cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transcriptome-wide association analysis of 211 neuroimaging traits identifies new genes for brain structures and yields insights into the gene-level pleiotropy with other complex traits

Abstract Structural and microstructural variations of human brain are heritable and highly polygenic traits, with hundreds of associated genes founded in recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Using gene expression data, transcriptome-wide association studies (TWAS) can prioritize these GWAS findings and also identify novel gene-trait associations. Here we performed TWAS analysis of 211 structural neuroimaging phenotypes in a discovery-validation analysis of six datasets. Using a cross-tissue approach, TWAS discovered 204 associated genes (86 new) exceeding Bonferroni significance threshold of 1.37*10−8 (adjusted for testing multiple phenotypes) in the UK Biobank (UKB) cohort, and validated 18 TWAS or previous GWAS-detected genes. The TWAS-significant genes of brain structures had been linked to a wide range of complex traits in different domains. Additional TWAS analysis of 11 cognitive and mental health traits detected 69 overlapping significant genes with brain structures, further characterizing the genetic overlaps among these brain-related traits. Through TWAS gene-based polygenic risk scores (PRS) prediction, we found that TWAS PRS gained substantial power in association analysis compared to conventional variant-based PRS, and up to 6.97% of phenotypic variance (p-value=7.56*10−31) in testing datasets can be explained by UKB TWAS-derived PRS. In conclusion, our study illustrates that TWAS can be a powerful supplement to traditional GWAS in imaging genetics studies for gene discovery-validation, genetic co-architecture analysis, and polygenic risk prediction.
Voltage Balancing Control with Active Gate Driver for Series Connected SiC MOSFETs

Silicon carbide (SiC) device is expected to replace silicon (Si) device in many high voltage and power application due to potentially higher switching frequency and voltage capabilities. Even though its potential voltage capability, the highest voltage rating of a single commercial SiC MOSFET is 1.7 kV. An alternative method to achieve higher voltage is a device series connection. However, it causes a voltage unbalance issue during turn-off state that can harm the devices. Therefore, the voltage balancing control (VBC) must be considered in device series connection. In this paper, a VBC method with active gate driver (AGD) is proposed. A gate resistance modulation method with a signal time delay is adopted for dynamic voltage sharing. The proposed method is experimentally verified.
Association Between Delivery System Structure and Intensity of End-of-Life Cancer Care

PURPOSE:To determine whether the type of delivery system is associated with intensity of care at the end of life for Medicare beneficiaries with cancer.PATIENTS AND METHODS:We used SEER registry da...
Introduction: Libraries and Archives in the Digital Age

This introductory chapter outlines the themes of the book and contextualizes recent developments in the roles of libraries and archives and the methods they use in terms of a global history of such institutions extending from the ancient period. The argument here will be that the library and archive have been at the forefront of innovation—social, cultural, technological—in every era, testing the boundaries of what can be known and preserved—and furthering innovative practices that perfect the pursuit of information and the preservation of human knowledge over time. The introduction will also explore the proposition that the development of modern library systems across the globe and the increasing implementation of new technologies at libraries in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries have led to greater democratization of resources. Because this collection encompasses such a variety of perspectives on libraries and archives, from the scholarly and theoretical to the practical work of collecting and archiving in a diverse array of contexts, the ultimate purpose of this introduction will be to highlight the thematic and methodological continuities that run through these chapters.
Snowshoe hare feeding behavior responds to coyote and moose cues at diverse vegetation densities

Heterospecific competitors can use chemical cues left by dominant species to avoid aggressive interactions. Similarly, prey avoid chemical cues from predators at feeding sites, presumably because risk of death outweighs the benefit of food. This study addressed the lack of information regarding mammals' avoidance of direct cues from competitors and also examined how indirect cues, i.e., vegetative cover, affect foraging behavior. To test if chemical cues and vegetative cover alter the number of visits by prey species and time spent at feeding plots, we observed snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus) in plots containing coyote (Canis latrans; predator) and moose (Alces alces; competitor) urine across a spectrum of vegetation densities. Snowshoe hares significantly reduced number of visits to plots that contained coyote or moose urine. In plots treated with coyote urine, number of visits decreased significantly as plots became more densely vegetated. Neither chemical cues nor vegetation density affected time spent in plots. These results suggest that competition between snowshoe hares and moose has selected for an avoidance response. This study also reinforces the idea that an increase in vegetation density could prove disadvantageous to prey, perhaps because some predators use dense vegetation to their advantage.
Evaluation of left ventricular function in children with Kawasaki disease by Tei index of adenosine triphosphate-atropine stress echocardiography

Objective To study the left ventricular function in children with Kawasaki disease(KD) by Tei index of adenosine triphosphate(ATP)-atropine stress echocardiography. Methods ATP-atropine stress echocardiography was performed in 60 patients with KD at convalescent stage. The diastolic peak velocity(DPV) was measured at rest(DPVrest) and during the 5th minute of ATP infusion(DPVATP) in the left anterior descending artery,Coronary flow reserve (CFR) was calculated as DPVATP/DPVrest. The left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), peak E, peak A, E/A, isovolumetric contraction time (ICT), isovolumetric relaxation time(IRT) ,ejection time(ET) were also measured at rest and during peak heart rate and Tei index was calculated. Results Tei index was more significantly increased in KD with CFR decreased group than in CFR normal group (0.46±0. 09 vs 0.33±0.06, P<0.05). The rate-pressure product (RPP) was increased (P<0.05) stress compared with values at rest in both groups. There were no significant difference between the two groups in LVEF,E/A. Conclusions Tei index of ATP-atropine stress echocardiography is feasible diagnostic method to detect the asymptomatie left ventricular dysfunction in children with KD in convalescent stage. The impairment which related to CFR prognosticate the lesion of coronary artery in KD has influence on left ventricular function. Key words: Echocardiography,stress; Mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome; Ventricular function, left
Genetic Control of Oxidative Mutagenesis in Sulfolobus acidocaldarius.

ABSTRACT To identify DNA oxidation defenses of hyperthermophilic archaea, we deleted genes encoding the putative 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine (oxoG)-targeted N-glycosylase of Sulfolobus acidocaldarius (ogg; Saci_01367), the Y family DNA polymerase (dbh; Saci_0554), or both and measured the effects on cellular survival, replication accuracy, and oxoG bypass in vivo. Spontaneous G·C-to-T·A transversions were elevated in all Δogg and Δdbh constructs, and the Δogg Δdbh double mutant lost viability at a higher rate than isogenic wild-type (WT) and ogg strains. The distribution of G·C-to-T·A transversions within mutation detector genes suggested that reactivity of G toward oxidation and the effect on translation contribute heavily to the pattern of mutations that are recovered. An impact of the Ogg protein on the overall efficiency of bypassing oxoG in transforming DNA was evident only in the absence of Dbh, and Ogg status did not affect the accuracy of bypass. Dbh function, in contrast, dramatically influenced both the efficiency and accuracy of oxoG bypass. Thus, Ogg and Dbh were found to work independently to avoid mutagenesis by oxoG, and inactivating this simple but effective defense system by deleting both genes imposed a severe mutational burden on S. acidocaldarius cells. IMPORTANCE Hyperthermophilic archaea are expected to have effective (and perhaps atypical) mechanisms to limit the genetic consequences of DNA damage, but few gene products have been demonstrated to have genome-preserving functions in vivo. This study confirmed by genetic criteria that the S. acidocaldarius Ogg protein avoids the characteristic mutagenesis of G oxidation. This enzyme and the bypass polymerase Dbh have similar impacts on genome stability but work independently and may comprise most of the DNA oxidation defense of S. acidocaldarius. The critical dependence of accurate oxoG bypass on the accessory DNA polymerase Dbh further argues that some form of polymerase exchange is important for accurate genome replication in Sulfolobus, and perhaps in related hyperthermophilic archaea.
A Markov model for short term wind speed prediction by integrating the wind acceleration information

Abstract Wind speed prediction is an important research topic in the wind industry and many algorithms have been proposed to fulfill the prediction tasks. By reviewing the existing methods, one can find that the supplemental information, such as acceleration and turbulence intensity, that can be indirectly derived from wind speed is still less considered in the prediction models. To make a better utilization of these indirect information and future enhance the prediction accuracies, this paper proposes a novel Markov prediction model to integrate the wind acceleration. The proposes method first encodes the wind speed sequence into a discrete state sequence based on a 2D codebook that associates with the joint distribution of speed and acceleration. The discrete state sequence is then utilized to compute the state Transition Probably Matrix (TPM). The TPM governs the underlying state transition mechanisms in the Markov chain (or the state sequence) and serves as key to predict the states into the future time horizon. Lastly, the predicted states sequences are decoded into wind speed and the prediction uncertainty can be described as predictive distributions. The proposed method holds several advantages such as enhanced prediction accuracy and excellent flexibility to encode the supplemental information into the prediction model. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified in the case studies by benchmarking with existing methods.
The Role of Exposure to Violence and Psychopathy on Violent Crime Perpetration

Exposure to violence strongly predicts violent behavior. However, not all individuals who are exposed to violence engage in violent behavior. Personality is one factor that influences the translation from exposure to violence to engagement in violent behavior. Previous research in adolescents showed that psychopathy (a personality disorder) mediated the relationship between exposure to violence and violent behavior. However, this research has not: been conducted in adults, despite evidence of instability in exposure to violence and psychopathy across the lifespan; examined the specificity of this relationship to different expressions of psychopathy, such as subcomponent Factors and primary/secondary subtypes; and, considered other environmental experiences that may impact this relationship. In two samples of adults (community [N = 232] and prison [N = 313]), psychopathy affected the relationship between exposure to violence and violence (community indirect effect = 0.03, SE = 0.02, 95% CI = 0.004, 0.07; prison indirect effect = 0.14, SE = 0.05, 95% CI = 0.05, 0.25). These effects appeared to be related more strongly to the impulsive-antisocial traits of psychopathy and the secondary (high-anxious) subtype of psychopathy. Results were robust against demographic and other environmental experiences. Ultimately, our findings indicate that psychopathy is an important factor affecting the link between exposure to violence and violent behavior.
The Almond plumage color pattern is associated with eye pigmentation defects in the domestic pigeon (Columba livia)

Abstract Changes in epidermal pigmentation are associated with eye defects in humans and other vertebrates. In the rock pigeon (Columba livia), the sex-linked Almond color pattern is characterized by hypopigmentation of epidermal structures. The trait is controlled by the classical Stipper (St) locus, and homozygous (ZStZSt) Almond males often have severe eye defects. Heterozygous (ZStZ+) and hemizygous (ZStW) pigeons do not typically have obvious eye defects, suggesting that higher dosage of the mutant allele is deleterious. Because Almond pigeons have pronounced hypopigmentation in epidermal structures, we hypothesized that they might also have reduced eye pigmentation. Here, we examined pigmentation in the iris, ciliary body, anterior retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE), and posterior RPE in pigeons with and without Almond alleles. We found that pigmentation of anterior segment structures was reduced in birds with at least one Almond allele. However, posterior eye pigmentation was substantially reduced only in homozygous Almond birds. We postulate that the gradient of effects on eye pigmentation is due to the different embryological origins of anterior and posterior eye pigment-producing cells.
Bitumen spreading over an air bubble in water

Abstract The spreading of bitumen over an air bubble is one important sub step in the surface mining method of bitumen extraction from oil sands. In this study, the spreading process of the whole bitumen and deasphalted bitumen (maltene) over an air bubble in an aqueous phase was investigated at a macroscopic scale using a high-speed camera. It was observed that in pure water at 50 °C, bitumen spread onto the air bubble while maltene did not. While in simulated process water, both bitumen and maltene spread in a similar pattern. Bitumen spreading had a shorter induction time but a slightly slower spreading rate compared to maltene spreading. It was suggested that the role asphaltene played in bitumen spreading might be to reduce the magnitude of the zeta-potential at the bitumen-water interface and thus the electrostatic repulsion between the bitumen-water and air-water interfaces. Further, the influence of the temperature on the spreading kinetics was studied at a temperature range of 22–73 °C. The results showed that the spreading kinetics increased with increasing temperature and the areal spreading velocity decreased with time for all temperatures. The activation energy for the bitumen spreading was calculated to be 94.7 and 107.9 kJ/mol for 1 and 2 mm2 coverage, respectively. In addition, it was found that the spreading kinetics increased with increasing the toluene amount added into the bitumen. The findings in this work will help better understand the mechanisms involved in the spreading of bitumen over an air bubble in water.
A Microtissue Platform to Simultaneously Actuate and Detect Mechanical Forces via Non-Contact Magnetic Approach

Mechanical control is essential for adaptive regulation in biological systems. This work presents a magnetic, non-contact approach to simultaneous detection and actuation in a microscale tissue testbed. The platform builds upon previously developed passive mechanical platforms, where tissues self-assemble on flexible pillars. Standard detection is typically derived from microscope images and actuation is often conducted using invasive approaches. In the presented platform, actuation and detection, both derived from magnetic fields, are demonstrated with high spatial, temporal, and force resolution resulting in a detectable $0.6~\mu \text{m}$ step-size in air. The forced deflection range is +/−125 microns (+/−10% strain), and an arbitrary magnitude step-and-settle actuation is achieved in less than 1 ms. Engineered human cardiac microtissue is used to demonstrate the capabilities of the system, as cardiac tissues generate contractions and adapt to external forces. Spontaneous contractions are monitored for an hour by a built-in sensor with a signal-to-noise of 2. Cyclic actuation at 1 Hz using a 1 mT/mm magnetic field is demonstrated, where max tissue strain is 0.3%. All this is achieved in a moderate-throughput, compact device, which is easily integrated into the typical flow of biological experimentation. Simultaneous control of actuation and detection enables decisions to be made on a sample-specific basis, and in future developments, will enable arbitrary design of the mechanical environment for 3D tissue conditioning, maturation, and control. [2020-0296]
William James Revisted: “Pragmatic” Approaches to Religion

This essay examines how William James conceptualized the philosophy of religion, including his view about the future of religion, for the purpose of aiding our own view on the future of this field in the present age. It focuses on three different aspects of his thought about religion against a backdrop of the centrality of our evolutionary, creaturely frame. First, I talk about selected pre-Varieties essays, in which James focuses on the relations of thought and action. In so doing, I will note where theism fits in for James then, and attend to his very straightforward conceptual generalizations about what religion implies. Second, I talk about James’s psychological findings about religion, glossing some of the details of Varieties with regard to the individual and social aspects of religion. And third, I turn briefly to the developed “pragmatic” and “radical-empiricist” period of James’s thought, where he delineates religion’s connection to his pluralistic meliorism. This culminates in a clear suggestion that the twenty-first century is not likely to see humankind evolving “beyond” religion, in any meaningful sense.
The Answer Lies in Admiralty: Justifying Oil Spill Punitive Damages Recovery Through Admiralty Law

Oil spills, unlike other environmental disasters, often cue a certain immediacy among society for not only increased regulation but punishment exerted against the parties responsible for a spill. Currently, the vast majority of scholarship surrounding the Deepwater Horizon oil spill has focused on corporate governance reforms, regulatory changes, and compensatory liability issues regarding oil spills. Missing from this wide array of scholarship regarding the Deepwater Horizon spill is a frank discussion regarding the status and needed reforms regarding the status of punitive damages recovery in oil spill causes of action. My article attempts to fill this void by presenting the first full scale view of oil spill punitive damages recovery and how maritime law can serve as a guiding light for the implementation of punitive damages and the prevention of future oil spills. Within our American tort system, society’s call for punishment is most clearly embodied within the realm of punitive damages recovery. Although society may desire for punitive damages in causes of action arising out of an oil spill, the current federal oil spill liability regime, the Oil Pollution Act of 1990, and its accompanying jurisprudence currently stifle the possibility of oil spill punitive damages recovery. My article posits legal and normative justifications in favor of punitive damages recovery for OPA as well as general maritime law causes of action arising out of an oil spill. I first refute the reliability of the prior jurisprudence regarding the OPA’s effect on punitive damages recovery. I then argue that the Clean Water Act preemption analysis from Exxon Shipping Co. v. Baker as well as the Court’s criticism of Miles v. Apex in Atlantic Sounding Co. v. Townsend form a complimentary argument supporting oil spill punitive damages recovery. I then apply these arguments to causes of action under general maritime law as well as the OPA. I conclude by arguing that punitive damages’ goals of punishment and deterrence require an extension of punitive damages recovery to post OPA oil spills.
Positronium collisions with O 2 and CO 2

The authors use a previously developed free-electron-gas model to calculate cross sections for collisions of positronium with O_2 and CO_2 molecules. The results agree with previous experimental observations showing a similarity between electron and Ps scattering when the cross section is plotted as a function of projective velocity.
Domains with Smooth Boundaries

Notation 2.1.1 We will denote the sphere of radius r > 0 about x ∈ ℝ N by S(x, r). The unit sphere in ℝ N will be denoted by SN-1 so that SN-1 = S(0,1).
Analysis of the gas phase infrared spectrum of bromochlorofluoromethane Calculated and observed band contours and intensities

Abstract Observed and calculated infrared intensities and rotational-vibrational band contours are reported for bromochlorofluoromethane. Polar tensor and fixed charge models were used to calculate the band intensities and contours, employing a Urey-Bradley force field which was refined to reproduce vibrational frequencies as well as the magnitudes and directions of the dipole changes for the normal modes. The use of vibrational frequencies and intensity data improves the reliability of normal coordinate analyses for simple molecules of low symmetry.
Information practices of urban newcomers: An analysis of habits and wandering

This paper reviews information practices used by transnational migrants to become familiar with new urban surroundings. Drawing on interviews with 26 participants, all of whom had moved to New York City in the past 2 years, I analyze the interrelatedness of people, city space, and technology. By rooting my analysis in the experiences of transnational newcomers to New York, my investigation is directed both at library and information science LIS scholarship in transnational experience and urban informatics as an area of study. The findings section first addresses participants' practices for becoming familiar with their surroundings as embedded in everyday routines using Bergson's 1911 construct of habits as a means of organizing stimulus. I then develop an analysis of wandering, which emerged as an information practice used by participants to become familiar with their neighborhoods. Building on these themes, I suggest implications for human information behavior theory, arguing that LIS scholars should articulate more clearly and across a wider range of disciplines the concepts of mobile and ubiquitous technologies.
α1-Antitrypsin deficiency presenting with ascites and cirrhosis in the neonatal period

Abstract We report a 2-wk-old baby with α1-antitrypsin deficiency of Pizz phenotype, who presented with massive ascites and hepatomegaly. Liver biopsy disclosed active established cirrhosis. Unlike all other reported newborns with Pizz type, the patient had no evidence of neonatal cholestatic jaundice. The presentation of Pizz with established liver cirrhosis at such an early age not only adds another cause of cryptogenic cirrhosis in the neonatal period, but also points to a liver insult in some patients with Pizz, which is already determined in utero.
Appican Expression Induces Morphological Changes in C6 Glioma Cells and Promotes Adhesion of Neural Cells to the Extracellular Matrix

Appicans are secreted or cell-associated brain chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans produced by glia cells and containing Alzheimer amyloid precursor protein (APP) as a core protein. Here, we report that rat C6 glioma cells transfected with appican displayed a dramatic change in their phenotypic appearance compared with untransfected cells or cells transfected with APP. Appican-transfected cells lost the round appearance of the untransfected control C6 cells, acquired a flat morphology, and elaborated more processes than control cells. Untransfected, or APP-transfected C6, cells were completely dissociated from their substrate after 40 min of treatment with cell dissociation solution. Under the same conditions, however, <20% of the appican-transfected C6 cells were dissociated from their substrate, suggesting that the appican-transfected glia cells attach more avidly to their substrate than do untransfected or APP transfected control cells. In contrast, appican-transfected fibroblast cells showed no morphological changes and dissociated from their substrate similarly to untransfected fibroblast cells. Extracellular matrix (ECM) prepared from appican-transfected C6 cell cultures contained high levels of appican and was a significantly better substrate for the attachment of C6 cells than ECM from either untransfected or APP-transfected cultures. Furthermore, cell adhesion to ECM was independent of the level of appican expression of the plated cells. ECM from appican-transfected C6 cultures stimulated adhesion of other neural cells including primary astrocytes, Neuro2a neuroblastoma, and PC12 pheochromocytoma, but not fibroblast cells. Conditioned media from appican-transfected C6 cultures failed to promote cell adhesion. Together, these data suggest that secreted appican incorporates into ECM and promotes adhesion of neural cells. Furthermore, our data suggest that the chondroitin sulfate chain engenders APP with novel biological functions.
English as a second language (ESL) for engineering graduate students: a cooperative project in technical communication

It is argued that those best qualified to evaluate international students' proficiency and offer instruction are specialists in ESL (English as a second language), technical communication, and teaching/learning and not the graduate engineering faculty. Engineering schools can involve these specialists by combining two approaches: (1) taking advantage of services offered by ESL and teaching programs already established in the university, and (2) hiring the specialists as instructors in the engineering school. Vanderbilt University's cooperative project in technical communication, which uses both approaches, is described. The two project components-one for new teaching assistants, the other for researchers-call on expertise from already established university programs: the Center for Teaching and the Center for Orientation Programs in English (COPE). In addition, a technical writing specialist in the School of Engineering teaches the writing component for researchers. Each project component is designed to accomplish one different and one shared goal. >
A Protein Encoded by the Latency-Related Gene of Bovine Herpesvirus 1 Is Expressed in Trigeminal Ganglionic Neurons of Latently Infected Cattle and Interacts with Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2 during Productive Infection

Despite productive viral gene expression in the peripheral nervous system during acute infection, the bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) infection cycle is blocked in sensory ganglionic neurons and consequently latency is established. The only abundant viral transcript expressed during latency is the latency-related (LR) RNA. LR gene products inhibit S-phase entry, and binding of the LR protein (LRP) to cyclin A was hypothesized to block cell cycle progression. This study demonstrates LRP is a nuclear protein which is expressed in neurons of latently infected cattle. Affinity chromatography indicated that LRP interacts with cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (cdk2)-cyclin complexes or cdc2-cyclin complexes in transfected human cells or infected bovine cells. After partial purification using three different columns (DEAE-Sepharose, Econo S, and heparin-agarose), LRP was primarily associated with cdk2-cyclin E complexes, an enzyme which is necessary for G1-to-S-phase cell cycle progression. During acute infection of trigeminal ganglia or following dexamethasone-induced reactivation, BHV-1 induces expression of cyclin A in neurons (L. M. Schang, A. Hossain, and C. Jones, J. Virol. 70:3807-3814, 1996). Expression of S-phase regulatory proteins (cyclin A, for example) leads to neuronal apoptosis. Consequently, we hypothesize that interactions between LRP and cell cycle regulatory proteins promote survival of postmitotic neurons during acute infection and/or reactivation.
Evaluation of 17α-E-(trifluoromethylphenyl)vinyl estradiols as novel estrogen receptor ligands

Abstract As part of our program to develop novel ligands for the estrogen receptor, we synthesized the series of isomeric 17α-(trifluoromethyl)phenylvinyl estradiols using our solid-phase organic synthesis methodology. The compounds were evaluated for their relative binding affinity (RBA) using the ERα–LBD and in vivo potency using the immature rat uterotrophic growth assay. The ortho -isomer had the highest RBA values, 48–223, and the highest estrogenicity in vivo. The other isomers had significantly lower affinities and were weaker agonists in the uterotrophic assay. The results suggest that introduction of substituents at the 17α-position of estradiol is tolerated by the ER-LBD and permit agonist responses in the intact animal, however, the effect is sensitive to the position of groups on the phenyl ring. This study demonstrates that the 17α-position of estradiol is a reasonable site for modification but the position and physicochemical properties of such modifications may significantly affect the affinity and efficacy of the ligand.
Apparent differences in pH optima among isozymes of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, hexokinase, and lactate dehydrogenase in the earthworm Eisenia fetida

Abstract 1. Isozymes of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPD-1, GPD-2), hexokinase (HK-1, HK-2), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH-1, LDH-2) were assayed between pH 6.0 and 11.0 in the earthworm Eisenia fetida . 2. Isozymes encoded by loci producing a heterozygosity-growth relationship (GPD-2, HK-2, LDH-1) were most active near pH 9.5; other isozymes were most active near pH 7.5. 3. Tissue pH ranged from 6.65 to 7.46 and varied with soil pH and soil moisture but not exercise. 4. Environmentally-induced changes in tissue pH were probably not sufficient to influence isozymal activity and may not affect whether loci participate in the heterozygosity-growth phenomenon.
Triple-quantum-coherence-filtered imaging of sodium ions in vivo at 4.7 Tesla

The tissue distribution of sodium ions which generate triple-quantum coherence (TQC) in vivo is determined from images. A technique for filtering conventional sodium images, so that signal is obtained only from sodium ions which have a correlation time appropriate for producing TQC, is described. The utility of TQC-filtered sodium images is demonstrated in a study of tumors implanted in a nude rat model, where the intensity of the TQC signal from sodium ions in the growing margin of the tumor is observed to be 200-250% greater than that from surrounding tissue.
Fraunhofer lines with large Zeeman splitting

A list of solar spectral lines having simple Zeeman triplet splitting with Lande g-factors equal to or greater than 2.5 is presented.
Intentionality Analysis and Intersubjectivity

In Method in Theology Bernard Lonergan acknowledged the reality of intersubjectivity in human life and sought to incorporate it in various ways into his understanding of theological method. Building upon Lonergan's insights, this essay indicates how his three stages of meaning and different realms of meaning can be expanded in terms of the author's Neo-Whiteheadian metaphysics of universal intersubjectivity so as to justify a communal and processive approach to truth and objectivity in human affairs. In this way, Lonergan's transcendental method is clearly vindicated in a Neo-Whiteheadian as well as a Thomistic context and the resulting synthesis of metaphysical perspectives notably strengthens the position of those who advocate discussion and dialogue over the use of force for the resolution of persistent controversial issues.
Factors influencing choline movements in rat brain slices

Abstract The kinetics of the accumulation of acid-soluble 3H-material from [3H]-choline by rat brain slices were consistent with the concurrent existence of both passive diffusion and carrier-mediated transport; hemicholinium-3 inhibited accumulation. Addition to or subtraction from the standard incubation medium of 50 mM NaCl did not affect accumulation, whereas the addition of 50 mM LiCl inhibited accumulation of 3H-material. After a 15-min incubation 30 per cent of the accumulated acid-soluble 3H-material chromatographed with phosphorylcholine, 5 per cent with acetylcholine, and 60 per cent with choline. Although the slice; medium ratio of 3H-material was 1.7, that of [3H]choline was only 1.1. Adding azide or 50 mM KC1 to the medium decreased the accumulation of 3H-material; however, these agents also decreased the fraction metabolized and the slice: medium ratio for [3H]choline remained near 1.0. Most of the accumulated 3H-material was localized, after subcellular fractionation, in the postmitochondrial supernatant material; the concentration of 3H-material in the nerve-ending fraction, in terms of the synaptosomal volume, was 10 times that in the medium.
Motives of childhood firesetters: firesetting characteristics and psychological correlates

The present study evaluated curiosity and anger as motives among childhood firesetters. Parents of 133 firesetters (ages 6-13) completed the Fire Incident Analysis (FIA) to permit classification of the children as high and low on each of these two primary motives and to document details of the child's most serious incident within the past 12 months. The children were compared on measures of child dysfunction and firesetting history. An effect of Curiosity was found on measures of psychopathology, firesetting risk, and fire involvement, whereas an effect of Anger was found on measures of firesetting risk and the behavioral correlates of individual incidents. The results clarify the role of child motive in understanding firesetting involvement.
The quantum inverse scattering method and the Jordan-Wigner transformation for the Heisenberg-Ising spin chain

Abstract The quantum inverse scattering method for the spin one-half chain is presented in a formulation closely analogous to the standard inverse scattering treatment for the nonlinear Schrodinger equation. It is shown that for the particular case of the isotropic XY spin chain, the quantum inverse scattering transformation is equivalent to the Jordan-Wigner transformation.
Scaling and renormalization of the vector-meson field in 2+1 space

An analysis of the massive spin-1 field in 2+1 space, and its renormalization, is made using formal and perturbative techniques. The generalized (i.e., parity-violating) theory is transformed to one in which the two degrees of freedom are decoupled, thereby allowing the possibility of studying the system as a pair of chiral'' vector mesons. Upon giving the propagator a Lehmann form and using the canonical commutation relations to derive sum rules for the spectral functions, the peculiar result is obtained that one of the sum rules leads to the possibility of wave-function-renormalization constants which exceed unity. This peculiar feature is seen to be resolved by a particular rescaling of the field which has the desirable property of giving the Lehmann sum rules a form much like that for scalar and spinor fields. Perturbative results are derived using a coupling to the conserved current of a massive fermion. The propagator is found to develop poles near the two-fermion threshold signaling vector-meson bound states of either spin. Finally, a soluble model consisting of a direct coupling of the vector-meson modes is considered.
AUTORADIOGRAPHIC DISPOSITION OF 14C‐CAFFEINE IN MALE, FEMALE, AND PREGNANT MICE

The autoradiographic disposition of 14C-caffeine in 13.5-day pregnant mice was compared to that present in virgin females and males. C57B1/6J mice each received [8-14C] caffeine ip at a dose of 18.5 mg/kg. At 0.33, 3, and 24 h after treatment, the mice were anesthetized with ether and frozen by immersion in dry ice/hexane. The mice were processed for whole-body autoradiography by the Ullberg technique; this procedure does not allow thawing or contact with solvents. The early sacrifice periods, 0.33 and 3 h, revealed no significant differences among the three groups. Heavy sites of localization noted included the lacrimal glands, retinal and hair-follicle melanocytes, olfactory epithelium, bile and urine. Even after 24 h, no major differences in heavy sites of retention were visible. The major sites of localization noted included the olfactory epithelium, centrilobular region of the liver, bronchi, trachea, bile, and urine. In the fetal compartment, there was a moderate level of retention observed in the yolk sac and fetal eye.
Asymptotic inference for unstable auto- regressive time series with drifts

Abstract An autoregressive time series is said to be unstable if all of its characteristics roots lie on or outside the unit circle. This paper aims at developing the asymptotic inference for the least squares estimates of unstable autoregressive time series with drifts. Our framework allows for both constant and periodic drifts. The presence of a nonzero drift in the series affects the asymptotic behavior in a surprising and interesting way. For models with constant nonzero drifts, conventional asymptotic normal theory is attained only for unit root time series but not in general. For models with periodic drifts, degenerate nonnormal asymptotics are resulted for unit root series. However for models with roots lying on the unit circle which are not equal to unity, nonnormal asymptotics are always attained for both constant and periodic drifts unless there are confounding effects between the periodicities of the drifts and the locations of the roots. Our approach is based on a componentwise argument used in Chan and Wei (1988). The theories developed here extend much earlier work and help to clarify the intrinsic critical phenomena in the field of unstable time series.
Vitamin E-dependent anemia in the premature infant. II. Relationships between gestational age and absorption of vitamin E

The association of vitamin E deficiency and hemolytic anemia in small premature infants prompted study of intestinal absorption of vitamin E in infants of various gestational and chronologic ages. A direct relationship was found between the gestational age of the premature infant and his ability to maintain vitamin E sufficiency during the first 3 months of life; infants of lowest gestational age were least able to achieve vitamin E sufficiency, even when receiving a vitamin E supplement. In infants whose gestational age was less than 32 weeks, progressive improvement in the intestinal absorption of the vitamin was seen as the chronologic equivalent of a full-term gestational age was approached. Oral administration of iron is implicated as interfering with the intestinal absorption of vitamin E. Since maintenance of vitamin E sufficiency appears to be nutritionally important in the premature infant, the efficacy of other routes of administration of the vitamin should be explored.
A LIKELIHOOD JUSTIFICATION OF PARSIMONY

— A connection is established between maximally parsimonious cladograms and trees of highest likelihood. The assumptions needed to prove this are derivable from the structure of evolutionary theory and are independent of the frequency of homoplasy. The bearing of this justification on alternative methods of phylogenetic inference and on Felsenstein's (1978) proof that parsimony and other phylogenetic methods can be statistically inconsistent is discussed.
Methods for Addressing Missing Data in Psychiatric and Developmental Research

ABSTRACT Objective First, to provide information about best practices in handling missing data so that readers can judge the quality of research studies. Second, to provide more detailed information about missing data analysis techniques and software on the Journal's Web site at www.jaacap.com. Method We focus our review of techniques on those that are based on the "Missing at Random" assumption and are either extremely popular because of their convenience or that are harder to employ but yield more precise inferences. Results The literature regarding missing data indicates that deletion of observations with missing data can yield biased findings. Other popular methods for handling missing data, notably replacing missing values with means, can lead to confidence intervals that are too narrow as well as false identifications of significant differences (type I statistical errors). Methods such as multiple imputation and direct maximum likelihood estimation are often superior to deleting observations and other popular methods for handling missing data problems. Conclusions Psychiatric and developmental researchers should consider using multiple imputation and direct maximum likelihood estimation rather than deleting observations with missing values.
New insights into the hormonal and behavioural correlates of polymorphism in white-throated sparrows, Zonotrichia albicollis

The white-throated sparrow is a promising model for behavioural neuroendocrinology and genetics because behaviour and endocrine function may be linked to a chromosomal rearrangement that determines plumage colour. The notion that the two colour morphs, tan-striped (TS) and white-striped (WS), differ predictably in aggression and parenting has been widely accepted, despite conflicting evidence. It is also hypothesized that morph-typic behaviour is hormone-mediated, yet no field study has measured sex steroids and behaviour in the same birds. Here, we re-evaluate the TS and WS phenotypes, describe the conditions under which they differ and investigate relationships between sex steroids and behaviour. We report that (1) during territorial intrusions, WS males were more aggressive than TS birds, but this difference was restricted to singing; WS males sang more than TS males but showed identical levels of physical aggression. WS females sang more than TS females and were also more physically aggressive. (2) TS males provisioned young more frequently than did WS males, but only during first broods. The parental strategy of WS males was flexible, and during replacement broods, WS and TS males provisioned at equal rates. (3) Consistent with previous studies, we detected no morph difference in female provisioning. (4) Plasma testosterone and dihydrotestosterone were higher in WS males than in TS males during periods of peak territorial defence and during first broods; within breeding stages, male androgen levels were positively correlated with singing and negatively correlated with provisioning. Plasma oestradiol levels were higher in WS females than in TS females and higher during peak territorial defence; oestradiol levels tended to be positively correlated with singing. Overall, our results refine the TS and WS phenotypes, show that behavioural differences between them are restricted to periods with relatively high mating opportunity, and demonstrate an association between sex steroids and morph-typic behaviour. These results will inform future studies of this promising model.
Effects of substrate temperature and nominal dose on the microstructure and optical properties of indium implanted high purity silica

Two series of nanometer dimension metal colloid-glass composites have been fabricated by ion implantation of In in high purity silica glass. One series was implanted at different substrate temperatures while holding the dose constant at 6 × 1016 ions/cm2. Substrate temperatures used were ∼ 100, 273, 463 and 673 K. The second series was implanted with doses of 3, 6, 9, and 12 × 1016 ions/cm2 while holding the substrate temperature constant at 100 K. The properties of these series of samples were measured using backscattering transmission (RBS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and optical spectroscopy. RBS results show that a bimodal distribution of the ions occurs for all doses and substrate temperatures. TEM measurements show that spherical colloids are formed and the mean particle size is a function of nominal dose and substrate temperature during implantation. The colloids formed at the higher substrate temperature are amorphous while they have crystalline structure for the lower substrate temperature. The optical spectra exhibit a 1/λ dependence with an absorption peak centered at ∼ 260 nm due to the surface plasmon resonance of the In particles. The optical properties are also a function of nominal dose and substrate temperature during implantation.
MECHANICAL STABILITY OF RETAINED AUSTENITE IN TEMPERED 9Ni STEEL

The behavior of the thermally stable austenite in the ductile fracture surface layer of a grain-refined and tempered 9Ni steel broken at 77 K was studied through use of Moss-bauer spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Thin foils revealing the mi-crostructural profile of the fracture surface layer were prepared by electroplating a thick pure iron layer on the fresh fracture surface, then thinning a profile sample through a combination of conventional twin-jet electropolishing and ion milling techniques. The re-sults of both Mossbauer spectroscopy and TEM studies showed that the thermally stable austenite transforms to a dislocated martensite in the deformed zone adjacent to the duc-tile fracture surface. This result suggests that transformation of the retained austenite present in tempered 9Ni steel is compatible with low temperature toughness, at least when the transformation product is a ductile martensite.
Energetic magnetosheath ions and the interplanetary magnetic field orientation

Times when energetic ions are absent and present in ISEE 1 magnetosheath plasma spectrograms are correlated with ISEE 3 IMF orientation measurements. The study indicates that when the plasma at the spacecraft is traced along a streamline to the bow shock surface, the angle between the surface normal at that point and the IMF is greater than 60 deg when the energetic ions are absent and less than 60 deg when they are present. The pattern is consistent with the ions coming from the same regions of the bow shock where intermediate and diffuse ions are found on the upstream side. The 60 deg criterion is used to draw schematic patterns of the location of energetic ions in the magnetosheath as a function of IMF orientation. Some orientations result in layers adjacent to the magnetopause and other orientations give layers adjacent to the bow shock.
Comparison of Wet-Digestion and Dry-Ashing Methods for Total Elemental Analysis of Biochar

Total elemental analyses of biochars presents challenges during digestion because of biochars' high chemical recalcitrance and widely varied composition. Three biochars were chosen with contrasting properties: corn stover pyrolyzed at 300 °C, oak wood at 600 °C, and poultry manure with sawdust at 600 °C. Recovery of phosphorus (P), potassium (K), sulfur (S), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and zinc (Zn) from poultry manure biochar was 10 to 100 times less with published wet- or dry-digestion methods than when using improved methods. The published dry-digestion method returned significantly (P < 0.05) more sodium (Na), suggesting contamination from borosilicate glassware. A modified dry-ashing (MDA) method was the most precise method, demonstrating a relative standard deviation within 3.7% of the most precise method for recovery of P, K, S, Ca, Mg, and Zn from both corn and oak biochars. The MDA method is comparatively safe and effective for preparing biochar for elemental analysis.
Atomic and electronic structures of the CaAl metallic glass system: A pulse NMR study☆

Abstract In order to investigate the atomic and electronic structures, pulse NMR experiments were carried out on 27Al in the melt spun Ca100−xAlx metallic glass system and the related crystalline compounds. The spin-echo quadrupole spectra indicate considerable distribution in the electric field gradient and non-uniaxial local symmetry for the Al atoms. Measurem the spin-lattice relaxation time are consistent with a small density of s-electron states at the Al sites as predicted by recent band structure calculations.