cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multigenerational exposure to cerium oxide nanoparticles: Physiological and biochemical analysis reveals transmissible changes in rapid cycling Brassica rapa

Abstract The unique redox chemistry on the surface of cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO 2 NPs) and their broad applications in society have caused many concerns over the release and accumulation of these materials in the environment. Many investigations have been conducted with regard to the environmental health and safety effect of CeO 2 NPs, including their impact on plant health. However, most previous studies were conducted on the early seedling development stage, with a small number of recent investigations examined the impact of CeO 2 NPs throughout the life cycle of plants (e.g. from seed to seed). However, the long term, multigenerational impact of CeO 2 NPs on plants remains unclear. The main aim of this study was to assess the physiological and biochemical consequences of multi-generational (three) CeO 2 NPs exposure over a range of concentrations (0–1000 mg/L) on B. rapa . The results showed that plants in the second and third generation displayed slower plant growth and smaller biomass. The Brassica plants also bore 39%, 59% and 61% less siliques after two generations of exposure to 10, 100 and 1000 mg/L of CeO 2 NPs. The numbers of seeds produced per silique were also reduced in the third generation plant by over 50% following the exposure to 100 and 1000 mg/L of CeO 2 NPs. In addition, plants in the later generations generally contained higher concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) in their tissues. Altogether, our results suggest that the second and third generation plants might have experienced higher oxidative stress than the first generation plants. This study provided first evidence that the impact of CeO 2 NPs varied across generations and long term evaluation extending several generations of plant growth is necessary to obtain a realistic understanding on the long term impact of engineered nanoparticles.
Study on the quality of life and its associated factors of HIV/AIDS patients

Objective To explore the quality of life(QOL) among people living with HIV/AIDS and examine the factors associated with the QOL.Methods WHOQOL-BREFF was used to evaluate the quality of life among people with HIV/AIDS and its risk factors of social characteristics,infection status and social support.Student-test and Chi-square method were used to conduct the significance test of variances;multiple linear regression model was also applied to analyze relationship between the four domains and the potential risk factors.Results Physical,psychological,social relationship and environment scores of people living with HIV/AIDS were 60.5±16.2,51.8±17.5,58.1±19.3,and 47.5±15.6,respectively.Scores of all aspects in the patients are significantly lower than that of general persons(P 0.05).The more subjective support the HIV/AIDS patients received,the better quality of life they have.Participants who were transmitted by injection drug user(IDU) had the lowest scores in psychological domains.Job was the positive predictive factors in physical and psychological measures.The more the availability of sustain the HIV /AIDS patients received the better psychology they have.The results showed that participants who had higher education level demonstrated relatively higher scores in environment domain.Conclusion Mental health counseling should be strengthened among the following populations:the unemployed,low educated,and the patients who have ART,IDUs and lack of social support to improve their quality of life.
Security: Security through uncertainty

Like much legislation, the Computer Misuse Act 1990 was implemented to plug a hole in the law. It may have made it easier for prosecutors to punish those abusing computer systems nearly 20 years ago, but conditions have changed dramatically since then. The Police and Justice Act 2006 was passed at the end of last year, and nestled among its non-computer related measures is a raft of new rules designed to bring the terms and conditions relating to computer crime into the 21^s^t century. IT criminology expert Stefan Fafinski examines the ramifications of the law, and wonders whether its scope might cause collateral damage for legitimate security practitioners. Society is becoming increasingly reliant on electronic communications and information storage. E-commerce has really taken off and more individuals communicate, shop, bank, and search for information electronically. Governments and other institutions gather, store and communicate vast quantities of information, much of it sensitive or private, electronically. The internet enables all of us to do so much more, so much more efficiently, than we could before, but a great deal of this e-freedom relies on secure communications. This in turn requires cryptography.
Beating A Cancer Death Sentence

A melanoma survivor describes his arduous—and costly—path to successful treatment and hope.
Tailoring and adapting parent-child interaction therapy to new populations.

This paper discusses the processes of tailoring and adapting empirically supported treatments (ESTs) for application to new populations, using examples from the five papers in this special issue on innovative approaches to parent-child interaction therapy (PCIT), The applications of PCIT in this issue represent a range of approaches to tailoring and adapting ESTs in ways likely to maintain and improve upon efficacy or efficiency in the new population. The discussion emphasizes the ways in which the new applications maintain the theoretical and empirical foundation of PCIT and its core defining features as they address new populations, target problems, belief systems, and settings. The empirically supported treatment (EST) movement, with its rigorous standards for evaluating the efficacy of mental health treatments (Chambless & Hollon, 1998), is increasingly influencing child treatment research as investigators attempt to move evidence-based treatments into the real world with wider applications. To be designated an EST, the research base of the treatment must include at least two well designed, randomized controlled studies conducted with similar, but not overlapping, samples that find treatment group outcomes meaningfully superior to control group outcomes on the targeted measures. Once identified as efficacious in the laboratory, the generalizability of an EST may then be examined in new settings and with new populations. The five papers in this special issue illustrate innovative applications of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT), an EST for disruptive behavior in young children. These papers represent a range of approaches to applying an EST to new child and family populations in ways likely to main
Securing Pharmaceutical and High-Value Products against Tag Reapplication Attacks Using NFC Tags

Most current product anti-counterfeiting approaches can detect tag modification and tag cloning attacks, but cannot detect tag reapplication attacks, in which a counterfeiter removes a legitimate tag from a genuine product and reapplies it to a counterfeit or expired product. Reapplying a legitimate tag to a counterfeit product can result in major health and economic consequences. We propose a new Tag Reapplication Detection (TRD) approach to detect reapplication attacks, using low-cost Near Field Communication (NFC) tags and public key cryptography. The use of NFC makes TRD user- friendly since a large number of current cell phones are NFC-enabled. To detect reapplication attacks, TRD tracks how many times a tag has been read in the supply chain using an online authentication protocol. When tagged products are in the market, TRD allows customers to use their cell phones in authenticating products using an offline authentication protocol. We analyzed the security of TRD and found that it can detect reapplication attacks, in addition to modification and cloning attacks.
Foliar Fungicide Study on Soybean

Results and Discussion All fungicide treatments reduced foliar disease symptoms (Table 1). Both Cercospora leaf blight and Septoria leaf blight (brown spot) were significantly controlled by the application of fungicides, regardless of timing or frequency. Yields were protected by the use of fungicides in this trial. All treatments exceeded the untreated control (UTC) (67.5 bu/ac) even though three treatments (Headline at R1, Headline at R3, and Quadris at R3) were not significantly different from the control. Plots treated with BAS703 02F had the highest yields.
Cross-entropy optimization for neuromodulation

This study presents a reinforcement learning approach for the optimization of the proportional-integral gains of the feedback controller represented in a computational model of epilepsy. The chaotic oscillator model provides a feedback control systems view of the dynamics of an epileptic brain with an internal feedback controller representative of the natural seizure suppression mechanism within the brain circuitry. Normal and pathological brain activity is simulated in this model by adjusting the feedback gain values of the internal controller. With insufficient gains, the internal controller cannot provide enough feedback to the brain dynamics causing an increase in correlation between different brain sites. This increase in synchronization results in the destabilization of the brain dynamics, which is representative of an epileptic seizure. To provide compensation for an insufficient internal controller an external controller is designed using proportionalintegral feedback control strategy. A cross-entropy optimization algorithm is applied to the chaotic oscillator network model to learn the optimal feedback gains for the external controller instead of hand-tuning the gains to provide sufficient control to the pathological brain and prevent seizure generation. The correlation between the dynamics of neural activity within different brain sites is calculated for experimental data to show similar dynamics of epileptic neural activity as simulated by the network of chaotic oscillators.
The Role of Carbonaceous Deposits in Hydrogenation Catalysis Revisited

The effect of carbonaceous deposits on the performance of Pt(111) surfaces as catalysts for the hydrogenation of ethylene was tested by decoupling their preparation, which was done beforehand in an ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) environment, from the catalytic runs, which were carried out in an enclosed “high pressure” cell. The time evolution of the gas composition during reaction was followed continuously by mass spectrometry, and the nature of the surface species was determined by in situ reflection–absorption infrared absorption spectroscopy (RAIRS). Reaction rates were seen to vary by up to approximately 40% depending on the type of molecules preadsorbed at room temperature, with the maximum activity seen with a propylidyne layer, the result of propylene adsorption. The rate with ethylidyne-covered Pt(111) is reduced by ∼20%, with butylidyne by ∼35%, and with benzyl moieties by ∼40%. These changes are reversible: the surface regains the activity expected when starting with the clean substrate after one or tw...
INVESTIGATION OF ROADWAY GEOMETRIC AND TRAFFIC FLOW FACTORS FORVEHICLE CRASHES USING SPATIOTEMPORAL INTERACTION

Abstract. Traffic safety is a major concern in the transportation industry due to immense monetary and emotional burden caused by crashes of various severity levels, especially the injury and fatality ones. To reduce such crashes on all public roads, the safety management processes are commonly implemented which include network screening, problem diagnosis, countermeasure identification, and project prioritization. The selection of countermeasures for potential mitigation of crashes is governed by the influential factors which impact roadway crashes. Crash prediction model is the tool widely adopted by safety practitioners or researchers to link various influential factors to crash occurrences. Many different approaches have been used in the past studies to develop better fitting models which also exhibit prediction accuracy. In this study, a crash prediction model is developed to investigate the vehicular crashes occurring at roadway segments. The spatial and temporal nature of crash data is exploited to form a spatiotemporal model which accounts for the different types of heterogeneities among crash data and geometric or traffic flow variables. This study utilizes the Poisson lognormal model with random effects, which can accommodate the yearly variations in explanatory variables and the spatial correlations among segments. The dependency of different factors linked with roadway geometric, traffic flow, and road surface type on vehicular crashes occurring at segments was established as the width of lanes, posted speed limit, nature of pavement, and AADT were found to be correlated with vehicle crashes.
Is masculinity ‘deteriorating’ in China? Changes of masculinity representation in Chinese film posters from 1951 to 2016

This study attempts to briefly map the general changes of Chinese masculinities in media over time, and explain why these changes happened. Through visual content analysis, 471 film posters collect...
Sacroiliac stabilization for sacral metastasis: A case series.

Background The sacrum is a rare location for spinal metastasis. These lesions are typically large and destructive by the time of diagnosis, making treatment difficult. When indicated, surgical stabilization offers pain relief and preserves independence in patients with impending and acute pathological sacral fractures. Case description Three consecutive patients presented with sacral metastases. After either failing radiation therapy or presenting with acute fracture and instability, the patients underwent intralesional excision, bilateral L4 to ilium fusion with instrumentation, and sacroiliac (SI) screw fixation. Pain improved after surgery, and there were no wound healing complications. Two patients could continue walking without any assistive device, while one patient required a walker. Conclusion Stabilization with combined modified Galveston fixation and SI screw fixation relieves pain and allows maintenance of independence in patients with sacral metastasis.
Genetic characterization of an Escherichia coli mutant deficient in organophosphonate biodegradation.

Abstract An E. , coli mutant deficient in organophosphonate biodegradation has been complemented with a cosmid library prepared from a Bam H1 partial digest of wild-type E. , coli W3110. Mutant E. , coli SL724, when transformed with cosmid pSL163 and plasmid pSL263, regained the ability to exploit ethylphosphonate as a sole source of phosphorus during growth. In route to complementation, the Tn5 insert of SL724 was subcloned and restriction enzyme mapped. Complementing pSL163 and pSL263 were also characterized via restriction enzyme digests.
Comparison of probabilistic models for stress rupture failure in continuous unidirectional fiber composite structures

Stress rupture is an important failure phenomenon in composite overwrapped pressure vessels, which is highly unpredictable other than on a statistical basis. Even then, there are several statistical models, with varying bases in composite micromechanics and molecular failure mechanisms. Choosing among these models is not trivial, even when micromechanical details of the failure process are reasonably well appreciated, and one has available a reasonably large database of strength and lifetime data. As a result, there is little in the way of guidance to choose the most appropriate model. One important issue is that accurate predictions are desired at relatively low service loads compared to the strength, and low probabilities of failure that are far less, e.g., 10−6, than can be directly confirmed using the data itself. In essence, one needs a robust and accurate statistical model free of inconsistencies associated with such low stress levels and probabilities of failure. This paper performs an in-depth comparison of several current models, which have varying physical bases. The models compared differ in the number of parameters to be estimated from data. The results of this study, however, show that over a broad range of parameter values these models give surprisingly similar failure probability predictions. While practitioners may have a preference for one model over another, the basis for such a choice is not easily established, given the fidelity of typical data.
All That Glitters Is Not Gold: A Computational Study of Covalent vs Metallophilic Bonding in Bimetallic Complexes of d10 Metal Centers—A Tribute to Al Cotton on the Tenth Anniversary of His Passing

As the tenth year that follows the premature passing of the inorganic chemistry legend F. Albert (Al) Cotton comes to a close, we provide some soul food that we believe Al would have enjoyed as he ...
Critique of Einstein’s Philosophy of Geometry

Since Einstein’s central thesis concerning the epistemological status of physical geometry will be seen in Section C to be a geometrical version of Pierre Duhem’s conception of the falsifiability of isolated empirical hypotheses, this first section will be devoted to a critical examination of Duhem’s conception as articulated by W. V. O. Quine.
Contamination of Critical Surfaces from NVR Glove Residues Via Dry Handling and Solvent Cleaning

Gloves are often used to prevent the contamination of critical surfaces during handling. The type of glove chosen for use should be the glove that produces the least amount of non-volatile residue (NVR). This paper covers the analysis of polyethylene, nitrile, latex, vinyl, and polyurethane gloves using the contact transfer and gravimetric determination methods covered in the NASA GSFC work instruction Gravimetric Determination and Contact Transfer of Non-volatile Residue (NVR) in Cleanroom Glove Samples, 541-WI-5330.1.21 and in the ASTM Standard E-1731M-95, Standard Test Method for Gravimetric Determination of Non-Volatile Residue from Cleanroom Gloves. The tests performed focus on contamination of critical surfaces at the molecular level. The study found that for the most part, all of the gloves performed equally well in the contact transfer testing. However, the polyethylene gloves performed the best in the gravimetric determination testing, and therefore should be used whenever solvent contact is a possibility. The nitrile gloves may be used as a substitute for latex gloves when latex sensitivity is an issue. The use of vinyl gloves should be avoided, especially if solvent contact is a possibility. A glove database will be established by Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) Code 541 to compile the results from future testing of new gloves and different glove lots.
A Radix-4 Chrestenson Gate for Optical Quantum Computation

A recently developed four-port directional coupler used in optical signal processing applications is shown to be equivalent to a radix-4 Chrestenson operator, or gate, in quantum information processing (QIP) applications. The radix-4 qudit is implemented as a location-encoded photon incident on one of the four ports of the coupler. The quantum informatics transfer matrix is derived for the device based upon the conservation of energy equations when the coupler is employed in a classical sense in an optical communications environment. The resulting transfer matrix is the radix-4 Chrestenson transform. This result indicates that a new practical device is available for use in the implementation of radix-4 QIP applications or in the construction of a radix-4 quantum computer.
Safe and Effective Use of Nitric Oxide–Based Supplements and Nutrition for Sports Performance

Abstract Nitric oxide (NO)–based supplements and functional foods have gained considerable popularity over the past 25 years since a Nobel Prize was awarded for the discovery of NO as a vasodilator and regulator of blood flow. We now understand that NO is not only much more than a vasodilator but also a regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis and adenosine triphosphate production and a ubiquitous signaling molecular that controls many physiological and metabolic pathways. As a result, it can have a profound effect on exercise and sports performance when used appropriately. There are two pathways in the human body that can generate NO. These two pathways are fundamentally different and distinct in how and when they generate NO. Being able to understand the biochemistry and physiology of both will allow for targeting therapy for exercise performance independent of duration or type of exercise. This chapter will provide the basis for use of NO-based supplement and nutrition for enhancing sports performance.
Multidimensional understanding of religiosity/spirituality: relationship to major depression and familial risk.

BackgroundPrevious research has shown prospectively that religiosity/spirituality protects against depression, but these findings are commonly critiqued on two grounds, namely: (1) apparent religiosity/spirituality reflects merely an original absence of depression or elevated mood and (2) religiosity/spirituality too often is measured as a global construct. The current study investigates the relationship between depression and religiosity/spirituality by examining its multidimensional structural integrity.MethodConfirmatory factor analyses with a previously observed cross-cultural factor structure of religiosity/spirituality variables were conducted on an independent sample, diagnostic and familial risk subgroups from this sample, and a subsample of the original cross-cultural sample. Linear regressions onto a previous diagnosis of major depressive disorder (MDD) 5 years prior to assess the potential attenuating impact of a previous depression was explored.ResultsAcross familial risk groups and clinical subgroups, each of the previously validated religiosity/spirituality domains was confirmed, namely: religious/spiritual commitment, contemplative practice, sense of interconnectedness, the experience of love, and altruistic engagement. Previous MDD diagnosis was associated with a lower religious/spiritual commitment among high-risk individuals, higher contemplation among low-risk individuals, and lower importance of religion or spirituality regardless of risk group.ConclusionsStructural integrity was found across familial risk groups and diagnostic history for a multidimensional structure of religiosity/spirituality. Differential associations between a previous diagnosis of MDD and level of religiosity/spirituality across domains suggest a complex and interactive relation between depression, familial risk, and religiosity/spirituality. Accounting for an empirically valid, multidimensional understanding of religiosity/spirituality may advance research on mechanisms underlying the relationship between religiosity/spirituality and mental health.
Beyond the expected: Identifying broad research priorities of researchers and the cystic fibrosis community

Abstract The Cystic Fibrosis Foundation (CFF) supports research programs aimed at improving care and building a successful drug development pipeline. To ensure its research agenda meets the needs of the community it serves, the CFF sought community input into clinical research prioritization for topics not well-known as already being addressed by CFF-funded research. In 2018, clinical researchers, adults with CF, and family members were surveyed about a broad range of research topics that are perceived to receive less attention. We compared responses from researchers (n = 19) and community members (n = 135) and found groups aligned on their top three research priorities: 1) respiratory microorganism detection and treatment, 2) mental health, and 3) reducing treatment burden. We also explored whether or not those priorities align with the CFF research portfolio. Cognizance of researcher and community priorities can help inform clinical research endeavors to improve the health and well-being of people affected by CF.
Parametrically homogenized continuum damage mechanics (PHCDM) models for composites from micromechanical analysis

This paper develops a parametrically homogenized continuum damage mechanics (PHCDM) model for unidirectional fiber-reinforced composites undergoing progressive damage. The PHCDM models are designed to overcome limitations of prohibitive computational overhead associated with many homogenization methods. They are thermodynamically consistent, reduced-order continuum models with explicit representation of microstructural morphology. The PHCDM model is derived from detailed micromechanics of representative volume element (RVE) using energy equivalence principles. Micromechanical failure is due to fiber–matrix interface debonding and matrix cracking. The macroscopic PHCDM models represent damage anisotropy through a second-order damage tensor that contributes to the evolution of a damage surface in the space of damage work conjugate. The damage surface characterizes the initiation and evolution of damage. The constitutive relation between damage and its work conjugate is represented by an anisotropic fourth-order damage surface tensor \(P_{ijkl}\), whose components are expressed as functions of current damage state and composite morphology. These are calibrated and validated from homogenized micromechanical (HMM) responses. The PHCDM model is incorporated in a commercial finite element code, and analysis of macroscopic composite components is executed for understanding concurrent damage at multiple material length scales.
Toward Verifying Nonlinear Integer Arithmetic

We eliminate a key roadblock to efficient verification of nonlinear integer arithmetic using CDCL SAT solvers, by showing how to construct short resolution proofs for many properties of the most widely used multiplier circuits. Such short proofs were conjectured not to exist. More precisely, we give nO(1) size regular resolution proofs for arbitrary degree 2 identities on array, diagonal, and Booth multipliers and nO(log n) size proofs for these identities on Wallace tree multipliers.
Blood-brain barrier integrity of stroke patients presenting in an extended time window

Current guidelines limit thrombolytic treatment of stroke to those patients who present within 4.5 h to minimize the risk of hemorrhagic complications. Risk of hemorrhage increases with increasing blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption. This study aimed to determine, in a cohort of patients presenting outside of an IV-tPA treatment window, whether disruption of the BBB is time dependent, and what proportion of patients could be safely treated. We analyzed untreated stroke patients, seen between 2011 and 2015, who had MRI studies in the time window of 4 to 24 h from symptoms onset. Permeability of the BBB was measured within the ischemic tissue using an application of dynamic susceptibility contrast imaging. Patients were dichotomized into two groups based on a 20% threshold of BBB disruption and compared using logistic regression. Of the 222 patients included in the final analysis, over half, 129 (58%), had preserved BBB integrity below the 20% threshold. There was no relationship between time imaged after symptom onset and the amount of BBB disruption (p = 0.138) across the population; BBB disruption varied widely. Estimating BBB integrity may help to expand the treatment window for stroke patients by identifying those individuals for whom thrombolytic therapy can be considered.
1 – Numerical methods

The aim of this chapter is to present an effective numerical technique for the solution of boundary layer fluid flow and heat/mass transfer problems. The governing equations for fluid mechanics are an inherently nonlinear set of partial differential equations and form a boundary value problem (BVP). Only for a few cases are the exact solutions available. Because of the inability of obtaining exact or analytical solutions of the problems arising in the fields of science and engineering, numerical methods became a powerful tool to deal with these problems. To solve linear BVPs, there are various methods available. The shooting method is one of the most efficient methods for the solution of both linear and nonlinear BVPs. The method is easy to apply, and the convergence of this method depends on a good initial choice of slopes.
Graphene: Preparations, Properties, Applications, and Prospects, Kazuyuki Takai, Seiya Tsujimura, Feiyu Kang, and Michio Inagaki Elsevier, 2019 620 pages, 200) ISBN 9780128195765

This book is unique in that it discusses in a more detailed manner the graph-ene literature from the perspective of crystalline or defective layers. The focus is on graphene foams, films, horns, doping with foreign atoms, and electrical, thermal, chemical, mechanical, and biomedical aspects. The collective goal of the authors was to review the literature in an unprecedented way.
Ergodicity in randomly forced Rayleigh–Bénard convection

We consider the Boussinesq approximation for Rayleigh–Benard convection perturbed by an additive noise and with boundary conditions corresponding to heating from below. In two space dimensions, with sufficient stochastic forcing in the temperature component and large Prandtl number Pr > 0, we establish the existence of a unique ergodic invariant measure. In three space dimensions, we prove the existence of a statistically invariant state, and establish unique ergodicity for the infinite Prandtl Boussinesq system. Throughout this work we provide streamlined proofs of unique ergodicity which invoke an asymptotic coupling argument, a delicate usage of the maximum principle, and exponential martingale inequalities. Lastly, we show that the background method of Constantin and Doering (1996 Nonlinearity 9 1049–60) can be applied in our stochastic setting, and prove bounds on the Nusselt number relative to the unique invariant measure.
Predictors of Hospital Admission for Pediatric Cyclic Vomiting Syndrome.

Objectives To identify predictors of hospitalization in pediatric patients presenting to an emergency department (ED) for a cyclic vomiting syndrome (CVS) attack. Study design We retrospectively reviewed patients with CVS seen at our institution between 2015 and 2018 and included those who met the Rome IV criteria for CVS. We identified all CVS-related ED visits and subsequently performed a case-control analysis, utilizing multivariate logistic regression, to identify clinical and demographic factors that may predict hospitalization. Results In total, 219 patients with CVS (using International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th Revision) were identified, of which 65% met the inclusion criteria (median age 11 years). We identified 152 CVS-related ED visits, of which 62% resulted in hospitalization. Factors found to predict hospitalization using multivariate analyses included male sex (P = .04), younger age (P = .027), delayed presentation (>24 hours) to the ED (P Conclusion One-quarter of all patients with CVS had presented to the ED and nearly two-thirds of these ED visits resulted in hospitalization. A delayed presentation to the ED following the onset of symptoms was the strongest independent predictor of hospital admission, alongside male sex, younger age, and longer ED wait times before treatment with antiemetics. These findings suggest that early intervention may be key to successfully mitigating the risk of hospitalization for a CVS attack.
Imbriea nom. nov., a replacement name for Orthopleura Imbrie, 1959 (Brachiopoda).

The genus Orthopleura Imbrie, 1959 (Brachiopoda: Rhynchonelliformea: Strophomenata: Orthotetida: Orthotetidina: Chilidiopsoidea: Areostrophiidae: Areostrophiinae, following the classification of Kaesler & Selden 1997–2007) was erected to contain three species of extinct brachiopods from Devonian deposits in the United States. Orthopleura rhipis Imbrie, 1959 was assigned as the type species at time of erection. Streptorhynchus flabellum Whitfield, 1882, Schuchertella orthoplicata Stainbrook, 1943, and two undescribed species, “Orthopleura sp. A” and “Orthopleura sp. B”, were treated as congeneric (Imbrie 1959). However, Orthopleura Imbrie, 1959 is a junior homonym of Orthopleura Spinola, 1845 (Insecta: Coleoptera: Cleridae), the latter being the type genus of the subfamily Orthopleurinae Boving & Craighead, 1931: 56 (see also Opitz 2017 on the validity of this name), The aforementioned usage for the brachiopod taxon must be rejected because the name is not available per Article 60 of The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN 1999, and henceforth “the Code”). The rejected junior homonym has no known available and potentially valid synonym and must be replaced by a new substitute name.
Using a High-Speed Plasma as a Conducting Channel to Enable a Novel Antenna Approach

We present a modeling technique to describe the behavior of an antenna with time-varying conductivity. The conducting channel of the antenna will consist of a series of individually-controlled plasma cells. This antenna will be fed with pulse-amplitude modulated signals. The pulses in these signals will travel down the length of the antenna but will be attenuated near the antenna tip. This time-domain matching technique allows for efficient matching at all frequencies. The time-varying antenna scheme is modeled using a modified version of Telegrapher’s equations, which includes the effects of plasma dispersion. Theoretical plasma parameters are incorporated to develop requirements for plasma density and switching speed. Simulated results suggest that the time-varying antenna scheme will radiate more efficiently at low frequencies than existing electrically short antenna designs.
Continuation of telemedicine in otolaryngology post-COVID-19: Applications by subspecialty.

Abstract Objective The purpose of this paper is to review the literature and compile key clinically relevant applications of telemedicine for use in otolaryngology relevant to the post-COVID-19 era. Study design Systematic Literature Review. Data sources Pubmed and Google Scholar. Review methods Pubmed and Google Scholar were queried using combined key words such as “telemedicine,” “covid” and “otolaryngology.” The searches were completed in March–August 2020. Additional queries were made with particular subspecialty phrases such as “rhinology” or “otology” to maximize yield of relevant titles. Relevant articles were selected for abstract review. Applicable abstracts were then selected for review of the full text. Results Initial search identified 279 results. These were screened for relevance and 100 abstracts were selected for review. Abstracts were excluded if they were not in English, not related to otolaryngology, or if the full text was unavailable for access. Of these, 37 articles were selected for complete review of the full text. Conclusion The sudden healthcare closures during the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in a sharp increase in the use of telemedicine, particularly in subspecialty fields. Otolaryngologists are at a unique risk of infection resulting from the examination of the head and neck and aerosol-generating procedures due to the predilection of viral particles for the nasal cavities and pharynx. The COVID-19 pandemic may have served as a catalyst to implement telemedicine into clinical practice, however identifying ways to integrate telemedicine long term is key for a sustainable and viable practice in the post-COVID-19 era. Although many states are now finding themselves on the down-sloping side of their infection rate curve, many others remain at the apex. Additionally, the risk of future waves of this pandemic, or the onset of another pandemic, should not be overlooked. Practice modification guidelines that mitigate infection risk by utilizing telemedicine would be useful in these instances. Telemedicine can help to reduce infection spread by limiting unnecessary in-person interactions and help conserve personal protective equipment (PPE) by facilitating remote care with the added benefits of expanding care to broad geographic areas, limiting cost, time, and travel burden on patients and families, and enabling consistent follow up.
Bisimulations for Neural Network Reduction.

We present a notion of bisimulation that induces a reduced network which is semantically equivalent to the given neural network. We provide a minimization algorithm to construct the smallest bisimulation equivalent network. Reductions that construct bisimulation equivalent neural networks are limited in the scale of reduction. We present an approximate notion of bisimulation that provides semantic closeness, rather than, semantic equivalence, and quantify semantic deviation between the neural networks that are approximately bisimilar. The latter provides a trade-off between the amount of reduction and deviations in the semantics.
Ignition and combustion of single coal and char particles: A quantitative differential approach

Abstract A quantitative differential technique for studying the coal particle combustion process and particularly the ignition step was developed. The approach is based on the continuous and simultaneous analysis of the carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide produced when a captive single coal particle is burnt after injection into an isothermal flow reactor swept with a preheated oxygen—nitrogen mixture. To check the results obtained with the new approach, the intensity of the light generated during the particle combustion was also registered. A microcomputer controlled and executed the data collection process in the millisecond time frame. Experiments were performed burning single particles from the 850–1000μm sieve fraction of a Wyoming subbituminous coal in air, at five gas temperature levels ranging from 928 to 1283 K. The gas product curves show the ignition mechanism is defined by the relative rates of volatiles evolution from the particle and oxygen diffusion to the particle. Initial peaks in the rate of formation of carbon monoxide or carbon dioxide allow the determination of the pyrolysis time during combustion. The occurrence of heterogeneous and homogeneous ignition for particles of the same coal was detected using both techniques: gas analysis and light intensity. A transition was detected in the ignition mechanism, from heterogeneous to homogeneous, when the reactor temperature was increased. Even though the light intensity technique is simpler, the results demonstrate that the approach developed in this work has more sensitivity, particularly in the transition zone. An additional advantage of the gas analysis approach is that the total carbon in the original particle and its variation with time can be calculated by integration of the gas product curves. This information provides a method for estimating the fraction of carbon released from the particle as volatile matter during the ignition. After ignition, the variation in the mass of carbon with time can be used to test different combustion mechanisms. As expected, the results show that at the higher temperatures used, the particle burn-off proceeds under external diffusion control. The total combustion times, as obtained from the gas product curves, show good correlation with the results obtained from light intensity measurements.
The Observability Calibration Test Development Framework

Formal standards, precedents, and best practices for verifying and validating the behavior of low layer network devices used for digital evidence-collection on networks are badly needed - initially so that these can be employed directly by device owners and data users to document the behaviors of these devices for courtroom presentation, and ultimately so that calibration testing and calibration regimes are established and standardized as common practice for both vendors and their customers [Endicott-Popovsky, B.E., Chee, B. and Frincke, D. "Role of calibration as part of establishing foundation for expert testimony," in Proceedings 3rd Annual IFIP WG 11.9 Conference, January 29-31, Orlando, FL.]. The ultimate intent is to achieve a state of confidence in device calibration that allows the network data gathered by them to be relied upon by all parties in a court of law. This paper describes a methodology for calibrating forensic-ready low layer network devices based on the Flaw Hypothesis Methodology [Weissman, C. (1973). "System Security Analysis: Certification, methodology and results." Tech Report No. SP-3728, System Development Corporation., Weissman, C. (1995). "Penetration testing." In M. Abrams, S. Jajodia, and H. Podell, (Eds.), Information Security: An Integrated Collection of Essays, pp. 269-296. Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE Computer Society Press.].
Microbiological Burden on the Surfaces of Explorer XXXIII Spacecraft

Abstract The Explorer XXXIII Spacecraft (Anchored Interplanetary Monitoring Platform, or AIMP) was decontaminated to prevent gross contamination of the moon with terrestrial microorganisms. Assay of the total spacecraft surface before and after decontamination showed that the decontamination procedure reduced the viable microbiological burden from 1.40 × 106 to 3.60 × 104. However, assembly of parts which were not decontaminated for engineering reasons or were not assembled under cleanroom conditions increased the viable microbial burden at the time of launch to 2.62 × 105.
Comparison of diode quality plus other factors in polycrystalline cells and modules from outdoor and indoor measurements

The Outdoor Test Facility (OTF) at NREL is equipped with data acquisition systems that monitor the performance of modules deployed outdoors in real time, including the measurement of current-voltage traces every 15 minutes during all daylight hours. This affords us the ability to analyze performance across many levels of illumination which allows the determination of factors that affect module performance and that serve as indicators of module quality, including average diode quality factors, series resistances values, and reverse-saturation currents of the cells. This study focuses on several polycrystalline thin-film modules, including cadmium telluride. CIS, and polycrystalline silicon. We present these parameters, acquired from outdoor measurements, and compare the results with measurements obtained from more canonical methods.
Towards a Virtualized Sensing Environment

While deploying a sensor network is necessary for proof-of-concept experimentation, it is a time-consuming and tedious task that dramatically slows innovation. Treating sensor networks as shared testbeds and integrating them into a federated testbed infrastructure, such as FIRE, GENI, AKARI, or CNGI, enables a broad user community to benefit from time-consuming deployment exercises. In this paper, we outline the challenges with integrating sensor networks into federated testbeds in the context of ViSE, a sensor network testbed we have integrated with GENI, and describe our initial deployment experiences. ViSE differs from typical embedded sensor networks in its focus on high-bandwidth steerable sensors.
Survival After Sublobar Resection versus Lobectomy for Clinical Stage IA Lung Cancer: An Analysis from the National Cancer Data Base.

Background Recent data have suggested possible oncologic equivalence of sublobar resection with lobectomy for early-stage non–smallcell lung cancer (NSCLC). Our aim was to evaluate and compare short-term and long-term survival for these surgical approaches. Methods This retrospective cohort study utilized the National Cancer Data Base. Patients undergoing lobectomy, segmentectomy, or wedge resection for preoperative clinical T1A N0 NSCLC from 2003 to 2011 were identified. Overall survival (OS) and 30-day mortality were analyzed using multivariable Cox proportional hazards models, logistic regression models, and propensity score matching. Further analysis of survival stratified by tumor size, facility type, number of lymph nodes (LNs) examined, and surgical margins was performed. Results A total of 13,606 patients were identified. After propensity score matching, 987 patients remained in each group. Both segmentectomy and wedge resection were associated with significantly worse OS when compared with lobectomy (hazard ratio: 1.70 and 1.45, respectively, both p p Conclusion In this large national-level, clinically diverse sample of clinical T1A NSCLC patients, wedge and segmental resections were shown to have significantly worse OS compared with lobectomy. Further patients undergoing sublobar resection were more likely to have inadequate lymphadenectomy and positive margins. Ongoing prospective study taking into account LN upstaging and margin status is still needed.
The Imperative for a New Approach to Toxicity Analysis in Oncology Clinical Trials

A consistent system for reporting adverse events (AEs) is paramount in cancer clinical trials and is crucial to ensure the safety and tolerability of chemotherapy. The shift towards individualized medicine in oncology over the last decade has brought with it an impressive array of novel, targeted therapies and increasingly complex clinical trials to investigate them. Many of the newer drugs are oral agents that are taken continuously over protracted periods of time. They stand sharply in contrast to conventional cytotoxic intravenous chemotherapy given over a prefixed number of cycles. With its narrow emphasis on high-grade events, the consensus method for reporting of AEs in current cancer trials has not evolved to reflect the longitudinal toxicity profiles of the newer agents. Current methods do not incorporate patient-reported outcomes, which are of rising importance when therapy lasts for months or even years in a patient's life. Additionally, tables focusing on worst-grade events do not depict evolution of toxicity over time and therefore cannot offer patients and clinicians information about the onset or duration of a given AE. Most importantly, current methods do not capture lower-grade but longer-lasting toxicity that may have important ramifications on patients' quality of life. The failure to include any time-related information in our current methods of toxicity reporting provides an incomplete and even inaccurate depiction of AEs. To remain in step with the advancing science of cancer and the vast array of new therapies with extended treatment durations, our consensus method of AE analysis in oncology clinical trials must modernize to include the dimension of time.
Activation of DNA-binding activity in an apparently cytoplasmic precursor of the NF-κB transcription factor

Abstract In cells that do not express κ immunoglobulin light chain genes, the κ enhancer-binding protein NF-κB is not evident in either cytoplasmic or nuclear fractions. By denaturation, size fractionation, and renaturation, however, NF-κB activity can be revealed in cytosolic fractions, showing that the DNA-binding protein is present but inhibited in its binding activity. By using a variety of protocols involving the dissociating agents sodium desoxycholate and formamide, as much cytosolic NF-κB can be found in the fraction from unstimulated 70Z/3 pre-B cells as is found in the nuclear extract from phorbol ester-activated cells. We conclude that both 70Z/3 and HeLa cells contain apparently cytosolic NF-κB in a form with no evident DNA-binding activity, and phorbol esters both release the inhibition of binding and cause a translocation to the nucleus.
Chemoradiation: Gastro-oesophageal cancer--is CROSSing over so hard to do?

Suboptimal studies had established preoperative chemoradiation as the preferred strategy in the management of localized oesophageal cancer (LEC) and gastro-oesophageal cancer. The recent CROSS trial has now demonstrated considerable benefit from preoperative chemoradiation over surgery alone in patients with LEC. But, are these results only reinforcing advocates of the preoperative chemoradiation strategy?