cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Iatrogenic Transient Complete Heart Block in a Preexisting LBBB

Catheter induced cardiac arrhythmia is a well-known complication encountered during pulmonary artery or cardiac catheterization. Injury to the cardiac conducting system often involves the right bundle branch which in a patient with preexisting left bundle branch block can lead to fatal arrhythmia including asystole. Such a complication during central venous cannulation is rare as it usually does not enter the heart. The guide wire or the cannula itself can cause such an injury during central venous cannulation. The length of the guide wire, its rigidity, and lack of set guidelines for its insertion make it theoretically more prone to cause such an injury. We report a case of LBBB that went into transient complete heart block following guide wire insertion during a central venous cannulation procedure.
King Rails (Rallus elegans) Vary Building Effort and Nest Height in Relation to Water Level

Abstract. Breeding King Rails (Rallus elegans) have become more reliant on coastal marshes, but these are prone to variation in water level influenced by estuarine effluent and storm surge. Nest-building behavior in King Rails was studied in a natural coastal marsh subjected to a wind-driven tide system, where rapid water level rise from storm surge has led to nest inundation. To determine whether breeders exhibited plasticity in nest building in response to water level variation, nest height and water level were monitored at 2- to 3-day intervals, and video was used to quantify building behavior. Average height varied substantially among King Rail nests, indicating plasticity in overall building effort. King Rails constructed significantly taller nests at sites with greater variation in water level. Parents spent a greater proportion of time nest building when the water level was closer to the nest rim. The majority of nest accumulation occurred before laying ceased. Though King Rails continue to build t...
Lewis-Acid-assisted Hydrogen Atom Transfer to Manganese(V)-Oxo Corrole through Valence Tautomerization.

The kinetics of formation of the valence tautomers (tpfc⋅)MnIV(O−LA)]n+ [where LA=ZnII, CaII, ScIII, YbIII, B(C6F5)3, and trifluoroacetic acid (TFA); tpfc=5,10,15-tris(pentafluorophenyl) corrole] from (tpfc)MnV(O) were followed by UV/Vis spectroscopy, giving second-order rate constants ranging over five orders of magnitude from 10−2 for Ca to 103 m−1 s−1 for Sc. Hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) rates from 2,4-di-tert-butyl phenol (2,4-DTBP) to the various Lewis acid valence tautomers of manganese oxo corrole complexes were evaluated and compared. For LA=TFA, ScIII, or YbIII, the rate constants of HAT were comparable to unactivated (tpfc)MnV(O). However, with LA=B(C6F5)3, ZnII, and CaII, 6-, 21-, and 31-fold rate enhancements were observed, respectively. Remarkably, [(tpfc⋅)MnIV(OCa)]2+ gave the most enhancement despite its rate of formation being the slowest. Comparisons of HAT rate constants among the various Lewis acid tautomers revealed that both size and charge are important. This study underscores how valence may affect the reactivity of high-valent manganese-oxo compounds and sheds light on nature's choice of Ca in the activation of Mn-oxo in the oxygen-evolving complex.
Improved Quantitative Recovery of Listeria monocytogenes from Stainless Steel Surfaces Using a One-Ply Composite Tissue

Four sampling devices, a sterile environmental sponge (ES), a sterile cotton-tipped swab (CS), a sterile calcium alginate fiber-tipped swab (CAS), and a one-ply composite tissue (CT), were evaluated for quantitative recovery of Listeria monocytogenes from a food-grade stainless steel surface. Sterile 304-grade stainless steel plates (6 by 6 cm) were inoculated with approximately 106 CFU/cm2 L. monocytogenes strain Scott A and dried for 1 h. The ES and CT sampling devices were rehydrated in phosphate buffer solution. After plate swabbing, ES and CT were placed in 40 ml of phosphate buffer solution, stomached for 1 min and hand massaged for 30 s. Each CS and CAS device was rehydrated in 0.1% peptone before swabbing. After swabbing, CS and CAS were vortexed in 0.1% peptone for 1 min. Samples were spiral plated on modified Oxford agar with modified Oxford agar Rodac Contact plates used to recover any remaining cells from the stainless steel surface. Potential inhibition from CT was examined in both phosphate buffer solution and in a modified disc-diffusion assay. Recovery was 2.70, 1.34, and 0.62 log greater using CT compared with ES, CS, and CAS, respectively, with these differences statistically significant (P < 0.001) for ES and CT and for CAS, CS, and CT (P < 0.05). Rodac plates were typically overgrown following ES, positive after CS and CAS, and negative after CT sampling. CT was noninhibitory in both phosphate buffer solution and the modified disc-diffusion assay. Using scanning electron microscopy, Listeria cells were observed on stainless steel plates sampled with each sampling device except CT. The CT device, which is inexpensive and easy to use, represents a major improvement over other methods in quantifying L. monocytogenes on stainless steel surfaces and is likely applicable to enrichment of environmental samples.
Apaturinae (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) from the Korean Peninsula: Synonymic Lists and Keys to Tribes, Genera and Species

This paper provides keys to tribes, genera and species and synonymic lists for the 12 butterfly species belonging to eight genera of Apaturinae (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) from the Korean Peninsula: Apatura ilia (Denis and Schiffermuller), Apatura metis Freyer, Apatura iris (Linnaeus), Hestina japonica (Felder and Felder), Hestina assimilis (Linnaeus), Sasakia charonda (Hewitson), Mimathyma schrenckii (Menetries), Mimathyma nycteis (Menetries), Sephisa princeps (Fixsen), Chitoria ulupi (Doherty), Dilipa fenestra (Leech) and Dichorragia nesimachus (Doyere). Species accounts include brief summaries of each taxon’s biology, taxonomy and life history. The distributional ranges of the Hestina persimilis species complex are discussed and illustrated.
Short-Term Professional Learning That Focuses on Beliefs and Practice: Improvements in Preschool Teachers' Ongoing Literacy Practice.

ABSTRACTAn intervention study was conducted with preschool teachers to address their beliefs and practice in the area of language and literacy. A total of 27 preschool teachers, each from different early childcare centers, participated in three 1-day professional learning sessions over the course of 9 months. Learning sessions focused on three different language and literacy topics. Study participants completed a pre- and post-session questionnaire and were observed in the classroom before and after each session. Significant differences were observed in both their beliefs and practice after the intervention. Specifically, preschool teachers’ beliefs were related to their practice in two areas: oral language and vocabulary; and book reading. Based on the data, a focus on beliefs and practice in future short-term PL or workshop models may support successful outcomes in teaching practice.
Michael J. Ruggerio, The evolution of the go-between in Spanish literature through the sixteenth century. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1966; 102 pp. (UCPMPh, 78).

Se reseno el libro: The evolution of the go-between in Spanish literature through the sixteenth century.
Anoxic microsites in upland soils dominantly controlled by clay content

Abstract Recent evidence suggests that oxygen limitations are a critical regulator of soil organic matter mineralization rates, even within seemingly well-drained upland soils. Oxygen limitations may arise in otherwise well-aerated soils when oxygen consumption (via microbial respiration) in soil microsites outpaces oxygen supply (through diffusion). Due to analytical limitations, attempts to parameterize oxygen limitations in models have so far been limited to measures of bulk oxygen concentrations or cm-scale gradients within larger soil structural units (e.g., aggregates or peds). Smaller anoxic microsites may thus have gone undetected, limiting our ability to accurately model and predict anoxic pore volume. Here we quantify the extent of anoxic microsites in soils held at moderate moisture and identify the soil properties that dictate their formation and persistence. Using a planar optode imaging system, we monitored oxygen dynamics during incubations of a range of soils spanning natural and artificial gradients in texture and organic matter availability. While bulk oxygen concentrations ranged from 40 to 100% of saturation, we observed significant micro-scale variability resulting in the formation of anoxic microsites, here defined as soil spaces showing less than 5% saturation. Anoxic microsites comprised 2 and 9% of the total soil volume, or 14–85% of the total pore volume. Bulk oxygen concentrations showed a strong negative correlation with bioavailable organic matter, presumably due to its influence on microbial oxygen consumption. In contrast, the extent of anoxic microsites was negatively correlated to clay content, an effect attributed to limited oxygen supply in clay-rich microstructures. Our results demonstrate that texture-dependent diffusion limitations at moderate moisture conditions cause an abundance of anoxic domains, not only in cm-sized macro-aggregates as current modeling approaches assume, but also within micro-aggregates. Anoxic domain size within these microstructures is at least partially decoupled from bulk oxygen concentrations, challenging the use of bulk oxygen concentrations for predicting microbially available oxygen levels and resulting OM mineralization rates and pathways in upland soils.
R. v. Disciplinary Committee of the Jockey Club ex p. the Aga Khan [1993] 1 WLR 909

The applicant sought to apply for judicial review of a decision by the Jockey Club, in order to quash a decision that a horse owned by him should be disqualified for failing a drugs test. The Court of Appeal held that, although the Jockey Club controlled most of the racing in the UK, it was not in any sense an organ of government. It was a private organisation, bound to its members by contract, and therefore the appropriate remedies against it were private law in nature and there was neither the amenability nor the scope for judicial review of the decision of the sporting body.
Capturing the Dynamism of Situation in the Flow of Information

This paper begins by considering requirements for verification tools for NextGen, the US National Airspace System under development. Category theory and channel are reviewed as well as their contribution to computer science, and how these theories can be useful in the development of NextGen is outlined. Category theory is a branch of mathematics that can provide a unified presentation of much of abstract mathematics, and channel theory uses concepts from category theory to provide an abstract and rigorous account of how information about some system component can carry information about other components. The second half of this paper introduces a notion of change into channel theory, which involves augmenting channel theory with situation theory. A “change” relation is defined on the basic units of information (“infons”), which induces a topological space on situations. The topology supports a notion of information updated as time progresses but receding as we project into the future
Entreprenurial Science as an Economic Development Strategy in the South: Syntex S.A., UNAM’s Instituto de Quimica and the Origins of Academic-Industry Relations in Mexico

The relationship among capital, labor, and the state — the traditional constellation of the Mexican economy — is changing as science, technology and academia become more salient to Mexico’s economic development. Science was traditionally believed to be a cultural endeavor. There was little expectation of contribution to the national economy. The research culture of the Autonomous National University of Mexico (UNAM), for example, where 80% of Mexico’s scientific research is conducted, was connected to world science, not local industry.1 During the past two decades, internal contradictions in Mexico’s policy of emphasizing international connections in science and its industrial policy of creating a local, protected environment for industry have emerged.2 The inadequacies of previous policies have led the Mexican government to attempt to link science and industry as part of a strategy to encourage knowledge-based economic development.
Assessment of myocardial oxygenation with MRI.

As an aerobic organ in a living body, the beating heart relies almost exclusively on the oxidation of energy-providing substrates such as free fatty acids (60-90%) for its primary contractile function. Specifically, chemical energy is generally produced in aerobic metabolic pathways through oxidative phosphorylation of ADP to ATP. Myocytes utilize the chemical energy stored in ATP molecules and transform it into mechanical energy. Accordingly, cardiac cells have to consume large amounts of O 2 for the contraction process, which accounts for over 80% of oxygen cost. The remaining <20% is consumed by other physiological processes not directly associated with contraction, i.e., membrane depolarization and repolarization. For this reason, the heart can only develop a small oxygen debt. Oxygen supply and demand has to match to maintain normal myocardial contractility.
Detection, Purity Analysis, and Quality Assurance of Adulterated Peanut (Arachis Hypogaea) Oils.

The intake of adulterated and unhealthy oils and trans-fats in the human diet has had negative health repercussions, including cardiovascular disease, causing millions of deaths annually. Sadly, a significant percentage of all consumable products including edible oils are neither screened nor monitored for quality control for various reasons. The prospective intake of adulterated oils and the associated health impacts on consumers is a significant public health safety concern, necessitating the need for quality assurance checks of edible oils. This study reports a simple, fast, sensitive, accurate, and low-cost chemometric approach to the purity analysis of highly refined peanut oils (HRPO) that were adulterated either with vegetable oil (VO), canola oil (CO), or almond oil (AO) for food quality assurance purposes. The Fourier transform infrared spectra of the pure oils and adulterated HRPO samples were measured and subjected to a partial-least-square (PLS) regression analysis. The obtained PLS regression figures-of-merit were incredible, with remarkable linearity (R2 = 0.994191 or better). The results of the score plots of the PLS regressions illustrate pattern recognition of the adulterated HRPO samples. Importantly, the PLS regressions accurately determined percent compositions of adulterated HRPOs, with an overall root-mean-square-relative-percent-error of 5.53% and a limit-of-detection as low as 0.02% (wt/wt). The developed PLS regressions continued to predict the compositions of newly prepared adulterated HRPOs over a period of two months, with incredible accuracy without the need for re-calibration. The accuracy, sensitivity, and robustness of the protocol make it desirable and potentially adoptable by health departments and local enforcement agencies for fast screening and quality assurance of consumable products.
Identity(ies) Explored: How Journalists’ Self-conceptions Influence Small-town News

Existing literature on community journalism suggests it is worthwhile to theoretically and conceptually examine journalists in small towns. These reporters and editors always wear multiple hats, in...
Predictors of breastfeeding non-initiation in the NICU

This study compared predictors of breastfeeding non-initiation between infants who were and were not admitted to the NICU so that interventions can target high-risk mothers whose infants desperately need breastmilk. This was a population-based retrospective cohort study of singleton Ohio live births using birth certificates, 2006-2015. In babies who were and were not admitted to the NICU, a multivariable logistic regression model assessed the association between breastfeeding non-initiation and predictors relating to the mother, neonate, and labour and delivery events while adjusting for covariables. Of 1,463,506 births, 76,855 infants were admitted to the NICU (5.8% of study population), and breastfeeding was not initiated in 39.4% of them, compared with 31.5% of infants in the newborn nursery, p < 0.001. Apart from abnormal newborn conditions, smoking during pregnancy was the most significant risk factor for not breastfeeding in the NICU (RR 1.91 [95% CI 1.82-2.02]) and newborn nursery (RR 2.10 [95% CI 2.08-2.13]), followed by socioeconomic factors and multiparity. Limited prenatal visits (≤5) were a significantly higher risk factor in the NICU (RR 1.41 [95% CI 1.34-1.49]) than in the newborn nursery (RR 1.24 [95% CI 1.22-1.26]). Intentional home birth and use of infertility treatment were associated with breastfeeding initiation. The rate of breastfeeding initiation is lower in infants admitted to the NICU than those who are not, especially among mothers with limited prenatal care. Interventions should target mothers who smoke because they are least likely to breastfeed, and their babies, who are prone to serious health conditions, could especially benefit from breastmilk.
Abstract P067: A Co-Design Approach to Validate a Text Message Bank for Use With Older Adults at Risk of Cardiovascular Disease

Purpose/Aims: To describe the design and validation of a text message bank that will be used for an mHealth behavioral change intervention -- Fitness Intensive Therapy (Get FIT+) in order to improv...
Duality in Finite Element Methods

The duality between the basic equations and the dependent variables in problems of stretching and of bending of plates is applied to the finite element method. A displacement method in the stretching problem is a stress function method in the bending problem and vice versa. The stress function method has the same properties of accuracy and convergence as the well established dual displacement method for plate stretching, using only two equations per node. A computer program, originally written for the analysis of plane stress and plane strain problems by the displacement method, is used to solve plate bending problems. Results show that a high degree of accuracy may be achieved for the stress couples. The determination of the deflection and slopes is made from the curvatures and involves no loss of accuracy. Comparisons with results of the fully compatible displacement method are presented.
Association of tumor grade, enhancement on multiphasic CT and microvessel density in patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma

Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) comprises nearly 90% of all diagnosed RCC subtypes and has the worst prognosis and highest metastatic potential. The strongest prognostic factors for patients with ccRCC include histological subtype and Fuhrman grade, which are incorporated into prognostic models. Since ccRCC is a highly vascularized tumor, there may be differences in enhancement patterns on multidetector CT (MDCT) due to the hemodynamics and microvessel density (MVD) of the lesions. This may provide a noninvasive method to characterize incidentally detected low- and high-grade ccRCCs on MDCT. The purpose of our study was to determine the correlation between MDCT enhancement parameters, ccRCC MVD, and Fuhrman grade to determine its utility and value in assessing tumor vascularity and grade in vivo. In this retrospective, HIPAA-compliant, institutional review board-approved study with waiver of informed consent, 127 consecutive patients with 89 low-grade (LG), and 43 high-grade (HG) ccRCCs underwent preoperative four-phase MDCT. A 3D volume of interest (VOI) was obtained for every tumor and absolute enhancement and the wash-in/wash-out of enhancement for each phase was assessed. Immunohistochemistry on resected specimens was used to quantify MVD. Linear regression and Pearson correlation were used to investigate the strength of the association between 3D VOI enhancement and MVD. Stepwise logistic regression analysis determined independent predictors of HG ccRCC. Cut-off values and odds Ratio (OR) with 95% CIs were reported. The clinical, radiomic, and pathologic features with the highest performance in the stepwise logistic regression analysis were evaluated using receiver operator characteristics (ROC) and area under the curve (AUC). Absolute enhancement in the nephrographic phase 4.3 cm (HR 1.450, 95% CI 1.211–1.738, p value < 0.001), and an intratumoral MVD < 15% (HR 0.932, 95% CI 0.867–1.002, p value = 0.058) were independent predictors of HG ccRCC with an AUC of 0.818 (95% CI 0.725–0.911). HG ccRCCs had a significant association between 3D VOI enhancement and MVD in each post-contrast phase (r2 = 0.238 to 0.455, p < 0.05). Absolute enhancement of the entire lesion obtained from a 3D VOI in the nephrographic phase on preoperative MDCT can provide quantitative data that are a significant, independent predictor of a high-grade clear cell RCC and can be used to assess tumor vascularity and grade in vivo.
A 4900- $\mu$ m 2 839-Mb/s Side-Channel Attack- Resistant AES-128 in 14-nm CMOS With Heterogeneous Sboxes, Linear Masked MixColumns, and Dual-Rail Key Addition

Cryptographic circuits such as advanced encryption standard (AES) are vulnerable to correlation power analysis (CPA) side-channel attacks (SCAs), where an adversary monitors chip supply current signatures or electromagnetic (EM) emissions to decipher the value of embedded keys. This article describes an all-digital, fully synthesizable SCA-resistant 16-b serial AES-128 hardware accelerator fabricated in 14-nm CMOS, occupying 4900 $\mu \text{m}^{2}$ . Randomized byte-order shuffling through heterogeneous Sboxes, linear masked MixColumns, and dual-rail AddRoundKey circuits enable: 1) 9.2 $\times $ lower correlation between current signatures and hamming distance (HD)/hamming weight (HW) power models compared to an unprotected AES implemented in 14-nm CMOS; 2) 2.3 $\times $ attenuation of a correlation ratio for correct key guesses; 3) 839-Mb/s encryption throughput with 11-mW total power consumption measured at 750 mV, 25 °C; 4) peak energy efficiency of 390 Gbps/W measured at an energy optimal point of 290 mV, 25 °C, representing an overhead of 23% over the unprotected AES engine; 5) 1200 $\times $ improvement in minimum-traces-to-disclosure (MTD) over an unprotected AES accelerator, with no successful CPA attacks observed after 12M encryptions; and 7) >1100 ${\times }$ improvement in test vector leakage assessment (TVLA) metric in power and EM time- and frequency-domain analyses.
Management of Large or Recurrent Macular Holes

To review and critically appraise the recent literature about new surgical techniques for the management of large or recurrent macular holes. A variety of surgical approaches have recently been developed ranging from autologous retinal grafts to amniotic membrane transplant with varying levels of anatomical and visual success. More data is needed to determine if one technique is superior to others. However, with a variety of grafts, adhesives, and tamponades at their disposal, vitreoretinal surgeons have an extensive array of options to approach complex macular holes.
Enhanced Rayleigh Damping Model for Dynamic Analysis of Inelastic Structures

AbstractThis paper presents an Enhanced Rayleigh damping model for dynamic analysis of inelastic structures. The conventional Rayleigh damping model has been extensively used to represent inherent ...
Implicit Finite-Volume Algorithms for the Flux-Split Euler Equations

An implicit finite-volume algorithm for the compressible Euler equations is described and applied to a series of predominantly transonic flows. The method is a naturallydissipative upwind-difference scheme incorporating either flux-vector-splitting or flux-difference-splitting to distinguish wave interactions occuring at cell interfaces. The solution is advanced implicitly in time using either approximate-factorization or line-relaxation algorithms in conjunction with FAS multigrid acceleration to steady-state. Several internal/external steady flows over cascades/airfoils are computed, as well as the time-accurate flow over a circular cylinder at supercritical conditions.
Sociology of Law: Visions of a Scholarly Tradition

Introduction: sociology, society, law Part I. Theoretical Foundations of the Sociology of Law: 1. Law and the rise of the social sciences 2. Max Weber on the rationalization of law 3. Emile Durkheim on law and social solidarity Part II. Development and Variations of the Sociology of Law: 4. The theoretical move towards the sociological study of law 5. From sociological jurisprudence to sociology of law 6. Sociology of law and the antinomies of modern thought Part III. Sociological Dimensions of Law: 7. Law and economy: the regulation of the market 8. Law and politics: the role of democratic law 9. Law and integration: the legal profession 10. Law and culture: the balance of values through norms Part IV. Special Problems of Law: 11. Social control: the enforcement of law 12. The globalization of law Conclusion: visions of the sociology of law.
Political importance and its relation to the federal prosecution of public corruption

In the US, federal prosecutors are appointed by the president, confirmed by the Senate, and have significant discretion over which cases they choose to take to court. Federal prosecutors handling an overwhelming majority of corruption cases invites the possibility of political influence in the monitoring of corruption. Additionally, political disparities across states may result in differences in corrupt behavior. Using individual case level data, I examine the effect political factors have on federal corruption cases, with an emphasis on states that are an important focus in the next presidential election. I find that corruption convictions tend to be higher in politically important states. This effect seems more significant when Democratic administrations are in power. In addition, it seems that these effects are relevant only for corruption crimes labeled as “federal”.
Political Consequences of Fear During War

What are the political consequences of fear during war? Prior work on crime and conflict suggests that traumatic events may trigger strong emotional responses, which can increase political participation in a number of ways. Fear is also associated with anxiety, depression, and loss of cognitive and social functions, which may lead to political withdrawal. We present evidence of a link between past exposure to violence and heightened feelings of fear using a large-scale national survey. We find consistent evidence that fear significantly reduces political engagement. These findings provide evidence of a psychological mechanism largely absent from prior work in politics and challenges the notion that survivors of trauma are politically activated by their experiences with violence.
Venous and Arterial Risks Associated with Combined Hormonal Contraception

Around the world, women use oral contraceptive pills for contraceptive as well as many non-contraceptive benefits. Concerns regarding the risks associated with use of hormonal contraceptives have existed since introduction of the first products. Early on, investigators identified the risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) and attributed this to the estrogen component of the pill as a dose-dependent effect. Although combined hormonal contraception increases the risk of VTE events, the absolute risk remains low, and the same underlying identifiable risk factors exacerbate the risk of thrombosis in both users and nonusers. Over the years, we have seen changes to pill dosing and formulation, including the introduction of new progestins. This has given rise to new questions and concerns regarding risks of specific pills. At the same time, we have improved diagnosis of VTE and gained further insights regarding baseline risk factors, and changes have occurred in both population health and the available options for birth control. Clinical questions and controversies have emerged including risks of progestogens, if screening is indicated, and how to provide patient-centered counseling.
United States Radiation Oncology Fellowship Growth From 2010 to 2020.

Purpose To provide a comprehensive analysis of radiation oncology (RO) fellowship growth from 2010 to 2020. Methods and Materials A collated database of RO fellowship programs and matriculants was created using (1) RO residency program (n = 92) and graduate (n = 2082) web searches, (2) prospective American Society for Radiation Oncology (ASTRO) Career Center postings database, (3) Association of Residents in Radiation Oncology Fellowship Directory, (4) RO fellowship survey data, (5) ASTRO Membership Directory, and (6) direct e-mail contact with fellowship program directors. Linear regression was used to assess the statistical significance of RO fellowship program, position, and matriculant growth over time. Results From 2010 to 2020, the number of RO fellowship programs and annual positions significantly increased from 20 to 37 (1.60 increase per year; 95% confidence interval, 1.32-1.89; P 12) residency programs, respectively. Twenty-eight (29.8%), 13 (13.8%), 25 (26.6%), and 27 (28.7%) trained in the Northeast, Midwest, South, and West, respectively. Conclusions There has been significant growth in unaccredited RO fellowship programs and annual positions during the past decade, although the number of matriculants has remained stable. We report for the first time the recent establishment of fellowships at institutions without an Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education–accredited RO residency program. The impact of fellowship programs on the training of RO residents should be studied.
Model-Free Linear Quadratic Regulator

We review recent results on the convergence and sample complexity of the random search method for the infinite-horizon linear quadratic regulator (LQR) problem with unknown model parameters. This method directly searches over the space of stabilizing feedback gain matrices and, in spite of the lack of convexity, it converges to the globally optimal LQR solution at a linear rate. These results demonstrate that for a model-free method that utilizes two-point gradient estimates, the simulation time and the total number of function evaluations required for achieving \(\epsilon \)-accuracy are both \(O (\log \, (1/\epsilon ) )\).
Neuropsychological Phenotypes in Pediatric Temporal Lobe Epilepsy.

OBJECTIVE Adults with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) have been found to have a fairly characteristic pattern of neuropsychological performance, but there is considerably less research and more variability in findings with children. Because the cognitive domains included in most studies with children have been limited, the current study attempted to better characterize the cognitive phenotype of children with TLE using a broader neuropsychological battery. METHODS The study included 59 children with TLE (59% male) age 7 to 16 (M = 12.67; SD = 3.12) who underwent comprehensive neuropsychological evaluation. Patient results were grouped into cognitive domains (reasoning, language, visuoperceptual, verbal memory, executive function, and motor function) based upon their test performance. These factor scores were subjected to Ward's hierarchical clustering method with squared Euclidean distance. RESULTS Cluster analysis revealed three distinct cognitive profiles: (1) normal functioning (20% of sample); (2) delayed verbal memory and motor weaknesses (61% of the sample); and (3) global impairment (19% of the sample). Cluster 3 had longer epilepsy duration and a higher incidence of hippocampal sclerosis (HS) compared to Cluster 1 (p < .05). There were no significant differences among the three cluster groups on demographic characteristics or remaining clinical characteristics. CONCLUSIONS Children with TLE present with distinct cognitive phenotypes ranging from average performance to global impairment. Results partially support previous hypotheses highlighting the cumulative neurobiological burden on the developing brain in the context of chronic epilepsy and provide a preliminary framework for the cognitive domains most vulnerable to the TLE disease process.
National Poison Data System (NPDS) review of intentional sodium nitrite ingestions 2009–2019

Ingesting sodium nitrite as a suicide method appears to be gaining popularity, spurred by online suicide blogs and an easily obtainable product. However, the exact nature of this trend has not been...
The globalization of the iSchools movement

In 2005 a relatively small interdisciplinary group of LIS schools, all based in the U.S., announced its intention to form a new “iField.” The explicitly stated goal behind the formation and formalization of this group was the coming to grips with the “elusive identity [that] poses a challenge for the I-School movement” (King, 2006). Today 40% of the iSchools Caucus is non-U.S. based. This research examines the impact of the international member schools on what was once an exclusively American group. The internationalization phenomenon is examined from the perspective of the Information Outcome Space (Gross & Latham, 2011). Content analysis of school websites addressing vision and mission statements, “about the school” statements, and messages from the Deans/Directors were conducted to discern the philosophical approaches of iSchool as they relate to the concept of information. This research addresses whether information conception is the uniting, identifying, and defining identity for the iCaucus.
Allchin's Shoehorn, or Why Science is Hypothetico-Deductive

Allchin's critique of my analysis of Galileo's discovery of Jupiter's moons, and of my characterization of science as hypothetico-deductive, contains several factual and conceptual errors. Thus, contrary to his attempt to paint scientific discovery in terms of blind search and limited induction, a careful analysis of the way humans spontaneously process information and reason supports a general hypothetico-deductive theory of human information processing, reasoning, and scientific discovery.
Relationship Between Pain Severity and Serum β-Endorphin Levels in Postoperative Patients

Study Objective. To examine the relationship among postoperative pain severity, serum β-endorphin level, and serum morphine level in pediatric patients after posterior spinal fusion with instrumentation. Design. A prospective study. Setting. University-based medical center. Patients. Ten patients age 13–17 years admitted for posterior spinal fusion with instrumentation. Interventions. Each subject was administered an initial dose of intravenous morphine 100 μg/kg, followed by a constant infusion of 50 μg/kg/hour. The primary physician was allowed to titrate the dosage as required to meet the patient's requirement for analgesia. Whole blood was obtained for the analysis of serum morphine and β-endorphin levels preoperatively, after the initial morphine dose, 24 hours after initiation of the infusion, and before any change in dosage. At each blood sampling time, pain severity ratings were obtained from the subject, nurse, and parent using a 10-point linear scale. Measurements and Main Results. No statistical difference between serum β-endorphin values preoperatively and after the initial dose of morphine was observed; mean values were 68 and 60 pg/ml, respectively. The relationships between serum β-endorphin level and pain scores were statistically significant only for self (subject) pain scores (p=0.014, r=-0.30). Mean serum morphine level was 21.9 ng/ml for patients with self pain scores of 4 or less. Conclusion. The clinical usefulness of serum β-endorphin as a measure of pain severity was not established under the experimental conditions of this study.
Total synthesis of pseudoguaianes—I: Preparation of bicyclo[5.3.0]decane synthons for damsinic acid and helenanolides

Abstract A reaction sequence has been developed for preparing hydroazulenones suitable for total synthesis of pseudoguaiane sesquiterpenes (→1 →2 →4). The relative configuration of bicyclic ketone 2 at three chiral centers was established by its conversion to (±)-damsinic acid (3). Subsequently, the C-10 chiral center of 2 was inverted by employing temporary vinyl activation (2 →27 →4). Ketone 4 thus produced is a potential synthon for helenanolides, having the required configuration at carbons 1, 5 and 10 found in that class of sesquiterpene lactones.
Inhibition by formaldehyde of energy transfer and related processes in rat liver mitochondria. II. Effects on energy-linked reactions in intact mitochondria and phosphorylating particles.

Abstract Formaldehyde inhibits phosphorylating respiration with either succinate or pyruvate in intact mitochondria. Acetaldehyde inhibits only the oxidation of pyruvate. The effect of formaldehyde can be diminished under conditions which favor its oxidative removal from the mitochondria. The rate of oxidative phosphorylation with succinate, as measured by respiration or phosphate uptake, is more sensitive to formaldehyde than is the efficiency of the process, expressed as P O . Formaldehyde inhibits dinitrophenol-stimulated ATPase of intact mitochondria. Under conditions in which oligomycin has no effect, formaldehyde inhibits the rate of calcium-stimulated respiration in the absence or presence of phosphate. When phosphate is absent, formaldehyde inhibits the rate of cyclic stimulation of oxidation without affecting the ratio of calcium to oxygen uptakes. With inner membrane particles, both phosphorylating respiration of succinate ( P O : 1.5) and endergonic reduction of DPN are inhibited by formaldehyde. The inhibition of DPN reduction can be relieved partially by increasing the ATP concentration. ATPase activity of the particles is not inhibited by formaldehyde. It is proposed that phosphorylation and active accumulation of calcium in mitochondria can be linked to the respiratory chain by different coupling mechanisms.
Major Histocompatibility Complex Restricted Cell-Mediated Immunity

Publisher Summary The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) has been found to code for cell surface antigens involved in allograft rejection. This genetic region has also been shown to control immune response potential in a number of animal species. In the mouse, the MHC, known as the H-2 complex, has been divided into four major regions: K, I , S, and D. The K and D regions determine the strong serologically detectable transplantation antigens of the mouse, which are important for tissue graft rejection. The chapter also discusses the different ways in which the respective antigenic determinants (e.g., virus, hapten, or minor antigen) can be presented in association with H-2-coded products on the cell surface. Moreover, the chapter also discusses CML model. One advantage that the chemically modified CML model has over the viral and weak transplantation antigen models is the potential for investigating the antigenic contribution made by the modifying agent to the fine specificity of the T-cell recognition. The fact that some of the H-2-restricted syngeneic CML models are under the control of H-2-linked Ir genes as well as being restricted with K and D region products, suggests multiple functional roles for H-2-coded gene products in cell-mediated immunity. Finally, the chapter concludes that MHC products may be simultaneously important for recognition by T lymphocytes and for the H-2-restricted structures which they recognize the K, I, or D region products associated with the infectious agent.
OSM-Logic: a fact-oriented, time-dependent formalization of object-oriented systems modeling

The lack of fact-oriented, time-dependent formalizations of conceptual models leads to difficulties in inspecting and reasoning about system properties and predicting future behavior from past behavior. We can better serve these needs by formalized conceptualizations that more closely match the demands of such applications. We therefore set forth in this chapter a fact-oriented, time-dependent formalism, called OSM-Logic, for object existence, object interrelationships, object behavior, and object interaction. OSM-Logic is formally grounded in predicate calculus, and is thus mathematically sound and well defined.
Mobilité et création littéraire multiculturelle

Il n’est d’aucune utilite de preciser que la panoplie des œuvres produites par J.M.G. Le Clezio, represente une fragmentation chaotique qui est la resultante d’une conglomeration d’experiences faites de rencontres, d’exil, et de communion avec des peuples domines, exploites, abandonnes et brutalises. Le contexte de la mobilite favorise l’emergence des tensions qui creent des terreaux fertiles pour les ecrivains nomades a participer a l’eclosion de nouvelles esthetiques narratives influencees par des experiences personnelles. C’est a juste titre que Philippe Lejeune declare : « Pour qu’il y ait autobiographie, […] il faut qu’il y ait identite de l’auteur, du narrateur et du personnage » (Lejeune 1996 : 15). Cet article s’interesse a l’isolation des nouvelles valeurs identitaires qui sont crees grâce a l’ecriture migrante. Aussi, il examine les dynamiques contradictoires et complementaires, au regard des theories abondantes sur la mobilite et l’ecriture developpees, entre autres, par Patrick Imbert, Fonkoua Romuald-Blaise, Helene Cixous et Alain Mabanckou.
Hypertension and cognitive function.

Previous research indicates that blood pressure may impact a variety of cognitive functions, including short-term memory, abstract reasoning, visual-spatial abilities, and attention (Boller, Vrtunski, Mack, & Kim, 1977; Elias, Robbins, Schultz, & Pierce, 1990; Franceschi, Tancredi, Smirne, Mercinelli, & Canal, 1982; Mazzucchiet al., 1986). However, studies which have assessed the cognitive functioning of hypertensive adults have offered conflicting results, particularly when hypertension levels were in the mild range (e.g., Bolleret al., 1977; Eliaset al., 1990; Elias, Wolf, D'Agostino, Cobb, & White, 1993; Farmeret al., 1987, 1990; Franceschiet al., 1982; Perez-Stable, Coates, Halliday, Gardiner, & Hauck, 1992; Schmidtet al., 1991; Waldstein, Ryan, Manuck, Parkinson, & Bromet, 1991). A number of factors may contribute to the inconsistent findings in this area. Researchers have employed a wide range of neuropsychological instruments to assess varying domains of cognitive function. Sample sizes in some studies have been too small to ensure sufficient power. Finally, studies have employed varying methodological control over potential confounding factors such as concurrent medical conditions, alcohol abuse, psychiatric disorders, or antihypertensive medication. This study compared male veterans with blood pressures in the mildly hypertensive range (n=166) to normotensive veterans (n=176) on neuropsychological measures of verbal fluency, visual-spatial ability, verbal and visual memory, dexterity, attention, and executive functions. Results revealed that, after controlling for differences in education and income, there was no relationship between mild hypertension and combined measures of cognitive performance. The present findings suggest that mild hypertension alone has little effect on cognitive function in adults.
Socioreligious context and rock art in east-central California

Abstract Interpretations of rock art typically focus on the symbolic meaning of the art, treating the paintings and engravings implicitly as passive iconographic texts. Rock art, however, is the product of active ritual and ceremony. As such it played an important role in the socioreligious lives of its creators and users. Here I provide a study of the socioreligious contexts of the pictographs and petroglyphs of eastern California, North America, emphasizing the painted art of the Tubatulabal and Coso Shoshone territories and the petroglyphs of the Coso region and using only archaeological data. This requires, first, establishing the chronological placement of this art. Based on a variety of lines of evidence the pictographs and some of the petroglyphs are argued to be historic in age. An ethnography of communications model is then used to provide a conceptual basis for investigating socioreligious contexts and ritual functions of the art. Message content is studied using a factor analysis of painted motif types and an examination of the distribution of sites predominated by certain factors. Two motif complexes, or message content groups, are identified: a Tubatulabal ritual community, employing geometric designs, and a Coso Shoshone community, exhibiting a predominance of representational pictographs. Analysis of message form, channels, settings, and inferred ritual participants suggests that Tubatulabal art resulted from community rituals, in which all the inhabitants of a hamlet would have directly or indirectly participated. Knowledge of the rules for creating and interpreting the parietal art would have been common to all in the community. In contrast, pictographs of the Coso Shoshone were the result of private rituals, with limited numbers of participants and witnesses. The message communicated in the ritual and the painted art would have necessarily been arcane, and few in the community at large may have even known of the creation of this rock art. The Coso petroglyphs, also created by the Coso Shoshone but apparently by a different ritual community within the population, had a different set of rules for ritual actions and symbolic interpretation. The ceremonies creating the engravings were commonplace, yet logically were conducted in private or with few participants, suggesting that the knowledge concerning the means for undertaking and interpreting this type of ritual was widely known throughout the population.
A Calixarene-Based Fluorogenic Reagent for Selective Mercury(II) Recognition

The first calixarene-based fluorogenic Hg(II)-selective extractant, 5,11,17,23-tetrakis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-25,27-bis(N-(5-dimethylaminonaphthalene-1-sulfonyl)carbamoylmethoxy)-26,28-dimethoxycalix[4]arene (2), is reported. In solvent extraction from aqueous acidic solutions (HNO3), 2 exhibits excellent selectivity for Hg(II) over a wide range of transition, alkali, and alkaline earth metal cations. Quenching of its fluorescence due to Hg(II) coordination is unaffected by the presence of 100-fold excesses of alkali metal cations, alkaline earth metal cations, Ag(I), Tl(I), Cd(II), Co(II), Cu(II), Ni(II), Pb(II), Pd(II), Zn(II), or Fe(III).
World Wide Web resources for materials science

The internet makes technical information readily available in ways that were unthinkable a few years ago. This article shows how the World Wide Web (the web) can be used in a Materials Science class to enrich the educational process. Strategies for finding and evaluating information and are discussed. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 9: 238–247, 2001; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com.); DOI 10.1002/cae.10002
Leukocoria caused by occult penetrating trauma in a child.

Purpose To report a child with leukocoria caused by occult penetrating trauma. Methods Case report. The clinical findings and surgical repair of acquired leukocoria of the right eye in a 2-year-old boy are presented. Results In the right eye, slit-lamp examination disclosed a retrolenticular cyclitic membrane and moderately severe (3+) cells and flare anterior chamber reaction. The eye was hypotonous, and B scan showed that the membrane was associated with a retinal detachment. Surgery was performed to repair the retinal detachment and to remove the retrolenticular membrane. Two months before initial examination, the patient had been attacked by a rooster. Conclusion Occult penetrating trauma should be considered in the differential diagnosis of pediatric leukocoria.