cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Headache following cervical sympathectomy and results of a blood flow study in the cat.

Background.—A patient developed severe, continuous, unilateral headache that was “vascular” in nature, following cervical sympathectomy. Objective.—To determine the changes in cranial blood flow in the cat following lesioning and stimulation of the cervical sympathetic nerve. Method.—Carotid blood flow was determined by electromagnetic flowmetry and its tissue distribution by intra-arterial injection of 15-μm radioactive microspheres. Results.—Following sympathetic lesioning, an increase in carotid blood flow was observed and reversed with stimulation. The distribution of carotid blood flow changed for the brain only, maintaining relatively constant tissue perfusion. Conclusion.—An increase in cerebral blood flow could not have accounted for the sympathectomy-induced headache. Dilation of major cerebral arteries and cranial noncerebral vasodilation probably constitutes its mechanism.
Corneal epithelial adhesion studies.

Various forms of physical and chemical trauma to rabbit and monkey corneal epithelium were studied chronologically by light and transmission electron microscopy. The role of the attachment complexes and the collagenous substrata in relation to epithelial adhesion was explored, and a simian model of defective epithelial adhesion was developed. Because the clinico-pathological response of the monkey corneal epithelium is quite similar to that of the human, it is suggested that the monkey is the most suitable animal for corneal adhesion studies.
Degree Switching Operations in Networks and Large Scale Systems Assignment Problems

Abstract In this paper an algorithm is presented for listing all output sets for a large sparse square matrix A arising in large scale systems applications using network theory and the degree switching operations. The algorithm exploits the zero nonzero structure of matrix A and uses optimum data structures and data manipulation methods. The method is shown to be useful in finding all optimum assignments in an n x n optimum assignment problem and generation of all digraphs that can be associated with an n x nsparse matrix. The problem of testing whether there exists a set of vertex disjoint cycles of specified lengths in a network is shown to be NP-complete.
Ecological risk assessment for transgenic crops: separating the seed from the chaff.

An ecological risk assessment for a transgenic crop is required by regulatory agencies worldwide. In certain regions, this includes evaluation of indirect effects of improved pest and weed control on non-target organisms that may use insect pests and weeds as a food source. Here, I consider the merits of providing insects and weed seed as food for a diversity of wildlife within crop fields.
Comparative Marketing: An Interdisciplinary Framework for Institutional Analysis

Institutional analysis is proposed as an alternative theoretical methodology for the study of comparative marketing systems. This paper argues that institutional analysis offers considerable potential for understanding dynamic marketing systems and for the explicit study of change. Disciplinary insights of institutional analysis are reviewed and the richness of the conceptual apparatus of comparative institutional analysis, as applied to the study of comparative marketing systems, is explicated.
Breastfeeding and Otitis Media: A Review of Recent Evidence

Human milk provides infants with antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory agents that contribute to optimal immune system function. The act of breastfeeding allows important bacterial and hormonal interactions between the mother and baby and impacts the mouth, tongue, swallow, and eustachian tubes. Previous meta-analyses have shown that lack of breastfeeding and less intensive patterns of breastfeeding are associated with increased risk of acute otitis media, one of the most common infections of childhood. A review of epidemiologic studies indicates that the introduction of infant formula in the first 6 months of life is associated with increased incidence of acute otitis media in early-childhood. More recent research raises the issues of how long this increased risk persists, and whether lack of breastfeeding is associated with diagnosis of otitis media with effusion. However, many studies suffer from lack of study of younger populations and imprecise definitions of infant feeding patterns. These findings suggest that measures of the association between breastfeeding history and otitis media risk are sensitive to the definition of breastfeeding used; future research is needed with more precise and consistent definitions of feeding, with attention to distinctions between direct breastfeeding and human milk feeding by bottle.
Risk for sleep-disordered breathing and executive function in preschoolers

Abstract Background Pediatric sleep-disordered breathing is known to negatively impact cognitive development. While a theoretical basis has been proposed for the developmental effect of pediatric sleep-disordered breathing on executive function specifically, this had not been directly examined among preschool-age children. This population may be particularly vulnerable if school-readiness is compromised. The purpose of the current study was to use a multi-dimensional approach to assessing executive function among preschool-age children at risk for sleep-disordered breathing. Methods Thirty-nine preschool children were administered executive function tasks assessing the dimensions of inhibition, working memory, and planning as part of a larger study. A parent or guardian completed a validated questionnaire concerning the child’s snoring and other behaviors indicating risk for sleep-disordered breathing. Results After controlling for age in a series of regressions, higher parent-reported risk for sleep-disordered breathing was associated with substantially lower performance on each executive function dimension. In comparing the group means of children at high and low risk for sleep-disordered breathing, the single snoring frequency item also showed that children who snored frequently or almost always had lower performance on each executive function dimension. Conclusions The results suggest that sleep-disordered breathing may be associated with impaired executive function in preschoolers, with its strongest impact on the inhibition dimension, further emphasizing the importance of early intervention for sleep-disordered breathing in this early age group.
Simulation of the Heat Transfer in a Gas Turbine Combustor Fueled With Coal-Water Mixture: Part 2 — Model Predictions and Experimental Data

Data was obtained from the combustion of coal derived fuels in a 30 inch diameter, 4 foot long bench scale atmospheric unit fueled with CWF. The data is presented and compared with model predictions of ash, temperature, and mole fraction distributions. A computer model was developed to simulate the heat transfer processes taking place in a gas turbine combustor (GTC) burning a coal water fuel (CWF). It is to predict the species and temperature distribution, the heat flux patterns, and the contribution of both convection and radiation to the total heat transfer rate.
Herbage and seed production of annual lespedezas as affected by harvest management

Striate [Kummerowia striata (Thunb.) Schindler] and korean [K. stipulacea (Maxim.) Makino] annual lespedezas are warm-season forage legumes grown throughout the southeastern USA for pasture, hay, or seed. They provide high quality herbage during midsummer, when grasses often have poor quality. Limited information is available on harvest management for herbage and seed yield of annual lespedezas. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of cutting height and frequency on herbage production and seed yield of striate and korean annual lespedeza. Two field experiments were performed. The first determined the effects of a one- or two-harvest management system and cutting initially at either 6 or 12 cm above the soil surface on herbage and seed yields. The second experiment was a growth analysis of lespedeza on plots not cut or cut at either 6 or 12 cm above the soil [...]
Design Architecture and Introduction Timing for Rapidly Improving Industrial Products

Technological advances present firms in many industries with opportunities to substantially improve their product's capabilities in short periods of time. Customers who invest in these products may, however, react adversely to rapid improvements that make their previous versions obsolete by deferring their purchase. In industrial markets, there is an emerging trend of sequentially improving products designed to be upgraded in a modular fashion. We study the impact of product architecture and introduction timing on the launch of rapidly improving products. We find that by localizing performance improvements in a sequence of upgradable modules of the product, a firm can better manage the introduction of rapidly improving products. Specifically, we show that modular upgradability can reduce the need for slowing the pace of innovation or forgoing upgrade pricing. The additional flexibility in pricing and timing makes the modular, upgradable approach preferable to an integrated architecture, even in some situations where there may be distinct performance or cost-related disadvantages to pursuing the modular architecture. We differentiate between proprietary and nonproprietary approaches to modular upgradability and consider the implications for profits. Our central contribution in this paper is the innovative integration of product architecture with pricing and timing decisions for managing the introduction of rapidly improving products.
A novel FOXF1 mutation associated with alveolar capillary dysplasia and coexisting colobomas and hemihyperplasia

Alveolar capillary dysplasia (ACD) is a rare and lethal cause of hypoxic respiratory failure in the neonate. Here we describe a term neonate with ACD that was found with a previously unreported p.Arg86Pro mutation in the FOXF1 (Forkhead Box-F1) gene and coexisting congenital anomalies, including colobomas of the iris and hemihyperplasia. This unique clinical presentation may indicate a novel, yet unconfirmed disease association for mutations in the FOXF1 gene. Rapid mutation analysis in FOXF1 may provide noninvasive early confirmation of ACD in neonates with respiratory failure and can aid in clinical decision making.
Image annotation based on constrained clustering and semi-naive bayesian model

We propose an image annotation approach that relies on fuzzy clustering and feature discrimination, a greedy selection and joining algorithm (GSJ), and Bayes rule. Clustering is used to group image regions into prototypical region clusters that summarize the training data and can be used as the basis of annotating new test images. Since this problem involves clustering sparse and high dimensional data, we use a semi-supervised constrained clustering algorithm that performs simultaneous clustering and feature discrimination. The constraints consist of pairs of image regions that should not be included in the same cluster. These constraints are deduced from the irrelevance of all concepts annotating the training images. The constraints help in guiding the clustering process. The GSJ algorithm uses the fuzzy membership function of each region cluster. Finally, Bayes rule is used to label images based on the posterior probability of each concept. The proposed algorithm was implemented and tested on a data set that includes 3000 images using four-fold cross validation.
Effect of P.G. 600 on rebreeding performance in sows limit-fed during lactation.

The objective was to determine whether treatment with 400 IU PMSG and 200 IU hCG (P.G. 600; Intervet America, Inc., Millsboro, DE, USA) at weaning improved rebreeding performance in sows that were limit-fed during lactation. Crossbred sows were allowed ad libitum access to feed or were limited to 3.2 kg of feed/day during an 18-day lactation. At weaning, limit-fed sows received im treatment with P.G. 600 (n = 16) or saline (n = 19) and ad libitum-fed sows received saline (n = 18). The percentage of sows in estrus by day 7 post-weaning was greater (p 0.1) among groups. In summary, low feed intake during lactation decreased the percentage of sows that displayed estrus within 7 days after weaning and increased the weaning-to-estrus interval. These effects were at least partially remediated by gonadotropin treatment. Pregnancy rate, and litter size at day 30 of gestation, were similar for ad libitum- and limit-fed sows and not affected by P.G. 600 treatment in limit-fed sows.
Distractor plausibility and criterion placement in recognition

To set an optimal decision criterion on a test of recognition, a subject must estimate the degree to which they can discriminate previously studied from unstudied stimuli. To do so accurately, the subject must assess not only their mastery of the material but also the extent to which the distractors yield mnemonic evidence that makes them difficult to discriminate from studied items. In these experiments, we manipulated the degree to which the distractor set overlapped semantically or categorically with the previously learned stimuli, and examined the effects on criterion placement. When plausibility was manipulated by semantic membership, subjects who took tests with more plausible distractors set a higher criterion; for all other manipulations of plausibility, there were no between-subject effects of plausibility on criterion placement. However, over multiple test opportunities, subjects increased their criterion when the tests became more difficult, but they did not lower their criterion when the test became easier. This asymmetry obtained with picture and word categories, and suggests that online monitoring of recognition performance modulates the criterion shift.
Closed-form solution of a maximization problem

According to the characterization of eigenvalues of a real symmetric matrix A, the largest eigenvalue is given by the maximum of the quadratic form ?xA, x? over the unit sphere; the second largest eigenvalue of A is given by the maximum of this same quadratic form over the subset of the unit sphere consisting of vectors orthogonal to an eigenvector associated with the largest eigenvalue, etc. In this study, we weaken the conditions of orthogonality by permitting the vectors to have a common inner product r where 0 ? r < 1. This leads to the formulation of what appears--from the mathematical programming standpoint--to be a challenging problem: the maximization of a convex objective function subject to nonlinear equality constraints. A key feature of this paper is that we obtain a closed-form solution of the problem, which may prove useful in testing global optimization software. Computational experiments were carried out with a number of solvers.
Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription Factor 6 (Stat6)-deficient Mice Are Protected from Antigen-induced Airway Hyperresponsiveness and Mucus Production

The pleiotropic cytokine interleukin 4 (IL-4) has been shown to regulate many processes thought to be important in the allergic diathesis. To determine the mechanism(s) by which IL-4 mediates allergic airway responses to inhaled allergens, we compared the effects of antigen sensitization and challenge on the development of allergic airway responses in mice in which the gene for the signal transducer and activator of transcription factor 6 (Stat6) was disrupted to those of their wild-type littermates. Strikingly, Stat6-deficient mice failed to develop airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), which was observed in their wild-type littermates after allergen provocation. Moreover, antigen-induced increases in mucus-containing cells were found to be completely Stat6 dependent. Consistent with the lack of Th2 cytokine responses in Stat6-deficient mice, no ovalbumin-specific immunoglobulin (Ig)E was detected in their serum. In contrast, Stat6 signaling only partially mediated antigen-induced eosinophilia with no role in vascular adhesion molecule 1 expression. These results indicate that Stat6 signal transduction is critical in the development of allergen-induced AHR and that agents that specifically inhibit this pathway may provide a novel strategy for the treatment of allergic disorders.
Hypercholesterolemia Abrogates Late Preconditioning via a Tetrahydrobiopterin-Dependent Mechanism in Conscious Rabbits

Background— Although the late phase of ischemic preconditioning (PC) is known to confer cardioprotection in healthy animal models, it is unknown whether this phenomenon exists in the presence of hypercholesterolemia. The goal of this study was to determine whether the infarct-sparing effect of late PC is affected by hypercholesterolemia and, if so, whether a tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4)-dependent mechanism is responsible for the loss of late PC. Methods and Results— Conscious rabbits fed a normal diet or a 1% cholesterol diet for 6 weeks were subjected to ischemic PC (six 4-minute coronary occlusion/4-minute reperfusion cycles) and, 24 hours later, underwent a 30-minute occlusion followed by 3 days of reperfusion. A total of 125 rabbits were used. In normocholesterolemic rabbits, ischemic PC reduced infarct size, an effect that was abrogated by administration of the BH4 synthesis inhibitor N-acetylserotonin (15 mg/kg IV) before the 30-minute occlusion. In hypercholesterolemic rabbits, however, ischemic PC fa...
DP Internal Argument—The Causative Alternation

Chapter 3 is the first detailed application of the system outlined in Chap. 1, along with the clitic analysis of -st defended in Chap. 2, to Icelandic argument structure alternations. The focus is on causative alternations which involve a single DP internal argument. After a brief overview of the different ways Icelandic marks causative and anticausative verbs in Sects. 3.2 and 3.3 derives several morphological generalizations using the spellout mechanisms presented in Chap. 1. Section 3.4 is a brief, but important detour into the properties of dative direct objects in Icelandic, many of which are quite different from dative objects in many other languages. This is important for the account of case alternations in -st anticausatives, which, in turn, sets the stage for important components of the analyses in Chaps. 4 and 5. Section 3.5 works out the thematic interpretation of the causative alternation. It begins by working out the details of how verbal functional heads are interpreted in the semantics, and then turns to issues of lexical idiosyncrasy that play an important role for the remainder of the book: while the syntactic structures generated in the previous sections are completely productive and predictable, lexical roots can sometimes choose somewhat idiosyncratically among the generable structures, or receive idiomatic interpretations in them. This can give the impression that the argument alternations themselves are more idiosyncratic than they really are, an impression that I argue, here as well as in Chaps. 4 and 5, is misleading. A recurring theme in Chaps. 3, 4, and 5 is that once the idiosyncratic properties of lexical roots are factored out, not only are the syntactic argument structures completely systematic, but their mapping to semantics is too.
Contextual Determinants of Strategic Planning Processes

This paper extends the study of contextual determinants of planning processes in three important directions. First, we present a comprehensive conceptualization of planning processes along six design dimensions. Second, in addition to examining the effects of environments, technology, and organizational complexity, we assess the effects of the organization's strategic orientation on the design of planning processes. Third, we move towards a configurational approach and explore the effects of concurrent presence of multiple contingencies. The study uses data from a large sample of North American corporations. The results suggest that the forces of context govern the design of planning processes. Furthermore, exploration of the effects of concurrent presence of multiple contingencies provides interesting illustrations of situations where the forces of context are aligned in the same direction as well as situations where the forces pull in opposite directions.
Surfacing Rescue Container Concept Design for Trident Submarines: Rethinking Submarine Search and Rescue

In the wake of the KURSK tragedy, world navies have focused their full attention to the submarine rescue problem. While many rescue systems exist, none have been able to sufficiently address the gamut of scenarios that place submariners in peril. One rescue strategy utilizes a submarine escape capsule commonly referred to as a surfacing rescue container (SRC). Although SRCs have been used in several submarine designs over the last four decades, the United States has never adopted the underlying strategy. This paper recognizes the SRC concept as one of the most effective means of rescue, and proposes a modular SRC concept design (LSRC) that utilizes a modified Trident II D-5 missile tube as its host. The design is intended for use onboard the US Navy's next-generation ballistic missile submarine (SSBN) but may be back-fitted on current US Navy Ohio Class and UK Royal Navy Vanguard Class submarines with significant alterations. Technical analyses include a minimum weight design approach for internally stiffened right circular cylinders exposed to external hydrostatic pressure, an analytical and numerical structural analysis of imperfect ring stiffened cylinders with end-caps, and a seakeeping analysis for SRCs of cylindrical shape.
The Lashley Award.

The Karl Spencer Lashley Award for Distinguished Achievement in the Neurosciences has been bestowed upon 50 of the world’s leading neuroscientists of the last half century but is not well known. It originated in 1953 when Lashley accumulated excess stock holdings and established a Fund for Neurobiology with $52,000 to provide small grants for neurobiological research. Several years later the assets were transferred to the American Philosophical Society to administer and convert to an award for achievement in neurobiology The nature, amount, and format of the award have evolved ever since. These changes in the award and the characteristics of its recipients are described.
The role of renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system-based therapy in diabetes prevention and cardiovascular and renal protection

Hypertension increases the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and cardiovascular disease. In addition to lowering blood pressure, blockade of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) reduces the risk of new-onset T2DM and offers renal protection. Using a MEDLINE search, we identified multiple trials that reported the incidence of T2DM in patients taking inhibitors of RAAS. In this review, we will discuss the RAAS as a potential target in diabetes prevention and the mechanisms through which inhibitors of this system achieve such an important effect. We will also shed light on the beneficial cardiovascular and renal effects of RAAS blockade. Although multiple studies have demonstrated that inhibitors of RAAS, especially angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers, can reduce the incidence of T2DM, randomized controlled studies are still needed to further elucidate their exact role in diabetes prevention.
Effects of liposome‐mediated gene transfer of VEGF in ischemic rat gracilis muscle

The purpose of the current study was to determine the effects of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) on muscle flap survival and vascularity in a rat gracilis ischemia-reperfusion model. A total of 12 adult male Wistar rats were divided into two groups (n = 6). The experimental group received the plasmid encoding VEGF165 cDNA plus lipofectamine (cationic liposome) injected directly to the gracilis muscle following 4 h of ischemia. The control group received lipofectamine only. The viability and vascularity of the flaps were evaluated after 7 days of reperfusion. The data demonstrated that the VEGF plasmid- and lipofectamine-treated muscle flaps had significantly greater total survival and capillary count 7 days after reperfusion compared with the flaps treated only with lipofectamine. These results indicate that VEGF exerts a protective effect on ischemic skeletal muscle flaps. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc. MICROSURGERY 21:58–62 2001
Assessment and treatment of problem behavior occasioned by interruption of free-operant behavior.

The current study describes the assessment and treatment of the problem behavior of 3 individuals with autism for whom initial functional analysis results were inconclusive. Subsequent analyses revealed that the interruption of free-operant behavior using “do” requests (Study 1) as well as “do” and “don't” requests (Study 2) occasioned problem behavior. Initially, treatment involved differential and noncontingent reinforcement without interruption. To make the intervention more sustainable in the natural environment (where interruptions are unavoidable), a two-component multiple-schedule arrangement was used to progressively increase the period of time in which ongoing activities would be interrupted. During generalization sessions, the intervention was applied across a variety of contexts and therapists.
SURFing the home with your TV

SURF (Simple UI to Retrieve Favorites) is a system with which a user can interact, through a TV, both with electronic devices inside the house and with the World Wide Web (WWW). The user communicates with the TV by voice in two modes: reactive and proactive. We illustrate how, by speaking naturally, the user can check on locations in the home, or get information from appliances and specific information from the Internet, in a manner that does not interrupt the TV viewing experience.
The Value of Imaging Part II: Value beyond Image Interpretation

Although image interpretation is an essential part of radiologists' value, there are other ways in which we contribute to patient care. Part II of the value of imaging series reviews current initiatives that demonstrate value beyond the image interpretation. Standardizing processes, reducing the radiation dose of our examinations, clarifying written reports, improving communications with patients and providers, and promoting appropriate imaging through decision support are all ways we can provide safer, more consistent, and higher quality care. As payers and policy makers push to drive value, research that demonstrates the value of these endeavors, or lack thereof, will become increasingly sought after and supported.
Modeling information scent: a comparison of LSA, PMI and GLSA similarity measures on common tests and corpora

In this paper we describe a comparison among three systems that estimate semantic similarity between words: Latent Semantic Analysis (Landauer & Dumais, 1997), Pointwise Mutual Information (Turney, 2001), and Generalized Latent Semantic Analysis (Matveeva, Levow, Farahat, & Royer, 2005). We compare all these techniques on a unique corpus (TASA) and, for PMI and GLSA, we also report performance on a larger web-based corpus. The evaluation is carried out through two kinds of tests: (1) synonymy tests, and (2) comparison with human word similarity judgments. The results indicate that for large corpora PMI works best on word similarity tests, and GLSA on synonymy tests. For the smaller TASA corpus, GLSA produced the best performance on most tests. A large corpus improved the performance of PMI, but, in most cases, did not improve that of GLSA.
The Social Determinants of Health: Coming of Age

In the United States, awareness is increasing that medical care alone cannot adequately improve health overall or reduce health disparities without also addressing where and how people live. A critical mass of relevant knowledge has accumulated, documenting associations, exploring pathways and biological mechanisms, and providing a previously unavailable scientific foundation for appreciating the role of social factors in health. We review current knowledge about health effects of social (including economic) factors, knowledge gaps, and research priorities, focusing on upstream social determinants—including economic resources, education, and racial discrimination—that fundamentally shape the downstream determinants, such as behaviors, targeted by most interventions. Research priorities include measuring social factors better, monitoring social factors and health relative to policies, examining health effects of social factors across lifetimes and generations, incrementally elucidating pathways through kno...
Structural Aspects of the Lattice Thermal Expansion of Hexagonal Cordierite

The mechanism of lattice thermal expansion in pure hexagonal cordierite prepared by glass devitrification was investigated by time-of-flight neutron powder diffraction at temperatures from 22 to 750/degree/C in vacuum. Full matrix least squares refinement of the diffraction spectra was carried out in space group P6/mcc using the Rietveld method. The structural data from the refinements were resolved into components parallel and normal to the c axis. The negative c axis expansion results from two effects: (1) Increasing distortion of the T/sub 2/ tetrahedra (ring tetrahedra) with temperature, primarily due to displacement of the T/sub 2/ cations towards the c axis channels in the structure. (2) Decreasing distortion of the T/sub 1//M tetrahedra/octahedra with increasing temperature, due to octahedral (M-O/sub 1/) bond expansion and an associated decrease in torsional distortion of the T/sub 1/ tetrahedra. 33 refs., 14 figs., 2 tabs.
Art Historians and Cultural Property Internationalism

This article responds to John Merryman's article on cultural property internationalism in the last issue of the International Journal of Cultural Property (IJCP). It considers the increasing, although still limited, role that art historians working out of universities play in the debates around the ownership of cultural property. Although there are a number of principles embedded in cultural internationalism that are still widely supported, art historians seem to be moving away from cultural property internationalism. One reason for the increasing critique of cultural property internationalism is the rise of scholarship that questions traditional art history and its relationship to colonialism.
Growth and reproduction of the cladoceran Ceriodaphnia dubia from a forested floodplain swamp

Microcrustaceans are abundant in many freshwater wetlands, including forested floodplain swamps, but little has been done to assess their secondary production and functional role in these systems. Since standard cohort approaches to estimating secondary production are impossible with continuously growing and reproducing microcrustaceans, it is necessary to obtain independent determinations of their growth and reproductive characteristics under environmental conditions encountered in their natural habitat throughout the year. The growth and reproduction of Ceriodaphnia dubia fed natural swamp seston were measured at 10, 15, 20, and 25”C-temperatures which span much of the annual temperature range in southeastern floodplain swamps. Somatic biomass growth rates were as high as 61% d-r. Total growth rates (somatic tissue and egg mass) reached 95% d-r. Both somatic growth rates and total growth rates could be described as functions of individual size and temperature. High egg production, particularly in the larger instars, resulted in individuals maintaining high total growth rates (>20% d-l at most temperatures) over the lifespan. Lifetime egg production accounted for ~50% of biomass produced by individuals at all temperatures and > 80% for temperatures 120°C. Somatic growth rates for C. dubia fed swamp seston were within the range of literature estimates for other species of Ceriodaphnia under various food conditions.
Parole Officers’ Experiences of the Symptoms of Secondary Trauma in the Supervision of Sex Offenders

The work of parole officers who supervise sex offenders rarely comes to the public’s attention unless something goes wrong. Research suggests that those providing postrelease supervision of convicted sex offenders likely experience trauma as a result of their work and that little support is available to respond to their emotional needs. This manuscript explores parole officers’ and parole officer supervisors’ experiences of the symptoms of secondary trauma, defined as the emotional and cognitive experiences of hearing stories that recount one or more traumatic events. The qualitative study described here builds on existing literature by providing a detailed exploration, presented in their own words, of the experiences of specialist parole officers, about how they cope with the symptoms of secondary trauma, and about what they need to help them continue to do the job that the public and the politic want done well. Recognizing and understanding the symptoms of secondary trauma among supervising officers hav...
WETLAND VEGETATION BEFORE AND AFTER EXPERIMENTAL PURPLE LOOSESTRIFE REMOVAL

Abstract Purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) is considered one of the worst invasive non-native species of North American wetlands, but its reputation rests on few published, quantitative field studies. This study described the vegetation of two sites (one flooded, one drier) within a heavily invaded wetland in southeastern New York, in order to investigate the common claim that purple loosestrife produces monospecific stands. Native species richness per square meter was 6.8, on average, with mean percent cover ranging from 0.03 to 6.7%, compared to 49% for purple loosestrife. One grass, Phalaris arundinacea, covered on average 31.1% of the area in drier site plots. Twenty-six native taxa were found in a total of 18 1-m2 plots. I also conducted an experimental manipulation of the plant community in both sites to demonstrate the role of purple loosestrife in gap colonization. Three 1-m2 experimental gaps in each site were recolonized by purple loosestrife at very low density after three years (mean perc...
An Inquiry-Based Reform Effort: Creating the Conditions for Reculturing and Restructuring Schools

Calls for educational change are not new. Currently, we are in the midst of another wave of reform. This one is based upon the view that teachers play a vital role in bringing about structural reform and changing current classroom practices. Reformers face, however, a formidable challenge: how to assist teachers in changing their thoughts and actions. The inquiry process is one of the most formidable ways to transform teaching in this direction. The features of this process recognize that knowledge about teaching and learning is built on reflection and experimentation. Practitioners using this process inquire into their own personal knowledge for the purpose of examining what they teach, how to teach a diverse group of students, how to form educative relationships, and what structures fit new pedagogical orientations. To demonstrate the potential of inquiry as a vehicle for teaching and learning, this paper examines the process as it is used by a small group of teachers and a principal in a middle school.
Modeling Benthic Algal Communities: An Example from Stream Ecology

C. David McIntire,* Stanley V. Gregory,t Alan D. Steinman,* and Gary A. Lamberti5 *Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331 t Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331 Research Department, South Florida Water Management District, West Palm Beach, Florida 33416 §Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556
Structured Risk Assessment and Legal Decision-Making

The assessment of future dangerous behavior plays a central role in a variety of legal decisions. Instruments specifically designed to assess the risk of future dangerous behavior have proliferated and received myriad scholarly attention in the recent decades. By contrast, little is known empirically about the effect that such assessments have on legal decisions. This chapter reviews the fledging literature that has examined the impact of structured risk assessment on legal decisions. As a general matter, the existing studies suggest that structured risk assessment has a limited impact on legal decisions. For example, one field study found that actual jurors’ decisions were entirely insensitive to structured risk assessments, and a laboratory experiment found that mock jurors were responsive to a risk assessment but only when it supported their preferred verdict. Several possible explanations for why fact finders are insensitive (or selectively sensitive) to structured risk estimates are described. The prospect of using Decision Theory to mechanically make legal decisions in conjunction with structured risk assessment is then considered. Such an approach has the benefit of making all assumptions transparent and ensuring consistency in decisions. A numeric example is provided and discussed.
Practical Approaches for Finding and Helping Coronary-prone Families with Special Reference to Familial Hypercholesterolemia

In the past fifty years, much progress has been made in elucidating the pathophysiology, epidemiology and genetics of coronary heart disease (CHD). Thousands of published articles document a large and growing list of CHD risk factors. Studies ranging from molecular genetics to clinical trials now document the roles of genetic and environmental determinants of coronary heart disease and the success of interventions.
Penicillin Resistance in Pneumococci

Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates have been reported that show moderate to highly increased resistance to penicillin. Since serious infections caused by these organisms may not respond to penicillin therapy, it is important that these strains be identified in the laboratory. Isolates of S. pneumoniae with decreased susceptibility to penicillin are recognized most reliably by a zone of inhibition less than 12 mm in diameter around a 1-μg oxacillin disc in the agar diffusion susceptibility test.
The Bible for Children: the Emergence and Development of the Genre, 1550-1990

Books for children have existed for centuries. Their contents range from instructional manuals to flights of fancy. In children’s literature, a variety of narrative forms have emerged, developed, flowered, and faded, but one genre, Bible stories for children’s use, has remained in existence as long as print itself.
Several Questions of Stress Strain Monitoring on Concrete Dam

It is indicated that the type of rational choice the monitoring gauge for stress strain and correct installed and embedded method is the key that insured acquired of stabilized and reliable data. The Carlson instruments is the embedded instruments suited for mass concrete has demonstrated. The essentiality of the benchmark data chosen and choice method for embedded strain has expatiated. It has analyzed and demonstrated that the three-dimensional coordinate method is the fitting install method for strain group. The advice for improve on construction of no-stress strain has presented. The question of choice at pressure cell for concrete,and the construction installing of anchor bar stress meter and load cell has discussed,and discussed question of manual contrast measure at stress strain monitoring.
Retrospective analysis of prevalence of visceral leishmaniasis in Xinjiang from 2005 to 2010

Objective To analyze epidemic situation of visceral leishmaniasis(VL) in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region from 2005 to 2010,in order to provide basis for instituting and taking corresponding control measures. Methods Reported data(including reclamation area of corps) of VL patients in Xinjiang from 2005 to 2010 were collected to carry out analysis with Microsoft Excel 2010 and Epi Info 2002. Results From 2005 to 2010,totally 1 208 cases with VL were reported,including 1 108 cases in local areas of Xinjiang,occupying 91.72%(1108/1 208) ,with incidence rate of 5.08/100 000(1 108/21.81 million) . Those 1 108 patients distributed in 5 towns and 128 townships(towns) of 27 counties(cities) of the southern Xinjiang and 4 towns and 5 townships(towns) of 7 counties(cities) of the northern Xinjiang. 100 cases were reported by Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps,accounting for 8.28%(100/1 208) ,with incidence rate of 3.90/100 000(100/2.56 million) . 100 patients distributed in 12 regiments in the Tarim Basin and 6 regiments in the northern Xinjiang. Out of 1 208 patients,human VL accounted for 43.46%(525/1 208) ,natural focal VL accounted for 54.88%(663/1 208) and uncertain VL 1.66%(20/1 208) . In 2005,175 cases were reported. It was higher in 2008 and 2009 than any other years,with 309 and 301 cases reported respectively. The male and female patient proportion was 1.47∶1(718/490) . Human VL concentrated on age groups from 5 to 25 year-old,accounting for 59.42%(312/525) ,and natural focal VL mainly distributed in age groups from 0 to 2 year-old,occupying 92.43%(613/663) . Then,onset numbers decreased in accordance with growth of age. Conclusions Since 1996,VL in Xinjiang increases year by year. It indicates that there be more new endemic areas if infectious source and transmission vector can’t be controlled effectively.
Sequencing of avian influenza virus genomes following random amplification

Increasing surveillance for the avian influenza virus (AIV) has underscored the need for quickly and precisely characterizing isolates of this highly variable target. Random amplification, sequencing, and assembly of total RNA from nonpurified virus overcomes the need for specific primers for DNA microarray or PCR protocols.
Attitudes among Occupy DC participants about the use of violence against police

ABSTRACTSocial movements often embrace nonviolent civil disobedience strategies. At the same time, social movements sometimes attract participants with different temperaments and different views on the morality or utility of using violence against police. Moreover, the use of force or procedurally unjust tactics by police may influence these views, instigating rebellion and support for the use of violence against police by protesters. This paper examines the nature and correlates of attitudes toward using violence against police among Occupy DC participants in Washington, DC. Data are drawn from a survey of 136 Occupy DC participants. We provide descriptive statistics that summarise Occupiers’ attitudes toward the use of violence against police, and test hypotheses about factors that may be associated with these attitudes. Our findings show that a non-trivial subset of participants appears to embrace the use of violence against police, and that these attitudes toward violence are associated with perceptio...
Design and Synthesis of Potent Quinazolines as Selective β-Glucocerebrosidase Modulators

Gaucher’s disease is a common genetic disease caused by mutations in the β-glucocerebrosidase (GBA1) gene that have been also linked to increased risk of Parkinson’s disease and Lewy body dementia. Stabilization of misfolded mutant β-glucocerebrosidase (GCase) represents an important therapeutic strategy in synucleinopathies. Here we report a novel class of GCase quinazoline inhibitors, obtained in a high throughput screening, with moderate potency against wild-type GCase. Rational design and a SAR study of this class of compounds led to a new series of quinazoline derivatives with single-digit nanomolar potency. These compounds were shown to selectively stabilize GCase when compared to other lysosomal enzymes and to increase N370S mutant GCase protein concentration and activity in cell assays. To the best of our knowledge, these molecules are the most potent noniminosugar GCase modulators to date that may prove useful for future mechanistic studies and therapeutic approaches in Gaucher’s and Parkinson’s ...
Software Development Practices, Barriers in the Field and the Relationship to Software Quality

Context: Critical software systems developed for the government continue to be of lower quality than expected, despite extensive literature describing best practices in software engineering. Goal: We wanted to better understand the extent of certain issues in the field and the relationship to software quality. Method: We surveyed fifty software development professionals and asked about practices and barriers in the field and the resulting software quality. Results: There is evidence of certain problematic issues for developers and specific quality characteristics that seem to be affected. Conclusions: This motivates future work to address the most problematic barriers and issues impacting software quality.
Intel's MMX/sup TM/ technology-a new instruction set extension

Intel's MMX/sup TM/ technology is designed to accelerate multimedia and communications software. MMX/sup TM/ technology introduces new data types and instructions that implement a SIMD architecture model to exploit the inherent parallelism in these applications. The technology is defined in a way which maintains full compatibility with existing Intel Architecture processors, operating systems, and applications. MMX/sup TM/ technology delivers an average performance gain of 1.5 to 2 times speedup for communications and multimedia applications.
Complicating “Complicity/Resistance” in Janet Schaw's Journal of a Lady of Quality

(1997). Complicating “Complicity/Resistance” in Janet Schaw's Journal of a Lady of Quality. a/b: Auto/Biography Studies: Vol. 12, Cross-Cultural Autobiography, pp. 166-187.
Impact of Child Life Services on Children and Families Admitted to Start the Ketogenic Diet

Traditionally the ketogenic diet is started as an inpatient admission to the hospital. Starting in January 2015, child life services were made formally available during ketogenic diet admissions to help families cope. One-page surveys were then provided to 15 parents on the day of discharge and again after 3 months. Every family believed that the child life services were helpful. Children who were developmentally appropriate/mildly delayed had higher parent-reported anxiety scores than those who were moderate to severely delayed (4.4 vs 1.0, P = .02). At 3 months, child life services were deemed very helpful for the parents (mean score: 8.9, range: 5-10), and were more helpful for the parent than the child (mean 6.2, range 1-10, P = .047). One of the most helpful services was a prior phone call to parents 1 week prior. In this small pilot study, child life involvement during the start of the ketogenic diet was highly useful.
Gut Microbiomics-A Solution to Unloose the Gordian Knot of Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation

The Chernobyl and Fukushima nuclear accidents have called forth a growing body of research on their biological aftermaths. A variety of wild organisms, including primates, birds, fish, insects, and worms are being studied in the affected areas, with emerging morphological, physiological, and genetic aberrations ascribed to ionizing radiation. Despite the effort in surveying Chernobyl and Fukushima wildlife, little is known about the microorganisms associated with these radiation-contaminated animals. The microbiota, especially the gut commensal, plays an important role in shaping the metabolic reservoir and immune system of the host, and is sensitive to a wide array of environmental factors, including ionizing radiation. Humans and limited numbers of laboratory species have been the main subjects of microbiome studies, however, a more practical insight on host-gut microbiota dynamics under environmental impact should be explored in natural habitats. In this analysis, we introduced a working model explaining possible mechanisms of ionizing radiation on the gut microbiota, with an evaluation of the gut microbiota as a potential biomarker for exposure to ionizing radiation.