cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
“Historians Who Love Too Much: Reflections on Microhistory and Biography”

One warm August afternoon three summers ago, I sat in the crisply air-conditioned Special Collections reading room at the Amherst College Library, stroking Noah Webster's hair. It was coarse, red, and, needless to say, no longer attached to his head. Earlier that day I had come across the catalog entry "Lock of hair" in the finding guide for the Noah Webster Family Papers and had smiled at the quaintness of it, of someone thinking Webster's hair-his hair!-was precious enough to preserve. I imagined Webster's daughter Eliza carefully clipping a length of her father's hair (and her mother's, too), tying the locks with ribbon, and placing them in a neatly labeled envelope. Keeping locks of loved ones' hair was common in Eliza's time, of course, but it still struck me as terribly sweet. Maybe a bit too sweet, I thought, in my jaded, scholarly way, never expecting the effect it would have on me. In our everyday life, touching someone's hair is an incredibly intimate gesture-exchanged between besotted lovers, between doting parents and their milky newborns-and when I traded in my yellow call slip for that swirl of ginger hair I found myself feeling closer to Webster than I had ever felt when reading even his most personal papers. That lifeless, limp hair had spent decades in an envelope, in a folder, in a box, on a shelf, but holding it in the palm of my hand made me feel an eerie intimacy with Noah himself. And, against all logic, it made me feel as though I knew him -and, even less logically, liked him -just a bit better.1 Finding out and writing about people, living or dead, is tricky work. It is necessary to balance intimacy with distance while at the same time being inquisitive to the point of invasiveness. Getting too close to your subject is a major danger, but not getting to know her well enough is just as likely. Unfortunately, much as biogra-
Multiple Characteristics of a Pentameric Regulatory Array Endow the Human α-Subunit Glycoprotein Hormone Promoter with Trophoblast Specificity and Maximal Activity

Trophoblast-specific expression of the humanα -subunit glycoprotein hormone gene requires a tightly linked array of five different regulatory elements [trophoblast-specific element (TSE), α-activating element (αACT), a tandem cAMP response element (CRE), junctional regulatory element (JRE), and a CCAAT box]. We examined their contextual contributions to trophoblast-specific expression by using transfection assays to evaluate activity of systematic block replacement mutations made within the 1500-bp 5′-flanking region of the human α-subunit gene. While all five elements were required for full activity, only the TSE and JRE displayed trophoblast specificity. Interestingly, the TSE-binding protein has limited tissue distribution whereas a JRE-binding protein appears trophoblast specific. Likewise, replacement studies with an AP-1 element that binds heterodimers of jun and fos indicated that this element was incapable of compensating for either the tandem CRE or JRE. This preference for both CRE- and JRE-bind...
Diffusional study of the reaction of sulfur dioxide with reactive porous matrices

Abstract A single-pellet high-temperature diffusion cell reactor is used to study the sulfation of calcined Greer limestone pellets. The effective diffusivities of gases through the reactive pellets, during the calcination and sulfation are determined. The experimentally determined effective diffusivity of sulfur dioxide through the pores of the product shell is used in the modified expanding grain model to obtain the diffusivity of sulfur dioxide through the product shell of the grains as a function of the conversion and the reaction temperature. The activation energy for the initial diffusivity of sulfur dioxide through the product shell of grains, is found to be 34.13 kcal mol −1 ; the diffusivity values decreased with increasing conversion. Additionally it is found that the ratio of the tortuosity of reacting shell of pellet to the initial pellet tortuosity before any sulfation was increased with increasing conversion.
Intermetal Oxygen Atom Transfer Reactions of Titanium Porphyrins: Complete vs Incomplete Atom Transfer. X-ray Structure of (μ-Oxo)bis[(meso-tetra-p-tolylporphyrinato)titanium(III)]

Treatment of (meso-tetra-p-tolylporphyrinato)titanium(IV) oxide, (TTP)TiO, with (octaethylporphyrinato)titanium(III) chloride, (OEP)TiCl, in toluene-d8 results in the reversible exchange of axial ligands to form (TTP)TiCl and (OEP)TiO. The net result is a formal one-electron redox process. This occurs with a second-order rate constant of (2.4 ± 0.2) × 102 M-1 s-1 to form an equilibrium mixture with K = 1.7 ± 0.4 at 20 °C (ΔH⧧ = 10.8 ± 0.4 kcal/mol, ΔS⧧ = −10.7 ± 1.2 cal/mol·K). Use of pivalate in place of chloride on the Ti(III) complex causes no significant change in the rate of this one-electron redox process. In addition, excess chloride only partially inhibits the rate of oxygen transfer with chlorotitanium(III) complexes. A complete kinetic analysis indicates that these redox processes proceed through two parallel pathways, both involving an inner sphere μ-oxo intermediate. Competing associative and dissociative (chloride or pivalate loss) mechanisms are in effect. Reversible oxo/chloro exchange also...
Identification of a localized mucosal immune response in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), following immunization with a protein‐hapten antigen

The ability of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (RBT), to produce a localized mucosal immune response was investigated following intraperitoneal (i.p.) or peranal (p.a.) immunization with a protein-hapten carrier, fluorescein isothiocyanate conjugated to keyhole limpet haemocyanin (FITC/KLH). Antibody levels in serum, mucus, tissue culture supernatant from blood and spleen leucocytes, and excised skin, intestine and gill tissues were determined by ELISA. Significantly, elevated antigen-specific antibodies were elicited in both serum and mucus of fish immunized i.p. Mucosal antibody responses, in general, paralleled serum responses over time. Leucocytes isolated from spleen and blood of i.p. immunized fish at week 10 produced significantly elevated antibody levels against FITC when cultured in vitro. Excised skin, intestine and gill tissues from these fish also exhibited significantly elevated antibody responses indicating localized production in the mucosa from tissue-specific B cells. A localized mucosal immune response was elicited only after i.p. and not p.a. immunization, suggesting that systemically stimulated B cells migrate to mucosal tissues where they produce antibodies locally.
Contrasting role of phospholipase C-γ1 in the expression of immediate early genes induced by epidermal or platelet-derived growth factors

While significant progress has been achieved in identifying the signal transduction elements that operate downstream of activated receptor tyrosine kinases, it remains unclear how different receptors utilize these signaling elements to achieve a common response. This study compares the capacity of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) to elicit the induction of immediate early gene (IEG) mRNAs in the presence or absence of phospholipase C-gamma1 (PLC-gamma1). The results show that while PDGF induction of nearly all IEG mRNAs is abrogated in plcg1 null cells, EGF induction of the same genes is variable in the null cells and exhibits three distinct responses. Five IEG mRNAs (Nup475, Cyr61, TF, Gly, TS7) are completely inducible by EGF in the presence or absence of PLC-gamma1, while three others (JE, KC, FIC) exhibit a stringent requirement for the presence of PLC-gamma1. The third type of response is exhibited by c-fos and COX-2. While these mRNAs are completely induced by EGF in the absence of PLC-gamma1, the time course of their accumulation is significantly delayed. No IEG was identified as completely inducible by EGF and PDGF in the absence of PLC-gamma1. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA) demonstrate that PLC-gamma1 is necessary for nuclear extracts from PDGF-treated cells, but not EGF-treated cells, to interact with probes for AP-1 or NF-kappaB.
Mechanism of the stimulatory effect of native fucoidan, highly sulfated fucoidan and heparin on plasminogen activation by tissue plasminogen activator: The role of chloride

Native Fucoidan and unfractionated heparin enhanced by 6-fold the in vitro activation of human glutamic plasminogen (Glu-Plg) by tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) using 0.05 M Tris buffer pH 7.4, while sulfated fucoidan inhibited the activation under these conditions. Double reciprocal plots of these interactions showed that sulfated fucoidan inhibited the activation in a noncompetitive manner while the enhancements by heparin or native fucoidan were due to an increase of Vmax without affecting Km. To determine whether the stimulatory effect of the individual cofactor was due to its interaction with Glu-Plg or with t-PA, experiments were performed at a fixed level of the cofactor and either varying in a serial fashion the concentration of Glu-Plg or of t-PA. The ratios of the initial rate of plasmin generation in the presence or absence of the cofactors were plotted against the inverse of the volume fraction of Glu-Plg or of t-PA. The results showed that heparin interacted with Glu-Plg while native fucoidan and sulfated fucoidan interacted with t-PA. Studies were also conducted on the effect of the two fucoidans and heparin on the activation of Glu-Plg by t-PA using 0.05M Tris buffer pH 7.4 containing 0.1M NaCl. Under these conditions, sulfated fucoidan was most effective in enhancing the activation followed by native fucoidan and heparin respectively. The results of this study showed that in presence of the buffer containing 0.1 M NaCl, heparin was interacting with t-PA while the two fucoidans were interacting with both t-PA and Glu-Plg. A comparison of the double reciprocal plots of the rate of enhancement by the cofactors using 0.05 M Tris buffer pH 7.4 containing 0.1 M NaCl or in presence of buffer alone showed that the cofactors were more effective using 0.05M Tris buffer pH 7.4 alone and that addition of NaCl to the buffer slowed down the reactions by decreasing Vmax without affecting Km. Circular Dichroism (CD) studies of Glu-Plg in the far ultraviolet (UV) range showed that addition of NaCl destabilized the beta sheet structure which was reversed by addition of 6-aminohexanoic acid (6-AH) or one of the cofactors, while the near UV CD spectra of Glu-Plg in presence of 0.1 M NaCl was enhanced by the cofactors by increasing its ellipticity as reported earlier for 6-AH.
The aorticorenal ganglion and its role in renal innervation

A detailed dissection of the renal plexus and the aorticorenal area was carried out in 57 adult cadavers (32 males and 25 females). This study showed that the aorticorenal ganglia may be located anywhere in the general area of the junction of the renal arteries with the aorta. These ganglia were found to be partly fused with the celiac ganglion in 4% on the right side and in 12% on the left. All three thoracic splanchnic nerves (greater, lesser, and least) may have rami which terminate in the aorticorenal ganglia. The least splanchnic terminated in the aorticorenal ganglion more often than the other nerves when the ganglion was located inferior to the renal artery. In this location, the first lumbar splanchnic nerve also may terminate in the aorticorenal ganglion. The aorticorenal ganglia also had connections with the renal plexus, inermesenteric nerves, celiac and superior mesenteric plexuses, adrenal gland, and possibly with the spermatic and ovarian plexuses through the renal plexus. By using the silver impregnation technique of Holmes, we found the aorticorenal ganglia to have a role in renal innervation. When these ganglia were unilaterally removed from a series of 14 cats, a definite reduction of nerve fibers associated with the tubules of the renal cortex, and to lesser extent, with the renal blood vessels, was observed. Most nerve endings were associated with the proximal convoluted tubules, but a few were observed in the glomeruli.
The impact of peer network position on electricity consumption in building occupant networks utilizing energy feedback systems

Abstract There is a growing need to reduce building energy consumption to limit greenhouse gas emissions and lessen the strain on our electricity grids. Researchers have shown that people are more likely to implement conservation practices in response to energy consumption feedback the more socially proximal the norm provided in that feedback. It has also been shown that sharing individual room-level electricity usage information with peers is more effective in inducing consumption reduction than exposure to generic norms. Designers of energy use feedback systems are leveraging social networks to encourage energy-efficient behavior. Yet, despite growing interest in the role of peer networks to induce energy savings, we know little about how properties of peer networks, such as a given user's position in a peer network, impact consumption behavior. In a 22-room study group where building residents shared room-level electricity consumption information among peer groups in the same building, we tested the correlation of network degree and Eigenvector centrality with percent change in consumption relative to non-participants. This result shows that energy use feedback is more effective in promoting the implementation of energy saving practices as more peers share energy usage information through the feedback system. This finding underscores the importance of exploring and exploiting linkages between social structure and energy conservation.
Note on the determination of chymotrypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor activity using casein.

Abstract A method is described which enables one to obtain a linear relationship between the activity of chymotrypsin on casein and the concentration of the enzyme. This method has been applied to an evaluation of the chymotrypsin inhibitor activity of crude soybean extracts.
Convergent synthesis of polyamide dendrimer using a continuous flow microreactor

Abstract Dendrimers are nanoscale macromolecules that have highly branched, core-shell structures. Higher generation dendrimers have close-packed peripheral functional groups and a hollow interior. The chemistry of the core and the terminal functionalities can be tailored according to the specific application. These structural characteristics provide room for the design of dendrimers to meet a wide set of supra-molecular recognition and hosting tasks. Dendrimers are synthesized in a stepwise manner to higher generations using a number of chemical reactions, so carrying out the synthesis in a conventional reactor is time-consuming. Therefore the dendrimer products are expensive. In this work, convergent synthesis of dendrimer was carried out in a continuous flow microreactor. Pure dendrons and dendrimers could be synthesized using the microreactors within seconds of residence time. In comparison, the conventional flask synthesis took several hours for a similar yield. The reaction kinetics of G1 dendron synthetic process was conducted using the microreactor and compared with the flask synthesis. The data indicated the reaction is in fact a fast one which suggested the flask synthesis is hindered by mass transfer.
Reconceptualizing autonomy: the difference dependency theory makes

Abstract Though now largely ignored or maligned, the legacy of dependency thinking remains to be claimed. Of particular importance is the way dependency theorists mobilize the logic of sovereignty as a challenge to the hierarchy constructed as a capitalist global division of labor. However, this embrace of sovereignty creates perplexities for dependency argument: though the basis for a challenge to international inequality, sovereign boundaries also contribute to hierarchy and its legitimation by demarcating states as essentially independent political‐economic units. The dependency critique exposes (although may not fully articulate) this tension, and points to the need to reconceptualize our understanding of the autonomy of political communities in more relational terms. This relational understanding of autonomy necessitates untangling the multiple functions of boundaries and reconfiguring territorial space, at least for certain purposes, as simultaneously global and national. Any attempt to retrieve the...
Platelet activating factor (PAF) stimulates release of PGI2 from inflamed rabbit gallbladder cell cultures.

Abstract This study examines the hypothesis that PAF stimulates release of PGI 2 from inflamed rabbit gallbladder explant cell cultures. New Zealand white rabbits underwent bile duct ligation for 72 h (72 h BDL), or sham operation, Sham and 72 h BDL gallbladder explants were placed in culture, and the cells grown to 75% confluence. The cells were exposed to increasing concentrations of PAF for 60 min. The media analyzed for eicosanoid release by EIA and the cells analyzed for cyclooxygenase and prostacyclin synthase content by immunoblot analysis. PAF increased release of 6-keto-PGF 1α from the 72 h BDL gallbladder cell cultures in a dose-related manner which was inhibited by indomethacin preincubation by 90%. The increased 72 h BDL cell release of 6-keto-PGF 1α was not associated with changes in the content of cyclooxygenase or prostacyclin synthase. PAF did not alter eicosanoid release from sham control cell cultures. These data suggest that PAF can only up-regulate endogenous 6-keto-PGF 1α release from the 72 h BDL cells that had been previously stimulated by inflammation. PAF may thus contribute to gallbladder distention and injury by chronic stimulation of inflamed gallbladder PGI 2 release.
Transport, biomass burning, and in-situ formation contribute to fine particle concentrations at a remote site near Grand Teton National Park

Ecosystem health and visibility degradation due to fine-mode atmospheric particles have been documented in remote areas and motivate particle characterization that can inform mitigation strategies. This study explores submicron (PM1) particle size, composition, and source apportionment at Grand Teton National Park using High-Resolution Time-of-Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometer data with Positive Matrix Factorization and MODIS fire information. Particulate mass averages 2.08 μg/m3 (max = 21.91 μg/m3) of which 75.0% is organic; PMF-derived Low-Volatility Oxygenated Organic Aerosol (LV-OOA) averages 61.1% of PM1 (or 1.05 μg/m3), with sporadic but higher-concentration biomass burning (BBOA) events contributing another 13.9%. Sulfate (12.5%), ammonium (8.7%), and nitrate (3.8%) are generally low in mass. Ammonium and sulfate have correlated time-series and association with transport from northern Utah and the Snake River Valley. A regionally disperse and/or in situ photochemical LV-OOA source is suggested by 1) afternoon concentration enhancement not correlated with upslope winds, anthropogenic NOx, or ammonium sulfate, 2) smaller particle size, higher polydispersity, and lower levels of oxidation during the day and in comparison to a biomass burning plume inferred to have traveled ∼480 km, and 3) lower degree of oxidation than is usually observed in transported urban plumes and alpine sites with transported anthropogenic OA. CHN fragment spectra suggest organic nitrogen in the form of nitriles and/or pyridines during the day, with the addition of amine fragments at night. Fires near Boise, ID may be the source of a high-concentration biomass-burning event on August 15–16, 2011 associated with SW winds (upslope from the Snake River Valley) and increased sulfate, ammonium, nitrate, and CHN and CHON fragments (nominally, amines and organonitrates). Comparison to limited historical data suggests that the amounts and sources of organics and inorganics presented here typify summer conditions in this area.
The influence of surface structure on the chemisorption of oxygen by CdS single crystals

Abstract Atomically ordered surfaces of CdS single crystals are found to be relatively insensitive to oxygen chemisorption. For such surfaces prepared by argon bombardment and high vacuum annealing, the effect of ambient oxygen on the equilibrium conductivity is drastically reduced. This indicates that active sites associated with surface imperfections may be necessary to achieve chemisorption.
Long-wavelength In(Ga)As/GaAs quantum dot electroluminescent devices

The properties of quantum dot intersubband light emitters and the unique carrier dynamics in the quantum dots that lead to the realization of these long wavelength devices are described. The favorable relaxation times can be exploited to realize far IR emission and detection based on intersubband transitions in the dots.
Smartphone quantifies Salmonella from paper microfluidics

Smartphone-based optical detection is a potentially easy-to-use, handheld, true point-of-care diagnostic tool for the early and rapid detection of pathogens. Paper microfluidics is a low-cost, field-deployable, and easy-to-use alternative to conventional microfluidic devices. Most paper-based microfluidic assays typically utilize dyes or enzyme–substrate binding, while bacterial detection on paper microfluidics is rare. We demonstrate a novel application of smartphone-based detection of Salmonella on paper microfluidics. Each paper microfluidic channel was pre-loaded with anti-Salmonella Typhimurium and anti-Escherichia coli conjugated submicroparticles. Dipping the paper microfluidic device into the Salmonella solutions led to the antibody-conjugated particles that were still confined within the paper fibers to immunoagglutinate. The extent of immunoagglutination was quantified by evaluating Mie scattering from the digital images taken at an optimized angle and distance with a smartphone. A smartphone application was designed and programmed to allow the user to position the smartphone at an optimized angle and distance from the paper microfluidic device, and a simple image processing algorithm was implemented to calculate and display the bacterial concentration on the smartphone. The detection limit was single-cell-level and the total assay time was less than one minute.
No excuses for scientific ignorance

When teaching science, religious faith must not be used as an excuse to misinterpret data, says Lawrence M. Krauss
Effect of the lectin concanavalin-A on calcium-regulated adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate accumulation in bovine parathyroid cells.

Extracellular calcium (Ca2+) is the major physiological regulator of parathyroid function; high Ca2+ decreases PTH secretion as well as reduces cAMP accumulation. There is an increasing body of evidence suggesting the presence of a receptor-like mechanism at the surface of the parathyroid cell which mediates these and other actions of Ca2+. In the present studies we used the lectin Concanavalin-A (Con-A) to investigate the possible role of carbohydrate moieties in the regulation of cAMP metabolism by Ca2+ in bovine parathyroid cells, which is thought to involve inhibition of adenylate cyclase via activation of the guanine nucleotide regulatory protein G;. Pretreatment of parathyroid cells with Con-A for 15–60 min significantly reversed the inhibitory effect of high Ca2+ on dopamine-stimulated cAMP accumulation, reducing the inhibition at 3 mM Ca2+ from 70 ± 3% to 30 ± 3%. This effect was also observed in the absence of preincubation and with concentrations of Con-A as low as 40 μg/ml and was reversed by α...
Cross-sectional evaluation of clinical neuro-ophthalmic abnormalities in an amyotrophic lateral sclerosis population.

Objective Ocular motility abnormalities may be a marker of neuro-degeneration beyond motor neurons in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). We formally compared clinical neuro-ophthalmic abnormalities in ALS patients and a control population.
The temporal order of replication of murine immunoglobulin heavy chain constant region sequences corresponds to their linear order in the genome.

Abstract The time of replication during the S phase in a murine erythroleukemia (MEL) cell line was determined for immunoglobulin heavy chain constant region C alpha, C gamma 2b and C mu sequences whose boundaries are defined by EcoR1 restriction endonuclease sites (EcoR1 segments). Logarithmically growing cultures of MEL cells with an S phase of about 7.5 hours were pulse labelled with 20 micrograms/ml of 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR). The cells were then fractionated by centrifugal elutriation into 10-12 distinct populations containing cells in different stages of the cell cycle. Flow microfluorimetric (FMF) analysis of DNA content, measurements of cell volume and autoradiography after 3H-thymidine pulse labelling were used to determine position in the cell cycle. Fractions were pooled to represent four selected intervals of S in which BU-DNA was synthesized for 2.5 hrs or less. Newly replicated DNA which had incorporated BUdR into one strand was isolated, cleaved with EcoR1, and separated on neutral Cs2S04 gradients. Equal amounts of BU-DNA replicated during these four intervals of S were electrophoresed in 0.8% agarose gels, transferred to diazotized aminobenzyloxymethyl paper and hybridized with 32p probes containing the C alpha, C gamma 2b and C mu genes and flanking sequences. The relative amounts of segments replicated were assessed by quantitation of the appropriate bands on the autoradiograms by microdensitometry. The results indicate that the 2.8 kb C alpha, 6.6 kb C gamma 2b and 12 kb C mu EcoR1 segments in these MEL cells replicated during defined intervals of the first half of the S phase. The order of replication of these EcoR1 segments as the cells proceeded through S was C alpha, C gamma 2b, C mu, corresponding to the linear order of the genes determined by restriction endonuclease mapping.
AlPO4-supported nickel catalysts: VIII. Support effects on the gas-phase dehydrogenation of alkylbenzenes

Abstract The nonoxidative dehydrogenation of alkylbenzenes (ethylbenzene, n -propylbenzene, and isopropylbenzene) has been carried out at 625–850 K on nickel catalysts at 20 wt% supported on Al 2 O 3 , SiO 2 , and two different types of AlPO 4 . Furthermore, unsupported bulk nickel was employed as the catalyst. The acidic and basic properties and the surface area of the supports and supported nickel catalysts were measured as well. Unlike what is described for TiO 2 ZrO 2 catalysts, our observation was that the acid and basic sites do not exhibit catalytic activity in the nonoxidative dehydrogenation of alkylbenzenes. However, it appears that the acid-basic nature of the supports, through the effects of metal-support interaction, plays an important part in determining the specific catalytic activity of the supported nickel catalysts. These metal-support interaction effects, as well as the substituent effects, can be evaluated through several isokinetic parameters obtained from the existence of a linear correlation between the δH ≠ and δS ≠ activation parameters obtained from the Eyring equation (and between In A and E a , from the Arrhenius equation) known as the compensation effect. This is ascribed to the existence of a linear free-energy relationship (LFER) in a set of gas-phase reactions similar to that previously described for the liquid-phase hydrogenation of allyl alcohols on the same nickel-supported catalysts.
Dislocation behavior in fatigue III. Properties of loop patches — Do they participate in fatigue cycling?

Abstract The fundamental question of whether the loops in the loop patches “flip” rhythmically with fatigue cycling (model 1) or remain randomly nriented throughout (model 2) is considered. It is shown that model 2, but not model 1, gives rise to apparently insurmountable difficulties. These include the fact that the back stress τ B derived on the basis of model 2 apparently has very different characteristics from those observed. In contrast, model 1 yields qualitative agreement between the predicted and observed properties of the back stress. Further, the remarkable equality τ B = τ F − τ S , where τ F is the friction stress and τ S that part of the friction stress which has previously been identified with point-defect hardening and jog dragging, is a direct consequence of model 1 but appears to be in irreconcilable conflict with model 2. For these reasons it is concluded that the loops do participate in fatigue cycling, i.e. model 1 applies. Loop patches will behave like Taylor dislocation lattices provided that the frictional stress against prismatic glide of the loops is small. This is believed to be established by the result given in Part II of this series that the contribution to τ S due to jog dragging is much larger than that ascribable to point-defect hardening and that τ S is typically much smaller than the applied stress. As a consequence loop patches have a total volume that is determined by the amount of dipoles in the specimen. These are formed by random trapping of glide dislocations. Since the channel width appears to be nearly constant, probably regulated by jog formation as shown in Part II, the average loop patch diameter is thus determined. Also, in contrast to the assumption in Part I of this series, it is now concluded that the properties of the loop patches, except for the surfaces immediately interacting with the glide dislocations, are essentially homogeneous throughout. Except for this correction, the concepts and model developed in this and subsequent parts of the series are largely based on Part I. A quantitative treatment of the back stress as a function of the number of cycles and the fatigue strain amplitude, and of the evolution of the hysteresis loops, will be given in Part IV. The conversion of the matrix structure into persistent slip bands (PSBs) will be the subject of Part V. This series of papers pertains to fatigue strain amplitudes in the “plateau region” in which PSB formation ensues at about 30 MPa stress.
GROWTH AND MORPHOLOGY OF ADULT MOUSE FIBROBLASTS UNDER ANAEROBIC CONDITIONS AND AT LIMITING OXYGEN TENSIONS.

Abstract Experiments on the effect of anaerobiosis and of reduced oxygen tensions on the growth and survival of two strains of adult mouse fibroblasts have been carried out in air-tight flasks with precisely measured gas mixtures. The cells do not grow below oxygen tensions of 1 per cent, and survival is dependent on the level of the reduced oxygen tension, being poorest when oxygen is absent completely. Above 1 per cent oxygen growth occurs but at a reduced rate compared to growth in air, while above about 3 per cent, growth is not affected. Morphological changes can be correlated with these results. Experiments on the effect of anaerobiosis and of reduced oxygen tensions on the growth and survival of two strains of adult mouse fibroblasts have been carried out in air-tight flasks with precisely measured gas mixtures. The cells do not grow below oxygen tensions of 1 per cent, and survival is dependent on the level of the reduced oxygen tension, being poorest when oxygen is absent completely. Above 1 per cent oxygen growth occurs but at a reduced rate compared to growth in air, while above about 3 per cent, growth is not affected. Morphological changes can be correlated with these results.
Highly Selective SiO2 Etch Employing Inductively Coupled Hydro-Fluorocarbon Plasma Chemistry for Self Aligned Contact Etch

An inductively coupled plasma chemistry including hydro-fluorocarbon gas ( CHF3, CH2F2 or CH3F) in addition to C4F8 and Ar was developed for the self aligned contact process of LSI. The additional gases effectively reduces the etch rate of the nitride stopper in the contact hole resulting an increased selective ratio. The effect becomes more marked with higher H numbers. The optical emission signals of both F radical and carbon, including radicals such as C2, CF and CF2, were decreased by the addition of CH3F. The improved selectivity is considered to be due to the increased concentration of radicals with C–H bonding. The effect of C–H including radicals was explained by the enthalpy of reaction with oxygen and nitrogen atoms to form CO or CN bonding, and an improved step coverage of the polymerized film protecting the nitride surface.
Phases in the photoelectric sodium-potassium-antimony system

Abstract The phases present on the line Na 3− x K x Sb (0 1.95 K 1.05 Sb. Solid solution of Na 3 Sb in hexagonal K 3 Sb is structurally limited to 33 mole per cent. The method used to prepare these samples differs markedly from the procedure used to form alkali antimonide photocathodes. However evidence is presented which indicates that the phases found in this investigation are also present in the evaporated photoelectric layers.
Using Bug-in-the-Ear Feedback in Clinical Supervision: Preliminary Evaluations:

Three single-system studies are described that evaluated the efficacy of "bug-in-the-ear" (BITE) feedback in promoting selected therapist behaviors during the course of actual treatment sessions co...
Additions to generate foam in stainless steelmaking

Foaming of stainless steelmaking slags is difficult because the gas-generation rate is normally low. In the present work, the impact of reducible oxides (such as NiO by carbon), waste oxide briquettes, limestone, and calcium nitrate on foaming was examined. Specifically, the gas generation rates and the rate-controlling mechanisms for each of these additives were determined. From these results, the expected foaming in actual steelmaking operations can be predicted. The NiO and carbon additions do not appear practical for generating foam. However, limestone, calcium nitrate, and possibly waste oxide briquettes should provide significant foaming.
Particulate carbon measurements in California's San Joaquin Valley.

Abstract Aerosol carbon sampling methods and biases were evaluated during the California Regional PM10/PM2.5 Air Quality Study (CRPAQS) and Fresno Supersite programs. PM2.5 sampling was conducted using Desert Research Institute (DRI) sequential filter samplers (SFS) from December 1999 through February 2001 at two urban sites (Fresno and Bakersfield), one regional transport site (Angiola), and two boundary sites (Bethel Island and Sierra Nevada Foothills) during CRPAQS in the San Joaquin Valley (SJV). Additional filter-based sampling was done in Fresno as part of the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Supersites program. Organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) concentrations were higher during winter (December–February) than summer (June–August) and this trend was most pronounced at Fresno and Bakersfield. OC and EC displayed similar diurnal trends during winter and summer at Fresno and during winter at Angiola. The diurnal pattern at Angiola reflected the transport of secondary pollutants to the site. Collocated measurements of OC and EC on undenuded quartz-fiber filters were made at Fresno with the DRI SFS and the Andersen FRM and RAAS samplers. All average differences in OC between samplers were less than their respective measurement uncertainties. Positive and negative OC biases were evaluated at Fresno using the Andersen RAAS sampler with carbon-denuded and undenuded channels with Teflon-membrane and quartz-fiber filter pairs. Differences between the denuded particle OC and that obtained by subtracting the quartz-behind-Teflon or quartz-behind-quartz OC from the undenuded quartz-fiber front filter were less than twice their measurement uncertainties in most cases. Particulate OC in the denuded channel agreed most closely with the difference between undenuded front and backup quartz-fiber OC.
Integrated Agent-based modeling and optimization in complex systems analysis☆

Abstract This paper presents two case studies on the use of agent-based modeling in the design of complex systems. In the first case study, elements of a self-organizing system are modeled as agents so that their interactions and system-level behavior can be analyzed and optimized to design a protective convoy. The use of agent-based modeling enables a fast simulation-optimization loop for the optimization of behavioral parameters. In the second case study, users of the system are modeled as agents, so the co-evolution of user and system behavior can be modeled in the selection of a seating layout. This modeling provides insight into the social desires of consumers, in addition to the structural properties of the seating layout, allowing a deeper understanding of customer satisfaction and system performance.
Finding character strengths through loss: An extension of Peterson and Seligman (2003)

People can experience positive changes even in the midst of adversity and loss. We investigated character strengths following three recent shooting tragedies. Using an Internet database of respondents to the Values in Action Inventory of Strengths (VIA-IS), we compared responses from three groups of participants (N = 31,429) within close proximity of each event: those who completed it eight months prior to the event, and one month and two months after. Results suggested that for one of the events, participants who completed the VIA-IS after the event showed slightly different levels of self-reported character strengths compared to participants who completed the VIA-IS before the event, with some mean levels higher and others lower. The observed differences in character strengths were inconsistent across follow-up periods, and effect sizes were small (d values from –0.13 to 0.15). These findings raise questions about whether and how tragedies might catalyze differences in character strengths.
Collaborative classification of growing collections with evolving facets

There is a lack of tools for exploring large non-textual collections. One challenge is the manual effort required to add metadata to these collections. In this paper, we propose an architecture that enables users to collaboratively build a faceted classification for a large, growing collection. Besides a novel wiki-like classification interface, the proposed architecture includes automated document classification and facet schema enrichment techniques. We have implemented a prototype for the American Political History multimedia collection from usa.gov.
Profiles in Patient Safety: Antibiotic Timing in Pneumonia and Pay‐for‐performance

The delivery of antibiotics within four hours of hospital arrival for patients who are admitted with pneumonia, as mandated by the Joint Commission for the Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations and the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, has gained considerable attention recently because of the plan to implement pay-for-performance for adherence to this standard. Although early antibiotic administration has been associated with improved survival for patients with pneumonia in two large retrospective studies, the effect on actual patient care and outcomes for patients with pneumonia and other emergency department patients of providing financial incentives and disincentives to hospitals for performance on this measure currently is unknown. This article provides an in-depth case-based description of the evidence behind antibiotic timing in pneumonia, discusses potential program effects, and analyzes how the practical implementation of pay-for-performance for pneumonia conforms to American Medical Association guidelines on pay-for-performance.
Mechanisms of Pink Color Formation in Irradiated Precooked Turkey Breast Meat

Precooked turkey breast meat was aerobically packaged or vacuum-packaged and irradiated at 0, 2.5, or 5.0 kGy. CIE color, reflectance, oxidation-reduction potential (ORP), gas production, and lipid oxidation were determined at 0, 7, and 14 d. Irradiation increased redness of vacuum-packaged meat, and the redness was distinct and stable under vacuum. Irradiation decreased ORP and produced carbon monoxide (CO). This indicated that the pink color was caused by the heme pigment-CO complex formation. The reflectance of meat and the absorption spectra of myoglobin solution supported the assumption that denatured CO-myoglobin is the pigment in irradiated precooked turkey breast.
Pressure retarded osmosis: From the vision of Sidney Loeb to the first prototype installation — Review

The energy released from the mixing of freshwater with saltwater is a source of renewable energy that can be harvested using pressure retarded osmosis (PRO). In PRO, water from a low salinity solution permeates through a membrane into a pressurized, high salinity solution; power is obtained by depressurizing the permeate through a hydroturbine. The combination of increased interest in renewable and sustainable sources of power production and recent progress in membrane science has led to a spike in PRO interest in the last decade. This interest culminated in the first prototype installation of PRO which opened in Norway in late 2009. Although many investigators would suggest there is still lack of theoretical and experimental investigations to ensure the success of scaled-up PRO, the Norway installation has evoked several specialized and main-stream press news articles. Whether the installation and the press it has received will also boost competitive commercialization of membranes and modules for PRO applications remains to be seen. This state-of-the-art review paper tells the unusual journey of PRO, from the pioneering days in the middle of the 20th century to the first experimental installation.
Microbial and Phosphate Dynamics in a Restored Shrub Steppe in Southwestern Wyoming

Soil microbial activity and soil nutrients were monitored on a revegetated coal surface mine in southwestern Wyoming from the initial planting in 1982 through 1987. Total soil nitrogen (N) and organic matter did not change during this period. However, despite no changes in available phosphorus (P) concentrations, the total P declined over 50% during the five-year period, with no apparent reduction in the loss rates. The greatest loss was in the bound inorganic P pool. Moisture appeared not to limit microbial mass-C. Microbial mass-C was higher under shrubs than in interspaces and increased with time. Total organic matter did not increase. Thus, the ratio of microbial mass-C to organic matter-C increased during the study period. This suggests that the input of readily decomposable substrate may limit microbial activity. During the study period, all above-ground litter was removed by wind. Root production in the surface soils was low and highly variable and, in this habitat, probably did not contribute largely to the organic matter status. These data suggest that despite an apparent recovery of many parameters used to indicate reclamation or restoration success, the soil-bound P pools could be undergoing a loss. Microbial-C and organic matter changes indicate a system that is not approaching equilibrium within the required monitoring period of most restoration efforts. These parameters could eventually reduce the recovery potential of restored sites.
The Effectiveness of Therapeutic Touch for Decreasing Pain in Elders with Degenerative Arthritis

The purpose of this study was to determine if Therapeutic Touch (TT) decreased pain in elders with degenerative arthritis, compared with routine treatment and progressive muscle relaxation (PMR). Eighty-two noninstitutionalized subjects, age 55 or older, were randomly assigned to TT or PMR treatments. Subjects served as their own controls for 4 weeks and then received six treatments at 1-week intervals. Visual analogue scales (VAS) for pain intensity and distress were used. Significant differences from baseline to postsixth treatment were found within groups. TT decreased pain (t(46) = 7.60, p = < .001) and distress (t(44) = 7.08, p = < .001). PMR decreased pain (t(36) = 6.58, p = .005) and distress (t(36) = 6.90, p = < .001). Differences in effectiveness existed between the TT and PMR groups; the pain and distress scores were lower in the PMR group. The differences approached significance for pain, F(2, 76) = 2.8, p = .06, and were significant for distress, F(2, 75) = 5.6, p = .005.
Baugrubenböschungen mit etwas über 5 m Höhe im ungestörten Untergrund

Bei Baugrubenboschungen werden aus Platz- und Kostengrunden die in den jeweiligen Boden moglichen Boschungsneigungswinkel ausgenutzt. Dazu gibt DIN 4124 fur verschiedene Bodenarten und fur bis zu 5 m hohe Baugrubenboschungen Grenzwerte fur die Boschungsneigungen an, die in Regelfallen ohne weitergehende Standsicherheitsuntersuchungen nicht uberschritten werden durfen. Bei Uberschreitung der Grenzwerte wie generell bei Baugrubenboschungen uber 5 m Hohe sind nahere Standsicherheitsuntersuchungen nach DIN 4084 durchzufuhren. Diese konnen zu geringeren Boschungsneigungen mit einem entsprechend erhohten seitlichen Platzbedarf dann insbesondere fuhren, wenn nicht die wahrend der Bauzeit gunstigen Einflusse ausgeschopft werden wie die befristet ausnutzbare Kohasion aus Feinkornanteilen und kohasiven Verkittungen. Im Folgenden werden fur Baugrubenboschungen mit etwas uber 5 m Hohe fur Standardfalle Grenzwerte zur Bestimmung der Boschungsneigung und des seitlichen Platzbedarfes hergeleitet. Mit zunehmender Boschungshohe gehen die Grenzwerte gleitend in die zulassigen Boschungsneigungen uber, die sich aus naheren Standsicherheitsberechnungen nach DIN 4084 ergeben. Zur rechnerischen Ermittlung der Grenzwerte wird deren Funktionsbeschreibung fur allgemeine Bodenverhaltnisse hergeleitet und fur die haufiger auftretenden Falle einer Baugrube in einem Kies und in einem Schluff graphisch ausgewertet. Sloped excavation walls slightly exceeding 5m height in undisturbed subsoil. For lack of space and in order to limit the costs, sloped excavation walls typically are designed by applying the maximum achievable slope angle of the soil. For different type of soil and for slope heights of up to 5 m, the German Standard DIN 4124 for this purpose provides limit values for the slope angles, which as a rule without further stability analysis should not be exceeded. Steeper inclinations exceeding these limit values as well as slope heights above 5 m then generally do require corresponding stability analysis according to DIN 4084, which could lead both to smaller slope angles and to an increased place requirement respectively, especially if favourable influences during the construction period as for example the short-term usable cohesion-effect resulting from a fines content and cohesive cementation would not be utilized. For standard cases in the following therefore also for slope heights slightly exceeding 5 m such appropriate limit values for determination of the maximum slope angle and the corresponding minimum place requirement will be developed. With increasing height, these limit values then will pass continuously into the admissible slope angles as resulting from related stability analysis according to DIN 4084. For the calculative determination of the limit values a mathematical function for generalized subsoil conditions will be examined and finally graphically charted for a standard situation of an excavation pit in gravel and silt.
Hemivaginal Septum Resection in a Patient With a Rare Variant of Herlyn-Werner-Wunderlich Syndrome

Herlyn-Werner-Wunderlich syndrome is characterized by a triad of uterine didelphys, obstructed hemivagina, and ipsilateral renal agenesis. The syndrome should be suspected in any young woman with abdominal pain or cyclic dysmenorrhea, and radiologic evidence of mullerian duct and renal anomalies. Herein is presented the case of a 25-year-old woman with a rare variant of Herlyn-Werner-Wunderlich syndrome, characterized by an anomalous connection between the 2 endocervical canals, who underwent hemivaginal septum resection to relieve progressively worsening dysmenorrhea. The right hemivaginal septum was resected medially from the left cervix and laterally off the right vaginal wall. Hydrodissection between the hemivaginal septum and right cervix facilitated surgical resection. After resection of the hemivaginal septum there was complete resolution of dysmenorrhea and no recurrence of hematometra or hematocolpos.