cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Performance Management Fix Is In: How Practice Can Build on the Research

The scientist–practitioner model of training in industrial and organizational psychology provides the foundation for the education of industrial and organizational psychologists across the world. This approach is important because, as industrial and organizational psychologists, we are responsible for both the creation and discovery of knowledge and the use or application of that knowledge. In multiple articles recently published in this journal, Pulakos and her colleagues (Pulakos, Mueller Hanson, Arad, & Moye, 2015; Pulakos & O’Leary, 2011) have argued that performance management (PM), as applied and implemented in organizations, is broken. This is not a unique take on the state of PM in organizations, as others have been arguing for many years that PM is no longer working in organizations the way that we would like it to work (Banks & Murphy, 1985; Bretz, Milkovich, & Read, 1992). Further, for many years and in many Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology conference panels and debates in the literature, we have been inundated with discussions and conversations around the science–practice gap and around the gap being especially evident in PM.
Molecular cloning of the Na,K-ATPase α-subunit in developing brine shrimp and sequence comparison with higher organisms

Abstract We report here the molecular cloning, nucleotide sequence, and predicted amino acid sequence of an α-subunit of the developmentally useful model, Artemia . The animo acid sequence shows divergence from that of mammals, birds, Torpedo , and Drosophila . However, regions in the putative ATP binding and transmembrane domains show absolute or high levels of conservation. Major differences occur in the amino-terminal domain and several other hypervariable regions. These differences are consistent with the suggestion that the brine shrimp is a ‘fast clock’ organism which diverged from the precursors of vertebrates 0.5–1 billion years ago. Na,K-ATPase; Molecular cloning; DNA, complementary; Amino acid sequence; (Artemia)
Generalized coherence functions for propagation in a random medium

We have derived the two-source, two-frequency mutual coherence functions for a spherical wave propagating in a random medium for the case when the receivers do not necessarily lie in the same transverse plane.
Moderate and severe obesity have large differences in health care costs.

Objective: To analyze health care use and expenditures associated with varying degrees of obesity for a nationally representative sample of individuals 54 to 69 years old. Research Methods and Procedures: Data from the Health and Retirement Study, a nationwide biennial longitudinal survey of Americans in their 50s, were used to estimate multivariate regression models of the effect of weight class on health care use and costs. The main outcomes were total health care expenditures, the number of outpatient visits, the probability of any inpatient stay, and the number of inpatient days. Results: The results indicated that there were large differences in obesity-related health care costs by degree of obesity. Overall, a BMI of 35 to 40 was associated with twice the increase in health care expenditures above normal weight (about a 50% increase) than a BMI of 30 to 35 (about a 25% increase); a BMI of over 40 doubled health care costs (∼100% higher costs above those of normal weight). There was a difference by gender in how health care use and costs changed with obesity class. The primary effect of increasing weight class on health care use appeared to be through elevated use of outpatient health care services. Discussion: Obesity imposes an increasing burden on the health care system, and that burden grows disproportionately large for the most obese segment of the U.S. population. Because the prevalence of severe obesity is increasing much faster than that of moderate obesity, average estimates of obesity effects obscure real consequences for individuals, physician practices, hospitals, and health plans.
Pet Loss in Death-Related Literature for Children:

The death of a pet—or, as some prefer to call it, a companion animal—is a frequent subject in death-related literature for children. Pets are important to children for many reasons; for example, they serve as friends, playmates, and sources of unconditional love. In addition, pets help teach children about the responsibilities that are involved in caring for another living creature. Also, because the life cycles of most animals that become pets are much shorter than those of the humans who care for them, pets often teach children important lessons about loss, death, grief, and coping. For all of these reasons, when I began writing about death-related literature for children my attention was soon drawn to books within that general category that told stories about the death of a pet. In this article, my purpose is to describe and examine a selected sample of 20 books for children whose principal subject or story line is concerned with pet loss. Full bibliographical information for each of these books appear...
Multifunctional control of artificial upper limbs based on parameter identification of myoelectric signals

The paper describes a system for controlling an artificial upper extremity prosthesis for above elbow amputees in several degrees of freedom. The system employs microprocessor hardware and is based on time series identification of the voluntary myoelectric signals involved and on subsequent limb-function discrimination via the above parameters. The system requires only 1 to 2 electrode sites and satisfies the various practical constraints of weight, volume, and speed as arise in practical prostheses.
Selective identification of the paternal mitochondrion in living sea urchin eggs and embryos by chlorotetracycline

When sea urchin eggs are pretreated with fluorescent chelate probe chlorotetracycline (CTC) and then fertilized with unlabeled sperm, a small, brightly fluorescent particle resembling the mitochondrion of free-swimming sperm both in size and fluorescent staining characteristics appears in the egg cytoplasm. This particle first appears near the base of the insemination cone and, like the paternal mitochondrion identified in previous ultrastructural studies, remains closely associated with the male pronucleus during its microtubule-dependent migration toward the egg center. These similarities strongly suggest that the fluorescent particle observed in the cytoplasm of living, CTC-pretreated sea urchin eggs is, in fact, the mitochondrion of the fertilizing sperm.
Rapid increase in prescission giant-dipole-resonance gamma -ray emission with bombarding energy.

A rapid increase with energy has been observed in the emission of prescission giant dipole resonance (GDR) \ensuremath{\gamma} rays in excited Th and Cf nuclei formed in the $^{16}\mathrm{O}$${+}^{208}$Pb and $^{32}\mathrm{S}$${+}^{\mathrm{nat}}$W${,}^{208}$Pb reactions, which is not explained by the normal reaction dynamics near the barrier. This increase occurs over a narrow excitation energy range of ${\mathit{E}}_{\mathrm{exc}}$=40--60 MeV for the $^{16}\mathrm{O}$${+}^{208}$Pb reaction and ${\mathit{E}}_{\mathrm{exc}}$=70--90 MeV for the $^{32}\mathrm{induced}$ reactions. Below the transition energy the \ensuremath{\gamma}-ray spectra can be described by the standard statistical model, whereas inclusion of an increasingly strong nuclear dissipation is required to account for the data at higher excitation energies. For the $^{16}\mathrm{O}$${+}^{208}$Pb reaction a fit to the GDR \ensuremath{\gamma}-ray spectra and evaporation residue cross sections is used to extact the temperature dependence of the linear dissipation parameter.
Improving Chandra High-Resolution Camera event positions via corrections to crossed-grid charge detector signals

The High Resolution Camera (HRC) on-board the Chandra X-ray Observatory (CXO) provides the highest resolution X-ray images of celestial sources ever taken. Unfortunately, ringing in the electronics compromises the position readout signals for some of the events. The compromised signals affect the angular resolution that can be achieved. We present an empirically derived algorithm that can be used in ground processing of the data to minimize the impact of the ringing on the calculated event positions.
Transverse wall instabilities on a driven, damped two-dimensional lattice system.

Analytic and numerical studies are presented for the onset and saturation of transverse patterns occurring on walls propagating in a two-dimensional, longitudinally discrete, underdamped, dc-driven Frenkel-Kontorova model. For sufficiently weak damping, transverse instabilities occur at a series of critical field thresholds, where the wall velocity is of intermediate magnitude. Typically, the transverse patterns saturate as counterpropagating kink-antikink pairs, whose nucleation supports the longitudinal wall propagation. The wall dynamics in a D-dimensional lattice is governed approximately by a damped drive (D-1)-dimensional sine-Gordon equation.
A Modified Contact Lens for Far Peripheral Retinal Evaluation in Pseudophakes

Abstract It can be difficult to see the far peripheral retina clearly in pseudophakic eyes. This type of lens induces marginal astigmatism. However, most of the blur can be eliminated by attaching an appropriately oriented -6.00-diopter (D) cylindric lens to the front surface of a modified three-mirror contact lens. This new contact lens can be used for both examination and laser treatment.
Craters on asteroids : Reconciling diverse impact records with a common impacting population

Abstract O'Brien and Greenberg [O'Brien, D.P., Greenberg, R., 2005. Icarus 178, 179–212] developed a self-consistent numerical model of the collisional and dynamical evolution of the main-belt and NEA populations that was tested against a diverse range of observational and theoretical constraints. In this paper, we use those results to update the asteroid cratering model of Greenberg et al. [Greenberg, R., Nolan, M.C., Bottke, W.F., Kolvoord, R.A., Veverka, J., 1994. Icarus 107, 84–97; Greenberg, R., Bottke, W.F., Nolan, M., Geissler, P., Petit, J., Durda, D.D., Asphaug, E., Head, J., 1996. Icarus 120, 106–118], and show that the main-belt asteroid population from the O'Brien and Greenberg collisional/dynamical evolution modeling is consistent with the crater records on Gaspra, Ida, Mathilde, and Eros, the four asteroids that have been observed by spacecraft.
Developmental toxicity of formate and formic acid in whole embryo culture: A comparative study with mouse and rat embryos

Acute methanol (MeOH) toxicity in primates is attributed to the conversion of MeOH to formate and the resulting acidosis. MeOH has been shown to be developmentally toxic in mice and rats both in vivo and in vitro, but rodents neither accumulate formate nor develop acidosis after MeOH exposure. To further assess the potential human developmental toxicity of MeOH exposure, we evaluated the developmental effects of sodium (Na) formate and formic acid in rodent whole embryo culture (WEC). Day 9 rat embryos were cultured for 24 or 48 hours and day 8 mouse embryos were cultured for 24 hours in the presence of Na-formate or formic acid. Rat and mouse embryos exposed to either agent for 24 hours exhibited a trend toward reduced growth and development and the number of abnormalities increased at the higher concentrations. Rat embryos exposed for 48 hours to either Na-formate or formic acid showed a trend toward reduced growth and development with increasing concentration. Embryo lethality and incidence of abnormal embryos were also increased at the higher concentrations. The anomalies observed in both species after exposure to either compound were primarily open anterior and posterior neuropore with less frequent incidence of rotational defects, tail anomalies, enlarged pericardium and delayed heart development. Exposure to Na-formate or formic acid for comparable periods of time results in comparable degrees of embryotoxicity at concentrations (mMolar) at least 4-fold lower than those previously reported for methanol exposure.
Mechanism of wear reduction of alumina by tribopolymerization

Abstract Recently, we have demonstrated that the concept of tribopolymerization can be used effectively to reduce wear of ceramics under boundary lubrication conditions. In our studies, wear reductions of alumina up to 80% were observed in pin-on-disk tests using very low concentrations (1 wt.%) of a number of monomer additives in a hydrocarbon carrier fluid. Detailed chemical analysis of the worn surfaces and wear products using Fourier transform infrared micro-spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and mass spectrometry revealed that the tribochemistry involved not only polymerization reactions, but also reactions of the monomers with ceramic surfaces. Further studies of the mechanism(s) of wear reduction of alumina by this approach were carried out using scanning electron microscopy of the worn surfaces. With all the lubricants, a deposited layer of compact wear debris was found at the interfaces. After ultrasonic rinsing of the test specimens in acetone, this layer was readily removed from the hexadecane wear scars, but remained strongly attached in most of the monomer wear scars. Also, the effectiveness of the monomers was significantly greater for the cases in which the layers were strongly attached to the surfaces. Therefore, it is suggested that the wear debris layer could be playing an important role in the anti-wear mechanism(s) for ceramics. In this paper, a mechanism of additive action on alumina wear under tribopolymerization is proposed. During sliding, the debris-which is generally very fine-reattaches to the surface and with itself primarily by the binding action of the tribochemical reaction products. This binding medium with the entrained debris particles may be responsible for the anti-wear action of the monomers. In hexadecane-lubricated sliding, in which only a soap formation reaction takes place, the bonding between hexadecane and the surface takes place at a single site per molecule. However, with tribopolymerization, such bonding could occur at several sites per molecule resulting in a better binding medium and lower wear.
Psychobiology of mental disorders associated with childbearing: AN OVERVIEW

The diagnostic issues, classification, incidence, genetic factors, and theories of etiology of psychiatric illness associated with childbirth are reviewed. Psychologic influences, psychosocial factors and the concept of biologic maladaptation associated with prospective motherhood are discussed. Postpartum mental distress is not a unitary phenomenon. The physiology of the puerperium is thus not a cause in itself of any of the symptoms, but rather must be regarded as a contributing or triggering factor acting upon an underlying predisposition. Clinical research of postpartum psychiatric syndromes (PPS) and animal behavior studies are inconclusive. It is suggested that major neuroendocrine research strategies currently used in studying affective disorders and schizophrenia should be applied in studying PPS.
Nasal obstruction in pregnancy

Abstract Nasal obstruction is a common complaint during pregnancy. It can be either physiologic or pathologic. Physiologic obstruction occurs as a result of the hormonal and vascular changes that evolve during the 9 months of pregnancy. Pathologic obstruction commonly occurs as a result of rhinitis medicamentosa, allergic rhinitis, or sinusitis and requires medical intervention by the physician. Because many women with nasal obstruction seek medical advice from their physicians, it is worthwhile to have an organized approach to their care. This review will discuss the pathophysiology of nasal obstruction as it applies to the pregnant patient and will present an effective management plan for this problem.
Effect of acute ethanol on beta-endorphin secretion from rat fetal hypothalamic neurons in primary cultures.

Abstract To characterize the effect of ethanol on the hypothalamic β-endorphin-containing neurons, rat fetal hypothalamic neurons were maintained in primary culture, and the secretion of β-endorphin (β-EP) was determined after ethanol challenges. Constant exposure to ethanol at doses of 6–50 mM produced a dose-dependent increase in basal secretion of β-EP from these cultured cells. These doses of ethanol did not produce any significant effect on cell viability, DNA or protein content. The stimulated secretion of β-EP following constant ethanol exposure is short-lasting. However, intermittent ethanol exposures maintained the ethanol stimulatory action on β-EP secretion for a longer time. The magnitude of the β-EP response to 50 mM ethanol is similar to that of the β-EP response to 56 mM of potassium. Ethanol-stimulated β-EP secretion required extracellular calcium and was blocked by a calcium channel blocker; a sodium channel blocker did not affect ethanol-stimulated secretion. These results suggest that the neuron culture system is a useful model for studying the cellular mechanisms involved in the ethanol-regulated hypothalamic opioid secretion.
WHAT CAN I DO WITH GEOGRAPHY

As professional geographers we ask the above question in terms of problem solving, but undergraduate students ask it in regards to employment. To determine what exactly our recent majors have done, we prepared a questionnaire on careers, salary, and the utility of the major. Responses indicate they held a wide variety of employment opportunities and annual salaries from under $8,000 to well above $20,000 in 1981. Particularly useful courses include cartography, quantitative techniques and field course work. Special interest was shown in our new Internship Program.
Different characteristics of complex fractionated atrial electrograms in acute paroxysmal versus long-standing persistent atrial fibrillation.

Background Complex fractionated atrial electrograms (CFAEs) may represent a phenomenon associated with sources of atrial fibrillation (AF) and are being used increasingly as targets of catheter ablation. However, current methods have limited efficacy for characterizing CFAEs important to substrate arrhythmogenicity and do not measure electrogram morphology. Objective The purpose of this study was to develop a methodology for quantifying the degree of morphologic heterogeneity in CFAE deflections, and to determine whether there are differences in this measurement between paroxysmal and persistent AF patients. Methods Two successive bipolar CFAEs of length 8.4 seconds each were acquired during AF from two sites each at the ostia of the four pulmonary veins (PVs) and from the anterior and posterior left atrial free wall in patients with paroxysmal AF (N = 10) and long-standing persistent AF (N = 10). Extrinsic and intrinsic features of electrogram shape were used to characterize fractionation in CFAE sequences. The extrinsic parameters were the amplitude, upslope, downslope, and width of each deflection. The intrinsic parameter was the voltage profile as characterized by the sum of absolute values. These measurements were compared to the mean interval between CFAE deflections, a standard fractionation indicator. Results The variability of intrinsic/extrinsic morphologic parameters was higher in paroxysmal than persistent AF at the left superior PV ( P ≤.003), the posterior left atrial free wall, anterior left atrial free wall, left inferior PV, and right superior PV ( P P 2 Conclusion A novel method for quantifying CFAEs, independent of activation rate, has been developed. The method demonstrates greater significance in the difference between CFAE morphology in paroxysmal and long-standing AF compared with mean interval between CFAE deflections. The differences identified suggest that CFAE morphology may evolve as AF persists.
Breaking the probability ½ barrier in FIN-type learning

We show that for every probabilistic FIN-type learner with success ratio greater than 24/49, there is another probabilistic FIN-type learner with success ratio 1/2 that simulates the former. We will also show that this simulation result is tight. We obtain as a consequence of this work a characterization of FIN-type team learning with success ratio between 24/49 and 1/2. We conjecture that the learning capabilities of probabilistic FIN-type learners for probabilities beginning at probability 1/2 are delimited by the sequence 8n/17n-2 for n > 2, which has an accumulation point at 8/17.
Protein Concentrate from Cheese Whey by Ultrafiltration

Abstract A concentrate containing up to 65% protein in the solids was recovered from cheese whey by the use of tubular cellulose acetate ultrafiltration membranes designed to reject solutes larger than 20,000 molecular weight. Removal of 90% of the water as permeate resulted in a concentrate containing 20% solids with 35 to 37% protein and 50 to 52% lactose in the solids. By diluting and recycling, a concentrate containing 60 to 65% protein and 30 to 35% lactose in the solids was obtained. for 90% reduction in volume, fractionation averaged 12 gallons per square foot of membrane surface per day
The Mental Healthiness and Aging Initiative: Lessons from a Social Marketing-Informed Research Campaign in Kentucky

The Mental Healthiness and Aging Initiative (MHAI) was a multifaceted social marketing-informed communication campaign designed to promote community awareness of mental health and aging. We hypothesized that MHAI would extend communication channels, providing a network for rapidly diffusing innovative mental health messages in Kentucky. Key messages discovered during formative research were incorporated into a communication campaign, which included a train-the-trainer curriculum, “Real Life Stories,” social advertising on radio and television, and a 12-month full-color calendar. We evaluated the impact of the train-the-trainer curriculum on the level of mental health and aging knowledge of Family and Consumer Science Agents in the Kentucky Cooperative Extension Service, who later diffused the campaign in local communities. Posttest scores showed a significant improvement (p = .005) in objective knowledge about mental health and aging. Two months after diffusion of MHAI, a random telephone survey of 744 Ke...
RENAL ARTERY PSEUDOANEURYSM FOLLOWING LAPAROSCOPIC PARTIAL NEPHRECTOMY

ABSTRACTPurpose: We describe the presentation, evaluation and management of hemorrhage due to renal artery pseudoaneurysm following laparoscopic partial nephrectomy.Materials and Methods: Of the 345 laparoscopic partial nephrectomies performed by us during a 5-year period 6 patients (1.7%) had postoperative hemorrhage from a renal artery pseudoaneurysm. Patient charts were reviewed to identify pertinent preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative data.Results: Median tumor size was 3.5 cm (range 2.2 to 5), intraoperative blood loss was 175 cc (range 50 to 500), warm ischemia time was 32 minutes (range 30 to 45) and operative time was 3.8 hours (range 2.5 to 5). The mean percent of kidney excised was 31% and pelvicaliceal system entry was suture repaired in all 6 patients. No patient required blood transfusion perioperatively. Average hospital stay was 3.4 days (range 2.5 to 6). Delayed postoperative hemorrhage occurred at a median of 12 days (range 8 to 15). Angiography revealed a renal artery pseudoan...
Scanning FTIR: unobtrusive optoelectronic multi-touch sensing through waveguide transmissivity imaging

We describe a new method of multi-touch sensing which can be unobtrusively added to existing displays. By coupling individually controlled optoelectronics to the edge of a planar waveguide, our scanning approach overcomes prior disadvantages of optoelectronic multi-touch sensing. Our approach allows for a completely transparent touch surface and easy integration with existing LCD displays.
Method for determining the reliable prediction(s) of compositions of tissue phantoms

In a previous paper, we showed that mixture laws can be used to predict the compositions of tissue phantoms. Due to the variation in the performance of the mixture laws when they are applied to phantoms, however, it is difficult to determine which predictions of the composition are most reliable. In this paper, we study the causes of the variation in the performances of different sets of mixture laws, and propose a criterion for choosing a reliable predictor. The predictions selected with the proposed criterion agree very well with the known compositions of phantoms. The potential uses of the mixture methodology and the criterion to tissue characterization are discussed.
Influence of soil environment on biodegradation of a refinery and a petrochemical sludge

Abstract The influence of soil texture, temperature and moisture content on the biodegradation of a refinery and petrochemical sludge was evaluated using a continuous flow soil respirometer as a model for field conditions. The maximum degradation rates for both sludges occurred in the Norwood sandy clay at 30°C. The net evolution of CO2 from sludge-amended amended soils incubated at 40°C was slightly reduced from evolution at 30°C. The optimum moisture content for the degradation of refinery sludge was field capacity ( −1 3 bar) while the optimum moisture content for the degradation of petrochemical sludge seemed to be dependent on incubation temperature. For both sludges, there appeared to be a broad range of moisture contents between which a minimal influence on sludge decomposition occurred. At optimum conditions, Norwood sandy clay at 30°C and field capacity, the half lives indicated by CO2 evolution were 130 and 600 days for the refinery and petrochemical sludges, respectively.
Implicit markets and the demand for housing characteristics

Abstract Important methodological problems in applying Rosen's (1974) model of implicit markets to housing characteristics are inadequately addressed in the literature. This paper summarizes these methodological issues and discusses advantages and disadvantages of various means of coping with these problems in empirical applications. Structural housing characteristics demand estimates are presented, along with an assessment of their accuracy. The results generally are insensitive to specification choices, suggesting the findings are plausible.
Incorporation of linear multipoint constraints in substructure based iterative solvers. Part 1: a numerically scalable algorithm

We consider the iterative solution by a class of substructuring methods of the large-scale systems of equations arising from the nite element discretization of structural models with an arbitrary set of linear multipoint constraints. We present a methodology for generalizing to such problems numerically scalable substructure based iterative solvers, without interfering with their formulations and their well-established local and global preconditioners. We apply this methodology to the FETI method, and show that the resulting algorithm is numerically scalable with respect to both the substructure and problem sizes. ? 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effects of meiofauna on settling macrofauna: meiofauna may structure macrofaunal communities

When macrofaunal larvae and juveniles recruit into the benthos, they are in the same size catagory as the meiofauna. These small size classes have been consistently ignored in macrofaunal studies despite the increasingly accepted idea that communities are structured not only by interactions between adults, but also by interactions which occurred when the animals were young and in the meiofaunal size catagory. I have tested the effects of turbellarians and other meiofauna on settling macrofaunal larvae and young juveniles in a one-week field experiment. Increased densities of both turbellarians and other meiofauna (tested separately) significantly reduced densities of juvenile spionids and deposit feeders. Syllid abundances increased in high density turbellarian treatments. Nereid polychaete, other predatory polychaete, and bivalve densities showed no significant differences among treatments. By both altering densities and acting selectively on various groups of macrofaunal juveniles, meiofauna may significantly affect the structure of macrofaunal communities.
Carbon isotope ratios of Phanerozoic marine cements: Re-evaluating the global carbon and sulfur systems

Original δ13C values of abiotically precipitated marine cements from a variety of stratigraphic intervals have been used to document secular variations in the δ13C values of Phanerozoic oceans. These, together with the °34S values of coeval marine sulfates, are used to examine the global cycling of carbon and sulfur. It is generally accepted that secular variation in δ13C and δ34S values of marine carbonates and sulfates is controlled by balanced oxidation-reduction reactions and that their long-term, steady-state variation can be predicted from the present-day isotopic fractionation ratio (Δc/Δs) the ratio of the riverine flux of sulfur and carbon (Fs/Fc). The predicted slope of the linear relation between δ13Ccarb and δ34Ssulfate values is approximately −0.10 to −0.14. However, temporal variation observed in marine cement δ13C values and the 6345 values of coeval marine sulfates produces a highly significant linear relation (r2 = 0.80; α > 95%) with a slope of −0.24; approximately twice the predicted value. This discordance suggests that either the Phanerozoic average riverine Fs/Fc was 1.6–3.3 times greater than today's estimates or that an additional source of 34S-depleted sulfur or 13C-enriched carbon, other than continental reservoirs, was active during the Phanerozoic. This new relation between marine δ13C and δ34S values suggests that the flux of reduced sulfur, iron, and manganese from seafloor hydrothermal systems affects oceanic O2 levels which, in turn, control the oxidation or burial of organic matter, and thus the δ13C value of marine DIC. Therefore, the sulfur system (driven by seafloor hydrothermal systems) controls the carbon system rather than organic carbon burial controlling the response of δ34S values (via formation of sedimentary pyrite). Secular variation of marine 87Sr86Sr ratios and δ13C values argues for a coupling of δ34S and δ34S values to variation in the relative contribution of seafloor hydrothermal and continental weathering fluxes. These trends indicate that the early Paleozoic was dominated by low temperature silicate weathering, whereas the Late Paleozoic to Modern was dominated by high temperature seawater-basalt interactions. Variation in Proterozoic δ13Ccarb and δ34Ssulfate values produces a slope that is greater than that of the Phanerozoic ( −0.50 vs. −0.24). This steeper slope is consistent with other geochernical data that indicate relatively high seafloor hydrothermal fluxes during the late Precambrian. We speculate that the dramatic evolutionary changes of the Neoproterozoic-Paleozoic transition occur during a waning of seafloor hydrothermal fluxes and a concomitant decrease in O2 consumption that permitted the oxygenation of seawater thought to be critical in metazoan evolution.
Effect of Sample Storage Conditions on Culture-independent Bacterial Community measures in Cystic Fibrosis Sputum Specimens

Culture-independent approaches to studying the microbiota of the airways of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients have employed analysis of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene through Sanger sequencing of clone libraries ([5][1], [6][2], [12][3]), terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis ([8][4
Translocation and reversible localization of signaling proteins: a dynamic future for signal transduction.

(1) The diffusion profile of a protein that originates in a point source can be described as (Crank, J., The Mathematics of Diffusion, Clarendon, Oxford, 2nd ed., 1975): . If the question is how far a protein will get on average away from its origin, the problem can be reduced to integration of 2 · x · F(x,t) from 0 to infinity. This calculation uses the mirror principle of diffusion described in the same reference. The result was used in the equation in the text. (2) The calculation of the range of action of a continuously but locally produced active protein can be obtained by multiplying the probability that a protein will be inactivated at a time t: 1/τ · exp(−t/τ), with the average diffusion distance of the protein in the same time: (4 · D · t/π)1/2 and by calculating the integral of the product over time from 0 to infinity. This calculation was made for two and three dimensions for the equations that were included in the text.*E-mail: tobiasmeyer@stanford.edu, mteruel@stanford.edu
Evaluation of a School—Juvenile Court Team Approach to Delinquency Prevention

The School-Juvenile Court Liaison Project was designed to assist schools and courts in working cooperatively to intervene in and prevent delinquency. Results of the evaluation indicate increased communication and joint service planning between the systems. School and court personnel are talking to each other more often about students who are involved with the court, as well as about general issues of school-court cooperation, and school and court staff are working together more frequently to develop treatment plans for such students. School-court teams have also been successful in developing interagency case staffing councils and prevention-oriented projects in their communities. Factors contributing to the project's success are discussed.
THE PREVALENCE AND ANATOMICAL PATTERNS OF INTRACAVITARY CORONARY ARTERIES: DETECTION BY CORONARY COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC ANGIOGRAPHY

Congenital coronary anomalies incidence have been reported up to 5.6% in the literature based on angiograms. However we are noticing increasing incidence of some coronary anomalies including intracavitary coronary arteries (ICCA) with use of the new diagnostic modalities like coronary computed
Response of neurons in the macaque amygdala to complex social stimuli

The presence of neurons in macaque temporal cortex and amygdala which fire selectively in response to social stimuli has been demonstrated by several investigators. The extent to which such neuronal populations may respond to a broad range of social features, including expressive movements and interactions, has not been fully explored due to the difficulty of presenting such complex stimuli in a controlled fashion. We describe a method for presenting moving segments of macaque behavior, visual and auditory, to animal subjects during single unit recording. The method permits a broad range of stimuli to be used both as probes and as controls. In addition, a novel technique for monitoring eye position in alert macaque subjects is described. We present results from the medial amygdala and adjacent cortex, demonstrating that neurons in these regions respond selectively to features of the social environment.
Intruder detection based on graph structured hypothesis testing

Anomaly based network intruder detection is considered. In particular, we view anomaly detection as a statistical hypothesis testing problem. The null hypothesis associated with each host is that it is acting normally, while the alternative is that the host is acting abnormally. When considered in relation to the network traffic, these host-level hypotheses form a graphically structured hypothesis testing problem. Some network intrusions will form linked regions in this graph where the null hypotheses are false. This will be the case when an intruder traverses the network, or when a coordinated attack is performed targeting the same set of machines. Other network intrusions can lead to multiple unrelated hosts acting abnormally, such as when multiple attackers are acting more or less independently. We consider model based approaches for detecting these different types of disruptions to the network activity. For instance, network traversal is modeled as a random walk through the network stringing together multiple abnormally acting machines. A coordinated attack targeting a single machine is modeled as multiple anomalous hosts connecting to a randomly selected target. The advantage of modeling the attacker patterns is that, under ideal conditions, this defines an optimal detector of the intruders. This optimal detector depends on unknown parameters, and is therefore less attractive for practical use. We describe pragmatic approaches that, in simulations, achieve close to optimal detection rates. The methodology is applied to a real-world network intrusion, clearly identifying the attack.
THE TRANSMISSION OF THE VIRUS OF MEXICAN TYPHUS FROM RAT TO RAT BY POLYPLAX SPINULOSUS.

Polyplax spinulosus , the common rat louse, is easily infected with the virus of typhus by feeding on infected rats. As in the case of Pediculus humanus , such feedings are followed by the appearance of large numbers of Rickettsia prowazeki within the gut of the insect. The virus of Mexican typhus can be transmitted from rat to rat by Polyplax spinulosus by methods of feeding simulating natural conditions. It seems, therefore, that this ectoparasite is an important factor in maintaining an endozoic of Mexican typhus among wild rats.
Experimental study of configuration mixing in intermediate excited levels of barium.

Resonant three-photon ionization of barium, via five closely spaced excited bound states\char22{}labeled 6s8s $^{1}S_{0}$, 6${p}^{2}$ $^{3}P_{0}$, 6${p}^{2}$ $^{3}P_{1}$,6s7d $^{1}D_{2}$, and 6${p}^{2}$ $^{3}P_{2}$\char22{}has yielded both angular distributions of energy-resolved photoelectrons and branching ratios to the 6s, 5d, and 6p configurations of ${\mathrm{Ba}}^{+}$. In contrast to earlier ab initio and semiempirical theoretical analyses which attributed nearly pure configurations to these five bound states, our experimental findings are consistent with a significant degree of 6${p}^{2}$ character in the 6s8s $^{1}S_{0}$ and 6s7d $^{1}D_{2}$ levels, more in accord with their original configuration labels in the tables of Moore. Branching to the 6p states of the ion predominates in each case, and the angular distributions of the corresponding photoelectrons from the 6${p}^{2}$ $^{3}P_{2}$ and 6s7d $^{1}D_{2}$ levels are described well by a parametric theoretical model approximating these states as pure 6${p}^{2}$ configurations. For the 6s8s $^{1}S_{0}$ level, inferences based on these observations must be made cautiously because of the possibility of an ``anomalously'' low photoionization amplitude for the 6s8s component of the state. Available oscillator strengths suggest the possibility of configuration interaction via spin-orbit coupling. Overall, strong configuration mixing and/or mislabeling of the configurations is implied; we suggest that the choice of configurational labels for these states be reexamined.
Diffusion of Radon Gas from Uranium Mill Tailings

A finite element model is presented which predicts radon diffusion in an n layer composite. The basis functions are obtained from an exact solution to the differential equation for a homogeneous layer. Thus the model gives the exact solution for n homogeneous layers and, by using many small layers, will give good results for any nonhomogeneous composite. The model can account for diffusion into the soil below the tailings, a finite radon concentration in the ambient and a radon source in each layer and the underlying base soil. In addition to the general matrix equation, closed form solutions are presented for some important special cases.
Response to Mark Kuczewski.

(2001). Response to Mark Kuczewski. The American Journal of Bioethics: Vol. 1, No. 3, pp. 55-56.
Antitumor and Antimitogenic Properties of the Photochemical Reaction Product of Ammonium Hexachloroiridate(IV)

SummaryThe photochemical reaction product of ammonium hexachloroiridate(IV) retards the rate of development of the Ehrlich ascites carcinoma in BALB/c mice and, to a lesser degree, the development of the L1210 leukemia in BDF1 mice. Of the various dos age regimens examined, a maximum of 140% increase of mean survival time was obtained with mice bearing the Ehrlich carcinoma, but only a 20% increase was demonstrated with mice bearing the L1210 leukemia. Blastogenic transformation of phytohemagglutinin-stimulated human lymphocytes in culture was also inhibited by the product, as evidenced by a reduced rate of incorporation of thymidine into cultured cells. No evidence was obtained that the product was a selective inhibitor of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis; rates of ribonucleic acid and protein synthesis were inhibited to the same extent as the rate of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in both cultured human lymphocytes and Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells in vitro.
The concentration, apparent molecular weight and chemical reactivity of silica from groundwater in Southern Nevada

Abstract Sorption of radionuclides, metals and organic compounds to colloidal particles has been suggested to increase the mobility of these pollutants in groundwater. Because silicates and alumino–silicates can be important components of groundwater colloids, we have conducted a study to characterize the nature of silica in various springs and wells in Southern Nevada and to determine the extent that silica may be associated with colloidal particles that can participate in pollutant transport. The total silica content was measured using inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy (ICP). In addition, reactive silica was measured using the silica molybdate colorimetric technique. The apparent molecular weight of the silica was investigated using split-flow-lateral-transport-thin-cell-fractionation (SPLITT) which can readily distinguish between colloidal and low molecular weight associations. This study indicates that silica does not tend to form stable inorganic colloids in Southern Nevada groundwaters but exists as low molecular weight species. However, water from one of the test facilities on the Nevada Test Site (NTS) did contain stable siliceous colloids that could have important implications for the modeling the transport of radionuclides at this site.
Sorafenib for Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Systematic Review

Background Sorafenib, a drug that inhibits Raf serine/threonine kinases mediating cell proliferation and receptor tyrosine kinases involved in angiogenesis, is approved for treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma.
Novel growth factor Gas6, phosphatidylserine and their age-related changes in the rat brain

Gas6 is the newest member of the family of vitamin K-dependent proteins that acts as a ligand for the Axl family of RTK with homology to neural cell adhesion molecules. Gas6-Axl interactions have been implicated in anti-apoptotic activity. Here we report the first identification of Gas6 in the rat brain synaptosomes from three brain regions: striatum, hippocampus and frontal cortex. Furthermore, we discovered age-related and area-specific declines in the levels of Gas6 in the synaptosomes. The age effects on Gas6 levels were observed in all brain areas. Frontal cortex demonstrated the most dramatic decrease in Gas6 with aging (over 84% decline in old animals, as compared with young) (p<0.001). Gas6 levels in synaptosomes derived from striatum and hippocampus of the old animals were over 55% lower than those of the young (p<0.01). Phospholipid analysis of synaptosomes showed that in the cortex, decreases in Gas6 levels may be explained by age-related decrease in membrane phosphatidylserine composition. The brain area-specific decreases in Gas6 may in turn affect the RTK-regulated cell cycle, resulting in changes in distinct neuronal population viability. Thus, our findings suggest for the first time a role for Gas6 in brain aging.
Decreased Type IV Collagenase Activity in Experimental Pancreatic Fibrosis

Abstract Background. S evere h yperstimulation and duct o bstruction p ancreatitis (SHOP) is characterized by pancreatic fibrosis and loss of acinar cell mass. MMP-2 and MMP-9 are type IV collagenases and gelatinases. We hypothesized that fibrosis results from disruption of the normal collagen homeostasis and that altered activity of the type IV collagenases may contribute to pancreatic fibrosis in SHOP. Methods. SHOP rats ( n = 15) were prepared with pancreatic duct obstruction and cerulein (50 μg/kg/d, ip) hyperstimulation. Pancreas from unoperated control ( n = 8), 48 h SHOP ( n = 8), and 96 h SHOP ( n = 7) rats was harvested, homogenized, and assayed for protein concentration (BCA method). Type IV collagenase (MMP-2 and MMP-9) expression was measured by zymography using gelatin as substrate. Type IV collagenase activity was quantified with a fluorescence assay. Results. Expression of the active form of MMP-9 decreased while latent MMP-9 and active and latent MMP-2 increased on gelatin zymography. Activity of type IV collagenases (MMP-2 and MMP-9) progressively decreases with SHOP injury. The differences between expression and activity are likely due to posttranslational regulators such as MT-MMPs and TIMPs. Conclusions. Collagenase expression and activity are decreased in the SHOP model of pancreatitis, suggesting a decrease in the homeostatic mechanisms for type IV collagen in the extracellular matrix. Therefore, early fibrosis in the SHOP model is, at least in part, due to alterations in collagen homeostasis and not simply increased collagen production.
Infectious Rates of Central Venous Pressure Catheters: Comparison Between Newly Placed Catheters and Those That Have Been Changed

Objective To analyze the rate of infection of de novo, guidewire exchanged, and new site replacement catheters in a cohort of patients in whom catheters were changed on the basis of the clinical discretion of the attending physicians. Design We conducted an observational cohort study in catheterized patients in the intensive-care unit (ICU). Material and Methods ICU patients admitted between Jan. 1, 1991, and Dec. 31, 1992, were eligible for enrollment in the study. Catheter care, replacement, and duration were prospectively documented. Catheter-related infection was prospectively evaluated. Rates of catheter-related infection were determined for de novo, guidewire exchanged, and new site replacement catheters and analyzed relative to the duration of placement of individual catheters and the total duration of central venous catheterization for a specific patient. Results Fifty catheter-related infections developed in 2,470 patients. When the rate of catheter-associated infection was determined for each type of catheterization, de novo catheters had a lower ob served rate of infection than either replacement type ( P = 1.0001). After controlling for the effect of time, we found that the rate of catheter-related infections associated with a de novo catheter was less than the rate in guidewire exchanged catheters (P = 0.035). Rates of infection were similar between guidewire exchanged catheters and catheters replaced to a new site. Conclusion In a population of ICU patients in whom catheter change was governed by clinical judgment, no differences were noted between the observed rates of infection of new site replacement catheters and guidewire exchange catheters.
Kinship, reproductive strategies and social dynamics of yellow-bellied marmots

Social behavior of yellow-bellied marmots was observed for three years in colonies where kinship was known and for one year in a high elevation colony where harems were contiguous. Social dynamics of yellow-bellied marmots is dependent on kinship, group composition, and age-sex classes. This pattern is a consequence of the reproductive strategies of males and females. Females behave cohesively toward sisters or daughters, but not with sons and agonistically toward other females. Males generally behave amicably toward females and agonistically toward males, including their sons. Thus, reproductive strategies limit nepotism. This behavior is consistent with a population process in which sons typically disperse as yearlings. At least some of the variation in the expected patterns of social behaviors is attributable to individual differences. Because male and female reproductive strategies differ, a marmot population consists of two social subsystems. The female unit is the closely-related kin group which may also be a burrow group. The male unit is a harem which usually consists of two or more competing female kin groups.