cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mediating the views of databases and database users

The Natural-Language/Deduction group at SRI International has undertaken several large projects integrating knowledge representation, the modeling and use of distributed conventional databases, logical deduction, and natural-language processing. One of the largest projects, LADDER [2], involved accessing data distributed over a computer network by using queries expressed in English. Work with LADDER (and several similar systems) has revealed that:(1) Users wish to talk about data in terms of the enterprise in which the data are to be used. Users do not confine their questions to concepts and terminology covered by the database per se.(2) Users are seldom satisfied with access only to the data in a database. They need to know the KIND of data available (i.e., they want to ask questions about the DB schema), and they expect systems to include information that can be computed from “common knowledge” and information stored explicitly in the database (e.g., if a database records where two ships are, users expect the system to know the distance between them).(3) Users are not satisfied with access to an existing database. They want to tell the system new facts. Some of these are not suitable for storage in conventional databases (e.g., statements involving quantification), and some involve counter factuals (e.g., “Suppose the ship were 100 miles south of its current location...”).(4) Given natural-language access to a DBMS, users expect to interact in natural language with other types of software, too. Moreover, they expect the various underlying software packages to understand one another's results (e.g., User: “Who is the commander of the ship?” System: “Admiral Brown.” User: “Send him a copy of Smith's memo.” The mailer is expected to understand the output from the database).
Effects of Asbestos on Specific Binding of Phorbol Ester Tumor Promoter and Protein Kinase C Activity in Hamster Tracheal Epithelial (HTE) Cells

Crocidolite asbestos causes proliferative changes in tracheobronchial epithelial cells that are similar to those observed after exposure of a number of cell types to phorbol esters, i.e. classical tumor promoters in skin and other organs (reviewed in Mossman et al., 1985). These biological changes, which include increased uptake of 3H-thymidine (Landesman and Mossman, 1982), increased activity of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), i.e. a rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of polyamines (Marsh and Mossman, 1988), and the development of squamous metaplasia (Mossman et al., 1980a), may be important in the pathogenesis of bronchogenic carcinoma, a tumor of high risk in asbestos workers who smoke. In an attempt to understand how asbestos initiates alterations in cell proliferation and differentiation, we focused here on whether crocidolite asbestos causes activation of protein kinase C (PKC), a calcium- and phospholipid-dependent enzyme which phosphorylates several intracellular protein substrates and plays a crucial role in growth control and tumor promotion (Nishizuka, 1986). The potent phorbol tumor promoter, 12-0-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), and related compounds activate PKC by structurally resembling diacylglycerol.
On the design of scalable, self-configuring virtual networks

Virtual networks (VNs) provide methods that simplify resource management, deal with connectivity constraints, and support legacy applications in distributed systems, by enabling global addressability of VN-connected machines through either a common layer 2 Ethernet or a NAT-free layer 3 IP network. This paper presents a novel VN design that supports dynamic, seamless addition of new resources with emphasis on scalability in a unified private IP address space. Key features of this system are: (1) Scalable connectivity via a P2P overlay with the ability to bypass overlay routing in LAN communications, (2) support for static and dynamic address allocation in conjunction with virtual nameservers through a distributed data store, and (3) support for transparent migration of IP endpoints across widearea networks.The approach is validated by a prototype implementation which has been deployed in grid and cloud environments. We present both a quantitative and qualitative discussion of our findings.
Detecting and locating damage initiation and progression in full-scale sandwich composite fuselage panels using acoustic emission

In this study, acoustic emission was evaluated as a supplementary nondestructive testing method for detecting damage initiation and progression, identifying the site of damage, and anticipating ult...
Option Pricing by Transform Methods: Extensions, Unification, and Error Control

We extend and unify Fourier-analytic methods for pricing a wide class of options on any underlying state variable whose characteristic function is known. In this general setting, we bound the numerical pricing error of discretized transform computations, such as DFT/FFT. These bounds enable algorithms to select efficient quadrature parameters and to price with guaranteed numerical accuracy.
An approach to the simulation of a time-sharing system

The past several years have seen the development of time-sharing capability on a variety of second generation computers. For the most part, though, these projects should really be termed experimental efforts. Because the systems were providing a broad or general purpose service, it was not possible to take advantage of the many shortcuts employed by the more specific purpose systems such as those for airline reservations. No assumptions could be made about the size, running time or bug-free condition of the programs to be executed.
Private key and public key quantum cryptography

Summary form only given. Information has always been valuable, never more so than in recent decades, and throughout history people have turned to cryptography in an attempt to keep important information secret. Coherent manipulation of quantum states promises to rearrange the lists of possible and impossible cryptographic tasks. The author gives an overview of the changes, including Shor's algorithm to break classical codes with a quantum computer and protocols for quantum key distribution using single photons to perform unbreakable encryption. One useful classical technique is the idea of a public key, which can be safely handed out even to an adversary. The author shows how to create quantum protocols with similar properties, and how they can be used to create unbreakable digital signatures.
Breeding for resistance to Varroa destructor in North America

Breeding for resistance to Varroa destructor in North America provides the long-term solution to the economic troubles the mite brings. This review reports the development of two breeding successes that have produced honey bees of commercial quality that do not require pesticide treatment to control Varroa, highlights other traits that could be combined to increase resistance and examines the potential uses of marker-assisted selection (MAS) for breeding for Varroa resistance. Breeding work continues with these stocks to enhance their commercial utility. This work requires knowledge of the mechanisms of resistance that can be further developed or improved in selected stocks and studied with molecular techniques as a prelude to MAS. Varroa resistance / breeding program / Russian honey bees / Varroa-sensitive hygiene / marker-assisted selection
Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time Versus Antifactor Xa Heparin Assay in Monitoring Unfractionated Heparin by Continuous Intravenous Infusion

Background:Unfractionated heparin (UFH) has been used clinically for 5 decades. Despite being a cornerstone of anticoagulation, UFH is limited by its unpredictable pharmacokinetic profile, which makes close laboratory monitoring necessary. The most common methods for monitoring UFH are the activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) and antifactor Xa heparin assay (anti-Xa HA), but both present challenges, and the optimal method to monitor UFH remains unclear.Objective:To compare the performance of the aPTT with the anti-Xa HA for efficiency and safety of monitoring intravenous UFH infusions.Methods:This was a single-center, retrospective, observational cohort study conducted in an 852-bed academic medical center.Results:One hundred patients receiving intravenous UFH for a variety of indications were enrolled in the study; 50 were assigned to each group. The mean (SD) time to achieve therapeutic anticoagulation was significantly less in the anti-Xa HA group compared with the aPTT group (28 [16] vs 48 [26...
High-order numerical simulation and modelling of the interaction of energetic and inert materials

We present an integrated algorithm on a Eulerian grid, for multimaterial simulations of energetic and inert materials modelled by non-ideal equations of state. We employ high-resolution shock capturing numerical algorithms for each material inside its domain and use an overlap domain method across the interface, maintained by a recently developed, hybrid, level-set algorithm. For applications to condensed explosives we implement a non-ideal, wide-ranging equation of state and reaction rate law. For inert materials, like plastic, metal, water, etc., we implement a (linear in the pressure) Mie–Gruneisen, (U p −U s ), equation of state. We present a series of verifications of the integrated multimaterial code and show validations against experiment. We show examples of simulations of various experiments associated with real or planned experiments, some of which contain energetic materials (specifically the condensed explosives PBX-9502 and PBX-9501).
“I Want to Be Just Like Their Real Dad” Factors Associated With Stepfather Adoption

Adoption has been the purview of the social work field but has received little empirical evaluation by other family scholars. Using the 2002 National Survey of Family Growth, 378 men currently cohabiting with or married to a woman with her own children are evaluated to determine whether the respondent's biological children affect the odds of adoption of his wife's or cohabiting partner's children. Logistic regression results support the social role facilitation hypothesis as the presence of resident, shared biological children the respondent fathered with the current spouse/partner is associated with greater odds of stepparent adoption. The presence of nonresident biological children fathered with a previous spouse/partner reduces the odds of stepfather adoption because men who have such children are less likely to be married. Results suggest that men who adopt their stepchildren are uncommon, and new and existing biological children play a role in formalizing relationships with stepchildren.
Vaccination with Synthetic Hepatitis B Virus Peptides

Until recently, it was generally accepted that the protein moiety of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) envelope (env) and of sub viral hepatitis B surface antigen particles (HBsAg) consists of a single 25,000-M r species existing in either nonglycosylated (P25) or glycosy-lated forms (GP29). Higher-molecular-weight components detected by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) of HBV (HBsAg) were considered to represent artifacts of the technique or contaminants (Koistinen, 1980; Peterson et al., 1984). This conclusion was not compatible with results indicating the presence on HBV and on tubular forms of HBsAg of antigenic determinants not present on P25/GP29 (Alberti et al, 1978; Moodie et al, 1974; Neurath et al, 1976). Cloning and sequencing of HBV DNA has provided evidence that the gene coding for HBV env proteins has the capacity to code for proteins larger than the 226 amino acid chain of P25 (Tiollais et al., 1981) (Fig. 1), designated S protein, the translational product of the S region of the HBV env gene. Stibbe and Gerlich (1983) suggested that the minor HBsAg components GP33 and GP36 have the same sequence as P25 plus 55 additional amino acids at the TV-terminus encoded by the pre-S (pre-S2) region of the env gene. They also reported that these components are probably not important for hepatitis B vaccines.
Assessing Emotionality in Organizational Conflicts.

The level of emotions remaining after an organizational conflict has the potential to alter the trajectory of organizational relationships. One hundred seventy-four employees and supervisors report...
An Inexpensive, Accurate Method for Measuring Leaf Area and Defoliation Through Digital Image Analysis

We report a protocol using a common desk-top scanner and public domain software for measuring existing leaf area and leaf area removed as a result of herbivory. We compared the accuracy and precision of this method to that of a standard leaf area meter. Both methods were used to measure metal disks of a known area, the area of soybean (Glycine max L.) leaves, and the area removed by simulating leaf feeding with a hole-punch. We varied the amount of injury across a low, medium, and high degree of simulated feeding. The mean area of 10 cm 2 and 50 cm 2 metal disks was more accurately estimated with the leaf area meter than the desk-top scanner. Leaf area estimates from both methods were highly correlated. The desk-top scanner accurately estimated the leaf area removed from the low, medium, or high degree of simulated leaf feeding. However, the leaf area meter overestimated low levels of simulated feeding injury. Th oughmeasuring a leafOs surface area witha desk-top scanner requires two steps (creating a digital image Þle and calculating the area represented by that image), the overall time required to measure leaf injury is shorter than with a leaf area meter. This relatively simple and inexpensive method of estimating leaf area and feeding damage has advantages in certain experimental situations where a prefeeding measurement of the leaf is impossible or undesirable, or when small amounts of feeding occur.
Judicial Discretion and Constitutional Law

I am always pleased to visit Helsinki; today I am also honored. Every visit to this place is a delight because Helsinki is a beautiful and fascinating city and because I have such kind and stimulating friends here. Today is very special because I have been greatly honored with your invitation to deliver the first Otto Brusiin Lecture. Some measure of Brusiin’s philosophical importance can be seen by glancing at the distinguished audience here this evening, for he, more than anyone else, planted the germinal ideas that have flowered into the Finnish legal philosophy that flourishes in our time. As Professor Aulis Aarnio has written: Quite on the eve of the Second World War, in 1938, there finally appeared a study which in several senses may be also considered the growth ground of present-day Finnish legal theory. This work was Otto Brusiin’s dissertation, ‘The judge’s discretion in absence of the norm’..., an original and penetrating examination of the foundations of legal thinking. (Aarnio, 1978, p.11)
Iodine Intercalation in the Ionic Conductor SrxBi9-xO(27-x)/2

The intercalation reactions of iodine with the layered oxide ion conductors SrxBi9-xO(27-x)/2 (x = 0.90, 1.20, 1.50, 2.00, 2.40) have been studied by powder X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric ana...
Abstract 3183: The role of G-protein coupled receptor-associated sorting protein 1 (GASP-1) in breast cancer progression

An innovative “2-D High Performance Liquid Electrophoresis” (2-D HPLE) technology was used to identify serum biomarkers associated with the earliest stage of breast cancer in addition to other more advanced stages. 2-D HPLE is a newly developed electrophoretic technology that separates 1009s of serum albumin complexes on a polyvinyl membrane based on their surface charges. Association of cancer proteins (biomarkers) with pre-existing albumin complexes in the blood of cancer patients results in altered mobility on the membrane. Using 2-D HPLE we identified that G-protein coupled receptor-associated sorting protein 1(GASP-1) was present in the sera of patients with early stage disease but absent in sera of normal patients. GASP-1 has been shown to modulate lysosomal sorting and functional down-regulation of a variety of G-protein coupled receptors in neuronal cells. However, no reports have linked GASP-1 to breast cancer pathogenesis. GASP-1 was detected in tumor extracts of 7 cases of stage 2 and stage 3 breast cancer but not in adjacent normal tissue as revealed by Western Blot analysis using an antibody developed against a GASP-1 peptide identified by our 2-D HPLE technology. Using this antibody, we immunohistochemically detected over-expression of GASP-1 in all 59 cases of archived ductal breast carcinoma tumor samples. When GASP-1 was silenced in MB-231 breast carcinoma, the cells grew more than 5 fold slower than corresponding vector controls. These studies identify GASP-1 as a potential new serum and tumor biomarker for breast cancer and suggest that GASP-1 may be a novel target for development of breast cancer therapeutics. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3183. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-3183
Characterization of a Geothermal System In the Upper Arkansas Valley, CO

Over the past five years, geophysics students and faculty from Colorado School of Mines, Boise State University, and recently Imperial College of London have used a combination of geological and geophysical methods to characterize the subsurface in the Upper Arkansas Valley, Colorado. We present and integrate seismic, selfpotential, gravity and magnetic data, as well as water temperature measurements in local wells to ascertain the overall basin structure and investigate a geothermal system in the Mt. Princeton area. We conclude that a shallow orthogonal fault system in this area appears to be responsible for the local geothermal signature at and near the surface. The extent to which high temperatures exist throughout the deeper basin is still under investigation. Geological background The Upper Arkansas basin is the northernmost extension of the Rio Grande Rift. This rift system starts near Leadville, Colorado and extends southward over 700 kilometers to Socorro, New Mexico (Halley, 1978). The north-trending rift consists of a series of four en echelon basins. From north to south these basins are the Upper Arkansas, San Luis, Espanola, and Albuquerque Basins. The Upper Arkansas Basin is the least understood of the basins as deep drill hole studies are not available, and deep seismic profiles have only become available in the last five years. An overview of the basin and its main features is presented Figure 1. The basin is assumed to be the youngest expression of an Eocene collapse of the Laramide uplift (Tweto, 1979), with the rifting beginning around 25 to 30 Ma. It consists of a north-northwest-trending half-graben, dipping westward, bounded between the Mosquito range on the east and the Sawatch range on the west. It is about 100 km long and 5 to 10 km wide. The basin splits into a northern section close to Leadville, and the main section spanning from Poncha Springs to the north of Buena Vista.
A dominantly negative mutation in cardiac troponin I at the interface with troponin T causes early remodeling in ventricular cardiomyocytes.

We previously reported a point mutation substituting Cys for Arg111 in the highly conserved troponin T (TnT)-contacting helix of cardiac troponin I (cTnI) in wild turkey hearts (Biesiadecki et al. J Biol Chem 279: 13825–13832, 2004). This dominantly negative TnI-TnT interface mutation decreases the binding affinity of cTnI for TnT, impairs diastolic function, and blunts the β-adrenergic response of cardiac muscle (Wei et al. J Biol Chem 285: 27806–27816, 2010). Here we further investigate cellular phenotypes of transgenic mouse cardiomyocytes expressing the equivalent mutation cTnI-K118C. Functional studies were performed on single adult cardiomyocytes after recovery in short-term culture from isolation stress. The amplitude of contraction and the velocities of shortening and relengthening were lower in cTnI-K118C cardiomyocytes than wild-type controls. The intracellular Ca2+ transient was slower in cTnI-K118C cardiomyocytes than wild-type cells. cTnI-K118C cardiomyocytes also showed a weaker β-adrenergic response. The resting length of cTnI-K118C cardiomyocytes was significantly greater than that of age-matched wild-type cells, with no difference in cell width. The resting sarcomere was not longer, but slightly shorter, in cTnI-K118C cardiomyocytes than wild-type cells, indicating longitudinal addition of sarcomeres. More tri- and quadrinuclei cardiomyocytes were found in TnI-K118C than wild-type hearts, suggesting increased nuclear divisions. Whole-genome mRNA array and Western blots detected an increased expression of leukemia inhibitory factor receptor-β in the hearts of 2-mo-old cTnI-K118C mice, suggesting a signaling pathway responsible for the potent effect of cTnI-K118C mutation on early remodeling in cardiomyocytes.
A method for estimating the bacterial population of the oropharynx.

Abstract Some refinements of the technique of estimating the streptococcal and staphylococcal population of the oropharynx are described. Statistical analysis of the data derived by the use of these refinements indicates that the oropharyngeal flora can be estimated in more precise terms than heretofore described.
The role of mRNA structure in bacterial translational regulation

The characteristics of bacterial messenger RNAs (mRNAs) that influence translation efficiency provide many convenient handles for regulation of gene expression, especially when coupled with the processes of transcription termination and mRNA degradation. An mRNA's structure, especially near the site of initiation, has profound consequences for how readily it is translated. This property allows bacterial gene expression to be altered by changes to mRNA structure induced by temperature, or interactions with a wide variety of cellular components including small molecules, other RNAs (such as sRNAs and tRNAs), and RNA-binding proteins. This review discusses the links between mRNA structure and translation efficiency, and how mRNA structure is manipulated by conditions and signals within the cell to regulate gene expression. The range of RNA regulators discussed follows a continuum from very complex tertiary structures such as riboswitch aptamers and ribosomal protein-binding sites to thermosensors and mRNA:sRNA interactions that involve only base-pairing interactions. Furthermore, the high degrees of diversity observed for both mRNA structures and the mechanisms by which inhibition of translation occur have significant consequences for understanding the evolution of bacterial translational regulation. WIREs RNA 2017, 8:e1370. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1370 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
Tendon pathology in trauma CT imaging: an under-recognized entity

Computed tomography (CT) scans are increasingly ordered in the emergent setting, for diagnosis of occult fractures and treatment planning of known fractures or fracture dislocations. Although having inferior soft tissue contrast resolution compared to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), CT may provide important information regarding tendon pathology that is often under-recognized but may better serve patient outcomes, whether in or out of the operative setting. In this pictorial essay, we present CT cases which demonstrate some of the more commonly encountered tendon abnormalities in patients with acute trauma.
The Way I See It: College libraries and the new technology

La rapidite croissante des technologies d'information amene a une remise en question des programmes de formation des utilisateurs, notamment des contenus, des principes et des objectifs des formations a la recherche bibliographique dispensees par les services de references. La mise en perspective des technologies pour une aptitude a l'information a long terme defiant l'obstacle de ce contexte changeant a amene l'auteur a penser la formation a l'utilisation de ces technologies comme un processus. Il en expose les challenges
The Role of Cambodian Civil Society in the Victim Participation Scheme of the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia

One of the most interesting features of the ECCC is that it combines an extensive victim participation scheme with a collective reparations mandate. However, it has been a gradual learning curve for the ECCC to manage the participation of more than 8,000 victims in its proceedings. Benefiting from its in-country location, the ECCC has been able to rely on collaboration with relatively strong and proactive local civil society organisations. Working primarily at the intersection between the Court and society, these NGOs have assumed various roles in support of the ECCC’s victim participation process, some of which would more commonly fall within the responsibility of a court. This chapter explores the main roles Cambodian NGOs play in the ECCC’s victim participation scheme and draws some preliminary observations at a point where the Court has completed its first case and is in the midst of trial hearings in its second case.
Working With Grandparent-Headed Families in Schools: School Professionals' Perspectives

ABSTRACTThis qualitative study explores the experiences of school professionals working with grandparent-headed families. Twenty individual interviews with an array of professional school staff were conducted. Thematic analysis was utilized, and 3 key themes emerged: (a) compassion for grandparent-headed families' unique challenges; (b) lack of adequate knowledge about grandparent-headed families; and (c) strategies for engaging grandparents raising their grandchildren. Implications address the importance of understanding the unique needs of grandparent-headed families and ways to maximize the success of these marginalized families through active family engagement and school-linked services.
Learning through Making and Maker Education

In this paper, we provide an overview of the current efforts in maker education, supported by a review of empirical studies. Our synthesis will inform the community about learning outcomes, potential and common issues, challenges, resources, and future research direction regarding maker education.
Experimental Characterization of Reverse-Oriented Film Cooling

Reverse-oriented film cooling, which consists of film cooling holes oriented to inject coolant in the opposite direction of the freestream, is experimentally investigated. Tests are conducted at various blowing ratios (M = 0.25, 0.5, and 1.0) under both low and high freestream turbulence (Tu = 0.4% and 10.1%), with a density ratio near unity. The interesting flow field that results from the reverse-jet-in-crossflow interaction is characterized using flow visualization, particle image velocimetry, and thermal field measurements. Heat transfer performance is evaluated with adiabatic film effectiveness and heat transfer coefficient measurements obtained using infrared thermography. Adiabatic effectiveness results show that reverse film cooling produces very uniform and total coverage downstream of the holes, with some reduction due to increased freestream turbulence. The reverse film cooling holes are evaluated against cylindrical holes in the conventional configuration, and were found to perform better in terms of average effectiveness and comparably in terms of net heat flux reduction, despite augmented heat transfer coefficient. Compared to shaped hole data from previous studies, the reverse film cooling holes generally had worse heat transfer performance. The aerodynamic losses associated with the film cooling are characterized using total pressure measurements down-stream of the holes. Losses from the reverse configuration were found to be higher when compared to cylindrical holes in the conventional and compound angle configurations.Copyright © 2017 by ASME
Trash-talking: How competitive incivility can help and harm performance

Trash-talking increases the psychological stakes of competition and motivates targets to outperform their opponents. In Study 1, participants in a competition who were targets of trash-talking outp...
NQR/NMR Studies of Solid Phase Energetic Materials

A review of NQR/NMR studies of solid phase energetic materials is presented. Work on structure and bonding and molecular dynamics in Trinitrobenzene, Ammonium Nitrate, Nitrocellulose, RDX, HMX and PETN is reviewed.
A Stacked-Inverter Ring Oscillator for 50 mV Fully-Integrated Cold-Start of Energy Harvesters

Energy harvesting from ambient sources, such as body temperature, is an attractive solution for powering battery-less wearable electronics used for healthcare diagnostics. While feasible from an energy standpoint, initial start-up of an energy harvesting circuit from a millivolt-level thermoelectric generator output poses a particular challenge. One approach to boosting such a low input voltage is to use a low-voltage oscillator to start up a higher voltage DC-DC converter. In this work, we demonstrate a modified ring-oscillator architecture using a stacked three-inverter delay element, which can generate self-sustained oscillation from an input supply voltage as low as 50 mV. Compared to inductor-based on-chip oscillators or those using native transistors, this architecture significantly reduces circuit area and expands process compatibility. The start-up oscillator is implemented in a standard 0.18 μm CMOS process and comprises 21 stages; it generates a clock of frequency 9.5 kHz with a 86% voltage swing from an input supply voltage of 50 mV, while occupying less than 0.003 mm2 and consuming 818 pW.
Structure of Bax: Coregulation of Dimer Formation and Intracellular Localization

Apoptosis is stimulated by the insertion of Bax from the cytosol into mitochondrial membranes. The solution structure of Bax, including the putative transmembrane domain at the C terminus, was determined in order to understand the regulation of its subcellular location. Bax consists of 9 alpha helices where the assembly of helices alpha1 through alpha 8 resembles that of the apoptosis inhibitor, Bcl-x(L). The C-terminal alpha 9 helix occupies the hydrophobic pocket proposed previously to mediate heterodimer formation and bioactivity of opposing members of the Bcl-2 family. The Bax structure shows that the orientation of helix alpha 9 provides simultaneous control over its mitochondrial targeting and dimer formation.
Tribes and Democratization/De-democratization in Libya

In the aftermath of the first elections in the post-Qaddafi era in Libya, in the summer of 2012, there was an ongoing disagreement amongst the observers of this country about the present and the future stability of the country. The pessimists, such as Henry Kissinger, warned against the “collapse of the state” (2012). The optimists, such as Juan Cole (2012), who had championed the NATO intervention into Libya, celebrated the fairly smooth handling of the elections as a sign of democratization. The state of affairs in the country after the elections provided evidence to support both perspectives. On the one hand, the country’s tradition of statelessness was pronounced by the advance of the tribal militia as the primary political and military force following the downfall of the Qaddafi regime (Lacher 2013). On the other hand, the populations from the three main regions of the country—Tripolitania–Tripoli, Cyrenaica–Benghazi, and Fezzan—continued to express willingness to collaborate peacefully to establish a process towards democratic governance.
Connecting to “The Who”: The Primacy of Supportive Relationships

In this chapter, we review the literature on the importance of different kinds of supportive relationships, including support from teachers, mentors, parents, and peers. We next present results from our ESM and video studies investigating the primary characteristics of the learning environment as a whole when students are engaged in classrooms. The primary characteristic of such learning environments was environmental complexity or the simultaneous combination of environmental challenge and environmental support. Environmental challenge was characterized by working on tasks of sufficient complexity for the learner’s skill level (usually with domain-specific tools), clear goals and perceived importance of the task, the building of conceptual understanding and/or language skills (including academic literacies such as “talking like a scientist”), and the opportunity to demonstrate one’s performance, as through assessment. Environmental support was characterized by positive relationships with teachers and peers, support for motivational drives (e.g., support of the learners sense of autonomy or perceived competency), constructive feedback (especially timely performance feedback), and opportunities to be both active and interactive. Environmental support was found to be engaging all by itself, whereas environmental challenge was engaging only in combination with environmental support. This suggests that students are engaged when supported to reach challenges, but not in absence of such support. Overall, supportive dimensions of students’ experience, including relationship support and support for student motivation, had a strong impact on students’ engagement in public school classrooms.
Diversity in America: Keeping Government at a Safe Distance; Chapter 1, Introduction

This chapter describes the extraordinary diversity of American society and some forces that are likely to increase it. I begin by offering and defending a working definition of diversity and diversity-value. As part of this definition, I introduce an important distinction between diversity-as-ideal and diversity-as-fact, noting that diversity-as-ideal is so new that Americans have not yet begun to think seriously about it. Second, I show that diversity's rhetorical power and prestige in the U.S. are at their zenith, and that this distinguishes the U.S. from almost all other societies. Third, I contrast the superficiality of current diversity-talk with the importance of more systematic attention to how we should manage diversity and particularly to law's role. I then map the rest of the book.
Measuring aggregate and binder interaction by way of mixture tests before and after field ageing

Mixture properties were measured before and after field ageing to evaluate how aggregates, binder and environmental effects interact. To isolate these effects, very simple mixes (usually comprising...
Hyperbolic Dispersion via Symmetric and Antisymmetric Orderings of Artificial Magnetic Dipole Array

We report a theoretical and experimental study in achieving the hyperbolic dispersion via the symmetric and antisymmetric hybridization of two-dimensional (2D) artificial magnetic dipoles using metasurfaces possessing artificial magnetic resonance at optical frequencies. Due to the mutual competition among the longitudinal and transverse coupling of the artificial magnetic dipoles, the metasurfaces exhibit distinct red/blue shifts for the incident wavevectors along the orthogonal directions. The resulting saddle-shape isofrequency surfaces possess the hyperbolic dispersion at the frequencies above and below the saddle-point. Our findings not only provide distinct k-space topology beyond the hyperboloid isofrequency surfaces being reported in the literature, but can also inspire new approaches for the design of hyperbolic materials.
Beyond the Managed Body: Putting Menstrual Literacy at the Center

In this concluding chapter, I consider what lies outside MHM’s current discursive frames, including a link between menstrual health and reproductive justice and a privileging of local voices and local knowledges. I urge a reframe of the fundamental problem to focus more squarely on menstrual stigma and, accordingly, channel more resources to teaching menstrual literacy in what I call a 360-degree approach that engages not just the girl, as most MHM programs do, but family members, boy classmates, teachers, teacher trainers, community and religious leaders, health workers, government officials, NGOs, and product makers, as well as media, policy advisors, and funders. Quality menstrual health education, I argue, must be delivered by trained and trusted educators who teach the entire menstrual cycle as the fifth vital sign and gateway to embodied agency and decision-making across the lifespan.
A Renewed Vision for Professional Development

This chapter provides a renewed vision for professional development that builds on current models and is grounded in the learning sciences, suggesting design elements including Wiggins and McTighe’s backward design as a framework for planning, and Chappuis’ Seven Strategies of Assessment for Learning to help teachers achieve their professional goals. A renewed vision for professional development includes an emphasis on preparing teachers to provide deeper learning experiences and the development of twenty-first-century skills in their students. To do so, three interconnected constructs should become part of the professional development landscape: formative assessment, an incremental theory of intelligence, and metacognition. These goals for professional development can best be carried out through Professional Learning Communities (PLCs) that offer on-the-job training and support and are common features of US schools.
Surgical Treatment of Combined ACL PCL Medial Side Injuries: Acute and Chronic

The optimal strategies to treat the multiligament injured knee remain controversial. While it is generally accepted that the cruciate ligaments are best managed with reconstruction, there is a paucity of data to help guide management of the MCL in the multiligament injured knee. Treatment of the MCL may be influenced by surgical timing, injury pattern, and location. MCL surgery in this setting is debatable, and it remains unclear if repair or reconstruction yields a better outcome. An ACL/PCL/MCL injury falls into the Type III category of the Schenck classification. The surgical anatomy of the medial side of the knee including the bony attachment sites is the key to successful ligament repair and/or reconstruction. This chapter will focus on our current strategy for the management of the MCL in the setting of a combined ligament injured knee. Particular attention will be placed on anatomy, diagnosis, surgical timing, surgical technique, and a review of the best available evidence in the current literature.
Assessment and Implications of Right Ventricular Afterload in Tetralogy of Fallot

Patients with tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) have abnormal right ventricular (RV) afterload because of residual or recurrent outflow tract obstruction, often with abnormal pulmonary artery (PA) vascular function. The purpose of this study was to determine if RV afterload was independently associated with death and/or heart transplant in patients with TOF. This is a retrospective study of TOF patients that underwent cardiac catheterization for clinical indications at Mayo clinic between 1990 and 2015. Invasively measured RV systolic pressure (RVSP) was used to define RV afterload. To explore clinical utility for echocardiographic estimates of invasive data, correlations between invasive and Doppler-derived indices of RV afterload were examined. Among 266 patients with TOF (age 35 ± 14 years, TOF-pulmonary atresia 117 [44%]), RVSP was 72 ± 28 mm Hg, PA systolic pressure 45 ± 19 mm Hg, mean PA pressure 27 ± 10 mm Hg, pulmonary vascular resistance 4.2 ± 3.1 WU, and PA wedge pressure 14 ± 5 mm Hg. Over a mean follow up of 12.9 years, there were 35 deaths and 4 heart transplants. Invasively measured RVSP (hazard ratio 1.25, 95% confidence interval 1.12 to 1.37; p
Why we should never do it: stigma as a behaviour change tool in global health.

### Summary box One of the greatest public health successes of the last half of the 20th century was the rapid decline in smoking rates in higher income countries. Levels plummeted in the wake of vilifying campaigns that stigmatised not just tobacco but its users. As historian Allan Brandt described it, ‘What is fragrant became foul; what is attractive became repulsive; a public behavior became virtually private… American smokers became pariahs in a powerful moral tale of risk and responsibility—objects of scorn and hostility clustered around the doors of buildings’.1 Such stigma-based tactics can motivate people to profound and difficult behaviour change, leveraging the very human desire to feel valued by others. By stigma, we mean the process of attaching shame and disgust to traits that cause people to be pushed down and out from society.2 Stigma is also often a preferred public health tool, too, when it can substitute for other approaches that require long-term drug discovery efforts, costly hardware or specialised facilities to deliver. It relies, rather, mainly on health education with negative messaging. Yet, we must also look at the downsides of this use of what is a seemingly effective tool. Stigma is widely recognised in global health as a socially constructed barrier to effective healthcare. Those with lung cancer, for example, may avoid seeking …
Inducing Post-Traumatic Epilepsy in a Mouse Model of Repetitive Diffuse Traumatic Brain Injury

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of acquired epilepsy. TBI can result in a focal or diffuse brain injury. Focal injury is a result of direct mechanical forces, sometimes penetrating through the cranium, creating a direct lesion in the brain tissue. These are visible during brain imaging as areas with contusion, laceration, and hemorrhage. Focal lesions induce neuronal death and glial scar formation and are present in 20%-25% of all people who incur a TBI. However, in the majority of TBI cases, injury is caused by acceleration-deceleration forces and subsequent tissue shearing, resulting in nonfocal, diffuse damage. A subpopulation of TBI patients continues to develop post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE) after a latency period of months or years. Currently, it is impossible to predict which patients will develop PTE, and seizures in PTE patients are challenging to control, necessitating further research. Until recently, the field was limited to only two animal/rodent models with validated spontaneous post-traumatic seizures, both presenting with large focal lesions with massive tissue loss in the cortex and sometimes subcortical structures. In contrast to these approaches, it was determined that diffuse TBI induced using a modified weight drop model is sufficient to initiate development of spontaneous convulsive and non-convulsive seizures, even in the absence of focal lesions or tissue loss. Similar to human patients with acquired post-traumatic epilepsy, this model presents with a latency period after injury before seizure onset. In this protocol, the community will be provided with a new model of post-traumatic epilepsy, detailing how to induce diffuse non-lesional TBI followed by continuous long-term video-electroencephalographic animal monitoring over the course of several months. This protocol will detail animal handling, the weight drop procedure, the electrode placement for two acquisition systems, and the frequent challenges encountered during each of the steps of surgery, postoperative monitoring, and data acquisition.
Political Science Internships: A Path to "Workforce Ready" without Selling Out

This paper examines approaches to launching or retooling internship programs for undergraduate political science programs, and how to structure, leverage, and assess internship programs for maximum impact. I review the existing literature on internships in political science and offer insight from the overhauling of an internship at a regional state university.
Development of beneficial residual stresses in glass fiber epoxy composites through fiber prestressing

The undesired residual stresses in fiber reinforced polymer composites are developed during their manufacturing processes due to the thermal and chemical shrinkage of the polymer matrix, which nega...
Getting Along in Assisted Living: Quality of Relationships Between Family Members and Staff.

Background and objectives Assisted living facilities (ALFs) have quickly expanded as an alternative to nursing homes. Research on nursing homes has revealed problems in relationships between family members and staff. However, little is known about these relationships within ALFs. The purpose of the current study was to examine the prevalence of conflict and positive and negative interactions from the perspective of both family members and staff and to examine the effects of positive and negative aspects of the relationship on salient staff and family outcomes in ALFs. Research design and methods Data were collected from 252 family members and 472 staff members across 20 ALFs who participated in the Partners in Care in Assisted Living study. Participants completed measures including interpersonal conflict, depressive symptoms, perception of treatment, and stress related to caregiving. Results Conflict among family and staff members was found to be relatively low. For staff, interpersonal conflict and treatment by family members significantly predicted burnout and depressive symptoms. For families, only female gender significantly predicted burden. Subgroup analyses, however, indicated that the effect of interpersonal conflict was significantly associated with perceived caregiver burden among family members whose relative had dementia. Discussion and implications Despite the relatively harmonious relationships among family-staff in ALFs, sources of conflict and negative interactions were identified, revealing the importance of collaborative relationships and the influence these relationships have on both family and staff outcomes. These findings can inform intervention efforts to improve family-staff interactions within ALFs.
Approaches to High-Throughput Analysis of Cardiomyocyte Contractility

The measurement of the contractile behavior of single cardiomyocytes has made a significant contribution to our understanding of the physiology and pathophysiology of the myocardium. However, the isolation of cardiomyocytes introduces various technical and statistical issues. Traditional video and fluorescence microscopy techniques based around conventional microscopy systems result in low-throughput experimental studies, in which single cells are studied over the course of a pharmacological or physiological intervention. We describe a new approach to these experiments made possible with a new piece of instrumentation, the CytoCypher High-Throughput System (CC-HTS). We can assess the shortening of sarcomeres, cell length, Ca2+ handling, and cellular morphology of almost 4 cells per minute. This increase in productivity means that batch-to-batch variation can be identified as a major source of variability. The speed of acquisition means that sufficient numbers of cells in each preparation can be assessed for multiple conditions reducing these batch effects. We demonstrate the different temporal scales over which the CC-HTS can acquire data. We use statistical analysis methods that compensate for the hierarchical effects of clustering within heart preparations and demonstrate a significant false-positive rate, which is potentially present in conventional studies. We demonstrate a more stringent way to perform these tests. The baseline morphological and functional characteristics of rat, mouse, guinea pig, and human cells are explored. Finally, we show data from concentration response experiments revealing the usefulness of the CC-HTS in such studies. We specifically focus on the effects of agents that directly or indirectly affect the activity of the motor proteins involved in the production of cardiomyocyte contraction. A variety of myocardial preparations with differing levels of complexity are in use (e.g., isolated muscle bundles, thin slices, perfused dual innervated isolated heart, and perfused ventricular wedge). All suffer from low throughput but can be regarded as providing independent data points in contrast to the clustering problems associated with isolated cell studies. The greater productivity and sampling power provided by CC-HTS may help to reestablish the utility of isolated cell studies, while preserving the unique insights provided by studying the contribution of the fundamental, cellular unit of myocardial contractility.