cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Toward Monte Carlo simulation of general cases of static muon spin relaxation in disordered magnetic materials: long-range magnetic order in alloys

Abstract Monte Carlo simulations of zero-field (ZF) muon spin relaxation (μSR) functions generated by long-range-ordered states with disorder are presented, for the completely static limit. Understanding of this is necessary before Monte Carlo simulation of the effect of short-range magnetic ordering on μSR in spin glasses can begin. Alloy disorder, controlled by the magnetic ion concentration parameter fm, and partial ordering of each moment, controlled by the order parameter fo, are considered. Qualitatively different behavior is seen depending on whether the dense moment, perfect-order limit ( f m =1 , fo=1) field at the muon site is non-zero, or cancels (as can happen in high-symmetry materials). Around the edges of the two-dimensional ( f m ,f o ) parameter space, four limit cases with qualitatively different behavior are identified: (A) fo→0, the random frozen spin glass for arbitrary magnetic ion concentration; (B) fo→1, nearly perfect magnetic ordering in a alloy of arbitrary magnetic ion concentration; (C) fm→0, magnetic order developing (as fo increases) in a dilute magnetic alloy; (D) fm→1, magnetic order developing (as fo increases) in a dense magnetic material. Case A was discussed in a previous publication. The results for case D answer the question of how the Gaussian Kubo–Toyabe relaxation function for perfect disorder develops into an oscillating function as magnetic order develops in a material. Case C indicates that the effects of magnetic ordering in the dilute moment limit produce only subtle effects in ZF-μSR spectra that would be difficult to unambiguously identify as due to ordering in a real-world experiment. Case B generates complicated multi-frequency behavior.
Cocaine self-administration punished by i.v. histamine in rat models of high and low drug abuse vulnerability: Effects of saccharin preference, impulsivity, and sex

A key feature of substance use disorders is continued drug consumption despite aversive consequences. This has been modeled in the animal laboratory by pairing drug self-administration with electric shock, thereby punishing drug intake (Deroche-Gamonet et al. 2004). In the present experiments, we examined the effects of punishment on i.v. cocaine self-administration by adding histamine to the cocaine solution with three different animal models of high and low vulnerability to drug abuse: rats selectively bred for high (HiS) and low (LoS) saccharin consumption, rats selected for high (HiI) and low (LoI) impulsivity, and sex differences. Animals were allowed to self-administer cocaine (0.4 mg/kg/infusion) to establish a baseline of operant responding. Histamine (4.0mg/kg/infusion) was then added directly into the cocaine solution and its consequent effects on self-administration were compared to baseline. The histamine+cocaine solution was then replaced with a cocaine-only solution, and the rats' operant responding was again compared to baseline. Concurrent histamine exposure was effective in reducing cocaine consumption in all groups of rats; however, LoS and female rats took longer to return to baseline levels of cocaine consumption after histamine was removed compared to HiS and male rats. These data suggest that the reduction of drug self-administration by aversive consequences may differ in groups that vary in drug use vulnerability . Such results may inform pharmacological strategies that enhance the negative aspects of drug consumption.
Between drawing and building

The consumption of architectural representation has shifted considerably in the last two decades, and therefore the critiques have also repositioned themselves. Against this background, this essay analyses Lebbeus Woods’ drawings that have at different times either provoked intense criticism for a naif socio-cultural agenda or great admiration for their imaginative and seductive power. This paper considers the representational techniques used by Woods in the Sarajevo project to discuss the role of history and the aesthetics of destruction. The discussion addresses the inherent duality and tension evident within these drawings, especially in the techniques employed for representation, which on one hand tend to be viewed as built manifestations and hence criticised for aestheticising war and lacking a deeper socio-cultural understanding, while on the other hand are perceived as flights of the imagination inducing metaphorical and ideational possibilities that offer provocative ways of thinking.
Non-energy resources, Connecticut and Rhode Island coastal waters

Abstract Cores collected from Long Island Sound, Connecticut, were used to establish control on the geologic framework of the area. Lithologic and stratigraphic analyses verified the presence of the following units: (1) Cretaceous coastal plain, (2) Pleistocene glacial till, (3) late Pleistocene glacial lake, (4) late Pleistocene glacial outwash, and (5) Holocene fluvial, estuarine and marine deposits. Cores collected in Block Island Sound, Rhode Island, were obtained from inferred, relict shoreline features and were analyzed for heavy mineral content. Concentrations ranged from 0.3 to 3.4%; no significant downcore changes were found. The results indicated that surficial sediments in areas of high-velocity tidal flow yield greater amounts of heavy minerals than do inferred placer deposits. During the second phase of the program of study, Connecticut and Rhode Island pooled resources to develop a study plan for the comprehensive quantification of all non-energy resources in the adjacent waters of the states. A literature and data survey was conducted to assess the occurrence, extent, and accessibility of these resources. Sand and gravel and heavy minerals were found in concentrations offering potential for resource exploitation. Constraints on exploitation include (1) water depth restrictions for the protection of shellfish beds and public beaches, (2) fishing activities, (3) military, commercial, and fishing vessel traffic, (4) seafloor cable routes and (5) dump sites. Deposits composed of Pleistocene glacial sediments and/or Holocene marine sediments in regions of little or no user conflict were identified as sites potentially suitable for resource exploitation. The study plan stated additional data needs (geophysical profiling and vibracore sampling) at these sites. Subsequent to these recommendations, high-resolution seismic profiles and sidescan sonographs were obtained from these sites. Seismic stratigraphic analyses confirm the presence of extensive deposits of potential economic value.
Hydroxylamine and Pseudoacyl Systems: Pseudo-oximes

Unhindered furan pseudoacyl chlorides react with hydroxylamine and a carbonate base to form oxidized cyclic N-hydroxyiminoimides. Thus, 3-chloroisobenzofuran-1-one forms 3-hydroximinoisoindolin-1-one (4) C8H6N2O2. Molecules are nearly planar and E-secondary amides hydrogen-bond with oximes through N(H)···N 2.920 A and O(H)···O 2.720 A contacts, and form infinite chains. Mucochloryl chloride (2,3,4-trichlorodihydrofuran-1-one) forms a similar hydroxyiminoimide (5E)-3,4-dichloro-5-hydroxyiminopyrrol-2-one (6), C4H2Cl2N2O2. However, opianic acid forms a mixture of mostly N-hydroxyphthalimide [6,7-dimethoxy-N-hydroxyisoindolin-1,3-dione (9)], C10H10N2O2, with small amounts of open oxime carboxylate [potassium 2,3-dimethoxy-6-(N-hydroxymethanoyl)benzoate (8) C10H10NO5K], and 2,3-dimethoxyphthalimide (10), C10H9NO4. These results suggest an intermediate pseudo-oxime, and such a derivative has been made in quantitative yield in a dehydration resistant arylpyran pseudoacyl system. 3-Chloro-4,4-dimethylisobenzopyran-1-one reacts with two equivalents of hydroxylamine and a carbonate base to form 2-hydroxy-3-(hydroxyamino)-4,4-dimethyl-3H-isoquinolin-1-one (14), C11H13N2O3, a pseudo-oxime. Pairs of pseudo-oximes form four hydrogen-bonds in two complementary sets, with N(H)···O 3.008 A and O(H)···O 2.685 A. Molecules are also linked in chains by hydrogen-bonds with O(H)···O 2.696 A. These products have been characterized by spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. .
Repeat Urethroplasty After Failed Urethral Reconstruction: Outcome Analysis of 130 Patients

Purpose: Male urethral stricture disease accounts for a significant number of hospital admissions and health care expenditures. Although much research has been completed on treatment for urethral strictures, fewer studies have addressed the treatment of strictures in men with recurrent stricture disease after failed prior urethroplasty. We examined outcome results for repeat urethroplasty.Materials and Methods: A prospectively collected, single surgeon urethroplasty database was queried from 1977 to 2011 for patients treated with repeat urethroplasty after failed prior urethral reconstruction. Stricture length and location, and repeat urethroplasty intervention and failure were evaluated with descriptive statistics, and univariate and multivariate logistic regression.Results: Of 1,156 cases 168 patients underwent repeat urethroplasty after at least 1 failed prior urethroplasty. Of these patients 130 had a followup of 6 months or more and were included in analysis. Median patient age was 44 years (range 11...
Assessing positive beliefs about worry: validation of a structured interview

Abstract Research has shown that excessive worriers have beliefs about the positive consequences of worrying, which may reinforce and maintain their worrying behavior. This study describes the construction and validation of a new instrument for assessing positive beliefs about worry, the Structured Interview on Beliefs About Worry (SIBAW). Factor analysis shows that the SIBAW has a four-factor structure, including beliefs in worry as an aid to problem solving and motivation, worry as protection from negative emotions, worry as a positive personality trait, and worry as an act that can directly alter events (magical thinking). In addition, the SIBAW has high internal consistency and good test–retest reliability over a 6–8 week period. The SIBAW gives indications of concurrent validity with respect to measures of worry, anxiety, depression, and dysfunctional attitudes. Regression analyses demonstrate that positive beliefs about worry make a unique contribution to worry above and beyond general dysfunctional beliefs, and that worry shares a unique relationship with positive beliefs about worry, beyond symptoms of anxiety and depression. The potential relevance of the SIBAW for research and assessment purposes is discussed.
The distribution of the soluble proteins in the lenses of some marine vertebrates

Abstract 1. 1. The soluble proteins from the lenses of one marine mammal, four body fishes and one cartilaginous fish were examined by free electrophoresis, zone electrophoresis and sedimentation. 2. 2. Electrophoretic distribution of the soluble lens proteins were characteristic for the two classes of fishes examined. 3. 3. The electrophoretic distribution of the soluble whale lens proteins do not resemble those of the fishes; but do resemble those of the mammals. 4. 4. Sedimentation analyses of revealed two typical patterns for the bony fishes, while the cartilaginous fish and whale each had distinctive patterns. 5. 5. A cold precipitating fraction in the shark lens is noted.
Health-related economic costs of the Three-Mile Island accident.

Abstract On 28 March 1979, a nuclear power station at Three-Mile Island (TMI) near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, had a major breakdown. During the two-week period of the accident, about 150,000 residents were evacuated for reasons associated with safety and health. Many residents during and after the accident, regardless of whether they left or stayed, made mental and physical adjustments due to this accident. This paper is to estimate the economic costs incurred by individuals or communities as a result of a change in physical or mental health status and/or a change in health care services due to the TMI accident. The findings indicate that stress symptoms caused by the accident did affect the health-related behaviors of area residents. Of the costs examined, the economic costs of work days lost and physician visits are the largest cost items. There were some increases in consumption of alcohol, cigarettes, and tranquilizers immediately following the accident.
Satellite-derived digital elevation model accuracy: hydrological modelling requirements

Hydrological models can benefit from satellite-derived digital elevation models (DEMs) only after determining the hydrological model sensitivity to DEM inaccuracies. This study examined how vertical errors within a SPOT satellite-derived DEM of the 532 km2 Little Washita River, OK, watershed affected hydrological predictions in the TOPLATS (topographically based land–atmosphere transfer scheme) water and energy balance model. Model predictions based on SPOT-derived DEM inputs were compared with US Geological Survey (USGS) 7·5-minute level 1 and level 2 DEM-based predictions to determine model sensitivity. Ten-year simulation runs using a statistical formulation of TOPLATS indicated that while DEM inaccuracies had little effect on basin average output, they had a significant effect on the upper and lower quartiles of predicted water table depth. In 12-day simulation runs using a spatially explicit formulation of TOPLATS, which used 30-m grid cells across a 600 000 pixel model domain, elevation errors propagated into model predictions of soil moisture, runoff, evapotranspiration, incoming solar radiation and surface skin temperature. Aggregation of the 30-m pixel model output to scales of 0·25 km2, however, reduced differences between model-predicted vadose zone hydrology. Agreement between model-predicted water table hydrology was achieved at much larger scales of 5 km2, indicating that topography and its associated error structure may have a greater influence on saturated rather than unsaturated hydrological modelling. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Subsea valve actuator for ultra deepwater

This paper reviews the continuing development of gate valve and actuator technology for subsea completions extending into ultra deep water. The basic technical challenges inherent to subsea valve actuators are reviewed, along with the various factors which affect the design and performance of these devices in deepwater applications. The high external ambient pressures which occur in deep water, coupled with high specific gravity hydraulic control fluids, are shown to have a significant impact on the performance of the actuators. This paper presents design and analysis methods and the verification test procedures which are required to develop and qualify new deep water actuator designs. Gate valve actuators of the type described in this paper are currently in use on subsea christmas trees on the world`s deepest subsea wells offshore Brazil (water depths >3,000 feet). New applications of the deepwater actuators are in process for upcoming Gulf of Mexico subsea production systems in water depths approaching 6,000 feet. The actuator/valve development method described in this paper has been confirmed by performance verification testing of full scale valves and actuators using a hyperbaric chamber to simulate ultra deepwater operating conditions. Performance of the test valves and actuators correlated very well with analytical predictions.more » Test results have confirmed that the new valve actuator designs will satisfy API 17D performance requirements for water depths up to 7,500 feet, well in excess of the upcoming GOM application.« less
Modulating Temporal Control of NF-κB Activation: Implications for Therapeutic and Assay Selection

The activation of transcription factor NF-κB (nuclear factor-κB) plays a central role in the induction of many inflammatory response genes. This process is characterized by either oscillations or stable induction of NF-κB nuclear binding. Changes in dynamics of binding result in the expression of distinct subsets of genes leading to different physiological outcomes. We examined NF-κB DNA binding activity in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated IC-21 cells by electromobility shift assay and nonradioactive transcription factor assay and interpreted the results using a kinetic model of NF-κB activation. Both assays detected damped oscillatory behavior of NF-κB with differences in sensitivity and reproducibility. 3,4-Dichloropropionaniline (DCPA) was used to modulate the oscillatory behavior of NF-κB after LPS stimulation. DCPA is known to inhibit the production of two NF-κB-inducible cytokines, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor α, by reducing but not completely abrogating NF-κB-induced transcription. DCPA treatment resulted in a potentiation of early LPS-induced NF-κB activation. The nonradioactive transcription factor assay, which has a higher signal/noise ratio than the electromobility shift assay, combined with in silico modeling, produced results that revealed changes in NF-κB dynamics which, to the best of our knowledge, have never been previously reported. These results highlight the importance of cell type and stimulus specificity in transcription factor activity assessment. In addition, assay selection has important implications for network inference and drug discovery.
The Role of β-Blockers as a Cornerstone of Cardiovascular Therapy

The beta-adrenergic blockade as a therapeutic approach first emerged in the 1950s. During the past five decades, the total number of indications that have been suggested, and the remarkable number approved by regulatory agencies, places beta-blockade far ahead of all competing treatments, not only in the cardiovascular area, but in all of therapeutics. Differentiation of beta-adrenergic blocking agents has been made on the basis of beta1 selectivity, duration of action, intrinsic sympathomimetic activity, lipophilicity, and whether or not the beta-adrenergic blocking action is accompanied by an alpha-adrenergic blocking action. With the development of nebivolol, a beta-adrenergic blocking agent that also activates nitric oxide synthase in blood vessels, comes a new therapeutic option. Endothelial dysfunction with loss of nitric oxide production is a common feature in many cardiovascular diseases. This fascinating class of drugs continues to provide us with new and important therapeutic opportunities.
Cricoid ring integrity: implications for cricothyrotomy.

Abstract Study objectives: The rapid 4-step technique for cricothyrotomy was originally described as making use of a single traction hook on the cricoid ring. However, it is possible that such hook placement could lead to damage of the cricoid ring. As an alternative, a double-hook device was developed to augment the rapid 4-step technique by dispersing forces applied to the cricoid ring. The objectives of this study were to compare the requisite forces for intubation and the structural tolerances of the cricoid ring between the single- and double-hook techniques. Methods: We randomized 56 human cadaver specimens to undergo either cricothyrotomy with intubation followed by cricoid ring breakage or cricoid ring breakage alone. We randomized those cadaver specimens undergoing cricothyrotomy with intubation with respect to the initial hook technique used and then crossed over to the alternate technique for repeat intubation and subsequent cricoid ring breakage. We performed all cricothyrotomies in a similar manner with a consistent technique. We measured the intubation and breakage forces for the single- and double-hook techniques and calculated 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: The mean force to intubate with the single-hook technique was 18 N (95% CI 14 to 22 N), and the mean force to intubate with the double-hook technique was 23 N (95% CI 17 to 29 N). There was a significant difference between the mean forces required to break the cricoid ring with the single-hook technique (54 N; 95% CI 47 to 62 N) versus with the double-hook technique (101 N; 95% CI 89 to 113 N; difference in means 47 [95% CI 34 to 60 N]). Conclusion: When applying the rapid 4-step technique for cricothyrotomy, the force required to intubate with either the single- or double-hook technique is small. The cricoid ring, however, tolerates significantly more force without breakage when the double-hook technique is used. [ Ann Emerg Med. 2003;41:331-337.]
Pox Pottery: Earliest Identified Mexican Ceramic

The earliest known ceramics from Mexico, termed "Pox Pottery," may mark the transition from a nomadic to a settled way of life. The presence of "Pox Pottery" in both coastal Guerrero and the Tehuacan Valley might provide evidence as to the type of environment in which this change first occurred.
Financial Capacity and Discontinuous Investment: Evidence from Emerging Market Multibusiness Firms

I provide a new characterization of internal capital markets in an emerging economy using daily divisional data on all Peruvian fish-processing firms. A regression discontinuity model exploiting government production bans on regulated divisions (“fishmeal”) shows that the increased investment in the nonfishmeal divisions due to the bans is substantial (over 30% of the mean value), after controlling for productivity. The redeployment of financial capacity into nonfishmeal investments is particularly sharper when external financing is more costly and when firms are more closely monitored by creditors. The value-creating nature of this redeployment is supported by its positive effects on nonfishmeal exports.
Rapid automated molecular replacement by ­evolutionary search

A new procedure for molecular replacement is presented in which an efficient six-dimensional search is carried out using an evolutionary optimization algorithm. In this procedure, a population of initially random molecular-replacement solutions is iteratively optimized with respect to the correlation coefficient between observed and calculated structure factors. The sensitivity and reliability of the method is enhanced by uniform sampling of the rotational-search space and the use of continuously variable rotational and translational parameters. The process is several orders of magnitude faster than a systematic six-dimensional search, and comparisons show that it can identify solutions using significantly less accurate or less complete search models than is possible with two existing molecular-replacement methods. A program incorporating the method, EPMR, allows the rapid and highly automated solution of molecular-replacement problems involving single or multiple molecules in the asymmetric unit. EPMR has been used to solve a number of difficult molecular-replacement problems.
Designing digital monolithic integrated circuits

Abstract In order to properly design or specify integrated circuits, the circuits engineer today must not only train himself in semiconductor component theory and design principles, but he must also become thoroughly familiar with the technology limitations that govern the manufacture of integrated circuits. So far, there is no set of design rules that apply generally to the great variety of circuits that may be required. The design approach to digital circuits, for example, can be entirely different from that of linear circuits from the standpoint of both technical and economic considerations. Yet an excellent insight into integrated circuit design can be obtained by following the theory and design procedure for translating a typical digital circuit design into a final monolithic device. In the following discussion, the highlights of integrated circuit theory, design relationships, processes and parameters will be developed to cover most of today's applications of monolithic circuits in digital computers. The vehicle for this is a high-speed DTL NAND gate, Fig. 1, currently being manufactured in quantity by Motorola.
Inhibition of Hepatitis C Virus Replicon RNA Synthesis by PSI-352938, a Cyclic Phosphate Prodrug of β-d-2′-Deoxy-2′-α-Fluoro-2′-β-C-Methylguanosine

PSI-352938 is a novel cyclic phosphate prodrug of β-D-2'-deoxy-2'-α-fluoro-2'-β-C-methylguanosine 5'-monophosphate that has potent activity against hepatitis C virus (HCV) in vitro. The studies described here characterize the in vitro anti-HCV activity of PSI-352938, alone and in combination with other inhibitors of HCV, and the cross-resistance profile of PSI-352938. The effective concentration required to achieve 50% inhibition for PSI-352938, determined using genotype 1a-, 1b-, and 2a-derived replicons stably expressed in the Lunet cell line, were 0.20, 0.13, and 0.14 μM, respectively. The active 5'-triphosphate metabolite, PSI-352666, inhibited recombinant NS5B polymerase from genotypes 1 to 4 with comparable 50% inhibitory concentrations. In contrast, PSI-352938 did not inhibit the replication of hepatitis B virus or human immunodeficiency virus in vitro. PSI-352666 did not significantly affect the activity of human DNA and RNA polymerases. PSI-352938 and its cyclic phosphate metabolites did not affect the cyclic GMP-mediated activation of protein kinase G. Clearance studies using replicon cells demonstrated that PSI-352938 cleared cells of HCV replicon RNA and prevented replicon rebound. An additive to synergistic effect was observed when PSI-352938 was combined with other classes of HCV inhibitors, including alpha interferon, ribavirin, NS3/4A inhibitors, an NS5A inhibitor, and nucleoside/nucleotide and nonnucleoside inhibitors. Cross-resistance studies showed that PSI-352938 remained fully active against replicons containing the S282T or the S96T/N142T amino acid alteration. Replicons that contain mutations conferring resistance to various classes of nonnucleoside inhibitors also remained sensitive to inhibition by PSI-352938. PSI-352938 is currently being evaluated in a phase I clinical study in genotype 1-infected individuals.
A Closed-Form Expression for Estimating the Maximum Radiated Emissions From a Heatsink on a Printed Circuit Board

A closed-form expression is derived for determining the maximum possible radiated emissions from a heatsink over a printed circuit board or chassis plane as a function of the maximum voltage between the heatsink and plane. Two modes of radiation are considered: a patch-antenna mode and a monopole-antenna mode. The maximum emissions are the sum of the emissions due to each of these modes. Circuit board dimensions are assumed to be large compared to the heatsink dimensions. The most relevant parameters affecting the emissions are the dimensions of the heatsink. The closed-form expression is validated by comparing its results to full-wave simulation results for a variety of heatsink sizes and shapes.
Convergence analysis of genetic algorithms for topology control in MANETs

We describe and verify convergence properties of our forced-based genetic algorithm (FGA) as a decentralized topology control mechanism distributed among software agents. FGA uses local information to guide autonomous mobile nodes over an unknown geographical terrain to obtain a uniform node distribution. Analyzing the convergence characteristics of FGA is difficult due to the stochastic nature of GA-based algorithms. Ergodic homogeneous Markov chains are used to describe the convergence characteristics of our FGA. In addition, simulation experiments verify the convergence of our GA-based algorithm.
Tuning the interfacial properties of grafted chains with a pH switch.

Environmentally responsive, water-soluble polymers have a wide variety of uses ranging from drug delivery to viscosity modifiers. Their utility lies in the ability to use environmental perturbations to dramatically alter the material properties. Here, we describe the interfacial properties of a hydrophobically modified copolymer of N-isopropylacrylamide and glycinylacrylamide (NIPAM-N-Gly-(C18)2), which is both temperature and pH responsive. Direct force measurements quantified the substantial pH-dependent change in the molecular properties of end-grafted NIPAM-N-Gly-(C18)2 monolayers. At pH 8.0, where the glycine side chains are ionized, the polymers exhibit stereotypical polyelectrolyte behavior. Side chain neutralization at pH 5.0 causes a substantial decrease in the film thickness, and the polymer films adhere strongly. The adhesion is presumably through H-bonding between the glycine side chains. Our findings revealed the likely molecular basis of pH-dependent changes in the copolymer films and identi...
Challenges to Selective Exposure: Selective Seeking and Avoidance in a Multitasking Media Environment

The present research investigated selective exposure online, treating selective seeking and selective avoidance as independent phenomena. A behavior tracking measure was employed. Study 1 used an online quasi-experiment with voluntary national samples (n = 271). Consistent with early reviews on selective exposure, participants sought out attitude consonant information but did not systematically avoid attitude dissonant information compared to neutral information. Study 2 involved an experiment with student samples (n = 185) to examine the impact of cognitive load on selective behavior. The results revealed that those who were asked to multitask during an information search did not exercise any selectivity in information selection. The implications of information selection behavior in a multitasking media environment are discussed.
Teens' concern for privacy when using social networking sites: An analysis of socialization agents and relationships with privacy-protecting behaviors

U.S. teens are spending substantial time on social networking sites (SNSs). Yet, only a few studies have documented teens' privacy-protecting behaviors on SNSs. Using data of Facebook teen users and their parents in the U.S. from the Pew Internet's Teens & Privacy Management Survey (N=622), this study investigated the socialization agents of teens' level of online privacy concern, and the relationship between teens' level of online privacy concern and their privacy-protecting behaviors on SNSs. Based on path analysis results, this study identified parents and SNS use as the two significant socialization agents. In particular, this study revealed the role of parents' privacy concern and the role of SNS use in motivating teens to increase online privacy concern, which, in turn, drives teens to adopt various privacy-setting strategies on SNSs and to set their Facebook profiles to private. Implications for policymakers and educators were discussed.
Comparison of statistical pattern-recognition algorithms for hybrid processing. I. Linear-mapping algorithms

Two groups of pattern-recognition algorithms for hybrid optical–digital computer processing are theoretically and experimentally compared. The first group is based on linear mapping, while the second group is based on feature extraction and eigenvector analysis. We study the relations among various linear-mapping-based algorithms by formulating a more general unified pseudoinverse algorithm. We show that the least-squares linear-mapping technique, the simplified least-squares linear-mapping technique, the synthetic discriminant function, the equal-correlation-peak method, and the Caulfield–Maloney filter are in fact all special cases of the unified pseudoinverse algorithm. When the total number of the training images (KM, where K is the number of classes and M is the number of training images in each class) is larger than the dimension of the images (N), the overdetermined case of the unified pseudoinverse algorithm is the same as the least-squares linear-mapping technique, because both algorithms are based on optimization processes of minimization of the mean-square error. When KM < N, the underdetermined case of the unified pseudoinverse algorithm is the same as the least-squares linear-mapping technique and the synthetic discriminant function. Furthermore, when KM < N, the synthetic discriminant function method can be considered a degenerate case of the least-squares linear-mapping technique. Among the algorithms studied, the simplified least-squares linear-mapping technique requires the least computation time for filter synthesis. Experimental results on classification with linear-mapping-based algorithms are provided and show good agreement with the theoretical analysis.
Photochemical reactions of di-π-cyclopentadienyltitanium dichloride

Abstract Exchange of cyclopentadienyl ligands between molecules of titanocene dichloride in benzene solutions and alcoholysis of titanocene dichloride in methanol—benzene solutions occur exclusively by photochemical processes. The exchange of cyclopentadienyl ligands between titanocene dichloride and the titanocene monochloride dimer also occurs solely by a photochemical process.
Effects of methylphenidate alone and in combination with behavior modification procedures on the behavior and academic performance of hyperactive children

Twenty hyperactive 6- to 9-year-old children of normal intelligence were studied in a half-day laboratory classroom in a 2-week period baseline-treatment-reversal design for behavior modification. Under double-blind conditions half the children were placed on .3 mg/kg of Ritalin and half on placebo for the entire program. The classroom program consisted of a group period with immediate reinforcement possible, and an individual time period without immediate reinforcement possible. Behavior modification caused a significant decrease in nonattending, out-of-seat, inappropriate vocalizing and inappropriate peer interaction behavior in the group period. Fidgeting, a nontargeted behavior, was not significantly decreased during this period but did signficantly decrease as a result of medication. No other drug effects occurred during this period. During the individual period, the results were essentially reversed. There were no significant behavior modification effects observed. Significant reductions resulted from medication in all behaviors except out-of-seat and fidgeting. Behavior modification alone significantly affected the two academic measures. No significant effects were seen on the Conners Abbreviated Teacher Rating Scale. No significant interactions were noted between medication and behavior modification.
US FDA Question-Based Review for Generic Drugs: A New Pharmaceutical Quality Assessment System

The US Food and Drug Administration Office of Generic Drugs has developed a question-based review (QbR) for the Chemistry, Manufacturing, and Controls (CMC) evaluation of an abbreviated new drug application (ANDA). This new QbR system incorporates quality by design and implements risk-based assessment. It recommends that ANDAs be submitted using the Common Technical Document and include the Quality Overall Summary (QOS) that addresses all the QbR questions. The main benefits of this QbR system are to (1) assure product quality through design and performance-based specifications, (2) facilitate continuous improvement and reduce CMC supplements through risk assessment, (3) enhance the quality of reviews through standardised review questions, and (4) reduce CMC review time when applicants submit a QOS that addresses the QbR questions. The QbR was partially implemented in 2006 and is being fully implemented in 2007.
Evidence for oxygen as the master regulator of the responsiveness of soluble guanylate cyclase and cytochrome c oxidase to nitric oxide

Haem is used as a versatile receptor for redox active molecules; most notably NO (nitric oxide) and oxygen. Three haem-containing proteins, myoglobin, haemoglobin and cytochrome c oxidase, are now known to bind NO, and in all these cases competition with oxygen plays an important role in the biological outcome. NO also binds to the haem group of sGC (soluble guanylate cyclase) and initiates signal transduction through the formation of cGMP in a process that is oxygen-independent. From biochemical studies, it has been shown that sGC is substantially more sensitive to NO than is cytochrome c oxidase, but a direct comparison in a cellular setting under various oxygen levels has not been reported previously. In this issue of the Biochemical Journal, Cadenas and co-workers reveal how oxygen can act as the master regulator of the relative sensitivity of the cytochrome c oxidase and sGC signalling pathways to NO. These findings have important implications for our understanding of the interplay between NO and oxygen in both physiology and the pathology of diseases associated with hypoxia.
Microwave silicon Schottky-barrier field-effect transistor

Schottky-barrier field-effect transistors have been realised in silicon epitaxial films on high-resistivity silicon substrates. The 1 μm wide gates are produced by projection-masking techniques. The maximum transconductances observed are 42 mA/V per mm gate length; the maximum frequency of oscillation fmax was 8 GHz.
Semi-Automated Measurements Of The Transmission Medium

The measurement sequence for the characterization of graded-refractive-index optical waveguide fibers in a manufacturing environment is presented. The sequence has been designed for minimum human interaction and high throughput. The optical fibers, characterized by attenuation rate, bandwidth, numerical aperture, and optical core diameter, are measured on a quality assurance system driven by a mini-computer. This semi-automated system, consisting of optical and electronic hardware and software for complete characterization, is described. Finally, the measurement methods and current test conditions are presented.
The relationship between selected socioeconomic variables and measures of arson: A cross-sectional study

This article examines the relationship between arson and selected sociological factors. Factor analysis was applied to 14 socioeconomic factors to produce the composite factors of social climate, income structure, economic climate and social structure. These four sociological factors were used as the independent variables in a series of multiple regressions with five arson-related measures. Statistically significant regression models were determined at the state level for property loss (total fires), number of fires and number of arsons. Findings indicate that poorer, more rural states have the lowest arson rates while arson is greatest in more urban states with correspondingly higher levels of violent crime. Social structures leading to criminal activity rather than poverty or general economic factors appear most related to arson in a given state.
PrimerDesign-M: a multiple-alignment based multiple-primer design tool for walking across variable genomes.

Analyses of entire viral genomes or mtDNA requires comprehensive design of many primers across their genomes. In addition, simultaneous optimization of several DNA primer design criteria may improve overall experimental efficiency and downstream bioinformatic processing. To achieve these goals, we developed PrimerDesign-M. It includes several options for multiple-primer design, allowing researchers to efficiently design walking primers that cover long DNA targets, such as entire HIV-1 genomes, and that optimizes primers simultaneously informed by genetic diversity in multiple alignments and experimental design constraints given by the user. PrimerDesign-M can also design primers that include DNA barcodes and minimize primer dimerization. PrimerDesign-M finds optimal primers for highly variable DNA targets and facilitates design flexibility by suggesting alternative designs to adapt to experimental conditions.
Cyclopropenone: Normal coordinate calculation and the form of the normal modes

A normal coordinate calculation has been carried out for cyclopropenone-d0 and -d2 to try to understand the origin of their strong bands at 1483 and 1409 cm−1 respectively. The conclusions are as follows. (1) The five a1 frequencies for each molecule (i.e. 10 in all) can be reproduced well with only five diagonal and one off-diagonal force constants. (2) The 1483 and 1409 cm−1 bands are the CC stretches. About 80% of their potential energy is in this coordinate. They are the lowest localized CC stretches known to the authors. (3) The force constant for the CC stretch is lower than usual, whereas that for the CC stretch is higher. (4) In disubstituted cyclopropenones, the intense bands near 1850 and 1650 cm−1 are strongly mixed CO and CC stretches. The 1650 cm−1 one is not a pure CC stretch at all; it is an in-phase mixture of approximately equal amounts of the above two coordinates. The 1850 cm−1 band is the out-of-phase mixture, with some added CC symmetric stretch. (5) The striking difference between the apparent “CC” frequencies in cyclopropenone-d0 and -d2 (<1500 cm−1) and those in disubstituted derivatives (∼1650 cm−1) is due almost entirely to a mass effect.
Quantitative radioisotopic approaches to hepatic size and function.

The aim of clinical radioisotope procedures is to yield data concerning both structure and function. The following approaches to radioisotope evaluation of the liver are outlined: 1. Estimation of hepatic size and weight (from the scan and by other means) and comparison with the weight predicted by the allometric equation. 2. Measurement of the degree of homogeneity of uptake by computer processing. 3. Computer correction for: use of short-lived radioisotopes (radiation dose being minimal, studies can potentially be extended to children and pregnant women) ; simultaneous use of two radioisotopes to examine both parenchymalcell and reticuloendothelial function; and rapid entry to, and discharge from, the liver.
Hemoglobin variations on a small Bahamian island.

Hemoglobin characteristics were investigated in 492 blood specimens collected in a small island community (1,450 inhabitants) in the Bahamas. Using two different methods, abnormal variants were detected in 20.3% of the sample, including genotypes AS, AC, AF(A/HPFH), SC, and SF. Biodemographic evidence suggests that the origin and distribution of the hemoglobinpathies in this population have been influenced by historical migrations and genetic drift. The opportunity for drift has been particularly heightened by the “founder effect,” the maintenance of small population size, a relatively endogamous mating structure, and restricted immigration. Health survey results reveal a wide discrepancy between the actual prevalence of abnormal hemoglobins and that indicated by informant reports.
Magnetic nanoparticles: an emerging technology for malignant brain tumor imaging and therapy

Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) represent a promising nanomaterial for the targeted therapy and imaging of malignant brain tumors. Conjugation of peptides or antibodies to the surface of MNPs allows direct targeting of the tumor cell surface and potential disruption of active signaling pathways present in tumor cells. Delivery of nanoparticles to malignant brain tumors represents a formidable challenge due to the presence of the blood–brain barrier and infiltrating cancer cells in the normal brain. Newer strategies permit better delivery of MNPs systemically and by direct convection-enhanced delivery to the brain. Completion of a human clinical trial involving direct injection of MNPs into recurrent malignant brain tumors for thermotherapy has established their feasibility, safety and efficacy in patients. Future translational studies are in progress to understand the promising impact of MNPs in the treatment of malignant brain tumors.
REEVALUATION OF THE SPECTRAL AND KINETIC PROPERTIES OF HO2 AND O2‐ FREE RADICALS

— The spectra and molar absorbances of the HO2 and O2- free radicals have been redetermined in aqueous formate solutions by pulse and stopped-flow radiolysis as well as by 60Co gamma-ray studies. The extinction coefficients at the corresponding maxima and 23°C are 225= 1400 ± 80 M-1 cm-1 and 225= 2350 ± 120 M-1 cm-1 respectively. Reevaluation of earlier published rate data in terms of the new extinction coefficients yielded the following rate constants for the spontaneous decay of HO2 and O2-: KHo2+HO2= (8.60 ± 0.62) × 105M-1 s-1; KHo2+O2-= (1.02 ± 0.49) × 108M-1 s-1; KHo2+O2- < 0.35 M-1 s-1. For the equilibrium HO2 O2-+ H+ the dissociation constant is KHo2= (2.05 ± 0.39) × 10-5M or pKHO2= 4.69 ± 0.08. G(O2-) has been evaluated as a function of formate concentration.
Invited Commentary: Rescuing Robinson Crusoe

Estimating the independent effect of "place" on health outcomes has proven quite difficult. In this issue of the Journal, Auchincloss and Diez Roux contribute a lucid introduction to agent-based simulation models and argue that they may be a fruitful alternative to current approaches to the problem. Insofar as conceptual understanding must precede empirical investigation, this author agrees. Given the obvious shortcoming of pure simulations, the key benefit of agent-based models lies in their ability to alter our thinking and/or theory. Among other things, the approach permits analysts to model (i.e., conceptualize) system dynamics, more realistic social treatment effects, endogenous contexts, and a more congenial image of human behavior.
Soft-decision decoding of linear block codes using preprocessing

In this paper, two universally applicable preprocessing rules are developed to improve iterative receding algorithms that utilize the most reliable basis (MRB), while focusing on order-w reprocessing. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm successfully decodes the Reed-Solomon concatenated code in near optimal manner at a block-error-rate with the maximum number of candidate codewords.
Diurnal Variation of Serum Androgen and Estradiol-17β in the Adult Male Green Monkey (Cercopithecus sp)

Adult male african green monkeys (vervets) had diurnal fluctuations in serum androgen and estradiol-1 7�3 concentrations. Peak values for total androgen were obtained between 2100 and 0600 h while peak values for estradiol were found between 2400 and 0600 h.
Managing technology in the information age: Stanford's new department of management science and engineering

Stanford University has faced the challenges of global trends in the "management of technology in the information age" by creating, in its School of Engineering, a new department of Management Science and Engineering (MSE Economics and Finance; Decision Analysis and Risk Analysis; Production and Operations Management; Systems Modelling and Optimisation; Probability and Stochastic Processes; Technology Policy and Strategy; Information Science and Technology. Such a department thus faces a challenge in the construction of academic programmes that are both coherent and relevant, and are built around centres of excellence, existing domains of expertise and specific problems. This requires that cross-discipline synergies be exploited to remain at the cutting edge of academic research and industrial needs. This paper describes the mission of this department, the history and the process by which it was created and the philosophy and structure of its graduate and undergraduate programmes.
Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine: from first principles to state of the art

This lecture updates pediatric surgeons on the state of the science of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.