cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Novel functionalization of the sugar moiety of nucleic acids for multiple labeling in the minor groove

Abstract The sugar ring of adenosine was alkylated at the 2′-O- position using N-(5-bromopentyl)phthalimide and the modified nucleoside was chemically incorporated into oligonucleotide diesters, thioates and RNA analogs. The free amino group, available after oligonucleotide deprotection, is useful for site-specific introduction of reporter groups and therapeutic agents at the 2′-position. This novel methodology permits multiple labeling of nucleic acids in the minor groove.
Cytology of the fetal zone of the adrenal gland of the armadillo.

The fine structure of the adrenal gland of the fetal armadillo was examined by electron microscopy to determine whether or not there were two cell types in the parenchyma of the fetal zone, as suggested by examination by light microscopy, and whether any of the cells of this zone had the cytological features associated with steroid production. Two cell types were found. One cell type is composed of large cells situated in clusters and containing a relative paucity of organelles. The other cell type is composed of smaller, eosinophilic, PAS positive cells, situated primarily in a reticular pattern around the blood vessels. This second cell type has numerous spherical mitochondria with tubular cristae and an extensive tubular agranular endoplasmic reticulum. It is concluded that this latter cell type is responsible for the steroid production reported by other authors. Both of the cell types of the fetal zone appear to be derived from the original mesenchymal blastema of the adrenal gland.
Children and Adolescents: Physiological Considerations During Exercise Training

Exercise physiology is a course requirement for most physical education majors, as physiological concepts are important pieces to the overall professional knowledge that provides a scientific found...
Development of closed‐loop control of robotic welding processes

Purpose – The purpose of this research is to develop closed‐loop control of robotic welding processes.Design/methodology/approach – The approach being developed is the creation of three‐dimensional models of the weld pool using stereo imagining. These models will be used in a model‐based feedback control system. Fusion of more than one sensor type in the controller is used.Findings – Three‐dimensional images can be produced from stereo images of GMAW‐p weld pools. This requires coordinating the image capture with the arc pulse to allow observation of the pool.Research limitations/implications – This is a work in progress. The imaging is not being done in real time at this point in time. Future work will address this issue. Also, how the image information is to be used to make corrections within the controller is future work.Practical implications – Closing the loop on GMAW welding will allow robotic automation of welding to proceed to a much broader degree of application.Originality/value – This paper dem...
Processing and Cooking Effects on Lipid Content and Stability of α-Linolenic Acid in Spaghetti Containing Ground Flaxseed

Research was conducted to determine the effect of processing and cooking on the content of hexane-extractable lipid and the stability of α-linolenic acid (ALA) in spaghetti fortified with ground flaxseed. Lipid content, ALA, and free fatty acids (FFA) were lower in dried spaghetti samples than in the original semolina-flaxseed mixture. The data indicate that the decline in lipid, ALA, and FFA contents occurred during the extrusion process. In contrast, conjugated diene levels were greater in dried spaghetti than in the corresponding premix. Conjugated diene level was similar for spaghetti samples dried using low- or high-temperature drying cycles, and was lower in cooked than in uncooked spaghetti. The low levels of FFA and conjugated diene indicate that ALA remained stable during processing and cooking of spaghetti fortified with ground flaxseed. Keywords: Flaxseed; α-linolenic acid; pasta; processing; semolina; stability
Age changes in the weight of the hypophysis in swine.

Abstract Analyses of weight changes of the hypophysis with age and body weight increase were studied in 202 pigs ranging in age from birth to 10 yr. Eight different purebreds and 7 breed crosses were reesented by the data which included 47 males and 155 females. All animals employed were bred and raised for research purposes with proper documentation of their dietary and breeding records. Absolute weight of the hypophysis increased linearly with age from birth to 10 yr without any significant sex difference. Absolute weight also increased with increase in body weight at a decreasing rate, in both sexes. Regression equations and curves for absolute hypophysis weight, relative weight and body weight changes with age are given for the individual observations in three age groups: birth to 8 weeks, 2 to 12 months, and 1 to 10 yr. Regression analysis for absolute weight changes of the hypophysis with changes in body weight, independent of age, is also presented.
Transcoronary Ethanol Ablation for Recurrent Ventricular Tachycardia After Failed Catheter Ablation An Update

Background— Despite substantial progress, radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA) fails in some patients. After encouraging results with transcoronary ethanol ablation (TCEA), we began offering TCEA routinely when endocardial and epicardial RFCA failed or a deep intramural substrate was likely. Methods and Results— Among 274 consecutive patients who underwent 408 ventricular tachycardia (VT) ablation procedures, 27 patients (21 men; age, 63±13 years; left ventricular ejection fraction, 30±11%; ischemic cardiomyopathy, 14) had 29 TCEA procedures attempted. In 5 patients, TCEA was abandoned because of unfavorable anatomy. In 22 patients, a mean of 1.3±0.6 arteries (range, 1–3 arteries) were targeted for TCEA. After ablation, the targeted VT was no longer inducible in 18 of 22 (82%) patients. Complete heart block occurred in 5 patients, and 3 patients with advanced heart failure died within 30 days of the procedure. After the last TCEA procedure, a VT recurred in 64% of patients, and overall, 32% of patients died. Of 11 patients with prior VT storm, 9 were free of VT storm. At repeat study in 8 patients who had a recurrence, 7 had a new QRS morphology of VT originating from the same general substrate region as the prior VT. Conclusions— In patients with difficult-to-control VT in whom RFCA fails, TCEA prevents all VT recurrences in 36% and improves arrhythmia control in an additional 27%. Inadequate target vessels, collaterals, and recurrence of modified VTs limit efficacy, but TCEA continues to play an important role for difficult VTs in these high-risk patients.
Surface analysis of catalysts used in co-processing of coal and waste materials

Abstract Selected-area, laser-aligned X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy has been used to investigate the surface and bulk characteristics of several spent catalysts that are being used in co-processing of coal/waste plastic mixtures. The initial surface generally showed the most stable oxidation state of each catalytic element with surface enrichment of carbon and oxygen. The surface Ni concentration was, however, depleted in most samples. Carbon peak synthesis was also carried out to provide information on the different chemical states of carbon at the sample surface. Carbidic carbon was observed at the surface of the pure catalyst, but hydrocarbon carbon (CH) was mainly found at the surface of the spent catalysts. Carbon in the form of CO or CO was also found to a lesser extent. Both fresh and spent catalysts have been characterized.
Viral activity along a trophic gradient in continental margin sediments off central Chile

Abstract The influence of benthic viruses for bacterial mortality and carbon recycling was investigated in continental margin sediments off central Chile. Virus net production correlated significantly with the total benthic mineralization rate (r2=0.94, n = 5) across a coastal–shelf transect. Within anoxic bag incubations, viral production also correlated significantly with bacterial activity (r2=0.86, n = 7). The coupling between virus production and independent measurements of bacterial mineralization strongly suggested that benthic viral production was regulated by bacterial metabolic activity. From the rates of viral and bacterial production [2–6×106 virus-like particles (VLP) cm−3 h−1 and 2–7×105 cells cm−3 h−1, respectively], the potential impact of viruses on bacterial mortality and dissolved organic carbon production was estimated. Viral-induced mortality corresponded to 44–138% of bacterial net production, indicating that viruses had substantial impact on bacterial mortality. The estimated releas...
Computing system reliability using Markov chain usage models

Markov chains have been used successfully to model system use, generate tests, and compute statistics about anticipated system use in the field. Several reliability models are in use for Markov chain-based testing, but each has certain limitations. A Bayesian reliability model that is gaining support in field use is presented here.
Pathophysiological response of the blood coagulation system in acute glomerulonephritis

Pathophysiological response of the blood coagulation system in acute glomerulonephritis. A new procedure, plasma fibrinogen chromatography, has been utilized, together with other blood coagulation assays, to quantify fibrin formation in 43 children with acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (AGN) from the time of hospitalization until recovery. During the prediuretic phase of AGN, significant evidence for substantial increase in fibrin formation (intravascular coagulation) included gross increase in plasma high molecular weight fibrinogen complexes (HMWFC), the development of either hypo- or hyperfibrinogenemia and gross depression of coagulation factor XIII concentration and of alpha 2 -macroglobulin concentration. During the diuretic phase of the disease, these abnormalities regressed and evidence of enhanced plasma fibrinolytic activity, documented by an increase in fibrinogen first derivative, was detected. Concomitantly, urinary excretion of fibrin(ogen) degradation products (FDP) underwent substantial increase. With disease recovery, which occurred in all children, urinary FDP excretion ceased and all coagulation findings normalized. Reponse physiopathologique du systeme de coagulation sanguin dans la glomerulonephrite aigue. Une nouvelle technique, la chromatographie du fibrinogene plasmatique, a ete utilisee en meme temps que les autres examens de la coagulation afin de quantifier la formation de fibrine chez 43 enfants atteints de glomerulonephrite post-streptococcique (AGN) depuis le moment de l'hospitalisation jusqu'a guerison. Durant la phase pre-diuretique de l'AGN les preuves d'une augmentation importante de la formation de fibrine (coagulation intravasculaire) comprennent une augmentation dans le plasma des complexes de fibrinogene de haut poids moleculaire (HMWFC), l'apparition d'une hypo ou d'une hyperfibrinogenemie, la diminution importante de la concentration du facteur XIII et de l'alpha-2-macroglobuline. Au cours de la phase diuretique de la maladie ces anomalies regressent et la preuve de l'augmentation de l'activite fibrinolytique du plasma est obtenue par la constatation d'une augmentation du premier derive du fibrinogene. En meme temps l'excretion urinaire des produits de degradation (FDP) de la fibrine (ou du fibrinogene) subit une augmentation importante. Avec la guerison de la maladie, observee chez tous ces enfants, l'excretion urinaire de FDP cesse et la coagulation devient normale.
CHAOS IN SOCIAL THEORY: EXPLAINING COMPLEX EVENTS WITH SIMPLE IDEAS*

Abstract Sociological theorists have expressed dissatisfaction with traditional models of explanation in recent years. Critics have attacked the dichotomy between macro and micro explanations, the use of linear statistical models, and the separation of structure from process. Sociological theory has not developed alternatives to traditional approaches that are widely accepted. We examine one solution to these problems and show how it applies to issues in studies of social organization and social process. We review major approaches to explaining social phenomena. In this review we identify key links between traditions and suggest how these ties affect development of theories. We restrict our review to models of social structure and behavior embedded in these structures. We adapt ideas from chaos theory to show how to explain social phenomena with simple ideas about how current behavior depends on history. Physicists and biologists have adopted chaos theory to explain how determinant patterns of events sudd...
Introduction: knowledge, ignorance, and relations of dominance

This mini special issue investigates ethnographically the ways in which the acknowledgment of ignorance gains various meanings and leads to diverse actions depending on the position of those deemed ignorant within the existing relations of dominance. Building on the insight of Herve Varenne (2007) that acknowledgment of ignorance is a productive moment that pushes one to ponder what one might do with a previously unnoticed object in one's environment, we add an emphasis on the notion of power and examine various uses of ignorance embedded in given fields of relations of dominance. By showing that being ignorant is not a given state of the dominated, a straight-forward cause or effect of the relations of dominance, or an inevitable precursor to knowing, this mini special issue offers an alternative approach to the existing discussion of knowledge and power, which usually connects having knowledge to being in a relative position of dominance.
Prophylaxis for venous thromboembolism: guidelines translated for the clinician

Venous thromboembolism is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide and most often affects hospitalized postoperative surgical and medical patients. Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis undoubtedly improves the care of these patients, as demonstrated by the current literature and guidelines. Failure to prescribe prophylaxis when indicated, however, remains a vital health care concern. The American College of Chest Physicians (ACCP) published their most recent guidelines regarding venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in 2008. In this review, we aim to summarize the most recent ACCP prophylaxis guidelines with practical application and interpretation for the practicing physician. Here we present the most practical information from these guidelines and summarize essential recommendations in key tables. We will briefly review the grading system used in the guidelines for the level of evidence and the strength of the recommendation. We will then discuss the recommendations for prophylaxis in the various patient populations described in these guidelines including general and orthopedic surgery, gynecologic surgery, urologic surgery, thoracic surgery, neurosurgery, trauma, medical conditions, cancer patients, and critical care. In addition, we will discuss recent clinical trials regarding novel anticoagulants for venous thromboembolism prophylaxis and share some conclusions.
The distribution of neurotrophin receptor TrkC-like immunoreactive fibers and varicosities in the rhesus monkey brain

Abstract The distribution of immunoreactivity for the neurotrophin receptor tyrosine kinase TrkC was examined in the brain of the adult rhesus monkey. TrkC-like immunoreactivity was widespread and consisted primarily of varicose fibers. The most dense populations of fibers were in the basal forebrain (in the cholinergic cell groups Ch1, Ch2 and Ch4), in the raphe complex throughout its rostrocaudal extent, and in the locus coeruleus. Other fibers were present in the thalamus, hypothalamus, central gray matter of the midbrain, dorsal midline of the brainstem and the cerebral cortex. The only neuronal cell bodies with consistent labeling were located in the lateral hypothalamus. Purkinje cells in the cerebellum showed variable labeling. Specific labeling of varicosities and cell bodies was abolished by omission of the primary antiserum or by preabsorption with the TrkC peptide antigen. We conclude that TrkC-like immunoreactivity can be detected in a wide variety of subcortical locations in the adult rhesus monkey. Labeling was particularly prominent in the vicinity of the major cholinergic, serotonergic and adrenergic nuclei, known from other studies to be vulnerable in the ageing brain. This suggests that the ligand for TrkC, neurotrophin-3, may persist as a survival factor for critical neurons into adulthood.
A Study of Lattice Expansion in CeO2 Nanoparticles by Transmission Electron Microscopy

Nanoceria was produced by an aqueous precipitation technique in the presence of an organic stabilizer. The stable suspensions were diafiltered to remove reaction byproducts. Particles were characterized by transmission electron microscopy with images used to size the particles, and selected-area electron diffraction was used to determine the lattice structure and the lattice constant. For all particles studied, the electron diffraction data were consistent with that of CeO2 and not Ce2O3, as predicted by some researchers for very small particles sizes. At particle diameters of ∼1 nm, the lattice expansion approached 7%. In agreement with earlier researchers, we interpret this effect as due to the formation of substantial amounts of Ce3+ with corresponding oxygen vacancies, but within the fluorite lattice structure of CeO2. Even at a particle size of 1 nm, there was a measurable oxygen storage capacity, consistent with a still-reducible CeO2 structure, rather than the fully oxidized Ce2O3.
Plane progressive waves in a heat conducting fluid saturated porous material with relaxing porosity

This work adopts the linearized equations governing the model of an isotropic porous thermoelastic solid containing a compressible fluid. The model allows the porosity to obey a rate type constitutive equation. Given solutions of the form of plane progressive waves, high and low frequency approximations to the dispersion relation are presented. In each of the many possible cases that arise, the phase velocities and attenuation coefficients are derived.
Finite ionization rate effects over electrodes in MHD channels.

Finite ionization rate effects over electrodes in MHD channels in electrical conduction study, explaining emitted radiation intensity distribution measurements
Variation-aware speed binning of multi-core processors

Number of cores per multi-core processor die, as well as variation between the maximum operating frequency of individual cores, is rapidly increasing. This makes performance binning of multi-core processors a non-trivial task. In this paper, we study, for the first time, multi-core binning metrics and strategies to evaluate them efficiently. We discuss two multi-core binning metrics with high correlation to processor throughput for different types of workloads and different process variation scenarios. More importantly, we demonstrate the importance of leveraging variation model data in the binning process to significantly reduce the binning overhead with a negligible loss in binning quality. For example, we demonstrate that the performance binning overhead of a 64-core processor can be decreased by 51% and 36% using the proposed variation-aware core clustering and curve fitting strategies respectively. Experiments were performed using a manufacturing variation model based on real 65nm silicon data.
A revised FORTRAN program to simulate alluvial stratigraphy

Abstract The alluvial stratigraphy model of Bridge and Leeder [A simulation model of alluvial stratigraphy: Sedimentology, v. 26, no. 5, p. 617–644 (1979)] has been improved to simulate more accurately alluvial depositional processes and to predict more aspects of alluvial architecture. Revisions to the model include: (1) less restrictive input requirements; (2) ability to use either fixed or variable channel-belt widths; (3) improved expressions describing the rate of decrease of overbank deposition with increasing distance from the channel belt; (4) compaction of coarse-grained channel-belt deposits in addition to fine-grained overbank deposits; (5) ability to compact a simulated section to a specified depth of burial; (6) more efficient and accurate calculation of channel deposit proportion and connectedness ratio; (7) automated grouping of connected channel belts into discrete sandstone bodies; (8) automated grouping of connected overbank deposits into discrete shale bodies; (9) calculation of sandstone and shale body dimensions (width and thickness) with associated statistics and frequency distributions; and (10) evaluation of vertical cyclicity by calculating incremental thicknesses and deposition rates for selected reference verticals. This paper presents details of the revisions made to the Floodplain Simulation Model (FPSM) program, including revised input requirements, program code, and illustrations of output.
Telomeres and Telomerase: A Simple Picture Becomes Complex

The results presented at this meeting indicated that there are many more levels of regulation of telomerase activity and telomere length than initially suspected. Analysis of the mouse and human telomerase RNA components has already shown developmental and tissue-specific regulation, as well as increased expression during tumor proliferation. As the genes encoding both the hypothesized telomerase inhibitor and protein subunits of the human enzyme are cloned, a detailed molecular dissection of the pattern of expression of these additional components will become possible, revealing their potential contributions to telomerase regulation. An additional critical experiment will be a direct in vivo test of the hypothesis that telomerase reactivation is an obligatory step in oncogenesis, via genetic manipulations to ask first, if tumor progression is impaired when telomerase genes are inactivated and second, if tumor formation can be promoted when telomerase expression is turned on in normal tissues. Crucial to the understanding of these experimental alterations in telomerase expression will be a more detailed understanding of the potential contribution of alternative telomerase-independent pathways. Finally, from the standpoint of the basic scientist, the stage is also set for a series of key experiments, including reconstitution of the enzyme from purified components and a molecular investigation of how telomerase interacts with components of the telosome.In spite of the complexities of telomerase regulation, the clinical reports presented at this meeting continued to support the initial enthusiasm for the diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic uses of telomerase assays and potential telomerase inhibitors. The original all-or-none assessment of telomerase activity in cancer versus normal cells has proven to be an oversimplification, indicating that an increasingly sophisticated analysis of telomerase levels will be required for meaningful clinical interpretations. However, the clinical studies continue to show both the value of telomerase as a tumor marker and the ways in which knowledge about telomerase activity can be used to aid clinicians in their care of cancer patients.
Effect of axial magnetic flux compression on the magnetic Rayleigh-Taylor instability (theory)

Possible effects on the liner implosion of an early plasma formation outside the liner are discussed. At the modest density and temperature this plasma is a sufficiently good conductor to trap the pre-imposed axial magnetic field. The rising axial current compresses the plasma and axial field towards the liner surface and creates high-magnetic-field filamentary structures that seed the perturbations by the mechanism proposed in Ref. 1, but in a significantly higher field. Possible sources of this plasma are briefly discussed.
A note on solving nearly triangular Toeplitz systems

Abstract An algorithm is presented which reduces the problem of solving a Toeplitz system (1) TX = Y to simple recursive computations and solving a related Toeplitz system which is of lower order if T is nearly triangular. The method does not require that T or any of its principal submatrices be nonsingular, but only that (1) have a solution X for the given Y . In the case where T -1 exists, a formula is given for it in terms of the inverse of an associated matrix discovered by Widom.
The Effect of Phosphorylated Metabolites and Divalent Cations on the Phosphatase and Carboxylase Activity of Maize Leaf Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase

Summary The modulation of maize leaf phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) carboxylase activity by various phosphorylated metabolites and divalent cations was examined relative to phosphatase activity and synthesis of organic acids. The results are considered in relation to the two step reaction mechanism of the enzyme: Reaction of PEP and bicarbonate to form enol pyruvate and carboxyphosphate, and reaction of enol pyruvate with carboxyphosphate to form oxaloacetate and inorganic phosphate. At pH7, the highly purified enzyme exhibited phosphatase activities for glucose-6-phosphate and AMP of 12.5 and 5μmoles min -1 mg protein -1 , respectively. The formation of oxaloacetate by PEP carboxylase at pH7 and 3 mM PEP was stimulated by glucose-6-phosphate from 14 to 40μmoles min -1 mg protein -1 . Under similar conditions AMP also stimulated PEP carboxylase activity from 14 to 22μmoles min -1 mg protein -1 . In the case of glucose-6-phosphate, four binding sites were found per holoenzyme through the formation of a Schiff base, and a similar value was also obtained with PEP. The auxiliary phosphatase activity and stimulation of oxaloacetate synthesis are proposed to be due to maintenance of optimum levels of the carboxyphosphate intermediate in the reaction of PEP carboxylase. Among the divalent cations considered, Mg 2+ and Mn 2+ each caused a large increase in phosphatase activity with both glucose-6-phosphate and PEP as substrates. With PEP as substrate there was equivalent phosphatase and oxaloacetate synthesis. Zn 2+ strongly inhibited phosphatase activity. With Ca 2+ , Cd 2+ and Cu 2+ there was substantial phosphatase activity; however, they strongly inhibited carboxylation, i.e. the synthesis of oxaloacetate. A substantial amount of pyruvate was formed in the presence of these three divalent cations with PEP as substrate which is suggested to be derived from the catalytic enol-pyruvate intermediate.
Improving science teaching practices

A review of research relating to the problem of using research findings to improve classroom practice is presented. There are two aspects to this problem: familiarizing teachers with relevant research and identifying an aspect of teaching that needs to be improved. Research conducted in local settings appears to have most relevance to teachers and is more likely to be accepted by them. Studies indicate that research can have an impact on practice as long as teachers are involved in identification of problems in their class and are provided with a context in which they can learn the strategies to be implemented and understand why they are likely to improve teaching. Teachers need opportunities to practice teaching in peer groups where errors can be made without jeopardizing student learning; receive performance feedback; practice the strategies in their own classes; observe others teach; and discuss teaching with others. Strategy analysis, coaching and peer coaching are techniques which enable most of thes...
Information ↔ democracy: an examination of underlying assumptions

This article assumes a widely accepted narrative, with myth-like status, which binds together dominant conceptions of the information ↔ democracy relationship. The article aims to “deconstruct” this narrative by examining it in the framework of six sets of assumptions regarding ontology (views of the nature of reality and human beings) and epistemology (views of the nature of knowing and the standards of judging knowing as informative). The six sets of assumptions are presented as stereotypes, or ideal type extractions, of literatures relevant to discussions of information in the sciences and humanities. The six sets are labeled: dogma, naturalism, cultural relativity, constructivism, post-modernism, and communitarianism. Each set is examined in terms of how it serves the information ↔ democracy narrative and how it leaves spaces for power to exert forces which in effect defy the narrative. Implications for the design and implementation of information/communication systems are discussed. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Experimental study on the effects of specimen sizes on erosion

Abstract Results of experiments carried out on the erosion wind tunnel test rig developed at the University of Cincinnati are given. The experiments were mainly concerned with studying the effects of the specimen configuration and the particle angle of attack as well as the nature of abrasive particles on the erosive characteristics of various materials. The target materials were chosen to include current candidate alloys for compressor blades and vanes. In this paper, however, only the results for 410 stainless steel and Ti-6Al-4V alloys are presented. The abrasives used were silica and Kingston coal ash from West Virginia. The results indicated that the length of the specimen influenced the degree of erosion.
High-efficiency wireless power delivery for medical implants using hybrid coils

With the exciting developments in the implant technology allowing sophisticated signal processing, stimulation, and drug delivery capabilities, there is new hope for many patients of epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, and stroke to improve their quality of life. Such implants require high power to deliver the promised rich functionality. Yet, delivering high power to implants without damaging the tissue due to heating while keeping the implant footprint small is a challenge. In this paper, we propose a hybrid multi-layer coil as the secondary coil to provide a power and space-efficient solution. The proposed coils can deliver power to an implant for long durations without increasing the skin temperature over 1C.
Effect of finishing technique on the microleakage and surface texture of resin-modified glass ionomer restorative materials.

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of wet and dry finishing/polishing procedures on the microleakage and surface texture of resin-modified glass ionomer (RMGI) restorative materials. Materials and methods: Class V cavity preparations were made at the cemento–enamel junction (CEJ) on the buccal and lingual surface of 30 extracted human molars. The teeth were restored in three groups of 10 (20 preparations in each group) using Fuji II LC and Vitremer, both RMGIs, and Fuji II, a capsulated conventional glass ionomer cement (control). One restoration per tooth was finished/polished with copious applications of water and the other was finished/polished without water. All restorations were finished/polished using a sequence of four abrasive disks. Finishing/polishing was initiated according to manufacturers' instructions—immediately after light-curing Fuji II LC and Vitremer, and 15 min after placement for Fuji II. The specimens were thermocycled and subjected to a silver nitrate leakage test. Each tooth was sectioned buccolingually and examined with an optical microscope at 40× to determine the extent of microleakage at enamel and dentin margins. The data were subjected to a non-parametric statistical analysis. To evaluate surface roughness after polishing, three disks each of Vitremer and Fuji II LC were fabricated in Teflon molds. One disk of each material was not finished/polished (control). The others were finished/polished using Sof-Lex abrasive disks. One specimen of each material was kept wet during all finishing/polishing procedures, while the other was kept dry. Atomic force microscopy was used to determine the average roughness ( R a ) of the specimens. Results: For each material, microleakage at the enamel margin was very slight. Leakage of the conventional glass ionomer Fuji II was severe at dentin margins. Statistical analysis indicated that both Vitremer and Fuji II LC had significantly less leakage than Fuji II, and that Vitremer had significantly less leakage than Fuji II LC ( p Conclusions: RMGIs rather than conventional glass ionomers should be used in Class V cavity sites to allow immediate finishing and to reduce the incidence of microleakage. Dry finishing of RMGIs with abrasive disks is recommended because it produces a smoother surface and does not contribute to microleakage. However, wet finishing of conventional glass ionomers is still recommended to avoid desiccation.
Combined laparoscopic and thoracoscopic approach to esophagectomy.

Esophagectomy for benign or malignant disease is a complex and challenging surgical procedure that can be associated with significant morbidity and mortality. In an attempt to decrease morbidity, surgeons are beginning to apply minimally invasive techniques to esophagectomy. A number of authors have reported on laparoscopicor thoracoscopic-assisted esophagectomy. Most of these reports included a standard laparotomy with the addition of thoracoscopic esophageal mobilization and lymph node dissection. To date, only 2 reports of total laparoscopic esophagectomy have been published. DePaula and colleagues were the first group to report a series of 48 patients undergoing laparoscopic transhiatal esophagectomy for benign and malignant diseases. Swanstrom and Hansen also reported 9 cases of laparoscopic transhiatal esophagectomy. We also reported this approach but found that the completion of the thoracic esophageal mobilization and lymph node dissection was unsatisfactory from a totally laparoscopic approach and found the addition of thoracoscopy very helpful. In this article, we describe our combined thoracoscopic and laparoscopic approach to esophagectomy.
A parallel algorithm for eliminating cycles in undirected graphs

Abstract We give an efficient parallel algorithm for finding a maximal set of edge-disjoint cycles in an undirected graph. The algorithm can be generalized to handle a weighted version of the problem.
A History of the Metropolis–Hastings Algorithm

The Metropolis–Hastings algorithm is an extremely popular Markov chain Monte Carlo technique among statisticians. This article explores the history of the algorithm, highlighting key personalities and events in its development. We relate reasons for the delay in the acceptance of the algorithm and reasons for its recent popularity.
Surgical Options for the Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a prevalent condition characterized by repetitive airway obstruction during sleep with associated increased morbidity and mortality. Although CPAP is the preferred treatment, poor compliance is common. Patients intolerant of conventional OSA medical treatment may benefit from surgical therapy to alleviate pharyngeal obstruction. Case series suggest that maxillomandibular advancement has the highest surgical efficacy (86%) and cure rate (43%). Soft palate surgical techniques are less successful, with uvulopalatopharyngoplasty having an OSA surgical success rate of 50% and cure rate of 16%. Further research is needed to more thoroughly assess clinical outcomes (eg, quality of life, morbidity), better identify key preoperative patient and clinical characteristics that predict success, and confirm long-term effectiveness of surgical modalities to treat OSA.
Validity of the Slosson and Otis-Lennon in Predicting Achievement of Gifted Students.

The efficacy of the Slosson Intelligence Test and the Otis-Lennon Mental Ability Test to predict academic achievement as measured by selected subtests of the Stanford Achievement Test (SAT) was examined. Subjects consisted of children referred, evaluated, and subsequently placed in a program for intellectually gifted students. The results of a multivariate multiple regression analysis indicated that the Slosson and Otis-Lennon significantly predict SAT Vocabulary, Reading Comprehension, and Mathematical Concepts subtests, with the Otis-Lennon in comparison with the Slosson accounting for a significantly higher proportion of the variance with SAT scores. Regression equations are provided for determining expected SAT scores based upon observed Otis-Lennon and Slosson IQs. Implications of the findings with regard to the screening of students for gifted programs are delineated.
Nucleation of Crystals in Solution

Solution crystallization is an essential part of processes in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries and a major step in physiological and pathological phenomena. Crystallization starts with nucleation and control of nucleation is crucial for the control of the number, size, perfection, polymorphism and other characteristics of the crystalline materials. Recently, there have been significant advances in the understanding of the mechanism of nucleation of crystals in solution. The most significant of these is the two‐step mechanism of nucleation, according to which the crystalline nucleus appears inside pre‐existing metastable clusters of size several hundred nanometers, which consist of dense liquid and are suspended in the solution. While initially proposed for protein crystals, the applicability of this mechanism has been demonstrated for small molecule organic materials, colloids, and biominerals. This mechanism helps to explain several long‐standing puzzles of crystal nucleation in solution: nucleation rates which are many orders of magnitude lower than theoretical predictions, nucleation kinetic dependencies with steady or receding parts at increasing supersaturation, the role of heterogeneous substrates for polymorph selection, the significance of the dense protein liquid, and others. More importantly, this mechanism provides powerful tools for control of the nucleation process by varying the solution thermodynamic parameters so that the volume occupied by the dense liquid shrinks or expands.
Characterization of the major capsid protein and cloning of its gene from algal virus PBCV-1.

Abstract The major capsid protein (Vp54) from Chlorella virus PBCV-1 is a glycoprotein and the most abundant viral structural protein. The gene encoding Vp54 has been cloned and sequenced. Initially, a region of the gene was amplified using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primed with oligonucleotides derived from the N-terminal amino acid sequences of purified protein and cyanogen bromide cleavage fragments. The PCR product was used as a probe to map the location of the gene to PBCV-1 genomic Pstl restriction fragment P8. A 1314-bp open reading frame (ORF) was identified which contained the predicted coding regions from the derived amino acid sequences. The peptide encoded by this ORF had a predicted molecular weight of 48.2 kDa and contained six putative Winked and 63 putative O-linked glycosylation sites. Primer extension analysis indicated that transcription started 14 by 5′ to the ATG. The gene for Vp54 was transcribed late in infection and this transcript was the most abundant viral RNA present in infected cells.
Spectrin assembly in avian erythroid development is determined by competing reactions of subunit homo- and hetero-oligomerization

Spectrin assembly in avian erythroid development is determined by competing reactions of subunit homo- and hetero-oligomerization
Being a truth-teller who serves only the citizens: A case study of Newstapa

This study explores the boundary work of the Korean independent newsroom Newstapa. Newstapa creates its own logic of journalism, which is a combination of the core of professional journalism and of...
Methamphetamine induces neuronal apoptosis via cross-talks between endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria-dependent death cascades

Methamphetamine (METH) is an illicit drug that causes neurodegenerative effects in humans. In rodents, METH induces apoptosis of striatal glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) -containing neurons. This paper provides evidence that METH-induced cell death occurs consequent to interactions of ER stress and mitochondrial death pathways. Specifically, injections of METH are followed by an almost immediate activation of proteases calpain and caspase-12, events consistent with drug-induced ER stress. Involvement of ER stress was further supported by observations of increases in the expression of GRP78/BiP and CHOP. Participation of the mitochondrial pathway was demonstrated by the transition of AIF, smac/DIABLO, and cytochrome c from mitochondrial into cytoplasmic fractions. These changes occur before the apoptosome-associated pro-caspase-9 cleavage. Effector caspases-3 and -6, but not -7, were cleaved with the initial time of caspase-3 activation occurring before caspase 9 cleavage; this suggests possible earlier cleavage of caspase-3 by caspase-12. These events preceded proteolysis of the caspase substrates DFF-45, lamin A, and PARP in nuclear fractions. These findings indicate that METH causes neuronal apoptosis in part via cross-talks between ER- and mitochondria-generated processes, which cause activation of both caspase-dependent and -independent pathways.
Computer graphics comes of age: an interview with Andries Van Dam

Andries van Dam describes major advances in computer graphics over the past 25 years and discusses future directions.
Chromatin Remodeling in Cardiovascular Development and Physiology

Chromatin regulation provides an important means for controlling cardiac gene expression under different physiological and pathological conditions. Processes that direct the development of normal embryonic hearts and pathology of stressed adult hearts may share general mechanisms that govern cardiac gene expression by chromatin-regulating factors. These common mechanisms may provide a framework for us to investigate the interactions among diverse chromatin remodelers/modifiers and various transcription factors in the fine regulation of gene expression, essential for all aspects of cardiovascular biology. Aberrant cardiac gene expression, triggered by a variety of pathological insults, can cause heart diseases in both animals and humans. The severity of cardiomyopathy and heart failure correlates strongly with abnormal cardiac gene expression. Therefore, controlling cardiac gene expression presents a promising approach to the treatment of human cardiomyopathy. This review focuses on the roles of ATP-dependent chromatin-remodeling factors and chromatin-modifying enzymes in the control of gene expression during cardiovascular development and disease.
Contributions To the Knowledge of the Alpheid Shrimp of the Pacific Ocean Part Xiv. a Review of Prionalpheus (Decapoda, Alpheidae) With the Description of Two New Species 1)

Une revision du genre d'Alpheidae, Prionalpheus Banner & Banner, caracterise par des mandibules dentees et des appendices buccaux tres modifies, est presentee ici. Un nom specifique, P. brachytomeus, est applique a une espece des Fiji, une nouvelle espece des Philippines du Sud, P. sulu, est decrite, et l'espece reconnue anterieurement comme Alpheopsis fissipes Coutiere est attribuee a ce genre, qui compte ainsi quatre especes en tout. Un reexamen d'Alpheopsis idiocarpus Coutiere a montre que cette espece ne fait pas partie de ce genre. Toutes les especes connues viennent de la region Indo-Pacifique tropicale et sont associees aux coraux; presque rien d'autre n'est connu de leur ecologie.
Transitional Subjects: The Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration of Former Combatants in Colombia

A key component of peace processes and postconflict reconstruction is the disarmament, demobilization and reintegration (DDR) of ex-combatants. DDR programs imply multiple transitions: from the combatants who lay down their weapons, to the governments that seek an end to armed conflict, to the communities that receive - or reject - these demobilized fighters. At each level, these transitions imply a complex and dynamic equation between the demands of peace and the clamor for justice. And yet, traditional approaches to DDR have focused almost exclusively on military and security objectives, which in turn has resulted in these programs being developed in relative isolation from the growing field of transitional justice and its concerns with historical clarification, justice, reparations and reconciliation. The author draws upon research in Colombia, a case of great interest because the government is attempting to implement mechanisms of reparations and reconciliation in a ‘pre-postconflict’ context, and to implement DDR on the terrain of transitional justice.
Efficiencies of various catalysts in the alkylation of benzene with propene

1. The alkylation of benzene with propene in presence of H2O · BF3, H3PO4 · BF3, H3PO4 · BF3 — H2O · BF3, AlCl3, H2SO4, and AlCl2 · HSO4 was investigated at atmospheric pressure under given experimental conditions, account being taken of the molar ratio of the reacting hydrocarbons, the temperature, and the amount of catalyst. The superiority of the catalyst H3PO4-BF3 was demonstrated. 2. In the alkylation of benzene with propene in presence of aluminum chloride, the formation of polyisopropylbenzenes may be effectively prevented by addition of polyisopropylbenzenes to the reaction mixture. In alkylation in presence of acid catalysts such as H2SO4, and H3PO4 · BF3, addition of polyisopropylbenzenes is not effective, for the reaction does not attain an equilibrium state.
Correlation functions for two-dimensional ferroelectrics

Abstract The correlation functions of the general two-dimensional ferroelectric problem are calculated exactly for the case Δ = 0. This result includes the modified model of Wu at all temperatures and applied electric fields.
A cross-section analysis of metal intensity of use in the less developed countries

Abstract This article develops a simple cross- section model of steel intensity of use in the less developed countries, based on the presumption that the inverted U-shaped intensity of use curve is shifting downward over time as a result of steel saving new technology, material substitution, and other time related factors. The results suggest that growth in real per capita income of about 1% a year is required for the shift in consumer preferences toward more steel intensive products to offset the downward trend over time in steel intensity of use. The results also indicate that about half of the variation among countries in the growth of metal intensity of use is driven by determinants not closely associated with either per capita income or time, variables whose influence on metal intensity of use is still poorly understood.
US national breastfeeding monitoring and surveillance: current status and recommendations.

Eleven federally-funded datasets assessing breastfeeding behaviors in the US (Early Childhood Longitudinal Survey, Infant Feeding Practices Survey II, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, National Immunization Survey, National Survey of Children's Health, National Survey of Early Childhood Health, National Survey of Family Growth, Pediatric Nutrition Surveillance System, Pregnancy Nutrition Surveillance System, Pregnancy Risk Assessment Survey, and WIC Participant and Program Characteristics) were reviewed to evaluate the breastfeeding variables (initiation, duration and exclusivity) and determine if relevant breastfeeding determinants were collected to evaluate breastfeeding practices from a health disparities perspective. The datasets utilized inconsistent breastfeeding definitions, limited ethnic descriptors, and varied regarding availability of relevant determinants. Multiple datasets collect breastfeeding data, but a coordinated US breastfeeding monitoring and surveillance system does not exist. Suggestions to improve this system include: standardizing breastfeeding definitions, expanding ethnic/racial descriptors, collecting additional relevant variables, and reducing recall periods.