cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The CDC Healthy Aging Research Network: Advancing Science toward Action and Policy for the Evidence-Based Health Promotion Movement.

Despite recent progress in the uptake of evidence-based health promotion (EBHP) programs within communities, many factors contribute to the need to focus on dissemination. These include the growth in the aging population, health care resource limitations, and interests in preserving community-based opportunities for maintaining independence and maximizing quality of life. For these reasons, The Prevention Research Centers’ Healthy Aging Research Network (HAN), funded by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC’s) Healthy Aging Program, has as its core mission, to translate effective healthy aging interventions into sustainable community-based programs. Researchers and community-based stakeholders collaborate across HAN’s seven member center and two affiliate universities (Figure ​(Figure1)1) to develop and implement health promotion programs for older adults at individual, organizational, environmental, and policy levels (1–3). This commentary highlights selected HAN contributions to the EBHP movement from 2001 to 2014. These contributions serve as examples of potential models for future partnership efforts to enhance implementation, dissemination, and sustainability of EBHP programs. Figure 1 CDC Healthy Aging Research Network (HAN) member centers and affiliates (FY 2009-2014).
Ionizing Radiation Selectively Reduces Skin Regulatory T Cells and Alters Immune Function

The skin serves multiple functions that are critical for life. The protection from pathogens is achieved by a complicated interaction between aggressive effectors and controlling functions that limit damage. Inhomogeneous radiation with limited penetration is used in certain types of therapeutics and is experienced with exposure to solar particle events outside the protection of the Earth’s magnetic field. This study explores the effect of ionizing radiation on skin immune function. We demonstrate that radiation, both homogeneous and inhomogeneous, induces inflammation with resultant specific loss of regulatory T cells from the skin. This results in a hyper-responsive state with increased delayed type hypersensitivity in vivo and CD4+ T cell proliferation in vitro. The effects of inhomogeneous radiation to the skin of astronauts or as part of a therapeutic approach could result in an unexpected enhancement in skin immune function. The effects of this need to be considered in the design of radiation therapy protocols and in the development of countermeasures for extended space travel.
The Advantages and Versatility of a High-Energy Collision-Induced Dissociation-Based Strategy for the Sequence and Structural Determination of Proteins

Abstract Because of their high-mass resolution, four-sector tandem mass spectrometers allow high-energy collision-induced dissociation (CID) analysis of the monoisotopic peak of a peptide molecular ion cluster at high sensitivity. Peptide fragment ions formed in these experiments and their nomenclature are described. A comprehensive discussion of manual spectrum interpretation is presented, including studies of tryptic, neutral, N-terminally blocked, glycosylated, and other side chain-modified peptides. Two examples are presented in detail, describing high-energy CID analysis of limited amounts of protein samples (approximately 300 and 50 pmol), which led to successful cloning of these proteins. The latest technical improvements are described and illustrated with a CID spectrum obtained from 160 fmol of peptide.
Interrater agreement of nasal endoscopy for chronic rhinosinusitis

Background: Nasal endoscopy is a routine, important diagnostic tool in the evaluation of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). Although the procedure is ideally “objective,” the subjective nature of endoscopy interpretation and lack of standardization are potential limitations. The goal of this study was to examine the interrater agreement of various categories of nasal endoscopy findings in patients undergoing evaluation for CRS. Methods: Fourteen patients (28 sides) with CRS underwent clinical evaluation, SNOT-22, sinus computed tomography (CT), and digital video nasal endoscopy. Five academic rhinologists blindly reviewed the endoscopies for structural anatomic issues, inflammatory rhinosinusitis findings, and atypical lesions. Statistical comparison of the endoscopy interpretations was performed using the unweighted Fleiss' kappa statistic (Kf). Results: The mean Lund-Mackay CT scan score was 7.8 (standard deviation [SD] 4.9) and the mean SNOT-22 score was 35.8 (SD 22.7). Significant variability was noted among the raters with respect to the various categories of nasal endoscopy findings. The overall levels of interrater agreement for the various categories were as follows: “almost perfect” for atypical lesions (Kf = 0.912); “substantial” for nasal polyps (Kf = 0.693); “moderate” for nasal discharge (Kf = 0.422) and mucosal inflammatory changes of the middle turbinate (Kf = 0.413); and “fair” for edema of the middle meatus (Kf = 0.214), obstruction by nasal septum deviation (Kf = 0.240), and obstruction by the middle turbinate (Kf = 0.276). Conclusion: Significant variability was noted in the interrater agreement for nasal endoscopy findings in this study, with relatively limited agreement on some of the key findings of the procedure. Additional investigation and standardization of nasal endoscopy interpretation is required to improve the clinical utility of the procedure. © 2011 ARS-AAOA, LLC.
Modeling and Analysis of Induction Machines Containing Space Harmonics Part III: Three-Phase Cage Rotor Induction Machines

This part of the paper deals with the application of the general model and equations derived in Parts I and II to the common three-phase, cage rotor induction machines. It describes the procedure used to identify the significant harmonics for a reasonable representation with a low order model. The effects of MIF harmonics on the steady-state and transient behaviors of three sample cage rotor induction machines that have rotors designed to give varying amounts of asynchronous and synchronous torques are examined. Skin effect, skewing of rotor bars, and the influence of slot opening on the MMF are all taken into account in the derivation of the parameters for-these machines. The computational requirement for the solution of the original phase equations is compared with those for the solution of the a-P and d-q component equations.
Herd behaviour and underdogs in the NFL.

Previous research has failed to draw any clear conclusions about the efficiency of the billion-dollar gambling industry for National Football League (NFL) games. We build on previous research and expose a new market inefficiency, which is consistent with the well-documented notion of herd behaviour in behavioural finance. A differential strategy of betting on home and visitor underdogs with large closing lines can produce statistically significant positive returns.
Mutations in the growth hormonereleasing hormone receptor: a new form of dwarfism in humans

We describe a recently identified new form of dwarfism due to isolated growth hormone (GH) deficiency, secondary to inactivating mutations in the GH-releasing hormone receptor (GHRHR) gene. The identical nonsense mutations in the extracellular domain of the GHRHR (E72X or E50X, depending on whether the signal peptide is included in the numbering) has been independently described in three families residing on or originating from the Indian subcontinent (Pakistan, the Bombay region, and Delft near Sri Lanka). Another inactivating mutation, involving the donor splice site of intron 1, has been identified in a population in north-eastern Brazil. Genetic transmission is autosomal recessive; the gene is located on the short arm of chromosome 7. Affected subjects have severe isolated GH deficiency and postnatal growth failure, with a mean adult height of 130 cm for men and 114 cm for women (7-8 standard deviations below the norm). Dwarfism is proportional; a characteristic feature is relative microcephaly, which results in a 'miniaturized adult', eumorphic aspect. Bone age and puberty are delayed, but fertility appears normal. This new syndrome corresponds to the human homologue of the previously identified 'little mouse'.
Targeted imaging of tumor-associated M2 macrophages using a macromolecular contrast agent PG-Gd-NIR813

Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are diverse population containing multiple subtypes. M2 macrophages promote tumor growth and metastasis, in part by secreting a wide range of proangiogenic factors and growth factors. Selective depletion of M2 macrophages has been evaluated as a novel approach to anti-cancer therapy. In this study, a dual magneto-optical imaging probe, PG-Gd-NIR813 was synthesized and evaluated for non-invasive assessment of TAMs after intravenous injection. PG-Gd-NIR813 injected in nude rats bearing C6 tumors showed high uptake of the polymeric contrast agent in the tumor at 1 and 48 h after injection both in vivo and ex vivo optical imaging. T(1)-weighted MR imaging results showed accumulation of PG-Gd-NIR813 into the tumor necrotic area, which was confirmed by TUNEL staining of resected tumors. The uptake of PG-Gd-NIR813 within tumor necrosis decreased after animals were treated by the macrophage-depleting agent. Immunohistochemical staining demonstrated that PG-Gd-NIR813 colocalized with CD68 (marker for macrophages) and CD169 (marker for activated macrophages), but not with CD163 (residential macrophages). Using combined near-infrared fluorescence imaging and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), we demonstrated that the accumulation of PG-Gd-NIR813 in tumors was mediated through M2 TAMs. Therefore, poly(L-glutamic acid) based reagents could be potentially used to image response to antitumor therapies targeted at M2 TAMs. Furthermore, poly(L-glutamic acid) is a promising carrier for candidate immunotherapeutics targeting M2 TAMs.
Carbohydrate malabsorption is minimal in school-age cystic fibrosis children.

Fifteen school-age cystic fibrosis children, participating in a year-long nutritional management study, were hospitalized at six-month intervals for balance studies during which they continued “free-choice” diets and their usual enzyme supplementation. Stools were analyzed for fat and protein by conventional methods and for carbohydrate using a recently validated anthrone method. Despite persistent fat and protein malabsorption, less than 1% of ingested carbohydrate was lost intact in the stools. Comparison of baseline and placebo balance studies showed fecal excretion of carbohydrate to be independent of intake, in contrast to the fat and protein results. Using a thin-layer chromatography method capable of detecting microgram quantities of urinary organic acids, no short-chain fatty acids were detected in the stool. Further exploration of carbohydrate as a dietary energy source for this patient group with increased energy demands should be pursued.
Selection of strategies for narrowing choice options: Antecedents and consequences

This study investigates the antecedents (task and decision maker characteristics) and consequences (set size and decision quality) of prescreening strategy selection. In Experiment 1 we investigated which strategy, inclusion or exclusion, is more natural for narrowing choices in tasks with a single correct answer; about 70% of the participants selected exclusion. Experiment 2 directly contrasted correct answer tasks with personal judgment tasks, using the same foils for the two tasks. Participants were more likely to use exclusion for items with a correct answer than for personal judgments. In Experiment 3, participants could choose different strategies for different items and rated the difficulty of each item. The greater the perceived difficulty of an item, the more likely participants were to choose an exclusion strategy. In all three experiments exclusion led to larger set sizes, across task type and experimental design. There were no differences in decision quality as a function of strategy selection after correcting for set size. Individual differences based on personality inventories were not found to be good predictors of strategy selection, but had moderate effects on set size for personal judgment tasks. Results are discussed in terms of a status quo bias for adding or deleting options from an initial reference frame.
Overview of the Second Texas Air Quality Study (TexAQS II) and the Gulf of Mexico Atmospheric Composition and Climate Study (GoMACCS)

[1] The Second Texas Air Quality Study (TexAQS II) was conducted in eastern Texas during 2005 and 2006. This 2-year study included an intensive field campaign, TexAQS 2006/Gulf of Mexico Atmospheric Composition and Climate Study (GoMACCS), conducted in August–October 2006. The results reported in this special journal section are based on observations collected on four aircraft, one research vessel, networks of ground-based air quality and meteorological (surface and radar wind profiler) sites in eastern Texas, a balloon-borne ozonesonde-radiosonde network (part of Intercontinental Transport Experiment Ozonesonde Network Study (IONS-06)), and satellites. This overview paper provides operational and logistical information for those platforms and sites, summarizes the principal findings and conclusions that have thus far been drawn from the results, and directs readers to appropriate papers for the full analysis. Two of these findings deserve particular emphasis. First, despite decreases in actual emissions of highly reactive volatile organic compounds (HRVOC) and some improvements in inventory estimates since the TexAQS 2000 study, the current Houston area emission inventories still underestimate HRVOC emissions by approximately 1 order of magnitude. Second, the background ozone in eastern Texas, which represents the minimum ozone concentration that is likely achievable through only local controls, can approach or exceed the current National Ambient Air Quality Standard of 75 ppbv for an 8-h average. These findings have broad implications for air quality control strategies in eastern Texas.
The effect of commercial policy on international migration flows: the case of the United States and Mexico.

Abstract Microeconomic simulations are performed to determine the impact of liberalized commodity trade on Mexican immigrant supply to the United States. The results suggest that a removal of trade barriers will reduce migration flows, but that the reduction will be fairly modest. Specifically, if both countries move from the levels of protection characteristic of the mid-1960s to completely free trade, the ratio of real U.S.-Mexican wages falls by roughly 18 percent. Using an upper bound for the range of empirical estimates of the wage elasticity of immigrant supply, this implies a maximum reduction in migration flows of 35 percent. A unilateral elimination of trade barriers by the United States reduces Mexican immigrant supply by a maximum of 14 per cent.
Kinematic equations for industrial manipulators

A method for developing the kinematic equations of motion for a six degree‐of‐freedom manipulator is presented, which can be applied to most commercially available robots. Cartesian coordinate frames are assigned to each link so that the number of transcendental and arithmetic operations needed to transform from coordinates in one frame to any other frame is minimised.
Evolution of proton pumping ATPases: Rooting the tree of life

Proton pumping ATPases are found in all groups of present day organisms. The F-ATPases of eubacteria, mitochondria and chloroplasts also function as ATP synthases, i.e., they catalyze the final step that transforms the energy available from reduction/oxidation reactions (e.g., in photosynthesis) into ATP, the usual energy currency of modern cells. The primary structure of these ATPases/ATP synthases was found to be much more conserved between different groups of bacteria than other parts of the photosynthetic machinery, e.g., reaction center proteins and redox carrier complexes. These F-ATPases and the vacuolar type ATPase, which is found on many of the endomembranes of eukaryotic cells, were shown to be homologous to each other; i.e., these two groups of ATPases evolved from the same enzyme present in the common ancestor. (The term eubacteria is used here to denote the phylogenetic group containing all bacteria except the archaebacteria.) Sequences obtained for the plasmamembrane ATPase of various archaebacteria revealed that this ATPase is much more similar to the eukaryotic than to the eubacterial counterpart. The eukaryotic cell of higher organisms evolved from a symbiosis between eubacteria (that evolved into mitochondria and chloroplasts) and a host organism. Using the vacuolar type ATPase as a molecular marker for the cytoplasmic component of the eukaryotic cell reveals that this host organism was a close relative of the archaebacteria. A unique feature of the evolution of the ATPases is the presence of a non-catalytic subunit that is paralogous to the catalytic subunit, i.e., the two types of subunits evolved from a common ancestral gene. Since the gene duplication that gave rise to these two types of subunits had already occurred in the last common ancestor of all living organisms, this non-catalytic subunit can be used to root the tree of life by means of an outgroup; that is, the location of the last common ancestor of the major domains of living organisms (archaebacteria, eubacteria and eukaryotes) can be located in the tree of life without assuming constant or equal rates of change in the different branches. A correlation between structure and function of ATPases has been established for present day organisms. Implications resulting from this correlation for biochemical pathways, especially photosynthesis, that were operative in the last common ancestor and preceding life forms are discussed.
Usage of a web-based food safety course to teach high school teachers

Abstract The purpose of this study was to develop a web-based food safety course for high school teachers that teach food and culinary practices and evaluate its effectiveness on knowledge gained. Seventy-nine teachers successfully completed the course which was broken into basic microbiology, food microbiology, sanitation, and food handling sections. Teachers scored 53.2% correct answers on the food safety knowledge pre-test. Post-test scores improved to 90.4% correct. Teachers indicated that they would be “very willing” to participate in another web-based course. Web-based teaching appears to be an effective method for teaching food safety to high school teachers that teach food and culinary education.
The Human WASP-interacting Protein, WIP, Activates the Cell Polarity Pathway in Yeast

WIP, the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein-interacting protein, is a human protein involved in actin polymerization and redistribution in lymphoid cells. The mechanism by which WIP reorganizes actin cytoskeleton is unknown. WIP is similar to yeast verprolin, an actin- and myosin-interacting protein required for polarized morphogenesis. To determine whether WIP and verprolin are functional homologues, we analyzed the function of WIP in yeast. WIP suppresses the growth defects of VRP1 missense and null mutations as well as the defects in cytoskeletal organization and endocytosis observed in vrp1-1 cells. The ability of WIP to replace verprolin is dependent on its WH2 actin binding domain and a putative profilin binding domain. Immunofluorescence localization of WIP in yeast cells reveals a pattern consistent with its function at the cortical sites of growth. Thus, like verprolin, WIP functions in yeast to link the polarity development pathway and the actin cytoskeleton to generate cytoskeletal asymmetry. A role for WIP in cell polarity provides a framework for unifying, under a common paradigm, distinct molecular defects associated with immunodeficiencies like Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome.
Routine Wavenumber Calibration of an FT-Raman Spectrometer:

A readily automated procedure for testing and calibrating the wavenumber shift scale of an FT-Raman spectrometer is described. The procedure uses atomic lines as wavenumber standards. An apodization procedure is used in accurately determining the line positions to a fraction of the sampling interval. A fiber-optic bundle conveniently couples the output from a hollow cathode lamp to the collection optics of the Raman accessory. Results are reported and compared for both thorium and neon atomic lines. Acetonitrile is suggested as a wavenumber shift standard, and peak shifts have been measured for its major features. Peak shift values are reported for 11 lines of cyclohexane.
Role of CYP2E1 in the Hepatotoxicity of Acetaminophen

CYP2El, a cytochrome P-450 that is well conserved across mammalian species, metabolizes ethanol and many low molecular weight toxins and cancer suspect agents. The cyp2e1 gene was isolated, and a mouse line that lacks expression of CYP2E1 was generated by homologous recombination in embryonic stem cells. Animals deficient in expression of the enzyme were fertile, developed normally, and exhibited no obvious phenotypic abnormalities, thus indicating that CYP2E1 has no critical role in mammalian development and physiology in the absence of external stimuli. When cyp2el knockout mice were challenged with the common analgesic acetaminophen, they were found to be considerably less sensitive to its hepatotoxic effects than wild-type animals, indicating that this P-450 is the principal enzyme responsible for the metabolic conversion of the drug to its active hepatotoxic metabolite.
Rigorous approach to gravitational lensing

We revisit a weak gravitational lensing problem by constructing a setup which describes the actual system as accurately as possible and solving the null geodesic equations. Details are given for the case of a universe driven only by a cosmological constant, $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$, which confirm the conventional results: The conventional lensing analysis is correct as it is, without any need for correction of $\mathcal{O}(\ensuremath{\Lambda})$. We also treat the cases of the lensing in generic Friedmann-Robertson-Walker backgrounds.
Syntactic and semantic correlates of verbal tics in Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome: a quantitative case study

Abstract A two-hour sample of the speech of a patient suffering from Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome was analyzed. Coprolalic verbal tics are a major symptom of this disorder. In contrast to findings with other speech dysfluencies, verbal tics in Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome tend to occur at points of low information or uncertainty in sentences. They were found to be especially probable before conjunctions and pronouns. Sentences containing verbal tics exhibited more primary process and less secondary process content than sentences not containing tics. Tic sentence words were connotatively less potent, less active, less evaluatively negative, and more aggressive than words in nontic sentences. A neurolinguistic model of the syndrome is proposed: Necessity for grammatical coordination elicits the tic because of overactivity of subcortical centers that mediate this operation. Semantic determinants of the tic hypothetically operate by influencing cortical arousal which in turn triggers the subcortical centers.
The Mordellidae (Coleoptera) of the Maritime provinces of Canada

The Mordellidae of the Maritime provinces of Canada is surveyed. Thirty species have now been recorded from the region. Of these, 17 are newly recorded for Nova Scotia, 11 are newly recorded for Prince Edward Island, and 7 are newly recorded for New Brunswick, for a to- tal of 35 new provincial records. Three species, Mordellistena indistincta Smith, Mordellistena rubrifascia Liljeblad, and Mordellistena rubrilabris Helmuth, are newly recorded for Canada, while a further 11 species, Mordella melaena Germar, Mordellistena aspersa (Melsheimer), Mordellistena errans Fall, Mordellistena morula LeConte, Mordellistena picilabris Helmuth, Mordellistena sericans Fall, Mordellistena vilis (LeConte), Mordellina ancilla (LeConte), Mordellina nigricans (Melsheimer), Mordellina pustulata (Melsheimer), and Glipostenoda ambusta (LeConte), are newly recorded for Atlantic Canada. One subspecies, Mordella atrata lecontei Csiki, is removed from the region's faunal listing. The composition of the region's fauna as a whole, and related biogeographic questions, are briefly discussed. The Mordellidae are also discussed in the context of forest beetle communities in the region and the impact of historical forest management practices on old-growth specialist species.
Delay-Optimized Network Coding for Video Streaming over Wireless Networks

In this paper, we study delay-optimized network coding for video streaming over wireless networks with network coding capabilities. It has been demonstrated that network coding can increase throughput in wireless networks, by mixing packets from different flows into a single packet, thus increasing the information content per transmission. However, network coding potential is not always fully exploited in this setting, because there may not be enough packets at intermediate nodes to do network coding due to bursty nature of transport protocols, packet losses, and difference in path delays. One way to deal with this problem is to delay packets at intermediate nodes in order to create more network coding opportunities. However, introducing large or varying delays eventually hurts video traffic, which requires low delay and delay jitter. In this paper, we study this tradeoff in coded wireless networks, and we propose a packet delaying scheme at intermediate nodes to maximize video quality.
Tutoring for retention

Peer tutoring is a simple, low-cost intervention that can be implemented in CS1/2 courses. It is hypothesized that peer tutoring helps students build a sense of community, succeed in course work, and build confidence to take further courses in the major. This paper examines the latter two hypotheses by examining the predicted and actual behavior of students in CS1/2. Course performance improvements were observed, which also strongly influence retention in computing-related courses. The measures also point to further research directions, such as social influences and the impact of peer tutoring relative to office hours or online forums.
Does quitting smoking during pregnancy have a long-term impact on smoking status?

Background Although pregnancy is often viewed as a unique opportunity to engage women in positive health changes, including smoking cessation, it is not clear whether, or to what extent, smoking cessation initiated during pregnancy persists long term after pregnancy. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relation between smoking cessation during pregnancy and smoking status three years later.
Causation in biology: stability, specificity, and the choice of levels of explanation

This paper attempts to elucidate three characteristics of causal relationships that are important in biological contexts. Stability has to do with whether a causal relationship continues to hold under changes in background conditions. Proportionality has to do with whether changes in the state of the cause “line up” in the right way with changes in the state of the effect and with whether the cause and effect are characterized in a way that contains irrelevant detail. Specificity is connected both to David Lewis’ notion of “influence” and also with the extent to which a causal relation approximates to the ideal of one cause–one effect. Interrelations among these notions and their possible biological significance are also discussed.
Classification of Human Parasites

Plasmodium falciparum Amebae (Intestinal) Babesia species Entamoeba histolytica Flagellates (Leishmaniae, Trypanosomes) Entamoeba dispar* Leishmania tropica complex Entamoeba hartmanni Leishmania mexicana complex Entamoeba coli ~Entamoeba cc~~oll~~i ~Leishmania braziliensis complex Entamoeba polecki Endtamoeba poleki Leishmania donovani complex Endolimax nana lodamoeba buitschlii Leishmania peruviana Blastocystis hominis Trypanosoma brucei gambiense Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense Flagellates (Intestinal) Trypanosoma cruzi Giardia lambliat Trypanosoma rangeli Chilomastix mesnili
Wavefront correction with photon echoes

Abstract If a first pulse with accumulated phase ϕ( x , y , z 0 ) and a plane wave second pulse generate a photon echo, the echo has phase -ϕ( x , y , z 0 ) and is wavefront corrected when returned along the path of the first pulse.
Who’s getting the message? intervention response rates among women who inject drugs and/or smoke crack cocaine

Background. Injection drug users (IDUs) who also smoke crack may be at greatest risk for infection with HIV as well as other blood-borne and sexually transmitted infections and in most need of positive behavioral changes. Methods. Three hundred and thirty-three women (aged 18 –59 years) were randomly assigned to one of two enhanced gender- and culturally specific HIV intervention conditions or to the NIDA standard condition. Of primary interest in this study were baseline risk and intervention response rates among three groups of drug users—IDUs who did not smoke crack, IDUs who did smoke crack, and crack smokers who did not inject. Univariate and multivariate methods were utilized, including generalized estimating equations. Results. The intervention produced positive behavioral changes over time, but response rates varied according to drug using group. Overall, women falling into the crack smoking IDU category appeared to be less responsive to the intervention than those in the other drug using groups, and participants in the crack smoking only group were less responsive than those in the IDU only group. Conclusions. Results presented here indicate the continuing need to develop and target effective interventions to particular subgroups of high-risk individuals who may be most resistant to change. © 2003 American Health Foundation and Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
Neighbourhood Deprivation, Social Capital and Regular Exercise during Adulthood: A Multilevel Study in Chicago

This multilevel research examines the contextual effects of neighbourhood SES and social capital indicators on physical activity over and above individual socio-demographic background. Using 1990 census data and two social surveys, the hypotheses are tested among 907 Chicagoans in 242 neighbourhoods in 1996. Significant interaction effects are found with gender and both neighbourhood SES and social capital; women's physical activity level is more responsive to neighbourhood context. Controlling for socio-demographic factors at the individual level and the interaction effects between neighbourhood variables and gender, social capital and neighbourhood SES appear to be significant correlates of individual physical activity. Moreover, contrary to most findings in the neighbourhood effects research on health, the data show that the effects of neighbourhood SES are stronger than the effects of household income. Interventions promoting physical activity should incorporate local environmental features into their...
Hormonal control of the phosphorylation of histones, HMG proteins and other nuclear proteins

Hormone-dependent phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of nuclear proteins may play an important part in regulating nuclear function and specific gene expression. Some progress has been made in identifying specific nuclear proteins whose phosphorylation is affected by specific hormones; however, relatively little is known about the regulatory mechanisms involved, or about the molecular consequences of increased or decreased phosphorylation. It is suspected--but not yet proved--that cAMP-dependent effects on transcription are mediated at least partly by increases in nuclear cAMP-dependent protein kinase (A-kinase) activity, and consequent increases in the phosphorylation of specific chromatin proteins. In several instances, increased phosphorylation has been found to precede or correlate with cAMP-mediated induction of specific gene products. Several chromatin proteins are susceptible to cAMP-dependent phosphorylation in vivo, including histones H1 and H3, the high mobility group protein HMG 14 (which is preferentially associated with actively transcribed chromatin), and at least three other basic nonhistone proteins. The A-kinase phosphorylation sites of the majority of H1, H3 and HMG 14 molecules in chromatin appear to be inaccessible to A-kinase in vivo; nothing is known about the factors determining their accessibility, which may be tightly regulated and may vary significantly from cell to cell and tissue to tissue. Many hormone-induced changes in nuclear protein phosphorylation may be cAMP-independent. cAMP-independent mechanisms could involve a variety of nuclear enzymes including, for example, cGMP-dependent, Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent, Ca2+/phospholipid-dependent and polyamine-dependent protein kinases. So far, however, there is little solid evidence in support of a role for any specific cAMP-independent protein kinase in mediating hormonally induced increases in the phosphorylation of specific, identified nuclear proteins.
Supervision: The challenge of the new student

SYCHIATRY IS CHANGING. Many of its practitioners are rethinking goals and tactics.’ The current psychiatric resident differs from his predecessors as he questions his teachers with an intensity and persistence only occasionally seen in earlier years. Nicholi, writing about campus disorders, suggests that remoteness and invisibility of some administrators alienated a large segment of the college community and facilitated outbursts against authority figures.’ Recent experience with psychiatric residents suggests that the problem students described by Nicholi are now in graduate programs. Student dissatisfaction, which has demanded reevaluation of teaching methods in universities throughout the country, has lately affected the teaching and learning in psychiatry. Students appear who spent their adolescent and young adult years in a youth culture that has taught that authority must be rejected, that history is irrelevant, that feelings and intuition are the standards by which all behavior should be judged. Experienced teachers have found that these students are lacking in objectivity, scientific curiosity, or scholarship, are intolerant of opposing views, and, at times are accustomed to extravagant praise for minimal accomplishment. Disputing or ignoring teachers is not only acceptable to some students, but thought of as a display of integrity and true feeling. In this context, the teacher’s task becomes difficult and challenging. Supervision, the tutorial one-to-one relationship, traditionally the keystone of psychiatric education, may be a particularly useful approach in the training of the contemporary candidate. Supervision encompasses several tasks. Its teaching aspect has been ably reviewed by Escoll and Wood.3 Much also has been written about the supervisor-student relationship and about problems in learning which arise from unconsciously motivated attitudes. 3-1o Undue emphasis on these two aspects of psychiatric education implies that the teacher’s principal task is that of psychotherapist and the student is primarily a patient. Even Tarachow, who begins the discussion of the supervisory process with the warning that it differs from psychotherapy, flounders at the conclusion, stating “ . . . in a sense it (supervision) is a variety of psychotherapy.” i1 Escoll and Wood suggest that the supervisor may “help the resident integrate the varying influences to which he is exposed.“3 We propose that integration of varying influences is not possible, and that the supervisor must help the resident maintain a critically calm position in face of data which cannot be made to agree. Supervision involves authority and responsibility. Escoll and Wood appear to be describing the traditional situation where the student expects to learn from his teachers, and where the teachers are confident that their psychotherapeutic skills will see them through most difficulties.3 The supervisors of the ‘70’s increasingly encounter a
Probing vacuum stability bounds at the fermilab collider

If the top quark mass is above 86 GeV, then a stringent lower bound on the mass of the Higgs boson arises from the requirement of vacuum stability. We calculate the bound as precisely as possible by numerically solving the renormalization group equations to two-loop order. If the lower bound on the top mass is 100 (110, 120) GeV, the lower bound to the Higgs mass is found to be 20 (34, 50) GeV. Thus, if the standard model is correct, then a nondiscovery of the top quark at the Fermilab Collider implies that the Higgs boson cannot be discovered at CUSB, SLC or LEP I.
Separation of spontaneously differentiating and cell cycle-specific populations of HL-60 cells

The human leukemia cell line HL-60 consists predominantly of abnormal promyelocytes. When grown in RPMI-1640 and 10% FCS between 5 and 10% of these cells spontaneously differentiate into more mature myeloid cells, becoming smaller in size and developing the ability to generate superoxide. Centrifugal elutriation was used to separate these G0 cells from the bulk of the cycling G1, S and G2M cells. These isolated differentiating cells are shown to be similar in size, DNA content, RNA content and NBT positivity not only to granulocyte induced HL-60 cells but also to human peripheral blood granulocytes. This methodology allows the study of differentiative vs proliferative processes through the quick one-step generation of homogeneous subpopulations of G0, G1, S and G2M cells.
What is the Worth of Free Casino Credit

.THE ZARIN CASE In 1980, a compulsive gambler named David Zarin used a generous credit line to run up a huge debt playing craps in an Atlantic City casino. When the casino finally cut off Zarin's credit, he owed over $3 million. Due in part to New Jersey's laws protecting compulsive gamblers, the debt was deemed unenforceable by the courts, leading the casino to settle with Zarin for a small fraction of the amount he owed. Later, the Internal Revenue Service tried to collect taxes on the approximately $3 million Zarin didn't repay, claiming that cancellation of the debt made it taxable income. Since Zarin had never actually received any cash (he was always given chips, which he promptly lost at the craps table), an appellate court finally ruled that Zarin had no tax obligation [6]. The courts never asked what Zarin's credit line was actually worth. Surely, it was worth something. With $3 million dollars in chips to play with, there is a chance, albeit small, that a gambler will make a profit and leave the casino with cash in his pocket. We will show that, viewed as a gambler's ruin problem making pass line bets at craps, the "worth" of a sufficiently large free line of credit is approximately $197,000. FREE CREDIT Suppose a casino gives you $3 million in chips for gambling, but to redeem chips for cash you must first pay back the $3 million. You incur no debt if you lose. You restrict your betting to the pass line bet in craps. What is your optimal betting strategy and how much profit will it yield on the average? To answer this question, we must define "optimal." According to the laws of probability, in repeated play of a game in which the house has an edge, you will eventually end up broke no matter what strategy you use. We have to settle for something more modest than guaranteed success.
Heparan sulfate in the nucleus and its control of cellular functions.

Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG) are present on the cell surface, within the extracellular matrix, and as soluble molecules in tissues and blood. HSPGs are known to regulate a wide range of cellular functions predominantly by serving as co-receptors for growth factors, chemokines, and other regulatory proteins that control inflammation, wound healing and tumorigenesis. Several studies have demonstrated the presence of heparan sulfate (HS) or HSPGs in the cell nucleus, but little attention has been focused on their role there. However, evidence is mounting that nuclear HS and HSPGs have important regulatory functions that impact the cell cycle, proliferation, transcription and transport of cargo to the nucleus. The discovery of proteoglycans in the nucleus extends the list of “non-traditional nuclear proteins” that includes, for example, cytoskeletal proteins such as actin and tubulin, and growth factors and their receptors. In this review we discuss the discovery and fascinating roles of HS and HSPGs in the nucleus and propose a number of key questions that remain to be addressed.
Quantitative methods for design of benchmark suites

We present black-box models of workload difference and we then to develop quantitative methods for the design of benchmark suites. The proposed design methods (the method of optimum subsets, and the method of optimum weights) combine a new concept of program space coverage functions, and the criteria of completeness, redundancy, density, and granularity of benchmark suites.
Responses to Commentaries by Jansen and Banja

We are pleased that Dr. Jansen has had an opportunity to comment on our article inasmuch as we discussed the article she co-authored with Dr. Sulmasy and suggested that it is the only existing conceptual analysis of suffering at the end of life that might possibly support the American Medical Association (AMA) policy, which was our primary focus. Nevertheless, her comments do not assuage our concerns about the purported distinctions among types of severe and intractable suffering that may be experienced by the dying and the palliative measures that ethically may be made available to relieve them. Turning to Dr. Banja's commentary, we can only conclude from his repeated use of the term “terminal sedation” that he rejects, albeit without supporting argument, our assertion, in concert with most palliative care professionals, that such a characterization of sedation to unconsciousness for intractable terminal suffering is both conceptually flawed and terribly misleading. Of much greater concern …
Automated optical inspection for die prep

During the wafer dicing process, the die are separated from a wafer of semiconductor. The dicing saw will leave the damage on the backside of the wafer and this damage needs to be accessed and inspected. The main damage on the backside of the wafer is chipping and delamination that can reduce the die strength. Backside chipping becomes a yield issue when micro-cracks exceed a certain length which may increase the sensitivity of the devices to thermal cycling and lower their reliability. This paper proposes an automated image analysis algorithm to measure the damage occurring during the die segregation process. The main elements of the system are the image capture tool and the algorithm which analyzes the captured images and quantifies the amount of chipping and delamination on the die edge along with the shift in the location of the die within the frame. The system does not require a reference image and can automatically measure the extent of chipping and delamination without human supervision. The paper provides examples of the application of the algorithm to a sequence of images.
Optimum Angles for a Polarimeter: Part II

The four optimum rotation angles for a polarimeter consisting of a quarter-wave plate in conjunction with a linear polarizer are found. This is done by using the determinant and condition numbers of the system measurement matrix as objective functions in a minimization procedure. The four angles so found result in the polarimeter's estimate of the incident Stokes vector to have a minimum sensitivity with respect to fluctuations in the detected flux and errors in the angular position of the optical components constituting the polarimeter. Four optimal angles are presented. These four angles also retain a simplicity of form for the measurement matrix.
Environmental Signals Modulate ToxT-Dependent Virulence Factor Expression in Vibrio cholerae

The regulatory protein ToxT directly activates the transcription of virulence factors in Vibrio cholerae, including cholera toxin (CT) and the toxin-coregulated pilus (TCP). Specific environmental signals stimulate virulence factor expression by inducing the transcription of toxT. We demonstrate that transcriptional activation by the ToxT protein is also modulated by environmental signals. ToxT expressed from an inducible promoter activated high-level expression of CT and TCP in V. cholerae at 30 degrees C, but expression of CT and TCP was significantly decreased or abolished by the addition of 0.4% bile to the medium and/or an increase of the temperature to 37 degrees C. Also, expression of six ToxT-dependent TnphoA fusions was modulated by temperature and bile. Measurement of ToxT-dependent transcription of genes encoding CT and TCP by ctxAp- and tcpAp-luciferase fusions confirmed that negative regulation by 37 degrees C or bile occurs at the transcriptional level in V. cholerae. Interestingly, ToxT-dependent transcription of these same promoters in Salmonella typhimurium was relatively insensitive to regulation by temperature or bile. These data are consistent with ToxT transcriptional activity being modulated by environmental signals in V. cholerae and demonstrate an additional level of complexity governing the expression of virulence factors in this pathogen. We propose that negative regulation of ToxT-dependent transcription by environmental signals prevents the incorrect temporal and spatial expression of virulence factors during cholera pathogenesis.
The Political Origins of Coordinated Capitalism: Business Organizations, Party Systems, and State Structure in the Age of Innocence

Agood deal more than the English Channel separates the coordinated market economies of continental Europe from their liberal cousins to the west; yet, scholars remain puzzled about the origins of these divergent economic models. How, for example, do the “virtuous circles” of coordination manage to take hold in many European nation states, whereas the Tocquevillian patterns of cooperation fail to thrive beyond American communities? At the dawn of the 20th century, employers and their government supporters across the Western world sought to develop peak business associations to nurture developmental capitalism; yet, these experiments in nonmarket coordination ultimately resulted in quite different organizational forms. Some countries produced fragmented or “pluralist” associations, whereas others de
Latency-Based Supervisors for Enforcing Deadlines in Time Petri Nets

We outline a supervisory control method for enforcing deadlines in real-time systems modeled as time Petri nets. Given a time Petri net NscrT, a net transition td, and a deadline d, we generate supervisory controllers that force td to fire at most d time units since the previous firing of td. Our method uses the unfolding of the ordinary (untimed) Petri net underlying Nscr T in order to define control supervisors enforcing the deadline. The unfolding of a Petri net is an acyclic Petri net whose markings correspond to the markings of the original Petri net. An advantage of net unfoldings is that they show the causal relation among transition firings in the original Petri net. Using a net unfolding, we define a so-called latency for each transition in NscrT, which we assume to be live. The latency of a transition is an upper bound on the delay between the firing of that transition and the firing of td. Our supervisory controllers dynamically disable the firing of transitions whose latency is greater than the time left until the expiration of the deadline on td. Here we discuss the most crucial aspect of this method, namely the definition of transition latencies from net unfoldings
Formal Models of Capability-Based Protection Systems

The role of formal modeling in the study of capability- based protection systems is explained. Historical background is presented and a model of a computer science department's computer system is presented. A survey of several important capability-based models is given including the Harrison, Ruzzo, Ullman model, the Take-Grant model, and grammatical models. These models are presented in a unified manner with consistent terminology. The main results of the models are given. These results are compared, contrasted, and interpreted in the context of numerous examples.