cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multiconfiguration Tamm-Dancoff approximation applied to photoionization of the outer shells of Be and Mg.

A multiconfiguration version of the Tamm-Dancoff approximation (MCTD) is developed to study photoexcitation of atoms in cases where the simultaneous excitation of two atomic electrons is important. Starting from a multiconfiguration Dirac-Fock description of the ground state, the variational principle is applied to give equations for a final-state wave function consisting of both singly excited and doubly excited configurations. To illustrate the method, the MCTD equations are applied to determine the 2pns and 2pnd autoionizing resonances in the low-energy photoionization cross section of Be and the corresponding 3pns and 3pnd resonances in Mg. The predicted cross sections are found to be in good agreement with previous theoretical results as well as with the available experimental data.
Variation in Population Characteristics and Gear Selection between Black and White Crappies in Tennessee Reservoirs: Potential Effects on Management Decisions

Abstract The population characteristics of crappies Pomoxis spp. were examined in three Tennessee reservoirs (Kentucky, Barkley, and Woods) sampled in fall with trap nets and electrofishing. Kentucky and Barkley reservoirs are large main-stem impoundments on the Tennessee and Cumberland rivers, respectively. Woods Reservoir is a small tributary storage impoundment on the Elk River in south-central Tennessee. Mean length at age was similar between white crappies P. annularis and black crappies P. nigromaculatus at ages 1 and 2 in Barkley Reservoir and at age 1 in Kentucky Reservoir. Thereafter, white crappies were consistently larger than black crappies at older ages, and the differences in mean length commonly exceeded 30 mm once the fish in both reservoirs were age 4. Crappie species compositions in concomitant electrofishing and trap-net samples were relatively similar in the two main-stem reservoirs. However, black crappies represented much higher proportions in the trap-net samples than they did in th...
Mechanical evaluation of six types of reconstruction following 25, 50, and 75% resection of the proximal femur

The structural stiffness and the stiffness of the osteotomy site after six types of reconstruction of the proximal femur were compared by testing in axial compression, mediolateral bending, and axial torsion in a canine model. An osteotomy was carried out for 25, 50, or 75% of the length of each femur, and the proximal portion was replaced by one of five allograft/endoprosthetic composites or a segmental replacement. The reconstructions included (a) a composite press-fit proximally and cemented distally, (b) a composite cemented proximally and distally, (c) a composite cemented proximally and fixed with two plates at the allograft-host bone interface, (d) a composite cemented proximally and secured distally with bicortical screws, (e) a composite secured proximally and distally with bicortical screws, and (f) a segmental prosthesis cemented into the distal femur. The results showed that the segmental reconstruction and the reconstruction with double-plate fixation and a cemented endoprosthesis were structurally stiffer and had greater stiffness of the osteotomy site than the other reconstructions. In comparison, reconstructions that involved cement alone or cement and press-fit techniques generally were more compliant than the others, both structurally and at the osteotomy site.
Magnetic-field-induced orientation of photosynthetic reaction centers as revealed by time-resolved W-band EPR of spin-correlated radical pairs

The spin-polarized W-band EPR spectra of the secondary radical pair in plant photosystem I indicate a magnetic-field-induced orientation of the photosynthetic reaction centers in the field of the EPR spectrometer. This orientation arises due to the anisotropy of the diamagnetic susceptibility of the reaction center protein. Analysis of the angular-dependent EPR spectra on the basis of the spin-correlated radical pair concept provides new information on the cofactor arrangement in plant photosystem I.
Molecular correlates of influenza A H5N1 virus pathogenesis in mice

Abstract Background: In 1997, highly pathogenic avian influenza A H5N1 viruses caused 18 human cases of respiratory illness and six deaths in Hong Kong. The genes of the H5N1 viruses isolated from humans were derived from avian influenza viruses, with no evidence of reassortment with human influenza viruses. The molecular determinants of human pathogenesis were not evident. Methods: The BALB/c mouse was used as a mammalian model to evaluate the biological and molecular basis of human H5N1 virus pathogenesis. Molecular correlates of H5N1 virus pathogenicity for mice were sought by analyzing the nucleotide sequence of human H5N1 viruses. Results: Based on high and low lethality for mice, the pathogenicity phenotype of 15 human H5N1 viruses was characterized; nine viruses displayed a high, five a low, and one an intermediate pathogenicity phenotype. H5N1 viruses with a high pathogenicity phenotype replicated in multiple solid organs and caused depletion of peripheral blood leukocytes. Sequence analysis determined that five specific amino acids in four proteins correlated with pathogenicity in mice. Conclusions: Alone or in combination, these specific residues are the likely determinants of virulence of human H5N1 influenza viruses in this mammalian model.
Inabel Burns Lindsay: A Social Worker, Educator, and Administrator Uncompromising in the Pursuit of Social Justice for All

Described as an activist, educator, researcher, and administrator, Inabel Burns Lindsay served as the first dean of the Howard University School of Social Work, and her extraordinary accomplishment...
Preparation and structure of the rare earth titanates

Abstract The titanates of the rare earths from Gd through Lu, and of Y, have been prepared by heating RE 2 O 3 and TiO 2 in an evacuated silica capsule at 1200°C. They all have the GdFeO 3 structure. Cell parameters a o and c o show an essentially steady decrease in value while b o remains roughly constant. Comments are made on the use of silica capsules to prepare highly reduced compounds.
What Does it Mean to be Prosocial? A Cross- Ethnic Study of Parental Beliefs

This study explored parental beliefs surrounding prosocial behaviours and the parenting practices that promote them. A total of 47 mothers of young adolescents participated in one of the seven focu...
Neurodevelopmental Disabilities: Beyond the Diagnosis

Increasingly clinicians are taking more active roles in the management of children with neurodevelopmental disorders. Management of these children extends beyond traditional boundaries of health. The purpose of this review is to provide clinicians with an approach to the management of children with neurodevelopmental disorders. Patient advocacy is crucial for effective practice when working with children with neurodevelopmental disabilities. An effective advocate understands how a child's impairments relate to his/her limitations and works to prevent barriers to participation. The advocate recognizes the multiple domains in a child's health and life that must be addressed. An overall management program should be developed in cooperation with the child's primary advocates, his/her family. There are multiple different therapies, each with its own goals, that should be coordinated and prioritized as part of this plan. Federal programs can provide some of these therapies for children.
Conceptualizing the Integrated Marketing Communications' Phenomenon: An Examination of its Impact on Advertising Practices and its Implications for Advertising Research

Abstract An increasing number of marketers are integrating the results-oriented methods of consumer sales promotion and direct response advertising with the image/awareness capabilities of general advertising. This integration has blurred the boundaries between traditionally independent marketing communication disciplines and, more importantly, fundamentally restructured many of marketing and advertising communication. In hopes of stimulating scholarly interest in the integrated marketing communications phenomenon, this article identifies the underlying tenets of integrated marketing or advertising communication philosophies; offers a conceptual framework for understanding and addressing integrated marketing and advertising communication issues; and delineates the advertising-related research opportunities that exist as a result of the integrated phenomenon. This examination indicates the integrated phenomenon has impacted marketing communications at an advertisement as well as campaign level, and created...
A completely analytic equation of state for the square-well chain fluid of variable well width

A completely analytic perturbation theory equation of state for the freely-jointed square-well chain fluid of variable well width (1 ≤ λ ≤ 2) is developed and tested against Monte Carlo simulation data. The equation of state is based on second-order Barker and Henderson perturbation theory to calculate the thermodynamic properties of the reference monomer fluid, and on first-order Wertheim thermodynamic perturbation theory to account for the connectivity of monomers to form chains. By using a recently developed real function expression for the radial distribution function of hard spheres in perturbation theory, we obtain analytic, closed form expressions for the Helmholtz free energy and the radial distribution function of square-well monomers of any well width. This information is used as the reference fluid in the perturbation theory of Wertheim to obtain an analytic equation of state, without adjustable parameters, that leads to good predictions of the compressibility factors and residual internal energies for 4-mer, 8-mer and 16-mer square-well fluids when compared with the simulation results. Further, very good results are obtained when this equation of state with temperature-independent parameters is used to correlate the vapor pressures and critical points of the linear alkanes from methane to n-decane.
Infusing Web-Based Content Centers into an M.S.W. Curriculum: A Faculty and Student Development Project

ABSTRACT Web-based content centers are collections of scholarly digital resources that can be used to support learning in a variety of contexts. Through a recent pilot project, faculty created web-based content centers to support key curriculum areas of an M.S.W. program. Additionally the project aimed at developing technology skills of faculty designers and student users of course support materials. Positive student learning outcomes and increased faculty use of technology resulted. Project outcomes also included the building of virtual learning communities.
Resonance Raman resolution of a-, b- and c-type cytochromes in membrane vesicles of alkalophilic bateria

Abstract Resonance Raman spectroscopy has been used to obtain complete spectra of each individual cytochrome type — a , b and c — in the reduced state within membrane vesicle preparations from two species of obligately alkalophilic bacteria: Bacillus alcalophilus and Bacillus firmus RAB. The vibrational spectra, in the range 250–1700 cm −1 , were obtained with tunable dye laser excitation in the wavelength range 550–600 nm tuned to resonance with the appropriate reduced alpha band maximum for the cytochrome type of interest. The spectra reveal details which serve to characterize the specific type of cytochrome as well as to confirm the similarity of the heme prosthetic group to previously well-characterized cytochromes of the the a - b - or c -type. Preliminary evidence in support of heterogeneity of b -type, and possibly a -type cytochromes, or of heme-heme interaction within the membrane is presented.
SCATTERING OF NUCLEONS FROM NUCLEI AT HIGH ENERGIES

The scattering of nucleons from C/sup 12/ has been calculated at energies of 80, 165, and 310 Mev for the elastic scattering cross section and polarization at forward angles, the total cross section, and the total inelastic cross section. Coulomb corrections have been omitted. (W.D.M.)
Incorporation of a “Coping with the Death of a Child” Module into the Pediatric Advanced Life Support (PALS) Curriculum

Objective: To develop an educational module for health professionals (HPs) addressing the clinical reality of death as an outcome of pediatric resuscitation efforts. Module goals were to: 1) reduce HPs' discomfort with situations involving patient death and survivor grief, 2) assist HPs coping with their own emotions surrounding a patient death, and 3) provide specific strategies useful in clinical management. The module was designed to be presented as part of the American Heart Association (AHA) and the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) Pediatric Advanced Life Support (PALS) provider course. Methods: A multidisciplinary team created a module addressing both survivors' and HPs' needs regarding a PALS course “Coping with the Death of a Child” module. The module was presented to 964 PALS course participants. Content was revised after analysis of survey data collected from these participants. Results: The revised module was presented to 601 PALS course participants; evaluations were obtained from 590 participants. On a 4-point Likert scale, ratings were: 79%“excellent,” 18%“good,” 2%“fair,” and <1%“poor.” Conclusion: The PALS course offers an opportunity to target HPs likely to encounter pediatric deaths for special education. While this is a challenging and potentially controversial topic to present to a diverse audience, incorporation of a “Coping with the Death of a Child” module into the PALS provider curriculum appears to be both feasible and useful.
Boundary conditions from path integrals.

A particle moving in two dimensions in a repulsive ${r}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ potential, and in the presence of a magnetic flux line, is examined as an example of a system for which the Schr\"odinger Hamiltonian is not essentially self-adjoint. The path-integral propagator is, nevertheless, shown to exist, and to define a unique self-adjoint extension of the Hamiltonian, corresponding to specific boundary conditions at the origin. Physical implications are discussed.
Inverse response problem (control) of dynamic systems via Hamilton's law

Abstract By using Hamilton's law (of varying action) directly, the solution of a control problem becomes one of solving a set of algebraic equations only; no differential equations are needed. The approach specifies the response as a polynomial in power series of time, the coefficients of which are chosen to yield the desired behavior of the dynamic system. The unknown control inputs are assumed to be also polynomials in power series of time with unknown coefficients. The inverse response (control) problem is solved by finding these unknown input coefficients by an application of Hamilton's law which must always be satisfied by the dynamic system. The feasibility of the method is demonstrated for the control of a spatially discrete nonlinear dynamic system.
Sequence learning in individuals with behavioural limitations

The production of sequences by two mentally retarded adults and a normally capable preschooler was assessed after each was trained to touch five physically dissimilar and nonrepresentative forms in an experimenter-specified order (denoted A1-->A2-->A3-->A4-->A5). Performance on the 10 constituent two-term sequences was examined (e.g. A-->A2, A2-->A3, A1-->A3 and A2-->A4). The probe data were largely consistent with the five-term sequence performance trained explicitly and suggest the formation of stimulus relations based on relative position rather than a rote stimulus-response chain. The procedures and results were replicated with a second five-term sequence (B1-->B2-->B3-->B4-->B5). The subjects' performances were also assessed on trials in which mixtures of the two sets of stimuli were presented as either two-term probes (e.g. A2-->B4 and B2-->A4; with all three subjects) or five-term probes (e.g. A1-->B2-->A3-->B4-->A5; with the two adult subjects). Again, the subjects' performances were consistent with their baseline training. The mixed-probe data extend prior research on sequence production and suggest the formation of classes of mutually substitutable sequence stimuli. The overall findings highlight the importance of experiential variables in the formation of ordinal relations in developmentally limited individuals.
Adaptive Road Candidates Search Algorithm for Map Matching by Clustering Road Segments

Map matching is an important algorithm for any location-based service, especially in navigation and tracking systems and services. Identifying the relevant road segments accurately and efficiently, given positioning data, is the first and most important step in any map matching algorithm. This paper proposes a new approach to searching for road candidates by clustering and then searching road segments through a constructed hierarchical clustering tree, rather than using indexing techniques to query segments within a fixed search window. A binary tree is created based on the hierarchical clustering tree and adaptive searches are conducted to identify candidate road segments given GPS positions. The approach was validated using road maps with different scales and various scenarios in which moving vehicles were located. Both theoretical analysis and experimental results confirm that the proposed approach can efficiently find candidate road segments for map matching. © 2013 The Royal Institute of Navigation.
Normative database of donor keratographic readings in an eye-bank setting

Purpose To generate a normative donor topographic database from rasterstereography images of whole globes acquired in an eye-bank setting with minimal manipulation or handling. Setting Eye-bank laboratory. Methods In a retrospective study, rasterstereography topographic images that had been prospectively collected in duplicate of donor eyes received by the Central Ohio Lions Eye Bank between 1997 and 1999 were analyzed. Best-fit sphere (BFS) and simulated keratometry (K) values were extracted. These values were recalculated after application of custom software to correct any tilt of the mapped surfaces relative to the image plane. The mean value variances between right eyes and left eyes, between consecutive scans, and after untilting were analyzed by repeated-measures analysis of variance and t tests ( P ≤.05). Results A keratographic database of 556 pair-matched right and left eyes was generated. Normal distributions were observed in frequency histograms of each value ( P >.05, Kolmogorov-Smirnov). There was no difference between right and left eyes or consecutive scans ( P >.05). The mean values changed when the images were tilt-corrected ( P Conclusions Keratometric parameter frequency distributions from the donor database of tilt-corrected data were normal in distribution and comparable to parameters reported for normal eyes in a living population. These findings show the feasibility and reliability of routine donor-eye topography by rasterstereography. Financial Disclosure No author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned. Additional disclosures are found in the footnotes.
Identification of the coated vesicle proteins that bind calmodulin.

Abstract The constituent proteins of coated vesicles responsible for binding calmodulin were identified by photoaffinity labeling with the reagent azido-125I-calmodulin. Three protein complexes with apparent molecular weights of 130,000, 93,000 and 52,000 were labeled. Specificity was demonstrated by the dependence of labeling on Ca2+, and by its reduction in the presence of unlabeled calmodulin or Stelazine. Urea-soluble components of coated vesicles and material isolated by Sepharose CL4B chromatography formed a 52,000 MW labeled complex. Subtracting an apparent molecular weight of calmodulin of 20,000 from the weights of the covalently labeled complexes, the coated vesicle proteins that bind calmodulin are 110,000, 73,000 and 32,000 MW. The 32,000 MW protein is thought to participate in the coat structure but the other two are most likely associated with the vesicle.
Computer-aided diagnosis in radiological imaging: current status and future challenges

Computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) has become one of the major research subjects in medical imaging and diagnostic radiology. Many different types of CAD schemes are being developed for detection and/or characterization of various lesions in medical imaging, including conventional projection radiography, CT, MRI, and ultrasound imaging. Commercial systems for detection of breast lesions on mammograms have been developed and have received FDA approval for clinical use. CAD may be defined as a diagnosis made by a physician who takes into account the computer output as a "second opinion". The purpose of CAD is to improve the quality and productivity of physicians in their interpretation of radiologic images. The quality of their work can be improved in terms of the accuracy and consistency of their radiologic diagnoses. In addition, the productivity of radiologists is expected to be improved by a reduction in the time required for their image readings. The computer output is derived from quantitative analysis of radiologic images by use of various methods and techniques in computer vision, artificial intelligence, and artificial neural networks (ANNs). The computer output may indicate a number of important parameters, for example, the locations of potential lesions such as lung cancer and breast cancer, the likelihood of malignancy of detected lesions, and the likelihood of various diseases based on differential diagnosis in a given image and clinical parameters. In this review article, the basic concept of CAD is first defined, and the current status of CAD research is then described. In addition, the potential of CAD in the future is discussed and predicted.
Fos expression in spinothalamic and postsynaptic dorsal column neurons following noxious visceral and cutaneous stimuli

The spinothalamic tract (STT) has been classically viewed as the major ascending pathway for pain transmission while the dorsal column (DC) was thought to be involved primarily in signaling innocuous stimuli. Recent clinical studies have shown that limited midline myelotomy, which transects fibers in the DC, offers good pain relief in patients with visceral cancer pain. Experimental studies provided evidence that a DC lesion decreases the activation of thalamic neurons by visceral stimuli and suggested that this effect is due to transection of the axons of postsynaptic dorsal column (PSDC) neurons. In our study, Fos protein expression in retrogradely labeled STT and PSDC neurons in the lumbosacral enlargement in rats was used as an anatomical marker of enhanced activation to compare the role of these neurons in cutaneous and visceral pain. The noxious stimuli used were intradermal injection of capsaicin and distention of the ureter. Retrogradely labeled PSDC neurons were found in laminae III-IV and in the vicinity of the central canal. STT neurons were located in laminae I, III-VII and X. Ureter distention evoked Fos expression in PSDC and STT neurons located in all laminae in which retrogradely labeled cells were found, with the maximum in the L(2) spinal segment. The Fos-positive PSDC neurons represented a significantly higher percentage of the retrogradely labeled PSDC neurons (19.3+/-2.3% SEM) than of the STT Fos-positive neurons (13.2+/-1.5% SEM). Intradermal capsaicin injection also evoked Fos expression in both PSDC and STT neurons, but with no significant difference between these two, when expressed as a percentage of the retrogradely labeled cells (11.6+/-2.9% SEM, 10.8+/-1.1% SEM). These results show that both PSDC and STT neurons are activated by cutaneous and visceral noxious stimuli. Their particular role in transmission and modulation of painful stimuli needs to be investigated further.
Pathway genetic load allows simultaneous evaluation of multiple genetic associations

Abstract Objective Despite the general success of genome-wide association studies, much heritability remains unidentified in many disease states. Some of this ‘missing’ heritability may lie in epistatic interactions among multiple loci, which are typically ignored. We utilized a method for simultaneous evaluation of epistatic interactions between allelic variations within genes confined to a single pathway, which we have termed as pathway genetic load (PGL). Methods In separate analyses, we evaluated the risk for sepsis and for death associated with alleles at six loci in the TLR4 signaling and response pathway previously known or suspected to be linked to the development of sepsis after traumatic injury. We evaluated 155 patients with ≥15% TBSA burns and without significant non-burn trauma [ISS ≤ 16], traumatic or anoxic brain injury or spinal cord injury, who survived >48 h post-admission. Clinical data were collected prospectively and candidate genotypes were determined by TaqMan assay. Results After adjustment for burn size, inhalation injury, age, gender and race, PGL was associated with increased probability for complicated sepsis (aOR = 1.59; 95%CI = 1.11–2.29; p = 0.011) and death (aOR = 1.75; 95%CI = 1.11–2.76; p = 0.017). Conclusion Relative size and variability of aORs indicate greater power to detect genetic associations with PGL compared to the analysis of loci individually by multivariate logistic regression.
Buprenorphine effects on food-maintained responding in Macaque monkeys

The effects of acute and chronic administration of buprenorphine, an opioid mixed agonist-antagonist, on food-maintained responding were compared in Macaque monkeys. Low acute doses of buprenorphine (0.01 and 0.03 mg/kg) did not change the number of food pellets earned or response rates on an FR 4 (VR 16:S) schedule of reinforcement from saline pre-treatment levels. Acute administration of 0.10 and 0.30 mg/kg buprenorphine significantly suppressed food-maintained responding (p less than 0.01). Chronic buprenorphine self-administration (0.01-0.10 mg/kg/injection) did not significantly suppress food intake, even at total daily doses that were 3 to 9 times higher than the highest dose (0.03 mg/kg) studied in the acute pre-treatment paradigm. Decreases in daily buprenorphine intake to 30 to 40 percent of control levels were not associated with increased food self-administration. Similarly, chronic heroin self-administration (0.01, 0.05, and 0.10 mg/kg/injection) was not associated with significant changes in food self-administration. These data suggest that during chronic self-administration of buprenorphine. Macaque monkeys developed tolerance to its acute suppressive effects on food-maintained responding.
TWO FORMS OF THE REDUCED PYRIDINE NUCLEOTIDES AS REVEALED BY CHEMICAL RELAXATION.

Abstract 1. 1. Solutions of DPNH or TPNH show a chemical relaxation as demonstrated by the temperature jump method, of 0.6 and 0.2 msec respectively. 2. 2. This relaxation time and the relative chemical jump height are independent of the concentration of the reduced pyridine nucleotides over the range 10–2000 μM. 3. 3. It is concluded that the chemical relaxation is due to a monomolecular reaction originating from an equilibrium between two forms of the reduced pyridine nucleotides.
Monocytes-Derived Macrophages Mediated Stable Expression of Human Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, a Novel Therapeutic Strategy for NeuroAIDS

HIV-1 associated dementia remains a significant public health burden. Clinical and experimental research has shown that reduced levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) may be a risk factor for neurological complications associated with HIV-1 infection. We are actively testing genetically modified macrophages for their possible use as the cell-based gene delivery vehicle for the central nervous system (CNS). It can be an advantage to use the natural homing/migratory properties of monocyte-derived macrophages to deliver potentially neuroprotective BDNF into the CNS, as a non-invasive manner. Lentiviral-mediated gene transfer of human (h)BDNF plasmid was constructed and characterized. Defective lentiviral stocks were generated by transient transfection of 293T cells with lentiviral transfer plasmid together with packaging and envelope plasmids. High titer lentiviral vector stocks were harvested and used to transduce human neuronal cell lines, primary cultures of human peripheral mononocyte-derived macrophages (hMDM) and murine myeloid monocyte-derived macrophages (mMDM). These transduced cells were tested for hBDNF expression, stability, and neuroprotective activity. The GenomeLab GeXP Genetic Analysis System was used to evaluate transduced cells for any adverse effects by assessing gene profiles of 24 reference genes. High titer vectors were prepared for efficient transduction of neuronal cell lines, hMDM, and mMDM. Stable secretion of high levels of hBDNF was detected in supernatants of transduced cells using western blot and ELISA. The conditioned media containing hBDNF were shown to be protective to neuronal and monocytic cell lines from TNF-α and HIV-1 Tat mediated cytotoxicity. Lentiviral vector-mediated gene transduction of hMDM and mMDM resulted in high-level, stable expression of the neuroprotective factorBDNF in vitro. These findings form the basis for future research on the potential use of BDNF as a novel therapy for neuroAIDS.
Using Autonomous Software Agents to Create the Next Generation of Decision Support Systems

The purpose of this research is to explore the promise of autonomous software agents in Decision Support Systems (DSS). Because definitions of software agents extant in the literature are divergent, we develop and provide a descriptive definition useful for our purpose. The benefits of agents and the particular characteristics of agents leading to DSS enrichment are examined. To facilitate this we build a DSS described elsewhere in the literature and enhance it with different types of autonomous software agents. From this experience, a general framework for agent-enabled DSS is suggested. It is concluded that such a DSS in general will be more difficult to build than traditional DSS, but at least some agent-enabled DSS will bring significant benefit to users.
Use of cyclosporine in hematopoietic cell transplantation

Early attempts to perform successful allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplants were plagued by graft rejection and graft-versus-host disease, leading many investigators to lose hope that bone marrow transplantation could ever become a useful therapeutic approach in clinical medicine. Although many subsequent discoveries contributed to the successful transformation of this area of research into lifesaving therapy, there can be no doubt that the discovery of cyclosporine (CsA) constituted one of the major advances. Even today, more than 25 years after the first description of its use in humans, CsA remains one of the cornerstones of therapy for the majority of patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). In this review we will recount the events that have established CsA as a foundation of HCT.
Learning to Grade Student Programs in a Massive Open Online Course

We study the problem of automatically evaluating the quality of computer programs produced by students in a very large, online, interactive programming course (or "MOOC"). Automatically evaluating interactive programs (such as computer games) is not easy because such programs lack any sort of well-defined logical specification. As an alternative, we devise some simple statistical approaches to assigning a score to a student-produced code.
Conditional distributions and characterizations of multivariate stable distribution

Several characterizations of multivariate stable distribution are given based on identically distributed random vectors and conditional multivariate stable distribution.
Sexual victimization in childhood and the propensity for juvenile delinquency and adult criminal behavior: A systematic review

Child sexual abuse has been suggested as a precursor to criminal and deviant behaviors in adolescence and adulthood. This review will examine and consolidate findings from the empirical research concerning childhood sexual abuse and the propensity of victims to become juvenile and adult offenders. First, we develop a demographic profile of sexual abuse victims most likely to commit juvenile and adult offenses. Second, we explore the literature to determine whether, in general, sexually abused children have an increased likelihood of criminality as juveniles and as adults. Third, we explore whether the types of crimes and delinquent acts committed by sexual abuse victims are unique or consistent with traditional crime trajectories. Fourth, the methodological and statistical limitations of this literature will be discussed, and suggestions for future research will be presented.
Patterns of fault displacement and strain at Yucca Mountain, Nevada

Abstract Yucca Mountain, Nevada, is the sole candidate site for underground disposal of high-level radioactive waste in the United States. The mountain is composed of Tertiary (12.8–11.6 Ma) volcanic tuff, cut by west-dipping normal faults that divide the mountain into north-trending, east-dipping cuestas. Geologic characterization of Yucca Mountain by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) has focused on mapping lithostratigraphic units, faults (including single plane, small-displacement surfaces of discontinuity, and large-displacement fault zones), and fractures (quasi-planar zones that have experienced loss of cohesion, including joints, partially mineralized joints, veins, and small-displacement faults). Faults and fractures are important to repository design because they affect seismic hazard, rockfall, and fluid transmissivity in the surrounding rock mass. Geologic maps and detailed studies of rock pavements and tunnel walls reveal that faults and fractures within Yucca Mountain are not uniform in orientation or intensity. We investigate two aspects of distributed deformation arising from fault displacement patterns at Yucca Mountain. First, fault-parallel strains (elongation parallel to cutoff lines where stratigraphic horizons intersect fault planes) develop as a result of lateral fault displacement gradients. Using existing data, we analyze the likely state of strain in fault blocks at Yucca Mountain. Second, fault-strike-perpendicular strains can develop where two normal faults propagate past each other. A component of the total strain is distributed into the surrounding rock to produce synthetic layer dip or a network of smaller faults and fractures. We find that small-scale faulting and fracturing at Yucca Mountain is variable and is strongly controlled by larger scale fault system architecture.
Chondroitinase ABC improves basic and skilled locomotion in spinal cord injured cats

Abstract Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) are upregulated in the central nervous system following injury. Chondroitin sulfate glycosaminoglycan (CS GAG) side chains substituted on this family of molecules contribute to the limited functional recovery following injury by restricting axonal growth and synaptic plasticity. In the current study, the effects of degrading CS GAGs with Chondroitinase ABC (Ch'ase ABC) in the injured spinal cords of adult cats were assessed. Three groups were evaluated for 5 months following T10 hemisections: lesion-only, lesion + control, and lesion + Ch'ase ABC. Intraspinal control and Ch'ase ABC treatments to the lesion site began immediately after injury and continued every other day, for a total of 15 treatments, using an injectable port system. Delivery and in vivo cleavage were verified anatomically in a subset of cats across the treatment period. Recovery of skilled locomotion (ladder, peg, and beam) was significantly accelerated, on average, by > 3 weeks in Ch'ase ABC-treated cats compared to controls. Ch'ase ABC-treated cats also showed greater recovery of specific skilled locomotor features including intralimb movement patterns and significantly greater paw placement onto pegs. Although recovery of basic locomotion (bipedal treadmill and overground) was not accelerated, intralimb movement patterns were more normal in the Ch'ase ABC-treated cats. Qualitative assessment of serotonergic immunoreactivity also suggested that Ch'ase ABC treatment enhanced plasticity. Finally, analyses using fluorophore-assisted carbohydrate electrophoresis (FACE) indicate CS GAG content is similar in cat and human. These findings show, for the first time, that intraspinal cleavage of CS GAGs can enhance recovery of function following spinal cord injury in large animals with sophisticated motor behaviors and axonal growth requirements similar to those encountered in humans.
Leadership coaching in health care

Purpose – Medicine is undergoing dramatic changes that will alter its basic organizational structure. The integration of evidence‐based medicine, patient centered care, and the electronic medical record into medical practice will necessitate innovative approaches to management.Design/methodology/approach – A review of the literature was undertaken to assess the current state of leadership coaching for physicians and non‐medical health care leaders. Different models of leadership coaching are described and examined.Findings – Leadership coaching has been an underutilized resource in health care executive training. The use of coaching methods has been of great utility for physician and non‐medical managerial leadership. Health care leaders will need to develop interpersonal and emotional intelligence competencies in order to successfully run increasingly complex organizations.Originality/value – To encourage further quantitative studies of coaching in the health care field. Such studies would be significant...
Information technology and business strategy in Romania

The use of in formation technology to support business objectives is now ingrained into the thinking of most Western managers. Companies in advanced market economies cannot succeed without this support. On the other hand, managers in the companies in the former communist countries of Eastern Europe live day-to-day with information systems designed to support the centrally planned economies that existed before 1989. To succeed in the transition to a market economy Eastern European information systems must be substantially reworked and augmented. This paper reports on the progress being made by six Romanian firms in realigning information technology to support the move to a market economy. The results show that progress has been limited.
Estimation of Lactation Percentages of Protein and Solids-Not-Fat

Abstract Monthly test records of milk protein and solids-not-fat of 159 Holstein and 548 Guernsey cows were analyzed for relationships of month of lactation with mean percentages for the lactation. Monthly tests were expressed as a function of lactation means by noncumulative monthly test quotients. They differed little between ages or breeds of cows but significantly between protein and solids-not-fat. Protein quotients increased in average by .0167 units with each month of lactation, solids-not-fat quotients by .0020 units. Protein quotients differed between seasons of calving, but solids-not-fat quotients differed little. Accuracy of the quotient method for estimating weighted lactation mean percentages was tested in 122 cases of simulated missing months and compared with estimations by a population polynomial regression method. Errors were small for both methods, but the quotient method was more accurate. Polynomial regressions from data of individual cows gave estimations with high relative average errors in contrast to low errors with the quotient method. Estimations with polynomial regressions were most affected by test variations of first and last months of lactation. The quotient method enables bi- or trimonthly testing for protein and solids-not-fat contents of milk of individual cows.
Global stability of time-dependent flows: impulsively heated or cooled fluid layers

The method of energy is used to discuss the stability of time-dependent diffusive temperature profiles in fluid layers subject to impulsive changes in surface temperature.Bounds for the ratio of disturbance energy production to dissipation are found to be parametric functions of time because the basic temperature develops through diffusion. This time dependence leads to the demarcation of regions of stability in a Rayleigh number-time plane and the interpretation of these regions is given. Numerical results are presented for the cases of impulsive heating and cooling of initialty isothermal fluid layers. New global stability results which give the Rayleigh number below which the diffusive solution to the Boussinesq equations is unique are reported for these cases.
Trifluoromethylation of arenes and heteroarenes by means of photoredox catalysis

A simple and mild strategy for the direct trifluoromethylation of unactivated arenes and heteroarenes that acts via a radical-mediated mechanism and uses commercial photocatalysts. Premature metabolic decomposition can stop potentially promising drugs from reaching their intended targets. One way of blocking this metabolism involves the addition of a trifluoromethyl (CF3) group to aromatic or heteroaromatic moieties in a candidate drug molecule. David Nagib and David MacMillan report a new method for this synthesis that is more economical than current methods in terms of both raw materials and energy input. They use an energy-saving compact fluorescent light bulb to excite a variety of commercially available photocatalysts, which promote the addition of CF3 to unactivated arenes and heteroarenes through a radical-mediated mechanism. The potential of the method is demonstrated by the trifluoromethylation of three molecules: a uracil analogue, a precursor of the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor donepezil and a vitamin (flavone). Modern drug discovery relies on the continual development of synthetic methodology to address the many challenges associated with the design of new pharmaceutical agents1. One such challenge arises from the enzymatic metabolism of drugs in vivo by cytochrome P450 oxidases, which use single-electron oxidative mechanisms to rapidly modify small molecules to facilitate their excretion2. A commonly used synthetic strategy to protect against in vivo metabolism involves the incorporation of electron-withdrawing functionality, such as the trifluoromethyl (CF3) group, into drug candidates3. The CF3 group enjoys a privileged role in the realm of medicinal chemistry because its incorporation into small molecules often enhances efficacy by promoting electrostatic interactions with targets, improving cellular membrane permeability, and increasing robustness towards oxidative metabolism of the drug4,5,6. Although common pharmacophores often bear CF3 motifs in an aromatic system, access to such analogues typically requires the incorporation of the CF3 group, or a surrogate moiety, at the start of a multi-step synthetic sequence. Here we report a mild, operationally simple strategy for the direct trifluoromethylation of unactivated arenes and heteroarenes through a radical-mediated mechanism using commercial photocatalysts and a household light bulb. We demonstrate the broad utility of this transformation through addition of CF3 to a number of heteroaromatic and aromatic systems. The benefit to medicinal chemistry and applicability to late-stage drug development is also shown through examples of the direct trifluoromethylation of widely prescribed pharmaceutical agents.
Design Information Support Tool (DIST): Its Development and Effectiveness Investigation

A number of software tools exist to assist the designer during the design process. These include tools for solid modeling of components, programs for simulating complex systems, for generating machining code and so on. However, a closer examination reveals that most of these tools are of use in the later stages in the design process. Even though design activity analyses showed the initial phases of design to have the maximum impact on the successful design of a product, few tools exist to support the needs of the designer during these critical stages. This paper documents the development of a design support tool (DIST) based on an analysis of a collaborative design activity. Then, results of an experiment are shared, which was designed to investigate DIST’s effectiveness during conceptual design by novice designers.© 2006 ASME
THE HYPERFINE STRUCTURE OF THE GROUND STATE OF ORTHOHELIUM IN THE NONRELATIVISTIC APPROXIMATION

The hyperfine structure of orthohelium is studied using an approximate representation of the actual situation obtained by supposing that 1/r/sub 1/, 1/r/sub 2/, and 1/r/sub 1,2/ may be replaced by finite functions of each of the three quantities r/sub 1/, r/sub 2/, and r/sub 1,2/. The motion of two electrons about an infinitely heavy nucleus may be treated by introducing the distances r/sub i/ and the angle between the direction in which the electron lie. In this way the wave function is obtained in the octant x > y. The problem is then solved numerically. Some results are given which are obtained in late 1967 and again in June 1972. 1 reference. (JFP)
Use of completion imaging during infrainguinal bypass in the Vascular Quality Initiative

Objective The purpose of this study was to examine the practice patterns of intraoperative completion imaging (CI) for lower extremity bypass (LEB) in the Vascular Quality Initiative (VQI). Methods A retrospective review of all LEB procedures in the VQI database from January 2003 to October 2013 was performed. Regions with fewer than 200 LEB procedures were excluded from the regional analysis. The modality of CI was defined as duplex ultrasound, angiography, or both. Results A total of 14,140 LEBs were captured, with the rate of CI being 43%. After exclusion of three regions for insufficient volume ( P = .032), diabetics (44% of diabetic patients vs 42% of nondiabetic patients; P = .026), and patients with coronary artery disease (45% of patients with coronary artery disease vs 42% of patients with no coronary artery disease; P = .0015). CI was performed less frequently in LEB using single-segment great saphenous vein vs LEB using lesser saphenous, arm, or composite vein (48% vs 57%; P P P Conclusions Within the VQI database, considerable practice pattern variation exists in the use of CI. Currently, CI is most commonly employed for patients with critical limb ischemia, infrageniculate target vessel, and disadvantaged venous conduit. Further study is required to standardize and to define the appropriate use of CI for LEBs.
Terbutol Affects Spindle Microtubule Organizing Centres

Trois techniques de microscopie (optique, immunofluorescence, electronique) ont ete mises en œuvre pour etudier les effets du terbutol sur les cellules meristematiques de racine d'oignon. On observe de nombreuses figures dites d'anaphase en etoile, et l'apparition de pragmoplastes anormaux. Les effets du terbutol sur le fuseau permettent d'envisager son utilisation pour preciser le fonctionnement d'un equivalent du centriole
The senescence accelerated mouse (SAMP8) as a model for oxidative stress and Alzheimer's disease

The senescence accelerated mouse (SAMP8) is a spontaneous animal model of overproduction of amyloid precursor protein (APP) and oxidative damage. It develops early memory disturbances and changes in the blood-brain barrier resulting in decreased efflux of amyloid-β protein from the brain. It has a marked increase in oxidative stress in the brain. Pharmacological treatments that reduce oxidative stress improve memory. Treatments that reduce amyloid-β (antisense to APP and antibodies to amyloid-β) not only improve memory but reduce oxidative stress. Early changes in lipid peroxidative damage favor mitochondrial dysfunction as being a trigger for amyloid-β overproduction in this genetically susceptible mouse strain. This sets in motion a cycle where the increased amyloid-beta further damages mitochondria. We suggest that this should be termed the Inflammatory-Amyloid Cycle and may well be similar to the mechanisms responsible for the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Antioxidants and Antioxidant Treatment in Disease.