cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
FACT activity and histone H3-K56 acetylation promote optimal establishment of chromatin architecture independent of ongoing transcription inSaccharomyces cerevisiae

FACT is a histone chaperone that can destabilize or assemble nucleosomes. Acetylation of histone H3-K56 weakens a histone:DNA contact that is central to FACT activity, suggesting that this modification could affect FACT functions. We tested this by asking how mutations of H3-K56 and FACT affect nucleosome structure, chromatin integrity, and transcription output. Mimics of unacetylated or permanently acetylated H3-K56 had different effects on FACT in vitro and in vivo as expected, but H3-K56 and FACT mutations caused surprisingly similar changes in transcription of individual genes. Notably, neither the changes in transcript levels nor the effects on nucleosome occupancy resulting from mutations conformed to the model that FACT is needed to overcome nucleosomal barriers during transcription initiation or elongation. Instead, the results suggest that both FACT and H3-K56ac are involved in establishing chromatin architecture prior to transcription and restoring it afterwards. They contribute to a process that optimizes transcription frequency, especially at conditionally expressed genes, and restores chromatin integrity after transcription, especially at the +1 nucleosome to block antisense transcription, but FACT appears to be less involved than expected in directly promoting transcription.
The Case of Shilpa Shah: The Complexities of Training an Immigrant Physician

International medical graduate (IMG) physicians are responsible for the healthcare of a large proportion of the US population and play a particularly important role in providing care for underserved communities. While the well-being and training of all physicians are of value, this group faces unique challenges that require special attention. Though the experience of each immigrant is different, common challenges faced by immigrants can threaten the development of a healthy learning environment. Training programs should be mindful of such obstacles and should consider implementing additional supervision and social support to address this. When evaluating immigrant trainees, psychiatrists should consider psychosocial factors that may contribute to their presentation and be mindful of transference and countertransference reactions.
Conservatives and the Constitution: Imagining Constitutional Restoration in the Heyday of American Liberalism

Since the 1980s, a ritualized opposition in legal thought between a conservative 'originalism' and a liberal 'living constitutionalism' has obscured the aggressively contested tradition committed to, and mobilization of arguments for, constitutional restoration and redemption within the broader postwar American conservative movement. Conservatives and the Constitution is the first history of the political and intellectual trajectory of this foundational tradition and mobilization. By looking at the deep stories told either by identity groups or about what conservatives took to be flashpoint topics in the postwar period, Ken I. Kersch seeks to capture the developmental and integrative nature of postwar constitutional conservatism, challenging conservatives and liberals alike to more clearly see and understand both themselves and their presumed political and constitutional opposition. Conservatives and the Constitution makes a unique contribution to our understanding of modern American conservatism, and to the constitutional thought that has, in critical ways, informed and defined it.
Ultrafast time-resolved x-ray scattering reveals diffusive charge order dynamics in La2-xBaxCuO4

Charge order is universal among high-Tc cuprates, but its relation to superconductivity is unclear. While static order competes with superconductivity, dynamic order may be favorable and even contribute to Cooper pairing. Using time-resolved resonant soft x-ray scattering at a free-electron laser, we show that the charge order in prototypical La2−xBaxCuO4 exhibits transverse fluctuations at picosecond time scales. These sub–millielectron volt excitations propagate by Brownian-like diffusion and have an energy scale remarkably close to the superconducting Tc. At sub–millielectron volt energy scales, the dynamics are governed by universal scaling laws defined by the propagation of topological defects. Our results show that charge order in La2−xBaxCuO4 exhibits dynamics favorable to the in-plane superconducting tunneling and establish time-resolved x-rays as a means to study excitations at energy scales inaccessible to conventional scattering techniques.
Comparing Student Learning From and Perceptions of Open and Commercial Textbook Excerpts: A Randomized Experiment

Open textbooks, which provide students with electronic access to texts without fees, have been developed as alternatives to commercial textbooks. Building on prior quasi-experiments, the purpose of this study is to experimentally compare an open and commercial textbook. College students (N = 144) were randomly assigned to read from an open or commercial textbook, answer questions about content, and indicate their perceptions of textbook quality. Learning was similar between textbook types. Perceptions differed in that the discussion of research findings was reported as higher quality in the open textbook while the visuals and writing were reported as higher quality in the commercial textbook. Neither perceptions of research findings nor visuals correlated with learning performance. However, perceptions of writing quality and everyday examples were correlated with learning performance. Findings may inform initiatives for open textbook adoption as well as textbook development.
Evolving Principles and Guiding Concepts: How China Gains African Support for its Core National Interests

Abstract For decades, the People's Republic of China has advocated rhetorically consistent, albeit gradually evolving, principles of state sovereignty and non-interference in internal affairs that find particular resonance in African nations. Under Xi Jinping, China has packaged its policies using two interrelated guiding concepts, the “Chinese Dream” and the “The Community of Shared Future.” Africans have greeted the former with little enthusiasm, but have been more receptive to the latter. These principles and concepts represent the conceptual framework that China has built to engage African countries amid a rapid expansion in its diplomatic, economic, technological, and security footprint on the continent. Beijing has successfully garnered African support or, at least, acquiescence on topics its leaders consider the country's “core national interests,” namely Taiwan, Tibet, the mistreatment of Muslim minorities, human rights, South China Sea, and Hong Kong. On these key sensitive issues, reciprocity has long been an essential element of Beijing's approach, one that together with financing, investment, aid, and political backing of African interests, ensures that African countries support China's position—lest they open themselves to criticisms of their own domestic affairs.
Who and where rideshares? Rideshare travel and use in Los Angeles

Abstract Carpooling rates in America have been falling for decades. But new technologies may offer solutions to traditional carpooling barriers and usher in a new chapter in shared car travel. Ride-hail services connect riders to drivers through smartphone applications. The largest ride-hail companies, Uber and Lyft, offer shared carpool (rideshare) services to connect riders traveling in the same directions and at the same times. Although researchers have recently begun to understand who uses ride-hail services, few have yet investigated ridesharing. To fill this gap, I ask and answer two questions. First, what factors are associated with where ridesharing occurs? Second, what factors are associated with who rideshares? To answer both questions, I use trip-level data of 6.3 million Lyft trips, including 1.9 million Lyft Shared trips, taken in Los Angeles County in 2016. Findings reveal that while about one-third of Lyft trips are on Lyft Shared, these rideshare trips are made by a small fraction of ride-hail users. Just one-third of ride-hail users made even one rideshare trip over the three-month study period, and just ten percent of all Lyft riders made 94 percent of rideshare trips. People living in dense and lower-income neighborhoods share a higher proportion of ride-hail trips compared to riders living in other neighborhoods. Less ridesharing occurs in racial and ethnically diverse neighborhoods compared to neighborhoods where clear racial or ethnic majorities exist. Cities seeking to increase sharing in ride-hail services should focus efforts on attracting non-users, including pricing to encourage shared rather than solo car trips. Implemented policies should avoid undercutting demand for transit or active travel, which remain the most efficient modes on our streets.
Nitrogen-responsive transcription factor kinetics meter plant growth

The wealth of data provided by large-scale -omics studies empowers the discovery of gene regulatory networks and molecular mechanisms that underlie specific phenotypes. Most transcriptomic studies provide a snapshot of how organisms interact with their environment, recording change after a given time or in response to a single environmental variable. Organisms have not evolved in binary states of treatment vs. control and instead experience a continuum of environmental states, from optimal growth conditions to mild and ultimately severe stress. Organismal phenotypes vary along this continuum, but how molecular responses are metered to influence these phenotypes is poorly understood. In PNAS, Swift et al. (1) provide a deeper understanding of plant adaptations to nitrogen (N) availability by investigating how plant root transcriptomes change in response to varying N concentration over time. Their work on Arabidopsis thaliana not only provides a more nuanced understanding of how plants sense and appropriately adjust their metabolism to different N levels, it establishes a predictive framework for identifying critical components of N responses that can be targets for crop improvement. N is an essential nutrient found in many macromolecules. Plant roots acquire bioavailable N as nitrate or ammonium and assimilate N from these inorganic molecules into amino acids for use in protein synthesis, as well as the synthesis of nucleic acids, chlorophyll, and other secondary metabolites throughout the plant (2). N, however, is a commonly limiting nutrient in crop production, leading to the widespread amendment of soil with mineral N fertilizers. Nearly 120 Tg of N as ammonium fertilizers is produced annually (3), and their application has greatly improved crop yield and food security (4). N fertilizers, however, are both costly and significant environmental pollutants as their application generates greenhouse gas emissions, promotes acid rain, contaminates groundwater reservoirs, and causes eutrophication of freshwater and estuarine ecosystems … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence may be addressed. Email: serres{at}ucr.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
A simplified method for steady state and transient state thermal analysis of hybrid steel and FRP RC beams at fire

Abstract This paper suggests and validates a simplified analytical method for thermal steady state and transient state analysis of hybrid steel and FRP reinforced concrete beams exposed to elevated temperature induced by fire. The proposed method predicts the flexural resistance of concrete beams based on strain compatibility and force equilibrium of the beam section under pure bending moment taking into account the deterioration in mechanical properties of concrete, steel and FRP bars due to the rise of temperature. The accuracy of the suggested method was ascertained against the corresponding experimental tests results. Validation results, in terms of load-displacement curves; displacement- time histories and failure modes, have shown the reliability and feasibility of the suggested analytical method. Afterward, the verified method was implemented in investigating the effect of important parameters on the response and failure of hybrid steel and FRP reinforced concrete beams under elevated temperature such as concrete cover, reinforcement ratio, and heating rate. The results extracted from the parametric study have come up with interesting conclusions which may be utilized in the design of thermally exposed concrete beams with hybrid reinforcement.
ISPeL: A topic dependency-driven system for personalized learning

In this paper, we describe the design and development of ISPeL - an Interactive System for Personalization of Learning. Central to ISPeL is topic-based authoring. A topic is a small, self-contained, reusable, and context-free content unit. Learners may study a topic provided that they have met its prerequisite dependencies. Pre- and post-tests are associated with topics. Furthermore, topics feature several practice problems to enhance student learning. A pilot implementation of three undergraduate computer science courses currently in ISPeL is also presented.
Memórias de Carolina: revisão histórica e contestação política em Diário de Bitita (1982/86)

A escritora mineira Carolina Maria de Jesus e reconhecida por seu trabalho autobiografico, sobretudo, na obra Quarto‌ ‌de‌ ‌Despejo‌‌: Diario de uma favelada , que a colocou no circuito literario paulistano e brasileiro na decada de 60. O genero percorreu a carreira da autora ate seu ultimo livro, publicado postumamente em 1982 na Franca, e 1986 no Brasil, intitulado Diario de Bitita . Bitita era o apelido de infância de Jesus e e a ela que pertence este diario. O foco do presente artigo e, pois, na analise desta obra escrita durante os anos finais de vida da autora, com intuito de revelar que alem do evidente uso das escritas de si, esta narrativa transpoe o universo da experiencia pessoal e, ao estilo Guattari e Deleuze de “literatura menor” mistura presente e passado, historia, meta-memoria e literatura a fim de questionar a conservacao do sistema politico ‌e‌ ‌da‌ ‌condicao‌ ‌da‌ ‌populacao‌ ‌negra‌ ‌no Brasil.
Planners as Researchers: Can a Community Science Approach Benefit Planning Research and Practice?:

Community science involves volunteers in research to democratize it and increase its relevance, scope, and impact. In this study, we use a community science research project that evaluated equity i...
Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder and Uveitis

Background: Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder (NMOSD) is a rare disease marked by CNS demyelination with a predilection for the optic nerve and spinal cord often resulting in severe vision los...
Influence of Infant Cry Structure on the Heart Rate of the Listener

The cry of the human neonate is of great survival value, since this signal is the primary means by which the young infant communicates its wants, needs, and demands to its caregiver. How the caregiver responds to the cries has profound implications for the infant’s well being, for development of the infant-caregiver interaction process, and ultimately, for setting the infant on an optimal developmental trajectory. In essence, infant crying initiates what becomes a complex reciprocal feedback process through which infant and caregiver build their relationship; it is this complex reciprocal process which underscores the infant’s developmental outcome.
Conversing in reflective glory: A systematic study using national football league games

Conversations about a group can alter its structure and development. The antecedents of group-oriented conversation are difficult to pinpoint, however, because of the complex interdependence between individual and group behavior. In this study we utilize a unique set of exogenous, group-level treatments - the outcomes of National Football League games - to observe how group members - fans of these teams - participate in group-oriented conversation on Twitter. We show first that positive group outcomes (team victories) encourage group members to talk publicly about their group. Our results also indicate that group members participate more actively in the group-oriented discussion when the the outcome is a surprise. Future directions for this line of research are discussed.
Chapter 7 Vegetation Dynamics of Yellowstone's Grazing System

Theme Primary production in Yellowstone National Park is constrained by long winters to a short, intense growing season characteristic of high-altitude, temperate environments. In systems like this, vegetation phenology plays a governing role in terrestrial herbivore ecology by determining temporal fluctuations in the quantity and quality of forage. Phenology and productivity vary considerably at the patch level, and this spatio-temporal heterogeneity in the forage base provides much of the impetus for the distributions and movement patterns of the dominant herbivores that structure this system (Frank et al. 2002, Gates et al. 2005). Phenology and productivity are modulated by climate variability and disturbances, thereby providing the trophic link between these exogenous influences and animal populations. The growing collection of fine-scale, spatial datasets describing animal locations and landscape attributes, coupled with increasingly sophisticated modern scientific analyses, allow a fuller understanding of wildlife-vegetation interactions at the patch scale. Similarly, population studies also benefit from a better understanding of the variations in phenological patterns and overall productivity at regional scales. Using the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) derived from daily satellite imagery spanning July 1, 2000 to December 31, 2006, we generated phenological profiles that characterize the dynamic patterns of vegetation green-up and senescence at the large-patch scale ( ca. 250 m). We used these seasonal profiles to describe the vegetation dynamics of Yellowstone's grasslands and shrub-grasslands, paying particular attention to patterns of spring green-up.
New high sensitivity sedimentation methods: Application to the analysis of the assembly of bacteriophage P22

Publisher Summary This chapter describes a general method for the analysis of concentration profiles obtained during sedimentation velocity experiments, using the apparent distribution function. The relatively high precision afforded by combining use of the time derivative with signal averaging allows the analysis of systems at total concentrations of a few micrograms per milliliter with the Rayleigh optical system or on the order of 0.01–0.02 a.u. with the photoelectric scanner system of the Beckman instruments XL-A analytical ultracentrifuge. These methods can be applied to obtained data with other optical systems, such as fluoresence to increase the sensitivity further. The ability to obtain concentration measurements in terms of both optical density and refractive index allowed us to determine that bisANS bound to both the monomer and the dimer of the coat protein. Thus, the new techniques will allow the investigation of interacting systems that were previously inaccessible to analysis by analytical ultracentrifugation.
Evolution of physical controls for soil moisture in humid and subhumid watersheds

[1] The covariability of soil moisture with soil, vegetation, topography, and precipitation is linked by physical relationships. The influence of each of these interdependent physical controls on soil moisture spatial distribution depends on the nature of heterogeneity present in the domain and evolves with time and scale. This paper investigates the effect of three physical controls, i.e., topography (slope), vegetation (type), and soil (texture), on soil moisture spatial distribution in the Little Washita and Walnut Creek watersheds in Oklahoma and Iowa, respectively, at two support scales. Point-support-scale data collected from four soil moisture campaigns (SMEX02, SMEX03, SMEX05, and CLASIC07) and airborne-scale data from three soil moisture campaigns (SGP97, SGP99, and SMEX02) were used in this analysis. The effect of different physical controls on the spatial mean and variability of soil moisture was assessed using Kruskal-Wallis and Shannon entropy respectively. It was found that at both (point and airborne) support scales, nonuniform precipitation (forcing) across the domain can mask the effect of the dominant physical controls on the soil moisture distribution. In order to isolate land-surface controls from the impact of forcing, the effect of precipitation variability was removed. After removing the effect of precipitation variability, it was found that for most soil moisture conditions, soil texture as opposed to vegetation and topography is the dominant physical control at both the point and airborne scales in Iowa and Oklahoma. During a very wet year (2007), however, the effect of topography on the soil moisture spatial variability overrides the effect of soil texture at the point support scale. These findings are valuable for developing any physically based scaling algorithms to upscale or downscale soil moisture between the point and watershed scales in the studied watersheds in humid and subhumid regions of the Great Plains of USA. These results may also be used in designing effective soil moisture field campaigns.
Maintenance of body temperature of premature infants.

THE FINDING by William Silverman that prematurely born infants survive more often when kept warm would not have surprised older clinicians. Textbooks have often listed maintenance of a normal body temperature as the first of several logical measures, and various garments and heated beds were devised to insure a normal body temperature. Even as early as before World War II, however, some neonatologists condoned a more permissive attitude. They thought, erroneously, that a steady though subnormal temperature might be preferable to oscillations above and below normal induced by careless manual adjustment of the incubator thermostat. The crudity of early incubators made such permissiveness attractive to those in charge of units for premature infants where skilled nurses were scarce.
Bilateral absence of the internal carotid artery with sellar enlargement due to anomalous vascularity

A unique case is described in which a patient with a primary cerebral neoplasm was found to have bilateral aplasia of the internal carotid artery that presented with an eroded sella turcica mimicking an intrasellar mass. The embryologic origin of this anomaly is discussed, and the literature is reviewed.
Numerical aspects of a dissipative inverse problem

Two numerical aspects of the solution of a one-dimensional electromagnetic inverse problem are considered: the numerical solution of delay integral equations and the sensitivity of the solution of the inverse problem to small changes in the data. In addition a numerical technique is developed for the solution of the direct problem in the time domain. The problem considered is one in which the conductivity and permittivity of the scatterer are continuous functions of depth. The incident field is a transverse electric (TE) plane wave of arbitrary shape, and the inverse problem uses the resulting reflected and transmitted transients to reconstruct the scatterer. For the sake of simplicity, a known scatterer is used to numerically generate the data required for the inverse problem. This is done by using the scattering operators for the problem. The scattering data thus obtained is used to formulate a generalized Gelfand-Levitan integral equation whose solution yields the conductivity and permittivity profiles of the scatterer. The sensitivity of this inversion process is investigated by altering the scattering data.
Insulin-stimulated plasma membranes from rat adipocytes: their physiological and physicochemical properties

Abstract Using methods previously described, we have isolated plasma membranes from insulin-treated adipocytes of the rat epididymal fat pad. Such membranes showed an accelerated uptake and release of d -glucose when compared with similar preparations from cells not exposed to the hormone. The only change observed was in the rate of d -glucose uptake; at equilibrium, d -glucose space was identical in both preparations. Vigorous alkaline hydrolysis of the insulin resulted in loss of its typical effect on both intact cells and derived plasma membranes. Anti-insulin antiserum, potent enough to inhibit the effect of the hormone when both were added to intact cells, did not prevent the insulin effect when added to plasma membranes prepared from insulin-treated cells. Addition of insulin directly to plasma membranes was without effect; exposure of cells prior to rupture was required. Studies of infrared spectra, native membrane protein fluorescence, and fluorescence of 8-anilino-1-naphthalene sulfonate added to the membranes, showed no differences between control plasma membranes and those prepared from insulin-treated cells. We conclude that: (1) plasma membranes can be prepared from insulin-treated fat cells which retain an enhanced glucose transport; (2) the effect of insulin on glucose transport does not involve large scale changes in the structure of the plasma membrane; (3) the insulin unresponsiveness of isolated plasma membranes, as well as the resistance to anti-insulin serum of membranes prepared from insulin-treated cells, appears to result from an uncoupling of insulin binding from glucose transport, the basis of which requires further exploration.
Database survivability under dynamic constraints

The connection between static constraints satisfied by a database and its future evolution under dynamic constraints is investigated using the notions of survivability and survivability-closure. The static constraints considered here are functional dependencies (fd's). The dynamic constraints are restricted to commonly arising analogs of fd's, called “dynamic” fd's. The results provide new tools for the design of database schemes containing both static and dynamic constraints.
Measuring the size and intensity distribution of SEM beam spot

In this paper, a method for measuring the SEM electron beam spot profile is reported: a thin (1 micrometer) film aperture is used as a knife-edge target, and scanned at high magnification. The derivative of the detected signal is proportional to the spot cross section width. High contrast is achieved at the edge of the aperture hole, because the hole boundary is well-defined and because the electron yield is zero inside the hole. Therefore, the measurement is independent of detection efficiency, electron collection and electron-material interaction. A non-zero spot size results in image blurring and reduced resolution. Knowledge of spot size and intensity distribution may be used, as in the Opal 7830Si, for countering this effect. Monitoring spot characteristics may also be used for diagnostic purposes, such as detecting astigmatism or misalignment.
Biomedical Engineering in China

Biomedical engineering has had a remarkable growth in the past decade in China. With the significant increase in research funding in the past several years, our Chinese colleagues have enjoyed good times for biomedical engineering research and development. This special issue includes a collection of articles contributed by groups, which cover the broad spectrum of biomedical engineering research, including molecular imaging, cancer detection and treatment, health information technology, neural engineering, electrophysiology, and biomedical imaging.
Fabric development with nearest‐neighbor interaction and dynamic recrystallization

[1] Polycrystals undergoing ductile deformation develop lattice-preferred orientation (fabric) as a result of intracrystalline slip. A consequence of fabric development is that bulk physical properties become anisotropic. Fabric development and macroscopic deformation are studied by examining three effects: nearest-neighbor interaction (NNI) among crystals, polygonization, and migration recrystallization. The effects of NNI are modeled by arranging the crystals on a three-dimensional cubic grid and assigning six neighbors to each crystal. The “strength” of interaction can vary from no interaction (homogeneous stress) to “strong” interaction (significant stress redistribution). Increasing the NNI leads to a more homogeneous strain. Fabric varies in both strength and symmetry at a given bulk strain, depending on the strength of NNI. For a prescribed fabric the strain rate increases as the NNI increases. Recrystallization is modeled from energy balance considerations, and polygonization is formulated in terms of stress differences. Both processes require knowledge of dislocation density, which is calculated in the model as a function of crystal strain and grain size, both of which vary with time. Models of fabric development in ice that include NNI lead to more realistic fabric evolution than models with homogeneous stress. However, available data on fabric evolution are inadequate to determine quantitatively the strength of NNI acting in ice.
A Commentary on the MND Model and the Boone Critique: “Saying It Doesn’t Make It So”

We appreciate Boone’s (2011, this issue) critique of Rogers, Bender, and Johnson’s (2011, this issue) analysis of the Malingered Neurocognitive Dysfunction (MND) criteria. She raised good points and appeared in general agreement regarding several crucial limitations of the MND model. However, Boone remained mostly silent on several issues including the compelling results from our methodological review of MND studies and Criteria A through D. When provided, her comments tended to be very selective and were often presented with little or no empirical support. This contrasting pattern of strong statements and weak evidence appears to unintentionally parallel the MND model, which was documented in our original analysis. As a result of her criticism, however, we clarified our point regarding methodological limitations in establishing levels of TBI and its potential relevance to determinations of feigned cognitive impairment. We hope that these spirited discussions will stimulate a much-needed review and a fundamental revamping, if not replacement, of the MND model.
Comparison of standard external CPR, open-chest CPR, and cardiopulmonary bypass in a canine myocardial infarct model

Study objectives: After cardiac arrest, open-chest CPR (OCCPR) and cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) have demonstrated higher resuscitation rates when compared individually with standard external CPR (SECPR). We compared all three techniques in a canine myocardial infarct ventricular fibrillation model. Type of participants: Twenty-six mongrel dogs were block-randomized to receive SECPR and advanced life support (nine), CPB (nine), or OCCPR (eight). Design and interventions: All dogs received left anterior descending coronary artery occlusion followed by four minutes of ventricular fibrillation without CPR and eight minutes of Thumper ® CPR. At 12 minutes, dogs received one of three resuscitation techniques. After resuscitation, all animals received four hours of intensive care. Animals that were resuscitated had histochemical determination of ischemic and necrotic myocardial areas. Measurements: Intravascular pressures were measured and coronary perfusion pressure was calculated during baseline, cardiac arrest, resuscitation, and postresuscitation periods. Percent necrotic myocardium, percent ischemic myocardium, and necrotic-to-ischemic ratios were determined for resuscitated animals. Epinephrine dosage and number of countershocks were determined for each group. Main results: Nine of nine CPB and six of nine OCCPR, compared with two of eight SECPR animals, were resuscitated ( P P = NS). Coronary perfusion pressure two minutes after institution of technique was significantly higher with CPB (75 ± 37 mm Hg) and OCCPR (56 ± 31 mm Hg) than in SECPR animals (16 ± 16 mm Hg, P P P Conclusion: OCCPR and CPB produce higher coronary perfusion pressures and improved resuscitation rates from ventricular fibrillation when compared with SECPR in this canine myocardial infarct cardiac arrest model. CPB and OCCPR yielded similar resuscitation results, although less epinephrine was required with CPB.
A Power-Control Theory of Vulnerability to Crime and Adolescent Role Exits-Revisited *

Hagan (1990) a adapte la theorie du pouvoir-controle pour expliquer le role joue par la distinction homme-femme dans la vulnerabilite au crime, melange de victimisation et d'offense, et la recherche d'une sortie par role deviant. Les auteures « revisitent » ces propos et, con-siderant la victimisation et l'offense separement, essaient d'elargir le concept de recherche de sortie, y compris la realisation d'une sortie par role deviant. Les analyses revelent que ce modele explique en partie les differences de sexe dans la dealinquance, mais cela n'est le cas ni pour la victimisation ni pour la recherche de sortie par role deviant. Les variables du pouvoir-controle exercent leur influence de maniere differente sur le rapport entre sexe et tentatives de sortie par role deviant. En guise de conclusion, il est propose que ce modele se revele capable d'ameliorer la comprehension du role des differences liees au sexe dans des comportements autres que criminels. Hagan (1990) extended power-control theory to explain gender differences in vulnerability to crime, a composite of victimization and offending, and the search for deviant role exits. We revisit this elaboration, considering victimization and offending separately, broadening the concept of search for role exits, and including enactment of role exits. Analyses reveal that the model partially explains gender differences in delinquency, but not victimization or the search for role exits. The power-control variables differentially impact the relationship between gender and role exit behaviour. We conclude that the model promises to improve our understanding of gender differences in behaviours other than crime.
Predicting Extubation Outcome in Preterm Newborns: A Comparison of Neural Networks with Clinical Expertise and Statistical Modeling

Even though ventilator technology and monitoring of premature infants has improved immensely over the past decades, there are still no standards for weaning and determining optimal extubation time for those infants. Approximately 30% of intubated preterm infants will fail attempted extubation, requiring reintubation and resuming of mechanical ventilation. A machine-learning approach using artificial neural networks (ANNs) to aid in extubation decision making is hereby proposed. Using expert opinion, 51 variables were identified as being relevant for the decision of whether to extubate an infant who is on mechanical ventilation. The data on 183 premature infants, born between 1999 and 2002, were collected by review of medical charts. The ANN extubation model was compared with alternative statistical modeling using multivariate logistic regression and also with the clinician's own predictive insight using sensitivity analysis and receiver operating characteristic curves. The optimal ANN model used 13 parameters and achieved an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.87 (out-of-sample validation), comparing favorably with multivariate logistic regression. It also compared well with the clinician's expertise, which raises the possibility of being useful as an automated alert tool. Because an ANN learns directly from previous data obtained in the institution where it is to be used, this makes it particularly amenable for application to evidence-based medicine. Given the variety of practices and equipment being used in different hospitals, this may be particularly relevant in the context of caring for preterm newborns who are on mechanical ventilation.
Mechanical properties of a fully dense polymer derived ceramic made by a novel pressure casting process

Abstract A new process has been developed for obtaining fully dense samples of silicon carbonitride (SiCN) from polymers. The process consists of two simple steps: cross-linking the liquid organic precursor under pressure, followed by controlled pyrolysis. Net shape processing is possible by casting the liquid into a mold before polymerization. The entire process is completed below 1000 °C. Basic mechanical properties of pore free SiCN made by this process were measured. The Youngs modulus is 155±10 GPa. The Vickers hardness increases from 15 GPa at an applied load of 1 N to 26 GPa at 3 N. Thus, the hardness to modulus ratio of these materials is two to three times higher than for crystalline silicon nitride or silicon carbide. The fracture strength of up to 1.1 GPa was measured. Pressure cast samples have a typical thickness of 0.3–0.5 mm, and are therefore suitable for obtaining a full range of fundamental properties of polymer derived ceramics.
Evaluation of Threshold Values of Acceleration Severity Index by Using Event Data Recorder Technology

The acceleration severity index (ASI) is used to evaluate the potential for occupant risk in full-scale crash tests involving roadside safety hardware. Despite the widespread use of the index across Europe, there is a lack of research relating this metric to occupant injury in real-world collisions. Recent installation of event data recorders (EDRs) in a number of late-model vehicles presents a different perspective on the assessment of the validity of occupant risk based on the ASI. EDRs are capable of electronically recording data such as vehicle speed, brake status, and throttle position just before and during an accident. Of particular interest is the EDR's ability to document the deceleration of a vehicle during a collision event. This research used EDR technology to investigate the correlation between the ASI threshold limits and the potential for occupant injury in crash events. The longitudinal ASI was found to be a good predictor of overall injury, and the intent of the current preferred threshol...
The kinetics of extraction in a novel solvent extraction process with bottom gas injection without moving parts

Abstract The extraction kinetics in a novel solvent extraction process have been investigated using the CuSO 4 –H 2 SO 4 –H 2 O–LIX 860–kerosene system. In this process, the liquid–liquid emulsion is generated by bottom gas injection, rather than mechanical stirring. This process has a number of advantages over the mixer–settler unit or the spray column in terms of simple equipment configuration and the ease of cleaning and process control, while providing a sufficiently large interfacial area for mass transfer. The overall rate constant increased with increasing gas injection rate and height of the aqueous phase but decreased with increasing injector diameter. The interfacial area per unit volume of the aqueous phase was estimated from the mean drop size and the dispersed-phase holdup computed from previously established correlations. The variation of the overall rate constant was correlated against a set of dimensionless numbers, representing the operating conditions. Extraction rates and efficiencies comparable to those in a mechanically generated emulsion were attained by this new method.
The Effects of Residual Stress Distributions on Indentation-induced Microcracking in B4C–TiB2 Eutectic Ceramic Composites

The boron carbide (B4C) titanium diboride (TiB2) ceramic eutectic is being investigated for armor and tribological applications. Electron diffraction shows [112¯0] TiB2//[213¯1] B4C//growth direction, (0001) TiB2//(1¯21¯0) B4C is parallel to the interface plane, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) imaging reveals no interface phase. Thermal residual stress distributions are calculated via finite element modeling of an experimental eutectic microstructure. The B4C matrix is found to be about 400 MPa in compression, and the TiB2 lamellae approximately 1.3 GPa in tension. Stress and strain energy concentrations are found at the tips of TiB2 lamellae. TEM of deformed materials correlates well with the finite element calculations, showing preferential fracture in areas of stress concentration. Interfacial delamination and crack deflection are also observed in deformed materials.
Distributed and fault-tolerant execution framework for transaction processing

There is a growing need for efficient distributed computing for transaction processing. One of the key requirements for runtime systems in distributed environments is fault tolerance. Such a system needs to preserve the data consistency at transaction boundaries so as to resume the ongoing tasks from checkpoints with consistent data for any component failure. Another key requirement is that the system needs to be lightweight enough in normal execution to provide scalable performance. This paper presents the design and implementation of a new fault tolerant execution framework that addresses both of these requirements. We replicate each partition of the distributed persistent data on three nodes (triplet) with two different types of backups, one using warm replication and the other using cold replication. For node failures, the system is automatically recoverable unless all three nodes in any triplet fail at the same time. The system tolerates simultaneous two-node failures in any triplet most of the cases. We obtained a new trade-off in that 43% performance improvements can be achieved by slightly compromising the system availability.
Is There a Rosenberg School

Since his first book The Cholera Years appeared in 1962, Charles Rosenberg has had an enormous influence on the history of medicine. Not the least of that influence has been exercised through his role as a graduate teacher, advisor, and mentor. This article compares Rosenberg's work with that of his students, to see if there is such a historiographic identity as the "Rosenberg School." The authors, two Rosenberg students from different generations, conclude that there is not such a school, at least in the classic sense of the term. Yet they argue that certain common assumptions, or "Rosenberg Rules," have been passed on from Rosenberg to the other scholars he has influenced. They also discuss the challenges they have encountered in applying Charles's conceptual framework, worked out primarily in pre-1920 terms, to the late twentieth-century history of American medicine.
Interpretations of various uncertainty theories using models of modal logic: a summary

Abstract This paper summarizes our efforts to establish the usual semantics of propositional modal logic as a unifying framework for various uncertainty theories. Interpretations for fuzzy set theory, Dempster-Shafer theory, probability theory, and possibility theory are discussed. Some properties of these interpretations are also presented, as well as directions for future research.
Chlorine adsorption induced structure and energetics change of vinyl chloride physisorbed on Ag(1 1 1)

Abstract On the Ag(1 1 1) surface pre-adsorbed with Cl, TDS and HREELS studies find that vinyl chloride physisorbs molecularly with a binding energy 8 kJ/mol stronger and an adsorption geometry more parallel to the surface in comparison with adsorption on clean Ag(1 1 1). The vinyl chloride in close proximity to the surface Cl has stronger binding energy than the ones further removed from Cl. The binding energy change due to surface Cl can be modeled with charge-dipole interaction between the negatively charged Cl and the large molecular dipole of vinyl chloride.
A quantitative description of the copulatory behaviour of meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus)

Abstract Nine pairs of meadow voles, Microtus pennsylvanicus, each received five laboratory tests of copulatory behaviour. Each test was continued until attainment of a satiety criterion of 30 min with no intromissions. Tests of a possible Coolidge effect were conducted on three tests of each pair. The copulatory pattern was characterized by intra-vaginal thrusting, no lock, and multiple ejaculations. Whereas the first ejaculation always was preceded by multiple intromissions, later ejaculations typically required just a single insertion. Mean ejaculation frequency was 5·9. A Coolidge effect was demonstrated as ‘satiated’ males resumed copulation upon introduction of a new female.
Comparison of MEMS PZT Cantilevers Based on $d_{31}$ and $d_{33}$ Modes for Vibration Energy Harvesting

d 31 and d33 mode microelectromechanical systems piezoelectric energy harvesters (PEHs) were fabricated and compared to investigate their output powers converted from vibration. Both types of devices have the same dimensions in a cantilever structure and aim to effectively couple vibration from ambient conditions. The resonant frequencies of the cantilevers are 243 Hz. Two types of devices were compared using mathematical equations based on an equivalent circuit model. The output power of the d31 mode PEH was 2.15 μW and 2.33 μW in experiment and modeling, respectively. The d33 mode PEHs generated output power ranging between 0.62 and 1.71 μW when the width of the interdigital electrode (IDE) is ranging from 8 to 16 μm and finger spacing is varied from 4 to 16 μm. The output power of the d33 mode device strongly depends on the dimensions of IDE. The analysis of material constant and electrode design was conducted in conjunction with developing a mathematical equation. The result predicts that the output power of d33 mode PEH can be higher than that of d31 mode PEH when the finger width is reduced to 2 μm and finger spacing is between 8 and 20 μm.
Influence of apholate on the haemolymph proteins of adult house flies.

Haemolymph samples from normal and apholate-chemosterilized Musca domestica L. were subjected to acrylamide gel electrophoresis. Samples were collected at 2- to 5-day intervals to 25 days of age for males and to 28 days of age for females. Haemolymph protein patterns of apholate-fed females appeared normal at the end of the feeding period, 2 days after emergence, but by 6 days after emergence gross accumulation in 2 areas was evident. Although the large diffuse areas gradually disappeared, discernible differences existed in most female haemolymph samples at 28 days of age. Haemolymph of apholate-fed males did not show the gross protein accumulation evident in treated female haemolymph, but close examination revealed changes in intensity of some bands. Soluble protein content of male and female haemolymph also was determined at intervals to 21 days of age.
Racial Identity Matters: The Relationship between Racial Discrimination and Psychological Functioning in African American Adolescents

This study examines the interrelationships among racial discrimination, racial identity, and psychological functioning in a sample of 314 African American adolescents. Racial discrimination was associated with lower levels of psychological functioning as measured by perceived stress, depressive symptomatology, and psychological well-being. Although individuals who believe that other groups hold more negative attitudes toward African Americans (low public regard) were at greater risk for experiencing racial discrimination, low public regard beliefs also buffered the impact of racial discrimination on psychological functioning. More positive attitudes about African Americans were also associated with more positive psychological functioning. The results further illustrate the utility of a multidimensional framework for understanding the role of racial identity in the relationship between racial discrimination and psychological outcomes among African American adolescents.