cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
EBG Common-Mode 20-GHz Microstrip and Stripline Filters: Sensitivity to Design Parameters

In this article, design and characteristics of 20-GHz electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) common-mode (CM) filters for microstrip (MS) and stripline (SL) differential pairs are considered. CM filter notch (resonance) frequency, depth, and width at the −15 dB level are calculated from the mixed-mode S-parameters. The agreement between the measured and modeled S-parameters of the baseline structures validates the models and allows for further numerical experiments. The systematic analysis of the trends for both MS and SL filter characteristics as functions of various geometrical and material design parameters is presented. Sensitivity to various technological features (conductor surface roughness, trapezoid shape of the traces, and line length imbalance) is also analyzed. It is shown that the MS EBG structure is more sensitive and less monotonic to most of the design parameters than those for the SL. This is attributed to the less electromagnetic field containment and more complex mode structure in the MS structures as compared to the SL. Systematic sensitivity analysis allows for an optimal design of the EBG CM notch filters for any printed circuit board layer where a differential pair runs. Though the analysis is presented for 20-GHz EBG filters, most of the trends would be applicable to the filters for the other frequencies.
Rates of Venous Thromboembolism and Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infections Among Types of Central Venous Access Devices in Critically Ill Children.

Objectives Central venous access devices, including peripherally inserted central catheters and central venous catheters, are often needed in critically ill patients, but also are associated with complications, including central-line associated bloodstream infections and venous thromboembolism. We compared different central venous access device types and these complications in the PICU. Design Multicenter, cohort study. Setting One-hundred forty-eight participating Virtual PICU Systems, LLC hospital PICU sites. Patients Pediatric patients with central venous access placed from January 1, 2010, to December 31, 2015. Interventions None. Measurements and main results Patient and central venous access device variables postulated to be associated with central-line associated bloodstream infection and venous thromboembolism were included. Data were analyzed using Pearson chi-square test or Fisher exact test for categorical variables, Mann-Whitney U test for continuous variables, and logistic regression and classification trees for multivariable analysis that examined significant predictors of venous thromboembolism or central-line associated bloodstream infection. Analysis included 74,196 first lines including 4,493 peripherally inserted central catheters and 66,194 central venous catheters. An increased rate of venous thromboembolism (peripherally inserted central catheter: 0.93%, central venous catheter: 0.52%; p = 0.001) (peripherally inserted central catheter: 8.65/1,000 line days, central venous catheter: 6.29/1,000 line days) and central-line associated bloodstream infection (peripherally inserted central catheter: 0.73%, central venous catheter: 0.24%; p = 0.001) (peripherally inserted central catheter: 10.82/1,000 line days, central venous catheter: 4.97/1,000 line days) occurred in peripherally inserted central catheters. In multivariable analysis, central venous catheters had decreased association with central-line associated bloodstream infection (odds ratio, 0.505; 95% CI, 0.336-0.759; p = 0.001) and venous thromboembolism (odds ratio, 0.569; 95% CI, 0.330-0.982; p = 0.043) compared with peripherally inserted central catheters. Conclusions Peripherally inserted central catheters are associated with higher rates of central-line associated bloodstream infection and venous thromboembolism than central venous catheters in children admitted to the PICU.
Workplace Bullying Laws in Europe and the United Kingdom

Existing legal structures at the European Union level and legal enactments on workplace bullying in the European countries of the Netherlands, Sweden, France, and Germany as well as the United Kingdom are covered in this chapter. The European countries and the United Kingdom are ahead in terms of legal statutes pertaining to workplace bullying and harassment compared to other parts of the world. Specific laws such as the Dutch Working Conditions Act, the Victimization at Work Act, the Social Modernization Law, and the Protection from Harassment, Act which ensure non violation of the basic human rights of the employees while at work, are discussed.
COVID 19 Vaccine Perceptions in the New York State Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Community

BackgroundPeople with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) are at disproportionate risk for severe COVID-19 outcomes, particularly those living in congregate care settings. Yet, there is limited data on vaccine perceptions in the disability community. ObjectiveTo explore COVID-19 vaccine perceptions in individuals with IDD, their family members, and those who work with them, to inform a statewide vaccine information and messaging project. MethodsA national survey, adapted for the IDD community, was distributed to a convenience sample of IDD organizations throughout New York State, in five languages. Constructs included vaccine intention, reasons for vaccine hesitancy, and trusted sources of vaccine information. Zip code data were used to map respondent location and vaccine preferences. ResultsOf n= 825 respondents, approximately 75% intended to or had received the vaccine, across roles (i.e., people with disabilities, family members, direct care workers) and racial/ethnic groups. Greater vaccine hesitancy was reported in younger individuals and those making decisions on behalf of a person with IDD. Concerns included side effects and the swiftness of vaccine development. Black and Hispanic participants had heightened concerns about being an "experiment" for the vaccine. Trusted sources of information included healthcare providers and family members. Respondents who intended/got the vaccine were distributed throughout the state. ConclusionsVaccine preferences in this New York State disability community sample align with national data. Identified concerns suggest the need for community education that addresses misperceptions. Age and race differences in perspectives highlight the need for tailored education, delivered by trusted messengers.
Rapid detection of paraquat residues in green tea using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) coupled with gold nanostars

Abstract As consumers demand safer food products, constant monitoring of pesticide residues in food is crucial. Conventional chromatography-based analytical methods are destructive and require time-consuming sample preparations. This study aims to establish a novel, facile, and rapid testing technique using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) coupled with gold nanostars as a SERS substrate. The SERS performance was evaluated by detecting a widely used pesticide, paraquat, in green tea samples. Spiky tips of gold nanostars can serve as SERS hot spots to intensify Raman signals of analyte molecules. Additionally, the rough topography of gold nanostars has increased surface area, enabling good substrate-analyte interactions. Electron microscopes and Zetasizer were employed for the characterization of gold nanostar substrate. The detection limit of this SERS method is 0.2 mg/kg for paraquat in green tea. The results indicate that SERS coupled with gold nanostars is a practical approach and has great potential to be applied for qualification and quantification of trace contaminants in foods.
Art and Intelligence (1940–1950)

This chapter describes how Bowen lent herself as a writer to spy on neutral Ireland, 1940–1941, writing about 200 reports for the British Ministry of Information that reached the desk of Winston Churchill. Her Reports from Eire, extensively researched here, reveal her to be an independent thinker with divided loyalties to England and Ireland. Bowen becomes a cultural flashpoint in Ireland upon the revelation of her spying in 1990s, revealing much about the culture and politics of her time as well as the country in which she is perceived.
An Audio-Recorded Hypnosis Intervention for Chronic Pain Management in Cancer Survivors: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Study.

This pilot study evaluated the feasibility, acceptability, and potential efficacy of a 4-week hypnosis audio-recording intervention in cancer survivors with chronic pain. Forty participants were randomly assigned to treatment (n = 21) or wait-list (n = 19) conditions. Pain intensity ratings were lower at Week 4 for both groups. The effect size for pain reduction in the treatment group was d = 0.25 from baseline to 4 weeks, and the interaction effect (Time x Group) was F = .024; η2p = .001. The small interaction effect may be due to the availability of only one recording and large variability in dose. Qualitative data indicated that the intervention's benefits included participation in self-care, improved relaxation, and an opportunity to focus on oneself in a positive way. Further efficacy testing of an audio-recording intervention in a fully powered clinical trial is warranted.
Perinatal Outcomes Among Patients With Sepsis During Pregnancy.

Importance Rates of maternal sepsis are increasing, and prior studies of maternal sepsis have focused on immediate maternal morbidity and mortality associated with sepsis during delivery admission. There are no data on pregnancy outcomes among individuals who recover from their infections prior to delivery. Objective To describe perinatal outcomes among patients with antepartum sepsis who did not deliver during their infection hospitalization. Design, Setting, and Participants This retrospective cohort study was conducted using data from August 1, 2012, to August 1, 2018, at an academic referral center in San Francisco, California. Included patients were all individuals with nonanomalous, singleton pregnancies who delivered after 20 weeks' gestation during the study period. Data were analyzed from March 2020 through March 2021. Exposures Antepartum admission for infection with clinical concern for sepsis and hospital discharge prior to delivery. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome was a composite of perinatal outcomes associated with placental dysfunction and consisted of 1 or more of the following: fetal growth restriction, oligohydramnios, hypertensive disease of pregnancy, cesarean delivery for fetal indication, child who is small for gestational age, or stillbirth. Results Among 14 565 patients with nonanomalous singleton pregnancies (mean [SD] age at delivery, 33.1 [5.2] years), 59 individuals (0.4%) were in the sepsis group and 14 506 individuals (99.6%) were in the nonsepsis group; 8533 individuals (59.0%) were nulliparous. Patients with sepsis, compared with patients in the reference group, were younger (mean [SD] age at delivery, 30.6 [5.7] years vs 33.1 [5.2] years; P < .001), were more likely to have pregestational diabetes (5 individuals [8.5%] vs 233 individuals [1.6%]; P = .003), and had higher mean (SD) pregestational body mass index scores (26.1 [6.1] vs 24.4 [5.9]; P = .03). In the sepsis group, the most common infections were urinary tract infections (24 patients [40.7%]) and pulmonary infections (22 patients [37.3%]). Among patients with sepsis, 5 individuals (8.5%) were admitted to the intensive care unit, the mean (SD) gestational age at infection was 24.6 (9.0) weeks, and the median (interquartile range) time from infection to delivery was 82 (42-147) days. Antepartum sepsis was associated with higher odds of placental dysfunction (21 patients [35.6%] vs 3450 patients [23.8%]; odds ratio, 1.77; 95% CI, 1.04-3.02; P = .04). On multivariable logistic regression analysis, antepartum sepsis was an independent factor associated with placental dysfunction (adjusted odds ratio, 1.88; 95% CI, 1.10-3.23; P = .02) after adjusting for possible confounders. Conclusions and Relevance This study found that pregnancies complicated by antepartum sepsis were associated with higher odds of placental dysfunction. These findings suggest that increased antenatal surveillance should be considered for these patients.
The First Athenian Law Against Bribery

This paper develops a new approach for understanding the explosion of laws regulating politics in archaic Greece. Typically, scholars in this area have adopted a functionalist approach that explains, at best, why certain types of substantive law would have been desirable. By contrast, my approach focuses on procedural design to examine what drove specific design choices about a law's substance, penalty, and procedure. I use Athens' first bribery law - a Solonian law prohibiting compensatory gifts (bribes) to archons - to illustrate how norms and existing institutions shape a law's design. I show how the substance, procedure, and penalty of Solon's law reflected a nascent idea of bribery as a kind of elite rent-seeking. Solon chose legal process - prosecution before the Areopagus - because it was best-suited to inculcate among elites more civic-oriented norms on rent-seeking. Though likely ineffective, his law helped establish that elites should channel rent-seeking into a public sphere regulated by law.
Scouting for imprecise temporal associations to support effectiveness of drugs during clinical trials

The field of data mining is dedicated to the analysis of data to find underlying connections and the discovery of new patterns. This research targets the analysis of imprecise temporal associations through the modification of a standard market basket analysis approach by means of fuzzy set relations to classify the associations among different sources of data. The domain that is taken into consideration in this work is the one of medicine. We used data recorded within an Intensive Care Unit from a 8 month old infant that suffers from Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. In particular, we analyzed the response of the partial pressure of oxygen within the bloodstream to the application of a respirator. The results of this research show that it is possible to investigate such relations with the help of fuzzy set classification for temporal associations, and the result of such exploration is as easily understandable as the standard Market Basket algorithm. The findings support the physiological response, suggesting that this approach is worthy of notice. We are confident that such an algorithm will show its capabilities when applied to the clinical trials part of drug testing, given the results outlined in this article.
On honesty in sovereign information sharing

We study the following problem in a sovereign information-sharing setting: How to ensure that the individual participants, driven solely by self-interest, will behave honestly, even though they can benefit from cheating. This benefit comes from learning more than necessary private information of others or from preventing others from learning the necessary information. We take a game-theoretic approach and design a game (strategies and payoffs) that models this kind of interactions. We show that if nobody is punished for cheating, rational participants will not behave honestly. Observing this, our game includes an auditing device that periodically checks the actions of the participants and penalizes inappropriate behavior. In this game we give conditions under which there exists a unique equilibrium (stable rational behavior) in which every participant provides truthful information. The auditing device preserves the privacy of the data of the individual participants. We also quantify the relationship between the frequency of auditing and the amount of punishment in terms of gains and losses from cheating.
A baseline object detection algorithm using background anomalies for electro-optic identification sensors

Electro-optic identification sensors provide photographic quantity that can be used to identify mine-like contacts provided by long-range sensors, such as sonar systems. Computer aided identification and automatic target recognition algorithms have been funded by the Office of Naval Research (322-OP) to help operators in the identification process. Under this funding, a new background anomaly approach was introduced (Nevis et al., 2002) for object detection using a least square error (LSE) background best fit searching for anomalies of certain specified size and shape (and SNR) that stick out from the local background. This initial approach has been refined into a baseline algorithm. An overview of this baseline algorithm is presented in this paper, with an emphasis on modifications from the initial approach.
γ-Sheaves on Reductive Groups

Let G be a reductive group over a finite field F \( = \mathbb{F}_q \) Fix a nontrivial additive character \(\psi :F \to \bar{\mathbb{Q}}_{l}^{ \times }\) In [3] we introduced certain γ-functions γG,ρ,ψ on the set Irr(G) of irreducible representations of the finite groupG=G(F).
The Economics of Federalism

This is the introductory essay for the Economics of Federalism, a book edited by the authors and forthcoming in Edward Elgar Publishing's ECONOMIC APPROACHES TO LAW series. This essay discusses the major issues and theories concerning federal political systems, which we define as systems that have a hierarchy of at least two distinct state and central levels, each with a well-defined scope of authority. The essay discusses two branches the economics literature. The first branch, on competitive federalism, stems from Tiebout's 1956 article. It focuses on the horizontal structure of federalism and examines jurisdictional competition between state governments for mobile individuals and resources. The second branch of the literature, on fiscal federalism, examines the vertical structure of federalism, or the division of public services and taxing power between the central and state governments. The essay also examines applications of the economic analysis of federalism to specific areas of the law, including corporate law, antitrust law, environmental law, choice of law rules, contractual choice of law, and public choice theory.
Carbonization and activation of sol–gel derived carbon xerogels

Abstract The effects of the carbonization temperature (in N2) and CO2-activation time (in 5% CO2 in N2) on the pore structure of carbon xerogels, derived from the sol–gel polymerization of resorcinol–formaldehyde resins, were studied in detail. As the carbonization temperature increased, the number of micropores in the 0.6 nm range decreased, with essentially no effect on the pores in the mesopore range, and the cumulative surface areas and pore volumes both decreased, but only marginally. As the CO2-activation time increased, the number of micropores and mesopores both increased, where pores in the 0.6 nm range eventually became pores in the 0.13 nm range, and the cumulative surface areas and pore volumes both increased significantly. The skeletal densities also increased significantly, approaching that of graphite, with an increase in both the carbonization temperature and CO2-activation time, but the nanoparticle size was largely unaffected. Weight loss was nearly independent of the carbonization temperature at about 50%, but it was strongly dependent on the CO2-activation time with a maximum weight loss of about 75%.
Trends and Advances in Computing and Communication

This talk will deal with the current trends and advances in Computing and Communication. The talk will highlight Intel’s response to these trends. The areas of focus at Intel in connection to this trend will be discussed. The talk will discuss several challenges and opportunities that academics and advanced students can focus. It will set a roadmap for exploring solutions for these challenges.
The Illusion of Local Sustainability and Self-Sufficiency: Famine in a Border Area of Northwestern Zambia

This longitudinal study of crop failure and consequent famine illustrates the problems border areas have in receiving external resources and the slowness of government response to needs in such areas due to spatial and political distance from main population centers. The population used many innovative ways to compensate for the cassava pest infestation and the absence of fertilizers for replacement maize production: fishing brewing beer planting large tracts of maize modifying food preparation practices and reorienting activities to earn money to buy maize meal and pay for milling. The study area (Chavuma in Zambia) was a traditional cassava-producing region where people used local resources and combined agriculture with fishing and trade in order to sustain their food supply and standard of living. The local area was able to respond to the immigration common to border areas. Declines in the standard of living during the 1970s and 1980s were due to external factors namely the failure of the national economy. The famine was set off by the infestation of the cassava mealy bug in 1985-86. Fertilizers which were needed because of the poor quality soils were unavailable for the maize replacement crop due to government ineptitude and government and correlated institutional policies. Financial reserves in the local economy dried up as a buffer for food shortages. The famine of 1989 reflected the lack of security from vulnerability and the complex intertwining of ecological political and economic factors that can upset the sustainability of local populations. Data for this study were collected during 1977 1979 and 1989 through participant observation. The 1972 census revealed that more than 50% (55-70%) of the local population was composed of immigrants and refugees. Cassava had been planted since the 1930s because it could withstand the dry season and was immune to locust infestation. Cassava harvesting was rotated so that not all tubers were dug up at once. Usually three fields were planted per family and self-sufficiency was highly valued in the society.
Stepping Up Test Score Conditional Variances

In Woodruff (1990), I derived estimates for the conditional standard error of measurement in prediction (CSEMP), the conditional standard error of estimation (CSEE), and the conditional standard error of prediction (CSEP). My original estimates assume that the conditional residual error score variances and the conditional residual true score variances, obtained from the regression of an observed score onto a parallel observed score, obey the same step-up rules as do the marginal error score variance and the marginal true score variance. The present article derives alternative estimates for the various test score conditional variances that do not depend on these assumptions.
Meteorology of the Beaufort Sea

[1] The unique meteorology of the Beaufort Sea region is dominated by the presence of sea ice and a seasonal swing from a large heat loss in winter to a gain in summer. The primary determinant of this seasonal climate shift is the annual cycle of insolation from a maximum of 500 W/m2 near the summer solstice to darkness in winter, as the Beaufort Sea lies north of Alaska and northwestern Canada beyond 72°N. Even though the Sun angle is low in summer, the length of daylight provides as much energy to the surface as anywhere on the planet. As summer progresses, relative absorption of insolation at the surface increases as the albedo decreases due to snow and ice melt and increased open water area. This annual cycle results in a change from a winter continental-like air mass similar to the adjacent land areas to a summertime marine air mass characterized by low cloud and fogs. In winter the region is also influenced by the polar atmospheric vortex with strong westerly winds centered in the stratosphere, whose presence is felt at the surface. Recent sea ice losses are changing the climatology of the region, with extended periods of increased temperatures through the autumn months.
New insights into the molecular and cellular workings of the cardiac Na+/Ca2+ exchanger

The cardiac Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCX1) is almost certainly the major Ca2+ extrusion mechanism in cardiac myocytes, although the driving force for Ca2+ extrusion is quite small. To explain multiple r...
The Arabidopsis ref2 Mutant Is Defective in the Gene Encoding CYP83A1 and Shows Both Phenylpropanoid and Glucosinolate Phenotypes

The Arabidopsis ref2 mutant was identified in a screen for plants having altered fluorescence under UV light. Characterization of the ref2 mutants showed that they contained reduced levels of a number of phenylpropanoid pathway–derived products: sinapoylmalate in leaves, sinapoylcholine in seeds, and syringyl lignin in stems. Surprisingly, positional cloning of the REF2 locus revealed that it encodes CYP83A1, a cytochrome P450 sharing a high degree of similarity to CYP83B1, an enzyme involved in glucosinolate biosynthesis. Upon further investigation, ref2 mutants were found to have reduced levels of all aliphatic glucosinolates and increased levels of indole-derived glucosinolates in their leaves. These results show that CYP83A1 is involved in the biosynthesis of both short-chain and long-chain aliphatic glucosinolates and suggest a novel metabolic link between glucosinolate biosynthesis, a secondary biosynthetic pathway found only in plants in the order Capparales, and phenylpropanoid metabolism, a pathway found in all plants and considered essential to the survival of terrestrial plant species.
Fabric tensor based boundary element analysis of porous solids

In this paper, the boundary element analysis of porous solids (sintered materials, foams, etc.) is studied utilizing a fabric tensor. The fabric tensor provides a measure of anisotropy in the solid, as well as information concerning the geometry and distribution of the pores. The homogenized, orthotropic elastic properties of a porous solid can then be predicted with the fabric tensor. To illustrate the analysis, the effect of porosity on a trabecular bone-titanium bimaterial is studied. The boundary element analysis uses an anisotropic, bimaterial Green's function so the interface does not require discretization. It is shown that the anisotropic Stroh variables are independent of the structural density and dependent on the eigenvalues of the fabric tensor. An example calculation is presented where the effect of porosity on the in-plane maximum shear stress in a trabecular bone-titanium bimaterial is substantial.
Thermodynamic investigation of trisodium uranium(V) oxide (Na3UO4) I. Preparation and enthalpy of formation

Abstract Trisodium uranium(V) oxide was prepared by the reaction between UO 2 and Na 2 O in liquid sodium. The sample was thoroughly characterized by means of chemical, X-ray, and metallographic analyses. Based on a solution calorimetric study, the enthalpy of formation, ΔH f o (Na 3 UO 4 ,c,298.15K), was found to be −(477.7 ± 0.9) kcal th mol −1 .
An extension of building sets and relative difference sets

Building sets are a successful tool for constructing semi-regular divisible difference sets and, in particular, semi-regular relative difference sets. In this paper, we present an extension theorem for building sets under simple conditions. Some of the semi-regular relative difference sets obtained using the extension theorem are new in the sense that their ambient groups have smaller ranks than previously known. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Combin Designs 8: 50–57, 2000
Cytoplasmic filaments and cell movements: epidermal cells during ascidian metamorphosis.

During metamorphosis the caudal epidermis of the ascidians Amaroucium constellatum and Distaplia occidentalis becomes contractile. The dynamics of contraction were correlated with changes in the organization of 50–70 A (diameter) filaments in the cytoplasmic matrix of epidermal cells. Before contraction, the filaments are dispersed throughout the cytoplasm in a loose meshwork. During contraction many filaments become oriented in the axis of contraction and compacted in the apical cytoplasm. Contraction reduces the apex to about 5% of larval length within approximately 6 minutes. Further contraction causes the epidermis to invaginate in a manner similar to gastrulation in amphibians. It is proposed that the cytoplasmic filaments in the caudal epidermal cells are contractile elements.
Role of data dictionaries in information resource management

Abstract The role of information resource dictionary systems (data dictionary systems) is important in two important phases of information resource management: First, information requirements analysis and specification, which is a complex activity requiring data dictionary support: the end result is the specification of an “Enterprise Model,” which embodies the major activities, processes, information flows, organizational constraints, and concepts. This role is examined in detail after analyzing the existing approaches to requirements analysis and specification. Second, information modeling which uses the information in the Enterprise Model to construct a formal implementation independent database specification: several information models and support tools that may aid in transforming the initial requirements into the final logical database design are examined. The metadata — knowledge about both data and processes — contained in the data dictionary can be used to provide views of data for the specialized tools that make up the database design workbench. The role of data dictionary systems in the integration of tools is discussed.
Role of kappa and delta opioid receptors in mediating morphine-induced antinociception in morphine tolerant infant rats

Abstract We have previously noted that the antinociceptive efficacy of morphine was significantly decreased in rat pups chronically infused with morphine from implanted osmotic minipumps. In this study, morphine was fully efficacious (i.e., 100% maximum possible effect, %MPE) in the 52 °C tail-immersion test after a 72-h infusion from implanted saline-filled osmotic minipumps. However, administration of up to 1000 mg/kg, s.c. morphine failed to elicit greater than a 27% MPE in rats infused with morphine at 2 mg/kg/h. Morphine was more efficacious when the water bath temperature was decreased to 49 °C. Experiments were conducted to determine the mechanisms whereby chronic morphine administration leads to a decrease in antinociceptive efficacy. The kappa-opioid antagonist nor-binalorphimine completely blocked the antinociceptive effects of morphine in morphine-infused rat pups. The kappa agonist U50,488 elicited antinociception; however, the requirement to use higher doses in morphine- than saline-infused rats indicates that kappa cross-tolerance was present. Thus, in tolerant rats the antinociceptive effects of high doses of morphine appear to be mediated through kappa-opioid receptors. The delta-opioid antagonist naltrindole was inactive in both treatment groups. DAMGO-stimulated [35S]GTPγS and [3H]naloxone binding reveals that the anatomical distribution of the mu-opioid receptor was consistent with that of the adult rat brain. In adult rats, the mu-opioid receptor is desensitized during morphine tolerance. However, desensitization was not evident in P17 rats based on the lack of significant decreases in [35S]GTPγS binding. Furthermore, [3H]naloxone binding indicated a lack of mu receptor downregulation in morphine-tolerant rat pups.
Testing equality of a large number of densities

The problem of testing equality of a large number of densities is considered. The classical k-sample problem compares a small, fixed number of distributions and allows the sample size from each distribution to increase without bound. In our asymptotic analysis the number of distributions tends to infinity but the size of individual samples remains fixed. The proposed test statistic is motivated by the simple idea of comparing kernel density estimators from the various samples to the average of all density estimators. However, a novel interpretation of this familiar type of statistic arises upon centring it. The asymptotic distribution of the statistic under the null hypothesis of equal densities is derived, and power against local alternatives is considered. It is shown that a consistent test is attainable in many situations where all but a vanishingly small proportion of densities are equal to each other. The test is studied via simulation, and an illustration involving microarray data is provided.
Q&A: already a success?

When Prof. Wolfgang Wahlster (the organizer of this COLING-86 panel on "Natural Language Interfaces: Ready for Commercial Success?") sent out invitations to panelists, he stated that his goals were "to evaluate three natural language interfaces which were introduced to the commercial market in 1985 and to relate them to current research in computational linguistics." For comparison, he has asked each of us panelists to answer a standard set of questions. These I will answer, but first let me set the stage by answering two logically prior queries.
Taking Effective Treatments to Scale: Organizational Effects on Outcomes of Multisystemic Therapy for Youths with Co-Occurring Substance Use

A prospective multisite study examined organizational climate and structure effects on the behavior and functioning of delinquent youths with and without co-occurring substance use treated with an evidence-based treatment (EBT) for serious antisocial behavior (i.e., Multisystemic Therapy). Participants were 1,979 youths treated by 429 therapists across 45 provider organizations in North America. Results of Mixed Effects Regression Models showed some aspects of climate and structure had no effects, some had similar effects, and some had slightly differential and sometimes counterintuitive effects on the outcomes of these youths. Implications are considered for research to increase the array and availability of effective treatments for youths with co-occurring substance use across service sectors.
What Katrina Revealed: A Visual Analysis of the Hurricane Coverage by News Wires and U.S. Newspapers

Results of a comparative visual analysis of front-page photographs in U.S. newspapers and photographs distributed by the Associated Press and Reuters wire services revealed that gatekeeping decisions played an influential role in the coverage of Hurricane Katrina in the late summer of 2005. Front-page photographs differed significantly from photographs provided by news wires. Overall, our analyses challenge the notion that decisions made by wire services dictate the visual coverage of a news event and suggest that gatekeeping selections and use of available information are key factors in visual framing.
Rat myometrial Na/K ATPase is increased by serum but not by isoproterenol and relaxin.

Abstract 1. Na/K ATPase activity in rat myometrial cells in culture exhibited a K app of 0.93 mM for Rb + and a K i of 31 μM for ouabain with respect to Rb + . 2. 86 Rb + uptake was stimulated by serum and monensin but was not affected by the uterine relaxants isoproterenol and relaxin in 0.5–7.5 mM Rb + . Nonetheless, these relaxants elicited significant increases in 45 Ca 2+ efflux under similar conditions. 3. These data suggest that increased Na/Ca exchange resulting from a stimulation of Na/K ATPase is not involved in the mechanism of action of relaxin and isoproterenol in the uterus.
KINETICS of METHYLMETHIONINE SULFONIUM IN BUFFER SOLUTIONS FOR ESTIMATING THERMAL TREATMENT of LIQUID FOODS 1

Reaction kinetics of MMS degradation in sodium citrate buffer solutions followed a first order reaction kinetics in the temperature range of 121.1°C-132.2°C and the pH range of 4 to 6. Reaction rate constant ranged from 0.1260 to 1.1003 min−1 and the corresponding D-values varied from 18.28 min to 2.09 min depending on the pH and temperature. Activation energy (117.1 - 135.4 kJ/mole or Z-values (22.8 - 20.0°C) were slightly dependent on pH. the kinetic data was used for estimating potential decimal reduction in B. Stearothermophilus spores.
Post-Consumer Plastic Identification Using Raman Spectroscopy:

Raman spectroscopy is evaluated as a spectroscopic method for identification of common household plastics for recycling purposes. The methods of K-nearest neighbor (KNN), cyclic subspace regression (CSR), and library searching are compared for computerized plastic classification. Plastics studied consist of polyethylene terephthalate, high-density polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, low-density polyethylene, polypropylene, and polystyrene. With principal component analysis (PCA), visual distinction between the different plastics becomes possible. Correct class membership to all six plastic types is provided by KNN. To date, all development and uses of CSR have been based on building models for each prediction property analogous to the form of partial least-squares known as PLS1. Cyclic subspace regression is modified in this paper to also allow modeling of multiple properties, as does PLS2. The new form of CSR was able to correctly classify all six plastic types when seven-factor models were used. This paper reports that key observations made in comparing PCR to PLS1 are verified for the interrelationships of PCR and PLS2 models. Most notable is that even though PLS2 uses spectral responses and plastic identifications to form factors, PLS2 eigenvector weights are not much different from PCR eigenvector weights where PCR only uses spectral responses to form eigenvector weights. Library searching showed less significant results than KNN and CSR. Regardless of the identification approach, polyethylene samples could be identified as either being high density or low density with the use of Raman spectroscopy.
Recognition of endotoxin by cells leading to transmembrane signaling

Bacterial endotoxins act at picomolar to nanomolar concentrations to stimulate a wide variety of cell types including phagocytic and endothelial cells. The major elements identified to date that are crucial for recognition of endotoxin are lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-binding protein, membrane-bound CD14 and, most recently, soluble CD14. Recent results also indicate that membrane-bound CD14 is probably one part of a multi-component LPS receptor. An immediate consequence of engagement of this functional LPS receptor is protein tyrosine phosphorylation and initiation of the multiple intracellular events associated with LPS-induced cell activation.
Using Cartoons to Teach Students about Stereotypes and Discrimination: One Teacher's Lessons from South Park

Abstract Cartoons can be useful teaching tools in helping students examine stereotypes and discrimination. Cartoons engage students and reflect popular culture, which often makes them good examples of societal stereotypes. Stereotypes are popular beliefs students can hold about their social world and often lead to discrimination. This reflective essay illustrates how one teacher used an episode of South Park, a popular animated cartoon series, to help students examine their preconceived beliefs about gay people. The paper gives examples of how the cartoon provided elements of humor and relief to a potentially touchy subject. The cartoon also opened possibilities for students to voice their prejudices by projecting them onto cartoon characters, rather than calling attention to themselves. Finally, the paper warns teachers not to focus on superficial stereotypes to the detriment of helping students overcome stereotypes with more dire social and political consequences.
Lithography simulation in semiconductor manufacturing

In the 30 years since lithography modeling was first introduced, optical lithography simulation has progressed from a curiosity, to a research and development tool, and finally to a manufacturing tool. While much has been published on new developments in lithography simulators and their use in advanced lithography development, less is published on how simulators have been used and are soon to be used in semiconductor manufacturing flows. This review paper will describe the most popular and useful examples today for lithography simulators in a manufacturing environment.
The Kinetics of Tetramethylethene Ozonolysis : Decomposition of the Primary Ozonide and Subsequent Product Formation in the Condensed Phase

We report data from real-time FTIR temperature programmed reaction spectroscopy on a cryogenic zinc selenide window revealing the intermediates from ozonation of 2,3-dimethyl-2-butene (TME). We have found convincing evidence of a 1,2,3-trioxolane (the primary ozonide, POZ), which decomposes at 185 K to yield a 1,2,4-trioxolane product (the secondary ozonide, SOZ). Computational infrared spectra confirmed the presence of the POZ and SOZ. The barrier height for POZ decomposition, determined experimentally, was found to be 13.8 ± 1.0 kcal mol−1, and the A factor calculated with RRKM theory based on density functional reactant and transition state frequencies was found to be 4.16 × 1013 s−1. The TME SOZ has not previously been observed without the presence of a polyethylene surface. SOZ formation kinetics from the reaction of the POZ decomposition products along with the competing reaction pathways were examined with computational chemistry calculations using DFT. These calculations confirm our experimental o...
Comparison of the observed distribution of aflatoxin in shelled peanuts to the negative binomial distribution

Suitability of the negative binomial distribution for use in estimating the probabilities associated with sampling lots of shelled peanuts for aflatoxin analysis has been studied. Large samples, called “minilots,” were drawn from 29 lots of shelled peanuts contaminated with aflatoxin. These minilots were subdivided into ca. 12 lb samples which were analyzed for aflatoxin. The mean and variance of these aflatoxin determinations for each minilot were determined. The shape parameterk and the mean aflatoxin concentrationm were estimated for each minilot. A regression analysis indicated the functional relationship betweenk andm to be:k=(2.0866+2.3898m) × 10−6. The observed distribution of sample concentrations from each of the 29 minilots was compared to the negative binomial distribution by means of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The null hypothesis that each of the true unknown distribution functions was negative binomial was not rejected at the 5% significance level for all 29 comparisons.
A 44-Year-Old Woman With Kidney Stones

DR BURNS: Ms P is a 44-year-old woman with a history of morbid obesity and superficial thrombophlebitis who was diagnosed with kidney stones 1 month ago. She recently lost her medical insurance and is applying for free care. She is currently unemployed and lives with her daughter. While on vacation in Jamaica, Ms P developed severe diarrhea without nausea, vomiting, or fever. After returning to the United States her diarrhea resolved, but she developed brown urine that lasted for several days. She subsequently developed bilateral intermittent low back pain that she treated with acetaminophen and ibuprofen with good relief. She denied any radiation of the pain or any associated weakness or numbness. She had no fever, dysuria, or urinary frequency. She never had similar symptoms in the past. She does not smoke and denies alcohol use. Ms P contacted her primary care physician who suggested that she be evaluated. At her visit, physical examination was noteworthy for a morbidly obese woman, 370 lb, with right and left upper quadrant tenderness without rebound or costovertebral angle (CVA) tenderness. A urinalysis showed “large blood.” Ms P was thought to have a kidney stone causing her hematuria and back pain. She was instructed to continue with acetaminophen and ibuprofen for pain. A subsequent computed tomography (CT) scan revealed a 1.2 1.6-cm calculus within the right renal pelvis. The patient was referred to a urologist. At the time of her visit, she had no further discoloration of her urine. She continued to note episodes of colicky low back pain for which she took acetaminophen and ibuprofen as needed. She denied having fever, chills, or dysuria. She had no CVA tenderness on examination. Plain film of the abdomen revealed an 18 17-mm calcific density overlying the region of the pelvis of the right kidney, consistent with a calculus. At the time of her visit, treatment options were discussed, including extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) vs ureteroscopy. The plan was to proceed with ESWL when her free care application was approved. In the interim, the plan was to alkalinize her urine to try to shrink the stone and minimize the number of potential future invasive procedures if ESWL failed. Ms P wonders whether she was being treated differently because of her size and lack of insurance and what is the best way to proceed.
Electronic structure of the Fe 2 molecule in the local-spin-density approximation

Ab initio self-consistent all-electron spin-polarized calculations have been performed for the ground-state properties of the Fe/sub 2/ molecule using the local-spin-density approximation. A Gaussian orbital basis is employed and all the two-electron integrals are evaluated analytically. The matrix elements of the exchange-correlation potential are computed numerically. The total energy, the binding energy, the equilibrium distance, vibrational frequency, and the ground-state configurations are reported and compared with other calculations and experimental results.
Complementation of helper-dependent adenoviral vectors: size

Abstract The complementation of adenoviral vectors with large deletions in the viral genome was studied. The helper adenovirus used to complement these vectors contains a partial deletion of the packaging signal and the E1 regionsubstituted by the lacZ gene. The effect of vector size on packaging efficiency was analysed in 293 cells usingdecreasingly shorter vectors expressing GFP from a CMV enhancer-β-actin promoter. Vectors with longer genomespropagated more efficiently than shorter ones. Vectors containing only the packaging signal and the ITRs of Ad5,having all the viral genes replaced with unrelated sequences packaged as efficiently as vectors of the same sizecontaining adenoviral DNA instead of exogenous DNA. The amounts of helper and vector produced in coinfected293 cells exhibited the typical cycling fluctuation observed during serial propagation of a virus with defective interfering particles
The Shade Requirement of Growing Turkeys

Abstract IN MANY areas of the United States turkeys are reared, after the brooding period, with very little housing except shade. On ranches having no natural shade, the construction of artificial shade shelters may be the major housing cost. No tests have been made, insofar as the authors are aware, on the shade requirement of growing turkeys. One might assume that enough space should be provided so that all birds could be in the shade’s shadow at any one time. Since a mature Bronze turkey occupies about 2 square feet of space, a series of tests was made using amounts above and below this arbitrary amount. MATERIALS AND METHODS The tests were conducted at Davis, California, in three successive years, 1950, 1951, and 1952. The maximum air temperature recorded in the official weather station during the time of the tests was 105°F. Temperatures recorded in the pens were consistently higher than …
An experimental study of gas-liquid slug flow

Experimental measurements were carried out for upward gas-liquid slug flow in a 50.8 mm diameter pipe. Parallel conductance wires were used to distinguish the Taylor bubbles and liquid slugs and to determine translation velocities and lengths, an electrochemical probe provided the magnitude and direction of the wall shear stress and a radio-frequency local probe was used for the axial and radial distribution of voidage in the liquid slugs. Data are reported over wide range of flow conditions covering slug flow and into the churn flow pattern. Comparison with the Fernandes model predictions are presented. Numerical simulation of slug flow provided information on the structure of flow in a liquid slug and, in particular, on the process of mixing behind a Taylor bubble.