cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Siting Long-Term Health Care Facilities by Optimizing Productivity Ratios

This paper provides a locational assessment model from a multiple criteria perspective through the utilization of fractional programming. The particular application provides decision support for the siting of a long-term health care facility. The paper extends spatial efficiency measurement methodologies by using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to estimate the relative siting efficiency of 27 planning districts in the Northern Virginia region. The study identified Pareto-optimal sites as potential locations for a new 120 bed long-term care facility.
Temperature modulation of ischemic brain injury - a synthesis of recent advances

Publisher Summary In recent years, it has become widely appreciated that mild-to-moderate degrees of brain cooling, even when induced selectively without whole-body temperature alterations, are capable of conferring dramatic cerebroprotection; and conversely, mild degrees of temperature elevation may be markedly deleterious to the injured brain. The issue initially arose in laboratory because of unexplained and frustrating variability in the outcomes of apparently “standardized” animal models of global cerebral ischemia. The demonstration that milder degrees of brain temperature reduction confer cerebroprotection has stimulated efforts to monitor and, eventually, to modulate the brain temperature of patients with ischemic and traumatic brain injury. By incorporating micro-thermistors into a standard ventriculostomy cannula used for the monitoring of intracranial pressure, it has become possible to record temperature simultaneously at ventricular and cortical sites and to correlate it with systemic temperature. Pilot observations have suggested that human brain temperature is somewhat higher than core temperature.
Structure-Function Relationships in Prolactin

In this chapter, it is the authors’ intent to provide an update on structure-function relationships for PRL. We have only covered those PRL varieties for which additional information has been gained since the excellent and comprehensive review by Sinha in 1995 (1). Focus is on forms for which a different biological activity is becoming evident, although attention is also drawn to reports of some new PRLs, the existence of which may help to explain old controversies. Also included, are mutational studies which have contributed greatly to our understanding of hormone-receptor interactions and, therefore, to the potential impact of specific posttranslational modifications on biological activity. We have attempted to meld old and new data on each form of PRL into a comprehensive view whenever we felt that was possible. When such was not possible, we have suggested lines of investigation which may resolve current controversies.
SU-F-BRD-06: Robust Dose Calculation in Intensity Modulated Proton Therapy

Purpose: Commissioning data for intensity modulated proton therapy (IMPT) must be post-processed by fits to ad-hoc functions to derive the dose calculation kernel parameters in a treatment planning system (TPS). Whether from experimental measurement or Monte Carlo simulation, the limited and noisy nature of such data makes this task very challenging. We present a method to improve the modeling of the lateral dose distribution of clinical energy proton beams in water to commission an in-house IMPT dose calculation engine. Methods: A linear sum of three Gaussian distribution functions was fitted to the lateral dose data in logarithmic scale. Starting values of fitting solutions were determined from the Generalized Highland Approximation. We exhaustively optimized the combinations of data weights with upper bounds of the fitting solutions to minimize confidence intervals of the fitting solutions while maintaining the coefficient of determination (R2). Results: Across all energies, average confidence bounds improved 72.88% [Max: 88.28%, Min: 55.05%] for small angle coulomb scattering, 114.25% [409.13%, 66.72%,] for nuclear scattering, and 68.66% [141.09%, 33.27%] for large angle coulomb scattering, while the coefficients of determination of the fits (R2) remained comparable. On average R 2 only changed 0.18% and were very close to 1 (approx. 0.999). Wilcoxon signed rank tests comparing unweighted/unbounded fits with weighted/bounded fits averaged 0.0146 (Max: 0.177, Min: 7.05×10−⁷) for small angle Coulomb, 0.0903 (0.945, 7.05×10−⁷) for nuclear, and 0.254 (0.871, 1.86×10−⁶) for large angle Coulomb scattering. This allows rejection of the null hypothesis for small angle Coulomb scattering at the 0.015 level and nuclear interaction at the 0.1 level. Conclusion: Optimal weights assigned to IMPT lateral dose data minimized fitting to stochastic noise in the tail region. Optimizing the upper bounds of fitting parameters improved the robustness of fitting solutions. Both led to a more physically meaningful dose calculation kernel for the TPS. NIH/NCI K25CA168984, Eagles Cancer Research Career Development, The Lawrence W. and Marilyn W. Matteson Fund for Cancer Research, Mayo ASU Seed Grant, and The Kemper Marley Foundation.
IMPROVING RESULTS OF PEDIATRIC RENAL TRANSPLANTATION

BACKGROUND Outcome after renal transplantation in children has been variable. We undertook a retrospective study of our experience over the past five years. STUDY DESIGN From January 1, 1988, to October 15, 1992, 60 renal transplantations were performed upon 59 children at the Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh. Twenty-eight (47 percent) of the kidneys were from cadaveric donors, and 32 (53 percent) were from living donors. The recipients ranged in age from 0.8 to 17.4 years, with a mean of 9.8 +/- 4.8 years. Forty-six (77 percent) recipients were undergoing a first transplant, while 14 (23 percent) received a second or third transplant. Eight (13 percent) of the patients were sensitized, with a panel reactive antibody of more than 40 percent. Eleven of the 14 patients undergoing retransplantation and seven of the eight patients who were sensitized received kidneys from cadaveric donors. Thirty-three (55 percent) patients received cyclosporine-based immunosuppression, and 27 (45 percent) received FK506 as the primary immunosuppressive agent. RESULTS The median follow-up period was 36 months, with a range of six to 63 months. The one- and four-year actuarial patient survival rate was 100 and 98 percent. The one- and four-year actuarial graft survival rate was 98 and 83 percent. For living donor recipients, the one- and four-year actuarial patient survival rate was 100 and 100 percent; for cadaveric recipients, it was 100 and 96 percent. Corresponding one- and four-year actuarial graft survival rates were 100 and 95 percent for the living donor recipients and 96 and 69 percent for the cadaveric recipients. Patients on cyclosporine had a one- and four-year patient survival rate of 100 and 97 percent, and patients on FK506 had a one- and three-year patient survival rate of 100 and 100 percent. Corresponding one- and four-year actuarial graft survival rates were 100 and 85 percent in the cyclosporine group, while one- and three-year actuarial graft survival rates were 96 and 84 percent in the FK506 group. The mean serum creatinine level was 1.24 +/- 0.64 mg per dL; the blood urea nitrogen level was 26 +/- 13 mg per dL. The incidence of rejection was 47 percent; 75 percent of the rejections were steroid-responsive. The incidence of cytomegalovirus was 10 percent. The incidence of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder was 8 percent. None of the patients on cyclosporine were able to be taken off prednisone; 56 percent of the patients receiving FK506 were taken off prednisone successfully. Early growth and development data suggest that the patients receiving FK506 off prednisone had significant gains in growth. CONCLUSIONS These results support the idea that renal transplantation is a successful therapy for end-stage renal disease in children. They also illustrate the potential benefits of a new immunosuppressive agent, FK506.
Evaluating Educational Programs

(1981). Evaluating Educational Programs. The Review of Education: Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 19-22.
Development and validation of a measure of pediatric oral health-related quality of life: the POQL

Objective To develop a brief measure of oral health-related quality of life in children and demonstrate its reliability and validity in a diverse population.
The Hopf Invariant

We give a K-theory definition of the Hopf invariant of maps S 2n−1 → S n and then derive its elementary properties. In particular, we present the elementary Atiyah proof of the nonexistence of elements of Hopf invariant 1. We relate the K-theory definition to the cohomology definition using the Chern character in Chap. 18, Sec. 10.
The Interaction of Constraints on Prosodic Phrasing

The notion that the prosodic phrasing structure of a sentence plays a crucial role in organizing the segmental, tonal and prominence structures of a sentence’s phonological representation and its phonetic implementation as well is quite widely assumed in work in both phonology and phonetics. It is also quite widely assumed that this prosodic phrasing structure is independent of, but related to, the syntactic and/or information structure of a sentence. Yet no consensus has emerged within the various traditions of research on prosodic phrasing concerning the nature of the relation between prosodic phrasing and these other distinct types of grammatical representation. Certain approaches foreground the role for syntactic constraints on prosodic phrasing1, others the role for constraints appealing to aspects of information structure2. There are, moreover, properly phonological constraints on prosodic phrasing which ignore these interface representations3. An adequate theory has to recognize the full diversity of constraints on prosodic phrasing, and in addition, make explicit the manner in which these constraints interact4.
Specific cleavage of the native Type III collagen molecule with trypsin: Similarity of the cleavage products to collagenase-produced fragments and primary structure at the cleavage site

Abstract Solutions of native Type III collagen (chain composition, [ α 1( III )] 3 ) exhibit a rapid and dramatic decrease in relative viscosity when incubated with trypsin. Cleavage products of the reaction were precipitated with ammonium sulfate and isolated in denatured form by molecular sieve chromatography. They were found to be comprised of: α1(III)-T1 (molecular weight, 71,000) derived from the NH 2 -terminal portion of the Type III molecule; and α1(III)-T2 (molecular weight, 24,000) from the COOH-terminal portion of the molecule. Determination of the amino acid sequence at the NH 2 -terminal portion of α1(III)-T2 as well as at the COOH-terminus of α(III)-T1 demonstrated that the products arose from specific cleavage of the type III molecule at an arginine-glycine bond corresponding to residues 780–781 in the repetitive triplet sequence of the α1(III) chain. The results suggest that the trypsin-susceptible bond in the native Type III collagen molecule resides in a region characterized by a relative lack of the normal collagen helicity.
Minimal detectable change of measures of knee extension force obtained by hand-held dynamometry from five patient groups: A systematic review

This review used published data to describe the minimal detectable change for make test measurements of knee extension force obtained by hand-held dynamometry. Five studies involving patients contributed data. Depending on the study and side, the minimal detectable change ranged from 7.6 to 92.1 Newtons. These values provide an indication of how much a patient's knee extension force would need to change to concl ude that a real alteration in status had occurred.
Chapter 9 A Short History of Ion Channels and Signal Propagation

Publisher Summary The chapter outlines a short history of ion channels and signal propagation. Overton (1902) pointed to the essential role of sodium ion (Na + ) in maintaining the excitability of muscle fibers. The sodium theory discussed a sudden rise in Na + permeability, carried the voltage almost to the sodium equilibrium potential. The chapter discusses the propagation of signals in telephone cables, which formed a good analogy for nerve transmission. The chapter concludes by stating that, it is important to know why nerve fibers developed the elaborate machinery of the sodium (Na) channel rather than devising a means for breaking down the potassium (K) selectivity of the resting membrane. There are three points to be considered. The first is that rapid propagation of an impulse requires lowering the membrane resistance, thus providing the large currents necessary for charging the membrane capacitance. An increase in the Na + conductance provides this. In addition, the electrical driving force is larger, because of the selectivity of the Na channel. This helps to drive current through the axon core and also helps increase propagation speed. Finally, energy efficiency is increased: During the upstroke of the action potential, the largest flux is carried by the ion that is effective in driving the voltage positive. Movement of potassium ion (K + ) during this phase would be counterproductive and would increase the load on the Na–K pump.
Serving the Public Interest in a Crisis: Does Local Radio Meet the Public Interest?

During a crisis, radio stations frequently operate in the public interest, disseminating critical information the public needs. Past research offers that stations in smaller markets may be better prepared for crises and more willing to serve the public under such circumstances. These postulates were empirically tested in the context of a specific natural disaster. A survey of 124 radio stations in areas directly impacted by the 2008 Midwest flooding largely supports these assertions. The results indicate that while radio stations in a disaster-prone region may be more cognizant of their responsibilities to the public than those in more stable locations, these stations are often reluctant to coordinate with public officials. Further, stations in larger markets tended to perceive less civic responsibility than those in smaller markets, consistent with previous research. This lends further support to a disturbing argument – that radio stations who reach the greatest number of people may be both unwilling and unable to effectively communicate with the public during times of crisis and disaster.
Stochastic finite-state systems in control theory

This paper is concerned, in the main, with a problem of pursuit–evasion in the context of a stochastic finite-state system. Two cases are considered: (a) non-competitive pursuit in which the target does not try to evade the pursuer; and (b) a competitive case in which the aim of the target is to maximize the time of interception, and that of the pursuer is to minimize it. Employing dynamic programming, it is shown that determination of optimal policies for the target and pursuer reduce to solution of a functional equation involving the expected time of interception vector. Furthermore, it is shown that the functional equation is a contraction mapping. Optimal solution is obtained through iterated contraction. Convergence of iteration is established through the use of the Banach fixed-point theorem.
Diagnosis of complex acid-base disorders: physician performance versus the microcomputer.

Patients with acid-base disturbances that are often complex frequently present to the emergency department. The sometimes hectic nature of the ED can preclude the appropriate quantitative analysis required by these disorders, especially when mixed disturbances are present. A computer program using generally accepted acid-base and electrolyte formulae was developed for use on the Apple II + or IBM-PC microcomputer. Each of a series of 35 acid-base disturbances incorporating single, double, and triple disorders was correctly identified by the computer in less than 45 seconds. Problem sets based on the same 35 disturbances were presented to 21 physician-subjects at various levels of training from the emergency medicine, internal medicine, pediatrics, surgery, and family practice specialties. Although the physicians were given unlimited time and the necessary formulae to reach a diagnosis, they were requested to perform their analyses in the same fashion used in the ED. Although times varied widely, no physician spent more than five minutes on any problem. The physician correct response rates were 86%, 49%, and 17% for single, double, and triple disorders, respectively. The primary disorder correct response rate was 89% for double disorders and 94% for triple disorders. The primary and secondary disorder correct response rate was 58% for triple disorders. The data suggest that the microcomputer may be beneficial in the rapid assessment of complex disorders.
Implementation and evaluation of a nursing assessment/standing orders–based inpatient pneumococcal vaccination program

Background Pneumococcal vaccination is recommended for patients aged 65 years and greater; inpatient vaccination has been suggested as means to increase vaccination rates is this population. Our hospital implemented an inpatient pneumococcal vaccination program, and expanded the population of interest to include patients aged 2 to 64 years with risk factors for pneumococcal bacteremia. We studied the outcomes of this program to determine if the rate of pneumococcal vaccination opportunities and pneumococcal vaccination rate could be significantly increased through the application of an in-hospital pneumococcal vaccination program, based on standing orders and assessment by Registered Nurses, when compared to our previous method of physician assessment and written vaccination order for each patient. Methods Subjects were inpatients admitted to non-intensive care units of our hospital from August to December of 2004. Cases were aged greater than 65 years, or were greater than 2 years of age with selected risk factors. Patients with previous pneumococcal vaccination with the past five years, in terminal or comfort care, those allergic to vaccine components, patients who received organ or bone marrow transplants in the year prior to the study, and those physicians barred them from the vaccination protocol were excluded. Program effectiveness was evaluated through retrospective evaluation of medical records to determine if subjects had been evaluated for vaccination eligibility, and if subjects were eligible, whether or not they had received pneumococcal vaccination. Results Overall vaccination opportunity rate after implementation of the standing orders-based program increased form 8.6% to 59.1%, and overall vaccination rates improved form 0% to 15.4%. The study found a statistically significant difference in the rate of pneumococcal vaccination opportunities ( x 2 = 182.46, p=.00) and the pneumococcal vaccination rate ( x 2 = 56, p=.00) between the two methods of assessment and vaccination; these results are attributable to the study intervention. Conclusions The study program contributed to increased overall vaccination opportunity and vaccination rates, when compared to the previous method. The overall rates of vaccination attained by this program were often lower than those reported in the existing literature for other program designs; however, this may be due to an unusually high rate of vaccination refusal.
Floating gate ISFET for therapeutic drug screening of breast cancer cells

This paper presents a floating gate Ion Sensitive Field Effect Transistor (ISFET) to monitor the activity of breast cancer cells. We use an ISFET to monitor the change in pH of the cell culture media and to observe the apoptosis of the breast cancer cells when treated with staurosporine. Since ISFETs suffer from inherent mismatch and drift in the threshold voltage, predominantly caused due to accumulation of ions on the surface of the gate, we have integrated a floating gate ISFET to calibrate the device. Floating gate ISFETs have been used to program the threshold voltage of the device either by hot electron injection, Fowler-Nordheim tunneling, and UV to remove charges. In this work we use hot electron injection to precisely program the device and tunneling as a global erase. This enables us to precisely record the changes in pH. These floating gate devices have been fabricated in 0.5 μm CMOS process.
A fossil aphid (Insecta: Hemiptera) from the Early Cretaceous of southern England

Abstract A new species of fossil aphid, Penaphis woollardi sp. nov. (Aphidoidea: Callaphididae?) is described from the Weald Clay of the English Weald (Early Cretaceous: Hauterivian). Penaphis may be the earliest member of a gymnosperm-feeding lineage including late Early Cretaceous Oviparosiphum and Recent Neophyllaphis. The synonymy of Oviparosiphum with Neophyllaphis is proposed although Penaphis is retained as a form genus because it is based solely on forewings.
Senior Advice: Graduating Seniors Write to Psychology Freshmen

We describe the course context, representative results, and student evaluations of an assignment in which graduating psychology majors provided written advice in the form of letters to incoming psychology freshmen. Quantitative analyses of 101 letters written as part of a senior seminar revealed that the letters contained an average of 11 recommendations and expressed a positive tone. Prevailing advice centered on becoming involved in student organizations, cultivating study skills, securing research experience, and living college to its fullest. Evaluative data demonstrated favorable reactions to the assignment by both the authors and the recipients. We conclude with a discussion of the pedagogical and advising uses of the assignment and its results.
Creating Arteriovenous Fistulas in 132 Consecutive Patients: Exploiting the Proximal Radial Artery Arteriovenous Fistula: Reliable, Safe, and Simple Forearm and Upper Arm Hemodialysis Access

Hypothesis Dialysis by native arteriovenous fistula (NAVF) clearly offers lower infection rates, fewer procedures, and lower mortality risk compared with access by catheter or graft, in addition to lower cost. However, NAVFs are utilized for vascular access in only 30% of hemodialysis patients in the United States. Wrist NAVFs are not feasible or successful in many patients and upper arm brachial artery NAVFs may be impractical or lead to additional procedures or complications. Careful preoperative evaluation of all options for NAVF construction including the proximal radial artery (PRA) as an arterial inflow site will find most, if not all, patients to be candidates for successful NAVFs. Design Retrospective review of consecutive operations for hemodialysis access preformed by an individual surgeon from May 2003 to November 2004. Setting Two university-affiliated tertiary medical centers. Patients All patients underwent preoperative ultrasound evaluation by the operating surgeon. A wrist fistula was first choice for access when success was predicted by ultrasound and physical examination. The second choice, and most common operation, was a PRA NAVF with distal forearm (retrograde) flow established by disrupting the initial venous valve using a vessel probe. Results One hundred thirty-two patients aged 11 to 90 years (mean = 61) were reviewed. Sixty-eight patients had diabetes and 61 were female. Thirty-four had previous failed access surgery. Native arteriovenous fistulas were created in all patients. No grafts were used. A PRA NAVF was utilized in 105 operations. Overall (assisted) patency was 97%, with a mean follow-up of 11 months. Importantly, there were no infections or hospitalizations due to the NAVF access operations. Conclusions No grafts were used in this series of 132 consecutive patients. The PRA NAVF was the most common operation and an important addition to wrist, brachial, and transposition fistulas. Proximal radial artery NAVFs increase the opportunity for construction of successful NAVFs and are reliable, safe, and simple procedures with access sites often available in both the forearm and in the upper arm.
DEW POINT DISTRIBUTION IN THE CONTIGUOUS UNITED STATES

Abstract New maps showing the distribution of average monthly dew points and their standard deviation in the contiguous United States are presented. These are based on recently available summaries of hourly psychrometric data prepared by the U.S. Air Force for approximately 200 stations and on average dew point data prepared by the U.S. Weather Bureau.
Maintenance sulfur amino acid requirements of young chicks and efficiency of their use for accretion of whole-body sulfur amino acids and protein

Peterson x Hubbard male chicks were used in two bioassays conducted to determine the maintenance requirement and efficiency of utilization of dietary Met and Cys in young chicks. In each assay, chicks were given free access for 10 d to crystalline amino acid (AA) diets containing graded levels of DL-Met (Assay 1) or graded equal levels of DL-Met and L-Cys (Assay 2). Doses of Met represented 5, 10, 40, 55, 70, and 95% of its ideal level in Assay 1, with all other AA maintained at minimized excess levels that were 15% (of ideal) above the various doses of Met, except for Cys, which was maintained at 100% of its ideal level for all treatments. For example, when Met was fed at 40% of its ideal level, all other AA were fed at 55% of their ideal levels, and Cys was fed at 100%. In Assay 2, Met and Cys were fed at equal levels representing 5, 10, 40, 55, 70, and 95% of ideal with all other AA maintained at minimized excess levels that were 15% (of ideal) above the various doses of Met + Cys. After 24 h of feed deprivation, chicks were killed for whole-body protein and AA analysis. In Assay 1, Met accretion was a linear (P < 0.01) function of Met intake (r(2) = 0.97). The slope of the Met accretion regression line indicated that 68% of the crystalline Met ingested (above maintenance) was retained. In Assay 2, increases in whole-body protein and whole-body TSAA were linear (P < 0.01) between dosage levels of 5 and 70% of the ideal TSAA level. Slope of the TSAA accretion line between these dose levels indicated that 52% of the TSAA was retained. The TSAA requirement for zero protein accretion was calculated to be 3.2 mg/d or 9.4 mg/d per kg(3/4), whereas the TSAA required for zero TSAA accretion was 5.3 mg/d or 15.3 mg/d per kg(3/4).
RECONSTRUCTION OF SINGULAR SURFACES BY SHAPE SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS AND LEVEL SET METHOD

We consider the reconstruction of singular surfaces from the over-determined boundary conditions of an elliptic problem. The problem arises in optical and impedance tomography, where void-like structure or cracks may be modeled as diffusion processes supported on co-dimension one surfaces. The reconstruction of such surfaces is obtained theoretically and numerically by combining a shape sensitivity analysis with a level set method. The shape sensitivity analysis is used to define a velocity field, which allows us to update the surface while decreasing a given cost function, which quantifies the error between the prediction of the forward model and the measured data. The velocity field depends on the geometry of the surface and the tangential diffusion process supported on it. The latter process is assumed to be known in this paper. The level set method is next applied to evolve the surface in the direction of the velocity field. Numerical simulations show how the surface may be reconstructed from noisy estimates of the full, or local, Neumann-to-Dirichlet map.
Structural changes in high performing minority and nonminority banks in the deregulated banking environment

This study considers the changes that have occurred in the balance sheets of high-performance minority-owned banks during the period 1981–1988 and compares them to changes in the balance sheets of high-performance nonminority-owned banks. The changes are analyzed using two methodologies: decomposition analysis and a t-test of the mean differences of the balance sheet and of its component parts. The study examines changes in total assets, total liabilities, and the balance sheets as a whole, and then disaggregates the assets and liabilities to determine where the changes occurred in each group of banks. The findings show statistically significant differences in the average proportions of assets and liabilities between the two groups: minority banks held more cash than nonminority banks, fewer loans, more premises, a higher volume of other assets, more common stock and lower undivided profits. Although the wide differences in the structural changes of assets and liabilities began to narrow in 1985–1987, the analysis indicates the differences may again be increasing between the two groups.
Personality measurement and intuitive personality judgments from an idiothetic point of view

Abstract This article begins with a reiteration of the need for a viable alternative to what has long passed as a “nomothetic” paradigm for the study of personality. This is followed by a discussion and illustration of the interactive model for psychological measurement proposed by Lamiell (1981) as an alternative to the normative model on which the traditional paradigm has been based. We then describe the rationale for and methodology of an ongoing program of research on the subjective personality judgments framed by “naive” college sophomores. Contrary to a critical but heretofore untested assumption on which virtually all prior research in this domain has been based, our findings indicate that the intuitive judgment process is modeled with much greater fidelity by the logic of interactive measurement than by the logic of normative measurement. Consistent with the “idiothetic” point of view, this evidence suggests that subjective conceptions of personality may be rooted not in normative considerations whereby individuals are differentiated from one another, but rather in essentially dialectical considerations whereby each individual is differentiated from the person s/he is not but might otherwise be. We conclude by pointing to the implications of this line of inquiry for future efforts to understand the apparent “inadequacies” of clinical judgment.
Norrish Type I vs. Norrish-Yang Type II in the Solid State Photochemistry of CIS-2,6-DI(1-Cyclohexenyl)-Cyclohexanone: A Computational Study

A computational study of the reaction mechanism for the solid state photolysis of cis-2,6-di(1-cyclohexenyl)cyclohexanone ( 1 ) was carried out using density functional theory. Compound 1 was designed to explore the competition between several possible pathways, but mainly to discern from α-cleavage/decarbonylation (Norrish type I), and γ-hydrogen abstraction followed by cyclization (Norrish type II- Yang). The triplet state reaction coordinates for the type I and II photochemistry were obtained computationally. While calculations predict that the type I reaction should be predominant in the triplet state due to lower barrier heights for the process, the observed reactivity in the solid state favored the type II process. By correlating the results from calculations and experiments with singlet/triplet sensitizers/quenchers, it was found that the observed reactivity takes place along the singlet manifold.
Abstract B130: The intratumoral heterogeneity of glioblastoma suggests a pivotal role for clonal evolution.

To investigate therapy induced evolutionary patterns in glioblastoma (GBM), we completed whole exome sequencing of all samples, as well as transcriptome sequencing, DNA copy number, DNA methylation, and mRNA from at least one primary sample, and one (post-therapy) recurrent sample. Sample collection was enabled through The Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network (TCGA). Multiple spatially distinct samples were available for five primary and six recurrent cases, allowing the integration of intratumoral heterogeneity with the evolutionary processes that shape the tumor recurrence after therapeutic intervention. Sample unique mutations were common, but most of the somatic variants in driver genes (like TP53 and EGFR) were preserved across the tumor and after therapy. We found that the therapeutic bottleneck resulted in proportionally higher numbers of (mostly clonal) mutations, reduced clonal complexity and changes in the mutation spectrum. GBM recurrence could be grouped into two categories, characterized by drastically different clonal evolution patterns. Our findings suggest that multi-sector sequencing sharpens the analysis but is not essential for precise delineation of the tumor progression process. Projecting our results on genomic data from 253 primary GBMs, we observed that the number of clonal, but not subclonal, mutations increased with age at diagnosis, and the two categories differed in their mutation spectrum. This study represents an important advance toward comprehensive characterization of the genomic alterations of GBM before and after cytotoxic treatment and surgery. Our analysis of spatially and temporally distinct samples provides new insights into the relevance of intratumoral heterogeneity on disease progression in GBM. Acknowledgements: This work is supported by Award Numbers 5 P50 CA127001 and 5 P50 CA083639-12 from the National Cancer Institute (NCI) to RGWV. H.K. is supported in part by the Odyssey Program and Theodore N. Law Endowment for Scientific Achievement at The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center. The results published here are in whole or part based upon data generated by The Cancer Genome Atlas project established by the NCI and NHGRI. Citation Information: Mol Cancer Ther 2013;12(11 Suppl):B130. Citation Format: Hoon Kim, Siyuan Zheng, Seyed S. Amini, Selene Virk, Tom Mikkelsen, Daniel J. Brat, Jonna Grimsby, Carrie Sougnez, Andrew E. Sloan, Mark L. Cohen, Erwin G. Van Meir, Lisa Scarpace, Peter W. Laird, John N. Weinstein, Eric S. Lander, Stacey Gabriel, Gaddy Getz, Matthew Meyerson, Lynda Chin, Jill S. Barnholtz-Sloan, Roeland GW Verhaak. The intratumoral heterogeneity of glioblastoma suggests a pivotal role for clonal evolution. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2013 Oct 19-23; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2013;12(11 Suppl):Abstract nr B130.
FPGA design of a real-time edge enhancing smoothing filter

Traditional noise removal filters have an undesirable side effect of blurring edges, which is unacceptable for some image processing applications. To overcome this problem, our ongoing project evaluates an edge enhancing smoothening filter and implements it on FPGAs to reduce noise while sharpening edges. One such edge enhancing smoothing filter consists of a combination of the bilateral filter (used for edge preserving smoothing) and the Shock filter (used for edge enhancement) to achieve the desired result. This paper describes an implementation of the bilateral filter on Altera FPGAs. Shock filter part is then briefly described. Area and speed performance results for different Altera FPGA families are comparatively shown.
Psychological Factors That Predict Reaction to Abortion.

Investigated demographic and psychological factors related to positive or negative reactions to legal abortions performed during the first trimester of pregnancy in 62 females in an urban southern community. Results suggest that the social context and the degree of support from a series of significant persons rather than demographic variables were most predictive of a positive reaction.
How to implement activity‐based costing

As the manufacturing environment moves to computer‐integrated manufacturing and the products that are manufactured are diverse, conventional cost systems can report seriously distorted product costs. Discusses the solutions to these problems. Activity‐based costing, initiated and popularized by Robin Cooper and Robert S. Kaplan, can solve these distorted problems. Activity‐based costing (ABC) is defined as “the collection of financial and operation performance tracing the significant activities of the firm‐to‐product cost”. Discusses the ABC system design and ABC implementation. The five steps in the design of an ABC system are: aggregate actions into activities; report the cost of activities; identify activity centres; select first‐stage cost drivers; and select second‐stage cost drivers. The implementation plan consists of seven phases: an ABC seminar; a design seminar; design and data gathering; progress meetings; an executive seminar; result meetings; and interpretation meetings.
Social insects inspire human design.

The international conference ‘Social Biomimicry: Insect Societies and Human Design’, hosted by Arizona State University, USA, 18–20 February 2010, explored how the collective behaviour and nest architecture of social insects can inspire innovative and effective solutions to human design challenges. It brought together biologists, designers, engineers, computer scientists, architects and businesspeople, with the dual aims of enriching biology and advancing biomimetic design.
Congenital aneurysmal defect of the membranous portion of the ventricular septum associated with heart block, ventricular flutter, Adams-Stokes syndrome and death.

A case of congenital aneurysmal defect of the ventricular septum is reported which appears to be unique in that this lesion was the only significant finding at autopsy. The patient had evidence of auriculoventricular block for a period of 26 years, at first partial and then complete. She succumbed at the age of 47 to a series of Adams-Stokes attacks which were demonstrated to be set off by paroxysmal ventricular flutter followed by ventricular tachycardia and ventricular standstill. Pertinent literature is briefly reviewed.
Natural Variability of Kozak Sequences Correlates with Function in a Zebrafish Model

In eukaryotes, targeting the small ribosomal subunit to the mRNA transcript requires a Kozak sequence at the translation initiation site. Despite the critical importance of the Kozak sequence to regulation of gene expression, there have been no correlation studies between its natural variance and efficiency of translation. Combining bioinformatics analysis with molecular biology techniques, and using zebrafish as a test case, we identify Kozak sequences based on their natural variance and characterize their function in vivo. Our data reveal that while the canonical Kozak sequence is efficient, in zebrafish it is neither the most common nor the most efficient translation initiation sequence. Rather, the most frequent natural variation of the Kozak sequence is almost twice as efficient. We conclude that the canonical Kozak sequence is a poor predictor of translation efficiency in different model organisms. Furthermore, our results provide an experimental approach to testing and optimizing an important tool for molecular biology.
Measurement of the De Haas-Van Alphen effect in the rutile structure RuO2

Abstract We have measured the De Haas-Van Alphen effect in the rutile structure RuO 2 . The signals can be interpreted as due to three Fermi surface sheets.
Simplified procedure for simulating spatially correlated earthquake ground motions

An approach has been developed for the simulation of spatially correlated ground motions statistically analogous with a reference record. This procedure makes use of a discrete representation of the ground motion as a random process in terms of its frequency components and subdivides the known record into a sequence of time windows to account for its temporal variation. Ground motions, consistent with both the target auto-spectrum of the known record and a frequency-dependent coherency function, were simulated at different stations. Model diagnostic checking showed that this simplified procedure is accurate and applicable for discretely supported systems such as suspension and cable-stayed bridges, particularly when used in conjunction with seismological models to generate strong motion spatially correlated accelerograms.
One lump or two

Answers to the following two quiz questions can be found on page 40. ### Question 1 Select one option from the following: 1. a. Bilateral Wilm's tumour 2. b. Bilateral hydronephrosis 3. c. Acute nephritis 4. d. Autosomal …
Werner Stumm, 1924–1999

Werner Stumm, professor emeritus and former director of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology for Water Resources and Water Pollution Control (EAWAG), died April 14, 1999. He was 74 years old. Werner is remembered for coining the term “aquatic chemistry” and for introducing quantitative chemical equilibrium and chemical kinetic principles into the field of water science and technology. He transformed environmental chemistry by working from a molecular viewpoint and by concentrating on coordination chemistry at interfaces.
Local structural incompatibilities in amorphous, quasicrystalline and crystalline solids

Abstract The local structural incompatibilities, defined in terms of the atomic level stresses, are found not only in liquids and glasses, but also in many of the crystalline solids and qusicrystals. The effect of these local structural incompatibilities on the medium range structural order through long range stress fields is discussed.
Evaluating rural nurses for preparation in implementing nutrition interventions.

: With the increase in wellness programs, earlier hospital discharges, higher health care costs, and more home health care, rural nurses are required to generalize their practices and draw from a more extensive knowledge base. The purpose of this study was to examine nursing interventions, specifically nutrition education practices, based on nutrition knowledge that is used in health promotion. A stratified random sample of rural nurses from hospitals, nursing homes, and community health agencies in North Dakota was invited to participate in this study. Data were obtained via questionnaires. The questionnaire consisted of two parts: the first analyzing demographic data and the second analyzing nutrition knowledge. Nutrition information requests were received by 90.9 percent of the practicing registered nurses. The community/public health nurses had the highest nutrition knowledge scores while medical-surgical hospital nurses had the lowest nutrition knowledge scores. With nutrition information and education being a frequently sought intervention by the rural health client, it would seem that registered nurses should be highly prepared and knowledgeable to meet these clients' needs.
Simultaneous anatomic reconstruction of the acromioclavicular and coracoclavicular ligaments using a single tendon graft

The purpose of this study was to introduce a novel surgical technique for simultaneous anatomic reconstruction of the acromioclavicular and coracoclavicular ligaments using a single tendon graft and to compare its biomechanical characteristics to those of a coracoid cerclage reconstruction of the coracoclavicular ligaments. Six matched pairs of human acromioclavicular joints with an average age of 54.8 ± 7.8 years were used. One shoulder from each pair received the single tendon acromioclavicular–coracoclavicular reconstruction; the contralateral shoulder received the coracoid cerclage reconstruction. Bovine extensor tendon was used for both techniques. The single tendon acromioclavicular–coracoclavicular reconstruction technique provided anatomic restoration of the two coracoclavicular ligaments and the superior and inferior acromioclavicular ligaments simultaneously using one coracoid hole, one acromion hole, and two clavicular holes with interference screws. Anterior–posterior and superior–inferior translations were quantified for all specimens before and after reconstruction, followed by load to failure testing. Following coracoid cerclage reconstruction, total anterior–posterior translation was significantly greater than intact (10.0 ± 5.7 mm; p = 0.008). Following single tendon acromioclavicular–coracoclavicular reconstruction, there was no significant difference in anterior–posterior translation compared to intact (−1.6 ± 2.2 mm; n.s.). The coracoid cerclage technique demonstrated significantly greater anterior–posterior translation than the single tendon acromioclavicular–coracoclavicular technique (p = 0.007). Both techniques restored superior–inferior translation to the intact condition (n.s.). Ultimate load, deformation at ultimate load, and energy absorbed at ultimate load were significantly greater after acromioclavicular–coracoclavicular reconstruction than after coracoid cerclage reconstruction (p < 0.05). This novel single tendon anatomic acromioclavicular–coracoclavicular reconstruction provided greater stability and stronger load to failure characteristics than the isolated coracoid cerclage reconstruction. A simultaneous acromioclavicular–coracoclavicular reconstruction technique using a single free tendon graft provided anatomic reconstruction of the conoid, trapezoid, and superior and inferior acromioclavicular ligaments and may reduce postoperative subluxation.
Three year observation of combined treatment for far advanced cancer of the head and neck

Abstract Sixty patients with proved advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck have completed treatment using hydroxyurea and irradiation concomitantly. Thirty patients (50 per cent) are now alive and well for periods up to forty-four months. It is therefore believed that this regimen offers an increased chance for cure and survival.
Comments on the paper ‘ A general frequency stability criterion for multi-input-output lumped and distributed-parameter feedback systems ’†

Some errors and misconceptions in a recent paper by Chen and Tsay are pointed out. A guide to the recent literature is given.
Survival and Antibody Response of Channel Catfish, Blue Catfish, and Channel Catfish Female × Blue Catfish Male Hybrids after Exposure to Edwardsiella ictaluri

Abstract Juvenile Norris strain channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus, blue catfish I. furcatus, and Norris strain channel catfish female × blue catfish male hybrids were challenged with Edwardsiella ictaluri by bath immersion or intraperitoneal injection (high or low dose) in aquaria. Survival (%) after bath immersion was highest for blue catfish (89.5 ± 2.8), intermediate for hybrids (73.8 ± 6.7), and lowest for channel catfish (62.0 ± 4.2). Prechallenge antibody levels to E. ictaluri, measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, were negative (mean ± SE optical density [OD] = 0.010 ± 0.003). Postchallenge antibody response for blue catfish (OD = 0.132 ± 0.045) was significantly lower than that of channel catfish (OD = 0.350 ± 0.045), whereas the response of the channel × blue catfish F1 hybrids (OD = 0.263 ± 0.051) was intermediate and not significantly different from either parental species. Intraperitoneal injections of E. ictaluri resulted in significant mortality only in channel catfish (88.3 ± 2.6...
Benign superior vena cava syndrome caused by transvenous cardiac pacemaker

A case of superior vena cava syndrome in an 84-year-old man caused by transvenous cardiac pacemaker is described. Computed tomograms showed lack of visualization of superior vena cava (SVC) due to thrombosis. Superior vena cavagram showed SVC obstruction with collateral circulation.
Effect of Compaction Technic and Mercury:Alloy Ratio on the Adaptation of Spherical Alloy Dental Amalgam

Six different ratios of mercury to alloy were evaluated for a spherical alloy dental amalgam by hand and pneumatic compaction into a test cavity with an internal line angle of 30°. Measurements of the area of discrepancy between amalgam and wall of the cavity in 240 specimens showed that varying the amount of mercury in 1% increments between 48 and 52% compositions did not introduce significant changes in adaptation for either of the two compaction technics.
The Hollow Holiday: Christmas, A Time of Death in Appalachia.

An inquiry was conducted into the question of the influence of Christmas and Easter on the occurrence of death. The authors hypothesized that dying might be postponed until after these two important events resulting in a significantly increased frequency of death after these holidays. Obituaries were read for 4 weeks before and 4 weeks after each holiday for 6 alternate years beginning in 1960 and ending in 1970. Chi square analyses were calculated for each week. The results indicated a significant peak 2 weeks after Christmas (p < .05). The Easter data did not corroborate the authors' hypothesis.