cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Is a School’s Neighborhood Physical Disorder Related to Its Academic Outcomes?

Neighborhood environment for student residences has been linked to differences in academic outcomes. However, school neighborhood has not been studied as a potential additional environmental factor in academic outcomes. The goal of this study was to explore the association between school neighborhood disorder and academic outcomes. School neighborhood physical disorder data were paired with school academic achievement and attendance data. Using regression analyses, we examined whether academic achievement and attendance were predicted using NIfETy neighborhood physical disorder scores for the 21 schools within the boundaries of Flint. Neighborhood physical disorder was significantly negatively associated with mathematics scores (β = − 7.71707, p = 0.0430425), but not with English Language Arts (ELA) scores (β = − 4.35, p = 0.13). We found a significant curvilinear relationship between neighborhood physical disorder and attendance. This study supplements existing literature by focusing on neighborhood physical disorder at the school. We found evidence that school neighborhood may impact academic achievement. These findings complement previous research showing that neighborhood of residence factors, such as structural disadvantage, impact school performance. Students exposed to economically disadvantaged neighborhoods at school, regardless of where they live, may have poorer academic skills.
Yungang: Art, History, Archaeology, Liturgy: Joy Lidu Yi, New York: Routledge, 2017. xii, 242 pp.

The Yungang cave temples were carved out of rock face in the frontier lands of northern Shanxi some 1,500 years ago. Most were done on commission by lords of the Northern Wei dynasty (386–534), a f...
Cytomorphologic analysis of clear cell papillary renal cell carcinoma: Distinguishing diagnostic features.

Background Clear cell papillary renal cell carcinoma (CCPRCC) shares histomorphologic and immunophenotypic features with clear cell RCC (CCRCC) and papillary RCC (PRCC). Methods We compared the cytomorphology, immunoprofile, and clinical management of CCPRCC (n = 18), CCRCC (n = 20), and PRCC (n = 18). Results Useful cytomorphologic features for comparing CCPRCC with CCRCC include 3-dimensional clusters (72% vs 0%), papillae (50% vs 0%) and sheets (22% vs 70%), vasculature (papillary vs traversing), naked nuclei (17% vs 100%), prominent nucleoli (0% vs 65%), and amount of cytoplasm (small vs large). Useful cytomorphologic features for comparing CCPRCC with PRCC include sheets (22% vs 61%), naked nuclei (17% vs 67%), nuclear grooves (5% vs 67%) and inclusions (17% vs 67%), and pigmented cytoplasm (17% vs 83%). At on-site evaluation, 16 of 18 (86%) CCPRCC specimens were deemed adequate, with suspicion for CCPRCC in 5 of 16 (31%) cases. Core histology of CCPRCC showed low-grade malignant cells in nests (67%), tubules (100%), and papillae (72%), frequently in myxohyaline stroma (67%). Immunostains demonstrated expression of cytokeratin 7 (CK7; 100%), carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX; 100%, cup-like), CD10 (53%, reverse cup-like), and α-methylacyl-CoA racemase (AMACR; 35%). Among 18 CCPRCC patients, 9 (50%) underwent nephrectomy, 5 (28%) underwent cryo-ablation, and 4 (22%) were under surveillance with serial imaging. Conclusion Certain morphologic features represent diagnostic criteria of CCPRCC in cytology specimens and help distinguish CCPRCC from CCRCC and PRCC. Immunostaining patterns with CK7, CA IX, CD10, and AMACR can confirm the diagnosis. Delineating CCPRCC from more biologically aggressive RCC types in cytology specimens enhances presurgical and clinical management of patients given CCPRCC's low-grade, indolent behavior.
Analysis of the forward and backward in time pair-separation probability density functions for inertial particles in isotropic turbulence

In this paper we investigate, using theory and direct numerical simulations (DNS), the forward in time (FIT) and backward in time (BIT) probability density functions (PDFs) of the separation of inertial particle pairs in isotropic turbulence. In agreement with our earlier study (Bragg et al., Phys. Fluids, vol. 28, 2016, 013305), where we compared the FIT and BIT mean-square separations, we find that inertial particles separate much faster BIT than FIT, with the strength of the irreversibility depending upon the final/initial separation of the particle pair and their Stokes number . However, we also find that the irreversibility shows up in subtle ways in the behaviour of the full PDF that it does not in the mean-square separation. In the theory, we derive new predictions, including a prediction for the BIT/FIT PDF for , and for final/initial separations in the dissipation regime. The prediction shows how caustics in the particle relative velocities in the dissipation range affect the scaling of the pair-separation PDF, leading to a PDF with an algebraically decaying tail. The predicted functional behaviour of the PDFs is universal, in that it does not depend upon the level of intermittency in the underlying turbulence. We also analyse the pair-separation PDFs for fluid particles at short times, and construct theoretical predictions using the multifractal formalism to describe the fluid relative velocity distributions. The theoretical and numerical results both suggest that the extreme events in the inertial particle-pair dispersion at the small scales are dominated by their non-local interaction with the turbulent velocity field, rather than due to the strong dissipation range intermittency of the turbulence itself. In fact, our theoretical results predict that for final/initial separations in the dissipation range, when , the tails of the pair-separation PDFs decay faster as the Taylor Reynolds number is increased, the opposite of what would be expected for fluid particles.
The Impact of the 2016 US Presidential Elections on Transgender and Gender Diverse People

With Trump’s presidency came a rise in the oppression of transgender and gender diverse (TGD) people, as the nation witnessed a removal of protections for TGD people. We examined the daily experiences of 181 TGD individuals (ages 16–40, M age = 25.6) through their reflections about daily stressors over the course of 8 weeks (data collected fall 2015–summer 2017), some of which reflected shifts during the election period. During the 2016 presidential election, participants reported a rise in marginalization stress and the subsequent impact on safety, mental health, and well-being. There were three emergent themes: External Rejection and Stigma from Dominant Culture; Supporting the TGD Community; and Fear for the Self and Development of Proximal Stressors. In line with marginalization stress theory, participants vocalized the progression from exterior stigmatization to proximal stressors and their heightened sense of vigilance and fear of the dominant culture. Based on the results of this study, policy makers and TGD advocates must work to ensure that political rhetoric and action do not serve to further marginalize and erase TGD communities.
Signal Passing Self-Assembly Simulates Tile Automata

The natural process of self-assembly has been studied through various abstract models due to the abundant applications that benefit from self-assembly. Many of these different models emerged in an effort to capture and understand the fundamental properties of different physical systems and the mechanisms by which assembly may occur. A newly proposed model, known as Tile Automata, offers an abstract toolkit to analyze and compare the algorithmic properties of different self-assembly systems. In this paper, we show that for every Tile Automata system, there exists a Signal-passing Tile Assembly system that can simulate it. Finally, we connect our result with a recent discovery showing that Tile Automata can simulate Amoebot programmable matter systems, thus showing that the Signal-passing Tile Assembly can simulate any Amoebot system.
New evidence on learning trajectories in a low-income setting.

Abstract Using a unique longitudinal dataset collected from primary school students in Pakistan, we document four new facts about learning in low-income countries. First, children’s test scores increase by 1.19 SD between Grades 3 and 6. Second, going to school is associated with greater learning. Children who dropout have the same test score gains prior to dropping out as those who do not but experience no improvements after dropping out. Third, there is significant variation in test score gains across students, but test scores converge over the primary schooling years. Students with initially low test scores gain more than those with initially high scores, even after accounting for mean reversion. Fourth, conditional on past test scores, household characteristics explain little of the variation in learning. In order to reconcile our findings with the literature, we introduce the concept of “fragile learning,” where progression may be followed by stagnation or reversals. We discuss the implications of these results for several ongoing debates in the literature on education from Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs).
Yeast volatiles double starvation survival in Drosophila .

Organisms make decisions based on the information they gather from their environment, the effects of which affect their fitness. Understanding how these interactions affect physiology may generate interventions that improve the length and quality of life. Here, we provide evidence that exposure to live yeast volatiles during starvation significantly extends survival, increases activity, and slows the rate of triacylglyceride (TAG) decline independent of canonical sensory perception. We demonstrate that ethanol (EtOH) is one of the active components in yeast volatiles that influences these phenotypes and that EtOH metabolites mediate dynamic mechanisms to promote Drosophila survival. Silencing R4d neurons reverses the ability of high EtOH concentrations to promote starvation survival, and their activation promotes EtOH metabolism. The transcription factor foxo promotes EtOH resistance, likely by protection from EtOH toxicity. Our results suggest that food-related cues recruit neural circuits and modulate stress signaling pathways to promote survival during starvation.
A Bayesian test for seasonality in medical data

In medical research, the results from seasonality analyses provide valuable information that eventually can help to clarify the etiology of poorly understood diseases. We present a Bayesian procedu...
Statistical Delay and Error-Rate Bounded QoS Provisioning for SWIPT Over CF M-MIMO 6G Mobile Wireless Networks Using FBC

As a new and dominating type of time-sensitive traffic over 6G wireless networks, massive ultra-reliable and low latency communications (mURLLC) has attracted considerable research attention, while raising several new challenges, including massive connectivity, ultra-low latency, super-reliability, and high energy efficiency. Several promising 6G enablers, including statistical delay and error-rate bounded quality-of-service (QoS) provisioning, cell-free (CF) massive multi-input multi-output (m-MIMO), simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT), etc., have been developed to support mURLLC. Specifically, CF m-MIMO can significantly enhance QoS performance of SWIPT by boosting data rate and energy efficiency. On the other hand, finite blocklength coding (FBC) has been proposed to support various massive access techniques while reducing access latency and guaranteeing stringent QoS. However, how to efficiently integrate SWIPT with CF m-MIMO using FBC for statistical delay and error-rate bounded QoS to support mURLLC has posed many new challenges not encountered before. To overcome these difficulties, in this paper we develop FBC based statistical delay and error-rate bounded QoS provisioning schemes over SWIPT-enabled CF m-MIMO 6G wireless networks. First, we establish SWIPT-enabled CF m-MIMO system models using FBC. Then, we optimize the tradeoffs between $\epsilon$ -effective capacity and harvested energy for our proposed statistical QoS provisioning. Finally, our simulated results validate and evaluate our developed schemes.
Energetic Variation with the Anderson Hamiltonian

We study the variation problem associated with the Anderson Hamiltonian in 2-dimensional torus in the paracontrolled distribution framework. We obtain the existence of minimizers by the direct method in the calculus of variations, and show that the Euler-Lagrange equation of the energy functional is an elliptic singular stochastic partial differential equation with the Anderson Hamiltonian. We also establish the L^2 estimates and Schauder estimates for the minimizer as weak solution of the elliptic singular stochastic partial differential equation.
Impedance Minimization Travel Choice Process

A general theory of the mode choice-travel demand process is given. The concept of mode choice may be broadened to one of travel choice wherein a traveler’s choice of mode, destination, route and whether or not to travel may be simultaneously treated. A series of utility curves is developed to illustrate this process and to indicate the effects of transportation variables and the travelers value system upon his choices. A model based upon this structure is described which deals with any number of modes. The effects of certain parameters on the model are also described.
Effect of Potassium Chloride on the Uptake and Storage of Phosphate by Saccharomyces mellis

The inorganic and polyphosphate pools of Saccharomyces mellis, grown in a medium containing excess phosphate, remain associated with the cells when the cells are suspended in a saline medium. If the cells are incubated in a medium containing 2 m KCl, the cells are altered in some manner which permits most of the orthophosphate and approximately one-third of the polyphosphate to be subsequently eluted by osmotic shock. At lower salt concentrations, β-mercaptoethanol enhances this salt effect but is inactive by itself in this respect. At equivalent ionic strengths, the sodium salt of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid behaves exactly like KCl or any other monovalent ionic compound in altering the cell to susceptibility to osmotic shock. No special effect of this anion at either high or low concentration could be detected. Resting cells are refractory to being altered in this manner by salts if an energy source, such as glucose, is included in the reaction mixture. Cells which are depleted of phosphate reserves will immediately incorporate phosphate when suspended in a medium containing inorganic phosphate and an energy source. These cells exhibit the phenomenon of “uberkompensation.” In resting cells, the inclusion of KCl in the reaction mixture prevents the conversion of orthophosphate into polyphosphate and, also, gradually decreases the ability of the organism even to assimilate orthophosphate. This effect is reversible, however, since the cells will incorporate phosphate in a normal manner if the cells are transferred to a non-salinized medium, or if a nitrogen source is included in the salinized reaction mixture so that the cells are now in a medium adequate for growth.
Current and future applications of the capsule camera.

Scientific advances in areas such as nanotechnology and gene therapy promise to revolutionize the way we discover and develop drugs, as well as how we diagnose and treat disease. The 'camera in a pill' is one recent development that is generating considerable interest. Until recently, only the proximal (oesophagus, stomach and duodenum) and the distal (colon) portions of the gastrointestinal tract were easily visible using available technology. The twenty feet or so of small intestine in between these two portions was essentially unreachable. This hurdle might soon be overcome.
A plant-based multicomponent vaccine protects mice from enteric diseases

Cholera toxin (CT) B and A2 subunit complementary DNAs (cDNAs) were fused to a rotavirus enterotoxin and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli fimbrial antigen genes and transferred into potato. Immunoblot and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) results indicated that the fusion antigens were synthesized in transformed tuber tissues and assembled into cholera holotoxin-like structures that retained enterocyte-binding affinity. Orally immunized mice generated detectable levels of serum and intestinal antibodies against the pathogen antigens. Elevated levels of interleukin 2 (IL2) and interferon gamma (INFgamma) detected in immunogen-challenged spleen cells from the immunized mice indicated the presence of a strong Th1 immune response to the three plant-synthesized antigens. This result was supported by flow cytometry analysis of immunized mouse spleen cells that showed a significant increase in CD4+ lymphocyte numbers. Diarrhea symptoms were reduced in severity and duration in passively immunized mouse neonates following rotavirus challenge. The results suggest that food plants can function as vaccines for simultaneous protection against infectious virus and bacterial diseases.
Regulation of the Warburg Effect in Early-Passage Breast Cancer Cells

Malignancy in cancer is associated with aerobic glycolysis (Warburg effect) evidenced by increased trapping of [18F]deoxyglucose (FdG) in patients imaged by positron emission tomography (PET). [18F]deoxyglucose uptake correlates with glucose transporter (GLUT-1) expression, which can be regulated by hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1α). We have previously reported in established breast lines that HIF-1α levels in the presence of oxygen leads to the Warburg effect. However, glycolysis and GLUT-1 can also be induced independent of HIF-1α by other factors, such as c-Myc and phosphorylated Akt (pAkt). This study investigates HIF-1α, c-Myc, pAkt, and aerobic glycolysis in low-passage breast cancer cells under the assumption that these represent the in vivo condition better than established lines. Similar to in vivo FdG-PET or primary breast cancers, rates of glycolysis were diverse, being higher in cells expressing both c-Myc and HIF-1α and lower in cell lines low or negative in both transcription factors. No correlations were observed between glycolytic rates and pAkt levels. Two of 12 cell lines formed xenografts in mice. Both were positive for HIF-1α and phosphorylated c-Myc, and only one was positive for pAkt. Glycolysis was affected by pharmacological regulation of c-Myc and HIF-1α. These findings suggest that c-Myc and/or HIF-1α activities are both involved in the regulation of glycolysis in breast cancers.
A Review of “The Urban and Regional Planning Reader”

Educators unfamiliar with Routledge's Urban Reader series will find The Urban and Regional Planning Reader to be a refreshing collection for introductory planning classes. Birch's reader goes beyon...
Relationship of Methyl Sulfide and Flavor Score of Milk

Abstract Methyl sulfide (Me 2 S) concentrations and organoleptic analyses of milk from poloxalene-treated and untreated cows fed bromegrass or rye pasture or freshly cut alfalfa were compared. These results were compared with those of the same analyses on composite samples from the University herd during the bromegrass and rye trials and those from two cows fed hay and grain during the alfalfa trial. Me 2 S levels in milk from both treated and untreated cows on bromegrass or rye pasture, as determined by gas-liquid chromatography, were less than 12 ppb. Milk produced from treated and untreated cows fed freshly cut alfalfa contained 36 and 31 ppb, respectively. Milk from the University herd during the bromegrass and rye trials had less than 11 ppb and from two cows fed hay and grain during the alfalfa trial, 11 ppb Me 2 S. Only milk produced on freshly cut alfalfa had above-flavor-threshold levels of 19 ppb. Negative correlations were found between flavor scores and Me 2 S concentrations. Processing in a commercial vacuum pasteurizer removed 9.5% of the Me 2 S and half of the acetone from milk, but alcohol concentrations were not affected. Laboratory pasteurization did not affect concentrations of volatile constituents of the milk.
Design of linear adaptive controller for nonlinear systems

An adaptive controller is designed using disturbance accommodating control (DAC) theory. A basic comparison between this controller and an adaptive controller designed using a technique known as parametric pure feedback linearization is performed. The controller designed using parametric pure feedback linearization; requires that the nonlinear system be transformed into parametric pure feedback form. An adaptive controller designed using DAC theory is generally applicable to a broad class of nonlinear systems. Therefore it is simple to design; since it does not require feedback linearization; also it does not require transformation of the nonlinear system into any other form. DAC based linear adaptive controllers automatically compensate for uncertain plant-parameter perturbations as well as uncertain external input disturbances. It is also capable of accommodating modeling errors. The DAC based controller is entirely linear in structure, which makes it attractive from the analysis and implementation point of view.
Solution and solid-state properties of highly fluorescent dithieno[3,2-b:2′,3′-d]pyrrole-based oligothiophenes

Dithieno[3,2-b:2′,3′-d]pyrrole-based terthiophene and quaterthiophene analogues have been prepared from N-functionalized dithieno[3,2-b:2′,3′-d]pyrroles (DTPs) via Stille coupling. In order to thoroughly study the structure–function property relationships within these DTP-based oligothiophenes, an oligomer series was prepared that allows for the investigation of a number of structural effects including chain length, thiophene functionalization, and pyrrole N-functionalization. As pyrrole N-functionalization allows the incorporation of solubilizing side chains without the unwanted steric interactions that typically reduce backbone planarity, the effect of the bulk of these side chains on the optical properties in both solution and the solid state has been carefully investigated. The DTP-based quaterthiophene, N-tert-butyl-2,6-bis(2′-thienyl)dithieno[3,2-b:2′,3′-d]pyrrole was characterized via X-ray crystallography and was found to crystallize in the monoclinic space group P21/c with a = 17.489(4) A, b = 7.8855(16) A, c = 14.540(3) A, β = 108.37(3)°, and Z = 4. The effect of side chains on the solid-state packing of the DTP-based quaterthiophenes was further investigated through X-ray diffraction of solution processed thin films. In comparison to the parent oligothiophenes, the resulting DTP-based systems exhibit enhanced fluorescence efficiencies in solution (up to 66%) and measurable solid-state emission from thin films.
Tree kangaroo molecular systematics based on partial cytochrome b sequences: are Matschie's tree kangaroo (Dendrolagus matschiei) and Goodfellow's tree kangaroo (D. goodfellowi buergersi) sister taxa?

New Guinea tree kangaroos (Dendrolagus spp.) are unique arboreal macropodid marsupials mainly listed as critically endangered or endangered. The molecular systematics of Dendrolagus has not been fully resolved and is critical for the accurate identification of species and their evolutionary relationships. Matschie’s tree kangaroo (D. matschiei) and Goodfellow’s tree kangaroo (D. goodfellowi buergersi) share numerous morphological, physiological, and behavioural traits. We analysed the partial mitochondrial DNA cytochrome b gene for D. matschiei (n = 67), D. g. buergersi (n = 8), D. goodfellowi unidentified ssp. (n = 8), golden-mantled tree kangaroo (D. g. pulcherrimus; n = 1), and two additional New Guinea Dendrolagus taxa to determine whether D. matschiei and D. g. buergersi are sister taxa. D. matschiei and D. g. buergersi were not placed as sister taxa in our phylogenetic analyses; however, we were unable to analyse a known sample from a D. g. goodfellowi. We found initial genetic evidence that D. matschiei and the Lowland tree kangaroo (D. spadix) are sister taxa – they may have diverged after the formation of the Huon Peninsula of Papua New Guinea. Our results also support the elevation of D. g. pulcherrimus to a full species. An improved understanding of Dendrolagus molecular systematics will contribute substantially to their conservation.
Dietary Supplementation of Vitamin E to Feedlot Cattle Affects Beef Retail Display Properties

Beef products from carcasses (n = 20) of cattle fed supplemental vitamin E and beef products from commodity carcasses (n = 20), used as controls, were compared to determine effects of increased vitamin E tissue levels on display appearance of fresh beef held in supermarket and simulated retail conditions. Meat from cattle fed supplemental vitamin E contained higher levels of α-tocopherol (P < 0.05) and, over time, exhibited less lipid oxidation, brighter lean color and lower discoloration. Monitoring supermarkets for discounted retail meats showed increased levels of α-tocopherol in beef extended caselife and decreased the incidence of discounted beef products.
Study of Pressure-Impulse Diagrams for Reinforced Concrete Columns Using Finite Element Analysis:

The failure of reinforced concrete columns when subjected to blast events can be catastrophic to the building as a whole. The choice of the type of lateral confinement may influence the response of columns subjected to blast load much more when compared to the application of traditional loads. The objective of the research reported in this paper is to study the non-linear response of a typical reinforced concrete column with four types of lateral reinforcement subjected to uniform blast loading, using finite element (FE) and single degree of freedom (SDOF) methods. An advanced FE modeling tool, LS-DYNA and a widely used SDOF analysis tool - SBEDS - are used for this purpose.Pressure-Impulse (PI) diagrams for different levels of protection (LOP) are developed using both the methods. The mid height displacement is used to represent the levels of protection. A parametric analysis is used to develop PI diagrams in order to study the effect of confinement on the reduction of displacement at impulsive, dynamic,...
Economics of Northern Bobwhite and Timber Management in the Southeastern United States

Populations of northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) have declined significantly over the past 50 years, and the primary factor contributing to this decline has been the loss of habitat. Forest landowners who are concerned with providing bobwhite habitat as well as generating revenue from timber should balance the silvicultural requirements of timber production with the biological needs of the bobwhite. The goal of this study was to determine the economic tradeoffs between bobwhite and timber management and how to minimize loss or maximize profit when managing for bobwhite and timber simultaneously. I performed discounted cash flow analyses, calculated land expectation value, and determined the financially optimal rotation age and optimal timing and intensity of thinnings for loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) plantations under specific management objectives. My results show that the annual per-hectare economic gains of managing for both bobwhite and timber ranged from US$19.27 to $41.37 on site index 50 land, and ranged from $32.63 to $50.02 on site index 90 land. My analysis indicates that bobwhite management provides an investment opportunity to landowners whose low-productivity sites would be unprofitable if timber is the only product. My study provides an example of integrating multiple uses of goods and services in a way that maximizes economic returns and aids land managers in producing better habitat for bobwhite.
Extinction risks of Amazonian plant species

Estimates of the number, and preferably the identity, of species that will be threatened by land-use change and habitat loss are an invaluable tool for setting conservation priorities. Here, we use collections data and ecoregion maps to generate spatially explicit distributions for more than 40,000 vascular plant species from the Amazon basin (representing more than 80% of the estimated Amazonian plant diversity). Using the distribution maps, we then estimate the rates of habitat loss and associated extinction probabilities due to land-use changes as modeled under 2 disturbance scenarios. We predict that by 2050, human land-use practices will have reduced the habitat available to Amazonian plant species by ≈12–24%, resulting in 5–9% of species becoming “committed to extinction,” significantly fewer than other recent estimates. Contrary to previous studies, we find that the primary determinant of habitat loss and extinction risk is not the size of a species' range, but rather its location. The resulting extinction risk estimates are a valuable conservation tool because they indicate not only the total percentage of Amazonian plant species threatened with extinction but also the degree to which individual species and habitats will be affected by current and future land-use changes.
Using artificial bat sonar neural networks for complex pattern recognition: Recognizing faces and the speed of a moving target

Two sets of studies examined the viability of using bat-like sonar input for artificial neural networks in complex pattern recognition tasks. In the first set of studies, a sonar neural network was required to perform two face recognition tasks. In the first task, the network was trained to recognize different faces regardless of facial expressions. Following training, the network was tested on its ability to generalize and correctly recognize faces using echoes of novel facial expressions that were not included in the training set. The neural network was able to recognize novel echoes of faces almost perfectly (above 96% accuracy) when it was required to recognize up to five faces. In the second face recognition task, a sonar neural network was trained to recognize the sex of 16 faces (eight males and eight females). After training, the network was able to correctly recognize novel echoes of those faces as `male' or as `female' faces with accuracy levels of 88%. However, the network was not able to recognize novel faces as `male' or `female' faces. In the second set of studies, a sonar neural network was required to learn to recognize the speed of a target that was moving towards the viewer. During training, the target was presented in a variety of orientations, and the network's performance was evaluated when the target was presented in novel orientations that were not included in the training set. The different orientations dramatically affected the amplitude and the frequency composition of the echoes. The neural network was able to learn and recognize the speed of a moving target, and to generalize to new orientations of the target. However, the network was not able to generalize to new speeds that were not included in the training set. The potential and limitations of using bat-like sonar as input for artifical neural networks are discussed.
Analysis of the Earth Surface Subsidence Caused By the Dewatering of Shenyang Subway in China

Abstract: During excavation in deep foundation pit, the deformation of soil and earth surface caused by engineering dewatering is an important factor to affect engineering safety. In this paper, according to the data provided by the detailed survey report of route 1 subway in Shenyang, the subsidence laws of the ground and around buildings caused by the dewatering of route 1 subwaywere analyzed by using Coupling System of Flow & Solid in FLAC-3D which is based on poroelasticity theory and consolidation theory, and preliminary results were obtained.
Near-optimal solutions to one-dimensional cutting stock problems

Abstract This paper describes a set of heuristic procedures for efficiently generating good solutions to one-dimensional cutting stock problems in which (i) there are multiple stock lengths with constraints on their availability, (ii) it is desirable to cut the trim into as few pieces as possible and (iii) it is difficult because of the problem's structure, to round fractional, LP solutions to good feasible cutting plans. The point of departure for the procedures is the column generation technique of Gilmore and Gomory. The computational experience reported here suggests that the heuristics are both effective and efficient.
On the Class Number of the Field Omega(e/p) and the Second Case of Fermat's Last Theorem.

In the July 1919 number of the Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society, page 458, I gave an expression for the residue of the first factor of the class number of the field defined by e2ir/p, p being prime, with respect to the modulus pa, in terms of Bernoulli numbers. In'the present paper an analogous expression for the residue of the first factor of the class number of Q(e2i-/P") modulo p, will be obtained and the result used to show that certain results due to Bernstein' on Fermat's last theorem do not have the generality stated by him.. In view of the criticisms on Kummer's 1857 memoir on the last theorem which I have given elsewhere2 it is then pointed out that up to the present time no rigorous proof of the theorem for the exponents 59 and 67 has been given. Westlund3 reduced the first factor of the class number of Q2(e2iw/pn), if n> , to the form
Segregation at the surface of an Au/Pd alloy exposed to CO

Abstract We use density functional theory (DFT) with the generalized gradient approximation (GGA) and the revised Perdew–Burke–Ernzerhoff (rPBE) functional, to study the surface composition of the (1 1 1) and (1 0 0) dilute Pd/Au alloy. We find that the energy of Pd atoms is lower when they substitute an Au atom in the bulk than when they substitute an Au atom in the surface layer, or when they are adsorbed on the surface. Whether they are in the surface layer or in the bulk, the Pd atoms interact very weakly with each other. CO adsorbs on the Pd atom in the surface layer and the energy of this complex is lower than that of CO in gas and Pd atom in the bulk. The interaction between the PdCO complexes formed when CO adsorbs on a Pd atom imbedded in the surface layer, is also negligible. We use these energies, equilibrium thermodynamics, and a simple lattice–gas model to examine the equilibrium composition of the surface layer, as a function of temperature, CO pressure and the Pd/Au ratio. We find that the surface Pd concentration for a nanoparticle of an Au/Pd alloy differs from that in a bulk sample. The difference is due mainly to the fact that in a nanoparticle the migration of Pd atoms to the surface depletes the bulk concentration while in a large sample; the bulk provides an infinite source of Pd atoms to populate the surface sites. This system is of interest because Pd/Au alloys are selective catalysts for vinyl acetate synthesis when the Pd concentration on the surface is very low.
Localization of the 'sugar pump' in the intestinal epithelium.

GLUCOSE is actively transported across the intestinal epithelium from the lumen of the gut into the blood in vivo or into the fluid surrounding the serosal mesothelium in vitro. Because part of the glucose is metabolized during transport, it is not possible to determine the concentration of the unaltered sugar in the various layers of the intestine. However, 3-O-methylglucose, though transported by the same mechanism which acts on glucose1, is not metabolized in animal tissue2,3. The synthesis of 3-O-14CH3-glucose in this laboratory3 offered a method of following with reasonable accuracy the route of this sugar during transport.
Imaging the aqueous humor outflow pathway in human eyes by three-dimensional micro-computed tomography (3D micro-CT).

Abstract The site of outflow resistance leading to elevated intraocular pressure in primary open-angle glaucoma is believed to be located in the region of Schlemm’s canal inner wall endothelium, its basement membrane and the adjacent juxtacanalicular tissue. Evidence also suggests collector channels and intrascleral vessels may have a role in intraocular pressure in both normal and glaucoma eyes. Traditional imaging modalities limit the ability to view both proximal and distal portions of the trabecular outflow pathway as a single unit. In this study, we examined the effectiveness of three-dimensional micro-computed tomography (3D micro-CT) as a potential method to view the trabecular outflow pathway. Two normal human eyes were used: one immersion fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde and one with anterior chamber perfusion at 10 mmHg followed by perfusion fixation in 4% paraformaldehyde/2% glutaraldehyde. Both eyes were postfixed in 1% osmium tetroxide and scanned with 3D micro-CT at 2 μm or 5 μm voxel resolution. In the immersion fixed eye, 24 collector channels were identified with an average orifice size of 27.5 ± 5 μm. In comparison, the perfusion fixed eye had 29 collector channels with a mean orifice size of 40.5 ± 13 μm. Collector channels were not evenly dispersed around the circumference of the eye. There was no significant difference in the length of Schlemm’s canal in the immersed versus the perfused eye (33.2 versus 35.1 mm). Structures, locations and size measurements identified by 3D micro-CT were confirmed by correlative light microscopy. These findings confirm 3D micro-CT can be used effectively for the non-invasive examination of the trabecular meshwork, Schlemm’s canal, collector channels and intrascleral vasculature that comprise the distal outflow pathway. This imaging modality will be useful for non-invasive study of the role of the trabecular outflow pathway as a whole unit.
Auxiliary Selection in the Present Perfect by L2 Students of German

Previous research in the field of auxiliary verb selection in the present perfect tense has focused primarily on the Romance languages (cf. Burzio, Lois, Cortes, Centineo, Posner), Dutch (cf. Lieber and Baayen, Hoekstra and Mulder, Shannon), German (Shannon, Klein) and older Germanic languages (Shannon). These studies describe the syntax and semantics of auxiliary selection for L1 speakers within a range of theoretical frameworks. With respect to L2 speakers, there are only two studies that address the issue of auxiliary selection. Sorace investigates the acquisition of choosing the correct auxiliary in L2 learners of Italian. This study assumes, as Sorace does, that auxiliary selection is a gradient phenomenon and investigates the factors that affect auxiliary selection for L2 speakers of German as well as their decision-making strategies. Auxiliary selection in German is sensitive to the degree of transitivity of a clause (cf. Shannon, Eisenberg; Zifonun, Hoffmann and Strecker, Klein). The parameters of transitivity consist of two or more participants, aspect, punctuality, volitionality, affirmation, mode, agency, affectedness of the object and the individuation of the object (Hopper and Thompson, Rice, Shannon). A common example of this is fahren [drive], which takes its auxiliary depending on presence of a direct object or other parameters of transitivity. This paper will address auxiliary selection in four groups of L2 students of German.
Vibration-rotation-translation energy transfer in HF-HF and DF-DF

Abstract The vibrational relaxation times of HF and DF have been calculated on the basis of the vibration-rotation-translation energy transfer theory over the temperature range from 400 to 4000°K. Up to about 2500°K, DF molecules always relax slowly compared to HF, but at still higher temperatures they relax faster. This alternation in the isotope effect is due to the increased efficiency of the translational motion in removing the vibrational energy at elevated temperatures in DF-DF. In HF-HF: the maximum value of the relaxation time at 1 atm appears at ≈800°K, and in DF-DF it occurs at ≈700°K. The appearance of the maximum values is due to the dipole-dipole attraction. The calculated values are in reasonable agreement with experiment.
Leed study of Fe epitaxially grown at 190°C on Cu(100)

Abstract We report a LEED study of iron deposited on Cu(100) at 190°C. Very sharp LEED patterns were obtained for high iron coverages. We observed evidence of an ill defined Fe/Cu interface for one monolayer of iron deposited at 190°C. The stability of the iron overlayers was tested as a function of time for various coverages. For one monolayer the intensity versus energy curve for the (00) beam shows time dependence at 190°C. For four layers, no significant changes were observed in the LEED spectra over a period of one hour. We measured for five layers of iron a top layer expansion of 2.8% relative to the bulk. The interplanar spacing for bulk fcc Fe at 190°C remains equal to the room value. In these experiments the samples were deposited at 190°C and kept at this temperature during the LEED measurements.
Solid-State 15N NMR Studies of Tobacco Leaves

Nitrogen-containing compounds are one important class of constituents in tobacco because of various pharmacological and biological properties. Three types of tobacco leaves (burley, bright, and oriental) were studied using solid-state (15)N NMR cross polarization with magic-angle spinning, dipolar dephasing and five pi replicated magic angle turning (FIREMAT) experiments. The results show that burley tobacco leaves contain significantly more pyridinic nitrogen than that of bright or oriental tobacco leaves. The principal values of (15)N chemical shift tensors of nitrogen functional groups were obtained from the FIREMAT data. Possible assignments of solid-state (15)N NMR resonances were made using nitrogen chemical shift tensors in some model compounds or isotropic chemical shift values from liquid NMR results. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first solid-state (15)N NMR study of tobacco plant material.
The complications of cardioembolic stroke: lessons from the VISTA database

Background: Cardioembolic stroke (CES) accounts for 20–30% of ischemic strokes. We attempted to describe the complications of CES. Methods: We analyzed a cohort o
Effect of visual background on saccade adaptation in monkeys

The brain maintains saccade accuracy by modifying saccades that are consistently inaccurate (e.g. hypermetric). To determine whether this adaptation is influenced by the visual background we used several different target and background movements to elicit changes in saccade gain. In almost all cases, the target spot drove gain changes. The background had no effect on, or slightly reduced, adaptation. We conclude that the saccade adaptation mechanism is driven almost entirely by stimuli on or near the fovea and is affected very little by visual stimuli falling more peripherally.
An efficacy and cost-effectiveness analysis of combination hepatitis B immune globulin and lamivudine to prevent recurrent hepatitis B after orthotopic liver transplantation compared with hepatitis B immune globulin monotherapy

Orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) for hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection was limited until recently by poor graft and patient outcomes caused by recurrent HBV. Long-term immunoprophylaxis with hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) dramatically improved post-OLT survival, but recurrent HBV still occurred in up to 36% of the recipients. More recently, combination HBIG and lamivudine has been shown to effectively prevent HBV recurrence in patients post-OLT. The aim of the current study is to determine long-term outcome and cost-effectiveness of using combination HBIG and lamivudine compared with HBIG monotherapy in patients who undergo OLT for HBV. A retrospective chart review identified 59 patients administered combination HBIG and lamivudine and 12 patients administered HBIG monotherapy as primary prophylaxis against recurrent HBV. Lamivudine, 150 mg/d, was administered orally indefinitely. HBIG was administered under a standard protocol (10,000 IU intravenously during the anhepatic phase, then 10,000 IU/d intravenously for 7 days, then 10,000 IU intravenously monthly) indefinitely. A decision-analysis model was developed to evaluate the potential economic impact of prophylaxis against HBV with combination therapy compared with monotherapy. Recurrent HBV was defined as the reappearance of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) after its initial disappearance post-OLT. In the combination-therapy group, no patient redeveloped serum HBsAg or HBV DNA during mean follow-ups of 459 and 416 days, respectively. In the monotherapy group, 3 patients (25%) had reappearance of HBsAg in serum during a mean follow-up of 663 days. Combination therapy resulted in a dominant, cost-effective strategy with an average cost-effectiveness ratio of $252,111/recurrence prevented compared with $362,570/recurrence prevented in the monotherapy strategy. Combination prophylaxis with HBIG and lamivudine is highly effective in preventing recurrent HBV, may protect against the emergence of resistant mutants, and is significantly more cost-effective than HBIG monotherapy with its associated rate of recurrent HBV.
Satellite climatology of cloud liquid water path over the Southeast Pacific between 2002 and 2009

Abstract. Spatial and temporal variability of liquid water path (LWP) over the southeast Pacific is described using LWP observations made by four satellite microwave radiometers (Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer on EOS-Aqua (AMSR-E), Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Microwave Imager (TMI), and the Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) F13 and F15 satellites) for the 7-yr period June 2002–May 2009. This study quantifies seasonal and interannual variability of the LWP and LWP diurnal and semi-diurnal cycles at 30-day intervals during the 7-yr analysis period. The LWP field shows considerable spatial and seasonal variability throughout the southeast Pacific, particularly associated with the southern branch of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (SITCZ) and the Southeast Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ). Two distinct annual cycles of LWP are apparent, both of which peak during the austral autumn. One is associated with an active phase of the SITCZ, while the other is associated with increased LWP in the SITCZ, SPCZ, and near coastal zones, and decreased LWP elsewhere. Consistent with previous observations, the LWP diurnal cycle peaks during the early morning and has the largest amplitude in a broad region near 85° W, 20° S. The amplitude of the LWP diurnal cycle exhibits a strong annual cycle which peaks during the austral summer. A secondary annual cycle in the LWP diurnal cycle amplitude peaks during the austral autumn south of 20° S and is a minimum within a zonal band between 8° S and 20° S. Finally, although this satellite combination barely resolves semi-diurnal LWP variability, it is shown that a statistically significant semi-diurnal cycle of LWP occurs off Peru and northern Chile, consistent with previous analyses. The amplitude of the LWP semidiurnal cycle tends to peak during the austral spring.
The Burmese approach to development: Economic growth without democratization

Abstract The study seeks to analyse and evaluate the Burmese approach to development that priortizes economic growth over democratization. This approach presumes that socio-political stability and discipline must be established first by the strong state to achieve economic growth at whatever human cost. The study shows that more than three decades of stability and discipline maintained by force in Burma by the consecutive military regimes have not generated economic growth for the people. The main argument of the study is that the macroeconomic policies and liberalization measures of the present Burmese military regime were ostantatious and ineffective due to the fact that they were undertaken with the primary objective of enlarging the economic base of power to sustain its illegitimate rule. The conclusion of the study is that the Burmese case fails to establish that the use of economic growth as an overriding goal over democracy is a precondition of economic growth. ( JEL : 047, 053, C32)