cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Polynucleotide recognition and degradation by bleomycin.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the chemistry of nucleic acid degradation, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequence and structure recognition, and the mode of DNA and ribonucleic acid (RNA) interaction, with bleomycin. The finding that a natural product, bleomycin, can recognize specific DNA sequences and mediate the oxidative destruction of the deoxyribose moiety of DNA in a manner that ultimately leads to strand scission has made it the prototype for the design of simple molecular systems that function as “artificial nucleases.” The potential uses of such chemical nucleases range from tools in molecular biology research to the development of new chemotherapeutic agents. Like bleomycin, most of these systems rely on the redox nature of transition metals to promote nucleic acid oxidation. Bleomycin is used clinically, both as a single agent and in combination chemotherapy, for the treatment of several neoplasms, including squamous cell carcinomas, testicular tumors, and malignant lymphomas. It is used clinically as a mixture of structurally related molecules called “Blenoxane.” One intriguing aspect of the interaction of bleomycin, with double stranded DNA, is its selectivity for G-Y sequences. The minor groove of DNA in proximity to G-C sequences is believed to be shallower than the minor groove of A-T sequences, due to the 2-amino group of guanosine; moreover, some evidence suggests that the minor groove of G-C sequences is wider than that of A-T sequences.
Interconvertible kinetic and physical forms of human erythrocyte pyruvate kinase.

Abstract Human erythrocyte pyruvate kinase (EC 2.7.1.40) was isolated in forms with K0.5 s values for phosphoenolpyruvate which range from 3 x 10-5 m to greater than 10-3 m. Several activity peaks also were obtained when samples were subjected to Sephadex G-200 chromatography, sucrose gradient sedimentation, or starch gel electrophoresis. The most prevalent peak had a molecular weight of 237,000 ± 1,680 S.E. when analyzed by gel filtration chromatography and 214,000 ± 2,700 S.E. when subjected to sedimentation studies. Assuming this to be a tetrameric form, evidence was also obtained for possible monomeric, dimeric, trimeric, and pentameric forms. Enzyme maintained at pH values below 7.0 had K0.5 s values for phosphoenolpyruvate of less than 8 x 10-5 m, gave hyperbolic rate curves, and was 80% or better apparent tetramer. This form could be reversibly converted to a form which had K0.5 s values for phosphoenolpyruvate of about 2.0 x 10-4 m by aging in alkaline pH or purifying on DEAE-cellulose columns. Such preparations appeared to consist primarily of apparent trimer and could be converted back to the lower K0.5 s apparent tetrameric form by aging in solutions with pH values less than 7.0 or by incubating with fructose 1,6-diphosphate. In addition to this apparent R ⇌ T conformational pair, a form of the enzyme with a K0.5 s value for phosphoenolpyruvate greater than 7 x 10-4 m was also obtained from outdated cells. This form of the enzyme could exist in solutions with other forms, but it could not be reconverted to lower K0.5 s forms by exposure to acidic solutions. Another apparently distinct form of enzyme was found in lysates of fresh blood cells. This differed from any of those previously described in that the K0.5 s and nh values (Hill coefficient) obtained with phosphoenolpyruvate as the variable substrate were highly dependent upon the ADP concentration and in that the apparent dimeric form predominated in Sephadex and starch gel studies.
Capture myopathy in hooved mammals and human Takotsubo syndrome

To the Editor I read with great interest the study by Blumstein et al. [1], published online ahead of print on 21 July 2015 in the Journal, about capture myopathy (CM) and its clinical implications for human Takotsubo syndrome (TTS), which reminded me of the seminal work done by Ueyama et al.. [2] with their rat immobilization animal model of TTS. The capacity of the brain to injure the heart is well established, based on clinical studies and animal experimentation for over a century [3]. The authors of this study hypothesize that ‘CM syndromes in wildlife may be a model for human stress cardiomyopathy, including TTS’, which is very plausible, and in this respect it may be advisable for the workers in the field of human TTS to explore in patients some traits that they have detected in animal CM [1]. Since the authors found ‘greater brain mass, faster maximum running speed, greater minimum group size, and greater maximum longevity’, in animal susceptible to CM, it may be contributory to evaluate in patients with TTS, the size of their brain, based on imaging studies, their history of running speed, and their sociality. Regarding the longevity trait there is similarity in animals with CM and patients with TTS, since the latter mainly strikes the elderly humans, mainly women [4]. Patients with history of depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorder are susceptible to TTS, which is a parallel to the authors’ remarks about species ‘that have successfully avoided predation’, and which seem to be more likely to be susceptible to CM [1]. The authors appear to expect progress in their field by more systematic and thorough necropsy of carcasses of victims of CM [1], although they also maintain that ‘CM is probably a continuum of effects, possibly affecting a majority, or even all animals that are captured, with an unknown portion of those affected to the point of showing signs recognizable as CM’. This fits with this author’s beliefs, that there exist milder atypical forms of human TTS [5]. Since we do not have access to symptoms, but only to signs, or laboratory expressions of the disease in afflicted animals with CM, it behooves workers in this field to employ measurements of blood catecholamines, creatine kinase and troponins, and systematic implementation of electrocardiography for detection of transient changes (ST-segment elevation and depression, T-wave inversion, and QT interval prolongation), and echocardiography-based reversible myocardial wall motion abnormalities. Conflict of interest: None declared.
Photoresponsive Fischer 344 Rats are Reproductively Inhibited by Melatonin and Differ in 2‐[125I] Iodomelatonin Binding from Nonphotoresponsive Sprague‐Dawley Rats

Many temperate-zone species use photoperiod as an environmental cue to regulate reproductive timing. Strains of laboratory rats differ in their responsiveness to photoperiod, with the Fischer 344 (F344) strain being the most responsive known. F344 rats and closely related strains that differ in photoresponsiveness may be useful models to study the mechanisms and genetic basis for photoresponsiveness. We tested two hypotheses: (i) that melatonin mediates photoresponsiveness in F344 rats, as is the case in all other mammals tested, and (ii) that the location, abundance, or affinity of melatonin receptors, as estimated by the amount and location of binding of the radioligand 2-[125I]-iodomelatonin (IMEL) in the brain, might cause variation in photoresponsiveness among rat strains. Melatonin injections 1 h before lights off in a stimulatory photoperiod (L14 : D10) induced reproductive inhibition and reduced weight gain in a manner similar to short days of L8 : D16, while injections of ethanolic saline vehicle did not. Interestingly, melatonin injections administered during an inhibitory photoperiod (L10 : D14) caused greater inhibition of both reproduction and weight gain than short photoperiod alone. Pinealectomized F344 rats implanted subcutaneously with melatonin in a silastic capsule did not differ in testis size or body weight from controls with blank implants. The brains and pars tuberalis of the pituitary from photoresponsive F344 rats and nonphotoresponsive Harlan Sprague-Dawley (HSD) rats were processed for autoradiography using IMEL. We found significantly higher specific IMEL binding in the anterior and posterior regions of the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (PVNt) and reuniens nucleus of the thalamus of F344 rats than in the same areas in HSD rats. There were no differences between strains in specific IMEL binding in the medial PVNt, anteroventral and anterodorsal nucleus of the thalamus, suprachiasmatic nucleus, or the pars tuberalis. These results indicate that melatonin mediates photoresponsiveness in F344 rats. In addition, they provide support for the hypothesis that F344 rats may be photoresponsive due to differences from other strains in the location, density, or affinity of melatonin receptors.
In vivo activity of released cell wall lipids of Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin is due principally to trehalose mycolates.

The hallmark of Mycobacterium-induced pathology is granulomatous inflammation at the site of infection. Mycobacterial lipids are potent immunomodulators that contribute to the granulomatous response and are released in appreciable quantities by intracellular bacilli. Previously we investigated the granulomagenic nature of the peripheral cell wall lipids of Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) by coating the lipids onto 90-μm diameter microspheres that were mixed into Matrigel matrix with syngeneic bone marrow-derived macrophages and injected i.p. into mice. These studies demonstrated that BCG lipids elicit proinflammatory cytokines and recruit leukocytes. In the current study we determined the lipids responsible for this proinflammatory effect. BCG-derived cell wall lipids were fractionated and purified by liquid chromatography and preparative TLC. The isolated fractions including phosphatidylinositol dimannosides, cardiolipin, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, trehalose monomycolate, trehalose dimycolate, and mycoside B. Trehalose dimycolate, when delivered to bone marrow-derived murine macrophages, induced the greatest secretion of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in vitro. Trehalose dimycolate similarly induced the greatest secretion of these proinflammatory cytokines in ex vivo matrices over the course of 12 days. Trehalose monomycolate and dimycolate also induced profound neutrophil recruitment in vivo. Experiments with TLR2 or TLR4 gene-deficient mice revealed no defects in responses to trehalose mycolates, although MyD88-deficient mice manifested significantly reduced cell recruitment and cytokine production. These results demonstrate that the trehalose mycolates, particularly trehalose dimycolate, are the most bioactive lipids in the BCG extract, inducing a proinflammatory cascade that influences granuloma formation.
MMPI/MMPI-2 critical items for panic symptoms

Abstract Fifteen psychologists selected MMPI items that they considered to be face-valid indicators of the presence of panic symptoms. The 15 items selected by at least 60% of the clinicians were empirically validated through Chi-square analyses. Item response frequencies were contrasted for 60 Panic Disordered patients, 60 demographically matched psychiatric controls, and the normative sample of MMPI-2. Each of the 15 items differentiated panic patients from normal controls ( p
Gut-specific genes from the black fly Simulium vittatum encoding trypsin-like and carboxypeptidase-like proteins

In haematophagous insects digestion of the blood meal provides nutrients for survival and essential components for egg production. We have isolated and partially characterized two gut-specific genes from the black fly Simulium vittatum. Sequence analysis revealed that both are highly similar to digestive proteases, one to trypsins and the other to carboxypeptidases. RNA blot analysis indicates that the expression of these two genes is regulated in a sex-specific manner; when fed the same sucrose-based diet, expression in males is substantially lower than in females. In females, expression of both genes is strongly induced by a blood meal. At 6 h after the blood meal the trypsin-like gene product was immunolocalized to the midgut epithelium and to the outer layers of the peritrophic matrix.
Device performance of mesoscopic T-structure quantum interference transistors

Abstract We present an analysis of the device performance of quantum interference transistors that utilize electron interference in ultrasmall semiconductor T-structures. The major drawback of these devices is found to be the extreme sensitivity of the device characteristics to structural variations that seriously impede their implementation in integrated circuits. However, the most significant advantage is the low threshold voltage for switching that makes it possible to switch these devices optically. We propose using these devices as ultrafast optoelectronic switches in which the switching action is realized optically, rather than electronically, so that the switching speed is not linited by the RC time constant of the switching circuit or that of the interconnects.
The association of pericardial fat with coronary artery plaque index at MR imaging: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA).

Pericardial fat volume was associated with coronary atherosclerotic plaque burden in asymptomatic individuals, and the relationship between pericardial fat volume and plaque burden was stronger in men than in women.
Flatness Feed-Forward Control Model Based on Neural Networks

The influence on the shape of the strip from rolling force fluctuations has been analyzed. The combination of intermediate roll bending and work roll bending has been adopted. The principle of rolling force feed-forward control has been analyzed. The feed-forward control model has been established on the basis of neural networks. The model has been successfully applied to a rolling mill and a good effect has been achieved.
The charge transfer spectrum of /LiNa/+.

Abstract A model potential method is used to calculate the dipole moment of the X 2 Σ + -A 2 Σ + charge transfer transition of the molecule (LiNa) + . The corresponding absorption cross sections for low-lying vibrational levels of the X 2 Σ + state are presented as functions of wavelength. The cross sections are large in the visible region of the spectrum.
Effect of SiC/BN double coating on fibre pullout in mullite fibre/mullite matrix composites

The authors devised an SiC/BN double fibre coating, in which the SiC was located outside, for the mullite fibre/mullite matrix composite system, and investigated its effect on the fibre pullout characteristics of the composite.
Load distribution analysis of clearance-fit spline joints using finite elements

Abstract Splines are widely used in mechanical drive systems to transfer rotary motion from an input to an output. Despite their wide application in rotating machinery, very little is known about their contact behavior and load distribution characteristics. In this study, a combined finite element and surface integral contact analysis model is employed in order to investigate load distribution along the spline interfaces. Three loading cases are considered: (i) purely torsional loading representing power transfer through two concentric shafts, (ii) combined torsional and radial loading representing a spur gear–shaft interface, and (iii) combined torsional, radial, and moment loading representing a helical gear–shaft interface. The effect of spline misalignment is investigated along with intentional lead crowning of the contacting surfaces. In addition to spur spline teeth, helical spline teeth are investigated. Influence of intentional mismatch of splines through a slight helix angle applied to the external spline is also investigated within a range of torque transmitted. Finally, the effects of manufacturing tooth indexing error on spline load distributions are quantified using the proposed model.
Opiate receptor binding-effect relationship: Sufentanil and etorphine produce analgesia at the μ-site with low fractional receptor occupancy

Abstract The analgesic activity of the opiate agonists etrophine and sufentanil and the antagonistic effects of diprenorphine and naloxone have been related to the occupancy of 3 classes of opiate binding sites previously defined in vivo29in order to establish their pharmacological significance. Sufentanil binds specifically in vivo to the first type of site (site 1), exhibiting ∼ 1100-fold selectivity over site 2, whereas etorphine displays ∼ 20-fold selectivity for site 1 over site 2. Neither agonist has measurable affinity to the third type of binding site. The binding data suggest that site 1 is analogous to the μ site previously identified in vitro29. Both agonists produce analgesia in the rat tail flick test at the same low fractional occupancy of site 1 (∼ 2% at the ED50) while they display much lower and quite different occupancies at site 2. Both of the opiate antagonists naloxone and diprenorphine reduce the potency of sufentanil and etorphine by a factor of 2 at 50% occupancy of site 1 alone. These results provide strong evidence that these 4 drugs exert their effects by interaction with site 1 (μ sites) which therefore may be regarded as the receptor responsible for analgesic action in this test. The assumption of a direct relationship between antagonistic effect and fractional occupancy appears to be valid for naloxone and diprenorphine at site 1, while the agonists exert their action at a very low fractional occupancy implying a non-linear binding-effect process.
SEX, AGE, AND TEMPTATION

The relationships between sex, age, and reaction to temptation were examined. Ss were 114 children (53 boys and 61 girls) between the ages of 6 and 8. They were placed alone in a room with a number of toys which they were admonished not to touch. Behavior was classified as Rigidly Controlled, Naturally Curious, and Yielders. It was found that there were no differences between boys and girls in the numbers of yielders and non-yielders. However, girls resisted temptation longer and, when they did yield, spent significantly less time at the forbidden behavior. No significant relationship was found with chronological age.
Alport Syndrome: From Bedside to Genome to Bedside

Alport syndrome is a genetic disorder of basement membranes manifested clinically by a progressive nephropathy and, in many families, sensorineural hearing loss and ocular lesions. During the 1980s evidence was amassed indicating type IV (basement membrane) collagen as the defective protein in Alport syndrome. This hypothesis was confirmed in 1990 by the cloning of the X-chromosomal gene COL4A5, which encodes the α5 chain of type IV collagen, and the discovery of mutations in this gene in many Alport kindreds. The results of recent studies suggest that the α5(IV) chain forms a distinct collagenous network with the α3 and α4 chains of type IV collagen and that mutations in α5(IV) may prevent the normal incorporation of α3(IV) and α4(IV) into basement membranes. Renal biopsy remains an important modality for making the diagnosis of Alport syndrome, but may eventually be replaced by molecular genetic techniques. Posttransplant anti-glomerular basement membrane nephritis occurs rarely in Alport patients and may be restricted to a subgroup with particular COL4A5 mutations. It is not clear why COL4A5 mutations result in glomerulosclerosis and renal failure, or whether this process may be slowed through dietary or pharmacologic intervention.
United States Critical Illness and Injury Trials Group

The United States Critical Illness and Injury Trials (USCIIT) Group is an inclusive, grassroots "network of networks" with the dual missions of fostering investigator-initiated hypothesis testing and developing recommendations for strategic plans at a national level. The USCIIT Group's transformational approach enlists multidisciplinary investigative teams across institutions, critical illness and injury professional organizations, federal agencies that fund clinical and translational research, and industry partners. The USCIIT Group is endorsed by all major critical illness and injury professional organizations spanning the specialties of anesthesiology, emergency medicine, internal medicine, neurology, nursing, pediatrics, pharmacy and nutrition, surgery and trauma, and respiratory and physical therapy. Recent successes provide the opportunity to significantly increase the dialogue necessary to advance clinical and translational research on behalf of our community. More than 200 investigators are now involved across > 30 academic and community hospitals. Collectively, USCIIT Group investigators have enrolled > 10,000 patients from academic and community hospitals in studies during the last 3 years. To keep our readership "ahead of the curve," this article provides a vision for critical illness and injury research based on (1) programmatic organization of large-scale, multicentered collaborative studies and (2) annual strategic planning at a national scale across disciplines and stakeholders.
Response to Letter to the Editor: Prothrombin Complex Concentrates in Warfarin-Associated Intracranial Hemorrhage

Drs. Peled and Nguyen point out inherent statistical limitations in small, non-randomized cohort studies. Although the commenters note that PCC was used less often in patients with relative contraindications (myocardial infarction, peripheral artery disease) in our study, this was not, in fact, the case. Indeed, these patients were just as likely to receive a combination of FFP and PCC. Ultimately, coagulopathy-associated intracranial hemorrhage is relatively uncommon and difficult to study in large numbers, which may be a major reason why no large randomized trial has yet been conducted in this population. Even in the Sarode trial [1], which is currently the largest and the most robust trial of PCC versus FFP, only 12 % of patients, constituting 24 total patients, had intracranial hemorrhage. Therefore, we believe that our report of 64 intracranial hemorrhages still represents a meaningful contribution to the literature. Furthermore, given the limited number of intracranial hemorrhage patients in the Sarode trial, a more robust, randomized trial in this patient population would be needed to provide a more definitive answer to the question of PCC versus FFP for coagulopathy reversal. Until then, our paper offers a suggestion that PCC may be a valuable tool for coagulopathy reversal in warfarinassociated ICH.
Vierdimensionale Geometrie und ihre praktische Anwendung zur Erklärung kosmologischer Probleme

The expanding universe is considered to be a hypersphere immersed in a four dimensional space. An attempt is made to explain the rigid rotation of spiral and barred nebulae, not well understood on the basis of classical physics, by assuming that the geometrical solid “nebula” is a section of the universe through a four dimensional hypersolid of helicoidal curvature. Further applications of the extrapolation method to cosmology are suggested.
Noise and occam's inversion of resistivity tomography data

! Synthetic model data are used to show the effects of noise and noise estimates on Occam’s Inversion of crossborehole resistivity data. Resolution of the images decreases with increasing noise. The reconstructions are underdetermined so that at low noise levels the images converge to an asymptotic image not the true geo-electrical section. For a noise estimate of standard deviation 10% below the correct, value the algorithm achieves an adequate data fit but the image becomes irregular. When the estimated standard deviation is twice the correct value, the resolution decreases substantially. A case history of monitoring at an EOR site is used to illustrate problems in comparing images from a site if the noise level changes. Changes in image resolution can be misinterpreted as actual geo-electrical changes. We suggest one solution to this problem is to perform smoothest but non-Occam’s inversion on later data sets using parameters found from the background data set. I
Measurements of pituitary prolactin levels in breeding pigeons by crop sac radioreceptor assay.

Abstract A recently developed assay based on the ability of ovine prolactin to bind to pigeon crop sac receptors was used to measure changes in pituitary prolactin content and concentration in male and female pigeons during the reproductive cycle. Pituitaries were collected from six regularly breeding pairs of pigeons at each of four stages: active nest-building (2–3 days before egg-laying), egg-laying, midincubation, and Day 1 posthatching. In females, prolactin content and concentration declined progressively between nest-building and midincubation but rose to peak levels by Day 1 posthatching. Prolactin levels of males were generally lower than those of females, but the pattern of changes was similar for both sexes. Comparison of these results with the pattern of prolactin-dependent crop sac changes suggests that the decline in pituitary prolactin levels during early incubation reflects the release of the hormone into the circulation. A marked increase in prolactin content was observed in both sexes during the second half of the incubation period, which may function to insure that a sufficient amount of prolactin is available to stimulate the formation of crop “milk” for regurgitation to the newly hatched young.
A functional analysis of carnassial biting.

The jaw mechanism of carnivores is studied using an idealized model (Greaves, 1978). The model assumes: (i) muscle activity on both sides of the head, and (ii) that the jaw joints and the carnassial teeth are single points of contact between the skull and the lower jaw during carnassial biting. The model makes the following predictions: (i) in carnivores with carnassial teeth the resultant force of the jaw muscles will be positioned approximately 60% of the way from the jaw joint to the tooth—this arrangement delivers the maximum bite force possible together with a reasonably wide gape (remembering that bite force and gape cannot both be maximized); (ii) in an evolutionary sense, if greater bite force is required at the carnassial tooth, either the animal will get larger so as to deliver an absolutely larger bite force or the architecture of the muscles may change, becoming more pinnate, for example, but jaw geometry (i.e. the relative positions of the jaw joints, the carnassial tooth, and the muscle resultant force) will not change; (iii) if greater gape is required, the animal will get larger so as to have longer jaws and therefore an absolutely wider gape or change its muscle architecture allowing for greater stretch while the geometry remains unchanged; and (iv) in animals with a longer shearing region (e.g. the extinct hyaenodonts) the shearing region will be approximately 20% of jaw length and the muscle resultant force will be positioned approximately 60% of the way from the jaw joint to the most anterior shearing tooth.
Programmable Messengers: A New Theory of Hormone Action

Abstract Many hormone receptors are linked to GTP-regulatory proteins in membranes. When these proteins are activated by hormones and GTP, the α-subunits are released from the membrane as soluble proteins. It is proposed that these α-subunits are modified by kinases, proteases and other protein-modifying enzymes to give new forms with differing functions. This provides a way of explaining the multiple actions of a hormone on its target cell, and the released α-subunits of GTP-regulatory proteins can be called ‘programmable messengers'.
Utilizing Xenarthra (Tree Sloth, Anteater, Armadillo, Ground Sloth, Glyptodont, and Pampathere) Cranial Material to Evaluate Students' Understanding of This Thing Called Science

ABSTRACT Two-thirds of U.S. citizens do not understand the scientific process. There is a clear misunderstanding about what science is—and is not—both in our society and in the classroom. Furthermore, students below basic proficiency are locked into an achievement gap. In response, the No Child Left Behind Act was passed in 2001. Since then, there has been some progress in decreasing the achievement gap. However, according to The Nation's Report Card, 34% of fourth grade and 43% of eighth grade students sampled by the National Assessment for Educational Progress still fall below a basic level of proficiency in science. To evaluate what is misunderstood about the scientific process, third through eighth graders were guided to discern science from pseudoscience, and form testable questions by using 45 animal skulls and design experiments, and to then collect and analyze data to answer their questions based on the graphs they developed. They were given a pre-assessment at the beginning and a postassessment t...
On the fundamental and superharmonic effects in bistable energy harvesting

Superharmonic dynamics are characteristic of many nonlinear systems undergoing high levels of excitation. However, what constitutes high levels is relative to the system under study. For instance, ...
Failure of Two-Dimensional Echocardiography To Detect Aspergillus Endocarditis

Two-dimensional echocardiography has been shown to be a reliable diagnostic procedure in patients with valvular lesions due to fungal endocarditis. We describe a patient with four-chamber Aspergillus endocarditis localized to the nonvalvular endocardium. In this case, two-dimensional echocardiography failed to demonstrate cardiac abnormalities despite the presence of extensive endomyocardial disease at autopsy. The case emphasizes the diagnostic limitations of two-dimensional echocardiography in the absence of valvular vegetations.
REGIONAL GROWTH AND MANUFACTURING IN OHIO: EMPIRICAL ANALYSES USING FOURIER POLYNOMIALS EXPANSIONS

This paper investigates the spatial variation of relationships between regional growth and manufacturing in Ohio in the light of hypotheses suggested by sectoral shifts, polarization reversal, and product cycle theories. The analyses reported are at the county level, and use two-dimensional Fourier polynomials expansions to estimate and map statistically significant spatial variation of relationships between regional growth and manufacturing. Our results indicate that the "effect" of levels and rates of change of manufacturing on regional growth differ depending upon a county's position in the rural-urban continuum, and also depending on whether or not a county is located in the segment of Ohio that is part of the "old industrial core."
Changes occur in central adrenoreceptor function following long-term morphine treatment and during morphine withdrawal

Abstract Radioloigand binding techniques were used in combination with invivo electrophysiological recording to characterize changes in beta adrenoreceptor activity in various brain areas in rats treated chronically with morphine. Following chronic morphine treatment, the maximum number of specific binding sites for 3 H-dihydroalprenolol ( 3 H-DHA) in parietal cortex and hippocampus showed a biphasic change, indicating an initial increase and decrease (relative to controls) in beta adrenoreceptors in these regions with time during withdrawal. No appreciable changes were observed in the dissocation constants for 3 H-DHA binding. The changes in cortical beta adrenoreceptor density found in early (8 hr) and later phases (32 hr) of withdrawal were paralled by a selective increase and decrease, respectively, in cortical neuron sensitivity to noradrenergic stimulation. These results suggest a possible linkage between changes in central adrenoreceptor function and the formation and/or expression of opiate dependence.
Reply to comments by Taylor and Neal on “Trace element crystal chemistry of mantle eclogites”

In summary, there are no existing clinopyroxene-liquid REE distribution data obtained under appropriate conditions to permit numerical modeling of trace elements to constitute a critical test of the pyroxene fractionation process. There are, however, numerous clinopyroxeneliquid partitioning data in the literature that give qualitatively similar patterns to those observed in grospydites. Further, the high pressure fractionation model accounts for the major-element and exsolution phenomena in a manner directly consistent with experimental petrologic studies, and can qualitatively account for the trace element and isotopic characteristics of the rocks in a manner consistent with the crystal chemistry of the phases. We therefore continue to prefer the high-pressure clinopyroxene fractionation model over a low-pressure plagioclase fractionation model for the origin of the grospydites.
In situ perchlorate determination on Purolite A850 ion exchange resin via Raman spectroscopy

Abstract The reported investigation represents a first step toward development of a sensor methodology for in situ determination of ionic species retained on ion exchange column. Raman spectroscopy was demonstrated as a detection method for the determination of perchlorate loading on a non-selective ion exchange resin, Purolite A850 acrylic gel. This method has been established using laboratory water (DIW) samples and actual California ground water (CAGW) samples with the complexities of competing ions, dissolved organics, and other potential interfering agents. The detection limit for this method of monitoring perchlorate on resin was measured to be 0.014 miliequivalent g −1 for both DIW and CAGW systems. The anion selectivity of the A850 resin was determined via batch contact experiments using CAGW. Linear correlation between resin loading with perchlorate and the intensity of the Raman perchlorate signal was observed and quantitatively described. The obtained relationship was applied for the determination of the perchlorate retained on the A850 resin in the column elution experiments.
Electro-optic tuning and sidelobe control in acousto-optic tunable filters

Both the center wavelength and the sidelobe structure of an integrated acousto-optic tunable filter (AOTF) are determined by the effective waveguide birefringence along the length of the device. By altering the birefringence by means of the electro-optic effect, one can control these device characteristics in potentially useful ways. Electro-optic tuning of the center frequency of an AOTF is demonstrated, and it is shown that this tuning mode, while limited to smaller ranges than acoustic frequency tuning, is many orders of magnitude faster. By use of multisection electrodes, dynamic control over the shape of the filter function is demonstrated. Finally, a number of practical uses of this technique are discussed.
Heterogeneity and organization of the ribosomal RNA genes of Cucurbita maxima.

Thirty-six clones were recovered fromCucurbita maxima genomic DNA which had been enriched for rDNA and cleaved at the unique repeat unitHind III site. Twenty-nine of these, which contain complete rDNA units, were compared to a standard whose intergenic spacer (IGS) nucleotide sequence has been determined. Twenty-one are identical in length and restriction site pattern. Eight which differ from the standard in length do so because of addition or deletion of varying numbers of IGS subrepetitive units of two different classes, with four of the length variants being different in both of these classes. Seven clones were isolated which contain incomplete repeat units, six of which are composites of rDNA and non-rDNA material. They have been cleaved at the unique rDNAHind III site at one end and at a non-rDNAHind III site at the other. We consider it most likely that these are derived from the termini of repeat unit tandem arrays, although other explanations are possible. Twelve individual plants of two different cultivars were examined for heterogeneity of IGS length distribution. They all appear to be identical in this regard.
PUMA–mediated apoptosis drives chemical hepatocarcinogenesis in mice†‡§

Hepatocyte death and proliferation contribute to hepatocellular carcinoma development after carcinogen exposure or chronic liver inflammation. However, the role and the molecular targets of hepatocyte death in relation to compensatory proliferation have not been fully characterized. In this study, we investigated the role of p53 up-regulated modulator of apoptosis (PUMA), a BH3-only protein important for both p53-dependent and -independent apoptosis, in a diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced liver carcinogenesis model. PUMA deficiency significantly decreased the multiplicity and size of liver tumors. DEN treatment induced p53-independent PUMA expression, PUMA-dependent hepatocyte death, and compensatory proliferation. Furthermore, inhibition or deletion of c-jun N-terminal kinase 1 (JNK1) abrogated PUMA induction, hepatocyte death, and compensatory proliferation. Conclusion: These results provide direct evidence that JNK1/PUMA-dependent apoptosis promotes chemical hepatocarcinogenesis through compensatory proliferation, and suggest apoptotic inducers as potential therapeutic targets in liver injury and cancer. (HEPATOLOGY 2011;54:1249–1258)
Current management of juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma: a tertiary center experience 1999-2007.

BackgroundOver the past 10 years, the management of juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma (JNA) has been redefined because of the improvement of transnasal skull base techniques. However, the limits...
WRITING, LITERACY, AND APPLIED LINGUISTICS

The first charge to the contributors to this volume was to consider applied linguistics from the point of view of the subfield each of us represents. Such a formulation constructs writing and literacy research as subordinate to the super-ordinate domain of applied linguistics and this was not one that corresponded well with my own sense of my work in relation to applied linguistics. To investigate this issue further, I informally questioned other writing researchers about whether or not they consider themselves applied linguists and what they do to be applied linguistics.
Managing irrigation and drainage systems in arid areas in the presence of shallow groundwater: case studies

Two field studies were conducted on the west side of the San Joaquin Valley of California to demonstrate the potential for integrated management of irrigation and drainage systems. The first study used a modified cotton crop coefficient to calculate the irrigation schedule controlling the operation of a subsurface drip system irrigating cotton in an area with saline groundwater at a depth of 1.5 m. Use of the coefficient resulted in 40% of the crop water requirement coming from the groundwater without a loss in lint yield. The second study evaluated the impact of the installation of controls on a subsurface drainage system installed on a 65 hectare field. As a result of the drainage controls, 140 mm less water was applied to the tomato crop without a yield loss. A smaller relative weight of tomatoes classified as limited use, was found in the areas with the water table closest to the soil surface.
p-Harmonic morphisms, biharmonic morphisms, and nonharmonic biharmonic maps

Abstract We study the transformation of a p -harmonic morphism into a q -harmonic morphism via biconformal change of the domain metric and/or conformal change of the codomain metric. As an application of p -harmonic morphisms, we characterize a twisted product among doubly twisted products and a warped product among twisted products using p -harmonicity of their projection maps. We describe those p -harmonic morphisms which are also biharmonic morphisms and give a complete classification of polynomial biharmonic morphisms between Euclidean spaces. Finally, we show that a horizontally homothetic harmonic morphism with harmonic energy density pulls back a nonharmonic biharmonic map to a nonharmonic biharmonic map and that totally geodesic immersing the target manifold of a nonharmonic biharmonic map into an ambient manifold produces a new nonharmonic biharmonic map. These methods are used to construct many examples of nontrivial biharmonic maps.
Eplerenone: A Selective Aldosterone Blocker

Recent studies suggest that aldosterone may play a larger role than once appreciated in normal physiologic function and cardiovascular disease. Some of the adverse cardiovascular effects that have been described include cardiac and vascular fibrosis, vascular necrosis and inflammation, impaired endothelial function, reduced fibrinolysis, hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), congestive heart failure, and cardiac arrhythmias. In light of these findings, the ability to block the actions of aldosterone has gained increased therapeutic importance. Eplerenone is a selective aldosterone receptor blocker that displays little interaction with androgen and progesterone receptors. Eplerenone has already been approved for the treatment of systemic hypertension and has been evaluated in numerous hypertension subgroups, including patients with low plasma renin activity; diabetes; LVH; uncontrolled blood pressure while receiving monotherapy with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin-receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, or beta-blockers; and in black patients. Results of these trials indicate that eplerenone lowers blood pressure and reduces end-organ damage. Further proof of the therapeutic importance of mineralocorticoid receptor blockade comes from the eplerenone post acute myocardial infarction survival and efficacy study (EPHESUS). In this large-scale clinical outcome trial, eplerenone was shown to reduce total mortality by 15% as well as the combined endpoint of cardiovascular mortality/cardiovascular hospitalization by 13% when administered at a mean of 7.3 days post myocardial infarction to patients with evidence of systolic left ventricular dysfunction and symptoms of heart failure. Eplerenone is well tolerated, with an adverse effect profile comparable to placebo. The advent of selective aldosterone blockers, such as eplerenone, should prove to be of great therapeutic value in hypertension control and prevention of cardiovascular disease and associated end-organ damage.
The Productive Tension of Trust and Distrust: The Coexistence and Relative Role of Trust and Distrust in Online Banking

This study examines the effects of trustworthiness perceptions and trustor dispositions on trust and distrust as well as the downstream influence of trust and distrust on intention to use online banking. More than 500 college students located across two universities completed a survey to provide data for the study. The findings from this study suggest that the “blind trust” and “blind distrust” perspectives used in isolation are incomplete and that a more comprehensive model of trust requires the inclusion of both perspectives. As hypothesized, results also support the assertion that trust and distrust are distinct constructs and that the established e-retailing trust nomological network holds in an online banking context. The study also contributes to the literature by establishing several distrust antecedents, as well as illustrating distrust's negative effect on intention to use online banking. Finally, the study illustrates how the influence of trust can overwhelm the effect of distrust in an online b...
On the Structure of Poly-(Ethylene Oxide) When Immersed in Water

It can be shown that poly-(ethylene oxide) in its monomeric form, at molecular weights greater than about 1,000, cannot be soluble in water. Nonetheless, in actual practice poly-(ethylene oxide) is widely used for its hydrophilicity and for its unlimited aqueous solubility. The explanation for this apparent contradiction lies in the fact that poly-(ethylene oxide) molecules form a nonionic surfactant of a novel category, with its hydrophilic and hydrophobic chains attached to each other over their entire length so that its hydrophilic ethylene oxide side is exposed to the water interface while the hydrophobic poly-(ethylene) side remains hidden thanks to the formation of micelles.
Comment on “Mechanism and Kinetics of the Wacker Process: A Quantum Mechanical Approach”

Recently, a paper (“Mechanism and Kinetics of the Wacker Process: A Quantum Mechanical Approach” by S. Ali Beyramabadi, Hossein Eshtiagh-Hosseini, Mohammed R. Housaindokht, and Ali Morsali) appeared in Organometallics which concludes that anti-nucleophilic attack is the rate-determining step for the Wacker process (aerobic olefin oxidation via PdCl_2 and CuCl_2 in aqueous hydrochloric acid solution) under standard conditions.1 This paper also claims that these conclusions are consistent with experimental observations. In fact, as shown below, these conclusions dramatically contradict both experimental observations and other more complete calculations. Because of the importance of the Wacker process to the chemical industry and the many controversies and inconsistencies that confused the understanding of this system, we felt it important to bring to the attention of the Organometallics community that ethylene and olefin oxidation via PdCl_2 and CuCl_2 under standard conditions (low [Cl^-] and low [CuCl_2]) almost certainly proceeds via syn-nucleophilic attack.
Continuous-time simulation of semi-orthogonal metal cutting on a lathe

Abstract There has been considerable attention to applications of feedback control to machine tools. Certainly all computer numerically controlled (CNC) machines use servomechanisms for the spindle and feed drives. When feedback control is extended to the metal cutting process itself, there has been an unfortunate tendency to call such systems adaptive controls, for example, adaptive control constraint (ACC) and adaptive control optimization (ACO), even though they have not been adaptive in the sense of modern control theory. A special name, parameter adaptive control, has been proposed to describe the application of truly adaptive control to metal cutting. Even though there is substantial work on adaptive control within the body of modern control theory, there have been few reductions of parameter adaptive control to actual machine tools. It has been suggested that the primary impediments to such application are the lack of mathematical models of manufacturing processes in forms appropriate to the control problem, and the lack of in-process sensing techniques that would be complementary to such models. This paper describes one step in a sequence of research efforts that is intended to lead to the adaptive control of unattended machine tools. Numerical parameters are used to evaluate coefficients of a previously developed state space model of semi-orthogonal metal cutting on a lathe. An Advanced Continuous Simulation Language (ACSL) program is presented.
The chorionic bump in an ectopic pregnancy

The chorionic bump, an irregular, convex bulge of the choriodecidual surface into the gestational sac (GS), is a recently described, uncommon abnormality of the 1st-trimester GS and is associated with a guarded prognosis for early pregnancy. The case of this 42-year-old female demonstrates a previously unreported relationship: a transvaginal sonographic finding of a chorionic bump associated with a spontaneous tubal ectopic pregnancy. This might support the hypothesis that the chorionic bump represents a small hematoma that bulges into the GS. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound, 2009
The role of geometric modeling in computer integrated manufacturing

Abstract This paper briefly describes the theories behind the different geometric modelling techniques. Through an examination of some of the important applications such as Numerical Control Machining, Computer Aided Design, Computer Aided Assembly, and Robot Programming and Simulation, we conclude the need for the integration of two or more modeling techniques in one system. This paper also addresses the problem of interfacing geometric modelers with other components of Computer Integrated Manufacturing. This discussion involves the problems of standardization. Finally some of the major challenges facing computer geometric modeling are defined as future areas for research such as the representation of both form and size tolerance in the model and the predicted interface with expert systems.