cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optical and radiographic appearance of thin ground sections of dentin.

Microradiograms of thin ground sections of transversely cut dentinal tubules were compared to the light microscopic images of the ground sections. The bright rings seen around tubules viewed by ordinary transmitted light with the objective focused on the upper surface of the section could not be related to a radiographically demonstrable peritobular zone. These rings could be produced in rat incisor dentin which does not have peritubular matrix. It was concluded that ground sections viewed with ordinarily transmitted light could not be validly used to determine the presence of peritubular matrix.
Presynaptic location of δ-opioid receptor immunoreactivity in dorsal horn of the rat spinal cord

Abstract Endogenous opioid peptides, Met5- and Leu5-enkephalin elicit many physiological effects in the CNS through activation of δ-opioid receptors. To determine the potential cellular sites for the δ-opioid receptor mediated opioid actions in nociception, we examined the ultrastructural immunoperoxidase localization of guinea pig antisera against a peptide sequence located within the extracellular region of the cloned δ-opioid receptor, corresponding to amino acids 34–47 (p34). Additionally, we combined the labeling of this peptide with a rabbit anti Met5-enkephalin. Light microscopy showed a selective localization of δ-opioid receptor-like immunoreactivity (δ-ORLI) in layers I and II of the rat cervical spinal cord. This labeling was removed by preadsorption with excess peptide. Ultrastructural localization of the antibody revealed the most prominent localization along the plasma membrane and dense core vesicles along unmyelinated axons and axon terminals. However, selective postsynaptic junctions were also labeled. In sections dually labeled for the δ-opioid receptor (peroxidase) and Met5-enkephalin(immunogold/silver), δ-ORLI was present in axon terminals both with and without detectable Met5-enkephalin (ME). In addition, δ-ORLI was observed at the synaptic specializations on dendrites, postsynaptic to axon terminals containing ME. These results provide the first ultrastructural evidence for a prominent presynaptic, but also postsynaptic, action of Met5-enkephalin acting at δ-opioid receptors in nociceptive regions of the rat spinal cord.
Electromagnetic Imaging Methods for Nondestructive Evaluation Applications

Electromagnetic nondestructive tests are important and widely used within the field of nondestructive evaluation (NDE). The recent advances in sensing technology, hardware and software development dedicated to imaging and image processing, and material sciences have greatly expanded the application fields, sophisticated the systems design and made the potential of electromagnetic NDE imaging seemingly unlimited. This review provides a comprehensive summary of research works on electromagnetic imaging methods for NDE applications, followed by the summary and discussions on future directions.
Efficacy of insulin lispro in combination with NPH human insulin twice per day in patients with insulin-dependent or non—insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

Abstract A common treatment regimen for patients with either insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) or non—insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) is a combination of rapid-acting insulin and intermediate-acting insulin administered twice each day. It is usually recommended that regular human insulin be injected 30 to 45 minutes before a meal. In practice, patients often inject regular human insulin closer to mealtime, causing a higher postprandial serum glucose level and an increased potential for hypoglycemia in the postabsorptive period. Insulin lispro, a rapid-acting insulin analogue, is best injected just before a meal because of its more rapid absorption and shorter duration of action. In 707 randomized patients, 379 with IDDM and 328 with NIDDM, we studied the effect of twice-daily insulin lispro or regular human insulin in combination with NPH human insulin (isophane insulin) on premeal, 2-hour postprandial, and bedtime glycemic control. Assessments were based on the results of a seven-point blood glucose profile, the insulin dose (by formulation and time of administration), the incidence and frequency of hypoglycemic episodes, and the glycated hemoglobin value. Treatment with insulin lispro resulted in lower postprandial glucose levels and smaller increases in glucose level after the morning and evening meals compared with treatment with regular human insulin. Overall glycemic control, frequency of hypoglycemic events, and total insulin dose were not different between the two groups. Insulin lispro in combination with NPH human insulin in a twice-per-day regimen allows injection closer to mealtime and improves postprandial glycemic control without increasing the risk of hypoglycemia.
Fluctuations of epiphytal gammaridean amphipods and their seaweed hosts on an Hawaiian algal reef

[Au cours d'une etude du recif d'algues hawaiien, l'abondance des especes dominantes d'Amphipodes (Gammares) associees a leurs algues-hotes a change d'une maniere significative en meme temps que la biomasse des algues. L'abondance de l'epifaune d'Amphipodes etait liee a la biomasse des algues, independamment de la composition specifique de celles-ci. On a observe la meme suite d'Amphipodes epiphytes dominants pendant toute la periode d'echantillonnage (aout 1984-mai 1985), mais leur abondance relative a change. Il n'y a eu ni changement de mois en mois du nombre prevu des especes d'Amphipodes, ni correlation entre la richesse specifique et la biomasse d'algues. On n'a observe aucun signe d'une association specifique d'especes dominantes d'Amphipodes avec des especes d'algues., Au cours d'une etude du recif d'algues hawaiien, l'abondance des especes dominantes d'Amphipodes (Gammares) associees a leurs algues-hotes a change d'une maniere significative en meme temps que la biomasse des algues. L'abondance de l'epifaune d'Amphipodes etait liee a la biomasse des algues, independamment de la composition specifique de celles-ci. On a observe la meme suite d'Amphipodes epiphytes dominants pendant toute la periode d'echantillonnage (aout 1984-mai 1985), mais leur abondance relative a change. Il n'y a eu ni changement de mois en mois du nombre prevu des especes d'Amphipodes, ni correlation entre la richesse specifique et la biomasse d'algues. On n'a observe aucun signe d'une association specifique d'especes dominantes d'Amphipodes avec des especes d'algues.]
On the variability of mesospheric OH emission profiles

[1] Mesospheric OH radiance limb profiles measured by the Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) instrument aboard the Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics (TIMED) spacecraft were inverted to yield altitude profiles of OH volume emission rates. The Abel inversion results of two months of data (from 1 June to 31 July 2004) were analyzed for the layer mean and standard deviation as a function of latitude and local time. Statistical analysis of SABER data shows that the global difference between the mean and standard deviation profiles for the OH(vu = 7, 8, 9; Δv = 2) emission (at 2.0 μm) is approximately 2.8 km, very similar to the theoretical model prediction by Liu and Swenson (2003). This agreement is an indication that these variations from the mean are likely caused by atmospheric tides and gravity waves.
Studies of silicon photodetectors for scintillator-based Hadron Calorimetry at the International Linear Collider

Abstract We present results on the operation and performance characteristics of the Metal/Resistor/Semiconductor (MRS) photodiode. These include measurements of threshold characteristics, noise frequency, dependence of signal amplitude on the applied voltage and temperature, and stability as a function of time and radiation dose. The single photoelectron separation for this photosensor is demonstrated with a light-emitting diode. The response of the photodetector to light produced in scintillator is studied with cosmic ray muons and a 106Ru source. In addition, fiber-sensor alignment issues were evaluated. The results are promising and illustrate the potential use of MRS as photosensors in high energy physics detectors.
Linear Response of Laminar Premixed Flames to Flow Oscillations: Unsteady Stretch Effects

�c and � � s ,forcurvatureand hydrodynamic strain, respectively. Unsteady curvature effects on the flame surface area become significant when j� � c jSt 2 2 � O� 1� and are responsible for the experimentally observed reduction in the flame front wrinkle size in the flow direction [referred to as “filtering” by Bourehla and Baillot (Bourehla, A., and Baillot, F., “Appearance and Stability of a Laminar Conical Premixed Flame Subjected to an Acoustic Perturbation,” Combustion and Flame,
Part II: The Gastroenterologist

[3] Textor SC, Taler SJ, Canznello VJ, Schwartz L, Augustine JE. Post transplantation hypertension related to calcineurin inhibitors. Liver Transpl 2000;6:521–530. [4] Sheiner PA, Magliocca JF, Bodian CA, Kim-Schluger L, Altaca G, Guarrera JV, et al. Long-term medical complications in patients surviving O5 years after liver transplant. Transplantation 2000;69: 781–789. [5] Stockmann M, Steinmuller T, Nolting S, Neuhaus P. Posttransplant diabetes mellitus after orthotopic liver transplantation. Transplant Proc 2002;34:1571–1572. [6] Johnston SD, Morris JK, Cramb R, Gunson BK, Neuberger J. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality after orthotopic liver transplantation. Transplantation 2002;73:901–906. [7] Cohen AJ, Stegall MD, Rosen CB, Wiesner RH, Leung N, Kremers WK, et al. Chronic renal dysfunction late after liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 2002;8:916–921. [8] Valero JM, Rubio E, Moreno JM, Pons F, Sanchez-Turrion V, Cuervas-Mons V. De novo malignancies in liver transplantation. Transplant Proc 2003;35:709–711.
Suppression and creation of chaos in a periodically forced Lorenz system

Periodic forcing is introduced into the Lorenz model to study the effects of time-dependent forcing on the behavior of the system. Such a nonautonomous system stays dissipative and has a bounded attracting set which all trajectories finally enter. The possible kinds of attracting sets are restricted to periodic orbits and strange attractors. A large-scale survey of parameter space shows that periodic forcing has mainly three effects in the Lorenz system depending on the forcing frequency: (i) Fixed points are replaced by oscillations around them; (ii) resonant periodic orbits are created both in the stable and the chaotic region; and (iii) chaos is created in the stable region near the resonance frequency and in periodic windows. A comparison to other studies shows that part of this behavior has been observed in simulations of higher truncations and real world experiments. Since very small modulations can already have a considerable effect, this suggests that periodic processes such as annual or diurnal cycles should not be omitted even in simple climate models.
Linguistic Diversity and Object Naming by Non-native Speakers of English.

Languages vary idiosyncratically in the sets of referents to which common nouns are applied. To use nouns as a native speaker would, second language learners must acquire language-specific naming patterns, not merely a language-to-language correspondence. We asked second language learners to name household objects in English and in their native language, to judge the objects' typicality with respect to English names, and to provide naming strategy reports. The least experienced learners' naming and typicality judgments diverged substantially from native responses. More experienced learners improved, but even those with the most extensive experience retained some discrepancies from native patterns. Time spent immersed in an English-speaking environment was a better predictor of performance than years of formal instruction. Discrepancies do not appear to be due to direct mapping from the learner's own language. We discuss how incomplete lexical knowledge may affect second language performance and the implications for models of second language lexical development.
Neuroendocrine regulation of corpus allatum activity in Manduca sexta: The endocrine basis for starvation-induced supernumerary larval moult

Abstract When newly-ecdysed 5th instar larvae of Manduca sexta were starved for 3 days and thereafter fed on standard diet the majority (90%) of the surviving larvae moulted into 6th instars. Allatectomy prior to starvation abolished the supernumerary moult, while denervation of the corpora allata (CA) had no effect. Cautery of medial neurosecretory cells, but not of the lateral cells, prevented supernumerary moulting and pupation ensued. Transplantation of brains from young 5th instar donors into larvae, whose medial neurosecretory cells were cauterized prior to starvation, restored the extra larval moult. Neither CA nor corpora cardiaca (CC) could be substituted for the medial neurosecretory cells. For induction of the supernumerary moult the medial neurosecretory cells are required only until day 1 after refeeding whereas the CA are required until day 3 after refeeding. Allatectomy on day 3 after refeeding resulted in the production of black 6th instar larvae. We conclude that starvation-induced supernumerary moulting is due to activation of the CA by allatotropin produced by medial neurosecretory cells in the brain. The anteromedial cells (group II) appear to be the source of allatotropin.
A morphological adaptation to spectral target detection searches

Target detection results are commonly very difficult to visualize once completed – many small points are presented which may be cluttered or so dispersed that it may be challenging to find them visually. This work adds a spatial component to the spectral detection through the addition of a spectral-based morphological search. The results improve visualization by providing polygons at the target level rather than point designations at the pixel level. While this work was conducted on multispectral imagery, it is also valid for other imagery domains.
Handling False Positives in the Genomic Era

The genomic era is upon us, promising to individualize medicine and creating a buzz among scientists, physicians, and the general public alike. Although it is easy to become entwined in the excitement and anticipation of the impending medical revolution, scientists and clinicians must be vigilant about novel and unexpected scientific findings to prevent genomics from tarnishing its own reputation with a major blemish: false positives. A recent “Commentary” article in the journal Nature highlights the prevalence and negative impact of false-positive publications and discusses strategies to avoid reporting false positives as novel findings (1). False positives are not new to the world of science; however, the ease with which a study can accidentally generate false positives has dramatically increased owing to the contemporary availability and production of massive and complex data sets. Generating such large amounts of data inevitably leads to greater numbers of tests performed, allowing apparently stronger signals to emerge by chance with greater frequency …
Computational studies of open-shell phosphorus oxyacids. Cheletropic reaction of PO2 with H2

Abstract Correlated, spin-unrestricted, electronic structure calculations have been performed for intermediates in the cheletropic reaction of phosphorus dioxide and hydrogen. The reaction involves a change of electronic state and has the high barrier expected for such a symmetry-forbidden, thermal process. The activation energy required by the ground state reactants is between 63 and 82 kcal/mol. However, the reaction of hydrogen with 2 Π u PO 2 is predicted to have no barrier.
Zur Feldelektronenemission und Austrittsarbeit einzelner Kristallflächen

Die bisher nur fur ideal ebene Oberflachen behandelte Theorie der Feldemission erfordert bei Anwendung auf wirkliche Metalle die Berucksichtigung der geometrischen atomaren Struktur der verschiedenen Kristallflachen. Die Berechnung der Potentialfelder in unmittelbarer Nahe der Oberflache erfolgt mit Hilfe von Modellmessungen im elektrolytischen Trog. Fur die Feldemissionsstromdichten einzelner Flachen und fur den Gesamtstrom metallischer Oberflachen werden Formeln abgeleitet.
Diagnostic reference ranges and the American College of Radiology Dose Index Registry: the pediatric experience

CT scans are powerful tools used in the care of pediatric patients daily. Yet the increased use of CT warrants careful monitoring. This article defines diagnostic reference levels and how they can be used to guide practice. Once a facility has adapted its techniques and protocols to fall within diagnostic reference levels or target values, the facility can expand its quality-improvement efforts to include a new concept, diagnostic reference ranges (DRRs). DRRs take into account the subjective image quality of the examination and provide a minimum estimated patient dose, below which accurate interpretation of an image might be difficult, and an upper estimated dose, above which the patient dose may be higher than necessary. This paper also describes how the American College of Radiology Dose Index Registry can be used by a facility as a continuous quality improvement tool to monitor and manage appropriate patient dose.
Optical devices for biomedical applications

The recent availability of high-performance light sources and miniature optical components in the telecommunications sector has enabled the development of powerful new diagnostic technologies for biology and medicine. Recent advances in this field is presented.
Nurses' attitudes toward homeless women: A barrier to change

Close to a third of the almost 4 million homeless persons in the United States are women. They have multiple physical and mental health problems directly attributable to their homelessness. Studies have indicated that their failure to seek health care is partially a function of the barrier created by negative attitudes of nurses toward homeless women. Strategies for changing nurses' attitudes, built on attitude change theory, include methods for increasing knowledge and experience in the treatment of homeless women.
Obama, Africa, and the Post-Racial

In his article "Obama, Africa, and the Post-Racial" Michael Janis examines aspects of U.S. president Barack Obama's election in the context of the epistemology and history of racism. Following an introduction to the history of racism in Europe and in the U.S., Janis discusses the media in the U.S. and in Africa in relation to African American and African politics. The debates on race ignited by the campaign are considered in the light of Africana perspectives on relations between Africa and the West and on the history of slavery and colonialism. Based on selected data in the media of the U.S. and Africa, Obama's critical reception reveals that the "post-racial" remains contingent upon reparations and the historical contextualization of Western hegemony. What remains to be seen is the extent to which Obama's vision of the U.S. will draw from the African internationalist perspectives with which he is aligned. Michael Janis, "Obama, Africa, and the Post-Racial" page 2 of 12 CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture 11.2 (2009):
Deposition of parallel arrays of palladium nanowires and electrical characterization using microelectrode contacts

In this work palladium nanowires have been synthesized by a template nanomanufacturing technique and their electrical properties have been studied. Freshly cleaved highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) was exposed to PdCl2 solution and cyclic voltametry was used to obtain the deposition of the nanowires on the 'V' shaped grooves of HOPG. The morphology of the nanowires was analysed using an atomic force microscope (AFM) in non-contact mode and the diameter of the observed nanowires was measured to be approximately 250 nm. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images revealed that the nanowires fabricated by this procedure were parallel and continuous. The deposited nanowires were transferred on a polystyrene film. The microelectrodes required to study the electrical properties have been patterned by silver evaporation and by shadow masking using a 60 µm tungsten wire. The electrical resistance measurements have shown that the array of nanowires is conducting and has resistance of the order of kilo-ohms.
What Happens After Discharge? An Analysis of Long-Term Survival in Cardiac Surgical Patients Requiring Prolonged Intensive Care

Background: Cardiac surgical patients with postoperative complications frequently require prolonged intensive care yet survive to hospital discharge. Methods: From January 1, 2002 to December 31, 2007, 11,541 consecutive patients underwent cardiac operations at a single academic institution. Of these, 11,084 (95.9%) survived to hospital discharge and comprised the study sample. Patients were retrospectively categorized into four groups according to intensive care unit (ICU) length of stay (LOS): 14 days. Survival at 12 months was determined using the Social Security Death Index. Kaplan–Meier (KM) survival curves and Cox proportional hazards regression modeling (hazard ratio, HR) were used to analyze group differences in survival. Results: One-year survival among the four groups according to ICU LOS was: 14 days, 68.3% (265/388) (p 14 days (HR = 1.90) compared to patients with ICU LOS 14 days (HR = 1.63). Conclusions: Although cardiac surgery patients with major postoperative complications frequently survive to hospital discharge, survival after discharge is significantly reduced in patients requiring prolonged ICU care. Reduced survival in patients with a high risk of complications and anticipated long ICU stays should be considered when discussing surgical versus nonsurgical options. (J Card Surg 2012;27:13-19)
Rapid growth of vertically aligned multi-walled carbon nanotubes on a lamellar support

Vertically aligned carbon nanotubes offer several advantages over nanotubes synthesized using traditional techniques. An inherent disadvantage of vertically aligned nanotubes is the necessary use of low surface area flat catalyst supports during synthesis that are not easily amenable to scale up. Attempts to synthesize nanotubes within layers of a lamellar support in a scalable manner in a fluidized bed while protecting the catalyst surface from attrition have been limited to lower reaction temperatures and slow growth rates due to rapid particle sintering. This article reports on the synthesis of vertically aligned multi-walled carbon nanotube (V-MWNT) forests with heights over 80 μm and growth rates eight times faster than previously reported in a fluidized bed on lamellar supports. The addition of an Al precursor to Fe and Co catalyst precursors between layers of mica clay was found to play a key role in the promotion of nanotube forest growth. The volume expansion in the catalyst after synthesis of the V-MWNTs was correlated to the average nanotube forest length to obtain a simple bulk descriptor of forest height. Modifications to the reduction and reaction temperatures enabled control over the carbon nanotube diameters. Forests with V-MWNT diameters as large as 33 nm and small as 7 nm were obtained, with the smallest diameter V-MWNTs being double and triple walled.
Cavity enhanced single and entangled photons from a quantum dot

Summary form only given. We demonstrate a single-photon source based on a quantum dot in a micropost microcavity that exhibits a large Purcell factor (F/sub p/=5) together with a small multi-photon probability (g/sup (2)/(0)=2%). Emitted single photons are nearly Fourier-transform-limited. An extension of this technique can be used to generate entangled photon pairs on demand.
Fuel reduction and coarse woody debris dynamics with early season and late season prescribed fire in a Sierra Nevada mixed conifer forest

Abstract Fire exclusion has led to an unnatural accumulation and greater spatial continuity of organic material on the ground in many forests. This material serves both as potential fuel for forest fires and habitat for a large array of forest species. Managers must balance fuel reduction to reduce wildfire hazard with fuel retention targets to maintain other forest functions. This study reports fuel consumption and changes to coarse woody debris attributes with prescribed burns ignited under different fuel moisture conditions. Replicated early season burn, late season burn, and unburned control plots were established in old-growth mixed conifer forest in Sequoia National Park that had not experienced fire for more than 120 years. Early season burns were ignited during June 2002 when fuels were relatively moist, and late season burns were ignited during September/October 2001 when fuels were dry. Fuel loading and coarse woody debris abundance, cover, volume, and mass were evaluated prior to and after the burns. While both types of burns reduced fuel loading, early season burns consumed significantly less of the total dead and down organic matter than late season burns (67% versus 88%). This difference in fuel consumption between burning treatments was significant for most all woody fuel components evaluated, plus the litter and duff layers. Many logs were not entirely consumed – therefore the number of logs was not significantly changed by fire – but burning did reduce log length, cover, volume, and mass. Log cover, volume, and mass were reduced to a lesser extent by early season burns than late season burns, as a result of higher wood moisture levels. Early season burns also spread over less of the ground surface within the burn perimeter (73%) than late season burns (88%), and were significantly patchier. Organic material remaining after a fire can dam sediments and reduce erosion, while unburned patches may help mitigate the impact of fire on fire-sensitive species by creating refugia from which these species can recolonize burned areas. Early season burns may be an effective means of moderating potential ecosystem damage when treating heavy and/or continuous fuels resulting from long periods of fire exclusion, if burning during this season is not detrimental to other forest functions.
A 0.3mm/sup 2/ Miniaturized X-Band On-Chip Slot Antenna in 0.13/spl mu/m CMOS

An on-chip miniaturized slot antenna integrated with a CMOS LNA, on the same chip, is presented in this paper. The antenna operates in the 9-10 GHz frequency band, occupies a die area of only 0.3 mm2, and is fabricated in a standard 0.13 mum RF CMOS process. A LNA implemented on the same substrate is directly matched to the antenna. An efficient shielding technique is used to shield the antenna from the low-resistivity substrate underneath it. Measurement results of the fabricated prototype indicate that the antenna shows an active gain of -4.4 dBi and an efficiency of 9% in spite of its close proximity to the lossy silicon substrate.
Maximum likelihood estimation methods for multispectral random field image models

Considers the problem of estimating parameters of multispectral random field (RF) image models using maximum likelihood (ML) methods. For images with an assumed Gaussian distribution, analytical results are developed for multispectral simultaneous autoregressive (MSAR) and Markov random field (MMRF) models which lead to practical procedures for calculating ML estimates. Although previous work has provided least squares methods for parameter estimation, the superiority of the ML method is evidenced by experimental results provided in this work. The effectiveness of multispectral RF models using ML estimates in modeling color texture images is also demonstrated.
N-detection under transparent-scan

We study the quality of test sequences under a test application scheme called transparent-scan as n -detection test sequences. We obtain transparent-scan sequences from combinational test sets. We show that for the same number of clock cycles required to apply a compact single-detection combinational test set, a transparent-scan sequence detects faults more times than the combinational test set. We note that a transparent-scan sequence based on a combinational test set contains unspecified values. We consider several procedures for specifying the unspecified values of the transparent-scan sequence, and study their effects. We also study the extension of a transparent-scan test sequence into an n -detection test sequence that detects every target fault at least n times.
Negative Regulation of IRF7 Activation by Activating Transcription Factor 4 Suggests a Cross-Regulation between the IFN Responses and the Cellular Integrated Stress Responses

Cells react to viral infection by exhibiting IFN-based innate immune responses and integrated stress responses, but little is known about the interrelationships between the two. In this study, we report a linkage between these two host-protective cellular mechanisms. We found that IFN regulatory factor (IRF)7, the master regulator of type I IFN gene expression, interacts with activating transcription factor (ATF)4, a key component of the integrated stress responses whose translation is induced by viral infection and various stresses. We have demonstrated that IRF7 upregulates ATF4 activity and expression, whereas ATF4 in return inhibits IRF7 activation, suggesting a cross-regulation between the IFN response and the cellular integrated stress response that controls host innate immune defense against viral infection.
Prevalence and treatment of palmoplantar keratoderma and tinea pedis in patients with Sézary syndrome.

Background Mycosis fungoides (MF) and the Sezary syndrome (SS) are non-Hodgkin's lymphomas that present with cutaneous lesions. Sezary syndrome is characterized by blood involvement, exfoliative eryrthroderma, lymphadenopathy, pruritus, keratoderma, and immunosuppression. This study was to estimate the prevalence of palmoplantar keratoderma and tinea pedis in Sezary syndrome and to analyze the effectiveness of anti-fungal treatment. Methods We conducted a retrospective review of 1562 prospectively collected patients at the MD Anderson Cancer Center Cutaneous Lymphoma Clinic over sixteen years. All patients’ palms and soles were evaluated for clinical evidence of keratoderma (hyperkeratosis) and for dermatophytosis (tinea pedis or unguum) by examining scales under 10% potassium hydroxide by light microscopy for hyphae. Results Of 138 Sezary syndrome patients (88 men, 50 women, median age at diagnosis 64 years), 85 (61.6%) had palmoplantar keratoderma; 45 of the 85 Sezary syndrome patients (52.9%) also had coexisting tinea pedis. Only 14 (10.1%) had tinea pedis without keratoderma. Treatment for tinea pedis resulted in microscopy cure of keratoderma in 12 of 45 (26.7%) patients and clinical improvement. Conclusions The prevalence of palmoplantar keratoderma in Sezary syndrome is 61.6%, with co-existing tinea pedis found in 52.9%. Palmoplantar keratoderma with tinea pedis showed clinical improvement with fungicidal therapy suggesting that tinea often contributes to the pathogenesis and severity of Sezary syndrome-related keratoderma.
Monocyte deactivation correlates with injury severity score, but not with heme oxygenase-1 levels in trauma patients.

Traumatic injury induces a local and systemic release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, acute phase proteins, hormones, and other inflammatory mediators. The excessive release of these mediators plays an important role in the pathogenesis of shock. In parallel to this pro-inflammatory response, there is a regulatory response characterized by the release of anti-inflammatory mediators, which is thought to represent the host's attempt to restore immunological equilibrium. Studies in septic patients have suggested the compensatory anti-inflammatory response may result in an "immunodeficient state" that leaves the host susceptible to further infectious insults. A key feature of the anti-inflammatory state in septic patients is a change in the responsiveness of monocytes that has been termed "monocyte deactivation." This is supported by data that link monocyte deactivation to increased mortality in septic patients. Monocytes with reduced HLA-DR expression have been described in trauma patients. We collected blood from 25 severely injured patients and evaluated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) for HLA-DR expression and TNF-α response to LPS stimulation as markers of monocyte deactivation. Levels of intracellular HO-1 were determined in each patient, as HO-1 has been implicated in monocyte deactivation in patients with severe systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). HLA-DR expression correlated inversely with Injury Severity Scores and TNF-α response to LPS stimulation, but failed to correlate with HO-1 levels in these patients. HLA-DR expression was decreased in normal monocytes stimulated with patient plasma, but this treatment had no effect on HO-1 levels. These results suggest monocyte deactivation in trauma patients is unlikely to be mediated by HO-1. Language: en
Commercial markets as communication markets: uncertainty reduction through mediated information exchange in online auctions

This research conceptualizes behaviors in online commercial transactions as communication acts intended to reduce uncertainty between interactants. Uncertainty reduction theory and predicted outcome value theory are used to contextualize individuals' motivations and behaviors in the risky and uncertain environment of online consumer-to-consumer (C2C) auctions. Data from 6477 randomly-selected auctions conducted over eBay.com indicate that more commodity information leads to more, and higher, final bids; higher seller reputation results in fewer bids for less money; and greater system security features result in fewer bids. Additionally, holding item type constant, much more variance in final bid price and bid activity can be explained by these factors as item value increases, although important differences in the direction of relations emerge as well. Based on these findings, current theoretical perspectives on uncertainty reduction are extended to the environment of computer-mediated communication and in...
Transient Behavior and Analysis of Non-Darcy Flow in Porous and Fractured Reservoirs According to the Barree and Conway Model

This study introduces the usage of the Barree and Conway flow model in well testing pressure-transient applications for a single-phase non-Darcy flow in porous and fractured reservoirs. The non-Darcy flow behavior is handled using a threedimensional, general purpose reservoir simulator. This numerical model incorporates non-Darcy flow effect according to the Barree and Conway flow model and the developed numerical model is capable of simulating all near wellbore effects, such as the wellbore storage and skin effects, coupled with the non-Darcy flow behavior. In addition, a steady-state non-Darcy radial flow solution is derived analytically according to the Barree and Conway model. The numerical simulation results are verified with the analytical solution. The numerical model is used to model and interpret the radial flow pressure-transient responses for both pressure buildup and drawdown well tests in porous and fractured reservoirs. In simulating pressure drawdown tests with the nonDarcy flow effects according to Barree and Conway model and assuming no skin and wellbore storage effects, the permeability, estimated using the standard straight-line analysis, is an apparent permeability and not the Darcy’s constant permeability. The estimated permeability ranges from the minimum permeability and to less than the Darcy’s permeability. Thus in pressure drawdown tests the standard straight-line analysis techniques underestimate the Darcy’s permeability when non-Darcy flow behavior exists. A pressure buildup test, following non-Darcy flow drawdown tests, may be good for determining Darcy’s permeability values using standard straight-line analysis when non-Darcy flow effect is insignificant. The Barree and Conway non-Darcy flow model parameters may not be directly estimated from the pressure-transient well tests with a simple graphic approach. However, they can be estimated by a matching process, based on non-linear optimization algorithm incorporated into the developed numerical model. The type curves generated by the numerical model are provided to demonstrate a methodology for modeling single phase transient non-Darcy flow behavior in porous and fractured rocks. The developed numerical model in this study is used to interpret and match actual pressure drawdown and buildup well tests from wells of high production rates in Kuwait.
Renal neuroendocrine tumors.

Objectives: Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are uncommon tumors that exhibit a wide range of neuroendocrine differentiation and biological behavior. Primary NETs of the kidney, including carcinoid tumor, small cell carcinoma (SCC), and large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) are exceedingly rare. Materials and Methods: The clinicopathologic features of renal NETs diagnosed at a single institution were reviewed along with all reported cases in the worldwide literature. Results: Eighty renal NETs have been described, including nine from our institution. Differentiation between renal NETs and the more common renal neoplasms (renal cell carcinoma, transitional cell carcinoma) can be difficult since clinical, radiographic, and histopathologic features overlap. Immunohistochemical staining for neuroendocrine markers, such as synaptophysin and chromogranin, can be particularly helpful in this regard. Renal carcinoids are typically slow-growing, may secrete hormones, and pursue a variable clinical course. In contrast, SCC and LCNEC often present with locally advanced or metastatic disease and carry a poor prognosis. Nephrectomy can be curative for clinically localized NETs, but multimodality treatment is indicated for advanced disease. Conclusions: A spectrum of NETs can rarely occur in the kidney. Renal carcinoids have a variable clinical course; SCC and LCNEC are associated with poor clinical outcomes. Diagnosis of NETs, especially LCNEC, requires awareness of their rare occurrence and prudent use of immunohistochemical neuroendocrine markers.
Neuropeptide Y prepares rats for scheduled feeding

When neuropeptide Y (NPY) is administered centrally, meal-anticipatory responses are elicited. If an increase of endogenous NPY is a signal that heralds an imminent large caloric load, timed daily ...
Identification and characterization of a divalent cation-dependent glycosaminoglycan-binding protein from rat liver endothelium.

Rat liver endothelial cells (LECs) express a membrane-associated Ca2+-dependent hyaluronan-binding activity (CaHA-BP) which is distinct from the Ca2+-independent, endocytic LEC HA receptor (Yannariello-Brown et al., J. Cell Biochem., 48, 73-80, 1992). The CaHA-BP is specific for a subset of glycosaminoglycans, since Ca2+-dependent binding of 125I-HA (approximately 80 kDa) to LECs was competed with a 100-fold excess (w/w) of HA, chondroitin sulfate, and heparin, but not with chondroitin. The CaHA-BP activity on intact LECs was pH-dependent. Optimal binding occurred at pH 6.0; no binding was detected at pH values or= 9. 125I-HA, pre-bound in the presence of Ca2+, could also be dissociated with an acidic buffer (pH 5.0), as well as the divalent cation chelators EDTA and EGTA. 125I-HA binding was stimulated by divalent cations other than Ca2+, such as Mg2+, Mn2+, and Ba2+; with the exception of Zn2+. A photoaffinity crosslinking reagent (125I-ASD-HA) was used to identify specifically crosslinked polypeptides on LECs. In the absence of Ca2+, and in the presence of EGTA, only bands at 175/166 kDa were consistently crosslinked. These bands have been previously identified as the LEC Ca2+-independent endocytic HA receptor (Yannariello-Brown et al., J. Biol. Chem., 267, 20451-20455, 1992). In the presence of Ca2+, crosslinking was consistently seen to a 68 kDa polypeptide. Crosslinking was competed with a 100-fold excess (w/w) of HA. These and other data suggest that a 68 kDa protein is the most likely candidate for the CaHA-BP in LECs.
Fibronectin Fibrillogenesis Involves the Heparin II Binding Domain of Fibronectin

Fibronectin matrix assembly is thought to involve binding interactions between the amino-terminal I1–5repeats and the first type III repeat (III1). Here we report that a third site, located within the III12–14repeats of the carboxyl-terminal heparin II domain of fibronectin, is also involved in fibrillogenesis. Heparin II fragments inhibited fibril formation and binding of 125I-labeled fibronectin and/or 70-kDa fragments to the cell surface, deoxycholate-insoluble matrix, and adsorbed 160-kDa cell adhesion fragments of fibronectin. The inhibitory effects of heparin II fragments were as large or up to 20 times larger than those of a 44-kDa fibronectin fragment containing the III1 repeat. Under physiological conditions, amino-terminal fragments of fibronectin containing the I1–5 repeats interacted preferentially with proteolytically derived heparin II fragments and a recombinant III12–14 peptide both in solution and in solid phase, indicating that matrix assembly may involve direct interactions between I1–5 and III12–14 repeats. Interactions between the I1–5 repeats and 160-kDa fragments containing the III12–14 and III1 repeats could be inhibited by ≥ 90% by either an anti-III13–14 monoclonal antibody (mAb) (IST-2) or an anti-III1 mAb (9D2), suggesting that cooperative interactions between III12–14and III1 repeats may also promote binding of the I1–5 repeats. Neither mAb IST-2 nor mAb 9D2, alone or in combination, inhibited binding of 125I-labeled 70-kDa fragments to cycloheximide-treated cells plated on the 160-kDa substrate, suggesting that additional I1–5 binding sites, independent of the III1 and III12–14 repeats, may be involved in fibrillogenesis.
Seasonal patterns in the soil water balance of a Spartina marsh site at North Inlet, South Carolina, USA

Time series of ground-water head at a mid-marsh site near North Inlet, South Carolina, USA can be classified into five types of forcing signatures based on the dominant water flux governing water-level dynamics during a given time interval. The fluxes that can be recognized are recharge by tides and rain, evapotranspiration (ET), seepage into the near surface soil from below, and seepage across the soil surface to balance either ET losses or seepage influxes from below. Minimal estimates for each flux can be made by multiplying the head change induced by it by the measured specific yield of the soil. These flux estimates are provide minimal values because ET fluxes resulting from this method are about half as large as those estimated from calculated potential evapotranspiration (PET), which place an upper limit on the actual ET. As evapotranspiration is not moisture-limited at this regularly submerged site, the actual ET is probably nearly equal to PET. Thus, all of the other fluxes are probably twice as large as those given by this method. Application of this method shows that recharge by tides and rain only occurs during spring and summer when ET exceeds upward seepage from below and is thereby able to draw down the water table below the marsh surface occasionally. During fall and winter, seepage of fresh water from below is largely balanced by seepage out of the soil into overlying tidal water or into sheet flow during tidal exposure. The resulting reduction in soil water salinity may thereby enhance the growth of Spartina in the following spring.
Mechanical and photosynthetic constraints on the evolution of plant shape

A computer model is presented which is capable of calculating both the photosynthetic efficiency (I) of any specified plant shape and the stress related to the total moment arm (M) imposed on vertical branching patterns. Computer simulations indicate that a flattened plant thallus and an erect branching growth habit are two plant shapes capable of optimizing photosynthetic efficiency during indeterminate growth. These two morphologies have geometric analogues in the dorsiventral thalli of some bryophytes and in the vertical axes of mosses and tracheophytes, respectively.Extension of the model to complex, three-dimensional branching patterns indicates that I and I/M are maximized when branching is overtopped (treelike, with lateral branches on a main axis) and when lateral branching systems are planated (frondlike). Geometric alterations of branching patterns that result in optimization of I and I/M can be simulated by computer and are shown to be similar to morphologic alterations attending the early evolution of vascular land plants. It is suggested that a number of major evolutionary trends seen in Upper Silurian to Upper Devonian times can be expressed in terms of optimizing the display of photosynthetic tissues (I) or the balance between photosynthetic efficiency and incurred moment arms (I/M).
PREDOMINANCE OF LEFT-SIDED FRACTURES OF THE PROXIMAL FEMUR IN A GERIATRIC POPULATION

Two hundred consecutive admissions to a community medical center with a diagnosis of proximal femoral fracture were analyzed to determine the left:right ratio. It was found that there were 134 left-sided and 66 right-sided fractures. Although no apparent reason was noted, this appears to be a significant finding that warrants further investigation.
World slavery and Caribbean capitalism

The abolition of the slave trade and slavery in the Western Hemisphere is certainly among the most dramatic and significant occurences of the nineteenth century. Indeed, the strength and effectiveness of antislavery thought and action contributed importantly to the nineteenth century's self-consciousness as a period of the growth of human freedom and moral and material progress.' It may even be suggested that during this period slavery came to be understood as the antithesis of the emergent forms of polity, moral sensibility, and economic activity: it formed the negative standard against which the new forms of freedom were defined. In the elaboration of political economy, for example, the stark contrast between the African slave and the free worker of Europe and North America served to illuminate what was distinctive about
Enhancing Teaching and Learning: Libraries and Open Educational Resources in the Classroom

Academic libraries continually adjust services to adapt to the ever-changing landscape in higher education. In response to the broken textbook market, libraries are becoming actively involved in the open educational resources (OER) movement. Although there is not a formal program in place, librarians at Utah State University explored a collaborative approach to integrate OER in faculty members' courses. One goal of the effort was to work closely with faculty to consider course objectives and learning outcomes when evaluating and incorporating OER. This article identifies a streamlined process for targeting courses most suited for OER adoption and outlines a process of collaborating with teaching faculty to integrate relevant OER. The paper includes a detailed workflow that other libraries can easily adapt to make OER part of their faculty outreach toolkit.
Control of Rangeland Grasshoppers with Pencap-M®

Aerial applications of an undiluted formulation of polymer encapsulated methyl parathion (Pencap-M®) at 4 or 8 oz AI/acre gave as good control of grasshoppers (primarily Melanoplus sanguinipes (F.)) as a standard ULV application of 8 fluid oz of 95% technical malathion/acre.
Anabolic Steroid Use in Adolescent Athletes

Anabolic steroids are being used by adolescents largely to improve athletic performance but also to improve their appearance and to obtain peer approval. With the appropriate knowledge about the effects and side effects of anabolic steroids, primary care physicians can adequately educate teenagers, parents, teachers, and coaches about them and can screen for steroid use, if necessary.