cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Radiative Properties of Particulate Media

When an electromagnetic wave or a photon interacts with a medium containing small particles, the radiative intensity may be changed by absorption and/or scattering. Common examples of this interaction are sunlight being absorbed by a cloud of smoke (which is nothing but a multitude of fine particles suspended in air), scattering of sunshine by the atmosphere (the atmosphere consisting of molecules which are, in fact, tiny particles) resulting in blue skies and red sunsets, and the colors of the rainbow. Radiation scattering by particles was first dealt with by astrophysicists, who were interested in the scattering of starlight by interstellar dust. Scientists from many other disciplines are concerned with the scattering of electromagnetic waves: Meteorologists are concerned with scattering within the Earth's atmosphere (scattering of sunlight as well as scattering of radar waves for observation of precipitation); electrical engineers and physicists deal with the propagation of radio waves through the atmosphere; physicists, chemists, and engineers today use light scattering as diagnostic tools for nonintrusive and nondestructive measurements in gases, liquids, and solids. Reviews of thermal radiation phenomena in particulate media have been given by Tien and Drolen [1], and also by Dombrovsky and Baillis [2].
Working Memory in Prefrontal Cortex and its Neuromodulation

Working memory is conceptually different from short-term memory and likely relies on different neurobiological substrates. Working memory may be defined as the capacity to use mnemonic information to plan and organize forthcoming action. These processes rely on the prefrontal cortex (PFC), and neurons in this region appear to encode mnemonic information and forthcoming responses based on memory. The task related activity of PFC neurons and overall working memory performance is strongly regulated by dopamine. Dopamine might bias networks of PFC neurons to enter different processing modes, causing PFC networks to either process memory related information in a flexible manner (state 1) or to strongly maintain a single goal state in memory even in the presence of distracters (state 2). Dopamine levels in PFC fluctuate during different cognitive and emotional states, and such fluctuations could switch PFC networks between these two states. Dopamine may therefore dynamically regulate how PFC networks “work with memory” to guide future thought or action.
Taxonomy in Developmental Psychopathology

The past decade has seen a large investment of scientific and professional energy in research and debate about how to classify psychopathology. Among the most visible results of this process are the third edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (American Psychiatric Association, 1980), commonly known as the DSM-III, and the third revised edition of this book (American Psychiatric Association, 1987), called the DSM-III-R. There has already been some discussion of a DSM-IV (e.g., Millon & Klerman, 1986). These existing and projected manuals include, of course, consideration of the taxonomy of psychopathology in children and adolescents as well as in adults.
Bidding for Bidders? How the Format for Soliciting Supplier Participation in NYOP Auctions Impacts Channel Profit

In a name-your-own-price (NYOP) auction, consumers bid for a product or service. If a bid exceeds the concealed threshold price, the consumer receives the product at her bid price. This paper examines how to optimize the interactions between the NYOP retailer and service providers, while, at the same time, managing the bid acceptance rates in order to induce the desired consumer bidding behavior. Channel profit is impacted by how the retailer decides whether or not a given consumer bid will be accepted and, if so, which service provider is chosen to supply a unit of the product to the consumer. We devise a mechanism, the modified second-price auction, which maximizes channel profit. This paper was accepted by J. Miguel Villas-Boas, marketing.
High Speed I/O Design Optimization in FCMMAP Packaging

This paper presents the design optimization work and its implementation in Intel's High Speed Telecommunication and Optical products in the Flip-Chip Molded-Matrix Array Package (FCMMAP) packaging. The overall high speed modeling methodologies will be explained in this paper to describe electrical analysis work needed to identify the optimizations in the design. Specific substrate design attributes such as impedance matching, discontinuity and material losses will be presented. Validation results based on Intel's first high speed 40 Gbps prototype will be published in this paper as well.
Are We There Yet? Implications of Negative Interest Rate for Monetary Transmission and Bank Profitability

Over the last two years, several central banks in Europe have adopted NIRP to achieve price stability and/or reduce appreciation pressures. Negative interest rates have supported easier financial conditions and contributed to a modest expansion in credit, demonstrating that the zero lower bound (ZLB) is less binding than previously thought, including with respect to central banks’ signaling capacity. In some countries, a tiered central bank deposit rate has facilitated the pass-through to money markets, while mitigating the direct costs of negative rates to banks. Nevertheless, going forward, reduced bank profitability might override possible mitigating effects from higher asset prices and could impair the transmission to lower lending rates as interest rates become more negative and deposit rates remain sticky. More monetary accommodation will need to rely on credit easing measures amid a continued expansion of the ECB’s balance sheet. This also highlights the need for a more balanced mix comprising growthfriendly fiscal and structural reforms to complement unconventional monetary easing.
Lymph node-positive prostate cancer after robotic prostatectomy and extended pelvic lymphadenectomy.

Optimal management of node-positive prostate cancer patients after prostatectomy remains a challenge. We evaluated clinically localized patients who demonstrated node positivity and identified predictors for secondary treatment. From 2010 to 2015, clinically localized prostate cancer patients who underwent robot prostatectomy with extended lymphadenectomy and node-positive disease on pathologic analysis were identified. Clinical N1, M1 or salvage cases were excluded. Patients were stratified based on secondary treatments. Kaplan–Meier method was used to determine the time to biochemical and metastatic recurrence. Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify predictors for additional treatment. 145 patients (45 no additional therapy, 47 adjuvant, 53 salvage) had a median follow-up of 31.2 months. Salvage patients had higher median pre-operative prostate-specific antigen (10.8 vs. 9.7 vs. 8.2, p = 0.1), higher percentage of pathologic Gleason ≥8 (50.9 vs. 38.3% and 22.2%, p < 0.01), and higher median-positive nodes (3 vs. 1 and 1, p < 0.0001) compared to adjuvant and no treatment groups, respectively. Pathologic Gleason ≥8 (OR = 3.5, p = 0.007) and positive nodes ≥2 (OR = 3.3, p = 0.006) were associated with additional therapy. In the no treatment group, two-year estimated BCRFS was 74.3%. Two-year metastatic recurrence-free rates for no treatment, adjuvant and salvage groups were 100, 87.5, and 80.9%, respectively (p = 0.01). Observation is a viable alternative for low metastatic burden patients. In the largest series of node-positive patients from robotic prostatectomy and extended lymphadenectomy, those with pathologic Gleason ≥8 and positive lymph nodes ≥2 were more likely to receive additional treatment.
The impact of co-occurrence and context on the prediction of long-distance separable prefixes

Abstract Current inquiry into language processing focuses on predictive capabilities in anticipating words. This study investigates the predictability of separable verb prefixes in German, when they occur in sentence final position, often with much intervening material. Forty-nine speakers of German completed a cloze-task to measure their ability to predict missing sentence-final separable prefixes. The results are compared to statistics drawn from a corpus that show German speakers accurately predict sentence-final prefixes and accuracy is strongly correlated to both cue strength between particular prefix-verb pairs and the effect of contextual clues. The discussion links this work to the implications for evolutionary advantages of prediction via alignment and the ability to use corpora both for the creation and assessment of language testing procedures.
Orthostatic Disorders of Blood Pressure Control: Clinical Features

Almost all the symptoms and signs attributable to the orthostatic disorders of blood pressure control appear to be the consequence of reduced cerebral blood flow. Blood flow to the brain is presumably reduced by the excessive orthostatic fall in blood pressure or diminution of cardiac output and the inadequacy of compensatory cerebral autoregulation. The chief symptoms reported by 159 patients are listed among the details of each subject in Appendix II. The frequency with which each of the main symptoms was elicited is shown in Table VII.
Parameterizations of Masks for Tight Affine Frames with Two Symmetric/Antisymmetric Generators

Parameterizations of FIR orthogonal systems are of fundamental importance to the design of filters with desired properties. By constructing paraunitary matrices, one can construct tight affine frames. In this paper we discuss parameterizations of paraunitary matrices which generate tight affine frames with two symmetric/antisymmetric generators (framelets). Based on the parameterizations, several symmetric/antisymmetric framelets are constructed.
On the Territorial Rights of Statements

When officials of some political society portray their state as legitimate - and when do they not! - they intend to be laying claim to a large body of rights, the rights in which their state's legitimacy allegedly consists. The rights claimed are minimally those that states must exercise if they are to retain effective control over their territories and populations in a world composed of numerous autonomous states. Often the rights states are trying to claim in asserting their legitimacy go far beyond this minimum. But whether a state's claims are modest or extravagant, the rights claimed invariably fall into three categories. The first category is a set of rights held over or against those persons who fall within the state's claimed legal jurisdiction - what I will call rights over subjects. The second is a set of rights claimed against those persons without the state's jurisdiction - what we can call rights against aliens. And the third category is a set of rights held over a particular geographical territory (whose extent largely determines the scope of the state's jurisdiction) - call these rights over territory. The rights states claim in these three categories jointly define their conception of the sovereignty that they (or their governments or institutions) enjoy, sovereignty that is more extensive (strong, absolute) as the rights asserted in these categories are more numerous and wide-ranging. It is principally on the third of these categories - on the nature and possible moral bases for the claims states make over geographical territories - that I will focus in this essay. The modern state is a territorial entity, and it claims to be legitimately so. Sidgwick was surely correct when he wrote that "it seems essential to the modern conception of a State that its government should exercise supreme dominion over a particular portion of the earth's surface ... Indeed, in modern political thought the connection between a political society and its territory is so close that the two notions almost blend." Common sense seems to view the territoriality of the modern state as natural and unquestionable. That, perhaps, explains why so little has been written, either by contemporary theorists or by the authors of the classics of modern political philosophy, on the moral bases of the modern state's claimed rights over territory. States typically claim not only legal authority over their territories (i.e., that their rights over those territories should be affirmed by international law), but moral authority as well - at the very least insofar as the relevant principles of international law are thought themselves to have moral weight. My concern here, then, will be with the possible moral bases for the kinds of claims made over geographical territories by typical modern states.
Real-Time Security Through a TEE

The incrementing complexity in embedded and cyber-physical systems has demanded a new dimension of security. Trusted Execution Environments (TEE) provide process isolation and dedicated hardware to prevent breach of sensitive information. This paper will focus on the use of TEE on TrustZone architectures for embedded systems security and an implementation with real-time constraints.
Optimal Smart Inverters Volt-VAR Curve Selection with a Multi-Objective Volt-VAR Optimization using Evolutionary Algorithm Approach

Voltage optimization on distribution networks is of uttermost importance to Distribution System Operators (DSO). The performance of the entire distribution network depends on the voltage profile of the system. With the current increase in the penetration of Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) on the distribution network, the challenges of optimized voltage profiles become aggravated. For PV connected systems, smart inverters can be used to partake in the voltage regulation and optimization process using their capability of reactive power injection and absorption. This is often referred to as Volt-VAR Optimization (VVO). Choosing the optimal Volt-VAR Curve (VVC) for the smart inverters often becomes challenging. This paper formulates 4 objective functions, and also proposes the use of Genetic Algorithm (GA) for VVC selection with the integration of a high-level penetration of PV smart inverter. The algorithm was tested on the standard IEEE 13 node distribution test feeder without the use of traditional voltage regulating devices such as Voltage regulators and capacitor banks. The result showed that the overall system active power losses can be minimized by carefully selecting the optimal VVC for the scenarios under study. Also, the results show the different dependencies of the minimization of the active power losses in the network on the VVC reactive power absorption and injection axis.
Presidential Control of the Elite "Non-Agency"

This article examines the constitutionality of legislation creating a new form of independent agency – in effect, a “non-agency” agency residing in the no-man’s land between Articles I and II of the Constitution. In the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, Congress established the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (“PCAOB” or “Board”) and endowed it with massive governmental powers while insulating it from traditional mechanisms for ensuring accountability. Congress deemed the PCAOB not an agency, rendered it substantially immune from judicial review, empowered Board members to set their own salaries and budget, and gave the embattled Securities and Exchange Commission – not the President – the power to appoint and remove Board members. In Free Enterprise Fund v. PCAOB, 537 F.3d 667 (D.C. Cir. 2008), the statute was challenged as violating the Appointments Clause of the Constitution and principles of separation of powers. The D.C. Circuit upheld the statute, with the dissenting judge calling it “the most important separation-of-powers case regarding the President’s appointment and removal powers to reach the courts in the last 20 years.” The Supreme Court has granted certiorari. This article considers the legal and normative implications of the PCAOB blueprint for future independent agencies, and explores the underlying constitutional tension between Congress’s power to restrict and channel agency administration and the President’s power to control it. It concludes that the prevailing analytic framework for evaluating challenges to novel agency forms is problematic as it reflects a myopic emphasis on presidential power per se. The article posits that a more justifiable standard may be fashioned by considering whether sufficient “checks and balances” operate to cabin a suspect independent agency’s actions without delving into thorny questions about the proper scope and definition of executive power.
Entreprenurial Human Capital and Inward Technology Licensing in the Context of New Technology-Based Firms

This study investigates the rate of using ITL, specifically relating to the human capital (HC) of NTBFs: (1) Does HC of entrepreneurs have an influence on the ITL? (2) If so, then to what extent do...
Metachronous mediastinal and lung metastases from head and neck cancer: A case series, literature review and considerations for treatment.

Abstract Metachronous mediastinal and lung metastases (MMLM), important sources of morbidity and mortality, in people with head and neck cancer (HNC) have received little attention. Between 1980 and 2004, 37 patients with treated HNC and MMLM diagnosed on follow-up imaging (with histological confirmation in 14 cases) were identified. The median interval from diagnosis of HNC to the appearance of MMLM was 14.5 months. The overall median survival was 4 months, and the 1-year crude survival rate (CSR) was 16%. A meaningful difference in the 1-year CSRs between the palliative radiation treated and untreated subjects (39% and 4%, respectively, p
Lateral nasal wall flap for endoscopic reconstruction of the skull base: anatomical study and clinical series.

BACKGROUND The lateral nasal wall (LNW) flap provides vascularized endonasal reconstruction primarily in revision surgery. Although the harvesting technique and reconstructive surface have been reported, the arterial supply to the LNW flap and its clinical implications is not well defined. This study presents anatomical dissections to clarify the vascular supply to this flap, and the associated clinical outcomes from this reconstructive technique. METHODS The course and branching pattern of the sphenopalatine artery (SPA) to the LNW were studied in 6 vascular latex-injected heads (11 LNW flaps total). Patients undergoing an LNW flap since 2008 were identified and the underlying pathology, indication, flap viability, and clinical outcomes were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS The inferior turbinate artery arises from the LNW artery and divides into 2 branches at the most posterior aspect of the inferior turbinate bone. A smaller-caliber superficial branch travels anteriorly and branches to the LNW. A larger dominant branch travels into the inferior meatus and tangentially supplies the nasal floor. Twenty-four patients with sellar or posterior cranial fossa (PCF) defects were reconstructed with an LNW flap. Postoperative contrast enhancement of the LWN flap was identified in 95.5% of cases. Postoperative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks were identified in 6 cases. CONCLUSION Blood supply to the nasal floor by the dominant inferior meatus branch is more robust than the supply to the anterior LNW by the superficial arterial branch. The LNW flap is the preferred vascularized reconstructive option to the PCF and sella in the absence of a nasoseptal flap (NSF).
Implementation costs of a community health worker delivered weight loss intervention in black churches serving underserved communities.

Abstract Black adults bear a disproportionate burden of the obesity epidemic but are underrepresented in weight loss research and lose less weight than their white counterparts in weight loss interventions. Comprehensive behavioral weight loss interventions cause weight loss, but their high cost have stymied their implementation in black and other underserved communities. Recent translations of evidence-based weight loss interventions for black communities have been designed to increase intervention reach. However, the costs of implementing such interventions have seldom been reported in the context of a randomized controlled trial. Thus, the costs of implementing a community-health worker delivered Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) adaptated for rural black adults of faith (The WORD) are reported. Data from a randomized controlled effectiveness trial conducted in 31 churches (n = 440) were used to calculate implementation costs. All participants received the 16-session core weight loss intervention and weight loss data was collected at baseline and 6 months. Participants lost an average of 2.53 kg at 6 months. Total implementation costs were $340.95 per participant. Thus, the implementation cost was $138 per kg. This is one of the few comprehensive examinations of costs for a DPP translation for black adults of faith and provide initial data from which practitioners and policy makers can use to determine the engagement of churches to disseminate the DPP through churches. Future studies are needed to confirm the extent churches are a cost-effective strategy to cause weight loss in black communities.
Model Informed Development of VRC01 in Newborn Infants Using a Population Pharmacokinetics Approach.

VRC01 is a first-in-class, potent, broadly neutralizing antibody that targets the CD4 binding site of gp120 on HIV-1 viruses, and is under development as a novel HIV therapeutic. This study utilized population pharmacokinetic (PK) modeling to characterize VRC01 PK to guide dosing selection for ongoing phase II clinical trials in pediatric patients. Combining VRC01 PK data from 3 adult and 1 infant clinical trials, a total of 1,475 VRC01 serum concentrations from 100 participants were used in the analysis (40 infants and 60 adults). VRC01 was administered either i.v. or s.c. (1-40 mg/kg). All infants received s.c. doses as compared with 13% s.c. and 87% i.v. in adults. The data were well-described by a two-compartment model. Clearance was 37% higher in adults with HIV infection and 83% lower in infants than adults. Subcutaneous bioavailability was 55% in adults. Rapid absorption was seen in infants indicating therapeutic levels could be achieved quickly. Monte Carlo simulations were used to determine optimal dosing and demonstrated 40 mg/kg s.c. at weeks 0, 2, 6, and 10 would maintain VRC01 levels at the suppressive target concentration of 50 μg/mL for the first 14 weeks of life in infants. The current analysis provides new insight into differences in monoclonal antibody PK between infants and adults and demonstrates the utility of a population PK approach in informing drug development for infant populations.
Procedure Change Decreases Likelihood of Adverse Events During Surfactant Administration

Background: Premature infants are born with a lack of surfactant which requires replacement after birth by direct instillation into the lungs. Each brand recommends a different administration procedure. We initially utilized Brand A; it required patients to be rotated on each side and was administered in two aliquots. In October 2018, we switched to Brand B that did not require patients to be rotated on each side. Rotating patients increased the risk for unplanned extubation, aspiration, mainstem ETT (endotracheal tube) placement, and hemodynamic instability amongst other factors. These risks were associated with hypoxia, intraventricular hemorrhage, ventilator associated pneumonia, cardiopulmonary arrest, multiple intubations, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, and increased number of ventilator days. Methods: A multidisciplinary team formed to evaluate risks and benefits of Brand B versus Brand A and the administration procedure. Administration via mechanical ventilation, via T-piece or manual ventilation with flow inflating resuscitation bag, slow instillation via medication administration catheter inserted to the tip of ETT or inserted to the end of patient wye and beginning of ETT (not directing inserting catheter into ETT), and division of dosage into 2 aliquots were evaluated. Based on a survey of other facilities and the manufacturing company’s recommendation, a standardized administration procedure was created. Procedure changes from Brand A to Brand B required the patient to maintain a supine position and deliver dose via one aliquot. Administration procedures maintained from Brand A to Brand B were manual ventilation with a flow inflating bag and quick installation of medication via administration catheter inserted to tip of ETT. Adverse events that occurred during surfactant administration were reviewed at weekly multidisciplinary meetings. The outcome measure was the number of events per administrations. Process measures were compliance with administration procedure and completion of administration checklist. Balancing measures were number of doses per patient and re-intubation rates. Results: Brand A had 9 adverse events out of 151 administrations in 19 months. Brand B had 1 adverse event out of 124 administrations in 19 months. P value .036, 3.6%. Conclusions: Brand B removed the rotation of the patient during administration; significantly reduced the rate adverse events related to surfactant.
Single-photon frequency shifting with a quadrature phase-shift keying modulator.

Deterministic frequency manipulation of single photons is an essential tool for quantum communications and quantum networks. We demonstrate a 15.65 GHz frequency shift for classical and nonclassical light using a commercially available quadrature phase-shift keying modulator. The measured spectrum of frequency-shifted single photons indicates a high carrier-to-sideband ratio of 30 dB. We illustrate our frequency shifter’s utility in quantum photonics by performing Hong–Ou–Mandel quantum interference between two photons whose initial frequency spectra overlap only partially, and showing visibility improvement from 62.7 to 89.1% after one of the photons undergoes a corrective frequency shift.
Development of sodium tetrathionate as a cyanide and methanethiol antidote.

Context Hydrogen cyanide and methanethiol are two toxic gases that inhibit mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase. Cyanide is generated in structural fires and methanethiol is released by decaying organic matter. Current treatments for cyanide exposure do not lend themselves to treatment in the field and no treatment exists for methanethiol poisoning. Sodium tetrathionate (tetrathionate), a product of thiosulfate oxidation, could potentially serve as a cyanide antidote, and, based on its chemical structure, we hypothesized it could react with methanethiol. Results We show that tetrathionate, unlike thiosulfate, reacts directly with cyanide in vitro under physiological conditions, and based on rabbit studies where we monitor cyanide poisoning in real-time, tetrathionate likely reacts directly with cyanide in vivo. We found that tetrathionate administered by intramuscular injection rescues >80% of juvenile, young adult, and old adult mice from exposure to inhaled hydrogen cyanide gas that is >80% lethal. Tetrathionate also rescued young adult rabbits from intravenously administered sodium cyanide. Tetrathionate was reasonably well-tolerated by mice and rats, yielding a therapeutic index of ∼5 in juvenile and young adult mice, and ∼3.3 in old adult mice; it was non-mutagenic in Chinese Hamster ovary cells and by the Ames bacterial test. We found by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry that both tetrathionate and thiosulfate react with methanethiol to generate dimethyldisulfide, but that tetrathionate was much more effective than thiosulfate at recovering intracellular ATP in COS-7 cells and rescuing mice from a lethal exposure to methanethiol gas. Conclusion We conclude that tetrathionate has the potential to be an effective antidote against cyanide and methanethiol poisoning.
Heterogeneity and complexity of the prostate epithelium: New findings from single-cell RNA sequencing studies

The recent advent of single-cell RNA-sequencing technology has provided new fundamental insights into the heterogeneity of the prostate epithelium. Several independent studies have described extensive heterogeneity of the luminal epithelial compartment, including a major division between a novel population of luminal cells located in the proximal region of the prostate ducts versus luminal cells located more distally. Proximal luminal cells as well as novel periurethral cells display increased progenitor potential in organoid culture and tissue reconstitution assays, but not in lineage-tracing analyses during prostate homeostasis, suggesting context-dependent plasticity of these populations. Here we describe and synthesize recent findings regarding the epithelial cell populations in the mouse prostate, draw comparisons to the human prostate, and address the relevance of these findings to prostate diseases and cancer.
Possible Involvement of β-Lactamase in Sporulation in Bacillus cereus

Abstract Nonreverting β-lactamase-negative strains were isolated from the β-lactamase-constitutive strain, Bacillus cereus 569 H. These strains differed from both β-lactamase-inducible and -constitutive strains not only in failure to produce β-lactamase but also in failure to autolyze on aging, delayed sporulation, and failure to release free spores from sporangia when produced. The addition of B. cereus β-lactamase of 15% purity to a final concentration of 10 IU/ml stimulates sporulation and particularly the release of free spores in culture from sporangia of strain 569 (inducible wild-type), 569/H (constitutive mutant of 569), and HPen−, a nonreverting β-lactamase strain isolated from 569/H in this laboratory. Cultures of HPen− did not release free spores without this treatment. Similar stimulation of sporulation and spore release by β-lactamase from B. cereus were observed in another β-lactamase-negative strain derived from 569/H as well as in certain sporogeny mutants of B. subtilis. The β-lactamase preparation used in these experiments was free of peptidases, proteases, and autolysins capable of solubilizing wall from vegetative cells. These results, taken with our previous finding that a soluble peptidoglycan inducer becomes available in cultures of B. cereus only at sporulation and that normal derepression of β-lactamase accompanies normal sporulation, suggest that β-lactamase in B. cereus may be involved in peptidoglycan metabolism during sporulation and possibly the breakdown of sporangial wall with the concomitant release of mature spores.
Power loss due to periodic structures in high-speed packages and Printed Circuit Boards

In this paper we apply the basic principles of electromagnetic wave propagation in periodic media to explain the high frequency power loss resonances of Printed Circuit Board (PCB) interconnects observed in recent simulations and measurements. For this purpose we consider a simplified PCB trace buried in a one dimensional periodic media consisting of alternating dielectric materials resembling glass weave and resin patterns found in a typical PCB. We formulate distributions of electric and magnetic field components in each homogeneous region and solve them to get the relationship between fields in TE and TM waves in two equivalent layers with the same effective dielectric constant. We apply Floquet's theorem to relate the fields in similar periodic structure media and find the dispersion relationship between frequency (ω), propagation constant (β) and Bloch wave number (k) separately for TE and TM modes. From this relationship we identify regions where k is purely real and where k becomes complex, which corresponds to propagating and evanescent wave modes respectively. These modes result in resonant power losses, observed in simulations and measurements. To validate this theory we create a parameterized, full-wave simulation model of a typical glass-resin substrate using ANSYS' HFSS™ and HFSS-Transient™ to resemble the theoretical assumptions. Resonant power losses are clearly observed through the simulated s-parameter plots in the frequency domain and the simulation results are well matched to theoretical predictions. Finally we also discuss the importance of considering resonant power loss frequency regimes in the design of high-speed packaging and PCB design.
Flow of immiscible ferrofluids in a planar gap in a rotating magnetic field

Analytical solutions are obtained for the steady, fully developed flow of two layers of immiscible ferrofluids of different thicknesses between two parallel plates. Interfacial linear and internal angular momentum balance relations are derived for the case when there is a ferrofluid-ferrofluid interface to obtain the translational and spin velocity profiles in the gap. As expected for the limit of low applied field amplitude, the magnitude of the translational velocity is directly proportional to the frequency of the applied magnetic field and to the square of the magnetic field amplitude. Expressions for the velocity profiles are obtained for the zero spin viscosity and non-zero spin viscosity cases and the effect of applied pressure gradient on the flows is studied. The spin velocity in both ferrofluid phases is in the direction of the rotating magnetic field, except for cases of extreme applied pressure gradients for which the fluid vorticity opposes the spin. We find that for the case of non-zero spin viscosity, flow reversals are predicted using representative ferrofluid property values and field conditions. The unique predictions of the solution with non-zero spin viscosity could be used to experimentally test the existence of couple stresses in ferrofluids and the validity of previously reported values of the so-called spin viscosity.
Observed Effects of Earth‐Reflected Radiation and Hydrogen Drag on the Orbital Accelerations of Balloon Satellites

From March through May 1967, the high-altitude balloon satellites Pageos (1966 56A) and Dash 2 (1963 30D) were both in continuous sunlight orbits. Observed variations in the orbital accelerations of both satellites are found to be due primarily to a combination of the perturbing effects of earth albedo radiation and atmospheric drag. An equation based on diffuse Lambertian reflection of sunlight from the earth predicts quite well the observed trend of orbital accelerations for both satellites due to the force of earth albedo radiation. After correcting for this effect, the remaining orbital energy changes are found to be consistent with atmospheric drag perturbations, making it possible to deduce mean exospheric densities above 2300 km. The results indicate that hydrogen concentrations during the observation period were about three times greater than that given by the U.S. Standard Atmosphere Supplements (1966).
A Vision-Based Sensor for Noncontact Structural Displacement Measurement

Conventional displacement sensors have limitations in practical applications. This paper develops a vision sensor system for remote measurement of structural displacements. An advanced template matching algorithm, referred to as the upsampled cross correlation, is adopted and further developed into a software package for real-time displacement extraction from video images. By simply adjusting the upsampling factor, better subpixel resolution can be easily achieved to improve the measurement accuracy. The performance of the vision sensor is first evaluated through a laboratory shaking table test of a frame structure, in which the displacements at all the floors are measured by using one camera to track either high-contrast artificial targets or low-contrast natural targets on the structural surface such as bolts and nuts. Satisfactory agreements are observed between the displacements measured by the single camera and those measured by high-performance laser displacement sensors. Then field tests are carried out on a railway bridge and a pedestrian bridge, through which the accuracy of the vision sensor in both time and frequency domains is further confirmed in realistic field environments. Significant advantages of the noncontact vision sensor include its low cost, ease of operation, and flexibility to extract structural displacement at any point from a single measurement.
STAT3 phosphorylation at tyrosine 705 and serine 727 differentially regulates mouse ESC fates.

STAT3 can be transcriptionally activated by phosphorylation of its tyrosine 705 or serine 727 residue. In mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs), leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) signaling maintains pluripotency by inducing JAK-mediated phosphorylation of STAT3 Y705 (pY705). However, the function of phosphorylated S727 (pS727) in mESCs remains unclear. In this study, we examined the roles of STAT3 pY705 and pS727 in regulating mESC identities, using a small molecule-based system to post-translationally modulate the quantity of transgenic STAT3 in STAT3(-/-) mESCs. We demonstrated that pY705 is absolutely required for STAT3-mediated mESC self-renewal, while pS727 is dispensable, serving only to promote proliferation and optimal pluripotency. S727 phosphorylation is regulated directly by fibroblast growth factor/Erk signaling and crucial in the transition of mESCs from pluripotency to neuronal commitment. Loss of S727 phosphorylation resulted in significantly reduced neuronal differentiation potential, which could be recovered by a S727 phosphorylation mimic. Moreover, loss of pS727 sufficed LIF to reprogram epiblast stem cells to naive pluripotency, suggesting a dynamic equilibrium of STAT3 pY705 and pS727 in the control of mESC fate.
Pseudo-Galois Extensions and Hopf Algebroids

A pseudo-Galois extension is shown to be a depth two extension. Studying its left bialgebroid, we construct an enveloping Hopf algebroid for the semi-direct product of groups, or more generally involutive Hopf algebras, and their module algebras. It is a type of cofibered sum of two inclusions of the Hopf algebra into the semi-direct product and its derived right crossed product. Van Oystaeyen and Panaite observe that this Hopf algebroid is nontrivially isomorphic to a Connes-Moscovici Hopf algebroid.
Evolutionary Divergence of the Genetic Architecture Underlying Photoperiodism in the Pitcher-Plant Mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii

We determine the contribution of composite additive, dominance, and epistatic effects to the genetic divergence of photoperiodic response along latitudinal, altitudinal, and longitudinal gradients in the pitcher-plant mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii . Joint scaling tests of crosses between populations showed wide-spread epistasis as well as additive and dominance differences among populations. There were differences due to epistasis between an alpine population in North Carolina and populations in Florida, lowland North Carolina, and Maine. Longitudinal displacement resulted in differences due to epistasis between Florida and Alabama populations separated by 300 km but not between Maine and Wisconsin populations separated by 2000 km. Genetic differences between New Jersey and Ontario did not involve either dominance or epistasis and we estimated the minimum number of effective factors contributing to a difference in mean critical photoperiod of 5 SD between them as n E = 5 . We propose that the genetic similarity of populations within a broad northern region is due to their more recent origin since recession of the Laurentide Ice Sheet and that the unique genetic architecture of each population is the result of both mutation and repeated migration-founder-flush episodes during the dispersal of W. smithii in North America. Our results suggest that differences in composite additive and dominance effects arise early in the genetic divergence of populations while differences due to epistasis accumulate after more prolonged isolation.
Preparation of [Fe(C5H5)(dppe)(NCCH3)]Br and Its Conversion to Several Fe(C5H5)(dppe)X Compounds

Abstract The compound [Fe(C5H5)(dppe)(NCCH3)]Br is conveniently prepared by irradiation of Fe(C5H5)(CO)2Br and dppe (dppe = 1,2-bis(diphenyl-phosphino)ethane) in acetonitrile. The acetonitrile ligand is easily displaced by anionic ligands (X− = CN−, SCN−, SPh−, I−, Br−, CH3 − (as CH3MgI) and H− (as LiAlH4)) to give the complexes Fe(C5H5)(dppe)X.
The C‐terminus of pokeweed antiviral protein has distinct roles in transport to the cytosol, ribosome depurination and cytotoxicity

Pokeweed antiviral protein (PAP) produced by pokeweed plants is a single-chain (type I) ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP) that depurinates ribosomes at the alpha-sarcin/ricin loop of the large rRNA, resulting in inhibition of translation. Unlike the type II RIPs, which have an active and a binding moiety, PAP has only the active moiety. The mechanism by which toxins without a binding moiety gain access to cytosolic ribosomes is not known. We set up yeast as a simple and genetically tractable system to investigate how PAP accesses ribosomes and showed that the mature form of PAP is targeted to the cytosol from the endomembrane system in yeast. In the present study, we performed a systematic deletion analysis to identify the signal required for transport of PAP to the cytosol. We demonstrate here that processing of the C-terminal extension and sequences at the C-terminus of the mature protein are critical for its accumulation in the cytosol. Using a series of PAP mutants, we identified the C-terminal signal and demonstrated that it is distinct from the sequences required for ribosome depurination and cytotoxicity. The C-terminal motif showed sequence similarity to type II RIPs that retrotranslocate from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cytosol. These results demonstrate that a conserved sequence at the C-terminus of a type I RIP mediates its transport to the cytosol and suggest that type I and II RIPs may use a common signal to enter the cytosol.
Ex Vivo Culture of CTCs: An Emerging Resource to Guide Cancer Therapy

With increasing application of targeted therapies and the development of acquired resistance, much attention is being focused on developing in vitro and in vivo patient-specific tumor models for individualized therapeutic evaluation of cancers. Circulating tumor cells provide a source of noninvasively and sequentially sampled invasive cancer cells suitable for propagation in vitro . We review the advantages and challenges associated with ex vivo culture of tumor cells circulating in the blood of patients with cancer. Cancer Res; 75(12); 2411–5. ©2015 AACR .
Mars Surface-to-Orbit Vehicles for Sample Return Missions

Review of the results of a Mars surface-to-orbit launch vehicle study using an upgraded atmospheric density profile and an ascent trajectory optimization program. Orbit insertion was achieved with velocity losses less than those found in an earlier study. Values of thrust-to-mass ratio which minimize velocity losses for dual-burn vehicles were found to be significantly greater than the values of thrust-to-launch-mass ratio for the minimum-velocity-loss continuous-burn vehicle. The use of a two-stage solid-propellant vehicle employing a spin-stabilized second stage offers an attractive design option for a Mars surface-to-orbit launch vehicle.
Adverse neurologic effects of medications commonly used in the intensive care unit.

Abstract Adverse drug effects often complicate the care of critically ill patients. Therefore, each patient's medical history, maintenance medication, and new therapies administered in the intensive care unit must be evaluated to prevent unwanted neurologic adverse effects. Optimization of pharmacotherapy in critically ill patients can be achieved by considering the need to reinitiate home medications, and avoiding drugs that can decrease the seizure threshold, increase sedation and cognitive deficits, induce delirium, increase intracranial pressure, or induce fever. Avoiding medication-induced neurologic adverse effects is essential in critically ill patients, especially those with neurologic injury.
The impact of aging on access to technology

Two major demographic trends underscore the importance of considering adaptation to technology by older adults: the aging of the population and rapid dissemination of technological innovations. In the past decade, developments in computer and information technologies have occurred at an unprecedented rate and technology has become an integral component of work, education, communication and entertainment. Technology is also increasingly used within the health care arena for service delivery, in-home monitoring, interactive communication (e.g., between patient and physician), transfer of health information and peer support. For example, in 2003, 76 % of Americans reported that they used the Internet and 65% have Internet access at home (UCLA Internet Report -- "Surveying the Digital Future", 2003). Use of automatic teller machines, interactive telephone-based menu systems, cellular telephones, and VCRs is also quite common. Furthermore, telephones, television, home security systems and other communication devices are becoming more integrated with computer network resources providing faster and more powerful interactive services. In essence in order to function independently and successfully interact with the environment, people of all ages need to interact with some form of technology.
Coupling of glucose transport and phosphorylation in Xenopus oocytes and cultured cells: determination of the rate-limiting step.

The initial events in glucose metabolism by all cells are the transport and phosphorylation of glucose. To quantify the relative contributions of these two processes to overall glucose utilization, we have developed an experimental approach for their in situ measurement as parallel processes. The method is based on the use of intracellular [2-3H]glucose as a substrate for both the transporter and hexokinase, and involves simultaneous measurement of [2-3H]glucose efflux and of 3H2O released by phosphorylation. The Xenopus oocyte expression system was used to test the method, since in these cells transport and phosphory lation activities can be regulated by expression of mRNA or injection of foreign protein. Oocytes microinjected with [2-3H]glucose showed no release of injected glucose, but did have saturable phosphorylation kinetics, with a Km of 40 7μM and a Vmax of 0.1 nmol/min/oocyte. Co-injection of yeast hexokinase increased glucose phosphorylation by five-fold. Expression of human glucose transporter (GLUT1) mRNA resulted in a 25-30-fold increase in the rate of saturable efflux of microinjected glucose compared to control oocytes. The kinetics of transport and phosphorylation of [2-3H]glucose were analyzed by a multiple curve-fitting program that provided estimates of kinetic coefficients for both processes from a single time course. The analysis showed that expression of GLUT1 shifted the rate-limiting step in glucose utilization from transport to phosphorylation. A similar shift occurred at a three-fold lower extracellular concentration of 2-deoxyglucose. In a pancreatic beta cell line both transport and phosphorylation showed high Km values, with phosphorylation as the limiting step. The in situ measurement of glucose transport and phosphorylation as parallel processes should be useful in defining the relative contributions of each step to overall glucose metabolism in other cell and tissue models. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Existential Import in Cartesian Semantics

The paper explores the existential import of universal affirmative in Descartes, Arnauld and Malebranche. Descartes holds, inconsistently, that eternal truths are true even if the subject term is empty but that a proposition with a false idea as subject is false. Malebranche extends Descartes’ truth-conditions for eternal truths, which lack existential import, to all knowledge, allowing only for non-propositional knowledge of contingent existence. Malebranche's rather implausible Neoplatonic semantics is detailed as consisting of three key semantic relations: illumination by which God's ideas cause mental terms, creation by which God's ideas cause material substances by a kind of ‘ontic privation’, and sensation in which brain events occasion states of mental awareness. In contrast, Arnauld distinguishes two types of propositions – necessary and contingent – with distinct truth-conditions, one with and one without existential import. Arnauld's more modern semantics is laid out as a theory of reference tha...