cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Applications to Economics

The concluding chapter of this book is devoted to applications of modern techniques of variational analysis and generalized differentiation to competitive equilibrium models of welfare economics involving nonconvex economies with infinite-dimensional commodity spaces. Note that economic modeling has always been a challenging territory for applications of optimization theory, variational methods, and generalized differential constructions. In particular, convex models of welfare economics of the type considered in this chapter were among the most important motivations for the development of convex analysis in the beginning of the 1950s. Since that time such models have been an attractive area for applications of advanced variational and generalized differential techniques in convex and nonconvex settings.
An improved hydrophobic coating for the porous gas diffusion layer in a PEM-based electrochemical hydrogen pump to mitigate anode flooding

Abstract Anode flooding is one of the critical issues in developing a proton exchange membrane (PEM)-based electrochemical hydrogen pump. Improving the hydrophobicity of the gas diffusion layer (GDL) has been studied as an approach to mitigating anode flooding in electrochemical pumps. A mixture of Nafion™ and oxidized carbon nanotubes (O-CNT) has been applied to the porous gas diffusion medium in the hydrogen pump cell. The coating renders the GDL hydrophobic with an effective contact angle of 130°. Electrochemical pump testing has shown that, with the help of the coating, the flood-recovery performance of the hydrogen pump was greatly improved. A hydrogen pump cell with an uncoated GDL was not able to recover from a flooded state, while a hydrogen pump cell with a coated GDL was able to recover its performance in about 100 s.
What Can Be Done To Better Support Older Adults To Age Successfully In Their Homes And Communities

The rapid growth of the US population ages seventy-five and older in the coming years will increase the need for housing that accommodates mobility limitations and helps connect residents with supp...
Laboratory Screening Protocol to Identify Novel Oleaginous Yeasts

Oleaginous microbes, which contain over 20% intracellular lipid, predominantly triacylglycerols (TG), by dry weight, have been discovered to have high oil content by many different protocols, ranging from simple staining to more complex chromatographic methods. In our laboratory, a methodical process was implemented to identify high oil yeasts, designed to minimize labor while optimizing success in identifying high oil strains among thousands of candidates. First, criteria were developed to select candidate yeast strains for analysis. These included observation of buoyancy of the yeast cell mass in 20% glycerol, and phylogenetic placement near known oleaginous species. A low-labor, semiquantitative Nile red staining protocol was implemented to screen numerous yeast cultures for high oil content in 96-well plates. Then, promising candidates were selected for more quantitative analysis. A more labor-intensive and quantitative gravimetric assay was implemented that gave consistent values for intracellular oil content for a broad range of yeast species. Finally, an LC-MS protocol was utilized to quantify and identify yeast triacylglycerols. This progressive approach was successful in identifying 30 new oleaginous yeast species, out of over 1000 species represented in the Phaff Yeast Culture Collection.
Abstract 4654: Hotspot mutations in the core spliceosomal protein SF3B1 promote breast tumorigenesis

The core RNA splicing factor SF3B1 is targeted by recurrent hotspot mutations in leukemias and solid tumors with the K700E substitution observed in 2% of unselected breast cancer patients. These mutations promote usage of aberrant intron proximal 3’ splice sites. In breast cancer, the links between these aberrant splicing events and the transformed phenotype are not well understood. Here, we integrated findings from multiple genetically modified model systems and human tumor specimens to understand the contributions of mutant SF3B1 to breast cancer pathogenesis. To identify the aberrant splicing events in breast cancers specifically, we first performed RNA-seq analyses of MCF10A breast epithelial cells with CRISPR knock-in of the K700E mutation. Dysregulation of splicing at over 1,000 splice junctions was discovered, most of which involve the use of alternative 3’ splice sites. Gene expression analysis revealed upregulation of expression of NFκB pathway genes in the SF3B1 mutant cells. SF3B1 mutant cells showed higher phosphorylation of RelA (p65) and, accordingly, greater migration in wound-healing assays. Mis-splicing of exon 5 in MAP3K7, a gene encoding a central regulator of NFκB pathway, significantly reduced MAP3K7 protein expression in SF3B1 K700E mutant cells. Consistent with these data, pharmacologic MAP3K7 inhibition in SF3B1 wild-type breast cells increased phosphorylation of RelA. To further understand the effects of the K700E mutation on breast cancer development and progression, we generated a conditional knock-in mouse model, in which Sf3b1 K700E mutant allele was activated through MMTV promoter-controlled expression of Cre recombinase in mammary epithelium. Accelerated tumor formation was not identified in the mammary gland of these mice. However, RNA-seq analysis of mammary epithelial cells from the Sf3b1 K700E mutant mice revealed dysregulation of alternative splicing including Map3k7. As we found the majority of SF3B1 k700E mutations to co-occur with activating mutations in the PI3K pathway, we additionally introduced the Pik3ca H1047R mutant allele, by mating the MMTV-Cre Sf3b1 K700E mice with Rosa26-Pik3ca H1047R knock-in line. Markedly decreased survival was observed in double mutant animals, which developed mammary tumors faster, compared with single mutant controls. Overall, these data reveal that breast cancer-associated Sf3b1 mutations induce the NFkB pathway to promote invasion and cooperate with the PI3K pathway to accelerate mammary tumor development. Citation Format: Bo Liu, Michelle Ki, Omar Abdel-Wahab, Sarat Chandarlapaty. Hotspot mutations in the core spliceosomal protein SF3B1 promote breast tumorigenesis [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 4654.
Community social deprivation and availability of substance use treatment and mutual aid recovery groups

The spatial distribution of substance use services impacts their use, with greater access to services associated with more positive outcomes. Findings from availability of primary healthcare indicate service shortages exist in areas characterized by social deprivation. This study investigated whether community social deprivation was associated with a lack of availability of substance use treatment or mutual aid recovery support services. This is an ecological analysis investigating the availability of substance use services at a community level in the state of New Hampshire. Several public data sources were combined to represent community social deprivation and availability of substance treatment of mutual aid recovery support groups. Principal components analysis and negative binomial regression were used to test the relationship between community structure and the availability of substance use services. Community social deprivation was characterized by high rates of poverty, no access to motor vehicles, renter-occupied housing, less than a high school degree, and nonemployment. Communities high in measures of social deprivation were associated with increased availability of both substance use treatment and recovery support services. Contrary to findings in access to primary healthcare services, social disadvantage was positively related to availability for both types of substance use services. This relationship may reflect the stigma associated with substance use where services associated with stigmatized conditions locate in areas with the least resistance to their presence or be a function of affordability of space. Future research could investigate the relationship between access to services and individual client outcomes.
Magmatism of the Phlegrean Volcanic Fields as revealed by melt inclusions

Abstract The Phlegrean Volcanic District (PVD) consists of Campi Flegrei (CF), Procida, and Ischia volcanic fields in Southern Italy. The recent unrest crisis of CF at the PVD demands a more detailed understanding of its deep magmatic system to better understand if a new eruption is imminent. Despite the large amount of work published relative to the PVD, there are still many open questions related to (1) the evolution of the magmatic vapor phase (MVP) directly exsolving from magmas at different times and different places below the PVD and (2) the source of this magmatism. Among the investigative tools that can be used to answer these questions about the PVD, melt inclusions (MIs) have been widely used, especially in the last two decades. In this chapter, I compare the MI data from the literature related to CF, Procida, and Ischia, and I highlight three main points based on this comparison. The first is that only a few MI show quasiprimitive composition, and these can be compared to investigate the magma sources below the three different localities of the PVD. This comparison highlights that the same magma source could be present below the three localities of the PVD at different times. The second point is that some of the more evolved MIs show divergence from the bulk rock trend. This divergence is indicative of natural reheating before eruptions, driven either by hotter magma recharging or by crystal settling. It is important to note that this behavior is found in MI hosted in sanidine of the highest magnitude eruption (the Neapolitan Yellow Tuff). The last point is that many MI in the literature are shown as bubble-bearing, but volatile contents of bubble are not taken into account. Thus, more research is needed to test interpretations of preeruptive volatile contents based on MIs.
Inflammatory bowel disease–associated digestive disorders

Abstract Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) can affect other parts of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract or digestive organs, in addition to extraintestinal systems. These GI disorders are related to IBD but have traditionally not been considered as a part of the disease process of IBD. The classic example is primary sclerosing cholangitis. New concepts are proposed in this chapter. Patients with Crohn’s disease may present with isolated pyloric stenosis and ileocecal valve stenosis, mimicking the disease process of autoimmune-associated achalasia. The GI tract is also prone to the development of IBD-, IBD surgery–, IBD medication–associated adverse events, such as reflux gastritis, gastric outlet obstruction, and gastric or esophageal varices. Therefore IBD may have intraintestinal features or extraintestinal manifestations.
MicroStructPy: A statistical microstructure mesh generator in Python

Abstract MicroStructPy is a statistical microstructure mesh generator written in Python. This software package includes classes and methods to generate a mesh by (i) creating a list of grain seed geometries, (ii) packing them into a domain, (iii) performing a Laguerre tessellation of the seed geometries, and (iv) performing quality unstructured meshing. Results can be visualized and compared with the specified microstructural properties. MicroStructPy accurately reproduces 2D and 3D polycrystalline microstructures with arbitrary number of phases, volume fractions and distributions, each including the possibility of elongated grains. It can also generate meshes for amorphous phases and porous materials. Meshes are suitable for direct numerical simulation, a prevalent technique in computational mechanics of materials and geomechanics. The package contains extensive documentation, including guides and demonstrations to facilitate adoption for new users.
GMM estimation of spatial autoregressive models with moving average disturbances

Abstract In this paper, we introduce the one-step generalized method of moments (GMM) estimation methods considered in Lee (2007a) and Liu, Lee, and Bollinger (2010) to spatial models that impose a spatial moving average process for the disturbance term. First, we determine the set of best linear and quadratic moment functions for GMM estimation. Second, we show that the optimal GMM estimator (GMME) formulated from this set is the most efficient estimator within the class of GMMEs formulated from the set of linear and quadratic moment functions. Our analytical results show that the one-step GMME can be more efficient than the quasi maximum likelihood (QMLE), when the disturbance term is simply i.i.d. With an extensive Monte Carlo study, we compare its finite sample properties against the MLE, the QMLE and the estimators suggested in Fingleton (2008a).
Religion, Spirituality, and Worldviews: Implications for Mental Health

This chapter introduces Asian religious traditions and draws out some implications for mental health that are important to counselors, mental health professionals, and social workers serving Asian North American families. Special attention is paid to religio-cultural views of gender, sexuality, and family. Hindu, Jain, Buddhist, Sikh, Zoroastrian, Muslim, Baha’i, Confucian, Taoist, Shamanic, Shinto, and Christian traditions are considered.
Evaluation of the Biological Effects of Novel Tobacco Product Vapor Using Two- or Three-Dimensional Culture Systems of Human Bronchial Epithelia

Introduction: Because of the rising popularity of novel tobacco products, there has been an increasing interest in the biological effects of these products. This study was performed to investigate ...
Impact of clostridiodes difficile infection on acute graft-versus-host disease in allogenic transplant patients.

e19027Background: Clostridiodes difficile infection (CDI) is reported to occur up to 9-fold higher in allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients compared to the general populati...
Borders by Consent: A Proposal for Reducing Two Kinds of Violence in Immigration Practice

We describe a new consensual theory of borders and immigration that reverses Peter Schuck’s and Rogers Smith’s notion of citizenship by consent and posits that borders are legitimate—and make sense—only if they are products of consent on the part of both countries on opposite sides of them. Our approach, in turn, leads to differential borders that address the many sovereignty and federalist concerns inherent in border design by a close examination of the policies that different borders—for example, the one between California and Mexico—need to serve in light of the populations living nearby. We build on our work on border laws as examples of Jacques Derrida’s originary violence. We assert that laws that exhibit a high degree of originary violence lead, almost ineluctably, to actual violence and cruelty, such as that perpetrated by Donald Trump’s child-separation policy, and that consensual and relatively open borders are the most promising way to minimize both forms of violence, originary and actual.
Perceptions of Postpartum Teaching and Knowledge of Warning Signs among Black Mothers.

The postpartum period is the time of highest risk for maternal death. Quality postpartum education is important to minimize risk. We assessed the postpartum education given to Black mothers on post...
MEMORY EFFECTS IN DEEPWATER MANEUVERING

This paper discusses the error introduced into maneuvering predictions by the use of a set of linearized equations of motion which ignore memory effects. After incorporating certain improvements into the impulse-response technique for the determination of hydrodynamic coefficients, experiments were conducted to measure a complete set of the coefficients. Maneuvering predictions were then made using two different sets of linearized equations of motion, one of which included memory effects and one which excluded memory effects. It was determined that significant errors occurred only during the initial phase of the maneuver, and that memory effects could be safely ignored for most deepwater maneuvering problems.
Spontaneous Regeneration of Human Photoreceptor Outer Segments

Photoreceptors are damaged in many common eye diseases, such as macular degeneration, retinal detachment, and retinitis pigmentosa. The development of methods to promote the repair or replacement of affected photoreceptors is a major goal of vision research. In this context, it would be useful to know whether photoreceptors are capable of undergoing some degree of spontaneous regeneration after injury. We report a subject who lost retinal function in a wide zone around the optic disc, giving rise to massive enlargement of the physiological blind spot. Imaging with an adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscope (AOSLO) showed depletion of cone outer segments in the affected retina. A year later visual function had improved, with shrinkage of the enlarged blind spot. AOSLO imaging showed repopulation of cone outer segments, although their density remained below normal. There was a one-to-one match between sites of formerly missing outer segments and new outer segments that had appeared over the course of the year’s recovery. This correspondence provided direct morphological evidence that damaged cones are capable, under some circumstances, of generating new outer segments.
Inositol Pentakisphosphate: A Signal Transduction Hub

Publisher Summary Inositol pentakisphosphate is a molecule derived from inositol tetrakisphosphate by adding a phosphate group with the help of inositol polyphosphate multikinase (IPMK). It is believed to be one of the many second messengers in the inositol phosphate family. The phosphorylated inositol moiety is viewed as a fundamental signaling entity that the cell utilizes to generate combinatorially complex arrays of communication pathways. This chapter focuses on Ins (1,3,4,5,6) P5, and discusses the evidence that it serves a number of signaling roles, both by itself, and also as a precursor pool for other biologically active inositol polyphosphates. It begins with a description of synthesis of synthesis of Ins (1,3,4,5,6) P5 and discusses the functions of Ins (1,3,4,5,6) P5 as a precursor pool. Following this, it deals with dephosphorylation of Ins (1,3,4,5,6) P5 to Ins (3,4,5,6) P4 and phosphorylation of Ins (1,3,4,5,6) P5 to PP-InsP4. It demonstrates that that there are a large number of proposed functions for Ins (1,3,4,5,6) P5 and its metabolites, some well-defined, others somewhat preliminary. Overall, however, there is a strong case that Ins (1,3,4,5,6) P5 is a multifunctional signaling hub.
Evidence-Based Practice and the Troubled Families of America's Children and Adolescents

This chapter discusses the changing American family and the many pressures and stressors placed on family life. Although great progress has been made, too many children are still without adequate medical care, housing, finances or nutrition. A story noting problems in a family describes the impact of a child who is scapegoated by his siblings and parents. Family life has been changing in America for better and for worse. Divorce rates, while declining, are still very high. Too many families lack medical insurance or suitable housing. Far too many children suffer from lack of food or abusive conditions and, more than ever, families are held to very high legal standards in terms of their ability to care for children. Yet families are the system that should socialize children and teach them ethics and values. Families are supposed to house and feed children and care for them when they suffer from physical and emotional problems. And families are also supposed to promote education and teach children about citizenship and love of country and community. But when they can't or don’t, there is a complex social service system to offer financial, housing and counseling services often staffed by social workers. This safety net of services is in place to help families stay together and function well. The chapter explores the nature of those services and the way social work functions in the social welfare agencies and organizations most responsible for helping families in need.
IDGraphs: intrusion detection and analysis using histographs

Traffic anomalies and attacks are commonplace in today's networks and identifying them rapidly and accurately is critical for large network operators. For a statistical intrusion detection system (IDS), it is crucial to detect at the flow-level for accurate detection and mitigation. However, existing IDS systems offer only limited support for: 1) interactively examining detected intrusions and anomalies; 2) analyzing worm propagation patterns; 3) and discovering correlated attacks. These problems are becoming even more acute as the traffic on today's high-speed routers continues to grow. IDGraphs is an interactive visualization system for intrusion detection that addresses these challenges. The central visualization in the system is a flow-level trace plotted with time on the horizontal axis and aggregated number of unsuccessful connections on the vertical axis. We then summarize a stack of tens or hundreds of thousands of these traces using the histographs (Pin Ren and Watson, 2005) technique, which maps data frequency at each pixel to brightness. Users may then interactively query the summary view, performing analysis by highlighting subsets of the traces. For example, brushing a linked correlation matrix view highlights traces with similar patterns, revealing distributed attacks that are difficult to detect using standard statistical analysis. We apply IDGraphs system to a real network router data-set with 179M flow-level records representing a total traffic of 1.16TB. The system successfully detects and analyzes a variety of attacks and anomalies, including port scanning, worm outbreaks, stealthy TCP SYN floodings, and some distributed attacks.
Characterization of the H(+)-pumping F1F0 ATPase of Vibrio alginolyticus.

Abstract The F1F0 ATPase of Vibrio alginolyticus was cloned from a chromosomal lambda library. The unc operon, which contains the structural genes for the ATPase, was sequenced and shown to have a gene organization of uncIBEFHAGDC. The sequence of each subunit was compared with those of other eubacterial ATPases. The V. alginolyticus unc genes exhibited greater similarity to the Escherichia coli unc genes than to any of the other bacterial unc genes for which the sequence is available. The ATPase was expressed in an E. coli unc deletion strain, and the ATP hydrolytic activity was characterized. It has a pH optimum of 7.6 and is stimulated by the addition of Triton X-100 or any of a variety of salts. The recombinant F1F0 was purified 30.4-fold and reconstituted into proteoliposomes. This enzyme catalyzed the pumping of protons coupled to ATP hydrolysis as measured in fluorescence quenching experiments but would not pump Na+ ions under similar conditions.
Multi-modal regulation of endogenous D1 dopamine receptor expression and function in the CAD catecholaminergic cell line

Dopamine receptors exhibit tissue- and cell type-specific expression that is modulated during development, aging and in diseases such as Parkinson's. The molecular mechanisms regulating expression of dopamine receptors are not well understood, in part due to the lack of a model cell line that not only expresses endogenous dopamine receptors but also has the requisite regulatory mechanisms. Here, we demonstrate that the CAD catecholaminergic cell line expresses D1, D2, D3 and D5 dopamine receptor subtypes and associated signaling proteins. CAD cell differentiation induced by serum withdrawal increases the levels of D1 receptor mRNA by transcriptional up-regulation. This increase is also mimicked by the neurotrophin NT3. Interestingly, the increase of D1 receptor mRNA does not result in increased levels of D1 receptor protein in differentiated CAD cells. Furthermore, while the D1 receptor protein is expressed in differentiated CAD cells, it loses its ability to activate adenylyl cyclase. We demonstrate that the post-transcriptional regulation is not due to decreased D1 receptor mRNA stability or generation of a truncated D1 receptor mRNA, and that the down-regulation of D1 receptor function in differentiated CAD cells is mediated by post-translational mechanisms that decrease cell surface receptor expression by altering receptor processing and trafficking.
Cellular location of degradative enzymes in Staphylococcus aureus.

Staphylococus aureus, ATCC 6538P, was fractionated into protoplast membranes, mesosomal vesicles, periplasm, and cytoplasm. These fractions and the culture fluid were then assayed for various degradative enzyme activities. They were not restricted to a single fraction nor dispersed homogeneously, but were distributed predominantly (on the basis of specific activity) as follows: nuclease in the culture fluid; alkaline phosphatase, 5′-nucleotidase, and acid phosphatase in the periplasm; adenosine triphosphatase in the protoplast membrane; and protease (low levels) in mesosomal vesicles. No significant esterase nor cell wall hydrolytic activity was found in any fraction. S. aureus 80/81 was studied for penicillinase activity after induction with benzyl penicillin; this enzyme was localized in the mesosomal vesicles. Electron microscopy did not reveal any ultrastructural changes associated with secretion of the extracellular fraction. Overall, these studies demonstrate that degradative enzymes are located in several surface compartments and that, therefore, the mesosome does not function as a prototype lysosome in S. aureus.
Insider's Guide to Supervising Student Teachers

an you turn out a well-done teacher without getting burned out yourself? Every student teaching experience brings a different set of problems to solve. The ingredients look the same-you, the student teacher, and a classful of students-but on closer inspection, you find that each ingredient can vary. Student teachers and cooperating teachers come in assorted strengths and flavors. When they mix with a classroom of kids, an exciting new concoction-or a half-baked dish-may result. Many kinds of student teachers may cross the threshold of your classroom, requiring different working relationships. Some will take to teaching like a vis-a-vis pen to an overhead transparency, while others will struggle to make the simplest mark. You wait nervously, hoping your student teacher will be a "good one," when you may need to build a "good one" out of the immature or shy or impractical or happy-go-lucky college senior who is assigned to you. What follows is inside information on nine types of student teachers who have entered classrooms and survived, thanks to their cooperating teachers. You have known some of them-and you may encounter others in the future. Would they succeed in your classroom? Let's start with the Parrot. This student teacher wants to know exactly how you do it. The Parrot copies everything you do-even your mannerisms. Sometimes a teacher who has a Parrot will vow never to use a certain expression or gesture again after having observed the Parrot in action. The Parrot follows your instructions well but always has to be told what to do. The Clone is similar to the Parrot, except that the Clone does not ask you how to do it. The Clone watches closely, does what you do, and does it very well. She fools you into thinking she is a pro and does not need any help from you. The Clone never becomes herself in the classroom and never tries her own ideas. Often she
Health Implications of Adults' Eating at and Living near Fast Food or Quick Service Restaurants.

This paper examined whether the reported health impacts of frequent eating at a fast food or quick service restaurant on health were related to having such a restaurant near home. Logistic regressions estimated associations between frequent fast food or quick service restaurant use and health status, being overweight or obese, having a cardiovascular disease or diabetes, as binary health outcomes. In all, 2001 participants in the 2008–2009 Seattle Obesity Study survey were included in the analyses. Results showed eating ⩾2 times a week at a fast food or quick service restaurant was associated with perceived poor health status, overweight and obese. However, living close to such restaurants was not related to negative health outcomes. Frequent eating at a fast food or quick service restaurant was associated with perceived poor health status and higher body mass index, but living close to such facilities was not.
Early and Selective Impairments in Axonal Transport Kinetics of Synaptic Cargoes Induced by Soluble Amyloid β‐Protein Oligomers

The downstream targets of amyloid β (Aβ)-oligomers remain elusive. One hypothesis is that Aβ-oligomers interrupt axonal transport. Although previous studies have demonstrated Aβ-induced transport blockade, early effects of low-n soluble Aβ-oligomers on axonal transport remain unclear. Furthermore, the cargo selectivity for such deficits (if any) or the specific effects of Aβ on the motility kinetics of transported cargoes are also unknown. Toward this, we visualized axonal transport of vesicles in cultured hippocampal neurons treated with picomolar (pm) levels of cell-derived soluble Aβ-oligomers. We examined select cargoes thought to move as distinct organelles and established imaging parameters that allow organelle tracking with consistency and high fidelity – analyzing all data in a blinded fashion. Aβ-oligomers induced early and selective diminutions in velocities of synaptic cargoes but had no effect on mitochondrial motility, contrary to previous reports. These changes were N-methyl d-aspartate receptor/glycogen synthase kinase-3β dependent and reversible upon washout of the oligomers. Cluster-mode analyses reveal selective attenuations in faster-moving synaptic vesicles, suggesting possible decreases in cargo/motor associations, and biochemical experiments implicate tau phosphorylation in the process. Collectively, the data provide a biological basis for Aβ-induced axonal transport deficits.
Handbook on Experimental Economics and the Environment

Contents: Introduction: Experimental Approaches to Environmental Economics John A. List and Michael K. Price PART I: ECONOMETRIC APPROACHES FOR EXPERIMENTAL DATA 1. Quasi-Experiments and Hedonic Property Value Methods Christopher F. Parmeter and Jaren C. Pope 2. Institutional Heterogeneity in Social Dilemma Games: A Bayesian Examination Klaus Moeltner, James J. Murphy, John K. Stranlund and Maria Alejandra Velez 3. Analyzing Repeated-Game Economics Experiments: Robust Standard Errors for Panel Data with Serial Correlation Christian A. Vossler PART II: NON-MARKET VALUATION 4. Behavioral Foundations of Environmental Economics and Valuation John K. Horowitz, Kenneth E. McConnell and James J. Murphy 5. Values of Gains and Losses: Reference States and Choice of Measure Jack L. Knetsch 6. Value and Outcome Uncertainty as Explanations for the WTA vs WTP Disparity William S. Neilson, Michael McKee and Robert P. Berrens PART III: EMISSIONS TRADING AND AMBIENT TAXES 7. Regulatory Instruments for Monitoring Ambient Pollution Gaston Giordana and Marc Willinger 8. Investment Decisions and Emissions Reductions: Results from Experiments in Emissions Trading Lata Gangadharan, Rachel Croson and Alex Farrell 9. Imperfect Enforcement of Emissions Trading and Industry Welfare: A Laboratory Investigation John K. Stranlund, James J. Murphy and John M. Spraggon PART IV: COMMON POOL RESOURCE GAMES 10. A Tale of Two Carrots: The Effectiveness of Multiple Reward Stages in a Common Pool Resource Game Jan T.R. Stoop, Daan P. van Soest and Jana Vyrastekova 11. Dynamics of Rules and Resources: Three New Field Experiments on Water, Forests, and Fisheries Juan-Camilo Cardenas, Marco Janssen and Francois Bousquet 12. Does Government Regulation Complement Existing Community Efforts to Support Cooperation? Evidence from Field Experiments in Columbia Maria Claudia Lopez, James J. Murphy, John M. Spraggon and John Stranlund 13. Fixed Instruments to Cope with Stock Externalities: An Experimental Evaluation Gaston Giordana and Marc Willinger PART V: VOTING AND PUBLIC GOODS 14. Do Water Managers Cooperate in Public Goods Games? David Zetland 15. Incentive Compatible Mechanisms for Providing Environmental Public Goods Katherine Silz Carson 16. The Prisoner's Dilemma as Intergroup Game: An Experimental Investigation Stephan Kroll, John A. List and Charles F. Mason
Recent Advances in Processing and Fabrication of Ceramic Superconductors

The properties of ceramic superconductors are greatly influenced by the temperature, heating rate, pressure, and gas atmosphere used during processing and fabrication. For example, transport critical current density decreases drastically when trace amounts of CO2 exist in the sintering atmosphere. The grain boundaries of samples sintered in O2 atmospheres containing various levels of CO2 have been thoroughly characterized by high-resolution electron microscopy. Reduced total pressure during binder removal and sintering has been found to prevent decomposition of the superconductor. We have developed a low-oxygen-pressure technique for calcining precursors and sintering long lengths of wires and coils. Other advances include the improvement of critical current density and levitation force through melt-growth processing, incorporation of insulating coatings, and powder-in-tube processing of superconductors.
Monetary Depth, Financial Depth, and the Human Development Index

The relationship between economic development, human development and financial intermediation is examined using regression analysis. The Human Development Index (HDI) is used as a measure of the improvement of the human condition. Gross Domestic Product is used as a measure of the improvement in the economic condition. Various measures of money and financial market development are used to measure monetary and financial depth. A sample of 118 countries is divided into four subsamples ranging from highly developed to least developed countries based on GDP per capita. The findings suggest that development of financial market depth is important in explaining human development even before it becomes important in explaining economic development.
A 4-Mbit trench DRAM technology functional test manufacturing/characterization strategy

The authors discuss a 4-Mb substrate-plate-trench (SPT) DRAM (dynamic random access memory) technology applying an innovative manufacturing test strategy using the technology product chip, an addressable diagnostic monitor (ADM), and trench DC macroarray test structures. This manufacturing functional test strategy is effective in achieving process optimization, defect characterization, and high retention yield in a DRAM trench technology. Examples of the strategy's application in various situations and at different development stages are shown. >
“Real world” study of antipsychotic effectiveness for chronic inpatients with schizophrenia in a state psychiatric hospital: Preliminary results and commentary

Background: Concerns about the therapeutic and neurological benefits of Second Generation Antipsychotics (SGAs), and financial conflicts of interest and possible biases in the recruitment of research participants, prompted this “real world” study of antipsychotic effectiveness for schizophrenia in the naturalistic setting of a public psychiatric hospital.Method: Patients who gave informed consent were evaluated with the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale and the Clinical Global Impression Scale. Neurological side effects were rated with the Simpson-Angus Scale, the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale, and the Barnes Akathisia Scale.Results: During the study there were 38 eligible patients out of a total 123 admissions, but only 10 gave consent. Baseline symptoms were moderate, with minimal neurological side effects. Although 8 out of 10 received SGAs, during an average 234 days of hospitalization, there was no significant change in any measure, and little change in medications.Conclusions: These preliminary r...
Personality and Uninformed Response Error

Abstract In a survey of buyers of new food brands, grocery shoppers were given an opportunity to indicate their awareness and purchase of eight genuine and two bogus brand names. Of the sample, 40% indicated awareness of at least one of the bogus items. Comparisons of mean scores on 15 personality instruments were made between this suspect group (n = 103) and the regular (n = 157) respondents. Four significant differences in mean scores were detected: risk taking, dogmatism, cognitive complexity, and creativity. These differences, however, may be accounted for by demographic or other explanations, suggesting that the causes of false claiming do not appear to be located in systematic personality variation but may instead be attributed to both inattention and an agreeing response style.
Detection of residual prostate cancer after radiotherapy by sonographically guided needle biopsy.

Abstract Detection of persistent or recurrent prostate cancer by digital rectal examination (DRE) after definitive radiotherapy is difficult. With the availability of transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS), the detection of prostate cancer has improved substantially. Since 1987 we have used TRUS to evaluate the prostate after definitive radiotherapy. A hypoechoic lesion suggestive of cancer was identified in 45 of 56 patients (80%) studied. Sonographieally directed transrectal needle biopsies were performed in 27 of these (60%), and 16 (59%) were positive for cancer. The presence of a palpable nodule suggestive of cancer (present in 7 patients) was not predictive of a positive biopsy specimen. In 14 patients ultrasound-guided and digitally-guided biopsies were performed at the same time; 8 (57%) of the ultrasound-guided biopsy specimens were positive compared with only 4 (29%) of the digitally-guided biopsy specimens. In all 7 patients with an elevated serum level of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) an ultrasound-guided biopsy result was positive. Random biopsies of sonographically normal (isoechoic) areas of the prostate were performed in 8 patients, but only 2 specimens (25%) were positive for cancer. Ultrasound-guided transrectal biopsy of hypoechoic lesions was a safe and effective technique for identifying residual cancer in the irradiated prostate, regardless of the palpable findings. In the presence of an elevated PSA level, such biopsies invariably identified residual cancer. The use of TRUS, ultrasound-guided biopsy, and the measurement of PSA, in addition to DRE, may aid in the detection of residual cancer after definitive radiotherapy.
Bilingualism influences inhibitory control in auditory comprehension

Bilinguals have been shown to outperform monolinguals at suppressing task-irrelevant information. The present study aimed to identify how processing linguistic ambiguity during auditory comprehension may be associated with inhibitory control. Monolinguals and bilinguals listened to words in their native language (English) and identified them among four pictures while their eye-movements were tracked. Each target picture (e.g., hamper) appeared together with a similar-sounding within-language competitor picture (e.g., hammer) and two neutral pictures. Following each eye-tracking trial, priming probe trials indexed residual activation of target words, and residual inhibition of competitor words. Eye-tracking showed similar within-language competition across groups; priming showed stronger competitor inhibition in monolinguals than in bilinguals, suggesting differences in how inhibitory control was used to resolve within-language competition. Notably, correlation analyses revealed that inhibition performance on a nonlinguistic Stroop task was related to linguistic competition resolution in bilinguals but not in monolinguals. Together, monolingual-bilingual comparisons suggest that cognitive control mechanisms can be shaped by linguistic experience.
A mutant of phage P22 with randomly permuted DNA.

Mutants in phage P22, displaying an increased frequency in generalized transduction, map in the locus of maturation gene 3 on the phage P22 genetic map (Raj et al. , 1974). These mutants are able to transduce all markers of the host chromosome with the same increased frequency. DNA extracted from such a high transduction mutant is randomly permuted, which is different from the restricted permutation of DNA found in wild-type phase P22. A modified DNA packaging mechanism probably explains the abnormally high transduction frequency and randomly permuted DNA found in these high transduction mutants.
Past, present and future of large scale transshipment computer codes and applications

Abstract Three generations of computers have elapsed since the first satisfactory method for solving transportation and transshipment problems was devised. During this time many computational advances have taken place in developing computer codes to solve these problems. For example, recent breakthroughs in the solution and human engineering aspects of transshipment problems have made it possible to solve problems in only a few minutes that require many hours of computing time with commercial LP packages. Additionally the computer memory requirements of new methods have enabled the solution of vastly larger problems than previously imagined possible (50,000 equations and 62 million variables). Enhancing the significance of these developments, new ways have been discovered for modelling broad classes of real world problems as transshipment or transshipment-related problems. The primary purpose of this paper is to summarize these events and to do some crystal ball gazing to provide what we believe to be “best estimates” of future trends.
Structure−Activity Relationship of Organic Acids in Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticle Dispersions

Aromatic carboxylic acids have been shown to effect dispersion properties of titanium dioxide nanoparticles. Addition of small amounts of aromatic acids with more than one carboxylic acid group has significant effects on dispersion viscosity. Structure−activity relationships are explored and possible mechanistic implications are discussed.
New sidescan sonar and gravity evidence that the Nova-Canton Trough is a fracture zone

A 1990 sidescan sonar survey in the eastern region of the Nova-Canton Trough mapped 138°-striking abyssal-hill fabric trending into 70°-striking trough structures. The location and angle of intersection of the abyssal hills with the eastern Nova-Canton Trough effectively disprove a spreading-center origin of this feature. Free-air gravity anomalies derived from satellite altimetry data show continuity, across the Line Islands, of the Nova-Canton Trough with the Clipperton Fracture Zone. The Canton-Clipperton trend is copolar, about a pole at 30°S, 152°W, with other coeval Pacific-Farallon fracture-zone segments, from the Pau to Marquesas fracture zones. This copolarity leads us to postulate a Pacific-Farallon spreading pattern for the magnetic quiet zone region north and east of the Manihiki Plateau, with the Nova-Canton Trough originating as a transform fault in this system.
Intentional Self-Destructive Behavior in Children under Age Ten:

SURPRISING number of young children have been reported to have attempted suicide.'"^ It is often wrongly assumed that self-destructive behavior in children ages five to ten years is accidental or rarely exists'' and that "the child of 8 years of age or younger may not comprehend the permanence and irreversibility of death."^ The frequency of intentional self-poisoning in children ages five to 14 years, however, is five times that of meningitis.*"* Any self-poisoning in a child more than 5 years old has a major element of intent" and a thorough history and physical (including a mental status exam) should be performed. The following four self-destructive children were seen in a children's hospital emergency room.
Metastases of cancer to cancer.

An unusual case of metastasis of cancer to cancer is reported. The initial malignancy, an adenocarcinoma of the kidney (hypernephroma), was found to have widespread metastases involving the lungs, liver, spleen, left adrenal gland, stomach and small intestine. A primary undifferentiated bronchogenic carcinoma originating in the right mainstem bronchus also existed with widespread metastases to the mediastinal lymph nodes, left lung, liver and left kidney with secondary deposits within the sites of the metastatic hypernephroma. A review of the literature is presented and indicates that in most of the reported cases an instance in which both malignancies display widespread metastases is exceedingly rare as is the occurrence of metastases to the metastases, as most situations involve metastasis to the second primary tumor.
Cambrian Hyolitha and problematica from West Laurentian North America: taxonomy and palaeobiogeography

Fifteen species of hyoliths and problematic fossils from the present-day western margin of the Laurentian palaeocontinent (Cordilleran North America) are described and/or reassigned. Early Cambrian strata of this region are home to the orthothecid hyolith Guduguwan buelna (Lochman) and the hyolithids Nevadotheca whitei (Resser), Grantitheca? montis (Howell) and Hyolithes sp. B. Diversity of hyoliths increases in the middle Cambrian, featuring an un-named species of the orthothecid Decoritheca Sysoev, three un-named hyolithid species possibly representing Hyolithes Eichwald and one individual referred to as Hyolith sp. that bears resemblance to the Siberian Linevitus fossularis Val’kov. Haydenoconus prolixus (Resser) is documented from southeastern Idaho, and Doescherina clarki Malinky occurs in west-central Montana as pavements of conchs and opercula on bedding surfaces, with such large numbers of specimens affording an opportunity to further assess the range of morphologic variability within a single hyo...
3-D simulation of particle filtration in electrospun nanofibrous filters

Abstract Virtual 3-D geometries resembling the internal microstructure of electrospun fibrous materials are generated in this work to simulate the pressure drop and collection efficiency of nanofibrous media when challenged with aerosol particles in the size range of 25 to 1000 nm. In particular, we solved the air flow field in the void space between the fibers in a series of 3-D fibrous geometries with a fiber diameter in the range of 100 to 1000 nm and a Solid Volume Fraction (SVF) in the range of 2.5 to 7.5%, using the Fluent CFD code, and simulated the flow of large and fine particles through these media using Lagrangian and Eulerian methods, respectively. Particle collection due to interception and Brownian diffusion, as well as the slip effect at the surface of nanofibers, has been incorporated in the CFD calculations by developing customized C++ subroutines that run in the Fluent environment. Particle collection efficiency and pressure drop of the above fibrous media are calculated and compared with analytical/empirical results from the literature. The numerical simulations presented here are believed to be the most complete and realistic filter modeling published to date. Our simulation technique, unlike previous studies based on oversimplified 2-D geometries, does not need any empirical correction factors, and can be used to directly simulate pressure drop and efficiency of any fibrous media.
Gray-Box Approach for Fault Detection of Dynamical Systems

We present a fault detection method called the gray-box. The term "gray-box" refers to the approach wherein a deterministic model of system, i.e., "white box, " is used to filter the data and generate a residual, while a stochastic model, i.e., "black-box" is used to describe the residual. The residual is described by a three-tier stochastic model. An auto-regressive process, and a time-delay feed-forward neural network describe the linear and nonlinear components of the residual, respectively. The last component, the noise, is characterized by its moments. Faults are detected by monitoring the parameters of the auto-regressive model, the weights of the neural network, and the moments of noise. This method is demonstrated on a simulated system of a gas turbine with time delay feedback actuator.