cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Refractivity estimation using multiple elevation angles

Estimation of the atmospheric refractivity is important for the prediction of radar performance. Surface or elevated trapping layers formed by the outflow of relatively dry and warm air over a cooler body of water often result in the refractive structure-supporting-convergence-zone-like behavior and multimodal effects. The propagation under such conditions can be very sensitive to even small changes in the vertical and horizontal structure of refractivity. Obtaining in situ measurements of sufficient fidelity to estimate where intensifications in the electromagnetic field will occur is difficult. The authors previously have demonstrated the ability to infer refractivity parameters from grazing-incidence radar sea-clutter data. The radar system was the 2.8-GHz space range radar that overlooks the Atlantic Ocean in the vicinity of Wallops Island, VA. The forward modeling consisted of the mapping of an 11-parameter environmental model via an electromagnetic propagation model into the space of the radar clutter observations. A genetic algorithm was employed to optimize the objective function. Ground truth data were atmospheric soundings obtained by a helicopter flying a saw-tooth pattern. The overall result was that the ability to estimate the propagation within the duct itself was comparable to that of in situ measurements. However, the ability to characterize the region above the duct was quite poor. Modern three-dimensional radars, however, have relatively narrow beams. Using these narrow beams at multiple elevations might resolve the ambiguity leading to the poor characterization in the region above the duct. Using radar data from the SPANDAR radar, it is demonstrated that such an approach is feasible and that more-robust estimates can be obtained by using two elevation angles and/or by constraining the solution to contain realistic refractivity profiles.
The algal osmolyte DMSP as a microzooplankton grazing deterrent in laboratory and field studies

Using laboratory cultures, microcosm experiments in northern Puget Sound and field experiments in the coastal Gulf of Alaska, the role of dissolved DMSP as a protist grazing deterrent was examined. DMSP (20 mM) added to laboratory cultures of two ciliates (Strombidinopsis acuminatum and Favella sp.) and one dinoflagellate (Noctiluca scintillans) caused a 28‐75% decrease in feeding rates; decreases were concentration-dependent with 20 nM as the lower threshold for an effect. Partial but not complete recovery of grazing rates occurred during long-term (� 24 h) exposure to dissolved DMSP, as long as concentrations remained above 12 mM. Additions of 10‐30 mM dissolved DMSP to coastal planktonic communities had either no effect or mildly stimulated both phytoplankton growth and microzooplankton grazing rates, probably due to the use of DMSP as a carbon source for the growth of bacteria along with direct and indirect stimulation of phytoplankton growth. However, DMSP did strongly inhibit grazing rates in three experiments. The sensitivity of these communities to the DMSP deterrent signal could have resulted from relatively high ambient dissolved DMSP levels, or from the presence of susceptible protist grazer species. Grazer inhibition as observed in the laboratory and lack of inhibition in natural communities may arise from grazer acclimation to DMSP during 24-h field incubations. Alternatively, inhibitory effects on some grazer species could have been masked by DMSP’s stimulatory effect on other portions of the food web. This study illustrates the dual role of DMSP as both a growth substrate and signaling molecule in coastal planktonic food webs.
An efficient piezoelectric energy-harvesting interface circuit using a bias-flip rectifier and shared inductor

Energy harvesting is an emerging technology with applications to handheld, portable and implantable electronics. Harvesting ambient vibration energy through piezoelectric (PE) means is a popular energy harvesting technique that can potentially supply 10 to 100's of µW of available power [1]. One of the limitations of existing PE harvesters is in their interface circuitry. Commonly used full-bridge rectifiers and voltage doublers [2] severely limit the electrical power extractable from a PE harvesting element. Further, the power consumed in the control circuits of these harvesters reduces the amount of usable electrical power. In this paper, a bias-flip rectifier that can improve upon the power extraction capability of existing full-bridge rectifiers by up to 4.2× is presented. An efficient control circuit with embedded DC-DC converters that can share their filter inductor with the bias-flip rectifier thereby reducing the volume and component count of the overall solution is demonstrated.
Impact of land width and channel span on fuel cell performance

Abstract The impact of land width and channel span on fuel cell performance was tested on 50 cm2 flow fields. Combinations of land widths and channel spans of 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 mm were evaluated. Polarization curves and high-frequency resistance were measured for several humidity levels for each of the flow fields. For performance at high current density, the land width was found to be the dominant factor. Reductions to the smallest size tested (0.25 mm) continued to showed improvement over wider lands. Adequate land fraction (preferably about 50%) needs to be provided to minimize contact resistance.
Ethical issues with service animals

The beneficial aspects of canines who provide services to people with disabilities have resulted in an explosion of a category of dogs that are bred and/or trained just for service purposes. Over the past 30 years, the role of most service dogs has become more prominent and more demanding. There are also concerns as to the well-being of these animals and questions regarding realistic expectations of them. The purpose of this article is to explore the utilization of service dogs in a rehabilitation health care setting. More specifically, ethical issues that are pertinent to the service dog’s role will be identified and resolutions recommended.
Chronic thrombotic microangiopathy associated with antineoplastic therapy with minimal hematologic effects.

OBJECTIVE To describe 6 patients who developed progressive renal failure and renal thrombotic microangiopathy (TM) not accompanied by the characteristic hematologic disturbances of TM syndromes. Patients and Methods Portions of renal biopsy specimens from each patient were examined by light and electron microscopy for histopathologic evidence of TM. Antecedent clinical events, laboratory evidence of hemolysis and thrombocytopenia, and clinical outcome were documented. Medical records were reviewed and clinical data, including laboratory values, treatment, and outcome, were recorded. Results In each case, a slowly progressive uremia evolved after radiation and/or chemotherapy without laboratory evidence of acute hemolysis or thrombocytopenia. Renal biopsy specimens in all cases showed TM and tubulointerstitial scarring, suggesting both acute and chronic renal injury. Two of the 6 patients underwent plasma exchange therapy without improvement of renal function. Three patients treated with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors for coexisting systemic hypertension remained stable or had mild improvement in renal function. Conclusions A small subset of patients treated for malignancy developed slowly evolving uremia associated with renal TM without marked hematologic abnormalities. In the absence of thrombocytopenia and other typical laboratory findings, the diagnosis of renal TM may be overlooked.
On the Virtues of Assuming Minimal Differences in Information Processing in Individuals and Groups

The metaphor of groups as information processors has been gaining in popularity. If this metaphor’s utility is to be fully exploited, it is first necessary to distinguish - conceptually, theoretically, and empirically - when and how information processing in groups is any different from information processing in individuals. In this paper, several varieties or levels of group information processing are first conceptually distinguished. It is argued that differences between individual and group information processing which are manifest in differences between individual and group output are of greatest interest. However, it is further argued that such individual-group differences in output are not unfailing indicators of such interesting differences in processing. Two empirical illustrations are provided. It is further argued that (a) predictive models assuming little or no individual-group difference in information processing are particularly useful for detecting genuine instances of distinctive group info...
Metal Hydrides for Hydrogen Storage

The emergence of a Hydrogen Economy will require the development of new media capable of safely storing hydrogen with high gravimetric and volumetric densities. Metal hydrides and complex metal hydrides, where hydrogen is chemically bonded to the metal atoms in the bulk, offer some hope of overcoming the challenges associated with hydrogen storage. Many of the more promising hydrogen materials are tailored to meet the unique demands of a low temperature automotive fuel cell and are therefore either entirely new (e.g. in structural or chemical composition) or in some new form (e.g. morphology, crystallite size, catalysts). This proceeding presents an overview of some of the challenges associated with metal hydride hydrogen storage and a few new approaches being investigated to address these challenges.
Microfabrication of high-temperature silicon devices using wafer bonding and deep reactive ion etching

As part of an effort to develop a micro gas turbine engine capable of providing 10-50 W of electrical power in a package less than one cubic centimeter in volume, we report the fabrication and testing of the first hydrogen combustor micromachined from silicon. Measuring 0.066 cm/sup 3/ in volume, and complete with a fuel manifold and set of fuel injector holes, the fabrication of the device was largely enabled by the use of deep reactive ion etching (DRIE) and aligned silicon wafer bonding. The 150-W microcombustor has a power density in excess of 2000 MW/m/sup 3/ and has been successfully demonstrated to provide turbine inlet temperatures up to 1800 K. After 15 h of experimental tests, the combustor maintained its mechanical integrity and did not exhibit any visible damage. Combined with the results of a materials oxidation study, these tests are used to demonstrate the satisfactory performance of silicon in the harsh oxidizing environment of a combustion chamber.
Capacitive Micromachined Ultrasonic Transducers: Theory and Technology

Capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers ~CMUTs!, introduced about a decade ago, have been shown to be a good alternative to conventional piezoelectric transducers in various aspects, such as sensitivity, transduction efficiency, and bandwidth. In this paper, we discuss the principles of capacitive transducer operation that underlie these aspects. Many of the key features of capacitive ultrasonic transducers are enabled with micromachining technology. Micromachining allows us to miniaturize device dimensions and produce capacitive transducers that perform comparably to their piezoelectric counterparts. The fabrication process is described briefly, and the performance of the CMUT transducers is evaluated by demonstrating characterization results. It is shown that the transduction efficiency as defined by the electromechanical coupling coefficient can be close to unity with proper device design and operating voltage. It is also shown that CMUTs provide large bandwidth ~123% fractional bandwidth! in immersion applications which translate into high temporal and axial resolution. Finally, the feasibility of using CMUTs is demonstrated by showing imaging examples in air and in immersion.
Towards a theory of "local to global" in distributed multi-agent systems (II)

There is a growing need for a theory of "local to global" in distributed multi-agent systems. one which is able systematically to describe and analyze a variety of problems. This is the first in a series of two papers that begins to develop such a theory. Here, we analyze one particular multi-agent problem - the "equigrouping problem," in which multiple identical agents organize themselves into groups of equal size. We develop a formal model for describing the system and an notion of equivalence characterizing multi-agent algorithms in terms of the group behaviors induced by the algorithm. Our main result is a characterization of the space of all solutions to the equigrouping problem with respect to this group behavior equivalence. The result allows us to obtain infinitely many substantially different solutions to the Equigrouping problem, and to understand these different solutions in a qualitatively satisfying manner. The second paper in this series indicates how to develop and generalize the modeling method obtained here to other problems.
A Transatlantic Convergence on Privacy

Both the European Union and US recently released major reports on privacy. These significant and long-awaited government reports provide new insights into how regulators on both sides of the Atlantic view privacy challenges. They also reveal the extent to which those views are converging.
Assessing problem feeding behaviors in mid-stage Alzheimer's disease

Many residents of long-term care facilities in the United States have dementia of the Alzheimer's type. The majority of them are in mid-stage Alzheimer's disease, which is characterized by a deteriorating ability to accomplish activities of daily living, t The complexity of these residents' deteriorating mental status and their increasing need for functional assistance requires that nursing personnel modify daily care on the basis of accurate assessment and correct intervention. Mealtime feeding behavior is one area of daily care affected by mid-stage Alzheimer's disease. The resident at such a stage is at risk for malnutrition. 2 Research has identified two reasons for such malnutrition: failure to eat sufficient nutrients and a lack of appropriate staff assistance with feeding. 3,4 A review of the literature on feeding behaviors reveals that the loss of cognitive function leads to specific behavioral changes. 5 Clients with Alzheimer's disease vary in their abilities to understand directions and to verbally express their needs and are often distracted from eating. 6 Behaviors such as hoarding and moving food objects have been observed in these clients. 7 The mid-stage Alzheimer's client may incorrectly use utensils, consume nonfood items, and prefer sweets to more nutritious foods. 8 Mealtime behaviors may include resistance, agitation, and paranoid patterns. 9
Structural Basis for Discrimination of 3-Phosphoinositides by Pleckstrin Homology Domains

Pleckstrin homology (PH) domains are protein modules of around 120 amino acids found in many proteins involved in cellular signaling. Certain PH domains drive signal-dependent membrane recruitment of their host proteins by binding strongly and specifically to lipid second messengers produced by agonist-stimulated phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI 3-Ks). We describe X-ray crystal structures of two different PH domains bound to Ins(1,3,4,5)P4, the head group of the major PI 3-K product PtdIns(3,4,5)P3. One of these PH domains (from Grp1) is PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 specific, while the other (from DAPP1/PHISH) binds strongly to both PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 and its 5'-dephosphorylation product, PtdIns(3,4)P2. Comparison of the two structures provides an explanation for the distinct phosphoinositide specificities of the two PH domains and allows us to predict the 3-phosphoinositide selectivity of uncharacterized PH domains.
Economic performance and comparative riskiness of different management practices for control of botrytis fruit rot in florida strawberry

Abstract Florida strawberry farmers usually rely on weekly calendar fungicide applications to prevent yield loss from Botrytis fruit rot (BFR). The Strawberry Advisory System (SAS), which helps optimize the timing of fungicide applications, is an additional tool in the farmers' arsenal of disease control options. This study uses data from two-year production trials in Florida combined with historical strawberry prices to measure the economic performance of the Calendar and SAS-based BFR management practices under output price risk and producers' risk preferences. We use Monte Carlo simulation to model the effect of the variability in weekly output prices on farm returns. Results reveal that the traditional calendar-based system is not the least risky BFR management option as growers expected to be. SAS-based options such as SAS-Switch and SAS-Luna would be preferred by both risk-neutral and risk-averse producers and are recommended under high disease pressure conditions.
A Note on the Rights Valuation Formula Commonly Presented in Finance Textbooks

The approximate rights valuation formula provided in standard corporate finance textbooks is shown to imply the existence of arbitrage opportunities and, for reasonable parameter values, to significantly undervalue rights. The reason why the formula generates such pricing errors is that it ignores the time value of the subscription price and the option value embedded in a right. A discussion and examination of the factors that affect the size of the error is provided. A real-world rights offering example confirms that the approximate formula can lead to substantial pricing errors and suggests that in many circumstances, the approximate formula should be replaced by Smith's (1977) rights valuation formula.
Observations on Indeterminate Stieltjes Moment Problems

This paper is concerned with indeterminate classical Stieltjes moment problems (CSMPs) and indeterminate strong Stieltjes moment problems (SSMPs). We are particularly interested in what we call the natural solutions to each type of moment problem. Known results are summarized and we compare Stieltjes’ results on indeterminate CSMPs to analogous results for a special class of indeterminate SSMPs. For the indeterminate CSMP each natural solution is a step function whose points of increase have a limit point at ∞. Each natural solution to an indeterminate SSMP is a step function whose points of increase have limit points only at 0 and/or ∞. Every convex linear combination of the natural solutions to an indeterminate Stieltjes moment problem (classical and strong) is also a solution to that problem. It is shown that there exist indeterminate Stieltjes moment problems (both classical and strong) which have step function solutions which are not convex linear combinations of the natural solutions. Finally, it is shown how to construct new moment problems and their solutions from known moment problems and their solutions so that the moments of both problems are related by “shifts” and “flips.”
Space, Color, Sense Perception and the Epistemology of Logic

and remote." (Op. cit., p. 43) How logical form thus understood could be a form of union between Socrates and hemlock?not, please note, between thoughts of or terms for Socrates and hemlock?certainly is a mat ter which would place great demands on one's categorial scheme, to say the least. And, from another point of view, how logical form thus understood simultaneously enters into thinking and talking about Socrates and hemlock, to the validity of which it is especially relevant, seems to defy any known ontological pattern. This content downloaded from 157.55.39.212 on Thu, 09 Jun 2016 05:17:16 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
The Influence of Career Stages on Components of Salesperson Motivation

Researchers have found that career stage is related to salespeople's attitudes, work perceptions, and performance. To date, however, no reported research has explored the impact of career stages on...
The impact of tax increment financing programs on local economic development

The Tax Increment Financing (TIF) method has achieved widespread popularity as a funding source to finance local infrastructure investments and improvements. However, little research has been conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of such programs. This study undertakes a regression analysis to examine the effects of the municipal adoption of TIF programs on local economic development. The empirical results suggest that the adoption of TIF programs has a significant positive effect on local employment.
Epidemiological analysis of syphilis in Xi'an City from 2008-2012

[Objective]To understand the epidemiologic characteristics of syphilis in Xi'an City during the period 2008-2012,provide the basis for developing the control strategies of syphilis.[Methods]The data of syphilis cases in Xi'an City from 2008-2012 were investigated with statistics,and analyzed by descriptive epidemiological method. [Results]The incidence rate of syphilis in Xi'an City increased gradually from 2008-2012,and the average annual incidence rate was 10. 66 / lakh. Most of cases were stage Ⅰ,stageⅡ and latent syphilis,which accounted for 96.78% of the total cases. The incidence rate in 20-34 year-old age group was the highest,and the female patients were significantly more than male patients in this age group( P 0. 01). Most of cases were people aged 20-34 years old,which accounted for 65. 69% of all cases. [Conclusion]The incidence rate of syphilis has continuously increased in Xi'an City. It is necessary to strengthen the behavior intervention among high risk population,to reduce the incidence rate of syphilis.
Evaluation of Technology Innovation of Agricultural Research Institutions Based on Patent Information Analysis—A Case Study on Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences

To evaluate the status of the technological innovation and level of RD trends providing a reference for future scientific research and project development at agricultural research institutions,a case study based on patent information analysis was conducted at Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences from 1985 to 2013.All patents applied by the Academy,including their application period,subject and technical field,were examined.The priorities and subject matters the Academy set forth were critiqued with recommendations for future reference.
Quantification of Antidepressants Using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

Antidepressants are of great interest to clinical and forensic toxicologists as they are frequently used in suicidal gestures; they can be the source of drug interactions and some have narrow therapeutic indices making the potential for toxicity more likely. There are five categories of antidepressants based on function and/or structure. These are monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI), cyclic antidepressants including tricyclic and tetracyclic compounds (TCA), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI), serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRI), and atypical compounds. This method is designed to detect the presence of antidepressant drugs in blood/serum, urine, and tissue specimens using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) following liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) and identified by relative retention times and mass spectra.
Cybersecurity for Control Systems: A Process-Aware Perspective

Modern industrial control systems and other complex cyber-physical systems such as smart grid, unmanned vehicles, manufacturing plants, chemical plants, and nuclear reactors are complex interconnected systems with extensive cyber and physical components, necessitating robust cyber-security techniques. These systems are complex interconnected combinations of heterogeneous hardware and software components and include sensors, actuators, physical systems and processes being controlled or monitored, computational nodes, communication protocols, and controllers. Besides computing/communications/networking based cyber-attacks, CPS are vulnerable to process-aware attacks that aim to disrupt the proper functioning or hamper performance, efficiency, stability, and safety of the physical systems/processes of the CPS. By modifying the information flow or the computational behavior of the system, process-aware attacks can disrupt the functioning the CPS to thereby hamper the performance or stability of the overall system or its components. Increasing network connectivity of the computational nodes of a CPS facilitates the maintenance and on-demand reprogrammability of computational nodes, greatly reducing the operator workload. However, this increasing connectivity raises the potential for cyber-attacks that attempt unauthorized modifications of the run-time parameters or control logic in the computational nodes. Hence, to improve the assurance of CPS, it is vital to develop effective real-time attack monitoring and threat mitigation mechanisms.
Correlates of Achieving Statin Therapy Goals in Children and Adolescents with Dyslipidemia

Objective To determine the real-world effectiveness of statins and impact of baseline factors on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) reduction among children and adolescents. Study design We analyzed data prospectively collected from a quality improvement initiative in the Boston Children's Hospital Preventive Cardiology Program. We included patients ≤21 years of age initiated on statins between September 2010 and March 2014. The primary outcome was first achieving goal LDL-C, defined as Results Among the 1521 pediatric patients evaluated in 3813 clinical encounters over 3.5 years, 97 patients (6.3%) were started on statin therapy and had follow-up data (median age 14 [IQR 7] years, 54% were female, and 24% obese, 62% with at least one lifestyle risk factor). The median baseline LDL-C was 215 (IQR 78) mg/dL, and median follow-up after starting statin was 1 (IQR 1.3) year. The cumulative probability of achieving LDL-C goal within 1 year was 60% (95% CI 47-69). A lower probability of achieving LDL-C goals was associated with male sex (HR 0.5 [95% CI 0.3-0.8]) and higher baseline LDL-C (HR 0.92 [95% CI 0.87-0.98] per 10 mg/dL), but not age, body mass index percentile, lifestyle factors, or family history. Conclusions The majority of pediatric patients started on statins reached LDL-C treatment goals within 1 year. Male patients and those with greater baseline LDL-C were less likely to be successful and may require increased support.
Motivational, reduction and usual care interventions for smokers who are not ready to quit: a randomized controlled trial

Aims To test whether, in comparison to usual care, brief motivational or reduction interventions increase quit attempts (QA) or abstinence among smokers who are not ready to quit. Design A parallel-group randomized controlled trial of brief motivational (n = 185), reduction (n = 186) or usual care (n = 189) telephone interventions delivered over the course of 4 weeks. Outcomes were assessed at 6- and 12-month follow-ups. No medication was provided. Setting United States. Participants A total of 560 adult smokers of ≥ 10 cigarettes per day who were not ready to quit in the next 30 days. Measurements The primary outcomes were whether participants made a QA that lasted ≥ 24 hours and whether they made a QA of any length between baseline and 6 months. Secondary outcomes included 7-day point-prevalence abstinence at 6 and 12 months. The 12-month follow-up was added after the study began. Findings A priori-defined comparisons were between motivational versus usual care and reduction versus usual care conditions. The probability of making a QA that lasted ≥ 24 hours was not significantly different between the motivational (38%) or the reduction (31%) conditions and the usual care (34%) condition [motivational versus usual care odds ratio (OR) = 1.19, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.78–1.82; reduction versus usual care OR = 0.89, 95% CI = 0.57–1.36]. Bayes factors ranged from 0.13 to 0.18. Findings regarding a QA of any length were similar. At 6 months, the motivational condition had marginally more abstinence than usual care (11 versus 5%, OR = 2.17, 95% CI = 0.99–4.77), but the reduction condition was not significantly different from usual care (8 versus 5%, OR = 1.57, 95% CI = 0.69–3.59). At 12 months, the motivational condition had significantly more abstinence than usual care (10 versus 4%, OR = 2.80, 95% CI = 1.14–6.88) and the reduction condition had marginally more abstinence than usual care (9 versus 4%, OR = 2.45, 95% CI = 0.98–6.09). Conclusions Among adult smokers who are not ready to quit, both logistic regression and Bayesian analysis indicate that neither motivational nor reduction-based telephone interventions increased the odds of making a quit attempt in comparison to usual care at 6 months. The motivational intervention appeared to increase abstinence at 6 months and did increase abstinence at 12 months. The reduction intervention did not increase abstinence at 6 months but appeared to increase abstinence at 12 months.
The Health Promotion Model in HIV Care

Effective medical treatment with uninterrupted engagement in care is critical to improving the survival and the quality of life of patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Objectives: Multiple behavioral interventions have been conducted to promote adherence behaviors. However, adherence to HIV medications and medical appointments is still an issue of global concern. Method: The Health Promotion Model (HPM) is a nursing adaption of the health belief model. The HPM focuses on individual characteristics and experiences, as well as behavior specific cognitions and outcomes. Integrating the HPM in addressing adherence behaviors could be one of the building blocks of success in changing health behavior. Results: A search of the literature turned up no studies that applied the HPM in adherence behavior studies conducted among HIV-infected populations. Conclusion: This paper presents the reader with the availability of current adherence-behavior interventions and strategies that align with the HPM model components. It further proposes the need for medical treatment team members to adopt the HPM in current clinical practice settings so as to effectively address adherence behavior issues.doi: 10.5294/aqui.2016.16.4.2
“Almost an Island unto Itself”: The American Sports Exception

“Almost an island unto itself.” At least until recently, that metaphor plausibly captured something exceptional about American sports (Eriksen 2007). Americans have long preferred to watch and play sports they regard as distinctly theirs—football, baseball, and basketball most notably. Out of indifference to alien games or a sense of superiority about their own, they rarely focused on the action elsewhere. Over time, the U.S. developed its own sporting system, in which a few professional sports dominated public attention and defined the common rhythms of the sporting year.
Cultural Considerations for Pediatric HIV Research and Practice

The purpose of this chapter is to describe the cultural issues that are of relevance to clinicians and researchers working in the area of pediatric HIV to include not only a review of the differential impact of HIV among cultural groups (e.g., African-Americans and Hispanics) but also issues of global relevance (e.g., differential impact of HIV between developed and low- to middle-income countries). Recommendations for clinicians working with cultural groups will be highlighted. In addition, future directions for research and practice in this area will be described.
Arthroscopic Removal of Proximal Humerus Plates in Chronic Post-traumatic Shoulder Stiffness

Proximal humerus fracture fixation may be complicated by persistent postsurgical stiffness or implant-related problems. Arthroscopic plate removal is a cosmetic and functionally beneficial procedure; however, the procedure is technically difficult in the presence of severe subdeltoid scarring. The technique described here shows an arthroscopic subdeltoid adhesiolysis and proximal humerus plate removal using systematic access to 5 regions of screw positions on the plate. After initial glenohumeral adhesiolysis, a thorough subacromial and subdeltoid bursectomy is performed. The axillary nerve and deltoid are retracted via an anterosuperolateral portal, and a posterolateral portal is used for panoramic viewing along the plate length. Lateral portals are placed above and below the axillary nerve, and these are used for screw removal. Finally, the plate is removed via a 1-inch incision along the previous surgical scar. The technique is cosmetic and minimally invasive, and early rehabilitation restores range of motion and strength. Technical tips for safe dissection in the scarred subdeltoid space and guidelines for protection of neurovascular structures are presented.
Measure and Integration

This chapter gives, in as brief a form as possible, the main features of measure theory and integration. The presentation is sufficiently general to cover Lebesgue measures and measures that arise in studying the continuous linear functionals on Banach spaces.
Liberal Moralism and Modus Vivendi Politics

Much of the recent work on modus vivendi politics has come from writers who are broadly sympathetic to the realist critique of liberal moralism. They present modus vivendi politics as an alternative to the political moralism that is associated with liberal Anglo-American philosophers such as John Rawls and Ronald Dworkin. This chapter argues that the opposition between these two sets of views—liberal moralism and modus vivendi politics—has been misconceived. On the one hand, it argues that liberal moralists have failed both to accurately characterize and to adequately appreciate the importance of modus vivendi arrangements for political order. On the other hand, it argues that realist critics of liberal moralism have generally failed to appreciate the extent to which an adequate defense of a modus vivendi arrangement presupposes commitment to moral principles of the sort defended by liberal moralists. After advancing these two lines of criticism, the chapter takes a more constructive turn and discusses the notion of a moralized modus vivendi, explaining how this notion draws on ideas from both liberal moralism and modus vivendi political theory. The possibility of a moralized modus vivendi, the chapter concludes, illustrates not only the compatibility but also the integration of liberal moralism and modus vivendi politics.
A Role for the Cerebellum in Global Regulation of Regional Blood Flow and Energy Delivery

We have used a review of literature dealing with neural regulation of cardiovascular function to lay the groundwork for a new way to look at the cerebellum’s involvement in autonomic regulation. We propose that the cerebellum evolved partly as an information processing solution to the problem of maintaining constant energy delivery within the brain and body, in the context of ongoing behavior. We further propose that fractured maps in cerebellar cortex evolved as a computational representation of the angioarchitecture (circulatory system).
Endosymbiosis and the Origin of Eukaryotes

Search for the term “endosymbiosis” in the Web of Science or the Zoological Record, and you will find a long list of some of the most intriguing and intellectually stimulating articles being published these days. The phenomenon of cells living inside other cells has had an enormous impact on the evolution of life. This has occurred on the macroscale with the endosymbiotic origin of numerous phyla of eukaryotes including the primary photoendosymbiotic green and red algae, and the numerous photosynthetic lineages that evolved by incorporating these algae into their cells, including brown algae, diatoms, and dinoflagellates. This process not only introduced new genes to the eukaryotic genome, but also altered that genome in novel ways.
Photochemistry in micelles

Organic photochemical reactions conducted in micellar solutions are reviewed from the standpoint of systematizing and correlating published results. Five common effects are found to distinguish and characterize micellar photochemistry relative to conventional solution photochemistry: “super” cage effects, local concentration effects, viscosity effects, polarity effects, and electrostatic effects. These effects can contribute to the occurence of enhanced selectivity and efficiency of photoreactions relative to those in conventional homogeneous solution.
Transient Loneliness and the Perceived Provision and Receipt of Capitalization Support Within Event-Disclosure Interactions:

Research affirms that loneliness is a distressing experience with social-perceptual and behavioral consequences. Yet, little is known about consequences of transient loneliness, particularly within social interactions. The current study builds on reaffiliation motive and evolutionary models of state loneliness to investigate the effects of experimentally manipulated loneliness on individual and interaction partner perceptions during an event-sharing interaction, within 97 female dyads. Actor-partner interdependence mediation analyses revealed indirect effects for induction group (high vs. low loneliness) on positive affect, enjoyment, responsiveness, and partner positive affect, via induced state loneliness. Furthermore, state loneliness influenced actor and partner provision of responsiveness, via perceived responsiveness. Results reveal interpersonal consequences of transient loneliness, offering preliminary insight into conditions through which state perceptions of isolation may interfere with engagement in positive social interactions. Furthermore, implications for previously theorized evolutionary models of state loneliness and the reaffiliation motive are discussed.
Investigating the use of high frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for primary progressive apraxia of speech (P3.196)

Objective: To investigate the effects of high frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on speech output in patients affected by primary progressive apraxia of speech. Background: Apraxia of speech (AOS) is a motor speech disorder affecting the programming of motor speech production, resulting in the inaccurate production of sounds. When AOS is the presenting symptom of a neurodegenerative condition, it is called primary progressive apraxia of speech (PPAOS). The mainstay of treatment in PPAOS is speech therapy; however, efficacy is limited especially as the disease continues to progress 1 . High frequency rTMS is a neurostimulation technique which uses magnetic energy to increase neuronal excitation in specific brain areas. It has been used to facilitate language recovery after stroke and improve language function in neurodegenerative disease, including in one case report, PPAOS 2–9 . However, the role of rTMS in PPAOS has not been systematically studied. Design/Methods In this pilot study, one patient with PPAOS underwent 10 sessions of high frequency rTMS targeting the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), over a 4-week period. The target was chosen based on the results of functional MRI, which assessed BOLD-activation patterns during various speaking and language tasks. Results: The patient was found to have improvement on the Apraxia of Speech Rating Scale overall severity score (from 4 to 3, scale of 0–4) after rTMS as compared to before, and similar improvement on one of the items under the AOS-primary distinguishing features subsections. She also demonstrated 33% improvement on the Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination severity rating score, which equated to a change from the 50 th to 80 th percentile before and after rTMS, respectively. Conclusions: These results show potential benefit of high frequency rTMS in patients with PPAOS. Next steps will involve repeating the protocol in other patients with this condition, and future studies to identify the best stimulation parameters/targets for rTMS. Disclosure: Dr. Shpiner has nothing to disclose. Dr. Reyes-Baerga has nothing to disclose. Dr. Luca has nothing to disclose. Dr. Bautista has nothing to disclose. Dr. Gomes-Osman has nothing to disclose.
Zoonotic and genetically diverse subtypes of Blastocystis in US pre-weaned dairy heifer calves

Blastocystis is an emerging zoonotic pathogen with global distribution. However, limited data exist on the prevalence and genetic diversity of Blastocystis in the USA and in food animals. We conducted the first large-scale molecular investigation of Blastocystis in the USA by testing 2539 fecal samples from dairy heifer calves from 13 states. Blastocystis was detected in 73 (2.9%) fecal samples and in 10 of the 13 tested states. Molecular characterization showed a wide diversity of subtypes. Eleven subtypes were identified, seven previously reported (ST-3, ST-4, ST-5, ST-10, ST-14, ST-17, and ST-21) and four potentially novel subtypes (named ST-23 to ST-26). Zoonotic subtypes 3, 4, and 5 were found in 67% (49) of the positive specimens in this population. Our results suggest that cattle could serve as reservoirs of infection for humans and other domestic animals highlighting the potential risk of zoonotic transmission for Blastocystis.
Abstract 111: Tumor microenvironment derived NRG1 promotes antiandrogen resistance in prostate cancer

Despite the improved clinical outcomes for patients with advanced prostate cancer due to the use of second generation antiandrogens, acquired drug resistance inevitably occurs and remains the major challenge for prostate cancer therapy. While several cell-autonomous mechanisms of drug resistance have been elucidated previously, for a large number of patients the mechanism of resistance remains unclear. Recent studies point to the importance of the tumor microenvironment (TME), and cancer associated fibroblasts (CAF) in the TME, in mediating tumor progression and resistance to therapy, but whether CAFs specifically contribute to antiandrogen resistance in prostate cancer is not known. Using a preclinical model that faithfully mimics the typical progression of patients on antiandrogen therapy, we found that antiandrogen resistance develops significantly faster when cells are grown in the presence of their cognate CAFs. By carrying out biochemical purification and mass spectrometry analysis, we identified NRG1 as a CAF secreted factor, and found that it can promote antiandrogen resistance in tumor cells, via activation of HER3 in the tumor. Importantly, blocking either NRG1 or HER3 can re-sensitize tumors to antiandrogen treatment in this model. Moreover, NRG1 expression is up-regulated in CAFs after antiandrogen exposure or in androgen deprivation condition. Clinically, increased stroma-NRG1 expression was observed in patients post androgen deprivation therapy but not in hormonally intact men. Taken together, this work has revealed a novel, NRG1-mediated non-cell autonomous mechanism of antiandrogen resistance in prostate cancer, and suggests that therapeutically targeting NRG1 in the setting of metastatic, antiandrogen-resistant prostate cancer with elevated NRG1 could provide significant benefit to patients. Note: This abstract was not presented at the meeting. Citation Format: Zeda Zhang, Wouter Karthaus, Jose Mauricio Mota, Ping Mu, Chao Wu, Wassim Abida, Eliot Linton, Young Sun Lee, Eugine Lee, Ninghui Mao, Elizabeth Adams, Danielle Choi, Dana E. Rathkopf, Brett Carver, Anuradha Gopalan, Xuejun Jiang, Philip Watson, Charles Sawyers. Tumor microenvironment derived NRG1 promotes antiandrogen resistance in prostate cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 111.
Tools for Population Health Management

As systems shift to value from fee-for-service, new tools are needed to manage networks and operations, and more importantly, make meaningful impacts on patient lives. The integration of data from electronic health records and claims as well as from patients and caregivers has become a key element in any population health management strategy. Visualization of the most appropriate data at the right time and place, while often overlooked, can make the difference between effective use and poor use of data. We provide a summary and guidance on the appropriate tools needed to be successful in population health management efforts.
Management of Postblepharoplasty Lower Eyelid Retraction

Postblepharoplasty lower eyelid retraction is challenging and multifactorial and may occur after transcutaneous lower eyelid surgery. Surgical correction is difficult and unpredictable. Patient psyche is often negatively affected. This combination of events can limit patient satisfaction, so significant preoperative counseling to educate patients and modulate expectations is critical. The combination of midface lifting, implantation of a posterior lamellar spacer graft, and canthal suspension (standard surgery) has led to variable degrees of functional and aesthetic improvement. This article reviews the typical presentation, outlines the steps of standard surgery, and touches on other modalities of treatment that may improve patient satisfaction.
Transition—Critical Reflections

Reflections on the work of a critic in this processual alongside move from critical theorising about a rhetoric of performativity and what it can offer to approaching a politics of practice, to studies of performers who are generating pathways toward both sustaining process and finding appropriate (resting places for sociosituated political activities. This raises acute questions about the distinctions between documenting and articulation, and the process and appropriateness of critical activity. Critical performativity, or documenting, attends to the engagement of the whole somatic complex of a sentient being in the moment of change—that feeling of not-knowing what will happen, and yet, also being open to what happens. Critical articulation only then finds words that can render that change into something that can be talked about conceptually.
Secular trends in cognitive trajectories of diverse older adults

Abstract Introduction This study aimed to determine if later birth year influences trajectory of age-related cognitive decline across racial/ethnic groups and to test whether years of school, childhood socioeconomic status, and cardiovascular disease burden explain such secular trends. Methods We compared cognitive trajectories of global cognition and subdomains in two successive racially/ethnically and educationally diverse birth cohorts of a prospective cohort study. Results Later birth year was associated with higher initial cognitive levels for Whites and Blacks, but not Hispanics. Later birth year was also associated with less rapid rate of decline in all three racial/ethnic groups. More years of education, higher childhood socioeconomic status, and, to a smaller extent, greater cardiovascular disease burden accounted for higher intercepts in the later-born cohort, but did not account for attenuated slope of cognitive decline. Discussion Later birth year is related to a slower rate of age-related decline in some cognitive domains in some racial/ethnic groups. Our analyses suggest that racial/ethnic and social inequalities are part of the mechanisms driving secular trends in cognitive aging and dementia.