cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE COUPLING BETWEEN TRANSPORT AND METABOLISM: THERMODYNAMIC ASPECTS

Studies of active sodium transport in epithelia, active proton extrusion in mitochondria, and of other examples of ion transport coupled to metabolism indicate that coupling in these systems is not necessarily completely tight (i.e., a fixed and integral stoichiometry is not always observed). An evaluation of the energetics of such processes using classical flux ratio considerations and/or equivalent circuit models may, as a consequence, be misleading. On the other hand, nonequilibrium thermodynamics (NET) provides a basis for systematic investigation of the factors determining transport under all circumstances. The formal description in terms of linear NET is essentially simple, yet it enables us to distinguish between effects on energetic as against kinetic factors - especially in relation to the mode of action of substances regulating transport. Tightness of coupling may be evaluated quantitatively and related to efficiency, and it can be shown that incomplete coupling is energetically advantageous in many systems. Although in general flows are non-linear functions of forces and the Onsager reciprocal relations are obeyed only very near equilibrium, it is possible experimentally, at least in certain cases, to constrain the forces to “proper” pathways (e.g., in concentration space) such that linearity obtains and the reciprocal relations hold far from equilibrium. Linear behavior has indeed been observed in a variety of studies in epithelial and other systems, enabling the affinity (or negative Gibbs free energy) of the metabolic reaction driving transport to be measured.
Observation and treatment of neonatal narcotic withdrawal

A total of 110 infants born to mothers who were either in a methadone maintenance program, using heroin, or recently detoxified, were studied during the neonatal period. Of these infants, 93.6 per cent developed withdrawal symptoms. No significant differences were determined in therapeutic response among those infants treated with methadone, phenobarbital, and diazepam. There was a significant reduction in the frequency of withdrawal symptoms among infants born to mothers whose methadone dose at time of delivery was less than 20 mg (17.9 per cent). It is suggested that reduction of methadone dosage in late pregnancy results in reduced incidence of withdrawal but must be carefully carried out.
The Link Between Lymphatic Obstruction and Congenital Heart Disease

There is a complex interplay between congenital heart disease and lymphatic obstruction as evidenced by the literature where associations have been reported between lymphatic impairment and congenital heart disease. Turner syndrome is a classic example of a condition where lymphatic impairment might be the cause of some congenital heart diseases. At the same time there are congenital heart diseases which impair the lymphatic flow, leading to significant morbidity and mortality; these include left-to-right shunt lesions and protein-losing enteropathy. Congenital cardiac surgery which involves extensive mediastinal dissection can also cause injury to the lymphatic system. Hence, the lymphatic system must be given importance while managing patients with congenital heart disease.
Management of Insomnia

Insomnia is defined as a “subjective report of difficulty with sleep initiation, duration, consolidation, or quality that occurs despite adequate opportunity for sleep, and that results in some form of daytime impairment” [1]. It is one of the eight major categories of sleep disorders in the International Classification of Sleep Disorders, second edition (ICSD-2) [2]. Symptoms of insomnia may occur in association with comorbid disorders or other sleep disorders, such as sleep-related breathing disorders, circadian rhythm sleep disorders, and sleep-related movement disorders [1, 3].
Neuropsychological Assessment of Memory

The ability to encode, store, and later retrieve information is a highly complex cognitive function requiring a host of memory-related skills that can be disrupted by any number of neurological and psychiatric disorders. Memory deficits are often the first neuropsychological symptom in progressive dementing disorders and can be the only finding in disorders such as mild head trauma and multiple sclerosis. In addition, memory problems are among the most frequent complaints of the elderly (Craik, 1984) and of patients with major psychiatric disorders such as depression and schizophrenia (Caine, 1981; Weingartner & Silberman, 1984). The frequency of these problems underscores the importance of learning and memory assessment in any intellectual or neuropsychological evaluation.
Reclassification of Eubacterium combesii and discrepancies in the nomenclature of botulinum neurotoxin-producing clostridia: Challenging Opinion 69. Request for an Opinion.

To clarify the taxonomic position of Eubacterium combesii , the whole genome of its type strain, DSM 20696T, was sequenced. Comparison of this sequence with known sequences of other bacteria confirmed that E. combesii represented a member of the Clostridium sporogenes / Clostridium botulinum Group I clade. However, the results of phylogenetic analysis also demonstrated that the latter two species did not form the same genetic entity and that E. combesii was in the C. botulinum Group I subclade. Meanwhile, we showed that E. combesii DSM 20696T did not produce botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) and thus should be identified as a strain of C. sporogenes in accordance with the current nomenclature of BoNT-producing clostridia, which is based, in particular, on Opinion 69 issued by the Judicial Commission of the ICSB. However, review of the corresponding Request for an Opinion revealed that it had been based on an erroneous statement. Therefore, we request reconsideration of Opinion 69 and propose to reclassify Eubacterium combesii as a later synonym of Clostridium botulinum . The results of phylogenetic analysis of the other five groups of BoNT-producing clostridia indicated that all the groups were far distant from each other. However, the members of Groups IV–VI are classified as strains of different species, while all members of Groups I–III are designated C. botulinum . Meanwhile, similarly to Group I, Groups II and III are also polyphyletic and appear to consist of two and four species, respectively. These results demonstrate, once again, discrepancies in the nomenclature of BoNT-producing bacteria and corroborate our request for reconsideration of Opinion 69.
P-Band Radar Retrieval of Permafrost Active Layer Properties: Time-Series Approach and Validation with In-Situ Observations

In this paper, a permafrost active layer retrieval algorithm using time-series P-band SAR observations is presented wherein both layer dielectric constants (representing unfrozen water content) and layer thicknesses (representing water table or thaw depths) of the active layer are retrieved. The time-series observations were acquired after the maximum thaw, so that variables such as active layer thickness (ALT) can be assumed constant as they are nearly time-invariant between the data acquisitions. Having these time-invariant variables can reduce the number of unknowns and improve the retrieval accuracy with limited number of observations. Comparison of the retrieval results with in-situ observations suggests that the retrieved ALT values are generally underestimated.
The role of negation in the grammaticalization of ability verbs: The case of Iquito

Abstract This paper investigates the role of negation in grammaticalization in Iquito, an endangered Zaparoan language of the Peruvian Amazon. Iquito has a verb, pajɨɨni, which has undergone two paths of grammaticalization only in negated clauses. First, pajɨɨni has grammaticalized from “learn” to “be able to.” Subsequently, it is undergoing grammaticalization from an ability verb to a future auxiliary. Given that ability verbs are an uncommon source for future auxiliaries (Bybee et al. 1994), this study provides a detailed case study of this rare path. Our analysis of Iquito demonstrates that grammaticalization paths are not limited to affirmative contexts and may behave differently depending on the polarity of the utterance.
Reformer: The Efficient Transformer

Large Transformer models routinely achieve state-of-the-art results on a number of tasks but training these models can be prohibitively costly, especially on long sequences. We introduce two techniques to improve the efficiency of Transformers. For one, we replace dot-product attention by one that uses locality-sensitive hashing, changing its complexity from O($L^2$) to O($L\log L$), where $L$ is the length of the sequence. Furthermore, we use reversible residual layers instead of the standard residuals, which allows storing activations only once in the training process instead of $N$ times, where $N$ is the number of layers. The resulting model, the Reformer, performs on par with Transformer models while being much more memory-efficient and much faster on long sequences.
Red Cell Distribution Width, Unlike Neutrophil Lymphocyte Ratio Is Unable to Accurately Gauge Enhanced Systemic Inflammation Associated With Panoramic Imaged Carotid Plaque.

Introduction We have previously shown that panoramic X-rays (PXs) demonstrating calcified carotid artery atheromas (CCAA) are associated with increased systemic inflammation demonstrating increased neutrophil lymphocyte ratios (NLRs), a validated risk indicator of fatal myocardial infarctions arising from coronary artery atherosclerosis. Using this same cohort of patients (with minor adjustments because of missing data), we sought to determine if a like association existed between PXs evidencing CCAA and elevated red blood cell distribution width (RDW) given conflicting data as its reliability relative to NLR as a biologic marker of system inflammation. We hypothesized that CCAAs on PXs would simultaneously be associated with both increased NLR and RDW. Materials and methods Investigators implemented a cross-sectional study design. Study sample consisted of patient medical records and PXs of white men ≥ 55 years. Two groups (N = 50 each) were constituted, one with atheromas (CCAA+) and without atheromas (CCAA-). The predictor variable was CCAA+ and outcome variables were NLR and RDW. Bootstrapping analysis was employed to analyze the differences in mean NLRs and RDWs between groups since the data was not normally distributed. Statistical significance determined to be ≤ 0.05 for all tests. The Medical Center's Institutional Review Board approved the research protocol. Results A study group of 50 CCAA+ men (mean age 71; range 58-89 years) demonstrated a mean NLR of 2.98 ± 1.38 and an RDW of 13.21 ± 0.85. A control group of 50 CCAA- males (mean age 70 range; 55-91 years) evidenced a mean NLR of 2.38 ± 0.77 and an RDW of 13.16 ± 0.77. Bootstrapping comparison of NLR values evidenced significant (P = 0.008) difference (95% confidence interval of difference of mean: - 0.4272, 0.4384; observed effect size: 0.579) between groups; however, there was no significant difference in RDW values between the groups. Furthermore, logistic regression modeling demonstrated that for a one unit increase in NLR the odds of being CCAA+ (vs. CCAA-) increases by a factor of 1.659. Conclusion The existence of CCAA seen on PXs of elderly white men is associated with significantly (P = 0.008) elevated NLR values but is not associated with increases in RDW.
Cross-reactivity of NRASQ61R antibody in a subset of Spitz nevi with 11p gain: a potential confounding factor in the era of pathway-based diagnostic approach.

Summary The most recent World Health Organization classification for skin tumors (2018) categorizes melanomas and their precursor lesions, benign or intermediate, into nine pathways based not only on their clinical and histomorphologic characteristics but also on their molecular profile and genetic fingerprint. In an index case of a partially sampled atypical spitzoid lesion, which proved to be an 11p-amplified Spitz nevus with HRASQ61R mutation, we observed cross-reactivity with the NRASQ61R antibody (clone SP174). Overall, we assessed the status of HRAS and NRAS genes and their immunoreaction to NRASQ61R antibody in 16 cases of 11p-amplified Spitz nevi/atypical Spitz tumors. We also assessed the immunoexpression of NRASQ61R antibody in various malignancies with proven BRAFV600E, NRASQ61R, L or K, KRASQ61R and HRASQ61R, and HRASQ61R mutations and ALK+ Spitz lesions. Finally, we assessed the expression of PReferentially expressed Antigen in MElanoma (PRAME) immunohistochemistry in our 11p Spitz cohort. Three of 16 cases (3/16) harbored the HRASQ61R mutation and exhibited diffuse immunoreaction with the NRASQ61R antibody. All the cases in our cohort were negative for the NRASQ61R mutation. All NRASQ61R-, KRASQ61R-, and HRASQ61R-mutated neoplasms were positive for the antibody, further supporting the cross-reactivity between the RAS proteins. All the cases of our cohort were essentially negative for PRAME immunohistochemistry. In the era of pathway-based approach in the diagnosis of melanocytic neoplasms, the cross-reactivity between the NRASQ61R- and HRASQ61R-mutated proteins can lead to a diagnostic pitfall in the assessment of lesions with spitzoid characteristics.
Effect of excess weight on immune-related adverse events from immune checkpoint inhibitor in lung cancer.

e21183Background: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are effective therapies for advanced lung cancer however they are also associated with immune-related adverse events (irAEs). Obesity has been ...
Subsequent primary cancers among survivors of adolescent and young adult onset cancers in the United States.

10604Background: Adolescent and young adult (AYA) cancer survivors are at increased risk of subsequent primary cancer (SPC); however, a comprehensive examination of risk patterns across cancer type...
Evaluation of a bibliotherapy-based stress intervention for teachers

Abstract To address the need for brief teacher stress interventions, the study aimed to evaluate a bibliotherapy-based stress management training for teachers using a randomized control design (N = 52). The intervention reduced stress (d = −0.43) and mental health symptoms (d's = −0.50 - 0.60) and improved a spectrum of specific coping skills (d's = 0.62–1.35). However, the intervention did not improve teacher satisfaction, efficacy, or classroom management; additional contextual or training supports are likely needed to improve these outcomes. Findings were largely replicated with the wait-list group. This brief, feasible program has promise for widespread dissemination to improve teacher stress and well-being.
Gray Matters and Complex Systems: Mind, Consciousness, and Attention

This paper looks at ancient lineages that have studied consciousness, thoughts, for answers towards understanding non-linearities that have eluded the logical thinking provided by computers and machines. This paper argues that mind and consciousness are examples of Gray Matters and can be framed as complex systems. Nonlinearities, and sensitivity to initial conditions, makes predictions difficult. Similar to Darwin’s work based on laws of natural selection, perhaps the answer lies in studying emergence, adaptations, and adoptions arising from interacting parts and its’ surrounding environment. In particular, our research emphasizes that the idea of attention could be a major key towards understanding primordial nature of the mind and the consciousness.
The protective effects of nucleotides on the histamine hypersensitivity of Bordetella pertussis-treated mice

Abstract The effects of exogenous nucleotides on histamine hypersensitivity induced by Bordetella pertussis in mice were investigated. Female mice (HLA-SW/ICR), 26 to 28 Gm., were injected with one milligram of histamine intraperitoneally 4 days after the intravenous administration of B. pertussis . At different time intervals before histamine challenge, various doses (0.5 to 16 μmoles in saline) of nucleotides were administered intravenously. Control animals, likewise sensitized with B. pertussis , were given saline instead of nucleotides. Each group consisted of 10 mice, and mortality of control groups averaged approximately 70 per cent. Ribonucleotides of adenosine, AMP, and ADP showed clear, dose-response protection against histamine death of pertussis-treated mice, and the protective effect was highest at 90 minute intervals between nucleotide and histamine. cyAMP and DBcyAMP showed partial protection (average of 20 per cent mortality instead of 70 per cent) at very narrow dose ranges (cyAMP, 3 to 9 and DBcyAMP, 4 to 6 μmoles). Lower and higher doses gave equivocal or no protection. ATP (1 to 10 μmoles) was protective when it was given 10 minutes before histamine, and simultaneous or earlier administration reduced this effect. Deoxyribonucleotides of adenosine, AMP and ADP, did not show the protective effects at the same doses as corresponding ribonucleotides did. GMP and IMP were similar in potency to AMP in protection, but cyGMP, cyIMP, and pyrimidine nucleotides were not protective. Similar protective effect of nucleotides was observed in passive systemic anaphylaxis. Four days after pertussis treatment, mice were passively sensitized by intraperitoneal injection of mouse anti-EA and challenged with EA 5 hours later. The nucleotides were given 90 minutes before antigen challenge. The nucleotides that protected mice from histamine death also protected them from anaphylaxis. The possibility that exogenous nucleotides protect mice from histamine hypersensitivity through increase or stabilization of intracellular cyAMP levels, despite impairment of adenyl cyclase in pertussis-treated mice, is discussed.
Studies of Cold Gas in the Early Universe with Large Millimeter Arrays

Our knowledge of the process by which cold gas in the early universe accumulates and forms stars is limited by our inability to image the gas. The next generation of millimeter and submillimeter wavelength arrays will allow us to explore the gas content of forming galaxies at the same resolution at which HST and the new 8 m class optical/IR telescopes will reveal early generations of stars. The dust that obscures our view of the early universe at optical wavelengths becomes an asset at millimeter/submillimeter wavelengths where the thermal dust emission can be imaged. With the new millimeter arrays astronomers will: (1) image the mass segregation and kinematics of hierarchical galaxy formation; (2) have the ability to detect thermal dust continuum emission from more than 15 million galaxies with an observation time of less than a minute per galaxy (indeed, such cosmological IR-luminous galaxies will be a source of confusion to every continuum observation); and (3) detect atomic and molecular spectral line emission from normal galaxies such as the Milky Way at redshifts greater than one.
Boundaries and New Organization Forms

This article is a revision of the previous edition article by W.W. Powell, volume 2, pp. 1295–1298, © 2001, Elsevier Ltd.
Developmental origins of a novel gut morphology in frogs

Phenotypic variation is a prerequisite for evolution by natural selection, yet the processes that give rise to the novel morphologies upon which selection acts are poorly understood. We employed a chemical genetic screen to identify developmental changes capable of generating ecologically relevant morphological variation as observed among extant species. Specifically, we assayed for exogenously applied small molecules capable of transforming the ancestral larval foregut of the herbivorous Xenopus laevis to resemble the derived larval foregut of the carnivorous Lepidobatrachus laevis. Appropriately, the small molecules that demonstrate this capacity modulate conserved morphogenetic pathways involved in gut development, including downregulation of retinoic acid (RA) signaling. Identical manipulation of RA signaling in a species that is more closely related to Lepidobatrachus, Ceratophrys cranwelli, yielded even more similar transformations, corroborating the relevance of RA signaling variation in interspecific morphological change. Finally, we were able to recover the ancestral gut phenotype in Lepidobatrachus by performing a reverse chemical manipulation to upregulate RA signaling, providing strong evidence that modifications to this specific pathway promoted the emergence of a lineage-specific phenotypic novelty. Interestingly, our screen also revealed pathways that have not yet been implicated in early gut morphogenesis, such as thyroid hormone signaling. In general, the chemical genetic screen may be a valuable tool for identifying developmental mechanisms that underlie ecologically and evolutionarily relevant phenotypic variation.
A comparison of three problem-solving methods

This paper is a comparison of ABSTRIPS, planning (as defined in Newell and Simon, 1972) and GPS. Each of these methods has parameters chat contain heuristic information which is problem dependent. These parameters are used to guide the methods, search and usually cause them to be incomplete in the sense that they cannot solve some problems that have solutions. We show that the parameters of the methods serve the same function in the following sense: Given the parameters for one method we can formulate the parameters for the other two such that all three can solve the same class of problem; i.e. those which have totally ordered solutions. This result is somewhat surprising because the search spaces of the methods are different. The Implications of this result to the efficiency of search Is discussed at some length.
Electro-optical instruments for DOD systems: the evolution continues

True EO instruments have existed for a long time in the commercial world. For several years the development of off-the-shelf instruments for military applications has been a theme discussed by a number of parties. At Autotestcon '95 three papers addressed this topic. Work in this area has continued since then, and this paper will review progress and lessons learned Topics to be discussed are: characteristics of a true E-O instrument; current systems for commercial and military applications; some experiences and lessons learned; and directions for the future.
History of Catalysis

Catalysis has played a central role in the chemical industry from its beginning in the late eighteenth century. Today, catalytic processes are used to make gasoline, to synthesize most pharmaceuticals, chemicals, polymers, and to reduce pollution from cars and power plants. The discovery of new catalysts creates new products, such as polypropylene, or dramatically improves the manufacture of existing ones, such as gasoline. In the first decades of the nineteenth century, scientists, including Michael Faraday, investigated chemical reactions initiated by platinum. In 1836, Berzelius coined the word catalysis to generalize a growing body of experimental data. A half century later, Wilhelm Ostwald linked catalysis to chemical thermodynamics and kinetics by defining catalysts as substances that alter the velocity of chemical reactions without appearing in the end products. About the same time, many chemists were using heterogeneous catalysts to develop new processes, the most significant of which was the Haber, Bosch, and Mittasch ammonia process. The dramatic success of the chemical industry throughout most of the twentieth century in no small part derived from the discovery of new catalysts. Given the growing importance of catalysis to the chemical industry, many researchers investigated the fundamental mechanisms of catalysis. While many specific advances were made, no general theory emerged. Since the 1960s, academic research in catalysis has used increasingly sophisticated analytical techniques to explore catalytic phenomena at the atomic level. In part due to the maturity of the chemical industry, this new knowledge has not yet been converted into major new catalytic technologies. Keywords: catalysis; history
The Tetracycline Destructases: A Novel Family of Tetracycline-Inactivating Enzymes

Summary Enzymes capable of inactivating tetracycline are paradoxically rare compared with enzymes that inactivate other natural-product antibiotics. We describe a family of flavoenzymes, previously unrecognizable as resistance genes, which are capable of degrading tetracycline antibiotics. From soil functional metagenomic selections, we discovered nine genes that confer high-level tetracycline resistance by enzymatic inactivation. We also demonstrate that a tenth enzyme, an uncharacterized homolog in the human pathogen Legionella longbeachae , similarly inactivates tetracycline. These enzymes catalyze the oxidation of tetracyclines in vitro both by known mechanisms and via previously undescribed activity. Tetracycline-inactivation genes were identified in diverse soil types, encompass substantial sequence diversity, and are adjacent to genes implicated in horizontal gene transfer. Because tetracycline inactivation is scarcely observed in hospitals, these enzymes may fill an empty niche in pathogenic organisms, and should therefore be monitored for their dissemination potential into the clinic.
Isoketals in monocyte-derived dendritic cells activate T cells and promote hypertension (1074.2)

Fatty acid oxidation leads to formation of highly reactive γ-ketoaldehydes termed isoketals that adduct to protein lysines. We have shown that hypertension causes isoketals to accumulate in dendrit...
Asymmetric Template Function of Microbial Deoxyribonucleic Acids: Transcription of Messenger Ribonucleic Acid

In Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli, pulse-labeled ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesized during step-down growth hybridized preferentially with the heavy (H) strand of methylated albumin-Kieselguhr-fractionated deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). At high RNA inputs, the ratio of RNA hybridized with the H strand to that hybridized with the light (L) strand was 8.7 for B. subtilis and 2.0 for E. coli. At high DNA inputs, the H/L hybridization ratio increased by a factor of two. This change in the hybridization ratio was attributable to the fraction of the pulse-labeled RNA which is in stable RNA components. The hybridization peak of pulse-labeled RNA was specifically located in the late-eluting region of the absorbance profile of the H strand. This region was considered to represent the most actively transcribing H strand templates.
Total Synthesis and Assignment of Configuration of Lissoclinamide 7

The first total synthesis of lissoclinamide 7, a 21-membered cyclopeptide isolated from Lissoclinum bistratum, was accomplished in 23 steps and 4.4% overall yield. The extraordinary configurational lability of the thiazoline segments was overcome by a novel strategy combining the use of the Burgess reagent for multiple simultaneous oxazoline and thiazoline formations and an efficient oxazoline → thiazoline heterocycle interconversion. In addition to the total synthesis, this work highlights the scope of alternative strategies toward Lissoclinum peptides and presents the preparation of analogues for SAR studies of the cytotoxic effects of this family of marine natural products.
A technique for suggesting related Wikipedia articles using link analysis

With more than 3.7 million articles, Wikipedia has become an important social medium for sharing knowledge. However, with this enormous repository of information, it can often be difficult to locate fundamental topics that support lower-level articles. By exploiting the information stored in the links between articles, we propose that related companion articles can be automatically generated to help further the reader's understanding of a given topic. This approach to a recommendation system uses tested link analysis techniques to present users with a clear path to related high-level articles, furthering the understanding of low-level topics.
Employee ownership and internal governance

Abstract This paper is designed to counter Oliver Williamson's hypothetical ‘Peer Group’ model of organization with a discussion of three prosperous populations of employee-owned firms: worked-owned scavenger companies, taxi cooperatives, and professional partnerships such as the large law firm. It will be shown here that these firms are formed, endure and prevail over their competition for reasons that Williamson, more than anyone else, has taught us to appreciate. In particular, this paper will argue that the metering problems and human asset considerations that are so prominently featured in Williamson's work are crucial for understanding the success of these firms.
Online Methods for Multi-Domain Learning and Adaptation

NLP tasks are often domain specific, yet systems can learn behaviors across multiple domains. We develop a new multi-domain online learning framework based on parameter combination from multiple classifiers. Our algorithms draw from multi-task learning and domain adaptation to adapt multiple source domain classifiers to a new target domain, learn across multiple similar domains, and learn across a large number of disparate domains. We evaluate our algorithms on two popular NLP domain adaptation tasks: sentiment classification and spam filtering.
Alternative Perspectives on the Transfer of Learning: History, Issues, and Challenges for Future Research

(2006). Alternative Perspectives on the Transfer of Learning: History, Issues, and Challenges for Future Research. Journal of the Learning Sciences: Vol. 15, No. 4, pp. 431-449.
When Jurors Consider Recovered Memory Cases: Effects of Victim and Juror Gender.

ABSTRACT The purpose of the current investigation was to examine the effects of juror gender and victim gender on two types of sexual abuse cases (one in which an adult victim accuses a family member after living for years with the knowledge of abuse and one in which an adult survivor accuses a family member after recovering the memory during the course of therapy). Subjects were 323 university students enrolled in various introductory-level courses. Participants, asked to act as mock jurors, read a brief case summary and answered questions regarding the case. Findings suggest that there is a relationship between juror gender, victim gender, and case types. Specifically, the sex of a juror is very important when considering recovered memory cases. Overall, male jurors tend to make fine-tuned discriminations based on variables such as case type and victim gender. Females, on the other hand, seem to be relatively unaffected by such factors.
The future of media servers in broadcasting

The broadcast industry is in the midst of a digital revolution. Media servers for broadcast applications are becoming more prevalent. As servers move towards the mainstream of video storage solutions, key advances in technology provide unlimited potential as capabilities and performance increase. In the future, the broadcast industry will be able to leverage from the computer industry. Media servers that utilize these technologies will be the core of the broadcast studio handling video and audio. As a result, there will be fundamental changes in the nature of how things are done. Disk-based systems will be the predominant storage medium. The paper outlines the benefits of server technology to provide a basis for why the industry should implement media servers in their applications. A perspective on the key technological drivers in the industry that will affect the future media server is given. The paper addresses how the broadcast industry can capitalize on these trends as a foundation for the future broadcast environment. Finally, challenges for successful implementation are explored.
Sociospatial Dimensions of Technology Adoption: Recent M-Commerce and E-Commerce Developments

Despite globalization and alleged technological convergence, there remains great variation in the form, manner, and speed of technological adoption and adaptation across societies. In this paper I ...
FUN with PANURGE: High mass resolution ion microprobe measurements of Mg in Allende inclusions

The performance characteristics of PANURGE, a modified CAMECA IMS3F ion microprobe, have been studied at a mass resolving power of 5000 for the purpose of determining isotopic ratios at a precision level approaching that of counting statistics using beam switching. The techniques used for this type of measurement are described. Using this approach, the isotopic composition of Mg and Si and the atomic ratio of Al/Mg in minerals from the Allende inclusion WA and the Allende FUN inclusion Cl have been measured with the ion microprobe at high mass resolving power. Enrichments in ^(26)Mg of up to 260%. have been found. Mg and Al/Mg measurements on cogenetic spinel inclusions and host plagioclase crystals yield Mg-Al isochrons in excellent agreement with precise mineral isochrons determined by thermal emission mass spectrometry. The measurements confirm the presence of substantial excess (^(26)Mg in WA ^(26)Mg^*/^(27)Al = 5 X 10^(-5)) and its near absence in Cl (^(26)Mg^*/^(27)Al < 4 X 10^(-6)). In WA plagioclase, data for which ^(27)Al/^(24)Mg = 300 to 1000 define a linear array with ^(26)Mg^*/^(27)Al = 3 X 10^5 and with initial ^(26)Mg/^(24)Mg composition 30%. greater than in high Mg phases. This suggests a metamorphic reequilibration of Mg in Allende plagioclase at least 0.6 my after WA formation. There were no variations in detected ^(26)Mg^*/^(27)Al in WA plagioclase associated with concentration of ^(26)Mg^∗ into isolated clusters. We have confirmed by ion probe measurements that the Mg composition in Allende Cl is highly fractionated and is uniform among pyroxene, melilite, plagioclase, spinel crystals and spinel included in melilite and plagioclase crystals. Likewise, the Si composition is mass fractionated and is the same in pyroxene, melilite and plagioclase.
Ladar image recognition using synthetically-derived discrete phase-amplitude filters in an optical correlator

Correlation filters using computer-generated laser radar imagery have been constructed. This paper describes how the filters were constructed and reports correlating result with the synthetic imagery used in the training set, with real ladar imagery of equivalent targets, and with real ladar imagery of false targets. A comprehensive set of images was collected on the Eglin Test Range using a direct-detect scanning ladar mounted on a 100-meter tower. Various targets were placed on a large turntable and ladar range and intensity data were collected at various aspect and depression angles. The Irma scene generation software package was then used to generate synthetic ladar imagery for these targets at a similar set of range, aspect, and depression angles. Several different techniques were used to generate the filters and to process the imagery used in this research. This paper describes one of the most successful techniques. The paper provides details on the iterative approach used to generate composite filters, describes how they were applied, and compares the results produced from synthetic and real target imagery. This experiment was considered a success since the synthetically derived filters were capable of recognizing images of real targets while rejecting false targets.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Unusual Presentations of Sinonasal Undifferentiated Carcinoma

Conclusion: SNUC is a highly aggressive malignancy that originates in the paranasal sinuses. It can present as lesions outside the sinuses including the brain, the pituitary gland, and the clivus. Patient 1 was a previously healthy 63 year old male who presented with insatiable thirst for several months and right-sided frontal headaches. He went to his primary care physician who found that he had unexplained hypotension. He was then hospitalized and underwent a general workup that included a computed tomography of the head which showed a sellar mass. A MRI demonstrated an enhancing mass measuring 14mm that filled the sella turcica and extended into the right cavernous sinus. At the same time the patient was found to have panhypopituitarism. There was no history of nasal obstruction, facial pain, rhinorrhea or epistaxis. His past medical history was significant for diabetes mellitus type II and erectile dysfunction. His visual fields and cranial nerves were intact. Shortly thereafter the patient underwent tumor resection through an endoscopic transphenoidal approach. Final post operative pathology indicated SNUC within the nasal polyps and the sellar mass. Tissue specimens revealed extensive infiltration by an undifferentiated carcinoma. He was treated with postoperative chemotherapy and radiation. He died of his disease four months late.
Cross Course Collaboration in Undergraduate Sociology Programs.

education is not well integrated (Association of American Colleges 1991). This is true both within and between disciplines (American Sociological Association 1991). Rather than approaching subjects as distinct areas of inquiry, there has been an effort to better integrate the curriculum, which has resulted in interdepartmental collaborations or other means for "teaching across the disciplines" (Davis 1995; Letterman and Dugan 2004; Robinson and Schaible 1995). The same problems that face liberal arts programs in general can also affect sociol ogy programs (Wagenaar 2001). Many soci ology programs lack coherence and fail to fully integrate disparate subject matter. Stu dents entering the field encounter different faculty with distinct theoretical perspectives and sub-disciplinary expertise teaching dis crete topics. This can leave students with a good base of knowledge in a number of subject areas, but without a more general appreciation for the sociological approach. Sociology is, by its nature, a very diverse discipline. The wide range of subject matter and theoretical perspectives make the disci pline interesting and dynamic. But for un dergraduates gaining their first exposure, it can also make sociology appear incoherent and without a defining essence, a sort of "undisciplined discipline." Basic steps have been taken to define the core goals of a sociology major program. Requiring a sequence of courses that build upon one another is recommended (American Sociological Association 1991). Following an introductory course or courses, many programs have a required sequence of sociological theory, research methods, and social statistics (in some in stances methods and statistics are combined in the same course) (Hartman 1992). The idea here is that the overall essence of the discipline, from sociological theorizing to data gathering and empirical analysis, is conveyed in sequential presentation. In the meantime, elective courses of the student's choosing provide them with a well-rounded exposure to major sub-disciplinary topics within the field. In reality, even if these core classes are taken in any prescribed order, it is over the course of three or more semesters, often with little coordination among the faculty teaching these classes. In the meantime, substantive courses on par ticular topics are not adequately connected to other classes, thus obscuring common sociological themes (Wagenaar 1991). As a result, despite efforts to create a holistic sociological experience, we often leave stu dents with little appreciation for the coher ence of the discipline. *We would like to extend a special thank you to the three undergraduate students, Erin Con nelly, Mitch Monsour, and Jason Letts who volunteered their time to assist us in understand
Biology and Clinical Applications of Pancreatic Cancer Stem Cells

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas comprise a hierarchy of tumor cells that develop around a population of cancer stem cells. The cancer stem cells promote tumor growth and progression through a number of mechanisms, including differentiation into bulk tumor cells, metastasis, alteration of adjacent stromal cells, and evasion of conventional therapies. As with other cancer stem cells, pancreatic cancer stem cells (PCSCs) can be distinguished from bulk tumor cells based on their expression of unique surface markers, abilities to form spheres under nonadherent conditions and tumors in mice, and self-renewal and differentiation capacities. We review the markers used to identify PCSCs, the signaling pathways that regulate PCSC functions, the complex interactions between PCSCs and stromal cells, and approaches to therapeutically target PCSCs and improve treatment of patients with pancreatic cancer.
Fundamental Principles of Network Formation among Preschool Children.

The goal of this research was to investigate the origins of social networks by examining the formation of children's peer relationships in 11 preschool classes throughout the school year. We investigated whether several fundamental processes of relationship formation were evident at this age, including reciprocity, popularity, and triadic closure effects. We expected these mechanisms to change in importance over time as the network crystallizes, allowing more complex structures to evolve from simpler ones in a process we refer to as structural cascading. We analyzed intensive longitudinal observational data of children's interactions using the SIENA actor-based model. We found evidence that reciprocity, popularity, and triadic closure all shaped the formation of preschool children's networks. The influence of reciprocity remained consistent, whereas popularity and triadic closure became increasingly important over the course of the school year. Interactions between age and endogenous network effects were non-significant, suggesting that these network formation processes were not moderated by age in this sample of young children. We discuss the implications of our longitudinal network approach and findings for the study of early network developmental processes.
"Exergaming," Corporate Interests and the Crisis Discourse of Childhood Obesity.

In this paper we explore ‘exergaming’ in schools, the latest trend influencing the physical education (PE) curriculum. Throughout the paper we investigate the various proponents of exergaming including the gaming industry, academic researchers and PE teachers. Our inquiry takes a closer look at exergaming as a pedagogical trend and describes exergaming's potential implications for the profession of PE as well as for individual students. Our methodological approach includes review and analysis of popular, scholarly and curricular texts related to the use of exergaming in schools. The analysis underscores the political nature of the curriculum and, in so doing, invites a closer look at this curricular trend by examining whose interests are served through the circulation of crisis discourses surrounding youth (ill)health and the use of these crisis discourses to justify the placement of commercial products in schools.
Cuts of Linear Orders

We study the connection between the number of ascending and descending cuts of a linear order, its classical size, and its effective complexity (how much [how little] information can be encoded into it).
Nanoparticles from photocopiers induce oxidative stress and upper respiratory tract inflammation in healthy volunteers

AbstractPhotocopiers emit large quantities of nanoparticles (NPs); however, their toxicological properties have not been studied. Here we investigate for the first time early human responses following a day's exposure to NPs from photocopiers. Nine healthy subjects spent 6 h at a busy photocopy centre on 2–3 randomly selected days. Matched nasal lavage and urine samples were collected before and at different time points post-exposure. Nasal lavage samples were analysed for 14 cytokines, inflammatory cells and total protein. Urine samples were analysed for 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG). Exposure assessment was conducted using a suite of instruments. The mean total particle number on exposure days was >5 times higher than background, with size distributions in nanoscale range (peak 30–40 nm). Following exposure, 8-OH-dG and several pro-inflammatory cytokines were elevated 2–10 folds compared with pre-exposure levels and remained elevated for up to 36 h. We conclude that NPs from photocopiers induce uppe...
Irradiation Decomposition of Carbon Dioxide

DURING investigation of the reaction between carbon dioxide and graphite induced by radiation, we have examined the decomposition by irradiation of carbon dioxide in the absence of graphite. These irradiations have been carried out in transparent silica vessels into which the required amounts of carbon dioxide are condensed before sealing off. Particular care was taken to exclude organic contaminants by cleaning the silica vessels, wool and rods in hot chromic acid, followed by three washings in hot distilled water and firing at 1,000° C. for 2 hr. in an atmosphere enriched with oxygen. Carbon dioxide was prepared from ‘Cardiee’, distilling three times before use, with rejection of first and last fractions. Mercury vapour was eliminated by the use of a trap at −78° C. placed immediately before the vessels to be filled. Analysis of the gas after irradiation was carried out by a gas chromatographic method1. The samples received a thermal neutron dose of 2.3 × 1018 n.cm.−2 in the core of the Harwell reactor Bepo. From the integrated dose of thermal neutrons as measured by cobalt wires, the energy dose received by the carbon dioxide was calculated using the calorimetric data of Anderson and Waite2.
In situ X-ray diffraction study of the δ to α′ isothermal martensitic transformation kinetics in a Pu–Ga alloy

Abstract The sequence of phase formation and the isothermal kinetics of the δ to α′ phase transformation in a Pu–1.9 at.% Ga alloy are investigated with in situ X-ray diffraction at the Advanced Photon Source. It has been proposed that the formation of a γ′ intermediate phase may be responsible for the unusual double-C curve kinetics reported for this isothermal martensitic transformation. While a γ′ intermediate phase was not observed at either −120 °C or −155 °C, an unexplained shoulder on the δ (1 1 1) peak was detected at −155 °C. The isothermal kinetics of the δ → α′ transformation appear to fit a Johnson–Mehl–Avrami–Kolmogorov equation, but the exponent is not described by existing JMAK theory. The double-C curve kinetics of the δ to α′ transformation remain unresolved in plutonium science, and understanding this behavior is key to predicting phase stability in aging Pu–Ga alloys.
A magnetically tuneable piezoresistive sensor for direct, in situ strain measurements in Li-ion batteries

This paper demonstrates the first example of using generic Li-ion battery components (nickel, carboxymethylcellulose and styrene–butadiene rubber) to prepare piezoresistive materials (PRMs) which detect the strain of lithiating Sn in operando. The PRM was prepared by mixing the three components and molding it into a desired shape. Three different types of Ni microparticle arrangement strategies were investigated to study their effects on the piezoresistive performance: an alignment parallel to or perpendicular to the direction of strain, and no alignment (control and random dispersion). The alignment was directed by an external magnetic field during sample preparation and confirmed using cross-sectional SEM images. Significant differences were found between the different alignments, with the parallel alignment resulting in the lowest percolation threshold of 4 vol% Ni and perpendicular alignment the highest of 11 vol% Ni. For a fixed fraction of Ni microparticles at 4 vol%, the difference in alignment resulted in a difference in the gauge factor by three orders of magnitude. The stress–strain curve of the prepared PRMs showed a typical response seen for porous structures, which was consistent with the SEM images. The PRM samples are compatible with the low operating potential and the organic Li-ion electrolyte, and its porous structure allows electrolyte infusion that ensures the ionic conductivity of the material. Lithiation of Sn was successfully detected as a change in resistance using a parallelly aligned PRM with no additional treatment. The method described here offers significant merits over conventional approaches: the ability to directly monitor the strain without complex modelling, the simple low cost setup that does not require specialized equipment, and the ability to easily control the PRM performance by magnetically directed assembly.