cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Circulation and multiple-scale variability in the Southern California Bight

Abstract The oceanic circulation in the Southern California Bight (SCB) is influenced by the large-scale California Current offshore, tropical remote forcing through the coastal wave guide alongshore, and local atmospheric forcing. The region is characterized by local complexity in the topography and coastline. All these factors engender variability in the circulation on interannual, seasonal, and intraseasonal time scales. This study applies the Regional Oceanic Modeling System (ROMS) to the SCB circulation and its multiple-scale variability. The model is configured in three levels of nested grids with the parent grid covering the whole US West Coast. The first child grid covers a large southern domain, and the third grid zooms in on the SCB region. The three horizontal grid resolutions are 20 km, 6.7 km, and 1 km, respectively. The external forcings are momentum, heat, and freshwater flux at the surface and adaptive nudging to gyre-scale SODA reanalysis fields at the boundaries. The momentum flux is from a three-hourly reanalysis mesoscale MM5 wind with a 6 km resolution for the finest grid in the SCB. The oceanic model starts in an equilibrium state from a multiple-year cyclical climatology run, and then it is integrated from years 1996 through 2003. In this paper, the 8-year simulation at the 1 km resolution is analyzed and assessed against extensive observational data: High-Frequency (HF) radar data, current meters, Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers (ADCP) data, hydrographic measurements, tide gauges, drifters, altimeters, and radiometers. The simulation shows that the domain-scale surface circulation in the SCB is characterized by the Southern California Cyclonic Gyre, comprised of the offshore equatorward California Current System and the onshore poleward Southern California Countercurrent. The simulation also exhibits three subdomain-scale, persistent ( i.e., standing), cyclonic eddies related to the local topography and wind forcing: the Santa Barbara Channel Eddy, the Central-SCB Eddy, and the Catalina-Clemente Eddy. Comparisons with observational data reveal that ROMS reproduces a realistic mean state of the SCB oceanic circulation, as well as its interannual (mainly as a local manifestation of an ENSO event), seasonal, and intraseasonal (eddy-scale) variations. We find high correlations of the wind curl with both the alongshore pressure gradient (APG) and the eddy kinetic energy level in their variations on time scales of seasons and longer. The geostrophic currents are much stronger than the wind-driven Ekman flows at the surface. The model exhibits intrinsic eddy variability with strong topographically related heterogeneity, westward-propagating Rossby waves, and poleward-propagating coastally-trapped waves (albeit with smaller amplitude than observed due to missing high-frequency variations in the southern boundary conditions).
Low-flux measurements with Cornell's LCLS integrating pixel array detector

Next generation light sources are revolutionizing x-ray science by delivering ultra-intense, hard x-ray pulses many orders of magnitude brighter and shorter in duration than previously achievable. Maximizing the scientific potential of these light sources requires the development of suitable detectors. Experiments such as coherent x-ray imaging of single particles require detectors that can record extremely high instantaneous flux rates produced by femtosecond x-ray pulses (i.e. thousands of photons incident on a single pixel of an area detector in a few femtoseconds) while also being able to accurately distinguish single photon events so that many thousands of frames of data can be used to reconstruct extremely low flux information (e.g. less than 1/1000 photons per pixel per frame). This paper presents data from an integrating pixel array detector (PAD) possessing the ability to record high- and low-flux x-ray data at an X-ray Free Electron Laser (XFEL). Methods are presented to process extremely low-flux data (less than 1/10000 8-keV x-rays per pixel per frame) to accurately recover diffraction patterns from thousands of frames. The data were collected using a detector developed by Cornell for the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) at SLAC National Lab. A copy of this detector was delivered to SLAC in the middle of 2008. The ASIC developed for this detector was used by SLAC as the basis for the CS-PAD (Cornell SLAC-PAD) being used on the Coherent X-ray Imaging beamline at the LCLS. These methods extend beyond XFEL applications because they allow for the suppression of dark accumulation noise which typically limits the low-flux capability of integrating detectors on conventional x-ray sources.
The Developing Role of the Secretary-General

On October 31, 1956, two days after the armed forces of Israel struck across the Israeli-Egytian Armistice line deep into the Sinai peninsula, and the day following the Anglo-French ultimatum to Egypt, Dag Hammarskjold, the United Nations Secretary-General, asked for the floor in the Security Council meeting. “Yesterday morning”, he said, “on the basis of the information then available— I would have used my right to call for an immediate meeting of the Security Council, had not the United States Government in the course of the night taken the initiative.
Matrix Solution Fixation: Histology-Compatible Tissue Preparation for MALDI Mass Spectrometry Imaging

Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) acquires a grid of spatially resolved mass spectra and provides a molecular landscape of a tissue. This can have a myriad of uses: from basic tissue characterization to a comprehensive pathological diagnosis. We have developed a fast, inexpensive, histology-compatible tissue preparation method for matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI)-MSI, which overcomes current sample preparation-imposed limitations in image resolution. Tissue sections are prepared via simultaneous fixation and matrix deposition. This is accomplished by incorporating the MALDI matrix into solvents that preserve tissue integrity when applied according to standard histology procedures. This concept was expanded to include multiple histology protocols, thereby enabling analysis to be tailored to a variety of biomolecules and tissue types.
TU‐C‐103‐11: Noise Reduction of 4D CT Data by a Modified Non‐Local Means Filter

Purpose: 4D (3D plus time) CT data, such as cardiac or perfusion images, are frequently affected by body motion. Additionally, these data are normally very noisy due to the use of lower scanner output settings in order to reduce patient dose. State‐of‐the‐art denoising filters can achieve efficient noise reduction of CT images, but fail to handle data containing significant body motion. The purpose of this work was to develop a filter that can overcome this limitation. Methods: A modified Partial Time Vector NonLocal Means filter (PTV‐NLM) recovers image from the original noisy data by representing a pixel using the weighted average of its neighbors in both the spatial and temporal domain. The weighting factor is determined by calculating the summed square difference of portions of the temporal profile of each pixel with its neighboring pixels. This approach does not require motion estimation, can automatically adapt to local motion and efficiently utilizes the redundant information in the images. Results: The denoised images showed better image quality than the original images, making anatomical structures easier to identify in the denoised images. After denoising, the contrast to noise ratio of simulated low‐dose perfusion data (using 25% of the full dose) was comparable to that of images acquired using the full dose. Alternatively, for applications such as cardiac CT, PTV‐NLM can be used with the full dose data to decrease image noise without introducing spatial blurring. Conclusion: In 4D data sets, the PTV‐NLM filter can maintain image quality at dramatically decreased dose levels, or provide better image quality at the same dose levels. It can be used to either reduce patient dose or improve image quality without causing blurring of moving anatomy.
Selenium deficiency decreases expression of the genes for transthyretin and citrate transport protein in rat liver

Abstract Dietary intake of the essential trace element selenium (Se) regulates expression of genes for selenoproteins, including the gene for type I iodothyronine 5′-deiodinase. However, regulation of these genes does not account for all of Se's biological effects. To define additional mechanisms for Se's effects, these experiments aimed to identify other genes also regulated by Se intake in rats. Weanling male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a Torula yeast-based Se-deficient diet, or the same diet supplemented with 0.5 mg Se/kg diet for 13 weeks. Differential display of mRNA was used to identify cDNAs reverse transcribed from mRNAs present at different levels in the livers of the two groups of rats. Northern blots, probed with these cDNAs, were used to quantitate differences in mRNA levels between the two dietary groups. Those cDNA probes detecting differential expression in Northern blots were sequenced. Homology searches in DNA sequence data bases were conducted to identify the differentially expressed genes. This analysis revealed that mRNA levels for transthyretin and citrate transport protein are both reduced in the livers of Se-deficient rats. Reductions averaged 44.7% (p=0.0009) for transthyretin and 42.8% (p=0.0032) for citrate transport protein. These results suggest a coordinated regulation of thyroid hormone metabolism in rats by dietary Se intake.
Middleware for decentralised fault tolerant service execution using replication in pervasive systems

Devices in pervasive systems are resource constrained, heterogeneous, mobile and personal. The devices may seek or provide such services as data compression, encryption, image analysis, query processing and other types within a local, but dynamic network. In order to enable sharing of services and resources, it is necessary that the middleware facilitate collaboration amongst devices. Resource and service sharing in such environments is a challenge due to device mobilities, heterogeneity and link failures. In this paper, we propose a middleware that enables decentralised decision making for fault tolerant service execution in pervasive systems1. Opportunistic contacts between pairs of devices are exploited to locate servicedevice mappings and initiate replicas of the required service. Redundancy is an unnecessary, but unavoidable consequence of any replication based fault tolerance scheme. One of the objectives of the proposed middleware is to minimise the number of replications. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme has lower time overhead as compared to existing schemes.
Actions of insulin-like growth factor-I on the B104 neuronal cell line: Effects on cell replication, receptor characteristics, and influence of secreted binding protein on ligand binding

Several peptide growth factors influence the growth and differentiation of neural cells. To investigate further the growth-promoting effects of the somatomedins on cells of neural origin, the authors characterized the binding and mitogenic effects of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) on a functionally differentiated rat neuronal cell line (B104). Specific, high-affinity (Kd approximately equal to 10(-9) M) receptors for IGF-I were abundant (approximately 124,000 binding sites/B104 cell). These IGF-I receptors were similar to those of non-neural tissue in that they contained 135,000 dalton binding subunits (demonstrated by affinity labeling and autoradiography) and recognized insulin at high concentrations. IGF-I was more potent than insulin at stimulating B104 cell replication in serum-free medium and, at an initial concentration of 100 ng/ml, was the only exogenous growth factor needed to maintain growth through several cell divisions. Furthermore, cells of later passage were found to secrete specific IGF binding proteins that produced an unusual, biphasic binding curve in radioligand displacement studies. These binding proteins apparently sequester IGF-I, limiting its access to the cell. Experiments with B104 cells may provide useful information about the role of IGFs and their binding proteins as potential regulators of growth and differentiation of the primitive neuroblast.
The Tuskegee legacy. AIDS and the black community.

No scientific experiment inflicted more damage on the collective psyche of black Americans than the Tuskegee study. After Jean Heller broke the story in 1972, news of the tragedy spread in the black community. Confronted with the experiment's moral bankruptcy, many blacks lost faith in the government and no longer believed health officials who spoke on matters of public concern. Consequently, when a terrifying new plague swept the land in the 1980s and 1990s, the Tuskegee study predisposed many blacks to distrust health authorities, a fact many whites had difficulty understanding.
Differential sensitivity of four central sympathetic pathways to depression by clonidine.

The dose-response effects of clonidine HCl (2.5-200 micrograms/kg i.v.) on transmission through somatospinal reflex, viscerospinal reflex, intraspinal, and spinal-bulbospinal reflex pathways were determined in spinal or chloralose-anesthetized cats to assess principle sites of drug action. Evoked sympathetic discharges were recorded from upper thoracic preganglionic rami. Clonidine rapidly produced parallel, dose-dependent depression of transmission through each pathway which was rapidly antagonized by tolazoline or yohimbine. The two spinal reflex pathways were least sensitive to depression which was identical and was limited to 60%. In contrast, both descending pathways could be depressed completely. Although the spinal-bulbospinal reflex pathway was more sensitive to depression than its efferent, descending intraspinal pathway alone, analysis of the relative depression of transmission at spinal and at brainstem levels indicates that the spinal site is more sensitive to clonidine that it is generally considered to be.
Yield and Quality of Soybean Forage as Affected by Cultivar and Management Practices

Soybean Glycine max (L.) Merr. has potential for use as an alternative forage crop, however, little is known about the effects of cultural practices on forage yield and quality. A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of cultivar, row spacing, plant density, and harvest maturity on the yield and quality of soybean forage. The study was conducted at the Univ. of Wisconsin Arlington Agricultural Research Station, Arlington, WI on a Plano silt-loam soil (fine-silty, mixed, mesic, Typic Argiudoll) in 1987 and 1989 (...)
Toxicologic studies of doxapram hydrochloride

Abstract Doxapram HCl (3,3-diphenyl-1-ethyl-4-[β-morpholinoethyl]-2-pyrrolidinone hydrochloride monohydrate: Dopram®: AHR-619), a new respiratory stimulant, was studied in several species to characterize its toxicity and assess its safety. The intravenous LD50 in mice, rats, dogs, and cats was approximately 75 mg/kg; the intraperitoneal LD50 was about twice as great; and the subcutaneous and oral LD50's were three to four times the intravenous value. Sex differences were not apparent in mice. Newborn rats appeared more suceptible than older animals, whereas newborn dogs did not. One-month subchronic studies were conducted as follows: rats, by intubation, at 40, 80, or 160 mg/kg/day; rats, intravenously, at 20 mg/kg/day; dogs, by capsule, at 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 50, or 125 mg/kg/day; dogs, intravenously at 2.5, 5, 10, or 20 mg/kg/day. Respiratory stimulation, pressor activity, and tachycardia were observed in dogs at lower does; hyperactivity, hyperthermia, emesis, salivation, lacrimation, defecation, urination, diarrhea, tremors, opisthotonus, and convulsions were observed at high doses. Deaths occurred in dogs at 50 mg/kg/day and above. Hypoxia was observed histologically in the brain at doses of 20 mg/kg/day and above, apparently the result of hyperventilation. Hemograms, blood chemical values, and urinalyses were normal. Reproductive and teratologic studies in rats gave results that were within normal limits. Tissue irritation was produced by subcutaneous injection in rabbits but not by intramuscular injection. Liver triglycerides were elevated in dogs and rats, apparently as a result of sympathetic stimulation by the compound.
Oxidation of rat insulin II, but not I, leads to anomalous elution profiles upon HPLC analysis of insulin‐related peptides

Rat insulin II, unlike rat insulin I and other non-rodent insulins, contains a unique methionine residue at position B29. Reversed-phase HPLC allows for separation of the two rat insulins, with insulin I typically eluting faster than insulin II. An anomalous peak of insulin immunoreactive material was found eluting even faster than insulin I following acid extraction of rat insulin-producing cells. This early peak co-eluted with [Met-OB29]insulin II suggesting that during cell extraction and subsequent purification steps, rat insulin II is subject to selective oxidation at MetB29. Such oxidation of rat proinsulin II affords improved separation from rat proinsulin I compared to the native form.
Deep-Ultraviolet (UV) Resonance Raman Spectroscopy as a Tool for Quality Control of Formulated Therapeutic Proteins

A deep-ultraviolet (UV) Raman spectrometer with excitation source tunable from 193 to 210 nm has been built and characterized. The dispersion of the spectrometer over the entire range was measured and described theoretically. The relative sensitivity of the spectrometer was estimated using the integrated intensity ratio of two Raman bands of cyclohexane. Resonance Raman spectra of three formulated insulin products were measured and compared. A band-targeted entropy minimization algorithm was applied to the collected spectra for mixture analysis of insulin products. We conclude that it is feasible to develop robust qualitative methods for quality control of protein-based formulated drug using DUVRR spectroscopy.
The Effects of Temperature and Predators on the Abundance of the Soft‐Shell Clam, Mya Arenaria, in New England

Abstract Explanation of the recent decrease in production of the soft-shell clam in New England is the objective of the Fish and Wildlife Service Clam Investigations. Experimental clam farms failed unless protected from green crabs, Carcinides maenas. Laboratory experiments proved that Carcinides is a serious predator. Clam abundance decreased 50 percent in 4 years in study areas even though fishing intensity was very low and reproduction was adequate. Population decrease occurred principally in places where green crabs had become abundant, and in size groups which are attacked by crabs. Clam population on commercial flats decreased from 1949 to 1954 and recent year classes are scarce or absent. Green crabs became abundant during this period. Scientific records and interviews of fishermen indicate a northeastward extension of the range of the green crab since 1940 and great increase in abundance in Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Maine. This extension was accompanied by decrease in clam production. An i...
Troubles on moral twin earth: Moral queerness revived

J. L. Mackie argued that if there were objective moral properties or facts, then the supervenience relation linking the nonmoral to the moral would be metaphysically queer. Moral realists reply that objective supervenience relations are ubiquitous according to contemporary versions of metaphysical naturalism and, hence, that there is nothing especially queer about moral supervenience. In this paper we revive Mackie's challenge to moral realism. We argue: (i) that objective supervenience relations of any kind, moral or otherwise, should be explainable rather than sui generis; (ii) that this explanatory burden can be successfully met vis-a-vis the supervenience of the mental upon the physical, and in other related cases; and (iii) that the burden cannot be met for (putative) objective moral supervenience relations.
Effects of nitric oxide synthase inhibition on sympathetically-mediated tachycardia

The aim of the present study was to determine whether inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) synthesis directly alters the tachycardia produced by sympathetically-derived norepinephrine. The NO synthase inhibitor, N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME; 50 micromol/kg, i.v.), produced a marked rise in mean arterial blood pressure. This pressor response was associated with a fall in heart rate which involved the withdrawal of cardiac sympathetic nerve activity. The NO-donor, sodium nitroprusside (5 microg/kg, i.v.), produced a pronounced fall in mean arterial blood pressure but only a minor increase in heart rate. The beta-adrenoceptor agonist, isoproterenol (0.5 micromol/kg, i.v.), and the membrane-permeable cAMP analogue, 8-(4-chlorophenylthiol)-cAMP (10 micromol/kg, i.v.), produced falls in mean arterial blood pressure and pronounced increases in heart rate. The indirectly acting sympathomimetic agent, tyramine (0.5 mg/kg, i.v.), produced a pressor response and a tachycardia. The effects of sodium nitroprusside, tyramine, isoproterenol and 8-(4-chlorophenylthiol)-cAMP on mean arterial blood pressure were not markedly affected by L-NAME. However, the tachycardia produced by these agents was considerably exaggerated in the presence of this NO synthesis inhibitor. These findings suggest that L-NAME potentiates the tachycardia produced by sympathetically-derived norepinephrine. The increased responsiveness to norepinephrine may involve (i) a rapid up-regulation of cardiac beta1-adrenoceptors and cAMP signaling in cardiac pacemaker cells due to the loss of the inhibitory influence of cardiac NO, and (ii) the up-regulation of beta1-adrenoceptor-mediated signal transduction processes in response to the L-NAME-induced withdrawal of cardiac sympathetic nerve activity.
Differential effect of the retropleural and retroperitoneal environments on healing of the inner wall of porous fabric prostheses in the thoracic and abdominal aorta of the same dog

Healing of the inner wall of the same preclotted knitted Dacron arterial prostheses was compared in the descending thoracic aorta (DTA) and the abdominal aorta (AA) of the same dog. Each of 16 dogs received this dual implantation with study periods of 4 weeks for five dogs, 8 weeks for five dogs, and 16 weeks for six dogs. Healing was studied with light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and immunocytochemistry identification. The outer capsule was firmly adherent to the Dacron framework of all grafts implanted in the DTA; advanced healing of the inner wall of all thoracic grafts was present by 4 weeks, nearly complete healing by 8 weeks, and complete healing by 16 weeks. In contrast, the outer capsule was either not attached or only loosely adherent to the Dacron framework in eight AA grafts (50%), and in these implants no healing of the inner wall occurred beyond the limited perianastomotic pannus zone. In the other eight implants in which the outer capsule was firmly adherent to the Dacron framework, healing was roughly comparable to that in the grafts implanted in the DTA. This study demonstrated that (1) DTA grafts heal faster and more completely than AA grafts, (2) healing and endothelialization are related to the tightness of the outer capsule, (3) there is a high incidence of loose tissue attachment in the AA, and (4) healing of aortic grafts is site specific.
Integrating strategic issues into strategic management

Abstract The notion of a ‘strategic issues’ is rather pervasive in the field of planning in both conceptual [5, 19] and practical contexts. For instance, sometime ago the Wall Street Journal [41] reported that at least 50 large firms have created positions of ‘issues management director’; a dramatic increase in the number of such positions. ‘True’ strategic issues have a readily apparent importance to any organization; yet the process of identifying such issues and of integrating them into strategic planning and management is not well developed. Most treatments of strategic issues deal only with specific segments of the overall process through which relevant issues may be initially identified and finally translated into appropriate strategy [e.g. 5, 17]. This paper demonstrates that it is practical to develop a comprehensive process of ‘strategic issue management’ (SIM) that will facilitate the systematic identification, assessment and analysis of such issues. Such a process can ensure that issue-related factors are fully integrated into the formulation and implementation of strategy and plans. As such, SIM is a process whereby strategic issues may become an integral element of strategic management.
Failure to Identify “Identifiable” Sounds

The identifiability of sounds used in the Meaningful Sounds Identification test was measured. Identifiability was quantified with a measure of identification uncertainty. Calculation of this measure involves sorting the identification responses into categories of similar causes. Two exemplar sets of the sounds were used and the response data were analyzed separately by two sorters. All of the sounds were not highly identifiable, as was expected given the use of the test. The results were comparable for the two set of exemplars, and for the two sorters. The results demonstrate the importance of quantifying sound identifiability.
Maternal and Teacher Interaction and Student Engagement in Math and Reading among Mexican American Girls from a Rural Community.

In this study, 69 Mexican American elementary school girls in Grades 3 through 6 (age 8-13 years) from an agricultural community were interviewed regarding their perceptions of the frequency of com...
GIL Express in Georgia: An Interlibrary Loan/Circulation Hybrid for Circulating Books

This article recounts the history of the GIL Express initiative in Georgia, from its conception in 1994 to present. It describes the method of delivery and record keeping and discusses the strong points and challenges of the service. It concludes with some possible future plans for the service.
The traditional ayurvedic medicine, Eugenia jambolana (Jamun fruit), decreases liver inflammation, injury and fibrosis during cholestasis.

Background Cholestasis is a common disease of the liver. Chronic cholestasis eventually leads to hepatic cirrhosis and fibrosis, and rodent chronic cholestasis models are used to study aspects of fibrosis and cirrhosis. Cholestasis-induced liver injury and fibrosis are associated with increased oxidative stress and inflammation. Few pharmacological therapies exist for treatment of cholestasis or cirrhosis, but it is known that humans with better nutritional intake are less likely to develop certain types of cirrhosis. Eugenia jambolana (Jamun) is a tropical berry fruit rich in antioxidant anthocyanin compounds.
Fiction reading in America: Explaining the gender gap

Abstract The gender gap in fiction reading has been largely ignored by sociologists and scholars in the field of reading research. This paper investigates three primary explanations for why more women read fiction than men, including: the influence of childhood socialization and gender-role stereotypes, differences in cognition and prose literacy and differences in work status and available free time. Data analysis using two, large-scale national surveys reveals that notions of gender-appropriate leisure and their influence on childhood socialization explain much of the gap in fiction reading. On the other hand, differences in reading skills and free time, as measured by work-status, seem to contribute very little to our understanding of the gap. The paper concludes by suggesting that better measures of socialization, additional information about what types of books men and women read, and more detailed time-use studies would give us additional leverage on this puzzle.
Self-motion analysis of extensible continuum manipulators

While the field of continuum manipulators has been the subject of increasing attention from the robotics community, knowledge of their inherent capabilities is still limited. Controllers have been proposed that exploit the null-space of redundant continuum manipulators, however studies of the nature of continuum robot null-spaces have not yet been done. In this paper, we first develop a convenient set of extensible, continuum manipulator forward kinematics and resolved-motion rate inverse kinematics. This allows us to analyze the null-space of 2-section, planar, extensible, redundant continuum manipulators to consider the underlying structure of general continuum robot self-motions and discuss their importance to real-world examples and applications.
Longitudinal Course of Rapid Naming in Disabled and Nondisabled Readers.

The Rapid Automatized Naming Test (Denckla and Rudel 1974) was studied cross-sectionally in an sample of kindergartners (n=342) at-risk for reading disability (Study 1), and longitudinally in an n=160 epidemiological normal sample of children tested in first, third, fifth, and eighth grades (Study 2). Study 1 showed faster absolute naming speeds for those with near perfect untimed alphabet recitation, but the stronger and more orderly relation (at r=.31, p<.0001) was between three levels of alphabet recitation accuracy and the relative number/letter naming speed advantage (ratio of mean number/letter naming speed minus mean color/object naming speed over mean color/object naming speed). In Study 2, the number/letter advantage was already strongly present by first grade, and did not increase significantly thereafter, but absolute naming times improved steadily across grades in an exponential decay function. In this sample, the relative number/letter advantage was not related to reading level. However, the absolute color/object naming speed was strongly related to reading level and vocabulary across grades. Norms for the Rapid Automatized Naming Test based on the epidemiological normal sample tested in Grades 1, 3, 5, and 8 are presented in the appendix.
The Corporate Elite, the New Conservative Policy Network, and Reaganomics:

Recent analysts have traced the rise of Reaganomics to the rise of cowboy capitalists and to a "right turn" of the corporate elite. We provide a policy history of the formulation of the Reaganomics program and its insertion into the national political agenda, showing that it stemmed from policy-planning efforts of a new conservative network of policy organizations. During the 1970s, this conservative network synthesized fiscal conservatism, monetarism, and supply-side economics into a new economic program of austerity and supply-side tax incentives. We then provide an elite analysis of the structure of this policy network, showing that the inner circle and upper tier of the capitalist class supported the austerity camp as well as the traditional Keynesian moderates, while sunbelt cowboys tended to support the more conservative supply-siders. The corporate elite remains the hegemonic group within the capitalist class, working in coalition with a newly mobilized cowboy stratum.
A COMPOSITE RATING OF ALGAE TOLERATING ORGANIC POLLUTION(2)

From information on pollution-tolerant algae compiled from reports from 165 authors, the genera and species most often referred to as significant fall into a relatively stable series. Diatoms, pigmented flagellates, green, and blue-green algae are all well represented among the pollution-tolerant genera and species. The top 8 genera are Euglena, Oscillatoria, Chlamydomonas, Scenedesmus, Chlorella, Nitzschia, Navicula, and Stigeoclonium, and the top 5 species, Euglena viridis, Nitzschia palea, Oscillatoria limosa, Scenedesmus quadricauda, and Oscillatoria tennis. In some genera, e.g., Euglena, a single species is far more significant than all others as a pollution-tolerant form. In other genera, e.g., Oscillatoria, only a slight difference distinguishes the pollution tolerance of 2 or more species. Algal genus and species pollution indices arc presented for use in rating water samples with high organic pollution.
A Survey of House Price Hedonic Studies of the Impact of Environmental Externalities

This article reviews existing studies that have used the house price hedonic technique to estimate the prices that consumers are willing to pay for environmental goods such as air quality, water qu...
Reoperation for isthmic coarctation of the aorta: Follow-up of 26 patients

Abstract Twenty-six patients underwent reoperation for coarctation of the aorta (C of A) between 1972 and 1980. Most patients (73%) had undergone primary repair in infancy. The interval to reoperation was 5 months to 18 years (mean 8.2 years). Indications for reoperation included symptoms in 4, exercise systemic hypertension in 1, electrocardiographic changes of left ventricular strain in 1, arm hypertension in 21, and a C of A gradient at rest > 30 mm Hg in all. Surgical procedures included patch aortoplasty (16 patients), bypass graft (6 patients), left subclavian angioplasty (3 patients), and end-to-end anastomosis (1 patient). There were no operative complications or mortality. There was 1 late death from aortic valve disease. Duration of follow-up in the remaining 25 patients was 2 weeks to 7 years (mean 2.5 years). All patients are asymptomatic. C of A gradients were significantly reduced from 30 to 132 mm Hg (mean 56) preoperatively to 0 to 48 mm Hg (mean 15) postoperatively. Right arm systolic blood pressure also was significantly improved from 120 to 237 mm Hg (mean 153) preoperatively to 100 to 160 mm Hg (mean 124) postoperatively. Systemic systolic hypertension persisted in 5 of 25 (20%). It is concluded that C of A reoperation is a low risk procedure that improves symptoms and reduces C of A gradient and arm blood pressure. However, systolic hypertension does not always resolve postoperatively. Patch aortoplasty appears to be a safe and effective surgical approach.
Variety of Geologic Silhouette Shapes Distinguishable by Multiple Rotations Method of Quantitative Shape Analysis Text: ABSTRACT

Silhouette shapes are two-dimensional projections of three-dimensional objects such as sand grains, gravel, and fossils. Within-the-margin markings such as chamber boundaries, sutures, or ribs are ignored. Comparisons between populations of objects from similar and different origins (i.e., environments, species or genera, growth series, etc) is aided by quantifying the shapes. The Multiple Rotations Method (MRM) uses a variation of "eigenshapes," which is capable of distinguishing most of the subtle variations that the "trained eye" can detect. With a video-digitizer and microcomputer, MRM is fast, more accurate, and more objective than the human eye. The resulting shape descriptors comprise 5 or 6 numbers per object that can be stored and retrieved to compare with simila descriptions of other objects. The original-shape outlines can be reconstituted sufficiently for gross recognition from these few numerical descriptors. Thus, a semi-automated data-retrieval system becomes feasible, with silhouette-shape descriptions as one of several recognition criteria. MRM consists of four "rotations": (1) rotation about a center to a comparable orientation; (2) a principal-components rotation to reduce the many original shape descriptors to a few; (3) a VARIMAX orthogonal-factor rotation to achieve simple structure; and (4) a rotation to achieve factor scores on individual objects. A variety of subtly different shapes includes sand grains from several locations, ages, and environments, and fossils of several types. This variety illustrates the feasibility of quantitative comparisons by MRM. End_of_Article - Last_Page 464------------
Molecular masses of cAMP-binding proteins in yeasts

The cAMP-binding proteins of different yeasts were photoaffinity labeled using 8-N3-[32P]cAMP, and the Mr values of the labeled proteins estimated by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The Mr values of the cAMP-binding proteins may be grouped into two size classes: (A) Mr of about 50 000 represented by Saccharomyces cerevisiae and S. uvarum, and (B) Mr of about 60 000 represented by Kluyveromyces fragilis, K. lactis, K. marxianus, S. globosus and S. rouxii.
Apolipoproteins and lipoprotein families in chicken embryos and egg yolk

Abstract 1. 1. Turkey anti-LP-A and anti-LP-B cross react strongly with whole adult chicken serum. 2. 2. Similar reactions occur with whole chicken embryo sera (10–21 days of incubation) and egg yolk fluid. 3. 3. Ultracentrifugation of sera from 14-day old chicken embryos, after reaction with anti-LP-B, reveal complete precipitation of the VLDL and LDL of embryo serum (indicating that adult-type LP-B is the major apolipoprotein of these density classes). 4. 4. All of the chicken embryo adult-type apo-LP-A is in the HDL fraction. 5. 5. However, egg yolk and hen serum VLDL contain apo-LP-A as well as apo-LP-B.
Mean and variance of estimates of the bispectrum of a harmonic random process-an analysis including leakage effects

Analytical expressions are derived for the mean and variance, of estimates of the bispectrum of a real-time series assuming a cosinusoidal model. The effects of spectral leakage, inherent in discrete Fourier transform operation when the modes present in the signal have a nonintegral number of wavelengths in the record, are included in the analysis. A single phase-coupled triad of modes can cause the bispectrum to have a nonzero mean value over the entire region of computation owing to leakage. The variance of bispectral estimates in the presence of leakage has contributions from individual modes and from triads of phase-coupled modes. Time-domain windowing reduces the leakage. The theoretical expressions for the mean and variance of bispectral estimates are derived in terms of a function dependent on an arbitrary symmetric time-domain window applied to the record. the number of data, and the statistics of the phase coupling among triads of modes. The theoretical results are verified by numerical simulations for simple test cases and applied to laboratory data to examine phase coupling in a hypothesis testing framework. >
Analysis and design of interleaver mappings for iteratively decoded BICM

Iterative decoding of bit-interleaved coded modulation (BICM) is analyzed. The interleaver of a BICM system is shown to provide not only time diversity gain as a channel interleaver, but also interleaving gain as a code interleaver. Our performance analysis of BICM assumes a uniform interleaver, and it is shown that the interleaving gain can be achieved at high SNR. The design rules on the symbol mapper are derived and a new symbol mapper design, called the maximum squared Euclidean weight (MSEW) symbol mapper, is presented for both 8-PSK and 16-QAM. Extensions to other signal constellations is straight forward. Simulation results confirm our analysis and show that BICM with MSEW symbol mapping achieves near Shannon limit performance.
Turbulent Flow Foil Bearings for Cryogenic Applications

Fluid film foil bearings are an innovative bearing technology proposed for rotor support in cryogenic turbomachinery. These bearings offer system life and rotor speeds currently unachievable with rolling element bearings alone. An isothermal analysis for the turbulent bulk-flow of a variable properties liquid in a foil bearing with a simple elastic matrix is introduced. Numerical predictions compare the static and dynamic force performance of a three pad foil bearing with a rigid surface bearing for a high speed application in liquid oxygen. The major advantages of the foil bearing are immediately apparent, namely linearity in the load versus eccentricity curve, uniform rotordynamic coefficients, and overall unsurpassed stability conditions. The effects of excitation frequency and the foil structural damping on the dynamic force coefficients are discussed
Electron transfer kinetics in water splitting dye-sensitized solar cells based on core–shell oxide electrodes

Photoelectrochemical water splitting occurs in a dye-sensitized solar cell when a [Ru(bpy)3]2+-based dye covalently links a porous TiO2 anode film to IrO2·nH2O nanoparticles. The quantum yield for oxygen evolution is low because of rapid back electron transfer between TiO2 and the oxidized dye, which occurs on a timescale of hundreds of microseconds, When iodide is added as an electron donor, the photocurrent increases, confirming that the initial charge injection efficiency is high. When the porous TiO2 film is coated with a 1–2 nm thick layer of ZrO2 or Nb2O5, both the charge injection rate and back electron transfer rate decrease. The efficiency of the cell increases and then decreases with increasing film thickness, consistent with the trends in charge injection and recombination rates. The current efficiency for oxygen evolution, measured electrochemically in a generator-collector geometry, is close to 100%. The factors that lead to polarization of the photoanode and possible ways to re-design the system for higher efficiency are discussed.
Using Red-Eye to Improve Face Detection in Low Quality Video Images

This paper presents a method to improve face detection by locating eyes in an image using infrared (IR) light, based on reflections due to the red-eye effect. The developed method analyzes two consecutive frames where the first one is taken under regular illumination with no IR and the second one using IR. The location of the eyes and the face contour are computed from the IR images using a collection of image processing techniques such as non-linear image denoising and enhancement, histogram stretch, image thresholding and edge detection. The algorithm operates successfully on low quality and low illumination gray images under a variety of skin tones, eye colors, angles, and illuminations, for subjects with and without glasses.
The Who and How of Organizations' Lobbying Strategies in Committee

We examine the forces affecting organized interests' decisions to use particular lobbying tactics to target different legislators in committee, using the group-legislator dyad as our unit of analysis. Two basic assumptions underlie our conceptual model of lobbying strategies in committee. First, organizations have legislative goals of expanding the size of their supportive coalitions and shaping the content of legislative proposals, and an ongoing interest in maintaining themselves. Second, different lobbying tactics are better suited to the achievement of each of these goals. Given these assumptions, the tactics organizations use to lobby individual legislators are expected to depend on (1) groups' perceptions of how legislators may help them to achieve their goals; (2) their policy positions and other characteristics of the issue debate; and (3) groups' resources. Our multinomial logit analysis lends suport to our expectations about the forces that shape the lobbying strategies organizations employ.
Is Frequent Service Check-Back Really a Good Service? An Experimental Study of Culture and Service Quality in Restaurants

The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of culture on the relationship between server behaviors, specifically service check-back frequency and perceived service quality in restaurant businesses. The scenarios were presented to U.S. and Japanese citizens before collecting respondents’ perceived service quality ratings on the given service scenario. The main effects for check-back style and cultural group on service quality were significant. In addition, the moderating effect of culture on the relationship between check-back style and service quality was significant. Implications for restaurant service training are discussed for practical guidelines to provide culturally sensitive service to their customers.
Level 5: User refinement to aid the fusion process

The revised JDL Fusion model Level 4 process refinement covers a broad spectrum of actions such as sensor management and control. A limitation of Level 4 is the purpose of control - whether it be for user needs or system operation. Level 5, User Refinement, is a modification to the Revised JDL model that distinguishes between machine process refinement and user refinement. User refinement can either be human control actions or refinement of the user's cognitive model. In many cases, fusion research concentrates on the machine and does not take full advantage of the human as not only a qualified expert to refine the fusion process, but also as customer for whom the fusion system is designed. Without user refinement, sensor fusion is incomplete, inadequate, and the user neglects its worthiness. To capture user capabilities, we explore the concept of user refinement through decision and action based on situational leadership models. We develop a Fuse-Act Situational User Refinement (FASUR) model that details four refinement behaviors: Neglect, Consult, Rely, and Interact and five refinement functions: Planning, Organizing, Coordinating, Directing, and Controlling. Process refinement varies for different systems and different user information needs. By designing a fusion system with a specific user in mind, vis Level 5, a fusion architecture can meet user's information needs for varying situations, extend user sensing capabilities for action, and increase the human-machine interaction.
THE ENHANCEMENT OF BACTERIAL PHAGOCYTOSIS BY SERUM THE ROLE OF COMPLEMENT COMPONENTS AND TWO COFACTORS

The role of serum factors in the phagocytosis of pneumococci was studied employing a spectrophotometric assay which measures reduced nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT) dye. Dye reduction occurs within the phagocyte shortly after bacterial ingestion as measured by the phagocytic index technique and by the uptake of (125)I-pneumococci. Bacteria prepared with gammaG antibody were not phagocytosed unless a small volume of fresh normal serum was added. Using fresh sera deficient in single complement components, it was demonstrated that the first four components are necessary for optimal bacterial phagocytosis. When highly purified complement components were added to the antibody-coated pneumococci, enhancement of phagocytosis was achieved only with the sequential addition of C1, C4, C2, and C3. Evidence has been presented that human C3 bound to an immune complex exhibits peptidase activity and that this activity is essential for phagocytosis. A heat-labile, dialyzable serum cofactor which enhances C3 peptidase activity enhanced the phagocytosis of pneumococci prepared with purified complement components. A second phagocytosis-promoting cofactor, which is not a complement component, was found to be a heat-labile, 5-6S, beta pseudoglobulin. This protein may stabilize C3 peptidase activity or inhibit enzymatic inactivation of C3.
Parallel methods for computating the matrix sign function with applications to the algebraic Riccati equation

Several methods of solving the algebraic Riccati equation (ARE) are presented. Functional iterations with acceleration techniques am introduced. Also variations of the Newton method, the subspace iteration, and Krylov sequence are proposed for solving the ARE. The relation between the matrix sign function and the solution of the algebraic Riccati equation is stated, and several iterative schemes for the matrix sign function are described. Specifically, higher order rational functions for computing the matrix sign function of complex matrices has been developed, where parallel implementation of the matrix sign function is developed through partial fractions expansion. A QR inverse free method for computing the matrix sign function for symmetric matrices is derived. the matrix sign function is then used to solve the algebraic Riccati equation. The performance of these methods is demonstrated by several examples.
The upper respiratory pyramid: Early factors and later treatment utilization in World Trade Center exposed firefighters

Background We investigated early post 9/11 factors that could predict rhinosinusitis healthcare utilization costs up to 11 years later in 8,079 World Trade Center-exposed rescue/recovery workers.