cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lectins in diagnostic microbiology

Current literature suggests that lectins are becoming valuable reagents for the laboratory identification of infectious agents. The identification of bacteria, fungi, or protozoa may be confirmed if they bind to or agglutinate with certain lectins. Assay kits utilizing specific lectin agglutination reactions, coupled with conventional enzyme determinations, have been proposed for several bacteria. Factors such as specificity, stability, assay rapidity, and costs combine to make lectins attractive diagnostic reagents. It is likely that the use of lectins in diagnostic microbiology will continue to grow.
Therapists' attitudes about addressing the role of exercise in psychotherapy

A questionnaire was mailed to 250 psychotherapists selected from the National Register of Health Providers in Psychology to assess attitudes regarding the discussion of exercise in psychotherapy. Responses were received from 110 (44%) of this group. The study focused on (1) reasons therapists do or do not address exercise in therapy; (2) beliefs about the efficacy of exercise; (3) the relationship between theoretical orientation and the likelihood of discussing exercise; and (4) the relationship between gender and the likelihood of discussing exercise. We found that exercising therapists are more likely to raise the issue and discuss exercise with their clients. In addition, male therapists are more likely to discuss exercise with their male clients than with their female clients. Although cognitive-behavioral therapists are more likely than psychodynamic therapists to use a cognitive-behavioral approach, no relationship was found between exercise variables and primary orientation.
Biotic homogenization and conservation prioritization

Quantitative studies of biotic homogenization can provide useful insights into conservation problems when used appropriately, but can be dangerously misleading when they are not. By separating the concept of biotic homogenization at the global scale from the study of biotic homogenization at spatially- and temporally-explicit scales, researchers can avoid many of the subtle pitfalls inherent in homogenization studies.
A CXCR4 Antagonist CTCE-9908 Inhibits Primary Tumor Growth and Metastasis of Breast Cancer1

Background CXCL12/CXCR4 signaling may be involved in tumor growth and angiogenesis, and homing of cancer cells to bone and other organs. Our purpose was to determine whether inhibition of CXCR4 with a peptide-based antagonist would reduce tumor growth and metastasis of breast cancer. Methods We used two mouse models of breast cancer. In the first model, 1 × 106 MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells transfected with luciferase were implanted into the inguinal mammary fat pad to produce primary tumors. In the second model, 1 × 105 MDA-231-BSC12 cells were injected into the left cardiac ventricle to produce bone metastases. CTCE-9908, a peptide analog of CXCL12 that competitively binds to CXCR4, was used to test the effect of inhibiting CXCR4. Five mice from each mouse model were treated with CTCE-9908 (25 mg/kg, injected subcutaneously 5 d/wk). All mice were assessed weekly using bioluminescent imaging to quantify relative volumes of tumor burden. Results Bioluminescencent imaging showed that the mice treated with CTCE-9908 had significantly less primary tumor burden than the control mice. At 5 and 6 wk, the mice treated with CTCE-9908 had a 7-fold reduction and 5-fold reduction in primary tumor burden, respectively. Treatment with CTCE-9908 also significantly inhibited the rate of metastases compared with the control group. At 5 and 6 wk, the mice treated with CTCE-9908 demonstrated a 9-fold reduction and 20-fold reduction in metastatic tumor burden, respectively. Conclusion Treatment with the CXCR4 antagonist CTCE-9908 significantly reduced metastasis as well as primary tumor growth in mouse models of breast cancer.
N-butyl-,N-iso-butyl-andN-sec-butyl-2-picolinamineN-oxide complexes derived from copper(II) salts of polyatomic anions

N-butyl-,N-iso-butyl- andN-sec-butyl-2-picolinamineN- oxide complexes have been prepared from copper(II) perchlorate, tetrafluoroborate and nitrate. Violet solids were isolated from the first two salts while complexes isolated from the nitrate salt were blue green or blue. The ligands coordinatevia both theN-oxide oxygen and the amine nitrogen to give bis (ligand) complexes and only in the case of the nitrate solids is there interaction between the copper(II) centre and the polyatomic anion. Resolution of the g∥ feature in the powder spectra of several of these complexes results from the bulkiness of the butyl groups and therefore dilution of the copper(II) centers. In comparison to the previously studied 2 picolinamineN-oxides with lower alkyl substituents, the complexes have stronger in-plane bonding by the ligands.
Triple negative breast carcinoma: the good, the bad and the ugly

Abstract Triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC) are a heterogeneous group of breast cancers defined by their lack of expression of oestrogen and progesterone receptors as well as human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 amplification, and therefore, are resistant to hormonal and Trastuzumab therapy. TNBC accounts for 15% of all breast cancers, and are more common in African-American women than in Whites. Also, BRCA-1 associated tumours are usually TNBC. Since the majority of TNBC fall into the basal-like breast cancer category by molecular studies, they are generally regarded as tumours of poor prognosis. However, some TNBC, such as adenoid cystic carcinoma and medullary carcinomas have excellent prognosis. Others, like metaplastic carcinoma have a prognosis that is comparable to infiltrating ductal carcinoma, not otherwise specified (NOS). Many immunohistochemical markers have been studied as an adjunct tool in classifying TNBC. However, microscopic evaluation remains an important tool in classifying these tumours and therefore predicting their prognosis.
Paradigms in corporate ethics: the legality and values of corporate ethics

Purpose – It has always been claimed that business ethics are ambiguous and thus hard to define. As such, with recognizable unethical corporate behaviors as an epidemic, it is hard to hold perpetrators accountable. Even more detrimental are the miscommunication, the misunderstanding, the misinterpretation, and the misuse of the various paradigms in business ethics. Such flawed values and legality of business ethics paradigms cannot persist. There exist a gap and a bridging in the analysis of the paradigms in business ethics between the practitioners and the ethicists. This paper aims to provide an elaborate analysis of the values, trust, and legality of corporate behaviors in business ethics utilizing various paradigms.Design/methodology/approach – The analysis of this paper focused on the founding values and legality of business ethics and the underlying paradigms that practitioners and ethicists adopt.Findings – The limitation of this study is that the probability of the diverse schools of thought inter...
Work function changes during H2 adsorption on polycrystalline Fe and hydrogen embrittlement

It was demonstrated that the concentration of atomic hydrogen (H/sup -/) on an iron surface is consistent with a surface migration rate limited reaction at room temperature. The concentration of atomic hydrogen (H/sup -/) as it varies with time and hydrogen pressure is likely the controlling factor in the gaseous hydrogen embrittlement phenomena.
Are arm trajectories planned in kinematic or dynamic coordinates? An adaptation study

There are several invariant features of pointto-point human arm movements: trajectories tend to be straight, smooth, and have bell-shaped velocity profiles. One approach to accounting for these data is via optimization theory; a movement is specified implicitly as the optimum of a cost function, e.g., integrated jerk or torque change. Optimization models of trajectory planning, as well as models not phrased in the optimization framework, generally fall into two main groups-those specified in kinematic coordinates and those specified in dynamic coordinates. To distinguish between these two possibilities we have studied the effects of artificial visual feedback on planar two-joint arm movements. During self-paced point-to-point arm movements the visual feedback of hand position was altered so as to increase the perceived curvature of the movement. The perturbation was zero at both ends of the movement and reached a maximum at the midpoint of the movement. Cost functions specified by hand coordinate kinematics predict adaptation to increased curvature so as to reduce the visual curvature, while dynamically specified cost functions predict no adaptation in the underlying trajectory planner, provided the final goal of the movement can still be achieved. We also studied the effects of reducing the perceived curvature in transverse movements, which are normally slightly curved. Adaptation should be seen in this condition only if the desired trajectory is both specified in kinematic coordinates and actually curved. Increasing the perceived curvature of normally straight sagittal movements led to significant (P 0.05). The results of the curvature-increasing study suggest that trajectories are planned in visually based kinematic coordinates. The results of the curvature-reducing study suggest that the desired trajectory is straight in visual space. These results are incompatible with purely dynamicbased models such as the minimum torque change model. We suggest that spatial perception-as mediated by vision-plays a fundamental role in trajectory planning.
The Direction of Reading and the Effect of Foreign-Language-School Attendance on Learning to Read

* Recommended for publication by George D. Stoddard, accepted by Carl Murchison of the Editorial Board, and received in the Editorial Office, June 8, 1931.
Human Capital Transfers: Implications for Equity in Social Security Systems

How social security should be financed over the next 50-75 years is a subject of continuing public debate. A major issue in this debate is whether to continue to finance the system fully with the present or a modified payroll tax, or to shift part of the financing to other revenue sources. Also at issue is the extent to which retirees' benefits should be tied to their "contributions" ? the social security taxes paid by themsel? ves and their employers.1 As this discussion has progressed over the years, numerous proposals for improving or reforming social security have been developed and advocated. These proposals stem from two different conceptions of the role and goals of social security.2 One view is that social security is or should be an income transfer system in which the distribution of bene? fits and taxes are evaluated independently. According to this view, the purpose of social security is to maintain a minimum or socially accept? able standard of living for the aged population. Therefore, the distribu? tion of benefits should not be tied strictly to a person's lifetime social security contributions, but should instead be based on criteria that assure a desired level of income support. And, it is usually argued, taxes to support the system should conform to ability-to-pay principles. Financing social security with a regressive payroll tax thus conflicts with equity principles that should govern income redistribution programs. The other view of social security is that it should be a benefits received program. This approach would assign income redistribution functions to government welfare programs and link retirement benefits closely, if not strictly, to individual contributions (taxes). That is, indi? viduals who are able to do so would "pay their own way," and the needy would be relieved of social security contributions during working years and supported by a poverty relief program in old age. Social security would thus be separated from welfare. Missing from the reform proposals derived from these views of social
Genetic analysis of the membrane insertion and topology of MalF, a cytoplasmic membrane protein of Escherichia coli☆

Abstract MalF is an essential cytoplasmic membrane protein of the maltose transport system of Escherichia coli. We have developed a general approach for analysis of the mechanism of integration of membrane proteins and their membrane topology by characterizing a series of fusions of β-galactosidase to MalF. The properties of the fusion proteins indicate the following. (1) The first two presumed transmembrane segments of MalF are sufficient to anchor β-galactosidase firmly to the inner membrane. (2) Hybrid proteins with β-galactosidase fused to a presumed cytoplasmic domain of MalF have high β-galactosidase specific activity; fusions to periplasmic domains have low activity. We propose therefore, that periplasmic and cytoplasmic domains of integral membrane proteins can be distinguished by the enzymatic properties of such hybrid proteins. In general, it appears that cleaved or non-cleaved signal sequences when attached to β-galactosidase cause it to become embedded in the membrane, and this results in the inability of the hybrid proteins to assemble into active enzyme. Additional properties of these fusion proteins contribute to our understanding of the regulation of MalF synthesis. The MalF protein, synthesized as part of the malEFG operon of E. coli, is approximately 30-fold less abundant in the cell than MalE protein (the maltose-binding protein). Differential amounts of the fusion proteins indicate that a regulatory signal occurs within the malF gene that is responsible for the step-down in expression from the malE gene to the malF gene.
Boundary-layer dynamics of a developing vortex

The dynamics of the boundary layer of a developing vortex is studied. To keep the mathematical treatment simple, axisymmetric vortices in both solid and non-solid rotation are considered. The governing equations are subjected to a similarity transformation and the resulting non-linear parabolic partial differential equations are solved by a Galerkin technique for simplified initial conditions which permit non-zero tangential and vertical velocities at the lower and upper boundaries. The application of a time-dependent Taylor boundary condition at the lower extremity of the vortex causes the fluid to spin-down gradually. By doing so, the no-slip steady-state solutions are progressively approached. On the other hand the employment of the customary Taylor boundary condition made the vortex to spin down rapidly causing a large-amplitude oscillatory vertical velocity. Analyses of the linearized equations and of the numerical solutions of the non-linear problem indicate the presence in the radial and tangential fields of inertial oscillations of frequency % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9% vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x% fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaGOmaKaaaj% aad6gakmaaleaaleaaruqqYLwySbacfaGaa8xmaaqaaiaa-jdaaaac% ciGccqGFPoWvaaa!3D19!\[2n\tfrac{1}{2}\Omega \] (Ω: angular velocity of the flow and n: a parameter such that n=1 signifies solid rotation and % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9% vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9qq-f0-yqaqVeLsFr0-vr% 0-vr0db8meaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaacaaIWaWefv% 3ySLgznfgDOjdaryqr1ngBPrginfgDObcv39gaiuaacqWFKjcHcaWG% Ubaaaa!461C!\[0 \leqslant n\] <1 non-solid rotation). Thus the frequency of inertial oscillations is reduced for non-rigid rotation.
Sensory Neglect Produced by Lateral Hypothalamic Damage

Unilateral lateral hypothalamlic lesions in rats produce deficits in orientation to contralateral visucal, olfactory, whisker-toluch, and somatosetnsory stimuli. This syndrome of sensory neglect appears to be involved in some of the deficits in feedinig and attack which follow bilateral lateral hypothalamic lesions.
Dispensing errors in community pharmacy: perceived influence of sociotechnical factors

Objective This study examined the impact of pharmacists' perceptions of errors in dispensing, errors in communication, delays in prescription processing, efficiency and physical mobility in the pharmacy by practice setting and sociotechnical factors (i.e. pharmacy design, drive through pick-up window services and automated dispensing systems). Setting Community pharmacy practice in the USA. Design A two-page survey was mailed to a geographically stratified random sample of 1047 community pharmacies. One-way analysis of variance was used to determine the impact of attitudinal items with respect to pharmacy practice setting (e.g. mass merchant, supermarket, chain and independent) and sociotechnical factors. Pharmacy characteristics, pharmacist experience and total dispensing errors were also addressed. Results The response rate was 45.0% ( n = 429). Pharmacists perceived that pharmacy design significantly ( P < 0.05) contributed to dispensing errors, errors in communication, problems with efficiency and those similar problems were observed for all items relating to drive through window pick-up services. Automated dispensing systems were perceived as less likely ( P < 0.05) to contribute to dispensing errors, errors in communication, efficiency problems and extra physical movement. Perceived dispensing error rate was 0.057%, and the number of dispensing errors was positively and significantly ( P < 0.001) correlated with prescription volume. Cognitive errors accounted for ∼80% of the dispensing errors. Conclusions Perceptions of dispensing errors by pharmacists are influenced by design, drive through pick-up window services, and automated dispensing systems. However, more effort is needed to determine how cognitive processes relate to sociotechnical variables in pharmacy practice and other environments.
Size‐ and Shape‐Selective Synthesis of Metal Nanocrystals and Nanowires Using CO as a Reducing Agent

ties unobtainable simply by tuning the size of the spheres. The synthesis of metal NCs typically employs the reduction or decomposition of metal precursors in the presence of ligands, which prevent aggregation and improve the colloidal stability of the NCs. Among the wide spectrum of reducing agents that have been used, gases such as hydrogen under pressure have proven effective in delicately manipulating the growth kinetics and thus tailoring the size and morphology of the metal NCs. [15, 16] Despite these efforts, a one-pot synthesis of highly monodisperse metal NCs at ambient pressure using gaseous reducing agents generated at point-of-use is still an important advance. Herein we report the size- and shape-selective formation of metal nanostructures including Pt nanocubes, Pd spherical NCs, and Au nanowires (NWs) using carbon monoxide (CO, generated at point-of-use) as a reducing agent. We also discuss the implications of our observation on several recent reports of the preparation of Pt NCs utilizing metal carbonyls. In catalysis, it is well-known that particle shape (the facets exposed) can be as important as the particle surface area in activity and selectivity. For example, Pt(100) exhibits higher electrocatalytic activity than Pt(111) for the oxygen reduction reaction in H2SO4 electrolyte. [17, 18] Pt(100) also shows different selectivity from Pt(111) towards hydrogenation reactions. [19] Thus Pt nanocubes with well-defined {100} facets provide a model system for understanding microscopic surface phenomena in many catalytic processes. We report the synthesis of Pt nanocubes employing CO (generated by dehydration of formic acid; Supporting Information, Fig
Single- and successive-site EMG training in responding to anticipated pain.

In a comparison among relaxation procedures, 32 college students were assigned to four groups of equal size. Electromyographic response training was given with biofeedback (EMG training) on the forehead (frontal area) alone, on the frontal area, neck (sternomastoid), and forearm areas in succession, or on these three sites in conjunction with recorded relaxation instructions used at home. Relative to a control group, which received no training, the three biofeedback-trained groups maintained lower EMG levels on the frontal and sternomastoid sites, and the group provided with the relaxation instructions plus EMG training showed lower skin conductance levels. These patterns were generally maintained during the presentation of a stimulus (stressor) that ostensibly signaled an impending electric shock. Other measures, including peripheral temperatures and self-reported anxiety, also showed effects consistent with the stressor presentations but did not differentiate the groups. The results are discussed in terms of common clinical relaxation procedures, an alternative procedure for training several sites simultaneously, and implications for models of EMG training and arousal.
Fonvizin: from fate to providence

This article traces the spiritual development of Denis Fonvizin, an eminent literary personality in Russia. He had a religious upbringing, however, in St. Petersburg he was strongly influenced by freethinker Feodor A. Kozlovskii. He abandoned his views under the influence of Ivan Elagin and his sister, which led him to an intense study of the Bible and to an experience of spiritual conversion. His beliefs have been reflected in his literary work, in particular, in his plays and in some of his political essays. In spite of his crippling illness, Fonvizin believed in the benevolent providence of God to the end of his life. Streszczenie: Artykul prezentuje rozwoj duchowy Denisa Fonwizina, wybitnej postaci literackiej osiemnastowiecznej Rosji. Choc wychowany w religijnej atmosferze, Fonwizin przyjąl wolnomyślicielskie poglądy pod wplywem ksiecia Fiodora A. Kozlowskiego. Porzucil jednak te poglądy pod wplywem Iwana Jelagina i swojej siostry co doprowadzilo do intensywnych studiow biblijnych i do doświadczenia religijnego nawrocenia. Jego poglądy religijne znalazly wyraz w jego pismach, szczegolnie w sztukach dramatycznych i w esejach politycznych. Mimo paralizującej choroby do konca zycia gleboko wierzyl w boską opatrznośc.
Age-related effects of attentional and oculomotor capture by onsets and color singletons as a function of experience

The present experiment examined the degree to which experience with different stimulus characteristics affects attentional capture, particularly as related to aging. Participants were presented with onset target/color singleton distractor or color singleton target/onset distractor pairs across three experimental sessions. The target/distractor pairs were reversed in the second session such that the target in the first session became the distractor in the second and third sessions. For both young and old adults previous experience with color as a target defining feature influenced oculomotor capture with task-irrelevant color distractors. Experience with sudden onsets had the same effect for younger and older adults, although capture effects were substantially larger for onset than for color distractors. Experience-based capture effects diminished relatively rapidly after target and distractor-defining properties were reversed. The results are discussed in terms of top-down and stimulus-driven effects on age-related differences in attentional control.
Monitoring turbidity in Tampa Bay using MODIS/Aqua 250-m imagery

Abstract We developed an approach to map turbidity in estuaries using a time series (May 2003 to April 2006) of 250-m resolution images from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA's Aqua satellite, using Tampa Bay as a case study. Cross-calibration of the MODIS 250-m data (originally designed for land use) with the well-calibrated MODIS 1-km ocean data showed that the pre-launch radiometric calibration of the 250-m bands was adequate. A simple single scattering atmospheric correction provided reliable retrievals of remote sensing reflectance at 645 nm (0.002
On guiding the augmentation of an automated test suite via mutation analysis

Mutation testing has traditionally been used as a defect injection technique to assess the effectiveness of a test suite as represented by a "mutation score." Recently, mutation testing tools have become more efficient, and industrial usage of mutation analysis is experiencing growth. Mutation analysis entails adding or modifying test cases until the test suite is sufficient to detect as many mutants as possible and the mutation score is satisfactory. The augmented test suite resulting from mutation analysis may reveal latent faults and provides a stronger test suite to detect future errors which might be injected. Software engineers often look for guidance on how to augment their test suite using information provided by line and/or branch coverage tools. As the use of mutation analysis grows, software engineers will want to know how the emerging technique compares with and/or complements coverage analysis for guiding the augmentation of an automated test suite. Additionally, software engineers can benefit from an enhanced understanding of efficient mutation analysis techniques. To address these needs for additional information about mutation analysis, we conducted an empirical study of the use of mutation analysis on two open source projects. Our results indicate that a focused effort on increasing mutation score leads to a corresponding increase in line and branch coverage to the point that line coverage, branch coverage and mutation score reach a maximum but leave some types of code structures uncovered. Mutation analysis guides the creation of additional "common programmer error" tests beyond those written to increase line and branch coverage. We also found that 74% of our chosen set of mutation operators is useful, on average, for producing new tests. The remaining 26% of mutation operators did not produce new test cases because their mutants were immediately detected by the initial test suite, indirectly detected by test suites we added to detect other mutants, or were not able to be detected by any test.
Combined stress failure tests for a glassy plastic

The development of a unique test method for biaxial stress experiments on brittle material is discussed. Results of biaxial tension-tension and tension-compression experiments on poly-methylmethacrylate (plexiglas) are presented. The strength results compare reasonably well with modified distortion energy theory in the tension-compression stress quadrant.
The Impact of Interpersonal Violence on Health Care

Interpersonal violence is prevalent in our society. Unfortunately, given the current stressors on individuals, families, and communities, the incidences of child abuse, interpersonal violence, and elder abuse are increasing. The economic impact on health care costs is significant. There are many contributing factors to abuse and they are all public health issues that must be addressed for these abuses to cease. This article describes the indicators of interpersonal violence, and outlines strategies for assessment and prevention.
Individuality and connectedness in the family as a context for adolescent identity formation and role-taking skill.

Observations of family communication indicate that adolescents who exhibit greater degrees of identity exploration and role-taking skill participate in relationships in which both individuality and connectedness are expressed.
Standing up to bullies.

How should we deal with bullies? How should we deal with people who wage personal attacks on decent people to create attention for themselves in the guise of having more insight and integrity than all of the rest of us? This is an issue we need to deal with for the first time in the field of workplace health promotion. The way we deal with it may shape the direction of our field in the future and the character we bring to our individual work.
Nanoscale Hard X-Ray Microscopy Methods for Materials Studies*

This review discusses recent progress in the development of hard X-ray microscopy techniques for materials characterization at the nanoscale. Although the utility of traditionally ensemble-based X-ray techniques in materials research has been widely recognized, the utility of X-ray techniques as a tool for local characterization of nanoscale materials properties has undergone rapid development in recent years. Owing to a confluence of improvements in synchrotron source brightness, focusing optics fabrication, detection, and data analysis, nanoscale X-ray imaging techniques have moved beyond proof-of-principle experiments to play a central role in synchrotron user programs worldwide with high-impact applications made to materials science questions. Here, we review the current state of synchrotron-based, hard X-ray nanoscale microscopy techniques—including 3D tomographic visualization, spectroscopic elemental and chemical mapping, microdiffraction-based structural analysis, and coherent methods for nanomate...
Geo-logical routing in wireless sensor networks

Geo-Logical Routing (GLR) is a novel technique that brings the advantages of geographic routing to logical domain, without inheriting the disadvantages of physical domain, to achieve higher routability at a lower cost. It uses topology domain coordinates, derived solely from virtual coordinates (VCs), a better alternative for location information. In logical domain, a node is characterized by a VC vector, consisting of minimum number of hops to a set of anchor nodes. VCs contain information derived from connectivity of the network, but lack physical layout information such as directionality and geographic voids. Disadvantages of geographic routing, which relies on physical location information, include cost of node localization or/and use of GPS, as well as misrouting due to physical voids. With the ability to generate topological maps from virtual coordinates via a Singular Value Decomposition based technique, it is now possible to characterize a network with topological coordinates, which are shown to be more effective than physical coordinates for making routing decisions. By switching between a geographic routing scheme operating on topological coordinates and a logical routing scheme, GLR overcomes local minima in the respective domains. Performance results presented indicate that GLR significantly outperforms existing logical routing schemes — Convex Subspace Routing (CSR) and Logical Coordinate Routing (LCR) — as well as geographic scheme, Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing (GPSR).
Risk of Urinary Incontinence Following Prostatectomy: The Role of Physical Activity and Obesity

Purpose: Urinary incontinence is one of the most commonly reported and distressing side effects of radical prostatectomy for prostate carcinoma. Several studies have suggested that symptoms may be worse in obese men but to our knowledge no research has addressed the joint effects of obesity and a sedentary lifestyle. We evaluated the association of obesity and lack of physical activity with urinary incontinence in a sample of men who had undergone radical prostatectomy.Materials and Methods: Height and weight were abstracted from charts, and obesity was defined as body mass index 30 kg/m2 or greater. Men completed a questionnaire before surgery that included self-report of vigorous physical activity. Men who reported 1 hour or more per week of vigorous activities were considered physically active. Men reported their incontinence to the surgeon at their urology visits. Information on incontinence was abstracted from charts at 6 and 58 weeks after surgery.Results: At 6 weeks after surgery 59% (405) of men w...
Mesenchymal Stem Cells as a Biological Drug for Heart Disease: Where Are We With Cardiac Cell–Based Therapy?

Cell-based treatment represents a new generation in the evolution of biological therapeutics. A prototypic cell-based therapy, the mesenchymal stem cell, has successfully entered phase III pivotal trials for heart failure, signifying adequate enabling safety and efficacy data from phase I and II trials. Successful phase III trials can lead to approval of a new biological therapy for regenerative medicine.
STANDING CROP AND ANIMAL CONSUMPTION OF FUNGAL SPOROCARPS IN PACIFIC NORTHWEST FORESTS

Although fungal fruiting bodies are a common food supplement for many forest animals and an important dietary staple for several small mammals, changes in their abundance and consumption with forest succession or disturbance have not been quantified. Above- and belowground fungal fruiting bodies (epigeous and hypogeous sporocarps) were sampled for 46 mo in managed-young, natural-mature, and old-growth western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) stands in Washington State. Screen enclosures were placed over the surface of half of the sample plots to prevent aboveground predation of sporocarps. Standing crop of epigeous sporocarps was low in most seasons and then increased 30-fold to a mean of 2.28 kg/ha in the fall. Epigeous biomass varied little between stand types, and animal consumption of these sporocarps was low. Standing crop of hypogeous sporocarps was 0.78 kg/ha in managed-young stands, compared to 4.51 and 4.02 kg/ha in natural-mature and old-growth stands. In all stands, standing crop peaked in the summer and was lowest in the winter. Mean animal consumption of hypogeous sporocarps was 0.64 kg/ha, a value that exceeded the available standing crop quantity of 0.36 kg/ha in managed-young stands during the winter. In natural-mature and old-growth stands, truffle biomass remained high year-round and exceeded consumption in all seasons. Low hypogeous sporocarp biomass in the managed-young stands resulted from the general absence of large clusters of Ela- phomyces granulatus, which made up >90% of the biomass in older stands. This absence in managed-young stands may be associated with the thin organic layer that has developed following harvest and burning 60 yr ago. The consistent level of animal consumption indicates that truffles may be an important and readily available year-round food source, compared to the ephemeral fruiting of epigeous sporocarps. Changes in forest composition and age due to natural disturbance or human management influence fungal sporocarp pro- ductivity and diversity and, consequently, affect food availability for animals dependent on hypogeous sporocarps.
Exemplar-based face and facial motion tracking

This paper presents an exemplar-based probabilistic approach for face and facial motion tracking. It is well known that high-level knowledge about facial deformations is essential for robust face and facial motion tracking. Face and facial motion tracking problem is usually formulated as a problem of combining the low-level image information and the high-level knowledge. We propose to select only a few representative facial deformation exemplars as the high-level knowledge. A facial deformation can be approximated by a linear combination of the exemplars up to an error term. We develop a probabilistic mechanism that combines the low-level image information and the information provided by the exemplars in terms of maximum a posteriori. The main advantage of this exemplar-based approach is that it avoids manually labelling a large set of training samples, which is required by many other tracking algorithms to train a high-level knowledge model. Therefore, it can be easily set up for different subjects. Moreover, it provides a unified representation for the facial deformations of different subjects.
Serum miR-1290 as a marker of pancreatic cancer--response.

The authors thank Frampton and colleagues for their interest in our study. They commented on our use of miR-16, stating that because studies have reported that red blood cells are a major source of miR-16 and serum levels are elevated in hemolyzed blood samples, there is debate about whether it is a
Biomass productivity of two Scenedesmus strains cultivated semi-continuously in outdoor raceway ponds and flat-panel photobioreactors

Semi-continuous algal cultivation was completed in outdoor flat-panel photobioreactors (panels) and open raceway ponds (raceways) from February 17 to May 7, 2015 for side-by-side comparison of areal productivities at the Arizona Center for Algae Technology and Innovation in Mesa, AZ, USA. Experiments used two strains of Scenedesmus acutus (strains LB 0414 and LB 0424) to assess productivity, areal density, nutrient removal, and harvest volume across cultivation systems and algal strains. Panels showed an average biomass productivity of 19.0 ± 0.6 g m−2 day−1 compared to 6.62 ± 2.3 g m−2 day−1 for raceways. Photosynthetic efficiency ranged between 1.32 and 2.24 % for panels and between 0.30 and 0.68 % for raceways. Panels showed an average nitrogen consumption rate of 38.4 ± 8.6 mg N L−1 day−1. Cultivation in raceways showed a consumption rate of 3.8 ± 2.5 and 7.1 ± 4.2 mg N L−1 day−1 for February/March and April/May, respectively, due to increase in biomass productivity. Excess nutrients were required to prevent a decrease in productivity. Daily biomass harvest volumes between 18 and 36 % from panels did not affect culture productivity, but density decreased with increased harvest volume. High cultivation temperatures above 30 °C caused strain LB 0414 to lyse and crash. Strain LB 0424 did not show any difference in biomass productivity when peak temperatures reached 34, 38, or 42 °C, but showed decreased productivity when the peak temperature during cultivation was 30 °C. Using algal strains with different temperature tolerances can generate increased annual biomass productivity.
Sic Semper Tyrannis? Power, Repression, and Assassination Since the Second World War

The killing of a head of state is among the most severe and consequential forms of political violence. But to date, there have been no systematic studies of the incidence of such assassinations, with the few existing case studies tending to emphasize the uniqueness of those events. Drawing on existing theories of social protest and contentious politics, we argue instead that institutional and sociopolitical factors should be important correlates of assassination. We examine empirically the implications of this theory, using data on the incidence of assassinations of heads of state between 1946 and 2000. Our findings suggest that institutional factors related to leadership succession, institutionalized power, and levels of repression interact to influence the occurrence of such killings. Notable in this respect is our conclusion that, while repressive leaders are at greater risk for assassination, the effect of repression is moderated by executive power, such that weak, repressive leaders in nondemocratic ...
Regulation of the pspA Virulence Factor and Essential pcsB Murein Biosynthetic Genes by the Phosphorylated VicR (YycF) Response Regulator in Streptococcus pneumoniae

ABSTRACT The VicRK (YycFG) two-component regulatory system (TCS) is required for virulence of the human respiratory pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus). The VicR (YycF) response regulator (RR) is essential through its positive regulation of pcsB, which encodes an extracellular protein that mediates murein biosynthesis. To determine other genes that are regulated by VicR, we performed microarray analyses on a unique ΔvicR deletion mutant, which was constructed by uncoupling regulation of pcsB. Results from these microarray experiments support the idea that the VicR RR exerts strong positive regulation on the transcription of a set of genes encoding important surface proteins, including the PspA virulence factor, two proteins (Spr0096 and Spr1875) containing LysM peptidoglycan-binding domains, and a putative membrane protein (Spr0709) of unknown function. To demonstrate direct regulation, we performed band shift and footprinting experiments using purified unphosphorylated VicR and phosphorylated VicR-P, which was prepared by reaction with acetyl phosphate. VicR and VicR-P bound to regions upstream of pcsB, pspA, spr0096, spr1875, and spr0709. Phosphorylation of VicR to VicR-P increased the apparent strength and changed the nature of binding to these regions. DNase I footprinting of VicR and VicR-P bound to regions upstream of pcsB, pspA, spr0096, and spr1875 showed protection of extended regions containing a degenerate sequence related to a previously proposed consensus. These combined approaches did not support autoregulation of the vicRKX operon or substantive direct regulation of fatty acid biosynthesis by VicR or VicR-P. However, the ΔvicR mutant required fatty acids in some conditions, which supports the notion that the VicRK TCS may mediate membrane integrity as well as murein biosynthesis and virulence factor expression in S. pneumoniae.
The hallucinogen derived from Salvia divinorum, salvinorin A, has κ-opioid agonist discriminative stimulus effects in rats

Data from clinical and preclinical studies converge implicating the plant-derived hallucinogen salvinorin A as an important pharmacologic tool; this psychoactive compound may expand scientific understandings on mammalian kappa-opioid receptor systems. Human salvinorin A effects, consistent with kappa-opioid receptor agonism, include antinociception, sedation, dysphoria and distorted perceptions. The experiments reported here measured salvinorin A (1-3mg/kg, i.p.) discriminative stimulus properties in male Sprague-Dawley rats conditioned to recognize the discriminative stimulus cue generated by the well characterized kappa-opioid agonist U-69593 (0.56 mg/kg, i.p.). At three distinct active doses, salvinorin A fully substituted for U-69593 without altering response rates. The lever choice pattern in U-69593 trained animals reverted to vehicle lever responding when a kappa selective antagonist compound, nor-BNI (4.5 nM, i.c.v.) was administered 1h prior to salvinorin A, yet nor-BNI alone failed to impact the rate or pattern of subject responses. These findings confirm and extend results published after similar drug discrimination tests were performed in rhesus monkeys. The discussion section of this article highlights public concern over salvinorin A misuse and emphasizes several potential pharmacotherapeutic applications for salvinorin A or analogue compounds.
An improved method for numerically modeling the minimum horizontal stress magnitude in extensional stress regimes

Abstract The minimum horizontal stress magnitude, S hmin , is a crucial input parameter for a variety of subsurface engineering applications. Several methods, such as the general poro-elastic model, the uni-axial strain model and the concept of frictional equilibrium can be used to simulate S hmin , whereby the general poro-elastic model is most commonly used due to its capability to account for tectonic strain in order to match existing stress measurements. If stress measurement data is unavailable this paper introduces a pre-stressing procedure for 3D numerical Mechanical Earth Models that combines the poro-elastic model with the frictional equilibrium model to provide lower bounds for S hmin in extensional stress regimes. Assuming common friction coefficients of μ in the range of 0.57 to 1, the necessary horizontal strain can be calculated to limit horizontal stress magnitudes of the whole model domain or of only certain calibration layers by frictional failure. For layers with Poisson׳s ratios smaller or larger than 0.25, S hmin magnitudes being too low or too high (as predicted by the uni-axial strain model) can thus be prevented. The presented concept is tested for two case studies and the modeling results show that the combination of the poro-elastic model with the frictional equilibrium model can provide a good match to the measured data, even if it is assumed that the calibration data is not available. It is concluded that the combination of the two deformation mechanisms can produce a more physically appealing stress profile and hence may more accurately simulate the sense and relative magnitude of layer-to-layer stress contrasts. In addition, the numerical modeling approach presented can match observations on the near surface variation of the ratio k = S hmean / S v .
A High-Throughput Cross-Layer Scheme for Distributed Wireless Ad Hoc Networks

In wireless ad hoc networks, distributed nodes can collaboratively form an antenna array for long-distance communications to achieve high energy efficiency. In recent work, Ochiai, et al., have shown that such collaborative beamforming can achieve a statistically nice beampattern with a narrow main lobe and low side lobes. However, the process of collaboration introduces significant delay, since all collaborating nodes need access to the same information. In this paper, a technique that significantly reduces the collaboration overhead is proposed. It consists of two phases. In the first phase, nodes transmit locally in a random access fashion. Collisions, when they occur, are viewed as linear mixtures of the collided packets. In the second phase, a set of cooperating nodes acts as a distributed antenna system and beamform the received analog waveform to one or more faraway destinations. This step requires multiplication of the received analog waveform by a complex number, which is independently computed by each cooperating node, and which enables separation of the collided packets based on their final destination. The scheme requires that each node has global knowledge of the network coordinates. The proposed scheme can achieve high throughput, which in certain cases exceeds one.
Frequent Occurrence of Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism in Type 2 Diabetes

Type 2 diabetes is associated with lower total testosterone (T) levels in cross-sectional studies. However, it is not known whether the defect is primary or secondary. We investigated the prevalence of hypogonadism in type 2 diabetes by measuring serum total T, free T (FT), SHBG, LH, FSH, and prolactin (PRL) in 103 type 2 diabetes patients. FT was measured by equilibrium dialysis. FT was also calculated by using T and SHBG(cFT).HypogonadismwasdefinedaslowFTorcFT.The mean age was 54.7 1.1 yr, mean body mass index (BMI) was 33.4 0.8 kg/m 2 , and mean HbA1c was 8.4 0.2%. The mean T was 12.19 0.50 nmol/liter (351.7 14.4ng/dl), SHBG was 27.89 1.65 nmol/liter, and FT was 0.250 0.014 nmol/liter. Thirty-three percent of patients were hypogonadal. LH and FSH levels were significantly lower in the hypogonadal group compared with patients with normal FT levels (3.15 0.26 vs. 3.91 0.24 mIU/ml for LH and 4.25 0.45 vs. 5.53 0.40 mIU/ml for FSH; P < 0.05). There was a significant inverse correlation ofBMIwithFT(r–0.382;P<0.01)andT(r–0.327;P<0.01). SHBG correlated inversely with BMI (r –0.267; P < 0.05) but positively with age (r 0.538; P < 0.001) and T (r 0.574; P < 0.001). FT correlated strongly with cFT (r 0.919; P < 0.001) but not with SHBG. LH levels correlated positively with FT (r 0.287; P < 0.05). We conclude that hypogonadotropic hypogonadism occurs commonly in type 2 diabetes. (J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89: 5462–5468, 2004)
The Differences Between Forensic Psychiatry and Forensic Psychology

Forensic psychiatry and forensic psychology face a common threat: the erosion of their credibility. It is proposed that they can combat this threat better by collaboration than by independent efforts. Similarities between the two professions are reviewed to examine their potential for collaboration. Their differences are reviewed to demonstrate the value of that which they can contribute collaboratively, beyond that which either can contribute independently, to increasing their credibility in the eyes of the public and the courts. Three specific areas for collaboration are proposed: individual practice, quality control of expert testimony, and training.