cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Revisiting How Professors Think across National and Occupational Contexts

Revisiting How Professors Think through the lens of the evaluative cultures of Spanish peer reviewers and those of American policy experts raises diverse unanticipated challenges. Below I first discuss the three contributions that consider How Professors Think via cross-national comparisons (Diez Medrano, Lasen, and Valiente) before turning to the discussion of cognitive autonomy at the center of Medvetz’s comments, which are inspired by his own particularly illuminating study of American think tanks (Medvetz 2012). Before proceeding, I wish to thank our four colleagues for making time to seriously think about some of the implications of How Professors Think that I had not previously considered. I am greatly appreciative of their thoughtful contributions, as I am of Alvaro Santana-Acuna and Xavier Coller for suggesting this symposium and for so skillfully orchestrating it. They have created a much valued opportunity for me to reflect on How Professors Think four years after the publication of the book in English, and after that, it has made its way into various international audiences via translations in Korean, Chinese, and soon Spanish. How Professors Think concluded on whether it is desirable and possible for peer review “a la americana” to diffuse beyond U.S. borders. In the last chapter I described some of the conditions that make this type of evaluative practice possible in the United States (focusing on factors such as the significant demographic weight of the U.S. research community, the spatial distance and decentralization of its institutions of higher education, and the lengthy graduate education process that brings students in close contact with mentors who impact their self-concept while diffusing implicit evaluation standards). This chapter also suggested why it would not be reasonable to expect that the same customary rules of evaluation I described to appear in countries where different conditions for scientific work prevail. This has been confirmed in
Use of Tissue Expander for Contracted Scarred Saddle Deformity Rhinoplasty.

The main purpose of this article is to present an alternative technique for the reconstruction of saddle nose deformity in patients with severely scarred or contracted soft tissue envelopes. In this single surgeon case series, the authors present a two-staged reconstruction performed on four adult patients with saddle nose deformities and contracted soft tissue envelope stemming from a variety of etiologic factors including vasculitis, sarcoidosis, and trauma. Stage one involved placement of a 1 × 4 cm tissue expander along the nasal dorsum through anterior scalp and endonasal incisions. The tissue expander port was positioned under the anterior scalp and injected with saline over 3 weeks in-office. Stage two involved removal of the tissue expander and rhinoplasty using osteocartilaginous rib grafts. All four patients had successful expansion of the contracted soft tissue envelope, creating adequate space for the newly reconstructed nasal framework. One patient developed exposure of the tissue expander through the endonasal incision, which did not lead to any adverse outcome. All patients in this series tolerated expansion well, without complaints of pain or external skin breakdown. The use of soft tissue expanders along the nasal dorsum can successfully expand contracted and scarred soft tissue envelopes prior to reconstructive rhinoplasty. This technique may be an effective alternative to the use of interpolated flaps in treating these patients.
Inter-temporal choices with temporal reference dependence

Abstract I develop an intertemporal choice model for rational deviators whose preferences depend not only on their actual consumption but also on comparison to their beliefs about the optimal consumption. The standard decision maker is loss averse with respect to this belief-dependent reference point. When psychologically weighted loss aversion is low, a decision maker deviates from the standard intertemporal choice behavior and over-consumption, as well as the alternative possibility of under-consumption can be rationalized. When the decision maker has time-varying degrees of loss aversion, he re-optimizes the consumption plan through adjusted beliefs as subsequent selves realize that past decision for the present period is no longer optimal. In the dynamic model, I solve for consistent intertemporal optimization rules by which a dynamic deviator should meet rational intertemporal consistency at each point in time. Finally, I demonstrate that the dynamic reference dependent model can solve a puzzling feature in lifecycle consumption data.
Sex-Related Differences in Use and Outcomes of Left Ventricular Assist Devices as Bridge to Transplantation

Abstract Objectives This study examined sex-related differences in use and outcomes of continuous-flow left ventricular assist devices (CF-LVADs) among individuals awaiting heart transplantation using the United Network for Organ Sharing registry. Background Advanced therapies for heart failure including CF-LVADs remain underused in women. There have been contradictory results regarding sex-specific outcomes. Many studies have been limited by small sample sizes or included pulsatile-flow devices. Methods De-identified patient-level data were obtained from the United Network for Organ Sharing database. The database was queried to identify adult patients (≥18 years of age) who required mechanical circulatory support with HeartWare HVAD (Medtronic, Minneapolis, Minnesota), HeartMate II (Abbott, Lake Bluff, Illinois), or HeartMate 3 (Abbott) as bridge to heart transplantation between 2008 and 2018. Each patient was assigned a propensity score. The primary outcomes of interest were rates of transplantation and death. Results A total of 13,305 patients (2,771 women, 20.8%) received support with CF-LVAD in the study period. There were significant sex disparities in CF-LVAD use in listed patients (29.9% men vs. 18.9% women in 2017). Female patients receiving CF-LVAD support had lower chances of heart transplantation (55.1% vs. 67.5%), increased risk of waitlist mortality (7.0% vs. 4.2%), and delisting for worsening clinical status (8.5% vs. 4.7%) at 2 years post-implantation (all p Conclusions Durable mechanical circulatory support with CF-LVADs remains underused in women. When matched with similar male control subjects, women experienced higher mortality and lower rates of heart transplantation.
Progress in quantitative inorganic analysis: 1960

Abstract The large increase in the number of papers dealing with the micro-determination of inorganic substances within the last several years has made necessary a selection of representative papers rather than a comprehensive review or a complete coverage of the field. This report includes published information collected by the abstractors of the Microchemical Journal in 1960. As in past reports, the topics will be divided into four categories: (a) gravimetric micromethods, (b) titrimetric micromethods, (c) instrumental methods, (d) miscellaneous methods.
Provider-Patient Discussions About Smoking and the Impact of Lung Cancer Screening Guidelines: NHIS 2011-2015.

Clinical practice guidelines for treating tobacco use and lung cancer screening guidelines recommend smoking cessation counseling to current smokers by health care professionals. Our objective was to determine the contemporary patterns of current smokers’ discussions about smoking with their health care professionals in the USA. We conducted an observational study of 30,132 current smokers (weighted sample 40,126,006) for the years 2011 to 2015 using data from the National Health Interview Survey. Our main outcome was the proportion of current smokers who had discussions about smoking with their health care professionals. We used the Cochran-Armitage trend test to evaluate the temporal trends in current smokers’ discussions about smoking, and used a multivariable logistic model to determine the predictors of discussions about smoking, controlling for smokers’ demographics, health status, and receipts of lung cancer screening. Our study found the proportion of current smokers who had discussions about smoking with their health care professionals increased from 51.3% in 2011 to 55.4% in 2015 (P-trend < 0.0001). However, about 15% of current smokers who underwent lung cancer screening did not have or could not recall discussions about smoking with their health care professionals. In multivariable analyses and sensitivity analysis, the predictors of discussions about smoking were being a heavy smoker, receipt of lung cancer screening, being non-Hispanic white, having a physician office visit in the past year, being diagnosed with respiratory conditions, having fair or poor health, and having insurance coverage. The results demonstrated a steady but slow increase in current smokers’ discussions about smoking with their health care professionals in recent years, especially among heavy smokers. More than 40% of current smokers did not have or could not recall any discussions about smoking with their health care professionals.
Non-invasive carbon dioxide monitoring in patients with cystic fibrosis during general anesthesia: end-tidal versus transcutaneous techniques

The gold standard for measuring the partial pressure of carbon dioxide remains arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis. For patients with cystic fibrosis undergoing general anesthesia or polysomnography studies, continuous non-invasive carbon dioxide monitoring may be required. The current study compares end-tidal (ETCO2), transcutaneous (TCCO2), and capillary blood gas carbon dioxide (Cap-CO2) monitoring with the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) from an ABG in patients with cystic fibrosis. Intraoperatively, a single CO2 value was simultaneously obtained using ABG (PaCO2), capillary (Cap-CO2), TCCO2, and ETCO2 techniques. Tests for correlation (Pearson’s coefficient) and agreement (Bland–Altman analysis) were performed. Data were further stratified into two subgroups based on body mass index (BMI) and percent predicted forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1%). Additionally, the absolute difference in the TCCO2, ETCO2, and Cap-CO2 values versus PaCO2 was calculated. The mean ± SD differences were compared using a paired t test while the number of times the values were ≤ 3 mmHg and ≤ 5 mmHg from the PaCO2 were compared using a Fishers’ exact test. The study cohort included 47 patients (22 males, 47%) with a mean age of 13.4 ± 7.8 years, median (IQR) BMI of 18.7 kg/m2 (16.7, 21.4), and mean FEV1% of 87.3 ± 18.3%. Bias (SD) was 4.8 (5.7) mmHg with Cap-CO2 monitoring, 7.3 (9.7) mmHg with TCCO2 monitoring, and 9.7 (7.7) mmHg with ETCO2 monitoring. Although there was no difference between the degree of bias in the population as a whole, when divided based on FEV1% and BMI, there was greater bias with ETCO2 in patients with a lower FEV1% and a higher BMI. The Cap-CO2 vs. PaCO2 difference was 5.2 ± 5.3 mmHg (SD), with 16 (48%) ≤ 3 mmHg and 20 (61%) ≤ 5 mmHg from the ABG value. The TCCO2–PaCO2 difference was 9.1 ± 7.2 mmHg (SD), with 11 (27%) ≤ 3 mmHg and 15 (37%) ≤ 5 mmHg from the ABG value. The ETCO2–PaCO2 mean difference was 11.2 ± 7.9 mmHg (SD), with 5 (12%) ≤ 3 mmHg and 11 (26%) ≤ 5 mmHg from the ABG value. While Cap-CO2 most accurately reflects PaCO2 as measured on ABG, of the non-invasive continuous monitors, TCCO2 was a more accurate and reliable measure of PaCO2 than ETCO2, especially in patients with worsening pulmonary function (FEV1% ≤ 81%) and/or a higher BMI (≥ 18.7 kg/m2).
Re)negotiation of the cultural and linguistic identities of the Azorean Portuguese in Eastern Massachusetts

ABSTRACTLinguistic identity of migrant communities is highly related to cultural practices. Given that social and individual identity emerges through social interaction and discursive practices whe...
A Retrospective Observational Study of Domiciliary Oxygen Usage in a Subset of Veterans

BACKGROUND: Long-term oxygen therapy (LTOT) delivered continuously is known to decrease mortality in patients with COPD and who are hypoxemic; however, supportive data for LTOT use in patients without COPD is lacking. In addition, many patients may be prescribed LTOT without a definitive etiology for hypoxemia. First, we investigated the diagnoses for which oxygen was prescribed to a sample of veterans and whether each diagnosis was supported by confirmatory testing. Second, we looked at the proportion of subjects who were prescribed non-continuous therapy. METHODS: We retrospectively studied subjects prescribed domiciliary oxygen at the Veterans Administration Western New York Healthcare System. The subjects who met inclusion criteria were identified by using a computerized patient record system; data were collected on subject characteristics, oxygen prescription information, diagnosis for hypoxia, and diagnostic workup. Descriptive data were presented as mean ± SD and median (range). Statistical analysis was performed by using the chi-square test and an unpaired t test. RESULTS: A total of 494 patients were included: 96.8% men, mean ± SD ages 74.2 ± 10.8 y. Most of the subjects were prescribed oxygen as out-patients (68.5%). A total of 335 (67.8%) were prescribed oxygen for continuous therapy, 72 (14.1%) for nocturnal therapy, 50 (10.1%) for exertion, and 30 (6.1%) for both exertion and nocturnal use. At 3 months, 19.6% of the initial cohort had oxygen discontinued. In those subjects with oxygen continued at 3 months, COPD was the most common diagnosis (63.6%), of which 76.1% had pulmonary function tests (PFTs), with 85.7% showing obstruction on spirometry. CONCLUSIONS: Results of our study showed a 99.4% adherence to Medicare criteria for domiciliary oxygen prescription. Also, 30.3% of the subjects were prescribed LTOT for exertional or nocturnal desaturation or both. Repeated testing at 3 months identified subjects who no longer required oxygen. COPD was the most common etiology for domiciliary oxygen. A small proportion of the subjects (6.9%) were prescribed oxygen without underlying etiology for hypoxia. Exertional and/or nocturnal oxygen prescription was common, and further research to elucidate its utility is clearly warranted.
Impact of Surveillance After Lobectomy for Lung Cancer on Disease Detection and Survival

Abstract Introduction Existing guidelines for surveillance after non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treatment are inconsistent and have relatively sparse supporting literature. This study characterizes detection rates of metachronous and recurrent disease during surveillance with computed tomography scans after definitive treatment of early stage NSCLC. Materials and Methods The incidence of metachronous and recurrent disease in patients who previously underwent complete resection via lobectomy for stage IA NSCLC at a single center from 1996 to 2010 were evaluated. A subgroup analysis was used to compare survival of patients whose initial surveillance scan was 6 ± 3 months (early) versus 12 ± 3 months (late) after lobectomy. Results Of 294 eligible patients, 49 (17%) developed recurrent disease (14 local only, 35 distant), and 45 (15%) developed new NSCLC. Recurrent disease was found at a mean of 22 ± 19 months, and new primaries were found at a mean of 52 ± 31 months after lobectomy (P Conclusion Surveillance after lobectomy for stage IA NSCLC is useful for identifying both new primary as well as recurrent disease, but waiting to start surveillance until 12 ± 3 months after surgery is unlikely to miss clinically important findings.
Consistent Terminology and Reporting Are Needed to Describe Water Quantity Use

AbstractThe value of water use quantification assessments is hindered by the use of inconsistent terminology and reporting standards. Challenges associated with data collection and maintenance are ...
MONTAGE: a new tool for high-throughput detection of mosaic copy number variation.

Not all cells in a given individual are identical in their genomic makeup. Mosaicism describes such a phenomenon where a mixture of genotypic states in certain genomic segments exists within the same individual. Mosaicism is a prevalent and impactful class of non-integer state copy number variation (CNV). Mosaicism implies that certain cell types or subset of cells contain a CNV in a segment of the genome while other cells in the same individual do not. Several studies have investigated the impact of mosaicism in single patients or small cohorts but no comprehensive scan of mosaic CNVs has been undertaken to accurately detect such variants and interpret their impact on human health and disease. We developed a tool called Montage to improve the accuracy of detection of mosaic copy number variants in a high throughput fashion. Montage directly interfaces with ParseCNV2 algorithm to establish disease phenotype genome-wide association and determine which genomic ranges had more or less than expected frequency of mosaic events. We screened for mosaic events in over 350,000 samples using 1% allele frequency as the detection limit. Additionally, we uncovered disease associations of multiple phenotypes with mosaic CNVs at several genomic loci. We additionally investigated the allele imbalance observations genome-wide to define non-diploid and non-integer copy number states. Our novel algorithm presents an efficient tool with fast computational runtime and high levels of accuracy of mosaic CNV detection. A curated mosaic CNV callset of 3716 events in 2269 samples is presented with comparability to previous reports and disease phenotype associations. The new algorithm can be freely accessed via: https://github.com/CAG-CNV/MONTAGE .
Identifying and supporting teachers’ robust understanding of proportional reasoning

Abstract This case study uses the Framework for Teachers’ Robust Understanding of Proportional Reasoning for Teaching (Weiland et al., 2020) to characterize how 51 mathematics teachers solved a comparison proportional problem. We found 50 of the 51 teachers productively drew upon four knowledge resources: (1) proportional situation, (2) ratios as part: part or part: whole, (3) unit rates, and (4) ratio as measure. This study details these and teachers’ less commonly used knowledge resources, as well as counterproductive statements related to the knowledge resources. We analyze the structure of the comparison proportion problem and suggest why teachers drew on particular knowledge resources. Lastly, we highlight how counterproductive statements highlight areas of focus for mathematics teacher educators and extends the operationalizing of the robust proportional reasoning framework for mathematics education researchers.
Measuring Resilience as Asymmetric Mean Reversion

We introduce a new method to measure resilience, defined as the ability of an individual, household or community to recover after a decline in well-being. Our approach measures resilience as the extent to which outcomes recover, against the benchmark of symmetric mean reversion arising from measurement error or random fluctuations. Observing desirable asymmetry in which recovery is larger than would be expected due to mean reversion allows us to measure resilience without having observed the precipitating shocks. We present the method, derive correction factors to account for autocorrelation, and apply the method to data on diet diversity and anthropometry of women and children from Nepal, Bangladesh, and Uganda. Tests introduced in this paper offer a promising approach to identifying groups with statistically significant resilience; observing the presence or need for social insurance, safety nets and other sources of resilience; and assessing the sustained effects of interventions.
First principles study of phase stability in Ba-based tantalate complex double perovskites

Despite the practical importance of Ba-based perovskite dielectrics in microwave applications, the literature does not consistently agree which structural phases form. To provide insight, we use density functional methods to calculate Gibbs energies of structural polymorphs of 1:1 ordered Ba-based perovskites. Ba(In1/2Ta1/2)O3 has a ground state Fm 3¯m cubic phase at 0 K, while Ba(Y1/2Ta1/2)O3, Ba(Gd1/2Ta1/2)O3, and Ba(Nd1/2Ta1/2)O3 form lower symmetry ground state phases. With increasing temperature, the structural phases change from monoclinic I2/m to trigonal R 3¯ and finally to cubic Fm 3¯m. For the zero and higher temperature conditions, the energy differences between the ground state and next higher energetic polymorphs are below 50 meV/atom and arise predominantly from changes in the octahedral tilts. The resulting coexistence of two or more polymorphs at room temperature and similar x-ray diffraction patterns may explain why so many papers report different phases for the same compound.
Applications of Sensitivity Analysis in Remote Sensing

In this chapter we consider the practical applications of sensitivity analysis in remote sensing. After a brief review of various types of sensitivities, we consider three main areas of applications: the error analyses of input and output parameters and the solution of inverse problems. The error analysis of output parameters with given errors of input parameters is most straightforward. The corresponding algorithm involves, essentially, only matrix multiplication. The error analysis of input parameters with given requirements to errors of output parameters becomes more complicated if the matrix of sensitivities cannot be inverted directly. The solution of inverse problems is the most sophisticated area of application of sensitivity analysis. Here, the simple forms of least squares method and of the method of statistical regularization are presented.
Administrative Law in the Roberts Court: The First Four Years

Given Justice David Souter’s retirement in the summer of 2009, the four U.S. Supreme Court terms that began in October 2005 and ended in June 2009 constitute a first distinct phase of the Roberts Court. During those first four terms, moreover, the Court decided a number of cases relevant to the practice and structure of administrative law. This Article provides a comprehensive survey and summary of the Supreme Court’s administrative-law-related decisions issued during this first phase of the Roberts Court. It organizes those decisions into three categories. Part I of this Article discusses the Supreme Court decisions that affect access to the federal courts, covering issues such as standing, jurisdiction, causes of action, statutes of limitation, and exhaustion of administrative remedies. Part II presents the Roberts Court cases that have addressed federalism and the Supreme Court’s role in defining the relations between and the respective authority of the state and federal governments, including the imposition of Due Process requirements on states, dormant Commerce Clause limitations on states, federal preemption of state law, and the increasing role of federalism concerns as a factor in the Court’s statutory interpretation. Part III summarizes those decisions that give insights into the Robert Court’s perspective on the “proper” role of the federal courts in a tripartite federal government, covering issues such as constitutional interpretation, the Court’s interactions with Congress, federal court review of federal agency actions, and Chevron deference. While acknowledging that these decisions do not allow for any absolutely consistent principles to be discerned, this Article nevertheless concludes that a strong majority of the Justices are quite comfortable with the Court’s roles as constitutional interpreter and as constitutional mediator between governments and citizens and between states and the federal government. However, an admittedly weaker majority also otherwise prefers to defer to other branches of government - Congress and agencies - with respect to the implementation of statutes, even when doing so sacrifices some federal court prerogatives.
A Lower Cyst Fluid CEA Cut-Off Increases Diagnostic Accuracy In Identifying Mucinous Pancreatic Cystic Lesions

Context Carcinoembryonic antigen analysis of pancreatic cyst fluid is the tumor marker of choice for preoperatively differentiating mucinous from non-mucinous cystic lesions. Objective We aim to determine the most accurate cyst carcinoembryonic antigen cut-off value for distinguishing mucinous cysts from non-mucinous cysts with a focus on discriminating intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms. Methods The results of pancreatic cyst aspiration carcinoembryonic antigen levels from a single center were retrospectively collected and evaluated for a diagnosis of a mucinous cyst and an assessment of malignancy using surgical histology as the diagnostic standard in 86 patients. Results The median cyst carcinoembryonic antigen level (ng/mL) was significantly higher in mucinous cysts compared with non-mucinous cysts (218 vs. 4.4; P=0.0006) and in intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms compared with non-mucinous cysts (135 vs. 4.4; P=0.0027). A cyst carcinoembryonic antigen cut-off of 30.7 ng/mL was most accurate (87.2%) for differentiating mucinous from non-mucinous cysts and specifically for differentiating intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms from non-mucinous cysts (82.7%). Cyst carcinoembryonic antigen levels were not significantly different between malignant and non-malignant mucinous cysts (68.5 vs. 238.1; P=0.51). Conclusions Pancreatic cyst fluid carcinoembryonic antigen can accurately differentiate histologically verified mucinous lesions, including intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms, from non-mucinous lesions with an optimal cut-off that is much lower than previously reported values. Cyst carcinoembryonic antigen levels are not a reliable predictor of malignancy. Image: Sensitivity and specificity curves of cyst fluid CEA levels for differentiating mucinous from non-mucinous cysts.
The Destruction of Interstellar Dust

This paper reviews the detailed physics of the processes involved in the destruction of interstellar dust in interstellar shocks: sputtering by impacting gas atoms, and vaporization and shattering by grain-grain collisions. An analytical formalism is developed that describes these processes. The structure of interstellar shocks is discussed and the fate of grains in the cooling postshock gas is followed. Theoretical calculations show that high velocity shocks (υ > 50 km/s) destroy interstellar dust efficiently. A simple stick model for evolution of interstellar dust in the interstellar medium (ISM), which includes dust destruction by shocks in the Warm ISM, accretion in the cloud phases, Stardust injection, and mixing between the interstellar cloud and intercloud phases is described. It is concluded that fast shocks occur so frequently that the lifetime of refractory grains such as graphite and silicates is only 5 × 108 yr, much shorter than the Stardust injection timescale. Consequently, growth of interstellar dust through accretion in the cloud phases of the ISM has to be rapid as well. This model is also used to derive rather directly dust lifetimes against destruction and accretion timescales from observations of depletions in the cloud and intercloud phases of the ISM. These are compared to the theoretically calculated lifetimes and the implications are discussed.
Control of diesel gaseous and particulate emissions with a tube-type wet electrostatic precipitator.

Abstract In this study, experiments were performed with a bench-scale tube-type wet electrostatic precipitator (wESPs) to investigate its effectiveness for the removal of mass- and number-based diesel particulate matter (DPM), hydrocarbons (HCs), carbon monoxide (CO), and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) from diesel exhaust emissions. The concentration of ozone (O3) present in the exhaust that underwent a nonthermal plasma treatment process inside the wESP was also measured. A nonroad diesel generator operating at varying load conditions was used as a stationary diesel emission source. The DPM mass analysis was conducted by means of isokinetic sampling and the DPM mass concentration was determined by a gravimetric method. An electrical low-pressure impactor (ELPI) was used to quantify the DPM number concentration. The HC compounds, n-alkanes, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were collected on a moisture-free quartz filter together with a PUF/XAD/PUF cartridge and extracted in dichloromethane with sonic...
The concept of capital

Comment on Piketty, Thomas. 2014. Capital in the twenty-first century . Translated by Arthur Goldhammer. Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University.
Holdups, Renegotiation, and Termination Fees in Mergers

We examine contracts used in mergers from the announcement of initial definitive agreement to the completion or termination of the deal, and the renegotiation process in between. We build a model that allows for renegotiation following the arrival of new information, and demonstrate that a properly designed contract solves the holdup problem and induces higher deal-specific efforts that increase the synergy of the merger. The contract grants an option to the target to terminate the merger, while the strike price can be regarded as the "termination fee" paid by the target. The optimal target termination fee compensates the acquirer's deal-specific effort without imposing excessive costs on the target for pursuing non-merger alternatives. With a sample of stock mergers from 1994 to 1999 we find: 1) termination fees are used more frequently on the target side than on the acquirer side because the target's holdup problem is more severe; 2) an acquirer's lockup option or a toehold are also devices to solve target's holdup problem; 3) target termination fee increases when measures of acquirer's deal-specific effort increase, but it decreases when measures of the target's non-merger alternatives increase; and 4) renegotiation of the initial agreement ensures that the merger decision is efficient at the time of merger completion or termination.
U‐Pb and Hf isotope analysis of detrital zircons from Mesozoic strata of the Gravina belt, southeast Alaska

The Gravina belt consists of Upper Jurassic through Lower Cretaceous marine clastic strata and mafic-intermediate volcanic rocks that occur along the western flank of the Coast Mountains in southeast Alaska and coastal British Columbia. This report presents U-Pb ages and Hf isotope determinations of detrital zircons that have been recovered from samples collected from various stratigraphic levels and from along the length of the belt. The results support previous interpretations that strata in the western portion of the Gravina belt accumulated along the inboard margin of the Alexander-Wrangellia terrane and in a back-arc position with respect to the western Coast Mountains batholith. Our results are also consistent with previous suggestions that eastern strata accumulated along the western margin of the inboard Stikine, Yukon-Tanana, and Taku terranes and in a fore-arc position with respect to the eastern Coast Mountains batholith. The history of juxtaposition of western and eastern assemblages is obscured by subsequent plutonism, deformation, and metamorphism within the Coast Mountains orogen, but may have occurred along an Early Cretaceous sinistral transform system. Our results are inconsistent with models in which an east-facing subduction zone existed along the inboard margin of the Alexander-Wrangellia terrane during Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous time.
Identification of Bordetella pertussis regulatory sequences required for transcriptional activation of the fhaB gene and autoregulation of the bvgAS operon.

Abstract Transcription of numerous virulence genes in Bordetella pertussis is positively regulated by the products of the bvgAS genes. In this study a series of lacZYA fusions containing deletions in either the fhaB or bvgA promoter regions was used to identify cis-acting regulatory regions required for bvg activation of these two genes. Gel retardation and DNase I protection analyses have shown that specific protein-DNA interactions occur at these regulatory regions and that these interactions require the transcriptional activator protein BvgA. The regulatory regions found upstream of fhaB and bvgA which are involved in protein binding both contain the sequence TTTCCTA. This sequence is part of an inverted repeat upstream of fhaB and a direct repeat upstream of bvgA. Homologous repeats are not apparent upstream of other bvg-activated genes, such as ptx and cyaA. These data suggest that the mechanism for transcriptional regulation of the other bvg-activated genes is complex and may require regulatory factors in addition to the bvgAS gene products.
Archaeology beyond Dialogue

Archaeology beyond Dialogue. Ian Hodder. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 2003. 208 pp.
Submicrometer self-aligned dual-gate GaAs FET

Experimental results show that it is possible to fabricate dual-gate GaAs FET's, with L g1 = 0.6 µm and L g2 = 1.3 µm, using conventional photoprocessing equipment, masks, and alignment tolerances. The initial source mesa establishes both the source and drain edges during the ohmic contact metal deposition. These two edges establish the lengths and positions of the two gates in the channel, during the two subsequent evaporations. Initial experimental devices gave reasonably good small-signal microwave performance: 8-dB packaged net gain with less than 6-dB simultaneous noise figure, at 6 GHz.
The practical application of chimerism analyses in allogeneic stem cell transplant recipients: blood chimerism is equivalent to marrow chimerism.

Abstract Background Chimerism defines the amount of donor versus recipient hematopoiesis following allogeneic stem cell transplant (SCT). PCR-based analyses of short tandem repeats (STRs) are commonly used and are accurate and applicable to allogeneic transplant recipients. These analyses are performed on blood and marrow aspirates, but it is unknown if analyses of both are required. We performed a retrospective analysis of 42 consecutive adult allogeneic SCT recipients at our institution to determine if both sample types are needed. Methods Chimerism status was determined by multiplex PCR and capillary electrophoresis of STRs. Analyses were performed at 30, 60, and 90 days after SCT on both unfractionated blood and unfractionated marrow aspirate. Results PCR analyses of STRs for chimerism performed on unfractionated blood highly correlated with results obtained using unfractionated marrow aspirates at 30, 60, or 90 days following transplant (p Conclusions PCR-based chimerism analyses on blood provide similar information as marrow aspirate analyses. These are unique results suggesting that chimerism analyses may be assessed on peripheral blood alone.
Diacylglycerol lipaseα (DAGLα) and DAGLβ cooperatively regulate the production of 2-arachidonoyl glycerol in autaptic hippocampal neurons.

Cannabinoids are part of an endogenous signaling system consisting of cannabinoid receptors and endogenous cannabinoids as well as the enzymatic machinery for their synthesis and degradation. Depolarization-induced suppression of excitation (DSE) is a form of cannabinoid CB1 receptor–mediated inhibition of synaptic transmission that involves the production of the endogenous cannabinoid 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG). Both diacylglycerol lipase α (DAGLα) and DAGLβ can produce 2-AG in vitro, but evidence from knockout animals argues strongly for a predominant, even exclusive, role for DAGLα in regulation of 2-AG–mediated synaptic plasticity. What role, if any, might be played by DAGLβ remains largely unknown. Cultured autaptic hippocampal neurons exhibit robust DSE. With the ability to rapidly modulate expression of DAGLα and DAGLβ in these neurons with short hairpin RNA, they are well suited for a comparative study of the roles of each isoform in mediating DSE. We find that RNA interference knockdown of DAGLα substantially reduces autaptic DSE, shifting the “depolarization-response curve” from an ED50 value of 1.7 seconds to 3.0 seconds. Surprisingly, DAGLβ knockdown diminishes DSE as much or more (ED50 6.4 seconds), suggesting that DAGLβ is also responsible for a portion of 2-AG production in autaptic neurons. Similarly, the two DAGLs both contribute to the production of 2-AG via group I metabotropic glutamate receptors. Our results provide the first explicit evidence for a role of DAGLβ in modulating neurotransmission.
Origin of the Ostracoda and their maxillopodan and hexapodan affinities

There are Cambrian fossils attributed to the Ostracoda but the extant subclasses Podocopa and Myodocopa do not appear until the Ordovician. At this time the morphologically similar, free-living ancestors of the now sedentary Thecostraca (Ascothoracida, Acrothoracica and Cirripedia) may have still been extant, and from an ecological point of view it seems likely that, by and large, ostracods replaced them. However, living ostracods have an abbreviated, direct development, and some key aspects of their morphology, such as the nature of the maxillary segment and abdomen, are conjectural. Thus the affinities between these and related taxa remain uncertain; e.g., while some contemporary carcinologists place Ostracoda as a taxon coordinate with the Branchiopoda, Remipedia, Cephalocarida, Maxillopoda, Malacostraca, others tentatively or unequivocally ally them with the Maxillopoda (generally Mystacocarida, Copepoda, Tantulocarida and Thecostraca, and sometimes Branchiura and Pentastomida). Others, largely involved with fossils, have stretched the definition of the Maxillopoda even further, to the point where it seems even less likely a monophyletic taxon. Until recently cladistic analyses utilizing genetic (largely 18S rDNA) as well traditional morphological characteristics have given confusing results regarding the affinities between these taxa, and an important one suggested the Ostracoda might even be diphyletic. Furthermore, a very recent genetic study utilizing protein encoding genes places a podocopine ostracod among the most primitive of the extant crustaceans (Branchiopoda, Cephalocarida Remipedia and Mystacocarida), and then generally at the base of a lineage leading to the Malacostraca, a lineage giving rise to copepods and cirripeds along the way. This indicates these so-called maxillopodan taxa evolved independently from a malacostracan-like ancestor, and if so they are convergent. And finally, from genetic studies it is not only becoming well documented the Crustacea rather than Myriapoda gave rise to the Hexapoda, but it appears the Hexapoda stem from among the lower rather than the higher crustaceans, possibly even from the Ostracoda. Whether there were terrestrial ostracods at the time hexapods appeared in the Lower Ordovician is unknown, but the modest diversity of terrestrial ostracods today are podocopines which also first appeared in the Lower Ordovician. Thus, if current interpretations of living ostracodan and fossil hexapodan body plans are largely correct, it can be hypothesized the Ostracoda are close to the ancestor of the Hexapoda.
Growth and microstructure of MgO thin films on Si(100) substrates by metal-organic molecular beam epitaxy

Abstract MgO thin films have been grown on Si(100) substrates at low temperatures of 500–850°C by metal–organic molecular beam epitaxy (MOMBE) using the solid precursor magnesium acetylacetonate. Oxygen plasma is required to achieve deposition. The composition of the films was determined by Auger electron spectroscopy (AES). The as-deposited films are phase-pure, stoichiometric, crystalline MgO with a [100] texture. Carbon contamination of the film resulting from precursor decomposition was not observed within detection limits. The deposition rate depended superlinearly on the plasma source power.
A multidisciplinary approach to the management of anterior mediastinal masses in children.

Abstract Purpose Anterior mediastinal masses (AMM) pose a diagnostic challenge to surgeons, oncologists, anesthesiologists, intensivists, and interventional radiologists as induction of general anesthesia can cause airway obstruction and cardiovascular collapse. We hypothesized that in the majority of patients, diagnosis can be obtained through biopsy of extrathoracic tissue. Methods We performed a retrospective review of all patients in the solid tumor oncology clinic with a diagnosis of AMM between 2002 and 2012 including preoperative evaluation and management prior to obtaining a tissue diagnosis, clinical course and complications. Results We identified 69 patients with AMM (mean age 12.2±4.4years, 64% male) secondary to Hodgkin lymphoma (34), Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (26), and other diagnoses (9). The majority of patients (56, 81.2%) underwent biopsy of tissue outside of the mediastinal mass. Local anesthesia with sedation was used for successful biopsy in 21 (30%) patients. Four (5.8%) required repeat biopsy due to inadequate sample obtained at initial procedure. Three (4.4%) suffered respiratory complications with no fatalities or severe complications. Conclusions Our data demonstrate that in the majority of children with AMM, tissue biopsy can be successfully obtained from tissue outside of the mass itself with minimal complications and highlight the importance of multidisciplinary preoperative planning to minimize anesthetic risks.
Gaseous-ion-induced Stimulation of Cytochrome c Biosynthesis

IN earlier papers we described the growth acceleration observed when seedlings of Avena sativa, Hordeum vulgaris and Lactuca sativa were exposed to air ions1–3. (+) or (−) Ions generated in pure air produced statistically significant increases in stem-length, integral elongation and wet and dry weight. The degree of growth stimulation roughly paralleled ionic density and was accompanied by a proportional increase in flow of current to ground. Analysis of ion-treated plants showed no deviation from normal composition. This communication presents evidence that gaseous ions stimulate the biosynthesis of cytochrome c.
Using X‐Ray Topography to Inspect Surfaces of Single‐Crystal Components

X-ray diffraction topography, which is sensitive to local strain and/or crystallographic orientation, provides a unique view of the surface of single-crystal samples and can be used to nondestructively inspect for surface and subsurface damage. The attributes of synchrotron-based X-ray topography as applied to inspection will be described and illustrated with examples from recent experiments.
THE INFLUENCE OF BOUNDARIES ON THE VOLUMETRIC BEHAVIOR OF SOLID AND HOLLOW CYLINDRICAL SPECIMENS OF GLASS BEADS

ABSTRACT Laboratory shear tests were conducted on moderately dense assemblies of large and small glass beads in both solid and hollow cylindrical triaxial devices using either stress-controlled or strain-controlled lateral boundaries. The specimens were sheared in triaxial compression and extension, maintaining the mean stress constant, and volume strains were monitored. The results indicated that the mold used in preparing the specimen created a strong but localized ordering of particles at the boundary and that this type of initial fabric had an important effect on the volumetric behavior of the hollow cylinder specimens. There were also indications that the strain-controlled and the stress-controlled boundaries produced significantly different volume strains at the initial stage of shearing and that increasing the degree of strain-control decreased the amount of initial contraction. In order to compliment these observations, additional triaxial compression and extension tests were carried out with a series of solid cylindrical specimens of different diameters using the small glass bead assembly. The mean stress was again fixed and care was taken to eliminate friction at the top and bottom boundaries. In triaxial extension, the smaller diameter specimens exhibited densification greater than that of the larger diameter specimens. In triaxial compression, the volume change was approximately the same for all diameter specimens. These results support the presence of an initial local anisotropy associated with the mold and indicate that specimens should be at least 150 particle diameters in thickness in order that this anisotropy be negligible.
Mapping multiple quantitative trait loci under Bayes error control.

In mapping of quantitative trait loci (QTLs), performing hypothesis tests of linkage to a phenotype of interest across an entire genome involves multiple comparisons. Furthermore, linkage among loci induces correlation among tests. Under many multiple comparison frameworks, these problems are exacerbated when mapping multiple QTLs. Traditionally, significance thresholds have been subjectively set to control the probability of detecting at least one false positive outcome, although such thresholds are known to result in excessively low power to detect true positive outcomes. Recently, false discovery rate (FDR)-controlling procedures have been developed that yield more power both by relaxing the stringency of the significance threshold and by retaining more power for a given significance threshold. However, these procedures have been shown to perform poorly for mapping QTLs, principally because they ignore recombination fractions between markers. Here, I describe a procedure that accounts for recombination fractions and extends FDR control to include simultaneous control of the false non-discovery rate, i.e. the overall error rate is controlled. This procedure is developed in the Bayesian framework using a direct posterior probability approach. Data-driven significance thresholds are determined by minimizing the expected loss. The procedure is equivalent to jointly maximizing positive and negative predictive values. In the context of mapping QTLs for experimental crosses, the procedure is applicable to mapping main effects, gene–gene interactions and gene–environment interactions.
Reduced survival and condition of the bivalves Protothaca staminea and Mytilus edulis buried by decomposing bark

Abstract The bivalves Protothaca staminea and Mytilus edulis were exposed to five depths of decomposing bark from an active log transfer facility for 13–96 days in a field experiment at Auke Bay, Alaska. Survival and condition of both species was inversely related to depth and duration of bark coverage. As little as 6 cm of bark reduced survival; survival declined most rapidly between 10 and 15 cm of bark. The depths of bark under which half the animals died after 96 days of exposure were 12·8 ± 1·6 cm for P. staminea and 10·9 ± 1·5 cm for M. edulis . Interstitial water in the bark deposits had low concentrations of dissolved O 2 (2·5–5·3 mg/liter) and elevated concentrations of hydrogen sulfide (1·0–8·1 mg/liter total sulfide) and ammonia (46–131 μg-at N/liter) compared to the surface water from the control treatment. Survival of P. staminea and M. edulis was inversely related to concentrations of hydrogen sulfide and ammonia and directly related to dissolved O 2 concentrations.
The effects of tissue heterogeneities and large blood vessels on the thermal exposure induced by short high-power ultrasound pulses

The lack of knowledge of blood perfusion distribution in a tumour and its surrounding tissues remains a major source of uncertainty of the induced temperature distribution during hyperthermia treatments. In addition, large blood vessels cool significant tissue volumes around them, making it very difficult to cover the whole tumour volume with therapeutic thermal exposure even with modern highly controllable hyperthermia systems. In this paper the earlier theoretical and experimental studies indicating the feasibility of inducing perfusion-independent thermal exposure using high-power, short ultrasound pulses have been continued. The purpose of this research was to investigate temperature elevation variations caused by tissue location, tissue interfaces, and large blood vessels through a series of in vivo experiments. Results show that high-temperature ultrasound hyperthermia does not suffer extensively from tissue heterogeneities, and even tissues within a few millimetres from an artery could be adequatel...