cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The oxidation of cobalt-chromium-titanium alloys at 1000°C

Cobalt-based alloys containing 3,5,10,15, and 20% Cr with 1 and 3% Ti were oxidized at 1000°C in slowly flowing oxygen gas. In general, titanium additions decreased the oxidation rate with the most pronounced effect being observed at the 10% Cr level. Titanium accelerated the formation of Cr2O3 layers at the metal-oxide interface. Faceted CrxTiyOz spinel particles were found at the metal-oxide interface which varied in composition according to microprobe results. There was no evidence of spalling on the Co-Cr-Ti alloys studied in contrast to the severe spalling normally encountered in Ni-Cr-Ti alloys. Distinct morphological differences existed on the outer CoO layer of the 1% Ti alloys in comparison to the O and 3% Ti alloys.
Novel Treatment of the Heisenberg SPIN-1 CHAIN:APPLICATION to NI(C2H8N2)2NO2(ClO4)

We suggest a new field theory treatment of the Heisenberg spin‐1 chain with a single‐ion anisotropy as a theory of three Majorana (real) fermions. We calculate the static and dynamic magnetic susceptibilities and eliminate the reported contradiction between excitation gaps deduced from high‐field magnetization measurements and neutron scattering data.
High-Temperature, Dual-Atmosphere Corrosion of Solid-Oxide Fuel Cell Interconnects

High-temperature corrosion of ferritic stainless steel (FSS) surfaces can be accelerated and anomalous when it is simultaneously subjected to different gaseous environments, e.g., when separating fuel (hydrogen) and oxidant (air) streams, in comparison with single-atmosphere exposures, e.g., air only. This so-called “dual-atmosphere” exposure is realized in many energy-conversion systems including turbines, boilers, gasifiers, heat exchangers, and particularly in intermediate temperature (600–800°C) planar solid-oxide fuel cell (SOFC) stacks. It is generally accepted that hydrogen transport through the FSS (plate or tube) and its subsequent integration into the growing air-side surface oxide layer can promote accelerated and anomalous corrosion—relative to single-atmosphere exposure—via defect chemistry changes, such as increased cation vacancy concentrations, decreased oxygen activity, and steam formation within the growing surface oxide layers. Establishment of a continuous and dense surface oxide layer on the fuel side of the FSS can inhibit hydrogen transport and the associated effects on the air side. Minor differences in FSS composition, microstructure, and surface conditions can all have dramatic influences on dual-atmosphere corrosion behaviors. This article reviews high-temperature, dual-atmosphere corrosion phenomena and discusses implications for SOFC stacks, related applications, and future research.
New strategies to promote the adoption of older children out of foster care

Abstract The proportion of older children in foster care is increasing. In order to ensure that these children do not age out of foster care into a life of poverty, it is imperative that more is done to find these children permanent adoptive homes. There are many more potential adoptive homes available than is commonly thought and there maybe even more homes available due to the increased attention from public and private initiatives focusing on foster children that need adoptive families. In order for these efforts to be successful, the most important steps that need to be taken are those that will decrease the numerous inter-jurisdictional barriers to adoption. Next, adoption practitioners need to focus on finding homes for older children that have empirical data that show they are unlikely to result in adoption disruption. Lastly, both the federal government and state governments need to mobilize funds to create networks of post-adoption services that will provide adoptive families with the support that will enable them to succeed as life-long caregivers.
Extravasation of dactinomycin, vincristine, and cisplatin: Studies in an animal model

Extravasation of some cytotoxic drugs results in chemical cellulitis. Management of suspected extravasation has been empiric and difficult to evaluate clinically. We investigated dactinomycin, vincristine, and cisplatin by means of intradermal injections in Balb-c mice. Reproducible skin lesions with concentric areas of induration, erythema, and ulceration developed in a time- and dose-dependent fashion following injection of dactinomycin. Vincristine caused no lesions following initial intradermal administration, but repeat injection 7 days later was followed by a diffuse punctate ulcerative lesion suggesting a hypersensitivity reaction. Three concentrations (1.0, 0.1, and 0.01 mg/ml) of cisplatin elicited cellulitis following initial injection, but there was no correlation between lesion size and dose. Injection of saline, hydrocortisone, ascorbic acid, sodium thiosulfate, buffered DNA solution, and beta adrenergic agonists and antagonists after the injection of dactinomycin failed to prevent development of lesions. Heat application was also ineffective; however, local cold application prevented or markedly reduced reactions to dactinomycin. We conclude that the intradermal mouse model may be appropriate for the evaluation of the three drugs studied and that cold application is the best antidote among those tested for dactinomycin-induced ulceration in this model.
Unidentified Factors Capable of Reducing Stress in Iodinated Protein-Fed Rats.

SummaryA variety of natural products have been examined by means of a rat-survival assay for their ability to relieve the stress induced by iodinated casein administration. Mammalian muscle and alfalfa have been found to be excellent sources of the protective material(s) being measured, with liver and yeast also containing significant amounts. 2. Materials most active in the survival assay have been demonstrated to reduce thymus and seminal vesicle atrophy and kidney enlargement. When low levels of iodinated protein are employed, the adrenals are also partially restored to normal by the protective substances. Under the conditions employed, the spleens are significantly larger in the protected than the unprotected animals and the testes are not reduced in size by the thyroprotein administration.
Interprofessional Simulation to Foster Collaboration between Nursing and Medical Students

Abstract Background The 2010 Institute of Medicine report suggested that by fostering interprofessional efforts, patient outcomes could be improved. Identifying and evaluating interprofessional education models can help this goal to be realized. Methods A quasi-experimental pilot study using a pre–post test design was used to investigate the effect of interprofessional (nursing and medical students) compared with intraprofessional (nursing students only) simulation on knowledge and confidence and attitudes toward interprofessional learning, teamwork, and collaboration. Four instruments were used to measure outcomes, including a knowledge test, confidence scale, the Readiness Interprofessional Learning Scale, and the Attitudes Toward Health Care Teams Scale. The participants also completed a one minute center designed evaluation instrument after completing the experience. Results Eighty-four nursing students and 23 medical students participated in the study. Students in the interprofessional simulation group had significantly higher scores on knowledge and the three Readiness Interprofessional Learning Scale subscales: teamwork and collaboration, professional identity, and roles and responsibilities in comparison with students in the control group. Conclusions Findings support the value of interprofessional education using simulation as a teaching strategy to improve students' attitudes toward learning in coordination with students from other disciplines.
Exploring the impact of emotion on visual judgement

Existing research suggests that individual personality differences can influence performance with visualizations. In addition to stable traits such as locus of control, research in psychology has found that temporary changes in affect (emotion) can significantly impact individual performance on cognitive tasks. We examine the relationship between fundamental visual judgement tasks and affect through a crowdsourced user study that combines affective-priming techniques from psychology with longstanding graphical perception experiments. Our results suggest that affective-priming can significantly influence accuracy in visual judgements, and that some chart types may be more affected than others.
Management of infectious complications in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

Infectious complications are the most common cause of death in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Opportunistic infections associated with defects in both T and B lymphocyte function have been observed. Invasive infections, including those secondary to procedures both in and out of the hospital, must also be considered. Reliance on serologic antibody tests is ill-advised since antibody response is often not effective. Since simultaneous infections frequently develop in patients with AIDS, attempts to identify pathogens by culture and histopathology should be aggressive and thorough. With rapid diagnosis and therapy, many of the infections will respond. Prolonged treatment is indicated as recrudescence is common.
Thermal Convection in a Cylindrical Annulus with a non-Newtonian Outer Surface

This study presents the results of numerical simulations of a model for lithosphere-mantle coupling in a terrestrial type planet. To first order, a geologically active terrestrial type planet may consist of a metallic core, silicate mantle and lithosphere, with the lithosphere being rheologically different from the mantle. Therefore we have developed a numerical model consisting of a thin non-Newtonian fluid hoop that is dynamically coupled to a thick Newtonian fluid cylindrical annulus. Thus the rheological dichotomy between mantle and lithosphere is built into the model. Time-dependent calculations show the existence of at least two regimes of behaviors. In one regime, the behavior of the hoop switches between periods characterized by low or high speeds, in response to changes in convective vigor and planform. This regime may apply to the planet Venus where the available evidence indicates that prior to 500 myr ago, the planet was resurfaced on a time scale of < 100 myr. Since that time, large-scale tectonic activity on Venus has been sharply curtailed. In the other regime, which is more like plate tectonics on Earth, the hoop speeds rise and fall on short time scales.
The influence of PEG molecular weight on apparent hydrogel microsphere size as measured by the Coulter principle

Many researchers are currently investigating hydrogel microparticles for use in biomedical applications. Often, these investigations use the Coulter principle to evaluate the size distribution of their microparticles. Since this method uses the displacement of electrolyte to determine particle size, the electrolyte contained within the swelled hydrogel microparticles results in an underestimate of actual particle diameters. Using polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA) hydrogel microspheres, we attempted to determine a relation between polymer molecular weight and apparent Coulter diameter that would provide a correction for the underestimation.
Sound Transmission Through a Curved Honeycomb Composite Panel

Composite structures are often used in aircraft because of the advantages offered by a high strength to weight ratio. However, the acoustical properties of these light and stiff structures can often be less than desirable resulting in high aircraft interior noise levels. In this paper, measurements and predictions of the transmission loss of a curved honeycomb composite panel are presented. The transmission loss predictions are validated by comparisons to measurements. An assessment of the behavior of the panel is made from the dispersion characteristics of transverse waves propagating in the panel. The speed of transverse waves propagating in the panel is found to be sonic or supersonic over the frequency range from 100 to 5000 Hz. The acoustical benefit of reducing the wave speed for transverse vibration is demonstrated.
Slowing down to keep the lead in military technology

We develop a model of military technology competition among states. States can choose to introduce new military technology, mimic rivals’ level of technology, or withdraw from the contest. States can choose to implement any level of technology within their current feasible technologies. We find that states with significant technological leads should sometimes withhold new technologies, only strategically releasing them to trump rivals’ efforts. We develop the model by refining Admiral Jackie Fisher’s roughly articulated concept of ‘plunging’. We then use this refined argument to reanalyze the case of naval rivalries among European powers between the Crimean War and the First World War. Finally, we conclude by discussing the model’s implications for current US military force structure planning.
Pulsus paradoxus: definition and relation to the severity of cardiac tamponade.

Abstract Based on 101 control patients, the 95% confidence limit for the inspiratory decrease in arterial systolic pressure (ΔSYST, mm Hg) and the percentage decrease in arterial systolic pressure (%ΔSYST = ΔSYST/expiratory systolic pressure) were determined to be 12 mm Hg and 9%, respectively. In 65 patients with pericardial effusion, the severity of cardiac tamponade was estimated on the basis of the percentage increase in cardiac output resulting from pericardiocentesis: absent = 12 mm Hg and %ΔSYST> 9% in the identification of tamponade was 92% and 97%, respectively. A %ΔSYST> 15% with relative hypotension (expiratory systolic prossure ≤ 120 mm Hg) or a ΔSYST > 25 mm Hg or inspiratory pulse obliteration was found in 31 of 32 patients with moderate or severe tamponade compared to 2 of the 33 remaining patients. We conclude that the inspiratory decline in arterial systolic pressure can be used to accurately estimate the level of hemodynamic embarrassment resulting from pericardial effusion.
Single Port Optical Switching in Integrated Ring Resonators

We have experimentally investigated single-port injection-triggered switching in a new class of semiconductor ring lasers with integrated gain, phase and passive waveguide sections as a building-block for all-optical signal processing such as high-speed analog-to-digital conversion.
Applications of Business Presentation Techniques to One-Shot Library Instruction

One can think of one-shot library instruction sessions as a way to introduce the academic library's resources to first-year students to help them with their research. These classes can also be thought of as an opportunity to “sell” the entire library and its resources to the student. This article will propose suggestions that can be adopted by library instruction librarians based on the recommendations and practices of business marketing practitioners and entrepreneurs who depend on one-shot “selling” meetings to convince their audience to “buy” their wares.
The efficacy of four root canal obturation techniques in preventing apical dye penetration

This study compared the average apical dye penetration observed after obturation with four root canal gutta-percha obturation techniques. Two thermoplasticized techniques were the most effective of the four methods tested.
Relative cue properties of novel-tasting substances in avoidance conditioning

Rats injected with lithium chloride on a day when they tasted a novel substance, saccharin, subsequently showed avoidance, or bait shyness. However, magnitude of avoidance depended upon the substances given the rats on the days just before and after injection day. Maximum avoidance was found for rats given a familiar, contrasting substance (water) on the days before and after, whereas minimum avoidance was shown by rats given saccharin on those days (as well as on injection day). Intermediate avoidance was found for rats given water on either the day before or the day after. Results confirm the importance of contrasting taste cues in successive discrimination tasks employed in bait-shyness studies.
Biliary atresia: Current concepts and research directions. Summary of a symposium

Biliary atresia (BA) is the end result of a destructive, inflammatory process that affects intra- and extrahepatic bile ducts, leading to fibrosis and obliteration of the biliary tract with the development of biliary cirrhosis. It is the commonest cause of chronic cholestasis in infants and children, and therefore is the most frequent indication for liver transplantation in this age group. The disease occurs worldwide, affecting an estimated 1 in 8,000 to 12,000 live births. At present, there is no specific therapy for BA; however, sequential surgical therapy begins with creation of a hepatoportoenterostomy (HPE); in those with end-stage liver disease, liver transplantation is indicated. Since most candidates are young children of small size, there is a shortage of size-matched donors for liver transplantation. At present, an increased awareness to ensure early diagnosis and development of methods to prevent progressive fibrosis are needed. These considerations are dependent on detailed studies of the pathogenesis of BA. Recent studies have focused on normal and altered bile duct morphogenesis and the role of various factors (infectious or toxic agents and metabolic insults) in isolation or in combination with a genetic or immunologic susceptibility in the etiology of BA.
The intensity of land use in urban employment sectors: Chicago 1956–1970

Abstract Net employment density and net floor space density (floor area ratio) in four employment sectors are examined for metropolitan Chicago in 1956 and 1970. The study also includes the formation and preliminary evaluation of a model of land-use intensity.
Learning Communities as Transformative Pedagogy: Centering Diversity in Introductory Sociology.

This paper discusses learning communities as pedagogy for introductory sociology courses, which are often plagued by student apathy. Most importantly, it examines the potential for learning communities to incorporate active and collaborative learning techniques as a vehicle to subvert dominant views of diversity, to see diversity as intersecting social inequalities that can be rearranged in favor of greater social equality. The effectiveness of a learning community with the theme of diversity for meeting these goals is assessed using qualitative and quantitative data. It is concluded that the pedagogic framework of the learning community did indeed push students to problematize their student role. Finally, a review of results from a pre/post-test questionnaire suggests that students entered the community as a fairly homogenous group in their views of diversity and left as a more heterogeneous group, indicating some shift in consciousness, however slight.
An S-R inventory of dominance for research on the nature of person-situation interactions1

The development and validation of an S-R inventory of dominance is described. The inventory was found to have high reliability, adequate convergent and discriminant validity, and a meaningful factor structure. In samples of 18 and 164 college students the interaction between persons and situations contributed more to total score variance than did either persons or situations taken separately. Moreover, the percentage of variance due to the person-situation interaction for dominance was found to be substantially larger than those obtained for other personality characteristics that have been studied with S-R inventories. These considerations suggest that this new S-R inventory is particularly appropriate for future research on dominance and the nature of person-situation interactions.
Cost efficiency in primary health care: studies of health facilities in Indonesia.

This study investigates whether small rural health care facilities provide more efficient outpatient care than more technologically advanced facilities. A model of the cost structure between rural health centers and subcenters in Central Java was used to assess evidence of systematic cost differences between these two facilities and outpatient services. Data was collected between 1981-1983 in Central Java province Indonesia. An analysis of cost for public facilities - 2 health centers and 4 sub-centers/health posts - were conducted in 1981 in 2 rural sub-districts. Data was also collected on facility configuration and utilization gathered from a larger sampling of 24 sub- districts. The 2 original sub-district figures were added to this set of data totalling 26. In conclusion there was little clear difference in efficiency between health centers and sub-centers. Low income families opted for sub-centers as opposed to health centers. As a result a call for more peripheral units is suggested. Community health workers overall were more efficient and equitable than maternal and child health family planning services located in community-based clinics. Model cost data presented is rather simplistic and may not adequately reflect an accurate picture of cost within larger health facilities. Models are used specifically to explore structural differences between types of health units suggested for further studies of this nature are data based on a larger representation of health facilities representing larger regions and countries. Models should also consider district population size density case combination and quality care.
Molecular control of ethylene production by cyanide in Arabidopsis thaliana

Although cyanide has long been recognized as a co-product of ethylene synthesis, little attention has been given to its potential physiological and molecular roles. In the present work, the long-term effects of cyanide on growth and development were observed in Arabidopsis thaliana. Two days after a single 20-min application of cyanide, plants demonstrated visible signs of stress. Long-term detrimental effects on growth and photosynthetic capabilities were noted, including low chlorophyll accumulation and stunted growth. Because of the relationship between cyanide and ethylene production, we chose to evaluate the results of cyanide treatment on genes encoding proteins involved in ethylene synthesis. We have found that only the 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) synthase gene, ACS6, is rapidly activated in response to cyanide treatment, while other ACS genes were unaffected. This same gene has previously been shown to be transcriptionally activated in response to touch and other environmental stimuli. Cyanide was capable of activating ACS6 transcription within 10 min of treatment, and the amount of transcript correlated positively with the cyanide dosage. Due to the toxic nature of cyanide, plant in vivo concentrations are generally maintained lower than 10 μM, but can increase under certain stresses. In the present work, we observed that physiologically relevant concentrations as low as 1 μM HCN, considered metabolically ‘safe’, were capable of initiating ACS6 transcription. ACS6 transcripts were not substantially reduced as a result of multiple cyanide treatments, which is in contrast with the effects of mechanical stimulation on transcription. Our results suggest a relationship between cyanide production during ethylene synthesis and the molecular control of ethylene synthesis. This work corresponds with earlier experiments that have demonstrated that ethylene and cyanide can elicit some similar physiological responses. It is possible that cyanide may play an active role in ethylene regulation under conditions where rapid cyanide accumulation occurs. Since cyanide can rapidly activate ethylene synthesis, it is possible that it is involved in the positive-feedback regulation of ethylene that occurs in some plant tissues.
A new theory of ameboid movement and protoplasmic streaming

Four hypotheses of ameboid movement based on cytoplasmic contractility have been considered and evaluated in relation to a number of observations regarding ameboid movement which in effect constitute requirements for an acceptable theory. One of these hypotheses has been developed into a consistent theory which fulfills all of the stated requirements. The new theory, called the fountain zone contraction theory, identifies the motive force for ameboid movement as an active contraction of endoplasm passing through the fountain zone, where it becomes everted to form the ectoplasmic tube. The theory has been verified to the extent that several lines of evidence point to cytoplasmic shortening, syneresis, and the development of tension, all localized in the fountain zone at the advancing front of a pseudopod. The fountain zone contraction theory, it is believed, represents an important step in the direction of a more complete understanding of cytoplasmic streaming, pseudopod formation, the control of cell form and cell locomotion, and responsiveness both to generalized stimuli and to the presence of prey in the ameba and similar cells. In principle, the theory is more broadly applicable, and easily testable, in other kinds of cytoplasmic streaming encountered in animal and plant cells.
Autopilot: an online data acquisition control system for the enhanced high-throughput characterization of intact proteins.

The ability to study organisms by direct analysis of their proteomes without digestion via mass spectrometry has benefited greatly from recent advances in separation techniques, instrumentation, and bioinformatics. However, improvements to data acquisition logic have lagged in comparison. Past workflows for Top Down Proteomics (TDPs) have focused on high throughput at the expense of maximal protein coverage and characterization. This mode of data acquisition has led to enormous overlap in the identification of highly abundant proteins in subsequent LC-MS injections. Furthermore, a wealth of data is left underutilized by analyzing each newly targeted species as unique, rather than as part of a collection of fragmentation events on a distinct proteoform. Here, we present a major advance in software for acquisition of TDP data that incorporates a fully automated workflow able to detect intact masses, guide fragmentation to achieve maximal identification and characterization of intact protein species, and per...
Naive Ducklings Show Different Cardiac Response To Hawk Than To Goose Models

Naive mallard ducklings were exposed to overflights of a silhouette of either a hawk or a goose on one day and the other configuration on the next day. An audio record of the heart rate was recorded utilizing a small transducer. Most of the ducklings (14 of 20) showed a greater variance in heart rate in response to the hawk than to the goose (p<0.01 ). These results indicate that the ducklings without prior, specific experience can differentiate between a goose and a hawk and show a greater emotional response to the latter. This constitutes evidence for the recognition of configurational stimulus without prior, pertinent experience. The use of cardiac responses as a measure of emotionality or fear is discussed, as are the merits of various measures of changes in heart rate. We conclude that variance in heart rate is an excellent measure of emotional response to a stimulus.
The Capture and Loss of Electrons by Helium Ions in Helium

Mean free paths for capture (${L}_{1}$) and loss (${L}_{0}$) of electrons by helium ions in helium have been measured by a method whose chief novelty is the use of an ion source which gives quite strictly homogeneous velocities. In the range of velocities 0.6 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{8}$ cm/sec. to 1.0 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{8}$ cm/sec. ${L}_{0}$, reduced to 760 mm, is found to decrease from 21.5 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ cm to 8.6 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ cm and ${L}_{1}$ is practically constant at 1.2 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ cm. These results are compared to similar measurements by other observers, particularly with regard to the manner of dependence on velocity. The relation of the results to available information on ionization and energy loss is discussed.
Updates on the Management of Diabetes in Dialysis Patients

Diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in the U.S. and many countries globally. The role of improved glycemic control in ameliorating the exceedingly high mortality risk of diabetic dialysis patients is unclear. The treatment of diabetes in ESRD patients is challenging, given changes in glucose homeostasis, the unclear accuracy of glycemic control metrics, and the altered pharmacokinetics of glucose-lowering drugs by kidney dysfunction, the uremic milieu, and dialysis therapy. Up to one-third of diabetic dialysis patients may experience spontaneous resolution of hyperglycemia with hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels <6%, a phenomenon known as "Burnt-Out Diabetes," which remains with unclear biologic plausibility and undetermined clinical implications. Conventional methods of glycemic control assessment are confounded by the laboratory abnormalities and comorbidities associated with ESRD. Similar to more recent approaches in the general population, there is concern that glucose normalization may be harmful in ESRD patients. There is uncertainty surrounding the optimal glycemic target in this population, although recent epidemiologic data suggest that HbA1c ranges of 6% to 8%, as well as 7% to 9%, are associated with increased survival rates among diabetic dialysis patients. Lastly, many glucose-lowering drugs and their active metabolites are renally metabolized and excreted, and hence, require dose adjustment or avoidance in dialysis patients.
Intersection of Disgust and Fear: Normative and Pathological Views

The related emotions of disgust and fear are examined in their full range from normal to pathological. We propose that disgust plays a functional role in some anxiety disorders, specific phobias in particular. Basic research in disgust and fear is reviewed, and these emotions are contrasted in terms of their functional value, behavioral intentions, physiological processes, and acquisition mechanisms. Cognitive appraisals of danger and contamination are discussed as a mechanism for the role of disgust in some anxiety disorders. Finally, we evaluate competing explanations regarding the relationship between disgust and fear in these contexts, finding value in the concepts of imprecise emotional labeling and a synergistic model of a bidirectional association between disgust and fear. Implications for treatment are discussed.
JCL Roundtable: Fast Food and the American Diet

The availability of food quickly prepared at lower cost and with consistent quality and convenience has made a variety of restaurant chains extremely popular. Commonly referred to as the fast food industry, these companies have stores on virtually every street corner in cities large and small. Fast foods contribute to energy intake, and depending on the food choices made, provide foods and nutrients that should be decreased in the diet. As Americans have become more conscious of their risk factors for heart disease and recognized eating patterns as a contributor to blood cholesterol levels, high blood pressure, obesity, and diabetes, the fast food industry has attempted to adjust their menus to provide more healthful choices. The Roundtable discussion in this issue of the Journal will focus on the importance of this industry as a source of foods that could help address our population-wide efforts to reduce cardiovascular disease.
‘Stop and go’ movement of cytoskeletal polymers in axons

Axonal cytoskeletal and cytosolic proteins are synthesized in the cell body of nerve cells and transported along axons by slow axonal transport, at average rates on the order of millimeters per day. My laboratory has recently succeeded in observing the movement of two cytoskeletal proteins, neurofilament protein and tubulin, in cultured nerve cells using live-cell fluorescence imaging. Both proteins move in the form of filamentous structures, which appear to represent single cytoskeletal polymers. Contrary to expectations, these polymers move very rapidly, at rates on the order of micrometers per second, but their movements are also infrequent and highly asynchronous. Our data suggest that rate of movement in slow axonal transport is actually fast, but that the overall rate is slow because the rapid movements are interrupted by lengthy pauses.
Exploring the Microfoundations of International Community: Toward a Theory of Enlightened Nationalism

This paper challenges conventional wisdom about the drivers of international community at the individual level. Presenting new data and a novel natural experiment approach to the study of cross-border contact and international community, it tests some of the key microfoundations of international relations theory about how a sense of shared international community may arise and evolve among individuals. The hypotheses are tested using survey data from a large sample ( n = 571) of American study abroad students in a range of universities across a treatment and a control group. Surprisingly, findings do not support the main hypothesis that cross-border contact fosters a sense of shared international community. However, the second hypothesis drawn from the liberal paradigm, suggesting that cross-border contact lowers threat perceptions, is strongly supported. The “Huntingtonian” hypothesis that cross-border contact heightens nationalism also garners wide support. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications for theory and future research, especially the potential of rethinking the drivers of international community at the individual level to rely less on a sense of shared identity and essential sameness, and more on a feeling of “enlightened nationalism” and appreciation for difference.
Clinical pharmacology research in the pediatric patient: the challenge continues

For most of the 20th century, most drugs labeled by the United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) have not been adequately studied in the pediatric population. This lack of data has necessitated the continued dependence of practitioners on sub-optimal prescribing data placing pediatric patients at great risk of serious therapeutic misadventures. Recently, the USFDA has enacted and begun to enforce the Final Rule of 1997 which became effective on 1 April 1999. This rule is the culmination of the persistent efforts of numerous professional organizations, clinicians, academicians, the USFDA and others, to ensure the ready availability of appropriate data for medications intended for or that will be used in children. Unlike the 1994 Rule which voluntarily required pharmaceutical manufacturers to submit pediatric data, the Final Rule mandates submission of such data and, most importantly, empowers the USFDA to afford incentives and penalties for non-compliance including possible removal of already marketed products. This overview addresses many of the important components which must be included in the performance of a comprehensive clinical pharmacologic evaluation serving as the foundation for optimal dosing across the broad age range encompassing pediatric practice. Furthermore, the possible risk and/or benefits of the study must be reasonably defined prior to undertaking the study and clearly shared with the patient's caregivers. Consent should always be obtained from the caregiver and, when appropriate, assent obtained from the underage child. To facilitate such clinical investigations and to foster collaborative efforts with innovators and clinical research programs, the National Institutes of Health through the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development of the NIH established a network of Pediatric Pharmacology Research Units. These units have worked closely together and with other pediatric research centers to facilitate USFDA labeling of a number of commonly used medications. All of these very positive efforts highlight the many challenges that remain for the pediatric investigator and practitioner while underscoring the very positive environment in support of these efforts.
Heavy metals and acid-volatile sulfides in sediments of the Tijuana Estuary.

The Tijuana Estuary in San Diego County, CA is a wetland-domina ted estuary, which has been designated a National Estuarine Sanctuary for protection of a number of endangered species and their habitat. For decades, raw sewage from the city of Tijuana, Mexico has flowed into the Tijuana River and across the international border into the Tijuana Estuary. This problem has worsened in recent years with the substantial growth of Tijuana’s population along with intensive industrial development. Unfortunately, due to many factors, an industrial pretreatment program similar to one implemented in the United States, has not been initiated in Mexico, and the threat of chemical contamination of the Tijuana Estuary exists. To date, however, the degree and spatial nature of such contamination has not been well assessed. We report here on the levels of selected toxic metals in the sediments of the estuary. Additionally, we measured both acidvolatile sulfides (AVS) and simultaneously extracted metals (SEM) in order to estimate the potential toxicity of these estuarine sediments.
Preservice teachers' reflections on observed “bumpy moments” in teaching: Implications for teacher education

Abstract Preservice teachers' interpretations and reflections on observed classroom events are central to their development as teachers. The following study explores the use of “bumpy moments” in teacher education to examine preservice teachers' understandings of actual teaching events. Results of this study offer insights into how bumpy moments might be used as a programmatic tool for identifying and encouraging reflection in preservice teachers, using these instances as a springboard for consideration and discussion of the appropriate knowledge and theory that might be applied to the decision‐making process. A framework for effectively employing the use of bumpy moments as a pedagogical tool in teacher education is pro posed, suggesting one possible way that teacher educators might further address preconceptions and early understandings of the teaching process.
Positive Illusions and Forecasting Errors in Mutual Fund Investment Decisions.

Abstract This study examines the portfolio allocation decisions of 80 business students in a computer-based investing simulation. Our goal was to better understand why investors spend so much time and money on actively managed mutual funds despite the fact that the vast majority of these funds are outperformed by pas sively managed index funds. Participants' judgments and decisions provided evidence for a number of biases. First, most participants consistently overestimated both the future perfor mance and the past performance of their investments. Second, participants overestimated the intertemporal consistency of portfolio performance. Third, participants were more likely to shift their portfolio allocation following poorer performance than following better performance, and this tendency had a negative impact on portfolio returns. We speculate that these biases in investor behavior may contribute to suboptimal investment decisions in real financial markets.
Optimal Power Flow Solutions

A practical method is given for solving the power flow problem with control variables such as real and reactive power and transformer ratios automatically adjusted to minimize instantaneous costs or losses. The solution is feasible with respect to constraints on control variables and dependent variables such as load voltages, reactive sources, and tie line power angles. The method is based on power flow solution by Newton's method, a gradient adjustment algorithm for obtaining the minimum and penalty functions to account for dependent constraints. A test program solves problems of 500 nodes. Only a small extension of the power flow program is required to implement the method.
The Rent Gap at the Metropolitan Scale: New York City's Land-Value Valleys, 1990-2006

In his rent gap theory, Neil Smith argues that development is most likely to occur in areas where the capitalized land rents differ substantially from the potential ground rents that could be obtained if the land were converted to its highest and best use. At the metropolitan scale, the rent gap appears in the form of abberations vis-a-vis the monotonically decreasing rent gradients of the classic monocentric city. This study utilizes public use microdata sample (PUMS) data for 1990, 2000, and 2006 to test Smith's hypothesis that as capital flows into these land-value "valleys," the rent gradient shifts upward and outward, displacing the land-value valley farther from the CBD. It is concluded that from 1990 to 2006 there were two visible land-value valleys, and, consistent with Smith's hypothesis, as the first valley closed the second expanded.
Lymphocyte and Brain Neurotoxic Esterase: Dose and Time Dependence of Inhibition in the Hen Examined with Three Organophosphorus Esters

Certain organic phosphorus esters produce sensorimotor axonopathy in man and other species. There is an excellent correlation between the capacity of an organophosphorus compound to produce axonopathy and its ability to inhibit brain neurotoxic esterase (NTE) in hens. Because NTE is present in peripheral lymphocytes of both hen and man, it has been suggested that the lymphocyte enzyme might be useful both in experimental and clinical situations as an indicator of exposure to organophosphorus compounds producing axonopathy. Diethyl 4-nitrophenyl phosphate (paraoxon), tri-2-cresyl phosphate (TOCP), methyl 2,5-dichloro-4-bromophenyl phenylphosphonothionate (leptophos), and di-n-butyl-2,2-dichlorovinyl phosphate (di-n-butyl dichlorvos, DBDCV) were used to examine the relationship between lymphocyte and brain NTE inhibition in hens. As expected, paraoxon (0.75 mg/kg) did not inhibit NTE in brain or lymphocytes. TOCP (10 to 100 mg/kg), leptophos (25 to 150 mg/kg), and DBDCV (1.0 to 4.0 mg/kg) inhibited both brain and lymphocyte NTE activity in a dose-related manner with good correlation of inhibition between tissues taken 24 hr after exposure (r2 = 0.53 to 0.67; p less than 0.020 to 0.001). However, correlation of inhibition between tissues taken from animals killed 48 hr after exposures was poor (r2 = 0.15 to 0.30; p less than 0.10 to 0.05), with consistently less inhibition of lymphocyte NTE relative to brain NTE. This study indicates that assay of lymphocyte NTE can provide a good monitor of exposure to axonotoxic organophosphorus compounds within 24 hr between exposure and measurement.
The Transport of Prolactin by Human Fetal Membranes

The transport of PRL across human fetal membranes in vitro was studied in Lucite chambers divided by pieces of fresh fetal membranes. The transport of radiolabeled PRL from the medium bathing the decidual surface of the membranes (maternal) across the chorion to the amniotic side of the membranes (fetal) was less than 3% of the total [125I]PRD added to the medium during 2 h of incubation. A similar result was obtained for tracer moving from the amniotic to the maternal side of the membrane. During a similar period o time, 40% of the total radioimmunoassayable PRL originating from within the decidual tissue was released from the tissue and crossed the chorion to the medium bathing the amniotic surface. In the presence of cycloheximide, both the PRL released into the medium and the PRL contained within the tissue were significantly reduced. Colchicine inhibited the transport of PRL from within the decidual tissue without affecting the tissue content ofPRL. The presence or absence of the amnion did not alter...
A Novel Method for Assessing Drug Degradation Product Safety Using Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic Models and Stochastic Risk Assessment

Patient safety risk due to toxic degradation products is a potentially critical quality issue for a small group of useful drug substances. Although the pharmacokinetics of toxic drug degradation products may impact product safety, these data are frequently unavailable. The objective of this study is to incorporate the prediction capability of physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models into a rational drug degradation product risk assessment procedure using a series of model drug degradants (substituted anilines). The PBPK models were parameterized using a combination of experimental and literature data and computational methods. The impact of model parameter uncertainty was incorporated into stochastic risk assessment procedure for estimating human safe exposure levels based on the novel use of a statistical metric called "PROB" for comparing probability that a human toxicity-target tissue exposure exceeds the rat exposure level at a critical no-observed-adverse-effect level. When compared with traditional risk assessment calculations, this novel PBPK approach appeared to provide a rational basis for drug instability risk assessment by focusing on target tissue exposure and leveraging physiological, biochemical, biophysical knowledge of compounds and species.
Examining guideline‐concordant care for acute myocardial infarction (AMI): The case of hospitalized post‐acute and long‐term care (PAC/LTC) residents

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have examined differences in care for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) according to patient characteristics such as age, gender, or insurance, but little attention has been given to whether admission source is related to guideline adherence. OBJECTIVE: To investigate: (1) the use of aspirin and reperfusion in the care of post-acute/long-term care (PAC/LTC) patients who are hospitalized for AMI, and (2) 30-day mortality associated with these treatments. DESIGN: Secondary examination of data from the Cooperative Cardiovascular Project (CCP) national baseline data. SETTING: A total of 4013 U.S. hospitals. SUBJECTS: Patients hospitalized with a confirmed AMI admitted from PAC/LTC (n = 8151) or community-dwelling (n = 120,032) settings. MEASUREMENTS: Early administration of aspirin and reperfusion via either thrombolysis or percutaneous intervention. RESULTS: PAC/LTC patients were less likely to receive treatment for AMI, even after adjustment for multiple variables associated with treatment choice. Differences persisted with additional econometric adjustment using seemingly-unrelated regression. Multivariable logistic regression results indicated that aspirin was related to improved 30-day survival for both PAC/LTC and community admissions (odds ratio [OR], 0.50; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.43-0.58 for PAC/LTC, and OR, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.54-0.60 for community). Reperfusion was associated with higher ORs for mortality for eligible patients admitted from community setting (OR, 1.24; 95% CI, 1.13-1.35), but ideally-eligible candidates had lower ORs for mortality (OR, 0.58; 95% CI, 0.35-0.95 for PAC/LTC, and OR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.68-0.81 for community). CONCLUSIONS: Patients transferred from PAC/LTC settings were less likely to receive early treatment for AMI than other patients. Future trials should inform which guidelines are applicable to PAC/LTC patients. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2010;5:E3–E10. © 2010 Society of Hospital Medicine.
Design and reliability of a micro-relay technology for zero-standby-power digital logic applications

Micro-electro-mechanical (MEM) relays recently have been proposed for ultra-low-power digital logic applications because their ideal switching behavior can potentially allow the supply voltage (V DD ) to be scaled down further than for CMOS devices [1–3]. This paper describes design techniques to achieve reliable (high-endurance) MEM relay operation. Prototype relays fabricated using a CMOS-compatible process are demonstrated to operate with low surface adhesion force, adequately low on-state resistance (≪ 100kΩ) over a wide temperature range (20°C–200°C), and ≫109 on/off switching cycles in N 2 ambient without stiction- or welding-induced failure. Measured characteristics are well predicted by both ANSYS simulations and an analytical model. Using the calibrated analytical model, scaled relay technology is projected to achieve ≫10× energy savings over comparably sized CMOS technology at throughputs up to ∼100MHz.