cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Edmund Burke in the Tavern

The association of the public house with the plebeian radical movement in the 1790s has diverted attention from the function of the eighteenth-century tavern, which (unlike the alehouse) was typically a highly refined space for elegant dining. The London Tavern in Bishopsgate Street, where Richard Price and the Revolution Society gathered after hearing Price's sermon, was one of the grandest, most elegant taverns in all of Europe, providing dinners to London's wealthy commercial classes, and to East India Company employees in particular. In his writings on the French Revolution, Burke understands the tavern as the headquarters of a commercial class whose bureaucratic regime has begun to compromise English freedoms. Burke's concern about metropolitan tavern meetings is not with the threat of an incipient democratic movement prompted by the “lower orders,” but with the consequences of a public sphere dominated by wealthy merchants who patronize London's exclusive tavern societies. Burke's concerns about the...
Identification and Characterization of Persistent Intracellular Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitor Activity

Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic considerations significantly impact infectious disease treatment options. One aspect of pharmacodynamics is the postantibiotic effect, classically defined as delayed bacterial growth after antibiotic removal. The same principle can apply to antiviral drugs. For example, significant delays in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication can be observed after nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor (N/NtRTI) removal from culture medium, because these prodrugs must be anabolized into active, phosphorylated forms once internalized into cells. A relatively new class of anti-HIV-1 drugs is the integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs), and the INSTIs raltegravir (RAL) and elvitegravir (EVG) were tested here alongside positive N/NtRTI controls tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) and azidothymidine (AZT), as well as the nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor negative control nevirapine (NVP), to assess potential postantiviral effects. Transformed and primary CD4-positive cells pretreated with INSTIs significantly resisted subsequent challenge by HIV-1, revealing the following hierarchy of persistent intracellular drug strength: TDF > EVG ∼ AZT > RAL > NVP. A modified time-of-addition assay was moreover developed to assess residual drug activity levels. Approximately 0.8% of RAL and 2% of initial EVG and TDF 1-h pulse drug levels persisted during the acute phase of HIV-1 infection. EVG furthermore displayed significant virucidal activity. Although there is no reason to suspect obligate intracellular modification, this study nevertheless defines significant intracellular persistence of prototype INSTIs. Ongoing second-generation formulations should therefore consider the potential for significant postantiviral effects among this drug class. Combined intracellular persistence and virucidal activities suggest potential pre-exposure prophylaxis applications for EVG.
Discrete Fourier transform processors using CORDIC

The author presents an analysis of the cost-effectiveness of discrete Fourier transform processors, based on CORDIC modules such as the bit-serial, parallel with non-redundant and redundant arithmetic, and pipelined. The performance of each processor is analyzed with respect to the time to process one frequency output and the number of modules required. It is shown that the CORDIC-based DFT processor is a prospective solution in VLSI to be used for a wide range of input bit rate. >
Is Racial Bias Malleable? Whites' Lay Theories of Racial Bias Predict Divergent Strategies for Interracial Interactions

How do Whites approach interracial interactions? We argue that a previously unexamined factor— beliefs about the malleability of racial bias—guides Whites’ strategies for difficult interracial interactions. We predicted and found that those who believe racial bias is malleable favor learning-oriented strategies such as taking the other person’s perspective and trying to learn why an interaction is challenging, whereas those who believe racial bias is fixed favor performance-oriented strategies such as overcompensating in the interaction and trying to end the interaction as quickly as possible. Four studies support these predictions. Whether measured (Studies 1, 3, and 4) or manipulated (Study 2), beliefs that racial bias is fixed versus malleable yielded these divergent strategies for difficult interracial interactions. Furthermore, beliefs about the malleability of racial bias are distinct from related constructs (e.g., prejudice and motivations to respond without prejudice; Studies 1, 3, and 4) and influence self-reported (Studies 1–3) and actual (Study 4) strategies in imagined (Studies 1–2) and real (Studies 3–4) interracial interactions. Together, these findings demonstrate that beliefs about the malleability of racial bias influence Whites’ approaches to and strategies within interracial interactions.
The Effects of Temperature and Oleic Acid on Murine Memory and Virgin T Cell Activation: Interleukin-2 Secretion and Interleukin-2 Receptor Expression

Abstract Previous studies established that low in vitro temperatures (27°C, termed nonpermissive) suppressed murine primary thymus-dependent (TD), but not primary thymus-independent (TI) or secondary TD, antibody responses. Suppression was rescued by the addition of oleic acid (18:1), recombinant interleukin (rIL)-2 and/or rIL-4, but not rIL-1, These observations suggested that low temperatures suppress the functions of virgin T cells (Tv) but not those of memory T cells (Tm), B cells, or accessory cells and that hypothetically 18:1 may rescue suppressed responses by altering the membranes of Tv cells, allowing them to proliferate and subsequently secrete interleukins. In this study negatively selected Tm and Tv cells were stimulated with various mitogens at 37 or 27°C. The results indicated that proliferation was suppressed at 27°C to all mitogens tested. The subsequent addition of 18:1 induced proliferative responses at 27°C to both concanavalin A (Con A) and a combination of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA) and calcium ionophore (A23187), but not to phytohemagglutinin-P (PHA). Both Tm and Tv cells showed significant secretion of IL-2 and expression of IL-2 receptor (IL-2R) at 27°C in response to all mitogens, irrespective of proliferation, and the subsequent addition of 18:1 caused little or no change in the levels of IL-2 secretion or IL-2R expression. These findings indicate that suppression of Tm and Tv cell proliferative responses occurs irrespective of IL-2R expression and, unlike antibody production, of IL-2 secretion. Furthermore, it appears that 18:1 can synergistically act with Con A or TPA/A23187, but not PHA, in activating Tm and Tv cells to induce proliferation at 27°C. These findings suggest differences in signal transduction mechanisms between these various mitogens.
Slander-resistant forwarding isolation in ad hoc networks

This paper focuses on how to isolate attackers that inject packets to cause Denial-of-Service (DoS) in ad hoc networks. Our security analysis shows that current hop-by-hop source authentication protocols only partially achieve the defence goals, although they allow legitimate nodes to effectively identify and discard injected or modified packets. The other important defence goal, which has not been achieved yet, is to isolate the attackers so that they cannot inject in the future. Current authentication protocols provide evidence of injection attacks, since injected packets will incur verification failures. Nevertheless, the evidence may be exploited by attackers to deceive defenders. We find that a non-injection attacker can slander any good forwarding node in a route by modifying the authentication information carried in the packets. In order to correctly isolate suspicious nodes, we propose a new authentication approach. The approach not only preserve the function to filter junk packets as in current authentication approaches, but also help to isolate the attackers with a high probability. This approach ensures that defenders can focus on investigating only two nodes to find out the real attacker once failed verifications are detected.
A comparison of Nakagami and Ricean phase difference distributions

We validate a recent Nakagami phase difference distribution [1] by comparing it with the Ricean phase difference distribution. We quantify its fitness using the Kullback-Leibler distance. Based on the phase difference, we derive a new joint probability density function of the correlated Nakagami envelope. This is given in closed form in terms of a generalized hypergeometric function, and the random variable can be easily generated for simulation.
Development of pancreases and adrenals of rat embryos in organ culture.

Developing pancreases from rat embryos of the sixteenth day of pregnancy and adrenals from embryos of the nineteenth day were grown in organ culture for six days. The cultures were transferred to fresh media twice, after 48 hours and after 96 hours of incubation. Control cultures consisted of pancreas alone and of adrenal alone. The pancreatic islets which were too young to have granulated beta cells on the sixteenth day of pregnancy differentiated into islets with many granulated beta cells during the culture period of six days. The pattern of granulated beta cells and the estimated number of these cells in cultures with adrenals were variable (not consistently different from those in the control cultures without adrenals). The adrenals from embryos of the nineteenth day had two zones of the fetal cortex outer and inner. Cultures of adrenals survived. The adrenals, whether minced or unminced at the time of the explantation and whether cultured alone or with pancreases, underwent little if any additional differentiation during the culture period.
Political advocacy by the American Society for Cell Biology and its partners

I trace how the American Society for Cell Biology became a strong political advocate for the scientific community. I celebrate how good leadership and an effective staff enabled its energetic volunteer organization to have an impact, but I also ask how the effort can be made more successful.
Somitogenesis in the Anole Lizard and Alligator Reveals Evolutionary Convergence and Divergence in the Amniote Segmentation Clock

The axial skeleton is a defining feature of vertebrates and is patterned during somitogenesis. Cyclically expressed members of the notch and other signaling pathways, described as the 'segmentation clock', regulate the formation of somite boundaries. Comparisons among vertebrate model systems have revealed fundamental shifts in the regulation of expression among critical genes in the notch pathway. However, insights into the evolution of these expression differences have been limited by the lack of information from non-avian reptiles. We analyzed the segmentation clock of the first Lepidosaurian reptile sequenced, the green anole lizard, Anolis carolinensis, for comparison with avian and mammalian models. Using genomic sequence, RNA-Seq transcriptomic data, and in situ hybridization analysis of somite-stage embryos, we carried out comparative analyses of key genes and found that the anole segmentation clock displays features common to both amniote and anamniote vertebrates. Shared features with anamniotes, represented by Xenopus laevis and Danio rerio, include an absence of lunatic fringe (lfng) expression within the presomitic mesoderm (PSM), a hes6a gradient in the PSM not observed in the chicken or mouse, and EGF repeat structure of the divergent notch ligand, dll3. The anole and mouse share cycling expression of dll1 ligand in the PSM. To gain insight from an Archosaurian reptile, we analysed LFNG and DLL1 expressions in the American alligator. LFNG expression was absent in the alligator PSM, like the anole but unlike the chicken. In contrast, DLL1 expression does not cycle in the PSM of the alligator, similar to the chicken but unlike the anole. Thus, our analysis yields novel insights into features of the segmentation clock that are evolutionarily basal to amniotes versus those that are specific to mammals, Lepidosaurian reptiles, or Archosaurian reptiles.
CAPTCHA-based image labeling on the Soylent Grid

We introduce an open labeling platform for Computer Vision researchers based on Captchas, creating as a byproduct labeled image data sets while supporting web security. For the two different tasks of annotation and detection, we explore usability issues. We present the interfaces used by researchers and users and experimental results obtained using the platform. Finally, we discuss system sustainability issues in the context of a broader "ecosystem" for the platform.
Where are we going with percutaneous aortic valve replacement

‘With recent developments in the area of percutaneous aortic valve replacement, cardiac surgeons will soon encounter a decline in valve surgeries.’ Mohammad Reza Movahed University of Arizona Sarver Heart Center and Southern Arizona VA Healthcare System, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, 1501 North Campbell Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA Tel.: +1 520 626 2000 Fax: +1 949 400 0091 rmovahed@email.arizona.edu; rmova@aol.com Expert Rev. Cardiovasc. Ther. 5(6), 997–998 (2007)
New mechanisms and pathways for monocyte recruitment.

A great deal of recent research has identified chemoattractants and cellular activators responsible for neutrophil trafficking into inflamed tissues, as well as for lymphocyte homing to secondary lymphoid organs in the steady state and into foci of chronic inflammation ([1][1]–[5][2]).
Performance analysis of quasi-maximum-likelihood detector based on semi-definite programming

Despite its optimal bit-error-rate (BER) performance, maximum-likelihood (ML) detection is known to be NP-hard and suffers from high computational complexity. The currently popular suboptimal detectors either achieve a polynomial time complexity at the expense of BER performance degradation (e.g., MMSE detector), or offer a near ML performance with a complexity that is exponential in the worst case. The paper considers a highly efficient (polynomial worst case complexity) quasi-ML detection method based on semi-definite (SDP) relaxation. It is shown that, for a standard vector Rayleigh fading channel, this SDP-based quasi-ML detector achieves, in the high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) region, a BER which is identical to that of the exact ML detector. In the low SNR region, we use the random matrix theory to show that the SDP-based detector serves as a constant factor approximation to the ML detector for large systems.
Ethical issues in complementary and alternative medicine

Julie Stone is a health care lawyer and ethicist, specializing in law and ethics of the CAM relationship. She is currently a Visiting Scholar at University of Hawaii, where she is researching the interface between Western biomedicine and indigenous healing practices. As a member of a multi-centre research ethics committee, she has a particular interest in the process of ethical review and its implications for CAM.
Empire of the Father

Some thirty years ago, in ““Dream of the Wise Child,”” Ann Douglas noted that a considerable swath of commercial literature from the 1970s was given over to the repeated but often ignored proposition that children are not innocents so much as malign creatures, intransigently evil. It is not overly taxing to historicize this in relation to the signal crisis of U.S. decline, bracketed by the global paroxysm of 1968 and economic disaster of 1973, the first shivers of doubt about the American future. Cinema is scarcely divorced from this account; to those two dates, after all, belong Rosemary's Baby and The Exorcist . The children, one might say, bore within themselves an oncoming era considerably less rosy than the long post-war boom. At the far end ofthat era-that is, after a couple generations of decline and amid a more terminal crisis-things look a bit different. The disaster is not busy being born, but fully inherited. In the terror twilight of the twentieth century's long day, it's the parents and especially the fathers who bear the onus of imperial decline. The adducing of dad to empire is neither an original nor Herculean task. It gets interesting when the complex of formulations, substitutions, confusions, and anxieties takes on not just a new urgency but begins to constitute a new understanding, a dawning grasp of a changed situation (and, of course, the desire to resolve problems onscreen that can't be wished away on our side of the looking glass). It is here we find ourselves. The exaggerations of the action-adventure genre, ever-erstwhile in pushing the symbolic toward the literal, make a useful starting point in sketching the new field of fatherhood and empire. The clearest case is that indicative post-9/1 1 vision wherein the heroic father, synthesizing a commitment to family with a …
Humoral Immunity to Viruses

Viruses are the causative agents of a number of acute and chronic infectious diseases and are undoubtedly involved in the pathogenesis of certain chronic debilitating diseases of man. Furthermore, a number of viruses may become latent in cells and reemerge at a later time to produce disease. It is therefore not surprising that vertebrates have evolved a multitude of defense mechanisms, operative at multiple levels, to cope with the omnipresent threat posed by viruses. These defenses range from simple physical barriers to sophisticated, complex systems such as the finely tuned interacting members of the immunological network. Disease may result not only from a failure of primary or secondary defense mechanisms but also in some cases from overzealous efforts of the host to cope with the viruses.
Retention Characteristics of Porous Rooted Co-Cr-Mo Alloy Dental Implants

The interface characteristics of porous rooted cobalt-chromium-molybdenum alloy (Co-Cr-Mo) dental implants which had been in free standing function in canine mandibles for a period of two years were investigated. The displacement of the implants and of points on the adjacent mandibular cortex were determined by mechanical testing. Bone ingrowth was quantified, and the structure of the bone-implant interface and mandibular cortex were characterized using histologic and microradiographic analyses. Displacement characteristics were correlated with determinations of the tissue structure adjacent to and growth within the implant to provide information about the biological attachment. A correlation was found between the thickness of the buccal and lingual cortical plates and implant displacements; implants having the greatest displacement response were in mandibles with the thinnest cortical plates. A relationship could not be established between the implant displacement response and the quantitative tissue structure data. Differences observed in the displacement response of the implant by mechanical testing were not observed by clinical measurements of mobility. It was concluded that implant retention mechanical behavior results from both interfacial displacement and deflection of the adjacent mandibular structures.
The ATF Transcription Factors in Cellular Adaptive Responses

The mammalian ATF/CREB family of transcription factors represents a group of basic region-leucine zipper (bZip) proteins consisted of almost 20 members. The name ATF or CREB was originally defined in the late 1980’s by their ability to bind to the consensus ATF/CRE site “TGACGTCA.” Over the years, cDNA clones encoding identical or homologous proteins have been isolated. Dendrogram analysis of these proteins on the basis of their amino acid sequences in the bZip region indicates that some of them are more similar to the other bZip proteins-AP-1 (Fos/Jun) and C/EBP — than to the other ATF/CREB proteins. Furthermore, members of the ATF/CREB proteins form heterodimers with the AP-1 or C/EBP proteins and the resulting dimers have altered DNA binding specificity. Therefore, the ATF prefix of these bZip proteins reflects the history of discovery, rather than the real similarity between them. In this chapter, I will briefly describe the classification of the ATF/CREB proteins with a historical perspective of their nomenclature, and then briefly review three ATF proteins — ATF3, ATF4 and ATF6. One common feature of these proteins is their involvement in cellular responses to extracellular signals, suggesting a role for these ATF proteins in adaptation and homeostasis.
Degree of priming in the retrieval of authors’ names from long-term memory

Retrieval from long-term memory was investigated in two experiments in which S was shown a title and asked to say the surname of the author. Some of the author names had been studied in a previous paired-associate task in which they were paired with different titles than those used in the test phase, i.e., the names were primed. The results indicated that very little priming is necessary to produce considerable facilitation in author naming. When the frequency of priming exposures was small an increase in the frequency of either study or test trials in the priming phase resulted in increased facilitation. Study trials during priming appeared to produce greater facilitation than did attempts at retrieval during priming, and the effects of the two kinds of priming trials were additive.
Spray Particle Size Distribution in Greenhouse ULV Applications to Poinsettia

Spray particle size distribution was studied in dense poinsettia foliage after mechanical aerosol (or ULV) applications of mineral oil resmethrin formulations for control of greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood), in a commercial greenhouse. A systematic arrangement of Teflon®-coated microscope slide sampling units was used to monitor both spray droplet distribution in horizontal and vertical directions in the foliage and particle size deposition on upper and lower leaf surfaces at each sampling position. Seven distinct application types, consisting of 2 avg particle size ranges (10–13 and 30–40 μ m mass median diam (MMD)) and 4 application techniques in different comhinations, were tested in a total of 19 spray tests. Microscope slide analysis provided MMD and avg deposition volume per unit of slide area data. Statistical analyses of these data indicated that 15–25 μ m MMD was the optimum spray particle size for greenhouse whitefly control and that application technique was an important factor. Spraying techniques that maximize the amount of air circulation within the foliage during application were most efficient.
Party Games: The Art of Stealing Elections in the Late-Nineteenth-Century United States

"It is the religious duty of Democrats to rob Populists and Republicans of their votes whenever and wherever the opportunity presents itself," a Louisiana daily announced in the mid-1890s. Overlooking any chance to do so would violate "Democratic teaching.... Rob them! You bet! What are we here for?" Such frankness was rare in the Gilded Age United States, but at times, to contemporaries, partisan forbearance seemed rarer still. As any Democrat, Republican, Populist, or Greenbacker knew to his own bitter cost, double-dealing, sharp practice, and outright stealing and cheating were parts of the election day game. Often the rigging of results could be done perfectly legally, and much of it was so ingrained in the workings of politics that the rival organizations took manipulation of the process as one of the privileges of incumbency.1 Certainly real issues were at stake. Even those who did the manipulating often believed that they did so with every moral right and to further just ends. Indeed, the very sense that the fate of the Republic hung on party victory only added to each side's willingness to use every means within the law to carry the day-and to think no worse of itself than did the howling claqueurs and attorneys brimful of righteousness who turned Florida's postelection disputes into a vicious circus in 2000. Then, as now, the real story may have lain, not in the thousands of discredited votes, but in how closely the electorate as a whole was divided in its choices, with a closeness that made cheating worthwhile, since so little effort could so dramatically affect the result. Then, perhaps more than now, the close division was rooted in ideological disagreement, narrow in its range and limited in its topics, but intensely felt. As will become clear, party loyalty and the broad political participation characteristic of the age also drew strength from passions familiar to observers of the 2000 election: a sense of moral outrage and a hunger for vindication. Those passions were
The Stimulatory Effect of Light Upon Growth and CO2 Fixation in Blastocladiella. I. The S. K. I. Cycle

The aquatic fungus Blastocladiella emersonii, and a carotenoid-bearing mutant derived therefrom, grew more rapidly in the light than in the dark. The accelerated growth of B. emersonii was attribut...
Energy Release from Be 9 (d,α)Li 7 and the Production of Li 7

The $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-particles from ${\mathrm{Be}}^{9}(d,\ensuremath{\alpha}){\mathrm{Li}}^{7}$ have been investigated with a variable air pressure absorption cell, ionization chamber and linear amplifier. It has been established that there are two groups of $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-particles differing at 760 mm pressure and 15\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C by 3.08\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.10 mm range reduced to zero bombarding voltage. The groups have been shown to be associated with the production of ${\mathrm{Li}}^{7}$ in the ground state and in an excited state. At 239 kv bombarding voltage, the excited state is formed 1.7 times as often as the ground state. The energy balance, $Q$, associated with the production of the ground state has been determined to be 7.093\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.022 Mev. The energy of the excited level has been determined to be 494\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}16 kev. The total yield curve for $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-particles has been investigated from 235 kv to 390 kv bombarding voltage. The measured value for the energy of the excited level in ${\mathrm{Li}}^{7}$ is discussed in connection with values from other reactions in which ${\mathrm{Li}}^{7}$ is an end product and with $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray measurements of the level.
Rapid (One-shot) Staining Method for Two-color Multiparametric DNA Flow Cytometric Analysis of Carcinomas Using Staining for Cytokeratin and Leukocyte Common Antigen

The authors present an improved method for rapid two-color staining with direct conjugated antibodies to cytokeratin and CD45 antigen (leukocyte common antigen) for whole-cell, ethanol-fixed preparations of human carcinomas. This method was quality controlled with the T24 human bladder tumor cell line and compared in parallel analysis of 24 fresh human carcinomas with the original two-color method of multi-parametric analysis that had been published in 1989. This rapid method was designed to achieve comparable staining intensities of both green (phenotype directed monoclonal antibody label) and red (propidium iodide labeled DNA) fluorescence, identical DNA indexes, comparable coefficients of variation, and subjective visual quality of DNA histograms. This is accomplished in a single (one-shot), abbreviated incubation with monoclonal antibody diluted in propidium iodide-RNase, thereby eliminating two incubations and three wash steps required with the original method. The single rinse is done in the propidium iodide-RNase staining solution with resuspension in fresh staining solution before analysis. With the rapid method, the preparation time is reduced by 130 minutes, resulting in a 60% time savings in batch staining mode compared with the original method. The time reduction and fewer wash steps, which should avoid excessive cell loss and cytoplasmic stripping, may advance the adoption of this two-color method in clinical practice.
Identification of a Local Anesthetic Binding Site in Nicotinic Post-Synaptic Membranes Isolated from Torpedo marmorata Electric Tissue

Studies are presented of the interaction of aromatic amine noncompetitive antagonists with the receptor-rich (post-synaptic) membranes isolated from Torpedo marmorata electric organ. When present at micromolar concentrations, methyl iodide quaternary derivatives of the potent non-competitive antagonists proadifen and dimethisoquin increase the affinity of the membrane-bound nicotinic receptor for [ 3 H]acetylcholine and [ 14 C]dimethyltubocurarine. The equilibrium binding of [ 14 C]meproadifen (2-(diethylmethylamino)ethyl-2,2-diphenyl valerate) to the receptor-rich membranes is characterized by an ultracentrifugatiom assay. When all acetylcholine binding sites are occupied by the agonist carbamylcholine or the antagonist tubocurarine, [ 14 C]meproadifen is bound with a dissociation constant K D = 0.5 µM to a number of sites equal to one-quarter the number of α-neurotoxin binding sites. That high affinity binding site is found in the receptor-rich membranes and not in other membrane fractions isolated from Torpedo electric organ. Other non-competitive aromatic amino antagonists including dimethisoquin, proadifen, and prilocaine displace [ 14 C]meproadifen, as does perhydrohistrionicotoxin. It is concluded that there is a specific site of binding for the aromatic amine non-competitive antagonists in the isolated nicotinic post-synaptic membrane that is distinct from the site of binding of acetylcholine. Analysis of the interaction of [ 14 C]meproadifen with the receptor-rich membranes in the absence of cholinergic ligands indicates that under these circumstances the ligand binds weakly to both the anesthetic binding site and the acetylcholine binding site ( K D = 5 µM). The functional significance of the specific binding site for the aromatic amine non-competitive antagonists is discussed in terms of its possible relation to the site of ion translocatiom and to the mechanism of receptor desensitization.
José Antonio Mazzotti, Las flores del mall Lima, Tranvía Editores, 2009

El noveno poemario de Jose Antonio Mazzotti, reconocido autor peruano de la generacion poetica del 80, es un notable conjunto que consiste en 35 poemas distribuidos en tres partes. El presente, el pasado y el futuro se dejan ver a traves del tema amoroso, y su contracara, la muerte, que funcionan como hilos conductores a lo largo del libro.
Principles and Applications of Genomic Diagnostic Techniques

Genomic methods such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) have evolved into faster, more accurate technologies which can not only accurately detect microbial nucleic acids in a wide variety of body samples, but also quantify target genetic material, and in some cases detect and measure microbial gene expression. This has allowed clinicians to better characterize microbial behaviour and interactions during states of health and disease, and to identify unique phenotypic and genotypic markers for fingerprinting in outbreaks or epidemics. As these new technologies become available, a judicious and careful assessment of these approaches will be necessary to better understand their clinical diagnostic value. Although these tests have greatly empowered clinicians and microbiologists to diagnose infections in a manner never before possible, correct interpretation of the results has never been more important. In this chapter we review current genomic technologies available, with attention to clinical applications, limitations, and interpretation in the medical setting.
A Multi-objective Optimization Approach for Generating Complex Networks

Complex networks are used to model a wide range of systems in nature and society. One area of importance is the ability to model network formation, which has lead to the development of many different algorithms (network generators) capable of synthesizing networks with very specific structural characteristics (e.g., degree distribution, average path length). In this paper, we propose an approach based on action-based networks, which have the potential to generate more realistic network structures than existing techniques. Tests for robustness of the proposed method to infer other network structural characteristics not included in the set of objectives being optimized show the efficacy of the approach.
Developing Foreign Language Capacity in the U.S.—Heritage Language and Immersion Programs

Conventional foreign language education may not be the only way to increase the number of Americans with foreign language proficiency. In addition to those who speak another in the home, many have a cultural affinity for a heritage whose language they may speak only slightly, or not at all. Heritage language and immersion programs may be able reach an additional population of learners with a greater potential to achieve proficiency more rapidly. According to the Census, 55 million people over the age of five speak a language other than English in the home. In addition to foreign language programs intended to teach English-speakers another language, the need for language programs for heritage language speakers is apparent.
Microwave Synthesis of Functionally Graded Tricalcium Phosphate for Osteoconduction

Abstract Porosity is an important parameter of biomaterials used to replace bone. Crystalline tricalcium phosphate (TCP) is a common ceramic used to substitute bone in small quantities and coat medical devices. Using microwave combustion synthesis (MCS) to provide volumetric heating of the reactant materials, along with varied urea to calcium phosphate concentration ratios, a porosity structure is synthesized. The microwave power provided 145 W and the reactants are exposed for 5 min. Results from in-situ IR thermal analysis show heating in two phases: initially (i.e., first 30 s) thermal energy is localized along the surface of the sample followed by (i.e., remaining 5 min) volumetric heating and MCS. The product material is confirmed to be tricalcium phosphate via FTIR analysis. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images show increased porosity with increased urea concentration. By controlling the concentration gradient in the reactant sample, the product material produced a tailored porosity gradient. Moreover, the MCS tricalcium phosphate is demonstrated to be biocompatible and does not affect cell proliferation by crystal violet tests. This study provides a new perspective on volumetric combustion synthesis by using weak microwave energy to facilitate the formation of a tailored TCP structure.
Orality and the Slave Sublime

The problem of orality raises a cluster of important questions. For cultural politics, orality establishes precisely the sort of locality that resists transaction across borders and the ever precarious travel of globalization. This is the sort of resistance that allows Bernabe, Chamoiseau, and Confiant, in one of their strongest moments as a theorist-collective, to draw a rather bold line between creolite and diasporic writing. In this sense, orality gathers together a full range of theoretical problems that, in turn, transform questions of home, language, history, and meaning. For epistemology, and this works intimately with a cultural politics of resistance, orality represents a mode of knowing and transmitting knowledge that is subject to a time other than the global. To be sure, orality is sustained by national cultural borders in a manner that is productive to expression and cultural formation while at the same time engaging the global forces at work in, say, the chaotic dialectic of creolized and vernacular languages. And this epistemology draws on a metaphysics which in turn produces an important, nuanced ethical sensibility: if the ultimate reality of orality lies in the unfolding dynamics of local speech acts and exchanges, then an openness toward the otherness—simply the Other—of language is not only an interesting frame for thinking orality, but actually an imperative without which the meaning, knowing, and cultural politics of orality is impossible.
Local Honey Bee Queen Production and Quality

AbstractAs the number of small-scale local queen operations increase, questions regarding queen quality and how beekeepers can measure queen quality also arise. By shifting the focus from simply rearing queens to instead rearing “high quality” queens through the establishment of local breeding programs, local honey bee queen producers and honey bee queen buyers are better able to communicate and raise the quality of honey bee queens on a national scale, thus offsetting some of the queen failure issues the United States beekeeping industry has seen in the recent decade.
Association of Weight Loss Maintenance and Weight Regain on 4-Year Changes in CVD Risk Factors: the Action for Health in Diabetes (Look AHEAD) Clinical Trial

OBJECTIVE Short-term weight loss improves cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors. We sought to determine the longer-term effects of maintaining weight loss or, conversely, regaining weight. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We used data from Action for Health in Diabetes (Look AHEAD), a randomized trial of intensive lifestyle intervention (ILI) compared to a control condition in overweight/obese individuals with type 2 diabetes. ILI participants were grouped according to weight change patterns, as follows: 1) no weight loss (±3% at years 1 and 4); 2) moderate weight loss (3–8% at years 1 and 4); 3) large weight loss (8–20% at years 1 and 4); 4) moderate loss/full regain (3–8% at year 1/±3% at year 4); 5) large loss/full regain (8–20% at year 1/± 3% year 4); and 6) large loss/partial regain (8–20% at year 1/3–8% at year 4) and changes in CVD risk factors were compared. RESULTS Adjusting for baseline differences and medication use, larger weight losses produced greater improvements in HbA1c, systolic blood pressure, HDL cholesterol, and triglycerides at years 1 and 4 (all P ≤ 0.02). Despite maintenance of weight loss, HbA1c levels worsened between years 1 and 4, and remained below baseline only in those with large weight losses. We found no negative associations of losing and regaining weight relative to not having lost weight. Moreover, those who had large initial weight loss but full regain of weight had greater improvements in HbA1c levels at year 4 than those with smaller or no initial weight loss. CONCLUSIONS Larger initial weight loss should be encouraged in individuals with type 2 diabetes, despite the possibility of regain.
71 Dignity and Safety: An Intervention Making a Positive Difference to the Way Undertakers Handle our Deceased Patients

At manual-handling training, nurses regularly expressed distress at the way undertakers transferred bodies, finding their handling lacked dignity and contravened manual-handling regulations. To improve the way undertakers remove deceased patients from hospice premises. To assess current practice, in 2002 we audited removal of bodies over a 1-month period. Local funeral directors were told …
Helicopter Parenting and Cell-Phone Contact between Parents and Children in College

Using relational dialectics theory as the organizing framework, this study examined helicopter parenting and cell-phone contact among college students (N = 529). Participants had more cell-phone co...
Power in a Theory of the Firm

Transactions take place in the firm rather than in the market because the firm offers agents" who make specific investments power. Past literature emphasizes the allocation of ownership as the" primary mechanism by which the firm does this. Within the contractibility assumptions of this" literature, we identify a potentially superior mechanism, the regulation of access to critical resources. " Access can be better than ownership because: i) the power agents get from access is more contingent" on them making the right investment; ii) ownership has adverse effects on the incentive to specialize. " The theory explains the importance of internal organization and third party ownership. "
Hierarchical Nonlinear Spatio-temporal Agent-Based Models for Collective Animal Movement

Modeling complex collective animal movement presents distinct challenges. In particular, modeling the interactions between animals and the nonlinear behaviors associated with these interactions, while accounting for uncertainty in data, model, and parameters, requires a flexible modeling framework. To address these challenges, we propose a general hierarchical framework for modeling collective movement behavior with multiple stages. Each of these stages can be thought of as processes that are flexible enough to model a variety of complex behaviors. For example, self-propelled particle (SPP) models (e.g., Vicsek et al. in Phys Rev Lett 75:1226–1229, 1995) represent collective behavior and are often applied in the physics and biology literature. To date, the study and application of these models has almost exclusively focused on simulation studies, with less attention given to rigorously quantifying the uncertainty. Here, we demonstrate our general framework with a hierarchical version of the SPP model applied to collective animal movement. This structure allows us to make inference on potential covariates (e.g., habitat) that describe the behavior of agents and rigorously quantify uncertainty. Further, this framework allows for the discrete time prediction of animal locations in the presence of missing observations. Due to the computational challenges associated with the proposed model, we develop an approximate Bayesian computation algorithm for estimation. We illustrate the hierarchical SPP methodology with a simulation study and by modeling the movement of guppies. Supplementary materials accompanying this paper appear online.
Thermal management of a large prismatic battery pack based on reciprocating flow and active control

Abstract This paper reports the thermal management of a prismatic Li-ion battery pack consisting of a total of 18 cells based on reciprocation flow and active control. Both controlled experiments and accompanying analysis are reported to illustrate the effectiveness of reciprocating cooling flow combined with active control for regulating the cell temperature, reducing temperature non-uniformity, and minimizing parasitic power consumption. Experimentally, a platform with a 3 by 6 prismatic battery module was constructed to perform controlled tests on several competing cooling strategies, including unidirectional cooling flow, reciprocating cooling flow with constant period, and the actively controlled reciprocating cooling flow. The surface and core temperatures of the cells were monitored by the thermocouples during the tests. The major observations from these experiments were twofold. First, the reciprocating cooling flow is effective in reducing the maximum temperature rise and the temperature non-uniformity in the battery pack of practical size. Second, the active control of the reciprocating flow can further reduce both the temperature non-uniformity and the cooling power consumption with a minimal increased maximum temperature rise. Thus through the active control of reciprocating cooling flow, the battery pack can reach a more uniform temperature at the minimum parasitic energy consumption.
The 2017 Eastern North Pacific Hurricane Season: A Quiet Year

Tropical cyclone activity in the eastern North Pacific during 2017 was near the long-term average overall. Of the 18 tropical storms that formed, nine became hurricanes and four attained major hurr...
Alcohol and Smoking: A Correlation of Use in Youth?

Adolescents abuse tobacco and alcohol more than any other drug [1]. Young people are more likely to experiment with these drugs prior to doing so with other drugs due to their availability and the peer expectancies surrounding them. The high risk of co-using these drugs is exemplified by the US National Household Survey, which indicates that people within the age cohort of 18–24 years show a high usage of both drugs. This epidemiology study reveals that within that age group, 19.4 % of men and 12.5 % of women co-use alcohol and tobacco [2]. Each drug is easily accessible for adolescents, and through this availability, the joint usage of the drugs becomes apparent. In 2010, 61.1 % of eighth grade students admit that alcohol would be “easy” or “fairly easy” to obtain and 55.5 % state the easy ability to obtain cigarettes. In regard to 10th graders, there is an increase in usage of both substances: 80 % for alcohol and 69.4 % for cigarettes. These high usage rates are the most prominent of all drugs, including PCP, MDMA, amphetamines, tranquilizers, and heroin with abuse percentages as low as 12.6 % [3]. Thus the difficulty of access among these drugs in comparison to alcohol and cigarettes that adolescents would be prone to use the more available substances. On the contrary, since these two drugs are so easily accessible, adolescents can and do use them together, therefore causing a synergism which will be the focus of this review.
A Checklist of Things to do at the Clinic Visit Prior to I-131 Therapy

Optimal therapy with I-131 requires that the patient and managing physician accomplish a long list of tasks on a specific timeline. The rationale and details of specific tests, medications, and procedures are the subject of other chapters in this book. The purpose of this chapter is to summarize the list of things that the physician is responsible for doing weeks before the date of I-131 administration. In our program we schedule a separate clinic visit with the patient specifically to explain the I-131 protocol. At the time of this clinic visit we use the checklist shown in Table 1 to help us remember the main tasks that we need to accomplish to make the program work properly.
The Old B-Theory of Language

For the first three-quarters of the twentieth century, the standard answer of B-theorists to the challenge posed by tensed discourse was that linguistic tense is a superfluous and even annoying feature of ordinary language which philosophically and scientifically trained minds are only too glad to dispense with. Russell, who may be ranked among the progenitors of the Old B-Theory of Language, opined, “Both in thought and feeling, even though time be real, to realize the unimportance of time is theate of wisdom.”1 By “time” evidently meant A-series time, which he regarded as obscurant: “...there is some sense—easier to feel than to state—in which time is an unimportant and superficial characteristic of reality. Past and future must be acknowledged to be as real as the present, and a certain emancipation from slavery to time is essential to philosophic thought.”2 Russell did not deny that human language provides a clue into the nature of the world; on the contrary, he affirmed that “Although a grammatical distinction cannot be uncritically assumed to correspond to a genuine philosophical difference, yet the one is prima facie evidence of the other, and may often be most usefully employed as a source of discovery.”3 Yet in the case of tense, Russell held ordinary language to be an impediment to philosophical and scientific understanding of the world and therefore in need of expurgation of its tensed elements. Other Old B-theorists shared this same disdain for ordinary tensed language. According to Goodman, ”...ordinary language deals with time by means of special devices that are used and understood with the greatest facility in everyday discourse but misused and misinterpreted with nearly as much facility in most philosophical discourse.”4 Similarly Reichenbach, classing tense among the “Deficiencies of Traditional Grammar,” declared, “Our present grammar as it is taught... is based on obvious misunderstandings of the structure of language. We should like to hope that the results of symbolic logic will someday, in the form of a modernized grammar, find their way into elementary schools.”5 These thinkers, united in their conviction that language must be de-tensed, provided two fundamental ways of translating tensed sentences into tenseless, canonical statements: (i) replacing tensed expressions by appropriate dates and/or clock-times or (ii) analyzing tensed expressions in terms of token-reflexivity. Each of these two basic versions of the Old B-Theory of Language merits critical examination.