cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ADAPTIVE SIGNIFICANCE OF PIGMENT POLYMORPHISMS IN COLIAS BUTTERFLIES, II. THERMOREGULATION AND PHOTOPERIODICALLY CONTROLLED MELANIN VARIATION IN Colias eurytheme.

Abstract The butterfly Colias eurytheme requires body temperatures above 30°C for flight. When cold, it orients its exposed wing undersides to present maximum surface area to sunlight; when too warm, it orients for minimum exposure. Dark-winged color forms heat faster in sunlight than light ones. The seasonal color polymorphism of Colias appears to have been evolved to maximize solar heating in cold seasons and minimize overheating in warm seasons.
Realistic modeling of elasto-mechanical properties of soft tissue and its evaluation

Abstract Computer-based techniques for the simulation of craniofacial surgical procedures and for the prediction of the surgical outcome have been shown to be very useful. However, the assessment of the accuracy of the simulated surgical outcome is difficult. In this paper, a technique is described, which allows to compare the simulated surgical outcome and the actual surgical result. The surgery simulation is based on a preoperative CT scan of the patient's head and on a preoperative surface scan of the patient's face. The simulated postoperative patient's appearance is compared to a second surface scan, which is obtained postoperatively. The pre- and postoperative surface scans, which are different due to the surgery, are registered employing a robust registration method, which minimizes the median of Euclidean distances of corresponding points. Parameters of the soft-tissue model, which is used for the surgical simulation process, can be adapted with respect to minimized differences of corresponding points of the simulated postoperative and the actual postoperative surface of a patient's face.
Task-Induced Modulation of Intrinsic Functional Connectivity Networks in the Behaving Rat

While resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging can probe intrinsic network connectivity in both human and rodent brain, behavioral modulation of these connectivity patterns has not yet been demonstrated in the rodent due to the requirements of immobilization or anesthesia for MRI scanning. To enable the effects of behavioral tasks on functional connectivity to be measured in freely moving, awake rats, implanted carbon paste electrodes (CPEs) were used to monitor low-frequency fluctuations of tissue oxygenation. Rats were implanted with CPEs in two nodes of the default mode network (DMN) and two nodes in a lateral cortical network, revealing amperometric oxygen correlation patterns consistent with imaging studies. Using a block design study where rats alternated between sustained periods of instrumental response and unscheduled spontaneous behavior, task-induced decreases in functional connectivity were observed between the DMN node pair, but not in the distinct lateral cortical network, demonstrating network-specific modulation of functional connectivity.
Glomerular basement membrane degradation by endogenous cysteine proteinases in isolated rat glomeruli.

Glomerular basement membrane degradation by endogenous cysteine proteinases in isolated rat glomeruli. Recent in vitro and in vivo studies suggest that cysteine proteinases may play an important role in degradation of the glomerular basement membrane (GBM) 1 by renal glomeruli. However, little information is available concerning the cysteine proteinases present in glomeruli, the distribution of cysteine proteinases in other areas of the kidney, or the potential role of endogenous glomerular cysteine proteinases in GBM degradation. Using well characterized fluorogenic substrates, we have documented the presence of the cysteine proteinases, cathepsins B, H, and L, in glomeruli (0.45 ± 0.06, 0.39 ± 0.05, and 0.66 ± 0.14 mU/mg protein, mean ± SEM, N=8) and other fractions prepared from normal rat kidney. The presence of cysteine proteinases in glomeruli was verified by fluorescence microscopy. For each proteinase, the activity was: proportional to the amount of tissue protein and time of incubation; dependent on the presence of exogenously added dithiothreitol; and completely inhibited by the specific cysteine proteinase inhibitor, E-64. The pH optimum for cathepsin B (substrate: Z-Arg-Arg-HNMec) and L (substrate: Z-Phe-Arg-HNMec in the presence of Z-Phe-Phe-CHN 2 ) was approximately pH 6.0 for both glomeruli and renal cortex; while that for cathepsin H (substrate: Arg-HNMec) was approximately 6.5. Incubation of sonicated glomeruli with 3 H-GBM under conditions optimal for cysteine proteinase activity (pH 4.5, 1mM EDTA, and 1mM dithiothreitol, 37°C) resulted in significant GBM degradation as measured by the release of non-sedimentable (10,000 × g, 10 min) radioactivity or hydroxyproline, and by Sephadex gel chromatography of the degradation products. GBM degradation by glomeruli: increased with increasing amounts of glomerular protein (25 to 200 µ g) and incubation time (0 to 24 hr); was maximal at pH 4.5 to 5.0; was dependent on the presence of exogenously added dithiothreitol; and was markedly inhibited by E-64. These data document the presence of the cysteine proteinases, cathepsins B, H, and L, in glomeruli and other fractions prepared from normal rat kidney and demonstrate the ability of endogenous glomerular cysteine proteinases to degrade intact glomerular basement membrane in vitro.
Calculation of the VIB-rotational state density of polyatomic molecules by adiabatic switching

Abstract The problem of estimating the vibrational and vib-rotor state density (both local and cumulative) for polyatomic molecules is approached using the Hertz invariant of classical Hamiltonian dynamics. Such state densities are key input to statistical theoreis of reaction dynamics such as that of RRKM and transition-state theory (TST), and have recently found to be seriously under-estimated by standard Harmonic and direct count Morse oscillator methods. In the semi-classical limit (which is quite appropriate for the very high state densities of interest here) the cumulative state density at energy E is simply the volume of the energy shell, V ( E ), divided by h N , h being Planck's constant, and N the number of degrees of freedom. The local state density is then h −N d V ( E )/d E . Use may thus be made of the fact, noted by Hertz, that the energy shell is an adiabatic invariant for ergodic Hamiltonian systems. This invariance, combined with the time-dependent version of Liouville's theorem allows rigorous estimation of the phase volume of ergodic Hamiltonian systems which are adiabatically connected to other ergodic systems of known phase volume. As such ergodic reference systems with known phase volume are not easily found, we show that, when taken as an averaging method, the Hertz invariant gives excellent results when the reference Hamiltonian is not only non-ergodic, but in fact is separable. Thus, using an N degree of freedom isotropic oscillator reference, classical adiabatic switching is shown to give cumulative and local state densities for a model system with numbers of degrees of vibrational freedom ranging from 4, 6, 8…20… and finally up to 1000. In the regime beyond 8 degrees of freedom primitive Monte-Carlo sampling is inapplicable in a practical sense.
Acyl group exchange in the intestinal lumen during fat digestion.

Abstract 1. 1. Rats, previously on a fat-free diet, were administered by gastric intubation [1- 3 H]glycerol- and [1- 14 C]oleic acid-labeled triolein with either unlabeled oleic acid or various unlabeled triglycerides. 2. 2. Equations were developed utilizing the radioactivity data of the lumen triglycerides for calculating the percentages of acyl groups exchanged under the different conditions. 3. 3. To determine the differences in degrees of exchange at the 1-, 3-, and 2-positions, rats were administered 250–340-mg mixtures of 14 C-labeled oleic and palmitic acids with 890 mg of refined cotton-seed oil. The triglycerides of the lumen were isolated 2 and 3 h later and treated with pancreatic lipase. 4. 4. It was found that less than 1% of the acyl groups of triglycerides are exchanged with free fatty acid and that 95% of these are in the 1- and 3-positions. Approx. 2.5% of saturated and 10% of unsaturated acyl groups of triglycerides are exchanged with oleic acid of triolein during digestion and absorption. 5. 5. Calculations are given demonstrating that the unhydrolyzed moiety of digested triglycerides are absorbed as monoglycerides, and that the triglycerides are reconstituted in the mucosa. 6. 6. The significance of the results upon an earlier postulated mechanism of luminal fat digestion and mucosa resynthesis is discussed.
Successful treatment of an episode of malignant hyperthermia using a large dose of dantrolene

This clinical case report describes the use of extremely high doses of dantrolene in the management of an episode of malignant hyperthermia (MH). A 6-year-old, 25 kg girl underwent anesthetic induction with halothane for an elective inguinal herniorrhaphy. Tachydysrhythmias, laryngospasm, opisthotonos, rhabdomyolysis, and profound metabolic acidosis ensued as features of an MH crisis. Initial dantrolene administration did not alleviate the symptoms. Increasing doses of dantrolene eventually totaling 42 mg/kg, along with symptomatic supportive care, were administered successfully to treat the event. It is postulated that the severe muscle rigidity may have precluded the circulation of dantrolene to its site of action. The role of the Malignant Hyperthermia Association of the United States (MHAUS) Hotline as a 24-hour consultative service is noted.
The Effect of Iodinated Casein (Protamone) on Milk and Butterfat Production and on the Ascorbic acid Content of the Milk

Summary The effect of feeding 15 grams of iodinated casein (Protamone) to milking cows in the declining part of their first lactation has been studied and the following results obtained: 1. Changes in milk production and in the composition of the milk were apparent after about four to five days of iodinated casein feeding. 2. Cows in the declining part of lactation showed an increase of 5 to 20 per cent in milk production and from 25 to 50 per cent in butterfat production. 3. During the first four-weeks’ feeding of iodinated casein the fat content of the milk was increased by 0.47 to 0.98 per cent above the fat content of the milk at the beginning of the experiment. When iodinated casein was discontinued for four weeks and then fed for a second four-week period, the fat content was increased by 0.90 to 2.03 per cent above the fat content of the milk at the beginning of the experiment. 4. There was only a slight increase in the solids-not-fat content of the milk. 5. There was a decrease of about thirty-three per cent in ascorbic acid content of the milk. 6. There was also an increase in respiration and pulse rate, and a small decrease in body weight.
Modeling uncertainty in software engineering using rough sets

Uncertainty casts a shadow over all facets of software engineering. This negative meta-property is found in every aspect of software including requirement specifications, design, and code. It can also manifest itself in the tools and engineering practices employed, and in the off-the-shelf software incorporated into the final product. Unfortunately, it is often the case that software engineers ignore these sources of uncertainty or abstract them away. Perhaps this is because there is insufficient understanding of this uncertainty, and no universal techniques for handling its many forms. This paper focuses on the issues of uncertainty in software engineering. It further describes a rough set framework for making decisions in the face of such uncertainty and inconsistency. In particular, we show how to induce rule-based decision making from uncertain information in software engineering applications. Moreover, a freely available tool, Rosetta, is employed to automate the decision-making process. NASA has mandated the use of commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) solutions where possible. But in commercial real-time operating systems certain attributes are uncertain, even where published information is available. Therefore, the selection of a commercial real-time operating system for an embedded system is the software engineering problem with which we explain the rough set decision-making process.
Data mining methods for hydroclimatic forecasting

Abstract Skillful streamflow forecasts at seasonal lead times may be useful to water managers seeking to provide reliable water supplies and maximize hydrosystem benefits. In this study, a class of data mining techniques, known as tree-structured models, is investigated to address the nonlinear dynamics of climate teleconnections and screen promising probabilistic streamflow forecast models for river–reservoir systems. In a case study of the Lower Colorado River system in central Texas, a number of potential predictors are evaluated for forecasting seasonal streamflow, including large-scale climate indices related to the El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), and others. Results show that the tree-structured models can effectively capture the nonlinear features hidden in the data. Skill scores of probabilistic forecasts generated by both classification trees and logistic regression trees indicate that seasonal inflows throughout the system can be predicted with sufficient accuracy to improve water management, especially in the winter and spring seasons in central Texas.
Resonance raman excitonic profile of polydiacetylene described by linear susceptibility theory

Abstract The Raman excitation profile measurements of the ≈1520 cm −1 (ω CC ) band of the polydiacetylene, poly4BCMU, is described by a linear susceptibility model. The profile may be adequately described by a linear superposition of (at least) three excitonic absorptions. A distribution of (at least) three conjugation lengths, which permit photoselection of the different chromophores within the inhomogeneously broadened absorption band, is thus indicated.
Complementary and alternative medicine use by surgical patients.

ABSTRACT This national multisite study examined complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) use by surgical patients during the two weeks preceding their surgery. A simple descriptive design consisting of anonymous self-report questionnaires was used to measure CAM use and determine participant demographics. A purposive sample of adult, English-speaking, elective outpatients from 16 hospitals representing seven US regions was used. Data were collected randomly at each site. Sixty-seven percent of participants disclosed use of all types of CAM; 27% consumed herbs, 39% used dietary supplements, 54% took vitamins, and 1% reported use of homeopathics. Thirty-four percent of participants reported using CAMs that potentially can interact with anesthetics and inhibit coagulation. The results of this study suggest that perioperative nurses should encourage patients to disclose CAM use and should educate patients about anesthetic interactions that may contribute to bleeding. AORN J 76 (Dec 2002) 1013–1021.
Object knowledge and the emergence of language

Abstract Infants' spontaneous play with objects was examined for evidence of developments in object knowledge in relation to the emergence of words and the single-word period in language development. Subjects were 7 girls and 7 boys, from different ethnic and economic backgrounds, who were studied longitudinally from 9 months to 26 months of age. Two types of displacements of objects in relation to one another were identified in the children's play: separations and constructions. The development of constructions was associated with the emergence of words, and constructions increased with age while separations decreased. The development of specific constructions, which account for knowledge of the particular properties of objects, was more strongly associated with a vocabulary spurt at the end of the single-word period than with chronological age. Despite the wide variation in the infants' ages when developments in language and play were reached, relations between achievements in the two domains were consistent among them, as confirmed with the Friedman test, p
Characterization of inverse gaussian and inverted gamma distributions

Abstract Two properties of characterization for the inverse Gaussian and inverted gamma distributions are obtained. Theorems based on conditional s-expectation and mean residual life are presented.
Orientational Order and Raft Interactions in Lipid Bilayers

Model and reconstituted membranes undergo a mixing-demixing phase transition, and, at low temperatures, the membrane is often a two-dimensional emulsion of liquid ordered and liquid disordered phases. This phase separation may be important for many functions of cellular membranes, including vesicle trafficking and signaling, and it has been implicated in a number of human diseases. We describe here the effects of orientational order (tilt, nematic, or hexatic) in one of the low-temperature phases on the behavior of the two-dimensional emulsion. We found that the orientational order in the continuous component of the emulsion can lead to the formation of companion singularities in the order parameter around the inclusions of isotropic liquid disordered phase. The orientational order parameter and strong anchoring boundary conditions also give rise to long-range interactions between the inclusions. The interaction is attractive at large separations and is repulsive at short separations. This interaction stabilizes the emulsion and leads to the formation of inclusion dimers. The sizes of the dimers depend only on the type of the orientational order and the sizes of the inclusions; hence, our calculation of this size can be used to test for the presence of a hidden order parameter in liquid ordered phases. The behavior in the presence of strong thermal fluctuations will be discussed as well.
Schwertmannite and Fe oxides formed by biological low-pH Fe(II) oxidation versus abiotic neutralization: Impact on trace metal sequestration

Abstract Three low-pH coal mine drainage (CMD) sites in central Pennsylvania were studied to determine similarities in sediment composition, mineralogy, and morphology. Water from one site was used in discontinuous titration/neutralization experiments to produce Fe(III) minerals by abiotic oxidative hydrolysis for comparison with the field precipitates that were produced by biological low-pH Fe(II) oxidation. Even though the hydrology and concentration of dissolved metals of the CMD varied considerably between the three field sites, the mineralogy of the three iron mounds was very similar. Schwertmannite was the predominant mineral precipitated at low-pH (2.5–4.0) along with lesser amounts of goethite. Trace metals such as Zn, Ni and Co were only detected at μmol/g concentrations in the field sediments, and no metals (other than Fe) were removed from the CMD at any of the field sites. Metal cations were not lost from solution in the field because of unfavorable electrostatic attraction to the iron mound minerals. Ferrihydrite was the predominant mineral formed by abiotic neutralization (pH 4.4–8.4, 4 d aging) with lesser amounts of schwertmannite and goethite. In contrast to low-pH precipitation, substantial metal removal occurred in the neutralized CMD. Al was likely removed as hydrobasaluminite and Al(OH)3, and as a co-precipitate into schwertmannite or ferrihydrite. Zn, Ni and Co were likely removed via adsorption onto and co-precipitation into the freshly formed Fe and Al solids. Mn was likely removed by co-precipitation and, at the highest final pH values, as a Mn oxide. Biological low-pH Fe(II) oxidation can be cost-effectively used to pre-treat CMD and remove Fe and acidity prior to conventional neutralization techniques. A further benefit is that solids formed under these conditions may be of industrial value because they do not contain trace metal or metalloid contaminants.
Measurement of rare decays of the b quark

Using a data sample of 2.6 million BB pairs produced at the ϒ(4S) taken with the CLEO-II detector at the Cornell Electron Storage Ring (CESR) we have searched for 2-body rare hadronic and semileptonic decays of the B-meson, involving the b → u transition. We measure the branching fraction of the sum of B0 → π+π− and B0 → K+π− to be (1.8−0.5−0.3+0.6+0.2 ± 0.2) × 10−5 and place upper limits in the range from 10−4 to 10−6 on other rare hadronic decays. For exclusive semileptonic b → u processes (using the ISGW model for efficiencies), we find braching ratios B(B0 → π−l+ν) = (1.34 ± 0.35 ± 0.28) × 10−4, and B(B0 → ϱ−l+ν) = (2.28±0.36±0.59−0.46+0.00) × 10−4 and the ratio of widths Γ(B0 → ϱ−l+ν)Γ(B0 → π−l+ν) = 1.70−0.05+0.81±0.58−0.34+0.00. If instead of ISGW one uses the WSB model, one finds B(B0 → π−l+ν) = (1.63 ± 0.46 ± 0.34) × 10−4, B(B0 → ϱ−l+ν) = (3.88±0.54±1.01−0.78)+0.00 × 10−4, and Γ(B0 → ϱ−l+ν)Γ(B0 → π−l+ν) = 2.39−0.69+1.18±0.81−0.48+0.00.
Abolition of L1210 clonogeneticy and G1 arrest by retinoic acid and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3.

Abstract Results from this study demonstrate that L1210 lymphocytic leukemia cells generate tumor cell colonies in plasma clot culture, and that the cells can be maintained in suspension cultures for 3 days without a loss in viability or clonogeneticy. Additions of 10 −5 –10 −8 M retinoic acid (RA) or 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 (1,25VD 3 ) to suspension cultures had no effect on cell viability. However, there was an increase in cellular adherence, nuclear chromatin condensation and a depression of clonogenic potential by 99–25%. Flow cytometry analysis of 3-day suspension cultures revealed that both RA or 1,25VD 3 promoted an accumulation of cells in G 1 -phase, with 1,25VD 3 being the most effective. For example, treatment with 10 −5 M 1,25VD 3 yielded a 76.7% G 1 -phase accumulation as contrasted with 36.3% for controls, and associated with this G 1 -shift was a 97% loss in clonogeneticy. Treatment with RA gave a slightly less G 1 -phase accumulation (64%), which was associated with a 74% loss in clonogeneticy. It is suggested that RA and 1,25VD 3 exert their cell cycle and anti-tumor effects by modulating cellular events or metabolism, or by promoting the accumulation of a quiescent cell population.
Application of graphical interaction to the analysis of radio astronomy data

A highly interactive computer graphics system has been implemented for the display and analysis of high-resolution radio images which are produced by the Very Large Array radio telescope being built by the National Radio Astronomy Observatory. Some of the users of this system are in-house scientists who use the system routinely. However, many of the users are occasional visitors from other institutions who are not necessarily computer programming experts and who have little time or inclination to learn a complex data processing control language. In order to accommodate this mix of users, the system is controlled primarily through the use of a data tablet. Appropriate feedback to the user is provided by both a refreshed line drawing display and a color raster scan image display. Keyboard input is used only for specifying output file names and for specifying a few of the numerical parameters for processing operations. After the digital images are received from another computer system, the entire display and analysis system runs in a stand-alone PDP-11/40. The use of a line drawing display for user interaction and for displaying system status information has proven to be a very useful technique. Although the system is powerful and flexible, the user interface is friendly and can be quickly and easily learned.
Radiation chemistry in occluded phases: MCM-41

Abstract Mixed-phase systems were designed by condensing hydrocarbons and halocarbons into the 30 A pores of the silica tube material, MCM-41. Radical cation probes, generated radiolytically at the phase interface with the silica wall or in the occluded phase inside the mesopores, were detected, as well as their paramagnetic reaction products, by variable-temperature EPR. Chemistry of radical cations at the phase interface and in such confined phases reveals the effects of energy transfer to solvent and geometric constraints on molecular packing and mobility. New, ordered forms of mesoporous silica offer many possibilities for studying the effects of nanoscale heterogeneity on radiation chemistry and on chemistry in general.
Ah receptor: xenobiotic response meets inflammation.

AhR mediates a broad range of biological responses to environmental chemicals, including suppression of immune functions. In this issue of Blood , Lawrence and colleagues demonstrate that AhR is responsible for the anti-inflammatory activity of new antiallergic drug candidates, likely by blocking
Eight Principles for Humanitarian Intervention1

Abstract When is humanitarian intervention legitimate and how should such interventions be conducted? This article sets out eight liberal principles that underlie humanitarian intervention, some of them abstract principles of international ethics and others more concrete principles that apply specifically to humanitarian intervention. It argues that whilst these principles do not determine the legitimacy of particular interventions, they should ‘incline’ our judgments towards approval or disapproval. The basic principles include the liberal idea that governments are the mere agents of the people, that tyrannical governments forfeit their legal protections, that human rights entail obligations for governments, that justifiable intervention must intend the end of tyranny or anarchy, that the doctrine of double-effect should be respected, that intervention is only warranted in severe cases, that intervention be welcomed by those it is intended to save, and that ideally it is welcomed by the community of demo...
Tuneable Side-Chain Supramolecular Polymer

A random copolymer containing 1,5-dialkyloxynaphthalene moieties has been synthesized using atom-transfer radical polymerization. We have shown that this polymer has the ability to form complexes with the tetracationic cyclophane cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene) (CBPQT4+) and that electrochemical reduction of the cyclophane or the addition of a competing guest for the cavity of the cyclophane results in disassembly of the supramolecular polymer.
Introduction to Stephen G. West's Murray Award Address

I am honored to introduce Stephen G. West, the winner of the Henry A. Murray Award for Outstanding Contributions to Personology and the Study of Human Lives. Steve's contributions as a methodologist and statistician are appreciated by anyone who has struggled with complex interactions and unusual research designs. These empirical innovations have contributed enormously to broadening and deepening the kinds of data that can be used to study personality. Perhaps less apparent, but crucial in his selection for this award, is Steve's leadership in diversifying the field of personality psychology. In his capacity as editor of the Journal of Personality in the 1980s and early 1990s, Steve effectively shepherded personology into the mainstream of personality research. Also important was Steve's willingness not only to mentor his own graduate students, but to rescue a considerable number of strays. In his generativity and inclusiveness, Steve has effectively elevated the field of personality and the persons within it.
Neighborhood Change under Conditions of Mass Immigration: The New York City Region, 1970-1990.

This article investigates the shifting racial and ethnic composition of neighborhoods in the Greater New York metropolitan region in the 1970–1990 period, during which the region has been one of th...
Nicotine does not interact with the discriminative stimulus effects of clozapine in rats

The purpose of the present study was to assess the potential interaction between clozapine, an atypical antipsychotic recently approved for clinical use in the United States and nicotine. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were trained to discriminate nicotine or clozapine in a standard two-lever operant drug discrimination procedure. Rats were tested for generalization to nicotine and clozapine, and the interactions produced by combining various doses of nicotine and clozapine were evaluated. Results suggest that nicotine does not interact with the discriminative stimulus effects of clozapine. Thus, patients who smoke while receiving clozapine therapy may not experience the decreased antipsychotic effectiveness which is common in patients who smoke while receiving treatment with typical antipsychotic compounds. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The gonadal axis in men with schizophrenia

The typical onset of schizophrenia during late adolescence and early adulthood has stimulated interest in the potential contribution of hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis abnormalities to this disorder. Previous investigations of reproductive hormone function in men with schizophrenia suggest diminished activity of the HPG axis. These studies have been hampered, however, by methodologic limitations. We have attempted to address these limitations by rigorous determination of gonadotropin and gonadal hormone levels, and attention to demographic and diagnostic variables. In contrast to prior studies, our results indicate that schizophrenic patients do not show statistically significant differences from healthy volunteers with respect to luteinizing hormone pulsatility, response to gonadotropinreleasing hormone challenge, and testosterone secretion. Due to the small number of subjects, however, these findings must be regarded as preliminary and warrant further study.
A Model for Training Practicing Professionals in Family Therapy.

This paper offers a model for high quality training in family therapy. The unique aspects of the Family Consortium's model are that it: (a) is aimed at practicing professionals; (b) emphasizes structural family therapy principles with strategic and experiential elements; (c) is geared secondarily toward training members as effective peer consultants and trainers; and (d) uses an awareness of the isomorphic nature of training, therapy and family transactions. Part I describes the practical organization structure of the Consortium. Part II discusses the current theoretical philosophy and training approach of this evolving group. Examples are given of how the Consortium has dealt with specific training issues.
Percutaneous Drainge and Ileocolectomy for Spontaneous Intraabdominal Abscess in Crohn’s Disease

Historical studies have shown that percutaneous drainage alone for intraabdominal abscess secondary to Crohn’s disease is successful in avoiding surgery in only approximately 50% of patients. Failure, however, can require urgent surgery and is then associated with increased morbidity, extended hospital stays, and increased risk for stoma creation. Because of this, our current protocol is initial percutaneous drainage of the abscess, 5–7 days of broad spectrum IV antibiotics with simultaneous high-dose steroids and hyperalimentation, followed by planned one stage resection with primary anastomosis. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the success of this protocol with regard to length of stay, complications associated with the protocol, and its ability to avoid stoma creation. A retrospective chart review was performed for all Crohn’s disease patients with intraabdominal abscess who underwent the above protocol from 1992 to the present. Nineteen patients (11 male) were identified. Sixteen underwent ileocolectomy with primary anastomosis while only three patients required an upstream diverting ileostomy in addition to resection due to incompletely drained abscesses. The mean length of hospital stay was 13.9 ± 0.6 days including 6.4 ± 0.4 postoperative days. Four patients had post-op complications that did not require surgery (two self-limited anastomotic bleeds, one wound infection, and one pelvic abscess treated with a percutaneous drain). One patient needed reoperation for a small bowel obstruction. Crohn’s disease patients with intraabdominal abscess can safely undergo planned resection with primary anastomosis if initially treated with successful percutaneous drainage and aggressive antibiotic and steroid management. Such a protocol provides a standard of care against which nonsurgical management can be compared and judged.
Epinephrine-induced Insulin Resistance in Man

Endogenous release of epinephrine after stress as well as exogenous epinephrine infusion are known to result in impaired glucose tolerance. Previous studies of man and animals have demonstrated that this effect of epinephrine results from inhibition of insulin secretion and augmentation of hepatic glucose production. However, the effect of epinephrine on tissue sensitivity to insulin, and the relative contributions of peripheral vs. hepatic resistance to impaired insulin action, have not been defined. Nine young normal-weight subjects were studied with the insulin clamp technique. Plasma insulin was raised by approximately 100 muU/ml while plasma glucose concentration was maintained at basal levels by a variable glucose infusion. Under these conditions of euglycemia, the amount of glucose metabolized equals the glucose infusion rate and is a measure of tissue sensitivity to insulin. Subjects received four studies: (a) insulin (42.6 mU/m(2).min), (b) insulin plus epinephrine (0.05 mug/kg.min), (c) insulin plus epinephrine plus propranolol (1.43 mug/kg.min), and (d) insulin plus propranolol. During insulin administration alone, glucose metabolism averaged 5.49+/-0.58 mg/kg.min. When epinephrine was infused with insulin, glucose metabolism fell by 41% to 3.26 mg/kg.min (P 100 muU/ml. When propranolol was administered with epinephrine, total glucose metabolism was restored to control values and hepatic glucose production suppressed normally. Propranolol alone had no effect on insulin-mediated glucose metabolism. These results indicate that epinephrine, acting primarily through a beta-adrenergic receptor, markedly impairs tissue sensitivity to an increase in plasma insulin levels, and that this effect results from both peripheral and hepatic resistance to the action of insulin.
Measurement of joint capsule tissue loading in the cat knee using calibrated mechanoreceptors

The vertical loading in the posterior capsule of the cat knee has been measured while the knee is rotated into hyperextension. Tissue loading was determined using a previously verified model of the capsule that represents its upper edge as a catenary suspension cable. Tensile loads in the cable were measured using the discharge of mechanoreceptive sensory neurons that had been calibrated as load sensors. The results revealed that the capsule is very lightly loaded in extension rotations. Less than 4% of the applied moment is sustained by the capsule.
Nonparametric Diagnostic Test for Conditional Logistic Regression

The use of conditional logistic regression models to analyze matched case-control data has become standard in statistical analysis. However, methods to test the fit of these models has primarily focused on influential observations and the presence of outliers, while little attention has been given to the functional form of the covariates. In this paper we present methods to test the functional form of the covariates in the conditional logistic regression model, these methods are based on nonparametric smoothers. We assess the performance of the proposed methods via simulation studies and illustrate an example of their use on data from a community based intervention.
Scanning electron-stimulated desorption microscopy of model-biological surfaces

Electron-stimulated desorption (ESD) of ions and neutrals from surfaces has been used to study chemisorption in many simple gas–solid systems1,2, but there has been much less effort devoted to ESD studies with significant spatial resolution3–7. ESD contrasts with scanning electron microscopy because ESD signals depend sensitively on the coverage and binding of an adsorbed species1. Applying scanning ESD to biological surfaces permits the surface chemical variations to be mapped using simple low mass adsorbates8 in comparison with conventional electron microscopy of biological matters which relies on heavy-metal stain technology9. We show here how scanning ESD can complement scanning Auger electron microscopy in mapping the surface chemistry of biological substrates. A model biological substrate constructed from a deposited synthetic polypeptide monolayer (polymethyl-glutamate) is used as the controlled sample surface. Micrographs display a spatial variation in H+ desorption with a resolution of 10−4 cm. We also discuss limitations to resolution as dictated by signal-to-noise considerations. The contrast mechanism would be useful for studying the important biological surface problems such as membrane morphology, cell-interfacial composition, and cell-to-cell adhesion.
Das Coase-Theorem und politische Märkte

Basierend auf neuester Literatur auf dem Gebiet der Public Choice Theorie (Neue Politische Okonomie), nimmt dieser Artikel die Diskussion um Politik-Markt Analogien wieder auf. Nach der Identifikation einiger Unterscheidungsmerkmale zwischen Markten und Politik, beschaftigt sich der Artikel mit der Rolle von Stimmentausch in der politischen Vertretung. Dabei werden einige Anforderungen an die Charakteristika eines hypothetischen Marktes fur politischen Konsens formuliert. Diese Uberlegungen sollen dazu dienen, die Einschatzung der normativen Implikationen der Kommodifizierung von politischem Konsens zu vereinfachen.
Imperfection Sensitivity of Externally Pressurized Spherical Shells

Initial postbuckling behavior of spherical shell under external pressure determined using Koiter theory, analyzing effects of imperfections on buckling strength of structures
Principles of Classification as Illustrated by Studies of Arachnida

It seems almost preposterous that the role of systematics in zoology should be a subject still worthy of discussion in a symposium in the middle of the twentieth century. It is a natural property of the human mind to apply some reasonable system of classification to animate and inanimate objects within its circle of experience. Yet this fundamental attribute of our mind and the simplicity of the logical principles involved in classification are the unwitting cause of the gradual drop in respect for systematics among other biologists. After a luxurious efflorescence of systematics in the past century the interest of biologists was diverted into experimental fields alluring to the inquisitive mind and holding out the promise of clear answers to moot questions which previously were considered to be unanswerable. The public interest, too, shifted farther and farther away from systematics toward experimental sciences until the prestige of a systematist fell almost to the level of a cataloger of curios. Forty years ago no less an authority in genetics than Davenport ridiculed my point of view in a repartee to my lecture on the relation between the individual, the species, and the environment. He maintained that the species is nothing but a figment of imagi.-I ft nation, that individuals do not exist and that the only entities which do exist and can be dealt with scientifically are the unit characters. Many times since that occasion have I heard distinguished biologists point with derision at the work of systematists, which they considered to be not only old-fashioned, out of date, and unscientific, but even a useless pastime or at best an occupation resulting in the preparation of handy check-lists. Nor is such an estimate of the low value of much of the work done in systematics entirely unjust and baseless, for a great deal of it is no more than an unpretentious study of some local collection, or a description of a few new species which have no genetic or geographic relation to each other, and at best a revision of a genus or of a family, a revision lacking a wider background into which to fit the possible conclusion from its study and therefore useless to other zoologists as material for their discussion of what they believe to be the basic problems. Yet the essence of systematics is not the creation of handy classifications, not the preparation of keys useful for, the identification of species, nor the production of check-lists for zoogeographical studies. All this is being done because it has to be done when one is confronted
FASTER SIMILARITY SEARCH FOR MULTIMEDIA DATA VIA QUERY TRANSFORMATIONS

The performance of nearest neighbor (NN) queries degrades noticeably with increasing dimensionality of the data due to reduced selectivity of high-dimensional data and an increased number of seek operations during NN-query execution. If the NN-radii would be known in advance, the disk accesses could be reordered such that seek operations are minimized. We therefore propose a new way of estimating the NN-radius based on the fractal dimensionality and sampling. It is applicable to any page-based index structure. We show that the estimation error is considerably lower than for previous approaches. In the second part of the paper, we present two applications of this technique. We show how the radius estimations can be used to transform k-NN queries into at most two range queries, and how it can be used to reduce the number of page reads during all-NN queries. In both cases, we observe significant speedups over traditional techniques for synthetic and real-world data.
The paradigm that lost its way

For those who call for a change in our approach to international relations ecause they doubt the capacity of the existing system to handle the problems hat lie ahead, the ‘paradigm’ they are seeking to ‘shift’ is usually some image of realism, that dates from Westphalia and beyond. Fortunately, the paradigm that actually shaped Western foreign policy behaviour in the last 50 years or so was a product of circumstances and personalities in the 1945–53 period that generated attitudes and behaviour patterns that became entrenched during the Cold War. In relation to the complex problems that face the international community, this national security paradigm is increasingly dysfunctional. However, because it comprises ‘attitudes’ rather than rules for action, and is non-deterministic, we should find it easier to devise an alternative, more functional paradigm and to engineer the necessary shift. The historical review that comprises the bulk of this article describes the genesis of the paradigm and how the patterns of behaviour and underlying beliefs and attitudes became entrenched in Western foreign policy. Fleshing out the characteristics of the existing paradigm suggests an alternative approach to international relations, but the importance and feasibility of engineering the necessary shift will be argued in a subsequent article in the January 2002 issue of International Affairs
Agent-based simulation for a dual-diffusion process of influenza and human preventive behavior

Influenza disease diffuses from one individual to another through their close contacts, while preventive behavior propagates through inter-personal influences. These two diffusion processes take place simultaneously and interact with one another in opposite directions. Many current influenza studies consider the diffusion of influenza, but few of them have incorporated the diffusion of human preventive behavior. This article proposes an original dual-diffusion model to couple these two diffusion processes. The conceptual framework of the model incorporates these two opposite processes into a human contact network. An agent-based approach, network theory, disease model, and behavioral model are integrated to formulate the conceptual framework. Model implementation simulates an influenza epidemic in an urbanized area of one million individuals. The simulation results suggest that the proposed model offers a close representation of the observed data. The research findings will provide a more rational basis for influenza control.
Political Essays of William Paterson

McCormick explores the forty-six political essays by William Paterson (1745â€“ 1806) contained in a folio volume of ninety-one pages that has been one of the unexploited treasures of the Rutgers University Library.Â In addition, five essays that were written under the pseudonym "Aurelius" are published in the article.
Phantom tactile sensations modulated by body position.

Summary Bilateral activation of somatosensory areas after unilateral stimulation [1–6] is assumed to be mediated by crosshemispheric connections [7–11]. Despite evidence of bilateral activity in response to unilateral stimulation, neurologically intact humans do not experience bilateral percepts when stimulated on one side of the body. This may be due to active suppression of ipsilateral neural activity [12, 13] by inhibitory mechanisms whose functioning is poorly understood. We describe an individual with left fronto-parietal damage who experiences bilateral sensations in response to unilateral tactile stimulation—a rarely reported condition known as synchiria (previously described in visual [14], auditory [15], and somatosensory modalities [16–19]). Presumably, the phantom sensations result from normal bilateral crosshemispheric activation, combined with a failure of inhibitory mechanisms to prevent bilateral perceptual experiences. Disruption of these mechanisms provides a valuable opportunity to examine their internal functioning. We find that the synchiria rate is affected by hand position relative to multiple reference frames. Specifically, synchiria decreases as the hands move from right (contralesional) to left (ipsilesional) space in trunk- and head-centered reference frames and disappears when the hands are crossed. These findings provide novel evidence that mechanisms that inhibit bilateral percepts operate in multiple reference frames [20–27].
Predation on rotifers by the suspension‐feeding calanoid copepod Diaptomus pallidus1

Predation on rotifers by the small suspension-feeding Calanoid copepod Diaptomus pallidus was examined in order to quantify the effects of prey density, prey type, and the presence of algal food resources on ingestion rates, and to determine whether ingested rotifer biomass could be utilized to enhance the survival and reproduction of the copepods. Clearance and ingestion rates of D. pallidus on rotifers were 5.5-6.2 times greater than on algae presented at the same concentration and similar to the maximum rates previously reported for more carnivorous cyclopoid copepods preying on rotifers. The survival and reproduction of D. palhdus were substantially enhanced by the addition of rotifers to a threshold algal diet. When presented with a natural assemblage of plankton, D. pallidus preferentially ingested certain rotifer species over others. Predation on rotifers by such diaptomids may form an important trophic link in freshwater planktonic food webs. The importance of rotifers in freshwater planktonic ecosystems has become increasingly apparent over the past several years. Although cladocerans and copepods are the dominant zooplankters in many limnetic environments (Porter 1977), at times rotifers may account for most of the community grazing (Bogdan and Gilbert 1982) and contribute substantially to the biomass and productivity (Makarewicz and Likens 1979) of zooplankton communities. Many species of invertebrate predators prey heavily on rotifers (Williamson 1983) and may subsequently increase the energy available to vertebrate predators as they package these small prey into larger particles (the invertebrate predators themselves) which are more available to the vertebrates (Confer and Blades 1975). The greater size and visibility of the invertebrate predators as food for the vertebrates more than compensates for the energy lost due to the presence of an additional trophic level. The most widespread and abundant invertebrate predators of planktonic rotifers are the copepods (Williamson 1983). Previous research on cyclopoid copepods has demonstrated the intense and selective nature of their predation on natural assemblages of rotifers (Brand1 and Fernando 1979; Williamson 1984). Less information is available on consumption of rotifers by Calanoid copepods, although several in