cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Terahertz spectroscopy of photovoltaic semiconductors

Summary form only given. The terahertz (THz) band of the electromagnetic spectrum has long held interest in the science and engineering community for its unique applications in imaging and spectroscopy. However, due to the difficulty in generating and receiving THz radiation, only very recently practical and efficient THz systems become available. Due to recent advances in the development and manufacturing of commercially available THz spectroscopy and imaging system many of these applications are coming to fruition. As such, the practical implementation of THz in applications needs to be investigated in order to determine the advantages of THz technology. In this work, THz spectroscopy of photovoltaic semiconductor devices will be performed throughout various critical stages in the fabrication process. Due to the few millimeter penetrating and none-destructive properties of THz radiation it will be possible to monitor semiconductor wafers using THz spectroscopy. This technology has a potential to provide insight into the development of wafer defects earlier in the fabrication process. Using a pulsed Terahertz imaging and spectroscopy system at the University of Arkansas, our group will investigate the electrical properties of semiconductor photovoltaics and will conduct THz imaging of defected ones. Testing the wafers throughout various key steps in fabrication is a process known to produce a functional device. This will then be repeated for the same process, only now with a critical fatal defect such as a buried crack, surface crack or a defect in the doping level. These defects will be intentionally inserted at an early stage to determine if THz spectroscopy can be used to detect them early on. THz characterization of the semiconductors for the impurity doping levels and crystal orientation to be studied will be performed to determine the electrical properties in this frequency range. This will allow for accurate numerical simulation to compare with the experimental results.
Contemporary seismicity in and around the Yakima-Fold-and-Thrust Belt in eastern Washington

We examined characteristics of routinely cataloged seismicity from 1970 to the present in and around the Yakima fold‐and‐thrust belt (YFTB) in eastern Washington to determine if the characteristics of contemporary seismicity provide clues about regional‐scale active tectonics or about more localized, near‐surface processes. We employed new structural and hydrologic models of the Columbia River basalts (CRB) and found that one‐third to one‐half of the cataloged earthquakes occur within the CRB and that these CRB earthquakes exhibit significantly more clustered, and swarmlike, behavior than those outside. These results and inferences from published studies led us to hypothesize that clustered seismicity is likely associated with hydrologic changes in the CRB, which hosts the regional aquifer system. While some general features of the regional groundwater system support this hypothesis, seismicity patterns and mapped long‐term changes in groundwater levels and present‐day irrigation neither support nor refute it. Regional tectonic processes and crustal‐scale structures likely influence the distribution of earthquakes both outside and within the CRB as well. We based this inference on qualitatively assessed alignments between the dominant northwest trends in the geologic structure and the seismicity generally and between specific faults and characteristics of the 2009 Wooded Island swarm and aseismic slip, which is the only cluster studied in detail and the most vigorous since regional monitoring began.
Growth of Thin Nickel Silicide Layers on Clean B-Doped Si(111) Surfaces at Room Temperature

The initial growth stages of Ni on clean B-doped Si(111) were studied at room temperature using high energy Ion channeling and Monte Carlo computer simulations of the Ni/Si interface. The results suggest that the first monolayer of Ni atoms diffuse to reaction sites in the fourth layer of the Si(111) substrate where nickel suicide growth begins. Further Ni deposition (up to ~ 3 ML) leads to the growth of NiSi 2 which is thought to be a diffusion barrier that terminates further formation of NiSi 2 at room temperature.
The Comparative Morphology of the Male Genitalia of the Primitive Lepidoptera.

The primitive Lepidoptera discussed in this paper include the Jugate Lepidoptera, (Hepialidae and Prototheoridae), the Jugo-frenate Lepidoptera, (Mnesarchaeidae, Micropterygidae, and Eriocraniidae), and the Frenate superfamilies Tineoidea, Euceleoidea, and Bombycoidea.[†][1] The object in this discussion is to compare the male genitalia of these groups of Lepidoptera with each other and with those of nearly related orders of insects, and to ascertain from this comparison the value of these organs in gaining a more complete knowledge of the natural relationships of the insects treated. [1]: #fn-2
293 SUBCUTANEOUS ADMINISTRATION OF FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE FOR SUPEROVULATION OF HOLSTEIN COWS

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) is usually administered in a series of intramuscular (IM) injections to induce multiple ovulations for embryo production in cattle and other species. The objective of this study was to determine the superovulatory response of dairy cows to subcutaneous (SC) administration of FSH using a reduced number of injections in combination with a progesterone-releasing device. Eighteen non-lactating Holstein cows initially received 25 mg Prostaglandin F2α IM (PGF; Lutalyse; Pfizer Animal Health, Groton, CT, USA) on Day –7. All cows then received an intravaginal progesterone-releasing device (CIDR-B, 1.38 mg progesterone; Pfizer Animal Health) on Day 0, and 100 μg GnRH IM (Cystorelin; Merial Ltd, USA) on Day 2. Cows were randomly assigned to receive a total of 400 mg (20 mL) of FSH (Folltropin-V; Bioniche Animal Health, USA) either by IM injection (IM Group, n = 9 cows) given at 12 h intervals on Days 4 (60 mg, 60 mg), 5 (55 mg, 55 mg), 6 (45 mg, 45 mg) and 7 (40 mg, 40 mg), or by SC injection (SC Group, n = 9 cows) given at 24 h intervals on Days 4 (140 mg), 5 (140 mg) and Day 6 (120 mg). On Day 7, CIDR-B inserts were removed and cows received two 25 mg PGF IM injections given 12 h apart. Cows were artificially inseminated at 12 and 24 h after standing estrus. Blood samples were obtained from all cows at 0, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, and 84 h after the first FSH injection for determination of serum FSH concentrations. Ovarian follicles and CL were monitored using ultrasonography on Days 4, 7, and 16. Embryos were recovered non-surgically on Day 16 (7 days after estrus). The effects of treatment on follicular response and embryo yield were analyzed by Wilcoxon test, and the response of cows to treatment was analyzed by chi-square test. The effects of treatment on concentrations of serum FSH were analyzed using ANOVA for repeated measures. There was no effect (P > 0.05) of route of FSH administration on the concentrations of serum FSH at any time point. The superovulatory response of cows to treatment, defined as greater than 2 CL per cow, did not differ (P > 0.05) between the IM (77.8%, 7/9 cows) and SC (88.9%, 8/9 cows) Groups. There was also no difference (P > 0.05) between the IM and SC Groups for the number of 5 to 10 mm follicles prior to FSH treatment (mean ± SEM; 0.6 ± 0.2 v. 0.9 ± 0.4), the total number of follicles after FSH treatment (12.4 ± 1.6 v. 12.7 ± 2.2) or the number of CL at embryo recovery (6.4 ± 1.5 v. 10.4 ± 2.1). Similarly, there were no differences (P > 0.05) between the IM and SC Groups for total number of oocytes/embryos (5.6 ± 2.6 v. 13.0 ± 4.3), transferable embryos (Grade 1, 2, 3; 3.0 ± 1.4 v. 6.1 ± 2.9) or Grade 1 embryos (2.9 ± 1.4 v. 4.3 ± 2.5). In conclusion, administration of FSH using 3 SC injections in combination with a progesterone-releasing device was an effective method for superovulation of Holstein cows. Supported by USDA Animal Health Formula Funds and the State of North Carolina.
Comparison of the plant-damaging spectral solar ultraviolet radiation between three locations in Eastern USA in the year 2000

The National Ultraviolet Monitoring Center (NUVMC) maintains a network of Brewer Spectrophotometers that collect spectrally resolved, full sky ultraviolet (UV) irradiance values throughout the day. Using these data, an investigation into the spectral UV irradiances at several Brewer locations has been carried out by employing plant action spectra that represent a generalized response of plants to UV exposure. Analysis was performed for the year 2000 on the Chicago, Virgin Islands, and Shenandoah Brewer sites of the Eastern USA, which are of varying latitude, elevation, and atmospheric composition. The weighted and unweighted UV data grouped in SZA ranges of 10° increments is analyzed seasonally, highlighting the seasonal atmospheric differences between the sites. Results obtained in this paper suggest that UV data, when weighted with certain plant action spectra, show the potential sensitivity of plants to small changes in UV irradiances.
Potentiation and inhibition of bFGF binding by heparin: a model for regulation of cellular response

Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) binds to cell surface tyrosine kinase receptor proteins and to heparan sulfate proteoglycans. The interaction of bFGF with heparan sulfate on the cell surface has been demonstrated to impact receptor binding and biological activity. bFGF receptor binding affinity is reduced on cells that do not express heparan sulfate. The addition of soluble heparin or heparan sulfate has been demonstrated to rescue the bFGF receptor binding affinity on heparan sulfate deficient cells yet has also been shown to inhibit binding under some conditions. While the chemical requirements of the heparin-bFGF-receptor interactions have been studied in detail, the possibility that heparin enhances bFGF binding in part by physically associating with the cell surface has not been fully evaluated. In the study presented here, we have investigated the possibility that heparin binding to the cell surface might play a role in modulating bFGF receptor binding and activity. Balb/c3T3 cells were treated with various concentrations of sodium chlorate, so as to express a range of endogenous heparan sulfate sites, and [(125)I]bFGF binding was assessed in the presence of a range of heparin concentrations. Low concentrations of heparin (0.1-30 nM) enhanced bFGF receptor binding to an extent that was inversely proportional to the amount of endogenous heparan sulfate sites present. At high concentrations (10 microM), heparin inhibited bFGF receptor binding in cells under all conditions. The ability of heparin to stimulate and inhibit bFGF-receptor binding correlated with altered bFGF-stimulated tyrosine kinase activity and cell proliferation. Under control and chlorate-treated conditions, [(125) I]heparin was observed to bind with a high affinity to a large number of binding sites on the cells (K(d) = 57 and 50 nM with 3.5 x 10(6) and 3.6 x 10(6) sites/cell for control and chlorate-treated cells, respectively). A mathematical model of this process revealed that the dual functions of heparin in bFGF binding were accurately represented by heparin cell binding-mediated stimulation and soluble heparin-mediated inhibition of bFGF receptor binding.
Distinct patterns of Period gene expression in the suprachiasmatic nucleus underlie circadian clock photoentrainment by advances or delays

The circadian clock in the mammalian hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is entrained by the ambient light/dark cycle, which differentially acts to cause the clock to advance or delay. Light-induced changes in the rhythmic expression of SCN clock genes are believed to be a critical step in this process, but how the two entrainment modalities—advances vs. delays—engage the molecular clockwork remains incompletely understood. We investigated molecular substrates of photic entrainment of the clock in the SCN by stably entraining hamsters to T cycles (non–24-h light/dark cycles) consisting of a single 1-h light pulse repeated as either a short (23.33-h) or a long (24.67-h) cycle; under these conditions, the light pulse of the short cycle acts as “dawn,” whereas that of the long cycle acts as “dusk.” Analyses of the expression of the photoinducible and rhythmic clock genes Period 1 and 2 (Per1 and Per2) in the SCN revealed fundamental differences under these two entrainment modes. Light at dawn advanced the clock, advancing the onset of the Per1 mRNA rhythm and acutely increasing mRNA transcription, whereas light at dusk delayed the clock, delaying the offset of the Per2 mRNA rhythm and tonically increasing mRNA stability. The results suggest that the underlying molecular mechanisms of circadian entrainment differ with morning (advancing) or evening (delaying) light exposure, and such differences may reflect how entrainment takes place in nocturnal animals under natural conditions.
Relations of Kinematics, Microphysics and Electrification in an Isolated Mountain Thunderstorm

Abstract This paper addresses aspects of the airflow, microphysics, and electrification in a mountain thunderstorm which occurred on 7 August 1979 over the Langmuir Laboratory new Socorro, New Mexico, site of the Thunderstorm Research International Program (TRIP). Single Doppler observations are used to form a conceptual model of the essentially one-dimensional storm updraft which is expressed in simple analytical form. A one-dimensional kinematic numerical cloud model is employed with the analytic updraft profile to diagnose the evolution of temperature, war substance, radar reflectivity, space charge density and axial electric field in the main updraft region. Retrieved thermal, microphysical, and electrical variables are verified with in situ aircraft and balloon observations and measured radar reflectivity. The calculated rate of noninductive charge transfer accompanying collision and separation of ice crystals and riming graupel particles is in direct proportion to cloud and precipitation content, an...
Cytokine expression in normal and inflamed esophageal mucosa: a study into the pathogenesis of allergic eosinophilic esophagitis.

Objectives: We studied the expression of cytokines and inflammatory cells in normal and inflamed esophageal mucosa of children with the aim of furthering our understanding of the pathophysiology of allergic eosinophilic esophagitis (AEE). Methods: Controls and AEE patients (≥15 eosinophils/highpower field on esophageal mucosal biopsies) between the ages of 1 and 18 years were recruited. Esophageal biopsies were obtained for histologic examination, immunohistochemical studies, and cytokine analysis. Results: Eight controls (4 males; mean age 9.99 years) and 11 AEE patients (8 males; mean age 7.15 years) were studied. mRNA expression ofinterferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5. IL-13, eotaxin-1, eotaxin-2, eotaxin-3, and RANTES was studied. IFN-γ and IL-5 expressions were significantly up-regulated in AEE patients compared with controls. Expressions of IL-4 and IL-13 were similar between AEE patients and controls. Eotaxin-1 expression was significantly up-regulated in AEE patients, whereas eotaxin-2 was up-regulated in controls. Expression of RANTES and eotaxin-3 was similar between the two groups. There was increased staining for mast cells in AEE patients compared with controls. Conclusions: Our data suggests that AEE is primarily an IL-5 selective TH2 response, with a possible TH1 component, and a differential role of eosinophilic chemoattractants. The role of mast cells in the pathogenesis of AEE needs additional study.
Modeling torsional split Hopkinson bar tests at strain rates above 10,000 s ¿1

Finite element analysis is used to study experiments with the torsional split Hopkinson bar technique in which strain rates on the order of 104 s−1 are reached by using specimens with a very short gage length. Time-dependent analysis with a viscoplastic constitutive model for the specimen material is used to analyze the whole apparatus (elastic bars and specimen). Results from modeling tests with 1100-O aluminum show that the waves in the elastic bars can be modeled accurately when a significant increase is the flow stress at strain rates of 104 s−1 is assumed in the constitutive model of the material. The calculated stresses, strain rates, and strains in the specimen's gage section show that the state is not exactly of pure and homogeneous shear as assumed when the experimental stress strain curve is determined from the measured waves on the elastic bars, and that the plastic zone extends beyond the gage length. Even with these discrepancies the results show that the experimental curve provides a good estimation to the true material response. A time-independent analysis with rate-dependent material model is also used to analyze only the specimen and a short section of the adjacent flanges. The results show that this analysis can also be used to determine the validity of the assumed constitutive model of the material.
SU-GG-T-455: Feasibility Study of Treating Multiple Tumors Simultaneously with a 4-Bank MMLC Stereotactic Radiosurgery System

Purpose: A novel 4‐bank micro‐multileaf collimator (mMLC) has been commissioned for stereotactic radiosurgery(SRS). Leafs of each bank of mMLC can be individually controlled, which allows to form more complex filed than conventional 2‐bank MLC or circular cone. For cases with multiple brain masses, pre‐treatment QA and treatment are always time consuming. In this study we investigate if multiple tumor sites can share one isocenter and if they can be treated simultaneously without sacrificing the quality of dosimetry.Method and Materials: The microMLC (Alayna Enterprise Corp) consists of 96 tungsten leaves aligned in four banks. Three treated patients, each with two adjacent brain masses, were selected retrospectively in this study. Three plans were made on each patient. Plan 1 used conventional method that was to create two beam sets each with its own isocenter. Treatment was to be delivered in a sequential way. In Plan 2, tumors shared single isocenter but were treated by its respective beam set. In Plan 3, single isocenter was chosen and two masses were to be irradiated simultaneously by one set of beam. For comparisons, the treatment and setup time were measured or estimated. The isodose curves and dose volume histograms (DVH) were analyzed. Results: Plan 2 and Plan 3 save significant time in QA and treatment (∼30mins). Plan 1 and Plan 2 have equally satisfying dosimetric outcome, while the DVHs of Plan 3 degrade significantly. Plan 1 and Plan 2 have individual control of the dose of each target, while Plan 3 doesn't have. Conclusion: We have studied three scenarios of treating multiple isocenter SRS using 4‐bank microMLC. The best method found is to share a common isocenter, but treat the targets individually. This method can reduce the QA and treatment time significantly, and achieve the similar dose coverage as the conventional technique.
TIME SERIES DETERMINATION OF TRANSFER FUNCTIONS IN RANDOM FATIGUE

Abstract Time series determination of the transfer function which relates the input random excitation and the output response in random fatigue experiment is established. This process involves determination of univariate time series of input and output, transfer function and noise models, and the transfer functionnoise model.
A volume preserving flow with essential coexistence of zero and non-zero Lyapunov exponents

We demonstrate essential coexistence of hyperbolic and non-hyperbolic behavior in the continuous-time case by constructing a smooth volume preserving flow on a five-dimensional compact smooth manifold that has non-zero Lyapunov exponents almost everywhere on an open and dense subset of positive but not full volume and is ergodic on this subset while having zero Lyapunov exponents on its complement. The latter is a union of three-dimensional invariant submanifolds, and on each of these submanifolds the flow is linear with Diophantine frequency vector.
Topographic effects on the anticyclonic vortex evolution: A modeling study

Abstract The evolution of anticyclonic vortices in the presence of topographic effects associated with continental slope steepness and orientation is investigated using the Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model. The trajectories of the vortices are analyzed using various configurations of slope steepness and orientation, including a flat bottom. As the steepness of the slope is increased, the development and evolution of a counter-rotating subsurface vortex (‘deep cyclone’) is strongly dispersive resulting in strong zonal translation over the slope, although the translation is southwest with a coherent deep cyclone, in the flat bottom case. In particular, the zonal translation is faster with a gentle slope (relative to the flat bottom case) due to an upslope tilt of the deep cyclone. As the surface vortex collides with the steep topography, the deflection angle increases as the slope increases (i.e. it deflects along slope) at the same time the bottom vorticity peaks, generating a ‘collision’ cyclone and a slope jet south of the vortex-slope impact. In the realistic steep slope case, along slope translation is dominant when the vortex departs over/near the slope, although the vortex strongly collides with (and rapidly crosses) the slope if it has strong westward inertia. During the cross-slope translation, vorticity restoration by vortex compression occurs with relatively small poleward translation. At the point of maximum bottom vorticity, rapid vortex erosion occurs horizontally and vertically, and southwestward translation is restored. Comparison of vortex translation over four different slope orientations suggests that the vortex is strongly affected by the location of adjacent cyclones which tend to propagate onshore and poleward simultaneously, and that the combined planetary and topographic β -effect slows the vortex translation on the northern slope.
Sulfur trioxide flame chemistry—H2S and cos flames

The formation and depletion of SO 3 in flat premixed hydrogen sulfide and carbonyl sulfide flames have been studied at pressures from 35 to 625 torr. Flam probings in this study indicate that the amount of SO 3 formed in a given flame system increases with increasing total pressure in accordance with the three-body reaction SO 2 +O+M=SO 3 +M. The data show that attaching hydrogen to the sulfur atom in the sulfur-bearing fuel reduces the amount of SO 3 formed in a given flame system. A depletion of SO 3 in the post-flame region of both the H 2 S and COS flames is attributed to the reaction SO 3 +O=SO 2 +O 2 . The consumption of SO 3 becomes much more noticeable below 250 torr where the lifetime of the O atoms increases. The depletion of SO 3 occurs in different regions of the two flames suggesting that different mechanisms leading to SO 3 formation are operating in each flame system. Rate constants have been determined for the reaction of SO 3 with O atoms in both the H 2 S and COS flames. The rate constant in the COS flame is expressed by k 3a =2.8×10 14 exp(−12,000/ RT ) cm 3 mole −1 sec −1 , and in the H 2 S flame by k a =6.5×10 14 exp(−10,800/ RT ) cm 3 mole −1 sec −1 . The lower activation energy value obtained from the H 2 S flame data is explained in terms of a small contribution from the SO 3 -H reaction, which implies that the latter reaction has a smaller activation energy than the SO 3 -O reaction.
A Tilt-Stage Designed For Light Microscopic Stereoscopy

SUMMARY This contribution describes in detail the construction and utilization of a reasonably priced, fully adjustable, tilt-stage for light microscopic stereoscopy of nervous tissue prepared by modified Golgi methods.
Reduction in tissue LDL accumulation during coronary artery regression in cynomolgus macaques

Abstract The aim of this study was to determine whether the amount of LDL that had accumulated in the coronary arteries of cynomolgus monkeys during an 18-month period on a hypercholesterolemic (H) diet was reduced during subsequent periods of 6 and 12 months on a normolipemic (N) diet. This was performed by assessing the accumulation of LDL in the left anterior descending (LAD) branch of the left coronary artery within an area 4 mm from its origin, since this region contained the largest lesions in the LAD. LDL accumulation was estimated by measuring the percent cross-sectional area of artery occupied by reaction product depicting apo B by an immunoperoxidase procedure. The following reduction in mean (±SD) percent cross-sectional area occupied by reaction product was found in 8 animals on the progression diet (group I), 7 animals on the 6-month regression diet (group II), and 9 animals on the 12-month regression diet (group III), respectively: 21.7±4.7, 6.9±5.5, and 2.3±1.3. Differences between group I and either group II or III were statistically significant (using the Wilcoxon signed-ranks test). In group I, LDL was localized primarily in the necrotic core and around pools of foam cells. In groups II and III fever foam cells and smaller pools of extracellular debris were qualitatively evident, and LDL was localized closer to the lumen and along collagen fibers. These results suggest that lowering of the plasma LDL level following termination of a hypercholesterolemic diet also induces a decrease in the LDL content in coronary artery lesions, even without significant reductions in lesion size, and that this decrease might be responsible for the decrease in foam cells.
Measurement of high momentum transfer π−p → π0n at 5.9 GeV/c

Abstract The differential cross section for π − p → π 0 n has been measured in the t range 1.8 ⩽ | t | ⩽ 8.2 (GeV/ c ) 2 by a counter-spark chamber experiment detecting the neutron and both π 0 decay photons. A broad minimum was found, centered at | t | = 5.2 (GeV/ c ) 2 .
Conductivity near the localization threshold in the high-dimensionality limit

We clarify the distinction between the macroscopic and microscopic exponents for the Cayley tree, and establish that for the localization problem ${t}_{\mathrm{macro}}=2$. This implies that the upper critical dimensionality for the localization problem is 6.
Nutrition in Multiple Gestations

Multiple pregnancies represent a state of magnified nutritional requirements, resulting in a greater nutrient drain on maternal resources and an accelerated depletion of nutritional reserves. Maternal weight gain to 20 weeks and between 20 and 28 weeks has the greatest effect on birthweight in twin and triplet pregnancies, particularly among underweight women. Parity, which most likely represents a higher proportion of body fat, has a positive effect on pregnancy outcome, with an average 7 to 10 days longer gestation for multiparous versus nulliparous women. In addition to being the nutrients most often lacking in a woman's diet, calcium, magnesium, and zinc have been identified as having the most potential for reducing pregnancy complications and improving outcomes.
BIRD-LANDSCAPE RELATIONS IN THE CHIHUAHUAN DESERT: COPING WITH UNCERTAINTIES ABOUT PREDICTIVE MODELS

During the springs of 1995–1997, we studied birds and landscapes in the Chihuahuan Desert along part of the Texas–Mexico border. Our objectives were to assess bird–landscape relations and their interannual consistency and to identify ways to cope with associated uncertainties that undermine confidence in using such relations in conservation decision processes. Bird distributions were often significantly associated with landscape features, and many bird–landscape models were valid and useful for predictive purposes. Differences in early spring rainfall appeared to influence bird abundance, but there was no evidence that annual differences in bird abundance affected model consistency. Model consistency for richness (42%) was higher than mean model consistency for 26 focal species (mean 30%, range 0–67%), suggesting that relations involving individual species are, on average, more subject to factors that cause variation than are richness–landscape relations. Consistency of bird–landscape relations may be influenced by such factors as plant succession, exotic species invasion, bird species' tolerances for environmental variation, habitat occupancy patterns, and variation in food density or weather. The low model consistency that we observed for most species indicates the high variation in bird–landscape relations that managers and other decision makers may encounter. The uncertainty of interannual variation in bird–landscape relations can be reduced by using projections of bird distributions from different annual models to determine the likely range of temporal and spatial variation in a species' distribution. Stochastic simulation models can be used to incorporate the uncertainty of random environmental variation into predictions of bird distributions based on bird–landscape relations and to provide probabilistic projections with which managers can weigh the costs and benefits of various decisions. Uncertainty about the true structure of bird–landscape relations (structural uncertainty) can be reduced by ensuring that models meet important statistical assumptions, designing studies with sufficient statistical power, validating the predictive ability of models, and improving model accuracy through continued field sampling and model fitting. Uncertainty associated with sampling variation (partial observability) can be reduced by ensuring that sample sizes are large enough to provide precise estimates of both bird and landscape parameters. By decreasing the uncertainty due to partial observability, managers will improve their ability to reduce structural uncertainty.
A homolog of an Escherichia coli phosphate-binding protein gene from Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae

A Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae gene with sequence similarity to an Escherichia coli phosphate-binding protein gene (phoS) produces a periplasmic protein of apparent M(r) 35,000 when expressed in E. coli. Amino terminal sequencing revealed that a signal peptide is removed during transport to the periplasm in E. coli.
Effects of topically applied liposomes on disposition of epinephrine and inulin in the albino rabbit eye

Abstract By virtue of the biocompatibility of their constituent phospholipids and of their ability to influence cell membrane permeability, liposomes are an attractive system for topical ocular drug delivery. The objective of this study was to investigate whether the ocular disposition of epinephrine and inulin in the albino rabbit was similarly affected following their encapsulation in multilamellar liposomes. Drug concentrations in tears, conjunctiva, cornea, iris plus ciliary body and aqueous humor were monitored at 30 min post-instillation of various preparations of each drug using radiotracer techniques. Liposomal drug entrapment was found to have opposite effects on the corneal and conjunctival absorption of epinephrine and inulin, epinephrine absorption was reduced by 50% whereas inulin absorption was increased 10 times. Quite unexpectedly, although inulin was detected in the uveal tract, none of it was detected in the aqueous humor when presented in liposomal form. These preliminary data suggest that while the corneal and conjunctival absorption of a drug can be modified by its entrapment in liposomes, its disposition in the intraocular tissues is unlikely to be controlled entirely by liposomes, since few, if any, of the liposomes that may be absorbed are expected to maintain their integrity while permeating the cornea.
Modeling of multicomponent drying of polymer films

The drying ofolatile solents from a coated film is a complicated process since it inoles simultaneous heat and mass transfer controlled by complex transport and thermodynamic behaior of polymer solutions. In this work, a model is deeloped to describe the drying behaior of multicomponent polymer solutions deposited on the impermeable substrate. A key component of the model is incorporation of multicompo- nent diffusion coefficients that consist of thermodynamic factors and self-diffusiities. Vrentas-Duda free-¤olume theory was used for predicting concentration and tempera- ture dependency of self-diffusion coefficients. Drying processes in oens with different zones in which temperature, ¤elocity, andror partial pressure of each solentary from zone to zone are considered. The predictions from the models proide detailed informa- tion about the relatie importance of internal and external resistances to drying, effect of operating conditions, effect of the multiple-zone approach, as well as sensitiity of all physical properties on the drying rate. Thealidity of the model was confirmed by com- paring predictions with the drying data aailable in the literature and the data collected in our laboratories. The experimental data and the simulation results are in good agree- ment.
The physics of ghost imaging

Ghost images are obtained by correlating the output of a single-pixel (bucket) photodetector--which collects light that has been transmitted through or reflected from an object--with the output from a high spatial-resolution scanning photodetector or photodetector array whose illumination has not interacted with that object. The term "ghost image" is apt because neither detector's output alone can yield an image: the bucket detector has no spatial resolution, while the high spatial-resolution detector has not viewed the object. The first ghost imaging experiment relied on the entangled signal and idler outputs from a spontaneous parametric downconverter, and hence the image was interpreted as a quantum phenomenon. Subsequent theory and experiments showed, however, that classical correlations can be used to form ghost images. For example, ghost images can be formed with pseudothermal light, for which quantum mechanics is not required to characterize its photodetection statistics. This paper presents an overview of the physics of ghost imaging. It clarifies and unites two disparate interpretations of pseudothermal ghost imaging--two-photon interference and classical intensity-fluctuation correlations--that had previously been thought to be conflicting. It also reviews recent work on ghost imaging in reflection, ghost imaging through atmospheric turbulence, computational ghost imaging, and two-color ghost imaging.
A rationale for implicit turbulence modelling

We present a rationale for the success of nonoscillatory finite volume (NFV) difference schemes in modeling turbulent flows without need of subgrid scale models. Our exposition focuses on certain truncation terms that appear in the modified equation of one particular NFV scheme, MPDATA. We demonstrate that these truncation terms have physical justification, representing the modifications to the governing equations that arise when one considers the motion of finite volumes of fluid over finite intervals of time.
On the Cusp of Restoration: Science and Society

Habitat restoration has reached political respectability at many scales across the Earth and represents a serious reversal of some entrenched social views regarding the environment as a strictly exploitable resource for private gain. Science helps improve restoration by bringing clarity in the form of order, understanding, and descriptions of uncertainty. But scientific ideas and experience must be offered in a timely manner and welcomed to be a useful and accurate part of restoration. These ideas may be adopted or fail to be influential for vastly different reasons. Valid ideas may be untimely or be packaged too poorly to be acceptable, or an idea may be erroneous, but still be acceptable (and lead to poor decisions) where the ability to convince or superior networking skills compensate for an inadequacy of facts, logic, or intentions. The most desirable outcome is to fairly weigh all relevant ideas during decision-making, and without confusing accuracy and clarity with consensus or deliberative inclusivity. Project scale influences these outcomes because social and policy complexity increases with project size. Ideas, of whatever origin, must be applied in the imperfectly comprehended landscape and ‘‘policy-scape’’ of policies and personal preferences influencing the spatial productivity, richness, and uses. Successful habitat restoration will have the science welcomed and developing in well-ventilated and professional ways, while simultaneously participating in the world of the larger policy-scape. Judgments will be made and mistakes occur, of course. But, if done well, we may end up restoring habitats, institutions and parts of society.
Allocation currencies and perceived ability to obtain permits

Abstract In an effort to understand how permit allocation systems affect different user groups, Stankey and Baden (1977) developed an evaluation scheme based on the idea of allocation currencies. Each allocation alternative is associated with a currency that pays the costs imposed by that system. This paper hypothesizes that those who have more of the relevant currency perceive that they have a greater likelihood of successfully obtaining a permit. This relationship is tested for five common allocation alternatives (pricing, reservation, lottery, queuing, and merit) with data from a sample of river runners in Hells Canyon. Results generally support the theory, and all but one of the hypothesized relationships were significant. Other currency variables also had significant effects, however, suggesting that the costs imposed by allocation systems are fairly complex. Implications for management are discussed.
Accelerating the reduction to upper Hessenberg, tridiagonal, and bidiagonal forms through hybrid GPU-based computing

We present a Hessenberg reduction (HR) algorithm for hybrid systems of homogeneous multicore with GPU accelerators that can exceed 25x the performance of the corresponding LAPACK algorithm running on current homogeneous multicores. This enormous acceleration is due to proper matching of algorithmic requirements to architectural strengths of the system's hybrid components. The results described in this paper are significant because the HR has not been properly accelerated before on homogeneous multicore architectures, and it plays a significant role in solving non-symmetric eigenvalue problems. Moreover, the ideas from the hybrid HR are used to develop a hybrid tridiagonal reduction algorithm (for symmetric eigenvalue problems) and a bidiagonal reduction algorithm (for singular value decomposition problems). Our approach demonstrates a methodology that streamlines the development of a large and important class of algorithms on modern computer architectures of multicore and GPUs. The new algorithms can be directly used in the software stack that relies on LAPACK.
Some limitations on the use of leaky SAW mode sensors in liquids

Surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensors suffer severe attenuation when they are immersed in fluids because the predominantly surface-normal components of particle displacement excite fluid compressional waves. This effect is minimized in the leaky SAW (LSAW) sensor, where the predominant displacement is in the plane of the surface. The measurements have shown that the most significant loss mechanism for an unshielded LSAW sensor is electrical dissipation, induced by the conductivities and dielectric loss tangents of many fluids. This kind of loss can be eliminated by shielding the sensor with a metal film. The sensitivity of a shielded sensor is eventually limited by the effects of mechanical damping, due to fluid viscosity. Methods for characterizing the dielectric properties of fluids are described, experimental results are presented, and a sensitivity limit for liquid-loaded LSAW sensors is postulated. >
Modeling and tracking control of a hydrostatic dynamometer

Traditionally automotive powertrain research and development have been conducted with electromagnetic dynamometers. The ever increasing demand for reducing fuel consumption and emissions has driven the innovation of new technologies in engines, transmissions, and hybrid systems, which in turn requires significant flexibilities and transient capabilities of the dynamometer. Given its superior power density, hydrostatic dynamometer is an ideal candidate for the next generation transient dynamometers. This paper presents the design, modeling, and control of a hydrostatic dynamometer as a precise torque device that could control the amount of torque supplied in real-time under both steady state and transient operations. The mathematical models are constructed for the system. Based on the analysis and simulation of the dynamic model, the dynamometer is decoupled into two subsystems. For the power output control subsystem, a nonlinear tracking controller based on feedback linearization and internal model principle is designed; for the operating pressure control subsystem, a PID regulator is designed. Simulation results in AMESim environment demonstrate the fast dynamic response and precise tracking capability of the proposed control system.
Bilateral glossopharyngeal nerve paralysis after tonsillectomy: case report and anatomic study

Objective: To present a case report and to propose an anatomic explanation for a rare complication of tonsillectomy, severe dysphagia caused by bilateral paralysis of the glossopharyngeal nerve. Study Design: Retrospective case review and prospective cadaveric dissection. Methods: The medical record and radiologic data were reviewed from a patient who had severe dysphagia after tonsillectomy. In addition, 10 formalin-preserved cadaver head and neck specimens were dissected to identify the anatomic course of 20 glossopharyngeal nerves. The distance between the nerve and tonsillar fossa was measured at two sites. Results: The patient was diagnosed with bilateral paralysis of the glossopharyngeal nerve and required use of gastrotomy tube for years postoperatively. The mean distance from the posterosuperior tonsillar fossa and the main trunk of the glossopharyngeal nerve was 10.7 mm, and the mean distance from the posteroinferior tonsillar fossa and the closest lingual branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve was 6.5 mm. Conclusions: Direct nerve injury seems the most plausible explanation for this rare complication of tonsillectomy. The proximity of the glossopharyngeal nerve to the tonsillar fossa emphasizes the importance of maintaining the correct surgical plane during surgery.
Developing a Performance-Based Joint Sealant Specification for Airport PCC Pavements

Despite recent progress to develop a performance-based specification for bituminous sealants applied to asphalt concrete (AC) roadways and runways, a performance-based specification for cold-applied joint sealants for Portland cement concrete (PCC) aprons, taxiways, and parking areas has yet to be mapped and developed. Unique in-service conditions exist on these PCC pavements, where sealants are not only exposed to climatic effects and heavy traffic loads, but also to jet fuel and de-icing fluids. Installation and maintenance conditions are also unique in that it is often necessary to install or replace joint sealants at night or in a very short time so that aircraft traffic disruption is avoided. Hence, special consideration must be provided to ascertain that joint sealants are effective and durable. Recent studies on joint and crack sealants used on airport pavements that experience cold climates indicate that current specifications do not necessarily allow for the selection of durable sealants, and therefore sealant failure can be rapid. To address the issue of premature failure and to extend joint sealant service life, the elements of a performance-based specification for cold-applied joint sealants for PCC airport pavements is reviewed. The benefits of such a specification include the selection of joint sealants for specific local needs, reduced airport pavement maintenance costs, and extended airport PCC pavement service life.
Nicotine increases size and severity of experimental choroidal neovascularization.

PURPOSE. Cigarette smoking is the strongest environmental risk factor for all forms of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). In the present study, the influence of nicotine on the severity of choroidal neovascularization (CNV) in a mouse model of neovascular AMD and its effects on vascular smooth muscle cells derived from mouse choroid were investigated. METHODS. A mouse model for CNV was used to study the effects of nicotine in young and middle-aged mice. Nicotine was administered orally in the drinking water to achieve serum levels consistent with those of chronic smokers. Hexamethonium, a nonspecific nicotinic receptor antagonist, was injected subconjunctivally to counteract the effects of nicotine. A mouse choroidal vascular smooth muscle cell line was exposed to nicotine, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), or a combination of one of the factors and nicotine. Cell growth was determined by cell counts, and the activity of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and -9 was quantified by gel zymography. RESULTS. Nicotine administration resulted in increased size and vascularity of CNV, and older mice developed a greater relative increase than younger mice. This effect was blocked by subconjunctival hexamethonium. Choroidal vascular smooth muscle cells demonstrated a statistically significant increase in growth after exposure to a combination of PDGF and nicotine. Nicotine also reversed VEGF-induced suppression of MMP-2 activity. CONCLUSIONS. Nicotine increases size and severity of experimental CNV in the present mouse model, possibly by potentiating PDGF-mediated upregulation of proliferation of choroidal smooth muscle cells or by other mechanisms. These results suggest that non-neuronal nicotinic receptor activation probably mediates some of the harmful effects of cigarette smoking in wet AMD. (Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2004;45:311‐317)
Ways by which outcome measures influence outcomes in classroom behavior modification research

Abstract Three ways were identified by which outcome measures influence outcomes in classroom behavior modification studies. Inadequacies in selecting a dependent variable were attributed to the lack of fit between the conceptual category system used by the behavior modifier and that used by the referral agent in the classroom. Recommendations for modifying the selection process were made which included the use of a reciprocal target behavior, the incorporation of special control subjects for whom the response is not problematical, and the simultaneous assessment of attitude and behavior change responses. Reliability characteristics of the dependent varible were examined from the point of view of demand characteristics operating within the recording situation and statistical efforts peculiar to the analysis of recorded data. Finally, the utility of outcome measures was examined from the point of view of their impact on influencing others in the applied research environment.