cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Strontium isotopes in tap water from the coterminous USA

Strontium isotope analysis has proven useful in geo-location investigations of organic and inorganic materials and may complement the region-of-origin information provided by hydrogen and oxygen stable isotope analysis. In this study, we analyzed 99 drinking (tap) water samples collected from 95 municipal water systems across the USA to investigate the potential that 87 Sr/ 86 Sr can be used to provenance samples from managed hydrological systems. Results from a leaching and exchange experiment demonstrated that non-ideal storage conditions did not prohibit Sr isotope analysis of previously archived water samples stored in glass. Tap water samples were analyzed via multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, which was preceded by a novel, automated, in-line Sr purification method. Measured tap water 87 Sr/ 86 Sr was compared to expected 87 Sr/ 86 Sr for collection location, which was predicted using four published isotope landscape (isoscape) models: age of bedrock (bedrock model), age plus major and minor lithology of bedrock (major bedrock model), weathering of Sr from rock (local water model), and surface fluxes within watershed (catchment model). The geologic history of the geographic regions represented by collected tap waters was diverse and we therefore expected significant covariation in measured and modeled 87 Sr/ 86 Sr values. Tap water exhibited large ranges in both Sr concentration (0-1.9 mg/L) and 87 Sr/ 86 Sr (0.7037-0.7320). Measured tap water 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratios were significantly and positively correlated with predictions based on bedrock and catchment models. However, these bedrock and catchment models explained relatively little of the tap water Sr isotopic variation (;10% and 17%, respectively), suggesting that the factors affecting drinking water 87 Sr/ 86 Sr are complex and more numerous than the variables included in current water models. This could be due to the reliance of some municipal water systems on groundwater, rather than surficial water sources; the natural movement of water across distinct geologic gradients; and/or the managed transport of water from source to point-of-use. Although published isoscape models for predicting Sr isotopic variation within the continental USA are reasonable approaches for estimating surface water 87 Sr/ 86 Sr, additional efforts are needed to develop a prediction model specifically for tap water 87 Sr/ 86 Sr.
A new model for the volume fraction of martensitic transformations

A model using an energy balance is proposed to describe the volume fraction of multiple-interface martensitic transformations. For martensitic transformations without external stresses at quenching temperature T<M s , the volume fraction of martensite (ξ) is proportional to the undercooling (M s −T) and inversely proportional to a linear function of the quenching temperature (T); thus, ξ=(M s −T)/[M s −βM f −(1−β)T], where β is a material constant. For stress-induced martensitic transformations under stress σ ik a with temperature T>M s , the relationship is ξ = ξ0[1 - λ σ (σ ]-1, where ξ 0 is the initial detectable amount of martensite formed at martensitic starting stress σ and λ σ is a material constant. It is found that the results obtained from this model are in good agreement with experimental results.
Productive Voice Onset Time Characteristics of Esophageal Speech

The voice onset times (VOT) of a large number of stop-consonant initiated syllables produced by esophageal and normal speakers were measured. Esophageal speakers systematically varied VOT during th...
Replication of an evoked potential study of lateralized hemispheric dysfunction in schizophrenics

Abstract Visual (VEP) and auditory (AEP) evoked potentials (EPs) were measured to replicate previous findings concerning lateralized hemispheric dysfunction in chronic schizophrenic patients in a new sample. Measures of EP waveform stability (Zr′) showed greater hemispheric asymmetry in 26 unmedicated chronic schizophrenics than in 26 matched nonpatients, and relatively lower left and right hemisphere values in schizophrenics. Similar hemispheric differences were not found between medicated patients and matched nonpatients; medication was associated with higher left and lower right hemisphere stability. EP amplitudes were lower with medications, the lowest amplitudes found in patients receiving nonphenothiazine or nonpiperazines as opposed to phenothiazine-piperazine drugs. Medications were associated with amplitude asymmetries not observed in unmedicated patients. This study confirms greater than normal hemispheric asymmetry of VEP and AEP waveshape stability measures in chronic schizophrenics, and lower left than right hemisphere stability suggesting left hemisphere dysfunction. Alteration of EP asymmetries by antipsychotic medications suggests that medication effects may abscure evidence of lateralized dysfunction in schizophrenics.
A Model for Calculation of Formation Force and Its Application

The paper presents a model of a rock-bit interaction. The model allows one to calculate formation forces that develop from rock-bit interactions and weight on bit (WOB). The model accounts for the effects of drilling trajectory changes and formation anisotropy and it may eliminate the shortcomings of other models that do not specifically consider these effects. The paper discusses in detail the features and factors that affect formation forces. The model was applied to modify drilling technology in the south region of Daqing, China. Drilling data were collected and the formation forces were calculated. The results showed that the average formation force to WOB ratio was about 0.74%. The results also indicated what strata are primarily responsible for uncontrolled changes of drilling trajectory. This analysis allowed the authors to improve the drilling technology in the region.
Radar imaging of thermal fronts

Abstract The paper investigates the physics of radar backscatter across sea surface temperature fronts using a simple drag model followed by actual airborne radar observations. The model predicts large changes in radar cross section for low wind speed conditions. The X-band (9–43 GHz) Real Aperture Radar (RAR) observations in the vicinity of the sea surface temperature fronts show that radar cross-section variations are largely dependent on the local wind direction with respect to the front and the change in wind stress response at the front and feedbacks from the larger scale buoyancy driven circulation. Other radar imaging mechanisms are discussed.
Conceptual design of a two-step solar hydrogen thermochemical cycle with thermal storage in a reaction intermediate

Abstract This paper presents the conceptual design for a two-step thermochemical cycle producing hydrogen continuously, even off-sun, with the concentrated solar energy as the heat source. For a case study, the two-step iron oxide cycle (Fe 3 O 4 /FeO) is selected to illustrate the design concept. Two reactors, one storage tank and the solar collector comprise the system. Molten wustite (FeO) is accumulated in the storage tank on-sun. The FeO is not only involved in the reactions but also acts as the heat transfer medium, obtaining the energy from the solar insolation and delivering energy to support the thermal decomposition of magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ). In this way, the temperature limitation (
Discrimination as a Contextualized Obstacle to the Preschool Teaching of Young Latino Children of Immigrants

This article explores how discrimination acts as a barrier to providing the highest quality education to young Latino children of immigrants. Preschool teachers' concerns emerged from focus group data with 40 teachers in four US cities, collected as part of the international Children Crossing Borders study of immigration and early childhood education. Using focus group data as well as a multi-sited comparative analytic model, this study details teachers' concerns about discrimination in terms of negative discourses and harsh education and immigration policies, and explains how these forms of discrimination affect preschool teachers' efforts to teach. The findings demonstrate why and how local and national forms of discrimination can prevent teachers from reaching their full capacity to teach young Latino children of immigrants successfully, while suggesting that educational inequities facing Latino immigrant families cannot be resolved by teacher education alone, but must include cultural, societal and po...
Cost minimization analysis of various treatment options for surgical stage I endometrial carcinoma

Abstract Purpose: This study compares the payors' cost of treatment for surgical Stage I endometrial carcinoma with results of published clinical studies to determine which treatment most efficiently uses available resources. Methods and Materials: Six options for treatment of surgical Stage I endometrial carcinoma were selected for comparison. The treatment options were observation only, low-dose-rate brachytherapy (LDRB) (nonremote afterloading), LDRB and external beam radiation (EBRT), EBRT only, high-dose-rate brachytherapy (HDRB) only (three applications), and EBRT and HDRB (three applications). The literature was reviewed to obtain disease-free survival (DFS) rates corresponding to the treatment options chosen in surgical Stages IA, IB, and IC. Metaanalysis and sensitivity testing were performed on the collected clinical data. A typical midsized city in Medicare region IV was used as our representative payor cost basis. Results: Thirteen retrospective articles contained sufficient clinical information for analysis. Comparisons of DFS between the observation, LDRB, and EBRT treatment groups was made for Stage IA; LDRB and EBRT for Stage IB; and LDRB, EBRT, LDRB ± EBRT, LDRB ± EBRT, and HDRB + EBRT for Stage IC. Meta-analysis failed to reveal statistically significant DFS between the respective treatment options within Stages IA, IB, or IC. The RVUs for each treatment option were LDRB, 21.7; EBRT, 117.1; EBRT + LDRB, 130.7; HDRB, 155.5; and EBRT + HDRB, 264.4. The DRG payment for LDRB is $2714.92. The calculated payor's cost for each treatment option was: LDRB, $3466.62; EBRT, $4053.03; EBRT + LDRB, $7238.55; HDRB, $5381.19' and EBRT + HDRB, $9153.14. Conclusion: Our analysis reveals no statistically significant differences in DFS among the treatment options considered within each surgical stage. Observation appears to result in acceptable DFS with minimal cost in Stage IA. Low-dose-rate brachytherapy was the most cost-effective treatment in Stage IB, with no statistically significant difference in DFS between and EBRT. Although LDRB had inferior DFS compared to other treatment options in surgical Stage IC, this difference failed to reach statistical significance. Our analysis implies, excluding observation, that LDRB may be a more cost-efficient treatment than the other treatment options considered. Further studies stratifying for surgical stage and grade are needed to determine the optimal cost-effective treatment for this common malignancy.
Translation-invariant aorta segmentation from magnetic resonance images

A backpropagation neural network has been applied to the problem of segmentation of the aorta from MRI images. In order to achieve translationally invariant classification the network's input units are loaded from a small receptive field which is moved across the images in a uniformly random manner. Three-dimensional graphic analysis of the input space and hidden-unit output space provides some insight into the network's progress during training and the evolved internal representation. Because of overlapping tissue signatures, spatial as well as statistical information is required for segmentation. Results indicate that a network with a receptive field of comparable size to the target region can compensate for the intermixing of aorta and nonaorta points by using contextual information. Neural networks that achieve perfect translationally invariant segmentation of training set images and up to 98% generalization to novel images from the same subject have been developed. Generalization across patients, however, is not currently possible owing to interpatient variations in tissue MRI signatures. >
Evidence for the control of pyrimidine biosynthesis in tissue minces by purines

Summary The rate of incorporation of NaH 14 CO 3 into orotic acid in minces of chick oviduct and rat mammary gland was found to be markedly inhibited by the addition of adenosine or guanosine to the reaction mixture. By employing various 14 C-labeled precursors intermediate in the incorporation of bicarbonate into orotic acid, the site of inhibition by purines of the de novo biosynthesis of pyrimidines was determined to be the initial reaction in the sequence, that catalyzed by carbamoylphosphate synthetase.
Characterization and measurement of [125I]iodopindolol binding in individual rat pineal glands: existence of a 24-h rhythm in β-adrenergic receptor density

Abstract A simple procedure has been developed that permits measurement of β-receptors in membrane preparations from individual rat pineal glands using [ 125 I]iodopindolol ([ 125 I]PIN). [ 125 I]PIN binding to pineal membranes was stereospecific and saturable. Scatchard analysis of saturation isotherms yielded a K d of 147.3 ± 54 pM and a B max of ± 1.5 mol/pineal glands. Binding was linear suggesting that [ 125 I]PIN binds to a single population of pineal β-adrenergic receptors. This procedure was used to evaluate 24-h variations in density of pineal [ 125 I]PIN binding sites in male rats maintained in a 14:10 h light:dark cycle. Binding remained uniformly low during the daytime, increased slightly prior to lights off and peaked after 6 h of darkness decreasing abruptly 2 h later, before lights on. In animals maintained in light at night, the number of binding sites also increased, but did not exhibit the darkness-related decrease. The results demonstrate that β-adrenergic receptors defined via [ 125 I]PIN binding can be measured in tissue samples equivalent to less than one pineal gland. Moreover, the technique can be used in studies concerning the noradrenergic regulation of pineal function.
Now you see it, now you don’t: differences in hydrocarbon production in the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum due to growth temperature

Current biofuel prospects face many hurdles to becoming mass produced, such as ethanol which is lower in energy content and incompatible with the petroleum-based fuel infrastructure we live in. Consequently, the search is on for an organism that either produces naturally or can be engineered to produce a fuel source that is both comparable in energy content and compatible to the current petroleum-based infrastructure. The pennate diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum has long been a model species for studies of diatom growth, biochemistry, and lipid accumulation (e.g., triglycerides). In this study, we have used gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) to examine the hydrocarbons produced by P. tricornutum at 20 and 30 °C. P. tricornutum did indeed produce hydrocarbons similar to those found in petroleum-based fuels, namely octane (C8), undecane (C11), nonadecane (C19), and heneicosane (C21) at 20 °C. At 30 °C, however, the alkanes produced were instead heptadecane (C17), octadecane (C18), nonadecane (C19), and eicosane (C20). We also observed three alkenes—heptadecene (C17:1), octadecene (C18:1), and nonadecene (C19:1)—which were not present at the lower temperature. If having organisms such as P. tricornutum or other microalgae produce fuel products is the direct goal, then growth temperature may very well be an important factor to consider.
Pain Site Frequency and Location in Sickle Cell Disease: the PiSCES Project

Treatment options for sickle cell disease (SCD) pain could be tailored to pain locations. But few epidemiologic descriptions of SCD pain location exist; these are based on few subjects over short time periods. We examined whether SCD pain locations vary by disease genotype, gender, age, frequency of pain, depression, pain crisis or healthcare utilization. We enrolled 308 adults with SCD in 2002-2004. Subjects kept daily pain diaries for up to 6months, including a body chart. Mixed model and generalized estimating equations were employed for analyses. Two hundred and sixty subjects completed at least one body chart. An average of 3.3/16 sites (25%) were painful. The number of pain sites varied by age, depression, frequent pain days, crisis and unplanned hospital/ED utilization. Lower back, knee/shin and hip, hurt on average more than a third of pain days, while jaw and pelvis hurt on fewer than 10% of days. Odds of a crisis were increased substantially when pain was in the arm, shoulder, upper back, sternum, clavicle, chest or pelvis (OR>1.5) while the odds of unplanned utilization were substantially increased for the sternum, clavicle and chest (OR>2.0). Pain in SCD varies considerably both within and between subjects, although it occurs most commonly in the lower back and lower extremities. The number and location of pain sites vary significantly by age, frequent pain, crisis and utilization. Identification and understanding of combinations of pain location and intensity may help to understand the etiology of SCD and improve SCD management.
Experiments on six commercial TCP implementations using a software fault injection tool

SUMMARY TCP, the de facto standard transport protocol in today’s operating systems, is a very robust protocol that adapts to various network characteristics, packet loss, link congestion, and even significant differences in vendor implementations. This paper describes a set of experiments performed on six different vendor TCP implementations using ORCHESTRA, a tool for testing and fault injection of communication protocols. These experiments uncovered violations of the TCP protocol specification, and illustrated differences in the philosophies of various vendors in their implementations of TCP. The paper summarizes several lessons learned about the TCP implementations through these experiments. ©1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antonello da Messina's Saint Jerome in His Study: An Iconographic Analysis

Antonello may have emulated more than just the style and technique of Flemish art, for in the Jerome, he created a complex iconographical program in the manner of Van Eyck. This analysis suggests that Jerome's Epistle 22, advising Eustochium to become a penitential recluse, is the source for the imagery. Themes include the sinful city and the paradisiacal wilderness, the Wise and Foolish Virgins, and the contemplative life. Further, an explanation is offered for the many references to the Virgin: Jerome, like Mary, produced the Word in physical form and was considered a source of cleansing and nourishment for mankind.
Photodynamic laser cyclodestruction with chloroaluminum sulfonated phthalocyanine (CASPc) or Photofrin (PII) vs. Nd:YAG laser cyclodestruction in a pigmented rabbit model.

Background and Objective: To investigate Photofrin® (PII) and CASPc for photodynamic therapy (PDT) of the ciliary body in rabbits. Study Design/Materials and Methods: PII (10 mg/kg) or CASPc (1 mg/kg) was given by ear vein. Pharmacokinetics were studied in frozen sections by fluorescence microscopy (CCD camera based low light detection system with digital image processing) at 1 and 24 h (8 rabbits;16 eyes). Laser light was delivered (argon pumped dye laser;630 and 675 nm;8 rabbits;16 eyes) by contact fiberoptic. To compensate for iris attenuation, irradiance was 125 mW/cm2 (20, 40, 80, or 160 J/cm2). Controls (4 rabbits;8 eyes) received laser light without photochemicals (OD) and for comparison, continuous wave Nd:YAG laser by fiberoptic (0.8–1.2J;OS). Results: Localization studies showed intravascular distribution with some selective ciliary body distribution at 24 h (PII > CASPc). Rabbits treated with PII or CASPc exhibited variable amounts of gross ciliary body edema, infarction, and necrosis by 24–48 h. This response was not seen in PDT control tissues;damage was seen in the iris and ciliary body, with partial vacuolization of the pigment epithelium. Conclusion: PDT may offer a more selective approach to ciliary body destruction. A small but significant thermal effect was seen during PDT from melanin photon uptake with damage to iris and ciliary body. Thermal damage and potential interaction with ocular visual pigments may limit use of these photochemicals and wavelengths for PDT of the ciliary body © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Treatment of Severe Drug Intoxication with Charcoal Hemoperfusion in Series with Hemodialysis

Two patients were treated for serious phenobarbital intoxication with charcoal perfusion and hemodialysis in series. Both patients experienced decreases in coma, but both of them bled after treatment. Phenobarbital levels were decreased to 50% with treatments, and there was not any significant difference of the clearance for the two devices.
On the establishment of force-free configurations in type-II superconductors☆

Abstract The establishment of helical electrical current and magnetic flux density distributions in cylindrical type-II superconductors is discussed. For the force-free case, a simple relation is shown to connect the local magnetic field and the vortex pirch angle.
Persistent proximal tubule dysfunction late in Heymann nephritis

Persistent proximal tubule dysfunction late in Heymann nephritis. To determine whether proximal tubule function returned to normal after cessation of active immunological injury in Heymann nephritis, we compared kidney function in an acute stage of the disease, when antibodies were being deposited on the brush border, to a later, chronic stage. Renal blood flow measurements via a flow probe, along with clearance and micropuncture techniques, were used to measure renal plasma flow, glomerular filtration rate, protein and albumin excretion, organic ion (PAH and TEA) extraction and tubule fluid inulin concentration. Proximal tubule fluid reabsorption, which was depressed in the acute stage of injury, returned to normal in chronic Heymann nephritis, but both PAH and TEA extraction continued to be depressed. PAH extraction was also decreased in isolated perfused kidneys from rats with Heymann nephritis. A three fold increase in PAH content of these perfused kidneys indicated that there was a defect in luminal PAH transport. Reconstitution of the proximal tubule brush border in chronic Heymann nephritis was not accompanied by functional recovery of secretory processes.
Noncomplexing Tertiary Amines as “Better” Buffers Covering the Range of pH 3−11. Temperature Dependence of Their Acid Dissociation Constants

Most of a broad series of buffers developed by Good (often called “Good's” or “Good” buffers) have been shown to cause metal ion interference as a result of complexation. A series of tertiary amines, devoid of hydroxy groups or other weak donors on the α, β, or γ carbons, have been developed as “Better” pH buffers which, as a result of steric hindrance, are incapable of forming even weak complexes with metal ions. As a result, they avert interferences of the type often encountered in metal ion studies which require buffer use. The compounds studied are alkyl and alkylsulfonate derivatives of morpholine (3), piperazine (3), ethylenediamine (3), and methylenediamine (1). With the exception of the morpholine derivatives, these compounds have two protonatable sites and, therefore, can be used to buffer two separate pH regions. A series of 10 buffer compounds span the entire range of pH 3−11. The acid dissociation constants for these compounds have now been determined in aqueous solution at 15, 25, 35 and 45 °...
Chemical carcinogenesis and toxicity models: matching complexity to objectives.

Mathematical models predicting tissue doses of chemical toxicants can be either highly complex or simple, depending upon the end results needed. As an example of a highly complex mathematical model, the Miller Model of the distribution of reactive gases in human and animal lungs is described. The Miller Model accounts for the convection, the radial and axial diffusion, and the chemical reactions of gases as an inhaled breath passes down the airways. The geometry and physiology of human and animal lungs are used to calculate the convection and diffusion likely in each generation or bifurcating series of airways commencing with the trachea and extending 24 generations in humans. The chemical reactivity of ozone, an air pollutant, is accounted for by simulating second-order chemical reactions with the fluid lining materials of the lung and tissue biological molecules. The flux of ozone into three compartments (pulmonary tissue, overlying liquid layer and capillary blood) in each generation of the lung is calculated to provide molecular doses of ozone reaching each region of the lung. These results of calculated molecular dose are then used to construct dose-response curves for a variety of biological endpoints. A much simpler model is also described which recognizes the saturable or Michaelis-Menten type of kinetics controlling the removal of nickelous ion (nickel) from the lung. This model is used to calculate the chronic lung burden of the human lung for occupational, environmental and cigarette smoking exposure scenarios. In both the complex Miller Model and the simpler nickel lung burden model, the results can be used to calculate molecular doses at the potential site of action of these environmental chemicals and to unify a wide variety of studies. The predictions made are more likely to be valid since multiple investigators using a variety of animal species have participated in generation of the primary data. As a methodology, mathematical modeling based on physiological, physicochemical and anatomical principles provides a means of eliminating non-scientific considerations from the important process of regulating and recognizing toxic or cancer causing chemicals in the human environment.
Planning Speeds Technological Development

An analysis of how speed creates financial incentives and competititve advantage. For example, an Arthur D. Little study found that one automobile firm could potentially reduce its product development costs by $350 million just by cutting development time 20 percent.
Activity responses to morphine and amphetamine in rats with elevated NE levels in the pons.

Abstract The catecholaminergic basis of the stimulant actions of amphetamine and morphine was investigated in adult rats treated neonatally with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) to produce depletion of cortical catecholamines and marked elevation of norepinephrine in the pons. On days 3, 5, 7, and 9 after birth, rat pups were injected bilaterally in the lateral ventricles with 100, 200, or 400 μg of 6-OHDA, dissolved in artificial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). A control group was injected with the CSF vehicle. The capacity of amphetamine (2 mg/kg) and morphine (1.25, 2.5, and 3.5 mg/kg) to produce behavioral stimulant effects was then subsequently tested in adults. The stimulant effect of amphetamine was attenuated in animals pretreated with 100 and 200 μg 6-OHDA and was blocked in those treated with 400 μg 6-OHDA. The stimulant effects obtained with morphine were blocked by all 6-OHDA doses (100 and 200 μg). For morphine, no tests were made in the 400 μg 6-OHDA group on the basis of results obtained in animals pretreated with the lower doses of 6-OHDA. These results are discussed in terms of differing roles played by the catecholamine systems in the production of behavioral stimulation.
Optical-thermal light-tissue interactions during photoacoustic breast imaging

Light-tissue interactions during photoacoustic imaging, including dynamic heat transfer processes in and around vascular structures, are not well established. A three-dimensional, transient, optical-thermal computational model was used to simulate energy deposition, temperature distributions and thermal damage in breast tissue during exposure to pulsed laser trains at 800 and 1064 nm. Rapid and repetitive temperature increases and thermal relaxation led to superpositioning effects that were highly dependent on vessel diameter and depth. For a ten second exposure at established safety limits, the maximum single-pulse and total temperature rise levels were 0.2°C and 5.8°C, respectively. No significant thermal damage was predicted. The impact of tissue optical properties, surface boundary condition and irradiation wavelength on peak temperature location and temperature evolution with time are discussed.
Nature and Transcriptional Role of Catalytic Subunits of Yeast Mitochondrial cAMP-Dependent Protein Kinase

We have shown that mitochondrial (mt) transcription in yeast (S. cerevisiae) is governed in part by cAMP via a mt cAMP-dependent protein kinase (cAPK), and that the BCY1 gene product acts as regulatory subunit for that organellar enzyme, as it does for cytoplasmic cAPK. Here we assess mt cAPK activity and mt transcription in mutants for the TPK1, TPK2, and TPK3 genes, which encode catalytic subunits of cytoplasmic cAPK. Protein extracts from purified mitochondria from each of the three possible double TPK mutants show mt cAMP-dependent protein phosphorylation. Relative mt transcript levels in these mutants, however, suggest that TPK2 functions less well than does TPK1 or TPK3 in organellar transcriptional control. Thus, both mt and cytoplasmic cAPKs employ the same species of regulatory and catalytic proteins, and versions of the enzyme having various combinations of catalytic species function differentially in cAMP-dependent mt transcriptional control.
Behavioral aspects of children's sports

This article considers some of the numerous behavioral aspects that are related to children's sports. The pediatrician, during various encounters with the athlete and his or her parents in the office, or on the field, can positively influence the sport participation experience of the athlete, by screening and identifying potential problem areas as well as providing anticipatory guidance on various issues.
Arrhythmias and the “Holiday Heart”: Alcoholassociated cardiac rhythm disorders

Abstract An association between excessive alcohol use and cardiac rhythm disorders is often difficult to establish in the absence of overt cardiomyopathy. We studied 32 separate hospital admissions for dysrhythmias in 24 patients (20 men, 4 women) with heavy recent alcohol ingestion and prolonged excessive alcohol use. None had evidence of overt heart disease after treatment of arrhythmia. Episodes usually followed heavy weekend or holiday sprees, resulting in hospitalization between Sunday and Tuesday or in proximity to the year-end holidays, a relationship not observed in other alcohol-associated illnesses. Atrial fibrillation was most common, but atrial flutter, atrial tachycardia, junctional tachycardia, multiple APC's, multiple PVC's and ventricular tachycardia were also observed. Transient hypokalemia was present in four of 30. The mean PEP LVET ratio after treatment was 0.412 ± 0.014 (normal 0.299 ± 0.008, P
A beef-heart cytochrome b dependent on nonheme iron for its reduction

Summary Sodium deoxycholate extracts of beef-heart mitochondrial particles were reacted with 0.08 M 1,2-diaminoethane and other lipid-soluble chelating agents. The rate and extent of cytochrome reduction were measured by changes in peak height. Without the addition of a chelating agent, sodium succinate reduced 67% of the cytochrome b and nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide reduced 88-98% of the cytochrome b . Na 2 S 2 O 4 reduction was considered to be 100%. With a chelating agent present, sodium succinate reduced no cytochrome b , whereas nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide and Na 2 S 2 O 4 each reduced 67% of the cytochrome b . From the stoichiometry of cytochrome reductions, one-third of the cytochrome b , winch is equivalent to all of the cytochrome c 1 : is dependent on nonheme iron for its reduction.
Amino acids are necessary for the insulin-induced activation of mTOR/S6K1 signaling and protein synthesis in healthy and insulin resistant human skeletal muscle

Summary Background Amino acids (AA) activate the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway but overactivation has a negative feedback effect on insulin signaling which may lead to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Purpose To determine the effect of reduced AA concentrations on mTOR and insulin signaling during increased nutrient and insulin availability. Methods Six control and six T2DM subjects were studied at baseline and following a 5 h AA lowering high energy and insulin clamp. Stable isotopic techniques in combination with femoral catheterizations were used to measure AA kinetics across the leg while muscle biopsies were used to measure mTOR and insulin signaling proteins using immunoblotting techniques. Results AA concentrations decreased by ∼30–60% in both groups (p 0.05). In T2DM subjects, IRS-1 serine phosphorylation was unchanged while phospho-AMPKα decreased and phospho-Akt, phospho-AS160 and glucose uptake increased following the clamp (p Conclusion Amino acids are necessary for insulin-induced activation of mTOR signaling and protein synthesis in both healthy and insulin resistant skeletal muscle.
Field-dependence of bulk electroluminescence in degenerate GaAs

Abstract Luminescence from bulk-field-ionized GaAs at 77°K shows a marked increase in intensity when the field is removed, if the material contains more than 2 × 10 17 cm -3 free electrons. The effects has been studied in detail by applying ionizing pulses of about 5 nsec duration to small dumbbell-shaped samples, and the variations of luminescence spectrum due to an applied field following the ionizing pulse have been measured. The spectra are strongly self-absorbed, the variations apparently being caused by changes of absorption spectrum due to heating of the degenerate electron distribution by the applied field. The changes are consistent with effective electron temperatures, for those electrons fairly close to the conduction band edge, of about 200°K above the lattice temperature for applied fields of 1500 V cm -1 .
Blunt renal trauma in children with pre-existing renal abnormalities

The kidneys are the most commonly injured genitourinary organ in children following blunt abdominal trauma. Though the retroperitoneal location affords the kidneys some protection from the forces experienced in blunt abdominal trauma, the kidneys are at greater risk of injury when a disease process exposes them from their normal shielded location. In such cases, the injuries may appear to be disproportionate in relation to the severity of the trauma history, confusing the imaging findings. Recognition of both the underlying disease process as well as the manifestations of acute trauma is important; therefore, we present a pictorial essay of traumatized kidneys in children with pre-existing renal abnormalities.
Studies in vitro and in vivo of the effects of chlorpromazine on rat liver lysosomes.

Abstract Evidence is presented demonstrating a stabilization of the rat liver lysosomal membrane by chlorpromazine both in vivo and in vitro . The lysosomal membrane is labilized in vitro by various incubation manipulations and in vivo by injection of vitamin A or Escherichia coli endotoxin. These data bear implications for some previously advanced hypotheses concerning the phenothiazine mode of action and may explain the protective effect of chlorpromazine in certain shock states.
Decay of 95Tc isomers to levels in 95Mo

Abstract We have studied the decay of the 95Tc isomers with Ge(Li) and NaI detectors. Gamma-ray energies (and intensities) observed from the 20 h ground state decay were 605 (0.1), 765.82 (100), 947.8 (2) and 1074.1 (4) keV. The 60 d isomeric decay revealed 203.94 (100), 219.4 (0.1), 252.9 (1.1), 582.15 (55), 616.5 (2.4), 786.21 (15), 820.65 (8.0), 835.14 (45), 1039.3 (5.0), 1057.0 (0.02), 1222.5 (0.01) and 1620.2 (0.06) keV. A level scheme was constructed with states in 95Mo at 203.94, 765.82, 786.15, 820.65, 947.8, 1039.1, 1057.0, 1074.0, 1222.5, 1553 and 1620.2 keV.
SAFT — the evolution of a signal processing technology for ultrasonic testing

Abstract This paper is a review of the development of the synthetic aperture focusing technique (SAFT) for use in ultrasonic testing. The equations for processing the data using the SAFT algorithm in several modes are described. This paper also compares the results obtained using full 3D processing against line SAFT processing. It then briefly discusses ways to reduce the processing time for the SAFT algorithm.
Self-heating as a tool for measuring sub-0.1-μm silicon-on-insulator device parameters

SOI MOSFET device structures with SiO2/AlN composite back insulator with wide range thermal conductivity values were investigated. The proposed structures resulted in different amount of self-heating depending on the fraction of SiO2 in the back insulator. For a 0.8 micron FD-SOI MOSFET devices, increases in temperature from 23 C to 173 C for 1 milliwatt of power dissipation were obtained through numerical two dimensional device simulation. Additionally, simulation results show strong variation in mobility and generation current in devices with different back gate oxide composition. Similar structures could be used to determine the temperature dependence of transport parameters such as velocity overshoot, impact ionization rate, and other device parameters.
LIBERATION OF TARGET MATERIAL FROM LOCKED PARTICLES: A THEORETICAL ANALYSIS

ABSTRACT In the mineral processing industry most of the energy consumed by the plant is in the crushing and grinding operation used to liberate the target minerals from locked particles prior to their recovery. At present when it cornea to liberation, moat plants use a rule of thumb, since a sound fundamental analysis of locked particle comminution is lacking. Though much work has been done to represent comminution mathematically, most of the work has been devoted to single phase material. Eight theorems are presented to describe the behavior of competent locked particles during the size reduction process. The slope of the size distribution curve for the locked particles is found to be steep with repect to the size distribution of all the particles. These theorems demonstrate that mineral processing circuits may operate more economically by reducing grinding and employing better recovery circuits, and help in understanding, designing and justifying the use of new circuits.
Replacement of progesterone with a phenothiazine in the induction of maternal behavior in the ovariectomized nulliparous rat

Abstract Full maternal behavior is induced in the ovariectomized nulliparous rat when estrogen and prolactin are injected against a background of progesterone withdrawal. The hypothesis advanced was that progesterone at first elevates activation thresholds within the maternal mediating system and then, upon withdrawal, decreases these thresholds to levels lower than normal. It is during this presumed state of heightened neuronal excitability that estrogen and prolactin are pictured as being able to act on the mediating system to facilitate responsiveness to the sight, sound and odor of young. This hypothesis implies that an agent capable of effecting the kind of “rebound” attributed to the withdrawal of progesterone should substitute for progesterone in the induction of maternal behavior. Perphenazine, an amino derivative of chlorophenothiazine, was selected because of its demonstrated biphasic action on activity thresholds in cortical and subcortical brain areas. Used in place of progesterone in an injection schedule that included estrogen and prolactin, perphenazine was found as effective as progesterone in inducing maternal behavior. The data were held to support the hypothesis regarding the priming effect of progesterone-withdrawal on the maternal mediating system.
Evaluation of drug action using spectrographic analysis of evoked vocalization.

Abstract Spectrographic analysis of evoked vocalization in the guinea pig is suggested as an objective method for evaluating the in vivo effect of drugs acting ultimately at the neuromuscular junction or upon skeletal muscle itself. Each of the drugs studied by this procedure, viz, d-tubocurarine, Tremorine and neostigmine, produces a unique sonographic pattern which may be explained on the basis of its known mechanism of action. The primary advantage of this technique lies in the fact that it appears to permit analysis in depth of drug action while interfering only minimally with the normal function of the experimental animal.
Chronobiological basis of female-specific mood disorders.

Women have twice the incidence of major depression compared with men. They are prone to develop episodes of depression during times of reproductive hormonal change at puberty, with use of oral contraceptives, during the premenstrual phase of the menstrual cycle, postpartum and during the perimenopause (see review: Parry 1995a). Wirz-Justice (1995) describes the variety of disturbances in biological rhythms observed in mood disorders. In this report, we describe the chronobiological disturbances observed in female-specific mood disorders, namely, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, pregnancy and postpartum depression and menopause. We hypothesize that changing reproductive hormones, by affecting the synchrony or coherence between components of the circadian system, may alter amplitude or phase (timing) relationships and thereby contribute to the development of mood disorders in predisposed individuals.
Sources of uncertainty in dose-response modeling of epidemiological data for cancer risk assessment.

: Epidemiologic data is increasingly being used for dose-response analysis in risk assessment. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and other U.S. agencies have expressed a preference for using epidemiologic data rather than toxicologic data when possible. However, there are a number of important sources of uncertainty in using epidemiologic data for this purpose that need to be clearly recognized and, when possible, quantified. This paper presents a critical review of the major sources of uncertainty in the use of epidemiologic data for cancer risk assessment. These may include: (1) study design issues such as potential confounding and other biases, inadequate sample size, and followup, (2) the choice of the data set, (3) specification of the dose-response model, (4) estimation of exposure and dose, and (5) unrecognized variability in susceptibility. Examples from risk assessments for cadmium, asbestos, and diesel exhaust are used to illustrate the potential magnitude of some of these sources of uncertainty. It is shown that the overall uncertainty from these various sources combined may often result in highly uncertain risk estimates from dose-response modeling of epidemiologic data. For this reason, we believe it is best to present a range of possible risk estimates, which, to the extent possible, reflects the variability and uncertainty inherent in the dose-response evaluation of epidemiologic data.
Identification of peptidases in highly pathogenic vs. weakly pathogenic Naegleria fowleri amebae.

Naegleria fowleri, a free-living ameba, is the causative agent of Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis. Highly pathogenic mouse-passaged amebae (Mp) and weakly pathogenic axenically grown (Ax) N. fowleri were examined for peptidase activity. Zymography and azocasein peptidase activity assays demonstrated that Mp and Ax N. fowleri exhibited a similar peptidase pattern. Prominent for whole cell lysates, membranes and conditioned medium (CM) from Mp and Ax amebae was the presence of an activity band of approximately 58 kDa that was sensitive to E64, a cysteine peptidase inhibitor. However, axenically grown N. fowleri demonstrated a high level of this peptidase activity in membrane preparations. The inhibitor E64 also reduced peptidase activity in ameba-CM consistent with the presence of secreted cysteine peptidases. Exposure of Mp amebae to E64 reduced their migration through matrigel that was used as an extracellular matrix, suggesting a role for cysteine peptidases in invasion of the central nervous system (CNS). The collective results suggest that the profile of peptidases is not a discriminative marker for distinguishing Mp from Ax N. fowleri. However, the presence of a prominent level of activity for cysteine peptidases in N. fowleri membranes and CM, suggests that these enzymes may serve to facilitate passage of the amebae into the CNS.
Light-Driven Periodic Changes in Urocanase Activity of a Heterotrophic Bacterium

Urocanase activity in Pseudomonas putida cells showed periodic changes corresponding to a light-dark cycle. Apparent interconversion of the active and inactive forms of urocanase was accomplished by photoactivation by nearultraviolet light and by dark thermal inactivation. The purified enzyme exhibited similar behavior. This system suggests a possible molecular basis for an hour-glass timer. Photoinactivation by light of 290 nm alternated with photoactivation at 340 nm also generated regular changes in urocanase activity.
Sensory morbidity after sentinel lymph node biopsy and axillary dissection: a prospective study of 233 women.

Background We prospectively compared the sensory morbidity and lymphedema experienced after sentinel node biopsy (SLNB) and axillary dissection (ALND) over a 12-month period by using a validated instrument.
Ultimate flexural strength of aluminum sections

A significant proportion of extruded aluminum sections have capacities beyond yield strength. In this study, the ultimate inelastic capacity is investigated for laterally supported aluminum flexural members symmetrical about bending axis. The topics studied include ultimate compressive stresses for component plate elements of flexural members, ultimate shape factors, and improvements to the existing weighted average strength approach. A parametric study using finite element analysis as well as physical tests was conducted to validate the approaches developed in this study. The study shows that the proposed approaches predict the ultimate inelastic flexural strength of aluminum members accurately.
Temporal variations in the termination shock distance

A kinematic analysis is made of solar wind driven temporal variations in the heliospheric termination shock distance. This has become possible because the large-scale dynamics of, and temporal variations in the distant solar wind are now well enough known from a combination of in situ and remote measurements. Conversely, nothing is known of the corresponding properties in the local interstellar medium, and hence these will be ignored. Given specific assumptions for how the termination shock responds to solar wind fluctuations, it is shown that the termination shock is very agile, moving in and out by up to a few AU in a month. This conclusion holds for a broad range of shock response assumptions. Because a spacecraft moves slowly in comparison to the termination shock, the shock will sweep back and forth over the spacecraft once the shock is first encountered.
What is in a Name? The Hermeneutics of Authorship Analysis Concerning Colossians

Pauline scholars, especially in the last century, have been almost evenly divided on whether they consider Colossians to be genuinely written by Paul or by someone else in his name. Through an expl...
Phosphorus incorporation in GaAsP grown by remote-plasma MOCVD

Epitaxial layers of GaAs and GaAsxP1−x were deposited under a variety of conditions using a remote plasma in a metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) reactor. The remote rf plasma dissociated AsH3 and PH3 into highly reactive radicals increasing the growth rate at low temperatures and increasing the phosphorus incorporation at temperatures below 850° C. GaAsxP1−x with a high P content could be grown at low deposition temperatures by using the plasma to increase the reactivity of PH3. The growth rate of both GaAs and GaAsxP1−x was increased at low temperatures and GaAsxP1−x was grown at temperatures down to 550° C.