cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interprofessional Online Global Health Course

Objective. The design and evaluation of an online global health course targeted for pharmacy and other undergraduates is presented.Design. Enrolled students represented nursing, health education, p...
The six-minute walk test in patients with AL amyloidosis: a single centre case series.

Summary The six-minute walk test (6MWT) has been widely used as an objective evaluation of functional exercise capacity and response to medical intervention in cardiopulmonary diseases. However, little is known about the 6MWT in evaluating patients with AL amyloidosis. We performed a retrospective study of 120 adults with systemic AL amyloidosis (60 with cardiac involvement and 60 without cardiac involvement) who had their initial evaluation at the Amyloidosis Center between 2013 and 2015 and had undergone 6MWT as a measure of functional exercise capacity. Forty-seven patients with cardiac involvement and 41 patients without cardiac involvement were included in the final analysis. The six-minute walk distances (6MWD) were 368 ± 105 m and 420 ± 116 m (mean ± SD), respectively (P = 0·03). Among AL amyloidosis patients with cardiac involvement, the 6MWD was associated with New York Heart Association class (P < 0·001), B-type natriuretic peptide (P = 0·003) and overall survival (hazard ratio 0·381, 95% confidence interval 0·215–0·676, P = 0·001). In conclusion, the 6MWT is a valuable tool in assessing functional exercise capacity in patients with AL amyloidosis.
Transforming social cohesion into informal social control: Deconstructing collective efficacy and the moderating role of neighborhood racial homogeneity

This study investigates the relationship between perceptions of social cohesion and informal social control within U.S. urban neighborhoods and adds neighborhood racial homogeneity to investigate t...
Interactive Computer Design of Wastewater Plants

A program which allows the engineer without computer programming experience to design a sewage treatment plant is described. The program development criteria and user supplied information are briefly described. A design example showing the calculation for upgrading a trickling filter plant is included. The program can be used in the design of a new plant or to model and upgrade an existing facility. A list of the unit operation models currently programmed is given. Other models can be added readily.
Android authentication and device administration API

This paper examines security capabilities of Android open source operating system based on GNU/Linux and components developed by Google. The focus of this paper is analysis of Android screen-locker and login applications. Many default Android applications can be replaced by new applications, which can offer different interface or add new functionality. Screen-locker is an integral part of Android, and while it cannot be replaced directly, there are ways to implement applications to offer same functionality, and possibly more features. Android 2.2 Device Administration API is tightly coupled with the native screen-locker and login mechanism, allowing for development of robust and adaptive security applications and centralized policy management tools. A new screen-locker and authentication app was created using Device Administration API and is discussed in this paper.
Characterization of gliomas: from morphology to molecules.

This article reviews the histologic and molecular characterization of gliomas, including the new “integrated diagnoses” of the World Health Organization Classification, 2016 edition. The entities reviewed within include diffuse gliomas (astrocytoma, oligodendroglioma, glioblastoma), as well as circumscribed and low-grade gliomas (angiocentric glioma, pilocytic astrocytoma, subependymal giant cell astrocytoma, pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma, pilomyxoid astrocytoma, ependymoma, myxopapillary ependymoma, and subependymoma). Diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive biomarkers are discussed for each entity. We review how molecular testing for IDH1 and ATRX and detection of chromosome 1p/19q codeletion can be used to categorize glioblastomas as IDH-wildtype or IDH-mutant, and lower grade diffuse gliomas into three molecular groups that correlate better with patient outcomes than histologic subtyping. Pediatric diffuse gliomas are highlighted, including diffuse midline glioma, H3 K27M-mutant, and inherited germline mutations that predispose to pediatric gliomas. The utility of genomic profiling of certain gliomas is discussed, including identifying candidates for experimental therapies. This review is meant to be a concise summary of glioma characterization for the practicing pathologist.
Dietary docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) as lysophosphatidylcholine, but not as free acid, enriches brain DHA and improves memory in adult mice.

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is uniquely concentrated in the brain, and is essential for its function, but must be mostly acquired from diet. Most of the current supplements of DHA, including fish oil and krill oil, do not significantly increase brain DHA, because they are hydrolyzed to free DHA and are absorbed as triacylglycerol, whereas the transporter at blood brain barrier is specific for phospholipid form of DHA. Here we show that oral administration of DHA to normal adult mice as lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) (40 mg DHA/kg) for 30 days increased DHA content of the brain by >2-fold. In contrast, the same amount of free DHA did not increase brain DHA, but increased the DHA in adipose tissue and heart. Moreover, LPC-DHA treatment markedly improved the spatial learning and memory, as measured by Morris water maze test, whereas free DHA had no effect. The brain derived neurotrophic factor increased in all brain regions with LPC-DHA, but not with free DHA. These studies show that dietary LPC-DHA efficiently increases brain DHA content and improves brain function in adult mammals, thus providing a novel nutraceutical approach for the prevention and treatment of neurological diseases associated with DHA deficiency, such as Alzheimer’s disease.
Using cognitive fit theory to evaluate patient understanding of medical images

Patients are increasingly presented with their health data through patient portals in an attempt to engage patients in their own care. Due to the large amounts of data generated during a patient visit, the medical information when shared with patients can be overwhelming and cause anxiety due to lack of understanding. Health care organizations are attempting to improve transparency by providing patients with access to visit information. In this paper, we present our findings from a research study to evaluate patient understanding of medical images. We used cognitive fit theory to evaluate existing tools and images that are shared with patients and analyzed the relevance of such sharing. We discover that medical images need a lot of customization before they can be shared with patients. We suggest that new tools for medical imaging should be developed to fit the cognitive abilities of patients.
Calls of the bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus)

Injury and mortality statistics suggest that bald eagles entering the air space of wind energy facilities face considerable risk. To mitigate the hazard, acoustic deterrent systems designed to discourage entry into such hazardous air spaces are under consideration. In this study, the acoustic properties of a collection of call types within the eagle vocal repertoire are reported as a first step in a larger program of study designed to assess the deterrent capacity of the bird’s natural vocal utterances. To that end, calls were recorded from bald eagles housed in the Raptor Center at the University of Minnesota. Based on preliminary acoustic analyses, at least five calls were identified and are referred to here as peal/scream, chatter/cackle, snort, squeal and grunt. With the exception of the low frequency grunt, calls were uniformly high pitched, tonal in nature, exhibited harmonic spectral structure, and they were generally complex, exhibiting distinct nonlinear characteristics. In this presentation, the spectrotemporal properties of each call type will be described with the goal of generating an acoustic repository to enable the consistent classification of calls to be tested for their potential as deterrence signals. [This work was supported by Department of Energy grant #DE-EE0007881.]
Prolonged phloem ingestion by Diaphorina citri nymphs compared to adults is correlated with increased acquisition of citrus greening pathogen

Citrus greening disease (huanglongbing), currently the most destructive citrus disease worldwide, is putatively caused by Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas), a phloem-limited bacterium transmitted by the Asian citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri. Electrical penetration graph (EPG) recordings over 42 h were performed to compare the feeding behavior of D. citri adults and 4th or 5th instar nymphs feeding on CLas-infected or healthy citron plants. Nymphs performed more individual bouts of phloem ingestion (E2) and recorded longer phloem ingestion total time compared with adults, whereas adults performed more bouts of xylem ingestion (G) and recorded greater total time of xylem ingestion compared with nymphs. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction tests indicated that 58% of nymphs and 6% of adults acquired CLas during the 42 h EPG-recorded feeding on infected plants. In a histological study, a greater proportion of salivary sheaths produced by nymphs were branched compared to those of the adults. Our results strongly suggest that more bouts and longer feeding time in the phloem by nymphs may explain their more efficient CLas acquisition from infected plants compared to adults. This is the first EPG study comparing nymphs and adults of D. citri on healthy and infected citrus plants in relation to CLas acquisition.
Einige Überlegungen zur Prüfung psychoanalytischer Hypothesen

Die von Adolf Grunbaum in seinem Buch prasentierte Analyse und seine Argumentation sind so uberzeugend und scharfsinnig, das er damit jede fruhere philosophische Beurteilung der Psychoanalyse weit ubertrifft. Auserdem ist es ein reines Vergnugen, einem Kritiker zu begegnen, der seinem Gegenstand eine ahnliche Achtung entgegenbringt wie Grunbaum, der Freud fur seine Fahigkeiten und seine Beitrage bewundert, ohne das er gegenuber dessen Schwachen blind wird; vielmehr fuhlt er sich gedrangt, das Werk Freuds so ausfuhrlich und intensiv wie notwendig zu studieren. Das Resultat ist ein so wesentliches Werk, das alle, die ernsthaft an der Psychoanalyse interessiert sind, sich sorgfaltig mit ihm auseinandersetzen sollten. Es enthalt so viel, das eine Besprechung wegen der hier erforderlichen Kurze nur einige wenige Themen unter vielen, die ausfuhrlich diskutiert werden musten, streifen kann. (Zur weiteren Diskussion s. Holt 1985).
Bioreactor Fault Detection Using Data Reconciliation

We summarize experience using a data reconciliation technique to detect faults and inconsistencies in process data collection from lab and industrial scale fermentations.
Journal Club: Florbetapir imaging in cerebral amyloid angiopathy-related hemorrhages.

Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is a common type of cerebral small vessel disease and a key cause of spontaneous lobar intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in the elderly.1,2 Currently, the clinical diagnosis of probable CAA is based on characteristic imaging findings including strictly lobar ICH and CAA-associated hemorrhagic lesions (e.g., cerebral microbleeds [CMB] and cortical superficial siderosis). Despite their high specificity for CAA,3 these lesions only provide indirect evidence of advanced disease. Currently, a definite CAA diagnosis can only be obtained on a brain biopsy or with a neuropathologic examination of the brain postmortem. Quantifying potential early stages of CAA in vivo through more direct biomarkers remains challenging.4 In order to assess the diagnostic yield of a direct amyloid PET tracer in the clinical setting, in the Journal club article “Florbetapir imaging in cerebral amyloid angiopathy-related hemorrhages,” Raposo and colleagues compared cortical florbetapir-PET retention between patients with CAA-related ICH and patients with hypertension-related deep ICH. The authors report increased cortical florbetapir-PET uptake in patients with CAA-related ICH compared to those with deep ICH. However, its diagnostic value in acute CAA-related ICH was proved to be limited by its moderate sensitivity and specificity. While these data do not yet have direct implications for CAA in clinical practice, they are useful in consolidating evidence on amyloid-PET performance in the setting of symptomatic CAA-related lobar ICH and may be informative for guiding future studies and trials in CAA.4
Intercultural Competence: Physical Education Teacher Education Recommendations.

ABSTRACT The increasing diversity of the K-12 student population presents challenges and opportunities for growth in the physical education profession. To address the cultural gap in today’s classr...
The Association between the Outcome of Earnings Guidance and Subsequent Guidance

We examine how the propensity to issue quarterly earnings guidance is affected by the outcomes from previously issued earnings guidance. We hypothesize that managers are less likely to provide guidance in a given year when past management forecasts have been overly optimistic, when past guidance has resulted in earnings disappointments, and when past forecasts were accompanied by high levels of stock price volatility. Our empirical work confirms these hypotheses. In addition, we find that outcomes from previously issued guidance also help explain the recent discontinuation of earnings guidance by many high-profile U.S. firms.
Alternative Approaches to Comparative nth-Degree Risk Aversion

This paper extends the three main approaches to comparative risk aversion—the risk premium approach and the probability premium approach of Pratt (1964) [Risk aversion in the small and in the large...
Bifurcation Bias among Family Members in Family Firms and Its Determinants

It is widely recognized that there is an asymmetric treatment, which is termed as bifurcation bias, for family members and non-family members in family firms. Even though many studies have been con...
Reconstructed protein sequence evolution consistent with the evolution of C4 photosynthesis via a C2 ancestor in the Paniceae

The grass tribe Paniceae includes a monophyletic subclade of species, the MPC clade, which specialize in each of the three primary C4 sub-pathways NADP-ME, NAD-ME and PCK. The evolutionary history of C4 photosynthesis in this subclade remains ambiguous. Leveraging newly sequenced grass genomes and syntenic orthology data, we estimated rates of protein sequence evolution on ancestral branches for both core enzymes shared across different C4 sub-pathways and enzymes specific to C4 sub-pathways. While core enzymes show elevated rates of protein sequence evolution in ancestral branches consistent with a transition from C3 to C4 photosynthesis in the ancestor for this clade, no subtype specific enzymes showed similar patterns. At least one protein involved in photorespiration also showed elevated rates of protein sequence evolution in the ancestral branch. The set of core C4 enzymes examined here combined with the photorespiratory pathway are necessary for the C2 photosynthetic cycle, a previously proposed intermediate between C3 and C4 photosynthesis. The patterns reported here are consistent with, but not conclusive proof that, C4 photosynthesis in the MPC clade of the Paniceae evolved via a C2 intermediate.
Essential Lessac Honoring the Familiar in Body, Mind, Spirit

The purpose of Essential Lessac: Honoring the Familiar in Body, Mind, and Spirit is to help everyone, especially performers and professional speakers, become aware of and appreciate the body’s inhe...
Longitudinal Principal Component Analysis With an Application to Marketing Data

We propose a longitudinal principal component analysis method for multivariate longitudinal data using a random-effects eigen-decomposition, where the eigen-decomposition uses longitudinal informat...
Monolithic Two-Terminal All-Perovskite Tandem Solar Cells with Power Conversion Efficiency Exceeding 21%

Monolithic two-terminal (2-T) all-perovskite tandem solar cells are a promising candidate for the next generation solar cells with ultrahigh efficiency and low fabrication cost. Here, we report on the fabrication of 2-T all-perovskite tandem solar cells consisting of solution-processed wide-bandgap and low-bandgap perovskite subcells connected by a vacuum processed interconnection layer. We employed a bulk-passivation strategy to enlarge the grain size, increase carrier mobilities, reduce electronic disorder, and suppress trap-assisted recombination in the low bandgap mixed Sn-Pb perovskite films, which leads to improved performance of low bandgap perovskite solar cells with an absorber thickness over 750 nm. This advance in high-quality low-bandgap perovskite layers enables the fabrication of efficient 2-T all-perovskite solar cells with power conversion efficiencies of more than 21% and decent stability. Our approach provides a suitable pathway to realize ultra-high efficiency 2-T all-perovskite tandem solar cells.
Minimally Invasive Management of Civilian Gunshot Wounds to the Lumbar Spine: A Case Series and Technical Report

Background Treatment of penetrating gunshot wounds (GSW) to the spine remains controversial. The decision to operate is often based on surgeon preference and experience. We present a case series of 7 patients who underwent minimally invasive thoracolumbar/sacral decompression and bullet removal at a level 1 trauma center. Objective To describe the use of minimally invasive techniques to achieve decompression and bullet removal for GSW to the spine. Methods From 2010 to 2017, 7 patients with spinal GSW underwent minimally invasive decompression and bullet removal at an academic level 1 trauma center. Results Patient ages ranged from 20 to 55 yr (mean: 31 yr). The mechanisms of injury were GSW to the abdomen/pelvis (n = 6) and direct GSW to the spine (n = 1). Based on the neurological examination, the injuries were characterized as complete (n = 1) or incomplete (n = 6). Decompression and bullet removal were performed using a tubular retractor system. All patients with incomplete injuries who had postdischarge follow-up demonstrated some neurologic recovery. There were no postoperative wound infections, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) fistulas, or other complications related to the procedure. Conclusion Minimally invasive decompression and bullet removal is a safe technique that may help reduce the risk of postoperative infections and CSF fistulas in patients with GSW to the lumbar spine compared to the standard open technique. This approach appears to be particularly beneficial in patients with incomplete injuries and neuropathic pain refractory to medical treatment.
Set system intersections can typically be blown up

We prove that given a constant $k \ge 2$ and a large set system $\mathcal{F}$ of sets of size at most $w$, a typical $k$-tuple of sets $(S_1, \cdots, S_k)$ from $\mathcal{F}$ can be "blown up" in the following sense: for each $1 \le i \le k$, we can find a large subfamily $\mathcal{F}_i$ containing $S_i$ so that for $i \neq j$, if $T_i \in \mathcal{F}_i$ and $T_j \in \mathcal{F}_j$, then $T_i \cap T_j=S_i \cap S_j$.
Hegel’s Philosophy of Bildung

The idea that Bildung is central to Hegel’s account of the unending, historical development of individual human subjects and of humanity at large is widely recognized. However, there is no agreement about the exact meaning in which Hegel uses the term, nor about its systematic significance within his philosophy. This chapter outlines the basic connotations of Bildung, how Hegel conceptualizes it, and discusses the role this concept plays in his philosophy. It shows that in Hegel’s philosophical systematic, Bildung is conceptualized as a fundamental, social-historical project of the spirit’s self-cultivation, a path toward rational autonomy and actively attained freedom from natural immediacy of life, a path, which unfolds through contradiction, difference, dialectic of alienation, and intersubjective interactions within the social realm, and on the plain of cultural history. In this sense, Bildung, which is prominent throughout all of Hegel’s work – from the Phenomenology to Philosophy of Right and to the Lectures on the World History – provides important insights into his humanistic philosophy and is instrumental to understanding of his philosophical project.
Ethylene-removing packaging: Basis for development and latest advances

Produce is rapidly gaining market share worldwide. Ethylene is a gas molecule that causes detrimental changes in produce. Thus, it is crucial to reduce surrounding ethylene besides inhibiting ethylene biosynthesis to extend produce shelf life and reduce food waste. Ethylene-removing packaging (ERP) can reduce ethylene concentration surrounding produce during transportation and commercialization. The information found in the literature on the topic is minimal and incomplete compared to other types of active packaging. It focuses on compounds with an ethylene-removing capacity rather than on the packaging technology per se. The goal of this literature review is to compile and discuss information from peer-reviewed scientific papers and industry websites on the basics on ERP and on recent developments that can be used to build on and to advance this type of active packaging. This review first focuses on factors needed to design effective ERP including produce characteristics, in-package composition, material properties and their changes after compounding, remover properties, integration techniques, and environment. Next, this review presents a classification for ERP and provides a detailed analysis of various ethylene-removing compounds including their mechanisms of action, integration techniques, impacts on produce shelf life, advantages and drawbacks including safety, commercial applications, and combinations with other shelf-life extending technologies. Some ERP designs are more promising to extend produce shelf life than others, but there is still room for further research to advance this packaging strategy. Specific needs include investigation of ethylene removal for fresh-cut produce and exploring different integration techniques and materials for such integration.
Pharmacological characterization of the forced swim test in Drosophila melanogaster

The forced swim test is commonly used as a preclinical screen of antidepressant medication efficacy in rats and mice. Neckameyer and Nieto-Romero (Stress 18:254–66, 2015) adopted the forced swim test for use with the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster and showed that behavior in this test is sensitive to several physiologically relevant stressors. However, whether this test might be sensitive to the effects of antidepressant medications or other compounds is unknown. In the current studies, we fed drugs to male and female flies that we expected to either decrease or increase the duration of immobility in the forced swim test, including fluoxetine, desipramine, picrotoxin, reserpine, 3-iodo-tyrosine, and ethanol. Fluoxetine was the only drug tested that affected behavior in this test, and surprisingly, the direction of the effect depended on the duration of feeding. Short-term (30 min) feeding of the drug prior to test resulted in the expected increase in latency to immobility, while a longer feeding duration (20–24 h) decreased this measure. These results suggest that the pharmacological profile of the fly FST is more restricted than that of the rat or mouse FST, and that the duration of drug exposure is an important consideration in pharmacological research using flies.
Design of Two Interleaved Error Detection and Corrections using Hsiao Code and CRC

A radiation-induced single-event upset (SEU) is a major disruption to electronics operating in satellites. If not rectified, a single-bit-error can become uncorrectable. In this paper, we present two interleaved Double-Adjacent-Error-Corrections (DAECs) for Error Detection and Correction (EDAC), using the Hsiao Code and Cyclic Redundancy Code (CRC). From our results, both EDACs can correct 100% of the single-bit-errors, double-adjacent-bit-errors, and detect double-bit-errors and up to four-adjacent-bit-errors. The Hsiao Code EDAC encoder design requires less bit-weight than the CRC EDAC, which is an attribute of a high-speed EDAC. The CRC EDAC, in contrast, has a higher error detection rate for both three- and four-bit-errors, at 96.25% and 91.92%, respectively. We also propose two storage formats and algorithm designs that can manage and store the 48-bit codeword in 8-bit and 16-bit memory devices, a typical satellite scenario where board space is scarce. We used Verilog HDL, C++, and ModelSim to create and test our designs.
Groups of narrow bipolar events within thunderstorms

Abstract This investigation is focused on groups of Narrow Bipolar Events (NBEs), defined as NBEs that occurred within 10 km horizontally and ±660 ms of a located, large-amplitude NBE from a dataset of positive NBEs that occurred in Mississippi thunderstorms. In two months only 15 groups were found, with a total of 31 positive and 4 negative NBEs. Each group had 2 to 5 NBEs; four groups had both positive and negative polarity NBEs. About half of the NBEs had typical values for range-normalized fast antenna (FA) electric field change magnitudes (4–15 V/m) and typical VHF powers (1000–45,000 W), but 17 NBEs had FA magnitudes 0.2–2.5 V/m, and 17 NBEs had VHF powers 30–900 W. Seven weak NBEs had FA magnitudes of 0.2–1.0 V/m and VHF powers of 30–100 W. These findings indicate that weak NBEs are more common than previously thought. None of the NBEs in groups initiated a lightning flash, and (with one possible exception) none of the later NBEs in a group were initiated by earlier NBEs in the group. The data of the NBE groups are consistent with the turbulence-extensive air shower (EAS)/relativistic runaway electron avalanche (RREA) mechanism, which states that each NBE occurs in a separate 1-km3 volume containing many small regions with electric field ≥3 MV/(m∙atm); an EAS/RREA passing through the 1-km3 volume initiates the positive streamers that comprise the NBE. Relative to thunderstorm radar reflectivity, 23 NBEs occurred in or above the reflectivity core, 10 NBEs occurred high in the storm anvil, and 2 NBEs occurred beside the storm core. We speculate that the occurrence of many of the NBE groups was associated with dynamically intense convection.
A clinician's guide for navigating the world of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder medications.

Once considered a condition of hyperactive boys, our knowledge and understanding of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and has dramatically evolved.1 Landmark studies by Biederman, Kessler, Faraone, and others have changed and deepened our understanding of ADHD to include a condition which not only affects boys but quite often affects girls.1–5 The evolution of symptoms across the lifespan and the concomitant neurologic changes which underlie this symptomatic expression has similarly evolved.6 Studies by Dalsgaard and others have brought to light the significantly increased morbidity and mortality associated with preschoolers, children, and adults struggling with ADHD and associated conditions.7,8
Significance Of The Basic Sciences In The Socio-Economic Development of Africa

The basic sciences, e.g. physics, chemistry, biology, and mathematics are the building blocks so to speak of all the applied sciences of agriculture, food science, energy, medicine, pharmacy, engineering and telecommunications, to name a few. The pioneering discoveries by some trail blazers such as Louis Pasteur who developed the first vaccines for rabies and anthrax point to the significance of the basic sciences to the socio-economic development of any country or continent. Pasteur invented a method to stop milk and wine from causing sickness, a process that came to be called pasteurisation. As Alexander Fleming said “I certainly did not plan to revolutionise all medicine by discovering the world’s first antibiotic, or bacteria killer but that was what happened. Constatin Fahlberg, a Russian Chemist, discovered saccharin, an artificial sweetener on. How did I discover saccharin?” he said. “Well, it was partly by accident and partly by study”. Svante Arrhenius, a Swedish Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry gave the first indication of climate change in 1896 through his calculations of how doubling the levels of concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere would increase the mean temperature by 5-60C on earth. Some of the challenges facing teaching and learning of basic sciences in Africa include lack of interest by students in the secondary schools, inadequate teachers, facilities and equipment and lack of political will by governments to commit the required funds to the study of the basic sciences. Stakeholders, especially governments, can help create the conducive environment for basic science education in Africa by first training a critical mass of teachers to teach the basic sciences, providing state of the art laboratories with the relevant equipment, and creating schemes and the conducive environment to encourage the younger generation to study the basic sciences.
Unpacking Public Perceptions of Terrorism: Does Type of Attack Matter?

The study explores terrorism threat perceptions, focusing on the American public’s views of conventional and cyber-terrorism methods. Based on a national survey data, we find that when asked about ...
The Birth of the CLS Movement

This chapter explores the origins of the CLS movement. The Crits emerged during the late 1970s under a specific set of political and educational circumstances. And although the overwhelming majority of Crits were legal scholars, they did not become a school of thought or the wing of a mass movement. Instead, the Crits elected to organize a legal movement.
The Case for an Income Tax

Recent studies by the United States Treasury Department' and the Meade Committee2 in England recommend a progressive tax on personal consumption as an altemative to an income tax. Neither adds anything fundamental to the expenditure-tax controversy, but each contains one intriguing feature: a discussion of the practical problems of substituting consumption for income as the tax base.3 This development may mean that the replacement of the income tax by an expenditure tax should be taken as a serious practical possibility. And even if the possibility of so radical a change in our tax structure is remote, the arguments of the expenditure-tax theorists may encourage changes in the income tax in the form of additional relief for savers or a supplemental tax on expenditure. The time when the expenditure tax could be dismissed as lacking practical significance has long passed. Arguments based on considerations of equity, administrative convenience, and economic efficiency play an important role in the case for an expenditure tax.' I will not address the question of
Effective Use of Measurement and Experimentation in Computing Curricula

Measurement and experimentation are standard ingredients in traditional science and engineering curricula. They form the basis for understanding and practicing the scientific method, and its lessons of hypothesis formation, design, validation and refinement. Though the emphasis on the various elements of the scientific method may be somewhat different in pure science than in pure engineering, the components of the method are ~milar [2]. While based mainly on mathematical elements instead of physical elements, computer science also has ample room for measurement and experimentation in its curricula.. Parts of computing curricula involve the study of devices and switching' circuits, where traditional engineering laboratory work of an empirical nature (particularly that of electrical engineering) is relevant. Within the software areas of computing curricula, too, there are many places to employ empirically-oriented labs to illustrate the scientific method. Recurring use of this paradigm within the curriculum is important , to facilitate its being learned properly. However, it is important that measurement and experimentation be used in a sound manner with respect to educational objectives. These objectives define levels of mastery (called knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, and evaluation [1]) of a topic, ranging from simple knowledge of terminology to the ability to evaluate its utility. They build on one another, in the sense that one should not expect to achieve a higher level of mastery before achieving the lower levels. In our zeal to move software engineering more toward a true engineering discipline, to build computing
Enrichment of mRNA encoding flagellar proteins.

Publisher Summary In many cases, growth of cilia or flagella is accompanied by large increases in levels of translatable mRNAs encoding flagellar proteins and correspondingly large increases in synthesis of flagellar polypeptides. Thus, the process of cilium/flagellum formation provides the opportunity to study controls over the expression of a specific large set of structurally diverse yet functionally related genes encoding ciliary or flagellar proteins. It also provides an opportunity to isolate mRNA enriched in transcripts encoding flagellar proteins, thus permitting construction of cDNA libraries enriched for these sequences. This chapter discusses a basic protocol for stimulating wild-type Chlamydornonas cells by pH shock, collecting samples of fixed cells for flagellar length measurements, and collecting RNA samples enriched for flagellar mRNAs before and 15, 45, 90, and 120 minutes after stimulation. RNA samples prepared in this manner have been used for cDNA library preparation, Northern, and S1 nuclease protection analysis, and in vitro translation. At the end of this description, variations in the basic method are discussed. As some cells lose their flagella during concentration, allow cells to recover from concentration by gently stirring with a magnetic stirrer under illumination for 120 minutes. After recovery, fix a 100-μl aliquot of cells by pipetting them into a tube containing an equal volume of glutaraldehyde, for the later measurement of flagellar lengths in nonstimulated cells.
Imaging as a guide to tissue sampling.

When assessing a patient with lung cancer, it is important to stage the tumor in order to determine prognosis and direct appropriate therapy. Although imaging findings, particularly with CT and PET, can suggest the correct tumor stage, imaging is imperfect in this regard; enlarged and/or hypermetabolic lymph nodes may require sampling for confirmation of presumed tumor stage. A major role for imaging is to direct the most optimal method of tissue sampling in order to establish the highest possible tumor stage, so that proper therapy may be instituted [1]. Lymph node biopsies may be performed using mediastinoscopy for lymph nodes that are adjacent to the trachea or carina; bronchoscopy with endobronchial ultrasound for lymph nodes adjacent to the trachea, carina, mainstem bronchi and more peripheral airways; video assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) for lesions adjacent to the pleural surfaces; Chamberlain procedure for lymph nodes in the aortopulmonary window and anterior paraaortic regions; endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) for nodes adjacent to the esophagus; ultrasonography for nodes in the neck and supraclavicular regions; and CT biopsy for large, accessible nodes. Selection of the best method for obtaining a tissue sample necessitates consideration of various factors, including the location of the lesion, the need for sampling of single vs. multiple lymph node stations, the amount of tissue that is necessary to make a confident diagnosis, the expected diagnostic yield and accuracy of the technique, the cost and availability of the procedure at the patient’s institution, the expertise of the physicians, and the safety and risks involved.
Fatty Acid Composition of Rickettsiae

The fatty acid compositions of selected strains of rickettsiae were studied by gas-liquid chromatography. The profiles of all the rickettsiae except Coxiella burnetii were qualitatively similar. The fatty acid composition of C. burnetii was similar to that of certain Legionella species.
Bromate poisoning from hair permanent preparations.

Potassium bromate is a tasteless, odorless, and colorless chemical found in the neutralizing solution of cold wave home hair permanents and profesional solutions. Toxic ingestions of this substance were initially reported during the 1940s and 1950s and are characterized primarily by gastrointestinal symptoms, hearing impairment, and acute renal failure.1 Although many manufacturers have now substituted less toxic substances as neutralizers, use of potassium bromate in some hair permanent solutions continues, and poisonings from this substance still occur.2-4 Because renal failure from potassium bromate intoxication may be severe, dialysis may be necessary for replacement of renal function. Moreover, a major toxicology reference presently suggests that "if readily available, the prompt use of hemodialysis or peritoneal lavage may serve to remove absorbed but unreacted bromate in significant amounts."1
Ace Your Accounting Classes: 12 Hints to Maximize Your Potential.

Many students experience difficulties when they try to get good grades in their accounting classes, and they are searching for answers. There is no single answer. Getting a good grade in an accounting class results from a process. If you know and understand the process–and can apply it-then your chances are much improved for getting a good grade. I recommend a process that includes twelve steps: (1) know what the professor expects, (2) be your own teacher, (3) work hard from the first day, (4) attend every class, (5) take good notes, (6) participate in class, (7) read the textbook several times, (8) look for patterns, (9) do the homework, (10) study with a friend, (11) study long and hard for each exam, and (12) live healthfully.
Does an 'Atlanta School' of Black Political Science Exist?: A Roundtable Discussion on the Origins and Scholarship of the Clark Atlanta University Department of Political Science

The purpose of this roundtable discussion is to explore the origins and experiences of the Department of Political Science at Clark Atlanta University. The session examines the factors that contributed to the development of the institution and the unique pedagogical, epistemic and disciplinary contributions of the Department to the practice of Black political science. Participants include: Kurt Young, Chair; Hashim Gibrill; William Boone; Kelly Harris; and Teri F. Platt.
Hybrid control of a manufacturing transport system

This paper describes the design of a least restrictive, safe hybrid control scheme for a manufacturing transport system transporting fragile objects from a production unit to a stamping/packaging station. The control scheme consists of several control modes. One control mode handles trajectory following using time-optimal control, the other control modes are safety related and are engaged in a least restrictive manner. The control design procedure involves defining safe and unsafe sets of states, which are used for deciding whether a safety-related control mode should be activated. The devised control scheme is proven to be safe under stated conditions, and is shown to perform well in simulations.
Multiplicity of Transforming Growth Factors in Human Malignant Effusions

Human malignant effusions were found to contain transforming growth factor (TGF) activity capable of stimulating anchorage independent growth of nontransformed rodent fibroblasts. Bio-Gel P-60 chromatography of acid-ethanol extracts demonstrated the presence of three populations of TGF activities in 57% of malignant effusions. Two activities were similar to those of TGFα and TGFβ as judged by their size ( M r ≊6,000 and ≊25,000, respectively), biological activity (ability to stimulate anchorage independent growth of NRK fibroblasts in the absence or presence of epidermal growth factor, respectively), and capacity to competitively inhibit binding of 125I-labeled epidermal growth factor to A-431 membranes and 125I-TGFβ to baby hamster kidney fibroblasts, respectively. In addition a third factor which stimulated anchorage independent growth of nontransformed rodent fibroblast and human colonic epithelial cells was also recovered following Bio-Gel P-60 chromatography of extracts from several cytology positive human malignant effusions of patients with colonic and breast carcinoma as well as other malignancies. The latter malignant effusion related transforming growth factor was not present in benign or cytology negative effusions. Malignant effusion related TGF factor was inactivated by sulfhydryl reducing agents, heat, and trypsin treatment but was stable in 1% acetic acid and ethanol. Partial purification was accomplished by chromatography of an acid-ethanol extract on Bio-Gel P-60 followed by high performance liquid chromatography with C18-µBondapak to yield a nearly pure protein with apparent molecular weights of 64,000 by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polacrylamide gel electrophoresis when run in nonreducing conditions and 32,000 when run in reducing conditions. Malignant effusion related TGF was able to stimulate anchorage independent growth of nontransformed fibroblasts in the absence of other growth factors. It did not competitively inhibit binding of 125I-labeled epidermal growth factor, 125I-TGFβ, or 125I-labeled platelet derived growth factor. Therefore, this factor isolated from human malignant effusions may be distinct from previously described transforming growth factors. Collectively these observations indicate that human malignant effusions contain a multiplicity of transforming growth factors. It is possible that the malignant effusion related transforming growth factors play a role or reflect the metastatic growth properties of various tumors.
An Exploration of Imitation Recognition in Young Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders

The ability to recognize when one is being imitated has been hypothesized to be an important developmental process related to the emergence of more advanced social-cognitive skills. While a series of behaviors indicating progressively more mature imitation recognition (IR) skills has been assessed in typically developing children, empirical work with children with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) has largely focused on basic social responses to an imitative adult (e.g. increases in eye contact). Limited work has explored more mature IR behaviors in this population. This study compared the degree to which children with ASD engage in different behaviors thought to be indicative of IR during a naturalistic imitation task and the relationship between different types of IR behaviors and social-cognitive skills (i.e. imitation, language, social reciprocity, and joint attention). Thirty children with ASD were administered standardized measures of cognitive level, language, joint attention, social reciprocity, and imitation. IR behaviors were observed during periods of contingent imitation by an adult. Participants engaged more frequently in less mature (e.g. looking at the experimenter's toy or face) than more mature IR behaviors (e.g. testing the experimenter's intent to imitate). After controlling for developmental level, social reciprocity, object imitation, and gesture imitation were positively correlated with more mature IR. These findings suggest that the development of more mature IR skills is related to the development of other social-cognitive skills in children with ASD and provide additional empirical support for reports of more mature IR observed in this population. , Inc.
D. H. Robertson (1890–1963)

The style that is the man, 518. — Before the break, 519. — Life at the top, 520. — The ever after, 521. — Some Robertsonian contributions, 522. —Conclusion, 535.
Iron misregulation and neurodegenerative disease in mouse models that lack iron regulatory proteins.

Abstract Iron regulatory proteins 1 and 2 (IRP1 and IRP2) are two cytosolic proteins that maintain cellular iron homeostasis by binding to RNA stem loops known as iron responsive elements (IREs) that are found in the untranslated regions of target mRNAs that encode proteins involved in iron metabolism. IRPs modify the expression of iron metabolism genes, and global and tissue-specific knockout mice have been made to evaluate the physiological significance of these iron regulatory proteins (Irps). Here, we will discuss the results of the studies that have been performed with mice engineered to lack the expression of one or both Irps and made in different strains using different methodologies. Both Irp1 and Irp2 knockout mice are viable, but the double knockout ( Irp1 −/− Irp2 −/− ) mice die before birth, indicating that these Irps play a crucial role in maintaining iron homeostasis. Irp1 −/− mice develop polycythemia and pulmonary hypertension, and when these mice are challenged with a low iron diet, they die early of abdominal hemorrhages, suggesting that Irp1 plays an essential role in erythropoiesis and in the pulmonary and cardiovascular systems. Irp2 −/− mice develop microcytic anemia, erythropoietic protoporphyria and a progressive neurological disorder, indicating that Irp2 has important functions in the nervous system and erythropoietic homeostasis. Several excellent review articles have recently been published on Irp knockout mice that mainly focus on Irp1 −/− mice (referenced in the introduction). In this review, we will briefly describe the phenotypes and physiological implications of Irp1 −/− mice and discuss the phenotypes observed for Irp2 −/− mice in detail with a particular emphasis on the neurological problems of these mice.
The electron glass: conduction, glassy dynamics and relation to other glasses

A theory for linear response conduction in an electron glass, based on scaling, is developed that includes all the important correlations due to many-body effects. The theory yields the same functional dependence of the conductance on tempera-ture as the Efros-Shklovskii (ES) theory which neglects many body effects. On excitation out of equilibrium the conduction has been observed to display glassy dynamics. A model developed recently to explain such experiments showed some shortcomings in the light of newer experiments. Some possible causes for this failure are being discussed. (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
ANALYSIS OF TRITIUM INCORPORATION INTO INDIVIDUAL CELLS BY AUTORADIOGRAPHY OF SQUASH PREPARATIONS

The relation between tritium content of individual cells and grain count obtained in autoradiographs of squashed cells was investigated. The tissues used were root meristems of Tradescantia paludosa and intestinal epithelium of the mouse. The relation between grain count and tritium content is affected by self-absorption which depends on the thickness of the labeled cell. Therefore, squashed preparations were sectioned to determine the uniformity of thickness of nuclei. In a preparation of mouse cells, thicknesses were 1.18 ± 0.35 µ, and in a preparation of Tradescantia cells, 2.97 ± 0.35 µ. The effects of similar and larger variations in thickness upon grain count were studied in material squashed with different pressures; no marked correlation was found. The lack of correlation is explained by the geometric relation between labeled nuclei and the emulsion. By counting grains and directly measuring tritium content in a glass proportional counting tube in the same preparation, the yield of grains per disintegration was measured in Tradescantia cells and found to be 1 grain for 10.9 disintegrations with AR 10 autoradiographic film and 1 grain for 19.3 disintegrations for NTB nuclear track liquid emulsion. Latent image fading may pose a problem with long exposures; the conditions of its occurrence are as yet not well known.