cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Contrasting Metamorphic Record of Heat Production Anomalies in the Penokean Orogen of Northern Michigan

Abstract It is proposed that the contrasting metamorphic mineral assemblages of the isolated amphibolite facies metamorphic highs in the Penokean orogen of northern Michigan may be caused by different heat production rates in the Archean basement. This hypothesis is based on concentrations of K, U, and Th in the Archean basement gneisses and Paleoproterozoic metasediments that indicate significant contribution of radiogenic heating during Penokean metamorphism. Heat production was anomalously high (∼10.6 μWm−3) where andalusite‐bearing mineral assemblages indicate that high temperatures were attained at shallow crustal levels (∼550°–600°C at ∼3 kbar). In contrast, where exposed metamorphic rocks indicate peak temperatures of 600°–650°C at 6–7 kbar, heat production in the Archean basement was lower (∼3.7 μWm−3). The effect of heat production rates on the metamorphic pressure–temperature paths was tested with numerical thermal models. The calculations show (1) that if the heat production rate, where andalus...
Topographic nonoverlapping distribution of D1 and D2 dopamine receptors in the amygdaloid nuclear complex of the rat brain

The distribution of D1 and D2 dopamine (DA) receptors in the nuclei and subnuclear zones of the rat amygdaloid complex was mapped using quantitative light microscopic autoradiography. [125I]iodosulpiride and [125I]SCH 23982 (in the presence of 50 nM ketanserin) were used to label D2 and D1 DA receptors, respectively. The DA receptor subtypes exhibited a topographic, nonoverlapping distribution which generally conformed to the cytoarchitectonic boundaries of the component nuclei and subnuclear zones of the amygdaloid complex. The highest density of [125I]iodosulpiride binding sites was observed in the main intercalated cell group and the central amygdaloid nucleus where a medial to lateral gradient of binding sites was localized to its subnuclear zones. [125I]SCH 23982 binding sites were localized in the main intercalated cell group and the basolateral amygdaloid nucleus with a uniform low density in the central nucleus. The functional topography of mesoamygdaloid DA neurons may therefore be mediated, in part, at the level of DA receptor subtypes. The pattern of distribution of [125I]iodosulpiride binding sites in subdivisions of the central amygdaloid nucleus and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis suggests that the functions of the "extended amygdala," a major system of the functional organization of the basal forebrain, may be regulated by DA afferents at multiple key sites of D2 receptor action.
Asymptotic structure of planar nonadiabatic reverse combustion fronts in porous media

Abstract A leading-order analytic analysis of the structure of a planar nonadiabatic reverse combustion (RC) front in a combustible porous medium has been performed by use of matched asymptotic expansions in the activation energy of the combusion reaction. The model considers the irreversible reaction of oxygen in a feed gas flow with an excess of a single-component gaseous fuel devolatilized from the medium, according to one-step, first-order kinetics characterized by a large activation energy. A heat loss term linear in the local temperature difference and an infinite effective Lewis number are assumed for this two-phase combustion process. The analysis determines conditions for the extinction of the steady RC front in terms of the heat loss strength and oxidant flux, and shows the existence of two solutions for heat losses below the extinction value. The predicted dependence of the steady front velocity and temperature on the heat loss intensity agree qualitatively with experimental observations.
Go Ask Alice: Uncovering the Role of a University Partner in an Informal Science Curriculum Support Network

This article describes a study from the Linking Instructors Networks of Knowledge in Science Education project, which aims to examine the informal science curriculum support networks of teachers in a school–university curriculum reform partnership. We used social network analysis and qualitative methods to reveal characteristics of the informal science curriculum support network reported by a cohort of 13 teachers in an urban district. Access to materials for instruction was found to be a central factor in shaping networking and instructional practices. Alice, a university partner, emerged as a central figure in the network. She helped to distribute valuable resources and support. We describe how Alice's work with the school community fostered her key role in the teachers' networks. The findings have implications for researchers and practitioners for understanding and implementing science curriculum reform and university partnership programs.
Chloride Accumulation Drives Volume Dynamics Underlying Cell Proliferation and Migration

During brain development, progenitor cells migrate over long distances through narrow and tortuous extracellular spaces posing significant demands on the cell's ability to alter cell volume. This p...
Uncoupling of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation by thallium.

Summary Thallium in the absence of ionophores stimulates succinate oxidation rates in rat liver mitochondria. Mitochondria oxidizing ascorbate undergo large amplitude swelling in the presence of thallium, indicating that thallium is actively accumulated. Similar responses with potassium are possible only if valinomycin is present. Thallium thus appears to act as an uncoupler of energized mitochondria, and mitochondrial membranes can differentiate thallium from potassium.
Regulation of Class I MHC Gene Expression in the Developing and Mature CNS by Neural Activity

To elucidate molecular mechanisms underlying activity-dependent synaptic remodeling in the developing mammalian visual system, we screened for genes whose expression in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) is regulated by spontaneously generated action potentials present prior to vision. Activity blockade did not alter expression in the LGN of 32 known genes. Differential mRNA display, however, revealed a decrease in mRNAs encoding class I major histocompatibility complex antigens (class I MHC). Postnatally, visually driven activity can regulate class I MHC in the LGN during the final remodeling of retinal ganglion cell axon terminals. Moreover, in the mature hippocampus, class I MHC mRNA levels are increased by kainic acid-induced seizures. Normal expression of class I MHC mRNA is correlated with times and regions of synaptic plasticity, and immunohistochemistry confirms that class I MHC is present in specific subsets of CNS neurons. Finally, beta2-microglobulin, a cosubunit of class I MHC, and CD3zeta, a component of a receptor complex for class I MHC, are also expressed by CNS neurons. These observations indicate that class I MHC molecules, classically thought to mediate cell-cell interactions exclusively in immune function, may play a novel role in neuronal signaling and activity-dependent changes in synaptic connectivity.
Methodological and ethical issues in research using social media: a metamethod of Human Papillomavirus vaccine studies

Background Online content is a primary source of healthcare information for internet-using adults and a rich resource for health researchers. This paper explores the methodological and ethical issues of engaging in health research using social media.
Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors for the Treatment of Coexisting Depression and Psychosis in Dementia of the Alzheimer Type

Four patients, ages 75 to 92 years, with a dementia of the Alzheimer type, presented with accompanying depression and psychosis. In these patients, treatment with a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor resulted in a dramatic clearing of not only the depressive symptoms but the psychosis as well. Treatment was well tolerated in all cases.
A unifying Tm diagram for phosphatidylethanolamines with sn-1 C20 saturated and sn-2 C18 unsaturated acyl chains

Abstract We have determined calorimetrically the phase transition temperature (Tm) values of five sn-1 saturated/sn-2 unsaturated phosphatidylethanolamines (PE) in which the sn-1 acyl chain has 20 carbons and the sn-2 acyl chain has 18 carbons with different number and position of the cis double bond. When these Tm values are combined with the five published Tm values of related unsaturated PE, a unifying Tm diagram is generated for the first time. Moreover, as the molecular mechanics simulated structures of these lipids are taken into consideration, this unifying Tm diagram provides insight into how variations in the number and position of the cis double bond in the lipid’s sn-2 acyl chain can influence the phase transition behavior of the lipid bilayer.
Response to Letter Regarding Article, “Physician Alerts to Prevent Symptomatic Venous Thromboembolism in Hospitalized Patients”

We thank Dr Spyropoulos for his comments on our article.1 Upper-extremity deep vein thrombosis (UEDVT) has become more common over the past several decades.2 This phenomenon is due to the increasing use of indwelling central venous catheters, pacemakers, and defibrillators. We advocate studying UEDVT in venous thromboprophylaxis trials. In a study of 483 outpatients presenting with objectively confirmed acute DVT, …
The relationship between symptomatic and biochemical hypoglycaemia in insulin-dependent diabetic patients

The relationship between symptomatic (subjective feelings) and biochemical (blood glucose concentration less than 3 mmol l-1) hypoglycaemia was studied in 66 randomly selected insulin-dependent diabetic out-patients under normal conditions of daily life with conventional insulin injection regimens. The patients (a) collected 7-point diurnal blood glucose profiles at home on three consecutive days and then once weekly for 3 weeks, (b) indicated whether they felt hypoglycaemic at sampling times, and (c) collected extra samples if they felt hypoglycaemic at any time during the study period. The weekly frequencies of symptomatic and biochemical hypoglycaemia were 0.99 and 1.75 per patient, respectively. Biochemical hypoglycaemia was present in 29% of the symptomatic episodes, and symptomatic hypoglycaemia accompanied 16% of the biochemical episodes. Symptomatic hypoglycaemia was experienced at a median blood glucose concentration of 3.4 mmol l-1 (range 1.4-14.9 mmol l-1). Fifty per cent of both symptomatic and biochemical episodes occurred before lunch, while the remainder were evenly distributed throughout the day. The occurrence of biochemical hypoglycaemia, but not of symptomatic hypoglycaemia, was inversely correlated with HbA1c and median blood glucose concentration. Thus symptomatic hypoglycaemia is an unreliable indicator of biochemical hypoglycaemia and of the degree of glycaemic control. Blood glucose measurements are a prerequisite for the diagnosis of hypoglycaemia.
Radiance temperatures at 1500 nm of niobium and molybdenum at their melting points by a pulse-heating technique

Radiance temperatures at 1500 nm of niobium and molybdenum at their melting points were measured by a pulse-heating technique. The method is based on rapid resistive self-heating of the strip-shaped specimen from room temperature to its melting point in less than I s and measuring the specimen radiance temperature every 0.5 ms with a high-speed infrared pyrometer. Melting of the specimen was manifested by a plateau in the radiance temperature-versus-time function. The melting-point radiance temperature for a given specimen was determined by averaging the measured values along the plateau. A total of 12 to 13 experiments was performed for each metal under investigation. The melting point radiance temperatures for each metal were determined by averaging the results of the individual specimens. The results for radiance temperatures at 1500 nm are as follows: 1983 K for niobium and 2050 K for molybdenum. Based on the estimates of the uncertainties arising from the use of pyrometry and specimen conditions, the combined uncertainty (two standard-deviation level) in the reported values is ± 8 K.
Non-coding RNA in apicomplexan parasites

In recent years it has became evident that the transcriptome of most species has little protein-coding capacity and that the abundance of non-coding RNA was previously overlooked. Non-coding RNAs were initially thought to be transcriptional noise, however, a growing number of studies is showing that many of these RNAs have important regulatory functions. Here, we review the progress done in apicomplexan parasites in this rapidly growing field.
Quantization error and dithering

Digital storage and transmission promise noise-free images, but it is important to keep in mind that even digital is not perfect. Digital images have their own sources of noise: round-off error and quantization error. Whenever you do any sort of image arithmetic, such as contrast enhancement or compositing, you get roundoff error. In fact, since the arithmetic is often done in only X-bit accuracy, sometimes the round-off error can be substantial. You get quantization error, on the other hand, whenever you go from an analog signal to a digital signal or whenever you go from a high color-resolution signal (for example, 24 bits per pixel) to a low resolution signal (for example, 8 bits per pixel). The author considers the quantization error from analog to digital. >
Deciphering the RNA Polymerase II CTD Code in Fission Yeast

Summary The RNA polymerase II carboxy-terminal domain (CTD) consists of tandem Y 1 S 2 P 3 T 4 S 5 P 6 S 7 repeats. Dynamic remodeling of the CTD, especially its serine phosphorylation pattern, conveys informational cues about the transcription apparatus to a large ensemble of CTD-binding proteins. Our genetic dissection of fission yeast CTD function provides insights to the "CTD code." Two concepts stand out. First, the Ser2 requirement for transcription during sexual differentiation is bypassed by subtracting Ser7, signifying that imbalance in the phosphorylation array, not absence of a phospho-CTD cue, underlies a CTD-associated pathology. Second, the essentiality of Ser5 for vegetative growth is circumvented by covalently tethering mRNA capping enzymes to the CTD, thus proving that capping enzyme recruitment is a chief function of the Ser5-PO 4 mark. This illustrates that a key "letter" in the CTD code can be neutralized by delivering its essential cognate receptor to the transcription complex via an alternative route.
Effects of alcohol and nicotine on cytotoxic functions of human lymphocytes

The in vitro effects of the recreational drugs, ethanol (EtOH) and nicotine, on natural killer (NK) antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxic (ADCC) and lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cell activities on normal lymphocytes were investigated. Lymphocytes precultured with EtOH at concentrations of 0.4 and 0.6% (v/v) produced significant suppression of NK and ADCC activities. In target-binding assays, EtOH decreased the target-binding capacity of effector cells. EtOH also inhibited the activities of Percoll-separated, NK-enriched large granular lymphocytes. EtOH-induced inhibition of NK activity could be reversed by incubating lymphocytes for 1 hr with interferon. The generation and lytic capacity of LAK cells was also significantly depressed by EtOH when added at the initiation of culture. Nicotine at concentrations of 5 and 10 micrograms/ml, when added directly to mixtures of effector and target cells, produced significant inhibition of NK activity. Nicotine (2 micrograms/ml) and EtOH (0.01, 0.1, and 0.2%) at noninhibitory concentrations when added separately, showed significant suppression of NK activity when used in combination. Pretreatment of target cells with either EtOH or nicotine for 4 hr did not affect cytotoxic activity. Inhibition of cytotoxicity was also not due to direct toxicity of effector cells because lymphocytes treated with either EtOH or nicotine showed normal 51Cr release and their viability was comparable to that of untreated control cells. These studies demonstrate that EtOH and nicotine have significant immunomodulatory effects on the cytotoxic activities of human lymphocytes which may be of clinical relevance.
Beyond the “Narrow Data Base”: Another Convenience Sample for Experimental Research

The experimental approach has begun to permeate political science research, increasingly so in the last decade. Laboratory researchers face at least two challenges: determining who to study and how to lure them into the lab. Most experimental studies rely on student samples, yet skeptics often dismiss student samples for lack of external validity. In this article, we propose another convenience sample for laboratory research: campus staff. We report on a randomized experiment to investigate the characteristics of samples drawn from a general local population and from campus staff. We report that campus staff evidence significantly higher response rates, and we find few discernible differences between the two samples. We also investigate the second challenge facing researchers: how to lure subjects into the lab. We use evidence from three focus groups to identify ways of luring this alternative convenience sample into the lab. We analyze the impact of self-interest, social-utility, and neutral appeals on encouraging study participation, and we find that campus staff respond better to a no-nonsense approach compared to a hard-sell that promises potential policy benefits to the community or, and especially, to the self. We conclude that researchers should craft appeals with caution as they capitalize on this heretofore largely untapped reservoir for experimental research: campus employees.
Prognosis in patients with intra-Hisian conduction disturbances

Abstract Intra-Hisian delay is usually associated with fascicular conduction abnormalities. We report our experience in 23 patients who had intra-Hisian delay as their only conduction defect. First-degree intra-Hisian delay (His bundle deflection ≥ 30 msec) was present in 17 patients, 5 of whom also had split His potentials. Three of these patients received permanent pacemakers, all of whom had a history of syncope. Higher degrees of intra-Hisian delay were observed either spontaneously or in response to atrial pacing in 6 patients. Five of these patients were treated with permanent pacing, 4 of whom had symptomatic bradyarrhythmias and/or syncope. No patient has had a recurrence of symptoms following pacemaker insertion during the mean 31-month follow-up. No patient with first-degree intra-Hisian delay not receiving a pacemaker developed symptomatic bradyarrhythmias or syncope during a mean follow-up of 21 months. We conclude that first-degree intra-Hisian delay has a favorable short-term prognosis and is not associated with progression of symptomatic conduction disease. Data, however, are insufficient to draw firm conclusions regarding the significance of higher degrees of intra-Hisian delay. Prior documentation of intermittent heart block or recurrent syncope in the majority of these patients, nevertheless, suggests that they may be at risk for developing symptomatic bradyarrhythmias.
Children's Responses to Telegraphic and Grammatically Complete Prompts to Imitate

Purpose The purpose of this study was to determine whether children in the early stage of combining words are more likely to respond to imitation prompts that are telegraphic than to prompts that are grammatically complete and whether they produce obligatory grammatical morphemes more reliably in response to grammatically complete imitation prompts than to telegraphic prompts. Method Five children between 30 and 51 months of age with language delay participated in a single-case alternating treatment design with 14 sessions split between a grammatical and a telegraphic condition. Alternating orders of the 14 sessions were randomly assigned to each child. Children were given 15 prompts to imitate a semantic relation that was either grammatically complete or telegraphic. Results No differences between conditions were found for the number of responses that contained a semantic relation. In contrast, 3 of the 5 children produced significantly more grammatical morphemes when presented with grammatically complet...
THE STICK, THE CARROT, AND OTHER STRATEGIES: A Theoretical Analysis of Governmental Intervention

This article considers four strategies that a government agency might use to change the behavior of individuals: (1) informing target individuals of benefits; (2) facilitating the change for individuals; (3) requiring such change, with penalties for noncompliance; and (4) making the change more attractive. Two complementary theoretical perspectives—learning theory (Skinner) and utility theory (Schultze) —are used to analyze the strategies. Information and facilitation work best on “motivated” people. Regulation works best for strongly desired, discrete, detectable goals achievable in few ways; but it requires much monitoring and may promote undesired reactions. Incentives are the basis of the most reliable, efficient strategies, especially if the change is continuous, detectable, and achievable in many ways.
Continuity in cognitive abilities from infancy to 12 years of age

Abstract The aim of this study was to determine the nature of the continuity between a measure of duration of fixation at infancy and later cognitive competence. Sixty-seven 12-year-olds, born preterm and followed from birth, were tested with measures of information processing, sustained attention, and capacity to use relevant and irrelevant novel information. As hypothesized, short fixation durations were predictive of accuracy on a speeded information processing task requiring focused attention and were unrelated to sustained attention at 12 years. Neonates who fixated visual stimuli briefly were also more successful at adolescence on verbal analogies in which novel information was irrelevant than those who as neonates looked for long durations at unchanging visual stimuli. Intelligence at age 12 was a function of the characteristics of the infant and of the caregiving environment considered jointly.
KCNE1 divides the voltage sensor movement in KCNQ1/KCNE1 channels into two steps.

The mechanism by which KCNEβ subunits slow the kinetics of KCNQ1 channels is controversial. Here, Barro-Soria et al. show that mutually independent voltage sensor movements underlie the initial activation delay, and a subsequent slower conformational change opens the channel.
Is the ATP-dependent protection of lysosomes against osmotic lysis a function of the lysosomal proton pump.

Rat liver lysosomes have been used to characterize further the effects of ATP on lysosomal stability during incubation at 37°C at hypo-osmolarity. As previously reported, when the osmotically-supporting solute is the salt of a strong base (K+), ATP protects against lysis during incubation. However, if the osmotically-supporting solute is the salt of a weak base, e.g. Tris HCl or NH4Cl, ATP actually promotes lysis during incubation. Thus, ATP can exert destabilizing as well as protective effects on lysosomes. The destabilizing effect is eliminated by protonophores. The protective effect in the presence of potassium salts is not eliminated by protonophores. Moreover, when incubation is in the presence of a salt of a weak base, protonophores actually cause an ATP-dependent protective effect to be established. The destabilizing effect occurs at 37°C, but not at 0°C. The Mg−+-dependence of the destabilizing effect was found to be similar to that found earlier for the ATP-dependent protective effect, insofar as only 1 mM MgCl2 in the presence of 1 mM EDTA is sufficient for nearly maximal stimulation of both effects. The destabilizing effect may result from a H− ion gradient across the lysosomal membrane which is maintained by the lysosomal ATP-dependent proton pump. The protective effect, on the other hand, does not depend on such a gradient being maintained; on the contrary, protonophores appear to act as enablers of the protective effect. The question that remains to be answered is: does the protective effect derive in some way from the same ATP-driven mechanism which constitutes the proton pump? Some possible answers to this question are considered.
Adsorption effect on the degradation of 4,6-o-dinitrocresol and p-nitrophenol in a montmorillonite clay slurry by AFT

Abstract The adsorption and degradation of 4,6- o -dinitrocresol (DNOC) and p -nitrophenol (PNP) in SWy-2 montmorillonite clay slurry were investigated. The pH and type of cation of the slurry were varied. Results showed that adsorption of DNOC and PNP increased at lower pH values, and when pH K a (4.4) of DNOC, DNOC was almost completely adsorbed on the clay under given experimental conditions. The specific cation also had a significant effect on adsorption, which was dramatically enhanced in the presence of K + and NH 4 + , compared with the presence of Na + or Ca 2+ . Anodic Fenton treatment (AFT) degradation of DNOC and PNP in the clay slurry was studied, and it was found that DNOC degradation rates were greatly affected by the initial pH and the types of electrolytes. Due to the higher adsorption, the degradation rate substantially decreased in the clay slurry system in the presence of K + and low pH, with a large amount of DNOC residue remaining after 60 min treatment. AFT degradation of PNP was completed within 30 min treatment. Based on LC–MS data, a DNOC degradation pathway was proposed. Overall, the results showed the inhibition effect of adsorption on the degradation of nitroaromatic compounds in montmorillonite clay slurry by AFT, providing important implications for water and soil remediation.
Characterization of the molecular structure of amorphous selenium using recoverable creep compliance measurements

Abstract Viscosity and recoverable shear creep compliance measurements of amorphous selenium and Se x As 1− x binary solutions have been made below and above the glass transition temperature. The measurements suggest that selenium is a relatively low-molecular weight polymer and that the arsenic–selenium solutions are dynamic networks which display viscosities similar to those of uncrosslinked materials. We observe no evidence for the presence of rings.
Novel Approaches of Non-Invasive Stimulation Techniques to Motor Rehabilitation Following Stroke: A Review

This review intends to synthesize our understanding of the effects of novel approach of non-invasive peripheral nerve and brain stimulation techniques in motor rehabilitation and the potential role of these techniques in clinical practice. The ability to induce cortical plasticity with non-invasive stimulation techniques has provided novel and exciting opportunities for examining the role of the human cortex during a variety of behaviors literature concerning non-invasive stimulation technique incorporated into stroke research is young, limiting the ability to draw consistent conclusions. In this review we discuss how these techniques can enhance the effects of a behavioral intervention and the clinical evidence for its use to date. (Brain & NeuroRehabilitation 2014; 7: 71-75)
YOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT: WHAT DOES THE 1980 CENSUS SAY ABOUT ITS CAUSES AND CURES?

Unemployment rates for urban youth have grown considerably over the past decade and are currently at Great Depression levels. This paper examines the relative importance of four hypotheses regarding the causes of this development. These are that youth have been: (1) pushed out by recession conditions and declining growth rates; (2) crowded out by growth in their own numbers and expansions in female labor force participation; (3) priced out by minimum wages; or (4) dropped out by poverty, discrimination and other structural forces which have weakened the labor market attachment of young people. It is argued that most of the problem can be attributed to the pushed out and dropped out forces. Hence, policies to expand employment opportunities, as well as to reduce poverty and discrimination are most important. The author further argues that a redefinition of the problem and a reorientation of policy are both necessary.
The tug-of-war without noise and the infinity Laplacian in a wedge

Abstract Consider the ending time of the tug-of-war without noise in a wedge. There is a critical angle for finiteness of its expectation when player I maximizes the distance to the boundary and player II minimizes the distance. There is also a critical angle such that for smaller angles, player II can find a strategy where the expected ending time is finite, regardless of player I’s strategy. For larger angles, for each strategy of player II, player I can find a strategy making the expected ending time infinite. Using connections with the inhomogeneous infinity Laplacian, we bound this critical angle.
Flexible exchange rates and the J-curve: An alternative approach☆

Abstract Estimates of the J-curve that do not explicitly account for feedback effects may give misleading results. In the absence of a structural model, a VAR approach is recommended to solve this problem.
Application of theorem of minimum potential energy to a complex structure Part I: two-dimensional analysis

A cylindrical shell with a non-circular cross-section consisting of flat sides and circular arc corners is analyzed using the theorem of minimum potential energy. The three-dimensional analysis builds on previous two-dimensional work. The potential energy expression for the structure is developed, including first-order transverse shear deformation effects. All unknown displacements are represented by power series, and the potential energy expression is rewritten in terms of the summation convention for the power series. The variation of the potential energy expression is taken, leading to a linear system of equations that is solved for the unknown power series coefficients. With the displacements determined, stresses are calculated for a composite sandwich construction. An examination of both short shells (less than twice the boundary layer length) and long shells (more than twice the boundary layer length) is made. The MPE method with power series is found to predict behavior well for short shells, but not for long shells.
Effect sizes, confidence intervals, and confidence intervals for effect sizes

The present article provides a primer on (a) effect sizes, (b) confidence intervals, and (c) confidence intervals for effect sizes. Additionally, various admonitions for reformed statistical practice are presented. For example, a very important implication of the realization that there are dozens of effect size statistics is that authors must explicitly tell readers what effect sizes they are reporting. With respect to confidence intervals, when interpreting a 95% interval, we should never say that we are 95% confident that our interval captures the estimated population parameter. It is explained that effect sizes should be reported even for statistically nonsignificant effects. And, most importantly of all, it is emphasized that effect sizes should not be interpreted using Cohen's benchmarks. Instead, we ought to interpret our effects in direct and explicit comparison against the effects in the related prior literature. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 44: 423–432, 2007.
Estimating the refractive index and reflected zenith angle of a target using multiple polarization measurements

A passive polarization based imaging system records the polarization state of light reflected by objects that are illuminated with an unpolarized and generally uncontrolled source. The information conveyed by the polarization state of light has been exploited in applications such as target detection, shape extraction and material classification. In this paper we present a method to jointly estimate the refractive index and the reflected zenith angle from two measurements collected by a passive polarimeter. An expression for the degree of polarization is derived from the microfacet polarimetric bidirectional reflectance model for the case of scattering in the place of incidence. The parameters of interest are iteratively estimated from polarization measurements assumed to be collected with a polarimeter. Computer simulations are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Effects of Informative Feedback and Active Training upon Concept Attainment

Informative feedback procedures were compared with active training in concept attainment. 60 first-, second-, and third-grade children were presented with conjunctive concepts and assigned at random to each of 12 groups. The stimuli were drawings on cards representing the concepts. A 4 × 3 factorial design was employed which involved 3 combinations of feedback plus active training and 3 levels of task complexity. The results showed the informative feedback groups (right-wrong, nothing-wrong and right-nothing) discovered the concepts faster than the active training groups. Over all 3 levels of task difficulty the right-wrong condition yielded significantly better performance than the other feedback conditions and, in addition, nothing-wrong resulted in a faster rate of learning than right-nothing.
Conservation Genetics of Cyprinid Fishes (Genus Dionda) in Southwestern North America. II. Expansion of the Known Range of the Manantial Roundnose Minnow, Dionda argentosa

Abstract Cyprinids belonging to the genus Dionda have a relatively broad distribution in southwestern North America. However, validity of populations in several of the nominal species has not been examined rigorously. During the course of a conservation-genetics study of Dionda in western Texas we determined that one population presumed to represent Dionda episcopa instead belongs to Dionda argentosa. This extends the native range of D. argentosa to include the lower Pecos River basin in addition to its currently recognized distribution in three tributaries of the Rio Grande. Conservation implications for both species are discussed.
Effect of prenatally and postnatally induced hypoxia on blood volume newborn lambs

Abstract The effect of both prenatally and postnatally induced acute hypoxia on the blood volume was studied in 16 newborn lambs. Hypoxia was induced by 8% O 2 inhalation for 10–20 minutes prenatally in 7 term pregnant ewes immediately before caesarean section delivery of the lambs (Group 1), and postnatally in nine 2–4 day old lambs born spontaneously (Group 11). The umbilical cords of Group 1 lambs were clamped early (E.C.) within 10 seconds after birth. Group 11 lambs had their cords severed within one minute of birth by the ewes. Blood volume (BV) was measured by the double label, radioiodinated human serum albumin-125 (RIHSA-125) plasma tag and radiochromium-51 (Cr 51 ) red cell tag dilution technique. The red cell volume (RCV), which reflects the size of placental transfusion best, is significantly higher in Group 1 (42.1 ± 1.6 ml/kg) than in normal E.C. lambs (29.8 ± 2.0 ml/kg). The RCV in Group 1 was smaller than that in late clamped (L.C.) lambs, in whom an almost complete placental transfusion (RCV = 50.4 ± 2.3 ml/kg) had occurred; and close to those of spontaneously born lambs (S.B.) who received a partial placental transfusion (RCV = 36.7 ± 2.1 ml/kg). This finding in Group 1 suggests that with prenatal hypoxia, a partial placental transfusion had occurred in utero. In Group 11 lambs in whom hypoxia was postnatally induced, the BV, RCV, and plasma volume (109.7 ± 5.2, 44.1 ± 1.7 and 65.1 ± 4.2 ml/kg) were slightly, but not significantly, increased from control values of 101.6 ± 4.9, 40.8 ± 1.7 and 60.8 ± 4.3 mg/kg), respectively. It is suggested that postnatally induced hypoxia does not significantly increase the blood volume of newborn lambs due to the absence of placental reservoir of blood. Prenatally induced hypoxia appeared to bring about a higher blood volume than expected in E.C. lambs due to a transfer of placental blood to the fetus in utero. Blood volume redistribution in the feto-placental unit in utero is an unique adaptational response to prenatal hypoxia.
Interpretation of CO/Pt photoemission data via relativistic cluster calculations

Abstract Small clusters modeling various surfaces of platinum are employed in relativistic molecular orbital calculations. The results are correlated with existing ultraviolet (UPS) and X-ray (XPS) photoelectron spectra. The Pt valence band consists of two complexes, d 5 2 and d 3 2 , separated by spin-orbit splitting. The UPS result for clean Pt(111) conforms to a schematic description of the Pt d-band. The calculated ionization energies for the adsorbed CO compare well with UPS and XPS data.
Sleep of critically ill children in the pediatric intensive care unit: a systematic review

Critically ill children in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) are exposed to multiple physical, environmental and pharmacologic factors which increase the propensity for sleep disruption and loss and may, in turn, play a role in short-term recovery from critical illness and long-term neurocognitive outcomes. Mechanically ventilated children receive sedative and analgesic medications, often at high doses and for long durations, to improve comfort and synchrony with mechanical ventilation. Sedatives and analgesics can decrease slow wave sleep and rapid eye movement sleep. Paradoxically, sedative medication doses are often increased in critically ill children to improve the subjective assessment of sedation and sleep, leading to further agitation and deterioration of sleep quality. The heterogeneity in age and critical illness encountered in the PICU pose several challenges to research on sleep in this setting. The present article reviews the available evidence on sleep in critically ill children admitted to the PICU, with an emphasis on subjective and objective methods of sleep assessment used and special populations studied, including mechanically ventilated children and children with severe burns.
Ultrasound and spermatogenesis in the rat

Using exposure conditions comparable to those which have been associated by others with positive results, we tested for effects of ultrasound on sperm production over a period of 12 weeks following treatment. Continuous wave exposure with spatial average intensities of 1, 2 and 4 W/cm2 and exposure times up to 10 minutes were used. In some experiments, the exposures were repeated after an elapsed time of 48 h. No significant changes in spermatogenesis were related to any of the exposure conditions in spite of the fact that some of the treatments caused thermal tissue damage near bone. No effects of exposure were found in weights of the testis, prostate, seminal vesicle, or whole body.
SUPERFUND FINANCING ALTERNATIVES

In 1980 Congress created the Superfund to pay for the selective cleanup of hazardous waste disposal sites. The original Superfund program was financed by earmarked “feedstock” taxes on petroleum and 42 chemicals, and by a “waste-end” tax on hazardous waste received a t disposal facilities. Budgetary authority for the program expired in September 1985. Over a year elapsed before Congress renewed budgetary authority for the program by expanding the feedstock taxes, suspending the waste-end tax, and imposing a new broad-base tax on corporate income. This paper examines the efficiency and equity effects of the current and several alternative Superfund tax policies. Special emphasis is given to the administrative and compliance costs associated with each tax, and the capacity of each to complement EPA regulation of hazardous waste externalities.
The effect of presynaptic catecholamine depletion on 6-hydroxymelatonin sulfate: a double blind study of α-methyl-para-tyrosine

Because it is a competitive inhibitor of tyrosine hydroxylase, alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine (AMPT) is used to study psychiatric disorders. Melatonin serves as a biological marker of catecholamine function since its secretion is regulated by noradrenergic neurons via beta-adrenergic receptors in the pineal gland. Ten healthy volunteers were administered AMPT in a double-blind placebo controlled study. When subjects received AMPT, nocturnal 6-hydroxymelatonin sulfate (6-SM) decreased significantly as compared with promethazine (night 1 P=0.002; and night 2 P=0.001). Urinary MHPG also decreased on both study days (DF1,9 F=9.82, GG=0.0121). Nocturnal 6-SM excretion and melatonin secretion correlated highly (r=0.91, P=0.0007). Behavioral ratings did not reveal a difference in symptomatology and did not correlate with changes in 6-SM or MHPG. This study demonstrates in healthy controls that 6-SM reliably reflects presynaptic catecholamine depletion induced by AMPT without the emergence of behavioral symptoms.
Enhancement of real-time hybrid simulation on a shaking table configuration with implementation of an advanced control method

Summary This paper presents the implementation of Three Variable Control (TVC), an advanced control method, to the existing hybrid simulation (HS) system at the University of California, Berkeley. Motivation, background, and implementation of the TVC are explained together with modifications in the existing HS system. An application, which consists of the real-time HS of electrical disconnect switches on a shaking table configuration, demonstrates successful implementation of the TVC. The presented application also covers other HS-related features, namely employment of a three-dimensional analytical substructure, real-time HS-compatible operator-splitting integration method, and an efficient equation solver for faster computations. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Minimum Wages, Factor Substitution and the Marginal Producer

Intra- and interindustry changes in labor intensity, 478. — Minimum wage effects on the "small producer," 483.
A New Approach to Estimating the Minimum Dietary Requirement of Phosphorus for Large Rainbow Trout Based on Nonfecal Excretions of Phosphorus and Nitrogen

A new method was developed to estimate the minimum dietary requirement of phosphorus (P) for large fish for which conventional methods are not suitable. The method is based upon nonfecal (mainly urinary) excretion of inorganic P and total nitrogen from fish placed in a metabolic tank. In the first experiment, small and large rainbow trout (body wt 203 and 400 g, respectively) and, in the second experiment, P-sufficient, P-deficient and starved rainbow trout (different in diet history; body wt 349-390 g) were fed a constant amount (standard feeding rate) of semipurified diets with incremental P concentrations once daily at 15 degrees C. In all cases, there was no measurable excretion of P when dietary P concentration was low; however, beyond a specific dietary concentration, excretion of P increased rapidly. The point where the fish started to excrete P was assumed to be the minimum dietary requirement. By d 3 of consuming the experimental diets, the response of the fish to dietary P concentration stabilized, and excretion of P remained constant within dietary treatment groups for the subsequent sampling days (d 6, 9 and 12). The minimum dietary requirement of available P for fish having body wt of 203 and 400 g was estimated to be 6.62 and 5.54 g/kg dry diet, respectively, and that for P-sufficient, P-deficient and starved fish was estimated to be 4.06, 5.83 and 4.72 g/kg dry diet, respectively, when feed efficiency is 1.
A method of accelerating convergence for Genetic Algorithms evolving morphological and control parameters for a biomimetic robot

In generating efficient gaits for biomimetic robots, control commands and robot morphology are closely coupled, particularly for soft bodied robots with complex internal dynamics. Achieving optimal robot energy consumption is only possible if robot control parameters and morphology are tuned simultaneously. Genetic Algorithms (GAs) are well suited for this purpose. In this application, however, GAs converge slowly because of the high dimensionality of the fitness landscape, the limited number of successful designs within this landscape, and the significant computational cost of evaluating the fitness function using dynamics simulations. To accelerate GA convergence for design applications involving biomimetic robots, a new physics-based preprocessing methodology is proposed. This preprocessing strategy was applied to develop gaits for a biomimetic caterpillar robot. Convergence speeds were observed to increase significantly through the application of the physics-based preprocessing.
The efficient modeling of thin material sheets in the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method

A subcell model is presented for including thin material sheets in the finite-difference time-domain method. The subcell model removes the normal restriction which sets the spatial grid increment at least as small as the smallest physical feature in the solution space. Removing this restriction leads to greatly reduced storage requirements and a corresponding reduction in the number of time steps needed. The subcell model is verified by comparison with the exact results for the loss and phase shift for a parallel plate waveguide loaded with a thin material sheet. Specifically, thin conducting as well as thin dielectric sheets are investigated for both TEM and TM/sub 1/ time-harmonic excitations of the waveguide. The FDTD results are in very good agreement with the exact results. Finally, the subcell model is used in the analysis of a practical problem-a resistively loaded monopole antenna formed from a thin-walled conducting tube. The FDTD results are compared with accurate measurements for this antenna, and, again, the two are in very good agreement. >
Divorce in Families of Children with Down Syndrome: A Population-Based Study.

Abstract In this study, we examined the nature, timing, and correlates of divorce in families of children with Down syndrome (647), other birth defects (10,283) and no identified disability (361,154). Divorce rates among families of children with Down syndrome were lower than in the other two groups. When divorce did occur in the Down syndrome group, however, a higher proportion occurred within the first 2 years after the child's birth. Mothers and fathers of children with Down syndrome were much more likely to divorce if they were younger, had not graduated from high school, and if fathers were less educated and lived in a rural area. Few effects on divorce were noted for a variety of family structure variables.