cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Numerical recipes: example book (Pascal)

Designed to accompany Numerical Recipes in Pascal the example book provides listings of demonstration programs (source code) that illustrate the use of each Pascal procedure found in the main book. This book will be a valuable aid to users wishing to incorporate Pascal programs into their own applications programs and to conduct simple validation tests. The programs found in this book are different from the original example book in Pascal (which will be phased out). Furthermore, they are not compatible with the Pascal programs found in the appendix of the original (FORTRAN) version of Numerical Recipes. The Pascal appendix is being dropped from the FORTRAN book with the publication of Numerical Recipes in Pascal. The revised example diskette contains the machine-readable source code for the programs found in the revised example book. (It only contains the programs; it does not contain any text found in the book.) N.B. The diskette that accompanies the revised example book replaces the extant Numerical Recipes Example Diskette (Pascal). The revised diskette is only compatible with the programs listed in the revised example book.
The interpersonal relationships and social perceptions of adolescent perfectionists.

This study investigated the relationship between multidimensional perfectionism, self-reported interpersonal relationships, and peer-reported prosocial, disruptive, and academic behaviors among a general sample of 984 9th-grade adolescents. Cut-scores from the Almost Perfect Scale-Revised (APS-R; Slaney, Rice, Mobley, Trippi, & Ashby, 2001) classified adolescents as adaptive perfectionists, maladaptive perfectionists, and nonperfectionist. Adaptive perfectionists reported significantly higher levels of positive interpersonal relationships than maladaptive perfectionists or nonperfectionists. Further, peers rated both perfectionism groups as more prosocial and less disruptive than nonperfectionists. Adaptive perfectionists were more liked than maladaptive perfectionists. Implications of these findings, particularly as they pertain to the nomothetic understanding of multidimensional perfectionism among older, school-aged adolescents conclude the paper.
Polymorphism in fowl serum albumin. IV. Isolation and characterization of liver polyribosomes.

Abstract A cell-free protein-synthesizing system composed of both polyribosomes and cell sap has been prepared from chicken liver. It incorporates as much as 250 pmoles lysine/mg ribosomes, a quantity comparable to similar systems isolated from other organisms. Problems resulting from the high nuclease activity in chicken liver homogenates were minimized by the use of bentonite and low molecular weight yeast RNA as nuclease inhibitors. Use of such inhibitors and of optimal ionic conditions and centrifugation procedures made possible the isolation of high molecular weight chicken liver polyribosomes which are stable after isolation, free of significant contamination by low molecular weight material, and are active in a cell-free protein synthesizing system.
The Zodiacal light and the interplanetary medium

Photometric and meteor observations, scattering properties, particle collection and impact, solar wind, and origin and evolution of zodiacal light in interplanetary medium - conference
Use of DEAE-cellulose in the separation of proteins from egg white and other biological materials

Abstract 1. A procedure is described for the use of DEAE-cellulose chromatography in the separation and analysis of proteins in complex biological mixtures. 2. Examples are given of the chromatographic analysis of egg white, livetin fraction of egg yolk, chicken breast muscle extract, cabbage extract, and extracts of two different strains of E. coli. 3. It was found that, in the case of egg white and livetin fraction, patterns obtained by DEAE-cellulose chromatography show more detail than the patterns obtained by electrophoretic examination. 4. Some limitations of the procedure are discussed.
Electrophysiological analysis of the hippocampal-septal projections. I. Response and topographical characteristics.

The hippocampal input to the septal region was studied, in rats, by electrophysiological methods. The major observations were: 1. the hippocampal fibers are excitatory with respect to their target cells in the lateral septal nucleus (LSN); 2. the distribution of the subcallosal fornix is restricted to the dorsomedial regions of the LSN; 3. the fimbria contains fibers terminating throughout the dorsal aspect of the ipsilateral and contralateral septum; 4. there is an extensive overlapping in the distribution of the ipsi-and contra-lateral fimbria components with convergence upon single septal cells frequently seen; 5. the posterior part of hippocampal region CA1 contributes fibers to the fimbria as well as to the fornix.
Action research: an approach to student work based learning

This article seeks to draw out some of the principles and concepts of action research in order to better inform student work based learning. After an introduction that explains the application of action research to work based learning, the article explores the essence of action research. The action research cycle and the notion of meta learning are introduced. A section on taking action research forward addresses pragmatic issues such as: journal keeping, managing role duality, and managing politics and ethics. Finally suggestions are offered for writing an action research dissertation or work based project report.
The Holdfast of Gilbertsocrinus tuberosus (Mississippian, Crinoidea)This article is one of a selection of papers published in this Special Issue on the theme The dynamic reef and shelly communities of the Paleozoic. This Special is in honour of our colleague and friend Paul Copper.

Gilbertsocrinus is a common Middle Devonian to Lower Mississippian crinoid from Europe, North America, and China. This crinoid has several very unusual features, such as tegmen appendages, minute a...
Identification of lysine-411 in the human reduced folate carrier as an important determinant of substrate selectivity and carrier function by systematic site-directed mutagenesis.

Site-directed mutagenesis was used to characterize the functional role of lysine-411, a conserved amino acid located in putative transmembrane domain (TMD) 11 of the human reduced folate carrier (hRFC). Lysine-411 was mutagenized to arginine, glutamate, and leucine, and the mutant constructs (K411R–, K411E–, and K411L–hRFC, respectively) were transfected into hRFC-deficient K562 cells. The mutant hRFC constructs were all expressed at high levels and restored 22–36% of the methotrexate (MTX) transport level in wild-type (K43-6) hRFC transfectants. Although 5-formyl tetrahydrofolate (5-CHO-H4PteGlu) uptake levels for both the K411E– and K411L–hRFCs were also impaired (∼33% and 28%, respectively), a complete restoration of the wild-type level was observed for K411R–hRFC. While loss of MTX transport activity for the K411R–hRFC transfectant was associated with an incomplete restoration of MTX sensitivity compared to K43-6 cells, these cells were similarly sensitive to Tomudex. The K411R–hRFC transfectants showed an approximately threefold decreased growth requirement for 5-CHO-H4PteGlu compared to K43-6 cells. The 5-CHO-H4PteGlu transport stimulation observed for the wild-type carrier in chloride-free buffer was also observed for K411R–hRFC, however, this response was decreased for the K411E– and K411L–hRFCs. The preservation of low levels of transport for the K411E– and K411L–hRFCs suggest that the amino acid at position 411 does not directly participate in the binding of anionic hRFC substrates. However, a functionally important role for a basic amino acid at position 411 was, nonetheless, implied by the increased MTX transport for wild-type hRFC over the K411 mutant hRFCs, and the highly selective uptake of 5-CHO-H4PteGlu over MTX for K411R–hRFC.
The Irritable Bowel Syndrome

The irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) can be defined as unexplained lower abdominal pain, constipation, or diarrhea. In children, recurrent abdominal pain (RAP) is a similar syndrome. Patients suffering from this disease have no organic pathology, therefore the word “unexplained” in the definition. Once organic pathology is demonstrated, such as diverticula of the colon or gastric ulcer, it is better not to ascribe the pain, constipation, or diarrhea as IBS.
Presence of Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes and a Dominant Nodule Within Primary Melanoma Are Prognostic Factors for Relapse-Free Survival of Patients With Thick (T4) Primary Melanoma Pathologic Analysis of the E1690 and E1694 Intergroup Trials

Lymphocytic infiltration of primary cutaneous melanoma has been demonstrated to be of prognostic significance. Tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) were evaluated on histologic sections of pT4 primary cutaneous melanoma from 293 patients, accrued in protocols 1690 and 1694 of the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. Data for the 60-month follow-up were available. Statistical analysis of the pathologic data evaluated the correlation of regional lymph node metastasis and response to interferon therapy, overall survival, and relapse-free survival. In multivariate analysis, there was significant correlation of the presence of TILs and improved survival. The presence of TILs did not affect the survival of patients treated with interferon alfa-2b. Presence of a localized dominant tumor nodule within the primary tumor had an adverse effect on relapse-free survival (P = .044) that was also marginally present for overall survival (P = .112). The presence of TILs has prognostic but not predictive value, and the presence of a dominant nodule in the primary lesion represents a new adverse prognostic factor that should be incorporated in the evaluation of primary melanoma. This study confirmed the importance of tumor ulceration and the number of positive lymph nodes on outcome. The major predictors of survival for localized cutaneous melanoma include primary tumor thickness, ulceration, and the presence or absence of lymph node involvement. 1,2 Other factors of potential prognostic importance that have been investigated are tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), 3-7 mitotic rate, 8,9 the presence of tumor regression, and tumor vascularity. 10-12 Many of these prognostic factors are interrelated. For metastatic melanoma, the most important prognostic factors are the organ site of metastasis and the presence or absence of elevated blood serum levels of lactic dehydrogenase. 13
Delayed Auditory Feedback with Different Delay Times at Each Ear

Binaurally asynchronous delayed auditory feedback (DAF) was compared with synchronous DAF in 80 normal subjects. Asynchronous DAF (0.10 sec difference) did not yield results different from those ob...
PHENYL SUBSTITUTED BENZENOID HYDROCARBONS—RELATIONSHIPS OF THE LEAPFROG ALGORITHM IN REGARD TO CLAR'S SEXTET RULE, STRAIN-FREE, AND PERIMETER TOPOLOGY CONCEPTS

Abstract Phenyl and related substituted total resonant sextet (TRS) benzenoids that are leapfrogs of ordinary benzenoids are the focus of this article. The perimeter topology in regard to the concept of strain–free benzenoid hydrocarbons is studied.
Successful treatment of tumor-induced osteomalacia due to an intracranial tumor by fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy.

Context: Tumor-induced osteomalacia (TIO) is a rare paraneoplastic syndrome, characterized by tumor secretion of fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF23) causing hypophosphatemia due to renal phosphate wasting. TIO is usually caused by small, benign, difficult-to-localize, mesenchymal tumors. Although surgery with wide excision of tumor borders is considered the “gold standard” for definitive therapy, it can be associated with considerable morbidity depending on the location. To date, radiation therapy has not been considered as an effective treatment modality in TIO. Objective: A 67-year-old female presented with multiple nontraumatic fractures, progressive bone pain, and muscle weakness for 4 years. She was found to have biochemical evidence of urinary phosphate wasting with low serum phosphorus, low-normal serum calcium, normal 25-hydroxyvitamin D and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, and high serum FGF23 levels. TIO was diagnosed. Selective venous sampling for FGF23 confirmed that a 1.7-cm left frontal mass, radiog...
Injection Locked Coupled Cavity Mode-locked Quantum Dot Laser for Coherent Communication

We demonstrate a new four-wave mixing based mechanism to injection lock a monolithically integrated colliding pulse mode-locked laser to a high-Q ring cavity. A stable 30-GHz optical pulse train is generated with optical-RF linewidth reduction.
An approximation for the time optimal bounded output problem for linear systems

An effective means for obtaining approximations to the time optimal bounded output problem is presented. The approximation is obtained from the results of a convex programming problem which is rapidly solved by computer. Moreover, the original optimization problem can be approximated to any desired degree of accuracy,
On the rigidity of the cotangent complex at the prime 2

In [D. Quillen, On the (co)homology of commutative rings, Proc. Symp. Pure Math. 17 (1970) 65–87; L. Avramov, Locally complete intersection homomorphisms and a conjecture of Quillen on the vanishing of cotangent homology, Annals of Math. 2 (150) (1999) 455–487] a conjecture was posed to the effect that if R→A is a homomorphism of Noetherian commutative rings then the flat dimension, as defined in the derived category of A-modules, of the associated cotangent complex LA/R satisfies: fdALA/R<∞⟹fdALA/R≤2. The aim of this paper is to initiate an approach for solving this conjecture when R has characteristic 2 using simplicial algebra techniques. To that end, we obtain two results. First, we prove that the conjecture can be reframed in terms of certain nilpotence properties for the divided square γ2 and the Andre operation ϑ as it acts on TorR(A,l), l any residue field of A. Second, we prove the conjecture is valid in two cases: when fdRA<∞ and when R is a Cohen–Macaulay ring.
Effect of processing method on products made from sweet potato mash.

Green and cured (seven days at 29°C and 90% RH) ‘Centennial’ sweet potato roots were used to make and evaluate frozen and canned mashes and canned whole roots. Fried patties and pies were made from each of the processed products. The frozen mash from green roots was higher in pH while the canned mash from green and cured roots was lower in pH and higher in viscosity. The canned mash had the lowest ‘L’ and ‘a’ readings but was rated the highest in color score when made into pies. However, the fried patties were scored higher in color when made from frozen mashes or canned whole roots. Moreover, pies made from low viscous mashes were scored low in texture.
Neuropilin Is a Receptor for the Axonal Chemorepellent Semaphorin III

Extending axons in the developing nervous system are guided to their targets through the coordinate actions of attractive and repulsive guidance cues. The semaphorin family of guidance cues comprises several members that can function as diffusible axonal chemorepellents. To begin to elucidate the mechanisms that mediate the repulsive actions of Collapsin-1/Semaphorin III/D (Sema III), we searched for Sema III-binding proteins in embryonic rat sensory neurons by expression cloning. We report that Sema III binds with high affinity to the transmembrane protein neuropilin, and that antibodies to neuropilin block the ability of Sema III to repel sensory axons and to induce collapse of their growth cones. These results provide evidence that neuropilin is a receptor or a component of a receptor complex that mediates the effects of Sema III on these axons.
Statistical analysis and sample-size determinations for mutagenicity experiments with binomial responses.

Two statistical analyses are studied for their applicability to mutagenicity experiments that produce binomial responses from a control group and a single treated group. Attention is focused on experiments with (1) group sample sizes greater than 500 and (2) a probability less than .05 for a binary observation from any experimental unit being "positive." In addition, it is assumed that historical control data will not be included in the statistical analysis. The first analysis is a conditional binomial test, which has been tabulated extensively by Kastenbaum and Bowman [1970], while the second is based on a standard normal approximation to the distribution of the difference between two sample proportions. A formula is presented for each analysis that relates the associated probability of detecting a mutagen to the mutant frequencies and sample sizes of the two groups. Based on extensive numerical results, the conclusion is drawn that the normal test is the preferred analysis for experiments in which the ratio of the two sample sizes is between 0.80 and 1.25. On the further assumption that an experiment is to be conducted with equal experimental group sample sizes, recommendations are offered for values of this common sample size needed to achieve a specified power, ie, a degree of assurance of detecting a postulated level of mutagenic effect.
Flow cytometric (DNA content and S-phase fraction) analysis of breast cancer

The advent of therapeutic alternatives for patients with breast cancer has altered their clinical management profoundly. Because of this, the need for reliable prognostic indicators with definable clinical utility has spawned a number of objective evaluations of the neoplasm itself. Flow cytometric analysis of DNA and the cell cycle (S-phase fraction) are two of the objective measurements. Their current status in breast cancer is unclear. In the important category of carcinomas with negative axillary lymph nodes, DNA content (ploidy) information does not add important, independent, or prognostic information
Evolution of the intron-exon structure of eukaryotic genes

The origin and evolution of intron-exon structures continue to be controversial topics. Two alternative theories, the 'exon theory of genes' and the 'insertional theory of introns', debate the presence or absence of introns in primordial genes. Both sides of the argument have focused on the positions of introns with respect to protein and gene structures. A new approach has emerged in the study of the evolution of intron-exon structures: a population analysis of genes. One example is the statistical analysis of intron phases--the position of introns within or between codons. This analysis detected a significant signal of exon shuffling in the DNA sequence database containing both ancient and modern exon sequences: intron phase correlations, that is, the association together within genes of introns of the same phase. The results of this analysis suggest that exon shuffling played an important role in the origin of both ancient and modern genes.
Quantification of asymptomatic kidney stone burden by computed tomography for predicting future symptomatic stone events

Objective To find the optimal characterization of asymptomatic radiographic stone burden on computed tomography (CT) scans. Methods A survey was sent to stone formers who underwent a CT scan while asymptomatic during a stone clinic evaluation. Symptomatic stone passage events after CT scan were detected by survey and medical record review. Radiographic stone burden was quantified by number of stones, largest stone diameter, automated total stone volume (TSV), and bilateral stones and then compared as predictors of stone events. Results There were 550 stone formers; 43% had a stone event for a median of 4.7 years after the CT scan. Stone burden by quartiles was 0-1, 2-3, 4-6, and ≥7 for number of stones; 0-2, 3-4, 5-7, and ≥8 mm for largest stone diameter; and 0-8, 9-78, 79-280, and ≥281 mm 3 for TSV; 48% had bilateral stones. The hazard ratios (HRs) for symptomatic event was 1.30 ( P P P P P = .01). This risk of events with TSV was also independent of demographics, urine chemistries, and stone composition. Among the 53 patients with interim events between CT scans, a rapid increase in TSV between CT scans (>570 mm 3 per year) predicted subsequent events (HR, 2.8; P = .05). Conclusion Automated TSV is more predictive of symptomatic events than manual methods for quantifying stone burden on CT scan.
The structural origin of chromatographic retention data

Abstract Retention data on alkanes are re-examined from a structural point of view with an emphasis on the molecular connectivity. Rather than adopting empirical parameters for selected structural groupings an assumption that bond contributions depend on the formal carbon valencies in a hydrogen suppressed molecular graph is made. Except for several highly branched systems (which give problems in almost all empirical correlations) this single assumption produces a good linear correlation with the connectivity index which compares favorably with alternative schemes using ten (and more) structural empirical parameters. Furthermore, a close examination of the skeletal forms for the worst cases indicates that these are characterized by a larger number of methyl groups three bonds apart, hence by an additional assumption, that such methyl-methyl fragments cause departures from the correlation (given by the quadratic function of the number of fragments) retention indices for all alkanes considered can be well represented by a linear correlation with the connectivity index. The significance of the work is in demonstration of a dramatic reduction of the structural assumptions required. The approach should be considered as complementary to purely empirical correlations of the retention data with a large number of structural indices, pointing rather to the significance of the structural fragments involved then competing in precision with more flexible alternative schemes.
Beyond distribution and assignment: managing navy careers

Numerous studies have attempted to provide technological solutions to the problem of sailor distribution and assignment. But they have failed to model the roles of several stakeholders. This paper aims to provide timely technical support and relevant information to the stakeholders. The approach is to model a sailor's sequence of jobs as a supply chain. The contribution of this effort is to introduce supply chain management as a way of thinking about the problem. Each command receives a sailor's services, but that command also invests in the sailor by providing training and experience. It is this investment activity that makes the sailor more valuable to commands later in the supply chain. An optimal system will encourage commands to invest in sailor attributes that are desired by other commands with jobs later in the supply chain. The model that is outlined in this paper measures the value of assigning a sailor to a particular job early enough to encourage this investment while recognising the inputs of all relevant stakeholders.
Conditioned word meaning and the interstimulus interval

Word meaning responses were established for groups having one of four interstimulus intervals (ISIs): 2 sec backward, 1 sec backward, 1 sec forward, and 2 sec forward. There was no significant difference in the degree of conditioning shown by the four groups, and the acquisition of word meaning was due almost completely to the performance of Ss who were aware of the relations between CSs and USs. The appropriateness of labeling the acquisition of word meaning classical conditioning is questioned.
High-resolution photoelectron imaging of cold C60− anions and accurate determination of the electron affinity of C60

High-resolution photoelectron imaging and spectroscopy of cold C60− anions are reported using a newly built photoelectron imaging apparatus coupled with an electrospray ionization source and a temperature-controlled cryogenic ion trap. Vibrationally resolved photoelectron spectra are obtained for the detachment transition from the ground state of C60− to that of C60 at various detachment wavelengths from 354.84 nm to 461.35 nm. The electron affinity of C60 is accurately measured to be 2.6835 ± 0.0006 eV. Numerous unexpected vibrational excitations are observed in the photoelectron spectra due to the Jahn-Teller effect in C60− and Hertzberg-Teller vibronic coupling in both C60− and C60. Both the relative intensities of vibrational peaks and their photoelectron angular distributions provide evidence for the vibronic couplings. The observed p-wave-like behavior in the angular distribution of the 000 transition suggests that the electron is detached from an s-type orbital.
Cathodic Protection Monitoring: A New Task for ILI Tools

Identifying deficiencies and monitoring the effectiveness of a pipeline’s cathodic protection (CP) system can be difficult, expensive and time consuming — especially when the pipe is located in an area of difficult access. Now that CP may be monitored via in-line inspection tools (smart pigs), the status of CP systems can be confirmed and problems identified regardless of the location, accessibility, or condition of the pipeline right of way. An in-line inspection tool capable of reading and recording the magnitude and polarity of current supplied by cathodic protection has been developed and tested in a variety of pipelines. The results show that CP currents can be quickly, accurately and efficiently measured without access to the outside surface of the pipe. For difficult-to-access areas, the CPCM™ In-Line Cathodic Protection Inspection Tool provides for a reliable, cost-effective, and time-saving way to monitor, validate, or trouble shoot a pipeline’s cathodic protection system. This paper will present results from field trials as well as the first commercial deployments of the technology. A discussion of how cathodic protection and pipeline features are identified will be included. This tool is the result of the joint development effort of Shell Pipeline Co. LP, Shell Global Solutions, Baker Hughes PMG and the US DOT.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Occupation, employment and human welfare

Abstract Current political debates about relations between “work” and “welfare” do not take enough account of the changing character of Occupation. In a world of primary and secondary industries (e.g. farming and manufacturing) working tends to be equated with being employed, and welfare with not having a job. But these relations cannot be generalized. Increasingly, new occupations involve “self‐employment” (so‐called) and cannot easily be evaluated in terms of employment statistics. Intelligently organized, rather, welfare in the form of institution‐building can serve the shared interests of the whole Community, and so generate valuable social products that provide the Society with some essential infrastructure.
Activity-Dependent Validation of Excitatory versus Inhibitory Synapses by Neuroligin-1 versus Neuroligin-2

Summary Neuroligins enhance synapse formation in vitro, but surprisingly are not required for the generation of synapses in vivo. We now show that in cultured neurons, neuroligin-1 overexpression increases excitatory, but not inhibitory, synaptic responses, and potentiates synaptic NMDAR/AMPAR ratios. In contrast, neuroligin-2 overexpression increases inhibitory, but not excitatory, synaptic responses. Accordingly, deletion of neuroligin-1 in knockout mice selectively decreases the NMDAR/AMPAR ratio, whereas deletion of neuroligin-2 selectively decreases inhibitory synaptic responses. Strikingly, chronic inhibition of NMDARs or CaM-Kinase II, which signals downstream of NMDARs, suppresses the synapse-boosting activity of neuroligin-1, whereas chronic inhibition of general synaptic activity suppresses the synapse-boosting activity of neuroligin-2. Taken together, these data indicate that neuroligins do not establish, but specify and validate, synapses via an activity-dependent mechanism, with different neuroligins acting on distinct types of synapses. This hypothesis reconciles the overexpression and knockout phenotypes and suggests that neuroligins contribute to the use-dependent formation of neural circuits.
Nitroxides as redox probes of melanins: Dark-induced and photoinduced changes in redox equilibria

The interaction of nitroxide free radicals and their reduced products (hydroxylamines) with synthetic and natural melanins has been studied. Electron spin resonance spectroscopy was used to measure changes in radical concentration in the dark and during irradiation with visible or uv light. Some reduction of nitroxide occurs in the dark, and is reversible: the nitroxide can be completely regenerated by the one-electron oxidant ferricyanide. The kinetics of the process depend strongly on radical charge and pH. For positively charged nitroxides the rate is much faster than for either neutral or anionic radicals. At pH 10 the rate is about 20 times faster than at pH 5. Oxidation of hydroxylamine also can occur so that a redox equilibrium is established. The equilibrium constant has been estimated for the reaction between a nitroxide and melanin from autoxidation of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine. Results are also dependent upon the type of melanin used and chemical modification (oxidation or reduction) of the melanin. Redox equilibria are altered during irradiation with either visible or uv light. Rapid oxidation of hydroxylamine to nitroxide is apparent, together with a slower reduction of nitroxide. Action spectra for these processes are related to those for melanin radical production and oxygen consumption in nitroxide-free melanin systems. Reduction of nitroxide is inhibited by oxygen, suggesting a competition between nitroxide and oxygen for photoinduced reducing equivalents.
Mental disorder and comorbidity among runaway and homeless adolescents.

Abstract Purpose To investigate prevalence of mental disorder and comorbidity among homeless and runaway adolescents in small to medium sized cities in four Midwestern states. Methods The study presents lifetime, 12-month prevalence, and comorbidity rates for five mental disorders (conduct disorder, major depressive episode, posttraumatic stress disorder, alcohol abuse, and drug abuse) based on UM-CIDI and DISC-R structured interviews from the baseline interviews of a longitudinal diagnostic study of 428 (187 males; 241 females) homeless and runaway adolescents aged 16–19 years (mean age = 17.4 years, SD = 1.05). The data were collected by full-time street interviewers on the streets and in shelters in eight Midwestern cities of various populations. Separate logistic regression models were used to investigate factors associated with meeting criteria for any disorder and two or more disorders. Results Lifetime prevalence rates were compared with rates for same-aged respondents from the National Comorbidity Survey (NCS). Homeless and runaway adolescents were six times more likely than same-aged NCS respondents to meet criteria for two or more disorders and were from two to 17 times more likely to meet criteria for individual disorders than. Conclusions Homeless and runaway adolescents in small and mid-sized Midwestern cities report significant levels of mental disorder and comorbidity that are comparable and often exceed that reported in studies of larger magnet cities.
Chlamydia pneumoniae infection induced allergic airway sensitization is controlled by regulatory T-cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cells.

Chlamydia pneumoniae (CP) is associated with induction and exacerbation of asthma. CP infection can induce allergic airway sensitization in mice in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Allergen exposure 5 days after a low dose (mild-moderate), but not a high dose (severe) CP infection induces antigen sensitization in mice. Innate immune signals play a critical role in controlling CP infection induced allergic airway sensitization, however these mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. Wild-type, TLR2−/−, and TLR4−/− mice were infected intranasally (i.n.) with a low dose of CP, followed by i.n. exposure to human serum albumin (HSA) and challenged with HSA 2 weeks later. Airway inflammation, immunoglobulins, eosinophils, and goblet cells were measured. Low dose CP infection induced allergic sensitization in TLR2−/− mice, but not in TLR4−/− mice, due to differential Treg responses in these genotypes. TLR2−/− mice had reduced numbers of Tregs in the lung during CP infection while TLR4−/− mice had increased numbers. High dose CP infection resulted in an increase in Tregs and pDCs in lungs, which prevented antigen sensitization in WT mice. Depletion of Tregs or pDCs resulted in allergic airway sensitization. We conclude that Tregs and pDCs are critical determinants regulating CP infection-induced allergic sensitization. Furthermore, TLR2 and TLR4 signaling during CP infection may play a regulatory role through the modulation of Tregs.
Maximal Overlap Wavelet Statistical Analysis with Application to Atmospheric Turbulence

Statistical tools based on the maximal overlap discrete wavelet transform (MODWT) are reviewed, and then applied to a dataset of aircraft observations of the atmospheric boundary layer from the tropical eastern Pacific, which includes quasi-stationary and non-stationary segments. The wavelet methods provide decompositions of variances and covariances, e.g. fluxes, between time scales that effectively describe a broadband process like atmospheric turbulence. Easily understood statistical confidence bounds are discussed and applied to these scale decompositions, and results are compared to Fourier methods for quasi-stationary turbulence. The least asymmetric LA(8) wavelet filter yields coefficients that exhibit better uncorrelatedness across scales than the Haar filter and is better suited for decomposition of broadband turbulent signals. An application to a non-stationary segment of our dataset, namely vertical profiles of the turbulent dissipation rate, highlights the flexibility of wavelet methods.
My (Global) Media Studies

What we commonly refer to as “global media studies” or “global communication studies” still struggles to live up to its name. Mercifully, the field appears to have exited the suffocating paradigmatic monoliths of the past, opening up space for theoretical and methodological experimentation and for studies grounded in a geosocial locus but without predetermined outcomes. At the same time, the field is painstakingly coming to terms (to speak optimistically) with its Western ethos and location. Most parts of the world contribute mainly case research framed by Anglo-American, French, or German theory. Other approaches rarely become theoretical guideposts, with the notable exception of Latin American cultural theory (itself with unequivocal European influences). This “weak” internationalization is clearly caused by the precariousness of institutions of knowledge production in much of the world and the lack of (required) instruction in languages other than English (sometimes French or German) in the West, especially in the United States. “Strong” internationalization would require the integration of theoretical ideas and historical experiences from the nonWest in knowledge production not only in the West but also about the West, with corresponding linguistic and cultural competences. As I have argued elsewhere (Kraidy 2005), if American studies has managed to make this issue central to its development, a field that calls itself “global communication studies” has no excuse not to. Disciplines Communication This journal article is available at ScholarlyCommons: http://repository.upenn.edu/asc_papers/297 My (Global) Media Studies
The structure of marine fulvic and humic acids

Abstract Fulvic and humic acids were isolated from near surface seawater samples obtained at five biologically diverse sites in the Gulf of Mexico in quantities sufficient for detailed NMR and chemical studies. A gas lift pump and a 1500-1 extraction facility provided halfgram quantities of material. The proton NMR spectra of all fulvic and humic acids studied were remarkably similar and differed mainly in the absence of aromaticity in the fulvics. These observations, coupled with published spectra and chemical data, suggest a class structure and general mechanism of formation for marine humic substances. The proposed structures are crosslinked, autoxidized, polyunsaturated fatty acids.
Load balancing in a switch without buffers

A load balanced switch consists of k output queued switches, each running at a speedup (the ratio of internal memory speed to external line speed) of N/k, where N is the number of input and output ports. With such an architecture, and for some classes of traffic patterns, simply spreading the traffic among the k switches achieves 100% throughput (thus the term load balancing). However, reordering among packets of the same flow may occur, which becomes a major concern. Input and output buffers have been used in the literature to avoid this problem. This paper proves two main results: (1) it is impossible to achieve 100% throughput and no reordering for a load balanced switch without buffers, and (2) it is possible to achieve 100% throughput and limited reordering for a load balanced switch without buffers. The latter result implies that it is possible to achieve 100% throughput and no reordering for a load balanced switch with output buffers only.
Selective expression of cytochrome P450 isozymes by 4-n-alkyl-methylenedioxybenzenes in rat lung cells.

Abstract Rat lung preparations were analyzed for cytochrome P450 expression as a function of pretreatment with 1 mmol/kg/day of various substituted n -alkyl-methylenedioxybenzenes (MDBs). Lung P450s were quantitated by Western blotting and visualized by immunocytochemical techniques using polyclonal antibodies directed against P450IA1/IA2 and P450IIB1/IIB2. Results demonstrated that n -hexyland n -octyl-MDB (but not n -butyl-MDB) increased P450IA1 in lung microsomes (50 pmol/mg microsomal protein) compared to untreated controls and n -butyl-MDB-treated animals (6 pmol/mg). However, treatment with all of these MDBs concomitantly decreased P450IIB1 in rat lung microsomes, from 40 pmol/mg in untreated control lungs to below the detection limit of this method ( In vitro metabolism assays with rat lung microsomes, utilizing 7,12-dimethylbenz[ a ]anthracene as substrate, confirmed the increase in P450IA1 by selected MDBs and the concomitant decrease of catalytically active P450IIB1. Immunocytochemistry of rat lungs with these same IgGs indicated selective cellular responses. n -Hexyl-MDB (but not n -butyl-MDB) increased P450IA1-like immunoreactivity, but the increase was specifically localized to Clara cells. Immunocytochemical results further showed that P450IIB1-like immunoreactivity disappeared entirely from alveolar type II cells, yet appeared unchanged in Clara cells relative to untreated controls. Increases in P450IA1 due to treatment with n -hexyl-MDB were associated with increases in P450IA1 mRNA as indicated by Northern blot experiments. In contrast, the decreased levels of P450IIB1, consequent to treatment with n -alkyl-MDBs, were not associated with altered levels of pulmonary P450IIB1 mRNA as determined by Northern blotting and solution hybridization assays. These results imply that n -alkyl-MDBs regulate pulmonary cytochromes P450 by both transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms.
A hydrodynamic simulation of mineral flotation. Part I: the numerical model☆

Abstract Mineral flotation is a process whereby particulates containing mineral bearing constituents preferentially adhere to gas bubbles in a liquid medium. This is a way to separate and upgrade ores or other mineral matter. In order to simulate this unit operation hydrodynamically, a three-phase system for the liquid phase and dispersed solids and bubbles must be employed. Additional simulation features are the cell geometry, the boundary conditions, drag terms, variable viscous effects, and the treatment of the adhesion of particles to bubbles. This paper, the first of a series of two, details the formulation of the governing equations, the numerical implementation and shows some results for a two-dimensional, incompressible case. The formulation and implementation are sufficiently general and this simulation was applied to the flotation of coal-oil agglomerates as detailed in Part II of this series.
Sex-specific response of rat costochondral cartilage growth plate chondrocytes to 17β-estradiol involves differential regulation of plasma membrane associated estrogen receptors.

Both male and female rat growth plate chondrocytes express estrogen receptors (ERs); however 17β-estradiol (E2) induces membrane responses leading to activation of phospholipase A2 (PLA2), phospholipase C (PLC), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production, protein kinase C (PKC), and ultimately mitogen protein kinase (MAPK) only in female cells. This study investigated if these sex-specific responses are due to differences in the actual ERs or in downstream signaling. Western blots and flow cytometry of costochondral cartilage resting zone chondrocytes (RCs) showed 2–3 times more ERα in plasma membranes (PMs) from female cells than male cells. Tunicamycin blocked E2-dependent ER-translocation to the PM, indicating palmitoylation was required. Co-immunoprecipitation showed E2 induced complex formation between ER isoforms only in female RCs. To examine if the lack of response in PKC and PGE2 in males is due to differences in signaling, we examined involvement of ERs and the role of PLC and PLA2. Selective ERα (propylpyrazole triol, PPT) and ERβ (diarylproprionitrile, DPN) agonists activated PKC in female RCs only. The PLC inhibitor, U73122 blocked E2's effect on PKC and the cytosolic PLA2 inhibitor, AACOCF3 inhibited the effect on PGE2 in female RCs, confirming involvement of PLC and PLA2 in the mechanism. The PLC activator, m-3M3FβS activated PKC and PLAA peptide increased PGE2 levels in male and female RCs, showing that the signaling pathways are present. These data indicate that differences in membrane ER amount, localization, translocation and interaction are responsible for the sexual dimorphic response to E2.
The Roles and Responsibilities of Physicians in Patients' Decisions About Unproven Stem Cell Therapies

Capitalizing on the hype surrounding stem cell research, numerous clinics around the world offer “stem cell therapies” for a variety of medical conditions. Despite questions about the safety and efficacy of these interventions, anecdotal evidence suggests a relatively large number of patients are traveling to receive these unproven treatments — a practice called “stem cell tourism.” Because these unproven treatments pose risks to individual patients and to legitimate translational stem cell research, stem cell tourism has generated substantial policy concern and inspired attempts to reduce these risks through the development of guidelines for patients and medical practitioners. This paper examines the roles and responsibilities of physicians in patients' home countries with respect to patients' decisions to try unproven stem cell therapies abroad. Specifically, it examines professional guidance from two organizations — the American Medical Association and the International Society for Stem Cell Research — and assesses physicians' professional and legal obligations to patients considering unproven stem cell therapies. Then, drawing on qualitative interviews conducted with patients who traveled abroad for unproven stem cell treatments, it explores the roles that physicians actually play in patients' decisions and compares these actual roles with their professional and legal responsibilities. The paper concludes with a discussion of strategies to help improve the guidance physicians provide to patients considering unproven treatments.
Differences in clinician-oriented outcomes among controls, copers, and chronic ankle instability groups.

Abstract Objective To compare clinician-oriented outcome measures among uninjured controls, copers, and chronic ankle instability (CAI) groups. Design Case-control study. Setting Research Laboratory. Participants Participants were 25 active adults with unilateral CAI ([mean ± SD] age: 23.7 ± 4.9 years), 21 copers ([mean ± SD] age: 23.2 ± 4.7 years), and 20 uninjured controls ([mean ± SD] age: 21.1 ± 2.5 years). Main outcome measures Range of motion and posterior talar glide were assessed via a weight-bearing lunge and a talar glide test, respectively. Cutaneous sensation was measured during a Semmes–Weinstein Monofilament test. Dynamic balance was measured during the Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT). Muscular strength was assessed during manual muscle tests of the dorsiflexors, plantar flexors, invertors, and evertors. Results The CAI group had decreased dorsiflexion range of motion relative to controls ( p = 0.02). Those with CAI also had decreased balance during the posterior-medial reach of the SEBT compared to copers and controls ( p p p = 0.04). Conclusions Some clinician-oriented outcomes, but not all, can detect differences among uninjured controls, copers, and those with CAI.
Variables Associated with Cognitive Function in Elderly California Seventh day Adventists

From a cohort of white, non-Hispanic California Seventh-day Adventists, 99 subjects over age 75 years in 1991 were randomly selected. Dietary habits and educational status had been measured in 1976. Subjects completed the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) in 1991, and at that time, they or caregivers also gave information on current medical problems and drug therapy. Those who ate more calories in 1976 had lower MMSE scores in 1991 (p = 0.03), an association strengthened by excluding those with previous stroke or Parkinson's disease by 1991. This raises the possibility that higher consumption of calories in middle age may accelerate the decline in cognitive function seen with aging, as apparently occurs in some animals. Less-educated subjects had lower MMSE scores, especially among the very elderly. The statistical model predicts that the negative association between use of psychotropic drugs and MMSE score (p = 0.004) is particularly potent in those cognitively impaired for other reasons. If causal, this suggests that physicians should use these agents very cautiously in such subjects.
Clinical and molecular exploration of the impact of radiation therapy on Marfan syndrome patients.

Marfan syndrome (MFS) is a heritable disorder of the connective tissue and has been linked to mutations in the fibrillin-1 (FBN) gene. Radiation-induced fibrosis has been considered a risk for radiation-induced toxicities in treating cancers in this patient population. FBN is an inhibitor of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) expression and its mutation is thought to result in TGF-β upregulation.1 MFS clinically presents in a conglomeration of symptoms that affect wound healing and have modulatory effects on TGF-β. Because abnormal TGF-β expression has previously been linked to radiation-induced fibrosis, the expectation is that these patients will experience higher levels of fibrosis or fibrotic sequelae. In this study, we report the clinical course of a MFS patient who is treated with breast conservation radiation therapy (RT) for ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) status post lumpectomy. With a reported incidence of 1 case per 10,000 people, MFS is typically characterized by tall stature, arachnodactyly, pectus, scoliosis and lordosis, nocturnal enuresis, joint laxity, mitral or aortic valve prolapse, and ectopia lentis (lens dislocation).2 Aortic dissection, rupture or cardiac failure, is the cause of death in 90% of patients.2
Joint optimization of antenna orientation and spectrum allocation for cognitive radio networks

This paper presents a study on joint optimization of antenna orientation and spectrum allocation, with the objective of maximizing the total throughput of a cognitive radio network. The mathematical model is presented and subsequently formulated as a Mixed Integer Linear Programming problem. We obtain the optimal solution by adopting the branch and bound algorithm. Through simulation results, we investigate the impact of different parameters on the capacity performance of the cognitive radio network, including the transmit power and antenna directionality.