cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Lake Erie agroecosystem program: water quality assessments

In contrast with the watersheds draining into Lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron, and Ontario, where forestry is the dominant land use, the dominant land use in Lake Erie's watershed is row crop agriculture. Consequently, the tributaries draining into Lake Erie carry, on average, much larger loads of sediments, nutrients, and pesticides than do the tributaries entering the other Great Lakes. To support the development, operation, and assessment of agricultural non-point pollution control programs in the Lake Erie Basin, the major tributary watersheds are analyzed as large-scale agroecosystems, using mass balance approaches. Material export from the watersheds is based on detailed tributary loading studies which were initiated in the mid-1970s. The monitoring programs have now been in operation for up to 18 years, producing data that serve: (1) to assess the effectiveness of non-point pollution control efforts, (2) to guide future non-point pollution control programs, and (3) to illustrate many of the regional water quality impacts of agricultural land use. The water quality data illustrate the large day-to-day, season-to-season, and year-to-year variability in both pollutant concentrations and loads, which is characteristic of non-point pollution. The data also illustrate systematic shifts in pollutant concentration and loading patterns that occur in relation to watershed size. Although gross erosion rates in northwestern Ohio tributaries are relatively low, the phosphorus and nitrate export rates are high in comparison with other US streams and rivers. Analysis of the water quality data reveal significant downward trends in time for total and soluble phosphorus and significant upward trends in nitrate. The reductions in phosphorus export apparently reflect the effectiveness of agricultural pollution abatement programs that combine more careful fertilizer management with increasing use of conservation tillage. The increasing nitrate concentrations may reflect a trade-off associated with the adoption of conservation tillage.
Infrared studies of SO2 on γ-alumina

Abstract Sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) adsorption on a γ-alumina (Al 2 O 3 ) catalyst was found to be affected by two factors: the number of hydroxyl groups present and the temperature of the catalyst. Sulfur dioxide chemisorbed more readily on a well-dehydrated surface. The SO 2 uptake decreased as the temperature of the alumina catalyst was increased. At 600 °C SO 2 underwent disproportionation to form aluminum sulfate [Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 ] which could be thermally decomposed at 800 °C. The application of infrared spectroscopy disclosed that SO 2 first adsorbed on Al 2 O 3 in the form of a sulfite species (SO 3 ) yielding an infrared band at 1060 cm − , which could be removed at 600 °C. SO 2 also chemisorbed to yield a band at 1326 cm −1 at moderate surface coverage, which could be removed at 100 °C. In the presence of oxygen, SO 2 could be oxidized on Al 2 O 3 to form aluminum sulfate, as demonstrated by the formation of paired bands in the regions of 1400 and 1100 cm −1 .
Production and sorting of transgenic, modified human parathyroid hormone in vivo in rat salivary glands

Polarized salivary epithelial cells can sort secretory proteins towards either the basolateral or apical pole. Transgenic human parathyroid hormone (hPTH) exclusively sorts apically in rat submandibular glands. To help understand this specific process we modified the hPTH cDNA sequence and delivered the cDNAs to glands in vivo using adenoviral (Ad) vectors. The Ad vectors encoded: (1) the native form of hPTH (Ad.pre-pro-hPTH1-84), (2) the native sequence, but with the pro-segment deleted (Ad.pre-hPTH1-84), and (3) a sequence containing the pre-segment followed by the first 34 amino acids of hPTH (Ad.pre-hPTH1-34). hPTH production and sorting were studied after two days. All constructs were effectively transcribed in targeted glands. However, the pre-hPTH1-84 modification led to reduced hPTH secretion and production, while no immunoreactive hPTH resulted from pre-hPTH1-34 cDNA infusion. The pre-hPTH1-84 modification had no effect on apical sorting. These in vivo results show that the signal responsible for hPTH's apical sorting does not reside in the pro-segment and that deleting both the pro-segment and the carboxyl-terminal region severely impairs post-translational processing of hPTH.
The Effects of Corporate Governance on the Informativeness of Earnings

This study draws upon prior research on corporate governance and examines whether the informativeness of earnings, proxied by the earnings response coefficient varies with the percentage of outside independent directors serving on the board, the absence of CEO duality, and the presence of independent audit (AUDC), compensation (COMC), and nominating (NOMC) committees. The results suggest a positive association between the proportion of outside independent directors serving on firm’s boards and earnings informativeness. However, the results do not suggest an association between non-CEO duality, or independent AUDC, COMC, and NOMC and earnings informativeness.
Policymakers' Use of Social Science Research Technology Assessment in the U.S. Congress

Technology assessment (TA) is one model for synthesizing social science research and theory for policymakers. TA requires an unbiased assessment of social research presented in understandable and policy-relevant form. This article describes the conduct of three studies for the Congressional Office of Technology Assessment (OTA) concerned with psychotherapy, treatment for alcoholism, and the conduct of polygraph tests. The studies indicate the potential for systematic integrations of social research and their function in a political and policy environment. Review of these studies suggests that theory is critical in policy research and that social research, rather than a decision-making tool, can serve an "educative" function aiding policymakers to understand complexity.
The use of calorimetry and thermodynamic analysis in probing the molecular details of biochemical processes : activation of phospholipase A2

Abstract In this paper we describe the overall strategy used in deducing a molecular model for the activation of phospholipase A 2 on lipid bilayer vesicles. The overall reaction includes two irreversible processes, enzyme activation and lipid hydrolysis, which complicate interpretation of the experimental data. Our approach includes the use of calorimetry to define the thermodynamics of some reversible subprocesses and to describe the thermotropic behavior of the lipid substrate; fluorescence spectroscopy to monitor equilibrium and irreversible changes in the enzyme and vesicle; and a pH stat to monitor the hydrolysis time course. Application of thermodynamic constraints and computer simulation of possible models allows elimination of several models for the activation process. The only model which is compatible with all the data is one in which the soluble, monomeric enzyme binds passively to the membrane surface, forms dimers reversibly and then spontaneously undergoes a quasi-irreversible change in structure to become maximally active. The degree of active enzyme-substrate association must be defined in steady-state rather than equilibrium thermodynamic terms. Furthermore, the rate of spontaneous activation is strongly coupled to dynamic structural changes in the vesicles which depend upon temperature and vesicle composition. The nature of the coupling between lipid structure changes and enzyme activation are being investigated using fluorescence spectroscopy and microcalorimetry.
Impact of iatrogenic, excessive, nondietary sodium administration in patients with acute heart failure exacerbation on hospital length of stay.

Study Objective. To investigate the sources and quantities of nondietary sodium administration in patients hospitalized for acute heart failure exacerbation, and to evaluate the impact of sodium administration on length of stay. Design. Retrospective analysis. Setting. University-affiliated medical center. Patients. One hundred and eighty-two consecutive patients admitted to a cardiac intensive care unit for acute heart failure exacerbation between January 1 and June 30, 2009. Measurements and Main Results. Drug therapy profiles of all patients were reviewed for sources and quantities of nondietary sodium administration, and the impact of sodium administration on hospital stay was analyzed. The mean ± SD nondietary sodium load was 4.0 ± 5.0 g/day. The predominant sources of sodium were intravenous 0.9% or 0.45% sodium chloride. The daily amount of sodium administration was directly related to the duration of hospital stay, with an average sodium load of 1.2 g/day correlating with hospital stays of up to 5 days, and an average of 2.6 g/day correlating with hospital stays of up to 10 days. Conclusion. We observed excessive sodium administration in patients hospitalized for acute exacerbation of heart failure. We speculate that reducing sodium administration in these patents may reduce length of hospital stay and cost of hospitalization.
Deep flow in the Madagascar and Mascarene basins

Abstract Confirming a prediction of deep circulation theory, hydrographic sections along 3ats. 12°S and 23°S between Madagascara nd the Central Indian Ridge exhibit a western boundary current flowing northward close against Madagascar at depths greater than 3000–3500 m. It is 300–400 km wide at Lat. 12°S, and its volum transport is etiamted geostrophically to be 4–5 × 106 m3s−1. The current dervies from deep water int he Circumpolar Current, which moves northward into the western Crozet Basin and appears to pass into the Madagascar Basin near 27°S, 65°E. It is uncertain what fraction of the current continues northward into the Somali Basin. In the layer 2000–3000 m, property distributions in the Madagascar and Mascarenee basis are ambiguous concerning the sense of flow, and there are no boundary currents; geostrophic considerations suggest a net flow northwards of perhaps 1 × 106 m3 s−1 in this layer. Evidently very little of the high-salinity deep water in the Mozambique Basin passes northward into other parts of the Indian Ocean. Some general problematical aspects of these observations for deep circulation theory are noted briefly.
A first-generation physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model of alpha-tocopherol in human influenza vaccine adjuvant

Abstract Alpha (α)-tocopherol is a component of a new generation of squalene-containing oil-in-water (SQ/W) emulsion adjuvants that have been licensed for use in certain influenza vaccines. Since regulatory pharmacokinetic studies are not routinely required for influenza vaccines, the in vivo fate of this vaccine constituent is largely unknown. In this study, we constructed a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for emulsified α-tocopherol in human adults and infants. An independent sheep PBPK model was also developed to inform the local preferential lymphatic transfer and for the purpose of model evaluation. The PBPK model predicts that α-tocopherol will be removed from the injection site within 24 h and rapidly transfer predominantly into draining lymph nodes. A much lower concentration of α-tocopherol was estimated to peak in plasma within 8 h. Any systemically absorbed α-tocopherol was predicted to accumulate slowly in adipose tissue, but not in other tissues. Model evaluation and uncertainty analyses indicated acceptable fit, with the fraction of dose taken up into the lymphatics as most influential on plasma concentration. In summary, this study estimates the in vivo fate of α-tocopherol in adjuvanted influenza vaccine, may be relevant in explaining its immunodynamics in humans, and informs current regulatory risk-benefit analyses.
SU-E-T-255: Monte Carlo Quantification of Dose Distributions Around Thin Lead Foils

Purpose: Patients are increasingly undergoing radiotherapy procedures, in which small metals are implanted in the body for target localization in IGRT or dose enhancement. Previously we proposed the polymer gel dosimetry technique for measurement of 3D dose distributions around small metallic materials including thin foils. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of separation between thin metallic objects and 3D dose distributions using a Monte Carlo method and to provide theoretical data which will be compared with the measurement data. Methods: DOSxyz was used to perform Monte Carlo simulations of a two lead foil setup. The Mohan 24MV spectrum was used as a radiation source with 5cm x 5cm collimation at a 100 SSD. The foils had dimensions 1cm × 1cm × 0.5mm and had separations of 2mm, 5mm, 7mm, 10mm and 15mm. The phantom size was 16cm × 16cm × 28cm. Simulations were performed on custom Intel I7 machines with various histories (100 million to 1 billion). Percent depth dose curves were determined, then the minimum dose between the foils was recorded and compared to the dose without the foil. The plots were normalized against the maximum dose point. Results: The minimum dose enhancement ratios between two foils were 1.47, 1.29, 1.18, 1.13 and 1.08 for the separation of 2, 5, 7, 10, and 15 mm, respectively. The dose enhancement ratio exponentially decreased with the separation. The Monte Carlo simulation results were in agreement with experimental data previously obtained with films. Conclusion: The degree of dose enhancement around thin lead foils was determined by the Monte Carlo method. It is expected that other high Z materials such as gold will behave in similar manner. The results would be used to identify optimal placement of materials for measurement by a polymer‐gel dosimeter.
Playing cards with Thomas Kuhn: A critical reexamination of the Bruner and Postman (1949) experiment.

Two experiments replicated Bruner and Postman (1949), on which Kuhn (1962, 1970) relied in his argument that humans resist experience that is incongruous with their expectations—an argument essenti...
Support for cooperatively controlled objects in multimedia applications

This paper presents a class of objects that facilitate building software for "close collaboration." A definition is given for "cooperatively controlled objects" and three example activities are described.
The structure of kinks at dislocation interphase boundaries and their role in boundary migration—I. Experimental observation of kink motion

Abstract The role of kinks in dislocation ledge motion during precipitation of γ′ plates in an Al-Ag alloy was studied by conventional, high-resolution and in situ hot-stage TEM techniques. It is shown that kinks are necessary for motion of the dislocation interphase boundary and that kinks may be produced by orientation, thermal and intersection events. Analysis of the behavior of kinks at the interphase boundary utilizing isotropic dislocation theory is in reasonable agreement with experimental observations.
Negative-index imaging by an index-matched photonic crystal slab

We report negative-index imaging at near infrared wavelengths using a photonic crystal (PC) with an effective index matched closely to air as the incident medium. A tapered waveguide is used to generate a point-sourcelike object field; and to probe the focusing behavior of the PC, an array of $500\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}$ wide photonic wire waveguides is placed in the backplane of the PC lens. This represents a sampling of the image field at the rate of one data point per free space wavelength $({\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{0})$. For TM polarization, a well-defined $1.7{\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{0}$ spot is observed, while the TE polarization lies near the photonic band edge and exhibits spreading and low transmission. We also investigate the wavelength dependence and experimentally show the performance of the negative index lens as a function of frequency.
Pathogenic murine coronaviruses. III. Biological and biochemical characterization of temperature-sensitive mutants of JHMV.

JHMV is a neurotropic member of the hepatoencephalitis group of murine coronaviridae. The characteristics of the biology and intracellular viral RNA synthesis and the intracellular viral protein synthesis of JHMV are discussed in the two previous papers, respectively. This paper describes the neuropathogenesis of JHMV and the isolation and characterization of 34 temperature-sensitive mutants of JHMV. These mutants were selected for their inability to induce syncytia formation after low multiplicity infection (m.o.i. = 0.1 iU) in BALB/c 17CL-1 cells at 38.5° as compared to the induction of syncytia at 33°. N-Methyl-N′-nitrosoguanidine (14 mutants) and 5-fluorouridine (20 mutants) were used as mutagens at a concentration that reduced infectivity by 90–95%. Characterization of these mutants included: induction of syncytia; synthesis of JHMV-specific intracellular RNA; progeny yields at 33, 37, and 38.5°; synthesis of JHMV-specific antigens as determined by indirect immunofluorescence and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; virion thermostability; neuropathogenesis including isolation of virus from infected brain, immunofluorescence of infected brain, and histopathology of brain and spinal cord by light and transmission electron microscopy; ability to protect mice from a lethal JHMV infection; and complementation. RNA-minus (1734), RNA-intermediate (1434), and RNA-plus (334) groups were defined. One mutant, N3, produces chronic meningitis and demyelination without typical JHMV encephalitis in spite of the fact that neurons are infected as detected by immunofluorescence. This altered neuropathogenesis cannot be explained by “leakiness” or reversion. In addition, non-temperature-sensitive variants of JHMV have been selected for altered neuropathogenesis and are described.
Flank Wear Estimation Under Varying Cutting Conditions

A model-based methodology, designed to operate under varying cutting conditions, for on-line estimation of flank-wear rate based on cutting force measurements is introduced. The key idea is to employ a model of the relationship between force and flank wear, together with on-line parameter estimation methods. This permits separation of the direct effect of changing cutting conditions on force from the indirect effect where changing cutting conditions affect the wear which, in turn, affects the force. Simulation results confirm the effectiveness of this strategy for turning with varying speed, feed, or depth of cut. Experiments, conducted for turning operations with a varying depth of cut, show good agreement between estimated wear values and the actual values of tool wear measured intermittently during the cut.
Oligocrystalline Shape Memory Alloys

Copper-based shape memory alloys (SMAs) exhibit excellent shape memory properties in single crystalline form. However, when they are polycrystalline, their shape memory properties are severely compromised by brittle fracture arising from transformation strain incompatibility at grain boundaries and triple junctions. Oligocrystalline shape memory alloys (oSMAs) are microstructurally designed SMA structures in which the total surface area exceeds the total grain boundary area, and triple junctions can even be completely absent. Here it is shown how an oligocrystalline structure provides a means of achieving single crystal-like SMA properties without being limited by constraints of single crystal processing. Additionally, the formation of oSMAs typically involves the reduction of the size scale of specimens, and sample size effects begin to emerge. Recent findings on a size effect on the martensitic transformation in oSMAs are compared and a new regime of heat transfer associated with the transformation heat evolution in these alloys is discussed. New results on unassisted two-way shape memory and the effect of loading rate in oSMAs are also reported.
Language Ideology and Dialect: Understanding the Oakland Ebonics Controversy

L'A. reexamine quelques questions centrales du grand debat sur l'anglais vernaculaire de la communaute noire americaine. Ces questions sont liees aux croyances particulieres sur la nature du langage et des activites impliquant la langue. L'interpretation et la representation des questions concernant la langue sont soustendues par une ideologie. L'A. analyse les differences entre les interpretations populaires des questions de langue et le point de vue professionnel et sociolinguistique de ces questions
Improving Adherence to Inhaled Corticosteroids in Children With Asthma: A Pilot of a Randomized Clinical Trial

This study examined the efficacy of an educational and behavioral intervention designed to improve adherence to inhaled corticosteroids in children with asthma. Fifteen children and their caregivers were randomly assigned to either a targeted educational and behavioral intervention (treatment group) or a broader psychoeducational condition (comparison group). Given the small sample size, data were analyzed using pooled time series analysis (PTSA), a unique statistical methodology that treats observations for each participant as a separate case and provides statistical power in small samples. Participants in the treatment group showed significant improvements in adherence (16.38%) during the intervention. Participants in both groups also made clinically meaningful improvements in pulmonary function. This study addressed various limitations of previous intervention research and demonstrated that a targeted intervention including educational and behavioral components was effective in improving adherence to i...
Optical Phase Conjugation of Broadband Laser Beam with Stimulated Brillouin Scattering

We propose a new technique for optical phase conjugation of broad band laser beams using stimulated Brillouin scattering. The application of the technique for correcting phase aberrations in pump beams with bandwidths up to 30 GHz is demonstrated. Extension to greater bandwidths is discussed.
Binding of an electron to a molecular dipole: BeF 2−

Results of extended-basis SCF calculations indicate that BeF may exist as a metastable species. Comparison of results obtained from SCF calculations on neutral BeF2 with those of BeF shows that the orbital occupied by the electron of BeF is well approximated by the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital of neutral BeF2.
Can the starpatch on Xi Bootis A be explained by using tangential flows

It is demonstrated that a modification of the starpatch model of Toner and Gray (1988), using tangential flows instead of an enhanced granulation velocity dispersion within the patch, is very successful at reproducing both the observed line asymmetry and the line broadening variations observed in the G8 dwarf Xi Boo A. Areal coverage of 10 percent + or - 3 percent of the visible disk, latitude 30 deg + or - 4 deg, mean brightness 0.85 + or - 0.05 relative to the 'quiet' photosphere, mean tangential flow velocities of 8.0 + or - 1.5 km/s, and dispersions about the mean of 8/0 + or - 2.0 km/s are inferred for the patch. A feature at a latitude of about 30 deg is inferred which covers about 10 percent of the visible disk and is 10-20 percent fainter than the rest of the photosphere. It is inferred that 70-80 percent of the patch is penumbra.
Influence of Herbicide Application Timing on Corn Production in a Hairy Vetch Cover Crop

The time of killing a hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) cover crop relative to planting no- tillage corn (Zea mays L.) is critical to optimizing the benefits derived from the cover crop mulch. Research was conducted to determine the optimum timing for herbicide application to control hairy vetch for no-tillage corn production. Herbicides were applied 1 to 3 wk before planting corn (preplant), immediately after planting corn (preemergence), or after corn emergence (postemergence). Herbicide plots were split by N sidedressing at 0 or 80 lb/acre. Biomass of hairy vetch increased by an average of 1620 lb/acre and N content increased by an average of 44 lb/acre between the preplant and preemergence application dates but little change occurred between the preemergence and postemergence application dates. Despite this N increase between herbicide applications, herbicide application date had no effect on corn response to sidedressed N. Soil texture did appear to influence corn response to sidedressed N; corn yield was higher when N was sidedressed in two experiments on coarse-textured soils but was not influenced by sidedressing in two experiments on fine-textured soils. Yield was higher when corn was grown with the preplant herbicide program than the preemergence herbicide program in one of four experiments and higher when corn was grown with the preplant herbicide program than the postemergence herbicide program in three of four experiments. Results indicate that optimum yield of corn grown in a hairy vetch cover crop requires killing vetch before planting but sidedressing with N may only be necessary on coarse-textured soils.
CAMD: the new synchrotron light source in Louisiana

This is a facility report of the J. Bennett Johnston, Sr., Center for Advanced Microstructures and Devices, a new synchrotron-radiation laboratory at Louisiana State University. The accelerator system is described and the radiation characteristics are presented and compared with hypothetical ultra-bright synchrotron sources. The comparison is made to demonstrate the utility of a second-generation `work horse' in the world of the new very-low-emittance machines. In addition to these technical parameters, a brief history of the Center and an overview of the program are presented.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Effects of processing variables on the optical-to-chemical conversion efficiencies of sintered TiO2 photoanodes

Sintered TiO2 photoanodes have been prepared by COCO2 reductions over a range of pO2 values from 10−4 to 10−12 atm. Effects of reduction and surface preparation on the optical-to-chemical conversion efficiencies are reported.
Treatment of limb-threatening ischemia despite a palpable popliteal pulse

Abstract Management of patients with limb-threatening ischemia despite a palpable popliteal pulse remains controversial. We have performed femorodistal bypass procedures on 26 such patients. There was no operative mortality. Functional limb salvage for more than a year has been achieved in 17 patients. Life table limb-salvage rates at 1 and 2 years were 82.5 and 74%, respectively.
3D motion tracking of pulmonary lesions using CT fluoroscopy images for robotically assisted lung biopsy

We are developing a prototype system for robotically assisted lung biopsy. For directing the robot in biopsy needle placement, we propose a non-invasive algorithm to track the 3D position of the target lesion using 2D CT fluoroscopy image sequences. A small region of the CT fluoroscopy image is registered to a corresponding region in a pre-operative CT volume to infer the position of the target lesion with respect to the imaging plane. The registration is implemented in a coarse to fine fashion. The local deformation between the two regions is modeled by an affine transformation. The sum-of-squared-differences (SSD) between the two regions is minimized using the Levenberg-Marquardt method. Multi-resolution and multi-start strategies are used to avoid local minima. As a result, multiple candidate transformations between the two regions are obtained, from which the true transformation is selected by similarity voting. The true transformation of each frame of the CT fluoroscopy image is then incorporated into a Kalman filter to predict the lesion’s position for the next frame. Tests were completed to evaluate the performance of the algorithm using a respiratory motion simulator and a swine animal study.
Caregiving, mortality, and mobility decline: the Health, Aging, and Body Composition (Health ABC) Study.

Background Although caregivers report more stress than noncaregivers, few studies have found greater health decline in older caregivers. We hypothesized that caregivers may be more physically active than noncaregivers, which may protect them from health decline. Methods The sample included 3075 healthy adults from the Health, Aging, and Body Composition (Health ABC) Study. They were aged 70 to 79 years in April 1997 to June 1998 and resided in Memphis, Tennessee, or Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Caregivers (680 [22.1%]) were participants who provided regular care or assistance for a child or a disabled or sick adult. Outcomes included all-cause mortality and incident mobility limitation (defined as difficulty walking one-quarter mile or climbing 10 steps on 2 consecutive semiannual contacts) during 8 years. Total physical activity included daily routine, exercise, and caregiving activity. Results Overall, 20.6% of caregivers died and 50.9% developed mobility limitations vs 22.0% and 48.9% of noncaregivers, respectively. Associations differed by race and sex. Mortality and mobility limitation rates were 1.5 times higher in white caregivers (eg, among white female caregivers, adjusted hazard ratio for mortality, 1.6; 95% confidence interval, 1.0-2.5) but not for black female caregivers vs noncaregivers (adjusted hazard ratio for mortality, 0.9; 95% confidence interval, 0.5-1.4). Physical activity mediated these associations in most race-sex groups. High-intensity caregivers (ie, caregiving ≥24 hours per week) had elevated rates of decline when adjusted for physical activity but lower rates when not adjusted for activity. Conclusion Older white caregivers have poorer health outcomes than black female caregivers. Physical activity appears to mask the adverse effects of high-intensity caregiving in most race-sex groups.
Improved Target Prediction Using An IR Imager

Conventional algorithms for predicting the position of a maneuvering target are based upon the point-mass properties of the target; e.g., the position and velocity of the "center-of-gravity". In addition to providing estimates of these tradi-tional target states, an IR imaging sensor can be used to make inferences regarding the "fine structure" of the target. For example, the orientation of the target with respect to the image plane has a major impact on the perceived tracking dynamics. It follows, therefore, that an algorithm which utilizes orientation information will tend to make smaller mean-square prediction errors than does one which is based upon point-mass states alone. This paper presents a image-based algorithm for predicting the position of an evasive target moving in space or the upper atmosphere where the aerodynamic drag is small. This paper employs a simple stochastic model of acceleration and orientation dynamics to derive a useful prediction algorithm. This prediction has an easily computed form even in the presence of interfeature dependence. The paper concludes with a simple example illustrating the procedures proposed in the paper. The relationship of this approach with a "constant-velocity' extrapolation is made explicit in the example.
Microwave imaging for breast cancer detection: Advances in three — Dimensional image reconstruction

Microwave imaging is based on the electrical property (permittivity and conductivity) differences in materials. Microwave imaging for biomedical applications is particularly interesting, mainly due to the fact that available range of dielectric properties for different tissues can provide important functional information about their health. Under the assumption that a 3D scattering problem can be reasonably represented as a simplified 2D model, one can take advantage of the simplicity and lower computational cost of 2D models to characterize such 3D phenomenon. Nonetheless, by eliminating excessive model simplifications, 3D microwave imaging provides potentially more valuable information over 2D techniques, and as a result, more accurate dielectric property maps may be obtained. In this paper, we present some advances we have made in three-dimensional image reconstruction, and show the results from a 3D breast phantom experiment using our clinical microwave imaging system at Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center (DHMC), NH.
The hsp90 cochaperone p23 is the limiting component of the multiprotein hsp90/hsp70-based chaperone system in vivo where it acts to stabilize the client protein: hsp90 complex.

A variety of signaling proteins form heterocomplexes with and are regulated by the heat shock protein chaperone hsp90. These complexes are formed by a multiprotein machinery, including hsp90 and hsp70 as essential and abundant components and Hop, hsp40, and p23 as non-essential cochaperones that are present in much lower abundance in cells. Overexpression of signaling proteins can overwhelm the capacity of this machinery to properly assemble heterocomplexes with hsp90. Here, we show that the limiting component of this assembly machinery in vitro in reticulocyte lysate and in vivo in Sf9 cells is p23. Only a fraction of glucocorticoid receptors (GR) overexpressed in Sf9 cells are in heterocomplex with hsp90 and have steroid binding activity, with the majority of the receptors present as both insoluble and cytosolic GR aggregates. Coexpression of p23 with the GR increases the proportion of cytosolic receptors that are in stable GR·hsp90 heterocomplexes with steroid binding activity, a strictly hsp90-dependent activity for the GR. Coexpression of p23 eliminates the insoluble GR aggregates and shifts the cytosolic receptor from very large aggregates without steroid binding activity to ∼600-kDa heterocomplexes with steroid binding activity. These data lead us to conclude that p23 acts in vivo to stabilize hsp90 binding to client protein.
Available models for breast cancer risk assessment: how accurate are they?

graphic location, environmental exposure, and diet. Risk factors that confer relative risks greater than 4 are arbitrarily categorized as risk factors associated with high risk of developing breast cancer. Those risk factors with relative risks of 2 to 4 and less than 2 are those that confer moderately and slightly increased risks of developing breast cancer, respectively. These risk factors are tabulated in Table 1. It is important to recognize that although risk factors are characterized as “high” and “low,” there is no consensus on what level of risk in an individual is sufficient to classify her as high risk. In addition, most epidemiologic studies focus on a single risk factor of interest, and fail to consider the effects of various combinations of risk factors that may both increase and decrease risk, which characterize the risk profiles of most
Complete metabolic response is not uniformly predictive of complete pathologic response after induction therapy for esophageal cancer.

Background Positron emission tomography scanning is used to assess response to induction therapy after treatment of esophageal cancer. A decrease in standardized uptake value has been correlated with response to therapy, with a standardized uptake value of zero often assumed to indicate complete absence of disease. We hypothesize that a significant number of patients may have residual esophageal cancer despite complete metabolic response (CMR). Methods A prospective database was reviewed for esophageal cancer patients receiving induction therapy followed by esophagectomy on whom both preinduction and postinduction positron emission tomography scans were obtained. Patients with a postinduction SUV of 0 (or "no uptake") were categorized as complete metabolic responders. Survival was calculated by the Kaplan-Meier statistic. Results Among 120 patients, 32 (27%) had postinduction CMR after chemotherapy (21 of 81, 26%) or chemoradiation (11 of 39, 28%). At surgery, 19 patients (59%) with CMR had residual disease, including 12 (38%) with nodal metastases. Even among patients with a negative postinduction biopsy, 4 of 10 (40%) had residual disease. Final pathologic stages of patients with CMR were yp0 (complete pathologic response) in 13 (41%), ypI in 4 (12%), ypII in 9 (28%), and ypIII in 6 (19%). Three-year survival was 83% in the CMR group versus 41% in the remainder of the cohort ( p = 0.02). Conclusions A CMR on postinduction positron emission tomography scan predicts but should not be assumed to be synonymous with complete pathologic response in esophageal cancer patients. The presence of residual disease should be strongly considered despite CMR and negative biopsy in patients receiving induction therapy.
Three-Dimensional Polarization Control in Microscopy

We propose an approach to optical microscopy that enables full control over the three-dimensional polarization vector at the focal spot of a high-numerical-aperture lens. The input field to the lens is linearly polarized and no polarization optics are needed. This technique utilizes the azimuthal spatial degree of freedom of the input field. We find that only a small set of low-order azimuthal spatial harmonics contributes to the focused field on axis, and a simple transformation exists between the linear vector space of these harmonics and the three-dimensional polarization-vector space. Controlling the relative complex weights of these azimuthal harmonics produces any desired three-dimensional state of polarization.
Uniform homeomorphisms of Banach spaces and asymptotic structure

We give a general result on the behavior of spreading models in Banach spaces which coarse Lipschitz-embed into asymptotically uniformly convex spaces. We use this result to study the uniqueness of the uniform structure in p-sums of finite-dimensional spaces for 1 < p < ∞; in particular we give some new examples of spaces with unique uniform structure.
Application of Mössbauer spectroscopy in the characterization of nanostructured materials

Abstract Understanding of nanostructured materials is often limited by experimental characterization methods that measure only bulk properties. For example, numerous studies have characterized nanostructured materials using X-ray diffraction for phases present, average grain size, internal strain, etc. In this study, Mossbauer analysis is used to characterize the local atomic site characterization, distribution, and concentrations of attrition milled nanostructure powder. Interatomic analysis provided insight into the mechanical alloying process and the resulting nanostructure not previously reported. Iron powder, blends of iron with 2 wt% aluminum powder, and prealloyed iron–aluminum powder were processed with both argon and nitrogen gas as the processing environments. Mechanical processing resulted in micrometer-size particles with essentially defect-free nanograin interiors. Mechanical alloying iron powder with aluminum resulted in the aluminum being restricted to the grain boundary region. Mechanical processing iron powder in a nitrogen gas environment resulted in nitrogen being either on the grain boundary or in the outer layer of the grain boundary distorting the local b.c.c.-Fe lattice into a b.c.t.-Fe lattice.
METHOTREXATE USE IN MISCELLANEOUS INFLAMMATORY DISEASES

This review of methotrexate (MTX) treatment is meant to be a descriptive and inclusive summary and to provide the reader with a ready overview of the subject. Some critical analysis of individual reports is included, but because of the large number of conditions presented and the nonuniform nature of the various reports, detailed discussions about the relative role for MTX among many treatment alternatives is beyond the scope of this article.
Chaotic communications using synchronized semiconductor lasers with optoelectronic feedback

Abstract The concepts and progress made in the research on chaotic communications using semiconductor lasers with optoelectronic feedback are reviewed. Recent experimental results are presented to demonstrate the feasibility and performance of this chaotic communication system at a high bit rate of 2.5 Gb/s with a message encoding scheme of additive chaos modulation. The message is completely blended into the chaotic fluctuations in the time domain and is spread over the broad chaotic spectrum in the frequency domain. This system has the ability to maintain identical synchronization for high performance at a high message bit rate and at a large message strength. To cite this article: J.-M. Liu, S. Tang, C. R. Physique 5 (2004).
87Rb, 85Rb, and 39K NMR Studies of Alkalides, Electrides, and Related Compounds

Alkali metal anions generally have narrow NMR lines that are only slightly shifted from those calculated for the gaseous anion. When, however, the anions form contact dimers, as in K+(cryptand[2.2.2])K- and Rb+(cryptand[2.2.2])Rb-, or chains, as in Rb+(18-crown-6)Rb-, the NMR peak of the alkali metal anion is significantly broadened and shifted paramagnetically. In order to obtain reliable quadrupole coupling constants, asymmetry parameters, and chemical shifts from polycrystalline samples of alkalides and electrides, spin−echo 87Rb, 85Rb, and 39K static NMR spectra were obtained for 9 alkalides, 3 electrides, and 11 model compounds. A puzzling distortion of the powder line shapes of two alkalides, an electride, and a model salt was traced to orientation-dependent transverse relaxation times (T2) by studies of the single-crystal 87Rb NMR spectra of Rb+(cryptand[2.2.2])Cl-. To analyze the NMR powder patterns, a general computer program was developed and coupled to a nonlinear least-squares fitting program.
ACUTE AND CHRONIC EFFECTS OF hGH ON LIPOPROTEINS IN CHILDREN WITH GROWTH HORMONE DEFICIENCY

Ten prepubertal Growth Hormone deficient subjects, aged 2 - 13 6/12 years old, 3 females and 7 males (3 F, 7 M), received 0.1 u/kg human GH (hGH) daily with lipoproteins (HDL-C) measured before and at the end of 4 days of hGH. Nine patients received long term hGH 0.1 u/kg 3 times per week with HDL-C measured at 3 months, 6 months and 12 months. The diagnoses were: craniopharyngioma, 4; idiopathic GH deficiency, 4; and septo-optic dysplasia, 2. Ten patients completed the acute study; 9 patients, (3 F and 6 M) completed 3 months; 7 patients, (2 F and 5 M) completed 6 months, and 5 m completed the 12 month studies. All subjects but one had a decrease in the HDL-C (mean ± S.E. 50.1 ± 4.0 to 41.8 ± 2.9, p <0.025 - paired t test) in the acute phase. In the chronic study no significant change of HDL-C was noted before and at 3 months, 6 months or 12 months after hGH treatment. (mean ±S.E. 50.1 ± 4.0, 49.8 ± 3.0, 50.0 ± 3.4 and 47.2 ± 5.9 mg/dl) respectively. Testosterone levels did not change (10 subjects).
Oil-Switched Planar Blumlein Pulse Generators for Dielectric Wall Accelerators

We are developing oil-switched, planar-Blumlein pulse-generators for use in high-gradient dielectric-wall accelerators (DWA). This technology is applicable to a variety of applications including both proton and electron accelerators. In our designs, simple spark-gap switches are very tightly integrated to the ends of solid-insulated planar-Blumlein pulse - forming lines. We can operate the switches with either pressurized gas or liquid (oil). By using oil as the switching medium, we have eliminated the requirement for a pressure interface around the switch. We immerse the entire assembly including the switch region in oil. In gas switches, switch-gap and pressure are the free parameters to set the operating voltage. With oil switches, the adjustment parameters are gap and charging time. We have built a single-stage prototype with Mylar/Oil insulation that generates a 5-ns pulse with <1-ns risetime. To date, we have achieved an operating gradient of 38 MV/m with a goal of 50 MV/m into a matched load using 50 ns pulse-charge time. We operate the switch in self-break mode. For multi-stage versions, we plan on adding triggers to the switches. We present our experimental design and most recent results.
P23H opsin knock-in mice reveal a novel step in retinal rod disc morphogenesis

Retinal rod photoreceptor cells have double membrane discs located in their outer segments (ROS) that are continuously formed proximally from connecting cilia (CC) and phagocytized distally by the retinal pigmented epithelium. The major component of these rod discs, the light-sensitive visual pigment rhodopsin (Rho), consists of an opsin protein linked to 11-cis-retinal. The P23H mutation of rod opsin (P23H opsin) is the most common cause of human blinding autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa (adRP). A mouse model of adRP with this mutation (Rho(P23H/+)) shows low levels of P23H opsin protein, partial misalignment of discs and progressive retinal degeneration. However, the impact of mutant P23H opsin on the formation of abnormal discs is unclear and it is still unknown whether this mutant pigment can mediate phototransduction. Using transretinal ERG recordings, we demonstrate that P23H mutant Rho can trigger phototransduction but Rho(P23H/P23H) rods are ∼17 000-fold less sensitive to light than Rho(+/+) rods and produce abnormally fast photo-responses. By analyzing homozygous Rho(P23H/P23H) knock-in mice, we show that P23H opsin is transported to ciliary protrusions where it forms sagittally elongated discs. Transmission electron microscopy of postnatal day (PND) 14 Rho(P23H/+) mouse retina revealed disordered sagittally oriented discs before the onset of retinal degeneration. Surprisingly, we also observed smaller, immature sagittally oriented discs in PND14 Rho(+/)(-) and Rho(+/+) mice that were not seen in older animals. These findings provide fundamental insights into the pathogenesis of the P23H mutant opsin and reveal a novel early sagittally aligned disc formation step in normal ROS disc expansion.
Ultrasound findings in HIV-positive patients with parotid gland swellings *

Abstract Purpose: This study aimed to determine the role that ultrasound might play in evaluating parotid swellings in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 disease. Patients and Methods: The parotid glands of 13 HIV-positive patients, who were previously diagnosed as seropositive and who were referred because they had unilateral or bilateral parotid gland swellings, were examined sonographically. Results: All patients showed multiple and varied parotid sonolucent areas bilaterally. These patterns reflected the presence of lymphoepithelial cysts, intraparotid lymphadenopathies, and parenchymal lymphoproliferation. Conclusion: Because parotid swellings can represent early clinical evidence of HIV disease, comprehensive gland evaluation is mandatory. Ultrasound offers a simple, rapid imaging technique to ascertain the nature of the glandular pathology. © 2001 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Lower bounds on power dissipation for DSP algorithms

The author presents a fundamental mathematical basis for determining the lower bounds on power dissipation in digital signal processing (DSP) algorithms. This basis is derived from information-theoretic arguments. In particular, a digital signal processing algorithm is viewed as a process of information transfer with an inherent information transfer rate requirement of R bits/sec. Different architectures implementing a given algorithm are equivalent to different communication networks each with a certain capacity C (also in bits/sec). The absolute lower bound on the power dissipation for any given architecture is then obtained by minimizing the signal power such that its channel capacity C is equal to the desired information transfer rate R. The proposed framework is employed to determine the lower bounds for simple digital filters. Furthermore, lower bounds on the power dissipation achievable via adiabatic logic are also presented, thus demonstrating the versatility of the proposed approach.
Fast PEALD ZnO Thin-Film Transistor Circuits

We report stable high-mobility ZnO thin-film transistors (TFTs) and fast circuits fabricated using a novel weak reactant plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition (PEALD) process. This PEALD process is a highly scalable manufacturable process and is a faster and simpler alternative to conventional atomic layer deposition. Using PEALD, we have deposited highly crystalline (002) textured ZnO thin films at a low temperature (200°C). Using PEALD ZnO films, we have fabricated high-mobility TFTs (20-30 cm2/V ·s), which have < 100-mV threshold voltage shifts after bias stress at 80°C for 20 000 s. Using these high-performance TFTs, we have also fabricated simple 15-stage ring oscillator circuits with a propagation delay of 22 ns/stage for a supply voltage of 16 V, which, to the best of our knowledge, are the fastest ZnO TFT circuits reported to date.