cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Classification and trends of perioperative morbidities following laparoscopic radical prostatectomy.

ABSTRACT Purpose: We classified and assessed trends in the incidence, severity and management of perioperative morbidity following laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (LRP). Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the records of 250 patients with clinically localized prostate cancer who underwent transperitoneal LRP, as performed by 2 surgeons (CPP and LMS), between April 2001 and March 2004. The Clavien classification system was used to grade complications for cases completed laparoscopically. Results: In the 246 cases completed laparoscopically 20 grade II, 12 grade III and 2 grade IV complications were noted during a mean followup of 13.7 months (overall complication rate 13.8%). Median hospital stay was 2 days (range 2 to 8) and median duration of bladder catheterization was 10 days (range 3 to 36). Postoperative ileus that prolonged hospital stay was the most frequent complication and it occurred in 8 patients (3.3%). Seven patients required blood transfusion (2.8%). Bladder neck contracture was observed in 3 patients (1.2%). A total of 11 complications occurred in the first 50 cases, while 12, 6, 8 and 1 occurred in cases 51 to 100, 101 to 150, 151 to 200 and 201 to 250, respectively. Conclusions: Perioperative complications following LRP are mostly self-limited and grade II or III (94.1%). The incidence of complications and need for conversion to open radical prostatectomy decreased with experience. Uniform reporting and grading of surgical complications via a standardized classification system may permit more meaningful comparisons among different centers and surgical techniques.
Static and dynamic modeling of solid oxide fuel cell using genetic programming

Modeling of solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) systems is a powerful approach that can provide useful insights into the nonlinear dynamics of the system without the need for formulating complicated systems of equations describing the electrochemical and thermal properties. Several algorithmic approaches have in the past been reported for the modeling of solid oxide fuel cell stacks. However, all of these models have their limitations. This paper presents an efficient genetic programming approach to SOFC modeling and simulation. This method, belonging to the computational intelligence paradigm, is shown to outperform the state-of-the-art radial basis function neural network approach for SOFC modeling. Both static (fixed load) and dynamic (load transient) analyses are provided. Statistical tests of significance are used to validate the improvement in solution quality.
Treatment of central precocious puberty

Purpose of reviewIn consideration of the large number of the rapid advances in this area, it seems appropriate to highlight some of the recent studies that address factors involved in the decision to treat a child with central precocious puberty, and two recent advances in drug therapy.Recent findin
Mechanical Computing Redux: Relays for Integrated Circuit Applications

Power density has grown to be the dominant challenge for continued complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology scaling. Together with recent improvements in microrelay design and process technology, this has led to renewed interest in mechanical computing for ultralow-power integrated circuit (IC) applications. This paper provides a brief history of mechanical computing followed by an overview of the various types of micromechanical switches, with particular emphasis on electromechanical relays since they are among the most promising for IC applications. Relay reliability and process integration challenges are discussed. Demonstrations of functional relay logic circuits are then presented, and relay scaling for improved device density and performance is described. Finally, the energy efficiency benefit of a scaled relay technology versus a CMOS technology with comparable minimum dimensions is assessed.
You Can't Be in Recovery If You Are on Medication: A Concept Worth Retiring

It is probably best to start this paper by pointing to possible biases from using ideas generated by clinical anecdotes and ideas from someone that began his career studying psychoanalysis but spen...
Assessment of renal function with computed tomographic densitometry measurements

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES We assessed the relationship between multiple renal computed tomographic (CT) densitometry parameters and renal function. METHODS Three hundred seventy-three patients underwent standardized helical CT of the abdomen. The ratio of mean attenuation in the renal cortex to mean attenuation in the aorta (KAR), the products of mean renal cortical attenuation with CT-estimated renal volume (KVP), and the patient's weight (KWP) were derived from scans obtained 90 sec (n = 373) and 30 sec (n = 108) after initiation of intravenous contrast material administration. These densitometry parameters were compared with renal function measured by serum level of creatinine and creatinine clearance (CrCl). RESULTS Among the 373 patients in the study, we found statistically significant differences (p or = 60 ml/min, n = 300) and the patients with abnormal renal function (CrCl < 60 ml/min, n = 73) for the KAR, KVP, and KWP. The KAR was the parameter best correlated with CrCl and was an independent predictor of renal function from the patient's age, weight, and renal volume. Fifty-three patients with a KAR less than 1 had significantly worse renal function (CrCl = 60 +/- 21 ml/min) than the patients with a KAR greater than or equal to 1 (CrCl = 95 +/- 31 ml/min). Only 4% of patients with normal renal function had a KAR less than 1. A threshold value of KAR less than 1 had a sensitivity of 55%, a specificity of 96%, a positive predictive value of 75%, and a negative predictive value of 90% for predicting renal dysfunction. CT parameters obtained at 30 sec were less useful than parameters at 90 sec. CONCLUSION In patients undergoing clinically requested CT scanning, renal densitometry analysis can be used to depict patients with normal renal function; however, it has a high false-negative rate in depicting patients with diminished renal function.
A short term production planning and scheduling model

Abstract An optimal decision making model is developed to assist the manufacturer to select among the potential customer orders, which orders to reject and which orders to accept and in what quantities such that the net operational profit during the planning time horizon will be maximized. This model is developed based on the group technology concept and assumes that (i) job splitting is allowed, (ii) all the necessary stages of operation of each job (e.g., a batch of identical parts with a specified due date, availability time, required setup time, and required processing time) at each workstation (e.g., assembly cell) is represented by a single aggregated stage of operation, (iii) the time horizon is set to be sufficiently short, and (iv) the processing priorities of the potential customer orders during the planning time horizon is specified. Based on the above model, an operational plan for optimal loading of an integrated manufacturing system consisting of a set of finite capacity workstations linked by a material handling system is obtained.
Thermal Expansion of Sheet Molding Compound Materials

The coefficient of linear thermal expansion (CLTE) of composites is an important property that has to be well understood. In this study, using a mathematical expression, graphic relationships were ...
Synthesis of sweet-tasting methylthio derivatives of d-fructose and sucrose

Abstract 1,6-Di- S -methyl-1,6-dithio- d -fructofuranose and its bis( S -oxide) and bis( S,S -dioxide) are described. On examination for sweetness, the oxygenated compounds were neutral but the parent compound was 15–20 times sweeter than sucrose, and 1′,6′-di- S -methyl-1′,6′-dithiosucrose was slightly less sweet than sucrose.
Low-grade gliomas in older patients: long-term follow-up from Mayo Clinic.

BACKGROUND: Low-grade gliomas (LGGs) are uncommon in older patients, and long-term clinical behavior and prognostic factors are not well defined in this group. METHODS: The authors retrospectively searched their tumor registry for the records of adult patients (≥18 years) diagnosed as having nonpilocytic LGG between 1960 and 1992 at Mayo Clinic. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate progression-free survival and overall survival (OS) in patients aged 55 years and older. RESULTS: Of 314 patients initially identified, 32 were aged at least 55 years, with a median age at diagnosis of 61 years (range, 55-74 years). Median follow-up was 17.3 years for survivors. Operative pathologic diagnoses comprised astrocytoma (n = 22, 69%), mixed oligoastrocytoma (n = 7, 22%), and oligodendroglioma (n = 3, 9%). Gross total resection was achieved in 1 patient, radical subtotal resection in 1, and subtotal resection in 14; 16 patients had biopsy only. Postoperative radiotherapy or chemotherapy was given to 23 (72%) patients and 1 (3%) patient, respectively. Median OS was 2.7 years for all patients: 3 years with resection and 2.2 years with biopsy only (P =.58). The 5- and 10-year OS rates were 31% and 18%, respectively. Factors adversely affecting OS on univariate analysis were enhancement on computed tomography (P < .001) and supratentorial location (P=.03). CONCLUSIONS: This retrospective series of older patients suggests that intracranial LGG in this age group behaves aggressively. Pathologic sampling error failing to recognize higher-grade tumors does not seem to account for these poor outcomes. Aggressive management with maximally safe resection followed by adjuvant therapy should be strongly considered.
A Note on Development of a Low-cost and High-throughput SSR-based Genotyping Method in Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

ABSTRACT Peanut cultivar development has been dominated by conventional breeding methods, which have and will continue to play an important role. Applications of marker-assisted selection (MAS) hav...
Radiation-induced meningioma concealed by shunt valve artifact: case report.

Objective Ventricular shunting is a common neurosurgical procedure. Metal-containing shunt components can cause artifacts on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), obscuring visualization of the surrounding tissue. We present the case of a radiation-induced meningioma growing around a ventricular catheter that was not noted at an early stage as a result of artifact from an overlying shunt. Clinical presentation We present the case of a 27-year-old survivor of a childhood medulloblastoma who required ventriculoperitoneal shunting as a consequence of her treatment. As a result of radiation-induced meningiomas that developed in adolescence, the patient was screened biennially via contrasted MRI. Her most recent imaging revealed a new meningioma at the edge of the MRI artifact associated with the shunt valve. A contrasted computed tomographic scan demonstrated a large meningioma with mass effect on the surrounding brain. Intervention Complete surgical resection of the meningioma was obtained. The ventricular catheter was preserved and the shunt valve replaced with a newer system that is reported to generate less magnetic artifact. Conclusion Artifact from shunt valves or other implanted metallic devices obscures the surrounding tissues on MRI. Patients with significant artifact who are at higher risk for development of intracranial pathology may benefit from periodic imaging through alternate modalities that are not susceptible to magnetic artifact.
Once a liar always a liar: Effects of individuating information on the utilization of base‐rates in deceptive attributions

The present study examined social perceivers’ cognitive processing strategies when formulating deceptive attributions. Based on Reeder's (1985) hierarchical schematic attribution model, it was predicted that social perceivers would underutilize deceptive interaction base‐rates (ratio of deceptive interactions to truthful interactions) in favor of individuating information (contextual and relational information). Results confirmed our hypothesis that social perceivers would underutilize the base rate information and overutilize individuating information. The present findings indicated that social perceivers based their deceptive attributions on the nature of their relationship with the liar (friend vs. stranger) and the timing of the deceptive encounter (before truthful interactions vs. after truthful interactions). Women were found to formulate more severe deceptive attributions than men. Results concerning the relational consequences of deception also are discussed.
Mapping managers' market orientations regarding new product success

Abstract Research shows that managers’ cognitive structures influence their decisions and firm outcomes, and that managers’ shared understanding is critical to new product success. Yet, little is known about the content and structure of managers’ knowledge regarding their business’s market orientation (MO) and how such orientation relates to new product development. By drawing from research on managerial cognition, we suggest that an examination of managers’ cognitive maps of their business’s MO can provide valuable insights. First, cognitive maps provide information regarding the relative ranking of concepts that managers consider important to new product success. Second, they offer insights about the relationship among concepts by illustrating the causal logic flow, centrality, and strength of the association between concepts. Finally, cognitive maps reveal a gestalt or pattern of managers’ understandings. This pattern provides an overall view of their perceptions of their firms’ MO. Accordingly, the purpose of this article is to begin developing theory to explain the nature and extent of the sharing of managers’ understanding of their business’s MO across a company within the context of new product development. We develop several theoretical propositions using established research on market orientation and an exploratory investigation of the cognitive maps of a stratified sample of thirty managers of a highly successful frozen food division of a multinational company. We argue that managers of innovative companies with a history of successful new products in moderately dynamic industries will have established market orientations, as reflected in cognitive maps, which emphasize customer orientations more than competitor or technological orientations. Moreover, we suggest that managers will consistently recognize the importance of interfunctional coordination because it influences the firm’s orientations towards customers, competitors, and technology by facilitating sharing of important market information necessary for successful new product development. Furthermore, we propose that the division of labor and functional specialization in a company will result in predictable differences across cognitive maps of managers in different functions and levels of the organization. For example, senior managers are likely to have a more balanced and integrated MO than junior managers, due to their knowledge of organization wide issues. The article also proposes an agenda for scholars interested in investigating the relationship between managers’ cognitive maps of their company’s market orientation and new product success. We note the importance of studying managers’ cognitive structures in different types of industries over time, and how managers’ cognitive structures may relate to their company’s ability to learn. Managers could use cognitive mapping to recognize and evaluate beliefs that inhibit the sharing and interpretation of information between managers, departments, and levels and could design appropriate interventions.
Advising From a Constructive Developmental Perspective

Advisors can enhance development by, first, identifying students' meaning-making assumptions and, second, challenging those assumptions while offering support as students struggle to increase the complexity of meaning making. Constructive developmental theory is offered as a useful framework from which to encourage greater student ownership of the educational planning process. Methods of assessing and enhancing development are suggested. Two cases that depict advising from the constructive developmental perspective are offered.
INTER-REINFORCEMENT TIMES FOR THE BAR-PRESSING RESPONSE OF WHITE RATS ON TWO DRL SCHEDULES1,2

A knowledge of inter-reinforcement times (IS(R)T) seems of interest because, among other reasons, they bear on the variable of "reinforcement density" in behavior theory. IS(R)T data were here recorded for bar-pressing responses by two white rats working on DRL 10 sec and DRL 40 sec. Sample inter-response time (IRT) distributions and cumulative records were taken simultaneously for comparison purposes. IS(R)T sequences and distributions have certain characteristics that urge further investigation.
Sweet Auburn: Constructing Atlanta's Auburn Avenue as a Heritage Tourist Destination

Utilizing redevelopment plans created by Central Atlanta Progress, this study explores the process of constructing a heritage tourist landscape on Atlanta's Auburn Avenue. Once home to the wealthiest African American community in the United States, Auburn Avenue went through a period of economic decline in the 1970s and 1980s. In 2000, planners for the City of Atlanta focused on redeveloping the Auburn Avenue corridor. At that time, Central Atlanta Progress began to update plans to convert Auburn Avenue into the United States' premier African American tourist destination. Utilizing those plans, this article argues that the city's redevelopment vision ties into particular aspects of African American identity, which link to neoliberal economic policies in an effort to turn Auburn Avenue into a "culturetainment" district. This vision is juxtaposed against the reaction of community residents who seek an alternative redevelopment vision.
Gauge Invariance and Mass

It is argued that the gauge invariance of a vector field does not necessarily imply zero mass for an associated particle if the current vector coupling is sufficiently strong. This situation may permit a deeper understanding of nucleonic charge conservation as a manifestation of a gauge invariance, without the obvious conflict with experience that a massless particle entails.
Effects of a televised smoking cessation intervention among low-income and minority smokers.

In November 1985, a television smoking cessation program was broadcast for 20 days on the noon and 9 p.m. news. Smokers in West Garfield Park, an inner-city impoverished area of Chicago, were randomly assigned either to a comprehensive intervention or to a no-intervention control condition. Although 100,000 self-help manuals had been distributed throughout Chicago, none of the controls in this low-income area had obtained a manual. The intervention consisted of providing the smokers a self-help manual, the televised broadcast, weekly support meetings, and supportive phone calls. At a 4-month follow-up, 20% of treatment participants were abstinent compared to 9% of controls. The results indicated that intensive supplementary opportunities enhanced participation by low-income smokers in a media smoking cessation program.
Technological Hazards and the Engineer

The nature and variety of technology hazards; how engineers and society assess the hazards and react to avoid harm; the need for a new style of engineering.
PRINCIPLES OF WAR APPLIED TO OIL SPILL INCIDENT MANAGEMENT

ABSTRACT The principles of war provide both nomenclature and insight into incident management. Understanding the National Response System infrastructure and organizational environment, together with the principles of war, allows rigorous study of historical lessons and their application to future spill incidents.
Power-performance versus algorithmic trade-offs in the implementation of wireless multimedia terminals

Circuit design for wireless applications generally involves achieving a certain level of processing speed, dictated by the data transmission rate and algorithmic performance, while minimizing the energy dissipation. This paper discusses some of the circuit techniques that help to achieve this goal. We show that power reduction in a multimedia system involves trade-offs at the algorithmic, algebraic, architectural, and circuit levels of abstraction.
Strategic philosophy and management level

Purpose – To examine how a manager's strategic philosophy is influenced by his or her management level in the organization.Design/methodology/approach – Scales are developed to measure managers' philosophical perspectives along three key dimensions and tested with 289 managers in the United States. Refined scales are administered to 237 managers.Findings – A manager's level in the organization influences his or her strategic philosophy. As compared to middle‐and lower‐level managers, top managers were more likely to view strategy formulation as an art, to emphasize strategic flexibility as opposed to strategic consistency, and to see strategy as top‐down process.Research limitations/implications – No single strategic philosophy is suggested as the optimal perspective. In addition, there are multiple possible explanations for the findings. Additional research is needed. Recognizing differences in strategic philosophy can also enhance training and development efforts at the lower and middle management level...
Phonotaxis to male's calls embedded within a chorus by female gray treefrogs, Hyla versicolor.

During the reproductive season, male Hyla versicolor produce advertisement calls to attract females. Females exhibit phonotaxis and approach the individual callers, resulting in amplexus. For frogs that call from dense choruses, the extent to which and the range from which a male’s advertisement call within a chorus can be heard by a receptive female leading to phonotaxis is unclear. We investigated females’ responses to natural choruses in the field and found that they were attracted and showed directed orientation to breeding choruses at distances up to 100 m. To assess the role of acoustic cues in the directed orientation, we conducted acoustic playback experiments in the laboratory using conspecific call and noise as stimuli, as well as chorus sounds (that contained calls from a focal male) recorded at various distances, all played at naturalistic intensities. Using two response metrics (females’ normalized response times and their phonotaxis trajectories) we found that, unlike the field experiments, females oriented and were attracted to chorus sounds from 1 to 32 m only, but not from >32 m, or to band-limited noise. Possible reasons for the observed difference in phonotaxis behavior in the two experimental conditions were discussed.
Small RNAs correspond to centromere heterochromatic repeats.

Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) are two types of ∼22–nucleotide (nt) noncoding RNAs that play important roles as regulators of gene expression in eukaryotes ([1][1]). siRNAs derive from the successive cleavage of long double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). They direct the
The effects of price on brand extension evaluations: The moderating role of extension similarity

This research explores the effects of price information on brand extension evaluations across different levels of similarity. Brand extension similarity is proposed as a moderator of the effects of price on brand extension perceived quality, perceived value, and purchase intentions. Specifically, price is hypothesized to have a larger positive impact on perceived quality evaluations of dissimilar extensions, but a larger negative impact on perceived value and purchase intentions for similar extensions. Results indicate that a high-price introductory strategy used to suggest a high-quality product will likely be more effective for dissimilar extensions than similar extensions. The results of this research suggest a number of implications for new product pricing. Directions for subsequent research are offered as well.
Measuring curvature in cylindrical plant organs

Abstract The use of “degrees of curvature” as a measure of organ bending may be biased by the growth rate or diameter of the organ. It is proposed that the preferred measure of curvature in cases where there is high variance among growth rates or organ diameters is “percentage differential growth.”
PC program for comparing tracking indices in several independent groups

A method for computing a measure of tracking based on Cohen's kappa statistic for one-sample longitudinal data sets was previously described and implemented. This paper shows how one may test the equality of several kappas, each computed from an independent longitudinal sample. Thus, it is possible to formally compare groups of individuals with regard to stability in growth (or adaptive) patterns. Relative assessments of predictability in growth outcomes in different populations can be made with this approach. Also, when a common value of kappa is not contradicted by the data, a method to estimate this value and obtain a confidence interval for it is shown. A menu-driven GAUSS program for carrying out the procedure is described and made available. The method and program are illustrated with three samples of Guatemalan children. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Relative Acidities of Glasses Containing Al2O3 and TiO2 as Determined by the Oxygen Electrode

The oxygen electrode has been utilized to determine the relative acidities of sodium and potassium silicate glasses containing alumina and titania in the temperature range 300° to 500° C. The acidity of a potassium or sodium silicate glass is increased by substituting alumina or titania for the soda or potassia. The first additions of alumina tend to increase the acidity of both glasses by forming A1O4 tetrahedra which utilize a portion of the nonbridging oxygen ions to fulfill the coordination requirements. The results indicate further that the Ti4+ ion is in both fourfold and sixfold coordination in the sodium and potassium glasses. Titania increases the acidity when it is in sixfold coordination but tends to decrease it when in fourfold coordination. Both titania and alumina increase the acidity of the potassium glasses more than that of the sodium glasses. This is interpreted on the basis that the oxygen network of the potassium glass, being initially the looser, is tightened more than that of the sodium glass. However, the polymerization of the A1O4 tetrahedra at the higher alumina concentrations causes a loosening of the oxygen network. Previous assumptions that the oxygen electrode reaction is independent of the metal used for the electrodes have been verified by reproducing the data using platinum foil as the electrode material in place of silver foil.
Population diversity within isolates of Colletotrichum spp. causing Glomerella leaf spot and bitter rot of apples in three orchards in North Carolina

The population diversity within isolates of Glomerella cingulata and Colletotrichum spp. associated with Glomerella leaf spot and bitter rot of apples was studied in an orchard of cv. Granny Smith located in Wilkes County, NC, and one orchard each of cultivars Granny Smith and Gala located in Lincoln County, NC. Morphological characters and vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs) were used to determine diversity within the species. The relative frequencies of the morphological types found within each species in each orchard were also determined. G. cingulata was the predominant species associated with bitter rot in the three orchards and Glomerella leaf spot in the Gala orchard. In the three orchards, different morphological types were observed within isolates of G. cingulata and Colletotrichum acutatum, but not within isolates of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Isolates of C. gloeosporioides were not found in the orchard of cv. Granny Smith in Lincoln County. In the other two orchards, C. gloeosporioides represented the lowest proportion of the population. Three VCGs were found among isolates of G. cingulata (VCG-1, 2, and 6), two among isolates of C. gloeosporioides (VCG-9 and 10), and two among isolates of C. acutatum (VCG-15 and 16). VCGs 2, 6, 9, 10, 15, and 16 were found in the Granny Smith orchard in Wilkes County, VCGs 1, 2, and 6 in the Gala orchard in Lincoln County, and VCGs 2 and 6 in the Granny Smith orchard in Lincoln County. Differences in frequencies among the different morphological types found within the three orchards remained relatively similar throughout the season and from year to year, suggesting that the relative frequencies of G. cingulata, C. gloeosporioides, and C. acutatum remain stable in an orchard once the fungi are established.
Thermal Decomposition of Poly (tert-Butyl N-Vinylcarbamate)

Pyrolysis of poly(tert-butyl N-vinylcarbamate) at 185–200°C in bulk yields a rigid foam containing cyclic urea units, primary amine units, and a small amount of urea crosslinks. The yield of primary amine units (ca. 13%) and the yields of carbon dioxide (ca. 57%), isobutylene (ca. 57%), and tert-butanol formed in this reaction indicate that it involves pairwise decomposition of adjacent carbamate units to form cyclic urea units, tert-butanol, carbon dioxide, and isobutylene. The vinyl amine units are formed from carbamate units that become flanked by urea units. The amounts of amine units and residual carbamate units were determined as a function of degree of pyrolysis by an ion-exchange technique and agreed with values expected for a random cyclization process. The pyrolyzed polymers are useful as ion-exchange resins and as rigid foams having good thermal stability.
Modeling and verifying active structural control systems

Abstract This paper presents the results of a case study involving the use of a formal graphical notation, Modechart, and an automatic verification tool, the Concurrency Workbench, in the analysis of the design of a fault-tolerant active structural control system. Such control systems must satisfy strict requirements on their timing behavior; we show how to use various equivalence-based features supported by the Workbench to examine the timing behavior of different design alternatives, one of which has in excess of 10 19 states. The central insight arising from the study involves the importance of compositionality for reasoning about large and complex systems; in particular, the success of the case study depends integrally on our notation's and tool's support of componentwise minimization.
ON THE CLASSIFICATION OF ELLIPTIC SURFACES WITH q = 1

We classify, up to isomorphism, elliptic surfaces with irregularity one having exactly one singular fiber (necessarily of typeI 6 * ). All of them turn out to be elliptic modular surfaces (Shioda [11]), so that the problem is indirectly equivalent to classifying certain subgroups ofSL 2(Z). These surfaces are then used to produce examples of (elliptic) surfaces withq=1, anyp g ≥1, which have maximal Picard number (see Persson [7] for the caseq=0). Finally, the classification yields some interesting relationships between hypergeometric functions, theta functions, and certain automorphic forms.
Chromium(IV) siloxide.

The reaction of Na(OSitBu2Me) with CrCl3 yields solid [Cr(OSitBu2Me)3]n (1), which can be crystallized in the presence of excess Na(OSitBu2Me) to yield [Na(THF)][Cr(OSitBu2Me)4] (2). This complex is oxidized to yield Cr(OSitBu2Me)4 (3), a crystalline chromium(IV) siloxide complex that is air- and moisture-stable. Electronic spectroscopic analysis of the absorption spectrum of 3 indicates a particularly weak ligand field (ΔT = 7940 cm–1) and covalent Cr–O bonding. 3 provides the first structural and spectroscopic characterization of a homoleptic chromium(IV) siloxide complex and provides a benchmark for tetrahedral chromium(IV) ions residing in solid oxide lattices.
Analysis of the origins and early fates of neural crest cells in caudal regions of avian embryos

Holmdahl divided vertebrate embryogenesis into two phases called primary and secondary body development. Three primary germ layers are delineated during primary body development and undergo morphogenesis to form primary organ rudiments. In contrast, during secondary body development, the tail bud (a mesenchymal mass of cells located at the caudal end of the embryo and derived principally from Hensen's node) directly forms secondary organ rudiments. We have been testing Holmdahl's concept of primary and secondary body development by mapping the embryonic structures that originate from the tail bud. In the present study, we examined the origins of neural crest cells in caudal regions of avian embryos and observed two populations: primary neural crest cells derived from ectoderm and secondary neural crest cells derived from tail bud. Both types of neural crest cells originate locally, and little or no displacement of these cells occurs along the longitudinal axis. Some secondary neural crest cells seem to colonize the surface epithelium, forming a mosaic derived from both ectoderm and tail bud. Other secondary neural crest cells form spinal ganglia, differentiating as sensory neurons, satellite cells, and Schwann cells. Despite their strikingly different origins and locations, primary and secondary neural crest cells give rise to similar structures.
Rectangles in triangles

We establish necessary and sufficient conditions on the five positive real numbers a, b, c, u, v for a rectangle with sides u, v to fit in a triangle with sides a, b, c, and we note a few curious consequences.
Outsider CEO succession and firm performance

Abstract We examine outside CEO succession for 528 firms during the period 1993–2009. Announcement-period returns are positive, but higher for firms hiring from within their industry than from a different industry. However, unlike the year following succession, firms hiring from a different industry display better stock performance in later years. In the 5-year post-succession period dividends, profitability, capital spending and growth potential are also higher for firms hiring from a different industry. Firms with fewer, more independent board members who also sit on other major company boards, or firms in industries with fewer companies are more likely to hire successors whose pay is more aligned to stockholder returns from bigger firms with more business segments and stock return volatility in a different industry. Firms hiring from a different industry pay successors more but grant more incentive pay than firms hiring from the same industry. Our findings suggest that, overall, firms pay more, link compensation more to their subsequent stock performance, and amass more long-term benefits when they hire outside CEO successors from a different industry than their own.
On the impact of corrective maintenance in the design of sensor networks

This paper discusses the incorporation of the corrective maintenance cost of instruments as part of the objective function. It is also shown that, in the presence of repairable instruments, the availability of a variable, instead of its reliability, should be used as a constraint. The impact of the corrective repair rate on the solution of the problem is investigated.
Pharmacologic disruption of Schlemm's canal cells and outflow facility in anterior segments of human eyes.

PURPOSE To determine the effect of disruption of Schlemm's canal cells on outflow facility. Pharmacologic agents that weaken the cytoskeleton or interfere with integrin binding may allow targeted disruption of the cells lining Schlemm's canal because of the transmural pressure gradient the cells face as aqueous passes into the canal. METHODS Anterior segments of human eyes were placed in perfusion organ culture, and either single or sequential doses of H-7 or RGD peptide were added. Fellow eyes received vehicle or RGE peptide. Eyes were fixed and examined by light and electron microscopy. RESULTS Both agents caused a partial loss of the endothelial lining of Schlemm's canal cells without disruption of trabecular cells in other regions. H-7 significantly increased outflow facility after single or sequential doses, with moderate cell loss of both the inner and outer wall canal cells: 20.0% +/- 10.5% of the width of the canal versus 5.2% +/- 3.7% in control meshworks (P = 0.05). No significant correlation between the amount of canal cell loss and outflow facility was found. RGD was associated with a variable loss of canal cells but did not change outflow facility. CONCLUSIONS Pharmacologic disruption of Schlemm's canal cells appears possible. H-7 increased outflow facility, causing a partial loss of the endothelial lining of Schlemm's canal. A simple relationship between canal cells and outflow facility was not found; canal cells probably interact with the extracellular matrix in influencing outflow facility.
Crystal structure of diguandinium diaquapentakis(nitrato)neodymiate(III)

The crystal structure of the C2H16N11NdO17 complex (I) is established by X-ray crystallography. Compound (I) crystallizes in the monoclinic system, space group C2/c, a = 10.8926(6) A, b = 9.0003(6) A, c = 20.4621(11) A, α = 90°, β = 94.535(3)°, γ = 90°, V = 1999.8(2) A3, and Z = 4. The guanidinium N-H and water H atoms are engaged in hydrogen bonds with an oxygen atom of the nitrate groups attached on neodymium (Nd). This has resulted in the formation of a three dimensional network. Based on the Cambridge Structural Database, this is the first structurally-characterized neodymium nitrate anion bonded to the [(NH2)3C]+ cation.
Small bowel transplantation.

Small bowel transplantation may offer a future alternative to patients with short bowel syndrome. However, currently available immunosuppressive regimens are not adequate to prevent rejection of small bowel allografts. Recent experimental studies using cyclosporine have provided improved results, especially in rats; but there are relatively few long-term survivors in large animal models. Graft-versushost disease may result from lymphoid tissue in the small bowel transplant but is less troublesome than rejection. Seven patients have undergone small bowel transplantation; the longest survivor died at 6 months. Clinical application of small bowel transplantation must await further refinements in immunosuppression.
Decreased Neointimal Thickening After Arterial Wall Injury in Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Knockout Mice

Mechanical injury in vivo results in the expression of the inducible form of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in vascular smooth muscle cells. However, the role of iNOS in modulating neointima formation after arterial wall injury is not clear. To determine whether the induction of iNOS gene expression promotes or attenuates the neointimal response to injury, we used a murine model of perivascular injury induced by placing a periadventitial collar around the carotid arteries in both wild-type and iNOS knockout mice (iNOS-KO mice). Periadventitial injury induced iNOS expression in the wild-type but not the iNOS-KO mice. Neointimal area and the intima/media ratio were significantly less in the iNOS-KO mice compared with the wild-type mice at 21 days. Injury-induced proliferation of medial cells and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression were also attenuated in iNOS-KO mice compared with wild-type mice. The induction of iNOS and the activation of the nuclear factor-kappaB-mediated pathway were also demonstrated in an in vitro injury model. We conclude that mechanical injury in vivo and in vitro induces iNOS expression and that lack of iNOS expression attenuates neointima formation after perivascular arterial injury. Taken together, these findings suggest that iNOS expression after vascular injury may promote neointima formation.
Integrating remotely accessible information services into psychology instruction and research

Wide-area computer networks provide a wealth of information services that have the potential to alter the approach toward scholarship taken by both students and researchers. Although it can be argued that the translation of information from hard copy to a publicly accessible electronic form has developed slowly, the total volume of text-based information that has been digitized is already staggering. Two major challenges facing psychologists wishing to develop their skills in network use are to identify and locate pertinent information that is accessible, and to find an easy way to retrieve it. This paper is an attempt to provide an overview of network resources and services that may be of particular interest to psychologists and psychology students. Its focus is on how to learn more about the available information services, as well as how to make access as user friendly as possible.
Understanding Parenteral Nutrition A Basis for Neonatal Nursing Care

The challenge in meeting the caloric and metabolic demands of infants who are critically ill, debilitated, or neurophysically immature is discussed. Advances in nutrition that have greatly improved neonatal survival are presented. Intravenous nutrition is presented as an appropriate mode of therapy to provide or supplement nutritional support in neonates who cannot derive all the requirements from oral feedings.
Protein secondary structural representation using real-time interactive computer graphics

Abstract A method is described for generating schematic secondary structure representations of protein molecules, on a realtime interactive calligraphic display. This provides a particularly useful aid in the understanding of protein topology. The method also greatly facilitates comparison of the dispositions of secondary structural elements and motifs in related or functionally similar proteins.
Use of first person pronouns as a function of increased objective self-awareness and performance feedback

Abstract A recent integrating formalation in social psychology, the Duval-Wicklund theory of “objective self-awareness,” has the core assumption that attention focused on the self is always aversive and, hence, avoided. While faced with either a TV camera or a mirror, and after they had received false feedback concerning their creativity, 98 undergraduates guessed at the meaning of foreign language pronouns, the unobtrusive dependent measure of the direction of the focus of attention. The standard Duval-Wicklund effect was replicated—more attention to self, that is, more first-person pronouns—in the “camera” or “mirror” than in the “no camera” or “no mirror” conditions. However, within the camera or mirror conditions, avoidance of self-focused attention occurred only after negative feedback.
Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging of human breast cancer: a preliminary study.

Purpose To investigate the diagnostic value of proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) in patients with breast lesions. Materials and Methods Eighteen patients underwent breast MRSI and MRI at 1.5 T. Contrast-enhanced MR was used to identify the lesion, after which single-slice MRSI (TR/TE = 2000/272 msec, 10-mm slice thickness) was performed. Water, lipid, and choline (Cho) images were reconstructed from MRSI data. The area of the Cho was measured in the lesion and expressed relative to the background noise level (signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)), measured between 7.0 and 9.0 ppm. Cho SNRs were compared between benign and malignant lesions as determined by histopathology. Results Three cases were considered technical failures on MRSI. Of the remaining 15 cases, on histopathology, eight were classified as malignant carcinoma and seven were benign. The Cho SNR from malignant tissue was significantly elevated compared to benign tissue (6.2 ± 2.1 vs. 2.4 ± 0.7, P < 0.0008). Conclusions MRSI measurements of Cho are feasible in the human breast, and the SNR for Cho was significantly different between benign and malignant lesions. The potential advantages of MRSI over SV spectroscopy include the ability to assess multiple lesions as well as tissue with normal MRI appearance, as well as to perhaps gauge lesion borders and infiltration into surrounding tissue. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2004;19:68–75. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Growth of the intermediate oxides of titanium from borate fluxes under controlled oxygen fugacities

Abstract The Magneli phases (Ti n O 2 n −1 ) and Ti 3 O 5 can be grown from Na 2 B 4 O 7 -B 2 O 3 fluxes under equilibrium conditions if the oxygen fugacity of the coexisting vapor phase is controlled within narrow limits. Different compounds can be obtained by adjusting p o2 over a narrow range.
Isolation and partial characterization of cellulose produced by Acetobacter xylinum

Abstract A mechanical separation method and an alkali treatment for the isolation of bacterial cellulose were developed. Response surface methodology was employed to determine the optimum conditions for the isolation of bacterial cellulose. A homogenizing mill was used to shear and separate the cellulose fiber from the bacterial cells. Cells were then removed by centrifugation and washing with distilled water. The optimum conditions obtained for the mechanical separation method were 1:1.9 gel to water ratio, 15 min of homogenization and 5 centrifugation-washing cycles. The isolated cellulose had 0.46% nitrogen and 1.46% ash (dry weight basis). The whiteness index (WI) of the product was 30.3 as measured by a Hunterlab colorimeter. For the alkali extraction method, the optimum conditions for the isolation of bacterial cellulose were 0.30 mol/dm 3 NaOH (~1.2%) at 90°C for 25 min. The product had 0.08% nitrogen, 0.66% ash and a WI of 44.2. The isolated bacterial cellulose had 3–5 times higher water holding capacity than commercial cellulose powders as determined by the centrifugation method. Any form of drying reduced its water holding capacity, but it was higher than that of commercial celluloses.
Prediction mean squared error for state space models with estimated parameters

SUMMARY We obtain a conditional prediction mean squared error for a state space model with estimated parameters. An important application of our results is the derivation of conditional forecast and interpolation mean squared errors for autoregressive-moving average models with estimated parameters. We also obtain the conditional mean squared error for filtered and smoothed estimates of the state vector. of z(t) and S(t I N; 0) = var {z(t) - z(t I N; 0)} is the mean squared error. Both z(t I N; 0) and S(t I N; 0) can be computed efficiently using the Kalman filter and the smoothing algorithms in Chapters 3 and 7 respectively of Anderson & Moore (1979). If 0 is unknown, then we can estimate it by maximum likelihood to obtain 0, say, and A A then use z(t I N; 0) and S(t IN; 0) in place of z(t I N; 0) and S(t I N; 0). However, the estimate S(t I N; 0) of mean squared error underestimates the true mean squared error because it does not take into account the extra variation due to estimating the parameters. One important example of this problem is the adjustment of the forecast mean squared error of an ARMA process to allow for the variability due to parameter estimation. With the exception of Phillips (1979) and Fuller & Hasza (1981), whose work is confined to the autoregressive model, results in the literature on ARMA and ARMAX models with estimated parameters have dealt with the unconditional forecast mean squared error. See, for example, Bloomfield (1972), Yamamoto (1976, 1981) and Baillie (1979, 1980). Their unconditional forecast mean squared error is an average over all realizations of y, whereas the actual prediction error depends on the particular realization y we observe. This will be made clear for the first-order autoregressive model in ? 2. Therefore the
Change and the Gospels

A review of currents of change that have characterized traditional and recent interpretative models of critical gospel interpretation. The author characterizes changes that occurred up to and since the 1970s, noting how recent developments have integrated critical methods of the 19th and 20th centuries into a performance mode as in music and drama.