cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Normal and Abnormal Nephrogenesis

During the past decade, exciting advances in the fields of cell and molecular biology have provided new insight into the processes of normal and abnormal nephron induction and renal morphogenesis. Although the specific molecular signals that control renal mesenchymal-epithelium inductive interaction remain unknown, recent data suggest that postinductive nephrogenesis may be regulated by the overall balance of a number of local autocrine and/or paracrine growth factor systems. Alterations in the critical balance of regulatory factors might produce a variety of hypoplastic and dysplastic nephropathies or hyperplastic lesions such as tubular cysts. Additional studies demonstrate that extracellular matrix components and cell surface integrins have important regulatory roles in ureteric bud development and branching. Perturbations in matrix or integrin expression due to altered gene activity or toxin exposure would be expected to produce a variety of renal abnormalities ranging from failure of nephron induction (aplasia) to focal disruptions of differentiation (segmental dysplasia). Finally, several groups of genes encoding transcriptional regulatory proteins have been identified that appear to regulate aspects of cell proliferation, pattern formation, and segmentspecific differentiation during normal and abnormal nephrogenesis. Future studies will elucidate the roles that specific genes and proteins play in renal development and will ultimately reveal the manner in which their dysregulation or dysfunction causes a variety of developmental renal disorders.
Residual Pore Volume, Resilience, and Strength of Crosslinked Cotton Cellulose:

Cotton printcloth was treated with dimethyloldihydroxyethyleneurea to five add- on levels. Magnesium chloride hexahydrate was the crosslinking catalyst. A reverse gel permeation chromatographic tec...
Comparative fertilization biology of gymnolaemate bryozoans

Locations and oogenic stages of eggs at the time of sperm-egg fusion were determined for nine gymnolaemate species exhibiting different reproductive strategies with respect to site of embryonic development (e.g., water column, introvert, embryo sac, or ovicell) larval type, and zooid sexuality. Ovarian, coelomic, and recently spawned oocytes obtained from freshly collected colonies between 1988 and 1995 were stained with aceto-orcein and examined for the presence of a sperm nucleus. All nine species are shown to have a similar fertilization biology in which sperm fuse with eggs in or near ovaries and egg activation is delayed until eggs are spawned. In species such as the etenostomeAlcyonidium sp. and the cheilostomeElectra pilosa (Linnaeus, 1767), which produce marierons oocytes that are spawned into the water column and have cyphonautes larvae, sperm fuse with late growth stage ovarian oocytes after germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) at or near ovulation. In species that produce few oocytes, brood embryos, and release coronate larvae, sperm fuse with late growth stage ovarian primary oocytes before GVBD, as in the ctenostomeBowerbankia gracilis Leidy, 1855, or with very early growth stage ovarian primary oocytes, as in the cheilostomesCribrilina corbicula (O'Donoghue, 1923),Dendrobeania lichenoides (Robertson, 1900),Hippodiplosia insculpta (Hincks, 1882),Schizoporella serialis (Heller, 1867),T ricellaria gracilis (Smitt, 1867), andWatersipora arcuata Banta, 1969. Fertilization success was high in all nine species, with 83 to 100% of oocytes at an appropriate oogenic stage containing a sperm nucleus or early male pronucleus. Gymnolaemate bryozoans may maintain high levels of fertilization success by: (1) concentrating spawned sperm from the water column using colony feeding currents; (2) localizing sperm-egg encounters in or near the ovary, (3) using sperm when available by permitting sperm to fuse with early growth stage oocytes; and (4) selfing.
Gn,3(C) is prime if n is odd

Abstract A finite CW complex X is said to be prime if for every Hurewicz fibration F → E → B with E homotopy equivalent to X , and B and F homotopically equivalent to finite CW complexes, either B or F is contractible. We show that the 3-plane complex Grassmannian G n ,3 ( C ) is prime if n is odd.
Compositionally dependent superconducting transition temperature of YBaCu oxides

Abstract The superconducting transition temperatures of a family of YBaCu oxides have been explored by dc resistivity measurements. Substitutions of magnetic and non-magnetic ions on Y, Ba and Cu sites are reported. For some compositions, achieving high superconducting transition temperatures is strongly dependent on growth conditions for the material.
Modification by dexamethasone of radiation response of in vitro cultured cells

Abstract Because of the potential clinical significance of the report that dexamethasone is a radioprotector of Chinese hamster V-79 cells, the effect of dexamethasone treatment on the radiosensitivity of five other cultured mammalian cell lines (including two human cell lines) was tested and preliminary investigations into the mechanism of protection of V-79 cells were undertaken. In agreement with the published results of others, we found that treatment of V-79 cells with dexamethasone results in a 1.3-fold increase in Do. Conversely, dexamethasone had no effect on the radiosensitivity of Chinese hamster ovary cells, murine fibrosarcoma, rat glioma cells, human diploid fibroblasts, or human mammary carcinoma cells. To study the mechanism of the radioprotective effect of dexamethasone on V-79 cells, the cell cycle was examined. Dexamethasone treatment causes a change in cell cycle distribution in V-79 cells, resulting in a dose-dependent reduced fraction of S-phase and an increased fraction of G,- and G2 + M-phase cells. However, these kinetic changes cannot explain the observed radioprotection of asynchronous populations, since purified G, cells are more radiosensitive. Furthermore, cells synchronized in G, by centrifugal elutriation were shown to be protected by dexamethasone to the same extent as was the unsorted population, thereby ruling out the mechanism of protection being a redistribution in the cell cycle.
Critical Factors Affecting the Destruction of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Apple Cider Treated with Fumaric Acid and Sodium Benzoate

ABSRACT Destruction of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in apple cider treated with fumaric acid and sodium benzoate (0.15% and 0.05% w/v, respectively) was determined under pH and storage temperatures that commonly occur in apple cider. At 5°C storage, while destruction of E. coli O157:H7 in the presence of preservatives increased with time, there was little decline in E. coli O157:H7 populations in the absence of the preservatives. Increasing storage temperatures to 15°C and 25°C significantly increased the rate of destruction of E. coli O157:H7 in cider with the preservatives (P < 0.05). Increasing the pH of cider (from 3.2 to 4.7) decreased the rate of destruction of E. coli O157:H7.
Detection of murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) DNA in skin using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

We used the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and primers for the immediate early gene of murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) to detect MCMV DNA in skin harvested from mice during acute infection. MCMV DNA was also detected in DNA extracted from spleen and salivary gland of MCMV-infected mice, but not in the skin, salivary gland, or spleen of uninfected, seronegative mice. Detection of MCMV DNA in skin provides direct evidence that skin can serve as a vehicle for transmission of MCMV. This observation is relevant to humans, such as burn patients, who receive skin allografts that may be infected with cytomegalovirus.
TARIFF FORMATION IN A MULTIDIMENSIONAL VOTING MODEL

The theory of endogenous trade policy formation argues that tariffs emerge from the political process. This occurs because of conflicting economic interests trying to redistribute income in their favor through the adoption of suitable trade policies. Mayer and Riezman (1987) questioned this view arguing that if individuals differ only in factor ownership they would always prefer some tax/subsidy policy to tariffs. Here we allow individuals to differ not only with respect to factor ownership, but also with respect to consumption preferences and income tax treatment. We show that tariffs might be the social decision even though nobody's individual preferences suggest tariffs as the best choice.
Headland-bay beaches revisited: an example from Sandy Hook, New Jersey

Abstract A variety of models have been successfully employed to describe the development of a crenulate, logspiral-type headland-bay beach. The success of these models has been attributed to the sheltering effect of the headland, which results in a systematic distribution of wave energy for a short distance downdrift of the headland. The decreasing influence of the headland on waves is thought to result in the curvilinear shoreline planform that is quantitatively described by a logarithmic or exponential function. Field data from South Beach, Sandy Hook, New Jersey, were examined in an area which has historically exhibited a curvilinear headland-bay beach and which was in the process of redeveloping such a configuration when data were collected. The alongshore distribution of mean grain size, beachface slope, and an index reflecting slope and grain size showed no systematic trend. There was no evidence of a systematic influence of the headland on wave energy. It is suggested that the ubiquitous headland-bay landform arises as a result of a general distance-decay function away from the headland. Distance-decay functions are typically curvilinear and easily fitted by logarithmic or exponential models. Not only wave processes, but other factors such as sediment supply, may be distributed as a distance decay function with respect to the headland, resulting in a headland-bay configuration.
Skp’n with Cks1: Revelations from the Skp1-Skp2-Cks1-p27 Structure

The elucidation of the Skp2 structure complexed with its cofactor Cks1 and bound to a phosphopeptide corresponding to the phosphodegron of the SCF Skp2 substrate p27 Kip1 (Hao et al. [2005], this issue of Molecular Cell ) resolves several key structure-function issues but, intriguingly, raises a number of new questions to ponder.
Country segmentation on the basis of international purchasing patterns

Companies that successfully incorporate international sourcing into their international marketing strategies enhance their abilities to provide their customers with quality products at acceptable prices. To a large extent, an effective international marketing strategy depends on a firm′s ability to segment its international markets. Previous studies addressed country segmentation on the basis of clustering a group of countries by an array of macroeconomic factors. These studies focussed their attention on segmenting countries on the factors important to making marketing decisions. Focusses on the making of sourcing decisions. More specifically, analyzes the extent to which countries belong to the same grouping on the basis of purchasing patterns of materials, components, finished products or technology. One‐hundred‐and‐thirty‐five firms representing 42 different countries were surveyed. The countries were clustered on the basis of these firms′ sourcing strategies. The market segment approach enables indus...
Effect of quality of day care environment on children's language development.

L'auteur etudie les effets de la qualite des conditions d'accueil, notamment l'importance des interactions verbales entre les enfants et le personnel, sur le developpement intellectuel et le langage. Les sujets, enfants âges de 36 a 68 mois furent observes dans 9 centres dont l'auteur a evalue les caracteristiques principales (espace ecologique, competence du personnel, activites, taux d'interactions verbales avec le personnel et les compagnons d'âge)
Preparation and identification of clay samples with controlled fabric

Abstract Techniques have been developed to prepare reasonably homogeneous, reproducible bulk samples of a kaolinite clay (Hydrite 10) with predetermined microfabrics and to reliably identify these microfabrics both quantitatively and qualitatively. Eight samples with quite diverse histories were produced in the laboratory by controlling the chemistry of the clay-water system, the consolidation stress path (either isotropic or anisotropic), and the magnitude of the consolidation stresses. The fabrics of these samples are identified and quantified by the combined use of scanning electron microscopy, optical microscopy, and X-ray diffractometry, and reasonably comprehensive appraisals of particle associations and orientation are obtained. Anisotropic consolidation was found to induce a preferred particle orientation, whereas isotropic consolidation tended to provide basically random samples. The anisotropically consolidated samples from dispersed slurries exhibited somewhat greater particle orientation than those from flocculated slurries, and, although considerable particle orientation occurred at low values of the consolidation stress, increases in the major principal consolidation stress did accentuate the particle orientation. The presence of domains or small groups of particles is suggested in certain samples, especially in those consolidated isotropically.
Clinical and radiographic results of cementless AML total hip arthroplasty in young patients

A retrospective study was undertaken of the radiographic and clinical results and complications of 52 cementless (AML) total hip arthroplasties in 52 patients with a mean age of 48.3 years. The follow-up ranged from 9 to 12 years with a mean of 10.5 years. Of the patients, 88% had good or excellent results. Forty-two patients (81%) complained of anterior thigh pain at 3 months after surgery when weight bearing was allowed. The pain continued for a mean period of 4.3 months. In 4 patients (8%), this pain persisted after the first postoperative year. Calcar resorption was seen in 21 patients (40%), and 16 patients (31%) showed clinically insignificant heterotopic ossification. Four patients required revisions: 1 for acetabular loosening, 1 for persistent thigh pain, and 2 for massive osteolysis of the proximal femur. There were no dislocations, infections, thromboembolic events, or neurologic injuries.
Perception and representation of regular variation: The case of final /t/

Spoken words exhibit considerable variation from their hypothesized canonical forms. Much of the variation is regular, occurring often in language. The present work examines the immediate and long-term processing consequences for rule-governed final-/t/ variation in English. Two semantic priming experiments demonstrate that variation does not hinder short-term semantic processing, as long as variation is not arbitrary. Two long-term priming experiments with different tasks show that form processing over time is not as lenient as immediate semantic processing: strong priming is found only for the canonical, unchanged form of /t/. Our results suggest that surface information is used in immediate processing and exemplar representations for regular variants are not stored in long-term memory.
Angina preceding myocardial infarction and residual coronary narrowing after intracoronary thrombolysis.

Abstract Thirty-six consecutive patients with evolving acute myocardial infarction underwent emergent coronary angiography and intracoronary thrombolysis with urokinase. Nineteen of the patients had had angina before the infarction (group A), whereas the infarction was unheralded in the remaining 17 (group B). Thirty-two vessels (88%) were patent at follow-up angiography performed after 3 to 4 weeks, and the residual stenosis was 87% ± 14% in group A and 47% ± 25% in group B ( p
Performance limits of silicon concentrator cells

Abstract In this paper the phenomena which limit the performance of concentrator cells are examined. These include contact grid shadowing, reflective losses, series resistance and recombination mechanisms. These phenomena are examined individually to determine whether and how their effects on cell performance can be reduced or eliminated. It is concluded that, contrary to popular belief, a significant improvement in cell efficiency may yet be realized. Efficiences approaching 30% under air mass 1.5 illumination at 300 suns appear to be feasible with properly designed cells. One such possible cell design is proposed.
Hepatitis C knowledge among new injection drug users.

Aims: New injection drug users (IDUs) are vulnerable to hepatitis C infection from risky injection practices. This article considers the range of hepatits C virus (HCV) knowledge among participants in a 2-year study examining the behaviours of new IDUs.Methods: Respondents (n = 36) were members of a cohort of new IDUs recruited in the New York City metropolitan area whose first injection occurred within the previous 18 months. Respondents were offered human immuno virus (HIV), hepatits B virus (HBV) and HCV testing. Two tested HIV positive and 12 tested HCV positive. During pre-test counselling they completed a qualitative interview focusing on aspects of HCV including: transmission, symptoms, long-term effects, prevention, treatment, concern regarding contracting HCV and how this concern impacted drug use and injection practices.Findings: Substantial gaps were seen in HCV knowledge. While respondents were aware that HCV is a blood-borne virus, the majority had only approximate knowledge regarding transmi...
Single image depth estimation from predicted semantic labels

We consider the problem of estimating the depth of each pixel in a scene from a single monocular image. Unlike traditional approaches [18, 19], which attempt to map from appearance features to depth directly, we first perform a semantic segmentation of the scene and use the semantic labels to guide the 3D reconstruction. This approach provides several advantages: By knowing the semantic class of a pixel or region, depth and geometry constraints can be easily enforced (e.g., “sky” is far away and “ground” is horizontal). In addition, depth can be more readily predicted by measuring the difference in appearance with respect to a given semantic class. For example, a tree will have more uniform appearance in the distance than it does close up. Finally, the incorporation of semantic features allows us to achieve state-of-the-art results with a significantly simpler model than previous works.
An analysis of the factors leading to crossed gas lines causing profound hypercarbia during general anesthesia

With increasing use of laparoscopic techniques to facilitate surgical procedures in closed cavities, our institution has installed piped-in carbon dioxide (CO2) in most of our operating rooms. This case report describes an occurrence of a nitrous oxide hose being connected to a CO2 outlet, resulting in profound hypercarbia. The factors, human and mechanical, leading to this error are discussed, as well as the process of diagnosis and the subsequent treatment.
COMPARISON STUDIES OF IGFBP-5 BINDING TO OSTEOBLASTS AND OSTEOBLAST-DERIVED EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX

Abstract Recent studies have identified a specific membrane protein in osteoblast-like cells which binds intact and carboxy-truncated IGFBP-5 with high affinity. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the IGFBP-5 binding properties of osteoblast-derived extracellular matrix (ECM), with special interest in determining whether ECM proteoglycans were necessary for IGFBP-5 binding. Neonatal mouse osteoblasts and the ECM of these cells both bound intact [ 125 I]IGFBP-5 and [ 125 I]IGFB_-5 1–169 , though the ECM bound both forms with lower affinity when compared to their cellular binding. Treatment of the ECM with heparinase or chondroitinase, to remove glycosaminoglycan (GAG) side-chains of proteoglycans, resulted in 20–34% enhanced binding of intact [ 125 I]IGFBP-5 and a 92–100% enhancement of [ 125 I]IGFBP-5 1–169 binding. Similar enzymatic treatment of osteoblast monolayers had no effect on the binding of either form of [ 125 I]IGFBP-5. These results indicate that GAGs within ECM secreted by neonatal mouse osteoblasts do not mediate the binding of IGFBP-5. This study also shows that intact and carboxy-truncated IGFBP-5 preferentially bind to the osteoblast surface, but that removal of GAGs from osteoblast-derived ECM can increase IGFBP-5 localization to this pericellular space, particularly the carboxy-truncated form of IGFBP-5.
The effect of presentation on source evaluation

(1970). The effect of presentation on source evaluation. Quarterly Journal of Speech: Vol. 56, No. 1, pp. 33-39.
Microwave digestion with HNO3-H2O2-HF for the determination of total aluminum in seafood and meat by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry

A sample preparation procedure employing microwave digestion procedure is described for the determination of total aluminum in seafood and meat samples by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission...
Impression creep; a new creep test

A new indentation creep test is introduced in which the indenter is a circular cylinder with a flat end. Unlike conventional indentation tests, a steady-state velocity is observed in this new test shortly after a transient period during which the indenter makes a shallow impression on the surface of the specimen; hence the name “impression creep”. This steady-state velocity is found to have the same stress and temperature dependences as the conventional undirectional creep tests using bulk specimens. Three possible mechanisms are analysed in detail, bulk diffusion, surface diffusion, and dislocation creep. They have different stress and indenter-size (radius) dependences. Experimental results on succinonitrile crystals are reported.
Quantifying trace element disequilibria in mantle xenoliths and abyssal peridotites

We apply a tool based on element distribution between orthopyroxene and clinopyroxene for quantifying rare earth element (REE) disequilibria in ultramafic rocks in the subsolidus state. We present case studies of the REE contents of mineral cores in mantle xenoliths and abyssal peridotites using in situ analytical tools. Even when only mineral cores are measured (to avoid enriched rims), equilibrium is not always achieved on the mineral scale. Mineral cores in mantle xenoliths are closer to equilibrium than those in abyssal peridotites even though mantle xenoliths are known to be light REE-contaminated from the host lava. In the case of the abyssal peridotites, 13 out of 14 are out of equilibrium with the least metasomatized most in disequilibrium and the most metasomatized closest to equilibrium. We discuss hypotheses for these observations, but regardless of what caused the disequilibria, this tool allows one to “see through” the effects of secondary processes, such as infiltration by fluid inclusions via cracks and diffusive exchange between minerals and melts/fluids along grain boundaries. The ease of making in situ REE measurements makes this tool formidable in identifying different generations of clinopyroxenes in ultramafic lithologies. Such data will complement the interpretation of isotopic and petrographic studies of continental and oceanic lithospheric mantle.
Site-directed mutagenesis of the α subunit of tryptophan synthase from salmonella typhimurium

Site-specific mutagenesis has been used to prepare two mutant forms of the alpha subunit of tryptophan synthase from Salmonella typhimurium in which either cysteine-81 or cysteine-118 is replaced by a serine residue. These mutant proteins are potentially useful for x-ray crystallographic studies since a heavy metal binding site is specifically eliminated in each mutant. The purified mutant proteins are fully active in four reactions catalyzed by the wild type alpha 2 beta 2 complex of tryptophan synthase. However, the mutant alpha 2 beta 2 complexes dissociate more readily and are less heat-stable than the wild type alpha 2 beta 2 complex. Thus, cysteine-81 and cysteine-118 of the alpha subunit serve structural but not functional roles.
Rituximab and progressive multi-focal leukoencephalopathy: the jury is deliberating.

In this issue of Leukemia & Lymphoma, Reddy and colleagues report a case of progressive multi-focal leukoencephalopathy (PML) following treatment of follicular lymphoma with multiple courses of che...
Klotho deficiency is an early biomarker of renal ischemia–reperfusion injury and its replacement is protective

Klotho is an antiaging substance with pleiotropic actions including regulation of mineral metabolism. It is highly expressed in the kidney and is present in the circulation and urine but its role in acute kidney injury (AKI) is unknown. We found that ischemia–reperfusion injury (IRI) in rodents reduced Klotho in the kidneys, urine, and blood, all of which were restored upon recovery. Reduction in kidney and plasma Klotho levels were earlier than that of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), a known biomarker of kidney injury. Patients with AKI were found to have drastic reductions in urinary Klotho. To examine whether Klotho has a pathogenic role, we induced IRI in mice with different endogenous Klotho levels ranging from heterozygous Klotho haploinsufficient, to wild-type (WT), to transgenic mice overexpressing Klotho. Klotho levels in AKI were lower in haploinsufficient and higher in transgenic compared with WT mice. The haploinsufficient mice had more extensive functional and histological alterations compared with WT mice, whereas these changes were milder in overexpressing transgenic mice, implying that Klotho is renoprotective. Rats with AKI given recombinant Klotho had higher Klotho protein, less kidney damage, and lower NGAL than rats with AKI given vehicle. Hence, AKI is a state of acute reversible Klotho deficiency, low Klotho exacerbates kidney injury and its restoration attenuates renal damage and promotes recovery from AKI. Thus, endogenous Klotho not only serves as an early biomarker for AKI but also functions as a renoprotective factor with therapeutic potential.
Self-Initiation in Cationic Polymerization

ABSTRACT A critical examination of polymerization, dimerization, and isomerization experiments carried out under carefully controlled (anhydrous) conditions leads to the conclusion that polymerization, etc. may proceed in purest monomer/Friedel-Crafts halide systems in the absence of coinitiators. Thus the well-entrenched view that Friedel-Crafts halides always require coinitiator (protogenic impurities) for initiation of cationic polymerizations has to be modified. It is postulated that initiation in purest olefin/Friedel-Crafts halide systems might proceed by a self-initiation mechanism involving the abstraction of an allylic H from the monomer by the Friedel-Crafts halide MXn: The chemistry and evidence for this mechanism are discussed in detail.
Between logos (Kalima) and light (Nūr): Representations of the Prophet Muhammad in Islamic painting

Variant approaches and responses to images unfortunately render the examination of Islamic pictorial production quite speculative in nature. Despite these impediments, it is possible to explore some of the main iconographic developments and various symbolic implications of representations of Muhammad in a number of Islamic artistic traditions. This chapter provides a preliminary discussion of textual and visual descriptions of the Prophet by concentrating principally on Persian materials. Representations of the Prophet Muhammad depicting the totality of his physical characteristics attempt to convey his multifaceted makeup as both existential body and atemporal presence. Ultimately, the language of metaphor dominates, particularly in premodern Persian literary and artistic traditions, in which the Prophet is described in word and in form as being simultaneously polymorphic and pictographic, visible and unseen, logos and light. Keywords: iconographic developments; Islamic pictorial production; light; logos; Persian materials; Prophet Muhammad
State-Space Interpolation for a Gain-Scheduled Autopilot

A procedure for interpolating state-space, linear time-invariant controllers for the synthesis of gain-scheduled controllers is introduced.The interpolationmethod is based on state-space Youla parameterizationand generates a gain-scheduled controller that is locally stabilizing at every operating point of a nonlinear plant. The interpolation methodalso provides guidanceon the selection of operating pointsat which linear time-invariantcontrollers should be designed. A gain-scheduled autopilot is designed to illustrate the interpolation method.
Predicting nursing home admission in the U.S: a meta-analysis.

While existing reviews have identified significant predictors of nursing home admission, this meta-analysis attempted to provide more integrated empirical findings to identify predictors. The present study aimed to generate pooled empirical associations for sociodemographic, functional, cognitive, service use, and informal support indicators that predict nursing home admission among older adults in the U.S. Studies published in English were retrieved by searching the MEDLINE, PSYCINFO, CINAHL, and Digital Dissertations databases using the keywords: "nursing home placement," "nursing home entry," "nursing home admission," and "predictors/institutionalization." Any reports including these key words were retrieved. Bibliographies of retrieved articles were also searched. Selected studies included sampling frames that were nationally- or regionally-representative of the U.S. older population. Of 736 relevant reports identified, 77 reports across 12 data sources were included that used longitudinal designs and community-based samples. Information on number of nursing home admissions, length of follow-up, sample characteristics, analysis type, statistical adjustment, and potential risk factors were extracted with standardized protocols. Random effects models were used to separately pool the logistic and Cox regression model results from the individual data sources. Among the strongest predictors of nursing home admission were 3 or more activities of daily living dependencies (summary odds ratio [OR] = 3.25; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.56–4.09), cognitive impairment (OR = 2.54; CI, 1.44–4.51), and prior nursing home use (OR = 3.47; CI, 1.89–6.37). The pooled associations provided detailed empirical information as to which variables emerged as the strongest predictors of NH admission (e.g., 3 or more ADL dependencies, cognitive impairment, prior NH use). These results could be utilized as weights in the construction and validation of prognostic tools to estimate risk for NH entry over a multi-year period.
Left ventricular end‐diastolic pressure in evaluating left ventricular function

There are several factors that could affect the left ventricular end-diastolic pressure. These include heart rate, preload, afterload, pericardial or pleural pressure, diastolic properties of the ventricle, and the left ventricular inotropic state. Recognition of these factors appears important when considering the left ventricular end-diastolic pressure as an index of left ventricular function.
Organizational Innovation: A Meta-Analysis Of Effects Of Determinants and Moderators

A meta-analysis of the relationships between organizational innovation and 13 of its potential determinants resulted in statistically significant associations for specialization, functional differe...
Development and validation of a method for measuring the glycine and taurine conjugates of bile acids in bile by high-performance liquid chromatography☆

Abstract We developed and validated a simple method for measuring the individual glycine and taurine conjugates of bile acids in bile by high-performance liquid chromatography with a C18 reversed-phase column using an isocratic solvent system of acidified methanol—potassium phosphate. Without preliminary derivatization or purification, complete separation of the ten major conjugated bile acids present in bile could be achieved in 65 min. Total bile acid concentrations were identical when measured enzymatically and by summing the individual bile acids determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. Bile acid composition determined by gas—liquid chromatography correlated with results by high-performance liquid chromatography. Finally, measurements of individual glycine and taurine conjugates in human bile and in mixtures of bile acid standards by high-performance liquid chromatography and thin-layer chromatography gave similar results. This high-performance liquid chromatographic system permits simultaneous quantification of total and individual bile acids and their glycine and taurine conjugates in bile.
Mathematical modeling as a component of understanding ratio-as-measure: A study of prospective elementary teachers

Abstract The authors employed a whole-class teaching experiment in a mathematics class for prospective elementary teachers to study the development of the ability to identify a ratio as the appropriate measure of a given attribute (“ratio-as-measure”). Prior studies as well as pretest data for this study demonstrated that students often invoke additive comparisons when multiplicative comparisons are appropriate. Analysis of the difficulties which students encountered in considering a ratio as an appropriate measure of an attribute of a physical situation led to the hypothesis that an understanding of ratio-as-measure requires, in addition to an understanding of aspects of multiplicative relationships, an understanding of mathematical modeling.
Expectancy and Heart Rate as Predictors of the Speech Performance of Stutterers

Three adult stutterers who displayed a preexperimental pattern of consistent expectation and occurence of stuttering were studied in a single-subject design. Multiple linear regression analyses led...
Three-Dimensional Self-Assembly of Metallic Rods with Submicron Diameters Using Magnetic Interactions

Metallic rods with submicron diameters that contain disklike ferromagnetic sections self-assemble into highly stable, hexagonally close-packed arrays of rods. The rods were fabricated by electrodeposition in porous alumina membranes and comprised alternating sections of gold and nickel. The thicknesses of the ferromagnetic nickel sections were approximately one-half the diameter of the rods (400 nm); this geometry orients the “easy” axis of magnetization perpendicular to the long axis of the rod. After magnetization of the rods with a rare-earth magnet, followed by sonication of the suspension, the rods spontaneously assembled into three-dimensional (3D) bundles that, on average, contained 15−30 rods. A macroscopic model of the rods suggests that the most stable orientation of the magnetic dipoles for rods in a defect-free, hexagonally close-packed arrangement is in concentric rings with the dipoles oriented head-to-tail. This configuration minimizes the energy of the bundle and does not generate a net di...
Schema, promise and mutuality: The building blocks of the psychological contract

Understanding the dynamics of the psychological contract in employment is difficult without research into its formation. Unfortunately, far less research exists on the antecedents and formation of the psychological contract than on the consequences associated with it. Three concepts frequently studied in psychology are particularly important to advancing research on psychological contract formation: schemas, promises, and mutuality (i.e. objective and perceptual agreement). This article develops the implications these three concepts have for future research on psychological contract formation.
Profiles across the Peru-Chile trench

Abstract Three general types of profile across the Peru-Chile Trench are shown: trench with gently basined topography, trench with smooth flattish floor, and trench with abrupt topography. Differences in trench shape are ascribed to differences in agents and rates of sedimentation. Production of plankton whose skeletons might accumulate as bottom sediment is reasonably uniform along the length of the area examined, therefore differences in sedimentation must be associated with available supply from the South American continent. Presumably the supply would be greater north of the Chilean desert because more streams reach the sea and in some places, such as near Talara, Peru, the coastal sediments are less resistant than the volcanics along much of the Chilean coast. If the trench is not the same age throughout its length, then the arguments for different sedimentary environments do not necessarily explain differences in bottom topography, nor from profiles alone is it possible to say which end of the trench is younger; however a progressively growing earth flexture must then be assumed. Topographic features such as subsidiary trenches to the side of the main trench, grabens and horsts, and submarine canyons are described.
A study of the giant dipole states of 28Si, 32S and 40Ca

Abstract The 90° differential cross sections for the ground state reactions 28 Si(γ, n o ) 27 Si, 32 S(γ, n o ) 31 S and 40 Ca(γ, n o ) 39 Ca have been measured using a nanosecond time-of-flight spectrometer with a resolution of 0.25 ns · m −1 . Pronounced structure is observed in the three reactions at excitation energies which correspond to the giant dipole resonance regions. The results are compared with (p, γ o ) and (γ, p o ) data to test whether or not the cross sections are due to resonances or statistical fluctuations and to study possible isospin mixing effects. Strong correlations are observed between the energies and widths of intermediate-type structure in all three cases. Pseudo cross-section calculations have also been carried out using the Thomas reduced R -function theory to generate fluctuations and the results then compared with the experimental data. It is concluded that in 28 Si the cross section is dominated by fluctuations whereas in 32 S and 40 Ca, there is evidence supporting some resolved resonance effects.
Attempted suicide in bipolar disorder pedigrees: evidence for linkage to 2p12

Background We are interested in identifying susceptibility genes that predispose subjects to attempted suicide. Methods We conducted a secondary analysis of genome-wide linkage data from 162 bipolar pedigrees that incorporated attempted suicide as a clinical covariate. Results The strongest covariate-based linkage signal was seen on 2p12 at marker D2S1777. The logarithm of odds (LOD) score at marker D2S1777 rose from 1.56 to 3.82 after inclusion of the suicide covariate, resulting in significant chromosome-wide empirically derived p-values for the overall linkage finding (p = .01) and for the change in LOD score after the inclusion of the covariate (p = .02). Conclusions The finding on chromosome 2 replicates results from two previous studies of attempted suicide in pedigrees with alcohol dependence and in pedigrees with recurrent early-onset depression. Combined, these three studies provide compelling evidence for a locus influencing attempted suicide on 2p12.
Pathology of carcinoma of lung: an update on current concepts.

The incidence and mortality of lung cancer continue to increase worldwide in spite of considerable advances in diagnostic techniques and therapeutic modalities. The incidence of adenocarcinoma appears to have increased, and that of squamous cell carcinoma to have decreased, over the last few decades. The neuroendocrine tumors of the lung are emerging as a better defined group, with at least four subtypes being recognized in the spectrum ranging from typical carcinoid tumor to small cell undifferentiated carcinoma. Staging of lung tumors has also undergone major changes as new treatment modalities have become available. Pathologists are using sophisticated immunohistochemical and ultrastructural examination to categorize the tumors more accurately for appropriate therapy, follow-up, and survival studies.
Traditional versus single-site placement of adjustable gastric banding: a comparative study and cost analysis.

In bariatric surgery, laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB) has proven effective in reducing weight and improving obesity-associated comorbidities. Recently, however, laparoendoscopic single-site (LESS) surgery has been proposed to minimize the invasiveness of laparoscopic surgery. The aim of this study is to compare the operative cost and peri-operative outcomes of these two approaches. We undertook a retrospective review of a prospectively maintained database of patients undergoing either LAGB or LESS between March 2006 and October 2009. The outcomes and cost of 25 LESS gastric bandings were compared to 121 standard LAGB. Costs included operative time, consumables, and laparoscopic tower depreciation. Both groups had similar patient demographics, body mass index, and comorbidities; with the exception of age (37 year for single site vs. 44 years for standard; P = 0.002). There were no statistical differences for operative time (78 vs. 76 min, P = 0.69), blood loss (8.4 vs. 9 ml, P = 0.76), pain score (0.81 vs. 0.84 at 1 week, P = 0.95) or complication rates (12% vs. 14%, P = 1). Length of stay was shorter for the LESS group (0.5 day vs. 1.5 days, P = 0.02). The mean operative cost for the LESS banding was $20,502/case vs. $20,346/case for the standard LAGB, with no statistically significant difference between the approaches (P = 0.73). Operative costs and peri-operative outcomes of LESS gastric banding are comparable with those of the standard LAGB procedure. As a result, single-site surgery can be proposed as a valid alternative to the standard procedure with cosmetic advantage and comparable complication rate.
A Single Institution Review of Adjuvant Therapy Outcomes for Resectable Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma: Outcome and Prognostic Indicators

A large single-institution series of patients who recently underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy for resectable pancreatic cancer was analyzed to determine prognostic factors for overall survival, including the impact of adjuvant radiation and chemotherapy. Medical records were reviewed for 179 consecutive patients treated at The Cleveland Clinic with pancreaticoduodenectomy for resectable pancreatic adenocarcinoma from 1999 to 2006. Clinical data were collected, and Kaplan–Meier method was used to estimate overall survival. Univariate and multivariate analysis was performed. One hundred seventy-nine patients with pT1-3N0-1M0 pancreatic cancer met the above criteria. But analysis was available for 158 patients. Median age at diagnosis was 67 (range 35–93). Peri-operative mortality rate was 0.6%. On univariate analysis, poor prognostic factors for overall survival were poorly differentiated histology, lymph node positive disease, elevated alkaline phosphatase, elevated total bilirubin, elevated AST, age at diagnosis >70, and high T stage. On multivariate analysis, poorly differentiated histology (p = .001), age >70 (p = .007), lymph node involvement (≥3 positive vs <3, p = .03), and elevated LFTs (alkaline phosphatase and/or bilirubin and/or AST; p = .002) were independent predictors of survival. Median survival for patients treated with adjuvant chemo-XRT was 28.4 months (vs. 11.8 months for patients receiving no adjuvant therapy (p < .001) in both univariate analysis and in multivariate analysis after adjusting for the independent prognostic factors described above). Median survival for patients treated with adjuvant chemotherapy alone had not yet been reached (p < .001 compared to no adjuvant therapy, in both univariate and multivariate analysis). In the twenty-first century, curative-intent surgery for pancreatic cancer at large academic institutions can have very low mortality rates. Pathology findings are valuable prognostic markers in resected pancreatic cancer. Few studies have examined the prognostic value of preoperative LFTs or lymph node ratio, and our analysis indicates they may have prognostic value—this should be confirmed in other series. Pts who receive adjuvant therapy (chemo-XRT or chemotherapy) appear to live longer than patients who receive no adjuvant therapy in this retrospective analysis.
Dispersion of guided waves in composite laminates and sandwich panels

In composite structures, damages are often invisible from the surface and can grow to reach a critical size, potentially causing catastrophic failure of the entire structure. Thus safe operation of these structures requires careful monitoring of the initiation and growth of such defects. Ultrasonic methods using guided waves offer a reliable and cost-effective method for structural health monitoring in advanced structures. Guided waves allow for long monitoring ranges and are very sensitive to defects within their propagation path. In this work, the relevant properties of guided Lamb waves for damage detection in composite structures are investigated. An efficient numerical approach is used to determine their dispersion characteristics, and these results are compared to those from laboratory experiments. The experiments are based on a pitch-catch method, in which a pair of movable transducers is placed on one surface of the structure to induce and detect guided Lamb waves. The specific cases considered include an aluminum plate and an aluminum honeycomb sandwich panel with woven composite face sheets. In addition, a disbond of the interface between one of the face sheets and the honeycomb core of the sandwich panel is also considered, and the dispersion characteristics of the two resultant waveguides are determined. Good agreement between numerical and experimental dispersion results is found, and suggestions on the applicability of the pitch-catch system for structural health monitoring are made.
Ethnodoxy: How Popular Ideologies Fuse Religious and Ethnic Identities

Popular beliefs conflating ethnic identities with particular faiths can lead to marginalization of religiously and ethnically “other” and fuel ethnoreligious conflict even in secularized societies. Despite their importance to ethnoreligious conflict and coexistence, ideological conflations of faith and ethnos have previously received little scholarly attention. We fill the gap by introducing the concept of ethnodoxy: a collectively held belief system that rigidly links a group's ethnic identity to its dominant faith. We theorize this phenomenon at three levels: macro (the interplay between religion and ethnonational identities), micro (construction of ethnoreligious identities and imagined communities viewed from a social identity theory perspective), and meso (the nature and functions of popular ideologies and religiosities). Subsequently, ethnodoxy is conceptualized as an ideal-typical syndrome of six component beliefs. We further operationalize and verify the concept using representative national survey data from Russia. Findings show ethnodoxy's extent, coherence, dimensionality, and associations with religious and ethnic intolerance.
Deep Ultraviolet High Resolution Lithography

The historic trend toward smaller working feature size within the semiconductor industry is making increased demands on the exposure tools. More and more, exposure tools are expected to provide lithography at and below the 1 pm level. To meet this requirement the technology of optical instruments must stretch its limits to stave off such competing technologies as Electron Beam and X-ray. The theoretical resolution for an optical system is proportional to the numerical aperture of the projection optics and inversely to the wavelength of the illumination used. Reducing either quantity will lead to increased resolution of the exposing system. The use of exposure tools which are mainly composed of reflecting elements provides the opportunity to utilize short wavelength UV, and thus to gain increased resolution, without redesigning the projection optics system. Simultaneously, the option of designing for high numerical apertures is not precluded by the use of reflective systems. This paper describes how submicron resolution is achievable with currently available projection equipment by a simple filtering of the illumination source and utilizing deep UV resists. Data is provided on resolution, resist profiles, step coverage, and wafer throughput.