cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Global Metabolomics of the Placenta Reveals Distinct Metabolic Profiles between Maternal and Fetal Placental Tissues Following Delivery in Non-Labored Women.

We evaluated the metabolic alterations in maternal and fetal placental tissues from non-labored women undergoing cesarean section using samples collected from 5 min to 24 h following delivery. Using 1H-NMR, we identified 14 metabolites that significantly differed between maternal and fetal placental tissues (FDR-corrected p-value < 0.05), with 12 metabolites elevated in the maternal tissue, reflecting the flux of these metabolites from mother to fetus. In the maternal tissue, 4 metabolites were significantly altered at 15 min, 10 metabolites at 30 min, and 16 metabolites at 1 h postdelivery, while 11 metabolites remained stable over 24 h. In contrast, in the fetal placenta tissue, 1 metabolite was significantly altered at 15 min, 2 metabolites at 30 min, and 4 metabolites at 1 h postdelivery, while 22 metabolites remained stable over 24 h. Our study provides information on the metabolic profiles of maternal and fetal placental tissues delivered by cesarean section and reveals that there are different metabolic alterations in the maternal and fetal tissues of the placenta following delivery.
Effect of Curing Temperatures on Zero-Cement Alkali-Activated Mortars

Three alkali-activated mortars (AAM), or what is called geopolymer, mix with different fly ashes sources were tested during the study. X-ray fluorescence was carried out on AAM samples to determine their chemical composition. Flowability and setting times of the AAMs were tested. Compressive strength was analyzed for five different temperatures of 30, 40, 55, 70, and 85 °C under five different time intervals of 4, 8, 16, 24, and 48 h. The compressive strength results indicate that the calcium content and ratio of silica to alumina played a pivotal role in the optimum curing conditions for each of AAMs.
On the Deflection of a Free Jet by a Solid Surface

The deflection of a liquid jet in gas surroundings by the insertion of a solid surface through the liquid-gas interface is examined. Efforts are concentrated on analysing the deflection mechanism w...
Polarization retention in ultra-thin barium titanate films on Ge(001)

We investigate polarization retention in 10 to 19 nm thick ferroelectric BaTiO3 (BTO) grown on Ge(001) by molecular beam epitaxy. The out-of-plane direction and reversibility of electric polarization were confirmed using piezoresponse force microscopy. After reverse-poling selected regions of the BTO films to a value P with a biased atomic-force microscope tip, we monitored relaxation of their net polarization for as long as several weeks using optical second-harmonic generation microscopy. All films retained reversed polarization throughout the observation period. 10 nm-thick BTO films relaxed monotonically to a saturation value of 0.9 P after 27 days and 19 nm films to 0.75 P after 24 h. Polarization dynamics are discussed in the context of a 1D polarization relaxation/kinetics model.
Will EMTALA changes leave emergency patients dying on the hospital doorstep

Despite charges that it is at times ambiguous and overly burdensome, the Emergency Medical Treatment and Labor Act (EMTALA) remains an important protection for patients, and a valuable instrument for enforcing public policy goals in the area of emergency healthcare services. The 250 Yard Rule is a small but crucial part of EMTALA, extending the statute's protections to emergency patients who have narrowly failed to reach the hospital's entrance. Following recent revisions to EMTALA's implementing regulations, some health-care law practitioners and senior federal regulators have opined that enforcement of the 250 Yard Rule will be dramatically curtailed. This Article explores the legal and public policy origins of the 250 Yard Rule and their continuing applicability in the current regulatory environment. The Article concludes that the regulatory basis for the 250 Yard Rule remains intact and that the legislative intent behind EMTALA, as well as ongoing public policy goals, dictate that the 250 Yard Rule be preserved.
Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Burden Moderates the Relationship Between Cognitive Functioning and Suicidality in Iraq/Afghanistan-Era Veterans.

Objectives: Suicidal ideation (SI) is highly prevalent in Iraq/Afghanistan-era veterans with a history of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), and multiple mTBIs impart even greater risk for poorer neuropsychological functioning and suicidality. However, little is known about the cognitive mechanisms that may confer increased risk of suicidality in this population. Thus, we examined relationships between neuropsychological functioning and suicidality and specifically whether lifetime mTBI burden would moderate relationships between cognitive functioning and suicidal ideation. Methods: Iraq/Afghanistan-era Veterans with a history of mTBI seeking outpatient services (N = 282) completed a clinical neuropsychological assessment and psychiatric and postconcussive symptom questionnaires. Results: Individuals who endorsed SI reported more severe post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and postconcussive symptoms and exhibited significantly worse memory performance compared to those who denied SI. Furthermore, mTBI burden interacted with both attention/processing speed and memory, such that poorer performance in these domains was associated with greater likelihood of SI in individuals with a history of three or more mTBIs. The pattern of results remained consistent when controlling for PTSD, depression, and postconcussive symptoms. Conclusions: Slowed processing speed and/or memory difficulties may make it challenging to access and use past experiences to solve current problems and imagine future outcomes, leading to increases in hopelessness and SI in veterans with three or more mTBIs. Results have the potential to better inform treatment decisions for veterans with history of multiple mTBIs. (JINS, 2019, 25, 79–89)
Standing Out: Online content marketing for online programs

As digital education becomes more accepted by learners and more institutions offer programs online, getting the word out about programs has become increasingly challenging. This paper offers a case study and recommendations for online content marketing of online programs.
Milton (and Rose) Friedman: Education Vouchers and State Financing of Private Education

Milton Friedman (1912–2006) was an economist in the “Chicago School” tradition who had primarily utilitarian reasons for his libertarian views. As such, he was not as doctrinaire as some about opposing government presence in education. He and his wife Rose argued that there were reasons why the state funded education, they argued that private organizations, not governments, should provide education services. The Friedmans preferred a voucher system where the state provides educational funding to families but largely refrained from maintaining their own schools.
The Mitral/Aortic Flow Velocity Integral Ratio in Mitral Regurgitation

The development of echocardiography was driven, in part, by a need to diagnose mitral regurgitation in patients undergoing finger fracture commissurotomy in the 1950s. Decades later, color Doppler became the cornerstone for noninvasive evaluation of mitral regurgitation. The authors present 2 cases of calcific mitral stenosis in which reliance on color Doppler in transthoracic echocardiography resulted in erroneous conclusions as to the severity of coexisting mitral regurgitation. The possible application of the Mitral to Aortic Flow Velocity Integral Ratio in such cases as a possible adjunct to grading mitral regurgitation is also discussed.
INVOLVING FAMILY TO IMPROVE COMMUNICATION IN PRIMARY CARE FOR PRIMARY CARE PATIENTS WITH DEMENTIA

Family caregivers are at the forefront of managing dementia but are not routinely included in discussions about prognosis and are often poorly prepared to engage in surrogate decision-making. Few interventions target advance care planning in primary care, which is where most persons with dementia are initially diagnosed and medically managed. SHARING CHOICES proactively engages family and support advance care planning in primary care by normalizing advance care planning discussions, clarifying the role of the family during interactions with primary care clinicians, providing ongoing access to a non-clinician trained to lead advance care planning conversations, facilitating registration for the patient portal enable and extending electronic interactions and information access to family caregivers, and providing education and resources about dementia for clinic staff. This presentation will discuss refinement of the SHARING CHOICES protocol and facilitators and challenges of executing a pragmatic trial of this type across two large primary care systems.
Intelligence and the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act.

One of the stated purposes of this Special Issue is to “discuss when and why intelligence has disappeared” in education. In this paper, I argue that intelligence is still heavily involved in public education in the United States due to the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act. Moreover, due to several factors, including high-profile court cases, intelligence tests are legally used in an inconsistent manner in special education decision-making throughout the U.S. These cases illustrate the complex issues surrounding the psychometric properties of intelligence tests, historical conflicts surrounding racial equity, differences in federal versus state policies, and methodological concerns surrounding special education policies are discussed.
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for Clostridioides difficile in High-Risk Older Adults Is Associated with Early Recurrence.

Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is highly effective for treating recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI). CDI disproportionately affects the elderly; however, there is a paucity of data on FMT effectiveness in older adults, especially subpopulations at highest risk for CDI-related morbidity and mortality. To assess the efficacy and safety of FMT for CDI in older adults. A retrospective, long-term follow-up study was performed. The high-risk subpopulation included patients who were immunocompromised, patients with inflammatory bowel disease, and patients presenting with severe or fulminant colitis. Outcome measures included primary cure rates, early ( 12 weeks) recurrence rates, adverse events, and subgroup analysis of higher-risk populations. Our cohort included 75 patients (72% female) with a mean age of 76.4 and Charlson comorbidity index score of 5.4. There were 34 patients in our higher-risk subpopulation as defined above with an adjusted recurrence rate of 32.1%. FMT was performed for severe or fulminant disease in 30.6% of patients with a 3-month survival rate of 73.9%. Overall, the adjusted primary cure rate was 67.2% and the adjusted CDI recurrence was 29.9% in our cohort (90% of recurrences occurred early). Most adverse events in our study were rehospitalizations for recurrent CDI. Compared with previous studies of FMT efficacy, our cohort had a lower primary cure rate and higher CDI recurrence rate than previously reported, likely driven by our higher-risk subpopulations. Nevertheless, FMT should be considered early to prevent progression of CDI severity and recurrence, especially in patients who present with severe and fulminant disease.
AUTOLOGOUS STEM CELL THERAPY FOR SINGLE RIGHT VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION AFTER FONTAN OPERATION: PHASE I SAFETY AND FEASIBILITY STUDY OF INTRACORONARY INFUSION OF BONE MARROW-DERIVED MONONUCLEAR CELLS

The increased workload on single right ventricle (sRV) leads to increased risk of Fontan failure due to ventricular dysfunction. Conventional heart failure therapy has mixed results. This has led to increased interest in seeking alternative therapeutic strategies to improve ventricular function
Wood-based cellulose nanocrystals as adsorbent of cationic toxic dye, Auramine O, for water treatment

Abstract Removal of toxic organic cationic dye, Auramine O (AO), is critical prior to its discharge to the environment. In this work, wood-based colloidal cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) in their anionic forms (sulfated and carboxylated) were examined as nanoadsorbents for the effective removal of cationic toxic AO. Both sulfated and carboxylated CNCs were characterized by FTIR, DLS, zeta potential, AFM and XRD techniques. The impact of both surface functionalities (half-ester sulfate and carboxylate) of CNCs were studied in relation to the adsorption of AO. The batch adsorption experiments were performed at 0 and 25 °C at different contact time and the highest removal percentage (82 %) and adsorption capacity (20 mg g−1) were obtained for the sulfated CNCs for an equilibrium contact time of 30 min. The kinetic data was fitted to the pseudo-second-order adsorption model, with the highest rate constant (0.55 g mg-1. min−1) related to the sulfated CNCs for the adsorption at 0 °C. The calculated thermodynamics parameters indicated that AO adsorption on both CNC samples was a spontaneous exothermic process with a decrease in the entropy of the system for the sulfated CNCs and an increase in entropy for the carboxylated CNCs. Fitting equilibrium data to four different types of isotherms (Henry, Freundlich, Langmuir and Temkin) showed that Freundlich isotherm was the most suitable to describe the adsorption behavior of AO at either 0 or 25 °C. Overall, this study demonstrated the potential application of sustainable and biodegradable wood-based CNCs as green bioadsorbents for the adsorption of toxic cationic AO dye.
Surface Temperature Measurements of Burning Solid Propellants Using Phosphor Thermography

In recent years, phosphor thermography has received increased attention as an alternative to other common temperature measurement techniques (e.g., thermocouples, pyrometry). This technique has bee...
10-Year Survival after Breast-Conserving Surgery Compared with Mastectomy in Louisiana Women with Early-Stage Breast Cancer: A Population-Based Study.

Background Louisiana has the third highest breast cancer mortality in the US, despite ranking 30th in incidence. Whether surgical approach contributes to such a poor outcome is unknown. We compared outcomes of breast-conserving surgery plus radiation (BCT) vs mastectomy (MST) for Louisiana women with early-stage breast cancer. Study design Data on women diagnosed with Stage I–II breast cancer from 2004 to 2016 were analyzed from the Louisiana Tumor Registry. Overall survival (OS) and breast cancer-specific survival (CSS) were compared between BCT and MST. Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test were used to compare survival curves, and logistic regression was used to examine the association of sociodemographic and clinical factors with the type of breast cancer surgery. Values of p Results Of the 18,260 patients, 9,968 patients (54.6%) had BCT and 8,292 patients (45.4%) had MST. Compared with BCT, the MST group tended to be underinsured/Medicare/Medicaid, more impoverished, had higher stage 2 disease, were more likely to reside in rural regions, travel ≥25 miles to radiation treatment facility, be treated at low volume centers, and have T3, node positive, and poorly differentiated tumors. Ten-year OS and CSS were significantly better among those who had BCT (OS: 80.0%; 95% CI: 79.0%–81.1%; CSS: 92.7%; 95% CI: 92.1%–93.4%) than those having MST (OS: 69.3%; 95% CI: 68.0%–70.5%; CSS: 88.8%:95% CI: 87.9%–89.7%) (p Conclusions Surgical approach, a factor that is within the control of the surgeon, has an impact on mortality for Louisiana women with early-stage breast cancer.
Multi-functional glass/carbon fibers hybrid inter/intra laminated composites

Abstract A detailed experimental study was performed on the piezo-resistive damage sensing of novel electrically conductive inter/intra glass/carbon fiber hybrid epoxy laminated composites reinforced with micro carbon fibers along the thickness direction between the laminates using electro-flocking technique. The electrical resistance is determined by four-circumferential probe measurements under tensile and flexure loads. Intralaminar hybrid composites’ mechanical and electrical properties showed a dependency on layup angle, with glass fibers along the loading direction showed the highest initial resistance value (1180 Ω) and ultimate tensile strength (400 MPa). Intra-ply composites with [±45/∓45] layup orientation demonstrated the lowest ultimate tensile strength (57 MPa) and the highest elongation at break (9.7%). Mechanical and electrical properties of interlaminar hybrid composites showed a dependency on the number of carbon fiber laminates. More carbon fiber laminates within the composite layup produces a lower initial resistance value (0.37 Ω) and higher ultimate tensile strength (247 MPa). In both intra and inter composites cases, with the addition of short carbon fibers, the initial resistance decreased. In some cases, with the addition of short carbon fibers the failure mechanisms changed. Composites of all types experienced much higher percentage change in resistance under flexural loading due to severe interlaminar failure compared to corresponding cases under tensile loading conditions. These results are useful for designing composite structures with emphasis on structural health monitoring.
Genre Bending and Spiritual Resistance: Mina Pachter’s Concentration Camp “Cookbook”

This piece examines In Memory’s Kitchen, a collection of recipes, poems, and letters compiled by Mina Pachter in the Terezin Concentration Camp. The author argues that a proper reading of the text ...
Upsetting the (Schooling) set up: autoethnography as critical race methodology

This manuscript utilizes autoethnography as a critical race methodology. Specifically, the authors use generative autoethnography – a collective spin-story – to illustrate how their past personal e...
Likelihood of infecting or getting infected with COVID-19 as a function of vaccination status, as investigated with a stochastic model for New Zealand (Aotearoa)

Aim: The New Zealand government is transitioning from the Alert Level framework, which relies on government action and population level controls, to the COVID-19 Protection Framework, which relies on vaccination rates and allows for greater freedoms (for the vaccinated). As restrictions are eased, there is significant interest in understanding the relative risk of spreading COVID-19 posed by unvaccinated and vaccinated individuals. Methods: A stochastic branching process model is used to simulate the spread of COVID-19 for outbreaks seeded by unvaccinated or vaccinated individuals. The likelihood of infecting or getting infected with COVID-19 is calculated based on vaccination status. Results: A vaccinated traveler infected with COVID-19 is 9x less likely to seed an outbreak than an unvaccinated traveler infected with COVID-19. For a vaccination rate of 50%, unvaccinated individuals are responsible for 87% of all infections whereas 3% of infections are from vaccinated to vaccinated. When normalized by population, a vaccinated individual is 6.8x more likely to be infected by an unvaccinated individual than by a vaccinated individual. For a total population vaccination rate of 78.7%, which is equivalent to the 90% vaccination target for the eligible population (over 12 years old), this means that vaccinated individuals are 1.9x more likely to be infected by an unvaccinated individual than by a vaccinated, even though there are 3.7x more vaccinated individuals in the population. Conclusions: This work demonstrates that most new infections are caused by unvaccinated individuals. These simulations illustrate the importance of vaccination in stopping individuals from becoming infected with COVID-19 and in preventing onward transmission.
Aziridine ring expansion sequences

Abstract β-Chloroamine hydrochlorides, produced stereospecifically and regiospecifically from aziridines with anhydrous hydrogen chloride in ether, are condensed with sodium carbonate in dry DMSO to afford isomerically pure 2-oxazolidinones.
Investigation and comparison of cascaded H-bridge and modular multilevel converter topologies for medium-voltage drive application

This paper investigates the design procedure of cascaded H-bridge (CHB) and modular multilevel converter (MMC) topologies for medium-voltage and high-power industrial motor drive application. The design is performed using 1.7-kV insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) technology. A model is derived for multi-pulse transformer to take into account its leakage parameters' effect on converter design. Also a comparison is done between MMC and CHB topologies at three different voltage levels: 4.16-, 6.9- and 13.8-kV and three different power levels: 1-, 3- and 5-MVA Comparison is done from several points of view like capacitance requirements, diode front-end and inverter stage losses, semiconductor rating and junction temperature and parts count.
Modeling of time disparity detection by the Hodgkin-Huxley equations

Phase-sensitive neurons in the electrosensory lateral line lobe in the electrosensory pathway of the wave-type electric fish, Gymnarchus niloticus, are specialized for sensing the time disparity between sensory inputs at different parts of the body surface that is necessary for an electrical behavior, jamming avoidance response. These neurons are sensitive to time disparity in the microsecond range between synaptic inputs that represent occurrence times of electrosensory signals at different areas on the body surface. We showed that an ideal Hodgkin-Huxley equation may serve as a time disparity detector that fits physiological precision, and the precision for the time disparity detection is largely regulated by the maximal g K conductance in the Hodgkin-Huxley equations.
TAXES AND GOVERNMENT SPENDING

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses taxes and government spending. Federal income tax has a distinctive characteristic of its progressive structure. A progressive tax takes a larger percentage from high-income recipients. Payroll taxes comprise the second largest source of tax revenue. Economists believe that the burden of the payroll tax lies with the employee, regardless of how the tax is levied. Taxation imposes a cost on voters; therefore, political entrepreneurs have a strong incentive to minimize the perceived burden. According to the shortsightedness effect, costs that are immediate and identifiable would be less popular with political entrepreneurs than costs that are difficult to identify and bear in the future. The political entrepreneurs should be expected to adopt a tax policy that would push the taxation burden into the future and that would minimize the cost of government as perceived by the voter. When marginal tax rates are high, taxes reduce the amount of income that an individual loses if his work time is reduced. This reduction in the price of leisure might induce some individuals to retire earlier, forego working a second job, or decline a promotion involving more hours of work. Most empirical studies indicate that the impact of the income tax on labor supply has been minor. If this is the case, the incidence of the tax would lie with the individual taxpayer.
A Fairy-Tale Motif in Kafka's "The Judgment"

Franz Kafka claimed that he wanted to write fairy tales, but couldn't. Nevertheless, the element of magic, the occurrence of the inexplicable, which prevails in fairy tales, has a prominent place in Kafka's fiction, and occasionally motifs are directly borrowed from the Marchen. The appearance of a brother and sister (she is Grete) in "Metamorphosis," for instance, points unequivocally to one of the most famous stories in the Grimms' Kinderund Hausmarchen. Less ambiguously employed and more pertinent to the development of die plot is the fairy-tale topos of the two brothers which figures in "The Judgment."
Formation and consumption of single-ring aromatic hydrocarbons and their precursors in premixed acetylene, ethylene and benzene flames

Kinetic modeling is becoming a powerful tool for the quantitative description of combustion processes covering different fuels and large ranges of temperature, pressure and equivalence ratio. In the present work, a reaction mechanism which was developed initially for benzene oxidation, and included the formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons was extended and tested for the combustion of acetylene and ethylene. Thermodynamic and kinetic property data were updated. If available, data were taken from the recent literature. In addition, density functional theory as well as ab initio computations on a CBS-Q and CBS-RAD level, partially published previously, were carried out. Quantum Rice–Ramsperger–Kassel analysis was conducted in order to determine pressure-dependent rate constants of chemically activated reactions. The model was developed and tested using species concentration profiles reported in the literature from molecular beam mass-spectrometry measurements in four unidimensional laminar premixed low-pressure ethylene, acetylene and benzene flames at equivalence ratios (ϕ) of 0.75 and 1.9 (C2H4), 2.4 (C2H2) and 1.8 (C6H6). Predictive capabilities of the model were found to be at least fair and often good to excellent for the consumption of the reactants, the formation of the main combustion products as well as the formation and depletion of major intermediates including radicals. Self-combination of propargyl (C3H3) followed by ring closure and rearrangement was the dominant benzene formation pathway in both rich acetylene and ethylene flames. In addition, reaction between vinylacetylene (C4H4) and vinyl radical (C2H3) contributed to benzene formation in the ϕ = 1.9 ethylene flame. Propargyl formation and consumption pathways which involve reactions between acetylene, allene, propyne and singlet and triplet methylene were assessed. Significant overpredictions of phenoxy radicals indicate the necessity of further investigation of the pressure and temperature dependence and the product distribution of phenyl oxidation. The possible formation of benzoquinones, the ratio of the ortho and para isomers and their degradation pathways are of particular interest.
Descriptive Set Theory and Forcing: How to prove theorems about Borel sets the hard way

These are lecture notes from a course I gave at the University of Wisconsin during the Spring semester of 1993. Part 1 is concerned with Borel hierarchies. Section 13 contains an unpublished theorem of Fremlin concerning Borel hierarchies and MA. Section 14 and 15 contain new results concerning the lengths of Borel hierarchies in the Cohen and random real model. Part 2 contains standard results on the theory of Analytic sets. Section 25 contains Harrington's Theorem that it is consistent to have $\Pi^1_2$ sets of arbitrary cardinality. Part 3 has the usual separation theorems. Part 4 gives some applications of Gandy forcing. We reverse the usual trend and use forcing arguments instead of Baire category. In particular, Louveau's Theorem on $\Pi^0_\alpha$ hyp-sets has a simpler proof using forcing.
Classification and Analysis of 3D Teleimmersive Activities

To provide users with a high-quality experience, interactive telepresence system platforms must accommodate multiple performance profiles for diverse, shared cyberphysical activities.
SCL and associated proteins distinguish active from repressive GATA transcription factor complexes.

GATA-1 controls hematopoietic development by activating and repressing gene transcription, yet the in vivo mechanisms that specify these opposite activities are unknown. By examining the composition of GATA-1–associated protein complexes in a conditional erythroid rescue system as well as through the use of tiling arrays we detected the SCL/TAL1, LMO2, Ldb1, E2A complex at all positively acting GATA-1–bound elements examined. Similarly, the SCL complex is present at all activating GATA elements in megakaryocytes and mast cells. In striking contrast, at sites where GATA-1 functions as a repressor, the SCL complex is depleted. A DNA-binding defective form of SCL maintains association with a subset of active GATA elements indicating that GATA-1 is a key determinant for SCL recruitment. Knockdown of LMO2 selectively impairs activation but not repression by GATA-1. ETO-2, an SCL-associated protein with the potential for transcription repression, is also absent from GATA-1–repressed genes but, unlike SCL, fails to accumulate at GATA-1–activated genes. Together, these studies identify the SCL complex as a critical and consistent determinant of positive GATA-1 activity in multiple GATA-1–regulated hematopoietic cell lineages.
Professionalism in the computing field

The term professional means different things to different people; nevertheless, there are certain general technical and social standards normally associated with a professional. Further, the term is more generally applied to the practitioner rather than to the researcher. But within the rather broad definition specified, the computing practitioner is, as yet, not regarded as a professional.Each of the four types of institutions—academic, industry, government, and the professional society—that educate, employ, regulate, and mold the practitioner contributes to the “nonprofessional” status of the computing practitioner. The roles of these institutions are examined, various shortcomings are noted, and recommended changes are suggested.In the last analysis, professional status is not bestowed; it is earned. However, universities and industry, specifically, can make certain improvements to help the computing practitioner achieve professional status.
Effects of ethanol on plasma corticosterone and rectal temperature modification by U50488H and WIN 44441-3.

Abstract Endogenous opiates are believed to subserve various behaviors and physiological functions. We have examined the effect of U50488H (0–12 mg/kg), a kappa agonist, and WIN 44441-3 (0–4.0 mg/kg), a kappa antagonist, on ethanol (ET)-induced changes in rectal temperature and in plasma corticosterone (CS) levels in rats. The 12 mg/kg dose of U50488H produced marked hypothermia, the other doses either produced hyperthermia comparable to that seen in control animals, or had no effect. The 0.5 mg/kg of WIN44441-3 had a small hypothermic effect while the 4.0 mg/kg produced hyperthermia. U50488H potentiated and the low dose of WIN 44441-3 reversed the hypothermic effect of ethanol. By contrast, neither WIN 44441-3 nor U50488H pretreatments affected the ethanol-induced elevation in plasma CS. These results indicate that kappa agonists increase plasma CS concentration and affect thermoregulatory mechanisms. Furthermore, our data indicate a possible role of endogenous kappa opioids in the hypothermic effect of ethanol, but not in the elevation of plasma CS.
THEORETICAL-STUDIES OF CHARGE RELAXATION EFFECTS ON THE STATICS AND DYNAMICS OF OXIDES

Inclusion of spherical charge relaxation in response to the long-range electrostatic potential (potential induced breathing, or PIB) gives improved results for the static and dynamic properties of oxides. PIB is a Gordon-Kim type model, in which the crystal charge density is estimated by overlapping ionic charge densities. No experimental data are used, except for the values of universal constants, and in this sense the results are from first principles. In contrast to earlier models which include some form of charge relaxation, we explicitly include the breathing effects on the self-energy and pair potentials in the model Hamiltonian. PIB is a many-body effect that couples the long-and short-range forces in a way that is not present in any other first principles or empirical models. It leads to the observed violations of the Cauchy relations for the elastic constants whereas central force rigid ion models cannot violate the Cauchy relations. PIB also reduces the predicted LO-TO splitting because the breathing effect introduces dynamical effective charges that are lower in magnitude than the ionic charges. Some results are shown and discussed for MgO (periclase), BeO (bromellite), Al2O3 (corundum), TiO2 (rutile) and SiO2 (quartz and stishovite).
Do staff nurse perceptions of nurse leadership behaviors influence staff nurse job satisfaction? The case of a hospital applying for Magnet® designation.

Background Nurse managers leadership behaviors influence the job satisfaction of staff nurses. Transformational leadership is 1 of the 5 components associated with the Magnet Recognition Program®. Objective The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between staff nurse perception of nurse manager leadership behavior and staff nurse job satisfaction in a hospital on the Magnet® journey and the influence of nurse manager leadership style on staff nurse job satisfaction. Methods A descriptive, correlational design using a self-report survey with convenience sampling was used for this quantitative research study. Staff nurses completed the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire 5X Short Form, the Abridged Job Descriptive Index survey, and a demographic questionnaire. Pearson correlations and regression analyses were completed to explore the relationship and influence of nurse manager leadership style on staff nurse job satisfaction. Results Transformational and transactional leadership styles of nurse managers were positively related to staff nurse overall job satisfaction and satisfaction with opportunity for promotion. Passive-avoidant leadership style of nurse managers was negatively related to staff nurse satisfaction with work, promotion, supervision, and coworker. Satisfaction with nurse manager leadership was a positive influence on overall nurse job satisfaction when separately controlling for the influence of each leadership style. Conclusion Transformational and transactional leadership styles should be taught and encouraged among nurse managers to positively influence the job satisfaction of staff nurses.
Allegro: A Metrics Framework for Globally Distributed Service Delivery

Globalization and specialization are growing trends in service organizations. Engineering and operating optimal structures within these service organizations requires coordinating the doing of service work, which in turn requires capturing and sharing information across localized teams. There is a need for a metrics framework, implemented in information technology, to make this possible. This paper describes the need for a metrics framework in global service delivery, properties of effective metrics frameworks, and Allegro, a metrics framework that is designed specifically to support globally distributed human intensive work, such as complex software development. Allegro is based on an abstract model of service delivery as a decomposition into a network of atomic service requests, each formalized according to a protocol we call Work-as-a-Service (WaaS). In this approach, Metrics do not only fulfill their traditional roles in driving quality and improvement. They also serve as configurable sensors essential to the effective coordination of a distributed service network.
Role of contacts in graphene transistors: A scanning photocurrent study

A near-field scanning optical microscope is used to locally induce photocurrent in a graphene transistor with high spatial resolution. By analyzing the spatially resolved photoresponse, we find that in the $n$-type conduction regime a $p\text{\ensuremath{-}}n\text{\ensuremath{-}}p$ structure forms along the graphene device due to the doping of the graphene by the metal contacts. The modification of the electronic structure is not limited only underneath the metal electrodes but extends $0.2--0.3\text{ }\ensuremath{\mu}\text{m}$ into the graphene channel. The asymmetric conduction behavior of electrons and holes that is commonly observed in graphene transistors is discussed in light of the potential profiles obtained from this photocurrent-imaging approach. Furthermore, we show that photocurrent imaging can be used to probe single-layer/multilayer graphene interfaces.
Experimental test of a time-dependent inverse radiative transfer algorithm for estimating scattering parameters: addendum

Improved experimental measurements have been made to test an inverse radiative transfer algorithm that makes use of time-resolved measurements of the backscattered radiance to estimate the Legendre moments of the single-scatter phase function. In the latest experiments, a cw mode-locked argon-ion laser synchronously pumping a dye laser was used to produce 5-psec-duration pulses, and a streak camera with a time resolution of 10 psec was used. The single-scatter albedo and the asymmetry factor could be estimated more accurately than with the data from earlier experiments, but higher Legendre moments continue to be impractical to estimate.
Minimal length test vectors for multiple-fault detection

A methodology for circuit testing is proposed for detecting multiple circuit faults in the course of a minimal length "guided tour" of the circuit transition structure. Deriving a test vector to guide this tour through an n state subsystem with at most I inputs possible in situ at each state, corresponds to solving an open tour multigraph version of the "Chinese Postman" problem, in which out-degrees are bounded by I. In this case, the length L of a minimal length open tour is shown to satisfy L ≤ In2; a minimal length open tour is computable in O(n3 + nI) steps for undirected multigraphs and O(n3 + (nI)2logn/logI) steps for directed multigraphs, both one-time costs, using weighted matching and bipartite weighted matching, respectively. An open tour can result in a test vector as much as ½ shorter than the test vector associated with a closed tour, without any loss in error detection. Examples show that for a directed graph, the length of a minimal length open tour may be as great as n3/6 for I = n, or Ω(n2) when I is bounded, while in an undirected multigraph, a minimal length tour requires no more than n - 3 repeated state transitions. This mitigates in favor of "mixed" circuits in which certain transitions are reversible and need be tested in only one direction.The practicality of this approach rests with the ability to apply it separately to small sub-systems, in conjunction with symbolic testing of inter-subsystem coordination. The former is feasible with existing commercial technologies, such as electron beam scanning, while the latter is feasible with a finite-state model-checker.In summary, the proposed methodology comprises three steps: 1. decompose a circuit into subsystems sufficiently small to be model-checked exhaustively; 2. perform symbolic tests of inter-subsystem coordination and conclude that if each subsystem is correctly implemented, then the entire circuit will behave as required; 3. for each circuit subsystem, exercise every realizable transition through a minimal length (open) tour, comparing the actual transitions with those of the specification.
Phenotypic analysis of spleen, thymus, and peripheral blood cells in aged C57B1/6 mice following long-term exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin.

Abstract Phenotypic Analysis of Spleen, Thymus, and Peripheral Blood Cells in Aged C57B1/6 Mice Following Long-Term Exposure to 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo- p -Dioxin. Oughton, J. A., Pereira, C. B., Dekrey, G. K., Collier, J. M., Frank, A. A., and Kerkvliet N. I. (1995). Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 25, 60-69. A mouse model was used to identify potential biomarkers of exposure to the environmental contaminant 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo- p -dioxin (TCDD). Female C57B1/6 mice were treated weekly with 0.2 μg TCDD/kg body weight or vehicle for 14-15 months. Phenotypic analysis by flow cytometry identified the major cell subpopulations in the spleen, thymus, and peripheral blood as defined by the expression of CD4, CD8, B220, and Mac-1 molecules. These subpopulations were further characterized for the expression of I-A, Pgp-1, CD45RB, and/or T cell receptor antigens (CD3, αβ, γδ). A group of young (4 months old) mice was evaluated concurrently to document immunophenotype alterations associated with aging. Results showed several age-related changes in phenotype distribution in the spleen and blood, but not in the thymus, despite significant age-dependent thymic involution. The age-dependent changes in splenic phenotypes included a decreased frequency of CD4 + cells and a major shift in tile frequency distribution from naive T cells to effector and memory T cells as defined by Pgp-1 and CD45RB expression. These phenotypic changes in the spleen due to aging correlated with similar changes in the blood, providing preliminary support for the use of spleen cells as surrogates for blood in the development of biomarkers of immunotoxicity. Long-term exposure to a total cumulative dose 12-13 μg TCDD/kg body weight resulted in no overt toxicity, a 16-fold elevation of hepatic ethoxyresorufin- O -deethylase activity, and residue levels of 1.27 ± 0.16 ng TCDD/g abdominal fat. In comparison to the effects of aging, TCDD treatment produced relatively subtle changes in immunophenotypes. In the TCDD-treated thymus, the proportion of CD4 - CD8 - cells was increased as was the proportion of γδ + thymocytes. These effects were very small but of interest in that similar thymic effects have been previously reported following prenatal exposure to TCDD. In the spleen, TCDD exposure did not alter the frequency of CD4 + or CD8 + T cells, B cells, or macrophages but significantly altered functionally discrete subpopulations within the T cell compartment. The most definitive change in TCDD-treated mice was a decrease in the frequency of memory T helper cells, defined as CD4 + Pgp-1 hi CD45RB lo , with a concomitant increase in the proportion of naive T helper cells identified as CD4 + Pgp-1 lo CD45RB hi . These changes are consistent with the known immunosuppressive activity of TCDD. Thus, these results identify Pgp-1 and CD45RB as potential biomarkers of TCDD immunotoxicity.
DECISION MAKING INVOLVING SEQUENTIAL EVENTS: SOME EFFECTS OF DISAGGREGATED DATA AND DISPOSITIONS TOWARD RISK*

This paper concerns human processing of disaggregated data in a business decision setting involving sequential events. Subjects currently employed in trust banking institutions chose between two mutually exclusive alternatives in a series of decision trials. The outcome for each alternative was the result of a two-stage process; an unsuccessful outcome resulted from failure at either the first or second stage. The probabilities of success at each stage and the overall (joint) probability of success were provided for each alternative. Participants showed strongest preferences for an optimal (expected-value) strategy in processing the data; however, significant preferences for two suboptimal strategies also were observed. Preferences for suboptimal strategies were influenced by the magnitude of differences in the alternatives' joint probabilities of success, by the magnitude of differences in the alternatives' stage probabilities of success, and by subjects' dispositions toward risk.
Rare earth substituted 124 and 247 superconductors

Abstract Rare earth substitution has given a series of superconducting compounds in which T c can be correlated with lattice parameters. Eight rare earth compounds with 124 structure, and five with 247 structure, are easily synthesized in oxygen at pressures between 10 and 70 bar. The 247 compounds are stable only within a narrow range of oxygen pressures bounded by the stability regions of the 124 and 123 phases. The T c 's of the 124 and 247 phases vary inversely with ion size. Surprisingly, the 247 compounds have much lower T c 's (45–55 K) than the 124 or 123 parent compounds. The basal plane areas of 247 are larger and orthorhombic distoritions smaller than the corresponding 123 and 124, suggesting weaker bonding in the CuO 2 layers.
Structure of a reattaching supersonic shear layer

A MACH 1.83 fully developed turbulent boundary layer was separated at a backward step and formed a free-shear layer, which went through a reattachment process. The objective was to explore the existence, frequency content, and coherency of large-scale structures in the shear layer
The Determination of Aortic Valve Area by the Gorlin Formula: What the Cardiac Sonographer Should Know

The application of the Gorlin formula in the cardiac catheterization laboratory is the standard of reference for the determination of aortic valve area. The continuity equation now enables the cardiac sonographer to determine aortic valve area noninvasively in the echocardiography laboratory. The comparison of the results obtained by the two methods is inevitable. The cardiac sonographer should have a basic understanding of the theory and pitfalls of the Gorlin formula so that when conflicting results are obtained, the possible reasons why will be clear.
Application of a class of generalized boundary conditions to scattering by a metal-backed dielectric half-plane

The problem considered is that of a plane wave incident on a perfectly conducting half-plane with a thin dielectric coating on its upper face. The solution is accomplished by introducing a higher order boundary condition to simulate the effect of the dielectric, thereby allowing the structure to be treated as an infinitesimally thin half-plane. Two types of boundary conditions are developed, one applicable to a low-contrast dielectric and the other to a high-contrast one. The problem is then solved using a generalized version of the Maliuzhinets method in which certain additional constants are introduced to assure the correct behavior of the field at the edge. Although these constants play no role in the final solution, they are needed to cancel out inadmissible singularities in the solution of the homogeneous difference equation. The final solution is expressed in a uniform manner and some numerical results are presented. >
Management of Lower Extremity Vascular Trauma

Management of vascular injuries, especially when they occur in combination with fractures, soft tissue loss, and nerve damage, is extremely challenging. Successful approach requires setting clear priorities, a logical plan of interventions, and close coordination between various subspecialty services. This chapter highlights the basic principles of vascular injury management that can be used by health care providers from a variety of backgrounds to save lives and limbs.
An Anatomical Comparison of Human, Pig, Calf, and Sheep Aortic Valves

he limited availability of aortic valves for transplantation has stimulated efforts to establish easily obtainable sources of suitT able valve grafts. T o this end, several groups have investigated the clinical use of heterografts. Some of these heterografts have functioned at least two years [ l , 51. It has been noted, however, that certain animal aortic valves vary in configuration from the human valve. This study is presented in the interest of defining certain aspects of the comparative anatomies of human, pig, calf, and sheep aortic valves so as to facilitate the selection of the most favorable heterograft donor species.
An Index to Articles Published in the Etude Magazine, 1883–1957: A New Musicological Resource

After perceiving the value of the 75 years of articles in The Etude magazine (1887–1953), I published an index through A-R Editions and the Music Library Association that includes author, title, subject, and chronological ordering. The index brings to light first-hand accounts of well-known pedagogues, performers, composers, and writers of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. With the invention of the car and the radio, society could be exposed to more distant and new modes of musical production and performance. Readers can now “experience” everyday musical life in America and know what was thought about music of the time by accessing articles indexed in this publication.
Significant Zirconium−Alkyl Group Effects on Ion Pair Formation Thermodynamics and Structural Reorganization Dynamics in Zirconocenium Alkyls

Substantial Zr−alkyl group (R) effects on ion pair thermodynamic stability as well as on ion pair solution structure and structural dynamics are reported in the [(1,2-Me2Cp)2ZrR]+[CH3B(C6F5)3]- series, where R = CH3, CH2C(CH3)3, CH2Si(CH3)3, and CH[Si(CH3)3]2. These quantitative results underscore the effects such R moieties are likely to play in group 4 metallocenemediated olefin polymerization catalysis.