cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
F.O.B. Pricing versus uniform delivered pricing: A welfare analysis in a stochastic environment

Abstract Under imperfect information but otherwise competitive assumptions, spatial market equilibria are examined for two pricing structures. Under f.o.b. pricing, buyers face a price that reflects exactly the transportation cost between sellers and themselves. Under uniform delivered pricing (u.d.p.), the seller charges the same price to all buyers, inclusive of delivery. Under both, buyers know only of sellers from whom they received ads, sent randomly by sellers. It is found that u.d.p. equilibria may exist when f.o.b. equilibria do not, but not conversely. Also, f.o.b. equilibria are not always welfare superior to u.d.p. ones. These equilibria are not robust: a new firm often succeeds in penetrating a market using a different pricing structure.
Management of the Resources Boom in the 1980s

ABSTRACT The paper commences from the position that the resources boom is well under way and continues throughout the current decade. After briefly summarising the potential impact of the resources boom on the Australian economy and the balance of payments, the paper reviews possible constraints on resources development and then focuses on policy problems and responses.
A functional genomic analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana PP2C clade D

In the reference dicot plant Arabidopsis thaliana, the PP2C family of P-protein phosphatases includes the products of 80 genes that have been separated into ten multi-protein clades plus six singletons. Clade D includes the products of nine genes distributed among three chromosomes (APD1, At3g12620; APD2, At3g17090; APD3, At3g51370; APD4, At3g55050; APD5, At4g33920; APD6, At4g38520; APD7, At5g02760; APD8, At5g06750; and APD9, At5g66080). As part of a functional genomics analysis of protein phosphorylation, we retrieved expression data from public databases and determined the subcellular protein localization of the members of clade D. While the nine proteins have been grouped together based upon primary sequence alignments, we observed no obvious common patterns in expression or localization. We found chimera with the GFP associated with the nucleus, plasma membrane, the endomembrane system, and mitochondria in transgenic plants.
Long-term effects of prescribed fire on mixed conifer forest structure in the Sierra Nevada, California

Abstract The capacity of prescribed fire to restore forest conditions is often judged by changes in forest structure within a few years following burning. However, prescribed fire might have longer-term effects on forest structure, potentially changing treatment assessments. We examined annual changes in forest structure in five 1 ha old-growth plots immediately before prescribed fire and up to eight years after fire at Sequoia National Park, California. Fire-induced declines in stem density (67% average decrease at eight years post-fire) were nonlinear, taking up to eight years to reach a presumed asymptote. Declines in live stem biomass were also nonlinear, but smaller in magnitude (32% average decrease at eight years post-fire) as most large trees survived the fires. The preferential survival of large trees following fire resulted in significant shifts in stem diameter distributions. Mortality rates remained significantly above background rates up to six years after the fires. Prescribed fire did not have a large influence on the representation of dominant species. Fire-caused mortality appeared to be spatially random, and therefore did not generally alter heterogeneous tree spatial patterns. Our results suggest that prescribed fire can bring about substantial changes to forest structure in old-growth mixed conifer forests in the Sierra Nevada, but that long-term observations are needed to fully describe some measures of fire effects.
First-principles calculation of the electron-phonon coupling in ultrathin Pb superconductors: Suppression of the transition temperature by surface phonons

We present a first-principles calculation of the electron-phonon coupling for thin layered lead systems. Using our Wannier-Fourier approach we show that the superconductivity in these systems is accounted for by traditional isotropic Migdal-Eliasberg theory through phonon-induced electron pairing. It is found that the transition temperature of Pb is suppressed by the presence of surface phonons which have been stiffened by an increased electronic spring constant. Superconductivity persists in ultrathin layered Pb despite the suppression from a decreased electronic density of states and weakened coupling to surface phonons.
Global three-parameter model for neutrino oscillations using Lorentz violation

A model of neutrino oscillations is presented that has only 3 degrees of freedom and appears compatible with existing data. The model is a subset of the renormalizable sector of the Standard-Model Extension (SME), and it offers a candidate alternative to the standard three-neutrino massive model. All classes of neutrino data are described, including solar, reactor, atmospheric, and LSND oscillations. The disappearance of solar neutrinos is obtained without matter-enhanced oscillations. Quantitative predictions are offered for the ongoing MiniBooNE experiment and for the future experiments OscSNS, NOvA, and T2K.
Sciences for the Red Zones of Neoliberalism.

In, this paper, I explore the need for particular types of interdisciplinarity, which I refer to as technical heteroglossia, in the face of neoliberal political and economic disenfranchisement. I examine the case of a group of medics (EMTs, nurses, and lay medical practitioners) known as street medics and their efforts to provide a working set of medical protocols for protesters, victims of natural disasters, and, more generally, communities resisting neoliberalism, militarism, and corporate power. To function, this network has had to explicitly embrace multiple medical traditions: allopathic (sometimes called Western), Chinese, herbalist, naturopathic, etc. Being able to speak within multiple traditions (medical heteroglossia) is deeply valued. I also recount the history of the medics and discuss at length the contextual forces that pull medics in different directions: allopathic medicine and more varied and unorthodox practices.
Usability testing of an overlay to improve face capture

It's easy to take a face photograph, isn't it? What if that photograph is intended for input into an automatic face recognition system? Why is it then, even with a "captive audience" such as at a border crossing or point of entry, are so many face photographs unsuitable for face recognition? In a previous study, the authors suggested the use of a "face overlay" — a visual reticule that may be superimposed onto a live video feed to facilitate the face image capture process. In this study, we provide a detailed qualitative and quantitative analysis of the affordance, efficiency, effectiveness, and user-satisfaction of the visual overlay. Results of a controlled usability study suggest that the overlay improves face image quality, even when photographers are provided with no prior training.
THE COMPROMISED TRAVELER

As the numbers of international travelers continue to increase, so have the complexity of medical issues and special characteristics of those who are traveling. Recommendations for compromised travelers can become intricate and must be tailored to meet very specific individual health problems. 19,267 Resources such as reliable medical and evacuation insurance and access to services with dependable health care consultation abroad must be current and readily available. Always, one of the most important questions the compromised traveler must answer is, "Do the benefits of this particular travel experience warrant the potential health risks?" In this article the special medical issues presented by HIV-infected travelers as well as those immunocompromised due to asplenia, malignancies, or prior transplantation, and the susceptibility of these patients to unique opportunistic infections (OIs) encountered abroad, will be addressed. The special challenges of traveling with diabetes mellitus, end stage renal disease, or cardiopulmonary compromise also make this a rewarding partnership between the patient and the knowledgeable health provider involved in preparing for travel.
Ritual Remembrance: Freud's Primal Theory of Collective Memory

In the final essay of Totem and Taboo, Freud infamously claims that civilization began when a band of brothers brutally murdered their father. This postulation leads Freud to conclude that “the beginnings of religion, morals, society and art converge in the Oedipus complex,” 1 and, accordingly, most readers, regardless of their argument, presuppose that the text depicts a “fundamental oedipal revolt.” 2 This is how Peter Gay characterizes the action of Totem and Taboo in his short introduction to the Norton Standard Edition, and this is how the text is generally remembered. While we may forget the moves of Freud’s argument and the details of his historical narrative—not to mention the first three essays of the book—we do remember that, according to Freud, in the beginning was the Oedipus complex. It is not surprising, then, that many readers have felt Freud went too far with Totem and Taboo. Its publication incited anthropologists to attack the universality of the Oedipus complex; 3 others have turned the tables on Freud and charged him with projecting his own oedipal guilt onto an imagined horde of parricidal sons; 4 and most in the field of psychoanalysis have come to disregard Totem and Taboo, in part because it threatens the validity of the Oedipus complex. As E. B. Spillius explains: “today the idea of the Oedipus complex no longer needs to be defended against rival schools of psychoanalysis, and the use of the Oedipus complex to explain the origin of civilization would do it more harm than good” (187). Clearly, Freud seems to have crossed the line, or lines, in Totem and Taboo: whether from Western to universal culture, fantasy to historical reality, or psychoanalytic to anthropological theory, his transposition of the Oedipus complex into realms where it does not belong appears to be the gesture most abhorred by critics. Yet those sympathetic to Totem and Taboo do not deny that the work is fundamentally oedipal. Ernest Jones, for instance, responded to Bronislaw Malinowski’s anthropological critique by insisting that Freud had in fact established the Oedipus complex as a universal “fons et origo.” 5 Indeed, Jones even chalked up the composition of Totem and Taboo to Freud’s own
Vocational outcomes among formerly homeless persons with severe mental illness in the access program.

OBJECTIVE: This study examined the vocational outcomes of 4,778 formerly homeless individuals with severe mental illness who were enrolled in the Access to Community Care and Effective Services and Support (ACCESS) program, a multisite demonstration project designed to provide services to this population. METHODS: Participants were interviewed at the time of enrollment and again three months and 12 months later by trained researchers who were not part of the treatment team to determine their employment status. At 12 months, participants were also asked about the types of services they had received during the past 60 days. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to predict employment at 12 months. RESULTS: ACCESS participants reported receiving relatively few job-related services. Nonetheless, modest but significant increases occurred between baseline and three months and between three months and 12 months in the total proportion of participants who were employed and who were employed full-time and ...
Nonantimicrobial agents in the prevention and treatment of traveler's diarrhea

Among the nonantimicrobial agents that are available and useful for the prevention of traveler's diarrhea are bismuth subsalicylate-containing preparations, which can provide a rate of protection of up to 65% when taken 4 times daily. In one study, the probiotic Lactobacillus GG was found to provide 49% protection against traveler's diarrhea, but results with this agent and other probiotics have been highly variable and geographically inconsistent. Tannin albuminate plus ethacridine lactate provided 36% protection, but it is not widely available. Among the nonantimicrobial agents that are available and useful for the treatment of traveler's diarrhea are bismuth subsalicylate-containing preparations, which reduce the passage of loose stools by 16%-18%. The antisecretory and antimotility agent loperamide reduces the passage of loose stools by approximately 50% and has been especially useful, in combination with antimicrobial agents, in reducing the total duration of posttreatment diarrhea to a matter of hours.
Unconscious communication in Shakespeare: "Et tu, Brute?" echoes "Eloi, eloi lama sabachthani?".

The parallels between the dying words of Julius Caesar and of Jesus Christ offer us a window into Shakespeare’s creativity, specifically, his ingenuity in using unconscious channels of communication to stir the audience’s emotional responses. Scholars have noted many connections between the Bible and Shakespeare’s works, including Julius Caesar. To my knowledge, the echo noted in my subtitle has been partially acknowledged by only one previous commentator. 1 I will explore some possible meanings of this parallel in depth. Was Shakespeare deliberately echoing
Role of Evolutionary Computation in Environmental and Water Resources Systems Analysis

Since the 1960s, systems analytic methods have played a key role in environmental and water resources planning and management. An array of systematic search procedures as well as statistical methods continues to be the focus of investigation in environmental and water resources systems (EWRS). With the advent of modern and faster computing resources at a high degree of affordability, the system simulation models are now able to incorporate more processes and their interactions, resulting in relatively more complex model structures. Therefore, the coupling of simulation models with search methods for optimization have become increasingly challenging. In many cases, complexities that arise from, for example, nonlinearity, discontinuity, and discreteness in modern simulation models, limit the application of traditional search methods, e.g., mathematical programming procedures. Such limitations have been overcome recently by directly coupling the simulation models with heuristic search procedures. While this directly coupled simulation–optimization (S–O) approach is, in general, computationally demanding, it has proven to be a viable approach given cheaper and faster computational resources. Among the array of modern heuristic approaches (e.g., simulated annealing, tabu search, genetic algorithms, evolutionary strategies, particle swarm method, and ant colony optimization) that support an S–O framework for EWRS problems, the collection of methods—namely, genetic algorithms, evolutionary strategies, genetic programming, and evolutionary programming— encompassed within the broad category of evolutionary computation (EC) offers a multitude of capabilities. Starting in the early 1990s, evolutionary algorithms (including genetic algorithms and evolutionary strategies) have been applied and demonstrated for system optimization in the context of EWRS problems. Numerous studies over the past decade in areas that include groundwater monitoring and remediation design, water distribution network design, reservoir optimization, watershed management, and air pollution control show not only the viability of applying evolutionary algorithms to these challenging problems, but also the added benefits of using a directly coupled S–O approach enabled by these techniques. This special issue also represents a cross section of recent investigations related to EC methods and their applications in EWRS. In addition to system optimization, many EWRS problems pose several interesting scenarios that call for additional systems analytic capabilities. For example, most EWRS problems consider multiple competing objectives, requiring the systems analytic methods to provide multiobjective optimization capabilities. The structure of EC methods readily support efficient search for Pareto optimal solutions to a multiobjective optimization problem. This is currently an active area of research in the EC re-
Use of Intravenous Valproate in Three Pediatric Patients with Nonconvulsive or Convulsive Status Epilepticus

OBJECTIVE:To report the pharmacokinetics of intravenous valproate (VPA) in children with generalized convulsive status epilepticus (GCSE) or nonconvulsive status epilepticus (NCSE). To provide loading and maintenance dosing for patients with hepatic induction secondary to concurrent anticonvulsants.CASE SUMMARY:Two patients (10 y, 34 mo) with GCSE refractory to benzodiazepines, phenobarbital, phenytoin, and pentobarbital received intravenous VPA. Apparent volume of distribution (Vd) following a 20 mg/kg loading dose was 0.29 L/kg. Maintenance infusions of 4–6 mg/kg/h produced steady-state total concentrations of 66 mg/L and 92.4 mg/L (unbound concentration 44.6 mg/L). Clearance ranged from 63–66 mL/h/kg. An eight-year-old with NCSE received intravenous VPA (13.4 mg/kg load followed by 9 mg/kg every 8 h). Total and unbound steady-state VPA concentrations were 32.9 mg/L and 21.2 mg/L, respectively. Elimination half-life was eight hours.DISCUSSION:We constructed a pharmacokinetic simulation using VPA paramet...
Emerging Modes of Business-Society Conflict Resolution — an Assessment

The realms of competitive markets and collective public policy, the domains of rights and reciprocal obligations, the concepts of legitimacy of actions and distribution of just rewards, and the right of voluntarily contracting parties against those who are adversely affected by them while remaining outside the transaction — these have always proved to be among the major causes of social conflict in dynamic societies. They direct both the process and outcomes of evolving social order through their impact on relative bargaining power, rules of the game, and the legitimization of ensuing distribution of sociopolitical and economic gains and losses among groups and individuals. Adherents of free markets and individual choice recognize these strains as market imperfections and market failures, which should be corrected through minimal governmental intervention while ensuring that market imperfections are not aggravated further. Proponents of collective action for social good, however, start with the assumption that markets are never perfect. Even under the absurd condition of perfect markets, they may create income and wealth distributions that violate a society’s sense of fairness and equity, are perceptibly disproportionate to one’s real contribution to social well-being, and hurt those who are the most vulnerable and least able among a society’s people.
Bimodal switching for online planning in multiagent settings

We present a bimodal method for online planning in partially observable multiagent settings as formalized by a finitely-nested interactive partially observable Markov decision process (I-POMDP). An agent planning in an environment shared with another updates beliefs both over the physical state and the other agents' models. In problems where we do not observe other's action explicitly but must infer it from sensing its effect on the state, observations are more informative about the other when the belief over the state space has reduced uncertainty. For typical, uncertain initial beliefs, we model the agent as if it were acting alone and utilize fast online planning for POMDPs. Subsequently, the agent switches to online planning in multiagent settings. We maintain tight lower and upper bounds at each step, and switch over when the difference between them reduces to less than e.
The paradox of the weakening combatant: trade-off between closing force and gripping speed in a sexually selected combat structure

Summary 1. Previous evidence demonstrates that closing force decreases proportionally as fiddler crab claw size increases. Larger crabs do have greater absolute closing force, but less than would be expected if claw proportions were isometric. In the Mud Fiddler Crab, Uca pugnax , this is explained by a decrease in mechanical advantage with increasing claw size. 2. We here re-measure mechanical advantage with a more direct method than used previously; the relationship of mechanical advantage to claw size was similar to the older indirect measure. Because the fiddler crab claw is a simple lever, we predicted that the observed decline in closing force should be compensated by a proportional increase in closing speed. 3. We tested this hypothesis using high-speed video to observe crabs closing their major claws spontaneously under controlled conditions. Closing speed scaled positively to claw length as predicted, and the value of the exponent conformed to expectation from a simple biomechanical model. 4. Evolution of the fiddler crab claw therefore involved a trade-off of closing force for closing speed. An adaptive explanation of relative weakening with increasing body size may lie in the increased ability to rapidly grasp an opponent, a crucial advantage in fiddler crab combat.
Evaluation of the Noncentral t Distribution with S-Systems

Densities, cumulatives, and quantiles of the noncentral distributions are notoriously difficult to calculate. It is shown how the noncentral t distribution is represented in the canonical S-system form, i.e., as a set of first-order nonlinear differential equations in which the derivative of each variable equals a difference of two products of power-law functions. By solving the S-system numerically one rapidly obtains densities, cumulatives, quantiles, and moments of the central and noncentral t distributions, as well as power functions for the t-test.
Highlight lines for conveying shape

Recent work has shown that sparse lines defined on 3D shapes, including occluding contours and suggestive contours, are effective at conveying shape. We introduce two new families of lines called suggestive highlights and principal highlights, based on definitions related to suggestive contours and geometric creases. We show that when these are drawn in white on a gray background they are naturally interpreted as highlight lines, and complement contours and suggestive contours. We provide object-space definitions and algorithms for extracting these lines, explore several stylization possibilities, and compare the lines to ridges and valleys of intensity in diffuse-shaded images.
The spectrum of Evans’ syndrome

Eleven patients (10 boys, one girl) with Evans' syndrome with a median follow up time of 8.0 years were evaluated retrospectively. Six patients had either persistent hepatosplenomegaly or generalised lymphadenopathy, or both. In five patients, an increase in lymph node and/or spleen size was observed during the exacerbations of cytopenias. Seven patients had quantitative serum immunoglobulin abnormalities at the time of presentation. There were associated systemic manifestations in nine patients. Various forms of treatment were used with mixed results. Four patients died from sepsis and haemorrhage; four had complete recovery--two after splenectomy. These findings show that Evans' syndrome is a heterogeneous disorder with significant morbidity and mortality. High incidence of quantitative serum immunoglobulin abnormalities, lymphoid hyperplasia, and associated systemic manifestations suggest that Evans' syndrome may represent a stage of a more broad spectrum, generalised immune dysregulation.
Molecular evidence for cryptic species among the Antarctic fish Trematomus bernacchii and Trematomus hansoni

The notothenid species Trematomus bernacchii has previously been shown, by allozyme analysis, to be a complex of two cryptic species, one of which being more closely related to T. hansoni than to the other T. bernacchii cryptic species. Two T. bernacchii colour morphs, “white blotch” and “brown”, at McMurdo Sound, may correspond to these cryptic species. In this study, we present mitochondrial DNA sequences of the 12S and 16S ribosomal regions for six “white blotch” morphs, eight “brown” morphs collected in McMurdo Sound, one individual collected off the Antarctic Peninsula, and two T. hansoni individuals from McMurdo Sound. These sequences were compared with those of T. bernacchii and T. hansoni in the literature. Based on 14 phylogenetically informative sequences, no differences were found between “white blotch” and “brown” morphs. Furthermore, only one substitution separated these sequences from the previously published T. hansoni sequence, while 10 substitutions separated them from the previously published T. bernacchii sequence. Misidentified specimens, and sequence misreadings may be at the origin of these discrepancies. However, the presence of cryptic species within T. bernacchii and T. hansoni is not ruled out.
Diversity of microsatellites derived from genomic libraries and GenBank sequences in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

The growing number of rice microsatellite markers warrants a comprehensive comparison of allelic variability between the markers developed using different methods, with various sequence repeat motifs, and from coding and non-coding portions of the genome. We have performed such a comparison over a set of 323 microsatellite markers; 194 were derived from genomic library screening and 129 were derived from the analysis of rice-expressed sequence tags (ESTs) available in public DNA databases. We have evaluated the frequency of polymorphism between parental pairs of six inter- subspecific crosses and one inter-specific cross widely used for mapping in rice. Microsatellites derived from genomic libraries detected a higher level of polymorphism than those derived from ESTs contained in the GenBank database (83.8% versus 54.0%). Similarly, the other measures of genetic variability [the number of alleles per locus, polymorphism information content (PIC), and allele size ranges] were all higher in genomic library-derived microsatellites than in their EST-database counterparts. The highest overall degree of genetic diversity was seen in GA-containing microsatellites of genomic library origin, while the most conserved markers contained CCG- or CAG-trinucleotide motifs and were developed from GenBank sequences. Preferential location of specific motifs in coding versus non-coding regions of known genes was related to observed levels of microsatellite diversity. A strong positive correlation was observed between the maximum length of a microsatellite motif and the standard deviation of the molecular-weight of amplified fragments. The reliability of molecular weight standard deviation (SDmw) as an indicator of genetic variability of microsatellite loci is discussed.
Ethical Aspects of Economic Sanctions: A Third Theory

Economic sanctions are intended to cause pain to the target country or, in the case of smart sanctions, to particular individuals or groups. Over the years, two basic views have emerged on the ethics of employing economic sanctions. One view applies utilitarian ethics to justify sanctions while another group applies utilitarian ethics to conclude that sanctions are generally not justifiable. Both of these groups also apply a version of rights theory. However, both groups of theorists apply an incomplete version of both utilitarian ethics and rights theory. The approach proposed in this paper employs a more complete approach that corrects for the deficiencies of the conventional wisdom.
Passage of Darkness: The Ethnobiology of the Haitian Zombie

In 1982, Harvard-trained ethnobotanist Wade Davis traveled into the Haitian countryside to research reports of zombies--the infamous living dead of Haitian folklore. A report by a team of physicians of a verifiable case of zombification led him to try to obtain the poison associated with the process and examine it for potential medical use. Interdisciplinary in nature, this study reveals a network of power relations reaching all levels of Haitian political life. It sheds light on recent Haitian political history, including the meteoric rise under Duvalier of the Tonton Macoute. By explaining zombification as a rational process within the context of traditional Vodoun society, Davis demystifies one of the most exploited of folk beliefs, one that has been used to denigrate an entire people and their religion.
Flow cytometric analysis of DNA content in Hürthle cell adenomas and carcinomas of the thyroid.

Paraffin-embedded surgical biopsy material from 17 Hurthle cell tumors of the thyroid was examined for DNA content by flow cytometry to assess the diagnostic and prognostic utility of ploidy determinations in these rare tumors. Both adenomas (11 cases) and carcinomas (6 cases) were studied. As a control for methods, ten randomly selected normal autopsy thyroids were analyzed, all of which demonstrated normal diploid DNA content. Among the Hurthle cell tumors, however, aneuploid peaks were present in six adenomas (55%) and in four carcinomas (67%). Similarly, polyploid DNA peaks in the absence of other aneuploid peaks were present in two adenomas and two carcinomas (18% and 33%, respectively). These findings demonstrate the limited value of aneuploidy or polyploidy as diagnostic features for malignancy in Hurthle cell tumors of the thyroid. As for prognosis, there does not appear to be any unfavorable prognostic significance for abnormal DNA content in histologically benign Hurthle cell tumors treated by surgical excision because no metastases or recurrences occurred in this group at a mean disease-free follow-up of 50 +/- 19 months for six aneuploid lesions and 19 +/- 7 months for two polyploid adenomas. Preliminary data suggest that aneuploidy may, however, have an important prognostic value for histologically defined Hurthle cell carcinomas, because the only patient to die from the tumor in this series had an aneuploid Hurthle carcinoma. Thus, the authors' data indicate that the diagnostic utility of DNA content in Hurthle cell tumors is extremely limited and that there does not appear to be any negative prognostic significance for aneuploidy in histologically defined Hurthle cell adenomas.
From the Russian past to the Soviet present

The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics has come to dominate the news, the outlook of American policymakers, and presumably public concern, as never before. Yet not for at least 30 years, as George Kennan recently wrote, has there been “so high a degree of misunderstanding, of suspicion, of bewilderment, of sheer military fear” as exists now between this country and that. Not since the darkest days of the Cold War, as Kennan warned in the May 1981 Bulletin, “has the political tension reached so dangerous a point.”To be sure, current depictions of the Soviet Union in American governmental statements and in the popular press have generally not been as crude and misleading as they were during the Red Scare of the 1920s or the McCarthy Era of the 1950s. But increasing recourse to the image of the “caged bear,” to the specter of “barbaric totalitarianism,” to alleged Soviet designs for control of the world's oil supplies and the like, prompts concern that a similar process of mind-closing and of scapegoating i...
Developing teacher leadership for equity in STEM learning

This paper reports on a STEM teacher leadership program to support teachers in creating initiatives within their schools for STEM learning for all students. Teachers were recruited from across the state to represent a range of environments (rural, urban, suburban), across K-12, and including math and science. The program included a summer workshop and follow-up into the school year. During the summer, they designed a STEM initiative for equity for their schools. They also formed small learning communities to provide feedback and support as they designed and implemented their projects. For the school year, teachers went back to their school to implement a STEM project. The teachers gathered data to guide their choice of project from their schools to understand the performance of subgroups of students. For the project they designed, they also gathered data about the success of their initiative. A focus of all projects was on supporting equity in STEM learning. The projects could be designed as in-class work or as after-school programs with students or parents. Our data analysis includes analyzing their final project reports and their reflections as they worked on their projects. The results are in progress, but we are using a leadership framework that examines how they developed as leaders within their schools and communities by advocating for their students' engagement in STEM opportunities.
Social Science, Policy Science

This chapter will emphasize, as characteristics that determine the character of, and the rules appropriate for the discourse of economics, its reference universe as a social science, and its role as a critical component of the political system as a policy science.
Mitigate airliners' risk via intervening critical controls by leveraging authenticated secret sharing

As one of the most popular forms of transportation, the airliner involves risks and its safety has always been a critical concern for all passengers and crew members. Airliner incidents indicate that when pilots are manipulated by hijackers or the pilots intend to commit suicide: the airliner may either crash or be shot down due to its potential for suicide attack. To address these risks, we target at the critical operations under specific context which could potentially crash the airliner if there is no intervention to prohibit them. We propose an efficient, authenticated, secure solution which could enable the air traffic controller to intervene or even to prohibit the critical but dangerous operations. Our solution could successfully mitigate the risk of the single point of compromise when either a pilot or an air traffic controller has the unlimited privilege over the airliner. The experimental result also shows that the proposed solution demonstrates efficiency in terms of computational cost and it is feasible to be fitted in the aviation system.
Haptoglobin or Hemopexin Therapy Prevents Acute Adverse Effects of Resuscitation After Prolonged Storage of Red Cells.

Background: Extracellular hemoglobin and cell-free heme are toxic breakdown products of hemolyzed erythrocytes. Mammals synthesize the scavenger proteins haptoglobin and hemopexin, which bind extracellular hemoglobin and heme, respectively. Transfusion of packed red blood cells is a lifesaving therapy for patients with hemorrhagic shock. Because erythrocytes undergo progressive deleterious morphological and biochemical changes during storage, transfusion of packed red blood cells that have been stored for prolonged intervals (SRBCs; stored for 35–40 days in humans or 14 days in mice) increases plasma levels of cell-free hemoglobin and heme. Therefore, in patients with hemorrhagic shock, perfusion-sensitive organs such as the kidneys are challenged not only by hypoperfusion but also by the high concentrations of plasma hemoglobin and heme that are associated with the transfusion of SRBCs. Methods: To test whether treatment with exogenous human haptoglobin or hemopexin can ameliorate adverse effects of resuscitation with SRBCs after 2 hours of hemorrhagic shock, mice that received SRBCs were given a coinfusion of haptoglobin, hemopexin, or albumin. Results: Treatment with haptoglobin or hemopexin but not albumin improved the survival rate and attenuated SRBC-induced inflammation. Treatment with haptoglobin retained free hemoglobin in the plasma and prevented SRBC-induced hemoglobinuria and kidney injury. In mice resuscitated with fresh packed red blood cells, treatment with haptoglobin, hemopexin, or albumin did not cause harmful effects. Conclusions: In mice, the adverse effects of transfusion with SRBCs after hemorrhagic shock are ameliorated by treatment with either haptoglobin or hemopexin. Haptoglobin infusion prevents kidney injury associated with high plasma hemoglobin concentrations after resuscitation with SRBCs. Treatment with the naturally occurring human plasma proteins haptoglobin or hemopexin may have beneficial effects in conditions of severe hemolysis after prolonged hypotension. # Clinical Perspective {#article-title-55}
A Theory of Currency Unions and Equity Price Shocks

This paper investigates the effects of financial shocks on per capita national income of multiple currency unions in different geographic locations. Though exposure to financial market shock is hardly considered and not generally measured as an important convergence criterion for unionization, currency unions are generally formed to attain greater regional and global economic integration. As a general theory, this paper finds that shocks to equity prices have imprecise implications for the performance of currency unions with divergent sources of income, different currency arrangements, evolutionary trade alliances, and unequal financial exposure. Specifically, historical alliances, geographic proximity, or even union membership, may not provide sufficient explanation for income volatility in currency unions after an exposure to equity price shocks. By utilizing annual time series data without seasonal adjustments to decompose variances, this paper finds that changes in equity prices may not significantly account for the volatility in per capita income of currency unions with weak intra-union trading patterns and less stringent currency arrangements.
Hippocampal dose from stereotactic radiosurgery for 4 to 10 brain metastases: Risk factors, feasibility of dose reduction via re-optimization, and patient outcomes

Abstract This study aimed to report hippocampal dose from single-fraction stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) for 4 to 10 brain metastases and determine feasibility of hippocampal-sparing SRS. Patients with 4 to 10 brain metastases receiving single-isocenter, multi-target single-fraction SRS were identified. Hippocampi were contoured using the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) 0933 atlas. RTOG 0933 dose constraints were converted to a biologically effective dose using an alpha/beta of 2 (D100 421 cGy, Dmax 665 cGy). Number of metastases, total target volume, prescribed dose, and distance of nearest metastasis (dmin) were analyzed as risk factors for exceeding hippocampal constraints. If hippocampi exceeded constraints, the SRS plan was re-optimized. Key dosimetric parameters were compared between original and re-optimized plans. To determine if a single target can exceed constraints, all targets but the closest metastasis were removed from the plan, and dosimetry was compared. Forty plans were identified. Fifteen hippocampi (19%) exceeded constraints in 12 SRS plans. Hippocampal sparing was achieved in 10 of 12 replanned cases (83%). Risk factors associated with exceeding hippocampal constraints were decreasing dmin (24.0 vs 8.0 mm, p = 0.002; odds ratio [OR] 1.14, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.04 to 1.26) and total target volume (5.46 cm3 vs 1.98 cm3, p = 0.03; OR 1.14, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.32). There was no difference in exceeding constraints for 4 to 5 vs 6 to 10 metastases (27% vs 21%, p = 0.409) or prescribed dose (18 Gy, p = 0.58). For re-optimized plans, there were no significant differences in planning target volume (PTV) coverage (99.6% vs 99.0%, p = 0.17) or conformality index (1.47 vs 1.4, p = 0.78). Six (50%) plans exceeded constraints with a single target. A substantial minority of hippocampi receive high radiation dose from SRS for 4 to 10 brain metastases. Decreasing distance of the closest metastasis and total target volume are associated with exceeding hippocampal constraints. Re-optimizing these plans yielded hippocampal-sparing SRS plans with acceptable dosimetry. Prospective evaluation of the impact of hippocampal dose from SRS on neurocognition merits consideration.
Chemotherapy use in the elderly for stage IV pancreatic cancer: An NCDB analysis.

223Background: Cancer incidence is higher in the elderly, yet these patients tend to be underrepresented in clinical trials and receive less treatment than their younger counterparts. This study se...
Tobacco Use and Associated Factors in Patients Presenting to a Psychiatric Emergency Room.

Background. Rates of cigarette smoking among the public and individuals with mental illness have been well documented. Studies have demonstrated that prevalence of smoking among individuals with mental illness remains elevated compared to the general population and as a distinct subgroup, individuals with mental illness consume more than a third of cigarettes sold in the U.S. However, information on rates of smoking among patients presenting to a psychiatric emergency room (ER) is lacking. This study assesses this understudied population for smoking prevalence and associated factors. Methods. A retrospective chart review of 203 distinct psychiatric ER patients was conducted. Demographics, tobacco use, substance use, psychiatric diagnoses, and family history were noted and analyzed with SPSS. Result. Tobacco use rates were noted to be nearly fifty percent and significant associations were found with active suicidal ideation, alcohol use disorders, illicit drug use disorders, and history of prior psychiatric hospitalization. Conclusion. Tobacco use among psychiatric ER patients is much higher than that of the general population and associated with active suicidal ideations, alcohol use disorders, and illicit substance use disorders. These findings should be considered in the evaluation and expectant management of these patients by their clinicians and healthcare providers.
Reaction rates for O3 + HCl yielding O + O2 + HCl, Cl + O3 yielding ClO + O2, and HCl + O yielding OH + Cl at elevated temperatures

Ozone and a much greater quantity of hydrogen chloride, slightly diluted by oxygen and argon, were heated by a shock wave process to temperatures in the range 480-1300 K at pressures from four to eight atmospheres. From variations in ozone concentration, determined by the attentuation of 2537-A radiation, the rate coefficient for the reaction O3 + HCl yielding O + O2 + HCl was determined to be k1 = (4.0 plus or minus 1.5) x 10 to the minus 10 exp(-10,408/T)cm3/s for temperatures of 480-720 K. From the concentration of ClO remaining at the end of ozone decomposition the rate coefficients for the reactions Cl + O3 yielding ClO + O2 and HCl + O yielding OH + Cl were also deduced for a temperature of about 1100 K.
Cerebral blood flow adaptation to chronic hypoxia.

Exposure of rats to mild hypoxia initially increases cerebral blood flow (CBF) as much as two-fold which maintains the arterial oxygen delivery rate. Several days after continued hypoxia, CBF decreases toward its baseline level as the blood oxygen carrying capacity is increased through increased hemoglobin content [1]. Evidently, CBF regulation and the oxygen carrying capacity of blood are correlated. To quantitatively analyze the CBF control mechanisms associated with chronic hypoxia, a mathematical model was developed that describes the concentration dynamics of O2 and CO2 transport and metabolic processes in blood and brain tissue. In capillary blood, species transport processes were represented by a one-dimensional convection-dispersion model with diffusion between blood and tissue cells in the cortex and brain stem. Three possible control mechanisms for CBF in response to chronic hypoxia were analyzed: 1) local PO2 change in cerebral tissue; 2) reduced blood flow associated with elevated blood viscosity from increased Hct; 3) neurogenic input from O2 receptors in the brain stem. Our hypothesis is that increased PO2 in the brain stem is the signal for the return of CBF to its baseline condition. This PO2 increase results from an increase in arterial oxygen carrying capacity and a decrease in local energy metabolism. Model simulations quantify the relative contributions of each of these control mechanisms during 4 days of hypoxic exposure. These simulations are consistent with experimental data that show CBF returns to its baseline even though the cerebral cortical tissue remains hypoxic as indicated by increased levels of the transcription factor Hypoxia Inducible Factor-1 (HIF-1).
Local Thermal Equilibrium Model of Molecular Secondary Ion Emission

Secondary emission of intact ions characteristic of involatile analytes dissolved in glycerol may be viewed as the result of two not necessarily independent, processes. First, all the intermolecular bonds of the involatile solute must be broken without breaking a single intramolecular bond. Second, the secondary ion precursor must become charged either before, during, or after it is emitted into the gas phase. It is not yet clear how the physical and chemical properties of a sample affect either of these two processes, but it is clear that chemical effects dominate secondary ion emission. Because chemical effects are the result of processes involving less than a few eV/molecule, it follows that secondary ion emission involves a third process, in which the keV energy of the primary particle is dissipated rapidly to a collection of sample molecules, such that the kinetic energy/molecule of sample is insufficient to cause pyrolysis, but sufficient to cause desorption. When viewed this way, secondary ion emission can be described as the result of the behavior of a critical fluid. Such a fluid is best described by its thermodynamic properties, and postulating that secondary ion emission proceeds via a critical fluid state implies the existence of a local thermal equilibrium within the sputtering region.
Impact of trayless dining intervention on food choices of university students

Students live outside of their family homes for the first time in college and are expected to make their own decisions regarding dietary choices. College food environment could be a major determinant of dietary intake and is of importance in relation to obesity. This research determines the impact of removing cafeteria trays on student’s food choice. A quasi experimental pre-post research with control treatment was conducted in university dining halls. The participants were the dining hall patrons at a large public university in Southern US, spring 2015. The dining hall trays were removed from the intervened dining hall for five consecutive days during regular university session. Outcome measures of food choice were collected by observing tray waste before and after the tray removal in the intervened dining hall with parallel observation in the control dining hall. Difference-in-difference analysis was done to find the intervention effect. A total of 3153 trays were observed (N = 1564 in control and N = 1589 in intervention dining). Removal of trays resulted in a significant decrease in the total number of lunch plates (1.76 vs 1.66 servings, p < .006), drink glasses (1.32 vs 1.02 servings, p < .0001), dishes with leftovers (0.56 vs 0.39 serving, P < .001), and lunch plates with leftovers (0.51 vs 0.35 servings, p < .005). Student food choices can be affected by removing trays from dining halls, specifically favoring fewer beverages, and without sacrificing salad consumption. Studies with more precise measures of tray waste are needed to understand the direct effect on energy and nutrient consumption.