cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Resource Conscious Diagnosis and Reconfiguration for NoC Permanent Faults

Networks-on-chip (NoCs) have been increasingly adopted in recent years due to the extensive integration of many components in modern multicore processors and system-on-chip designs. At the same time, transistor reliability is becoming a major concern due to the continuous scaling of silicon. As the sole medium of on-chip communication, it is critical for a NoC to be able to tolerate many permanent transistor failures. In this paper, we propose uDIREC, a unified framework for permanent fault diagnosis and subsequent reconfiguration in NoCs, which provides graceful performance degradation with an increasing number of faults. Upon in-field transistor failures, uDIREC leverages a fine-resolution diagnosis mechanism to disable faulty components very sparingly. At its core, uDIREC employs MOUNT, a novel routing algorithm to find reliable and deadlock-free routes that utilize all the still-functional links in the NoC. We implement uDIREC's reconfiguration as a truly-distributed hardware solution, still keeping the area overhead at a minimum. We also propose a software-implemented reconfiguration that provides greater integration with our software-based diagnosis scheme, at the cost of distributed nature of implementation. Regardless of the adopted implementation scheme, uDIREC places no restriction on topology, router architecture and number and location of faults. Experimental results show that uDIREC, implemented in a 64-node NoC, drops 3 $\times$ fewer nodes and provides greater than 25 percent throughput improvement (beyond 15 faults) when compared to other state-of-the-art fault-tolerance solutions. uDIREC's improvement over prior-art grows further with more faults, making it a effective NoC reliability solution for a wide range of fault rates.
Cervical cancer among Asian Americans

Cervical cancer is a leading cause of female cancers worldwide. Infection with one or more of the carcinogenic types of human papillomavirus (HPV) is considered to be a necessary, but insufficient cause of cervical cancer. Other coinfections, cigarette smoking, and hormonal influences of pregnancy and oral contraceptive use appear to synergistically increase the risk of HPV-associated cervical cancer progression. Geographical and ethnic variation in cervical cancer incidence may thus reflect differences in exposure to HPV due to different sexual mores or susceptibility to infection, differences in prevalence of cofactors, or differences in the availability or effectiveness of cervical cancer prevention programs such as Pap smear and HPV screening. Although the incidence of cervical cancer in Asian Americans is lower than the other racial/ethnic groups in the USA, incidence rates are heterogeneous among different Asian ethnic groups, which may be related to the level of endemicity of high-risk HPV types in the Asian countries of origin, with some variation in findings potentially related to selective socioeconomic migration of immigrants. It is unclear how screening influences cervical cancer survival because Asian Americans lag systematically behind the general US population in screening uptake. The lack of knowledge of the benefits of early detection and screening guidelines, cultural factors, and access barriers is associated with the low screening rates. Similar disparities, and their driving forces, result in insufficient HPV immunization, similar to the low screening coverage reported in Asian-American communities. Future dissemination of effective culturally appropriate educational intervention programs for the reduction of access barriers shows great promise in reducing previous cervical cancer disparities in Asian-American women.
Selecting Cotton Fiber Properties for Fitting Reliable Equations to HVI Data

An advanced statistical procedure for developing reliable prediction equations relating cotton fiber properties and the skein break factor of yarn is demonstrated. The procedure consists of a sequential analysis in which subsets of independent variables are obtained by linear regression to best predict a dependent variable. Selection of the most reliable equation is based on three main criteria: the R2 statistic, the Cp statistic, and the MSE. The independent variables considered in the analysis are the cotton fiber properties measured by the HVI system (MCI3000). A reliable regression equation relating cotton fiber properties and yarn quality should simultaneously satisfy the two criteria: it has a high R2 value and uses only the most important fiber properties. Written primarily for textile scientists and engineers, the details of the statistical analysis are minimized, and the analysis is presented in its proper context, as a useful tool for the nonstatistician.
Abstract 3176: Linking suppressive activity and ER-Stress in Myeloid Derived Suppressor Cells

In recent years, immunotherapies have shown great promise for the treatment of cancer patients. However, the presence of a very potent immunosuppressive microenvironment in the tumor site remains one of the major obstacles in fully harnessing the potential of immunotherapeutic strategies. Myeloid Derived Suppressor cells (MDSC) represent one of the main suppressive populations inside the tumor. These cells can be divided in two sub-populations: PMN-MDSC and Monocytic-MDSC. They suppress immune response using various well-known mechanisms and accumulate to a large extent in tumor-bearing hosts. Despite the increasing body of literature on MDSC, which mechanisms drives their suppressive capacity remains unclear. Our group recently reported that the ER-Stress response is activated in MDSC isolated from tumor bearing mice and cancer patients. In this study, we investigated the possibility that the ER-stress response could be responsible for the immune suppressive capacities of MDSC. To test this hypothesis, we induce ER-Stress using well-known chemical inducer into non suppressive myeloid cells (PMN and monocyte) and assess their ability to suppress T cells function. Our results show that, following ER-Stress induction, normal myeloid cells were able to suppress T cells response (in murine and human system). To better understand how the ER-Stress response can induce suppressive capacities, we performed microarray analysis following treatment with ER-Stress inducer. Interestingly, we found that arginase-1, one the major enzyme implicated in MDSC suppressive capacities, was induced by more than 5 fold. Altogether, our results suggest that activation of the ER-Stress response in MDSC could be responsible for the up-regulation of arginase-1 and the suppressive phenotype of MDSC. These results suggest that targeting the ER-Stress response in cancer patients could inhibit the suppressive activity of MDSC and improve the efficacy of current immunotherapies. Citation Format: Thomas C. Condamine, Vinit Kumar, Dmitry I. Gabrilovich. Linking suppressive activity and ER-Stress in Myeloid Derived Suppressor Cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 3176. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-3176
Anaesthetic Management of Baboons Undergoing Heterotopic Porcine Cardiac Xenotransplantation

A detailed anaesthetic technique for baboons (Papio anubis) undergoing heterotopic abdominal cardiac xenotransplantation is described. Twenty-two baboons served as transplant recipients. Donors were either crossbred farm pigs (Sus scrofa) (n = 4) or transgenic pigs (Sus scrofa) (n = 18) expressing human complement regulatory proteins on the endothelium. Intra-operative management was complicated by the physiological consequences of infrarenal, abdominal aortic cross-clamping, in addition to the immunological sequelae related to cross-species transplantation. In choosing anaesthetics for this procedure, we considered the need for maximal cardiac stability throughout a long surgical procedure that required abdominal aortic cross-clamping to facilitate the implantation of an oversized porcine cardiac graft. Baboons received a balanced anaesthetic consisting of inhaled isoflurane in oxygen, intravenous fentanyl and intravenous pancuronium. The pharmacological techniques employed were found to be safe and reliable and were well tolerated by our recipients without any significant side-effects.
Malnutrition in Stroke Patients: Risk Factors, Assessment, and Management

Stroke is the fourth leading cause of death in the United States (1), and one of the major causes of disability generating a massive economic burden (2). Ischemic strokes account for 65–85% of stroke patients in the Western World, and the rest are hemorrhagic strokes which are more disabling (3). Only 10–20% of hemorrhagic stroke patients will recover functional independence (4). In order to improve neurological and cognitive functions of stroke patients, numerous rehabilitation interventions are implemented, including nutritional interventions, in attempt to overcome the metabolic consequences of stroke (5, 6). Even though malnutrition in stroke patients is under-recognized and undertreated, its prevalence on admission is estimated to be around 20% (7, 8). However, the prevalence of malnutrition after acute stroke varies widely ranging between 6.1% and 62% (9, 10). This wide range has been attributed to different timing of assessment, patients’ characteristics, and most importantly, nutrition assessment methods (10). Malnutrition before and after acute stroke is responsible for extended hospital stay, poorer functional outcome, and increased mortality rates at 3–6 months after stroke (11–13). The metabolic requirements and the resting energy expenditures (REE) depend on the type of stroke with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) requiring the most caloric intake when compared to ischemic strokes and intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). As a result, the hasty identification of malnutrition using body mass index (BMI) or anthroprometric measures or laboratory parameters after the acute event is fundamental to avoid poor outcomes (10, 14, 15). The type of feeding depends on the swallowing status of the stroke patient; if dysphagia is present, enteral nutrition (EN) through nasogastric tube (NGT) or percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy/jejunostomy (PEG/J) is a preferred intervention to oral feeding (14). Although the exact day of initiation of feeding after an acute stroke event remains debatable, it is preferable to start feeding after the clinical stabilization of patients in order to reduce complication rates and improve overall recovery (16–18). The aim of this review article is to discuss the risk factors of malnutrition in stroke patients and its assessment, the metabolic requirements for each type of stroke, and the importance of early feeding using the appropriate feeding method. We reviewed all English papers on risk factors, assessment, and management of malnutrition in stroke patients using Google Scholar and Pubmed. Relevant studies are included in this review.
Integument Development in Arabidopsis Depends on Interaction of YABBY Protein INNER NO OUTER with Coactivators and Corepressors

Arabidopsis thaliana INNER NO OUTER (INO) is a YABBY protein that is essential for the initiation and development of the outer integument of ovules. Other YABBY proteins have been shown to be involved in both negative and positive regulation of expression of putative target genes. YABBY proteins have also been shown to interact with the corepressor LEUNIG (LUG) in several systems. In support of a repressive role for INO, we confirm that INO interacts with LUG and also find that INO directly interacts with SEUSS (SEU), a known corepressive partner of LUG. Further, we find that INO can directly interact with ADA2b/PROPORZ1 (PRZ1), a transcriptional coactivator that is known to interact with the histone acetyltransferase GENERAL CONTROL NONREPRESSIBLE PROTEIN 5 (GCN5, also known as HAG1). Mutations in LUG, SEU, and ADA2b/PRZ1 all lead to pleiotropic effects including a deficiency in the extension of the outer integument. Additive and synergistic effects of ada2b/prz1 and lug mutations on outer integument formation indicate that these two genes function independently to promote outer integument growth. The ino mutation is epistatic to both lug and ada2b/prz1 in the outer integument, and all three proteins are present in the nuclei of a common set of outer integument cells. This is consistent with a model where INO utilizes these coregulator proteins to activate and repress separate sets of target genes. Other Arabidopsis YABBY proteins were shown to also form complexes with ADA2b/PRZ1, and have been previously shown to interact with SEU and LUG. Thus, interaction with these corepressors and coactivator may represent a general mechanism to explain the positive and negative activities of YABBY proteins in transcriptional regulation. The LUG, SEU, and ADA2b/PRZ1 proteins would also separately be recruited to targets of other transcription factors, consistent with their roles as general coregulators, explaining the pleiotropic effects not associated with YABBY function.
Quantification of Age‐Related Lung Tissue Mechanics under Mechanical Ventilation

Elderly patients with obstructive lung diseases often receive mechanical ventilation to support their breathing and restore respiratory function. However, mechanical ventilation is known to increase the severity of ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI) in the elderly. Therefore, it is important to investigate the effects of aging to better understand the lung tissue mechanics to estimate the severity of ventilator-induced lung injuries. Two age-related geometric models involving human bronchioles from generation G10 to G23 and alveolar sacs were developed. The first is for a 50-year-old (normal) and second is for an 80-year old (aged) model. Lung tissue mechanics of normal and aged models were investigated under mechanical ventilation through computational simulations. Results obtained indicated that lung tissue strains during inhalation (t = 0.2 s) decreased by about 40% in the alveolar sac (G23) and 27% in the bronchiole (G20), respectively, for the 80-year-old as compared to the 50-year-old. The respiratory mechanics parameters (work of breathing per unit volume and maximum tissue strain) over G20 and G23 for the 80-year-old decreased by about 64% (three-fold) and 80% (four-fold), respectively, during the mechanical ventilation breathing cycle. However, there was a significant increase (by about threefold) in lung compliance for the 80-year-old in comparison to the 50-year-old. These findings from the computational simulations demonstrated that lung mechanical characteristics are significantly compromised in aging tissues, and these effects were quantified in this study.
Incidence and Outcomes of Myocardial Infarction in Patients Admitted With Acute Ischemic Stroke

Background and Purpose— Data on the incidence and outcomes of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) complicating acute ischemic stroke (AIS) are limited. We aim to evaluate the incidence, treatment patterns, and outcomes of AMI in patients with AIS using a nationwide database. Methods— The National Inpatient Sample was used to identify patient with AIS between 2003 and 2014. Trends of incidence of AMI and its associated in-hospital mortality were evaluated. Univariate and multivariate logistic regressions were used to evaluate predictors of AMI. The impact of AMI on in-hospital outcomes was assessed in a comparative analysis of propensity-matched groups of patients with and without AMI. Results— Patients with AIS (n=864 043) were identified in the national inpatient sample, of whom 13 573 patients (1.6%) had an AMI (79.5% non–ST-segment–elevation myocardial infarction and 20.5% ST-segment–elevation myocardial infarction). In-hospital mortality was 21.4% and 7.1% in propensity-matched cohorts of patients with and without AMI, P P Conclusions— AMI complicating stroke carries a substantial in-hospital mortality and cost of care. Patients who underwent coronary angiography with or without intervention may have improved survival although it was only utilized in a minority of patients. Further studies needed to discern the ideal approach in AMI in patients with AIS.
Epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) in prostate growth and tumor progression

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and its reversal, mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET), are essential morphological processes during development and in the regulation of stem cell pluripotency, yet these processes are also activated in pathological contexts, such as in fibrosis and cancer progression. Multi-component signaling pathways cooperate in initiation of EMT and MET programs, via transcriptional, post-transcriptional, translational, and post-translational regulation. EMT is required for tissue regeneration and normal embryonic development as it enables epithelial cells to acquire the mesenchymal phenotype, conferring them migratory and dynamic properties towards forming threedimensional structures during gastrulation and organ formation. Uncontrolled activation of such phenomenon and the pathways signaling EMT events in adult life, leads to cancer growth and orchestrated by signaling interactions from the microenvironment, epithelial tumor cells with enhanced polarity, become invasive and rapidly metastasize to distant sites. Loss of epithelial markers (E-cadherin) and gain of mesenchymal markers (N-cadherin), at the leading edge of solid tumors is associated with progression to metastasis. This review will explore the contribution of EMT to embryonic development of GU organs and the functional consequences of EMT-MET cycles in prostate tumorigenesis. Recent insights identifying key players driving EMT and its reversal to MET during prostate cancer progression to metastatic castrationresistant disease will be discussed, with specific focus on androgen receptor (AR) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling in the context of their predictive and targeting value in prostate cancer progression.
Ousting Autocrats: The Political Economy of Competitive Authoritarianism

Why do incumbents in competitive authoritarian regimes continue to win elections or lose power? Employing a time-series cross-national analysis of election outcomes, I show that autocratic incumbents or their parties endure despite poor economic performance, economic modernization, and trade openness. Instead, I demonstrate that incumbents in competitive authoritarian regimes that permit meaningful electoral competition persist in power if they can create partisan advantages by politicizing public resources. Conversely, such regimes meet their doom when privatizations put the state’s fiscal power out of their reach. The argument has implications for the fate of competitive authoritarian regimes, transitions to democracy in hybrid systems, and the study of incumbency advantages and electoral fairness in comparative politics.
Combustion and emissions of a glycerol-biodiesel emulsion fuel in a medium-speed engine

Emulsion fuels are one option currently being explored to reduce powerplant and maritime emissions. Emulsification enables hydrophilic, typically low-value, molecules to be incorporated into tradit...
Pharmacological Research as a Key Component in Mitigating the Opioid Overdose Crisis

The United States is experiencing an epidemic of opioid overdose deaths. Many of the recent fatalities are associated with illicitly manufactured fentanyl, which is being added to heroin and counterfeit pain pills. The crisis is further exacerbated by the emergence of an increasing number of novel synthetic opioids (NSOs), including various fentanyl analogs and non-fentanyl compounds that display potent agonist actions at the μ-opioid receptor. Importantly, most users are unaware of their exposure to fentanyl and NSOs. Stemming the tide of opioid-related fatalities will require a coordinated multidisciplinary response from policy makers, law enforcement personnel, first responders, treatment providers, family members, and scientists. To this end, basic research in pharmacology can contribute significantly to mitigating the crisis through efforts to characterize the biological effects of NSOs, discover more effective antidotes for overdose rescue, and develop safer medications for treating addiction and alleviating pain.
Comparability within Computer-Based Assessment: Does Screen Size Matter?

Due to increased use of computer-based assessments, comparability studies are moving beyond paper-and-pencil versus computer-based assessments to analyze variances with computers. It is therefore p...
Effect of Rituximab on Seizure Burden in Patients with Rasmussen Encephalitis: A Case Series (P5.392)

Objective: To describe the effect of rituximab on seizure burden in patients with Rasmussen encephalitis treated at Texas Children’s Hospital. Background: Rasmussen encephalitis (RE) is an inflammatory disease affecting one cerebral hemisphere, manifesting as focal, intractable seizures, cognitive decline, and unilateral neurologic deficits. While hemispherectomy is the gold standard of treatment, attempts to delay surgery may be made when the dominant hemisphere is affected or early on in the disease course when neurologic deficits are mild. 1 Rituximab is a monoclonal anti-CD20 antibody used in a variety of autoimmune disorders. Two prior case reports found that rituximab improved seizure burden for up to 18 months in RE patients. 2,3 Design/Methods: We retrospectively reviewed charts of patients diagnosed with RE who received rituximab from the years 2007 to 2017. Patients who did not have a brain biopsy consistent with RE were excluded. Progress notes by the treating epileptologist were reviewed to determine the patient’s seizure burden at baseline and at various time points after receiving rituximab, up to two years later. Results: Five patients met inclusion criteria. All had undergone hemispherectomy, lobectomy, or focal cortical resection, but continued to have focal seizures or epilepsia partialis continua (EPC) prior to rituximab infusions. All five patients had improvement in seizure burden initially after treatment, which was sustained at 1–2 years posttreatment in three patients. Patients 1 and 4 initially saw improvement in seizure frequency, but declined 1–2 years later. Patient 2 only had EPC, which had completely resolved one year later. Patient 3 had complete resolution of seizures sustained two years after rituximab. Patient 5 had seizure reduction without complete resolution sustained at one year. Conclusions: Rituximab may improve seizure burden in RE, although the effect may only be of short duration in some patients. Larger studies are needed to further characterize its utility. Disclosure: Dr. Herring has nothing to disclose. Dr. Messinger has nothing to disclose. Dr. Coorg has nothing to disclose.
Case 2: Seizures, Apnea, Lethargy, and Persistent Hiccups in a Full-Term Newborn.

A female infant weighing 3,265 g is born to a 34-year-old gravida 10, para 8 mother, at 39 5/7 weeks of gestation. The pregnancy is complicated by maternal drug use (cocaine and tetrahydrocannabinol) and inadequately treated group B Streptococcus colonization. The infant is delivered via a precipitous vaginal delivery with concerns for placental abruption because of the removal of several large blood clots. At delivery, meconium staining of fluids is noted but the infant is vigorous, with Apgar scores of 8 and 9 at 1 and 5 minutes, respectively. At 14 hours after birth, the infant is first noted to have an episode of right upper extremity twitching, which soon progresses to involve both upper extremities. She also appears hypotonic and lethargic, and is noted to have episodes of apnea, bradycardia, and desaturations requiring continuous positive airway pressure. The infant undergoes a through screening for infections and is started on empirical broad-spectrum antibiotics and antiviral coverage ( Herpes simplex ). Serum glucose and electrolyte levels are normal. The infant is then transferred to a tertiary care facility for further care. On arrival, the infant is noted to be lethargic and hypotonic with shallow breathing. She is also noted to have frequent hiccups. Capillary blood gas is notable for a pH of 7.29, a Paco2 of 64 mm Hg (8.5 kPa), and a base deficit of +4. The infant undergoes elective intubation and mechanical ventilation is started. A head computed tomography (CT) scan is obtained and the infant is placed on continuous electroencephalography (EEG) monitoring. The head CT scan shows slightly …
Estimating the Success of Commercialization

The question that we ask in this chapter is: Among those companies that were successful in commercializing a technology from their Phase II research project, is there a relationship between the market success of those technologies (i.e., sales of the technology) and the minority or gender ownership of the company?
Auditory enhancement and spectral contrast effects in speech perception.

The auditory system is remarkably sensitive to changes in the acoustic environment. This is exemplified by two classic effects of preceding spectral context on perception. In auditory enhancement effects (EEs), the absence and subsequent insertion of a frequency component increases its salience. In spectral contrast effects (SCEs), spectral differences between earlier and later (target) sounds are perceptually magnified, biasing target sound categorization. These effects have been suggested to be related, but have largely been studied separately. Here, EEs and SCEs are demonstrated using the same speech materials. In Experiment 1, listeners categorized vowels (/ɪ/-/ɛ/) or consonants (/d/-/g/) following a sentence processed by a bandpass or bandstop filter (vowel tasks: 100–400 or 550–850 Hz; consonant tasks: 1700–2700 or 2700–3700 Hz). Bandpass filtering produced SCEs and bandstop filtering produced EEs, with effect magnitudes significantly correlated at the individual differences level. In Experiment 2, context sentences were processed by variable-depth notch filters in these frequency regions (−5 to −20 dB). EE magnitudes increased at larger notch depths, growing linearly in consonant categorization. This parallels previous research where SCEs increased linearly for larger spectral peaks in the context sentence. These results link EEs and SCEs, as both shape speech categorization in orderly ways.
The utility of point-of-care ultrasound in the assessment of volume status in acute and critically ill patients.

Background Volume resuscitation has only been demonstrated to be effective in approximately fifty percent of patients. The remaining patients do not respond to volume resuscitation and may even develop adverse outcomes (such as acute pulmonary edema necessitating endotracheal intubation). We believe that point-of-care ultrasound is an excellent modality by which to adequately predict which patients may benefit from volume resuscitation. Data resources We performed a search using PubMed, Scopus, and MEDLINE. The following search terms were used: fluid responsiveness, ultrasound, non-invasive, hemodynamic, fluid challenge, and passive leg raise. Preference was given to clinical trials and review articles that were most relevant to the topic of assessing a patient's cardiovascular ability to respond to intravenous fluid administration using ultrasound. Results Point-of-care ultrasound can be easily employed to measure the diameter and collapsibility of various large vessels including the inferior vena cava, common carotid artery, subclavian vein, internal jugular vein, and femoral vein. Such parameters are closely related to dynamic measures of fluid responsiveness and can be used by providers to help guide fluid resuscitation in critically ill patients. Conclusion Ultrasound in combination with passive leg raise is a non-invasive, cost- and time-effective modality that can be employed to assess volume status and response to fluid resuscitation. Traditionally sonographic studies have focused on the evaluation of large veins such as the inferior vena cava, and internal jugular vein. A number of recently published studies also demonstrate the usefulness of evaluating large arteries to predict volume status.
Experiences, Perceptions, and Recidivism

The six experimental studies show that restitution programs generally had more effect on recidivism than traditional probation, but not all restitution programs suppressed offense rates and not all outperformed the program against which they were compared. Traditional probation fared the worst in the analysis, as it seldom demonstrated even a reduction in postprogram offense rates and never produced better results than the restitution programs. Incarceration produced mixed results. The Boise short-term detention program was as effective as restitution, but the Ventura secure facility program was markedly less successful in suppressing offense rates than the residential work-release restitution program against which it was compared. Why do programs differ? Even more intriguing, why does the same type of program have different results in different places? In this chapter, the linkage mechanisms through which programs impact recidivism will be explored.
Black holes associated with cosmic neutrino flares

Astrophysical neutrinos could originate from blazars, but their modelling is challenging. Instead, the source of cosmic neutrinos could be a special yet unidentified class in which jets burrow through stellar material and produce neutrinos.
Gut mycobiome and its interaction with diet, gut bacteria and alzheimer's disease markers in subjects with mild cognitive impairment: A pilot study

Abstract Background Recently, we reported that patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) harbor specific signature of bacteria in their gut and that a modified Mediterranean ketogenic diet (MMKD) improves Alzheimer's disease (AD) markers in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the signatures of gut bacteria. However, other microbial population such as gut fungi (mycobiome) in relation to MCI/AD pathology, gut bacteria and diet remain unknown. Methods We measure gut mycobiome by sequencing of the fungal rRNA ITS1 gene in 17 older adults (11 MCI; 6 cognitively normal [CN]) in a single-center, randomized, double-blind, crossover pilot study, before and after 6 weeks intervention of MMKD and American Heart Association Diet (AHAD), and determine its correlation with AD markers in CSF and gut bacteria. Findings Compared to CN counterparts, patients with MCI have higher proportion of families Sclerotiniaceae, Phaffomyceteceae, Trichocomaceae, Cystofilobasidiaceae, Togniniaceae and genera Botrytis, Kazachstania, Phaeoacremonium and Cladosporium and lower abundance of Meyerozyma. Specific fungal taxa exhibit distinct correlation arrays with AD markers and gut bacteria in subjects with versus without MCI. MMKD induces broader effect on fungal diversity in subjects with MCI and increases Agaricus and Mrakia while decreasing Saccharomyces and Claviceps with differential response in subjects with or without MCI. Interpretation The study reveals MCI-specific mycobiome signatures and demonstrates that distinct diets modulate the mycobiome in association with AD markers and fungal-bacterial co-regulation networks in patients with MCI. The findings corroborate the notion of considering gut mycobiome as a unique factor that can affect cognitive health/AD by interacting with gut bacteria and diet and facilitate better understanding of the AD and related microbiome, using unique diet or microbiome modulators.
Religion and Academic Achievement: A Research Review Spanning Secondary School and Higher Education

Profound socio-economic disparities that exist among American religious groups are largely driven by the quantity and quality of education they receive. Furthermore, given the U.S. schooling system is rooted in Protestant ideals, it is possible that students with Protestant commitments have an academic advantage. This article synthesizes literature on how adolescents’ religious commitment and background are associated with their short- and long-term academic outcomes. A literature search identified 42 relevant studies published in 1990-present. These studies were reviewed to identify: (1) the mechanisms through which religion affects educational outcomes—moral, social, and cultural; (2) the main operationalized measures of religion—religious tradition and individual religiosity; and (3) the most frequent academic outcomes studied—secondary school grades, truancy, test scores, educational aspirations, and educational attainment. Of the 42 studies, 95% were based exclusively on quantitative survey data, 95% examined only religiosity or religious tradition, and 66% focused on educational attainment. There were three major findings. First, research has advanced from correlational studies to methodologically rigorous designs suggesting religion can play a causal role in academic success. Second, research reveals a religiosity-religious tradition paradox: Adolescents with stronger religiosity earn better grades, are less truant in secondary school, and complete more years of higher education. A large proportion of highly religious adolescents are likely to be conservative Protestants, but the research on religious tradition suggests that conservative Protestants are among the least educated religious groups. Third, it is unclear if religious adolescents only fare better on academic outcomes that reward their personality, such as grades, or whether they also perform better on more objective measures, such as standardized tests. This systematic review reveals a paradoxical “effect” of academic achievement and religiosity versus-religious tradition. The overall results indicate the need to: (a) identify the interaction between religious tradition and religiosity, (b) distinguish between subjective versus objective academic outcomes; (c) examine heterogeneity among non-religious adolescents; (d) study the interplay between institutional schooling and institutional religion; (e) investigate the religion/cultural match between teachers and students; (f) pursue qualitative research to better understand mechanisms; and (g) expand research about non-Christians.
Teaching in the Hood, About the Hood: A Case Study of Teachers in South Central Los Angeles:

This study examines how three teachers working at a South Central high school teach critically about race and place. While building on the “spatial turn” in social science, the article draws on Cri...
Reach and Adoption of a Geriatric Emergency Department Accreditation Program in the United States.

Study objective The objectives of this study were to describe the reach and adoption of Geriatric Emergency Department Accreditation (GEDA) program and care processes instituted at accredited geriatric emergency departments (EDs). Methods We analyzed a cross-section of a cohort of US EDs that received GEDA from May 2018 to March 2021. We obtained data from the American College of Emergency Physicians and publicly available sources. Data included GEDA level, geographic location, urban/rural designation, and care processes instituted. Frequencies and proportions and median and interquartile ranges were used to summarize categorical and continuous data, respectively. Results Over the study period, 225 US geriatric ED accreditations were issued and included in our analysis—14 Level 1, 21 Level 2, and 190 Level 3 geriatric EDs; 5 geriatric EDs reapplied and received higher-level accreditation after initial accreditation at a lower level. Only 9 geriatric EDs were in rural regions. There was significant heterogeneity in protocols enacted at geriatric EDs; minimizing urinary catheter use and fall prevention were the most common. Conclusion There has been rapid growth in geriatric EDs, driven by Level 3 accreditation. Most geriatric EDs are in urban areas, indicating the potential need for expansion beyond these areas. Future research evaluating the impact of GEDA on health care utilization and patient-oriented outcomes is needed.
Thought dynamics under task demands: Evaluating the influence of task difficulty on unconstrained thought

As research on mind wandering has accelerated, the construct's defining features have expanded and researchers have begun to examine different dimensions of mind wandering. Recently, Christoff and colleagues have argued for the importance of investigating a hitherto neglected variety of mind wandering: "unconstrained thought," or, thought that is relatively unguided by executive-control processes. To date, with only a few studies investigating unconstrained thought, little is known about this intriguing type of mind wandering. Across 2 experiments, we examined, for the first time, whether changes in task demand influence rates of constrained versus unconstrained thoughts. In both experiments, participants completed either an easy (0-back) or hard (2-back) task and responded to intermittently presented thought probes that gauged thought constraint throughout the task. In Experiment 1, we found that participants completing the easy task engaged in unconstrained thoughts more frequently than those completing the difficult task. In Experiment 2, we replicated this result and further demonstrated manipulations of unconstrained thought while also measuring task-relatedness (a common dimension of mind wandering). Finally, exploratory analyses showed associations between constrained thought and age, verbal intelligence, and an assessment of flow ('deep effortless concentration'), thereby adding further evidence to indicate a dissociation between task-relatedness and constraint. We discuss the methodological and theoretical applications of our findings to the burgeoning field of research on unconstrained thought. All data, analysis, article, and experiment code can be found at https://osf.io/wr2vk/ (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Nuns' Stories: Writing the History of Women Religious in the United States

Twenty-five years ago, a conference at St. Catherine’s College in St. Paul launched a new wave in the historiography of women religious in the United States. Nurtured by archivists and historians of the Conference on the History of Women Religious, the field subsequently reached a new level of historical inquiry with numerous studies that revealed the enormous attraction of the religious life for generations of American women, how that life often allowed women religious an autonomy and public role not available to their contemporaries, and investigated the challenges and struggles sisters confronted as women in the Catholic Church. The work identified the influential role of sisters in American Catholicism and, moreover, their influence in the larger landscape of American society and culture by illustrating how women religious touched the lives of Americans in critical ways that had resonance in and outside of the church in, for example, the development of education, healthcare, and social welfare in the United States, and in American expansion and urban growth. This article discusses major themes that have emerged in studies produced over the past decades, and suggests some areas that invite further research.
Emotional Development and Consciousness

This chapter presents the idea that consciousness, conceived as self-reflection, and its development is the central feature of human emotional development. While human self-reflection is a materialistic feature of our brains, its mentalistic feature is part of a large system called the self. Part of the self-system in humans has the ability to turn inward and be an object of its reflection. This self-reflection along with action patterns in response to environmental events, made up of facial, vocal, motor, and physiological responses, organized patterns of responses to specific environmental events, is what is meant by emotions. The development of this aspect of the self-system develops over the first year and a half of life and is influenced by the nature of the environmental events (called socialization) as well as the temperament of the child. Keywords: action patterns; brain function; emotional contexts; emotional elicitors; emotional expression; feelings; intentions
Nineteenth‐Century Free Exercise Jurisprudence and the Challenge of Polygamy: The Relevance of Nineteenth‐Century Cases and Commentaries for Contemporary Debates About Free Exercise Exemptions

Does the Free Exercise Clause of the U.S. Constitution require judges to exempt religious objectors from the application of nondiscriminatory and otherwise applicable laws? Over the last twenty years, judges and academics have debated fiercely whether the Clause should be interpreted to provide religiously observant citizens with a right to “free exercise exemptions.” The debate has led indirectly to a new interest in nineteenth-century views on free exercise jurisprudence. In this Article, I will examine the scholarship on nineteenth-century free exercise jurisprudence to date and ask what it adds to our understanding of the Clause and the question of exemptions.
How we will learn

At the close of the twentieth century, higher education is facing a series of strong, sometimes contradictory pressures that will transform the two major missions of the university—teaching and research. On the teaching side, these pressures will be resolved by a new distinction between knowledge and information, between “knowing how” and “knowing about.” This change will be accompanied by a strong alignment of graduate educational offerings with the needs and interests of working professionals, with a special emphasis on certifying competence in selected areas. This distinction will also foster a new commitment to offering broader perspectives that enable people to deal with complexity and uncertainty, act with wisdom, build powerful social relationships, and practice the skills of entrepreneurship. Digital media and Internet communications will transform learning practices from the sequential classroom curriculum to nonlinear hyperlearning environments. A new kind of teacher will emerge—the teacher who is a course manager and a coach rather than an information transmitter.
Online Collectivism, Individualism and Anonymity in East Asia

Anonymity on the internet has come under increasing criticism as a threat to public civility and safety. This article draws data from related academic studies, trade press and mass media to examine recent variations in the salience, use, and comparative value of anonymity, and its tripartite relationship with individuality and collectivism, across three specific cultural contexts: China, South Korea, and Japan. While online anonymity in East Asia plays a role in affiliation and in acts of collective cognition, it is also valued as an individual privacy resource. We must be especially wary about assuming social systems might be better off, more secure, without it.
Environmental Chemical Determinations

Environmental chemical determinations are identifications and measurements of the concentrations of elements, compounds, or ions in environmental media. In a chemical determination equal importance is given to the correct identification of the substance, and to its accurate and precise measurement. There has been a tendency in some environmental work to place more emphasis on making accurate and precise measurements, and to give less attention to ascertaining the correctness of the identification of the substance being measured.
Polyadenylate sequences on Newcastle disease virus mRNA synthesized in vivo and in vitro.

Polyadenylate [poly(A)] sequences are associated with the 35 and 50 S Newcastle disease virus (NDV)-specific RNAs as well as all six to seven of the 18-22 S NDV-specific messenger RNAs extracted from infected chicken embryo cells. The poly(A) associated with the 18-22 S RNA has an average size of 120 to 130 nucleotides. The 18-22 S RNA synthesized in vitro by NDV9s virion-bound polymerase contains six to seven species of the same size and relative proportions as its intracellular counterpart. This in vitro synthesized 18-22 S RNA also contains covalently linked poly(A) sequences which, although variable in size, are usually larger and more heterogeneous than those from the infected cell. In vitro RNA synthesis is supported not only by magnesium (at an optimal concentration of mM) but by manganese (at an optimal concentration of 0.5 to 1.0 mM) as well. However, the major product made in the presence of manganese, although sedimenting at 18 to 22 S , differs somewhat from the product made in the presence of magnesium.
Social Networks and Depression Among the Elderly: Metropolitan/Nonmetropolitan Comparisons*

: Contradictory findings have been reported about depression in the elderly living in metropolitan and nonmetropolitan regions of the United States. Additionally, the extent to which the same sets of variables are predictive of depression among the elderly living in metropolitan and nonmetropolitan environments is unknown. We examined these issues using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) and a national sample of elderly respondents. Findings indicated no differences in the average depression scores of metropolitan and nonmetropolitan elderly. Differences were observed in the social network variables found to be predictive of depression within each subgroup. Among the metropolitan elderly, intimate social relations were found to be independently associated with depression, while secondary social attachments were related to depression among the nonmetropolitan elderly. An examination of the buffering effect of social ties upon the relationship between stress and depression revealed that a simple additive model may not be adequate to describe the association between social network elements and depression among the elderly.
Small cell carcinoma of the male breast. Report of a case

An uncommon type of breast carconoma in a male studied by light and electron microscopy, is reported. Light microscopy reveals histologic characteristics and a pattern similar to infiltrating lobular carcinoma in the female breast. The ultrastructural study, because of close similarities in cellular characteristics with previously published reports, gives firm support to the light microscope findings.
New Approaches to the Treatment of Actinic Keratosis

Actinic keratoses are hyperkeratotic skin lesions that represent focal abnormal proliferation of epidermal keratinocytes. The major cause of actinic keratoses in otherwise healthy Caucasians appears to be exposure to the sun. Since they are commonly associated with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of photodamaged skin, therapy and prevention of these actinic keratoses are important steps to decrease the occurrence of SCC.