cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Significance of cytologically normal endometrial cells in cervical smears from postmenopausal women.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the significance of cytologically normal endometrial cells in cervicovaginal (CV) smears from postmenopausal women over age 55 years. STUDY DESIGN: From January 1995 to January 1998, 220 women had CV smears demonstrating cytologically normal endometrial cells. The menopausal status, hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and information related to subsequent CV smears and endometrial sampling within 12 months of the initial diagnosis was recorded. RESULTS: Eighty-one of the 220 cases (36.8%) had histologic sampling of the endometrium. Thirty-four of 81 (42%) showed no endometrial pathology. Endometrial pathology was identified in 28 of 81 (34%), of which 19 were endometrial polyps (23.4%), 4 were endometrial hyperplasia (4.9%), 4 were endometrial carcinoma (4.9%) and 1 was a leiomyoma (1.2%). Nineteen (23.4%) were insufficient for diagnosis. Ninety-one of 220 women were on HRT, and 129 were not. In the group without HRT, endometrial disease was identified in 22/51 (43%) cases as compared to 6/30 (20%) in the group with HRT (P <.001). Endometrial carcinoma was identified in three (5. 8%) cases and one (3.3%) case without and with HRT, respectively. CONCLUSION: Although the finding of normal endometrial cells in Pap smears from postmenopausal women was without any clinical significance in the majority of women in this study, in a small number it was associated with endometrial hyperplasia and carcinoma. Women who were not on HRT had a higher incidence of endometrial pathology.
Differential speed two roll mill pretreatment of cellulosic materials for enzymatic hydrolysis

Differential speed two roll milling is an effective pretreatment for increasing the susceptibility of cellulose to enzymatic hydrolysis. Using mills with three, six, and ten in. diam rolls and processing times of 10 min or less results in the following percent increases in susceptibility over untreated controls: cotton, 1100; maple chips, 1600; white pine chips, 600; newspaper, 125. In comparison, ball milling of newspaper for 24 hr gives only a 62% increase. A further advantage of the roll mill is the increased wet density of the product permitting higher slurry concentrations during hydrolysis. Important parameters of mill effectiveness are roll clearance and processing time
NSF realignment plan includes moving polar office into geosciences directorate

The U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) announced plans on 7 September to realign four program offices that are currently within the office of the NSF director, reducing the number of NSF directorates and offices within the director's office from 16 to 13 “to maximize research and education outcomes for science and engineering while enhancing NSF's operational agility.” Under the realignment, which would begin 1 October, the Office of Polar Programs (OPP) would become a division within the Directorate for Geosciences (GEO); OPP, which is currently within the office of the director, had been part of GEO until 1993. The Office of Cyberinfrastructure, also currently in the director's office, would become a division within the Directorate for Computer and Information Science and Engineering. Two other offices within the director's office—the Office of International Science and Engineering and the Office of Integrative Activities—would be merged to become the Office of International and Integrative Activities.
Numerical study of optical nanolithography using nanoscale bow-tie-shaped nano-apertures.

Summary Contact lithography using bow-tie–shaped nano-apertures was recently demonstrated to achieve nanometer scale resolution. In this work, the detailed field distributions in contact nanolithography are analyzed using finite difference time domain simulations. It was found that the high imaging contrast, which is necessary for successful lithography, is achieved close to the mask exit plane and decays quickly with the increase of the distance from the mask exit plane. Simulations are also performed for comparable regular-shaped apertures and different shape bow-tie apertures. Design rules are proposed to optimize the bow-tie aperture for producing a sub-wavelength, high transmission field with high imaging contrast.
The End of Managed Care

Managed care embodies an effort by employers, the insurance industry, and some elements of the medical profession to establish priorities and decide who gets what from the health care system. After a turbulent decade of trial and error, that experiment can be characterized as an economic success but a political failure. The strategy of giving with one hand while taking away with the other, of offering comprehensive benefits while restricting access through utilization review, has infuriated everyone involved. The protagonists of managed care now are in full retreat, broadening physician panels, removing restrictions, and reverting to fee-for-service payment. Governmental entities are avoiding politically volatile initiatives to balance limited resources and unlimited expectations. By default, if not by design, the consumer is emerging as the locus of priority setting in health care. The shift to consumerism is driven by a widespread skepticism of governmental, corporate, and professional dominance; unprecedented economic prosperity that reduces social tolerance for interference with individual autonomy; and the Internet technology revolution, which broadens access to information and facilitates the mass customization of insurance and delivery.
Correction of the internal absorption effect in fluorescence emission and excitation spectra from absorbing and highly scattering media: theory and experiment.

Fluorescence spectra measured from biological samples, such as tissues or cell suspensions, are usually distorted due to the light absorption by intrinsic chromophores. These distortions are aggravated by strong scattering of light inside the samples. A new method is described for a fast correction of these spectral distortions, using only steady-state spectroscopic measurements. The method is based on the formulas derived from a simplified photon diffusion model, in the isotropic one-dimensional approximation applied to a semi-infinite, highly scattering, and moderately absorbing medium with a refractive-index-matched boundary. The formulas describe the spectral distortions of the fluorescence emission and excitation spectra, together with the diffuse reflectance spectrum, as the functions of one spectral characteristic of the medium, the darkness, which is the ratio of absorption coefficient and reduced scattering coefficient. The algorithm does not involve any iterative procedures, and offers a direct, simple, and fast method for real-time spectral correction. The true fluorescence emission or excitation spectrum is directly calculated from a pair of experimental spectra: the fluorescence emission or excitation spectrum and the diffuse reflectance spectrum, measured from the same position on a sample. The correction produces the profile of the true fluorescence spectrum, the same as the one measured from the corresponding sample with an infinitely low absorption and no scattering. The restoration of the spectral profiles of true fluorescence emission and excitation spectra was tested experimentally, using highly scattering phantoms with a fluorescent dye and a deliberately added nonfluorescent dye producing strong inner-filter distortions. © 1998 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers. [S1083-3668(98)00702-3]
Ionic conductivity of tantalum oxide by rf sputtering

Abstract Tantalum oxide thin films were prepared by rf sputtering. The dependence of deposition conditions (i.e. sputtering power, total sputtering pressure, and oxygen partial pressure) on ionic resistivities for tantalum oxide films were evaluated. The proton conductivities varied from 3.3 × 10 −6 S/cm to −10 S/cm. The activation energy for ion motion varied from 0.25 to 0.4 eV; increasing exponentially with the optical absorption coefficient of the films. Variation in the ionic conductivities could be attributed to changes in the carrier concentrations and mobilities; although, a quantitative assessment was not made.
Reports of substance abuse prevention programming available in schools.

Evaluations of school-based substance abuse prevention programs with schools or school districts randomly assigned to either the treatment or control condition have demonstrated effective strategies over the past 30 years. Although control schools were never considered “pure” (i.e., no other interventions were being offered), school-based programming in the 1980s did not include evidence-based interventions. Since the late 1990s, funding agencies have required schools either to select programming from approved lists of prevention strategies or to demonstrate the efficacy of the strategies that would be used. This has increased the number of schools delivering evidence-based programs to their students. As a result, “treatment as usual” is more challenging to researchers. This paper describes exposure to prevention programming as reported by 204 school administrators from 83 districts and their 19,200 students who are participating in the Adolescent Substance Abuse Prevention Study, a national randomized evaluation trial of the program, Take Charge of Your Life. In order to determine the extent of student exposure to prevention programming in both the control and treatment schools, data were collected in each of the 5 years of the study from two sources: principals and prevention coordinators and from students. The data provided by the principals and prevention coordinators indicate that the vast majority of schools assigned to the control condition offered students drug prevention programming. This finding has implications for the evaluation of Take Charge of Your Life but also for other evaluation studies. The students were asked questions regarding participation in drug education posed on annual surveys. When their responses were compared to the reports from their school principals and prevention coordinators, it was found that the students underreported exposure to drug education. A follow-up qualitative study of a sample of students suggests the need for rewording of the questions for students in future studies. The implications of our findings for evaluation studies are discussed.
New higher-order compact finite difference schemes for 1D heat conduction equations

Abstract In this paper, we present two higher-order compact finite difference schemes for solving one-dimensional (1D) heat conduction equations with Dirichlet and Neumann boundary conditions, respectively. In particular, we delicately adjust the location of the interior grid point that is next to the boundary so that the Dirichlet or Neumann boundary condition can be applied directly without discretization, and at the same time, the fifth or sixth-order compact finite difference approximations at the grid point can be obtained. On the other hand, an eighth-order compact finite difference approximation is employed for the spatial derivative at other interior grid points. Combined with the Crank–Nicholson finite difference method and Richardson extrapolation, the overall scheme can be unconditionally stable and provides much more accurate numerical solutions. Numerical errors and convergence rates of these two schemes are tested by two examples.
EQUATIONAL RELATIONS BETWEEN NUTRIENT QUANTITIES AND CELLULAR GROWTH

Summary The quantities of five nutrients (N, P, K, Mg, Ca) were estimated in enlarging maize root tip cells. When consecutive cell fresh weights were plotted against the total quantity of any one nutrient per cell a parabolic curve resulted which fits the expression: W = kXn, where W is the fresh weight per cell, X the nutrient quantity and n and k are constants. The inference that may be drawn is that, under a defined environment, cell weight and nutrient quantity are related to each other by a constant quantitative factor. Two equations are derived to support the above hypothesis and also to support a related hypothesis that there might exist a quantitative relationship between any one nutrient and all other nutrients in a given cell at any one time.
Supervised exercise therapy provided by local physiotherapists improves walking distance in patients with claudication

Commentary on: SP Nicolai, JA Teijink, MH Prins; Exercise Therapy in Peripheral Arterial Disease Study Group. Multicenter randomized clinical trial of supervised exercise therapy with or without feedback versus walking advice for intermittent claudication.J Vasc Surg2010;52:348–55.
Nanoscale Silicon Microcavity Optical Sensors for Biological Applications

The large surface area of porous silicon provides numerous sites for many potential species to attach, which makes it an ideal host for sensing applications. The average pore size can be easily adjusted to accommodate either small or large molecular species. When porous silicon is fabricated into a structure consisting of two high reflectivity multilayer mirrors separated by an active layer, a microcavity is formed. Multiple narrow and visible luminescence peaks are observed with a full width at half maximum value of 3 nm. The position of these peaks is extremely sensitive to small changes in refractive index, such as that obtained when a biological object is attached to the large internal surface of porous silicon. We demonstrate the usefulness of this microcavity resonator structure as a DNA optical biosensor which displays appropriate sensitivity, selectivity, and response speed. A probing strand of DNA is initially immobilized in the porous silicon matrix, and then subsequently exposed to its sensing complementary DNA strand. Red-shifts in the luminescence spectra are observed and detected for various DNA concentrations. The spectral shifts confirm successful recognition and binding of DNA molecules within the porous structure. Detailed device fabrication procedures and the results of extensive testing will be presented. The detection scheme has also been extended to include the detection of viral DNA, proteins, and potentially bacteria. This work will lead to the development of a “smart bandage”, where the detection of bacteria or viruses can be diagnosed and an antibiotic treatment can be recommended.
COLLECTION OF RELIABLE FARM LEVEL DATA IN LDC's

This paper analyses the difficulties involved in timely processing of farm level survey data in LDC's using a main-frame computer. It then discusses the potential role of micro-computers used in the field to speed up and improve the quality of data collection.
Extension of metabolic control analysis to chemostat bioreactors

A method of determining control coefficients and pseudo-first-order kinetic parameters is presented for cell growth, substrate consumption, and product formation in a chemostat bioreactor. From the equations that relate the control coefficients to process variables, such as feed concentrations of the limiting substrate and the product of interest, a perturbation method is developed to determine control coefficients from steady-state measurements. This method combined with the transient response analysis provides a practical way for determining control coefficients and estimating kinetic properties in chemostat bioreactor systems. To determine the kinetic parameters, one measures cell mass, concentrations of the limiting substrate and the product of interest following a step change in the feed concentration until the system reaches a new steady state. The time courses of these variables are processed to obtain control coefficients, which yield the pseudo-first-order kinetic constants for cell growth, substrate consumption, and product formation. Only steady-state responses are needed in calculation, if a step change in cell concentration in the feed stream can also be introduced without significantly perturbing cell physiology. This method is useful in characterizing the kinetics of whole cell bioreactions: results from chemostat experiments can be used to design operating strategies for batch or fed-batch bioreactions. It is generally applicable to continuous-stir-tank reactors with interacting parallel reactions.
Multispacecraft observations of interplanetary shock shapes on the scales of the Earth's magnetosphere

[1] We are presenting a study of interplanetary shock shapes as observed by multiple spacecraft in the solar wind. The analysis of the 1 May 1998 shock observed by six spacecraft is presented in detail as an example to demonstrate possible complex shock shapes with small- and large-scale curvatures of the shock surface. To systematically estimate the shock front deviation from planarity on different scales, we are presenting an analysis of 62 shocks observed by Wind and at least one other spacecraft. Our results show the presence of local (on scales up to ∼30 RE) shock curvatures with radii of less than ∼50 to ∼200 RE for the majority of analyzed shocks. On larger scales, the shock curvature decreases and reaches the limit of the strongest possible curvature with radius of ∼400 RE on scales greater than ∼100 RE for all analyzed shocks.
Prevention of Exudation of Hard Cooked Packaged Eggs

Abstract In a study of factors affecting exudation of hard cooked eggs, it was found that exudation was a pH dependent phenomenon. The following procedure of cooking and packaging eggs resulted in a package virtually free of exudate: Eggs with a pH of 8.6 were cooked in water at 93° C. for 15 min. These were peeled hot and dipped in boiling water for 30 sec. Eggs were dried in hot air (85° C.) for 3 min. and packaged without vacuum or the package was flushed with nitrogen gas for 1 min. before evacuation. The above procedure gave a shelf life of 5 weeks at 2 to 3° C.
Nuclear force in the Skyrme model

A generalized Skyrme model of the nucleon supplemented by possible extra terms in the Skyrme Lagrangian is applied to the study of the two-nucleon system. A variational approach taking account of modification of the chiral profile is employed. An adiabatic N-N potential is calculated by the standard spin-isospin projection technique. Several different approaches and parameter choices are examined and compared with each other. No medium-range attraction is found. Modification of some nucleon properties in the interacting system is investigated.
Regulation of the Dbl Proto-oncogene by Heat Shock Cognate Protein 70 (Hsc70)

The dbl oncogene product is the defining member of a family of onco-proteins known as Dbl guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) that facilitate the activation of the small GTP-binding proteins Cdc42, Rac, and Rho. Oncogenic activation of proto-Dbl occurs through loss of the amino-terminal 497 residues, rendering the protein constitutively active. Because both onco- and proto-Dbl contain the structural elements required for GEF activity (i.e. the Dbl homology (DH) and pleckstrin homology (PH) domains), it is thought that the amino terminus of proto-Dbl somehow inhibits the biochemical activity of the protein. To better understand the molecular basis of this regulation, we set forth to identify cellular proteins that preferentially bind the proto-oncogenic form of Dbl. We identified the molecular chaperone heat shock cognate protein (Hsc70) as a binding partner that preferentially interacts with the proto-oncogenic form of Dbl. Dbl is complexed with Hsc70 in transfected cells, as well as in native mouse brain extracts. The interaction between Hsc70 and proto-Dbl is mediated by at least two regions in Dbl, the aminoterminal spectrin homology domain (residues 224-417) and the pleckstrin homology domain (residues 711-808). Overexpression of a dominant negative Hsc70 mutant leads to activation of proto-Dbl GEF activity, indicating that the chaperone negatively regulates proto-Dbl function in vivo. We propose that Hsc70 attenuates Dbl activity by maintaining an inactive conformation in which the amino terminus is "folded over" the catalytic DH-PH domain.
Microwave, infrared and Raman spectra, conformational stability, barriers to internal rotation, vibrational assignment, and ab initio calculations for 1-fluoro-2-methylpropane

Abstract The microwave spectrum of 1-fiuoro-2-methylpropane (isobutyl fluoride), (CH 3 )CHGH 2 , has been investigated in the region from 18.0 to 38.5 GHz. The a -type R -branch transitions have been assigned on the basis of the rigid rotor model. For the ground vibrational state the rotational constants were found to be A = 7631.03±0.14, B = 3480.96±0.01, and C =2633.38±0.01 MHz. The dipole moment components were determined from the Stark effect to be | μ a | = 1.702±0.002, | μ b | = 0.540|+-0.045, | μ c | = 0.296±0.007, and | μ t | = 1.810±0.003 D. These data clearly indicate that the assigned microwave spectrum is that of the gauche conformer. The IR (3500–40 cm −1 ) and Raman (3500–20 cm −1 ) spectra of the gas and solid have been recorded. Additionally, the Raman spectrum of the liquid has been recorded and qualitative depolarization values have been obtained. Both the trans and gauche conformers have been identified in the vibrational spectrum of the fluid phases. From temperature studies of the Raman spectra of the gas and liquid, the enthalpy differences between the trans and gauche conformers were determined to be 154±38 cm −1 (440±109cal/mol) and 157±19 cm −1 (449±54cal/mol), respectively, with the gauche conformer being thermodynamically preferred in both phases. Upon crystallization only the gauche conformer remains in the solid state. Complete equilibrium geometries have been determined for both rotamers by ab initio Hartree-Fock gradient calculations employing RHF/3-21G, RHF/6-31G * and MP2/6-31G * basis sets. The normal modes and potential surface calculations have been carried out employing the RHF/6-31G * basis set. These results are discussed and compared to those obtained for some similar molecules.
Studies on polymer ignition and development of a relative hazard ranking method

The argument is presented that a primary determinant for polymer ignition is the rate of heat input during thermal decomposition. An experimental protocol is described in which a conventional thermogravimetric analyzer is used to monitor the behavior of polymeric solids brought to ignition by exposure to preheated air. The data obtained are used to establish the minimum heating rate required for ignition and the initial decomposition temperature at that critical rate. These two properties are then combined to give a numerical ranking value which seems to be a reasonable indicator of a material's ignitability hazard potential. Data for a variety of polymers and mixed systems are presented.
Conditional value-at-risk in portfolio optimization: Coherent but fragile

We evaluate conditional value-at-risk (CVaR) as a risk measure in data-driven portfolio optimization. We show that portfolios obtained by solving mean-CVaR and global minimum CVaR problems are unreliable due to estimation errors of CVaR and/or the mean, which are magnified by optimization. This problem is exacerbated when the tail of the return distribution is made heavier. We conclude that CVaR, a coherent risk measure, is fragile in portfolio optimization due to estimation errors.
Composition and cross-section measurements using the HiRes detector

The HiRes stereo uorescence detector can precisely measure the profile of the extensive air showers caused by ultra-high energy cosmic ray particles. The distribution of the depth of the air shower maxima, Xmax, can serve as an indication of the atomic mass of the cosmic particles. It can also be used to measure the p-air inelastic cross-section. We discuss the consistency of the mass composition measurements done by the Fly’s Eye, the HiRes prototype/MIA and the HiRes stereo experiments. We introduce the first cross-section measurement at 1018:5 eV done using the HiRes stereo data and a newly developed deconvolution technique. The atmosphere can introduce a significant bias into these measurements. We estimate the systematic errors comparing the HiRes standard atmospheric model with the balloon data from the Salt Lake international airport.
Enhancement of critical current density in Tl2Ba2CaCu2Oy superconducting thin film on polycrystalline Al2O3 substrates using textured YSZ buffer layers

Abstract Tl 2 Ba 2 CaCu 2 O y superconducting thin films on polycrystalline Al 2 O 3 substrates with and without textured yttria-stabilized-zirconia(YSZ) or CeO 2 /YSZ buffer layers were fabricated. Ion beam-assisted laser deposition was used to obtain the textured YSZ buffer layers. The Tl 2 Ba 2 CaCu 2 O y thin films grown on the YSZ buffer layers were highly c-axis oriented with respect to the film surface and strongly in plane textured. The zero resistance temperature of these films was 100–108K. The critical current density (J c ) of the films grown on the YSZ buffer layers was 10 5 A/cm 2 . J c of the films grown on the CeO 2 /YSZ buffer layer or on Al 2 O 3 substrates directly was less than 10 4 A/cm 2 .
Job Performance Attributions and Career Advancement Prospects: An Examination of Gender and Race Effects

Abstract The present study examined the impact of managers′ gender and race on job performance attributions made by their supervisors. Among the most highly successful managers, the performance of women was less likely to be attributed to ability than the performance of men. In addition, the performance of black managers was less likely to be attributed to ability and effort and was more likely to be attributed to help from others than the performance of white managers. The findings also revealed that race differences in several attributions attenuated as supervisors gained more extensive work experience with the managers. Although black managers were perceived to have less favorable career advancement prospects than white managers, the effect of race on career advancement prospects was entirely indirect, operating through job performance ratings and ability attributions.
Physician brain drain : can nothing be done?

Access to medicines, vaccination and care in resource-poor settings is threatened by the emigration of physicians and other health workers. In entire regions of the developing world, low physician density exacerbates child and maternal mortality and hinders treatment of HIV/AIDS. This article invites philosophers to help identify ethical and effective responses to medical brain drain. It reviews existing proposals and their limitations. It makes a case that, in resource-poor countries, ‘locally relevant medical training’—teaching primarily locally endemic diseases and practice in scarcity conditions, training in rural communities and admitting rural students preferentially—could help improve retention. Locally relevant training would arguably diminish medical brain drain in five ways. It would (i) make graduates less attractive for Western employers, (ii) align graduates’ expectations with actual practice, diminishing ‘burn-out’, (iii) enhance the professional prestige of local practice, (iv) hold rotations in, and recruit applicants from, rural areas, which is known to improve retention there, and (v) create local career development options that attract practitioners to stay. Such educational reform may raise worries about poor-quality care, breach of the freedom of education and occupation, breach of the freedom of movement, unequal distribution of opportunities among students, hypocrisy and resistance from influential actors. We address these worries.
A multigrid Navier-Stokes CFD code for rotor computations

Abstract This paper presents the development of a multigrid Navier-Stokes code TLNS3DR for rotary wing calculations. The TLNS3DR is developed from the fixed-wing TLNS3D code by including a rotation term and making necessary modifications on boundary conditions. The TLNS3D code solves the thin-layer Navier-Stokes equations using an explicit multistage Runge-Kutta type of time stepping with multigrid method. The TLNS3DR code reformulates the TLNS3D code in the rotor blade-fixed moving frame of reference and solves relative motion of fluids. In this paper, the formulation of the Navier-Stokes equations in the moving frame of reference in terms of relative velocity is given. Several numerical examples are then presented. The results of rotor blade in hover calculated by the new TLNS3DR code seem quantitative correct. The computation also shows that this multigrid code is efficient.
An array of solid state counters with delay line pulse sorting

Abstract A matrix of twenty 2 × 12 mm 2 surface barrier counters has been constructed for use in the image plane of a magnetic spectrometer. The outputs of individual crystals are displayed in predetermined channels of a 400 -channel pulse height analyzer. This is done by connecting separate crystals to successive sections of a delay line and converting the time difference between signals arriving at the ends of the line into pulse heights. Simple procedures for producing reliable GeAu surface barriers and contacts and certain properties of such counters are discussed. Samples of data decoded by this unit are presented.
The dimensionality of world literature

The concept of “world literature” subordinates literature to space. Both a critique of the spatial presuppositions involved in accounts of the “world” offered by world-literature studies and an endorsement of the resistance to spatial determination common to much imaginative literature suggest that this subordination should be controversial.
Accelerated Particle Composition and Energetics and Ambient Abundances from Gamma-Ray Spectroscopy of the 1991 June 4 Solar Flare

The Oriented Scintillation Spectrometer Experiment (OSSE) on board the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory observed the 1991 June 4 X12+ solar flare, one of the most intense nuclear gamma-ray line flares observed to date. Using these OSSE observations, we have derived time profiles of the various components of gamma-ray emission and obtained information about the accelerated particle spectra and composition and about the ambient plasma at the flare site. The main results are (1) the nuclear reactions associated with the impulsive phase of the flare continued for at least 2 hours and resulted from ions that were probably continuously accelerated rather than impulsively accelerated and trapped; (2) the total energy in these accelerated ions exceeded the energy in >0.1 MeV electrons; (3) the accelerated α/proton ratio was closer to 0.5 than to 0.1; (4) there is evidence for a decrease of the accelerated heavy ion-to-proton ratio as the flare progressed; (5) there is evidence for a temporal change in the composition of the flare plasma; (6) the ratio of electron bremsstrahlung to the flux in narrow γ-ray lines decreased as the flare progressed; (7) the high-energy (>16 MeV) component of the electron spectrum was much more impulsive than the lower energy ~MeV component; (8) a model-dependent upper limit of 2.3 × 10-5 was obtained for the photospheric 3He/H abundance ratio; and (9) energetic ions may have been present for several hours prior to and following the impulsive phase of the flare.
Organizational Factors Influencing the Use of Clinical Decision Support for Improving Cancer Screening Within Community Health Centers

Adoption of clinical decision support CDS systems leads to improved clinical performance through improved clinician decision making, adherence to evidence-based guidelines, medical error reduction, and more efficient information transfer and to reduction in health care disparities in under-resourced settings. However, little information on CDS use in the community health care CHC setting exists. This study examines if organizational, provider, or patient level factors can successfully predict the level of CDS use in the CHC setting with regard to breast, cervical, and colorectal cancer screening. This study relied upon 37 summary measures obtained from the 2005 Cancer Health Disparities Collaborative HDCC national survey of 44 randomly selected community health centers. A multi-level framework was designed that employed an all-subsets linear regression to discover relationships between organizational/practice setting, provider, and patient characteristics and the outcome variable, a composite measure of community health center CDS intensity-of-use. Several organizational and provider level factors from our conceptual model were identified to be positively associated with CDS level of use in community health centers. The level of CDS use e.g., computerized reminders, provider prompts at point-of-care in support of breast, cervical, and colorectal cancer screening rate improvement in vulnerable populations is determined by both organizational/practice setting and provider factors. Such insights can better facilitate the increased uptake of CDS in CHCs that allows for improved patient tracking, disease management, and early detection in cancer prevention and control within vulnerable populations.
Homoclinic solutions for a second order difference equation with p-Laplacian

In this paper, we obtain new conditions under which the difference equation - Δ a ( k ) ? p ( Δ u ( k - 1 ) ) + b ( k ) ? p ( u ( k ) ) = λ f ( k , u ( k ) ) , k ? Z . has infinitely many homoclinic solutions, where p 1 is a real number, ? p ( t ) = | t | p - 2 t for t ? R , λ 0 is a parameter, a , b : Z ? ( 0 , ∞ ) , and f : Z ? R ? R is continuous in the second variable. Some known results in the literature are extended and complemented. A variant of the fountain theorem is utilized in the proof of our theorem.
Mixing in starts.

Analysis of the chemical and isotopic composition of stellar surfaces reveals the types of nuclear reactions that have occurred in the stellar interiors as well as the timing and depths from which material once deep in the star has reached the surface. Mass loss from the stellar surface and, in some cases, mass transfer from a companion enhance the opportunity to observe material that is the product of internal nuclear reactions. Detailed studies show substantial deficiencies in current models with the timing and depth of convective and other forms of mixing.
Sexual Relations and Purity in the Temple Scroll and the Book of Jubilees

The relationship between the Book of Jubilees and the Temple Scroll has been a subject of discussion since the beginning of the study of the Scroll, when Y. Yadin's edition noted many parallels between the two works.' The discussion of the relationship has focussed on the question of shared legal traditions.2 In his programmatic sketch of the history of halakhah inspired by 4QMMT, Y. Sussmann includes Jubilees and the Temple Scroll among the representatives of ancient priestly halakhah.3 Several scholars who have undertaken more detailed comparisons of the calendars and the associated laws of sacrifice have concluded that despite certain differences the two works belong to "the same legal and exegetical tradition."4 The calendar has been of particular
Measuring the impact of traffic flow management on interarrival duration: An application of autoregressive conditional duration

The Federal Aviation Administration has several tools in its arsenal to manage traffic flows. However, it is very difficult to assess with certainty the impact of traffic flow management procedures such as Time-Based Flow Management (TBFM) or Traffic Management Initiatives (TMI) on airport performance because operational data are not readily available to analysts. This study uses the case of Fort Lauderdale–Hollywood International Airport (FLL) where traffic flow management procedures have been implemented to manage a reduction of airport capacity due to runway constructions. Based on an Autoregressive Conditional Duration (ACD) model, the analysis shows that the use of traffic flow management procedures contributed to reducing the volatility of interarrival duration whether separation relies on time-metering (TBFM) or distance between aircraft (TMI). The lessons learned from this case study may have important implications for airports whose available capacity is severely constrained.
A New Approach to the Forming of Thermoplastic-Matrix Continuous-Fiber Composites — Part 2: Experiments and Model

"Die-less forming" is a new concept, intended to manufacture long compo nents of continuous-fiber thermoplastic-matrix composites. The concepts behind die-less forming have been tested in experiments on a two-roller demonstration machine. The experiments focused on finding the effects of important forming parameters on the shape. Laminates with special lay-up were also made and formed to study the effect of lay-up on shape.Quasi-isotropic laminates showed an unexpected "excess bending." An elastic/visco- plastic model has been developed to explain and predict this excess bending during die- less forming. The model is rate dependent and captures the shape dependency on strain rate, transverse feed magnitude and the lay-up. The model is based on the application of the principle of virtual displacements. The model predicts the net bend angle well for quasi-isotropic laminates.
Deoxynivalenol-Induced Proinflammatory Gene Expression: Mechanisms and Pathological Sequelae

The trichothecene mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) is commonly encountered in human cereal foods throughout the world as a result of infestation of grains in the field and in storage by the fungus Fusarium. Significant questions remain regarding the risks posed to humans from acute and chronic DON ingestion, and how to manage these risks without imperiling access to nutritionally important food commodities. Modulation of the innate immune system appears particularly critical to DON’s toxic effects. Specifically, DON induces activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in macrophages and monocytes, which mediate robust induction of proinflammatory gene expression—effects that can be recapitulated in intact animals. The initiating mechanisms for DON-induced ribotoxic stress response appear to involve the (1) activation of constitutive protein kinases on the damaged ribosome and (2) autophagy of the chaperone GRP78 with consequent activation of the ER stress response. Pathological sequelae resulting from chronic low dose exposure include anorexia, impaired weight gain, growth hormone dysregulation and aberrant IgA production whereas acute high dose exposure evokes gastroenteritis, emesis and a shock-like syndrome. Taken together, the capacity of DON to evoke ribotoxic stress in mononuclear phagocytes contributes significantly to its acute and chronic toxic effects in vivo. It is anticipated that these investigations will enable the identification of robust biomarkers of effect that will be applicable to epidemiological studies of the human health effects of this common mycotoxin.
Immunochemical comparisons of vertebrate glutamic acid decar☐ylase

Abstract Antisera to l -glutamate decar☐ylase (GAD) purified from mouse brain were produced in rabbits and the species specificities of GAD were examined. Antibodies to mouse enzyme were found to cross-react with the decar☐ylases from brain of rat, human, calf, rabbit, guinea pig, frog, pigeon and quail in double diffusion tests. Trout enzyme did not cross-react. The decar☐ylases from mouse and rat brain were inhibited to the extent of 50% and 35%, respectively, by anti-GAD IgG. The glutamate decar☐ylases from other species were inhibited only slightly. Microcomplement fixation tests showed that the mouse, rat and human enzymes were quite similar. The results indicated that the rat enzyme is most closely related to the mouse enzyme, followed in order by human, rabbit, calf, guinea pig, pigeon, quail, frog and trout.
High frequency of in vivo sister chromatid exchanges in the bone marrow cells of mice bearing mammary adenocarcinoma dbrB

Sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) in vivo were evaluated in the bone marrow cells of mice bearing mammary adenocarcinoma dbrB of 0.5 and 1.0 cm3, respectively. It has been observed that the SCE frequency is significantly higher (p < 0.001) in the bone marrow cells of tumor-bearing mice as compared to the bone marrow cells of non-tumor-bearing mice. SCE frequency in the bone marrow cells of mice with 1.0-cm3 tumors did not increase appreciably with tumor size as compared to that in the bone marrow cells of mice with o.5-cm3 tumors. This indicates the presence of mammary carcinoma-induced somatic stress as noted in the genetic material of the bone marrow cells of the host.
Dose reduction using a dynamic, piecewise-linear attenuator

Purpose: The authors recently proposed a dynamic, prepatient x-ray attenuator capable of producing a piecewise-linear attenuation profile customized to each patient and viewing angle. This attenuator was intended to reduce scatter-to-primary ratio (SPR), dynamic range, and dose by redistributing flux. In this work the authors tested the ability of the attenuator to reduce dose and SPR in simulations. Methods: The authors selected four clinical applications, including routine full field-of-view scans of the thorax and abdomen, and targeted reconstruction tasks for an abdominal aortic aneurysm and the pancreas. Raw data were estimated by forward projection of the image volume datasets. The dynamic attenuator was controlled to reduce dose while maintaining peak variance by solving a convex optimization problem, assuming a priori knowledge of the patient anatomy. In targeted reconstruction tasks, the noise in specific regions was given increased weighting. A system with a standard attenuator (or “bowtie filter”) was used as a reference, and used either convex optimized tube current modulation (TCM) or a standard TCM heuristic. The noise of the scan was determined analytically while the dose was estimated using Monte Carlo simulations. Scatter was also estimated using Monte Carlo simulations. The sensitivity of the dynamic attenuator to patient centering was also examined by shifting the abdomen in 2 cm intervals. Results: Compared to a reference system with optimized TCM, use of the dynamic attenuator reduced dose by about 30% in routine scans and 50% in targeted scans. Compared to the TCM heuristics which are typically used without a priori knowledge, the dose reduction is about 50% for routine scans. The dynamic attenuator gives the ability to redistribute noise and variance and produces more uniform noise profiles than systems with a conventional bowtie filter. The SPR was also modestly reduced by 10% in the thorax and 24% in the abdomen. Imaging with the dynamic attenuator was relatively insensitive to patient centering, showing a 17% increase in peak variance for a 6 cm shift of the abdomen, instead of an 82% increase in peak variance for a fixed bowtie filter. Conclusions: A dynamic prepatient x-ray attenuator consisting of multiple wedges is capable of achieving substantial dose reductions and modest SPR reductions.
Relationships between Cognitive Flexibility and Sex-Role Orientation in Young Adults

This study examined relationships between sex-role orientation and cognitive flexibility in young adults, specifically, differences in cognitive flexibility between persons with different sex-role ...
SECOND LANGUAGE TEACHER EDUCATION: INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES

SECOND LANGUAGE TEACHER EDUCATION: INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES. Diane J. Tedick (Ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 2005. Pp. xxiv + 348. 36.50 paper.One of the most difficult, complex, and seemingly intractable problems facing second language (L2) educators, especially in the United States, has been the tendency to restrict discussions and interactions to particular areas of specialization: foreign language education, teachers of English to speakers of other languages (TESOL), bilingual education, and so on. The causes of this professional Balkanization are myriad and are beyond our concern here. What is important, in my view, is that language educators learn to cross these artificial boundaries that divide us and recognize the common concerns, themes, and issues that unite us. Tedick's edited volume is an invaluable contribution to this effort. It brings together language educators from a variety of specializations to examine the preparation of both pre-service and in-service language educators. In fact, it does even more than this because the contributors to this volume also represent a widely divergent international group as well as an interesting and valuable mix of both researchers and practitioners at different levels. The book contains a total of 18 chapters, divided into four thematic sections that deal, respectively, with the knowledge base of L2 teacher education, the contexts of L2 teacher education, collaborations in L2 teacher education, and L2 teacher education in practice. Each thematic section of the book is introduced by a brief essay by the editor, which provides both an overview of the chapters included and a sense of how the papers relate to each other and to the remainder of the volume. Although each chapter is placed in a particular thematic section of the book, it should be noted that it is clear that most, in fact, address issues that cross several—and, in some cases, all—of the four organizational themes.
Feasibility of Nitrogen (or Oxygen)-Incorporated Ruthenium Titanium Ternary Diffusion Barrier Suggested by a New Design Concept for Future High-Density Memory Capacitors

A new design concept for diffusion barriers in high-density memory capacitors was suggested, and both the RuTiN (RTN) and the RuTiO (RTO) films, as sacrificial oxygen diffusion barriers, were proposed. The newly developed RTN and RTO barriers showed much lower sheet resistance, as reported by others, than various harriers including binary and ternary nitrides up to 800°C, without a large increase in resistance. For both the Pt/RTN/TiSi x /n +- poly-plug/n + channel layer/Si and the Pt/RTO/RTN/TiSi x n -+ poly-plug/n + channel layer/Si contact structures, contact resistance, the most important electrical parameter for the diffusion barrier in the bottom electrode structure of capacitors, exhibited as low as 5 kΩ, even after annealing up to 750°C. Moreover, when the RTN film was inserted as a glue layer between the bottom electrode Pt layer and the TiN barrier film in the chemical vapor deposited-(Ba,Sr)TiO 3 simple stack-type structure, the thermal stability of the RTN glue layer was observed to be 150°C higher than that of the TiN glue layer. Correspondingly, new RTN and RTO films, as diffusion harriers for oxygen, are very promising materials for achievine the high-density capacitors.
CREDIT CONDITIONS AND PRICE DETERMINATION IN THE CORPORATE BOND MARKET

THE CORPORATE BOND market provides an interesting paradox of the pricing process: When interest rates are high, newly issued corporate bonds are usually offered to investors at yields substantially above those currently provided by seasoned corporate obligations of comparable quality and maturity. As credit becomes more readily available, the differential between new and seasoned bond yields narrows appreciably and may even become negative.' Persons familiar with the operation of the corporate bond market seem to have no doubts about the reality of the yield differential. Its existence and behavior under changing credit conditions are plainly observable in the results of a comprehensive study of the corporate bond market covering the period 1900-1944. The author of this study commented on the differential as follows: