cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Earning college credit in high school: Variables that predict persistence to the second year of college

This research examined positive and negative aspects of high school students earning college credit. Precollege characteristics—high school academic performance, college credit earned in high school, and academic performance during the first year of college—were analyzed to predict student persistence to the second year of college. Academic performance and persistence rate to the second year of college were compared between students who had and had not earned college credit in high school. Consistently, for each of the five years, the firstsemester college mean GPA was always higher among students who had earned college credit in high school than that of students who had not. Also, on average, students who earned college credit in high school were 9% more likely to persist to the second year of college than students who had not. Four sequential logistic regression models were developed to analyze the relationships between independent variables (gender, race, first-generation status, high school GPA, ACT score, AP credit, PSEO credit, CC credit, no college credit, and firstand second-semester college GPA), and to assess the contribution of each independent variable on the dependent variable, persistence to the second year of college: • Models one and two examined the quantity of different types of college credit earned in high school and the high school cumulative GPA. The high school GPA variable contributed the most to predicting student persistence to the second year of college.
Genetic and Metabolic Control of Histidase and Urocanase in Salmonella typhimurium, Strain 15–59

Abstract Salmonella typhimurium strain 15–59 can use l-histidine as a source of nitrogen, except when glucose is the major source of carbon. Upon induction by histidine the organism produces histidase and urocanase. The formation of these enzymes is strongly repressed by glucose. A series of mutants, either deficient in the ability to metabolize histidine or altered in the control of the formation of the histidine-degrading enzymes, was isolated. It could be shown that the genetic sites for control (constitutive formation of the enzymes, or resistance to repression by glucose, or inability to form both histidase and urocanase) are closely linked to the sites where mutation results in the specific inability to produce either histidase or urocanase. The mutation to constitutivity affects not only histidase and urocanase, but also another enzyme required for the degradation of histidine, formiminoglutamate hydrolase; mutation to resistance to repression by glucose affects only histidase and urocanase. The actual inducer appears to be urocanic acid and not histidine. However, urocanic acid cannot be used for induction since it fails to penetrate the cell. There is coordinate control of the synthesis of histidase and urocanase; the close linkage of the genes responsible for the formation of these enzymes suggests that they belong to a single operon.
Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation of the Atrioventricular Junction by a Supravalvular Noncoronary Aortic Cusp Approach

Radiofrequency catheter ablation of the atrioventricular junction is usually achieved from either the right or left atrioventricular junction. We describe a new approach in which the atrioventricular junction was successfully ablated from the supravalvular region of the noncoronary cusp of the aortic valve in an unusual patient in whom conventional approaches were unsuccessful.
Identification of hydroxamic acids by gas chromatography of isocyanate derivatives.

Abstract A method is described for the analysis of hydroxamic acids. The hydroxamic acids are initially quantitatively acetylated by treatment with excess acetic anhydride and pyridine. This reaction mixture is applied directly to a gas chromatographic column. On the column the hydroxamate esters are quantitatively converted to isocyanates which are readily separated by gas chromatography. An example is given of the analysis of a mixture of acyl CoA compounds by converting them to hydroxamic acids and identifying the latter by gas chromatography of their isocyanate derivatives.
Evolution of the Archean Mohorovičić discontinuity from a synaccretionary 4.5 Ga protocrust

Abstract This review evaluates and rejects the currently dominant dogmas of geodynamics and geochemistry, which are based on 1950s–1970s assumptions of a slowly differentiating Earth. Evidence is presented for evolution of mantle, crust, and early Moho that began with fractionation of most crustal components, synchronously with planetary accretion, into mafic protocrust by ~ 4.5 Ga. We know little about Hadean crustal geology (> 3.9 Ga) except that felsic rocks were then forming, but analogy with Venus, and dating from the Moon, indicate great shallow disruption by large and small impact structures, including huge fractionated impact-melt constructs, throughout that era. The mantle sample and Archean (
Designing Nanoparticle Translocation through Cell Membranes by Varying Amphiphilic Polymer Coatings

Nanoparticle (NP)-assisted drug delivery has been emerging as an active research area. Understanding and controlling the interaction of the coated NPs with cell membranes is key to the development of the efficient drug delivery technologies and to the management of nanoparticle-related health and safety issues. Cellular uptake of nanoparticles coated with mixed hydrophilic/hydrophobic polymer ligands is known to be strongly influenced by the polymer pattern on the NP surface and remains open for further exploration. To unravel the physical mechanism behind this intriguing phenomenon, here we perform dissipative particle dynamics simulations to analyze the forces and efficacy time as the copolymer-coated NPs pass through the lipid bilayer so as to provide better design of coated NPs for future drug delivery applications. Four characteristic copolymer ligands are constructed to perform the simulations: hydrophilic-hydrophobic (AB), hydrophobic-hydrophilic (BA), hydrophobic-hydrophilic-hydrophobic-hydrophilic (BABA), and a random pattern with hydrophilic and hydrophobic beads. We mainly study the critical force and potential of mean force required for entering inside of the lipid bilayer and penetration force to pass all the way through the cell membrane as well as the translocation time for these patterned NPs across the bilayer. Through copolymer ligand pattern designing, we find a suitable nanoparticle candidate with a specific polymer coating pattern for drug delivery. These findings provide useful guidelines for the molecular design of patterned NPs for controllable cell penetrability and help establish qualitative rules for the organization and optimization of copolymer ligands for desired drug delivery.
A shock acceleration model for compact accreting sources

A model for the energy generation in accreting compact sources is presented based on (quasi) spherical accretion and a shock as a means for randomizing the inflowing kinetic energy. According to the model, most of the accretion energy is converted into relativistic protons at the shock (via the first order Fermi acceleration mechanism) which in turn can provide the necessary pressure to to self-consistently support it. The shock also provides the relativistic electrons needed to produce the observed radiation as secondaries of the nuclear collisions of the relativistic protons.
Abstract C40: αvβ6 integrin promotes a TGFβ1-mediated cancer cell autonomous osteolytic program through upregulation of matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2)

Metastatic prostate cancer to the bone is associated with considerable morbidity and mortality. Because the molecular basis of this process is not completely understood, current treatment is largely palliative, aiming at reducing severe bone pain, nerve compression and pathological fractures. The molecular circuitries controlling osseous prostate metastasis are known to depend on the activity of a pro-metastatic cytokine, TGFβ1, and of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). MMP2 is known to enhance prostate cancer-mediated bone degradation and has been reported to be induced by TGFβ1. Various studies show that the αvβ6 integrin activates and is induced by TGFβ1, thus potentiating TGFβ1 responses in the sites where it is expressed. However, a role for αvβ6 in regulating TGFβ1—induced MMP2 has not been described before. Here, we demonstrate that the αvβ6 integrin is upregulated in human prostate cancer bone metastasis and promotes osteolysis as observed by μ–computed tomography (μ–CT) in an in vivo model of metastatic bone disease. Using immunoblotting and real-time PCR analysis, we provide evidence that the αvβ6 integrin sustains TGFβ1—dependent upregulation of MMP2 mRNA and protein levels by associating with TGFβ receptor II. We also show that αvβ6 contributes to upregulation of MMP2 by TGFβ1 through a highly specific transcriptional program mediated by Smad3, and promotes osteolysis in vivo through upregulation of MMP2 in cancer cells. In conclusion, we have identified a novel role of the αvβ6 integrin in directing, in vivo , a cell-autonomous osteolytic program through activation of MMP2. These mechanistic studies will support the development of novel molecular strategies for prostate cancer bone metastasis through inhibition of the TGFβ1\αvβ6\MMP2 signaling pathway. Acknowledgments: This work was supported by the following grants: NIH — RO1 CA89720 to Dr. Lucia R. Languino and NIH — PO1 CA140043 to Drs. Lucia R. Languino, Gary S. Stein, Jane B. Lian. Drs. Dutta and Li share the first authorship. Citation Format: Anindita Dutta, Jing Li, Huimin Lu, Jacqueline Akech, Jitesh Pratap, Tao Wang, Thomas J. FitzGerald, Zhong Jiang, Shelia M. Violette, Gary S. Stein, Jane B. Lian, Lucia R. Languino. αvβ6 integrin promotes a TGFβ1-mediated cancer cell autonomous osteolytic program through upregulation of matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2). [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Tumor Invasion and Metastasis; Jan 20-23, 2013; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(3 Suppl):Abstract nr C40.
Unanswered Questions in Sleep and Anesthesia

INTRODUCTIONBefore we embark on a discussion of unansweredquestions about sleep and anesthesia, here aresome questions that have been answered. OSAis a widespread disorder that affects the cardio-vascular, respiratory, and neurologic systems.Hypertension, coronary artery disease, stroke,diabetes, and congestive heart failure are highlyprevalent in patients with OSA.
Amiodarone optic neuropathy - review

The antiarrhythmic agent, amiodarone (Cordone), Pacerone), has been reported to cause optic neuropathy. However, the clinical manifestations are similar to non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AION), which makes diagnosing amiodarone optic neuropathy difficult. There is controversy whether or not amiodarone optic neuropathy actually exists as a distinct entity. The clinical manifestations and the proposed pathophysiology of amiodarone optic neuropathy are discussed.
Computation of dissipation-induced loss distortion in lumped/distributed networks

An extension of a simple technique for the prediction of dissipation-induced loss distortion is presented. An explicit formula is given for the loss distortion in a linear time-invariant network containing dissipative inductors and capacitors as well as dissipative uniform transmission lines. The formula requires only the analysis of the original and the adjoint dissipationless circuits.
Advanced materials and processing for drug delivery: The past and the future

Design and synthesis of efficient drug delivery systems are of vital importance for medicine and healthcare. Materials innovation and nanotechnology have synergistically fueled the advancement of drug delivery. Innovation in material chemistry allows the generation of biodegradable, biocompatible, environment-responsive, and targeted delivery systems. Nanotechnology enables control over size, shape and multi-functionality of particulate drug delivery systems. In this review, we focus on the materials innovation and processing of drug delivery systems and how these advances have shaped the past and may influence the future of drug delivery.
The Role of Dangling Bonds in H2O-Induced Oxidation of Si(100)-2 × 1

The stability of the water-terminated Si(100)-2 × 1 surface in the 300−550 K temperature range is investigated with ultrahigh vacuum scanning tunneling microscopy experiments and density functional theory calculations. For temperatures below 450 K the surface is found to be stable from hydroxyl decomposition and surface oxidation. In the range of 450−550 K, new surface features associated with oxygen insertion into the silicon dimer bond are observed. It is found that the rate of hydroxyl decomposition and oxygen insertion does not follow simple first order kinetics with respect to the surface hydroxyl groups. Density functional theory calculations of oxygen insertion pathways point toward a catalytic effect of the dangling bonds and suggest that in the 450−550 K range the insertion events should predominantly occur next to unoccupied surface sites. A model is proposed where the dangling bonds diffuse along the dimer rows and promote hydroxyl decomposition. Kinetic Monte-Carlo simulations are used to comp...
Gender Stereotypes, Candidate Evaluations, and Voting for Women Candidates What Really Matters?

Elections involving women candidates in the United States can offer unsettling examples of voter gender stereotypes, but research on women candidates provides little in the way of available data that allow us to link stereotypes to voter decision-making. This project reports results from a 2010 survey designed to examine gender stereotypes, candidate evaluations, and voting behavior in U.S. House elections with women candidates running against men. In general, stereotypes are not a central part of candidate evaluations or voting decisions, but the political party of the woman candidate can shape their role in candidate evaluations and vote choice.
Free Muscle Transfer in Posttraumatic Plexopathies Part II: The Elbow:

The indications for free muscle transfer in brachial plexopathies are prolonged denervation time or inadequate upper extremity function after primary nerve reconstruction. The purpose of this study is to analyze the outcomes of free muscle transfer for elbow flexion and extension in brachial plexopathies in relation to the different muscles used and the respective motor donors. Seventy-three muscles were transferred for elbow flexion and ten for elbow extension. Latissimus dorsi (LD) was used in 37 cases, gracilis in 28, rectus femoris (RF) in seven, and vastus lateralis in one. Five LD and five gracilis were transferred for elbow extension. Patients younger than 15 years yielded better results than older patients for elbow flexion. When LD was transferred, the mean muscle grading (MG) was 3.33 ± 0.25 when the neurotization was from intercostals; these outcomes were statistically significant when compared with outcomes of free gracilis transfer (MG 2.25 ± 0.6). There was also a statistically significant difference when free LD was neurotized with three intercostals as compared with two intercostals nerves. RF yielded also good results when neurotized from contralateral C7 (cC7; MG 3.67 ± 0.6). For elbow extension, the better outcomes of LD were not statistically significant. Among all the free muscle transfers for upper extremity reconstruction, elbow reanimation yielded the most rewarding outcomes. The selection of powerful muscle units was more important than the effect of neurotization which was not as strong as it was in muscle transfers for facial or hand reanimation.
Defining Respect in the Sociomoral Atmosphere of Christian Schools

Little research exists on the impact Christian schools have on the moral development of children. One reason for the absence of research is the difficulty in defining and measuring moral behavior. The purpose of this study is to operationally define respect within the sociomoral atmosphere of three mid-western Christian schools. How values are defined affects curriculum development, instruction, and research. A need exists for agreement upon value definitions. This study found that little agreement existed between students and teacher and among students and teachers on the behavior definition of respect.
Spectroradiometric Monitoring of Nannochloropsis salina Growth

Abstract The high productivity of fluidically mixed open ponds for algal biofuel production is accompanied by high environmental and temporal variability. Therefore, a recognized need exists for rapid monitoring of open ponds to quantify algal growth rates, assess algal stress, detect the presence of invading species, and determine the optimum time for harvesting. Multispectral/hyperspectral approaches are now being used to optimize conventional agriculture practices and similar remote sensing techniques can potentially be used for monitoring algal ponds. In this work, we assess the application of remote techniques for algal biofuel production by using a dual-channel spectroradiometer to monitor the laboratory-scale growth of Nannochloropsis salina , a popular microalgal candidate for biofuels. One channel of the spectroradiometer measures the downwelling irradiance while the second channel simultaneously monitors the upwelling radiance, and the reflectance is calculated by ratioing these two signals. A detailed reflectance model is developed to interpret the acquired spectra, enabling a remote assessment the culture's optical depth as well as the relative optical activity of different algal pigments in N. salina .
Perspective: machines for RNAi

RNA silencing pathways convert the sequence information in long RNA, typically double-stranded RNA, into ∼21-nt RNA signaling molecules such as small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs). siRNAs and miRNAs provide specificity to protein effector complexes that repress mRNA transcription or translation, or catalyze mRNA destruction. Here, we review our current understanding of how small RNAs are produced, how they are loaded into protein complexes, and how they repress gene expression.
Local and Global Regulators Linking Anaerobiosis to cupA Fimbrial Gene Expression in Pseudomonas aeruginosa

The cupA gene cluster of Pseudomonas aeruginosa encodes components and assembly factors of a putative fimbrial structure that enable this opportunistic pathogen to form biofilms on abiotic surfaces. In P. aeruginosa the control of cupA gene expression is complex, with the H-NS-like MvaT protein functioning to repress phase-variable (on/off) expression of the operon. Here we identify four positive regulators of cupA gene expression, including three unusual regulators encoded by the cgrABC genes and Anr, a global regulator of anaerobic gene expression. We show that the cupA genes are expressed in a phase-variable manner under anaerobic conditions and that the cgr genes are essential for this expression. We show further that cgr gene expression is negatively controlled by MvaT and positively controlled by Anr and anaerobiosis. Expression of the cupA genes therefore appears to involve a regulatory cascade in which anaerobiosis, signaled through Anr, stimulates expression of the cgr genes, resulting in a concomitant increase in cupA gene expression. Our findings thus provide mechanistic insight into the regulation of cupA gene expression and identify anaerobiosis as an inducer of phase-variable cupA gene expression, raising the possibility that phase-variable expression of fimbrial genes important for biofilm formation may occur in P. aeruginosa persisting in the largely anaerobic environment of the cystic fibrosis host lung.
Language and Literacy Demands of Content Area Courses in the Era of the Common Core State Standards: Teachers’ Perspectives and the Role of the SLP

In this article, we explore secondary school content area teachers' views on the language and literacy demands of their courses and the Common Core State Standards (CCSS) as well as the role of sch...
Reliability and validity of personality and behavioral measures in a study of coronary heart disease.

Abstract The Cattell 16-PF inventory and Rosenman-Friedman behavior interviews were administered to 1433 American Benedictine and Trappist Monks taking part in a study of coronary heart disease. Benedictine Priests, who were judged to be “Type-A persons in a Type-A atmosphere”, had the highest rate of myocardial infarction. Coefficients of reliability for three judges who rated each monk on the Rosenman-Friedman Type-A scale were in the acceptable range, as was the reliability of rank-order given to monasteries on their degree of “Type-A environment.” The construct validity of of the Rosenman-Friedman rationale was supported by significant but low first-order correlations with six of the Cattell Factors. A factor analysis also supported the Rosenman-Friedman rationale by revealing the independence of the Type-A pattern from neurotic anxiety, responsibility levels, education and extraversion. The factor analysis supported the description of the Type-A person as aggressive, impatient, hurried, competitive, and driven by a sense of time urgency. Estimates of concurrent validity were not possible because medical diagnoses of CHD were not available for evaluation.
Indigenous bodies, indigenous minds? Towards an understanding of indigeneity in the Ecuadorian Amazon

This article explores how perceptions about bodies and interpersonal exchanges contribute to the production of indigenous subjectivities in the Ecuadorian Amazon. Drawing on feminist methodologies and experiences with Cofan, Quichua and Secoya peoples in the province of Sucumbios, I reflect on how bodies and their ‘grammar’ can become analytical spaces through which to understand indigeneity. Specifically, I look at the body as object and subject of imaginaries of difference with the goal to examine how moments and interactions through which people commonly identify as ‘indigenous’ construct, contest and/or maintain indigenous subjectivities. I conclude with a discussion on the possibilities of thinking about and with bodies to further a post-colonial questioning of indigeneity.
Drug wastage contributes significantly to the cost of routine anesthesia care.

Abstract Study Objective: To complement previous studies that employed indirect methods of measuring anesthesia drug waste. Design: Prospective, blinded observational study. Setting: Operating rooms of a single university hospital. Subjects: Anesthesia providers practicing in this setting who were completely unaware of the conduct of the study. Measurements: All opened and unused or unusable intravenous (IV) anesthesia drugs left over at the end of each workday were collected over a randomly selected typical 2-week period. Main Results: 166 weekday cases were performed. Thirty different drugs were represented in the 157 syringes and 139 ampoules collected. Opioid waste as well as opened vials that became outdated were counted in the tally. Based on actual hospital drug acquisition costs, $1,802 of drugs were wasted during this 2-week period ($300/OR), amounting to an average cost per case of $10.86. On a cost basis, six drugs accounted for three quarters of the total wastage: phenylephrine (20.8%), propofol (14.5%), vecuronium (12.2%), midazolam (11.4%), labetalol (9.1%), and ephedrine (8.6%). Because incompletely used syringes or vials that were discarded in the trash were not measured in this analysis, the results may underestimate the total cost of drug wastage at this institution by up to 40%. Conclusions: The results of this study are similar to those of previous studies that employed electronic record keeping techniques to calculate drug waste. Intravenous drugs that are prepared but unused may be a significant cost of intraoperative anesthesia care. Methods to reduce the amount of drug wasted are proposed.
Effects of an anabolic steroid on sexual performance in male albino rats.

Anabolic steroids are synthetic androgens similar to those produced in the male testes. They have been used extensively to promote gains in strength and bodyweight. Possible side effects have been thought to include changes in sexual drive. This study assessed the effects of high and low doses of nandrolone decanoace (Deca Durabolin), an anabolic steroid, and a placebo in combination with exercise on sexual performance in male albino rats. The subjects ( 4 8 male Wisrar rats, weighing between 300 to 325 g m ) were equally and randomly assigned to six treatment groups: ( a ) exercise-high dose, ( b ) exercise-low dose, ( c ) exercise-placebo, ( d ) sedentary-high dose, ( e ) sedentary-low dose, ( f ) sedentary-placebo. One rat in the exercise-placebo group died during the training program. The exercise program required forced swimming five days each week. Swimming sessions were 12 min. each day the first week, and 15 min. each day for Weeks 2 to 8. A weight equivalent to 2% of the rat's initial body weight was attached to each animal during Weeks 3 to 5. This was increased to 4 % of the animal's initial weight during Weeks 6 to 8. The drug treatment was intramuscular injections of nandrolone decanoate (dissolved in sesame oil) on the first day of Weeks 1, 4 , and 7. The low-dose group received 1.0 mg/kg of bodyweight, and the high-dose group received 4.0 mg/kg of bodyweight. The placebo group received 1.0 m g sesame oil per kg of body weight. Concentrations of the drug were adjusted so that animals of the same weight received the same volume of liquid independent of treatment group. At the end of the 8-wk. training program measures of sexual performance were collected. These were secured under the following conditions: ( 1 ) each male rat was placed by himself in a 10-gal. glass aquarium tank for 5 min. before the introduction of a receptive female; ( 2 ) female rats were brought into behavioral estrus by the injection of 0.2 m g estradiol vallerate 72 hr. before testing and 1.0 mg progesterone 4 hr. before testing; ( 3 ) testing sessions lasted 30 min., timed from the introduction of the female; and ( 4 ) intromissions and ejaculations were recorded on an Omni-scribe recorder. Data were analyzed using Fisher's exact probability test. The intromission and ejaculation observed frequencies were arranged in 2 X 2 design. (1) For each level of activity (exercise and sedentary), rats were grouped according to whether they received drug or placebo treatrnenr and whether or not they performed the behavior, and ( 2 ) for each level of drug treatment (high, low, and placebo) rats were grouped according to whether they were
Honing the Test-and-Treat HIV Strategy

In his News Focus story (“Treatment as prevention,” 5 March, p. [1196][1]), J. Cohen reviews ideas presented at the 17th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections about the use of HIV treatment as prevention. Enthusiasm for the treatment-as-prevention approach has grown in recent years as (i) the drugs have become safer, better tolerated, and more widely available; (ii) widespread testing has become cheaper and more efficient; (iii) earlier therapy has become desirable; and (iv) mathematical modeling by some ([ 1 ][2]) (but by no means all) has suggested that a test-and-treat strategy could control the spread of HIV. Cohen cites an observational analysis, by Donnell et al. , that reported considerable reduction of HIV transmission in HIV discordant couples when ART was provided to the HIV-infected index partner ([ 2 ][3]). This finding—similar to work from Sullivan et al. presented at Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections in 2009 ([ 3 ][4])—helps to support the key assumption that ART reduces infectiousness. However, these studies report only short-term observations; they do not address the durability of this effect or the risk of transmitted drug-resistant HIV strains, two critical considerations for the test-and-treat strategy. 1. [↵][5] 1. R. M. Granich, 2. C. F. Gilks, 3. C. Dye, 4. K. M. De Cock, 5. B. G. Williams , Lancet 373, 48 (2009). [OpenUrl][6][CrossRef][7][PubMed][8][Web of Science][9] 2. [↵][10] 1. D. Donnell 2. et al ., abstract 136, presented at the 17th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, San Francisco, CA, 16 to 19 February 2010. 3. [↵][11] 1. P. Sullivan 2. et al ., abstract 52bLB, presented at the 16th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, Montreal, Canada, 8 to 11 February 2009. [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.327.5970.1196-b [2]: #ref-1 [3]: #ref-2 [4]: #ref-3 [5]: #xref-ref-1-1 "View reference 1 in text" [6]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DLancet%26rft.stitle%253DLancet%26rft.aulast%253DGranich%26rft.auinit1%253DR.%2BM.%26rft.volume%253D373%26rft.issue%253D9657%26rft.spage%253D48%26rft.epage%253D57%26rft.atitle%253DUniversal%2Bvoluntary%2BHIV%2Btesting%2Bwith%2Bimmediate%2Bantiretroviral%2Btherapy%2Bas%2Ba%2Bstrategy%2Bfor%2Belimination%2Bof%2BHIV%2Btransmission%253A%2Ba%2Bmathematical%2Bmodel.%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1016%252FS0140-6736%252808%252961697-9%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F19038438%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [7]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61697-9&link_type=DOI [8]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=19038438&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fsci%2F328%2F5981%2F976.atom [9]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=000262183800031&link_type=ISI [10]: #xref-ref-2-1 "View reference 2 in text" [11]: #xref-ref-3-1 "View reference 3 in text"
Blooms of large diatoms in the oceanic, subarctic Pacific

Abstract Sampling with fine mesh (73 μm) nets from the weatherships patrolling at Sta. P (50°N, 145°W) in the northeastern Pacific revealed prolonged population pulses of large diatoms. Density of Corethron criophilum Castracane exceeded 5000 cells l −1 through three weeks in July 1980. Density of a mixture of species including Thalassiothrix longissima, Chaetoceros atlanticus, Chaetoceros concavicornis , and Rhizosolenia alata was sustained at several hundred to over 1000 cells l −1 from late November 1980 to mid-February 1981. While truly massive diatom blooms are not observed in the nutrient-rich, oceanic subarctic Pacific, the observations simply that waters of the region are not utterly unsuitable as a medium to sustain diatom growth.
Genome-wide screen for heavy alcohol consumption

To find specific genes predisposing to heavy alcohol consumption (self-reported consumption of 24 grams or more of alcohol per day among men and 12 grams or more among women), we studied 330 families collected by the Framingham Heart Study made available to participants in the Genetic Analysis Workshop 13 (GAW13). Parametric and nonparametric methods of linkage analysis were used. No significant evidence of linkage was found; however, weak signals were identified in several chromosomal regions, including 1p22, 4q12, 4q25, and 11q24, which are in the vicinity of those reported in other similar studies. Our study did not reveal significant evidence of linkage to heavy alcohol use; however, we found weak confirmation of studies carried out in other populations.
Localized conserved regions of the S RNA gene products of bunyaviruses are revealed by sequence analyses of the Simbu serogroup Aino virus

Abstract The complete nucleotide sequence has been determined for the S RNA of Aino virus, a member of the Simbu serogroup ( Bunyavirus genus, family Bunyaviridae). The S RNA is 850 nucleotides long (2.76 × 10 5 dallons) and in the viral complementary sequence has a short 5' non-coding region of 34 nucleotides and a more extensive 3' non-coding region of 117 nucleotides. The 3'-5' complementarity of the Aino S RNA is about 25 residues long, depending on the arrangement. The Aino sequence predicts that, like snowshoe hare (SSH) and La Crosse (LAC) bunyaviruses (Bishop D.H.L., et al. (1982) Nucleic Acids Res., 10, 3703–3713; Akashi H. and Bishop D.H.L. (1983) J. Virol. 45, 1155–1158), there are two S coded gene products, a nucleoprotein N, and a non-structural protein, NS S , that are read from overlapping reading frames in the viral complementary sequence. The Aino N primary gene product is composed of 233 amino acids (26.2 × 10 3 daltons) and is 45% homologous in sequence with that of LAC virus. The NS S protein of Aino virus is composed of 91 amino acids (10.5 × 10 3 daltons) and is 35% homologous in sequence with the LAC NS S protein. Unlike those viruses there are no uridylate tracts longer than 4 residues in the 5' non-coding region of the S viral RNA that could function as a template for polyadenylation of Aino S mRNA species.
An ḟ ( f ) -frequency dynamics algorithm for gravitational waves

Coalescence of low mass compact binaries of neutron stars and black holes are primary burst sources for LIGO and VIRGO.Of importance in the early stages of observations will be the classification of candidate detections by source-type. The diversity in source parameters and serendipity in any new window of observations suggest to consider model-independent detection algorithms. Here a frequency dynamics algorithm is described which extracts a trajectory in the $\dot{f}(f)$-plane from the noisy signal. The algorithm is studied in simulated binary coalescence. Robust results are obtained with experimental noise data. Experiments show the method to be superior to matched filtering in the presence of model imperfections.
Linear algebra students’ modes of reasoning: Geometric representations

Abstract Main goal of our research was to document differences on the types of modes linear algebra students displayed in their responses to the questions of linear independence from two different assignments. In this paper, modes from the second assignment are discussed in detail. Second assignment was administered with the support of graphical representations through an interactive web-module. Additionally, for comparison purposes, we briefly talk about the modes from the first assignment. First assignment was administered with the support of computational devices such as calculators providing the row reduced echelon form (rref) of matrices. Sierpinska’s framework on thinking modes (2000) was considered while qualitatively documenting the aspects of 45 matrix algebra students’ modes of reasoning. Our analysis revealed 17 categories of the modes of reasoning for the second assignment, and 15 categories for the first assignment. In conclusion, the findings of our analysis support the view of the geometric representations not replacing one’s arithmetic or algebraic modes but encouraging students to utilize multiple modes in their reasoning. Specifically, geometric representations in the presence of algebraic and arithmetic modes appear to help learners begin to consider the diverse representational aspects of a concept flexibly.
U-Pb constraints for the plutonic and tectonometamorphic evolution of Lake Melville terrane, Labrador and implications for basement reworking in the northeastern Grenville Province

Abstract Along the northeastern margin of the Grenville Province in Canada, crust of Labradorian age (1.71–1.62 Ga) was variably reworked during northward (present day coordinates) propagation of the 1.20–1.00 Ga Grenvillian Orogen. To provide constraints on the nature of Grenvillian reworking, we describe previously unreported field relationships and present ten new U–Pb ages from a transect across Lake Melville terrane (LMT), which forms the leading edge of the Allochthonous Polycyclic Belt in the study area. Exhumation of granulites on the northern margin of LMT, along the Rigolet thrust zone, occurred during the interval 1617–1610 Ma and was therefore a late Labradorian feature. Approximately 120 m.y. after the Labradorian Orogeny, during the interval 1489–1474 Ma, dioritic to granitic plutons inferred to be related to Pinwarian (1.51–1.47 Ga) magmatism, were emplaced in northern LMT. This, together with a revised U–Pb baddeleyite and zircon age of 1472+27/–21 Ma for the Michael gabbro, suggests that Pinwarian ensialic arc magmatism was coeval with the emplacement of the Michael and Shabogamo gabbro dyke swarms. The data also indicate that Pinwarian magmatism was not limited to the Pinware terrane, but occurred throughout the entire Grenville Province in eastern Labrador, implying that the region was already accreted to the Laurentian margin prior to the Grenvillian Orogeny. The principal phase of Grenvillian deformation and uppermost-amphibolite facies metamorphism in LMT occurred between 1.08 and 1.05 Ga and appears to have been focused between the Rigolet shear zone and the anorthosite-dominated Mealy Mountains terrane. Grenvillian amphibolite facies reactivation of the Rigolet shear zone was limited to its upper structural levels only, with the central and lower levels preserving Labradorian fabrics and granulite facies assemblages. High-grade Grenvillian deformation within LMT was dominated by tight to isoclinal folding and belt-parallel transposition, minor thrusting, followed by localized strike–slip shearing at the northeastern and southwestern margins.
IGF-I induced phosphorylation of S6K1 and 4E-BP1 in heart is impaired by acute alcohol intoxication.

BACKGROUND The purpose of the present study was to determine whether acute alcohol (EtOH) intoxication impairs the signal transduction pathway used to coordinate insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I stimulation of myocardial protein synthesis. METHODS Rats were injected intraperitoneally with EtOH or saline. After 2.5 h, IGF-I or saline was injected intravenously and the heart was excised at 2 min or 20 min. Additional rats were pretreated with RU486 or tumor necrosis factor (TNF) binding protein (BP) to assess the importance of elevations in glucocorticoids or TNF, respectively, as endogenous modulators of IGF-I signal transduction. RESULTS EtOH did not alter the total amount or tyrosine phosphorylation of the IGF-I receptor, IRS-1 or PKB under basal or IGF-stimulated conditions. However, EtOH attenuated the ability of IGF-I to phosphorylate ribosomal S6 kinase (S6K)-1 on residues T389 ( approximately 62%) and T421/S424 ( approximately 40%), and also reduced ribosomal protein S6 phosphorylation. Under basal conditions, EtOH altered the distribution of eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF) 4E, as evidenced by a decreased amount of the active eIF4E.eIF4G complex (53%), an increased amount of inactive eIF4E.4E-BP1 complex ( approximately 3-fold), and decreased phosphorylation of 4E-BP1 (56%). EtOH also impaired the ability of IGF-I to reverse the above-mentioned changes in the eIF4E system. Pretreatment of rats with RU486 or TNFBP was unable to attenuate the EtOH-induced changes in either eIF4E distribution or the phosphorylation state of 4E-BP1, S6K1 or S6. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that acute EtOH intoxication alters selected aspects of translational control in the heart under basal conditions. Furthermore, despite appropriate stimulation of IGF-I receptor, IRS-1 and PKB, EtOH impairs IGF-I signaling via S6K1 and 4E-BP1 pathways, and this defect is regulated in a glucocorticoid- and TNF-independent manner. This IGF-I resistance may represent a participating mechanism by which alcohol limits protein synthesis in heart.
Subunits of human plasma carboxypeptidase N (kininase I; anaphylatoxin inactivator)

Abstract We have purified carboxypeptidase N from human plasma 888-fold. The enzyme has a molecular weight of 280 000. On standing it dissociates to 45 000 and 90 000 molecular weight subunits, to a “heavy” and to a “light” chain. The enzyme cleaves C-terminal basic amino acids of synthetic peptides and inactivates bradykinin and C3a anaphylatoxin. We have also partially purified an about 45 000 molecular weight carboxypeptidase from hog liver. This enzyme occurs in the final supernatant of the homogenized liver. We proposed the liver as one of the sites of origin of the plasma enzyme.
A Constructivist Perspective on Articulation: A Framework for System Change in Teacher Education

Two five year olds looked up as a jet flew over the play yard of their children's center located near an air force base. Being a child of a pilot, one child with great intent and expressive movements was explaining the aerodynamic concepts of lift, drag, and thrust to the other. She was showing with her arms and body movement what held the plane in the air. During this time, the teacher kept beckoning them to move to a table. After repeatedly ignoring the teacher to no avail, the first child stopped, looked at the teacher, then turned to the second child saying, “Let's go he wants us to string those stupid beads again!"
Solving nonlinear multiple-facility network location problems

We show how to locate optimally p new facilities (servers) on a network so as to minimize cost, where cost can be any convex function of the distances between demand points (nodes) and a closest server. The algorithm is generally practical only for small p (perhaps 2, 3, or 4), but it admits a large number of servers with locations fixed beforehand. The classical p-median, p-center, and p-facility cent-dian problems are special cases. Other problems of this form include a large number of obnoxious facility problems, problems in which the objective is to minimize an Lk norm of distances, and a wide variety of problems, problems in which the objective is to minimize an Lk norm of distances, and a wide variety of problems in which equity or social welfare is a a factor.
The impact of prenatal alcohol exposure on frontal cortex development in utero

Abstract Objective: Whether prenatal alcohol exposure was associated with a reduction in the frontal cortex was examined. Study Design: Pregnant women (n = 167) received multiple ultrasonographic assessments. During the assessment, brain structures were visualized and measured, including the distance from the posterior margin of the cavum to the calvarium, the distance from the posterior margin of the thalamus to the calvarium, the transcerebellar diameter, and the biparietal diameter. Results: Regression analyses and odds ratios demonstrated that alcohol exposure was associated with a reduction in the frontal cortex, but not other brain structures. Strikingly, the percent of fetuses with a frontal cortex below the 10th percentile increased from 4% for nonexposed fetuses to 23% for heavily exposed fetuses. Conclusion: There was a relationship between frontal brain size and maternal alcohol consumption, suggesting that ultrasonography may be a sensitive tool for detecting alcohol-induced changes in the fetal brain. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001;185:737-42.)
A New Differential Medium for the Paratyphoid Group.

Within the group of paratyphoid bacilli, now generally admitted to comprise a dozen or more well defined "types" or "species," differentiation between certain closely related forms has commonly been based on the results of the time-consuming agglutinin absorption test. This is particularly true of the so-called paratyphosus B subdivisions (Schiitze,' Jordan 2). These organisms, which show unmistakable group agglutinative affinities, are now recognized as consisting of two main types: B. schottmiilleri, the well known bacillus of human paratyphoid fever, and B. aertrycke (known to many English writers as the "mutton" type), apparently of animal origin, but associated with many outbreaks of food poisoning in man as well as with numerous epizootics. Culturally and agglutinatively these two types stand close together. Most of the paratyphosus B organisms fall into one or the other of these types. The much smaller "Newport," "Stanley" and "Reading" types of English writers are also very similar and have been differentiated from the two main types and from one another solely by the agglutinin-absorption test (White 3). Since the agglutinative distinction between the Schottmiiller and Aertrycke types is definitely correlated with pathological association and apparent origin, one of us ventured to predict in 1923 2 that a method of cultural differentiation of these two forms would eventually be found. The work of Brown, Duncan and Henry 4 brought some confirmation of this belief and showed that some strains of these two closely related types differ in respect to ability to attack sodium d-tartrate, the Aertrycke ("mutton") type usually decomposing the salt, while the Schottmiiller type does not. We have employed the medium of Brown, Duncan and Henry in observations on a larger number of strains of the paratyphoid group. The methods used were substantially the same as theirs. One %
Plane Vibration of the Inherently Compensated Gas Journal Bearing; Analysis and Comparison with Experiment

Lumped and distributed parameter analyses of the inherently compensated gas journal bearing are developed for small eccentricity ratios. Curves are presented for static and dynamic gas film forces and for bearing gas flow requirements. Experimental results are compared with the theories for the case of plane vibration. Contributed by the ASLE Technical Committee on Bearings and Bearing Lubrication and presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Society of Lubrication Engineers held in Chicago, Illinois, May 1964.
Serum sialic acid and carcinoembryonic levels in the detection and monitoring of colorectal cancer

Total sialic acid (TSA), total protein (TP), TSA normalized to total TP (TSA/TP), and carcinoembryonic antigen levels were determined in 146 consecutive colorectal patients. These results were compared with results from 73 people with nonmalignant gastrointestinal disease, and with results from 96 normal controls. All malignancies were staged according to the Astler-Coller modification of Dukes' classification for colorectal cancer. All blood samples were drawn before surgical therapy. The TSA/TP ratio for colorectal cancer was 13.4 (mg/gm) in contrast to 12.1 (mg/gm) for pathologic controls, and 9.7 (mg/gm) for normal controls. Student'sttest showed aPvalue less than 0.001 for normal controls and aPvalue less than 0.001 for pathologic controls. The TSA/TP also showed statistical significance in Dukes A, B2, C, and D subgroups when compared with normal controls. There were only four patients with stage Cl carcinoma, thus statistical analysis would be questionable. In contrast, carcinoembryonic antigen levels showed no significant elevations until Dukes C2 tumors were encountered. These preliminary findings suggest that TSA/TP ratio may detect colorectal cancer patients with less tumor burden and be more beneficial as a tumor marker than CEA for monitoring patients with colorectal cancer.
Can emphasising cognitive development improve academic achievement

Background: Children ordinarily begin their formal education at the age when the great majority of them are capable of understanding the role of addition and subtraction in changing number. In determining critical differences they can apply the oddity principle – the first pure abstraction that children ever develop – understanding that when all but one item are alike on some dimension, it is the relation between items, not their absolute qualities, which determines which belongs to a different set, i.e. is ‘odd’. They are also capable of inserting items into a unidimensional series, a form of abstraction which develops a bit later. Children slow to develop such abilities often experience difficulty understanding classroom instruction in the first year of school. Purpose: The purpose of the research was to teach children oddity, insertions and conservation and compare their subsequent literacy and numeracy with that of children taught literacy and numeracy directly. All children develop oddity, insertions...