cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intragroup and Intergroup Social Interactions in White-Handed Gibbons

One of the least studied aspects of the Hylobatidae is their social behavior. In the past, researchers have attributed this to a general lack of affiliative social interactions due to small group size and the hostile nature of intergroup encounters. Data collected on white-handed gibbons (Hylobates lar) in Khao Yai National Park, Thailand, indicate that gibbons engage in higher rates of social behavior than had previously been appreciated. In addition to relatively high rates of intragroup social contact, gibbons engaged in social behavior, including play and grooming, with members of neighboring groups. These findings obligate a renewed consideration of the nature and function of territoriality in primates.
Psychotherapy of Schizophrenia

A discussion of the future of Psychotherapy Research in Schizophrenia must consider not only the directions that we may want to go, but also the deeper conceptual and social context that may influence these directions and affect the course of the research.
Dangers from Landslides

Landslides cause $1 billion to $2 billion damage and nearly 50 deaths annually in the United States. In this chapter landslides are divided into landslides in soil and landslides in rock. Landslides and debris flows in soil occur through the rock medium displaying common features including cusp-shaped head scarps and jumbled outflow patterns. Landslides in rock occur along weakness planes (faults and fractures), and display geometric shapes corresponding to these weakness zones. Rock mass geometry is discussed and two analysis methods (fracture tensor and Fry diagram) are proposed for use with aerial photographs to characterize rock mass geometry and permeability.
Hypertension and smoking are associated with reduced regional left ventricular function in asymptomatic individuals: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis

Objectives This study sought to test the hypothesis that reduced regional left ventricular (LV) function is associated with traditional risk factors including hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and smoking in asymptomatic individuals. Background Coronary artery disease is the main etiology of congestive heart failure in the U.S. and Europe. However, the relationship between risk factors for coronary artery disease and decreased myocardial function has not been studied systematically in asymptomatic individuals. Methods The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) is a cohort study designed to investigate the nature of atherosclerosis in asymptomatic individuals. A total of 1,184 participants (45 to 84 years old) underwent tagged cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Regional LV function was quantified by analyzing peak systolic circumferential strain (Ecc) in regions corresponding to the left anterior descending (LAD), circumflex (LCX), and right coronary (RCA) territories. The association between risk factors and strains was studied using multiple linear regression. Results Higher diastolic blood pressure (DBP) was associated with lower Ecc (p ≤ 0.002). The Ecc’s in the LAD territory of participants with DBP Conclusions Higher diastolic blood pressure and smoking are associated with decreased regional LV function in asymptomatic individuals.
Resuscitative Airway Management for Massive Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage

Massive upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage represents a highly morbid, resource intensive disease entity that requires rapid diagnostic and therapeutic delivery in parallel with mobilization of in-hospital providers for definitive intervention. This report details a unique case demonstrating exceptional collaboration spanning multiple healthcare systems, a novel use of resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta, and a discussion on resuscitative airway management in the setting of massive upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage.
Comprehensive Characterization of Cerebrovascular Dysfunction in Blast Traumatic Brain Injury Using Photoacoustic Microscopy

Abstract Blast traumatic brain injury (bTBI) is a leading contributor to combat-related injuries and death. Although substantial emphasis has been placed on blast-induced neuronal and axonal injuri...
Experimental investigation of thermal-hydraulic performance of discontinuous fin printed circuit heat exchangers for supercritical CO2 power cycles

Abstract The supercritical carbon dioxide (sCO2) Brayton cycles have the potential to attain higher cycle efficiencies than the conventional steam Rankine cycles. Using compact diffusion-bonded heat exchangers for thermal recuperation in sCO2 Brayton cycles can lead to cost-effective, simple, and compact cycle footprint. This study focuses on the experimental thermal-hydraulic performance evaluation of a set of chemically etched discontinuous offset rectangular and airfoil fin surface patterns for use in diffusion bonded heat exchangers. Local and average heat transfer coefficients and pressure drops were measured for a wide range of operating conditions relevant to the sCO2 Brayton cycles. Empirical correlations for the friction factor and the Nusselt number are proposed based on the experimental data. The friction factor correlations were able to reproduce the experimentally measured pressure drops with a standard deviation of ±13.5% and ±14.7% for the discontinuous offset rectangular and airfoil fins respectively. Nusselt number correlations were able to reproduce the experimental Nusselt numbers with standard deviation of ±15.4% and ±8% for the discontinuous offset rectangular and airfoil fins respectively.
The Frictional Response of VC(100) Surfaces: Influence of 1-Octanol and 2,2,2-Trifluoroethanol Adsorption

In this report, we present ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) atomic-scale measurements of the frictional response of the VC(100) surface and the influence on friction through the adsorption of 1-octanol (CH3(CH2)7OH) and 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol (CF3CH2OH). Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has been used to determine the changes in interfacial friction and adhesion, while scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) has revealed changes in surface morphology upon adsorption. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) has been utilized to determine the composition of the surface formed through the reaction of these adsorbates with VC. Adsorption of 1-octanol on the VC(100) surface at room temperature causes a 15% reduction in the friction measured between a clean VC surface and a silicon nitride AFM tip. STM images, combined with XPS results, reveal that 1-octanol does not completely cover the surface and that saturation occurs approximately at a 500L exposure. Adsorption of 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol on the VC(100) surface at room temperature produces a significant increase in friction while at the same time producing a decrease in adhesion. These contrasting results are interpreted in terms of differences in interfacial shear strength, chemical composition, and the molecular details of the adsorbed layer.
Validation of Delphi procedure consensus criteria for defining fetal growth restriction.

OBJECTIVE Recently, a Delphi procedure was used to establish new criteria for defining fetal growth restriction (FGR). These criteria require clinical validation. We sought to validate the Delphi consensus criteria by comparing their performance with that of our current definition (estimated fetal weight (EFW) < 10th percentile) in predicting adverse neonatal outcome (ANO). METHODS This was a secondary analysis of data from a prospective cohort study of women referred for fetal growth assessment between 26 and 36 weeks' gestation. The current standard definition of FGR used in our clinical practice is EFW < 10th percentile using Hadlock's fetal growth standard. The Delphi consensus criteria for FGR include either a very small fetus (abdominal circumference (AC) or EFW < 3rd percentile) or a small fetus (AC or EFW < 10th percentile) with additional abnormal Doppler findings or a decrease in AC or EFW by two quartiles or more. The primary outcome was the prediction of a composite of ANO including one or more of: admission to the neonatal intensive care unit, cord pH < 7.1, 5-min Apgar score < 7, respiratory distress syndrome, intraventricular hemorrhage, neonatal seizures or neonatal death. The discriminatory capacities of the two definitions of FGR for composite ANO and delivery of a small-for-gestational-age (SGA) neonate, defined as birth weight < 10th percentile, were compared using area under the receiver-operating-characteristics curve (AUC). The sensitivity, specificity and predictive values of the methods were also compared. RESULTS Of 1055 pregnancies included in the study, composite ANO occurred in 139 (13.2%). There were only two cases of early FGR (before 32 weeks); therefore, the study focused on late FGR. Our current FGR diagnostic criterion of EFW < 10th percentile was not associated significantly with composite ANO (relative risk (RR), 1.1 (95% CI, 0.6-1.8)), while the Delphi FGR criteria were (RR, 2.0 (95% CI, 1.2-3.3)). Our current definition of FGR showed higher discriminatory ability in the prediction of a SGA neonate (AUC, 0.69 (95% CI, 0.65-0.73)) than did the Delphi definition (AUC, 0.64 (95% CI, 0.60-0.67)) (P = 0.001). The AUCs of both definitions were poor for the prediction of composite ANO, despite slightly improved performance using the Delphi consensus definition of FGR (AUC, 0.53 (95% CI, 0.50-0.55)) compared with that of our current definition (AUC, 0.50 (95% CI, 0.48-0.53)) (P = 0.02). CONCLUSION The newly postulated criteria for defining FGR based on a Delphi procedure detects fewer cases of neonatal SGA than does our current definition of EFW < 10th percentile, but is associated with a slight improvement in predicting ANO. Copyright © 2020 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
A Method to Project Future Impacts From Threats and Conservation on the Probability of Extinction for North American Migratory Monarch (Danaus plexippus) Populations

The United States Fish and Wildlife Service is currently evaluating the monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus) for listing under the Endangered Species Act and using the Species Status Assessment (SSA) framework to estimate and forecast drivers that impact the species’ risk of extinction. To evaluate eastern and western monarch populations the monarch SSA built on a foundation of published population models and other literature to identify current growth rates and information on threats and conservation efforts. Here we present the resulting methodology, which aimed to explore the magnitude of monarch population responses to the aggregation of multiple drivers under various scenarios. Our methodology differs from previous research by developing a series of functional cause and effect relationships that link monarch population-specific responses to threats or conservation actions. We incorporated these population-specific responses into stochastic geometric growth models for both eastern and western populations to estimate the probability of quasi-extinction in 50 years. Our models were parameterized using previously estimated population-specific trend data (growth rates and environmental variability) and expert elicited estimates of population responses to multiple drivers (i.e., amount of available breeding and overwintering habitat, insecticide use, migration resource availability, and climate change). We explored plausible future scenarios with realistic place-holder data to evaluate how changes in these drivers influenced monarch quasi-extinction risk for each population. In addition, we captured uncertainty in quasi-extinction risk by calculating cumulative quasi-extinction risk over a full range of quasi-extinction threshold values which were sampled from a uniform distribution bounded by expert-elicited estimates. In both populations, our baseline for comparison was the “current” condition defined by population-specific growth rate and environmental stochasticity from previous research. The result of the methodology presented here is a novel and comprehensive tool that incorporates the impact of future stressors into projections of population numbers over time. The approach provides a tractable and updatable tool that includes multiple types of information and the associated uncertainty of drivers, population impacts, and risk of extinction. For monarchs, this tool will be critical for incorporating the best scientific and commercial information available in the upcoming listing decision.
Traffic Assignment By The Maximum Principle

In recent years various optimization techniques and algorithms have been used as a basis for traffic assignment. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the use of a weak form of the discrete maximum principle to obtain the optimum traffic assignment to a street network. The technique is presented in the solution of a relatively simple problem involving a rectangular system with linear time functions. Linear turn penalties are also included in the formulation.
Diminished Returns of Parental Education in Terms of Youth School Performance: Ruling out Regression toward the Mean.

Background: Minorities’ Diminished Returns (MDRs) refer to systemically weaker effects of socioeconomic status (SES) indicators on various developmental, behavioral, and health outcomes of ethnic minorities compared to non-Hispanic (non-Latino) Whites. Similar MDRs also exist for the effects of parental education on the school performance of ethnic minority youth. Aim: To assess whether regression toward the mean (RTM) has any role in explaining the diminished effects of parental education on the school performance of Black and Hispanic youth relative to non-Hispanic White youth. Materials and methods: Data for this cross-sectional study came from the Monitoring the Future survey (MTF, 2017), a nationally representative survey of American youth in 12th grade. The sample included 10,262 youth who were 12th graders (typically 17–18 years old). The independent variable was parental education with five categories: Some high school, High school graduate, Some college, College graduate, and Graduate school. The outcome was self-reported school performance measured as grade point average (GPA). Ethnicity was the effect modifier. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Tukey Post Hoc test was used to analyze the data. Data visualization (line graphs) was used to visualize the shape of youth GPA as a function of parental education levels across ethnic groups. Results: While a perfect stepwise increase was seen in youth school performance as a result of parental education improvement, this pattern differed considerably across ethnic groups. Such a perfect stepwise increase in youth school performance as a result of the incremental increase in parental education was missing for Black and Hispanic youth. The shape of the association between parental education and youth school performance ruled out regression toward the mean (RTM) as an explanation for the observed diminished effects of parental education on the school performance of Black and Hispanic youth. Conclusion: Diminished returns of parental education on the school performance of Black and Hispanic youth cannot be explained by regression toward the mean. Other factors and contextual processes, such as segregation, discrimination, racism, and poor quality of schools in urban areas, should be investigated in future research.
What to tell your patient with clonal hematopoiesis and why: insights from 2 specialized clinics

Acquired genetic mutations in hematopoietic stem or progenitor cells can lead to clonal expansion and imbalanced blood cell production. Clonal hematopoiesis is exceptionally common with human aging, confers a risk of evolution to overt hematologic malignancy, and increases all-cause mortality and the risk of cardiovascular disease. The degree of risk depends on the specific mutant allele driving clonal expansion, number of mutations, mutant allele burden, and concomitant nongenetic risk factors (eg, hypertension or cigarette smoking). People with clonal hematopoiesis may come to clinical attention in a variety of ways, including during the evaluation of a possible hematologic malignancy, as an incidental discovery during molecular analysis of a nonhematologic neoplasm, after hematopoietic cell transplantation, or as a result of germline testing for inherited variants. Even though the risk of clonal progression or a cardiovascular event in an individual patient with clonal hematopoiesis may be low, the possibility of future clinical consequences may contribute to uncertainty and worry, because it is not yet known how to modify these risks. This review summarizes clinical considerations for patients with clonal hematopoiesis, including important points for hematologists to consider discussing with affected persons who may understandably be anxious about having a mutation in their blood that predisposes them to develop a malignancy, but which is significantly more likely to result in a myocardial infarction or stroke. The increasing frequency with which people with clonal hematopoiesis are discovered and the need for counseling these patients is driving many institutions to create specialized clinics. We describe our own experience with forming such clinics.
Visible-light-driven organic transformations on semiconductors

Abstract Along with the increasing interest in exploring green and sustainable approaches in organic synthesis, photon, the cleanest energy form, has been widely utilized in driving various organic transformations. In contrast to well-established organic photocatalysis utilizing homogeneous photosensitizers and photocatalysts, solid-state semiconductors have received less but rapidly growing interest in this field. Herein, we summarize recent development in organic photocatalysis utilizing semiconductor-based photocatalysts, including metal oxides, metal chalcogenides, and metal-free carbon nitrides. For each category of semiconductors, both oxidation and reduction organic reactions are introduced first, followed by redox coupled reactions utilizing both excited electrons and holes. At the end, the remaining challenges and future opportunities of this field are discussed.
Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis: Preoperative Vedolizumab and Postoperative Complications in Patients with IBD.

Objectives The effect of vedolizumab on postoperative outcomes in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) remains unclear. We aimed to determine the relation between preoperative vedolizumab and early postoperative complications in patients with IBD undergoing abdominal surgery. Methods A search of databases and abstracts from gastroenterology conferences was performed. Primary outcomes included overall and infectious postoperative complication rates as well as surgical site infections. Studies that compared Crohn disease, ulcerative colitis, or patients with IBD-undefined with preoperative vedolizumab treatment undergoing abdominal surgery with controls with preoperative antitumor necrosis factor-α (anti-TNF-α) treatment or no preoperative biologic treatment were included. A meta-analysis was completed using the Mantel-Haenszel and DerSimonian and Laird models. Results Six studies totaling 1201 patients were included; 281 patients were treated preoperatively with vedolizumab, 327 patients were treated preoperatively with anti-TNF-α agents, and 593 patients were not treated preoperatively with any biologics. There was no significant difference in overall complications (odds ratio [OR] 1.04, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.48-2.24, P = 0.92, I2 =77%) between the vedolizumab and no-biologic groups. There also was no significant difference in infectious complications (OR 1.00, 95% CI 0.37-2.69, P = 1.00, I2 = 78%), which persisted after sensitivity analysis (OR 0.71, 95% CI 0.31-1.60, P = 0.41, I2 = 46%). Furthermore, there was no significant difference in overall complications (OR 0.77, 95% CI 0.24-2.46, P = 0.66, I2 = 85%) and infectious complications (OR 0.89, 95% CI 0.20-3.94, P = 0.87, I2 = 86%) between the vedolizumab and anti-TNF-α groups. After sensitivity analysis, differences in overall and infectious complications remained insignificant (OR 0.54 and 0.50, 95% CI 0.24-1.17 and 0.22-1.15, P = 0.12 and 0.10, I2 = 39% and 18%, respectively). Vedolizumab was also not associated with a significant increase in surgical site infections compared with the no-biologic (OR 1.45, 95% CI 0.33-6.32, P = 0.62, I2 = 75%) and anti-TNF (OR 1.30, 95% CI 0.22-7.60, P = 0.77, I2 = 81%) groups. Conclusions Preoperative treatment with vedolizumab in patients with IBD undergoing abdominal surgery is not associated with increases in overall or infectious postoperative complications compared with preoperative anti-TNF-α treatment and no preoperative biologic treatment. Large, prospective studies are needed to further assess the impact of preoperative vedolizumab treatment on postoperative complications, particularly with respect to IBD subtype.
Effect of Cognitive Fatigue, Operator Sex, and Robot Assistance on Task Performance Metrics, Workload, and Situation Awareness in Human-Robot Collaboration

Advancements in robot technology are allowing for increasing integration of humans and robots in shared space manufacturing processes. While individual task performance of the robotic assistance and human operator can be separately optimized, the interaction between humans and robots can lead to emergent effects on collaborative performance. Thus, the performance benefits of increased automation in robotic assistance and its impact by human factors need to be considered. As such, this letter examines the interplay of operator sex, their cognitive fatigue states, and varying levels of automation on collaborative task performance, operator situation awareness and perceived workload, and physiological responses (heart rate variability; HRV). Sixteen participants, balanced by sex, performed metal polishing tasks directly with a UR10 collaborative robot under different fatigued states and with varying levels of robotic assistance. Perceived fatigue, situation awareness, and workload were measured periodically, in addition to continuous physiological monitoring and three task performance metrics: task efficiency, accuracy, and precision, were obtained. Higher robotic assistance demonstrated direct task performance benefits. However, unlike females, males did not perceive the performance benefits as better with higher automation. A relationship between situation awareness and automation was observed in both the HRV signals and subjective measures, where increased robot assistance reduced the attentional supply and task engagement of participants. The consideration of the interplay between human factors, such as operator sex and their cognitive states, and robot factors on collaborative performance can lead to improved human-robot collaborative system designs.
HANDICAPPED PERSONS Physically Handicapped: Establish Personal Attendant Care Program

The Act provides for an at-home personal attendant care program for the disabled. The program is to be administered by the Department of Human Resources.
Spin trapping of hydroxyl radicals in biological systems

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the spin trapping of hydroxyl radicals in biological systems. Central to the investigation of the physiological role free radicals play in mediating a number of biological responses is the ability to detect and to characterize these reactive species. When the free radical has a long lifetime, direct electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy can be used to identify this species. However, for unstable free radicals, like superoxide or hydroxyl radical, spin trapping combined with ESR spectroscopy has emerged as one of the most frequently used methods. This technique consists of using a nitrone or nitroso compound to “trap” the initial unstable free radical as a long-lived nitroxide. Under ideal circumstances, independent analytic methods, such as mass spectrometry, allow the correlation of the hyperfine splitting constants of the nitroxide observed with the spin trapping of a specific free radical. However, conditions present in biological systems complicate interpretation of spin trapping data discussed in the chapter.
Nutrition Support in the Obese

The epidemic in obesity has changed the demography of hospitalized populations in the USA. Nutrition support used to be aimed at the depleted (“skeleton in the closet”) patient, but now there is increasing demand to recognize and treat nutritional problems in the obese patient who cannot eat, or who has undergone gastric bypass procedures to lose weight. Micronutrient deficiencies can be hidden in the obese patient, and general management plans need to include a careful medical examination, the assessment of blood levels, and clinical manifestations of deficiency states. Bypass patients are at particular risk because of their disturbed digestive anatomy, and need specialized investigation and management as described in this chapter.
New Governance, Chief Privacy Officers, and the Corporate Management of Information Privacy in the United States

While the turn from traditional regulation to more collaborative, experimentalist, and flexible forms of governance has garnered significant academic focus, far less attention has been paid to the effects of such “New Governance” approaches on regulated firms’ understanding of the laws’ demands, and on the structures employed within business organizations to meet them. This article targets this analytic gap by examining internal corporate practices regarding consumer privacy, an arena in which the Federal Trade Commission and the States have adopted new governance models. Using data from qualitative interviews with leading corporate Chief Privacy Officers, as well as internal corporate documentation, it examines the way privacy practices have been catalyzed in the shadow of new privacy governance approaches, and the combination of regulatory, market and stakeholder forces they seek to harness. Specifically, it suggests the convergence of a set of practices adopted by privacy officers identified as “leaders,” both regarding high-level corporate privacy management, and regarding the integration of privacy into entity-wide risk management goals through technology, decisionmaking processes, and the empowerment of distributed expertise networks throughout the firm.
In vitro studies on cervical contraception: use of urea as a spermicidal agent.

Abstract The spermicidal effect of aqueous solutions of urea was tested. A rapid and pronounced elimination of sperm survival was observed by mixing on a slide equal amounts of 25% urea and semen. This finding was confirmed by a modification of the IPPF agreed test for spermicidal power. In capillaries filled with cervical mucus, the process of incorporation of urea was rapid and sufficient to eliminate sperm migration through the columns. Parameters of urea incorporation are presented and the process seems to be dependant mostly on water absorption rather than on capillary or diffusion phenomena. Physical factors that influence the incorporation process are discussed with their implications for utilization of urea as a cervical contraceptive.
Wnt and Kras signaling-dark siblings in lung cancer.

Eugenia C. Pacheco-Pinedo and Edward E. Morrisey 1 Department of Medicine, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 Received: July 11, 2011; Accepted: July 12, 2011; Published: July 13, 2011; Keywords: Kras, Wnt/β-catenin, lung progenitor, Clara cell Correspondence: Edward E. Morrisey, Ph.D., email: // // Abstract Aberrant Kras signaling is observed in a high percentage of human lung cancers while activating mutations in the Wnt/b-catenin signaling pathway are only rarely found. Our recent work has shown that the combined activation of both Kras and Wnt/b-catenin signaling leads to a dramatic increase in both tumor incidence and size. Moreover, lung tumors generated by the combined activation of both of these pathways exhibit a distinct phenotype similar to embryonic progenitors found in the developing lung. Thus, combinatorial activation of Kras and Wnt/b-catenin pathways leads to a significant increase in lung tumor formation characterized by a more progenitor like phenotype.
Application of Acoustic Emission Technology to the Characterization and Damage Monitoring of Advanced Composites

This chapter gives some highlights of the research done by the author in the area of acoustic emission technology for the Navy under the much valued guidance and support of program manager Dr. Yapa S. Rajapakse over a number of years. Although the author's ONR research covered a wider base, such as low velocity impact, static and dynamic loadings with damage studies of monolithic and foam-cored sandwich composites, and application of some other NDE methods, the acoustic emission NDE method was widely applied, and it merits a dedicated mention. It is not possible, in such a short paper, to describe every investigation undertaken over the period of time, but an attempt is made to outline a representative number of cases which together present an informed cross-sectional view of work done on this topic. Control samples of monolithics like aluminum and steel were used in some of the studies for the sake of comparisons, but focus was centered on composite materials. It is well known that composite materials are being increasingly utilized in ship structures, and in fact generally in both the civilian and military sectors of the economies across the world. The need for rapid, low-cost, non-destructive and reliable methods for obtaining mechanical property data for materials and evaluating damage in them has boosted this kind of research.
Molar Volume, Thermal Expansion, and Bulk Modulus in Liquid Fe‐Ni Alloys at 1 Bar: Evidence for Magnetic Anomalies?

New experimental data on the molar volume Ω, thermal expansion coefficient a, and ultrasonic sound velocity v p in liquid Fe-Ni systems at temperatures between melting and 1975 K are reported. The molar volume and thermal expansion data were acquired using a penetrating γ radiation method; the sound velocity data were obtained by ultrasonic interferometry. In the temperature range of this study, the molar volume Ω increases and the sound velocity v p decreases, both linearly with temperature. The adiabatic bulk modulus K s v p 2 /Ω of liquid Fe-Ni alloys is nearly independent of composition at Fe content greater than 65 wt%. The temperature derivative ∂K/∂T of both adiabatic and isothermal bulk modulus of pure liquid Fe decreases by approximately 50% upon being alloyed with 15 wt% Ni. The mixing behavior of thermodynamic and cohesive properties of liquid Fe-Ni is interpreted as resulting from the existence of disordered and localized magnetic states and correlations in the liquid state, i.e., well above the Curie temperature and extending from pure Fe into the Fe-Ni stability field. These magnetic contributions have strong mechanical effects on the structure in modifying the volume and elastic modulus by as much as 13% and 31%, respectively, in the case of pure liquid Fe. It is believed that the magnetic contribution, which is likely to be absent at core temperatures, should be removed from the measured 1-bar values of density and elastic moduli if these latter were to be used as precise anchoring points in high pressure-temperature EOS.
Association of KRAS and EGFR mutations with survival in patients with advanced lung adenocarcinomas

Background Lung adenocarcinomas can be distinguished by identifying mutated driver oncogenes, including epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and KRAS. Mutations in EGFR are associated with both improved survival as well as response to treatment with erlotinib and gefitinib. However, the prognostic significance of KRAS has not been evaluated in large numbers of patients and remains controversial. For the current report, the authors examined the association of EGFR and KRAS mutations with survival among patients with advanced lung adenocarcinomas. Methods Data were analyzed from patients with advanced lung adenocarcinomas who had known EGFR and KRAS mutation status evaluated between 2002 and 2009. The collected clinical variables included age, sex, Karnofsky performance status, smoking history, and treatment history. Overall survival from the diagnosis of advanced disease was analyzed using Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazard methods. Results In total, 1036 patients were evaluated, including 610 women (59%) and 344 never-smokers (33%). The median patient age was 65 years (range, 25-92 years), and the majority of patients (81%) had a Karnofsky performance status ≥80%. In multivariate analysis, EGFR mutations were associated with longer overall survival (hazard ratio, 0.6; P Conclusions KRAS mutations predicted shorter survival for patients with advanced lung adenocarcinomas. The presence of EGFR and KRAS mutations define distinct subsets of patients with lung adenocarcinomas and should be determined in patients when they are diagnosed with advanced disease. Clinical trial reports should include EGFR and KRAS mutation status along with other prognostic factors.
Eavesdropping on spin talk.

Taking advantage of nuclear and electron 'spin interactions' to store and process information is a long-standing goal. A systematic technique for manipulating spin in a semiconductor provides a low-temperature solution.
Irreversible thermodynamics of transport across interfaces

With spintronics applications in mind, we use irreversible thermodynamics to derive the rates of entropy production and heating near an interface when heat current, electric current, and spin current cross it. Associated with these currents are apparent discontinuities in temperature (ΔT), electrochemical potential (Δμ˜), and spin-dependent “magnetoelectrochemical potential” (Δμ¯↑,↓). This work applies to magnetic semiconductors and insulators as well as metals, because of the inclusion of the chemical potential, μ, which is usually neglected in works on interfacial thermodynamic transport. We also discuss the (nonobvious) distinction between entropy production and heat production. Heat current and electric current are conserved, but spin current is not, so it necessitates a somewhat different treatment. At low temperatures or for large differences in material properties, the surface heating rate dominates the bulk heating rate near the surface. We also consider the case where bulk spin currents occur in ...
Equation of state and the Hugoniot of laser shock-compressed deuterium: Demonstration of a basis-function-free method for quantum calculations

In most density functionals the energy is a functional of the electron density n(r) and a function of the nuclear positions R W i . We consider, a functional of both n(r) and the nuclear density r(r)5(d(r2R W i). In reducing the two Kohn‐Sham equations, a classical mapping valid for interacting electrons is invoked. The exchange-correlation is nonlocal and free of self-interaction errors. As a challenging application, we calculate the equation of state and the shock Hugoniot of deuterium relevant to topical shock experiments. The calculated Hugoniot is quite close to the SESAME and path-integral Monte Carlo Hugoniots. We also treat the nonequilibrium case, which is extremely difficult for standard methods. Here the D 1 are assumed to be hotter than the electrons, and lead to the soft Hugoniots similar to those seen in the laser-shock data. The softening arises from hot D 1 ‐e pairs occurring close to the zero of the electron chemical potential.
Enediyne polyketide synthases stereoselectively reduce the β-ketoacyl intermediates to β-D-hydroxyacyl intermediates in enediyne core biosynthesis.

PKSE biosynthesizes an enediyne core precursor from decarboxylative condensation of eight malonyl-CoAs. The KR domain of PKSE is responsible for iterative β-ketoreduction in each round of polyketide chain elongation. KRs from selected PKSEs were investigated in vitro with β-ketoacyl-SNACs as substrate mimics. Each of the KRs reduced the β-ketoacyl-SNACs stereoselectively, all affording the corresponding β-d-hydroxyacyl-SNACs, and the catalytic efficiencies (kcat/KM) of the KRs increased significantly as the chain length of the β-ketoacyl-SNAC substrate increases.
Aggregation of Ice Crystals in Strong Electric Fields

A RECENT series of experiments1 has demonstrated that the adhesion of ice crystals on collision is a sensitive function of temperature, humidity and crystal-type. However, the effect of electric fields on the adhesion was not examined. Electric fields may have an important effect on the aggregation of ice crystals to form snow-flakes inside thunder-clouds where the crystal concentrations are high and fields of several thousand V/cm have been measured. It appeared possible that the attractive forces between the crystals, produced by polarization charging within the field and accentuated because of the small radius of curvature of the crystal edges, may produce increased aggregation which would be especially important under conditions close to the threshold, in the absence of a field, between adhesion and separation. The experiments described here were performed in order to test this hypothesis.
Theoretical current gain of a cylindrical mesa transistor

Abstract For the cylindrical mesa transistor, computation of base-region transport efficiency is considered a boundary-value problem; solution of this problem yields mathematical equations applicable to the design and development of practical semiconductor devices. This analytical method is applied to the problem of minority-carrier transport across a solid-cylinder type structure which approximates the transistor base region. Minority-carrier losses—representing a fundamental limitation upon transistor-current gain—are introduced through an assumption of bulk and surface-recombination mechanisms. Applications of this analysis are illustrated by establishing the common-emitter current gain for typical junction transistors. Assuming, in such computations, physical parameters approximating germanium and silicon diffused devices, the silicon transistor is shown to be less sensitive to surface recombination mechanisms. Further, the existence of an optimum emitter radius is demonstrated for a semiconductor structure similar to the cylindrical hook collector.
On the explicit incorporation of surface effects into the multiphase mixture balance laws

Abstract Interfacial conditions for multiphase flows are formulated on the microscale to include the possibility of surface effects. These conditions are then averaged to obtain macroscopic continuum equations which may be used in describing multiphase flows. A transformation is presented whereby the resultant macroscopic equations can be rewritten in a form identical to that which has been developed previously for a multiphase system not influenced by interfacial effects. This transformation is shown to have an impact on the forms of the intraphase stress tensor and heat flux vector in addition to the interphase stress and heat flux terms. Inclusion of interfacial effects is demonstrated to be essential to the proper understanding of phase interaction.
A role for Janus kinases in crosstalk between ErbB3 and the interferon-alpha signaling complex in myeloma cells

A role for Janus kinases in crosstalk between ErbB3 and the interferon-alpha signaling complex in myeloma cells
Cellular immunity and memory to respiratory virus infections.

Respiratory virus infections, such as those caused by influenza and parainfluenza viruses, are a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Current vaccines against these pathogensrely on the induction of humoral immune responses that target viral coat proteins. Although this type of immunity provides solid protection against homologous virus strains, it is ineffective against heterologous virus strains that express serologically distinct coat proteins. In contrast, cellular immune responses can target internal an tigens that are shared between heterologous viral strains. This form of immunity, sometimes referred to as heterosubtypic immunity, can mediate a substantial degree of protection. Thus, vaccines that emphasize cellular immune responses would be a valuable complement to available humoral vaccines. However, we only have a rudimentary understanding of which T cell subsets mediate protective immunity, how T cell memory isestablished and maintained, how that memory is recalled in a secondary infection, and why cellular immunity wanes rapidly with time. Here we review the role of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the recall response to influenza and parain fluenza viruses. In particular we focus on the recent observation that substantial numbers of memory T cells are established in the lung tissues and discuss the potential role of these cells in mediating a recall response. A thorough understanding of the cellular immune response to infection in the lungs is essential for future vaccine development.
charge storage behavior of nanowire transistors functionalized with bis(terpyridine)-Fe(II) molecules: dependence on molecular structure.

We studied the influence of three bis(terpyridine)−Fe(II) molecules(X-tpy)2FeCl2 (X = H (1), SAc (2), and 4-phenyl-SAc (3)on charge storage of a nanowire transistor. The molecules were assembled on the surface of an indium oxide nanowire that forms the conduction channel of the transistor. We found that the charge storage characteristics of such a device strongly depends on the structure of the terpyridine ligand: both retention time (τ) and threshold voltage shift (ΔVth) increased in the order of 1 < 2 < 3, with τ of 200 s, 12 h, and 287 h and ΔVth at 4.8, 12, and 28 V, respectively. Furthermore, when we placed the devices with molecules 1 and 3 in a vacuum and recorded the I−Vg curves in a two-day period, we observed higher hysteresis stability for device with molecule 3. For example, ΔVth was reduced from 4.8 to 1.7 V for the device with molecule 1, while there was no reduction in ΔVth for the device with molecule 2. These results suggest that thiolate headgroup and/or longer ligand length raises the ...
School Counselors Supporting African Immigrant Students' Career Development: A Case Study

School counselors play a critical role in preparing adolescent immigrant students to be college and career ready by attending to the complex variables that promote and inhibit career development. This article provides an illustrative case study of a Somali immigrant student's educational journey to highlight the academic and familial challenges that she encountered while attending U.S. schools. Through this case study, the authors discuss the issues immigrant high school students experience and present culturally responsive practices that school counselors can use to address career development. These culturally responsive practices include developing a strong knowledge of students’ backgrounds and cultures, designing small group interventions that are timely and sensitive to immigrant students’ needs, and strengthening school–family partnerships.
Stretch induces non-uniform isomyosin expression in the quail anterior latissimus dorsi muscle

Stretch-overload has been shown to elevate muscle mass in the avian anterior latissimus dorsi (ALD) by increasing both fiber size and fiber number; however, it is not known if these adaptations result in uniform regulation of myosin isoform expression along the length of the fibers in this slow tonic muscle. When a weight was added to the left wing of 20 adult quail for 30 days, ALD mass was increased by 161%. ALDs were divided into proximal, middle, and distal portions. Tissue cross-sections from each muscle portion were reacted against monoclonal antibodies for either fast (FM) or slow myosin (SM), or processed for identification of native myosin isoforms. The number of fibers expressing FM increased by 190% in the distal region after stretch; however, most of these were small fibers. Electrophoretic analyses of stretched muscles demonstrated an upregulation of SM2 in all regions of the ALD. SM1 was only down-regulated in the proximal region of the ALD. FM isoforms had greater increases in the proximal region than other regions of the overloaded ALD. These data indicate that stretch-induced hypertrophy induces a non-uniform increase in fast myosin isoforms and SM1 along the length of the fibers of the ALD. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Hill-climbing finds random planted bisections

We analyze the behavior of hill-climbing algorithms for the minimum bisection problem on instances drawn from the “planted bisection” random graph model, Gn,p,q, previously studied in [3, 4, 10, 11, 14, 9, 7]. This is one of the few problem distributions for which various popular heuristic methods, such as simulated annealing, have been proven to succeed. However, it has been open whether these sophisticated methods were necessary, or whether simpler heuristics would also work. Juels [14] made the first progress towards an answer by showing that simple hill-climbing does suffice for very wide separations between p and q.Here we give a more complete answer. A simple, polynomial-time, hill-climbing algorithm for this problem is given and shown to succeed in finding the planted bisection with high probability if p - q = O (n-½ln3n). For dense graphs, this matches the condition for optimality of the planted bisection to within a polylogarithmic factor. Furthermore, we show that a generic randomized hill-climbing algorithm succeeds in finding the planted bisection in polynomial time if p - q = O (n-¼ ln3n), for any ∈ > 0. This algorithm, studied also by [14], is a degenerate case of both Metropolis and go-with-the-winners, and the range here properly includes those analyzed in [11, 9, 14]. So this result implies, extends, and unifies those from [11, 9, 14]. Thus, to get a provable distinction between simulated annealing and hill-climbing for natural problems will require considerable progress both on new positive results for SA and new negative results for hill-climbing methods.
Echoencephalographic findings in neonates assciiated with maternal cocaine and methamphetamine use: Incidence and clinical correlates

Term neonates (n-74) exposed antenatally to cocaine, methamphetamine, or coccaine and a narcotic but without any other known perinatal complications were prospectively examined with cranial ultrasonography to detect the presence of central nervous system injury. These studies were compared with those of a drug-free but clinically ill group of infants (n=87) at risk for hypoxicischemic encephalopathy, and with those of infants who were well. Cranial abnormalities were detected by ultrasonography in 35.1% of the drug-exposed infants, similar to the incidence in the infants at risk for hypoxic-ischemic injury ( p =0.7) but significantly greater than the 5.3% incidence of abnormalities in normal infants ( p