cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A comparative technoeconomic analysis of pathways for commercial electrochemical CO2 reduction to liquid products

Electrochemical reduction of CO2 to fuels and chemicals is currently a focus of significant research effort as a technology that can simultaneously mitigate greenhouse gas emissions while storing renewable electricity for use on demand. Liquid products are particularly desirable as an easily storable and portable energy-dense form. To be widely implemented, CO2 electroreduction technologies must be able to produce chemicals at costs that are economically competitive with existing commercial prices. In this work, four possible routes to the electrochemical synthesis of liquid products from CO2 derived from post-combustion flue gas were compared with one consistent approach to technoeconomic analysis. In the first case, diesel fuel was produced from electrosynthesized CO plus H2 to make syngas which was subsequently converted through the Fischer–Tropsch process. Liquid ethanol was modeled through two comparable approaches, a one-step electrolysis and a two-step cascade electrolysis. Lastly, the direct electrosynthesis of formic acid from CO2 was considered. In the base case scenarios established on current state-of-the-art CO2 reduction research, none of the processes were modeled to be competitive with present fuel prices. High capital expense for the electrolyzer units was the primary limiting factor. With conceivable improvements in an optimistic scenario, the diesel process was projected to have the best pathway to making cost-effective fuels, while ethanol would be prohibitively expensive without major improvements to the present electrosynthesis performance. Formic acid, though projected to be expensive relative to its stored energy content, was projected to have perhaps the simplest pathway to production at costs competitive with its commercial bulk price. In each case, the levelized cost of the liquid product was most strongly influenced by parameters that affect the electrolyzer capital cost (i.e., current density, faradaic efficiency, and cost per electrode area).
Putting Semantics into Semantic Roles.

While there have been many proposals for theories of semantic roles over the years, these models are mostly justified by intuition and the only evaluation methods have been inter-annotator agreement. We explore three different ideas for providing more rigorous theories of semantic roles. These ideas give rise to more objective criteria for designing role sets, and lend themselves to some experimental evaluation. We illustrate the discussion by examining the semantic roles in TRIPS.
A Modification to Unified Matrix Polynomial Approach (UMPA) for Modal Parameter Identification

In this paper, a modification to Unified Matrix Polynomial Approach (UMPA) for modal parameter identification of mechanical systems is suggested. Following the proposed modification, the measured Frequency Response Functions (FRF)/Impulse Response Functions (IRF) matrices of the system are manipulated so that the vibrational modes of the system can be identified at smaller model orders. A multi degree of freedom numerical case study and the experimental data of a circular plate are then employed to investigate the enhancement in performance of UMPA framework due to the proposed modification. It will be shown that following the proposed data manipulation, matrices with large values of condition number can be avoided in modal parameter estimation.
A Bibliography for Gurwitsch Studies

My purpose for this bibliography is to not only chronicle the phenomenological works of the Gurwitsch corpus, but also to provide a comprehensive listing of books and articles that refer to Gurwitsch’s thought. Also included, of course, are the major works referred to in the previous articles.
Methadone Prescribing in the Sickle Cell Patient

Methadone, because of its pharmacology and pharmacokinetics, carries special advantages for use as maintenance opioid therapy for patients with chronic pain due to sickle cell disease (SCD), usually in combination with a short-acting opioid for breakthrough vaso-occlusive crisis pain. However, special vigilance is critical in prescribing methadone or other opioids for the pain of SCD. Methadone is likely underutilized in SCD because of clinician and patient behavioral challenges and educational gaps. Patients’ best interests warrant both more study of the use of methadone for SCD pain, and more consideration of methadone as a first-line long-acting maintenance analgesic for chronic SCD pain.
Improving Semi-Supervised Classification for Low-Resource Speech Interaction Applications

We propose a semi-supervised learning method to improve classification performance in scenarios with limited labeled data. We employ adaptation strategies such as entropy-filtering and self-training, and show that our method achieves up to 17.2% relative improvement in UAR for a multi-class problem. We apply our method to two different tasks: speaker clustering for adult-child interactions during autism assessment sessions, and a variation of the language identification task (LID). We show that in both tasks our method improves classification accuracy while using lesser training data than the baseline and demonstrate the robustness of our setup to the degree of adaptation by controlling the threshold on uncertainty of classification.
The joint effects of internal auditors' approach and persuasion tactics on managers' responses to internal audit advice

ABSTRACT Internal auditors frequently provide advice to managers as important input for accounting decisions. Recent practitioner guides have touted the merits of a participative or “coach” approac...
The End of Ombudsmen? 21st-Century Journalism and Reader Representatives:

In May 2017, the New York Times announced it would eliminate its public editor position, something a number of news organizations have done recently. Using the theory of metajournalistic discourse ...
Reactive Silver Ink as a Novel Low-Temperature Metallization: Monitoring Corrosion

Reactive silver ink (RSI) forms low-resistivity ( 3 COO on HT Ag Paste, dissolution of AgCH 3 COO from RSI, and LT Ag Paste remains relatively unchanged throughout 2936 h of exposure to diluted acetic acid.
2-Methoxyestradiol (2-ME2, Panzem®) and its new derivatives inhibited lung cancer cells in vitro and in vivo

3415 2-Methoxyestradiol (2ME2, Panzem®) is an endogenous metabolite of estradiol that effectively inhibits a wide range of cancer cell types in vitro, as well as showing antiangiogenic and anti-tumor activities in preclinical models. New analogs of 2ME2 show improved antiproliferative activities and pharmacokinetic parameters as compared to 2ME2 (see P. Burke et al, AACR 2005). In this project, we have used the MTT assay to evaluate the growth inhibitory effects of 2ME2 and three new analogs (883, 900 and 5171) against a panel of human small cell lung cancer cells (SCLC) and non-small cell lung cancer cells (NSCLC). Average IC50 (μM) values are shown in the table below, which range from 0.21 to 1.10 μM for 2ME2; 0.028 to 0.22 μM for 883; 0.058 to 0.43 μM for 900 and 0.46 to 3.05 μM for 5171 respectively. Overall 883 and 900 are significantly more potent than 2ME2 or 5171. There is not much difference in growth inhibitory effects between adenocarcinomas, squamous and large cell lung cancer cells by each of these agents. SCLC cell line proliferation is more effectively inhibited by these four compounds than is NSCLC cell line proliferation. In vivo efficacy of 2ME2 and three analogs was evaluated in athymic nude rats bearing orthotopically implanted H2122 in the left lung. Rats (n=12/group) were treated with saline control or compounds at 10 and 60 mg/kg/day by oral gavage for 50 days. 2ME2 and 900 effectively prolonged survival of rats in a dose-dependent manner, with mean survival for control group at 27 days, 2ME2 10mg/kg at 39 days, 2ME2 60 mg/kg > 50 days, 900 10 mg/kg at 46 days, and 900 60 mg/kg >50 days respectively. Analogs 883 and 5171 at 10 or 60 mg/kg were toxic to the animals. However, this toxicity seemed to be species specific, as separate studies show that mice and dogs tolerate equivalent doses higher than the MTD in rats with no signs of toxicity. Our data suggests that 2ME2 and its analogs have clinical potential for the treatment of human lung cancers.
‘Global mental health’: systematic review of the term and its implicit priorities

BackgroundThe term ‘global mental health’ came to the fore in 2007, when the Lancet published a series by that name.AimsTo review all peer-reviewed articles using the term ‘global mental health’ and determine the implicit priorities of scientific literature that self-identifies with this term.MethodWe conducted a systematic review to quantify all peer-reviewed articles using the English term ‘global mental health’ in their text published between 1 January 2007 and 31 December 2016, including by geographic regions and by mental health conditions.ResultsA total of 467 articles met criteria. Use of the term ‘global mental health’ increased from 12 articles in 2007 to 114 articles in 2016. For the 111 empirical studies (23.8% of articles), the majority (78.4%) took place in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), with the most in Sub-Saharan Africa (28.4%) and South Asia (25.5%) and none from Central Asia. The most commonly studied mental health conditions were depression (29.7%), psychoses (12.6%) and conditions specifically related to stress (12.6%), with fewer studies on epilepsy (2.7%), self-harm and suicide (1.8%) and dementia (0.9%). The majority of studies lacked contextual information, including specific region(s) within countries where studies took place (20.7% missing), specific language(s) in which studies were conducted (36.9% missing), and details on ethnic identities such as ethnicity, caste and/or tribe (79.6% missing) and on socioeconomic status (85.4% missing).ConclusionsResearch identifying itself as ‘global mental health’ has focused predominantly on depression in LMICs and lacked contextual and sociodemographic data that limit interpretation and application of findings.Declaration of interestNone.
Using PKPSs with Tamper-Responsive Modules

The fact that secrets assigned to need to be stored, and computations using them performed, inside a tamper-responsive environment places some additional constraints. One significant problem in the implementation of tamper-responsive modules stems from remnance in volatile memory regions which permits attackers to expose secrets from scavenging foot-prints left behind. A simple security policy — the decrypt only when necessary (DOWN) policy can limit the number of secrets exposed from such an attack. The DOWN policy obviates the need to use inherently vulnerable, and more expensive, multi-step countermeasures as a response to suspected attacks on the integrity of trustworthy modules. Using PKPSs with the DOWN policy, and the DOWN assurance that not more than one secret can be exposed by tampering with a module, has an effect both on the overhead and the security of PKPSs. This chapter provides an in-depth discussion of the effect of using the DOWN policy. The Chapter also lays down algorithms to be executed description inside tamper-responsive boundaries for computing pairwise secrets using different approaches. A more generalized form of the atomic relay algorithm that leverages algorithms for computing pairwise secrets is also provided.
Validation of a novel automated signal analysis tool for ablation of Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome

BACKGROUND In previous pilot work we demonstrated that a novel automated signal analysis tool could accurately identify successful ablation sites during Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) ablation at a single center. OBJECTIVE We sought to validate and refine this signal analysis tool in a larger multi-center cohort of children with WPW. METHODS A retrospective review was performed of signal data from children with WPW who underwent ablation at two pediatric arrhythmia centers from 2008-2015. All patients with WPW ≤ 21 years who underwent invasive electrophysiology study and ablation with ablation signals available for review were included. Signals were excluded if temperature or power delivery was inadequate or lesion time was < 5 seconds. Ablation lesions were reviewed for each patient. Signals were classified as successful if there was loss of antegrade and retrograde accessory pathway (AP) conduction or unsuccessful if ablation did not eliminate AP conduction. Custom signal analysis software analyzed intracardiac electrograms for amplitudes, high and low frequency components, integrated area, and signal timing components to create a signal score. We validated the previously published signal score threshold 3.1 in this larger, more diverse cohort and explored additional scoring options. Logistic regression with lasso regularization using Youden's index criterion and a cost-benefit criterion to identify thresholds was considered as a refinement to this score. RESULTS 347 signals (141 successful, 206 unsuccessful) in 144 pts were analyzed [mean age 13.2 ± 3.9 years, 96 (67%) male, 66 (45%) left sided APs]. The software correctly identified the signals as successful or unsuccessful in 276/347 (80%) at a threshold of 3.1. The performance of other thresholds did not significantly improve the predictive ability. A signal score threshold of 3.1 provided the following diagnostic accuracy for distinguishing a successful from unsuccessful signal: sensitivity 83%, specificity 77%, PPV 71%, NPV 87%. CONCLUSIONS An automated signal analysis software tool reliably distinguished successful versus unsuccessful ablation electrograms in children with WPW when validated in a large, diverse cohort. Refining the tools using an alternative threshold and statistical method did not improve the original signal score at a threshold of 3.1. This software was effective across two centers and multiple operators and may be an effective tool for ablation of WPW.
On Axis Far‐Field Backscattering From Flared Axially Symmetric Bodies

This paper presents a physical-optics solution for the backscattering from a concave ring singularity. The solution for a convex ring singularity has been known for some time. When taken together, the two solutions provide a simple way for estimating the backscattering from ring singularities of practically every type. Since the radar returns from rings are often dominant, the solutions should have many important applications.
How to thrive in the inflamed gut

Metabolic adaptation plays a key role in determining the composition of microbial ecosystems. A new study shows that in the inflamed gut, pathogenic Enterobacteriaceae can reprogramme their metabolism towards diet-derived l-serine utilization to outcompete the resident microbiota and cause disease.
The Errand into the Wilderness

A brief history of the founding of New England is presented. The key players are introduced in more detail, and the arrival of John Winthrop, Jr., is placed context. The role of alchemy in 17th century New England is explained and placed in the context of the Puritan Commonwealth.
Perforated gastric ulcer following perforated appendicitis

Abstract Stress ulcers and gastric ulcer perforations are rare in the pediatric population, and there is insufficient evidence to support routine stress ulcer prophylaxis in children. Our case is of a 13-year-old male who presented with appendicitis. He underwent laparoscopic appendectomy and was found to have perforated appendicitis. Postoperatively, he had a prolonged course secondary to ileus and was kept NPO. On postoperative day seven, he acutely worsened with pain and fever. A CT scan was performed to assess for abscess formation and significant free air and fluid was identified without abscess formation. Laparoscopy was performed. He was found to have a large perforated gastric ulcer along the lesser curvature. Conversion to laparotomy was undertaken secondary to poor visualization and significant enteric spillage. The perforation was repaired with a modified Graham patch. This represents a rare case of a perforated stress ulcer in a pediatric patient that was not critically ill and would not have met the most generally accepted indications for stress ulcer prophylaxis in children.
Acyl and oligo(lactic acid) prodrugs for PEG-b-PLA and PEG-b-PCL nano-assemblies for injection.

Poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(D,L-lactic acid) (PEG-b-PLA) and poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(e-caprolactone) (PEG-b-PCL) form nano-assemblies, including micelles and nanoparticles, that increase the water solubility of anticancer drugs for injection. PEG-b-PLA and PEG-b-PCL are less toxic than commonly used organic solvents or solubilizers for injection, such as Cremophor EL® in Taxol®. Formulating paclitaxel in PEG-b-PLA micelles, as Genexol-PM®, permits dose escalation over Taxol®, enhancing antitumor efficacy in breast, lung and ovarian cancers. To expand the repertoire of anticancer drugs for injection, acyl and oligo(lactic acid) ester prodrugs have been synthesized for PEG-b-PLA and PEG-b-PCL nano-assemblies, compatibility, and novel nanomedicines for injection. Notably, acyl and oligo(lactic acid) taxane prodrugs delivered by PEG-b-PLA and PEG-b-PCL nano-assemblies display heightened plasma exposure, reduction in biodistribution into major organs and enhanced tumor exposure in murine tumor models, versus parent anticancer drugs in conventional formulations. As a result, acyl and oligo(lactic acid) ester prodrugs are less toxic and induce durable antitumor responses. In summary, acyl and oligo(lactic acid) ester prodrugs widen the range of anticancer drugs that can be tested safely and effectively by using PEG-b-PLA and PEG-b-PCL nano-assemblies, and they display superior anticancer efficacy over parent anticancer drugs, which are often approved products. Oligo(lactic acid) ester taxane prodrugs are in pre-clinical development as novel drug combinations and immunotherapy combinations for cancer therapy.
Apparatus and Procedure for Calculating Short-Circuit Impedance to Determine Bus Fault Currents and Smart Inverter Settings

This paper describes a new procedure and test apparatus that accurately calculates the short-circuit resistance and inductance to the energized bus where measurements are taken. The calculated impedance can be used to predict the available bus fault current to properly size protection devices and inform of arc flash hazards. The calculated impedance can also be used to determine power factor settings to reduce adverse voltage impacts from distributed energy resources such as photovoltaics. The novelty of this apparatus is that it uses a diode-bridge rectifier load that draws less than 0.5% of the available bus fault current to make the required measurements. The apparatus is tested and validated on 120Vac and 277Vac circuits at the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) in Knoxville, TN.
Nanostructured metasurfaces for optical wavefront manipulation

In this talk, we discuss our recent experimental efforts on nanostructured metasurfaces to manipulate the optical wavefront using advanced lithographic techniques. In the talk, we will discuss their functionalities for augmented reality, wavefront structuring and control, filtering, spectrometry, polarimetry, and others. We will also discuss the opportunities and challenges to scale these nanostructured surfaces to larger dimensions using alternative fabrication techniques.
A Novel Computational Methodology for Uncertainty Quantification in Prognostics Using The Most Probable Point Concept

This paper develops a novel computational approach to quantify the uncertainty in prognostics in the context of condition- based monitoring. Prognostics consists of two major steps; first, it is necessary to estimate the state of health at any time instant, and then, it is required to predict the remaining useful life of the engineering component/system of interest. While the topic of estimation has been addressed through different types of Bayesian tracking techniques, this paper primarily focuses on the second aspect of future prediction and remain- ing useful life computation, which is influenced by several sources of uncertainty. Therefore, it is important to identify these sources of uncertainty, and quantify their combined ef- fect on the remaining useful life prediction. The computation of uncertainty in remaining useful life can be treated as an uncertainty propagation problem which can be solved using probabilistic techniques. This paper investigates the use of the Most Probable Point approach (which was originally developed to estimate the failure probability of structural systems) for calculating the probability distribution of the remaining useful life prediction. The proposed methodology is illustrated using a battery which is used to power an un- manned aerial vehicle.
The mediating role of partner communication on contraceptive use among adolescent girls and young women participating in a small-group intervention in Malawi: A longitudinal analysis.

Though effective reproductive health interventions have been developed for adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) in sub-Saharan Africa, few have explored whether specific components of the interv...
Strategic Trade Credit in a Supply Chain With Buyer Competition

In practice, trade credit (TC) is often offered in a contract that stipulates a single interest rather than an interest menu contingent on the loan amount. This paper offers a new explanation for the provision and use of TC by financially resourceful firms by accounting for special the form of TC contract and buyer competition in the supply chain. We solve a dynamic game between a supplier and two buyers who have access to a perfect capital market and compete in a Cournot game in the downstream market. We show that the TC contract incentivizes the buyer to order more than the first-best order quantity. Thus, the buyers use TC for purely strategic purposes: to commit to competing aggressively. The supplier offers TC this way to induce the buyers to over-order and increase demand. Surprisingly, despite its deadweight agency cost, strategic TC may create value for the buyers and the entire supply chain. This finding is opposite to the well-known result that strategic debt always destroys value and make the borrowers worse off. It is made possible by the effect of TC on the supplier-to-buyer interaction that is unique to a supply chain. Specifically, strategic TC may allow the buyers to enjoy a lower wholesale price, thus making them better off by reducing the purchasing cost. The over-ordering distortion of TC mitigates the under-ordering problem caused by double marginalization, thus improving the total welfare of the supply chain. Our results imply that the supplier should enhance its production cost reduction effort to take advantage of TC and unlock substantial profit increase. The buyers should also leverage the benefit of TC when improving the consumers' willingness-to-pay (WTP). Their payoffs may be maximized at a moderate consumers' WTP that leads to TC usage.
Massively parallel DNA target capture using long adapter single stranded oligonucleotide (LASSO) probes assembled through a novel DNA recombinase mediated methodology.

In the attempt to bridge the widening gap from DNA sequence to biological function, we developed a novel methodology to assemble Long-Adapter Single-Strand Oligonucleotide (LASSO) probe libraries that enabled the massively multiplexed capture of kilobase-sized DNA fragments for downstream long read DNA sequencing or expression. This method uses short DNA oligonucleotides (pre-LASSO probes) and a plasmid vector that supplies the linker sequence for the mature LASSO probe through Cre-LoxP intramolecular recombination. This strategy generates high quality LASSO probes libraries (∼46% of correct probes). We performed NGS analysis of the post-capture PCR amplification of DNA circles obtained from the LASSO capture of 3,087 E. coli ORFs spanning from 400- to 5,000 bp. The median enrichment of all targeted ORFs versus untargeted ORFs was 30 times. For ORFs up to 1kb in size, targeted ORFs were enriched up to a median of 260-fold. Here, we show that LASSO probes obtained in this manner, were able to capture full-length open reading frames from total human cDNA. Furthermore, we show that the LASSO capture specificity and sensitivity is sufficient for target capture from total human genomic DNA template. This technology can be used for the preparation of long-read sequencing libraries and for massively multiplexed cloning of human sequences. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Cell-associated pectinolytic and cellulolytic enzymes in Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar trifolii.

Abstract The involvement of Rhizobium enzymes that degrade plant cell wall polymers has long been an unresolved question about the infection process in root nodule symbiosis. Here we report the production of enzymes from Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii that degrade carboxymethyl cellulose and polypectate model substrates with sensitive methods that reliably detect the enzyme activities: a double-layer plate assay, quantitation of reducing sugars with a bicinchoninate reagent, and activity gel electrophoresis-isoelectric focusing. Both enzyme activities were (i) produced commonly by diverse wild-type strains, (ii) cell bound with at least some of the activity associated with the cell envelope, and (iii) not changed appreciably by growth in the presence of the model substrates or a flavone that activates expression of nodulation (nod) genes on the resident symbiotic plasmid (pSym). Equivalent levels of carboxymethyl cellulase activity were found in wild-type strain ANU843 and its pSym-cured derivative, ANU845, consistent with previous results of Morales et al. (V. Morales, E. Martinez-Molina, and D. Hubbell, Plant Soil 80:407-415, 1984). However, polygalacturonase activity was lower in ANU845 and was not restored to wild-type levels in the recombinant derivative of pSym- ANU845 containing the common and host-specific nod genes within a 14-kb HindIII DNA fragment of pSym from ANU843 cloned on plasmid pRt032. Activity gel electrophoresis resolved three carboxymethyl cellulase isozymes of approximately 102, 56, and 33 kDa in cell extracts from ANU843. Isoelectric focusing activity gels revealed one ANU843 polygalacturonase isozyme with a pI of approximately 7.2. These studies show that R. leguminosarum bv. trifolii produces multiple enzymes that cleave glycosidic bonds in plant cell walls and that are cell bound.
Genetic and Epigenomic Footprints of Folate

Dietary micronutrient composition has long been recognized as a determining factor for human health. Historically, biochemical research has successfully unraveled how vitamins serve as essential cofactors for enzymatic reactions in the biochemical machinery of the cell. Folate, also known as vitamin B9, follows this paradigm as well. Folate deficiency is linked to adverse health conditions, and dietary supplementation with folate has proven highly beneficial in the prevention of neural tube defects. With its function in single-carbon metabolism, folate levels affect nucleotide synthesis, with implications for cell proliferation, DNA repair, and genomic stability. Furthermore, by providing the single-carbon moiety in the synthesis pathway for S-adenosylmethionine, the main methyl donor in the cell, folate also impacts methylation reactions. It is this capacity that extends the reach of folate functions into the realm of epigenetics and gene regulation. Methylation reactions play a major role for several modalities of the epigenome. The specific methylation status of histones, noncoding RNAs, transcription factors, or DNA represents a significant determinant for the transcriptional output of a cell. Proper folate status is therefore necessary for a broad range of biological functions that go beyond the biochemistry of folate. In this review, we examine evolutionary, genetic, and epigenomic footprints of folate and the implications for human health.
Incorporating Screencasts In Online Teaching

Despite success in teaching the class ‘Organization of Information in a School Library Media Center’ (EDCI 545) online, one component continued to be a problem for students, the Dewey Decimal Classification System. To supplement the instruction, a set of simple screencasts was developed to assist distance education students. Benchmarks were established and a beta test conducted. It is expected that the next online class of students will have increased success because of the addition of screencasts. It is suggested that screencasts be considered as an additional tool for online learners across other disciplines, particularly when using databases that have layered sets of information, requiring multiple mouse clicks.
EPR or no EPR? The billion-dollar question

The enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect describes the preferential accumulation of nanoparticles within tumors owing to their leaky vasculature and poor lymphatic drainage. First described almost 30 years ago, EPR has been a main reason behind the high enthusiasm for the development of nanoparticle therapeutics as cancer therapies. However, recent results from preclinical studies examining the EPR effect have been mixed, with some reports supporting preferential, EPR-mediated accumulation of nanomedicines within tumors, while others show that the EPR effect is highly dependent on the tumor model. Today, EPR remains a controversial topic in nanomedicine. To this end, Hansen et al. aimed to characterize the differences in EPR effect between different tumor histologies. The authors used canine spontaneous tumors, which closely mimic the human condition, and 64Cu-labeled liposomes, which can be imaged by positron emission tomography. The biodistribution of these radiolabeled liposomes in 11 canine cancer patients revealed that, although most carcinomas had substantial liposome accumulation, most soft tissue sarcomas did not. Their data suggest that tumor histology may therefore have a significant effect on EPR. The investigators also suggest that such radiolabeled nanocarriers could be a useful tool in selecting patients that will benefit from nanoparticle therapeutics based on pretreatment biodistribution of nanoparticle imaging probes. The results from this study are consistent with our understanding of human tumors. Fast-growing tumors such as carcinomas are very vascular and therefore have more porous/leaky blood vessels, whereas slow-growing tumors such as sarcomas are not extremely vascular. It is difficult to reach any firm conclusions for patients based on this study, owing to its small sample size and the fact that the results are from canine tumors. The results of this study will need to be validated in humans. Future research should investigate whether radiolabeled nanoparticles, such as the liposomes described by Hansen et al. , can be used as biomarkers to better select patients that will benefit from nanoparticle therapeutics. A. E. Hansen et al. , Positron emission tomography based elucidation of the enhanced permeability and retention effect in dogs with cancer using copper-64 liposomes. ACS Nano 10.1021/acsnano.5b01324 (2015). [[Abstract]][1] [1]: http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acsnano.5b01324
Discovery of non-covalent dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors which induce a conformational change in the active site

A series of non-covalent inhibitors of the serine protease dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) were found to adopt a U-shaped binding conformation in X-ray co-crystallization studies. Remarkably, Tyr547 undergoes a 70 degrees side-chain rotation to accommodate the inhibitor and allows access to a previously unexposed area of the protein backbone for hydrogen bonding. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Strategies of resistance to internal control regulation

Abstract This paper applies the institutional concepts of resource dependence, power, resistance, and dramaturgical exchange to the legislative history of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) of 1977, internal control proposals and regulations from the late 1970s to the late 1990s, and the internal control requirements under the Sarbanes–Oxley Act (SOX) of 2002. The analysis documents that from 1976 to 2001 powerful organizations and individuals employed active strategies of avoidance, defiance, and manipulation to successfully defeat proposals that would have required all public companies to assess and publicly report on their internal controls over financial reporting. During this same period, the US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) vacillated between actively advocating mandatory internal control reporting and passively acquiescing to industry and White House demands for voluntary internal control reporting. The resulting dramaturgical exchange between the SEC and its regulatees made it appear as if the voluntary initiatives were reasonably effective, but subsequent accounting and financial scandals challenged this view and eventually precipitated mandatory internal control assessment and reporting. The paper also considers how the ongoing dramaturgical exchange between regulators and regulatees could significantly weaken the internal control requirements of SOX (2002) [Sarbanes–Oxley Act of 2002 (2002). Public Law 107–204, 116 Stat. 745], and discusses implications for future research and recent critiques of neoinstitutional theory.
Algorithms and Complexity Analysis for Robust Single-Machine Scheduling Problems

In this paper, we study a robust single-machine scheduling problem under four alternative optimization criteria: minimizing total completion time, minimizing total weighted completion time, minimizing maximum lateness, and minimizing the number of late jobs. We assume that job processing times are subject to uncertainty. Accordingly, we construct three alternative uncertainty sets, each of which defines job processing times that can simultaneously occur. The robust optimization framework assumes that, given a job schedule, a worst-case set of processing times will be realized from among those allowed by the uncertainty set under consideration. For each combination of objective function and uncertainty set, we first analyze the problem of identifying a set of worst-case processing times with respect to a fixed schedule, and then investigate the problem of selecting a schedule whose worst-case objective is minimal.
Exceptional calendar calculation ability after early left hemispherectomy

Abstract An 18-year-old male subject who had had his left hemisphere removed at age eight was better than chance at calculating the day of the week upon which dates in the past and future fell. He was able to describe his method of calculation, which relied upon both visual memory and serial calculations. The use of a serial calculation method was supported by evidence that both response time and accuracy were related to the distance in years from the current year. The use of both visual and verbal “working” memory was supported by interference effects from calendar calculations and delayed visual and verbal memory tasks. The case is discussed in terms of theories regarding similar calculation skills in idiot savants.
Morphogenesis and vegetative differentiation in filamentous fungi

Filamentous fungi are a morphologically diverse group of organisms. Growth occurs by extension of the hyphal tip. Cell shape is primarily determined by the location and rate of cell wall deposition. Signalling pathways that control these processes result in the formation of distinct cell types and multicellular structures. Examples of conidiation and appressorium formation in several filamentous ascomycetes suggest that some common features exist in the regulatory mechanisms governing asexual development in these fungi.
Stability of tight-packed metals with the embedded-atom method

Relationships between embedded-atom method parameters and the energies of fcc-hcp stability and intrinsic and extrinsic fcc stacking-faults were studied for Cu, Ag, Au, Ni, Pd, and Pt. It was found that the relative magnitudes of these energies for different metals are determined primarily by the physical input data and are almost independent of the cutoff distance and the functions used in the model. These energies increase with increasing vacancy formation energy, decrease with increasing atomic volume and shear modulus, and are almost independent of variations in the cohesive energy and the bulk modulus. However, the shape of the energy versus cutoff distance curve is almost the same for all six metals and is determined primarily by the cutoff distance and the functions used in the model. The shape for a given model is almost independent of the physical input parameters used for fitting to specific metals, can yield either positive or negative values (determined primarily by the cutoff distance), and is similar for all three energies.
Templated Pt-Sn electrocatalysts for ethanol, methanol and CO oxidation in alkaline media

Abstract In this work, we have investigated an aerosol-derived templated electrocatalyst for electro-oxidation of small organic molecules in alkaline media. Templated Pt–Sn electrocatalysts are compared to templated Pt catalysts both synthesized in an aerosol synthesis technique. In this synthesis approach, mono-disperse silica nanoparticles are used to template the metallic precursors. Structural and compositional analysis of the nanostructured materials are performed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and BET surface area measurements. The aerosol-derived templated electrocatalysts are examined in conjunction with an anion exchange ionomer for ethanol, methanol and CO oxidation in alkaline media. The electrochemical studies include cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry and voltammetric adsorption of adsorbed CO.
Gas Chromatographic Analysis of Long-Chain Fatty Acids in Gangliosides

BRAIN gangliosides are complex, aggregate, water-soluble lipids with an apparent molecular weight of about 220,000 in aqueous solution. The constituent building blocks have been identified as N-acetyl neuraminic acid, N-acetyl galactosamine, galactose, glucose, sphingosine and a long-chain fatty acid1,2. The exact structure of the complex unit has, however, not been elucidated. It has been possible to separate various gangliosides by repeated crystallization2,3 or by chromatography3–5 into closely related fractions the compositions of which are as yet uncertain. Klenk originally identified the fatty acid isolated from brain gangliosides as stearic acid. In view of the fact that Kishimoto and Radin6 were able to demonstrate a considerable variation in the fatty acid moiety of cerebrosides, a glycolipid very closely related to the gangliosides, it was considered that the original findings of stearic acid only in the gangliosides should be re-investigated by means of the more advanced techniques now available.
Tyrosine 981, a novel ret autophosphorylation site, binds c-Src to mediate neuronal survival.

The glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) family ligands (GFLs) are neurotrophic factors that influence several aspects of the developing and injured nervous system. GFLs signal through a common receptor tyrosine kinase (Ret) and one of the four ligand-binding co-receptors (GFRα1 to 4). Ligand-induced translocation of Ret to lipid rafts, where it interacts with the nonreceptor tyrosine kinase Src, is a prerequisite for full biological activity of these neurotrophic factors. This interaction and subsequent activation of Src are required for GFL-mediated neuronal survival, neurite outgrowth, or cell proliferation. Here we show by multiple approaches that Ret tyrosine 981 constitutes the major binding site of the Src homology 2 domain of Src and therefore the primary residue responsible for Src activation upon Ret engagement. Other tyrosines such as 1015 and 1029 may contribute to the overall interaction between Ret and Src, as judged by overexpression experiments. By generating a phosphospecific antibody, we demonstrate that tyrosine 981 is a novel autophosphorylation site in Ret. Importantly, we also show that this tyrosine becomes phosphorylated in dissociated sympathetic neurons after ligand stimulation. Mutation of tyrosine 981 to phenylalanine reduces GDNF-mediated survival in a transfected cerebellar granule neuron paradigm.
Oscillatory magnetostriction in the noble metals

Stress derivatives of the Fermi surface cross-sectional areas of the necks of silver, copper, and gold are determined from the absolute amplitudes of the oscillatory component of the magnetostriction. Observation of oscillations from certain belly and rosette orbits are also reported.
The Cyclotron Resonance Backward-Wave Oscillator

An electron injected into a longitudinal magnetic field with some initial transverse motion will rotate at the cyclotron frequency in the transverse plane. If an RF electric field, which is polarized in the transverse plane and which oscillates at the cyclotron frequency, is present, a cumulative energy interchange between the electron and the field will occur. This principle of cyclotron resonance interaction has been applied to the construction of a backward-wave oscillator and amplifier which requires no slow-wave circuit. The elimination of the slow-wave circuit provides several advantages, particularly if one is interested in the generation of energy at millimeter wavelengths. At these short wavelengths, it becomes extremely difficult to fabricate a slow-wave circuit, and, in addition, the interaction is weak because the fields decay exponentially away from the conducting surface. The present tube has approximately 100 times the transverse area of a helix operating at a comparable beam voltage and has strongest RF fields in the region of the electron beam. The tube has been constructed for operation at S band, and the circuit consists of sections of standard S-band rectangular waveguide with a field pattern of the TE10 mode. An unbunched beam with some initial transverse motion is injected into a constant, longitudinal magnetic field. Bunching occurs in the interaction region, and, for sufficiently high beam current, oscillation power is produced at the gun end of the tube.
Surface segregation in thin films

We present a theoretical analysis of the effects of thickness on surface segregation in thin films. This theory predicts surface composition as a function of the heat of segregation, temperature and film thickness. The heat of segregation can be obtained from a bulk measurement. We then present atomistic simulation results for segregation in thin films of different thicknesses and at different temperatures. Our theoretical results show excellent correspondence with the atomistic simulation results for all film thicknesses with no adjustable parameters, other than the bulk heat of segregation. Extensions of the theory to describe multiple layer segregation are outlined.
The effect of a four-month physical fitness program on a young and an old group matched for physical fitness

A young (¯X=36.8 years) and an old (¯X=52.9 years) group (n=12) matched for physical fitness performed a graded exercise test at the beginning and after a 4-month physical fitness program consisting of calisthenics, jogging, and recreational activities. The purpose of the study was to determine if there were any differences in response to physical training in the two age groups of similar fitness. Sixteen physiological and four biochemical variables were measured. There was no significant difference in $$\dot V$$ O2 max between the young and old groups. Also, there were no significant differences between groups for serum total lipids, cholesterol, triglycerides, or glucose levels. The effects of the training program were similar for both the young and old groups.
Cure Cycle Optimization for the Reduction of Processing-Induced Residual Stresses in Composite Materials

The control and reduction of processing-induced residual stresses has been investigated by modifying processing conditions for a graphite/BMI composite material. The effects of dwell temperature, dwell time, cool-down rate, cool-down pres sure, and postcure on residual stresses were investigated using unsymmetric cross-ply laminates. The effects on transverse mechanical properties were also measured. Experi mental results have shown that residual stresses can be reduced by as much as 25-30% while retaining or enhancing transverse mechanical properties by curing at lower tempera tures for longer times or utilizing an intermediate low-temperature dwell in three-step cure cycles. Overall process cycle times are not lengthened for three-step curing.
Gluteal muscle attachment during proximal femoral reconstruction in a canine model

In this 18 month in vivo canine study we compared three methods of attaching the gluteal muscles to the proximal femur during hip reconstruction with an allograft-prosthesis composite (APC). All three methods are commonly practiced in human hip revision surgery and data on their effectiveness in dogs is directly relevant to human treatment. The methods compared were host gluteal tendon sutured to allograft tendon, host greater trochanter apposed to allograft using a cable grip system, and host cortical bone shells around the allograft secured with cerclage wires. For each method, we assessed changes in allograft-host bone fusion, weight bearing, gluteal muscle mass, and structural properties through qualitative radiography, gait analysis, histology, and biomechanical testing. Hip reconstruction using the WRAP method resulted in the greatest limb use with complete resolution of gluteal muscle atrophy 18 months after surgery. This method yielded a stronger, more stable hip joint that allowed for more normal limb function. These hips had the more rapid rate of bony union at the host bone-allograft junction and little resorption of the graft. The increased limb use and resultant larger gluteal muscle mass conferred to the WRAP hip composites the greatest tensile strength and stiffness when tested 18 months after reconstruction. There was a large amount of new bone formation on the periosteal surface where the WRAP reconstructions had an overlay of live bone that resulted in a more rapid union and increased cortical width at the level of the osteotomy. New bone also penetrated into the allograft a greater distance from the osteotomy in the WRAP group.
Qualitative correlation between viscometric and linear viscoelastic functions

Abstract Starting from a simple set of phenomenological assumptions, we show how to establish a qualitative similarity between η(γ) and η′(ω), and a similar correlation between N 1 ( γ ) and 2ωη″(ω). Specifically, these assumptions are: 1. A broad relaxation spectrum; 2. A K-BKZ type superposition principle; 3. Saturation of stress for high shear rates.