cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measuring Freeway Traffic Conditions with Transit Vehicles

Many public transit agencies have equipped their fleet with automatic vehicle location (AVL) systems, which periodically provide the location of each vehicle in the fleet. Although the AVL is deployed for transit operations, the vehicles also provide valuable information about the traffic stream throughout the road network. This study developed a methodology to mine the transit AVL data to find all trips that use any portion of a prespecified freeway segment. These trips are then used to measure travel time and average speed over the freeway and thereby quantify conditions on the facility. The results are validated against concurrent loop detector data from a corridor. The greatest benefits, however, are in areas without fixed vehicle detection, so the methodology is also demonstrated on such a freeway corridor. The study corridors typically have fewer than 50 observations per day per kilometer per direction, so this paper includes a process for selecting those segments with at least one observation per h...
Finding disease similarity by combining ECG with heart auscultation sound

Heart auscultation and ECG are two very important and commonly used diagnostic aids in cardiovascular disease diagnosis. Physicians routinely perform diagnosis from simple heart auscultation and visual examination of ECG waveform shapes. It is common knowledge to physicians that patients with the same disease have similar-looking ECG shapes and comparable heart sounds. A key idea explored in this paper is to automatically capture such shape similarity in the ECG and audio signals, which are combined to find disease similarity. Specifically, we present a general method of capturing the perceptual shape similarity of the ECG and audio waveforms by modeling the morphological variations in the signals representing the same disease across patients. Differences in shape corresponding to the same disease are modeled as a constrained non-rigid translation. Patients with similar diseases are retrieved by recovering the non-rigid alignment transform using a variant of dynamic time warping. Results are presented that demonstrate the method on audio shape-based discrimination of various cardiovascular diseases.
A formal definition of the relational model

The relational model of data, originally introduced by Codd in [1], has three components: (1) a set of objects (relations, domains, etc.); (2) a set of operators (union, project, etc.); (3) a set of general integrity rules. The purpose of this paper is to provide a formal definition of each of these three components.
Graph-based sequential particle filtering in lossy networks: Single and multiple collaborative cameras

This paper presents a novel approach of multiple target tracking from multiple collaborative cameras. Firstly, particle filtering for conditional density propagation on graphs to address missing frames from one view is introduced. The Markov Properties and Separation Theorem are used to derive an exact solution for estimation on graphs with missing frames. Furthermore, a distributed multiple target tracking solution from multiple cameras is proposed by using collaborative particle filters. With epipolar geometry constraint, camera collaboration message is delivered between different views by particles. Results demonstrate that our system can deal with missing frames in the presence of occlusions.
Impact forces in the simulation of simultaneous impacts and contacts in multibody systems with friction

This paper presents a method for determining impact forces associated with an abrupt velocity change when a free-flying body comes into contact with another body. Hard impact is considered where deformation of the impacting surfaces is negligible. The proposed approach uses a discrete algebraic model of impact in conjunction with moment and tangential coefficients of restitution (CORs) to develop a general impact law for determining post-impact velocities. This process depends on impulse-momentum theory, complementarity conditions, a principle of maximum dissipation, and the determination of impact and contact forces as well as post-impact accelerations. The proposed methodology also uses an energy-modifying COR to directly control the system's energy profile over time. The approach is illustrated on a planar bicycle-like structure.
Indirect Control Path Analysis and Goal Coverage Strategies for Elaborating System Safety Goals in Composite Systems

Correctly specifying requirements for composite systems is essential to system safety, particularly in a distributed development environment. Goal-oriented requirements engineering can be used to formally specify system goals and decompose them into realizable subgoals for system components. However, an additional aim of safety goal elaboration is to meet a goal coverage strategy. In this paper we propose new tactics for elaborating system safety goals across a composite system. First, indirect control path analysis (ICPA) is used to identify safety-related components and their relationships to the parent goals. Then, goal coverage strategies guide goal elaboration along indirect control paths identified by the ICPA. We demonstrate applicability in real safety critical embedded systems with two case studies: a distributed elevator and a semiautonomous automotive system.
Adenovirus Type 5 Rupture of Lysosomes Leads to Cathepsin B-Dependent Mitochondrial Stress and Production of Reactive Oxygen Species

In response to viral infection, reactive oxygen species (ROS) mediate innate immune signaling or generate danger signals to activate immune cells. The mechanisms of virally induced ROS are poorly defined, however. We demonstrate that ROS are produced within minutes of adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) infection of macrophages and that oxidative stress supports Ad5-induced cytokine secretion. We show that short hairpin RNA (shRNA) knockdown of TLR9 has no effect on ROS production despite observed decreases in Ad-induced cytokine secretion. A major source of ROS in macrophages is NADPH oxidase. However, shRNA knockdown of the NADPH oxidase subunit NOX2 does not attenuate Ad-induced ROS. Induction of ROS is not observed in cells infected with a temperature-sensitive mutant of Ad2, ts1, which is defective in endosomal membrane penetration during cell entry. Further, Ad5, but not ts1, induces the release of lysosomal cathepsin B into the cytoplasm of infected cells. In agreement with this finding, we observe a loss of mitochondrial membrane potential upon Ad infection which requires Ad endosomal membrane penetration and cathepsin B activity. Overexpression of Bcl-2 attenuates Ad5-induced ROS, further supporting the role for mitochondrial membrane destabilization as the source of ROS in response to Ad5 infection. Together, these data suggest that ROS produced in response to Ad5 infection depends on the virally induced endosomal membrane rupture to release lysosomal cathepsins. Furthermore, the release of cathepsins leads to mitochondrial membrane disruption and thus the release of ROS from the mitochondria.
Influence of Salt (NaCl) on Pectinolytic Softening of Cucumbersa

SUMMARY Experimental packs of pasteurized cucumbers were treated with pectinase from three sources under controlled conditions with respect to temperature, pH, acidity, salt concentration, and absence of microbial development. The enzyme-treated lots revealed that as the salt content of the cucumbers increased, their firmness likewise increased according to a first-order reaction. Based on cucumber softening data obtained by use of the three pectinases, tabulated information is presented which permits an estimate of the relative degree of softening that may be expected in curing brines at different salt concentrations.
Physical Laws And Information Content

Current theories that incorporate the notion of information are not theories of information content, at least not content in the form of spatially-extended structures, such as words, computer programs and pictures. Such theories refer to content only indirectly through some formulation of information measure. It is argued here that one reason for the absence of theories of information content is that physical laws, along with situation-specific constraints, describe associations between measured attributes, while content is, in general, spatially extended and, more importantly, causal as structure. It is inferred from this that physical state descriptions are only powerful enough to account for content when it is instantiated as the values of measured attributes of physical objects. For content in the form of spatially-extended structures, there are no such physicallygrounded formalisms, only concrete physical systems (e.g., digital computers and brains} whose architectures enable spatially-extended structures to cause change.
An efficient algorithm for simulation on transients in large power systems

The simulation of the transient response of a large interconnected power system involves the solution of a very large system of differential-algebraic equations under a great variety of initial conditions and disturbances. The demands imposed on a digital transient stability program to i) study larger power system interconnections, ii) provide a more detailed representation of the power system components, and iii) permit the simulation of longer time periods, have the effect of increasing the computing time. The importance of, and the need for, efficient computational schemes is apparent. The method presented in this paper makes detailed use of the structural properties of the differential-algebraic system representation. The nonlinear differential-algebraic system is split into a nonstiff part with long time constants coupled to a stiff part with a sparse Jacobian matrix whose longest time constant is shorter than that of the first part. These two parts are linear in their respective states, i.e., the system is semilinear. With the nonstiff part removed, a smaller set of stiff equations with a smaller conditioning number than the original system is obtained. Consequently, longer stepsizes can be used so as to reduce the computation time. The proposed multistep integration schemes exploit the stiffness and semilinearity properties. Numerical results on a small test problem indicate that these schemes operate with good accuracy at stepsizes as large as 100 times those necessary to ensure numerical stability by more conventional schemes.
PET imaging with [11C]PBR28 can localize and quantify upregulated peripheral benzodiazepine receptors associated with cerebral ischemia in rat

Peripheral benzodiazepine receptors (PBRs) are upregulated on activated microglia. We recently developed a promising positron emission tomography (PET) ligand, [ 11 C]PBR28, with high affinity and excellent ratio of specific to nonspecific binding. We assessed the ability of [ 11 C]PBR28 PET to localize PBRs in a rat permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model of neuroinflammation. [ 11 C]PBR28 was intravenously administered to rats at 4 and 7 days after permanent MCAO. In all experiments, arterial blood was sampled for compartmental modeling of regional distribution volumes, and rat brains were sampled after imaging for in vitro [ 3 H]PK 11195 autoradiography and histological evaluation. [ 11 C]PBR28 PET and [ 3 H]PK 11195 autoradiography showed similar areas of increased PBRs, especially in the peri-ischemic core. Results from these in vivo and in vitro methods were strongly correlated. In this first study to demonstrate neuroinflammation in vivo with small animal PET, [ 11 C]PBR28 had adequate sensitivity to localize and quantify the associated increase in PBRs.
Controlling the False Discovery Rate for Feature Selection in High-resolution NMR Spectra

Successful implementation of feature selection in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra not only improves classification ability, but also simplifies the entire modeling process and, thus, reduces computational and analytical efforts. Principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares (PLS) have been widely used for feature selection in NMR spectra. However, extracting meaningful metabolite features from the reduced dimensions obtained through PCA or PLS is complicated because these reduced dimensions are linear combinations of a large number of the original features. In this paper, we propose a multiple testing procedure controlling false discovery rate (FDR) as an efficient method for feature selection in NMR spectra. The procedure clearly compensates for the limitation of PCA and PLS and identifies individual metabolite features necessary for classification. In addition, we present orthogonal signal correction to improve classification and visualization by removing unnecessary variations in NMR spectra. Our experimental results with real NMR spectra showed that classification models constructed with the features selected by our proposed procedure yielded smaller misclassification rates than those with all features. Copyright © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., A Wiley Company Statistical Analy Data Mining 1: 000-000, 2008
Molecular evolution and quantitative variation for chemosensory behaviour in the nematode genus Caenorhabditis.

Caenorhabditis elegans is a model organism in biology, yet despite the tremendous infor- mation generated from genetic, genomic and functional analyses, C. elegans has rarely been used to address questions in ecological genetics. Here, we analyse genetic variation for chemosensory behaviour, an ecologically important trait that is also genetically well char- acterized, at both the phenotypic and molecular levels within three species of the genus Caenorhabditis . We show that the G-protein ODR-3 plays an important role in chemosensory avoidance behaviour and identify orthologues of odr-3 in C. briggsae and C. remanei . Both quantitative genetic analysis of chemosensory behaviour and molecular population genetic analysis of odr-3 show that there is little genetic variation among a worldwide collection of isolates of the primarily selfing C. elegans , whereas there is substantially more variation within a single population of the outcrossing C. remanei . Although there are a large number of substitutions at silent sites within odr-3 among the three species, molecular evolution at the protein level is extremely conserved, suggesting that ODR-3 plays an important role in cell signalling during chemosensation and/or neuronal cilia development in C. remanei and in C. briggsae as it does in C. elegans . Our results suggest that C. remanei may be a more suit- able subject for ecological and evolutionary genetic studies than C. elegans .
Management algorithms for stage IIIA non-small cell lung cancer with N2 node involvement.

Stage IIIA non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with N2 node involvement (IIIA[N2]) is a complex area characterized by much confusion and controversy, because data derived from a particular subgroup of IIIA(N2) often are inappropriately applied to another subgroup. The problem is not so much that stage IIIA(N2) encompasses a spectrum of disease, which is true in each stage of NSCLC. Rather, our ability to describe a patient cohort has been limited, and it is therefore often difficult to determine how and when to apply data from published studies. A simple, pragmatic approach is taken in this article to define algorithms for the management of these patients.
Critical Ratios for structural analysis of triacylglycerols using mass spectrometry

Summary Recent developments have finally allowed fragment behaviors using APCI-MS to be elucidated after twenty years of literature reports. Criti-cal Ratios have been defined that correspond to various aspects of triacylglycerol (TAG) analysis, from overall degree of unsaturation tolocalization of fatty acids on the glycerol backbone (regioisomers), to grouping of unsaturated fatty acids. The same ratios also constitute acompact library of TAG mass spectra. Introduction It has been twenty years since the first report of HPLC coupled toatmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) mass spectrome-try (MS) for triacylglycerol (TAG) analysis [1]. One trend reportedin that first report that has held true until now is that the protonatedmolecule, [M+H] + , is the base peak for TAGs with many sites ofunsaturation, and it decreases with decreasing unsaturation until adiacylglycerol-like ion, [DAG] + , becomes the base peak. This trendfollows through to the point that saturated TAGs give little or no[M+H]
In situ observation of electrostatic and thermal manipulation of suspended graphene membranes.

Graphene is nature’s thinnest elastic membrane, and its morphology has important impacts on its electrical, mechanical, and electromechanical properties. Here we report manipulation of the morphology of suspended graphene via electrostatic and thermal control. By measuring the out-of-plane deflection as a function of applied gate voltage and number of layers, we show that graphene adopts a parabolic profile at large gate voltages with inhomogeneous distribution of charge density and strain. Unclamped graphene sheets slide into the trench under tension; for doubly clamped devices, the results are well-accounted for by membrane deflection with effective Young’s modulus E = 1.1 TPa. Upon cooling to 100 K, we observe buckling-induced ripples in the central portion and large upward buckling of the free edges, which arises from graphene’s large negative thermal expansion coefficient.
Big Organizations Are Unhealthy Environments for Human Beings

Prefatory Note: This essay is something of a confessional, a personal piece that has emerged from a recent near-epiphany. It hit me one day—for no obvious reason—that I have never been fond of larg...
Ultralong polarization chains induced by ions solvated in confined water monolayers.

We disclose by classical molecular dynamics simulations the formation of long polarization chains induced by ions solvated in a water monolayer confined between graphene sheets. First, we examine the dynamics of confined pure water clusters with Nw 30) polarized waters. The chains generated by opposite charged ions can eventually meet, lock, and stay polarized at room temperatures.
Preparation of MoSi2-x(X=B, Al, Nb)Alloys by MA-PDS Process

In order to improve the mechanical properties of MoSi2 alloys, the alloys with Al, B or Nb addition were prepared by an advanced consolidation process which combined mechanical alloying with pulse discharge sintering (MA-PDS). Their microstructure and mechanical properties were investigated. The MoSi2 alloys fabricated by MA-PDS process showed very fine microstructure when compared with the sample sintered from commercial MoSi2 powder. The sintered alloys made from powder milled in Ar atmosphere had dense microstructure compared with that milled in air because of suppression of oxide formation during milling, except for Al added alloy. On the effect of added elements in densification of the alloys, addition of B was more effective than Al or Nb. Both in the Vickers hardness test and in the tensile test at ambient temperature, the alloys fabricated by MA-PDS process showed good performance compared with the sample sintered from commercial MoSi2 powder due to the fine grain.
Abstract A77: Walking and vigorous exercise and risk of breast cancer in African American women

The relationship between physical activity and breast cancer risk has been extensively studied among women of European descent, with most studies reporting an inverse association. However, data on African American (AA) women and by tumor subtypes are sparse. Thus, we examined associations of vigorous exercise and walking for exercise and breast cancer risk overall and by estrogen receptor (ER) status in the African American Breast Cancer Epidemiology and Risk (AMBER) Consortium. We pooled data on AA women from four large studies, the Black Women9s Health Study, Carolina Breast Cancer Study, Multiethnic Cohort Study and Women9s Circle of Health Study, for 2,482 ER+ cases, 1,374 ER- cases and 16,959 controls. Multivariable logistic regression was used to compute odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the risk of overall breast cancer, and polytomous logistic regression was used to model the risk of ER+ and ER- cancer. Based on all four studies, for recent vigorous exercise (reported by 29% of controls), the OR was 0.88 (95% CI: 0.81-0.96) for breast cancer overall, 0.88 (95% CI: 0.80-0.98) for ER+ breast cancer and 0.93 (95% CI: 0.82-1.06) for ER- breast cancer. There was a statistically significant trend across hours per week of vigorous activity for breast cancer overall (p for trend=0.006) and for ER+ cancer (p for trend=0.02), but there was not a clear dose response relationship, with the strongest reduced risk in the 1-2 and 3-4 hours/week categories. Data on walking for exercise, as the most frequently reported activity among adults who meet guidelines for regular physical activity (53% in controls), was available from two studies. Any walking for exercise was associated with reduced risk of breast cancer overall (OR=0.88, 95% CI: 0.80-0.97) and ER+ cancer (OR=0.87, 95% CI: 0.77-0.98), but not ER- cancer (OR=0.95, 95 CI: 0.81-1.12). There was a significant trend across hours per week of walking for breast cancer overall (p for trend=0.008) and ER+ breast cancer (p for trend=0.02), with the strongest reduced risk in the 5+ hours/week category. Our results from this large pooling study of AA women provide evidence that vigorous exercise and walking for exercise are associated with reduced risk of breast cancer, specifically ER+ cancer. Citation Format: zhihong Gong, Chi-Chen Hong, Elisa Bandera, Lucile Adams-Campbell, Song-Yi Park, Gary Zirpoli, Andrew Olshan, Christine Ambrosone, Julie Palmer, Lynn Rosenberg. Walking and vigorous exercise and risk of breast cancer in African American women. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Eighth AACR Conference on The Science of Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; Nov 13-16, 2015; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2016;25(3 Suppl):Abstract nr A77.
Serotypes and molecular characteristics of Vibrio parahaemolyticus pandemic strains in Shanghai

Objective The main purpose of this research was to describe the distribution of V. parahaemolyticus serotypes isolated from diarrhea cases and food in Shanghai and the molecular characteristics of pandemic strains. Methods GS-PCR was used to recognize pandemic strains. tdh gene,trh gene and orf8 gene of phage f237 were detected by PCR after serotyping. PFGE was used to analyze the genetic relationship among isolates. Results 1 136 isolates were divided into 52 serotypes( groups). 64. 5% of all isolates were GS-PCR positivewhich wasthe pandemic strains. 11 serotypes were found in pandemic strains in Shanghai,among which O3 ∶ K6( 76. 8%),O4 ∶ K68( 9. 4%),O1 ∶ K25( 6. 8%),and O1∶ K36( 4. 5%) were the main serotypes. Pandemic strains with serotypes of O10∶ K60,O3∶ K3 and O1∶ K33 were first reported,and their PFGE patterns were closer to the reported pandemic strains. Most pandemic strains only had tdh gene, and no trh gene positive. Except 5. 7% strains,most pandemic strains were positive for orf8gene. PFGE patterns weredifferent among pandemic strains with same serotypes,and isolates with or without orf8 gene could not be distinguished by PFGE. Conclusion New serovariants of pandemic were emerging,and the results of PFGE and orf8 gene detection suggested there was gene mutation amongpandemic strains.
Investigation of Reinforcde Training for Improving Clinical Puncture Skills by Applying medical Models

Objective To explore the effective method of clinical skill training and method of improving clinical practice ability of medical students.Method By applying medical models,92pediatric students were trained by the manner of being examined before training,observing,exercising,appraising and being examined again after training.The teachers trained students in full-time.The scores of before and after training were compared.Result Preoperative preparation,specification level,dexterity degree,aseptic concept,postoperative matters and total score were significantly improved(P 0.05);Most students agreed this training manner.Conclusion Short-term reinforced training by applying medical models is helpful for improving students'clinical puncture skills rapidly.
A remark on Yang Zhen ning′s thoughts on the relations between natural science and the humanities

Dr.Yang thinks that the humanities and philosophy played a great role in the birth of science in the 16th century, but the trend today is that science has a much deeper and wider influence on philosophy.Dr. Yang stressed the humanistic value and philosophical implication in natural science. The thesis gives a general analysis of Dr.Yang′s thoughts on the relations between natural science and the humanities and points out that science and the humanities are two different traditions,but there are complicated mutual actions between them.
Management Strategy Evaluation Of Pheromone‐Baited Trapping Techniques To Improve Management Of Invasive Sea Lamprey

We applied a management strategy evaluation (MSE) model to examine the potential cost-effectiveness of using pheromone-baited trapping along with conventional lampricide treatment to manage invasive sea lamprey. Four pheromone-baited trapping strategies were modeled: (1) stream activation wherein pheromone was applied to existing traps to achieve 10−12 mol/L in-stream concentration, (2) stream activation plus two additional traps downstream with pheromone applied at 2.5 mg/hr (reverse-intercept approach), (3) trap activation wherein pheromone was applied at 10 mg/hr to existing traps, and (4) trap activation and reverse-intercept approach. Each new strategy was applied, with remaining funds applied to conventional lampricide control. Simulating deployment of these hybrid strategies on fourteen Lake Michigan streams resulted in increases of 17 and 11% (strategies 1 and 2) and decreases of 4 and 7% (strategies 3 and 4) of the lakewide mean abundance of adult sea lamprey relative to status quo. MSE revealed performance targets for trap efficacy to guide additional research because results indicate that combining lampricides and high efficacy trapping technologies can reduce sea lamprey abundance on average without increasing control costs.
Shapes of Planar Closed Curves

In this chapter we are interested in analyzing shapes of planar curves that are closed. A closed curve is a curve that starts and ends at the same point. If differentiability is needed (for example, in the case of the angle function representation), then we will require the derivative at the initial point of the curve to agree with the derivative at the ending point. However, if only absolute continuity is required (for example, in the case of the square-root velocity representation), then it will be enough to assume the curve starts and ends at the same point.
Management of Obesity

This review examines weight loss and accompanying improvements in obesity-related comorbidities produced by intensive lifestyle intervention, pharmacotherapy, and bariatric surgery. Obese individuals lose approximately 6 to 8 kg (approximately 6% to 8% of initial weight) with 6 months of participation in a high-intensity lifestyle intervention (≥ 14 treatment visits) consisting of diet, physical activity, and behavior therapy. Such losses reduce progression to type 2 diabetes in at-risk people and decrease blood pressure and triglyceride levels. All diets, regardless of macronutrient composition, can produce clinically meaningful weight loss (> 5%) if they induce a deficit ≥ 500 kcal/d. Physical activity of 150 to 180 min/wk yields modest short-term weight loss compared with diet but contributes to improvements in obesity-related conditions. Gradual weight regain is common after lifestyle intervention but can be prevented by continued participation in monthly weight loss maintenance sessions, as well as by high levels of physical activity (ie, 200 to 300 min/wk). Patients unable to reduce satisfactorily with lifestyle intervention may be candidates for pharmacotherapy, recommended as an adjunct. Five medications have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for chronic weight management, and each has its own risk/benefit profile. The addition of these medications to lifestyle intervention increases mean weight loss by 2.5 to 8.9 kg compared with placebo. Patients with severe obesity who are unable to reduce successfully with lifestyle intervention and pharmacotherapy are eligible for bariatric surgery, including Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, sleeve gastrectomy, or adjustable gastric banding. The first two procedures yield long-term (≥ 3 years) reductions of ≥ 20% of initial weight that are associated with decreases in morbidity and potentially mortality. Greater resources and dissemination efforts are needed to increase the availability of these three approaches for the millions of Americans who would benefit from them.
Oracle Identity and Access Management Suite Overview

Oracle Fusion Middleware products are deployed within WebLogic Server architectures. WebLogic Server provides a scalable environment, allowing the enterprise to deploy and manage Oracle products and Java applications with the ability to access database and messaging services. WebLogic Server operates as the application server tier. The capabilities delivered by WebLogic include clustering, high availability, manageability, monitoring, security, and database integration.
Multidevice Interaction

As embedded computers of all shapes and sizes are connected to the Internet en masse, the opportunity to exploit their combined capabilities and power is an attractive engineering challenge. Working out the kinks associated with heterogeneous data, lack of standardization, and interoperability challenges will enable an entirely new computing paradigm.
Hypocrisy as a challenge to Christian belief

Hypocrisy challenges religious belief in two ways. Arguments to Absurdity contend hypocrisy is defeasible evidence of the irrationality of a doctrine or practice. Arguments from Betrayal contend that hypocrisy confronts institutionally loyal believers with a tragic dilemma: that because loyalty is justified by the goodness of its object, hypocrisy requires believers to sacrifice either their conscience (to remain loyal) or their character and identity (by abandoning their loyalty). This article presents philosophical and theological reasons that both arguments are unpersuasive.
Model Reduction for Large-Scale Linear Applications

Abstract Three model reduction methods are considered in the context of large scale fluid dynamic applications: the widely-used proper orthogonal decomposition, the Arnoldi method and a new Fourier method. The new method uses a Fourier expansion of the transfer function in discrete frequency to efficiently calculate reduced models with guaranteed stability and accuracy properties. Each method is described and then applied to the case of flow through a supersonic diffuser. The Fourier model reduction approach is found to he superior in all aspects: it is computationally more economical, preserves the stability of the original system, uses both input and output information to yield efficient models, and is valid over a wide range of frequencies.
Cenozoic Muricidae of the Western Atlantic Region Dermomurex - Addendum

During the summer of 1975 the writer had the occasion to visit St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands, where Mr. Gordon Nowell-Usticke makes his home. Examining the collections of this gentleman, it became painfully obvious that certain statements made in a recent publication (Vokes, 197 5, p. 138 and 140) regarding the identity of a West Indian species of Dermomurex were in error. Therefore, this note is an attempt to correct this erroneous information as quickly as possible.
Surface Analysis of Biomaterials and Biomineralization

The atoms and molecules that reside at the surface of all condensed matter have a special organization and reactivity. Surface atoms and molecules require special methods to characterize them, novel methods to tailor them and they drive many of the biological reactions that occur in response to the biomaterial (protein adsorption, cell adhesion, cell growth, blood compatibility, biomineralization etc.). Surface characterization for the study of biomaterials has been appreciated as an important topic since the 1960’s and almost every biomaterials meeting will have sessions addressing surfaces and interfaces. In this chapter we focus on the special methods to characterize surfaces and some implications of surfaces for bioreaction to biomaterials.
Arterial Inflammation Detected With 18 F-Fluorodeoxyglucose-Positron Emission Tomography in Rheumatoid Arthritis.

Objectives In addition to traditional risk factors, excess cardiovascular disease (CVD) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is attributed to enhanced vascular and/or systemic inflammation. In several small studies using 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (FDG-PET/CT) to directly assess vascular inflammation, FDG uptake was higher in RA patients than controls. Using a substantially larger RA sample, we sought to identify RA-disease characteristics independently associated with vascular FDG uptake. Methods RA patients underwent cardiac FDG-PET/CT, with aortic inflammation assessed by quantification of FDG uptake in the ascending aorta, calculated as the mean and maximum (max) standardized-uptake-value (SUV) of the entire ascending aorta, and of its most diseased segment (SUV MDS). Univariable and multivariable regression models were constructed to model the associations of patient characteristics with aortic FDG uptake. Results Ninety-one RA patients were scanned. In multivariable models, in addition to the independent associations of hypertension and body-mass-index with increased aortic FDG uptake, the prevalence of rheumatoid nodules correlated with the SUV-mean and SUV MDS-mean measurements, while anti-CCP antibodies inversely correlated with these measures and with the SUV-max and SUV MDS-max (p<0.05). A significant association of RA disease activity with aortic FDG uptake was observed but restricted to anti-CCP seropositivity. Conclusion Traditional CV risk factors and RA-disease characteristics (rheumatoid nodules and DAS28-CRP in anti-CCP antibody positive individuals) were independently associated with ascending aortic FDG uptake in RA patients without clinical CVD. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Diversifying Public Film Funding Policies in Latin America

State funding is arguably the most essential component in fostering a film industry in Latin America. This chapter examines the histories of various film institutes throughout the region to understand how these state-run funding bodies have diversified their roles and policy mechanisms throughout the region in order to help sustain national film industries. The state has been fundamental in enforcing laws to help foster national film industry growth through film institute programmes, support to the private sector via legislation and funding to film schools. Moreover, more recently, it has boosted its assistance in marketing and branding national cinema, along with its commitment to foster transnational exchange with the Ibero-American film finance fund, Programa Ibermedia. Methodologically, the research takes a historical and comparative approach to various state funding mechanisms, with an emphasis on the most established industries, Argentina, Brazil and Mexico. I argue that neoliberalism, or the shift from a state-funded system to a privately owned market economy, is not solely an economic policy but also a cultural one. As Latin American public film policies have turned neoliberalist, they have taken on branding and marketing policies as dominant ideology.
Evolution of photosynthetic reaction centers: insights from the structure of the heliobacterial reaction center.

The proliferation of phototrophy within early-branching prokaryotes represented a significant step forward in metabolic evolution. All available evidence supports the hypothesis that the photosynthetic reaction center (RC)—the pigment-protein complex in which electromagnetic energy (i.e., photons of visible or near-infrared light) is converted to chemical energy usable by an organism—arose once in Earth’s history. This event took place over 3 billion years ago and the basic architecture of the RC has diversified into the distinct versions that now exist. Using our recent 2.2-A X-ray crystal structure of the homodimeric photosynthetic RC from heliobacteria, we have performed a robust comparison of all known RC types with available structural data. These comparisons have allowed us to generate hypotheses about structural and functional aspects of the common ancestors of extant RCs and to expand upon existing evolutionary schemes. Since the heliobacterial RC is homodimeric and loosely binds (and reduces) quinones, we support the view that it retains more ancestral features than its homologs from other groups. In the evolutionary scenario we propose, the ancestral RC predating the division between Type I and Type II RCs was homodimeric, loosely bound two mobile quinones, and performed an inefficient disproportionation reaction to reduce quinone to quinol. The changes leading to the diversification into Type I and Type II RCs were separate responses to the need to optimize this reaction: the Type I lineage added a [4Fe–4S] cluster to facilitate double reduction of a quinone, while the Type II lineage heterodimerized and specialized the two cofactor branches, fixing the quinone in the QA site. After the Type I/II split, an ancestor to photosystem I fixed its quinone sites and then heterodimerized to bind PsaC as a new subunit, as responses to rising O2 after the appearance of the oxygen-evolving complex in an ancestor of photosystem II. These pivotal events thus gave rise to the diversity that we observe today.
Yellow Fever Virus: Knowledge Gaps Impeding the Fight Against an Old Foe.

Yellow fever (YF) was one of the most dangerous infectious diseases of the 18th and 19th centuries, resulting in mass casualties in Africa and the Americas. The etiologic agent is yellow fever virus (YFV), and its live-attenuated form, YFV-17D, remains one of the most potent vaccines ever developed. During the first half of the 20th century, vaccination combined with mosquito control eradicated YFV transmission in urban areas. However, the recent 2016–2018 outbreaks in areas with historically low or no YFV activity have raised serious concerns for an estimated 400–500 million unvaccinated people who now live in at-risk areas. Once a forgotten disease, we highlight here that YF still represents a very real threat to human health and economies. As many gaps remain in our understanding of how YFV interacts with the human host and causes disease, there is an urgent need to address these knowledge gaps and propel YFV research forward.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF POISONOUS PLANT-INDUCED BIRTH DEFECTS

I. ABSTRACT Epidemiological studies of birth defects induced by poisonous plants have encompassed not only observational studies but also analytical and experimental studies. Epidemiologic investigative techniques have been used as a diagnostic aid to determine what agent, host and environmental factors were associated with a birth defect(s) in domestic animals. Although many of these investigations included laboratory studies, they usually began with field observations on the frequency and pattern of defects in a herd or population that had grazed either in a particular pasture or over a large, defined geographical region. Epidemiologic field studies have suggested that not only the toxic plant but also man-made or other natural environmental factors were associated with defects in domestic animals. The mere presence of the poisonous plant alone was not enough; it must have been consumed. However, field investigations have in many instances been used to determine what poisonous plants probably induced birth defects in domestic animals.
Large-Scale Purification and Crystallization of Adenovirus Hexon

This chapter provides a protocol for the large-scale purification of adenovirus type 2 and 5 virions and the soluble major coat protein hexon. The purified virus particles remain intact and are suitable for vector, vaccine, or structural studies and can also be used as seed stock for further rounds of infection. The hexon may be used to produce crystals suitable for high-resolution X-ray crystallographic studies. Briefly, virus is propagated in HeLa cell suspension cultures. The infected cells are lysed, virions and hexon are separated by centrifugation, and the protein is then further purified by anion exchange chromatography. The entire purification procedure takes approx 1 wk and typically yields 10(13) virus particles and 10-20 mg of highly purified hexon.
Λ − Σ Conversion and the Hypertriton

The binding energy of $_{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}\mathrm{H}^{3}$ is calculated using a Faddeev-type multiple-scattering formalism. The effects of virtual $\ensuremath{\Lambda}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\Sigma}$ conversion via $\ensuremath{\Lambda}N\ensuremath{\leftrightarrow}\ensuremath{\Sigma}N$ are included in a full two-channel representation of the $\mathrm{YN}$ interaction. Nonlocal separable, $S$-wave, spin-dependent potentials are used for each two-body interaction. Calculations are performed for two sets of low-energy $\ensuremath{\Lambda}N$ scattering parameters and two different symmetry models for the $\mathrm{YN}$ potential. The introduction of $\ensuremath{\Lambda}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\Sigma}$ conversion in the $\mathrm{YN}$ spin-triplet channel increases the binding energy. The binding is decreased by the use of $\ensuremath{\Lambda}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\Sigma}$ conversion in the $\mathrm{YN}$ spin-singlet channel. When incorporated into both $\mathrm{YN}$ spin channels, the effect of $\ensuremath{\Lambda}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\Sigma}$ conversion is to reduce the $_{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}\mathrm{H}^{3}$ binding energy.
Adult T-Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma (ATLL)

Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma is a mature T-cell neoplasm caused by human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1). The disease is usually disseminated (including skin involvement) and is composed of highly pleomorphic lymphoid cells.
Evolution of Models for Evolution

Of the many accomplishments of Professor Oparin, two are outstanding. His experimental investigations with coacervate droplets, designed and interpreted in the context of the origin of life, have provided much insight into the origins and evolution of protocells. Of even greater overall impact is his pioneering hypothesis concerning the origin of life that suggested conditions, chemical species, and processes of prebiotic evolution. He has presented us with a theoretical model for molecular and cellular evolution.
Trends in the Inclusion of Black and Female Surgeons in Invited Visiting Professorships.

This study examines the changes in the composition of visiting professorships by race and sex at 25 academic surgical programs from 2007 through 2017.
Shock index in the emergency department: utility and limitations

Shock index (SI) is defined as the heart rate (HR) divided by systolic blood pressure (SBP). It has been studied in patients either at risk of or experiencing shock from a variety of causes: trauma, hemorrhage, myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism, sepsis, and ruptured ectopic pregnancy. While HR and SBP have traditionally been used to characterize shock in these patients, they often appear normal in the compensatory phase of shock and can be confounded by factors such as medications (eg, antihypertensives, beta-agonists). SI >1.0 has been widely found to predict increased risk of mortality and other markers of morbidity, such as need for massive transfusion protocol activation and admission to intensive care units. Recent research has aimed to study the use of SI in patients immediately on arrival to the emergency department (ED). In this review, we summarize the literature pertaining to use of SI across a variety of settings in the management of ED patients, in order to provide context for use of this measure in the triage and management of critically ill patients.
OrganicERs: Building a Community of Practice for Organic Chemistry Instructors through Workshops and Web-Based Resources

This account reports building a community of practice for organic chemistry instructors. With support from Chemistry Collaborations, Workshops, and Communities of Scholars (cCWCS), a group of organic chemistry faculty facilitated multiple workshops to introduce active learning techniques to their colleagues across the country. A Web site, organicers.org, has been developed to serve as a community hub to aid faculty creating more student-centered environments in their classrooms. It serves as a repository for useful materials such as active learning questions, exams, syllabi, and lab experiments among others. The community of practice for organic chemistry instructors interested in active learning is expanding through participation and collegial support.
Outcome of implantable cardioverter defibrillator in cardiac sarcoidosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Cardiac sarcoidosis is a multisystem inflammatory disorder characterized by ventricular arrhythmias. Implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) is used to prevent sudden cardiac death. We performed literature search for studies that addressed the outcome and complications of ICD in Cardiac Sarcoidosis (CS). Multiple search sites were reviewed from January 1, 2000 until December 1, 2018. We then performed a meta-analysis using a random effects model. Two investigators independently extracted the data and assessed studies’ quality. Ten studies with 585 patients qualified for the analysis. In the pooled analysis, 57% were male with mean left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of 38.4%. Appropriate and inappropriate ICD treatments (AT and IAT) were reported in 39% and 15% of patients respectively over mean follow-up period of 25 months and mortality rate of 8%. A sub-analysis of four studies indicated that patients with appropriate therapy did not differ from the rest of CS population in LVEF% (mean difference (MD) = − 7.37%, 95% confidence interval (CI) − 16.89 to 2.15, p = 0.12), age (MD = − 3.87 years, 95% CI − 10.19 to 2.46, p = 0.23), primary prevention (range difference (RD) = − 0.11, 95% CI − 0.31 to 0.10, p = 0.31) or secondary prevention indication (RD = 0.09, 95% CI − 0.12 to 0.3, p = 0.37). High degree AV block was more common in patients with AT (RD = 0.07, 95% CI 0.00 to 0.14 p = 0.05). ICD placement in CS is associated with high incidence of both appropriate and inappropriate therapy. High degree AV block appears to be predictive of appropriate ICD therapy.
Clinical Manifestations of Bovine Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency

Bovine granulocytopathy (now recognized as bovine leukocyte adhesion deficiency or BLAD, a disease analogous to the human condition called leukocyte adhesion deficiency) was described in the U.S.A. in 1983 by Hagemoser et al.1 These authors described a Holstein heifer with a disease complex characterized by a generalized increase in susceptibility to infectious agents over the two year lifespan of the heifer. They documented impaired neutrophil function in this animal, which had persistent circulating neutrophilia, but seemed unable to mount a peripheral inflammatory response. Neutrophils appeared structurally normal when examined by electron microscopy (there were no lysosomal inclusions characteristic of Chediak-Higashi syndrome), but random migration, bacterial ingestion, nitroblue tetrazolium reduction and iodination were depressed relative to normal controls. Antibody-dependent, cell-mediated cytotoxicity was not affected.