cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Climate shock effects and mediation in fisheries

Climate shocks can reorganize the social-ecological linkages in food-producing communities, leading to a sudden loss of key products in food systems. The extent and persistence of this reorganization are difficult to observe and summarize, but are critical aspects of predicting and rapidly assessing community vulnerability to extreme events. We apply network analysis to evaluate the impact of a climate shock-an unprecedented marine heatwave-on patterns of resource use in California fishing communities, which were severely affected through closures of the Dungeness crab fishery. The climate shock significantly modified flows of users between fishery resources during the closures. These modifications were predicted by pre-shock patterns of resource use and were associated with three strategies used by fishing community member vessels to respond to the closures: temporary exit from the food system, spillover of effort from the Dungeness crab fishery into other fisheries, and spatial shifts in where crab were landed. Regional differences in resource use patterns and vessel-level responses highlighted the Dungeness crab fishery as a seasonal "gilded trap" for northern California fishing communities. We also detected disparities in climate shock response based on vessel size, with larger vessels more likely to display spatial mobility. Our study demonstrates the importance of highly connected and decentralized networks of resource use in reducing the vulnerability of human communities to climate shocks.
Cholesterol-lowering Decreased mTOR Complex 2 Signaling and Enhanced Antitumor Immunity

Summary Cholesterol-lowering interventions are employed widely and safely to reduce risk of cardiovascular disease. Cholesterol may have complex and opposing effects on immunity. We lowered serum cholesterol to clinically relevant levels in mice and evaluated the final adaptive immune response. Mice treated with oral ezetimibe exhibited enhanced antitumor immunity against syngeneic cancers in a CD8+ lymphocyte-dependent manner, produced immunity that was transferrable through lymphocytes, and enhanced central CD8+ T cell memory. In both mice and patients undergoing prostatectomy, lowering serum cholesterol inhibited mTORC2 signaling in lymphocytes and increased infiltration of CD8+ lymphocytes into prostate tumors. Lymphocyte-specific mTORC2 knockout mice demonstrated enhanced CD8+ lymphocyte function and antitumor capacity. In a prospective clinical trial, cholesterol-lowering intervention prior to prostatectomy decreased the proliferation of normal prostate and low-grade adenocarcinomas. Here, we show that lowering serum cholesterol may be an effective strategy to decrease signaling through mTORC2 and enhance antitumor CD8+ T cell memory.
Biological and chemical recovery of acidified Catskill Mountain streams in response to the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990

Abstract Decades of acidic deposition have adversely affected aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems in acid-sensitive watersheds in parts of the eastern United States. The national Acid Rain Program (Title IV of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments - CAAA) helped reduce emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) and resulted in sharp decreases in the acidity of atmospheric deposition. The decrease in acidic deposition produced a steady decline in the acidity of streams in many poorly buffered waters across the western Adirondacks and parts of the Catskill Mountains of New York. Until recently, however, there has been little evidence of biological recovery in most acid-sensitive streams in both regions. Long-term deposition and stream-chemistry records and fish-community data from quantitative surveys done during 1991–93 and again during 2012–19 at 13 sites in the upper Neversink River and its tributaries were evaluated to determine if chemical and biological recovery were evident in this Catskill Mountain watershed and if they could be linked to regional declines in acidic deposition. Between 1991 and 2019, large decreases in sulfate and nitrate deposition in the basin mirrored declines in total nationwide SO2 and NOx emissions. There were corresponding decreases in sulfate and nitrate concentrations in deposition at a National Trends Network station at Frost Valley (NY68) and coincident declines in sulfate concentrations at four long-term monitoring sites in the Neversink River watershed. Mean acid neutralizing capacity and pH increased and inorganic aluminum (Ali) concentrations from routine summertime samples decreased significantly at most moderately to severely acidified sites between the two study periods. Richness, density, and biomass of fish communities increased at most sites, while the density and biomass of brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis populations increased at fewer sites that were undergoing chemical recovery. Although recovery is far from complete, trends in deposition chemistry, water quality, and fish assemblages in streams of the upper Neversink watershed indicate that the 1990 CAAA is having positive impacts on aquatic ecosystems in the Catskill Mountain region, New York.
The impact of racism on emergency health care workers.

Introduction Discrimination based on race is a known source of stress in individuals and is a contributor to poor health outcomes in patients. However, less is known about how the experiences of racism impact the stress levels of emergency health care workers (EHCWs). Objectives The goal of this study was to assess the impact that racism has on the stress of EHCWs. Methods An anonymous electronic cross-sectional survey of EHCWs including attending physicians, resident physicians, advanced practice providers, nurses, and staff at three large metropolitan hospitals was administered in the summer of 2020. The survey evaluated the stress related to systemic racism and the COVID-19 pandemic in addition to the wellness measures utilized to cope with these stressors. The focus of this article is the impact of systemic racism on EHCWs. Results Of the 576 eligible participants, the total number of respondents utilized for analysis was 260. Overall, 64% of participants were very concerned about the state of racism in the United States, and 30% reported moderate-high or high stress resulting from racism. When stratified by race, 46% of Black participants reported moderate-high or high stress resulting from racism, compared to 31% of other participants of color and 23% of White participants (p = 0.002). Conclusion Systemic racism is a significant concern and source of stress for EHCWs. Additional research about systemic racism, its impact on medical providers, and more importantly, active strategies to reduce and ultimately eliminate it in health care is needed.
Characterization of a semicrystalline polyimidesulfone powder

A semicrystalline polyimidesulfone (PISO2) material has been synthesized and characterized. Characterization methods include thermal analysis by DSC and measurements of inherent viscosities, wide-angle X-ray diffraction, and viscoelasticity. The melt flow properties of both amorphous and semicrystalline samples were also investigated by means of a parallel plate plastometer. This material was found to be not readily recrystallizable at temperatures above its initial peak melting point of 225 C, when compared to other crystalline thermoplastics. This semicrystalline PISO2 demonstrated a flow about 5 times greater than the amorphous one as characterized by the plastometer. Such enhanced melt flow properties could be of great benefit in the adhesive and composite lamination processes.
Decentralisation in Senegal – Ambiguous Agendas for Community Education

The chapter overviews trends in education decentralisation in Senegalese nonformal education, particularly in the area of community-based schooling, which has resulted in varied and often unintended local interpretations and reactions. This chapter describes the tensions and contradictions in the attempts to decentralize basic education and literacy arrangements in the village of Diatafa in southern Senegal. The chapter argues that the process of education decentralization in BCEs has led to a system in which NGO operators are left to their own devices as to how to execute public policy. The chapter concludes that decentralisation in community-based education has helped install relevant programs where the state does not provide.
Regulation of cardiac gene expression during myocardial growth and hypertrophy: molecular studies of an adaptive physiologic response.

Studies from both in vivo and in vitro model systems have provided an initial skeleton of the potential signaling pathways that might regulate cardiac genes during growth and hypertrophy. One of the first detectable changes in cardiac gene expression is the activation of a program of immediate early gene expression, which is distinct for the hypertrophic response, and is conserved in multiple models of both in vivo and in vitro hypertrophy. Diverse and distinct hormonal stimuli have been documented to activate several features of the hypertrophic response, including several autocrine and paracrine factors. Although the signaling mechanisms that link these factors with the activation of cardiac gene expression are unclear, recent studies suggest that the activation of protein kinase C may represent one of the most proximal common events in this signaling cascade. The activation of cardiac target genes induces a program of embryonic gene expression, including the atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) gene. The ci...
Integration of conformal GPS and VHF/UHF communication antennas for small UAV applications

The integration of GPS and VHF/UHF antennas occupying the same physical volume conformal to the tail of a small UAV is presented in this paper. Traditionally each antenna requires its own volume, thus limiting the number of antennas, reducing the UAV functionality. The GPS antenna covers both the L1 and L2 bands while the VHF/UHF antenna can operate from 30 MHz up to 300 MHz.
Approaches for Exploring and Querying Scientific Workflow Provenance Graphs

While many scientific workflow systems track and record data provenance, few tools have been developed that provide convenient and effective ways to access and explore this information. Two important ways for provenance information to be accessed and explored is through browsing (i.e., visualizing and navigating data and process dependencies) and querying (e.g., to select certain portions of provenance graphs or to determine if certain paths exist between items within a graph). We extend our prior work on representing and querying data provenance by showing how these can be effectively and efficiently combined into an interactive provenance browser. The browser allows different views of provenance to be explored and queried, where queries are expressed in a declarative graph-based provenance query language. Query results are expressed as provenance subgraphs, which can be further visualized and navigated through the browser. The browser supports a generic model of provenance that can be used with various workflow computation models, and has a direct translation to the Open Provenance Model. We present the provenance model, the query language, and describe the overall browser architecture and implementation.
An analysis of abortion deaths in the District of Columbia for the years 1938, 1939, 1940

I N THE cities where maternal mortality studies have been made, a noticeable reduction in the number of deaths has been reported. Physicians who have attended the meetings of such committees or have been members of the committees are all aware of the sobering effect of t,he verdict “death prevenbable-responsibility assigned to the physician because of lack of judgment. ” Accordingly, by t,hese means the profession has succeeded in raising its own standards of maternal care to a considerable degree but has devised no effective control over the abortionist as yet.
TLR2 and TLR4 as Potential Biomarkers of Environmental Particulate Matter Exposed Human Myeloid Dendritic Cells

In many subjects who are genetically susceptible to asthma, exposure to environmental stimuli may exacerbate their condition. However, it is unknown how the expression and function of a family of pattern-recognition receptors called toll-like receptors (TLR) are affected by exposure to particulate pollution. TLRs serve a critical function in alerting the immune system of tissue damage or infection-the so-called "danger signals". We are interested in the role that TLRs play in directing appropriate responses by innate immunity, particularly dendritic cells (DC), after exposing them to particulate pollution. Dendritic cells serve a pivotal role in directing host immunity. Thus, we hypothesized that alterations in TLR expression could be further explored as potential biomarkers of effect related to DC exposure to particulate pollution. We show some preliminary data that indicates that inhaled particulate pollution acts directly on DC by down-regulating TLR expression and altering the activation state of DC. While further studies are warranted, we suggest that alterations in TLR2 and TLR4 expression should be explored as potential biomarkers of DC exposure to environmental particulate pollution.
Doppler-based detection and tracking of humans in indoor environments

In this paper, the principles of Doppler processing to detect and track human movers in indoor environments are presented. The topics discussed include the micro-Doppler characteristics of humans, the azimuth, elevation and range tracking of humans using Doppler, spatial and frequency diversity, the effect of walls, and the characteristics of dynamic clutters from non-humans. The studies are supported by simulation and measurement results.
Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor Gene-Transfected Autologous Tumor Cell Vaccine: Focus on Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer

Traditionally, non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is not thought of as an immunosensitive malignancy. However, recent clinical results with GVAX, a granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) genetransduced autologous tumor vaccine, may suggest otherwise. This review summarizes immune-induced activity caused by GM-CSF protein and GM-CSF gene-transfected vaccines. Initial indication of use for GM-CSF protein (sargramostim) was to improve neutrophil recovery following cytotoxic chemotherapy. However, several trials involving patients with hematologic malignancy demonstrated improvement in survival related to delayed disease progression in patients receiving sargramostim in combination with chemotherapy. Subsequently, others explored potential antitumor activity with sargramostim in a variety of trials. Results did not consistently demonstrate sufficient antitumor activity to justify routine use of sargramostim as an anticancer agent. Preclinical work with GM-CSF gene-transfected vaccines, however, did demonstrate significant activity, thereby justifying clinical investigation. Patients with metastatic NSCLC who had previously failed chemotherapy demonstrated response to GVAX (3 of 33 complete responses) and dose-related improvement in survival (471 days vs. 174 days).
Survivin is not induced by novel taxanes.

Taxanes are a critical component of chemotherapy for breast, prostate, lung and other cancers. Initial or acquired tumor resistance to taxanes is therefore one of the most important issues in oncol...
Orthostatic modification of ventilatory dynamic response to carbon dioxide perturbations

Abstract In order to determine whether changes in ventilatory control contribute to the observed decrease in arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO 2 ) during head up tilt, we assessed ventilatory dynamic sensitivity to changes in PaCO 2 during supine and 70° passive head up tilt. In 24 adult normals, we stimulated the ventilatory control system by switching inspired CO 2 between room air and room air+5% CO 2 in a pseudo random binary sequence. A Box-Jenkins model was used to compute ventilatory response to CO 2 . Airflow, CO 2 , non-invasive beat by beat blood pressure, ECG and cerebral blood flow velocity (Doppler) were recorded. During tilt, sensitivity of the ventilatory controller to CO 2 disturbance increased (from 0.45 to 0.72 L/min/mm Hg, p p 2 (ETCO 2 ), cerebral blood flow velocity (CBF) and baroreflex sensitivity decreased (46.9 to 42.9 mm Hg, p p p 2 increased during tilt. Taken together with decrease in mean levels of ETCO 2 and an increase in minute ventilation, these results suggest that during tilt, a change in the regulated level or ‘set point’ of PaCO 2 may occur.
Design and Application of an Electromagnetic Vibrator Seismic Source

Vibrational seismic sources frequently provide a higher-frequency seismic wavelet (and therefore better resolution) than other sources, and can provide a superior signal-to-noise ratio in many settings. However, they are often prohibitively expensive for lower-budget shallow surveys. In order to address this problem, I designed and built a simple but effective vibrator source for about one thousand dollars. The ‘‘EMvibe’’ is an inexpensive electromagnetic vibrator that can be built with easy-tomachine parts and off-the-shelf electronics. It can repeatably produce pulse and frequency-sweep signals in the range of 5 to 650 Hz, and provides sufficient energy for recording at offsets up to 20 m. Analysis of frequency spectra show that the EMvibe provides a broader frequency range than the sledgehammer at offsets up to ;10 m in data collected at a site with soft sediments in the upper several meters. The EMvibe offers a high-resolution alternative to the sledgehammer for shallow surveys. It is well-suited to teaching applications, and to surveys requiring a precisely-repeatable source signature.
Automatic identification of ROI in figure images toward improving hybrid (text and image) biomedical document retrieval

Biomedical images are often referenced for clinical decision support (CDS), educational purposes, and research. They appear in specialized databases or in biomedical publications and are not meaningfully retrievable using primarily textbased retrieval systems. The task of automatically finding the images in an article that are most useful for the purpose of determining relevance to a clinical situation is quite challenging. An approach is to automatically annotate images extracted from scientific publications with respect to their usefulness for CDS. As an important step toward achieving the goal, we proposed figure image analysis for localizing pointers (arrows, symbols) to extract regions of interest (ROI) that can then be used to obtain meaningful local image content. Content-based image retrieval (CBIR) techniques can then associate local image ROIs with identified biomedical concepts in figure captions for improved hybrid (text and image) retrieval of biomedical articles. In this work we present methods that make robust our previous Markov random field (MRF)-based approach for pointer recognition and ROI extraction. These include use of Active Shape Models (ASM) to overcome problems in recognizing distorted pointer shapes and a region segmentation method for ROI extraction. We measure the performance of our methods on two criteria: (i) effectiveness in recognizing pointers in images, and (ii) improved document retrieval through use of extracted ROIs. Evaluation on three test sets shows 87% accuracy in the first criterion. Further, the quality of document retrieval using local visual features and text is shown to be better than using visual features alone.
Effects of Smoking Abstinence on Visuospatial Working Memory Function in Schizophrenia

Schizophrenic patients have impairments in cognitive function, including deficits in visuospatial working memory (VSWM). VSWM is mediated, in part, by prefrontal cortical dopamine (DA) function, and dysregulation of prefrontal cortical DA systems may contribute to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Nicotine has complex effects on spatial working memory (SWM) in animal studies, with most studies demonstrating enhancement of SWM. Cigarette smoking is highly prevalent in schizophrenia, and these patients may smoke cigarettes to remediate cognitive deficits. The present study examined the effects of acute (<1 week) and prolonged (8–10 weeks) smoking abstinence on VSWM in schizophrenic ( n = 23 ) and control ( n = 29 ) nicotine-dependent cigarette smokers during placebo-controlled smoking cessation trials. Schizophrenic and control smoking patients had significant impairments in VSWM compared to non-smoking controls, after adjusting for differences in age, education and depressive symptoms. Schizophrenic smokers who quit smoking had further impairments in VSWM, and control quitters had improvements in VSWM. Abstinence-induced changes in VSWM varied as a function of gender in controls, but not in schizophrenics. These changes in VSWM appeared to be independent of study medications, and smoking abstinence did not significantly alter performance on the Stroop Color Word Test in either group. These results suggest that smoking abstinence differentially alters VSWM in schizophrenic vs. control smokers, and that cigarette smoking has beneficial effects on VSWM in schizophrenic, but not control, smokers.
The Impact of Molecular Dynamics Methods on the Accuracy of Simulations of the Disordered Protein Sic1

Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs), proteins that lack a uniquely folded structure, comprise a significant portion of eukaryotic proteomes and play essential roles in signal transduction and cell cycle control. Mapping the dynamics and conformational ensembles of these proteins is essential to understanding their function. IDPs are generally thought to bind via coupled folding and binding. Sic1, however, even in its bound state with Cdc4, remains largely disordered and ‘ultrasensitive’. The lack of static structure and dynamic nature of this process poses challenges for many traditional biophysical techniques, highlighting the importance of computational methods for its characterization. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of IDPs are often complicated by biases introduced by force fields originally optimized to simulate folded proteins. Often simulations oversample secondary structure and lead to collapsed protein conformations. This study aims to consider canonical MD force fields and simulation methods and how accurately these techniques are able to reproduce experimental results. We carried out simulations in both implicit and explicit (with varying salt concentration) solvents with the force fields Amber12, Charmm27, OPLS-AA and Gromos at multiple temperatures. Simulations in implicit solvent were not able to recapitulate experimental structural data and always led to collapsed structures. Simulations in explicit solvents (TIP3P, TIP4P and SPC water models were used where appropriate for force field) achieved more native-like states, however some still led to collapse. Salt concentration had a strong impact on the compactness of the protein providing clues into the source of non-native compactness in MD simulations of IDPs.
A Protocol to Assess the Curricular Validity of Cases for PBL

Background: The clinical case is the focal point of problem‐based learning (PBL) groups and learning activities revolve around the content of the case. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to create a protocol to assess the curricular validity of PBL cases in an objective and systematic fashion by observing the overlap between the content and the learning objectives. Methods: A qualitative analysis was conducted to create a quantitative tool with a taxonomy of categories to be used in case analysis. Results: The protocol developed uses a content analysis approach, dividing a PBL paper case into its smallest components of information (unitized) and placed into mutually exclusive categories. These units are then compared to the stated case objectives to determine the degree of overlap. Conclusion: This protocol is presented as a tool to determine the curricular validity of a case or effectiveness at meeting educational objectives.
Light scattering study of polydimethyl siloxane in liquid and supercritical carbon dioxide

In this paper, we report the results of static and dynamic light scattering investigations of polydimethyl siloxane (PDMS) solutions in both liquid and supercritical carbon dioxide (CO2). This study was performed below the theta point and provides quantitative information on the CO2 solvent quality over a large range of temperature (25−54 °C) and density (0.97−1.01 g/mL). The solvent quality of the CO2 can be adjusted by independently varying temperature or density, as demonstrated by the dependence of the second virial coefficient on these two parameters. The theta temperature was observed to be a strong function of CO2 density and may be a weak function of the PDMS molecular weight. The strength of the excluded volume interactions in the PDMS−CO2 solution was determined to be weaker than predicted, and no universal behavior was observed.
SELF-CONTROL AND CRIMINAL OPPORTUNITY: A PROSPECTIVE TEST OF THE GENERAL THEORY OF CRIME

The general theory of crime (Gottfredson and Hirschi 1990) proposes that self-control is the primary individual-level cause of crime and that its effect is contingent on criminal opportunity. This study conducted a prospective test of self-control and opportunity as predictors of property crime and personal crime among drug-using offenders. Each predictor had a main effect; property crimes and personal crimes were more frequent among offenders lower on self-control and those with higher opportunity. A significant interaction between these predictors was also detected. About four percent of the variance in each type of crime was explained by these predictors. Results support the proposition that self-control is a causal factor in criminal behavior and suggest that its effect is partially contingent on opportunity, but self-control and opportunity, as measured here, had very modest explanatory power.
Dimensional model reduction in non-linear finite element dynamics of solids and structures

A general approach to the dimensional reduction of non-linear finite element models of solid dynamics is presented. For the Newmark implicit time-discretization, the computationally most expensive phase is the repeated solution of the system of linear equations for displacement increments. To deal with this, it is shown how the problem can be formulated in an approximation (Ritz) basis of much smaller dimension. Similarly, the explicit Newmark algorithm can be also written in a reduced-dimension basis, and the computation time savings in that case follow from an increase in the stable time step length. In addition, the empirical eigenvectors are proposed as the basis in which to expand the incremental problem. This basis achieves approximation optimality by using computational data for the response of the full model in time to construct a reduced basis which reproduces the full system in a statistical sense. Because of this ‘global’ time viewpoint, the basis need not be updated as with reduced bases computed from a linearization of the full finite element model. If the dynamics of a finite element model is expressed in terms of a small number of basis vectors, the asymptotic cost of the solution with the reduced model is lowered and optimal scalability of the computational algorithm with the size of the model is achieved. At the same time, numerical experiments indicate that by using reduced models, substantial savings can be achieved even in the pre-asymptotic range. Furthermore, the algorithm parallelizes very efficiently. The method we present is expected to become a useful tool in applications requiring a large number of repeated non-linear solid dynamics simulations, such as convergence studies, design optimization, and design of controllers of mechanical systems.
Concentration gradient P3OT/PCBM photovoltaic devices fabricated by thermal interdiffusion of separately spin-cast organic layers

Abstract A series of organic photovoltaic devices consisting of concentration gradients of poly (3-octylthiophene) (P3OT) and [6,6]-phenyl-C61 butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) were fabricated by thermally-induced interdiffusion of consecutively spin-cast layers of P3OT and PCBM from solvents of chloroform and pyridine, respectively. The device performance was evaluated as a function of the layer thicknesses, interdiffusion temperature, and interdiffusion time. A maximum power conversion efficiency of 1.0% under AM1.5G simulated solar spectrum was obtained for 70 nm P3OT thickness, 45 nm PCBM thickness, and interdiffusion at 150 °C for 20 min. Auger spectroscopy depth profiling measurements indicated that the optimal devices consist of concentration gradients of P3OT and PCBM extending across the entire film in opposite directions.
Detection of small targets and their characterization based on their formation using an image feature network-based object recognition algorithm

Small target detection and classification is problematic. For targets that operate as part of a cluster, classification can be performed based on the characteristics of the cluster’s operations, instead of trying to identify an individual clustermember directly. This paper presents an algorithm for object identification based on comparing networks of point-topoint distances between features identified by an image feature detection algorithm. It discusses the alterations required to make the algorithm suitable for performing cluster-formation based characterization of small targets from point or near-point source data. An analysis of the algorithm’s performance is presented and it efficacy for this application assessed.
Metacontrast masking is processed before grapheme-color synesthesia

We investigated the physiological mechanism of grapheme–color synesthesia using metacontrast masking. A metacontrast target is rendered invisible by a mask that is delayed by about 60 ms; the target and mask do not overlap in space or time. Little masking occurs, however, if the target and mask are simultaneous. This effect must be cortical, because it can be obtained dichoptically. To compare the data for synesthetes and controls, we developed a metacontrast design in which nonsynesthete controls showed weaker dichromatic masking (i.e., the target and mask were in different colors) than monochromatic masking. We accomplished this with an equiluminant target, mask, and background for each observer. If synesthetic color affected metacontrast, synesthetes should show monochromatic masking more similar to the weak dichromatic masking among controls, because synesthetes could add their synesthetic color to the monochromatic condition. The target–mask pairs used for each synesthete were graphemes that elicited strong synesthetic colors. We found stronger monochromatic than dichromatic U-shaped metacontrast for both synesthetes and controls, with optimal masking at an asynchrony of 66 ms. The difference in performance between the monochromatic and dichromatic conditions in the synesthetes indicates that synesthesia occurs at a later processing stage than does metacontrast masking.
Slam the Boards: Librarians' Outreach into Social Q&A Sites

Slam the Boards (STB) is a grassroots activity in which librarians visit social QA encounter users beyond the library and provide well-sourced, dependable answers to people's questions; and ultimately increase the public's awareness of libraries. Semistructured interviews were conducted with participating librarians, examining their motivation, experience, and reflection. Findings of the study can help develop an in-depth understanding of STB and yield insights on how to efficiently and effectively promote library resources and services beyond the library.
The Perpendicular Magnetic Anisotropy of CoPt/Au Multilayer Films

Abstract We have studied the magnetic properties of Au (2 nm)/Co 50 Pt 50 (3 nm)/Au (2 nm) multilayer films prepared on amorphous Al 2 O 3 /Si and (0 0 1) MgO substrates. The as-deposited films on both substrates are magnetically soft with an FCC structure and exhibit a perpendicular anisotropy. After annealing at 500 °C, the sample on the Al 2 O 3 /Si substrate has become magnetically isotropic but the sample on the MgO substrate still has perpendicular anisotropy with FCT structure. This film deposited on the MgO substrate did not show a strong perpendicular anisotropy due to the diffusion of the Au and the (1 1 1) nucleation of initial Au layer. We can obtain a perpendicular anisotropy in the multilayer films without an initial Au layer on a (0 0 1) MgO substrate. After annealing at 400 °C, these films have L1 0 phase with (0 0 1) texture and strong perpendicular anisotropy.
A vortex-force atom trap

Abstract This Letter reports the invention of a new type of optical atom trap, which we call a vortex trap. The vortex-force trapping mechanism allows stable trapping with spontaneous forces required in only one or two dimensions. We achieve performance comparable to the conventional Zeeman-shift optical trap. Possible applications include the production of a spin-polarized cloud of trapped atoms and the extension of one-dimensional trapping schemes to three-dimensional traps.
Treatment of acute idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura of childhood with intravenous immunoglobulin G: Comparative efficacy of 7S and 5S preparations

A prospective randomized study comparing 7S immunoglobulin G to a 5S IgG preparation for therapy of acute idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura was conducted. The 5S preparation differed from the 7S preparation in that it lacked part of the Fc portion of the IgG molecule. Both groups were given 400 mg IgG/kg body weight over 5 days. All patients had platelet counts ≤30×10 9 /L before IgG infusion. Nine of the 10 patients in the 7S treatment group, compared with three of 10 patients in the 5S treatment group, responded to therapy with an increment in platelet counts >100×10 9 /L within 4 days of completing the infusion treatment. Furthermore, the rate of increase of the platelets was more rapid in the 7S group. The results emphasize the efficacy of partial Fc for management of acute idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura.
Neural correlates of unpredictability in behavioral patterns of wild-type and R6/2 mice

This paper expands on recent findings that link dynamic patterns of striatal activity with patterns of movement and exploration in wild-type and transgenic mice (R6/2) that model Huntington disease (HD), a fatally inherited neurological condition. Here, with HD as a backdrop, we further develop the concept of entropy conservation in brain and behavior. In particular, we propose that entropy conservation could serve as a rule that guides the process of redistributing brain activity dynamics in order to alter behavior, allowing the adaptation to an ever-changing external environment. This concept is further linked to recent neuroimaging studies in human aging, building a new bridge between our recent findings of entropy conservation and the extant literature.
The Habitable-zone Planet Finder: A status update on the development of a stabilized fiber-fed near-infrared spectrograph for the for the Hobby-Eberly telescope

The Habitable-Zone Planet Finder is a stabilized, fiber-fed, NIR spectrograph being built for the 10m Hobby- Eberly telescope (HET) that will be capable of discovering low mass planets around M dwarfs. The optical design of the HPF is a white pupil spectrograph layout in a vacuum cryostat cooled to 180 K. The spectrograph uses gold-coated mirrors, a mosaic echelle grating, and a single Teledyne Hawaii-2RG (H2RG) NIR detector with a 1.7-micron cutoff covering parts of the information rich z, Y and J NIR bands at a spectral resolution of R∼50,000. The unique design of the HET requires attention to both near and far-field fiber scrambling, which we accomplish with double scramblers and octagonal fibers. In this paper we discuss and summarize the main requirements and challenges of precision RV measurements in the NIR with HPF and how we are overcoming these issues with technology, hardware and algorithm developments to achieve high RV precision and address stellar activity.
Incidence and treatment of elastic recoil occurring in the 15 minutes following successful percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty

This study was performed (1) to assess the incidence and magnitude of elastic recoil occurring within 15 minutes of successful coronary angioplasty, and (2) to determine the effect of subsequent additional balloon inflations on coronary luminal diameter in patients displaying substantial recoil. The coronary angiograms of 50 consecutive patients who underwent a successful percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty were analyzed using computer-assisted quantitative analysis. The patients were divided into 2 groups based on the magnitude of early elastic recoil following angioplasty: those with 10% (group II, n = 20) loss of minimal luminal diameter as assessed by comparing the angiogram obtained immediately after successful angioplasty with that obtained 15 minutes later. The 2 groups were similar in clinical, angiographic, and procedural characteristics. Of the 20 group II subjects, 18 (90%) underwent repeat balloon dilatations, and 2 patients (10%) had no further intervention. After additional balloon inflations were performed in these 18 patients, 16 (90%) had a final result with < 10% loss of minimal luminal diameter 15 minutes later. In conclusion, elastic recoil 15 minutes after apparently successful percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty is frequent, occurring in approximately 40% of patients, and is attenuated in 90% of subjects with additional balloon inflations. The resultant larger lumen diameter may exert a salutary effect on long-term outcome.
The effect of maternal hyperoxia on breathing movements, body movements and rest-activity cycles of low-risk human fetuses

Abstract The effects of maternal hyperoxia on fetal breathing and body movements, and on fetal activity state as reflected in the fetal heart rate pattern, were studied in 20 healthy gravida. Fetal breathing and trunk movements were observed by means of real-time ultrasound scanning, and the fetal heart rate was recorded continuously before, during and after 30 min of maternal oxygen inhalation by mask. Maternal transcutaneous oxygen tension (Tc P O 2 ) was measured in 9 subjects. The protocol was also carried out in ten of the gravidas with substitution of compressed air for oxygen. Maternal Tc P O 2 nearly doubled during oxygen breathing in the subjects in whom this was measured. There were no significant changes in the incidence of fetal breathing or trunk movements, or in the distribution of heart rate patterns, during maternal oxygen breathing. Also, no differences were observed in these variables between the oxygen and compressed-air experiments. We conclude that the normal level of fetal oxygenation does not limit fetal activity in uncomplicated pregnancies.
Lineage retrieval for scientific data processing: a survey

Scientific research relies as much on the dissemination and exchange of data sets as on the publication of conclusions. Accurately tracking the lineage (origin and subsequent processing history) of scientific data sets is thus imperative for the complete documentation of scientific work. Researchers are effectively prevented from determining, preserving, or providing the lineage of the computational data products they use and create, however, because of the lack of a definitive model for lineage retrieval and a poor fit between current data management tools and scientific software. Based on a comprehensive survey of lineage research and previous prototypes, we present a metamodel to help identify and assess the basic components of systems that provide lineage retrieval for scientific data products.
Quantitative reasoning in a reconceived view of transfer

Abstract This paper extends recent efforts to critique and reconceive transfer by using an empirical study to rethink the surface/structure distinction of the traditional transfer paradigm. The findings suggest that what researchers typically consider a surface feature can present conceptual complexities for students that are more structural in nature than previously understood. In particular, we investigated the quantitative reasoning (meaning reasoning with measurable properties of an object) that is involved in making sense of a typical transfer situation. Two related analyses — one focused on quantitative reasoning and one on transfer — were performed on a case study. The results document how a student reconstructed his understanding of the relationships among quantities in a complex transfer situation in such a way that he was able to see the situation as fundamentally proportional in nature and subsequently make connections with previous proportional-reasoning experiences from a teaching experiment. In our discussion of the findings, we identify four relationships between quantitative reasoning and transfer.
A time-accurate implicit method for chemically reacting flows at all Mach numbers

The objective of this work is to develop a unified solution algorithm capable of treating time-accurate chemically reacting flows at all Mach numbers, ranging from molecular diffusion velocities to supersonic speeds. A rescaled pressure term is used in the momentum equation to circumvent the singular behavior of pressure at low Mach numbers. A dual time-stepping integration procedure is established. The system eigenvalues become well behaved and have the same order of magnitude, even in the very low Mach number regime. The computational efficiency for moderate and high speed flow is competitive with the conventional density-based scheme. The capabilities of the algorithm are demonstrated by applying it to selected model problems including nozzle flows and flame dynamics.
Therapie der Fahreignung in der Klinischen Neuropsychologie

Zusammenfassung: In dieser Arbeit sollen wichtige Aspekte der Therapie der Fahreignung in der klinischen Neuropsychologie einer naheren Betrachtung unterzogen werden. Eine tragfahige Beziehung zwischen Patient und Therapie sowie die Einbeziehung weiterer psychotherapeutischer Elemente konnen wichtige Bedingungen zur Behandlung dieses sensiblen Bereiches sein. In der Therapie nimmt die Motivierung des Patienten zur Abklarung seiner Fahreignung einen zentralen Stellenwert ein. Der erste Schritt dafur ist eine auf den Patienten und seine Erkrankung abgestimmte Aufklarung uber die rechtlichen Rahmenbedingungen der Fahreignung. Dabei gilt es, eine Therapiemotivation aufzubauen und den Patienten fur eine informelle oder amtliche Abklarung seiner Fahreignung zu gewinnen. Nach einer neuropsychologischen Untersuchung der fahrrelevanten Leistungsfahigkeit und/oder einer Fahrverhaltensprobe bzw. eines Fahrtrainings erfolgt dann die Erarbeitung von Konsequenzen aus den jeweiligen Ergebnissen. Die Behandlung der Fahrf...
Transient heat transfer during initial stages of steel scrap melting

The rates of dissolution of solid pure iron in carbon saturated liquid iron were investigated under nonisothermal conditions. Solid cylindrical specimens were preheated to various temperatures below the liquid bath temperature prior to immersion. The effects of heat transfer were evaluated, including freezing of a carbon-rich iron crust on the specimen which subsequently remelts. An analytical model for the process is derived and the numerical solution is compared with experimental results.
Is it status

Nonconvulsive status epilepticus (NCSE) is difficult to diagnose in the obtunded/comatose patient. Such patients often have other serious medical conditions, and the diagnosis is frequently delayed. We review criteria for diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of NCSE in this setting. Terms that have been used to describe SE in obtunded/comatose patients without tonic-clonic convulsions include subtle generalized SE, electrographic SE, SE in comatose patients, generalized electrographic SE, non-tonic-clonic SE, subclinical SE, and NCSE. Sometimes the same term has been used when describing different disorders, and different terms are often applied for the same entity. The incidence of NCSE in obtunded/comatose patients is uncertain. Clinically they may display subtle, intermittent focal or multifocal rhythmic movements suggestive of seizures; there may not be movements. NCSE can occur in a variety of disorders, including hypoxia, metabolic disturbances, and after convulsive seizures. A number of EEG patterns have been described in NCSE, and many of these are controversial, particularly as to whether they are ictal. These include periodic lateralized epileptiform discharges (PLEDS), bilateral independent PLEDS (BIPLEDS), periodic epileptiform discharges (PEDS), which can be either focal or generalized, and generalized triphasic waves (TWs). The diagnostic criteria for NCSE also are controversial, and there are no agreed-on criteria to diagnose NCSE in obtunded/comatose patients, nor is there consensus on how it should it be treated. Furthermore, outcome is poor, and several studies suggest that treatment may not be helpful.
Biosynthesis of Salinosporamides from α,β-Unsaturated Fatty Acids: Implications for Extending Polyketide Synthase Diversity

A new series of coenzyme A-tethered polyketide synthase extender units were discovered in relation to the biosynthesis of the salinosporamide family of anticancer agents from the marine bacterium Salinispora tropica. In vivo and in vitro experiments revealed that the crotonyl-CoA reductase/carboxylase SalG has broad substrate tolerance toward 2-alkenyl-CoAs that give rise to the salinosporamide C-2 substitution pattern.
Imaging through biological tissue with holography

Various holographic methods of imaging through highly scattering media such as biological tissue are described. Experimental results are given.
Historic Preservation for Professionals

Virginia O. Benson and Richard Klein. Kent State University Press, Kent, OH, 2008. 242 pages. $35 (paperback). Historic preservation has recently expanded beyond a niche specialty within planning. ...
Directivity of human talkers

As well as the level of speech, the directivity of the sound field surrounding the human head is important when estimating speech privacy in open offices. Information on this subject was found to be sparse so the sound field surrounding human talkers was recorded by two sets of eight microphones fixed on two orthogonal meridian arcs in an anechoic chamber. Talkers were positioned at the center of the two arcs of the microphone arrays and rotated through six positions at 15° increments to survey the whole sound field. Twenty male and twenty female subjects were used. No significant differences in directivity were detected between male and female talkers although the mean spectra were different. There was good agreement between the field and laboratory measurements of the male voice spectra though some differences were found for the female voice spectra. No significant differences in directivity or frequency content were detected between English and French talkers. Similar directivities were obtained for the average human talker and the Bruel and Kjaer Head and Torso Simulator. Agreement with other published information is fairly good. This work was done as part of a project for Public Works and Government Services Canada.
Merging of aircraft vortex trails: Similarities to magnetic field merging

This paper discusses the phenomenological and formal similarities between the merging of aircraft vortex trails and the merging of magnetic field lines in a plasma. High-resolution photographs are shown of smoke trails from the wing tips of an airplane. These photographs show that the two vortex trails merge together downstream of the aircraft in a way similar to the merging of oppositely directed magnetic field lines in a plasma. Although there are some differences, this correspondence is apparently related to the fact that the vorticity equation in a fluid has the same mathematical form as the magnetic field equation in a MHD plasma. In both cases the merging proceeds at a rate considerably faster than would be predicted from classical estimates of the viscosity and resistivity. The enhanced merging rate in the fluid case appears to result from turbulence that increases the diffusion rate in the merging region.