cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Syntheses, Structures, Second-Harmonic Generating, and Ferroelectric Properties of Tungsten Bronzes: A6M2M‘8O30 (A = Sr2+, Ba2+, or Pb2+; M = Ti4+, Zr4+, or Hf4+; M‘ = Nb5+ or Ta5+)

Nine tungsten bronze oxides, A6M2M‘8O30 (A = Sr2+, Ba2+, or Pb2+; M = Ti4+, Zr4+, or Hf4+; M‘ = Nb5+ or Ta5+), have been synthesized and characterized. Although structurally very similar, the nine materials are not isostructural. The materials crystallize in noncentrosymmetric space groups, P4bm (no. 100) for Ba6Ti2Nb8O30, Ba6Ti2Ta8O30, Ba6Zr2Nb8O30, Ba6Zr2Ta8O30, Ba6Hf2Nb8O30, and Ba6Hf2Ta8O30; Pba2 (no. 52) for Sr6Ti2Nb8O30 and Sr6Ti2Ta8O30; and Cm2m (no. 38) for Pb6Ti2Nb8O30. All of the compounds exhibit second-order nonlinear optical behavior, i.e., second-harmonic generation (SHG), by frequency doubling 1064 nm radiation to 532 nm. The SHG efficiencies range from 10 to 600 × SiO2. The reported materials are also ferroelectric, as demonstrated by hysteresis loops (polarization vs electric field). Spontaneous polarization values (Ps) range from 0.79 to 12.1 μC/cm2. The magnitude of the SHG efficiency and ferroelectric polarization are strongly dependent on the A, M, and M‘ cations.
Quantifying Algorithmic Biases over Time

Algorithms now permeate multiple aspects of human lives and multiple recent results have reported that these algorithms may have biases pertaining to gender, race, and other demographic characteristics. The metrics used to quantify such biases have still focused on a static notion of algorithms. However, algorithms evolve over time. For instance, Tay (a conversational bot launched by Microsoft) was arguably not biased at its launch but quickly became biased, sexist, and racist over time. We suggest a set of intuitive metrics to study the variations in biases over time and present the results for a case study for genders represented in images resulting from a Twitter image search for #Nurse and #Doctor over a period of 21 days. Results indicate that biases vary significantly over time and the direction of bias could appear to be different on different days. Hence, one-shot measurements may not suffice for understanding algorithmic bias, thus motivating further work on studying biases in algorithms over time.
Abstract 833: Integrative analysis of TCGA pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma data

Pancreatic cancer is a heterogeneous type of cancer that exhibits different histopathological, molecular and genomic phenomena. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the deadliest type of pancreatic cancer with a five-year survival of only 8%. Prognostic biomarkers for early detection of PDAC are not available. In this study, we used clinical, DNA methylation, and gene expression profiles of 146 TCGA PDAC patients. We analyzed the global patterns of DNA methylation and correlated the promoter DNA methylation with corresponding gene expression. CpG sites with a difference of 0.2 in the mean β value of the primary tumor and normal samples were considered as differentially methylated. We observed differential methylation of about 12-thousand CpG sites between tumor and normal samples, the majority of which are hypermethylated. Chromosome 1, 20, 18 and 19 are predominately hypermethylated and chromosome 9 is hypomethylated. CpG islands and regions that are in close proximity to CpG islands (shores) have more hypermethylated sites compared to the far away regions (shelf). Pathway enrichment analysis of differentially methylated genes enabled us to understand how changes in methylation affect biological pathways involved in the progression of PDAC. Our analysis reveals enrichment of MAPK signaling, Rap1 signaling, calcium signaling pathway, etc. Promoter DNA methylation is highly associated with its corresponding gene expression. A significant correlation between methylated CpG sites within 1.5kb from TSS and corresponding gene expression was observed between 4,971 CpGs and 1,744 corresponding genes, out of these about 92% of the genes showed a negative correlation. Survival analysis showed a statistically significant correlation between the expression levels of genes, NEK2, and ASPM with overall survival of the patients. In the future, we will further analyze the long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) promoter methylation, and role of lncRNA and miRNA in PDAC patients’ survival. Citation Format: Nitish K. Mishra, Siddesh Southekal, Chittibabu Guda. Integrative analysis of TCGA pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma data [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 833.
Performance of primary diagnostic monitors (PDMs) over time.

In this work, we evaluated the change of primary monitor characteristics in two consecutive years. Sixty-six primary monitors were included in the analysis. The monitors were located at radiology physicians' offices and radiology reading rooms. All primary monitors were equipped with the manufacturer's built-in photometers and connected to the BarcoMediCalQA web service for manual and automatic quality control measurements. External photometer/illuminance meter (RaySafe Solo Light) was used to measure the luminance values. Measured luminance values of the TG18LN1-18 and TG18UNL80 test patterns were used to evaluate the primary monitors performance. In a comparison of the quality assurance (QA) measurement results for the same monitors that were performed within 2 years, the luminance of 25 displays remained statistically the same (P > 0.01). The luminance of 17 displays decreased (P < 0.01) in 2017 when compared with 2016, the luminance of 24 displays increased (P < 0.01) in 2017 when compared with 2016. For the annual measurements of the MLD in 2016 and 2017, 25 out of 66 displays showed a decrease of MLD values in 2017 compared with the same measurements in 2016 and 41 displays showed an increase of MLD in 2017. All tested primary displays had the MLD value less than 17.2%. The mean value of illuminance measured in 2016 was 5.8 lux ± 3.1 lux. In 2017, the mean value of illuminance measured was 8.7 lux ± 5.3 lux. Although it is expected that monitors luminance values will decrease over time, we found displays with increased luminance. This is possibly due to the multiple monitor calibrations that were performed between two annual monitor QA tests. Based on the findings of this work, more efficient display QA programs with a shorter time interval than 1 year are needed.
An atypical heterotrimeric Gα protein has substantially reduced nucleotide binding but retains nucleotide-independent interactions with its cognate RGS protein and Gβγ dimer.

Plants uniquely have a family of proteins called extra-large G proteins (XLG) that share homology in their C-terminal half with the canonical Gα subunits; we carefully detail here that Arabidopsis ...
Lightweight Alternatives for Embankments on Soft Ground: A Focus on Railway Systems

Lightweight material for civil engineering application is primarily used for accelerated roadway and bridge approach construction, settlement mitigation, utility and tunnel abandonment, reduction of static and seismic earth pressures against retained or buried structures (e.g., pipelines, culverts, and tunnels), protection of underground utilities, slope stabilization, and landscaping. Such construction for transportation projects is routine with standardized design and construction methods available in Japan, Norway, the E.U., and the U.S.
Human fibrinogen polymorphic site analysis by restriction endonuclease digestion and allele-specific polymerase chain reaction amplification: identification of polymorphisms at positions A alpha 312 and B beta 448.

In the fibrinogen molecule, a total of seven sites have been tentatively identified as polymorphic; however, disagreements about these sites have been observed among the various protein and DNA sequence data published. To allow examination of the potential polymorphic sites at the DNA level, human genomic DNA samples were prepared from 110 unrelated, healthy individuals. Either allele- specific polymerase chain reaction (ASPCR) amplification or PCR amplification followed by restriction endonuclease digestion was used to detect the presence of possible polymorphisms. Two polymorphic sites were confirmed, one at A alpha 312 (Thr/Ala) by RsaI restriction analysis, and a second at B beta 448 (Arg/Lys) by MnlI restriction analysis. Mendelian inheritance of both polymorphisms was demonstrated and allele frequencies were estimated as 0.76/0.24 and 0.85/0.15 for the A alpha 312 and B beta 448 sites, respectively. The sites at A alpha 47, A alpha 296, B beta 162, B beta 296, and gamma 88 showed no evidence of variation in any of our samples. The amino acid polymorphisms at A alpha 312 and B beta 448 reflect conservative residue changes with unknown effects on fibrinogen structure or function. An additional, previously unrecognized DNA sequence variant was detected in a single individual in the second intron of the A alpha chain using HinfI restriction analysis.
Die „sentinel“ Lymphonodektomie mittels Szintillationsdetektor Eine neue Strategie in der Behandlung maligner Melanome

Die Ergebnisse einer elektiven Lymphknotendissektion (ELND) werden seit Jahrzehnten unterschiedlich beurteilt, so das derzeit hierzu keine eindeutige Empfehlung gegeben wird, zumal ihre Morbiditat nicht zu vernachlassigen ist. Seit Anfang 1995 fuhren wir bei Patienten mit Melanomen ab einer Tumordicke von 1 mm nach Breslow eine „sentinel“ Lymphonodektomie (SLNE) mit Hilfe eines Szintillationsdetektors durch, nachdem zuvor um den Primartumor bzw. die Vorexzisionsstelle eine kolloidale Technetium-99 Losung intradermal injiziert wurde. Mit dieser Methode, die eine Selektion von Patienten erlaubt, die klinisch einem Stadium I und II (UICC), histopathologisch aber bereits einem Stadium III entsprechen und von einer Entfernung der Lymphknoten profitieren, last sich der „sentinel“ Lymphknoten exakt lokalisieren, durch eine kleine Inzision bei minimalen Komplikationsmoglichkeiten gewebeschonend entfernen und die Vollstandigkeit der Exstirpation durch Radioaktivitatsmessungen uberprufen. Sollten sich in der histopathologischen Aufarbeitung Tumorabsiedelungen finden, erfolgt anschliesend die Ausraumung der gesamten Lymphknotenregion.
Photoperiod Sensitive Energy Sorghum Responses to Environmental and Nitrogen Variabilities

Abstract Recently introduced photoperiod-sensitive (PS) biomass sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) needs to be investigated for their yield potentials under different cultivation environments with reasonable nitrogen (N) inputs. The objectives of this study were to 1) evaluate the biomass yield and feedstock quality of four sorghum hybrids with different levels of PS ranging from very PS (VPS) hybrids and to moderate PS (MPS) hybrids, and 2) determine the optimal N inputs (0~168 kg N ha−1) under four environments: combinations of both temperate (Urbana, IL) and subtropical (College Station, TX) regions during 2018 and 2019. Compared to TX, the PS sorghums in central IL showed higher yield potential and steady feedstock production with an extended daylength and with less precipitation variability, especially for the VPS hybrids. The mean dry matter (DM) yields of VPS hybrids were 20.5 Mg DM ha−1 and 17.7 Mg DM ha−1 in IL and TX, respectively. The highest N use efficiency occurred at a low N rate of 56 kg N ha−1 by improving approximately 33 kg DM ha−1 per 1.0 kg N ha−1 input. Approximately 70% of the PS sorghum biomass can be utilized for biofuel production, consisting of 58-65% of the cell wall components and 4-11% of the soluble sugar. This study demonstrated that the rainfed temperate area (e.g., IL) has a great potential for the sustainable cultivation of PS energy sorghum due their observed high yield potential, stable production, and low N requirements.
${\mathcal{B}$-BOUNDED COHOMOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS

A discrete group with word-length (G, L) is -isocohomological for a bounding classes if the comparison map from -bounded cohomology to ordinary cohomology (with coefficients in ℂ) is an isomorphism; it is strongly -isocohomological if the same is true with arbitrary coefficients. In this paper we establish some basic conditions guaranteeing strong -isocohomologicality. In particular, we show strong -isocohomologicality for an FP∞ group G if all of the weighted G-sensitive Dehn functions are -bounded. Such groups include all -asynchronously combable groups; moreover, the class of such groups is closed under constructions arising from groups acting on an acyclic complex. We also provide examples where the comparison map fails to be injective, as well as surjective, and give an example of a solvable group with quadratic first Dehn function, but exponential second Dehn function. Finally, a relative theory of -bounded cohomology of groups with respect to subgroups is introduced. Relative isocohomologicality is determined in terms of a new notion of relative Dehn functions and a relativeFP∞ property for groups with respect to a collection of subgroups. Applications for computing -bounded cohomology of groups are given in the context of relatively hyperbolic groups and developable complexes of groups.
963. Non-Invasive Detection of Cardiovascular Risk in People Living with HIV in Miami

Background HIV is a risk factor for Cardiovascular Disease (CVD), and CVD is the leading cause of mortality among Hispanics (H). Hispanics in the US are disproportionately affected by HIV with higher rates of HIV related morbidity and mortality, as well as adverse CVD outcomes. This study sought to identify early markers of CVD risk among Hispanics living with HIV.
Hyperviscosity Syndrome in Rheumatoid Arthritis

Hyperviscosity syndrome (HVS) is a life-threatening condition often occurring as a complication of Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia (WM) but rarely in the context of rheumatic disease. Given its rarity, diagnosis can be delayed, leading to greater morbidity.
Written discourse: A constructivist perspective.

A constructivist theory of discourse processes portrays readers and writers as building, shaping, and elaborating meanings when they understand or produce texts. In this view, written texts are merely sets of graphic marks that can serve as cues to those meanings that are constructed mentally through comprehending and composing. I begin this chapter with a discussion of the metaphorical theory of constructivism, which has had a powerful impact on conceptions of reading and on research in reading during the past two decades. Then I use the construction metaphor as I move beyond the reading process to examine dimensions of composing. My emphasis is on social aspects of communication: the relationships that writers have with readers of their texts, the relationships that they have with other writers whose texts they use and transform, and the relationships that they have with co-constructors who help them build their meanings. I conclude with notes toward an integrative conception of communication that challenges conventional distinctions between reader and writer and between reading and writing.
Albite dissolution rates in brines: Implications for late-stage weathering on Mars

Abstract Plagioclase minerals have been detected over large portions of the Mars surface. Average plagioclase mineral compositions are approximately An60 for dust free areas on Mars; however, these compositions likely reflect a mixture of more and less sodic plagioclase minerals at the surface. Plagioclase minerals have also been observed in association with chloride and sulfate salts on the Mars surface and in meteorites. Understanding plagioclase dissolution in brines provides insight into post-Noachian weathering on Mars. Batch reactor dissolution experiments were conducted at 298 K to compare albite dissolution rates in water (18 MΩ cm−1ultrapure water (UPW) adjusted to pH 2 with H2SO4; activity of water (ɑH2O) = 1.0), 2.7 mol kg−1 MgSO4 (aH2O = 0.92), 1.24 mol kg−1 MgCl2 (aH2O = 0.92), 2.9 mol kg−1 MgCl2 (aH2O = 0.75), and 5.8 mol kg−1 MgCl2 (aH2O = 0.33) brines at pH 2 to determine how changing solution chemistry and activity of water influence albite dissolution. Aqueous Si-based dissolution rates indicate albite dissolution rates decreased from −8.80 ± 0.02 to −9.49 ± 0.40 log mol m−2 s−1 as the activity of water decreased from 1 to 0.33. Na-based dissolution rates followed the same trend, decreasing from −8.58 ± 0.04 in UPW to −9.45 ± 0.15 log mol m−2 s−1 in 2.9 mol kg−1 MgCl2. Anion chemistry did not appear to effect albite dissolution in high salinity brines at acid pH. Estimated 1 mm albite grain lifetimes increase from ~60–100 to ~587 of years as activity of water decreases, suggesting that post-Noachian weathering on Mars was limited in duration and/or extent.
Automatic Road Detection in Traffic Videos

Automatic road detection is a challenging and representative computer vision problem due to a wide range of illumination variations and weather conditions in real traffic. This paper presents a novel real-time road detection method that is able to accurately and robustly extract the road region in real traffic videos under adverse illumination and weather conditions. Specifically, the innovative global foreground modeling (GFM) method is first applied to robustly model the ever-changing background in the traffic as well as to accurately detect the regions of the moving objects, namely the vehicles on the road. Note that the regions of the moving vehicles are reasonably assumed to be the road regions, which are then utilized to generate in total seven probability maps. In particular, four of these maps are derived using the color values in the RGB and HSV color spaces. Two additional probability maps are calculated from the two normalized histograms corresponding to the road and the non-road pixels in the RGB and grayscale color spaces, respectively. The last probability map is computed from the edges detected by the Canny edge detector and the regions located by the flood-fill algorithm. Finally, a novel automatic road detection method, which integrates these seven masks based on their probability values, defines a final probability mask for accurate and robust road detection in video.
Academic Springboard: The Chief Resident Position Correlates with Career Path in Emergency Medicine

Background The chief resident role often includes additional administrative and educational experiences beyond those of nonchief senior residents. It is unclear to what extent these experiences influence the postresidency career path of those selected as chief residents. The objective of this study was to evaluate the association of chief resident status on immediate postresidency career characteristics relative to nonchief residents in emergency medicine (EM). Methods We retrospectively analyzed graduate data from 2016 to 2020 at six accredited EM residency programs. Participating sites were geographically diverse and included 3- and 4-year training formats. Each site abstracted data using a standardized form including program, year of graduation, chief resident status, publications during residency, and immediate postresidency position (academic vs. nonacademic). We calculated descriptive statistics and performed logistic regression to explore differences between the chief resident cohort and other graduates. Results We gathered information on 365 total graduates (45.8% from 3-year programs and 54.2% from 4-year programs) including 93 (25.5%) chief residents. A total of 129 (35%) graduates assumed an academic position immediately following residency. Fifty-six (60%) of 93 chief residents assumed an academic position immediately following residency, compared to 74 (27%) of 272 other graduates. After program, year of graduation, and number of publications completed during residency were controlled for, chief resident status was a significant predictor of immediate postresidency academic career (odds ratio for a chief resident assuming an academic job = 5.36, 95% confidence interval = 3.10 to 9.27). Conclusion The chief resident role within EM is significantly associated with pursuit of an academic position immediately following residency compared to nonchiefs.
Comparison of API 20E and PCR for identification of Salmonella

API 20E and invA PCR were compared for diagnostic accuracy for Salmonella for 310 bacterial isolates from 3 Illinois swine farms. Reactions based on Triple Sugar Iron agar, Lysine Iron Agar, and Salmonella O (poly A/B) antisera tests were also considered. Repetitive sequence PCR (rep-PCR) using REP, BOX, and ERIC primers, identified the genetic basis for diagnostic classification. Cluster analysis and multidimensional scaling grouped isolates based on diagnostic and genetic characteristics. The invA PCR had higher agreement with other tests (particularly poly A/B antisera) than API 20E in Salmonella classification. Cluster analysis identified several clusters of isolates that were API 20E positive but negative by other tests, suggesting lower specificity for API 20E than invA PCR. Rep-PCR genotyping supported a genetic basis for diagnostic test result differences. This suggests that invA PCR should be considered as a cost and time saving alternative to API 20E in the diagnosis of Salmonella. Introduction Isolation and accurate identification of Salmonella is a significant challenge in clinical microbiology (Hoorfar et al, 1999; McDonough et al, 2000; Perry et al, 2002). Among the commercially available identification systems, API 20E, which relies on biochemical substrate utilization for classification, has often been used as the standard of comparison for identification of members of the family Enterbacteriaceae (O’Hara et al, 1992; Overman et al, 1985; Koneman et al, 1997). However, API 20E has not always yielded satisfactory results (Robinson et al, 1995; Rutherford et al, 1977; Aldridge et al, 1981). Rather than relying on phenotypic traits, identification of bacteria such as Salmonella could be improved by recognition of genotypic characteristics, e.g., by using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques targeting gene sequences unique to Salmonella (Vaneechoutte and Van Eldere, 1997). The purpose of the present study is to compare API 20E with a PCR for detection of the invA gene (Chiu and Ou, 1996), within the context of other diagnostic tests, using multivariate statistical methods to evaluate isolate classification and diagnostic
Idiopathic Gastroparesis: Gender Aspects

Publisher Summary Gastrointestinal motility and functional motility disorders are common and are associated with persistent symptoms that can often result in a poor quality of life. GI motility and functional GI disorders are much more common in women than in men. Gastroparesis, in particular, is an increasingly recognized condition. This chapter focuses on gastric motility and gastroparesis and discusses gender effects on gastric motility. Gastroparesis is a chronic motility disorder of the stomach characterized by delayed gastric emptying in the absence of a mechanical cause of obstruction. Gastroparesis can occur in many clinical settings with varied symptoms and severity of symptoms. Diabetic, postsurgical and idiopathic etiologies comprise the majority of cases. Diagnostic evaluation in patients with symptoms suggestive of gastroparesis generally consists of upper endoscopy and gastric emptying scintigraphy. Management of gastroparesis can be challenging. Symptoms do not necessarily correlate with gastric emptying, the marker of this disorder. Current management strategies are often suboptimal for adequately improving patient's symptoms. Importantly, advances in the evaluation and treatment of this disorder are being made. Several new treatment modalities are being investigated in this disorder, which makes a favorable outlook for this condition.
Epoxide hydrolysis in the cytosol of rat liver, kidney, and testis: measurement in the presence of glutathione and the effect of dietary clofibrate

The hydrolysis of trans- and cis-stilbene oxide and benzo[a]pyrene-4,5-oxide was measured in cytosol and microsomes of liver, kidney, and testis of control and clofibrate-fed rats. Significant levels of nonprotein sulfhydryls were detected in cytosol from liver (4.6 mM) and testis (1.5 mM). Glutathione was moderately stable in these fractions and interfered with the partition assays as conjugates were retained in the aqueous phase along with diols. When the products were separated by thin-layer chromatography, significant amounts of glutathione-conjugates were found to have been formed in the cytosol of liver and testis. Overnight dialysis or preincubation of cytosol with 0.5 mM diethylmaleate eliminated conjugate formation without affecting diol production. In dialyzed cytosol from clofibrate-fed rats (0.5%, 14 days), the rates of hydrolysis of trans-stilbene oxide were 506, 171, and 96% of controls for liver, kidney, and testis, respectively, and 126% of controls in liver microsomes. Rates of hydrolysis of cis-stilbene oxide were 149, 172, and 96% of controls in microsomes and 154, 124, and 91% of controls in cytosols from livers, kidneys, and testis of clofibrate-fed rats respectively. Hydrolysis of benzo[a]pyrene-4,5-oxide was similar to that of cis-stilbene oxide. Conjugation of the cis-stilbene oxide with glutathione was detected in cytosols from all three tissues with lesser amounts in the microsomes from liver and kidneys. After clofibrate treatment, the rates of this activity were 200, 173, and 95% of controls in cytosol from liver, kidneys and testis, and 203 and 202% of controls in microsomes from liver and kidneys respectively. These results indicate that epoxide hydrolysis and conjugation in rat liver and kidney are responsive to clofibrate treatment and support other evidence which suggests that hydrolysis of cis- and trans-stilbene oxides in cytosol is catalyzed, in part, by distinct enzymes.
Design and effectiveness of a novel trap for capturing nesting songbirds

Capturing songbirds at their nests can be challenging and time consuming. Although traps designed for capturing songbirds at their nests have been described in the literature, few are effective for capturing species with open-cup nests. We describe a cylindrical trap designed to capture songbirds at nests up to 2 m above ground in grasses, forbs, shrubs, and small saplings. The nest trap is constructed using a rigid hoop, two pieces of mist net, three stakes, and twist ties. We used this trap to capture female Dickcissels (Spiza americana) and female Indigo Buntings (Passerina cyanea) at their nests, with success rates of 85% (N= 196) and 60–73% (N= 16), respectively. Trapping success was comparable to that using other passerine nest trap designs. Nest abandonment after trapping attempts was rare and similar to that reported in previous studies. Our nest trap is lightweight, easy to make, versatile enough to use in a variety of grassland and shrub habitats, and easily carried and deployed in the field. RESUMEN El capturar aves canoras en sus nidos puede ser retante y tambien de alto consumo de tiempo. Aunque en la literatura han sido descritos disenos de trampas para capturar aves canoras en sus nidos, pocas son efectivas para capturar especies que construyen nidos en forma de copa. Describimos una trampa cilindrica para capturar aves canoras dentro de sus nidos, a 2 m del suelo, sobre yerbas, rastreras, arbustos o pequenas plantulas. La trampa es construida utilizando un aro rigido, dos pedazos de red de niebla, tres estacas y amarres de doblaje. Utilizamos dicha trampa para capturar, dentro de sus nidos, a hembras, de Spiza americana y de Passerina cyanea con una tasa de exito de 85% (N= 196) y de 60–73% (N= 16), respectivamente. El exito de atrapar resulto comparable a otros disenos de trampas. El abandono de nidos, luego de los intentos de atrapar, fue raro y similar a lo informado previamente en otros estudios. Nuestra trampa es liviana, facil de confeccionar y lo suficientemente versatil para ser utilizada en una variedad de hierbazales y habitas arbustivos, al igual que facil de cargar y ensamblar en el campo.
DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT: SOME DISEASES, SYNDROMES, AND CONDITIONS ASSOCIATED WITH AN UNUSUAL ODOR

This Quotation from the writings of one of the founders of ancient Hindu or Ayurvedic medicine, is evidence that Suśruta was aware of the diagnostic significance of odors in many diseases. For most contemporary physicians an awareness of the importance of the sense of smell in clinical medicine was rekindled largely by the discovery of phenylketonuria by Folling ill 1934.2 He, as has almost every other student of this disease, called attention to a distinctive odor of patients with PKU. With the burgeoning of our knowledge of inborn errors of metabolism during the last decade, we are now aware of at least five additional conditions in which the patient9s odor is unusual; these conditions include disorders of amino acid as well as fatty acid metabolism. ODORS IN CLINICAL MEDICINE The quality or character of odors described ill clinical medicine for the same disease varies from author to author. Although an odor may be defined as a volatile emanation that is perceived by the sense of smell, the precise description of a particular odor is extremely difficult. This may be because most of us, unlike almost all other mammals, pay little attention to the odors around us. It is not that we are anosmic but rather that our faculty for discniminating smell in clinical practice has atrophied from disuse. Sources of Patients9 Odors Odors arise chiefly from the secreta and excreta of the body: sweat, sebum from the skin; secreta from the nose, mouth, throat, bronchi, and lungs; urine, stool and vaginal discharges; wound suppuration; and from necrotic tissue.
Right ventricular mural thrombus caused by myocardial infarction diagnosed by computed tomography

Thrombi of the left ventricle are common sequelae to acute anterior myocardial infarctions that involve the apex of the heart and produce akinetic or dyskinetic wall thickening patterns. While infarctions of the right ventricle are being increasingly recognized in the setting of inferior myocardial infarcts, little data on in vivo clot formation in the right ventricle of the heart are available in these patients. In the current study we were able to demonstrate a right ventricular mural thrombus using gated computed tomography of the heart. Although an abnormality in the right ventricle extending from the septal margin of the ventricle into the outflow tract could be identified with standard blood pool computed tomographic images and from cross sectional echocardiograms, only with cardiac gating could the relationship between the mass (thrombus) and the noncontractile section of the right ventricular myocardium be clearly identified. We conclude that cardiac gating may help in the evaluation of cardiac masses, and in particular cardiac thrombi. This will be particular valuable in the setting of recent or remote infarction, as the relationship between wall-motion abnormalities and thrombus formation has been well documented.
Potential contribution of topography‐driven regional groundwater flow to fractal stream chemistry: Residence time distribution analysis of Tóth flow

[1] Groundwater and surface water are interconnected. Toth's analysis of topography-driven groundwater flow, presumably exiting in lakes or streams, is one of the first illustrations of this connection. Recently, fractal behavior in time-series observations of stream chemistry, implying a power-law residence time distribution (PLRTD) has been attributed to heterogeneity in subsurface flow paths and mass exchange processes. We show through numerical simulations that topography-driven groundwater flow, i.e., Toth flow, and transport under homogeneous aquifer conditions results in PLRTDs and may therefore contribute to fractal behavior in surface water chemistry. For the first time, PLRTDs are explained with a purely physical basis. Heterogeneity, accounted for by a large dispersivity value, makes the PLRTD more pronounced and persistent. Late-time arrival of solutes from surrounding watersheds results in multi-modality in the RTD, but these late peaks also follow a PLRTD after arrival.
Temperature preference of the white perch, Morone americana, collected in the Wicomico River, Maryland

Temperature preference tests were conducted on fresh water white perch (Morone americana), collected from the Wicomico River, Maryland. Collection temperature was 27 C and acclimation temperatures used in temperature preference tests were 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, and 33 C. The following methods were used to determine the final temperature preference: linear regression, quadratic equation, and “eyeball” plots. Recorded final temperature preference values were 28.9, 29.3 and 30.6 C using each method respectively.
Similitudes and the I1-norm

Abstract This paper describes those matrices which preserve or magnify the length of vectors whose entries sum to zero. Links to the coefficient of ergodicity are established.
DEEP UV PHOTOCHEMISTRY OF CHEMISORBED MONOLAYERS : PATTERNED COPLANAR MOLECULAR ASSEMBLIES

Deep ultraviolet (UV) irradiation is shown to modify organosilane self-assembled monolayer (SAM) films by a photocleavage mechanism, which renders the surface amenable to further SAM modification. Patterned UV exposure creates alternating regions of intact SAM film and hydrophilic, reactive sites. The exposed regions can undergo a second chemisorption reaction to produce an assembly of SAMs in the same molecular plane with similar substrate attachment chemistry. The UV-patterned films are used as a template for selective buildup of fluorophores, metals, and biological cells.
A simple drift-tube telescope for detector tests

We have constructed and operated a telescope consisting of eight drift tubes with 60° stereo covering an aperture of 6.5 cm2. The telescope provides position resolution of ≈ 100 μm rms and angular resolution of ≈ 13 mrad. The small amount of electronics required and the relative simplicity of calibration make this an attractive approach for instrumenting detector tests when good positional and angular resolution are needed.
Optical method for real-time monitoring of drug concentrations facilitates the development of novel methods for drug delivery to brain tissue

The understanding of drug delivery to organs, such as the brain, has been hampered by the inability to measure tissue drug concentrations in real time. We report an application of an optical spectroscopy technique that monitors in vivo the real-time drug con- centrations in small volumes of brain tissue. This method will facilitate development of new protocols for delivery of drugs to treat brain can- cers. The delivery of many anticancer drugs to the brain is limited by the presence of the blood-brain barrier BBB. Mitoxantrone MTX is a water-soluble anticancer drug that poorly penetrates the BBB. It is preliminarily determined in an animal model that the brain tissue up- take of chemotherapy agents—in this demonstration, MTX—delivered intra-arterially is enhanced when the BBB is disrupted. © 2007 Society of
The prophylactic use of antibiotics in surgery for colonic carcinoma

Evaluation of the efficacy of the neomycin-erythromycin combination as prophylaxis before operation for carcinoma of the colon (3 g of each the day preoperatively, plus mechanical cleansing) was carried out in a study of 28 patients for whom primary operations for colonic carcinoma were performed January through June 1973; 11 others received other preparation. Mean age of the 28 patients was 68 years; 20 were men. Thirteen had sigmoid carcinomas; 23 lesions were resectable, using no-touch isolation technique. There was no postoperative infectious complication. Of the other 11 patients, two had significant infections postoperatively.
Partial splenectomy prevents splenic sequestration crises in sickle cell disease

Abstract Purpose Acute splenic sequestrations (SSs) are potentially fatal complications in sickle cell disease (SCD). Total splenectomies in young patients may predispose them to a higher risk of overwhelming infections, whereas partial splenectomy may maintain immunocompetence. We present our series of partial splenectomies in patients with multiple SS episodes. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the records of 6 patients who underwent open partial splenectomies for SS. Data on their clinical courses were collected and analyzed. Results None of the 6 patients had SS postprocedure, down from 2.1 ± 1.0 ( P = .003) sequestrations per year and 3.5 ± 1.4 ( P = .002) total sequestrations per patient. The transfusion requirements were significantly reduced postoperatively (10.2 ± 5.6 vs 2.0 ± 3.1 per year; P = .002). There was no increase in the infection-related hospital admissions during the period of follow-up (1.5 ± 1.8 vs 0.8 ± 0.8 per year after partial splenectomy; P = .363). The upper pole was preserved in all cases with blood supply off the main splenic artery. Conclusions Partial splenectomy decreases the risk of SS in SCD and reduces the need for blood transfusions. Infection rates did not increase after the procedure during the follow-up period. Partial splenectomy should be considered for patients who experience multiple acute SS crises or have long-term transfusion requirements.
LYAPUNOV EXPONENTS AND RESONANCE FOR SMALL PERIODIC AND RANDOM PERTURBATIONS OF A CONSERVATIVE LINEAR SYSTEM

We give algorithms for the asymptotic expansions of the almost sure and moment Lyapunov exponents associated with the two-dimensional stochastic differential equation obtained as a small perturbation of the deterministic rotation with rate ω. The matrices in the perturbation terms are all assumed to be periodic functions of time with period l. The form of the algorithms depends on whether or not the periods 2π/ω and l of the unperturbed system and the perturbation coefficients are commensurable (i.e. the ratio of the periods is rational). In the commensurable case certain resonances may cause jumps in the Lyapunov exponents. We give an example of a stochastically perturbed Hill's oscillator which is almost surely stable when 2ω is not an integer, but is almost surely unstable at resonant frequencies ω = m/2. This work extends recent results of Imkeller and Milstein.
CYCLIC AMP IS AN ESSENTIAL FACTOR IN IMMUNE RESPONSES

Abstract In the present studies, cAMP, a secondary messenger historically viewed as a negative mediator of immune responses, was demonstrated to possess immunoenhancing activity at low concentrations. In parallel experiments the adenylate cyclase inhibitor, 2′,3′-dideoxyadenosine, produced a marked inhibition of humoral and proliferative immune responses suggesting that cAMP at physiologically relavent concentrations acts as a critical second messenger in immune responses. Direct addition of dibutyryl cAMP (10 - 100 μM), a membrane permeable cAMP analog, to mouse spleen cell cultures produced a marked and dose-related increase (25-100%) in humoral immune responses as measured by the primary IgM antibody forming cell response to the antigen, sheep erythrocytes. Over a similar concentration range, dibutyryl cAMP (5 - 50 μM) also dose-dependently enhanced (25-50%) phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate/ionomycin-stimulated lymphoproliferation. Incubation of spleen cells with 2′,3′-dideoxyadenosine (40 - 80 μM), an adenylate cyclase inhibitor, for 30 min depressed significantly the basal level of intracellular cAMP. 2′,3′-dideoxyadenosine treatment also significantly decreased both the antibody forming cell response and the proliferative response in a dose-dependent manner. Interestingly, the antibody forming cell response exhibited significantly greater sensitivity to inhibition by 2′,3′-dideoxyadenosine than the lymphoproliferative responses. The critical role for cAMP as a positive immunoregulatory signal is further supported by the fact that the immunosuppression by 2′,3′-dideoxyadenosine could be reversed completely in the antibody forming cell response to sheep erythrocytes through the addition of dibutyryl cAMP into the culture medium. Partial but not complete reversal of the inhibitory effects of 2′,3′-dideoxyadenosine on lymphoproliferation was also demonstrated by dibutyryl cAMP. Taken together, these results suggest that cAMP acts as a positive regulatory signal for immune responses as indicated by the fact that depletion of intracellular cAMP induces a marked inhibition of humoral and proliferative responses.
A critical appraisal of the demand/control model of the psychosocial work environment: Epistemological, social, behavioral and class considerations

During the last decade the demand/control model has emerged as the dominant model to explain the relationship between the psychosocial features of work organization and health. Although originating from the field of occupational social epidemiology, the conceptual and methodological basis of the demand/control model parallel construct based models used in social psychology. Using behavioral and sociological perspectives the current paper discusses the model's limitations. Recommendations regarding incorporation of social levels of analysis, the relationship between self-report and behavior, worker vs expert knowledge, and the generalized effects of stress on mental health are discussed to provide a positive heuristic to the demand/control model.
Cooling and solidification of liquid-metal drops in a gaseous atmosphere

The free fall of a liquid-metal drop, heat transfer from the drop to its environment, and solidification of the drop are described for both gaseous and vacuum atmospheres. A simple model, in which the drop is assumed to fall rectilinearly, with behaviour like that of a rigid particle, is developed to describe cooling behaviour. Recalescence of supercooled drops is assumed to occur instantaneously when a specified temperature is passed. The effects of solidification and experimental parameters on drop cooling are calculated and discussed. Major results include temperature as a function of time, and of drag, time to complete solidification, and drag as a function of the fraction of the drop solidified.
The Neglected Neglect: Auditory Neglect

Whereas visual and somatosensory forms of neglect are commonly recognized by clinicians, auditory neglect is often not assessed and therefore neglected. The auditory cortical processing system can be functionally classified into 2 distinct pathways. These 2 distinct functional pathways deal with recognition of sound (“what” pathway) and the directional attributes of the sound (“where” pathway). Lesions of higher auditory pathways produce distinct clinical features. Clinical bedside evaluation of auditory neglect is often difficult because of coexisting neurological deficits and the binaural nature of auditory inputs. In addition, auditory neglect and auditory extinction may show varying degrees of overlap, which makes the assessment even harder. Shielding one ear from the other as well as separating the ear from space is therefore critical for accurate assessment of auditory neglect. This can be achieved by use of specialized auditory tests (dichotic tasks and sound localization tests) for accurate interpretation of deficits. Herein, we have reviewed auditory neglect with an emphasis on the functional anatomy, clinical evaluation, and basic principles of specialized auditory tests.
College students' perceptions of mothers: Effects of maternal employment-childrearing pattern and motive for employment

This study examined primarily middle-class Caucasian college students' (n = 460) perceptions of mothers as a function of their employment-child-rearing pattern (continuous employment following 6 weeks of maternity leave, interrupted employment until the child was in first grade, or discontinued employment after the child's birth) and employment motive (fulfillment, financial, or unstated). Results showed that continuously employed compared to other mothers were perceived as less communal and were less positively evaluated. Further, continuously employed mothers were seen as less communal if their employment was for fulfillment rather than financial necessity. Inferences about the mother's perceived commitment to the maternal role help explain some of the communality findings, and perceived maternal role commitment and communality explain the evaluation findings. Discussion focuses on college students' views of normative roles and characteristics for women.
Automatic temporal subtraction of chest radiographs and its enhancement for lung cancers

In this study, we demonstrate an approach of using automatic edge detection and registration techniques for the temporal subtraction of chest radiographs. We also show that the contrasts of lung cancers were greatly enhanced. Difference images were obtained by subtracting an earlier chest radiograph from the later chest radiograph of the same patient. Prior to the subtraction, the lung areas were extracted by a convolution neural network. Segmented lungs and rib cages on both images were used to perform registration using directional edge extractors. Control points were selected prior to a warping process for the final registration. We also investigated the contrast enhancement of the lung cancer by analyzing the local area on the images. The signal-to-noise ratios at each cancer location were compared to evaluate the degree of improvement between the later chest image and the subtraction image. Our results indicated that the average signal-to-noise ratios at cancer locations were increased from 50% to 80%. The selected cases were collected for this study based on their subtleness. For each of this case, at least 4 radiologists out of 15 radiologists missed the cancer with a mean at 7.2 radiologists resulting from a recent observer study.
Lymphocytic Hypophysitis with Involvement of the Cavernous Sinus and Hypothalamus

Two cases of lymphocytic hypophysitis are reported, in which hypothalamic involvement causing diabetes insipidus was a prominent clinical feature. In one case, a man had clinical and radiological evidence of the involvement of the cavernous sinus. This represents the second reported case of a man with lymphocytic hypophysitis. A transsphenoidal biopsy established the diagnosis in both cases. Neither the involvement of the cavernous sinus nor permanent diabetes insipidus has been reported previously. A review of the literature is provided.
Direct observation of the high-momentum components of the conduction band of copper by two-dimensional angular correlation of annihilation radiation

Abstract A high precision study of the two-dimensional angular correlation (2D ACAR) in copper using a multicounter apparatus reveals directly the high-momentum components of the conduction band. The general features of the anisotropy of these “umklapp annihilations” are discussed.
The Pressure Gradient Conundrum of Sigma Coordinate Ocean Models

Abstract Much has been written of the error in computing the horizontal pressure gradient associated with sigma coordinates in ocean or atmospheric numerical models. There also exists the concept of “hydrostatic inconsistency” whereby, for a given horizontal resolution, increasing the vertical resolution may not be numerically convergent. In this paper, it is shown that the differencing scheme cited here, though conventional, is not hydrostatically inconsistent; the sigma coordinate, pressure gradient error decreases with the square of the vertical and horizontal grid size. Furthermore, it is shown that the pressure gradient error is advectively eliminated after a long time integration. At the other extreme, it is shown that diagnostic calculations of the North Atlantic Ocean using rather coarse resolution, and where the temperature and salinity and the pressure gradient error are held constant, do not exhibit significant differences when compared to a calculation where horizontal pressure gradients are c...