cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Beneath the miracle : labor subordination in the new Asian industrialism

This important study examines the dynamics of the remarkable economic transformation of South Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, and Hong Kong, which has been based in large measure on the production of manufactured goods for export. The competitive edge of these countries has in turn been rooted in the mobilization of a low-cost, disciplined, and productive workforce. This study seeks therefore to explain how East Asian governments and employers have attempted to manage this workforce. It also explores the extent to which workers are able to challenge management decisions and insert working-class agendas into public policy. "Beneath the Miracle" moves beyond current explanations for the weakness of East Asian labor movements which emphasize Confucianist culture, material welfare gains, and political repression. It shows that the organizational capacity of workers has been more fundamentally undercut first by the nature of emergent East Asian employment systems, and second by the sequencing of developmental change, with political controls preceding rapid industrialization and preempting political and union organization of the growing industrial workforce. Deyo undertakes an incisive cross-national comparison of employment systems and explores anomalous situations, such as that in Hong Kong, where labor is politically weak even under minimal state controls, and that in South Korea, where labor is in a stronger position despite far stricter regulation. "Beneath the Miracle" offers a fresh and compelling comparative analysis of Asian labor movements which could lead to a reassessment of many other developmental issues in East Asia. In his probing examination, Deyo provides an important and exciting contribution to the literature in this field.
Abstract 1118: Stress-induced differential Survivin release in prostate cancer health disparities

African-American men have the highest rate of prostate cancer (PCa) incidence in the U.S. In addition, their prostate cancer mortality rate is more than twice as high as the rate for white Americans. The causes of higher rates of prostate cancer among African-American males are largely unknown. Many studies are underway to unravel the impact of a wide variety of potential risk factors, including dietary and other lifestyle differences, occupational exposures, hormonal and genetic differences. Several lines of evidence suggest that one of the main events associated with the conversion to an aggressive phenotype is increased resistance to apoptosis (3) mainly due to upregulation of antiapoptotic genes, including Bcl-2, Bcl-XL, Mcl-1, and Survivin. Recently, we reported that Survivin is released in PCa sera and found to be in the exosomes. Therefore, we speculate that Survivin could be a potential target protein released differentially in prostate cancers in African American (AA) and Caucasian (CC) populations in response to stress. In this study, we have collected serum samples from prostate cancer patients of AA and CC, measured Survivin levels by ELISA. Exosome islation was perfomed by Exoquick approach and quantified by acetylcholinesterase activity assays. We have applied an in-vitro approach to compare the differences between cancer cell lines derived from AA (MDA-MB-PCa) and CC (PC3) patients in terms of stress and stress activated Survivin release by exosomes. Under oxidative stress and drug treatments, we have identified Survivin highly expressed in exosome derived from MDA-MB-PCa compared to PC3 cell lines. In addition, we found a relative overexpression of Survivin protein in AA-PCa compared to CC-PCa both in sera and exosomes. Based on our data, Survivin may be a key stress-induced protein in AA-PCa patients. It is possible that attempts to block Survivin release will not only interrupt the cancer proliferation and interfere with anti-apoptotic pathways, thus preventing cancer progression. Citation Format: Salma Khan, David Turay, Jessica Ms Jutzy, Jonathan R. Aspe, Tino W. Sanchez, Saeid Mirshahidi, Carlos A. Casiano, Nathan R. Wall. Stress-induced differential Survivin release in prostate cancer health disparities. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 1118. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-1118
European corn borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) infestations: relating captures in pheromone and black-light traps in southern Minnesota cornfields.

A significant relationship existed between second-flight European corn borer (ECB), Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner), females captured in black-light traps (BLT) and pheromone traps (PT) under low population densities in 1981 and 1982. Results of our experiments also suggested that the black-light and pheromone traps measured different responses from male moths. A two-step model was proposed for predicting ECB egg mass depositions in specific corn fields based on captures in PT.
Computerized tomography and acute pyelonephritis in children. A clinical correlation.

Abstract The clinical records and computerized tomography (CT) scans of 14 patients who presented with pyelonephritis to the Children's Hospital of Buffalo between 1976–1985 have been reviewed. The CT findings were as follows: multifocal pyelonephritis (6), lobar nephronia (6), focal pyelonephritis (2). All patients were treated with intravenous antibiotics, and none was surgically drained. Significant underlying diseases were present in 8 patients: diabetes (6), von Gierke disease (1), hepatorenal syndrome (1). The diabetic children tended to have focal disease. Ten voiding cystourethrograms were performed and only four demonstrated reflux. All children became afebrile within a few days. Lobar nephronia was as clinically responsive as pyelonephritis to antibiotic therapy. Urine cultures were most often positive, although there was 1 patient in each category with negative cultures. Blood cultures were rarely positive in any group. Gram negative organisms predominated. CT scanning in children with clinical acute pyelonephritis reveals three major imaging patterns. While distinct radiographically, they behave in a similar clinical manner. Lobar nephronia does not imply a worse clinical prognosis. Intravenous antibiotic therapy alone was adequate fnr all patients.
Development challenges and opportunities confronting economies in transition

“Economies in Transition” (hereafter EIT or EITs) are countries in the process of shifting from “command” to “more open”, liberalized, free market economic systems. In addition to achieving major structural adjustments to their economies, the transformational process requires the introduction of a high degree of transparency in both the economic and political spheres of society. The transfer of state assets to private ownership is one part of the process as well, as is the creation or opening of “political space” that permits the emergence of private enterprise, multiparty political systems, and the introduction of a broad range of non-governmental organizations that carry out missions and functions which people themselves prefer to perform. Thus, the process of economic transformation requires a major socio-political-economic paradigm shift...one that places people and their needs at the center of the transformational process. The process is extremely difficult to achieve and is fraught with many dangers for countries that enter into it without substantial guidance from more economically advanced countries.
Near-Field Plates: Subdiffraction Focusing with Patterned Surfaces

Using a patterned, grating-like plate to control the electromagnetic near field, we demonstrate focusing well beyond the diffraction limit at ∼ 1 gigahertz. The near-field plate consists of only capacitive elements and focuses microwaves emanating from a cylindrical source to a spot of size ≈ λ/20 (half-power beamwidth), where λ is the free-space wavelength. These plates will find application in antennas, beam-shaping devices, nonradiative wireless power-transfer systems, microscopy, and lithography.
A prototype single-chip spectrum analyzer with integrated frequency-synthesized tuning

A variety of applications such as spectrum monitoring systems and dynamic spectrum access systems motivate the development of on-chip capability to measure the frequency spectrum of the local radio environment. Toward this end, a prototype of a simple single-chip frequency-synthesized spectrum analyzer is presented. The design is targeted for applications where the spectrum analyzer would be a component of a larger complex system. Therefore, a simple architecture is considered in order to minimize chip area and reduce power consumption. Although the proposed spectrum analyzer architecture is uncomplicated, it nevertheless provides useful baseline capability for measurement of the frequency spectrum. A prototype was fabricated in a standard 0.5 micron CMOS process, and measured results are given from 20 to 200 MHz.
Heroin and cocaine abusers have higher discount rates for delayed rewards than alcoholics or non‐drug‐using controls

Aims To test a prediction of the discounting model of impulsiveness that discount rates would be positively associated with addiction. The delay-discount rate refers to the rate of reduction in the present value of a future reward as the delay to that reward increases. Design and measurements We estimated participants’ discount rates on the basis of their pattern of choices between smaller immediate rewards ($11–80) and larger, delayed rewards ($25–85; at delays from 1 week to 6 months) in a questionnaire format. Participants had a one-in-six chance of winning a reward that they chose on one randomly selected trial. Participants and setting Heroin (n = 27), cocaine (n = 41) and alcohol (n = 33) abusers and non-drug-using controls (n = 44) were recruited from advertisements. They were tested in a drug abuse research clinic at a medical school. Findings On average, the cocaine and heroin groups had higher rates than controls (both P 0.50). Conclusions These data suggest that discount rates vary with the preferred drug of abuse, and that high discount rates should be considered in the development of substance abuse prevention and treatment efforts.
The real option value of mining operations using mean-reverting commodity prices

By determining the optimal price threshold of mining activation, this research aims at estimating a mine’s in situ value by incorporating its real option value (ROV). The traditional discounted cash flow (DCF) method, the standard tool for economic feasibility studies in mineral industry, can be problematic since it fails to address uncertainties and operational flexibilities (Trigeorgis Adv Futures Options Res 4:S1537164, 1990; Schwartz J Financ 3:923–973, 1997; Slade J Environ Econ Manag 41:193–233, 2001; Abdel Sabour and Dimitrakopoulos J Min Sci 47(2):191–201, 2011). DCF normally results in under-evaluation when significant price variability is present in commodity prices such as gold, silver, copper, and recently rare earths. A mining project is more valuable in expected value terms if it is activated following an appropriately chosen price threshold. In this work, the commodity price is modeled using a mean-reverting process, which is more relevant to commodity economics than the generally used Geometric Brownian motion process (Pindyck and Rubinfeld 1991). It is shown that the value of flexibility is significant and peaks when mining cost equals spot price; the exercising price threshold increases as average cost rises and probabilities of exercising the option are estimated. ROV method provides a tractable and realistic scheme to evaluate a mine’s in situ value and a strategy to manage mining activities.
Kappa opioid receptor stimulation decreases amphetamine-induced behavior and neuropeptide mRNA expression in the striatum.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the role that kappa opioid receptor stimulation has upon stimulant-induced behavior and neuropeptide gene expression in the striatum. Acute administration of amphetamine (2.5 mg/kg i.p.) caused an increase in behavioral activity and preprodynorphin, substance P, and preproenkephalin mRNA expression. When amphetamine-treated rats were pretreated with U69593, a kappa agonist (0.16 or 0.32 mg/kg s.c.), there was a significant decrease in behavioral activity. Quantitative in situ hybridization histochemistry revealed that 0.32 mg/kg U69593 significantly decreased amphetamine-induced mRNA expression of all three neuropeptides; however, only the induction of preproenkephalin mRNA was decreased by 0.16 mg/kg. These data suggest that stimulation of kappa receptors decreases acute amphetamine-induced behavior and mRNA expression of neuropeptides in the rat striatum.
Space Shuttle planetary payload launch site operations

This paper examines the experiences of recent actual planetary payload procesing flows. The emphasis is on the processing of the Galileo spacecraft; however, the paper also addresses the Magellan and Ulysses programs to a lesser extent. An overview of the payload processing activity at the Kennedy Space Center is provided. A 'case study' narrative approach is applied to the Space Shuttle flight STS-34 Galileo processing, and some recommendations based on these operations are presented.
A simple, efficient synthesis of β-methylene phenylalanine. a new approach to the preparation of β,γ-unsaturated ←pha-amino acid enzyme substrate analogs

Der Brom-acrylester (I) kann mit LDA und Saure in das Isomere (II) umgewandelt und dieses zu (III) aminiert werden.
The movement of radioactive molecules across dentine in vivo in the dog.

Abstract Using a technique for measuring the movement of circulating molecules across the odontoblast-dentinal complex, the movement of water and α-aminoisobutyric acid through dentine and into a flow cell prepared on the tooth is described. The movement of water depended on dentine thickness, and varied from 0.40 μl/min per cm2 in a flow cell overlying an average thickness of 0.74 mm of dentine, to 1.23 μl/min per cm2 in a flow cell with a dentinal floor of 0.40 mm average thickness. The data suggest that α-aminoisobutyric-acid concentrations were lower in dentinal fluid than in blood plasma.
EFFECT OF LIGHT CYCLE ON DIATOM FATTY ACID COMPOSITION AND QUANTITATIVE MORPHOLOGY1

Quantitative cytological and fatty acid composition was determined for the diatom Cyclotella meneghiniana Kutz. Data from four separate experiments were examined to elucidate changes that may occur with respect to daily photoperiod. Overall, fatty acid composition is similar to that reported for other diatoms with the exception that the C16 fattj acids constitute approximatelj 70% of all fatty acids. The major fatty acids are C14:0, 16:1, 16:0, 18: 0, and 20:5. Fatty acids that are present in minor amounts are iso-14:0, is0-15:0, 15:0, 17:0, 18:4, 18:2, 18:1, 19: 0, 20:0, 22:0, and 23:O. Cytological composition is similar to that previously reported with the chloroplast and vacuole being the largest compartments within the cell. Changes in both cjtological and fattj acid composition were studied with respect to the light / dark cycle. Chloroplast and lipid relative tlolume are greatest during the early part of the dark period. Nuclear relative volume is lowest in the dark and increases throughout the light period. Total unsaturated fatty acids, including the C20:5 fatty acid, are lowest in the early part ofthe light period and highest in the dark. The sum ofthe CI 6 fatty acids remains constant at 70% of total fattj acids in the cells throughout the light J dark cjcle, although percent composition of these two fatty acids shijs. The data suggest that cyclical changes occur in both quantitative morphology and fattj acid composition with respect to daily photoperiod. The cells, although not rigidly synchronized, most likely divide in the latter part of the dark period or in thejrst hours of the light period. Lipids increase dramatically in the dark. The ecological implications of lipid storage are discussed in relation to lipophilic toxicants.
Some bounds on X-ray laser wavelengths

Simple estimates of physical processes in generic X-ray lasers driven by two-body radiative recombination are used to impose approximate bounds on their possible wavelengths of laser action. Other processes are briefly mentioned.
Inert gas exchange of subcutaneous and intraperitoneal gas pockets in piglets.

Subcutaneous and peritoneal tissue conductances for inert gases were measured in anesthetized Yorkshire piglets. Conductance spanned at least a 50-fold range in both subcutaneous and peritoneal tissues and showed the order: sulfur hexafluoride < helium, neon < ethylene < nitrous oxide. Determination of conductance by measurement of composition changes within the gas space rather than the rate of pocket disappearance was particularly advantageous for the study of rapidly absorbed gases. Also, the simultaneous breathing of several inert gases substantially reduced interindividual variation by use of a reference gas. This study contains the first description of peritoneal gas exchange, including an estimate of effective peritoneal blood flow under conditions similar to laparoscopy. The critical role of diffusivity for discrimination between film and penetration model is discussed. More definitive modeling requires in vitro determination of tissue gas solubility and diffusivity.
Alpha-methyltryptamine blocks facilitation of lordosis by progesterone in spayed, estrogen-primed rats☆

Abstract Alpha-methyltryptamine, a drug which stimulates serotonergic receptors in the central nervous system, inhibited the induction of sexual receptivity in spayed female rats by estradiol benzoate and progesterone. The drug had no effect on the sexual receptivity induced by estradiol benzoate alone. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that progesterone facilitates lordosis in estrogen-primed rats by inhibiting a serotonergic system in the brain. The data also suggest that estradiol and progesterone act on separate neurochemical systems to induced estrous behavior in rats.
Rotational Relaxation in a Nondipolar Supercritical Fluid: Toluene in CO2†

Studies of rotational relaxation dynamics provide particular insight into local solution structures and consequently into the interactions between species in a solution. We report here the results of molecular dynamics simulations describing a neat CO2 supercritical fluid and an infinitely dilute solution of toluene in supercritical CO2. Over a period of 0.1−0.2 ps, the rotation of the near-critical solvent molecules is relatively unhindered, becoming purely diffusive only on a time scale that is long compared with the decay of the orientational correlations. As expected, the rotational relaxation rate of a toluene molecule is found to increase with increasing solvent density, although the simulation results imply some anomalous behavior near the critical point that may be associated with the appearance of long-range spatial correlations. We also show that a system consisting of a nonpolar toluene analogue experiences an isotropic rotational friction environment, unlike the anisotropic environment in whic...
Diabetic neuropathy: pathogenesis and therapy.

Diabetic neuropathies are complex, heterogeneous disorders that encompass a wide range of abnormalities affecting both peripheral and autonomic nervous systems, causing considerable morbidity and mortality. Treatment should be based upon the underlying etiology and not symptoms alone, although symptomatic therapy is needed. Neuropathies may be focal or diffuse, proximal or distal, and involve somatic and autonomic nerves. Focal syndromes are classified as (1) entrapment syndromes or (2) mononeuropathies. Entrapment syndromes are treated by means of relieving compression within confined spaces. Mononeuropathies are due to a vascular insult and resolve spontaneously. They are best treated by supportive therapy. Proximal neuropathies are usually due to an inflammatory, vasculitic, or autoimmune condition and are best treated with specific therapies for the underlying disorder based on biopsy findings. Therapies for distal polyneuropathies include metabolic treatments (e.g., aldose reductase inhibitors, aminoguanidine, gamma-linolenic acid), autoimmune therapies, and nerve growth factors. No definitive treatment is available for painful diabetic neuropathy. Several medications have been used, among them tricyclic antidepressants, antiepileptic drugs, phenothiazines, calcitonin, local anesthetics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and dextromethorphan. Nonpharmacologic therapies include surgical sympathectomy, spinal cord blockade, electrical spinal cord stimulation, and prostaglandin.
Investigating Resort Loyalty: Impacts of the Family Life Cycle

Families and resorts have developed a symbiotic relationship, where families are often essential to operational viability with resorts providing the environment for families to relax and reconnect. However, relatively little is known about the differences that exist between subsegments of this important but homogenously treated consumer segment. Given this gap, the purpose of this study is to develop an improved understanding of families at resorts by examining differences in family life-cycle stages and their impact on resort loyalty. Using survey data collected from recent resort visitors, it was found that significant differences exist between members of family subsegments. Subsequent analyses found differences between life-cycle stages relating to eight loyalty factors, their corresponding impact on revisit intentions, and resort expenditures. Discussion and managerial implications concerning these differences are provided at the conclusion of the article.
Abrupt changes in Antarctic Intermediate Water circulation over the past 25,000 years

The circulation of Antarctic Intermediate Water is thought to make an important contribution to the global ocean–climate system, but the details of this interaction are not fully understood. Furthermore, the behaviour of Antarctic Intermediate Water under glacial and interglacial conditions is not well constrained. Here we present a 25,000-year-long record of neodymium isotopic variations—a tracer of water-mass mixing—from the middle depths of the tropical Atlantic Ocean. Our data reveal abruptly enhanced northward advection of Antarctic Intermediate Water during periods of reduced North Atlantic overturning circulation during the last deglaciation. These events coincide with an increase in the formation of Antarctic Intermediate Water and warming in the southwest Pacific Ocean, which suggests a tight link with Southern Hemisphere climate. In contrast, the initial incursion of southern source water into the North Atlantic ∼19,000 years ago coincided with weak Antarctic Intermediate Water formation in the Pacific and reduced overturning in the North Atlantic. We conclude that reduced competition at intermediate water depth at this time allowed expansion of Antarctic Intermediate Water into the North Atlantic. This early incursion of Antarctic Intermediate Water may have contributed to freshening of the North Atlantic, perhaps spurring the subsequent collapse of North Atlantic deep convection. The formation and circulation of Antarctic Intermediate Water has varied over glacial–interglacial timescales. A neodymium record from the Atlantic Ocean basin suggests that changes in circulation may have been driven by changes both in Antarctic Intermediate Water formation in the Southern Ocean and in the strength of North Atlantic meridional overturning.
Automated characterization of Z-technology sensor modules

Detailed radiometric characterization data must be reviewed at the module level(2048 JR detectors) prior to integrating the hardware into higher level assemblies. Software has been developed that highly automates the process of reducing test data for noise, responsivity, uniformity, output offset, saturation, linearity, filter pole location, and crosstalk. Output consists of both text and graphics at different levels of detail in order to accommodate the needs of engineering, test, manufacturing, quality assurance, and program management. All the results are placed on a LAN so that the necessary reviews can occur in essentially a paperless environment.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Comparative morphology of nucleolar DNA in Drosophila. II. Drosophila fulvimaculoides and Drosophila tumiditarsus.

This paper reports the demonstration, using fluorescence microscopy, of nucleolar DNA in two species of Drosophila. In Drosophila fulvimaculoides, the nucleolar DNA presents a variable morphology, suggestive of puffing activity. This material, which sometimes shows a banded structure like that of the polytene chromosomes, is shown not to be coextensive with the Y chromosome. Nucleolar DNA is demonstrated in Drosophila tumiditarsus also, and previous reports of an association of the dot chromosome with the nucleolus in this species are confirmed. The special usefulness of these two species for various sorts of investigation in pointed out.
Effects of a choline-deficient diet on the induction of drug- and ethanol-metabolizing enzymes and on the alteration of rates of ethanol degradation by ethanol and phenobarbital.

Abstract Phosphatidylcholine has been shown to be an essential component for electron transport to cytochrome P-450 and for hydroxylation of a number of substrates by microsomes in vitro . A choline-deficient diet was fed to rats for 3 weeks in order to study the effect in vivo of alterations of liver phospholipids on the activity of microsomal enzymes, on parameters of ethanol metabolism, and on the adaptive responses of both to ethanol and phenobarbital administration. Choline deficiency resulted in an increase in total liver lipids and triglycerides, but in a decrease in total phospholipids, due mostly to a decrease in phosphatidylcholine. Choline deficiency did not result in changes in microsomal enzymes or parameters of ethanol metabolism. However, it did prevent optimal induction of aniline hydroxylase activity and cytochrome P-450, by both ethanol and phenobarbital, and of microsomal protein concentration and cytochrome b 5 by phenobarbital; it also prevented ethanol-induced increases both in the activity of the microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system and in the rates of ethanol disappearance from the blood. Alcohol dehydrogenase activity remained unchanged. This study demonstrates that dietary choline is required for optimal induction of microsomal enzymes by both ethanol and phenobarbital, and for increases in ethanol metabolism induced by ethanol administration. It is suggested that a decrease in available hepatic phosphatidylcholine, due to choline deficiency, is a cause of inhibition of the optimal induction of microsomal enzymes.
Brief or new: professional development of fieldwork students: occupational adaptation, clinical reasoning, and client-centeredness.

SUMMARYFieldwork provides occupational therapy students with professional development readiness for entry-level practice. Thus, describing the results of the fieldwork learning process in terms of observed professional behaviors is valuable. This pilot study was initiated as part of program evaluation with the goal to assess fieldwork students' performance maturation, clinical reasoning development, and client-centered behaviors as a result of this specific fieldwork experience. Nine occupational therapy students who completed Level II fieldwork at the Way Station, Inc., in Frederick, MD were videotaped administering the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM) to a new client during the 2nd and 10th week of fieldwork to gather descriptions of changes in student professional behavior during the fieldwork experience. Observational analysis demonstrated that primitive and transitional behaviors decreased as mature behaviors increased, clinical reasoning shifted from primarily procedural to interacti...
Lasso Screening Rules via Dual Polytope Projection

Lasso is a widely used regression technique to find sparse representations. When the dimension of the feature space and the number of samples are extremely large, solving the Lasso problem remains challenging. To improve the efficiency of solving large-scale Lasso problems, El Ghaoui and his colleagues have proposed the SAFE rules which are able to quickly identify the inactive predictors, i.e., predictors that have 0 components in the solution vector. Then, the inactive predictors or features can be removed from the optimization problem to reduce its scale. By transforming the standard Lasso to its dual form, it can be shown that the inactive predictors include the set of inactive constraints on the optimal dual solution. In this paper, we propose an efficient and effective screening rule via Dual Polytope Projections (DPP), which is mainly based on the uniqueness and nonexpansiveness of the optimal dual solution due to the fact that the feasible set in the dual space is a convex and closed polytope. Moreover, we show that our screening rule can be extended to identify inactive groups in group Lasso. To the best of our knowledge, there is currently no "exact" screening rule for group Lasso. We have evaluated our screening rule using many real data sets. Results show that our rule is more effective in identifying inactive predictors than existing state-of-the-art screening rules for Lasso.
Influence of Systemic Hypotension on Skeletal Muscle Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury After 4-Hour Tourniquet Application

Objective Tourniquet use for extremity hemorrhage control is common in military trauma. Tourniquet use may be accompanied by systemic hypotension, but this phenomenon has not been studied. We aimed to define the muscle effects of the combined insult of tourniquet-induced skeletal muscle ischemia-reperfusion injury (I-R) and hemorrhagic hypotension. Design After a 33% carotid arterial hemorrhage, Sprague-Dawley rats underwent 240-min hindlimb ischemia induced by pneumatic tourniquet. Control animals were not hemorrhaged. No resuscitation was given. After tourniquet release, muscles were reperfused for 120 min and then dissected. Weights and mitochondrial viability assays (nitroblue tetrazolium method) were performed on the plantaris (PL), and soleus (SO). Histologic analysis was performed on the PL and SO. Muscle edema is expressed as the ratio of tourniquet limb to contralateral limb muscle weight. Setting Animal laboratories of the United States Army Institute of Surgical Research. Study Animals Twelve Sprague-Dawley rats. Results The mean arterial pressure of hemorrhaged animals was 38 ± 3 mm Hg before tourniquet placement and 86 ± 4 mm Hg before release, both significantly (p Conclusions Systemic hypotension modulates the impact of 4 hours of tourniquet ischemia by decreasing muscle edema but minimally altering measures of muscle viability. Compartment anatomy and muscle fiber type both influence muscle response to the combined insult of hypotension and I-R. In this model, hypotension did not worsen the skeletal muscle I-R observed after the use of a tourniquet for 4 hours.
A Response to Wang and Swanson's Article on National HRD and Theory Development

Wang and Swanson (2008) have provided a critique of the current state of the research and theory of national human resource development (NHRD). In this article, the authors provide a critique based on the following issues: insistence on a single paradigm of truth or reality, theory development methodology, the bounding process, the definitional process, scope of NHRD efforts, and reliance on economics (and only development economics).
NATO's non‐proliferation and deterrence policies: Mixed signals and the norm of WMD non‐use

(2000). NATO's non‐proliferation and deterrence policies: Mixed signals and the norm of WMD non‐use. Journal of Strategic Studies: Vol. 23, Preventing the Use of Weapons of Mass Destruction, pp. 25-51.
Women Who Are Stalked: Questioning the Fear Standard

The authors use logistic regression with the National Violence Against Women Survey sample (N = 8,000) to explore patterns in fear reported by women who were stalked. One fourth of our sample felt no fear, with Black women significantly less likely to report fear (compared to White women). Women who were frequently stalked, stalked by an intimate or family member or acquaintance, or stalked by physical or communicative means reported feeling fearful more than did others. Requiring a woman to feel fearful before accepting her experience as an instance of stalking risks, the authors conclude, a miscarriage of justice, an undercount of the crime, and an abandonment of women (and others) who need validation from the state and protection from stalkers.
Privacy-enabled services for enterprises

The IBM Enterprise Privacy Architecture (EPA) is a methodology for enterprises to provide an enhanced and well-defined level of privacy to their customers. EPA is structured in four building blocks. The privacy regulation analysis identifies and structures the applicable regulations. The management reference model enables an enterprise to define and enforce an enterprise privacy strategy and the resulting privacy practices. The privacy agreement framework is a methodology for privacy-enabling business process re-engineering. It outputs a detailed model of the privacy-relevant players and activities as well as the privacy policies that govern these activities. The technical reference architecture defines the technology needed for implementing the identified practices.
The Number of Recombination Events in a Sample History: Conflict Graph and Lower Bounds

We consider the following problem: Given a set of binary sequences, determine lower bounds on the minimum number of recombinations required to explain the history of the sample, under the infinite-sites model of mutation. The problem has implications for finding recombination hotspots and for the Ancestral Recombination Graph reconstruction problem. Hudson and Kaplan gave a lower bound based on the four-gamete test. In practice, their bound R/sub m/ often greatly underestimates the minimum number of recombinations. The problem was recently revisited by Myers and Griffiths, who introduced two new lower bounds R/sub h/ and R/sub s/ which are provably better, and also yield good bounds in practice. However, the worst-case complexities of their procedures for computing R/sub h/ and R/sub s/ are exponential and super-exponential, respectively. In this paper, we show that the number of nontrivial connected components, R/sub c/, in the conflict graph for a given set of sequences, computable in time 0(nm/sup 2/), is also a lower bound on the minimum number of recombination events. We show that in many cases, R/sub c/ is a better bound than R/sub h/. The conflict graph was used by Gusfield et al. to obtain a polynomial time algorithm for the galled tree problem, which is a special case of the Ancestral Recombination Graph (ARG) reconstruction problem. Our results also offer some insight into the structural properties of this graph and are of interest for the general Ancestral Recombination Graph reconstruction problem.
Point defect states in Sb-doped germanium

Defect states in n-type Sb-doped germanium were investigated by deep-level transient spectroscopy. Cobalt-60 gamma rays were used to generate isolated vacancies and interstitials which diffuse and react with impurities in the material to form four defect states (E37, E30, E22, and E21) in the upper half of the bandgap. Irradiations at 77 K and 300 K as well as isothermal anneals were performed to characterize the relationships between the four observable defects. E37 is assigned to the Sb donor-vacancy associate (E-center) and is the only vacancy containing defect giving an estimate of 2 × 1011 cm−3 Mrad−1 for the uncorrelated vacancy-interstitial pair introduction rate. The remaining three defect states are interstitial associates and transform among one another. Conversion ratios between E22, E21, and E30 indicate that E22 likely contains two interstitials.
Interacting multiple particle filters for fault diagnosis of non-linear stochastic systems

In this paper, an approach to fault diagnosis in a nonlinear stochastic dynamic system is proposed using the interacting multiple particle filtering (IMPF) algorithm. The fault diagnostic approach is formulated as a hybrid multiple- model estimation scheme. The proposed diagnostic approach provides an integrated framework to estimate the system's current operational or faulty mode, as well as the unmeasured state variables in the system. Particle filtering algorithm is used to statistically model the underlying dynamics of a nonlinear/non-Gaussian stochastic system. A set of models is assumed to present the possible system behavior pattern or modes. A bank of particle filters runs in parallel, each based on a particular mode, to obtain mode-conditional estimates according to the probabilistically weighting scheme. The interaction among particle filters allows estimation from multiple filters to be fused in a principled manner. The simulation results on a highly nonlinear system are provided which demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method by comparing it with other nonlinear estimation techniques (extended Kalman filter (EKF) and unscented Kalman filter (UKF)-based).
Low‐Dose Intratympanic Gentamicin and the Treatment of Meniere's Disease: Preliminary Results

The most disabling symptom for most patients with unilateral Meniere's disease is vertigo. Eradication of the diseased end organ is effective in eliminating the vertigo. Labyrinthectomy remains the "gold standard"; unfortunately, residual hearing is sacrificed to obtain this end. The purpose of this study is to evaluate low-dose intratympanic gentamicin for the control of vertigo and for the preservation of hearing. A single dose of gentamicin (10-80 mg) was injected into the middle ear space of 23 patients with unilateral Meniere's disease as an office procedure. Eighty-four percent of the patients had no episodes of vertigo during the last 6 months of follow-up. Pure tone average and word discrimination scores were unchanged as a group. Ninety-five percent of patients had a hearing loss at 6 and 8 kHz that averaged 7.5 dB. Caloric function was reduced in 93%. Low-dose intratympanic gentamicin is a safe, simple, office procedure that is effective in controlling the definitive vertiginous episodes in most patients with unilateral Meniere's disease. Control of vertigo can be obtained with preservation of hearing.
A longitudinal perspective on neurodevelomental outcome following infant cardiac transplantation

Abstract Few studies have examined the neurodevelopmental sequelae associated with infant heart transplantation. Existing publications have generally reported one-time assessments of developmental status using varying outcome measures. The present study investigated longitudinal patterns of neurodevelopmental outcome in 41 children who were cardiac transplant recipients at Loma Linda University Childrens Hospital. The Mental Developmental Index (MDI) and Psychomotor Developmental Index (PDI) of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development were used to monitor the performance of each child across four testing sessions (T). A Repeated Measures ANOVA (N=10) was conducted to test overall differences in MDI and PDI scores across the testing sessions. Although no statistically significant changes in PDI scores were apparent (F=2.685, p=.07, df=3), a trend of increased scores with repeated measurements was observed; however, a statistically significant change in MDI scores was noted (F =3.961, p=.020, df=3). Paired samples t-tests on the larger sample (N=41) showed a significant decline in average MDI scores between the first and each subsequent assessment (T1:T2, t=2.6, p=.02, df=21; T1:T3, t=2.3, p=.04, df=12; T1:T4, t=4.0, p=.04, df=9). A significant dip in MDI scores occurred at approximately 18 and 28 months of age, suggesting a notable decrease in performance specifically during these two periods, after which they appeared to increase. Developmental delays such as language difficulties, characteristic of infant heart transplant recipients, were notable factors responsible for the observed change in MDI scores. These findings iterate the importance of longitudinally assessing changes in neurodevelopmental status instead of presenting collective averages across a wide range of age groups. To better identify and potentially remediate such trends in neurodevelopment, future studies should use longitudinal assessments extending beyond the period examined in this study to replicate and confirm these tentative findings.
Treating violent impulses: A case study utilizing eye movement desensitization and reprocessing with a military client

The growing attention to acts of interpersonal violence and misconduct among military members has accompanied a host of research investigating the nature and causes associated with these behaviors....
Radiographic study of the upper cervical spine in the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome.

Background: The chromosome abnormality, deletion of 22q11.2, is one of the most common genetic syndromes. The 22q11.2 deletion syndrome encompasses a wide spectrum of abnormalities including cardiac, palate, and immunological anomalies. The purposes of the current study were (1) to define and determine the frequency of variations of the occiput and cervical spine on plain radiographs in patients with the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome and (2) to postulate the potential clinical importance of these variations. Methods: Seventy-nine consecutive patients with the 22q11.2 deletion underwent clinical and radiographic evaluation of the occiput and cervical spine. Radiographic studies included lateral plain radiographs of the cervical spine in neutral, flexion, and extension; anteroposterior radiographs; and open-mouth odontoid radiographs. Results: At least one developmental variation of the occiput or cervical spine was observed in every patient. The occipital variations were platybasia in fifty-two (91%) of the fifty-seven patients for whom data were available and basilar impression in two (3%) of the seventy-nine patients. The atlas variations were dysmorphic shape in fifty-nine (75%) of the seventy-nine patients, open posterior arch in forty-seven (59%) of the seventy-nine patients, and occipitalization in two (3%) of the seventy-one patients with adequate radiographs. The axis variations were dysmorphic dens in forty-six (58%) and upswept lamina and posterior elements or “C2 swoosh” in forty-seven (59%) of the seventy-nine patients. Of the seventy-one patients with adequate radiographs, twenty-four (34%) had fusion of C2-C3, fifteen (21%) had fusion of the posterior elements only, and nine (13%) had a complete block fusion. Increased segmental motion was observed in forty (56%) of the seventy-one patients. Thirteen (33%) of the forty patients had increased segmental motion at more than one level. Thirty-one patients (44%) had increased occipitoatlantal motion, seven (10%) had increased atlantoaxial motion, and four had increased C2-C3 motion. Eleven (15%) of the seventy-one patients had increased C3-C4 mobility, always adjacent to a fusion of C2-C3. Conclusions: Variations of the upper cervical spine, including increased segmental motion, are common in the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. It is premature to predict the clinical implications of these radiographic findings, but advanced imaging and further observation may be needed to clarify their clinical course.
Centrin-mediated microtubule severing during flagellar excision in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.

Chlamydomonas cells excise their flagella in response to a variety of experimental conditions (e.g., extremes of temperature or pH, alcohol or detergent treatment, and mechanical shear). Here, we show that flagellar excision is an active process whereby microtubules are severed at select sites within the transition zone. The transition zone is located between the flagellar axoneme and the basal body; it is characterized by a pair of central cylinders that have an H shape when viewed in longitudinal section. Both central cylinders are connected to the A tubule of each microtubule doublet of the transition zone by fibers (approximately 5 nm diam). When viewed in cross section, these fibers are seen to form a distinctive stellate pattern characteristic of the transition zone (Manton, I. 1964. J. R. Microsc. Soc. 82:279-285; Ringo. D. L. 1967. J. Cell Biol. 33:543-571). We demonstrate that at the time of flagellar excision these fibers contract and displace the microtubule doublets of the axoneme inward. We believe that the resulting shear force and torsional load act to sever the axonemal microtubules immediately distal to the central cylinder. Structural alterations of the transition zone during flagellar excision occur both in living cells and detergent-extracted cell models, and are dependent on the presence of calcium (greater than or equal to 10(-6) M). Immunolocalization using monoclonal antibodies against the calcium-binding protein centrin demonstrate the presence of centrin in the fiber-based stellate structure of the transition zone of wild-type cells. Examination of the flagellar autotomy mutant, fa-1, which fails to excise its flagella (Lewin, R., and C. Burrascano. 1983. Experientia. 39:1397-1398), demonstrates that the fa-1 lacks the ability to completely contract the fibers of the stellate structure. We conclude that flagellar excision in Chlamydomonas involves microtubule severing that is mediated by the action of calcium-sensitive contractile fibers of the transition zone. These observations have led us to question whether microtubule severing may be a more general phenomenon than previously suspected and to suggest that microtubule severing may contribute to the dynamic behavior of cytoplasmic microtubules in other cells.
A Conceptual Framework for Assessing Impacts of Roads on Aquatic Biota

Abstract Roads are pervasive in modern landscapes and adversely affect many aquatic ecosystems. Conventional environmental assessments of roads focus on construction impacts but ignore subsequent impacts. A comprehensive framework for considering all impacts of roads would enable scientists and managers to develop assessment tools that more accurately inform stakeholders and policymakers about the biological consequences of road building. We developed a two-dimensional framework to organize impacts of roads on aquatic biota. One dimension recognizes three phases of road development, each with distinctive ranges of spatial and temporal scales. The second dimension recognizes five classes of environmental impacts associated with road development. The framework is useful in evaluating the completeness of assessments and in identifying gaps in scientific knowledge. We applied the framework to a draft environmental impact statement (DEIS) for a proposed interstate highway to illustrate which road impacts are t...
Asbestosis and small cell lung cancer in a clutch refabricator

OBJECTIVES: To present a case of asbestosis and small cell lung cancer caused by asbestos in a clutch refabricator. METHODS: Exposed surfaces of used clutches similar to those refabricated in the worker9s workplace were rinsed, and the filtrate analysed by analytical transmission electron microscopy. Tissue samples were also analysed by this technique. RESULTS: Numerous chrysotile fibres of respirable dimensions and sufficient length to form ferruginous bodies (FBs) were detected from rinsed filtrates of the clutch. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid contained many FBs, characteristic of asbestos bodies. Necropsy lung tissue showed grade 4 asbestosis and a small cell carcinoma in the right pulmonary hilum. Tissue analysis by light and analytical electron microscopy showed tissue burdens of coated and uncoated asbestos fibres greatly exceeding reported environmental concentrations (3810 FBs/g dry weight and 2,080,000 structures > or = 0.5 micron/g dry weight respectively). 72% Of the cores were identified as chrysotile. CONCLUSIONS: Clutch refabrication may lead to exposure to asbestos of sufficient magnitude to cause asbestosis and lung cancer.