cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mode of the strain release along the Gibbs fracture zone, Mid-Atlantic ridge

The Gibbs fracture zone (52°N, 35°W) is one of the major transform faults in the Atlantic. A large earthquake (m_b = 5.8, M_s = 6.9) occurred on October 16, 1974 on this fracture zone. This earthquake was preceded by similar large earthquakes along the fracture zone in 1967 (m_b = 5.5, M_s = 6.5), 1954 (M_s = 6.5), 1941 (M_s = 6.25) a 1923 (M_s = 6.5). Detailed analyses of seismic body waves and surface waves over the period range from several seconds to 200 sec are made for the 1967 and 1974 events. The major conclusions are: (1)|In addition to the obvious disparity in the m_b vs. M_s relation, the excitation of long-period waves by these earthquakes is also anomalously large. The seismic moments determined by using the long-period (40–200 sec) G_1 and R_1 waves are 3.4 · 10^(26) and 4.5 · 10^(26) dyne · cm for the 1967 and 1974 events, respectively. (2)|Wave form analyses of body waves suggest a fault length of 60 km for the 1967 event and 70 km for the 1974 event. The point dislocation particle velocity of about 20 cm/sec obtained for both events is about an order of magnitude smaller than for other earthquakes of comparable magnitude. The large fault length and the slow particle velocity explain the disparity between m_b and M_s, and Ms and seismic moment. (3)|The amount of dislocation (about 170 cm) together with the fault length and the repeat time (13 years on the average) suggest a seismic slip rate of about 2.6 cm/year along the Gibbs fracture zone — a rate which is comparable to that for sea-floor spreading in the northern Atlantic. This agreement suggests that the slip along the fracture zone is primarily seismic at least to a depth of 10 km, the plates moving in jerks once every 13 years on the average, rather than in continuous creep. (4)|Seismic activity along the ridge crest was very high during the 5-year period before the 1974 event, while activity along the fracture zone was very high during the 3-year period prior to the 1967 event. The seismic activity became very low after the 1967 event. This pattern may be interpreted in terms of an intermittent upwelling at the ridge which subsequently triggered, either directly or indirectly, the fracture zone events. The sudden release of stress in these events may lead to an initiation of the next episode of upwelling and eventually renewed seismic activity along the ridge—fracture zone system.
Comparison of Infrared Lamp Versus Quartz Bar Radiant Brooders for Bobwhite Quail

Abstract Four experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of brooder type and use of brooding paper (during 1st wk of brooding) on performance of Bobwhite quail (BWQ) chicks. In Experiment 1, 1,500 day-old BWQ chicks were equally divided between two treatments: pen brooding by infrared heat lamp (TR-LAMP) and pen brooding by quartz bar radiant heater (Q-BAR). In Experiments 2, 3, and 4, day-old BWQ chicks were assigned to four treatments: IR-LAMP with brooding paper; IR-LAMP without brooding paper; Q-BAR with brooding paper, and Q-BAR without brooding paper. Each treatment consisted of three pens of 215, 225, and 230 birds each for Experiments 2, 3, and 4, respectively. Body weight, feed consumption, and mortality were not significantly different among brooder types in Experiment 1. Neither brooder type nor brooding paper treatments significantly affected mortality in Experiments 2, 3, and 4. With both type brooders, birds reared with brooding paper showed a consistently, significant (P
Sequence, higher order repeat structure, and long-range organization of alpha satellite DNA specific to human chromosome 8

Abstract We have characterized alphoid repeat clones derived from a chromosome 8 library. These clones are specific for human chromosome 8, as demonstrated by use of a somatic cell hybrid mapping panel and by in situ hybridization. Hybridization of the clones to Hin dIII digests of human genomic DNA reveals a complex pattern of fragments ranging in size from 1.3 to >20 kb. One clone, which corresponds in size to the most prevalent genomic Hin dIII fragment, appears to represent a major higher order repeat in the chromosome 8 centromere. The DNA sequence of this clone reveals a dimeric organization of alphoid monomers. Restriction analysis of two other clones indicates that they are derivatives of this same repeat unit. The chromosome 8 alphoid clones hybridize to Eco RI fragments of genomic DNA ranging up to 1000 kb in length and reveal a high degree of polymorphism between chromosomes. Distribution of higher order repeat units across the centromere was examined by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Repeat units of the same size class tended to cluster together in restricted regions of centromeric DNA.
A protein from Ficus elastica rubber particles is related to proteins from Hevea brasiliensis and Parthenium argentatum

Abstract Rubber particles, having high rubber transferase (RuT) activity, were isolated from Ficus elastica latex. The predominant protein in these rubber particles is a large hydrophobic glycoprotein (termed LPR for large protein from rubber particles), with an apparent monomeric M r of 376 000 on SDS-PAGE. A M r of 750 000 was determined with native PAGE, indicating that LPR probably exists as a dimer. Antibodies raised to purified LPR recognized blotted intact F. elastica rubber particles, as well as LPR, demonstrating that LPR is situated at or near the surface of the particles. Anti-LPR antibodies also recognized enzymatically active rubber particles and rubber particle proteins from two other rubber-producing plants, Hevea brasiliensis and Parthenium argentatum . This indicates that the rubber particles of all three rubber-producing species contain proteins with common antigenic determinants. Large proteins, similar in size to LPR, were found in preparations of rubber particles from H. brasiliensis and P. argentatum . These results are the first demonstration that rubber particles from different species contain similar proteins that may share common functions in rubber biosynthesis and/or rubber particle structure.
A modified technique of laparoscopic mobilisation and transfer of intra-abdominal testis via inguinal canal

Several techniques have been described for mobilising intra-abdominal testis (IAT) into the scrotum. Many are associated with significant morbidity. We hereby introduce our modification of the technique that is safe and reproducible. Surgical technique using a nylon tape to railroad instruments into the peritoneal cavity to minimise false passage and trauma is described in detail. Once the testis is delivered out of the scrotal wound, further division of restrictive bands to mobilise the testis is carried out laparoscopically. These steps are not previously described in the literature. A retrospective study of consecutive patients with IAT undergoing surgical intervention by a single surgeon over a period of 15 years has been included to demonstrate outcome. Twenty-five patients with unilateral IAT (10R, 15L) and 2 patients with bilateral IAT, a total of 29 IAT, underwent laparoscopic orchidopexy over the period 1997-2012. Median age of the patients was 3.0 years. One-stage testicular vessel preserving (VP) orchidopexy was performed in 20 testes, Fowler-Stephen (FS), vessel sacrificing orchidopexy (3 one-stage and 6 two-stage) was required in 9 testes. At follow-up, atrophy was detected in 1 (5.0 %) and 2 (22.2 %) patients of the VP and FS groups respectively. The railroading technique of transferring IAT into the scrotum via the inguinal canal under laparoscopic guidance minimises tissue trauma. It negates the need to create new tissue opening. It is reproducible with a testicular atrophy rate comparable to published literature.
ALTERNATIVE SPECIFICATIONS OF THE RANDOM DISTURBANCES FOR TRIP FREQUENCY MODELS

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to present alternative functional specifications for models of shopping trip frequency and to illustrate the influence of the modelling assumptions on the interpretation of the determinants of trip frequency. The data used for this analysis is a 23-day diary of shopping travel by able bodied elderly individuals in Lawrence, Massachusetts. The alternative models are, in addition to ordinary least squares, an integer dependent variable model, and an error component model of a time-series of cross-sections. The findings suggest that, when models are developed that consider explicitly the discrete nature of the daily trip generation variable (i.e. the number of trips taken by an individual on a given day), forecasts which are not significantly different from the ordinary least squares forecasts are obtained.
Identification of Oxidatively Truncated Ethanolamine Phospholipids in Retina and Their Generation from Polyunsaturated Phosphatidylethanolamines

Oxidized (ox) phospholipids are receiving growing recognition as important messengers in oxidative stress signaling pathways and as endogenous electrophilic toxins that interfere with protein function through covalent modifications. Phosphatidylcholine lipids predominate in low-density lipoproteins (LDL). Our previous studies of oxLDL identified a family of biologically active oxidatively truncated phosphatidylcholines that are also present in atherosclerotic plaques. In contrast, phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) lipids are extraordinarily abundant in retina. Because photoreceptors contain the most highly unsaturated fatty acids found in vertebrate tissues, these membranes are expected to be especially susceptible to oxidative damage. Here, we report that oxidatively truncated ethanolamine phospholipids (oxPEs) are present in retina. As expected, the most abundant oxPEs, succinyl (2.2 +/- 0.8 pmol/retina) and omega-oxobutyryl (1.5 +/- 1.0 pmol/retina) esters of 2-lysophosphatidylethanolamine, are derived from the docosahexaenoyl ester, the most abundant polyunsaturated PE in retina. However, a large amount of the omega-oxononanoyl ester (1.3 +/- 0.6 pmol/retina), derived from linoleyl-PE, is also present even though linoleate is an order of magnitude less abundant than docosahexenoate in retina. There is a notable trend for the presence in retina of greater amounts, relative to the levels of their precursors, of longer chain homologous aldehydes and alkanedioate monoesters. We considered the possibility that this trend results from differences in the proclivities of various polyunsaturated fatty acyl (PUFA)-PEs to generate these homologous products. Therefore, we examined oxidative cleavage of various PUFA-PEs in small unilamellar vesicles. Alkanedioate monoesters are the major stable end products. Particularly notable is the fact that omega-oxononanoyl-PE levels either do not decline or decline less than those of the analogous aldehydes omega-oxobutyryl-PE or omega-oxovaleryl-PE during autoxidation for 33 h. The resistance of omega-oxononanoyl-PE, as compared with omega-oxobutyryl-PE and omega-oxovaleryl-PE, to further oxidation may contribute to the greater amount of this oxPE relative to its precursor, linoleyl-PE, in retina.
The Iranian Revolution: Its Impact on Economic Relations with the United States

The international political implications of the Iranian revolution will not be known for many years to come, and American foreign policy makers and pundits will debate the question of “who lost Iran” long after that. Even the international economic implications of the revolution will not be fully realized, or recognized, in the near future. It is, however, already amply clear that the fall of the Shah has had profound consequences on Iran's economic and trade relations with other countries, in general, and with the United States in particular. It is to the latter issue that this essay addresses itself.
Reversal of the inhibitory effects of the pokeweed antiviral protein upon protein synthesis.

Abstract Protein synthesis directed by natural mRNA is more sensitive to the inhibitory action of the pokeweed antiviral protein than synthesis directed by poly(uridylic acid). Investigations into the nature of this difference revealed that pokeweed antiviral protein does not inhibit the initiation stage of protein synthesis and that the expression of pokeweed antiviral protein inhibition is dependent upon the K + and Mg 2+ concentrations used in the protein synthesis assay. Ribosomes treated with pokeweed antiviral protein function as efficiently as untreated ribosomes if assayed at either high Mg 2+ or low K + concentrations. The influence of ionic conditions upon the individual elongation factor reactions shows that pokeweed antiviral protein inhibition of the elongation factor two translocation reaction is sensitive to ionic conditions but that the inhibition of the elongation factor one-mediated enzymatic binding is not sensitive to changes in these conditions. The results suggest that the unknown enzymatic effect of pokeweed antiviral protein produces a conformational change in ribosome, which is reversed under conditions which favor a more compact ribosomal structure.
Productivity benefits of industrial energy efficiency measures

We review the relationship between energy efficiency improvement measures and productivity in industry. We review over 70 industrial case studies from widely available published databases, followed by an analysis of the representation of productivity benefits in energy modeling. We propose a method to include productivity benefits in the economic assessment of the potential for energy efficiency improvement. The case-study review suggests that energy efficiency investments can provide a significant boost to overall productivity within industry. If this relationship holds, the description of energy-efficient technologies as opportunities for larger productivity improvements has significant implications for conventional economic assessments. The paper explores the implications this change in perspective on the evaluation of energy-efficient technologies for a study of the iron and steel industry in the US. This examination shows that including productivity benefits explicitly in the modeling parameters would double the cost-effective potential for energy efficiency improvement, compared to an analysis excluding those benefits. We provide suggestions for future research in this important area.
Benchmarking 2010: measuring long-term care and consultant pharmacy practice.

Abstract The American Society of Consultant Pharmacists, with support from the pharmacy management software company QS/1, has completed its 2010 survey to determine industry standards for long-term care pharmacy operations, consultant pharmacist practice, and the use of health information technology in the long-term care setting. The report presents data collected in this annual business benchmarking survey. Examples of data include gross profit margins of long-term care/closed-door pharmacies, pharmacists' salaries, prescription payer mix, consultant pharmacist productivity and contracting, and implementation of technology solutions such as ePrescribing, electronic medication administration records, electronic medical records, and automated dispensing.
The use of ultrasound as an imaging technique in the diagnosis of sinusitis.

In recent years the high prevalence of chronic sinusitis has been noted in association with bronchial asthma, perennial rhinitis, aspirin sensitivity and on its own. Diagnosis conventionally requires use of radiographs, especially to detect ethmoid and sphenoid sinus disease. To limit radiation exposure, alternative diagnostic tests have been sought. The currently available tests will be reviewed and their advantages and disadvantages will be discussed. One imaging technique, that of A-mode ultrasound, has appeared as a promising adjunct to plain radiographs for diagnosis of maxillary and frontal sinus disease. The data utilizing ultrasound has been mixed and needs to be interpreted with care. This data will be reviewed and guidelines will be presented on the current use of the technique. Data obtained in the author's laboratory comparing the use of A-mode ultrasound and mucosal thickening as seen on plain radiographs will be presented. Further studies using the technique are suggested to better define patients who may be followed on a serial basis. Ultrasound is one of a number of new imaging techniques that are being applied to paranasal sinus disease. Early studies from Europe showed considerable promise, and instruments have been actively marketed in the U.S. before there has been much published experience here. The data are as yet incomplete, and the precise role of ultrasound either as a screening test or as a tool to monitor progress in chronic sinusitis is as yet undetermined.
The Health Services Researcher of 2020: A Summit to Assess the Field's Workforce Needs

Objective. To summarize the current state of the health services research (HSR) workforce and recommend ways to improve the field's ability to respond to future challenges facing the health system. Data. Summaries of workgroup discussions and recommendations at a stakeholder meeting. Study Design. In late 2007, 50 educators, students, employers, and funders of HSR participated in a meeting to discuss findings of three commissioned papers on the HSR workforce. The group undertook a consultative process to develop recommendations for the field. Principal Findings. Stakeholders developed recommendations in five major areas focused on HSR workforce needs: (1) improving the size and composition of the field; (2) understanding the growth of HSR in the private sector; (3) improving the graduate training of health services researchers, especially at the master's level; (4) expanding postgraduate training and continuing education opportunities; and (5) increasing awareness of the value of HSR. Conclusions. Specific recommendations in the five major areas emphasized developing partnerships between HSR organizations and other professional societies or health organizations, as well as ways to improve training for the future workforce. The need to develop a “client orientation” toward research by improving communication and dissemination skills was discussed, as was the importance of improving diversity in the field.
Translating research into action: The critical role of adolescent health surveys

Objective: To examine the utility of notebook computers in the collection of data in large scale surveys. Methodology: A notebook computer administered survey of health in adolescents was conducted in 1992 using a multi-instrument questionnaire. Students in school years 7, 9 and 11 in private and government schools in Melbourne and rural Victoria participated. Results: Parental consent was obtained with an 83% response rate. Each student answered questions directly onto the computer taking an average of 68min to complete the highly branched confidential but not anonymous questionnaire. Students were presented with on average 33% of the 897 possible questions. Over 90% of students reported enjoying using the computer. Those who reported answering the questions honestly all the time ranged from 68 to 85%, increasing with grade level. Conclusions: The use of computers in survey research provides many advantages in data collection including exposure only to relevant questions and the opportunity of asking sensitive questions.
Centers and Two-Sided Ideals of Right Self-Injective Regular Rings

In this paper we prove two main results. The first one is the existence of a right self-injective regular ring of type III with center any given commutative self-injective regular ring. The second one is a characterization of the lattice of two-sided ideals for a large class of right self-injective regular rings of type III. In a previous paper, this lattice was described as the lattice of order ideals of a certain lattice of continuous functions. Now we prove the converse: for a large class of complete boolean spaces X, let C be the set of all continuous functions from X into {0} ∪ [ℵ0, γ], where γ is any infinite cardinal number, and let Δ be the lattice of all functions of C that are less than or equal to a given nonvanishing function of C. Then there exists a right self-injective regular ring R of type III such that the lattice of two-sided ideals of R is isomorphic to the lattice of order ideals of Δ.
Diffusion tensor imaging in extremely low birth weight infants managed with hypercapnic vs. normocapnic ventilation

Permissive hypercapnia is a ventilatory strategy used to prevent lung injury in ventilated extremely low birth weight (ELBW, birth weight ≤1,000 g) infants. However, there is retrospective evidence showing that high CO2 is associated with brain injury. The objective of this study was to compare brain white matter development at term-equivalent age in ELBW infants randomized to hypercapnic vs. normocapnic ventilation during the first week of life and in healthy non-ventilated term newborns. Twenty-two ELBW infants from a randomized controlled trial were included in this study; 11 received hypercapnic (transcutaneous PCO2 [tcPCO2] 50–60 mmHg) ventilation and 11 normocapnic (tcPCO2 35–45 mmHg) ventilation during the first week of life while still intubated. In addition, ten term healthy newborns served as controls. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) was performed at term-equivalent age for the ELBW infants and at approximately 2 weeks of age for the control infants. White matter injury on conventional MRI was graded in the ELBW and control infants using a scoring system adopted from literature. Tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) was used to evaluate for differences in DTI measured fractional anisotropy (FA, spatially normalized to a customized template) among the ELBW and term control infants. Conventional MRI white matter scores were not different (7.3 ± 1.7 vs. 6.9 ± 1.4, P = 0.65) between the hypercapnic and normocapnic ELBW infants. TBSS analysis did not show significant differences (P < 0.05, corrected) between the two ELBW infant groups, although before multiple comparisons correction, hypercapnic infants had many regions with lower FA and no regions with higher FA (P < 0.05, uncorrected) compared to normocapnic infants. When compared to the control infants, normocapnic ELBW infants had a few small regions with significantly lower FA, while hypercapnic ELBW infants had more widespread regions with significantly lower FA (P < 0.05, fully corrected for multiple comparisons). Normocapnic ventilation vs. permissive hypercapnia may be associated with improved white matter development at term-equivalent age in ELBW infants. This effect, however, was small and was not apparent on conventional MRI. Further research is needed using larger sample sizes to assess if permissive hypercapnic ventilation in ELBW infants is associated with worse white matter development.
Income mobility and risk during the business cycle: Comparing adjustments in labour markets in two Latin-American countries

This paper uses panel data from Argentina and Mexico and a new measure of mobility - the Gini index of mobility - to answer three questions. First, is there a trend towards rising labour income mobility over time in these two countries? Second, is there a relationship between income mobility and growth common to both countries, or does that relationship depend on the institutional features of each country’s labour markets? Third, do we observe more labour income mobility within some groups such as the young and the less educated than within other groups? JEL classification: D31, E32, J63.
Invertibility of finite state systems

A state-space characterization of invertibility of finite state systems is examined in terms of relational calculus. An algorithm which determines the invertibility of a system is obtained, which is seen to be a generalization of the known result in the framework of linear geometric control. For this purpose two concepts, namely, ‘ contractible relation ’ as a generalization of the (A, B)-invariant subspace and ‘ product system ’, are defined and utilized intensively.
Using program transformations to derive line-drawing algorithms

Abstract : A wide variety of line-drawing algorithms can be derived by applying program transformations to a simple, obviously correct algorithm. The transformations increase the algorithm's performance and eliminate the need for floating-point computations. Two familiar algorithms are derived in this way: Bresenham's algorithm and the digital differential analyzer (DDA). The transformations are then used to derive several highly parallel variants of Bresenham's algorithm, designed for use on displays that can generate more than one pixel at a time. The treatment shows a complete, extended example of the practical use of program transformations. Moreover, the transformations derive Bresenham's algorithm without recourse to complex geometric arguments.
Differences between left and right ventricular anatomy determine the types of reentrant circuits induced by an external electric shock. A rabbit heart simulation study

Despite the fact that elucidating the mechanisms of cardiac vulnerability to electric shocks is crucial to understanding why defibrillation shocks fail, important aspects of cardiac vulnerability remain unknown. This research utilizes a novel anatomically based bidomain finite-element model of the rabbit ventricles to investigate the effect of shock polarity reversal on the reentrant activity induced by an external defibrillation-strength shock in the paced ventricles. The specific goal of the study is to examine how differences between left and right ventricular chamber anatomy result in differences in the types of reentrant circuits established by the shock. Truncated exponential monophasic shocks of duration 8 ms were delivered via two external electrodes at various timings. Vulnerability grids were constructed for shocks of reversed polarity (referred to as RV- or LV- when either the RV or the LV electrode is a cathode). Our results demonstrate that reversing electrode polarity from RV- to LV- changes the dominant type of post-shock reentry: it is figure-of-eight for RV- and quatrefoil for LV- shocks. Differences in secondary types of post-shock arrhythmia also occur following shock polarity reversal. These effects of polarity reversal are primarily due to the fact that the LV wall is thicker than the RV, resulting in a post-shock excitable gap that is predominantly within the LV wall for RV- shocks and in the septum for LV- shocks.
A Second Look at Psychotherapy Integration

Psychotherapy integration has been a formal approach since 1983 when the Society for the Exploration of Psychotherapy Integration (SEPI) was first formed. Initial concerns included defining the E in SEPI and understanding the relationship among theory, technique, and experience. More recent concerns have included the categorization of approaches to psychotherapy integration, the role of the client, and the relationship of psychotherapy integration to evidence-based practice. The E represents a continuing commitment to exploration, but the categories of integration have become fuzzy. Evidence-based practice is a central concern, but evidence must be defined broadly and the role of the client and of the relationship must be emphasized.
Testing for developmental continuity or discontinuity: Class inclusion and reversal shifts

Abstract Often the data in cognitive development consist of continuous cross-sectional increases in the proportion of children who respond in one of two ways to a diagnostic task. Such developmental trends are, however, ambiguous with reference to the course of individual, longitudinal development because they could be the result of either saltatory or gradual ontogenetic change. The present research tested a nonlongitudinal procedure for discriminating between these two alternatives. This procedure involves the administration of several equivalent versions of the diagnostic task at weekly intervals to children within a given age level in order to obtain a frequency distribution of the number of “successes” produced by each child. A bimodal distribution is interpreted as indicating saltatory ontogenetic change, while a unimodal distribution is taken to indicate gradual change. This method was applied to Piaget's class-inclusion problem and to the optional-shift task by administering four versions of each task to a range of different age-level samples. The optional-shift task produced clearly unimodal, bell-shaped distributions at all tested age levels, results which were interpreted to indicate a gradual ontogenetic increase in the probability of making reversal shifts. On the other hand, the frequency distributions for the class-inclusion task, at the appropriate age levels, were distinctly bimodal, and therefore consistent with a discontinuous ontogenetic transition. The capacity of the repeated-measures method to produce reliable within-task results and to differentiate between tasks was thus demonstrated.
Modeling of Turbulent Flow in Electromagnetically Levitated Metal Droplets

This article details an effort to improve the understanding and prediction of turbulent flow inside a droplet of molten metal levitated in an electromagnetic field. It is shown that the flow field in a test case, a nickel droplet levitated under microgravity conditions, is in the transitional regime between laminar and turbulent flow. Past research efforts have used laminar, enhanced viscosity, and k−ɛ turbulence models to describe the flow. The method highlighted in our study is the renormalization group (RNG) algorithm. We show that an accurate description of the turbulent eddy viscosity μ T is critical in order to obtain realistic velocity fields, and that μ T cannot be uniform in levitated droplets. The RNG method does not impose isotropic length or time scales on the flow field, thus allowing such nonuniform features to be captured. A number of other materials processing applications exhibit similarly complex flow characteristics, such as highly recirculating, transitional, and free surface flows, for which this modeling approach may prove useful.
Recent Advances in Global Lake Coring Hold Promise for Global Change Research in Paleolimnology

Thank you, Antje, for your generous comments and I thank IPA for presenting me with this award along with three giants of paleolimnology! I am humbled and delighted to accept this award as a representative of all those in the Paleolimnology community whose creative insights continue to make Paleolimnology inspiring. As all paleolimnologists know, the key to any paleolimnology study starts with obtaining a good core. To that end, it is significant that all paleolimnlogists owe a debt of gratitude to two men being honored here today, Dan Livingstone and Herb Wright. Because most paleolimnology studies are interested in Holocene records, the Livingstone piston corer and the square-rod modified versions are adequate for this purpose. These devices have been the main weapons in paleolimnological research, obtaining cores of up to 20 m long—if you’re lucky. Because I have one foot in paleolimnology and one foot in paleoceanography, I have also had to rely on another piston corer, modifications of the Swedish Kullenberg piston corer, also obtaining cores of up to 20 m long—if you’re lucky, perhaps going back tens of thousands of years. The dominant archive of Quaternary paleoceanographic records resides in cores taken daily for years by Lamont Doherty’s ships Vema and Robert Conrad all over the world. To get longer records, the paleoceanographic community solved the problem in 1968 with the Glomar Challenger and the Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP), and later the Joides Resolution and the Ocean Drilling Program (ODP), obtaining records going back to the Jurassic using rotary drilling. Unfortunately this made soup of Quaternary records. I have been involved with a number of lake drilling projects using rotary drilling rigs with the same results; we would get great Miocene records, but lousy Quaternary records. The Paleoceanography community solved this problem in 1978 with the hydraulic piston corer. In 1978 I was at a post-cruise DSDP meeting at Scripps Institute of Oceanography in La Jolla, CA. Kerry Kelts, then still a graduate student at Zurich, but on loan to DSDP as a staff representative, had just gotten off the Glomar Challenger after having taken the first hydraulic piston core at Site 480 in the Gulf of California. Drinking beer at a TGIF at Scripps, Kerry and I talked about this and asked ourselves, ‘‘when are we going to have that capability for lakes?’’ Kerry, along with Steve Colman and others, started the ball rolling over the next couple decades. Engineering expertise was sought from Drilling Observation and Sampling of the Earth’s Continental The author was the recipient of a ‘‘Lifetime Achievement Award’’ presented by the International Paleolimnology Association (IPA) in Guadalajara, Mexico on 16 December 2009.
Adaptive Robust Procedures for the One-Sample Location Problem

Abstract A family of rank statistics based on a set of simple scores functions is introduced. The distribution theory is briefly discussed, and both point and interval estimators for the center of an absolutely continuous symmetric distribution are presented. Given a random sample from a symmetric distribution, all subsequent inference is based on the member of the family of rank statistics having the smallest estimated asymptotic variance. The robustness properties are examined using the results of a simulation study.
Spatial frequency and visual persistence : Cortical reset

Psychophysical studies show that the duration of visual persistence increases with spatial frequency of gratings. Previous theories ascribe this finding to differences between the spatial and temporal properties of sustained and transient pathways. This paper proposes an alternative account that explains persistence as a side-effect of excitatory feedback in neural circuits for contour extraction. Mechanisms to break excitatory feedback include inhibitory reset signals at stimulus offset. Simulations demonstrate how gratings with lower spatial frequency generate stronger inhibitory reset signals, thereby resulting in shorter persistence for lower spatial frequencies. Additional simulations account for interactions of spatial frequency with stimulus duration, effects of adaptation, and properties of residual traces, as opposed to visual persistence.
Gestational Exposure to a Viral Mimetic Poly(I:C) Results in Long-Lasting Changes in Mitochondrial Function by Leucocytes in the Adult Offspring

Maternal immune activation (MIA) is a potential risk factor for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and schizophrenia (SZ). In rodents, MIA results in changes in cytokine profiles and abnormal behaviors in the offspring that model these neuropsychiatric conditions. Given the central role that mitochondria have in immunity and other metabolic pathways, we hypothesized that MIA will result in a fetal imprinting that leads to postnatal deficits in the bioenergetics of immune cells. To this end, splenocytes from adult offspring exposed gestationally to the viral mimic poly(I:C) were evaluated for mitochondrial outcomes. A significant decrease in mitochondrial ATP production was observed in poly(I:C)-treated mice (45% of controls) mainly attributed to a lower complex I activity. No differences were observed between the two groups in the coupling of electron transport to ATP synthesis, or the oxygen uptake under uncoupling conditions. Concanavalin A- (ConA-) stimulated splenocytes from poly(I:C) animals showed no statistically significant changes in cytokine levels compared to controls. The present study reports for the first time that MIA activation by poly(I:C) at early gestation, which can lead to behavioral impairments in the offspring similar to SZ and ASD, leads to long-lasting effects in the bioenergetics of splenocytes of adult offspring.
The [2 + 4] Diels−Alder Cycloadditon Product of a Probable Dialuminene, Ar‘AlAlAr‘ (Ar‘ = C6H3- 2,6-Dipp2; Dipp = C6H3-2,6-Pri2), with Toluene

Reduction of Ar‘AlI2 (Ar‘ = Ar‘= C6H3-2,6-Dipp2; Dipp = C6H3-2,6-Pri2) with KC8 in diethyl ether most probably affords the first “dialuminene”, Ar‘AlAlAr‘; it was characterized by its reaction with toluene which yielded a [2 + 4] cycloaddition product incorporating the Ar‘AlAlAr‘ unit.
Stabilization of phenolics in foundry waste using cementitious materials

Abstract A series of experiments were conducted to stabilize the phenolics in foundry sands from Kansas using four different types of binders — Portland cement, fly ash, kaolinite, and bentonite. Strength and leachability of stabilized mixes of foundry sand were analyzed to assess their feasibility in construction and geotechnical applications. The results suggest that compressive strength was acquired relatively faster in fly ash than in cement and, in general, it varied inversely with the proportion of foundry sand in the stabilized mix. Lesser amounts of phenolic compounds leached from fly ash-stabilized mixes than from cement-stabilized mixes. The leachate analyses for both total phenolics and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol indicate that increasing percent replacement of foundry sands enhances stabilization. These results are supported by scanning electron micrographs which showed increased porosity in the case of cement-stabilized mixes. The swelling potential and instability of bentonite-stabilized mixes rendered the leachate quality unpredictable. The general conclusion that fly ash stabilizes phenolics better than Portland cement may lead to development of a cost-effective solution for stabilizing phenolics in foundry sands and may have important implications in the construction industry.
Application of a self tuner using fuzzy control technique

A self-tuning expert fuzzy controller has been developed and applied in real time to a process control problem. As in other expert systems, the knowledge base consists of rules describing the control law in terms of the process error and the resulting control action. Conditions and conclusions of each rule are fuzzy variables which are described through their membership curves. The inference engine used is the backward chaining process of the Prolog language. To implement the self-tuning property, the membership curve of the controller output has been changed according to an error based performance index. A control supervisor makes this tuning decision as a function of past or predicted future set-point errors of the control system. To verify the viability of this fuzzy controller, it has been applied to control the speed of a DC motor operating under different loading conditions. The paper also discusses the stability problems associated with this control scheme.
Compact HE11 to surface wave converters for high power waveguide dummy loads

The HE11 mode in corrugated circular waveguide can be converted to the EH11 mode (surface wave) by a short, smooth-waveguide phase shift section followed by a short corrugation depth taper. Low-power measurements at 110 GHz in 1.25 in. aluminum waveguide demonstrated approximately 99% conversion with the proper phase shift length. As expected, the conversion efficiency versus length of the phase shifter varied periodically with the period of the TE11 to TM11 beat wavelength. Since the EH11 surface wave is highly attenuated, this type of converter can be used effectively in a compact high-power dummy load.
Effect of amiloride on suprathreshold NaCl, LiCl, and KCl salt taste in humans

The purpose of this study was to investigate normal variances in the response magnitudes of suprathreshold concentrations of NaCl, LiCl, and KCl salts and amiloride on the anterior human tongue. Random equimolar concentrations of salt solutions were delivered to spatially matched flow chambers of 20 volunteers at 3 different sessions. A cross-modal magnitude matching procedure was used to scale salt taste-intensity judgments. After each salt test, amiloride (100 μm) was delivered for 5 min and the test was repeated. A least-square regression analysis of each subject’s function between log molar concentration and log response demonstrated that every subject scaled the dynamic range of salts. There were no differences in either the mean regression or intercept among the 3 salts. Repeated-measures analysis demonstrated a statistical effect of amiloride on the before/after difference in the regression (p = 0.02) and intercept (p < 0.0001) of NaCl and LiCl functions. Postamiloride NaCl and LiCl coefficient of variance of response was increased. Amiloride had no effect on the before/after difference in the regression and intercept of KCl power functions or the variance of response. The results suggest that, after amiloride, NaCl and LiCl suprathreshold salt taste intensities are reduced, but there are individual variabilities of reduced intensity that are never completely eliminated.
On-line interface between microdialysis and capillary zone electrophoresis

Abstract A flow-gated, on-line interface between a microdialysis sampling probe and capillary zone electrophoresis with UV absorption detection was characterized and applied. Electrophoresis conditions were chosen so that ascorbic acid migrated in 42–100 s with 65000–120000 theoretical plates. These results were obtained using a 25 μm inner diameter capillary with an inlet to detector length of 15 cm and electric field strength of 400–600 V cm −1 . Theoretical plates, migration times, and peak areas for ascorbic acid injected on-line from the interface were the same as those obtained for off-line injections. The system allowed step changes in ascorbic acid concentration to be followed with 85 s time resolution when the dialysis flow-rate was 79 nl min −1 . The time resolution was improved to 65 s when the dialysis flow-rate was 155 ni min −1 . The relative standard deviation for peak heights was 3.8% and a linear response over the physiologically relevant range for ascorbic acid was observed. At 79 nl min −1 the relative recovery of the probe was 98%. The high relative recoveries improved detection limits, simplified quantification, and resulted in decreased disturbance to the system being studied when compared to the more conventional dialysis flow-rates of 0.5-1 μl min −1 . As a demonstration of the system, ascorbic acid in the caudate nucleus of rat brain was detected and monitored in response to systemic amphetamine injections and anaesthetic overdoses. This system is the first to demonstrate high relative recoveries and high time resolution simultaneously with microdialysis sampling.
Application of the Reference Temperature to the Evaluation of Cleavage Fracture in HSLA-100 Steel

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the fracture behavior of HSLA-100 steel at a temperature of −40°C (−40°F). Tests were conducted on three different compositions and two orientations of HSLA-100. HY-100 was also tested to provide a baseline for comparison. Various fracture-related tests were conducted, including traditional test methods, such as the Charpy V-notch and the Dynamic Tear, and more recent methods, such as ductile crack growth initiation (JIc) and the reference temperature. Transition temperatures from the Charpy tests were all very similar, falling around −129°C (−200°F), although the upper shelf Charpy energy for the HY-100 was lower than the HSLA-100 steels. Dynamic tear energies at −40°C for the four steels ranged from 800 to 1800 J. The average reference temperature of all four steels, measured according to ASTM E 1921, was around −151°C (−240°F), with one composition of HSLA-100 coming in as low as −179°C (−290°F) and another as high as −123°C (−190°F). Fracture toughness tests were conducted according to E 1820 at temperatures of −40, −29, and −18°C. These temperatures were more than 83°C above the highest of the reference temperatures, so cleavage fracture was not expected to occur. The HY-100 specimens exhibited an average initiation toughness of 227 kJ/m2 (1296 lb/in.) and crack growth remained ductile throughout the tests. Even though the HSLA-100 exhibited initiation toughnesses more than twice as high as the HY-100, many of the tests terminated in cleavage fracture after amounts of ductile crack growth varying from 0 to 1.85 mm (0.073 in.). This was an unexpected result based on good Charpy and dynamic tear energies at −40°C, and low reference temperatures. The higher initiation toughness and tearing resistance of HSLA-100 allowed very high stresses to develop in the fracture process zone. As ductile crack growth occurred, the fracture process zone swept through an increasing volume of metal, which increased the probability of cleavage fracture. It is shown that the load required to reach these levels of crack driving force may be above gross section yielding of a typical structure. In this case failure by gross section yielding would occur before fracture. This is demonstrated with the aid of a failure assessment diagram.
The amplitude probability densities of normal and abnormal electrocardiograms.

Abstract The amplitude probability density (APD) of the standard limb leads of 229 normal people and patients with heart disease was studied. The pattern for normal subjects is defined briefly, and the changes associated with various types of heart disease are illustrated and described. The normal pattern is readily recognized on inspection so that the abnormal, in turn, is easy to detect. Examples are shown of amplitude probability density recordings in cases of myocardial infarction and diffuse scarring. The recordings in cardiomyopathies, hypertrophic subaortic stenosis, congenital defects, bundle branch block and other disease states are discussed and illustrated. The subtle changes in depolarization and repolarization with age were readily detected in the amplitude probability density tracing. This type of recording is particularly useful in displaying high frequency phenomena and other changes in both depolarization and repolarization processes.
Why does the treatment of anaemia not improve cardiac outcomes in CKD

Anaemia is an independent predictor of adverse outcomes in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Randomized trials using erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) in patients with severe anaemia (baseline haemoglobin level <100 g/l) have been small, and the hypothesis that partial correction of severe anaemia may prevent cardiovascular events is tenable but unproven. Results from randomized trials of moderate anaemia correction with ESAs do not support the hypothesis that moderate anaemia is a cardiovascular risk factor. This Perspectives article discusses the idea that this finding may have been a result of the inadequate design of trials, co-intervention with high doses of ESAs or intravenous iron hiding a beneficial effect. Another idea is also discussed-that moderate anaemia is a marker of the degree of renal impairment and that its association with cardiovascular disease merely signifies that other factors are present that are pathogenic to the heart and associated with both kidney impairment and anaemia.
Increasing Steps in Recall of Events: Factors Facilitating Immediate and Long-Term Memory in 13.5- and 16.5-Month-Old Children

Children late in the second year of life show patterns of event recall similar to those of older children: (a) well-ordered immediate and delayed recall, and (b) facilitation of recall by familiarity and by enabling relations. We used elicited imitation to test whether the patterns extend to children early in the second year. In Experiment 1, 13.5- and 16.5-month-olds accurately recalled familiar and novel 2-act sequences immediately and after a 1-week delay. For 16.5-month-olds, recall was facilitated by familiarity and by enabling relations; for 13.5-month-olds, only enabling relations facilitated recall. In Experiment 2, verbal cues were used to test immediate and 1-week delayed recall of 3-act sequences. For both ages, recall was facilitated by familiarity and by enabling relations. Experiment 3 verified that the verbal information served to cue recall of previously experienced events, not to "suggest" sequences that could be performed. Together the results demonstrate that children as young as 13 months can recall specific events after a delay. They also suggest development in sensitivity to factors that facilitate recall.