cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Miniaturized, Self-Sustaining, and Integrable Bio-Solar Power System

Abstract We demonstrate a practical and sustainable bacterial power source for low-power electronic applications. Self-sustainable electricity is produced from revolutionarily structured microliter-scale bio-solar cells using a co-culture of heterotrophic and autotrophic bacteria. Two bio-solar cells are integrated on a single chip and connected in series, continuously generating light-responsive electricity from heterotrophic bacterial respiration with the organic substrates produced by photosynthetic autotrophs. Agar-based anolyte, catholyte, and salt-bridge provided solid-state ionic environments for more efficient syntrophic interactions between co-cultures without bacterial competition, further enhancing the device performance and lifespan. The solid-phase platform allows versatile device configuration in a small footprint without a cumbersome fluidic feeding system and permits easy integration and operation with solid-state applications. The device is sealed with a gas-permeable polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) membrane to facilitate gas exchange to the bacteria and cathodic reactions, even ideally allowing for replenishing bacterial gasses from environments for self-sustainable energy harvesting. A DC-DC booster circuit is integrated with the stacked bio-solar cells to increase the operational voltage (~500 mV) to a maximum output of >3 V for self-powering an on-chip, light-emitting diode (LED). This is the first demonstration of the microliter-scale bio-solar cell as a practical power source.
Nonperturbative Jackiw-Teitelboim gravity

Recently, Saad et al. showed how to define the genus expansion of Jackiw-Teitelboim (JT) quantum gravity in terms of a double-scaled Hermitian matrix model. However, the model's nonperturbative sector has fatal instabilities at low energy that they be cured by procedures that render the physics nonunique. This might not be a desirable property for a system that is supposed to capture key features of quantum black holes. Presented here is a model with identical zperturbative physics at high energy that instead has a stable and unambiguous nonperturbative completion of the physics at low energy. An explicit examination of the full spectral density function shows how this is achieved. The new model, which is based on complex matrix models, also allows for the straightforward inclusion of spacetime features analogous to Ramond-Ramond fluxes. Intriguingly, there is a deformation parameter that connects this nonperturbative formulation of JT gravity to one which, at low energy, has features of a super JT gravity.
All that GLITTERs: Low-Power Spoof-Resilient Optical Markers for Augmented Reality

One of the major challenges faced by Augmented Reality (AR) systems is linking virtual content accurately on physical objects and locations. This problem is amplified for applications like mobile payment, device control or secure pairing that requires authentication. In this paper, we present an active LED tag system called GLITTER that uses a combination of Bluetooth Low-Energy (BLE) and modulated LEDs to anchor AR content with no a priori training or labeling of an environment. Unlike traditional optical markers that encode data spatially, each active optical marker encodes a tag’s identifier by blinking over time, improving both the tag density and range compared to AR tags and QR codes.We show that with a low-power BLE-enabled micro-controller and a single 5 mm LED, we are able to accurately link AR content from potentially hundreds of tags simultaneously on a standard mobile phone from as far as 30 meters. Expanding upon this, using active optical markers as a primitive, we show how a constellation of active optical markers can be used for full 3D pose estimation, which is required for many AR applications, using either a single LED on a planar surface or two or more arbitrarily positioned LEDs. Our design supports 108 unique codes in a single field of view with a detection latency of less than 400 ms even when held by hand.
Characterization of fibroblast cytoplasmic proteins that bind to the 3' UTR of human catalase mRNA.

The excessive expression of catalase protein and its activity in cultured skin fibroblast from Zellweger Syndrome (ZS), a disorder of peroxisomal biogenesis, was found to be regulated at the translational level (J. Neurochem. 67: 2373-2378, 1996). Overall there is a considerable increase in the association of catalase mRNA with polysomes in ZS cell lines as compared to control indicating translational upregulation. To investigate the possibility that RNA-protein interactions are involved in the mediation of this increase in translation, the interaction between 3′ untranslated region of human catalase mRNA and human fibroblast cytoplasmic proteins were investigated by RNA gel shift assay technique. Competition experiments demonstrated that all the 600 bases of 3′ UTR (of human catalase gene) was required for efficient binding. Catalase RNA- protein interaction was sensitive to the altered redox state in these in vitro assays and this RNA-protein interaction could be enhanced by the addition of β-mercaptoethanol in cytoplasm from control fibroblast but not in cytoplasm from ZS fibroblast. UV cross linked RNA-protein complexes on SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed the presence of at least four protein bands with approximate molecular masses of 38 kDa, 50 kDa, 66 kDa and 80 kDa. The potential role of these mRNA binding proteins in the regulation of catalase gene expression is discussed.
Data-Driven Sparse Sensor Placement for Reconstruction: Demonstrating the Benefits of Exploiting Known Patterns

Optimal sensor and actuator placement is an important unsolved problem in control theory. Nearly every downstream control decision is affected by these sensor and actuator locations, but determining optimal locations amounts to an intractable brute-force search among the combinatorial possibilities. Indeed, there are (np) = n!/((n-p)!p!) possible choices of p point sensors out of an n-dimensional state x. Determining optimal sensor and actuator placement in general, even for linear feedback control, is an open challenge. Instead, sensor and actuator locations are routinely chosen according to heuristics and intuition. For moderate-sized search spaces, the sensor placement problem has well-known model-based solutions using optimal experiment design [1], [2], and information theoretic and Bayesian criteria [3]-[7]. As discussed in "Summary," this article explores how to design optimal sensor locations for signal reconstruction in a framework that scales to arbitrarily large problems, leveraging modern techniques in machine learning and sparse sampling. Reducing the number of sensors through principled selection may be critically enabling when sensors are costly, and it may also enable faster state estimation for low-latency, high-bandwidth control.
Novel device and technology for dynamically and hermetically sealing a rotary shaft

This article proposes a novel device and technology for dynamically and hermetically sealing a rotary shaft under various rotational speeds and load capabilities for a pressurised working fluid. The author says that whilst a lot more research and development is still required, it has the potential to be applied to a range of industrial equipment. The current status of this sealing technology is set out in this article in the hope that readers will gain an understanding of what the research is aiming to achieve and be given an opportunity to respond to the author with their comments and ideas.
Introduction to Cohomology

It is now time to study the subject of cohomology in detail. In Chap. 4, we already encountered its special cases in degrees 0 and 1. This motivates understanding the general machinery which lets us set up cohomology groups in any degree. Even more importantly, a careful reader noticed that there are very important facts about regular rings (for example the fact that a localization of a regular ring is regular) which we have not proved so far, and deferred to when we can characterize regular rings cohomologically. For this, we will certainly need cohomology in higher degrees. Without filling this gap, we would not even be able to use Weil divisors to calculate Picard groups rigorously in general examples such as those of Chap. 4. We will complete those proofs in the present chapter.
Augmented Reality Guidance for Configuring an Anesthesia Machine to Serve as a Ventilator for COVID-19 Patients

When there is a shortage of ventilators in a hospital, an anesthesia machine can be used as a ventilator. However, using an anesthesia machine as a ventilator requires that it be set up in a way that would not be familiar to medical personnel who normally work with ventilators. To teach medical staff how to do this, we developed a smartphone augmented reality app that allows a user to interact with a life-size virtual anesthesia machine, and leads them through the necessary steps. This makes it possible for the user to practice the setup procedures in a way that preserves the 3D spatial layout of the tasks without requiring access to the physical machine.
The costs of developing treatments for Alzheimer's disease: A retrospective exploration.

INTRODUCTION With the exception of the recent accelerated approval of aducanumab, in over 26 years of research and development (RD phases 1-4) conducted between January 1, 1995 and June 21, 2021 from various databases. Costs were derived using previously published methodologies and adjusted for inflation. RESULTS Since 1995, cumulative private expenditures on clinical stage AD RD $24,065 million) incurred during phase 3; approximately 184,000 participants were registered or are currently enrolled in clinical trials. DISCUSSION Measures to reduce expenditures while moving toward disease-modifying therapies that alleviate the rising burden of AD require continued investment from industry, government, and academia.
Survey Findings About the Experiences, Challenges, and Practical Advice/Solutions Regarding Teleneuropsychological Assessment in Adults.

OBJECTIVE In the wake of the coronavirus pandemic, teleneuropsychology utilization has increased. There is a need to characterize the first-hand experiences of individuals using teleneuropsychology, identify the common teleneuropsychology challenges, and devise practical strategies for mitigating/resolving these challenges. METHOD Survey data were collected from U.S. based neuropsychologists and other individuals (e.g., graduate students and research assistants) who were engaged in remote cognitive assessment with adults (n = 87). Frequency analyses were conducted to examine: how respondents used teleneuropsychology (e.g., duration of use, types of measures and devices/technology platforms used); challenges that were encountered with different technology platforms and teleneuropsychology use; and advice for navigating these challenges. RESULTS Most respondents began using teleneuropsychology relatively recently in the context of the coronavirus pandemic, with home-to-home or clinic-to-home settings being the most frequently reported teleneuropsychology settings. Zoom®, Doxy.Me®, and MyChart® were the most frequently used platforms, largely due to workplace mandates and/or Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act-compliant features. Common challenges with teleneuropsychology included internet connection issues and environmental distractions in examinees' homes, and examinees having limited-to-no access to technologies requisite for teleneuropsychology. Providing clear instructions to the examinee prior to the teleneuropsychology visit was the most common advice for ensuring a successful teleneuropsychology evaluation. Similar response patterns were generally noted for those who used TeleNP for clinical or research purposes. CONCLUSIONS These survey results reflect common experiences and challenges with teleneuropsychology and identify priority targets for increasing its feasibility, reliability, and validity. Findings provide context for the development of formal teleneuropsychology competencies.
Seeing by Electricity: The Emergence of Television, 1878-1939

Since television and cinema seemingly share many similar traits, a number of scholars and texts connect television’s history to that of film. In Seeing by Electricity, Galili reveals a number of is...
Field Emission from Genuine Graphene: An Experimental Study

In this study, we expose our methodology to prepare and characterize a single Graphene sheet to observe Field Emission from a clean edge. The total energy distribution was measured and found to be extremely narrow.
A diary study of the influence of Facebook use on narcissism among male college students

Across a stretch of four days, narcissism and Facebook use were correlated.Facebook use was found to be unrelated to changes in narcissism.For college men, higher levels of narcissism were positively associated with subsequent Facebook use. The present study explored the relationship between grandiose narcissism and Facebook use among college students. Participants completed a measure of grandiose narcissism and reported about their frequency and duration of Facebook use twice each day for four days. Consistent with previous work, narcissism was positively correlated with frequency of Facebook use. However, linear mixed model analyses revealed that Facebook use did not predict subsequent narcissism after controlling for previous level of narcissism. On the other hand, narcissism was a reliable predictor of subsequent Facebook use even after controlling for earlier Facebook use. These results converge with recent work in (a) observing a link between narcissism and Facebook use and (b) casting doubt on the popular notion that Facebook use leads to narcissism. Instead, the data suggest that narcissistic self-regard increases the frequency of Facebook use. Such findings are interpreted in light of the self-expressive opportunities that Facebook provides, and future research directions involving more recently developed social networking sites are proposed.
On-chip porous microgel generation for microfluidic enhanced VEGF detection

Advances in medical diagnostics and personalized therapy require sensitive and rapid measurement of minute amounts of proteins from patients. Standard ELISA is difficult to prepare and involves lengthy protocols. Here we report a novel method using capture antibody immobilized porous poly (ethylene) glycol diacrylate (PEGDA) hydrogel microspheres to enable high sensitivity VEGF detection in arrayed microfluidics. Our technique incorporates antibody encapsulation, trapping, and flow perfusion on a single device. We showed that the convergence of tunable porous hydrogel with efficient microfluidics improved the sensitivity of the assay. The detection limit of this microfluidic porous microgel based assay was 0.9 pg/mL, with only 1+ hour of assay time, demonstrating a novel assay that exceeded conventional technologies in terms of sensitivity and speed.
Cytology as a screening tool for anal squamous intraepithelial lesion for HIV positive men: 10-year experience in an inner city hospital

Introduction Human papillomavirus (HPV) and anal carcinoma are prevalent in high-risk patients including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive patients. There are currently no clear guidelines for screening, however. We assessed anal cytology specimens and HPV testing at an inner-city hospital by correlating anal cytology with anal biopsy (bx), and evaluated if results differed with traditional proctoscopy (TP) or high-resolution anoscopy (HRA). Materials and methods 209 anal cytology and subsequent biopsies taken during the period 2003-2014 from 152 male patients were reviewed. Demographic data for age, sex, HIV, HPV, cytology, histology, and the method of biopsy were analyzed. Results All specimens were followed by a biopsy within a period of 6 months. Ninety-seven percent of patients were HIV-positive and 43% had AIDS. Lesions most diagnosed on cytology were low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) (52%) and atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC-US) (21.5%). Lesions most diagnosed on bx were anal intraepithelial neoplasia (AIN) grade 2-3 (52%) and AIN grade 1 (37%). Almost all ASC-US cases tested for HPV were positive (97%). There was cytology histology correlation in 48% of LSIL and 83% of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions. Anal cytology had 97% sensitivity in detecting AIN and carcinoma and a positive predictive value of 96%. There was no difference in rate of detection of AIN 1and AIN 2-3 on bx using TP versus HRA. Conclusion Screening in high-risk patients detected almost all high- and low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions, however, anal cytology alone could not predict the degree of dysplasia. It may be prudent to perform anal bx in all atypical anal cytology. Clear guidelines are needed for screening of a high risk population.
Simultaneous, multidirectional acquisition of displacement fields in magnetic resonance elastography of the in vivo human brain

Background To implement a multidirectional motion encoding scheme for magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) of the human brain with reduced acquisition time, and investigate its performance relative to a conventional MRE scheme. Methods The sample interval modulation (SLIM) scheme was implemented in a multishot, variable density spiral MRE sequence. The brains of seven healthy volunteers were investigated with both SLIM-MRE and conventional MRE acquisitions in a single imaging session on a clinical 3 Tesla MRI scanner with 50 Hz vibration. Following extraction of displacement fields, complex shear modulus property maps were estimated for each encoding concept. Results The SLIM-MRE and conventional MRE acquisitions produced deformation fields that were nearly identical and exhibited an average correlation coefficient of 0.95 (all p < 0.05). Average properties of white matter differed between the two acquisitions by less than 5% for all volunteers, which is better than reproducibility estimates for conventional MRE alone. Conclusion The use of SLIM provides very similar quantitative property estimates compared with the conventional MRE encoding scheme. The SLIM acquisition is 2.5 times faster than the conventional acquisition, and may speed the adoption of MRE in clinical settings. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2015;42:297–304.
Design of flat-gain fiber Raman amplifiers using equally spaced pumps with fixed and optimized central wavelength

We analyze the gain flatness of Raman amplifiers using equally spaced pumps. We show that using an optimized central pump wavelength with equal pump spacing provides ample gain flatness and may simplify system design.
Improving linguistic and cultural competence in the health sector: a medical Spanish curriculum for resident physicians

Existing medical Spanish curricula have improved language skills, but are incompatible with resident-physician schedules, and do not always integrate cultural education. A 2009 survey at our institution revealed that residents saw Spanish-speaking patients regularly and wanted a medical Spanish curriculum designed for them. Our objective was to improve medical Spanish and cultural competency among resident physicians at our institution. Kramsch's (1998) principle of combining language and cultural instruction, Gardner's (1983) theory of multiple intelligences, and the American Council for the Teaching of Foreign Languages 5Cs provided a framework for the self-directed curriculum, which consisted of nine-month long modules with online and in-person grammar, vocabulary, listening comprehension and conversation practice. We conducted pre-intervention, midterm and final assessments of language and cultural competency. We found moderate correlations between the number of modules completed and self-reported flu...
The production of O(1S) from dissociative recombination of O2(

The first theoretical calculations of the rate coefficient alpha for dissociative recombination of O2(+) leading to O(1S) are reported for a wide range of temperatures. The findings are discussed in terms of the potential energy curves for the ground state of O2(+) and for the dissociative 1Sigma(u) state calculated here. Values of alpha for the equilibrium case in which the electron and vibrational temperatures are identical are shown.
Leaving group stabilization by metal ion coordination and hydrogen bond donation is an evolutionarily conserved feature of group I introns.

Abstract To understand the behavior of group I introns on a biologically fundamental level, we must distinguish those traits that arise as the products of natural selection (selected traits) from those that arise as the products of neutral drift (non-selected traits). In practice, this distinction relies on comparing the similarities and differences among widely divergent introns to identify conserved traits. Here we address whether the strategies used by the eukaryotic group I intron from the Tetrahymena ciliate to stabilize the leaving group during splicing are maintained in the group I intron from the widely divergent Azoarcus bacterium. A substrate analogue containing a 3′-phosphorothiolate linkage, in which a sulfur atom replaces the bridging 3′-oxygen atom of the scissile phosphate, reacts 20-fold slower in the Azoarcus reaction than the corresponding unmodified substrate in the presence of Mg(II) as the only divalent cation. However, Mn(II) relieves this negative effect such that the 3′-S–P bond cleaves 21-fold faster than does the 3′O–P bond. Other thiophilic divalent metal ions such as Co(II), Cd(II), and Zn(II) similarly support cleavage of the S–P bond. These results indicate that a metal ion directly coordinates to the leaving group in the transition state of the Azoarcus ribozyme reaction. Additionally, the 3′-sulfur substitution eliminates the ∼10 3 -fold contribution of the adjacent 2′-OH to transition state stabilization. Considering that sulfur accepts hydrogen bonds weakly compared to oxygen, this result suggests that the 2′-OH contributes to catalysis by donating a hydrogen bond to the 3′-oxygen leaving group in the transition state, presumably acting in conjunction with the metal ion to stabilize the developing negative charge. These same catalytic strategies of metal ion coordination and hydrogen bond donation operate in the Tetrahymena ribozyme reaction, suggesting that these features of catalysis have been conserved during evolution and thus extend to all group I introns. The two ribozymes also exhibit quantitative differences in their response to 3′-sulfur substitution. The Azoarcus ribozyme binds and cleaves the phosphorothiolate substrate more efficiently relative to the natural substrate than the Tetrahymena ribozyme under the same conditions, suggesting that the Azoarcus ribozyme better accommodates the phosphorothiolate at the active site both in the ground state and in the transition state. These differences may reflect either a less tightly knit Azoarcus structure and/or spatial deviations between backbone atoms in the two ribozymes that arise during divergent evolution, analogous to the well-documented relationship between protein sequence and structure.
Studies on the Serology of Schistosomiasis. II. The in vitro Activity of Cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni in Sera of Normal and Antigen-Injected Animals.

Abstract 1. 1. The in vitro activity of cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni was tested in the sera of the cat, cow, chicken, dog, goat, guinea pig, hamster, horse, man, monkey, mouse, pig, pigeon, rabbit, rat, sheep, squirrel, and steer. Except for human, squirrel and steer all species were injected with a homogenate of cercariae of S. mansoni and the sera tested for the presence of a pericercarial membrane (CHR of Vogel and Minning, 1949a) . 2. 2. The stored normal serum of rat, guinea pig, chicken, dog, steer, pig, sheep, and goat was cercaricidal. The sera of all other species tested inactivated cercariae. The sera of cow and horse agglutinated cercariae. After heating normal sera at 56 °C for 30 minutes the cercaricidal and inactivating properties of normal sera were lost and eight additional species agglutinated cercariae. 3. 3. Agglutination of cercariae was seen in all but rat sera during the course of injection of antigen. In some sera, the CHR prevented the agglutination of cercariae. 4. 4. The normal sera of all animals tested were negative for pericercarial membrane formation, (CHR of Vogel and Minning, 1949b) . During the course of six intravenous injections of a cercariae antigen all species became positive for CHR. The appearance of the CHR after the start of antigen injections varied considerably from species to species. 5. 5. No correlation could be made between the in vitro response of serum of naturally resistant hosts, hosts with a high degree of resistance and susceptible hosts against cercariae of S. mansoni and the ability of these hosts to form antibodies after injection with a cercarial antigen. The sera of naturally resistant hosts and hosts with a high degree of resistance for S. mansoni were more cercaricidal than the sera of hosts susceptible to infection with S. mansoni .
Reliability assessment of reinforced concrete containment structures

Abstract A reliability analysis method for seismic category I structures subjected to various load combinations is developed and numerical examples are worked out under various assumptions and idealizations. The method falls generally within the so-called level III category within the framework of reliability analysis and design.
The microgenetic development of the Ponzo and Zöllner illusions

It is argued that in order to most directly investigate perceptual processes and thereby to evaluate competing theories, one must observe the (microgenetic) development of the percept. In different experiments, variations of the Ponzo and Zollner illusions were tachistoscopically presented, followed, after a variable ISI, by a disrupting pattern. The interaction responsible for an illusion of magnitude in the Ponzo and an illusory displacement in the ZSllner occur only after 150 msec of processing time (SOA), Prior to the illusion’s onset, the parts of the figure are clearly and accurately perceived, indicating that the parts of the figure are first processed independently, followed by the interaction of those parts. It is suggested how the application of information processing techniques to traditional perceptual material may, in future experiments, yield a positive theoretical statement about perceptual processes.
Platelet-activating factor induces permeability transition and cytochrome c release in isolated brain mitochondria.

Platelet-activating factor (PAF), a potent bioactive phospholipid implicated in neuronal excitotoxic death, was assessed as a mediator of brain mitochondrial dysfunction. Carbamyl PAF, a non-hydrolyzable PAF analog, added to neurons in culture resulted in decreased mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨM) as measured by the ΔΨM-sensitive fluorophore 5,5′, 6,6′-tetrachloro-1, 1′, 3,3′-tetraethylethylbenzimidazolo-carbocyanide iodide (JC-1). To investigate whether PAF has a direct effect on the mitochondria, the mediator was added to rat brain mitochondria preparations and an increase in the permeability of the mitochondrial membrane, termed permeability transition (PT), and cytochrome c release were measured. We report that PAF causes both dose-dependent PT and cytochrome c release from isolated mitochondria. Furthermore, the selective PAF antagonist tetrahydro-4,7,8,10 methyl-1 (chloro-2 phenyl)-6 (methoxy-4 phenyl-carbamoyl)-9 pyrido [4′,3′-4,5] thieno [3,2-f] triazolo-1,2,4 [4,3-a] diazepine-1,4 (BN50730), which has affinity for intracellular binding sites, and the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor ligands 7-chloro-5- [4′-chlorophenyl]-1,3-dihydro-1-methyl-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one (Ro5-4864) and 1-(-2-chlorophenyl)-N-methyl-N-(1-methylpropyl)-3-isoquinolinecarboxamide (PK11195), inhibit PAF induction of PT and cytochrome c release. These results suggest that PAF excitotoxicity involves, at least in part, alterations of the mitochondrial membrane. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Fifteen years later: Adolescent mothers weigh more but their babies do not (1990 to 2005).

American adolescents are bigger and more likely to be overweight or obese than they were two decades ago. Adult mothers and their infants have also gotten bigger. The purpose of this study was to determine if the size of pregnant adolescents and the size and maturity of their infants has changed. A racially/ethnically diverse group of 1187 13-through-18 year old primigravida participants in an adolescent-oriented maternity program was enrolled consecutively between 1990 and 2005 and grouped by year of conception. Maternal outcomes were: self-reported preconception weight measured height body mass index (BMI; weight/height/2) and the proportion of under average and overweight/obese adolescents. Infant outcomes were: birth weight gestational age and the proportion of small average and large for gestational age and preterm births. Covariates included: age race/ethnicity smoking pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH) abnormal glucose screen Caesarian delivery labor induction and infant sex. The analysis used ANOVAs/MANOVAs. The ANOVAs revealed a significant increase in maternal weight (p = 0.006) BMI (p = 0.002) overweight/ obese status (p less than 0.0001) age (p less than 0.0001) Hispanic ethnicity (p less than 0.0001) and induced labors (p = 0.004) over the study period. There was also a significant decrease in maternal height (p less than 0.0001) PIH (p = 0.01) and Caucasian adolescents (p less than 0.0001). None of the infant outcome measures or other covariates changed significantly over the 15 years. Following adjustment for significant covariates (age and race/ ethnicity) the increase in maternal weight and decrease in height remained statistically significant (p = 0.04 and 0.01 respectively). None of the other maternal or infant outcome measures changed significantly. The weight of adolescent mothers has increased over the past 15 years but neither the weight of their infants nor the proportion of small-for-gestational age and preterm births has changed. The findings arereminiscent of the results of studies demonstrating that adolescents give birth to smaller infants than same-sized adults and transfer less of the weight they gain during gestation to their fetuses. (authors)
Only two of the Trichomonas vaginalis triplet AP51 adhesins are regulated by iron.

Abstract The sexually transmitted parasite Trichomonas vaginalis cytoadheres to the vaginal epithelium, and four candidate trichomonad adhesins have been identified. One such protein, termed AP51, was characterized further. To do this, we studied a 1 kb cDNA clone (AP51.2) isolated from a phagemid expression library, which encoded a fusion protein of 38 kDa that was immuno-crossreactive with anti-AP51 serum and retained functional adhesive properties. We performed 5′-PCR amplification to recover the missing 5′ end in order to provide the complete cDNA sequence for the gene encoded by AP51.2 ( ap51-2 ). Other PCR products revealed almost complete sequences for two additional ap51 genes, making AP51 a member of a multigene family of at least three distinct proteins and genes. The ap51-1 and ap51-3 genes each encoded for 407 amino acids while ap51-2 encoded 408 amino acids, and not unexpectedly, these genes had a high percent identity at the DNA and amino acid levels. Mapping confirmed the sequence distinctions and uniqueness of the three ap51 genes. Southern analysis using gene-specific probes revealed the single copy nature of each of the ap51 genes, all of which were present among the numerous agar clones of single trichomonads of the isolates tested. Importantly, Northern analysis showed transcriptional regulation by iron of only the ap51-1 and ap51-3 genes but not ap51-2 , perhaps indicating the presence of two bona fide isoforms of the ap51 genes. The 3′-untranslated region of ap51-3 had a short poly (A) tail as well as the sequence motif AUUUA, which may relate to differential degradation of ap51-3 transcripts, in comparison to ap51-1 and ap51-2 . Finally, the ap51 genes had partial homology to the β-subunit of succinyl-CoA synthetase, reinforcing the idea that molecular mimicry may play a role in host parasitism by T. vaginalis .
Determining efficient multimodal information-interaction spaces for C2 systems

Military operations and friendly fire mishaps over the last decade have demonstrated that Command, Control, Communications, Computers, Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (C4ISR) systems may often lack the ability to efficiently and effectively support operations in complex, time critical environments. With the vast increase in the amount and type of information available, the challenge to today's military system designers is to create interfaces that allow warfighters to proficiently process the optimal amount of mission essential data [1]. To meet this challenge, multimodal system technology is showing great promise because, as the technology that supports C4ISR systems advances, the possibility of leveraging all of the human sensory systems becomes possible. The implication is that by facilitating the efficient use of a C4ISR operator's multiple information processing resources, substantial gains in the information management capacity of the warfighter-computer integral may be realized [2]. Despite its great promise, however, the potential of multimodal technology as a tool for streamlining interaction within military C4ISR environments may not be fully realized until the following guiding principles are identified:how to combine visualization and multisensory display techniques for given users, tasks, and problem domainshow task attributes should be represented (e.g., via which modality, via multiple modalities);which multimodal interaction technique(s) is most appropriate.Due to the current lack of empirical evidence and principle-driven guidelines, designers often encounter difficulties when choosing the most appropriate modal interaction techniques for given users, applications, or specific military command and control (C2) tasks within C4ISR systems. The implication is that inefficient multimodal C2 system design may hinder our military's ability to fully support operations in complex, time critical environments and thus impede warfighters' ability to achieve accurate situational awareness (SA) in a timely manner [1]. Consequently, warfighters are often becoming overwhelmed when provided with more information than they can accurately process. The development of multimodal design guidelines from both a user and task domain perspective is thus critical to the achievement of successful Human Systems Integration (HSI) within military environments such as C2 systems.This study provides preliminary empirical support in identifying user attributes, such as spatial ability (p
Diplomacy and revolution: The London conference of 1830 and the Belgian revolt

(1991). Diplomacy and revolution: The London conference of 1830 and the Belgian revolt. History of European Ideas: Vol. 13, No. 4, pp. 437-438.
Commentary : The cognitivist oversell and comments on symposium contributions

Abstract During the 1980s the behavior therapy movement was infiltrated by cognitivists, people who believe that all maladaptive fears are based on wrong beliefs and all can be overcome by cognitive correction. This article asserts and defends the following propositions: (1) There are numerous maladaptive fears demonstrably immune to cognitive correction but removable by deconditioning. (2) These conditioning based fears constitute the majority, but there are also some based on mistaken beliefs. (3) Proponents of the cognivist viewpoint have overrated the outcomes of cognitive therapy, because they have not realized the fact that conditioned anxiety is often inadvertently weakened by simultaneous competing emotions (nonspecific therapeutic effects). (4) This overrating led to the fiction that cognitive-behavior therapy is behavior therapy's best resource to overcome non-psychotic depression, a fiction that was exposed by cognitive-bahavior therapy's inferior performance in the National Institute of Mental Health's Collaborative Research Project. (5) There is data to suggest that use of all full resources of behavior therapy would have produced notably superior results. The commentary concludes with comments on the other contributions to the symposium, From Behavior Theory to Behavior Therapy.
Alienating the Victim: Compensation and Victim Attitudes

Criminal victimization and postvictimization experiences often affect victim attitudes negatively toward criminal justice and government. Victim-compensation programs seek to improve those attitudes as well as to curb crime and repay victim losses. A few studies have evaluated the effectiveness of compensation plans in achieving their goals, and special attention is given herein to the programs' effects on attitudes. The research, done mostly in Florida, New York, and New Jersey, shows considerable victim disenchantment and even some evidence of greater discontent among applicants to such plans than among nonapplicants. Two primary causes of dissatisfaction are administrative inconvenience and receipt of an inadequate (or no) award. Thus, the effect of compensation plans seems to be more symbolic than tangible.
Kinetic and structural relationships of transition monomeric and oligomeric carboxyl- and choline-esterases.

Abstract The kinetic and structural relationships of eight electro‐phoretically pure mammalian serum and liver serine carboxyl‐esterases (CE) and cholinesterases (ChE) have been studied. Eight CE's and ChE's, which were fully resolved but only partially purified, provided additional information. Five of the electrophoretically pure esterases were monomeric, and of these, four belonged to a new and widely distributed class. These four monomeric esterases hydrolyzed choline esters, but at widely differing rates. Thus two were termed monomeric butyrylcholinesterases, mBuChE I and II, and two were monomeric CE's (mCE). The rabbit liver mCE was not a subunit of the oligomeric CE (oCE), although the oCE also hydrolyzed choline esters at a very low rate. The complex kinetics of the mCE's, mBuChE's, oCE's, and of the oligomeric BuChE's of horse and human serum could be interpreted according to a single reaction scheme involving an allosteric site and the equation derived from it. Thus activation and inhibition at...
Corrosion Measurement Techniques in Steel Reinforced Concrete

The main goal of this study was to evaluate different corrosion measurement techniques in order to determine the most accurate methods for measuring the corrosion rate of steel bars in reinforced steel concrete. For this purpose, reinforced concrete specimens were cast and exposed to salt solution and the corrosion activity of the bars was investigated by half-cell potential, potentiostatic linear polarization resistance, galvanostatic pulse polarization, Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy, potentiodynamic cyclic polarization, and galvanodynamic polarization. The results obtained by the aforementioned methods were then compared with the actual mass loss of the steel bars due to corrosion (gravimetry test) and it shows that techniques based on applying potential are more reliable measuring techniques compared to those based on applying current.
Work, love and politics: Recent studies of nineteenth‐century British women

Olive Banks, Becoming a Feminist. The Social Origins of ‘First Wave’ Feminism (Wheatsheaf) Brighton, 1986; Barbara Caine, Destined To Be Wives. The Sisters of Beatrice Webb (Clarendon) Oxford, 1986; Sandra Stanley Holton, Feminism and Democracy. Women's Suffrage and Reform Politics in Britain, 1900–1918 (Cambridge University Press) New York, 1986; Pat Jalland, Women, Marriage and Politics 1860–1914 (Clarendon) Oxford, 1986; Sylvia Walby, Patriarchy at Work. Patriarchal and Capitalist Relations in Employment (Polity) Cambridge, 1986.
Validation of a dietary assessment instrument designed to measure fat intake

The purpose of this study was to validate an instrument which accurately estimates dietary fat intake. The study compared actual fat intake values obtained by plate waste measures to a 24-hour semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire (SFFQ). The SFFQ lists foods along with fat-containing condiments to represent how foods are typically consumed. It was hypothesized that listing food items together with their associated condiments would serve as written prompts to facilitate recall. To determine if listing fat-containing condiments along with food items facilitates recall, a traditional semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire (SFFQ-T) was developed as a comparison. The results of this study indicate that the SFFQ more accurately estimates actual fat intake compared to the SFFQ-T.
Vernal Conjunctivitis in the Hyperimmunoglobulinemia E Syndrome

Hyper-IgE syndrome (HIE) appears to be related to an immunoregulatory imbalance characterized by severe deficiency of suppressor T cells, elevated levels of IgE antibodies, and repeated infection of various organ systems. We report the association of HIE syndrome in two definite cases and one probable case of vernal conjunctivitis. This association suggests that T cell-mediated imbalance may be one factor in the pathogenesis of vernal conjunctivitis.
Effectiveness of safety vests in nighttime highway construction

Many state agencies are shifting towards nighttime construction/maintenance especially on urban highways. While nighttime construction/maintenance has many advantages, it also has disadvantages compared to daytime construction. One major disadvantage is that nighttime construction operations may be more hazardous to both drivers and construction personnel because of visibility problems at night. Visibility depends on providing more luminance contrast to the driver than otherwise available. A system called LUMINA was developed to measure the luminance of six commonly used safety vests in nighttime construction/maintenance work areas. LUMINA was used (1) to perform field experiments that involved recording on videotape the performance of the safety vests; and (2) to convert the video movies into snapshots, to calculate the average luminance of the vests tested, and to index them. These tests were conducted not in a laboratory setting but on actual construction/maintenance sites that involved different lighting, traffic, and weather conditions. Two of the six safety vests Outperformed the others significantly.
Social Movement Transformation and Pre‐movement Factor‐effect: a Preliminary Inquiry

A source of social movement transformation which has been relatively neglected by researchers involves the effect of factors in the pre-movement environment which reemerge sporadically throughout the careers of social movements. Their reemergence may account for the direction of the transformation process and, specifically, for the differential transformations which characterize some movements at various points in their careers. A case study illustrating this effect is presented, followed by a more general consideration of when this phenomenon may be expected to occur and what movement-related factors facilitate its effects. THE effect of factors in the pre-movement environment as a source of social movement transformation has been relatively neglected by researchers. In this area, the search for explanations is usually centered within the general framework of movement-environment interaction.' That is, an assumption appears to be operative, that the source of relevant data for analysis of the transformation process rests in what happens after the movement comes into existence. There is, obviously, no question that the structure of the movement itself and its interaction with the environment is important to an understanding of transformation. Rather, the contention here is that this is not the only source for the transformation phenomenon. There is another source, one which rests not within the careers of a movement but in the structure of the environment which existed prior to the movement's development and, specifically, in the interaction patterns between the clients-to-be of the movement and the agentsto-be of what eventually becomes its external environment. A distinction needs to be made here. Obviously, what may be called pre-movement factors stimulate or cause the development of the movement. Further, at least some may provide impetus for the continuance of the movement throughout its career. This is, however, but one meaning of pre-movement factor-effect. The second meaning involves pre-movement factors which, while possibly part of the original impetus to movement development, enter a period of latency followed by a period during which they emerge as important considerations in analyses of the transformation process. This kind of pre-movement factor-effect is then occasional, sporadic, or intermittent in its influence on movement careers. Because it does not represent a constant, because it is not continually present, its period of latency may be mistaken for the end of its influence. Hence, when researchers Reprints of this article may be obtained by writing to Harold A. Nelson, School of Public
Translational barriers and opportunities for emergency preservation and resuscitation in severe injuries.

Background: Hypothermia is commonly used for organ and tissue preservation in multiple clinical settings, but its role in the management of injured patients remains controversial. There is no doubt that temperature modulation is a powerful tool, and hypothermia has been shown to protect cells during ischaemia and reperfusion, decrease organ damage and improve survival. Yet hypothermia is a double-edged sword: unless carefully managed, its induction can be associated with a number of complications. Methods: A literature review was performed to include important papers that address the impact of hypothermia on key biological processes, and explore the potential therapeutic role of hypothermia in trauma/haemorrhage models. Results: No clinical studies have been conducted to test the therapeutic benefits of hypothermia in injured patients. However, numerous well designed animal studies support this concept. Despite excellent preclinical data, there are several potential barriers to translating hypothermia into clinical practice. Conclusion: Therapeutic hypothermia is a promising life-saving strategy. Appropriate patient selection requires a thorough understanding of how temperature modulation affects various biological mechanisms. Copyright © 2011 British Journal of Surgery Society Ltd. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Significant Gestures: A History of American Sign Language – By John Tabak

In the general historiography of U.S. deaf history, it is not common to see a monograph focusing on the history of American Sign Language (ASL), the visual language used by deaf Americans. Called m...
Technique of pulmonary thromboendarterectomy for chronic pulmonary embolism.

Pulmonary embolism infrequently results in severe chronic pulmonary arterial obstruction. However, when it does, affected patients are significantly symptomatic and have shortened survival. Medical management has proven ineffective. In the majority of surgical reports, unilateral thoracotomy with distal pulmonary arteriotomies has been emphasized. The average operative mortality was 22%. In this article, we discuss various preoperative considerations and describe in detail a surgical approach using median sternotomy for bilateral pulmonary thrombo-endarterectomy with cardiopulmonary bypass, deep hypothermia and circulatory arrest. With this standardized approach in 103 consecutive patients from October 1, 1984, to September 20, 1988, the hospital mortality (death within 30 days or during hospitalization) has been 11.7%.