cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Shape and Dynamics of the Leptospiraceae

Most swimming bacteria produce thrust by rotating helical filaments called flagella. Typically, the flagella stick out into the external fluid environment; however, in the spirochetes, a unique group that includes some highly pathogenic species of bacteria, the flagella are internalized, being incased in the periplasmic space; i.e., between the outer membrane and the cell wall. This coupling between the periplasmic flagella and the cell wall allows the flagella to serve a skeletal, as well as a motile, function. In this article, we propose a mathematical model for spirochete morphology based on the elastic interaction between the cell body and the periplasmic flagella. This model describes the mechanics of the composite structure of the cell cylinder and periplasmic flagella and accounts for the morphology of Leptospiraceae. This model predicts that the cell cylinder should be roughly seven times stiffer than the flagellum. In addition, we explore how rotation of the periplasmic flagellum deforms the cell cylinder during motility. We show that the transition between hook-shaped and spiral-shaped ends is purely a consequence of the change in direction of the flagellar motor and does not require flagellar polymorphism.
Extraction treatment of a Class II, Division 1 malocclusion with anterior open bite with headgear and vertical elastics.

This case was chosen by the CDABO student case selection committee for publication in theAmerican Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics.
A Constrained, Possibilistic Logical Approach for Software System Survivability Evaluation

In this paper, we present a logical framework to facilitate users in assessing a software system in terms of the required survivability features. Survivability evaluation is essential in linking foreign software components to an existing system or obtaining software systems from external sources. It is important to make sure that any foreign components/systems will not compromise the current system's survivability properties. Given the increasing large scope and complexity of modern software systems, there is a need for an evaluation framework to accommodate uncertain, vague, or even ill-known knowledge for a robust evaluation based on multi-dimensional criteria. Our framework incorporates user-defined constrains on survivability requirements. Necessity-based possibilistic uncertainty and user survivability requirement constraints are effectively linked to logic reasoning. A proof-of-concept system has been developed to validate the proposed approach. To our best knowledge, our work is the first attempt to incorporate vague, imprecise information into software system survivability evaluation.
A New Framework for Distributed Video Coding Based on JPEG 2000

Distributed Video Coding(DVC), based on the theorems proposed by Slepian-Wolf and Wyner-Ziv, is attracting attention as a new paradigm for video compression. In DVC systems, several encoders will send bit streams to a single decoder which must handle all incoming bit streams. Some of the DVC systems use intraframe compression based on DCT. However, conventional DVC systems have low affinity with DCT, because they fail to generate the necessary side information until after decompressing all bit streams. In this paper, we propose a new DVC scheme that is an easy way to generate the side information before decompressing all bit streams. The scheme utilizes scalability of JPEG 2000 and the multi-component transforms of JPEG 2000 part-2. Tests confirm that the PSNR of the new scheme is about 7[dB] higher than that of conventional JPEG 2000.
Increased risk of dementia in mothers of Alzheimer's disease cases Evidence for maternal inheritance

This study tests the hypothesis of maternal inheritance of AD in families of 118 subjects with this disorder enrolled in The Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer9s Disease (CERAD).The parental generation included 24 subjects with dementia. Using the Cox proportional hazards model, we found the age-adjusted mother-to-father relative risk to be 2.8 (95% CI, 1.1 to 7.7). Among a subset of 10 families with one affected parent and at least two affected siblings, the ratio of affected mothers-to-fathers was 9:1. These findings support recent studies that found a high mother-to-father ratio among affected parents of subjects with AD. Together, these results suggest maternal inheritance of AD and are consistent with several hypotheses regarding the genetic nature of AD. NEUROLOGY 1996;47: 254-256
Evolution of mosaic operons by horizontal gene transfer and gene displacement in situ

Background Shuffling and disruption of operons and horizontal gene transfer are major contributions to the new, dynamic view of prokaryotic evolution. Under the 'selfish operon' hypothesis, operons are viewed as mobile genetic entities that are constantly disseminated via horizontal gene transfer, although their retention could be favored by the advantage of coregulation of functionally linked genes. Here we apply comparative genomics and phylogenetic analysis to examine horizontal transfer of entire operons versus displacement of individual genes within operons by horizontally acquired orthologs and independent assembly of the same or similar operons from genes with different phylogenetic affinities.
How Old are Your Arteries? Exercise-Mediated Protection From Age-Associated Vascular Stiffness

As we age, the blood vessel becomes more susceptible to pathologies including hypertension and atherosclerosis. A famous saying of Thomas Sydenham, English physician, states: “man is as old as his arteries.” However, changes in the function and structure of the arteries with aging, such as
Nonstoichiometry in Acceptor‐Doped BaTiO3

The effect of added Al, as an acceptor impurity, on the equilibrium electrical conductivity of large-grained, polycrystalline BaTiO3, is consistent with a previously proposed defect model which involves only doubly ionized oxygen vacancies, electrons, holes, and acceptor impurities. The behavior is an extension of that of undoped BaTiO3, in which an accidental net acceptor excess already plays an important role. Comparison of the derived active acceptor content with the amount of added Al indicates that Al is <50% effective in creating acceptor levels. The magnitude of a small Po2-independent conductivity component, necessary to fit the observed conductivity minima, increases with added Al content. This is consistent with a contribution from extrinsic oxygen vacancy conduction.
1‐Alkylcarbonyloxymethyl prodrugs of 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU): Synthesis, physicochemical properties, and topical delivery of 5‐FU

Abstract □ 1-Alkylcarbonyloxymethyl (1-ACOM) prodrugs of 5-fluo- rouracil (5-FU) have been synthesized and characterized by their solubilities in isopropyl myristate ( S IPM ) and pH 4.0 buffer ( S H2O ), by their partition coefficients between isopropyl myristate (IPM) and pH 4.0 buffer ( K ) and by their abilities to deliver total 5-FU species into ( C s ) and through ( J i ) hairless mouse skin from an IPM vehicle. All of the prodrugs were much more lipophilic ( S IPM ) than 5-FU (> 60 times), and two members of the series (alkyl = C 1 and C 2 , acetyl- and propionyloxymethyl) were also more soluble in water than 5-FU. The two more water–soluble members gave larger J i values than the other members of the series, with C 2 exhibiting the best biphasic solubility and the largest J i value (16 times that of 5-FU). The ability of the 1-ACOM-5-FU prodrugs to deliver total 5-FU species into skin ( C s ) was greater than the delivery of 5-FU by 5-FU, except for the last two members of series (alkyl = C 7 and C 9 , octanoyl- and decanoyloxymethyl). However, the ratios of normalized C s to J i for the series was less than that exhibited by 5-FU, except for C 7 and C 9 . Also, except for C 9 , significant amounts of intact prodrug as percentages of total 5-FU species were found in the receptor phases during the course of the diffusion cell experiments, ranging from 55% for C 1 to 12% for C 7 .
Vibrio fischeri flavohaemoglobin protects against nitric oxide during initiation of the squid–Vibrio symbiosis

Nitric oxide (NO) is implicated in a wide range of biological processes, including innate immunity against pathogens, signal transduction and protection against oxidative stress. However, its possible roles in beneficial host-microbe associations are less well recognized. During the early stages of the squid-vibrio symbiosis, the bacterial symbiont Vibrio fischeri encounters host-derived NO, which has been hypothesized to serve as a specificity determinant. We demonstrate here that the flavohaemoglobin, Hmp, of V. fischeri protects against NO, both in culture and during colonization of the squid host. Transcriptional analyses indicate that hmp expression is highly responsive to NO, principally through the repressor, NsrR. Hmp protects V. fischeri from NO inhibition of aerobic respiration, and removes NO under both oxic and anoxic conditions. A Δhmp mutant of V. fischeri initiates squid colonization less effectively than wild type, but is rescued by the presence of an NO synthase inhibitor. The hmp promoter is activated during the initial stage of colonization, during which the Δhmp strain fails to form normal-sized aggregates of colonizing cells. Taken together, these results suggest that the sensing of host-derived NO by NsrR, and the subsequent removal of NO by Hmp, influence aggregate size and, thereby, V. fischeri colonization efficiency.
The Ghost of Wesley Vale: Environmentalists' Influence on Innovation in Australia's Pulp and Paper Industry *

This paper analyzes how a key conflict in Australia’s pulp and paper industry became generalized to other sites through environmental action, government regulation, and industry initiative. From 1987-91, Australians debated construction of a new, world-class, export-oriented pulp mill in Tasmania. Rural residents, fishermen, and environmentalists, allied with the Australian Labor Party, succeeded in scuttling the project. Subsequently, the national government launched a major research program, state governments tightened regulations, and industry reduced elemental chlorine use. Any new mills constructed in Australia today would be among the cleanest in the world. This paper is part of a larger, comparative study of technological innovation in the pulp and paper industries of Australia, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand. The author interviewed industry officials, government regulators, research scientists, and environmentalists; visited pulp and paper mills; attended technical conferences; and conducted archival work in these countries during a 12-month period.
A Parameter-Dependent Lyapunov Approach for the Control of Nonstationary LPV Systems

The chapter deals with the control of nonstationary linear parameter varying (NSLPV) systems, and is motivated by interest in the control of nonlinear systems along trajectories, particularly prespecified eventually periodic ones. The synthesis objective is to find a feedback parameter-dependent, time-varying controller, where the controller parameters are the same as those of the plant, such that the closed-loop system is asymptotically stable and the l2-induced norm of the closed-loop input–output mapping is less than some l2-gain performance levelγ. The analysis and synthesis results are given in terms of parameterized linear matrix inequalities (PLMIs), and some of the PLMI relaxation methods available in the literature, such as the sum of squares (SOS) decomposition method and the multiconvexity relaxation technique, are discussed. A fast and easy-to-implement algorithm for online controller construction is also provided.
Evaluating the Mitten-Gliding Hypothesis for Paromomyidae and Micromomyidae (Mammalia, “Plesiadapiformes”) Using Comparative Functional Morphology of New Paleogene Skeletons

Teeth of primate-like mammals from the Paleogene (“plesiadapiforms”) have been known for at least 130 years (Gervais, 1877). These fossil taxa are generally recognized as being closely related, but not monophyletic (e.g., Gingerich, 1976; Szalay et al., 1987; Beard, 1993a; Silcox, 2001; Bloch and Boyer, 2002a; Bloch et al., 2007) and we maintain that view here. Thus “plesiadapiforms” are referred to with quotation marks throughout the text to reflect that status. Vertebrate paleontologists have struggled to understand the nature of the phylogenetic relationship of “plesiadapiforms” to the extant and extinct members of crown group Primates [= Euprimates (Hoffstetter, 1977)], since Plesiadapis was first described by Gervais in 1877 (e.g., Lemoine, 1887; Stehlin, 1916; Teilhardde-Chardin, 1922; Gidley, 1923; Simpson, 1935; Russell, 1959; Simons, 1972; Szalay, 1973; Gingerich, 1975, 1976; Szalay et al., 1975; MacPhee et al., 1983; Gunnell, 1989; Kay et al., 1990; Beard, 1993a; Silcox, 2001; Bloch and Boyer, 2002a). The strongest support for a close relationship between “plesiadapiforms” and Euprimates, specifically, has historically come from the excellent fossil record of teeth known for “plesiadapiforms,” first in Europe and then in North America (e.g., Gidley, 1923). Cranial and postcranial fossils were relatively rare and fragmentary initially, such that the first researchers were unable to evaluate the presence of non-dental euprimate features in “plesiadapiforms.” As nondental fossils of “plesiadapiforms” were recovered there was some disagreement as to whether they suggested treeshrew or euprimate affinities. A humerus from the San Juan Basin (at the time attributed to Nothodectes) was figured by Gregory (1920) and interpreted to fit the “tupaioid” pattern. Later, a crushed skull and additional postcranial material associated with that specimen (and now referred to Nannodectes gidleyi Gingerich) was interpreted by Simpson (1935) as being similar to both lemurs and treeshrews. An implication of this acknowledged similarity was that Nannodectes spent time in the trees, as expected for the early forebears of 11. Evaluating the Mitten-Gliding Hypothesis for Paromomyidae and Micromomyidae (Mammalia, “Plesiadapiformes”) Using Comparative Functional Morphology of New Paleogene Skeletons
Should prayer be used in medicine

This brief article discusses the use of prayer in nursing and medicine. Although many believe prayer is a valuable tool, there is still much controversy. This author offers some insight into the value of prayer.
Synthesis, structure, and magnetic properties of [(CH3CN)5V-O-V(CH3CN)5][BF4]4.

The reaction of vanadium(III) acetylacetonate with HBF4 in acetonitrile yields [(CH3CN)5V−O−V(CH3CN)5][BF4]4, a material that serves as a convenient precursor to other [V−O−V]4+ species such as [(bipy)2(CH3CN)V−O−V(CH3CN)(bipy)2][BF4]4 (bipy = 2,2‘-bipyridine). Single-crystal X-ray diffraction shows that the V−O−V linkage of [(CH3CN)5V−O−V(CH3CN)5]4+ is linear. An Evans method measurement of the solution-phase magnetic susceptibility indicates strong ferromagnetic coupling between the vanadium centers. Magnetic susceptibility (χ) and magnetization (M(H)) data for a powdered sample and for a single crystal oriented with its V−O−V axis parallel to the applied field were measured over 1.8−300 K. The results suggest that the V(III) centers are ferromagnetically coupled with J ≈ 72 K (∼50 cm-1) yielding a ground state with a total spin Stotal = 2. Theoretical fit to the M(H) plot for the single crystal yielded g|| = 2.01 ± 0.01 and the zero-field splitting parameter D = 0.60 ± 0.04 K (0.42 ± 0.03 cm-1). EPR me...
Front propagation in a chaotic flow field.

We investigate numerically the dynamics of a propagating front in the presence of a spatiotemporally chaotic flow field. The flow field is the three-dimensional time-dependent state of spiral defect chaos generated by Rayleigh-B\'enard convection in a spatially extended domain. Using large-scale parallel numerical simulations, we simultaneously solve the Boussinesq equations and a reaction-advection-diffusion equation with a Fischer-Kolmogorov-Petrovskii-Piskunov reaction for the transport of the scalar species in a large-aspect-ratio cylindrical domain for experimentally accessible conditions. We explore the front dynamics and geometry in the low-Damk\"ohler-number regime, where the effect of the flow field is significant. Our results show that the chaotic flow field enhances the front propagation when compared with a purely cellular flow field. We quantify this enhancement by computing the spreading rate of the reaction products for a range of parameters. We use our results to quantify the complexity of the three-dimensional front geometry for a range of chaotic flow conditions.
Multi-ply Sheet formation for woodfree paper (Multijet head box), economy and technical feasibility

The equipment which produces three-ply woodfree paper can be installed nowadays by using the established technical methods. This concept is significant only when the printability of outer plies is better than that of inner ply and the cost of material for inner ply is obviously cheaper than that for outer plies.
Reagan and Jackson: Parallels in Political Time

There is widespread agreement among scholars that Franklin D. Roosevelt created the modern presidency, and he serves as their paradigm of successful presidential leadership. James MacGregor Burns, Richard Neustadt, Clinton Rossiter, and others who took their cues from them found in FDR the ideal heroic president. He combined extensive and sustained popularity, partisan support, skillful power-sensitive bargaining and persuasion, adept use of the prerogatives of the office, and consummate performance of the multiple roles of the president to make the American constitutional system work.
Efficacy of methoprene for multi-year protection of stored wheat, brown rice, rough rice and corn

Abstract Hard red winter wheat, brown rice, rough rice, and corn were treated with the insect growth regulator (IGR) methoprene at rates of 1.25 and 2.5 ppm, held for 24 months at ambient conditions in buckets on the floor of a grain bin, and sampled every two months. Bioassays were done by exposing 10 mixed-sex adults of Rhyzopertha dominica (F.), the lesser grain borer, and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), the red flour beetle, on wheat, R. dominica and Sitotroga cerealella (Oliver), the Angoumois grain moth, on brown rice and rough rice, and T. castaneum and S. cerealella on corn. Sample size for all commodities was about 80 g, and these samples were held for 3 months at 27°C-60% r.h. Both rates of the IGR completely suppressed adult progeny development of R. dominica with little resulting feeding damage, sample weight loss, or insect damaged kernels (IDK). Some adult progeny production of S. cerealella and resulting IDK occurred at both rates on rough rice, brown rice, and corn, but was far less than in untreated controls. There was little adult progeny production but some feeding damage caused by larval T. castaneum in the treated wheat and corn but again far less than in untreated control. Allowing continual exposure of parental adults on grains treated with an IGR, rather than exposing those parental adults for a short time period, may give more accurate evaluations of residual efficacy. Results show that methoprene used as a grain protectant will give residual control of stored product beetles for 24 months, but complete control of S. cerealella may require inclusion of a contact insecticide.
A novel inverter topology for reduction of common mode voltage for GaN-based variable frequency inverter

Wide bandgap (WBG) semiconductor power devices are becoming increasing popular as an alternative to conventional Si devices in power applications. While these WBG devices have many inherent benefits, one downside of these devices is the potential for increased emission of electromagnetic interference (EMI) due to the increased switching frequency and turn-on/off capabilities. To mitigate this effect, this paper presents a novel inverter topology to reduce the source of the common mode EMI noise, thus, potentially reducing the required EMI filter size. In this study, the novel topology is implemented as a three-phase voltage source inverter utilizing GaN HEMTs, and is simulated with circuit simulation software LTSpice with device models provided by manufacturer, and results are analyzed with MATLAB. A characterization of the key design parameters for the novel topology is also provided.
Examining College Counselors' Integration of Religion and Spirituality Into Substance Abuse Counseling

The authors explored college counselors' (N = 77) integration of religion and spirituality into substance abuse counseling. Results indicated a discrepancy between the importance ratings of religion and spirituality and the frequency of using such elements in counseling practice.
Directives and Dialogue: Examining the Relationship Between Participative Organizational Communication Practices and Organizational Identification Among IT Workers:

This study explores how the dialogue—or lack thereof—between employees’ opinions and organization-wide communications relates to employees’ identification with the organization. Using survey data f...
Reactions of Acetylenes and Alkenes Induced by Catalysts of Olefin Metathesis

Metal-derivatives that polymerize acetylenes are induced by acetylenes to initiate metatheses of olefins. The mechanism suggests, and experiments verify, that molecules in which olefin and acetylene are appropriately united undergo metal-catalyzed molecular rearrangements that can be recognized as acetylene polymerizations cut short by chain-transfer after only a single cycle. The stereochemistry of the rearrangement reveals that of the pericyclic transformation of metallacyclobutenes into metallabutadienes. Labeling experiments confirm that metal-carbenes propagate the rearrangement. The observation that the olefin-part of enynes can only sometimes trap the metal-carbenes formed in the Dotz reaction suggests that these metal-carbenes cyclize before they insert carbon monoxide. Metal-carbynes also react with enynes and diynes. A metal-pentadienyl from the former reaction and phenols from the latter are among the novel products discovered.
An Unusual Case of Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber Syndrome (P2.267)

Objective: Atypical presentation of Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber Syndrome Background: Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber Syndrome (KTWS) is a rare congenital syndrome with a classic clinical triad of port wine stain, varicose veins, and limb hypertrophy, although only 63[percnt] of patients meet all 3 criteria. Etiology is currently unknown. Median age at diagnosis is 11.9 years, without gender predilection. While KTWS is often progressive with possibility of life-threatening complications, overall prognosis is good. Methods: Retrospective review of a case of KTWS Results: Well-developed 33 year-old caucasian woman with cutis marmorata-telangiectatica-congenita phlebectasia and family history of Hashimoto thyroiditis presented for second opinion following inconclusive evaluation for 3-year history of abnormal face and body movements, functional decline, and gradual behavioral change. Curiously, the patient denied these symptoms as reported by her parents. Her exam was significant for dysmorphism, including long facies, small mouth, and high arched palate. Additional findings included left forearm cutaneous vascular nevi and left leg varices, without discrepancy of limb length or trophism. Other than difficulty following complex commands, mentation was intact. Neurological exam was unremarkable except a MOCA-score of 20/30. Serum studies revealed elevated thyroglobulin and microsomal antibodies with otherwise normal thyroid function tests. A working diagnosis of Hashimoto thyroiditis versus limbic encephalitis was made prior to admission for further evaluation and treatment. Extensive serum, urine, and CSF studies were unrevealing. Video EEG-monitoring revealed epileptogenicity arising from left temporal hemisphere; her abnormal movements were not associated with EEG changes. MRI brain demonstrated left hemimegalencephaly and corpus callosum thickening without abnormal contrast enhancement. Based on the aforementioned findings, the initial diagnosis was dropped in favor of KTWS. Conclusions: Diagnosis of KTWS beyond childhood is atypical. Hemimegalencephaly is a rare feature, described in only a handful of cases. This case highlights the importance of keeping a broad differential diagnosis. Disclosure: Dr. Bernatowicz has nothing to disclose. Dr. Kuenzler has nothing to disclose.
Robert Garry: Managing the Effort to Curtail Ebola’s Curse

Ebola’s Curse: 2013–2016 Outbreak in West Africa , a timely, needed and well-presented book by Michael Oldstone and Madeleine Rose Oldstone, unlocks the mysteries of the largest outbreak of one of the world’s most fearsome viruses. What is Ebola? Why did this happen? Here you will find the answers to these questions, while meeting fascinating people thrust into a situation as dramatic as any that could be imagined in a blockbuster novel or movie.
ADHD and attentional control: Impaired segregation of task positive and task negative brain networks.

In children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) difficulty maintaining task focus may relate to the coordinated, negatively correlated activity between brain networks that support ...
Discovery, access and use of information in a “digital ecosystem”

This chapter examines the process by which new digital methods are reconciled with traditional library services and collections. Emphasizing the shift from scarcity to abundance of information, and how the privileging of authorship and ownership is gradually being replaced by an ideal of information sharing and remixing, Ammerman assesses the impact of such transformations on our ways of conceptualizing knowledge.
Oxidation behaviour of iridium-aluminum and iridium-aluminum-silicon systems at very high temperatures (1500°C to 1800°C)

Recent results for the oxidation behavior of iridium-aluminum and iridium-aluminum-silicon systems at temperatures between 1550 (2822) and 1800°C (3272°F) are summarized. Iridium-aluminum intermetallics with high aluminum concentrations (above 55 atomic percent) form protective alumina scales. The observed parabolic oxidation rates are controlled by grain-boundary transport of oxygen through the alumina scale. The addition of 10 atomic percent silicon decreases the aluminum concentration necessary for the formation of a protective alumina scale to 30 atomic percent. The ternary iridium-aluminum-silicon system initially exhibits parabolic growth of an alumina scale with subsequent decreasing rates, presumably due to the formation of an amorphous silica layer at the alumina/substrate interface. Thermal cycling does not cause spallation of the alumina scale formed on either the binary or ternary systems.
Nonoperative Management May Be a Viable Approach to Plexiform Neurofibroma of the Porta Hepatis in Patients with Neurofibromatosis-1.

Background. Plexiform neurofibroma (PNF) in the porta hepatis (PH) is an unusual manifestation of neurofibromatosis-1 (NF-1). Resection is often recommended given the risk of malignant transformation. We encountered a challenging case in clinical practice which prompted us to report our findings and perform a systematic review on the management of these tumors. Methods. We reported the case of a 31-year-old woman with NF-1 and PNF of the PH. PRISMA 2009 guidelines were followed for systematic review. Results. Our patient was found to have unresectable disease at exploration. After >5 years of follow-up, she continued to have stable disease on imaging. We identified 12 studies/case reports including 10 adult and 6 pediatric patients with PNF of PH. None of the 7 adult patients with NF-1 and PNF of PH underwent a successful tumor resection. All pediatric patients were managed with surveillance alone. All but one pediatric patient had NF-1. None of the reported cases of PNF of PH had malignant transformation. Conclusion. Our findings suggest that PNFs of PH in the setting of NF-1 are often unresectable and may have an indolent course. Surveillance alone may be a reasonable option in some patients; however, further studies are needed.
Neuroimaging, Neurophysiological, and Neurobehavioral Techniques

The rapid developments in neuroimaging and neuroscience techniques over the past decade have been remarkable, and a number of procedures now exist for assessing and visualizing various aspects of brain structure and function. As new developments emerge and continue to evolve, we are also likely to see an increased use of combinations of techniques. For example, in the early days of computerized tomography (CT), a heretofore unprecedented depiction of gross brain morphology was available, yet it was only with the addition of neuropsy-chological and neurophysiological techniques to CT information that the important questions of structure-function relationships became more amenable to investigation. This heralded a new era in our understanding of brain structure-function interrelationships. Other important techniques that are discussed throughout this text include magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for structural imaging and positron emission tomography (PET), single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), functional MRI, quantitative electroencephalogra phy (EEG), and magnetoencephalography (MEG) for assessing aspects of brain function. In this chapter, we will provide brief overviews of some of these areas as they relate to indices of neuropsychological functioning. An emphasis will be placed on some of the more recent integrations of such techniques.
Scale-up of Oxygen Transfer in Animal Cell Cultures

Animal cells are beginning to be considered for the production of recombinant proteins. The growth of animal cells can be achieved using either suspension or anchoragedependent cells. One common feature using either system is the medium component, serum. The presence of serum introduces a foaming problem specific to animal cell cultures. Due to the fragility of animal cells, antifoams can not be readily used. Furthermore, direct sparging in animal cell cultures can have additional adverse effects due to the presence of the gas-liquid interfaces. Therefore the problem of oxygen transfer during scale-up of animal cell cultures must be addressed if the commercial development of this technology is to be realized. One method to oxygenate animal cell bioreactors without direct sparging is through the use of highly oxygen permeable membranes made of silicon. Furthermore the use of surface aeration can also be explored in combination. In this paper our research on the scale-up of oxygen transfer will be presented. The relationship of the operating parameters on the mass transfer coefficients using silicon tubing in combination with surface aeration will be presented for 0.5 liter and 10 liter fermentors. The studies were performed using anchorage-dependent, recombinant Chinese Hamster Ovary cells for the production of human plasminogen activator.
Effect of Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Cochlear Function in an Experimental Rat Model

Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy is an emerging treatment modality for various human diseases. Although induced pluripotent stem cells have been explored for the restoration of hearing, the potential of MSCs as a therapeutic strategy for various cochlear insults is not precisely known. MSCs possess anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic and neuroprotective properties, making them an attractive target for the treatment of inner ear disorders such as hair cell damage in response to inflammation. Most of the previous studies have used immunosuppression or the complex surgical techniques to deliver stem cells into the cochlea. However, no information is available regarding the biocompatibility and safety of MSCs in the inner ear in immunocompetent cochlea. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of non-surgical administration of rodent bone marrow derived MSCs (BM-MSCs) through transtympanic delivery on the cochlear function and to assess any adverse effects on the auditory system employing a rat model without immunosuppression. We observed that the transtympanic administration of BM-MSCs has no significant effect on the hearing thresholds as determined by auditory brainstem response and distortion product otoacoustic emissions. Histopathological examination revealed no recruitment of inflammatory leukocytes and edema in the cochlea of BM-MSCs administrated rats. The results of this study suggest that transtympanic administration of BM-MSCs is safe and can be explored in providing otoprotection against cochlear insults. Anat Rec, 303:487-493, 2020. © 2019 American Association for Anatomy.
Interventions with potential to target executive function deficits in addiction: current state of the literature

The inability to stop or reduce substance use despite motivation to do so is thought to result, in part, from self-control failure and can be understood within the framework of dual process models of addiction. These models view addictive behavior as the relative balance between automatic impulses and executive decision processes. This review focuses on treatments that aim to improve executive decision processes which often become dysregulated and ineffective in individuals with substance use disorders. It is posited that improving these executive function deficits should restore control over automatic impulses and drug seeking behavior.
Evaluación de carotenoides y lípidos en la microalga Scenedesmus dimorphus a escala laboratorio

Carotenoids are metabolites produced by microalgae that perform as accessory pigments in photosynthesis and as photoprotective molecules. In order to increase the accumulation of carotenoids in the microalga Scenedesmus dimorphus, salinity (NaCl and KNO3) and blue led light were evaluated as stress factors when reaching the stationary phase of culture growth in such microalga. After evaluation, the best of the two salts studied was KNO3 0.6M, since this culture reached the highest concentration of total carotenoids (0.3357±0.02 μg carotenoids mL-1), in contrast to 0.1791±0.01 µg mL-1 with NaCl 0.6 M. Subsequently, the process was scaled in an adapted container of 4 L, entering the stationary phase on day 12. On day 14 the KNO3 was added at 0.6 M; this experiment lasted 20 days of cell count, obtaining on the last day a total of 0,7395±0,05 μg of carotenoids mL-1 by means of spectrophotometry. Afterwards, drying of the culture with salinity was carried out, obtaining a dry weight of 5.7 g, with a productivity of 0.0927 g L-1d-1. Finally, through hplc chromatography, the lipid profile of the culture was analyzed, resulting in 21.1% mufas, 35.9% sfas, and 43% pufas (34% omega-6 and 8.9% omega-3). Based on the above, it was determined that salinity is a possible factor to increase in a greater proportion the concentration of lipids than that of carotenoids, specifically in a ratio of 1:2,500 carotenoids and lipids, respectively.
Building Vulnerability in a Changing Climate: Indoor Temperature Exposures and Health Outcomes in Older Adults Living in Public Housing during an Extreme Heat Event in Cambridge, MA

In the Northeastern U.S., future heatwaves will increase in frequency, duration, and intensity due to climate change. A great deal of the research about the health impacts from extreme heat has used ambient meteorological measurements, which can result in exposure misclassification because buildings alter indoor temperatures and ambient temperatures are not uniform across cities. To characterize indoor temperature exposures during an extreme heat event in buildings with and without central air conditioning (AC), personal monitoring was conducted with 51 (central AC, n = 24; non-central AC, n = 27) low-income senior residents of public housing in Cambridge, Massachusetts in 2015, to comprehensively assess indoor temperatures, sleep, and physiological outcomes of galvanic skin response (GSR) and heart rate (HR), along with daily surveys of adaptive behaviors and health symptoms. As expected, non-central AC units (Tmean = 25.6 °C) were significantly warmer than those with central AC (Tmean = 23.2 °C, p < 0.001). With higher indoor temperatures, sleep was more disrupted and GSR and HR both increased (p < 0.001). However, there were no changes in hydration behaviors between residents of different buildings over time and few moderate/several health symptoms were reported. This suggests both a lack of behavioral adaptation and thermal decompensation beginning, highlighting the need to improve building cooling strategies and heat education to low-income senior residents, especially in historically cooler climates.
Annual Average Daily Traffic Prediction Model for Minor Roads at Intersections

AbstractAnnual average daily traffic (AADT) is an important element for maintenance, safety, environmental analysis, finance, engineering economics, and performance management. Most previous studie...
El movimiento universitario de Valparaíso y el surgimiento de una nueva izquierda en Chile

This article proposes an analysis regarding Valparaiso’s college students movement between 2006 and 2016, and its relation with the emergence of a new left-wing in Chile. Research is based on qualitative methodology, from data collected through interviews to former college student leaders from the period mentioned before. From the above, this movement’s path of organization and struggles is examined, dating its outbreak in 2006, given the historical relevance of the high school student’s protests that took place that year. Also, the idea of a “new left-wing politic” is problematized, as are the characteristics adopted by it on the new chilean political cycle. The analysis is restrained to 2016, when this left-wing organizations started assuming positions of institutional representation.
Food Insecurity is Associated with Objectively Measured Sleep Problems

Objective/Background: Food Insecurity (FI) can be a profound source of stress, which may increase the risk for sleep disturbance. This is the first study to examine the association between FI and o...
Morphometric insights into the existence of a new species of Cichlocolaptes in northeastern Brazil

Morphometric insights into the existence of a new species of Cichlocolaptes in northeastern Brazil
Association of soluble interleukin-2 receptor α and tumour necrosis factor receptor 1 with heart failure: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis.

AIMS Soluble tumour necrosis factor-α receptor 1 (sTNF-αR1) and interleukin-2 receptor α (sIL-2Rα) predict incident heart failure (HF) in the elderly population. However, the association of these biomarkers with HF in a multi-ethnic asymptomatic population is unclear. We aimed to investigate the association of sTNF-αR1 and sIL-2Rα with incident HF in a multi-ethnic population of middle age and older participants. METHODS AND RESULTS The multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis is a prospective population-based study of 6814 participants aged 45-84 years who were free of clinical cardiovascular disease at enrolment. We included 2869 participants with available sTNF-αR1 or sIL-2Rα level measurement at baseline multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis exam (2000-2002). We used Cox proportional-hazards model to investigate the association between sTNF-αR1 and sIL-2Rα with incident HF after adjusting for traditional cardiovascular risk factors and coronary artery calcium score measured by cardiac computed tomography. Among the included participants, the mean (standard deviation) age was 61.6 (10.2) years and 46.7% were men. The median (interquartile range) sTNF-αR1 and sIL-2Rα were 1293 (1107-1547) and 901 (727-1154) pg/mL. During a median follow-up of 14.2 (interquartile range: 11.7-14.8) years, 130 participants developed HF. In multivariable analysis, the hazard ratio (95% confidence interval, P value) of incident HF for each standard deviation increment of log-transformed sTNF-αR1 and sIL-2Rα was 1.43 (1.21-1.7, P ≤ 0.001) and 1.26 (1.04-1.53, P = 0.02), respectively. Excluding participants with interim coronary heart disease, we found a statistically significant association between sTNF-αR1 and HF with hazard ratio of 1.39 (95% confidence interval: 1.11 to 1.74, P = 0.005) and sIL-2Rα and HF showing a hazard ratio of 1.39 (95% confidence interval: 1.09 to 1.76, P = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS sTNF-αR1 and sIL-2Rα are associated with a higher risk of incident HF in a multi-ethnic cohort without a previous history of cardiovascular disease.
Ocean Electric Field for Oceanography

Abstract : The long-term goals are to provide advice to ONR, promote graduate education in navy relevant fields and advance the use of motionally induced electric and magnetic fields for basic and applied studies. The SECNAV/CNO Chairs in Oceanographic Sciences periodically meet with the CNR to discuss ocean research issues and opportunities and to provide comments on ONR policies and activities. Two graduate students were supported on this grant; both are engaged in ONR-supported research projects.
4.13 – Glutathione Peroxidases

Seven glutathione peroxidase (Gpx) genes have been identified in the human and mouse genomes. The conserved redox-active amino acid residue is selenocysteine in most of the enzymes and cysteine in the others. The Gpxs vary in their reaction characteristics and distribution within the organism. Gpx1 is the most abundant and widely distributed Gpx. It is intracellular and protects cells against injury by severe oxidative stresses. Gpx2 is inducible by the Nrf2–ARE pathway and appears to have a more restricted distribution than Gpx1. Gpx3 is extracellular and is postulated to protect against oxidative stress in the plasma and in the interstitium. There are three Gpx4 forms that are generated from different transcription start sites: mGpx4, cGpx4, and nGpx4. mGpx4 is a component of the mitochondrial capsule of the spermatozoan. cGpx4 is found in cytosol and has a wider substrate specificity than Gpx1. It appears to be important in protecting against lipid peroxidation. nGpx4 is nuclear and its function is uncertain. Gpx5 is secreted into the lumen of the epididymis and interacts with spermatozoa. Less is known about Gpx6 and Gpx7. There appears to be overlap of function between the Gpxs, the peroxiredoxins (Prxs), and other thiol peroxidases. Together, these enzymes appear to regulate H2O2 and other hydroperoxides to allow cell signaling but prevent oxidative damage.
Corpus Callosotomy for Refractory Epilepsy in Aicardi Syndrome: Case Report and Focused Review of the Literature

Background Aicardi syndrome is a severe neurodevelopmental disorder that occurs primarily in females and is characterized by seizures, agenesis of the corpus callosum, and chorioretinal lacunae, which occur together in the majority of affected individuals. Seizures begin in infancy and tend to progress in intensity and are often refractory to standard multimodal medication treatments. Case Description We present here a unique case of a 12-year-old girl with partial agenesis of the corpus callosum who underwent a corpus callosotomy for treatment of medically refractory epilepsy. In so doing, we also review the literature with regard to the neurosurgical management of these unique patients. Conclusions For the subset of children who present with partial, rather than complete, agenesis of the corpus callosum, corpus callosotomy should be considered as a treatment option to reduce seizure burden.
The Effects of Specialist Type and Estimate Aggressiveness on Jurors' Judgments of Auditor Negligence

SUMMARY We examine the effects of two critical factors auditors consider when auditing complex estimates, the decision to use a specialist and the relative aggressiveness of management's estimate, ...
Global citizenship education as bounded self-formation in contemporary higher education internationalisation projects

This paper explores the progressive possibilities of global citizenship education (GCE) and higher education internationalisation in the current milieu that is defined by the interwoven dominance o...
How long should we run the code? Survival analysis based on location and duration of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) after in-hospital cardiac arrest.

Background: The duration of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) significantly affects long-term survival in patients with in-hospital cardiac arrests (IHCA). In this study, we questioned the long-t...
Do Managers Use Reference Points? Evidence from Stock Repurchases

The extent to which managers use reference points in their corporate decisions remains an open question in the literature. This paper studies the effect of managerial reference points on actual share repurchases. We argue share repurchases are an ideal setting to study managerial reference points because repurchase prices are salient to managers and actual share repurchases typically occur as a sequence of events. We find that the percent change from the prior repurchase price to the current stock price is negatively related to the current level of repurchases. To facilitate a causal interpretation, we find that this relationship disappears when the prior repurchase price is associated with a previous manager. These results are consistent with the idea that managers use past repurchase prices as reference points for current repurchase decisions.
Melanoma Research Insights: Impact, Trends, Opportunities

The incidence of melanoma has risen rapidly over the past 50 years, and analysis of the research landscape suggests that countries and institutions worldwide are responding. Resources are being invested not only in understanding the epidemiology, but also in discovering and testing novel therapies and improving diagnostics to facilitate earlier detection. Today, melanoma represents four to five percent of all cancer research globally. Immunotherapy – both monotherapy and combinations – is a dominant theme in therapeutics studies. The United States is leading the charge in melanoma research overall, followed by China and Germany. That said, a substantial portion of the scholarly output from the top 10 countries includes collaborations with institutions outside the country and between academic and corporate researchers. The same is true at the institutional level. For example, 41% of Harvard University’s melanoma research output involves international collaborations, as does 58% of the output from Universite Paris-Saclay. Although data on disparities is sparse, organizations such as the US National Cancer Institute, among others, have shown that melanoma disproportionately affects men compared with women, and that there is low awareness among clinicians and the general population about melanoma risks for people of color. These areas may represent research opportunities going forward.