cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An estimate of the mean daily intake of glucosinolates from cruciferous vegetables in the UK

Samples (174) of cabbage, Brussels sprouts, cauliflower and swede-turnip have been analysed for total and individual glucosinolate content in both the fresh and cooked form. Using data from the 1980 National Food Survey, the national mean daily intake is calculated to be 46.1 mg in fresh material, and 29.4 mg in cooked. There are large variations within the UK (for example in Scotland it is less than half that in south-west of England), between income groups and over the year. National mean daily intake figures for the glucosinolates yielding goitrogenic products such as oxazolidine-2-thiones and thiocyanate ion are 6.7 and 14.7 mg respectively; the former figure is approximately doubled in the winter months. Based upon the above variations, arising from eating habits in the UK, together with the known large variation in glucosinolate content in cruciferous plants because of agronomic and environmental effects, it is likely that certain individuals will consume more than 300 mg total glucosinolates per day. The nutritional and toxicological consequences of such an intake are unknown at present.
MODELING AND EXPERIMENTATION OF THICKNESS MODE E/M IMPEDANCE AND RAYLEIGH WAVE PROPAGATION FOR PIEZOELECTRIC WAFER ACTIVE SENSORS ON THICK PLATES

This paper discusses theoretical and experimental analyses of the standing harmonic waves through the electro-mechanical impedance spectroscopy (EMIS) and guided surface acoustic waves (SAW) through the guided wave propagation (GWP) analyses. Both EMIS and GWP analyses have been carried out by utilizing piezoelectric wafer active sensors (PWAS) for in situ structural inspection. PWAS has recently been extensively employed in many applications such as nuclear-structural as well as aero-structural health monitoring and non-destructive evaluations (NDE). EMIS method is utilized for high frequency local modal sensing to determine the dynamic characteristics of PWAS bonded on nuclear-structural component for in-situ ultrasonics. Rayleigh waves a.k.a., SAW, were generated in relatively thick isotropic elastic plates. Rayleigh waves have the property of propagating close to the plate surface, with rapid attenuation with depth. The polarization of Rayleigh waves lies in a plane perpendicular to the surface so that the effective penetration depth is less than a wavelength. Rayleigh waves are a high frequency approximation of the first symmetric (S0) and anti-symmetric (A0) Lamb wave modes. As the frequency becomes very high the S0 and the A0 wave speeds coalesce, and both have the same value. This value is exactly the Rayleigh wave speed and becomes constant along the frequency. In the first part of the study, simplified theoretical constrained PWAS-EMIS model is briefly discussed in relatively high frequency range (in MHz order of magnitude) in terms of thickness mode. Analytical predictive thickness mode impedance simulations of PWAS bonded on plate-like host structures are presented in corresponding with the experiments. For the experimental analyses, PWAS transducers are affixed on isotropic elastic plates such as aluminum plate in relatively high thickness and on a rail I-beam. The extent of the agreement between the experimental and analytical EMIS analyses of PWAS in thickness mode is presented. The study is followed with GWP tests through the pitch-catch method. Rayleigh wave signal packets which are generated in the relatively thick plate and a rail I-beam in high frequency region are assessed along with the experimental thickness mode PWAS-EMIS results. The tuning curve of Rayleigh wave is determined to show the tuning effect of the structure thickness on producing a dominant Rayleigh wave mode. The significant usage of the tuned Rayleigh wave mode is essentially discussed for the applications in the in-situ inspection of relatively thick structures such as nuclear power plant structures. The paper ends with summary, conclusions and suggestions for future work.
Clinical experience with 202 adults receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for cardiac failure: Survival at five years

Objectives: We sought to determine 5-year survival after extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for cardiac failure and its predictors, to assess survival and its predictors after bridging to transplantation or weaning from extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, and to identify factors influencing the likelihood of these outcomes. Methods: Two hundred two adults (mean age, 55 ± 14 years) were supported with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation between 1992 and July 1999 after cardiac failure. Follow-up extended to 7.5 years (mean, 3.8 ± 2 years). Multivariable hazard function analysis identified predictors of survival, and logistic regression identified the determinants of bridging or weaning. Results: Survival at 3 days, 30 days, and 5 years was 76%, 38%, and 24%, respectively. Patients surviving 30 days had a 63% 5-year survival. Risk factors (P <.1) included older age, reoperation, and thoracic aorta repair. Forty-eight patients were bridged to transplantation, and 71 were weaned with intent for survival. Survival was similar after either outcome (44% vs 40% 5-year survival, respectively). Failure to bridge or wean included (P <.03) renal and hepatic failure on extracorporeal membrane oxygenator support, occurrence of a neurologic event, and absence of infection. The dominant modes of death were cardiac failure and multisystem organ failure. Conclusions: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation is versatile and salvages some patients who would otherwise die. Improvement in intermediate-term outcome will require a multidisciplinary approach to protect organ function and limit organ injury before and during this support. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2001;122:92-102
The syntax and pragmatics of language contact: a case study of Andean Spanish

In this paper, I report the results of tests that I designed to show how Andean Spanish(AS) word order is affected by language contact with Quechua. In AS the object appears in preverbal position more frequently than in Standard Spanish(SS). The main syntactic properties of focus-fronting in SS are weak-crossover and long-distance movement. I constructed tests to check for these syntactic properties and the pragmatics of focus in AS and Quechua. The results show that AS and SS are syntactically identical, but that there is pragmatic transfer from Quechua into AS. The study has implications for language contact and syntax.
The large-scale manipulation of small particles

High gradient magnetic separation is a new technique which provides a practical means for separating weakly paramagnetic materials down to colloidal particle size on a large scale and at flow rates over one hundred times faster than the flow rates possible in ordinary filtration. The technique is also applicable to non-magnetic materials which can be made to associate with magnetic seed materials. HGMS has already been applied industrially to the purification of kaolin for paper coating, and is also applicable to the beneficiation of many minerals which are too finely divided to be economically separable by any existing method. Other potential applications include the desulfurization and de-ashing of pulverized and liquefied coal, the decontamination of water, industrial waste and municipal sewage, and even the decontamination of rivers and lakes. HGMS is based on the use of matrices of finely divided filamentary ferromagnetic material containing 95% void space, such as felted or woven steel fabric, compressed steel wool, expanded steel lath, etc. It requires sophisticated magnets capable of generating high intensity fields in large volumes of empty space at lower cost and energy expenditure than was previously possible. Superconducting magnets will ultimately be used for larger applications.
The effect of assimilation, fractional crystallization, and ageing on U-series disequilibria in subduction zone lavas

Abstract Although most arc lavas have experienced significant magma differentiation, the effect of the differentiation process on U-series disequilibria is still poorly understood. Here we present a numerical model for simulating the effect of time-dependent magma differentiation processes on U-series disequilibria in lavas from convergent margins. Our model shows that, in a closed system with fractional crystallization, the ageing effect can decrease U-series disequilibria via radioactive decay while in an open system, both ageing and bulk assimilation of old crustal material serve to reduce the primary U-series disequilibria. In contrast, with recharge of refresh magma, significant 226Ra excess in erupted lavas can be maintained even if the average residence time is longer than 8000 years. The positive correlations of (226Ra/230Th) between Sr/Th or Ba/Th in young lavas from convergent margins have been widely used as evidence of fluid addition generating the observed 226Ra excess in subduction zones. We assess to what extent the positive correlations of (226Ra/230Th) with Sr/Th and Ba/Th observed in the Tonga arc could reflect AFC process. Results of our model show that these positive correlations can be produced during time-dependent magma differentiation at shallow crustal levels. Specifically, fractional crystallization of plagioclase and amphibole coupled with contemporaneous decay of 226Ra can produce positive correlations between (226Ra/230Th) and Sr/Th or Ba/Th (to a lesser extent). Therefore, the correlations of (226Ra/230Th) with Sr/Th and Ba/Th cannot be used to unambiguously support the fluid addition model, and the strength of previous conclusions regarding recent fluid addition and ultra-fast ascent rates of arc magmas is significantly lessened.
Kinetochore-driven formation of kinetochore fibers contributes to spindle assembly during animal mitosis

It is now clear that a centrosome-independent pathway for mitotic spindle assembly exists even in cells that normally possess centrosomes. The question remains, however, whether this pathway only activates when centrosome activity is compromised, or whether it contributes to spindle morphogenesis during a normal mitosis. Here, we show that many of the kinetochore fibers (K-fibers) in centrosomal Drosophila S2 cells are formed by the kinetochores. Initially, kinetochore-formed K-fibers are not oriented toward a spindle pole but, as they grow, their minus ends are captured by astral microtubules (MTs) and transported poleward through a dynein-dependent mechanism. This poleward transport results in chromosome bi-orientation and congression. Furthermore, when individual K-fibers are severed by laser microsurgery, they regrow from the kinetochore outward via MT plus-end polymerization at the kinetochore. Thus, even in the presence of centrosomes, the formation of some K-fibers is initiated by the kinetochores. However, centrosomes facilitate the proper orientation of K-fibers toward spindle poles by integrating them into a common spindle.
Molecular modeling of metal complexation by a fluoroquinolone antibiotic

An understanding of the factors controlling the chemodynamics of fluoroquinolone antibiotics in different environmental matrices is a necessary prerequisite to the assessment of their potential impact on nontarget organisms in soils and receiving waters. Of particular interest are the complexes formed between fluoroquinolones and metal cations, which are believed to be important in the mechanism of sequestration of the antibiotic by minerals and natural organic matter. The structures of these complexes have not been fully resolved by conventional spectroscopy; therefore, molecular simulations may provide useful complementary insights. We present results from apparently the first molecular dynamics simulations of a widely used fluoroquinolone antibiotic, ciprofloxacin (Cipro), in aqueous complexes with five metal cations typically found in soils and surface waters: Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe2+, Na+, and K+. The interatomic potential functions employed in the simulations were validated by comparison with available structural data for solid-phase Cipro-hexahydrate and for the metal cations in aqueous solution. Although no comprehensive structural data on the aqueous complexes appear to be available, properties of the metal complexes predicted by our simulations agree with available data for solid-phase metal-Cipro complexes. Our results indicate that the ionic potential of the metal cation controls the stability of the complex formed and that the hydration number of the metal cation in aqueous solution determines its coordination number with O atoms in the metal-Cipro complex. In respect to environmental chemodynamics, our results imply that Cipro will form two configurations of bidendate chelates with metal centers on exposed surfaces of mineral oxides, water-bridged surface complexes with exchangeable cations in clay mineral interlayers, and cation-bridged complexes with functional groups in natural organic matter.
Attention Matters: Pitch vs. Pattern Processing in Adolescence

From the moment we wake up, we are flooded with more sensory inputs than we can possibly process. Selective attention mechanisms serve to limit the sensory onslaught, while facilitating the ability to perform everyday tasks. However, not much is known about the typical development of selective attention mechanisms during childhood even though impairments of attention are commonly noted in neurodevelopmental disorders. The current study focuses on a transitional time in child development, adolescence, to determine in what way specific auditory tasks have a modulatory effect on underlying brain activity to facilitate behavioral goals. Neural mechanisms of selective attention were tested through auditory pitch and pattern perception, using a measure of event-related brain potentials (ERPs) called the mismatch negativity (MMN). Sounds with a regular five-tone pattern were presented in three conditions. The conditions differed only in how participants were instructed to listen to the sounds. Focus was either on the pitch of the sounds, the pattern of the sounds, or on a close-captioned movie. Even though the sound input was identical in all conditions, task-specific modifications were manifest in the MMN evoked by the deviant sounds embedded in the test sequences. The results demonstrate that in adolescence, as in adults, selective attention alters neural activity specific to performance goals, thus indicating specific neural adaptation modulated by behavior.
Tip-of-the-Iceberg Fractures: Small Fractures That Mean Big Trouble

OBJECTIVE. Several small and seemingly unimportant fractures are associated with other more serious injuries, usually to adjacent soft tissues. The purpose of this article is to discuss 11 of these injuries, in each case describing the fracture (the tip) and the injuries that lie beneath the surface (the iceberg). CONCLUSION. Some fractures should be considered analogous to the tip of an iceberg. Their recognition is important because the commonly associated injuries, which are often more serious than the fracture itself, are typically not evident on radiographs and require advanced imaging for accurate diagnosis and treatment.
Behaviour and ecology of the western corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte)

The western corn rootworm (WCR) is a historic pest with a legacy of resistance and behavioural plasticity. Its behaviour and nutritional ecology are important to rootworm management. The success of the most effective and environmentally benign rootworm management method, annual crop rotation, was based on an understanding of rootworm behaviour and host - plant relationships. Enthusiastic adoption of crop rotation, provided excellent rootworm management, but also selected for behavioural resistance to this cultural control. 2 Though well-studied, significant gaps in WCR biology remain. Understanding the topics reviewed here (mating behaviour, nutritional ecology, larval and adult movement, oviposition, alternate host use, and chemical ecology) is a starting point for adapting integrated pest management and insect resistance management (IRM) to an expanding WCR threat. A presentation of significant questions and areas in need of further study follow each topic. 3 The expansion of WCR populations into Europe exposes this pest to new environ- mental and regulatory conditions that may influence its behaviour and ecology. Reviewing the state of current knowledge provides a starting point of reference for researchers and pest management decision-makers in North America and Europe. 4 The trend toward increasing adoption of transgenic maize will place an increasing pre- mium on understanding WCR behaviour. IRM plans designed to promote sustainable deployment of transgenic hybrids are grounded on assumptions about WCR movement, mating and ovipositional behaviour. Preserving the utility of new and old management options will continue to depend on a thorough understanding of WCR biology, even as the ecological circumstances and geography of WCR problems become more complex.
Beyond RANSAC: User Independent Robust Regression

RANSAC is the most widely used robust regression algorithm in computer vision. However, RANSAC has a few drawbacks which make it difficult to use in a lot of applications. Some of these problems have been addressed through improved sampling algorithms or better cost functions, but an important problem still remains. The algorithms are not user independent, and require some knowledge of the scale of the inlier noise. The projection based M-estimator (pbM) offers a solution to this by reframing the regression problem in a projection pursuit framework. In this paper we derive the pbM algorithm for heteroscedastic data. Our algorithm is applied to various real problems and its performance is compared with RANSAC and MSAC. It is shown that pbM gives better results than RANSAC and MSAC in spite of being user independent.
Aggresomes: A Cellular Response to Misfolded Proteins

Intracellular deposition of misfolded protein aggregates into ubiquitin-rich cytoplasmic inclusions is linked to the pathogenesis of many diseases. Why these aggregates form despite the existence of cellular machinery to recognize and degrade misfolded protein and how they are delivered to cytoplasmic inclusions are not known. We have investigated the intracellular fate of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), an inefficiently folded integral membrane protein which is degraded by the cytoplasmic ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Overexpression or inhibition of proteasome activity in transfected human embryonic kidney or Chinese hamster ovary cells led to the accumulation of stable, high molecular weight, detergent-insoluble, multiubiquitinated forms of CFTR. Using immunofluorescence and transmission electron microscopy with immunogold labeling, we demonstrate that undegraded CFTR molecules accumulate at a distinct pericentriolar structure which we have termed the aggresome. Aggresome formation is accompanied by redistribution of the intermediate filament protein vimentin to form a cage surrounding a pericentriolar core of aggregated, ubiquitinated protein. Disruption of microtubules blocks the formation of aggresomes. Similarly, inhibition of proteasome function also prevented the degradation of unassembled presenilin-1 molecules leading to their aggregation and deposition in aggresomes. These data lead us to propose that aggresome formation is a general response of cells which occurs when the capacity of the proteasome is exceeded by the production of aggregation-prone misfolded proteins.
High performance liquid chromatography determination of ethylene glycol and ethylene chlorohydrin in tissues

A simultaneous determination of ethylene glycol (EG) and ethylene chlorohydrin (EC), which are formed during sterilization of bone and dura mater with ethylene oxide, has been reported. The EG and EC residues in tissues were extracted with HPLC grade water and analyzed by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a RefractoMonitor detector. The isocratic elution was employed with HPLC grade water as the solvent. Since the reference chamber of the detector was filled with solvent and was not changed during the run, the use of gradient programming was not employed. With spherisorb ODS (5 microns) C18 column and 20 microL sample injection, the retention times for EG and EC were (104 +/- 2) sec and (202 +/- 4) sec, respectively. The unknown concentration was calculated from the calibration curve and the weight of the sample tissue. The HPLC analysis provided a simple, accurate and reproducible method of determination of EG and EC residues in ethylene-oxide sterilized tissues.
Synthesis of 3′-deoxynucleosides II. Synthesis of 9-(3-deoxyaldofuranosyl) adenines derived from 3-deoxy-D-glucose

Diacetone glucose was tosylated at the 3-position and the tosyl group eliminated with potassium hydroxide to yield the furanoseen which on reduction gave rise to 1, 2: 5, 6-di- O -isopropylidene-3-deoxy-D-galactofuranose. This was hydrolyzed selectively to the 1,2-monoacetone derivative, which was converted via benzoylation and acetolysis to the 1,2-diacetate, 5,6-dibenzoate. Condensation of this compound with chloromercuri-6-benzamidopurine in the presence of titanium tetrachloride, followed by deblocking with methanolic sodium methoxide, yielded the nucleoside 9-(3-deoxy- β -D-galactofuranosyl) adenine. In a separate procedure, the 1,2- O -isopropylidene-3-deoxy-D-galactofuranose was oxidized with periodate and reduced with borohydride to give 1,2- O -isopropylidene-L-arabinofuranose, convertible to the corresponding adenine-L-arabinofuranoside by procedures similar to those employed for the galacto-derivative.
Computer manpower in the United States - supply and demand

At a time when new departments of computer science, data processing, information science, information systems, etc. are being created and existing departments are trying to grow and compete with more established disciplines for scarce resources, it seems imperative that we attempt to keep abreast of the needs of industry and government for the graduates of these programs. This need must be monitored and matched against the production of graduates at all appropriate levels. The author has assembled extensive data on the latter over the past eight years while at the Southern Regional Education Board in Atlanta, GA (USA) during the period 1965--72 and currently at the University of Missouri-Rolla. The data was collected and published with support from the National Science Foundation. In this paper the author also develops estimates of computer manpower need and compares these estimates of need with estimates on production. These comparisons are presented on a State-by-State basis as well as National.
What is next? Futuristic thinking for community colleges

Today's society is marked by massive political, social, and scientific transformations on a daily basis. However, these transformations are rarely discussed in the context of what it means to be an educated person. Our efforts to forecast, even for periods as little as five or ten years out, have been predicated on the assumption that the current rate of progress will continue into the future. A brief analysis of data—at all scales and scopes, in different time scales, and for a wide variety of technologies ranging from the electronic to the biological—illustrates that our notion of static rates of change is incorrect: Change, progress, and advancement are all happening at an accelerating rate. This chapter provides a presidential perspective on these trends to suggest that students of tomorrow must be educated in very different ways our institutions must adapt to be ready.
Effect of Competition on Plant Allometry and Defense

A series of experiments was conducted to examine the effects of competition on allometry and defense using tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum). No mortality occurred over the 4-wk test period, even with a plant density of 30 plants per 10-cm2. However, allometric patterns for log canopy diameter vs. log height indicated that competition occurred as early as 8 d after transplant and for pots with as few as two young plants (density of about 2 plants per 10-cm2). There was a change towards less root mass for greater height as competition increased. Leaf concentration of the allelochemicals chlorogenic acid, rutin and tomatine increased with decreasing competition, with the sum of these exhibiting a sigmoid-like pattern for allelochemical concentration. But competition did not affect leaf proteinase inhibitor activity, or petiole glandular trichomes or total trichomes. While the results are compatible with the growth-differentiation balance (GDB) hypothesis, they also indicate some of the difficulties that will be encountered in testing the GDB hypothesis rigorously.
Sovereignty, the Nation-State, and Integration History

This public lecture was given at the Royal Irish Academy on December 5, 2013, to keynote the 16th Irish European Law Forum on "Changing Sovereignty in Europe" at University College Dublin. In the context of the Eurozone crisis, few countries have experienced the changing nature of sovereignty more acutely than Ireland. But these acute transformations should not obscure for us how, in the context of European integration over the last half century, the transformation of sovereignty has also been a chronic phenomenon. This process began well before Ireland’s accession in 1973 and has certainly continued ever since. This lecture asserts that the changing nature of national sovereignty in relation to European integration is in fact a "new dimension to an old problem," albeit one with a peculiar, supranational dimension. That "old problem" is the legitimation of regulatory power as it diffuses and fragments away from more strongly-legitimated constitutional bodies of the nation-state – legislative, executive, and judicial – i.e., the privileged instrumentalities of sovereignty in modern liberal, representative democracies. This separation of regulatory power from the historically "constituted" bodies of the nation-state is the essence of modern administrative governance. In this sense, the changing nature of sovereignty in Europe is in fact part of a deeper historical transformation of modern governance tied not to integration per se, but rather to the emergence of the modern administrative state. One cannot understand this deeper transformation without an appreciation of the administrative state’s connection to – but also deep tension with – the constitutional consolidation of liberal, representative democracy as the presumptively legitimate form of "sovereign" self-government that took place over the course of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
Evidence from Genetic Markers Suggests Seasonal Variation in Dispersal in Heliothis virescens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Abstract Spatial and temporal variation in the genetic structure of local populations of tobacco budworm Heliothis virescens (F.) were surveyed using 11 polymorphic allozyme and 36 random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)-polymerase chain reaction markers. Allelic and genotypic frequencies were calculated from male moths caught in pheromone traps from 5 to 6 local populations from 1995 to 1997. Overall, populations showed little spatial differentiation that indicates a high effective gene flow rate over the spatial scale under investigation. The data show that allelic differentiation arose more frequently in the second generation than in any other generation, suggesting that dispersal was more limited during this period of the summer. Based on allozyme data, estimates of Wright’s standardized genetic variance among populations, FST, ranged from 0.001 to 0.018, with the highest values found from the second generation. Estimates based on bootstrapping over loci suggested that genetic variance among populatio...
Enhancing the Privacy Discourse: Consumer Information Gathering as Surveillance

With the rapid expansion of commerce into cyberspace, the issues of consumer information privacy are gaining new prominence. More consumer information is collected than ever before, much of it ending up in large private databases used for marketing. This Article examines the history of consumer information gathering and frames this practice and its effects in terms of surveillance. While most legal theorists have relied on the discourse of privacy to analyze this practice, this Article argues that Foucauldian idea of surveillance is a better fit since it embraces previously overlooked psychological and social consequences of this practice. The effects of surveillance are varied and diffuse, ranging from a sense of vulnerability to social alienation to troubling unintended consequences. The Article concludes by placing the negative effects of consumer information gathering in the context of its economic benefits and suggests several approaches for limiting the former while maintaining the latter.
The Hidden History of Essex Law School

When law librarian Tom Jones is tapped by Dean Oberal to write the history for the one-hundred year anniversary celebration of Essex Law School he takes his assignment seriously. He soon discovers that the task will involve many challenges and will reveal even more surprises. Such is the case when Tom interviews Mary McCarthy who served as secretary to the school’s founder, Dean Seth Adams. Mary is a legend at the school and she says that the history Tom is writing won’t reflect half of what she really knows. Mary reveals some interesting information about her relationship with Dean Adams.What "One L" and "Paper Chase" were to first tier law schools, "Hidden History of Essex Law School" is to fourth tier law schools. This novel explores the intrigue, rivalry, and intellectual failure that make up the chemistry of legal education, particularly at the fictional Boston law schools: Commonwealth, Havad, Huntington and St. Francis. Tom Jones is the catalyst as he roams Boston, New York City, and Mt. Desert Island, ME to bring solace to Mary McCarthy’s conscience and a conclusion to Essex Law School’s future.Law Librarian Emeritus Ed Bander’s views on legal education, the lawyer’s role in society, and the fate of the planet will keep sociologists’ busy for generations to come.
Abstract 2528: Age and body mass index are predictive of cancer diagnosis among women with BIRADS 4 mammograms.:

Background: Women with BIRADS 4 mammograms are referred for biopsy and have a 15-30% one year risk of breast cancer. Identifying pre-test predictors of cancer among women with BIRADS 4 mammograms may be useful in reducing false-positives. Methods: Women with BIRADS 4 mammograms were recruited from the University of Pennsylvania Health System from 2009-2012. Women Results: Among 269 participants with BIRADS 4 mammogram, 41 (15%) were diagnosed with cancer (DCIS N=16, Invasive N=25). Women diagnosed with cancer were significantly older than women with benign findings (p 2 had three times the odds of cancer diagnosis compared to women with BMI 2 (OR=3.33, 95% CI 1.18-4.34, p=0.02). Family history (OR=1.42, 95% CI 0.64-3.16, p=0.39) and HRT (OR=1.44, 95% CI 0.60-3.42, 0.41) were associated with elevated odds of cancer, but were not statistically significant. Conclusions: Age and BMI were predictors of cancer diagnosis among women with BIRADS 4 mammograms. Recruitment for this cohort is ongoing, and analysis is currently being expanded to include breast cancer associated SNPs, area-based and volumetric measures of breast density, and novel measures of breast complexity. Citation Format: Anne Marie McCarthy, Susan M. Domchek, Despina Kontos, Emily F. Conant, Mirar Bristol Demeter, Marisa Jones, Leigh Boghossian, Erin McGuire, Katrina Armstrong. Age and body mass index are predictive of cancer diagnosis among women with BIRADS 4 mammograms. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2528. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-2528
Capacitance-voltage characterization of pulsed plasma polymerized allylamine dielectrics

Polyallylamine films, deposited on Si wafers by radio frequency (RF) pulsed plasma polymerization (PPP), were employed as insulating layers of metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS) capacitors. The insulating polymer films were deposited at substrate temperatures of 25°C and 100°C. Multiple frequency capacitance-voltage (C-V) measurements indicated that an in-situ heat treatment during film deposition increased the insulator dielectric constant. The dielectric constant, calculated from the C-V data, rose from 3.03 for samples with no heat treatment to 3.55 for samples with an in-situ heat treatment. For both sample sets, the I-V data demonstrate a low leakage current value (<20fA) up to 100V with an area of 0.0307 mm2, resulting in a current density of <0.65 pA/mm2. Hysteresis in the C-V curves with differing sweep directions was more pronounced for in-situ heat-treated samples indicative of positive mobile ions.
Effective Stress in Unsaturated Soil: Accounting for Surface Tension and Interfacial Area

A pore-scale model for water retention and the specific air–water interfacial area is developed to quantitatively assess the contribution of interfacial forces to effective stress in coarse-grained unsaturated soils. The simulated air–water interfacial area for several sand-sized materials shows non-monotonic behavior as a function of saturation, with the peak interface area between 10 and 25% saturation. Comparisons are made between suction stress characteristic curves calculated with and without accounting for interfacial forces calculated using surface tension and the simulated interfacial area. The contribution of interfacial forces to effective stress is most significant at low saturation ( S
Genetic and Molecular Basis of Kingella kingae Encapsulation

Kingella kingae is a common cause of invasive disease in young children and was recently found to produce a polysaccharide capsule containing N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) and β-3-deoxy-d-manno-octulosonic acid (βKdo). Given the role of capsules as important virulence factors and effective vaccine antigens, we set out to determine the genetic determinants of K. kingae encapsulation. Using a transposon library and a screen for nonencapsulated mutants, we identified the previously identified ctrABCD (ABC transporter) operon, a lipA (kpsC)-like gene, a lipB (kpsS)-like gene, and a putative glycosyltransferase gene designated csaA (capsule synthesis type a gene A). These genes were found to be present at unlinked locations scattered throughout the genome, an atypical genetic arrangement for Gram-negative bacteria that elaborate a capsule dependent on an ABC-type transporter for surface localization. The csaA gene product contains a predicted glycosyltransferase domain with structural homology to GalNAc transferases and a predicted capsule synthesis domain with structural homology to Kdo transferases, raising the possibility that this enzyme is responsible for alternately linking GalNAc to βKdo and βKdo to GalNAc. Consistent with this conclusion, mutation of the DXD motif in the GalNAc transferase domain and of the HP motif in the Kdo transferase domain resulted in a loss of encapsulation. Examination of intracellular and surface-associated capsule in deletion mutants and complemented strains further implicated the lipA (kpsC)-like gene, the lipB (kpsS)-like gene, and the csaA gene in K. kingae capsule production. These data define the genetic requirements for encapsulation in K. kingae and demonstrate an atypical organization of capsule synthesis, assembly, and export genes.
Introducing Nanotechnology into the Thermal and Fluids Curricula: Pool Boiling Heat Transfer in Nanofluids

Nanotechnology has generated a large amount of interest in recent years, especially among engineering educators. Our institution continues to be among the leading universities to offer undergraduat...
Optimized Design of the Structure Parameter of a High-speed Electric Spindle

This paper mainly analysed the structure of a high speed electric spindle,a parameterized FEA model of bearing-spindle system made in Ansys is given,and calculated its bearing span using optimized method,then actualized modal analysis and verified its first set inherent frequency.Although the result revealed its first set inherent frequency have little decrease,but its stiffness increased very clearly.
Campaigning Online: Web Display Ads in the 2012 Presidential Campaign

Although much of what we know about political advertising comes from the study of television advertising alone, online advertising is an increasingly prominent part of political campaigning. Research on other online political communication—especially candidate websites, blogs, and social media—tends to conclude that these communications are aimed primarily at turning existing supporters into campaign donors, activists, and volunteers. Is a similar communication strategy found in online display ads—those ads placed adjacent to website content? In one of the first systematic analyses of the nature, content, and targets of online display advertising, we examined 840 unique online display ads from the 2012 presidential campaign. We show that the policy content, ad location, and interactive elements of the ads varied based on the audience, with persuasive appeals aimed at undecided or persuadable voters and engagement appeals aimed at existing supporters. Comparing ad content across candidates also found that each side focused on those issues for which the candidate had a strategic advantage. As a consequence, and in contrast to the conclusions of previous research that examines television advertising, we found minimal issue engagement in online advertising.
Endogenous Factors: Time Commitment and Internal Democracy

Case study research permits an examination of two additional factors that impact the incidence of spillovers: (1) the time and resource burden of participation and (2) the level of democracy present in the council (specifically rotation in leadership). Unlike the state and individual factors discussed in the previous chapters, these factors are both endogenous—that is, they are inherent to the program itself. Evaluating the time and resource burden is important because too much time, energy, or resources spent on school council participation could detract from parents’ ability to participate in other organizations both during and after council participation. The second factor is important because it offers one more mechanism through which the state can help spillovers: fostering democratic principles in small arenas like school councils could also foster democratic behaviors elsewhere.
The role of surgery in the therapeutic approach of gastric cancer liver metastases

Gastric cancer (GC) currently prevails as the second cause of death by malignancy worldwide. Estimations suggest that 35 % of affected patients appear with synchronous distant metastases. The vast majority of patients present with hepatic metastatic disease, sometimes accompanied by synchronous peritoneal and lung dissemination. The disease mostly remains asymptomatic at an early stage, with few reported cases of incidental abdominal discomfort. As the cancer advances, symptoms such as nausea or vomiting arise, along with indigestion and dysphagia, blood loss in the form of melena or hematemesis, as well as anorexia and weight loss. Having spread to the liver, it also causes jaundice due to hepatomegaly and general inanition. Despite recent research on the therapeutic strategies against GC metastatic disease, surgical resection appears the only potentially curative approach. Unfortunately, the majority of patients are not eligible to undergo surgical intervention. With regard to treatment modalities of the advanced stage disease, the role of metastasectomy is still debatable and quite unclear, while prolonged survival was succeeded only under certain specific circumstances. Systemic chemotherapy remains however another option, as well as local management in the form of cryotherapy, radiofrequency ablation, or transcatheter arterial chemoembolization. The aims of this review were to evaluate the results of surgical treatment for metastatic GC with special reference to the extent of its histological spread and to present the recent literature in order to provide an update on the current concepts of advanced surgical management of this entity. Relevant publications in the last two decades are briefly reviewed.
An Empirical Study of Contemplative Prayer as an Adjunct to Psychotherapy

The use of Christian contemplative prayer as an adjunct to psychotherapy was investigated It was hypothesized that (a) the use of contemplative prayer would he associated with improvement in psycho...
The development of event perception and memory

Abstract Adults segment continuous and dynamic environment into discrete units, and individual differences in segmentation predict individual differences in memory. Similar parsing mechanisms have been identified in infants, using different methods, but little is known about event segmentation in older children or about its relations to memory. We tested event segmentation and its relations to memory in 5- to 7-year-old children and adults. Participants performed two event comprehension tasks with short animated narrative movies: a unitization task, in which they pressed a key to mark boundaries between meaningful events, and a dwell time task, in which they viewed a self-paced slideshow, and completed two memory tasks. Adults outperformed children as expected. For both age groups, better event comprehension was associated with better memory, though which measures showed this relationship varied. Thus, by school age, children have developed event segmentation mechanisms that, like adults, contribute to episodic memory formation.
Modes of vertical thermodynamic and wind variability over the Maritime Continent

Abstract. The Maritime Continent (MC) is an exceedingly complex region from the perspective of both its meteorology and its aerosol characteristics. Convection in the MC is ubiquitous and assumes a wide variety of forms under the influence of an evolving large-scale dynamic and thermodynamic context. Understanding the interaction between convective systems and their environment, both individually and in the aggregate, requires knowledge of the dominant patterns of spatial and temporal variability. Ongoing cloud model ensemble studies require realistic perturbations to the atmospheric thermodynamic state to devise system sensitivities. Apart from modeling studies, evanescent signals in the tropical system are obscured by the underlying broad-scale meteorological variability, which if constrained could illuminate fine-scale physical processes. To this end, radiosonde observations from 2008 to 2016 are examined from three upper-air sounding sites within the MC for the purpose of exploring the dominant vertical temperature, humidity, and wind structures in the region. Principal component analysis is applied to the vertical atmospheric column to transform patterns present in radiosonde data into canonical thermodynamic and wind profiles for the MC. Both rotated and non-rotated principal components are considered, and the emerging structure functions reflect the fundamental vertical modes of short-term tropical variability. The results indicate that while there is tremendous spatial and temporal variability across the MC, the primary modes of vertical thermodynamic and wind variability in the region can be represented in a lower-dimensional subspace. In addition, the vertical structures are very similar among different sites around the region, though different structures may manifest more strongly at one location than another. The results indicate that, while different meteorology may be found in various parts of the MC at any given time, the processes themselves are remarkably consistent. The ability to represent this variability using a limited number of structure functions facilitates analysis of covariability between atmospheric structure and convective systems and also enables future systematic model-based ensemble analysis of cloud development, convection, and precipitation over the MC.
Second harmonic study of acid-base equilibrium at gold nanoparticle/aqueous interface

Abstract Interfacial acid-base equilibrium of the capping molecules is a key factor to stabilize gold nanoparticles (AuNP) in solution. In this study we used Second Harmonic (SH) generation to measure interfacial potential and obtained a surface p K a value of 3.3 ± 0.1 for the carboxyl group in mercaptoundecanoic acid (MUA) molecule at an AuNP/aqueous interface. This p K a value is smaller than its bulk counterpart and indicates that the charged carboxylate group is favored at the AuNP surface. The SH findings are consistent with the effects of the noble metal (gold) surface on a charge in solution, as predicted by the method of images.
Intra-procedural continuous dialysis to facilitate interventional catheterization in pediatric patients with severe renal failure

Background Interventional catheterization procedures may be needed for patients with severe renal failure who are dependent on dialysis. To avoid the risk of fluid overload and electrolyte derangement during complex procedures in this oliguric/anuric patient population, we performed intra-procedural dialysis, either continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) or continous cycling peritoneal dialysis (CCPD). Methods We performed a retrospective review of a cohort of pediatric patients, ages 0–18 years, with dialysis-dependent renal failure who received CRRT or CCPD during catheterization procedures from January 2013 to March 2016. Results Eight patients underwent a total of nine interventional catheterization procedures while receiving intra-procedural dialysis. Median age was 4.5 years (range 8 months to 17 years) and weight, 11.6 kg (11.2–62.6 kg). Six patients had end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and two patients had acute kidney injury (AKI), one due to hepatorenal syndrome and one due to multifactorial causes associated with congenital heart disease. The most common reason for catheterization was occlusive venous thrombosis requiring recanalization. CRRT was used during five cases and CCPD during four cases. Median procedure time was 337 min (95–651 min) and median contrast dose 4.2 mL kg−1 (1.2–8.2 mL kg−1). Euvolemia was maintained based on pre- and post-catheterizations weights, and no significant electrolyte abnormalities occurred based on lab monitoring during and post-procedure. Conclusions Intra-procedural dialysis using CRRT or CCPD enables even small pediatric patients with severe renal failure to undergo long and complex interventional catheterizations by reducing the risk of fluid overload and electrolyte abnormalities. Collaboration between nephrology, cardiology, and dialysis teams is necessary for successful management of this challenging patient population.
Connecting the Elementary Reaction Pathways of Criegee Intermediates to the Chemical Erosion of Squalene Interfaces during Ozonolysis

Criegee intermediates (CI), formed in alkene ozonolysis, are central for controlling the multiphase chemistry of organic molecules in both indoor and outdoor environments. Here, we examine the heterogeneous ozonolysis of squalene, a key species in indoor air chemistry. Aerosol mass spectrometry is used to investigate how the ozone (O3) concentration, relative humidity (RH), and particle size control reaction rates and mechanisms. Although the reaction rate is found to be independent of RH, the reaction products and particle size depend upon H2O. Under dry conditions (RH = 3%) the reaction produces high-molecular-weight secondary ozonides (SOZ), which are known skin irritants, and a modest change in particle size. Increasing the RH reduces the aerosol size by 30%, while producing mainly volatile aldehyde products, increases potential respiratory exposure. Chemical kinetics simulations link the elementary reactions steps of CI to the observed kinetics, product distributions, and changes in particle size. The simulations reveal that ozonolysis occurs near the surface and is O3-transport limited. The observed secondary ozonides are consistent with the formation of mainly secondary CI, in contrast to gas-phase ozonolysis mechanisms.