cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
HITCHHIKING: A COMPARISON OF LINKAGE AND PARTIAL SELFING

Genetic hitchhiking occurs when alleles at unselected loci are changed in frequency because of an association with alleles at a selected locus. This association may be mediated either by linkage or partial selfing (inbreeding) and can affect the gene frequency and gametic disequilibrium at the neutral loci. Hitchhiking from partial selfing (unlinked loci) occurs more quickly than linkage hitchhiking and generally has a greater effect. In addition, partial-selfing hitchhiking can cause increases or changes in sign in gametic disequilibrium between neutral loci. The effects of the two types of hitchhiking with different levels of dominance, zygotic frequencies and number of selected loci are also examined. The general conditions for linkage and partial-selfing hitchhiking are outlined and the implications of hitchhiking are discussed for marker or electrophoretic loci.
Effect of inline filtration on the potency of low-dose drugs

Simulating actual conditions of intravenous infusion, a number of routinely used additive drugs were tested for potential binding to an inline i.v. filter containing a cellulose ester membrane. Two infusion solutions, 5% dextrose and 0.9% sodium chloride, were used to deliver the drugs. Drug samples were assayed before and after passage through the filter by the following methods: bleomycin sulfate, cyanocobalamin, ergonovine maleate, mithramycin, vinblastine sulfate, and vincristine sulfate by direct spectrophotometry; oxytocin by biological assay; levarterenol by fluorescence; and folic acid, heparin, insulin, and digitoxin by radiotracer methods. Measurable reduction in potency occurred in both infusion solutions with digitoxin, insulin, mithramycin, and vincristine sulfate. No reduction in potency was observed in either infusion solution with bleomycin sulfate, cyanocobalamin, ergonovine maleate, folic acid, heparin, leverterenol bitartrate, oxytocin, and vinblastine sulfate. The study results indicate that the potency of drugs administered intravenously in small doses could be significantly reduced during inline filtration through a filter containing a cellulose ester membrane.
A comparison of the utilization of medium and long-chain fatty acids for oxidation and ketogenesis in the suckling rat: in vivo and in vitro studies.

Abstract Fatty acid metabolism was studied both in vivo and in perfused liver of suckling rats. In vivo studies showed that [ 14 C]decanoate was oxidized to 14 CO 2 at a faster rate than was [ 14 C]palmitate. This difference was due in part to the different modes of absorption of medium- and long-chain fatty acids. [1- 14 C]- and [16- 14 C]palmitate were oxidized at similar rates indicating complete oxidation of the fatty acid. Analysis of plasma acetoacetate and β-hydroxybutyrate showed that ketone body production was three times as great from labeled decanoate as from palmitate. Perfusion of livers from suckling rats with physiological concentration of fatty acid showed that ketone bodies were generated from decanoate at three times the rate observed with palmitate. The apparent K m for ketogenesis from decanoate was 0.4 m m while that from palmitate was 2.9 m m . The V for palmitate was 2.9 μmol/min/g liver while that for decanoate was 1.5 μmol/min/g liver. Compared to decanoate, palmitate was preferentially converted to triglycerides and phospholipids both in vivo and in vitro . These data suggest that medium-chain fatty acid oxidation in the neonatal rat spares long-chain fatty acids for utilization in complex lipid synthesis. Although medium-chain fatty acid catabolism appears similar to that in the adult rat, it is physiologically relevant during the neonatal period since rat milk, the major source of food, is rich in triglycerides which contain about 35% medium-chain fatty acids.
Systematic review of nutrient intake and growth in children with multiple IgE-mediated food allergies

Background: Food allergies affect up to 8% of American children. The current recommended treatment for food allergies is strict elimination of the allergens from the diet. Dietary elimination of nutrient-dense foods may result in inadequate nutrient intake and impaired growth. The purpose of this review was to critically analyze available research on the effect of an elimination diet on nutrient intake and growth in children with multiple food allergies. Methods: A systematic review of the literature was conducted and a workgroup was established to critically analyze each relevant article. The findings were summarized and a conclusion was generated. Results: Six studies were analyzed. One study found that children with food allergies are more likely to be malnourished than children without food allergies. Three studies found that children with multiple food allergies were shorter than children with 1 food allergy. Four studies assessed nutrient intake of children with multiple food allergies, but the incl...
General methods for the construction of complex molecules

The achievement of a synthesis of a complex organic molecule involves a number of distinctly identifiable operations which, however, are not strictly independent of one another. These include the choice of the molecule to be synthesized, the development of a synthetic strategy and plan in general outline, the selection of specific individual steps and their ordering, and the experimental execution of the synthesis. The absence of a clean separation between component elements makes the task of analysing and understanding Synthesis as an intellectual discipline appear quite forbidding, especially in the most crucial aspect, derivation of a general plan. Further, the enormous diversity and number of organic structures now known to exist, the incredibly broad spectrum of reactions available for synthesis, and the uncertain and severe limits on the applicability of any given reaction all combine to create an impression that the design of a synthesis is apt to be tenuously hypothetical and is mainly a function of the unique circumstances in each particular case and, moreover, that considerations of a highly general nature are neither dominant nor very useful. None the less, a sufficiently great number and variety of syntheses have now been completed to encourage attempts at setting down in a generalized form the process by which a synthetic chemist devises an original but valid synthetic route to a complicated structure. Such an effort surely is more than an intriguing theoretical exercise; it is a prerequisite to a deeper comprehension of Synthesis and the methodologies which are fundamental to it, and it is likely to be a keystone in the rational development of Synthesis to still higher forms. For example, any technique for the automatic generation of synthetic schemes by a computer will require a complete and detailed definition of the elements of Synthesis and their mutual interaction, in a most general sense.
Cardiopulmonary Consequences of Rheumatic Diseases: A Sixteen Year Study

Pulmonary function tests including lung volumes, maximal voluntary ventilation, blood gas tensions, pH, alveolar ventilation, and diffusing capacity were studied in a group of 14 patients with rheumatoid arthritis and three with spondylitis. Seven of the rheumatoid arthritis patients and all three of the spondylitis patients were observed before, during, and after corticosteroid treatment. Two of each group were studied over a period of 11 to 16 years. None had evidence of intrinsic lung disease, but all were dyspneic on minimal activity. The data suggest that musculoskeletal inefficiency, including an inordinate effort for ambulation, accounts for most of the dyspnea.
Assessment of tumor response by computed tomography liver volumetry

Abstract The volumes of hepatic tumors were calculated before and after therapy in 12 patients. The results were compared with clinical response, radionuclide scans, and initial qualitative computed tomography (CT) reports. A strong correlation was found between tumor volume determination and clinical response (9 of 12 patients). In only 4 of 10 patients did radionuclide scans agree with clinical response; the initial qualitative CT report disagreed with clinical response and quantatitive CT response in four patients. Quantitative CT measurement was more accurate than qualitative CT evaluation and thus should be refined to offer a clinically useful addition to CT evaluation.
Integrating human and computer intelligence

This chapter discusses some of the philosophical and empirical implications for developmental psychology of the prospect of human-computer intelligent systems, which can work together to solve problems, learn, and develop.
Making the case for alternative assessment: A writing-based rubric for self-reflection and improved learning

In the global STEM professional arena, the ability to communicate, both orally and in writing, is a skillset demanded by employers. Unfortunately, typical academic exercises that involve written and oral communication are often just that … academic exercises. To provide a more authentic and robust experience, a student conference activity has been developed for use in a second-level physics course entitled Physics for a New Millennium (PNM) at American University (AU). This conference paper activity involves writing a formal research paper using professional guidelines. Students then present their papers at a class conference held at the end of the semester. The primary focus of the research paper is to allow students to synthesize a subset of the physics topics that are being studied in class. The secondary focus of the research paper is to make a solid connection between physics and its connection to the overall paper topic. For example, in an earlier semester, one student, with a major in sociology and a minor in applied physics, wrote a paper on the physics associated with the cochlear implant and its impact on the deaf community. A topic such as this allows students the opportunity to connect the physics being studied in class to something that directly relates to their major course of study. Being able to make this type of connection is invaluable to the students and provides the instructor with a unique opportunity to assess their understanding. The research paper and conference presentation take the place of a traditional final exam. Unlike a traditional final exam, the research paper activity provides for multiple points of assessment of student learning. A traditional final exam merely provides a data point regarding student learning after the learning has actually taken place. In fact, most exams do not provide students with an opportunity to correct flaws in their reasoning and make adjustments to their current understanding. The non-traditional research paper activity, however, provides for multiple opportunities to correct one's understanding of key physics concepts and to utilize this adjusted understanding in the next phase of the paper-writing process. To illustrate, students must submit an abstract, as well as a first, second, and final draft of their papers. At each juncture, a carefully crafted rubric is utilized to better capture student learning. This paper will focus on one such evaluative rubric and provide discussion regarding how it was utilized in terms of assessing students' understanding of key physics topics.
Fine Structure in Solar Flares.

We present observations of several large two-ribbon flares observed with both the Transition Region and Coronal Explorer (TRACE) and the soft X-ray telescope on Yohkoh. The high spatial resolution TRACE observations show that solar flare plasma is generally not confined to a single loop or even a few isolated loops but to a multitude of fine coronal structures. These observations also suggest that the high-temperature flare plasma generally appears diffuse while the cooler (2 MK) postflare plasma is looplike. We conjecture that the diffuse appearance of the high-temperature flare emission seen with TRACE is due to a combination of the emission measure structure of these flares and the instrumental temperature response and does not reflect fundamental differences in plasma morphology at the different temperatures.
An Examination of Latino Students' Homework Routines

Homework appears to be positively associated with better student outcomes. Although some researchers have explored the connection between time spent on homework and minority student achievement, few have examined the homework routines of Latino youth. Interviews with Latino high school students show that they have some difficulty completing daily homework assignments. Some of the reasons for not completing homework assignments include lack of motivation, problems with time management, and feeling overwhelmed with the amount of homework assigned. The problem of not completing homework assignments is exacerbated by the fact that few Latino students can turn to their parents for help.
Solution NMR Study of the Electronic and Molecular Structure of the Heme Cavity in High-Spin, Resting State Horseradish Peroxidase

Three resting state horseradish peroxidase isozymes (HRPC, HRPA1, and HRPA2) have been investigated by solution 1D and 2D NMR to determine the scope and limitation of these methods for large (∼44 kDa), high-spin ferric heme enzymes and to develop an interpretive basis of the hyperfine shifts in terms of the molecular and electronic structure of the active site. Definitive assignments are attained for the resolved heme and axial His resonances, as well as several residues more than 7 A from the iron. Four Phe side chains located in HRPC by scalar correlation and characteristic NOEs to the heme are identified as Phe 152, Phe 172, and two unassigned Phes X and W, in contact with pyrrole D. The temperature dependence of the hyperfine shifted aromatic rings shows that dipolar shift arises from zero-field splitting; a value of D ∼ 7 cm-1 models the observed dipolar shift with use of a homology model constructed from peanut peroxidase. The combined use of steady-state NOEs, paramagnetic relaxation, and the predi...
Fracture risk following bilateral oophorectomy

Abstract To assess fracture risk following bilateral oophorectomy, we conducted a population-based retrospective cohort study among the 463 Rochester, Minnesota women who underwent bilateral oophorectomy for benign ovarian conditions in 1950–1979. During 7220 person-years of observation, there appeared to be a modest increase in the risk of distal forearm fractures (standardized morbidity ratio [SMR] 1.4; 95% CI 1.0–2.0) and vertebral fractures (SMR 1.9; 95% CI 1.3–2.8) but not hip fractures (SMR] 1.1; 95% CI 0.6–1.9). Although our statistical power was quite limited, there was a suggestion that women who became estrogen deficient at a young age were at greater risk of fracture. However, the youngest women were more likely to be on estrogen replacement therapy, and for longer durations, so that the average age at the onset of estrogen deficiency in this population was 47 years.
Deformation of Lee-Side Laminae in Eolian Dunes

Processes responsible for structures in sand dunes consist of (l) primary deposition by saltation and creep and by settling from suspension, (2) redeposition accompanying avalanching, and (3) penecontemporaneous erosion. Characteristics of dune structures were examined in the field by introducing marker beds of magnetite at times of sand deposition, thus recording original surfaces and making possible the determination of subsequent changes. Similar structures were examined in the laboratory by testing processes and comparing the resulting structural forms with corresponding natural features. Avalanching in sand is of two types: sand flow and slumping. Deformational structures characteristic of each were recorded in the field and were reproduced in the laboratory. Nine varieties of deformational structures are recognized and described. Analysis of these structures suggests criteria for distinguishing compressional types (lower dune slope) from tensional types (upper dune slope). The analysis of deformational structures also serves to distinguish between forms developed in cohesive sand and those in non-cohesive sand. Since the degree of cohesion is largely a function of the amount of moisture in the sand at the time of avalanching, the deformational structures provide a means for recognizing original dry sand, wet sand, sand crusts, and saturated sand surfaces in ancient deposits. A testing of these criteria was made by comparing laboratory samples with those of dry sand at White Sands, New Mexico, and with those of coastal dunes (probably wet sand) in southern Brazil.
Effect of switching field distributions and coercivity on magnetic recording properties

Two series of tapes were coated to investigate the effect of switching field distribution (SFD) and intrinsic coercivity (H ci ) on audio recording properties. In the first series the concentration of γ-Fe 2 O 3 was varied by dilution with α-Fe 2 O 3 . The SFD, which increased with the amount of α-Fe 2 O 3 present, had a large effect on the linear recording range. Signal loss associated with SFD was separated from demagnetization loss. In the second series γ-Fe 2 O 3 was blended with different amounts of cobalt doped γ-Fe 2 O 3 in order to vary H ci . The ratio of short wavelength saturated output to sensitivity expressed in volts was proportional to H ci .
Characterizing magnetic sensors and magnetic noise of AUVs

The goal of our research is to characterize the performance of an off-the-shelf Overhauser Sentinel magnetometer when towed by an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV). It is well known that the hydrodynamic motion of conductive seawater in the oceans through the earth's field leads to electrodynamic phenomena based on the dynamo effect. Oceanographic features such as surface waves, currents, and internal waves, produce electromagnetic signatures, which could be sensed and detected with an instrument that has the appropriate resolution and accuracy. This paper presents our preliminary work on characterizing the performance of the magnetic sensor, and the impact of the presence of a REMUS 100 AUV on it. The performance characterization consists of two major considerations: orientation sensitivity and vehicle anomaly sensitivity. Time-series and power spectral density results obtained from the orientation and vehicle sensitivity measurements will be presented.
The effects of word class on children's reading and spelling

Abstract Children's oral language functioning has been shown to be affected by word class (i.e., content vs. noncontent words). The present study reveals comparable effects on children's written language performance. In spelling and reading, third and fifth graders show faster and more accurate responses to nouns and verbs than to noncontent words of matched length and frequency. Further, when the children's performance is examined in relation to level of reading skill, it is found that the less-skilled readers exhibit a greater content/noncontent differential than do the more skilled readers. The results are discussed with reference to differential access for the two word classes and its implication for both oral and written language functioning.
Increasing arteriovenous fistulas in hemodialysis patients: Problems and solutions

Increasing arteriovenous fistulas in hemodialysis patients: Problems and solutions. National guidelines promote increasing the prevalence of fistula use among hemodialysis patients. The prevalence of fistulas among hemodialysis patients reflects both national, regional, and local practice differences as well as patient-specific demographic and clinical factors. Increasing fistula prevalence requires increasing fistula placement, improving maturation of new fistulas, and enhancing long-term patency of mature fistulas for dialysis. Whether a patient receives a fistula depends on several factors: timing of referral for dialysis and vascular access, type of fistula placed, patient demographics, preference of the nephrologist, surgeon, and dialysis nurses, and vascular anatomy of the patient. Whether the placed fistula is useable for dialysis depends on additional factors, including adequacy of vessels, surgeon's experience, patient demographics, nursing skills, minimal acceptable dialysis blood flow, and attempts to revise immature fistulas. Whether a mature fistula achieves long-term patency depends on the ability to prevent and correct thrombosis. An optimal outcome is likely when there is (1) a multidisciplinary team approach to vascular access; (2) consensus about the goals among all interested parties (nephrologists, surgeons, radiologists, dialysis nurses, and patients); (3) early referral for placement of vascular access; (4) restriction of vascular access procedures to surgeons with demonstrable interest and experience; (5) routine, preoperative mapping of the patient's arteries and veins; (6) close, ongoing communication among the involved parties; and (7) prospective tracking of outcomes with continuous quality assessment. Implementing these measures is likely to increase the prevalence of fistulas in any given dialysis unit. However, differences among dialysis units are likely to persist because of differences in gender, race, and co-morbidity mix of the patient population.
Dopaminergic stimulation of pituitary but not hypothalamic estrogen receptors in ovariectomized rats.

This study was designed to examine the role of catecholamines and serotonin in the regulation of estrogen receptors (ER) in the medial basal hypothalamus (MBH) and anterior pituitary gland (AP) of adult ovariectomized rats. Plasma PRL and LH were also determined. Injection of amethyl tyrosine (α-MT) resulted in the significant reduction of norepinephrine and dopamine (DA) content in the MBH, and of plasma LH levels as well as in the significant elevation of plasma PRL levels. This treatment also resulted in the significant reduction of ER concentration in the AP. The elevation in plasma PRL by α-MT was reversed by the simultaneous injection of bromocriptine (BC), a DA agonist, which also partially reversed the α-MT reduction of ER concentrations in the AP. BC had no effect on plasma LH levels. The ER concentration in the MBH was not significantly changed by any of these treatments. The reduction of serotonin content in the MBH by the injection of p-chlorophenylalanine had no effect on the ER concentration...
Quantum Images from 4-Wave Mixing in Atomic Vapors

We have used four-wave mixing in hot atomic vapors to generate multi-spatial-mode entangled optical fields. I will review and discuss our recent progress in the construction of phase-sensitive and phase-insensitive amplifiers with this technique.
Controlled Adsorption of Surfactant and Polymer-Surfactant Mixtures for Enhanced Separation/Beneficiation of Minerals

Surface characteristics of solids are often complex due to changes during particle preparation as well as interactions with the surrounding environment. The key to their separation and beneficiation lies in manipulation of the surface characteristics by treatment with selected reagents. Controlled adsorption of surfactants, polymers or a combination of both can modify the surface of the mineral to achieve the desired results. Alteration of surface properties of phosphate ores and metal oxides using such methods as adsorption and dissolution is discussed in this paper. Responses to these treatments are examined using flotation, dissolution and fluorescence spectroscopic techniques.
Adequacy of Cancer Screening in Adult Women with Congenital Heart Disease

Adults with congenital heart disease (ACHD) face noncardiac healthcare challenges as the population ages. We assessed whether women with ACHD have comparable cancer screening rates to non-ACHD women in a cardiac practice and to the general population. We performed a retrospective review of 175 adult women seen in a cardiac care center in 2009–2011. Data on Pap tests, mammography, and colonoscopies, were collected through electronic medical records and primary care provider records. Adequate documentation was available for 100 individuals with ACHD and 40 comparator cardiac patients. The adequacy of screening was determined using guidelines set forth by the American Cancer Society in 2010. Compared with the national average, ACHD patients had significantly lower rates of Pap tests (60% versus 83%, P < 0.001) and mammography (48% versus 72%, P < 0.001). Compared with non-ACHD women in the same practice, ACHD patients had consistently lower rates of mammography (48% versus 81%, P = 0.02) and colonoscopies (54% versus 82%, P = 0.23). As the population of ACHD individuals ages, attention to cancer screening becomes increasingly important but may be overlooked in this population. Primary care physicians and cardiologists should collaborate to ensure appropriate cancer screening for this growing population.
The general failure of Kleinman symmetry in practical nonlinear optical applications

Abstract Evidence is presented to refute the general applicability of the overall permutation symmetry condition originally proposed by Kleinman in describing the non-resonant nonlinear optical properties of the overwhelming majority of practical materials and systems. Kramers–Kronig dispersion relations demonstrate that the range of validity of Kleinman symmetry is substantially more restrictive than is widely assumed. These findings are supported by numerous experimental observations of effects explicitly forbidden by Kleinman symmetry but allowed by the dispersion relations. Considerations of molecular symmetry coupled with the Kramers–Kronig dispersion relations yield alternative simple and general macroscopic symmetry relations that are consistent with experimental observations.
Ionic contributions to the oscillatory firing activity of rat Purkinje cells in vitro.

Abstract Oscillatory firing activity in cerebellar Purkinje cells (PCs) can be maintained by intrinsic ionic conductances in the apparent absence of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic input as demonstrated by application of TTX or antagonists of amino acid-mediated transmission or both. Bursting activity in these cells is associated with a region of ZSR (zero slope resistance, the beginning part of a negative slope resistance region) of the whole cell quasi-steady-state I–V relationship. Blockade of Na+ current by TTX unmasked the ZSR region in all PCs tested. Based on current and voltage clamp experiments, hyperpolarization-activated cation current (Ih) participates in the rhythmic firing activity by influencing the amplitude and duration of the interburst interval and the resultant pattern of the burst generation. Blockade of Ih with cesium (Cs+) retards the membrane rebound from the after-hyperpolarization and results in longer and more negative hyperpolarization between bursts. However, Cs+ did not affect the presence and characteristic of the ZSR region of the whole cell quasi-steady-state I–V curve.
Digital library use (panel session): social practice in design and evaluation

Digital Libraries (DLs) are social as well as technological entities. Their purpose is to help people do knowledge work, to carry knowledge processes across space and time. DLs are designed, used, and evaluated in a context of work and community. And DLs interact with this context, changing and being changed by it. Effective DLs must be designed and evaluated with a sensitivity to how knowledge is created and understood, and work is done, in a context of knowledge communities, which share practices and tools. DL use is a socially-embedded process. DL development is likewise a complex social process. This panel grows out of a book on social approaches to DL design and evaluation--currrently in press--to which the moderator and each panelist has contributed a chapter. The purpose of the panel is to present socially grounded approaches to understanding DLs; to identify and discuss major issues that arise from these approaches and, more generally, from the social nature of DLs; and to consider implications for the design and evaluation of DLs.
Sustainability of Highway Bridge Networks under Seismic Hazard

In order to evaluate the seismic risk of transportation networks, it is necessary to develop a methodology that integrates the probabilities of occurrence of seismic events in a region, the vulnerability of the civil infrastructure, and the consequences of the seismic hazard to the society, environment, and economy. In this article, a framework for the time-variant seismic sustainability and risk assessment of highway bridge networks is presented. The sustainability of the network is quantified in terms of its social, environmental, and economic metrics. These include the expected downtime, expected energy waste and carbon dioxide emissions, and the expected loss. The methodology considers the probability of occurrence of a set of seismic scenarios that reflect the seismic activity of the region. The performance of network links is quantified based on individual bridge performance evaluated through fragility analyses. The sustainability and risk depend on the damage states of both the links and the bridge...
High-temperature tensile behavior of freestanding Au thin films

The mechanical behavior of freestanding thin sputter-deposited films of Au is studied at temperatures up to 340 °C, using tensile testing. Films tested at elevated temperatures exhibit a significant decrease in flow stress and stiffness. Furthermore, the flow stress decreases with decreasing film thickness, contravening the usual notion that “smaller is stronger”. This behavior is attributed mainly to diffusion-facilitated grain boundary sliding.
The effect of instantaneous diffusion on the relaxation of photon echoes in ruby

Abstract It has been recently suggested that electrid dipole instantaneous diffusion plays an important role in the relaxation of photon echoes in ruby. Our experiments indicate that instantaneous diffusion is not important in this relaxation.
Membranes of Mammary Gland. V. Isolation of Golgi Apparatus and Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum from Bovine Mammary Gland

Abstract Methods are presented for isolation of Golgi apparatus and ribosome-studded (rough) endoplasmic reticulum fractions from bovine mammary gland in quantities and purity sufficient for biochemical analyses. These fractions were characterized morphologically and enzymologically. Galactosyl transferase and NADPH 1 -cytochrome c reductase were suitable marker enzymes for Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum, respectively, from bovine mammary tissue.
A simple “magic-angle” spinning apparatus for routine use in NMR spectroscopy of solids

Abstract The design and construction of a simple apparatus for “magic-angle” spinning experiments which is suitable for routine use is described, and its performance evaluated both in bench tests and in the spectra obtained from a variety of materials. The equipment works well for machinable solids, polycrystalline materials, and frozen liquids, and the temperature can be varied continuously from 473 K down to 77 K.
How high: Quantity as a predictor of cannabis-related problems

Background Research on cannabis use has emphasized frequency as a predictor of problems. Studies of other drugs reveal that frequency relates to psychological and physiological outcomes, but quantity also plays an important role. In the study of cannabis, quantity has been difficult to assess due to the wide range of products and means of consumption.
Conventional and Novel Approaches to Immunosuppression

Immunosuppressive therapy has contributed significantly to improved survival after solid organ transplantation. Nevertheless, treatment-related adverse events and persistently high risk of chronic graft rejection remain major obstacles to long-term survival after lung transplantation. The development of new agents, refinements in techniques to monitor immunosuppression, and enhanced understanding of transplant immunobiology are essential for further improvements in outcome. In this article, conventional immunosuppressive regimens, novel approaches to preventing graft rejection, and investigational agents for solid organ transplantation are reviewed.
Robert Merton and Dorothy Emmet Deflated Functionalism and Structuralism

Dorothy Emmet, in two books, one of which was based on extensive personal contact with Robert Merton and Columbia sociology, provides the closest thing we have to an authorized philosophical defens...
The practice and the economics of applying digital computers to engineering problems

The truly explosive progress achieved by the digital computer in the last 10 years, and its outstanding contributions to the solution of scientific, engineering, and data-processing problems have been recently reviewed by Harder.1 There is no evidence that this phenomenal rate of progress will diminish in the next 10 years.
Suppression of excited-state absorption: A path to ultraviolet tunable solid-state lasers

A method of suppression of losses due to excited-state absorption (ESA) in laser crystals is proposed, based on the well-known phenomenon of electromagnetically induced transparency. Typical situations in which ESA prevents lasing are considered. Theoretical analysis shows that by using an additional driving laser field one can inhibit ESA and make lasing possible. On the basis of available spectroscopic information estimates for rare-earth-ion-doped laser materials are presented. They show the feasibility of obtaining optical gain at parity-allowed $4{f}^{n}\ensuremath{\leftrightarrow}4{f}^{n\ensuremath{-}1}5d$ transitions of rare-earth ions in the ultraviolet spectral region after suppression of ESA at an emission wavelength into the conduction band of a host material.
EVOLUTION OF PHOTOSYNTHETIC AND RESPIRATORY PROKARYOTES AND ORGANELLES

Common ancestors for mitochondria, chloroplasts, and photosynthetic bacteria (including cyanobacteria) probably existed more than three billion years ago. One ancestral prokaryote may have contained P(chl) Chloroplast a in photochemical reaction centers that drove cyclic electron flow and phosphorylation through membrane-bound components including cytochromes and quinones. Substitution of Chl a for Pchl a and the development of linear electron-transport chains permitted the reduction of NAD/sup +/ and/or NADP/sup +/ for carbon-dioxide fixation. Evolution of photosystem II from photosystem I enabled one prokaryote to evolve oxygen as a byproduct of carbon-dioxide fixation. This organism was the common ancestor of cyanobacteria, Prochloron, and various chloroplasts. A photosynthetic bacterium containing Bchl a appears to have branched off from the Chl a line. This bacterium was the common ancestor of extant respiring bacteria, mitochondria, and purple and green photosynthetic bacteria.
Progress report on losses associated with corn harvesting in Iowa

Abstract Corn losses occurring before and during the harvesting season were determined. These losses were (1) preharvest losses, (2) gathering losses and (3) snapping roll, separating and cleaning losses. Five varieties of grain, with two varieties planted on two different dates, were harvested with a grain combine with a corn head attachment. For most varieties the losses increased rapidly as the grain moisture dropped below 25%. Eighty-five to 95% of all losses were ear drop losses before or during the harvesting operation. Large differences in these losses existed among varieties. The results indicated that poor ear attachment (weak ear shank) was a major factor causing very high ear losses for some varieties at kernel moisture below 25%.
Tension to passively cinch the mitral annulus through coronary sinus access: an ex vivo study in ovine model.

Abstract Introduction The transcatheter mitral valve repair (TMVR) technique utilizes a stent to cinch a segment of the mitral annulus (MA) and reduces mitral regurgitation. The cinching mechanism results in reduction of the septal–lateral distance. However, the mechanism has not been characterized completely. In this study, a method was developed to quantify the relation between cinching tension and MA area in an ex vivo ovine model. Method The cinching tension was measured from a suture inserted within the coronary sinus (CS) vessel with one end tied to the distal end of the vessel and the other end exited to the CS ostium where it was attached to a force transducer on a linear stage. The cinching tension, MA area, septal–lateral (S–L) and commissure–commissure (C–C) diameters and leakage was simultaneously measured in normal and dilated condition, under a hydrostatic left ventricular pressure of 90 mmHg. Results The MA area was increased up to 22.8% after MA dilation. A mean tension of 2.1±0.5 N reduced the MA area by 21.3±5.6% and S–L diameter by 24.2±5.3%. Thus, leakage was improved by 51.7±16.2% following restoration of normal MA geometry. Conclusion The cinching tension generated by the suture acts as a compensation force in MA reduction, implying the maximum tension needed to be generated by annuloplasty device to restore normal annular size. The relationship between cinching tension and the corresponding MA geometry will contribute to the development of future TMVR devices and understanding of myocardial contraction function.
Asymptotic Behavior of Linear Permutation Tests under General Alternatives, with Application to Test Selection and Study Design

Abstract Tests based on the permutation of observations are a common and attractive method of comparing two groups of outcomes, in part because they retain proper test size with minimal assumptions and can have high efficiency toward specific alternatives of interest. In addition, permutation tests may be used with discrete or categorical outcomes, for which linear rank tests are not designed. Permutation tests are now increasingly used to analyze discrete or continuous responses that themselves are functions of several statistics. Examples of such summary statistics include the area under the curve generated by repeated measures of a laboratory marker or an overall composite score from a quality of life study. Here even simple structures for the joint distribution of the component statistics can lead to complex differences between the distributions of summary statistics of the comparison groups. Despite their attractive features, surprisingly little is known about the behavior of linear permutation tests...
Classical Conditioning and Brain Systems: The Role of Awareness

Classical conditioning of the eye-blink response, perhaps the best studied example of associative learning in vertebrates, is relatively automatic and reflexive, and with the standard procedure (simple delay conditioning), it is intact in animals with hippocampal lesions. In delay conditioning, a tone [the conditioned stimulus (CS)] is presented just before an air puff to the eye [the unconditioned stimulus (US)]. The US is then presented, and the two stimuli coterminate. In trace conditioning, a variant of the standard paradigm, a short interval (500 to 1000 ms) is interposed between the offset of the CS and the onset of the US. Animals with hippocampal lesions fail to acquire trace conditioning. Amnesic patients with damage to the hippocampal formation and normal volunteers were tested on two versions of delay conditioning and two versions of trace conditioning and then assessed for the extent to which they became aware of the temporal relationship between the CS and the US. Amnesic patients acquired delay conditioning at a normal rate but failed to acquire trace conditioning. For normal volunteers, awareness was unrelated to successful delay conditioning but was a prerequisite for successful trace conditioning. Trace conditioning is hippocampus dependent because, as in other tasks of declarative memory, conscious knowledge must be acquired across the training session. Trace conditioning may provide a means for studying awareness in nonhuman animals, in the context of current ideas about multiple memory systems and the function of the hippocampus.
Local adaptation along a continuous coastline: prey recruitment drives differentiation in a predatory snail.

Recent work demonstrates that nearshore oceanography can generate strong variation in the delivery of resources (nutrients and larvae) to benthic marine communities over spatial scales of tens to hundreds of kilometers. Moreover, variation in the strength of these bottom-up inputs is often spatially consistent, linked to regional centers of upwelling, coastal topography, and other stable features of the coastline. Whereas the ecological effects of these oceanographic links are increasingly clear, the possibility that these same bottom-up forces might impose spatially varying selection on consumers has not been addressed. Here, we test the hypothesis that a carnivorous snail (Nucella canaliculata) with direct development is locally adapted to persistent differences in prey recruitment within two adjacent oceano graphic regions (northern California and Oregon, USA). Previous laboratory studies demonstrated that snails from Oregon rarely drilled the thick-shelled mussel Mytilus californianus, whereas snails from California readily drilled this prey. To test whether these differences reflect local adaptation, snails from two populations in each region were raised through two laboratory generations to minimize the potential influence of nongenetic effects. We then reciprocally outplanted these F2 generation snails to field enclosures at each of the four sites and monitored their growth for 11 months. Recruitment and availability of preferred prey (the acorn barnacle Balanus glandula and blue mussel Mytilus trossulus) at the experimental sites were 1-3 orders of magnitude lower in California than in Oregon. At the California sites, snails that originated from Oregon sources failed to drill larger M. calif ornianus, encountered few alternative prey, and showed almost no growth. In contrast, snails from California drilled M. californianus and showed substantial growth. These results strongly suggest that the capacity of California snails to drill M. californianus allows these snails to succeed in an oceanographic region where the recruitment of alternative, preferred prey is low. More broadly, our results suggest that persistent spatial variation in recruitment and other oceanographically mediated processes may lead to adaptive differentiation among populations of consumers in adjacent coastal regions.
SWCNT PEG-eggs: Single-walled carbon nanotubes in biocompatible shell-crosslinked micelles

Pristine, individualized single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) have been noncovalently captured within PEG-terminated block copolymer amphiphiles. Two cross-linkable amphiphiles were evaluated: polyethylene glycol-polyacrylic acid-polystyrene (PEG-PAA-PS) and polyethylene glycol-polybutadiene (PEG-PB). The resulting self-assembled PEG-PAA-PS structures, called PEG-eggs, are freely soluble in water and stable in physiological media. SWCNTs in PEG-eggs retain their intrinsic near-infrared fluorescence, resist exchange with serum proteins, and are non-cytotoxic to mouse macrophage and human renal cells based on in vitro viability assays.
Is Complicated Grief a Valid Construct

Important progress has been made in conceptualizing and demonstrating effective interventions for complicated grief (CG). The author argues, however, that the CG construct is still poorly understood, and that there remain several important but unanswered questions about the construct's basic validity. Recent research is reviewed that provides preliminary evidence for the CG's incremental validity over other forms of grief-related psychopathology. However, further evidence of incremental validity is still needed. Several prospective studies are also reviewed that support the discriminant validity of CG in relation to more enduring depressive symptoms. However, most studies of CG have failed to make this distinction and have tended to confound CG with longer-term depressive states. The author argues that future research on CG, including intervention studies, needs to allot greater attention to these validity issues.
Using incremental clustering technique in collaborative filtering data update

Collaborative filtering (CF) techniques are widely used by online shops in their recommender systems. It is well known that the nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF) based CF algorithms are popular and can provide reasonable product recommendations. However, the dimensions of the factor matrices in NMF need to be predetermined and updated when necessary. Moreover, data arrives in every second so the recommender systems must be capable of updating the fast growing data in a timely manner. In this paper, we propose an approach that incorporates incremental clustering technique into NMF based data update algorithm which can determine the dimensions of the factor matrices and update them automatically. The approach clusters users' and items' auxiliary information and uses them as constraints in NMF for data update. The cluster quantities are used as the dimensions of the factor matrices. With more data coming in, the incremental clustering algorithm determines whether to increase the number of clusters or merge the existing clusters. Experiments on three different datasets (MovieLens, Sushi and LibimSeTi) are conducted to examine the proposed approach. The results show that our approach can update the data quickly and provide encouraging prediction accuracy.
Proximity mapping the surface of a membrane protein using an artificial protease: Demonstration that the quinone-binding domain of subunit I is near the N-terminal region of subunit II of cytochrome bd

A novel experiment has been used to show proximity relationships between sites on the surface of the cytochrome bd quinol oxidase of Escherichia coli. The artificial protease iron (S)-1-[p-(bromoacetamido)benzyl]-EDTA (Fe--BABE) was conjugated to selected reactive cysteines placed in subunit I or subunit II, with the aim of identifying amino acid residues within approximately 12 A of each site of attachment. The protease was activated with H2O2 and ascorbate for a few seconds, and hydrolysis products were isolated and analyzed by N-terminal sequencing. Among other results, we found that residue 39 of subunit II is near residue 255 of subunit I in the putative quinone-binding domain (Q loop) of the oxidase. Since this technique is insensitive to the nature of the amino acid side chains, it should prove generally valuable in revealing spatial relationships both within and between subunits in complex proteins where high-resolution structural information is not available.
The Control of Dopamine Neuron Development, Function and Survival: Insights From Transgenic Mice and The Relevance to Human Disease

Transgenic technology, especially the use of homologous recombination to disrupt specific genes to produce knockout mice, has added considerably to the understanding of dopamine (DA) neuron develop, survival and function. The current review summarizes results from knockout mice with the target disruption of genes involved in the development of DA neurons (engrailed 1 and 2, lmx1b, and Nurr1), in maintaining DA neurotransmission (tyrosine hydroxylase, vesicular monoamine transporter, DA transporter, DA D2 and D3 receptors) and important for DA neuron survival (alpha-synuclein, glia cell line-derived neurotrophic factor and superoxide dismutase). As alterations in DA neurotransmission have been implicated in a number of human neuropathologies including Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, understanding how specific genes are involved in the function of DA neurons and the compensatory changes that result from loss or reduction in gene expression could provide important insight for the treatment of these diseases.