cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Novel Characteristics of Murine Bone Marrow-Derived Macrophages and Human Macrophage-Like Cells

NOVEL CHARACTERISTICS OF MLRINE BONE MARROW-DERIVED MACROPHAGES AND HUMAN MACROPHAGE-LIKE CELLS George T. Georges, B.S. A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science at Virginia Commonwealth University. Virginia Commonwealth University, 2006 Major Director: Jennifer K Stewart, Ph.D., Associate Professor, Department of Biology These studies provide evidence for novel properties of macrophages derived from bone marrow stem cells. In study 1, treatment of activated mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMM) with either catecholamine synthesis inhibitors (a-methyl-paratyrosine and fusaric acid) or the p2 adrenergic receptor antagonist ICI 1 18,55 1 demonstrated that BMM produce catecl~olamines. The catecholamines modulated macrophage cytolune production through autocrine actions on adrenergic receptors. In study 11, undifferentiated human bone marrow cells were incubated in 30% mouse L929 fibroblast conditioned medium and generated adherent cells within three days. The cells were clearly identifiable as macrophages based on surface proteins and phagocytic activity but produced only low levels of the cytokines tumor necrosis factor-a and interleulun-lp. Cytolune production did not increase in response to the bacterial vii endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Generation of these macrophage-like cells was not repeatable with other samples of human bone marrow, but the cells continue to proliferate in cell culture and will be investigated further in future studies.
A Framework for Brain Registration via Simultaneous Surface and Volume Flow

Volumetric registration of brain MR images presents a challenging problem due to the wide variety of sulcal folding patterns. We present a novel volumetric registration method based on an intermediate parameter space in which the shape differences are normalized. First, we generate a 3D harmonic map of each brain volume to unit ball which is used as an intermediate space. Cortical surface features and volumetric intensity are then used to find a simultaneous surface and volume registration. We present a finite element method for the registration by using a tetrahedral volumetric mesh for registering the interior volumetric information and the corresponding triangulated mesh at the surface points. This framework aligns the convoluted sulcal folding patterns as well as the subcortical structures by allowing simultaneous flow of surface and volumes for registration. We describe the methodology and FEM implementation and then evaluate the method in terms of the overlap between segmented structures in coregistered brains.
Superconducting Current Densities in Bronze-Processed Nb3Sn Multifilamentary Wires

Since the discovery of the “bronze process” for fabrication of multifilamentary A15 superconducting wires, significant progress has been made in the production of Nb3Sn wires on a commercial scale.1–4 Although a number of modifications or new fabrication processes for filamentary wires have been made since the discovery, this process is the only one that is currently used to produce sufficient amounts of conductor for the construction of large-scale magnets. However, as pointed out earlier,2 the published values of the superconducting critical-current densities, Jc (including the bronze, Nb3Sn, and Nb), of these wires are significantly different depending on the manufacturer of the wire and on the details of heat-treatment and fabrication steps. In addition, the values of the critical-current density, J’c of the Nb3Sn layers in these multifilamentary wires, as reported by various groups, differ greatly, and even the best values of J’c at 10 T are nearly a factor of 2 lower than the value measued in monofilamentary Nb3Sn wires. Also, the utilization of these wires for the construction of magnets for future high-energy particle accelerators and magnetically confined plasmas for fusion reactors requires higher current densities, Jc, than those achieved in present wires that can be produced in large quantities.
The feasibility of a desirable minimal state

Dwight Lee (1989) argues on utilitarian grounds that the minimal state of classical liberalism cannot be both desirable and feasible: if desirable, it is not attainable; if attainable, it is not desirable. Lee's article provides an intriguing new perspective on the long debate about the optimal size of government. His conclusions, however, do not hold if some of his restrictive assumptions are relaxed. In a more general model, the minimal state can be both desirable and feasible.
Amniotic Epithelial Stem Cells in Regenerative Medicine

As recently described by Parolini et al., placenta represents a reserve of different types of progenitor/stem cells, which can be easily isolated from different placental compartments [Parolini, 2008]. Furthermore, placenta is involved in maintaining fetal tolerance, and it has been reported that several placenta cell types have immunomodulatory properties. The term placenta has a discoid shape and comprises the endometrial decidua and the fetal membranes chorion and amnion, which extend from the margin of the chorionic plate to form the amniotic cavity. The amnion is a thin, avascular membrane that surrounds the fetus during its development. Despite its thin size, the amnion is surprisingly strong and elastic, working as a shock absorber while protecting the fetus against infections. The amnion is also metabolically active and is involved in maintaining amniotic fluid homeostasis [Bryant-Greenwood, 1998]. The amnion is comprised of an epithelial and outer layer of connective tissue [Bourne, 1966; van Herendael, 1978]. The human amniotic epithelium (hAE) is a single layer of cuboidal and columnar cells that is in contact with amniotic fluid on the internal side. It rests on the connective tissue of the amniotic mesoderm (hAM) on the inner side. The hAE cells secrete adhesive molecules, such as fibronectin and collagen I and III, that constitute an acellular compact basal layer that separates hAE from a deeper layer of mesenchymal and monocyte-like cells [Magatti, 2008].
Application of the nearly perfectly matched layer for seismic wave propagation in 2D homogeneous isotropic media

Numerical modelling plays an important role in helping us understand the characteristics of seismic wave propagation. The presence of spurious reflections from the boundaries of the truncated computational domain is a prominent problem in finite difference computations. The nearly perfectly matched layer has been proven to be a very effective boundary condition to absorb outgoing waves in both electromagnetic and acoustic media. In this paper, the nearly perfectly matched layer technique is applied to elastic isotropic media to further test the method's absorbing ability. The staggered-grid finite-difference method (fourth-order accuracy in space and second-order accuracy in time) is used in the numerical simulation of seismic wave propagation in 2D Cartesian coordinates. In the numerical tests, numerical comparisons between the nearly perfectly matched layer and the convolutional perfectly matched layer, which is considered the best absorbing layer boundary condition, is also provided. Three numerical experiments demonstrate that the nearly perfectly matched layer has a similar performance to the convolutional perfectly matched layer and can be a valuable alternative to other absorbing layer boundary conditions.
Laparoscopic Cystectomy and Robotic-Assisted Cystectomy

Muscle invasive bladder cancer still has a high mortality rate. Radical ­cystectomy is the accepted first line therapy for muscle invasive and high-risk ­urothelial bladder cancer. In order to decrease the procedure-associated ­morbidity, minimal invasive operative techniques were introduced with increasing interest as well in the ablative and the reconstructive steps of the operation. Laparoscopic and ­robot-assisted cystectomy in selected cases decreases blood loss respecting the oncological principles including the aim of negative margins and extended pelvic lymphadenectomy. Completely intracorporeal urinary tract reconstruction is feasible; however, it increases the total operative time and perioperative complication rate. So far, it seems that best results can be obtained by laparscopic and robot-assisted extended lymph node dissection and radical cystectomy, while the upper urinary tract reconstruction is performed by limited open access. Pathological and cancer outcome are promising compared to open surgery. Still, the laparoscopic and robotic approaches for radical cystectomy are under clinical investigation. Long-term outcome studies will answer the question, if selected patients profit from a minimal invasive approach.
Enabling video processing in wireless terminals with a new open multimedia application platform

To enable video applications in wireless mobile phones, Texas Instruments (TI) introduces a new open multimedia application platform. This platform will deliver the advanced processing required to make video functions a reality, without compromising the power efficiency essential to wireless communications devices. The paper describes the open multimedia application platform architecture, emphasizing its strength for video applications. The DSP core used in this platform is then detailed, with a special focus on new instructions provided by this new processor, which are especially suited to improve video processing algorithm execution.
Astrocytes in rat fetal cerebral cortical homografts following implantation into adult rat spinal cord.

Abstract The present experiment examines astrocytes in fetal cerebral cortical homografts to adult rat spinal cords. The purpose of this study is to determine if astrocytes are structurally organized within the graft. Also, the presence of astrogliosis may be an indicator of the metabolic status of the graft. Embryonic cerebral cortex was taken at 14 days gestational age and transplanted into adult spinal cord at the level of the sixth thoracic vertebra. The homografts were examined at the light and electron microscopic levels from 7 days postimplantation (PI) to 6 months PI with glial fibrillary acidic protein antiserum which is specific immunohistochemical marker for astrocytes. At 7 days PI, immunoreactive astrocytes were present only at the periphery of the graft and appeared to be associated with blood vessels. By 30 days PI, normal protoplasmic astrocytes were present throughout the graft. No hypertrophied astrocytes are present at 30 days PI, but the numerical density of astrocytes is greater than that of normal cerebral cortical gray matter. Fibrous astrocytes are present in the periphery of the implant and many of these astrocytes extended their processes between the host and the graft. Occasional glial scarring is observed between the gray matter of the host and graft, but generally no glial scar occurred in the interface between the graft and the host gray matter. By 45 days PI, hypertrophies astrocytes can be seen in the graft, but are confined in this age group to perivascular regions. Gliosis progressed within the graft throughout the duration of the study, predominating within the graft by 5 months PI. The results of this study demonstrate that astrocytic processes can be shared by the host and graft and that the appearance of hypertrophied astrocytes possibly indicating a decrease in the functional capacity in the graft does not occur until after 30 days PI.
Superenhanced backscattering of light by nanoparticles

We report a physical explanation for the phenomenon wherein the backscattering of light by dielectric particles of sizes between 100 and 1 nm is enhanced by 7-11 orders of magnitude. The phenomenon involves complex composite interactions between a dielectric microsphere and a nanoparticle positioned in close proximity to the microsphere. We provide both analytical and perturbation analyses that show that the enhanced backscattering intensity of a nanoparticle is proportional to the third power of its size parameter. Potential applications of this phenomenon include visible-light detection, characterization, and manipulation of particles as small as a few nanometers.
Development of an APL standard

Following an extended period of development, with more than half a dozen iterations, a standard for APL was not long ago adopted for use within IBM. In this paper we offer some highlights of our experience in this development process, as well as an appendix containing the technical matter in the standard itself. If a standards effort should get under way in the wider APL community, this experience and its work product may perhaps be found useful, and it is offered here in recognition of this possibility, without any commitment on the part of the IBM Company to support or not support such an effort. It should also be understood that this material is not offered as a specification of the function or performance of any particular IBM product.
Improved Airbreathing Launch Vehicle Performance with the Use of Rocket Propulsion

An efficient performance analysis method is developed to evaluate potential airbreathing/rocket propulsion systems for advanced technology single-stage-to-orbit launch vehicles. Evaluated are tradeoffs between airbreathing, rocket, and concurrent airbreathing/rocket propulsion in maximizing payload delivery to orbit for a given ascent flight trajectory. With the analysis method, several modes of airbreathing/ rocket propulsion are compared to a baseline "airbreather alone" propulsion system in terms of fuel/propella nt required to attain orbital velocity. Concurrent airbreathing/rocket propulsion shows a reduction in fuel/propellant consumption over straight airbreather to rocket propulsion transition. The optimal switch point (staging) is identified for the transition from airbreathing to rocket propulsion.
Gender differences in intimate partner violence outcomes.

Objective: This paper proposes a conceptual model for gender differences in outcomes of intimate partner violence (IPV) victimization, broadly conceived as including physical, sexual, emotional, and coercive control forms of abuse, as well as stalking. Method: Literature review of PsycInfo and PubMed databases. Results: The literature reviewed suggests these negative effects are not equally distributed by gender—studies indicate that women suffer disproportionately from IPV, especially in terms of injuries, fear, and posttraumatic stress. The review also finds that women experience greater decreases in relationship satisfaction as a result of IPV. Conclusions: Our review largely supports the contention of feminist theory that gender matters— but we would go further and say that what really matters is power; gender matters because it is so highly correlated with power. We propose that, due to cultural factors that typically ascribe higher status to the male gender, and men’s greater size and strength compared to women (on average), women are more likely than men to encounter contextual factors that disempower them and put them in situations—such as sexual abuse—that increase their risk of poor outcomes.
Class of nerve fiber involvement in sensory neuropathies: Clinical characterization and utility of the plantar nerve action potential

Precise classification of distal sensory polyneuropathies (SN) according to fiber type involvement is desirable for clinical and research purposes. The sural sensory response has served as an electrophysiologic gold standard for the assessment of large-fiber sensory dysfunction. However, patients labeled as having small-fiber sensory neuropathies on the basis of a normal sural response frequently have clinical evidence of large-fiber dysfunction. The surface-recorded medial plantar potential has shown promise as a more sensitive indicator of large-fiber sensory dysfunction, but is not widely accepted because of concerns about age effects and a lack of large well-controlled studies in SN. We have thus correlated clinical type of SN: large-fiber sensory neuropathies (LFSN), small-fiber sensory neuropathies (SFSN), and mixed (large- and small-fiber) sensory neuropathies (MFSN) with sural and medial plantar nerve conduction studies in 133 consecutive patients with distal SN and 108 control subjects. A combination of stringent clinical characterization and electrophysiologic features, especially the surface-recorded medial plantar rather than sural potential, was complementary, and permitted a more clear separation of LFSN, MFSN, and SFSN than with either approach used alone.
A specific bone marrow edema around the foot and ankle following trauma and immobilization therapy : Pattern description and potential clinical relevance

Background We describe a characteristic pattern of bone marrow edema about the foot and ankle seen by MRI in patients who have undergone recent immobilization therapy and investigate potential etiologies as well as possible clinical significance. Methods Three reviewers retrospectively evaluated 52 ankle MRI examinations in 18 patients with abnormal signals compatible with bone marrow edema who had been treated with various types and durations of immobilization of the lower limb after traumatic injury. Bone marrow edema patterns were characterized by distribution, extent, location, and interval evolution or resolution on subsequent followup MRI examination. These MRI findings were then correlated with clinical history, symptomatology and treatment regimens. Results All patients had a characteristic pattern of bone marrow edema about the foot and ankle predominating in subchondral, subcortical, and subenthesial locations. The occurrence of this edema pattern was most often noted on MRI within the first 12 weeks after completion of immobilization therapy or resumption of partial or full weightbearing and did not correlate well with new symptomatology or pain. In patients with protracted imaging followup, the bone marrow edema ultimately resolved and was not associated with reported setbacks in recovery course or unexpected delays in restoration of function. All MRI examinations performed more than 18 weeks after the immobilization period showed resolution or stabilization of bone marrow signal, with no continued evolution. No patient had a clinical picture suspicious for reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Conclusions A distinctive pattern of bone marrow edema on MRI of the foot and ankle can be seen on MRI after a variety of weightbearing and nonweightbearing immobilization therapies. This pattern has a consistent appearance on MRI and does not seem to be related to clinical symptomatology. At present, no substantial conclusions can be made regarding the etiology of this phenomenon. However, these bone marrow signal alterations should not mandate further imaging or a change in therapy on the basis of MRI findings alone.
The Challenge of Ground Water Quality Monitoring

“Valuable information pertaining to contaminant sources, contaminants, and ground water quality was derived using the state-supplied data.”
“Our market is our community”: women farmers and civic agriculture in Pennsylvania, USA

Civic agriculture is characterized in the literature as complementary and embedded social and economic strategies that provide economic benefits to farmers at the same time that they ostensibly provide socio-environmental benefits to the community. This paper presents some ways in which women farmers practice civic agriculture. The data come from in-depth interviews with women practicing agriculture in Pennsylvania. Some of the strategies women farmers use to make a living from the farm have little to do with food or agricultural products, but all are a product of the process of providing a living for farmers while meeting a social need in the community. Most of the women in our study also connect their business practices to their gender identity in rural and agricultural communities, and redefine successful farming in opposition to traditional views of economic rationality.
Nonlinear Phase Retrieval Using Projection Operator and Iterative Wavelet Thresholding

With hard X-rays synchrotron beams, phase contrast can be obtained with the measurement of the Fresnel diffraction intensity patterns associated to a phase shift induced by the object. We have studied the resolution of this inverse problem with an iterative thresholding algorithm in wavelet coordinates combined with an iterative nonlinear method with a Tikhonov regularization and projection operators. The phase retrieval algorithm was tested for a 3D Shepp-Logan phantom in the presence of noise. The results show that the combined approach outperforms the Mixed, the CTF and the nonlinear methods.
Role of amino groups in the structure and biological activity of botulinum neurotoxin types A and E.

Abstract The single chain (unnicked) type E and the dichain (nicked) type A botulinum neurotoxins were modified with 2-methoxy-5-nitrotropone. The reagent modifies only lysine residues and the α-NH2 group. Reaction conditions were found that completely detoxified the type E neurotoxin without causing detectable damage to its serological reactivity (the precipitin lines from the modified and native neurotoxins were the same). Identical modification reaction conditions detoxified the type A neurotoxin over 90% but not completely. Serological reactivity of type A, unlike that of type E neurotoxin, was greatly diminished (the precipitin line from the modified type A was almost absent). The modified type E, like the native type E neurotoxin, was nicked by trypsin. These results indicate that lysine residues and/or the α-NH2 group are: i) critical for the toxigenic structures of types A and E neurotoxins; and ii) have different roles in the serological reactivities of the two types, important for type A and apparently not important for type E. Also the site at which trypsin nicks the type E neurotoxin does not appear to be a lysyl bond.
Measurements of the Temperature Structure-Function Parameters with a Small Unmanned Aerial System Compared with a Sodar

The structure function is often used to quantify the intensity of spatial inhomogeneities within turbulent flows. Here, the Small Multifunction Research and Teaching Sonde (SMARTSonde), an unmanned aerial system, is used to measure horizontal variations in temperature and to calculate the structure function of temperature at various heights for a range of separation distances. A method for correcting for the advection of turbulence in the calculation of the structure function is discussed. This advection correction improves the data quality, particularly when wind speeds are high. The temperature structure-function parameter $$C_T^2$$ can be calculated from the structure function of temperature. Two case studies from which the SMARTSonde was able to take measurements used to derive $$C_T^2$$ at several heights during multiple consecutive flights are discussed and compared with sodar measurements, from which $$C_T^2$$ is directly related to return power. Profiles of $$C_T^2$$ from both the sodar and SMARTSonde from an afternoon case exhibited generally good agreement. However, the profiles agreed poorly for a morning case. The discrepancies are partially attributed to different averaging times for the two instruments in a rapidly evolving environment, and the measurement errors associated with the SMARTSonde sampling within the stable boundary layer.
Visualization of the Coronary Arteries during Life

By retrograde catheterization of the carotid or the brachial arteries small polyethylene or woven catheters have been inserted into the ascending aorta in 10 individuals. Diodrast or Neo-Iopax solution was forcibly injected and serial roentgenograms were rapidly taken. The coronary arteries or branches were demonstrated in 5 of the subjects. Similar studies were made in 5 dogs with normal hearts, and also in 10 dogs in whom a coronary artery had previously been obstructed. In certain of the normal animals not only the larger, but also smaller branches were clearly shown and the absence of filling in obstructed vessels was demonstrated.
Educational outcomes of labor-market linking and job placement for students at public and private 2-year colleges

Abstract While much research has examined how education influences work outcomes, fewer scholars have questioned whether or how school–labor market relationships might influence educational outcomes. With their rising enrollments and growing occupational programs, 2-year colleges are an increasingly important site of the school-to-work transition. Using interview and survey data from a local sample of 14 public and private 2-year colleges, we describe the employer linkages forged at different types of 2-year colleges, how institutional contexts shape linking activities, and how college–employer links are related to students’ efforts at college and confidence about degree completion. Using national longitudinal data (BPS and IPEDS), we test whether the patterns identified in our local sample are reflected nationally, examining whether the availability of job placement services by colleges predicts students’ timely degree completion.
“**it Rolls Downhill” and Other Attributions for Why Adult Bullying Happens in Organizations From the Human Resource Professional's Perspective

Although communication researchers have begun to investigate bullying from the human resource (HR) professional's perspective, attention has not focused on the attributions HR professionals make concerning why bullying happens in contemporary organizations. Understanding what HR professionals believe causes bullying is important because these attributions are likely guiding HR professionals’ interpretations of the situation and the actors involved, as well as their communications and actions in bullying situations. Using in-depth interviewing and grounded theory data analysis techniques, this article uncovered 5 causes of bullying from the HR perspective: aggressive management styles, deficient communication skills, the organizational culture, contemporary issues, and personality clashes. These findings are discussed along with implications, limitations, and future research.
A sector finite element for dynamic analysis of thick plates

Abstract A 24 degree of freedom sector finite element is developed for the static and dynamic analysis of thick circular plates. The element formulation is based on Reissner's thick plate theory. The convergence characteristic of the elements is first studied in a static example of an unsymmetrically loaded annular plate. The obvious advantageous effect of including the twist derivatives of deflection as degrees of freedom is shown. The elements are then used to analyze the natural frequencies of an annular plate with various ratios of inner to outer radius. The results are in good agreement with an alternative solution in which thick plate theory is used. The versatility of this finite element is finally demonstrated by performing free vibration analysis of an example of clamped sector plates with various thicknesses and different sectorial angles.
The design of A/D converters using two-range comparators

In this paper, a new architecture for performing analog-to-digital conversion with the throughput of flash conversion, but with some relief from the high power and area requirements, is presented. The key element of this technique is the “two-range” comparator circuit. This new circuit compares the analog input with more than one reference voltage simultaneously, allowing for a large reduction in the total number of comparator circuits required. Simulation results are presented which show a performance increase of 20% in a converter implemented with the new comparator when compared to a conventional flash converter operated at the same power dissipation level.
Unitarily invariant norm submultiplicativity

In this paper, we view rules for multiplying matrices (such as the Hadamard product, usual product and Kronecker product) as combinatorial objects. Our purpose is to determine conditions on these objects that imply submultiplicativity with respect to the spectral norm and certain of the unitarily invariant norms. The general approach is one of finding a representation such as that used in [6].
A three-factor model of syllogistic reasoning: The study of isolable stages

Computer models of the syllogistic reasoning process are constructed. The models are used to determine the influence of three factors—the misinterpretation of the premises, the limited capacity of working memory, and the operation of the deductive strategy—on subjects’ behavior. Evidence from Experiments 1, 2, and 3 suggests that all three factors play important roles in the production of errors when “possibly true” and “necessarily false” are the two response categories. This conclusion does not agree with earlier analyses that had singled out one particular factor as crucial. Evidence from Experiment 4 suggests that the influence of the first two factors remains strong when “necessarily true” is used as an additional response category. However, the third factor appears to interact with task demands. Some concluding analyses suggest that the models offer alternative explanations for certain well established results.
Change and Continuity in Irish Politics: The General Election of 2007

Bertie Ahern, the incumbent Taoiseach or Prime Minister of Ireland, was elected to a third term in the general election of 24 May 2007. While Ahern's party, Fianna Fail, was able to retain its governing coalition, the level of support of some of the other parties changed dramatically. Fine Gael, the principal opposition party, saw its number of seats in the parliament, Dail Eireann, increase by nineteen. Some of the minor parties did less well than expected or compared to previous elections. Only the Greens maintained their six representatives. As a result, they were rewarded with a share in the new government. This election suggests that, while Irish society is changing rapidly, the political system is changing more slowly and subtly. This article examines the election results in terms of the fate of the political parties and focuses on one constituency, Tipperary South, to illustrate trends in Irish electoral politics.
Application of fuzzy logic to priced-based unit commitment under price uncertainty

This paper proposes a new formulation for the price based unit commitment (PBUC) of electric power generators under a deregulated electricity market. The methodology is developed from the viewpoint of a generating company (GENCO) wishing to maximize its own profit and to hedge its risk as a participant in the market. The problem is expressed as a mixed integer programming (MIP) optimization model in which the expected profit is maximized while the uncertainty of forecasted market price is modeled as a fuzzy variable. The volatility of market price is identified by certain fuzzy definitions pertaining to market volatility. The proposed model can be solved using a standard mixed integer-programming (MIP) solver. Case studies with 36 units are presented in this paper. We study the impact of uncertainty in forecasted parameters in PBUC solution and compare the results with those of crisp PBUC model.
Segmented anode, CO sub 2 -H sub 2 performance and hollow cathode erosion tests on a low power MPD arc thruster.

Segmented anode, carbon dioxide-hydrogen performance and hollow cathode erosion tests on low power MPD arc thrustor, noting current measurements
The making of race in colonial Malaya: Political economy and racial ideology

The conventional interpretation of the “race problem” in Peninsular Malaysia (Malaya) is founded upon the supposedly inevitable frictions between ethnic communities with sharply divergent cultural traditions. In this view, assimilation between the indigenous Malay population and the descendants of immigrants from China and India was always a remote possibility. In this paper I argue that modern “race relations” in Peninsular Malaysia, in the sense of impenetrable group boundaries, were a byproduct of British colonialism of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Prior to 1850, inter-ethnic relations among Asian populations were marked by cultural stereotypes and occasional hostility, but there were also possibilities for inter-ethnic alliances and acculturation. Direct colonial rule brought European racial theory and constructed a social and economic order structured by “race.” A review of the writing of observers of colonial society provides a crude test of this hypothesis.
An Upper Triassic upland flora from north-central New Mexico, U.S.A.

Abstract A flora consisting chiefly of the remains of plants that probably inhabited an upland region occurs in strata that correlate with the Upper Triassic Chinle Formation and has been assigned to the Upper Triassic Carita Creek Formation in north-central New Mexico. This flora includes mostly the remains of a variety of coniferous plant megafossils including the foliage Brachyphyllum comancheanum Ash, sp. nov., cones assigned to Masculostrobus lafonii Ash, sp. nov., and Alostrobus traversei Ash, gen. et sp. nov., dispersed cone scales herein named Pityoidolepis colbertii Ash, sp. nov., and seeds assigned to Samaropsis lamyensis Ash, sp. nov., S. romeri Ash, sp. nov., S. finchii Ash, sp. nov., S. bigelowii Ash, sp. nov., and S. whitei Ash, sp. nov. The flora also contains a few small fragments of stems and leaves of the horsetail Neocalamites sp., several small leaves of Pelourdea poleoensis (Daugherty) Arnold, 1964 emend. Ash, 1987, and a samara of the enigmatic gymnosperm Dinophyton spinosus Ash, 1970c emend. Krassilov et Ash, 1988. In contrast, most coeval Upper Triassic floras of the southwestern United States are comprised of abundant horsetails, ferns, cycadophytes, and fossils of uncertain affinity, all of which have mesic features such as superficial stomata and thin cuticles and probably inhabited lowland areas such as floodplains and swamps. The new flora is noteworthy because it is the only upland flora of Late Triassic age that has been recognized in this region and demonstrates that the adjacent uplands were covered with diverse coniferous vegetation. As such, the flora may include upland representatives of major groups of plants which do not appear in the fossil record until later in the Mesozoic.
Glandular Lesions of the Uterine Cervix

During the past 20 years, pathologists have more carefully examined and more precisely classified glandular lesions of the endocervix, largely reflecting increased concerns about the diagnosis and pathogenesis of adenocarcinoma of the cervix. This review of glandular lesions of the cervix focuses on the following six issues surrounding the histologic diagnosis of the more common types of adenocarcinoma of the endocervix and their mimics: (1) the classification and recognition of preinvasive glandular lesions, (2) the distinction of invasive from preinvasive adenocarcinoma, (3) the definition and significance of microinvasive adenocarcinoma, (4) the epidemiology and pathogenesis of adenocarcinoma, (5) the identification and behavior of the more common subtypes of invasive adenocarcinoma, and (6) the recognition of benign lesions that mimic adenocarcinoma It is the author's opinion that most in situ and invasive adenocarcinomas of the cervix can be recognized and distinguished from benign mimics. In contrast, glandular dysplasia and microinvasive adenocarcinoma of the cervix are currently ill-defined and irreproducible terms that should not be used for diagnostic purposes. Although only brief descriptions of the biologic behavior of the various lesions and their therapy are included in this review, certain variants of endocervical adenocarcinoma have distinctive behaviors and should be classified appropriately to provide prognostication and help to guide therapy.
Elicited cell suspension cultures of apple (Malus × domestica) cv. Liberty produce biphenyl phytoalexins.

Abstract Yeast extract treated cell suspension cultures from a scab (Venturia inaequalis) resistant apple cultivar, Malus×domestica cv. Liberty produce dibenzofuran and biphenyl compounds as part of their defense system against fungal invasion. We have isolated and identified three biphenyl derivatives, 4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxybiphenyl (aucuparin), 2′,4,-dihydroxy-3,5-dimethoxybiphenyl (2′-hydroxy-aucuparin) and 2′-O-β- d -glucopyranosyl-4-hydroxy-3,5-methoxybiphenyl (2′-o-β- d -glucopyranosylaucuparin) from the cells and the medium and show here their chemical properties. Although this is the first identification of 2′-glucopyranosyl-aucuparin, its aglycone, 2′-hydroxyaucuparin, and aucuparin have been reported previously [Kokubun, T., Harborne, J.B., Phytochemistry, 1995, 40, 1649–1654.] from fungus infected wood of Malus species. Production of an array of dibenzofuran and biphenyl derivatives in response to fungal attack may be an important part of the disease resistance mechanism of scab resistant apple cultivars.
Functional Status Assessment for Community Long-Term Care: Preliminary Observations

The Community Long-Term Care (CLTC) program in South Carolina offers services to nursing home eligible persons that allow them to remain at home and receive help with activities of daily living. Variation in the ways potential clients are evaluated often produces inconsistent eligibility determinations. We developed a simple, objective assessment tool to complement CLTC evaluations. A conceptual framework, based on Nagi's model of disablement, was tested on community-dwelling healthy older adults and CLTC clients. Three simple physiologic tasks assessing mobility, functional leg strength, and manual dexterity discriminated between community-dwelling older adults and CLTC clients, classifying them with 80% to 90% accuracy.
The presence of spirochetes in human gastric mucosa

1. Spirochetes are rarely found in the mucosa of gastric tissue resected for duodenal ulcer without attendant gastric ulcererations. 2. They are frequently found in those stomachs whose mucosa is diseased by malignant or benign ulcerations. In these instances they are found in or close to the lesion. 3. The silver impregnation method of DaFano will demonstrate spirochetes in the gastric tissue of the dog and human. 4. Incubation and exposure to room temperature for varying periods seemed to exert very little influence on the number of spirochetes in human gastric mucosa.
Aggressive motivation in the rat.

Abstract A group of rats that consistently killed mice but did not kill rat pups and a control group of rats that killed neither mice nor rat pups were trained in a T-maze where one goal box contained a mouse and the other a rat pup. The rats that killed mice learned to enter the arm of the maze that led to a mouse, whereas the rats that did not kill mice displayed a preference for the rat pup. Thus it was shown that the opportunity to kill is a sufficient incentive to support and maintain discrimination learning by rats that kill mice, whereas for rats that do not kill mice contact with a mouse is less rewarding than is contact with a rat pup.
Particle trajectory tracing in ANSYS

Abstract The paper describes the elecromagnetic particle trajectory tracing capability of the ANSYS commercial finite element program.
PROACTIVE INTERFERENCE IN SHORT-TERM MEMORY- RECALL PROBABILITY AS A FUNCTION OF PRIOR ITEM RECALL

Summury.-In two different experiments, one with 23 brain surgery patients and one with 39 college students, proactive interference in short-term memory was evaluated as a function of the recall of the just preceding item in a Brown-Peterson distractor technique. In the first experiment, the probability of an error following an error was .25, and the probability of an error following a correct item was .24. In the second experiment, there was also no significant effect (p > .05) of either prior item repetition or recall upon recall of the subsequent item, except in the case of prior items having a retention interval of 24 sec. In that case, well-remembered items exerted less proactive interference than items on which an error had been made. The results were evaluated in terms of a theory derived from the selector mechanism proposed for long-term memory (Postman, Stark, & Fraser, 1968). Since Keppel and Underwood (1962) and Loess (1964) demonstrated that a large portion of the forgetting observed in the Brown-Peterson short-term memory task is due to proactive interference, it has usually been assumed that some prior items remain in memory and in some way interfere with the memory for later items. An alternative view of proactive interference is to attribute it to the selector mechanism proposed to explain proactive and retroactive interference in long-term memory (Underwood & Schulz, 1960). In both short-term and long-term memory, the selector mechanism would be aroused by the presentation of a particular item or list, and the mechanism would remain set on the criteria appropriate to that item or list throughout the retention and recd intervals. The difficulty of shifting from one set of criteria during the recall interval or learning period to another set of criteria appropriate to the new list or item just presented would account for the proactively interfering effect of the prior item or list. Therefore, whether or not the prior item or list was actually remembered or recalled before the presentation of the next item or list would be irrelevant to the proactive interfering effect of that item as long as S had been attempting to use the selection criteria of the prior item during its recall internal. The other aspects of the selector mechanism as described by Postman, Stark, and Fraser ( 1968) for long-term memory can also be related to short-term memory. For example, selective arousal of a particular class of criteria could depend upon the coding mechanisms of short-term memory as derived from proactive-release studies and the effects of organization in free recall (Wickens,
Punta Toro virus infection of C57BL/6J mice: a model for phlebovirus-induced disease.

Abstract Punta Toro virus infections of inbred strains of mice have been characterized and evaluated as a model in which to study various aspects of the host response to phlebovirus infections and the requirements for protective immunity. The Adames strain of Punta Toro virus was found to be strongly hepatotropic and lymphotropic and the outcome of infection was largely a function of age. C57BL/6J mice of less than 5 weeks of age uniformly developed fulminant hepatocellular necrosis with mean survival times of 4.2 days. Resistance to lethal infection increased with age such that >95% of 8-week-old mice survived challenge. The kinetics of viremia, antibody production, and hematological changes in 4- and 8-week animals indicated that the survival of the older animals is related to their ability to delay virus replication and the development of hepatic lesions during the initial 48 h of infection and their ability to terminate virus replication and clear virus from the circulation 4 to 5 days after infection. The mechanisms responsible for this resistance were studied using anti-interferon serum, immunosuppression, and passive immunization.
Drug and food-deprivation modulation of activity in rats given chronic dietary lead: Significance of type of activity measure

Abstract In Experiment 1, rats were given a 1% lead acetate diet from Day 100 of life to the termination of the experiment. After 82 days of lead feeding behavioral tests were started. Lead exposure increased wheel-turning hyperactivity produced by food deprivation and phenylethylamine injection. Lead produced no activity change in the unchallenged condition. In the open field, lead-exposed rats were less responsive to the stimulating action of PEA and amphetamine and to the sedating action of pentobarbital. In Experiment 2, the interaction of lead with food deprivation or PEA on wheel-turning was replicated in naive animals given only a 32-day exposure. Chemical analysis was made of tissues. Ingested lead entered the brain. Regional steady-state levels of brain norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin were not altered by lead treatment when measured following four days of starvation at a time when lead-induced behavioral change was distinct. It was concluded that pharmacological challenges on activity may be sensitive indicators of lead exposure, but the type of activity measure is critical.
Comparison of preferred and nonpreferred hand performance on four neuropsychological motor tasks

Abstract This study explored the intermanual difference scores in 426 normal subjects on four neuropsychological tests, taking into consideration the effects of age, education, sex, and lateral preference. For the Finger Tapping Test and Hand Dynamometer measures, subjects who consistently demonstrated right lateral preference had greater intermanual differences than did left-handed subjects, while analyses on the Grooved Pegboard revealed that females tended to have larger percent difference scores than did males. Analyses on the fourth measure, the Tactual Performance Test (TPT), did not reveal differences related to lateral preference or sex. However, older and less well educated subjects tended not to improve from Trial 1 to Trial 2 of the TPT, possibly due to less efficient learning. These results suggest that interpretation of intermanual differences in neuropsychological assessment would benefit from consideration of demographic and lateral preference variables, in combinations that differ for spec...
Evaluation of amantadine as a releasing agent or uptake blocker for H3-dopamine in rat brain slices

Abstract Amantadine was studied for its ability to inhibit the uptake of H 3 -dopamine or H 3 -serotonin and to release H 3 -dopamine which had been previously accumulated by brain slices. Tissue slices were prepared from whole brain as well as from neostriatum and cortex of rats and rabbits. Amantadine was a very weak releasing agent for H 3 -dopamine in all brain areas. Amantadine exerted a stronger action as an inhibitor of the uptake of H 3 -dopamine by whole brain or cortex (50% inhibition at 10 −4 M). Similar inhibition was found for H 3 -serotonin in the whole brain. However, amantadine was relatively ineffective in inhibiting H 3 -dopamine uptake in the neostriatum. We conclude that neither direct release of endogenous dopamine nor blockade of reuptake, specifically in the stiatum, can account for the beneficial action of amantadine in patients with Parkinson's disease. Alternative mechanisms of action are discussed briefly.
Sexism and beautyism in women's evaluations of peer performance

The purpose of this study was to investigate independent and interactive effects of physical attractiveness (PA), sex, and task sex-typing on performance evaluations. Subjects were 216 college women who read poorquality essays written on masculine, feminine, or neutral topics. Essays supposedly were written by a male or a female student who was either attractive, unattractive, or physically unidentified. Results indicated that PA enhanced evaluations of both male and female essayists, except for the predicted effect that female attractiveness is less beneficial for masculine than feminine task performances. Women did not evaluate the sexes differently, and sexism was largely restricted to the interactive effects of PA. PA stereotypes also affected causal attributions of performers' outcomes in a manner consistent with attribution theory. These data are considered in the context of the existing literature and the directions for further research on sexism and beautyism.
Estimating the virial coefficients of the ammonia+water mixture

Abstract A corresponding states type model has been used to estimate the second and third virial coefficients of the NH3+H2O mixture. Additional mixing parameters were added to the formulations for both coefficients to account for the chemical interactions between unlike molecules. The mixing parameters were optimized using experimental gas density data from 373 to 498 K and phase equilibrium data at temperatures below 400 K, and the model (in conjunction with a suitable activity coefficient model) represented these data satisfactorily. Extrapolation of the model to higher temperatures and pressures revealed good agreement with existing VLE data to 589 K and with new density data to 773 K at pressures over 10 MPa.