cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chemical composition and some physical properties of a water-soluble gum in taro (Colocasia esculenta)

Abstract A high-purity (98%), water-soluble gum was extracted from taro corms ( Colocasia esculenta ) with a low-temperature extraction (4°C) and purification procedure. The major fraction of the gum had a peak molecular weight greater than one million Daltons, with two shoulder peaks at 850 000 Daltons and 100,000 Daltons. In the acid hydrolysates of the taro gum, D -galactose was identified by HPLC to be the main constituent (61.6%), followed by D -glucose (19.7%) and D-arabinose (16.2%). Small quantities of galacturonic acid and protein were also found in the gum. The gum is very soluble in water. The viscosity behavior indicates that the gum is mainly a neutral carbohydrate polymer, probably highly branched. The viscosity was comparable to gum arabic at 2% concentration, but increased drastically at 4% concentration. Neither pH nor ionic strength of the gum solution had significant effect on its viscosity.
Breathing Room in Monitored Space: The Impact of Passive Monitoring Technology on Privacy in Independent Living

Purpose of the study This study examines articulations of the relationship between privacy and passive monitoring by users and former users of a sensor-based remote monitoring system. A new conceptualization of privacy provides a framework for a constructive analysis of the study's findings with practical implications. Design and methods Forty-nine in-depth semistructured interviews were conducted with elder residents, family members, and staff of 6 low-income independent living residence apartment buildings where the passive monitoring system had been offered for 6 years. Transcribed interviews were coded into the Dedoose software service and were analyzed using methods of grounded theory. Results Five diverse articulations of the relationship between privacy and passive monitoring emerged. The system produced new knowledge about residents and enabled staff to decide how much of that knowledge to disclose to residents. They chose not to disclose to residents their reason for following up on system-generated alerts for 2 reasons: concern that feelings of privacy invasion may arise and cause dissatisfaction with the technology, and the knowledge that many resident users did not comprehend the extent of its features and would be alarmed. Implications This research reveals the importance and challenges of obtaining informed consent. It identifies where boundary intrusion can occur in the use of passive monitoring as well as how changes to technology design and practice could create opportunities for residents to manage their own boundaries according to their privacy needs. The diversity of approaches to privacy supports the need for "opportunity for boundary management" to be employed as both a design and practice principle.
Adenocarcinoma and transitional cell carcinoma occurring simultaneously in the urinary bladder (mixed tumor)

Only five tumors of the urinary bladder containing both adenocarcinoma and transitional cell carcinoma have previously been reported. In spite of this apparent rarity, three patients have been treated at the University Hospitals of Cleveland in the past 2 years with this ‘mixed’ malignancy. Abbreviated case histories, treatment, and follow-up are discussed. Two of the three patients are alive without evidence of tumor following treatment. The origin of adenocarcinoma appearing as a primary bladder neoplasm may be from a urachal rest, from glandular cells around the bladder neck, from malignant degeneration of cystitis cystica and cystitis glandularis, or from a primary change of transitional epithelium to glandular cancer. The mixed tumor may represent dual malignant degeneration of a common cell line or two primary cancers appearing coincidentally at one time. The prognosis is poor, although the rarity of cases and short follow-up make efficacy of treatment difficult to evaluate.
Dopaminergic nature of feeding-induced behavioral stereotypies in stressed pigeons.

Abstract Dopamine dependence of feeding-induced behavioral stereotypies (FIBS) was demonstrated by FIBS facilitation following chronic treatment with a dopamine (DA) agonist, apomorphine, and by FIBS inhibition following the administration of haloperidol, a DA antagonist. However, individuals that emitted FIBS were differentiated from those not emitting FIBS not by assayed telencephalic DA concentrations alone but by a higher stereotyping index (SI), a score positively related to the ratio of telencephalic DA-norepineprhine (NE) concentrations. These latter findings support the hypothesis of Antelman and Caggiula [3] which indicates that a catecholamine interaction in the brain serves to facilitate or inhibit some behavioral actions associated with stress.
Exact boundary integral equations for scattering of scalar waves from infinite rough interfaces

Abstract This is a companion paper to a previously published result [4] which treated the formulation of the exact integral equations for scalar scattering from perfectly reflecting infinite rough surfaces. Here we develop the corresponding integral equations for an infinite rough interface separating two different homogeneous media. In the upper medium we follow the development of the previous paper specifically using the incident and perfectly reflected plane waves as the Born term, and the image Green’s function. This development enabled us to evaluate the Green’s theorem integral exactly on the upper hemisphere. The remaining scattered field satisfied the standard radiation condition. Here the transmitted field also satisfies a standard radiation condition. Green’s theorem in both regions plus continuity conditions at the interface yield the exact equations for the infinite rough interface scattering problem. In the flat surface limit we solve the equations exactly and derive the standard Fresnel reflection and transmission coefficients. It is possible to do this latter derivation since the surface is infinite and we can use exact Fourier transforms.
The time-harmonic maxwell equations in a doubly periodic structure

Abstract Consider the diffraction of a beam of particles in R 3 when the dielectric coefficient is a constant e1 above a surface S and a (different) constant e2 below S, and the magnetic permeability is constant μ throughout R 3. S is assumed to be a doubly periodic surface, say z = f(x, y) with f(x + mL1, y + nL2) = f(x, y) for integers m, n. The existence and uniqueness of a solution satisfying a “radiation condition” at infinity is reduced to a system of Fredholm equations. Thus, for all but a discrete set of e's there exists a unique solution.
Direct modulation and wavelength stabilization of high power slab-coupled optical waveguide lasers

A slab-coupled optical waveguide laser is wavelength stabilized with a fiber Bragg grating and characterized under a narrow pulse high repetition rate direct modulation scheme suitable for efficient pulse position modulation format optical communication systems.
National information infrastructure policy: a theoretical and normative approach

Relies on critical theories of technology and democratic disclosure to construct normative communication principles for the development of the national information infrastructure. Suggests that efforts to privatize the information highway, which are currently underway, undermine the network′s long‐range potential to encourage citizen‐to‐citizen discussion of public issues.
Deuterium relaxation of a partially oriented methyl group. II. Density matrix calculations of multiple quantum spin-echo linewidths

Abstract Redfield relaxation matrix elements are derived for the multiple quantum coherences of even order for a partially ordered CD3 group in terms of six spectral densities of motion characterizing quadrupolar relaxation. Effects of degeneracy and cross-relaxation during evolution are discussed, and strategies are developed for optimizing 2D-FT-MQSE experiments to obtain the maximum amount of accurate relaxation information.
Hepatitis B vaccine: Low postvaccination immunity in hospital personnel given gluteal injections

Although other investigators have found excellent response rates to the hepatitis B vaccine, we report here an unusually low rate of seroconversion following hepatitis B vaccination in a group of apparently healthy medical center personnel. Only 67% of these individuals developed adequate postvaccination antibodies to HBsAg, in contrast to 85 to 96% in other studies. A significant decrease in seroconversion with increasing age was noted with a 54% seroconversion rate in vaccines over the age of 40; all of whom had received gluteal injections. Employees at another facility had been given deltoid injections from the same vaccine lot and had an overall seroconversion rate of 90%. Subsequently, nonresponders from the first group were revaccinated. Seven of the ten individuals tested developed anti-HBs. We believe the relatively low rate of seroconversion in individuals above the age of 40 may have been related to gluteal injection of the hepatitis B vaccine, and further investigation is warranted.
Well‐oiled regimes: oil & uncertain transitions in Algeria & Nigeria

Oil has had a profound impact on countries engaged in transitions to democracy, often undermining the commitment of both local and external actors to democratization. Two African countries, Algeria and Nigeria, demonstrate how oil distorts the domestic regime structure and conditions the nature of international linkages. Key actors in the international arena ‐notably, former colonial powers, international financial institutions and transnational corporations — are inclined to support undemocratic, military regimes that supply oil, while simultaneously offering only rhetorical support for ongoing transitions. Paradoxically, despite the critical role played by international actors in sustaining undemocratic regimes, and their compromising effect on domestic affairs, the international norm of sovereignty is deployed to rationalise non‐intervention in domestic political affairs of the country.
A Rare Presentation Of Surfactant Deficiency In a Term Neonate

S A T U R D A Y 1 A Rare Presentation Of Surfactant Deficiency In a Term Neonate Dr. Nisha N. Shah, MD, Dr. Heena Shah, MD, Dr. Kenneth Paris, MD, MPH; LSU Health Sciences Center New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, Louisiana State University, New Orleans, LA, LSU Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, New Orleans, LA. RATIONALE: It is important to consider non infectious, and non allergic causes of chronic pulmonary inflammation in a term neonate. We describe a rare case of surfactant deficiency in a term neonate. METHODS: Surfactant protein C gene sequencing done at JohnsHopkins DNA laboratory. RESULTS: A 5 week old full term female with a history of failure to thrive, formula intolerance, intermittent tachypnea, hypoxia, and leukocytosis presented to our hospital. The patient was born full term via Cesarean section without complication. Serial chest radiography showed persistent bilateral lung infiltrates. An extensive workup showed no underlying cardiac, gastrointestinal, or infectious pathology. After 6 weeks of hospitalization she continued to have leukocytosis, persistent hypoxia on room air, and poor weight gain on elemental formula. Allergic and immunologic workup included negative skin prick testing to cow’s milk, undetectable IgE to cow’s milk, normal immunoglobulin levels, and normal lymphocyte subpopulations. A high resolution CT revealed scattered ground glass opacities concentrated in the lower lobes. Lung biopsy revealed alveolar changes consistent with childhood interstitial lung disease. Genetic testing ultimately revealed an inherited mutation in the gene coding for surfactant C. CONCLUSIONS: A mutational surfactant deficiency can present in the term neonate and lead to the pro-inflammatory cascade causing chronic lung disease well studied in premature neonates. Childhood interstitial lung diseases can be missed in the newborn period. Its non specific presentation can mimic muchmore common causes of respiratory distress. Early interventionwith steroid therapy can delay the progression of disease and improve quality of life.
Sparse Array-Based Room Transfer Function Estimation for Echo Cancellation

A number of applications in acoustics, such as echo cancellation, require learning the acoustic impulse response from each deployed loudspeaker to each microphone- the room transfer function. This has conventionally been done separately at each microphone for each loudspeaker. However, the signals arriving at the array share a common structure, which can be exploited to improve the impulse response estimates. In this work, we propose an algorithm that takes advantage of the array structure, as well as the sparsity of the reflections arriving at the array in order to form reliable estimates of the impulse response between each loudspeaker and microphone. The algorithm is shown to improve performance over the matched filter algorithm in echo cancellation applications, using both synthetic and real data.
Cost-effectiveness as a factor in cancer risk management

The cost of regulating environmental risks in the United States has been estimated at 179-283 billion dollars a year. Prior to regulation, federal agencies often perform a cost-effectiveness analysis, to determine the economic impact of regulation, and a health risk analysis, to determine the extent of health benefits derived from the regulation. These analyses vary in level of detail and precision of information. The purpose of this study is to retrospectively review costs and risks that prompted regulatory action, and those that did not, thereby determining an implicit acceptable cost-effectiveness level in environmental carcinogen regulation.
Littoraria irrorata Growth and Survival in a Sediment-Restored Salt Marsh

The successful restoration of Littoraria irrorata productivity in rehabilitated salt marshes has received little attention, even though this consumer species has the potential to influence salt marsh production through both bottom-up and top-down pathways. We investigated the impact of a relatively new restoration technique, sediment slurry addition, on the growth and survivorship of L. irrorata to determine 1) how different levels of sediment addition and resulting changes in hydrology influenced L. irrorata productivity and 2) whether or not this technique can generate conditions that are optimal for L. irrorata productivity and functionally equivalent to natural marshes. We found that intermediate sediment additions restored L. irrorata growth responses to levels equivalent to natural marshes. Littoraria irrorata growth and survival closely mirrored trends in Spartina alterniflora cover and were greatest at moderate elevations compared to the frequently flooded degraded marshes and areas of high elevation with low soil moisture and fertility. While changes in physico-chemical properties, such as soil moisture, may have a direct influence on L. irrorata, it was the indirect effect of sediment-slurry addition on S. alterniflora that appeared to most influence L. irrorata production, emphasizing the importance of restoring both abiotic and biotic conditions to achieve functional equivalency.
A new unified, balanced, and conceptual approach to teaching linear algebra

We develop the philosophical and practical background for teaching an elementary Linear Algebra course from the requirements that are particular to the subject. It mixes the inner workings and logic of Linear Algebra and matrices with concepts, hands-on computational schemes, and applications for a satisfying comprehensive teaching and learning experience.
A bandwidth assignment algorithm on a satellite channel for VBR traffic

Variable bit rate (VBR) video is currently by far the most interesting and challenging real-time application. A VBR encoder attempts to keep the quality of video output constant and at the same time reduces bandwidth requirements, since only a minimum amount of information has to be transferred. On the other hand, as VBR video traffic is both highly variable and delay-sensitive, high-speed networks (e.g. ATM) are generally implemented by assigning peak rate bandwidths to VBR video applications. This approach may, however, be inefficient in a satellite network based on a TDMA scheme. To overcome this problem, we have designed a demand assignment satellite bandwidth allocation algorithm in TDMA, named V2L-DA (VBR 2-Level Demand Assignment), which manages the VBR video traffic according to a dynamic bandwidth allocation algorithm. In this paper we discuss how to tune the proposed algorithm in order to optimize network utilization when MPEG-1 VBR video traffic is being transmitted. Our results indicate that most of the time only 40% of the peak rate bandwidth is needed to satisfy the VBR source, so the remaining 60% of the peak rate bandwidth can be used to transmit the datagram traffic queued in the network stations. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Perineurial cell hypertrophic mononeuropathy manifesting as carpal tunnel syndrome.

A 42-year-old man showed signs and symptoms suggestive of carpal-tunnel syndrome, but EMG showed an isolated motor axon-loss lesion affecting the right median nerve distally. After the MRI revealed a mass in the median nerve, surgical exploration showed a diffusely swollen median motor branch. Biopsy showed a lesion with marked onion-bulb formation composed of perineurial cells as identified by immunohistochemical analyses and electron microscopic examination. Although we previously coined the term “perineurioma” for this condition, re-reviews of our cases do not support the idea that the onion-bulb lesion is a benign tumor; instead, it appears to be reactive hyperplasia. Although rare, electromyographers and neurologists need to be aware of this problem because it is selflimited and does not require surgical resection. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Bilingualism: An Advanced Resource Book by WIGGLESWORTH, GILLIAN, & NG BEE CHIN

The article reviews the book "Bilingualism: An Advanced Resource Book," by Gillian Wigglesworth and Ng Bee Chin.
Neuronal activity preceding directional and nondirectional cues in the premotor cortex of rhesus monkeys.

Pre-cue activity, the neuronal modulation that precedes a predictable stimulus, was studied in the premotor cortex of three rhesus monkeys. In one condition, a directional cue dictated the timing and target of a forelimb movement. In another condition, a non-directional cue provided identical timing information but did not indicate the target. Of 501 task-related neurons recorded in premotor cortex, 168 showed pre-cue activity. The onset time of pre-cue activity varied markedly from trial to trial and cell to cell, ranging from trial initiation to 4.8 sec later. No pre-cue activity reflected the direction of limb movement; thus, the data argue against the hypothesis that pre-cue activity reflects preparation for specific limb movements. A small number of cells showed greater pre-cue activity before directional than before nondirectional cues, and this difference may reflect anticipation of the cue's directional information. However, the vast majority (84%) of neurons lacked such differences. We therefore ...
How Are You Related? Predicting the Type of a Social Relationship Using Call Graph Data

Social relationships defined by phone calls made between people can be grouped into various relationship types or categories, such as family members, co-workers, etc. We propose and evaluate a method that predicts the "relationship type" between a pair of mobile phone subscribers using features that abstract their communication behavior and social network patterns. Our dataset consists of call detail records of a major wireless carrier sampled from four demographically diverse regions, from which we built a directed social graph, with over 200,000 vertices and 400,000 edges. Using account and subscription plan information, we labeled each edge in the graph as one of the following four relationships: family, co-worker, customer and service. Our analysis of the dataset shows that these four relationship types exhibit distinct communication behavior patterns and generate characteristic topological features on the social network surrounding the pairs. For instance, subscriber pairs with a family relationship generate high average number of calls, have low call duration, call more frequently and share more mutual contacts than pairs with a service or co-worker relationship. Using a set of features that abstract these characteristics and the Random Forest supervised machine learning classifier, we demonstrate that it is possible to predict the relationship type between a subscriber pair with an accuracy of 87%.
Should women with atypical squamous cells, cannot exclude high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion, receive reflex human papillomavirus-DNA testing?

BACKGROUND The 2001 American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology Consensus Guidelines recommend that women who have Papanicolaou (Pap) smears diagnosed as atypical squamous cells (ASC), cannot exclude high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) (ASC-H) should be referred for immediate colposcopic examination. The objective of this pilot study was to evaluate whether reflex human papillomavirus (HPV)-DNA testing performed on smears diagnosed as ASC-H may obviate the need for immediate colposcopic examination. METHODS All ThinPrep Pap smears that were diagnosed as ASC-H or atypical squamous metaplastic cells (ASMT) between 2001–2003 and that had HPV-DNA testing and subsequent histologic and/or cytologic follow-up were evaluated. Those smears that were diagnosed as ASMT were reviewed and reclassified under the 2001 Bethesda System as either ASC of undetermined significance (ASCUS) or ASC-H. Smears that were diagnosed as ASCUS were excluded from the study. RESULTS The study included of 48 smears that were diagnosed as ASC-H. All patients with biopsy-proven HSIL had positive high-risk (HR)-HPV results (100% negative predictive value). Approximately 80% of patients with ASC-H who had biopsy-proven, low-grade intraepithelial lesion on follow-up had positive HR-HPV results. Among the patients who had ASC-H with negative follow-up, 50% had positive HR-HPV results, and 50% had negative HR-HPV results. CONCLUSIONS Among patients with ASC-H, a negative HR-HPV result was found to be an excellent predictor of the absence of HSIL. The results of this pilot study suggested that HPV-DNA testing may serve as a means to better select which patients with ASC-H on Pap smear should undergo colposcopic examination. This approach potentially may reduce medical costs and eliminate the need for routine colposcopic examination among patients with ASC-H Pap smears. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Screening Perennial Warm-Season Bioenergy Crops as an Alternative for Phytoremediation of Excess Soil P

A recent alternative strategy to reduce environmental problems associated with P transport from agricultural soils is the use of bioenergy crops to remediate excess soil P. In addition to the positive impacts associated with P mitigation, harvested biomass used as a renewable energy source can also offset the cost associated with plant-based P remediation strategies. The objective of this study was to identify potential crop species that can be used for remediation of soil P and as a cellulosic feedstock for production of renewable energy in South Florida. Fifteen crop entries were investigated for their potential to remove P from a P-enriched soil. Dry matter (DM) yield varied among crop species with greatest yield observed for elephantgrass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.) and sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) (43 and 39 Mg ha−1 year−1, respectively). Similarly, greater P removal rates were observed for elephantgrass (up to 126 kg P ha−1 year−1 in 2008) followed by sugarcane (62 kg P ha−1 year−1 in 2008). Although there was no effect (P = 0.45) of crop species on P reduction in the soil, soil P concentrations decreased linearly during the 3-year study. Because of its relatively greater DM yield and P removal rates, elephantgrass was shown to be a good candidate for remediation of excess soil P in South Florida Spodosols.
The Epigenetics of Fragile X Syndrome

In this issue of Cell Stem Cell , Eiges et al. (2007) generate a human ES cell line from an embryo identified by preimplantation genetic diagnosis, and shed light on the molecular pathology of fragile X syndrome. The discovery that, upon differentiation, epigenetic modifications likely trigger silencing of the FMR1 gene sets the stage for further studies.
Diffusion in ion exchange resins: sodium ion-strontium ion system

Abstract Internal diffusion controlled ion exchange rate data for both forward and reverse exchanges of the Sr2+−Na+−DOWEX 50W-X8 system are reported. Observations on the self exchange rates for Sr2+ and Na+ ions are also presented. Interpretation of the rate data with both a Fick's law model and a Nernst—Planck model was accomplished. A modification to the more theoretically correct Nernst—Planck model has been proposed.
Experimental stress and fat mobilization in lean and obese subjects

Abstract Analysis of free fatty acid values derived from 2 experimental stress situations involving volunteer young adult men reveals lower initial levels and diminished variability in obese subjects. In an exercise situation variability is significantly positively correlated with the initial level of FFA. These findings are discussed in relation to the possibility that insulin activity or adrenergic nervous system activity may be altered in obesity.
Infrared spectra of carbonyl complexes of Fe(II) phthalocyanine and Fe(II) salen in low temperature matrices

Abstract The IR spectra of iron(II) phthalocyanine [FePc] and iron(II) N,N ′-ethylene-bis(Salicylideneimine) [Fe(salen)] cocondensed with CO/Ar, CO/O 2 /Ar and CO/H 2 O/Ar at 15 K are reported. The v (CO) bands characteristic of CO-H 2 O and monomeric CO species are observed at 2148 and 2135 cm −1 , respectively. Additional bands which appear in the 1900–2200 cm −1 region under various matrix conditions are assigned to the v (CO) of FePc(CO) 2 (2064 cm −1 ), FePc(CO)(O 2 ) (2028 cm −1 ), FePc(CO)(H 2 O) (2008 cm −1 ) and FePc(CO) (2000 cm −1 ). Their Fe(salen) analogues exhibit the v (CO) bands at 2037, 2003, 1986, and 1973 cm −1 , respectively, in the same order of complexes. These assignments have been confirmed by observing isotope shifts due to 12 CO/ 13 CO substitution, temperature dependence and the effect of varying the matrix gas composition on spectra. The v (CO) of bound CO are correlated with the size of the in-plane ligand and the σ-donor and π-acceptor properties of the ligand trans to CO. Also, the bands due to δ(Fe-CO) of FePc(CO) 2 , Fe(salen) (CO) 2 and Fe(salen) (CO)O 2 are located at 580, 582 and 550 cm −1 , respectively. Although the v (CO) are markedly different between FePc(CO) 2 and Fe(salen)(CO) 2 , their δ(Fe-CO) ae surprisingly similar and not sensitive to the nature of the in-plane ligand
Oxygen requirement for near-UV mediated cytotoxicity of phenylheptatriyne to Escherichia coli.

— Phenylheptatriyne (PHT) is a good singlet oxygen sensitizer in vitro. In vivo, its phototoxicity toward E. coli B has been proved unequivocally to depend on the presence of oxygen. The literature reports indicating that phenylheptatriyne was representative of a new class of sensitizers were probably based on experiments conducted under conditions which were not strictly anaerobic.
Macromechanical/Micromechanical Characterization of Welds in Aluminum by Combined Experimental/Numerical Approach

In this paper, elastic moduli of both the base metal and weld zone are estimated for aluminum welds by combined experimental/numerical approaches based on vibration testing, static testing and Finite Element (FE) methods. The general approach used is to indirectly determine the elastic properties by combining either experimental modal vibration analysis data or static 3-point bend test data with the corresponding finite element analytical model. Two types of welded joints, A1 6061 arc welded and A1 6111 spot friction welded (SFW) lap joints were considered. Modal vibration characteristics obtained from the experiments were compared with the corresponding FE model results at the macromechanical level, and the weld zone modulus was indirectly determined so as to give the best agreement between predicted and measured modal frequencies. The results indicate a modulus reduction of 15 % to 45 % for the weld zone depending on whether it is two sided or one side arc welded sample, and whether only the first mode or several modes are used, but results are inconclusive for the SFW samples due to uncertainty about modeling of weld zone material and/or geometric properties.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Half-life of 101Ag and formation cross section from Ag and In☆

Abstract The half-life of 101Ag has been determined to be 11·2 ± 0·1 min and its formation cross section from naturally occurring Ag with 200 and 400 MeV protons to be 12·4 ± 0·7 and 7·14 ± 0·01 mbarns, respectively, and from In to be 2·24 ± 0·10 and 5·15 ± 0·18 mbarns, respectively, also with 200 and 400 MeV protons.
Optimization of discrete broadcast under uncertainty using conditional value-at-risk

The paper considers the problem of scheduling packets in wireless broadcast systems under uncertainty with the conditional value-at-risk (CVaR) constraints. In such systems, a server periodically transmits a stream of packets over a broadcast channel. The client that needs to access the data, tunes in to the channel and waits for the next packet. This allows one to serve a large number of clients in an efficient way and also keep clients’ location secret. We formulate and solve two alternative stochastic optimization problems that minimize the transmission time subject to CVaR constraints. Our results indicate that it is possible to derive an analytical solution to the problems in certain cases of practical interest. We also propose a methodology to obtain numerical solutions for the general case.
Strong, size-selective, and electronically tunable C-H...halide binding with steric control over aggregation from synthetically modular, shape-persistent [34]triazolophanes.

A series of shape-persistent [34]triazolophanes bearing t-butyl or triethylene glycol (OTg) substituents on the phenylene linkers have been prepared in a modular manner from simple building blocks. Triazolophane−halide binding affinities were determined using UV titrations in order to help in understanding the driving forces behind the large receptor−anion binding strengths supported solely by CH hydrogen-bond donors. The fixed size of the central cavity provides a means for selective recognition of Cl− and Br− anions with large binding strengths (Ka > 1 000 000 M−1; ΔG > −8.5 kcal mol−1). The smaller F− and larger I− anions are bound less tightly by ∼1 and ∼3 orders of magnitude, respectively. The four triazole-based H-bond donors are believed to be of primary importance, while the four phenylene CH H-bond donors take on a secondary role. Consistent with this idea, the binding affinity can be tuned by as much as 1 kcal mol−1 by changing the character of the four phenylene-based substituents from more (OT...
Assessment of the Al-Sb system

Abstract An assessment of the thermochemistry and phase diagram data for the Al-Sb system using the Lukas optimization program is presented. A comparison between the Redlich-Kister and associate models is made.
Antiangiogenic therapy in colorectal cancer: where are we 5 years later?

The past 5 years mark a watershed period in the treatment of patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). During this time, results from several clinical trials proved that targeting tumor-mediated angiogenesis improves overall survival for patients with metastatic CRC (mCRC) when used in combination with first-line and second-line chemotherapy regimens, data that do not simply serve as “proof of principle” for antiangiogenic therapy but that will drive much of the research agenda in CRC for the coming years. Despite the demonstrated gains in survival when antiangiogenic therapy is used for patients with metastatic disease, however, results from the first trial to test the addition of bevacizumab to adjuvant chemotherapy have been disappointing. The expense of agents in the targeted therapy category has been the cause of much discussion on their appropriate use and puts particular emphasis on the need for suitable markers that will allow for the appropriate selection of patients. Although antiangiogenic therapy has demonstrated clear benefit in the treatment of patients with mCRC, limitations in efficacy, duration of therapy, role of maintenance therapy, potential toxicities, and predictive markers for optimal patient selection are subjects of ongoing research. Herein, we present a review of the recent advances in antiangiogenic therapy in CRC and provide insights into several promising upcoming studies.
Survival of sucrose-loaded erythrocytes in the circulation

IN an attempt to clarify the mechanism of cell lysis under intense electric fields1–5, we have found that aqueous pores are introduced into human erthrocyte membranes when an isotonic suspension of red cells is exposed to an electric field of a few kV cm−1 for a duration in μS range. These pores are formed when the transmembrane potential induced by the externally applied field exceeds a critical value of 1 V. The effective radius of the pores is several A, and can be varied by the adjustment of field intensity, field duration, and the ionic strength of the medium. The pores remain open at low temperatures but close completely on incubation at 37 °C. In a proper medium, the resealing of perforated cells takes place without haemolysis, allowing us to prepare erythrocytes (not ghosts) of altered intracellular composition. In particular, foreign molecules such as sucrose have successfully been incorporated into resealed erythrocytes, which were apparently intact at least in terms of cell volume, cell shape, glucose transport, and Na–K pump activity4. Thus we have suggested that erythrocytes loaded with a drug by this technique might serve as intravenous drug reservoirs which slowly release the drug molecules into the circulation. Here we demonstrate that erythrocytes loaded with sucrose survive in the circulation with a lifetime almost indistinguishable from that of normal cells, and that the sucrose remains entrapped within the cells. For drugs that slowly permeate the erythrocyte membranes, therefore, our technique offers a means of sustaining a low plasma level for a long period of time, and this could be advantageous in clinical and other situations.
Generational reference counting: a reduced-communication distributed storage reclamation scheme

This paper describes generational reference counting, a new distributed storage reclamation scheme for loosely-coupled multiprocessors. It has a significantly lower communication overhead than distributed versions of conventional reference counting. Although generational reference counting has greater computational and space requirements than ordinary reference counting, it may provide a significant saving in overall execution time on machines in which message passing is expensive.The communication overhead for generational reference counting is one message for each copy of an interprocessor reference (pointer). Unlike conventional reference counting, when a reference to an object is copied no message is sent to the processor on which the object lies. A message is sent only when a reference is discarded. Unfortunately, generational reference counting shares conventional reference counting's inability to reclaim cyclical structures.In this paper, we present the generational reference counting algorithm, prove it correct, and discuss some refinements that make it more efficient. We also compare it with weighted reference counting, another distributed reference counting scheme described in the literature.
Population structure of Alaskan shortraker rockfish, Sebastes borealis, inferred from microsatellite variation

Alaskan shortraker rockfish population structure was analyzed by examining allelic variation at eight microsatellite loci. Samples were collected along the continental shelf and upper slope from the south end of Baranof Island to the western Aleutian Islands, and collections were pooled into eight geographically distinct groups. An exact test of homogeneity indicated population structure (p < 0.0006) among groups. The proportion of the total variation that was attributable to divergence among populations (θ = 0.0014) was not statistically significant, and no evidence of a geographic cline of structure was detected. Finer scale analyses that compared adjacent collections indicated that the collection from the southern end of the range differed from all remaining collections at three loci. Structure related to geographic location was detectedbypartitioning the variation among populations. The size distributionsofshortraker rockfish varied among collections from east to west. The size differences may reflect divergent oceanographic and biological factors acting on populations that have restricted migration and movement. Alternatively, if there is substantial movement accompanied by lengthy reverse migration to natal grounds, the size differences may be related to ages of cohorts that are differentially distributed along the Pacific Rim. Further biological information including size, age composition, and age of maturity data, as well as information on other life history characteristics will be required to explain shortraker rockfish population structure.
Dodging alligators, rattlesnakes, and backyard docks: a political ecology of sweetgrass basket-making and conservation in the South Carolina Lowcountry, USA

There is growing recognition among political ecologists of the need to examine shifting natural resource regimes and their effects on livelihoods in “First World” places. This emerging literature has variously examined the “Third World within,” the persistence of “subsistence activities” in the “First World,” and the “reterritorialization” of land tenure and access. However, much of this work has tended to focus on traditional extractive industries in the American West, indigenous claims to lands and resources in the U.S. and Canada, and non-timber resources on public lands. In contrast, we use a case study of African-American sweetgrass basket-makers, associated with the Gullah culture, in South Carolina’s lowcountry to examine the ways in which ongoing amenity-driven residential development is fundamentally reshaping resource access on private lands. Historically, basket-makers harvested the materials (primarily sweetgrass or Mulenbergia filipes) needed for their culturally important art form from accessible, rural, and privately held tracts of land in close proximity to their communities, but development pressures and changes in resident interpretation of property rights has decreased access to basket-making resources. The case is particularly illuminating, as it examines the emergence of ‘conservation subdivisions’ in the region and raises important questions about what “rural uses” and users are being conserved through responses to exurban, suburban, and urban development in formerly rural areas.
Vortex pinning in MgB2 polycrystals

Abstract Rotational magnetic measurements were performed on two MgB 2 polycrystalline samples prepared differently, only one of which, according to a recent study, shows hysteretically at 4.2 K a large abrupt decrease in magnetization ( M ) at constant field ( H ). The rotational results for this sample, at fields before the abrupt drop of M would occur, display at 4.2 K a rapid decrease of M at a value of the rotational angle which varies with the magnitude of H . Besides this evidence for vortices with two very different sizes of pinning forces, the sample also displays gradual rotational changes that testify to the existence of vortices with a continuous spread in the size of pinning force. The other sample, which does not show an abrupt drop of M hysteretically at 4.2 K, displays prominently only the gradual rotational changes at 4.2 K that again indicate a continuum in size of the vortex pinning forces. The primary difference between the two samples, in the abrupt drop (or no drop) of M , presumably originates from the results of the very diverse modes of their preparation.
Comparison of transmission and 90-degree holographic recording geometries

Keywords: Lithium-Niobate ; Storage Reference EPFL-CONF-158399View record in Web of Science Record created on 2010-11-25, modified on 2017-05-10
Index Cards: Computer‐Assisted Instruction for Financially Deprived Schools

Index cards provide an inexpensive and readily available alternative to computer-assisted instruction. This article describes a method of using index cards to teach both vocabulary and grammar. The cards have a question on one side and an answer on the other, so that the student receives immediate reinforcement. Various types of exercises that can be utilized are described, and suggestions for use of index cards are given. Some sample index cards are included.
Invited commentary: Hemorrhage and surgery cause a contraction of the extra cellular space needing replacement--evidence and implications.

98. Patel RL, Townsend ER, Fountain SW. Elective pneumonectomy: factors associated with morbidity and operative mortality. Ann Thorac Surg 1992;54:88. 99. Moller AM, Pedersen T, Svendsen P-E, Engquist A. Perioperative risk factors in elective pneumonectomy: the impact of excess fluid balance. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2002;19:57-62. 100. Lowell JA, Schifferdecker C, Driscoll DF, Benotti PN, Bistrian BR. Postoperative fluid overload: not a benign problem. Crit Care Med 1990;18:728-33. 101. Calligaro KD, Azurin DJ, Dougherty MJ, Dandora R, Bajgier SM, Simper S, et al. Pulmonary risk factors of elective abdominal aortic surgery. J Vasc Surg 1993;18:914-20. 102. Bennett-Guerrero E, Feierman DE, Barclay GR, Parides MK, Sheiner PA, Mythen MG, et al. Preoperative and intraoperative predictors of postoperative morbidity, poor graft function, and early rejection in 190 patients under103. Brandstrup B, Tonnesen H, Beier-Holgersen R, Hjortso E, Ording H, Lindorff-Larsen K, et al and The Danish Study Group on Perioperative Fluid Therapy. Effects of intravenous fluid restriction on postoperative complications: comparison of two perioperative fluid regimens. A randomized assessor blinded multi centre trial. Ann Surg 2003;238:641-8. 104. Nisanevich V, Felsenstein I, Almogy G, Weissman C, Einav S, Matot I. Effect of intraoperative fluid management on outcome after intra-abdominal surgery. Anesthesiology 2005;103:25-32. 105. Ewaldsson CA, Hahn RG. Kinetics and extravascular retention of acetated Ringer’s solution during isoflurane and propofol anesthesia for thyroid surgery. Anesthesiology 2005;103:460-9. 106. Shires GT. Fluids electrolytes and acid bases. Clinics in critical care medicine. New York: Churchill Livingstone; going liver transplantation. Arch Surg 2001;136:1177-83. 1988.
Beyond 1 ppb Precision in spl alpha/ from Electron g - 2

This paper reports the current status of theoretical work on the electron anomalous magnetic moment alphae and its impact on the determination of the fine structure constant alpha. Our aim is to obtain a value of alpha with a precision exceeding 1 part in 109 when new measurement of alphae becomes available
Glucoreceptors controlling feeding and blood glucose: location in the hindbrain

Microinfusion of 5-thioglucose into either the lateral or fourth cerebral ventricle caused increased feeding and hyperglycemia in rats when the cerebral aqueduct was unobstructed. If the aqueduct was obstructed and 5-thioglucose was infused into the fourth ventricle, increased feeding and hyperglycemia persisted, whereas feeding and hyperglycemia in response to lateral ventricle infusion were abolished. Drinking in response to infusion of angiotensin II into the lateral ventricle was not diminished by aqueduct obstruction. These results indicate that glucoreceptors that mediate feeding and hyperglycemia in response to cerebral glucoprivation are located in the caudal hindbrain and not in the hypothalamus where they have previously been sought.
New developments in topical estrogen therapy.

Objective To review new developments in transdermal E 2 therapy in postmenopausal women. Design A bibliographic search (Medline) of the medical literature from 1966 through 1995 was used to identify new studies evaluating transdermal E 2 . Patient(s) Menopausal and postmenopausal women. Result(s) Like oral estrogen, transdermal E 2 relieves menopausal symptoms, reverses urogenital atrophy, and conserves bone economy. Initial studies have demonstrated beneficial effects of transdermal E 2 on cardiovascular function. Quality of life, patient satisfaction, and compliance also improve with transdermal E 2 . Advances in transdermal delivery continue to emerge, including low-dose systems and patches that maintain serum E 2 levels for a full 7-day period. Conclusion(s) New developments in transdermal administration have the potential to increase the number of postmenopausal women who accept and are compliant with long-term estrogen replacement therapy.
Experiences with integrated concepts for the control of Haemonchus contortus in sheep and goats in the United States.

Abstract The generally warm, moist environmental conditions in the southern United States (U.S.) are ideal for survival and growth of the egg and larval stages of Haemonchus contortus and other gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) of sheep and goats. Consequently, infection with GIN is the greatest threat to economic small ruminant production in this region. With anthelmintic resistance now reaching epidemic proportions in small ruminants in the U.S., non-chemical control alternatives are critically needed. The Southern Consortium for Small Ruminant Parasite Control (SCSRPC) was formed in response to this crisis and over the last decade has successfully validated the use of several novel control technologies, including FAMACHA© for the implementation of targeted selective treatments (TST), copper oxide wire particles (COWP), nematode-trapping fungi, and grazing or feeding hay of the high-tannin perennial legume sericea lespedeza [Lespedeza cuneata (Dum.-Cours. G. Don)]. Producer attitudes toward GIN control in the U.S. have been shifting away from exclusive dependence upon anthelmintics toward more sustainable, integrated systems of parasite control. Some novel control technologies have been readily adopted by producers in combination with appropriate diagnostic tools, such as FAMACHA©. Others techniques are still being developed, and will be available for producer use as they are validated. Although new drugs will likely be available to U.S. goat and sheep producers in the future, these will also be subject to development of anthelmintic resistance. Therefore, the adoption and implementation of sustainable GIN control principles will remain important. With emerging markets for grass-fed or organic livestock, there will continue to be a critical need for research and outreach on development and on-farm application of integrated GIN control systems for small ruminants in the U.S. for the foreseeable future.
Parameter estimation in linear dynamic systems

We give some fairly general circumstances under which the experimental design problem for linear dynamic systems with correlated noise can be put in the exact form of the Kiefer-Wolfowitz experimental design problem. Optimal inputs are characterized in terms of their spectral measures with respect to a resolution of the identity in a certain reproducing kernel Hilbert space. Numerical methods established for the Kiefer-Wolfowitz design problem then apply to the numerical determination of an optimal spectral measure.