cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Strong approximations for resample quantile processes and application to ROC methodology

Abstract The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve is defined as true positive rate versus false positive rate obtained by varying a decision threshold criterion. It has been widely used in medical sciences for its ability to measure the accuracy of diagnostic or prognostic tests. Mathematically speaking, ROC curve is the composition of survival function of one population with the quantile function of another population. In this paper, we study strong approximation for the quantile processes of the Bayesian bootstrap (BB) resampling distributions, and use this result to study strong approximations for the BB version of the ROC process in terms of two independent Kiefer processes. The results imply asymptotically accurate coverage probabilities for the confidence bands for the ROC curve and confidence intervals for the area under the curve functional of the ROC constructed using the BB method. Similar results follow for the bootstrap resampling distribution.
Orthodontic treatment for the cleft palate patient

This article is an overview of the treatment possibilities and the role of the orthodontist in the management of patients with cleft palate. Orthodontic intervention and treatment may be indicated soon after birth (infant orthopedics), in the deciduous, mixed, and permanent dentitions and also in the adult patient. This article focuses primarily on decision-making and procedural steps performed by the orthodontist during the permanent dentition stage. The need for coordinated interaction with other team members is emphasized.
The FIFRA scientific advisory panel as a model for peer review of scientific regulatory decisions

Summary I believe the amendments to the FIFRA establishing the FIFRA SAP serves as an excellent model for how adequate outside peer review of the scientific basis for regulatory decisions can be ensured.
Laser Radar Echoes from the Clear Atmosphere

USING experimental pulsed ruby laser radars, numerous observations have been made hero of echoes from the ‘clear’ atmosphere. There is no doubt that these returns are caused by backscattering from particulate matter in the aerosol. Even in the clearest conditions echoes are invariably obtained from the immediate vicinity, and these are much enhanced in hazy conditions. Strong signals are commonly noted at heights corresponding to low-level inversions, revealing haze layers which are not discernible by eye.
Transmission electron microscopic study of defect structure in natural chalcopyrite (CuFeS2)

Natural chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) specimens from Golden, New Mexico and Transvaal, South Africa were examined by transmission electron microscopy. The defect structure was composed of dislocations, dislocation loops, tangles, and substructure (including dislocation networks), stacking faults on {112} (both intrinsic and extrinsic), and mechanical twins and twin-faults. Optical microscopy indicated a large grain structure (0.3 to 0.5 cm grain size) containing numerous large twins similar in size to the average grain diameter. It is concluded that the absence of superdislocations of the type 1/4 〈201〉 is a result of the CuFeS2 structure approximating more closely the sphalerite lattice as a result of the c/a ratio approaching 2. It is also concluded that the apparently low stacking fault free energy in CuFeS2 will give rise to abundant mechanical twins accommodating large deformations, and this may be an important factor in the grinding and leaching of chalcopyrite concentrates. The observations suggest that the defect structure, particularly the occurrence of superdislocations and antiphase boundaries, might increase with a decrease in the c/a ratio for chalcopyrite structures, and this may have an important influence on the electrical and mechanical properties of compounds having the chalcopyrite structure.
Another Look at Interpreting Research to Manage the Effects of Ethylene in Ambient Air

Ethylene is a plant hormone that regulates many aspects of plant growth and development. The gas also occurs in the atmosphere from both natural and artifi cial sources. Suffi cient concen- trations of ethylene in air can cause damage by adverse effects on fl ower senescence, abscis- sion, fruit ripening, and other processes. Recent discoveries regarding ethylene receptors and signal transduction now provide a fi rm basis to understand the dynamics of ethylene effects. Receptor proteins act as negative regulators of ethylene signaling so that the concentration of both ethylene and receptor proteins infl u- ence the plant response. Studies with carefully controlled levels of ethylene and environmental conditions have shown that plants grown out- doors are less sensitive to ethylene than those grown and exposed under artifi cial conditions. Additionally, intermittent exposures, common in many circumstances, allow time for ethylene to diffuse away from receptors. During fl ower senescence and fruit ripening, synthesis of ethylene often accelerates, reducing the effec- tiveness of environmental ethylene on plant behavior. Workers interested in promoting crop yields and extending the life of fl owers, plants, and vegetative produce can be most effective if they evaluate species characteristics, the nature of the environment, and the sources of ethylene for their location. A universal air quality standard for ethylene is not advisable.
Christmas in Germany: A Cultural History

Reviewed Medium: book Authors: Joe Perry Year: 2010 Publisher: University of North Carolina Press ISBN: 978-0-8078-3364-3 (hard cover). Prices: $49.95(hard cover).
The Effect of Ergocalciferol on Uremic Pruritus Severity: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Objective Hemodialysis (HD) patients have a high prevalence of pruritus. 25-Hydroxy vitamin D deficiency is common in this population and may play a role in its etiology. Because of this, we studied whether vitamin D 2 treatment with ergocalciferol is effective for relief of uremic pruritus severity as measured by pruritus severity surveys. Design, Setting, and Subjects In this double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial, the effect of 12 weeks of ergocalciferol administration on uremic pruritus severity was evaluated. Intervention Fifty HD patients randomly received either ergocalciferol 50,000 international units (IU) or placebo once weekly for 12 weeks. Main Outcome Measure Pruritus severity surveys were completed every 2 weeks by all patients starting from baseline until 12 weeks and serve as the main outcome variable. Results Twenty-five study participants were randomized to ergocalciferol therapy and 25 were randomized to placebo. At baseline, the only significant difference between the two groups was time on dialysis and white blood cell count. Both groups experienced a decrease in pruritus scores from the beginning to the end of study (percent change −38.9% in the treatment group vs. −47.5% in the placebo group). By intention to treat, the treatment × time effect was not statistically significant ( F = 0.71, df = (1, 282), P = .34), indicating that the pruritus score was not significantly lower in the treatment group than the placebo group throughout the study. Conclusion In conclusion, we did not find ergocalciferol to be effective for the treatment of uremic pruritus.
DAR: A dynamic anchor regrouping scheme for securing localization service against wormhole attacks in Wireless Sensor Networks

Localization in Wireless Sensor Networks is vulnerable to wormhole attacks, in which adversaries record beacon messages at one position, transmit them through a wormhole tunnel and replay at another location. Some existing schemes against wormhole attacks either require special hardware or increase computation/communication overhead on sensors. In this paper, we propose a lightweight Dynamic Anchor Regrouping (DAR) scheme for sensors' localization against wormhole attacks. In our scheme, anchors within some small local areas organize themselves into groups, and a sensor estimates its location using beacon messages from anchors that belong to the same group. Our scheme is lightweight because the major computation is conducted by anchors, meanwhile, no extra communication overhead is incurred on sensors. By carefully controlling the group size, DAR can greatly reduce localization errors of sensors and increase the percentage of sensors that can localize themselves.
Open reduction and internal fixation of intraarticular tibial plateau nonunions.

Summary The vast majority of tibial plateau fractures heal uneventfully, and no case series on intraarticular tibial plateau nonunions exists. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the radiographic and clinical outcome of these nonunions following surgical treatment in a single surgeon series. Five patients with tibial plateau nonunions were treated at our institution using a specific treatment protocol consisting of open reduction and debridement, deformity correction, internal fixation including lag screws, bone graft augmentation, and selective knee joint arthrolysis. Patient outcomes were assessed using radiographs and the Knee Society questionnaire scores. Following surgical treatment of the nonunion, all healed at an average of 12.8 weeks, and average follow-up was 44 months. Preoperative coronal plane deformity was corrected in all patients. The final knee motion arc averaged 120° postoperatively. Both the pain and function subscales of the Knee Society Rating scale improved significantly. Four of the five returned to their normal pre-injury activities, but two patients required total knee arthroplasty which was performed successfully after healing of the nonunion. With meticulous surgical technique and a standard protocol, healing may be reliably achieved. Arthrosis occurs frequently, and may occur primarily at the time of injury or from chronic alteration of intraarticular contact forces secondary to development of a nonunion.
Noninvasive measurement of scattering anisotropy in turbid materials by nonnormal incident illumination

Many existing methods for the recovery of optical parameters from turbid materials rely on the diffusion approximation, which does not permit the recovery of the degree of anisotropy in the scattering phase function. These methods also make the explicit assumption that light is normally incident at the top surface of the material. We demonstrate a steady-state imaging technique that uses nonnormally incident light to determine anisotropy parameter g by fitting Monte Carlo simulation results to high dynamic range images of the intensity profiles of samples. The proposed method is simpler than existing methods and does not rely on thin samples to produce reasonable results.
ExaSAT: An exascale co-design tool for performance modeling

One of the emerging challenges to designing HPC systems is understanding and projecting the requirements of exascale applications. In order to determine the performance consequences of different hardware designs, analytic models are essential because they can provide fast feedback to the co-design centers and chip designers without costly simulations. However, current attempts to analytically model program performance typically rely on the user manually specifying a performance model. We introduce the ExaSAT framework that automates the extraction of parameterized performance models directly from source code using compiler analysis. The parameterized analytic model enables quantitative evaluation of a broad range of hardware design trade-offs and software optimizations on a variety of different performance metrics, with a primary focus on data movement as a metric. We demonstrate the ExaSAT framework's ability to perform deep code analysis of a proxy application from the Department of Energy Combustion Co-design Center to illustrate its value to the exascale co-design process. ExaSAT analysis provides insights into the hardware and software trade-offs and lays the groundwork for exploring a more targeted set of design points using cycle-accurate architectural simulators.
Concise Review: Umbilical Cord Blood Transplantation: Past, Present, and Future

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is an important treatment option for fit patients with poor-risk hematological malignancies; nevertheless, the lack of available fully matched donors limits the extent of its use. Umbilical cord blood has emerged as an effective alternate source of hematopoietic stem cell support. Transplantation with cord blood allows for faster availability of frozen sample and avoids invasive procedures for donors. In addition, this procedure has demonstrated reduced relapse rates and similar overall survival when compared with unrelated allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. The limited dose of CD34-positive stem cells available with single-unit cord transplantation has been addressed by the development of double-unit cord transplantation. In combination with improved conditioning regimens, double-unit cord transplantation has allowed for the treatment of larger children, as well as adult patients with hematological malignancies. Current excitement in the field revolves around the development of safer techniques to improve homing, engraftment, and immune reconstitution after cord blood transplantation. Here the authors review the past, present, and future of cord transplantation.
Regrowth of Amorphized Compound Semiconductors

Epitaxial regrowth is investigated for layers of InSb and GaAs amorphized by liquid nitrogen temperature ion implants. Experimental criterion for amorphization and limitation of regrowth are correlated with damage calculated by a Boltzmann transport equation approach to ion implant modeling. Conditions for complete epitaxial regrowth as determined by channeled Rutherford backscattering spectrometry are presented with evaluation of residual defects by transmission electron microscopy. Electrical activation following regrowth of GaAs is reported and correlated with calculated damage profiles.
U.S. NORTH‐SOUTH LABOR MIGRATION AND TRADE*

The authors examine the roles of labor migration and commodity trade in the inter-regional equalization of the real wage rate in the United States. The emphasis is on North-South patterns. Theoretical models are first outlined and then tested using 1960 and 1970 census data and multi-regional input-output data for 1963. It is found that "the pattern of trade-embodied labor flow closely resembled the pattern of direct labor migration." It is also noted that "the Souths hierarchical profile of relative plentifulness among age education and race-specific categories of work force tended to persist and remain fairly stable between 1960 and 1970....One plausible hypothesis is that interregional commodity trade is accomplishing the bulk of the requisite adjustment in bringing about the real wage equalization." (EXCERPT)
Tropical Cyclone Energy Dispersion in a Three-Dimensional Primitive Equation Model: Upper Tropospheric Influence

Abstract The three-dimensional (3D) Rossby wave energy dispersion of a tropical cyclone (TC) is studied using a baroclinic primitive equation model. The model is initialized with a symmetric vortex on a beta plane in an environment at rest. The vortex intensifies while becoming asymmetric and moving northwestward because of the beta effect. A synoptic-scale wave train forms in its wake a few days later. The energy-dispersion-induced Rossby wave train has a noticeable baroclinic structure with alternating cyclonic–anticyclonic–cyclonic (anticyclonic–cyclonic–anticyclonic) circulations in the lower (upper) troposphere. A key feature associated with the 3D wave train development is a downward propagation of the relative vorticity and kinetic energy. Because of the vertical differential inertial stability, the upper-level wave train develops faster than the lower-level counterpart. The upper anticyclonic circulation rapidly induces an intense asymmetric outflow jet in the southeast quadrant, and then further ...
Pump-probe simulation study of the two-exciton manifold of dendrimers

The doorway window representation of sequential four wave mixing combined with the nonlinear exciton equations (NEE) is used to calculate femtosecond pump probe spectra of the dendrimeric nanostar. Direct signatures of exciton funneling and the two-exciton states are identified. The frequency-domain pumpprobe signal is computed as well, showing the effects of exciton coupling and excited-state absorption. Further information obtained from different polarization configurations of the pulses with respect to the molecular orientation is discussed.
ECA rule support for distributed heterogeneous environments

The utility and functionality of active capability (event-condition-action or ECA rules) has been well established in the context of databases. Today, most of the commercial relational database management systems (RDBMSs) offer some form of ECA rule capability. In addition, there are several research prototypes that have extended the ECA rule capability to object-oriented database management systems (OODBMSs). Sentinel, developed at the University of Florida is one such prototype that supports an expressive composite event specification language (Snoop), efficient event detection (using generated wrappers), conditions and actions (as a combination of OQL and C++), multiple and cascaded rule processing (using a rule scheduler and nested transactions), a visualization tool, and an editor for dynamic creation and management of rules. In order for the active capability to be useful for a large class of advanced applications, it is necessary to go beyond what has been proposed/developed in the literature. Specifically, the extensions needed beyond the current state-of-the-art active capability are: (i) support active capability for non-database applications as well, (ii) support active capability for distributed environments; that is, allow ECA across applications, and (iii) support active capability for heterogeneous sources of events (whether they are databases or not). The authors address how they are planning on addressing some of the above extensions using a combination of existing components (COTS) and new functionality/services that are culled from their experience in designing and implementing Sentinel.
Multilayered Finite-Difference Method (MFDM) for Modeling of Package and Printed Circuit Board Planes

Power/ground planes in electronic packaging can be a major factor for noise coupling. There can be noise coupling not only in the transversal direction between two planes, but also vertically from one plane pair to another through the apertures and via holes. Due to the large size of the power/ground planes, it is difficult to analyze them using full-wave simulators. It is known that the finite-difference solution of the Helmholtz equation provides a faster approach with comparable accuracy. For multilayered planes and arbitrary geometries with aperture coupling, we present a multilayered finite-difference method (MFDM). It provides an accurate representation of wrap-around currents, which have not been modeled earlier, for large cutouts. Estimation of the influence of such coupling effects are essential especially for a successful design of mixed-signal systems. This method allows to consider realistic structures, which would be prohibitive to simulate using full-wave simulators.
Improved Mg2+-Based Reverse Transcriptase Assay for Detection of Primate Retroviruses

ABSTRACT The reverse transcriptase (RT) assay is a simple, relatively inexpensive, widely used assay that can detect all retroviruses (known and novel retroviruses as well as infectious and defective retroviruses) on the basis of the divalent cation requirement of their RT enzyme, i.e., Mg2+ or Mn2+. Descriptions of various RT assays have been published; however, they cannot be directly applied to the analysis of biological products or clinical samples without further standardization to determine the lower limit of virus detection (sensitivity), assay variability (reproducibility), or ability to detect different retroviruses (specificity). We describe the detection of type E and type D primate retroviruses, which may be pathogenic for humans, by a new 32P-based, Mg2+-containing RT assay. The results show that the sensitivity of detection is
Ischemic conditioning: the challenge of protecting the diabetic heart

The successful clinical translation of novel therapeutic strategies to attenuate lethal myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury and limit infarct size has been identified as a major unmet need, and is of particular importance in patients with type-2 diabetes. There is a wealth of preclinical evidence that ischemic conditioning (encompassing the three paradigms of preconditioning, postconditioning and remote conditioning) is profoundly cardioprotective and, via up-regulation of endogenous signaling cascades, renders the heart resistant to infarction. However, current phase II trials aimed at exploiting ischemic conditioning for the clinical treatment of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury have yielded mixed results, possibly reflecting the emerging concern that the efficacy of conditioning-induced cardioprotection may be compromised in the diabetic heart. Our goal in this review is to provide a summary of our present understanding of the effect of type-2 diabetes on the infarct-sparing effect of ischemic conditioning, and the challenges of limiting ischemia-reperfusion injury in the diabetic heart.
Characterization of the stem anatomy of the Eocene fern Dennstaedtiopsis aerenchymata (Dennstaedtiaceae) by use of confocal laser scanning microscopy.

PREMISE OF THE STUDY Permineralization provides the most faithful known mode of three-dimensional preservation of the morphology and cellular anatomy of fossil plants. Standard optical microscopic documentation of such structures can provide only an approximation of their true three-dimensional form and is incapable of revealing fine-structural (<300 nm) details, deficiencies that can be addressed by the use of confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). METHODS To demonstrate the usefulness of CLSM in such studies, we compare confocal laser scanning micrographs and optical photomicrographs of the permineralized tissues of rhizomes and petioles of the Eocene fern Dennstaedtiopsis aerenchymata preserved in cherts of the Clarno Formation of Oregon, USA, and the Allenby Formation (Princeton chert) of British Columbia, Canada. KEY RESULTS The laser-induced fluorescence detected by CLSM produces crisp high-resolution images of the three-dimensionally permineralized tissues of Dennstaedtiopsis aerenchymata. Tissues analyzed include the epidermis and epidermal hairs, cortex, aerenchyma, endodermis, vascular tissue, and pith-for each of which, CLSM yields results superior to those of standard optical microscopy. CLSM and previous Raman spectroscopic analyses of the same specimens provide evidence consistent with original biochemistry. CONCLUSIONS Use of CLSM to characterize the morphology and cellular anatomy of permineralized fossil plants can provide accurate data in two and three dimensions at high spatial resolution, information that can be critically important to taxonomic, taphonomic, and developmental interpretations. Results presented here from this first detailed CLSM-based study of permineralized plant axes indicate that this nonintrusive, nondestructive technique should be widely applicable in paleobotany.
Individual Campaign Contributions, Electoral Participation, and Broadband Network Availability

I identify the effect of broadband network availability on individual campaign donations and electoral participation. Using broadband availability as an instrumental variable, I then look for the effect of individual campaign contributions on electoral participation. I ﬁnd that broadband explains a 40 percent increase in contributions since the mid-1990s. Focusing on electoral outcomes in presidential election years, I then ﬁnd that broadband diffusion has led to a 3 percentage points increase in voter turnout, a 3 percentage points increase in democratic vote share, and a 2 percentage points increase in winning margins. I ﬁnally show that another half percentage point increase increase in voter turnout can be attributed to individual campaign contributions, an effect four times larger than the least squares estimate. Overall, my ﬁndings are consistent with a broadband effect channeling through information provision. They also help rehabilitate the popular view that campaign contributions play an instrumental role in elections.
The Role of Prescription in the Interpretive Problem of Basis Determination

Return of capital issues, especially when posed as interpretive questions, pose a particularly intractable class of line-drawing problems. This Article explores the line-drawing problem presented by return of capital issues arising out of the tax law's inability to conform to either an idealized consumption tax or an idealized accretionist tax. That inability to achieve an idealized form throws the tax law back upon transactionalism, which can function only if it is able to divide cash - and other receipts - into distinct components of gain or loss on the one hand and return of capital on the other. This return of capital issue is often presented under the concept of basis, which is notably lacking in normative content. This Article addresses basis questions when posed as an interpretive issue, and illustrates the issue by examining the treatment of the taxpayer's own promissory note in determining nontaxable return of capital. The Article identifies many interpretive tools that can rationalize a resolution of the interpretive problem of basis ex post but that will not determine its result ex ante. It concludes that, in the absence of explicit direction from Congress, principled interpretation is possible only by submitting to prescription within the pertinent interpretive community.
THE DETERMINATION OF THE FACTORS AFFECTING AMERICAN AND BRITISH EXPORTS IN THE INTER-WAR AND POST-WAR PERIODS

ITHE purpose of our paper is to investigate the influence of relative prices, commodity characteristics, time, and region of destination as factors determining the quantities demanded of American exports relative to those of Britain in the inter-war and post-war periods. Our research is intended to bridge the gap between and to improve upon the earlier crosssection analyses of American and British exports by MacDougall [2, 3] and the time series analysis of Zelder [1, 6]. In his two papers, MacDougall used annual cross-section data and estimated the 'price elasticity of substitution' between a sample of selected American and British manufactured goods exports for individual years in the periods 1922-38 and 1948-59. His estimates were generated from as model of the following form:
Auto De(con)struction: The Spatial Fixes and Racial Repercussions of Detroit’s Deindustrialization

The history of Detroit’s deindustrialization is intimately connected to the long dislocation in the auto industry. This article highlights how the spatial fixes endemic to capital determined the parameters of that deindustrialization through several key moments. In particular, the role of black autoworkers and Detroit residents contending with such spatial fixes will be examined
Individual, Parental, and Environmental Correlates of Cigar, Cigarillo, and Little Cigar Use Among Middle School Adolescents.

Introduction Youth use of cigars, cigarillos, and little cigars (CCLC) is increasing. While correlates of cigarette smoking have been well documented, use of CCLC is not as well understood among young adolescents. This study assessed whether smoking beliefs, parenting practices, and environmental exposures were associated with CCLC use among 7th to 8th grade youth in an urban, mid-Western city. Methods The Cleveland Youth Risk Behavior Survey was conducted with 7th to 8th grade students in spring 2012. CCLC use was assessed by asking if students had smoked CCLC in the past 30 days. Covariates include self-reported gender, race, grade, acceptability of smoking, parental monitoring, hours of self-care, visits to corner stores, and current cigarette smoking. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to determine associations with current CCLC use. Results Overall, 14.3% of youth reported current CCLC use. Students reporting higher acceptability of smoking, lower parental monitoring, longer periods of self-care, more visits to corner stores and current cigarette smoking were more likely to report current CCLC use in both bivariate and multivariable logistic regression models. Conclusions CCLC use is associated with multiple levels of influence, indicating that prevention of youth CCLC use must utilize a multilevel approach. Increased utilization of corner stores was associated with higher odds of CCLC use, and could indicate that youth stopping at corner stores may be exposed to increased tobacco retail advertising and tobacco products. The findings of this study have implications for FDA regulation to prevent CCLC initiation among youth. Implications While correlates of cigarette smoking have been well documented, use of CCLC is not as well understood among young adolescents. This is the first study that has examined the association between individual, family, and environmental characteristics and CCLC use. The results of this study illustrate that youth attitudes, perceived parenting practices, and environmental exposure are associated with adolescent CCLC use. This is important as the tobacco control community begins to identify strategies to prevent and reduce CCLC use. The findings of this study have clear implications for FDA regulation to prevent CCLC initiation among youth.
Theoretical Studies of C(100) Surface Reconstruction and Reaction with CH2

The reconstruction of the C(100) surface and its reaction with CH2 are studied by a cluster model at several theoretical levels [1-13]. For the reconstruction ofthe C(100) surface, the calculated surface dimer bond length is found to be very sensitive to the level of theoretical treatment and the spin state. A single-determinant SCF treatment gives a closed-shell singlet state, higher in energy than the triplet state, and with a dimer length of 1.401 A, 0.279 A shorter than the triplet. The correct ground state is a singlet, but a multi-determinant wavefunction is required for its description. At the CI level, the surface dimer bond length in the ground state is found to be 1.508 A and the energy decrease on dimer formation with respect to the ideal C(100)-lxl surface is 2.28 eV per dimer. For the reaction of CH2 with C(100), no barrier is found for the chemisorption of CH2on the surface and the reaction is highly exothermic. The surface is converted from C(100)-2×1 to C( 100)-1×1 upon CH2 chemisorption.
Preliminary Analysis and Design Enhancements of a Dual-Throat FTV Nozzle Concept

Fluidic thrust vectoring (FTV) can potentially provide the same advantages in aircraft control as traditional thrust vectoring which uses vanes and gimbals, but with reduced weight and radar signature. This paper provides a brief description of the various FTV techniques and a closer look at a novel dual-throat design. Previous works regarding this design do not offer detailed analytical methods to describe the flow within the nozzle. This work examines the validity of using oblique shock theory to obtain a preliminary prediction of the flow behavior. CFD analysis and experiments using hydraulic analogy are performed to verify the analytical solutions. The analysis led to an improved design for the wall contours of the dual-throat nozzle, which is also examined using CFD and hydraulic analogy. CFD results for the proposed design produce a thrust vectoring angle of 24.5° with a mass flow rate of 5.47 kg/s. The previously published design produces a thrust vectoring angle of only 13.5° with a larger mass flow rate of 6.01 kg/s. The experimental results obtained via hydraulic analogy on a free surface water table are not accurately calibrated enough to quantitatively verify the analytical and computational results, but they do visually demonstrate the major features of the compressible flow phenomena occurring within the nozzle and exhaust.
Mitigation of Alfvénic activity by 3D magnetic perturbations on NSTX

Observations on the National Spherical Torus Experiment (NSTX) indicate that externally applied non-axisymmetric magnetic perturbations (MP) can reduce the amplitude of toroidal Alfven eigenmodes (TAE) and global Alfven eigenmodes (GAE) in response to pulsed n = 3 non-resonant fields. From full-orbit following Monte Carlo simulations with the one- and two-fluid resistive MHD plasma response to the magnetic perturbation included, it was found that in response to MP pulses the fast-ion losses increased and the fast-ion drive for the GAEs was reduced. The MP did not affect the fast-ion drive for the TAEs significantly but the Alfven continuum at the plasma edge was found to be altered due to the toroidal symmetry breaking which leads to coupling of different toroidal harmonics. The TAE gap was reduced at the edge creating enhanced continuum damping of the global TAEs, which is consistent with the observations. The results suggest that optimized non-axisymmetric MP might be exploited to control and mitigate Alfven instabilities by tailoring the fast-ion distribution function and/or continuum structure.
Assessing Groundwater Pollution Risk in Response to Climate Change and Variability

Groundwater systems worldwide are facing increasing pressure from climate variability and human activities. The climate can affect the aquifer directly and/or indirectly through various pathways, such as groundwater recharge, the change in soil biogeochemical processes, and land use activities. To date, there has been relatively little research that specifically addressed the impacts of climate change on groundwater quality. To address the research gap, this paper highlights the mechanisms occurring at various hydrogeologic phases (e.g., soil, unsaturated zones and aquifers) of groundwater contamination that are susceptible to the effects of climate change. Relevant studies on groundwater pollution risk that have addressed or can potentially incorporate climate change impacts are summarized and synthesized in this article. It has been found that change in groundwater quality as a direct result of climate change is subject to various uncertainties affecting credible future projections. The change in land use activities, indirectly affected by climate change, may play more important roles in determining future patterns of groundwater pollution risks. Research and policy recommendations are provided to cope with the challenges to sustainable water quality management in a changing climate.
Circular synthetic aperture sonar imaging of simple objects illuminated by an evanescent wavefield

This paper is motivated by the case where an underwater object located within the sediment is illuminated by a grazing acoustic beam below the critical angle. The included experimental work uses a liquid−liquid interface and vertically inverted geometry as a stand-in for the water−sediment boundary. In the super-critical regime sound in the water column refracts into the sediment before scattering. However, for sub-critical illumination a rapidly decaying evanescent wavefield is generated in the sediment near the water−sediment interface. For compact objects located in the sediment near the interface this can result in strong backscattering signals suitable for acoustic image reconstruction using synthetic aperture sonar techniques. Certain properties of the evanescent wavefield such as the vertical phase-locking behavior, the rapid amplitude decay with distance from the interface, and the low-pass filter effect have understandable ramifications for the image formation process and for characteristics of the reconstructed image. In particular, circular imaging techniques require correct placement of the imaging plane to properly focus an object; however, for backscattering (monostatic) evanescent image formation the imaging plane may be placed at the interface and the target will remain in focus regardless of burial depth. A laboratory experiment using simple scatterers is presented.
Reducing falls in a model of impaired cognitive control of movement (Commentary on Kucinski et al.)

Millions of individuals 65 years of age and older fall each year, leading to direct medical costs of approximately $34 billion per year in the US alone (Stevens et al., 2006). Cognitive decline has often been used as an exclusion criterion in studies regarding falls, although changes in cognitive processing are now thought to increase the risk of falls (Domingos et al., 2015). Older adults tend to have more difficulty dividing attention among multiple tasks (Verhaeghen & Cerella, 2002). This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Evidence for an Innate Immune Response in the Immature Human Intestine: Toll-Like Receptors on Fetal Enterocytes

Evidence for an Innate Immune Response in the Immature Human Intestine: Toll-Like Receptors on Fetal Enterocytes
Lumière et révélation dans "Sans retour"

Author posting. © Editions Belin, 2007. This is the author’s version of the work. It is posted here for personal use, not for redistribution.
An evolutionary algorithm to model structural excursions of a protein

Excursions of a protein between different structures at equilibrium are key to its ability to modulate its biological function. The energy landscape, which organizes structures available to a protein by their energetics, contains all the information needed to characterize and simulate structural excursions. Computational research aims to uncover such excursions to complement wet-laboratory studies in characterizing protein equilibrium dynamics. Popular strategies adapt the robot motion planning framework and construct full or partial, structured representations of the energy landscape. In this paper, we present a novel, complementary approach based on evolutionary computation. We propose an evolutionary algorithm that evolves path representations of a specific structural excursion without a priori construction of the energy landscape. Preliminary applications on healthy and pathogenic variants of a protein central to human health are promising and warranting further investigation of evolutionary search techniques for modeling protein structural excursions.
We don’t like your type around here: Regional and residential differences in exposure to online hate material targeting sexuality

What factors are related to online targeting of hate material based to sexual orientation? This study addresses that question, utilizing a sample of 968 Internet users aged 15–36. Employing a logis...
Stereodivergent synthesis of novel chiral C2-symmetric bis-trifluoromethyl-2-oxazolidinones

Abstract A simplified effective synthetic process is described for the diastereoselective synthesis of the chiral C2-symmetric CF3-ureas (R,R)-15 and (S,S)-15 from (S)-α-phenylethylamine, glyoxal and CF3I.
Flunitrazepam: More Than a Date Rape Drug

Abstract Study Objective To evaluate the independent relationship between depressive symptoms, self-esteem, and drug resistance self-efficacy, and future intentions to use flunitrazepam. Design Cross-sectional survey. Setting Community-based family planning clinics. Participants 865 sexually active women who self-identified as Caucasian, African-American, or Mexican American, denied using flunitrazepam in the last 12 months and reported intentions to use or not use this substance in the next 12 months. Interventions None. Main Outcome Measure An anonymous self-report measure assessed the patient's intentions to use flunitrazepam in the next 12 months; other lifetime drug use; and standardized measures of depression, self-esteem, and drug resistance self-efficacy. We hypothesized that future potential users of flunitrazepam would exhibit an increased number of depressive symptoms, lowered self-esteem, and limited drug resistance self-efficacy.
Explaining science funding attitudes in the United States: The case for science interest.

While most Americans recognize the importance of funding scientific research, many are satisfied with status quo funding, and only a minority see a need for increased federal support. This poses a ...
Making sense of sequential lineups: An experimental and theoretical analysis of position effects

Abstract As part of a criminal investigation, the police often administer a recognition memory task known as a photo lineup. A typical 6-person photo lineup consists of one suspect (who may or may not be guilty) and five physically similar foils (all known to be innocent). The photos can be shown simultaneously (i.e., all at once) or sequentially (i.e., one at a time). Approximately 30% of U.S. police departments have moved to using the sequential lineup procedure over the last 30 years, yet its theoretical underpinnings remain poorly understood. A simple signal detection model makes several unexpected predictions about how the sequential lineup procedure should affect the ability of eyewitnesses to discriminate innocent from guilty suspects. For example, empirical discriminability (area under the receiver operating characteristic) should decrease as the position of the suspect in the lineup increases. In addition, under some conditions, a fair sequential lineup should not yield higher discriminability than a single-person (non-lineup) recognition test known as a showup. The results of two experiments reported here confirmed these predictions. Counterintuitively, even though empirical discriminability decreased as the suspect’s sequential position increased, a signal detection model fit to the data indicated that theoretical discriminability exhibited a small effect in the opposite direction (increasing with the sequential position of the suspect). The latter result is consistent with diagnostic feature-detection theory of eyewitness identification.
Integrating the PILP-mineralization process into a restorative dental treatment

Abstract The addition of charged polymers, like poly-aspartic acid (pAsp), to mineralizing solutions allows for transport of calcium and phosphate ions into the lumen of collagen fibrils and subsequent crystallization of oriented apatite crystals by the so-called Polymer-Induced Liquid Precursor (PILP) mineralization process, leading to the functional recovery of artificial dentin lesions by intrafibrillar mineralization of collagen. Objective To evaluate the feasibility of applying the PILP method as part of a restorative treatment and test for effectiveness to functionally remineralize artificial lesions in dentin. Materials and Methods Two methods of providing pAsp to standardized artificial lesions during a restorative procedure were applied: (A) pAsp was mixed into commercial RMGI (resin modified glass ionomer) cement formulations and (B) pAsp was added at high concentration (25 mg/ml) in solution to rehydrate lesions before restoring with a RMGI cement. All specimens were immersed in simulated body fluid for two weeks to allow for remineralization and then analyzed for dehydration shrinkage, integrity of cement-dentin interface, degree of mineralization, and changes in the nanomechanical profile (E-modulus) across the lesion. Results After the remineralization treatment, lesion shrinkage was significantly reduced for all treatment groups compared to demineralized samples. Pores developed in RMGI when pAsp was added. A thin layer at the dentin-cement interface, rich in polymer formed possibly from a reaction between pAsp and the RMGI. When analyzed by SEM under vacuum, most lesions delaminated from the cement interface. EDS-analysis showed some but not full recovery of calcium and phosphorous levels for treatment groups that involved pAsp. Nanoindentations placed across the interface indicated improvement for RMGI containing 40% pAsp, and were significantly elevated when lesions were rehydrated with pAsp before being restored with RMGI. In particular the most demineralized outer zone recovered substantially in the elastic modulus, suggesting that functional remineralization has been initiated by pAsp delivery upon rehydration of air-dried demineralized dentin. In contrast, the effectiveness of the RMGI on functional remineralization of dentin was minimal when pAsp was absent. Significance Incorporation of pAsp into restorative treatments using RMGIs promises to be a feasible way to induce the PILP-mineralization process in a clinical setting and to repair the structure and properties of dentin damaged by the caries process.
A Concise Synthetic Strategy for Accessing Ambient Stable Bisphenalenyls toward Achieving Electroactive Open-Shell π-Conjugated Materials.

Open-shell, π-conjugated molecules represent exciting next-generation materials due to their unique optoelectronic and magnetic properties and their potential to exploit unpaired spin densities to engineer exceptionally close π-π interactions. However, prior syntheses of ambient stable, open-shell molecules required lengthy routes and displayed intermolecular spin-spin coupling with limited dimensionality. Here we report a general fragment-coupling strategy with phenalenone that enables the rapid construction of both biradicaloid (Ph2- s-IDPL, 1) and radical [10(OTf)] bisphenalenyls in ≤7 steps from commercial starting materials. Significantly, we have discovered an electronically stabilized π-radical cation [10(OTf)] that shows multiple intermolecular closer-than-vdW contacts (<3.4 A) in its X-ray crystal structure. DFT simulations reveal that each of these close π-π interactions allows for intermolecular spin-spin coupling to occur and suggests that 10(OTf) achieves electrostatically enhanced intermolecular covalent-bonding interactions in two dimensions. Single crystal devices were fabricated from 10(OTf) and demonstrate average electrical conductivities of 1.31 × 10-2 S/cm. Overall, these studies highlight the practical synthesis and device application of a new π-conjugated material, based on a design principle that promises to facilitate spin and charge transport.
Imaging Sigma-1 Receptor (S1R) Expression Using Iodine-124-Labeled 1-(4-Iodophenyl)-3-(2-adamantyl)guanidine ([ 124 I]IPAG)

Sigma-1 receptors (S1Rs) are overexpressed in almost all human cancers, especially in breast cancers. 1-(4-Iodophenyl)-3-(2-adamantyl)guanidine (IPAG) is a validated high-affinity S1R antagonist. The objective of the current study is to evaluate the potential of iodine-124-labeled IPAG ([124I]IPAG) to image S1R-overexpressing tumors. [124I]IPAG was synthesized from a tributyltin precursor dissolved in ethanol using chloramine-T as oxidant. Purity was analyzed using HPLC. In vitro and in vivo studies were performed using the breast cancer cell line MCF-7. Competitive inhibition studies were performed using haloperidol and cold IPAG. Tumors were established in athymic nude mice by injecting 107 cells subcutaneously. Mice were imaged on micro-positron emission tomography (PET) at 4, 24, 48, 72, and 144 h post i.v. injection. Biodistribution studies were performed at same time points. In vivo tracer dilution studies were performed using excess of IPAG and haloperidol. The efficacy of [124I]IPAG to image tumors was evaluated in LNCaP tumor–bearing mice as well. [124I]IPAG was synthesized in quantitative yield and in vitro studies indicated that [124I]IPAG binding was specific to S1R. PET imaging studies in MCF7 tumor–bearing mice reveal that [124I]IPAG accumulates in tumor and is preferentially retained while clearing from non-target organs. The tumor to background increases with time, and tumors could be clearly visualized starting from 24 h post administration. Similar results were obtained in mice bearing LNCaP tumors. In vivo tracer dilution studies showed that the uptake of [124I]IPAG could be competitively inhibited by excess of IPAG and haloperidol. [124I]IPAG was synthesized successfully in high yields, and in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrate specificity of [124I]IPAG. [124I]IPAG shows specific accumulation in tumors with increasing tumor to background ratio at later time points and therefore has high potential for imaging S1R-overexpressing cancers.