cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE EFFLUX OF 86-RUBIDIUM FROM THE RABBIT LENS.

Rabbit lenses which had accumulated SG Rb were incubated in a medium containing sufficient nonlabeled rubidium (33 mM.) to saturate the carrier or concentrations of ouabain (10-*M) which inhibited the transport system. The rate of runout of S(l Rb so determined could be increased by reducing the concentration of calcium in the medium or by the addition of such metabolic inhibitors as iodoacetate, fluoride, and cyanide. Several corticosteroids which did not alter 8S Rb uptake did increase its efflux. Decapsulation of the lens with collagenase failed to alter S6 Rb uptake or runout. M, .uch of current thinking about the accumulation of potassium and exclusion of sodium in the lens has involved the concept of an active transport of cations which exceeds passive diffusional losses ("pumpleak" system). Experimental approaches to the accumulation system have included the maintenance of potassium and sodium levels in the cultured lens, the restoration of these levels after subjecting the lens to refrigeration, and, particularly, the rate of accumulation in the lens of 42 K and 8li Rb. 1 ' 5 Such studies have identified, localized, and characterized the transport system. When short time intervals were used in isotope studies, the effects of the normal "leak" were probably of little consequence in evaluating
Keeping Customers Shopping in the Store: Interrelationships among Store Attributes,Shopping Enjoyment, Place Attachment, and Store Loyalty

With consumers shifting to Internet and mobile shopping, the demand for brick and mortar store shopping has decreased and in response, several major U.S. retail chains have downsized the number of their physical retail operations (Farfan, 2013). Yet, retailers have not completely said good bye to stores. Indeed there may be several key store attributes that retailers’ can focus on and continue to develop if they are interested in keeping customers shopping and buying in brick and mortar stores.
Cryosols as a Three-Part System

In this book the view is taken that the permafrost-affected soil is comprised of three parts: the active layer, the transition layer, and the permafrost layer. Soil formation is especially pronounced in the active layer but also occurs in the transition from warmer periods. The active layer varies from 0.1 m in high latitude environments to more than 10 m in low-latitude mountains. The active layer shows the maximum degree of cryoturbation, may contain high amount of organic C, often is dense from merging of freezing fronts, and may exhibit dilatancy in silt-rich soils. The transition layer displays many of the same properties as the active layer, including high amounts of segregated ice, cryoturbation, and abundant soil organic C. Permafrost represents a condition in which a material remains at or below 0 °C for 2 or more years in succession. Permafrost may be over 1,500 m thick in central Siberia. Dry-frozen permafrost is a peculiar form of permafrost that occurs in hyperarid regions of Antarctica. The nature of segregation ice in permafrost is important for determining its mechanism of formation.
Go take a hike: Online hiking resources

Last year, in preparation for two hiking trips throughout the United States, I spent hours scouring the Internet for websites devoted to hiking information: I was not disappointed with the information available. Whether for adventure, health, or the opportunity to get out into nature, many people enjoy the benefits of hiking. And, according to the Outdoor Industry Association’s “2018 Outdoor Participation Report,” the number of Americans who engage in some type of outdoor adventure, including hiking, continues to increase. Libraries are helping connect their users to the trails in a variety of ways, including dedicated LibGuides, exhibits, and even backpacks filled with guidebooks and park passes for patrons to check out. Whether you are looking for resources to assist your library users or are simply interested in hitting the trails, yourself, the following Internet resources will help you discover new trails and increase your hiking knowledge. Websites listed here include trails databases, park resources, coalition systems, blogs, and magazines.
Comparison of Neutropenia Associated with Ceftaroline or Ceftriaxone in Patients Receiving at Least 7 Days of Therapy for Severe Infections

STUDY OBJECTIVE Ceftarolinefosamil is a cephalosporin with broad clinical utility; however, limited data suggest that prolonged ceftaroline exposure may be associated with neutropenia. The objective was to determine drug and patient factors associated with neutropenia in patients receiving ceftaroline or ceftriaxone for deep-seated infections. DESIGN Retrospective, ratio-matched cohort study. SETTING Four acute-care hospitals within an urban health care system. PATIENTS A total of 176 hospitalized adults who received definitive ceftaroline (44 patients) or ceftriaxone (132 patients) therapy for at least 7 days between January 2013 and April 2017 for any of the following indications: bone and joint infections (BJI), infective endocarditis (IE), or bloodstream infections (BSI). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS The primary outcome was development of neutropenia while receiving cephalosporin therapy, defined as an absolute neutrophil count (ANC) <1500 cells/mm3 . Neutropenia severity and patient characteristics were described and compared between the ceftaroline and ceftriaxone groups. The median (interquartile range [IQR]) antibiotic prescription duration was 41 (29-44) days for the ceftaroline group and 40 (28-44) days for the ceftriaxone group (p=0.9). Cephalosporin indications were 112 (64%) BJI, 27 (15%) BSI, 16 (9%) IE, and 21 (12%) multiple infections; ceftaroline was more commonly used in BJI (p=0.03), and ceftriaxone was more commonly used in IE (p=0.01). Neutropenia developed in 16 (9%) patients: 8 (18%) in the ceftaroline group and 8 (6%) in the ceftriaxone group (p=0.03). Median (IQR) onset to neutropenia was 22 (15-28) days, and median (IQR) change in ANC was 2.86 (1.50-4.08) cells/mm3 ; most cases of neutropenia were mild (12 patients [75%]). The median (IQR) time to mild or moderate-severe neutropenia was not significantly different (p=0.68): 22 (14-28) and 22 (21-36) days, respectively. Treatment was discontinued in 4 (25%) patients due to neutropenia. Ceftaroline use was independently associated with neutropenia (adjusted odds ratio 3.2, 95% confidence interval 1.2-10.5) after adjusting for lower body mass index strata (18.5-25 kg/m2 ). CONCLUSION Prolonged ceftaroline use was an independent risk factor for developing mild neutropenia. Clinicians should be cognizant of ANC monitoring in scenarios where prolonged ceftaroline courses are prescribed.
Youth academic achievement, social context, and body mass index.

This study assesses the relationship between academic achievement and body mass index for age (BMI) trajectories across childhood and adolescence, and investigates how this relationship is moderated by social context. Specifically, we test the hypothesis that academic achievement is not associated with improved BMI among youth from disadvantaged social contexts. We test for differences by race/ethnicity, and examine the role of county-level economic mobility in shaping these patterns. We use data from the longitudinal Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (FFCWS), an ongoing birth cohort study representative of children born in large US cities in 2000, and measure BMI, academic achievement, and social context at Years 5, 9, and 15. Estimating multilevel random effects linear regression models of BMI from childhood to adolescence, we find that youth who were exposed to social advantage displayed a negative association between academic achievement and BMI. In contrast, youth exposed to social disadvantage displayed no association between academic achievement and BMI. This difference was observed regardless of race/ethnicity. County-level economic mobility modified the observed relationship, such that youth living in places with low levels of mobility displayed higher BMI associated with high academic performance. The results suggest that the health costs of academic achievement among disadvantaged youth are concentrated in areas with low institutional support for upward mobility. The findings demonstrate that the unequal benefits of educational attainment begin early in life, while living in places that promote upward mobility can help individuals realize the health benefits of their own educational attainment.
Dedifferentiated secretory breast carcinoma with fibrosarcomatous features harboring an ETV6-NTRK3 fusion in both components

Secretory carcinomas are low-grade translocation-driven carcinomas occurring in patients over a wide age range. These tumors most frequently arise in the breast and salivary gland, but may occasionally arise at other anatomic sites, such as the skin, the thyroid gland or the upper or lower respiratory tract. In concert with their low-grade morphology, secretory carcinomas most often follow an indolent clinical course. However, rare cases have shown dedifferentiation (also known as high-grade transformation) and aggressive clinical behavior. To date, the dedifferentiated component in all molecularly confirmed cases of secretory carcinoma has taken the form of a high-grade carcinoma. Here we present a case of an ETV6-NTRK3 fusion-positive secretory carcinoma of the breast with sarcomatous dedifferentiation. The sarcomatous component showed an infantile or adult fibrosarcoma-like morphology including a herringbone fascicular pattern and a hemangiopericytic vascular pattern. By immunohistochemistry, the sarcomatous component showed focal CD34 immunoreactivity and loss of all of the markers expressed in the conventional secretory carcinoma component, including SOX10, S100, GATA-3, AE1/AE3 and E-cadherin. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis revealed that the sarcomatous component retained the ETV6-NTRK3 fusion, but also acquired homozygous deletion of CDKN2A. The tumor followed an aggressive clinical course and the patient eventually succumbed to her disease 14 months after diagnosis. The histomorphologic and molecular genetic features of this tumor are discussed, including its ability to mimic kinase-rearranged infantile or adult fibrosarcomas at extramammary sites and the theragnostic importance of its distinction from conventional metaplastic spindle cell carcinomas in the breast.
Microbial biogeography through the lens of exotic species: the recent introduction and spread of the freshwater diatom Discostella asterocostata in the United States

The large population sizes and high dispersal potential of microbes suggests that a given microbial species should be found in all suitable habitats worldwide. Consequently, microbes should not exhibit the kinds of biogeographic patterns seen in macroorganisms. This paradigm is challenged by a growing list of exotic microbes with biogeographic disjunctions that instead promotes microbial dispersal as inherently limited. We sampled water bodies in the United States and compiled records from the literature and public databases to characterize the distribution of the freshwater planktonic diatom, Discostella asterocostata (Xie, Lin, and Cai) Houk and Klee. Discostella asterocostata was thought to be restricted to the Far East, but we report its presence in ecologically similar water bodies across the eastern United States. Populations from the U.S. and China are indistinguishable morphometrically, suggesting they may be recently separated—a hypothesis supported by paleolimnological data, which support an introduction of D. asterocostata into the U.S. as recently as the mid-1980s. The overlapping distributions of D. asterocostata and invasive carp species, in both their native and nonnative ranges, highlighted Asian carp as a possible vector for introduction of the diatom in the U.S. The existence of exotic diatoms underscores natural constraints on microbial dispersal, resulting in biogeographic distributions that can be upended through human activity.
Primary Healthcare Integration Practices in Turkey

From the central policy making and the local implementation perspectives, Turkish health system has strong aspects including a robust and flexible IT system, local efforts on care coordination and multidisciplinary work. These aspects will help take the care integration efforts forward effectively. Good and increasing coverage of primary care structures together with increasing utilization figures imply public awareness and acceptance for the primary level services. These initial results present a good indication of success in the efforts to shift ambulatory care load towards the primary care.
Autonomous Inspection System for Railroads

From January 2010 to November 2019, derailments in the United States have cost railroad companies over $350,000,000 in damages in addition to the costly environmental remediation cleanups and injuries. The State of Virginia is home to many small scale railroads that have less than a total of 100 miles of track between destinations. Manual inspection is common, but inspectors can miss small details, leading many railroads to supplement with autonomous inspection. Many small scale railroads do not have the resources to autonomously inspect their tracks and cannot afford the cost of large scale railroad inspection equipment in addition to the resources needed to run these inspection systems. Surface level defects are the most common reason for derailment and can lead to serious damage to the train and track if left untreated. The ultimate goal of the project is to prevent or greatly decrease the likelihood of train derailment by focusing on the detection of surface level defects on rails, which will have an impact on all railroads while especially helping local short line railroads.By creating an inspection system that works for all railroad companies, anyone can more accurately and precisely find surface level defects than current manual inspections. Working with industry experts, the most common and dangerous surface level defects and the appropriate methods of detection were determined. The resulting solution is the design of a small autonomous rail cart that takes images of the track from a video feed and sorts them into "good" or "bad" photos using machine learning. Locations with "bad" rail can then be re-inspected by manual inspectors to determine the severity of the problem and work towards fixing it. This system will identify and alert users to dangerous levels of rail damage while providing a cheaper inspection alternative for smaller railroads. It also acknowledges and takes advantage of the expertise and abilities of trained manual inspectors to make the final decision.
Thermosynthetic Life

Two categories of life are currently recognized—chemosynthetic and photosynthetic—indicating their principal free energy resource as either chemicals or electromagnetic radiation. Building on recent developments in thermodynamics, we posit a third category of life—thermosynthetic life (TL)—which relies on environmental heat rather than traditional free energy sources. Since thermal energy is more abundant than chemicals or light in many settings, thermosynthesis offers compelling evolutionary possibilities for new life forms. Based on variants of standard cellular machinery, a physical model is proposed for the conversion of thermal energy into biochemical work. Conditions favorable to thermosynthetic life and prospects for its discovery are assessed. Terrestrially, deep-subsurface unicellular anaerobic superthermophiles are deduced to be likely TL candidates.
Using a Modular Approach to Introduce Python Coding to Support Existing Course Learning Outcomes in a Lower Division Analytical Chemistry Course

There is an increasing need for research chemists and biochemists to have a basic familiarity with computer programming. Adding programming content to already crowded STEM undergraduate curricula, however, can be challenging. When programming content is introduced within the chemistry curriculum, it is most often incorporated into upper division courses, but students could benefit from earlier exposure. Here, we describe incorporating Python programming, using Jupyter notebooks, into a lower division analytical chemistry course in support of the existing learning outcomes of the course. By linking lab experiments with specific course learning outcomes, quantitative topics, and computer programming concepts, we have created a series of analytical chemistry lab modules that introduce students to Python coding without losing any of the traditional content of the course. Additionally, we show that this curriculum can be successfully implemented by faculty with limited coding experience. Assessment indicates that the Python-enhanced course makes students more positive about the applicability of quantitative skills in many areas, and increases their self-perception of their level of preparation for future careers.
Were Those the Days? Revisiting the Pulitzer-winning Efforts of Community Newspapers in the 1970s

Abstract In the history of the Pulitzer Prize only 47 small daily and seven weekly newspapers have received the award. This study conducts a case study comparison using inductive, qualitative methods to understand what happened that allowed community journalists at three small newspapers to pursue journalism campaigns that were awarded the Pulitzer Prize in the 1970s. The study uses in-depth interviews with journalists and textual analysis of documents including prize-winning articles to explore how these stories were pursued. The findings are presented in a series of narratives.
ABA and ABAB Designs

Single-case designs are often used to assess the effects of an intervention. The designs usually focus on one participant who is observed numerous times. Large-sample designs, by comparison, use many participants who are observed only a few times. The simplest single-case design is the AB design. The letter A denotes a baseline phase during which no intervention is in effect; the letter B denotes the intervention phase. The baseline phase serves three purposes. It provides data about a participant's performance prior to instituting an intervention, it provides a basis for predicting a participant's future performance in the absence of an intervention, and it indicates the normal variability in the participant's performance.
Homogeneity of Envelope Proteins of Escherichia coli Separated by Gel Electrophoresis in Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate

Some envelope proteins of Escherichia coli show variable behavior in acrylamide gel electrophoresis in 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate, depending upon the conditions of the solubilization. When solubilized in 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate at 70 C for 20 min, three distinct peaks (peaks 4, 6, and 7) are seen at molecular weights of 57,800, 44,300, and 38,400, respectively. However, when the envelope fractions are solubilized in 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate at 100 C for 5 min, or when they are treated with N, N-dimethylformamide at acidic pH before solubilization by our method, only a single peak at 48,000 molecular weight is observed in the molecular weight range mentioned above. That is, peaks 4 and 7 disappear and a new peak appears at the position overlapping with peak 6. Proteins isolated from peaks 4 and 7 show the similar molecular weight shifts to the new peak by the treatment at 100 C. No other peaks show any change by the heat treatment. The increase at the new peak is completely accounted for by the decrease at peaks 4 and 7, indicating that the new peak is composed of proteins from peaks 4, 6, and 7. However, it is concluded that these three peaks consist of distinctly different proteins for the following reasons: (i) they have different amino acid compositions, (ii) they show different solubilities in the nonionic detergent, Nonidet P-40, and as shown previously, (iii) peak 6 (protein Y) is related to deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis, and (iv) proteins in peaks 4, 6, and 7 have different resistance to proteolytic enzymes. Although the reasons for the anomalous molecular weight shifts of these peaks are not well understood at present, it is important to solubilize the E. coli envelope proteins by the standard method in order to investigate their properties and functions of the envelope proteins.
Eggs and larvae of Acropora palmata and larvae of Porites astreoides contain high amounts of dimethylsulfoniopropionate

Abstract Coral holobionts, including their symbionts, are known to produce large amounts of dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP), a compound which some corals use to mitigate oxidative stress; however, very little work has been done on the presence and use of DMSP in early life history stages of coral, such as in eggs and larvae. This study shows that eggs and larvae, from Acropora palmata, and brooded larvae, from Porites astreoides, also contain high amounts of DMSP. Eggs and larvae of wild A. palmata were collected and contained extremely high levels of DMSP: 1.2 μmol per larva and 359 μmol per 100 μL eggs. Larvae of P. astreoides were collected in flow-through laboratory tanks, from wild-collected parent colonies, over the course of the larval release cycle. In brooded larvae of P. astreoides, the amount of DMSP in larvae ranged from 11.6 to 1510 nmol per larva; larval DMSP peaked by the second night of release and then decreased over the following release nights. These high levels in aposymbiotic eggs and larvae of A. palmata and the peaking trend in symbiotic larvae of P. astreoides are suggestive of parental provisioning. Given the large amounts of DMSP found in eggs and larvae, this study provides further evidence that even early life stages of the coral holobiont may benefit from the presence of DMSP.
Pancakes and Galaxy Formation

The pancake scenario for the formation of large-scale structure in the Universe by the growth of a spectrum of primordial, adiabatic density perturbations is reviewed. The role of possible, finite mass, stable, weakly interacting elementary particles — the “darkinos” (e.g. neutrinos, photinos, gravitinos, axions) — in dominating the total mass density of the universe and resolving the difficulties of the original Ze1’dovich pancake scenario is discussed, in particular. Results of detailed, numerical hydrodynamical calculations of the combined growth of (baryon) + (darkino) pancakes in a post-recombination Friedmann universe dominated by such collisionless particles are summarized. Implications of these results and of other, non-hydrodynamical, purely collisionless simulations (i.e. which ignore the baryon component) for the viability of the pancake model are assessed.
Keogram analysis of ENA images at Saturn

Keograms are constructed from azimuthal profiles of energetic hydrogen atoms (25–55 keV) from Saturn's magnetosphere. The keograms exhibit linear structures or “tracks” that reveal prograde rotational motion of features or “blobs” in the energetic neutral atom (ENA) images. From polynomial fits, the first derivatives of these tracks are used to estimate the rotational speeds of the blobs. The total blob speed consists of plasma convective drift plus gradient drift, so the convective speed can be approximated by subtracting the gradient drift of the protons from which the ENA derive. This subtraction gives plasma convection speeds that are ~28°/h at ~5 RS and decrease to a constant ~21°/h between 10 RS and 20 RS, which are consistently below corotation (~33.3°/h) and in substantial agreement with estimates of plasma convection made in situ. The speeds also show a local time dependence, decreasing as much as 4–6°/h as the blobs move from midnight through noon to midnight.
Production and elimination of sulfur-containing gases in the rat colon

Highly toxic sulfur-containing gases have been pathogenetically implicated in ulcerative colitis. Utilizing a rat model, we studied the production and elimination of sulfur-containing gases within ...
Long-term avian research at the San Joaquin Experimental Range: recommendations for monitoring and managing oak woodlands

Abstract Experimental forests and ranges are living laboratories that provide opportunities for conducting scientific research and transferring research results to partners and stakeholders. They are invaluable for their long-term data and capacity to foster collaborative, interdisciplinary research. The San Joaquin Experimental Range (SJER) was established to develop appropriate land management practices on foothill rangelands in California. SJER has a long and rich history of avian research. Natural history observations recorded since 1935 demonstrate that oak woodlands are one of the most diverse habitat types in North America. Early avian studies focused on California quail (Callipepla californica) as a game species and led to insights on quail diet and habitat requirements. Starting in the late 1970s, the focus of avian research shifted to methods for detecting changes in wildlife populations over time and response to management practices. This research has led to important recommendations for implementing bird monitoring programs. Using data collected on bird numbers, in conjunction with monitoring reproductive success of all species, recent studies have examined life history strategies, source–sink dynamics, the effects of livestock grazing, and the impacts of an invasive species on native cavity-nesting species. We are currently in the process of examining population trends and predicting the effects of climate change using long-term data. SJER continues to provide unique opportunities for research and educational activities that increase our understanding of the foothill oak woodlands of California.
Education, income, and ability revisited

Abstract The paper examines two approaches to the omitted variable problem. Both of them try to correct for the omitted variable bias by specifying several equations in which the unobservable appears. The first approach assumes that the common left out variable is the only thing connecting the residuals from these equations, making it possible to extract this common factor and control for it. The second approach relies on building a model of the unobservable, by specifying observable variables which are causally related to it. A combination of these two methods is applied to the 1964 CPS-NORC veterans sample in order to evaluate the bias in income- schooling regressions caused by the omission of an unobservable initial ‘ability’ variable.
Rate Dependence and Short-Term Creep Behavior of a Thermoset Polymer at Elevated Temperature

The inelastic deformation behavior of PMR-15 neat resin, a high-temperature thermoset polymer, was investigated at 288° C. The effect of loading rate on monotonic stress-strain behavior as well as the effect of prior stress rate on creep behavior were explored. Positive nonlinear rate sensitivity was observed in monotonic loading. Creep response was found to be significantly influenced by prior stress rate. The effect of loading history on creep was studied in stepwise creep tests, where specimens were subjected to a constant stress rate loading followed by unloading to zero stress with intermittent creep periods on both loading and unloading paths. The strain-time response was strongly influenced by prior deformation history. Negative creep was observed on the unloading path. In addition, the behavior of the material was characterized in terms of a nonlinear viscoelastic model by means of creep and recovery tests at 288°C. The model was employed to predict the response of the material under monotonic loading/unloading and multistep load histories.
Application of Microsatellite Instability and Oncotype DX in Stage II Colon Cancer Adjuvant Chemotherapy

Adjuvant chemotherapy has improved the overall prognosis for patients with stage III colon cancer. However, the precise role of adjuvant chemotherapy for patients with stage II colon cancer remains a matter of ongoing debate. While patients with high-risk stage II disease derive clinical benefit from adjuvant therapy, it remains unclear as to whether patients with average or low-risk stage II disease should receive further therapy following surgical resection. Significant efforts have focused on developing and validating molecular biomarkers to further define the subset of patients with stage II disease who would derive benefit from adjuvant therapy. Herein, we review the current status of biomarker research with respect to the specific roles of microsatellite instability and genotype analysis in patients with stage II colon cancer.
Hemodynamic changes after meals and placebo treatment in chronic congestive heart failure.

Abstract To determine whether significant spontaneous hemodynamic changes occur without therapeutic intervention, 15 patients with stable heart failure underwent right-sided cardiac catheterization and were observed without active treatment during an 8-hour period. Significant changes that mimic those seen during treatment with vasodilating medications were found. Increases were seen in heart rate (minimum 82 ± 19 beats/min, maximum 88 ± 18 beats/min, p 2 , maximum 2.42 ± 0.79 liters/min/m 2 , p 5 , minimum 1,390 ± 310 dyness-cm −5 , p
Prolonged limb allograft survival with CD40 costimulation blockade, T-cell depletion, and megadose donor bone-marrow transfusion

The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of a treatment regimen consisting of CD40 costimulation blockade, T-cell depletion, and megadose donor bone marrow transfusion in the limb allograft model. C57Bl/6 mice underwent limb transplantation from Balb/c mice and received MR1 (anti-CD40 ligand monoclonal antibody), and CD4+ and CD8+ T cell-depleting antibodies with and without 120 × 106 donor bone-marrow transfusion. Recipients treated only with antibodies showed rejection at 51.4 ± 17 (mean ± SEM) days, while those who also received donor bone marrow had allograft survival of 67 ± 16.4 days, with a range up to 91 days. Treated specimens with rejection had less lymphocytic infiltration than untreated controls. Recipients of donor bone marrow also demonstrated early mixed chimerism, which disappeared after 1 month. While allograft survival was prolonged, tolerance was not achieved, and the mechanism of rejection was more consistent with a chronic process. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Microsurgery 25:624–631, 2005.
Defining serial murder: A call for a return to the originalLustmörd

This paper revisits the important task of defining serial murder. A review of the history of the term reveals the use of arbitrary and inconsistent criteria by various researchers, raising serious questions as to their validity and reliability. The need to identify specific elements that distinguish serial homicide from other forms of multiple is underscored. Problems associated with the failure to apply consistent criteria are discussed. It is a contention of this work that there exists an aspect of serial murder—as most researchers intend the term—that is inherently distinctive. A definition of serial murder based upon the primary—and intrinsic—motivation of this kind of offender is offered for consideration.
Application of mahalanobis distance as a lean assessment metric

Lean manufacturing is a competitive philosophy adopted by many companies to produce cost effective products and services. Contemporary lean assessment tools are designed to evaluate a company's status of lean implementation and success. However, most lean assessment tools provide qualitative analysis and do not provide any clear direction of where the improvement efforts should be directed. In this paper, we propose a complementary methodology to assist contemporary lean assessment tools that will provide a quantitative measure of leanness by benchmarking other exemplar lean industries along with specific pointers for improvements based on cost considerations. The proposed Mahalanobis Taguchi Gram Schmidt System (MTGS) based methodology consists of four steps. The first three steps consist of data collection using contemporary lean assessment tools, standardizing the data, and using the standardized data for calculating the Mahalanobis Distance (MD) by the using the MTGS method. The MTGS method provides the direction of abnormality and can be used even in cases of multi-collinear data. The fourth step helps to identify the direction of improvement for a given set of capital constraints. The methodology is demonstrated using an example.
Hadamard transform photothermal deflection desitometry of electrophretically blotted proteins

Hadamard transform spatial multiplexing techniques are applied to laser densitometry in order to prevent the photo-induced degradation of sensitive materials. Photochemical and thermal degradations can often occur in point focused scanning laser densitometry. In spatial multiplexing, the excitation source is defocused and efficiently distributed throughout the sample, reducing local power density. In this paper, we describe the application of Hadamard transform spatial multiplexing to transverse photothermal deflection spectroscopy (PDS). Proteins western blotted on nitrocellulose membrane are line imaged using the Hadamard transform PDS densitometer. For comparison, the blots are imaged with a high-dynamic-range video densitometer.
Policing the last frontier: Visions of social order and the development of the village public safety officer program in Alaska

The description of the origins and development of the Village Public Safety Officer (VPSO) Program, which serves the Native Communities of Alaska, is used to judge the validity of the dominant explanations (culture contact/social dislocation and underdevelopment/dependency) for the state of Native affairs in Alaska. Both explanations are found wanting as they do not explain the specific dynamics of change. An alternative theory ‐ an interested action model ‐ is advocated.
Performance analysis of the IEEE 802.11 DCF in the presence of the hidden stations

In this paper, we present an analytical model to evaluate the hidden station effect on the performance of the IEEE 802.11 Distributed Coordination Function (DCF) in both non-saturation and saturation condition. DCF is a random channel-access scheme based on Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA) method and the exponential backoff procedure. DCF is widely used and can support both wireless network with an access point and ad hoc wireless network because of its random channel-access method. On the other hand, this method unavoidably suffers the hidden station effect that causes significant performance degradation. As shown in this paper, hidden stations occur frequently in real-world settings, and the performance impact on the 802.11 DCF is a significant concern, but it has not been adequately studied. We study this problem through a spatial-temporal analysis and a Markov chain model. Our model generalizes the existing work on the performance modeling of 802.11 DCF for both non-saturation and saturation conditions. The scenario of no hidden station can be considered as a special case in our model. The performance of our model is evaluated by comparison with ns-2 simulations.
Mechanism of an oxygen atom transfer reaction involving an oxo-bridged Mo(V) complex

Abstract The kinetics of the oxygen atom transfer reaction Mo2O3I2(dtc)2 (THF)2 (1) + pyridine-N-oxide= 2MoO2I(dtc) + pyridine was investigated in methylene chloride solution using a variety of substituted pyridine-N-oxides. This is the first kinetics study of the reaction of an oxobridged Mo(V) complex participating in an oxo-transfer reaction. Reactions were studied using pseudo-first-order conditions of excess N-oxide. These reactions were characterized by saturation kinetics in which 1 reversibly forms a Mo2O34+-N-oxide precursor complex that generates products via irreversible breaking of an MoOb bond to give two equivalents of MoO22+ complex and the appropriate pyridine derivative. A considerable group effect was observed (two orders of magnitude) when substituents on the pyridine-N-oxides were varied, with electron releasing substituents slowing the rate of reaction. This observation is used to support a proposed mechanism by which the rate of MoOb bond breaking in the precursor complex is determined by the NO bond strength of the substrate N-oxide.
Some antecedents and effects of trust in virtual communities

This study explores several downstream effects of trust in virtual communities and the antecedents of trust in this unique type of environment. The data, applying an existing scale to measure two dimensions of trust (ability and benevolence/integrity), show that trust had a downstream effect on members' intentions to both give information and get information through the virtual community. Both these apparent dimensions of trust were increased through perceived responsive relationships in the virtual community, by a general disposition to trust, and by the belief that others confide personal information.
Shallow Seismic Refraction Survey of Near-Surface Ground Water Flow

A shallow seismic refraction survey was conducted as part of a geologic and hydrologic investigation of an area adjacent to a proposed coal strip mine in southeastern Illinois. Data obtained from the survey were used to estimate the thickness and geometry of litho-logic units within approximately 40 feet of the surface in unconsolidated material overlying bedrock. Data from a nearby ground water monitoring well and several shallow geologic cores obtained in the survey area indicated the presence of a silt-clay unit roughly 10 feet beneath the surface. This unit strongly inhibits the vertical movement of ground water, resulting in a perched water table. The refraction survey revealed that the morphology of the top of this silt-clay layer is dominated by a narrow, sinuous channel criss-crossing the survey region with an overall downward trend in elevation from the mine site to a small creek roughly 0.25 miles away. Detailed knowledge of the location of this channel was used to identify optimal sites for shallow ground water monitoring stations. The method proved to be a relatively rapid and cost-efficient means of obtaining detailed information concerning the thickness and geometry of the near-surface unconsolidated materials.
Evaluating Drosophila suzukii immunomarking for mark-capture research

Drosophila suzukii Matsumura (Diptera: Drosophilidae) utilizes ‘Himalaya’ blackberry, Rubus armeniacus Focke (Rosaceae), as a host and may invade berry and stone fruit crops from field margins containing this invasive weed. Laboratory and semi-field studies were conducted to determine (1) the persistence of protein marks including 10% chicken egg whites (egg albumin protein), 20% bovine milk (milk casein protein), and 20% soy milk (soy trypsin inhibitor protein) on topically sprayed D. suzukii, (2) protein retention on blackberry leaves, and (3) D. suzukii acquisition of protein afterexposureto markedblackberryleaves for upto 14 days afterapplication. Allflies and leaves wereassayedforthepresenceoftheproteinmarksusingprotein-specificenzyme-linkedimmunosorbent assays. Egg albumin, milk casein, and soy trypsin proteins persisted on 94, 49, and 25% of the topically marked D. suzukii, respectively, throughout the 14-day study period. Egg albumin was retained on 100% of treated leaves for 14 days, regardless of environmental conditions. At least 50% of flies exposed residually to egg albumin-treated leaves were marked for 3 days, regardless of exposure time and environmental conditions. However, increasing fly exposure time to treated leaves in April and June appeared to improve protein mark acquisition. Acquisition of protein by flies from treated leaves for milk casein was inconsistent, and poor for soy trypsin, despite detectable levels on treated leaves. Egg albumin had the longest and most consistent persistence on flies, leaves, and flies exposed to leaves in laboratory and semi-field studies, under a variety of environmental conditions andexposuretimes.
A young man with unexplained dyspnea

He has Wegener granulomatosis, and pulmonary function testing shows flattening of the inspiratory and expiratory limbs of his flow-volume loop. What is the cause?
Fine structure of Haemoproteus columbae Kruse during differentiation of the ookinete.

SYNOPSIS Ookinete differentiation begins in vitro∼1 hr after blood infected with mature gametocytes of Haemoproteus columbae is withdrawn from a pigeon. In the undifferentiated zygote, dense material accumulates at the point under the plasma membrane. The conoid and conoidal rings condense from this material. The nucleus is drawn out to a point with the intranuclear spindle (INS) at the peak. Atypical centrioles lie under the forming conoid in the cytoplasm next to the INS. Fibrous material under the inner membrane forms the polar ring from which subpellicular microtubules originate. One hr later the centrioles have disappeared and the nucleus has returned to the center of the organism. The conoidal complex forms the tip of a growing cytoplasmic projection, the anterior end of the ookinete. During this time an elaborate pellicle is differentiating antero-posteriorly; crystalloid formation begins with an extensive proliferation of rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) continuous with the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope. Crystalloid particles are formed between the lamellae of the ER and collected in a sphere that is later partially surrounded by a small amount of ER. Ookinetes, differentiated 2 hr longer than the ookinetes in vitro, were obtained from the gut of the pigeon fly, Pseudolynchia maura. The differentiated pellicle of these ookinetes consists of a plasma membrane, an inner membrane layer composed of 2 appressed membranes, and in the anterior end, an electron-opaque lamina immediately under the inner membrane. Anterior to the polar ring, this lamina forms a canopy which, posteriorly, is drawn out into projecting ribs which diminish and disappear in the first third of the organism. Fifty to 60 subpellicular microtubules insert on the polar ring. Ookinetes differentiated in vitro were no more than 4 hr old. They lacked micronemes and retained a pellicular cytostome and “internal cytostomes.” The differentiation of micronemes probably occurs at a later time because they are visible after 6 hr in ookinetes in the fly gut. So many degenerating organisms appeared in vitro after 5 hr that this material was discarded.
Ef Pinning at the Sn Gaas(110) Interface

In this study, Sn/GaAs interfaces are studied at both room temperature (RT) and low temperature (LT) (70–100 K) using soft x‐ray and ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopies and low‐energy electron diffraction. The movement of the Fermi level EF on the RT surface as a function of Sn coverage is initially slow on n‐GaAs and fast on p‐GaAs. This asymmetry is typically found only at LT for other metal/GaAs interfaces, where it is related to the delayed onset of metallic behavior of the overlayer. In contrast to these other systems, however, Sn/GaAs gives a classic example of Stranski–Krastanov growth at RT. The first two‐dimensional layer does not bring EF close to its final position on n‐GaAs. At the onset of three‐dimensional nucleation (3–4 A), EF drops abruptly to its final position on n‐GaAs. This drop is delayed to ∼5 A at LT. As for Ag and Au/GaAs, this relatively sharp change in the position of EF appears to be related to the formation of clusters and the appearance of the metallic behavior of the ov...
RNA editing in mitochondrial mRNA of trypanosomatids

The editing of mRNA coding sequences by the modification, removal or addition of nucleotides has recently been recognized as another form of RNA processing. Studies of the extensive editing of mitochondrial mRNAs in trypanosomatids have revealed the involvement of small guide RNAs (gRNAs) which are encoded by the minicircles of kinetoplast DNA.
Radiation Therapy for Duct Carcinoma in Situ: Who Needs Radiation Therapy, Who Doesn’t?

Duct carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is a common but non-life-threatening breast cancer. Four large prospective randomized trials comparing radiation therapy (RT) with none after breast-conservation surgery have all concluded that the use of RT reduces the risk of a local recurrence (LR) in the ipsilateral breast by at least 50%. More information is needed to assess the role of antiestrogen therapy when RT is not given. When markers are validated to predict which patients will have an invasive LR versus another DCIS or no LR, it is hoped that the discussion with the patient will clarify the situation further.
4f-derived resonant photoemission in the early rare earths: Possible evidence for localized screening channel

Photoemission studies of RERu/sub 2/ and REPd/sub 3/ (RE = Ce, Pr, Nd) reveal two 4f-derived features with an energy separation of approx.2.5 eV, which move in parallel to larger binding energies in going from Ce to Pr to Nd. These results, which are at variance with predictions of Anderson-model treatments based on the large--orbital-degeneracy approximation, are compatible with the treatments of Liu and Ho and of Riseborough, who distinguish between the two peaks on the basis of their screening geometries.
Tubes in hyperbolic 3-manifolds

Abstract We prove a lower bound on the volume of a maximal precisely invariant tube in a hyperbolic 3-manifold. This lower bound depends on the radius of the tube and the angle between the directions of two copies of the tube at a point where the tube intersects itself tangentially. Using this, we produce a lower bound on the volume of any closed orientable hyperbolic 3-manifold.
Profile of Janet Rochester

Janet Rochester is a Senior Member of the Engineering Staff at Lockheed Martin in Moorestown, New Jersey. She is one of twelve engineer writers in the Engineering Documentation Department. Janet is one of the first four graduates from Drexel University's Masters program in Science and Technical Communication. She also has an MBA from Monmouth College as well as a degree in Botany from the University of London, England. The interview with Ms Rochester covers her work and professional duties.
Minimal state space realisation of product factorable 2-D systems

A simple technique is presented for the minimal state space realisation of product factorable two dimensional systems. The application of this method yields the matrices A, b, cT and the scalar d of the two dimensional Givone-Roesser state space model, having minimal dimension.
Volunteerism: Social Network Dynamics and Education

Objectives . We examine how changes in social networks influence volunteerism through bridging (diversity) and bonding (spending time) mechanisms. We further investigate whether social network change substitutes or amplifies the effects of education on volunteerism. Methods . Data (n = 543) are drawn from a two-wave survey of Social Relations and Health over the Life Course (SRHLC). Zero-inflated negative binomial regressions were conducted to test competing hypotheses about how changes in social network characteristics alone and in conjunction with education level predict likelihood and frequency of volunteering. Results . Changes in social networks were associated with volunteerism: as the proportion of family members decreased and the average number of network members living within a one-hour drive increased over time, participants reported higher odds of volunteering. The substitution hypothesis was supported: social networks that exhibited more geographic proximity and greater contact frequency over-time compensated for lower levels of education to predict volunteering more hours. Discussion . The dynamic role of social networks and the ways in which they may work through bridging and bonding to influence both likelihood and frequency of volunteering are discussed. The potential benefits of volunteerism in light of longer life expectancies and smaller families are also considered.