cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Failure of ritanserin to block the discriminative or reinforcing stimulus effects of cocaine

Abstract Ritanserin, a 5- HT 2 1 c antagonist, has been suggested to reduce the preference for cocaine in rats. In the present experiment, the action of ritanserin was investigated in locomotor activity, cocaine drug discrimination, and cocaine self-administration paradigms in rats. A low dose of ritanserin (1.0 mg/kg) was without effect on locomotor activity, while a higher dose (10.0 mg/kg) reduced both horizontal and vertical locomotor activity counts during the first 30 min of the test session. Ritanserin (0.32–32 mg/kg) did not significantly affect the discrimination of 10 mg/kg of cocaine, nor did a dose of 10.0 mg/kg significantly modify the dose-effect curve for cocaine discrimination. Ritanserin (1.0 and 10.0 mg/kg) had no significant effect on the dose-response curve for cocaine self-administration. Thus, ritanserin was without effect against either the discriminative or reinforcing stimulus effects of cocaine, suggesting that ritanserin has limited efficacy as a potential treatment for cocaine abuse.
Note: On multipartite posets

A poset P=(X,@?) is m-partite if X has a partition X=X"1@?...@?X"m such that (1) each X"i forms an antichain in P, and (2) x@?y implies x@?X"i and y@?X"j where i
Elevated insular glutamate in fibromyalgia is associated with experimental pain.

Objective. Central pain augmentation resulting from enhanced excitatory and/or decreased inhibitory neurotransmission is a proposed mechanism underlying the pathophysiology of functional pain syndromes such as fibromyalgia (FM). Multiple functional magnetic resonance imaging studies implicate the insula as a region of heightened neuronal activity in this condition. Since glutamate (Glu) is a major cortical excitatory neurotransmitter that functions in pain neurotransmission, we undertook this study to test our hypothesis that increased levels of insular Glu would be present in FM patients and that the concentration of this molecule would be correlated with pain report. Methods. Nineteen FM patients and 14 age- and sex-matched pain-free controls underwent pressure pain testing and a proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy session in which the right anterior insula and right posterior insula were examined at rest. Results. Compared with healthy controls, FM patients had significantly higher levels of Glu (mean SD 8.09 0.72 arbitrary institutional units versus 6.86 1.29 arbitrary institutional units; P 0.009) and combined glutamine and Glu (i.e., Glx) (mean SD 12.38 0.94 arbitrary institutional units versus 10.59 1.48 arbitrary institutional units; P 0.001) within the right posterior insula. No significant differences between groups were detected in any of the other major metabolites within this region (P > 0.05 for all comparisons), and no group differences were detected for any metabolite within the right anterior insula (P > 0.11 for all comparisons). Within the right posterior insula, higher levels of Glu and Glx were associated with lower pressure pain thresholds across both groups for medium pain (for Glu, r 0.43, P 0.012; for Glx, r 0.50, P 0.003). Conclusion. Enhanced glutamatergic neurotransmission resulting from higher concentrations of Glu within the posterior insula may play a role in the pathophysiology of FM and other central pain augmentation syndromes.
Query Adaptation Techniques in Temporal-DHT for P2P Media Streaming Applications

Peer-to-Peer P2P-based approach for on-demand video streaming systems P2P-VoD characterized by asynchronous user-interactivity has proven to be practical and effective in recent years with real-world Internet-scale deployment Huang, Li, & Ross, 2007. Current state-of-art P2P-VoD systems employ tracker server for discovering content suppliers which poses scalability and bottleneck issues. Temporal-DHT is a structured P2P based approach which can efficiently accommodate the large number of update operations with the continuous change of user's playing position and supporting asynchronous jumps Bhattacharya, Yang, & Zhang, 2010. The authors propose different query adaptation strategies based upon content popularity distributions and shortage bandwidth ratios which are proved to be effective in improving the performance of P2P streaming system by deriving certain optimized solutions. They formulate valuable optimization problems in the context of a P2P-VoD system such as minimization of query search cost, server bandwidth consumption, and a joint cost-load framework. The authors provide optimized solutions that achieve the best result for the above mentioned optimization objectives. They show extensive simulation studies under various scenarios of search cost, streaming quality, and other associated factors in a dynamic network environment where users are free to asynchronously join/leave the system.
College Women Want a Career, Marriage and Children:

A sample of 210 female graduating seniors from one of the colleges of the City University of New York were questioned as to their educational and vocational plans. A very large majority, 79%, expected to pursue a career, marry and have children. Whether they expected to take time off from their careers to marry and rear children or to raise families while working was a question that needed further exploring.
A search for radial velocity variations in the central stars of southern planetary nebulae and planetary-like objects

On presente les resultats de l'analyse des vitesses radiales des spectres de dispersion moderee des etoiles centrales des nebuleuses planetaires australes NGC 2346, 3132 et He 2-36, ainsi que des planetaires douteuses ou mal classees NGC 6164-5, PK 289-0°1, CN 1-1, et VV 1-7
Ontogenetic and individual variation in size, shape and speed in the Australian agamid lizard Amphibolurus nuchalis

The present study investigates relationships among size, shape and speed in the Australian agamid lizard Amphibolurus nuchalis. Maximal running speed, body mass, snout-vent length, tail length, fore- and hind limb spans and thigh muscle mass were measured in 68 field-fresh individuals spanning the entire ontogenetic size range (1.3 48 g). Relative lengths of both foreand hind limbs decrease with increasing body mass (= negative allometry), whereas relative tail length and thigh muscle mass increase with body mass (= positive allometry). Repeatable and significant differences in maximal running speed exist among individuals. Maximal running speed scales as (body mass)0.161, and 59% of the variation in maximal speed was related to body mass. Based on the results of the present and previous studies, data on scaling of body proportions alone appear inadequate to infer scaling relationships of functional characters such as top speed. Surprisingly, individual variation in maximal speed is not related to individual variation in shape (relative limb, tail and body lengths). These components of overall shape are not independent; individuals tended to have either relatively long or relatively short limbs, tails and bodies for their body mass. Even the significant difference in multivariate shape between adult males and females has no measurable consequences for maximal speed. Speeds of field-fresh animals did not vary on a seasonal basis, and eight weeks of captivity had no effect on maximal running speeds. Gravid females and long-term (obese) captive lizards were both approximately 12% slower than field-fresh lizards.
Explaining the inhibition of glyoxalase II by 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl-protected glutathione derivatives.

Abstract In an effort to probe the inhibition of glyoxalase II (GLX2-2) from Arabidopsis thaliana , a series of N - and S -blocked glutathione compounds containing 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (FMOC) and Cbz protecting groups were synthesized and tested. The di-FMOC and di-Cbz compounds were the best inhibitors of GLX2-2 with K i values of 0.89 ± 0.05 and 2.3 ± 0.5 μM, respectively. The removal of protecting groups from either position resulted in comparable, diminished binding affinities. Analyses of site-directed mutants of GLX2-2 demonstrated that tight binding of these inhibitors is not due to interactions of the protecting groups with hydrophobic amino acids on the surface of the enzyme. Instead, MM2 calculations predict that the lowest energy structures of the unbound, doubly substituted inhibitors are similar to those of a bound inhibitor. These studies represent the first systematic attempt to understand the peculiar inhibition of GLX2 by N - and S -blocked glutathiones.
Deposit Accounts and Their Economic Impact in Medium-Sized Academic Libraries

Traditional fiscal policies as applied to acquisitions are increasingly becoming inadequate in view of continuing escalation of numbers and costs of print materials and relative constancy of library budgets. Some book vendors, capitalizing upon this situation, have developed "deposit accounts" as an innovative means to enable the library to "stretch" its dollars. This study defines deposit accounts, presents a case study of the use of deposit accounts in one medium-sized academic library, and suggests that deposit accounts contribute significantly to cost effective collection development.
Electrochromic properties of electrodeposited lutetium diphthalocyanine thin films

Since the pioneering study of Moskalev and Kirin in 1970 [l], the use of lutetium diphthalocyanine (LUG) in electrochromic display device applications has received attention from a number of research groups [2-71. The reversible oxidation and reduction of Lu(Pc), films is generally accompanied by a readily visible color change, and the process has been demonstrated under a wide variety of conditions. However, the extensive acid-base chemistry of Lu(Pc), [&lo], along with the presence of unrecognized impurities in some sample preparations [7,11], has caused confusion regarding experimental observations and their interpretation. Further, the earliest reports in this area describe the fabrication of display devices by the rather crude method of “rubbing” the desired complex onto a tin-doped indium oxide coated glass surface, resulting in poorly characterized systems and a corresponding lack of reproducibility [1,12]. Although Lu(Pc), thin films are now usually prepared via vacuum sublimation [5,12-151, many obstacles to the manufacture of practical devices based on this technology remain. Among the problems encountered are the slow rate of deposition, the partial decomposition of Lu(Pc), under the sublimation conditions [16], and the presence of electrochemicahy inaccessible sites in the resulting film [17,18]. The necessary influx of counterions upon oxidation or reduction can also lead to film fracture and/or loss of adhesion to the underlying substrate [6,11], especially during negative sweeps. Despite such difficulties, Lu(Pc),-based displays which exhibit good reversibility, rapid switching times, and little degradation over > 5 X lo6 cycles have been demonstrated [15,16]. One particularly attractive method for the formation of electroactive thin films which has not yet been applied to rare earth diphthalocyanines is that of electropolymerization. This technique has been used successfully in the formation of numerous redox conductive (or electronically conductive) organic and inorganic polymers, including several metalloporphyrin-based materials [19-221. Recently, Li
Missing home: Sociotropy and autonomy and their relationship to psychological distress and homesickness in college freshmen

The study was an attempt to extend Aaron Beck's formulation of the sociotropic and autonomous vulnerabilities involved in depressogenesis to a population experiencing depressive symptoms due to adjustment related difficulties, namely freshman college students beginning their first semester. The results obtained from 167 college freshmen, assessed 6–7 weeks after beginning their first semester at college, were generally consistent with the research predictions. Specifically, sociotropic persons displayed the classic symptoms of “homesickness” in that they were more likely to be preoccupied about home and display depressive symptoms after the transition to college. Attachment to home scores also mediated effects of sociotropy on depression. By contrast, autonomous persons were less attached to home, although they did report depressive symptoms as a result of the transition. Exploring this trend, it was observed that autonomy was related to disliking the university scores which did meditate indirect effects ...
The Influence of Kinship, Rank, and Sex On Affiliation and Aggression Between Adult Female and Immature Bonnet Macaques (Macaca Radiata)

Kinship, rank, and sex have complex and variable influences upon the relationships of adult females and immature bonnet macaques. Affiliative behavior by adult females toward immatures is based largely upon kinship as females groom related immatures at higher rates than the offspring of unrelated females. Although females are groomed by their immature kin at higher rates than by the daughters of higher ranking females (HRF's) or the sons ofHRF's, females are groomed by their immature female kin and the daughters of lower ranking females (LRF's) at similar rates. Thus, both kinship and female rank influence rates of grooming by immature females. The extent of the contribution made by adult females and immatures to their mutual grooming relationship varies. All adult females groom their immature male kin and the daughters of HRF's more than they are groomed by them, and are groomed by the daughters of LRF's more often than they groom them in return. The extent of the contribution which females make toward their grooming relations with immature female relatives and the daughters of HRF's is correlated with their rank such that low ranking females contribute more to their relationships with these immatures than high ranking females do. Females harass (threaten, displace, chase, and attack) the offspring of relatives and HRF's at similar rates. Immature females receive more aggression from unrelated females and are injured at higher rates than are immature males of the same maternal rank. Although rates of aggression toward related immatures and the offspring of HRF's do not differ consistently, severe forms of aggression are primarily directed toward nonrelatives. These results are interpreted with reference to kin selection, local resource competition, and sex-specific differences in the life histories of males and females.
Stochastic time series analysis of pulsating buoyant pool fires

Abstract A novel time series model that captures the puffing effect was developed to simulate the fluctuating scalar (temperature and species) fields of buoyant pool fires. In an ethylene fueled pool fire ( Fr f = 0.109, D = 7.1 cm), stochastic time series of temperature ( T ), carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) concentration and soot volume fraction ( f v ) were simulated and time series of line-of-sight spectral radiation intensity ( I λ ) were calculated. The model inputs, such as the puffing frequency ( f 0 ) and mean and root-mean-square (rms) of the fluctuating scalars, were obtained by analyzing I λ time series measurements of the same pool fire. The autocorrelation coefficients of the measured I λ exhibit a periodically oscillating behavior with significant negative values. The oscillation frequency is very close to the empirically determined characteristic puffing frequency in pulsating buoyant pool fires ( f 0 = 1.68 D −0.5 ). The power spectral density (PSD) profiles of the measured I λ also exhibit significant peaks at the characteristic puffing frequency. Distributions of mean and rms T , CO 2 concentration and f v in the present pool fire were estimated using a non-intrusive tomographic technique considering turbulence-radiation interactions. Mean T and CO 2 concentration distributions were also compared to those obtained using gas chromatography (GC). Statistical properties (autocorrelation coefficients, PSDs and probability density functions) of the calculated I λ time series of the present pool fire matched those of the measured I λ very well. The present time series model can be extended to other pulsating flows, such as buoyant diffusion flames and buoyant plumes.
Long-term Consequences of Repetitive Brain Trauma: Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy

Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) has been linked to participation in contact sports such as boxing and American football. CTE results in a progressive decline of memory and cognition, as well as depression, suicidal behavior, poor impulse control, aggressiveness, parkinsonism, and, eventually, dementia. In some individuals, it is associated with motor neuron disease, referred to as chronic traumatic encephalomyelopathy, which appears clinically similar to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Results of neuropathologic research has shown that CTE may be more common in former contact sports athletes than previously believed. It is believed that repetitive brain trauma, with or possibly without symptomatic concussion, is responsible for neurodegenerative changes highlighted by accumulations of hyperphosphorylated tau and TDP-43 proteins. Given the millions of youth, high school, collegiate, and professional athletes participating in contact sports that involve repetitive brain trauma, as well as military personnel exposed to repeated brain trauma from blast and other injuries in the military, CTE represents an important public health issue. Focused and intensive study of the risk factors and in vivo diagnosis of CTE will potentially allow for methods to prevent and treat these diseases. Research also will provide policy makers with the scientific knowledge to make appropriate guidelines regarding the prevention and treatment of brain trauma in all levels of athletic involvement as well as the military theater.
Enhanced RNA Polymerase III-dependent Transcription Is Required for Oncogenic Transformation,

RNA polymerase (pol) III transcription, responsible for the synthesis of various stable RNAs, including 5 S rRNAs and tRNAs, is regulated by oncogenic proteins and tumor suppressors. Although it is well established that RNA pol III-dependent transcription is deregulated in transformed cells and malignant tumors, it has not been determined whether this represents a cause or consequence of these processes. We show that Rat1a fibroblasts undergoing oncogenic transformation by the TATA-binding protein or c-Myc display enhanced RNA pol III transcription. Decreased expression of the RNA pol III-specific transcription factor Brf1 prevented this increase in RNA pol III transcription. Although the overall proliferation rates of these cells remained unchanged, the ability of cells to grow in an anchorage-independent manner and form tumors in mice was markedly reduced. Although overexpression of Brf1 modestly stimulated RNA pol III transcription, expression of a phosphomimic, Brf1-T145D, more significantly induced transcription. However, these increases in transcription were not sufficient to promote cellular transformation. Together, these results demonstrate that enhanced RNA pol III transcription is essential for anchorage-independent growth and tumorigenesis and that these events can be uncoupled from effects on anchorage-dependent proliferation.
Assessing total fungal concentrations on commercial passenger aircraft using mixed-effects modeling.

The primary objective of this study was to compare airborne fungal concentrations onboard commercial passenger aircraft at various in-flight times with concentrations measured inside and outside airport terminals. A secondary objective was to investigate the use of mixed-effects modeling of repeat measures from multiple sampling intervals and locations. Sequential triplicate culturable and total spore samples were collected on wide-body commercial passenger aircraft (n = 12) in the front and rear of coach class during six sampling intervals: boarding, midclimb, early cruise, midcruise, late cruise, and deplaning. Comparison samples were collected inside and outside airport terminals at the origin and destination cities. The MIXED procedure in SAS was used to model the mean and the covariance matrix of the natural log transformed fungal concentrations. Five covariance structures were tested to determine the appropriate models for analysis. Fixed effects considered included the sampling interval and, for sa...
Statistics of polymer chains embedded on a diamond lattice. II. Results for arbitrary trans and gauche weightings

A polymer of finite length is embedded on a diamond lattice where the angle between adjacent monomers is cos−1(−1/3) = 109°. We set up a transfer matrix formulation and show how the characteristic function Cn(k) can be expressed in terms of the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the transfer matrix. Results are presented for chains of various lengths and for different trans and gauche weightings. The results are particularly interesting and simple in the stiff chain limit, where the chains are shown to obey a scaling relation.
Overview of the features of a legged locomotion system for unstructured environments

Abstract This paper reviews the important features of a six legged walking robot relevant to an unstructured automation environment. The robot, Adaptive Suspension Vehicle (Fig. 1), was developed at The Ohio State University by Waldron and McGhee [1] and is currently undergoing field testing. Several design issues including mechanical structure, mobility and gait characteristics, and computer systems are briefly mentioned and the appropriate references are cited. Subsequently the power and the leg actuation and control system features are considered in more detail. The Adaptive Suspension Vehicle is one of the most sophisticated of its kind, at present, and breaks new ground by demonstrating the feasibility of walking routinely on uneven terrain in an efficient manner [2–4].
A new method to measure particle turbulent dispersion using laser doppler anemometer

A laser doppler anemometer (LDA) was used to measure local dispersion coefficients of particles in turbulent flow. The experimental set-up is described along with the data acquisition equipment and processing procedures. Results for 5 μ particles dispersing from a point source in pipe flow are shown. A second estimate for the diffusivity was obtained from mean square dispersion measurements.
Interaction of plumes with a compositional boundary at 670 km

The seismic discontinuity observed at a depth of 670 km may result from a phase change, a compositional boundary, or both; likewise, it may mark a change in density, viscosity, or both, between the upper and lower mantle. This paper addresses whether upwelling plumes in the lower mantle penetrate into the upper mantle, and what effect lower mantle plumes have on convection in the upper mantle if there is a density jump at 670 km due to a change in composition with depth. A finite element model of double-diffusive convection is used to model flow in a spherical, axisymmetric shell heated from below with a Rayleigh number of 106. The ability of plumes to rise into the upper mantle is governed by the buoyancy number, B=Δρc/ραΔT, which is the ratio of the compositional to thermal buoyancy. When B 1 flow in the upper layer is shear-coupled to flow in the lower layer; that is, a plume impinging on the compositional boundary will induce a down-welling in the overlying layer. When B ≈ 1 the coupling is more complex; strong plumes in the lower layer are shear-coupled to flow in the overlying layer, but as plumes evolve and weaken the flow in the upper layer switches to thermal coupling with entrainment of lower mantle material.
Viscous deformation of unconsolidated reservoir sands—Part 2: Linear viscoelastic models

Laboratory creep experiments show that dry unconsolidated reservoir sands follow a power law function of time (at constant stress), and cyclic loading tests (at quasi‐static frequencies of 10−6 to 10−2 Hz) show that the bulk modulus increases by a factor of two with increasing frequency while attenuation remains constant. In this paper, we attempt to model these observations using linear viscoelasticity theory by considering several simple phenomenological models. We investigated two classes of models: spring‐dashpot models, which are represented by exponential functions with a single relaxation time, and power law models. Although almost all of the models considered were capable of fitting the creep data with time, they result in very different predictions of attenuation and bulk modulus dispersion. We used the model parameters derived from fitting the creep strain to predict the bulk modulus dispersion and attenuation as a function of frequency, to find a single phenomenological model (and model paramet...
TU-AB-BRA-09: Radiomics and Radiogenomics for Breast Cancer Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Purpose: Recently, radiomics has emerged as a new research field with the aim of (1) identifying quantitative medical image features associated with outcomes, (2) building predictive models of outcomes, (3) and thereby better understanding the underlying mechanisms of outcomes. Our group has developed methods to extract quantitative features from medical images and to model the outcomes. In this work, we summarize our studies with magnetic resonance (MR) images, demonstrating the potential of using radiomics for outcomes research. Methods: This retrospective study analyzed 178 women with invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) and preoperative breast MR images. Tumor subtypes defined by immunohistochemistry surrogates are: estrogen and progesterone receptor positive (ERPR+; n=95), HER2 receptor positive (HER2+; n=35) and triple negative (TN; n=48). Tumors were contoured on a single central slice from fat-suppressed T1-weight pre- and three post-contrast images. Image features were extracted from the contours. Clinical and pathologic features were collected. Linear regression analysis was used to build a predictive model of the FDA approved OncotypeDx Breast Cancer 21-gene Assay Recurrence Score (RS) that was measured for ER positive patients. In addition, a machine learning method was used to differentiate three breast cancer subtypes using image features. Results: Using stepwise multiple linear regression analysis, a model with three features to predict the OncotypeDx RS achieved R-squared = 0.228 (adjusted R-squared = 0.198; p = 0.0002) and Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient = 0.485 (p < 0.0001). Separately, a support vector machine model with 9 features distinguished IDC subtypes with an overall accuracy of 83.4%: 89.2% (ERPR+), 63.6% (HER2+) and 82.5% (TN). A Kruskal-Wallis test for the 9 features showed a statistically significant difference between ERPR+, HER2+ and TN subtypes with p < 0.0001. Conclusion: In this study, we demonstrated the potential to use radiomics to understand breast cancer genomics with non-invasive MR images.
Time-Dependent Changes in Extreme-Precipitation Return-Period Amounts in the Continental United States

Abstract Partial-duration maximum precipitation series from Historical Climatology Network stations are used as a basis for assessing trends in extreme-precipitation recurrence-interval amounts. Two types of time series are analyzed: running series in which the generalized extreme-value (GEV) distribution is fit to separate overlapping 30-yr data series and lengthening series in which more recent years are iteratively added to a base series from the early part of the record. Resampling procedures are used to assess both trend and field significance. Across the United States, nearly two-thirds of the trends in the 2-, 5-, and 10-yr return-period rainfall amounts, as well as the GEV distribution location parameter, are positive. Significant positive trends in these values tend to cluster in the Northeast, western Great Lakes, and Pacific Northwest. Slopes are more pronounced in the 1960–2007 period when compared with the 1950–2007 interval. In the Northeast and western Great Lakes, the 2-yr return-period pr...
Building a Multi-Modal Thesaurus from Annotated Images

We propose an unsupervised approach to learn associations between low-level visual features and keywords. We assume that a collection of images is available and that each image is globally annotated. The objective is to extract representative visual profiles that correspond to frequent homogeneous regions, and to associate them with keywords. These labeled profiles would be used to build a multi-modal thesaurus that could serve as a foundation for hybrid navigation and search algorithms. Our approach has two main steps. First, each image is coarsely segmented into regions, and visual features are extracted from each region. Second, the regions are categorized using a novel algorithm that performs clustering and feature weighting simultaneously. As a result, we obtain clusters of regions that share subsets of relevant features. Representatives from each cluster and their relevant visual and textual features would be used to build a thesaurus. The proposed approach is validated using a collection of 1169 images.
Corporate Logo Tattoos and the Commodification of the Body

This research explores the sociological factors underlying the increasing popularity of corporate logo tattoos. The authors draw upon critical theory, sociology of the body, and consumption to analyze data from in-depth interviews with a small sample of subjects with a corporate logo tattoo. Findings suggest that the increasing popularity of logo tattoos is a product of the commodification of culture via the culture industry. Findings show that the majority of the sample was motivated by brand loyalty and self-identification with a brand philosophy or lifestyle, while a small minority attempted to alter the intended meaning of the logo by appropriating it into a simulated meaning. This research suggests that corporate logo tattoos are one way that corporations have inscribed themselves onto the bodies and into the identities of many of those who acquire them, while others attempt to use such body modifications as a way to play with postmodern images.
Interfacial transport theory for electrochemical phenomena with application to electric double layer

Modeling ionic diffusion in electrolytes requires the simultaneous solution of the Nernst-Planck (electro-diffusion) equation and Gauss' law. Unfortunately, the Nernst-Planck equation is not applicable in the ionic double layer that forms at an electrode/electrolyte interface. Furthermore, the large gradients of the electric potential in the double layer can cause numerical instabilities. The double layer is usually modeled using the Gouy-Chapman theory, a steady state solution, which predicts an exponential decay of the electric potential and ion concentration in the direction normal to the electrode. Therefore it is necessary to match, at some arbitrary location, the electric potential and ion concentration from the two theories, and solve two sets of field equations. In the present paper we present a novel theory in which the Gouy-Chapman equation, a three-dimensional theory, is replaced by an interface (2-D) theory of the double layer. The effects of the double layer are then modeled as boundary conditions applied to the Nemst-Planck equation and Gauss' law. Interfacial equations are derived for the species mass balances, the conservation of charge, Gauss's law, and the quasi-static form of Faraday's law. Each of these physical principles is derived for both a regular (or single) interface and a double interface representing an electric double layer. The standard interfacial variables are augmented with an electric charge, electric potential, electric field, electric polarization, and electric displacement, whereas conventional electrostatics includes only interfacial charge.
Substance abuse and past incest contact. A national perspective

Abstract Seven hundred thirty-two volunteer participants enrolled in 35 substance abuse treatment facilities across the United States were surveyed to examine the prevalence and nature of incest contacts among adults receiving substance abuse treatment. Results indicated that approximately 36% of the sample reported histories of incest; by gender, 29% of the male and 55% of the female participants reported incest histories. Data are presented regarding the age during incest contact, frequency of contacts, and involvement of force, alcohol, and drugs. In addition, comparisons between incest and nonincest groups of participants are presented. Implications for substance abuse treatment facilities and staff are presented.
Attenuation of Parasite cAMP Levels in T. cruzi‐Host Cell Membrane Interactions In Vitro

Previous investigations have shown that the adhesion of T. cruzi plasma membrane vesicles (PMV) to monolayers of host cell myoblasts and to immobilized heart muscle sarcolemma membranes (PAM) on polyacrylamide beads is mediated by the interaction of T. cruzi attachment sites with the muscarinic cholinergic and beta-adrenergic receptors of the host cell membrane. It has also been shown that this interaction is blunted by the specific antagonists of the mammalian receptors atropine and propranol, respectively. In the studies reported here, PAM also rapidly attached to swimming T. cruzi trypomastigotes in a complex, concentration-dependent fashion and binding isotherms showed that the equilibrium between free and bound PAM is rapidly reached within 2 minutes of incubation in physiologically balanced salt solutions. In this time frame, trypomastigote cAMP levels are significantly reduced from steady state values within 30 seconds of the addition of PAM in a buffer system containing a diesterase inhibitor. Maximal attenuation of cAMP levels was measured between 1 and 2 minutes of the addition of PAM to T. cruzi trypomastigotes. The degree of cAMP level attenuation was reduced by blocking PAM attachment with either atropine or propranol. On the basis of these results we propose that a likely pathway for the negative parasite signal generated upon adhesion of host muscle cell membranes to the surface of the flagellates is from the parasite's surface attachment sites directly to a Pertussis toxin sensitive inhibitory protein Gi, thereby blunting adenyl cyclase activity and cAMP formation.
The etiology of stability and change in religious values and religious attendance.

Studies have demonstrated little to no heritability for adolescent religiosity but moderate genetic, shared environmental, and nonshared environmental influences on adult religiosity. Only one longitudinal study of religiosity in female twins has been conducted (Koenig et al., Dev Psychol 44:532–543, 2008), and reported that persistence from mid to late adolescence is due to shared environmental factors, but persistence from late adolescence to early adulthood was due to genetic and shared environmental factors. We examined the etiology of stability and change in religious values and religious attendance in males and females during adolescence and early adulthood. The heritability of both religious values and religious attendance increased from adolescence to early adulthood, although the increase was greater for religious attendance. Both genetic and shared environmental influences contributed to the stability of religious values and religious attendance across adolescence and young adulthood. Change in religious values was due to both genetic and nonshared environmental influences specific to early adulthood, whereas change in religious attendance was due in similar proportions to genetic, shared environmental, and non-shared environmental influences.
An Exploratory Study of the Role of Task Dependence on Team Captains' Leadership Development.

While there is evidence that team captainship in intercollegiate sports can lead to leadership development, there is little evidence about the role that task dependence may play on that effect. The individual or team nature of sports may offer different leadership experiences for team captains, leading to differential outcomes. In this exploratory study, 31 NCAA Division III team captains reported their leadership practice using Kouzes and Posner’s Student Leadership Practices Inventory (2 nd ed., 2005) at the beginning and end of one playing season. Results indicate that team captains developed their use of their leadership practices during the playing season regardless of whether they led an interdependent or independent team. The implications for leadership educators interested in the potentially unique contributions of various leadership experiences are discussed.
Pain expectancy and work disability in patients with acute and chronic pain: A test of the fear avoidance hypothesis***

Abstract According to the fear avoidance model, prolonged disability among patients with chronic nonmalignant pain is due, in part, to an exaggerated fear of pain. At issue in the present study was an attempt to refine the fear-avoidance hypothesis by eliciting estimates of anticipated pain as well as anticipated injury. Along with scores on the Fear Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire-Work (FABQ-W), a validated measure of fear avoidance, pain and injury expectancies were used as predictors of work disability in a hierarchical regression model. We also examined the possibility that fear avoidance might be confined to patients with chronic pain and thus fail to account for work impairment after the onset of acute injury or illness. Samples of patients with acute (N = 47) and chronic (N = 56) pain completed a battery of psychological tests. Pain and injury expectancies collectively explained 40% to 35% of the variance in work disability compared with 12% to 10% explained by the FABQ-W for the acute and chronic samples, respectively. After controlling for pain duration, depression, somatization, and current pain severity, pain expectancy alone accounted for 16% of the variance in patients in the chronic group ( P P P P
Relation of molecular size of dextran to its effects on the rheological properties of blood.

SummaryThe viscosity of heparinized dog blood at 37°C was studied with the Brookfield cone-plate viscometer at shear rates from 230 sec-1 down to 5.8 sec-1 and with the Polarad couette viscometer f...
Extended Kalman filtering based real-time dynamic state and parameter estimation using PMU data

Abstract This paper proposes extended Kalman filtering (EKF) based real-time dynamic state and parameter estimation using phasor measurement unit (PMU) data. In order to reduce computing load, model decoupling technique is used where measurements (real power, reactive power, voltage magnitude and phase angle) from a PMU are treated as inputs and outputs from the system. Inputs are real and reactive powers while outputs are voltage magnitude phase angle. EKF is implemented using a second-order swing equation and a classical generator model to estimate the two dynamic states (rotor angle and rotor speed) and unknown parameters, e.g., mechanical power, inertia constant, damping factor and transient reactance. An EKF algorithm is developed using model decoupling technique for real-time estimation of states and parameters related to electromechanical dynamics. The EKF based estimation can estimate two dynamic states along with four unknown parameters.
Recognition sites of eukaryotic DNA topoisomerase I: DNA nucleotide sequencing analysis of topo I cleavage sites on SV40 DNA

Eukaryotic DNA topoisomerase I introduces transient single-stranded breaks on double-stranded DNA and spontaneously breaks down single-stranded DNA. The cleavage sites on both single and double-stranded SV40 DNA have been determined by DNA sequencing. Consistent with other reports, the eukaryotic enzymes, in contrast to prokaryotic type I topoisomerases, links to the 3'-end of the cleaved DNA and generates a free 5'-hydroxyl end on the other half of the broken DNA strand. Both human and calf enzymes cleave SV40 DNA at the identical and specific sites. From 827 nucleotides sequenced, 68 cleavage sites were mapped. The majority of the cleavage sites were present on both double and single-stranded DNA at exactly the same nucleotide positions, suggesting that the DNA sequence is essential for enzyme recognition. By analyzing all the cleavage sequences, certain nucleotides are found to be less favored at the cleavage sites. There is a high probability to exclude G from positions -4, -2, -1 and +1, T from position -3, and A from position -1. These five positions (-4 to +1 oriented in the 5' to 3' direction) around the cleavage sites must interact intimately with topo I and thus are essential for enzyme recognition. One topo I cleavage site which shows atypical cleavage sequence maps in the middle of a palindromic sequence near the origin of SV40 DNA replication. It occurs only on single-stranded SV40 DNA, suggesting that the DNA hairpin can alter the cleavage specificity. The strongest cleavage site maps near the origin of SV40 DNA replication at nucleotide 31-32 and has a pentanucleotide sequence of 5'-TGACT-3'.
Genetic analysis of the form and function of photosystem I and photosystem II.

Photosystem I (PSI) and photosystem II (PSII) are two multisubunit pigment­ protein complexes in the thylakoid membranes in the chlo roplasts of plants, algae, and in cyanobacteria. In recent years, directed mutagenesis has been used to specifically modify indiv idual polypeptide components of both PSI and PSII in cyanobacteria and the green alg a, Chlamydomonas. Biochemical and spectro­ scopic analyses of such mutants have produced a rich source of information regarding the structure and function of these two protein complexes. In addi tion, the natural transformation systems of certain cyanobacterial strains have been exploited to unravel novel genetic loci that regulate the biogenesis and function of the se proteins. This review article discusses recent key findings in these areas.
How the Expressive Power of Title IX Dilutes Its Promise

Title IX is widely credited with shaping new norms for the world of sports by requiring educational institutions to provide equal athletic opportunities to women. The statute and regulations send a message that women are entitled to participate in sports on terms equal to men. For several decades, this message of equality produced dramatic results in participation rates, as the number of women interested in athletics grew substantially. Despite these gains, however, many women and girls, especially those of color and lower socio-economic status, still do not participate in sports, or remain interested in participating, in numbers comparable to their male counterparts. Indeed, in recent years the gains in participation rates brought about by Title IX seemingly have leveled off while the childhood obesity crisis, especially among girls, has grown. Title IX scholarship and popular advocacy efforts often focus on greater Title IX enforcement as the way to continue attracting women and girls to participate in competitive sports.This Article examines whether greater enforcement of Title IX’s equality mandate is the answer, by looking at the signals the statute and regulations send to prospective female athletes. In doing so, this Article explains that a key feature of Title IX theory is that discrimination in the form of fewer opportunities for women as compared to men, as well as sub-par conditions for participation, “sends a message” to girls that discourages them from participating. This negative message is the prevailing explanation for why women still do not participate in sports at rates comparable to men. Implicit in this argument is that strong Title IX enforcement can produce the opposite result, continuing to signal that women are entitled to participate in sports on terms equal to men, and that such a positive message will stimulate interest in participation. This Article seeks to push beyond such assumptions to examine with more nuance how Title IX speaks to women about sports and how the law’s expressive content affects women’s interest in participating. Using the expressive theory of the law, this Article takes the position that Title IX powerfully “speaks” beyond its remedies, and the message today is much more complex than that of simply empowering women through a message of equality. Instead, this article asserts that Title IX in fact sends a mixed message, communicating both that women and girls are entitled to participate in athletics under the same conditions as their male counterparts, but also that such participation opportunities are within a model for athletics that serves to exclude those who lack the interest, ability and/or resources to meet its demands. As a result, while Title IX communicates an empowering message that can in many cases stimulate women’s interest in sports, it also sends a message that drives many more women, especially those of color and lower socio-economic status, away.
Size and Performance in a Federal System

* Research reported on in this paper has been supported by the Center for Studies of Metropolitan Problems, National Institute of Mental Health, Grant 5 R01 MH 19911, and the National Science Foundation, Grant GS-27383. James McDavid, Vincent Ostrom, Roger Parks, and Gordon Whitaker commented extensively on the first draft of this paper and their help was extremely valuable. Jnana Hodson's editorial skills have contributed greatly to the rewriting of this paper.
An atomistic study of dislocations controlling the deformation behavior of TiAl

Atomistic studies of dislocation cores in a model TiAl compound (L1{sub 0}) carried out using Finnis-Sinclair type many body potentials are presented. Two different core configurations, one planar and the other non-planar, were found for both 1/2 {l_angle}110] ordinary dislocations and {l_angle}101] super dislocations while a core containing a microtwin was found in the case of the 1/2[11{bar 2}] dislocation. The impact of these core structures upon the plastic behavior of PST and single-phase TiAl crystals is discussed.
Posthemodialysis weights and mortality: another narrow range target?

Volume excess and cardiac remodeling have been shown in epidemiologic studies to have an association with cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in chronic hemodialysis patients ([1][1]–[5][2]). However, excessive ultrafiltration and volume depletion can lead to frequent episodes of malaise,
Initial Experience With Tofacitinib in Clinical Practice: Treatment Patterns and Costs of Tofacitinib Administered as Monotherapy or in Combination With Conventional Synthetic DMARDs in 2 US Health Care Claims Databases.

Abstract Purpose Tofacitinib is an oral Janus kinase inhibitor indicated for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Tofacitinib can be administered as a monotherapy or in combination with conventional synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs). This study describes RA patients' characteristics, treatment patterns, and costs for those initiating tofacitinib treatment as monotherapy or combination therapy, using US claims data from clinical practice. Methods A retrospective cohort analysis of patients aged ≥18 years with RA ( International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision code 714.xx) and with ≥1 tofacitinib claim in the Truven Marketscan (TM) or the Optum Clinformatics (OC) database. Index was defined as the first tofacitinib fill date (November 2012–June 2014). Patients were continuously enrolled for ≥12 months before and after index. Adherence was assessed using the proportion of days covered (PDC) and medication possession ratio (MPR). Persistence was evaluated using a 1.5× days' supply gap or switch. All-cause and RA-related costs in the 12-month pre- and post-index periods were evaluated. Unadjusted and adjusted analyses were conducted on data on treatment patterns and costs stratified by monotherapy status. Findings A total of 337 (TM) and 118 (OC) tofacitinib patients met the selection criteria; 52.2% (TM) and 50.8% (OC) received monotherapy and 83.7% (TM) and 76.3% (OC) had pre-index biologic DMARD experience. Twelve-month mean PDC values were 0.56 (TM) and 0.53 (OC), and 12-month mean MPR was 0.84 (TM) and 0.80 (OC), with persistence of 140.0 (TM) and 124.6 (OC) days. Between 12-month pre- and post-index periods, mean (SD) 12-month RA-related medical costs decreased by $5784 ($31,832) in TM and $6103 ($25,897) in OC (both, P P Implications This analysis adds to the existing tofacitinib knowledge base and will enable informed clinical and policy decision making based on valuable datasets independent of randomized controlled trials.