cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Methods for Improving the Design of Experiments Outcome in an ME Curriculum

To do a design of experiments project with a sufficient degree of realism can require a large block of class time. It would be valuable for the students to practice uncertainty analysis, selection of instruments, experiment planning, and application of engineering analysis. It would also be useful for them to learn about test codes and standards, to examine descriptions of similar test rigs found in the technical literature, and to operate within constraints on time, materials and fabrication costs. Time and student skill levels limit the number of these "ideals" that can be achieved, and compromises have to be made. The hope is that these limitations will not cause the project to degenerate to the "design without much analysis the night before the project is due" mentality that many students equate with "design" This paper describes methods for improving the "design of experiments" outcome in the ME curriculum. The design of a rig for testing electronics cooling heat sinks is the project. Activities in several prerequisite courses are coordinated to provide supporting background knowledge. A heat sink thermal design project in the co-requisite heat transfer course is linked to the design of experiments project. These efforts allow more time for the actual design activity. Several techniques for bringing realistic constraints into the project and for improving the efficiency of some traditionally time consuming activities are presented. Instead of simplifying the objective, students are given more assistance in overcoming the problems that they are least able to solve due to their inexperience. In this way, the project maintains a higher level of realism.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
The Heart and Hyperthyroidism: Use of Beta-Adrenergic Blocking Drugs

Many of the manifestations of hyperthyroidism are secondary to increased adrenergic activity. In recent years the beta adrenergic blocking drugs, as represented by d,1-propranolol, have become the agents of choice for ameliorating the adrenergic signs and symptoms of hyperthyroidism. Propranolol improves the tachycardia, tremor, restlessness, anxiety, and myopathy.
Analysis on factors affecting the behavior of reducing dietary salt and oil intake of residents in Guangzhou

Objective To explore the factors affecting the behavior of reducing dietary salt and oil intake among residents in Guangzhou.Methods Subjects were divided into two groups based on the fact of using or not using salt control spoon or oil control pot.They were asked to complete a questionnaire and data were analyzed and compared based on the information they provided.Results A total of 8 887 individuals were enrolled into the survey.Data analysis showed that compared to those who did not use salt control spoon,residents who did use salt control spoon were much more aware of recommended dose of daily salt intake(41.52% vs 34.91,χ2=18.88,P0.01),the correlation between excessive intake of salt and hypertension(59.97% vs 55.52%,χ2=8.52,P0.01)as well as stroke(17.77% vs 15.14%,χ2=5.18,P=0.02),more of them supported the restriction of dietary salt intake(91.61% vs 81.57%,χ2=98.38,P0.01).but less had heavy taste of salt(7.5% vs 10.22%,χ2=9.93,P0.01).Meanwhile,compared to residents who did not use oil control pot,individuals who did use oil control pot were more knowledgeable about recommended amount of daily oil intake(39.44% vs 30.95%,χ2=33.19,P0.01),the relationship between excessive oil intake and hypertension(55.52% vs 50.87%,χ2=9.90,P0.01)as well as tumor(11.83% vs 9.38%,χ2=6.97,P0.01),more of them supported the restriction of oil intake(91.43% vs 84.21%,χ2=54.65,P0.01).Conclusions The awareness of salt and fat related knowledge and personal dietary habit are fators that affect the behavior of salt and oil control.
A Low-Disturbance Capture Technique for Ground-Nesting Double-Crested Cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus)

Abstract. Capturing breeding adults of colonially nesting species can entail risks of nest failure and even colony abandonment, especially in species that react strongly to human disturbance. A low-disturbance technique for capturing specific adult Double-crested Cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus) at a ground-nesting colony was developed to reduce these risks and is described here. Nesting habitat enhancement was used to attract Doublecrested Cormorants to nest adjacent to above-ground tunnels constructed so that researchers could capture birds by hand. Using this technique, Double-crested Cormorants (n = 87) were captured during the incubation and chick-rearing stages of the nesting cycle. Unlike alternative capture techniques, this approach allowed targeting of specific individuals for capture and recapture, minimized local disturbance, and eliminated colony-wide disturbances. The tunnel-based system presented here could be adapted to capture adults or to access the nest contents of other ground-nesting...
High-sensitivity DNA analysis with laser- excited confocal fluorescence scanning

Capillary array electrophoresis, using a laser- excited, confocal-fluorescence scanning system for detection, provides a massively parallel high-speed DNA sequencing and fragment sizing method that can meet the needs of the Human Genome Project.
Proximal signals and the control of S-phase entry in interleukin-2-stimulated T lymphocytes.

Stimulation of resting, G0-phase T lymphocytes with antigenic peptides presented in the context of self-MHC triggers a pleiotropic activation program that culminates in cell-cycle entry and the expression of high-affinity receptors for T-cell-derived growth factors. The principal growth and differentiation factor for antigen-activated T lymphocytes is the T-cell-derived cytokine, interleukin-2 (IL-2). Binding of IL-2 to the high-affinity IL-2 receptor (IL-2R) drives the progression of activated, G1-phase T cells into S-phase and, ultimately, mitosis. The intracellular pathways through which IL-2R occupancy provokes this cell-cycle progression response remains an area of intense interest in the field of T-cell biology.
The Marine Biological Laboratory at Terminal Island, Los Angeles Harbor

Abstract In 1891, Professor William E. Ritter of the biology department at the University of California began searching for a location along the California coast for a biological field station. After operating summer field stations from tents in Pacific Grove on Monterey Bay, Avalon on Catalina Island and San Pedro, California, Ritter selected Terminal Island in Los Angeles Harbor as the home for what he originally hoped would be a permanent station. The station opened in June 1901. Ritter’s goal was to catalog the rich fauna of San Pedro Bay, Santa Catalina Island and San Diego Bay. The laboratory also provided an educational opportunity for secondary school teachers in the field of marine zoology. Ritter sought help from prominent Los Angeles citizens and the Southern California Academy of Sciences to financially support the laboratory and the laboratory remained in operation for the summers of 1901 and 1902. The Marine Biological Laboratory of Terminal Island represented the first outpost of the Univer...
Leader Risk across Geography and Time

How important are leader attributes, compared with the predictions of system-level theories, when it comes to the outbreak of international conflict? The previous chapter began the process of systematically examining the importance of leaders by describing the creation of an index of leader risk that measures, based on the background experiences of leaders, their propensity to start international conflicts. This chapter compares the Leader Risk Index to more traditional explanations for warfare. It maps conflict across the world, as well as across specific regions, from 1875 to 2001, to highlight the importance of understanding leader risk. Using advanced statistical models, the results in this chapter show that while the effects of leaders are almost certainly influenced by the relative power of their countries and the domestic political contexts in which they operate, leaders still exercise independent influence over international politics. Mapping Leader Risk The empirical literature on war outbreak and escalation provides strong evidence for the importance of analysis at the regional level. International relations theory acknowledges the fundamental importance of geography as a risk factor either mitigating or exacerbating the risks of interstate war. John Mearsheimer notes the “stopping power of water,” for example, that makes it difficult to project power across oceans even for the most powerful countries in the world. Mountains, rivers, and swamps make for relatively stable national borders because they greatly increase the difficulty of projecting military power. States such as Poland, with borders lacking natural defenses, have been among the most frequently conquered. One of the strongest findings from empirical research on international conflict, not surprisingly, is that contiguous neighbors are more likely to fight, whether the disputes are related to territory, revenge for past grievances, or ethnic conflict. In attempting to understand the role of leaders in shaping the distribution of international conflict more generally, one approach is to look at particular regions and the distribution, or lack thereof, of conflict-prone leaders. Figure 3.1 shows a global risk map for leaders in office in 1989, at the end of the Cold War. In this map and the ones that follow, the color corresponds to the risk level associated with each country's leader. Compare the leader-risk data in Figure 3.1 with the same map based solely on the same “system” level models of international conflict used in Chapter 2, in Figure 3.2.
A Tale of Two Topologies: Exploring Convertible Data Center Network Architectures with Flat-tree

This paper promotes convertible data center network architectures, which can dynamically change the network topology to combine the benefits of multiple architectures. We propose the flat-tree prototype architecture as the first step to realize this concept. Flat-tree can be implemented as a Clos network and later be converted to approximate random graphs of different sizes, thus achieving both Clos-like implementation simplicity and random-graph-like transmission performance. We present the detailed design for the network architecture and the control system. Simulations using real data center traffic traces show that flat-tree is able to optimize various workloads with different topology options. We implement an example flat-tree network on a 20-switch 24-server testbed. The traffic reaches the maximal throughput in 2.5s after a topology change, proving the feasibility of converting topology at run time. The network core bandwidth is increased by 27.6% just by converting the topology from Clos to approximate random graph. This improvement can be translated into acceleration of applications as we observe reduced communication time in Spark and Hadoop jobs.
Penalty function maximization for large margin HMM training.

We perform large margin training of HMM acoustic parameters by maximizing a penalty function which combines two terms. The first term is a scale which gets multiplied with the Hamming distance between HMM state sequences to form a multi-label (or sequence) margin. The second term arises from constraints on the training data that the joint log-likelihoods of acoustic and correct word sequences exceed the joint log-likelihoods of acoustic and incorrect word sequences by at least the multi-label margin between the corresponding Viterbi state sequences. Using the softmax trick, we collapse these constraints into a boosted MMI-like term. The resulting objective function can be efficiently maximized using extended Baum-Welch updates. Experimental results on multiple LVCSR tasks show a good correlation between the objective function and the word error rate.
Leveraging Accuracy-Uncertainty Tradeoff in SVM to Achieve Highly Accurate Outage Predictions

This letter proposes a three-dimensional Support Vector Machine (SVM) for power grid component outage prediction, and furthermore leverages its accuracy–uncertainty tradeoff to achieve highly accurate results. The model is developed based on three distinct features of component deterioration, distance from the extreme event, and the intensity of the extreme event, and is analytically investigated to exhibit its acceptable performance.
Role of Hydrogen in High-Yield Growth of Boron Nitride Nanotubes at Atmospheric Pressure by Induction Thermal Plasma

We recently demonstrated scalable manufacturing of boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs) directly from hexagonal BN (hBN) powder by using induction thermal plasma, with a high-yield rate approaching 20 g/h. The main finding was that the presence of hydrogen is crucial for the high-yield growth of BNNTs. Here we investigate the detailed role of hydrogen by numerical modeling and in situ optical emission spectroscopy (OES) and reveal that both the thermofluidic fields and chemical pathways are significantly altered by hydrogen in favor of rapid growth of BNNTs. The numerical simulation indicated improved particle heating and quenching rates (∼105 K/s) due to the high thermal conductivity of hydrogen over the temperature range of 3500–4000 K. These are crucial for the complete vaporization of the hBN feedstock and rapid formation of nanosized B droplets for the subsequent BNNT growth. Hydrogen is also found to extend the active BNNT growth zone toward the reactor downstream, maintaining the gas temperature above t...
Cyber Risk Analysis for a Smart Grid: How Smart is Smart Enough? A Multiarmed Bandit Approach to Cyber Security Investment

As electric sector stakeholders make the decision to upgrade traditional power grid architectures by incorporating smart grid technologies, the benefits of added connectivity must be weighed against the risk of increased exposure to cyber-attacks. Therefore, decision makers must ask: How smart is smart enough? This paper presents a probabilistic risk analysis framework to address this problem. The goal is to quantify the overall benefit and risk of adding connections to a network and hiring a number of cyber defense teams, with the objective to help decision makers formally assess tradeoffs and set priorities given limited resources. Central to this approach is a new Bayes-adaptive network security model based on a reformulation of the “multiarmed bandits” (MAB) problem. Here, instead of projects with uncertain probabilities of success as in the classic MAB problem, a network defender faces the possibility of attacks against network nodes at uncertain Poisson-distributed rates. This new technique, which by similarity we call “multinode bandits,” takes a dynamic view of cyber security investment, exploring how network defenders can optimally allocate cyber defense teams among nodes. In effect, this approach entails employing proactively for defensive and information gathering purposes teams that traditionally respond to cyber breaches after they occur. We apply this model to the case study of an electric utility considering the degree to which they should integrate demand response into their smart grid network, jointly identifying both the optimal level of connectivity and the optimal strategy for the sequential allocation of cyber security resources.
Perturbation Method: Multiple Scales

This chapter describes the yield and application of multiple scales. It is applicable to nonlinear differential equations that have a small parameter present. It yields an approximation to the solution. This is a singular perturbation technique, applicable to problems for which regular perturbation techniques fail. The assumption in this technique is that the solution depends on more than one length scale. It is presumed that the solution depends on two different length scales. It is observed that by trying different possibilities, one determine what these length scales are. The different length scales are treated as dependent variables when transforming the given ordinary differential equation into a partial differential equation, but then the length scales are treated as independent variables when solving the equations. The dependent variable is then expanded in a regular perturbation series, where each functions in the series depends on all of the different length scales.
Granular refractory superconductors

This paper suggests that superconductors with very high critical fields and critical currents may be constructed from refractory superconductors by preparing them in granular form.
Introduction to Differential Equations

The purpose of Differential Equations with Mathematica , Fourth Edition, is twofold. First, we introduce and discuss the topics covered in typical undergraduate and beginning graduate courses in ordinary and partial differential equations including topics such as Laplace transforms, Fourier series, eigenvalue problems, and boundary-value problems. Second, we illustrate how Mathematica is used to enhance the study of differential equations not only by eliminating the computational difficulties, but also by overcoming the visual limitations associated with the explicit solutions to differential equations. In each chapter, we first present the material in a manner similar to most differential equations texts and then illustrate how Mathematica can be used to solve some typical problems. For example, in Chapter 2, we introduce the topic of first-order equations. First, we show how to solve certain types of problems by hand and then show how Mathematica can be used to assist in the same solution procedures. Finally, we illustrate how Mathematica commands like DSolve and NDSolve can be used to solve some frequently encountered equations exactly and/or numerically. In Chapter 3 we discuss some applications of first-order equations. Since we are experienced and understand the methods of solution covered in Chapter 2, we make use of DSolve and similar commands to obtain solutions. In doing so, we are able to emphasize the applications themselves as opposed to becoming bogged down in calculations.
3He Effective Mass in Helium Mixtures in Aerogel

The most direct method to determine the superfluid fraction of liquid helium is to measure the decoupling of the superfluid from an oscillating substrate. The classic example of this method is the torsional oscillator, but quartz microbalance and ultrasonic velocity measurements are also sensitive to mass decoupling. Measurements of helium mixtures in aerogel have seen a decoupling effect when dilute mixtures (low 3 He concentration, X) phase separate at low temperatures. The decoupling can be understood in terms of a hydrodynamic description of the 3 He effective mass and we can determine the effective mass from our experimental data. A similar effect should be seen in phase separation of 2-D helium film mixtures.
Utilization of hypofractionated radiation therapy in older glioblastoma patients.

Abstract Background Though the optimal treatment regimen in older patients with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) remains to be established, multiple randomized studies have supported the use of hypofractionated (1–3 weeks) versus traditional regimens (6 weeks). Here we examine hypofractionated regimen practice patterns among older patients with GBM. Methods We used the National Cancer Database and included individuals aged ≥65 years with GBM diagnosed from 2005 to 2014 undergoing biopsy/resection followed by chemotherapy and radiation initiated ≤8-weeks of diagnosis. We defined traditional fractionation as ≤200 cGy and hypofractionation as >200 cGy. We compared patient characteristics using a chi-squared test and multivariable logistic regression. We compared 90-day mortality rates following initiation of radiation using the Wald statistic in propensity score matched cohorts. Results The final cohort included 14,931 individuals with 1524 undergoing hypofractionated treatment. From 2005 to 2014 hypofractionated utilization rates were 7%, 9%, 13%, and 18% among those 65–69, 70–74, 75–79, and ≥80 years of age, respectively. Patients treated at an academic/research center had a >60% increased odds (OR, 1.61; 95% CI, 1.43–1.81) of undergoing hypofractionated regimens versus a community center. Ninety-day mortality rates were high in both groups (hypofractionated: 32%; traditional: 24%; p Conclusions The majority of older GBM patients do not undergo hypofractionated radiation. High 90-day mortality in both groups suggests that hypofractionation may improve the survival-to-treatment time ratio and positively impact patient quality of life. Hypofractionated radiation regimens for GBM should be discussed with older patients and considered for inclusion in efforts to improve the quality and value of cancer care.
The symbolic value of time.

Research on symbolic consumption and status signaling has primarily examined how consumers spend money on possessions that display their identity and status. We review research suggesting that the way in which consumers spend their time can also serve as a form of conspicuous consumption. In particular, we examine status inferences based on how consumers allocate time between work and leisure, and how consumers choose to spend their discretionary leisure time. In the past, high-status individuals displayed wealth by wasting time on unproductive leisure activities; today, long hours of work and lack of leisure time have become a status symbol. Productivity orientation and the obsession with busyness also impacts consumers’ choice of leisure activities and motivates consumers to seek collectible experiences in an attempt to build their experiential CV.
Abstract TP254: Effects of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase on Behavior and Functional Outcomes in a Novel “Humanized” Transgenic Mouse Model of Ischemic Stroke

Introduction: Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) is a critical regulator of brain and systemic inflammatory responses in many neurological disorders. Intriguingly, iNOS null mice have produced ...
The Benefit of Moderate Alcohol Use on Mood and Functional Ability in Later Life: Due to Beers or Frequent Cheers?

Background and objectives Evidence relates moderate alcohol consumption in later life to fewer depressive symptoms and greater functional ability. This study evaluated social interaction as a mediator of these outcomes. Research design and methods Data included older adults in the Health and Retirement Study. In Study 1, cross-sectional mediation analyses evaluated social interaction as a mechanism through which moderate alcohol use was related to decreased depressive symptomatology (Model 1; N = 2,294) and less functional limitation (Model 2; N = 2,357). In Study 2, longitudinal cross-lagged path analyses further evaluated the impact of moderate alcohol use and social interaction on future depressive symptoms and functional limitation. Results In Study 1, results from Model 1 indicated that moderate alcohol use was associated with decreased depressive symptomatology indirectly via greater social interaction. In Model 2, moderate alcohol use was associated with less functional limitation indirectly via greater social interaction. In Study 2, significant indirect effects corroborated findings from Study 1. In Model 3, moderate alcohol use in 2012 inversely predicted depressive symptomatology in 2014 via greater levels of social interaction in 2012. In Model 4, moderate alcohol use in 2012 predicted less functional limitation in 2014 via greater social interaction in 2012. Discussion and implications Social interaction is essential to the seemingly beneficial effect of moderate alcohol use on depressive symptomatology and functional ability. Clinically, this suggests caution in attributing health benefits to consumption of alcohol itself and identifies social interaction as a treatment target for improved health outcomes in later life.
Defining and Achieving Health Equity in Genomic Medicine

The potential of genomics to improve health comes with the peril that the benefits will not be equitably available to all populations. Existing health disparities can be exacer­bated if the implementation of genomic medicine does not intentionally focus on health equity. Defining what health equity means in the context of genomics and outlining how it can be achieved is impor­tant for the future of the field. Strategies to improve health equity include addressing underrepresentation of diverse popula­tions in genomic research, investigating how genomic services can be deployed in diverse health care settings and underserved communities, increasing workforce diversity, supporting infrastructure development out­side traditional research centers, and engag­ing communities and health care providers. By employing these strategies, the genomic research community can advance health equity in genomic medicine. Ethn Dis. 2019;29(Suppl 1):173-178; doi:10.18865/ed.29.S1.173.
Dynamic sensor-balanced knee arthroplasty: can the sensor "train" the surgeon?

Abstract Background Dynamic tibial tray sensors are playing an increasing role in total knee arthroplasty (TKA) coronal balancing. Sensor balance is proposed to lead to improved patient outcomes compared with sensor-unbalanced TKA, and traditional manual-balanced TKA. However, the “learning curve” of this technology is not known, and also whether sensor use can improve manual TKA balance skills once the sensor is taken away, effectively “training” the surgeon. Methods We conducted a single-surgeon prospective study on 104 consecutive TKAs. In Nonblinded Phase I (n = 49), sensor-directed releases were performed during trialing and final intercompartmental load was recorded. In Blinded Phase II (n = 55), manual-balanced TKA was performed and final sensor readings were recorded by a blinded observer after cementation. We used cumulative summation analysis and sequential probability ratio testing to analyze the surgeon learning curve in both phases. Results In Nonblinded Phase I, sensor balance proficiency was attained most easily at 10°, followed by 90°, and most difficult to attain at 45° of flexion. In Blinded Phase II, manual balance was lost most quickly at 45°, followed by 90°, and preserved for longest at 10° of flexion. The number of cases in the steady state periods (early phase periods where there is a mix of sensor balance and sensor imbalance) for both phases is similar. Conclusions A surgeon who consistently uses the dynamic sensor demonstrates a learning curve with its use, and an “attrition” curve once it is removed. Consistent sensor balance is more predictable with constant sensor use.
Impact of perioperative pain management protocol on opioid prescribing patterns.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS The objective of this study was to demonstrate the impact of preoperative education, patient risk stratification, and a postoperative pain management protocol for common head and neck procedures on opioid prescribing patterns and postoperative pain reporting. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. METHODS A postoperative pain management protocol was developed and implemented for patients undergoing head and neck surgical procedures. Medical charts were queried and postoperative patient satisfaction surveys were administered. Opioid prescribing patterns were evaluated in cohorts of patients undergoing procedures with anticipated mild pain (e.g., thyroidectomy, parotidectomy, lymph node biopsy) before and after the implementation of the protocol. Postoperative patient surveys were analyzed in the postimplementation group. RESULTS A total of 302 patients were included for analysis. One hundred fifty-four patients and 148 patients underwent surgery before and after the implementation of the protocol, respectively. There was a decreased incidence of oxycodone-containing prescriptions (83% to 26%), and tramadol became the most common discharge medication (70%). There was a significant decrease in the total number of pills prescribed after the implementation of the protocol (34.71 to 25.36, P < .001). Ninety percent of patients reported high satisfaction (≥8) with pain management. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that a comprehensive pain management protocol can significantly reduce the amount and potency of opioid pain medication prescribed after head and neck procedures while maintaining high patient satisfaction. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 4 Laryngoscope, 130:1180-1185, 2020.
In-Droplet Cell Separation Based on Different Dielectrophoretic Response

Droplet microfluidic systems have been extensively utilized in various high-throughput cell assays. Although almost all conventional cell handling techniques have been achieved in droplet format, separating cells within a droplet remains a less explored droplet function. This paper presents a label-free in-droplet cell separation technology by utilizing dielectrophoresis (DEP), specifically DEP polarity. A prototype microfluidics platform is fabricated with PDMS on top of two electrode pairs and droplets encapsulating mixture of cells (macrophages and Salmonella cells) were generated and tested using this in-droplet cell separation platform. Specific frequencies were applied so that only one cell population receive generated DEP force at any electrode pair. Results showed that the two cell populations could be successfully manipulated towards opposite side of the droplet, and each cell type could be collected into two separate daughter droplets, by splitting the parent droplet into two. This technology can be readily integrated with other droplet microfluidic functions to enable complex in-droplet assays that are currently not possible, expanding the application areas of droplet microfluidics.
Administration sequence for multi-agent oncolytic regimens.

PurposeThe existence of a multitude of oncolytics regimens containing two or more agents (combination) outlines the need to define their most adequate sequence of administration. However, limited r...
Conclusions and Extensions

The findings of the book are summarized given the so-called “only-implicature generalization”. It is shown that, though at first glance the central data appear to falsify the generalization, the account proposed in the book brings them in line with it. The points are extended partially to positive and negative comparatives, and to the modified-numeral constructions at least and at most.
Comprehensive structural glycomic characterization of the glycocalyxes of cells and tissues.

The glycocalyx comprises glycosylated proteins and lipids and fcorms the outermost layer of cells. It is involved in fundamental inter- and intracellular processes, including non-self-cell and self-cell recognition, cell signaling, cellular structure maintenance, and immune protection. Characterization of the glycocalyx is thus essential to understanding cell physiology and elucidating its role in promoting health and disease. This protocol describes how to comprehensively characterize the glycocalyx N-glycans and O-glycans of glycoproteins, as well as intact glycolipids in parallel, using the same enriched membrane fraction. Profiling of the glycans and the glycolipids is performed using nanoflow liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (nanoLC-MS). Sample preparation, quantitative LC–tandem MS (LC-MS/MS) analysis, and data processing methods are provided. In addition, we discuss glycoproteomic analysis that yields the site-specific glycosylation of membrane proteins. To reduce the amount of sample needed, N-glycan, O-glycan, and glycolipid analyses are performed on the same enriched fraction, whereas glycoproteomic analysis is performed on a separate enriched fraction. The sample preparation process takes 2–3 d, whereas the time spent on instrumental and data analyses could vary from 1 to 5 d for different sample sizes. This workflow is applicable to both cell and tissue samples. Systematic changes in the glycocalyx associated with specific glycoforms and glycoconjugates can be monitored with quantitation using this protocol. The ability to quantitate individual glycoforms and glycoconjugates will find utility in a broad range of fundamental and applied clinical studies, including glycan-based biomarker discovery and therapeutics. This protocol describes nanoflow liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (nanoLC-MS) analysis of the N-glycans and O-glycans of glycoproteins and glycolipids, as well as site-specific glycosylation of membrane proteins.
Expression of a Shiga-Like Toxin during Plastic Colonization by Two Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria, Aeromonas hydrophila RIT668 and Citrobacter freundii RIT669, Isolated from Endangered Turtles (Clemmys guttata)

Aeromonas hydrophila RIT668 and Citrobacter freundii RIT669 were isolated from endangered spotted turtles (Clemmys guttata). Whole-genome sequencing, annotation and phylogenetic analyses of the genomes revealed that the closest relative of RIT668 is A. hydrophila ATCC 7966 and Citrobacter portucalensis A60 for RIT669. Resistome analysis showed that A. hydrophila and C. freundii harbor six and 19 different antibiotic resistance genes, respectively. Both bacteria colonize polyethylene and polypropylene, which are common plastics, found in the environment and are used to fabricate medical devices. The expression of six biofilm-related genes-biofilm peroxide resistance protein (bsmA), biofilm formation regulatory protein subunit R (bssR), biofilm formation regulatory protein subunit S (bssS), biofilm formation regulator (hmsP), toxin-antitoxin biofilm protein (tabA) and transcriptional activator of curli operon (csgD)-and two virulence factors-Vi antigen-related gene (viaB) and Shiga-like toxin (slt-II)-was investigated by RT-PCR. A. hydrophila displayed a >2-fold increase in slt-II expression in cells adhering to both polymers, C. freundii adhering on polyethylene displayed a >2-fold, and on polypropylene a >6-fold upregulation of slt-II. Thus, the two new isolates are potential pathogens owing to their drug resistance, surface colonization and upregulation of a slt-II-type diarrheal toxin on polymer surfaces.
Are all non-GAAP disclosures created equal?

Abstract Publicly traded companies in the U.S. must prepare financial statements in accordance with the requirements of U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (U.S. GAAP). However, many companies also report non-GAAP measures—those calculated outside the requirements of U.S. GAAP—in their earnings announcements, annual reports, and SEC filings. The SEC began regulating the release of non-GAAP measures in 2003 and has expressed ongoing concern regarding firms’ disclosure of the same, but the use of non-GAAP measures continued to increase nonetheless. A 2018 Audit Analytics report found that in 2006, 76% of SEC filers included non-GAAP measures, but in 2017 that percentage rose to 96%. This installment of Accounting Matters provides an overview of the SEC regulations regarding non-GAAP measures, examines how investors react to non-GAAP disclosures, and provides guidance regarding how companies can avoid receiving a non-GAAP disclosure comment letter from the SEC.
A decision algorithm to promote outpatient antimicrobial stewardship for uncomplicated urinary tract infection

Antibiotic resistance is a major cause of treatment failure and leads to increased use of broad-spectrum agents, which begets further resistance. This vicious cycle is epitomized by uncomplicated urinary tract infection (UTI), which affects one in two women during their life and is associated with increasing antibiotic resistance and high rates of prescription for broad-spectrum second-line agents. To address this, we developed machine learning models to predict antibiotic susceptibility using electronic health record data and built a decision algorithm for recommending the narrowest possible antibiotic to which a specimen is susceptible. When applied to a test cohort of 3629 patients presenting between 2014 and 2016, the algorithm achieved a 67% reduction in the use of second-line antibiotics relative to clinicians. At the same time, it reduced inappropriate antibiotic therapy, defined as the choice of a treatment to which a specimen is resistant, by 18% relative to clinicians. For specimens where clinicians chose a second-line drug but the algorithm chose a first-line drug, 92% (1066 of 1157) of decisions ended up being susceptible to the first-line drug. When clinicians chose an inappropriate first-line drug, the algorithm chose an appropriate first-line drug 47% (183 of 392) of the time. Our machine learning decision algorithm provides antibiotic stewardship for a common infectious syndrome by maximizing reductions in broad-spectrum antibiotic use while maintaining optimal treatment outcomes. Further work is necessary to improve generalizability by training models in more diverse populations.
Glass surface micromachining with simultaneous nanomaterial deposition by picosecond laser for wettability control

Abstract Glass surface micromachining with simultaneous redeposition of nanomaterials in the vicinity of machined microscale trenches is achieved using a picosecond laser of visible wavelength in ambient air. After investigating the spatial distribution of redeposited nanomaterials by a unit discrete laser micromachining line, multi-line patterns machined with variable interline separations are characterized using optical and scanning electron microscopes. For large interline separations, laser machined debris was redeposited in the form of web-like nanofibrous aggregates with significant spatial variation in density. Reduced separations improved spatial uniformity but the increased material density induced noticeable conversion from web-like nanofibrous to fractal-like nano-cauliflower structures. In this way, picosecond laser machining processes enabled a single-step fabrication of multi-hierarchical micro/nanostructures on arbitrary glass surface areas with tunable nanomaterial structures. Based on the wetting behavior on patterned surfaces in ambient air by using the patterned surfaces as Wilhelmy plates in force-displacement measurements and in-situ optical microscope inspection, we find that contact angle hysteresis is suppressed for surfaces patterned with sufficiently small line separations due to the water infusion in the deposited nanomaterials. The studied laser processing method can be potentially employed for fast and effective fabrication of liquid infused surfaces with complex microscale patterns combined with controllable nanofeatures.
Neutralization of European, South African, and United States SARS-CoV-2 mutants by a human antibody and antibody domains

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) transmission with several emerging variants remain uncontrolled in many countries, indicating the pandemic remains severe. Recent studies showed reduction of neutralization against these emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants by vaccine-elicited antibodies. Among those emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants, a panel of amino acid mutations was characterized including those in the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) glycoprotein. In the present study, we evaluated our previously identified antibody and antibody domains for binding to these RBD variants with the emerging mutations, and neutralization of pseudo typed viruses carrying spike proteins with such mutations. Our results showed that one previously identified antibody domain, ab6, can bind 32 out of 35 RBD mutants tested in an ELISA assay. All three antibodies and antibody domains can neutralize pseudo typed B.1.1.7 (UK variant), but only the antibody domain ab6 can neutralize the pseudo typed virus with the triple mutation (K417N, E484K, N501Y). This domain and its improvements have potential for therapy of infections caused by SARS-CoV-2 mutants.
Gender at the Margins of Constitutional Citizenship

By examining four of the most widely discussed recent Supreme Court decisions involving gender discrimination, this essay argues that contemporary jurisprudence tends to marginalize the relationship of gender to equal constitutional citizenship. That relationship is either considered in circumstances that do not directly affect most women, such as U.S. v. Virginia (1996) and Nguyen v. INS (2001), or it is ignored when major economic and social structures fostering gender inequality are considered, as in U.S. v. Morrison (2000) and Nevada Department of Human Resources v. Hibbs (2003). The essay argues that this marginalization is due to a jurisprudence that wrongly focuses on facially differential treatment rather than substantively different impacts. Acknowledging that courts have only limited powers to address such impacts, the essay argues that judges should nonetheless highlight these deficiencies in American institutions to a greater degree than they are doing now.
Diverse landscape of dermatologic toxicities from small-molecule inhibitor cancer therapy.

Background Advances in molecular biology and genetics have contributed to breakthrough treatments directed at specific pathways associated with the development of cancer. Small-molecule inhibitors (Nibs) aimed at a variety of cellular pathways have been efficacious; however, they are associated with significant dermatologic toxicities. Methods We conducted a comprehensive review of dermatologic toxicities associated with Nibs categorized into the following five groups: (a) MAP kinase; (b) growth factor/multi-tyrosine kinase; (c) cell division/DNA repair; (d) signaling associated with myeloproliferative neoplasms; and (e) other signaling pathways. Prospective phase I, II, or III clinical trials, retrospective literature reviews, systematic reviews/meta-analyses, and case reviews/reports were included for analysis. Results Dermatologic toxicities reviewed were associated with every class of Nibs and ranged from mild to severe or life-threatening adverse skin reactions. Inflammatory reactions manifesting as maculopapular, papulopustular/acneiform, and eczematous lesions were frequent types of dermatologic toxicities seen with Nibs. Squamous cell carcinoma with keratoacanthoma-like features were associated with a subset of Nibs. Substantial overlap in dermatologic toxicities was found between Nibs. Conclusions Dermatologic toxicities from Nibs are diverse and may overlap between classes of Nibs. Recognition of the various types of toxicities from Nibs is critical for patient care in the era of "oncodermatology/dermatopathology". This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Benefit Corporations: Novelty, Niche, or Revolution

In recent years, social entrepreneurs have begun to do something remarkable. Rather than pursue purely profit — like a traditional corporation — or pursue purely the public good — like a tradition nonprofit, social entrepreneurs have begun to do both. In response to increased market demand, several states have created new hybrid corporate forms to streamline these social enterprises. The rhetoric surrounding the emergence of social enterprise tends to be hyperbolic. Some see social enterprise as a potential panacea to the ills and excesses of corporations. Others view it as a potentially dangerous fad. This Note explores social enterprise and benefit corporations, currently the most popular form of social enterprise. Part I focuses on the social enterprise movement more generally. After exploring the role of social enterprise in the market, Part I turns to the shortcoming of traditional forms. There, it is shown that the traditional nonprofit-for-profit paradigm is ill suited for the needs of social entrepreneurs. Market participants — consumers, investors, entrepreneurs, and employers — all increasingly demand entities that pursue both profit and the social good. Although companies often purport to be concerned with the social and environmental issues, it is difficult for these groups to tell a good company from good marketing. Finally, Part I concludes by hypothesizing about the ideal social enterprise. Part II focuses on the benefit corporation, evaluating whether benefit corporations represent a niche, novelty, or revolution. It assesses benefit corporations against three criteria, how they compare to existing law, low-profit limited liability corporations (an alternative hybrid legal form), and the ideal social enterprise. In doing so, Part II considers the two main criticism of benefit corporations — that they are neither necessary nor sufficient to establishing a sustainable social enterprise. Ultimately, this Note concludes that benefit corporations are neither a revolution nor a novelty. Instead, they currently represent a growing niche in the market — one that deserves cautious optimism.
The Peasant Cotton Revolution In West Africa: Cote d'lvoire, 1880-1995

1. Introduction 2. The collision of empires, 1880-1911 3. The uncaptured corvee, 1912-46 4. Repackaging cotton, 1947-63 5. Making cotton work, 1964-84 6. 'To sow or not to sow': the extensification of cotton, gender politics, and rural mobilization, 1985-95 7. Conclusion Appendix Notes Bibliography.
A "Sending Down" Sabbatical: The Benefits of Lawyering in the Legal Services Trenches

Introduction Legal writing classes and clinics differ from traditional law school doctrinal courses. This difference is necessary and intentional. The small class size and practical curricula in these non-traditional settings foster both active and cooperative learning. Using hands-on, realistic assignments, these writing and clinical classes prepare students for the challenges and realities of practicing law. Creative, intelligent, and with a focus on professionalism and service, these experiences teach the nuts and bolts—and soul—of lawyering.1 In the
Lamina-Specific Synaptic Activation Causes Domain-Specific Alterations in Dendritic Immunostaining for MAP2 and CAM Kinase II

Polyribosomal complexes are selectively localized beneath postsynaptic sites on neuronal dendrites; this localization suggests that the translation of the mRNAs that are present in dendrites may be regulated by synaptic activity. The present study tests this hypothesis by evaluating whether synaptic activation alters the immunostaining pattern for two proteins whose mRNAs are present in dendrites: the dendrite-specific cytoskeletal protein MAP2 and the alpha-subunit of CAMKII. High-frequency stimulation of the perforant path projections to the dentate gyrus, which terminate in a discrete band on the dendrites of dentate granule cells, produced a two-stage alteration in immunostaining for MAP2 in the dendritic laminae. Five minutes of stimulation (30 trains) caused a decrease in MAP2 immunostaining in the lamina in which the activated synapses terminate. After more prolonged periods of stimulation (1-2 hr), there was an increase in immunostaining in the sideband laminae just proximal and distal to the activated band of synapses. The same stimulation paradigm produced a modest increase in immunostaining for alpha-CAMKII in the activated laminae, with no detectable changes in the sideband laminae. The alterations in immunostaining for MAP2 were diminished, but not eliminated, by inhibiting protein synthesis; the increases in CAMKII were not. These findings reveal that patterned synaptic activity can produce domain-specific alterations in the molecular composition of dendrites; these alterations may be caused in part by local protein synthesis and in part by other mechanisms.
The Effect of Zonally Asymmetric Ozone Heating on the Northern Hemisphere Winter Polar Stratosphere

[1] Previous modeling studies have found significant differences in winter extratropical stratospheric temperatures depending on the presence or absence of zonally asymmetric ozone heating (ZAOH), yet the physical mechanism causing these differences has not been fully explained. The present study describes the effect of ZAOH on the dynamics of the Northern Hemisphere extratropical stratosphere using an ensemble of free-running atmospheric general circulation model simulations over the 1 December - 31 March period. We find that the simulations including ZAOH produce a significantly warmer and weaker stratospheric polar vortex in mid-February due to more frequent major stratospheric sudden warmings compared to the simulations using only zonal mean ozone heating. This is due to regions of enhanced Eliassen-Palm flux convergence found in the region between 40°N–70°N latitude and 10–0.05 hPa. These results are consistent with changes in the propagation of planetary waves in the presence of ZAOH predicted by an ozone-modified refractive index.