cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Contact-induced changes Classification and processes *

Traditionally, contact-induced changes in languages have been classified into two broad categories: those due to ?borrowing? and those due to ?interference? by an L1 or other primary language on an L2 in the course of second language acquisition (SLA). Other terms used for ?interference? include ?substratum influence? and ?transfer.? Inconsistencies in the use of these terms pose a problem for the classification and analysis of the outcomes of contact-induced change. Moreover, labels like these, unfortunately, have been used to refer both to the outcomes of language contact and to the processes that lead to such results. This imprecision in the use of key terms poses serious problems for our understanding of what is actually involved in the two types of crosslinguistic influence. Moreover, it has led to inaccuracy in our assignment of changes to one or the other category. The aim of this paper is to reassess the conventional wisdom on the distinction between borrowing and ?interference,? and to clarify the vehicles of change as well as the outcomes characteristic of each. My approach is based on Van Coetsem's (1988) distinction between two transfer types ? borrowing under RL agentivity, and imposition under SL agentivity, with their shared but differently implemented processes of imitation and adaptation. Crucially, this approach recognizes that the same agents may employ either kind of agentivity, and hence different transfer types, in the same contact situation. It is the failure to recognize this that has sometimes led to inaccuracy in accounts of the nature and origins of contact-induced changes, as well as to conflicting classifications of the outcomes of contact. The present paper proposes a more rigorous and consistent classification, based on the kinds of agentivity involved.
Reply to Michael Levine

I am grateful to Mr Levine for his careful and accurate rendering of the thesis which I presented and defended in my first paper on the topic of ‘self-authenticating religious experience’. As should be reasonably clear from his remarks, I defended therein the negative and somewhat modest epistemological thesis that even if it is inconceivable (or logically impossible) for there to occur self-authenticating experience of God, it is far from obvious that such is the case. Hence, it seems to me that the claim of more than a few theistic mystics to have had such experience is entitled to something more than the rather cavalier rejection it has received at the hands of many ‘tough-minded’ epistemologists of religion. (I except Mr Levine: his rejection of that claim inclines towards the distinctly non -cavalier.)
Facile synthesis of sunlight-driven AgCl:Ag plasmonic nanophotocatalyst.

Highly efficient plasmonic photocatalysts of AgCl:Ag hybrid nanoparticles are successfully synthesized via a one-pot synthetic approach involving a precipitation reaction followed by polyol reduction. The as-synthesized nanoparticles exhibit high catalytic performance under visible light and sunlight for decomposing organics, such as methylene blue.
Position Effects of Ribosomal RNA Multigene Loci on Meiotic Recombination in Wheat

Homeologous wheat chromosome arms that differ by the presence or absence of a Nor locus or greatly differ in the numbers of copies of rRNA genes per Nor locus show conspicuous differences in the distribution of recombination. To assess directly the position effects of Nor loci on recombination across chromosome arms, a Triticum monococcum Nor9 haplotype was substituted for Triticum aestivum Nor9 haplotypes on two T. aestivum 1A chromosomes in the isogenic background of cv Chinese Spring. The numbers of rRNA genes in the 1A Nor9 haplotypes are greatly reduced relative to the T. monococcum haplotype. The substitution resulted in reduced recombination rate in the vicinity of the Nor9 locus. An intra-arm compensatory increase was observed in the proximal region of the arm so that the genetic length of the chromosome arm was unchanged. These findings suggest that Nor loci suppress recombination in their vicinity and change recombination patterns in Nor-bearing chromosome arms.
Ten Principles to Improve the Likelihood of Publication of a Scientific Manuscript

OBJECTIVE. The objective of this article is to discuss the reasons that manuscripts fail to be published and to establish some principles for increasing the likelihood of publication.CONCLUSION. Many good manuscripts fail to be published because they violate a few simple rules for writing a superior journal article. This review presents 10 principles for increasing the likelihood of manuscript publication.
Razor blades in the stomach

A 29-year-old female with a history of psychiatric disorder that was treated with thorazine and lithium, but was not taking any of her medications, was brought to the hospital after being witnessed by her family swallowing razor blades. Her only symptom was abdominal cramping. On examination, her vital signs were stable and she appeared to be in no acute distress. On examination, …
Detailed Mapping of the Nuclear Export Signal in the Rous Sarcoma Virus Gag Protein

The Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) Gag polyprotein undergoes transient nuclear trafficking as an intrinsic part of the virus assembly pathway. Nuclear export of Gag is crucial for the efficient production of viral particles and is accomplished through the action of a leptomycin B (LMB)-dependent nuclear export signal (NES) in the p10 domain (L. Z. Scheifele, R. A. Garbitt, J. D. Rhoads, and L. J. Parent, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99:3944-3949, 2002). We have now mapped the nuclear export activity to the C-terminal portion of the p10 sequence and identified the four hydrophobic amino acids within this region that comprise a leucine-rich NES. Alteration of these hydrophobic residues resulted in the accumulation of Gag proteins within the nucleus and a budding defect greater than that obtained with LMB treatment of cells expressing the wild-type Gag protein (Scheifele et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99:3944-3949, 2002). In addition, export of Gag from the nucleus was found to be a rate-limiting step in virus-like particle production. Consistent with a role for the NES sequence in viral replication, this cluster of hydrophobic residues in p10 is conserved across a wide range of avian retroviruses. Furthermore, naturally occurring substitutions within this region in related viruses maintained nuclear export activity and remained sensitive to the activity of LMB. Using gain-of-function approaches, we found that the hydrophobic motif in p10 was sufficient to promote the nuclear export of a heterologous protein and was positionally independent within the Gag polyprotein. Finally, the export pathway was further defined by the ability of specific nucleoporin inhibitors to prevent the egress of Gag from the nucleus, thereby identifying additional cellular mediators of RSV replication.
Aspirin-Sensitive Asthma: Its Relationship to Inhibition of Prostaglandin Biosynthesis

Patients with bronchial asthma do not constitute a homogenous population. One group which can be clearly distinguished on clinical grounds is formed by patients who do not tolerate aspirin. Although such patients have been described soon after introduction of aspirin to pharmacotherapy, it was only recently that aspirin-sensitive asthma has been recognized as a distinct clinical syndrome. In fact the sequence of symptoms and the natural history of this syndrome are so characteristic that, based on large clinical observations, a typical or “classic” case has been constructed (Samter and Beers, 1968).
Informational Commons: On Creativity, Copyright & Licenses

This paper examines the theoretical and practical development of informational commons in the digitised and interconnected environment. This is done by looking at the theory behind intellectual property and licenses in their role of creating and maintaining the commons. This paper will also present the practical work in the form of describing a large-scale development project concerning the localisation of the creative commons licenses to the Swedish jurisdiction. The goal of this work is to provide practical and theoretical foundations in the study of the role of informational commons in the knowledge society.
Resource Review: Euromonitor International’s Passport

Passport (formerly known as Global Market Information Database, or GMID) is a subscriptionbased database, one of several market research solutions produced by Euromonitor International (EI). Anyone who has ever read or used SWOT reports in research may have encountered those authored by EI and its legions of analysts, who are located in nearly every corner of the globe. EI’s mission is to “create data and analysis on thousands of products and services around the world.”3 More specifically, EI’s analysts gather data on about twenty-nine consumer product industries in over eighty countries. They find out what consumers bought, track what consumers are buying, and use these insights to predict what consumers will buy in the future.
Tunable GUMBOS-based sensor array for label-free detection and discrimination of proteins

There is increasing interest in developing new sensor strategies for accurate detection and identification of proteins, primarily due to their significance in various biological processes. In this regard, fluorometric sensors and sensor arrays have been widely explored as facile and inexpensive analytical tools. In this manuscript, we report a sensor array approach, based on a novel group of 6-(p-toluidino)-2-naphthalenesulfonate (TNS)-based organic salts for sensitive and label-free sensing of proteins. In this proof-of-concept study, three proteins (human serum albumin (HSA), α-antitrypsin and β-lactoglobulin (β-lac)) and binary mixtures of HSA and α-antitrypsin were used to evaluate the senor array performance. The fingerprint sensor-response patterns, dependent on proteins and protein mixtures at different concentrations, generated from the TNS-based sensors were employed to develop predictive models using principal component analysis (PCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA). Interestingly, there is excellent correlation between clustering patterns of PCA and different concentrations of proteins and protein mixtures, which was employed for discrimination of proteins and protein mixtures regardless of concentrations. Furthermore, identification accuracy of the proposed fluorescence-sensor technique, towards discrimination of various concentrations of proteins and protein mixtures, was calculated to be 100%. Overall, this sensor strategy is found to be a very promising tool for accurate discrimination of absolute and relative concentrations of proteins and protein mixtures.
Spektroskopische Ermittlung der Wurzeln der mittleren Amplitudenquadrate einiger tetraedrischer Thioanionen und Chloroanionen von Elementen der Gruppen VA, VB, VIB, IIB und VIII des Periodensystems

Die Analyse der Struktur und des Schwingungsverhaltens einiger Thioanionen und Chloroanionen von Elementen der Gruppen VA, VB, VIB, IIB und VIII des Periodensystems, wie z. B. AsS43−, SbS43−, VS43−, MoS42−, WS42−, HgCl42− und FeCl42−, wird kurz beschrieben. Diese Anionen haben regulare tetraedrische Struktur und gehoren zur Punktgruppe Td. Auf Grund gruppentheoretischer Uberlegungen werden fur 298°K und 500°K die mittleren Amplitudenquadrate, die verallgemeinerten mittleren Amplitudenquadrate (die mittleren Quadrate der Parallel- und der Vertikalamplituden und die mittleren gemischten Produkte) und die Wurzeln der mittleren Amplitudenquadrate der gebundenen und der nichtgebundenen Atompaare dieser Anionen berechnet. Dazu werden in jungster Zeit erhaltene Werte des Schwingungsverhaltens verwendet. Das Verhalten der Wurzeln der mittleren Amplitudenquadrate der gebundenen und der nichtgebundenen Atompaare wird auf Grund der Elektronegativitaten der Zentralatome erklart. Es folgt eine Diskussion der Ergebnisse hinsichtlich der chemischen Bedeutung der charakteristischen Bindungen in allen behandelten Thioanionen und Chloroanionen.
Local Government Budget Stabilization: An Introduction

This chapter is the general introduction and overview of the volume. The first section provides the motivation and rationales for this volume. The second section discusses some major issues and considerations of a tentative framework for empirical analyses of government budget stabilization at the local level. This discussion prepares readers of this volume for the chapters included. The issues discussed are intended to be the basis and raw material for use in other studies. The third section summarizes each of the following chapters as a quick overview of their components and major findings. The last section casts some prospective thoughts of the editor on what remains to be done and explored in these areas of research based on what has been provided in this volume.
The Method Of Fundamental Solutions For Time-Dependent Problems

We show how a number of second order time-dependent partial differential equations can be solved numerically by reformulating them in terms of inhomogeneous modified Helmholtz equations. Using recently derived analytic particular solutions for these equations, the resulting boundary value problems can be reduced to solving homogeneous Helmholtz equations which can be done effectively using the MFS. The resulting algorithms are efficient in that they require neither domain nor boundary discretization.
Direct relation between Fresnel’s interface reflection coefficients for the parallel and perpendicular polarizations: erratum 2

The record is set straight concerning two equations that determine the reflection phase shifts at a single interface from the intensity reflectances for p- and s-polarized light at one angle of incidence. These equations appeared previously in this journal [ J. Opt. Soc. Am.691007 ( 1979); erratum, J. Opt. Soc. Am.70261 ( 1980)].
Toward High-Yield 3D Self-Alignment of Flip-Chip Assemblies via Solder Surface Tension

Flip-chip assembly with self-alignment down to sub-micron accuracy opens the door for low-cost assembly of micro-photonic chips. The surface tension of melted solder can be used to bring chips into alignment. The use of lithographically defined mechanical structures to stop the solder induced movement provides sub-micron alignment accuracy. However, several factors can impact the solder re-alignment yield. In this paper, we investigate the various yield limiting contributors and show that sensitivity to solder volume is the dominating factor. Variation in the amount of solder strongly impacts the lateral and vertical force induced by the solder, resulting in two small a process window for manufacturability. We show through models and experiments a design-based solution that dramatically improves the process window and yield. By the addition of local solder "reservoirs" we create a self-balanced system to improve solder plating tolerances from just a few percent to nearly a factor of two.
Expedited isolation of natural product peptidyl-tRNA hydrolase inhibitors from a Pth1 affinity column

New antibiotics and new antibiotic targets are needed to counter the development of bacterial drug resistance that threatens to return the human population to the pre-antibiotic era. Bacterial peptidyl-tRNA hydrolase (Pth1) is a promising new antibiotic target in the early stages of development. While inhibitory activity has been observed in a variety of natural products, bioactive fractionation has been a bottleneck for inhibitor isolation. To expedite the isolation of inhibitory compounds from complex mixtures, we constructed a Pth1 affinity column and used it to isolate inhibitory compounds from crude natural products. Recombinantly produced S. typhimurium Pth1 was covalently attached to a column matrix and the inhibitory activity isolated from ethanol extracts of Salvinia minima. The procedure reported here demonstrates that isolation of Pth1 inhibitory compounds from complex natural product extracts can be greatly expedited over traditional bioactive fractionation, decreasing time and expense. The approach is generally applicable to Pth1s from other bacterial species and opens an avenue to advance and accelerate inhibitor development against this promising antimicrobial target.
Trends in Use of Sedation for Low-Risk Endoscopy: Looking Beyond Monitored Anesthesia Care.

Conscious sedation with short-acting opioids and benzodiazepines administered by an endoscopist has increasingly been replaced by deep sedation with monitored anesthesia care supervised by an anesthesiologist for routine endoscopy in fee-for-service practice.1 Monitored anesthesia care is recommended by the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy guideline for patients with anticipated intolerance of standard sedatives, certain comorbidities, or potential for airway compromise.
A retrospective analysis of patients with metastatic germ cell tumor (GCT) treated at Indiana University (IU) from 2000 to 2012.

4539 Background: Metastatic GCT’s have been classified by the International Germ Cell Cancer Collaborative Group (IGCCCG) in 1997 into good, intermediate, and poor risk with 5-year progression free...
Vocal fold leukoplakia: incidence, management, and prevention.

Purpose of review The purpose of this article is to provide an update on English-language literature evaluating the current understanding of incidence, management, and prevention of vocal fold leukoplakia focusing on premalignancy. Recent findings Recent studies have continued to try to elucidate factors influencing recurrence and progression of dysplastic disease, though results vary. Although advanced diagnostic techniques have attempted to predict disease behavior, tissue diagnosis continues to be essential. Studies reinforce the necessity of removal of disease as the primary treatment, whereas use of photoangiolytic lasers via the ablative technique has increased, as has transition of some patients into the office-based settings for treatment. Although genetic and molecular testing may hold promise for predictive purposes, further study is necessary, and chemotherapy for recalcitrant disease continues to be an area of study with few case studies being reported. Summary Management of vocal fold leukoplakia continues to progress in terms of identification and treatment. Although many work to advance our knowledge in the field and push treatment strategies toward newer avenues, pathologic diagnosis, eradiation of disease on the basis of experience and skill, and close surveillance continue to be paramount.
Large-Scale Network Coupling with the Fusiform Cortex Facilitates Future Social Motivation

Large-scale functional networks, as identified through the coordinated activity of spatially distributed brain regions, have become central objects of study in neuroscience because of their contributions to many processing domains. Yet, it remains unclear how these domain-general networks interact with focal brain regions to coordinate thought and action. Here, we investigated how the default-mode network (DMN) and executive control network (ECN), two networks associated with goal-directed behavior, shape task performance through their coupling with other cortical regions several seconds in advance of behavior. We measured these networks' connectivity during an adaptation of the monetary incentive delay (MID) response-time task in which human participants viewed social and nonsocial images (i.e., pictures of faces and landscapes, respectively) while brain activity was measured using fMRI. We found that participants displayed slower reaction times (RTs) subsequent to social trials relative to nonsocial trials. To examine the neural mechanisms driving this subsequent-RT effect, we integrated independent components analysis (ICA) and a network-based psychophysiological interaction (nPPI) analysis; this allowed us to investigate task-related changes in network coupling that preceded the observed trial-to-trial variation in RT. Strikingly, when subjects viewed social rewards, an area of the fusiform gyrus (FG) consistent with the functionally-defined fusiform face area (FFA) exhibited increased coupling with the ECN (relative to the DMN), and the relative magnitude of coupling tracked the slowing of RT on the following trial. These results demonstrate how large-scale, domain-general networks can interact with focal, domain-specific cortical regions to orchestrate subsequent behavior.
Temporal and Physical Reasoning for Perception-Based Robotic Manipulation

Accurate knowledge of object poses is crucial to successful robotic manipulation tasks, and yet most current approaches only work in laboratory settings. Noisy sensors and cluttered scenes interfere with accurate pose recognition, which is problematic especially when performing complex tasks involving object interactions. This is because most pose estimation algorithms focus only on estimating objects from a single frame, which means they lack continuity between frames. Further, they often do not consider resulting physical properties of the predicted scene such as intersecting objects or objects in unstable positions. In this work, we enhance the accuracy and stability of estimated poses for a whole scene by enforcing these physical constraints over time through the integration of a physics simulation. This allows us to accurately determine relationships between objects for a construction task. Scene parsing performance was evaluated on both simulated and real- world data. We apply our method to a real-world block stacking task, where the robot must build a tall tower of colored blocks.
Form and meaning of magical acts: A point of view

This article is a reprint of an essay originally published as “Form and meaning of magical acts: A point of view,” in Horton, Robin and Ruth Finnegan, eds. (1973) Modes of thought: Essays on thinking in Western and non-Western societies. London: Faber & Faber.
Keeping Practice Recommendations in Step with Advancing Knowledge

This editorial comments on the updated molecular testing guideline for lung cancer patients.
An open trial targeting emotional eating among adolescents with overweight or obesity.

Emotional eating is associated with obesity and disordered eating in adolescents, and thus, is an important target for treatment. We developed a program called PEER (Preventing Emotional Eating Routines), which incorporates emotion regulation skills with behavioral weight loss and parenting techniques for adolescents who are overweight or obese (OW/OB) and their parent. This open label trial evaluated the feasibility, acceptability, and initial efficacy of the PEER program. Thirty adolescents who were OW/OB (86.7% female; mean age = 14.6 years (SD = 1.2); Body Mass Index (BMI) = 34.0 kg/m2 (SD = 5.6); 33.3% White non-Hispanic) and their parent (66.7% biological mother) participated in a 4-month treatment and 3-month follow-up. The PEER program was well accepted. Initial efficacy showed significant decreases in emotional eating, and there were trends towards weight loss and a decrease in emotion dysregulation. This trial provides preliminary evidence for the feasibility, acceptability, and initial efficacy of the PEER program among adolescents who are OW/OB and their parent. Further treatment development and randomized controlled studies are needed.
Case 18: Inability to Remove a Nasogastric Tube

A 4-week-old, ASA 1, boy is scheduled for a pyloromyotomy. Prior to anesthesia his nasogastric tube (NGT) is removed. The anesthesia induction and maintenance is uneventful. A new NGT is easily inserted during surgery (Argyle feeding tube, Sherwood Medical, size Ch 8, external diameter 2.7 mm × 107 cm). Its correct position is verified by air insufflations through the NTG and observing a slight dilation of the stomach [1]. The patient is taken to the pediatric ICU for recovery. Several hours later, the nurse attempts to manipulate the NGT since it seems to be occluded. While she is attempting to move the NGT, she is surprised to see a loop of the NGT suddenly appear in the mouth. She pushes the NGT in again but after that she cannot move the NGT up or down. You are called and confirm that the NGT is stuck. Using your index finger you examine the baby’s mouth but have difficulty ascertaining what is going on.
Improving tissue expansion protocols through computational modeling.

Abstract Tissue expansion is a common technique in reconstructive surgery used to grow skin in vivo for correction of large defects. Despite its popularity, there is a lack of quantitative understanding of how stretch leads to growth of new skin. This has resulted in several arbitrary expansion protocols that rely on the surgeon's personal training and experience rather than on accurate predictive models. For example, choosing between slow or rapid expansion, or small or large inflation volumes remains controversial. Here we explore four tissue expansion protocols by systematically varying the inflation volume and the protocol duration in a porcine model. The quantitative analysis combines three-dimensional photography, isogeometric kinematics, and finite growth theory. Strikingly, all four protocols generate similar peak stretches, but different growth patterns: Smaller filling volumes of 30 ml per inflation did not result in notable expander-induced growth neither for the short nor for the long protocol; larger filling volumes of 60 ml per inflation trigger skin adaptation, with larger expander-induced growth in regions of larger stretch, and more expander-induced growth for the 14-day compared to the 10-day expansion protocol. Our results suggest that expander-induced growth is not triggered by the local stretch alone. While stretch is clearly a driver for growth, the local stretch at a given point is not enough to predict the expander-induced growth at that location. From a clinical perspective, our study suggests that longer expansion protocols are needed to ensure sufficient growth of sizable skin patches.
Extending Modulation Bandwidth of SOI Thermo-Optic Phase Shifters Through Digital Pre-Emphasis

We demonstrate a digital pre-emphasis technique for extending the modulation bandwidth of a thermo-optic phase shifter in silicon-on-insulator (SOI) CMOS. The electrical input to the phase shifter is pre-emphasized, increasing 3-dB optical modulation bandwidth 6.3 times from 8.1 kHz to 50.7 kHz.
Reconstrucción de la identidad del castellano en áreas catalanoparlantes del Estado español

Este trabajo es una exploracion de la nocion de identidad aplicada a la lengua espanola en su papel de artefacto cultural dentro de las areas catalano/valencianoparlantes del territorio espanol. En Espana han tenido lugar numerosos cambios sociopoliticos durante las tres ultimas decadas, los cuales han dado lugar a lo que se podria llamar una reconstruccion de la identidad de la lengua espanola. La lengua catalana/valenciana ha estado sujeta a una intensa planificacion en las ultimas tres decadas, planificacion que ha ampliado su espacio y ha catalizado una necesaria negociacion con la lengua espanola. Este trabajo argumenta que el espanol no es simplemente un instrumento de comunicacion, sino que es ademas un artefacto cultural con una identidad que ha pasado de ser un simbolo de una nacion-estado a ser lengua de nadie, haciendose asi posible la negociacion de su espacio con el del catalan/valenciano.
Neorealism and the Double Stain: Television and Italian High Modernist Filmmakers

Paleotelevision was the era of state monopolized television from 1954 to 1975, whose palimpsest was divided between educational programs, quiz shows, and commercials. This chapter discusses TV appearances of Pasolini and high modernist directors such as Pontecorvo, Olmi, Montaldo, Maselli, and the Taviani brothers whose work in the advertisement format Carosello helped develop the techniques that provoked a crisis in neorealism. Pasolini ’s Love Meetings, Rosi’s Salvatore Giuliano, and Ferreri’s Dillinger Is Dead exemplify the new global space coexisting with the past. They incorporate (and question) television reportages while addressing issues such as banditry, modernization, and the sexual mores of a nation destabilized by intense regionalism. The directors do not use the cinema to provide information, but the information itself is the core of their work.
Sagittal spinopelvic malalignment in degenerative scoliosis patients: isolated correction of symptomatic levels and clinical decision-making.

This study aims to determine if (1) loss of lumbar lordosis (LL), often associated with degenerative scoliosis (DS), is structural or rather largely due to positional factors secondary to spinal stenosis; (2) only addressing the symptomatic levels with a decompression and posterolateral fusion in carefully selected patients will result in improvement of sagittal malalignment; and (3) degree of sagittal plane correction achieved with such a local fusion could be predicted by routine pre-operative imaging. A retrospective study design with prospectively collected imaging data of a consecutive series of surgically treated DS patients who underwent decompression and instrumented fusion at only symptomatic levels was performed. Pre- and post-operative plain radiographs and pre-operative magnetic resonance imaging (MRIs) of the spinopelvic region were analyzed. LL, pelvic incidence (PI), pelvic tilt (PT), and sacral slope (SS) were assessed in all patients. As a requirement for the surgical strategy, all patients presented with a pre-operative PI-LL mismatch greater than 10°. Post-operative complications were assessed. Pre-operative MRIs and lumbar extension radiographs revealed a mean LL of 42° (range 10–66°) and 48° (range 20–74°), respectively, in 68 patients (mean follow-up 29 months). LL post-operatively was corrected to a mean PI-LL of 10°. Of patients who achieved PI-LL mismatch within 10o on their pre-operative extension lateral lumbar radiographs, 62.5% were able to maintain a PI-LL mismatch within 10° on their initial post-operative films. Only 37.5% were not able to achieve that mismatch on extension radiographs (p = 0.001, OR = 9.58). Similarly, 54.2% were able to achieve a PI-LL < 10° on initial post-operative radiographs, when pre-operative MRI revealed a PI-LL mismatch within 10°. In contrast, only 20.5% achieved that goal post-operatively if their mismatch was greater than 10o on their MRI (p = 0.003, OR = 4.25). With a decompression and instrumented fusion of only the symptomatic levels in symptomatic DS patients, we were able to achieve a PI-LL mismatch to within 10°. The loss of LL observed pre-operatively may be largely positional rather than structural. The amount of LL correction observed immediately after surgery can be predicted from pre-operative lumbar extension radiographs and supine sagittal MRI.
D2D Offloading for Statistical QoS Provisionings Over 5G Multimedia Mobile Wireless Networks

The device-to-device (D2D) communication is an efficient mobile-data offloading technique to significantly improve the cellular base station (BS) spectrum efficiency in the fifth generation (5G) wireless networks by enabling mobile users to directly receive the multimedia data from a nearby mobile users through D2D communication. On the other hand, D2D multimedia-data offloading imposes the new modeling challenges in characterizing the statistical delay-bounded quality of service (QoS) provisioning over two-hop tandem wireless links when a mobile user receives its requested data from the cellular BS and relays it to the next mobile user which is requesting the same data via D2D communications. Thus, one of the most important challenges of the D2D multimedia-data offloading architecture lies in how to satisfy the statistical delay-bounded QoS requirements over the two-hop wireless links which consists of two tandem single-hop links. To tackle these challenges, we propose the overall two-hop wireless link QoS provisioning schemes based on its two individual single-hop statistical QoS requirements. We derive the overall effective capacity’s expression of the two-hop tandem wireless links as a function of the single-hop’s effective capacities and prove that the overall equivalent effective capacity of the two-hop wireless link is upper bounded by the single-hop effective capacity with the smaller QoS exponent. Moreover, we derive the upper-bound and lower-bound of the equivalent QoS exponent for the overall two-hop wireless links and also show its monotonicity with respect to single-hop QoS exponents. To show the network performance’s improvement after integrating the cellular networks and D2D offloading, we compare the scalability of the BS-based cellular wireless networks with and without D2D offloading. We also evaluate and validate our proposed two-hop wireless link statistical delay bounded QoS provisioning schemes over multimedia D2D offloading architecture through numerical analyses.
Hydrogen isotopic evidence for early oxidation of silicate Earth

Abstract The Moon-forming giant impact extensively melts and partially vaporizes the silicate Earth and delivers a substantial mass of metal to Earth's core. The subsequent evolution of the magma ocean and overlying atmosphere has been described by theoretical models but observable constraints on this epoch have proved elusive. Here, we report thermodynamic and climate calculations of the primordial atmosphere during the magma ocean and water ocean epochs respectively and forge new links with observations to gain insight into the behavior of volatiles on the Hadean Earth. As accretion wanes, Earth's magma ocean crystallizes, outgassing the bulk of its volatiles into the primordial atmosphere. The redox state of the magma ocean controls both the chemical composition of the outgassed volatiles and the hydrogen isotopic composition of water oceans that remain after hydrogen escape from the primordial atmosphere. The climate modeling indicates that multi-bar H2-rich atmospheres generate sufficient greenhouse warming and rapid kinetics resulting in ocean-atmosphere H2O-H2 isotopic equilibration. Whereas water condenses and is mostly retained, molecular hydrogen does not condense and can escape, allowing large quantities (∼102 bars) of hydrogen – if present – to be lost from the Earth in this epoch. Because the escaping inventory of H can be comparable to the hydrogen inventory in primordial water oceans, equilibrium deuterium enrichment can be large with a magnitude that depends on the initial atmospheric H2 inventory. With rapid kinetics, the water molecule concentrates deuterium and, to the extent that hydrogen in other forms (e.g., H2) are significant species in the outgassed atmosphere, pronounced D/H enrichments (∼1.5-2x) in the oceans are expected from equilibrium partitioning in this epoch. By contrast, the common view that terrestrial water has a carbonaceous chondritic source requires the oceans to preserve the isotopic composition of that source, undergoing minimal D-enrichment via equilibration with H2 followed by hydrodynamic escape. Such minimal enrichment places upper limits on the amount of primordial atmospheric H2 in contact with Hadean water oceans and implies oxidizing conditions ( logfO 2 > IW + 1 , H2/H2O
Assessing the significance of course materials for graduate program admission

Enrollment into graduate programs continue to increase. Given major changes occurring within education (e.g., online courses and OER integration), it is imperative for faculty and students to be aware of the impact these changes could entail to those with higher education aspirations. The use of Open Educational Resources (OER) is one important change that has occurred with respect to the types of academic materials used in higher education courses. The use of OER has significantly expanded over the past decade. Resources accessible under the caption of OER are free and available in the public domain. Currently, there is little information regarding how these changes might affect graduate school applications or admission. The purpose of this study was to examine the importance of academic materials used in undergraduate classes in the evaluation of individuals for graduate admission. The results indicated that academic materials are the least important factor utilized for admission criteria. This result may indicate that the use of Open Educational Resources, low cost or free course materials with a copyright license that allows for reuse, should not impact the likelihood of a student being accepted into a graduate program.
Spectrum Tomography Attacks: Inferring Spectrum Allocation Mechanisms in Multicarrier Systems

Spectrum allocation algorithm is a vital process to improve the system throughput in a network. But in wireless networks, such an algorithm is vulnerable to leakage due to the broadcast nature of the wireless channel. By exploiting such vulnerability, we present a mechanism, called spectrum tomography, to obtain the allocation algorithm without direct access to the access point (AP) in an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) network. Then, we propose an attack strategy, called spectrum tomography attack, which further takes advantage of the spectrum tomography to damage the network. Finally, we present three basic strategies for the spectrum tomography attack.
Characterizing Single-Molecule Conformational Changes Under Shear Flow with Fluorescence Microscopy.

Single-molecule behavior under mechanical perturbation has been characterized widely to understand many biological processes. However, methods such as atomic force microscopy have limited temporal resolution, while Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) only allow conformations to be inferred. Fluorescence microscopy, on the other hand, allows real-time in situ visualization of single molecules in various flow conditions. Our protocol describes the steps to capture conformational changes of single biomolecules under different shear flow environments using fluorescence microscopy. The shear flow is created inside microfluidic channels and controlled by a syringe pump. As demonstrations of the method, von Willebrand factor (VWF) and lambda DNA are labeled with biotin and fluorophore and then immobilized on the channel surface. Their conformations are continuously monitored under variable shear flow using total internal reflection (TIRF) and confocal fluorescence microscopy. The reversible unraveling dynamics of VWF are useful for understanding how its function is regulated in human blood, while the conformation of lambda DNA offers insights into the biophysics of macromolecules. The protocol can also be widely applied to study the behavior of polymers, especially biopolymers, in varying flow conditions and to investigate the rheology of complex fluids.
The Relationship between Priority and Value of Irrigation Water Used with Prior Appropriation Water Rights

This article examines the relationship between water right priority and value of use for rights defined by prior appropriation, and tests whether this relationship is different for rights that have been transferred from their original locations to new locations, versus those that have not. We develop an empirical model using data for agricultural irrigation water rights and show that for transferred water rights, more senior (higher-priority) rights are reallocated from lower-to higher-valued agricultural uses. For water rights that remained unchanged, we find that priority order and potential profitability, as indicated by land characteristics, are not well aligned.
Statistical characterization of the linear attenuation coefficient in polychromatic CT scans.

Purpose To provide a unifying statistical model that characterizes the integrated X-ray intensity at the detector after logarithmic transformation and can be extended to the characterization of CT numbers in the reconstructed image. Methods We study the statistical characteristics of polyenergetic X-ray beams in the detector. Firstly, we consider the characterization of the integrated X-ray intensity at the detector through a probabilistic model (Compound Poisson) that describes its statistics. We analyze its properties and derive the probabilistic distribution after the logarithmic transformation analytically. Finally, we propose a more tractable probabilistic distribution with the same features observed in the characterization, the non-central Gamma. This distribution exhibits desirable properties for the statistical characterization across the reconstruction process. We assess the assumptions adopted in the derivation of the statistical models throughout Monte Carlo simulations and validate them with a water phantom and a lung phantom acquired in a Siemens clinical CT scan. We evaluate the statistical similarities between the theoretical distribution and the non-central Gamma using a power analysis with a Kolmogorov-Smirnov test for a 95% confidence level. Results The Kolmogorov-Smirnov goodness of fit test obtained for the Monte Carlo simulation shows an extremely high agreement between the empirical distribution of the post-logarithmic integrated X-ray intensity and the non-central Gamma. The experimental validation performed with both phantoms confirmed the excellent match between the theoretical distribution, the proposed non-central Gamma, and sample distributions in all situations. Conclusion We derive an analytical model describing the post-log distribution of the linear attenuation coefficient in the sensor for polychromatic CT scans. We also demonstrate that the non-central Gamma distribution approximates well the theoretical distribution. This distribution also approximates well the CT numbers after reconstruction since it naturally extends across linear operations involved in filtered backprojection reconstructions. This probabilistic model may provide the analytical foundation to define new likelihood-based reconstruction methodologies for polychromatic scans.
Dynamics of defects around anisotropic particles in nematic liquid crystals under shear.

Nematic multiparticle collision dynamics is used to simulate disclination ring defects around spherocylinders suspended in a liquid crystal. A solvent-solute interaction potential is integrated over a short-time scale by an auxiliary molecular dynamics procedure that updates the translational and angular coordinates of the spherocylinders. For suspended particles with length in the range $\ensuremath{\sim}(60,160)\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\text{nm}$ and a fixed aspect ratio, this method is able to simulate static defects reported previously in the literature. It also simulates orientation fluctuations of the elongated colloids that exhibit a broad distribution and a slow relaxation rate. Finally, a nematic host driven from equilibrium by shear flow is simulated, and the consequent dynamic behavior of the colloid-defect pair is studied. Defects under shear present significant structural transformations from chairlike disclination rings to extended defects that cover most of the cylindrical surface of the colloid. This effect results from the hydrodynamic torque on the nematic field caused by the distorted flow around the spherocylinder, and it is present for small Reynolds and Ericksen numbers of order unity.
Neonatal blood pressure before and after delayed umbilical cord clamping.

To describe values of blood pressure (BP) before and after delayed cord clamping (DCC) in healthy term neonates born to low risk pregnancies, examine differences in the temporal patterns of BP duri...
Use of Simulation Education to Promote Delivery Room Euthermia in Preterm infants

Purpose: Preterm infants are at increased risk of hypothermia due to thin skin, less brown fat, large body surface area to mass, and poor metabolic compensation. Hypothermia in these infants increases morbidities and mortality. When anticipated, preterm delivery is planned at tertiary care centers, however preterm infants sometimes deliver urgently in community hospitals. The Neonatal Resuscitation Program recommends multiple interventions to stabilize preterm infant temperatures. The Indiana University Neonatal Outreach Simulation Team identified that many community providers were unaware or incompletely implementing these recommendations. To minimize disparities between preterm infants born in community …
Longitudinal Links between Income Dynamics and Young Adult Socioeconomic and Behavioral Health Outcomes

Longitudinal links between childhood family income and adult outcomes are well documented. However, research on childhood income volatility and young adult outcomes is limited. This study utilizes ...
The Terror That Strikes at Night: A Reflection on Overnight On-Call Shifts.

Responsibility for the overnight on-call pager can be nerve-wracking, particularly to CPE students and those who are new to chaplaincy. This reflection attempts to reframe the terror we may associa...
Artificial Reef Evaluation : With Application to Natural Marine Habitats

Contents Purposes and Practices of Artificial Reef Evaluation - W. Seaman and A.C. Jensen Study Design and Data Analysis Issues - K.M. Portier, G. Fabi, and P.H. Darius Physical Characteristics and Engineering at Reef Sites - Y.P. Sheng Evaluation Methods for Trophic Resource Factors - Nutrients, Primary Production and Associated Assemblages - M.W. Miller and A. Falace Fish and Macroinvertebrate Evaluation Methods - S.A. Bortone, M. Samoilys, and P. Francour Social and Economic Evaluation Methods - J.W. Milon, S.M. Holland, and D. Whitmarsh Integrating Evaluation into Reef Project Planning - W.J. Lindberg and G. Relini Index
Solvation Dynamics in a Stockmayer Fluid

The dynamic response of the solvent to the sudden change of the charge distribution in a solute molecule has been the subject of many investigations, experimental and theoretical1. A rough sketch of what happens in the experiment is given in Figure 1, where we display the free energies of the ground and excited states of the solute as a function of the generalized solvent coordinate. Optical excitation of the solute from the ground to excited state produces, according to the Franck-Condon principle, a non-equilibrium configuration of the solvent which relaxes to equilibrium. This relaxation of the solvent can be observed as a time dependent fluorescence spectral shift in the solute emission and it is usually used to quantify solute dynamics.
Role of the dual entorhinal inputs to hippocampus: a hypothesis based on cue/action (non-self/self) couplets.

Abstract The hippocampus sits at the highest level of memory processing circuits and receives two major inputs, one coming from the lateral entorhinal cortex and one coming from the medial entorhinal cortex. This duality must be of fundamental importance, but its functional meaning remains unclear. A computational model used for robot navigation (Verschure, P.F., et al. (2003). Nature, 425: 620–624) has a dual information structure that may provide insight. In this model, information is stored as couplets consisting of information about the current sensory cues and information about the current action of the robot. Sequences of such couplets are stored in a short-term memory buffer and transferred to a long-term memory store whenever a goal is found. The overall system enhances the ability of the robot to find reward sites because stored sequences enable the robot to retrace the path to a goal site whenever any of the cues along the path to a goal is subsequently encountered. A review of the literature suggests that the idea of cue/action couplets can be usefully mapped onto the function of the entorhinal cortex. Cue information may be supplied by the lateral entorhinal cortex whereas action (motor) information may be supplied by the medial entorhinal cortex. However, given that self-position information is prominent in the medial pathway and that this is not directly related to action, a modified formulation of the duality is proposed in which the fundamental distinction is between information about non-self vs. information about self. According to this view, the lateral entorhinal pathway carries information about external (non-self) cues and their positions (in egocentric coordinates) whereas the medial entorhinal pathway carries information about the organism itself, including its position (in allocentric coordinates), motor actions and goals.