cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Short-latency auditory responses obtained by cross correlation

Short‐latency auditory responses were derived by cross correlation of pseudorandom white noise with averaged scalp potentials in guinea pigs. The cross‐correlation functions were characterized by distinct cochlear microphonic and neural components, as distinguished by susceptibility to hypothermia and masking noise. This technique detects only linear, frequency‐following responses of the auditory system, and demonstrated neural frequency following up to 3–4 kHz; thresholds were about 30–40 dB spectrum level. While conventional auditory brain stem responses reflect onset neural activity and are most responsive to high‐frequency stimuli, cross‐correlation responses reflect frequency‐following activity, primarily to low frequencies, and thus may represent a complementary method of electrophysiologic assessment of the auditory system. Data are very rapidly acquired, and estimation of responses of limited areas of the cochlea may be possible by off‐line digital filtering of cross‐correlation functions obtained...
Isolation of a mitochondrial DNA topoisomerase from human leukemia cells

Abstract Mitochondria from human acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells contain an ATP-independent DNA topoisomerase which can relax negative and positive supercoils. This enzyme has been purified 200-fold by carboxymethyl-cellulose or double stranded DNA-cellulose chromatography. In contrast to the molecular weights reported for mitochondrial topoisomerases in other systems, the native leukemia enzyme has a molecular weight of 132,000 daltons as determined by gel permeation chromatography in buffer containing 0.4 M KCl. It also exhibits a sedimentation coefficient of 7.1 S when centrifuged through a 10–30% glycerol gradient in this high salt buffer. The enzyme is presumably a type I topoisomerase analogous to those found in rat liver and Xenopus laevis mitochondria.
106 INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR-1 RECEPTOR EXPRESSION ON MITOGEN-STIMULATED LYMPHOCYTES

Isolated human lymphocytes were incubated for 48 hours in FCS/RMPI-1640-medium with the addition of different mitogens (PHA, OKT-3, -4, -8 and PWM). The IGF-1 receptor affinity did not change before and after incubation with these mitogens (1.24+/-0.21 versus 1.41+/-0.68 10(+9) M(-1);n=9). For PHA (1ug/ ml) and OKT-3 (25ng/ml) stimulated lymphocytes we could demonstrate an increase of IGF-1 receptors / cell from 1640+/-350 to 2910+/-870 for PHA (n=7) and from 1770+/-390 to 2780+/-1280 for OKT-3 (n=9). In contrast, B-cells stimulated by PWM (10ug/ml) did not show any effect on IGF-1-binding. Stimulation of helper- and suppressor T-cells by OKT-4 and OKT-8 also did not influence IGF-1 binding. A dose dependent down regulation of IGF-1 receptor number could be demonstrated by addition of IGF-1 to cultured cells. In contrast to PHA and OKT-3, IGF-1 itself had no effect on DNA- or protein synthesis. Our results support the previous observation that IGF-1 binding to lymphocytes is increased by stimulation of T- but not of B-cells.
Treatment of postpriapism erectile dysfunction by closure of persistent distal glans-cavernosum fistulas 5 years after shunt creation

Erectile dysfunction is common after the formation of a glans-cavernosum shunt for intractable priapism. Often patients require placement of a penile prosthesis to restore sexual function. We report a case of restoration of full erections after reversal of a glans-cavernosum shunt in a 30-year-old man who had been treated for priapism 5 years previously. On the basis of our experience, it seems reasonable to attempt shunt reversal for correction of erectile dysfunction in selected patients who likely have a persistent vascular fistula.
Bayesian analysis of agricultural field experiments

The paper describes Bayesian analysis for agricultural field experiments, a topic that has received very little previous attention, despite a vast frequentist literature. Adoption of the Bayesian paradigm simplifies the interpretation of the results, especially in ranking and selection. Also, complex formulations can be analysed with comparative ease, by using Markov chain Monte Carlo methods. A key ingredient in the approach is the need for spatial representations of the unobserved fertility patterns. This is discussed in detail. Problems caused by outliers and by jumps in fertility are tackled via hierarchical-f formulations that may find use in other contexts. The paper includes three analyses of variety trials for yield and one example involving binary data; none is entirely straightforward. Some numerical comparisons with frequentist analyses are made.
An integrated approach to federated identity and privilege management in open systems

Online partnerships depend on federations of not only user identities but also of user entitlements across organizational boundaries.
Hydroboration. 96. Synthesis and Chemistry of Sterically Modified α-Pinene-Related 2-Organylapoisopinocampheylchloro- and -bromoboranes, Potentially Valuable for Asymmetric Hydroboration

Optically pure and sterically varied 2-organylapoisopinocampheylchloro- and -bromoboranes (RapBHX; X = Cl and Br; R = Et (EapBHX), Pr (PraBHX), i-Bu (i-BapBHX), Ph (PapBHX), and i-Pr (i-PraBHX)), potentially valuable for asymmetric hydroboration of prochiral alkenes, are conveniently prepared by a number of simple approaches from the corresponding 2-organylapoisopinocampheyldihaloboranes (RapBX2) and 2-organylapoisopinocampheylboranes (RapBH2). All of these reagents can be readily obtained from 2-organylapopinenes (2-R-apopinenes). Increasing the steric bulk at the 2-position of the apopinene moiety significantly influences the formation of the desired RapBHCl. Thus, when R = i-Pr, a significantly lower amount of the sterically bulkier alkylchloroborane reagent, i-PraBHCl (47−52%), is formed in equilibrium with i-PraBH2 (22−23%) and i-PraBCl2 (22−23%). Surprisingly, a higher equilibrium composition for PapBHCl (84−86%), a sterically demanding borane reagent, is observed in equilibrium with 7−8% each of Pa...
COVERAGE OF BLOOD VESSELS BY ASTROCYTIC ENDFEET IS REDUCED IN MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER

Background Depression and cerebrovascular disease influence each other, according to clinical studies. Despite this evidence, no studies have investigated the relationship between major depressive disorder (MDD) and cerebrovascular disease at the cellular level. Astrocytic processes are a crucial interface between blood vessels and neurons, and astrocyte density is reduced in MDD. This study investigated the coverage of vessels by astrocyte endfeet in the prefrontal cortex in MDD. Methods Thirteen pairs of MDD and nonpsychiatric control subjects were used for double immunofluorescent staining and confocal image analysis. Frozen sections of gray matter from orbitofrontal area 47 and white matter from the ventromedial prefrontal cortex were examined. Astrocytic processes (labeled with antibodies for aquaporin-4 (AQP4) or glial fibrillary acidic protein were co-localized with blood vessels (labeled with an antibody to collagen IV) to measure the coverage of vessel walls by astrocyte processes. Results The coverage of blood vessels by endfeet of AQP4-immunoreactive (IR) astrocytes was significantly reduced by 50% in subjects with MDD as compared with control subjects [analysis of covariance: F (1,23) = 5.161, p = .033]. This difference was detected in orbitofrontal gray matter but not in white matter. Conversely, the coverage of vessels by glial fibrillary acidic protein-IR processes did not significantly differ between the groups. Conclusions A significant reduction in the coverage of gray matter vessels by AQP4-IR astrocyte processes in MDD suggests alterations in AQP4 functions such as regulation of water homeostasis, blood flow, glucose transport and metabolism, the blood-brain barrier, glutamate turnover, and synaptic plasticity.
Use of a High Current dc Arc for Trace Element Spectrographic Analysis of Ashed Biological Materials

The advantages that can be realized through the use of a high current dc arc for the emission spectrographic analysis of ashed biological materials are presented. The method described utilizes 5–10 mg of ash per analysis and provides detection limits between 1 and 50 parts per billion (on the original dry weight basis) for a large number of elements. The precision estimates of the method, based on four replicate analyses, are generally better than ±20% and comparative analyses suggest that the accuracies are within these limits. Data is presented which supports the possibility of using a single analytical curve for several different types of ashed biological materials.
Mayo older Americans normative studies: Factor analysis of an expanded neuropsychological battery

The Mayo Cognitive Factor Scores were derived from a “core battery” consisting of the WAIS-R, WMS-R, and Auditory Verbal Learning Test. The present study sought to clarify the factor structure of an expanded neuropsychological battery in normal elderly controls. Confirmatory factor analysis was performed on the WAIS-III, WRAT-3 Reading, Boston Naming Test, Controlled Oral Word Association Test, Category Fluency, Rey-Osterreith Complex Figure, Visual Form Discrimination, and Trail Making Test A & B. A base four-factor model consistent with the WAIS-III factor structure was utilized. Only one novel five-factor model differentiating processing and motor speed tests improved upon this base model. Other models did not, including a factor for executive function, division of construction/visuospatial ability, or “hold”/“no hold” language abilities.
On the stability of diffusion systems with chemical reactions

Abstract The stability problem for diffusion systems with chemical reaction is treated by the methods of semigroup theory and functional analysis. The general theory is reviewed and is applied in two ways to a biological system with internal heat and mass transfer. Examples of the method are given for the case where the reaction kinetics are treated as an irreversible, first-order reaction.
Leveraging pre-silicon data to diagnose out-of-specification failures in mixed-signal circuits

Diagnosing out-of-specification failures in mixed-signal circuits has become increasingly challenging due to: (1) failures caused by interactions between input-signal conditions and design uncertainties, and (2) the need to identify critical input and uncertainty conditions that cause these regions. We propose a simulation-driven approach that first uses ensemble learning to extract if -- then rules that naturally solve both problems. By ranking, pruning and clustering these rules, we then construct non-linear failure regions which can be directly employed for pre-silicon debug, as demonstrated on a phase-locked loop circuit. Furthermore, these regions can be used to guide test pattern generation and/or assist with post-silicon debug.
Remote sensing of coastal fronts and their effects on oil dispersion

The use of remote sensing techniques to determine the properties of coastal and estuarine fronts, which represent regions of discontinuities and high gradients in ocean physical parameters such as velocity and density, and to assess the influence of such fronts on oil pollutants is discussed. Results of an aircraft and boat verification study of an oil drift and spread model in Delaware Bay are indicated which illustrate the tendency of oil slicks to be attracted to frontal regions, where a denser fluid underlies a lighter fluid giving rise to an inclined interface with convergence zones. Landsat imagery of the bay acquired in order to incorporate frontal information into the interactive computer model is then presented which allows the locations of coastal fronts to be charted throughout a tidal cycle. It is noted that satellite observations of flood-associated fronts on the New Jersey side of the bay and ebb-associated fronts on the Delaware side agree with boat measurements and model predictions, and that the remote tracking of fronts by aircraft and satellites will aid in oil slick clean-up operations.
Advancements in remotely controlled underwater vehicles

Technological improvements during the past six years have increased several times the operational capabilities of Remotely Operated Vehicles in underwater work. These vehicles are used for inspection, debris removal, object retrieval, and structural cleaning. With this expanded use has come similar dramatic new technology for the vehicle systems. This extends the vehicle operational capabilities and gets more power into a very small package. This entire 400 Hz powered hydraulic propulsion system weight (including all items such as thrusters, motor, pump, valves, etc.) is equal to just the electric motor/pump package of existing 60 Hz powered systems. To obtain higher vehicle performance in a smaller packager, higher power voltages and frequencies are used. A high speed electric motor driving a miniature variable delivery hydraulic pump for the propulsion system produces 10 HP in a 16.6-lb. package. Similar size and weight reductions are made in the thruster motor/servo valve packages. The smaller size of these vehicles may preclude the necessity of a dedicated support vessel.
Suppressive effects of cyclosporin a in murine schistosomiasis

Cyclosporin A (CsA), administered subcutaneously as 5 daily injections of 50 mg·kg−1, reduced the numbers of Schistosoma mansoni perfused from MF1 mice at 7 weeks post-infection. The timing of drug administration revealed that the antischistosomal effects were greater when CsA treatment coincided with or was within a few days of infection with a parasite. CsA exerted a clear prophylactic effect, which decreased with time and was virtually abolished by 4 months pre-infection. Adult worms treated in vivo were partially susceptible to CsA. In addition to its antiparasite action, CsA reduced hepatosplenomegaly due to schistosomiasis and diminished the granulomatous inflammatory response of mice to parasite eggs in the liver. The mode of action of CsA is not understood but evidence is presented that supports the proposition that the anti-parasite effects are perhaps host-mediated.
Explaining semiconductor device physics with a fusion of lectures and videos

Concepts that describe the operation of semiconductor devices tend to be some of the most difficult for students to grasp. Hands-on experimentation can be used to demonstrate the concepts discussed in lectures or course readings and to stimulate student interest through visual applications of the concepts. However, such activities can be impractical to integrate into the classroom. Thus, multimedia tutorials have been developed on some of the concepts to support student learning and to address why a solid foundation in semiconductor device physics is critical to their development as electrical or computer engineers. Each tutorial includes a review of the theory that is demonstrated in the experiment, which is then presented. Reinforcement of their learning occurs immediately in the form of a brief video from an expert (not necessarily the course instructor) with his or her explanation. Assessment on student learning has been initiated using an assessment tool developed to evaluate hands-on learning at Georgia Tech.
A League of Their Own: Gender Practices among Adolescents and Teachers in a Technology-Enhanced Learning Environment.

The study—funded through a Dwight D. Eisenhower Professional Development Grant—examined gender differences and the process of Internet-assisted inquiry in a single-sex, technology-enhanced environm...
Electrodynamics of quasi-two-dimensional electrons

For a system of electrons confined to a thin but finite layer, the nonlocal frequency-dependent dielectric tensor is constructed in the random-phase approximation and used in the Maxwell equations to study the electromagnetic properties. Retardation effects are negligible if the thickness of the electron layer is small compared with the wavelength of the electromagnetic wave.
Rain infiltration and crust formation in the extreme arid zone of the Atacama Desert, Chile

Abstract A key question in understanding life on Mars under dry(ing) conditions is how arid soils respond to small levels of liquid water. We have conducted a series of simulated rain experiments in the hyperarid core region of the Atacama Desert. Rain amounts from 0.24 to 3.55 mm were applied in the early evening to the soil. We conclude that rain events of less than 1 mm do not saturate the surface, and the soil humidity at the surface remains below 100%. Rain events of 2 mm or more generate free water in the pore space of the soil surface, which may be necessary to support biological activity in the soil. The crust on the surface of the soil is a strong barrier to the diffusion of subsurface moisture and subsequent evaporation. Our results show that once the relative humidity in hyperarid soils begins to fall below 100% the rate of decrease is quite rapid. Thus, the precise value assumed for the limits of life or water activity, do not appreciably change the time of water availability resulting from small desert rains. The Atacama Desert results may be applied to models of (H 2 O) wetting in the upper soils of Mars due to light rains, melting snow and heavy precipitating fog.
Get Involved: Try Some Old School Social Networking [Leader's Corner]

It is suggested that if you haven't attended a PES chapter meeting lately or at all, to give it try. Consider sending topics of interest to your local Chapter leadership. Offer to provide a speaker from your company to discuss a pressing topic or recent development. But what if there is not a local PES Chapter in your area and you would like to have an opportunity to network with power and energy professionals and participate in some of the above listed activities close to home? Consider pulling together some technical colleagues and creating a local PES Chapter. Information on creating a new PES Chapter is available through the following link http://www.ieee.org/ portal/pages/tab/cha/newchap.html or by contacting the PES VP for Chapters or your Regiona l representatives (http:// www.ieee-pes.org/chapters/contacts/ pes-chapters-organization).
Use of Low Concentrations of Actinomycin D in the Study of RNA Synthesis in Ehrlich Ascites Cells

Abstract An investigation has been made of the effect of low concentrations of actinomycin D on the synthesis of RNA in Ehrlich ascites cells. At low concentrations of the drug, the appearance of labeled 28 s and 18 s ribosomal RNA in the cytoplasm, and the appearance of both labeled and unlabeled 45 s and 35 s RNA in the nucleus are inhibited, all to approximately the same extent. Under these conditions, newly synthesized RNA which exhibits a “DNA-like” base composition is found in both the nucleus and cytoplasm. The majority of the “DNA-like” RNA in the nucleus is thought to be distinct from that which appears in the cytoplasm because of its different base composition, different sedimentation behavior and apparent lack of transport into the cytoplasm during chase experiments.
Reduced amylin levels are associated with low bone mineral density in women with anorexia nervosa

Context Anorexia nervosa, characterized by extreme low body weight due to reduced nutrient intake, is associated with severe bone loss. Peptide hormones, including amylin, GIP, and GLP2, are released immediately after nutrient intake and may be involved in the regulation of bone turnover.
The use of graded finite elements in the study of elastic wave propagation in continuously nonhomogeneous materials

Finite elements with graded properties are used to simulate elastic wave propagation in functionally graded materials. The graded elements are formulated with continuously nonhomogeneous material property fields and compared to conventionally formulated homogeneous elements. An example problem is solved for the two-dimensional case to show the potential benefits of the graded formulation. It is observed that the conventional elements give a discontinuous stress field in the direction perpendicular to the material property gradient, while the graded elements give a continuous distribution. In the one-dimensional case, the solutions are compared to the analytical solutions by Chiu and Erdogan [J. Sound Vib. 222 (3) (1999) 453]. The results show that for identical levels of mesh refinement, the graded formulation produces similar spatial resolution, and temporal resolution for the range of boundary value problems studied. Observations are explained and their implications for numerical modeling are discussed.
Hypothesis: one rate-limiting step controls the magnitude of both phases of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion.

The biphasic secretory response of pancreatic β-cells to abrupt and sustained exposure to glucose is well documented. Some of the ATP-sensitive K+ (KATP) channel-dependent mechanisms underlying the...
Could targeting T-helper cells aid the development of effective cancer vaccines?

Background Immunotherapy was one of the first treatment forms explored for cancer, beginning with Coley’s toxins in the late 1800s [1], yet it has remained a field largely characterized by great experimental promise with modest clinical utility. Only in the last 30 years have the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying immune system function been defined in sufficient depth to permit the development of designed immunotherapies. Yervoy (ipilimumab) is the archetype example of that paradigm, in which defining the role of CD80/CD86 interactions with CD28 and CTLA-4 in tuning T-cell activation signals revealed CTLA-4 blockade as a possible approach to lowering T-cell activation thresholds and produce antitumor immunity in cancer patients [2]. Similarly, defining tolerance mechanisms restricting cancer antigenspecific immune responses should permit improved immune and clinical responses to vaccination by blocking those mechanisms. In that context, we have discovered an integrated tolerance mechanism, selective CD4 T-cell tolerance, that limits CD8 Tand B-cell responses to self-antigens, creating a barrier to self-antigen-targeted vaccines for cancer [3]. CD4 T cells specific to melanoma, colorectal and breast cancer antigens were eliminated, corrupting responses by otherwise nontolerant CD8 T and B cells, crippling vaccine-induced immunity. Restoration of CD4 T-cell help restored CD8 Tand B-cell responses, maximizing antitumor immunity.
Estimation of crude fiber in dehulled soybeans.

The determination of crude fiber in soybeans is a lengthy and time-consuming procedure which requires extraction, digestion, and incineration and is not suitable as a routine processing-control tool. A short control procedure has been developed, employing photomicroscopy, which is based on the characteristics of soybean hull cellulose to rotate plane-polarized light. The sample is mounted on a microscope slide, treated with trichloro-acetic acid, and placed in a polarizing projection microscope; the image is compared with a series of standard photomicrographs. The amount of hulls present in the sample is measured quantitatively, and an estimation is made on the crude fiber. The crude fiber estimation on de-hulled soybeans can be made in 15 min compared with 8 to 12 hr by using the official crude fiber method.
Development of constrained equilibrium codes and their applications in nonequilibrium thermodynamics

Two constrained equilibrium codes, GNASA and GSTANJAN, have been developed which determine the composition of constrained equilibrium gas mixture. These codes use NASA and STANJAN equilibrium programs as the basis for generalized equilibrium routines. Gas mixture composition is determined by minimizing Gibbs free energy of the mixture subject to any specified constraints in addition to elemental constraints. Performances of these two codes have been compared to each other, and it has been found that GSTANJAN converges over a wider range of constraints, while the convergence of GNASA is limited. These codes have been applied in nonequilibrium evolution process of hydrogen-oxygen mixture. The nonequilibrium process has been modeled by using only two constraints in addition to elemental constraints. The results are in good agreement with detailed kinetic solution.
Gender Differences in the Evaluation of Prestige

This study examines the prestige accorded to male and female incumbents in occupations. Respondents were asked to rate the prestige of occupations and the prestige of male and female incumbents in those occupations. Two main findings are discussed in this paper. First, the prestige of male and female incumbents often differs substantially. The size of these differences is strongly related to the sex com-position of the occupations. Second, the sex composition of occupations has a significant effect on the prestige of sex-atypical jobholders, even after the effects of perceived income and education are accounted for. The implications of these findings for theories and research on occupational prestige are discussed.
Cerebral activity in the perception of visceral pain

Specific patterns of cerebral activity have recently been identified in relation to acute and chronic visceral pain experiences in humans. Activity may occur in a brain region as a consequence of receiving and processing neurally encoded information perceived to be arising from the viscera. (This includes, but is not necessarily limited to, information actually arising from the viscera.) Observed cerebral activity may also represent the mobilization and output of instructions emanating from the cerebrum, which helps create and respond to visceral events. Functional neuroanatomy underlying the transmission of both kinds of neuronally encoded information is outlined. Recent research and ideas on cerebral activity associated with visceral pain perceived to be arising from within the abdomen, chest, or pelvis are considered. Finally, the relationships of pain perception and cerebral activity to depression, autonomic function, and sex are discussed.
Anti‐EMMPRIN Treatment of HNSCC in an ex vivo Model

Objective: Targeting the molecular pathways associated with carcinogenesis remains the greatest opportunity to reduce treatment related morbidity and mortality. Extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (EMMPRIN), also known as CD147, is a cell surface molecule known to promote tumor growth and angiogenesis in preclinical studies of head and neck carcinoma. To evaluate the feasibility of anti-CD147 therapy, an ex vivo human head and neck cancer model was established.
Sodium Sulfate Separation from Aqueous Alkaline Solutions via Crystalline Urea-Functionalized Capsules: Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Crystallization

The thermodynamics and kinetics of crystallization of sodium sulfate with a tripodal tris-urea receptor (L1) from aqueous alkaline solutions have been measured in the 15–55 °C temperature range for a fundamental understanding of the elementary steps involved in this sulfate separation method. The use of radiolabeled Na235SO4 provided a practical way to monitor the sulfate concentration in solution by β liquid scintillation counting. Our results are consistent with a two-step crystallization mechanism, involving relatively quick dissolution of crystalline L1 followed by the rate-limiting crystallization of the Na2SO4(L1)2(H2O)4 capsules. We found that temperature exerted relatively little influence over the equilibrium sulfate concentration, which ranged between 0.004 and 0.011 M. This corresponds to 77–91% removal of sulfate from a solution containing 0.0475 M initial sulfate concentration, as found in a typical Hanford waste tank. The apparent pseudo-first-order rate constant for sulfate removal increase...
TU-FF-A3-02: A Novel 4D-CT Reconstruction Method and Estimation of Respiratory Motion

Purpose: We have developed a novel 4D‐CT reconstruction method based on deformable image registration. We used it to reconstructlung 4D‐CT images at any breathing tidal volume. We also fitted the estimated the lung motion field to the 5D lung motion model (Low 2005). Method and Materials: The multi‐slice 3D‐CT images were acquired by scanning the patient multiple times at each couch position and at multiple couch positions while the patient was free breathing. For 4D‐CT reconstruction, firstly we reconstructed the reference 3D‐CT image by using scans from the end of exhalation phases. We then computed the image motion for all multi‐slice scans with respect to the common reference image. The motion computation was accurate and free from the boundary occlusion problem. Motion field at any target tidal volume can be generated by interpolation on the computed motion fields. We then deformed the reference image according to the interpolated motion field to get the full volume 3D‐CT images at the target tidal volume. Finally, we fitted the computed image motion to the 5D lung motion model at selected voxel positions. Results: The reconstructed 3D‐CT images were smooth and without misalignment on the couch position boundaries. Statistical analysis results suggest that our new 4D‐CT reconstruction method typically (for over 87% situations) generates more accurate 3D‐CT images than conventional amplitude or phase angle sorting 4D‐CT reconstruction methods. The motion field fitted very well with the 5D lung motion model. Conclusion: Our new method to compute image motion with 4D‐CT dataset enables more accurate estimation of the respiratory motion parameters and allows for motion free 4D‐CT reconstruction. This help would help improve the lung breathing motion models and enhance its integration into radiation therapytreatment planning systems.
Goldman on the Goals of Democracy

As practiced by Alvin Goldman, social epistemology addresses the epistemic consequences and requirements of social practices and institutions. Since political institutions have epistemic consequences and requirements, social epistemology has a great deal to offer to political philosophy. Goldman's work in this area is rich and interesting, and, in his recent book, Knowledge in a Social World,' he has much to say that deserves the attention of political philosophers. I highly recommend, for example, his discussion of freedom of expression, and his critique of post-modernist views about truth. In this essay, I shall focus on Goldman's characteristically sophisticated and wellinformed discussion of the epistemic requirements of democracy. I shall argue that there are instructive mistakes in Goldman's views, but in drawing attention to these mistakes, I do not want to obscure the significance of Goldman's work. We value both democracy and knowledge, and, because of this, we need to pay attention to the questions Goldman has raised both about the requirements of democracy and about its impact on the distribution of knowledge. The central task of social epistemology, Goldman says, is to determine which social practices "have a comparatively favorable impact on knowledge as contrasted with error and ignorance".2 In this context, by knowledge, Goldman means true belief.3 The task, then, is to evaluate various social practices on the basis of what he calls their "knowledge consequences", or their consequences for true belief.4 Of course, Goldman does not deny that social institutions and practices can be evaluated on other grounds. His idea is simply that since true belief is valuable, "the knowledge impact of various policies is worth determining even if that impact is trumped, in certain spheres, by other values."5 A second task for social epistemology is to determine what sorts of knowledge are required by institutions or social prac-
Structural and kinetic insights into the mechanism of 5-hydroxyisourate hydrolase from Klebsiella pneumoniae.

The stereospecific oxidative degradation of uric acid to (S)-­allantoin has recently been demonstrated to proceed via two unstable intermediates and requires three separate enzymatic reactions. The second step of this reaction, the conversion of 5-­hydroxyisourate (HIU) to 2-oxo-4-hydroxy-4-­carboxy-5-ureidoimidazoline, is catalyzed by HIU hydrolase (HIUH). The high-resolution crystal structure of HIUH from the opportunistic pathogen Klebsiella pneumoniae (KpHIUH) has been determined. KpHIUH is a homotetrameric protein that, based on sequence and structural similarity, belongs to the transthyretin-related protein family. In addition, the steady-state kinetic parameters for this enzyme and four active-site mutants have been measured. These data provide valuable insight into the functional roles of the active-site residues. Based upon the structural and kinetic data, a mechanism is proposed for the KpHIUH-catalyzed reaction.
Modulation of Mouse P450 Isoforms CYP1A2, CYP2B10, CYP2E1, and CYP3A by the Environmental Chemicals Mirex, 2,2-Bis(p-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dichloroethylene, Vinclozolin, and Flutamide

Abstract Several environmental chemicals are disruptive to the reproductive and endocrine systems of many species, including humans. Mechanisms for endocrine disruption are presently under scrutiny. Xenobiotic inducible mammalian cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes metabolize a variety of substrates including environmental chemicals, pesticides, and drugs. The metabolism, and thus the effect, of endogenous chemicals including steroid hormones, vitamins, etc. that are transformed by CYP enzymes can be influenced by environmental exposure to CYP-inducing chemicals. This study demonstrated that structurally diverse environmental chemicals including mirex, 2,2-Bis( p -chlorophenyl)-1,1-dichloroethylene (DDE), vinclozolin, and flutamide are capable of inducing several mouse liver CYP isozymes. As demonstrated by Western blotting, mirex induced CYP1A2, 2B10, 2E1, and 3A and vinclozolin induced 1A2 and 2B10. The only isoforms significantly induced by DDE and flutamide were 3A and 1A2, respectively. Since some of these isoforms are known to be involved in metabolism of endogenous hormones, we also studied the effects of these CYP inducers on testosterone metabolism and seminal vesicle weights. Mirex and DDE treatments had profound effects on the metabolism of testosterone, resulting in 2.5- to 3-fold more hydroxylated products than controls. Lesser, but significant, increases in specific metabolites of testosterone were also observed following treatment with vinclozolin and flutamide. Seminal vesicle weights were lower for all treatment groups except DDE. Results of this study demonstrate that, due to their CYP-inducing potential, these chemicals may significantly impact testosterone metabolism and this may be a contributing factor in their antiandrogenic effects.
Loop structuring of ionogram traces

Abstract The phenomenon of small scale loop structuring of F-region ionogram traces is investigated; this loop structuring is shown to be caused by high-frequency ray propagation through irregularities in which dN/dz is less than ambient but greater than zero. A process of fitting generated ionograms to observed ionograms is described and this process is used to find scale sizes and amplitudes of loop trace causing irregularities for some specific data. The loop trace phenomenon has been observed during radio star scintillations and during spread-F.
The Mutator Form of Polymerase β with Amino Acid Substitution at Tyrosine 265 in the Hinge Region Displays an Increase in both Base Substitution and Frame Shift Errors

This study describes the first complete in vitro error specificity analysis of a mutator DNA polymerase that is altered in a residue not predicted to contact either the DNA or dNTP substrate. We examined this mutator form of polymerase β (Y265C) in order to elucidate the critical role tyrosine 265 plays in the accuracy of DNA synthesis. Our results demonstrate that an increase in both frame shift errors in homonucleotide repeat sequences and base substitution errors contribute nearly equally to the Y265C mutator phenotype. The models described for production of these errors, primer/template misalignment and base misincorporation, respectively, are distinctly different, suggesting the Y265C alteration affects discrimination against both types of error production pathways. In addition, Y265C displays a 530-fold increase in multiple errors within the 203-base pair target region examined, relative to that of wild type. Processivity studies revealed that Y265C retains the near distributive nature of DNA synthe...
Oxygen Amendment on Growth and Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Flooded Italian Basil

Flooding is a frequent, and often unavoidable cause of stress, in vegetable production in Florida. Flooding results in hypoxia; that is, oxygen deficiency. This study was conducted with traditional Italian basil (Ocimum basilicum L.), cv. Genovese OG, treated with either a fast- or slow-release solid oxygen compound under flooding in a plastic house in Homestead, Florida. Application of fast- and slow-release oxygen compounds to flooded basil seedlings increased leaf chlorophyll content by 53% and 58%, respectively, compared to controls. Oxygen amendment increased redox potential of flooded soil 20-fold. Application of oxygen-containing compounds is a potentially effective method to alleviate hypoxic conditions in soil, which, in turn, enhances N use efficiency and improves crop productivity.
Planetary science: are there active glaciers on Mars?

Spectacular images obtained by Mars Express were interpreted as evidence of recently active glaciers, and therefore of snowfall. In an online Brief Communication Arising, Alan Gillespie and colleagues offer an alternative explanation for these structures. Ice, yes. But it could have been frozen groundwater rather than frozen snow. Arising from: J. W. Head et al. Nature 434, 346–351 (2005); Head et al. reply . Head et al.1 interpret spectacular images from the Mars Express high-resolution stereo camera as evidence of geologically recent rock glaciers in Tharsis and of a piedmont (‘hourglass’) glacier at the base of a 3-km-high massif east of Hellas. They attribute growth of the low-latitude glaciers to snowfall during periods of increased spin-axis obliquity. The age of the hourglass glacier, considered to be inactive and slowly shrinking beneath a debris cover in the absence of modern snowfall, is estimated to be more than 40 Myr. Although we agree that the maximum glacier extent was climatically controlled, we find evidence in the images to support local augmentation of accumulation from snowfall through a mechanism that does not require climate change on Mars.
Clarifying the Narrative Paradigm.

(1989). Clarifying the narrative paradigm. Communication Monographs: Vol. 56, No. 1, pp. 55-58.
A review of minority recruitment and retention models implemented in undergraduate nursing programs

Background: Recruiting, retaining, and graduating more minorities to diversify the nursing workforce is a national priority, which can lead to a decrease in healthcare disparities. The purpose of this review of literature is to highlight models developed and implemented in nursing education that focus on recruiting, retaining, and graduating minorities, and the degree of success obtained. Methodology: Electronic database searches of Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), EBSCOhost, ProQuest, and ScienceDirect were conducted using specific keywords: minority, recruitment, retention, graduation, nursing students, models. The search yielded seven articles published in peer-reviewed journals that described each schools model, strategies, and the implementation process used to recruit, retain, and graduate minority nursing students. A tool was developed by the researcher for this review then used to analyze articles for inclusion. Results: Findings revealed that successful models included various combinations of academic support, mentoring, student financial support, and community partnerships that were effective in recruiting, retaining, and graduating minority students in nursing education. Conclusions/: The articles reviewed highlighted that when combinations of multiple strategies that includes; academic support, mentoring, student financial support, and community partnerships were used in minority nursing student populations there was increased minority retention. All articles included in this review reported minority nursing students who were given support prior to entrance and during nursing school, recruitment, retention and graduation increased.
Possible Complex Formation BetweenMacromolecules and Certain Pharmaceuticals X* The Interaction of Some Phenolic Compounds with Polyethylene Glycols, Polypropylene Glycols, and Polyvinylpyrrolidone

A photometric-titrimetric method and a dialytic method have been employed to obtain information as to the occurrence of complexes in several systems. Interactions of phenol with members of the polyethylene glycol series, with members of the polypropylene glycol series, and with polyvinylpyrrolidone have been studied. The influence on the complexing tendency of reactant concentration, of salt concentration in the system, of alcohol concentration in the system, and of temperature, has been investigated. The results show that the several systems behave essentially in the same manner despite the differences in the structures of the polymeric substances.
Upper extremity deep vein thrombosis associated with indwelling peripheral venous catheters in gynecology oncology patients.

Abstract Objective The goal of this study was to review the clinical presentation, management, and outcome of upper extremity deep vein thrombosis (UEDVT) in women with gynecologic malignancies who had indwelling peripheral venous access catheters. Methods From a retrospective review of medical records, we identified 13 patients with various gynecologic malignancies who were diagnosed with UEDVT during their disease course. We obtained tumor data, detailed information regarding the indwelling catheters used, and the diagnosis and management of UEDVT. Results Two hundred sixty-four women with gynecologic malignancies underwent insertion of an indwelling peripheral catheter by interventional radiology over a 5-year period. A total of 325 catheters were placed in these patients. Thirteen patients developed UEDVTs, and all had a catheter in situ at the time of DVT diagnosis. Eleven of thirteen patients had Peripheral Access System (PAS) Ports and two had peripheral indwelling central catheters (PICCs). The mean age of the patients was 53 years (range, 32–70). At the time of UEDVT diagnosis patients had the following: progressive cancer ( n = 8), stable disease ( n = 1), no evaluable disease ( n = 4), and actively receiving chemotherapy ( n = 7). Clinical signs/symptoms at the time of diagnosis included: catheter occlusion ( n = 2), arm swelling and pain ( n = 10), and superior vena cava syndrome ( n = 1). Diagnosis of thrombosis was confirmed using Doppler ultrasound ( n = 4), venography ( n = 5), and both modalities ( n = 4). Management of UEDVT consisted of anticoagulation with warfarin (2–6 months) ( n = 9), urokinase infusion ( n = 2), intravenous antibiotics for 21 days and heparin for 10 days ( n = 1), arm elevation only ( n = 1), Lovenox for 60 days ( n = 1), and no therapy ( n = 1). There were no complications associated with anticoagulation. No patient had a pulmonary embolism. The incidence of UEDVT among our patients with indwelling venous catheters was 5.7%. Conclusion Symptomatic UEDVT is an uncommon complication of indwelling peripheral venous catheters in women with gynecologic malignancies. The risk of pulmonary embolism is low in this patient population.
Was in Den Endlosen Debatten um die Neuregelung Der Deutschen Rechtschreibung Immer Wieder Vergessen Wird1

In den Debatten um die deutsche Rechtschreibung werden wichtige Fakten immer wieder vergessen oder ausgeblendet, mehr oder weniger systematisch. Um sie soll es in diesem Beitrag gehen. Es sind dies: 1 Die alte Rechtschreibung war keineswegs die gute, alte, bewahrte Rechtschreibung, als die sie heute gern dargestellt wird. 2 Die diversen Kommissionen, die die Neuregelung erarbeitet und ihre Einfuhrung begleitet haben, hatten einen klaren (staatlichen) Auftrag, und der ging in Richtung Vereinfachung. 3 Anders, als der Offentlichkeit vorgegaukelt wird, sind im Regelwerk nach 1996 keine Regeln verandert worden (ausgenommen das, was nach dem 4. Bericht im Juni 2004 durch die KMK an Anderungen beschlossen worden ist). 4 Die Erfahrungen mit der Neuregelung in der staatlichen Verwaltung und an den Schulen sind gut. 5 Das literarische und feuilletonistische Milieu, das die Neuregelung auf besonders unappetitliche Weise bekampft, gibt vor, es sei in seiner kreativen Entfaltungsmoglichkeit beschnitten. Das Gegenteil ist der Fall. 6 Es wird der Eindruck erweckt, wer mit der Neuregelung nicht zufrieden ist, dem gehe die Reform zu weit. Wir haben deutliche Anzeichen dafur, dass einer nicht geringen Anzahl von Schreibenden und Lesenden die Neuregelung nicht weit genug geht. 7 Eine Rechtschreibreform reformiert die Rechtschreibung. Mehr nicht.
The effective use of plerixafor as a real-time rescue strategy for patients poorly mobilizing autologous CD34+ cells

Plerixafor enhances CD34(+) cell mobilization, however, its optimal use is unknown. We hypothesized that plerixafor could "rescue" patients in the midst of mobilization when factors indicated a poor CD34(+) yield. Of 295 consecutive autologous peripheral blood mobilization attempts at our center, 39 (13%) used plerixafor as rescue strategy due to a CD34(+) cell concentration <10/μl (median 5.95/μl, n = 30), low CD34(+) cell yield from prior apheresis day (median 1.06 × 10(6) CD34(+) cells/kg, n = 7), or other (n = 2). Patients received a median of one plerixafor dose (range: 1-4). Thirty-four (87%) collected =2 × 10 (6) CD34(+) cells/kg and 26 (67%) collected =4 × 10 (6) CD34(+) cells/kg. Median collections for lymphoma (n = 24) and myeloma (n = 15) patients were 4.1 × 10(6) and 8.3 × 10(6) CD34/kg, respectively. A single dose of plerixafor was associated with an increase in the mean peripheral blood CD34(+) concentration of 17.2 cells/μl (P < 0.001) and mean increased CD34(+) cell yield following a single apheresis of 5.11 × 10(6) /kg (P < 0.03). A real-time rescue use of plerixafor is feasible and may allow targeted use of this agent. J. Clin. Apheresis, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Equivariantly finite manifolds with no handle structure

Abstract The equivariant controlled simple homotopy theory of Steinberger and West is used to deduce the existence of an equivariantly finite manifold which has no equivariant handle structure. Their obstruction theory reduces the problem to a simple computation in algebraic K -theory of group rings.
The use of current amplifiers for high performance voltage applications

A current amplifier is used to realize a voltage amplifier having an improved high frequency response and slew rate capability. It is shown that the closed loop bandwidth is independent of the closed loop voltage gain. The design and application of a unity gain and a high gain current amplifier to voltage signal processing circuits are given. The results demonstrate an efficient use of the inherent frequency response capabilities of the active devices in the circuit to achieve the amplification of high frequency and large amplitude voltage signals.
Optimal information organization for web and other displays

We usually look at information and assimilate them in small chunks in a time-wise linear fashion. Processing an information chunk x j has two parts: (1) looking at x j , and (2) recalling zero or more pre viously seen chunks x i that have direct semantic relationship with x j in order to properly assimilate x j . Since a larger gap between the presentations of x i and x j means a larger effort in recalling x i at x j , the total recall effort R(x j ) at x j depends on the order of presentation of x i 's, but it does not affect the other effort of looking at x j 's. We present an O(n2) algorithm to minimize ΣR(x j ) for a given collection of information chunks {x j ; 1 ≤ j ≤ n}, where the weights s(x i , x j ) ≥ 0 represent the strength of the semantic dependency of x j on x i and the weights w(x i ) > 0 represent the gap due to x i .