cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Posttraumatic stress disorder with secondary psychotic features (PTSD-SP): Diagnostic and treatment challenges

Trauma exposure leads to various psychiatric disorders including depression, anxiety, bipolar disorders, personality disorders, psychotic disorders, and trauma related disorders, especially posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). There are some overlapping symptoms of both PTSD and psychosis that make diagnosis challenging. Despite this overlap, the evidence of PTSD with comorbid psychosis as a distinct entity lies in the research showing biologic, genetic and treatment management differences between psychotic PTSD, non-psychotic PTSD, psychotic disorders and healthy controls. There is emerging evidence that PTSD with secondary psychotic features (PTSD-SP) might be a discrete entity of PTSD with known risk factors that increase its prevalence. This review has presented evidence for individuals with PTSD-SP being distinct in genetics and neurobiological factors. Individuals with PTSD and comorbid psychosis can benefit from evidence based psychotherapy (EBT). There is not enough evidence to recommend second generation antipsychotics (SGA) for PTSD-SP given that risperidone and quetiapine are the only SGAs studied in randomized controlled trials. Hence, developing an operational diagnostic criteria and treatment framework for clinical and research use is critical.
Role of the galloping force and moment of inertia of inclined square cylinders on the performance of hybrid galloping energy harvesters

Abstract Energy harvesting by a square cross-section cylinder, inclined at different angles from the incoming wind flow, prone to galloping oscillations is investigated. The cylinder is fixed at the tip of a cantilever beam at a definite angle, to which is attached a piezoelectric layer and a permanent magnet placed in the close vicinity of a coil. Existing aerodynamic-coefficient experimental values as a function of the incident angle of attack are utilized for determining the aerodynamic force on each inclined cylinder. Seven-order polynomial is recognized to be a convenient choice for performing the analyses in this study. After establishing the galloping aerodynamic force of each case, a reduced-order model is developed for the beam-cylinder energy harvester using Galerkin discretization. Moment of inertia of each case is calculated using transformation matrix and its impact on the natural frequency is determined. It is shown that the moment of inertia affects the linear characteristics of the galloping-based energy harvester when the inclination of the cylinder is changed. The nonlinear characteristics and performance of the energy harvester for various inclination angles are carried out. It is indicated that an upright zero inclined or a slight angle of cylinder till ten or fifteen degrees towards the wind flow is preferable for energy harvesting. Any forward inclination towards the wind flow greater than that or any backward angle of cylinder away from the wind flow are not suitable for attaining high levels of harvested power. This behavior actually opens the doors for using a movable cylinder at the tip of a beam with lock mechanism that can be tilted at a high forward or backward angle for extreme windy conditions to have reasonable practical power harvesting without damaging the harvester.
Stem‐Cell‐Driven Growth and Regrowth of the Adult Spinal Cord in Teleost Fish

The spinal cord of the teleost fish Apteronotus leptorhynchus continues to grow during adulthood, in concert with the overall body growth. Immunohistological studies, combined with mathematical modeling, suggest that this growth is driven by proliferative activity of Sox2-expressing stem/progenitor cells (SPCs) and by cell drift due to population pressure. The SPCs exhibit high volumetric density in the caudal filament and the ependymal layer. Nevertheless, the majority of these cells are found in the parenchyma throughout the rostro-caudal axis of the spinal cord, albeit at much lower volumetric densities than in the ependymal layer. The SPCs give rise, via transit-amplifying cells, to neurons and glia. The relative number of neurons and glia is primarily regulated through apoptosis of supernumerary neurons. Quantitative analysis has demonstrated that the continued cell proliferation results in additive neurogenesis. This addition includes adult-born spinal electromotoneurons, thereby resulting in a continuous increase in the amplitude of the fish's electric organ discharge during adult life. Amputation of the caudal part of the spinal cord induces initially a degenerative response, dominated by massive apoptotic cell death in spinal cord tissue immediately rostral to the injury site, and distinguished by a partial loss of the electric organ discharge amplitude. This phase is followed by a regenerative response, characterized by absence of gliosis and by rapid stem-cell-driven tissue regrowth. Although the quality of the regenerated tissue is variable among individuals, the structural repair has led in every fish examined thus far to full recovery of the electric organ discharge amplitude.
A FerroFET-Based In-Memory Processor for Solving Distributed and Iterative Optimizations via Least-Squares Method

In recent years, several designs that use in-memory processing to accelerate machine-learning inference problems have been proposed. Such designs are also a perfect fit for discrete, dynamic, and distributed systems that can solve large-dimensional optimization problems using iterative algorithms. For in-memory computations, ferroelectric field-effect transistors (FerroFETs) owing to their compact area and distinguishable multiple states offer promising possibilities. We present a distributed architecture that uses FerroFET memory and implements in-memory processing to solve a template problem of least squares minimization. Through this architecture, we demonstrate an improvement of $21 \times $ in energy efficiency and $3 \times $ in compute time compared to a static random access memory (SRAM)-based processing-in-memory (PIM) architecture.
Cooler coalitions for a warmer planet: A review of political strategies for accelerating energy transitions

Abstract The lack of progress on greenhouse-gas reduction at the global level has drawn attention to the need to strengthen support for energy-transition policies. One crucial component of such support is a better understanding of the political strategy of coalitions that support such policies. Based on a comprehensive review of research in the energy and social science field, this study covers three main units of political strategy: the targets of action (government, public opinion, and businesses), the repertoires of action (both institutional and extra institutional), and the agents of action (coalition building and composition). The review articulates political strategy as an area of theoretical and empirical research with results that are relevant for political actors. For example, coalition building includes policy sequencing, modifications to accommodate incumbents, goals that enroll low- and middle-income organizations, the recruitment of countervailing industrial power, and policy selection for conservatives. Future research topics are also identified.
Impact of different fixed flow sampling protocols on flow-independent exhaled nitric oxide parameter estimates using the Bayesian dynamic two-compartment model.

Exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) is an established respiratory biomarker with clinical applications in the diagnosis and management of asthma. Because FeNO depends strongly on the flow (exhalation) rate, early protocols specified that measurements should be taken when subjects exhaled at a fixed rate of 50 ml/s. Subsequently, multiple flow (or "extended") protocols were introduced which measure FeNO across a range of fixed flow rates, allowing estimation of parameters including Caw NO and CA NO which partition the physiological sources of NO into proximal airway wall tissue and distal alveolar regions (respectively). A recently developed dynamic model of FeNO uses flow-concentration data from the entire exhalation maneuver rather than plateau means, permitting estimation of Caw NO and CA NO from a wide variety of protocols. In this paper, we use a simulation study to compare Caw NO and CA NO estimation from a variety of fixed flow protocols, including: single maneuvers (30, 50,100, or 300 ml/s) and three established multiple maneuver protocols. We quantify the improved precision with multiple maneuvers and the importance of low flow maneuvers in estimating Caw NO. We conclude by applying the dynamic model to FeNO data from 100 participants of the Southern California Children's Health Study, establishing the feasibility of using the dynamic method to reanalyze archived online FeNO data and extract new information on Caw NO and CA NO in situations where these estimates would have been impossible to obtain using traditional steady-state two compartment model estimation methods.
COVID-2019: update on epidemiology, disease spread and management.

With each passing day, more cases of Coronavirus disease (COVID-2019) are being detected and unfortunately the fear of novel corona virus 2019 (2019-nCoV) becoming a pandemic disease has come true. Constant efforts at individual, national, and international level are being made in order to understand the genomics, hosts, modes of transmission and epidemiological link of nCoV-2019. As of now, whole genome sequence of the newly discovered coronavirus has already been decoded. Genomic characterization nCoV-2019 have shown close homology with bat-derived severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-like coronaviruses, bat-SL-CoVZC45 and bat-SL-CoVZXC21. Structural analysis of the receptor binding site has confirmed that 2019-nCoV binds with the same ACE 2 receptor protein as human SARS virus. Compared to the previous coronavirus outbreaks, the overall mortality rate is relatively low for COVID-2019 (2-3%). Suspected cases must be quarantined till their test comes positive or they clear infection. At present, treatment of COVID-2019 is mostly based on the knowledge gained from the SARS and MERS outbreaks. Remdesivir, originally develop as a treatment for Ebola virus disease and Marburg virus infections, is being studied for it effectiveness against 2019-nCoV infection. Many other antiviral agents and vaccines are being tested but most of them are in phase I or II and hence unlikely to be of any benefit immediately with regards to current outbreak. Hence, the standard infection control techniques and preventive steps for healthy individuals and supportive care for the confirmed cases is the best available strategy to deal with current viral outbreak. .
Variation in States’ Implementation of CAPTA’s Substance-Exposed Infants Mandates: A Policy Diffusion Analysis:

In 2016, federal law changed state child welfare mandates related to prenatally substance-exposed infants. Little is known regarding the status or implications of policy implementation. The current study examined thematic clusters among states' policies responsive to this 2016 mandate. Cluster analysis identified four distinct categories of states' implementation: (1) "innovators/early adopters," (2) "early majority," (3) "late majority," and (4) "laggards." Innovator/early adopter states (n = 14) were most likely to have implemented plan of safe care policies consistent with Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (CAPTA). Early majority states (n = 15) have started developing some aspects of CAPTA 2016 but have some aspects that are still in development. Late majority states (n = 17) have adopted few aspects of CAPTA 2016 but had implemented more CAPTA 2003 and 2010 aspects than states in the laggard cluster. Laggard states (n = 6) have implemented the fewest CAPTA prenatal substance exposure domains. In bivariate analyses, the only variable associated with clusters was Census region (e.g., New England), suggesting that states' implementation decisions may be influenced by their regional neighbors.
Assessment of Coastal Inundation due to Storm Surge under Future Sea-Level Rise Conditions

Kim, Y.H., 2020. Assessment of coastal inundation due to storm surge under future sea-level rise condition. In: Malvarez, G. and Navas, F. (eds.), Global Coastal Issues of 2020. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 95, pp. 845–849. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.Coastal communities, transportation systems, and energy infrastructures will be at increasing risk of impact from the extreme events like storm surge. Coastal areas are at risk for worse inundation in the near future due to coupled effects of sea-level rise and surge under the future global climate change scenarios. In order to assess the impact of coastal inundation due to the combined effect of sea-level rise and tropical storms, Sea, Lake and Overland Surge from Hurricanes (SLOSH) model was implemented to coastal areas of Korea. SLOSH calculates water level from depth-integrated, quasi-linear, shallow-water equations. In this study, a new developed high-resolution hyperbolic mesh grid was applied to the Korean peninsula. The minimum and maximum grid size is 321 m in coastal regions and ∼18 km in offshore areas, respectively. A total of 60 representative potential storm tracks were developed based on preselected four historic storm tracks in the study area. Each storm tracks were assumed to be 2 different strength, implying each 50 and 100-yr return frequency level. Five different sea-level rise scenario were applied on the basis of the recent IPCC report: 0, 34.1, 65.0, 83.8, and 98.0 cm above the present sea level. Thus, a total of 600 scenarios (= 5 sea levels X 2 strength X 60 storm tracks) were simulated, and Maximum Envelop Of Water (MEOW) and Maximum Of Maximum (MOM) were calculated for each water level case. The results show that the rise of sea level induces higher storm surge and the increasing trend is not linear. For instance, the case with 98 cm sea-level rise above the current sea level show about 1.5-2.5 m increase of storm surge. Also, the results of storm surge (i.e., MOM) were applied to local topography data, which estimate inundation depth for each cell. As expected, the case of present sea level depicts lowest inundation and it increase with the range of sea level rise. Also, the area of inundation is smallest in the case of present sea level, and more sea level rise results in larger area of inundation.
Processing in Lateral Orbitofrontal Cortex Is Required to Estimate Subjective Preference during Initial, but Not Established, Economic Choice

The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is proposed to be critical to economic decision making. Yet one can inactivate OFC without affecting well-practiced choices. One possible explanation of this lack of effect is that well-practiced decisions are codified into habits or configural-based policies not normally thought to require OFC. Here, we tested this idea by training rats to choose between different pellet pairs across a set of standard offers and then inactivating OFC subregions during choices between novel offers of previously experienced pairs or between novel pairs of previously experienced pellets. Contrary to expectations, controls performed as well on novel as experienced offers yet had difficulty initially estimating their subjective preference on novel pairs, difficulty exacerbated by lateral OFC inactivation. This pattern of results indicates that established economic choice reflects the use of an underlying model or goods space and that lateral OFC is only required for normal behavior when the established framework must incorporate new information.
Delineating the Relationship between Nanoparticle Attachment Efficiency and Fluid Flow Velocity

The ability to fundamentally describe nanoparticle (NP) transport in the subsurface underpins environmental risk assessment and successful material applications, including advanced remediation and sensing technologies. Despite considerable progress, our understanding of NP deposition behavior remains incomplete as there are conflicting reports regarding the effect of fluid flow velocity on attachment efficiency. To directly address this and more accurately describe NP attachment behavior, we have developed a novel protocol using a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) to separate and individually observe deposition mechanisms (diffusion and sedimentation), providing in situ, real-time information about particle diffusion (from the bulk liquid to solid surface). Through this technique, we have verified that the approaching velocity of NPs via diffusion increases (0.8-6.7 μm/s) with increasing flow velocity (6.1-106.0 μm/s), leading to an increased NP kinetic energy, thus affecting deposition processes. Further, in the presence of a secondary energy minimum associated with organic surface coatings, secondary minimum deposition decreases and primary minimum deposition increases with the flow velocity. NPs deposited at the primary minimum are relatively more resistant to hydrodynamic energies (including detachment associated energies), resulting in an increase of observed attachment efficiencies. Taken together, this work not only describes a novel method to delineate and quantify physical processes underpinning particle behavior but also provides direct measurements regarding key factors defining the relationship(s) of flow velocity and particle attachment. Such insight is valuable for next-generation fate and transport model accuracy, especially under unfavorable attachment regimes, which is a current and critical need for subsurface material applications and implication paradigms.
Learning “real” science: Storying whiteness in university science labs

Although science is practiced globally, science is historically a field dominated by white people. In response, science education has worked to increase equity in science by examining and transform...
Surgical Techniques: Operative Decompression Using the Paraclavicular Approach for Venous Thoracic Outlet Syndrome

Following venography, thrombolysis and anticoagulation, comprehensive management of subclavian vein effort thrombosis due to venous TOS revolves around surgical treatment. Surgical treatment, in turn, involves first rib resection and various approaches to achieve a patent subclavian vein. The paraclavicular approach is one of several different strategies for thoracic outlet decompression, combining the advantages of supraclavicular and infraclavicular exposures, including complete resection of the first rib and direct reconstruction of the subclavian vein when needed. In this chapter we provide a detailed description of paraaclavicular decompression as a thorough, flexible, and safe approach to venous TOS. Special circumstances, potential complications and the reported results of treatment are briefly reviewed. This shows that following treatment with the paraclavicular approach, more than 90% of patients with venous TOS will have a patent subclavian vein, no arm swelling symptoms, normal function and no need for anticoagulation. We therefore believe that with expertise and experience, operative procedures based on paraclavicular exposure provide the most versatile, comprehensive, safe and successful approach to the treatment of venous TOS.
Biomarker Evidence of the Persistent Inflammation, Immunosuppression and Catabolism Syndrome (PICS) in Chronic Critical Illness (CCI) After Surgical Sepsis.

Objective To analyze serial biomarkers of the persistent inflammation, immunosuppression, and catabolism syndrome (PICS) to gain insight into the pathobiology of chronic critical illness (CCI) after surgical sepsis. Background Although early deaths after surgical intensive care unit sepsis have decreased and most survivors rapidly recover (RAP), one third develop the adverse clinical trajectory of CCI. However, the underlying pathobiology of its dismal long-term outcomes remains unclear. Methods PICS biomarkers over 14 days from 124 CCI and 225 RAP sepsis survivors were analyzed to determine associations and prediction models for (1) CCI (≥14 intensive care unit days with organ dysfunction) and (2) dismal 1-year outcomes (Zubrod 4/5 performance scores). Clinical prediction models were created using PIRO variables (predisposition, insult, response, and organ dysfunction). Biomarkers were then added to determine if they strengthened predictions. Results CCI (vs RAP) and Zubrod 4/5 (vs Zubrod 0-3) cohorts had greater elevations in biomarkers of inflammation (interleukin [IL]-6, IL-8, interferon gamma-induced protein [IP-10], monocyte chemoattractant protein 1), immunosuppression (IL-10, soluble programmed death ligand-1), stress metabolism (C-reactive protein, glucagon-like peptide 1), and angiogenesis (angiopoietin-2, vascular endothelial growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1, stromal cell-derived factor) at most time-points. Clinical models predicted CCI on day 4 (area under the receiver operating characteristics curve [AUC] = 0.89) and 1 year Zubrod 4/5 on day 7 (AUC = 0.80). IL-10 and IP-10 on day 4 minimally improved prediction of CCI (AUC = 0.90). However, IL-10, IL-6, IL-8, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, IP-10, angiopoietin-2, glucagon-like peptide 1, soluble programmed death ligand-1, and stromal cell-derived factor on day 7 considerably improved the prediction of Zubrod 4/5 status (AUC = 0.88). Conclusions Persistent elevations of PICS biomarkers in the CCI and Zubrod 4/5 cohorts and their improved prediction of Zubrod 4/5 validate that PICS plays a role in CCI pathobiology.
Factors Influencing a Clinician-Scientist Career Path in Otolaryngology

Objectives/hypothesis To better understand the obstacles facing residents and K-awardee faculty in choosing a clinician-scientist career in otolaryngology. Study design Anonymous survey. Methods An anonymous, online Qualtrics survey was sent to residents participating in T32 training grants and K-awardee junior faculty. The survey was sent to the residents with the permission of their program chair. The results of this survey were compiled and analyzed. A separate survey was sent to current K-awardees in U.S. academic programs. Both surveys were then compared to a survey published in 2008 to determine if the concerns and obstacles faced by aspiring clinician-scientists are still present. Results Residents felt that combining a research and clinical career presented many obstacles, including a lower salary, competition with PhDs for grant funding, and the lack of departmental support. Prolonging their training to include a fellowship was not a deterrent. Family/spousal issues which ranked as the primary concern previously were no longer given the same level of importance. The major concerns of K-awardees were the economic disparity of clinician-scientists with their clinical counterparts, the lack of mentors, and department support. Forty percent received their K-award after first try, 100% after two revisions, and one has received an R grant funding. Conclusions The obstacles facing clinician-scientists in otolaryngology are highlighted by this survey and require attention by our academic programs, National Institutes of Health, and specialty societies. Level of evidence NA Laryngoscope, 2021.
Silence. She Is Six Years Old

and grandmother cooks them steak and eggs. She is pretending to be asleep but she is listening to the men talking about their friends and grandmother in her white dress walks back and forth past the door and a hand reaches for salt and water. Her father talks about divorce. Now it is quiet. Grandmother has left, her tight stockings showed rainbows and someone's upstairs undressing, his dog tags making faint noise. Her father walks into the room. He is naked and there are certain parts of him that are shadows. And he pulls the blankets to the floor and then the sheet ? as if not to wake her ?
Carbohydrate metabolism in leukocytes. 8. Metabolic activities of the macrophage.

Abstract Macrophages from the guinea pig have been shown to have a high glucose utilization and a high aerobic lactate production. The extent of pentose cycle activity has been determined by two different methods and found to account for 3–6% of the total glucose utilization and between 20 and 50% of the oxygen uptake during phagocytosis. The remaining oxygen consumption may be due to Krebs cycle activity. Acetate is oxidized to about 1 μmole per hour per 10 8 cells. Further evidence for an active Krebs cycle was shown in experiments with labeled propionate. Labeling patterns found in lactate derived from propionate suggest that alternate mechanisms for propionate utilization are present in the macrophage.
Family Influences on Youth Alcohol Use: A Multiple-Sample Analysis by Ethnicity and Gender.

Abstract This study examined the effects of demographic and family influences on alcohol use among White and African American youth. Data comprised 400 target youth with a mean age of 11.04 years (SD = 1.68), 51.2% male, 49.8% African American and 50.2% White. Youth alcohol use was hypothesized to be influenced by the child's age, family income, parent status, parent alcohol use, sibling alcohol use, and family cohesion. A four-group multiple-sample structural equation model examined means and relations across ethnicities and genders. Parent and sibling use were significant predictors of target youth alcohol use. Parent status influenced sibling alcohol use, and family cohesion. Income was related to parent alcohol use. Despite a few structural and mean differences, the overall model was consistent across the four groups.
Review of A Visual Guide to Stata Graphics, Second Edition by Michael N. Mitchell

This article reviews A Visual Guide to Stata Graphics, Second Edition by Michael N. Mitchell.
Kinetic analysis of base substitution mutagenesis by transient misalignment of DNA and by miscoding.

Abstract We measured the insertion fidelity of DNA polymerases alpha and beta and yeast DNA polymerase I at a template site that was previously observed to yield a high frequency of T----G transversions when copied by DNA polymerase beta but not by the other two polymerases. The results provide direct biochemical evidence that base substitution errors by DNA polymerase beta can result from a dislocation mechanism governed by DNA template-primer misalignment. In contrast to DNA polymerase beta, neither Drosophila DNA polymerase alpha nor yeast DNA polymerase I appear to misinsert nucleotides by a dislocation mechanism in either the genetic or kinetic fidelity assays. Dislocation errors by DNA polymerase beta are characterized primarily by a substantial reduction in the apparent Km for inserting a "correct," but ultimately errant, nucleotide compared to the apparent Km governing direct misinsertion. For synthesis by DNA polymerase beta, dislocation results in a 35-fold increase in dCMP incorporation opposite template T (T----G transversion) and a 20-35-fold increase in dTMP incorporation opposite T (T----A transversion); these results are consistent with parallel genetic fidelity measurements. DNA polymerase beta also produces base substitution errors by direct misinsertion. Here nucleotide insertion fidelity results from substantial differences in both Km and Vmax for correct versus incorrect substrates and is influenced strongly by local base sequence.
A model of objects and communication for massively parallel programming

For serial computation, the object-oriented methodology (O-O) has been shown to aid program modeling increase reusability, and result in more robust programs. Because of its object-centricity, O-O seems well suited to data parallel models of massively parallel programming. Many of the benefits of O-O stem from the arbitrary combining of objects, and the resulting arbitrary message passing patterns. Unfortunately, when working with tens of thousands of processors in parallel, this arbitrariness can result in communication conflicts. The paper proposes a model of objects and communication that resolves this problem. >
Experience with a novel efalizumab-based immunosuppressive regimen to facilitate single donor islet cell transplantation

Islet transplantation is an experimental therapy for selected patients with type 1 diabetes (T1DM). It remains limited by immunosuppressive drug toxicity, progressive loss of insulin independence, allosensitization and the need for multiple islet donors. We describe our experience with an efalizumab-based immunosuppressive regimen as compared to the prevailing standard regimen, the Edmonton protocol. Twelve patients with T1DM received islet transplants: eight were treated with the Edmonton protocol; four were treated with daclizumab induction, a 6-month course of tacrolimus, and maintenance with efalizumab and mycophenolate mofetil. The primary endpoint was insulin independence after one islet infusion. Only two Edmonton protocol treated patients achieved the primary endpoint; six required islets from multiple donors, and all experienced leukopenia, mouth ulcers, anemia, diarrhea and hypertransaminasemia. Four became allosensitized. All patients treated with the efalizumab-based regimen achieved insulin independence with normal hemoglobin A1c after a single islet cell infusion and remained insulin independent while on efalizumab. These patients experienced significantly fewer side effects and none became allosensitized. Trial continuation was terminated by withdrawal of efalizumab from the market. These data suggest that this efalizumab-based regimen prevents islet rejection, is well tolerated, and allows for single donor islet transplantation.
Fish Hematology and Associated Disorders

Fish health is a growing concern as pets, education, and aquaculture evolves. For the veterinary staff, fish handling, diagnostics, medicine, and surgery may require specialized training and equipment in comparison with terrestrial and arboreal animals, simply because of their aquatic nature and diversity. Fish hematology is one diagnostic tool that may not require additional equipment, may be inexpensive, and provide useful information in guiding treatment options. Challenges involving hematology may include handling and restraint, venipuncture, evaluation, and interpretation. In this article, strategies for these challenges are discussed for teleost (bony fish) and elasmobranch (cartilaginous fish) fish types.
Understanding college students' opinions on a smoking policy

Because of the negative aspects of smoking, the US National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse has recommended that university campuses should be smoke free. The purpose of this research was to learn students' opinions about the effectiveness of a smoking policy on campus. The policy simply stated there should be no smoking within 30 feet of a building. However, no areas were designated as smoking areas. Using phenomenological inquiry, the authors observed and interviewed both smoking and non-smoking students. Findings suggest that the existing smoking policy was weak and often ignored. Students felt the purpose of the smoking policy should be clearly stated because they were not sure if the policy was intended to make smokers quit or prevent them from smoking in front of doors. This study demonstrates the utility of careful observation as a prelude to the design and implementation of qualitative data collection methods. The results indicate observation is a valuable part of a qualitative research strategy.
Absorption spectra of Bk(III) and Bk(IV) in several media

Abstract The absorption spectrum of Bk(III) in 1 M DClO4-99·9% D2O was studied over the spectral region 200 to 1700 nm. Thirteen new absorption bands below 320 nm, including the previously unreported f → d transition bands at 242 and 212 nm, were observed. The absorption spectra of electrolytically produced Bk(IV) in 1 M HClO4, 1 M H2SO4, 2M K2CO3, 7·5 M H3PO4, and in 0·5 M HDEHP-dodecane were also investigated. The Bk(IV) spectrum was found to be characterized by a very strong electron transfer band at ∼ 280 nm and only weak bands, corresponding to “forbidden” f → f transitions, in the visible wavelength region. Molar absorptivities were determined for the various bands in both Bk(III) and Bk(IV) spectra.
Establishment of Relationship Between Pavement Surface Friction and Mixture Design Properties

In recent years, pavement designers have been increasingly challenged to achieve ideal surface friction properties to enhance driver safety through mixture design manipulation and material selection. A clear understanding of the relationship between pavement mixture design properties and surface friction is needed. In this study, the surface laser profilometer device was used to measure surface texture by scanning the surface of laboratory-compacted and field core samples, from which a surface texture profile was derived. Surface texture data were analyzed to calculate the mean profile depth. Statistical analysis and neural networks modeling were used to find the relationship between the mean profile depth results estimated from laser profilometer measurements and mixture design properties (i.e., aggregate size, gradation curve shape, binder content, air voids, and volumetric properties). Promising trends were observed in the data that could be used as guidance by mixture designers to optimize mixture des...
Housing Research Agenda for NSF-PATH

Providing affordable, durable, and quality homes has always been one of the greatest challenges faced by society. Over the years, significant research efforts have taken place to help meet the challenge of providing adequate housing. In recent years, there has been a renewed emphasis on housing technology research due to the Partnership for Advancing Technologies in Housing ~PATH! program initiatives at the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development ~HUD! and the National Science Foundation ~NSF!. In 2003, the NSF-PATH program sponsored a year-long effort to
Randomization test of paired data: application to evoked responses.

This paper describes a randomization test for similarities in observation vectors between pairs of subjects. Visual evoked response data for pairs of relatives were used in an example of the test. The randomization test does not require any distributional assumptions and can be applied to both univariate and multivariate cases. The basic procedure has three steps. First, some measure of similarity between subject pairs is defined. Second, the distribution of average similarity under random pairings is found. Third, if the average similarity for observed pairs is in the tail of the distribution generated by the assumption of random pairings, the hypothesis of no greater than chance similarity is rejected. The distribution of average similarity under the assumption of random pairings is approximated using a permutation central limit theorem. The randomization test can be used instead of Barttlet's test for nonzero canonical correlations.
Community Health Nursing Assessment of Neurodevelopment in High-risk Infants

All Infants discharged from designated perinatal center neonatal intensive care units in Illinois are referred for follow-up home visits by community health nurses. These visits provide parental support, teaching, and anticipatory guidance plus physical and developmental assessment of the infant. The maternal and child nursing consultants who coordinate this follow-up program are frequently called upon to assist the community health nurses in physical/developmental assessment techniques. The neurodevelopmental component of the assessment, including areas of alertness, tone, head circumference, vision and hearing screening, plus primitive reflexes, is described.
Pseudomonas syringae Hrp type III secretion system and effector proteins.

Pseudomonas syringae is a member of an important group of Gram-negative bacterial pathogens of plants and animals that depend on a type III secretion system to inject virulence effector proteins into host cells. In P. syringae, hrp/hrc genes encode the Hrp (type III secretion) system, and avirulence (avr) and Hrp-dependent outer protein (hop) genes encode effector proteins. The hrp/hrc genes of P. syringae pv syringae 61, P. syringae pv syringae B728a, and P. syringae pv tomato DC3000 are flanked by an exchangeable effector locus and a conserved effector locus in a tripartite mosaic Hrp pathogenicity island (Pai) that is linked to a tRNALeu gene found also in Pseudomonas aeruginosa but without linkage to Hrp system genes. Cosmid pHIR11 carries a portion of the strain 61 Hrp pathogenicity island that is sufficient to direct Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas fluorescens to inject HopPsyA into tobacco cells, thereby eliciting a hypersensitive response normally triggered only by plant pathogens. Large deletions in strain DC3000 revealed that the conserved effector locus is essential for pathogenicity but the exchangeable effector locus has only a minor role in growth in tomato. P. syringae secretes HopPsyA and AvrPto in culture in a Hrp-dependent manner at pH and temperature conditions associated with pathogenesis. AvrPto is also secreted by Yersinia enterocolitica. The secretion of AvrPto depends on the first 15 codons, which are also sufficient to direct the secretion of an Npt reporter from Y. enterocolitica, indicating that a universal targeting signal is recognized by the type III secretion systems of both plant and animal pathogens.
Transient photoconductivity in polymer bulk heterojunction solar cells: Competition between sweep-out and recombination

Transient photoconductivity measurements carried out on bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells demonstrate the competition between carrier sweep-out by the internal field and the loss of photogenerated carriers by recombination. The transient photoconductance data imply the existence of a well-defined internal field; carrier sweep-out is proportional to the magnitude of the internal field and limited by the carrier mobility. At external voltages near open circuit where the internal field approaches zero, the photocurrent decays because of the recombination of photogenerated mobile carriers. Mobility and recombination lifetimes are evaluated for carriers in poly[3-hexylthiophene] (P3HT): [6,6]-phenyl-C61 -butyric acid methyl ester (PC60 BM) and poly[N -9''-hepta-decanyl-2,7-carbazole-alt-5,5-(4',7'-di-2-thienyl-2',1',3'-benzothiadiazole)] (PCDTBT): [6,6]-phenyl-C71 -butyric acid methyl ester (PC71 BM) solar cells.
Building dynamic capabilities: the case of HRIS

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate conditions for a human resource information system (HRIS) to impact organizational competitiveness. Particularly, the author proposes that an HRIS is a key factor in building dynamic capabilities through fostering codification and dissemination of path‐dependent processes and assuring that the firm is able to repeat its successes.Design/methodology/approach – Drawing on the resource‐based view (and its extension), the author theorizes about the relationship between HRIS specificity and firm competitiveness.Findings – It is proposed that in‐house developed or highly‐customized HRIS are the key to building dynamic capabilities necessary for firm competitiveness.Research limitations/implications – By considering the HRIS as a vehicle for the unique and inimitable organizational processes, the author extends the traditional definition of management information systems. However, such an extension is doable within certain limitations. First, the assumption m...
The transient nature ofWolff-Parkinson-White anomaly in childhood

Summary The electrocardiographic findings in 31pediatric patients who had the WPW anomaly of conduction on at least one occasion have been reviewed. In 39 per cent of these individuals the abnormal conduction mechanism was of a transient or intermittent nature. Intermittency in electrocardiographic configuration occurred most commonly in infancy. A favorable prognosis for pediatric patients with this electrocardiographic abnormality should be offered.
Practical clinical use of laser photodynamic therapy in the treatment of bladder carcinoma in situ

Studies have shown that haematoporphyrin derivative (HPD) concentrates preferentially in dysplastic and neoplastic tissue, and that illumination of HPD-sensitized carcinoma with 632-nm wavelength light causes tumour destruction. We have treated 14 patients with bladder carcinoma in this way, who fit a rigid protocol, with follow-up ranging from 3–26 months. Eleven have shown no recurrence and two were considered partial responders who each showed recurrence at one year and were re-treated successfully. One patient had multiple tumours initially and responded to the point where he could be managed conventionally. One patient was lost to follow-up. Rigid patient selection and limited bladder distension reduce morbidity to transient irritative symptoms and to photosensitivity. Early clinical results have shown photodynamic therapy to be a safe and promising technique for the management of non-invasive bladder cancer in patients who are refractory to standard surgical and chemotherapeutic regimens.
Conformation of the hypermodified purine queuine: Substrate for the enzyme transfer RNA—guanine transglycosylase

The hypermodified nucleotidyl purine queuine [7-(3,4-trans-4,5-cis-dihydroxycyclopent-1-en-3-ylaminomethyl)-7-deazaguanine] is a substrate for transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) enzymes replacing guanine at nucleotide position 34 of tRNAs for the amino acids aspartic acid, asparagine, bistidine and tyrosine. The structure and conformation of native queuine was studied by one-dimensional 13C and 1H NMR spectroscopy and by two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy (COSY and NOESY). The structure in solution was found to be the 3,4-trans-4,5-cis-dihydroxycyclopent-1-ene form. The plane of the cyclopentene ring is probably perpendicular to that of the purine ring structure.
Study of a Compression-Ramp Interaction Using Large-Eddy Simulation/Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes Models

Two large-eddy simulation/Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes models are applied to a shock/boundary interaction generated by a 20 deg compression corner. The models are designed to transition from unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes to large-eddy simulation as the boundary layer shifts from its logarithmic behavior to its wakelike response, but they differ in that one model requires a preselection of a model constant for each problem, while the other computes this constant as a function of local and ensemble-averaged turbulence properties. Predictions are compared with mean-flow and second-moment experimental data obtained at Princeton University. In general, calculatedmean-flow velocity, surface-pressure, and surface skin-friction distributions agree well with the experiment, with the most noticeable discrepancy being a slight overprediction of the level of upstream influence induced by the shock wave. Comparisons with mass-flux fluctuation intensity, Reynolds axial stress, and Reynolds shear-stress profiles are also presented. These show generally good agreement with experimental trends relating to Reynolds stress amplification and anisotropy modulation. The calculations also predict the existence of a low-frequency motion of the separation shock that is probably associated with the motion of the backflow region. Higher-frequency modulations of the shock front as induced by the passage of coherent, streaklike structures through the shock also appear to contribute to the measurable intermittency effects.
Critical antigenic determinants for production of antibody to distinguish morphine from heroin, codeine and dextromethorphan.

Abstract Azomorphine products were synthesized and structures determined. A purified derivative was condensed with keyhole limpet hemocyanin and rabbit antisera generated. IgG was purified by Cellex azomorphine. Quantitative inhibition of morphine azobenzoic acid quenching of antibody fluorescence was shown by increasing concentrations of native morphine but not its surrogates. These results were confirmed by radioimmune assay experiments in which methadone and dextromethorphan were essentially unrecognized by crude morphine antisera regardles of hapten concentrations.
THE FLAT LAMINAR OPPOSED JET DIFFUSION FLAME:A NOVEL TOOL FOR KINETIC STUDIES OF TRACE SPECIES FORMATION

Abstract The flat laminar opposed jet diffusion flame was used to determine net rates of formation and destruction of nitric oxide under a wide range of temperatures and local fuel concentrations. In order to accomplish this the theoretical model of this flame was first validated with respect to experimental data on major species and temperature. Then the measured NO and temperature profiles were utilized in conjunction with the species conservation equation to obtain the desired result.
GABA, benzodiazepine and serotonergic receptor development in the dorsal raphe nucleus: electrophysiological studies

Abstract To assess potential differences in the functional responsiveness of GABAergic and serotonergic receptors during postnatal development, extracellular recordings were made in in-vitro midbrain slices containing the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN). Pacemaker-like activity analogous to that observed in vivo was induced by superfusing the slices with 2.5 μM phenylephrine. GABA (0.001 M) and 5- HT (0.004 M) dissolved in 0.1 M NaCl were applied microiontophoretically for 1-min intervals using a range of iontophoretic currents. The current required to produce a 50% inhibition in firing was determined using logit and regression procedures. Iontophoretically applied picrotoxin, baclofen, and bicuculline were applied alone and in combination with GABA to characterize the neonatal GABA receptor site. The pharmacology of the GABA responses observed in early postnatal DRN neurons was that associated with the GABA A subtype. No significant changes in sensitivity to iontophoretically applied 5-HT or GABA were observed at any time during postnatal development. The application of the benzodiazepine, clonazepam, in the perfusion fluid at doses between 10 −8 and 10 −7 potentiated the inhibitory effects of GABA in the slices, but produced no consistent inhibitory effect by itself. The increased potentiation of GABA's effects by benzodiazepine was greatest in neonatal animals. This finding is consistent with previous literature showing enhanced coupling of the GABA-benzodiazepine complex at early postnatal ages.
Wing wave: Feasible, alternative, renewable, electrical energy producing ocean floor system

Wing-Wave is an ocean, alternative energy system to convert the circular motion of ocean waves as they propagate through the sea into electrical energy. The system consists of planes, called “wings”. The wings are mounted on the sea floor and move in a radial motion as a result of the passing waves. The mechanical energy is translated into electrical energy by means of an electrical generator. Three Wing-Wave prototype systems were built at Florida Institute of Technology (Florida Tech) and deployed November 17th, 2010, June 23rd, 2011, and June 6th, 2012, respectively. Each deployment provided valuable information that lead to modifications in subsequent versions and deployment techniques, culminating in the demonstration of a fully functioning and feasible alternative, renewable, electrical energy producing subsea system.
Extraordinary THz transmission in ring apertures

We demonstrated extraordinary THz transmission through ring apertures on a metal film. Transmission of 60% was obtained with an aperture-to-area ratio of only 1.4%. We show that the high transmission can be suppressed by over 18 dB with a thin layer of free carriers in the silicon substrate underneath the metal film. This result suggests that CMOS-compatible terahertz switch can be built by controlling the carrier density near the aperture.