cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Elihu Root, International Law, and the World Court

Studies of the progressive movement in American history, particularly during the interwar years, have given far too little attention to the various strands of progressive international thought. This chapter analyzes Elihu Root’s campaign for the creation of a World Court, and defense of international law, as an important effort in the reform-minded movement to restrain international conflict and minimize the prospects for war through law. Root joined other progressives in emphasizing the moral and rational components of human nature and stressed an important connection between societal values and the projection of power. But he rejected balance-of-power thinking and looked to legal processes and institutions that would harmonize competing interests in the management of interstate rivalries. Another progressive dimension of Root’s work was a long-standing belief in an obligation of democratic nations to expand education curricula and university institutes in the field of international law.
Decentering Discourses in Teacher Education: Or, The Unleashing of Unpopular Things

There is something fundamentally scary about pedagogy because pedagogy references the unknown. Despite our best authorial intentions, no guarantees mediate our private lesson plans or the public effects of the pedagogical encounter. More often than not, things do not go according to plan: objectives reappear as too simple, too complicated, or get lost; concepts become glossed over, require long detours, or go awry; and evaluation rarely delivers on its promise of closure. In fact, what seems most certain is that after the pedagogical encounter we must return to our plans, rethink our expectations, and theorize the tensions of multiple performances that compete for our attention. In short, pedagogy is filled with surprises, involuntary returns, and unanticipated twists. For this reason, we can conclude that pedagogy ushers in an intangibility that we can identify as "the uncanny." Enlightenment may well be our destination but the journey is fraught with creepy detours. Critical and feminist pedagogies can help us return to these tangles in ways that move beyond the impulse to manage techniques, discipline bodies, and control outcomes. Such pedagogies are meant to interpellate, or beacon, teachers and students with new discursive practices and new identities. The intent is to decenter the obvious and create the semiotic space for cultural critique. Given such uncharted terrains, those who advocate, construct, and practice these newer traditions are obligated to analyze the discursive moments that mark these pedagogies as both different and desirable. We are also required to grapple with the unfinished, the puzzling, and the awkward. For when powers shift, hierarchies invert, and certainty crumbles, and when boundaries are transgressed in voluntary and involuntary ways, the new dilemmas, tensions, and contradictions must be accounted. My purpose is to explore the feminist pedagogical experiments of a team of student teachers in a lOth-grade literature class and attend to some of the engendered tensions that emerge when decentering pedagogies work to
Oxytocin functions as a spatiotemporal filter for excitatory synaptic inputs to VTA dopamine neurons

The mammalian brain contains millions of nerve cells or neurons that communicate with each other via a process called neurotransmission. To send a message to its neighbor, a neuron releases a chemical called a neurotransmitter into the space between the cells. The neurotransmitter then binds to receiver proteins on the target cell. Another group of chemicals, known as neuromodulators, regulate this process, adjusting the way that neurons respond to neurotransmitters. In doing so, they help regulate many types of behavior in mammals. The neuromodulator oxytocin, for example, has earned the nickname ‘the love hormone’ because it promotes social behavior and bonding. It does this in part by altering the activity of neurons in a brain region called the ventral tegmental area (VTA). These neurons produce the brain’s main reward signal, dopamine, which is itself a neuromodulator. But exactly how oxytocin affects the activity of dopamine-producing neurons is unclear. By recording from individual neurons in slices of mouse brain tissue, Xiao et al. show that oxytocin filters inputs to dopamine neurons in the VTA. It does this by making the dopamine neurons release another group of reward signals, known as endocannabinoids. These are the brain’s own version of the chemicals found inside cannabis plants. The endocannabinoids bind to neurons that provide input to the VTA dopamine neurons. Some of these input neurons normally activate the VTA by releasing a neurotransmitter called glutamate. However, the binding of endocannabinoids decreases their ability to do this, and thereby lowers the activation of the VTA dopamine neurons. But not all glutamate neurons are sensitive to endocannabinoids. Moreover, oxytocin affects glutamate neurons that fire repeatedly less than it affects those that fire only occasionally. Oxytocin thus acts as a filter. It allows certain inputs – those that are repeatedly active and those that are insensitive to endocannabinoids – to continue activating VTA dopamine neurons. At the same time, it weakens the influence of other inputs. Dopamine release in the VTA drives drug abuse and addiction. Understanding how oxytocin affects VTA neurons may thus open up new avenues for the treatment of addiction disorders.
Using a cache scheme to detect selfish nodes in mobile ad hoc networks

This paper presents a hardware based cache scheme to detect selfish nodes in mobile ad hoc network. In this scheme, the hardware monitors the activities of the upper-layer software and reports the misbehavior about the software to other mobile nodes in the network. The hardware cache stores the identity information of recently received packets. The detection mechanism uses the cache to tell the difference between original packet and duplicate packet. The simulation results show that the cache scheme can detect nearly 100% selfish nodes with nearly 0% false positive in the simple dropping scenario. In the selective dropping scenario, the detection has nearly 0% false positive and reasonable detection rate. The detection result could be used by other nodes to protect the network.
NECESSARY CONDITIONS WITHOUT DIFFERENTIABILITY IN UNILATERAL CONTROL PROBLEMS

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses necessary conditions without differentiability in unilateral control problems. Necessary conditions are presented in the chapter without differentiability assumptions and results generalizing those to unilateral control problems defined by ordinary differential equations are also presented. These unilateral problems differ from those investigated by Rockafellar by the absence of differentiability or convexity assumptions. The results yield a sequence of approximating unilateral problems of a type for which necessary conditions are presented in the chapter.
Focus on russian scope: An experimental investigation of the relationship between quantifier scope, prosody, and information structure

An experimental investigation of quantifier scope in Russian SVO and OVS sentences, in which the factors of word order, prosody, information structure, and indefinite form are manipulated, shows th...
Book Review – 935 Lies: The Future of Truth and the Decline of America's Moral Integrity

There is this great old practice in professional journalism: They will not reveal the identity of a human information source when that person’s welfare might somehow be compromised by the revelation. So they want to be informative, but they also want to be protective. And, concomitantly, there’s this practice in government, at least in democratic governments like the United States, of keeping the public informed although they will hold back information when they think that releasing it might cause trouble—either for government or for the public. So even though an informed populace is essential to democracy and the government wants to be informative, it also wants to be protective. One would think that these two groups, with this common dichotomy in their information ethics, would get along together. Instead, as veteran journalist Charles Lewis makes implicitly clear, they do not trust each other. As Lewis further demonstrates, the U.S. government and the American news media have spent the last fifty years bickering—even as they similarly and mutually compromised their information ethics. His eloquent account begins near the end of the baby boom, when Americans generally had faith in their government and in their news sources. The government began to lose that faithful following when the New York Times and Washington Post published parts of the State Department’s Pentagon Papers, documenting government misconduct in connection with the Vietnam War. Moving forward through the Seventies and Eighties, the book examines U.S. instigation of secret wars in South America, the Iran Contra Scandal and the tobacco industry cover-up as incubators of media’s decline. Lewis’s captivating narrative moves quickly between events, constantly referencing biographical facts and detailing the damage of every compromised principle.
Chapter 26. Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a discussion on studies focusing on biopharmaceutics and pharmacokinetics. The relationship between the physicochemical properties of a drug in a dosage form and the biological response observed following its administration is the subject of biopharmaceutical studies. Pharmacokinetics is concerned with the disposition of the drug once it becomes available for input. The goal of a pharmacokinetic study should be to relate a clinical response to the pharmacokinetic parameters used in describing the time course of a drug and its metabolites in the body. Very few pharmacokinetic studies have successfully related clinical or pharmacological responses to the model parameters and current efforts are aimed at determining which pharmacokinetic parameters can be related meaningfully to pathological states in the patient. In one study, a number of workers investigated the effect of the specific ions in the mucosal bathing solution. In some studies, it was found that the passive transfer of drugs across the everted intestine varied as a function of specific cation concentrations and that this effect was correlated well with the fluid uptake of the membrane. The effects of metabolism, tissue accumulation, and blood flow on the intestinal transport of salicylamide are also discussed in the chapter.
Using a Novel Transfer Learning Method for Designing Thin Film Solar Cells with Enhanced Quantum Efficiencies.

In this study a new method for design optimization is proposed that is based on “transfer learning”. The proposed framework improves the accuracy and efficiency of surrogate-based optimization. A surrogate model is an approximation to a costly black-box function that can be used for more efficient search of optimal points. When design specifications change, the objective function changes too. Therefore, there is a need for a new surrogate model. However, the concept of transfer learning can be applied to refit the new surrogate more efficiently. In other words insights from previous experiences can be applied to learning and optimizing the new function. We use the proposed method in a particular problem pertaining to the design of “thin film multilayer solar cells”, where the goal is to maximize the external quantum efficiency of photoelectric conversion. The results show that the accuracy of the surrogate model is improved by 2–3 times using the transfer learning approach, using only half as many training data points as the original model. In addition, by transferring the design knowledge from one particular set of materials to another similar set of materials in the thin film structure, the surrogate-based optimization is improved, and is it obtained with far less computational time.
Cardiac Glycosides in Human Physiology and Disease: Update for Entomologists

Cardiac glycosides, cardenolides and bufadienolides, are elaborated by several plant or animal species to prevent grazing or predation. Entomologists have characterized several insect species that have evolved the ability to sequester these glycosides in their tissues to reduce their palatability and, thus, reduce predation. Cardiac glycosides are known to interact with the sodium- and potassium-activated adenosine triphosphatase, or sodium pump, through a specific receptor-binding site. Over the last couple of decades, and since entomologic studies, it has become clear that mammals synthesize endogenous cardenolides that closely resemble or are identical to compounds of plant origin and those sequestered by insects. The most important of these are ouabain-like compounds. These compounds are essential for the regulation of normal ionic physiology in mammals. Importantly, at physiologic picomolar or nanomolar concentrations, endogenous ouabain, a cardenolide, stimulates the sodium pump, activates second messengers, and may even function as a growth factor. This is in contrast to the pharmacologic or toxic micromolar or milimolar concentrations achieved after consumption of exogenous cardenolides (by consuming medications, plants, or insects), which inhibit the pump and result in either a desired medical outcome, or the toxic consequence of sodium pump inhibition.
The pipeline of antiviral T‐cell therapy: what's in the clinic and undergoing development

Virus-specific T cells allow targeting of multiple pathogens in patients after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and have demonstrated potential efficacy for cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr Virus, and adenovirus. Novel targets may include BK virus, JC virus, varicella zoster virus, human herpesvirus 6, Aspergillus, human parainfluenza virus-3, herpes simplex virus Type I, Zika virus, and mycobacteria. Generation of patient-specific products and third-party products may expand feasibility of therapy.
Adhesion testing of printed inks while varying the surface treatment of polymer substrates

ABSTRACTAdditive manufacturing with conductive materials enables new approaches to printed electronics that are unachievable by standard electronics manufacturing processes. In particular, electron...
Te(a)chnology: Web-Based Instruction in Legal Skills Courses

Law professors increasingly are using the Internet to supplement their course materials and enhance their teaching skills.! Theyare using it to create interactive, educational computer software,2 to provide a forum for peer review of student work products/' to encourage collaborative learning,4 to provide a structured out-of-classroom learningenvironment,s to foster a tighter community ofeducators,6 to extend office hours,' to supplement and update class materials,S and to promote faculty collegiality.9 But does Web-based instruction work in the classroom? This is the question we set out to answer.
Time-Variant Broadband mmWave Channel Estimation Based on Compressed Sensing

Millimeter-wave communication is a key technology to provide multi-Gbps connectivity for next generation of wireless network. Millimeter-wave leverages the degree of freedom provided by Massive MIMO systems to achieve 100x to 1000x faster data communication. Hybrid digital-analog pre-coder/combiner architecture has been recommended to overcome propagation and hardware challenges, which causes trade-offs between power dissipation and performance. As a result, mm Wave channels exhibit sparse structure with a low degree of freedom. Compressed sensing solutions have been recommended for accurate mmWave channel estimation with respect to sparse nature of mmWave system. Current works in mmWave channel estimation mainly focus on a frequency-selective broadband systems with a fixed AoD/AoA and no Doppler effect consideration. In this paper, we are considering a mmWave channel that spreads in the both delay and angular domains and has a Doppler shift in the Doppler domain. Considering the mobility of the mobile station and angular spread of AoD/AoA, we recommend a time-variant broadband compressed sensing channel estimation solution for a mmWave communication. We are using sparse common support for multicarrier systems like OFDM. We propose Enhanced Orthogonal Pursuit Matching - Partial Sparse Common Support (EOMP-PSCS) to enhance the concept of sparse common support further to support cluster birth/death in slow varying channels. Numerical results show that the suggested method outperforms existing solutions both in the accuracy of channel estimation and spectral efficiency in time-variant, low SNR scenarios while maintaining low complexity for sparse recovery.
Fractional occupation numbers and self-interaction correction-scaling methods with the Fermi-Löwdin orbital self-interaction correction approach

We present a new assessment of the Fermi-Lowdin orbital self-interaction correction (FLO-SIC) approach with an emphasis on its performance for predicting energies as a function of fractional occupation numbers (FONs) for various multielectron systems. Our approach is implemented in the massively parallelized NWChem quantum chemistry software package and has been benchmarked on the prediction of total energies, atomization energies, and ionization potentials of small molecules and relatively large aromatic systems. Within our study, we also derive an alternate expression for the FLO-SIC energy gradient expressed in terms of gradients of the Fermi-orbital eigenvalues and revisit how the FLO-SIC methodology can be seen as a constrained unitary transformation of the canonical Kohn-Sham orbitals. Finally, we conclude with calculations of energies as a function of FONs using various SIC-scaling methods to test the limits of the FLO-SIC formalism on a variety of multielectron systems. We find that these relatively simple scaling methods do improve the prediction of total energies of atomic systems as well as enhance the accuracy of energies as a function of FONs for other multielectron chemical species.
Noncontact Monitoring of Overhead Transmission Lines Using Space Potential Phasor Measurements

Power system reliability requirements necessitate the development of measurement systems to monitor the operational state of critical transmission lines. In this article, a novel noncontact method for monitoring overhead transmission lines is proposed. The method is based on measuring the amplitude and relative phase of the transmission line’s space potential at two or more strategically located points in space along with the use of passive phase shifters to enhance the sensitivity of the measurements. Applications of voltage unbalance and conductor sag measurements are demonstrated along with the results of conductor sag measurements on an operating 230-kV transmission line. It is shown that using enhanced relative phase measurements can significantly improve the sensitivity of the measurements.
Increasing Demand and a Tradeoff Between Speed-Cost Efficiencies and Total Profits

Recently, the resource-based view has achieved substantial progress in the strategic management literature by recognizing non-scale free property of resources. Building on this non-scale free resou...
Curative resection of an aldosteronoma causing primary aldosteronism in the second trimester of pregnancy.

Summary A 29-year-old primigravida woman with a known history of primary aldosteronism due to a right aldosteronoma presented with uncontrolled hypertension at 5 weeks of estimated gestation of a spontaneous pregnancy. Her hypertension was inadequately controlled with pharmacotherapy which lead to the consideration of surgical management for her primary aldosteronism. She underwent curative right unilateral adrenalectomy at 19 weeks of estimated gestational age. The procedure was uncomplicated, and her blood pressure normalized post-operatively. She did, however, have a preterm delivery by cesarean section due to intrauterine growth retardation with good neonatal outcome. She is normotensive to date. Learning points Primary aldosteronism is the most common etiology of secondary hypertension with an estimated prevalence of 5-10% in the hypertensive population. It is important to recognize the subtypes of primary aldosteronism given that certain forms can be treated surgically. Hypertension in pregnancy is associated with significantly higher maternal and fetal complications. Data regarding the treatment of primary aldosteronism in pregnancy are limited. Adrenalectomy can be considered during the second trimester of pregnancy if medical therapy fails to adequately control hypertension from primary aldosteronism.
Conclusion: Fin-de-siècle Endings and Beginnings

The underlying thread of Decadence and Modernism has been the path from this world to another. Both Symbolists and Decadents contended with the apocalyptic and the idealistic, the dystopian and the fantastic. They navigated the anxieties and upheavals of the fin de siecle by reframing fundamental forms of knowledge and perception. This was a chaotic and messy undertaking that hinged on paradigmatic aesthetic and epistemological shifts. Symbolism was not wholly founded on idealism and its complex interactions with Decadence’s insistence on meaning derived from surfaces adds another dimension to modernism’s position in the 1890s. For both the Symbolists and the Decadents, the potential change was so great that it portended as much of an end as a beginning.
Adherence to a strict medication protocol can reduce length of stay in hospitalized patients with Parkinson's Disease

Background Patients with Parkinson's Disease (PD) are at higher risk of complications when admitted to the hospital. Delays in PD medications and use of contraindicated medications contribute to the increased risk and prolong their lengths of stay (LOS). Using a hospital-wide PD protocol, we aimed to ensure PD medications were placed with "custom" timing to resemble the home schedules, and also to avoid ordering or administering contraindicated medications. Material and methods 569 patients admitted in 2017 and 2018, were reviewed retrospectively. Mean age was 76.5 (SD 10.6), 332 were males and 237 were females. Charts were reviewed to assess if A) PD medications were ordered with custom timing, B) if not, were the orders changed to custom timed C) if contraindicated medications were ordered, and D) if they were administered. We also assessed the actual/expected length of stay during this time period. Chi Square and post hoc analyses were done to compare time points. Poisson regression analysis was done to assess relative improvement of variables. Results There was a 2.7 fold increase in orders placed with custom timing in 2018 compared to 2017 (RR = 2.651, 95%CI: 1.860-3.780, p < 0.0001), and a 3.2 fold increase in correction of non-custom orders in the same time period (RR = 3.246, 95%CI: 1.875-1.619, p < 0.0001). We also observed a decrease in the actual/expected LOS ratio from 1.54 to 1.32 (p < 0.05). Conclusion By utilizing an established platform for quality improvement, we were able to improve adherence to the home medication regimen timing in admitted PD patients. Our findings also suggests that adherence to a strict medication regimen protocol may decrease LOS for this patient population.
Policing Internet Sex Trafficking

Few studies have examined Internet sex trafficking through the lens of law enforcement working these cases. The purpose of this research is to explore the dynamic nature of policing sex trafficking in the online environment. The qualitative data was drawn from interviews with police investigators and detectives who work sex trafficking cases in two urban cities in Texas. The results suggest that the nature of sex trafficking has significantly evolved since the advent of social media, including the strategies for recruitment of workers and clients, making enforcement easier with some aspects and much more difficult with others. Additionally, law enforcement interviewed believe domestic sex trafficking is a much greater issue in their metropolitan area than international sex trafficking.
Improving preprocedure antithrombotic management: Implementation and sustainment of a best practice alert and pharmacist referral process

Background Electronic medical record-based interventions such as best practice alerts, or reminders, have been proposed to improve evidence-based medication prescribing. Formal implementation evaluation including long-term sustainment are not commonly reported. Preprocedural medication management is often a complex issue for patients taking antithrombotic medications. Methods We implemented a best practice alert (BPA) that recommended referral to an anticoagulation clinic before outpatient elective gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopies. Eligible patients were taking an oral anticoagulant (warfarin or direct oral anticoagulant [DOAC]) and/or antiplatelet medications. Patients referred to the anticoagulation clinic were compared to those managed by the ordering provider. Outcomes assessed included guideline-adherent drug management before endoscopy, documentation of a medication management plan, guideline-adherent rates of bridging for high-risk patients taking warfarin, and evaluation for sustained use of BPA. Results Eighty percent of patients (553/691) were referred to the anticoagulation clinic during the initial 13-month study period. Most referrals came from gastroenterologists (397/553; 71.8%) followed by primary care providers (127/554; 22.9%). Patients referred had improved rates of guideline-adherent medication management compared to those who were not referred (97.4% vs 91.0%; P = .001). Documentation of medication plan was significantly higher in the referred group (99.1% vs 59.4%; P ≤ .001). There were no differences in rates of appropriate bridging for patients taking warfarin. Implementation of the BPA also resulted in sustained, consistent use over an additional 18 months following the initial study period. Conclusion Implementation of a BPA before elective outpatient GI endoscopies was associated with improved rates of guideline-adherent medication management and documented management plan, while streamlining preprocedural medication management.
Electric-field-induced crossover of polarization reversal mechanisms in Al 1-x Sc x N ferroelectrics

Scandium-doped aluminum nitride, Al1-xScxN, represents a new class of displacive ferroelectric materials with high polarization and sharp hysteresis along with high-temperature resilience, facile synthesizability and compatibility with standard CMOS fabrication techniques. The fundamental physics behind the transformation of unswitchable piezoelectric AlN into switchable Al-Sc-N ferroelectrics depends upon important atomic properties such as local structure, dopant distributions and the presence of competing mechanism of polarization switching in the presence of an applied electric-field that have not been understood. We computationally synthesize Al1-xScxN to quantify the inhomogeneity of Sc distribution and phase segregation, and characterize its crystal and electronic structure as a function of Sc-doping. Nudged elastic band calculations of the potential energy surface and quantum molecular dynamics simulations of direct electric-field-driven ferroelectric switching reveal a crossover between two polarization reversal mechanisms-inhomogeneous nucleation-and-growth mechanism originating near Sc-rich regions in the limit of low applied fields and nucleation-limited-switching in the high-field regime. Understanding polarization reversal pathways for these two mechanisms as well as the role of local Sc concentration on activation barriers provides design rules to identify other combinations of dopant elements, such as Zr, Mg etc. to synthesize superior AlN-based ferroelectric materials.
The IANET Hardware Accelerator for Audio and Visual Data Classification

There are several instances during driving where audible data is of importance, though often ignored. Today's deaf or acoustically impaired drivers face challenges during driving in various countries. They are vulnerable as they can't hear the siren or vehicle horn and depend on other drivers around them to act. Processing audio and providing feedback would be equally valuable to any driver or autonomous vehicle. This paper addresses the gap in existing technology by integrating audio or acoustic and image or visual processing units with the help of efficient hardware design and architecture of the Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs). These processing units are integrated into a single module, IANET, that makes use of two CNN accelerators, one for audio and the other for image processing units. The hardware is implemented in various fixed-point representations to observe the accuracy and stability of network classifiers at each representation. The hardware accelerators for image and audio classification achieve a throughput of 30 frames per second (fps) at 180 MHz and 1 fps at 20 MHz, respectively. This paper presents the power and area-efficient hardware implementation of IANET.
Cerebral Resuscitation and Traumatic Brain Injury

The need for improved cerebral resuscitation was born out of progress – advancements in resuscitation, intensive care, and rehabilitation have decreased mortality associated with brain injury in infants and children, but increased the number living with disability. Indeed morbidity, and mortality for that matter, remains unacceptably high. To date, cerebral resuscitation after ischemic and traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains largely supportive, although many promising therapies are being explored at the bench. Now the challenge is to move therapies to the bedside, to assist patients in attaining improved outcomes and quality of life. In the interim, optimizing patient care management in the prehospital setting, emergency department, pediatric intensive care unit (PICU), and rehabilitation facilities, is our greatest opportunity for improving outcome in these pediatric patients.
Hemochromatosis and Diabetes

Hemochromatosis is a rare disorder of metabolism characterized by the deposition throughout the body of abnormally large amounts of hemosiderin and, to a lesser degree, of hemofuscin, particularly in the liver, pancreas, and skin. The three cardinal signs of the disease are hepatomegaly with cirrhosis, diabetes mellitus, and abnormal pigmentation of the skin. In 1865 Trousseau1 described the first case which seemed to have the characteristic symptoms, although no name was coined by him for this disease. The second case was reported in 1871 by Troisier,2 who called the disease “Le cirrhose pigmentaire dans diabete sucre.” Hanot and Chauffard,3 11 years later, believed that the diabetes associated with hemochromatosis was probably the primary disease and caused cirrhosis as well as pigmentation of the skin. They called the disease “Cirrhose hypertrophique pigmentaire dans le diabete sucre.” Other authors4–7 similarly considered the hyperglycemia as the primary cause of the disorder and thought that the disturbance of blood sugar homeostasis resulted from the changes in the liver and other organs. Hanot5 coined the term “diabete bronze.” Von Recklinghausen,7 in 1889, named the disease hemochromatosis and subsequent investigators8–13 defined the clinical and pathological entity of this disease.
Time Is the Currency of Pediatric Care

Despite the dizzying pace of change in medical and surgical therapeutics over the past 50 years, sound medical practice continues to rest on the same fundamental principle: a relationship of trust between patient, family, and physician. Developing that relationship takes time: time to listen; time to understand the sources of distress; time to make the diagnosis and sort out therapeutic alternatives; time to help patient and family appraise the pros and cons of the treatment options; time to help them make a thoughtful choice; and time to support the patient in sticking with the treatment or changing it if it isn't effective. Time is not measured simply by the duration of individual visits, but by the multiple visits needed to provide continuity and to establish lasting ties over the years a child develops. My comments are entitled “Time Is the Currency of Pediatric Care.” I have done so to highlight the importance of unhurried consultations and continuing relationships in an era when chief executive officers reduce time to money, pure and simple. Why do I insist that time is the currency of care? The pace and change of therapeutics since I graduated from medical school are extraordinary. Antibiotics have transformed bacterial infections from dramatic and frightening episodes into readily manageable and commonly routine affairs. The dreaded sequelae of the viral infections of childhood have come under almost complete control by immunization. Not long ago, the diagnosis of acute lymphcytic leukemia in a child was a death sentence; only 1 out of 10 patients was alive 2 years later. Today the odds have been completely reversed and 3 out of 4 patients appear to be permanently cured. However, these and the other triumphs I have witnessed have only increased the central role of medical care. Paradoxically medical advances have led to …
Influence of Lake Surface Area and Depth Upon Thermal Stratification and the Depth of the Summer Thermocline

Among the important physical characteristics of a lake are whether it stratifies seasonally, and if so, the depth to which wind-mixing is limited by the stratification. It is generally known that sufficiently shallow lakes tend to remain isothermal throughout the year and that the depth of the thermocline in stratified lakes correlates positively with the surface area of the lake. Observations from lakes in several different regions of the temperate zone of the northern hemisphere show that whether a lake stratifies depends on both the maximum depth and the surface area of the lake, whereas the depth of the thermocline depends primarily on the surface area. A modification of previously published scaling arguments provides a plausible theoretical basis for some of this behavior. These arguments account for additional shear-induced mixing associated with the fundamental internal seiche in small lakes and with near-inertial motion in big lakes. For lakes of cross-basin diameter less than 5,000 m (surface area less than 25 km2), an estimate of the depth of the thermocline, h, at the time of maximum heat content is given by: h≅2.0(τgΔρ)1/2L1/2 where τ is the wind stress associated with late summer storms, Δp is the density contrast between epilimnion and hypolimnion typical for lakes in that region near the time of maximum heat content, g is the gravitational acceleration, and L is the square root of the surface area of the lake. A consistent set of units must be employed.
Mixed anhydrides (phosphoric-carboxyl) are also formed in the esterification of 5'-AMP with N-acetylaminoacyl imidazolides: implications regarding the origin of protein synthesis.

Procedure for the formation of aminoacyl esters of monoribonucleotides with aminoacyl imidazolides were first reported by Gottikh et al. (1970) and summarized in 1970. This reaction has been widely used by us and numbers of other workers as a convenient means of preparing aminoacyl esters of nucleotides. We have previously reported that, under conditions of excess imidazolide, large amounts of bis 2', 3' esters are formed in addition to the monoesters. However, to our knowledge, no one has reported that in addition to the esters, relatively large amounts of the mixed anhydride, with the amino acid carboxyl attached to the phosphate, are also formed at short reaction times. We report here on the relative amounts of anhydride and esters formed in this reaction of racemic mixtures of eleven N-acetyl amino acid imidazolides with 5'-AMP and discuss the relevance of the findings to the origin of protein synthesis.
Analyte-Receptor Binding Kinetics for Biosensor Applications: A Single-Fractal and a Dual-Fractal Analysis of the Influence of the Fractal Dimension on the Binding Rate Coefficient.

Abstract The diffusion-limited binding kinetics of antigen (analyte) in solution to antibody (receptor) immobilized on a biosensor surface is analyzed within a fractal framework. Most of the data presented are adequately described by a single-fractal analysis. This was indicated by the regression analysis provided by Sigmaplot (“Scientific Graphing Procedure, User's Manual,” Jandel Scientific, San Rafael, CA, 1993). A couple of examples of a dual-fractal analysis are also presented. It is of interest to note that the binding rate coefficient and the fractal dimension both exhibit changes in the same direction for the analyte–receptor systems analyzed. Binding rate coefficient expressions as a function of the fractal dimension developed for the analyte–receptor binding systems indicate the high sensitivity of the binding rate coefficient on the fractal dimension when both a single- and a dual-fractal analysis are used. For example, for a single-fractal analysis and for the binding of cell surface proteins from Helicobacter pylori strain in solution to sialyl-(α-2,3)-lactose-conjugated (20 mol%) polyacrylamide immobilized on a resonant mirror biosensor (S. Hirmo et al., Anal. Biochem. 257, 63, 1998), the order of dependence of the binding rate coefficient, k, on the fractal dimension, D f , was 14.15. The fractional order of dependence of the binding rate coefficient(s) on the fractal dimension(s) further reinforces the fractal nature of the system. The binding rate coefficient(s) expressions developed as a function of the fractal dimension(s) are of particular value since they provide a means to better control biosensor performance by linking it to the heterogeneity on the surface and further emphasize in a quantitative sense the importance of the nature of the surface in biosensor performance.
Relationships between pre- and postsynaptic effects of A and C fiber inputs to dorsal horn of M. Mulatta

Abstract Pre- and postsynaptic effects on dorsal horn cells from stimulation of cutaneous A and C fibers were studied by recording dorsal root potentials and single dorsal horn cell responses, respectively. The depolarizing (negative) component of the dorsal root potential elicited by Aβγ fiber stimulation corresponds temporally with the inhibitory period following the initial post-synaptic burst. The onset and maximal amplitude of the subsequent positive phase of the dorsal root potential obtained upon Aβγδ fiber stimulation occurs simultaneously with the onset and maximal frequency of the prolonged discharge. Similar relationships between dorsal root potential components and postsynaptic responses were observed with C fiber stimulation. The frequency of Aβγδ-elicited prolonged discharge declines exponentially, often with two different time constants. The first lasts 250 msec while the second is of longer duration. The positive phase of dorsal root potential also declines exponentially, and approximates only the initial time constant obtained for the prolonged discharge. Central delay of the initial burst measured from response to a single shock of an L-7 rootlet is accounted for by passage over one to three synapses. In contrast, the prolonged discharge usually follows an inhibitory period of over 75-msec duration. For a stimulus frequency range of 0.3–0.75/sec, the frequency of spikes in prolonged discharge is dependent on rate of rootlet stimulation, while that of initial burst is dependent on intensity of stimulation. The results provide evidence that integrative mechanisms underlying inhibition and prolonged discharge of dorsal horn cells are in part presynaptic and bear different relationships to primary afferent input than those related to initial synaptic activation (i.e., initial burst).
Comparing the superlative Törnqvist and Fisher ideal indexes

Abstract This paper identifies the sources of differences between the Tornqvist index and Fisher ideal index and shows mathematically why these indexes will numerically approximate each other. Since both are “superlative” indexes, they have similar desirable theoretical properties. However, a component’s contribution to the growth of the Tornqvist index requires less data and is easier to calculate than its contribution to the growth of the Fisher ideal index and, thus, the former index appears handier in practice.
Relational riot: austerity and corruption protest in the neoliberal era

On December 16, 1993, thousands of public employees sacked and burned three government buildings (the Government House, the courthouse, and the legislature) and the private residences of nearly a dozen local politicians and officials in the Argentine city of Santiago del Estero. Drawing upon the recent ‘relational turn’ in the sociology of collective action, the article examines four different processes at the root of this contentious episode: a) escalation of protest; b) the learning of violence together with the collective definition of targets; c) brokerage efforts among protesting parties together with the emergence of new—previously passive or uncommitted—actors on the side of the protesting coalition; and d) the transformation of protesters' collective identity. An examination of these processes contributes to a better understanding of the outbreak, form, course, and meaning of the riot than one provided by collective behaviour, breakdown, and ‘disruption of the quotidian’ approaches.
A CS1 maze lab, using joysticks and MIPPETs

We are designing a number of programming projects which utilize input/output devices, such as joysticks or a homebrewed board we call a MIPPET (Module for Input/Output Programming Projects Enhancing Teaching). These projects have been used or will be used in the closed labs of our CS1 course (taught in C++). The goal of these projects is to enhance student comprehension (by teaching objects with "real" objects) and student motivation (by providing "fun" projects). This paper focuses on an early project, where the student's program provides support for a human solving a maze.
Fiber-driven resolution enhancement of diffusion-weighted images

Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), while giving rich information about brain circuitry, is often limited by insufficient spatial resolution and low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). This paper describes an algorithm that will increase the resolution of DW images beyond the scan resolution, allowing for a closer investigation of fiber structures and more accurate assessment of brain connectivity. The algorithm is capable of generating a dense vector-valued field, consisting of diffusion data associated with the full set of diffusion-sensitizing gradients. The fundamental premise is that, to best preserve information, interpolation should always be performed along axonal fibers. To achieve this, at each spatial location, we probe neighboring voxels in various directions to gather diffusion information for data interpolation. Based on the fiber orientation distribution function (ODF), directions that are more likely to be traversed by fibers will be given greater weights during interpolation and vice versa. This ensures that data interpolation is only contributed by diffusion data coming from fibers that are aligned with a specific direction. This approach respects local fiber structures and prevents blurring resulting from averaging of data from significantly misaligned fibers. Evaluations suggest that this algorithm yields results with significantly less blocking artifacts, greater smoothness in anatomical structures, and markedly improved structural visibility.
Angiosarcoma of skin and soft tissue: A study of forty-four cases

Forty-four cases of skin and soft tissue angiosarcoma seen at M. D. Anderson Hospital before 1976 were reviewed. The cases fell into six different clinical groups: scalp-face, 17 cases; postmastectomy, 14 cases; postradiation, 5 cases; leg with vascular stasis, 2 cases; breast, 2 cases; and miscellaneous, 4 cases. In all cases in the first four groups, the tumors involved primarily the dermis and subcutis and showed similar blends of vasoformative and solid histologic patterns. Two tumors in the miscellaneous group closely resembled those in the larger groups, but the other two in that group (both located in deeper soft tissue sites) and the two breast angiosarcomas had a somewhat different microscopic appearance. Survival was generally poor in all groups, owing to frequent local recurrence and early metastasis; median survival for the entire series was 20 months. Findings of significantly favorable prognostic importance were tumor size less than 5 cm (in the scalp-face group) and a moderate or marked lymphoid infiltrate in and around the tumor. Less significant favorable factors were a distal location ( in the postmastectomy group) and a low degree of pleomorphism. Only nine patients had long-term, disease-free survival.
The Fields and Parameters of Interior Type AC Permanent Magnet Machines

This paper begins with a survey of the first principles of permanent magnet machines and then proceeds to find the air gap fields caused by the magnets and armature currents. From these fields, the three most important parameters are derived: namely, the direct and quadrature axes inductances Ld and Lq and the open-circuit voltage Eo
Measurement of angle-resolved scattering property of ovarian tissue by use of OCT

Angle-resolved optical scattering properties of ovarian tissue on different optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging planes were quantitatively measured by fitting the compounded OCT A-lines into a single scattering model. Higher cross correlation value of angle-resolved scattering coefficients between different OCT imaging planes was found in normal ovaries than was present in malignant ovaries. The mean cross correlation coefficient (MCC) was introduced in this pilot study to characterize and differentiate normal and malignant ovaries. A specificity of 100% and a sensitivity of 100% were achieved by setting MCC threshold at 0.6 in the limited sample population. The collagen properties such as content, structure and directivity were found to be different within OCT imaging penetration depth between normal and malignant ovarian tissue. The homogeneous three-dimensional collagen fiber network observed in the normal ovary effectively explains the stronger cross correlation of angle-resolved scattering properties on different imaging planes while the heterogeneity observed in the malignant ovary suggests a weaker correlation.
Role of phosphoproteins in ion transport: interactions of sodium with calcium and potassium in liver slices

1. 1. Changes in ATP and phosphoprotein turnover observed when liver slices are suspended in media low in Na+ are in part due to influx of Ca2+. 2. 2. These changes are reversed by addition of Na+, and the amount of Na+ required for reversal is dependent on the concentration of external Ca2+. 3. 3. Lesser amounts of Na+ are required to stimulate ATP turnover than are required for phosphoprotein. 4. 4. Li ions fail to stimulate phosphoprotein turnover, though they may increase the activity of ATP. 5. 5. Na+, Ca2+ and the drugs ouabain and promethazine compete for phosphoprotein groups. 6. 6. K ions appear to be necessary for a dephosphorylating reaction of the phosphoproteins observed within 30 sec of K+ addition. This is blocked by ouabain and promethazine. 7. 7. The metabolism of ATP and phosphoproteins in liver cells is thus dependent on a balance between the activities of Na+, Ca2+ and K+.
Analyzing Thorndike’s Law Of Effect: The Question Of Stimulus–response Bonds.

The stimulus—response bond postulated by Thorndike's (1911) law of effect is not required in a functional account of behavior in relation to its consequences. Moreover, the notion of a bond has been challenged by the findings of several experiments. Nevertheless, it remains viable in the light of reanalyses of those findings. Thorndike's suggestion that the strength of the bond depends on the magnitude of satisfaction is consistent with current research on resistance to change.
Corrosion Protection of Al/SiC Metal Matrix Composites by Anodizing

Abstract Sulfuric acid anodizing with a hot water seal does not produce the same corrosion resistance for a Al/SiC metal matrix composite as for Al 6061. The corrosion resistance of hard-anodized A...