cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Manipulation of apoptosis by herpes viruses (Kaposi's sarcoma pathogenesis).

The initial description of Kaposi’s sarcoma can be traced back to 1872, when a Hungarian dermatologist, Moritz Kaposi, published a case of skin cancer with clinical presentation of so-called pigmented sarcomas. This disease was designated Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS) in 1891. There are four distinct epidemiological forms of KS: classic KS occurring predominantly in Europe and the Mediterranean; endemic KS of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) negative patients in Africa; posttransplant or iatrogenic KS; and HIV-associated KS. The speculation of a viral etiology for KS was confirmed by the discovery of KSHV from HIV-associated KS lesions in 1994 (Chang et al. 1994). Subsequent epidemiological studies have demonstrated that KSHV DNA is present in all forms of KS tumors, suggesting that KSHV is the etiology agent for the development of KS (Sarid et al. 1999). In addition to KS, KSHV also associates with primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) and an immunoblast variant of Castleman’s disease (CD), which are of B cell origin (Cesarman et al. 1995; Soulier et al. 1995).
Chemical Induction of Lysosomal Storage

Primary lysosomal storage disorders involve the accumulation of lipids, mucopolysaccharides or saccharides following a genetic mutation of the corresponding lysosomal hydrolases. Aside from these conditions it is becoming apparent that there are other types of storage disorders which do not result from a specific hydrolase deficiency but reflect a more generalized impairment of the lysosomal digestion. We have proposed to call such disorders secondary lysosomal storage disorders (1).
Multiple retinal anomalies in schizophrenia.

Abstract Introduction In addition to being a critical component of the visual system, the retina provides the opportunity for an accessible and noninvasive probe of brain pathology in neuropsychiatric disorders. Several studies have reported various retinal abnormalities in schizophrenia, some primary and others iatrogenic. There is now increasing evidence supporting the existence of retinal anomalies in schizophrenia across structural, neurochemical and physiological parameters. Here, we review the types of retinal pathology in schizophrenia and discuss how these findings may provide novel insights for future research into the neurodevelopmental neurobiology of this syndrome, and possibly as useful biomarkers. Methods Using the keywords schizophrenia, retina, pathology, electroretinogram (ERG), and/or optical coherence tomography (OCT) on PubMed, all studies using the English language within 30 years were reviewed. Methods were examined, and common themes were identified, tabulated, and discussed. Results We classified the reports of retinal pathology into primary and secondary. The major secondary retinal pathology is related to the iatrogenic effects of a once widely prescribed first generation antipsychotic (thioridazine), which was found to be associated with retinal pigment deposits, decreased visual acuity, and suppression of dark adapted ERG responses. The primary retinal findings were obtained via different measures primarily using ERG, OCT, and microvascular imaging. The most consistent findings were 1) decreased ERG wave amplitudes, 2) reduced macular volume, 3) thinning of retinal nerve fiber layer, and 4) widened venule caliber. Conclusion The abnormal pathobiological findings of the retina in schizophrenia may represent an important avenue for elucidating some of the neurodevelopmental aberrations in schizophrenia. The well replicated retinal anomalies could serve as biomarkers for schizophrenia and perhaps an endophenotype that may help identify at-risk individuals and to facilitate early intervention.
Antipredator Nest Guarding by Female Horned Lizards (Phrynosoma): Iguanian Parental Care

Abstract This is the first report of antipredator nest defense by iguanian lizards. Female Texas Horned Lizards (Phrynosoma cornutum) and Round-tailed Horned Lizards (P. modestum) consistently exhibited vigorous nest-site defensive behaviors (butting, open-mouth attacks, and biting attacks) when experimentally approached in the field by a potential predator of reptilian eggs, Western Patch-nosed Snakes (Salvadora hexalepis). During both prenesting and postnesting snake trials, such defensive attack behaviors by the female lizards were absent. Females of a viviparous congener, Greater Short-horned Lizards (Phrynosoma hernandesi), failed to exhibit postpartum defensive behaviors to S. hexalepis, and newborns did not associate in proximity to their mothers. Nest-site defense is suggested to be the ancestral behavior in the genus Phrynosoma, and it might have been lost during the evolution of viviparity in certain species. Previous failures to detect nest defense behavior in Phrynosoma, and in related clades ...
Evolutionary and structural analyses uncover a role for solvent interactions in the diversification of cocoonases in butterflies

Multi-omic approaches promise to supply the power to detect genes underlying disease and fitness-related phenotypes. Optimal use of the resulting profusion of data requires detailed investigation of individual candidate genes, a challenging proposition. Here, we combine transcriptomic and genomic data with molecular modelling of candidate enzymes to characterize the evolutionary history and function of the serine protease cocoonase. Heliconius butterflies possess the unique ability to feed on pollen; recent work has identified cocoonase as a candidate gene in pollen digestion. Cocoonase was first described in moths, where it aids in eclosure from the cocoon and is present as a single copy gene. In heliconiine butterflies it is duplicated and highly expressed in the mouthparts of adults. At least six copies of cocoonase are present in Heliconius melpomene and copy number varies across H. melpomene sub-populations. Most cocoonase genes are under purifying selection, however branch-site analyses suggest cocoonase 3 genes may have evolved under episodic diversifying selection. Molecular modelling of cocoonase proteins and examination of their predicted structures revealed that the active site region of each type has a similar structure to trypsin, with the same predicted substrate specificity across types. Variation among heliconiine cocoonases instead lies in the outward-facing residues involved in solvent interaction. Thus, the neofunctionalization of cocoonase duplicates appears to have resulted from the need for these serine proteases to operate in diverse biochemical environments. We suggest that cocoonase may have played a buffering role in feeding during the diversification of Heliconius across the neotropics by enabling these butterflies to digest protein from a range of biochemical milieux.
Why All Knowing is Rhetorical

This essay argues that all knowing is rhetorical when viewed from a nonjustificational epistemological perspective. To understand how and why knowledge gathering is a rhetorical transaction one mus...
Light-Responsive Polymer Particles as Force Clamps for the Mechanical Unfolding of Target Molecules

Single-molecule force spectroscopy techniques are powerful tools for investigating the mechanical unfolding of biomolecules. However, they are limited in throughput and require dedicated instrumentation. Here, we report a force-generating particle that can unfold target molecules on-demand. The particle consists of a plasmonic nanorod core encapsulated with a thermoresponsive polymer shell. Optical heating of the nanorod leads to rapid collapse of the polymer, thus transducing light into mechanical work to unfold target molecules. The illumination tunes the duration and degree of particle collapse, thus controlling the lifetime and magnitude of applied forces. Single-molecule fluorescence imaging showed reproducible mechanical unfolding of DNA hairpins. We also demonstrate the triggering of 50 different particles in <1 min, exceeding the speed of conventional atomic force microscopy. The polymer force clamp represents a facile and bottom-up approach to force manipulation.
Antigen Report : HLA-B35

B35 is part of the antigenic cluster designated “a4c” by Bodmer and Payne [1]. 4c displayed a significant but not absolute positive relationship to Bw4, then called 4a. The 4c cluster has been split successively: B5 was identified as a distinct entity in the 1967 Workshop; B18, B35, and Bw53 were well recognized in 1972 [2, 3]; and even splits of B5 were suggested by the data presented at the 1972 Workshop. Further definition of B35 took place at the 1975 Workshop, especially in the report of Payne et al. [4].
Intermediate spaces between ⋂2≤τ<∞Lτ and L∞

Abstract In this paper we introduce an intermediate space L ψ , λ ( T ) between ⋂ τ ≥ 2 L τ ( T ) and L ∞ ( T ) , where L τ ( T ) are the L τ -subspaces of a nonatomic finite measure space { T , Σ , μ } , and study its properties. In particular, this space is Banach and rearrangement-invariant with respect to the measure μ . Our main result states that under some conditions L ψ , λ ( T ) coincides with a special Marcinkiewicz space. In addition, we obtain Zygmund-type weak and integral estimates for functions from L ψ , λ ( T ) and apply them to estimate the norms of the conjugate, Fourier, and Littlewood–Paley operators from L ∞ ( T ) to L ψ , λ ( T ) , where T is the unit circle in C . Relationships between L ψ , λ ( T ) and BMO ( T ) are discussed as well.
Distribution of pesticides in immiscible binary solvent systems for cleanup and identification and its application in the extraction of pesticides from milk

Among the various sophisticated techniques now used in analyses for pesticide residues, partitioning of pesticide-containing extracts between two immiscible liquid phases persists as a standard and widely used procedure for separating pesticides from extraneous or interfering materials. The procedure has much to commend it: it is easily carried out, a wide variety of solvent pairs is available, and the solvents that are generally used are not likely to alter the compounds of interest. It is hoped that the following summary of our recent work relating to the partitioning of pesticides and the general, though not exhaustive, survey of some recent developments that follows will be helpful in enabling the chemist to make maximum use of partitioning processes.
Production Rules for General Database Users

Production rules are suggested and developed as a standard notation for the general database users. They are shown to be appropriate for a variety of data models and a variety of database activities. A production based data language (PDL) is introduced and recommended as a standard notation for several data models and many database activities. The expressiveness of the language is demonstrated through examples spanning a wide range of activities. The advantages of a single standard notation are argued to be the minimization of user effort in learning notations, the elimination of the need for conversion from one language to another whenever multiple models or activities are involved, the development of general principles cutting across data models and activities, and the transfer of knowledge and insight developed in one context to other environments. Experience with production rules as an end-user development tool is reported.
Granulomatous dermatitis as a postherpetic isotopic response in immunocompromised patients: A report of 5 cases

Granulomatous dermatitis (GD) describes disorders in which mixed inflammatory infiltrates composed primarily of histiocytes invade the skin. The pathogenesis of GD is unknown; however, GD has been noted to occur in areas previously affected by trauma, sun damage, or infection.1 When GD presents at the same site of a healed, unrelated skin disease, it falls within the category of a Wolf's isotopic response.2 The regional restriction of a Wolf's isotopic response is proposed to occur due to an area of localized immunocompromise known as an immunocompromised district.3 This immunocompromised district is believed to result from various types of cutaneous damage that hinder lymph circulation, like chronic regional lymphedema or prior herpes virus infection (eg, varicella zoster virus [VZV] and herpes simplex virus [HSV]).3 Postherpetic isotopic response (PHIR) is the most commonly reported isotopic response, and more cases of PHIR-GD have been reported than any other type of isotopic response.3 It can occur within the same dermatomal distribution either immediately after primary lesion resolution (VZV>HSV) or many years later.3 Persistent VZV DNA has been detected in PHIR lesions within 4 weeks after an acute episode4, 5 but not after 7 weeks.6, 7 The presence of viral DNA in some lesions has led to the proposal that VZV glycoproteins (gpI/II) may still be expressed at a sufficient level to initiate granuloma formation.8 Since the first report of granuloma annulare (GA) as an isotopic response,9 38% of the 32 cases have been reported in the setting of immunocompromise.10 We now add 5 unreported cases and 16 literature cases (not reviewed in prior meta-analyses) of immunocompromised PHIR-GD. Our review of the literature has also added 23 cases of nonimmunocompromised PHIR-GD. Our analysis of 33 immunocompromised and 43 immunocompetent cases highlights PHIR-GD associations with immunocompromise, chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), and male sex.
Culturally Sensitive CBT for Refugees: Key Dimensions

In increasingly multicultural societies, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) needs to be made appropriate for diverse groups. Refugees with mental health difficulties present particular therapeutic challenges that include complex trauma, different cultural traditions, and ongoing stress. The current chapter outlines how a contextually sensitive CBT can be developed for such refugee groups. It outlines key dimensions of culturally sensitive CBT, which can be therapeutically implemented among refugees in order to maximize efficacy and effectiveness. These guidelines can be followed to design culturally sensitive CBT studies among refugees, or what might be called “contextually sensitive CBT,” and the guidelines can be used to evaluate such studies. Some examples of these key dimensions of care are the following: assessing and addressing key local complaints (e.g., somatic symptoms, spirit possession, and syndromes like “thinking a lot”); incorporating into treatment key local sources of recovery and resilience (e.g., CBT-compatible proverbs and techniques in that culture). Another example of a key dimension of care is making CBT techniques more tolerable and effective for the cultural group through various means: by using a phased approach, by utilizing culturally appropriate framing of CBT techniques (using local analogies), by making positive re-associations to problematic sensations during interoceptive exposure (e.g., to traditional games), and by using trauma-type exposure as an opportunity to practice emotion regulation. We describe such concepts as explanatory model bridging, cultural grounding, and contextual sensitivity.
Clinical characteristics of 32 patients with rapidly progressive dementia with Lewy bodies (P4.187)

Objective: To evaluate the clinical characteristics of patients with rapidly progressive dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), leading to death within one year from diagnosis. Background: Average survival in DLB has been reported to be 7.28 years after onset of cognitive symptoms; however, a subset present with a rapidly progressive dementia. Design/Methods: The “Mayo Clinic Medical Records Linkage System” was used to identify patients between 1996 and 2016 who met criteria for diagnosis of DLB and died within one year of diagnosis. Clinical characteristics were abstracted including: age, sex, disease duration, DLB clinical features, neuroimaging, autonomic testing, neuropsychometric testing, and medications. Results: We identified 32 patients (59.4% male). Median age at diagnosis was 80 years (range: 47–89). Median survival was 14.5 months after onset of cognitive decline (range: 0–62) and 8 months after diagnosis (range: 0­–12). Parkinsonism was present in 28 (87.5%), fluctuating cognition in 22 (68.8%), visual hallucinations in 21 (65.6%), and REM sleep behavior disorder in 12 (37.5%). Autonomic reflex testing in 7 (21.9%) and thermoregulatory sweat test in 6 (18.8%) were abnormal in all patients. Four (12.5%) had invasive procedures and one (3.1%) had critical illness immediately preceding symptom onset. One (3.1%) received a typical antipsychotic and nine (28.1%) received atypical antipsychotics. Exposure to haloperidol, ziprasidone, or risperidone led to worsening cognition in three patients (9.4%). Of the 2 (6.3%) with postmortem evaluation, pathology was consistent with high likelihood for DLB in one and intermediate likelihood in the other. Conclusions: Our study supports the heterogeneity of the individuals affected by rapidly progressive DLB. Although typical antipsychotics have been associated with a worse prognosis in DLB, only one of our patients received a typical antipsychotic. Interestingly, autonomic testing was abnormal in all patients who underwent evaluation. Further investigation is needed to determine what factors may potentially identify a more rapidly progressive course in DLB. Disclosure: Dr. Chou has nothing to disclose. Dr. Graff-Radford has nothing to disclose. Dr. Savica has nothing to disclose.
Source apportionment of PM2.5 measured in South Texas near U.S.A. – Mexico border

Abstract The implementation of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) has increased industrial activities in urban areas along the U.S.-Mexico border. Brownsville, Texas is one such area that is currently in attainment of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for PM2.5 as set by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). However, the annual average PM2.5 concentrations measured were higher than those recorded at other cities of South Texas with greater industrial activity, including Corpus Christi and San Antonio. Thus, EPA PMF 5.0 was applied to apportion sources contributing to PM2.5 concentrations measured in this region from 2010 through 2013. An optimal solution of 10 sources was apportioned, with sea salt sulfates (19%) and non-sea salt sulfates (18%) being the major contributors. Other sources apportioned by PMF included sea salt (14%), biomass burning (13%), crustal dust (13%), road dust (3%), traffic emissions (7%), diesel emissions (3%), industrial emissions (6%), and secondary nitrates (5%). Anthropogenic emissions from on-road and off-road traffic from nearby highways, international bridge, and local marina were identified as major local contributors. Contribution of marine aerosols and coastal erosion was also observed. In addition to local sources, the impact of long-range transport across the U.S.-Mexico border was concluded to be the significant contributor for sources including non-sea salt sulfates, biomass burning, diesel engine emissions, and crustal dust.
Abstract 4435: Molecular mechanism of a novel covalent allosteric inhibitor of SUMO E1 activating enzyme

Post-translational modification of proteins by ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like proteins (collectively termed Ubls) proceeds through the sequential interactions and activities of parallel cascades of enzymes that are structurally and mechanistically related. E1 enzymes initiate Ub/Ubl conjugation cascades by catalyzing the ATP-dependent activation and transfer of their cognate Ub/Ubl to E2-conjugating enzymes, which then function with an array of E3 ligases to catalyze the formation of an isopeptide bond linking the Ub/Ubl to target proteins. Aberrations in Ub/Ubl modifications are associated with the pathogenesis of a wide range of life-threatening diseases, which has resulted in several Ubl E1 enzymes emerging as attractive targets for the development of small molecule therapeutics. We present the crystal structure of the E1 enzyme for the Ubl SUMO in complex with a small molecule representing a new class of Ubl E1 enzyme inhibitor. The structure reveals that the covalent allosteric inhibitor targets a cryptic pocket distinct from the active site that is completely buried in all previous SUMO E1 structures and that inhibitor binding is accompanied by a network of structural changes that altogether lock the enzyme in a previously unobserved inactive conformation. Altogether our studies provide the molecular mechanisms of inhibition SUMO E1 specificity and establishes a framework for the development of molecules targeting other Ubl E1s at a newly discovered cryptic allosteric site. Supported by NIH R01GM115568, F30CA216921, T32CA193201, and a Hollings Cancer Center Postdoctoral Fellowship. Citation Format: Zongyang Lyu, Lingmin Yuan, Katelyn M. Williams, James H. Atkison, Shaun K. Olsen. Molecular mechanism of a novel covalent allosteric inhibitor of SUMO E1 activating enzyme [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 4435.
Duodenal perforation nine months after accidental foreign body ingestion, a case report

Foreign body ingestion is a scenario occasionally encountered in the emergency room. Pediatric and psychiatric patients are the two most common populations suffering from accidental or in some cases intentional ingestion of foreign bodies. Commonly, majority of cases require no specific treatment and the swallowed objects pass through the digestive tract spontaneously without causing any significant complications. Less than 1% of the cases complicates with gastrointestinal tract perforation, which are often caused by sharp objects, which warrants surgical intervention. The average time from foreign body ingestion to development of perforation was noted at 10.4 days in previous reports. These cases often present in rapidly progressing peritonitis and are subsequently managed by emergent laparotomy. In this case report, we describe an accidental chopstick ingestion of a patient who initially was misdiagnosed and remained asymptomatic for nine months, then presented with acute abdomen. A 27-year-old man accidentally ingested a wooden chopstick and sought consult at a clinic. Negative abdominal plain film misled the physician to believe ingested chopstick was digested into fragments and passed out unnoticed. The patient presented acute abdomen caused by duodenal perforation nine months later and was subsequently treated with emergency laparotomy with primary duodenorrhaphy. Negative plain films are not sufficient to conclude a conservative treatment in foreign body ingestion. Computed tomography scan or endoscopic examinations should be done to rule out retained foreign body within gastrointestinal tract.
GOING FOR THE WIN-WIN-WIN: HARNESSING THE POWER OF SENIOR VOLUNTEERISM TO ADDRESS DEMENTIA CARE AND PROMOTE HEALTH

The public health implications of Alzheimer’s disease or related dementias (ADRDs) are significant and have placed considerable pressure on the U.S. healthcare system. Training and mobilizing a critical mass of volunteers to address unmet dementia care needs may be a potent, scalable, and cost efficient approach to address gaps in dementia care and to support family caregivers. Further, by engaging older volunteers to do this work and remain in productive and impactful post-retirement roles, additive population health benefits may be possible. This session will focus on ways we might harness the power of senior volunteers to meet the public health challenges associated with ADRD. Presentations will draw from three innovative community-based projects that utilize senior volunteers to support and enhance health in aging and dementia care. Dr. Carlson will provide an update on the evaluation and scaling Experience Corps, an intergenerational program that engages senior volunteers to work in elementary schools. Dr. Gaugler will discuss the Porchlight Project, a new multicomponent training approach for senior volunteers in Minnesota to enhance dementia care capabilities and support to underserved older persons. Dr. Samus will introduce the MEMORI Corps program, a novel activity-based companion care program for home-residing persons with ADRD delivered by trained senior volunteers. Given the current and impending shortages in the geriatric work force and family caregivers, respectively, innovative and readily available long term service and support options are needed to offset potential care gaps. The current session proposes the novel incorporation of volunteers as one solution to do so.
Systematic Review: Acupuncture vs Standard Pharmacological Therapy for Migraine Prevention.

Background Standard pharmacological treatment of migraine has many shortcomings. Acupuncture is becoming a more widely used therapy for the prevention and treatment of migraine, but its effectiveness is still in question when compared to the pharmacological treatments even though very few of these have Class A and B evidence for migraine prevention. This is a systematic review of data from existing randomized trials that compare the effectiveness of acupuncture treatment with conventional migraine preventative medications. Methods Custom-designed strategy was used for searching Pubmed (includes MEDLINE), Scopus (includes EMBASE). The inclusion criteria were English language and randomized trials. No date restriction was utilized. We included randomized trials and randomized controlled trials in adult patients that compared the clinical effects of acupuncture with a standard migraine preventive medication in patients with a diagnosis of chronic or episodic migraine with or without aura. We excluded letters and studies on acupuncture for headaches other than migraine. Two reviewers checked eligibility; extracted information on patients, interventions, methods, and results; and assessed the quality of the acupuncture intervention based on the American Academy of Neurology Classification of evidence matrix for therapeutic trials. The present review was not registered. Results Out of the 706 search results, 7 clinical trials, with a total of 1430 participants, met inclusion criteria for trials comparing the effectiveness of acupuncture to standard pharmacologic treatment. Several of the studies showed acupuncture to be more effective than standard pharmacological treatments for migraine prevention; however, methodological heterogeneity precluded aggregation of these data. Conclusions There is growing evidence that acupuncture is just as effective and has fewer side effects than many of the standard pharmaceutical agents that are currently used. However, the heterogeneity of the existing studies limits the effective comparison and analysis.
The effects of trace narasin on the biogeochemical N-cycle in a cultivated sandy loam.

Abstract Narasin is an antibiotic administered to broiler chickens to prevent coccidiosis. After storage, excreta containing parent narasin compounds is commonly spread as nitrogen fertilizer, yielding initial soil concentrations in the low μg·kg−1 range. In soil, antibiotics have been found to modify one or more pathways in the biogeochemical nitrogen cycle. The concentrations tested are often too high to be considered environmentally relevant, despite evidence that sub-therapeutic doses may also be disruptive. We conducted soil mesocosm experiments to determine the overall impact of trace narasin on major nitrogen pools and fluxes in soils treated with 0, 1, 10, 100, or 1000 ng·kg−1 narasin. Water content in the mesocosms varied from 40% to 80% water-filled pore space (WFPS), simulating a range of different redox conditions. Under aerobic conditions (40% WFPS), exposure to narasin inhibited nitrification, yielding increases in soil ammonium by up to 76%, perhaps by targeting nitrifying fungi. Under the same conditions, narasin caused soil nitrate concentrations to decline 17–39%. When the soil was near saturation (80% WFPS), nitrate increased by an average of 30%. Mass balances and isotopic enrichment of N2O indicate that NAR may also affect anammox and the rate of nitrifier nitrification/denitrification. In aerobic soils, N2O flux increased with antibiotic dose and the rise in flux strongly correlates to the N2O:N2 product ratio from dentification. This relationship suggests that N2O flux may increase in soils exposed to narasin even when total denitrification is modestly inhibited. We conclude that trace concentrations of narasin can significantly modify biogeochemical activities in soil on short timescales. Our results indicate the potential for extremely low concentrations of antibiotics to impact agricultural productivity, terrestrial N2O flux, and non-point source nitrogen pollution.
Chapter 23 – Diet and Cancer

It is widely recognized that one's risk of developing many types of cancers can be influenced by diet. Estimates suggest that roughly one-third of all human cancers can be attributed to diet, and dietary changes could significantly reduce the rates of certain cancers.
3D printing of face shields to meet the immediate need for PPE in an anesthesiology department during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Abstract Background Anesthesia providers are at risk for contracting COVID-19 due to close patient contact, especially during shortages of personal protective equipment. We present an easy to follow and detailed protocol for producing 3D printed face shields and an effective decontamination protocol, allowing their reuse. Methods The University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC) produced face shields using a combination of 3D printing and assembly with commonly available products, and produced a simple decontamination protocol to allow their reuse. To evaluate the effectiveness of the decontamination protocol, we inoculated bacterial suspensions of E. coli and S. aureus on to the face shield components, performed the decontamination procedure, and finally swabbed and enumerated organisms onto plates that were incubated for 12-24 hours. Decontamination effectiveness was evaluated using the average log10 reduction in colony counts. Results Approximately 112 face shields were constructed and made available for use in 72 hours. These methods were successfully implemented for in-house production at UNMC and at Tripler Army Medical Center (Honolulu, Hawaii). Overall, the decontamination protocol was highly effective against both E. coli and S. aureus, achieving a ≥4 log10 (99.99%) reduction in colony counts for every replicate from each component of the face shield unit. Discussion Face shields not only act as a barrier against the soiling of N95 face masks, they also serve as more effective eye protection from respiratory droplets over standard eye shields. Implementation of decontamination protocols successfully allowed face shield and N95 mask reuse, offering a higher level of protection for anesthesiology providers at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. Conclusions In a time of urgent need, our protocol enabled the rapid production of face shields by individuals with little to no 3D printing experience, and provided a simple and effective decontamination protocol allowing reuse of the face shields.
E-087 Safety and efficacy of tracstar large distal platform during mechanical thrombectomy

Introduction Mechanical thrombectomy is the treatment of choice for ischemic stroke due to large vessel occlusion. One common reason for failure or prolonged procedure time is vascular touristy inhibiting access to the site of occlusion. A novel device -the TracStar Large Distal Platform (LDP) -may offer improved navigation of tortuous vasculature as well as more distal final positioning when compared to commonly used guide catheters. We investigate the safety and efficacy of the TracStar LDP when used during mechanical thrombectomy. Methods We perform a multicenter retrospective review of mechanical thrombectomy procedures during which the TracStar LDP was utilized. Procedural information, complications, and key timepoints (groin puncture, clot-first-touch, etc.) were recorded as detailed in the operative note. Vascular tortuosity was assessed via pre-procedural CTA. Distal-most position achieved with TracStar was determined by review of intraprocedural imaging. Linear regression was performed to investigate the potential relationship between vascular tortuosity and procedure time. Results In a preliminary analysis of 20 cases, successful reperfusion (TICI 2b/3) was achieved in 88% of cases, requiring 1.8 passes on average (rage 1–5). Average NIHSS at presentation was 17.8 ± 6. Anterior circulation emboli were encountered in 15 cases. Average time to clot-first touch was 12± 7 minutes and average time to final reperfusion was 50 ± 27.6 minutes. Good functional outcome (mRS 0–2) at 90 days was achieved in 35% of cases. There was no association between vascular tortuosity and procedure time. There were no procedural complications, and TracStar LDP was exchanged for an alternative guide catheter in two cases due to failure to maintain positing. Conclusion Mechanical thrombectomy with the Tracstar LDP is safe and effective. Access beyond the horizonal petrous segment of the ICA was achieved in the majority of cases. Interestingly, ICA tortuosity was not associated with an increased time to clot-first-touched. Final analysis of 30 patients in this multi-center retrospective study will be available for presentation at the SNIS Annual Meeting 2020. Disclosures D. Bageac: None. R. De Leacy: None.
Regret, portfolio choice, and guarantees in defined contribution schemes

Abstract We model how asset allocation decisions in a defined contribution (DC) pension plan might vary with participants’ attitudes about risk and regret. We show that anticipated disutility from regret can have a potent effect on investment choices. Compared with a risk-averse investor, the investor who takes regret into account will hold more stock when the equity premium is low but less stock when the equity premium is high. We also assess how regret can influence a DC plan participant’s view of rate-of-return guarantees, as measured by his willingness-to-pay. We find that regret increases the regret-averse investor’s willingness-to-pay for a guarantee when the portfolio is relatively risky, but decreases it when the portfolio is relatively safe.
The Impact of Electronic Surveillance on Teleworkers' Well-being

The COVID-19 pandemic forced many organizations to adapt their current processes. Employees were sent home to adhere to the social distancing guidelines. Where previous managers could check in on their subordinates in person, they must now face new ways to keep track of teleworking employees. However, these new ways of surveilling might infringe on employee well-being. This research in progress submission discusses plans to employ a grounded theory methodology to explore the new phenomenon.
Development of a Resting Energy Expenditure Estimation in Patients Undergoing Targeted Temperature Management with a Surface Gel Pad Temperature Modulating Device

Targeted temperature management (TTM) directly impacts energy expenditure via temperature modulation and shivering associated with temperature modulating devices. We hypothesized that resting energ...
The Pale Death: Poison Gas and German Racial Exceptionalism, 1915–1945

In April of 1915, the German-Jewish chemist Fritz Haber supervised the first deployment of industrialized chemical weapons against French colonial troops. The uncertain nature of the attack, both in its execution and outcome, led many German military men to question the controllability of poison gas. Over the next three decades, Germans would continue this line of inquiry, as aero-chemical attacks appeared increasingly imminent. This article narrates the German search for control over chemical weapons between the world wars, revealing the ways in which interwar techno-nationalists tied the mastery of poison gas to ethno-racial definitions of Germanness. Under the Nazis, leaders in civilian aero-chemical defense picked up this interwar thread and promoted a dangerous embrace of gas that would supposedly cull the technically superior Germans from other lesser races. Although this vision of a chemically saturated world did not suffuse German society, such logic did play out in the gas chambers of the Holocaust.
Shoulder and Elbow Arthroplasty Videos on YouTube: An Analysis of Video Content and Quality

Abstract Background The purpose of this investigation was to analyze the content and quality of YouTube videos related to shoulder arthroplasty (SA) and elbow arthroplasty (EA). In addition, we aimed to compare videos produced by academic sources to those that were produced by non-academic sources. We hypothesized that overall SA and EA YouTube video content and quality would be poor. Methods The most popular SA and EA YouTube videos were analyzed according to source and video characteristics were recorded. We determined video content and quality scores utilizing the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) benchmark criteria, DISCERN criteria and a novel Arthroplasty Content Score. Results 84 and 34 unique SA and EA videos were included, respectively. Mean JAMA, DISCERN and Content scores were 1.2, 29.5, and 3.4 for SA videos and 0.9, 29.9, and 3.5 for EA, respectively. No videos were classified as “good” or “excellent” according to the DISCERN criteria. Mean quality and content scores were not significantly different for academic compared to non-academic sources for either SA or EA videos. Conclusions YouTube videos related to SA and EA are of poor quality and are unreliable sources of patient information. Videos from academic sources do not provide higher quality information than videos from non-academic sources. With the growing use of internet and social media for health information, surgeons should, at present, direct patients away from these sources. Upper-extremity surgeons and professional societies should endeavor to create quality, patient-directed educational videos related to SA and EA, as patients are increasingly seeking information from social media sources.
Can 5-month-old infants consider the perspective of a novel eyeless agent? New evidence for early mentalistic reasoning.

Is early reasoning about an agent's knowledge best characterized by a mentalistic stance, a teleological stance, or both? In this research, 5-month-old infants (N = 64, 50% female, 83% White) saw a novel eyeless agent consistently approach object-A as opposed to object-B. Although infants could always see both objects, a screen separated object-B from the agent. When object-B protruded above the screen, infants interpreted the agent's actions as revealing a preference for object-A over object-B. When object-B did not protrude above the screen, however, infants refrained from attributing such a preference: Consistent with mentalistic accounts, they reasoned that the agent's representation of the scene did not include object-B, and they used the agent's incomplete representation, non-egocentrically, to interpret its actions.
Selective Impairment of Long-Range Default Mode Network Functional Connectivity as a Biomarker for Preclinical Alzheimer's Disease in People with Down Syndrome.

Background Down syndrome (DS) is associated with increased risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD). In neurotypical individuals, clinical AD is preceded by reduced resting state functional connectivity in the default mode network (DMN), but it is unknown whether changes in DMN connectivity predict clinical onset of AD in DS. Objective Does lower DMN functional connectivity predict clinical onset of AD and cognitive decline in people with DS? Methods Resting state functional MRI (rsfMRI), longitudinal neuropsychological, and clinical assessment data were collected on 15 nondemented people with DS (mean age = 51.66 years, SD = 5.34 years, range = 42-59 years) over four years, during which 4 transitioned to dementia. Amyloid-β (Aβ) PET data were acquired on 13 of the 15 participants. Resting state fMRI, neuropsychological, and clinical assessment data were also acquired on an independent, slightly younger unimpaired sample of 14 nondemented people with DS (mean age = 44.63 years, SD = 7.99 years, range = 38-61 years). Results Lower functional connectivity between long-range but not short-range DMN regions predicts AD diagnosis and cognitive decline in people with DS. Aβ accumulation in the inferior parietal cortex is associated with lower regional DMN functional connectivity. Conclusion Reduction of long-range DMN connectivity is a potential biomarker for AD in people with DS that precedes and predicts clinical conversion.
RELATIVE CAPACITIES OF GENERIC ADS PROTOCOLS.

A number of investigators have proposed various domestic automatic dependent surveillance (ADS) concepts based on line-of-sight (LOS) radio link networks. Each of these proposals has been based on assumptions and constraints as perceived by the individual designer or design group. This article compares the network capacity of several illustrative design alternatives on a normalized basis and parametrically examines expected capabilities. To focus on this objective, we assume the signal and message levels of the design are independent of the network protocol, and the distribution of units and link design features result in N units within reception range. Each of these N units has connectivity to other units, contends for channel access, and is a potential source of mutual interference. Results of the analysis are expressed in terms of the probability that these N units can be accommodated at some tolerable level of mutual interference by the available bandwidth and the net protocol. The alternatives consid...
SU‐F‐207‐05: Excess Heat Corrections in a Prototype Calorimeter for Direct Realization of CT Absorbed Dose to Phantom

Purpose: To reconcile air kerma and calorimetry measurements in a prototype calorimeter for obtaining absorbed dose in diagnostic CT beams. While corrections for thermal artifacts are routine and generally small in calorimetry of radiotherapy beams, large differences in relative stopping powers of calorimeter materials at the lower energies typical of CT beams greatly magnify their effects. Work-to-date on the problem attempts to reconcile laboratory measurements with modeling output from Monte Carlo and finite-element analysis of heat transfer. Methods: Small thermistor beads were embedded in a polystyrene (PS) core element of 1 cm diameter, which was inserted into a cylindrical HDPE phantom of 30 cm diameter and subjected to radiation in a diagnostic CT x-ray imaging system. Resistance changes in the thermistors due to radiation heating were monitored via lock-in amplifier. Multiple 3-second exposures were recorded at 8 different dose-rates from the CT system, and least-squares fits to experimental data were compared to an expected thermal response obtained by finite-element analysis incorporating source terms based on semi-empirical modeling and Monte Carlo simulation. Results: Experimental waveforms exhibited large thermal artifacts with fast time constants, associated with excess heat in wires and glass, and smaller steps attributable to radiation heating of the core material. Preliminary finite-element analysis follows the transient component of the signal qualitatively, but predicts a slower decay of temperature spikes. This was supplemented by non-linear least-squares fits incorporating semi-empirical formulae for heat transfer, which were used to obtain dose-to-PS in reasonable agreement with the output of Monte Carlo calculations that converts air kerma to absorbed dose. Conclusion: Discrepancies between the finite-element analysis and our experimental data testify to the very significant heat transfer correction required for absorbed dose calorimetry of diagnostic CT beams. The results obtained here are being used to refine both simulations and design of calorimeter core components.
Cellular Localization of the (Pro)renin Receptor within the Paraventricular Nucleus of the Hypothalamus

Over activation of renin angiotensin system (RAS) signaling in cardiovascular control centers of the brain causes inflammatory responses that are associated with the onset of neurogenic hypertensio...
Evaporative Gas Turbine (EvGT)/Humid Air Turbine (HAT) Cycles

In a combined cycle, a physical separation exists between the working fluids of the topping gas turbine cycle and of the bottoming steam turbine cycle. It is possible to combine the working fluids of these two cycles to result in a single “mixed cycle.” There are a number of alternate approaches to the manner in which these two working fluids may be combined, that is, the manner in which the liquid water is evaporated/combined with the other working fluid resulting in different cycle arrangements with very different thermal performance. This article is devoted to a discussion of the various evaporative gas turbine cycles incorporating this mixed cycle approach such as the steam injected, recuperative water injected, and humid air turbine (HAT) cycles, and will mainly focus on the systems where H2O addition can attain a significant fraction (10–20%) of the airflow. Thermodynamic merits and technological drawbacks will be illustrated and their thermal performance compared on a consistent basis. Major emphasis of this article is the HAT cycle while the other mixed cycles will provide the necessary background on this topic. Development of the HAT cycle is aimed at having the advantages of the combined cycle in terms of its high thermal efficiency but having a low specific cost of an open simple cycle by eliminating the need for the expensive components such as the steam turbine, condenser, and cooling medium circulation circuit of a combined cycle. Challenges related to operating commercial gas turbine engines in the HAT cycle mode are also discussed including the variations to the cycle arrangement to minimize the development of specialized turbomachinery. Keywords: evaporative gas turbine; EvGT; humid air turbine cycle; HAT cycle; steam-injected cycle; recuperative water-injected cycle; compressor inlet air fogging; combustion with humid air; exhaust water recovery; CO2 recovery in wet gas turbine cycles
Decoration of the layered manganese oxide birnessite with Mn(II/III) gives a new water oxidation catalyst with fifty-fold turnover number enhancement

The role of the manganese average oxidation state (AOS) in water oxidation catalysis by birnessite was investigated. Low AOS samples were most active, generating O2 immediately. Samples with a relatively high AOS showed an initial induction period and decreased turnover. Mn(II- and III)-enriched samples gave a 10–50 fold enhancement in turnover number.
Asking the Right Questions: The Role of the Conservator in Digital Projects

Jan Paris, conservator at the library of the University of North Carolina (Chapel Hill) explains how she decides whether vulnerable material from the special collections may be digitized and under what conditions. She considers not only the condition of the objects, but also the purpose of the digitization process: education, preservation, creating a facsimile edition or as part of a large-scale preservation project. These can be summarized as the impact of preservation considerations such as the reduction in handling, the reduction in the need for interventive conservation and the impact of access considerations such as enabling value-added research, on-demand digitization and producing aids to teaching.