cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Proteolytic enzyme arbitrated antagonization of helminthiasis by Cinnamomum cappara leaf extract in Pheretima posthuma

There have been several studies carried out to irradiate Helminthiasis however very little research have been carried out where in the enzymatic activity of plants are exploited to antagonize infections. Here we are analyzing the anthelmintic activity of Cinnamomum cappara leaf extract against Pheretima posthuma complimented by proteolytic action. The fresh leaves of Cinnamomum cappara was collected from local areas of Thrissur during December 2019. Plants were identified and authenticated by morphological and molecular characterization. The enzymatic action was analyzed by plotting Lineweaver–Burk plot which suggested that the extract possess the Km 185.77 μM for casein as substrate and obeyed Michaelis–Menten kinetics with typical hyperbolic relation with enzyme and increasing concentration of substrate. The effect of extract upon study subject was in directly proportional with concentration of antagonist where higher activities were obtained in high concentrations. The anatomical and histological studies suggested that the activity of extract was due to the degradation of muscular bundle of subject that resulted in the leakage of ceolomic fluid. Cinnamomum cappara leaf extract possessed high degree of protease intervened anthelmintic activity against Pheretima posthuma. As the study subject show immense morphological and physiological resemblance with all other helminthic parasites, this results shall be adopted to further clinical and pharmacological applications.
Breast Tumor Stiffness Instructs Bone Metastasis Via Mechanical Memory

The mechanical microenvironment of primary breast tumors plays a substantial role in promoting tumor progression1. While the transitory response of cancer cells to pathological stiffness in their native microenvironment has been well described2, it is still unclear how mechanical stimuli in the primary tumor influence distant, late-stage metastatic phenotypes across time and space in absentia. Here, we show that primary tumor stiffness promotes stable, non-genetically heritable phenotypes in breast cancer cells. This mechanical memory instructs cancer cells to adopt and maintain increased cytoskeletal dynamics, traction force, and 3D invasion in vitro, in addition to promoting osteolytic bone metastasis in vivo. Furthermore, we established a mechanical conditioning (MeCo) score comprised of mechanically regulated genes as a global gene expression measurement of tumor stiffness response. Clinically, we show that a high MeCo score is strongly associated with bone metastasis in patients. Using a discovery approach, we mechanistically traced mechanical memory in part to ERK-mediated mechanotransductive activation of RUNX2, an osteogenic gene bookmarker and bone metastasis driver3,4. Expanding our conceptual model, we reveal for the first time that a mechanically sensitive transcription factor can maintain a temporal profile of chromatin accessibility in vitro and in vivo. The combination of these distinctive RUNX2 traits permits the stable transactivation of osteolytic target genes that remain upregulated after cancer cells disseminate from their activating microenvironment in order to modify a distant microenvironment. Using genetic, epigenetic, and functional approaches, we could simulate, repress, select and extend RUNX2-mediated mechanical memory and alter cancer cell behavior accordingly. In concert with previous studies detailing the influence of biochemical properties of the primary tumor stroma on distinct metastatic phenotypes5–9, our findings detailing the influence of biomechanical properties support a generalized model of cancer progression in which the integrated properties of the primary tumor microenvironment govern the secondary tumor microenvironment, i.e., soil instructs soil.
Patterns of Immigrant Political Behaviour in Australia: An Analysis of Immigrant Voting in Ethnic Context

Abstract will be provided by author.Immigration is becoming an increasingly important issue in virtually every Western democracy. However, immigrants’ participation in politics varies greatly from country to country. This article identifies and explains the two key determinants of this variation. We establish that ethnicity along with traditional socioeconomic factors are the two primary forces that determine immigrant political behavior. We theorise immigrants’ ethnic differences from the native population along indicators such as language and residential segregation increase information costs and create barriers to participation in politics as well as influence partisanship. To test our theory, we analyze data from the Australian Election Study (AES) from 1993 to 2007. The results of the analysis in this paper provide strong empirical support for our theory.
Ethical issues in e-voting security analysis

Research about weaknesses in deployed electronic voting systems raises a variety of pressing ethical concerns. In addition to ethical issues common to vulnerability research, such as the potential harms and beneifts of vulnerability disclosure, electronic voting researchers face questions that flow from the unique and important role voting plays in modern democratic societies. Should researchers worry that their own work (not unlike the flaws they study) could sway an election outcome? When elected officials authorize a security review, how should researchers address the conflicted interests of these incumbent politicians, who may have powerful incentives to downplay problems, and might in principle be in a position to exploit knowledge about vulnerabilities when they stand for re-election? How should researchers address the risk that identifying specific flaws will lead to a false sense of security, after those particular problems have been resolved? This paper makes an early effort to address these and other questions with reference to experience from previous e-voting security reviews. We hope our provisional analysis will help practicing researchers anticipate and address ethical issues in future studies.
Rembrandt’s Etched Angels: Traces of the Divine

AbstractThis paper considers the paradoxes inherent in Rembrandt’s treatment of angels in his etched works where his choice of subject and medium directly addresses the fraught relation between the material and the spiritual, between reason and imagination, issues at the heart of Rembrandt’s artistic enterprise and central as well to the long reformation. Rembrandt’s etchings with angels draw particular attention to his craft, especially the distinction between the etching (on the plate) and the print (on paper) whereby the paper (as opposed to the plate) provides an unstable and fragile surface particularly suited to convey unsteadiness of all earthly things. Rembrandt’s attention to surface and to tonal effects beyond the etching needle becomes more pronounced after 1647 when he discovered Japanese paper. Two prints — Abraham and the Angels Eating (1656) and the so-called Dr. Faustus (1653) — exemplify what this increasingly experimental attitude and play of imagination meant for the artist’s understand...
Aspects of Deconstruction: Thought Control in Xanadu

Nearly every case in nearly every legal system is a case where the factfinder – that is, the judge or jury – must decide what was going on in the minds of the litigants. For example, every criminal case turns on mens rea – a guess that the defendant harbored thoughts amounting to criminal intent. Tort cases involve the intention of the defendant, or at least his reckless indifference to risk. Estate cases require the probate court to assess the intent of the testator. Antitrust cases involve the question whether there was an intent to form a combination in restraint of trade. I can't think of a single case where the mental processes of one or both of the litigating parties – whatever the jury says those processes are – doesn't play a critical role in the outcome.
Estimating Agile Software Project Effort: An Empirical Study

This paper describes an empirical study of effort estimation in agile software development. Estimated effort and actual effort of a 46-iteration project are collected and analyzed. The results show that estimation in agile development is more accurate than that in traditional development even though agile developers still underestimate the effort. However, estimation accuracy is not improved over time as expected by agile communities.
Proteinpolysaccharide of bovine cartilage. II. The relation of keratan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate

Abstract Evidence is presented which establishes that chondroitin sulfate and keratan sulfate are part of the same macromolecular proteinpolysaccharide in bovine nasal septum. Degradation of the proteinpolysaccharide with papain releases single chains of chondroitin sulfate with a characteristic residual peptide still attached. A larger molecular weight fragment contains the keratan sulfate which retains a different distribution of amino acids and some chondroitin sulfate chains which can be separated by treatment with alkali with the loss of serine and theronine residues. While the ratio of protein to chondroitin sulfate varies widely in proteinpolysaccharide, the ratio of protein to keratan sulfate remains remarkably constant and different methods of degradation which release single chains of chondroitin sulfate from the macromolecule normally retain the keratan sulfate in the high molecular weight residue.
Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Organics in Environmental Analysis

Supercritical fluids (SFs) possess several physical properties that make them attractive substitutes for conventional liquid solvents in analytical-scale extractions. Molecular diffusivities of SFs are typically a factor of 10 greater (10−4 cm2 s−1 versus 10−5 cm2 s−1) and their viscosities are a factor of 10 lower (10−4 N s m−2 versus 10−3 N s m−2) than liquid solvents. These properties improve the rate of mass transfer of solutes from the matrix surface to the bulk extractions fluid – a transfer believed to be the rate-limiting step of most extractions. Under optimized conditions, the improvements in mass transfer can enable a supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) to be completed in <1 h compared to ≥12 h for extractions involving conventional solvent techniques, while generating little solvent waste compared with traditional extraction methods. Significant limitations in the efficiency of SFE due to differences in sample composition (matrix effect) have been discussed in the past 15 years and have reduced its impact on environmental analysis. The ability of SFE with CO2 to simulate (in minutes) long-term leeching of pollutant species from soils and sediments, however, has enabled researchers to predict the efficacy of bioremediation and may be SFE's most important contribution to environmental analytical chemistry. This review discusses the progress made over the past nearly 30 years in SFE as an alternative technique to liquid solvent extractions of environmental samples for the subsequent measurement of organic constituents.
Changes in Family Cohesion and Acculturative Stress among Recent Latino Immigrants.

Family relationships can serve as an important source of support during the acculturation process; yet, how the stress related to acculturation, or acculturative stress, may impact family functioning across time is not clear. Participants (N = 479) between the ages of 18 and 34 were recruited using respondent-driven sampling methodology. Findings suggest family cohesion decreased over time; however, it decreased less for those reporting more acculturative stress. The implication is that for those Latino immigrants who struggle to adapt to their new host culture, family remains a source of support more so than for those who do not struggle as much.
Phosphate and Klotho

Klotho is a putative aging suppressor gene encoding a single-pass transmembrane co-receptor that makes the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptor specific for FGF-23. In addition to multiple endocrine organs, Klotho is expressed in kidney distal convoluted tubules and parathyroid cells, mediating the role of FGF-23 in bone–kidney–parathyroid control of phosphate and calcium. Klotho–/– mice display premature aging and chronic kidney disease-associated mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD)-like phenotypes mediated by hyperphosphatemia and remediated by phosphate-lowering interventions (diets low in phosphate or vitamin D; knockouts of 1α-hydroxylase, vitamin D receptor, or NaPi cotransporter). CKD can be seen as a state of hyperphosphatemia-induced accelerated aging associated with Klotho deficiency. Humans with CKD experience decreased Klotho expression as early as stage 1 CKD; Klotho continues to decline as CKD progresses, causing FGF-23 resistance and provoking large FGF-23 and parathyroid hormone increases, and hypovitaminosis D. Secreted Klotho protein, formed by extracellular clipping, exerts FGF-23-independent phosphaturic and calcium-conserving effects through its paracrine action on the proximal and distal tubules, respectively. We contend that decreased Klotho expression is the earliest biomarker of CKD and the initiator of CKD-MBD pathophysiology. Maintaining normal phosphate levels with phosphate binders in patients with CKD with declining Klotho expression is expected to reduce mineral and vascular derangements.
An Analytical Model for Micro-Endmill Dynamics

This article presents an analytical model of the transverse vibration of rotating micro-endmills in the presence of three-dimensional tilt and rotary axis misalignment. To accurately capture the ro...
Three-dimensional equilibrium crystal shapes with corner energy regularization

The evolution equations of crystal growth often employ a regularization of the surface energy based ona corner energy term. Here, we consider the effect of this regularization on the equilibrium shape of asolid particle in three dimensions. We determine that a sufficient regularization involves only one of thetwo isotropic invariants related to curvature. Using a long-wave approximation, we derive a non-linearequation for the shape of a semi-infinite wedge in the case when the surface energy has cubic symmetry.An analytic description of the solution along an edge is given as well as an exact solution for a specialcase of anisotropy. Finally, this equation is solved numerically to demonstrate explicit solutions for whichthe regularization rounds the edges of the unregularized crystal shape.Keywords: anisotropy; Cahn-Hoffman capillarity vector; corner regularization; equilibrium crystal shape;Willmore energy; Wulff shape.
Cholinergic stimulation of hippocampal pyramidal cells is inhibited by increasing membrane cholesterol

Abstract Carbachol is known to stimulate pyramidal cells in the CA1 region of hippocampal slices. The incorporation of cholesterol by perfusion of slices with cholesterol-containing buffer abolishes the carbachol response. The response returns upon removal of cholesterol. Changes in neuronal membrane properties could contribute to alterations in cholinergic transmission thought to occur in senile dementia and chronic alcoholism.
Clustering: A Characteristic of Preschoolers' Speech Disfluency.

Instances of speech disfluency produced by 10 four-year-old nonstuttering boys during spontaneous speech were analyzed to determine whether runs or clusters (instances of disfluency on the same word and/or consecutive words) occurred more often than expected by coincidence or chance. Chance frequencies were generated by the Monte Carlo Method. All 10 children produced more instances of disfluency in runs than expected by chance. Attributes of the runs are described. The possibility of using this phenomenon to differentiate young stutterers from their peers is discussed.
Occupational toxicant inhalation injury: the World Trade Center (WTC) experience

Clinical descriptive data is presented on a group of 554 former workers and volunteers (with more than 90 different occupations) at the World Trade Center (WTC) disaster site. A subsample of 168 workers (30% of the group) was selected to examine lower airway disease risk in relation to smoking and WTC exposure variables. Five diagnostic categories clearly predominate: upper airway disease (78.5%), gastroesophageal reflux disease (57.6%), lower airway disease (48.9%), psychological (41.9%) and chronic musculoskeletal illnesses (17.8%). The most frequent pattern of presentation was a combination of the first three of those categories (29.8%). Associations were found between arrival at the WTC site within the first 48 h of the terrorist attack and lower airway and gastroesophageal reflux disease, and between past or present cigarette smoking and lower airway disease. Occupational exposures at the WTC remain consistently associated with a disease profile, which includes five major diagnostic categories. These conditions often coexist in different combinations, which (as expected) mutually enhances their clinical expression, complicates medical management, and slows recovery. Cigarette smoking and early arrival at the WTC site appear to be risk factors for lower airway disease diagnosis.
Nepantlera Pedagogy: An Axiological Posture for Preparing Critically Conscious Teachers in the Borderlands

Latinos in U.S.–Mexican borderlands encounter language barriers and clashing cultures. If this decade is to become one of transformation, it must grapple with the uncomfortable realities of Latino students and other minorities of color. This article delineates the theoretical perspectives of the Nepantlera pedagogy, a pedagogy with an emphasis on social justice and human dignity. Paulo Freire's ( 2000) conscientization, Gloria Anzaldua's (1999, 2002) path of conocimientos and concept of Nepantla, and Mikhail Bakhtin's (1981) concepts of dialogism and ideological becoming frame this pedagogical pathway through praxis, identity formation, border epistemologies, language diversity, dialogue, and critical education.
HITIQA: An Interactive Question Answering System: A Preliminary Report

HITIQA is an interactive question answering technology designed to allow intelligence analysts and other users of information systems to pose questions in natural language and obtain relevant answers, or the assistance they require in order to perform their tasks. Our objective in HITIQA is to allow the user to submit exploratory, analytical, non-factual questions, such as "What has been Russia's reaction to U.S. bombing of Kosovo?" The distinguishing property of such questions is that one cannot generally anticipate what might constitute the answer. While certain types of things may be expected (e.g., diplomatic statements), the answer is heavily conditioned by what information is in fact available on the topic. From a practical viewpoint, analytical questions are often under-specified, thus casting a broad net on a space of possible answers. Therefore, clarification dialogue is often needed to negotiate with the user the exact scope and intent of the question.
Properties of a silica-reinforced polymer for dental restorations

An esthetic and permanent restorative material that could be placed directly into the cavities prepared in anterior teeth would be an important contribution to dental practice and public well-being. Such a material, which would have less solubility, sensitivity to desiccation, and brittleness than the silicate cements,1,2 and have greater dimensional stability than do the methyl methacrylate direct filling resins,3’4 has been in demand for many years. The present lack of a mate­ rial complying with these requirements is a problem worthy of extensive investiga­ tion. The tests reported here were under­ taken to determine whether the desired properties could be obtained with a re­ inforced organic polymer. In industry, plastics are commonly reinforced with fibers, particles, or a combination of these. The term “reinforcement” usually is reserved for instances where the physi­ cal properties are improved; the term “ filler” often implies no improvement of physical or chemical properties. Particles, rather than fibers, were selected for use in the material described iiere. Irregular shaped particles of vitreous silica (General Electric Co.’s Clear Fused Quartz Powder), with special surface treatment, were used for the reinforce­ ment. Except where otherwise specified, the particles were vinylsilane-coated and were fine enough to pass through a no. 100 sieve of the United States standard sieve series, having dimensions of ap­ proximately 150 microns (about 0.006 inch) and smaller. The organic binder for this reinforce­ ment was specially prepared for this study, because the commercially available monomers and comonomers did not ap­ pear to be as promising, with respect to polymerization shrinkage, as the comono­ mer system to be described. This system was especially designed to have low polymerization shrinkage.
Experimental investigation of a simulated LOX injector flow field

Current development of liquid oxidizer injectors for liquid rocket engines is highly dependent upon experimental investigations of the two-phase liquid oxidizer/gaseous fuel injection plume characteristics. This paper describes an effort to increase the applicability of optical diagnostic approaches to such flow fields find includes an innovative approach for interpreting laser-induced fluorescence signals from axisymmetric two-phase flows. The usefulness of both laser-induced fluorescence and surface scattering techniques are explored herein. The flow field selected for this investigation is an oxidizer-swirled, coaxial flow produced using an injector design under consideration for use in the Space Transportation Main Engine (STME). The liquid oxygen (LOX) flow through this injector is simulated using water. Photographs of laser-induced fluorescence and particle scattering and measured profiles of the mass distribution in this flow field are presented and discussed herein.
RF ablation with adjuvant therapy: comparison of external beam radiation and liposomal doxorubicin on ablation efficacy in an animal tumor model.

Purpose: To determine the critical thermal dosimetry and relative efficacy for RF ablation combined with external beam radiation (XRT) or liposomal doxorubicin (LD), in an animal tumor model.Materials and methods: This study was performed in two phases, in 13–18 mm diameter R3230 tumors subcutaneously implanted into Fischer rats. In phase 1, tumors (n = 30) were randomized into six groups. RF energy (titrated to 70°C tip temperature) was applied for either 2.5 or 5 min (n = 15, each group). For each duration, one of three adjuvant therapies was applied (n = 5, each): no therapy (control), LD (1 mg intravenously, 30 min post-RF), or XRT (20 Gy at 1 Gy min−1, within 2 h post-RF), with sacrifice at 48 h for pathologic analysis. In phase 2, thermal mapping was performed in 20 tumors throughout RF application (70°C; 5 min), at 1.5–7 mm distances from the active electrode tip. Temperature profiles throughout the tumor were constructed and were used to interpolate temperatures over time at the critical ablation ...
Photoelectrochemical production of hydrogen : Engineering loss analysis

Abstract A method to analyze the hydrogen production potential (HPP) of photoelectrochemical systems, based on the lumped equivalent circuit model of a photocell driving a current dependent electrochemical load, is presented. Selection of the appropriate circuit and characteristic junction parameters allows analysis of single and multijunction photoelectrodes including those utilizing a semiconductor-electrolyte junction. In this paper, the HPP of single and multijunction photoelectrodes fabricated from high quality crystalline III–V materials is compared with that of the lower cost amorphous silicon and crystalline-amorphous silicon hybrid junction electrodes. The analysis shows that single junction photoelectrodes, even those with exceptional diode characteristics, require semiconductor bandgaps greater than 2.0 eV for efficient operation when realistic catalyst performance is considered. Multiphoton systems are shown to have higher HPP and exhibit greater operational stability when load mismatches, such as would occur from changes in junction characteristics or catalyst properties, are introduced.
Gene expression profile in human cells exposed to zinc.

Although Zn is an essential trace metal for humans, a comprehensive view of its effects on cellular functions has not been obtained. We used a DNA microarray to assess transcriptional alterations in human HeLa cells after exposure to a moderate concentration of Zn (100 μM ZnSO4). Out of 9,182 human genes, expression was increased in 7 genes and decreased in 4 genes twofold or greater. Four of the 7 upregulated genes were those coding for metallothionein isoforms or related proteins. An unexpectedly small extent of changes in gene expression might reflect rapid sequestration of Zn ions by metallothioneins, and the absence of most of the other protective responses indicated the non-toxic nature of Zn at this concentration. Comparison with our previous DNA microarray results for 5 μM CdSO4-exposed HeLa cells revealed several genes that are regulated by both metals in parallel, and a gene reciprocally regulated by them.
Communications network management enhancements for SNA networks: an overview

Hierarchical growth and diversification of communications networks have imposed new requirements on Communications Network Management. This essay presents the evolution of support included in IBM'S Systems Network Architecture to meet these needs. Four main provisions of network management are discussed: (1) the collection and presentation of downstream network data on behalf of network resources by a Threshold Analysis and Remote Access program; (2) centralized network operator terminal access to local and remote systems by a Terminal Access Facility; (3) unsolicited alerting of the network operator by the presentation of data from networrke sources by a Network Problem Determination Application; and (4) the collection and presentation of data for the logical network by a Network Logical Data Manager.
Late in-the-bag spontaneous intraocular lens dislocation: evaluation of 86 consecutive cases.

Objective As techniques for cataract surgery have evolved, spontaneous intraocular lens (IOL) dislocation has decreased overall. However, since 2006 the Intermountain Ocular Research Center has received an increased number of explanted IOLs within the capsular bag forwarded for pathologic evaluation. Late, spontaneous dislocation of IOLs results from zonular insufficiency and zonulysis that has been associated with pseudoexfoliation, trauma, and other risk factors. The findings of 86 consecutive cases of this complication, analyzed in the laboratory, are described. Design Retrospective case series. Participants Eighty-six IOLs explanted within the capsular bag, submitted in formalin. Methods Standard light microscopy of specimens, as well as questionnaire sent to explanting surgeons and patient chart review, when available. Main Outcome Measures Lens design, material, and abnormalities; capsular bag anomalies; patient demographic data; surgical dates; and presence or absence of known risk factors. Results This series included polymethyl methacrylate, silicone, and hydrophobic acrylic lenses, manufactured with both 1-piece and 3-piece designs. The mean time from surgery to spontaneous IOL dislocation was 8.5 years. The main conditions associated with the cases of IOL dislocation were as follows: pseudoexfoliation, 50%; prior vitreoretinal surgery, 19%; history of trauma, 6%; uveitis, 2%; and none or unknown, 23%. Conclusions Patients with any type of IOL are at risk for late in-the-bag dislocation. Pseudoexfoliation and vitreoretinal surgery were the most common associated conditions in this series. Regardless of the presence of known risk factors, IOLs dislocated on average 8.5 years after phacoemulsification and IOL implantation. Financial Disclosure(s) The author(s) have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article.
Microstructures of Simulated Nuclear Waste

This paper reports the microstructures of simulated tailored ceramic forms for the Idaho Chemical Processing Plant (ICPP) high-level waste characterized by TEM. The ceramic forms were consolidated from simulated ICPP waste calcines with either silica-yttria-based or silica-lithia-based additives by hot isostatic pressing. The hot isostatically pressed ceramic waste forms are composed of cubic CaF{sub 2}, monoclinic ZrO{sub 2}, stabilized cubic ZrO{sub 2}, tetragonal ZrSiO{sub 4}, and amorphous silicate phases which can be phase separated. The phase-separated glass is a result of phase immiscibility in the soda aluminosilicate glass to the compositions of albite and mullite.
Temporal fragmentation of speciation in bacteria.

Because bacterial recombination involves the occasional transfer of small DNA fragments between strains, different sets of niche-specific genes may be maintained in populations that freely recombine at other loci. Therefore, genetic isolation may be established at different times for different chromosomal regions during speciation as recombination at niche-specific genes is curtailed. To test this model, we separated sequence divergence into rate and time components, revealing that different regions of the Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica chromosomes diverged over a ∼70-million-year period. Genetic isolation first occurred at regions carrying species-specific genes, indicating that physiological distinctiveness between the nascent Escherichia and Salmonella lineages was maintained for tens of millions of years before the complete genetic isolation of their chromosomes.
Multiple Acyl-Coenzyme A Dehydrogenation Disorder Responsive to Riboflavin: Substrate Oxidation, Flavin Metabolism, and Flavoenzyme Activities in Fibroblasts

ABSTRACT: Multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenation disorders result from generalized defects in intramitochondrial acyl-CoA dehydrogenation. Fibroblasts from a riboflavin-responsive multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenation disorder patient catabolized 14C-butyrate, -octanoate, and -leucine normally after culture in riboflavin-supplemented medium (2 mg/L). After culture in riboflavin-depleted medium (≤1.4 μg/L), his cells oxidized the same substrates poorly at 20 to 33% of control (p < 0.05). Patient cells incubated in a wide range of d-[2-14C]riboflavin concentrations (3, 31.4, and 100 μg/L) synthesized 14C-flavin mononucleotide and 14C-flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) normally and had normal cytosolic 14C-flavin mononucleotide and 14C-FAD contents, which argues against defects in cellular riboflavin uptake and conversion to flavin mononucleotide and FAD. After culture in 31.4 μg 14C-riboflavin /L for 2 wk, 14C-FAD specific radioactivities plateaued and were similar in patient and control cells. However, culturing these uniformly labeled cells in riboflavin-depleted medium for 2 wk lowered the patient's cellular 14C-FAD content to only 23% of control levels. Similarly, after incubation in low 14C-riboflavin concentrations (4.4 μ g/L), the patient's mitochondrial 14C-FAD content was only 51% of control after 1 h and 29% of control at 4 h. After a 4-h incubation in a high physiologic concentration of 14C-riboflavin (31.4 μ g/L), which raised the patient's cellular 14C-FAD levels 3- to 4-fold, his mitochondrial 14C-FAD content rose to normal; control values did not change. We also investigated possible defective FAD binding to flavoenzymes essential for acyl-CoA dehydrogenation. Medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase activities did not fall significantly in either patient or control mitochondria from cells cultured in riboflavin-depleted medium. However, after culture in riboflavin-depleted medium, the patient's electron transfer flavoprotein activity fell to 59% of control in mitochondrial preparations, which is compatible with decreased matrix FAD content. We postulate that defective maintenance of mitochondrial FAD levels explains this patient's riboflavin-responsive multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenation disorder phenotype.
Speaking for itself: The doctrine of res ipsa loquitur in a case of pediatric anesthesia

JR, age 2 months, was scheduled for a craniectomy at Medical Center. Dr. A, a specialist in pediatric anesthesiology, anesthetized JR with halothane and nitrous oxide. Once JR was asleep, Dr. A passed an endotracheal tube into her trachea for the administration of oxygen. Dr. A checked the tube for proper placement and then connected it to a ventilator designed to perform the breathing process. Dr. A next established an intravenous (IV) line for the administration of fluids and medications into JR’s bloodstream during surgery. He was assisted by a surgical nurse. The IV line was assembled prior to surgery and filled with fluid by the nurse for Dr. A. Both Dr. A and the nurse testified that while observing fluid dripping through the IV line they carefully inspected the tubing for air bubbles. Observing no air in the line, Dr. A connected the tubing to a catheter in JR’s foot.
Response to letters regarding article, "systolic and diastolic mechanics in stress cardiomyopathy".

We read with interest the comments of Madias, Dandel et al, and Liu, in response to our paper entitled ‘Systolic and Diastolic Mechanics in Stress Cardiomyopathy’.1 We are gratified that the readers have given our paper such careful attention and were prompted to share their interesting and stimulating ideas on our work. Our group was indeed surprised by the similarities in hemodynamic profiles between stress cardiomyopathy (SCM) and LAD territory infarction (LAD-MI), disorders with very different pathophysiologic bases. Based on our clinical experience with well over 150 SCM patients and countless others with LAD-MI, we fully expected to find that diastolic filling pressures would be much lower in SCM patients than in LAD-MI patients. However, our data, as well those obtained from other studies, call into question previous notions that left …
Neural network capacity using delta rule

It is shown that modifying the Hopfield neural network model to use the delta rule rather than the Hebbian rule substantially increases the capacity. The number of patterns one can store in a neural network of N neurons is actually greater than N (unless N is very small). For example, for N = 30, one can store 40 patterns with a success rate of close to 90%.
A Company I Can Trust? Organizational Lay Theories Moderate Stereotype Threat for Women:

Women remain under-represented in the leadership of corporate America. According to stereotype threat theory, this under-representation may persist because women are concerned about being stereotyped in business settings. Three studies investigated whether an entity (fixed), compared with an incremental (malleable), organizational lay theory is threatening for women evaluating a consulting company. Men and women viewed a company mission statement or website containing an entity or incremental theory. Results revealed that women--more so than men--trusted the entity company less than the incremental company. Furthermore, only women's mistrust of the entity company was driven by their expectations about being stereotyped by its management. Notably, when combined with high or low representations of female employees, only organizational lay theories predicted trust. Finally, people's--particularly women's--mistrust of the entity company led them to disengage more before interacting with a representative. Implications for women's experiences and outcomes in workplace settings are discussed.
Climate change: Embed the social sciences in climate policy

David G. Victor calls for the IPCC process to be extended to include insights into controversial social and behavioural issues.
Temporal properties of secondary drop breakup in the bag breakup regime

Abstract The temporal properties of secondary drop breakup in the bag breakup regime were measured as a function of time for shock-wave-initiated disturbances in air at normal temperature and pressure. The test liquids included water, ethyl alcohol and various glycerol mixtures to yield liquid/gas density ratios of 633–893, Weber numbers of 13–20, Ohnesorge numbers of 0.0043–0.0427 and Reynolds numbers of 1550–2150. Single- and double-pulse shadowgraphy and holography were used to measure the structure, size and velocity of the parent drop, and the sizes and velocities of drops produced by secondary breakup. The parent drop undergoes significant deformation and lateral growth during breakup before forming a thin bag having a basal ring that is characteristic of the bag breakup regime. The basal ring contains roughly 56% of the initial drop volume (mass) and eventually yields drops having mean diameters of roughly 30% of the initial drop diameter by a Rayleigh breakup process; the size variations of drops formed from the basal ring increases with increasing Weber number due to the appearance of large ‘node’ drops that are characteristic of the onset of the multimode breakup regime. Breakup of the bag yields nearly monodisperse drops having diameters of roughly 4% of the initial drop diameter. The velocity distributions of the drops formed from breakup of the basal ring and the bag were individually independent of drop size but varied as a function of time and differed between the two groups. Many features of these phenomena were successfully correlated using phenomenological analyses. Finally, bag breakup requires considerable time (5–6 characteristic secondary drop breakup times) and extends over considerable streamwise distances (50–100 initial drop diameters) by the end of breakup, which suggests that bag breakup should be treated as a rate process, rather than by jump conditions, in some instances.
Diversity of IL-17-producing T lymphocytes

Interleukin (IL)-17 is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that plays critical roles in host defense against extracellular bacteria and fungi and also in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. While CD4+ TCRαβ+ T helper (Th) 17 cells are the best-described cellular source of IL-17, many innate-like T cells are in fact potent producers of IL-17. Given the increasing interest in therapeutic modulation of the IL-17 axis, it is crucial to better understand the cellular origins of IL-17 in various infection and diseases settings. While the diverse population of IL-17-producing T cells share many common characteristics, notable differences also exist. In this review, we discuss the heterogeneity of IL-17-producing T cell types focusing on their development, regulation, and function.
Cytokinin Inhibition of Respiration in Mitochondria from Six Plant Species

Abstract The influence of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) on the respiration by mitochondria from bush bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), mung bean (P. aureus Roxburgh), soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill], maize (Zea mays L.), pea (Pisum sativum L.), and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was examined. BAP, a synthetic cytokinin, consistently inhibited oxygen uptake by mitochondria from all species when malate was used as the substrate. The decrease in respiration was especially evident in the presence of ADP or an uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation. 6-Isopentenylaminopurine and 6-furfurylaminopurine also inhibited malate oxidation, but zeatin and adenine did not. In certain instances, BAP reduced succinate and NADH oxidation. With succinate as the substrate and with antimycin A present, inhibition by BAP paralleled that caused by salicylhydroxamic acid, an inhibitor of alternative respiration. A suggested scheme features a cytokinin-inhibited point located between NADH dehydrogenase and cytochrome b of the electron transport system. Electrons from the NADH generated by malate oxidation are assumed to flow through this point, with electrons from externally supplied or cytosolic NADH and succinate doing so only under certain conditions such as when alternative respiration is occurring. Cytokinin effects on respiration and perhaps on other phenomena may be mediated by this mechanism.
A topological approach to Nevanlinna-pick interpolation

We study the set of rational solutions of an $(N + 1)$-point Nevanlinna–Pick problem, that has degree bounded by N Based on the invariance of the topological degree of a certain mapping under deformation, we establish that when the $(N + 1)$-point Nevanlinna–Pick problem is solvable, then for any dissipation polynomial of degree N or less, there corresponds an interpolating function with dimension at most N Our results provide a novel topological proof for the sufficiency of Pick’s criterion for the solvability of the Nevanlinna–Pick problem, and also give a solution to an extended interpolation problem.
Novel Signaling Pathway Through the β-Adrenergic Receptor

Abstract β -Adrenergic receptors transduce signals through the heterotrimeric G protein Gαs to regulate cardiac function. Recently, it has been discovered that Gαs could directly stimulate the Src family tyrosine kinase activity. This novel signaling pathway provides insights into the cAMP–PKA-independent signaling mechanisms used by β -adrenergic receptors to regulate apoptosis, receptor desensitization, and other physiological functions.
Topologically correct phase boundaries and transition temperatures for Ising Hamiltonians via self-consistent coarse-grained cluster-lattice models

We derive a cluster mean-field theory for an Ising Hamiltonian using a cluster-lattice Fourier transform with a cluster of size ${N}_{\mathrm{c}}$ and a coarse-grained (CG) lattice into cells of size ${N}_{\mathrm{cell}}$. We explore forms with ${N}_{\mathrm{cell}}\ensuremath{\geqslant}{N}_{\mathrm{c}}$, including a non-CG (NCG) version with ${N}_{\mathrm{cell}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty}$. For ${N}_{\text{c}}={N}_{\mathrm{cell}}$, the set of static, self-consistent equations relating cluster and CG lattice correlations is analogous to that in dynamical cluster approximation and cellular dynamical mean-field theory used in correlated electron physics. A variational ${N}_{\mathrm{c}}$-site cluster grand potential based on ${N}_{\mathrm{c}}={N}_{\mathrm{cell}}$ CG lattice maintains thermodynamic consistency and improves predictions, recovering Monte Carlo and series expansion results upon finite-size scaling; notably, the ${N}_{\mathrm{c}}=1$ CG results already predict well the first- and second-order phase boundary topology and transition temperatures for frustrated lattices. The NCG version is significantly faster computationally than the CG case and more accurate at fixed ${N}_{\mathrm{c}}$ for ferromagnetism, which is potentially useful for cluster expansion and quantum cluster applications.
The harmonic oscillator theory applied to the code translation problem

Abstract A previously proposed theory, that the nucleotides of nucleic acids function as oscillators, is extended to the mRNA, ribosome, amino-acyl RNA complex to account for the recognition and translation functions. These functions cannot be explained by steric considerations alone. The biological significance of this concept is presented along with a brief historical review.
Impaction Bone Grafting With Proximal and Distal Femoral Arthroplasty

Capacious diaphyses and poor bone stock in revision arthroplasty can lead to fracture and poor component fixation. Impaction bone grafting can be performed in salvage reconstructions in cases with extensive circumferential bone loss. We present a consecutive series of patients who underwent proximal or distal femoral reconstructions in combination with impaction bone grafting. The average age was 62 years, and the mean follow-up was 36 months (range, 24-84). No revisions were performed for mechanical failure, and radiographs revealed no evidence of implant loosening. No patient complained of end-of-stem thigh pain. There were 3 failures: 1 for periprosthetic fracture, 1 for instability, and 1 for infection. Impaction bone grafting can be used in combination with proximal and distal femoral arthroplasty to successfully manage cases with extensive bone loss after failed hip and knee arthroplasty. The procedure reconstitutes necessary bone stock, improves stress shielding, and provides immediate fixation in capacious canals.
The use of acoustic ground discrimination as a precursor to the estimation of shellfish abundance

Data on seabed types for any area can be assembled not only during dedicated research missions, but may be supplemented by information collected opportunistically during resource surveys in the area for other species and when the vessel is in transit. The data can be pooled from other vessels to produce a composite of the distribution of seabed types. Examples of how we have assembled such data for the Iceland scallop in the Strait of Belle Isle (NAFO Div. 4R) and for the Arctic surf clam over the vast apron of shelf commonly called the Grand Banks of Newfoundland (NAFO Div. 3LNO) are provided and discussed.
Galanin microinjection in the third ventricle increases voluntary ethanol intake.

Background: The neuropeptide galanin increases food intake. Chronic ethanol (EtOH) increases the expression of galanin in the hypothalamus. The research presented here examines the effects of microinjection of galanin in the third ventricle on voluntary alcohol intake. Methods: Male Sprague Dawley rats with a cannula in the third ventricle were given access to increasing concentrations of EtOH for 12 hr/day until all acquired a preference for 7% EtOH over water in a two-bottle choice. Rats then received a microinjection of galanin (0, 1, and 3 nmol) alone or in combination with the galanin antagonist M40 (1 nmol) and with M40 alone to determine the effects on EtOH and water intake. Tests were conducted during both the light and dark periods of a 12:12-hr light-dark cycle with food available ad libitum. As a control for galanin-induced calorie intake, both EtOH and food were measured in a subset of rats during the dark. Results: Microinjections of galanin (1.0 and 3.0 nmol) increased EtOH consumption during both periods of the light-dark cycle. Galanin's effect on ethanol intake during the light was large relative to the very low intake of food and water during this period. Rats increased their intake of EtOH but not food. Receptor specificity for galanin (3 nmol) was shown by the galanin antagonist M40, which blocked the increase in EtOH intake. M40 alone decreased EtOH intake slightly. Conclusions: These data show that galanin injected in the third ventricle increases EtOH consumption and that the effect can occur during both the light and the dark periods of the diurnal cycle in the presence of food and water. This suggests that galanin may play a role in augmenting voluntary alcohol intake and perhaps the development of alcohol dependence.
A single institutional comparison of endoscopic and open abdominal component separation

Background The authors analyzed surgical factors and outcomes data in the largest single institutional study comparing endoscopic (ECS) and open component separation (OCS) in ventral hernia repairs (VHR).
Liberal Arts and Distance Education: Can Socratic virtue (areteØ) and Confucius’ exemplary person (junzi) be taught online?

The goals of a global liberal arts education, as conjoining both western and eastern sources, focus on ‘virtue first’, i.e. on pursuing human excellence (areteO). To determine whether such excellen...
Abstraction of basic compounds by sulfonated polymeric resins in capillary gas chromatography

A small amount of a lightly sulfonated non-porous resin placed in the liner of the injection splitter of a gas chromatograph retains basic organic compounds but allows neutral compounds to be chromatographed normally. The organic bases in the gaseous state react with sulfonic acid groups on the resin surface to form protonated ions. Abstraction of bases is complete at a base: neutral molar ratio as high as 200:1 and a large number of samples can be injected before the sulfonated resins need to be replaced.