cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Supratentorial haemangioblastoma: the diagnostic roles of computed tomography and angiography.

Two patients with von Hippel-Lindau complex are described. Both had concomitant posterior fossa and supratentorial haemagioblastomas. The value of cerebral angiography is stressed in the demonstration of small nodules which are not immediately apparent on the computed tomogram.
Neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer: The likelihood of initiation and completion

Introduction: Chemotherapy was shown to improve survival in patients undergoing radical cystectomy (RC) for muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). The initiation and completion rates for perioperative chemotherapy are variable. Our aim is to compare the likelihood of initiating and completing neoadjuvant (NAC) and adjuvant chemotherapy (AC) in patients who underwent of RC for MIBC. Materials and Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of patients who underwent RC between 1992 and 2011. NAC was advised for patients with clinical stage ≥T2, hydronephrosis, extensive lymphovascular invasion (LVI), or prostatic stromal invasion. Patients with ≥pT3 or lymph node metastases were considered for AC. Results: A total of 363 patients were considered for perioperative chemotherapy. Among the 141 patients who were offered NAC, 125 (88.6%) initiated NAC. A total of 222 were considered for AC, and 151 (68.0%) initiated AC (P Conclusions: Patients with MIBC are more likely to initiate and complete NAC than AC.
Structure of liver ribosomes studied by negative staining.

Abstract Unfixed ribosomal subunits obtained by puromycin treatment at high ionic strength from free polysomes of rat liver and their dimers, ribosome monomers and free polysomes, were examined electron microscopically after negative staining with uranyl acetate. Small subunits are elongated and slightly bent prolate-shaped bodies which are viewed as straight (~ 230 A × 140 A) or curved profiles (230 A × 120 A). These images show a transverse dense line or partition, which divides them into two regions of unequal size (length ratio 1:2). Small subunits dimerize in an antiparallel fashion, joining to each other through their concave sides at the smaller regions in their surface. Large subunit profiles are of three main types, (i) Rounded profiles, ~ 230 A in diameter, which correspond to views on a flattened face to which other large subunits or small subunits can bind, (ii) Asymmetric profiles which have the shape of a skiff. These are approximately triangular, with one flattened or concave side (~ 230 A long), which shows a notch (~ 40 A) towards the blunted side of the skiff, and two convex sides of unequal length, (iii) Triangular profiles more nearly equilateral than the previous ones. Of the two enantiomorphic types of large subunit profiles of type (ii), one is almost exclusively observed. Large subunit profiles types (ii) and (iii) are seen in “frontal” and “lateral” views, respectively, of the monomeric ribosome. Large subunit dimer profiles are formed by pairs of profiles (ii) or (iii). In the first case the separation between subunit profiles is oblique to the long axis of the dimer image. Two main views of the monomeric ribosome were observed. Frontal views have the small subunit visible throughout their length. The notch on the flattened side of large subunit profile type (ii) is seen as a dense spot immediately below the small subunit partition. If frontal views are oriented with the small subunit horizontally and towards the top, in most cases the small subunit partitions and the large subunit notches are to the left of the observer. In lateral views small subunits are seen as small rectangular profiles (140 A × 120 A) bound towards one end of the flattened side of large subunit profiles type (iii). If lateral views are oriented with the small subunit towards the top, most frequently the small subunit is to the right of the observer. Frontal and lateral views of the monomeric ribosome are interconvertible by tilting. A model was constructed which explains the images and the changes introduced by tilting. Within polysomes, lateral views of the monomeric ribosome were more frequent than in monomer samples. The strand joining ribosomes within a Polysome can be followed up to the dense spot under the small subunit partition or up to the junction between subunits.
Trace and nontrace element contents of broiler litter

Poultry production is rapidly growing in the United States. In 1999, Alabama, the third largest poultry producer in the United States, produced 971.2 million birds and generated about 1.5 million Mg of broiler litter that was mainly applied to agricultural lands as an organic fertilizer. To increase disease resistance of poultry birds, trace elements are often added to poultry diets. However, some of the trace elements are toxic to living systems when present in sufficient concentrations. There is growing concern about accumulation of trace elements in broiler litter added as a soil amendment to agricultural lands and its effects on the soil, groundwater, and the food chain. When added to soils, these elements may compromise safe food and feed production. Broiler litter contains also nontrace elements that normally do not adversely affect directly plant health and soil biological system, but still need to be monitored because of possible effects on soil physicochemical properties. This study investigated ...
Effects of signal level and spectral contrast on vowel formant discrimination for normal-hearing and hearing-impaired listeners.

Purpose The aim of this study was to determine whether increasing the overall speech level or the individual spectral contrasts of vowel sounds can improve vowel formant discrimination for listener...
Hydraulic permeability of protein deposits formed during microfiltration: effect of solution pH and ionic strength

Abstract Protein deposits formed during membrane filtration can dramatically reduce the effectiveness of these devices. We have obtained data for the hydraulic permeability of deposits formed by the filtration of albumin, lysozyme, ribonuclease A, hemoglobin, and immunoglobulins. The steady-state permeatibility for each of the protein deposits was minimum at the protein isoelectric pH and decreased with increasing salt concentration at pH both above and below the isoelectric point. The transient response of these protein deposits to an increase in solution ionic strength consisted of an instantaneous jump in flux followed by a relatively slow flux decline. This complex behavior was consistent with the effects of the solution environment on the protein packing density within the deposit (which is determined by the balance between the intermolecular electrostatic repulsion between protein molecules and the compressive pressure associated with filtration) and on the magnitude of the electro-osmotic counterflow associated with the streaming potential that is generated across the deposit. These results provide important insights into the physical phenomena governing the structure and hydraulic permeability of the protein deposits formed during membrane filtration.
Stationary (s, s) policies for a finite horizon

In the finite-horizon stochastic (s, S) inventory model with periodic review the parameters of the optimal policy generally vary with the length of the horizon. A stationary policy, however, is easier to implement and may be easier to calculate. This paper studies optimal stationary policies for a finite horizon and relates them to optimal policies through their relation to optimal stationary policies for an infinite horizon.
The dangers of advocacy in science.

In matters of policy, many scientists view “advocacy” as a dangerous word. In peer-reviewed literature, many scientists practice a subtler form of advocacy in pushing their methods, results, and conclusions. Call this IMRAD (Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion) advocacy: Once bold claims about a poorly tested method or weak result are published, their sins are forgiven and they can be worked into future introductions and discussions at will. IMRAD advocates often stretch available data, gloss over uncertainties in their evidence, and ignore contrary results. This occurs throughout the hierarchy of journals. One would hope that it would be least common in prestigious journals. On the other hand, top journals have limited space; they emphasize papers with broad, seemingly decisive conclusions but passively encourage readers not to worry about methods (or rebuttals). Often, this form of advocacy is obvious only to the small percentage of any journal's readers that have scientific expertise in a specialized area—a small pool of appropriate reviewers ([1][1]). As with policy advocacy, there is a gray area between objective justification and flagrant, half-supported promotion. Somewhere in the middle sits the honest, often acrimonious debate necessary for scientific progress. Would anyone disagree that publishing overly liberal conclusions is poor science, that the personal rewards of doing so far outweigh risks, or that the peer-review process should strip papers of this garbage? Humiliation could assist rebuttals and time in the self-correcting process of science. For example, each professional society should survey members at year's end to decide on the five papers in their field with the most overly inflated claims. The authors, approving reviewers, and subject editors could receive suitable prizes. 1. 1.[↵][2]1. R. Hilborn , Fisheries 31, 554 (2006). [OpenUrl][3] [1]: #ref-1 [2]: #xref-ref-1-1 "View reference 1. in text" [3]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DFisheries%26rft.volume%253D31%26rft.spage%253D554%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx
Characterization of atmospheric contaminant sources using adaptive evolutionary algorithms

Abstract The characteristics of an unknown source of emissions in the atmosphere are identified using an Adaptive Evolutionary Strategy (AES) methodology based on ground concentration measurements and a Gaussian plume model. The AES methodology selects an initial set of source characteristics including position, size, mass emission rate, and wind direction, from which a forward dispersion simulation is performed. The error between the simulated concentrations from the tentative source and the observed ground measurements is calculated. Then the AES algorithm prescribes the next tentative set of source characteristics. The iteration proceeds towards minimum error, corresponding to convergence towards the real source. The proposed methodology was used to identify the source characteristics of 12 releases from the Prairie Grass field experiment of dispersion, two for each atmospheric stability class, ranging from very unstable to stable atmosphere. The AES algorithm was found to have advantages over a simple canonical ES and a Monte Carlo (MC) method which were used as benchmarks.
Design, Sensing, and Control of a Scaled Wind Tunnel for Atmospheric Display

Creating wind within virtual environments (e.g., wind display) is a challenging problem with a potential to develop immersive atmospheric display for virtual reality systems. This paper describes synergistic mechatronics design, sensing, and control of a scaled active wind tunnel, which establishes a practical foundation for atmospheric display in virtual environments. Our approach combines numerical simulations and physical experiments in order to achieve geometric design of the physical system while simultaneously developing simplified control laws using limited sensing and computational resources. As experimental results indicate, several physical modifications and unique sensor and control law developments are necessary to achieve controlled wind flow in a physical system. These results validate system performance over a wide range of wind speeds and angles, which serves as a basis for future development of full-scale virtual reality systems with atmospheric display.
THE ROOT APEX OF MALVA SYLVESTRIS. III. LATERAL ROOT DEVELOPMENT AND THE QUIESCENT CENTER

A B S T R A C T Both histological and autoradiographic procedures were used to follow lateral root initiation and development. Lateral roots of M. sylvestris were initiated in the pericycle, and although the endodermis became multiseriate, endodermal derivatives were not incorporated into the lateral root primordium. Apical organization of pre-emergent roots, characterized by two tiers of cortical initials, did not change with growth. During pre-emergent development there was no evidence of cortical lysogeny or quiescent center formation. Quiescent centers were present
Cool job allocation: measuring the power savings of placing jobs at cooling-efficient locations in the data center

Data center costs for computer power and cooling are staggering. Because certain physical locations inside the data center are more efficient to cool than others, this suggests that allocating heavy computational workloads onto those servers that are in more efficient places might bring substantial savings. This simple idea raises two critical research questions that we address: (1) How should one measure and rank the cooling efficiency of different places in a data center? (2) How substantial is the savings? We performed a set of experiments in a thermally isolated portion of a real data center, and validated that the potential savings is substantial and therefore warrants further work in this area to exploit the savings opportunity.
An equivalent linear model for magnetostatic nondestructive evaluation

Numerical models capable of modeling magnetic flux leakage (MFL) methods of nondestructive testing are of significant interest to industry. The nonlinear nature of the MFL problem necessitates the use of an iterative model, thereby resulting in excessive computational effort. This paper describes an approach for developing an equivalent linear model (ELM) where the ferromagnetic region is appropriately partitioned into different domains with each domain being assigned a constant permeability value depending on the magnetization level and the flaw size. The nonlinear behavior of the multi-layered object is then modeled using a linear MFL model. The strategy results in significant computational savings without a substantial loss in accuracy. Results supporting the validity of the approach have been obtained using a 3D magnetostatic finite element (FE) model.
Comparison of Thyroid Secretion Rates in Chickens as Determined by (1) Goiter Prevention, (2) Thyroid Hormone Substitution, (3) Direct Output and (4) Thyroxine Degradation Methods

Abstract THE preponderance of information now available indicates that the thyroid status of normal subjects is best described by quantitative measurement of thyroid secretion rate (TSR). Previously, only the goiter prevention and the thyroxine substitution methods had been employed for measuring thyroid secretion rate in chickens. In research to be reported in more detail elsewhere, we have adapted direct output and thyroid hormone degradation methods to the estimation of TSR in chickens. In this report, we present a comparison of the thyroid secretion rate of chickens as measured by four methods, viz., goiter prevention, thyroid hormone substitution, direct output and thyroxine degradation. In addition, the effect of dietary iodine intake on TSR of chickens was determined by all except the goiter prevention method. Relative potencies of T4 and T3 in chickens were also estimated by a substitution method. MATERIALS AND METHODS Day-old male White Leghorn chicks obtained from a single hatchery . . .
The complete mitochondrial genome of the Hawaiian anchialine shrimp Halocaridina rubra Holthuis, 1963 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae).

Abstract Shrimp of the family Atyidae are important members of nearly all tropical (and most temperate) fresh and brackish water ecosystems in the world. To date, a complete mitochondrial genome from this important crustacean group has not been reported. Here, we present the complete mitochondrial DNA sequence of the Hawaiian atyid Halocaridina rubra [Holthuis, L.B., 1963. On red coloured shrimps (Decapoda, Caridea) from tropical land-locked saltwater pools. Zool. Meded.16, 261–279.] (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae). The genome is a circular molecule of 16,065 bp and encodes the 37 mitochondrial genes (13 protein-coding, 22 tRNAs, and two rRNAs) typically found in the metazoa. Gene order and orientation in the H. rubra mitochondrial genome is syntenic with most malacostracans that have been examined to date. Of special note is the absence of the dihydrouridine (DHU) arm stem from tRNA Tyr and the use of CCG as an initiation codon for cytochrome oxidase subunit I ( COI ); these represent the first reported examples of such phenomena in the Malacostraca. Phylogenetic analyses utilizing complete mitochondrial sequences from other malacostracans place H. rubra as sister to Macrobrachium rosenbergii , which also belongs to the Infraorder Caridea. However, the placement of this infraorder, as well as the Infraorder Dendrobrachiata, in the phylogeny of the Decapoda varied depending on outgroup selection. Data from additional mitochondrial genomes, such as basal decapods like the Stenopodidea, should contribute to a better overall understanding of decapod phylogenetics.
The Galvanic Corrosion Theory for Adherence of Porcelain-Enamel Ground Coats to Steel

Note presenting an investigation of the galvanic corrosion theory of adherence between ground-coat porcelain enamels and steel as part of a broad study of the bonding mechanism between ceramics and metals. The theory is based on the mechanical anchoring of the enamel into the pits formed by the galvanic attack of the enamel on the steel surface.
Unlimited Access to Heroin Self-Administration: Independent Motivational Markers of Opiate Dependence

Unlimited Access to Heroin Self-Administration: Independent Motivational Markers of Opiate Dependence
A study of the uppermost inner core from PKKP and P′P′ differential traveltimes

SUMMARY We have assembled a data set of PKKPdf −PKKPbc (PKKPdf −bc) and PKPPKPdf -PKKPbc differential traveltimes. This data set is used to study the Earth’s uppermost inner core in the western hemisphere. Data from the eastern Pacific are recorded at the Canadian Yellowknife array and travel through the inner core twice, once perpendicular to the Earth’s rotation axis and once parallel to the rotation axis. Our polar paths sample a similar region to paths from the South Sandwich Islands to Alaska, an important path geometry for inner core anisotropy studies. Our data set has the potential to be an independent source of information on the structure of the inner core, and to be a good supplement to past PKP studies. Differential time residuals (relative to isotropic inner core models) of up to several seconds are found. The differential traveltimes show significant scatter (up to 6 s) making it difficult to attribute them to inner core anisotropy alone. Alternatively, strong heterogeneity in the inner core and along the mantle paths may contribute to observations.
Sound footing or slippery slope? The value of secondary analyses of randomized trials

The accepted standard for the adoption of a new therapy, whether a drug, device, or treatment strategy, is the randomized phase III clinical trial. The justification for basing patient care decisions on such rigorous investigations is clear. These trials have prospectivelyspecifiedhypotheses;limitbiasthroughwell-defined patient selection, random assignment, and blinding (when possible); have clearly defined primary and secondary end points; and have analysis plans that are prespecified. However, the cost, complexity, and time to perform such trials, as well as practical and ethical considerations, are such that not every question can be addressed in a prospective phase III randomized trial. Because datasets from randomized clinical trials contain vast amounts of information, additional hypotheses can be generated, optimally to be explored in subsequent trials. Thus, techniques such as metaanalyses, retrospective analyses, and statistical modeling are increasingly being used to enhance our base of knowledge.
Demonstration of a Scalable Microfabrication Process for Arrayed Electrowetting Microprisms

A challenging non-planar scalable microfabrication process of arrayed electrowetting microprisms is reported. And an ~1500 element array of ~150 μm- size electrowetting microprisms is demonstrated.
Computationally efficient optimal power management for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles based on spatial-domain two-scale dynamic programming

The plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV), utilizing more battery power, has become a next-generation HEV with great promise of higher fuel economy. Global optimization charge-depletion power management would be desirable. This has so far been hampered due to the a priori nature of the trip information and the almost prohibitive computational cost of global optimization techniques such as dynamic programming (DP). We have recently developed a two-scale dynamic programming approach as a nearly globally optimized charge-depletion strategy for the PHEV power management, through the combination with the intelligent transportation systems (ITS). The trip models are obtained via GPS, GIS, real-time and historical traffic flow data and advanced traffic flow modeling. A computationally efficient algorithm is proposed in this paper to enhance the previously developed two-scale DP framework so that the computational efficiency meets the need of on-board implementation. The electric-vehicle mode is reinforced for predicted traffic stops. For the remainder of the trip, the route is divided into a number of segments of certain length. For each segment, the fuel consumption and SOC change are calculated in advance according to different level of power splitting ratio, speed and acceleration/deceleration. The optimization can then be solved in spatial domain, with much less dimension than that in time domain. Simulation study showed significant reduction of computational time with minor loss of fuel economy performance.
Neurotransmitter relationships in the hypoxia-challenged cat carotid body.

The most fundamentally necessary substrate for life is oxygen.The human organism cannot be without it for more than a few minutes without doing irreversible damage to neural structures. This substrate is used to oxidize glucose, which process provides the organism with the energy required for all of life’s processes. Well-appreciated is the fact that the carotid body is the principal detector of systemic hypoxia. The aortic bodies also play a role, but appear to be in humans at least considerably less important. We have learned in this conference that the carotid body also increases its neural output to the nucleus tractus solitarius in response to reduced glucose in blood or perfusion fluids.lt is therefore somewhat amusing as well as frustrating that even though 250 years have passed since the first report of the carotid body in 1743, the precise steps describing how this all-important structure sends its message to the nucleus tractus solitarius continue to remain mysterious.Generations of investigators have tried to determine these mechanisms. And though considerable progress has been made, no definitive answer can yet be provided.interrelationship in the carotid body. Bairam and her colleagues (2000) using a different preparation also found that cholinergic agonists delivered exogenously controlled the release of catecholamines. That cholinergic mechanisms are found to control catecholaminergic release in the carotid body is not altogether surprising. The autonomic nervous system controls the heart’s stroke volume and rate with a balance and interaction of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems on the heart and on each other. In the central nervous system there are several instances of muscarinic and nicotinic modulation of dopamine and noradrenaline release (Clarke et al., 1996; DeKlippel et al., 1993; P. Izurieta-Sanchez et al, 2000; Smolders et al., 1997). One study suggested a potential source for the difference between release patterns for DA and NE. Presynaptic nicotinic receptors associated with striatal DA terminals differed pharmacologically from those on hippocampal NE terminals. Nigrostriatal DA neurons expressed mainly a4, a5, and 02 nicotinic receptor subunits, while hippocampal NE neurons expressed a3, p2, and P4 subunits. This situation is consistent with the reports of several other glomus cell heterogeneities. It seems entirely possible that not all glomus cells have exactly the same complement of neurotransmitters nor the same set of nicotinic receptors. Further study of neurotransmitter interrelationships will undoubtedly help to bring greater clarity to these interactions so fundamental to the chemotransduction of hypoxia, and perhaps reveal clues as to the mechanisms involved in the transduction of hypoglycemia.
Coping with job-related stress: The case of teachers

In a study involving 67 veteran New York City teachers five occupational coping scales were constructed: advice seeking, positive comparisons, selective ignoring, discipline and direct action. Multiple regression analyses with controls for social-demographic factors and adversity in the job environment indicated that advice seeking and direct action were most consistently related to lower (depressive and psychophysiologic) symptom levels and that positive comparisons and direct action were most consistently related to higher morale (job satisfaction and motivation to continue in the profession). Selective ignoring appeared to buffer the impact of adverse work environments on symptoms. The results suggest that teaching may constitute an occupational role which is an exception to Pearlin & Schooler's (1978) more general findings on the lack of efficacy of work-related coping behaviours.
Gender and Uninsurance Among Young Adults in the United States

Objective Although one third of young adults in the United States are uninsured, lack of insurance in this age group has been the subject of few published studies. Because opportunities to obtain public and private insurance are likely to differ for men and women, the objective of this study was to describe the gender-specific relationship of sociodemographic variables and lack of insurance among young adults. Methods We examined data for 6884 young adults (aged 19-24 years) who completed the Sample Adult Questionnaire of the National Health Interview Survey for 1998, 1999, and 2000. Gender-stratified multiple logistic regression was used to estimate the odds of being uninsured associated with race/ethnicity, household income, major activity in the previous week, marital status, and pregnancy (women). Results Overall, 32% of male participants and 27% of female participants reported being uninsured at the time of the survey. Uninsured men outnumbered insured men in several sociodemographic categories, including Hispanic men (58% uninsured), men not attending high school (85%), and men employed in a workplace that did not offer health insurance (51%). High rates of uninsurance were reported by women not attending high school (65%), Hispanic women (46%), those who were keeping house (41%), and women with a household income between 10 000 dollars and 20 000 dollars (41%). In multiple logistic regression models, many of the sociodemographic variables studied were similarly correlated with health insurance for both men and women. Employment in a workplace where the young adult was not offered health insurance coverage, low household income, low educational attainment, and Hispanic ethnicity were associated with increased odds of being uninsured for both genders. Having attended college, higher household income, and being a student or employed in a workplace that offers health insurance coverage were associated with lower odds of being uninsured for both genders. Conclusion This study suggests that additional opportunities for health insurance coverage are needed for young adults-particularly men, Hispanics, and those in low- and middle-income households. Increasing the availability of employment-based health insurance, discouraging attrition from primary and secondary education, and the creation of insurance opportunities for minorities and near-poor and middle-income households are potentially important target areas for programs that seek to reduce the number of uninsured young adults.
Real-time heuristic search for motion planning with dynamic obstacles

Robust robot motion planning in dynamic environments requires that actions be selected under real-time constraints. Existing heuristic search methods that can plan high-speed motions do not guarantee real-time performance in dynamic envi- ronments. Existing heuristic search methods for real-time planning in dynamic environments fail in the high-dimensional state space required to plan high-speed actions. In this paper, we present extensions to a leading planner for high-dimensional spaces, R ∗ , that allow it to guarantee real-time performance, and extensions to a leading real-time planner, LSS-LRTA ∗ ,t h a ta l l o wi tt o succeed in dynamic motion planning. In an extensive empirical comparison, we show that the new methods are superior to the originals, providing new state-of-the-art heuristic search performance on this challenging problem.
An alternative stochastic proof for the Atiyah-Singer index theorem

According to Watanabe [6], by generalized Wiener functional we could give a simple stochastic proof of the index theorem for twisted Dirac operator (the Atiyah-Singer index theorem) on Clifford module.
Diffusional Crack Growth and Creep Rupture of Silicon Carbide Doped with Alumina

This study deals with tensile creep and crack growth behavior of silicon carbide doped with alumina at 1400°C. Excellent creep resistance was observed for stresses from 150 MPa to 200 MPa. From the creep exponent of 1.4 and the activation energy of 320 kj/mol, the principal creep mechanism was Coble creep. The creep failure was caused by slow crack growth from a preexisting flaw. The crack was found to grow subcritically along grain boundaries almost in isolation. The relation between the time–to–failure and the applied stress was well treated by a diffusive crack growth model, and the threshold stress of this material at 1400°C was estimated at 165 MPa.
Effect of solar soft X-rays on the lower ionosphere

New measurements of solar irradiance in the soft X-ray region of the spectrum from the SNOE satellite (Bai- ley et al., 2000) show that the full-disk solar irradiance in the ∼2-20 nm region ishigher than a standard model ( Hintereg- ger et al., 1981) by a factor of ∼4 at all levelsof solar activity. Thisconfirmscontentionsdeveloped from several linesof ev- idence, (e.g., Richards and Torr, 1984; Richards et al., 1994) but to a larger degree than previously suspected. This find- ing hasmany implicationsfor the thermos phere and iono- sphere, two of which are examined here. Greatly improved agreement between measurement and model of the photo- electron spectrum is obtained when the solar soft X-ray in- put is adjusted to the SNOE measurements. We also found good agreement between electron density profiles measured by the incoherent scatter radar at Millstone Hill (Buonsanto et al., 1992) and our model, solving a fundamental problem identified in that work.
Aggressive Interactions and Feeding Success of Scavenging Grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae)

Scavenging of arthropod tissue by grasshoppers has been hypothesized to be an important aspect of their diet selection and an important route of pathogen transmission. By placing grasshopper cadavers in the field, we determined that the frequency distributions of nymphs and adults of different species observed scavenging differed from that in the local grasshopper community. Only four of the 10 species present in sweep samples were observed scavenging grasshopper cadavers. The largest species, Melanoplus packardii Scudder tended to be present among scavengers in proportions much greater than its representation in the community. The most abundant species at the two research sites, Melanoplus sanguinipes F. and Aulocara elliotti (Thomas) tended either to be underrepresented in the scavenger samples or to be present in proportions equal to those in the community. Access to the cadavers was strongly related to success in aggressive interactions among grasshoppers congregating at feeding sites. We observed both intra- and interspecific competitive interactions among grasshoppers. Using a logistic regression model that took into account the size differences among contestants and the species involved in each interaction, we found a good match between the observed and expected number of fights won by each species/sex/developmental stage class. M. packardii and M. sanguinipes tended to win fights when they were matched against smaller opponents, but A. elliotti lost more fights than expected from their size alone. Neither sex nor status of the contestants as resident and intruder at a cadaver had a significant effect on the outcome of interactions.
Retail Firewood Can Transport Live Tree Pests

Untreated firewood can harbor destructive insects and pathogens and transport them to uninfested areas. In a national survey of retail locations selling firewood in 18 states, over half (52%) of the firewood was from sources out of the purchase state and 50% showed evidence of insect infestation. In a three state survey of southern Rocky Mountain retailers, the most common retailer types carrying firewood were grocery stores and department or big box stores followed by gas stations or convenience stores. In 2007–2009, we purchased 419 firewood bundles from retailers in Colorado, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming and caged the firewood to quantify insect emergence. Live insects emerged from 47% of firewood bundles over 18 mo of rearing time. Approximately 11 insects emerged on average from each infested bundle (1–520 per bundle). Pine, fir, and mixed-conifer bundles yielded the greatest number of insects. Beetles (Coleoptera) were prominent and made up the majority of individuals (3–60 individuals in each of 24 families). Most Coleoptera were bark and ambrosia beetles (subfamily Scolytinae) while wood borers (Buprestidae, Cerambycidae, Siricidae) occurred in lower numbers. Firewood with evidence of previous or current insect infestation was more likely to have insects emerge than firewood without such evidence. The risk of moving live native or nonindigenous insects in untreated firewood is high because insects emerged up to 558 d from purchase date. Retail firewood should be heat treated in a manner to eliminate insects that is uniformly accepted across North America.
Effect of total organic carbon content and structure on the electrokinetic behavior of organoclay suspensions

This experimental investigation measured the zeta potential of the clay mineral, montmorillonite, which was modified with six different quaternary ammonium cations. The organic cations were chosen to quantify the effect of cation functional groups, including chain length and cation size, on the resulting zeta potential; each of the six cations were exchanged onto the clay surface at three levels of total organic carbon. The zeta potential of the unmodified and the organically modified clays was measured as a function of pH, and in all cases, became less negative as the total organic carbon was increased and as the length of the attached carbon chain was increased, indicating that the organic cations were more strongly bound within the particle's shear plane as total organic carbon content was increased. Measured zeta potential was also less negative for all clays tested (including unmodified montmorillonite) as pH was decreased. When compared on the basis of total organic carbon content, increasing the length of one carbon chain in the quaternary positions was a more effective method of neutralizing surface charge than was increasing the overall size of the cation (i.e., increasing the chain length in all quaternary positions).
Device Integration in SODA Using the Device Description Language

The scale and pace by which the pervasive Internet is evolving today demand urgently needed solutions for a new breed of integration technology that is scalable and autonomic. Current integration technology is ad-hoc, “seasonal” and suffers from major scalability problems. In this paper, we present a novel approach for device integration based on the Service Oriented Architecture model. We present the Device Description Language (DDL) and its implementation within the Atlas sensor platform and middleware. We demonstrate DDL’s capability for describing and integrating a broad range of devices ranging from a pinhead temperature sensor to a complex device such as a personal health device. We also summarize our efforts to standardize DDL within the SODA Alliance.
Cortical processing of facial tactile stimuli in temporomandibular disorder as revealed by magnetoencephalography

We used magnetoencephalography (MEG) to investigate the cortical processing of an innocuous facial tactile stimulus in healthy subjects and in a group of subjects suffering from chronic temporomandibular disorder (TMD). Equivalent current dipoles (ECDs) were extracted for a time period of 1 s following stimulus application, and their location, duration and onset time determined. The counts of ECDs extracted did not differ significantly between the two groups. In contrast, we found statistically significant differences in ECD duration and onset time. Specifically, ECD duration was longer in the TMD group in the precentral gyrus, and ECD onset time was earlier in the parietal operculum. In addition, we found differences in the internal organization and clustering of the brain areas involved indicating a less tight association and a less coordinated stimulus information processing in the TMD group. Altogether, these results show that an innocuous facial tactile stimulus is differently processed in the brain of TMD subjects, when compared to controls, reflecting altered brain mechanisms due to chronic pain.
Over-Identification Tests in Earnings Functions With Fixed Effects

The fixed-effects model for panel data imposes restrictions on coefficients from regressions of all leads and lags of the dependent variable on all leads and lags of right-side variables. In the standard fixed-effects model, the omnibus goodness-of-fit statistic is shown to simplify to the degrees of freedom times the Rz from a regression of analysis of covariance residuals on all leads and lags of right-side variables. This result is applied to test models for the union-wage effect using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY). Identification and estimation of the return to schooling in models with fixed effects is also discussed. Although schooling is often treated as time-invariant, schooling increases over a five-year period for nearly 20% of continuously employed men in the NLSY The analysis of covariance estimate of the returns to schooling is precisely estimated and roughly twice as large as the ordinary least squares estimate. Unlike in the union-wage effects equation, however, ...
LARGE VARIANCE IN REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS AND THE Ne/N RATIO

The ratio of the effective population size to adult (or census) population size (Ne/N) is an indicator of the extent of genetic variation expected in a population. It has been suggested that this ratio may be quite low for highly fecund species in which there is a sweepstakes-like chance of reproductive success, known as the Hedgecock effect. Here I show theoretically how the ratio may be quite small when there are only a few successful breeders (Nb) and that in this case, the Ne/N ratio is approximately Nb/N. In other words, high variance in reproductive success within a generation can result in a very low effective population size in an organism with large numbers of adults and consequently a very low Ne/N ratio. This finding appears robust when there is a large proportion of families with exactly two progeny or when there is random variation in progeny numbers among these families.
New Directions in Pseudoatom-Based X-Ray Charge Density Analysis

This chapter revisits critical aspects of pseudoatom interpretation of X-ray Bragg diffraction data to derive the crystalline electron density experimentally. The main focus is on the radial basis functions in the nucleus-centered multipole expansion of the model density. Based on the direct-space projection of the stockholder-partitioned quantum-chemical molecular density onto nucleus-centered spherical harmonics, “bonded-atom” radial functions are derived, in terms of which the original density can be reconstructed. The method allows for a quantitative access of errors introduced by restrictions on the pseudoatom radial functions and for designing more adequate basis sets than those routinely used in the standard model. The applicability of the upgraded multipole formalism to X-ray charge density analysis is demonstrated through pseudoatom fitting of simulated and experimental data. The chemical transferability of stockholder pseudoatoms is analyzed through small-molecule model studies. A protocol to build a stockholder-atom library and the feasibility of simple data-refinement strategies using the databank radial functions is also discussed.
Thin-layer chromatography and enzyme immunoassay of L-alpha-acetyl methadol and methadone metabolites in urine.

We describe a thin-layer chromatographic technique suitable for isolating at least four metabolites of L-α-acetyl methadol. The metabolites are discussed in terms of their color reactions to chromatography spray reagents and their appearance in the urine during various time intervals after dosage. Methadone is detected by the presence of the unmetabolized drug and two of its metabolites in the urine. We present a simple means of distinguishing methadone-containing specimens from those that contain L-α-acetyl methadol. Results of an immunoassay for methadone applied to specimens from patients receiving L-α-acetyl methadol or methadone are discussed. The method is suitable as a routine screening procedure for most laboratories that use thin-layer chromatography.
Local Knowledge and the Philanthropic Process: Comment on Boettke & Prychitko

By challenging the condition of Pareto optimality as the benchmark against which the voluntary sector is compared, Boettke and Prychitko make an important correction in the literature on the philanthropic process. Further, their analysis of the relationship between the state and the voluntary sector sends a chilling warning. State funding of nonprofit organizations may ultimately erode the voluntary sectors ability to serve as a check on government power. Further, I agree with the authors that Austrian economics has much to contribute to our understanding of the philanthropic process, and it is on this point that I wish to devote the substance of my commentary.
Tumor-targeted, image-guided drug delivery with radiolabeled unimolecular micelles

116 Objectives Unimolecular micelles (UMM) are much more stable in vivo than conventional micelles since there is no self-assembly process for UMM and each molecule is a single UMM. Our goal is to design, synthesize, and characterize multifunctional UMM for cancer-targeted drug delivery and non-invasive PET imaging in tumor-bearing mice. Methods Multifunctional UMM based on the amphiphilic block copolymer, poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) and poly(L-lactide)-b-poly(ethylene glycol) (PLA-PEG), was synthesized and conjugated with an anti-CD105 monoclonal antibody (i.e. TRC105, for tumor targeting) and NOTA (for 64Cu labeling). Doxorubicin, a model anti-cancer drug, was loaded into the hydrophobic core of the UMM by physical encapsulation. Nontargeted UMM (without TRC105) was synthesized as the control. Flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy studies were carried out to measure CD105-targeting characteristics of the UMM in vitro. PET imaging, biodistribution and blocking studies were performed to evaluate the tumor targeting efficacy of 64Cu-labeled UMM in vivo, which was validated by ex vivo studies. Results The UMM exhibited a uniform size distribution (~86 nm on average) and pH-sensitive drug release behavior. Targeted UMM had much higher cellular uptake in CD105-positive HUVEC cells than nontargeted UMM, whereas the difference in cellular uptake was minimal in CD105-negative MCF-7 cells. In 4T1 tumor-bearing mice, 64Cu-labeled targeted UMM had significantly higher tumor uptake (5.5±0.3, 4.5±0.3, and 3.0±0.1 %ID/g at 2, 16, and 48 h post-injection, n=4) than nontargeted UMM, which was confirmed by biodistribution studies. Similar findings were also observed for UMM synthesized based on another polymeric core, poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA), demonstrating that this is a generally applicable approach to generate UMM for drug delivery. Conclusions The UMM that synergistically integrated passive and active tumor-targeting abilities, pH-controlled drug release, PET imaging capabilities, and suitable size range, are promising nanoplatforms for image-guided drug delivery and cancer theranostics.
The single transmembrane segment determines the modulatory function of the BK channel auxiliary γ subunit.

The large-conductance, calcium-activated potassium (BK) channels consist of the pore-forming, voltage- and Ca2+-sensing α subunits (BKα) and the tissue-specific auxiliary β and γ subunits. The BK channel γ1 subunit is a leucine-rich repeat (LRR)–containing membrane protein that potently facilitates BK channel activation in many tissues and cell types through a vast shift in the voltage dependence of channel activation by ∼140 mV in the hyperpolarizing direction. In this study, we found that the single transmembrane (TM) segment together with its flanking charged residues is sufficient to fully modulate BK channels upon its transplantation into the structurally unrelated β1 subunit. We identified Phe273 and its neighboring residues in the middle of the TM segment and a minimum of three intracellular juxtamembrane Arg residues as important for the γ1 subunit’s modulatory function and observed functional coupling between residues of these two locations. We concluded that the TM segment is a key molecular determinant for channel association and modulation and that the intracellular positively charged cluster is involved mainly in channel association, likely through its TM-anchoring effect. Our findings provide insights into the structure–function relationship of the γ1 subunit in understanding its potent modulatory effects on BK channels.