cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Forgotten Prophet: Tom Paine's Cosmopolitanism and International Relations

The recent questions about the viability of political realism highlight a need for alternative theoretical frameworks to guide international relations research. These alternatives, however, have been slow to emerge, due in part to the field's traditional neglect of political theory. In this essay I present an alternative based on a survey of Paine's international thought. Sir Michael Howard referred to Paine as the most important internationalist writer of all time, but his contributions have been largely ignored by students of international relations. Paine was a classic second image theorist who first posited how democratic governance would promote a peaceful world. Paine's works leave us with all the features of cosmopolitan thinking in international relations: Faith in reason and progress, the evils of authoritarian regimes, the democratic peace, the peaceful effect of trade, nonprovocative defense policies, open diplomacy, obsolescence of conquest, the universal respect for human rights, and the democratic propensity to engage in messianic interventionism. I conclude with a comparison of Kant and Paine where I argue that Paine is the more faithful representative of the Enlightenment for students of international relations.
Emission Spectral Properties of Cadmium Sulfide Nanoparticles with Multiphoton Excitation.

We describe the luminescence spectral properties of CdS nanoparticles with multiphoton excitation. Three types of CdS nanoparticles were examined which were a CdS/dendrimer composite which displays high anisotropy, Cd2+-enriched nanoparticles which display two emission maxima, and polyphosphate-stabilized nanoparticles which display long wavelength emission. Illumination with long wavelengths near 700-790 nm resulted in two-photon excitation. Essentially the same emission spectra and intensity decays were observed with one-photon and two-photon excitation. Comparison with fluorescein indicates the NPs display large two-photon cross sections near 100 GM. The CdS/dendrimer and Cd2+-enriched CdS nanoparticles displayed large anisotropy values with two-photon excitation, substantially larger than with one-photon excitation. It appears that semiconductor nanoparticles are comparable to organic fluorophores which display the same spectral properties with one-photon and two-photon excitation.
Effect of reduced sulfur compounds on the fermentation of phosphoric acid pretreated sugarcane bagasse by ethanologenic Escherichia coli.

Abstract The addition of reduced sulfur compounds (thiosulfate, cysteine, sodium hydrosulfite, and sodium metabisulfite) increased growth and fermentation of dilute acid hydrolysate of sugarcane bagasse by ethanologenic Escherichia coli (strains LY180, EMFR9, and MM160). With sodium metabisulfite (0.5 mM), toxicity was sufficiently reduced that slurries of pretreated biomass (10% dry weight including fiber and solubles) could be fermented by E. coli strain MM160 without solid–liquid separation or cleanup of sugars. A 6-h liquefaction step was added to improve mixing. Sodium metabisulfite also caused spectral changes at wavelengths corresponding to furfural and soluble products from lignin. Glucose and cellobiose were rapidly metabolized. Xylose utilization was improved by sodium metabisulfite but remained incomplete after 144 h. The overall ethanol yield for this liquefaction plus simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation process was 0.20 g ethanol/g bagasse dry weight, 250 L/tonne (61 gal/US ton).
The deevolution of concurrent logic programming languages

Abstract This article surveys the field of implementation of concurrent logic programming languages. I briefly review language semantics and programming paradigms, before summarizing the results of the past decade in compiler and runtime system implementation. A theme throughout the research presented is the deevolution of concurrent logic programming languages due to the limitations of what systems designers and compiler writers can efficiently implement, as well as the growing perception among programmers that reduced expressivity is sufficient.
Comparative inotropic effect of calcium, endothelin-1, and forskolin on ferret papillary muscles during acidosis.

Acidosis affects multiple steps in the excitation-contraction coupling pathway of myocardium, producing decreased calcium sensitivity of myofibrils and modification of the function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Our aim was to evaluate the effectiveness of three different classes of inotropic agents under acidotic conditions: 1) forskolin, an adenylate cyclase activator that enhances cellular cyclic AMP concentrations, 2) elevated extracellular Ca 2+ and 3) endothelin-l, an activator of the inositol triphosphate, diacylglycerol pathway. Ferret papillary muscles were mounted in organ baths containing normal physiological solution (pH = 7.4). After baseline tension was measured, the muscles were bathed in an acidotic solution (pH = 6.98) that decreased tension to 40% of the control; subsequently, the muscles were washed with normal physiological solution until they returned to baseline. Each inotropic agent was added to the bathing solution in a concentration sufficient to increase tension by 40% above the baseline. Then the solution was made acidotic (pH = 6.98) in the continuous presence of that concentration of inotropic agent and the resultant steady-state developed tension measured. The increases in tension induced by each inotropic agent at normal pH were adjusted to be similar; in contrast, the response to each drug in acidosis was significantly different. Under acidotic conditions, endothelin-l was the most effective inotropic agent in restoring the depressed developed tension. This was possibly due to enhancement of the myofilament sensitivity to Ca 2+ , which was more effective than increasing [Ca 2+ ] i through elevating extracellular Ca 2+ or the addition of forskolin which increased [Ca 2+ ] i but desensitized the myofilaments to Ca 2+ .
Explosive Cyclogenesis over the Eastern United States

Abstract Cases of explosive cyclogenesis (“bombs”) were identified over the central and eastern United States and were compared with nonexplosive cyclone development in the same region. The tendency equations for vorticity and geopotential thickness, and a modified divergence equation were used to find signatures of distinction between these two types of cyclogenesis, whose recognition might improve forecasting skills. Bombs tend to show a marked decrease of vorticity with height during their incipient and explosive stages, whereas regular cyclones reveal only weak vertical vorticity gradients in the troposphere. The low-tropospheric spin-up in bombs precedes significantly that in the upper troposphere. Preexisting low-tropospheric vorticity maxima are associated with low-level jet streaks. Whereas regular cyclones possess an ill-defined level of nondivergence (i.e., a broad region between 800 and 400 mb, of divergence values close to zero), incipient bombs have a well-marked zero-divergence level near 50...
Human growth hormone

Summary A “hypopituitary” dwarf was treated during a 10-month period with human growth hormone (Raben12); there was a resultant spurt in growth associated with relatively slight, if any, maturation in body proportions and skeleton. Radiologic evidence of widening of the epiphyseal plates was noted. A constitutional or primordial dwarf was treated with similar amounts of growth hormone and failed to show significant reduction in urine nitrogen, changes in blood chemistries, or a spurt in linear growth. Neither patient had any apparent adverse reaction to the growth hormone.
Stress‐induced anomalies in the internal friction of strontium‐doped silver bromide

Internal friction studies show that, in silver bromide crystals, Sr2+ ion strongly segregates to dislocations, migrates along them under the influence of an oscillating stress, and readily forms higher-order aggregates. Two further unusual observations are reported for this system: (1) After a very long aging at room temperature, the logarithmic decrement at low amplitudes of the applied strain decreases, instead of increasing, with increasing strain amplitude. (2) In an otherwise “normal” strontium-doped crystal, a light plastic deformation produces a state in which the decrement reproducibly shows a large, discontinuous jump at a critical strain, the value of which decreases with increasing test temperature. Untersuchungen der inneren Reibung zeigen, das in Silberbromidkristallen das Sr2+-Ion sich stark entlang Versetzungen sammelt, entlang diesen unter dem Einflus von oszillierenden Spannungen wandert und leicht hoherwertige Aggregate formt. Zwei weitere ungewohnliche Beobachtungen werden fur dieses System mitgeteilt: (I) Nach einer langen Alterung bei Zimmertemperatur nimmt das logarithmische Dekrement bei niedriger Amplitude der Storung mit zunehmender Spannungsamplitude ab, anstelle zu. (2) In einem sonst „normalen” Strontium-dotierten Kristall produziert eine leichte plastische Deformation einen Zustand, in dem das Dekrement einen wiederholbaren grosen und diskontinuierlichen scharfen Sprung bei einer kritischen Spannung zeigt, dessen Wert mit zunehmender Temperatur abnimmt.
The Imperative of Leisure Justice Research

Leisure justice is an approach to how the right to leisure can be facilitated through a social and environmental justice lens. Leisure justice research is described along with the challenges that it manifests. Questions are raised about what becomes of leisure research if justice is discounted as well as what research will embody if justice is an imperative. Further suggestions about what leisure justice research entails and the ongoing issues are proffered as well as how and why all research about leisure can have implications for justice. The challenge before leisure scholars is to use justice research for addressing emerging questions about leisure leading to social change. Leisure justice research is a basis for social action.
HAC-POA policy effects on hospitals, other payers, and patients.

Background: Prior to the implementation of the Hospital-Acquired Condition-Present on Admission (HAC-POA) payment policy, concerns regarding its potential impact were raised by a number of organizations and individuals. The purpose of this study was to explore direct and indirect effects of the HAC-POA payment policy on hospitals, patients, and other payers during the policy’s first 3 years of implementation. Methods: The study included semi-structured telephone interviews with representatives of national organizations, hospitals, patient advocacy organizations, and other payers. Interview notes were coded using QSR NVivo qualitative analysis software using inductive and deductive qualitative analysis techniques. We conducted interviews with 106 individuals representing 56 organizations. Hospital staff included physicians, nurses, patient safety officers, coders, and finance, senior management, and information management staff. Individuals from other organizations represented leadership positions. Results: Key changes to hospitals included: cultural shifts involving attention, commitment, and support from hospital leadership for patient safety; hiring new staff to assure the accuracy of clinical documentation and POA oversight structures; increased time burden for physicians, nurses, and coders; need to upgrade or purchase new software; and need to collaborate with hospital departments or staff that did not interface directly in the past. The policy was adopted by a majority of other payers, although the list of conditions and payment penalties varies. The HAC-POA policy is invisible to patients; therefore, the presence or lack of unintended consequences to patients cannot be fully assessed at this time. Understanding of policy effects to all stakeholders is important for maximizing its successful implementation and desired impact.
Unexplained disturbance in body weight regulation: diagnostic outcome assessed by doubly labeled water and body composition analyses in obese patients reporting low energy intakes

Abstract Subjects Ten patients who had long-term disturbances in body weight regulation, were referred over a 3-year period for obesity evaluation, and reported low energy intakes ( Objective To ascertain whether these patients had a low energy expenditure and thus reduced energy requirement, and/or whether they were misreporting their energy intake. Design Comparison of outcome measures in referred patients and in obese control patients who did not report low energy intakes and disturbances in body weight regulation. Main outcome measures Low energy expenditure was evaluated with serum thyroid hormone levels, resting metabolic rate (RMR), thermic effect of food (TEF), and total energy expenditure (TEE) by doubly labeled water technique. Misreporting of energy intake was evaluated by comparing patients' self-reported energy intake with energy intake estimated by doubly labeled water and body composition analyses over a 14-day period. Statistical analyses performed Low energy expenditure was considered present in a patient if RMR or TEE was more than 15% below predicted values according to results from the control group. Patient group TEF was compared with TEF results observed in the control group. Results All patients had normal serum thyroid hormone levels. Eight patients had RMR and TEE values within 15% of predicted values and were substantially underreporting their energy intake. One patient had low TEE (−19%) and a normal RMR, a finding that implies a low level of physical activity. This patient also underreported energy intake as estimated by the doubly labeled water technique during the study (−38%). The 10th patient had a low RMR (−23.2%) and TEE (−25.0%), the mechanism of which was uncertain. This patient's reported food intake over the 14-day period was accurate but was less than her long-term intake over months or years as suggested by doubly labeled water TEE estimates. The TEF response in patients was not significantly different from that observed in the control group. Conclusions Underreporting of energy intake from foods is a frequent finding in patients with disturbances in body weight regulation who are referred for obesity evaluation. Severe underreporting may be detectable by means' of screening measures available to most dietitians. Low energy expenditure, due either to physical inactivity or to metabolic factors, is also observed. Modern evaluation methods provide new insights into patients with weight regulatory disturbances and at the same time stimulate important new research questions. J Am Diet Assoc. 1995; 95:1393-1400 .
Increasing employment of opioid dependent outpatients: an intensive behavioral intervention

Abstract The impact of a new, mandatory employment requirement in a community-based methadone treatment program was evaluated. All patients who had been in the methadone substitution program for at least 1 year but who were not currently employed ( n =36) were required to enhance their treatment with 20 h of employment (paid or volunteer). Patients with significant psychiatric or medical disabilities were excluded from the routine treatment requirement. Patients were informed by counseling staff that they had 2 months to secure employment. Those who did not accomplish the goal within that time period were transferred to more intensive weekly counseling (i.e. up to 8 h/week) for 10 weeks, with the enhanced counseling focusing primarily on resistance to the employment goal. Patients who remained resistant to the treatment plan were eventually started on a 21 day methadone taper until employment was verified. Seventy-five percent of the patients secured employment and maintained the position for at least 1 month. Positions were found in an average of 60 days. Most patients (78%) continued working throughout the 6-month follow-up. Those who failed to find work or maintain employment engaged in more illicit drug use. These results demonstrate that behavioral contingencies can motivate many methadone maintenance patients to obtain verified employment in the community.
Structural and optical properties of periodically ordered ZnO nanowires

Periodically ordered ZnO nanowire arrays were fabricated by a combination of soft templates created by electron beam lithography and an electrochemical process. Individual ZnO nanowires were precisely placed in desired locations to form two-dimensional periodic structures with specific patterns. Scanning electron microscopy and light diffraction measurements confirmed the long-range ordered structures in the nanowire arrays. Variable temperature photoluminescence revealed both band edge and defect emissions. The obtained photonic structures may have potential applications in optical and optoelectronic devices.
Realization of quantum process tomography in NMR

Quantum process tomography is a procedure by which the unknown dynamical evolution of an open quantum system can be fully experimentally characterized. We demonstrate explicitly how this procedure can be implemented with a nuclear magnetic resonance quantum computer. This allows us to measure the fidelity of a controlled-NOT logic gate and to experimentally investigate the error model for our computer. Based on the latter analysis, we test an important assumption underlying many models of quantum error correction, the independence of errors on different qubits.
Bait consumption by Sooty Terns: implications for island eradication programmes

Rat Rattus spp. predation is widely recognised as a major threat to insular seabird populations. Rodent eradication programmes have advanced over the last two decades with purported benefits to ecosystems and seabird conservation. However, the danger of non-target poisoning to seabirds has rarely been examined, despite hundreds of insular eradication efforts. We initiated research to assess the risk of rodenticide bait to nesting Sooty Terns Sterna fuscata on Wake Atoll Complex. Placebo bait with a fluorescing dye was used in a control treatment design to track exposure and ingestion. Camera-based observations and faecal samples, post-mortem inspections and live chick observations suggested that bait exposure and consumption occurred, but that it was infrequent. Results indicated that poison bait eradication should occur outside the chick rearing phase to minimise risks to nesting seabirds. Our study also documents previously unreported environmental fluorescence, which may increase false positive results in pre-eradication assessments of bait palatability, bait uptake rates, and bait application methods that use inactive fluorescing test baits. We recommend that future conservation efforts begin with an evaluation of environmentally-based fluorescence before formal biomarker studies.
CD4+ CELL OLIGOCLONALITY IN CROHN'S DISEASE : EVIDENCE FOR AN ANTIGEN-SPECIFIC RESPONSE

To identify disease-specific T cell changes that occur in Crohn's disease (CD) the T-cell receptor (TCR) BV repertoires of lamina propria lymphocytes (LPL) from both disease-active and disease-inactive colonic tissue of three CD patients were compared by a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and CDR3 length analysis. It was observed that the BV repertoires of LPL isolated from the disease-active and disease-inactive parts of the colon of the same individual were different, and most of the differences occurred in CD4+ LPL with very few differences in the CD8+ populations of LPL. Although the pattern of BV segments that was increased in disease-active relative to disease-inactive tissue was different for all three CD patients, there was an increase in the levels of BV11, 13S2, 15, 16, and 17 segments in the disease-active tissue of all three patients. Standard CDR3 length analysis of BV11, 13S2, 15, 16, and 17 segments revealed that in two of the three CD patients there was a striking degree of TCR oligoclonality in the disease-active tissue that was absent from disease-inactive tissue of the same individual. Additional differences between the disease-active and disease-inactive tissues were observed using a more refined method of CDR3 length analysis, which employs BV- and BJ-specific primers. These observations suggest that at least some of the inflammation in CD is the result of responses by CD4+ T cells to specific antigens.
An improved radioreceptor assay for 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in human plasma.

Abstract We describe a modified assay technique for quantitating 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in plasma. The method involves a rapid extraction of the hormone using minicolumn (made of granular diatomaceous earth) chromatography followed by single-step purification on high-performance liquid chromatography. Quantitation of plasma 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D is achieved by a radioligand receptor assay employing lyophilized cytosolic receptor protein from chick intestine and high-specific-activity 1,25-dihydroxy[3H]vitamin D3 (166 Ci/mmol). A new incubation medium including an ethanol extract of vitamin D-deficient chick serum yields high specific binding and improves the precision of the radioassay. Bound and free hormone are separated with dextran-coated charcoal of equivalent particle size. The method is sensitive to 0.5 pg/tube with a practical detection range of 1–20 pg/tube, permitting duplicate assay of endogenous 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in plasma volumes as small as 0.5 ml. The intra- and interassay coefficient of variation are 5 and 9%, respectively, and the method is valid over a wide-range sample dilution. This assay technique was applied to the measurement of plasma 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D hormone concentration in normal young adults (55.2 ± 13.6 pg/ml; n = 20) and in patients with chronic renal failure (13.5 ± 5.2 pg/ml; n = 9) and primary hyperparathyroidism (83.3 ± 18 pg/ml; n = 10).
Effects of neonatal estrogen on in vivo transport of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid into rat brain.

Abstract The effects of neonatally administered estradiol benzoate were determined on the transport of α-[1- 14 C]aminoisobutyric acid into amygdala, cerebellum, corpora quadrigemina, cortices (frontal, occipital, parietal, pyriform), hypothalamus, medulla, olfactory bulbs, olfactory tubercles, and pons of the rat brain. Rats were injected subcutaneously with either 500 μg estradiol benzoate or vehicle 24 and 72 h after birth, and at 5, 10, or 17 days of age they were decapitated 2, 5, 60, or 300 min after the intraperitoneal injection of α-[1- 14 C]-aminoisobutyric acid. By 300 min, the active transport of the isotope in estradiol benzoate-treated rats was greater in all brain regions of 5-day-old rats and in 8 of the 12 brain regions of 10-day-old rats. Estradiol benzoate did not alter active transport in 17-day-old rats at 300 min. These data suggest that injection of estradiol benzoate during the critical period of brain differentiation (directly or indirectly) affects processes regulating the active transport of α-[1- 14 C]aminoisobutyric acid into brain regions of neonatal rats. The effectiveness of the steroid also decreases with age.
Financial Reporting Fraud: Could It Happen to You?

You think it can't happen to you. But so did more than 200 companies, slammed hard by the SEC for reporting fraud. Almost immediately, company stock prices plummeted—followed by shareholder lawsuits, bankruptcy, civil fines, and even jail time for some execs. However, say the authors, those companies could have saved themselves—by focusing on four key areas. Here are some clear “dos” and “don'ts” you can't afford to ignore. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Effect of Ethanol Administration on Striatal D1 and D2 Dopamine Receptors

: Chronic in vivo exposure of rats to ethanol in a complete liquid diet for 14 or 21 days produced a behavioral tolerance to the acute injection of ethanol. After 21 days, but not 14 days, of chronic exposure, there was a significant increase in the maximum density of striatal D1 and D2 dopamine receptors without a change in these receptors' affinities. A 24-h withdrawal from the 21-day exposure did not alter the observed increase in density. Both the level and duration of ethanol exposure appear to be important variables for demonstration of an increase in striatal D1 and D2 dopamine receptors.
Nitrogen efficiency in grain sorghum

Abstract Grain sorghum, Sorghum bicolor (1.) Moench has not been fully evaluated for its variability in nitrogen efficiency. A 2‐year study using 12 hybrids was conducted and nitrogen efficiency was calculated as: 1. total dry matter (DM) per unit N uptake (NE1), 2. total grain yield per unit N uptake (NE2), and 3. the product of NE2 and the grain N:stover N ratio (NE3). NE1 values increased with plant age and were significantly different among hybrids at all stages of growth. A 20% difference in NE1 was found between the least and most efficient hybrids at maturity. A significant hybrid x year interaction showed that the environment strongly influenced hybrid ranking. Hybrids which ranked high in one year often did poorly the other year and visa versa for NE1, NE2, or NE3. Each N efficiency criterion ranked the hybrids differently, although NE1 and NE2 appeared to be the most closely related. Hybrids generally maintained satisfactory values for NE3 if one parent (either male or female) had a high NE3 val...
Emittance measurement and modeling for the Fermilab Booster

Turn-by-turn beam profile data measured at the Fermilab Booster are studied. Lattice models with experimental accelerator ramping parameters are used to obtain the lattice functions for data analysis. We studied the horizontal and vertical emittance growth behavior in different stages of a booster ramping cycle and its relation to the beam intensity. The transverse and longitudinal components in the horizontal beam width are separated by a fitting model which makes use of the different scaling rules of the beam momentum. We analyze the post-transition horizontal beam size oscillation based on a model where the longitudinal phase-space mismatch has resulted from rf voltage mismatch during the transition-energy crossing. We carried out systematic multiparticle simulation to show that the source of the vertical emittance growth is a combination of the random errors in skew-quadrupole and dipole fields, and the systematic Montague resonance. The effect of random quadrupole field is small for the Fermilab Booster because the betatron envelope tunes are reasonably far away from the half-integer stop band.
The predominance of quarter-power scaling in biology

Summary 1. Recent studies have resurrected the debate over the value for the allometric scaling exponent that relates whole-organism metabolic rate to body size. Is it 3 / 4 or 2 / 3 ? This question has been raised before and resolved in favour of 3 / 4 . Like previous ones, recent claims for a value of 2 / 3 are based almost entirely on basal metabolic rate (BMR) in mammals. 2. Here we compile and analyse a new, larger data set for mammalian BMR. We show that interspecific variation in BMR, as well as field metabolic rates of mammals, and basal or standard metabolic rates for many other organisms, including vertebrates, invertebrates, protists and plants, all scale with exponents whose confidence intervals include 3 / 4 and exclude 2 / 3 . Our analysis of maximal metabolic rate gives a slope that is greater than and confidence intervals that exclude both 3 / 4 and 2 / 3 . 3. Additionally, numerous other physiological rates that are closely tied to metabolism in a wide variety of organisms, including heart and respiratory rates in mammals, scale as M − 1/4 . 4. The fact that quarter-power allometric scaling is so pervasive in biology suggests that different allometric relations have a common, mechanistic origin and provides an empirical basis for theoretical models that derive these scaling exponents.
Thermal-accommodation measurement of helium on a suspended water droplet

An innovative method for determining the thermal-accommodation coefficients of gases by means of monitoring the Mie scattering from a single suspended water droplet is described. The heat exchange between the gas molecules and the suspended droplet is analyzed by considering the simultaneous mass- and heat-transfer processes during droplet growth by condensation in a gas--water-vapor environment. Measurements have been carried out for helium with water-vapor-to-helium ratios in the range of 1:0.5 to 1:2.5. The thermal conductivity of this mixture is found to be best represented by its reciprocal average. The thermal-accommodation coefficient of helium on water surfaces is determined to be 0.65\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05, as compared to unity for water vapor on water surfaces.
Seed Banks and Molecular Maps: Unlocking Genetic Potential from the Wild

Nearly a century has been spent collecting and preserving genetic diversity in plants. Germplasm banks-living seed collections that serve as repositories of genetic variation-have been established as a source of genes for improving agricultural crops. Genetic linkage maps have made it possible to study the chromosomal locations of genes for improving yield and other complex traits important to agriculture. The tools of genome research may finally unleash the genetic potential of our wild and cultivated germplasm resources for the benefit of society.
Abstract 2035: The levels of miR-145 are regulated by DNA methylation and p53 gene status in prostate cancer

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC MiR-145 is down-regulated in various cancers. However, the regulation of miR-145 and its role in the prostate cancer is not known. We analyzed the expression of miR-145 in microdissected prostate cancers and adjacent normal prostate tissues. In 17 of 21 (81%) prostate cancers, the levels of miR-145 (measured by qRT-PCR) were significantly lower than those in the adjacent normal tissues. Down-regulated miR-145 levels correlated with DNA methylation (identified by methylation-specific PCR and sequencing) in the upstream region of miR-145, indicating that methylation may be involved in its regulation. The levels of miR-145 were also measured in 49 cancer cell lines, including 4 prostate cancer, 3 kidney cancer, 11 breast cancer, 23 colorectal cancer and 8 pancreatic cancer cell lines. In cancer cell lines, the down-regulation of miR-145 was also significantly correlated with its methylation. In seven cancer cell lines (3 prostate cancer, 2 kidney cancer and 2 colorectal cancer cell lines) with methylated miR-145, treatment with the demethylation agent, 5-aza-deoxycytidine significantly induced miR-145 expression. We also found a significant correlation between miR-145 expression and the status of the p53 gene in 49 cancer cell lines. In 31 cell lines with a p53 gene mutation, miR-145 levels were low in 30 cell lines (97%) while in 18 cell lines with wild type p53, miR-145 levels were low in only 6 cell lines (33%, p<0.001). There is a potential p53 protein binding site upstream of miR-145 flanked by methylated CpG sites. The binding ability of wild type and mutant p53 to this site with or without methylation, and the effects on the expression of miR-145 were tested by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and luciferase assay. In summary, this is the first report on miR-145 regulation by p53 mutation and DNA hypermathylation in prostate cancer. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2035.
Treatment of Metabolic Alkalosis with Peritoneal Dialysis in a Patient with Renal Failure

Peritoneal dialysis using a chloride-rich dialysate succeeded in correcting systemic metabolic alkalosis in a patient with renal failure. The present approach may have a place in the therapy of metabolic alkalosis.
Ethanol is a potent inhibitor of canine cerebrospinal fluid production: an acute and reversible effect

Neuropathological studies have shown increased cerebral spaces in alcoholics, yet, the effect of ethanol on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) production is not known. We investigated the effects of ethanol on CSF production measured by ventriculocisternal perfusion (VCP) technique, in two groups (n=10 in each) of anesthetized, paralyzed and mechanically ventilated dogs. In group I, which served as control, VCP was performed with normal mock CSF. Ethanol (150 mg/dl of mock CSF, approximately 33 mM) was added to VCP in group II. Beginning 60 min after the start of VCP, CSF production was measured every 15 min for the next 4 h. In group I, mean (+/-S.D.) value for CSF production was 51+/-10 microliter/min initially and decreased significantly but slightly with time, to the lowest value of 44+/-11 microliter/min at the end of the experiment. In group II, values for CSF production were 41+/-8, 41+/-8, 41+/-8, 43+/-6, 43+/-8, 42+/-6, 42+/-8, 38+/-6, 37+/-6, 36+/-5, 36+/-5, microliter/min, respectively, from 15 to 165 min. These values were invariably significantly lower than their respective mean values in the control group. Furthermore, when ethanol was withdrawn at the trough of CSF production (at 165 min), production significantly increased by about 40%. We conclude that ethanol at a concentration of 150 mg/dl (far below lethal levels) is one of the most potent inhibitory drugs for decreasing CSF production. This effect is short-onset and is fully reversible within 15 min of ethanol withdrawal.
Hafnium interdiffusion studies from hafnium silicate into silicon

The interdiffusion of Hf and Si from high-κ gate dielectric candidate (HfO2)1−x(SiO2)x thin films deposited on Si (100) was studied using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry, high resolution transmission electron microscopy, and Rutherford backscattering spectrometry in combination with chemical etching. After extreme rapid and conventional furnace thermal annealing treatments, Hf incorporation into Si is limited to less than 0.5–1 nm from the interface. Implications for high-κ gate dielectric applications are also discussed.
Impact of Woolly Apple Aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) on the Growth of Potted Apple Trees

The impact of woolly apple aphids (WAA), Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausmann), on growth and nutrient content of plant tissues was investigated with young apple trees grown in growth chambers. One hundred forty-four individually potted and caged tissue cultured ‘M.7’ apple trees were divided equally into two treatments (infested with five first-instr WAA on the shoot or infested with five first-instar WAA on the roots) and an uninfested control. Root galls and stem splits began forming as a result of WAA feeding after only 4 and 8 wk, respectively. Four weeks after infestation, trees in the WAA-infested treatments had significantly greater shoot and root dry weight than the control trees. After 16 wk, the growth rate of infested trees had decreased and the dry weights of roots, shoots, and leaves were greater in control trees than in treated trees. The difference in dry weight increased at 21 wk. In general, roots were more severely affected by WAA; populations of WAA on roots caused a greater reduction in tissue weights than WAA feeding on the shoot. WAA feeding also caused a decrease in foliar nitrogen and phosphorus; results from the other elemental analyses were variable. Results from the elemental analysis of root tissue indicated that WAA disrupted the nutrient balance of these apple trees.
Trendy solutions: Why do states adopt Sustainable Energy Portfolio Standards?

Abstract Thirty-four states had adopted Sustainable Energy Portfolio Standards (SEPS) or similar goals by the end of 2008, with 14 adoptions since 2006. There appears to be something trendy about SEPS and states may adopt SEPS when internal variables would indicate otherwise. This analysis extends the current discussion of SEPS adoption beyond internal variables, relying on innovation and diffusion theory. Logistic regression with SEPS adoption as the dependent variable is used to test internal determinants and diffusion measures for the years 1997–2008. Of the internal determinants variables, affluence and government ideology were found to be positive and significant. The results show that regional and neighbor diffusion variables are significant in SEPS adoption decisions—even when accounting for ideological distance from previous adopters.
In-Situ Observations of Shear Band Development during Deformation of a Bulk Metallic Glass

We have studied the development of shear band structure in a Zr57Ti5Cu20Ni8Al10 bulk metallic glass during deformation. In order to investigate the relationship between shear band development and serrated flow, we performed uniaxial compression tests in an environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM). During the deformation, load-time data and surface images were simultaneously recorded. In the stress-time data, stress drops or “serrated flow” appear to correlate to new shear band formation. The majority of the shear bands we observed were at an angle of 45° with respect to the compression axis. In addition, we measured shear offset as a function of position along the shear band. We observed two different offset behaviors: Consistent offset along the length of a shear band, and offset that is localized into part of the band. The localized offset behavior could be evidence for dislocation-like displacement increments, or could be the result of a transition in the failure mode.
Estimation of age structure in anthropological demography

The past decade has produced considerable debate over the feasibility of paleodemographic research, with much attention focusing on the question of reliability of age estimates. We show here that in cases where age is estimated rather than known, the traditional method of assigning individuals to age classes will produce biased estimates of age structure. We demonstrate the effect of this bias both mathematically and by computer simulation, and show how a more appropriate method from the fisheries literature (the "iterated age length key") can be used to estimate age structure. Because it is often the case that ages are also estimated for extant groups, we suggest that our results are relevant to the general field of anthropological demography, and that it is time for us to improve the statistical basis for age structure estimation. We further suggest that the oft noted paucity of older individuals in skeletal collections is a simple result of the use of inappropriate methods of age estimation, and that this problem can be rectified in the future by using maximum likelihood estimates of life table or hazard functions incorporating the uncertainty of age estimates.
Dental caries in the molar teeth of rats III. Bio-assay of sodium fluoride and sodium lauroyl sarcosinate as caries-inhibitory agents

T h e caries-inhibitory e ffec t o f sodium lauroyl sarcosinate in the drinking w ater at a 0.5 p er cent level, and o f 50 ppm fluorine as sodium fluoride in the drinking w ater, was studied in SpragueD aw ley rats fed the M cC lu re-F olk cariesinducing form ula 635 diet. Sulcal, proxim al and buccolingual lesions w ere assessed. Sodium lauroyl sarcosinate re­ duced carious activity prim arily along buccolingual surfaces but not in sulcal areas or in the m ore susceptible proxim al areas o f m axillary teeth. Sodium fluoride reduced carious activity in all susceptible areas o f the molar dentition. I t was e ffe c ­ tive even w hen carious activity was high and its concentration was low. N ow that the effectiveness o f inhibitors can be studied sim ultaneously on all types o f ex ­ perim ental lesions, the tim e m ay be ap­ proaching w hen the relative effectiveness o f caries-inhibiting agents can be p re ­ d icted with m ore confidence.
Compiler verification meets cross-language linking via data abstraction

Many real programs are written in multiple different programming languages, and supporting this pattern creates challenges for formal compiler verification. We describe our Coq verification of a compiler for a high-level language, such that the compiler correctness theorem allows us to derive partial-correctness Hoare-logic theorems for programs built by linking the assembly code output by our compiler and assembly code produced by other means. Our compiler supports such tricky features as storable cross-language function pointers, without giving up the usual benefits of being able to verify different compiler phases (including, in our case, two classic optimizations) independently. The key technical innovation is a mixed operational and axiomatic semantics for the source language, with a built-in notion of abstract data types, such that compiled code interfaces with other languages only through axiomatically specified methods that mutate encapsulated private data, represented in whatever formats are most natural for those languages.
Atypical patterns of cerebral motor activation in autism: a functional magnetic resonance study

Abstract Background: Early neurodevelopmental pathogenesis in autism potentially affects emerging functional maps, but little imaging evidence is available. Methods: We studied eight male autistic and eight matched normal subjects, using functional magnetic resonance imaging during visually paced finger movement, compared to a control condition (visual stimulation in the absence of motor response). Results: Groupwise analyses showed activation in contralateral perirolandic cortex, basal ganglia, and thalamus, bilateral supplementary motor area, and ipsilateral cerebellum for both groups. However, activations were less pronounced in the autism group. Direct group comparisons demonstrated greater activation in perirolandic and supplementary motor areas in the control group and greater activation (or reduced deactivation) in posterior and prefrontal cortices in the autism group. Intraindividual analyses further showed that strongest activations were consistently located along the contralateral central sulcus in control subjects but occurred in locations differing from individual to individual in the autism group. Conclusions: Our findings, though based on a rather small sample, suggest abnormal individual variability of functional maps and less distinct regional activation/deactivation patterns in autism. The observations may relate to known motor impairments in autism and are compatible with the general hypothesis of disturbances of functional differentiation in the autistic cerebrum.
Bethe-Salpeter equation for nucleon-nucleon scattering: Matrix Padé approximants. II

The matrix Pad\'e approximants introduced in a previous paper are extended to include "off-shell" effects. The [1/1] Pad\'e approximant becomes very accurate with the addition of only a few "off-shell" states.
Phosphorus limitation of forest leaf area and net primary production on a highly weathered soil.

We tested the hypothesis that P was the nutrient limiting net primary production of a nativeMetrosideros polymorpha forest on a highly weathered montane tropical soil in Hawaii. A factorial experiment used all combinations of three fertilizer treatments: nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and a mix of other essential nutrients (OE), consisting primarily of mineral derived cations and excluding N and P. P addition, but not N or OE, increased leaf area index within 12 months, foliar P concentration measured at 18 months, and stem diameter increment within 18 months. Stem growth at 18 months was even greater when trees fertilized with P also received the OE treatment. N and P additions increased leaf litterfall and N and P in combination further increased litterfall. The sequence of responses suggests that increased available P promoted an increase in photosynthetic area which led to increased wood production. P was the essential element most limiting to primary production on old volcanic soil in contrast to the N limitation found on young volcanic soils.
Economic factors and the stock market: a new perspective

It has been widely accepted that many financial and economic variables are non-linear, and neural networks can model flexible linear or non-linear relationships among variables. The present paper deals with an important issue: Can the many studies in the finance literature evidencing predictability of stock returns by means of linear regression be improved by a neural network? We show that the predictive accuracy can be improved by a neural network, and the results largely hold out-of-sample. Both the neural network and linear forecasts show significant market timing ability. While the switching portfolio based on the linear forecasts outperforms the buy-and-hold market portfolio under all three transaction cost scenarios, the switching portfolio based on the neural network forecasts beats the market only if there is no transaction cost. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An improvement of Gribov's reggeon calculus

We derive an expression for Regge cuts and the associated enhancement of Regge poles, following Gribov' s derivation of the reggeon calculus, but refraining from making an approximation made by Gribov. We show that Gribov's loop integrand should be multiplied by A(t_ tl, t2))/'+1-~1 --a2 F(-~)l~(/'+2--Ctl--a2)
Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone neurons express c-fos antigen after steroid activation.

Immature female rats received implants containing 17β-estradiol on postnatal day 28 at 0900 h, followed 24 h later by either blank capsules or progesterone. Between 1500– 1600 h on the day of progesterone (or blank capsule) implantation, these rats, a group of unoperated or sham controls, and a group of estrogen-progesterone-treated immature male rats were killed and perfused, and their brains processed for immunocytochemistry of c-fos antigen and LHRH. LHRH neurons consistently expressed c-fos after estrogen-progesterone treatment in females but not males; in only one of four females examined was c-fos induced after estrogen treatment. No fos was associated with LHRH neurons in the control groups. The LHRH neurons that expressed c-fos were located in the preoptic area and anterior hypothalamus; more rostral LHRH cells did not appear stimulated. These data demonstrate that gonadal steroids, administered in a paradigm that predictably produces timed stimulation of LH release, induce c-fos in LHRH neurons. ...
Probability in rational decision-making

Les correlations statistiques ont valeur dans des situations a long terme et peuvent, donc, trouver une application dans la prise de decision a long terme. Cependant ces correlations ne correspondent pas automatiquement a une structure operative et causale dans des cas individuels isoles et ne sont pas appropriees a la prise de decision rationnelle dans les cas individuels
The effect of a couples intervention to increase breast cancer screening among Korean Americans

Breast cancer is the leading cancer among Korean American (KA) women (Miller, Chu, Hankey, & Ries, 2008). The incidence of breast cancer in all Asian women, including KA women, has been much lower than for Caucasian women in the United States. However, the incidence noticeably increases as the length of residence in the United States increases, a phenomenon that is potentially related to adopting a more Western lifestyle (Deapen, Liu, Perkins, Bernstein, & Ross, 2002; Ursin et al., 1999). Invasive breast cancer among KA women almost doubled from 1988 (26 per 100,000 women) to 1997 (45 per 100,000 women), but the rates for African American and Hispanic populations remained about the same (Deapen et al., 2002).