cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Boundary conditions at inflow and outflow planes

Abstract The problem of analyzing complex flows in infinite domains by replacing the infinite region by a bounded region is examined. The formulation of appropriate boundary conditions at inflow and outflow planes is discussed, and methods of verifying that the solution to the finite problem represents a valid approximation to the solution of the infinite problem are evaluated. A model problem for the creeping flow of a Newtonian fluid is solved, and it is shown that utilization of a finite domain leads to some inaccuracies in the evaluation of pressure gradients and pressure drops. It is further shown for the model problem that it is possible to obtain seemingly acceptable solutions for the finite flow field which are, in reality, poor approximations to the solution of the infinite problem.
Deformation twinning during impact - numerical calculations using a constitutive theory based on multiple natural configurations

When materials such as Armco iron, titanium etc., are subject to impact it can be observed that two basic inelastic processes take place – slip and deformation twinning. Of these processes, inelasticity associated with the slip mechanism has received considerable attention. For example, Zerilli and Armstrong (1988) modeled the Taylor impact test for a variety of materials using traditional plasticity theories. They found that there was a significant discrepancy between the theoretical and experimental results for some materials. They attributed this to the fact that they had neglected deformation twinning in their models. Subsequent metallurgical studies have indicated that twinning had indeed taken place in these materials. In this study, we focus on the inelastic processes solely due to deformation twinning (i.e., neglecting slip). We model these processes using the approach of Rajagopal and Srinivasa (1995, 1997) and Srinivasa et al., (1997), the results of which are briefly summarized in section 2.1. In order to better understand the twinning process, we study the Taylor impact test for a 2-D slab under the assumption that only deformation twinning takes place and solve the governing dynamical equations by using the finite element method. The results show that the twinned zone is concentrated near the point of impact and indeed it contributes significantly to the overall permanent shape change due to the impact.
Effects of dissolved organic matter and ultraviolet radiation on the accrual, stoichiometry and algal taxonomy of stream periphyton

SUMMARY 1. We investigated the effects of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and ultraviolet-B (UVB) radiation on periphyton during a 30-day experiment in grazer-free, outdoor artificial streams. We established high [10–12 mg carbon (C) L )1 ] and low (3–5 mg C L )1 ) concentrations of DOM in artificial streams exposed to or shielded from ambient UVB radiation. Periphyton was sampled weekly for ash-free dry mass (AFDM), chlorophyll (chl) a , algal biovolume, elemental composition [C, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P)], and algal taxonomic composition. 2. Regardless of the UVB environment, increased DOM concentration caused greater periphyton AFDM, chl a and total C content during the experiment. Increased DOM also significantly increased periphyton C : P and N : P (but not C : N) ratios throughout the experiment. Algal taxonomic composition was strongly affected by elevated stream DOM concentrations; some algal taxa increased and some decreased in biomass and prevalence in artificial streams receiving DOM additions. UVB removal, on the other hand, did not strongly affect periphyton biomass, elemental composition or algal taxonomic composition for most of the experiment. 3. Our results show strong effects of DOM concentration but few, if any, effects of UVB radiation on periphyton biomass, elemental composition and algal taxonomic composition. The effects of DOM may have resulted from its absorption of UVA radiation, or more likely, its provision of organic C and nutrients to microbial communities. The strong effects of DOM on periphyton biomass and elemental composition indicate that they potentially play a key role in food web dynamics and ecosystem processes in forested streams.
Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterase from Bone: Characterization of the Enzyme andStudies of Inhibition by Thyroid Hormones

Studies were carried out to characterize the cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase from rat calvaria. 25-40% of the total enzyme activity was membrane-bound. pH, magnesium, and temperature requirements conformed closely to those established for phosphodiesterase from other tissues. Kinetic evidence was found for dual enzyme activities with different substrate affinities for both the particulate and soluble enzyme. Apparent Kms for the soluble enzyme (3.5 times 10-6 and 2.5 times 10-5M) approximated those for the particulate enzyme (5.7 times 10-6 and 2.5 times 10-5M). L-Thyroxine, 10-5M, inhibited competitively the low- and high-Km enzymes from both the particulate and soluble fractions (Ki equals 1.7 times 10-5M). T4 was more potent an inhibitor than T3 with all enzyme fractions, but this relationship could be altered by adding protein to the incubation mixtures. Tests of diverse thyroid hormone analogues showed that 1) T4 and its derivatives were more potent than T3 and its analogues; 2) acetic and propionic acid derivatives were more potent than the thyronines; 3) "reverse T3," an antagonist of some T3 actions, also inhibited phosphodiesterase. These effects were not attributable to chelation, and were not duplicated by iodide or by other physiologically inactive thyroid hormone analogues.
Intraductal papillomatosis of the breast. Report of a case in a ten year old girl

Summary An interesting case of intraductal papillomatosis of the breast in a ten year old girl is presented. This condition was treated by a local excision after definitive diagnosis, and the patient is well two and a half years after operation, without evidence of recurrence. This patient is believed to be the youngest ever reported with intraductal papillomatosis.
Overexpression of the HDL receptor SR-BI alters plasma HDL and bile cholesterol levels

The risk of atherosclerosis, a leading cause of cardiovascular disease and death, is inversely related to plasma levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, although the mechanism of this protective effect is unclear. The class B scavenger receptor, SR-BI, is the first HDL receptor to be well defined at a molecular level and is a mediator of selective cholesterol uptake in vitro. It is expressed most abundantly in steroidogenic tissues, where it is coordinately regulated with steroidogenesis by adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and oestrogen, and in the liver, where its expression in rats is suppressed by oestrogen. Here we show that adenovirus-mediated, hepatic overexpression of SR-BI in mice on both sinusoidal and canalicular surfaces of hepatocytes results in the virtual disappearance of plasma HDL and a substantial increase in biliary cholesterol. SR-BI may directly mediate these effects by increasing hepatic HDL cholesterol uptake or by increasing cholesterol secretion into bile, or both. These results indicate that SR-BI may be important in hepatic HDL metabolism, in determining plasma HDL concentrations, and in controlling cholesterol concentrations in bile, and thus may influence the development and progression of atherosclerosis and gallstone disease.
Rethinking Molecular Mimicry in Rheumatic Heart Disease and Autoimmune Myocarditis: Laminin, Collagen IV, CAR, and B1AR as Initial Targets of Disease.

Rationale: Molecular mimicry theory (MMT) suggests that epitope mimicry between pathogens and human proteins can activate autoimmune disease. Group A streptococci (GAS) mimics human cardiac myosin in rheumatic heart disease (RHD) and coxsackie viruses (CX) mimic actin in autoimmune myocarditis (AM). But myosin and actin are immunologically inaccessible and unlikely initial targets. Extracellular cardiac proteins that mimic GAS and CX would be more likely. Objectives: To determine whether extracellular cardiac proteins such as coxsackie and adenovirus receptor (CAR), beta 1 adrenergic receptor (B1AR), CD55/DAF, laminin, and collagen IV mimic GAS, CX and/or cardiac myosin or actin. Methods: BLAST 2.0 and LALIGN searches of the UniProt protein database were employed to identify potential molecular mimics. Quantitative ELISA was used to measure antibody cross-reactivity. Measurements: Similarities were considered to be significant if a sequence contained at least 5 identical amino acids in 10. Antibodies were considered to be cross-reactive if the binding constant had a Kd less than 10-9 M. Main Results: GAS mimics laminin, CAR and myosin. CX mimics actin and collagen IV and B1AR. The similarity search results are mirrored by antibody cross-reactivities. Additionally, antibodies against laminin recognize antibodies against collagen IV; antibodies against actin recognize antibodies against myosin, and antibodies against GAS recognize antibodies against CX. Thus, there is both mimicry of extracellular proteins and antigenic complementarity between GAS-CX in RHD/AM. Conclusions: RHD/AM may be due to combined infections of GAS with CX localize at cardiomyocytes may produce a synergistic, hyperinflammatory response that cross-reacts with laminin, collagen IV, CAR and/or B1AR. Epitope drift shifts the immune response to myosin and actin after cardiomyocytes become damaged.
Primary lymphoma of Meckel's cave mimicking trigeminal schwannoma : Case report

OBJECTIVE AND IMPORTANCE: We report the first case of primary lymphoma of Meckel's cave. The ability of a lymphoma to mimic a trigeminal schwannoma, both clinically and radiographically, resulted in misdiagnosis and flawed surgical strategy. We discuss the characteristics of a Meckel's cave lymphoma on magnetic resonance images, the predisposing medical conditions that should cause the neurosurgeon to add lymphoma to the normal differential diagnosis, and appropriate management strategies. CLINICAL PRESENTATION: A 40-year-old African-American woman presented with a 5-month history of progressive facial numbness and pain in all three divisions of the left trigeminal nerve. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a mass in the left side of Meckel's cave, with extension into the lateral compartment of the cavernous sinus, without encasement of the internal carotid artery, through the foramen rotundum into the posterior aspect of the maxillary sinus, and through the foramen ovale into the pterygopalatine fossa. The diagnosis, based on clinical history and radiographic imaging, was schwannoma of Meckel's cave. The patient had a history of systemic lupus erythematosus that had been treated with intermittent steroid therapy. INTERVENTION: The surgical approach selected was a frontotemporal craniotomy with orbitozygomatic osteotomy and anterior petrosectomy. The lesion was totally excised, although the gross intraoperative appearance of the lesion was inconsistent with the preoperative diagnosis, and the pathological examination was unable to establish a histological diagnosis on the basis of frozen sections. Histological diagnosis was confirmed on permanent section after surgery as B-cell lymphoma. Evaluation for other primary sites produced negative results. The patient was then treated with cyclophosphamide (Cytotoxan; Bristol-Myers Oncology, Princeton, NJ), doxorubicin (Adriamycin; Pharmacia & Upjohn, Kalamazoo, Ml), vincristine, and prednisone chemotherapy every 3 weeks for six cycles and then by radiation therapy to the affected area. CONCLUSION: The diagnosis of lymphoma should be considered for lesions affecting Meckel's cave in high-risk immunocompromised patients. The presence of an apparent dural tail in an otherwise typical schwannoma is the distinguishing characteristic of a lymphoma. The absence of hyperostosis helps differentiate it from a meningioma. At this point, the preferred surgical strategy is biopsy for diagnosis and then radiotherapy and chemotherapy rather than major cranial base surgery for total resection.
Lattice vibrations in silicon - Microscopic dielectric model.

The phonon-dispersion curves in silicon are calculated from a microscopic model by a dielectric screening theory. The part of the dynamical matrix arising from the diagonal part of the inverse dielectric-function matrix is calculated just as in metals; the off-diagonal part is approximated by interactions of ions and bonds treated as point charges in Phillips's bond-charge model.
Time and dose dependencies of effects of nerve growth factor on sympathetic and sensory neurons in neonatal rats.

Summary Nerve growth factor (NGF) plays a role in the development of several components of the sympathetic and sensory nervous systems. The objectives of this study were to examine the time and dose dependencies of some of the well known effects of NGF on sympathetic ganglia and to examine qualitatively and quantitatively the recently described effects on sensory ganglia of neonatal rats. Single doses of NGF as low as 0.1 mg/kg produce increases in tyrosine hydroxylase (TOH) activity in superior cervical ganglia (SCG), and doses of 3 mg/kg produce maximal effects. Larger doses and longer treatments are required to see increases in protein content of the SCG. Larger doses are also required to affect TOH activity in the adrenal gland. Increases in TOH activity in SCG can be observed within 18 h of injection. Chronic NGF treatment for three weeks produces no change in blood pressure or heart rate in neonatal rats. Chronic administration of NGF (1 or 3 mg/kg/day) results in dose-related increases in the protein content of dorsal root ganglia (DRG). The increase in protein content of the DRG was associated with an increase in the diameter of smaller neurons (those
Thermal behaviour of nitrogen implanted into zirconium

Abstract Zirconium films were implanted with 15 N ions of energy 50 keV to a total fluence of 1 × 10 18 ions cm -2 in an attempt to study the formation process and thermal stability of ZrN layers produced by high fluence implantation of nitrogen. Subsequent to the implantation at room temperature, samples were annealed at temperatures of 300 °C–900 °C. The depth profiles of the implanted nitrogen were measured by nuclear reaction analysis using the 15 N(p,αγ) 12 C at E R = 429 keV, and the surfaces were examined by thin film X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy. There were many blisters 0.2–0.4 μm in diameter on the surface of the as-implanted samples and double peaks were observed in the nitrogen depth profiles; they were in both sides of the mean projected range. It was found that most of the blisters became extinct after annealing above 400 °C, and the XRD peak (111) intensity was increased with the increase in the annealing temperature. Moreover, 14 N and 15 N implantations were superimposed on Zr samples in order to study the atomic migration of nitrogen at each stage of high fluence implantation. It was found that the decrease in the peak at the deeper layers was related to blister extinction and nitrogen diffusion into underling zirconium which could be correlated with radiation damage induced by post-implanted ions.
Mask‐making as identity project in a high school English class: a case study

This study reports on the composing process of one student, Peta (a pseudonym), as he reflects on a significant composition he produced during a unit on identity in a 12th-grade English class in a ...
ASSESSING DENSITY DEPENDENCE USING INTRA-ANNUAL COUNTS

If causes of population fluctuation vary temporally, then tests that search for density dependence in long time series cannot distinguish, at any given time, how much population change is due to density-dependent or density-independent factors. For some species' dynamics, however, it is possible to determine over a restricted period whether density-dependent factors are involved in reducing population densities. I use a new Return Trajectory Likelihood Ratio Test (RTLRT) to determine whether a population perturbed to high density (e.g., by periodic recruitment) exhibits density dependence by returning to a positive asymptote (or leveling density, L) or is density independent and, through proportional hazards, approaches zero exponentially. In a series of simulations, declines after recruitment were mimicked by creating sequences that changed due to a combination of density-dependent and density-independent factors. Until the sequence dropped below L, losses due to each mortality type were combined; after ...
A Reexamination of the Costs of Medical R&D Regulation

Recent evidence suggests that the economic value of increased health has been enormous, with most of these gains being driven by medical R&D. The R&D process for pharmaceuticals is particularly expensive and time consuming, with well-known studies from the Tufts Center for the Study of Drug Development suggesting that developing a single successful drug costs around $1 billion and takes roughly 12 years. We argue that these estimates are incomplete because they do not incorporate the social costs imposed by the regulatory process, namely the costs to producers in terms of forgone profits and the costs to consumers in terms of delayed access to drugs. In this article, we develop a framework to estimate the social costs imposed by the regulatory process. Under this framework, delays in drug development are socially costly because of reduced consumer surplus (due to delayed access to beneficial therapies), reduced producer variable profits, and increased R&D expenditures. We apply this framework to the case of therapies aimed at treating AIDS, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and breast cancer. In each case, we find that the effects of drug delays on consumer surplus and variable producer profits are far larger than the effects on R&D costs. These findings suggest that patients, not firms, would be the primary beneficiaries from any improvements in streamlining the drug development process.
Prospects for the total eradication of rinderpest.

Abstract Rinderpest, a major economic problem of Africa and Asia, is a highly contagious viral disease of cattle and buffalo with > 90% mortality in susceptible herds. We have developed an effective vaccinia virus recombinant vaccine for rinderpest which protects cattle against challenge by more than 1000 times the lethal dose of the virus. The vaccine circumvents the major logistical problems of the Plowright tissue culture vaccine that occasioned previous failures to eradicate rinderpest by vaccination. The recombinant can easily be propagated and administered by scarification, using methods employed in the world-wide eradication of smallpox. More importantly, the lyophilized form of vaccinia virus is thermostable and does not require maintenance of the cold chain, a distinct advantage in the hot and arid regions of Africa and Asia.
Oxidative reactivity difference among the metal oxo and metal hydroxo moieties: pH dependent hydrogen abstraction by a manganese(IV) complex having two hydroxide ligands.

Clarifying the difference in redox reactivity between the metal oxo and metal hydroxo moieties for the same redox active metal ion in identical structures and oxidation states, that is, Mn+═O and Mn+−OH, contributes to the understanding of nature’s choice between them (Mn+═O or Mn+−OH) as key active intermediates in redox enzymes and electron transfer enzymes, and provides a basis for the design of synthetic oxidation catalysts. The newly synthesized manganese(IV) complex having two hydroxide ligands, [Mn(Me2EBC)2(OH)2](PF6)2, serves as the prototypic example to address this issue, by investigating the difference in the hydrogen abstracting abilities of the MnIV═O and MnIV−OH functional groups. Independent thermodynamic evaluations of the O−H bond dissociation energies (BDEOH) for the corresponding reduction products, MnIII−OH and MnIII−OH2, reveal very similar oxidizing power for MnIV═O and MnIV−OH (83 vs 84.3 kcal/mol). Experimental tests showed that hydrogen abstraction proceeds at reasonable rates for...
Lipids and Fatty Acids in Fossil Teeth

Lipids and fatty acids were extracted from eight specimens of fossil teeth that were reliably estimated to be 100,000 to 230,000,000 years old. The kinds and relative amounts of individual fatty acids present in the extract were estimated by gas-liquid chromatography. These ancient teeth were found to be similar to modern animal teeth in lipid and fatty acid content. It is noteworthy that unsaturated fatty acids (ie, oleic and linoleic acids) survived storage in teeth for millions of years.
Cell-type-specific contacts to immunoglobulin enhancers in nuclei

The introns separating the variable and constant regions of active immunoglobulin genes contain tissue-specific transcriptional enhancer elements, DNA segments which act in cis in an orientation- and distance-independent (up to a few kilobases (kb)) manner to enhance transcription initiation at adjacent promoters. The immunoglobulin heavy-chain enhancer is active only in lymphoid cells: in transfection assays it is capable of controlling in cis transcription from the simian virus 40 (SV40) T-antigen, rabbit beta-globin and immunoglobulin gene promoters up to at least 2 kb away. Genetic deletion analysis suggests that a region of as few as 140 base pairs (bp) is sufficient for the enhancement effect. These functional characteristics and DNA sequences are conserved between mouse and man. However, it is not known whether tissue-specific proteins bind to the enhancer. Proteins that interact with DNA at specific sequences can prevent or enhance the reactions of individual guanines or adenines with dimethyl sulphate (DMS), and this property has been used to display the DNA contacts of various regulatory proteins. Here we apply this DMS strategy in experiments involving single-copy genes within intact mammalian nuclei using genomic sequencing.
Attenuating Effect of Vigorous Physical Activity on the Risk for Inherited Obesity: A Study of 47,691 Runners

Objective Physical activity has been shown to attenuate the effect of the FTO polymorphism on body weight, and the heritability of body weight in twin and in family studies. The dose-response relationship between activity and the risk for inherited obesity is not well known, particularly for higher doses of vigorous exercise. Such information is needed to best prescribe an exercise dose for obesity prevention in those at risk due to their family history.
Antiproliferative effects of pomegranate extract in MCF‐7 breast cancer cells are associated with reduced DNA repair gene expression and induction of double strand breaks

Pomegranate extract (PE) inhibits the proliferation of breast cancer cells and stimulates apoptosis in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. While PE is a potent antioxidant, the present studies were conducted to examine the mechanisms of action of PE beyond antioxidation by studying cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying breast tumorigenesis. PE inhibited cell growth by inducing cell cycle arrest in G2 /M followed by the induction of apoptosis. In contrast, antioxidants N-acetylcysteine and Trolox did not affect cell growth at doses containing equivalent antioxidant capacity as PE, suggesting that growth inhibition by PE cannot solely be attributed to its high antioxidant potential. DNA microarray analysis revealed that PE downregulated genes associated with mitosis, chromosome organization, RNA processing, DNA replication and DNA repair, and upregulated genes involved in regulation of apoptosis and cell proliferation. Both microarray and quantitative RT-PCR indicated that PE downregulated important genes involved in DNA double strand break (DSB) repair by homologous recombination (HR), such as MRE11, RAD50, NBS1, RAD51, BRCA1, BRCA2, and BRCC3. Downregulation of HR genes correlated with increased levels of their predicted microRNAs (miRNAs), miR-183 (predicted target RAD50) and miR-24 (predicted target BRCA1), suggesting that PE may regulate miRNAs involved in DNA repair processes. Further, PE treatment increased the frequency of DSBs. These data suggest that PE downregulates HR which sensitizes cells to DSBs, growth inhibition and apoptosis. Because HR represents a novel target for cancer therapy, downregulation of HR by PE may be exploited for sensitization of tumors to anticancer drugs.
The Myth of the “Environmental Problem”: Cleanup Costs and Brownfield Redevelopment

Environmental contamination is often blamed for thwarting brownfield redevelopment. This article analyzes 15 case studies and concludes that, in fact, market and political factors are more important than environmental factors. Prior to redevelopment, fears of contamination are high; case study data demonstrate that these environmental fears are usually unsubstantiated.
Refraining the U.S. hurricane problem

In all, 1995 was the most active Atlantic hurricane season in 62 years. Six hurricanes came near or crossed the U.S. coastline, briefly focusing public attention on the impacts of hurricanes. Attention to the policy implications of hurricane impacts in the form of systematic policy analyses is sorely needed. The active season of 1995 followed several decades of depressed hurricane frequencies. The long period of relatively few storms has led to increased complacency about hurricane impacts. As recent experiences with Hurricanes Andrew (1992) and Hugo (1989) have shown, any rise in hurricane frequencies likely will impact a relatively unprepared, complacent public. This article focuses on the framing of policy problems, critiques the conventional framing of the U.S. hurricane problem, and suggests an alternative framing. A better understanding of the U.S. hurricane problem can aid public and private policymakers who face difficult decisions with limited resources. It is hoped that this article will stimula...
Age Differences in the Use of Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillators Among Older Patients Hospitalized with Heart Failure

Age and ICD Use Among Older HF Patients Introduction Practice guidelines recommend the use of ICDs in patients with heart failure (HF) and a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of ≤ 35% in the absence of contraindications. Methods and Results We performed an analysis of ICD use among patients admitted with HF with LVEF of ≤ 35% and discharged alive from 251 hospitals participating in the American Heart Association's Get With The Guidelines-HF Program between January 2005 and September 2011. Among 35,772 guideline-eligible patients, 17,639 received an ICD prior to hospitalization (10,886), during hospitalization (4,876), or were discharged with plans to undergo ICD placement after hospitalization (1,877). After adjustment, increasing age was associated with lower ICD use (odds ratio [OR] 0.89, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.87–0.91 per 5-year increase in age, P < 0.0001). Compared with patient age < 55 years, older age groups ≥ 65 years were less likely to receive an ICD (P < 0.003). Compared with men in the same age group, women were significantly less likely to receive an ICD; this difference was more marked with increasing age (P value for interaction = 0.006). There was a temporal increase in ICD use (adjusted OR 1.23, 95% CI 1.15–1.31 of ICD use per year) that was similar in each age group (P value for interaction = 0.665). Conclusions Eligible older HF patients age ≥ 65 years were significantly less likely to receive an ICD. With increasing age, women were less likely to receive an ICD than men. ICD use significantly increased over time in all age groups; however, age-related differences in ICD use persisted.
Effectiveness of Query Types and Policies for Preference Elicitation in Combinatorial Auctions

Combinatorial auctions, where agents can bid on bundles of items (resources, tasks, etc.), are desirable because the agents can express complementarity and substitutability among the items. However, expressing oneýs preferences can require bidding on all bundles. We evaluate an approach known as incremental preference elicitation [3] and show that as the number of items increases, the amount of information required to clear the auction is a vanishing fraction of the information collected in direct revelation mechanisms. Most of the elicitors also maintain the benefit as the number of agents increases. We prove that randomization helps, in that no deterministic elicitor is a universal revelation reducer. Finally, we present a new query type that allows agents to use anytime algorithms to give approximate answers that are refined only as needed.
Internal thermal noise in the LIGO test masses: A direct approach

The internal thermal noise in LIGO’s test masses is analyzed by a new technique, a direct application of the fluctuation-dissipation theorem to LIGO’s readout observable, x(t)=(longitudinal position of test-mass face, weighted by laser beam’s Gaussian profile). Previous analyses, which relied on a normal-mode decomposition of the test-mass motion, were valid only if the dissipation is uniformally distributed over the test-mass interior, and they converged reliably to a final answer only when the beam size was a non-negligible fraction of the test-mass cross section. This paper’s direct analysis, by contrast, can handle inhomogeneous dissipation and arbitrary beam sizes. In the domain of validity of the previous analysis, the two methods give the same answer for Sx(f), the spectral density of thermal noise, to within expected accuracy. The new analysis predicts that thermal noise due to dissipation concentrated in the test mass’s front face (e.g., due to mirror coating) scales as 1/r02, by contrast with homogeneous dissipation, which scales as 1/r0 (r0 is the beam radius); so surface dissipation could become significant for small beam sizes.
Temporal daily associations between pain and sleep in adolescents with chronic pain versus healthy adolescents.

Adolescents with chronic pain frequently report sleep disturbances, particularly short sleep duration, night wakings, and poor sleep quality. Prior research has been limited by assessment of subjectively reported sleep only and lack of data on daily relationships between sleep and pain. The current study utilized multilevel modeling to compare daily associations between sleep and pain in adolescents with chronic pain and healthy adolescents. Ninety-seven adolescents (n=39 chronic pain; n=58 healthy) aged 12–18, 70.1% female participated. Adolescents completed pain diary ratings (0–10 NRS) and actigraphic sleep monitoring for 10 days. Actigraphic sleep variables (duration, efficiency, WASO) and self-reported sleep quality were tested as predictors of next-day pain, and daytime pain was tested as a predictor of sleep that night. Effects of age, gender, study group, and depressive symptoms on daily associations between sleep and pain were also tested. Multivariate analyses revealed that nighttime sleep (p<.001) and minutes awake after sleep onset (WASO) (p<.05) predicted next-day pain, with longer sleep duration and higher WASO associated with higher pain. Contrary to hypotheses, neither nighttime sleep quality nor sleep efficiency predicted pain the following day. The interaction between nighttime sleep efficiency and study group was significant, with adolescents with pain showing stronger associations between sleep efficiency and next day pain than healthy participants (p=.05). Contrary to hypotheses, daytime pain did not predict nighttime sleep. Daily associations between pain and sleep suggest that further work is needed to identify specific adolescent sleep behaviors (e.g., compensatory sleep behaviors) that may be targeted in interventions.
Viscous rotational stagnation-point flow

The investigation by Hayes (1964a) of the behaviour of a constant-density inviscid rotational flow in the neighbourhood of a stagnation point on a plane wall has been extended to include the effects of viscosity. The principal effect is the manner in which the singularity in vorticity discovered by Hayes is removed. A solution of only the boundary-layer equatiosn indicates the vorticity decays algebraically from the wall. Application of the method of matched asymptotic expansions, however, shows that the difference between boundary layer and outer vorticity, when carried out to second order in the outer flow, does not contribute to an algebraic decay. These results suggest that an infinite number of higher-order outer terms are generated which match the algebraic terms thereby yielding the conventional exponential decay. Numerical results are presented which also support this conclusion. The main contribution of the wall shear stress in the immediate neighbourhood of the stagnation point is shown to come from the external lateral vorticity.
Systematic validation of pipeline interlock for superscalar microarchitectures

The paper presents a new approach to microarchitecture validation that adopts a paradigm analogous to that of automatic test pattern generation (ATPG) for digital logic testing. In this approach, the microarchitecture is rigorously specified in a set of machine description files. Based on these files, all possible pipeline hazards can be systematically identified Using this hazard list (analogous to a fault list for ATPG), specific sequences of instructions (analogous to test patterns) are automatically generated and constitute the test program. The execution of this test program validates the correct detection and resolution of all interinstruction dependences by the microarchitecture's pipeline interlock mechanism. Actual software tools have been developed for the automatic construction of the hazard list and the automatic generation of the test sequences. These explicitly generated can achieve higher sequences coverage in fewer cycles than adhoc approaches. 100% coverage of the hazard list can be ensured. These tools have been applied to four contemporary superscalar processors, namely the Alpha AXP 21064 and 21164 microprocessors, and the PowerPC 601 and 620 microprocessors. >
A compact performance analysis of generalized selection combining with independent but nonidentically distributed Rayleigh fading paths

We derive a compact expression for the moment-generating function (MGF) of the output of a generalized selection combiner for independent but nonidentically distributed Rayleigh fading paths which is then used to derive a single integral expression for the symbol error probability of, for example, M-PSK. Because of the simple product form of the MGF and its ability to be expressed as a partial fraction expansion, we are then able to invert this function to derive the probability density function and cumulative distribution function of the combiner output from which the outage probability can then be evaluated in closed form. An example, of the latter is given for an exponentially decaying power delay profile.
Cluster security with NVisionCC: process monitoring by leveraging emergent properties

We have observed that supercomputing clusters made up of commodity off-the-shelf computers possess emergent properties that are apparent when these systems are considered as an indivisible entity rather than as a collection of independent nodes. By exploiting predicatable characteristics inherent to supercomputing clusters coupled with these emergent properties, we propose several mechanisms by which cluster security may be enhanced. In this paper, we describe NVisionCC, a cluster security tool that monitors processes across cluster nodes and raises alerts when deviations from a predefined profile of expected processes are noted. Additionally, we demonstrate that the monitoring infrastructure used by NVisionCC incurs a negligible performance penalty on the computational and network resources of the cluster.
Estimate of muscle-shortening rate during locomotion

All skeletal muscle can produce roughly the same maximal cross-sectional force; however, the power (energy X time-1) required to develop and maintain that force increases with increasing contraction velocity. Thus the rate of muscle tension development may be of primary importance in setting the energy demand of contracting muscle. We have estimated the rate of muscle shortening during terrestrial locomotion in mammals as a function of body mass. The rate of muscle shortening of the knee extensors is much faster in small than large mammals, scaling in proportion to the -0.23 power of mass. This exponent suggests a constant body size-independent relation among skeletal muscle: O2 consumption, mitochondria content, myosin ATPase activity, and in vivo shortening velocity.
Editorial: Preparing Teachers to Use Digital Video in the Science Classroom

This special issue of Contemporary Issues in Technology and Teacher Education is devoted to digital video use in the classroom. The topic was chosen as a result of discussions that were held by special interest groups at annual meetings of the Society for Information Technology and Teacher Education and at meetings of the National Technology Leadership Coalition in 2007 and 2008. As discussions progressed, it became evident that digital video was being used in a variety of ways across content areas in respective teacher education courses and that its use in K-12 classrooms needed to be more rigorously examined.
Shareholder Demands and the Delaware Derivative Action

Among the most "interesting and ingenious" corporate "accountability mechanisms" is the shareholder derivative action. An aggrieved investor may demand the independent directors of a corporate issuer to litigate on behalf of the corporation, for harm(s) allegedly committed upon the corporation. This chapter explores who is eligible to sue derivatively and identifies some of the basic requirements to initiate derivative litigation.
Slip boundary conditions over curved surfaces

Molecular dynamics simulations are used to investigate the influence of surface curvature on the slip boundary condition for a simple fluid. The slip length is measured for flows in planar and cylindrical geometries with a range of wall-fluid interactions. As wall curvature increases, the slip length decreases dramatically for closely packed surfaces and increases for sparse ones. The magnitude of the changes depends on the crystallographic orientation and differs for flow along and perpendicular to the direction of curvature. These different patterns of behavior are related to the curvature-induced variation in the ratio of the spacing between fluid atoms to the spacing between minima in the potential from the solid surface. The results are consistent with a microscopic theory for the viscous friction between fluid and wall that expresses the slip length in terms of the lateral response of the fluid to the wall potential and the characteristic decay time of this response.
Automatically Detecting "Excessive Dynamic Memory Allocations" Software Performance Anti-Pattern

This paper presents a methodology for automatically detecting the excessive dynamic memory allocation software performance anti-pattern, which is implemented in a tool named Excessive Memory Allocation Detector (EMAD). To the best of author's knowledge, EMAD is the first attempt to detect excessive dynamic memory allocation anti-pattern without human intervention. EMAD uses dynamic binary instrumentation and exploratory data analysis to determine if an application (or middleware) exhibits excessive dynamic memory allocations. Unlike traditional approaches, EMAD's technique does not rely on source code analysis. Results of applying EMAD to several open-source projects show that EMAD can detect the excessive dynamic memory allocations anti-pattern correctly. The results also show that application performance improves when the detected excessive dynamic memory allocations are resolved.
The Case for Verification of Systems

System verification covers the many components that comprise the system; these include the individual components, their integration as well as a control system, if provided. Large complex systems may have many individual functions repeatedly implemented. The implementation of system logic in software, pneumatics, hydraulics and hardwired interconnected electromechanical relay is explored in this paper. It is suggested that the definition of software is more than simply code executing within a programmable electronic controller (PEC), especially when system control includes control loops utilizing PID control with optional cascade and/or feed forward control, Kalman Filtering, etc. that are themselves executing within the PEC or in other control devices external to the PEC. This paper reviews the importance of systematically analyzing systems for the purpose of developing a verification scope that can reasonably be implemented, while constrained by time and cost, recognizing that not all defects can be identified.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Endocannabinoid Signaling Regulates Sleep Stability

The hypnogenic properties of cannabis have been recognized for centuries, but endogenous cannabinoid (endocannabinoid) regulation of vigilance states is poorly characterized. We report findings from a series of experiments in mice measuring sleep with polysomnography after various systemic pharmacological manipulations of the endocannabinoid system. Rapid, unbiased scoring of vigilance states was achieved using an automated algorithm that we devised and validated. Increasing endocannabinoid tone with a selective inhibitor of monoacyglycerol lipase (JZL184) or fatty acid amide hydrolase (AM3506) produced a transient increase in non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep due to an augmentation of the length of NREM bouts (NREM stability). Similarly, direct activation of type 1 cannabinoid (CB1) receptors with CP47,497 increased NREM stability, but both CP47,497 and JZL184 had a secondary effect that reduced NREM sleep time and stability. This secondary response to these drugs was similar to the early effect of CB1 blockade with the antagonist/inverse agonist AM281, which fragmented NREM sleep. The magnitude of the effects produced by JZL184 and AM281 were dependent on the time of day this drug was administered. While activation of CB1 resulted in only a slight reduction in gamma power, CB1 blockade had dramatic effects on broadband power in the EEG, particularly at low frequencies. However, CB1 blockade did not significantly reduce the rebound in NREM sleep following total sleep deprivation. These results support the hypothesis that endocannabinoid signaling through CB1 is necessary for NREM stability but it is not necessary for sleep homeostasis.
0096 Marginal structural models for risk or prevalence ratios and differences

Objectives Occupational epidemiologists often analyse binary outcomes in cohort and cross-sectional studies using multivariable logistic regression models, yielding estimates of adjusted odds ratios. When the outcome is common the adjusted odds ratio will not closely approximate the covariate-adjusted risk or prevalence ratio. Consequently, investigators may decide to directly estimate the risk or prevalence ratio using a log-binomial regression model; however, such models tend to be unstable and may not converge. Method A marginal structural log-binomial model can be used to estimate risk and prevalence ratios and differences. The approach reduces problems with model convergence typical of log-binomial regression by shifting all explanatory variables except the exposures of primary interest from the linear predictor of the outcome regression model to a propensity score model for the exposure. The approach also facilitates evaluation of departures from additivity in the joint effects of two exposures. Results We illustrate the proposed approach using data from several illustrative occupational studies of common outcomes. Conclusions The proposed approach facilitates analysis of risk or prevalence ratios and differences in cohort and cross-sectional studies with common outcomes.
Distributed Halide

Many image processing tasks are naturally expressed as a pipeline of small computational kernels known as stencils. Halide is a popular domain-specific language and compiler designed to implement image processing algorithms. Halide uses simple language constructs to express what to compute and a separate scheduling co-language for expressing when and where to perform the computation. This approach has demonstrated performance comparable to or better than hand-optimized code. Until now, however, Halide has been restricted to parallel shared memory execution, limiting its performance for memory-bandwidth-bound pipelines or large-scale image processing tasks.We present an extension to Halide to support distributed-memory parallel execution of complex stencil pipelines. These extensions compose with the existing scheduling constructs in Halide, allowing expression of complex computation and communication strategies. Existing Halide applications can be distributed with minimal changes, allowing programmers to explore the tradeoff between recomputation and communication with little effort. Approximately 10 new of lines code are needed even for a 200 line, 99 stage application. On nine image processing benchmarks, our extensions give up to a 1.4× speedup on a single node over regular multithreaded execution with the same number of cores, by mitigating the effects of non-uniform memory access. The distributed benchmarks achieve up to 18× speedup on a 16 node testing machine and up to 57× speedup on 64 nodes of the NERSC Cori supercomputer.
Introduction to Privacy Online

Even before the various networks supporting online communication converged as the Internet, tensions existed between users’ desires to communicate online in very personal ways and their assumptions that their disclosures would or should be treated as privileged and private. These tensions have not abated with the advent of social media. Just as it was with the most bare-bones, text-based online communities of the past, it is with contemporary media: The more users disclose of themselves, the more they may enjoy the benefits these systems have to offer. At the same time, the more they disclose, the more they risk what they themselves consider breaches of their privacy. In light of this ongoing issue, this volume is not only timely in the manner in which it addresses these tensions as they are manifest in contemporary social media platforms, it also contributes to a tradition of research on the dualism of privacy, privilege, and social interaction that online communication has incurred as far back as (or farther than) the advent of the Internet itself.
Are hospitals producing quality care efficiently? An analysis using Dynamic Network Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA)

This paper examines efficiency of producing quality in hospitals between 2009 and 2013 using Dynamic Network Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and the hospital characteristics that contribute to this efficiency. Dynamic Network DEA was used to compute efficiency scores for hospital sub-divisions i.e. medical/surgical care (patient visits, surgeries and discharges) and quality. Pearson's correlation test was performed to assess if there are trade-offs or synergies between the efficiency of producing quality and efficiency of producing medical/surgical care. Multinomial logistic regression was performed to determine hospital and market characteristics that contribute to efficiency in production of quality outputs. Efficiency of quality production improved significantly between 2009 and 2013 with no trade-off between efficiency of producing quality outputs and efficiency of producing medical care. Urban and teaching hospitals were less likely to improve efficiency of quality production.