cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Ogallala aquifer and carbon dioxide: Comparison and convergence

Much attention within the scientific community has focused on the effects of a possible increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide. The impact of the increase in the CO2 content of the atmosphere is usually discussed in terms of global averages. Little information has been presented on what the regional effects of a CO2-induced global warming might be. Recent attempts at identifying local effects of such a warming suggest that, as the atmospheric CO2 content continues to rise, there will be an increase in the frequency, duration, and severity, of droughts in the United States Great Plains.Agricultural activities in the Great Plains today are highly dependent on water drawn from the underlying Ogallala Aquifer. Yet, there is great concern that the water is being drawn out at rates that far exceed its natural rates of recharge. While the Aquifer's thickness and rates of drawdown differ at different parts of the Great Plains, some regions are already in precarious positions because of the depletion of their portion of the Aquifer.
Reactions of SiCl2 and SiHCl with H and Cl atoms

Calculations have been carried out for the reaction of SiCl2 and SiHCl with H and Cl atoms. In each case, the stationary point geometries and harmonic frequencies were characterized using CASSCF/derivative methods and the cc-pVDZ basis set. Accurate energetics were obtained by combining the CCSD(T) results using the a-cc-pVTZ basis set with an extrapolation to the basis set limit using the a-cc-pVDZ, a-cc-pVTZ, and a-cc-pVQZ basis sets at the MP2 level. The geometries, energetics, and harmonic frequencies were used to obtain rate constants using conventional transition state theory or a Gorin-like model. In each case we find direct abstraction pathways compete with an addition elimination pathway. In the case of SiClH + H the two direct pathways are H abstraction which is barrierless and Cl abstraction with a barrier of 13.5 kcal/mol, while the addition elimination process has a barrier of 26.9 kcal/mol. In the case of SiCl2 + H the direct pathway is Cl abstraction with a barrier of 16.4 kcal/mol, while the addition elimination pathway has a barrier of 29.6 kcal/mol. In the case of SiClH + Cl the direct pathway is H abstraction which is barrierless and the addition elimination pathway has a barrier of 2.0 kcal/mol.
Oxidation of dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) in response to oxidative stress in Spartina alterniflora and protection of a non-DMSP producing grass by exogenous DMSP + acrylate

Abstract We investigated the possible role of dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) as an antioxidant in Spartina alterniflora (Smooth cordgrass). Experimentally applied oxidative stress caused by application of the herbicides, 1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinediium dichloride (Paraquat), and 1,1-dimethyl-3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)urea(DCMU)to the leaves of S. alterniflora resulted in increased oxidation of DMSP to dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). We did not see an increase in DMSP synthesis and accumulation in response to herbicide induced oxidative stress. The role of DMSP in oxidative stress protection was further investigated via the exogenous application of Paraquat and DMSP + acrylate to leaf discs of the non-DMSP producing grass Panicum commutatum (Panic grass). Inclusion of DMSP + acrylate in the treatment medium resulted in significantly less tissue damage as indicated by decreased tissue necrosis, and chlorophyll bleaching. While the lack of enhanced synthesis of DMSP suggests that DMSP may not function solely as an antioxidant in S. alterniflora , ourresults show that the ability of S. alterniflora to synthesize DMSP may partially explain its ability to thrive in the stressful low marsh environment.
Allegories of power in the fiction of J.M. Coetzee

Summary It is suggested that allegory is a prominent literary vehicle for political dissent in contemporary literature of dissent, as can be illustrated especially in J.M. Coetzee's novels. This suggestion, however, requires a redefinition of our conventional sense of allegory's nature and purpose. Medieval and renaissance allegory is discussed as the background to the doubleness of the allegorical mode which emerged in the eighteenth and nineteenth century. Allegory has only recently been used for the purpose of explicit social and political criticism, as is indicated in a discussion of Coetzee's novels, as well as references to works of Buzzati, Kafka, Calvino, Borges, Donoso, Allende, Kundera and, within the South African context, Paton and Stockenstrom. It is ironic that allegory has become a mode particularly suited to the novelistic expression of fragmentation and injustice, and has become an effective medium of protest against the simplifications of absolute power.
Theory of the exciton molecule bound to an isoelectronic impurity in GaP.

We present a theoretical calculation of the fine structure of an exciton molecule bound to a nitrogen center in GaP. The conduction-band structure is properly taken into account (except for the camel's back effect) by using a combination of Wannier states and effective-mass states for the center electron. The valence-band warping is included by using s-like and d-like effective-mass states for the holes. Solving the one-exciton problem, we obtain a splitting of 0.78 meV of the J=2 and 1 levels due to the electron-hole exchange Coulomb interaction. Including the electron-hole exchange Coulomb interaction and the j-j coupling between holes in the exciton molecule gives a splitting of 0.20 meV for the lowest-lying states with total angular momenta J=0 and J=2. The results are in good agreement with experiment.
Radiation-induced changes in skeletal muscle. An electron microscopic study

Ultrastructural aspects of skeletal muscle changes in rabbits after local exposure to 1,130 R and 1,300 R of x-ray irradiation are presented. s spectrum of multifocal lesions of muscle cells and microvasculature appearing simultaneously as early as 24 hrs. and followed up to day 40 post-irradiation is described. Muscle cell changes were characterized by myofibrillolysis, myonecrosis followed by appearance of muscle buds, focal increase in glycogen content of relatively intact fibers, and myofiber atrophy and degeneration. Suggestive evidence for intracellular regeneration followin myofibrillolysis is presented. Microvasculature showed progressive endothelial cell swelling with increased pinocytotic activity and accelerated transport of ferritin followed by a peculiar metaplastic change characterized by well developed Golgi complex and endoplasmic reticulum. Delayed fibrinoid necrosis of capillaries observed on day 28 probably resulted from toxic products released from degenerating and necrotic muscle and mesenchymal cells, and its probable role in delayed myonecrosis is discussed. Radiation induced myopathic changes seem to follow direct radiation injury and complex phenomena of interaction from chanes in individual structural components of muscle. (auth)
Visualization of Shear Layer Dynamics in a Transversely Forced Flow and Flame

This study addresses the response of a swirling annular jet flow and flame to transverse acoustic excitation in order to better describe key velocity-coupled processes during transverse combustion instabilities in lean, premixed flames. In particular, visualization and velocimetry techniques provide information about the effects of acoustic excitation on unsteady vortex development in the shear layers. Without acoustic forcing, the shear layers roll up into small vortices, driven by the Kelvin–Helmholtz instability, that convect downstream and grow. In the presence of high-amplitude acoustic forcing, as would be present during a combustion instability, the acoustic oscillations drive shear layer vortices to undergo a strong rollup event. Smoke visualization provides visual evidence of the rollup, while particle image velocimetry measurements show the development and trajectory of this large structure. Finally, planar laser-induced fluorescence of OH shows how the large coherent structure causes flame wrin...
Experimental assessment of Taylor’s hypothesis and its applicability to dissipation estimates in turbulent flows

Results are presented from an assessment of the applicability of Taylor’s hypothesis for approximating streamwise derivatives and obtaining dissipation estimates in turbulent flows. These are based on fully resolved measurements of a conserved scalar field ζ(x,t) throughout a four-dimensional spatio-temporal volume in a turbulent flow. The data allow simultaneous evaluation of all three components of the true gradient vector field ∇ζ(x,t) and the time derivative field (∂/∂t)ζ(x,t) at the small scales of a turbulent shear flow. Streamwise derivatives obtained from Taylor’s frozen flow hypothesis yield a correlation of 0.74 with the true streamwise derivative field at the present measurement location in the self-similar far field of an axisymmetric turbulent jet. Direct assessments are also presented of approximations invoking Taylor’s hypothesis to estimate energy dissipation rates in turbulent flows. The classical single-point time series approximation yields a correlation of 0.56 with the true scalar ene...
Suspension rheology in the presence of rotary Brownian motion and external couples: elongational flow of dilute suspensions

Abstract A general dynamical theory is presented of the rheological properties of dilute suspensions of rigid particles of arbitrary shape dispersed in a Newtonian fluid, including rotary Brownian motion and external couples acting upon the suspended particles. Utilization of the theory for particles of specified shape requires knowledge of eight fundamental tensors that are intrinsic geometric properties of the external (i.e. wetted) surface of the particles. It is pointed out that the forms of these basic tensors can be deduced via group-theoretical arguments for particles of specified geometrical shape. These eight tensors are given explicitly for general triaxial ellipsoidal particles and for spherical dumbbells. The rheological behavior of suspensions of spheroidal and dumbbell particles in uniaxial elongational and compressive flows is worked out. Exact solutions of these problems are presented, and fundamental errors in the earlier work of a number of prior investigators are pointed out.
Numerical Simulation of Hydrate Transport in Natural Gas Pipeline

Accurate modeling of hydrate transportation in natural gas pipelines is becoming increasingly important in the design and operation of offshore production facilities. The dynamics involved in the formation of hydrate particles and in its transportation are governed by the multiphase hydrodynamics equations ensuing from the balance of mass, momentum, and energy. In this study, a two-fluid model is solved to characterize particulate transportation. The numerical algorithm employed is stable and robust and it is based on higher-order schemes. This is necessary since the governing equations describing the simultaneous flow of gas and solid particles are hyperbolic and, thus, admit discontinuities. Specialized higher-order schemes provide a viable approach for efficient frontal tracking of continuity waves in particular. Several simulation experiments that can facilitate thorough understanding of the design and maintenance of pipelines susceptible to hydrate formation are presented.
Power System Static-State Estimation, Part III: Implementation

The static state of an electric power system is defined as the vector of the voltage magnitudes and angles at all network buses. The static-state estimator is a data processing algorithm for converting redundant meter readings and other available information into an estimate of the static-state vector. Discussions center on implementation problems associated with computation time requirements, dimensionality resulting from a large number of buses, and the actual time-varying (nonstatic) character of power systems. Various potentially useful approaches are discussed and compared.
TOPOLOGICAL CHAOS FOR A CLASS OF LINEAR MODELS

We construct an example of linear rate equation in the Banach space of summable sequences, l1, that exhibits the three properties required as signature of topological chaos, namely: (i) topological transitivity, (ii) dense periodic orbits, and (iii) positive Lyapunov exponents. The example is based on the properties of the backward shift operator on the Banach space l1. Since linear chaos in the sense described above can occur only in an infinite-dimensional setting, possible finite-dimensional approximate manifestations are investigated. The relationship between the linear backward shift and the nonlinear Bernoulli shift is also discussed.
Soils of the Barrow region, Alaska 1

Abstract Soils have been studied near Barrow, Alaska for nearly 50 years. Since 1995 we have described, sampled, and characterized 26 pedons in the Barrow region, primarily within the Barrow Experimental Observatory, as part of a legacy soils database. The soils occur on land cover types that range from dry to wet acidic tundra. Cryoturba‐tion is the dominant process that affects most of the soils, but other processes include paludization, gleization, melanization, base‐cation leaching, and anthrosolization. In general, the soils have high levels of total organic carbon, total N, and silt. The cation‐exchange capacity is high but is dominated by exchangeable acidity. Twelve soil subgroups were recognized in the region, of which four were classified as Turbels, four as Orthels, and four as Histels. There is considerable spatial variability in the soils due to the presence of low‐, flat‐, and high‐centered frost polygons. The thaw‐lake cycle is of special importance in the Barrow region.
Photon-echo interferometry to measure collision-induced optical phase shifts.

We demonstrate a technique of photon-echo interferometry which provides extraordinary sensitivity for the measurement of the relative phase in the coherences for pairs of optical transitions. The method is applied to study collision-induced optical-coherence transfer between adjacent transitions in atomic samarium vapor.
An Apoptotic Eosinophil

Figure 1. A peripheral-blood eosinophil undergoing apoptosis displays the characteristic condensation of nuclear chromatin into large, electron-dense masses surrounding the central, relatively electron-lucent nuclear matrix. Other changes that are not necessarily related to the apoptotic process include the swelling and breakage of plasma and perinuclear membranes and the release of the contents of granules from swollen, enlarged, electron-lucent granule containers within secretory cells. A single osmiophilic lipid body is present in the cytoplasm. (×18,500.)
A divergent route towards single-chemical entity triazine dendrimers with opportunities for structural diversity

This manuscript describes the successful synthesis and characterization of five generations of dendrimers based on melamine. Early generations of these materials appear to be single chemical entities: upon purification, no detectable impurities are observed using NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and HPLC and GPC analysis. The analysis of larger generation materials precludes an unambiguous statement of purity. The synthetic route to these targets is divergent, relying on dichlorotriazine monomers that react with a polyamine dendrimer core of generation n to produce a poly(monochlorotriazine) dendrimer of generation n + 1. Subsequently, the poly(monochlorotriazine) is derivatized through nucleophilic aromatic substitution before additional nucleophilic amines are unmasked and the process iterated.
209 EVALUATION OF A SINGLE DAILY MAINTENANCE DIGOXIN DOSE 209 IN INFANTS AND CHILDREN

Pediatric patients requiring digitalis therapy generally are acutely digitalized with digoxin and then placed on a twice daily maintenance regimen. The published half life of digoxin raised the question of using a once daily maintenance schedule. Between January and December 1980, 26 patients, 10 days to 20 years of age, were digitalized and maintained on a single daily dose. Four had supraventricular tachycardia, 5 congestive heart failure (CHF) with congenital heart disease, and 17 CHF following surgery. All patients had normal renal function. Serum digoxin levels were drawn at 7, 11 and 23 hours after the single daily oral dose. No patient had a return of symptoms and one had clinical signs of toxicity with a level of 5.1 ng. at 7 hours. In the 20 non-toxic patients whose 7-hour level was greater than 0.7 ng. (range 0.8-4.0 ng.), the 23-hour level (range 0.6-2.3 ng.) remained within the published therapeutic range (0.5-3.0 ng.). In 5 patients whose 7-hour value was 0.7 ng. or less (range 0.5-0.7 ng.), the 23-hour level was sub-therapeutic. These data suggest that a patient receiving an adequate digoxin dose whose 7-hour serum level is above 0.7 ng. will maintain a therapeutic level for 24 hours and thus a single daily dose could be utilized.
Predicting the impact of Medicare Part D implementation on the pharmacy workforce.

Abstract Background There is currently a shortage of pharmacist manpower, and it is expected to continue into the near future. It is also likely that the implementation of Medicare Part D will further aggravate the shortage by increasing demand, but it is not clear how much impact it will have. Objective The purpose of this study was to estimate the impact that the new Medicare drug benefit program will have on pharmacy workforce demand. Methods Analysis was conducted using forecasting techniques, which combines traditional statistical theory with both quantitative and qualitative methods. The Aggregated Demand Index (ADI) was designated as the dependent variable. A number of independent variables were selected for their potential to affect the workforce, demand for prescriptions or clinical services, and patient population. Data for the identified variables were collected from a variety of sources. Supply and demand data were analyzed at a national level. Results Both historical and univariate forecasts indicated that the demand for pharmacists will continue to exceed the supply of pharmacists. The ADI ratio of pharmacist demand-to-supply has recently leveled off which means that demand and supply are in an equilibrium that falls to the demand side. Consequently, the Medicare Modernization Act (MMA) is not predicted to produce a dramatic increase in prescription volume, which would change the current demand for pharmacists. Multivariate forecasting models were not robust primarily due to the lack of precise predictor variables. Conclusions Despite the reliance on preliminary univariate forecasts and imprecise predictor variables, it appears that the increased use of prescriptions due to the MMA Part D will have minimal impact on pharmacist demand.
Putin's popularity since 2010: why did support for the Kremlin plunge, then stabilize?

This paper seeks to explain the surprising decline in Russian President Vladimir Putin's approval rating in 2011. During the previous 10 years, Putin's rating had correlated closely with Russians' perceptions of the state of the economy. Yet the fall in his approval – from 79% in December 2010 to 63% a year later – occurred despite roughly stable economic perceptions. Comparing Levada Center polls from late 2010 and 2011, the paper explores both who (what types of respondents) grew disenchanted with Putin, and why (what issues or grievances prompted this switch). It finds that (a) the fall in support for the Kremlin – although faster among members of the “creative class,” women, the rich, and residents of provincial cities – was broad-based, occurring among all social groups examined; (b) attitudes toward immigration, the West, and Russia's international status, as well as assessments of public service quality, changed little during 2011; (c) Putin's declining popularity most likely reflected stronger – n...
To thine own self be false: Self-deceptive enhancement and sexual awareness influences on mating success.

Over 25 years ago, evolutionary biologist Robert Trivers proposed in the introduction to Richard Dawkins’ The Selfish Gene that self-deception might facilitate otherdeception in intersexual competition and thereby be an unconscious adaptive mating strategy. Self-deception, or the unconscious deception of self through holding beliefs in the face of strong contrary evidence, may facilitate manipulation of others by concealing cues of cognitive load that generally accompany conscious deception. One prediction of this model is that self-deceptive self-promotion benefits mating success. We tested this hypothesis among 107 heterosexual undergraduates, measuring selfdeception using the Self-Deceptive Enhancement scale and two phenotype markerbased measures. Following parental investment theory, we approximated mating success as rate of intercourse partners and partner social status. When controlling for covariates, we found that self-deception predicted intercourse-partner rate and partner status in females only. In males, self-deception did not predict mating success for either variable. These data represent a long-overdue test of Trivers’ hypothesis and provide an operational model to be refined for further research.
Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment in retinoblastoma patients undergoing chemoreduction and cryotherapy.

Abstract PURPOSE: To report the development of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, with the retinal break adjacent to a cryotherapy scar, in three patients undergoing systemic chemotherapy for intraocular retinoblastoma. METHOD: Case series. RESULTS: Three patients with intraocular retinoblastoma were referred after poor response to systemic chemotherapy and local cryotherapy; three eyes of these three patients were noted to have rhegmatogenous retinal detachment and active retinoblastoma, with retinal breaks adjacent to cryotherapy scars. CONCLUSION: Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment may result from retinal necrosis associated with cryotherapy in the setting of intraocular retinoblastoma treated with systemic chemotherapy and local cryotherapy.
Concomitant fractures of the occipital condyle and atlas

Fractures of the occipital condyle are rare. No previous report was found of concomitant fractures of the occipital condyle and the atlas, with the exception of a single case described under an unrelated title. The present case is that of a 26-year-old woman involved in a motor vehicle accident. The traumatic event resulted in significant axial loading. The pertinent clinical and radiographic findings are described, together with a review of the literature and a discussion. This case is felt to represent the first specific reporting of the simultaneous occurrence of fracture of the occipital condyle and cervical 1. An associated vertical fracture of the body of cervical 5 and subsequent advancement of the odontoid into the foramen magnum make this case even more unusual.
The experimental analysis of the effects of early intervention with normal, at-risk, and handicapped children under three

This research examined the effects of a longitudinal intervention program on the developmental status of a group of normal, at-risk, and handicapped children under 3 years of age. The intervention included the “Neurodevelopmental/Prescriptive” approach to child assessment and planning, the “Eco-Behavioral” approach to the organization and management of the environment, and an on-going program of staff training and supervision to insure model implementation in a program that provided these interventions 40 hours per week to all children. These conditions created a “developmentally appropriate, contingently responsive” setting that previous research has shown is related to the production of optimal functioning in young children. Results are presented in terms of rates of development compared from pre-intervention to intervention on two developmental measures and were analyzed in single-subject and grouped comparison designs. For all handicapped and at-risk children, the data indicated that significant improvements in child performance occurred as a function of intervention. Degree of improvements in children's performance was also correlated with earlier age of program entry. Suggestions for further research are presented.
Association of the Interferon- dependent Tyrosine Kinase Tyk-2 with the Hematopoietic Cell Phosphatase

The tyrosine kinase Tyk-2 is physically associated with the Type I interferon (IFN) receptor complex and is rapidly activated during IFN alpha stimulation. We report that Tyk-2 forms stable complexes with the SH2-containing hematopoietic cell phosphatase (HCP) in several hematopoietic cell lines in vivo, and that the IFN alpha-induced tyrosine-phosphorylated form of Tyk-2 is a substrate for the phosphatase activity of HCP in in vitro assays. Furthermore, treatment of cells with the phosphatase inhibitor sodium orthovanadate induces tyrosine phosphorylation of Tyk-2 and an associated 115-kDa protein. Altogether, these data suggest that HCP regulates tyrosine phosphorylation of the Tyk-2 kinase, and thus its function may be important in the transmission of signals generated at the Type I IFN receptor level.
Comparison of the pre-junctional effect of opioids in two blood vessels of the rabbit.

Abstract Inhibition of contractile responses to adrenergic nerve stimulation by opioid peptides was compared using in vitro ring segments of rabbit ear and saphenous arteries transmurally stimulated with short (8 Hz, 1 s) and long (2 Hz, 25 s) stimulation trains. Both δ- ([Leu5]enkephalin or [Met5]enkephalin) and κ-selective agonists (dynorphin-(1-13) or ethylketocyclazocine) inhibited nerve stimulation-evoked contraction; however, with δ-selective agonists, maximum inhibitory responses were significantly less in the saphenous than in the ear artery. If has been hypothesized that activation of pre-junctional α2-adrenoceptors inhibits effects of opioid receptor activation. Thus the actions of opioid agonists were compared with and without yohimbine (10−7 M). With yohimbine, inhibitory responses to opioids were not increased at any frequency tested (3–8 Hz) in either vessel. Thus δ and κ opioid receptors inhibit adrenergic transmitter release in both blood vessels, with δ receptor effects being more prominent in the ear artery. Secondly, studies with α2-adrenoceptor blockade suggest that there is no interaction between pre-junctional opioid and α2-adrenoceptors.
TU‐A‐AUD C‐01: Margins in Radiation Therapy

Conformal radiation therapy has historically used margins to account for geometrical uncertainties in the position of a target volume. The margins, in their simplest form, are simply expansions to the shape of a treatment beam, to ensure that dosimetric planning criteria are met in the presence of inter‐ and intra‐fraction setup variations. Historically, the size of the margin in a given treatment site was difficult to determine due to the available technology and the time and effort required to obtaining accurate data. Consequently, margins were estimated to accommodate a population of patients. As new technologies have emerged, target volume position errors have become easier to measure, their accuracy has increased, and the measurements can be made much more frequently. As the quantity and quality of data has increased for patient populations, and even for individual patients, the conceptual basis of employing margins has evolved. Strategies for ensuring dosimetric coverage may now be individualized to a specific patient's geometric uncertainty characteristics with customized margins, or they may incorporate geometric correction based on predefined action levels. Other strategies may incorporate continuous monitoring to gate or modify the beam. And finally, other strategies seek to eliminate margins by including the estimated geometrical uncertainty into the development of the dose distribution. Educational Objectives: 1. To provide an educational review of the technologies and methods of measuring target volume positioning errors. 2. To review methods of determining population margins from measured data. 3. To review corrective and intervention strategies for patients with individualized margins. 4. To briefly review planning strategies which seek to eliminate margins. Conflict of Interest: DA Low: Research sponsored by Tomotherapy and Varian; DW Litzenberg: Research sponsored by Calypso Medical Technologies, Inc.
VLSI systolic arrays for adaptive nulling [radar]

Presents a case study of the design of a computationally intensive system to do adaptive nulling of interfering signals for a phased-array radar with many antenna elements. The goal of the design was to increase the computational horsepower available for this problem by about three orders of magnitude under the tight constraints of size, weight and power which are typical of an orbiting satellite. By combining the CORDIC rotation algorithm, systolic array concepts, Givens transformations, and restructurable VLSI, we built a system as small as a package of cigarettes, but capable of the equivalent of almost three billion operations per second. Our work was motivated by the severe limitations of size, weight and power which apply to computation aboard a spacecraft, although the same factors impose costs which are worth reducing in other circumstances. For an array of N antennas, the cost of the adaptive nulling computation grows as N/sup 3/, so simply using more resources when N is large is not practical. The architecture developed, called MUSE (matrix update systolic experiment) determines the nulling weights for N=64 antenna elements in a sidelobe cancelling configuration. After explaining the antenna nulling system, we discuss another DSP computation that might benefit from similar architecture, technology, or algorithms: the solution of Toeplitz linear equations.
Cytoplasmic location of amino acids 359-440 of the Neurospora crassa plasma membrane H(+)-ATPase.

Abstract The topographic location of the region comprising amino acids 359–440 of the Neurospora crassa plasma membrane H + -ATPase has been clucidated using reconstituted proteoliposomes and protein chemical techniques. Proteoliposomes containing H + -ATPase molecules oriented predominantly with their cytoplasmic surface facing outward were cleaved with trypsin and the resulting digest was subjected to centrifugation on a glycerol step gradient to separate the released and liposome-bound peptides. The released peptides were recovered in the upper regions of the step gradient, whereas the liposome-bound peptides were recovered near the 40% glycerol interface. The released peptides present in the upper fractions were reduced, 14 C-car☐ylmethylated, and then separated by high performance liquid chromatography. Two radioactive cysteine-containing peptides with retention times of about 162 and 182 min were identified as H + -ATPase peptides comprising residues Leu 363 -Lys 379 and Leu 388 -Arg 414 , respectively, by comparison to standards prepared from the purified ATPase. This information thus establishes a cytoplasmic location for residues 359–418 in the H + -ATPase polypeptide chain. It also infers a cytoplasmic location for residues 419–440, since this stretch of amino acids is too short to cross the membrane and return between regions known to be cytoplasmically located. These results and the results of other recent experiments establish the topographical location of nearly all of the 919 residues in the H + -ATPase molecule.
SURFACE DEPOSIT EFFECTS IN THE KINETICS OF COPPER CEMENTATION BY IRON.

The nature of the cement copper deposit was shown to control the kinetic response of the cementation reaction under certain circumstances. In essence, the nature of the surface deposit determines the effective cathodic area and is controlled by a number of variables. What appeared to be a temperature region (0 to 35°C) where a surface reaction mechanism was rate controlling, ΔE a ≊10 kcal per mole, was, in fact, a consequence of the variation of the area of the surface deposit with temperature. Further evidence of this phenomenon was demonstrated by the results of cementation experiments in an ultrasonic field, and by the results obtained from initial “strike” experiments. Also considered in this study was the effect of the initial cupric ion concentration and the back reaction kinetics. The basic conclusion reached from this investigation was that the cementation reaction rate is controlled by boundary layer diffusion processes at all temperatures and concentrations with an activation energy of approximately 5 kcal per mole. When surface deposit effects are neglected, interpretation of cementation rate data, as well as rate data of any heterogeneous reaction involving a solid phase, can often be misleading.
Chronic lung disease in preterm lambs: effect of daily vitamin A treatment on alveolarization.

Neonatal chronic lung disease is characterized by failed formation of alveoli and capillaries, and excessive deposition of matrix elastin, which are linked to lengthy mechanical ventilation (MV) wi...
A Testing Framework for Identifying Susceptibility Genes in the Presence of Epistasis

An efficient testing strategy called the “focused interaction testing framework” (FITF) was developed to identify susceptibility genes involved in epistatic interactions for case-control studies of candidate genes. In the FITF approach, likelihood-ratio tests are performed in stages that increase in the order of interaction considered. Joint tests of main effects and interactions are performed conditional on significant lower-order effects. A reduction in the number of tests performed is achieved by prescreening gene combinations with a goodness-of-fit χ2 statistic that depends on association among candidate genes in the pooled case-control group. Multiple testing is accounted for by controlling false-discovery rates. Simulation analysis demonstrated that the FITF approach is more powerful than marginal tests of candidate genes. FITF also outperformed multifactor dimensionality reduction when interactions involved additive, dominant, or recessive genes. In an application to asthma case-control data from the Children’s Health Study, FITF identified a significant multilocus effect between the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) reduced:quinone oxidoreductase gene (NQO1), myeloperoxidase gene (MPO), and catalase gene (CAT) (unadjusted P=.00026), three genes that are involved in the oxidative stress pathway. In an independent data set consisting primarily of African American and Asian American children, these three genes also showed a significant association with asthma status (P=.0008).
Improved DQE by means of X-ray spectra and scintillator optimization for FFDM

The focus of this work was to improve the DQE performance of a full-field digital mammography (FFDM) system by means of selecting an optimal X-ray tube anode-filter combination in conjunction with an optimal scintillator configuration. The flat panel detector in this work is a Varian PaxScan 3024M. The detector technology is comprised of a 2816 row × 3584 column amorphous silicon (a-Si) photodiode array with a pixel pitch of 83μm. The scintillator is cesium iodide and is deposited directly onto the photodiode array and available with configurable optical and x-ray properties. Two X-ray beam spectra were generated with the anode/filter combinations, Molybdenum/Molybdenum (Mo/Mo) and Tungsten/Aluminum (W/Al), to evaluate the imaging performance of two types of scintillators, high resolution (HR) type and high light output (HL) type. The results for the HR scintillator with W/Al anode-filter (HRW/ Al) yielded a DQE(0) of 67%, while HR-Mo/Mo was lower with a DQE(0) of 50%. In addition, the DQE(0) of the HR-W/Al configuration was comparable to the DQE(0) of the HL-Mo/Mo configuration. The significance of this result is the HR type scintillator yields about twice the light output with the W/Al spectrum, at about half the dose, as compared to the Mo/Mo spectrum. The light output or sensitivity was measured in analog-to-digital convertor units (ADU) per dose. The sensitivities (ADU/uGy) were 8.6, 16.8 and 25.4 for HR-Mo/Mo, HR-W/Al, HL-Mo/Mo, respectively. The Nyquist frequency for the 83 μm pixel is 6 lp/mm. The MTF at 5 lp/mm for HR-Mo/Mo and HR-W/Al were equivalent at 37%, while the HL-Mo/Mo MTF was 24%. According to the DQE metric, the more favorable anodefilter combination was W/Al with the HR scintillator. Future testing will evaluate the HL-W/Al configuration, as well as other x-ray filters materials and other scintillator optimizations. While higher DQE values were achieved, the more general conclusion is that the imaging performance can be tuned as required by the application by modifying optical and x-ray properties of the scintillator to match the spectral output of the chosen anode-filter combination.
On the Geometries of Conic Section Representation of Noisy Object Boundaries

This paper studies some geometrical properties of conic sections and the utilization of these properties for the generation of conic section representations of object boundaries in digital images. Several geometrical features of the conic sections, such as the chord, the characteristic point, the guiding triangles, and their appearances under the tessellation and noise corruption of the digital images are discussed. The study leads to a noniterative algorithm that takes advantage of these features in the process of formulating the conic section parameters and generating the approximations of object boundaries from the given sequences of edge pixels in the images. The results can be optimized with respect to certain different criteria of the fittings.
In-line Fabry-Perot interferometric temperature sensor with digital signal processing

A fiber Fabry-Perot interferometric (FFPI) temperature sensor system with digital signal processing scheme is introduced. Major functions of this digital processor is to determine the difference between the round trip optical phase shift of the sensor and reference FFPIs as changes occur in the temperature at the sensor location. The interference fringe shift caused by thermally induced chirping of laser diode light source is utilized in this scheme. The system is developed as a stand-alone instrument which has its own LCD display and a control keyboard.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A New Band System of Copper Hydride.

A BAND system consisting of six band-heads has been found in the region λλ2900–2200. It is different in nature from the two systems previously known for the molecule. The bands are double-headed, indicating that their emitter consists of an odd number of electrons, and thus they have been attributed to the ionised copper hydride (CuH+) molecule. The band structure has been analysed. It consists of nine branches, namely, six main branches and three satellites, and the branch lines obey the K-selection rule. From the intensity relations of the branch lines for low quantum values, it is found that Q>R>P. Thus the system has been assigned a 2II→2∑ transition. The 2II level is inverted. From the vibrational quantum analysis, ω0′ = 1874 cm.-1. This is in good agreement with the value as calculated from the relation given by Kratzer, namely, ω02= - 4B03/D0. The values of B0′ and D0′ are 3.30 cm.-1 and -4.16 × 10-5 respectively.
Comparison of Dopamine and Dobutamine Following Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting

Abstract A prospective, randomized comparison of the hemodynamic effects of dopamine and dobutamine was performed in 20 patients following coronary artery bypass grafting. Approximately 6 hours postoperatively, when patients were hemodynamically stable, either dopamine or dobutamine was administered at 2.5, 5.0, and 7.5 μg per kilogram of body weight per minute. At 5.0 μg/kg, both drugs increased cardiac index without changing heart rate, mean arterial pressure, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, or peripheral vascular resistance. At 7.5 μg/kg, dobutamine caused a further increase in cardiac index without changing the other variables. In contrast, increasing dopamine from 5.0 to 7.5 μg/kg/min caused significant increases in mean arterial pressure, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, and pulmonary vascular resistance but no further increase in cardiac index. We conclude that dobutamine is preferable to dopamine in patients following coronary artery bypass grafting, since it produces consistent, dose-related increases in cardiac index without increases in heart rate, mean arterial pressure, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, or pulmonary vascular resistance.
Bidirectional transepithelial water transport: chloride-dependent mechanisms.

We hypothesized that inhibition and activation of basolateral to luminal chloride transport mechanisms were associated with respective decreases and increases in basolateral to luminal water fluxes. The luminal to basolateral (J W L→B ) and basolateral to luminal (J W B→L ) water fluxes across ovine tracheal epithelia were measured simultaneously. The mean J W L→B (6.5 μl/min/cm2) was larger than J W B→L (6.1 μl/min/cm2). Furosemide reduced J W B→L from 6.0 to 5.6 μl/min/cm2. Diphenylamine-2-carboxylate (DPC) reduced J W B→L from 7.9 to 7.3 μl/min/cm2 and reduced the membrane potential difference by 38%. Furosemide together with DPC decreased J W L→B by 30% and J W B→L by 15%. Norepinephrine increased J W B→L from 4.9 to 6.0 μl/min/cm2. Neuropeptide Y in the presence of norepinephrine decreased J W L→B (6.4 to 5.2 μl/min/cm2) and returned J W B→L to its baseline value. Vasopressin increased J W B→L from 4.1 to 5.1 μl/min/cm2. Endothelin-1 induced a simultaneous increase in J W B→L (7.0 to 7.7 μl/min/cm2) and decrease in J W L→B (7.4 to 6.4 μl/min/cm2); and decreased the membrane resistance. These data indicate that in tracheal epithelia under homeostatic conditions J W B→L has a ∼15% actively coupled component. Consistent with our hypothesis, inhibition and receptor-induced stimulation of chloride effluxes were associated with decreases and increases in J W B→L , respectively. However, as inhibition of transcellular chloride transport always decreased J W L→B more than J W B→L , reducing transepithelial chloride transport did not result in less water being transported into the airway lumen.
Regression of Dermal Sarcoma in Adult Walleyes

Abstract Dermal sarcoma is a benign skin tumor of walleyes Stizostedion vitreum, and a seasonal prevalence for this condition has been observed in feral fish. This study was conducted to determine if dermal sarcomas regress. Evidence of dermal sarcoma regression was documented on individually identified adult walleyes. Degree of regression was variable, ranging from none to complete. This report provides the first definitive evidence that dermal sarcoma does regress seasonally from spring to summer.
Overexpression of agouti protein and stress responsiveness in mice.

Abstract Ectopic overexpression of agouti protein, an endogenous antagonist of melanocortin receptors' linked to the β-actin promoter (BAPa) in mice, produces a phenotype of yellow coat color, Type II diabetes, obesity and increased somatic growth. Spontaneous overexpression of agouti increases stress-induced weight loss. In these experiments, other aspects of stress responsiveness were tested in 12-week-old male wild-type mice and BAPa mice. Two hours of restraint on three consecutive days produced greater increases in corticosterone and post-stress weight loss in BAPa than wild-type mice. In Experiment 2, anxiety-type behavior was measured immediately after 12 min of restraint. This mild stress did not produce many changes indicative of anxiety, but BAPa mice spent more time in the dark side of a light–dark box and less time in the open arms of an elevated plus maze than restrained wild-type mice. In a defensive withdrawal test, grooming was increased by restraint in all mice, but the duration of each event was substantially shorter in BAPa mice, possibly due to direct antagonism of the MC4-R by agouti protein. Thus, BAPa mice showed exaggerated endocrine and energetic responses to restraint stress with small differences in anxiety-type behavior compared with wild-type mice. These results are consistent with observations in other transgenic mice in which the melanocortin system is disrupted, but contrast with reports that acute blockade of central melanocortin receptors inhibits stress-induced hypophagia. Thus, the increased stress responsiveness in BAPa mice may be a developmental compensation for chronic inhibition of melanocortin receptors.
NEURAL-NETWORK-AIDED DESIGN OF AUTOMOBILE EXHAUST CATALYSTS

A priori design of catalysts is not yet possible. Such task would demand unavailable scientific knowledge of the correlations among synthesis parameters and resulting solid state and surface structures, on the one hand, and among those atomic-level structural details and their catalytic functions, on the other hand. To avoid testing every possible combination, therefore, the applied chemist or chemical engineer must identify empirical correlations underlying the existing experimental data base. The ability of artificial neural networks to identify complex correlations and to predict the result of experiments has recently generated considerable interest in various areas of science and engineering. In this paper, neural networks are used to identify composition-performance relationships in automobile exhaust catalysts. This work employs an artificial neural network technique to do a sensitivity analysis of the conversions of pollutant gases as a function of the catalyst composition and the operating conditi...
DISCLOSURE RISK IN EDUCATIONAL SURVEYS: AN APPLICATION TO THE NATIONAL ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATIONAL PROGRESS

In this paper, a data perturbation method for minimizing the possibility of disclosure of participants' identities on a survey is described in the context of the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP). The method distinguishes itself from most approaches because of the presence of cognitive tasks. Hence, a data edit should have minimal impact on both relations among demographic variables and relations between demographic and proficiency variables. Furthermore, since only a few students are at risk to be disclosed in a typical sampling setting common to educational surveys, the proposed data perturbation is governed by a nonuniform probabilistic process. The method is applied to data from NAEP and impact is computed using proficiency averages, demographic proportions, statistical inference results, and loglinear models. Results show that the proposed perturbation method has very little impact on NAEP results, even at relatively large editing rates. Some data coarsening results are reported as well. While the univariate results are relatively unaffected from the coarsening, loglinear models from higher order contingency tables are affected. It is recommended to restrict disclosure limitation techniques to perturbation methods in the case of NAEP.