cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Decline of Railroad Consolidation

Before 1920, the year in which railroad consolidation received Congressional sanction, three periods in the history of rail development the time of the Civil War the chief purpose of consolidation seems to have been to unite short connecting lines to form through routes between important terminals, usually with the approval and assistance of state legislatures. A good example was the chartering of the New York Central Railroad in 1853 by the New York legislature following the amalgamation of ten companies operating short lines in a chain of roads between Albany and Buffalo, New York. A second stage of consolidation developed from the unparalleled construction and intense intercompany competition that followed the Civil War when railroads felt the need of large systems both to offer effective service over widening geographic areas and to offset the disastrous effect of competition upon an industry of expensive, fixed, and specialized capital. It was during this period that the major eastern trunk and western transcontinental systems were formed. State laws designed to prevent the combination of competing lines were widely circumvented, or made inoperative, and the prohibition of pooling in the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 and of trade (and traffic) associations in the Sherman Act of 1890 gave new impetus to the use of consolidation as a means of escaping the enervating effects of competition. In the years following the Panic of 1893, when one fourth of the country's rail mileage passed into the hands of receivers, the use by the railroads of several new legal devices, including the interlocking directorate, the holding company, and the community of interest, not only counteracted antimonopoly legislation but produced a third and still more impressive phase of consolidation.
Counseling Psychology in Time and Place

Viewed from the vantage point of history, the career contributions of Naomi Meara, Roger Myers, and Lyle Schmidt remind us of the influence of time and place. Examination of these contextual factors reveals the unique contributions of these pioneers and presents an opportunity to glimpse into the future. Looking forward or looking back, counseling psychologists appear to share a transcendent belief in the power and possibilities of satisfying human relationships.
Designing inter-organisational collectivities for dynamic fit: stability, manoeuvrability and application in disaster relief endeavours

The rich armamentarium of contingency theory can help to overcome the challenges of inter-organisational design. However, its predominate focus on static fit is incommensurate with the fundamentally dynamic nature of organisations and their environments. This problem is exacerbated in the context of inter-organisational design, particularly where the membership of participating organisations is discontinuous. Alternatively, recent research focusing on dynamic organisational fit and misfit elucidates novel design issues and engineering techniques even in the very complex inter-organisational context. In this article, we begin with a focused summary of dynamic fit and misfit, and we illustrate the use and utility of this view through empirical application to a very complex inter-organisational case involving thousands of participating organisations attempting to provide multinational disaster relief. The article concludes with an agenda for continued research along the lines of this investigation.
Behavioral and emotional problems among children of cocaine- and opiate-dependent parents.

ABSTRACT Objective To test associations between parental drug abuse and children's problems, children of cocaine- and opiate-dependent parents were compared with demographically matched referred and nonreferred children. Method Cocaine-and opiate-dependent parents in treatment completed the Child Behavior Checklist for 410 children (218 boys, 192 girls) from ages 2 through 18 years (mean = 7.9 years). Children of drug abusers (CDAs) were demographically matched to referred (RCs) and nonreferred children (NRCs). Results RCs scored lower than CDAs and NRCs on most competence scales, and higher than CDAs and NRCs on all problem scales. CDAs scored lower than NRCs on most competence scales, and higher than NRCs on Withdrawn, Thought Problems, Delinquent Behavior, Aggressive Behavior, Internalizing, Externalizing, and Total Problems. Group status also predicted clinical range scores on most competence and all problem scales. Conclusions CDAs showed more internalizing and externalizing psychopathology relative to matched NRCs, but they showed significantly less psychopathology than shown by matched RCs. CDAs are an important group to target for preventive interventions. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry, 1999, 38(4):421–428.
Internal, near-surface, and scattered electromagnetic fields for a layered spheroid with arbitrary illumination

A spheroidal coordinate separation-of-variables solution has been developed for the determination of internal, near-surface, and scattered electromagnetic fields of a layered spheroid (either prolate or oblate) with arbitrary monochromatic illumination (e.g., plane wave or focused Gaussian beam). Calculated results are presented for layered 2:1 axis ratio prolate and oblate spheroids with an equivalent sphere size parameter of 20.
The Asturian of Cantabria: Subsistence Base and the Evidence for Post‐Pleistocene Climatic Shifts1

Recent examination of materials from the pre-neolithic (C14 age 7004±165 B.P.-8909±185B.P.) Asturian occupations of Cantabrian Spain indicates exploitation of two major bodies of animal resources: (1) mammals especially woodland and forest-edge adapted ungulates (with a secondary concentration on alpine forms) and (2) marine molluscs, with intensive selection for limpets and topshell, littoral species from the intertidal zone. The pattern of site location seems optimal for collection of coastal, forest, and montane resources with a minimum of effort, The composition of shellfish assemblages from the sites suggests that the Asturian occupation witnessed a climatic regimen somewhat warmer than that today.
Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion: Natural History of Visual Outcome

Importance Understanding the natural history of visual outcome in branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO) is fundamental to its management. Objective To investigate the natural history of visual outcome in major and macular BRVO. Design, Setting, and Participants Observational cohort study at a university-based referral practice from 1973 until 1999. The study comprised 216 consecutive eyes with BRVO (144 eyes with major and 72 eyes with macular BRVO) seen within 3 months of onset. Intervention At first visit, all patients had a detailed ophthalmic and medical history and comprehensive ophthalmic evaluation. Ophthalmic evaluation at initial and follow-up visits included recording best-corrected visual acuity (VA) using the Snellen VA chart and visual fields with a Goldmann perimeter. Main Outcomes and Measures Best-corrected VA and visual field outcome on follow-up. Results The median time to macular edema resolution was 21 months in those with major BRVO and 18 months in those with macular BRVO. Overall, for eyes with initial VA of 20/60 or better, VA improved or remained stable in 75% (95% CI, 63%-86%) for major BRVO and 86% (95% CI, 73%-95%) for macular BRVO. In those with initial VA of 20/70 or worse, VA improved in 69% (95% CI, 56%-80%) for major BRVO and in 53% (95% CI, 27%-79%) for macular BRVO, with median final VA of 20/60 for both BRVO types. Conclusions and Relevance Major and macular BRVOs are 2 distinct clinical entities, and initial visual status and final visual outcome in the 2 types are quite different. Overall, on resolution of macular edema, our study suggests that in both major and macular BRVO, VA and visual fields improved to a variable degree in the majority of eyes without any treatment.
Hierarchical control of small autonomous helicopters

Autonomous air vehicles have numerous applications, all of which require the vehicle to have stable and accurate control of its motion. In the paper, a hierarchical control system for small autonomous helicopters is described. The control system consists of four components: a navigation filter, an inner-loop hover control system, a waypoint guidance system, and a ground-based flight manager. All four elements of the control system have been verified with flight tests of the Draper small autonomous air vehicle.
Context for the Kartan: a preliminary report on excavations at Cape du Couedic rockshelter, Kangaroo Island

Lying within sight of the South Australian mainland, the 4000km2 land mass of Kangaroo Island presents a continuing archaeological mystery. In the mythology of southern coastal Aborigines, it was Karta island of the dead (Tindale and Maegraith 1931; Berndt 1940) a spirit place beyond the reach of living people. However, reports of the discovery of stone artefacts on the island by Howchin in 1903 and Tindale and Maegraith in 1931 demonstrated that Aboriginal people once had occupied the island, beyond the recollection of oral history. The suite of stone implements recorded by Tindale was distinctive. It consisted primarily of large, unifaciallyflaked cobble choppers, unidirectional block cores ('horsehoofs' and 'karta'), steep-edged, thick flake tools, pitted hammerstones, occasional massive 'waisted axes' and very few flakes. Most artefacts were made from the island's abundant quartzites and metasandstones, with occasional use of quartz. This assemblage was unlike any stage of the industrial sequence identified at Devon Downs rocksheiter (Hale and Tindale 1930). Tindale named the Kangaroo Island industry the 'Kartan culture'. Scattered finds of similar implements had been made in the Flinders Ranges north of Adelaide, and along the Fleurieu Peninsula to the south. This suggested to Tindale that the Kartan might date to the last ice age, when Kangaroo Island was connected to the mainland through lowered sea levels. Tindale also recognised similar implements in collections of artefacts from Tasmania. The location of Kartan artefacts on relict, stranded shorelines around Murray Lagoon reinforced the idea of Pleistocene antiquity, as did the similarity of the cobble artefacts to examples from Sumatra and Malaya, which were thought to date to the Upper Pleistocene. Putting all of these clues together, Tindale (1937:59) suggested that the Kartan artefacts represented the toolkit of the earliest immigrants to Australia from southeast Asia _ the people who had reached Tasmania and Kangaroo Island while these places were accessible by glacial land bridge. Consequently, Tindale placed the Kartan as the earliest phase of the industrial succession which he described for Australian prehistory (Tindale 1957, 1968, 1981). Fieldwork to locate Kartan sites continued from the 1940's through to the 1960's by Cooper (1943, 1960, 1966, 1968a, 1968b), Bauer (1959, 1970) and others. More than 100 sites were recorded on the island and adjacent mainland peninsulas. However,
An assessment of the resolution limitation due to radiation-damage in X-ray diffraction microscopy

Abstract X-ray diffraction microscopy (XDM) is a new form of X-ray imaging that is being practiced at several third-generation synchrotron-radiation X-ray facilities. Nine years have elapsed since the technique was first introduced and it has made rapid progress in demonstrating high-resolution three-dimensional imaging and promises few-nanometer resolution with much larger samples than can be imaged in the transmission electron microscope. Both life- and materials-science applications of XDM are intended, and it is expected that the principal limitation to resolution will be radiation damage for life science and the coherent power of available X-ray sources for material science. In this paper we address the question of the role of radiation damage. We use a statistical analysis based on the so-called “dose fractionation theorem” of Hegerl and Hoppe to calculate the dose needed to make an image of a single life-science sample by XDM with a given resolution. We find that the needed dose scales with the inverse fourth power of the resolution and present experimental evidence to support this finding. To determine the maximum tolerable dose we have assembled a number of data taken from the literature plus some measurements of our own which cover ranges of resolution that are not well covered otherwise. The conclusion of this study is that, based on the natural contrast between protein and water and “Rose-criterion” image quality, one should be able to image a frozen-hydrated biological sample using XDM at a resolution of about 10 nm.
A Performance Evaluation Study of Video-on-Demand Traffic over IP Networks

Low cost, high bandwidth Internet connectivity has made Video-on-Demand (VoD) one of the most significant new age technologies being adopted by ever-growing users. Video applications such as online video streaming, video conferencing and many others are being increasingly used. The increased in IP based video applications has resulted in more traffic over IP networks. Hence, there is a need for efficient network bandwidth utilization for VoD applications by employing VoD systems which are more efficient and better in performance. Various architectures have been proposed and implemented to handle the rapid growth in demand for video delivering technologies. In this paper we have thoroughly examined some of the proposed VoD architectures using simulation tool. The simulation tool that we used provided an efficient platform to analyze different architectures and obtain performance metrics and plots. The objective of this paper is to analyze the VoD traffic, in particular from proxy and VoD servers. Hence the primary focus is on the Proxy and CDN architectures, which deploy proxy servers at the edge of the network. We have statistically analyzed the VoD traffic through experiments, under different network conditions and have derived suggestions for optimal network parameters required for efficient VoD architectures. Carefully designed proxy-assisted schemes can improve the performance of VoD network, thereby making VoD systems more reliable and scalable.
Equivariant semicharacteristics and induction

Davis, J.F. and G. Katz, Equivariant semicharacteristics and induction, Topology and its Applications 51 (1993) 41-52. The paper defines a semicharacteristic bordism invariant for manifolds equipped with an action of a finite group with specified isotropy. Induction results and the Burnside ring are applied to give homological restrictions on some group actions on odd-dimensional manifolds.
Evaluating the Stolt stretch parameter

The Stolt migration extension to a varying velocity case (Stolt stretch) implies describing a vertical heterogeneity by a constant parameter (W). This paper exploits the connection between modified dispersion relations and traveltime approximations to derive an explicit expression for W. The expression provides theoretically the highest possible accuracy within the Stolt stretch framework. Applications considered include optimal partitioning of the velocity distribution for the cascaded migrations and extension of the Stolt stretch method to transversally isotropic models.
MDMA Stimulus Generalization to the 5-HT1A Serotonin Agonist 8-Hydroxy-2- (di-n-propylamino)tetralin

The abused substance N-methyl-1-(3, 4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-2-aminopropane, or MDMA, serves as a training drug in animals. Because the 5-HT(1A) receptor antagonist NAN-190 has been shown to partially antagonize the MDMA stimulus, and because NAN-190 binds at several different types of receptors, in the present study we examined other agents (e.g., adrenergic, dopaminergic, sigma) in tests of stimulus generalization and stimulus antagonism to determine their influence on the MDMA stimulus. Each of these agents (i.e., clenbuterol, S(-)propranolol, R(+)SCH-23390, amantadine, NANM) was without effect on MDMA-appropriate responding. The finding that NAN-190 behaves as a 5-HT(1A) partial agonist in some studies prompted examination of the 5-HT(1A) receptor agonist 8-OH DPAT and its optical isomers. MDMA-stimulus generalization occurred to racemic 8-OH DPAT (ED(50) = 0.3 mg/kg), R(+)8-OH DPAT (ED(50) = 0.2 mg/kg), and to the 5-HT(1A) receptor partial agonist S(-)8-OH DPAT (ED(50) = 0.4 mg/kg). The results suggest that the MDMA stimulus might possess a 5-HT(1A) component of action. Furthermore, because 8-OH DPAT is known to enhance the stimulus effects of hallucinogens as discriminative stimuli, and because MDMA reportedly enhances the effects of hallucinogenic agents in humans ("flipping," "candy flipping"), this latter MDMA-induced phenomenon might involve a 5-HT(1A) mechanism.
Electrical characterization of resistive memory in metal-Pr 0.7 Ca 0.3 MnO 3 interface: A future non-volatile memory device

The phenomenon of electric pulse induced resistive switching in metal (Ag)-oxide (Pr 0.7 Ca 0.3 MnO 3 ) interface has been studied in detail. Dielectric spectroscopy (frequency range ∼ 10Hz–10Mz) has been used to investigate the formation of switched interface and underlying mesostructure. Resistance switch has been realized only over a voltage threshold (V Th ) and a very fast ‘write’ speed (∼100 ns or less) with excellent reversibility has been achieved. Detailed kinetics and relaxation studies are conducted with data retention time period of more than 108 sec (∼years). Based on the above results, a defect creation/annihilation and lattice rearrangement model for switching has been developed. C-AFM (conductive AFM) has been used to study the nano inhomogeneity of the conductivity of metal-PCMO interface and a more complex percolation model has been outlined.
Culture and personality studies, 1918-1960: myth and history

The field known as "culture and personality studies" in the middle decades of the 20th century was a precursor of contemporary cross-cultural research on personality. Its rejection by anthropologists and sociologists after 1950 was accompanied by stereotypes that have hardened into myth and obscured its character and relevance for contemporary investigators. This article dispels some prevalent misconceptions (concerning its chronology, its theoretical unity, its positions on individual differences and its relationship to Freudian psychoanalysis) and proposes a tentative explanation of its decline.
Entamoeba Gingivalis in Periodontal Disease

STUDIES ON THE BIOLOGY OF THE PERIODONTIUM OF MARMOSETS: IX. EFFECT OF PARATHYROID HORMONE ON THE ALVEOLAR BONE OF MARMOSETS PRETREATED WITH FLUORIDATED AND NONFLUORIDATED DRINKING WATER Levy, B. M . , Dreizen, S.,Bernick, S., and Hampton, J. K., Jr. J. Dent. Res., 49:816, 1970 Forty-four young adult marmosets were divided into two groups of 20 and 24 animals each. The two groups were fed normal diets with the latter receiving drinking water containing 50 ppm fluoride. After five months twelve and ten animals from the above groups respectively were given parathyroid hormone in divided doses. The remaining marmosets served as controls and all animals were sacrificed following administration of the parathyroid hormone. The skulls were fixed and studied histologically. The results showed that pretreatment of animals with fluoridated drinking water gave minimal histologic evidence of alveolar bone resorption when injected with 300 to 600 U S P units of parathyroid hormone. Fluoride pretreated animals injected with 800 U S P units of parathyroid hormone showed a partial suppression of alveolar bone loss over the control group. University of Texas Dental Science Institute at Houston, Houston, Texas 77025. QUANTITATIVE PARAMETERS OF EARLY HUMAN GINGIVAL INFLAMMATION Schroeder, H. E . Arch. Oral Biol. 15:383, 1970 Ten biopsies were taken from human gingiva six to 24 months after eruption of premolar teeth indicated for extraction for orthodontic purposes. All teeth had a PMA of zero or one. Microscopic examination of prepared specimens revealed no evidence morphologically of reduced ameloblasts present after one year. The volume of leukocytes was greater cervically than apically with the maximum at the bottom of the sulcus. The thickness of the attached epithelium was also greater coronally than apically. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes were the prevailing cells in the epithelium and they transmigrated the epithelial attachment. Plasma cells were the prevailing cells in the connective tissue. The distribution of leukocytes was not correlated with the area or thickness of the epithelial attachment. The degree of inflammation observed clinically appeared to be the result of only one measurement, that is, the extension of inflammation into the connective tissue. Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Dental Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
Natural disasters in the oral history of West Cameroon

In 1986, in the Cameroon Grassfields of West Africa, Lake Nyos exploded killing more than 1,700 people; in 1984, Lake Monoun exploded, killing 34 people. Have such explosions occurred before and been recorded in oral literature of the peoples who live in the vicinity of Cameroon’s numerous crater lakes? This article discusses the similarities and differences in two Grassfields legends that explain ethnic group migrations after a body of water brought death and destruction to a population. The analysis suggests that there is a factual basis for the recounting in traditional lore of the maleficent activities of crater lakes.
Donor TSH level is associated with clinical pregnancy among oocyte donation cycles

The purpose of the study is to evaluate the association between donor TSH level (independent of recipient TSH level) and recipient pregnancy outcome among fresh donor oocyte IVF cycles. This is a retrospective cohort study investigating 232 consecutive fresh donor-recipient cycles (200 total oocyte donors) at an academic medical center. Main outcome measures include clinical pregnancy and live birth. Cycles were categorized into two groups based on donor TSH level (< 2.5 and ≥ 2.5 mIU/L). After controlling for multiple donor and recipient characteristics, the probability of clinical pregnancy was significantly lower among donors with TSH levels ≥2.5 mIU/L compared to those with TSH values <2.5 mIU/L (43.1 %, 95 % CI 28.5–58.9, versus 66.7 %, 95 % CI 58.6–73.9, respectively, p = 0.01). The difference in live birth rates between the two groups did not achieve statistical significance (43.1 %, 95 % CI 28.8–58.6, versus 58.0 %, 95 % CI 50.0–65.6, respectively, p = 0.09). Donor TSH level, independent of recipient TSH level, is associated with recipient clinical pregnancy. These findings suggest that thyroid function may impact the likelihood of pregnancy at the level of the oocyte.
Diabetes mellitus in sports

Careful monitoring and proper adjustments of insulin and caloric intake allow the diabetic athlete to participate safely and successfully in almost any activity. Close interaction between the patient, physician, dietitian, or diabetic team is essential to allowing safe participation for the diabetic athlete. Physical exercise has long been considered beneficial in the treatment of both type I and type II diabetics. Improved self-image, maintenance of ideal body weight, and decreased hypertension and lipid-related cardiovascular risk factors are readily achievable by the diabetic who regularly exercises. Improved glycemic control has not been proved to be a long-term benefit of regular exercise, and this issue will remain controversial in the future. The practicing physician should understand clearly the metabolic responses to exercise in both normal and diabetic patients. The physician should be skilled in providing proper advice regarding exercise for all diabetic patients.
Energy Level Spectrum of C 15 from the Nuclear Reaction Be 9 (Li 7 , p)C 15

Energy levels of the nucleus C/sup 15/ have been measured by measuring the kinetic energies of proton groups produced in the bombardment of thin beryllium targets with 2-Mev lithium ions, causing the reaction Be/sup 9/(Li/sup 7/,p)C/sup 15/. The energy levels found were at 0.62, 2.48, 3.08, 4.26, 5.93, 6.58, and 8.18 Mev above the ground state. A continuum of particles was interpreted as due partly to Be/sup 9/Li/sup 7/,pn)C/sup 14/. The ground stute and the lowest levels were compared with levels in N/sup 15/; the presence of the lowest T = 3/2 level at 11.61 Mev in N/sup 15/ was confirmed. Comparison with the lowlying levels in O/sup 17/ revealed similarity suggested by the analogous shell structures of the two nuclei C/sup 15/ and O/sup 17/. (auth)
Bending Terahertz Beams in “Free Space”

We demonstrate terahertz beam bending in the free-space region created between two metallic plates. This is achieved by realizing a non-uniform distribution of the effective refractive index, causing empty space to mimic an inhomogeneous dielectric.
Portacaval shunt and whole-body cholesterol metabolism in the cholesterol-fed African green monkey.

SummaryAfrican green monkeys consuming a diet containing 0.62 mg cholesterol/Cal and 40% of calories as fat were characterized for whole-body cholesterol metabolism after control (sham) or portacaval shunt operations. Whole-body cholesterol metabolism was studied by three different methods: sterol balance analysis, serum cholesterol turnover analysis, and feeding radiolabeled cholesterol until a serum cholesterol isotopic steady state was reached. We found no difference between control and portacaval shunt animals for the following characteristics: serum cholesterol concentration, excretion of neutral steroids or bile acids, cholesterol absorption or synthesis, and kinetic parameters of serum cholesterol turnover. We have concluded that portacaval shunt in African green monkeys fed a diet containing high fat and a moderate amount of cholesterol had no effect on whole-body cholesterol metabolism.
Polymer Film Surface Fluctuation Dynamics in the Limit of Very Dense Branching

The surface fluctuation dynamics of melt films of densely branched comb polystyrene of thickness greater than 55 nm and at temperatures 23–58 °C above the bulk Tg can be rationalized using the hydrodynamic continuum theory (HCT) known to describe melts of unentangled linear and cyclic chains. Film viscosities (ηXPCS) inferred from fits of the HCT to X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy (XPCS) data are the same as those measured in bulk rheometry (ηbulk) for three combs. For the comb most like a star polymer and the comb closest to showing bulk entanglement behavior, ηXPCS > ηbulk. These discrepancies are much smaller than those seen for less densely branched polystyrenes. We conjecture that the smaller magnitude of ηXPCS – ηbulk for the densely grafted combs is due to a lack of interpenetration of the side chains when branching is most dense. Both Tg,bulk and the specific chain architecture play key roles in determining the surface fluctuations.
The Effects of Substrates on Rat Atria Depressed with Bicarbonate-Free Medium, Citrate, or Low Calcium

SummaryAtria, incubated in bicarbonate-free medium containing 5.5 mM glucose at pH 7.4, demonstrated a progressive decline in contractility not seen in bicarbonate-containing normal medium. Addition of 5 ml pyruvate, lactate, or acetate to atria depressed by bicarbonate-free medium produced a marked increase in contractility. Such an effect was not seen by addition of glucose (30 mM) or fructose (20 mM) indicating a block in the Embden-Meyerhof pathway produced by the bicarbonate-free medium at some point between fructose and pyruvate and most probably at the phos-phofructokinase step.Addition of citrate to atria incubated in the normal bicarbonate-containing medium produced dose-dependent decreases in contractility. The effects of substrates on citrate-depressed atria were in some respects similar to their effects on atria depressed by bicarbonate-free medium. Pyruvate (5 mM) and lactic acid (5 mM) increased the force of contraction of citrate-depressed atria whereas fructose (30 mM) was without effect. ...
Permanental Random Variables, M-Matrices and α-Permanents

We explore some properties of a recent representation of permanental vectors which expresses them as sums of independent vectors with components that are independent gamma random variables.
Growth and Maturation of Children with Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus

By plotting and evaluating height and weight measurements of children with diabetes on the Iowa Growth Chart, the authors have found that children with diabetes under their care who maintained relatively high degrees of metabolic control had normal growth patterns and that only children in lower degrees of control failed to grow at normal rate and had delayed maturation.
Redressing the Structural Imbalance

The world economy today is facing two major threats: increasing environmental degradation and a growing gap between rich and poor. Drawing on historical and contemporary evidence, this book has argued that these two threats are symptomatic of a growing structural imbalance in all economies, which is how nature is exploited to create wealth, and how this wealth is distributed among the population. The root of this imbalance is that natural capital is underpriced, and hence overly exploited, whereas human capital is insufficient to meet demand, thus encouraging wealth inequality.
Towards a Rational Exploitation of the Sea

(1970). Towards a Rational Exploitation of the Sea. Rocks & Minerals: Vol. 45, No. 2, pp. 83-88.
Manual construction of continuous cartograms through mesh transformation

A computer-assisted framework is proposed to support the manual construction of cartograms. The framework employs a joint triangulation, similar to that used in rubber-sheeting, to define a piecewi...
High-Pressure Synthesis and Characterization of β-GeSe—A Six-Membered-Ring Semiconductor in an Uncommon Boat Conformation

Two-dimensional materials have significant potential for the development of new devices. Here we report the electronic and structural properties of β-GeSe, a previously unreported polymorph of GeSe, with a unique crystal structure that displays strong two-dimensional structural features. β-GeSe is made at high pressure and temperature and is stable under ambient conditions. We compare it to its structural and electronic relatives α-GeSe and black phosphorus. The β form of GeSe displays a boat conformation for its Ge–Se six-membered ring (“six-ring”), while the previously known α form and black phosphorus display the more common chair conformation for their six-rings. Electronic structure calculations indicate that β-GeSe is a semiconductor, with an approximate bulk band gap of Δ ≈ 0.5 eV, and, in its monolayer form, Δ ≈ 0.9 eV. These values fall between those of α-GeSe and black phosphorus, making β-GeSe a promising candidate for future applications. The resistivity of our β-GeSe crystals measured in-plan...
Regional Variation in Skeletal Muscle and Adipose Tissue FDG Uptake Using PET/CT and Their Relation to BMI.

Rationale and Objectives Skeletal muscle metabolism is a primary contributor to whole-body energy expenditure. Currently, methods to measure changes in skeletal muscle metabolism in vivo are limited. Our objectives were to characterize the regional variation in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue (AT) FDG uptake as a surrogate for glycolytic metabolism using 18F-2-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) in healthy men and to correlate these findings to body mass index (BMI). Materials and Methods Eighteen healthy men were enrolled and underwent FDG-PET/CT. The mean standardized uptake value of 14 skeletal muscles and two AT regions was measured and linear regression analysis was performed to identify metabolic predictors of BMI. Results FDG-PET/CT reliably detected changes in skeletal muscle and AT depot metabolic activity based on location. The most metabolically active muscles were those used for posture and breathing, which have the highest percentage of reported type I muscle myofiber content. Visceral AT tended to have a higher FDG uptake than subcutaneous AT. The mean standardized uptake value of VAT, pectoralis major, and gluteus maximus muscles accounted for 64% of the variance in BMI. Conclusions FDG-PET/CT can be used to quantify the regional variation in glucose metabolism of multiple skeletal muscle groups and AT depots.
Towards tasking humanoids for lift-and-carry non-rigid material

The lift-and-carry of non-rigid objects is challenging for both people and bipedal robots. Examples include lifting and carrying jugs, jerry cans or bags that are respectively filled with water, gasoline or sand. Carrying such objects often makes it difficult to walk due to the shifting center-of-mass. As such, tripping and falling are risks. Such lift-and-carry is a common material handling task. For bipedal robots to be deployed in unstructured or cluttered environments like factory floors, agricultural fields or disaster sites, robust methods for lift-and-carry are needed. This paper motivates, highlights, and provides experimental results to underscore the value and challenges of the bipedal lift-and-carry of non-rigid objects.
Intravascular Volume Profiles in Patients With Class I and II Systolic Heart Failure: Heterogeneity and Volume Overload Are Common Even in Mild Heart Failure.

Abstract Background Although volume overload is a commonly described clinical feature of advanced heart failure (HF), less is known regarding volume profiles of patients with less severe class I and II HF. Methods Intravascular volume was quantitated by radiolabeled-albumin indicator-dilution technique in clinic outpatients. Results Forty-six patients (age 61 ± 13years, left ventricular ejection fraction 30 ± 8%) were prospectively evaluated with 28 undergoing repeat evaluations at 1 year. There was no difference in averaged total blood volume (TBV) at baseline between class I (N = 26) and II (N = 20) patients (5.6 ± 1.6vs 6.0 ± 1.3 L, P = .368) and at 1-year of follow-up. However, there was marked heterogeneity in plasma volume (–13% to +69% of normal) and red cell mass (RBCM –31% to +50%) profiles with TBV expansion identified in 46% of the cohort, whereas only 48% had a normal TBV. RBCM deficit (true anemia) was common (39%), but a low hemoglobin concentration was accurate in identifying anemia in only 11% of the cohort. RBCM excess (polycythemia) also was identified in 20% of the cohort. Conclusions Marked heterogeneity in plasma volume and RBCM volume profiles is present even in mild HF, and identifying volume overload, which was common in early HF, has the potential to help guide therapy in the reduction of HF progression. Intravascular volume as a modifiable risk factor in early HF warrants further study.
The myth of shared governance in higher education

In terms of the role of myth in decision making, this paper focuses on the way myth obfuscates critical issues related to shared governance in higher education. The result of that obfuscation is a minimization of the realities that work against shared governance by favoring an untenable view based on an idealistic and unattainable vision of shared governance. First, however, a critique of myth is in order to demonstrate not only that myth is no more than ordinary interpretation but also that it is insufficiently based on rationality and can become a dangerous instrument in the hands of policy makers.
A low-rank multivariate general linear model for multi-subject fMRI data and a non-convex optimization algorithm for brain response comparison.

Abstract The focus of this paper is on evaluating brain responses to different stimuli and identifying brain regions with different responses using multi-subject, stimulus-evoked functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data. To jointly model many brain voxels’ responses to designed stimuli, we present a new low-rank multivariate general linear model (LRMGLM) for stimulus-evoked fMRI data. The new model not only is flexible to characterize variation in hemodynamic response functions (HRFs) across different regions and stimulus types, but also enables information “borrowing” across voxels and uses much fewer parameters than typical nonparametric models for HRFs. To estimate the proposed LRMGLM, we introduce a new penalized optimization function, which leads to temporally and spatially smooth HRF estimates. We develop an efficient optimization algorithm to minimize the optimization function and identify the voxels with different responses to stimuli. We show that the proposed method can outperform several existing voxel-wise methods by achieving both high sensitivity and specificity. We apply the proposed method to the fMRI data collected in an emotion study, and identify anterior dACC to have different responses to a designed threat and control stimuli.
David Foster Wallace is not your friend: The fraudulence of empathy in David Foster Wallace studies and “Good Old Neon”

ABSTRACTThis article identifies a troubling trend in David Foster Wallace studies. Many critics and scholars begin their analyses of Wallace’s fiction in the personal interviews and essays that Wallace left behind after his death, as opposed to the texts themselves. The explanations of these works, therefore, originate from David Foster Wallace himself and obscure the diverse textual influences that helped shape his fiction. By removing the prestige of the author, this study also demonstrates that “Good Old Neon,” rather than seeking to create an empathetic relationship between the author and the reader, uses a Borgesian structure to demonstrate the impossibility that a person can truly know someone else.
CHAPTER 3 – The Pythagoreans

This chapter focuses on the Pythagoreanism. The place of Pythagoras in the history of mathematics and the divine is well known. There are other people; “Pythagoreans,” were active in the late fifth and early fourth centuries. The most important of these were, apparently, Philolaus and Archytas. They did not suffer the fame of Pythagoras and thus the truth concerning them is somewhat easier to sift from the accretion of later legends. The historical significance of Pythagoreans lies precisely in this: that they were important for Plato and for Aristotle. It is clear that Plato and Aristotle opportunistically changed the meaning of the Pythagorean sources available to them. Plato and Aristotle perceived an affinity between a group of thinkers whom they associated with Pythagoras. They further saw in this group something useful for their own philosophy. To Plato, the usefulness was in the encouragement of a kindred spirit; to Aristotle, the usefulness was in the warning of a philosophical pitfall. The place of this comment is significant: in Aristotle's account, the Pythagoreans immediately preceded Plato, whose philosophy is explained through a mixture of influences from previous thinkers, mainly, that of the Pythagoreans.
Adenosine Receptors: Biology and Function

Adenosine, a natural purine metabolite of adenine nucleotides, is a key regulator of many physiologic functions including vascular blood flow, platelet thrombotic activity, lipolysis and neurotransmission (1–3). It is continuously produced by many tissues of the body which include the vascular endothelium (4,5), heart (6,7), brain (6), skeleton muscle (6) and platelets (8). During the period of ischemia the adenosine concentrations in many tissues increase by several fold (5,6,9). Adenosine concentrations may also increase considerably in tissues under conditions of high energy demands (6,9). The common pathway for production of adenosine involves ATP Y ADP Y AMP Y Adenosine. Although, in cardiac tissue, the production of adenosine from S- adenosylhomocysteine (SAH, a product of S-adenosyl-methionine-dependent effects by binding to specific receptors coupled to membrane-bound adenylate cyclase, an enzyme that regulates intracellular cAMP levels.
Spectrally-efficient FM noise radar waveforms optimized in the logarithmic domain

It was recently experimentally demonstrated that spectrally-shaped FM noise waveforms can be designed that achieve very high time-bandwidth products and commensurately low sidelobes. While relatively good spectral containment can be obtained, increasing spectrum pressure may require that it be even better. To that end, here a logarithmic spectral shaping is performed by way of gradient-based optimization of a logarithmic frequency template error (Log-FTE) metric applied to a polyphase-coded FM (PCFM) waveform structure. Simulation and loopback experimental measurements show that this approach facilitates excellent spectral containment while still providing the high dimensionality and diversity benefits of FM noise waveforms.
An Example: The Case of Mexico

This chapter examines the case of Mexico, using historical data as well as original survey data. Broader political participation was a critical factor in expanding access to education in Mexico—but this was at play during the 1920s and 1930s, long before democratization. Modernization also played a role in decreasing education inequality, economic growth, and increasing returns to education, with an increase in physical access to schools playing a smaller role. Finally, globalization seems to have decreased education inequality in Mexico. Opening up to trade led Mexico to increase production of labor-intensive manufactures. This shift to labor-intensive production was accompanied by an increase in the skill premium, and Mexicans strove to increase their educational attainment in order to compete for better-paying jobs in export sectors.
White LEDs for lighting applications: the role of standards

Abstract: The revolution in the world of lighting needs a solid basis. That basis consists of standards that specify the safety and performance requirements of LED products. The present use of LEDs is described and they are compared with traditional light sources, and an outlook for possible future LED applications is provided.
Adipose-Derived Stem Cells Can Contribute to Vascular Network Formation in Poly(ethylene Glycol) Hydrogel Scaffolds

Although adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) can influence wound healing, their role in neovascularization is unclear. Utilizing three-dimensional in vitro, we sought to determine whether ADSCs cultured under varying conditions could contribute to vascular network formation, functioning as either endothelial cells (ECs) or supporting pericytes.. To study this, ADSCs were encapsulated in 3D hydrogels either with human brain vascular pericytes (HBVP, to show ADSC functions as ECs) or with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC, to show ADSC functions as pericytes). The hydrogel used provides a 3D cell-adhesive, proteolytically degradable cell culture matrix that supports formation of vascular networks by encapsulated endothelial cells and pericytes. For this study, ADSCs were cultured in either basal media (basal) or EGM-2 media with 20 ng/mL of VEGF (stimulated) for 7 days and then encapsulated with HUVECs or HBVPs. When encapsulated with HBVPs, both basal and stimulated ADSCs were capable of forming CD31+ tubule-like networks, indicating endothelial function. In co-culture with HUVECs, basal and stimulated ADSCs were capable of enhancing and stabilizing formation of CD31+ tubule-like networks by the HUVECs and localized along the outer surfaces of the endothelial tubules, indicating pericyte-like function. These studies were repeated with diabetic ADSCs to examine the influence of this phenotype on the cells’ ability to influence neovascularization. Both basal and stimulated diabetic ADSCs were capable of supporting tubule formation by HUVECs, though to a lesser degree than non-diabetic ADSCs. Notably, diabetic ADSCs were not capable of forming CD31+ tubules when co-cultured with HBVPs, indicating loss of endothelial function. Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) are known to play a role in wound healing; however, the exact role of these cells in neovascularization is unclear. Our work focuses on understanding specific cell–cell interactions between ADSCs, endothelial cells, and mesenchymal support cells within a 3D poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogel scaffold. Furthermore, we sought to understand the effect of the diabetic phenotype on this phenomenon as well.
Evolutionary dynamics of recent selection for enhanced social cognition

Abstract Cognitive abilities can vary dramatically among species though little is known about the dynamics of cognitive evolution. Here we demonstrate that recent evolution of visual individual recognition in the paper wasp Polistes fuscatus is the target of arguably the strongest positive selective pressure in the species’ recent history. The most extreme selective sweeps in P. fuscatus are associated with genes known to be involved in long-term memory formation, mushroom body development and visual processing – all traits that have recently evolved in association with individual recognition. Cognitive evolution appears to have been driven initially by selection on standing variation in perceptual traits followed by both hard and soft sweeps on learning and memory. Evolutionary modeling reveals that intense selection as observed in P. fuscatus is likely the norm during the early stages of cognitive evolution. These data provide insight into the dynamics of cognition evolution demonstrating that social selection for increased intelligence can lead to rapid multi-genic adaptation of enhanced recognition abilities.
HIV prevention intervention for substance users: a review of the literature

Behavioral Interventions are needed to prevent HIV in substance users, which is associated with higher risk for contracting HIV via unprotected sexual intercourse or syringe-based exposure. We reviewed universal HIV prevention interventions targeting intravenous drug users (IDUs) and non-IDUs (NIDUs) to identify which prevention interventions are the most effective at reducing HIV transmission risk among IDU’s and NIDU’s and identify gaps in the literature. A PubMed literature review (1998–2017), limiting studies to universal HIV prevention interventions targeting adult HIV-negative substance users. Interventions were compared across sample sizes, sociodemographic, intervention setting, study design, use of theoretical models, and intervention effects. Of 1455 studies identified, 19 targeted IDUs (n = 9) and NIDUs (n = 10). Both IDU and NIDU studies were conducted in substance use treatment centers and included both group (44% vs. 73%) and individual-based (56% vs. 27%) methods; only one NIDU study used a couple-based intervention. All IDU, and 89% of NIDU, studies used explanatory and behavior-change theoretical models to guide selection of intervention mechanisms. Reduction in frequency of risky sexual behaviors were observed in 33% IDU and 64% NIDU studies, where 56% of IDU studies effectively increased drug use-related hygiene and 67% decreased frequency of injections. Eight studies included start-of-study HIV testing and five examined HIV seroconversion. The interventions reviewed demonstrate promising results for decreasing risky sexual practices for NIDUs and reducing high-risk drug practices for IDUs, thereby reducing HIV transmission risk. Future studies should include HIV testing and measurement of HIV seroconversion to fully elucidate intervention effects.
"Preresidue" light charged particles from 28Si+165Ho, 16O+197Au, and 16O+208Pb fusion.

Proton and [alpha]-particle spectral shapes and multiplicities have been measured in coincidence with evaporation residues from 145 to 220 MeV [sup 28]Si+[sup 165]Ho and 115 and 140 MeV [sup 16]O+[sup 197]Au,[sup 208]Pb fusion reactions. Evaporation residues were separated using an electrostatic deflector and detected with large area surface barrier detectors. Light charged particles were detected at forward and backward angles with 14 single NaI detectors. In the context of the statistical model, the charged particle spectra provide information about the shapes and level densities of the emitting systems. Deformed emitters are inferred, and to a varying degree, an energy-dependent level density parameter is compatible with the data in each of the three cases. Implications for current fusion and fission dynamics studies are discussed.