cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D-stimulated calmodulin binding proteins: a sustained effect on distal tubules

The tubular localization of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D[1,25(OH)2D3]-stimulated calmodulin binding proteins (CaMBP-Ds) in the rat kidney and the specificity of their induction were characterized to bet...
Identification of cis-Acting Elements Important for Expression of the Starch-Branching Enzyme I Gene in Maize Endosperm

The genes encoding the starch-branching enzymes (SBE) SBEI, SBEIIa, and SBEIIb in maize (Zea mays) are differentially regulated in tissue specificity and during kernel development. To gain insight into the regulatory mechanisms controlling their expression, we analyzed the 5'-flanking sequences of Sbe1 using a transient gene expression system. Although the 2.2-kb 5'-flanking sequence between -2,190 and +27 relative to the transcription initiation site was sufficient to promote transcription, the addition of the transcribed region between +28 and +228 containing the first exon and intron resulted in high-level expression in suspension-cultured maize endosperm cells. A series of 5' deletion and linker-substitution mutants identified two critical positive cis elements, -314 to -295 and -284 to -255. An electrophoretic mobility-shift assay showed that nuclear proteins prepared from maize kernels interact with the 60-bp fragment containing these two elements. Expression of the Sbe1 gene is regulated by sugar concentration in suspension-cultured maize endosperm cells, and the region -314 to -145 is essential for this effect. Interestingly, the expression of mEmBP-1, a bZIP transcription activator, in suspension-cultured maize endosperm cells resulted in a 5-fold decrease in Sbe1 promoter activity, suggesting a possible regulatory role of the G-box present in the Sbe1 promoter from -227 to -220.
Unitary nonuniform space-time constellations for the broadcast channel

We propose a new class of unitary space-time matrix constellations that have nonuniform error performance. Such codes are important for transmission over a broadcast, or point-to-multipoint, communication channel and when scalable source coding is used. Our new codes can be encoded differentially and are based entirely on phase-shift keying. Analytical design criteria are discussed and a simulation result is presented to exemplify the designs.
A computer-controlled radiation therapy machine for pelvic and para-aortic nodal areas

Abstract A computer-controlled radiation therapy technique has been developed to treat cancer of the uterine cervix that has extended to the pelvic and pare-aortic lymph nodes. During five longitudinal scans with a 4 cm wide 8 MV X ray beam, conformation of the high dose region to the target volume was achieved primarily by varying the other field dimensions. Treatment planning and dose calculation were performed in three dimensions. Conventional two-dimensional planning in a series of transverse planes through the patient was combined with a mathematical normalization of dose in the longitudinal direction to attain uniform dose throughout the target volume and to fulfill criteria for protection of critical organs. The resulting dose distributions were compared, in detail, with those resulting from conventional treatment techniques. It was concluded that the computer-controlled therapy scheme offered the potential of reducing the probability of complications, for the same target dose, by lowering the doses to small bowel, duodenum, kidneys, liver and spinal cord.
Detection of dielectrophoretic driven passage of single cells through micro-apertures in a silicon nitride membrane

Silicon (Si) microstructures are fabricated comprising a micro-aperture (10-25 /spl mu/m) in a 1.2 k/spl Aring/ silicon nitride membrane connecting two microfluidic compartments. Dielectrophoretic forces are created on-chip, which guide the passage of single CHO cells through the microaperture. When a cell dielectrophoretically traverses the aperture, there is a decrease in the background ionic current. These current fluctuations are recorded under varying cell concentrations, micro-aperture sizes, and applied voltages. This work shows the feasibility of building silicon-based bioparticle detectors with nanoscale apertures for sensing the translocation of cells, proteins, and even single-stranded DNA.
Fast alignment filtering of nanopore sequencing reads using locality-sensitive hashing

We introduce a novel method to efficiently filter pairwise alignments between long, high-error reads. We demonstrate the efficiency of our method on long read datasets produced by Oxford Nanopore Technologies' MinION sequencer and Pacific Biosciences' RS II. Our method outperforms existing methods by an order of magnitude in both CPU runtime and main memory required. We further show that the performance of our method scales linearly with the total input sequence data, allowing us to perform pairwise read alignments without large cluster or cloud infrastructure for smaller genomes and make the alignment of whole-genome sequence tractable for larger genomes including humans. Our approach helps bridge the gap between sequence production and analysis, enabling both sequencing and assembly on a commodity laptop computer using the MinION system.
The Role of Explicit and Implicit Learning Processes in Concept Discovery

Analysis of individual learning curves and concurrent verbal protocols from three experiments concerning discovery of a non-salient verbal concept and a pictorial analogue (Chinese ideograph) of the concept show that a substantial transition phase occurs in which discrimination of exemplars from non-exemplars of the concept is above chance but not yet asymptotic. Under most conditions the ability to verbalize knowledge of the concept occurred almost simultaneously with the onset of the transition phase. However, the addition of noise in the form of false feedback (Experiment 3) created a temporary dissociation between task performance and verbalizable knowledge. Additional results suggest that individual hypothesis revision/rejection strategies affect the length of the transition phase of learning, whereas the size of the domain of hypotheses being sampled affects the number of trial blocks before the transition phase begins. The effect of feedback error on the relation between early rates of hypothesis g...
Responses of Buried Pipelines Including Manholes in a Soil Liquefaction Environment

Lors de seismes la liquefaction du sol a ete l'une des causes principales de dommages aux canalisations enterrees particulierement aux assemblages
Genetic analysis of modifying loci on mouse chromosome 1 that affect disease severity in a model of recessive PKD

Iakoubova, Olga, Holly Dushkin, Lisa Pacella, and David R. Beier. Genetic analysis of modifying loci on mouse chromosome 1 that affect disease severity in a model of recessive PKD. Physiol. Genomic...
Preventing HIV transmission in drug treatment programs: what works?

The AIDS epidemic has dramatically affected drug treatment programs, creating both an epidemiological crisis and a psychological one. A paramount question for treatment program staff is how to prevent patients from acquiring or spreading HIV. The health belief model has been useful in generating prevention approaches, including programs that raise the threat of infection, provide alternative behaviors, and build social support. Some of these programs have been effective in changing attitudes and reducing the behaviors that put drug users at risks for acquiring or transmitting HIV. Future research will develop collaborative studies, disseminate techniques to drug treatment programs, and develop more powerful interventions for patients who continue with risky behviors.
Algorithm for Symptom Attribution and Classification Following Possible Mild Traumatic Brain Injury.

OBJECTIVE: To present a heuristic model of a symptom attribution and classification algorithm (SACA) for mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). SETTING: VA Polytrauma sites. PARTICIPANTS: 422 Veterans. DESIGN: Cross-sectional. MAIN MEASURES: SACA, Comprehensive TBI Evaluation (CTBIE), Structured TBI Diagnostic Interview, Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2-RF), Letter Memory Test, Validity-10. RESULTS: SACA and CTBIE diagnoses differ significantly (P CONCLUSIONS: Symptom attribution-based diagnoses differ when using status quo versus the SACA. The MMPI-2-RF F-scale, compared with the Validity-10 and Letter Memory Test, may be more precise in identifying questionably valid profiles for mTBI + BH. The SACA provides a framework to inform clinical practice, resource allocation, and future research. Language: en
Characterization of molecular transport in ultrathin hydrogel coatings for cellular immunoprotection.

PEG hydrogels are routinely used in immunoprotection applications to hide foreign cells from a host immune system. Size-dependent transport is typically exploited in these systems to prevent access by macromolecular elements of the immune system while allowing the transport of low molecular weight nutrients. This work studies a nanoscale hydrogel coating for improved transport of beneficial low molecular weight materials across thicker hydrogel coatings while completely blocking transport of undesired larger molecular weight materials. Coatings composed of PEG diacrylate of molecular weight 575 and 3500 Da were studied by tracking the transport of fluorescently labeled dextrans across the coatings. The molecular weight of dextran at which the transport is blocked by these coatings are consistent with cutoff values in analogous bulk PEG materials. Additionally, the diffusion constants of 4 kDa dextrans across PEG 575 coatings (9.5 × 10–10–2.0 × 10–9 cm2/s) was lower than across PEG 3500 coatings (5.9–9.8 ×...
Accuracy of toric intraocular lens axis alignment using a 3-dimensional computer-guided visualization system

Purpose To evaluate the accuracy of toric intraocular lens (IOL) alignment in femtosecond laser–assisted cataract surgery using the Truevision 3-dimensional (3-D) computer-guided visualization system compared with a manual marking method. Setting Cullen Eye Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA. Design Retrospective comparative case series. Methods Preoperatively, all patients had corneal topography measurements with a color light-emitting diode topographer. The 3-D system used the anterior keratometry values to create an optimized plan for the toric IOL alignment. Intrastromal marks were created by the femtosecond laser at the intended toric meridian, guided by manual ink marks placed at the 3 o'clock and 9 o'clock limbus with the patient sitting upright. Intraoperatively, the 3-D system was used to align the IOL and measure the angular position of the femtosecond marks relative to the IOL meridian. Three weeks postoperatively, the manifest refraction, corrected distance visual acuity, and toric IOL alignment were recorded. Results The mean 3-D imaging error was −0.58 degrees ± 3.90 (SD) (range −9 to 5 degrees), and the mean manual ink error was −0.27 ± 3.65 degrees (range −8 to 5 degrees); neither was statistically significantly different from zero ( P = .28 and P = .76, respectively). The mean absolute errors were 2.96 ± 2.54 degrees and 2.88 ± 2.18 degrees, respectively. Conclusion The 3-D computer-guided system and manual marking combined with femtosecond laser marks were similar in accuracy for toric alignment. Financial Disclosures Dr. Wang received research support from Ziemer USA, Inc. Dr. Weikert is a consultant to Ziemer USA, Inc. Dr. Koch is a consultant to Alcon Laboratories, Inc., and Abbott Medical Optics, Inc., and received research support from Ziemer USA, Inc., i-Optics Corp, and Truevision Systems. None of the other authors has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.
Stoneflies (Plecoptera) of Mount Rainier National Park, Washington

Mount Rainier National Park, with an area of 95,356 ha, is approximately one-third as large as the state of Rhode Island. The lowest point is 490 m in elevation in the southeastern corner near where the Ohanapecosh River crosses the southern boundary. Columbia Crest is the highest point at 4392 m. The entire park is a rugged landscape marked by the major topographical feature, Mount Rainier, comprising over 25,899 ha, almost one-third of the park. The park lies entirely west of the crest line of the Cascade Range. Most streams in the park originate on Mount Rainier; however, several large rivers meander through the park near its boundaries. One of the first attempts to summarize the stoneflies of Washington, including Mount Rainier National Park, was Hoppe's 1938 work that reported ca 8 species. Jewett (1959) reviewed the stoneflies of the Pacific Northwest and listed 7 species that had type localities in the park: Megaleuctra kincaidi Frison, Doddsia occidentalis (Banks), Soliperla fenderi ( Jewett), Frisonia picticeps (Hanson), Isoperla rainiera Jewett, Megarcys irregularis (Banks), and M. subtruncata (Hanson). Subsequently, Kathroperla takhoma Stark and Surdick (1987) was described from the park. Samples of adult stoneflies from 1994 to 2001 indicate the presence of at least 82 species, with 64% of these typical Pacific Northwest species, and 30 species, or 36%, widespread western North American species. Seventeen new Washington state records are listed, including a substantial range extension for Lednia tumana (Ricker). One undescribed species in the Sweltsa borealis complex was also discovered. We also present illustrations of male terminalia for Despaxia augusta (Banks) and Moselia infuscata (Claassen) to aid in the identification of these species.
Withdrawn Psychological State——Reflection on Wang Kaiyun's Poetic Theory

By comparison and contrast between Du Pu's poem and Wang Kaiyun's,the author reveals what has been reflected in Wang Kaiyun's poetic theory is the withdrawn psychological state of writers at the end of a dynasty.This emotional state badly harms creation of the poems.From the analysis,the author finds some rules in literature development which are instructive to the future development of literature.
Real people, virtual places, and the spaces in between

Abstract A sharp distinction between the virtual world and the real world continues but has become less tenable as technology has progressed. This review paper traces some early and recent views on this distinction, and highlights three: cyberscapes, cyberplaces, and code/space. Mobile applications, ubiquitous computing, and cloud data storage serve to blend the real and the virtual in a user-generated cyberspace. Within that space, knowledge production takes place in virtual spaces, as do less benign activities, such as surveillance and cybercrime. Policymakers must react to an increasingly complex environment of spaces in between real and virtual worlds.
Impact of a literacy-sensitive intervention on CRC screening knowledge, attitudes, and intention to screen.

Background Colorectal cancer (CRC) screening rates remain low, especially among low-income populations. Objective To determine if a CRC screening intervention (video, brochure) improves knowledge about CRC and CRC screening, attitudes toward screening, and intention to complete CRC screening among average-risk adults with different health literacy skills, seeking medical care at a Federally Qualified Health Center (FQHC). Methods Average-risk adults (50 years or older) who were not within CRC screening guidelines completed face-to-face pre-and post-intervention interviews that focused on knowledge about CRC and CRC screening, attitudes toward CRC screening, and intention to complete CRC screening. Results Of the 270 participants, 64% were women, 72% were black/African American, 86% were not married, 79% had an annual household income of <$20,000, and 57% did not have health insurance. Reading levels by Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Medicine health literacy test were: 3rd grade or lower, 17 participants (6.3%); 4th-6th grade, 27 (10.0%); 7th-8th grade, 101 (37.4 %); and high school, 125 (46.3%). CRC screening knowledge mean score improved, and perceived CRC susceptibility and self-efficacy to complete screening significantly increased, irrespective of health literacy (all P < .01). There were no significant changes in other attitudes or intention to complete screening. Limitations The study was conducted in a single FQHC, so the results may not be generalizable to other health centers or populations of low-income and minority patients. Conclusion A CRC screening intervention improved CRC screening knowledge and attitudes across levels of health literacy and may be an important strategy for improving CRC screening in the primary care setting. Funding National Cancer Institute K07 CA107079 (Ohio State University) and P30 CA016058 (Behavioral Measurement Shared Resource at The Ohio State University).
Satisfaction relations for proper classes: Applications in logic and set theory

We develop the theory of partial satisfaction relations for structures that may be proper classes and define a satisfaction predicate (⊨*) appropriate to such structures. We indicate the utility of this theory as a framework for the development of the metatheory of first-order predicate logic and set theory, and we use it to prove that for any recursively enumerable extension Θ of ZF there is a finitely axiomatizable extension *Θ′ of GB that is a conservative extension of Θ. We also prove a conservative extension result that justifies the use of ⊨* to characterize ground models for forcing constructions.
A Decomposition Method for the Design of Active Suspension Controllers

Abstract A method is developed to decompose the vertical dynamics of a full car model with active suspension into noninteractiug roll, bounce and pitch, and actuator pressure dynamics. Based on this decomposition, a generic representation of a compensator is given which achieves pole placement, regulation, and partial eigenvector assignment for ride heights and normal force distribution control.
Function of Wildfire-Deposited Pyrogenic Carbon in Terrestrial Ecosystems

Fire is an important driver of change in most forest, savannah, and prairie ecosystems and fire-altered organic matter, or pyrogenic carbon (PyC), conveys numerous functions in soils of fire maintained terrestrial ecosystems. Although an exceptional number of recent review articles and books have addressed agricultural soil application of charcoal or biochar, few reviews have addressed the functional role of naturally formed PyC in fire maintained ecosystems. Recent advances in molecular spectroscopic techniques have helped strengthen our understanding of PyC as a ubiquitous, complex material that is capable of altering soil chemical, physical, and biological properties and processes. The uniquely recalcitrant nature of PyC in soils is partly a result of its stable C=C double bonded, graphene-like structure and C-rich, N-poor composition. This attribute allows it to persist in soils for hundreds to thousands of years and represent net ecosystem C sequestration in fire maintained ecosystems. The rapid formation of PyC during wildfire or anthropogenic fire events short circuits the normally tortuous pathway of recalcitrant soil C formation. Existing literature also suggests that PyC provides an essential role in the cycling of certain nutrients, greatly extending the timeframe by which fires influence soil processes, and facilitating recovery in ecosystems where organic matter inputs are low and post-fire surface soil bacterial and fungal activity is reduced. The high surface area of PyC allows for the adsorption a broad spectrum of organic compounds that directly or indirectly influence microbial processes after fire events. Adsorption capacity and microsite conditions created by PyC yields a ‘charosphere’ effect with heightened microbial activity in the vicinity of PyC. In this mini-review, we explore the function of PyC in natural and semi-natural settings, provide a mechanistic approach to understanding these functions, and examine examples of such mechanisms in published literature.
Relative contributions of norspermidine synthesis and signaling pathways to the regulation of Vibrio cholerae biofilm formation

The polyamine norspermidine is one of the major polyamines synthesized by Vibrionales and has also been found in various aquatic organisms. Norspermidine is among the environmental signals that positively regulate Vibrio cholerae biofilm formation. The NspS/MbaA signaling complex detects extracellular norspermidine and mediates the response to this polyamine. Norspermidine binding to the NspS periplasmic binding protein is thought to inhibit the phosphodiesterase activity of MbaA, increasing levels of the biofilm-promoting second messenger cyclic diguanylate monophosphate, thus enhancing biofilm formation. V. cholerae can also synthesize norspermidine using the enzyme NspC as well as import it from the environment. Deletion of the nspC gene was shown to reduce accumulation of bacteria in biofilms, leading to the conclusion that intracellular norspermidine is also a positive regulator of biofilm formation. Because V. cholerae uses norspermidine to synthesize the siderophore vibriobactin it is possible that intracellular norspermidine is required to obtain sufficient amounts of iron, which is also necessary for robust biofilm formation. The objective of this study was to assess the relative contributions of intracellular and extracellular norspermidine to the regulation of biofilm formation in V. cholerae. We show the biofilm defect of norspermidine synthesis mutants does not result from an inability to produce vibriobactin as vibriobactin synthesis mutants do not have diminished biofilm forming abilities. Furthermore, our work shows that extracellular, but not intracellular norspermidine, is mainly responsible for promoting biofilm formation. We establish that the NspS/MbaA signaling complex is the dominant mediator of biofilm formation in response to extracellular norspermidine, rather than norspermidine synthesized by NspC or imported into the cell.
Client-based Courses: Variations in Service Learning

This article explores the use of service learning in nontraditional course formats such as distance learning, compressed timeframe (nine-week) courses, with adult graduate student learners, based o...
Other Hematological Diseases (Leukemia)

Clinical suspicion of a recurrence of acute leukemia may be difficult to confirm. Among the advantages of 18F-FDG–PET/CT are its ability to guide further diagnostic interventions, to focus on probable sites of disease recurrence, and to stage other potentially involved tissues with just a single examination.
Effects of Automation on Situation Awareness in Controlling Robot Teams

Declines in situation awareness (SA) often accompany automation. Some of these effects have been characterized as out-of-the-loop, complacency, and automation bias. Increasing autonomy in multi-robot control might be expected to produce similar declines in operators’ SA. In this paper we review a series of experiments in which automation is introduced in controlling robot teams. Automating path planning at a foraging task improved both target detection and localization which is closely tied to SA. Timing data, however, suggested small declines in SA for robot location and pose. Automation of image acquisition, by contrast, led to poorer localization. Findings are discussed and alternative explanations involving shifts in strategy proposed.
Marital and Couple Relationships

Tobacco use significantly affects and can determine the shape of all familial relationships. Given the complexity of family relationships and range of family types, we will limit our examination here to how tobacco use affects two types of familial relationships in particular: marital and couple relationships and parent–child relationships.
Myasthenia Symptom Burden, Sleep and Fatigue: Are they related? (P6.435)

Objective: We aimed to understand the relationship between myasthenia gravis (MG)-related symptom burden, sleep related disorders and fatigue in a diverse group of MG patients. Background: Myasthenia gravis patients often report fatigue beyond fatigable muscle weakness. Sleep related disorders are frequent in MG patients and more prominent in patients with significant weakness. Previous studies have shown an association between MG quality-of-life assessments and measures of quality of sleep and excessive daytime sleepiness, but this has never been demonstrated in a large population. Design/Methods: We conducted an online survey of MG patients. Patients provided relevant myasthenia disease data, and completed MG Quality of Life-15 (MG QOL-15), Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index ( PSQI), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) and Fatigue Severity Score (FSS) measures online and MG-Activities of Daily Living (MG-ADL) on a follow up phone call. Correlation analysis was performed on these measures. Results: One hundred ninety-six patients completed the online survey and 99 provided MG-ADL data. The mean age was 52 years, 88 were AChR positive and 21 were MuSK positive. Sixty-one patients were previously diagnosed with diagnosis of sleep apnea and 57 of these patients were on positive airway pressure therapy. The mean MG-ADL was 6.81, indicating a moderate disease burden. Twenty-four percent had high ESS scores, 77% had a high PSQI, and 82% reported a high FSS. Correlation analysis correcting for BMI and reported sleep apnea revealed a strong positive, significant correlation between MGQOL-15 and MG-ADL (r=0.731 p Conclusions: In this patient reported study of sleep and fatigue, there is strong positive correlation between fatigue severity and MG measures. Our study also demonstrates that online survey tools can help to recruit a large number of participants in a short time. Disclosure: Dr. Yang has nothing to disclose. Dr. Miglis has received personal compensation for consulting, serving on a scientific advisory board, speaking, or other activities with Lundbeck, Schlesinger Associates, Defined Health, Elsevier. Dr. Jaradeh has nothing to disclose. Dr. Muppidi has received personal compensation for consulting, serving on a scientific advisory board, speaking, or other activities with Alexion, Lundbeck.
The cost of robotics: an analysis of the added costs of robotic-assisted versus laparoscopic surgery using the National Inpatient Sample

Robotic-assisted surgery (RAS) with its advantages continues to gain popularity among surgeons. This study analyzed the increased costs of RAS in common surgical procedures using the National Inpatient Sample. Retrospective analysis of the 2012–2014 Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project-NIS was performed for the following laparoscopic/robotic procedures: cholecystectomy, ventral hernia repair, right and left hemicolectomy, sigmoidectomy, abdominoperineal resection, and total abdominal hysterectomy (TAH). Patients with additional concurrent procedures were excluded. Costs were compared between the laparoscopic procedures and their RAS counterparts. Total costs and charges for cholecystectomy (the most common procedure in the dataset) were compared based on the payer and characteristics of hospital (region, rural/urban, bed size, and ownership). A total of 91,630 surgeries (87,965 laparoscopic, 3665 robotic) were analyzed. The average cost for the laparoscopic group was $10,227 ± $4986 versus $12,340 ± $5880 for the robotic cases (p < 0.001). The overall and percentage increases for laparoscopic versus robotic for each procedure were as follows: cholecystectomy $9618 versus $10,944 (14%), ventral hernia repair $10,739 versus $13,441 (25%), right colectomy $12,516 versus $15,027 (20%), left colectomy $14,157 versus $17,493 (24%), sigmoidectomy $13,504 versus $16,652 (23%), abdominoperineal resection $17,708 versus $19,605 (11%), and TAH $9368 versus $9923 (6%). Hysterectomy was the only procedure performed primarily using RAS and it was found to have the lowest increase in costs. Increased costs were associated with even higher increases in charges, especially in investor-owned private hospitals. RAS is more costly when compared to conventional laparoscopic surgery. Additional costs may be lower in centers that perform a higher volume of RAS. Further analysis of long-term outcomes (including reoperations and readmissions) is needed to better compare the life-long treatment costs for both surgical approaches.
Intranuclear Inclusions in Conventional Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma (ccRCC): Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis.

Intranuclear inclusions are important diagnostic features in many benign and malignant neoplasms. It has also been identifi ed in major epithelial subtypes of renal cell carcinomas (RCCs), particularly in the chromophobe RCC.
The Monaural Nuclei of the Lateral Lemniscus: Parallel Pathways from Cochlear Nucleus to Midbrain

The mammalian cochlear nucleus is made up of several different divisions, each of which receives input from the fibers of the auditory nerve, and each of which performs some different transformation of this input. These different divisions of the cochlear nucleus in turn give rise to different parallel pathways. Some of these pathways ascend directly to the midbrain, some provide interconnections among the divisions of the cochlear nucleus, and others innervate cell groups in the brainstem where the signals originating in the cochlear nucleus undergo further transformation. These transformations may be accomplished through various mechanisms, for example, different patterns of axonal termination on cell bodies or dendrites, different biophysical properties of the target cells, or convergence of inputs from more than one pathway. The present review focuses on the transformations that occur in one system of brainstem auditory nuclei, the intermediate (INLL) and ventral (VNLL) nuclei of the lateral lemniscus.
Cost‐Related Medication Nonadherence Among Older Adults: Findings From a Nationally Representative Sample

OBJECTIVES To estimate the rate of and risk factors associated with cost-related medication nonadherence among older adults. DESIGN Cross-sectional analysis of the 2017 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS). SETTING Nationally representative health interview survey in the United States. PARTICIPANTS Survey respondents, aged 65 years or older (n = 5701 unweighted) in the 2017 wave of the NHIS. MEASUREMENTS Self-reported, cost-related medication nonadherence (due to cost: skip dose, reduce dose, or delay or not fill a prescription) and actions taken due to cost-related medication nonadherence (ask for lower-cost prescription, use alternative therapy, or buy medications from another country) were quantified. We used a series of multivariable logistic regression analyses to identify factors associated with cost-related medication nonadherence. We also reported analyses by chronic disease subgroups. RESULTS In 2017, 408 (6.8%) of 5901 older adults, representative of 2.7 million older adults nationally, reported cost-related medication nonadherence. Among those with cost-related medication nonadherence, 44.2% asked a physician for lower-cost medications, 11.5% used alternative therapies, and 5.3% bought prescription drugs outside the United States to save money. Correlates independently associated with a higher likelihood of cost-related medication nonadherence included: younger age, female sex, lower socioeconomic levels (eg, low income and uninsured), mental distress, functional limitations, multimorbidities, and obesity (P < .05 for all). Similar patterns were found in subgroup analyses. CONCLUSION Cost-related medication nonadherence among older adults is increasingly common, with several potentially modifiable risk factors identified. Interventions, such as medication therapy management, may be needed to reduce cost-related medication nonadherence in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc 67:2463-2473, 2019.
Examining effects of unit price on preference for reduced nicotine content cigarettes and smoking rate.

Abstract Cigarette preference increases as a function of greater nicotine content, but manipulating cost can shift preference. The aims of the present study are to model whether (1) the behavioral-economic metric unit price (cost/reinforcer magnitude) accounts for preference shifts and (2) whether preference shifts toward reduced nicotine content are associated with smoking reductions. In a multisite study between 2015 and 2016, 169 daily smokers from vulnerable populations completed two concurrent-choice conditions examining preference for smoking normal (15.8 mg/g) and reduced (0.4 mg/g) nicotine content cigarettes. In Condition 1, both products were available at 10 responses/choice. In Condition 2, availability of the 0.4 mg/g dose remained at 10 responses/choice while the 15.8 mg/g dose was available on a progressive-ratio (PR) schedule wherein response cost increased following each choice. Unit prices were calculated by dividing dose by response requirement. Results were analyzed using ANOVA and binomial tests (p
Breaching the Professional–Personal Boundary — An Unrecognized Risk for Burnout

Breaching the Professional–Personal Boundary The boundary between physicians’ personal and professional lives is breached when we’re called on to care for people we know personally. Burnout may be ...
Spatial and Energy Resolutions Measurements for C-SPECT

218 Purpose: First Spatial and Energy Resolutions Measurements for the Complete C-SPECT Detector System Objectives: The aim of this work is to present the first results for the completed C-SPECT detector: a dedicated cardiac SPECT/TCT system for clinical research. C-SPECT uses 14 NaI(Tl) pixelated detector modules arranged in a thorax-contouring shape with photo detection handled by 130 single-anode 51 mm diameter PMTs. The system provides axial coverage of 168 mm and angular coverage of 220° from the optimal center in our imaging volume. We characterize the status of the detector by first providing a basic flood map as well as noting the performance of our data acquisition system. We perform spatial resolution measurements that characterize the system’s intrinsic detector resolution before computing the system resolution with the full collimator. In addition, we measure energy resolution of the system in each of our detectors. Methods: We acquired flood data (no collimator) using Na22 to evaluate if our detector is fully working. This also provides the data for pixel identification and verification. Next, we acquired a scan using a Co57 point source at high count-rate (total input ~1 MHz) and use this data to measure the energy resolution of each detector module. We perform a spatial resolution measurement by using a tungsten pinhole (0.5 mm diameter aperture) placed against the detector light-shielding wall and locating the Co57 source ~150 mm away. The pinhole source projection onto the detector provides axial and transverse profile widths, which are measured and converted to millimeters by measuring the local crystal-to-crystal distance in Anger logic space. This measurement can then be repeated to sample multiple positions to confirm basic uniformity of the result. Results: Our flood scans show a fully working detector system and our acquisition system handles simultaneously writing data from all 14 detector modules. The Co57 flood gives the energy resolution measurements in each module, but require module-by-module tuning to achieve the single-module performance of 11 ± 1% FWHM (full with at half maximum) based on a fully tuned single module system previously tested prior to assembly. For the spatial resolution, we conducted an initial measurement, which gives transverse & axial resolution (FWHM) ~10% larger than our physical 2.5 by 3.0 mm pixel size. Additional experiments will be performed to measure the resolution as a function of position on the detector and to confirm module-to-module uniformity. Conclusions: We have performed our first tests and performance studies of the assembled and working C-SPECT system. It is fully operational with measurements in both the spatial and energy resolution.
It’s the Reoccurring Thoughts that Matter: Rumination over Workplace Ostracism

As workplace ostracism detrimentally impacts employees’ job-related outcomes, it is important to understand why exclusion causes these negative outcomes to potentially mitigate its negative effects. A potential explanatory mechanism for these effects is rumination – persistent and recurring thinking that can focus on both negative and positive events. Using climate survey data with a sample of 1428 employees, we examined the extent to which rumination explains the relationship between workplace ostracism and three job-related outcomes: job satisfaction, burnout, and turnover intentions. The results indicated that two forms of ostracism (information exclusion and social ostracism) were associated with lower job satisfaction, increased turnover intentions, as well as greater burnout. The effects of social ostracism were mediated by both positive and negative rumination. The findings suggest potential interventions to mitigate the negative effects of ostracism in the workplace.
Comparative Performance of Private Equity-Owned US Nursing Homes During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Importance It is not known whether nursing homes with private equity (PE) ownership have performed better or worse than other nursing homes during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Objective To evaluate the comparative performance of PE-owned nursing homes on COVID-19 outcomes. Design, Setting, and Participants This cross-sectional study of 11 470 US nursing homes used the Nursing Home COVID-19 Public File from May 17, 2020, to July 2, 2020, to compare outcomes of PE-owned nursing homes with for-profit, nonprofit, and government-owned homes, adjusting for facility characteristics. Exposure Nursing home ownership status. Main Outcomes and Measures Self-reported number of COVID-19 cases and deaths and deaths by any cause per 1000 residents; possessing 1-week supplies of personal protective equipment (PPE); staffing shortages. Results Of 11 470 nursing homes, 7793 (67.9%) were for-profit; 2523 (22.0%), nonprofit; 511 (5.3%), government-owned; and 543 (4.7%), PE-owned; with mean (SD) COVID-19 cases per 1000 residents of 88.3 [2.1], 67.0 [3.8], 39.8 [7.6] and 110.8 [8.1], respectively. Mean (SD) COVID-19 deaths per 1000 residents were 61.9 [1.6], 66.4 [3.0], 56.2 [7.3], and 78.9 [5.9], respectively; mean deaths by any cause per 1000 residents were 78.1 [1.3], 91.5 [2.2], 67.6 [4.5], and 87.9 [4.8], respectively. In adjusted analyses, government-owned homes had 35.5 (95% CI, −69.2 to −1.8;P = .03) fewer COVID-19 cases per 1000 residents than PE-owned nursing homes. Cases in PE-owned nursing homes were not statistically different compared with for-profit and nonprofit facilities; nor were there statistically significant differences in COVID-19 deaths or deaths by any cause between PE-owned nursing homes and for-profit, nonprofit, and government-owned facilities. For-profit, nonprofit, and government-owned nursing homes were 10.5% (9.1 percentage points; 95% CI, 1.8 to 16.3 percentage points;P = .006), 15.0% (13.0 percentage points; 95% CI, 5.5 to 20.6 percentage points;P Conclusions and Relevance In this cross-sectional study, PE-owned nursing homes performed comparably on staffing levels, resident cases, and deaths with nursing homes with other types of ownership, although their shortages of PPE may warrant monitoring.
Cubical ethnography: Another kind of fieldwork

Studying the contemporary clinic necessitates rethinking what it means to both enter and access ‘the field’. In these Field Notes, I reflect on the beginnings of fieldwork and the processes of crafting research protocols which can stand up to formal ethics reviews. Rather than treating the process as a barrier to ‘real’ ethnographic research, I suggest that the mundane institutional realities of inserting oneself into a bureaucratic atmosphere form a particular—but no less valid—kind of ethnographic experience. I call this experience ‘cubicle ethnography’, after how the structures of the office—keys, badges, desktop computers—reflected negotiations of access and my own legitimacy as a visiting ethnographer.
The galaxy–halo connection of emission-line galaxies in IllustrisTNG

We employ the hydrodynamical simulation IllustrisTNG-300-1 to explore the halo occupation distribution (HOD) and environmental dependence of luminous star-forming emission-line galaxies (ELGs) at $z \sim 1$. Such galaxies are key targets for current and upcoming cosmological surveys. We select model galaxies through cuts in colour-colour space allowing for a direct comparison with the Extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey and the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) surveys and then compare them with galaxies selected based on specific star-formation rate (sSFR) and stellar mass. We demonstrate that the ELG populations are twice more likely to reside in lower-density regions (sheets) compared with the mass-selected populations and twice less likely to occupy the densest regions of the cosmic web (knots). We also show that the colour-selected and sSFR-selected ELGs exhibit very similar occupation and clustering statistics, finding that the agreement is best for lower redshifts. In contrast with the mass-selected sample, the occupation of haloes by a central ELG peaks at $\sim$20\%. We furthermore explore the dependence of the HOD and the auto-correlation on environment, noticing that at fixed halo mass, galaxies in high-density regions cluster about 10 times more strongly than low-density ones. This result suggests that we should model carefully the galaxy-halo relation and implement assembly bias effects into our models (estimated at $\sim$4\% of the clustering of the DESI colour-selected sample at $z = 0.8$). Finally, we apply a simple mock recipe to recover the clustering on large scales ($r \gtrsim 1 \ {\rm Mpc}/h$) to within 1\% by augmenting the HOD model with an environment dependence, demonstrating the power of adopting flexible population models.
Prevalence and Correlates of Depressive Symptoms Among High School Adolescent Girls in Southern Uganda

In sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), adolescent girls and young women are three times more likely than boys to have depressive disorders. Understanding adolescents’ unique and common vulnerabilities and protective factors is essential for the development of appropriate interventions and programming focused on child and adolescent mental health. This paper examines the prevalence and predictors of depressive symptoms among high school adolescent girls in southern Uganda. Baseline data from a longitudinal cluster randomized study involving 1260 adolescent girls (14–17 years), recruited from 47 secondary schools were utilized. Depressive symptoms were estimated using the 21-item Beck’s Depression Inventory. Hierarchical linear regression modelling was utilized to estimate key predictors of depressive symptoms among adolescent girls. Of the total sample, 16.35% (n = 206) reported severe depressive symptoms and almost one in every three adolescent girls interviewed (29.68%, n = 374) reported moderate symptoms. These symptoms were more prevalent among older adolescents (16 years and above). In addition, family relationships, social support, as well as measures of psychological wellbeing (self-concept and self-esteem) were all associated with lower levels of depressive symptoms. Hopelessness was associated with higher levels of depressive symptoms among adolescent girls. Findings from this study indicate a high prevalence of depressive symptoms, especially among older adolescent girls. In addition, family support factors and adolescents’ psychological wellbeing were associated with low levels of depressive symptoms –pointing to the need to strengthen family functioning and adolescent’s psychological wellbeing to mitigate risks. Taken together, findings support increasing calls for early screening and detection of depressive symptoms to facilitate timely referral to care and treatment. Findings may also inform the development and incorporation of gender-specific mental health components in programming targeting adolescent girls, in low-resource communities in SSA. This trial was prospectively registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (registration number: NCT03307226 ) on 11 October 2017.
Lochner Under Lockdown

In 1905, the Supreme Court rendered two landmark decisions on the scope of individual liberty—Jacobson vs. Massachusetts and Lochner v. New York. The first denied a substantive due process claim and has become the go-to citation in COVID-19 cases. The other upheld a substantive due process claim—but was later overruled and thrown in the dustbin of constitutional history. Yet to address the broad restrictions on liberty caused by current and foreseeable pandemic responses, it is worth noting that the Lochner Court is the Jacobson Court and that the cases were decided within months of each other. The latter’s broad deference to public health authority lived side-by-side with a broader conception of individual liberty. At a time when state police power has imposed unprecedented limitations on individuals’ ability to provide for themselves in dignity, Lochner should be brought out of lockdown. This Essay argues that whatever Lochner’s failings, the rationales for its overruling subsequent are largely inapplicable to the current COVID-19 restrictions. Unlike the laws occasionally struck down by the Lochner Court, shut down orders and the like have an economic effect, but are not economic policy. They regulate people's ability to make a living even more than most economic laws. Lockdown measures are accompanied by a governmental power to determine, often on inscrutable grounds, what callings are sufficiently important or "essential" to some undefined notion of social good to be carried on. This may be one of the broadest assertions of sovereign authority in peacetime. Yet in a post-Lochner world, we lack the constitutional language to deal with the potential danger to liberty implicated by such measures. At the same time, the Jacboson/Lochner juxtaposition demonstrates that taking work-related liberties seriously does not mean jettisoning deep deference to public health measures, especially in infectious emergencies. Lochner is often criticized as an attempt by the Court to second-guess legislative judgements about economic policy and redistribution. This Essay shows that a more modest, focused version of the Lochner doctrine is much better suited to traditional police power measures (such as health and safety) that nonetheless have significant effects on people’s ability to pursue their callings and support themselves. (Lochner itself was the opposite—an economic regulation dressed up as public health measure.) This Essay presents a model for a "little Lochner" that would allow for constitutional scrutiny of unprecedented non-economic policies that broadly interfere with people's ability to pursue their callings, while taking seriously courts' limited expertise and society's need to protect itself for virological externalities.