cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the Click It or Ticket intervention in Utah

Abstract Objective To evaluate the Click It or Ticket (CIOT) intervention conducted in Utah by comparing changes in safety belt use using observational safety belt surveys pre- and post-intervention. Methods Observational surveys of safety belt use for drivers and front seat passengers (collectively referred to as front seat occupants) were conducted before and after the media and enforcement blitz of the CIOT intervention. Data were collected from 16 urban sites during the daytime and nighttime. Logistic regression and generalized estimating equations were used to compute odds ratios for safety belt use adjusted for front seat occupant characteristics. Results Overall safety belt use was observed at 76.5% pre-intervention and 84.8% post-intervention, an improvement of 8.3% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 5.2%, 11.3%). Daytime and nighttime safety belt use improved by 7.8% (95% CI: 3.5%, 12.1%) and 9.7% (95% CI: 6.4%, 13.0%), respectively. While males showed a greater improvement (9.9%) in safety belt use when compared to females (5.7%); males were still less likely to use safety belts than females. Conclusions The CIOT intervention is associated with increased safety belt use at the sites observed in Utah, including among the two high risk groups targeted by the intervention: nighttime occupants and males.
NONENZYMIC SYNTHESIS OF THYROXINE RESIDUES IN THYROGLOBULIN.

Abstract Iodine-labeled 4-hydroxy-3,5-diiodophenylpyruvic acid was prepared and converted into its hydroperoxide (thyroxine precursor). Thyroglobulin was permitted to react with the hydroperoxide and the nature and amount of the iodothyronine residues formed in this model reaction for the biosynthesis of thyroxine were investigated. Iodine-rich bovine thyroglobulin (54 atoms I per molecule) and iodine-poor human thyroglobulin (6–10 atoms I per molecule) were used. After the coupling, the thyroglobulin was analyzed by chromatographic fractionation of its pronase digest. The analysis showed the formation of about 1 and 2 iodothyronine residues per molecule in the coupling reaction with iodine-poor and iodine-rich thyroglobulin, respectively. The hydroperoxide reacts with protein-bound diiodotyrosine and monoiodotyrosine. Hence both thyroxine and 3,3′,5′-triiodothyronine residues are formed. The molar ratio of newly formed thyroxine to 3,3′,5′-triiodothyronine residues was 4 in iodine-rich thyroglobulin (diiodotyrosine to monoiodotyrosine molar ratio of 0.9) and 0.4 in iodine-poor thyroglobulin (diiodotyrosine to monoiodotyrosine molar ratio of 0.2). Thus, the hydroperoxide reacts more efficiently with diiodotyrosine than with monoiodotyrosine residues. The amount of iodothyronine residues formed by coupling with the hydroperoxide (intermolecular reaction) was compared with that formed when thyroglobulin is iodinated to a comparable iodine level (intramolecular reaction). At high iodine levels both model reactions proceed with similar efficiencies, but at low iodine levels coupling with the hydroperoxide of 4-hydroxy-3,5-diiodophenylpyruvic acid is considerably more efficient.
The Periodontal Disease Index (PDI).

THE PERIODONTAL Disease Index is a clinician's modification of Russell's PI index for epidemiological surveys of periodontal disease. The PDI index is primarily concerned with an accurate assessment of the periodontal status of the individual person. Emphasis is placed on recording of the attachment level of the periodontal tissues relative to the C-E junction. Such accurate measurable assessments are essential for longitudinal studies of periodontal disease and as a scientific basis for clinical trials in Periodontology.
Basis for Managing the Harvest of Chinook Salmon

Abstract On the basis of estimated spawner-recruit relations for populations of chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha from British Columbia to California, harvest fractions of 60-70% may be reasonable for stocks for which the productivities are not known. Care should be taken to detect and to avoid excessive harvest from stocks with low productivity.
2D Magneto-Optical Trapping of Diatomic Molecules

We demonstrate one- and two-dimensional transverse laser cooling and magneto-optical trapping of the polar molecule yttrium (II) oxide (YO). In a 1D magneto-optical trap (MOT), we characterize the magneto-optical trapping force and decrease the transverse temperature by an order of magnitude, from 25 to 2 mK, limited by interaction time. In a 2D MOT, we enhance the intensity of the YO beam and reduce the transverse temperature in both transverse directions. The approach demonstrated here can be applied to many molecular species and can also be extended to 3D.
In silico bioinformatic tools for determining core genes from sets of genomes

The set of genes common to a group of organisms is known as the “core” set and the set of genes common to one or more of a group of organisms, but not to all of them is known as the “dispensable” set. Collectively, these two sets comprise the “pan-genome” of a set of organisms. While there are many software tools available for ortholog detection and clustering, there are far fewer tools to determine the core set of genes as well as the dispensable set. Continued development of these computational and data mining tools is essential to further our understanding of the pan-genomes of organisms and to make use of them. Drug Dev Res 72: 147–152, 2011. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
An optimal greedy heuristic to color interval graphs

Abstract We characterize interval graphs in terms of a certain linear order on their vertex set. It turns out that with this linear order, the well-known greedy heuristic “always use the smallest available color” yields an exact coloring algorithm for interval graphs. In addition, the heuristic can be implemented to run in linear time.
Heat Transfer Enhancement of Backward-Facing Step Flow by Using Nano-Encapsulated Phase Change Material Slurry

Laminar forced convection of nano-encapsulated phase change material (NEPCM) slurry over a 2D horizontal backward-facing step is numerically investigated using a finite volume method based on a collocated grid. The slurry consists of water as base fluid and n-octadecane NEPCM particles with an average diameter of 100 nm. Uniform heat flux boundary condition is imposed to the downstream wall while the step and upstream walls are subjected to adiabatic boundary condition. The effects of Reynolds number ranging from 20 to 80, volume fractions of nanoparticles ranging from 0% to 30%, as well as heat flux ranging from 500 to 2,500 W/m2 are studied. In order to understand the physics of flow and heat transfer of slurry over the backward-facing step, the streamlines and isotherms of the flow were studied. An enhancement in heat transfer coefficient up to 67% using slurry as working fluid compared with pure water can be observed. However, because of the higher viscosity of mixture compared with pure water, the sl...
The role of gel chemistry in synthesis of aluminophosphate molecular sieves

The efficiency and product purity of aluminophosphate molecular sieves by the hydrothermal synthesis are affected by the gel chemistry of a reaction mixture. A suitable gel chemistry appears to be a prerequisite for hydrothermally crystallizing the molecular sieves from hydrous gel mixtures. Factors that determine the gel chemistry are the source of aluminum and phosphorus, mixing procedure, gross chemical composition of gel including the water content, and pretreatment of gel. With all these factors specified, the pH of the reaction mixture seems to reflect the gel evolution and crystallization of molecular sieves. Besides the structure-templating effect, organic bases play an important role in determining the gel chemistry. With the addition of organic bases, the pH of the reaction mixture rises to the desirable range of 3.5–6.0. From the properly prepared gel within this pH range, the formation of aluminum phosphate dense phases is eliminated while microporous aluminophosphate is formed as a metastable phase during the hydrothermal crystallization.
927. Development of Non-Viral Gene Therapy Targeting Insulin-Like Growth Factor (IGF) System for Treatment of Brain Tumors

This project applied IGF1 receptor (IGF1R) silencing and IGF binding protein (IGFBP3) expression to target the IGF1 signaling pathway in brain tumors. The objectives of this project were to: (1) characterize the role of the IGF system in rat glioma (RG2) cells by utilizing a drug-inducible stable cell line that expresses an anti-IGF1 receptor ribozyme (IGF1R-Rz) (2) investigate a therapeutic approach of the IGF1R-Rz by cationic lipid mediated transfections (3) characterize the impact of IGFBP3 expression on brain tumor cells.
Proposed Experiment to Test Local Hidden Variable Theories.

A theorem of Bell, proving that certain predictions of quantum mechanics are inconsistent with the entire family of local hidden-variable theories, is generalized so as to apply to realizable experiments. A proposed extension of the experiment of Kocher and Commins, on the polarization correlation of a pair of optical photons, will provide a decisive test between quantum mechanics and local hidden-variable theories.
Deep sequencing of large library selections allows computational discovery of diverse sets of zinc fingers that bind common targets

The Cys2His2 zinc finger (ZF) is the most frequently found sequence-specific DNA-binding domain in eukaryotic proteins. The ZF’s modular protein–DNA interface has also served as a platform for genome engineering applications. Despite decades of intense study, a predictive understanding of the DNA-binding specificities of either natural or engineered ZF domains remains elusive. To help fill this gap, we developed an integrated experimental-computational approach to enrich and recover distinct groups of ZFs that bind common targets. To showcase the power of our approach, we built several large ZF libraries and demonstrated their excellent diversity. As proof of principle, we used one of these ZF libraries to select and recover thousands of ZFs that bind several 3-nt targets of interest. We were then able to computationally cluster these recovered ZFs to reveal several distinct classes of proteins, all recovered from a single selection, to bind the same target. Finally, for each target studied, we confirmed that one or more representative ZFs yield the desired specificity. In sum, the described approach enables comprehensive large-scale selection and characterization of ZF specificities and should be a great aid in furthering our understanding of the ZF domain.
Trust in early phase research: therapeutic optimism and protective pessimism.

Bioethicists have long been concerned that seriously ill patients entering early phase (‘phase I’) treatment trials are motivated by therapeutic benefit even though the likelihood of benefit is low. In spite of these concerns, consent forms for phase I studies involving seriously ill patients generally employ indeterminate benefit statements rather than unambiguous statements of unlikely benefit. This seeming mismatch between attitudes and actions suggests a need to better understand research ethics committee members’ attitudes toward communication of potential benefits and risks of early phase studies to potential subjects. We surveyed the members of two U.S. research ethics committees using a phase I gene transfer study scenario, and compared the results to a previous survey of potential subjects’ perceptions and attitudes toward benefit and risk for the same protocol. The results show that there is indeed a gap between the subjects’ perceptions and the committee members’ views on what is appropriate to be communicated to research subjects. This discrepancy is the product of both the commonly assumed optimism of the subjects and to a “protective pessimism” of the research ethics committee members. We discuss this discrepancy using “frameworks of trust” and demonstrate the need to incorporate these frameworks into the existing model of informed consent.
Characterization of [125I]β-Endorphin Binding Sites in the Rat Caudal Dorsomedial Medulla

Abstract [125I]β-endorphin bound to high affinity (Kd = 0.25 n M ) receptors in the caudal dorsomedial medulla of rats with a Bmax of 97 fmol/mg protein. The relative potency for displacement of [125I]β-endorphin binding was: β-endorphin1–31 > β-endorphin1–27 > DAMGO > naloxone > N-acetyl-β-endorphin1–31 > U50488 > DPDPE. The Bmax for [3H]DAMGO binding was 81 fmol/mg protein, indicating that most [125I]β-endorphin binding corresponds to μ-opioid receptors. [3H]DAMGO binding was not influenced by lesioning noradrenergic nerve terminals in the caudal dorsomedial medulla. Our findings indicate that β-endorphin interacts primarily with μ-opioid receptors in the caudal dorsomedial medulla. These receptors are not affected by noradrenergic denervation.
Teaching Modern Languages in War Time1

Author's Summary— The best contribution to the war effort civilian modern language teachers can make is to teach future draftees and war workers the rudiments of the most important languages, stressing particularly oral and aural drill. A specialized military vocabulary should be taught after the trainee enters the service.
The Politics of Social Harmony: Ruling Strategy and Health Care Policy in Hu's China

This study seeks to explain the causes of social welfare policy change in a single-party authoritarian system. Using the evolution of Chinese health care policy as an example, it discerns why the Hu Jintao administration opted for a compensation-oriented welfare policy paradigm in the absence of adequate interest articulation and apparent electoral accountability, despite the virtual collapse of the Chinese social welfare system during the 1990s. I explore the hypothesis that a high level of political pressure, coupled with a high degree of economic openness, drove the Chinese Communist Party to alter its ruling strategy, a political paradigm that best ensures its monopoly on political power and consequently produces distinct implications for public policy outputs. This study suggests that authoritarian regimes can and do compensate the citizenry under certain circumstances. Further, it also reveals a self-adaptation process initiated by a single-party authoritarian system.
Determinants of nicotine intake while chewing nicotine polacrilex gum

Nicotine polacrilex gum is widely used as substitution therapy during cigarette smoking cessation. We studied circadian blood nicotine concentrations, daily intake of nicotine, and extraction of nicotine from gum in smokers switched experimentally to 2 or 4 mg nicotine gum, 12 pieces per day. Nicotine levels and intake were much lower while chewing gum than during ad libitum smoking. Extraction of nicotine from gum by the chewer was incomplete, averaging 53% and 72% for 2 and 4 mg gum, and variable (more than twofold) among individuals. The systemic dose of nicotine was less than expected based on analysis of nicotine in the chewed gum. Disproportionately higher metabolite-to-nicotine ratios while chewing gum compared with smoking suggested that some nicotine was swallowed and underwent first-pass metabolism. Nicotine and metabolite data were used to estimate buccal vs. gastrointestinal absorption. Relative buccal absorption vs. swallowing of nicotine appears to be an important determinant of systemic nicotine intake. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1987) 41, 467–473; doi:10.1038/clpt.1987.58
Analytical models for AlGaAs/GaAs heterojunction quantum wells

Abstract Two kinds of approximate analytical models for Al x Ga 1− x AsGaAs heterojunction quantum wells, have been developed to describe the energy levels of electrons therein. The proposed models are based on the existing triangular well approximation; however, they take into account the finite heterojunction barrier height and acceptor doping level in GaAs. From a device modelling point of view, the present models provide attractive alternatives to describe the change control in MODFETs.
Asymmetry In Economic Fluctuations In The Us Economy: The Pre-War And The 1946–1991 Periods Compared

The focus of this investigation is one the asymmetric effects of monetary growth Shocks in the pre-and periods of United States history. The downward Rigidity of nominal wages in the post -war period appears to be an important factor in Differentiating the slope of the aggregate supply curve over time. Accordingly, the Response of real output and price to expansionary monetary growth shocks is similar in The pre-and post-war periods. In contrast, the aggregate supply curve is flatter in the Face of negative monetary growth shocks in the post-war period, exacerbating output Contraction and moderating price deflaction. The apparent change in the asymmetric Effects of m onetary growth shocks deflation. The apparent change in the asymmetric States over time. [E30,E33,E34,E35]
CAPABILITY OF SATURN V TO SUPPORT PLANETARY EXPLORATION

Saturn V launch vehicle, discussing payload-mass ratio, capabilities and modification possibilities
Quantitative two-dimensional echocardiographic assessment of regional wall motion during transient ischemia and reperfusion in the rat

Nonlethal myocardial ischemia produces profound and long-lasting effects on regional ventricular function and metabolism (myocardial stunning) and protects against myocardial infarction from subsequent prolonged ischemia (ischemic preconditioning). Two-dimensional echocardiography (2DE) is an essential tool for quantitative analysis of regional and global left ventricular (LV) function during myocardial ischemia and reperfusion and the study of these phenomena. However, the inability to perform 2DE in the open-chest rat heart has seriously limited the use of this model. To investigate the effect of transient coronary occlusion on segmental wall motion and LV geometry, we employed a 20 MHz intravascular ultrasound catheter placed on the epicardial surface of the rat heart ( n =15) to yield 2DE images suitable for quantitative analysis. Three 2-minute left coronary occlusions were made, separated by 5 minutes of reperfusion, with imaging during occlusion and at 5 and 60 minutes of reperfusion. Ischemic and nonischemic wall thicknesses, LV cross-sectional area, estimated LV volume, and the fractional changes of these parameters were measured. In eight animals these values were also compared with necropsy measurements of wall thickness, LV cross-sectional area, and volume. LV and right ventricular structures were well visualized in short-axis cross-sectional images in all animals, and images suitable for quantitative analysis were obtained in 92% of the periods. Coronary occlusion caused immediate, marked LV cavitary expansion, which rapidly returned to normal by 5 minutes of reperfusion. Active systolic thickening of the anterior wall at baseline (47%±3%) became passive thinning during occlusion (−6%±2%) and recovered partially, to 30%±3% at 5 minutes of reperfusion and 42%±4% at 60 minutes ( p p not significant at 60 minutes). Recovery of thickening after 5 minutes of reperfusion was not different after the first versus third occlusion (23%±4% vs 30%±3%; p =0.19). Measurements made by 2DE correlated well with those made by necropsy, although wall thickness was slightly thicker by 2DE. We conclude that epicardial echocardiography with an intravascular ultrasound catheter provides quantifiable 2DE images in this model and yields accurate information on segmental wall thickening and ventricular geometry not available by other techniques. Left coronary occlusion in the rat is associated with marked global and segmental LV expansion, which rapidly reverses with reperfusion. Postischemic regional wall motion abnormalities are present after coronary occlusion as brief as 2 minutes and can be measured accurately. The effect of multiple brief occlusions is not cumulative. This technique expands the utility of the rat model for studies of global and regional LV function, wall thickening and geometry, and the study of acute myocardial infarction, stunning, and preconditioning.
Do RARA/PML fusion gene deletions confer resistance to ATRA-based therapy in patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia?

Do RARA/PML fusion gene deletions confer resistance to ATRA-based therapy in patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia?
Treatment length as a determinant of immunization against learned helplessness in humans

Following the induction of learned helplessness via forced exposure to recurring failure, college students experienced either abbreviated (35 trials) or extended (70 trials) treatment with either partial reinforcement or continuous reinforcement during a reversal phase. Subsequently, all subjects encountered a second noncontingency involving a protracted period of nonreinforce-ment (extinction). The results of the experiment indicated that partial as contrasted with continuous reinforcement occasioned greater immunization against recurrent helplessness; that is, subjects treated with intermittent success and failure were more persistent in the face of repeated exposures to negative outcomes than were subjects treated with success only. Moreover, extended treatment resulted in greater immunization against helplessness than did abbreviated treatment, regardless of schedule type. These findings are discussed within the conceptual frameworks of frustration theory and the reformulated learned helplessness hypothesis.
Fluoride Distribution in Teeth Using a Silicate Model

The fluoride determinations were done on enamel biopsies taken before and after restoration of extracted teeth with silicate cement. Two sites, one near the restoration and one 3 mm or more away from the restoration, were assayed. No difference was noted in pre- and post-restoration biopsies when teeth were restored with a fluoride-free silicate. Post-restoration biopsies at sites near and away from the restoration were significantly higher in fluoride as compared to pre-restoration biopsies when the teeth were restored with a fluoride-con taining silicate.
Laparoscopic pyelolithotomy for calculus removal in a pelvic kidney.

When stones develop in pelvic or ectopic kidneys, treatment may be challenging. We report on a patient with a symptomatic stone in a pelvic kidney managed by laparoscopic pyelolithotomy. CASE REPORT A 31-year-old man with a 2.5 cm. symptomatic renal pelvic stone in the right pelvic kidney was referred after 2 UIISUCcessful attempts at extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL*) (fig. 1). Ureteroscopic access to the stone was attempted but proved to be impossible secondary to a narrow and tortuous ureter. Therefore, we decided to attempt stone removal laparoscopically. The patient was placed in the Trendelenburg position and pneumoperitoneum was established in standard fashion via an infraumbilical port. Through separate stab wounds under direct vision 4 trocars were placed over the inferior abdomen. The bowel was first moved superiorly. A considerable amount of peripelvic inflammation as well as a number of aberrant vessels made renal pelvic exposure difficult. After the pelvis was adequately dissected free a 2 cm. pyelotomy was made.
The epidemiology of coronary heart disease

T HE increasing prominence of coronary heart disease (CHD), especially in the Western world, has led to a preoccupation of medical scientists with study of the causation of this disease. While there is still more discussion than research, the problem is unusually complicated. Of the triad of experimental approachesclinical, laboratory and epidemiologic-it appears that the last may be particularly appropriate for this problem. The proportion of the recorded death rate cdused by heart disease in the United States has increased from about 9 per cent in 1900 to almost 40 per cent in 1956 [I]. As we shall see, such statements tend by oversimplification to exaggerate and distort the problem because the changes of age composition of the population, the increase of precision of diagnosis and cause of death certification, and the elimination of other causes of death which were formerly manifest in young people have all tended to exaggerate the increase of CHD as a cause of death. Nevertheless, every practicing physician must be impressed with the frequency of CHD in his experience. These circumstances prompt us to examine two questions: Has there been a real increase in mortality from CHD in the past twenty years? Has the “progress” which man has made in altering his environment inadvertently introduced or exaggerated the agents which cause CHD? The examination of such questions and their ramifications is the function of the science of epidemiology. At best, we can hope by such a method to identifyand to measure the force of the agents which contribute to cause. The proof of identity and the application of information in prevention and cure are the functions of the laboratory and clinical methods of research. The fundamental procedure in the epidemiologic method-as in other scientific disciplines-
Intrinsic generalized metrics

The intrinsic functions of two variables from a lattice-ordered group to itself that are symmetric and right invariant are called its intrinsic metrics. It is known that these are exactly the functions of the form d(x, y) = n|x - y| for some integer n, and that for \({n \geq 1}\) , the triangle inequality for these functions holds if and only if the group is abelian.
Parallel Measurement and Modeling of Transport in the Darht II Beamline on ETA II

To successfully tune the DARHT II transport beamline requires the close coupling of a model of the beam transport and the measurement of the beam observables as the beam conditions and magnet settings are varied. For the ETA II experiment using the DARHT II beamline components this was achieved using the SUICIDE (Simple User Interface Connecting to an Integrated Data Environment) data analysis environment and the FITS (Fully Integrated Transport Simulation) model. The SUICIDE environment has direct access to the experimental beam transport data at acquisition and the FITS predictions of the transport for immediate comparison. The FITS model is coupled into the control system where it can read magnet current settings for real time modeling. We find this integrated coupling is essential for model verification and the successful development of a tuning aid for the efficient convergence on a useable tune. We show the real time comparisons of simulation and experiment and explore the successes and limitations of this close coupled approach.
Anticancer system created by acrolein and hydroxyl radical generated in enzymatic oxidation of spermine and other biochemical reactions

A hypothesis suggesting the existence of a ubiquitous physiological anticancer system created by two highly reactive oxidative stress inducers with anticancer properties, acrolein and hydroxyl radical, is reported in this communication. Both components can originate separately or together in several biochemical interactions, among them, the enzymatic oxidation of the polyamine spermine, which appear to be their main source. The foundations of this hypothesis encompass our initial search for growth-inhibitors or anticancer compounds in biological material leading to the isolation of spermine, a polyamine that became highly cytotoxic through the generation of acrolein, when enzymatically oxidized. Findings complemented with pertinent literature data by other workers and observed anticancer activities by sources capable of producing acrolein and hydroxyl radical. This hypothesis obvious implication: spermine enzymatic oxidations or other biochemical interactions that would co-generate acrolein and hydroxyl radical, the anticancer system components, should be tried as treatments for any given cancer. The biochemical generation of acrolein observed was totally unexpected, since this aldehyde was known; as a very toxic and highly reactive xenobiotic chemical produced in the pyrolysis of fats and other organic material, found as an atmospheric pollutant, in tobacco smoke and car emissions, and mainly used as a pesticide or aquatic herbicide. Numerous studies on acrolein, considered after our work a biological product, as well, followed. In them, acrolein widespread presence, its effects on diverse cellular proteins, such as, growth factors, and its anticancer activities, were additionally reported. Regarding hydroxyl radical, the second component of the proposed anticancer system, and another cytotoxic product in normal cell metabolism, it co-generates with acrolein in several biochemical interactions, occurrences suggesting that these products might jointly fulfill some biological role. Furthermore, hydroxyl radical shares with phosphoramide mustard, anticancer activities and many similar effects against DNA, including the production of damages resulting in mutagenesis and carcinogenesis, facts that led us to consider this radical, a biological counterpart of phosphoramide mustard. A physiological system involving acrolein and hydroxyl radical, consequently, will be expected to produce effects similar to those from acrolein and phosphoramide mustard, the main anticancer metabolites from the widely used drug, cyclophosphamide.
High performance computation and interactive display of molecular orbitals on GPUs and multi-core CPUs

The visualization of molecular orbitals (MOs) is important for analyzing the results of quantum chemistry simulations. The functions describing the MOs are computed on a three-dimensional lattice, and the resulting data can then be used for plotting isocontours or isosurfaces for visualization as well as for other types of analyses. Existing software packages that render MOs perform calculations on the CPU and require runtimes of tens to hundreds of seconds depending on the complexity of the molecular system.We present novel data-parallel algorithms for computing lattices of MOs on modern graphics processing units (GPUs) and multi-core CPUs. The fastest GPU algorithm achieves up to a 125-fold speedup over an optimized CPU implementation running on one CPU core. We also demonstrate possible benefits of dynamic GPU kernel generation and just-in-time compilation for MO calculation. We have implemented these algorithms within the popular molecular visualization program VMD, which can now produce high quality MO renderings for large systems in less than a second, and achieves the first-ever interactive animations of quantum chemistry simulation trajectories using only on-the-fly calculation.
New Molecular Classifications of Breast Cancer

Traditionally, pathologic determinations of tumor size, lymph node status, endocrine receptor status, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) status have driven prognostic predictions and adjuvant therapy recommendations for patients with early stage breast cancer. However, these prognostic and predictive factors are relatively crude measures, resulting in many patients being overtreated or undertreated. As a result of gene expression assays, there is growing recognition that breast cancer is a molecularly heterogeneous disease. Evidence from gene expression microarrays suggests the presence of multiple molecular subtypes of breast cancer. The recent commercial availability of gene expression profiling techniques that predict risk of disease recurrence as well as potential chemotherapy benefit have shown promise in refining clinical decision making. These techniques will be reviewed in this article.
Developing an Information Systems Security Success Model for eGovernment Context

Information security has received a great deal of attention from a number of researchers (Dhillon and Backhouse, 2001). However, there has been little research aimed at understanding the dimensions—within the organizational context—of information security success. The current study considers a large body of information security literature and organizes the research based on their findings. This taxonomy is used to develop a model for information security success. The utility of the proposed model within e-Government is considered. Finally the implications for research and industry are discussed.
CEOs' power and corporate performance transitions

This study addresses the question, How does CEO power affect, and respond to, corporate performance transitions over time? Drawing on insights culled from the top management and organizational life-cycle literature, we assumed that CEO power rises and falls in tandem with a firm's upward or downward performance cycles. However, our examination of four CEO “power characteristics”—structural, ownership, expert, and prestige—at 38 major U.S. corporations over a period of 12 years showed, instead, that CEOs' power (1) rises and falls within both upward and downward performance transitions and (2) does not rise and fall in a steady, monotonic fashion. In fact, some dimensions of CEO power are clearly more tied than others to changes in firm performance, and shifts in CEO power can also be linked to either the early or the late part of each transition cycle. These results have several implications for competitive intelligence (CI) professionals: First, the four power characteristics seem to behave independently of each other and seem to influence performance in their own unique ways. Each characteristic seems to play a very special role in the scheme of things and contribute uniquely to our understanding of performance transitions. Because of the special role that each power characteristic assumes in driving a firm's performance, CI professionals must track all four power indicators (and not simply any one of the indicators) to fully comprehend the performance changes. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
5-Fluorouracil and Glaucoma Filtering Surgery: III. Intermediate Follow-up of a Pilot Study

Abstract Ninety-five patients (104 eyes) were enrolled in a pilot study of subconjunctival 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) injections after filtering surgery in eyes with poor surgical prognoses. At least a six-month follow-up was available on 84 patients, of whom four were excluded from the analysis of surgical outcome because they suffered retinal detachments within six months of their filtering surgery. The initial 5-FU procedures on the remaining 80 patients were successful (no further glaucoma surgical procedures were either performed or recommended, and the intraocular pressures [IOPs] were either 21 mmHg or lower with ocular hypotensive medication[s] or 25 mmHg or lower without ocular hypotensive medication) in 33 (68%) of the 48 aphakic eyes with non-neovascular glaucomas, 13 (81 %) of the 16 phakic eyes with non-neovascular glaucomas after unsuccessful filtering surgery, and 12 (75%) of the 16 eyes with neovascular glaucoma (NVG). The follow-up on the successful eyes ranged from 6 to 34 months (mean ± SD=18.5 ± 7.5). The visual acuities remained within one line of their preoperative levels or improved in 38 (79%) of the 48 aphakic eyes with non-neovascular glaucoma, 11 (69%) of the 16 phakic eyes with nonneovascular glaucoma after unsuccessful filtering surgery, and 12 (75%) of the 16 eyes with NVG. The initial 5-FU procedures on the 104 eyes were complicated by the following: corneal epithelial defects (50%); conjunctival wound and suture tract leaks (36%; 2% underwent surgical repair); suprachoroidal hemorrhages (9%); retinal detachments (3%); subepithelial corneal scarring (3%); endophthalmitis (2%); and malignant glaucoma (1 %). It is the authors' impression that postoperative subconjuctival 5-FU increases the likelihood of achieving IOP control after filtering surgery in eyes with poor surgical prognoses; however, a randomized clinical trial is necessary to confirm this impression.
Sex Trafficking or Sex Work? Conceptions of Trafficking Among Anti-Trafficking Organizations in Nepal

Trafficking for sexual purposes is widely recognized as a violation of human rights. Trafficking of women and girls within Nepal and from Nepal to India’s red light districts is thought to be extremely common. There is sharp debate within the anti-trafficking community, both within Nepal and globally, about why trafficking occurs and how to prevent it. I argue that this disagreement is rooted in two distinct underlying frameworks employed by anti-trafficking advocates to understand trafficking, which I identify as the “Prostitution Framework” and the “Labour Exploitation Framework.” This article introduces these frameworks and investigates where the anti-trafficking community in Nepal is situated. I find that this community is primarily rooted within the Prostitution Framework, and that this position has implications for how anti-trafficking programming is conducted. Recent changes in Nepal have begun to expose some of the shortcomings of this framework, and I conclude that there are strong reasons that anti-trafficking advocates in Nepal should examine their assumptions, as perhaps programmes situated within the Labour Framework may be more appropriate. More empirical research is required in order to demonstrate whether programming informed by the Labour Exploitation Framework would be more successful at preventing trafficking and limiting the harm that women experience in the sex industry.
On separators, segregators and time versus space

Gives an extension of the result due to Paul, Pippenger, Szemeredi and Trotter (1983) that deterministic linear time (DTIME) is distinct from nondeterministic linear time (NTIME). We show that NTIME[n/spl radic/log*(n)] /spl ne/ DTIME[n/spl radic/log*(n)]. We show that if the class of multi-pushdown graphs has {o(n), o[n/log(n)]} segregators, then NTIME[n log(n)] /spl ne/ DTIME[n log(n)]. We also show that at least one of the following facts holds: (1) P /spl ne/ L, and (2) for all polynomially bounded constructible time bounds t, NTIME(t) /spl ne/ DTIME(t). We consider the problem of whether NTIME(t) is distinct from NSPACE(t) for constructible time bounds t. A pebble game on graphs is defined such that the existence of a "good" strategy for the pebble game on multi-pushdown graphs implies a "good" simulation of nondeterministic time-bounded machines by nondeterministic space-bounded machines. It is shown that there exists a "good" strategy for the pebble game on multi-pushdown graphs if the graphs have sublinear separators. Finally, we show that nondeterministic time-bounded Turing machines can be simulated by /spl Sigma//sub 4/ machines with an asymptotically smaller time bound, under the assumption that the class of multi-pushdown graphs has sublinear separators.
Disjoint Paths in Graphs I, 3-planar Graphs and Basic Obstructions

Let G be a graph, $ \{a,b,c\}\subseteq V(G) $ , and $ \{a',b',c'\}\subseteq V(G) $ such that $ \{a,b,c\}\neq \{a',b',c'\} $ . We say that $ (G,\{a,c\}, \{a',c'\}, (b, b')) $ is an obstruction if, for any three vertex disjoint paths from {a, b, c} to {a', b', c'} in G, one path is from b to b'. Robertson and Seymour asked the problem of characterizing all obstructions. In this paper, we present a list of "basic" obstructions and show how to produce other obstructions from these basic ones. We also prove results about disjoint paths in graphs. Results in this paper will be used in subsequent papers to characterize all obstructions.
The Incorporation of the HIV/AIDS Identity Into the Self Over Time

In the mid-1990s HIV/AIDS transitioned from a terminal illness to a chronic disease because of medical advances. In this qualitative study the author examines how people incorporate the HIV/AIDS identity into their selves at three points in time. Findings demonstrate a five-component process, including diagnosis, postdiagnosis turning point, immersion, post-immersion turning point, and integration. In addition, the disclosure process corresponds to a particular component of incorporation. The author makes comparisons with the incorporation process of other chronic illness. Findings augment the literature on HIV/AIDS, chronic illness, and identity and have practical implications for HIV/AIDS educators.
ERP Configuration: Does Situation Awareness Impact Team Performance?

Globalization, tougher competition and increasing customer expectations have led many organizations to adopt enterprise resource planning systems (ERP). However, organizations are beginning to realize the real impacts of ERP systems can be less than expected and that there is a need to better utilize ERP systems. This has led to greater focus on improved configuration and implementation. An important part of implementation is the configuration process carried out by teams. In this study, we present our research model and examine performance in ERP configuration teams. The research model posits that Team Situation Awareness (TSA) affects the performance of ERP configuration teams and that process conflict, deadlines and sharing common languages and codes will impact TSA. We then empirically tested the model in a quasi-field study involving 26 ERP/SAP student configurations teams. The results support our research model and offer insight into configuration team performance. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.
The Public Pedagogy of Student Activists in Chile What Have We Learned From the Penguins' Revolution?

In response to the call for more empirical research on the process of public pedagogy (Sandlin, O’Malley, & Burdick, 2011), this article examines the 2006 secondary school student protests for educational equity in Chile through the lens of public pedagogy. Drawing from interview data with student leaders in one secondary school in Santiago de Chile, this narrative inquiry centers on understanding how leadership and pedagogy function within a social movement grounded in agency for justice. The research questions and data analysis address issues of pedagogical dimensions, coalition building, and observable effects of the student movement. Findings suggest that the process employed by the participants is reflective of Brady’s (2006) feminist conceptualization of public pedagogy, which prioritizes grassroots, collective phenomena and alliances across difference.
Dnmt1N/+ Reduces the Net Growth Rate and Multiplicity of Intestinal Adenomas in C57BL/6-Multiple Intestinal Neoplasia (Min)/+ Mice Independently of p53 but Demonstrates Strong Synergy with the Modifier of Min 1AKR Resistance Allele

Altered patterns of the 5-cytosine methylation of genomic DNA are associated with the development of a wide range of human cancers. We have studied the mechanisms and genetic pathways by which a targeted heterozygous deficiency in the murine 5-cytosine DNA methyltransferase gene (Dnmt1N/+) diminishes intestinal tumorigenesis in C57BL/6-multiple intestinal neoplasia (Min)/+ mice. We found that Dnmt1N/+ retards the net growth rate of intestinal adenomas and reduces tumor multiplicity by approximately 50%. This tumor resistance affects the entire intestinal tract and is independent of the status of modifier of Min 1 and p53, two loci that have been found to confer strong resistance to Min-induced neoplasia. Interestingly, Dnmt1N/+ and modifier of Min 1 resistance interact synergistically, together virtually eliminating tumor incidence. This finding may provide an insight into potential combinatorial therapeutic approaches for treating human colon cancer.
Hop-count based probabilistic packet dropping: Congestion mitigation with loss rate differentiation

Network applications and users have very diverse service expectations and requirements, demanding for provisioning different levels of quality of service on the Internet. As the speed of network links has been rising at a pace that exceeds that of the growth in the buffer size, packet loss rate differentiation has been an active research topic. However, none of the existing packet dropping schemes for loss rate differentiation considered an important issue, that is, the retransmission overhead of dropped packets. In this paper, we design a hop-count based probabilistic packet dropper (HPPD) for congestion mitigation and loss rate differentiation. HPPD aims to meet a unique two-fold objective by two-dimensional loss rate differentiation: the primary one is the congestion mitigation that aims to reduce congestion in the first place by dropping intra-class packets differently based on their maturity levels to reduce retransmission cost; the other is inter-class proportional loss rate differentiation. The maturity level of a packet, the number of hops it has travelled, is inferred from its time-to-live value in the IP header. We propose a novel intra-class nth-root proportional dropping scheme. The scheme reduces retransmission cost by giving higher dropping probabilities to less mature packets while all packets have their forwarding chances. The n is a controllable parameter trading off dropping fairness for congestion mitigation. It provides great controllability to network operators. Simulation results show that HPPD can significantly mitigate the congestion by reducing the retransmission overhead of dropped packets and achieve the proportional loss rate differentiation at the same time.
Polar phonon mode selection rules in tip-enhanced Raman scattering

We discuss the use of the symmetry selectivity of phonon Raman scattering to determine nanocrystallographic information of solids using tip-enhanced Raman scattering (TERS). The necessary degrees of freedom arise from the combination of the Raman selection rules reflecting crystal symmetry superimposed by the polarization and k-vector-dependent field enhancement and scattering of the scanning probe tip. The resulting phonon TERS selection rules are discussed, including the use of the crystal Raman tensor and momentum conservation for polar phonon modes. We demonstrate the selection rules for both far-field and tip-enhanced near-field Raman scattering from bulk and nanocrystalline LiNbO3. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Civil and Constitutional Rights of Adjudicated Youth

Mental health clinicians serving child and adolescent patients are frequently asked to evaluate youth who have been arrested for various offenses or who are otherwise involved with the juvenile justice system. To help orient clinicians and other stakeholders involved with such cases, this article describes the evolution of the juvenile justice system and summarizes the history and current status of the civil and constitutional rights of youth involved in the adjudicatory process. This article also points out key areas in which due process rights are still evolving, particularly in the case of status offenders.
Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole monotherapy should not be used for treatment of severe methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections

Commentary on : Paul M, Bishara J, Yahav D, et al. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole versus vancomycin for severe infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2015;350:h2219. Despite decreasing incidence in many countries, severe infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ( S aureus, MRSA) continue to pose therapeutic challenges. Most MRSA strains remain susceptible to older antimicrobial agents such as trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX);1 however, few randomised trials have evaluated its efficacy compared to current standard treatment options (vancomycin, daptomycin, linezolid).2 ,3 A single randomised controlled trial conducted more than two decades ago suggested that TMP-SMX may be a useful alternative to vancomycin for treatment of severe S aureus infections.4 This clinical trial examined whether TMP-SMX is non-inferior compared with vancomycin, for the treatment of …
How sender and receiver jointly shape message: an empirical study on transactional relationship in electronic word of mouth

By showing the effects of electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM) on product sales, prior research has established a one-way relationship from sender to receiver. This paper demonstrates a feedback loop via 'helpful votes' in the context of online user review: how many eWOM messages sender creates is a function of how many helpful votes receiver provides. In addition, we show receivers consider new eWOM more helpful when prior eWOM messages are few, inconsistent, or positive. Although senders originate eWOM messages, receivers enter the eWOM process through the feedback loop and influence what types of eWOM messages are created; therefore, eWOM is driven by both senders and receivers. Our findings imply that eWOM is a two-way transaction that senders do with receivers rather than to them.