cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fluorine Substitution Effect on the Reaction Pathways of CH3CH2(a) and CF3CH2(a) on Ag(111)

The effect of fluorine substitution on the geometrical orientations and the reaction pathways of CH3CH2(a) and CF3CH2(a) on Ag(111) was investigated using temperature programmed reaction spectroscopy (TPRS) and reflection−absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS). The CH3CH2(a) species couple to form C4H10(g) while CF3CH2(a) undergoes β-fluorine elimination to give CF2CH2(g). On the basis of the RAIRS data, the molecular axis of CH3CH2(a) is oriented nearly perpendicular to the surface while that of CF3CH2(a) lies much nearer the surface due to the interaction between a fluorine atom and the Ag(111) surface. We propose that anchoring of CF3CH2(a) by both Ag−C and Ag···F interactions increases the activation energy of CF3CH2(a) migration compared to CH3CH2(a) migration and, thus, suppresses migratory coupling and facilitates β-fluorine elimination.
A model for verification of data security in operating systems

Program verification applied to kernel architectures forms a promising method for providing uncircumventably secure, shared computer systems. A precise definition of data security is developed here in terms of a general model for operating systems. This model is suitable as a basis for verifying many of those properties of an operating system which are necessary to assure reliable enforcement of security. The application of this approach to the UCLA secure operating system is also discussed.
Microtron Using a Superconducting Electron Linac

The superconducting linac of the 6 pass microtron (MUSL-1) described previously has been operated at 4.2 K for about 3 years with an energy gain of 2 MeV/meter. The duty factor has been limited to about 50% by thermal effects. A new helium liquefier supplies more than the 13 liters per hour required to operate the linac continuously at its maximum duty factor. The system can supply 5 ?a of electrons with energies up to 19 MeV and has been operated on a 24 hour per day schedule for nuclear physics experiments. A larger system (MUSL-2) utilizing a surplus 3 MeV Van de Graaff as an injector and a 6 meter superconducting accelerator section made for us at Stanford University is being assembled in another area. Although the installation is not yet complete microwave tests indicate that the section can be operated continuously with an energy gain of 13 MeV with an input power of about 10 watts. For the initial operation of MUSL-2 the 6 pass hardware from MUSL-1 will be used to recirculate the electron beam through the new linac section to a final energy of 60 MeV.
Cellular and subcellular 3H-estradiol localization in the pituitary by autoradiography.

The cellular and subcellular localization of 6.7-3H-estradiol-17β in the pituitaries of five immature and two mature castrated female rats was studied by autoradiography. The autoradiographic technique used minimizes or eliminates translocation. It is based on low temperature tissue preparation of freeze-dried sections which are dry-mounted on dried photographic emulsion, excluding known sources of translocation artifacts such as liquid fixatives, dehydrating and clearing fluids, embedding media and thawing. The animals were given from 0.093 to 0.63 μg of 3H-estradiol and were sacrificed at 15 min, 1, 2, or 6 hours after the injection. A large portion of the anterior pituitary cells was found to be labeled; the extent of this labeling varied with dose, time of sacrifice after the injection, and photographic exposure time, but apparently not with the endocrine status of the animal. The portions labeled were 76 and 86 per cent for the immature and mature rats respectively, exceeding single tinctorial light-microscopic groups. Gomori trichrome chromophiles and chromophobes, cells with intense and weak pyronin basophilia, as well as morphologically defined castration cells, were all partially labeled and unlabeled. “Acidophiles” appeared to be labeled in a somewhat higher proportion. Cells of the intermediate and posterior lobe were generally unlabeled except for occasionally interspersed cell groups or single cells, especially at the border between intermediate and posterior lobe, probably identical with “basophilic invaginations” in man and other mammals. The subcellular concentration of radioactivity was always nuclear. The findings are interpreted as suggesting a) feedback control on the pituitary level, in addition to the diencephalic level, b) pluripotentiality of anterior pituitary cells, and c) possible positive feedback mechanism of estradiol with secondary “negative” effect. Dry-mount autoradiography with labeled hormones, as applied in this study, provides a new methodological approach to the elucidation of pituitary physiology and pharmacology.
Candelaria and other left-oblique slip faults of the Candelaria region, Nevada

The region comprising the Candelaria Hills and Excelsior Mountains, Nevada, is structurally anomalous with respect to surrounding tracts of the Basin and Range Province. Its major faults strike east, and some, if not all of them, have undergone significant left slip. Ratios of lateral to vertical displacement components on strands of such faults vary from 2 to 6.5. The region of left-oblique slip faulting seems to constitute the intermediate leg of a gigantic Z pattern of Basin and Range faults. One of these faults, the Candelaria fault system, has been studied closely in pursuit of kinematic details that might characterize the regional faulting. The Candelaria system consists of three en echelon faults of 5 to 10 km trace length joined by connector zones that possess compressional features. The amount of lateral slip transferred from one en echelon fault to another is uncertain; analysis of a complex of faults in one connector zone indicates at least some degree of integrated motion. The same connector zone is the site of a bulge that has an uplift estimated to have been 275 m since 2.8 m.y. B.P. On the basis of fault-plane striae, the extension direction is ∼ N82°W. We propose that the Candelaria fault system and a major asymmetric trough in its northern wall were created in Oligocene time by a regional left-lateral shear system oriented in the extension direction. The connector zones may be kinematic impediments which, at shallow levels at least, have prevented the system from maturing into a single plane fault. The existence of the bulge and the estimated rate of slip on part of the Candelaria fault system suggest that the system is still active.
Broadening of the glass transition in blends of poly(aryl ether ketones) and a poly(ether imide) as studied by thermally stimulated currents

Blends of poly(aryl ether ketones) (PAEKs) and an amorphous poly(ether imide) (PEI) were used as model systems to study the broadening of the glass transition due to crystallization and the resulting depletion of PAEK from the amorphous phase. Two different PAEKs were studied, which are completely miscible with PEI in the amorphous state; poly(aryl ether ether ketone) (PEEK) and a slower crystallizing poly(aryl ether ketone ketone)(PEKK). Relatively rapid crystallization conditions were chosen in order to trap a significant fraction of PEI between the PAEK crystal lamellae or between bundles of lamellae. The broad glass transitions are apparently a result of the nonuniform nature of this process. The breadth of the glass transition was quantified by thermally stimulated currents (TSC) applied in the thermal sampling (TS) mode. The results compared favorably with DSC data. The magnitude of the apparent activation energy obtained by the TS method allows one to assign the relaxations as cooperative (glass transition-like) or non-cooperative and to define the limits of the glass transition with a higher degree of precision than other techniques. Cooperative relaxations can be resolved with this technique, even if they are only a small fraction of the overall relaxing species at a given temperature. In some cases the glass transition region was found to broaden to ca. 60°C after crystallization. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A probabilistic approach for testing large-scale integrated circuits

If the statistics available from various process steps involved in the fabrication of large-scale integrated logic circuit chips indicate that the computed probability of each circuit path operating properly is greater than 1/2, then a reliable screening test procedure can be devised. A reliable reference standard from untested chips, or modules, can be constructed, and such a standard reference can be used in all test procedures in which circuit testing is based on comparison.
Impact of analytic conventions on outcome measures in two longitudinal studies of dental caries.

UNLABELLED Caries increment is the primary outcome measure used in most longitudinal studies of caries. Its computation requires the adoption of specific analytic conventions for handling examiner misclassification ("reversals"), teeth lost due to caries, and multiple events such as caries initiation and progression. However, little is known about the impact of these analytic conventions on cumulative incidence and incidence density--two additional outcome measures used in longitudinal studies. OBJECTIVE We evaluated the impact of analytic conventions on caries outcome measures in two longitudinal caries studies. METHODS A secondary analysis was undertaken using data from two studies: a 2-year observational cohort study of 683 older adults and a 3-year clinical trial of 1,754 children. Crude, net and adjusted increments were compared, effects of inclusion and exclusion of teeth lost due to caries were contrasted and measures of caries initiation and progression were assessed among subgroups in each study. RESULTS Cumulative incidence indicated a high risk of caries (50% or more) in both studies but was not sensitive to subgroup differences. Increment and incidence density measures consistently revealed between-subgroup differences when subgroups had comparable numbers of teeth. For all three outcome measures, crude DFS values were larger than net DFS values. The adjusted DFS was similar to crude DFS in older adults, but similar to net DFS in children. Measurement of caries initiation and progression increased disease estimates for all three outcome measures. CONCLUSIONS In the populations studied, analytic conventions for handling examiner misclassification, teeth lost due to caries and multiple events had a greater impact on inferences than the choice of outcome measure.
Gonadotropins in insects: an overview.

Control of gonad development in insects requires juvenile hormone, ecdysteroids, and a peptidic brain gonadotropin(s). Compared to vertebrates, the situation in insects with respect to the molecular structure of gonadotropins is far less uniform. Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH) of vertebrates are glycoproteins that are synthezised in the hypothalamus and released from the anterior pituitary. They stimulate gonad development, the production of progesterone or of sex steroids (estrogens, androgens). None of the known insect gonadotropins is a glycoprotein, neither can they be grouped into a single peptide family. In Drosophila, two Gprotein coupled receptors, structurally related to the mammalian glycoprotein hormone receptors, have been identified. Nothing is known about their natural ligands. The sex-steroids of insects are likely to be ecdysteroids (20E in females, E in males of some species). Some of the identified gonadotropins speed up vitellogenesis (locust OMP and some -PF/-RFamide peptides) or stimulate ecdysteroid production by the ovaries (locust-OMP and Aedes- OEH) or testis (testis ecdysiotropin of Lymantria). In flies, the only as yet identified gonadotropin is the cAMP-generating peptide of Neobellieria. The seeming absence of uniformity in gonadotropins in insects might be due to a multitude of factors that can stimulate ecdysteroid production and/or to the use of different bioassays. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 47:129‐138, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A 1-Year-Old Boy with Persistent, Generalized Eruption

A healthy 1-year-old boy born at full term after an uncomplicated pregnancy presented to the dermatology clinic for a widespread eruption with gradual onset since 3 months of age. He was otherwise well, afebrile, feeding well, and gaining weight appropriately. The child was overall asymptomatic, though some of his lesions occasionally became red and pruritic. His mother noticed that after mild illnesses, he was more prone to these flares. She denied flushing, vomiting, diarrhea, respiratory distress, and irritability. He was meeting all developmental milestones and started walking at 11 months of age. The remainder of his review of systems was unremarkable, and family history was noncontributory. Physical exam revealed a well-appearing, well-nourished, playful, and interactive toddler. There were innumerable discrete and coalescing pink-brown macules and papules concentrated on the trunk and extending onto the proximal upper and lower extremities bilaterally, as well as the neck and lower face. Stroking the lesions quickly led to development of erythematous edematous wheals. There was no hepatosplenomegaly, and the lymph node exam was unremarkable.
Graphene field-effect transistors using large-area monolayer graphene grown by chemical vapor deposition on Co thin films

There has been great interest in methods for the synthesis of high-quality, large-area graphene films, as required for practical applications in the electronics industry. In particular, recent developments in chemical vapor deposition (CVD) methods have shown a promising approach to grow large-area graphene on metal substrates by catalyzed CVD growth [1]. Reports of CVD growth on Cu and Ni are common [1–3]; however, there have been few efforts to grow graphene on Co [4], and attempts to grow graphene on Co/SiO 2 /Si resulted in very small domains of predominantly multilayer graphene that were not suitable for transistor fabrication. Unlike Ni, Co is attractive due to the low lattice mismatch (&#60; 2%) between graphene and the Co (0001) surface, and Co exhibits greater compatibility with Si than Cu, which is a deep trap in Si and a fast diffuser. Here we have demonstrated graphene field-effect transistors (GFETs) fabricated using large-area monolayer graphene grown by catalyzed CVD on Co films.
Studies on amino acid control of cellular function

Abstract Amino acid starvation of 3T3 and SV3T3 cells leads to inhibition of precursor uptake and incorporation into macromolecules, whereas protein degradation is not affected. In both cell types, intracellular cAMP concentrations decrease slightly after 18 hr of amino acid deprivation. In contrast, serum starvation, which also decreases precursor uptake, does so primarily in untransformed cells, by a mechanism involving an increase in cAMP levels.
Properties of small‐amplitude electron phase‐space holes observed by Polar

[1] We present Polar Plasma Wave Instrument (PWI) measurements of electrostatic solitary waves in the high-altitude polar magnetosphere. These waves are electrostatic pulses that move parallel (and antiparallel) to the geomagnetic field and are similar to waves detected in many regions of the magnetosphere by other spacecraft. The PWI instantaneous dynamic range was 72 dB with an added 30 dB obtained by changing gain states. This large dynamic range enables the study of amplitude-size relations up to a maximum electric field of 44 mV/m in the lowest gain state as well as enabling the investigation of small-amplitude waves (<0.1 mV/m). The Polar PWI data indicate that these small-amplitude solitary waves have typical scale sizes the order of the Debye length, velocities the order of the electron thermal speed, and electrostatic potentials that are small compared with the electron thermal energy per charge (ϕ ≪ kBTe/e). Statistical distributions of the wave properties are presented, and the properties are compared with theoretical predictions of electron phase-space holes and electron-acoustic solitons. BGK-type analysis of electron holes predicts a relationship between the minimum allowed scale size and the amplitude and velocity. The observed solitary waves are consistent with these predictions.
Application of One-Dimensional Dipolar Shift Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy To Study the Backbone Conformation of Membrane-Associated Peptides in Phospholipid Bilayers

A simple one-dimensional dipolar shift solid-state NMR experiment is demonstrated to study the backbone conformation of membrane-associated peptides embedded in phospholipid bilayers. The nitrogen-...
Electrical Conductivity and Elastic Properties of Carbon Nanotube Reinforced Polycarbonate Nanocomposites

In the past years, carbon nanotubes and their composites have been intensively studied due to their extremely high strength and high electrical and thermal conductivities. However, to be able to use CNT-reinforced composites as structural materials in real applications, more cost-efficient processing methods should be adopted and the properties of such nanocomposites need to be further analyzed. Here we investigate the electrical and elastic properties of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) reinforced polycarbonate (PC) nanocomposites produced by injection molding which has been widely used in industrial plastic production. Nanocomposite samples with MWCNT ranging from 0 to 7wt% were tested for both electrical conductivity using a 2-probe measurement and mechanical properties under tensile loading. It has been found that the electrical conductivity depends on both injection velocity and the CNT content while the elastic properties of the nanocomposites only depend on the CNT content. Besides the experimental testing, a percolation theory and micromechanics models have been applied to determine the electrical conductivity percolation threshold and the effective elastic modulus of the nanocomposites in terms of CNT contents. The results are compared with our experimental data. It shows that a percolation threshold is around 1.8wt% of MWCNT. The evaluation of elastic properties using micromechanics models not only indicates the influence of MWCNT on elastic properties but also the presence of an interphase between the CNT and PC matrix.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
A 9-C, 2-D land seismic experiment for lithology estimation of a Permian clastic reservoir

The past 15 years have seen several successful applications of multicomponent seismic technology in hydrocarbon exploration. Many successes have been reported in the marine environment, where statics and surface wave noise are less serious than on land. Nevertheless, research into land multicomponent methods continues with many encouraging results.
Sport and visions of the “American century”

In 1899, as the United States prepared to enter the twentieth century, the man who would in just two years become its president declared a global culture war. Theodore Roosevelt proclaimed that the new century could be and should be an “American century.” Roosevelt predicted that if the republic committed itself to the strenuous life it would become the world's leader. He insisted that national devotion to sports—the cornerstone of the strenuous life—would make the American experiment in culture and politics a global phenomenon. Dedication to a vigorous life would guarantee world leadership and far more. Roosevelt predicted no less than a global cultural revolution. He offered an imperial vision of a world converted to the American way of life. Sports, he argued, could shape not only a vital American culture but transform world culture as well. Eleven years later, in 1910, shortly after Roosevelt had finished his second term as U.S. president, the American philosopher William James offered a pacified vers...
Evaluation of the professional process portfolio: an innovative tool to help develop and demonstrate leadership competency.

The professional process portfolio (PPP) was adopted by the Maternal Child and Health Bureau (MCHB) as an ‘innovation’ in best practice for all Leadership in Education and Adolescent Health (LEAH) Training Programs; however it had not been formally evaluated. Thus the objective was to evaluate the utility of the PPP for graduates of the LEAH training program in terms of (1) how alumni have used, adapted, and applied it since completing fellowship, (2) what fellows learned or gained through completing it, and (3) how it can be improved for continued use in training programs. Graduates from six disciplines were asked via telephone or email to participate in a survey regarding their experience with the PPP. Descriptive statistics were generated for demographic characteristics and closed-choice questions. Responses to open-ended questions were analyzed by a team of faculty using framework analysis. Sixty-one graduates completed surveys. The majority (85 %) found the PPP useful and utilized it post-graduation for multiple purposes in professional development: interviewing, training, and referencing previous work. Graduates recommended that the PPP be improved by making it electronic, discipline-specific, and providing earlier and more frequent instruction from faculty on expectations of creating it. Four themes emerged from the qualitative data analysis: accomplishment, experiential learning, skills and accountability, and a best practice of learning. The PPP was an effective personal learning tool for the majority of graduates and enhanced graduates’ experiences. We highlight the ways that the PPP may facilitate the development of learning experiences associated with MCH leadership competence.
Reactions of Charged Substrates. 6. The Methoxymethyl Carbenium Ion Problem. 1. A Semiempirical Study of the Kinetic and Thermodynamic Stabilities of Linear and Cyclic Oxo- and Thiocarbenium Ions Generated from Pyridinium and Dimethylanilinium Ions.

AM1-calculated energy profiles for dissociation of (methoxymethyl)pyridinium and dimethylanilinium ion substrates show that the methoxymethyl carbenium ion is not sufficiently stable to exist as an intermediate on the reaction coordinate for this model reaction. [(Thiomethoxy)methyl]pyridinium ion, however, has a distinct transition state because of the stability of the resulting ion-neutral complex. The complete potential energy surfaces for water displacement on the methoxymethyl substrate with either pyridine or dimethylaniline as the leaving group show distinct transition states and very flat surfaces for the ion-neutral complexes in which interaction of the carbenium ion with both leaving group and nucleophile is stabilizing. Secondary systems studied, including linear methoxy and thiomethoxy substrates, 5- and 6-membered cyclic oxo and thio substrates, and ribosyl-, xylopyranosyl-, and glucopyranosylpyridinium ions yield ion-neutral complexes with sufficient intrinsic stability to exist as intermediates. Comparison with solution data, primarily activation entropy and Bronsted coefficients, suggests that the sugar oxocarbenium ions, either as distinct, solvent-equilibrated intermediates or elements of ion-neutral complexes, are formed by unimolecular dissociation of the respective substrates in solution.
MECHANISMS FOR SELECTIVE TOXICITY OF FIPRONIL INSECTICIDE AND ITS SULFONE METABOLITE AND DESULFINYL PHOTOPRODUCT

Fipronil, an N-phenylpyrazole with a trifluoromethylsulfinyl substituent, initiated the second generation of insecticides acting at the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor to block the chloride channel. The first generation includes the polychlorocycloalkanes α-endosulfan and lindane. In this study, we examine the mechanisms for selective toxicity of the sulfoxide fipronil and its sulfone metabolite and desulfinyl photoproduct relative to their target site interactions in vitro and ex vivo and the importance in fipronil action of biooxidation to the sulfone. Differences in GABA receptor sensitivity, assayed by displacement of 4‘-ethynyl-4-n-[2,3-3H2]propylbicycloorthobenzoate ([3H]EBOB) from the noncompetitive blocker site, appear to be a major factor in fipronil being much more toxic to the insects (housefly and fruit fly) than to the vertebrates (humans, dogs, mice, chickens, quail, and salmon) examined; in insects, the IC50s range from 3 to 12 nM for fipronil and its sulfone and desulfinyl derivatives,...
Unusual variants of malignant melanoma

A potential diagnostic pitfall in the histologic assessment of melanoma is the inability to recognize unusual melanoma variants. Of these, the more treacherous examples include the desmoplastic melanoma, the nevoid melanoma, the so-called 'minimal-deviation melanoma,' melanoma with prominent pigment synthesis or 'animal-type melanoma,' and the malignant blue nevus. Also problematic are the unusual phenotypic profiles seen in vertical growth phase melanomas; these include those tumors whose morphological peculiarities mimic cancers of nonmelanocytic lineage and those melanomas that express aberrant antigenic profiles not commonly associated with a melanocytic histogenesis. Metaplastic change in melanoma, balloon cell melanoma, signet-ring cell melanoma, myxoid melanoma, small cell melanoma and rhabdoid melanoma all have the potential to mimic metastatic and primary neoplasms of different lineage derivations. Abnormal immunohistochemical expression of CD 34, cytokeratins, epithelial membrane antigen, and smooth muscle markers as well as the deficient expression of S100 protein and melanocyte lineage-specific markers such as GP100 protein (ie HMB-45 antibody) and A103 (ie Melan-A) also present confusing diagnostic challenges. In this review, we will discuss in some detail certain of these novel clinicopathologic types of melanoma, as well as the abnormal phenotypic expressions seen in vertical growth phase melanoma.
Benefits and Challenges in the Use of Case Studies for Security Requirements Engineering Methods

The premise of this article is that pilot case studies in security requirements engineering provide both benefits and challenges to the underlying research, education, and technology transition effort. Over the past four years we have worked with seven development groups in five organizations in the process of refining and transitioning the Security Quality Requirements Engineering SQUARE and SQUARE-Lite methods into practice. These experiences have provided the opportunity to step back and assess the use of pilots in conjunction with student projects to support method refinement and technology transition. Although SQUARE and SQUARE-Lite are concerned with security requirements, the benefits and challenges that have been observed would apply to many security research and technology transition efforts. We itemize and justify these benefits and challenges and discuss their practical relevance and application to ensuring adequate information assurance protection.
On Web-Based Models and Repositories

We describe our research experiences in the study of web- based model repositories, and in model design in general. The web has increasingly become the repository for all knowledge and data, and so it may not be too surprising that model representations will similarly be situated predominately in the web. Our research work began with an Object-Oriented Physical Modeling (OOPM) package, and then progressed to a more immersive, shared, 3D structure using the Virtual Reality Modeling Language (VRML). We arrive at a new way of dynamic modeling in 3D, and have evolved issues and challenges for modeling in the discipline of computer simulation.
Physiological Correlates of Heat Intolerance

Although wide interindividual variation exists with respect to heat tolerance, research has pointed out common physical and physiological characteristics which are associated with a decreased ability to adapt to an imposed (internal or external) heat load. While it is difficult to predict individual responses, it is often desirable, e.g. in an industrial environment, to screen out those suspected heat-intolerant persons. Included among the correlates of heat intolerance are a history of heat illness, previous difficulty in acclimating or reacclimating to the heat, low aerobic fitness level, age, hypertension, body size and composition (high adiposity, small size), and drug use (prescription and narcotic) and alcohol consumption.
Calcium-dependent dimerization of human soluble calcium activated nucleotidase: characterization of the dimer interface.

Mammals express a protein homologous to soluble nucleotidases used by blood-sucking insects to inhibit host blood clotting. These vertebrate nucleotidases may play a role in protein glycosylation. The activity of this enzyme family is strictly dependent on calcium, which induces a conformational change in the secreted, soluble human nucleotidase. The crystal structure of this human enzyme was recently solved; however, the mechanism of calcium activation and the basis for the calcium-induced changes remain unclear. In this study, using analytical ultracentrifugation and chemical cross-linking, we show that calcium or strontium induce noncovalent dimerization of the soluble human enzyme. The location and nature of the dimer interface was elucidated using a combination of site-directed mutagenesis and chemical cross-linking, coupled with crystallographic analyses. Replacement of Ile170, Ser172, and Ser226 with cysteine residues resulted in calcium-dependent, sulfhydryl-specific intermolecular cross-linking, which was not observed after cysteine introduction at other surface locations. Analysis of a super-active mutant, E130Y, revealed that this mutant dimerized more readily than the wild-type enzyme. The crystal structure of the E130Y mutant revealed that the mutated residue is found in the dimer interface. In addition, expression of the full-length nucleotidase revealed that this membrane-bound form can also dimerize and that these dimers are stabilized by spontaneous oxidative cross-linking of Cys30, located between the single transmembrane helix and the start of the soluble sequence. Thus, calcium-mediated dimerization may also represent a mechanism for regulation of the activity of this nucleotidase in the physiological setting of the endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi.
Impact of supervision by medical teachers and in-patient test control programmes on the out-patient test utilization of residents.

Summary. The expense of clinical laboratory services and the broad variation in use of these services by doctors has led to several successful programmes to reduce the expense, particularly for in-patients. The applicability of the programmes to the care of out-patients of residents and the contribution of the interaction of the attending physician with the resident have not been formally studied. To address these issues, out-patient test utilization by first-year residents was studied both during and after an in-patient test control programme. Test utilization means how much the tests are used. It is another question whether the investigation makes any difference to patient care. The residents in the intervention group significantly reduced test utilization compared to the control group and the reductions were sustained for the duration of the study for the use of chemistry panels. Studies of the interaction to attending physicians with residents suggested that the residents’ style of test utilization was the predominant one but that this style was magnified when working with an attending physician of similar or more extreme style.
Motoneurons innervating the dorsal superficial muscles of the hermit crab,Pagurus pollicarus, and their reflex asymmetry

1. The morphology of the second ganglionic roots and motoneurons innervating the dorsal superficial muscles of the fourth abdominal segment of the hermit crab,Pagurus pollicarus, is described. No significant differences between left and right sides in axon diameters of fibers in the root above 2 μn nor in soma diameters filled with cobalt centripetally diffused in the second root were observed. 2. Five excitors and two inhibitors innervate the three subregions of the dorsal superficial muscles previously described (Chappie, 1977). The largest excitor innervates the phasic central medial region, a large inhibitor (next in size) innervates muscles in all three regions, a smaller excitor distributes to all the muscle fibers, and three excitors, similar in extracellular amplitude and conduction velocity innervate different subregions. The smallest fiber is an inhibitor that innervates the tonic muscles. 3. The three small excitors fire at different tonic frequencies. Pairs of bilateral homologues are physiologically asymmetrical in their tonic frequencies: those on the left fire at higher frequencies than those on the right. 4. Conduction velocities of motoneurons in left and right second roots do not differ significantly. 5. It appears that the source of the asymmetry is not located in the motoneurons, but arises centrally in the absence of any major peripheral asymmetry. 6. Numbers and relative sizes of motoneurons are more conservative in evolution than reflex connections and the details of innervation of the muscle fibers.
Financial markets' assessments of EMU

Abstract This paper reviews the assumptions and methodologies underlying “EMU probability calculators,” which infer from financial data the probability of specific countries joining the European Monetary Union. Some historical evidence is presented in support of the expectations hypothesis for intra-European interest-rate differentials underlying most calculators, while various potential biases are deemed negligible. The various EMU calculators differ primarily in their scenarios for intra-European interest-rate differentials conditional upon EMU not occurring. This paper also discusses what can be inferred from financial data regarding future policies of the European Central Bank.
Ca2+-binding stoichiometry of Calbindin D28k as assessed by spectroscopic analyses of synthetic peptide fragments

Calbindin D28k is an intracellular Ca2+-binding protein noted for its abundance and specific distribution in mammalian brain and sensory neurons. This protein contains six putative Ca2+-binding sites, referred to as EF-hands. Due to the presence of the large number of putative sites, previous studies have been unsuccessful in definitively establishing the stoichiometry of Ca2+ binding. We describe a synthetic approach to identify the number of Ca2+-binding sites in which 6 33-residue peptides, designated EF1−EF6, corresponding to the 6 EF-hand sequences of calbindin D28k, were made. The response of each peptide to Ca2+ addition was assessed by 1H NMR spectroscopy, circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy, and agarose gel electrophoresis. The Ca2+ binding by CD experiments was performed at two peptide concentrations, 20 and 200 μM, and the NMR studies at peptide concentrations ranging from 20 to 100 μM. The CD and 1H NMR data show that five of the six peptides bind Ca2+ as isolated peptides, namely, EF1, EF3, ...
Toward a social ecology of cognitive mapping

In this chapter, a new functionalism is offered as a theoretical alternative for understanding cognitive development. Social functioning and purpose are stressed, and adult external criteria as standards are questioned.
Effects of Crossbreeding on Reproductive Performance of Dairy Cattle

Abstract Data for this study were taken on the reproductive performance of 86 first-generation female progeny in the Dairy Cattle Crossbreeding Project of the Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station. The seven measures used were services per conception, age at first calving, interval from first service to conception, gestation length, calving interval, calving date to first heat, and calving date to first service. For the seven measures used, estimates of the effect of system of mating were consistent, small, and nonsignificant. This evidence supports the concept of the relative unimportance of nonadditive gene action in effecting variation in the measures of reproductive performance used in this study.
Category-based updating

Given a prior distribution over a finite outcome space, how is the distribution updated when one outcome is excluded (i.e., assigned probability 0)? We describe two experiments in which estimated probabilities seem to “stick” to salient events. The probabilities of such events remain relatively invariant through updating. Our results suggest that the credence assigned to a salient category is sometimes more basic than the credence assigned to the constituents that comprise the category.
Quantum susceptance and its effects on the high-frequency response of superconducting tunnel junctions.

We have made the first direct measurement of the quantum susceptance that arises from the nondissipative part of quasiparticle tunneling in a superconductor-insulator-superconductor tunnel junction. The junction is coupled to an antenna and a superconducting microstrip stub to form a resonator; the resonant frequency is determined from the response of the junction to broadband radiation from a Fourier-transform spectrometer. A 19% shift of the resonant frequency, from 73 to 87 GHz, is observed, which arises from the change of the quantum susceptance of the junction with dc bias voltage. This shift is in excellent agreement with calculations based on the Werthamer-Tucker theory, which includes the quantum susceptance. We also demonstrate that it is essential to include the quantum susceptance in our theoretical computation to explain the photon-assisted-tunneling steps, which have negative dynamic conductance. Such steps are observed when the junction is pumped at slightly below the resonant frequency of the capacitor and the stub. The quantum susceptance should exist in all tunnel devices whose nonlinear {ital I}-{ital V} characteristics are due to elastic tunneling.
Timing and Coordination of Orogenic, Epeirogenic, and Eustatic Events

The Devonian-Mississippian Antler Orogeny is analyzed and reasons are advanced to show that its movements were felt all around western and Arctic North America. The Antler Orogeny began in the Franklinian Geosyncline during late Early Devonian time and became pervasive in all Arctic regions by the beginning of the Late Devonian. Antler erogenic events migrated southward during the Devonian and reached a climax along the whole span of continental margin, from Ellesmere Island to California, at about the beginning of the Mississippian. The Acadian Orogeny of eastern North America involved deformation of similar timing, suggesting that the two named orogenies are mirror-image events of a single master orogeny. The timing of the three other major North American orogenies of the Paleozoic and Mesozoic is analyzed more briefly. During the Middle Ordovician to Cretaceous interval, the cratonic interior of North America underwent four major onlap-offlap cycles of sedimentation called sequences. Evidently orogeny, epeirogeny, and eustasy act in concert in response to the same driving mechanism, because the timing of orogeny in the geosynclines and of the spread of marine waters to their maximum extent on the cratonic interior is found to coincide with remarkable accuracy during three of the four orogenies, and to be permissively in accord with this correspondence of timing in the fourth. The name “Antler Effect” is suggested for this fundamental relation. Because eustatic sea-level fluctuations are inadequate by themselves to explain the cyclic nature of Permo-Carboniferous sediments of the North American cratonic interior, consideration of the Antler Effect suggests pulsating orogenic movements at the continental margins during that time. In terms of plate tectonic theory, the North American and the European and African plates, juxtaposed during the Carboniferous-Permian, still must have been subject to the driving forces that brought them together, resulting in alternating compressional and relaxatory movements, offering an explanation of the diastrophic theory for the origin of cyclothems. Interpretation of orogeny by investigation of the cratonic sedimentary sequences that are deposited in concert requires a view of orogeny as a long-lasting series of tectonic events separated by short anorogenic times in the geosynclines—a concept at odds with those offered up o t this time. If orogeny is the result of plate convergence, then transgression of epicontinental seas occurs when plates move. Short anorogenic interludes, corresponding to times of regression, appear to occur when the active vectors of the plate-driving force are reorienting. Eustatic sea-level fluctuations, resulting from the activity of oceanic rises, and epeirogenic warping of the continents, acting together, can explain the timing and paleogeographic patterns of the transgressive-regressive cycles on the continents. Because orogeny can occur simultaneously on opposite sides of a continental block, the driving mechanism for plates must involve processes which are independent of the plates themselves.
Second harmonic generation with focused beams in a pair of walkoff-compensating crystals

We develop the heuristic theory of second harmonic generation with focused beams in walkoff-compensating crystals, and compare it with experiments, demonstrating excellent agreement.
Risk-based maintenance and remaining life assessment for gas turbines

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to propose a quantitative model for risk-based maintenance and remaining life assessment for gas turbines. Design/methodology/approach – The proposed model uses historical failure and repair data from the operation of gas turbines. The time to failure of gas turbines is modeled using Weibull distribution. Findings – The total risk is estimated considering replacement cost, repair cost, operation cost, risk of failure and turbine remaining value after a specified period of time. Originality/value – The model is an effective tool to make optimal decisions regarding maintenance strategy (repair or replacement) and to assess the remaining life based on a comparison of the total risk. The literature review focusses on developing different models to make risk-based decisions regarding the selection of a maintenance strategy and maintenance interval, however, literature is silent regarding risk-based assessment of the equipment remaining life, which is the focus of present ...
Validation of a New Scale for Measuring Concerns of Women Undergoing Assisted Reproductive Technologies (CART)

A new instrument was developed and assessed for internal consistency, validity and test-retest reliability. A total of 151 women undergoing IVF/GIFT in California rated concern levels about anesthesia, surgery, recovery time, side-effects, finances, missing work, pain, insufficient information and delivering a healthy baby. Validity was assessed by comparing CART to the Infertility Reaction Scale and Bipolar Profile of Moods States, and reliability was investigated by calculating correlations between repeat CARTs. Factor analysis identified three domains: procedural concerns; missing work; and achieving a successful delivery. CART is a new, valid and reliable instrument, which measures concerns during IVF/GIFT not previously identified by existing instruments.
The Great Supernova of 1987

Several aspects of the SN 1987A that are of special interest are examined. These include the evolution of the presupernova star, its early-stage composition and core structure, and the reason for its blue color; the iron core mass of SN 1987A, the explosion mechanism, and certain aspects of the neutrino burst; and the detailed isotopic composition of the ejecta; the light curve and the requirement for mixing; and the expected continued evolution of the supernova. Particular attention is given to the optical pulsations (at 1968.629 Hz) from SN 1987A and to the possible mechanism for the formation of this pulsar.
Labial salivary gland biopsies in Sjögren's syndrome: still the gold standard?

Objectives The accuracy and diagnostic benefits of the labial salivary gland (LSG) biopsy for Sjogren's syndrome (SS) have received mixed reviews. This study was conducted to assess (1) the inter-rater agreement among 5 pathologists, and (2) the relationship between biopsy findings and clinical disease parameters. Study design Three oral pathologists (OP) and two surgical pathologists (SP) provided independent diagnoses, focus scores, and plasma cell characterizations for 37 LSG biopsies. Inter-rater reliability was assessed using percentage of overall agreement and intraclass correlation coefficients. Relationships between diagnoses and clinical parameters were assessed by nonparametric correlations. Results Overall agreement among the pathologists was poor, although the intra-specialty agreement was good. The ratings of OP were most highly correlated with serological measures, while those of SP were correlated with salivary flow rate and disease damage. Conclusion Since the LSG biopsy can be the determining factor in SS diagnoses, these demonstrated inconsistencies merit further consideration.
Ghastly multiplication: Fatal Frame II and the Videogame Uncanny

Through a close-play and close reading of the game Fatal Frame II, we identify the uniquely game-based aspects of the uncanny in a horror game. Subsequently, we engage in an interpretation of the game which centers on a psychoanalytic model of the avatar and theories of the twin. Author Keywords
Advocating for advocacy in pediatrics: supporting lifelong career trajectories.

* Abbreviation: AAP — : American Academy of Pediatrics As called for by Dr David Satcher, former US Surgeon General, pediatricians should be advocates to address both individual and community health issues.1 Child advocacy represents actions that promote child health and welfare on a population level, distinct from individual-patient advocacy. Pediatricians could advocate by collaborating with community groups to advance child health and updating legislators to enable more educated decisions regarding laws these policy makers consider. Less than 40% of pediatricians are involved in community-health activities, representing a downward trend from nearly 60% in 1989.2 Pediatricians feel responsible for the broader context of their patient’s health; however, personal and work-related matters may limit their involvement. To address this lack of engagement among the remaining 60% of pediatricians, as well as encourage future pediatricians to help sustain an advocacy mission, we propose the following: Community advocacy has been an essential part of pediatrics since its inception. Dr Abraham Jacobi, considered the founder of pediatrics in the United States, established public milk stations dispensing boiled milk, thus preventing diseases associated with feeding infants raw milk.3 Advocacy was also essential in the formation of the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), which stemmed from frustration among pediatricians with the American Medical Association’s condemnation of the Sheppard-Towner Maternity and Infancy Act. This legislation addressed high maternal and infant mortality rates by funding state-based public health programs, but was viewed by the American Medical Association as a threat to physician autonomy. Today, pediatricians remain a trusted source of health information.4 Leveraging this role with legislators makes pediatricians ideal agents for change at the community, state, and national … Address correspondence to Heather L. Brumberg, MD, MPH, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Newborn Medicine, Maria Fareri Children’s Hospital at Westchester Medical Center, 100 Woods Rd, Valhalla, NY 10595. E-mail: heather_brumberg{at}nymc.edu