cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Retrospective Analysis of the Safety and Efficacy of Apixaban Use After Lung Transplant

Direct acting oral anticoagulants (DOACs) have become the mainstay of treatment for patients requiring anticoagulation for atrial arrhythmias and venous thromboembolism (VTE) but safety and efficacy has not been established in lung transplantation. This is a retrospective review of 28 adult lung transplant patients who were prescribed apixaban for stroke prevention in atrial arrhythmias or treatment of VTE between October 15, 2015 and December 31, 2018. The primary outcome was a composite of efficacy and safety measured by recurrence or breakthrough of stroke or thromboembolism and bleeding events. Seven patients were treated for atrial arrhythmias and 21 treated for VTE. Fifteen patients received CYP3A4 or P-gp inhibitors at initiation of anticoagulation, and 4 of these patients received strong CYP3A4 inhibitors. During the follow-up period, one breakthrough DVT and one clinically relevant non-major bleed were observed. These data suggest that apixaban may be safe to use for lung transplant patients, and larger studies are warranted to assess long-term outcomes as well as safety and efficacy of alternative DOACs.
Can Prior Episode-of-Care Costs Predict the Future? Identifying High-Cost Outliers for Subsequent Total Hip and Knee Arthroplasty.

BACKGROUND It remains unknown if a patient's prior episode-of-care (EOC) costs for total hip (THA) or knee (TKA) arthroplasty procedure can be used to predict subsequent costs for future procedures. The purpose of this study is to evaluate whether there is a correlation between the EOC costs for a patient's index and subsequent THA or TKA. METHODS We reviewed a consecutive series of 11,599 THA and TKA Medicare patients from 2015 to 2019 and identified all patients who underwent a subsequent THA and TKA during the study period. We collected demographics, comorbidities, short-term outcomes, and 90-day EOC claims costs. A multivariate analysis was performed to identify whether prior high-EOC costs were predictive of high costs for the subsequent procedure. RESULTS Of the 774 patients (6.7%) who underwent a subsequent THA or TKA, there was no difference in readmissions (4% vs 5%, P = .70), rate of discharge to a skilled nursing facility (SNF) (15% vs 15%, P = .89), and mean costs ($18,534 vs $18,532, P = .99) between EOCs. High-cost patients for the initial TKA or THA were more likely to be high cost for subsequent procedure (odds ratio 14.33, P < .01). Repeat high-cost patients were more likely to discharge to an SNF for their first and second EOC compared to normative-cost patients (P < .01). CONCLUSION High-cost patients for their initial THA or TKA are likely to be high cost for a subsequent procedure, secondary to a high rate of SNF utilization. Efforts to reduce costs in repeat high-cost patients should focus on addressing post-operative needs pre-operatively to facilitate safe discharge home.
Methamphetamine Use is Associated with Increased Surgical Site Infections after Trauma Laparotomy.

Abstract Background Methamphetamine (METH) use causes significant vasoconstriction, which can be severe enough to cause bowel ischemia. Methamphetamines have also been shown to alter the immune response. These effects could predispose METH users to poor wound healing, increased infections, and other post-operative complications. We hypothesized that METH users would have longer length of stay and higher rates of complications compared to non–METH users. Methods The trauma registry for our urban Level 1 trauma center was searched for patients that received an exploratory laparotomy from 2016 to 2019. A total 204 patients met criteria and 52 (25.5%) were METH positive. Length of stay (LOS), ventilator days, abbreviated injury scale (AIS), and wound class were compared using nonparametric statistics. Age and injury severity score (ISS) were compared using a Student's t-test. A Chi Square or Fisher's Exact test was used to compare sex, mechanism of injury, and rates of infectious complications. Results Methamphetamine-positive patients had a significantly higher rate of surgical site infections (7.4% versus 0%, P = 0.001). Patients that developed surgical site infection had equivalent rates of smoking and diabetes, as well as equivalent abdominal AIS and wound class compared to those who did not develop surgical site infection. Hospital and ICU LOS, ventilator days, ISS, and mortality were equivalent between METH positive and negative patients. Rates of other infectious complications were the same between groups. Conclusions Methamphetamine use is associated with an increased rate of surgical site infection after trauma laparotomy. Other serious complications and mortality were not affected by METH use.
Trapping of organometallic and organometalloidal radicals

ion of hydrogen by the silyl radical from the hydro­ peroxide linkage to give a more stable biradical. Thi-s in
Myocardial ischaemia after hip and knee arthroplasty: incidence and risk factors.

Because the occurrence of postoperative myocardial ischaemia (MI) predicts subsequent cardiac morbidity and mortality, we determined the prevalence of and risk factors for MI in hip and knee arthroplasty patients. High-sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs-cTnT) was measured on stored samples from postoperative day two in 394 hip and knee arthroplasty patients ≥ 65 years of age enrolled in the Genetics-InFormatics Trial (GIFT). Fifty-three (13.5 %) participants had MI, of whom only three were diagnosed clinically during their hospitalisation. The risk of MI increased with age [odds ratio (OR) 3.52 per decade, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 2.00–6.19] and diabetes (OR 2.23, 95 % CI 1.04–4.77). MI was rarer with statins (OR 0.74, 95 % CI 0.40–1.35) and more common with hypertension, coronary artery disease and tobacco use, although these were not statistically significant. Subclinical MI occurs frequently after arthroplasty. Diabetic and elderly patients are at highest risk.
Duality in MRAC

A common framework for model reference adaptive identification and control is established. The key idea for this common framework is to maintain the same set of equations for describing the parameterizations of the plant and the model and to solve the control equation properly for each case (identification or control) for the corresponding tuned system, i.e. the model (identification) or the plant (control).
Chapter 30 – Globoside blood group system

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the Globoside blood group system. The history, terminology, expression, database accession numbers, and the carrier molecule related to the Globoside blood group system are reviewed. The function and disease association of the Globoside blood group system is also discussed. P is a receptor for Parvovirus B19 and some P-fimbriated E. coli. Anti-P is associated with paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria (PCH). The chapter also discusses the molecular basis of Pk phenotype due to mutations in GLOB (β3GalNAcT1), the effect of enzymes/chemicals on P antigen on intact red blood cells (RBCs), and the in vitro characteristics of alloanti-P, and the clinical significance of alloanti-P.
A Gene Cluster in Xanthomonas campestris pv campestris Required for Pathogenicity Controls the Excretion of Enzymes

Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris Pammel (Dawson) is the causal agent of black rot of crucifers(6). As an approach to studying the molecular biology of Xanthomonas pathogenicity we have isolated mutants, derived by NTG mutagenesis, with altered pathogenicity on host plants but unimpaired growth ex planta(2). Complementation of the lesions in these mutants with recombinant plasmids containing wild-type DNA has allowed us to identify and clone genes involved in pathogenicity(3). Physiological and genetic studies of the mutants and the cloned genes should increase our understanding of the mechanism of bacterial pathogenicity in plants.
Bravo/TeleTrend: user interface and time estimate study

A new system Bravo/TeleTrend, was developed to allow critical care personnel easy access to patient information over the Internet. Data that would normally be restricted to the hospital could be accessed through a Web browser. A pilot usability study was conducted to investigate the use of secondary tasks to hide long loading times. Since large amounts of data take a long time to load over the Internet, this shortcoming can be disguised. This gives users the impression that the system is responding faster than in actuality.
From Evidence to Practice: Developing an Outpatient Acuity-Based Staffing Model

Background Reliable and valid outpatient oncology acuity-based staffing systems are lacking. The existing staffing model in a midwestern cancer center demonstrated inefficiencies related to unpredictable patient flow, treatment regimen complexity, and physician practice variation. Objectives A project was initiated to implement an evidence-based oncology outpatient staffing system maximizing patient satisfaction, employee engagement, and equity in workload distribution. The strength of evidence for 34 articles and 12 additional documents was moderate to strong, supporting development of an acuity-based staffing system. Evidence indicates that nursing assignments directly contribute to patient flow efficiency. An acuity point system was established. Methods A six-month pilot was completed comparing a control group to a pilot group, with defined maximum acuity points per nurse. Inter-group comparison included acuity scores, patient satisfaction, wait time, employee engagement, nurse overtime, and turnover. Findings Resultant changes included scheduled nurse time (preparation, charting, lunch breaks), revised acuity-based patient scheduling, and a revised nursing care delivery model. Implementation of the acuity-based system provided consistent staffing, improved efficiency, reduced overtime, and improved patient and staff satisfaction. Recommendations include adaptation of the acuity-based system to other outpatient settings and development of staffing level benchmarks.
Proportion of Returns in Survey Research

Formulas are given for computing, from the responses of returnees alone, the maximum and minimum values between which the mean response to a survey item must fall in the total sample. Expressions for the standard errors of these maximum and minimum mean values are provided. The difference between the maximum and minimum means, in addition to the magnitudes of their standard errors, vary inversely with the proportion of returns. .It is also shown that the extent to which the responses of returnees to a survey item are representative of the responses of the total sample is a function of sample size, proportion of returns, and proportion of returnees responding to the item in a specified direction. Formulas are derived for computing (1) the probability that the difference between the proportion of returnees who respond in a specified direction and the proportion of the total sample responding in that direction will be equal to or greater than an acceptable value, and (2) the minimum proportion of returns required to be fairly confident that the responses of returnees are representative of the responses of the total sample. SURVEY researchers are often faced with the problem of a low proportion of returns and whether the returnees are representative of the total sample (Madge, 1965). Even after one or two follow-ups, a sizable proportion of the sample may still fail to respond. To determine if the responses of returnees differ significantly from those of non-returnees, it is recommended that in well-supported surveys a random sample of the non-returnees be interviewed in person or by telephone. Tests of differences in the mean responses or proportion of responses of returnees and non-returnees to specific items or composites may then be conducted to determine if the responses of the two groups differ significantly. If the results are
Plant-Derivatives and Herbs Used for the Promotion of Sexual Health and the Treatment of Sexual Problems

With the increasing use of natural remedies to promote sexual health and treat sexual problems, there is continuing need to monitor research progress supporting both their efficacy and plausibility...
Women in Music: A Research and Information Guide

1. Reference Works 2. Music Histories of Women 3. Collections of Essays 4. Feminist Methods and Viewpoints in Music 5. Issues of Sexuality 6. Music Education and Training 7. Careers in Music 8. Women's Financial Support of Music and Musicians 9. Historical Periods 10. Ethnomusicology 11. Countries and Geographical Areas 12. Music for Stage and Film 13. Women in Rock and Pop 14. Women in Blues and Jazz 15. Women in Country, Folk, and Gospel 16. Individuals 17. Two or More Individuals 18. Introduction to the Indexes 19. Index of Names 20. Index of Authors, Editors, and Translators 21. Index of Subjects
Abstract 17378: Familial Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection - Evidence for Genetic Susceptibility

Background: Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) typically presents as acute coronary syndrome in young women with no cardiovascular risk factors. It is associated with high morbidity and mortality, and is underdiagnosed. Despite this, risk factors and pathophysiology associated with SCAD are not completely understood. The objective of the present case series was to assess family history as a risk factor in patients with SCAD. Methods: We reviewed the medical records and questionnaires of 335 participants in the Mayo Clinic SCAD Registry for history of MI, SCAD or CAD in another family member. Coronary angiograms of all affected family members were reviewed by a senior interventional cardiologist. Results: We identified 4 familial cases of SCAD comprised of affected mother-daughter, identical twin sister, sister and aunt-niece pairs, implicating both recessive and dominant modes of inheritance. The mother-daughter pair also reported history of fatal MI in 3 maternal relatives including grandmothe...
General solution to dispersive wave equation and its application to propagation

The treatment of propagation in a linear dispersive medium is a problem that is outlined in many electromagnetic texts which consider the continuous time case. These texts don't deal with initial value problems, but instead refer to Stratton for a complete treatment of the problem. Stratton uses both the Fourier transform and the Laplace transform to solve the initial value problems. The usage of both methods can cause both mathematical and conceptual problems.
Use and Abuse of Medical Service Marks

Medical service marks, like other service marks and trademarks, are subject to public misuse and infringement. Such misuses are sometimes innocent and sometimes fraudulently motivated. For example, throughout the history of the Mayo Clinic, the Mayo name has been publicly appropriated by unauthorized users attempting to claim an endorsement or affiliation with the clinic. On at least two occasions, the Mayo Clinic has sued misusers. Mayo prevailed in a 1962 appeal in the Minnesota Supreme Court against a business incorporating into its name the word "Mayo" and selling medicinal products in the Rochester, Minnesota, area. The supreme court banned such deceptive use, finding that persons would associate the name Mayo on medically related products with the Mayo Clinic. Mayo did not prevail, however, in a 1972 federal appeal against a food company attempting to register a trademark of "mayo" and "7" for mayonnaise. The court found that purchasers would not associate the "mayo" on a food product with the Mayo Clinic. From 1989 to 1991, a fraudulent "Mayo Diet Pill" circulated in Europe, where advertisements suggested that it originated at the Mayo Clinic. Its sale was stopped only after the Mayo reputation incurred an undetermined amount of damage in Europe. Public misuse of medical service marks is likely to increase as the health-care marketplace becomes more competitive.
Faculty Satisfaction with Pay and Other Job Dimensions Under Union and Nonunion Conditions

This study examines the relationship of faculty unionism on satisfaction with pay and other job dimensions. Union faculty were more satisfied with their pay than were nonunion faculty. Other signif...
Quantum Potential Approach to Modeling Nanoscale MOSFETs

We propose a novel parameter-free quantum potential scheme for use in conjunction with particle-based simulations. The method is based on a perturbation theory around thermodynamic equilibrium and leads to an effective potential scheme in which the size of the electron depends upon its energy. The approach has been tested on the example of a MOS-capacitor by retrieving the correct sheet electron density. It has also been used in simulations of a 25 nm n-channel nanoscale MOSFET with high substrate doping density. We find that the use of the quantum potential approach gives rise to a threshold voltage shift of about 220 mV and drain current degradation of about 30%.
Reaction of silicon tetrahalides with methyl amines

Abstract The interaction of silicon tetrahalides (Cl, Br, I) with methyl amines leads to the formation of substances having the stoichiometry SiX 4 ·6 amine. These substances are not adducts, but are a mixture of amine hydrogen halide and an appropriate silicon-nitrogen condensed species. With SiF 4 only adducts are formed at room temperature.
Separation of temperature and emittance in remotely sensed radiance measurements

The remote determination of surface temperature and surface spectral emittance by use of airborne or satellite-borne thermal infrared instruments is not straightforward. The radiance measured is a function of surface temperature, the unknown surface spectral emittance, and absorption and emission in the intervening atmosphere. With a single measurement, the solution for temperature and spectral emittance is undedetermined. This article reviews two of the early approximate methods which have been fairly widely used to approach this problem.
Virus-Like Particles in Established Murine Cell Lines: Electron-Microscopic Observations

Virus-like particles identical in morphology to the RNA tumor vi ruses have been observed by electron microscopy in six lines of murine L cells and one line of murine liver cells. Control cultures of embryonic mouse cells and 3T3 cells do not contain the particles, and no biologic activity has as yet been associated with them.
Carrier transport effects in high-speed quantum-well lasers

ABSTRACT Carrier transport can significantly affect the high speed propeities of quantum well lasers. We have &xeloped amodel, and derived analytical expressions for the modulation response, resonance frequency, damping rale and K fftw toinclude these effects. We show theoretically and expenmentally that carrier transport can lead to significan low frequency parasitic-like rolloff that reduces the modulation response by as much as a ftor of six in quantum well 1ars. We also show that, in addition, it leads to a reduction in the effective differential gain and thus the resonance frequency, while thenonlinear gain compression ftor remains largely unaffected by it. In the presence of significant transport effects, we show that the real limit to the maximum possible modulation bandwidth is much lower than the one predicted by the K factor alone. 1. INTRODUCTION Quantum well lasers have been theoretically and experimentally shown to have a larger differential gain than bulklasers1 , but the modulation bandwidths reported in quantum well lasers have only recently been comparable to bulk
Tissue Dielectric Measurement Using an Interstitial Dipole Antenna

The purpose of this study was to develop a technique to measure the dielectric properties of biological tissues with an interstitial dipole antenna based upon previous efforts for open-ended coaxial probes. The primary motivation for this technique is to facilitate treatment monitoring during microwave tumor ablation by utilizing the heating antenna without additional intervention or interruption of the treatment. The complex permittivity of a tissue volume surrounding the antenna was calculated from reflection coefficients measured after high-temperature microwave heating by using a rational function model of the antenna's input admittance. Three referencing liquids were needed for measurement calibration. The dielectric measurement technique was validated ex vivo in normal and ablated bovine livers. Relative permittivity and effective conductivity were lower in the ablation zone when compared to normal tissue, consistent with previous results. The dipole technique demonstrated a mean 10% difference of permittivity values when compared to open-ended coaxial cable measurements in the frequency range of 0.5-20 GHz. Variability in measured permittivities could be smoothed by fitting to a Cole-Cole dispersion model. Further development of this technique may facilitate real-time monitoring of microwave ablation treatments through the treatment applicator.
Direct positive inotropic and vasoconstrictor effects of endothelin.

Endothelin, a newly discovered vasoconstrictor peptide, when added to isolated cat papillary muscles, induced a direct positive inotropic effect that was slow in onset but of long duration. The magnitude of the developed force was concentration dependent. Endothelin exerted a marked concentration-dependent vasoconstriction in isolated cat carotid arteries and rabbit aortic rings. In both the carotid arteries and the aortic rings, endothelin induced a similar vasoconstrictor effect in the presence or absence of an intact endothelium. Addition of propyl gallate, a 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor, ibuprofen, a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, or SKF-525A, a cytochrome P450 inhibitor, at 2 µM did not significantly attenuate the ability of endothelin to vasoconstrict aortic rings in the presence or absence of an intact endothelium. These results demonstrate that the vasoconstrictor activity of endothelin operates independently of all three pathways of arachidonic acid metabolism (i.e., lipoxygenase, cyclooxygenase, or cytochrome P450 pathways) and is not dependent upon other endothelium-derived mediators (e.g., endothelium-derived relaxing factor, or eicosanoids) in these preparations. Moreover, endothelin exerts a direct positive inotropic effect in isolated cat ventricular myocardial tissue.
Gas holdup and bubble size behavior in a large-scale slurry bubble column reactor operating with an organic liquid under elevated pressures and temperatures

Abstract The holdups of small and large gas bubbles, bubble size distribution and the Sauter-mean bubble diameter were measured for N 2 and He in isoparaffinic organic liquid mixture (Isopar-M) in the absence and presence of Alumina powder under various pressures (0.67–3 MPa), temperatures (300–473 K), superficial gas velocities (0.07–0.39 m/s), and solid concentrations (0–20 vol.%) in a large-scale bubble column and slurry bubble column reactor (SBCR) (0.29 m diameter, 3 m height). The gas holdup was measured using the manometric method and the bubble size distribution, and Sauter-mean bubble diameter were obtained using the dynamic gas disengagement (DGD) technique and the photographic method. The experimental data showed that the total gas holdup increased with pressure and superficial gas velocity due to the increase of gas momentum which shifted the bubble size distribution towards smaller gas bubbles. The total gas holdup was also found to increase with temperature due to the decrease of liquid viscosity and surface tension. Increasing the solid concentration, on the other hand, resulted in a significant decrease of the total gas holdup and significantly increased the Sauter-mean bubble diameter. The online monitoring of the swarm using the high-speed camera showed a decrease of the froth stability in the reactor with increasing solid concentration and temperature which were responsible for the decrease of the total gas holdup.
Examination of factors mediating the transition to behaviorally correlated nucleus accumbens cell firing during cocaine self-administration sessions in rats

We have previously reported that at the initiation of cocaine self-administration sessions, neurons in the nucleus accumbens (NA) exhibit a spontaneous transition in firing rate from activity unrelated to the reinforced response, to one of four types of patterned discharges (Carelli RM, King VC, Hampson RE, Deadwyler SA. Firing patterns of nucleus accumbens neurons during cocaine self-administration in rats. Brain Res 1993;626:14-22; Carelli RM, Deadwyler SA. Dose-dependent transitions in nucleus accumbens cell firing and behavioral responding during cocaine self-administration sessions in rats. J Pharm Exp Ther 1996;277(1):385 393; Carelli RM, Deadwyler SA. Cellular mechanisms underlying reinforcement-related processing in the nucleus accumbens: electrophysiological studies in behaving animals. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1997;57:(2)1-10). This transition in NA cell firing is cocaine dose-dependent and is accompanied by a shift from high response rates at the start of the session ('Load-up' behavior) to a lower steady rate of responding thereafter (termed 'Session' phase responding). Two experiments were conducted to examine further factors that may mediate this process. Experiment 1 examined the effects of pre-session, response-independent delivery of cocaine on behavioral/neural transitions. Results revealed an absence of Load-up responding and the immediate onset of NA patterned activity at the start of the session. Experiment 2 examined the involvement of dopamine D1 versus D2 receptors in mediating the corresponding behavioral/neural transitions. Animals were pretreated with either saline, the dopamine D1 receptor antagonist SCH23390 (2.5-20 microg/kg, s.c.), or the dopamine D2 receptor antagonist eticlopride (2.5-20 microg/kg, s.c.) 30 min prior to the cocaine (0.33 mg/inf) self-administration session. SCH23390 significantly increased the number of Load-up responses at 10 and 20 microg/kg and the number of responses following the Load-up phase (i.e. during the Session phase) at 5, 10, and 20 microg/kg. Eticlopride increased the number of Session responses (5, 10, and 20 microg/kg), but did not alter the number of Load-up responses at any dose tested. The transition in NA cell firing corresponded with the shift in behavioral responding and was delayed within the session following SCH23390 but not eticlopride pretreatment. These findings support the notion that cocaine self-administration sessions in rats consists of two distinct behavioral phases that are mediated by different neurophysiological mechanisms operating in the NA.
Behaviour of Weyl–Levi Civita Coordinates for a Class of Solutions approximating the Schwarzschild Metric

THE search for energy sources for the ultra-high-energy phenomena in astrophysics discovered recently (quasars and pulsars, for example) has led to renewed interest in the study of general-relativistic gravitational collapse. (For a survey of relativistic astrophysics, see ref. 1.) Important unsolved problems include whether realistic models of collapsing bodies must pass through an event horizon, and, if so, whether they must continue collapsing until the inevitable development of a singularity. It has been conjectured2 that, once the simplifying assumption of spherical symmetry is dropped, it may be possible to avoid the formation of an event horizon (the generalization of the Schwarzschild radius) during collapse. In the hope that in the late stages of collapse the exterior field of the collapsing object might be well approximated by a static field, Israel2 has attempted to prove that “… there exists a general class of Weyl [static, axially-symmetric exterior gravitational] fields which deviate arbitrarily little from Schwarzschild's solution for r ≥ (1 + √(2)) m, which are analytic except for a particle-like singularity (well within the gravitational radius r = 2m) and which are free of event horizons”.
A Deterministic-Chaos Study of Electron Triboemission Outputs

The authors have carried out extensive measurements of electron triboemission from the scratching of ceramics and semiconductors that are briefly summarized in this paper. Analysis of the frequency-domain distribution of typical triboemission count-pulse outputs suggested that their occurrence is not Poisson’s (e.g., it is not random). This paper presents a study on the hypothesis of deterministic-chaos origin for triboemission data. Electron triboemission outputs from the ceramics alumina, sapphire, silicon nitride and the semiconductors Si and Ge are analyzed by means of extracting deterministic-chaos metrics. The results suggest that the low-level electron-emission components may be described by multiplicative processes of random initiation, while the superimposed large burst-type components may be of deterministic origin.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Effects of geologic time on the initial stiffness of clays

Abstract The paper addresses the effect of geologic aging on the initial stiffness of clays through the analysis of in situ shear stiffness data obtained using a seismic cone penetrometer at three sites in Boston blue clay (BBC), a 12,000–14,000-year old post-glacial marine clay deposit. The effects of this aging period are estimated using as reference for the unaged behavior the results of over 90 triaxial shear phases conducted on specimens of resedimented Boston blue clay (RBBC), a soil prepared in the laboratory from natural BBC, and tested after 1 day of laboratory aging. At the same OCR and effective stress level, the natural clay displays an initial stiffness, which on the average, is approximately 50% greater than that of the laboratory resedimented clay. Based on the estimated age of the natural deposit, this corresponds to an increase of the stiffness per log cycle of time of 7%. This value of the aging coefficient, NG, is at the low end of values presented in the literature for clays, which are however all based on shorter aging durations (days to weeks).
Instructional Materials and Copyright Dilemmas.

This article examines the copyright problems involved in using various types of instructional materials in the classroom. After discussing court cases concerning copyright regulations that affect the classroom teacher, the doctrines of Fair Use, and photocopied materials, attention is directed to a number of copyright dilemmas faced by the teacher of speech‐communication.
Fluid draining from functionally distended kidney.

SummaryWhen the renal artery and vein and ureter are simultaneously occluded and then the renal vein cut, there flows out of the kidney a volume of fluid equal to about 20% of the functionally distended kidney. Little or no fluid flows out, in the same experiment, if only the artery or the ureter is cut. The fluid draining from the vein was analyzed, along with a simultaneously drawn sample of systemic arterial blood. The ratio of the kidney fluid to the arterial blood for hematocrits was 0.67; those for the 2 plasmas were: for plasma proteins, .71; for Na, 1.0; for K, 1.8; and for Cl, 1.1.
K+ channel openers protect hippocampal neurons against oxidative injury and amyloid β-peptide toxicity

Potassium channel openers (KCOs) such as diazoxide and levochromakalim can protect cardiac myocytes against ischemic injury and neurons against excitotoxic injury, presumably because of their ability to hyperpolarize the plasma membrane and reduce calcium influx. We now report that diazoxide, levocromakalim (LCC), and to a lesser extent pinacidil, protect cultured rat hippocampal neurons against oxidative injury induced by exposure to FeSO4 and amyloid β-peptide (Aβ). Imaging studies of intracellular peroxide levels revealed that KCOs suppressed the generation of peroxides induced by FeSO4 and Aβ. KCOs were effective in protecting neurons against oxidative insults in the presence of the K+ channel blockers glibenclimide and 4-aminopyridine indicating that their protective mechanism involved actions in addition to activation of K+ channels. The data suggest that KCOs may be of therapeutic value in an array of neurodegenerative disorders that involve oxidative injury.
BULK COMPRESSION TESTING OF PEACHES TO ASSESS TEXTURE

Several varieties of fresh peaches at three maturity levels were subjected to bulk compression using a specially constructed apparatus. The texture notes of hardness, elasticity, graininess, and dry-moist mouthfeel were evaluated by a sensory panel. In an effort to determine if bulk compression may be used to evaluate texture in peaches a correlation analysis was performed on the instrumental and sensory data. It was found that hardness and elasticity were positively correlated with the bulk modulus and that the mouthfeel score showed a negative correlation with the modulus value.
The influence of the BoLA-A locus on reproductive traits in cattle.

SUMMARY Associations between the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and reproductive performance have been reported in humans, mice, rats, pigs and chickens. Only the A locus of the bovine major histocompatibility complex (BOLA-A) has been well characterized, and 42 alleles of this locus have been identified in American cattle. Four studies were conducted to examine the association between alleles of the BoLA-A locus and reproductive performance. Testis size, which is an indicator of early puberty and increased fertility in young bulls, was examined in 440 yearling bulls from nine breeds with a gene substitution model that included the effects of breed, sire, age of dam and age or weight of the bull. Estimated breeding value for twinning was examined with a gene substitution model with 204 cattle from a herd with a high frequency of twinning. Fertility of potential partners having BOLA-A locus alleles in common was examined in a prospective study involving 101 pure-bred Hereford cows mated by artificial insemination to four pure-bred Hereford bulls. The effect of homozygosity on birth weight, pre-weaning weight gain and post-weaning weight gain was estimated in a sample of 683 calves from nine breeds; 22% of the calves were apparently homozygous and 78% were heterozygous at the BOLA-A locus. There were significant and large effects of some BOLA-A locus alleles on paired testicular volume, but the analyses on the other traits did not show significant associations. Substitution of the W6.1 allele for the W9A allele reduced paired testicular volume by 150 & 44 cm3. The W6.1 allele has now been shown to influence a reproductive trait, a production trait and susceptibility to an economically important disease. Selection for these traits may influence the frequency of the large number of alleles at the BOLA-A locus.
Enantioselective synthesis of (R)- and (S)-2-methyl-[3,3,2-2H3] alanines.

The synthesis of optically pure (R)- and (S)-2-methyl-[ 3,3,3? H3 ] alanines of biological interest is described. The stereochemistry of the reaction of the lithio derivative of (R)-(-)-2,5-dimethoxy-3-benzyl-3-methyl-3,6-dihydropyrazine with alkyl and deuterated alkyl iodides is discussed. The configuration of the newly formed center of chirality in (R)- and (S)-2-methyl-[3,3,3? H3 1 alanines is derived from H NMR.
Wave Function Intensity Statistics from Unstable Periodic Orbits

We examine the effect of short unstable periodic orbits on wave function statistics in a classically chaotic system, and find that the tail of the wave function intensity distribution in phase space is dominated by scarring associated with the least unstable periodic orbits. In an ensemble average over systems with classical orbits of different instabilities, a power-law tail is found, in sharp contrast to the exponential prediction of random matrix theory. The calculations are compared with numerical data, and quantitative agreement is obtained.
The contribution of childhood obesity to adult carotid intima-media thickness: the Bogalusa Heart Study

Although obese children are at increased risk for coronary heart disease in later life, it is not clear if the association results from the persistence of childhood obesity into adulthood. We examined the relation of both childhood and adult levels of body mass index (BMI, kg m−2) to carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) measured at the (mean) age of 36 years. Prior to the determination of adult IMT, the 1142 participants had been examined 7 (mean) times in the Bogalusa Heart Study. In addition to BMI, levels of lipids, lipoproteins and blood pressure were measured at each examination. Cumulative levels of each risk factor were based on the areas under the individual growth curves calculated using multilevel models for repeated (BMI) measurements. We then examined the relation of these cumulative levels to adult IMT. Carotid IMT was associated with cumulative levels of BMI in both childhood and adulthood (P<0.001 for each association). Furthermore, the association between childhood BMI and adult IMT persisted, but was reduced, after controlling for adult BMI. Although childhood levels of lipids, lipoproteins and blood pressure were also associated with adult IMT, these associations were not independent of adult levels of these risk factors. These results emphasize the adverse effects of elevated childhood BMI levels. In addition to the strong tracking of BMI levels from childhood to adulthood, there appears to be a modest, independent effect of childhood BMI on adult IMT. The prevention of childhood obesity should be emphasized.
Laboratory evaluation of the effectiveness of nanostructured and conventional particles in clearing smoke in enclosed spaces

Abstract The potential of nanostructured and conventional particulate materials in clearing smoke in enclosed spaces was evaluated. Aggregates of metal oxide nanostructured particles or conventional particles were sprayed into an enclosed experimental chamber (2.4 m×2.4 m×3.6 m) filled with glycol smoke. The times required for the light transmission in the room to reach 10% and 20% served as a measure of the effectiveness of the material in clearing smoke. The effects of material type and deployment pressure were considered. Results indicate the potential of some particles in increasing the rate of smoke dissipation and improving the visibility in the smoke-filled chamber.
Salts of a sandwich-type bis 9-tungstoarsenate(III) tris(oxorhenate(V)) polyoxoanion as precursors to tungsten-rhenium bronzes

Abstract Potassium and ammonium salts of the tungstoarsenate anion [(ReVO)3(AsW9O33)2]9– (1) have been isolated and characterized by elemental analysis, infrared and 183W NMR spectroscopy. The five-line NMR spectrum indicates a sandwich structure of C2v symmetry analogous to that found for [As2W21O69(H2O)]6–. Thermal treatment of both salts of 1 at temperatures to 900 °C leads to materials in which ~95% of the rhenium is retained, in contrast to the Keggin-derived K4PW11ReO40 which loses rhenium at ~500 °C. Based upon powder diffraction analysis, following quantitative loss of As2O3 at 420–430 °C, the following phases were identified in samples heated to 600 and 725 °C. From the potassium salt, a monoclinic K2W3O10-type bronze, and from the ammonium salt a mixture of hexagonal and tetragonal WO3 bronzes. Reflections corresponding to ReO2, ReO3, solid solutions of ReO3 in WO3, and Re2O7 were absent. The incorporation of rhenium into tungsten bronze phases suggests that technetium might behave similarly, opening a possible route to storage of 99Tc waste. To cite this article: A. Besserguenev, M.T. Pope, C. R. Chimie 8 (2005).
STATISTICAL PROCESS CONTROL BY THE QUOTIENT OF TWO CORRELATED NORMAL VARIABLES

The relationship between the composition and properties of glass has long been studied by glass scientists and technologists. The glass technologist in a production facility, faced with composition changes, must control the influence of these changes on..
Rapid approach to identify an unrecognized viral agent

For epidemic control, rapid identification and characterization of the responsible unknown agent are crucial. To address this critical question, a method was developed for virus discovery based on a flexible nested-PCR subtraction hybridization. As a positive control, we used hepatitis C virus as a hypothetical unrecognized virus and "discover" it in the sample. Using template-switching universal long-PCR to produce large quantities of cDNA, our nested-PCR-based subtractive hybridization coupled with a single-strand deletion technology removed most of the common cDNA. Following subtraction hybridization, a cDNA library was constructed and displayed by differential reverse dot blot hybridization. This new genomic subtraction hybridization method will be ideally suited to identify rapidly any previously unrecognized viral agent.
Mesencephalic control of lateral geniculate nucleus in primates. II. Effective loci

Under barbiturate anesthesia the brain stem of squirrel monkeys was explored for points from which stimulation could influence synaptic transmission through the lateral geniculate nucleus. The central region of the mesencephalic reticular formation was clearly the most effective site. Other effective loci were in the pontine reticular formation, pretectal area and brachium of the superior colliculus. Considerably less effective was stimulation of the superior colliculus or central gray. Except for the region of the corticotectal tract as it passes through the pulvinar, stimulation of the diencephalon up to the level of A8 was without effect. The limited extent of the effective regions, the bilaterality of their influence, and the fact that when inhibitory and facilitatory effects were both obtained, they were maximal from the same locus, all suggest that a single functional system was engaged. However, purely inhibitory effects were sometimes obtained and are difficult to account for on the basis of a single system even though they originated from the same general area which gave the more common biphasic effects.
Coming to a Consensus on Informed Consent for Case Reports

As social media streams unfiltered personal information, the boundaries of privacy are being redefined. Modern technology permits near-instant access to news and information. Easy and open access to information places medical journals in a particularly vulnerable position when it comes to publishing case reports. Case reports provide practitioners with precedent in the treatment of a rare or unique illness, and in medical toxicology, often represent the only published guidance on rare exposures. Internet search engines quickly link published reports on unique poisoning cases with social media and news outlet reports, allowing for a potential, and often inadvertent, violation of patient privacy rights. Medical journals, as with other forms of publication, are subject to legal scrutiny regarding negligent publishing and personal privacy rights, but more poignantly, authors and editors have an ethical responsibility to protect patient health information. How then do we balance our duty to protect patient identity with our responsibility to the Journal of Medical Toxicology (JMT) mission of “advancing the science and practice of medical toxicology”? Recent Precedents
The circulation in man in certain postures before and after extensive sympathectomy for essential hypertension

Abstract In a previous paper 1 we reported some of the physiologic effects on the circulation of extensive splanchnic sympathectomy and postural change in cases of essential hypertension. The studies to be reported in this paper were made on the same ten patients (Cases 1 to 10). In general, the same air-conditioned room and basic procedure, including the same dates of study, were employed in both instances. This part of the investigation was concerned with modifications of blood pressure and pulse rate by (1) a tight abdominal binder, (2) bilaterally inflated cuffs around the thighs, (3) an abdominal binder plus cuffs around the thighs, (4) exercise of the legs, and (5) the administration of paredrinol sulfate. The blood-pressure-raising effects of some of these agents were compared to similar effects of the cold-pressor test. Controlled observations preceded each of the investigations. Each study was done before and after extensive sympathectomy, and, in most instances, while the patients were in the horizontal and in the 60-degree head-up postures.
A non-catalytic surface for dissociated combustion gases

Abstract Heat transfer measurements have been made in a detonation tube using hydrogen-oxygen and acetylene-oxygen mixtures. A small diameter wire placed transverse to the tube axis is rapidly heated by the dissociated combustion products behind the advancing detonation front. Because of the high temperature (3000°K–4500°K) in a detonation wave, the combustible gases are appreciably dissociated, usually more than 50 per cent of the total enthalpy being in the form of dissociation energy. The variation of total heat transfer with composition and pressure was found to be close to theoretical expectations. For wires coated with iodine, it was found that the total heat transfer could be reduced by about a factor of 3 in the oxy-hydrogen mixtures, and by a factor of 2 in an equi-molar acetylene-oxygen mixture at low pressure when compared with the uncoated wire experiments. Both these factors could be accounted for by assuming that the energy of dissociation and molecular vibration were not recovered at the cold wall. From separate measurements of the thickness of detonation waves in these same mixtures, it can be seen that for the conditions under which the coated wire substantially reduces the heat transfer, the aerodynamic boundary layer on the wire surface should be “frozen”. Furthermore, theoretical arguments indicate that the effect of iodine evaporation on the net heat transfer should be much smaller than the experimentally observed reduction in heat transfer. Under these conditions, the surface recombination coefficient is estimated to be less than 10−2.
A real-time auto white balance algorithm for mobile phone cameras

Auto white balance (AWB), a critical component of the image pipeline in digital cameras, is responsible for producing accurate color by automatically removing the undersired color cast introduced by the illumination. AWB estimates the scene illumination by processing the digital values of the pixels in the captured image; therefore, objects colors in the scene are often confused with the color of the light source, leading to wrong color cast in white balanced images. In this paper, we propose a color histogram based AWB algorithm that is capable of producing accurate color in the presence of dominant object colors. Our approach is based on a statistical estimation of the probabilities of colors in natural scenes under different illuminations. These statistics can be easily collected during the AWB calibration phase using standard equipment. The proposed AWB algorithm is computationally efficient and runs real-time in a mobile phone camera.
A Comparison of Glide Force Characteristics Between 2 Prefilled Insulin Lispro Pens

Glide force, average glide force, and glide force variability of the insulin lispro 200 units/mL pen (Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA) were compared to the Humalog KwikPen 100 units/mL pen (hereafter, KwikPen; Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA). Data were collected on 2 doses, 2 injection speeds, and 2 needle types. Insulin lispro 200 units/mL pen showed significantly lower maximum glide force, average glide force, and glide force variability than the KwikPen across all combinations of dose size, dose speed, and needle type. The lower glide force observed with the insulin lispro 200 units/mL pen offers another treatment option for patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes who require greater than 20 units of mealtime insulin daily.