cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Marine Robotics: An Effective Interdisciplinary Approach to Promote STEM Education

GUPPIE, a Glider for Underwater Problem-solving and Promotion of Interest in Engineering was developed in Nonlinear and Autonomous System Laboratory at Michigan Technological University to be used as an educational tool to broaden the impact of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) learning. The GUPPIE educational program utilizes high-interest themes, meaningful contexts, and hands-on activities to engage students as early as 4th grade and sustain their interest and learning to and through college. The program has engaged over 2000 students since 2013. The interdisciplinary nature of GUPPIE and hands-on activities in diverse areas from hardware development, and programming to gathering and interpreting data will improve students’ ability for critical, creative problem solving, and ultimately increase individual motivation for pursuing STEM academic and career pathways.
Remote sensing of tamarisk beetle (Diorhabda carinulata) impacts along 412 km of the Colorado River in the Grand Canyon, Arizona, USA

Abstract Tamarisk (Tamarix spp.) is an invasive plant species that is rapidly expanding along arid and semi-arid rivers in the western United States. A biocontrol agent, tamarisk beetle (Diorhabda carinulata), was released in 2001 in California, Colorado, Utah, and Texas. In 2009, the tamarisk beetle was found further south than anticipated in the Colorado River ecosystem within the Grand Canyon National Park and Glen Canyon National Recreation Area. Our objectives were to classify tamarisk stands along 412 km of the Colorado River from the Glen Canyon Dam through the Grand Canyon National Park using 2009 aerial, high spatial resolution multispectral imagery, and then quantify tamarisk beetle impacts by comparing the pre-beetle images from 2009 with 2013 post-beetle images. We classified tamarisk presence in 2009 using the Mahalanobis Distance method with a total of 2500 training samples, and assessed the classification accuracy with an independent set of 7858 samples across 49 image quads. A total of 214 ha of tamarisk were detected in 2009 along the Colorado River, where each image quad, on average, included an 8.4 km segment of the river. Tamarisk detection accuracies varied across the 49 image quads, but the combined overall accuracy across the entire study region was 74%. Using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) from 2009 and 2013 with a region-specific ratio of >1.5 decline between the two image dates (2009NDVI/2013NDVI), we detected tamarisk defoliation due to beetle herbivory. The total beetle-impacted tamarisk area was 32 ha across the study region, where tamarisk defoliation ranged 1–86% at the local levels. Our tamarisk classification can aid long-term efforts to monitor the spread and impact of the beetle along the river and the eventual mortality of tamarisk due to beetle impacts. Identifying areas of tamarisk defoliation is a useful ecological indicator for managers to plan restoration and tamarisk removal efforts.
Persistence of Shifts in Beliefs Associated With Exposure to Alcohol Advertising Among Adolescents.

Objective:The purpose of this study was to quantify the persistence of immediate changes in adolescents’ alcohol-related beliefs associated with exposure to alcohol advertising.Method:Middle school...
Sexual Differences in Copper Deficiency

Since female rats have been shown to be protected against the mortality of copper deficiency of male rats when fructose is fed, we designed a study to establish whether castration of the male rat will protect but ovariectomy of the female will exacerbate the signs of copper deficiency.
Acquiring factual knowledge through ontological instantiation

We propose a method of acquiring factual knowledge using the Knowledge Base Acquisition Environment (KBAE) of CRL (Computing Research Laboratory). We observed that a Fact Database that is generated by instantiating ontological concepts takes advantage of the full expressive power of ontological structures for use in NLP systems, including machine translation, information retrieval and question-answering systems. We argue that both the construction of the Fact Database and the quality of applications that use it can be enhanced by ontological inferences that are available from the connected resources.
Reducing liquefaction potential using dynamic compaction and construction of stone columns

In-place soils in the floodplains of major rivers are frequently stabilized to reduce the liquefaction potential when sites are located in earthquake prone areas. A site in the floodplain of the Missouri River in the United States of America was recently remediated to reduce liquefaction potential using the Deep Dynamic Compaction method of densification of in-place soils. Modifications were made to the conventional method in the form of construction of stone columns to densify the in-place soils to deeper depths. Results are presented to show that the modified procedure used at the site satisfactorily remediated the site. Construction of stone columns not only densified the soils to the required depths, but also helped support a five-story office building on conventional strip and spread shallow foundations. Site remediation and an alternative foundation scheme resulted in substantial cost savings without any delay in the construction schedule.
Katanin inhibition prevents the redistribution of γ-tubulin at mitosis

Katanin is a microtubule-severing protein that is concentrated at mitotic spindle poles but katanin9s function in the mitotic spindle has not been previously reported. Inhibition of katanin with either of two dominant-negative proteins or a subunit-specific antibody prevented the redistribution of γ-tubulin from the centrosome to the spindle in prometaphase CV-1 cells as assayed by immunofluorescence microscopy. Becauseγ -tubulin complexes can bind to pre-existing microtubule minus ends, these results could be explained by a model in which the broad distribution ofγ -tubulin in the mitotic spindle is in part due to cytosolicγ -tubulin ring complexes binding to microtubule minus ends generated by katanin-mediated microtubule severing. Because microtubules depolymerize at their ends, we hypothesized that a greater number of microtubule ends generated by severing in the spindle would result in an increased rate of spindle disassembly when polymerization is blocked with nocodazole. Indeed, katanin inhibition slowed the rate of spindle microtubule disassembly in the presence of nocodazole. However, katanin inhibition did not affect the rate of exchange between polymerized and unpolymerized tubulin as assayed by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching. These results support a model in which katanin activity regulates the number of microtubule ends in the spindle.
Isothermal Fatigue of Interconnections in Flexible Hybrid Electronics Based Human Performance Monitors

The development of reliable Flexible Hybrid Electronics (FHE) that are light, wearable and conforming to the human body while still preserving full operational integrity requires among other an understanding of the fatigue behavior of interconnects such as traces on flexible substrates (Polyimide, Polyethylene Terephthalate, etc.). There are different loading modes of potential concern, such as tension, bending and peeling. The present study addresses effects of tension on aerosol printed AgNP (silver nano-particles) traces. These traces are nano-porous and as such inherently brittle, but the presence of a flexible substrate has major effects on their behavior. Electroplated Cu traces are included for reference. Major increases in electrical resistance were observed for even minor deformation but inspection by SEM did not reveal any damage, and the presence of the substrate prevents the detection of changes in trace properties through direct measurement of deformation vs. the applied loads. Studies of the evolution of damage were therefore limited to characterization of the resistance vs. variations in strain. Interpretations of results were further complicated by the time-dependent viscoelastic deformation of the substrate. Nevertheless, systematic trends are appearing.
Abstract WP419: Visualization and Evaluation of Human Lenticulostriate Arteries Using High-resolution Black-blood T1-weighted Turbo-spin Echo (TSE) at 3T and 7T

Purpose: Cerebral small vessel disease (SVD) leads to cognitive decline and is the most common vascular cause of dementia. Small arteries, particularly the lenticulostriate arteries (LSAs), are kno...
Dual-Functional Graphene Composites for Electromagnetic Shielding and Thermal Management

Author(s): Kargar, Fariborz; Barani, Zahra; Balinskiy, Michael; Magana, Andres Sanchez; Lewis, Jacob S.; Balandin, Alexander A.
Mapping the Dimensions and Characteristics of the World’s Technological Communication Capacity During the Period of Digitization (1986-2007/2010)

This article analyzes the nature and characteristics of the world’s technological capacity to communicate information in bits per second during the two decades that were characterized by the digitization of global information flows (1986 to 2007/2010). We distinguish between 12 broadcasting and 31 telecommunication technologies. Television still accounts for 95 % of the effective information flow in 2007. This also implies that most of the world’s technologically mediated information (99 %) is carried through downstream channels, while upstream communication is still marginal (even though rapidly growing). We show that technological progress is the main driver behind the world’s telecommunication capacity and that the contribution of the installation of new infrastructure is becoming less significant to the total growth of global communication. From an international perspective it is striking that the shape and form of the digital divide measured in kbps per capita turns out to be quite different from the evolutionary trajectory of the digital divide when measured in terms of technological devices per capita. While the average inhabitant of the developed world counted with some 40 kbps more than the average member of the information society in developing countries in 2001, this gap grew to over 3 Mbps per capita in 2010. It shows that telecommunication capacity (in kbps) is highly concentrated on the international level. Only eight countries host two-thirds of the installed global telecommunication capacity. All of this shows that it is pivotal to start measuring the world’s communication capacity not merely in terms of the installed number of devices, but also in terms of the transmitted amount of information.
Augmenting Model Robustness with Transformation-Invariant Attacks

The vulnerability of neural networks under adversarial attacks has raised serious concerns and motivated extensive research. It has been shown that both neural networks and adversarial attacks against them can be sensitive to input transformations such as linear translation and rotation, and that human vision, which is robust against adversarial attacks, is invariant to natural input transformations. Based on these, this paper tests the hypothesis that model robustness can be further improved when it is adversarially trained against transformed attacks and transformation-invariant attacks. Experiments on MNIST, CIFAR-10, and restricted ImageNet show that while transformations of attacks alone do not affect robustness, transformation-invariant attacks can improve model robustness by 2.5\% on MNIST, 3.7\% on CIFAR-10, and 1.1\% on restricted ImageNet. We discuss the intuition behind this phenomenon.
Severe new onset acute heart failure in a 48-year-old male, found to have congenital bicuspid aortic valve with critical aortic stenosis and ascending aortic aneurysm

Case Report: A 48-year-old male who has never seen a doctor as an adult presented to the Emergency Department with worsening shortness of breath over the past two weeks. He had orthopnea and dyspnea on exertion, a mild “frothy” cough without wheezing, abdominal distension, bilateral leg swelling, and no chest pain. He recalls that at age 10 he was evaluated for a murmur and had a cardiac catheterization without any interventions. No family history of cardiac disease. Vital signs were normal on room air. Exam was notable for lungs with bibasilar crackles, jugular venous distension, +4/6 systolic murmur loudest at the …
Five generations of theory–practice tensions: enriching socio-ecological practice research

The author reviews five generations of views of theory–practice tensions, and explores their implications to socio-ecological practice research. Concerns with wicked problems led to considerations of argumentative planning; questions of resolving conflicting arguments led to process designs of mediated-negotiations. On-going concerns with deliberation reveal the dangers of deliberative malpractices. The pragmatic imperative to act in fluid, complex, and contested settings requires creative and practically situated improvisation.
Characteristics of Office-Based Buprenorphine Prescribers for Medicare Patients

Introduction: Opioid use disorder (OUD) is a major and growing public health concern, and Medicare patients have nearly double the proportion of OUD prevalence compared with those with commercial insurance. This study examines provider-level characteristics to delineate the wide variation behind buprenorphine provision, which is the mainstay of medication-assisted treatment for OUD. Methods: Using Medicare Part D Public Use Files claims data from 2013 to 2016 in all states, we assessed prescribing patterns of buprenorphine formulations for the specialties of family medicine, internal medicine, psychiatry, and general practice. We incorporated data from 2013 to 2016 American Medical Association Physician Masterfile to model various provider- and area-level characteristics as predictors of buprenorphine prescriber status. Results: Family medicine and internal medicine comprise nearly two-thirds of the outpatient buprenorphine prescriber population for Medicare beneficiaries. Yet, both specialties also have the lowest proportion of active buprenorphine prescribers compared with psychiatrists and general practitioners. Additional characteristics associated with buprenorphine provision include male sex, osteopathic training, Northeast region, US undergraduate medical education, more years in practice, and a higher proportion of dual-eligible patients. Conclusions: Primary care specialties, such as family medicine and internal medicine, currently comprise a significant majority of the US buprenorphine prescriber population for Medicare beneficiaries. Future policies should target specific demographics to enable greater patient access from physicians who are characteristically less likely to prescribe buprenorphine to increase overall capacity.
Elastic softening of sandstone due to a wideband acoustic pulse.

Elastic wave propagation experiments were performed on a thin bar sample composed of Texas “moss” sandstone in order to study nonlinear elastic effects in the time domain. The present experiments utilized a pendulous hammer to produce axially propagating transient signals with strain amplitude between 15 and 130 microstrain in the mid-audio band. Particle velocity along the bar axis was measured with a laser Doppler vibrometer, focused at various locations along the bar. Nonequilibrium dynamics and nonlinear elasticity effects were observed on the propagating pulse as it reflected between the ends of the bar. The same effects were also observed at a single location along the mid-length of the bar using a continuous-wave 1 MHz probe signal, propagating transverse to the bar axis. The results demonstrate larger strain amplitudes and greater reduction in the Young's modulus than in previously reported measurements that employed narrowband excitation. Nonlinear attenuation of the axial pulse is also observed, which increases with excitation amplitude. The present results indicate significant conditioning of the sandstone, particularly “softening” of the Young's modulus of up to 20%, primarily during the tensile phase of propagation, with a “slow dynamic” memory that is similar to that reported in previous investigations.Elastic wave propagation experiments were performed on a thin bar sample composed of Texas “moss” sandstone in order to study nonlinear elastic effects in the time domain. The present experiments utilized a pendulous hammer to produce axially propagating transient signals with strain amplitude between 15 and 130 microstrain in the mid-audio band. Particle velocity along the bar axis was measured with a laser Doppler vibrometer, focused at various locations along the bar. Nonequilibrium dynamics and nonlinear elasticity effects were observed on the propagating pulse as it reflected between the ends of the bar. The same effects were also observed at a single location along the mid-length of the bar using a continuous-wave 1 MHz probe signal, propagating transverse to the bar axis. The results demonstrate larger strain amplitudes and greater reduction in the Young's modulus than in previously reported measurements that employed narrowband excitation. Nonlinear attenuation of the axial pulse is also observed,...
A Renewed Examination of the Stigma Associated with Community College Career and Technical Education

This phenomenological, comparative case study examines the continued stigma associated with community college CTE along with the stigmatization of those enrolled in these programs. The study cultiv...
Initial results from a high-energy x-ray inline phase sensitive breast tomosynthesis (PBT) prototype system

X-ray phase sensitive imaging has been employed in the preclinical settings for more than two decades. The advancement in the technology has allowed to potentially translate this innovative imaging technique to the clinical environment. In-line phase sensitive imaging technique has shown promising potential to be used for breast cancer imaging. A high energy phase sensitive breast tomosynthesis (PBT) prototype system based on the inline phase sensitive imaging technique has been developed for the potential imaging in clinical environment. The prototype system incorporates a microfocus x-ray tube and a flat panel detector having a pixel pitch of 70μm. The microfocus x-ray tube has a tungsten (W) anode, Beryllium (Be) output window and a focal spot size that ranges from 18-50μm, depending on the output power. The x-ray tube/detector configuration produces a geometric magnification (M) of 2.2 and acquires 9 projection views within 15 degrees or 30 projection views within 30 degrees in stop-andshoot scanning mode. A single distance phase retrieval scheme method based on the Phase-Attenuation Duality (PAD) principle is applied on the angular projection views. A filtered back-projection operation reconstructs a set of tomogram slices at 1mm incremental depth within the breast along the z-direction. American College of Radiology phantom images demonstrate that both 2D and tomosynthesis images acquired on the prototype system meet the minimum criteria set by the Mammography Quality Standard Act. We have also imaged mastectomy specimens with the PBT prototype system at the University of Utah Huntsman Cancer Hospital. PBT 2D images and tomosynthesis images slices demonstrate image quality comparable to a conventional digital breast tomosynthesis clinical system.
Adaptation of a Caregiver-Implemented Naturalistic Communication Intervention for Spanish-Speaking Families of Mexican Immigrant Descent: A Promising Start.

Purpose Caregiver-implemented naturalistic communication interventions (CI-NCIs) support the communication abilities of young children with language disorders and enhance the communication behavior...
Connecting Capabilities Across the Species Divide: Friendship and Dignity in Difference

The papers in this symposium are part of an ongoing dialogue over several years about the capabilities of non-human animals that began at the 2015 HDCA conference at Georgetown University. That con...
Supersonic Turbulent Boundary-Layer Separation Control Using a Morphing Surface

Separated flows arising due to shock-wave/turbulent boundary-layer interactions can cause problematic low-frequency unsteadiness with potentially severe structural response. High-fidelity large-edd...
The Economic Burden of Adults with Major Depressive Disorder in the United States (2010 and 2018).

The incremental economic burden of US adults with major depressive disorder (MDD) was estimated at $US210.5 billion in 2010 (year 2012 values). Following a similar methodology, this study updates the previous findings with more recent data to report the economic burden of adults with MDD in 2018. This study used a framework for evaluating the incremental economic burden of adults with MDD in the USA that combined original and literature-based estimates, focusing on key changes between 2010 and 2018. The prevalence rates of MDD by sex, age, employment, and treatment status over time were estimated based on the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH). The incremental direct and workplace costs per individual with MDD were primarily derived from administrative claims data and NSDUH data using comparative analyses of individuals with and without MDD. Societal direct and workplace costs were extrapolated by multiplying NSDUH estimates of the number of people with MDD by the direct and workplace cost estimates per patient. The suicide-related costs were estimated using a human capital method. The number of US adults with MDD increased by 12.9%, from 15.5 to 17.5 million, between 2010 and 2018, whereas the proportion of adults with MDD aged 18–34 years increased from 34.6 to 47.5%. Over this period, the incremental economic burden of adults with MDD increased by 37.9% from $US236.6 billion to 326.2 billion (year 2020 values). All components of the incremental economic burden increased (i.e., direct costs, suicide-related costs, and workplace costs), with the largest growth observed in workplace costs, at 73.2%. Consequently, the composition of 2018 costs changed meaningfully, with 35% attributable to direct costs (47% in 2010), 4% to suicide-related costs (5% in 2010), and 61% to workplace costs (48% in 2010). This increase in the workplace cost share was consistent with more favorable employment conditions for those with MDD. Finally, the proportion of total costs attributable to MDD itself as opposed to comorbid conditions remained stable at 37% (38% in 2010). Workplace costs accounted for the largest portion of the growing economic burden of MDD as this population trended younger and was increasingly likely to be employed. Although the total number of adults with MDD increased from 2010 to 2018, the incremental direct cost per individual declined. At the same time, the proportion of adults with MDD who received treatment remained stable over the past decade, suggesting that substantial unmet treatment needs remain in this population. Further research is warranted into the availability, composition, and quality of MDD treatment services.
Energetics and the Demands for Maintenance

Maintenance, the physiological steady state in which there is no net change in body energy content, has long been a focal point in the study of nutritional energetics. Early workers used balance studies and direct heat measurements on animals to estimate the energy required as food to support daily requirements but could only speculate on the nature of “vital processes” involved. A brief review of fundamental concepts and techniques in nutritional energetics is presented below. Specific partitioning of energy input and identification of fixed and variable costs of maintenance are recent advances dependent upon current knowledge of intermediary metabolism. Students in nutrition need an overall concept of energy expenditure to appreciate this variability. For example, dietary protein is used more efficiently as a source of muscle protein than for liver glycogen or storage triglyceride. Proteins differing in amino acid composition differ in energy yield as ATP when oxidized; this reflects the different pathways by which individual amino acids are metabolized.
Reconstitution of intracellular vesicle fusion in a cell-free system after receptor-mediated endocytosis.

Publisher Summary This chapter describes fusion assay that based on two proteins: mannosylated monoclonal immunoglobulin G (Man-IgG) specific for dinitrophenol (DNP) groups, and DNP-derivatized β-glucuronidase. These two molecules are efficiently internalized by cell lines that express the macrophage mannose receptor and form a stable immune complex when they are localized in the same compartment. This complex can be quantified using a fluorescent substrate for β-glucuronidase. The assay is very sensitive, reproducible, and relatively inexpensive. The chapter develops two probes that have proved suitable for these studies because both are efficiently internalized by receptor-mediated endocytosis and, when present in the same compartment, form a complex that can be easily quantified by enzymatic analysis. These probes may potentially be used to study other fusion steps along the intracellular route followed by endocytosed ligands. Reconstitution of these events in cell-free systems will help clarify the role of fusion in the endocytic pathway. In vitro assays may also be applied to the study of the molecular mechanisms involved in the specific recognition between fusogenic vesicles and membrane fusion.
Antibody response and survival following booster injections of poliomyelitis (killed-virus) vaccine.

Data have been presented to show that, although the booster effect of a fourth injection of poliomyelitis vaccine is fair, 11 to 29 months later there is another definite and striking decrease in antibody titer. A fifth injection of vaccine produced another antibody increase. It is suggested that, until additional data become available, serious consideration be given to the routine adiministration of a yearly injection of 1 ml of poliomyelitis vaccine. These results emphasize the urgent need for recall injections of poliomyelitis vaccine to the many children who received three injections of poliomyelitis vaccine during the "big push" several years ago, and who now, due to a lack of stimulating injections, undoubtedly have low antibody levels against poliomyelitis. Unless a successful nationwide effort is made to protect these children by booster injections of killed-virus or other appropriate vaccine, a striking increase of paralytic poliomyelitis is possible.
SPINAL AND EPIDURAL ANESTHESIA, FETAL AND UTERINE RESPONSE TO ACUTE HYPO- AND HYPERTENSION.

Abstract 1. 1. Spinal or epidural anesthesia does not abolish uterine contractility as long as the blood pressure is maintained within normal limits. Factors associated with sensation of pain, bearing down, muscle rigidity, etc., which may enhance or inhibit uterine contractility, however, are abolished by spinal or epidural anesthesia. Although labor after spinal or epidural anesthesia may be altered, the intrinsic uterine work is preserved. In the clinical estimation of the duration of labor in patients with spinal or epidural anesthesia these factors should be considered. 2. 2. Acute postepidural hypotension resulted in a decrease of uterine contractility, fetal tachycardia, and oscillation of the fetal heart rate. Fetal bradycardia was encountered either with a severe maternal hypotension or more frequently with enhancement of uterine contractility following a posthypotensive period. 3. 3. Correction of an acute hypotension with one intravenous injection of 3 mg. of methoxamine hydrochloride resulted in 8 cases in tetanic uterine contraction and severe fetal distress. 4. 4. It is suggested in the management of postspinal hypotension by pressor amines that the intravenous drip should be used and the dose and effect individually followed by clinical monitoring of the fetal heart rate, uterine contractility, and the maternal hemodynamic status.
Winter Hydrology and NO3− Concentrations in a Forested Watershed: A Detailed Field Study in the Adirondack Mountains of New York1

Abstract: More than 85% of NO3− losses from watersheds in the northeastern United States are exported during winter months (October 1 to May 30). Interannual variability in NO3− loads to individual streams is closely related to interannual climatic variations, particularly during the winter. The objective of our study was to understand how climatic and hydrogeological factors influence NO3− dynamics in small watersheds during the winter. Physical parameters including snow depth, soil temperature, stream discharge, and water table elevation were monitored during the 2007-2008 winter in two small catchments in the Adirondack Mountains, New York State. Snowpack persisted from mid-December to mid-April, insulating soils such that only two isolated instances of soil frost were observed during the study period. NO3− export during a mid-winter rain-on-snowmelt event comprised between 8 and 16% of the total stream NO3− load for the four-month winter study period. This can be compared with the NO3− exported during the final spring melt, which comprised between 38 and 45% of the total four-month winter NO3− load. Our findings indicate that minor melt events were detectable with changes in soil temperature, streamflow, groundwater level, and snow depth. But, based on loading, these events were relatively minor contributors to winter NO3− loss. A warmer climate and fluctuating snowpack may result in more major mid-winter melt events and greater NO3− export to surface waters.
The Other Compartment: Challenges and Progress in Rectal Microbicide Development

The environment of the rectosigmoid region of the colon is very different to the vagina, serving different physiological roles and, as a consequence, have unique and distinct features that complicate microbicide development. In contrast to the robust, stratified squamous, epithelium lining the vagina, the intestinal mucosa is lined by a single layer of columnar epithelium that is very vulnerable to trauma or potential microbicide toxicity. Moreover, the gut associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), underlying the mucosal surface, has a physiological level of inflammation perfectly suited to HIV replication. The limited anatomical space of the vaginal cavity contrasts with the relative enormity of the intestinal colon and raises profound questions about drug delivery and distribution. Despite these significant challenges, recent animal studies have shown the feasibility of preventing rectal SIV transmission using a locally applied microbicide.
The Role of Lymphoid and Haematopoietic Target Cells in Viral Lymphomagenesis of C57BL/Ka Mice

The influence of several parameters on the capacity of C57BL/Ka mouse haematopoietic cells to support replication of the radiation leukemia virus (RadLV) has been examined. Although replication of the virus is strongly thymotropic, the bone marrow and spleen are also susceptible when infection is initiated at birth rather than in adult life. Irradiation transiently restores the susceptibility of adults almost to the neonatal level. Neonatal thymectomy does not diminish the capacity of marrow cells to support virus replication, indicating that the migration of infected thymus cells back to the marrow is not responsible for the observed effect. Bone marrow cells in which viral antigens are no longer detectable yield infectious virus after intrathymic inoculation, suggesting the existence of a cryptic state of virus infection.
The association between PCAOB-identified audit deficiencies and small audit firms’ characteristics

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to examine the association between certain audit firm characteristics and the number of Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB)-identified audit deficiencies. Design/methodology/approach – Using a hand-collected sample of PCAOB inspection reports for small audit firms with 100 or less issuer clients from 2007 through 2010, an ordinary least squares model is applied by regressing the number of deficiencies on a set of audit firm characteristics. Findings – Results show that the number of PCAOB-identified audit deficiencies is positively associated with the number of issuer clients and negatively associated with the number of branch offices, the human capital leverage and the organization structure as Limited Liability Partnership firms. Additional analysis also shows that the PCAOB inspection length is positively associated with the number of deficiencies, the number of branch offices and the number of issuer clients, but negatively associated with the organ...
Youth Work in Gay Straight Alliances: Curriculum, Pedagogy, and Activist Development

Critical pedagogy empowers Gay Straight Alliance (GSA) advisers facilitate reflective, activist-oriented learning. Its use in school clubs has broad implications for both teachers and youth workers. Informed by critical multiculturalism, this study draws on ethnographic fieldwork from one school year and in-depth interviews with GSA participants. Data reveal that the GSA advisor's understanding of critical pedagogy is characterized by expanding students’ knowledge, facilitating students’ activism, and encouraging students’ reflection on significant interactions with peers and family. The author concludes these pedagogical practices help create long-term GSAs, where engaged student learning and activism promote a “third space” in youth development work.
Changes in gut and liver glucose, lactate, insulin, and oxygen flux in mature ewes during mesenteric or abdominal vena cava glucose infusion.

The objective of the study was to determine whether exogenous glucose infusion affects endogenous glucose production in ewes. Mature ewes with catheters placed in the abdominal aorta, two mesenteric veins, the hepatic portal vein and the hepatic vein were used to determine the effect of exogenous glucose infusion on net glucose, insulin, lactate and oxygen flux by the portal-drained viscera (PDV) and liver of conscious sheep. Net hepatic glucose release was determined, and glucose was subsequently infused into either a mesenteric vein or an abdominal vena cava at an equal rate (mmol/L) for 240 min, and net fluxes were determined every 30 min. Arterial concentrations of glucose and insulin increased over time, whereas lactate concentration decreased over time (P 0.10). Net splanchnic lactate release in the abdominal vena++ cava infusion, however, did decrease over time (P = 0.05). Net hepatic oxygen consumption decreased quadratically over time (P = 0.004) when glucose was infused into the mesenteric vein. In conclusion, infusion of glucose results in a decrease in hepatic glucose production.
Transcriptional regulation of fatty acid biosynthesis in Streptococcus pneumoniae

The transcriptional regulation of membrane fatty acid composition in the human pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae is distinct from the systems utilized in the model organisms Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. The genes encoding the components of type II fatty acid biosynthesis cluster at a single location within the S. pneumoniae genome, and the second gene in this cluster (SPR0376) encodes a transcription factor (FabT) that belongs to the MarR superfamily. Derivatives of S. pneumoniae strain D39 were constructed that lacked functional FabT. This strain had significantly elevated levels of saturated fatty acids and longer chain lengths than the control strain, was unable to grow at pH 5.5 and had increased sensitivity to detergent. Eliminating FabT function increased the expression levels of all of fab genes with the notable exception of fabM. FabT was purified and bound to the DNA palindrome located within the promoter regions of the fabT and fabK genes within the cluster. The analysis of cells with increased expression of individual genes leads to a model where the physical properties of the S. pneumoniae membrane is controlled primarily by the activity of FabK, the enoyl reductase, which diverts intermediates to saturated fatty acid formation, in contrast to E. coli where FabB, an elongation condensing enzyme, pulls the pathway in the direction of unsaturated acid synthesis.
Workshop report for the AIAA 5th Aeroacoustics Conference

Summaries of current understandings, technological tools and remaining controversies in the field of aeroacoustics are presented, with attention also given to developments in means of noise suppression to comply with proposed and projected regulations. Topics include jet noise mechanisms and their suppression; turbomachinery noise, including noise sources, noise prediction by the modal approach and experimental methods; duct acoustics, with discussion of sound attenuation and propagation, the application of finite element methods, and the radiation of sound from inlets; helicopter rotor, airplane propeller and V/STOL noise; aircraft interior noise; and general acoustics, atmospheric propagation and the sonic boom.
Internal resorption and crown preparation

Abstract Three teeth with varying degrees of internal root resorption have been presented. In the first, there were: (1) no history of accidental injury or restorations, (2) crown preparation and placement, and (3) pulpal disturbance. In the second, there were: (1) history of caries and restorations, (2) crown preparation and placement, and (3) pulpal disturbance. In the third, there were: (1) history of accidental injury, (2) crown preparation and placement, and (3) pulpal disturbance. These suggest a possible relationship of the internal resorption process to (1) the trauma of high-speed instrumentation and (2) the trauma of the accompanying procedures of crown placement.
Di- and trinucleotide repeat microsatellites for the parasitoid wasp, Aphidius transcaspicus

The Mediterranean parasitoid Aphidius transcaspicus is currently under investigation as a potential biological control agent for the mealy plum aphid, Hyalopterus pruni, in California. To better understand the biology of this parasitoid, including the potential existence of distinct strains or geographic races, we have developed a set of nine di- and trinucleotide repeat microsatellite markers. These markers were examined for variability in individuals from throughout the geographic distribution of A. transcaspicus, and we found between three and 19 alleles per locus. These are the first loci developed for A. transcaspicus and they will be of value in studying the population structure of this potential biocontrol agent and for future diagnostics.
Career Counselor Attitudes and Behaviors toward Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Clients

Abstract In the past few years there has been an increase in journal articles discussing the unique career concerns of those who identify themselves as gay, lesbian, or bisexual. Articles have also examined the variables that may influence counselor responsiveness to such concerns. Nonetheless, there is no empirical evidence that documents the extent to which career counselors perceive themselves to engage in behaviors that are affirmative of gay, lesbian, and bisexual clients. This study surveyed 106 career counselors at university career and counseling centers. Regression analyses were conducted to determine the factors predictive of higher levels of culturally affirmative behavior with clients who identified themselves as gay, lesbian, or bisexual, and with all clients. With both populations, the most predictive factors were an organizational climate that is nonheterosexist and the counselor's sexual orientation. A significant predictor of culturally affirmative behaviors with all clients was the extent to which counselors defined a broad diversity of populations as cultural minorities. The implications of these results as well as limitations and needs for further research are discussed.
Posture-dependent trunk extensor EMG activity during maximum isometrics exertions in normal male and female subjects

Abstract Posture-dependent trunk function data are important for appropriate normalization of submaximal trunk exertions, and is also necessary to define a more precise and specific use for strength testing in the prevention and diagnosis of spinal disorders. The aim of the current study was to quantify maximal effort trunk muscle extensor activity and trunk isometric extension torque over a functional range of sagittal standing postures. Twenty healthy, young adult male and female subjects performed isometric extension tasks over a sagittal posture range of –20° extension to +50° flexion, in 10° increments. Erector spinae muscle activity was recorded bilaterally at the level of L3 using surface EMG electrodes. Isometric trunk extension torque was measured using a trunk dynamometer. EMG and trunk torque differed significantly between genders, but there were no differences between male and female subjects when the data were normalized with respect to the upright posture. For the combined male and female population, upright posture normalized L3 EMG activity (EMG n ) and trunk extension torque (T n ) increased 1.7-fold and 3.5-fold, respectively, over the 70° range of sagittal postures examined. The ratio (T n /EMG n ) increased two-fold (0.83 to 1.67) from –20° extension to +50° flexion, indicating that the neuromuscular efficiency increases with flexion. Trunk extension torque normalized with respect to the upright posture was linearly and positively correlated ( r =0.59, P
Clauses in Noncanonical Positions at the Syntax‐Phonology Interface

Abstract. In this paper, I discuss the distribution of null complementizer clauses in English. I argue that two factors are interwoven to yield the observed distribution: first, unlike what is standardly assumed, not only the emptiness of C but also that of Spec,CP matters; second, the relevant clauses are obligatorily parsed as separate intonational phrases. I show that these properties lead to a new generalization that can be derived from independent assumptions about the syntax-phonology interface, according to which an intonational phrase whose boundary cannot be properly demarcated is disallowed in PF. I argue that this is exactly why null complementizer clauses are ruled out in certain syntactic positions. I also discuss a parallelism between intonational phrases and the notion of phase proposed by Chomsky (2000, 2001).
Examining the comprehensive examination: Meeting educational program objectives

This article describes an alternative to the traditional method of administering the comprehensive examination, logically integrated in criminal justice educational program objectives. First, the traditional method of offering the comprehensive examination is evaluated according to its ability to satisfy the educational program goals of developing critical thinking and communication skills together with knowledge of the discipline. Bloom's Taxonomy is used as the paradigm of evaluation. Based upon the examination of available literature and the actual administration of the traditional comprehensive examination at Virginia Commonwealth University, the conclusion is reached that traditional examinations do not test beyond Bloom's first step, knowledge of terminology. The administration of the take-home comprehensive exam is then analyzed as administered at VCU and is found to better serve the educational program objectives of critical thinking and communication skills together with learning knowledge.
A contaminant,Erwinia carotovora, affecting commercial plant tissue cultures

Commercial plant tissue cultures of several ornamental plants exhibiting reduced vigor and chlorosis in stage II were found to contain bacterial contaminants. In most cases, visible evidence of the contaminants in the tissue-culture medium was not easily discernible. Physiological and pathological tests employing pure cultures proved 5 of the 10 isolates obtained to beErwinia carotovora, an important pathogen of many horticultural plants. The tissue cultures from whichE. carotovora was isolated were of plant types nonsusceptible under normal commercial production methods. These results indicate nonhost plants may serve as carriers ofE. carotovora during tissue-culture propagation and also possibly under normal methods of commercial production.
Rapid Gametophyte Maturation in Ophioglossum crotalophoroides

Abstract With most species of the Ophioglossaceae, gametophyte development and maturation are slow and some species have perennial gametophytes. A few species, including O. crotalophoroides, appear to have gametophytes that mature rapidly. To determine how fast the gametophytes of this species mature, they were grown in axenic culture. The early sequence of cell divisions following germination is the same as for other species of the Ophioglossaceae. The formation of mucilage on the proximal cell of the young gametophyte and on the rhizoids of older gametophytes has also been reported for other members of the family. The spores of O. crotalophoroides have the second fastest germination, 8 days, for this family. Gametophytes of this species grow faster than gametophytes of two Botrychium species. The gametangia form on smaller gametophytes of O. crotalophoroides than on those of Botrychium. Rapid spore germination, rapid gametophyte growth, and smaller gametophyte size at maturity all contribute to the form...
Seismic reconnaissance of post-Miocene deposits, Middle Atlantic continental shelf—Cape Henry, Virginia to Cape Hatteras, North Carolina

Abstract A seismic reconnaissance survey was conducted to examine post-Miocene deposits on the Middle Atlantic Shelf between Cape Henry, Virginia and Cape Hatteras, North Carolina. Approximately 900 kilometers of continuous seismic reflection profiles were obtained, employing a 400-joule high resolution boomer system. The post-Miocene section unconformably overlies a furrowed and discordant Tertiary substrate. The basal unconformity appears to be of regional extent, and its configuration supports the presence of an eastward-trending ancestral Albemarle fluvial channel near the present mouth of Albemarle Sound. A basal sedimentary sequence of pre-Wisconsinan and Early Wisconsinan age is widespread, and comprises most of the post-Miocene section. It contains both transgressive fluvial deposits, and regressive coastal barrier lithosomes. An overlying sequence of Late Wisconsinan age was deposited in a regressive paralic-neritic environment. Holocene deposits, unconformably overlying the Pleistocene sequence, form a discontinuous sand sheet whose upper surface is molded into a north- or northeast-trending ridge and swale topography. The morphology of the outer shelf and shelf break is variable throughout the region. Promment wave-cut terraces reflecting Pleistocene glacio-eustatic movements are present, except in the southern third of the region. Most areas of the outer shelf exhibit ridge and swale systems which appear to be polygenetic. Variations in shelf break morphology suggest differential rates of Holocene sedimentation and shelf development. Shelf upbuilding and progradation are minimal near Cape Henry, and maximal near Cape Hatteras where Diamond Shoals may be actively advancing eastward across the shelf.
Sex differences in associations between age of initiated cannabis use and neuropsychological performance

Conclusions: Analyses detected an small to moderate overall association between victimization and smoking with greater risk among pregnant compared to nonpregnant victims. It is recommended that professionals working with IPV victims assess for smoking and offer smoking prevention and cessation skills as appropriate. More research is needed on the smoking behavior of male victims, victims of psychological violence, and victims of ethnic minority status. Financial support: This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health grants P50-DA033945 (ORWH & NIDA; PI: Sherry A. McKee, Ph.D.), R03-DA027052 (to AHW), T32-AA007583 (To CAC); Women’s Health Research at Yale; the Yale Cancer Center, and the State of Connecticut, Department of Mental Health and Addiction Services.