells with molecular building blocks during periods of nutrient deprivation and also aids in the elimination of damaged organelles and protein aggregates. However, autophagy has also been implicated in cell death. Here, we review what is known about autophagy, its regulation, its role both in cell life and cell death, and what is known about autophagic cell death in vivo.
Public or private entrepreneurship? Revisiting motivations and definitions of success among academic entrepreneurs

The choice of university faculty to engage in academic entrepreneurship—the establishment and management of a university spinoff company—is a critical component of university economic development efforts. Replicating Hayter (J Technol Transf 36:340–352, 2011), this study investigates motivations and definitions of success among academic entrepreneurs, how they evolve, and why. The results show that academic entrepreneurs are motivated by a number of distinct, yet interrelated reasons and that spinoffs are viewed as a vehicle to pursue SBIR awards and consulting opportunities that can, in turn, enhance their traditional academic teaching and research responsibilities. Several academic entrepreneurs have enjoyed commercialization success yet, as a group, near-term commercialization goals and financial motivations have become relatively less important. While these findings have important implications for policy, they also signal a new conceptualization of university spinoffs as a low-growth contract research firm and provide empirical support for the emerging theory of public entrepreneurship.