cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dipole-dipole spin relaxation in solids: The unrestricted hopping model and the methyl proton-non-methyl proton interaction

Abstract We develop a stochastic model for molecular reorientation which leads to the calculation of the dipole-dipole spin-lattice relaxation rate in cases where the length of the spin-spin vector changes with time. The calculations are applied to methyl group rotation-induced relaxation in planar methyl-substituted aromatic molecules like methylnaphthalenes, methylanthracenes and methylphenanthrenes. Our theory considers an unrestricted hopping model in which the spin-spin vector hops from one position to any of its other allowed positions. A general discussion of the relaxation process is presented and a variety of general geometries for the motion of pairs of spins is considered. The case of a reorienting methyl group is considered in some detail. The relaxation rate resulting from the interaction between methyl protons and any other fixed proton is then presented. The general approach is appropriate for a large class of molecular solids. We compare previously determined experimental relaxation rates with the current theory for methyl-substituted naphthalenes, anthracenes and phenanthrenes. We show that the geometry for peri-substituted methyl groups corresponds to the situation where the two methyl protons near the peri hydrogen lie out of the plane of the aromatic ring. This expected result is in agreement with laser jet spectroscopy experiments and ab initio calculations for 1-methylnaphthalene.
Monomial Ideals and Planar Graphs

Grobner basis theory reduces questions about systems of polynomial equations to the combinatorial study of monomial ideals, or staircases. This article gives an elementary introduction to current research in this area. After reviewing the bivariate case, a new correspondence is established between planar graphs and minimal resolutions of monomial ideals in three variables. A brief guide is given to the literature on complexity issues and monomial ideals in four or more variables.
La necesidad de evaluar distrés emocional en psico-oncología: ciencia o ficción?

Este estudio es parte del proyecto sobre Mindfulness Based Cognitive Therapy en pacientes con cancer de mama, financiado por The Susan G. Komen Breast Cancer Foundation, numero de premio BCTRO201400. 2
Party politics after the colour revolutions: party institutionalisation and democratisation in Ukraine and Georgia

After 15 years of political stagnation, the colour revolutions in Ukraine and Georgia ushered in hopes of democratic progress. However, the failure of political parties to institutionalise and party systems to facilitate legitimate, political competition has stalled democratisation. Fatherland in Ukraine and United National Movement in Georgia rose to political prominence with democratic promises, but poor party infrastructure, unclear ideological foundations, political agendas driven by personal interest, and lack of reification resulted in weak party institutionalisation. Weak party institutionalisation is mediated by under-/over-institutionalised party systems which have led to substantial democratic deficits in both countries almost a decade later.
Real option valuation on grid computing

Grid computing essentially involves transparent access to distributed computing where computing resources are pooled and shared both within and among organizations. Grid computing is increasingly becoming a viable option for businesses looking for high-end computing requirements for relatively short periods of time. We analyze some economic decision criteria for a grid computing provider wishing to provide such a service to businesses. Given the large amount of uncertainty in prices and demand (which is demonstrated through Monte Carlo simulations) for such a service, a real options valuation technique is particularly suitable for such an exercise. We study the dynamics of grid computing from an economic perspective. Specifically, we consider a monopolist scenario providing two kinds of service, one of which might preempt the other.
Physiological Response of Daphnia magna to Linear Anionic Polyacrylamide: Ecological Implications for Receiving Waters

Linear anionic polyacrylamide (LA-PAM) is being considered as a soil amendment to reduce seepage and infiltration in unlined earthen canals. While polyacrylamides have been extensively used for potable water treatment, dewatering sewage sludge, coal and mine processing, paper manufacturing, and agriculture, little is known about its ecological impact to aquatic ecosystems. Acute toxicity (LC50, 24 and 48 h) and chronic exposure tests (limited and continuous exposures) were conducted on Daphnia magna. In the chronic limited exposure experiments, Daphnia were exposed to LA-PAM for only 24 h whereas for the chronic continuous exposure the concentrations of 0, 0.5, 1, 5, 10, and 100 mg/L were tested and the endpoints of growth, onset to reproduction, fecundity, and mortality were measured for the duration of 32 days. There was no significant difference among the chronic, limitedly exposed organisms. The acute toxicity for LA-PAM was measured at 100, 150, 200, 250, and 300 mg/L. The acute test showed that the LC50 for LA-PAM was at 152 mg/L. Overall in the chronic, continuous exposure test, D. magna was negatively impacted by LA-PAM at levels as low as 1 mg/L. Growth was reduced by 37% and 89% at 1 and 100 mg/L, respectively. Fecundity and onset to reproduction was impaired at 10 and 100 mg/L. Kinematic viscosity ranged from 0.98 cSt at 1 mg/L to 2.9 at 100 mg/L. At these levels, mechanical and physiological impairments due to the viscous properties of LA-PAM are the proposed mechanisms of reduction in the life history traits of D. magna.
ASA class is a reliable independent predictor of medical complications and mortality following surgery

Methods The American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status classification system (ASA PS) is a method of characterizing patient operative risk on a scale of 1-5, where 1 is normal health and 5 is moribund. Every anesthesiologist is trained in this measure, and it is performed before every procedure in which a patient undergoes anesthesia. We measured the independent predictive value of ASA-PS for complications and mortality in the ACS-NSQIP database by multivariate regression. We conducted analogous regressions after standardizing ASA-PS to control for interprocedural variations in risk in the overall model and sub-analyses by surgical specialty and the most common procedures. Results For 2,297,629 cases (2005-2012; median age 55, min = 16, max > 90 [90 and above are coded as 90+]), at increasing levels of ASA-PS (2-5), odds ratios (OR's) from 2.05 to 63.25 (complications, p Discussion ASA PS was not only found to be associated with increased morbidity and mortality, but independently predictive when controlling for other comorbidities. Even after standardization based on procedure type, increases in ASA predicted significant increases in complication rates for morbidity and mortality post-operatively. Conclusions ASA PS has strong, independent associations with post-operative medical complications and mortality across procedures. This capability, along with its simplicity, makes it a valuable prognostic metric.
Mass spectrometric analysis of DNA mixtures: instrumental effects responsible for decreased sensitivity with increasing mass.

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry has demonstrated great potential to replace gel electrophoresis for DNA sequence analysis. A current limitation in this method is, however, the decreased sensitivity with increasing mass of DNA molecules. In the present study, instrumental effects on the mass analysis of DNA molecules were investigated quantitatively using an equimolar DNA mixture. It is shown that detection efficiency, detector saturation, and ion beam divergence account for the entirety of the observed falloff in signal intensity with increasing mass. Although the present study focused upon the analysis of DNA mixtures, the instrumental effects observed apply equally to other macromolecular mixtures (e.g., proteins, polymers).
The Role of ‘Workplace Family’ Support on Worker Health, Exhaustion and Pain

The goal of this study was to improve understanding of the potential health benefits of social support at work. We utilized 2002 GSS data to examine the relative influence of workplace support on self-reported health, exhaustion and experience of persistent pain in a sample of 1602 workers. Building on previous Demand-Control-Support models, we examined co-worker, supervisor, and organizational safety support (conceptualized as ‘workplace family’) in concert with job demands, job control and work-family conflict as predictors of worker health measures. We further tested the extent to which work-family conflict acted as a mediator between family and work characteristics and worker health outcomes. We found that increased co-worker support in the workplace was associated with better worker self-reported health, lower exhaustion and less pain. In addition, higher levels of perceived organizational safety support were associated with better self-reported health and lowered exhaustion. There is little evidence...
An ultrasensitive method for quantitating circulating tumor DNA with broad patient coverage

Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) represents a promising biomarker for noninvasive assessment of cancer burden, but existing methods have insufficient sensitivity or patient coverage for broad clinical applicability. Here we introduce CAncer Personalized Profiling by deep Sequencing (CAPP-Seq), an economical and ultrasensitive method for quantifying ctDNA. We implemented CAPP-Seq for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with a design covering multiple classes of somatic alterations that identified mutations in >95% of tumors. We detected ctDNA in 100% of stage II–IV and 50% of stage I NSCLC patients, with 96% specificity for mutant allele fractions down to ~0.02%. Levels of ctDNA significantly correlated with tumor volume, distinguished between residual disease and treatment-related imaging changes, and provided earlier response assessment than radiographic approaches. Finally, we explored biopsy-free tumor screening and genotyping with CAPP-Seq. We envision that CAPP-Seq could be routinely applied clinically to detect and monitor diverse malignancies, thus facilitating personalized cancer therapy.
Microbeam-forming methods for synchrotron radiation

The increasing availability of synchrotron x-ray sources has stimulated the development of advanced hard x-ray (E⩾5 keV) microprobes. It is now possible to achieve intense submicron x-ray beams with a variety of techniques including Fresnel zone plates, Kirkpatrick–Baez mirrors, tapered capillaries and Bragg–Fresnel optics. These synchrotron-based x-ray microprobes can be used for ultra-sensitive elemental detection by x-ray fluorescence/absorption and for microdiffraction to identify phase and strain with submicron resolution. Advanced methods for forming microbeams are reviewed and the relative merits of each approach are discussed. The efficient techniques developed for synchrotron beams can also be used to tailor the beam properties from conventional x-ray sources. © 1997 This article is a US Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America
Adaptation of aerobic respiration to low O2 environments

Aerobic respiration in bacteria, Archaea, and mitochondria is performed by oxygen reductase members of the heme-copper oxidoreductase superfamily. These enzymes are redox-driven proton pumps which conserve part of the free energy released from oxygen reduction to generate a proton motive force. The oxygen reductases can be divided into three main families based on evolutionary and structural analyses (A-, B- and C-families), with the B- and C-families evolving after the A-family. The A-family utilizes two proton input channels to transfer protons for pumping and chemistry, whereas the B- and C-families require only one. Generally, the B- and C-families also have higher apparent oxygen affinities than the A-family. Here we use whole cell proton pumping measurements to demonstrate differential proton pumping efficiencies between representatives of the A-, B-, and C-oxygen reductase families. The A-family has a coupling stoichiometry of 1 H+/e-, whereas the B- and C-families have coupling stoichiometries of 0.5 H+/e-. The differential proton pumping stoichiometries, along with differences in the structures of the proton-conducting channels, place critical constraints on models of the mechanism of proton pumping. Most significantly, it is proposed that the adaptation of aerobic respiration to low oxygen environments resulted in a concomitant reduction in energy conservation efficiency, with important physiological and ecological consequences.
On-line surface roughness recognition system using artificial neural networks system in turning operations

In modern manufacturing environments, the quality assurance of machined parts has attracted great attention from manufacturers. The surface roughness of a workpiece is one of the most important factors to consider. The need for developing a surface recognition system that is able to replace stylus-style surface measuring systems has increased to improve the efficiency of production. In this research an on-line surface recognition system was developed based on artificial neural networks (OSRR-ANN) using a sensing technique to monitor the effect of vibration produced by the motions of the cutting tool and workpiece during the cutting process. Different combinations of cutting conditions were conducted to develop an OSRR system for a lathe. In order to determine the direction of the vibration which most significantly affects surface roughness, a triaxial accelerometer was employed. Three directional vibrations which were detected simultaneously by the accelerometer were analyzed using a statistical method. The radial direction vibration was found to be the most significant vibration in turning operations. The accuracy of the developed systems showed that the developed system could predict surface roughness efficiently. The developed system not only proposes a surface recognition system which is alternative to that using a traditional measurement instrument, but also provides an on-line surface recognition system for turning operations.
Second Language Acquisition: Socio-cultural and Linguistic Aspects of English in India . Edited by R. K. Agnihotri and A. L. Khanna. New Delhi: Sage Publications, 1994. xvi, 389 pp. $39.95 (cloth).

Introduction - R K Agnihotri and A L Khanna PART ONE: VARIETIES OF ENGLISH: THEORY AND PRACTICE World Englishes and Applied Linguistics - Braj B Kachru Indigenized Englishes as Second Languages - S N Sridhar and Kamal K Sridhar Toward a Functional Theory of Second Language Acquisition in Multilingual Contexts Theoretical Importance of Applied Linguistics - R Singh and A Ford PART TWO: ENGLISH IN A MULTILINGUAL SETTING English as a Contact Language - Lachman M Khubchandani Teaching English as a Second Language in India - Shivendra K Verma A Socio-Functional View English in Indian Education - Manindra K Verma English in Mother Tongue Medium Education - M V Nadkarni PART THREE: LINGUISTIC ASPECTS OF INDIAN ENGLISH Indian English - S V Parasher Certain Grammatical, Lexical and Stylistic Features 'I Deny That I'm Incapable of Not Working All Night' - Jean Aitchison and R K Agnihotri Divergence of Negative Structures in British and Indian English The Use of Articles in Indian English - R K Agnihotri, A L Khanna and Aditi Mukherjee Errors and Pedagogical Implications On a Description of the Phonology of Indian English - Pramod K Pandey Implicational Order of Difficulty in the Use of English Tenses - R K Agnihotri, A L Khanna and Aditi Mukherjee A Note on the Semantic and Pragmatic Aspects of Indian English - B N Patnaik and K Geetha PART FOUR: SOCIOLINGUISTIC ASPECTS Sound Patterns of Indian English - R K Agnihotri A Sociolinguistic Perspective Individual and Social Variables in ESL - A L Khanna Patterns of Language Use in a Bilingual Setting in India - Anju Sahgal Syntax - The Common Bond - Anju Sahgal and R K Agnihotri Acceptability of Syntactic Deviances in Indian English PART FIVE: CURRICULUM REFORMS AND COMMUNICATIVE ASPECTS Discourse Strategies, Pragmatics and ESL - Yamuna Kachru Where are We Going? How To Direct in Tamil and English - E Annamalai Some Questions About Teaching Communication Towards an Alternative Curriculum for Acquisition-Poor Environments - Makhan Lal Tickoo Technical Communication Teaching in India - R K Singh A Needs Assessment Report The Communicative Testing of Reading - Yasmeen Lukmani Selecting Reading Materials - R S Gupta Some Key Considerations Afterword - Rajendra Singh
NEDE: An open-source scripting suite for developing experiments in 3D virtual environments

Abstract Background As neuroscientists endeavor to understand the brain's response to ecologically valid scenarios, many are leaving behind hyper-controlled paradigms in favor of more realistic ones. This movement has made the use of 3D rendering software an increasingly compelling option. However, mastering such software and scripting rigorous experiments requires a daunting amount of time and effort. New method To reduce these startup costs and make virtual environment studies more accessible to researchers, we demonstrate a naturalistic experimental design environment (NEDE) that allows experimenters to present realistic virtual stimuli while still providing tight control over the subject's experience. NEDE is a suite of open-source scripts built on the widely used Unity3D game development software, giving experimenters access to powerful rendering tools while interfacing with eye tracking and EEG, randomizing stimuli, and providing custom task prompts. Results Researchers using NEDE can present a dynamic 3D virtual environment in which randomized stimulus objects can be placed, allowing subjects to explore in search of these objects. NEDE interfaces with a research-grade eye tracker in real-time to maintain precise timing records and sync with EEG or other recording modalities. Comparison with existing methods Python offers an alternative for experienced programmers who feel comfortable mastering and integrating the various toolboxes available. NEDE combines many of these capabilities with an easy-to-use interface and, through Unity's extensive user base, a much more substantial body of assets and tutorials. Conclusions Our flexible, open-source experimental design system lowers the barrier to entry for neuroscientists interested in developing experiments in realistic virtual environments.
Depleted 15N carryover, leaching and uptake for three years of irrigated corn

Abstract Deep percolation of nitrate can contribute to the deterioration of groundwater resources. Leaching of nitrate is a complex process affected by fertilizer and irrigation practices, efficiency of N use by the crop, and how the soil's water holding capacity and water transmission properties are affected by soil texture. Depleted ( 15 NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 fertilizer at N rates of 0, 125, 250 and 375 kg ha −1 was applied annually for 3 years to continuous corn grown within three different water regimes. This time period and the labeled N permitted an evaluation of N use efficiency by the crop and NO 3 leaching and carryover on a Weld silty clay loam, a fine-textured soil, typical of the “hardland” soils of the semi-arid Great Plains. Three water regimes, W 1 (∼ 1.5 ET), W 2 (∼ ET) and W 3 (∼ 0.8 ET), were used. Beneath each plot within each water regime, Duke-Haise vacuum trough extractors were installed under undisturbed soil profiles at 1.22-m depth to measure weekly percolate and the NO 3 concentration in the percolate. The corn was harvested in the fall in the dent stage to measure the total above-ground biomass N uptake. Soil profiles (1.8 m) were sampled annually in the fall after crop harvest to determine NO 3 N in the soil or carryover. Great variability was encountered in measuring the amount of extractor water and its NO 3 content under each water regime, which made estimates of N03 leaching losses unreliable. Also, the variability demonstrates formidable problems in quantifying percolation losses with vacuum trough extractors under undisturbed fine-textured soil profiles. With the highest N rate of 376 kg ha −1 yr −1 and within the water regime W 1 , where leaching was expected to be greatest, only 1% of the cumulative labeled N applied was found in extractor waters and most movement of the labeled N into extractors occurred the third year. The 125-kg-ha −1 yr −1 fertilizer N rate significantly increased the crop yield over the unfertilized plots without increasing residual NO 3 N accumulation; whereas fertilizer N rates of > 125 kg ha −1 yr −1 did not appreciably increase plant yields over the 125-kg-ha −1 -N rate, but did appreciably increase residual NO 3 .
Preventative therapy in adults with asthma

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory condition of the airways, which is characterized by infiltration of inflammatory cells (predominantly eosinophils and Tlymphocytes), plasma exudation and oedema, hypertrophy of smooth muscle and shedding of epithelium. Features of inflammation are present even in mild asthmatics when the patient may have few symptoms (1-3). The precise role of the different inflammatory cells and the mediators they release is not yet certain, and it is likely that they may differ from patient to patient, and in the same patient at different times (4). The mechanisms by which the airway develops inflammation in asthma are uncertain, but appear to be linked to allergen exposure in many patients. The consequences of inflammation are the development o fairway hyperresponsiveness, in which airways narrow too readily to a wide range of provoking stimuli (triggers), resulting in asthma symptoms. Inflammation of the airways may also directly lead to symptoms (e.g. cough and chest tightness) through activation of sensory nerves. Chronic inflammation may also lead to irreversible airflow obstruction, which is well recognised in poorly controlled asthmatics (5,6). This may be the result of airway smooth muscle hyperplasia or of subepithelial fibrosis (7).
Dodsley's Preceptor--A Window into the Eighteenth Century

Randall looks at "Preceptor" by Robert Dodsley (1704â€“1764), his "educational pot-pourri," a compilation of several authors that had great influence in eighteenth century education.Â
Enzymic transfer of sulfur from β-mercaptopyruvate to cyanide

Abstract The copper protein, β-mercaptopyruvate transsulfurase catalyses the transfer of S to CN − as well as to SO 3 = .
Coincidence of patchy inputs from the lateral geniculate complex and area 17 to the cat's Clare-Bishop area

Pathways from a variety of structures to the largest of the cat's suprasylvian visual areas, the Clare-Bishop area, were found to be patchy. These inputs arose from the lateral geniculate complex, from area 18, from area 19, and, as noted by Montero (Brain Behav. Evol. 18:194–218, '81), from area 17. The Clare-Bishop area was previously delineated on the basis of its uniform pattern of connections with cortex and thalamus (Sherk: J. Comp. Neurol. 247:1–31, '86) and found to incorporate pieces of several retinotopically defined areas (Tusa, Palmer, Rosenquist: Cortical Sensory Organization. Vol 2. Multiple Visual Areas. Clifton, NJ: Humana Press, pp. 1–31, '81). However, since individual patches did not correspond to particular retinotopically defined areas, other explanations of afferent patchiness were sought. An obvious question is whether the patches originating from different sources are systematically related to each other. Two hypotheses were considered. First, different inputs—for example, from the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) and from area 17—might terminate in intermingled but mutually exclusive zones in the Clare-Bishop area. Second, multiple patches of input might reflect duplicate representations of the corresponding visual field segment in the Clare-Bishop area. Both hypotheses were tested by injecting the lateral geniculate complex and either area 17 or area 19 with different anterograde tracers. In each case the two injections involved regions of the visual field that coincided to some degree, ranging from near-total overlap to almost complete exclusion. The first hypothesis predicted that the different labels in the Clare-Bishop area would never be found to overlap, while the second hypothesis predicted that when injections were closely matched retinotopically, there would be extensive overlap between patches. The results supported the second hypothesis: the better the retinotopic match between injections, the greater the overlap found between labeled geniculate and cortical input in the Clare-Bishop area. However, the multiplicity of patches seen in some experiments, and the close spacing between some patches, suggested that an additional, nonretinotopic mechanism also contributes to patchiness in the projections to the Clare-Bishop area.
Multiple pathways for acetate assimilation in Streptomyces cinnamonensis

In most bacteria acetate assimilation is accomplished via the glyoxylate pathway. Isocitrate lyase (ICL) and malate synthase (MS) are two key enzymes of this pathway, which results in the net generation of one molecule of succinyl-CoA from two acetyl-CoA molecules. Genetic and biochemical data have shown that genes encoding these key enzymes are present in streptomycetes, yet there has been no clear demonstration of the importance of these genes to acetate assimilation. In fact, for Streptomyces collinus an alternative butyryl-CoA pathway has been shown to be critical for growth on acetate as a sole carbon source. Crotonyl-CoA reductase (CCR) is a key enzyme in this pathway and catalyzes the last step of the conversion of 2-acetyl-CoA molecules to butyryl-CoA. In Streptomyces cinnamonensis C730.1, it has been shown that CCR and this butyryl-CoA pathway provide the majority of methylmalonyl-CoA and ethylmalonyl-CoA for monensin A biosynthesis in an oil-based fermentation medium. We have cloned a MS homologue gene from this strain. Reverse transcription and direct enzyme assays demonstrated that neither this nor other MS genes were expressed during fermentation in an oil-based fermentation of either the C730.1 or L1 strain (a ccr mutant). Similarly, no ICL activity could be detected. The C730.1 but not the L1 strain was able to grow on acetate as a sole carbon source. The Streptomyces coelicolor aceA and aceB2 genes encoding ICL and MS were cloned into a Streptomyces expression plasmid (a derivative of pSET152) to create pExIM1. Enzyme assays and transcript analyses demonstrated expression of both of these proteins in C730.1/pExIM1 and L1/pExIM1 grown in an oil-based fermentation and tryptic soy broth media. Nonetheless, L1/pExIM1, like L1, was unable to grow on acetate as a sole carbon source, and was unable to efficiently generate precursors for monensin A biosynthesis in an oil-based fermentation, indicating that the additional presence of these two enzyme activities does not permit a functional glyoxylate cycle to occur. UV mutagenesis of S. cinnamonensis L1 and L1/pExIM1 led to mutants which were able to grow efficiently on acetate despite a block in the butyryl-CoA pathway. Analysis of enzyme activity and monensin production from these mutants in an oil-based fermentation demonstrated that neither the glyoxylate cycle nor the butyryl-CoA pathway function, suggesting the possibility of alternative pathways of acetate assimilation.
Stressed Liver and Muscle Call on Adipocytes with FGF21.

Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is an emerging regulator of local and systemic metabolic homeostasis. Treatment with pharmacological levels of FGF21 alleviates obesity and associated metabolic diseases including diabetes. However, beyond antiobesogenic effects, the normal roles and underlying mechanisms of FGF21 as an endocrine hormone remain unclear. A recent wave of studies has revealed that FGF21 is a stress-induced endocrine factor in liver, muscle and other tissues that targets adipose tissue and adipocytes through FGFR1-betaKlotho (KLB) complex. Adipose tissues and adipocytes within diverse tissues respond with metabolites and adipokine signals that affect functions of body tissues systemically and cells within local microenvironment adjacent to adipocytes. Normally this is to prevent impaired tissue-specific function and damage to diverse tissues secreting FGF21 in response to chronic stress. Therefore, diverse stressed tissues and the adipose tissue and adipocytes constitute a beneficial endocrine and paracrine communication network through FGF21. Here we attempt to unify these developments with beneficial pharmacological effects of FGF21 on obesity in respect to inter-organ stress communication and mechanisms.
Nutritive Quality of Fermented Sorghum

The relative nutritive value (% RNV) of sorghum fermented at 25°C and at 35°C increased significantly (P < 0.05) over the % RNV of the control. During the consecutive 7-day fermentation at 25°C, time had no effect on the % RNV. The highest % RNV (56.45%) was achieved at the end of 1 day. Fermentation at 35°C was influenced by the time, with the highest % RNV (61.11%) obtained at the end of 7 days. Available lysine and methionine increased substantially (P < 0.01) over the control when sorghum was fermented at 25°C or 35°C for 4 days. Sorghum fermented at 25°C and at 35°C had methionine contents of 25.68 and 26.79 mg/g N, respectively, whereas the control contained only 11.25 mg/g N. Lysine levels were 33.2 and 34.5 mg/g N in sorghum fermented at 25°C and at 35°C, respectively, whereas the control contained 9.1 mg/g N. None of the available B-vitamins studied was altered significantly in the fermented samples.
Jockeying Jony: The Politics of Horse-Racing and Regional Identity in The Humorous Magistrate

In their discussion of the two manuscript versions of the amateur household play, The Humorous Magistrate, Mary Politio and Sebastian Windle briefly note the playwright's omission of one character from the Arbury copy in the Osborne version of the play, a 'Scottish Jony, a horseman' with a strong dialect. This essay takes up some of the questions raised by the apparent erasure of this character, focusing primarily on the role Jony’s dialect and his profession might have played in his removal. In light of Polito and Windle’s assessment of the two manuscripts’ dates of composition after 1630 and 1640, respectively, my discussion considers shifts in Anglo-Scottish relations as well as cultural perceptions of horse-racing within that period as factors that speak to the potential complexity behind the deceptively simple solution of cutting Jony out.
Salvage radical prostatectomy after failed transperineal cryotherapy: histologic findings from prostate whole-mount specimens correlated with intraoperative transrectal ultrasound images.

Abstract Objectives This study evaluates the potential for salvage radical prostatectomy after failure of transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)-guided percutaneous cryosurgical ablation of the prostate. An additional purpose was to determine the accuracy of intraoperative TRUS to delineate the extent of freeze destruction that results from cryosurgery. Methods Six patients with biopsy-confirmed, Stage T3 prostate cancer underwent salvage radical prostatectomy 3 to 10 months after failing prostate cryosurgery. Zones of freeze destruction (resolving coagulative necrosis) and residual adenocarcinoma were mapped on the coverslips of whole-mount sections. Histologically proven zones of freeze destruction correlating to successfully treated prostatic tissue were compared to the hypoechoic ice ball treatment zones seen on intraoperative TRUS images. Results The whole mounts were found to contain necrotic areas of cryodestruction that appeared much smaller than predicted by intraoperative ultrasound. Each of the cases also contained residual viable adenocarcinoma. All patients are alive and clinically free of localized disease 0.5 to 12 months after salvage radical prostatectomy. Conclusions Salvage radical prostatectomy offers an effective treatment option in patients who have failed transperineal cryosurgery of the prostate. Intraoperative TRUS predicted that the entire prostate would show freeze destruction. Whole-mount analysis, however, revealed areas of remaining unaffected adenocarcinoma and normal prostatic parenchyma. TRUS, therefore, overestimates the area of prostatic tissue destroyed by extreme cold. This finding challenges the assumption that the entire prostate is lethally frozen when its boundaries are included within the hypoechoic ice ball witnessed on TRUS.
State-dependent thinking: A comparison of waking and dreaming thought

Thinking is known to be state dependent but a systematic study of how thinking in dreams differs from thinking while awake has not been done. The study consisted of analyzing the dream reports of 26 subjects who, in addition to providing dream reports also provided answers to questions about their thinking within the dream. Our hypothesis was that thinking in dreams is not monolithic but has two distinct components, one that is similar to wake-state cognition, and another that is fundamentally different. We found that cognition within a dream scenario was similar to that of wake-state cognition, but that thinking about the scenario itself was deficient and very different than wake-state thinking.
Gyroscopic effects in a rotating sleeve hydrocyclone

Abstract In this short note, we give a simple explanation of a paradox observed in the rotating sleeve hydrocyclones based on the hypothesized existence of a Taylor column. A simple test to verify the existence of such a column is described. The effect of such a column upon the efficiency of the device is described, together with a suggested improvement of the design.
Characteristics of hypertension in young adults with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease compared with the general U.S. population

Background Patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) often develop hypertension before any abnormalities in renal function are detected clinically. Therefore, standard screening (serum creatinine and urinalysis) of young individuals with unexplained hypertension to exclude renal parenchymal disease would rarely detect ADPKD. Methods Data from 516 subjects with ADPKD (217 male and 299 female), aged newbornto 55 years with a normal serum creatinine and no proteinuria based on urine dipstick, studied between 1985 and 2000, were compared with data from similar subjects from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) III (1988–1994) and NHANES IV (1999–2000) data, by gender. Results There was a highly significant occurrence of hypertension in young patients with ADPKD when compared to patients aged 20 to 34 years in the U.S. population. The hypertension in patients with ADPKD occurred in the absence of abnormal renal function or abnormal urinalysis. Conclusions These data indicate that renal ultrasound screening of young hypertensive individuals (aged 20 to 34 years) should be considered when searching for causes of secondary hypertension. Identifying affected ADPKD individuals early in their disease will permit aggressive blood pressure treatment and early inhibition of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, which has been shown to reverse left ventricular hypertrophy, an important cardiovascular risk factor. In the present era of renal replacement therapy, cardiovascular complications are the main cause of death in patients with ADPKD.
Characterization of Photo-Induced Charge Transfer and Hot Carrier Relaxation Pathways in Spinel Cobalt Oxide (Co3O4)

The identities of photoexcited states in thin-film Co3O4 and the ultrafast carrier relaxation dynamics of Co3O4 are investigated with oxidation-state-specific pump–probe femtosecond core level spectroscopy. A thin-film sample is excited near the 2.8 eV optical absorption peak, and the resulting spectral changes at the 58.9 eV M2,3-edge of cobalt are probed in transient absorption with femtosecond high-order harmonic pulses generated by a Ti/sapphire laser. The initial transient state shows a significant 2 eV redshift in the absorption edge compared to the static ground state, which indicates a reduction of the cobalt valence charge. This is confirmed by a charge transfer multiplet spectral simulation, which finds the experimentally observed extreme ultraviolet (XUV) spectrum matches the specific O2–(2p) → Co3+(eg) charge-transfer transition, out of six possible excitation pathways involving Co3+ and Co2+ in the mixed-valence material. The initial transient state has a power-dependent amplitude decay (190 ...
A note on policies for the oil and gas sector

Abstract Production of oil and gas in Indonesia has fallen steadily during the last decade, owing to a combination of reduced exploration efforts and natural decline in currently producing fields. To counter-balance declining reserves in mature oil fields and a lack of expansion of known natural gas reserves, policy makers are now pursuing exploration initiatives more energetically. However, producers have expressed deep concern about the prospects for fair cost-recovery rules, and about the legal and regulatory environment more generally. Three issues are particularly relevant to the investment climate: resource nationalism; the anti-corruption drive; and decentralisation. Steps that the government could take include stemming the erosion of fiscal terms in contracts and ensuring contract sanctity. And although economic nationalists will find it hard to accept, maximising the benefits to the Indonesian people of exploiting the nation's hydrocarbon resources will require the presence of the world's most ef...
Promoters influence the kinetics of transgene expression following adenovector gene delivery

Background The kinetics of gene expression from adenovirus-based delivery vectors will be an important variable influencing the efficacy and toxicity of these vectors. As different promoters have variable strengths and kinetic profiles, the optimal dose of a therapeutic transgene product over time may be achieved by varying the promoter. Methods We analyzed several viral and cellular promoters in the context of adenovector gene delivery in the mouse. The kinetics of transgene expression was evaluated following intramuscular and intravenous delivery. Results Transgene expression from the cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter was rapidly down-regulated in the tissues following intravenous administration of adenovectors. In contrast, transgene expression from the Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) promoter increased over time such that, at 3 weeks, expression was 10-fold higher than that from the CMV promoter-containing vector in all tissues. The kinetics of transgene expression from these vectors was similar when they were delivered via the intramuscular route in BALB/c, C57BL/6 and immunodeficient mice. Efficient repeat administration of an adenovirus vector, in the presence of neutralizing antibodies, was achieved in the skeletal muscle and transgene expression persisted with the same kinetics as in naive animals. Conclusions These results demonstrate that the in vivo kinetics of transgene expression by adenovectors is greatly influenced by the promoter. Adenovectors can be designed to deliver a transient bolus or a sustained level of protein expression in the target tissue depending on the requirements for particular indications. These results have implications for both therapeutic and vaccine indications. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sulfur dioxide effects on plants exhibiting Crassulacean Acid Metabolism.

Abstract The effects of SO 2 on species exhibiting Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM) were determined with short term-high concentration ‘acute’ greenhouse exposures (0·6 to 3·0 μl liter −1 (ppm) SO 2 for 2 and 8 h), and long term-low concentration ‘chronic’ field exposures (0·35 to 0·90 μl liter −1 SO 2 for 32 to 79 h periodically over 7 to 13 days). In the acute greenhouse exposures, visible injury was observed on Opuntia basilaris Engelm. & Bigel., exposed to 2·0 μl liter −1 SO 2 , but no injury was observed on Ananas comosus (L.) Merr., Bryophyllum blossfeldiana Poelln., Bryophyllum pinnata (Lam.) Pers., or Bryophyllum tubiflora (Harv.) Hamet, exposed to up to 2·8 μl liter −1 SO 2 for 8 h. Stomatal conductance during the exposures averaged 0·067 ± 0·021 mol m −2 s −1 for Opuntia basilaris , 0·029 ± 0·008 mol m −2 s −1 for Ananas comosus , and 0·029 ± 0·008 mol m −2 s −1 for Bryophyllum pinnata. Opuntia basilaris was injured early during the day, but not at night; with the injury appearing as a white necrotic banding across just fully expanded pads. Moderately injured pads would regreen beginning 1 to 2 weeks after exposure. In chronic field exposures, no visible injury from SO 2 was observed on Opuntia basilaris, Dudleya arizonica Rose or Agave deserti Engelm. plants, grown either with supplemental irrigation or natural rainfall. In addition, in the field SO 2 had no effect on CO 2 uptake, total sulfur content, transpiration, or tissue acidity in either the light or the dark, or in irrigated vs natural rainfall plots.
SU-E-T-471: Small Field Jaw/MLC Reference Data

Purpose: In recent years the need for small field data of MLCs has increased due to the use of intensity-modulated radiation (IMRT), but moreover the use of stereotactic body radiation (SBRT) has increased, which uses not simply small field sizes, but small jaw and field sizes together. Having reference data for these small fields that is reliable would be invaluable to the physics community. Our study has gathered these values and the data distributions from the Radiological Physics Center's (RPC) site visits between 1990 and the present. Methods: For all measurements, the RPC used a 25 × 25 × 25cm water phantom placed at 100cm SSD. All measurements were made with an Exradin A16 cylindrical ion chamber at an effective depth of 10 cm. A total of 42 Varian machine measurements were used to compose the data for a 6 MV beam and 5 TrueBeam 6 MV flattening filter free (FFF) beams were used for FFF data. Results: Jaw/MLC fields were measured for both 6 MV and 6 MF FFF beams with the jaws and MLCs both at the following field sizes: 6×6, 4×4, 3×3, and 2×2cm. Measurements were normalized to the 10×10 field readings (defined by the jaws and MLC). Spread in the data was minimal and demonstrates a high level of accuracy of acquired data. Conclusion: Small field Jaw/MLC reference data for Varian 6MV and 6 MV FFF beams has been analyzed and presented here, composed of the aggregation of numerous RPC site visits. Obtaining reliable small field data remains difficult, however the RPC has collected high fidelity small field Jaw/MLC data. The data are presented as a reference along with their distributions, in such a way that the physicist can act based upon their own desired agreement with the reference data.
Performance of the Binary Nonlinear Joint Transform Correlators with Nonuniform Fourier Plane Quantization

It has been shown previously that the binary joint transform correlator (JTC) can produce reasonably good correlation performance.'5 The binary JTC uses nonlinearity at the Fourier plane to binarize the Fourier transform interference intensity to only two values, +1 and -1. The binarization is performed according to a predetermined threshold value which is the median of the joint power spectrum histogram. The performance of the binary JTC was compared to that of the classic JTC in the areas of light efficiency, correlation peak to sidelobe ratio, correlation width, and cross-correlation sensitivity. It was shown that compared with the classical correlator, the binary joint transform correlator provides significantly higher peak intensity, larger peak to sidelobe ratio, narrower correlation width, and better cross-correlation sensitivity.© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A convenient method to detect potentially lethal heat-induced damage to DNA in Clostridium perfringens

A rapid method for determining the lethal effectiveness of heat on a food-borne spore-former based on the conversion of high molecular weight chromosomal DNA to lower molecular weight species was developed. DNA was isolated and purified from spores and vegetative cells of the food-borne pathogen, Clostridium perfringens, following exposure to 4, 50, 75, and 100 °C for 15 min. The DNA quality was subsequently analyzed electrophoretically on agarose gels. Spore DNA was most resistant to thermal damage up to 100 °C with minor hydrolysis. Vegetative cell DNA exhibited degradation at 75 °C. A relationship was established between pathogen thermal viability and the electrophoretic stability of DNA. This study describes a convenient method for evaluating heating efficiency based upon electrophoretic DNA stability. These findings may facilitate future testing of pathogen lethality to heat under different menstrum parameters ensuring food safety.
Discovering chemistry with chemometrics

Abstract Rutan, S.C., 1992. Discovering chemistry with chemometrics. Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems , 15:137–141. This article reviews two examples of the use of chemometric methods, where previously unsuspected chemical behavior has been characterized. In the first example, factor analysis allowed the spectroscopic characteristics of a lanthanide chelate to be isolated, despite the fact that the mixed ligand complex could not be physically separated from interfering complexes. In the second case, an adaptive Kalman filter was used to develop an improved model for gas-liquid partitioning behavior. In both cases, new chemical information was obtained about the systems under investigation. Future work in this group will involve the use of similar approaches to gain an improved understanding of liquid phase interactions.
Seasonal foraging and piscivory by sympatric wild and hatchery-reared steelhead from an integrated hatchery program

We compared the diet of hatchery-reared steelhead produced from an integrated hatchery program as emigrating spring smolts and non-migrating hatchery residuals to their sympatric wild counterparts. Our results suggest that there is a potential for hatchery fish to affect wild steelhead populations due to dietary overlap and subyearling salmonid predation; however, relative ecological risk did not increase as steelhead delayed or forwent emigration. Predation by hatchery smolts was related to release timing, but not experience with native fish. Diet composition appears to be more strongly affected by seasonal and yearly differences in prey abundance and presence rather than differences in rearing environments. Hatchery and wild steelhead showed small but important foraging differences. Hatchery smolts did not consume as many salmonids as wild fish and hatchery residuals showed relatively stronger surface oriented feeding behavior than wild parr. Because most hatchery smolts emigrated shortly after release and the overall number of residuals in the study creek was low, we speculate that in this case there is low dietary and predatory-based risk of hatchery steelhead in Abernathy Creek negatively impacting wild salmonids.