cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The role of discriminative stimuli in modulating drug action

Behavior reinforced in the presence of a stimulus comes under the control of the stimulus. A drug can then modify that control and, therefore, modify the behavior itself. Studies over the past 2 decades have shown that the nature of the controlling (or discriminative) stimulus can govern the degree to which drugs change performance. These experiments usually have compared behavior on various schedules of reinforcement with and without added discriminative stimuli. For instance, pigeons that had been trained on a fixed-interval schedule showed great changes in response distribution after amphetamine and scopolamine. The same birds, when performing on a fixed-interval schedule to which time-correlated discriminative stimuli had been added, showed smaller changes in response distribution. Other pigeons were trained to make a minimum number of consecutive responses on one key before a peck on a second key would be reinforced; d-amphetamine and scopolamine led to pronounced increases in premature switching. Adding a discriminative stimulus when the response requirement was fulfilled increased the likelihood that a switch would occur only after the appropriate number of pecks had been emitted. It also attenuated the effects of the drugs. The presence of discriminative stimuli did not make as large a difference in performance in either of these experiments when chlorpromazine and promazine were studied. In general, work with other schedules of reinforcement supports the conclusion that behavior under strong external stimulus control is less apt to be readily affected by many drugs. Addition of the discriminative stimulus can also “improve” the behavior of pigeons that have been given enough methylmercury to increase greatly the variability of their performance. — Laties, V. G. The role of discriminative stimuli in modulating drug action. Federation Proc. 34: 1880–1888, 1975.
White matter intercompartmental water exchange rates determined from detailed modeling of the myelin sheath.

Purpose Magnetization exchange (ME) between hydrogen protons of water and large molecules (semisolids [SS]) in lipid bilayers is an important factor in MRI signal generation and can be exploited to study white matter pathology. Current models used to quantify ME in white matter generally consider water to reside in 1 or 2 distinct compartments, ignoring the complexities of the myelin sheath's multicompartment structure of alternating myelin SS and myelin water (MW) layers. Here, we investigated the effect of this by fitting ME data obtained from human brain at 7 T with a multilayer model of myelin. Methods A multi-echo acquisition for a T2 * -based separation of MW from other water signals was combined with various preparation pulses to change the (relative) state of the SS and water pools and analyzed by fitting with a multilayer exchange model. Results The estimated lifetime within a single MW layer was 260 µs, corresponding to a lipid bilayer permeability of 6.7 µm/s. The magnetization lifetime of the aggregate of all MW was estimated at 13 ms, shorter than previously reported values in the range of 40 to 140 ms. Conclusion Contrary to expectations and previous reports, ME between protons in myelin SS and water is not limited by the myelin sheath but rather by the exchange between SS and water protons. The analysis of ME contrast should account for the relatively short MW lifetime and affects the interpretation of tissue compartmentalization from MRI contrasts such as T1 - and diffusion-weighting.
Central Asia and Middle East

This chapter illustrates the explanatory power of our theory expounded on in Chapters 2 and 3. It explains the proliferation of corruption, illicit trafficking, and terrorism in Central Asia and the Middle East. Beginning in Afghanistan, narcotics trafficking spreads through corruption as traffickers attempt to get their goods to market. Culture plays an important role in the spread of corruption, and this chapter takes time to illustrate this, especially in the Middle East. Thus, dealing with corruption increases in complexity, given the embedded normative system of the region.
An Examination of Aggressive Beliefs and Attitudes in Relation to Political Affiliation and Candidate Endorsement in the United States

AbstractSocial cognition provides insight into why Americans are largely divided with strong partisan rifts. The purpose of this set of studies was to examine social cognitive forms of aggression i...
Infrared Electric-Field Sampled Frequency Comb Spectroscopy

Molecular spectroscopy in the mid-infrared (MIR) portion of the electromagnetic spectrum (3–25μm) has been a cornerstone analytical technique widely adapted across the biological, chemical, and physical sciences. Applications range from understanding mesoscale trends in climate science via atmospheric monitoring to microscopic investigations of cellular biological systems via protein characterization. And despite the steady progress of more than 50 years of laser-based research, it is remarkable that the most widely used spectroscopic tool in this spectral region continues to be the Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, consisting of a thermal light source and mechanically-scanned Michelson interferometer.
Characterizing Point Spread Function (PSF) fluctuations to improve Resident Space Object detection (RSO)

This research paper deals with methods for improving the performance of Electro-optical detection systems designed to find Resident Space Objects (RSOs). Some methods for detecting RSOs rely on accurate knowledge of the system Point Spread Function (PSF). The PSF is a function of the telescope optics, the atmosphere, and other factors including object intensity and noise present in the system. Due to the random photon arrival times, any observed data will contain Poisson noise. Assuming that other noise sources such as dark current and readout noise do not contribute significantly, the final source of intensity fluctuations in the data is the atmosphere. To quantify these fluctuations, an optical model of a telescope system is developed, and its PSF is simulated. In a long exposure image, the effects of the atmosphere are well characterized with the long exposure atmosphere Optical Transfer Function (OTF). In contrast, a short exposure image does not average the fluctuations as effectively. To model the atmosphere, random phase screens with Kolmogorov statistics are added to the optical model to observe PSF fluctuations in short exposure telescope data. The distribution of the peak intensity is analyzed for varying exposure times and atmospheric turbulence strengths. This distribution is combined with the Poisson random arrival times of photons to create a combined model for received data, which is then used to design a new detection algorithm. The performance of the new space object detection algorithm will be compared to a traditional algorithm using simulated telescope data.
Schools for democracy? The relationship between nonprofit volunteering and direct public participation

This article explores the effects of volunteering in nonprofit organizations on direct forms of public participation, such as attending public meetings, signing petitions, and protesting. The paper...
Bragg-grating-enhanced narrowband spontaneous parametric downconversion

We propose a new method to narrow the line width of entangled photons generated from spontaneous parametric downconversion (SPDC). The single structure device incorporates an internal Bragg grating onto a nonlinear optical waveguide. We study theoretically the spectral characteristics of SPDC under two Bragg grating structures. We show that using the Bragg grating with a midway π-phase shifter, it is a promising way to generate narrow-line (~GHz to sub-GHz) entangled photons.
Unique Circulating MicroRNA Associations with Dysglycemia in People Living with HIV and Alcohol Use.

People living with HIV (PLWH) have increased prevalence of comorbid conditions including insulin resistance and at-risk alcohol use. Circulating microRNAs (miRs) may serve as minimally invasive indicators of pathophysiological states. We aimed to identify whether alcohol modulates circulating miR associations with measures of glucose/insulin dynamics in PLWH. PLWH (N=96; 69.8% male) enrolled in the Alcohol & Metabolic Comorbidities in PLWH: Evidence-Driven Interventions (ALIVE-Ex) study were stratified into negative phosphatidylethanol (PEth<8ng/ml, N=42) and positive PEth (PEth≥8ng/ml, N=54) groups. An oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was administered, and total RNA was isolated from fasting plasma to determine absolute miR expression. Circulating miRs were selected based on their role in skeletal muscle (miR-133a, miR-206), pancreatic β-cell (miR-375), liver (miR-20a), and adipose tissue (miR-let-7b, miR-146a, miR-221) function. Correlation and multiple regression analyses between miR expression and adiponectin, 2h glucose, insulin, and C-peptide values were performed adjusting for BMI category, age, sex, and viral load. miR-133a was negatively associated with adiponectin (p=0.002) in the negative PEth group, and miR-20a was positively associated with 2h glucose (p=0.013) in the positive PEth group. Regression analyses combining miRs demonstrated that miR-133a (p<0.001) and miR-221 (p=0.010) together predicted adiponectin in the negative PEth group. miR-20a (p<0.001) and miR-375 (p=0.002) together predicted 2h glucose in the positive PEth group. Our results indicate that associations between miRs and measures of glucose/insulin dynamics differed between PEth groups suggesting that the pathophysiological mechanisms contributing to altered glucose homeostasis in PLWH are potentially modulated by alcohol use.
A Review of: Developmental Juvenile Osteology

It is hard to imagine that anyone can or will produce a more comprehensive or useful treatment of juvenile osteology than the one presented in this book. It is lengthy, heavy and expensive, but every page is full of information that will be useful to anyone engaged in skeletal research and teaching. For forensic anthropologists and bioarchaeologists confronted with the skeletal remains of children, it will be the definitive reference for years to come. Here is why. The first four chapters outline the general features of skeletal development, bone development, and embryology. The following seven chapters deal with anatomical regions: head, neck and dentition; vertebral column; thorax; the pectoral girdle; upper limb; pelvic girdle; and lower limb. Each chapter has a detailed anatomical and embryological description, practical notes about siding and possible sources of confusion in identification, measurements by age and a morphological summary.
Media Influence on Learning: Examining the Role of Preconceptions

Research exploring the relationship between media use and learning has typically followed two distinct, though parallel, paths. The first has dealt with in-school media use and has been designed to test direct learning effects resulting from exposure to specific, curriculum-based media content (for review see Clark, 1983; Jamison, Suppes, & Welles, 1974). A traditional in-school media use study might pose the question: Do students learn more about a particular topic from a televised presentation on the subject or from a textbook explanation? These studies address the issue of instructional effectiveness, that is, student learning, usually from a media comparison perspective. The second path of research on media use and learning has examined the influence of out-of-school media use. Rather than assessing curriculum-based learning effects, this research tradition has focused on the generalized effects of media use on educational achievement applying a displacement model (for review, see Hornik, 1981; Morgan & Gross, 1982). For example, the original studies of out-of-school media influence (Himmelweit, Oppenheim, & Vince, 1958; Schramm, Lyle, & Parker, 1961) posed such questions as: What education-oriented activities are displaced by the
METABOLIC ASPECTS OF IDIOPATHIC RESPIRATORY DISTRESS (HYALINE MEMBRANE SYNDROME) IN NEWBORN INFANTS

Measurements of the concentration of nitrogen, potassium and sodium in the blood, and the excretion of these substances in the urine, were made in several groups of newborn infants with and without respiratory distress, presumably caused by the hyaline membrane syndrome. Measurements of hematocrit value, protein in serum, and creatinine in urine were simultaneously obtained from most of the infants. Mean values for excretion of sodium, potassium and nitrogen in the premature infants and infants of diabetic mothers were all increased, as compared with those of term infants of mothers without diabetes. These tendencies were especially marked in those premature infants or diabetic mothers9 infants who had respiratory distress. Mean values for nonprotein nitrogen and potassium in plasma were relatively elevated in the blood of premature infants and infants of diabetic mothers and still further elevated if such infants had respiratory distress, but they were highest in a small group of especially premature infants (29 to 32 weeks) who had no distress. Excretion of nitrogen in urine tended to increase in the second 24 hours after birth, whereas concentrations of nitrogen in blood and potassium in plasma were decreasing at that time. It is believed that a pattern of metabolism which includes excessive tissue destruction, shift of water from cells to extracellular space, hyparkalemia, and excessive excretion of sodium, occurs during the first 48 hours postnatally in infants with respiratory distress. However, the same phenomena may occur to a lesser extent in premature infants or infants of diabetic mothers, without distress, and may occur to an even greater degree in extreme prematurity alone. Probably the shifts of body water occasioned by this metabolic disturbance are not the cause of the distress, and they may occur without distress. Interesting similarities occur between the chemical events in these infants and those in newborn animals subjected to stress (as by exposure to cold) or human adults during and after anesthesia and surgery. Oral or intravenous glucose administration in the second 12 hours after birth did not prevent hyperkalemia in infants who received this early caloric intake, though some reduction of body tissue consumption may have occurred when glucose was thus given.
DNA Repair and Simple Recombination

All organisms and some viruses have their own mechanisms for maintaining the integrity of their nucleic acid (i.e., for repairing any damage). Nevertheless, most organisms can undergo some sort of genetic transfer or exchange process(es). The two mechanisms may seem antithetical because recombination, the movement of genetic information from one molecule of nucleic acid to another, implies that a nucleic acid molecule loses its integrity and undergoes some kind of structural alteration. However, as is discussed in this chapter, one way to view the recombination process is that it has appropriated the essential DNA repair processes for a function in which the potential for damage to the genetic information contained in a nucleic acid molecule is outweighed by the potential benefit to be derived from new genetic information. Viewed in this way, the genetic transfer processes that are discussed in subsequent chapters are really afterthoughts that trigger preexisting repair pathways to accomplish DNA recombination.
Stability analysis of parallel DC-DC converters using a nonlinear approach

The authors develop analytic methodologies for stability analysis of a parallel DC-DC converter using its switching model, discrete model (based on nonlinear map) and averaged model. They use these methodologies to investigate the dynamics of an interleaved and a synchronized parallel DC-DC buck converter. Using the switching and discrete models they show the mechanism and boundaries of fast-scale and slow-scale instabilities. They show the difference in mechanism of fast-scale instability between the interleaved and a synchronized converter. The averaged model does not show this difference. It also differs considerably (from the other two models) in prediction of instability boundaries.
Increase in Circulating SDF-1 after Treatment with Sulfated Glycans

: SDF-1 is a potent chemoattractant for mature white blood cells and hemopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HPCs). An important role for this chemo-kine in mobilization has been postulated, but in vivo studies directly addressing its effects are lacking. After one injection of fucan sulfate (FucS) or dextran sulfate, plasma levels of SDF-1 are greatly increased in mice or primates. Increases are dose-dependent and correlate with mobilization of HPCs. Elevated levels of circulating SDF-1 appear to be uniquely associated with this treatment, as it was not seen with cytokine or anti-integrin antibody treatments that induce mobilization. In vitro, these sulfated glycans specifically bind to SDF-1 and inhibit SDF-1/heparin binding, suggesting a mechanism of release from sequestration on heparan sulfate proteoglycans in vivo. Although other chemokines including IL8 and cytokines like G-CSF also increase, evidence in GCSFR-deficient mice suggests that at least these two factors are unlikely participants in FucS-induced mobilization. Likewise, although the activity of the metalloprotease MMP9 increases after FucS treatment, experiments in MMP9−/− mice indicate its presence is dispensable for mobilization or SDF-1 release. However, effects of other proteases cannot be ruled out by these experiments. Finally, anti-SDF-1 antibodies partially inhibit FucS-induced mobilization, supporting a causative relationship. Our data offer a unique insight into the mechanism of sulfated glycan-induced mobilization and suggest a novel way of disturbing SDF-1 gradients between bone marrow and peripheral blood.
Evaluating the Technical Quality of Educational Tests Used for High-Stakes Decisions.

Tests are used for making decisions about students, including decisions about promotion, in-grade retention, and high school graduation. This article provides criteria for evaluating the technical ...
The impact of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder on recovery from mild traumatic brain injury.

Object. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and traumatic brain injury (TBI) are significant independent public health concerns in the pediatric population. This study explores the impact of a premorbid diagnosis of ADHD on outcome following mild TBI. Methods. The charts of all patients with a diagnosis of mild closed head injury (CHI) and ADHD who were admitted to Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh between January 2003 and December 2010 were retrospectively reviewed after institutional review board approval was granted. Patient demographics, initial Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score, hospital course, and King’s Outcome Scale for Childhood Head Injury (KOSCHI) score were recorded. The results were compared with a sample of age-matched controls admitted with a diagnosis of CHI without ADHD. Results. Forty-eight patients with mild CHI and ADHD, and 45 patients with mild CHI without ADHD were included in the statistical analysis. Mild TBI due to CHI was defined as an initial GCS score of 13–15. The ADHD group had a mean age of 12.2 years (range 6–17 years), and the control group had a mean age of 11.14 years (range 5–16 years). For patients with mild TBI who had ADHD, 25% were moderately disabled (KOSCHI Score 4b), and 56% had completely recovered (KOSCHI Score 5b) at follow-up. For patients with mild TBI without ADHD, 2% were moderately disabled and 84% had completely recovered at follow-up (p < 0.01). Patients with ADHD were statistically significantly more disabled after mild TBI than were control patients without ADHD, even when controlling for age, sex, initial GCS score, hospital length of stay, length of follow-up, mechanism of injury, and presence of other (extracranial) injury. Conclusions. Patients who sustain mild TBIs in the setting of a premorbid diagnosis of ADHD are more likely to be moderately disabled by the injury than are patients without ADHD.
DETERMINATION OF PLASMA ION TEMPERATURES BY ANALYSIS OF CHARGE-EXCHANGE NEUTRALS

SUMMARY We discuss the principles and techniques by which analysis of the fast neutrals produced by charge exchange in the plasma volume can be used to determine the plasma ion temperature. The fast neutral flux emerging from the plasma interior declines sharply with increasing density and minor radius due to both a drop in the neutral density within the plasma interior as well as attenuation of the outgoing flux. Methods for artificially enhancing the neutral density with spatial resolution adequate for ion temperature profile measurements are considered. Neutral beam heating experiments have necessitated fast neutral measuring systems containing both momentum and energy analysis in order to distinguish the thermal plasma from the slowing down distribution of beam particles. This has enabled measurements on PLT of the thermal species, e.g., D+, to be extended into the energy range where the beam particles H+ are orders of magnitude more abundant.
Where has all the foreign investment gone in Russia

Not only does Russia have a poor record of attracting foreign direct investment (FDI) since the advent of reform in the early 1990s, but well over half of the investment it does attract goes to four regions in the western part of the country. Overcoming this skewed distribution of FDI - undoubtedly a factor in the country's uneven regional economic development - is essential for furthering Russia's growth and transition to a market economy. Factors associated with market size, infrastructure development, and the policy environment seem to explain much of the observed variation in FDI flows to regions in Russia. Since its transition to a market economy began, Russia has not attracted much foreign direct investment (FDI). Inflows of FDI into Russia are much lower than those into other transition countries in the region, adjusted for population size and similar measures. Clearly, if Russia is to grow it must increase the level of FDI inflows, which is why a good deal of policy attention has focused on the problem. Equally important for achieving sustainable growth in such a large, heterogeneous economy is learning how to make the spatial distribution of FDI within Russia more even. Inflows are strikingly skewed. Close to 60 percent of FDI goes to four regions in the western part of the country - Moscow City, Moscow oblast, St. Petersburg, and Leningrad oblast - which account for only 22 percent of Russia's gross national product and only 13 percent of Russia's population. Only two of the other 85 regions account for more than 2.5 percent of the country's FDI and most account for much less. Surprisingly, neither policymakers nor observers and analysts have paid much attention to diagnosing the reason for this imbalance in FDI's distribution. Broadman and Recanatini try to empirically unbundle the determinants of FDI's regional distribution within Russia. They find that factors associated with market size, infrastructure development, and the policy environment seem to explain much of the observed variation in FDI flows to regions in Russia. Moreover, the explanatory power of the model that best explains cross-regional variation in FDI flows from 1995 to 1998 changes significantly after the 1998 default and ruble devaluation - suggesting the possibility of a "structural change" in the determinants of FDI after the 1998 crisis. This paper - a product of the Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Sector Unit, Europe and Central Asia Region - is part of a larger effort in the region to study structural reforms in the Russian Federation. The authors may be contacted at hbroadman@worldbank.org or frecanatini@worldbank.org.
Magnetic resonance imaging of papillary renal cell carcinoma

The authors report magnetic resonance (MR) studies in a case of papillary renal cell carcinoma. The preoperative ultrasound and computed tomographic scans suggested either a hemorrhagic cyst or a carcinoma, but the angiogram demonstrated avascularity. The magnetic resonance scan was more consistent with carcinoma than complicated cyst. We report the MR findings with pathologic correlation.
Gassy sediment occurrence and properties: Northern Gulf of Mexico

Free gas is ubiquitous at shallow sediment depths of the northern margin of the Gulf of Mexico. Gassy sediment patches are between 250 and 500 m in horizontal size. Often the gassy layers are within 100 m from the sea floor and are only a few meters thick. Both biogenic and thermogenic gas hydrates have been recovered. Stability values of temperature and pressure indicate that hydrates can exist in water depths less than 500 m. Gassy sediment geoacoustic parameter values are not well constrained because of a lack of concurrent measurements of acoustic properties and sediment gas content. For Gulf of Mexico gassy sediment, some reportedin situ values of sound speed are reduced by an order of magnitude below values for water saturated sediments. More commonly, sound speed is reduced from water saturated sediment values by only 15 to 50 percent.
Suppression of irradiation hardening in nanoscale V/Ag multilayers

Abstract Nanoindentation was used to measure hardness before and after room temperature He ion implantation on sputter-deposited V/Ag multilayers of different layer thickness as well as pure Ag and V. The radiation-induced hardening was found to decrease with decreasing individual layer thickness. No change in hardness after implantation was measured in multilayers with a layer thickness of less than 10 nm, which is of the order of the average spacing of He bubbles. The pure V films exhibit significant hardening due to a dense distribution of 0.8 nm diameter He bubbles, but in the nanocrystalline pure Ag films bubbles grow to a diameter of approximately 20 nm and become ineffective in causing hardening. A model describing layer-thickness-dependent radiation hardening in multilayers was developed by extending the Friedel model to take into account the layer thickness and the He bubble spacing.
Use of digital fluoroscopy as an online verification device in radiation therapy

The author has applied digital fluoroscopy technology to the radiation therapy environment, and developed a real-time fluorescent dosemeter (RFD). His aim was to utilise this system as an online treatment verification device. He has found that the system behaves basically as a large array (512*512) of dosemeters. Using this device, instantaneous information about the actual treatment beam can be obtained simultaneously with the commencement of irradiation. As an array of dosemeters, it provides a detailed description of the dose distribution (exit dose) throughout the treatment. Furthermore, by applying image enhancement techniques to this measured information, good quality portal images are produced instantaneously and continuously during the entire irradiation for visual evaluation. The availability of this system should lead to improvements in precision in present dose delivery procedures.
Propagation modeling in two transverse dimensions of the National Ignition Facility baseline performance

The performance of the NIF baseline design has been modeled in two transverse dimensions using the Fourier optics code PROP92 and the nonlinear harmonic conversion code THG4DO1. The results obtained are in good agreement with those of the ID versions of these codes which were used during the design optimization, yielding good confidence that a near- optimal design has been chosen. We project that this design is able to fulfill NIF`s three major mission specifications without component damage. Further modeling, including the effects of air- path turbulence, quasi-static thermal deformations, SSD, and sensitivity to misalignment and component tolerances is ongoing.
The Relationship of Thiamine to the Alt Locus of Pisum sativum L.

Summary After producing 4 to 6 normal nodes, the alt mutant of Pisum sativum L. developed chlorosis of the young leaves and apical growth ceased. Thiamine applications stimulated renewed apical growth, normal chlorophyll content, and production of viable seed. Seed recovered from thiamine-treated parents grew normally and in turn set seed. The second generation, untreated seed produced seedlings that developed symptoms characteristic of alt . Extracts of Alt seed also normalized alt , and biological activity co-chromatographed with thiamine in two HPLC systems. Tests of thiamine precursors revealed that the pyrimidine moiety normalized alt , whereas the thiazole moiety did not. The distribution and metabolism of [ 14 C]thiamine in Alt and alt were consistent with thiamine deficiency in the mutant. We concluded that alt allele blocks biosynthesis of the pyrimidine moiety. Large capacity for storage of maternal thiamine seems to account for many of the symptoms and experimental observations described.
Proteolytic characterization of Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus strains by the o-phthaldialdehyde test and amino acid analysis

Abstract The o -phthaldialdehyde test and amino acid analysis were used to characterize proteolysis of milk proteins during growth of Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus . Thirty-four strains were incubated in sterile 10% NDM for 12h. Extent of proteolysis as estimated by the o -phthaldialdehyde test revealed a large variance in total proteolysis. For seven strains, trichloroacetic acid filtrates of inoculated 10% NDM were analyzed by classical ion-exchange amino acid analysis. Each strain had a distinct pattern of individual amino acid concentrations. Amino acid profiles provided information about the proteolytic activity of these strains that was not available from the o -phthaldialdehyde test. Cluster analysis, based on amino acid profiles of each strain, differentiated the seven strains beyond what was possible by visual comparison of the amino acid analysis results.
Effect of proteolipid protein on central nervous system myelin membrane fluidity.

Abstract The effect which intrinsic (proteolipid) protein has on fluidity of central nervous system myelin membrane was measured through differences in temperature-dependent anisotropy of the lipid-soluble fluorescence probe, 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH), in multilamellar vesicles (MLV) prepared from total myelin lipids in the presence and absence of proteolipid protein. Very little difference was observed in the anisotropies of DPH incorporated into intact myelin membrane vesicles compared with MLV reconstituted from total myelin lipid plus proteolipid protein but excluding myelin basic protein. In contrast, a significant decrease ( P
The Cold War and the international political economy in the 1970s

This article reviews the scholarly literature on the international political economy (IPE) in the 1970s and considers the connections between the Cold War and the transformations of the liberal (or capitalist) international political economy. It presents the 1970s as a transitional decade that brought the ascent of globalisation and financial deregulation, the reorientation of advanced capitalist economies towards services and post-industrial production, and the end of the extensive growth patterns of the 1950s and 1960s. While the liberal IPE underwent dramatic changes during the 1970s, the Communist bloc experienced diminished rates of growth but not the kinds of dramatic economic restructuring that occurred in the West. These developments in the 1970s prefigured the Cold War's resolution in the 1980s. Situated in comparative context, the transformations of the liberal world economy during the 1970s exposed – and in some ways exacerbated – the relative backwardness of the Soviet Union's command economy,...
ANALYSIS OF MULTITRAIT-MULTIMETHOD MATRICES: A TWO STEP PRINCIPAL COMPONENTS PROCEDURE.

A relatively simple technique for .assessing the convergence of sets of variables across method domains is presented. The technique, two-step principal components analysis, empirically orthogonalizes each method domain into sets of components, and then analyzes convergence among components across domains. The proposed technique is directly compared with Jackson's (1969) multi-method factor analysis (which involves an a priori orthogonalization) in the analysis of data from personality, vocational interest and aptitude domains. While Jackson's technique focuses on individual variables, and the two-step procedure focuses on the components of variable domains, both techniques produced evidence of cross-domain convergence. However, Jackson's method was found t o have several undesirable mathematical and interpretational consequences, while the two-step procedure appears to be a promising technique for the systematic, empirical analysis of multitrait-multimethod matrices.
The BI-RADS Breast Magnetic Resonance Imaging Lexicon

The Breast Magnetic Resonance Imaging Lexicon was designed to standardize interpretation and reporting of breast magnetic resonance (MR) imaging findings, ultimately improving communication between radiologists and clinicians and facilitating patient care. The lexicon includes 3 lesion types: mass, focus, and non-masslike enhancement. The mass category is analogous to the mass category in the mammography lexicon. Non-masslike enhancement is comparable with calcifications in the mammography lexicon. Unique to the MR lexicon is description of lesion enhancement. In addition, description of background enhancement allows assessment and communication of the sensitivity of the study. The Breast MR Imaging Lexicon is reviewed and images provided to illustrate these descriptor terminologies.
Decision‐making capabilities of a hybrid system applied to the auditor's going‐concern assessment

The purpose of this study is to evaluate a hybrid system as a decision support model to assist with the auditor's going-concern assessment. The going-concern assessment is often an unstructured decision that involves the use of both qualitative and quantitative information. An expert system that predicts the going-concern decision has been developed in consultation with partners at three of the Big Five accounting firms. This system is combined with a statistical model that predicts bankruptcy, as a component of the auditor's decision, to form a hybrid system. The hybrid system, because it combines the use of quantitative and qualitative information, has the potential for better prediction accuracy than either the expert system or statistical model predicting separately. In addition, testing of the system provides some insight into the characteristics of firms that experience problems, but do not necessarily receive a going-concern modification. Further investigation into those firms that have problems could reveal factors that may be incorporated into decision support systems for auditors, in order to improve accuracy and reliability of these decision tools. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An efficient high-order algorithm for acoustic scattering from penetrable thin structures in three dimensions.

This paper presents a high-order accelerated algorithm for the solution of the integral-equation formulation of volumetric scattering problems. The scheme is particularly well suited to the analysis of “thin” structures as they arise in certain applications (e.g., material coatings); in addition, it is also designed to be used in conjunction with existing low-order FFT-based codes to upgrade their order of accuracy through a suitable treatment of material interfaces. The high-order convergence of the new procedure is attained through a combination of changes of parametric variables (to resolve the singularities of the Green function) and “partitions of unity” (to allow for a simple implementation of spectrally accurate quadratures away from singular points). Accelerated evaluations of the interaction between degrees of freedom, on the other hand, are accomplished by incorporating (two-face) equivalent source approximations on Cartesian grids. A detailed account of the main algorithmic components of the scheme are presented, together with a brief review of the corresponding error and performance analyses which are exemplified with a variety of numerical results.
Characterization and Modeling of Thermal Buckling in Eccentrically Loaded Microfabricated Nickel Beams for Adaptive Cooling

The design, fabrication and testing of micromachined nickel beams buckling under thermal loading will be presented in this paper. The focus will be on characterizing key design parameters important to the implementation of electroplated nickel beams as the actuation mechanism in a thermally adaptive microvalve. An analytical model of the thermal buckling phenomena has been developed and validated with test results from electroplated nickel beams with slight eccentricities. Highly nonlinear deflection versus temperature curves were predicted by the closed form model and match well with experimental measurements. Buckling deflections of more than 50μm were achieved at actuation temperatures under 100°C. The nickel beam fabrication process will be presented, as well as various fabrication related issues impacting the actuation capabilities of the beams.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Rate impacts-a practical scoping model (electricity tariffs)

A procedure is presented for evaluating the impact of various residential rate structures on electricity sales and load forecasts. The technique provides a method for easily evaluating the impact of alternative rate structures on the quantity of an electricity demand, while taking account of the entire block rate structure and associated elasticity impacts on forecast kilowatt-hour usage. The procedure accounts for any changes in customer charges, as well as in any or all block rates. Given sufficiently detailed energy forecasts, seasonal or monthly rate impacts can then be analyzed. The procedure is easily adapted to a forecasting framework and can be implemented by using a spreadsheet program such as Lotus 1-2-3 to facilitate timely evaluation of alternative rate scenarios. >
Modelling of continuous recrystallization in aluminium alloys

Microstructure and microtexture analyses have been made of three aluminium alloys after annealing alone and after concurrent straining and annealing, and simulative models of microstructure/microtexture evolution processes have been formulated. Both experimental and modelling results are presented as boundary misorientation distributions. For each alloy, the results show that annealing alone does not significantly alter the boundary misorientation distribution, while concurrent straining and annealing (up to a strain of 0.5) decreases the fraction of low-angle boundaries. To understand the mechanisms by which concurrent straining and annealing alter the boundary misorientation distribution, three simulative models of microstructure/microtexture evolution during concurrent straining and annealing have been formulated. Application of the models to experimentally determined initial microstructure/microtexture states shows that the boundary sliding (sub)grain rotation model decreases the fraction of low-angle boundaries, the dislocation glide (sub)grain rotation model increases the fraction of low-angle boundaries, and the (sub)grain neighbour switching model has a modest effect on the boundary misorientation distribution. A combination of the boundary sliding (sub)grain rotation model and the (sub)grain neighbour switching model most closely reproduces the boundary misorientation distributions found experimentally.
Legacy effects of fire size and severity on forest regeneration, recruitment, and wildlife activity in aspen forests

Abstract Human activities and climate change are increasing the size and severity of wildfires globally, creating a need for research that links changes in fire regimes with community-level responses. The objective of this study was to understand how variability in fire regimes influences forest regeneration and recruitment patterns and wildlife activity at large temporal and spatial scales. Across 25 fires in five National Forests (Uinta-Wasatch-Cache NF, Ashley NF, Fishlake NF, Dixie NF, and Manti-La Sal NF) in the state of Utah, we examined aspen regeneration and recruitment levels, and wildlife and livestock fecal group counts along belt transects that spanned gradients of fire size and severity. Forest cover change was assessed by comparing pre-fire and post-fire satellite images. The fires dated from 1992 to 2002 and were at least 10 years old when this study was conducted. Fire size and severity were positively related to aspen regeneration (density of saplings) and recruitment (saplings >2 m in height). There was a significant fire size and severity interaction effect on aspen regeneration, such that the positive influence of fire size increased with greater fire severity (R2 = 0.40, P
Benzo[a]pyrene Metabolism by the Intertidal Sea Anemone, Bunodosoma cavernata.

Abstract Incubations of Bunodosoma cavernata microsomes with benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) and either NAD(P)H or tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP) produced several oxidative metabolites including: 3-OH- B[a]P; 4,5-, 7,8-, and 9,10-B[a]P-diols; 1,6-, 3,6-, and 6,12-B[a]P-diones; B[a]P-tetrols; and B[a]P- diol epoxides. NADPH-dependent rates of B[a]P metabolism were approximately 70% greater than with NADH. The t-BHP-dependent reaction proceeded approximately 67-fold faster than the NAD(P)H-dependent reactions and produced primarily dials. Incubation of B[a]P with microsomes from the intertidal sea anemone, Bunodosoma cavernata, results in the production of oxidative metabolites of B[a]P consistent with an active cytochromes P450-mediated microsomal mixed-function oxygenase system.
Nanosecond Pulse Transformers

The transmission-line approach to the design of transformers yields a unit with no first-order rise-time limit since this approach uses distributed rather than lumped constants. The total time delay through the transmission-line-type transformer may exceed the rise time by a large factor, unlike conventional transformers. The extra winding length can be employed to improve the low-frequency response of the unit. Transformers can be made for impedance matching, pulse inverting, and dc isolation within the range of about 30 to 300 ohms with rise times of less than 0.5 × 10-9 seconds, and magnetizing time constants in excess of 5 × 10-7 seconds. Voltage-reflection coefflcients of 0.05 or less, and voltage-transmission efficiencies of 0.95 or better can be achieved.
Teratocarcinoma stem cells have a cell surface carbohydrate-binding component implicated in cell-cell adhesion.

Abstract Teratocarcinoma stem cells maintained in the undifferentiated state express a carbohydrate-binding component that recognizes oligomannosyl residues. This cell surface molecule is detected by a rosette assay in which the stem cells form rosettes with glutaraldehyde-fixed trypsinized rabbit erythrocytes. Addition of simple sugars to the assay mixture has little effect, but rosette formation is inhibited by a series of mannose-rich glycoproteins (yeast invertase, yeast mannans and horseradish peroxidase). Periodate oxidation eliminates the inhibitory activity of invertase whereas pronase digestion has little effect, indicating that carbohydrate moieties are essential for inhibition. Invertase and its glycopeptide derivatives also inhibit the reaggregation of dispersed stem cells and promote the dissociation of preformed aggregates. These results suggest that intercellular adhesion of teratocarcinoma stem cells may be the consequence of the interaction of a lectin-like component detected in the rosette assay with a complementary oligosaccharide receptor on adjacent cells.
Adenoviral delivery of low-density lipoprotein receptors to hyperlipidemic rabbits: receptor expression modulates high-density lipoproteins.

Plasma concentrations of low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) and high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) are inversely related in several dyslipoproteinemias. To elucidate the interactions between these lipoproteins, we used a recombinant adenovirus (hLDLR-rAdV) to express human LDL receptors (hLDLRs) in LDL receptor-deficient rabbits. hLDLR-rAdV administration resulted in hepatocyte expression and a reduction of total, intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL), and LDL cholesterol. In addition, we found that hLDLR-rAdV treatment induced (1) increased very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol, (2) increased VLDL, IDL and LDL triglycerides, (3) decreased α- and pre-β-migrating apolipoprotein E (apo E) and decreased pre-β-migrating apo A-I at 2 to 4 days posttreatment, and (4) increased total plasma apo A-I and pre-β-migrating apo A-I beginning 8 to 10 days posttreatment. Virtually all plasma apo A-I was present on α- and pre-β-HDL. Pre-β-HDL particles with size and electrophoretic properties consistent with nascent HDL demonstrated the greatest relative apo A-I enrichment following hLDLR-rAdV treatment. In summary, enhanced expression of hepatocyte LDLRs by hLDLR-rAdV treatment markedly altered apo A-I-containing lipoproteins and IDL and LDL. The use of recombinant viruses to express physiologically relevant genes in intact animals, analogous to transfection of cells in culture, provides a new strategy for the evaluation of effects of specific gene products on metabolic systems in vivo.
Secondary Triage: Early Identification of High-Risk Trauma Patients Presenting to Non-Tertiary Hospitals

Objective. We sought to identify a combination of highly specific clinical variables that could be used to quickly identify a subset of high-need injured patients initially presenting to non-tertiary hospitals. Methods. This was a retrospective cohort analysis of all injured adults 15 years or older meeting state trauma criteria, presenting to one of 42 non-tertiary hospital emergency departments (EDs) from January 1, 1998, through December 31, 2003, andsurviving to ED disposition. The outcome included measures of timely resource need: early mortality (within 3 days of ED presentation), major nonorthopedic surgery within 3 days, or intensive care unit stay 2 days or longer. Results. A total of 12,183 persons were included in the analysis, of which 3,643 (30%) patients had one or more of the outcome measures. The variables of greatest importance in identifying high-risk injured adults included (in order or priority): emergent airway intervention (prehospital or ED), initial ED GCS less than 11, ED blood tr...
PROGRESS REPORT ON OUTDOOR CULTURE AND HARVEST OF MIDGE (CHIRONOMIDAE: DIPTERA) LARVAE FOR FISH FOOD1

Chironomid larvae were cultured in 12, 1.25 m2 plastic pools. For use as fertilizers, chicken manure, cottonseed meal, fish meal, and cow manure were tested separately. Chicken manure produced most economical yields. Larvae were harvested by flotation using a sugar solution.
Making Data Analysis Realistic: Incorporating Research into Statistics Courses

I describe the use of a student-designed Student Information Questionnaire that generates a large data set useful for teaching a variety of statistical procedures and concepts. This questionnaire helps statistics instructors minimize the use of uninteresting artificial data in their classes. Also, students learn firsthand that data analysis is an integral part of the research process, rather than an isolated set of procedures. Evaluations of the technique suggest that students find real data more interesting than artificial data and more helpful for learning statistics.