cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Erratum to “Epidemiological and clinical relevance of insomnia diagnosis algorithms according to the DSM-IV and the International Classification of Sleep Disorders (ICSD)” [Sleep Med 10 (2009) 952–960]

1389-9457/$ see front matter 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2009.11.001 DOI of original article: 10.1016/j.sleep.2009.07.008. * Corresponding author. Address: Stanford Sleep Epidemiology Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, 3430 W. Bayshore Road, Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA. Tel.: +1 650 494 1137; fax: +1 650 947 9813/+1 650 493 1225. E-mail address: mohayon@stanford.edu (M.M. Ohayon). Table 5 Prevalence of DSM-IV insomnia disorder diagnoses.
G-SQZ

SUMMARY: Large volumes of data generated by high-throughput sequencing instruments present non-trivial challenges in data storage, content access and transfer. We present G-SQZ, a Huffman coding-based sequencing-reads-specific representation scheme that compresses data without altering the relative order. G-SQZ has achieved from 65% to 81% compression on benchmark datasets, and it allows selective access without scanning and decoding from start. This article focuses on describing the underlying encoding scheme and its software implementation, and a more theoretical problem of optimal compression is out of scope. The immediate practical benefits include reduced infrastructure and informatics costs in managing and analyzing large sequencing data. Availability: http://public.tgen.org/sqz. Academic/non-profit: Source: available at no cost under a non-open-source license by requesting from the web-site; Binary: available for direct download at no cost. For-Profit: Submit request for for-profit license from the web-site. Contact: [email protected]
Augmented boost converter for near null-load transient response

This paper describes a dc-dc boost converter which shows near null load transient response. The boost converter is augmented with extra energy paths that sink or supply charge during load steps. The output voltage deviation and inductor current overshoot during load transients are substantially reduced or eliminated. A charge-balance based analysis is utilized in this paper to describe the control of the augmentation paths. This technique will allow an easy control of the augmentation branches and adds degrees of freedom for fast energy changes. This approach is discussed in context with other optimal regulation techniques such as minimum time control (a.k.a. time optimal control). Simulation results are shown in this paper for an augmented boost converter with a 5 V input and 12 V, 50 W output.
Tentoxin effects on infrastructure and greening of ivyleaf morningglory (Ipomoea hederacea var. hederacea) cotyledons

The effects of 20 μM tentoxin on mesophyll chloroplast ultra-structural development, chlorophyll organization and accumulation, and pigment transformations in cotyledons of dark-grown, 4-day-old ivyleaf morningglory [Ipomoea hederacea (L.) Jacq. var. hederacea]were monitored. After 6 h of white light (200 μEm−2T.s−1), many plastids of tentoxin-treated tissues contained prolamellar bodies or inconsistent internal membrane orientation in contrast to the uniform internal membrane orientation and absence of prolamellar bodies in controls. Grana stacking did not progress beyond three to four disc loculi in tentoxin-treatments, and fret membranes were usually discontinuous and reduced. Cylindrical or cupped grana appeared in many chloroplasts after 3 days of light, while other chloroplasts in which disruption was more pronounced had few grana except for remnants, but usually did possess vesicles or structures resembling prolamellar bodies. Tentoxin had no apparent effect on stroma density or plastoglobuli size and number. No starch grains appeared in any of the tentoxin treatments, whereas they appeared after 24 h in controls. Initial protochlorophyllide content and its photoconversion to chlorophyllide and subsequent Shibata shift were not affected by tentoxin. Chlorophyll accumulation rates in tentoxin-treated cotyledons were about 10% of control rates during the first 24 h of greening and about 20% of controls from 48 to 72 h of greening. Chlorophyll alb ratio and PSU size (total Chl/P700) were not significantly affected by tentoxin.
Reconceptualizing Compliance in Home Health Care

The term "compliance" and its traditional definitions frequently are criticized in the literature. Although a number of authors advocate a collaborative model of compliance, with compliance decisions and responsibilities for health outcomes shared by provider and patient, few describe this model in practice. This study investigated compliance communication in two home care agencies. Findings from interviews with 6 nurses and observation during home visits to 25 patients (N = 31) revealed a prosocial, collaborative model of compliance that coincides with the participative model of medical care (Smith, 1989) and a redefinition of compliance advanced by Kontz (1989).
Chapter 15 – Packaging Concepts

Packaging is necessary for protecting foods during shipment and storage. Packaging provides protection to the food from various environmental factors such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, water vapor, aroma, and light. Mass transfer through the packaging wall must be well understood to design an appropriate package. Since packaging also provides a means of communication about the food to the consumer, innovations occur at a rapid pace. Some of the recent innovations in the field of packaging include development of passive and active packaging, intelligent packaging, and interactive packaging. Packaging has a major role in influencing the shelf life of a food. Mathematical methods to predict shelf life of packaged foods include the use of chemical kinetics involving zero and first order reactions.
ULTRA-HIGH-BRIGHTNESS EXCIMER LASER SYSTEMS

Ultra-high-brightness excimer laser systems are being used to explore the interaction of intense coherent ultraviolet radiation with matter. Applications of current systems include generation of picosecond x-ray pulses, investigation of possible x-ray laser pumping schemes, studies of multiphoton phenomena in atomic species, and time-resolved photochemistry. These systems,1,2 based on the amplification of sub-picosecond pulses in small aperture (~1 cm2) XeCl or KrF amplifiers, deliver focal spot intensities of ~1017 W/cm2. Scaling to higher intensities, however, will require an additional large aperture amplifier which preserves near-diffraction-limited beam quality and subpicosecond pulse duration. We describe here both a small aperture KrF system which routinely provides intensities >1017 W/cm2 to several experiments, and a large aperture XeCl system, currently under construction, designed to deliver ~1 J subpicosecond pulses and yield intensities on target in excess of 1019 W/cm2. We also compare XeCl and KrF as amplification media for high-brightness laser systems.
Turbotip Lift Fan Design

This paper discusses the basic design approach and features of the turbotip lift fan concept, initially developed for application in the XV-5 VTOL research aircraft. Design changes necessary to meet the requirements of the proposed NASA V/STOL transport research aircraft and future commercial transport systems are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the effects of acoustic, installation, control response and life/maintenance objectives on component design and lift fan geometry.Copyright © 1972 by ASME
Deepening the Role of the User: Neuro-Physiological Evidence as a Basis for Studying and Improving Search

In this paper, the potential for expanding the set of scientific evidence and insights associated with the users' role during the search process is explored. As it is intended to be a position paper and not a systematic survey, a comprehensive review of literature is not presented here. However, the authors draw on some early stage research, in this emerging area, to describe and explain the generation of neuro-physiological evidence using three types of modalities. The modalities and the associated methods described here, presented in order of increasing complexity, include Eye-tracking, EEG, and fMRI. The paper concludes with a few critical observations regarding the promises and perils of using neuro-physiological approaches in studying search and search behavior.
Regime-dependent short-range solar irradiance forecasting

AbstractThis paper describes the development and testing of a cloud-regime-dependent short-range solar irradiance forecasting system for predictions of 15-min-average clearness index (global horizontal irradiance). This regime-dependent artificial neural network (RD-ANN) system classifies cloud regimes with a k-means algorithm on the basis of a combination of surface weather observations, irradiance observations, and GOES-East satellite data. The ANNs are then trained on each cloud regime to predict the clearness index. This RD-ANN system improves over the mean absolute error of the baseline clearness-index persistence predictions by 1.0%, 21.0%, 26.4%, and 27.4% at the 15-, 60-, 120-, and 180-min forecast lead times, respectively. In addition, a version of this method configured to predict the irradiance variability predicts irradiance variability more accurately than does a smart persistence technique.
Experiment Study on Pressured Fixed Bed Gasification of Long Flame Coal

It has been studied that adaptability of pressured gasification of long flame coal in the pressurized fixed bed gasifier (ID 100mm) Due to the has strong caking a stirrer was installed when it carried pressured gasification. Study indicated that it fitted for fixed bed pressured gasification process after installed the stirrer.
Intravesical Thiotepa and Mitomycin C Treatment Immediately After Transurethral Resection and Later for Superficial (Stages Ta and Tis) Bladder Cancer: A Prospective, Randomized, Stratified Study with Crossover Design

AbstractIn a prospective, randomized, stratified study with crossover design the effect of thiotepa was compared to that of mitomycin C when each was instilled intravesically immediately at the end of complete removal of superficial bladder cancer (stages Ta and Tis) and later on tumor recurrence. The 3-month and 1-year rates free of recurrence were 93 and 78 per cent, respectively, for thiotepa (41 patients), and 97.6 and 67.1 per cent, respectively, for mitomycin C (42 patients) (p equals 0.6). On crossover (5 patients to thiotepa and 9 to mitomycin C) at 1 year 60 per cent of the patients receiving thiotepa secondarily and 51.9 per cent of those receiving mitomycin C secondarily were free of recurrence (p equals 0.52). Therefore, both drugs are equally effective in reducing bladder tumor recurrence. Future comparative studies should continue to include thiotepa as a standard by which the efficacies of other agents are judged.
Secretory and immunochemical properties of gastrin and pancreozymin-cholecystokinin.

Gastrin and pancreozymin-cholecystokinin stimulate acid secretion in the isolated gastric mucosa of the bullfrog. Pancreozymin-cholecystokinin showed slight cross-reaction in a gastrin radioimmunoassay. A comparison of these two assay systems indicates that the stimulation of acid secretion is an intrinsic physiological action of pancreozymin-cholecystokinin and is not due to contamination with gastrin.
Classified Advertising Rates That Vary by Category

This article considers the profit potential of exploiting the differences in demand for separate categories of classified advertisements. We report results of an empirical study of the pricing behaviour of a random sample of US newspapers. We find that only 26.7 per cent of our sample offered private party rates. While the degree of competition played no statistically significant role in predicting a newspaper's likelihood of offering private party rates, newspapers belonging to the largest national groups were more likely to do so. For the 26.7 per cent of newspapers using private party rates, the difference in rates across categories did reflect the difference in the expected value of an advertisement to the person placing that advertisement.
The Case Law

The bulk of Marshall’s decisions are arranged chronologically in this chapter. Laurence’s paradigm is applied in mining the written decisions for an understanding of the motivations of the Court and of Marshall.
Pedestrian dynamics with explicit sharing of exit choice during egress through a long corridor

The egress literature abounds with studies and models of emergency pedestrian evacuation behavior. Each model tries to incorporate more details and features of the crowd movement dynamics to improve its accuracy. This paper combines a relatively simple pedestrian motion model with a position dependent Voter model to study the effects of opinion sharing on crowd evacuation characteristics. Effect of the presence of leaders on the final outcome of the evacuation is studied in detail. An analytical solution for a simplified version of the egress dynamics with opinion exchange is presented, followed by a set of numerical simulations. Interesting findings about the effect of the strength of interaction between individuals, number and distribution of leaders and initial bias of the evacuees on the final distribution of evacuees over available exits, mean number of steps to evacuate, etc. are presented.
Genomewide Dam Methylation in Escherichia coli during Long-Term Stationary Phase

ABSTRACT DNA methylation in prokaryotes is widespread. The most common modification of the genome is the methylation of adenine at the N-6 position. In Escherichia coli K-12 and many gammaproteobacteria, this modification is catalyzed by DNA adenine methyltransferase (Dam) at the GATC consensus sequence and is known to modulate cellular processes including transcriptional regulation of gene expression, initiation of chromosomal replication, and DNA mismatch repair. While studies thus far have focused on the motifs associated with methylated adenine (meA), the frequency of meA across the genome, and temporal dynamics during early periods of incubation, here we conduct the first study on the temporal dynamics of adenine methylation in E. coli by Dam throughout all five phases of the bacterial life cycle in the laboratory. Using single-molecule real-time sequencing, we show that virtually all GATC sites are significantly methylated over time; nearly complete methylation of the chromosome was confirmed by mass spectroscopy analysis. However, we also detect 66 sites whose methylation patterns change significantly over time within a population, including three sites associated with sialic acid transport and catabolism, suggesting a potential role for Dam regulation of these genes; differential expression of this subset of genes was confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR. Further, we show significant growth defects of the dam mutant during long-term stationary phase (LTSP). Together these data suggest that the cell places a high premium on fully methylating the chromosome and that alterations in methylation patterns may have significant impact on patterns of transcription, maintenance of genetic fidelity, and cell survival. IMPORTANCE While it has been shown that methylation remains relatively constant into early stationary phase of E. coli, this study goes further through death phase and long-term stationary phase, a unique time in the bacterial life cycle due to nutrient limitation and strong selection for mutants with increased fitness. The absence of methylation at GATC sites can influence the mutation frequency within a population due to aberrant mismatch repair. Therefore, it is important to investigate the methylation status of GATC sites in an environment where cells may not prioritize methylation of the chromosome. This study demonstrates that chromosome methylation remains a priority even under conditions of nutrient limitation, indicating that continuous methylation at GATC sites could be under positive selection.
The Hy-C process (thermal decomposition of natural gas) potentially the lowest cost source of hydrogen with the least CO2 emission

The abundance of natural gas as a natural resource and its high hydrogen content make it a prime candidate for a low cost supply of hydrogen. The thermal decomposition of natural gas by methane pyrolysis produces carbon and hydrogen. The process energy required to produce one mol of hydrogen is only 5.3% of the higher heating value of methane. The thermal efficiency for hydrogen production as a fuel without the use of carbon as a fuel, can be as high as 60%. Conventional steam reforming of methane requires 8.9% process energy per mole of hydrogen even though 4 moles of hydrogen can be produced per mole of methane, compared to 2 moles by methane pyrolysis. When considering greenhouse global gas warming, methane pyrolysis produces the least amount of CO{sub 2} emissions per unit of hydrogen and can be totally eliminated when the carbon produced is either sequestered or sold as a materials commodity, and hydrogen is used to fuel the process. Conventional steam reforming of natural gas and CO shifting produces large amounts of CO{sub 2} emissions. The energy requirement for non-fossil, solar, nuclear, and hydropower production of hydrogen, mainly through electrolysis, is much greater than that from natural gas.more » From the resource available energy and environmental points of view, production of hydrogen by methane pyrolysis is most attractive. The by-product carbon black, when credited as a saleable material, makes hydrogen by thermal decomposition of natural gas (the Hy-C process) potentially the lowest cost source of large amounts of hydrogen.« less
The Greek anthropocentric view of man.

( ov AoyLKOV V0Vr7dV, voi3 Ka E7rr L7r7/l)s 8EK8K dKV. Leo has borrowed this definition verbatim from the ninth-century(?) treatise of Meletius the Monk On the Constitution of Man. Meletius in his turn took the definition directly from the bishop Nemesius (early fifth century?), who, in his work On the Nature of Man, prefaces this formulation with the general statement rdV vOpwrov cptLov7ra, "people define man." Gregory of Nyssa similarly attests the tralatitious character of the words: rT AoyLKOV TOOTO OOV d aV0W YOc VOU TE Kal f'7t&0ET0 6KTLKOV ELVaL Kal,
Feedstocks to Pharmacophores: Cu-Catalyzed Oxidative Arylation of Inexpensive Alkylarenes Enabling Direct Access to Diarylalkanes

A Cu-catalyzed method has been identified for selective oxidative arylation of benzylic C–H bonds with arylboronic esters. The resulting 1,1-diarylalkanes are accessed directly from inexpensive alkylarenes containing primary and secondary benzylic C–H bonds, such as toluene or ethylbenzene. All catalyst components are commercially available at low cost, and the arylboronic esters are either commercially available or easily accessible from the commercially available boronic acids. The potential utility of these methods in medicinal chemistry applications is highlighted.
A Story of Chicks, Science Fairs and the Ethics of Students’ Biomedical Research

Here, we tell the story of Jenna, a high school student who presents her research and poster, “The Effects of Alcohol on Chicks,” at a state science fair. We highlight a conversation that took place as Jenna discussed her research with science educators. The chapter centers on this case narrative and illustrates the importance of critically engaging youth in constructive discussions about human use of animals in research and the controversial nature of ethics pertaining to such practices. It reminds us that scientific advancements are meaningless if we begin to consider these endeavors superior to ethics and morals. The case is followed by a reaction from a science educator who views the story by feminist critique. As Jenna’s case shows, educators are responsible for creating spaces for these types of discussions. We must guide students to reflect and evaluate society’s over-emphasis on the primacy of humans over other animals, and consider how such notions impact the negotiations of what are ethical, human and moral decisions.
Predischarge Injectable Versus Oral Naltrexone to Improve Postdischarge Treatment Engagement Among Hospitalized Veterans with Alcohol Use Disorder: A Randomized Pilot Proof‐of‐Concept Study

BACKGROUND Injectable naltrexone for alcohol use disorders (AUDs) has been efficacious in several studies. It has not been (i) compared head-to-head with oral naltrexone or (ii) examined in the hospital setting as an intervention that might facilitate treatment attendance after hospital discharge. METHODS Fifty-four hospitalized veterans identified as having DSM-IV-TR alcohol dependence were randomized to receive (i) a 50 mg oral naltrexone plus a 30-day prescription or (ii) a 380 mg intramuscular naltrexone injection prior to discharge. Of 113 veteran inpatients deemed eligible based on screening criteria, 54 met final eligibility criteria and were enrolled and randomized. Baseline data included demographics, alcohol consumption, and comorbidity. Measures of treatment initiation and engagement and alcohol consumption were reassessed at 14- and 45-day follow-ups. RESULTS Thirty-five participants (64.8%) completed the entire study protocol (received a study medication and completed 14- and 45-day follow-ups). Among those who received a study medication (n = 45), 77.8% completed all follow-up interviews. This pilot study was not designed to have sufficient statistical power for hypothesis testing, and thus, as expected, there were no significant differences between groups in medication adherence (self-report of >80% of daily doses taken in oral group; receipt of second injection in the injection group), treatment engagement (at least treatment 3 visits in the 30 days postdischarge, and 2 or more visits per month in each of the 3 months following discharge) or alcohol consumption at 14 or at 45 days (p > 0.05). The median number of drinks among the entire cohort in the 2 weeks prior to hospitalization (128 drinks) was significantly higher than at day 14 (0 drinks, p < 0.001) or day 45 (0 drinks, p < 0.001). Rates of medication adherence were 62% in the oral group and 61% in the injection group. CONCLUSIONS Results indicate feasibility for larger, more definitive study. Both groups had significant reductions in alcohol consumption over time and high-treatment engagement rates. Both oral and injectable formulations are feasible to initiate prior to discharge for hospital inpatients identified as having an AUD.
Abstract 2921: Integrated exome- and single cell RNA-sequencing reveals a clone's genomic instability and multifaceted fitness

DNA-damage therapy is the main line of defense against most cancers, especially at advanced stages of progression. DNA-damage therapy damages the cell’s DNA. We have identified that a cell’s cumulative extent of DNA damage - even when successfully repaired - is an indicator for future tolerance to new insults. This finding points to a quantitative measure of genomic instability as biomarker of sensitivity to DNA-damaging agents. However, quantifying genomic instability is difficult, especially because each individual tumor harbors clones with their own distinct genomic characteristics. Here we address the challenge of quantifying the complex phenotype of genomic instability across the clonal subpopulations that coexist within an individual tumor. We identified coexisting clones from bulk-exome sequencing and calculated the copy number profile of each clone’s genome. We integrated mutations detected in both, single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) and exome sequencing, to assign single cells to clones. Because cells in G2/M phase of the cell cycle (further referred to as G2/M clones) have twice the ploidy compared to cells in other cell cycle phases, their presence represents an opportunity for validation. Using 15 gastric cancer cell lines - each sorted by cell cycle phase - we validated: i) clone-specific copy number and ii) assignment of single cells to clones. Here, the predicted size of G2/M clones is an indicator of how correct we quantify clone-specific copy number. The degree to which expression of cell cycle genes is exclusive to G2/M clones is an indicator as to how correct we assign single cells to clones. In addition to the dominant quiescent clone and the G2/M clone, we identified other discrete subclones in a subset of cell lines, suggesting that genetic intra-tumor heterogeneity is sometimes maintained in-vitro. This approach identified clone-specific markers that can be used for cytometry separation of cells of specific clonal subpopulations. Overall, we demonstrate the power of combining exome sequencing and scRNA-seq to reveal how many clones are present in a tumor sample, how genomically unstable each clone is and how fit is each clone. When combined, these two techniques synergize into a powerful strategy to investigate the relationship between genomic instability, clone fitness and DNA-damage sensitivity. Citation Format: Noemi Andor, Carlo C. Maley, Hanlee P. Ji. Integrated exome- and single cell RNA-sequencing reveals a clone9s genomic instability and multifaceted fitness [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 2921. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-2921
A Personal Account of the Development of the Field Theory of Large-Scale Brain Activity from 1945 Onward

In this paper I give my personal perspective on the development of a field theory of large-scale brain activity. I review early work by Pitts, Wiener, Beurle and others, and give an account of the development of the mean-field Wilson-Cowan equations. I then outline my reasons for trying to develop a stochastic version of these equations, and recall the steps leading to the discovery that one can use field theory and the van Kampen system-size expansion of a neural master equation to obtain stochastic Wilson-Cowan equations. I then describe how stochastic neural field theory led to the discovery that there is a directed percolation phase transition in large-scale brain activity, and how the stochastic Wilson-Cowan equations can provide insight into many aspects of large-scale brain activity, such as the generation of fluctuation-driven avalanches and oscillations.
The Changing Incidence and Presentation of Urinary Stones Over 3 Decades

Abstract Objective To evaluate trends in the incidence of kidney stones and characteristics associated with changes in the incidence rate over 3 decades. Patients and Methods Adult stone formers in Olmsted County, Minnesota, from January 1, 1984, to December 31, 2012, were validated and characterized by age, sex, stone composition, and imaging modality. The incidence of kidney stones per 100,000 person-years was estimated. Characteristics associated with changes in the incidence rate over time were assessed using Poisson regression models. Results There were 3224 confirmed symptomatic (stone seen), 606 suspected symptomatic (no stone seen), and 617 incidental asymptomatic kidney stone formers. The incidence of confirmed symptomatic kidney stones increased from the year 1984 to 2012 in both men (145 to 299/100,000 person-years; incidence rate ratio per 5 years, 1.14, P P 3 mm). Confirmed symptomatic kidney stones with documented spontaneous passage also increased. The incidence of kidney stones with unknown composition increased more than that of stones with known composition. Conclusion The incidence of both symptomatic and asymptomatic kidney stones has increased dramatically. The increased utilization of computed tomography during this period may have improved stone detection and contributed to the increased kidney stone incidence.
Unique Sensory and Motor Behavior in Thy1-GFP-M Mice before and after Spinal Cord Injury.

Abstract Sensorimotor recovery after spinal cord injury (SCI) is of utmost importance to injured individuals and will rely on improved understanding of SCI pathology and recovery. Novel transgenic ...
The politics of deep integration

AbstractEfforts to pursue ‘deep integration’—agreeing to international rules governing domestic policies to mitigate their adverse trade effects—have been pivotal to the politicization of trade policy. The contributions to this special issue focus on different political dynamics associated with recent high-profile efforts at deep integration. Collectively, they analyse the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP), the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA), the Transpacific Partnership (TPP) and the Japan–European Union Economic Partnership Agreement (JEEPA) negotiations. The special issue, therefore, focuses on extreme examples of deep integration in order to illuminate new political dynamics. This introductory article introduces the concept of ‘deep integration’ and explores how it has been pursued in historical and contemporary trade negotiations. It also relates recent attempts at deep integration to the rise of populist anti-globalization movements. In light of these discussio...
Deeply-Sparse Signal rePresentations ($\text{D}\text{S}^2\text{P}$)

A recent line of work shows that a deep neural network with ReLU nonlinearities arises from a finite sequence of cascaded sparse coding models, the outputs of which, except for the last element in the cascade, are sparse and unobservable. That is, intermediate outputs deep in the cascade are sparse, hence the title of this manuscript. We show here, using techniques from the dictionary learning literature that, if the measurement matrices in the cascaded sparse coding model (a) satisfy RIP and (b) all have sparse columns except for the last, they can be recovered with high probability. We propose two algorithms for this purpose: one that recovers the matrices in a forward sequence, and another that recovers them in a backward sequence. The method of choice in deep learning to solve this problem is by training an auto-encoder. Our algorithms provide a sound alternative, with theoretical guarantees, as well upper bounds on sample complexity. The theory shows that the learning complexity of the forward algorithm depends on the number of hidden units at the deepest layer and the number of active neurons at that layer (sparsity). In addition, the theory relates the number of hidden units in successive layers, thus giving a practical prescription for designing deep ReLU neural networks. Because it puts fewer restrictions on the architecture, the backward algorithm requires more data. We demonstrate the deep dictionary learning algorithm via simulations. Finally, we use a coupon-collection argument to conjecture a lower bound on sample complexity that gives some insight as to why deep networks require more data to train than shallow ones.
Coloring Agents and Color of Foods

Color is unconsciously incorporated into our impressions of foods because our eyes are constantly supplying the brain with color information that is instinctively associated with all other information about any given food. Radishes are “red,” bananas are “yellow,” and lettuce is “green.” In fact, we associate a particular color with almost every food we come in contact with in our daily lives. Thus, color is a significant factor in consumer acceptance of foods, and consumers automatically associate certain color characteristics with fresh and wholesome quality. This evident characteristic of foods is included in the quality standards for fresh and processed fruits and vegetables, fats and oils, meats, dairy products, poultry, and eggs. In the processing, preservation, and storage of some food products, the “natural color” may be destroyed. This fact has spurred food processors to develop methods for retaining the best possible color in foods.
Areas of Overlap of Population Genetics with Related Disciplines

I have chosen to concentrate on interdisciplinary aspects by considering areas of overlap of population genetics and some other fields of study with which it has recently established more or less close links. I am using the expression “population genetics” as synonymous with “mathematical theory of evolution,” but I am also keeping in mind a wider definition that includes empirical observations which go under the same name. These observations have greatly contributed to the development of the subject, both by confirming the expectations of the mathematical approach and by providing a constant source of inspiration for new theoretical developments.
Shape Recognition in Mind, Brain, and Machine

We present an overview of our recent work on object recognition. One issue concerns what aspects of performance should be modeled. We have focused on real-time activation of a representation of entry-level classes from line drawings. Three striking and fundamental characteristics of such recognition are its invariance with viewpoint in depth (including scale), its ability to operate on unfamiliar objects, and its robustness with the actual contours present in an image (as long as the same convex parts [geons] can be activated). These characteristics are expressed in an implemented neural network model (Hummel & Biederman, 1992) that takes a line drawing of an object as input and generates a structural description of geons and their relations which is then used for object classification. The model’s capacity for structural description derives from its solution to the dynamic binding problem of neural networks: Independent units representing an object’s parts (in terms of their shape attributes and interrelations) are bound temporarily when those attributes occur in conjunction in the system’s input. Temporary conjunctions of attributes are represented by synchronized activity among the units representing those attributes. Specifically, the model induces temporal correlation in the firing of activated units to: a) parse images into their constituent parts; b) bind together the attributes of a part; and c) determine the relations among the parts and bind them to the parts to which they apply. Because it conjoins independent units temporarily, dynamic binding allows tremendous economy of representation, and permits the representation to reflect an object’s attribute structure. The model’s recognition performance conforms well to recent results from shape priming experiments. Moreover, the manner in which the model’s performance degrades due to accidental synchrony produced by an excess of phase sets suggests a basis for a theory of visual attention.
Transplanted corneal stromal cells in vitreous reproduce extracellular matrix of healing corneal stroma.

Purpose To characterize the extracellular matrix (ECM) formed by corneal stromal cells after injection into the vitreous. This will provide a basis for future studies on the function of corneal ECM macromolecules. Methods Cell line from rabbit dermal fibroblasts (RAB9) and primary cultures of rabbit corneal stroma fibroblasts (NRCF) were grown to confluence. For each cell type, approximately 1 x 10(6) cells suspended in basal medium were injected into the vitreous of normal rabbits and observed periodically with a slit lamp. After 1,2, and 4 weeks, eyes were processed for transmission electron microscopy (TEM), immunohistochemistry, immunocytochemistry, and in situ hybridization. Results All cells showed gradual growth within the vitreous along the needle track. Occurrence of retinal detachment and inflammation was variable. Transmission electron microscopy of NRCF confirmed the deposition of ECM reminiscent of the organization of normal fetal corneal stroma. Similar matrices were produced by RAB9. NRCF deposited collagen fibrils similar in diameter to those seen in normal developing and healing corneal stroma. RAB9 produced collagen fibrils with larger diameters. NRCF-transplanted cells synthesized proteoglycans and collagen immunologically identical to decorin proteins and type VI collagen, indicating that the expression of specific ECM is maintained after transplantation. In addition, in situ hybridization showed that type XII collagen mRNA is synthesized by transplanted NRCF similar to healing corneas. Conclusions Corneal stromal cells transplanted into vitreous produce a matrix morphologically and biochemically similar to that in healing corneal stroma.
BDNF deficiency and enriched environment treatment affect neurotransmitter gene expression differently across ages

Deficiency of activity-induced expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) disturbs neurotransmitter gene expression. Enriched environment treatment (EET) ameliorates the defects. However, how BDNF deficiency and EET affect the neurotransmitter gene expression differently across ages remains unclear. We addressed this question by determining the neurotransmitter gene expression across three life stages in wild-type and activity-dependent BDNF-deficient (KIV) mice. Mice received 2-months of standard control treatment (SCT) or EET at early-life development (ED: 0-2 months), young adulthood (2-4 months), and old adulthood (12-14 months) (N = 16/group). Half of these mice received additional 1-month SCT to examine persisting EET effects. High-throughput quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction measured expression of 81 genes for dopamine, adrenaline, serotonin, gamma aminobutyric acid, glutamate, acetylcholine, and BDNF systems in the frontal cortex (FC) and hippocampus. Results revealed that BDNF deficiency mostly reduced neurotransmitter gene expression, greatest at ED in the FC. EET increased expression of a larger number of genes at ED than adulthood, particularly in the KIV FC. Many genes down-regulated in KIV mice were up-regulated by EET, which persisted when EET was provided at ED (e.g., 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) transporter [5HTT], ADRA1D, GRIA3, GABRA5, GABBR2). In both the regions, BDNF deficiency decreased the density of gene co-expression network specifically at ED, while EET increased the density and hub genes (e.g., GAT1, GABRG3, GRIN1, CHRNA7). These results suggest that BDNF deficiency, which occurs under chronic stress, causes neurotransmitter dysregulations prominently at ED, particularly in the FC. EET at ED may be most effective to normalize the dysregulations, providing persisting effects later in life. OPEN SCIENCE BADGES: This article has received a badge for *Open Materials* because it provided all relevant information to reproduce the study in the manuscript. More information about the Open Science badges can be found at https://cos.io/our-services/open-science-badges/.
Thermal accumulation at kilohertz repetition rates inside fused silica under ultrafast laser irradiation

Thermal accumulation effect has proved to reduce ablation threshold and improve the ablation rate during multi-pulse ultrafast laser ablation. It was widely believed that this effect cannot be triggered until the laser repetition rate is raised to the megahertz range. In this Letter, we experimentally discover strong thermal accumulation in fused silica at kilohertz repetition rates and its significant contribution to enhance ablation rate. It is found that the threshold repetition rates to trigger thermal accumulation are intrinsically determined by material thermal diffusivity and insensitive to ambient conditions. We observe two-fold enhancement of the ablation rate and clearly discriminate the contribution from thermal and non-thermal accumulation effects by 35% and 50%-70%, respectively. A multi-physics model is developed to assist the understanding of the process. This Letter promotes the fundamental understanding of thermal/non-thermal accumulation effects and opens the door to low-repetition-rate thermal accumulation for low thermal diffusivity materials.
Congress and the King of Frauds: Corruption and the Credit Mobilier Scandal at the Dawn of the Gilded Age

Review of: "Congress and the King of Frauds: Corruption and the Credit Mobilier Scandal at the Dawn of the Gilded Age," by Robert B. Mitchell.
Factors associated with readmission in patients with eating disorders.

This study examined predictors of readmission to inpatient/residential settings in patients with eating disorders. We hypothesized that readmitted patients would report worse transitional care and continuity of care compared to those who were not readmitted. We conducted a cross-sectional, online survey of 80 individuals from the US who reported that they were diagnosed with an eating disorder requiring inpatient/residential treatment. Participants completed questionnaires on demographic and clinical characteristics, the Care Transition Model-15, and the Continuity of Care Questionnaire. We analyzed data using univariate statistics and a series of logistic regression models. Participants who reported better transitional care (adjusted OR (AOR) = 1.14; p < 0.001), continuity of care during their inpatient or residential stay, including greater transfer of information (AOR = 6.39, p = 0.002), relationships in the hospital (AOR = 6.83, p = 0.003), management of follow-up (AOR = 3.41, p = 0.02), management of communication (AOR = 8.74, p = 0.001), and management of forms (AOR = 9.61, p = 0.002), reported increased odds of being readmitted to an inpatient or residential treatment facility. Use of nasogastric (NG) tube feedings was significantly associated with being readmitted. Contrary to our hypotheses, we found that better transitional care and continuity of care were associated with higher odds of readmission. Level III, case–control analytic study.
Effect of Processing Hydrogen Pressure on Magnetic Properties of HDDR Nd-Fe-B Magnet

High coercivity and anisotropic Nd-Fe-B powders for making anisotropic bonded magnets have been prepared by hydrogenation-disproportionation-desorption-recombination (HDDR). We found that the processing hydrogen pressure is intimately correlated with the formation of $c$ -axis crystal texture of Nd2Fe14B phase. There exists a critical hydrogen pressure, $P_{\mathrm {crit}}$ , during hydrogen-disproportionation stage, that promotes the formation of $c$ -axis crystal texture. When processing hydrogen pressure is higher than $P_{\mathrm {crit}}$ , the formation of $c$ -axis texture deteriorates and results in isotropic Nd-Fe-B magnetic powders. The existence of $P_{\mathrm {crit}}$ is ascribed to the thermodynamics and kinetics origin during HDDR process.
Abbreviated Neighborhood Environment Walkability scale in persons with multiple sclerosis: Initial validation of score inferences

Abstract Introduction There is increasing interest in perceptions of the built environment as a correlate of physical activity among persons with multiple sclerosis (MS). This study examined if scores from the Abbreviated Neighborhood Environment Walkability Scale (NEWS-A) provide a valid inference regarding features of the environment in MS. Methods Participants completed a cross-sectional survey that included the NEWS-A as well as a demographic and clinical characteristics measure and the Social Provisions Scale (SPS). Walk Scores® were calculated based on residential addresses. We examined Spearman's Rank-Order Correlations (rs) among NEWS-A subscales with Walk Scores®, social environment, and individual factors, and interpreted the correlations based on a nomological network informed by a social-ecological model. Results There were complete data for 566 participants with MS. There were large correlations between NEWS-A land-use mix diversity, land-use mix access, infrastructure for safety and walking with Walk Scores® (rs = 0.51–0.57). There were medium correlations between NEWS-A residential density, street connectivity, and crime with Walk Scores® (rs = 0.31–0.48), and small correlations between NEWS-A aesthetics and traffic hazards with Walk Scores® (rs = 0.04–0.10). There were small-medium correlations between all other NEWS-A subscales with SPS, marital status, age, and PDDS (rs = 0.01–0.39). Conclusions Our results provide initial evidence for the validity of NEWS-A scores as a measure of perceived neighborhood walkability that may be associated with health behaviors in MS.
Numerical investigation of ventilation efficiency in a Combat Arms training facility using computational fluid dynamics modelling

Abstract Firing ranges critically depend on ventilation systems to minimize the exposure of personnel to ammunition refuse. A numerical analysis utilizing a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method was used to simulate the ventilation system and predict airflow patterns within a 122-foot long, military firing range housing 21 firing stalls. The intent for this model was to identify back circulation causing firing emissions to entrain in occupied areas. Measured values at several locations within the facility were used for either input values in the model or for validation of the model solution. The analysis evaluated massless particles released at three heights to correspond with standing, kneeling, and prone firing positions. Additional predictions were completed using the recommended technical guidance for ventilation of small arms firing ranges to compare against flow dynamics of the current system. The results revealed particles circulating back behind the shooter and into the personnel occupied area. Lower supply air velocities correspond to more uniform flow and successful movement of particles downrange in the small arms firing range under investigation. The ventilation air velocity at the firing line recommended by the design guide was not achieved consistently despite the supply air velocity being set to design guide values. Overall, the results demonstrated that CFD models are useful aides for optimizing supply air velocities in current firing range facilities and for evaluating and developing design standards that provide the proper ventilation required for the health and safety of building occupants.
Microbiota attenuates chicken transmission-exacerbated campylobacteriosis in Il10-/- mice.

Campylobacter jejuni is a prevalent foodborne pathogen mainly transmitting through poultry. It remains unknown how chicken-transmitted C. jejuni and microbiota impact on human campylobacteriosis. Campylobacter jejuni AR101 (Cj-P0) was introduced to chickens and isolated as passage 1 (Cj-P1). Campylobacter jejuni Cj-P1-DCA-Anaero was isolated from Cj-P0-infected birds transplanted with DCA-modulated anaerobic microbiota. Specific pathogen free Il10−/− mice were gavaged with antibiotic clindamycin and then infected with Cj-P0, Cj-P1, or Cj-P1-DCA-Anaero, respectively. After 8 days post infection, Il10−/− mice infected with Cj-P1 demonstrated severe morbidity and bloody diarrhea and the experiment had to be terminated. Cj-P1 induced more severe histopathology compared to Cj-P0, suggesting that chicken transmission increased C. jejuni virulence. Importantly, mice infected with Cj-P1-DCA-Anaero showed attenuation of intestinal inflammation compared to Cj-P1. At the cellular level, Cj-P1 induced more C. jejuni invasion and neutrophil infiltration into the Il10−/− mouse colon tissue compared to Cj-P0, which was attenuated with Cj-P1-DCA-Anaero. At the molecular level, Cj-P1 induced elevated inflammatory mediator mRNA accumulation of Il17a, Il1β, and Cxcl1 in the colon compared to Cj-P0, while Cj-P1-DCA-Anaero showed reduction of the inflammatory gene expression. In conclusion, our data suggest that DCA-modulated anaerobes attenuate chicken-transmitted campylobacteriosis in mice and it is important to control the elevation of C. jejuni virulence during chicken transmission process.
Krukenberg tumor with concomitant ipsilateral hydronephrosis and spermatic cord metastasis in a man: A case report

Krukenberg tumor with concomitant ipsilateral hydronephrosis and spermatic cord metastasis in a man: A case report