cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
β3-Adrenergic receptors mediate choroidal endothelial cell invasion, proliferation, and cell elongation

Beta(3)-adrenergic receptors have been reported to function primarily in adipose tissues to regulate thermogenesis. In this study, we determined if beta-adrenergic receptors are present on human choroidal endothelial cells and examined their ability to promote invasion, proliferation, and/or cell elongation. Using western blotting techniques and assays of cell invasion, cell proliferation, and endothelial cell elongation, we were able to determine that human choroidal endothelial cells do possess all three subtypes of beta-adrenergic receptors. Stimulation of the beta(3)-adrenergic receptor with BRL37344, a specific beta(3)-adrenergic receptor agonist, resulted in phosphorylation of Src, Akt, and ERK1/2. BRL37344 treatment also increased choroidal endothelial cell invasion by 103% above control values; the invasion response was inhibited by PP2 (Src inhibitor), LY294002 (PI3K inhibitor), Akt inhibitor (Akt-I), and matrix metalloproteinase 2/9 inhibitor (MMP-I). Invasion was not affected by PD98059 (mek inhibitor) or KT5823 (protein kinase G inhibitor). BRL37344 produced a significant increase in the total elongation of choroidal endothelial cells formed on Matrigel over a 24hr period. BRL37344 did significantly increase proliferation, although not to the same level as invasion. Stimulation of choroidal endothelial cells with dobutamine to activate beta(1)/beta(2)-adrenergic receptors did not affect invasion, proliferation, or endothelial cell elongation. In conclusion, beta(3)-adrenergic receptors may play a role in choroidal endothelial cell invasion and elongation, while playing a more limited function in regulation of cell proliferation.
Minimizing Protein Variability in Soft Red Winter Wheat: Impact of Nitrogen Application Timing and Rate

Grain protein content in soft red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is highly variable across years and environments in the southeastern USA. This variability makes southeastern wheat undesirable to millers and negatively impacts its value in the export market. The objectives of this study were to determine how different N fertilizer rates and application times would affect grain protein variability and to determine if there were N fertilizer recommendations that would minimize regional protein variation. We conducted experiments in the North Carolina Piedmont, Coastal Plain, and Tidewater in 2001 and 2002. At each site-year, we used a split-plot design with three or five N fertilizer rates at growth-stage 25 (GS) (main plots), and an additional five N fertilizer rates applied at GS 30 (subplots). Analysis of variance indicated that environment contributed 68 and 90.5% of the variability in yield and test weight, respectively. Though environment contributed 23.3% of grain protein variability, the majority (51.4%) was attributed to timing and rate of N application. As grain protein levels increased at higher N rates, so did overall protein variability. Additionally, applying the majority of N fertilizer at GS 30 increased grain protein variability compared to application at GS 25. Based on these results, our recommendations to reduce grain protein variability in the southeastern USA are to: (i) reduce the range in N fertilizer rates used across the region, (ii) avoid overapplication of N beyond what is required to optimize yield and economic return, and (iii) apply spring N at GS 25.
Binding of oxytocin and 8-arginine-vasopressin to neurophysin studied by 15N NMR using magnetization transfer and indirect detection via protons.

NMR was used to monitor the binding to neurophysin of oxytocin and 8-arginine-vasopressin, /sup 15/N labeling being used to identify specific backbone /sup 15/N and /sup 1/H signals. The most significant effects of binding were large downfield shifts in the amino nitrogen resonance of Phe-3 of vasopressin and in its associated proton, providing evidence that the peptide bond between residues 2 and 3 of the hormones is hydrogen-bonded to the protein within hormone-neurophysin complexes. Suggestive evidence for hydrogen bonding of the amino nitrogen of Tyr-2 was also obtained in the form of decreased proton exchange rates on binding; however, the chemical shift changes of this nitrogen and its associated proton indicated that such hydrogen bonding, if present, is probably weak. Shifts in the amino nitrogen of Asn-5 and in the -NH protons of both Asn-5 and Cys-6 demonstrated that these residues are significantly perturbed by binding, suggesting conformational changes of the ring on binding and/or the presence of binding sites on the hormone outside the 1-3 region. No support was obtained for the thesis that there is a significant second binding site for vasopressin on each neutrophysin chain. The behavior of both oxytocin and vasopressin on binding was consistent withmore » formation of 1:1 complexes in slow exchange with the free state under most pH conditions. At low pH there was evidence of an increased exchange rate. Additionally, broadening of /sup 15/N resonances in the bound state at low pH occurred without a corresponding change in the resonances of equilibrating free hormone. The results suggest significant conformational alteration in neurophysin-hormone complexes at low pH possibly associated with protonation of the carboxyl group of the hormone-protein salt bridge.« less
Formation of hydroxyapatite nuclei induced by dehydration of calcifying solutions.

Es wird gezeigt, dass bei Entfernung eines Teiles der wasserloslichen Phase einer meta-stabilen, verkalkenden Losung, Kalk- und Phosphorionen so angereichert werden, dass «kristallisierte Kerne» von Hydroxyapatit auftreten.
Considerations on high peak powers from CO 2 and CO 2 - mixture lasers

A pulsed excitation was used to study high peak power generation in CO 2 and CO 2 -mixture flowing gas lasers. A rotating mirror was used as a Q switch with a variable delay between excitation pulse and mirror alignment. A variation of the time delay and multiple-exposure photographs can permit a measure of the population inversion versus time to be photographed. High-voltage pulses were used with higher than usual gas pressures to generate peak powers of about 30 kW. Peak power was shown to be primarily dependent on CO 2 partial pressure in CO 2 -He and CO 2 -N 2 mixtures.
How American Children Spend Their Time

The purpose of this article is to examine how American children under age 13 spend their time, sources of variation in time use, and associations with achievement and behavior. Data come from the 1997 Child Development Supplement to the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. The results suggest that parents' characteristics and decisions regarding marriage, family size, and employment affect the time children spend in educational, structured, and family activities, which may affect their school achievement. Learning activities such as reading for pleasure are associated with higher achievement, as is structured time spent playing sports and in social activities. Family time spent at meals and time spent sleeping are linked to fewer behavior problems, as measured by the child's score on the Behavior Problems Index. The results support common language and myth about the optimal use of time for child development.
Atmospheric infrared sounder on the Earth Observing System: in-orbit spectral calibration

The Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) is a facility instrument on the Earth Observing System (EOS). The ability of AIRS to provide accurate temperature and moisture soundings with high vertical resolution depends critically on a very accurate spectral calibration. The routine in-orbit spectral calibration is accomplished with a Fabry-Perot plate with a fixed spacing of 360 microns. This paper discusses design, Signal-to-Noise, and temperature and alignment stability constraints which have to be met to achieve the required spectral calibration accuracy.
Law at the American Frontier

Start with two points made recently in these pages by John Comaroff. The first point, on breadth: "it is striking," Comaroff writes, "how quickly the literature on law and colonialism has grown in bandwidth, in thickness, in imaginative reach over the past 15 years." And the second, on content: "the (literature's) focus on the counterinsurgent, contestatory possibilities inherent in even the most oppressive colonial legal regimes is overdetermined, almost too easy. To the extent that a point of rest has (here) been reached ... we are left with a very basic question: Is there anything more to say on the topic, other than to offer further historical and/or ethnographic illustration?" (Comaroff 2001, 305, 307). Comaroff concludes that there is more to say; and he entrusts the task to, among others, a growing number of sociolegal scholars who are investigating the character of North American continental expansion.
Nanopore Formation and Phosphatidylserine Externalization in a Phospholipid Bilayer at High Transmembrane Potential

Atomic-resolution molecular dynamics simulations of lipid bilayers containing 7% phosphatidylserine (PS) on one leaflet are consistent with experimental observations of membrane poration and PS externalization in living cells exposed to nanosecond, megavolt-per-meter electric pulses. Nanometer-diameter aqueous pores develop within nanoseconds after application of an electric field of 450 mV/nm, and electrophoretic transport of the anionic PS headgroup along the newly constructed hydrophilic pore surface commences even while pore formation is still in progress.
Fractionation of platinum group elements in aqueous systems: comparative kinetics of palladium and platinum removal from seawater by Ulva lactuca L.

A marine macroalga, Ulva lactuca L., was used as a substrate to compare the kinetics of palladium (Pd) and platinum (Pt) removal from seawater. This work indicates that, while the equilibrium behaviors of Pd and Pt are in many respects similar, their kinetic behaviors are quite distinct. The removal of both Pt(II) and Pt(IV) from seawater by U. lactuca is slower than the removal of Pd(II) by approximately an order of magnitude. Relative Pd and Pt removal rates are strongly influenced by system hydrodynamics. Under quiescent conditions, λ(Pd)/λ(Pt), the ratio of Pd and Pt removal rates, is 7 ± 2, whereas under turbulent conditions λ(Pd)/λ(Pt) can be as large as 27. These observations suggest that the disparate kinetic behaviors of Pd and Pt may produce considerable differences in the environmental dispersion of these elements.
A spreadsheet approach to stochastic financial modeling

Abstract Accounting educators acknowledge that a drawback of spreadsheets is their singular estimate of results. Even though spreadsheets provide techniques for sensitivity analysis, their users are hampered in assessing uncertainty within a modeled relationship. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate that risk analysis can now be easily performed on spreadsheets using add-ins having statistical forecasting and simulation capabilities.
Sleep disordered breathing as measured by SRBD-PSQ and neurocognition in children with hypertension.

Current estimates are that 4% of US children overall, and up to 10% of underrepresented minority children, have hypertension (HTN).1 Furthermore, 10% of obese children are hypertensive, a remarkably high number given that nearly 20% of US adolescents are obese.2 This striking prevalence of primary pediatric HTN has important public health implications for the long-term development of HTN-related morbidity in such children, including stroke, myocardial infarction, and kidney failure. It is clear that the origins of HTN-associated morbidity begin during childhood, as manifested by the common presence of left ventricular hypertrophy and increased carotid intima–media thickness in children with primary HTN.3,4 There is emerging evidence that target organ damage to the brain may begin during childhood as well. Young adults with primary HTN demonstrate decreased performance on neurocognitive testing, a finding which has been proposed to represent an early manifestation of hypertensive target organ damage to the brain.5–7 Similar to the adult findings, preliminary studies suggest that children with primary HTN score lower on measures of neurocognition compared with normotensive controls.8–10 With funding from the National Institutes of Health, we have established an ongoing prospective, multicenter study of neurocognition in children with primary HTN in order to more definitively evaluate the relation between cognition and HTN in children.11 A potential confounding variable in the investigation of cognition and HTN is the presence of sleep disordered breathing (SDB). Children with primary HTN are often obese, and obesity, in turn, is often associated with SDB,12 an entity itself associated with cognitive and behavioral problems.13 Therefore, SDB potentially confounds the relation between HTN and cognition. While children with known obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) are excluded from the current study, the diagnosis of OSA is often unrecognized.14 Thus, the extent to which SDB explains the association between HTN and cognitive deficits is unknown. The objectives of this study are (i) to determine the prevalence of SDB in our carefully selected study population and (ii) to examine the potential impact of SDB on the neurocognitive and behavioral measures being used in the current study of cognition in children with HTN.
Regional fluid migration in the Illinois basin: Evidence from in situ oxygen isotope analysis of authigenic K-feldspar and quartz from the Mount Simon Sandstone

Oxygen isotope compositions of widespread, authigenic K-feldspar and quartz overgrowths and cements in the Upper Cambrian Mount Simon Sandstone were measured by ion microprobe in 11 samples distributed across the Illinois basin and its periphery. Average K-feldspar δ 18 O values increase systematically from +14‰ ± 1‰ in the southernmost and deepest samples in Illinois to +24‰ ± 2‰ in the northernmost outcrop sample in Wisconsin. A similar trend was observed for quartz overgrowths (22‰ ± 2‰ to 28‰ ± 2‰). Constant homogenization temperatures (100–130 °C) of fluid inclusions associated with quartz overgrowths throughout the basin suggest that the geographic trend in oxygen isotope compositions is a result of diagenetic modification of a south to north migrating basinal fluid.
Management and prevention of fecal impaction

Fecal impactions occur in both sexes at any age but are particularly concentrated in children, in the institutionalized or impaired elderly, and in patients with certain psychiatric disorders or medical conditions that predispose to obstipation. The clinical consequences may be disabling and occasionally life threatening. Clinical manifestations include fecal incontinence, abdominal distention and pain, anorexia, weight loss, intestinal obstruction, and stercoral ulceration with bleeding or colonic perforation. Diagnosis begins with recognition of possible fecal impaction and confirmation by digital examination or abdominal radiography. Management consists of disimpaction, colon evacuation, and a maintenance bowel program to prevent recurrent impactions.
Privacy beliefs and the violent family. extending the ethical argument for physician intervention

Privacy beliefs associated with the family impede physicians' response to domestic violence. As a private sphere, the family is regarded as sacred, separate, and hidden from public view. Hence, physicians who look for or uncover violence in the family risk defilling a sacred object and violating norms of non-interference. Privacy beliefs also obfuscate the ethical analysis of physicians' duties to intercede on behalf of battered patients. Ethical principles of beneficence and nonmaleficence have been invoked to justify physicians' duties to abused patients; however, the principle of justice has not been invoked. Ethical analysis of physicians' duties in this area must be broadened to include the principle of justice. Justice is at stake because establishing conditions favorable to self-respect is a requirement of justice, and the response physicians make to battered patients carries important ramifications for supporting patients' self-respect and dignity. If justice forms part of the ethical foundation for physician intervention in domestic violence, mandatory steps that do not transgress the confidentiality of the physician-patient relationship or infringe the patient's autonomy should be taken, such as requiring domestic violence training in medical education and following treatment plans and protocols to identify abuse and provide assistance to battered patients.
Assessing Sailor and Civilian Gestural Optimal Relationships for Multi-touch Gestures and Functions in Computer Applications:

With touchscreen-enabled devices becoming more prevalent throughout military applications, it is important to create a standardized set of touchscreen gestures for military purposes. This standardized set must easily transfer among the devices military personnel use for operations. The authors describe two experiments targeting Department of Defense (DoD) civilians and active-duty Navy sailors to determine optimal gesture-to-function mapping of common gestures. Results indicate the two populations sampled had significant differences in their experiences with several categories of touchscreen (TS) and non-TS enabled devices. Results for gestural agreement between the military and civilian populations continued, showing substantial differences in their expectations for gestural functions. Through this research, the authors provide a beneficial first step in evaluating the set of gestures currently under development and suggest further research with military personnel as a necessary next step for developing a standardized gesture set for military purposes.
KIDD AND DUFFY BLOOD TYPINGS WITHOUT COOMBS SERUM. ADAPTATION OF THE AUTO-ANALYZER HEMAGGLUTINATION SYSTEM.

Summary The authors have adapted the Auto-Analyzer to the performance of Kidd and Duffy blood typings. Coombs antiglobulin serum is not used in the procedure. Kidd typing is done with papain-treated blood. This automatic method is superior in strength of reaction and accuracy of results to the standard tube test. Resume Les auteurs ont adapte l'Auto-Analyzer pour determiner les facteurs sanguins Kidd et Duffy. La reaction indirecte a l'antiglobuline n'est pas utilisee dans cette technique. La determination du facteur Kidd est pratiquee au moyen de sang traite a la papaine. Cette methode automatique est superieure en force de reaction et en securite a la methode classique en tube. Zusammenfassung Die Autoren haben das Auto-Analyzer-Verfahren zur Durchfubrung von Kidd-und Duffy-Bestimmungen benutzt. Das Coombssche Antiglobulinserum wurde hierzu nicht verwendet. Die Kidd-Bestimmungen erfolgten mit papainbehandelten Zellen. Diese automatische Methode ist dem allgemein ublichen Rohrchentest hinsichtlich der Reaktionsstarke und der Sicherheit der Ergebnisse uberlegen.
Managing Mobile Devices in Hospitals: A Literature Review of BYOD Policies and Usage

The study aimed to assess the benefits and costs associated with bring your own device (BYOD) policies in hospitals. A systematic literature review was conducted in various databases and was limited to English, peer-reviewed studies, and resources published from 2007 through 2012. Although hospitals are adopting mobile device policies rapidly, a lack of standardized technology implementation persists. An opportunity exists to influence users’ behavior surrounding device usage instead of controlling the device. Hospital librarians should seize the opportunity to become a collaborative partner in managing hospital mobile device usage.
40 Gb/s widely tunable wavelength converter with a photocurrent-driven high-impedance TW-EAM and SGDBR laser

We demonstrate a monolithic transceiver which integrates pre-amplified QW-pin receiver with a tunable SGDBR laser and high-impedance EAM. This device performs wavelength conversion at 40 Gb/s over 22 nm of optical bandwidth.
Envelope amplitude analysis following narrow‐band filtering: A technique for ultrasonic tissue characterization

Ultrasonic waveforms backscattered from tissue simulating phantoms and from normal and cirrhotic human liversi n v i v o were digitized to a standard dynamic range prior to envelope detection and determination of envelope amplitude distributions. For 11 individual narrow‐band Gaussian‐shaped filters of −6 dB bandwidth 200 kHz, and of center frequencies from 2 to 4 MHz, envelope amplitude distributions were plotted and mean values of the various distributions computed. Analysis of data was performed for data from a phantom containing only relatively small graphite scatterers (<170 μ), and a similar phantom to which glass spheres 0.5 mm in diameter had been added homogeneously. For lower center frequency narrow‐band filters, significantly more high‐amplitude occurrences were observed for data from the phantom to which glass spheres had been added. Higher center frequency narrow‐band filters gave significantly more high‐amplitude occurrences for the phantom containing only small scatterers. Similar data analysis was performed for i n v i v o human liver data from ten normal subjects and five patients with known cirrhosis of the liver. For the cirrhotic and normal livers,data analysis using narrow‐band filters of relatively low center frequency resulted in more high‐ amplitude occurrences for cirrhotic, compared to normal liver; the converse was true for narrow‐band filtration at relatively high center frequencies. Determination of mean amplitude following narrow‐band filtration with a filter centered at 3.4 MHz was found to be quite repeatable for the normal and cirrhotic liver data; analysis of variance showed the measurement was 94.1% a function of the subject examined, and 5.9% related to the data acquisition session. The same measurement of mean amplitude permitted discrimination (p<0.02) between the normals and the cirrhotic liver patients. It was noted that the amplitude distributions of the unfiltered envelope permitted no discrimination whatever between the two phantoms, or between normal and cirrhotic liver, in contradistinction to the technique involving narrow‐band filtering.
Nonlinear acoustic interaction on contact interfaces and its use for nondestructive testing

Recent theoretical and experimental studies demonstrated that a weakly or incompletely bonded interfaces exhibit highly nonlinear behavior. One of acoustic manifestations of such nonlinearity is the modulation of a probing high-frequency ultrasonic wave by low-frequency vibration. The vibration varies the contact area modulating the phase and amplitude of higher frequency probing wave passing through the interface. In the frequency domain, the result of this modulation manifests itself as side-band spectral components with respect to the frequency of the probing wave. This modulation effect has been observed experimentally for various materials (metals, composites, concrete, sandstone, glass) with various types of contact-type defects (interfaces): cracks, debondings, delaminations, and microstructural material damages. Study of this phenomenon revealed correlation between the developed modulation criterion and the quantitative characteristics of the interfaces, such as its size, loading condition, and bonding strength. These findings have been used for the development of an innovative nondestructive evaluation technique, namely Vibro-Acoustic Modulation Technique. Two modifications of this technique have been developed: Vibro-Modulation (VM) and Impact-Modulation (IM), employing CW and impact-induced vibrations, respectively. The examples of applications of these methods include crack detection in steel pipes, aircraft and auto parts, bonded composite plates etc. These methods also proved their effectiveness in the detection of cracks in concrete.
Purchase Prices and the Profitability of Collective Farm Production

In recent years, especially after the March (1965) Plenary Meeting of the CPSU Central Committee, important economic measures were adopted with the purpose of eliminating shortcomings and mistakes in the planning and material stimulation of agricultural production, as well as of changing the conditions of farm production and marketing. As a result, the average level of procurement prices for the products sold by collective and state farms to the state was raised by 38% from 1958 through 1965, including a 45% increase for livestock products.
A Large-Signal Dynamic Simulation for the Series Resonant Converter

A simple nonlinear discrete-time dynamic model for the series resonant dc-dc converter is derived using approximations appropriate to most power converters. This model is useful for the dynamic simulation of a series resonant converter using only a desktop calculator. The model is compared with a laboratory converter for a large transient event.
Toward a Molecular Orbital Derived Empirical Potential for Liquid Simulations

A new method for the treatment of many-body polarization effects in fluid systems is presented, making use of hybrid QM/MM techniques and the semiempirical wave function. In this approach, the electronic structure of each solvent molecule is represented by an antisymmetric determinant wave function, which can be determined by fully converged variational QM calculations at each step of the classical trajectory or can be treated as dynamic variables along with the nuclear coordinates in molecular dynamics simulations. In determining the molecular wave functions, a hybrid QM/MM method is used. This molecular orbital derived empirical potential for liquid simulations (MODEL) is analogous to the fluctuating charge model introduced by Berne and co-workers; however, the MODEL potential is a quantum chemical model as opposed to a purely empirical charge equilibration scheme employed in the FC model. The method may also be extended for the treatment of large molecular systems. The capability of the MODEL potential...
Nd, Sr and O isotopic study of the petrogenesis of two syntectonic members of the New Hampshire Plutonic Series

Nd, Sr and O isotope systematics were used to investigate the petrogenesis of two adjacent plutons of the Bethlehem Gneiss (BG) and the Kinsman Quartz Monzonite (KQM), exposed within the Central Maine Terrane (CMT) of New England. Both are Acadian-aged (≈413 Ma) synmetamorphic and syntectonic members of the New Hampshire Plutonic Series (NHPS). Potential source rocks analyzed for this study include Silurian and Devonian metasedimentary rocks of the CMT, and Ordovician metasedimentary rocks and granitic gneisses of the Bronson Hill Anticlinorium (BHA), which border the CMT to the west. The ɛSr(413), ɛNd(413) and δ18O values for the KQM range from 56.3 to 120.0, 2.8 to −6.4, and 7.6‰ to 12.9‰, respectively; values for the BG range from 7.4 to 144.7, 0.6 to −9.3, and 8.3‰ to 11.3‰, respectively; and values for possible source rocks range from 38.1 to 654.2, −10.7 to 5.4, and 6.2‰ to 14.1‰, respectively. Both the BG and KQM have extremely heterogeneous initial isotopic compositions consistent with mixing of multiple crustal source rocks, and neither contains a volumetrically significant (i.e., ≥10%) mantlederived component. Overlapping values of ɛNd(413), ɛSr(413) and δ18O values for both the BG and KQM samples resemble values for metasedimentary host rocks of the CMT and BHA. We observe no systematic correlations between ɛNd and ɛSr values for either the BG or the KQM. The ɛSr and δ18O values for the BG do not form any simple mixing trends, nor is there any direct correlation between the isotopic compositions of contact BG samples and their adjacent host rocks, in contrast to our observations for the KQM (Lathrop et al. 1994). We propose that the KQM and BG magmas were generated through anatexis of metasedimentary rocks from both the BHA and CMT in response to crystal thickening during the Acadian orogeny. Melting may have been initiated within CMT metasediments in response to high heat production in these mid-crustal rocks combined with crustal thickening, whereas melting of BHA rocks with normal crustal heat production, which were located at lower-crustal levels than CMT rocks, is likely to have been driven by crustal thickening alone. Following upward advection of mobile BHA magmas, BHA- and CMT-derived magmas may have mingled during complex Acadian deformation in the CMT, thus accounting for the isotopic similarities we observe between the BG and the KQM.
Membrane transport through α-heltical bundles. IV. Preliminary model building investigation of helix-helix interactions

Abstract Previously we made order of magnitude estimates that suggested the possibility of forming proton wires between facing α-helices joined by knobs-into-holes packing (Dunker, Marvin, Zaleske & Jones, 1976; Dunker & Marvin, 1978). Such structures may be a feature of membrane proteins. Since our original work, another type of packing, called ridges-into-grooves, has been identified as a way of meshing adjoining α-helices. Using precision (CPK) molecular models, we have investigated the possibility of forming proton wires: (1) in order to improve on our previous order of magnitude estimates, and (2) in order to evaluate the different kinds of packing interfaces for their ability to support stereochemically feasible proton wires. We found knobs-into-holes and ridges-into=grooves packing to support exactly the same proton wires. The positions of the side chains are determined more by the geometry of the hydrogen-bonding network rather than by the type of packing originally used to locate the appropriate residues. Thus, we suggest that a new name is needed for such packing, which we propose to call “H-bond packing”. In our earlier investigations we arbitrarily restricted our attention to proton wires parallel to the packing interface. By lifting this restriction, we found it possible to construct many additional types of wires. The model building exercises suggested that both parallel-to-the-interface and non-parallel-to-the-interface wires are feasible, except that the non-parallel wires are restricted in length depending on the angle with the interface, whereas the parallel wires apparently can be continued indefinitely. The various types of wires share local hydrogen bonding patterns and so could easily connect together. In our model building of several representative wires, we investigated the limitations with regard to type of and combinations of side chains. We also determined possible variations in the origins of such side chains on the helical backbones. These preliminary model building studies provide the basis for determining possible hydrogen bonding between the helical segments of membrane proteins. From these data we are formulating preliminary proposals for the helix-helix interactions of the bacteriorhodopsin molecule, which are to be presented in future paper.
Objective cure of urinary retention following laparoscopic hysterectomy for a large uterine fibroid.

Acute urinary retention (AUR) in women is not uncommon. Many reports have been published discussing the possible theories and pathogeneses of this condition. AUR induced by uterine fibroid is a rare entity that has been mentioned only in case reports. All the reported cases focused mainly on the different approaches for fibroid management. In this study, we present a 52-year-old female with recurrent episodes of urinary retention that was related to periods of menstruation. Pelvic magnetic resonance imaging revealed a markedly enlarged uterus with multiple fibroids. The patient had laparoscopic hysterectomy with postoperative resolution of patient’s symptoms and improved uroflow studies. This is the first article that proves the cure of AUR following hysterectomy using an objective tool.
A neuropharmacological evaluation of felbamate as a novel anticonvulsant.

Felbamate (2-phenyl-1,3-propanediol dicarbamate, FBM) was subjected to a series of carefully selected in vivo and in vitro tests to provide additional insight into mechanism of action, margin of safety, and clinical potential. FBM was effective against intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-induced clonus and i.c.v. NMDA- and quisqualic acid (quis)-induced forelimb tonic extension in mice and ineffective against i.c.v. quis-induced clonus in mice. FBM was also effective in preventing the expression of Stage 5 kindled seizures in corneal-kindled rats. The calculated protective indices (rotorod median toxic dose divided by anticonvulsant median effective dose) ranged from 28 to 146 for those tests in which FBM displayed activity. With the in vitro tests, FBM did not significantly displace [3H]MK-801 from its binding site. In contrast, FBM was effective in blocking sustained repetitive firing in mouse spinal cord neurons grown in tissue culture (median inhibitory concentration 67 micrograms/ml). This effect on repetitive firing suggests indirectly that FBM modulates sodium channel conductance. The results, when compared to similar data for phenytoin, carbamazepine, valproate, and ethosuximide, support the concept that FBM is a relatively nontoxic agent with a unique profile of anticonvulsant action, a broad margin of safety, and a clinical potential that includes at least generalized tonic-clonic and complex partial seizures.
The Presence of Outcome Bias in Emergency Physician Retrospective Judgments of the Quality of Care

Study objective In peer review and malpractice litigation, biased assessment of the quality of care can have a profound effect. We determine the effect of knowledge of outcome on emergency physicians' ability to assess care quality. Methods Emergency physicians completed a Web-based survey containing 6 case scenarios written to fall along a spectrum of quality of care. Participants were randomized to receive either no case outcomes or a mixture of good and bad outcomes. For each scenario, participants rated the quality of care categorically (poor, below average, average, good, outstanding) and on a 0- to 100-point scale. We examined how the scenario's outcome affected judgments about the quality of the process of care and whether certain individuals are more prone to outcome bias. Results Five hundred eighty-seven participants completed the survey. For each scenario, quality ratings were highest when the outcome was good and lowest when the outcome was bad. The difference between ratings for "good outcome" and "no outcome provided" was bigger than the difference between "no outcome provided" and "bad outcome." In cases of intermediate quality, outcome bias shifts ratings by a magnitude equivalent to 1 qualitative step in quality (eg, from good to average). The outcome bias effect is smaller for scenarios for which care is unambiguously good or bad. We found no evidence that outcome bias was concentrated in individuals. Conclusion Emergency physicians demonstrate outcome bias in cases of intermediate quality more than in cases in which the quality of care is clear. Outcome bias tends to inflate ratings in the presence of a positive outcome more than it penalizes scenarios with negative ones.
Among the dissenters: reciprocal ethnography in nineteenth-century Inglistan.

The emergence of ‘fieldwork’ as a technique for gathering knowledge was part of a reciprocal process of two-way observation between Europeans and Asians. The methods of language-learning, cultural immersion, and note-taking that were eventually canonized in the discipline of anthropology were no more unique to Europeans than the writing of the learned travelogues through which they first found expression. In the early nineteenth century, Asian travellers were observing and taking notes on the English at home as part of a reciprocal pattern of exchanges made possible by the new commercial and diplomatic contacts of the age. This thesis is demonstrated by using the Persian travel diary made by an Iranian ‘fieldworker’ to reconstruct in detail the methods and conditions of his ‘ethnographic’ tour of the English West Country in 1818. In the reversal of a familiar trope of European ethnography, the diary described meetings with the ‘sects’ and ‘mystics’ of the English provinces in the very same years that saw the first English accounts of Persia religiosa. Using numerous contemporary English sources to build on the Persian field diary, the article reveals the multiple patterns of reciprocity by which knowledge was gained through a ‘scientific’ epistemology of observation and experience. From Unitarianism to Baha’ism, the collaborative knowledge so created led to changing intellectual attitudes among both European and Asian scholar-travellers.
The Idea of a Modern Orthodoxy

Systematic theology is, and of right ought to be, primarily practical. In the first place, true religion is both one of the ends of an ideal human life and, in the long run, an indispensable means to the morality which is most essential to human welfare, inner and outer. In the second place, theology is necessary as an instrument for the proper control of the development and expression of religion—a special case of the function of ideas in the control of life. It follows, therefore, that a sound theology is a human necessity. The purpose of the theologian, whatever else it may or must include, must be to find those religious truths which are essential to the vitality and efficiency of the best type of human religion. That this has really been the aim of theologians in the great formative periods of the history of Christian doctrine may readily be shown. The prevailing impression with regard to orthodoxy and excluded heresies is that the distinction between them is arbitrary and external. This is indeed to the modern mind true in large measure of the distinction between the old orthodoxy and heresy; but in their own day this distinction was neither arbitrary nor external. Then it was organically related to the most pressing of problems; it was supremely vital, for the issues involved were nothing short of spiritual life and death.
PUBOVAGINAL FASCIAL SLING FOR ALL TYPES OF STRESS URINARY INCONTINENCE: LONG-TERM ANALYSIS

AbstractPurpose: There is a lack of consensus regarding indications and long-term efficacy of the many surgical techniques for treating stress incontinence. Historically pubovaginal sling has been reserved for cases of intrinsic sphincter deficiency or prior surgical failure. Transvaginal needle and retropubic suspensions have been used mainly for sphincteric incontinence unassociated with intrinsic sphincter deficiency. We report the long-term results of pubovaginal sling for all types of stress incontinence.Materials and Methods: A total of 251 consecutive women with all types of stress incontinence who underwent pubovaginal fascial sling by a single surgeon were retrospectively and prospectively reviewed. Patients were evaluated preoperatively with history, physical examination, standardized symptom questionnaire, voiding diary, pad test, uroflow, post-void residual urine, video urodynamics and cystoscopy. Postoperatively women with at least 1-year followup were assessed by an independent third party (...
Recency judgments in a short-term memory task

On each trial of a short-term memory task, Ss were required to give the correct response to a paired-associate stimulus and to estimate the number of trials intervening between study and test on that stimulus. On trials where an incorrect paired-associate response was made, judgment of the number of intervening items was relatively independent of the actual number of intervening items. On trials where a correct paired-associate response was made, judgment of the number of intervening items was accurate for recent items but incorrect for more distant items.
Lysozyme among the Lilliputians

Site-directed mutagenesis (1), slightly more than two decades old, changed the way protein biochemists do their business. Now comes the sequel—patterned library analysis—in another landmark paper, reported in a recent issue of PNAS by Lahr et al. (2), and closed the millennium on a high note. But what is patterned library analysis?
The State of NCME: Remembering the Past, Looking to the Future

What are the roots of NCME? What were our initial goals and how well have we attained them? Are we drifting away from our practitioner orientation? What should be our policy on important matters in educational practice and our role in sociopolitical issues in educational measurement?
Brief Communication DERIVED TRAIL MAKING TEST INDICES IN A SAMPLE OF AMPHETAMINE ABUSERS: DEMOGRAPHIC EFFECTS

Derived indices on the Trail Making Test (TMT), a test often used for screening for cognitive impairment, were examined in a sample of marijuana abusers in drug abuse treatment programs. A mixed-race sample of 259 subjects was drawn from electronic files of data from the Drug Abuse Treatment Outcome Study (DATOS). The DATOS was a naturalistic, prospective cohort study that collected data from 1991 to 1993 in 96 programs in 11 cities in the United States. Data were analyzed to determine the effects of demographic variables on derived indices created by adding, subtracting, multiplying, and dividing Parts A and B of the TMT in this large treatment sample of marijuana abusers. The variables of age, ethnicity, and education were statistically significant for the total (A + B), and interaction (A B/100) derived indices of the TMT. The difference score (B A) was significant only for ethnicity and the ratio score (B/A) was not significant for any demographic variable.
Differential Diagnosis of the Major Progressive Dementias and Depression in Middle and Late Adulthood: A Summary of the Literature of the Early 1990s

There is a preponderance of research on the neuropsychology of the various dementias. There are also direct comparisons between two or more dementias available in the literature. This paper sought to summarize the most recent literature, primarily from 1990 through mid-1996, including recent reviews of the literature from previous decades. The purpose was to provide, in one location, a summary of neuropsychological (i.e., cognitive, motor, and psychiatric) characteristics of major noninfectious, progressive dementias and depression of middle and late adulthood. It is hoped that this review, particularly a summary table provided, will serve as a guide in the differential diagnosis of the dementias by clinicians. In addition to Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementias, Parkinson's disease, Lewy body dementia, Huntington's disease, and frontal lobe dementia, the impact of depression on cognitive functioning is covered given the frequency with which neuropsychologists are asked to differentiate depression from primary dementia.
Linear free energy relationships in solid state diffusion processes

This paper presents a new form of linear free energy (LFE) relationship for diffusive mass transport in oxides and other binary compounds. The relationship applies to a family of related compounds. For a given substance, i, solid-state diffusivity is related to the equilibrium constant Ki or the free energy of transformation, , via a transfer coefficient γ, through the expression ln Di = γ ln Ki + constant . The system investigated here is the series of suboxide intermediates of vanadium pentoxide formed during temperature-programmed synthesis of vanadium nitride. The value of γ for this series is 0.27. The diffusivity values are determined by fitting a mathematical model to the experimental data. Diffusivity data are presented graphically in contour diagrams which correlate pre-exponential values, activation energies, particle sizes, and heating rates used in the temperature-programmed syntheses. An Evans–Polanyi linear relation, , relating activation energy, Ei, to enthalpy change of transformation, , via a transfer coefficient α = 0.53, is also shown to exist for the above system. The discrepancy between α and γ is resolved by using the Horiuti concept of the stoichiometric number of the rate-determining step.
Capabilities of Dynamic Reconfiguration of Multiagent-Based Industrial Control Systems

This paper focuses on reconfiguration aspects of agent-based industrial control systems. Reconfiguration is the ability of the control system to modify its behavior to cope with unusual conditions and changes of the production environment like machine breakdowns, product innovations, rush orders, etc. This paper presents a multiagent system dedicated to material flow control-manufacturing agent simulation tool (MAST)-and discusses in detail how agents efficiently cope with the dynamic reconfiguration. Two scenarios are discussed: 1) the automatic reconfiguration of the transportation paths carried out by agents in case of failures and 2) the structural reconfiguration enabling online addition, removal, or reconnection of equipment or transportation paths on the factory floor. Two proof-of-concept applications of MAST in University of Cambridge's and Vienna University of Technology's testbeds are described.
Identification of the Facets of Self-Health Management

This article reviews conceptualizations of self-health management, or self-care, from three perspectives. Positions held (pro and con) on self-care, theoretical or definitional papers, and empirical usage of self-care were examined to isolate commonalities and differences in ideas about what self-health management or self-care are. This resulted in identification of both facets of self-health management and research perspectives taken in working with the construct. It is suggested that researchers need to reach a consensus about what self-health management is and then need to invest effort in reliable, valid measures of the construct before a profitable research program can be undertaken.
Recovering from the Effects of Domestic Violence: Implications for Welfare Reform Policy

This article highlights the importance of understanding how the impact of domestic violence renders participation in welfare-to-work programs highly problematic since the symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (a not uncommon outcome of domestic violence experience) can undermine the victim's best efforts to benefit from training and return to work programs. A short history of PTSD is provided with the cautionary note that definitions of PTSD remain in flux. Sub-categories of PTSD, such as Battered Women's Syndrome, are also reviewed. Recovery from PTSD is not described in psychotherapeutic terms, but in rehabilitative terms with an emphasis on those recovery processes which facilitate restoration of psychological and functional capacities, leading to participation in welfare-to-work or retraining programs with labor market participation as the goal. Language: en
CHARACTERIZATION OF A LYTIC VIRUS INFECTIOUS TO THE BLOOM‐FORMING MICROALGA AUREOCOCCUS ANOPHAGEFFERENS (PELAGOPHYCEAE)

Aureococcus anophagefferens Hargraves and Sieburth has caused recurring monospecific blooms in Long Island embayments since it was first described in 1985. It was termed the “brown tide,” due to the resulting water color, and has had a devastating effect on Long Island’s (New York) marine ecosystem. In 1992, a virus that was capable of causing lysis of A. anophagefferens was isolated and maintained in culture. We report on the further characterization of this virus, Aureococcus anophagefferens virus-1 (AaV-1), indicated by a buoyant density of 1.2776 g·mL−1 in a CsCl equilibrium gradient. Electron microscopy revealed a phage with a hexagonal head and tail similar to previously described phages. By using adenovirus for calibration, the virus was found to have a head 50—55 nm wide and a tail 70–75 nm long. The viral band was infectious to A. anophagefferens after dialysis. The virus was composed of at least 16 distinct polypeptides ranging in molecular weight from 20 to 230 kDa. The adsorption coefficient for the virus was 7.2 × 10−9 mL·min−1, and the burst size was calculated to be 9.4 viruses per A. anophagefferens cell at 20° C. Complete lysis of A. anophagefferens occurred with a titer as low as 893 viruses·mL−1, and the lower limit of infectivity was 93 viruses·mL−1. The virus lost its infectivity between 30° and 40° C. These results suggest that AaV-1 is highly infectious and that the role of the virus in preventing or ending A. anophagefferens blooms needs further investigation.