cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Design considerations for a 25-nanosecond tunnel diode memory

About two years ago a tunnel diode memory system was described which employed substantially different techniques than those previously used. Although earlier systems had tended towards array arrangements that had the storage cells connected in parallel on one or more axes, the new system employed series connections along two axes. This new arrangement has several design and performance advantages compared to previous systems. The original paper described the basic approach and some of the earlier work which included the design of array cross sections and the associated driving and sensing circuits. Since that time one version of the system has been operational in two IBM 7030 systems, and a 16-word, fully-populated, higher-speed laboratory model was built and reported. The present paper describes the engineering considerations used in the design of a larger and faster memory employing the basic techniques.
Indirect Adaptive Robust Control of Uncertain Systems With Unknown Asymmetric Input Deadband Using a Smooth Inverse

In this paper, we present an indirect adaptive robust controller (IARC) for output tracking of a class of uncertain nonlinear systems with unknown input asymmetric deadband in presence of uncertain nonlinearities and parametric uncertainties. Most of the parameter adaptation algorithms, such as, gradient-type and least squares-type require that the unknown parameters of a system appear in affine with known regressor functions globally. However, deadband nonlinearity can not be represented in those global linear parametric form. Therefore, the existing parameter estimation algorithms for deadband focus on some approximate linear parametric model. Hence, even in absence of any other uncertain nonlinearities and disturbances, these algorithms can never achieve asymptotic tracking. Departing from those approximate deadband estimation, we design an indirect parameter estimation algorithm with online condition monitoring. This parameter estimation algorithm in conjunction with a well-designed robust controller and a deadband inverse function can be used to obtain asymptotic tracking without restoring to discontinuous control law. With this strong result in our repertoire, we proceed to design a smooth deadband inverse (SDI) function to avoid certain problems during implementation, e.g, control input chattering and significant appearance of high-frequency dynamics. The effect of such an approximation on the L 2 -norm of output tracking error is analytically determined. We also show that while operating away from the deadband, the proposed controller even with an SDI can achieve asymptotic tracking. In presence of disturbances and other uncertain nonlinearities, the proposed IARC controller attains guaranteed transient performance and final tracking accuracy.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Concavity of the Lagrangian for quasi-periodic orbits

Percival introduced a “Lagrangian” for finding quasi-periodic orbits. For suitable area preserving mappings, we show that Percival's “Lagrangian” is strictly concave with respect to an appropriate affine structure on its domain. Consequently, the “Lagrangian” admits a unique maximum in the case of irrational frequencies.
Regional change in a pre-industrial economy: wealth and population in England in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries

Relatively little empirical research exists on large-scale regional changes in the early modern English economy, although local historiography is strong. This paper seeks to establish a method by which long-run changes in regional structure can be examined, through a discussion of movements in population and aggregate wealth. Considerable discussion is devoted to questions of appropriate source material, and arguments are advanced to suggest that the 1524/5 lay subsidy returns and the hearth taxes of the 1660s and 1670s provide a basis from which long-run changes can be examined. Two statistical indices of redistribution are proposed. The paper then outlines a broad discussion of the redistribution of wealth and population over the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, centring on the twin themes of urban development and proto-industrialization and their consequences. In conclusion, major theoretical explanations of spatial change in the early modern economy are reviewed and found to offer inadequate conceptualizations of a complex and uneven process.
Circadian Clock Mutation Disrupts Estrous Cyclicity and Maintenance of Pregnancy

Abstract Classic experiments have shown that ovulation and estrous cyclicity are under circadian control and that surgical ablation of the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) results in estrous acyclicity in rats [1–3]. Here, we characterized reproductive function in the circadian Clock mutant mouse [4, 5] and found that the circadian Clock mutation both disrupts estrous cyclicity and interferes with the maintenance of pregnancy. Clock mutant females have extended, irregular estrous cycles, lack a coordinated luteinizing hormone (LH) surge on the day of proestrus, exhibit increased fetal reabsorption during pregnancy, and have a high rate of full-term pregnancy failure. Clock mutants also show an unexpected decline in progesterone levels at midpregnancy and a shortened duration of pseudopregnancy, suggesting that maternal prolactin release may be abnormal. In a second set of experiments, we interrogated the function of each level of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis in order to determine how the Clock mutation disrupts estrous cyclicity. We report that Clock mutants fail to show an LH surge following estradiol priming in spite of the fact that hypothalamic levels of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), pituitary release of LH, and serum levels of estradiol and progesterone are all normal in Clock / Clock females. These data suggest that Clock mutants lack an appropriate circadian daily-timing signal required to coordinate hypothalamic hormone secretion. Defining the mechanisms by which the Clock mutation disrupts reproductive function offers a model for understanding how circadian genes affect complex physiological systems.
Analysis of the compartmentation of methionine and cysteine pools

Abstract A new experimental model is presented for the analysis of compartmentation of the cysteine and methionine pools. The model was applied in a determination of the relative incorporation of newly synthesized cysteine-S 35 into serum albumin, steady-state immunoglobulin, and non-steady-state antibody. Because of the apparent compartmentation of the free cysteine and methionine pools, the relative quantities of locally synthesized cysteine incorporated into each purified serum fraction could be determined. The results showed that serum albumin and immunoglobulin were synthesized from different cysteine and methionine compartments. By way of contrast, immunoglobulin in the steady-state and nonsteady-state acutephase antibody were synthesized from cysteine-methionine compartments which were indistinguishable. It is concluded that the cystathionine pathway is more active in the liver cells than in the immunoglobulin-forming cells and that the cysteine-S 35 thus synthesized is preferentially incorporated into serum albumin without coming to equilibrium with the total free cysteine pool. Furthermore, albumin is not a major source of amino acids for the production of immunoglobulin. The experimental model presented should provide a useful tool for investigating cysteine and methionine compartmentation in vivo and in vitro .
Bureaucratic productivity: The case of agricultural research revisited — A rejoinder

Most of the criticism by Pasour and Johnson of my paper (Ruttan, 1980b) and of the research on which it draws, can be categorized under two headings: (a) the research productivity studies are so badly flawed as to cast serious doubt on the reported rates of return; (b) even if the reported rates of return are reasonably accurate they are essentially irrelevant in drawing inferences regarding research resource allocation. They also raise a number of questions about the appropriate role of public and private sector investment in agricultural research.
Investigation of basic imaging properties in digital radiography. 11. Multiple slit‐beam imaging technique with image intensifier–TV digital system

We are developing a digital x‐ray imaging system using a multiple slit assembly (MSA) and an image intensifier (II)–TV digital system. The advantage of this approach is that the scatter from an object and the veiling glare in the II–TV system can be reduced significantly while the x‐ray utilization is maintained much better than that with a single slit‐beam technique. The quality of reconstructed images is related to many parameters such as the slit width, the lead spacer, the number of image frames, and the reconstruction algorithm. In this study, reduction of scatter and veiling glare was measured quantitatively, and image artifacts were analyzed. It was found that the fraction of scatter and veiling glare can be reduced to approximately 0.01–0.1 by use of the MSA imaging technique, and that the magnitude of the fractions is strongly dependent upon the slit width and the lead spacer of the MSA used. The artifacts are caused by inaccuracies in the slit width, lead spacer, and scan motion, and by undersampling of image data. The overlap scanning technique was effective in reducing the magnitude of these artifacts in the reconstructed image.
Influence of long-acting nitrate therapy on the risk of reinfarction, sudden death, and total mortality in survivors of acute myocardial infarction.

The effects of 20 variables that might influence postmyocardial infarction prognosis were assessed retrospectively in 139 patients followed up for an average of 11 months after discharge from San Francisco General Hospital following an acute myocardial infarction. When these variables were analyzed with the use of multivariate techniques, the presence of complex ventricular ectopy was the variable most highly predictive of the mortality rate, followed by age and failure to receive long-acting nitrates, principally isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN). Whereas 23 of 90 patients (25.6%) not receiving ISDN died, only 5 of the 49 patients (10%) receiving ISDN died (p < 0.05). Although total mortality was statistically significantly greater among patients receiving antiarrhythmic drugs or digitalis than among patients not receiving these agents, these relationships did not persist when subjected to multivariate analysis.
Combinatorial map theory

Abstract Map orders are special finite connected partial orders. They correspond to maps on closed surfaces, and also to certain combinatorial maps in the sense of Cori, Edmonds, Jacques, Lehman, Tutte, and Walsh.
Pilot analysis of the plasma metabolite profiles associated with emphysematous Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease phenotype

The current pilot study examined the hypothesis that cigarette smokers who developed an emphysematous phenotype of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) were associated with distinctive patterns in their corresponding metabolomics profile as compared to those who did not. Peripheral blood plasma samples were collected from 38 subjects with different phenotypes of COPD. They were categorized into three groups: healthy non-smokers (n=16), smokers without emphysema (n=8), and smokers with emphysema (n=14). Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography/quadrupole-Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry techniques were used to identify a large number of metabolite markers (3534). Unsupervised clustering analysis accurately separated the smokers with emphysema from others without emphysema and demonstrated potentials of this metabolomics data. Subsequently predictive models were created with a supervised learning set, and these predictive models were found to be highly accurate in identifying the subjects with the emphysematous phenotype of COPD with excellent sensitivity and specificity. Our methodology provides a preliminary model that differentiates an emphysematous COPD phenotype from other COPD phenotypes on the basis of the metabolomics profiles. These results also suggest that the metabolomics profiling could potentially guide the characterization of relevant metabolites that leads to an emphysematous COPD phenotype.
Spectropolarimetry of V854 Centauri at minimum light - Clues to the geometry of the dust and emission-line region

The RCB star V854 Cen is observed during a very deep decline (Delta m = 8.2) at the AAT. The continuum polarization is very high, ranging from 14 percent at 4200 A to about 4 percent at 6500 A. The polarization decreases across the emission lines, but the polarized flux remains constant. This indicates that the emission lines are unpolarized, so the emission probably arises in a region unobscured by dust. In such a deep minimum, the visible continuum flux is probably almost entirely scattered light, which explains its high polarization. The scattered flux may arise in the same clouds contributing to the observed IR flux if the albedo is low and the grains forward throwing. The emission-line spectrum itself is very unusual for an RCB star in decline, with strong C2 bands and Balmer lines.
The calculation of interfacial free energies via λ integration

The development of methods for the accurate calculation of interfacial free energies would have important consequences for predicting the mechanical and thermodynamic behavior of metals and other materials. For example, the passage of a dislocation through crystals is accompanied by the formation of various extended defects, such as stacking faults and antiphase boundaries. The associated formation energies influence the mobility of the dislocation and distinguish between slip systems and thus greatly affect the mechanical properties of metals and alloys. Also, nucleation theory relates the rate of precipitate formation to the interfacial free energy between the two phases, thus controlling the thermodynamic stability of solid solutions. This article discusses the general problem in calculating interfacial free energies in solids and describes a new method for antiphase boundaries and chemically disordered systems: simulated alchemy. Sample calculations for the APB on the (111) face of Ni3Al are given using a Finnis-SincIair-type potential.
Slow earthquakes and great earthquakes along the Nankai trough

Abstract We have reexamined reports indicating that slow deformation occurred before the great Japan earthquakes of 1944 (Tonankai) and 1946 (Nankaido) and find that the observations are well founded. Although no quantitative models have previously been proposed to explain all of the relevant data we show that they are satisfied by a simple model for both earthquakes. The model, based on known properties of subduction zones, has slow slip on the subduction interface in an area deeper than the seismic rupture. If this model is correct and a similar physical situation holds for an anticipated Tokai earthquake, existing instruments will be able to reveal the pre-slip in real time. While differences among the deformation time series at different sites will provide strong constraints on the slow rupture propagation, these differences could result in delaying the recognition of a coherent event.
Atomic Self-Consistent-Field Calculations Using Statistical Approximations for Exchange and Correlation

The ${\ensuremath{\rho}}^{\frac{1}{3}}$ approximation introduced by Slater for the exchange terms in the Hartree-Fock (HF) equations, with or without Latter's cutoff in the tail of the potential function, leads to serious errors when applied to excited configurations of atoms. A more accurate approximation (HX) is suggested in which Hartree's method is used for the self-interaction correction, and a modification of the Slater ${\ensuremath{\rho}}^{\frac{1}{3}}$ term is used to approximate the remainder of the HF exchange terms. The HX scheme is fairly simple; iterative convergence to self-consistent-field solutions is quite stable; and the resulting one-electron radial wave functions produce acceptably accurate values of one-electron and total binding energies, interaction parameters ${F}^{k}$, ${G}^{k}$, and ${\ensuremath{\zeta}}_{i}$, and expectation values of ${\mathcal{r}}^{n}$. Perturbation-theory relativistic and correlation corrections are computed; the latter are based on the free-electron approximation, with empirical modifications to allow for differences between free and bound electrons. Results agree well with experimental ionization and excitation energies for a wide variety of configurations.
Adductor canal block can result in motor block of the quadriceps muscle.

Objective The block of nerves in the adductor canal is considered to cause a sensory block without a motor component. In this report, we describe a case of significant quadriceps muscle weakness after an adductor canal block (ACB). Case Report A 65-year-old female patient for ambulatory knee surgery was given an ACB for postoperative pain management. The block was performed under ultrasound guidance at the midthigh level using the transsartorial approach. Twenty milliliters of 0.5% ropivacaine was deposited adjacent to the anterior and posterior areas of the femoral artery. On discharge from the hospital, the patient realized that her thigh muscles were weak and she was unable to extend her leg at the knee. A neuromuscular examination indicated that the patient had no strength in her quadriceps muscle, along with sensory deficit in the medial-anterior lower leg and area in front of knee up to the midthigh. The weakness lasted 20 hours, and the sensory block lasted 48 hours before complete recovery. The optimal level and amount of local anesthetic for adductor canal block are currently not well defined. Proximal spread of local anesthetic and anatomical variation may explain our observation. Conclusions Several studies have reported that ACB involves no motor blockade. However, our case report illustrates that the ACB can result in clinically significant quadriceps muscle paralysis. This report suggests that patients should be monitored vigilantly for this occurrence to decrease the risk of falls.
External World Skepticism

Recent literature in epistemology has focused on the following argument for skepticism (SA): I know that I have two hands only if I know that I am not a handless brain in a vat. But I don't know I am not a handless brain in a vat. Therefore, I don't know that I have two hands. Part I of this article reviews two responses to skepticism that emerged in the 1980s and 1990s: sensitivity theories and attributor contextualism. Part II considers the more recent ‘neo-Moorean’ response to skepticism and its development in ‘safety’ theories of knowledge. Part III argues that the skeptical argument set out in SA is not of central importance. Specifically, SA is parasitic on skeptical reasoning that is more powerful and more fundamental than that displayed by SA itself. Finally, Part IV reviews a Pyrrhonian argument for skepticism that is not well captured by SA, and considers a promising strategy for responding to it.
Automating Postsilicon Debugging and Repair

Due to increasing semiconductor design complexity, more errors are escaping presilicon verification and being discovered only after manufacturing. As an alternative to traditional manual chip repair, the authors propose the FogClear methodology, which automates the postsilicon debugging process and thereby reduces IC development time and costs.
Leveraging Organizational Guidance Policies with Learning to Self-Tune Multiagent Systems

As organization-based multiagent systems are applied to more complex problems, configuring and tuning the systems can become nearly as complex as the original problem a system was designed to solve. A robust system should be able to adapt. It should be able to self-configure and self-tune. To this end, we propose a method for self-tuning using the concept of guidance policies, that is policies that are designed to guide the system without sacrificing its flexibility. Guidance policies allow us to apply traditional learning techniques online without many of the drawbacks associated with a system falling into a local optimum. They also help simplify the learning process. We examine the impact of this learning on various multiagent systems.
Climatic oscillations shape the phylogeographical structure of Atlantic Forest fire‐eye antbirds (Aves: Thamnophilidae)

In the present study, mitochondrial (mt)DNA sequence data were used to examine the genetic structure of fire-eye antbirds (genus Pyriglena) along the Atlantic Forest and the predictions derived from the river hypothesis and from a Last Glacial Maximum Pleistocene refuge paleomodel were compared to explain the patterns of genetic variation observed in these populations. A total of 266 individuals from 45 populations were sampled over a latitudinal transect and a number of phylogeographical and population genetics analytical approaches were employed to address these questions. The pattern of mtDNA variation observed in fire-eye antbirds provides little support for the view that populations were isolated by the modern course of major Atlantic Forest rivers. Instead, the data provide stronger support for the predictions of the refuge model. These results add to the mounting evidence that climatic oscillations appear to have played a substantial role in shaping the phylogeographical structure and possibly the diversification of many taxa in this region. However, the results also illustrate the potential for more complex climatic history and historical changes in the geographical distribution of Atlantic Forest than envisioned by the refuge model. © 2012 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2012, 105, 900–824.
A seamless multitrack multitemporal InSAR algorithm

The zones of overlap between adjacent Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) satellite tracks are illuminated twice more frequently than elsewhere in the SAR scene. Here, an alternative approach is presented to combine the overlapping segments of SAR images acquired at adjacent tracks and generate accurate and high spatiotemporal resolution map of the surface deformation field. To this end, a new approach is developed to unify the datums. Effects due to the difference in look angle between two overlapping tracks and atmospheric delay are estimated and removed using Kalman and wavelet-based filters. This approach is first tested at Hawaii Island, where tracks 200 and 429 of Envisat C-band satellite overlap over the Kilauea south flank. The obtained time series improves the temporal sampling rate by a factor of two and comparison with GPS time series demonstrates that the presented method accurately measures the nonlinear deformation field. The advantages of this method are further demonstrated by combining SAR data sets acquired by Envisat C-band and ALOS L-band satellites over the San Francisco Bay Area, California. The validation test shows that the seamless combination of C-band and L-band time series accurately measures the surface deformation at higher resolution.
With a Little Help from My Friend Social Loafing and the Lennon-McCartney Songs

The study of social loafing was extended to artistic creativity using the catalogue of 162 Lennon-McCartney songs. Although all songs were jointly credited, most were actually individually authored. Jointly authored songs with low author identifiability were predicted to reflect less effort than individually authored songs with high identifiability. Analysis showed support for the predictions; jointly authored songs were found to be lower in quality than identifiable individually authored songs. A significantly lower proportion of jointly authored songs were selected for 45 rpm singles than identifiable solo-authored songs, and of those selected, jointly authored songs tended to be of lower popularity. Alternative explanations of the social loafing effect involving the type of task and coordination loss are discussed.
Social Competence in Children with IDDM and Asthma: Child, Teacher, and Parent Reports of Children's Social Adjustment, Social Performance, and Social Skills

Used Cavell's (1990) model of childhood social competence to compare the social competence in peer relations of 25 children (ages 8-10 years) with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), 19 children with asthma, and 24 physically healthy children. Children were individually matched for economic status, race, gender, and age. Children, their parents, and their teachers completed measures of children's social adjustment, social performance, and social skills in peer relations. Contrary to hypotheses, no differences between the groups of children were noted on any of the measures of social competence. Results are discussed in terms of the resiliency of children's social competence to these chronic conditions.
Repeatability in real-time distributed simulation executions

Real-time distributed simulations, such as on-line gaming or military training simulations are normally considered to be non-deterministic. Analysis of these simulations is therefore difficult depending solely on logging and runtime observations. This paper explores an approach for removing one major source of non-determinism in these simulations, thereby allowing repeatable executions. Specifically, we use a synchronization protocol to ensure repeatable delivery of messages. Through limited instrumentation of the simulation code, we maintain a virtual time clock, by which message delivery is governed. The additional overhead imposed by the scheme is shown to be reasonable, although additional reductions in this overhead are anticipated. The results are demonstrated in the context of a simple combat model, whose only source of non-determinism is communications latency. The simulation is shown to be made repeatable, and the perturbation on the execution compared to the non-repeatable execution small. The paper is one step in bridging the gap between the traditional PDES perspective and real-time simulation world.
Intelligent User Interface Agents in Content-Based Image Retrieval

The ability to browse and retrieve images based upon image content is of rapidly growing importance. This paper describes a content-based image retrieval (CBIR) system that combines dynamic, user-driven search capabilities. The system's ability to support both query-by-sketch and query-by-example is enhanced by the use of intelligent user interface agents (UIAs). The UIAs use both neural networks and an expert reasoning system to assist with relevance feedback. In addition to describing the system, a new CBIR evaluation metric is presented
Inflammatory Cytokines at the Summits of Pathological Signal Cascades in Brain Diseases

When considering the hierarchical organization of pathological signaling cascades in immunological disorders of the brain, certain cytokines might be considered pinnacles of pathophysiological importance, with their presence determining the appearance or the course of a particular disease. Interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6, IL-17, and tumor necrosis factor are critical for the pathogenesis of inflammation in specific brain disorders. Targeting these cytokines or their receptors can alter the course of several neurological diseases, but the effects may be beneficial or harmful.
Capital markets and legal development: The China case

Abstract Recent research establishes a significant positive correlation between law and finance (and hence economic growth), restarting a debate on the “law matters” thesis. However, which way the causality goes is still not clear. The purpose of this paper is to use the ongoing reform experience of China, especially its capital market experience, to examine the direction of causality. First, we show that China's recent experience is largely consistent with Coffee's [ Yale Law Journal 111 (2001, October)] “crash-then-law” interpretation of this correlation. Indeed, it is the large and clearly defined constituency of investors that has been a key driving force behind much of the recent legal progress. The rights and economic interests of this constituency have fundamentally challenged the traditional emphasis of the Chinese legal culture on administrative and criminal sanctions, but not on civil litigation law. Second, we compare the different contributions to legal change made by the stock market and the consumer product markets. We argue that capital markets are perhaps the most conducive to the formation of a politically powerful constituency and hence more aggressive legal change, because of (1) the higher degree of commonality among interested parties and (2) immediately measurable and tangible damages. These two characteristics not only allow investors to identify with each other more easily, but also create an ideal basis for more debate in the media, which in turn promotes the development of a legal culture.
Subspace system identification of support-excited structures—part I: theory and black-box system identification

SUMMARY This paper reviews the theoretical principles of subspace system identification as applied to the problem of estimating black-box state-space models of support-excited structures (e.g., structures exposed to earthquakes). The work distinguishes itself from past studies by providing readers with a powerful geometric interpretation of subspace operations that relates directly to theoretical structural dynamics. To validate the performance of subspace system identification, a series of experiments are conducted on a multistory steel frame structure exposed to moderate seismic ground motions; structural response data is used off-line to estimate black-box state-space models. Ground motions and structural response measurements are used by the subspace system identification method to derive a complete input–output state-space model of the steel frame system. The modal parameters of the structure are extracted from the estimated input–output state-space model. With the use of only structural response data, output-only state-space models of the system are also estimated by subspace system identification. The paper concludes with a comparison study of the modal parameters extracted from the input–output and output-only state-space models in order to quantify the uncertainties present in modal parameters extracted from output-only models. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preliminary investigations on therapy thresholds for laser dosimetry, cryogen spray cooling duration, and treatment cycles for laser cartilage reshaping in the New Zealand white rabbit auricle

Previous studies have demonstrated the feasibility of laser irradiation (λ = 1.45 μm) in tandem with cryogen spray cooling (CSC) to reshape rabbit auricular cartilage using a total energy density of 14 J/cm(2). The aim of this study was to further explore and identify the dosimetry parameter space for laser output energy, CSC duration, and treatment cycles required to achieve shape change while limiting skin and cartilage injury. Ten New Zealand white rabbits were treated with the 1.45 μm diode laser combined with cryogen spray cooling (Candela Smoothbeam™, Candela Co., Wayland, MA, USA). The ear's central portion was bent around a cylindrical jig and irradiated in consecutive spots of 6 mm diameter (13 or 14 J/cm(2) per spot) along three rows encompassing the bend. CSC was delivered during irradiation in cycles consisting of 25-35 ms. At thin and thick portions of the ear, 4-7 and 6-10 treatment cycles were delivered, respectively. After surgery, ears were examined and splinted for 6 weeks. Treatment parameters resulting in acceptable (grades 1 and 2) and unacceptable (grade 3) skin injuries for thick and thin regions were identified, and shape change was observed. Confocal and histological analysis of cartilage tissue revealed several outcomes correlating to laser dosimetry, CSC duration, and treatment cycles. These outcomes included expansion of cartilage layers (thickening), partial cartilage injuries, and full-thickness cartilage injuries. We determined therapy thresholds for laser output energy, cryogen spray cooling duration, and treatment cycles in the rabbit auricular model. These parameters are a starting point for future clinical procedures aimed at correcting external ear deformities.
An accurate model for quadtrees representing noiseless images of spatial data

In this paper we propose and analyze a new meaningful branching sequence to generate random quadtrees representing binary images. In particular, we show that this sequence produces expected distributions of external and internal nodes much closer to real data than all previous proposed approaches in the literature to model both random binary images and quadtrees. This new model provides a good compromise in representing images belonging to various classes, more or less structured. The effectiveness of the new proposed model is shown through a comparison with respect to nodes distributions of representative real spatial data images. The introduction of this new realistic model can have a large impact on the analysis of expected performances of a large class of algorithms for spatial data processing. First experimental results show that this new model closely simulate real cases. >
Central amygdala Fos expression during hypotensive or febrile, nonhypotensive endotoxemia in conscious rats.

The distribution and time course of Fos expression in neurons in the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) were studied in endotoxemic rats in two separate experiments. In each case, the severity of the endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide; LPS) challenge was characterized by using physiological outcome variables, including blood pressure and heart rate. Throughout the rostrocaudal extent of the CeA, extensive Fos staining was found 3 hours after injection with a hypotensive dose of Salmonella enteritidis LPS. Hypotension alone has been reported to induce Fos in the CeA; therefore, the remaining experiments were performed by using a lower dose of Escherichia coli LPS that did not cause hypotension. The nonhypotensive dose of E. coli LPS also induced Fos in large numbers of neurons of the CeA, with peak staining at 2 hours and Fos staining persisting for 6 hours after LPS injection. Tachycardia and fever after LPS also persisted for at least 6 hours. CeA Fos staining during nonhypotensive endotoxemia was predominantly located in the lateral subnucleus, although Fos-stained medial subnucleus neurons were also present. Additional forebrain regions that showed persistent Fos staining 6 hours after LPS included the parvocellular paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and the medial preoptic area. Forebrain regions that contained Fos-stained nuclei at earlier time points, but not at 6 hours, included the supraoptic nucleus, magnocellular regions of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, the subfornical organ, and the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis. Few CeA neurons showed Fos staining in rats that were restrained in a ventilated plastic tube. Neurons in the lateral septal nucleus and the medial amygdaloid nucleus, which have numerous Fos-stained nuclei after stressors such as footshock or restraint, did not show Fos staining above control levels after LPS administration. Activation of CeA neurons after intravenous LPS may indicate persistent drive from vagal afferents and may implicate the CeA in the autonomic, neuroendocrine, and/or behavioral responses to this treatment. J. Comp. Neurol. 379:592–602, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A Mutation in a Purported Regulatory Gene Affects Control of Sterol Uptake in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Aerobically growing wild-type strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae are unable to take exogenously supplied sterols from media. This aerobic sterol exclusion is vitiated under anaerobic conditions, in heme-deficient strains, and under some conditions of impaired sterol synthesis. Mutants which can take up sterols aerobically in heme-competent cells have been selected. One of these mutations, designated upc2-1, gives a pleiotropic phenotype in characteristics as diverse as aerobic accumulation of sterols, total lipid storage, sensitivity to metabolic inhibitors, response to altered sterol structures, and cation requirements. During experiments designed to ascertain the effects of various cations on yeast with sterol alterations, it was observed that upc2-1 was hypersensitive to Ca2+. Using resistance to Ca2+ as a screening vehicle, we cloned UPC2 and showed that it is YDR213W, an open reading frame on chromosome IV. This belongs to a fungal regulatory family containing the Zn(II)2Cys6 binuclear cluster DNA binding domain. The single guanine-to-adenine transition in upc2-1 gives a predicted amino acid change from glycine to aspartic acid. The regulatory defect explains the semidominance and pleiotropic effects of upc2-1.
Reply to H‐M Maurer by the authors

In our reply to the discussion by Szarka (this issue), we examined the near‐field correction scheme for two‐layer cases with a basal layer more conducting and less conducting than the surface layer where we only considered the broadside configuration. Maurer points out that for the collinear configuration the correction scheme does not produce an accurate correction particularly for the less conducting basal layer case. We wish to comment on the correction scheme.
Soot Morphology and Optical Properties in Nonpremixed Turbulent Flame Environments

Abstract Motivated by the importance of soot to the emission of particulates and other pollutants from combustion processes, current understanding of soot morphology and optical properties is reviewed, emphasizing nonpremixed flame environments. The understanding of soot morphology in flames has grown rapidly in recent years due to the development of methods of thermophoretic sampling and analysis by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results show that soot consists of nearly spherical primary particles, having diameters generally less than 60 nm, which collect into open structured aggregates that are mass fractal objects. Aggregates grow by cluster/cluster aggregation to yield broad aggregate size distributions with the largest aggregates containing thousands of primary particles and reaching dimensions of several urn. The optical properties of soot aggregates generally are not suited for the Rayleigh and Mie scattering approximations which has led to the development of approximate Rayleigh-Deby...
Impact of Group Size on Classroom On-Task Behavior and Work Productivity in Children With ADHD

This study sought to systematically examine the academic behavior of children with ADHD in different instructional contexts in an analogue classroom setting. A total of 33 children with ADHD participated in a reading comprehension activity followed by a testing period and were randomly assigned within days to either small-group instruction, whole-group instruction, or independent seatwork. The effects of instructional contexts on on-task behavior during instruction and on-task behavior and work productivity during testing were examined. Children with ADHD were found to be more on task during small-group instruction than both whole-group and independent seatwork instructional conditions. In the testing context, children with ADHD were found to be less productive in small-group than in the whole-group and independent seatwork conditions. The findings of this study have implications for future research evaluating the standard educational practices and accommodations made for children with ADHD in the classro...
A 3V CMOS 400mW 14b 1.4GS/s DAC for multi-carrier applications

This paper presents an uncalibrated 0.18 /spl mu/m CMOS 14 bit 1.4 GS/s DAC, with an LVDS interface, which achieves 67 dB SFDR for a 260 MHz full-scale tone and 70 dB ACLR for a two-carrier output, centered at 470 MHz. The IC dissipates a core power of 200 mW.
Treatment of chronic Achilles tendon pain by Kinesio taping in an amateur badminton player

Objective: To evaluate the effects of Kinesio taping on a patient with chronic Achilles tendon pain. Design: Case report. Case description: A 22-year-old male amateur badminton player slipped on the ground as he landed after jumping while playing badminton, resulting in chronic Achilles tendon pain of the dominant (right) leg. We performed Achilles tendon taping (ATT) over 5 weeks. Results: The patient’s ultrasonography showed that the tendon thickness was moderately reduced from 0.42 cm to 0.37 cm and that the angles of active dorsiflexion and active plantar flexion without pain increased from 15 � to 20 � and from 20 � to 45 � , respectively. The Victorian Institute of Sport AssessmentAchilles (VISA-A) questionnaire score increased from 64 to 95, and the load-induced pain assessment score decreased from 6 to 0. The pain threshold increased from 0.8 kg to 10 kg. The tenderness at 3 kg, assessed on a numeric rating scale, decreased from 7 to 0, and the patient was able to play badminton and soccer without pain. Conclusions: We verified the effect with an increase in the active ankle joint range of motion and the VISA-A questionnaire score, which was achieved by a decrease in tenderness and pain from repeated ATT application.
A RFID Sensor for Corrosion Monitoring in Concrete

A radio frequency identification (RFID) sensor for corrosion monitoring in concrete is presented. The sensor can perform linear polarization, open circuit potential, and temperature measurements. The sensor obtains its power from an external RFID reader, which also functions as a datalogger. The sensor’s electronic circuit comprises an RFID modem, a low-power microcontroller, and a three-electrode low-power potentionstat. The electronic circuit and the three electrodes are housed in a 3D-printed case measuring 11.8 cm $\times $ 4 cm $\times $ 5.6 cm. An analysis of the inductive coupling between the reader’s and the sensor’s antennas is carried out to guide the optimization of the RFID communication link. Tests with a wet and a concrete electrochemical corrosion cells show that the developed sensor has a performance comparable with costly and bulkier benchtop potentiostats. An accelerated corrosion test was conducted by embedding the electrodes in concrete for 24 days. Linear polarization resistance measurements obtained from the developed sensor show the initiation and progression of corrosion. An uncertainty evaluation is carried out showing that the developed RFID sensor has an accuracy compatible with precision benchtop instruments.
Possible Recruitment of Foraging Honeybees to High-Reward Areas of the Same Plant Species

SummaryData are presented on the numbers of foraging honeybees on experimental plots within a very large area of hairy vetch during 3 years, and on amounts and concentrations of nectar. Sudden changes in the numbers of foragers counted were observed each year; a probable interpretation is that they resulted from recruitment of bees to areas where the vetch was producing a highly rewarding nectar flow.
Paul Wilkinson. Terrorism versus Democracy: The Liberal State Response (Second Edition, 2006)

In Terrorism versus Democracy: The Liberal State Response, Paul Wilkinson offers a manual for “liberal democracies” struggling against terrorism and political violence. Unfortunately, while the boo...
Europe's New 'Colonial' Frontier

Governmental bodies, such as the European Union, have become increasingly involved in attempting to provide human rights protections to citizens within their borders. The EU, for example, has required its newly-entering states to implement a suite of legal protections for citizens who are members of historically marginalized communities. But do these interventions serve the needs of the individuals they hope to help? This Article critically reexamines the EU’s human rights regime through the incisive cultural critiques of Edward Said and Gayatri Spivak. Using the lens of orientalism, the Article finds shortcomings in current EU approaches to human rights interventions and attempts to suggest ways to improve the efficacy of these programs.
I. Timoleon and the Reconstruction Of Syracuse

The achievement of Timoleon in the field of reconstructive statesmanship received far less attention from ancient writers than the exploits of his crusade which liberated Greek Sicily from tyranny and from Carthage. Timaeus, who was largely responsible for the literary tradition, had no experience of practical politics and was therefore considered by Polybius to be unqualified to deal with political issues. The Timoleon of Plutarch is a brilliant work, in which some aspects of his career receive detailed treatment, but except in two digressions it is wholly dependent on the tradition established by Timaeus. Moreover, to a biographer who was primarily a moralist constitutional and social reform could scarcely be an attractive theme, and it is not surprising that he sketches the reconstructive accomplishments of his hero in terms of vague eulogy without fully appreciating their significance. Diodorus, on the other hand, was profoundly interested in the political and economic development of Syracuse. The parts of Book xvi devoted to the career of Timoleon reproduce his customary faults: the narrative is ill-arranged and highly compressed, degenerating here and there into a string of disconnected notes, and in its later chapters it depends upon the tradition of Timaeus. Yet it constitutes the chief source of information on the reforms of Timoleon. The contribution of a third-rate historian is in this sphere more valuable than that of a first-rate biographer.
Tinker's Timeless Teaching: Why the Heckler's Veto Should Not Be Allowed in Public High Schools

Reconciling the heckler’s veto doctrine with the special environment of a public high school has proven difficult for both the courts and school administrators alike. Allowing students to effectively censor speech with which they disagree through threats of violence and hostility squarely contradicts the fundamental First Amendment heckler’s veto doctrine. However, preventing a substantial disruption and preserving a conducive learning environment continues to be of highest concern to school officials. This article is the first to consider the heckler’s veto in public high schools after the wake of Dariano v. Morgan Hill Unified School District. I argue that it is possible to preserve the heckler’s veto doctrine within public schools in accordance with Tinker v. Des Moines Independent School District and other school speech precedent. At first blush, the seminal school speech case, Tinker v. Des Moines Independent School District seems to be at odds with the heckler’s veto doctrine. But, in reality, Tinker actually reaffirms the heckler’s veto doctrine. This article evaluates two crucial cases from the Fifth Circuit, relied upon by Tinker and important language from Justice Fortas’ opinion in Tinker itself, establishing that Tinker’s substantial disruption standard applies only to disruption caused by speakers, not disruption caused by listeners. Thus, the Tinker standard actually protects students against a heckler’s veto. Additionally, this article argues that that derogatory, or quasi-bullying, speech in public schools is analogous to lewd or vulgar speech and should be considered an exception under Tinker. Therefore, such speech is not subjected to Tinker’s “substantial disruption” standard. Finally, this article also provides a two-tiered analysis, along with a list of precautions, for school administrators to take in order to prevent a heckler’s veto and protect student’s fundamental rights within the public high school.
Semeiconductor Packaging Trends and Materials Challenges

Semiconductor advancements continue to enable many new applications to enable the Internet of Things and transform areas such as coud computing, health care, safety and security, and consumer electronics. As exciting new capabilities emerge, customers are demanding smaller, thinner, faster and more power efficient solutions. In his keynote presentation Dr. Mahadevan “Devan” Iyer will discuss these trends, and how packaging technology is playing an increasingly important role in delivering these benefits in IC products. Dr. Iyer will outline the materials requirements and challenges for increased electrical, thermal and reliability performance.