cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Behavioral treatment of Alzheimer's disease.

In examining the current status and future potential of behavioral treatments for Alzheimer's disease (AD), it is important to begin by defining the scope and goals of such treatments. The category of behavioral treatments includes not only nonpharmacologic techniques to modify or enhance patient behavior, but also psychosocial interventions applied to family members and paid care providers. Caregiver interventions are important because they can reduce the negative impact of AD on those directly and indirectly affected by the disease. Based on current knowledge about the pathophysiology of AD, it is not considered likely that behavioral treatments can have a direct impact on the disease itself by affecting its clinical onset, rate of progression, or prognosis. Although it is conceivable that certain long-term behavioral interventions might delay onset of symptoms (e.g., mental “exercise” to enhance dendritic growth and increase “cognitive reserve,” or long-term stress reduction methods to minimize possible degenerative central nervous system effects of chronic stress), such approaches remain speculative, and their effectiveness would be difficult and expensive to demonstrate. Thus, the current goal of behavioral treatments is to reduce the negative effects of AD on the patient, on the patient's primary caregiver and immediate family, on the healthcare system, and on society as a whole. Such a goal is far from trivial because (a) successful treatment of primary pathophysiology is not on the immediate horizon, and (b) the impact of AD on the family and society represents a major cost of this tragic disease.
Pediatric nurses: advocates against youth violence.

ISSUES AND PURPOSE. This article examines the issues of youth violence and the role of the pediatric nurse in addressing youth at risk for violence. An example of a school-based violence prevention program is included. CONCLUSIONS. Black adolescent males from lower socioeconomic backgrounds and violent communities tend to be at highest risk. However, the profile of risk for violence is expanding to include youth in rural and middle-class suburban settings. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS. Pediatric nurses play a vital role in the identification of at-risk youth and in the planning and evaluation of interventions for youth violence prevention.
N-channel MOSFETs fabricated on He-implanted and annealed SiGe buffer layers

He-implantation and annealing is an alternative method of fabricating strain-relaxed SiGe buffer layers for applications such as strained Si MOSFETs. Here we report the characteristics of He-implanted and annealed SiGe buffer layers and the properties of n-channel MOSFETs fabricated with them. We find that the electron mobility is comparable to the value obtained from devices fabricated with graded SiGe buffer layers. The drive current is 1.8 times larger than that in bulk Si control devices and short channel MOSFETs have a low current at negative gate voltage.
A Description of the Cockpit Motion Facility and the Research Flight Deck Simulator

The NASA Langley Research Center's (LaRC) Visual Motion Simulator (VMS) has provided six degree-offreedom motion cues for research programs since 1974. During that period the VMS has provided a generic cockpit with motion performance for a large number of critical research programs. The cockpit has been continually upgraded, however the age of the simulator, coupled with future requirements that the VMS cannot meet, has necessitated the development of the Cockpit Motion Facility (CMF). Some of these requirements include greatly improved motion characteristics (acceleration, maximum excursion, bandwidth), full-mission capable simulators operating in either fixed-base or motion-base modes, simulators with large cross-cockpit display systems, improved data and video networks, and easily reconfigurable cockpits. This paper describes the design concepts and the simulator architecture associated with the CMF and the simulators located in the facility. The Research Flight Deck, the first operational simulator in the CMF is discussed in detail.
KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER: A BASIS FOR COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE IN FIRMS

This concluding article in the special issue of Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes on the foundations of knowledge transfer in organizations argues that the creation and transfer of knowledge are a basis for competitive advantage in firms. The article builds on a framework of knowledge reservoirs to show why knowledge transfer can be difficult and to identify the kinds of knowledge that are most difficult to transfer to different contexts. The article develops the proposition that interactions among people, tasks, and tools are least likely to fit the new context and hence are the most difficult to transfer. This theoretical result illuminates how organizations can derive competitive advantage by transferring knowledge internally while preventing its external transfer to competitors. Because people are more similar within than between organizations, interactions involving people transfer more readily within than between firms. By embedding knowledge in interactions involving people, organizations can both effect knowledge transfer internally and impede knowledge transfer externally. Thus, knowledge embedded in the interactions of people, tools, and tasks provides a basis for competitive advantage in firms.
Response of the elm bark beetle,Scolytus multistriatus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), to component mixtures and doses of the pheromone, multilure

The response of the elm bark beetle,Scolytus multistriatus (Marsham), was measured to various doses and mixtures of the three components of its aggregation pheromone. The ratio of the components released, particularly heptanol to multistriatin, strongly influenced the number, but not the sex ratio, of beetles that responded. We concluded that a bait that released about 400∶ 100∶ 800 μg/day of heptanol-multistriatin-cubebene would be effective in mass-trapping beetles.
On odd Hermitian forms

Here 9,(h) represents the module of all h(a, Z) modulo the elements of the form b + h6. Witt’s cancellation theorem allows one to show that every nonsingular quadratic space can be expressed uniquely as an orthogonal direct sum of a hyperbolic space and an anisotropic space. The cancellation results here allow us to express every h-Hermitian space X as H I M 1 X0 where H is a hyperbolic space, M is a nonhyperbolic split space, X0 is anisotropic and SA(M) n 2*(X,,) = [O]. Also, Hand X0 are unique up to isometry but SA(M) can be any vector space complement of 9,(X,) in Z?,,(X). In the case of symmetric bilinear forms over fields of characteristic 2, the existence of the decomposition and much of its uniqueness has already been noted by J. Milnor in [9]. The remainder of this section is devoted to completely characterizing the ways in which cancellation of A-Hermitian forms may fail. 370 OOZl-8693/79/060370-29$02.00/O
Semiparametric Efficient Estimation for Incomplete Longitudinal Binary Data, With Application to Smoking Trends

Incomplete longitudinal data often are analyzed with estimating equations for inference on a parameter from a marginal mean regression model. Generalized estimating equations, although commonly used for incomplete longitudinal data, are invalid for data that are not missing completely at random. There exists a class of inverse probability weighted estimating equations that are valid under dropouts missing at random, including an easy-to-implement but inefficient member. A relatively computationally complex semiparametric efficient estimator in this class has been applied to continuous data. A specific form of this estimator is developed for binary data and used as a benchmark for assessing the efficiency of the simpler estimator in a simulation study. Both are applied in the estimation of 15-year cigarette smoking trends in the United States from a cohort of 5077 young adults. The results suggest that declines in smoking from previous reports have been exaggerated.
Blind channel identification using lower-order statistics

Non-Gaussian statistical signal processing is important when the signals deviate from the ideal Gaussian model. One of the most important non-Gaussian distributions is the family of the alpha-stable (0 less than (alpha) less than 2) distributions. They are proven to be effective in modeling the impulsive signal environments both in theory and in practice. This paper presents a brief introduction to the alpha-stable distributions, their applications to signal processing using fractional lower-order statistics, and the alpha-spectrum, a new spectral analysis tool for blind channel identification in impulsive environments.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Early obduction-related deformation features of the Taconic Allochthon: Analogy with structures observed in modern trench environments

An early generation of probably recumbent isoclinal folds and veined and slickensided faults has now been documented at several localities in the western Taconic Allochthon. These folds and thrust faults predate development of the “regional” slaty cleavage and associated folds. The early generation of structures either predates or developed synchronously with obduction of the Taconic Allochthon on the coeval early Paleozoic shelf of eastern North America during early stages of the Taconic Orogeny. Evidence for this early phase of deformation is threefold: (1) recognition of small-scale, downward-facing folds at single outcrops; (2) local occurrences of downward-younging directions (structural facing directions) projected on slaty-cleavage surfaces; and (3) large-scale inversion of stratigraphic succession, subsequently refolded by the slaty-cleavage generation of structures. Clear examples of case 3 are seen at Willard Mountain and near Granville, New York. The amplitude and wavelength of the early folds are measured in kilometres, but structural and stratigraphic observations are inconsistent with a regionally recumbent structure of the entire Giddings Brook Slice of the Taconic Allochthon. These examples provide convincing evidence for complex, polyphase deformation of the Taconic Allochthon prior to thrusting into its present structural position. These observations accord well with recent large-scale models that suggest emplacement of the Taconics in a collision-related subduction-accretion environment. Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) and geophysical data from modern trenches suggest that similar scale and style of deformation may occur during incorporation of thick, already lithified sedimentary sequences into the trenchward side of accretionary-prism complexes.
Seeking a solution

Making Weapons, Talking Peace: A Physicist's Odyssey from Hiroshima to Geneva. By Herbert F. York Basic Books: 1987. Pp.346. $22.95.
Centralized and decentralized train scheduling for intermodal operations

We investigate a spectrum of decision-making approaches, from centralized to decentralized, within the context of scheduling direct and indirect (via a hub) trains and assigning containers to trains for the rail (linehaul) portion of the intermodal trip. The goal is to minimize operating costs, including a fixed charge for each train, variable transportation and handling costs for each container and yard storage costs, while meeting on-time delivery requirements. If shipping requirements are known, a centralized solution provides for better coordination, thereby reducing costs. However, information may not be available to support centralized decision-making. We present several methods for obtaining good solutions, and show that carefully-designed decentralized approaches may perform as well as centralized approaches for our problem.
Low-loss coherent-coupling Y branches.

We propose the design of low-loss waveguide Y branches with coherently coupled bends. According to results of beam-propagation simulations, the excess loss of a complete Ti:LiNbO3 Y branch with a nominal half-branching angle of 1° can be as low as −0.18 dB. Similar to the case of other cascaded Y branches, when two coherently coupled Y branches are cascaded, the power distribution at the output varies with the length of the straight connecting waveguide. Details of the Y-branch design that gives low loss and equal power splitting are presented.
Representing the dynamics of a static form

Traditional “feature analysis” theories of letter perception do a poor job of accounting for our ability to read handwritten letters. In this paper, an alternative theory is considered: Perhaps handwriting recognition makes use of information about how letters areformed, as well as of knowledge of static characteristics of letters, such as “distinctive features.” In an experiment testing this hypothesis, subjects saw artificial characters drawn in real time and were later asked to identify distorted versions of the same characters presented statically. Subjects were faster on static characters distorted in a manner consistent with the drawing method they had witnessed than on static characters equally distorted but inconsistent with the drawing method. This finding suggests that humans can use dynamic information in the perception of static forms.
HALOTHANE ENHANCES TONIC NEURONAL INHIBITION BY ELEVATING INTRACELLULAR CALCIUM

Whether the major action of anesthetics is to depress the central nervous system (CNS) by reducing excitation or enhancing inhibition remains unknown. Using whole cell patch-clamp recording in hippocampal slices, halothane and pentobarbital were found to prolong the decay time constant (TAUD) of GABAA-mediated spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic (sIPSCs). Intracellular administration of the Ca2+ chelator BAPTA or the Ca2+ release inhibitor dantrolene significantly (ANOVA, P < 0.005) reduced halothane's effect; in contrast, the pentobarbital effect was unchanged. Halothane induced depression of population spike amplitude was blocked by the GABAA antagonist bicuculline. Together, these findings suggest that a major depressant effect of halothane involves enhancement of GABAA-mediated inhibition through release of intraneuronally stored Ca2+.
Inhibition effect of secondary phosphate mineral precipitation on uranium release from contaminated sediments.

The inhibitory effect of phosphate mineral precipitation on diffusion-limited uranium release was evaluated using a U(VI)-contaminated sediment collected from the U.S. Department of Energy Hanford site. The sediment contained U(VI) that was associated with diffusion-limited intragrain regions within its millimeter-sized granitic lithic fragments. The sediment was first treated to promote phosphate mineral precipitation in batch suspensions spiked with 1 and 50 mM aqueous phosphate and calcium in the stoichiometric ratio of the mineral hydroxyapatite. The phosphate-treated sediment was then leached to solubilize contaminant U(VI) in a column system using a synthetic groundwater solution with chemical components representative of Hanford groundwater. Phosphate treatment significantly decreased the extent of U(VI) release from the sediment. Within the experimental duration of about 200 pore volumes, the effluent U(VI) concentrations were consistently lower by over 1 and 2 orders of magnitude after the sedime...
Lymphocyte responses to ragweed antigens from different sources

Previous studies from this laboratory have shown a lack of correlation between the degree of atopic ragweed sensitivity and the magnitude of the in vitro lymphocyte DNA synthetic response to ragweed antigens in a variety of subjects, including normal, newborn, agammaglobulinemic, and atopic individuals. ’ Since other investigators have reported finding a positive correlation between these two parameters,” 3 we have examined some of the possible reasons for the discrepant results. It has been suggested that the ragweed antigen E preparation used in our studies might have been contaminated by some unrecognized mitogenie substance. The antigen used was obtained from the Research Resources Branch of NIAID and is described in the catalogue of that agency as having one major and one minor component on immunoelectrophoresis. To investigate the possible presence of a non-antigen E contaminant accounting for our findings, we compared the DNA synthetic responses of lymphocytes from two atopic, highly ragweed-sensitive adult donors with those of lymphocytes from two nonatopic normal adult donors when stimulated with three different purified ragweed antigen E preparations and with crude ragweed extract.
The Influence of Metals on Sludge Formation

The Penn State microoxidation test was used to study the effets of metals—copper, brass, aluminum, stainless steel, lead, and low-carbon steel—on the high-temperature oxidation of two esters di-2-ethylhexyl sebacate and trimethylolpropane triheptanoate. The results demonstrate that metal corrosion and sludge formation are interrelated and are greatly accelerated by intimate contact of air, lubricant and metal surface. Presented as an American Society of Lubrication Engineers paper at the ASME/ASLE Lubrication Conference in San Francisco, California, August 18–21, 1980.
The Link Between Religion and Helping Others: The Role of Values, Ideas, and Language

This study used life narrative interview data from the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) study to examine how religious values, ideas, and language motivate prosocial behaviors. Open coding of 88 in-depth interviews revealed six themes: defining morality in religious terms, considering religion an important aspect of one’s identity, feeling that one’s life involves carrying out God’s mission, making an increased commitment to religion over time, drawing an explicit connection between religion and helping others, and, for Christian respondents, finding inspiration for helping in Jesus’s teaching, example, and sacrifice. Using ratings from independent coders, statistically significant relationships were found between most of the themes and prosocial behaviors, particularly for respondents who engaged in multiple helping behaviors. In addition to documenting the relationship between religious ideas and values and helping behaviors, the study demonstrates how language mediates the relationship between the social and personal aspects of religion.
The effect of cold ischemic time on the immunohistochemical evaluation of estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and HER2 expression in invasive breast carcinoma

The American Society of Clinical Oncology/College of American Pathologist (ASCO/CAP) guidelines on breast cancer currently recommend a cold ischemic time of <1 h, although data are limited. Breast resection specimens were subjected to variable cold ischemic time periods (0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 24, and 48 h) within the refrigerator and at room temperature. The study included 25 tumors, all of which had refrigerated samples. Non-refrigerated samples (samples at room temperature) were present on 23 cases. Hormone receptors were semi-quantitatively scored using the H-score method. Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 gene ERBB2 (HER2) was scored using the ASCO/CAP guidelines. The results were compared with the core biopsy scores, which have negligible cold ischemic time period before fixation. Mild reduction in staining for hormone receptors was judged present if the H-score on the resection specimen was between one-half and three-fourth of the H-score at core biopsy. Significant reduction was judged present when the H-score on resection was less than one-half of the core biopsy H-score. Mild reduction in HER2 staining was judged present if there was one-step reduction; and significant reduction was judged present if there was two-step reduction in staining. A true reduction was judged present only when the reduction was consistently present for the increasing time interval. A focal reduction for a particular time sample was attributed to the heterogeneity of the tumor sample. Non-refrigerated samples are affected more by prolonged cold ischemic time than refrigerated samples. Cold ischemic time period of as short as one-half hour may occasionally impact the immunohistochemical (IHC) staining for progesterone receptor. Significant reduction in IHC staining for hormone receptors, and HER2, however, generally does not result until 4 h for refrigerated samples and 2 h for non-refrigerated samples. The ASCO/CAP guideline of cold ischemic time period of <1 h is a prudent guideline to follow.
Effects of Backfill on Heat Transfer From a Buried Pipe

Natural convection from a buried pipe with a layer of backfill is numerically examined in this study. The objective of the present study is to investigate how a step change in the permeability of the backfill would affect the flow patterns and heat transfer results. Numerical calculations have covered a wide range of the governing parameters (i.e., 10⩽Ra1⩽500 and 0.1⩽K1∕K2⩽10) for various backfill thicknesses (0.5⩽t∕ri⩽2). The results suggest that a more permeable backfill can minimize the heat loss and confine the flow to a region close to the pipe.
Confronting the complexities of domestic violence: a social prescription for rethinking police training

This article reviews current research on domestic violence with an eye toward its use in developing state-of-the-art police training. The authors argue that four general presuppositions about domestic violence need to be reexamined to develop adequate police training that enhances detection, investigation, and prosecution of these crimes. Chief among these presuppositions are: (a) there is only one kind of domestic violence; (b) most domestic violence is relatively minor; (c) domestic violence is the same as other crimes; and (d) domestic violence calls are extraordinarily dangerous for police officers. We conclude that training on domestic violence is essential, given the changing nature of domestic violence legislation, the unique attention given to police responses, and the unique nature of the crime.
Une relecture des “faits-glissades” dansNadja: Mise en ordre des hantises, déchiffrage des non-dits

L'A. met au jour, dans la facon de passer d'un de ces faits a l'autre, une progression occultee, une logique certaine
Adsorption and Reaction of Acetone over CeOx(111) Thin Films

This study reports the interaction of acetone (CH3COCH3), the simplest ketone, with well ordered CeO2(111) thin film surfaces. The fully oxidized CeO2(111) surface shows a weak interaction with acetone with the sole desorption product (TPD) being acetone at 210 K. The chemisorbed molecule binds to the surface as the η1-acetone species rather than through a bridge-bonded dioxy-configuration. Exposure of a CeO2(111) surface to acetone at 600K removes oxygen as CO and results in the conversion of Ce4+ to Ce3+. Acetone chemisorbs strongly on reduced CeO2−x(111) with molecular acetone desorbing near 500 K. Decomposition also occurs with H2 desorbing between 450 and 600 K and C reacting with O in the ceria to desorb above 650 K. A stable species exists from 200 to 500 K on the reduced surface that has three unique types of C. High resolution C 1s XPS spectra indicate these are Ce−CH2, C−CH3 and C−O species. C k-edge NEXAFS indicates the presence of C═C and C═O bonds. It is postulated that the intermediate is a ...
EVALUATION AND MANAGEMENT OF PEDIATRIC MAJOR TRAUMA

Proper management of the pediatric trauma patient involves most of the components contained within standard trauma protocols. By paying strict attention to the anatomical and physiological differences among the pediatric population, the clinician will be assured the best outcomes. This article outlines the fundamentals of proper management of pediatric trauma patients.
The magnetic amplifier

An elementary magnetic amplifier is considered with and without control current flowing and its limitations are discussed; then a magnetic amplifier with external feedback is examined and the advantages pointed out; finally selfsaturating circuits are evaluated.
The US stock market and the governance of innovative enterprise

During the 1980s and 1990s, the argument that “maximizing shareholder value” results in superior economic performance came to dominate the corporate governance debates. This shareholder-value perspective represents an attempt to construct a theory of corporate governance that is consistent with the neoclassical theory of the market economy. I outline the rationale for the shareholder-value perspective, and show that, rooted in agency theory, it lacks a theory of innovative enterprise. To go beyond agency theory and its shareholder-value perspective, I present a framework for analyzing the functions of the stock market in the business corporation and the influence of these functions on the innovation process. I then apply this framework to the experience of the US ICT industries over the past decade to consider empirically the influences of the five functions of the stock market—summarized as “creation,” “control,” “combination,” “compensation,” and “cash”—on innovative enterprise in US high-technology industries. In the conclusion, I draw out the implications of the changing functions of the stock market for the governance of innovative enterprise. Copyright 2007 , Oxford University Press.
Characterization of 36 additional microsatellite loci in splittail (Pogonichthys macrolepidotus) and cross-amplification in five other native Californian cyprinid species

We characterized 36 new microsatellite markers for splittail (Pogonichthys macrolepidotus), an estuarine fish species endemic to the San Francisco Estuary. Genetic variation was assessed using 25 individuals from the Sacramento River and 16 individuals from the Petaluma River. Number of alleles per locus varies considerably, ranging from 3 to 19. One locus deviated significantly from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium and a single pair of loci was found to be in linkage disequilibrium. Twenty-four markers successfully cross-amplified and were polymorphic in at least one of the five additional California cyprinid species (Ptychocheilus grandis, Siphateles bicolor, Lavinia exilicauda, Orthodon microlepidotus & Mylopharodon conocephalus) examined in this study.
Structural differences within negative and depressive syndrome dimensions in schizophrenia, organic brain disease, and major depression: A confirmatory factor analysis of the positive and negative syndrome scale.

Objective: The emerging dimensional approach to classification and treatment of psychiatric disorders calls for better understanding of diagnosis-related variations in psychiatric syndromes and for proper validation of psychometric scales used for the evaluation of those syndromes. This study tested the hypothesis that negative and depressive syndromes as measured by the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) are consistent across different diagnoses. Method: We administered the PANSS to subjects with schizophrenia (n = 305), organic brain disease (OBD, n = 66) and major depressive disorder (MDD, n = 75). Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to establish if the PANSS items for negative symptoms and for depression fit the hypothesized factor structure and if the item factor loadings were similar among the diagnostic groups. Results: The negative and depressive symptom subscales fit well according to a variety of fit indexes for all groups individually after some modest model modification. However, multisample modeling procedures indicated that the pattern of factor loadings was significantly different among the groups in most cases. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate diagnosis-related variations in the negative and depressive syndrome dimensions in schizophrenia, OBD and MDD. These results also validate limited use of the PANSS for evaluation of negative and depressive syndromes in disorders other than schizophrenia. Larger studies are warranted to further evaluate clinical and nosologic significance of diagnostic categories, dimensions and structures of psychiatric syndromes.
Low platinum loading electrodes for polymer electrolyte fuel cells fabricated using thermoplastic ionomers

Low platinum loading catalyst layers for polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs) consist of a thin film of highly inter-mixed ionomer and catalyst that is applied to the electrolyte membrane. High performances are achieved with loadings as low as 0.12 mg Pt cm−2 at the cathode and even lower loadings are required at the anode. However, the long-term performance of these fuel cells depends upon the structural integrity of the recast, ionomer-bound catalyst layers. The discovery that the inclusion of large cations through a simple ion-exchange process renders perfluorosulfonate ionomers moderately melt-processable is exploited to significantly improve the structural integrity of the catalyst layers. When the thermoplastic form of the solubilized ionomer is used in the membrane catalyzation process, the reproducibility is greatly improved and the long-term performance losses are quite low. Overall, the fuel cells demonstrate less than 10% loss in maximum power over almost 4000 h. An indication of the durability of the catalyst layer and the integrity of the catalyst layer/membrane interface is provided by the high tolerance of such fuel cells to shut-down/start-up and freeze-thaw cycles. Various other aspects of endurance testing and overall operation of such PEFCs are also discussed.
Violence Risk Assessment: Scientific Validity and Evidentiary Admissibility

I. Introduction Violence risk assessment is a critical and expanding part of the practice of mental health law in the United States. "Dangerousness to others" first became one of the pivotal criteria for involuntary hospitalization of people with mental disorders in the 1960s.(1) Courts first imposed tort liability on clinicians who negligently failed to predict their patients' violence in the 1970s.2 In the 1980s, many states statutes enacted statues authorizing involuntary tWa the other method relies on as informal, "in the head," impressionistic, subjective conclusion, reached ... by a human clinical judge.8 The latter is called the clinical approach and the former the actuarial approach. I will consider each in turn. A. Clinical Approaches to Risk Assessment I reviewed research on the accuracy of clinical judgments at predicting the criterion of "violent behavior toward others" in 1981.9 The research concluded that "psychiatrists and psychologists are accurate in no more than one out of three predictions of violent behavior over a several-year period among institutionalized populations that had both committed violence in the past (and thus had high base rates for it) and who were diagnosed as mentally ill."10 Remarkably, only one study of the validity of clinicians at predicting "violence in the comunity" was published between 1979 and 1993.(11) This was a study of court-ordered pretrial mental health assessments conducted in 1978.(12) Consistent with the previous literature, 39% of the defendants rated by clinicians as having a "high" likelihood for being violent to others were reported to have committed dangerous acts during a two-year follow-up, compared to 26% of defendants considered as having a "low" likelihood, a statistically significant difference.13 In the last decade, researchers have shown a renewed interest in the topic of clinical risk assessment.14 For example, Lidz, Mulvey, and Gardner, in what is surely the most sophisticated study published on the clinical prediction of violence, took as their subjects male and female patients being examined in the acute psychiatric emergency room of a large civil hospital. …
Application of a modified differential approximation to radiative transfer in a gray medium between concentric spheres and cylinders

Abstract A modified differential approximation is used to obtain approximate expressions for the radiative flux and temperature distribution in a gray medium enclosed between concentric spheres and concentric cylinders which are held at different temperatures. Quite accurate results are obtained under all conditions since the modified differential approximation correctly accounts for the anisotropy of the enclosure surface radiation. Calculated curves of flux and emissive power (temperature) illustrate the superiority of the modified differential approximation compared with the unmodified differential approximation and with a method of regional averaging.
Corrigendum: Animal models in osteosarcoma

2014; published online: 14 January 2015. Citation: Guijarro MV, Ghivizzani CS and Gibbs PC (2015) Corrigendum: Animal models in osteosarcoma. Front. Genet. 5:475. doi: 10.3389/fgene. 2014.00475 This article was submitted to Cancer Genetics, a section of the journal Frontiers in Genetics. Copyright © 2015 Guijarro, Ghivizzani and Gibbs. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
Growth arrest and leg-length discrepancy

Identification of congenital and acquired etiologies causing alignment disorders and leg-length discrepancies (LLD) in children is important for management. Minor differences in the lengths of the lower extremities are considered a normal variation and usually have no clinical significance. However, LLD of greater than 1 cm can cause altered biomechanics, resulting in scoliosis, back and lower extremity joint pain, pelvic tilt, abnormal gait and premature degenerative joint disease. The purpose of this pictorial essay is to review the imaging spectrum of growth arrest and resultant alignment and leg-length discrepancies in children.
Pharmacochemistry of the platelet purinergic receptors

Platelets contain at least five purinergic G protein-coupled receptors, e.g., the pro-aggregatory P2Y1 and P2Y12 receptors, a P2Y14 receptor (GPR105) of unknown function, and anti-aggregatory A2A and A2B adenosine receptor (ARs), in addition to the ligand-gated P2X1 ion channel. Probing the structure–activity relationships (SARs) of the P2X and P2Y receptors for extracellular nucleotides has resulted in numerous new agonist and antagonist ligands. Selective agents derived from known ligands and novel chemotypes can be used to help define the subtypes pharmacologically. Some of these agents have entered into clinical trials in spite of the challenges of drug development for these classes of receptors. The functional architecture of P2 receptors was extensively explored using mutagenesis and molecular modeling, which are useful tools in drug discovery. In general, novel drug delivery methods, prodrug approaches, allosteric modulation, and biased agonism would be desirable to overcome side effects that tend to occur even with receptor subtype-selective ligands. Detailed SAR analyses have been constructed for nucleotide and non-nucleotide ligands at the P2Y1, P2Y12, and P2Y14 receptors. The thienopyridine antithrombotic drugs Clopidogrel and Prasugrel require enzymatic pre-activation in vivo and react irreversibly with the P2Y12 receptor. There is much pharmaceutical development activity aimed at identifying reversible P2Y12 receptor antagonists. The screening of chemically diverse compound libraries has identified novel chemotypes that act as competitive, non-nucleotide antagonists of the P2Y1 receptor or the P2Y12 receptor, and antithrombotic properties of the structurally optimized analogues were demonstrated. In silico screening at the A2A AR has identified antagonist molecules having novel chemotypes. Fluorescent and other reporter groups incorporated into ligands can enable new technology for receptor assays and imaging. The A2A agonist CGS21680 and the P2Y1 receptor antagonist MRS2500 were derivatized for covalent attachment to polyamidoamine dendrimeric carriers of MW 20,000, and the resulting multivalent conjugates inhibited ADP-promoted platelet aggregation. In conclusion, a wide range of new pharmacological tools is available to control platelet function by interacting with cell surface purine receptors.
Serum Transferrin and Serum Prealbumin Are Early Predictors of Serum Albumin in Chronic Hemodialysis Patients

Protein-calorie malnutrition is a known risk factor for increased morbidity and mortality in maintenance hemodialysis patients (MHD). Serum albumin is the most commonly measured nutritional index in MHD patients because of its easy routine availability and association with outcomes of interest. However, its long half-life of approximately 20 days makes it a late index of nutritional status, and its exclusive use may delay implementation of appropriate nutritional interventions. Serum prealbumin and transferrin have been proposed as earlier nutritional markers. However, the temporal associations among these indices and serum albumin have not been well documented. To assess the ability of serum prealbumin and serum transferrin to predict changes in serum albumin over time, we prospectively analyzed these parameters in 105 MHD patients every month for 6 consecutive months. The mixed model analysis showed that early changes in either serum transferrin or prealbumin predicted and were significantly associated with changes in serum albumin (P<.0001). Using a prototype equation, a change of 0.12 g/dL in serum albumin concentration can be predicted by a 10% change in the same direction of serum transferrin and prealbumin. We conclude that clinically significant changes in albumin can be reliably predicted by earlier changes in serum transferrin and prealbumin.
Ultrahigh strength and ductility of Cu-Nb nanolayered composites

In recent years, the high strength of nanomaterials has gathered much interest in the materials community. Nanomaterials (polycrystalline and composites) have already been used, largely by the semiconductor community, as critical length scales for chip design have decreased to tens of nanometers. However, to ensure reliability of nanomaterials, the mechanisms underlying their structural integrity must be well understood. For these materials to be put into service, not only should their strength be considered, but also ductility, toughness, formability, and fatigue resistance. While some progress has been made into constructing models for the deformation mechanisms governing these behaviors, the body of experimental knowledge is still limited, especially for length scales below 10 nanometers. The results described here show stress-strain curves for nanolaminate composites with individual layer thickness of 40 nm and 5 nm. Nanolaminate composites fabricated via magnetron sputtering comprised of alternating 5 nm thick Cu and Nb multilayers (two relatively soft metals) exhibit strengths on par with hardened tool steel and deformability in compression in excess of 25% [1]. The deformability of nanoscale composites is found to be limited by the onset of geometric instability.
Extrusion method for fabrication of hollow waveguides with 1D photonic bandgap structure

An all-dielectric hollow waveguide structure consisting of radially alternating dielectric layers and exhibiting a photonic bandgap is proposed. Fabrication involves the extrusion of a stack-of-plates into a hollow structure composed of alternating high/low index pairs. Specifically, a billet consisting of alternating glass layers is forced through a die such that laminar flow forces the periodicity from an axial to a radial orientation. The concept is demonstrated using lead-borosilicate and As2Se3 glasses.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The political economy of banking reforms in China, 1993–1997

The weakness of China's banking system poses a serious threat to the sustainability of the country's economic development. This article measures the extent of this weakness and analyzes its causes. It focuses especially on the structural changes in the banking sector, the economic crisis of 1992–1993, and the subsequent financial reforms implemented. The evidence gathered by the author shows that the banking reforms initiated since 1994 have produced mixed results. Although central bank autonomy and bank supervision have improved, political, economic, and institutional constraints have prevented the government from taking more decisive measures to re‐capitalize banks, restructure the debt of state‐owned enterprises, and increase competition in the banking sector quickly. Despite the apparent effectiveness of the short‐term measures taken to bolster public confidence in the banking system, China's banking reform will be a difficult and prolonged process.
Proton Pump Inhibitors for Dyspepsia

Proton pump inhibitors are widely used in many upper gastrointestinal disorders. Dyspepsia is a common problem in primary care and endoscopy is neither feasible nor affordable in the majority of patients. Helicobacter pylori eradication has been shown to be effective, but with the declining prevalence of H. pylori infection in Western countries, alternate strategies are necessary. Proton pump inhibitor therapy is one such alternative and has already been adopted in dyspepsia management guidelines in the USA, UK and Canada. Cost-effectiveness studies suggest that in young patients acid suppression alone is more cost-effective than either endoscopy or testing and treatment for H. pylori in areas with a low prevalence of H. pylori.
The chemical composition of the cuticular wax of cranberry

Abstract Cuticular wax of cranberry fruit (Vaccinium macrocarpon var. Howes) was analysed by thin layer and gas-liquid chromatography in conjunction with mass spectrometry and infrared spectroscopy. The wax was shown to contain n-paraffins (10·7%), n-aldehydes (14·3%), n-alcohols (6·5%), n-fatty acids (9·7%), sterols (5·0%) and pentacyclic triterpene alcohols (5·8%), acetates (6·1%) and acids (30·7%).
Diffusing Genocide Studies, Defusing Genocides

In evaluating the state of the field of comparative genocide studies, this article explores themes such as the ‘‘return to Raphael Lemkin,’’ evident in some recent works; scholarly investigations of the genocidal dynamic in Western colonialism and the parallels in Nazi depredations; and ongoing efforts to ‘‘resurrect’’ littleknown and forgotten genocides of the past. The growing pluralism and internationalization of genocide studies is acknowledged but contrasted with certain parochial features of the field, which endure. This article concludes with observations on the increasingly prominent role of genocide scholars in policy-making and humanitarian spheres.
Rynaxypyr™: A new insecticidal anthranilic diamide that acts as a potent and selective ryanodine receptor activator

Rynaxypyr™ is a highly potent and selective activator of insect ryanodine receptors with exceptional activity on a broad range of Lepidoptera. A strong correlation between insecticidal activity and ryanodine receptor activation is observed along with selective activity against insect over mammalian receptors. The synthesis and biological results are presented.
Large scientific releases

Abstract Mass-injection experiments in space plasmas have been conducted for the last twenty years. These injections trace or stain chemical or physical processes, facilitating diagnosis of the natural state of the space plasma; artificially perturb the space plasma away from equilibrium, isolating and controlling selected parameters; simulate natural or artificial states of space plasmas; and utilize the advantages of space as a laboratory to study fundamental plasma physics. We use the Lagopedo ionospheric-depletion experiments to illustrate the special operational aspects of active experiments, including weather, logistics, communications, and real-time diagnostics. The various objectives and techniques of mass-injection experiments are described by example. The CAMEO experiment, a thermite barium release from a satellite over the nightside polar cap, is an excellent example of the use of barium injections to trace upward ion acceleration. The Periquito Dos experiment provided a “snapshot” view of convection electric fields in the dayside polar cusp region. Project Waterhole, an artificial depletion of the topside auroral ionosphere, attempted to modify the equilibrium character of the field-aligned currents and apparently shut off the aurora in a small space-time volume. The Trigger experiment is another example of an active perturbation experiment, wherein the auroral ionospheric transverse conductivities were modified via a cesium injection. The Buaro experiment, a shaped-charged barium injection perpendicular to the local geomagnetic field, resulted in an ion-beam/background-plasma system being displaced from equilibrium, permitting diagnostics of collisionless coupling of the ion beam to the background plasma.
Platelet amyloid precursor protein processing: a bio-marker for Alzheimer's disease.

The amyloid precursor protein (APP) in brain is processed either by an amyloidogenic pathway by β-secretase and γ-secretase to yield Aβ (β-amyloid 4 kDa) peptide or by α-secretase within the β-amyloid domain to yield non-amyloidogenic products. We have studied blood platelet levels of a 22-kDa fragment containing the Aβ (β-amyloid 4 kDa) peptide, β-secretase (BACE1), α-secretase (ADAM10), and APP isoform ratios of the 120–130 kDa to 110 kDa peptides from 31 Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients and 10 age-matched healthy control subjects. We found increased levels of Aβ4, increased activation of β-secretase (BACE1), decreased activation of α-secretase (ADAM10) and decreased APP ratios in AD patients compared to normal control subjects. These observations indicate that the blood platelet APP is processed by the same amyloidogenic and non-amyloidogenic pathways as utilized in brain and that APP processing in AD patients is altered compared to control subjects and may be a useful bio-marker for the diagnosis of AD, the progression of disease and for monitoring drug responses in clinical trials.
Friction and oxidative wear of 440C ball bearing steels under high load and extreme bulk temperatures

Unlubricated sliding friction and wear of 440C steels in an oxygen environment have been studied under a variety of load, speed, and temperature ranging from approximately -185 to 675 deg C. A specially designed test apparatus with a ball-on-flat geometry has been used for this purpose. The observed dependencies of the initial coefficient of friction, the average dynamic coefficient of friction, and the wear rate on load, speed, and test temperatures have been examined from the standpoint of existing theories of friction and wear. High contact temperatures are generated during the sliding friction, causing rapid oxidation and localized surface melting. A combination of fatigue, delamination, and loss of hardness due to tempering of the martensitic structure is responsible for the high wear rate observed and the coefficient of friction.
H-polarization diffraction by a thick metal-dielectric join

An analysis is presented of the H-polarization diffraction due to a material discontinuity formed by the junction of a thick dielectric half-plane with a metallic half-plane having the same thickness. This is accomplished by first considering the solution of several subproblems. These include the direct diffraction and coupling due to a plane wave incident on a loaded open-ended parallel plate waveguide and radiation and reflection by a waveguide mode. The final solution for diffraction by the metal-dielectric join is obtained by introducing a perfectly conducting stub within the loaded guide and subsequently using the generalized scattering matrix formulation with the stub brought to the waveguide opening. All the analysis relating to the subproblems is done by the dual integral equation approach. As expected, the final expressions involve several Wiener-Hopf split functions which are evaluated numerically or analytically. >