cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Plasma amino acids in dogs with two experimental forms of liver damage

Abstract Mongrel dogs were subjected to two experimental forms of hepatic damage, 2,4-dimethylnitrosamine ingestion, and end-to-side portacaval shunt. Of the two, portacaval shunted animals gave an amino acid pattern much more similar to that found in man. It is suggested that this animal model be used for a study of amino acid patterns in total parenteral nutrition solutions as compared with man.
p21 Protects ``Super p53'' Mice from the Radiation-Induced Gastrointestinal Syndrome

Exposure of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract to high doses of radiation can lead to lethality from the GI syndrome. Although the molecular mechanism regulating the GI syndrome remains to be fully defined, we have recently demonstrated that p53 within the GI epithelial cells controls the radiation-induced GI syndrome. Mice lacking p53 in the GI epithelium were sensitized to the GI syndrome, while transgenic mice with one additional copy of p53 called “Super p53” mice were protected from the GI syndrome. Here, we crossed Super p53 mice to p21–/– mice that lack the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21. Super p53; p21–/– mice were sensitized to the GI syndrome compared to Super p53 mice that retain one p21 allele. In addition, mice lacking p21 were not protected from the GI syndrome with one extra copy of p53. These results suggest that p21 protects Super p53 mice from the GI syndrome.
The Tec29 Tyrosine Kinase Is Required during Drosophila Embryogenesis and Interacts with Src64 in Ring Canal Development

Tec29 encodes the only known Drosophila member of the Tec tyrosine kinases. By identifying the first mutations in Tec29 (formerly Src29A), we show that it is essential for head involution during embryogenesis and for ring canal development during oogenesis. Tec29 mutant egg chambers are defective in transfer of cytoplasm from the accessory nurse cells through the ring canals into the oocyte. Growth of the mutant ring canals is arrested, and they lack the strong phosphotyrosine localization seen in wild-type ring canals. Mutants lacking the Drosophila Src homolog Src64 show the same phenotype, and we show that Src64 is required for the localization of Tec29 to the ring canals. This interaction is similar to that between vertebrate Src and Tec kinases and suggests that Tec29 is an effector of Src64 that modifies ring canal components required for growth.
Dairy Manure and Plant Nutrient Management Issues Affecting Water Quality and the Dairy Industry

Specific requirements for dairy manure management to protect water quality from nutrient pollution depend on the organization of individual farms. Further, the management requirements and options are different for point (farmstead) and nonpoint (field-applied) sources of pollution from farms. A formal management process can guide decisions about existing crop nutrient utilization potential, provide a framework for tracking nutrients supplied to crops, and identify future requirements for dairy manure management to protect water quality. Farm managers can use the process to plan daily activities, to assess annual nutrient management performance, and to chart future requirements as herd size increases. Agronomic measures of nutrient balance and tracking of inputs and outputs for various farm management units can provide the quantitative basis for management to allocate better manure to fields, to modify dairy rations, or to develop alternatives to on-farm manure application. Changes in agricultural production since World War II have contributed to a shift from land-based dairy production to a reliance on capital factors of production supplied by the dairy industry. Meanwhile, management of dairy manure to meet increasingly stringent water quality protection requirements is still a land-based activity. Involving the dairy industry and off-farm stakeholders as participants in the management process for field, farm, and regional dairy production can be the basis for decision-making to reconcile the sometimes conflicting demands of production and water quality protection.
Entrepreneurship Education: Workshops and Entrepreneurial Intentions

Using data collected from participants in an entrepreneurship education workshop series, the author examined the series’ impact and tested a model of entrepreneurial intentions incorporating social and psychological factors. He found that entrepreneurial disposition and workshop participation significantly influenced intentions, exposure to role models and the strength of family support did not significantly influence intentions and, in contrast to previous research, there was no significant difference between men and women regarding interest in entrepreneurship. The author also reports on participants’ perceptions of program effectiveness and the status of their ventures.
Orthogonal resonators for pulse in vivo electron paramagnetic imaging at 250 MHz

Abstract A 250 MHz bimodal resonator with a 19 mm internal diameter for in vivo pulse electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) imaging is presented. Two separate coaxial cylindrical resonators inserted one into another were used for excitation and detection. The Alderman–Grant excitation resonator (AGR) showed the highest efficiency among all the excitation resonators tested. The magnetic field of AGR is confined to the volume of the detection resonator, which results in highly efficient use of the radio frequency power. A slotted inner single loop single gap resonator (SLSG LGR), coaxial to the AGR, was used for signal detection. The resulting bimodal resonator (AG/LGR) has two mutually orthogonal magnetic field modes; one of them has the magnetic field in the axial direction. The resonator built in our laboratory achieved 40 dB isolation over 20 MHz bandwidth with quality factors of detection and excitation resonators of 36 and 11 respectively. Considerable improvement of the B 1 homogeneity and EPR image quality in comparison with reflection loop-gap resonator of similar size and volume was observed.
Theoretical study of spectroscopic properties of PbCl

Abstract Relativistic configuration interaction (RCI) calculations which include spin-orbit interaction are carried out on six low-lying ω-ω states ( 2 Π 1 2 , 2 Π 3 2 , 2 Σ 1 2 + , 1 2 ( II ) , 1 2 ( III ) , and 3 2 ( II ) ). Comparative calculations which do not include spin-orbit interaction are also carried out on the 2Π, 2Σ+, 2Δ, 4Σ−, and 4Π λ-s states. Our calculations reveal that the 2 Π 1 2 , 2 Π 3 2 , 2 Σ 1 2 + , and 3 2 ( II ) electronic states are bound for which spectroscopic properties are calculated. These calculations are useful not only in the assignment of the observed electronic spectra but also in the prediction of the spectra which are yet to be observed. Our calculations also suggest the existence of a low-lying Rydberg 2Σ+ (B) electronic state for PbCl. The dissociation energy of PbCl is calculated to be about 2.72 eV. The Re values reported earlier using a tentative rotational analysis of the four visible emission bands disagree with our calculated results suggesting that revised rotational analysis should be carried out for these bands.
Computerized Systems for Ultralow Temperature Polarized Nuclei Time Reversal and Parity Experiments

Experiments for studying nuclear polarization phenomena at ultralow temperatures require extreme precision in the collected data. The polarization of the applied field must be changed periodically and the data from gamma-ray spectra must be reduced as the experiment progresses. These experiments sometime run for days in order to obtain good statistical data and to reduce any errors induced by the system instrumentation. This paper describes a computerized system used to automate the necessary control and data handling functions for this class of experiment.
Ladino-Indian Relations in the Highlands of Chiapas, Mexico

Ethnic relations between a dominant ladino group and a subordinate Indian group are studied by means of questionnaires and interviews. The study reveals a permeable barrier based on cultural rather than racial criteria. Specifc findings deal with social distance, stereotypes, actual contact, perception of change, and acculturation. JN ANOTHER paper, we have described in qualitative terms the system of ethnic relations between Indians and ladinos (members of a predominantly Hispanic culture with varying degrees of white and Indian racial characteristics) in and around the town of San Cristobal, Chiapas.' The present report summarizes the results of two quantitative studies conducted in the same area during the summer of 1959. One of the studies was done among the ladinos in San Cristobal by means of questionnaires. The other consisted of oral interviews given to a sample of Zinacanteco Indians in three rural hamlets.2 * The study is part of the Mexican Cultural Change Project supported by the National Institute of Mental Health and directed by Professor E. Z. Vogt of Harvard. We gratefully acknowledge the help of many persons at various stages of our study. Aside from our many respondents, we should like to mention G. W. Allport and E. Z. Vogt of Harvard, A. Villa Rojas and F. Montes Sanchez of the Instituto Nacional Indigenista, P. Moscozo Pastrana, F. Blom, L. Velasco Robles, J. Ochoa, J. F. Salazar, M. de Baroco, D. de la Torre Perez and J. Rodriguez Gutierrez. I See: Benjamin N. Colby and Pierre L. van den Berghe, "Ethnic Relations in Southeastern Mexico," The American Anthropologist (in press 1961). 2 Some 20,000 hispanicized but genetically mixed ladinos live among some 125,000 Indians belonging to This content downloaded from 207.46.13.114 on Thu, 26 May 2016 06:20:38 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
Efficient visible luminescence from hydrogenated amorphous silicon

Abstract We report on optical and structural properties of a new class of efficient visible light emitting semiconductors: low-defect-density a-SiHx alloys. Films are prepared by HOMOCVD from silane and RF plasma from disilane. Optical gaps increase monotonically with H incorporation and decreasing substrate temperatures (200-25°C), while spin densities remain low. New broadband luminescence develops in the alloy band tails and shifts to higher energies with the gap. At ∼ 40% H, gaps reach 2.55 eV and yellow-orange PL peaks near 2.05 eV. Efficient PL persists at room temperature. Emission is attributed to band-tail excitons and phonon cooperation.
Scanning-electron microscopy of chromosome aberrations

This study is the first report of scanning-electron microscopy of isolated and purified metaphase chromosomes containing drug-induced aberrations. The technique reported allows high resolution topological examination of chromosomal aberrations which may pass undetected with conventional techniques.
Natural Killer Cell Activity in Infants and Children Excreting Cytomegalovirus

Natural killer cell (NKC) activity against uninfected and cytomegalovirus (CMV)-infected fibroblasts and K562 cells was assessed in 39 infants and children excreting CMV and 89 controls. NKC activity in cord blood specimens, healthy donors up to six months old, and donors older than six months showed significant increases (P less than .02) with age. NKC activities of CMV excreters correlated with acute disease characterized by interstitial pneumonitis (IP) and showed differential responses to the three target cells. CMV excreters younger than six months with IP showed greater mean percentage lysis (MPL; 36.6% +/- 10.5%) of CMV-infected cells than did those without pneumonitis (25.9% +/- 10%) or controls (22.1% +/- 8.0%). Excreters older than six months with IP showed activities comparable to controls; NKC activities of excreters without IP were depressed. Significantly elevated activity against uninfected fibroblasts characterized patients with IP regardless of age (MPL, 30.2% +/- 7.3% vs. 4.2% +/- 2.0% for healthy controls and 6.3% +/- 5.4% for excreters without IP). Increased cytolysis of uninfected fibroblasts was therefore associated with more active disease.
Surgery on knots in solid tori

IN THIS paper we investigate the topology of manifolds obtained by nontrivial surgery on a knot k in D2 x S’. In particular this work together with the work of Berge [l] yields a complete solution to the following old question. Exactly when can one obtain a D’ x S’ by nontrivial surgery on a knot k in D2 x S’? We will assume that k is not contained in a 3-cell in D2 x S’, for otherwise the manifold obtained by surgery on k is a connected sum of D2 x S’ and a manifold obtained by surgery on a knot (i.e. k) in S3. The wrapping number wr(k) of k is equal to the minimal geometric intersection number of a knot k’ with a D2 x pt., where k’ is isotopic to k. wr(k)=O is the same as saying that k is contained in a 3-cell. The winding number w(k) is equal to the algebraic intersection number of k with a D2 x pt. Let T’c D2 x S’ be the torus a(1/2D2) x S1 and let W be the solid torus which it bounds. k is a rorus knot or O-bridge braid if k can be isotoped to lie in T’. k is a lbridge braid if k is isotopic to a knot of the form k’ u k” where k’, k” are arcs, k’ c T’ and is transverse to each D2 x pt. and k” c Wn (D2 x pt.) We now state our main result whose proof is given in $2.
Taste-Modifying Protein from Miracle Fruit

The active principle of miracle fruit (Synsepalum dulcificum) is a basic glycoprotein with a probable molecular weight of 44,000. Application of the protein to the tongue modifies the taste so that one tastes sour substances as sweet.
Geometrical optics and chessboard pebbling

Abstract Recently Chung, Graham, Morrison and Odlyzko [1] studied some combinatorial and asymptotic enumeration aspects of chessboard pebbling. In this problem, we start with a single pebble, placed at the origin (0,0) of an infinite chessboard. At each step we remove a pebble from ( i,j ) and replace it with two pebbles at positions ( i + 1, j ) and ( i,j + 1), provided the latter are unoccupied. After m steps there will be m + 1 pebbles on the board, in various configurations. Some subsets of the lattice first quadrant are unavoidable, as they must always contain at least one pebble. We study asymptotically the number f ( k ) of minimal unavoidable sets that consist of k lattice points, as k → ∞. We also analyze a related double sequence f ( k,r ), using various asymptotic approaches, including the ray method of geometrical optics.
Use of stop-flow oxalate ester chemiluminescence as a means to determine conditions for high-performance liquid chromatography chemiluminescence detection of retinoids using normal-phase chromatography.

Abstract Stop-flow chemiluminescence (CL) has been used to determine the conditions necessary for the oxalate ester CL detection of selected retinoids after separation by normal-phase HPLC. Also, the detection of the selected retinoids by bis(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl) oxalate (TCPO)-hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) chemiluminescence and fluorescence (FL) are compared. Stop-flow CL was performed on a prototype unit from High-Tech Scientific, Ltd (Salisbury, UK). Detection limits were determined for retinyl palmitate, retinyl acetate, retinol, etretinate, acitretin and tretinoin, after separation on a YMC PVA-sil, 25 × cm 4.6 mm column using hexane-tetrahydrofuran-acetic acid (75:25:0.01, v/v/v) as eluent at 1.5 ml min −1 . A Schoeffel 970 detector was used for both CL and FL detection. Detection by FL was determined with γ ex 355 nm and λ em > 418 nm. CL detection was performed with the deuterium lamp off and no emission filter. CL was induced by mixing the reagents post-column. Pump A — hexane-THF-AcOH (75:25:0.01, v/v/v) at 1.5 ml min −1 pump B — 70 mM TCPO in THF at 0.5 ml min −1 pump C — THF-50% aq H 2 O 2 (75:25, v/v) 1.0 mg ml −1 imidazole at 1.0 ml −1 imidazole at 1.0 ml min −1 .
Homeward Bound? Interest, Identity, and Investor Behavior in a Third World Export Platform1

Are indigenous investors in Third World export platforms more stable than their allegedly “footloose” foreign rivals? While mainstream economists hold that investor behavior is independent of investor identity and therefore call for the parallel treatment of domestic and foreign firms, their critics hold that indigenous investors are more dedicated than their foreign counterparts and therefore call for industrial policies designed to cultivate and defend native entrepreneurs. Who is correct? The author uses a unique combination of qualitative and quantitative data to document and account for the relative stability and dynamism of indigenous investors in the Dominican Republic’s largest export processing zone and thereby brings economic sociology back from the margins of development theory—and development theory back into the heartland of sociology.
Electromagnetic form factor of the pion: Vector mesons or quarks?

An updated analysis of the pion form-factor data in the spacelike region up to q/sup 2/ = -10 GeV/sup 2/ is performed using the extended vector-meson-dominance (EVMD) model, with parameters fixed by the dual model, as well as asymptotic quantum-chromodynamics (QCD) expressions. EVMD provides a good fit to the data and at the same time it predicts a deviation from universality in very good agreement with experiment. Perturbative QCD results to first order in ..cap alpha../sub s/ do very poorly while the nonperturbative QCD prediction of Pagels and Stokar gives an excellent fit to the data in the entire region 1< or =-q/sup 2/< or =10 GeV/sup 2/.
Two-dimensional quantum states in multi-heterostructures of three constituents

Abstract A theoretical investigation of quantum effects which can be controlled with an externally applied electric field has been carried out in multi-heterostructures consisting of three constituents: AlSb, GaSb and InAs. The calculations show that the energies of two-dimensional quantum levels, occurring at the InAs and GaSb interfaces, are drastically modified by a field perpendicular to the heterostructures. For the case of GaSb-AlSb-GaSb-InAs-AlSb-InAs, this effect leads to an electric-field-induced semimetal-semiconductor transition.
Quality of life in patients with allergic contact dermatitis

Abstract Background Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD), a common dermatological disorder, often results in ongoing disease and disability. However, relatively little has been published quantifying the quality of life (QoL) of patients with ACD. Objectives This study was conducted to investigate the impact of ACD on QoL and explore prognostic factors that influence outcomes. Methods A total of 428 subjects with ACD were, at varying times after diagnosis, mailed a QoL questionnaire modified from Skindex-16 to include an additional 5 items pertaining to occupational impact. The QoL scores were correlated with subject demographics, disease characteristics, and management techniques to ascertain factors that impact QoL in subjects with ACD. Results The response rate was 35%, with 149 subjects returning the postal survey. Responders reported being bothered most by itching, skin irritation, and persistence of the condition. Of the four scales included in the QoL questionnaire, the emotions scale had the worst composite QoL score, followed by symptoms, functioning, and occupational impact. Patients with ACD of the face were significantly more bothered by the appearance of their skin. Hand involvement and occupationally related ACD were associated with worse QoL scores within the occupational impact and functioning scales. Subjects that had changed jobs because of ACD had more severe QoL impairment than any other group analyzed, with significantly worse scores on 17 of the 21 QoL items. A history of atopic eczema seemed to impart improved outcomes on patients with ACD, and these subjects were less worried about being fired from their jobs. Subjects diagnosed by patch testing more than 36 months after disease onset seemed to have worse QoL scores than those diagnosed earlier in the natural history of the disease. Patients diagnosed by patch testing within the last 6 months had the worst QoL scores, while the best outcomes were reported in subjects patch tested 6 to 12 months ago. A slight decline in QoL was observed 12 months after patch testing, but scores did not diminish back to the level seen immediately after diagnosis. Conclusions ACD has an appreciable effect on QoL, especially when it affects the hands, the face, or is occupationally related. Of the four scales included in our study, the emotions scale suffered the greatest effect. Emotional impact is therefore an important measure of QoL in ACD patients. Outcomes in patients with ACD were improved by early diagnosis and subjects enjoyed their best QoL at 6 to 12 months after patch testing. However, individuals who elected to change jobs because of their skin condition reported significantly worse QoL than those who retained their current positions.
A Comparison Between a Micro and an Ultramicro Circle® Cell for on-Line Ft-Ir Detection in a Reverse Phase HPLC System

Abstract Caffeine and theophylline peaks separated on a 300 × 7.8 mm C18 column could be distinguished qualitatively by FT-IR detection using two types of cylindrical internal reflectance (CIRCLE®) cells. Detection limits and limits of identification, on the order of 0.2%, are lower for the micro CIRCLE® cell as compared to the ultramicro CIRCLE® cell. Maximum sample capacity of the column used was 50uL of a 0.4% solution of caffeine (1.0 micromoles).
Intraoperative Needle-based Refractive Index Measurement of Ex Vivo Human Breast Tissue

Refractive index measurements offer high contrast between normal fatty tissue and diagnostically significant structures. We have developed a needle-based device capable of measuring internal tissue properties. We present preliminary clinical data from human specimens.
Nondestructive evaluation of civil infrastructures

NONDESTRIJCTWE EVALUATION OF CIVIL INFRASTRUCTURESKEN P. CHONG, JOHN B. SCALZINational Science Foundation4201 Wilson Blvd., Arlington, VA 22230andNTCK CARINONational Institute of Standards & Technology, Gaithersburg, ML 20899ABSTRACTConstruction is the largest industry in the world amounting to 10% of the world's gross domestic product. Civilinfrastructure systems are generally the most expensive investments/assets in any country. In the U.S. it isestimated at $20 trillion. In addition, these systems have long service life compared with any other kinds ofcommercial product, and are rarely replaceable once they are erected. Yet the feedback and controls on the "stateof health" of constructed systems are practically non-existent. Nondestructive evaluation is an essential part of thisfeedback and monitoring system for infrastructures. NSF and NIST NDE initiative as well as workshops andrecent awards/projects are described in this paper.Keywords: nondestructive testing; condition assessment; sensors; fiber optic; shearography; electromagneticwaves; ultrasound; surface waves; impact-echo method; composites; civil infrastructures.
A scanning electron microscopic and polarized light microscopic study of acid-etching of caries-like lesions in human tooth enamel treated with sodium fluoride in vitro

Types of etching patterns and histological appearances were examined in acid-etched, NaF-treated caries-like lesions of enamel. Etching patterns similar to those for etched-sound enamel were found. Remineralization was limited to the surface zone and superficial portion of the body of the lesion following acid-etching of NaF-treated caries-like lesions.
An agent-based simulation framework for cognitive radio studies

The constantly growing number of wireless devices and applications makes efficient spectrum utilization critical. Cognitive radio technology offers a solution by employing opportunistic and adaptive selection of transmission parameters and communication strategies. Due to the lack of general simulation tools available for analyzing cognitive radio networks, we propose an agent-based framework for cognitive radio studies. Unlike existing simulation tools, our design facilitates modeling of the physical environment along with the behavior of a network of cognitive radios. The inclusion of real-life spectrum occupancy data collected by the IIT Spectrum Observatory brings the modeled environment very close to reality. Additionally, because of its agent-based nature, our framework enables to study emergent and behavioral aspects of large and heterogeneous cognitive radio networks, an important factor that is being constantly neglected. Preliminary results show that presented solution is promising, but requires more development.
The story of grammars and the grammar of stories

Abstract The theoretical development of story grammars is analyzed with a detailed comparison of the major literature. A steady trend away from strict formal grammar toward a psychological process model has brought about important progress in research. However, several important issues remain unresolved: the notions of ‘grammatical rule’ and ‘well-formed story’, interest value, interaction between storyteller and audience, and so on. These issues are discussed and possible solutions are proposed which could reconcile the current controversy among different approaches.
Solitary intraoral keratoacanthoma.

Abstract A rare case of solitary intraoral keratoacanthoma is presented. The associated clinical and histologic descriptions follow.
Preparative, thin-layer chromatography in carbohydrate chemistry

Abstract Procedures are described for the location of zones on preparative, thin-layer chromatograms, by removal of a very thin film from the surface of the developed plate by means of adhesive tape or a greased glass plate, followed by conventional detection of zones on the removed film. The method permits detection of zones with negligible loss of material, and has been employed with adsorption chromatograms on silica gel and alumina, and partition chromatograms on microcrystalline cellulose. The method is described as part of a general scheme for preparative, thin-layer, chromatographic graphic separations of mixtures of carbohydrate derivatives or other organic compounds on a one-gram scale.
Inference on Survival Data with Covariate Measurement Error – An Imputation-based Approach

. We propose a new method for fitting proportional hazards models with error-prone covariates. Regression coefficients are estimated by solving an estimating equation that is the average of the partial likelihood scores based on imputed true covariates. For the purpose of imputation, a linear spline model is assumed on the baseline hazard. We discuss consistency and asymptotic normality of the resulting estimators, and propose a stochastic approximation scheme to obtain the estimates. The algorithm is easy to implement, and reduces to the ordinary Cox partial likelihood approach when the measurement error has a degenerate distribution. Simulations indicate high efficiency and robustness. We consider the special case where error-prone replicates are available on the unobserved true covariates. As expected, increasing the number of replicates for the unobserved covariates increases efficiency and reduces bias. We illustrate the practical utility of the proposed method with an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group clinical trial where a genetic marker, c-myc expression level, is subject to measurement error.
One hundred fold increased activity of Aeromonas aminopeptidase by sequential substitutions with Ni(II) or Cu(II) followed by zinc

Full substitution of Cu(II) or Ni(II) for the two g-atom zinc in Aeromonas aminopeptidase hyperactivates the enzyme 6.5 and 25 fold respectively. Even greater enhancements of activity can be achieved with mixed metal substitutions. Thus, apoenzyme reactivated by first adding one g-atom zinc followed by one g-atom of either Cu(II) or Ni(II) is 15 and 22 times more active than the native enzyme. Reversing the order, i.e. by first adding either one g-atom Cu(II) or Ni(II) followed by one g-atom zinc, activates the enzyme nearly 100 fold. The order of metal addition is critical and suggests the existence of two non-identical metal sites, each with a different function.
ERCP and surgical intervention in pancreatic and biliary malignancies.

Accurate staging and diagnosis are critical for proper management of pancreatic and biliary malignancies. Staging is a multidisciplinary task and is particularly important in potentially resectable tumors. This is because surgery is a local therapy and is ineffective as curative treatment once the tumor has spread beyond the bounds of resection. There are many types of biliary and pancreatic tumors; the selection of staging tests varies depending on the type and location of the tumor. For instance, US is a very effective modality for assessing vascular involvement of cholangiocarcinomas located at the bifurcation of the common hepatic bile duct and CT is relatively ineffective for this purpose. The converse is true for cholangiocarcinomas of the lower end of the bile duct. ERCP was a great advance in the management of pancreatobiliary tumors. The purpose of this presentation is to evaluate its role as it relates to surgical treatment of these tumors. The specific questions addressed are shown in Table 1. The focus will be on cancer of the head of the pancreas, the most common malignancy in this area, but other cancers will be used to illustrate the role of ERCP when appropriate. Initially, the first 4 questions will be considered separately, and then a synthesis will be attempted.
Locus-Specific Control of DNA Methylation by the Arabidopsis SUVH5 Histone Methyltransferase

In Arabidopsis thaliana, heterochromatin formation is guided by double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), which triggers methylation of histone H3 at Lys-9 (H3 mK9) and CG plus non-CG methylation on identical DNA sequences. At heterochromatin targets including transposons and centromere repeats, H3 mK9 mediated by the Su(var)3-9 homologue 4 (SUVH4)/KYP histone methyltransferase (MTase) is required for the maintenance of non-CG methylation by the CMT3 DNA MTase. Here, we show that although SUVH4 is the major H3 K9 MTase, the SUVH5 protein also has histone MTase activity in vitro and contributes to the maintenance of H3 mK9 and CMT3-mediated non-CG methylation in vivo. Strikingly, the relative contributions of SUVH4, SUVH5, and a third related histone MTase, SUVH6, to non-CG methylation are locus-specific. For example, SUVH4 and SUVH5 together control transposon sequences with only a minor contribution from SUVH6, whereas SUVH4 and SUVH6 together control a transcribed inverted repeat source of dsRNA with only a minor contribution from SUVH5. This locus-specific variation suggests different mechanisms for recruiting or activating SUVH enzymes at different heterochromatic sequences. The suvh4 suvh5 suvh6 triple mutant loses both monomethyl and dimethyl H3 K9 at target loci. The suvh4 suvh5 suvh6 mutant also displays a loss of non-CG methylation similar to a cmt3 mutant, indicating that SUVH4, SUVH5, and SUVH6 together control CMT3 activity.
Multiscale deformable model segmentation and statistical shape analysis using medial descriptions

This paper presents a multiscale framework based on a medial representation for the segmentation and shape characterization of anatomical objects in medical imagery. The segmentation procedure is based on a Bayesian deformable templates methodology in which the prior information about the geometry and shape of anatomical objects is incorporated via the construction of exemplary templates. The anatomical variability is accommodated in the Bayesian framework by defining probabilistic transformations on these templates. The transformations, thus, defined are parameterized directly in terms of natural shape operations, such as growth and bending, and their locations. A preliminary validation study of the segmentation procedure is presented. We also present a novel statistical shape analysis approach based on the medial descriptions that examines shape via separate intuitive categories, such as global variability at the coarse scale and localized variability at the fine scale. We show that the method can be used to statistically describe shape variability in intuitive terms such as growing and bending.
Comparison of the Hypoxia PET Tracer 18F-EF5 to Immunohistochemical Marker EF5 in 3 Different Human Tumor Xenograft Models

The availability of 18F-labeled and unlabeled 2-(2-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)-N-(2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropyl)-acetamide (EF5) allows for a comparative assessment of tumor hypoxia by PET and immunohistochemistry; however, the combined use of these 2 approaches has not been fully assessed in vivo. The aim of this study was to evaluate 18F-EF5 tumor uptake versus EF5 binding and hypoxia as determined from immunohistochemistry at both macroscopic and microregional levels. Methods: Three tumor models—PC3, HCT116, and H460—were evaluated. Tumor-bearing animals were coinjected with 18F-EF5 and EF5 (30 mg/kg), and PET imaging was performed at 2.5 h after injection. After PET imaging and 2 min after Hoechst 33342 injection, the tumors were excised and evaluated for 18F-EF5 distribution by autoradiography and EF5 binding by immunohistochemistry. Additionally, the effects of nonradioactive EF5 (30 mg/kg) on the hypoxia-imaging characteristics of 18F-EF5 were evaluated by comparing the PET data for H460 tumors with those from animals injected with 18F-EF5 alone. Results: The uptake of 18F-EF5 in hypoxic tumor regions and the spatial relationship between 18F-EF5 uptake and EF5 binding varied among tumors. H460 tumors showed higher tumor-to-muscle contrast in PET imaging; however, the distribution and uptake of the tracer was less specific for hypoxia in H460 than in HCT116 and PC3 tumors. Correlation analyses revealed that the highest spatial correlation between 18F-EF5 uptake and EF5 binding was in PC3 tumors (r = 0.73 ± 0.02) followed by HCT116 (r = 0.60 ± 0.06) and H460 (r = 0.53 ± 0.10). Uptake and binding of 18F-EF5 and EF5 correlated negatively with Hoechst 33342 perfusion marker distribution in the 3 tumor models. Image contrast and heterogeneous uptake of 18F-EF5 in H460 tumors was significantly higher when the radiotracer was used alone versus in combination with unlabeled EF5 (tumor-to-muscle ratio of 2.51 ± 0.33 vs. 1.71 ± 0.17, P
Cervical Cancer Disparities in Screening, Treatment, and Survival

This article will use a case study to review the literature on cervical cancer disparities by race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status. The patient exemplifies several issues facing underserved populations, including the presence of comorbid diseases, failure to have follow-up visits for
Optimizing Dynamic Binary Translation for SIMD Instructions

Dynamic binary translation technology allows a program written for one architecture to be executed on a second architecture without recompiling the source code. Effective dynamic binary translation of SIMD (single instruction multiple data) instructions has become more and more important as SIMD extensions have gained popularity among general-purpose CPUs within the last decade. Many SIMD extensions allow an SIMD register to hold data of different types at different times. Supporting multiple data types within the same register complicates the task of a dynamic translator, which may or may not be able to determine the type of the register at translation time. We propose the SIMD data type tracking algorithm to translate the SIMD instructions and three algorithms to further optimize the translation. Our results show that the three optimizing algorithms give overall 3.89% performance improvement for SPEC2K INT benchmarks and 6.61%for SPEC2KFP benchmarks.
MICROBIC VIRULENCE AND HOST SUSCEPTIBILITY IN PARATYPHOID-ENTERITIDIS INFECTION OF WHITE MICE : XI. SEASONAL VARIATION IN THE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF DIFFERENT STRAINS OF MICE TO PER OS INFECTION WITH THE TYPE II BACILLUS OF MOUSE TYPHOID (BACILLUS PESTIS CAVIAE). FURTHER STUDIES.

Four separate strains of mice have been tested for their relative susceptibility to per os infection with the Type II bacillus of mouse typhoid (Bacillus pestis caviae), 300 to 600 individuals of each strain having been employed in the course of 12 months. In confirmation of a previous paper, clear-cut differences in the susceptibility of these strains have been shown to exist. In general, the colored strains were distinctly less resistant than the albino strains.
Candida albicans sternal wound infections: A chronic and recurrent complication of median sternotomy

Eleven patients developed deep sternal wound infections due to Candida albicans after undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and were assessed. Six had sternal osteomyelitis, 1 had osteomyelitis and mediastinitis, and 4 had deep wound infections that probably involved bone. Seven patients experienced onset of infection within 28 days of CABG, but 4 experienced onset 48-150 days after CABG. Infections were characterized by a chronic, indolent course requiring prolonged treatment with an antifungal agent. Delay in initiating antifungal therapy was common. All patients were treated with fluconazole, and 1 also received amphotericin B. Six patients underwent incision and drainage, with or without wire removal, and 3 underwent sternectomy with placement of a muscle flap. Of 10 patients for whom follow-up data were available, 7 were cured after initial therapy (median duration of treatment, 6 months), and 3 experienced a relapse and required a second course of fluconazole.
Using speculative execution for fault tolerance in a real-time system

Achieving fault-tolerance using a primary-backup approach involves overhead of recovery such as activating the backup and propagating execution states, which may affect the timeliness properties of real-time systems. We propose a semi-passive architecture for fault-tolerance and show that speculative execution can enhance overall performance and hence shorten the recovery time in the presence of failure. The compiler is used to detect speculative execution, to insert check-points and to construct the updated messages. Simulation results are reported to show the contribution of speculative execution under the proposed architecture.
Response of Xylem Ray Parenchyma Cells of Red Osier Dogwood (Cornus sericea L.) to Freezing Stress (Microscopic Evidence of Protoplasm Contraction)

Freezing behavior of wood tissue of red osier dogwood (Cornus sericea L.) cannot be explained by current concepts of freezing resistance. Previous studies indicated that water in wood tissue presumably froze extracellularly. However, it was observed that xylem ray parenchyma cells within these tissues could survive temperatures as low as -80[deg]C and the walls of these cells did not collapse during freezing (S.R. Malone and E.N. Ashworth [1991] Plant Physiol 95: 871-881). This observation was unexpected and is inconsistent with the current hypothesis of cell response during freezing. Hence, the objective of our study was to further examine the mechanism of freezing resistance of wood tissue of red osier dogwood. We studied freezing stress response of xylem ray parenchyma cells of red osier dogwood using freeze substitution and transmission electron microscopy. Wood samples were collected in winter, spring, and summer of 1992. Specimens were cooled from 0[deg]C to -60[deg]C at 5[deg]C/h. Freezing stress did not affect the structural organization of wood tissue. However, the xylem ray parenchyma cells showed two unique responses to a freezing stress: protoplasm contraction and protoplasm fragmentation. Protoplasm contraction was evident at all freezing temperatures and in tissues collected at different times of the year. Cells with fragmented protoplasm, however, were noticed only in tissues collected in spring and summer. Protoplasm contraction in winter tissue occurred without apparent damage to the protoplasm. In contrast, protoplasm contraction in spring and summer tissues was accompanied by substantial damage. No evidence of intracellular ice formation was observed in parenchyma cells exposed to freezing stress. Differences in protoplasm contraction and appearance of cells with fragmented protoplasm likely indicated seasonal changes in cold hardiness of the wood tissue of red osier dogwood. We speculate that the appearance of fragmented protoplasm may indicate that cells are being injured by an alternative mechanism in spring and summer.
Criteria for developing clinical decision support systems

The use of archived information and knowledge derived from data-driven system, both at the point of care and retrospectively, is critical to improving the balance between healthcare expenditure and healthcare quality. Data-driven clinical decision support, augmented by performance feedback and education, is a logical addition to consensus- and evidence-based approaches on the path to widespread use of intelligent search agents, expert recognition and warning systems. We believe that these initial applications should (a) capture and archive, with identifiable end-points, complete episode-of-care information for high-complexity, high-cost illnesses, and (b) utilize large numbers of these cases to drive risk-adjusted "individualized" probabilities for patients requiring care at the time of intervention.
Testing a complete-diet model for estimating the land resource requirements of food consumption and agricultural carrying capacity: The New York State example

Agriculture faces a multitude of challenges in the 21st century, and new tools are needed to help determine how it should respond. Among these challenges is a need to reconcile how human food consumption patterns should change to both improve human nutrition and reduce agriculture's environmental footprint. A complete-diet framework is needed for better understanding how diet influences demand for a fundamental agricultural resource, land. We tested such a model, measuring the impact of fat and meat consumption on the land requirements of food production in New York State (NYS). Analysis was confined to this geographic area to simplify the modeling procedure and to examine the state's ability to reduce environmental impact by supplying food locally. Per capita land resource requirements were calculated with a spreadsheet model for 42 diets ranging from 0 to 381 g d−1 (0 to 12 oz d−1) of meat and eggs and 20 to 45% total calories from fat. Many of these diets meet national dietary recommendations. The potential human carrying capacity of the NYS land base was then derived, based on recent estimates of available agricultural land. A nearly fivefold difference (0.18–0.86 ha) in per capita land requirements was observed across the diets. Increasing meat in the diet increased per capita land requirements, while increasing total dietary fat increased the land requirements of low meat diets but reduced the land needed for high meat diets. Higher meat diets used a larger share of the available cropland suited only to pasture and perennial crops. Thus, only a threefold difference was observed for the potential number of people fed from the NYS land base (2.0–6.2 million). In addition, some high-fat vegetarian diets supported fewer people than lower fat diets containing 63–127 g d−1 of meat (approximately one- to two-thirds of the national average per capita consumption in the US). These results support the assertion that diet should be considered in its entirety when assessing environmental impact. To more completely understand how diet influences land requirements and potential carrying capacity, this model should be applied across a larger geographic area that encompasses a wider variety of climates and soil resources. To better understand the ability of a local region to supply more of its own food, the model should be moved into a geospatial framework.
Credibility and information naiveté in socially networked information

This paper explores issues related to the credibility of socially generated information: the opportunities and pitfalls of Web 2.0 construed social media. Under consideration are what might be some of the risks and responsibilities of creating socially networked information which may be seen as credible and which raises cultural and ethical questions about its use and creation. Within the context of socially media, it speculates upon the fate of credible information in a milieu that may enable information naivete.
Opportunities to Intercalibrate Radiometric Sensors from International Space Station

AbstractHighly accurate measurements of Earth’s thermal infrared and reflected solar radiation are required for detecting and predicting long-term climate change. Consideration is given to the concept of using the International Space Station to test instruments and techniques that would eventually be used on a dedicated mission, such as the Climate Absolute Radiance and Refractivity Observatory (CLARREO). In particular, a quantitative investigation is performed to determine whether it is possible to use measurements obtained with a highly accurate (0.3%, with 95% confidence) reflected solar radiation spectrometer to calibrate similar, less accurate instruments in other low Earth orbits. Estimates of numbers of samples useful for intercalibration are made with the aid of yearlong simulations of orbital motion. Results of this study support the conclusion that the International Space Station orbit is ideally suited for the purpose of intercalibration between spaceborne sensors.
A Class of Stable Perturbations for a Minimal Mass Soliton in Three-Dimensional Saturated Nonlinear Schrödinger Equations

In this result, we develop the techniques of [J. Krieger and W. Schlag, J. Amer. Math. Soc., 19 (2006), pp. 815–920] and [J. Bourgain and W. Wang, Ann. Scuola Norm. Sup. Pisa Cl. Sci. (4), 25 (1998), pp. 197–215] in order to determine a class of stable perturbations for a minimal mass soliton solution of a saturated, focusing nonlinear Schrodinger equation in $\mathbb{R}^3$. Using dispersive estimates proved in [J. L. Marzuola, Dispersive Estimates Using Scattering Theory for Matrix H amiltonian Equations, submitted], which are similar to those in [W. Schlag, Ann. of Math. (2), 169 (2009), pp. 139–227] and [J. Krieger and W. Schlag, J. Amer. Math. Soc., 19 (2006), pp. 815–920], by projecting an initial perturbation $\phi$ onto a subspace of the continuous spectrum of the operator $\mathcal{H}$ resulting from linearization about a minimal mass soliton $R_{min}$, we are able to use a contraction mapping similar to that from [J. Bourgain and W. Wang, Ann. Scuola Norm. Sup. Pisa Cl. Sci. (4), 25 (1998), pp. 1...
A multi-user virtual 3d training environment to advance collaboration among crane operator and ground personnel in blind lifts

As one of the most expensive and frequently used resources, cranes play an essential role in the operation of activities on construction sites. They require certified operators whose knowledge of codes and regulations is essential for safe and productive lift tasks. Blind spots pose a significant issue for crane operators as they limit the crane operator’s field-of-view that potentially slows down execution of such tasks. Often collaboration between crane operators and ground personnel is limited and requires advanced communication techniques, such as radios, to resolve the limited visibility issue. Although visualization technology has been widely adopted in practice to enhance visibility, education and training programs related to cranes lack multi-user collaboration environments. This paper presents an approach towards developing a virtual training environment that allows multiple subjects to participate in lifting operations cooperatively. Through a 3D real-time immersive user visualization interface users are able to perform hands-on tasks such as operating cranes and directing blind lifts. In addition, geometry constraints and safety hazards are introduced to augment the simulation-fidelity of the virtual training environment. A test involving two users was conducted and the results show that the proposed approach can effectively simulate collaborative tasks in crane lifting operations. This study has potential to enhance the productivity and safety of crane lifting operations.