cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
NOMINAL STRUCTURES AND STRUCTURAL RECURSION

It is possible within tree-adjoining grammar to reproduce many of the syntactic analyses originally formulated by linguists in transformational terms. To the extent that these analyses are well motivated empirically, this fact makes TAG interesting for use in developing computational learning and processing models (Joshi 1990; Frank 1992; Rambow 1994), since the use of other nontransformational formalisms sometimes forces choices of linguistic description different from those ordinarily made by descriptive syntacticians. Thus, using TAG, one can take advantage in the construction of parsers and learners of the computational tractability of a mathematically restrictive formalism without having to reinvent empirical syntax in order to do so. At the same time, TAG analyses are not identical in every detail to their transformational counterparts; and it is interesting to compare them where they diverge. The differences arise because of a fundamental difference in the way that syntactic recursion is treated in the two frameworks. In TAG, recursive structures are generated by composing elementary syntactic objects, with the result that recursion is factored apart from the representation of local syntactic dependencies. By contrast, in transformational grammar, as in many other frameworks, recursive structure and local dependencies are represented together in a single, full representation of a complex sentence. Because of this difference in the treatment of recursion, it often turns out, when TAG is used to emulate a transformational analysis, that the TAG version has advantages, of both elegance and empirical coverage, over the original. This paper is a demonstration in a new empirical domain, that of nominal constructions, of the advantages of TAG-based syntax. By presenting a linguistically detailed account of these constructions and showing the advantages of using TAG to analyze them, we strengthen the case for the use of mathematically constrained and computationally tractable representational systems in competence-based as well as in computational linguistics.
Silver-haired bat rabies virus variant does not induce apoptosis in the brain of experimentally infected mice

To examine whether induction of apoptosis plays a role in the pathogenesis of street rabies, we compared the distribution of viral antigens, histopathology, and the induction of apoptosis in the brain of mice infected with a street rabies virus (silver-haired bat rabies virus, SHBRV) and with a mouse-adapted laboratory rabies virus strain (challenge virus standard, CVS-24). Inflammation was identified in the meninges, but not in the parenchyma of the brain of mice infected with either CVS-24 or SHBRV. Necrosis was present in numerous cortical, hippocampal, and Purkinje neurons in CVS-24-infected mice, but only minimal necrosis was identified in mice infected with SHBRV. Likewise, extensive terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-digoxigenin nick end-labeling (TUNEL) staining was observed in the brain of mice infected with CVS-24 but little or none in the brain of mice infected with SHBRV. Rabies virus antigens were distributed similarly in the CNS infected with either virus. However, the expression of the glycoprotein (G) is more widespread and the staining of G is generally stronger in CVS- than SHBRV-infected mice, whereas the expression of rabies virus nucleoprotein (N) is similar in mice infected with either CVS or SHBRV. The positive TUNEL staining thus correlates with the high level of G expression in CVS-infected mouse brain. Northern blot hybridization revealed that the ratio between the N and G transcripts is similar in brains infected with either virus, indicating that the reduced expression of G protein is not caused by reduced transcription in SHBRV-infected animals. Taken together, these observations suggest that apoptosis is not an essential pathogenic mechanism for the outcome of a street rabies virus infection and that other pathologic processes may contribute to the profound neuronal dysfunction characteristic of street rabies.
Embryonic origin of hemocytes and their relationship to cell death in Drosophila

We have studied the embryonic development of Drosophila hemocytes and their conversion into macrophages. Hemocytes derive exclusively from the mesoderm of the head and disperse along several invariant migratory paths throughout the embryo. The origin of hemocytes from the head mesoderm is further supported by the finding that in Bicaudal D, a mutation that lacks all head structures, and in twist snail double mutants, where no mesoderm develops, hemocytes do not form. All embryonic hemocytes behave like a homogenous population with respect to their potential for phagocytosis. Thus, in the wild type, about 8090% of hemocytes become macrophages during late development. In mutations with an increased amount of cell death (knirps; stardust; fork head), this figure approaches 100%. In contrast, in these mutations, the absolute number of hemocytes does not differ from that in wild type, indi cating that cell death does not ‘induce’ the formation of hemocytes. Finally, we show that, in the Drosophila embryo, apoptosis can occur independently of macrophages, since mutations lacking macrophages (Bicaudal D; twist snail double mutants; torso 4021 ) show abundant cell death. SUMMARY
The use of inductive inference models to understand human performance in supervisory control domains

The paper proposes a methodology to understand human performance in complex supervisory control domains through the use of inductive inference methods, and E. Brunswik's (1955) lens framework. Operators in today's highly automated control systems are confronted with vast arrays of information. In order to design effective workspaces in these domains, therefore, researchers must understand information demand and utilization from a systems perspective. That is, to understand system information requirements, one must attempt to understand the diagnosticity of information in the task domain, as well as the utility of the information by human operators. The paper outlines a framework, in the spirit of Brunswik's lens model, to represent information utility and diagnosticity. Within this framework, a computational inductive inference model is described which seeks to capture human decision policies, as well as to provide a method of comparing these policies to the information environment.
Computers And Growth

The purpose of this paper is to describe the impact of investment in computers on the growth of the U.S. economy. The economic literature on computers is relatively rich in information on the decline in computer prices and the growth of computer investment. Constant quality price indices for computers have been included in the U.S. National Income and Product Accounts (NIPA) since 1986. These indices employ state of the art methodology to capture the rapid evolution of computer technology. While the annual inflation rate for overall investment has been 3.66 percent for the period 1958 to 1992, computer prices have declined by 19.13 percent per year! Similarly, overall investment grew at 3.82 percent, while investment in computers increased at an astounding 44.34 percent! These familiar facts describe growth in the output of computers. The objective of this paper is to complete the picture by analyzing the growth of computer services as inputs. In a pioneering paper Bresnahan (1986) has focused on pecuniar...
Characterization of Al and Al-Cr-Al Thin Films

TEM, X-ray diffraction, and electrical resistivity measurements were used to study the microstructure and the growth of AI-Cr-AI film sandwiches, where the individual Al layers were 300 A thick and the Cr thickness was varied between 0–10 atomic layers. The base vacuum was around 1.0 × 10−10 torr, substrate temperatures varied between 100–350 °C, and evaporation rates were 3A/s for Al and ∼0.1 – 0.2 A/s for Cr. All Al films had a strong (111) texture and showed a non-percolative island structure at 350 °C. The films became connected at lower substrate temperatures, reaching perfect continuity at 100°C. However, electrical conductivity is achieved also for the films deposited at 350 °C when one or more atomic layers of Cr are sandwiched between the Al layers. Results for the superconducting critical temperature and resistivity are discussed in terms of Cr diffusion into Al and the film size effect.
The Importance of Posterior Muscle Strength and Facet Contact in Preventing Lumbar Disc Herniation During Forward Bending

During forward bending, a combination of compression, anterior shear, and flexion moment is applied to the lumbar spine due to upper body weight. A combination of posterior muscle and ligament forces must be generated in order to prevent excessive motion and restore upright posture. It is generally believed that forward bending to 90 degrees while maintaining a straight or extended lumbar spine is biomechanically favorable compared to lifting with a rounded back [1]. A simple biomechanical model of the lumbar spine during bending in which the vertical force from upper body weight is balanced with posterior muscle and ligament tension would result in similar levels of compression of the disc regardless of the bending modality. However, this model does not take into consideration the facets. A study involving professional class weightlifters showed that subjects would increase the lordosis in their lumbar spines prior to executing a deadlift maneuver [2]. The authors suggest several possible advantages for why the lifters increased the lordosis including muscle control and geometric advantages, but do not indicate the potential for increased facet engagement. During forward bending the lumbar spine will be exposed to anterior shear forces, which will cause the facets to engage [3]. Posterior muscle activation occurring during facet engagement may generate a fulcrum, which has the potential to reduce the compression experienced by the disc. Therefore, the objective of the current study was to simulate forward bending with a previously validated finite element model of L4-L5 and determine if increasing posterior muscle force results in a reduction in disc pressure. We hypothesized that posterior muscle activation during forward bending would increase facet contact and reduce intradiscal pressure and nucleus extrusion forces thereby minimizing the contribution to progressive disc herniation.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
The ultrastructure and activity of sperm in acanthodoris pilosa a nudibranchiate mollusk

The sperm of Acanthodoris pilosa were examined in fresh preparations, histochemically stained samples, electronmicroscope sections, and in paraffin sections of the whole reproductive mass. Sperm are morphologically the same in the ampulla (vas deferens) and the spermatotheca and spermatocyst (bursae for sperm received during copulation). The electron micrographs show sperm with a long spiralled, fibrous, nuclear head with non-fibrous tongue-like acrosome. The tail, attached directly to the posterior of the head, has a 9+2 filamentous arrangement surrounded by a spiralled sheath which contains mitochondria and granular thread running the length of the tail. The thin-walled ampulla contains non-motile sperm and no energy sources such as polysaccharides and lipids. The bursae hold motile sperm and, with histochemical stains, were shown to contain polysaccharide droplets in walls and lumen. The lack of self-fertilization in nudibranchs appears to be associated with a physiological immaturity of the sperm in the hermaphroditic duct, where egg and sperm meet as they leave the ovotestis.
LEPS2, a phosphorus starvation-induced novel acid phosphatase from tomato

Phosphate (Pi) is one of the least available plant nutrients found in the soil. A significant amount of phosphate is bound in organic forms in the rhizosphere. Phosphatases produced by plants and microbes are presumed to convert organic phosphorus into available Pi, which is absorbed by plants. In this study we describe the isolation and characterization of a novel tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) phosphate starvation-induced gene (LePS2) representing an acid phosphatase. LePS2 is a member of a small gene family in tomato. The cDNA is 942 bp long and contains an open reading frame encoding a 269-amino acid polypeptide. The amino acid sequence of LePS2 has a significant similarity with a phosphatase from chicken. Distinct regions of the peptide also share significant identity with the members of HAD and DDDD super families of phosphohydrolases. Many plant homologs of LePS2 are found in the databases. The LePS2 transcripts are induced rapidly in tomato plant and cell culture in the absence of Pi. However, the induction is repressible in the presence of Pi. Divided root studies indicate that internal Pi levels regulate the expression of LePS2. The enhanced expression of LePS2 is a specific response to Pi starvation, and it is not affected by starvation of other nutrients or abiotic stresses. The bacterially (Escherichia coli) expressed protein exhibits phosphatase activity against the synthetic substrate p-nitrophenyl phosphate. The pH optimum of the enzyme activity suggests that LePS2 is an acid phosphatase.
Increased preoperative pulse pressure predicts procedural complications and mortality in patients who undergo tibial interventions for critical limb ischemia

Background Pulse pressure is a noninvasive measure of arterial stiffness. Increased pulse pressure is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events and death. The effects of pulse pressure on outcomes after endovascular interventions for critical limb ischemia (CLI), however, are unknown. We thus evaluated whether increased preoperative pulse pressure was associated with adverse outcomes and mortality in patients who underwent endovascular tibial artery intervention. Methods All patients who underwent endovascular tibial intervention for CLI at a single institution from 2004 to 2014 were included in this study. Preoperative pulse pressure was derived from measurements obtained in the holding area before the procedure. Patients were divided into two groups on the basis of pulse pressure, Results Of 371 patients, 186 patients had a preoperative pulse pressure P = .07). In univariate analysis, procedural complications (21% vs 13%; P = .02), reinterventions (26% vs 17%; P P = .03) were more common among patients with pulse pressure ≥80. Procedural complications remained significant in multivariate analysis (odds ratio, 1.8; 95% confidence interval, 1.0-3.1; P = .04). There was no difference in 30-day mortality; however, increased mortality was seen at 5 years of follow-up (odds ratio, 1.6; 95% confidence interval, 1.0-2.5; P = .04) in multivariable analysis. Conclusions Increased preoperative pulse pressure is associated with procedural complications and increased mortality in patients who undergo endovascular tibial intervention for CLI. It is a marker of increased risk, and might be a suitable target for interventions aimed at improving outcomes in this high-risk population.
Phylogenetic Data in R

The objectives of this chapter are to introduce the user to how phylogenetic information is stored, presented, and manipulated in R. We will cover primarily the class “phylo” in this chapter since that is the class that is most frequently utilized in phylogenetic diversity and comparative analyses in R. By the end of this chapter the user should have a basic command of how to plot phylogenies and extract information from the data files. The chapter is designed for beginners, and users familiar with using phylogenies in R may quickly scan this chapter to refresh.
Metachronous Pulmonary and Cerebral Inflammatory Pseudotumor in a child

An 8-year-old boy had a right pneumonectomy performed for a large inflammatory pseudotumor. Over the subsequent 8 years he developed multiple similar lesions in the meninges and bilateral cerebral hemispheres as well as new growths within the ipsilateral pleural cavity and contralateral lung. Metachronous pulmonary and intracranial inflammatory pseudotumor has been reported only once. These lesions probably represent a multifocal, exaggerated inflammatory response to some as yet unidentified stimuli.
The B-Theory and Theories of Direct Reference

We have seen in the foregoing chapters that tensed thought and language seem to necessitate the reality of tense. But all this still leaves us with the B-theorist’s tu quoque argument, one of the most powerful in his arsenal: If the A-theorist’s arguments for the reality of tense are correct, then there must be spatially “tensed” facts as well, which no one will admit. Accordingly, in this chapter we shall examine this final line of defense of the B-theorist.
Who is advocating for children under six? Uncovering unmet needs in child advocacy centers

Abstract Evidence suggests that children under the age of 6 years are affected by trauma, yet there are few studies available to determine how well their needs are addressed in the mental health system. Child Advocacy Centers (CACs) offer a promising avenue for expanding the system of care for very young children exposed to sexual and/or physical abuse. This study used a mixed-methods approach to examine the type and extent of CAC services for very young children in one state. Quantitative results revealed that the youngest children were less likely to be referred for counseling and less likely to already be engaged in counseling when an investigation is initiated. Qualitative results from interviews with CAC advocates suggest that advocates have variable perceptions regarding the effects of trauma on young children, and they do not consistently receive training in the mental health needs of traumatized children under 6. Our results confirm the need for an expanded system of service delivery for the youngest and most vulnerable child maltreatment victims.
Determination of volatile aroma compounds in beef using differences in steak thickness and cook surface temperature.

Abstract Top loin steaks with a United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) grade of Select were cut 1.3 cm, 2.5 cm, or 3.8 cm thick and cooked on a skillet at 177 °C, 204 °C, or 232 °C. Aroma compounds described as fatty, tallow, and oily are highly related to the identity of beef flavor. These compounds are produced in the highest quantity when steaks are cooked either at low temperatures (177 °C) or for short periods of time. Whereas, aroma compounds described as roasted, nutty, or fruity are developed from browning the surface of the steak as a result of cooking at high skillet surface temperatures (232 °C) or for long periods of time, as would be seen cooking thick steaks (3.8 cm). This study shows that the amount of specific aroma compounds can be predicted (r 2 values up to 0.62) from measured cooking times and temperatures. It may be possible to develop beef steak flavor by recommending steak thickness and cooking temperatures.
Reactive oxygen species from NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase constitutively activate NF-κB in malignant melanoma cells

The transcription factor nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) is constitutively activated in malignancies from enhanced activity of inhibitor of NF-kappaB (IkappaB) kinase, with accelerated IkappaBalpha degradation. We studied whether redox signaling might stimulate these events. Cultured melanoma cells generated superoxide anions (O(2)(-)) without serum stimulation. O(2)(-) generation was reduced by the NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase (NQO) inhibitor dicumarol and the quinone analog capsaicin, suggesting that electron transfer from NQO through a quinone-mediated pathway may be an important source of endogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS) in tumor cells. Treatment of malignant melanoma cells with the H(2)O(2) scavenger catalase, the sulfhydryl donor N-acetylcysteine, the glutathione peroxidase mimetic ebselen, or dicumarol decreased NF-kappaB activation. Catalase, N-acetylcysteine, ebselen, dicumarol, and capsaicin also inhibited growth of melanoma and other malignant cell lines. These results raise the possibility that ROS produced endogenously by mechanisms involving NQO can constitutively activate NF-kappaB in an autocrine fashion and suggest the potential for new antioxidant strategies for interruption of oxidant signaling of melanoma cell growth.
A Suggested Medium for Growth of Corynebacterium Diphtheriae

Although Loffier' s serum 1 is the most widely used and is perhaps considered the best medium for the diphtheria organism, yet it has some drawbacks. The preparation of this medium is tedious and requires not less than three days, and it is liable to the contamination, at least of some tubes, by spore-formers that withstand the heat usually applied in its sterilization. Further it cannot be poured into plates at will, which limits its use for certain purposes. In addition, the growth on it is not as luxurious as one would expect from a medium that requires such elaborate effort.
STINGING NETTLE (URTICA DIOICA L.) GROWTH AND MINERAL UPTAKE FROM LEAD-ARSENATE CONTAMINATED ORCHARD SOILS

Growth and mineral uptake was studied in stinging nettle (Urtica dioica L.) grown on lead-arsenate contaminated orchard soils. Six soil samples including a non-orchard control were used. Uniform U. dioica seedlings were transplanted into pots arranged in a completely randomized design and raised under uniform greenhouse conditions. Shoots were harvested at day 26, and shoot (harvest 2) and root portions 50 days after transplanting. All samples were oven dried, weighed, and processed for mineral analysis. Elevated arsenic levels in soil did not significantly affect nettle growth except at the highest concentration of 163 mg kg−1. There was arsenic bio-concentration in U. dioica roots and high levels of arsenic and lead in both below- and aboveground tissues. Stinging nettle is a plant of economic importance harvested for food and medicine. Our results show that humans can be exposed to toxic levels of arsenic and lead through contaminated nettle products.
Industry development strategy and policy recommendations for smart grids in China

The basic characteristics of smart grids are proposed in this paper,which are fully integration of IT and communication infrastructure with power grids,comprehensive interaction between end users and power suppliers,flexible incentive mechanisms,cleaner and greener generation mix,and high efficiency of asset utilization.Fitting with China's national conditions,the objectives of industry development strategy are designed to support the integration of large-scale renewable energy generation,and improve security and stability of power grids,asset management and efficiency,the efficiency of energy consumption and the quality of customer service,optimize the wide-area allocation of energy resources,eternally develop a resource-saving and environment-friendly society,and promote industrial clustering.Supporting policy recommendations to achieve the aforementioned goals have also been discussed.
Quick isolation of single atrial myocytes from the human heart and recording the transient outward potassium current by patch clamp

Objective To establish the method for quick isolation of single human atrial myocytes,which can provide a model for studying the ion channels in human cardiac cells.Methods Single myocytes were isolated by two-step enzyme dissociation.Whole-cell patch clamp recording technique was used to record the transient outward potassium current (Ito).Results According to the age,sex of the patients and the size of the tissue samples,we selected the appropriate time for digestion for isolation and obtained single ventricular cells with clear structure,clear stripes,neat edge,less particles,stretch straight,and rod-shap.Transient outward potassium currents were recorded to use whole cell patch clamp technique.Conclusion We can get single atrial myocytes using this method,which can be used for the patch clamp experiments.
Application of Neuron-Specific Enolase and S-100 Protein in Diagnosis of Hirschsprung's Disease

Objective:To investigate the applied value of neuron_specific enolase(NSE)and S_100protein in diagnosis of Hirschsprung's disease(HD).Methods:The intestinal mucomembranous biopsy of41cases of dubiˉous HD was made with SP immunohistochemical staining method.Results:Neurons were strongly positive to NSE and their positive cells were dark brown;while Schwann cell and gliocyte were weakly positive.Neurons were negative to S-100protein,while Schwann cell and gliocyte were strongly positive.When the two staining results were compared each other,neurons were clear.Among the41cases,35cases were diagnosed as HD,and then the diagnosis was confirmed by postoperatively pathological examination.The other6cases were diagnosed as other intestinal diseases through clinical observation and medication.Conclusion:The expression of NSE and S_100protein immuno_staining are of an important significance to the confirmed diagnosis of HD.
Adaptive finite volume element method for convection-diffusion-reaction problems in 3-D

We present an adaptive numerical technique for solving steady-state diffusion and convection-diffusion-reaction equations in 3-D using finite volume approximations. Computational results of various model simulations of fluid flow and transport of passive chemicals in non-homogeneous aquifers are presented and discussed.
An Extended Static and Dynamic Feedback–Feedforward Control Algorithm for Insulin Delivery in the Control of Blood Glucose Level

The potential for successful automatic control of blood glucose concentration (BGC) has entered a new era because of recent technological advancements in insulin pumps and blood glucose sensors. However, a critical advancement necessary for full automation and long-term use is a control algorithm that can effectively maintain tight control of BGC under extreme variation of important disturbances such as activity, stress, and food consumption. Because feedforward control (FFC) models disturbances directly, it has the potential to eliminate the effects of disturbances completely. A Wiener-type feedforward control law is limited to the inclusion of only input (i.e., modeled disturbances and the manipulated variable) dynamics. Using a semicoupled modeling network that includes pseudo-blood insulin concentration, this work presents a more phenomenological FFC law that includes input dynamics, blood insulin and blood glucose dynamics, and blood glucose levels. Modeling results on 15 adults with type 1 diabetes ...
Training Fourth-Year Medical Students How to Write Admission Orders: A Pilot Project to Match Geriatrics and Hospital Medicine Competencies and Decision-Making with Milestones and Entrusted Professional Activities

Training medical students how to write inpatient admission orders provides a promising way to bridge competencies and decision-making with milestones and entrustable professional activities. Educators can implement such learning activities during clerkships and even pre-clerkship education, against the complex context of geriatric cases to foster critical thinking and clinical reasoning.
Fine-grained 3-D CMOS concept using stacked horizontal nanowire

To continue miniaturization of Integrated Circuits (IC), 3-D CMOS approaches using layer-layer, die-die and wafer-wafer stacking were proposed. Although these approaches achieve incremental density benefits compared to 2-D CMOS, they exhibit limited scaling, low yield, variability and thermal management challenges. We propose a radically different fabric concept for 3-D CMOS using stacked horizontal nanowires (SN3D) on a single die. Using prefabricated and doped stacked horizontal nanowires as fundamental building blocks, the fabric is assembled using architected connectivity and insulation features. Innovations in circuit style for mapping to SN3D's physical framework, and bottom-up material filling based manufacturing techniques are also central to our approach. Our initial projections reveal tremendous benefits; for full-adder design SN3D's density benefits are 14.6× and 5.5× over state-of-the-art 2-D CMOS and transistor-level monolithic 3-D respectively.
TeleHealth: Operational Issues to Consider

Recent developments in the telecommunications and the information technology fields hold the promise of improved access to and better utilization of an integrated health care related resources. In addition, to these developments, the deployment of interactive distant training programs offer an opportunity to decrease the knowledge gap between the leading academic medical centers where new medical expertise is continuously being discovered and remote health care practitioners who find themselves pressed to deliver quality care that meets the needs of their communities in a competitive environment of limited resources. The implementation of Telehealth programs in such an environment is supported by enthusiastic approaches, but limited systematic planning. There is a need to be able to adopt the advantages offered through intelligent communications that extends our senses, records our activities, and limitlessly stretches our outreach. At its basic application, Telemedicine can take the distance out of caring. Clinical needs, including provision for innovative quality continuing education programs, are one of the plan's prime focuses. However, once we move beyond the clinical, legal and financial implications of telemedicine, we find that the sustainable practice is still needed to overcome the engineering challenge. If telemedicine is going to become a staple of medical practice in our planet, a massive re-engineering of the national and international healthcare telecommunications infrastructures, of financing methodology and of clinical protocols will be required.
GPU accelerated simulations of three-dimensional flow of power-law fluids in a driven cube

ABSTRACTNewtonian fluid flow in two- and three-dimensional cavities with a moving wall has been studied extensively in a number of previous works. However, relatively a fewer number of studies have considered the motion of non-Newtonian fluids such as shear thinning and shear thickening power law fluids. In this paper, we have simulated the three-dimensional, non-Newtonian flow of a power law fluid in a cubic cavity driven by shear from the top wall. We have used an in-house developed fractional step code, implemented on a Graphics Processor Unit. Three Reynolds numbers have been studied with power law index set to 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5. The flow patterns, viscosity distributions and velocity profiles are presented for Reynolds numbers of 100, 400 and 1000. All three Reynolds numbers are found to yield steady state flows. Tabulated values of velocity are given for the nine cases studied, including the Newtonian cases.
The National Research Council’s Rankings of Doctoral Programs in Public Affairs

Using the National Research Council (NRC) data, this study aimed to answer two questions: What are the factors that contributed the most to the rankings of public affairs programs? Are there more s...
Stokes flow singularity at a corner joining solid and porous walls at arbitrary angle

Motivated by the internal flow geometry of spiral-wound membrane modules with ladder-type spacers, we consider the Stokes flow singularity at a corner that joins porous and solid walls at arbitrary wedge angle $$\varTheta $$ . Seepage flux through the porous wall is coupled to the pressure field by Darcy’s law; slip is described by a variant of the Beavers–Joseph boundary condition. On a macroscopic, outer length scale, the singularity appears like a jump discontinuity in the normal velocity, characterized by a non-integrable 1 / r divergence of the pressure. For arbitrary $$\varTheta $$ , we develop an algebraic criterion to determine the admissible radial exponent(s) in a leading, inner similarity solution—which represents a weaker, integrable singularity in the pressure. A complete map of exponent versus $$\varTheta $$ is provided for $$0< \varTheta < 2 \pi $$ : this has an intricate structure with infinitely many solution branches clustering around $$\varTheta = \pi $$ and $$\varTheta = 2 \pi $$ . By generalizing the similarity form with a ( $$\ln r$$ ) term and iterating on the slip and seepage conditions, we can carry the outer and inner power series to arbitrarily high order. Nevertheless, a numerical splice is required in between. For this purpose, we apply an iterative, numerical-asymptotic patching scheme described by Nitsche and Parthasarathi (J Fluid Mech 713:183–215, 2012). Detailed velocity and pressure profiles are calculated for three wedge angles ( $$\varTheta = 3\pi /4, \pi /2, \pi /4$$ ) and two dimensionless slip lengths ( $$\sigma = 20, 40$$ ). The general trends for decreasing wedge angle are (i) weakening of the pressure singularity, (ii) increasing magnitude of the radial component of velocity, and (iii) movement of the inner–outer transition farther from the corner. Wedges with $$\varTheta < \pi $$ are seen to differ fundamentally from the flat wedge ( $$\varTheta = \pi $$ ) previously considered by Nitsche and Parthasarathi (2012).
A Review of the Current Therapies, Challenges, and Future Directions of Transcranial Focused Ultrasound Technology: Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment.

Importance Magnetic resonance imaging–guided focused ultrasound ablation has been approved for the treatment of refractory essential tremor and is being studied for other neurological indications, including dyskinesias and tremor in Parkinson disease, dystonia, neuropathic pain, obsessive-compulsive disorder, epilepsy, and brain tumors. Objective To review the scientific foundations of FUS technology, existing neurological applications, and future advances. Evidence Review PubMed was searched for the past 10 years using the terms “transcranial ultrasound,” “focused ultrasound,” and “neurological applications.” Relevant references were selected from the author's reference collection. From the 2855 unique records, 243 publications were screened. After excluding abstracts detailing in vitro studies or non-neurological applications, 86 full texts were retrieved for qualitative review. Findings Advances in the transducer design and electronic phase correction have allowed efficient focusing of ultrasounds for transcranial treatment. The mid-frequency (650 kHz) transducer can make small (4-6 mm in diameter) and precise (accuracy of Conclusions and Relevance Transcranial focused ultrasound for both ablative and nonablative applications is noninvasive, making it suitable for selected patients who are not candidates for conventional surgical options. Future advancements in imaging and sonication algorithms will improve the safety and efficacy of this technology.
Corruption and the Securitisation of Nature

This article considers corruption in Australia in relation to the exploitation and preservation of natural resources. In doing so, it examines issues pertaining to a proposed pulp mill and the forestry industry in Tasmania, the development of mining and ports in Queensland, and international agreements pertaining to deep-sea oil drilling in the Timor Sea. Corruption relating to the environment is interpreted in this article as implying both moral corruption and/or direct corruption. Gaining unfair advantage, protecting specific sectoral interests and over-riding existing environmental regulations are all features of the types of corruption associated with the exploitation of natural resources. The result is lack of transparency, a substantial democratic deficit, and expenditure of public monies, time and resources in support of environmentally and socially dubious activities.
Afterword: Key questions for thought and action

In this summary article, six recommendations for the design, implementation, and interpretation of educational evaluations are presented and discussed. These recommendations are based on common “threads” that run through most, if not all, of the papers included in this special issue. The recommendations concern (1) the need for awareness of the political, societal, cultural, and economic factors affecting evaluation studies; (2) the importance of knowing and understanding the stakeholder groups; (3) the need to ensure that the purposes of the evaluation are explicit and clear; (4) the importance of allowing flexibility in the implementation of the evaluation when needed to account for issues that arise during the evaluation process; (5) the need to ensure that the data gathered as part of the evaluation process are of the highest technical quality possible; and the (6) importance of ensuring that the results of the evaluation are interpreted correctly and well understood by stakeholders and decision makers.
Importance of QT/RR hysteresis correction in studies of drug-induced QTc interval changes.

QT/RR hysteresis and QT/RR adaptation are interlinked but separate physiological processes signifying how quickly and how much QT interval changes when heart rate changes, respectively. While QT interval duration is, as a rule, corrected for heart rate in terms of the QT/RR adaptation, the correction for QT/RR hysteresis is frequently omitted in studies of drug-induced QTc changes. This study used data from previously conducted thorough QT studies to investigate the extent of QTc errors caused by omitting the correction for QT/RR hysteresis, particularly in small clinical investigations. Statistical modeling approach was used to generate 11,000 simulated samples of 10-subject studies in which mixed effect PK/PD models were used to estimate drug-induced QTc changes at mean maximum plasma concentration of investigated compounds. Calculations of QTc intervals involving and omitting QT/RR hysteresis correction were compared. These comparisons showed that ignoring QT/RR hysteresis has two undesirable effects: (A) In the design of subject-specific heart rate corrections (needed in studies of drugs that change heart rate) omission of QT/RR hysteresis may lead to signals of QTc prolongation of more than 10 ms to be missed. (B) Irrespective of whether the investigated drug changes heart rate, omission of QT/RR hysteresis causes the widths of the confidence intervals of the PK/PD predicted QTc interval changes to be increased by 20–30% on average (exceeding 50% in some cases). This may lead to a failure of excluding meaningful QTc prolongation which would be excluded if using hysteresis correction. The study concludes that correction for QT/RR hysteresis should be incorporated into future studies of drug-induced QTc changes. Subject-specific heart rate corrections that omit hysteresis correction may lead to erroneously biased conclusions. Even when using universal (e.g. Fridericia) heart rate correction, hysteresis correction decreases the confidence intervals of QTc changes and thus helps avoiding false positive outcomes.
Campylobacter and Arcobacter

Historically, Campylobacter and Arcobacter species are considered animal pathogens; however, in the last 40 years, both were implicated in outbreaks causing gastroenteritis in humans. These two pathogens are fastidious curved rods and have stringent growth requirements. Campylobacter is microaerophilic, and several of the species are thermophilic and are unable to grow below 30 °C. Arcobacter is aerotolerant and can grow below 30 °C. Both Campylobacter and Arcobacter are routinely isolated from livestock, poultry, and water. The outbreak of Campylobacter is associated with meat, poultry, and milk. Of 26 species of Campylobacter, C. jejuni is responsible for 95% of the outbreaks and is considered the most dominant pathogen. Campylobacter pathogenesis depends on the expression of several virulence factors that control their motility, chemotaxis, quorum sensing, bile resistance, adhesion, invasion, toxin production, growth inside the host cells, and iron acquisition. Bacteria possibly induce their own internalization through signaling events and rearrangement of the host cytoskeletal structure and survive inside the epithelial cells by expressing superoxide dismutase and catalase to deactivate host oxidative stress defense. Cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) arrests cell cycle division, disrupts the absorptive function of villous epithelial cells, and promotes diarrhea. The Campylobacter-induced diarrhea is mostly self-limiting; however, Campylobacter may cause fatal infection in immunocompromised patients. The patients suffering from C. jejuni infection may also develop Guillain–Barre syndrome characterized by generalized paralysis and muscle pain, and the reactive arthritis is characterized by arthritis in knee joints or lower back. The pathogenic mechanism of Arcobacter (A. butzleri) is not fully elucidated, but the mechanism is similar to Campylobacter infection as to the tissue tropism, adhesion, invasion, tissue damage, and inflammation. Arcobacter causes diarrhea in humans (in children) and abortion and stillbirth in cows, sheep, and pigs. Preventing consumption of raw foods of animal origin and heat treatment of a food and preventing post-heat contamination are important to control Campylobacter in foods. In most cases, the campylobacteriosis is a self-limiting disease; thus, antibiotic therapy is not required; however, antibiotic is needed for immunocompromised patients to control bacteremia and sepsis.
Combination Lipid-Lowering Therapies for the Prevention of Recurrent Cardiovascular Events.

There has been confusion following the 2013 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) Lipid guidelines on the role of non-statin medications for cardiovascular prevention. Several recent large trials have also now shown that lowering LDL with non-statins reduces cardiovascular events. In ASCVD patients on statins, adding ezetimibe or a PCSK9 inhibitor led to reductions in CV events in the IMPROVE IT, FOURIER, and most recently the ODYSSEY-OUTCOMES trials. Additional novel therapies reducing LDL and other atherogenic lipoproteins are in development during this exciting time in this field. With recent evidence, the 2017 ACC Expert Consensus Decision pathway calls for initial therapy with statins, monitoring LDL levels, and then adding ezetimibe and/or PCSK9 inhibitors to further lower LDL-C to targets based on the patient’s risk.
Coordination environment changes of the vanadium in vanadium-dependent haloperoxidase enzymes.

Abstract Vanadium-dependent haloperoxidases are a class of enzymes that catalyze oxidation reactions with halides to form halogenated organic products and water. These enzymes include chloroperoxidase and bromoperoxidase, which have very different protein sequences and sizes, but regardless the coordination environment of the active sites is surprisingly constant. In this manuscript, the comparison of the coordination chemistry of V-containing-haloperoxidases of the trigonal bipyramidal geometry was done by data mining. The catalytic cycle imposes changes in the coordination geometry of the vanadium to accommodate the peroxidovanadium(V) intermediate in an environment we describe as a distorted square pyramidal geometry. During the catalytic cycle, this intermediate converts to a trigonal bipyramidal intermediate before losing the halogen and forming a tetrahedral vanadium-protein intermediate. Importantly, the catalysis is facilitated by a proton-relay system supplied by the second sphere coordination environment and the changes in the coordination environment of the vanadium(V) making this process unique among protein catalyzed processes. The analysis of the coordination chemistry shows that the active site is very tightly regulated with only minor changes in the coordination geometry. The coordination geometry in the protein structures deviates from that found for both small molecules crystalized in the absence of protein and the reported functional small molecule model compounds. At this time there are no examples reported of a structurally similar small molecule with the geometry observed for the peroxidovanadium(V) in the active site of the vanadium-containing haloperoxidases.
Developmental and genetic analyses of pleiohomeotic locus in Drosophila melanogaster

26 INTRODUCTION 27 MATERL\LS AND METHODS 31 RESULTS 37 DISCUSSION 66 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 76 REFERENCES 77 PAPER II: MUTATIONS IN THE PLEIOHOMEOTIC GENE INTERACT WITH POLYCOMB GROUP GENES AND AFFECT THE EARLY STAGES OF DROSOPHILA EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT 83 ABSTRACT 85 INTRODUCTION 8685 INTRODUCTION 86 MATERIALS AND METHODS 90 RESULTS 93 DISCUSSION 122 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 130 REFERENCES 131
Discontinuation of benzodiazepine treatment: efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy for patients with panic disorder.

Objective: The primary disadvantage of high-potency benzodiazepine treatment for panic disorder is the difficulty of discontinuing the treatment. During treatment discontinuation, new symptoms may emerge and anxiety may return, preventing many patients from successfully discontinuing their treatment. In this controlled, randomized trial the authors investigated the efficacy ofa cognitive-behavioraiprogram for patients with panic disorder who were attempting to discontinue treatment with high-potency benzodiazepines. Method: Outpatients treated for panic disorder with alprazolam or clonazepam for a minimum of 6 months and expressing a desire to stop taking the medication (N=33) were randomly assigned to one of two taper conditions: a slow taper condition alone or a slow taper condition in conjunction with 1 0 weeks ofgroup cognitive-behavioral therapy. Results: The rate ofsuccessful discontinuation of benzodiazepine treatment was significantly higher for the patients receiving the cognitive-behavioral program (13 of 1 7; 76%) than for the patients receiving the slow taper program alone (four of 1 6; 25%). There was no difference in the likelihood of discontinuation success between the patients treated with alprazolam and those who received clonazepam. At the 3-month follow-up evaluation, 77% of the patients in the cognitive-behavioral program who successfully discontinued benzodiazepine treatment remained benzodiazepine free. 1�n clusions: These findings support the efficacy of cognitive-behavioral interventions in aiding benzodiazepine discontinuation for patients with panic disorder. (Am J Psychiatry 1993; 150:1485-1490)
Micromechanics of 3D Crystallized Protein Structures

In this chapter we develop micromechanics-based models of three-dimensional crystallized protein molecules with tetragonal lysozyme as an example system. While certain crystallographic directions exhibit purely elastic behavior, others exhibit elastoplastic response. The yield stress and critical resolved shear stress are observed to be sensitive to temperature and the amount of intracrystalline water. An increase in temperature and the amount of intracrystalline water molecules leads to a decrease in the critical resolved shear stress of the slip systems and makes the crystal softer. The analysis presented here may be applied to other protein crystal systems as well.
The Role of Early Experience in Olfactory Bulb Cell Survival

Restriction of early sensory experience alters brain development, but the consequences of reduced experience are particularly dramatic in the olfactory system. In other sensory systems, restricted early experience has not been shown to cause cell death, unless the system has been physically damaged or activity in the sensory nerve has been suppressed with tetrodotoxin (Born and Rubel, 1988; Catsicas et al., 1992; Galli-Resta et al., 1993; Salvi and Henderson, 1996; Rauschecker, 1991; Woolsey, 1990). In the bulb, however, physical closure of an external naris on postnatal day (P) 1 or 2 restricts early olfactory stimulation and thereby reduces olfactory bulb neuronal activity (Brunjes, 1994). By P20–30, the density of tufted cells, glial cells, juxtaglomerular cells and granule cells decrease by 30–45% (Meisami and Safari, 1981; Skeen et al., 1985; Frazier and Brunjes, 1988). The decreased cell number in the odor-restricted bulb is due to cell death, rather than to a decreased rate of neurogenesis (Frazier-Cierpial and Brunjes, 1989).