cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ocular Granulocytic Sarcoma: A Case Report and Literature Review of Ocular Extramedullary Acute Myeloid Leukemia

Ocular granulocytic sarcoma (OGS) is a rare complication of acute myeloid leukemia (AML).1 Postmortem, the choroid is most commonly affected, with conjunctival involvement in only 2% to 4% of cases.2 Only 1 case series, few adult OGS cases, and several pediatric cases have been reported.2,3 Herein, we describe a subconjunctival relapse of acute myelomonocytic leukemia (AML-M4) and review the literature.
Development of a Gear Oil Scuff Test (GOST) Procedure to Predict Adhesive Wear Resistance of Turbine Engine Lubricants

The Ryder gear test has been widely used to define the antiwear characteristics of lubricating oils intended for use in aviation gear boxes. However, an accelerated procedure is required, particularly for the screening and development of new lubricants, due to the cost and complexity of the Ryder test. The present study is a development of previous work that evaluated the suitability of a number of apparatus. Initial screening work indicated that a ball-on-rotating cylinder contact geometry had the potential to effectively predict the results of the Ryder gear test. The present work describes the development of the test procedure and confirms that similar wear mechanisms exist in both instances. Indeed, the calculated contact flash temperature in both the Ryder and ball-on-cylinder contacts was almost identical at the onset of scuffing. A simple model was developed to predict the effects of lubricant viscosity on the gear contact. Excellent correlation was observed between the model and the measured effec...
Competing hydrogen-bond and halogen-bond donors in crystal engineering

In order to study the structure-directing competition between hydrogen- and halogen-bond donors we have synthesized two ligands, 3,3′-azobipyridine and 4,4′-azobipyridine, and co-crystallized them with a series of bi-functional donor molecules comprising an activated halogen-bond donor (I or Br) as well as a hydrogen-bond donor (acid, phenol or oxime) on the same backbone. Based on the subsequent single-crystal analysis, 5 of 6 co-crystals of 3,3′-azobipyridine are assembled using hydrogen bonds as the primary driving force accompanied by weaker secondary (C–X⋯O) interactions. However, in 5 out of the 6 co-crystals of 4,4′-azobipyridine, both hydrogen bonds (O–H⋯N) and halogen bonds (C–X⋯N) are present as structure-directing interactions leading to 1-D chains. Since the charges on the acceptor sites in 3,3′- and 4,4′-azobipyridine are very similar, the observed difference in binding behaviour highlights the importance of binding-site location on the acceptor molecules (anti-parallel in 3,3′-azobipyridine and co-linear in 4,4′-azobipyridine) as a direct influence over the structural balance between hydrogen- and halogen-bond donors.
Porphyric insecticides. IV: Structure-activity study of substituted phenanthrolines†

The porphyric-insecticide-modulating activities of 1,10-phenanthroline and eight of its analogs were investigated. The insecticidal efficacy of these compounds was closely associated with their ability to enhance the conversion of exogenous δ-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) to protoporphyrin IX (Proto). As observed for photodynamic herbicidal effects in plants, the presence of nitrogen atoms at positions 1 and 10 of the macrocycle was essential for porphyric insecticidal activity. This was evidenced by the very limited activity of phenanthrene, in which positions 1 and 10 are occupied by carbon instead of nitrogen atoms. On the other hand, enhancement of Proto formation and porphyric insecticidal activity were maintained following methyl, chloro and nitro group substitution at the periphery of 1,10-phenanthroline. In contrast, Proto levels and photodynamic toxicity were reduced by hydroxy and phenyl substitution at the same positions. Benzyl substitution at the 2–3 and 8–9 positions was also inhibitory. Quantitative structure-activity calculations suggested a relationship between peripheral group substitution and physicochemical properties of the substituted compounds. Electron density changes in 1,10-phenanthroline and its analogs that appeared to be related to reduced efficacy included (a) appearance of positive charge-binding volumes at positions 4 and 7 of the 1,10-phenanthroline macrocycle, which flanks positive charge-repelling volumes, (b) a dramatic increase in superdelocalisability (i.e. electron density) over some unoccupied molecular orbitals, and (c) electronic charge at positions 1 and 10 of the macrocycle. Large increases in van der Waals volumes also exerted negative effects on insecticidal efficacy.
There’s No “I” in Innovation:

While most think of innovation’s insights coming in a flash of inspiration, Eric Dahlin uses multidisciplinary research to show that advances, big and small, more often result from collaborative, i...
Taking standardized patient-based examinations to the next level.

Purpose: The purpose of this article is to summarize this author's view on "where we are" with standardized patient-based assessments of clinical performance and to offer three directions for further research and development. Summary: The push for more objective outcome data has fueled proliferation of the most researched innovation in the history of medical education. Near-random clinical experiences of students do not provide consistent, repeated practice with important clinical cases to achieve minimally adequate performance on these objective performance examinations, leading to scoring "psychogymnastics" to titrate fail rates. The second area is to modify these examinations to reflect features at higher levels of professional development such as situational awareness. Theories of professional development should guide changes. The third area incorporates multiperson scenarios; a clinician with a family or a team in the operating room. Simulation of complex situations, especially those requiring rapid,...
Designing New Cellular Signaling Pathways

All cells respond to signals from the environment. Extracellular stimuli activate intracellular signal transduction pathways that make decisions about cell identity, behavior, and survival. A nascent field aims to design and construct new signaling pathways beyond those found in nature. Current strategies exploit the structural modularity of many signaling proteins, which makes them inherently amenable to domain-swapping tactics that exchange their input and output connections. The results reveal a remarkable degree of functional plasticity in signaling proteins and pathways, as well as regulatory logic that can be transported to new proteins. Modified adaptor and scaffold proteins can reroute signal traffic and adjust the response behavior of the pathway circuit. These synthetic biology approaches promise to deepen our understanding of existing signaling pathways and spur the development of new cellular tools for research, industry, and medicine.
The architecture of complexity: the structure and the dynamics of networks, from the web to the cell

Networks with complex topology describe systems as diverse as the cell, the World Wide Web or the society. The emergence of most networks is driven by self-organizing processes that are governed by simple but generic laws. The analysis of the cellular network of various organisms shows that cells and complex man-made networks, such as the Internet or the world wide web, and many social and collaboration networks share the same large-scale topology. I will show that the scale-free topology of these complex webs have important consequences on their robustness against failures and attacks, with implications on drug design, the Internet's ability to survive attacks and failures, and the ability of ideas and innovations to spread on the network.
Use and misuse of metrics in research evaluation

This paper addresses some critical issues in the applicability of quantitative performance measures (including bibliometric, economic, and co-occurrence measures) to the assessment of basic research. The strengths and weaknesses of metrics applied as research performance measures are examined. It is concluded that metrics have a useful role to play in the evaluation of research. Each metric employed, whether bibliometric, economic, co-occurrence, or others, brings a new dimension of potential insight to the complex problem of research assessment. However, when used in a stand-alone mode, metrics can be easily misinterpreted and result in misleading conclusions. Metrics should be an integral part of a more comprehensive approach to research evaluation, in which the leading role is assumed by expert peer review. Under this structure, the reviewers must be broadly constituted, so that the technical correctness of the research approaches being taken (doing the job right) can be evaluated by technical experts and the correctness of the research target (doing the right job) can be evaluated as well. This comprehensive approach insures quality in the implementation of existing research paradigms and allows the introduction of revolutionary new research paradigms as well.
Neuronal growth factors produced by adult peripheral nerve after injury.

Abstract Dorsal root ganglion neurons from embryonic rats, co-cultured with endoneurial explants from transected, adult rat sciatic nerve. extended neurites in the absence of exogenous nerve growth factor (NGF). The effect was seen with endoneurial explants from normal adult sciatic nerves or from nerves which had been permanently transected up to 51 days prior to explantation. The rate of outgrowth decreased at 5 and 7 days and reached a minimum at 14 days after transection. A second phase of increased neurite-promoting activity appeared in 28-, 35-, 41- and 51-day posttransection tissue. The early phase, but not the late phase, was partially inhibited by antisera to NGF.
Flows in large, self-similar tree networks and their control

We consider flow in large, regular networks configured in the form of a self-similar branching tree, in which each branch of the tree splits into two with a constant diameter and length ratio. Where appropriate, the limit of an infinite network is also considered. The laminar or turbulent nature of the flow at the inlet may be different from that at the outlet as a consequence of the change in Reynolds number from one generation to the next. A steady flow is shown to be globally stable for a friction law that is non-decreasing with respect to the flow rate. A difference between critical Reynolds numbers for transition and relaminarization may cause the flow in the entire network to oscillate. Control of branch flow rates and junction pressures is investigated using valves and pumps as the input variables. Fault detection due to blockage is discussed. The network hydrodynamics are only partially controllable if individual pumps are used to control the pressure at the junctions.
The effect of lesions in the amygdaloid area in monkeys.

(1957). The Effect of Lesions in the Amygdaloid Area in Monkeys. The Journal of General Psychology: Vol. 57, No. 1, pp. 91-102.
Amnesia Produced by Spreading Depression and ECS: Evidence for Time-Dependent Memory Trace Localization

Rats were given electroconvulsive shock and bilateral cortical spreading depression, either alone or in combination, at various times after a single passive avoidance training trial. Assessment of retention deficits, 24 hours after training, revealed a U-shaped amnesic function for cortical spreading depression as compared with the short linear function consistently obtained with electroconvulsive shock in this situation. Induction of cortical spreading depression immediately after training resulted in an extension of the amnesic gradient produced by electroconvulsive shock, presumably by disruption of the subcortically confined memory trace. In addition to indicating a stibcortical locus of action for the amnesic effects of electroconvulsive shock, these results are interpreted as favoring a hypothesis of time-dependent memory trace localization in short-term memory processing, which involves an initial subcortical localization of the trace followed by a phase involving either direct or indlirect cortical participation in a mulltistage memory fixation process.
Decompressive laparotomy for refractory intracranial hypertension after traumatic brain injury.

Background Intracranial hypertension is a crucial modifiable risk factor for poor outcome after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Limited evidence suggests that decompressive laparotomy may be an effective treatment for refractory ICH in patients who have elevated intra-abdominal pressure.
Analytic expressions for the unstable manifold at equilibrium points in dynamical systems of differential equations

Unstable, or stable, manifolds are important invariant surfaces for nonlinear dynamical systems. For instance, they characterize "pieces" on the boundary of the region of attraction for a given stable point In this paper, we prove the analyticity of the unstable (stable) manifold for a class of dynamical systems described by differential equations: an explicit parametrization of the unstable (stable) manifold at saddle points is introduced. The parametrization is analytic, converging on the whole domain of definition (i.e., entire). The coefficients of the Taylor expansion of this parametrization are explicitly given in a recursive formulae form, thus the manifold can be characterized computationally.
Basic and subordinate level naming by agrammatic and fluent aphasic patients.

Agrammatic Broca's and fluent (Wernicke's and anomic) aphasics were asked to name objects depicted in outline drawings as a means of testing their ability to identify and to name objects at the basic (e.g., "chair") and subordinate (e.g., "beach chair") levels. Patients from both groups had difficulty producing subordinate names, but successfully conveyed subordinate level identifications using a variety of compensatory strategies. This report supports a separation of the naming process from the conceptual operations and structures needed to identify objects. In addition, the two aphasic groups used different strategies to circumvent their naming difficulties. Fluent patients sometimes conveyed subordinate level identifications without any mention of a basic name. Agrammatic patients in particular avoided use of pre-posed modifiers in their compensatory responses. The composition of most subordinate terms (modifier plus basic name) is discussed in relation to the normal naming process and how it is disrupted in aphasia.
Identifying Mutations in Duplicated Functions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Recessive Mutations in Hmg-Coa Reductase Genes

The two yeast genes for 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, HMG1 and HMG2, each encode a functional isozyme. Although cells bearing null mutations in both genes are inviable, cells bearing a null mutation in either gene are viable. This paper describes a method of screening for recessive mutations in the HMG1 gene, the gene encoding the majority of HMG-CoA reductase activity in the cell. This method should be applicable to the isolation of mutations in other cases of duplicated genes or duplicated functions in yeast. Four recessive point mutations were recovered in HMG1. These mutations exhibited intragenic complementation: one allele is in one complementation group and three alleles are in a second complementation group. Assays of HMG-CoA reductase activity indicated that the point mutations destroy most if not all of the activity encoded by HMG1. Intragenic complementation occurred with partial restoration of enzymatic activity. HMG1 was mapped to the left arm of chromosome XIII near SUP79, and HMG2 was mapped to the right arm of chromosome XII near SST2. A slight deleterious effect of a null mutation in either HMG-CoA reductase gene was detected by a co-cultivation experiment involving the wild-type strain and the two single mutants.
Surface waves in layered anisotropic structures

SUMMARY We report a method to calculate surface waves in layered anisotropic media using a reflectivity algorithm. The method posits a finite stack of constant anisotropic layers over an isotropic half-space. The parametrization within each layer allows for anisotropy with an arbitrarily oriented axis of symmetry +, with magnitude scaled by three constants related to wave-speed variations of P and S waves with respect to the azimuth relative to +. Within each layer, eigensolutions to the equations of motion can be expressed as upgoing and downgoing oscillatory and/or evanescent plane waves, except possibly within narrow intervals of horizontal slowness p where the governing matrix becomes near-defective and an alternative set of eigensolutions is used to avoid numerical instability. Synthetic seismograms for simple anisotropic crustal models demonstrate that significant Love-Rayleigh coupling occurs between adjacent overtone branches, leading to significant ‘scattering’ in the absence of 3-D velocity structure. The dependence of this scattering on azimuth relative to + can cause the LoveRayleigh scattering to appear to be related to a spurious component of the source mechanism.
Reactive coevaporation of YBaCuO superconducting films

Growth conditions for YBaCuO thin films are investigated. Films have been made by reactive e-beam coevaporation using three metal sources. In the best cases, as-made films are superconducting with Tc's (R = 0) up to 90 K and Jc's (at 4.2 K) above 107 A/cm2. Oxygen pressure, deposition temperature, as well as compositional dependencies of the films are presented. It is found that in conditions of lower oxygen, pressure films with average composition off the 1–2–3 stoichiometry have higher Tc's. For pressure 100 mTorr). The expanded c0's for these films cannot be reduced by a low temperature oxygen anneal. We suggest that metal-atom point-like defects are quenched into these films and we discuss a particular Ba-for-Y substitution model.
Avian occupancy varies with habitat structure in oak savanna of the south-central United States

Oak savanna, once widespread across central North America, has functionally vanished from most of its range because of land conversion or fire suppression, but much oak savanna remains in the Cross Timbers ecoregion of the south-central United States. We quantified avian habitat associations across a gradient from open oak savanna to woodland, to closed canopy forest in the Cross Timbers of southeastern Kansas. We surveyed breeding bird species in 2012 and 2013 and modeled species-specific occupancy in relation to habitat variables. Several species, including the northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus), yellow- billed cuckoo (Coccyzus americanus), downy woodpecker (Picoides pubescens), Bewick's wren (Thryomanes bewickii), northern mockingbird (Mimus polyglottos), field sparrow (Spizella pusilla), dickcissel (Spiza americana), and orchard oriole (Icterus spurius) were associated with lower levels of tree density or canopy cover (i.e., savanna-woodland). Species associated with greater levels of tree density or canopy cover at some spatial scale included eastern wood-pewee (Contopus virens), white-breasted nuthatch (Sitta carolinensis), blue-gray gnatcatcher (Polioptila caerulea), and indigo bunting (Passerina cyanea). Occupancy of eastern wood-pewee and blue grosbeak (Passerina caerulea) were highest at intermediate levels of canopy cover (50- m radius) and tree density, respectively. Occupancies of eastern wood-pewee, northern mockingbird, lark sparrow (Chondestes grammacus), indigo bunting, and brown-headed cowbird (Molothrus ater )w ere variously related to shrub density, which was unrelated to tree cover or density across the savanna-forest gradient. We expect the savanna-associated species would benefit from reduction in tree density to savanna-like habitat (tree canopy cover � 25%) within forests that were formerly savanna. 2015 The Wildlife Society.
Design and Integration of a Telerobotic System for Minimally Invasive Surgery of the Throat

In this paper we present the clinical motivation, design specifications, kinematics, statics, and actuation compensation for a newly constructed telerobotic system for Minimally Invasive Surgery (MIS) of the throat. A hybrid dual-arm telesurgical slave, with 20 joint-space Degrees-of-Freedom (DoFs), is used in this telerobotic system to provide the necessary dexterity in deep surgical fields such as the throat. The telerobotic slave uses novel continuum robots that use multiple super-elastic backbones for actuation and structural integrity. We present the kinematics of the telesurgical slave and methods for actuation compensation to cancel the effects of backlash, friction, and flexibility of the actuation lines. A method for actuation compensation is presented in order to overcome uncertainties of modeling, friction, and backlash. This method uses a tiered hierarchy of two novel approaches of actuation compensation for remotely actuated snake-like robots. The tiered approach for actuation compensation uses compensation in both joint space and configuration space of the continuum robots. These hybrid actuation compensation schemes use intrinsic model information and external data through a recursive linear estimation algorithm and involve compensation using configuration space and joint space variables. Experimental results validate the ability of our integrated telemanipulation system through experiments of suturing and knot tying in confined spaces.
Gradient optimization for SC CW accelerators

The proposed rare isotope accelerator (RIA) design consists of a normally conducting radio frequency quadruple (RFQ) section, a superconducting (SC) drift tube cavity section, a SC elliptical multi-cell cavity section and two charge strippers with associated charge state selection and beam matching optics. The SC elliptical section uses two or three multi-cell beta cavity types installed into cryomodules to span the energy region of about 84.5 MeV/nucleon up to 400 MeV/nucleon. This paper focuses on the gradient optimization of these SC elliptical cavities that provide a significant portion of the total acceleration to the beam. The choice of gradient coupled with the cavity quality factor has a strong affect on the overall cost of the accelerator. The paper describes the optimization of the capital and operating cost associated with the RIA elliptical cavity cryomodules.
Biometric ID Cybersurveillance

The implementation of a universal digitalized biometric ID system risks normalizing and integrating mass cybersurveillance into the daily lives of ordinary citizens. ID documents such as driver’s licenses in some states and all U.S. passports are now implanted with radio frequency identification (RFID) technology. In recent proposals, Congress has considered implementing a digitalized biometric identification card—such as a biometric-based, “high-tech” Social Security Card—which may eventually lead to the development of a universal multimodal biometric database (e.g., the collection of the digital photos, fingerprints, iris scans, and/or DNA of all citizens and noncitizens). Such “hightech” IDs, once merged with GPS-RFID tracking technology, would facilitate exponentially a convergence of cybersurveillance-body tracking and data surveillance, or dataveillance-biographical tracking. Yet, the existing Fourth Amendment jurisprudence is tethered to a “reasonable expectation of privacy” test
From Blood to Profit: Making Money in the Practice and Imagery of Early America

Money, wrote Pennsylvanian Francis Rawle in 1725, is “the vital spirit and blood of the body politick.” Is not money, another pamphleteer contended, “the blood of life, which circulates from member to member, throughout the whole body of all living creatures?” It followed that the tokens acting as the medium of value could be anything, “whether it be pewter, silver, spelter, brass or paper, matters not which.” Americans in fact used provincial tax credit notes for money, along with other specie substitutes: “bills of credit” were issued to public creditors and could be employed by the holder or others to pay public obligations like taxes. They were “in value equal” to coin and, like coin, could be passed from hand to hand in the meantime. It was their circulating property—”the ready currency of the thing”—that controlled.
An expected utility approach to active feature-value acquisition

In many classification tasks, training data have missing feature values that can be acquired at a cost. For building accurate predictive models, acquiring all missing values is often prohibitively expensive or unnecessary, while acquiring a random subset of feature values may not be most effective. The goal of active feature-value acquisition is to incrementally select feature values that are most cost-effective for improving the model's accuracy. We present an approach that acquires feature values for inducing a classification model based on an estimation of the expected improvement in model accuracy per unit cost. Experimental results demonstrate that our approach consistently reduces the cost of producing a model of a desired accuracy compared to random feature acquisitions.
Developing Clinical Trials for Biosimilars

Biosimilars offer the prospect of providing efficacious and safe treatment options for many diseases, including cancer, while potentially increasing accessibility with greater affordability relative to biologics. Because biologics are large, complex molecules that cannot be exactly duplicated, biosimilars cannot be considered "generic" versions of biologic drugs. This review will examine important considerations for biosimilar clinical trials. Since the aim of biosimilar manufacturing is to produce a molecule highly similar to the reference biologic, a comparability exercise is needed to demonstrate similarity with the reference biologic product based on physicochemical characterization. In vitro analytical studies and in vivo studies as well as pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) assessments also are conducted. Lastly, because it may not be possible to fully characterize a biosimilar in relation to its reference biologic, robust pharmacovigilance strategies are utilized to ensure that any matters in regard to safety can be monitored. Other key topics will be discussed, including regulatory guidance for the evaluation of biosimilars, clinical trial design considerations, and whether data submitted for the approval of a biosimilar for one indication can be extrapolated to other indications for which the reference biologic is approved. European and Canadian experiences in biosimilar development will be reviewed.
Human kidney-2 cells harbor functional dopamine D1 receptors that require Giα for Gq/11α signaling

A recent study demonstrated that the dopamine D1 receptor (D1R) is nonfunctional in human kidney cells, HK2 cells, in terms of their inability to couple to Gs protein in response to the D1R agonist...
Determinants of choice of goal difficulty level: A review of situational and personality influences

The goal-setting research literature is reviewed in an attempt to identify those variables having an effect on an individual's choice of goal level. Two broad areas are considered: situational factors and personality factors. Under situational factors, prior success or failure on the task, monetary and verbal incentives, feedback, participation, and competition are identified as probable determinants of the choice of goal difficulty level. Personality influences, such as need for achievement, higher-order need strength, self-assurance, and maturity are also reviewed, and it is concluded that these variables also influence an individual's choice of goal difficulty. Surprisingly, none of the reviewed studies directly examined the connection between such variables and goal difficulty; nor between goal difficulty and general personality. Thus, the early literature on level of aspiration is examined and the review supports the notion that choice of goal difficulty reflects a general personality trait, operating across different situations. Discussion focuses on the need for research which views goal-setting behaviour as a personality trait, and the problems associated with such an approach.
Genetics of type IIa heat-labile enterotoxin of Escherichia coli: operon fusions, nucleotide sequence, and hybridization studies.

Abstract Operon fusions for the Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin type IIa (LT-IIa) operon were isolated and characterized. The LT-IIa genes are organized in a transcriptional unit similar to those of cholera toxin (CT) and the closely related E. coli heat-labile toxin type I (LT-I, with subtypes LTh-I and LTp-I). The nucleotide sequence of the LT-IIa genes was determined and compared with the sequences of LTh-I and CT. The A subunit gene of LT-IIa was found to be 57% homologous with the A subunit gene of LTh-I and 55% homologous with the A gene of CT. Most of the homology derived from the region of the A gene which encodes the A1 fragment. The B gene of LT-IIa was not homologous with the B gene of LTh-I or CT. DNA probes containing various portions of the LT-IIa genes and adjacent sequences were used for hybridization studies with restriction endonuclease fragments of DNA from a collection of LT-II-producing strains. These studies showed that a probe containing much of the A subunit gene hybridized well to DNA from the various strains, but a probe for the B subunit gene did not.
An evening of grounded theory: Teaching process through demonstration and simulation

Grounded theory can be effectively introduced in a survey course through a combination of lecture/demonstration and simulation. The class session presented here illustrates a way to introduce graduate students to the process of grounded theory and gain hands-on experience through simulation. The lesson utilizes concepts that the students are familiar with, allowing them to focus on the research process, and encourages internalization of concepts through immediate application. Key Words: Constant Comparative Method, Grounded Theory, Philanthropy, Qualitative Inquiry, and Simulation
Resilience of Hybrid Ensemble/3DVAR Analysis Schemes to Model Error and Ensemble Covariance Error

Abstract Previous idealized numerical experiments have shown that a straightforward augmentation of an isotropic error correlation matrix with an ensemble-based error correlation matrix yields an improved data assimilation scheme under certain conditions. Those conditions are (a) the forecast model is perfect and (b) the ensemble accurately samples the probability distribution function of forecast errors. Such schemes blend characteristics of ensemble Kalman filter analysis schemes with three-dimensional variational data assimilation (3DVAR) analysis schemes and are called hybrid schemes. Here, we test the robustness of hybrid schemes to model error and ensemble inaccuracy in the context of a numerically simulated two-dimensional turbulent flow. The turbulence is produced by a doubly periodic barotropic vorticity equation model that is constantly relaxing to a barotropically unstable state. The types of forecast models considered include a perfect model, a model with a resolution error, and a model with a...
Abstract T MP114: PPARγ in Endothelial Cells Plays an Essential Role in Protecting Against Vascular Aging: Role of Oxidative Stress and Rho Kinase

Although aging is the greatest risk factor for vascular disease and stroke, relatively little is known regarding mechanisms that regulate vascular aging. Endothelial dysfunction - a key element of carotid artery and cerebrovascular disease - progresses with age, greatly increasing the risk for ischemic stroke and cognitive impairment. The nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) is a ligand-activated transcription factor that may exert diverse effects depending on the cell type. Because little is known regarding the role of PPARγ in vascular aging, we used transgenic mice expressing a dominant negative mutation in human PPARγ (V290M) under control of the endothelial-specific vascular cadherin promoter (designated E-V290M) to examine the hypothesis that cell-specific interference with PPARγ would promote age-induced vascular dysfunction. Responses of carotid arteries from adult (11-12 mo) and old (24±1 mo) E-V290M mice and non-transgenic littermates were examined in vitro. Acetylcholine (an endothelium-dependent agonist) produced similar relaxation of arteries from adult control and E-V290M mice as well as old control mice. In contrast, responses to acetylcholine in arteries from old E-V290M mice were reduced by more than 50% in old E-V290M mice (P<0.01). Endothelial function in old E-V290M mice was not altered by indomethacin but was restored to normal by tempol (a superoxide scavenger) or VAS-2870 (an inhibitor of NADPH oxidase). Reactive oxygen species can activate Rho kinase (a potential mediator of vascular disease) and inhibition of Rho kinase with Y-27632 restored endothelial function to normal in old E-V290M mice. Relaxation of arteries to nitroprusside, which acts directly on vascular muscle, was similar in all groups. These findings provide the first evidence that age-related vascular dysfunction is accelerated following cell-specific interference with endothelial PPARγ through mechanisms involving oxidative stress and Rho kinase. This novel role for endothelial PPARγ has implications for understanding vascular pathophysiology as well as therapeutic approaches for age-induced large and small vessel disease.
Use of an Implicit Filtering Algorithm for Mechanical System Parameter Identification

Optimal design of high-speed valve trains required the use of an accurate analytical model. While the governing differential equations are important, the coefficients (or parameters) used in these equations are equally as important. Since many of the parameters used in valve train models are difficult to measure directly, parameter identification based on experimental data is required to assure model accuracy. This paper addresses the parameter identification problem for a valve train model, formulating a scalar cost function which represents the difference in measured and predicted system response. Minimization of this cost function yields the 10 unknown system parameters. As the cost function has many local minima, a global optimization scheme must be employed. An implicit filtering algorithm is implemented which applies a scale reduction scheme in conjunction with a gradient projection algorithm to avoid becoming trapped in local minima and thus produces near global minima of the cost function. The implicit filtering algorithm has several tuning parameters which allows its adaptation to many problems. For this problem, implicit filtering proved to be 2 to 4 times more efficient than the adaptive random search method previously employed.
Resisting (Resistance) Stories: A Tri-autoethnographic Exploration of Father Narratives Across Shades of Difference

This is a triple autoethnographic text written by three men of differing racial and cultural backgrounds with the purpose of exploring the nature of their relationships with their fathers. The auth...
Influence of type of ingested particle on human leukocyte metabolism.

SummaryThe metabolic activity of human polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) was studied following the ingestion of polystyrene latex spheres (1.08 μ), heat-killed S. aureus (0.8 μ) or heat-killed Micrococcus sp. (1.2 μ). Phagocytsois of heat-killed bacteria resulted in a greater postphagocytic increase in oxygen consumption and hydrogen peroxide production than did phagocytosis of latex particles. These data suggest that the nature of the ingested particles has an influence on postphagocytic metabolic events.
Hypoplastic Myelodysplastic Syndromes Can Be Distinguished From Acquired Aplastic Anemia by CD34 and PCNA Immunostaining of Bone Marrow Biopsy Specimens

Hypoplastic myelodysplastic syndromes (h-MDSs) are difficult to distinguish from acquired aplastic anemia (AA) because of the considerable clinical, cytologic, and histologic similarities between these two disorders. Recent studies have suggested that the bone marrow (BM) in AA is characterized by a decreased number of CD34+ cells and reduced expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), features that have not been associated with MDS. To determine the potential importance of these markers in the differential diagnosis of hypoplastic BM disorders, we immunostained 50 BM biopsy specimens of cytogenetically characterized cases of AA (27) and h-MDS (23). Immunohistochemical staining for CD34 was performed with QBEND10 (Vector, Burlingame, Calif), a monoclonal antibody (MoAb) reactive in routinely processed specimens, while PCNA was assessed by the PC10 MoAb (Dako, Carpinteria, Calif) using a microwave over-based antigen retrieval technique. Bone marrow specimens of h-MDS cases showed statistically higher values of PCNA and CD34 than did those of the AA cases: mean values (+/- SD) of CD34-positive cells in h-MDS, 0.94% +/- 1.1; AA, 0.04% +/- 0.1 (P = .0002); PCNA-positive cells in h-MDS, 43.59% +/- 13.3; AA, 14.80% +/- 6.4 (P < .0001). Our study confirms that AA is characterized by low expression of PCNA in BM and reduced CD34 frequency compared with h-MDS and supports the concept of an early deficiency of stem cells in the former disorder. The results also illustrate how immunostaining permits a simple distinction of these conditions in routinely processed BM biopsy specimens.
A proposed common format for electromagnetics data interchange

The lack of a common data interchange format for CEM is hampering progress, causing duplicate workloads and opening the door for error. We propose a standard format based on JSON for flexible data interchange. The format is designed to be self-describing, extensible, open, and freely available.
Modulation by CGP-37157 (CGP) Analogs of the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Calcium ATPase SERCA)

We have reported that CGP, a 4-1 benzothiazepine (BZT) associated with cardioprotection in ischemia, is a SERCA inhibitor. CGP blocking action differs from that of thapsigargin because is Ca2+ dependent; i.e., CGP blocking potency increases when Ca2+ levels decrease. We utilized purified sarcoplasmic reticulum microsomal membranes (SRM; from rabbit skeletal muscle and pig ventricle) to test the inhibitory actions of various novel CGP analogs on ATPase function (estimated by measurements of Ca2+ loading and ATPase activity). The 4,1-benzothiazepin-2-one structural arrangement seems to be important for SERCA blocking action since function is lost within compounds where: the Sulfur is substituted by Nitrogen (as seen in benzodiazepines); the Oxygen is replaced by an alkyl group; or the arrangement between Nitrogen, Oxygen, and Sulfur in the BZT ring is reorganized (as seen in Diltiazem). Removal of Chlorine from position 7 in the BZT ring did not affect SERCA blocking potency. A combination of substitutions: 3H (benzylaminomethyl-carboxymethyl), alkylation of the Nitrogen (neopentyl) and replacement of the position 1 of benzyl group (naphtyl), significantly increased potency 10-fold (IC50 ∼ 1.5 μM, in presence of 2 μM free Ca2+). We determined (using SRM Ca2+ leak assay, [3H] ryanodine binding and channel studies in bilayers) CGP analogs can also activate ryanodine receptors (RyRs), albeit with low potency. In summary, we have identified structural features that may confer Ca2+-dependent SERCA blocking in 4,1 BZT by utilizing CGP-like molecules. We also identified ph000995, a potent blocker, which may have potential for assessing SERCA roles in cells as well as being a potential drug-template for therapeutic intervention in diseases of abnormal Ca2+ homeostasis, such as ischemia. (Supported by American Heart Association, Eskridge Foundation and APS Frontiers in Physiology Research Program).
Problem Behavior Theory over the Years

This chapter traces the development of Problem Behavior Theory from the early 1960s to the present and the influences on the author that were responsible for the initial framing of the theory and the various transformations it underwent as successive tests of its adequacy cumulated over time. It is both history of the theory and intellectual biography of the author. In each of the different versions of the theory, systems of variables that constituted the social context, the person, and behavior were articulated to account for variation in both problem and conventional behavior among adolescents and young adults. Figures representing the conceptual structure of each version of the theory, including the latest, are presented. The expansion of the theory to account for developmental change, to encompass adolescent health more broadly, and to establish its generality across age, gender, contexts of disadvantage, historical time, and national boundaries is the thread that runs through the topics in the chapter.
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage from Brain Tumors

Six children with subarachnoid hemorrhage as the initial symptom of brain tumor are reported from the Depts of Neurosurgery, Univ.
Shining the Light of Research on Lumosity

Lumosity is a subscription-based suite of online brain-training games, intended to improve cognitive skills. Due to an influx of products designed to train cognition through games such as Lumosity, it is important to determine their effectiveness for the sake of consumers and for the potential implications of any training effects for theories of transfer of cognitive skills. Two training experiments were conducted using the Lumosity platform. Participants were divided into three groups: those who trained with five attention games in Lumosity (attention group), those who trained with five flexibility games in Lumosity (flexibility group), and an inactive control group. Participants were assessed on accuracy and response time for two cognitive tests of attention (useful field of view and change detection) and two cognitive tests of flexibility (Wisconsin card sort and Stroop) both before and after a training period. In experiment 1, the training period was 3 h spread over four sessions. In experiment 2, the training period was 15 to 20 h spread over an average of 73 sessions. The trained groups did not show significantly greater pretest-to-posttest gains than the control group on any measures in either experiment, except in experiment 2 where the flexibility group significantly outperformed the other two groups on Stroop response time and UFOV reaction time. A practical implication concerns the lack of strong evidence for the effectiveness of brain-training games to improve cognitive skills. A theoretical implication concerns the domain specificity of cognitive skill learning from brain training games.
A competency-based simulation curriculum for surgical resident trauma resuscitation skills

Background: Evidence-based curricula for nonprocedural simulation training in general surgery are lacking. Residency programs are required to implement simulation training despite this shortcoming. The goal of this project was the development of a simulation curriculum that measurably improves milestone performance and replaces traditional experienced-based training with a competency-based model. Materials and Methods: SimMan 3G® (Laerdal Medical, Wappingers Falls, NY, USA) was utilized for simulation. Needs assessment targeted trauma and shock resuscitation. Scenario design applied deliberate practice methodology. Learner performance data included items such as identification of shock physiology, resuscitation products used, volume delivered, use of resuscitation end-points, and knowledge of massive transfusion. Characteristics essential for a successful program were tabulated. Results: Forty-eight residents in postgraduate year (PGY) 2–5 participated representing 100% of the 48 eligible for the training. Senior residents (PGY 4 and 5) demonstrated near universal improvement. Junior residents (PGY 2 and 3) improved in some areas but showed more skill decay between sessions. Overall, milestone performance improved with each training session, and resident feedback was universally positive. Conclusions: This prototype curriculum improved surgical resident competency in shock resuscitation in a simulated patient care environment. It can be modified to accommodate centers with fewer resources and can be implemented by clinical faculty. The essential characteristics of a successful program are identified.
Is More Screening Always Better

All medical care should seek to achieve one or more of three goals: to prevent future suffering, to relieve suffering, or to prolong life. Detecting low-grade indolent cancer may not further any of these goals.
Sensitivity to Input Order: Evaluation of an Incremental and Memory-Limited Bayesian Cross-Situational Word Learning Model

We present a variation of the incremental and memory-limited algorithm in (Sadeghi et al., 2017) for Bayesian cross-situational word learning and evaluate the model in terms of its functional performance and its sensitivity to input order. We show that the functional performance of our sub-optimal model on corpus data is close to that of its optimal counterpart (Frank et al., 2009), while only the sub-optimal model is capable of predicting the input order effects reported in experimental studies.
Blutgruppen und Blutkonservierung

Die Blutgruppenbestimmung ist fur jede Transfusion oberstes Gesetz. Die unumstosliche Grundlage dieser Notwendigkeit bildet die Landsteinersche Entdeckung der klassischen 4 Blutgruppen als einer physiologischen und konstanten Differenzierung des menschlichen Blutes. Das Gesetz der Blutgruppenkonstanz ist heute allgemein anerkannt. Die Blutgruppen andern sich wahrend des Lebens nicht, namentlich auch nicht durch Krankheiten oder durch Behandlungen irgendwelcher Art.
Class Conflict and Modernization in India: The Raj and the Calcutta Waterfront (1860-1910)

In the days of the British Raj Calcutta was a great port city. Thousands of men, women, and children worked there, loading and unloading valuable cargoes that sustained the regional economy, and contributed significantly to world trade. In the second half of the nineteenth century, in response to a shift from sailing ships to steamers, port authorities in Calcutta began work on a massive modernization project. This book is the first study of port labor in colonial Calcutta and British India. Drawing on primary source material, including government documents and newspaper records, the author demonstrates how the modernization process worsened class conflict and highlights the important part played by labor in the shaping of the port’s modernization. Class Conflict and Modernization in India places this history in a comparative context, highlighting the interconnected nature of port and port labor histories. It examines how the port’s modernization affected the port workforce and the port’s managers, as well as the impact on class formation that emerged as labourers resisted through acts of everyday resistance and organized strikes. A detailed study of state power, technological change, and class conflict, this book will be of interest to academics of modern Indian history, labour history and the history of science and technology.