cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Formally Verified Safety Net for Waypoint Navigation Neural Network Controllers.

This paper describes a formal model of a “location, heading and speed” waypoint navigation task for an autonomous ground vehicle—that is, a task of navigating the vehicle towards a particular location so that it has the desired heading and speed when in that location. Our novel way of modeling this task makes formal reasoning over controller correctness tractable. We state our model in differential dynamic logic (dL), which we then use to establish a formal definition of waypoint feasibility and formally verify its validity in the KeYmaera X interactive theorem prover. The formal machine-checked proof witnesses that for any waypoint we consider feasible, the vehicle can indeed be controlled to reach it within the prescribed error bound. We also describe how we use these formal definitions and theorem statements to inform training of neural network controllers for performing this waypoint navigation task. Note that in our approach we do not need to rely on the neural network controller always being perfect—instead, the formal model allows a synthesis of a correct-by-construction safety net for the controller that checks whether the neural network output is safe to act upon and present a safe alternative if it is not.
Pressure sensing for in-suit measurement of space suited biomechanics

Abstract Extravehicular Activity (EVA) is a critical component of human spaceflight, but working in gas-pressurized space suits causes fatigue, excessive energy expenditure, and injury. Relatively little is known about how the astronaut moves and interacts with the space suit, and what factors lead to injury. A wearable pressure sensing system to quantitatively measure areas on the body׳s surface that the space suit impacts during dynamic EVA movement is developed. The system is used to characterize human–suit interaction in the NASA Mark III space suit. Three experienced subjects perform a series of upper body movements: 3 isolated joint movements and 2 functional tasks. Movements are repeated 12 times each and in-suit pressure responses are evaluated both by quantifying peak pressure and full profile responses. Results Sequential sensor activation allows subjects to be indexed inside the space suit during complicated motions to better understand suited biomechanics. Subjectively, subjects generally feel they are consistent for all movements. However, using a nonparametric H -test, 54% of movements are found to be biomechanically inconsistent ( p
A molecular dynamics study of fracture behavior in magnesium single crystal

The analysis of crack growth in magnesium crystals was performed using molecular dynamics simulation with Embedded Atom Method (EAM) potentials. Four specimens with increasing sizes were used to investigate the influences of material length scale on crack growth of magnesium single crystals. Furthermore, the effects of temperature, loading strain rate, and the size of the initial crack were also verified. The specimens were subjected to uniaxial tension strain up to the total strain level of 0.2 with a constant strain rate of 109s−1 except in the studies of strain rate effects and the uniaxial stress strain curve was monitored. The simulation results show that the specimen size, loading strain rate, temperature, and the size of initial crack strongly influence the yield strength at which the twin nucleated and subsequently the crack grew. The initial slope of the uniaxial stress strain curve is independent of the loading strain rate and temperature. Moreover, high temperatures induce increased atomic mobility, and thereby atom reorganization, which, in turn, releases the stress at the crack tip
Asynchronous implementation of the add compare select processor for communication systems

This paper presents an asynchronous version of the Add-Compare-Select (ACS) processor. It is shown that in a statistical sense the asynchronous version of the ACS processor is faster than the synchronized version. Thus, it provides an alternative solution to overcome the speed bottleneck of the ACS processor for the Viterbi processor. An 8-bit asynchronous ACS processor requires 1.2 mm/spl times/1.2 mm in a 2/spl mu/ CMOS technology. >
Firm-Level Competition in Price and Variety

Consumer product manufacturers often compete in dynamic, multi-firm oligopolies using multiple strategic tools. While existing empirical models of strategic interaction typically consider only parts of the more general problem, this paper presents a more comprehensive alternative. Marketing decisions are dynamically optimal, consistent with optimal consumer choice, and responsive to rival decisions. Using a single-market case study that consists of five years of four-weekly data on ready-to-eat cereal sales, prices, and new brand introductions, we test several hypotheses regarding the nature of strategic interaction among several rival manufacturers. We find that cereal manufacturers price and introduce new brands cooperatively in the same period, but behave more competitively when dynamic reactions are included.
Supplemental Poverty Measure Thresholds: Imputing School Lunch and WIC Benefits to the Consumer Expenditure Survey Using the Current Population Survey

In March 2010 an Interagency Technical Working Group (ITWG) released guidelines on thresholds and resources for a Supplemental Poverty Measure (SPM). The ITWG recommended that thresholds include in-kind benefits that are accounted for in resources; however, only limited in-kind benefit information is available in the Consumer Expenditure Survey (CE) Interview component, the data source upon which the thresholds are based. For example, the CE collects information on food expenditures that implicitly include the cash value of benefits from the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) but no information on other food programs. This study introduces a new method, the CPS Program Participation Method, of imputing benefits for the National School Lunch Program (NSLP) and the Women, Infants, and Children program (WIC). In this study, data from the Current Population Survey (CPS), the data source upon which the SPM resource measure is based, are used to model the participation of CE households in the NSLP and WIC using the CPS Program Participation Method. These CPSbased participation rates for NSLP and WIC are then used along with U.S. Department of Agriculture information to assign benefit levels to the CE households. Thresholds based on the CPS Program Participation Method are produced for 2009 and compared to thresholds based on a method based on program eligibility guidelines, the CE Eligibility Method. SPM thresholds are produced by housing types as well as overall. No poverty rates using these thresholds are produced. Results reveal that the CE Eligibility Method overall threshold is higher than the CPS Program Participation Method overall threshold. This is not surprising since the CE threshold is based on eligibility while the CPS threshold is based on program participation. The paired CE and CPS based thresholds are also statistically significantly different from each other for owners with mortgages and for owners without mortgages. When housing tenure thresholds are compared to each other within each method group, statistically significant differences arise for two of the three pairs of thresholds. In particular, the thresholds for owners without a mortgage were found to be different from the thresholds of both owners with a mortgage and renters, while the thresholds for owners with a mortgage and renters did not differ from each other at the significance levels used for testing.
Seed predation, not seed dispersal, explains the landscape‐level abundance of an early‐successional plant

Summary 1 Plants may not occur in a given area if there are no suitable sites for seeds to establish (microsite limitation), if seeds fail to arrive in suitable microsites (dispersal limitation) or if seeds in suitable microsites are destroyed by predators (predator limitation). 2 We conducted a large-scale study to determine the importance of dispersal limitation and predator limitation in affecting the distribution of pokeweed, Phytolacca americana, in 401-ha experimental patches arrayed in eight groups of five patches distributed across a 300-km2 region. 3 Microsite limitation was minimized by clearcutting and burning existing vegetation, creating the type of disturbed habitat in which P. americana readily germinates and establishes. The role of dispersal limitation was examined by adding approximately 7000 seeds to each of eight patches in March 2000. The role of seed predation was examined in all 40 patches using experimental exclosures from June 2000 to July 2001. 4 The number of P. americana plants in September 2000 was unchanged by seed addition. However, fewer P. americana plants were found in patches where seed predators removed more P. americana seeds from experimental exclosures. These data suggest that P. americana is not limited by seed dispersal. Rather, in habitats where microsites are readily available, the abundance of P. americana among patches appears to be limited by the activities of seed predators. 5 When dispersal and microsites are not limiting, the role of local seed predators can be important for generating emergent, large-scale patterns of plant abundance across landscapes. Moreover, because predators may generate large-scale patterns that resemble other forms of limitation and predators may target specific species, predator impacts should be more frequently incorporated into experiments on the role of seed limitation and plant community composition.
Tumour suppressor gene function in carcinoma‐associated fibroblasts: from tumour cells via EMT and back again?

Recent reports indicate that inactivation of the RB, TP53 or PTEN tumour suppressor genes is detected in tumour stroma of oropharyngeal, breast and other human cancers. Mouse models have validated the tumour-promoting effects of deleting Rb, Pten or p53 in fibroblasts that converts them from normal fibroblasts to carcinoma associated fibroblasts (CAFs). The tumour-promoting activity of CAFs in these contexts was associated with increased paracrine signaling to tumour cells through production of specific growth factors, chemokines and MMPs by CAFs. The conversion of NOFs into CAFs through acquisition of specific mutations, such as loss of tumour suppressors, or deregulated expression of microRNAs or key epigenetic events, can clearly occur independently of genetic and epigenetic changes in tumour cells but an alternative source of CAFs that is being reconsidered is that CAFs derive from the tumour cells by EMT. Recent mouse models employing lineage-tracing techniques have suggested that this can take place in vivo and the extent to which this is relevant more broadly is discussed.
Jeanne Lee’s Voice

This essay attempts to recuperate the legacy of Jeanne Lee, an important artist whose work has gone largely unnoticed by scholars, while simultaneously examining the broader social and cultural significance of her work. Using Lee’s 1979 performance of her poem “In These Last Days” as a point of reference, I explore her multidisciplinary artistic practice that extended the parameters of improvised vocal music. “In These Last Days” exemplifies a cultural politics that was both a product of the political moments in which she lived and her interactions with a variety of thinkers and artists. This piece helps situate Lee’s work within the post-nationalist and post-cultural nationalist imaginary —an ethical, political, and cognitive remapping of the world -- informing the creative work and social visions of other African American improvisers during the 1970s. The recording showcases the ways that her incorporation of elements from intermedia performance practices enabled her social vision while implicitly commenting upon the deracinating incorporation of improvisation by the avant-garde art world during the 1960s. Additionally, Lee’s performance of gender on the piece raises a host of issues pertaining to the terrain female improvisers had to negotiate in different improvising communities and ultimately disrupts the privileging of masculinity when defining improvisational artistry. I also consider the ways in which her work encourages us to rethink jazz history as field and method.
Orderly wheels of the cyanobacterial clock

Circadian rhythms, self-sustaining oscillations in an organism’s behavior that repeat roughly once per day, have fascinated biologists for hundreds of years (1, 2). Part of this fascination comes from the fact that the existence of intrinsic biological rhythms implies that an organism carries within it a model of how it expects the external world to behave—a plant that moves its leaves in anticipation of the sun even when grown in constant conditions must have some hard-wired knowledge of the rotation of the Earth. Fundamentally, these predictive biological rhythms must originate mechanistically from carefully regulated molecular interactions that generate oscillations. In PNAS, Chang et al. (3) present a series of cleverly designed structural and biochemical experiments that shed light on the inner workings of the best-defined biological clock, the KaiABC protein oscillator.
Single crystal studies of the pairing mechanism in Tl2Ba2CuO6 superconductors

Abstract Reasonably large crystals (several mm size) of Tl 2 Ba 2 CuO 6 (referred as Tl-2201) were grown by a self-flux technique. T c 's were altered by annealing the crystals in different atmospheres and at different temperatures. As the oxygen content increased, the T c decreased from 90 K to 0 K. The anisotropic resistivities ϱ ab (along ab-plane) and ϱ c (along c-axis) were measured on these crystals by Montgomery method. ϱ c was found to be 2–3 orders of magnitude greater than ϱ ab . The anisotropy ratio (ϱ c /ϱ ab ) increases with T c . For higher T c crystals, the superconducting and the normal state properties of ϱ ab can be explained by the nested Fermi surface behavior with a T-dependence of the in-plane resistivities. For lower T c crystals, the normal Fermi liquid picture emerges from the T 2 -dependence of the in-plane resistivities. Unlike YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 , Bi-2212, and other copper oxide superconductors, ϱ c for Tl-2201 crystals is metal-like. The paraconductivity data shows that Tl-2201 is a two-dimensional superconductor. The c-axis Seebeck coefficients are observed to be p-type for all crystals in the whole temperature range studied whereas some of the corresponding ab-plane Seebeck coefficients change sign from n-type to p-type and some are n-type down to T c . The thermopower behavior is still theoretically unclear.
Literacy as an Act of Creative Resistance: Joining the Work of Incarcerated Teaching Artists at a Maximum-Security Prison

Considering the situated complexities and competing interest of exploitation and hope inherent in community literacy work, this article examines the ways that the Community Arts Program (CAP) at California State Prison-Sacramento complicates and also reifies archetypal grand literacy narratives and considers the place of such narratives within a broader argument for literacy as acts of creative resistance scaffolded by small, organic, tactical moves. Literacy is valuable—and volatile—property … a grounds for potential exploitation, injustice, and struggle as well as potential hope, satisfactions and reward. Wherever literacy is learned and practiced, these competing interests will always be present.
Introduction of plasmids into whole cells of Clostridium acetobutylicum by electroporation

Abstract A method is presented for the introduction of plasmids into Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 8052 by electroporation. A plasmid shuttle vector, pMTL500E, which contains the erythromycin resistance gene and replication machinery of plasmid pAMβ1, was constructed and introduced into C. acetobutylicum by electroporation. The vector was then used to introduce a 2.2 kb ClaI/SphI chromosomal fragment from C. pasteurianum into a leucine requiring mutant of C. acetobutylicum, SBA9, where complementation of auxotrophy was observed. Plasmid DNA indistinguishable from that introduced, on the basis of agarose gel electrophoresis, was observed in transformants containing either plasmid.
Lunular hypertrophy and aortic valve disease

Abstract Cuspid malcoaptation secondary to abnormal hypertrophy in combination with stiffening involving the line of apposition (lunular hypertrophy) has not been recognized as a cause of aortic valve dysfunction. This entity was found in 50 adults (mean age, 62 years). Thirty-three had pure aortic valve insufficiency (≥3+, n=13;
Mechanism of the Internal Ribosome Entry Site-mediated Translation of Serine Hydroxymethyltransferase 1

The 5′-untranslated region (UTR) of serine hydroxymethyltransferase 1 (SHMT1) contains an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) that regulates SHMT1 expression, a rate-limiting enzyme in de novo thymidylate biosynthesis. In this study, we show that the SHMT1 IRES is the first example of a cellular IRES that is poly(A) tail-independent. Interactions between the 5′-UTR and 3′-UTR functionally replaced interactions between the poly(A) tail and the poly(A)-binding protein (PABP) to achieve maximal IRES-mediated translational efficiency. Depletion of the SHMT1 IRES-specific trans-acting factor (ITAF) CUG-binding protein 1 (CUGBP1) from in vitro translation extracts or deletion of the CUGBP1 binding site on the 3′-UTR of the SHMT1 transcript decreased the IRES activity of non-polyadenylylated biscistronic mRNAs relative to polyadenylylated biscistronic mRNAs and resulted in a requirement for PABP. We also identified a novel ITAF, heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein H2 (hnRNP H2), that stimulates SHMT1 IRES activity by binding to the 5′-UTR of the transcript and interacting with CUGBP1. Collectively, these data support a model for the IRES-mediated translation of SHMT1 whereby the circularization of the mRNA typically provided by the eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF) 4G/PABP/poly(A) tail interaction is achieved instead through the hnRNP H2/CUGBP1-mediated interaction of the 5′- and 3′-UTRs of the SHMT1 transcript. This circularization enhances the IRES activity of SHMT1 by facilitating the recruitment and/or recycling of ribosomal subunits, which bind to the transcript in the middle of the 5′-UTR and migrate to the initiation codon via eIF4A-mediated scanning.
Lake trophic state and the limnological effects of omnivorous fish

Ecologists have hypothesized that planktivorous fish have greater effects on the plankton and water quality of oligotrophic lakes than eutrophic lakes. We tested this hypothesis in a tank-mesocosm experiment of factorial design in which five biomass levels of filter-feeding omnivorous gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum) were cross-classified with two levels of lake trophic state achieved by filling tank-mesocosms with water and plankton transported by truck from two lakes with different trophic states. The presence of gizzard shad significantly increased total phosphorus, primary productivity, chlorophyll, and particulate phosphorus (PP) 2–20 and 20–200 µm and significantly decreased Secchi depth, cladocerans, copepods and PP > 200 µm. The effects of gizzard shad on chlorophyll, Secchi depth, cladocerans, copepods and PP 2–20 and > 200 µm were dependent on lake trophic state and most intense in the eutrophic lake system. This experiment suggests that filter-feeding omnivorous fish interact synergistically with trophic state so that the limnological effects of omnivorous fish become more intense with increased eutrophication.
Key observations of cumene hydroperoxide concentration on runaway reaction parameters

Abstract Decomposition of cumene hydroperoxide (CHP) can occur easily and may lead to runaway reactions, which have resulted in fire and explosion incidents in the chemical industry. Therefore, it is important to understand the effects of process conditions on runaway reactions, which is necessary for the development of inherently safer measures to minimize risks associated with the runaway reactions. In this paper, the effects of CHP concentration on runaway reactions were studied using a systematic methodology, a combination of molecular simulation and experimental calorimetric study. Results showed that the concentration of 40 wt% can be regarded as a critical CHP concentration. Below the concentration of 40 wt%, CHP concentration shows significant effect on the parameters representing exothermic behavior of runaway reactions. The dominant reaction pathway associated with the concentration range of 0–40 wt% and some possible explanations of the reaction mechanism for concentration above 40 wt% were proposed. Results can be applied for the development of safer process conditions and other facilities to minimize the risk of runaway reactions.
Detection of both type 1 and type 2 plasminogen activator inhibitors in human cells.

This report describes the development and use of functional immunoradiometric assays that distinguish the activity of beta-migrating endothelial-type plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) from that of placental-type plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-2). These assays are based upon the binding of PAI-1 and PAI-2 to immobilized single-chain tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) and to immobilized urokinase (UK), respectively. The extent of binding of each PAI is quantified by incubating the PAI-PA complex first with rabbit antiserum specific for the individual PAI and then with 125I-labeled goat antirabbit IgG. In control experiments, the assays were shown to be sensitive, dose-dependent over a wide range, and specific for each PAI. These assays were employed to establish the PAI profile of a variety of human cells. Neither PAI-1 nor PAI-2 could be detected in Bowes melanoma cells or in a renal adenocarcinoma cell line (ACHN), while the histiocytic lymphoma cell (U-937) produced only PAI-2. Five cell lines, including two that were previously shown to contain one or the other PAI (e.g., umbilical vein endothelial cells and a fibrosarcoma cell line, HT-1080) in fact contained both PAIs. The cells containing both PAIs were studied in more detail. In each case, SDS treatment of CM was shown to enhance PAI-1 activity (by converting the latent form of this inhibitor into its active form) and to destroy PAI-2 activity. Various compounds including interleukin 1, dexamethasone, and phorbol myristate acetate were found to selectively influence the cellular production of one PAI without concomitantly affecting the production of the other, suggesting that the synthesis of these inhibitors is not coordinately regulated.
Endogenous Estradiol is Associated with Verbal Memory in Nondemented Older Men

This study examined the relationship between endogenous hormones and cognitive function in nondemented, ethnically-diverse community-dwelling older men enrolled in the Einstein Aging Study (EAS). All eligible participants (185 men, mean age = 81 years) received neuropsychological assessment (Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test (FCSRT), Logical Memory (LM), Trail Making Test B (TMTB), block design (BD)) and provided blood samples for hormonal assays (total estradiol, total testosterone, calculated free testosterone index). Linear regression analysis adjusted for age, education, body mass index, and cardiovascular comorbidities indicated that men with high levels of total estradiol demonstrated better FCSRT verbal memory performance (β = 0.17, p < 0.02) compared to men with lower levels of total estradiol. The results remained unchanged when the model was further adjusted for ethnicity. We did not detect an association between testosterone and cognitive performance. These findings indicate that high levels of total estradiol in older men are associated with better performance on a cue-based, controlled learning test of verbal memory that is a sensitive predictor of dementia.
Copper-dioxygen complexes and their roles in biomimetic oxidation reactions

Copper-dioxygen interactions are essential from both industrial and biological perspectives. This review will focus on recent advances in copper-dioxygen complexes with regard to their relevance to bioinorganic chemistry. New, room-temperature stable copper-peroxo compounds serve as models for the dioxygen transporting protein hemocyanin. Other copper-dioxygen complexes with formally-cleaved O-O bonds are also of interest as models for dioxygen activation. Interest in copper-dioxygen complexes which can oxidize organic compounds stems from their roles in biological substrate oxidation chemistry as well from their industrial utility. Copper-dioxygen complexes capable of hydroxylating arenes are reported which model tyrosinase, an enzyme which catalyzes the ortho-oxygenation of phenols. Synthetic copper compounds that catalyze the hydroxylation of aliphatic C-H bonds serve not only as models for industrial processes involving copper catalysts but also as mimics for copper monooxygenases such as dopamine β-monooxygenase, peptidylglycine α-amidating monooxygenase, and particulate methane monooxygenase. Copper-dioxygen compounds which oxidize benzylic C-H bonds as well as non-activated C-H bonds are reported, including recent studies where stereoselective hydroxylation occurs. Catechol oxidase models that catalyze the oxidation of o-diphenols to their corresponding o-quinones are also reported. Other copper oxidase models include mononuclear copper complexes which catalyze the two-electron oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes, coupled with the reduction of O2 to H2O2 through a Cu(II) phenoxyl-radical species, closely mimicking the mechanism of galactose oxidase. A dinuclear copper complex is reported which also catalyzes the aerobic oxidation of alcohols to the corresponding aldehydes and ketones. DNA as a substrate for oxidation by copper-phenanthroline compounds is overviewed.
Estrogen response and pigmentation of the uterus in vit. E-deficient rat.

Summary(1) Rats ovariectomized at weaning were maintained on a vitamin E-de-ficient diet for from 6 weeks to 10 months. No difference in the uterine weight response to injected estradiol benzoate was discernible between these animals and control animals of the same age maintained on the same diet supplemented by alpha-tocopherol acetate(2) The uterine weight response to alphaestradiol benzoate was significantly greater at 3 months of age than at 10 months regardless of tocopherol administration.(3) Accumulation of acid-fast pigment in the uterus is characteristic of intact rats maintained on a vitamin E-deficient diet. Ovariectomy at weaning prevented the appearance of uterine pigmentation in animals maintained on the deficient diet for as long as 10 months.
Intestinal Maturation in the Rat: the Effect of Glucocorticoids on Sodium, Potassium, Water and Glucose Absorption

The effect of glucocorticoids on the intestinal transport of water, electrolytes, and glucose in the infancy period is not known. Therefore, we studied the effect of parenteral glucocorticoids on intestinal transport of water, electrolytes and glucose in suckling rats with an in vivo single pass perfusion technique. Glucocorticoids enhanced significantly net sodium transport only in the colon segments compared to controls. Net sodium transport in the small intestinal segments was similar in glucocorticoid and control groups. Similar to adult animals, glucocorticoids enhanced glucose transport in the ileum, but not in jejunum segments. Net potassium absorption was decreased five-fold in jejunum segments and reversed to net secretion in the ileum and colon segments by glucocorticoids. These results are the first to extend the known effects of glucocorticoids into the infancy period.
Muscarinic facilitation of the occurrence of depolarization-induced suppression of inhibition in rat hippocampus

Abstract Depolarization-induced suppression of inhibition is a transient decrease in GABAergic input to a hippocampal pyramidal cell following a brief depolarization of that cell. When recorded under whole-cell voltage clamp, monosynaptic, bicuculline-sensitive, GABAA-mediated currents are suppressed for a period lasting up to 1 min in response to a retrograde signal released by the pyramidal cell. The depolarization-induced suppression of inhibition process affects spontaneous, action-potential-dependent inhibitory postsynaptic currents, but suppression of these currents is seldom observed in the absence of carbachol, a cholinergic agonist. Because of the central roles played by cholinergic and GABAergic transmission in the regulation of hippocampal rhythmic activity, it will be important to understand the mechanism by which carbachol facilitates the appearance of depolarization-induced suppression of inhibition. As preliminary steps in the investigation of cholinergic actions on depolarization-induced suppression of inhibition, it is necessary to determine which cholinergic receptors are involved and the degree to which activation of these receptors is required for depolarization-induced suppression of inhibition. Nicotine did not mimic the effects of carbachol, and mecamylamine, a nicotinic receptor antagonist, did not block them. In contrast, the actions of carbachol were abolished by atropine and other muscarinic receptor antagonists. The actions of antagonists with relative selectivities for various subtypes of muscarinic receptors {4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperidine methiodide, pirenzepine, 11-([2-1-piperidinyl]acetyl)-5,11-dihydro-6H-pyrido[2,3-b][1,4]benzodiazepine-6-one} suggested that cholinergic facilitation of the occurrence of depolarization-induced suppression of inhibition is likely to be mediated through muscarinic receptors of the M1 or M3 rather than M2 subtype. Despite its potent facilitation of the occurrence of depolarization-induced suppression of inhibition, muscarinic stimulation was not required for expression of depolarization-induced suppression of inhibition. Occasionally, depolarization-induced suppression of inhibition of spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents occurred in the absence of carbachol and could not be blocked by atropine, and hence was not likely to be mediated by endogenous acetylcholine. Also, depolarization-induced suppression of inhibition of monosynaptically evoked inhibitory postsynaptic currents occurred without carbachol perfusion, and this was also insensitive to atropine. Therefore, the mechanism of depolarization-induced suppression of inhibition is not dependent on muscarinic receptor activation. Nevertheless, in vivo, septal cholinergic input to the hippocampus may provide the necessary activation of interneurons to allow depolarization-induced suppression of inhibition to occur.
Decatenation checkpoint deficiency in stem and progenitor cells

The decatenation checkpoint normally delays entry into mitosis until chromosomes have been disentangled through the action of topoisomerase II. We have found that the decatenation checkpoint is highly inefficient in mouse embryonic stem cells, mouse neural progenitor cells, and human CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells. Checkpoint efficiency increased when embryonic stem cells were induced to differentiate, which suggests that the deficiency is a feature of the undifferentiated state. Embryonic stem cells completed cell division in the presence of entangled chromosomes, which resulted in severe aneuploidy in the daughter cells. The decatenation checkpoint deficiency is likely to increase the rates of chromosome aberrations in progenitor cells, stem cells, and cancer stem cells.
Hindered protein diffusion in asymmetric ultrafiltration membranes with highly constricted pores

Abstract Although protein diffusion in constricted pores can play an important role in a variety of membrane processes, there are currently no quantitative data available on the effective protein diffusivity in the highly constricted irregular pores characteristic of asymmetric ultrafiltration membranes. We have obtained data for the hindered diffusion coefficient of bovine serum albumin in polyethersulfone ultrafiltration membranes with nominal molecular weight cut-offs ranging from 50,000 to 1,000,000 using a well-stirred diffusion cell. Results indicate that the highly porous membrane matrix provides nearly 25% of the overall resistance to diffusion in the larger molecular weight cut-off membranes. All measured hindered diffusion coefficients in the ultrathin skin were more than four orders of magnitude smaller than the free solution diffusivity. Protein adsorption in the 1,000,000 molecular weight cut-off membranes attains a full monolayer, thereby constricting the membrane pores and reducing the effective pore size. Comparison of the measured diffusivity with available hydrodynamic models, suitably extended to the asymmetric membranes, indicates that protein adsorption in the 1,000,000 molecular weight cut-off membrane reduces the diffusion coefficient by two orders of magnitude. In contrast, there is minimal adsorption in the very highly constricted pores of the 50,000 molecular weight cut-off membrane. Protein adsorption in the 100,000 and 300,000 molecular weight cut-off membranes attains only a partial monolayer, but this still causes close to a two order of magnitude reduction in diffusivity.
Solution of master and Fokker-Planck equations by propagator methods, applied to Au/NaCl thin film nucleation

Abstract Novel numerical solutions of Master and Fokker-Planck equations are described and compared for equivalent discrete and continuous problems. The two methods involve the calculation of long-time-step propagator matrices, whose single application is equivalent to many iterations of a finite difference scheme. For the discrete method we present two analytic propagators which are exact for growth-only (no decay) processes, and two approximate propagators for growth and decay processes. The continuous method couples a discrete boundary condition for small clusters with an efficient continuous description for large clusters. These two methods are applied to the nucleation and growth of vapor-deposited thin films whose atoms cluster together to form islands (Volmer-Weber growth). Mobility coalescence of islands is included to show how “slow” nonlinear processes may be included in the model.
Relation of Political Affiliation to Helping Behavior on Election Day, November 7, 1972

Summary This study investigated helping behavior on Election Day, 1972, at 20 polling places in southeastern Michigan. One experimenter, posing as a “campaign worker,” dropped his political literature as he attempted to give some to a subject approaching or exiting from the polls, while a second experimenter recorded the subject's behavior and then ascertained the subject's presidential preference and/or party affiliation. It was found that (a) subjects were more likely to help the “campaign worker” if he had the same political preference; (b) McGovern supporters were more likely to help than were Nixon supporters; and (c) neither sex of subject or campaign worker, nor whether the interaction took place before or after voting, was significantly related to the likelihood of helping behavior occurring.
Poly N-acetyllactosamine substitutions on N- and not O-oligosaccharides or Thomsen-Friedenreich antigen facilitate lung specific metastasis of melanoma cells via galectin-3.

Galectin-3 on vascular endothelium has been shown to facilitate lung specific metastasis. Metastatic variants of B16 melanoma were chosen to identify specific ligands that mediate lung colonization via galectin-3. Flow cytometry showed that, galectin-3 binding to cells correlates with surface expression of poly N-acetyllactosamine (polylacNAc) but not with other reported ligands, e.g. Thomsen-Friedenreich (T/Tn) antigen. Immobilized galectin-3 promoted adhesion of melanoma cells in a metastasis dependent manner. Moreover, adhesion and galectin-3 binding to cells were specifically inhibited with lactose. These properties together with lung metastasis were inhibited with N-glycosylation inhibitor Swainsonine (SW), whereas, O-glycosylation inhibitor Benzyl-α-N-acetylgalactosamine (BG) had no effect. BG treatment significantly increased expression of T/Tn antigen on low metastatic cells; however, had no effect on their metastatic potential. The studies very comprehensively demonstrate the importance of polylacNAc substitutions on N-oligosaccharides in galectin-3 mediated lung metastasis.
Complete multinomial expansions

A complete form of multinomial expansions is developed in this paper, which shows the detailed structure of each decomposed term.
Clinician perceptions of care difficulty, quality of life, and symptom reports for lung cancer patients: an analysis from the Symptom Outcomes and Practice patterns (SOAPP) study.

Introduction: Despite recent therapeutic advances, lung cancer is a difficult disease to manage. This study assessed clinicians' perceptions of care difficulty, quality of life (QOL), and symptom reports for their lung cancer patients compared with their patients with breast, prostate, and colon cancer. Methods: This report focused on secondary analyses from the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) Symptom Outcomes and Practice Patterns (SOAPP) study (E2Z02); outcome measures included clinician ratings of 3106 solid tumor patients. Univariate analyses focused on patterns of disease-specific perceptions; multivariable analyses examined whether disease-specific differences persisted after covariate inclusion. Results: In univariate comparisons, clinicians rated lung cancer patients as more difficult to treat than other solid tumor patients, with poorer QOL and higher symptom reports. After covariates were adjusted, the odds of clinicians perceiving lower QOL for their lung cancer patients were 3.6 times larger than for patients with other solid tumors (odds ratio=3.6 [95% confidence interval, 2.0–6.6]; p p = 0.0004). No other outcome showed significant differences between lung versus other cancers in multivariable models. Conclusion: Clinicians were more pessimistic about the well-being of their lung cancer patients compared with patients with other solid tumors. Differences remained for clinician perceptions of patient QOL and weight difficulty, even after controlling for such variables as stage, performance status, and patient-reported outcomes. These continuing disparities suggest possible perception bias. More research is needed to confirm this disparity and explore the underpinnings.
Physical properties of chicken erythrocyte HMG-1, HMG-2 and HMG-E

Abstract HMG-1, HMG-2 and HMG-E were purified from chicken erythrocyte chromatin without exposure to overt denaturing conditions and subjected to several types of physical measurement. The principal conclusions drawn from the measurements were: none of the proteins has a strong tendency to self-associate, although HMG-1 does weakly self-associate; the frictional properties of HMG-1 and HMG-E (and probably HMG-2) indicate that the proteins deviate significantly from compact, moderately hydrated spheres; and each of the proteins contains approximately 40% helix and little if any β-pleated sheet.
X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy of Calcium-Substituted Derivatives of the Oxygen-Evolving Complex of Phostosytem II

X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) has been used to characterize the structural consequences of Ca{sup 2+} replacement in the reaction center complex of the photosynthetic oxygen-evolving complex (OEC). EPR and activity measurements demonstrate that, in the absence of the 17 and 23 kDa extrinsic polypeptides, it is not necessary to use either low pH or Ca chelators to effect complete replacement of the active site Ca{sup 2+} by Sr{sup 2+}, Dy{sup 3+}, or La{sup 3+}. The extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectra for the OEC show evidence for a Mn...Mn interaction at ca. 3.3 A that could arise either from Mn...Mn scattering within the Mn cluster or Mn...Ca scattering between the Mn cluster and the inorganic Ca{sup 2+} cofactor. There is no significant change in either the amplitude or the phase of this feature when Ca{sup 2+} is replaced by Sr{sup 2+} or Dy{sup 3+}, thus demonstrating that there is no EXAFS-detectable Mn...Ca contribution at ca. 3.3 A in these samples. The only significant consequence of Ca{sup 2+} replacement is a small change in the ca. 2.7 A Mn...Mn distance. The average Mn...Mn distance decreases 0.014 A when Ca{sup 2+} is replaced by Sr{sup 2+} and increases 0.012 A whenmore » Ca{sup 2+} is replaced by Dy{sup 3+}. 75 refs., 10 figs., 5 tabs.« less
The discrete lot-sizing and scheduling problem with sequence-dependent setup costs

Abstract We consider the problem of scheduling several products on a single machine so as to meet the known dynamic demand and to minimize the sum of inventory costs and sequence-dependent setup costs. The planning interval is subdivided into many short periods, e.g. shifts or days, and any lot must last one or several full periods. We formulate this problem as a travelling salesman problem with time windows and present a new procedure for determining lower bounds using Lagrangean relaxation as well as a heuristic. Computational results for problems with up to 10 products and 150 periods are reported.
Release of Single‐Cell Protein by Induced Cell Lysis

A temperature sensitive lysis mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae JD 109, which grows normally at 27°C, stops growing and partially lyses at a nonpermissive temperature (37°C). In studies in a 14L fermentor with temperature shifted (from 27°C to 37°C) at 3.0 g/L cells, the effect of pH was investigated with the result that the rate of lysis is faster at pH 8 than at pH 5.6; the protein in the cells decreases from 45 to 35%. When both pH (from 5.6 to 8.0) and temperature are shifted, the culture showed a more noticeable inhibition of growth and lysis than when only pH was changed and the temperature was maintained at 27°C.
Ionoregulatory and toxicological responses of stonefly nymphs (Plecoptera) to acidic and alkaline pH

The acute toxicities of acidic and alkaline pH to nymphs of the stonefliesPteronarcys dorsata, P. proteus, andTallaperla maria were determined in 96-hr static bioassays. The acidic and alkaline 96-hr LC50 values were 2.8 to 3.3 and 12.1 to 10.3, respectively. Exposure to pH 3.0 for 72 hr or longer caused a significant loss of sodium from nymphs ofP. proteus. Morphological changes, including distension of cuticular disk and increased number of vesicles, were observed in gill tissue from nymphs ofP. dorsata exposed to pH 2.5 for 9 hr while minor changes were observed in nymphs exposed to pH 4.0 for 96 hr. Changes in gill tissue ultrastructure included an increase in number of vesicles and a decrease in number and size of mitochondria in nymphs exposed to alkaline pH of 11.75.
Lithium carbonate for aggression in mentally retarded persons

These are the results of a retrospective study in which we reviewed the charts of 38 consecutive aggressive mentally retarded persons who were treated with lithium carbonate. All subjects were residents of a university operated program that serves mentally retarded persons with behavioral disorders. Over 63% of these subjects evidenced a greater than 30% reduction in the frequency of aggressiveness subsequent to the start of lithium therapy. Subjects with higher serum lithium levels had a more favorable response to lithium, along with those exhibiting higher levels of hyperactivity and violence before treatment.
TH‐C‐T‐6E‐03: CORVUS IMRT Film DosimetryUsing Novel GafChromic EBT Film

Purpose: To evaluate the new EBT GafChromic film for IMRT relative and absolute film dosimetry and to investigate its application for IMRT QA. Method and Materials: EBT GafChromic film (ISP, Wayne, NJ) was compared with EDR2 (Eastman Kodak, Rochester, NY) for IMRTtreatment planning QA. The IMRT QA procedure was described previously (1). The IMRT treatment plans were generated on a Corvus (Nomos, NAS, Cranberry Township, PA) treatment planningsystem for a 25 cm × 25cm × 25cm phantom, using a 23MV photon beam (Siemens, Primus 23). The planning isodose distribution was compared with the measured isodose distribution in the transverse plane that included the isocenter. Film dosimetry was performed using a Vidar VXR‐16 Dosimetry Pro scanner (Vidar, Herndron, VA) and RIT 113(Colorado Springs, CO) software. Contour MSKCC software was used for dose overlays. Results: The EBT film scanning intensity on the Vidar scanner depends on film scanning direction. The intensity difference is 13%–20% between scans of the same film rotated by 90°. For film dosimetry this requires the H&D curve films and QA films to be scanned in the same direction. The isocenter dose difference between dosimetry in each direction is up to 2%, mixing scanning directions can cause a dose difference of 30%. The difference in dose value at the isocenter between the plan and EBT film was 1.6%–5.1%. Conclusion: The EBT provides quantitative 2D dose measurements in high gradient rapidly changing IMRT fields and has dosimetry accuracy comparable with EDR2. The film scanning direction is critical for absolute dose evaluation. Conflict of Interest: The EBT film for this research was provided by ISP Corporation.
Evaluation of Existing Electric Propulsion Systems for the OSIRIS-REx Mission

S EVERAL near-Earth object (NEO) missions, such as Hayabusa in 2003 and Dawn in 2007, have successfully used ion thrusters to reach their targets, and Hayabusa-2 is scheduled to be launched around 2014 with an ion thruster to reach asteroid 1999JU3 in 2018 and return to Earth in 2020. Therefore, numerous studies [1–9] have evaluated various electric propulsion (EP) systems for NEOmissions. The OSIRIS-REx mission is to be launched in 2016 to land on asteroid 1999RQ36 in 2019 and return a sample by 2023. The goals of this article are to evaluate the suitability of existing ion and Hall thruster technologies at their demonstrated performance levels for the OSIRIS-REx mission and to provide guidelines for research on EP systems for such missions in the future.
The Creation of a Landmark: The Bishop House of College Avenue

DU R I N G the early 19th century New Brunswick was a thriving manufacturing and shipping community, and among its most prominent citizens was M r . James Bishop Jr. , a wealthy merchant who made his fortune importing and exporting between South America, Africa, Europe and New Brunswick. James Bishop Jr. , born on May n t h , 1816, was fifth-generation American and the first of two sons of James Bishop Sr. and Ellen Bennett Bishop, who married in 1816. James Sr., born in 1788, had migrated from his family's home in Woodbridge, New Jersey, to enter the shipping business in New Brunswick. In 1830 he owned a large grain depot and a dozen sloops that brought the grain from New Brunswick to New York. James Sr. also imported rubber and owned several local rubber goods factories.1 In 1839 James Jr. married Harriet McCleland, daughter of a Rutgers College professor. James Sr. died soon after, in 1845, a n d James Jr. took control of his father's enterprises. Shortly thereafter Harriet died childless. In 1850 James married 19-year-old Mary Ellis of Sing Sing, New York, and also transferred his shipping business to New York, as the railroad had made shipping from New Brunswick obsolete. Nevertheless, Bishop remained fond of his hometown, and in 1848 he purchased a desirable ten acre site along the Raritan River, between the present day College Avenue, Bishop Place, George Street and Senior St. According to a 1951 paper by William Sherman;