cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The influence of cations on the reactivity of the sulfhydryl groups of actin

Abstract 1. 1. The interaction of the sulfhydryl groups of G-actin with p-chloromercuribenzoate in the presence of chlorides of various cations has been studied. Calcium, in low concentrations, inhibits the reactivity of at least two of the 4 slowly reacting Sh groups of actin, while magnesium slightly stimulates SH reactivity. Magnesium partially reverses the inhibition of SH reactivity due to calcium. 2. 2. Zinc, cobaltous and nickel ions stimulate SH reactivity while manganous ions inhibit. Cadmium ions, though most active in precipitating actin, have no effect on SH reactivity. The alkali metal ions, lithium, sodium, potassium, and rubidium, in concentrations which normally induce polymerization of actin have no marked effect on SH reactivity. 3. 3. ATP, which inhibits SH reactivity slightly, strongly increases the inhibition in the presence of calcium, but reduces the enhancing effect of magnesium. 4. 4. These results are discussed in terms of a model in which calcium and magnesium have specific effects on the configuration of G-actin, the former acting to favor a “closed” configuration while substitution by the latter produces an “open” configuration. ATP appears to be intimately associated with the binding of calcium. Monovalent cations probably influence only the interaction between actin molecules as no effects on SH reactivity of the actin monomer were observed.
Hemispheric Differences in Context Sensitivity During Lexical Ambiguity Resolution

Three experiments were conducted to investigate the influence of contextual constraint on lexical ambiguity resolution in the cerebral hemispheres. A cross-modal priming variant of the divided visual field task was utilized in which subjects heard sentences containing homonyms and made lexical decisions to targets semantically related to dominant and subordinate meanings. Experiment 1 showed priming in both hemispheres of dominant meanings for homonyms embedded in neutral sentence contexts. Experiment 2 showed priming in both hemispheres of dominant and subordinate meanings for homonyms embedded in sentence contexts that biased a central semantic feature of the subordinate meaning. Experiment 3 showed priming of dominant meanings in the left hemisphere (LH), and priming of the subordinate meaning in the right hemisphere (RH) for homonyms embedded in sentences that biased a peripheral semantic feature of the subordinate meaning. These results are consistent with a context-sensitive model of language processing that incorporates differential sensitivity to semantic relationships in the cerebral hemispheres.
Hydrogen bonding in metal ion solvation: vibrational spectroscopy of Cs+(CH3OH)1–6 in the 2.8 μm region

Abstract The vibrational spectroscopy of cesium ions solvated by methanol has been obtained in the 2.8 μ m region, using a tunable infrared laser and a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. The cluster ions are generated by the collision between the ion and a preformed methanol cluster. The resulting nascent ion cluster is stabilized by evaporative cooling prior to spectroscopic study. The vibrational spectra of the OH stretch, in Cs + (CH 3 OH) 1–6 , reveal the onset of hydrogen-bond formation with as few as three molecules in the first solvent shell, for a subset of the mass-selected cluster ions. Prominent infrared features have been observed near 3665 cm −1 , for methanol molecules individually complexed to the ion, and near 3520, 3415 and 3345 cm −1 , corresponding to methanols complexed to the ion and participating in hydrogen bonds. Structural interpretations of these features are made by comparison with vibrational spectra of neutral methanol clusters. There is clear evidence that more than one structural isomer exists for clusters with three to five solvent molecules. The variations in the OH stretching frequency contain far more structural information than previous spectroscopic studies of the CO stretch. Whereas the former experiments revealed the size of the solvent shell and differences between the environments in the solvent shells, structural variations within the first solvent shell are now observable. The balance between electrostatic interactions (ion-solvent) and hydrogen bonding (solvent-solvent) can be examined at the molecular level, which should be extremely useful in developing accurate new, computationally efficient, interaction potentials.
The Rhetorical Space of Robben Island

Abstract Drawing on the concept of rhetorical space, as described by Roxanne Mountford, this essay gives an account of Robben Island. A notorious South African prison, Robben Island was home to the majority of the apartheid government's high‐profile political prisoners. After the transition to a democratic government in South Africa, the prison became a national heritage site. Documenting representative accounts of the space of Robben Island during and after apartheid, this essay elaborates the concept of rhetorical space, demonstrating the complex and dynamic interactions of spatial experience and rhetorical authority. In particular, the example of Robbern Island illustrates the ways in which space functions as a maleable rhetorical resource.
Structurally induced magnetization in a La2/3Sr4/3MnO4 superlattice

A structural transition has been observed in a digital superlattice of La2/3Sr4/3MnO4, which is correlated to a magnetization enhancement upon cooling the sample. The artificial superlattices were grown layer-by-layer using ozone-assisted molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). Electron diffraction experiments show a phase transition below 150K in nanopatches of the superlattice, which coincides with an enhanced magnetization starting below 110K. Furthermore, atomic scale electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) shows changes in the Mn L2,3 and O K edges, which are related to valence, strain, and the atomic coordination within nanopatches. Atomic resolution image and EELS showing variations of oxygen and lanthanum signature edges in a La2/3Sr4/3MnO4 supperlattice.
Behavior of alkali bonded silicon carbide foams in modified synthetic body fluid

Abstract Alkali bonded SiC based (90 wt%) foams were prepared exploiting the ability of impurities of metallic silicon present in the SiC powder to develop hydrogen gas during the synthesis, thus inducing the formation of interconnected ultra-macropores, needed for bone in-growth. A treatment into a simulated body fluid enriched with Sr2+ was exploited to nucleate substituted biomimetic calcium phosphates onto the material in order to preliminarily study the material potentialities for bone substitution.
Development of herpes simplex virus-1 amplicon-based immunotherapy for chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

Herpes simplex virus (HSV)–based vectors have favorable biologic features for gene therapy of leukemia and lymphoma. These include high transduction efficiency, ability to infect postmitotic cells, and large packaging capacity. The usefulness of HSV amplicon vectors for the transduction of primary human B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) was explored. Vectors were constructed encoding β-galactosidase (LacZ), CD80 (B7.1), or CD154 (CD40L) and were packaged using either a standard helper virus (HSVlac, HSVB7.1, and HSVCD40L) or a helper virus–free method (hf-HSVlac, hf-HSVB7.1, and hf-HSVCD40L). Both helper-containing and helper-free vector stocks were studied for their ability to transduce CLL cells, up-regulate costimulatory molecules, stimulate allogeneic T-cell proliferation in a mixed lymphocyte tumor reaction, and generate autologous cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). Although helper-containing and helper-free amplicon stocks were equivalent in their ability to transduce CLL cells, a vigorous T-cell proliferative response was obtained using cells transduced with hf-HSVB7.1 but not with HSVB7.1. CLL cells transduced with either HSVCD40L or hf-HSVCD40L were compared for their ability to up-regulate resident B7.1 and to function as T-cell stimulators. Significantly enhanced B7.1 expression in response to CD40L was observed using hf-HSVCD40L but not with HSVCD40L. CLL cells transduced with hf-HSVCD40L were also more effective at stimulating T-cell proliferation than those transduced with HSVCD40L stocks and were successful in stimulating autologous CTL activity. It is concluded that HSV amplicons are efficient vectors for gene therapy of hematologic malignancies and that helper virus–free HSV amplicon preparations are better suited for immunotherapy.
Electrical resistance studies of hydrogen diffusion in niobium: An old problem revisited

Abstract The diffusivity of hydrogen in niobium was studied in the temperature range 100–350 K using a resistivity relaxation method. Excellent agreement with previously published Gorsky effect measurements was obtained, including the non-Arrhenius temperature dependence of the diffusivity. A discussion of the fit of the data to various models is presented. It is concluded that the very large differences in the hydrogen jump frequencies obtained by different measuring techniques reflect the presence of different hydrogen jump mechanisms.
Phosphorylation of hen progesterone receptor by cAMP dependent protein kinase.

Abstract Progesterone receptor A and B subunits from laying hen oviducts were highly purified and their phosphorylation by cAMP-dependent protein kinase from bovine heart was studied. Both proteins are phosphorylated by the kinase using physiological or subphysiological concentrations of the enzyme. This result indicates that the receptors are good substrates. The reaction is dependent upon exogenous enzyme; no phosphorylation is seen in the absence of protein kinase.
Interactive collision detection in three-dimensional visualizations of simulated construction operations

This paper presents research that led to the design and implementation of fast and interactive collision detection methods that can be used to identify and report undesirable conflicts that occur among static (e.g., structure in-place, idle equipment), dynamic (e.g., active machines and workers), and abstract (e.g., hazard spaces) construction resources in 3D animations of construction operations modeled using discrete-event simulation. Computational efficiency and interactive speed in the designed interference detection methods were the primary challenges that the research addressed. In addition, the efficiency and speed were achieved with minimal trade-off against accuracy. In order to achieve this, the authors capitalized on advanced documented algorithms for proximity queries between arbitrarily moving 3D geometric objects to design mechanisms for interference detection, control, and response in construction process visualizations. The designed methods are implemented in a software tool called C-Collide that integrates as an add-on with the VITASCOPE visualization system.
Viscous fingering in a Hele-Shaw cell with finite viscosity ratio and interfacial tension

A volume tracking method was developed to simulate time-dependent unstable viscous fingering in a Hele-Shaw cell. The effect of finite viscosity ratio μ r between displacing and displaced fluids and their interfacial tension σ on finger morphology is investigated. There exist four distinct finger patterns, depending upon the viscosity ratio, μ r , and Ca', the modified capillary number for constant flow' rate, or ΔP. W/σ, for constant driving pressure difference. Morphology diagrams are developed to identify the ranges of the dimensionless parameters corresponding to the various finger patterns
Withdrawal of life sustaining therapy after traumatic injury

Background: Each year, traumatic injury accounts for large number of patient admissions and deaths in the US. Injuries have tremendous public health implications, and controlling and treating traumatised patients is an essential part of any health delivery system. Nonetheless, traumatised patients whose terminal hospitalisation ends in the intensive care unit (ICU) are a particular demographic group that has not been well studied.Methods: Here, we review demographic trends, critical care unit utilisation and outcomes for trauma patients. Based on the available data, we discuss issues related to specific patient groups (such as the elderly), management of end-of-life patients in the ICU, views of medical professionals relative to end-of-life care and costs associated and with care of terminally ill patients. In this context, we also review and discuss recent data on withdrawal of life-sustaining therapies for trauma patients.Conclusions: We conclude that it is difficult for physicians, patients and their f...
Metal/electrolyte surface chemistry: The adsorption of nitric acid and water on Ag(110)

Abstract The adsorption of HNO 3 /H 2 O mixtures on Ag(110) was investigated to learn more about the chemistry of the metal/electrolyte interface. The experiments were performed in ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) using thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS), low energy electron diffraction (LEED), and electron stimulated desorption ion angular distribution (ESDIAD) over temperatures of 80–650 K and coverages of 0–10 monolayers (ML). As this is the first known study of HNO 3 in UHV, the mass spectrometer cracking pattern for HNO 3 is here reported. HNO 3 adsorbs irreversibly on the clean surface at 80 K and loses its acidic proton to form an adsorbed surface nitrate (NO 3 ) below 150 K. The saturation amount of adsorbed NO 3 is 0.4 ± 0.1 ML for which adsorption occurs in either a normal or split c(2 × 2) structure. N03 is stable on the surface up to 450 K beyond which it decomposes directly to gaseous NO 2 and NO and adsorbed atomic oxygen. NO 3 decomposition is first order with an activation energy E a = 151±4 kJ mol −1 and a pre-exponential factor of A = 10 15.4±0.4 s −1 . NO 3 stabilizes adsorbed H 2 O by about 8 kJ mol −1 and is hydrated by as many as three H 2 O molecules. Multilayers of HNO 3 /H 2 O desorb at 150–220 K and show evidence of extensive hydrogen bonding and hydration interactions. No evidence for HNO 3 -induced corrosion or other surface damage was detected in any of these experiments.
Results and analysis of a bi-telescopic survey of low altitude orbital debris

The Experimental Test System of the Space Surveillance Group of Lincoln Laboratory has been used to search for, detect, and discriminate debris as small as 1 cm in near—Earth orbit. The reason for this work is that some orbital inclinations at some elevations are so crowded with artificial “meteoroids~that they are already hazardous to manned spacecraft. In order to more accurately define the near—Earth population of such debris, NASA (Johnson Space Center) approached M.I.T. Lincoln Laboratory’s Aerospace Division and requested that state—of—the—art measurements be made. The unique properties of our observatory [twin telescopes to allow the discrimination of meteors by parallax (150” at 80 km elevation and II” camera resolution), deep limiting magnitude (-16”~5), good time resolution (1/60’th sec), and sophisticated real—time and post—observing video processing] have served very well in this work.
A Local Flatness Criterion for Complete Modules

We prove various extensions of the Local Flatness Criterion over a Noetherian local ring R with residue field k. For instance, if Ω is a complete R-module of finite projective dimension, then Ω is flat if and only if for all n = 1,…, depth (R). In low dimensions, we have the following criteria. If R is one-dimensional and reduced, then Ω is flat if and only if . If R is two-dimensional, then in order for Ω to be flat, it suffices that it is separated, that its projective dimension is finite and that . Many of these criteria have global counterparts and in particular, it is shown that the &#x1d51e;-adic completion of a flat module of finite projective dimension over an arbitrary Noetherian ring is again flat.
The representation of the crusades in the songs attributed to Thibaud, Count Palatine of Champagne

Thibaud of Champagne (1201–1253) was count of Champagne and, from 1234, king of Navarre. He was an accomplished poet, and indeed is better known as a chansonnier than as a statesman, although he was involved in many of the most important political struggles in France and led a crusade to the East. Several songs attributed to him deal with crusading. A fresh reading of these poems affords an opportunity to penetrate the mental world of a representative member of the French aristocracy in the first half of the thirteenth century, and it confirms Jonathan Riley-Smith's famous observation that, in the Catholic ethical universe of the time, crusading was an `act of love'. 1 This article is a revised version of a paper presented at the 32nd International Congress of Medieval Studies (Kalamazoo), May 1997, where it profited from the criticisms of the commentator, Professor James Powell of Syracuse University, and from those of other scholars in attendance. My thoughts on the subject of the paper have also benefi...
Effects of hexachlorophene on developing rats: toxicity, tissue concentrations and biochemistry.

Abstract Hexachlorophene (HCP) was administered to nursling rats by gavage at different periods of early development with very different results. Rats dosed with 10 mg HCP/kg/day beginning at 2–4 days of age developed signs of neurotoxicity at 9–10 days of age. These signs disappeared at 23–30 days of age even with continued dosing, and no deaths were attributable to HCP. If, however, dosing was begun at 10–13 days of age, all rats died after 2–3 doses. When administration began at 22 –60 days of age there were no signs of neurotoxicity even with continued dosing to 87 days of age. Signs of neurotoxicity were accompanied by a diffuse vacuolation of the white matter throughout the brain, but most noticeably in the brain stem, in all rats examined for pathological changes. The concentrations of HCP in blood and brain were highest in 13-day-old rats and lower in adults and in 4–8-day-old rats, and there was no accumulation of HCP in brain, liver or adipose tissue. HCP appeared to reach a peal concentration in the blood at 3–6 hr after the last dose, the concentrations in the blood and liver being higher than those in the brain or fat. No gross alteration was induced by HCP in brain ATP, phospholipid, sterol, protein, DNA or RNA or in the incorporation of radioactive precursors into these molecules.
Substituting Warfarin Products: What's the Source of the Problem?

Many clinicians have expressed concerns about the bioequivalence of warfarin products, and data suggest that substituting warfarin products may increase the risk of major bleeding and thromboembolic complications. Anecdotal reports and some retrospective studies have reported differences in anticoagulation control after a warfarin product substitution. But the best available evidence-prospective, randomized, blinded clinical trials-has failed to validate these observations. Indeed, interpatient and intrapatient variability in anticoagulation control observed before and after warfarin product substitution is very similar. So, while differences in product standardization, bioavailability, and bioequivalence make a convenient explanation, the problem lies elsewhere. Perhaps poor communication, fractionated systems of care, and errors are the culprits.
Relative importance of ingested sediment versus pore water as uptake routes for PAHs to the deposit-feeding oligochaete Ilyodrilus templetoni.

The relative role of sediment pore water and ingested sediment particles to the total uptake of sediment-associated hydrophobic organic contaminants was examined by estimation from a water-only exposure experiment and from a bioenergetic-based toxicokinetic model utilizing experimentally measured sediment ingestion rates, assimilation efficiencies, and elimination rates. Phenanthrene (PHE) and benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) uptake in the bulk deposit-feeding oligochaete, Ilyodrilus templetoni, was measured. Assimilation efficiencies (ASE) were measured using a pulse-chase technique, based on a single-gut-passage time. Sediment-associated phenanthrene exhibited a lower ASE (50%) compared to BaP (80%), possibly due to a general relationship between assimilation and compound logK ow. Estimated uptake of phenanthrene from pore water alone was essentially equal to the observed total uptake from both ingested sediment and sediment pore water. Estimated contribution of sediment-bound phenanthrene accounted for less than 20% of the total uptake. For benzo[a]pyrene, estimated uptake from sediment ingestion accounted for essentially all of the total uptake and estimated absorption from pore water accounted for <5% of the total uptake. This research provides direct experimental evidence for a predicted increase in the importance of sediment ingestion relative to the pore water route of exposure as the hydrophobicity of organic contaminants increases.
Attitudes and Values: A Further Test of the Semantic Memory Model.

Summary A hierarchical model for the storage of attitudes and values, for which evidence was presented by Gold and Russ, was studied with the use of a choice reaction time paradigm. Twenty three male and female university students responded with evaluative judgments (good-bad, etc.) by pressing one of two telegraph keys to a series of stimuli consisting of 10 of Rokeach's terminal values, 10 values designed by the authors to be the opposites of these terminal values, and 42 attitude items. Items preceded by values to which they were related, as determined through a previously administered paper and pencil measure, were responded to faster than items preceded by unrelated values. The value RT's did not vary as a function of their relatedness to the preceding attitude items. Positively held values were responded to faster than negatively held values. No RT effects were found for matching or mismatching in the evaluative sign of the attitude item-value or value-attitude item pairs. The results were interpret...
A two-dimensional view controller

Description: Many two-dimensional graphics programs provide a user with a rectangular screen window for viewing a two-dimensional image. Common examples of this underlying “world” image include text, line, or shaded pictures, and plots of one- or two-dimensional functions. Typically the screen image cannot display the world image with a 1:1 ratio between screen units (pixels) and the smallest resolvable world units. Thus the screen image is typically scaled and panned across the world image. The scaling is often differential, i.e., different scaling factors are applied in X and Y. Suppose a user is viewing a function y = f(x) at a ratio of 1:1. Increasing the scale factor in X will bring more data into view, while retaining vertical amplitude; increasing the scale factor in Y will provide a finer view of the values of the function, while retaining the range plotted.We have developed a compact control device which allows a user to continuously adjust the aspect ratio of the world data presented to the window. Our model is based on the projection of the window on the untouched world data. If the screen window is narrow and tall in the world data, then the world data will be expanded horizontally and compressed vertically when displayed on the screen (note that the window itself never changes size on the screen). Accompanying the aspect ratio selection is a zoom multiplier, which can uniformly grow or shrink the screen window's image in the world. We also include variable-speed scrolling controls. Scrolling and uniform zooming are decoupled from differential scaling. The advantage of our technique is that the user need not independently scale X and Y while searching for the proper scaling of data; although both may be adjusted individually, and may also be adjusted simultaneously in a coupled, single-position device. Thus a single-button input device (such as a mouse) is all that is needed to control any aspect of the display. The technique has the additional advantage of being nonmodal, so the user need not remember any state during operation.
Summary of flood-frequency analysis in the United States

Abstract A historical summary is given of some of the main issues of flood-frequency analysis including the adequacy of observational data, the form of the probability distribution, the occurrence and nature of outliers, the role of the Probable Maximum Flood, the inevitability of estimation errors and the use of regionalization and Bayesian methods. The United States Federal guidelines (Water Resources Council Bulletin 17) for flood-frequency analysis also are summarized. United States contributes to this symposium touch on most of the major themes mentioned in the historical review. Although much progress has been made in the past 50 years in the understanding of flood magnitude and frequency, many fundamental problems remain to be solved.
Structural and remote sensing analysis of the Betsimisaraka Suture in northeastern Madagascar

Abstract The Betsimisaraka Suture (B.S.) of Madagascar is an important structural zone defining the collision between Eastern and Western Gondwana. It is represented by highly deformed high-grade metamorphic rocks with mineral assemblages typical of ophiolitic material, including chromitite and nickel bearing rocks consistent with a suture zone setting. Analysis of satellite imagery coupled with field investigations has helped to elucidate the structure and evolution of the B.S. Digital image processing of Landsat ETM+ data was integrated with Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) to reduce the effects of the dense vegetation cover. Enhanced false color composite (7-4-2 and 4-2-3), single Landsat bands and band ratio composites including 2/7-1/7-2/5, 5/3-5/1-7/3, 5/1-7/1-4/1 and 5/7-5/1-5/4 × 3/4 (in RGB) improve the lithologic contrast, reduce the effects of topography and enhance the structural lineaments. Ductile deformation deduced from structural features mapped on Landsat enhanced images indicates three generations of folding (F1, F2, and F3) coupled with shearing: (1) F1 folds with NE striking axial surfaces; (2) F2 related with N–S striking axial surfaces, (3) and F3 associated with ENE–WSW axial surfaces, indicating NNW and SSE contractional strain similar to the deformation in the southern B.S. Mapping these structures enables three types of shearing to be delineated: (1) NW–SE dextral shearing as seen in the Befandriana region; (2) NW–SE sinistral shearing defined by sigmoidal bodies in Mandritsara and Ankijanilava-Marotandrano regions, (3) and NE–SW striking dextral shears recorded in the Lake Alaotra region. Several faults, joints and fractures represent brittle deformation events. Lineaments analyzed within the B.S. are divisible into two groups of brittle structures: (1) N–S trending lineaments correlated with the Gondwanan collision events and (2) much younger NE and NW trending lineaments that are mainly found in the Antananarivo block. The latter may represent an active tectonic event in the central plateau that bounds the western part of the B.S.
Linear Viscoelastic Behavior of Symmetric and Asymmetric Star Polymer Solutions

Linear viscoelastic properties of linear and star-branched polymer solutions are investigated experimentally and theoretically. Two series of high molar mass 1,4-polyisoprene linear and three-arm star polymers blended with marginally unentangled linear chains of the same chemistry form the focus of this study. We find that, irrespective of polymer architecture, unentangled linear molecules dilate the entanglement environment in the blends in a manner consistent with expectations for a ϑ-solvent. A tube model analysis used in an earlier study [Lee, J. H.; Fetters, L. J.; Archer, L. A. Macromolecules 2005, 38, 4484], for predicting linear viscoelastic properties of branched melts, is extended to describe relaxation dynamics of entangled star-branched polymer solutions. We find that, by simply rescaling the model parameters to account for ϑ-solvent dilution effects, this model quantitatively describes relaxation dynamics in concentrated star and linear polymer solutions, without adjustable parameters. At low...
Nonthermal Plasma for Gaseous Pollution Control

A nonthermal plasma technique in the form of dielectric barrier discharge has been studied on a laboratory scale for the removal of NOx and SO2. The experimental parameters investigated are voltage, frequency, pollutant concentration, and energy density. Effect of O2, H2O, and CO2 on NOx conversion is presented. The effect of chemical compounds such as CO, CH4, and C2H4 on NOx conversion is also investigated. The chemistry of plasma reactions is discussed. Nonthermal plasma is found to be effective for the oxidization of NO into reactive NO2 in the presence of O2 and hydrocarbons. Conversions show wide variations in the presence of oxygen and moisture. Experimental results also show that nonthermal plasma can be used to convert SO2 to SO3. In addition, the effect of reactor geometry and dielectric materials on SO2 conversion is also discussed.
Design of overlapped subarrays using an RFIC beamformer

Electronically scanned arrays require a minimum number of controls, Nmin, given by the number of orthogonal beams that fill a prescribed scan sector (R. Mailloux, 1993). Most practical antenna arrays require considerably more than Nmin control elements, but overlapped subarray architectures can approach this theoretical limit. The overlapped subarray network produces a flat-topped sector pattern with low sidelobes that suppress grating lobes outside of the main beam of the subarray pattern. Each radiating element of the array is connected to multiple subarrays, creating an overlapping geometry. It is possible to scan one beam, or a fixed set of contiguous beams, over the main sector of the subarray with a set of Nmin phase shifters. Alternatively, digital receivers can be connected to the Nmin subarrays and multiple simultaneous beams can be formed digitally. Digital subarray architectures using a combination of element level phase shifters and subarray level receivers makes it possible to scan multiple beam clusters over all space. The conventional approach to the design and manufacturing of the overlapped subarray network is challenging and costly due to the complexity of the microwave network (J.S. Herd et al., 2005). However, the design of the overlapped subarray beamformer using radio frequency integrated circuits (RFIC) represents a novel approach for implementing an efficient trade-off between the agility and capability of fully digital arrays and the cost effectiveness of analog arrays.
Agency-Freedom and Option-Freedom

The recent debates about the nature of social freedom, understood in a broadly negative way, have generated three main views of the topic: these represent freedom respectively as non-limitation, non-interference and non-domination. The participants in these debates often go different ways, however, because they address different topics under common names, not because they hold different intuitions on common topics. Social freedom is sometimes understood as option-freedom, sometimes as agency-freedom and the different directions taken by the theories can often be explained by their addressing freedom in one sense, then in another. The non-limitation approach focuses primarily on option-freedom, the non-domination approach on agency-freedom, whereas the representation of freedom as non-interference seems to spring from a failure to resolve the focus decisively on one target or another.
Aortic wall injury following intraoperative irradiation.

The type, extent, and probability of vasculopathy in canine abdominal aortas were determined 5 years after large single radiation doses given intraoperatively (TORT) either alone or with fractionated doses of external beam irradiation (EBRT) to compare with the response following EBRT only. Young adult beagle dogs were used. For TORT, a 5 × 8 cm electron applicator was used to deliver 6 MeV electrons to the paraaortic region. For EBRT of the paraaortic region, 6 MV photons were given in variable total doses in 30 fractions in 6 weeks. For the combination, variable TORT doses were given following an EBRT dose of 50 Gy given in 2 Gy fractions in 5 weeks. Necropsies were performed 4 to 5 years after irradiation. Transverse sections of the aorta were examined for lesions. Probit analyses were done to determine the dose with a 50% probability to cause severe lesions of the aorta 5 years after treatment. The most severe lesions were variably organized thrombi which occupied at least a third of the luminal area or intimal surface of the aorta. Six dogs with thrombi had dissecting aneurysms. That occurred at doses as low as 25 Gy TORT plus 50 Gy EBRT (1 of 4 dogs). The doses with a 50% probability for causing aneurysms and/or severe thromboses of the aorta were 35Gy IORT (95% C.I.,29 to 46 Gy) and 27 Gy IORT plus 50 Gy EBRT (95% C.I., 20–40 Gy). No large thrombi or aneurysms were observed 5 years after EBRT to doses as high as 80 Gy. Comparison of the ED50s for TORT alone to that of TORT combined with EBRT indicated that 50 Gy given in 25 fractions had the impact of about 8 Gy TORT. Based on the response of younger adult dogs it appears that TORT doses greater than 30 Gy alone or 20 Gy TORT combined with 50 Gy EBRT would be accompanied by a significant risk of life threatening lesions of the aorta. This is in contrast with several earlier reports indicating that the tolerance dose of canine aorta was 50 Gy IORT.
Theoretical analysis of a novel MPN gallium arsenide Schottky barrier solar cell

Abstract Theoretical analysis for a novel Au-p-n GaAs Schottky barrier solar cell has been made in this note. It is shown that barrier height equal to the energy band gap of GaAs can be obtained in the proposed cell structure if the thickness and dopant density of the p-GaAs layer are properly chosen. Calculations of the barrier height as function of the thickness and dopant density of the p-layer have been carried out for a Au-p-n GaAs Schottky barrier cell. It is shown that AMO efficiency around 22% can be achieved in the proposed solar cell when ND = 1016 cm−3, NA = 8 × 1018 cm−3 and W p = 100 A are chosen.
Future Choices, Future Trends in Technology in Kinesiology and Physical Education.

This lecture focuses on recent innovations in technology since the era of Dudley Allen Sargent, with an analysis of contemporary use of technology in the field of human performance, as well as a vision of where it appears we are heading in terms of technology. de la Pena argued that those who maintain sport science began in the 20th century have forgotten Dudley Allen Sargent, who worked to codify a system of mechanized physical science whereby individuals, with the help of machines, would build their bodies to a state of maximum physical energy.
The CYP2C19 Enzyme Polymorphism

The genetic test is gradually replacing probe drugs as the primary tool for screening populations for the CYP2C19 polymorphism. A full appreciation for the clinical and toxicological relevance of this
AMass Conservation AlgorithmFor Adaptive Unrefinement Meshes Used By Finite Element Methods

Abstract The AdaptiveHydraulics (ADH) model is an adaptiveﬁnite element method to simulate three-dimensional Navier-Stokes ﬂow, unsaturated and saturated groundwater ﬂow, overland ﬂow, and two-or three-dimensional shallow-water ﬂow and transport. In the shallow-water ﬂow and transport, especially involving multispecies transport, the water depth (h), the product of water depth and velocities (uh and vh), as well as water depth and chemical concentration (hc) are dependent variables of ﬂuid-motion simulations and are often solved at various times. It is important for the numerical model to predict accurate water depth, velocity ﬁelds, and chemical distribution, as well as conserve mass, especially forwater quality applications. Solution accuracydepends highly on mesh resolution. Adaptive mesh reﬁnement (AMR), particularly the h-reﬁnement, is often used to add new nodes in the region where they are needed and to remove others where they are no longer required during the simulation. The AMR is proven to optimize the performance of a computed solution. However, mass withgain or loss can occur when elements are merged due to removing a node at mesh coarsening. Therefore, we develop and implement the mass-conservative unreﬁnement algorithm to ensure the mass conserved in a merged element in which a node has been removed. This study describes the use of the Galerkin ﬁnite element method to redistribute mass to nodes comprising a merged element. The algorithmwas incorporated into the ADH code. This algorithm minimizes mass error during the unreﬁnement process to conserve mass during the simulation for two-dimensional shallow-water ﬂow and transport. The implementation neither signiﬁcantly increases the computational time nor memory usage. The simulation was runwithvarious numbersof processors.The resultsshowedgoodscalingof solutiontimeasthenumberof processors increases.
Global trace metal cycles and predictions

A methodology and mathematical formulation are presented for development of the global geochemical cycles of trace metals. Global cycling models of As, Se, and Hg are discussed in detail and used to assess the impact of the activities of society on these element cycles. These models show that anthropogenic activities may have increased the global concentrations of these elements in rain, seawater, and perhaps in river water. Model calculations suggest that increased concentrations of these elements in the world's surface ocean by the year 2000 will be small. A two-reservoir, cycling model of trace metals in atmospheric particulates is developed and used to assess the sources of element enrichments in these particulates. The model enables prediction of trace metal enrichment factors in atmospheric particulates, where enrichment factor is defined as the metal/Al ratio in atmospheric particulates divided by the metal/Al ratio in soils. Correspondence between predicted and observed enrichment factors suggests that for some trace metals, their enrichments in atmospheric particulates are caused, at least in part, by the industrial and fossil fuel burning activities of society. Model calculations further show that cessation of these activities would result in a return of present-day or future enrichment factors to preindustrial values in less than one year.
Effect of Molecular Crowding and Ionic Strength on the Isothermal Hybridization of Oligonucleotides

The isothermal hybridization of complementary oligonucleotides, 15-mer, 25-mer, 35-mer, and a molecular beacon, was investigated under varying conditions of molecular crowding and ionic strength, using hypochromicity to follow strand pairing and polyethylene glycol as a crowding agent. Thermodynamic analysis of the results revealed the addition of counterions to the oligonucleotide backbones, ΔΨ, to be dependent on the strand GC content and the molecular crowding. A decrease in ΔΨ was observed, with both increasing GC% and solution PEG content. In contrast, the number of bound water molecules depended on the activity of Na+, where two regimes were observed. At aNa+ < 0.05 and increasing molecular crowding, water molecules were released into the DNA solutions, and oligonucleotide pairing was favored with both increasing hydrophobic forces, whereas at aNa+ ≥ 0.05, water molecules were bound to the strands, and the extent of double strand formation decreased with increasing PEG wt %.
Anterior stabilization for unstable traumatic thoracolumbar spine burst fractures

Abstract Background Traumatic injuries to the thoracolumbar spine result in a high incidence of unstable fractures. The goal of the surgical management is to achieve an adequate decompression and stabilization. We have analyzed operative and postoperative features of anterior surgical approaches. Methods We retrospectively analyzed the medical records of 45 patients that presented with traumatic unstable thoracolumbar fractures who underwent anterior corpectomy with stabilization from January 1999 to January 2009. The neurological status of the patient was defined using the American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) impairment scale. Results The average age of the patients was 37.6 years (range: 13–70), with a male-to-female ratio of 1.5:1. Retroperitoneal approach was used in 64.4%, transthoracic in 13.3%, and transthoracic transdiaghragmatic in 22.2%. The average operation time, estimated blood loss (EBL), and length of stay after surgery was 412.3min, 1098ml and 9.1 days, respectively. A BMI>25 was associated with longer operative times ( p p p n =18), improved in 7 of 14 patients with ASIA-D, and improved in 1 of 5 patients with ASIA-B preoperative neurological deficit. There were no cases of neurological deterioration postoperatively, and majority of the patient (84.4%) of the patients were discharged home. At latest follow-up (mean 27.2 months) there were no new cases of neurological deficits, and 9 patients had a further improvement of neurological status. Conclusions Based on our findings, anterior surgical approach appears to be a safe and effective technique for managing traumatic thoracic and lumbar unstable burst fractures. This is also evident that anterior decompression and stabilization achieves a significant correction of kyphotic deformity with a lower risk of neurological deterioration and pseudoarthrosis.
Musical Forces and Melodic Expectations: Comparing Computer Models and Experimental Results

Recent work on "musical forces" asserts that experienced listeners of tonal music not only talk about music in terms used to describe physical motion, but actually experience musical motion as if it were shaped by quantifiable analogues of physical gravity, magnetism, and inertia. This article presents a theory of melodic expectation based on that assertion, describes two computer models of aspects of that theory, and finds strong support for that theory in comparisons of the behavior of those models with the behavior of participants in several experiments. The following summary statement of the theory is explained and illustrated in the article: Experienced listeners of tonal music expect completions in which the musical forces of gravity, magnetism, and inertia control operations on alphabets in hierarchies of embellishment whose stepwise displacements of auralized traces create simple closed shapes. A "single-level" computer program models the operation of these musical forces on a single level of musical structure. Given a melodic beginning in a certain key, the model not only produces almost the same responses as experimental participants, but it also rates them in a similar way; the computer model gives higher ratings to responses that participants sing more often. In fact, the completions generated by this model match note-for-note the entire completions sung by participants in several psychological studies as often as the completions of any one of those participants matches those of the other participants. A "multilevel" computer program models the operation of these musical forces on multiple hierarchical levels. When the multilevel model is given a melodic beginning and a hierarchical description of its embellishment structure (i.e., a Schenkerian analysis of it), the model produces responses that reflect the operation of musical forces on all the levels of that hierarchical structure. Statistical analyses of the results of a number of experiments test hypotheses arising from the computer models9 algorithm (S. Larson, 1993a) for the interaction of musical forces as well as from F. Lerdahl9s similar (1996) algorithm. Further statistical analysis contrasts the explanatory power of the theory of musical forces with that of E. Narmour9s (1990, 1992) implication-realization model. The striking agreement between computer-generated responses and experimental results suggests that the theory captures some important aspects of melodic expectation. Furthermore, the fact that these data can be modeled well by the interaction of constantly acting but contextually determined musical forces gives support to the idea that we experience musical motions metaphorically in terms of our experience of physical motions.
Maximizing heat dissipation for burn-in testing

The correctness of a fabricated chip or integrated circuit is determined through testing. Some process defects, such as weak gate oxide, narrower interconnection metal and weak contacts, have a close relationship with the production reliability. The predominant mechanism leading to the early failure of an integrated circuit can be accelerated by operating the device or chip under test at an elevated temperature. Manufacturing burn-in testing employs this technique of subjecting the chip to high temperature stress with the purpose of screening out the early life failure to improve the quality and reliability of the manufactured chips. During burn-in testing input vectors or stress tests with the purpose of elevating the integrated circuit temperature are applied throughout the test period. Determining the vectors that would maximize heat dissipation of an integrated circuit is not a trivial problem and is NP-complete. In this paper, a genetic algorithm (GA) is used to assist in generating a sequence of input vectors that continuously tend to maximize the heat dissipated by the device under test. Variations of GA parameters were used to derive an optimal set of working parameters.
Total-body electrical conductivity method for estimating body composition: validation by direct carcass analysis of pigs.

Determination of body composition by measuring total-body electrical con- ductivity (TOBEC) is based on the principle that body fat and fat-free mass (FFM) differ in electrical properties. In humans, we are able to estimate body composition only by indirect methods, which have been used to validate the TOBEC instrument. Relationships between TOBEC and body composition were examined using direct carcass analysis of 24 pigs differing widely in body weight and composition (48-137 kg and 14-45% fat, respectively). Highly sig- nificant correlations (p < 0.0001) were found between body conductivity and empty-body water (H2O) (r = 0.979), empty-body FFM (r = 0.980), empty-body crude protein (r = 0.962), and empty-body potassium (r = 0.949). Predictionof empty-body H2O or FFM from TOBEC had a SEE of 2.1 or 2.8 kg, respectively. Thus, the TOBEC method can predict body H2O and FFM over a wide range of body weight and fatness. Am J Clin Nutr 1988;47: 180-5.
The thermochemistry of transition metal sulfides

A survey is made of the available data for the standard Gibbs energies of formation of solid and liquid sulfides of transition metals. The results are plotted as standard Gibbs energy vs temperature diagrams. The equations and estimated accuracy are quoted for each substance.
Inductorless wideband CMOS LNAs with nonlinearity cancellation

This paper presents a robust derivative superposition technique to improve the linearity performance of wideband low noise amplifiers (LNA). The technique is validated with two LNA designs in 0.18µm CMOS technology, by improving the IIP3 of a single-ended resistive terminated LNA by more than 10dB. Measurement results from 5 dies show that the proposed method improves IM3 over 20dB for input power up to −18dBm. A 2V inductorless broadband 0.3 to 2.8 GHz balun LNA with an active area of 0.06 mm2 was designed and measured. It achieves noise figure of 6.5dB, IIP3 of 16.8dBm, and P1dB of 0.5dBm having a power consumption of 14.2mW. The robustness of the technique to process variations is also discussed and validated.