cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Review of the Hatchery Programs for Pink Salmon in Prince William Sound and Kodiak Island, Alaska

Abstract Five hatcheries in Prince William Sound, Alaska, release more than 500 million juvenile pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha each year, constituting one of the largest salmon hatchery programs in the world. Before the program was initiated in 1974, pink salmon catches were very low, averaging 3 million fish per year between 1951 and 1979. Since 1980 the catch has averaged more than 20 million fish per year. However, catches in three other areas in Alaska with substantial fisheries for pink salmon (southeast Alaska, Kodiak Island, and the southern Alaska Peninsula) also increased equivalently during the same period, and the hatchery production did not become the dominant factor in Prince William Sound until the mid-1980s, long after the wild population had expanded. A hatchery program in the Kodiak area provides useful contrast to the Prince William Sound program because it is smaller and more isolated from the major wild-stock-producing areas of Kodiak Island. The evidence suggests that the hatcher...
Automatic generation of assertions from system level design using data mining

System level modeling is widely employed at early stages of system development for simplifying design verification and architectural exploration. Assertion based verification has become a well established part of RTL verification methodology. In the traditional assertion based verification flow, assertions are manually written. In this paper, we generate assertions from system level designs using GoldMine, an automatic assertion generation engine that uses data mining and static analysis. Candidate assertions are mined in the form of frequent patterns in the simulation traces of the system level designs. We consider both cycle accurate and transaction level designs and develop a methodology for the mining of each. For cycle accurate designs, we use both a decision tree based supervised learning algorithms as well as a coverage guided association mining algorithm to search for correlations in the simulation trace. For transaction level designs, sequential pattern mining is applied to generate frequent sequences of function calls and events from traces. We also use a symbolic execution engine to generalize the parameters and return values of the functions to help the data miner find relevant behavior. We show that our technique generates meaningful assertions on both a cycle accurate RISC CPU design and a transaction level AMBA-based DMA controller.
Multi-frequency polarimetric SAR data analysis of ocean surface features

Fully polarimetric SAR data analysis has found wide application for terrain classification, land-use, soil moisture and ground cover classification. New methods and algorithms for extracting geophysical parameters from polarimetric data continue to be developed and tested. Many of these methods are designed for specific environments and/or a particular target-type. The authors present general techniques for analysis of polarimetric SAR data. They illustrate these techniques with SIR-C full polarimetric data at L- and C-band.
11.8GHz CMOS VCO With 62% Tuning Range Using Switched Coupled Inductors

A VCO uses coupled switched inductors to achieve a 61.9% tuning range centered at 11.75 GHz. The phase noise is measured to be -83 and -106 dBc/Hz at 100 kHz and 1 MHz offsets respectively. This 0.076 mm2 VCO is fabricated in a 90 nm standard digital CMOS process, uses 33% more area than a single-inductor VCO and consumes 7.7 mW from a 1.2 V supply.
Medical care cost of Medicare/Medicaid beneficiaries with vision loss.

Purpose: To assess the impact of vision loss on healthcare cost for patients with Medicaid and Medicare and whether these costs are adequately captured by Medicare hierarchical condition categories (HCC) risk adjustment methodology. Data Sources: The public use data set of the Program of All-Inclusive Care for the Elderly (PACE) for 1994–1998, and the Medicare 5% Sample datasets for 2003 and 2004. Methods: For the first analysis, up to five years of PACE data for each individual was used to calculate HCC scores (n = 3,459). For the second analysis, claim or encounter data from Medicare Fee-for-Service (FFS) and Medicare Advantage (MA) were used to estimate the cost for each beneficiary in the upcoming payment year (n = 2,108). Results: The increase in medical cost risk overall for visually impaired PACE participants was 10%, increasing to 13% for the non-institutionalized, community-based cohort, but PACE participants in nursing homes with vision loss did not generally result in increased costs. In the Me...
Immune modulation of innate immunity as alternatives-to-antibiotics strategies to mitigate the use of drugs in poultry production

Following is invited commentary on the symposium "A Crystal Ball Look into the Future of…" delivered July 16, 2011, at the Poultry Science Association's 100th annual meeting, St. Louis, Missouri. The symposium examined various aspects that will impact the future of poultry production over the next 10 to 20 yr. Topics included genetics, nutrition, incubation, and bird health. This paper deals with various aspects of future issues affecting global feeding and nutrition of poultry.
Quality and physiological responses of two late-season sweet cherry cultivars ‘Lapins’ and ‘Skeena’ to modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) during simulated long distance ocean shipping

A B S T R A C T The production and export of late season sweet cherry cultivars continues to increase in the US Pacific Northwest (PNW). Major postharvest quality deterioration during long distance ocean shipping include flavor loss, off-flavor development, skin darkening, pedicel browning, pitting, and decay. In this research, three modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) liners with varied gas permeability were evaluated for their effect on quality deterioration and physiological changes of ‘Lapins’ and ‘Skeena’ during a simulated transit of 6 weeks at 0 C. Results showed that MAP2 (O2 6.5–7.5%, CO2 8.0–10.0%) reduced ascorbic acid (AsA) loss and lipid peroxidation, maintained flavor by retarding titratable acid loss and bitter taste formation, and kept brighter color by retarding anthocyanin synthesis compared to the macro-perforated polyethylene liner after 4 and 6 weeks. In contrast, MAP1 (O212.0–13.5%, CO2 5.0–7.0%) had little benefit on maintaining fruit flavor and skin color. MAP3 (O2 0.5–1.5%, CO2 10%), on the other hand, showed greater benefits in most of the quality attributes; however, fruit exhibited anaerobic off-flavor from a significant accumulation of ethanol, especially in ‘Skeena’. All three MAP liners reduced pedicel browning and decay but did not affect pitting and splitting. In conclusion, only the MAP with the most appropriate gas permeability, which maintained O2 6.5–7.5% and CO2 8.0–10.0%, slowed down fruit senescence and maintained quality with respect to flavor and skin color of the late season sweet cherry cultivars after long distance ocean shipping.
Islet Cell Tumors of the Pancreas

Islet cell tumors of the pancreas, also known as pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors, constitute less than 5% of pancreatic tumors, and 7% of all neuroendocrine tumors. Most are non-functional, and patients often present with metastatic disease. Functional tumors present with distinct clinical syndromes. Accurate staging is critical as surgery is both the cornerstone of treatment, and the only hope for cure. Medical management involves treating the manifestations of hormonal excess, and using somatastatin analogues when appropriate. Systemic chemotherapy, targeted molecular therapy, and peptide receptor radiotherapy may be used for refractory disease in lieu of or as an adjunct to surgery.
The circadian timing system in ethanol consumption and dependence.

Abstract The use of alcohol is an important part of the daily lives of many individuals that may be experienced as a single nightly drink with a meal or a debilitating pattern of intoxication. The circadian timing system imposes a daily temporal order throughout the brain and body. Ethanol, with its complex and broad pharmacology, can thereby alter circadian physiology at multiple levels of organization. Here, we review data from animal models demonstrating that (a) perturbations of the circadian timing system are often, but not necessarily, reflected in altered drinking behaviors or ethanol response; (b) alcohol can act to alter the circadian entrainment and pacemaking functions of the suprachiasmatic nuclei; and (c) the temporal patterning of alcohol exposure and withdrawal in a circadian context can influence processes related to addiction development, particularly increased voluntary alcohol consumption and development of physical dependence as reflected in the physiological withdrawal reaction. New data are presented to show that the withdrawal reaction elicited after long-duration alcohol vapor sessions is significantly modulated according to the time of day that it is initiated. Further application of chronobiological principles to alcohol research should enhance mechanistic understanding and suggest potential therapeutic approaches.
Be fast, cheap and in control with SwitchKV

SwitchKV is a new key-value store system design that combines high-performance cache nodes with resource-constrained backend nodes to provide load balancing in the face of unpredictable workload skew. The cache nodes absorb the hottest queries so that no individual backend node is over-burdened. Compared with previous designs, SwitchKV exploits SDN techniques and deeply optimized switch hardware to enable efficient content-based routing. Programmable network switches keep track of cached keys and route requests to the appropriate nodes at line speed, based on keys encoded in packet headers. A new hybrid caching strategy keeps cache and switch forwarding rules updated with low overhead and ensures that system load is always well-balanced under rapidly changing workloads. Our evaluation results demonstrate that SwitchKV can achieve up to 5× throughput and 3× latency improvements over traditional system designs.
Candidate Gender and the Political Engagement of Women and Men

Does the presence of descriptive representation have symbolic consequences for women’s engagement in politics? Given mixed results from prior survey-based studies, I use experiments to investigate ...
Innervation of the male urinary bladder.

SUMMARY The innervation of the male detrusor muscle and urethra is a complex network of synaptic interactions between nuclear collections in the cerebral cortex, the brain stem, and the gray matter of the sacral spinal cord. The multiplicity of influences in this reflex emphasizes its vulnerability to disease processes.
Angioendotheliomatosis proliferans systemisata: an angiotropic neoplasm of lymphoid origin.

Abstract Angioendotheliomatosis proliferans systemisata (APS) is a rare disease entity characterized by intravascular proliferation of undifferentiated tumor cells and associated with complex vascular infolding, proliferation, and tortuosity. Most of the symptomatology results from the microinfarcts caused by clogging of the vessels. The most commonly affected sites are skin and central nervous system. In contrast to the earlier belief, there are distinct histopathologic differences between the so-called benign and malignant type, so that benign form should actually be excluded from the entity of APS. The majority of reported cases now appear to be of lymphoid cell origin, while few cases of other cancers have been reported to present as APS. The original concept of an endothelial origin of APS is in doubt, though a few cases of APS might prove to be endothelial in origin.
Towards a modular IoT network model: Low power radio domain use-case in linear-topology wireless sensor network

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a new paradigm that envisions ubiquitous connectivity. It provides new ways in which distributed systems can be imagined with devices communicating with each other and also with humans. The data provided by such a large, heterogeneous network can be leveraged to provide enhanced services to society and solve problems previously deemed impossible. Most devices in IoT are resource constrained hence their performance metrics like throughput, latency and energy requirements are critical design parameters. There needs to be an efficient way in which deployments of IoT can be quickly modelled and their metrics predicted for further tuning and optimization. Currently, most modelling approaches concentrate on homogeneous mesh-like networks. The approaches also tend to model the network as a single phenomenon which is seldom the scenario in an IoT deployment. In this work we utilize a linear chain-like topology of wireless sensors utilizing ContikiMAC as a use-case. We introduce a modular network modelling approach to predict the metrics of the network deployment which is typically seen in pipeline monitoring, water quality monitoring, on-board freight train status monitoring among other scenarios. The model predicts behavior of nodes in a linear chain-like topology utilizing ContikiMAC protocol for multi-hop communication with a sink node.
Reconstructive Options for Small Abdominal Wall Defects

Small fascial defects are an extremely common problem encountered by general surgeons. They are both spontaneous and iatrogenic in origin which impacts management. Small hernias also vary in location, commonly found in the umbilical and epigastric abdominal wall and at the site of previous incisions. The method of repair varies widely and includes: open approach, laparoscopic, primary closure, choice of mesh products, and methods of securing mesh and many other variables. This chapter will focus on addressing small fascial defects and specific techniques and indications for repair. Though recurrence is a major concern with all hernia repairs, preventing the conversion of small problem into a complex defect is critical.
Transition path theory analysis of c-Src kinase activation

Nonreceptor tyrosine kinases of the Src family are large multidomain allosteric proteins that are crucial to cellular signaling pathways. In a previous study, we generated a Markov state model (MSM) to simulate the activation of c-Src catalytic domain, used as a prototypical tyrosine kinase. The long-time kinetics of transition predicted by the MSM was in agreement with experimental observations. In the present study, we apply the framework of transition path theory (TPT) to the previously constructed MSM to characterize the main features of the activation pathway. The analysis indicates that the activating transition, in which the activation loop first opens up followed by an inward rotation of the αC-helix, takes place via a dense set of intermediate microstates distributed within a fairly broad “transition tube” in a multidimensional conformational subspace connecting the two end-point conformations. Multiple microstates with negligible equilibrium probabilities carry a large transition flux associated with the activating transition, which explains why extensive conformational sampling is necessary to accurately determine the kinetics of activation. Our results suggest that the combination of MSM with TPT provides an effective framework to represent conformational transitions in complex biomolecular systems.
Transcriptome sequencing of Mycosphaerella fijiensis during association with Musa acuminata reveals candidate pathogenicity genes

Mycosphaerella fijiensis, causative agent of the black Sigatoka disease of banana, is considered the most economically damaging banana disease. Despite its importance, the genetics of pathogenicity are poorly understood. Previous studies have characterized polyketide pathways with possible roles in pathogenicity. To identify additional candidate pathogenicity genes, we compared the transcriptome of this fungus during the necrotrophic phase of infection with that during saprophytic growth in medium. Transcriptome analysis was conducted, and the functions of differentially expressed genes were predicted by identifying conserved domains, Gene Ontology (GO) annotation and GO enrichment analysis, Carbohydrate-Active EnZymes (CAZy) annotation, and identification of genes encoding effector-like proteins. The analysis showed that genes commonly involved in secondary metabolism have higher expression in infected leaf tissue, including genes encoding cytochrome P450s, short-chain dehydrogenases, and oxidoreductases in the 2-oxoglutarate and Fe(II)-dependent oxygenase superfamily. Other pathogenicity-related genes with higher expression in infected leaf tissue include genes encoding salicylate hydroxylase-like proteins, hydrophobic surface binding proteins, CFEM domain-containing proteins, and genes encoding secreted cysteine-rich proteins characteristic of effectors. More genes encoding amino acid transporters, oligopeptide transporters, peptidases, proteases, proteinases, sugar transporters, and proteins containing Domain of Unknown Function (DUF) 3328 had higher expression in infected leaf tissue, while more genes encoding inhibitors of peptidases and proteinases had higher expression in medium. Sixteen gene clusters with higher expression in leaf tissue were identified including clusters for the synthesis of a non-ribosomal peptide. A cluster encoding a novel fusicoccane was also identified. Two putative dispensable scaffolds were identified with a large proportion of genes with higher expression in infected leaf tissue, suggesting that they may play a role in pathogenicity. For two other scaffolds, no transcripts were detected in either condition, and PCR assays support the hypothesis that at least one of these scaffolds corresponds to a dispensable chromosome that is not required for survival or pathogenicity. Our study revealed major changes in the transcriptome of Mycosphaerella fijiensis, when associating with its host compared to during saprophytic growth in medium. This analysis identified putative pathogenicity genes and also provides support for the existence of dispensable chromosomes in this fungus.
Long working distance OCT with a compact 2f retinal scanning configuration for pediatric imaging.

Young and/or autistic children cannot be imaged with tabletop or handheld optical coherence tomography (OCT) because of their lack of attention and fear of large objects close to their face. We demonstrate a prototype retinal swept-source OCT system with a long working distance (from the last optical element to the subject’s eye) to facilitate pediatric imaging. To reduce the number of optical elements and axial length compared to the traditional 4f telescope, we employ a compact 2f retinal scanning configuration and achieve a working distance of 350 mm with a 16° OCT field of view. We test our prototype system on pediatric and adult subjects.
Low power, long life design for smart intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) sensors

Long-term smart-sensing technologies are emerging as valuable solutions to the increasing need for persistent sensor-based surveillance, that deliver enhanced performance when sensor fields are employed with intelligence implemented at the sensor node. We have developed a baseline technology of movement and seismic detection for perimeter intrusion. The sensor technology system employs computational and signal analysis algorithms with a degree of low power operation, wireless communication, and incident-driven sensor awakening. Although the developed system is equipped with functions to achieve longer life, power-efficiency, load-sharing and rules-based functions to create a more mature security system, it is required to expand its power and lifetime capability through the use of analog CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor) VLSI (very large scale integrated circuits) processing units operating in the sub-threshold regime design technique at the front-end level where the power consumption is static. The proposed work helps alleviate maintenance costs and time of man power in patrolling the secure perimeter by increasing the life time of the sensors. The front-end consumes about 8nW of power and such ideas can be implemented in other devices where battery life is of crucial importance.
Language dominance and the perception of the Majorcan Catalan /ʎ/−/ʒ/ contrast: Asymmetrical phonological representations:

Purpose:Bilinguals tend to experience “difficulties” with contrasts specific to their nondominant language. This study investigates the discrimination of the /ʎ/-/ʒ/ contrast of Majorcan Catalan by two groups of Catalan–Spanish bilinguals differing in their linguistic experience, Catalan- versus Spanish-dominant.Methodology:Participants completed a categorical discrimination task to examine their perception of the following pairwise comparisons, relevant to assessing the perceptibility of the Majorcan Catalan /ʎ/-/ʒ/ contrast: [ʎ]-[ʒ], [ʎ]-[j], and [ʒ]-[j].Data:Data consisted of arcsine-transformed proportion-correct responses obtained by means of a categorical discrimination task using the odd-item-out AXB paradigm.Findings:The results indicate that Spanish-dominant bilinguals are less accurate than Catalan-dominant ones in terms of their discrimination of the sounds involved in the /ʎ/-/ʒ/ contrast. Catalan-dominant participants discriminate any pairs involving [ʒ] very accurately. Interestingly, howeve...
People and Design

Information technology design is by no means simple. Most real-world problems are not simple and they often have no correct solution. The challenges that everyday designers’ face is to handle trade-offs. It is the conscious choice among many alternatives each of which places constraints on utility and resources. As Mitch Kapor suggests above, a designer stands with one foot in the technology and one foot in the domain of human concerns, and these two worlds are not easily commensurable (Winograd 1996).
Gene expression analysis of a chitin-induced receptor like kinase using expression database

Receptor-like kinases family were involved in various biological process in plant. Chitin-induced receptor like kinase 1 (CRLK1) was previously reported to play a role in resistance to fungal pathogens. In this study, CRLK1 was shown to be induced by various elicitors derived from bacteria, fungi and plant cell wall fragments. CRLK1 was also induced by several pathogens including bacteria, fungi, oomycetes and insect. These findings indicate CRLK1 may function as an intermediate regulator in plant defense pathway.
Regularity and projective dimension of edge ideals

In this paper, we study the regularity and projective dimension of edge ideals. We provide two upper bounds for the regularity of edge ideals of vertex decomposable graphs in terms of the i...
A Short History of Modern Skin Surgery

The author, a dermatologist since 1935, offers historical perspectives of dermabrasion, chemosurgery, hair transplantation, cryosurgery, collagen injection, and dermatopathology and includes a look at the future of skin surgery.
Locally Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer in the Elderly: What Combination of Therapy Is Best?

Elderly patients (≥70 years) currently make up about one half of all lung cancer patients in the USA. The normal aging process combined most often with years of smoking leads to physiologic limitations which make aggressive multimodality therapy more challenging. Large modern studies which employed aggressive chemotherapy plus radiotherapy (RT) found that fit elderly patients experienced more myelosuppression and specific non-hematologic toxicities than younger individuals. Despite some degree of increased toxicity from combined modality therapy, it appeared that the fit elderly patients had similar disease control and survival rates as younger patients. Additionally, studies have shown that elderly patients had better survival with the more aggressive regimens of concurrent chemotherapy and radiotherapy rather than sequential therapy or RT alone. These findings suggest that fit elderly patients with locally advanced NSCLC should be encouraged to receive combined modality therapy. Recent clinical trials have been performed specifically for elderly patients. These studies should help clinicians optimize future treatment for the elderly. Research should focus on decreasing treatment toxicity in all patients but especially in the elderly. Treatment-related toxicity may be lessened with the use of newer radiation delivery techniques and novel targeted therapy. Additionally, more studies are needed for elderly patients and those with limited performance status who are grossly underrepresented in current clinical trials.
Selective Renal Angiography: Its Value in Renal Transplantation

SUMMARY To date angiography has been the most precise diagnostic modality for the evaluation of a transplanted kidney. In the immediate postoperative period angiography can clearly demonstrate the integrity of the vascular anastomoses, and in most cases helps to differentiate between acute tubular necrosis and acute rejection. It is also helpful in the evaluation of the transplant kidney later in the postoperative period, since it can provide some estimate of the vascular effects of chronic rejection and distinguish between hypertension secondary to chronic rejection or renal artery stenosis. Serial isotope techniques may play a more important role in the evaluation of the transplanted kidney in the future, but at present angiography is the diagnostic modality of choice at the Cleveland Clinic.
TETRADYMIA TOXICITY - A NEW LOOK AT AN OLD PROBLEM

I. ABSTRACT We have previously shown that Artemisia nova (black sagebrush) is a preconditioning plant that sheep must eat if photosensitization is to occur after they have ingested Tetradymia spp. Further study of the toxicity of these two plants to sheep revealed the plants to be highly synergistic in their action on sheep. Serum enzymes, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), in sheep were elevated 80- to 90-fold for SGOT and 3- to 10-fold for LDH in sheep that had consumed both plants, but they were not elevated in sheep that had eaten one or the other of the two plants. Furthermore, A. nova, a nutritious and valuable range plant, was lethal to sheep under some conditions when even moderate amounts were consumed in a 2- to 3-day period. Several laboratory-based experiments attempting to experimentally produce photosensitization in sheep by first feeding A. nova and then Tetradymia spp. were largely unsuccessful. Similar field experiments on range sheep that had been eating A. nova were highly successful; this result indicated that additional unknown factors or conditions must be present to consummate this toxic syndrome.
Pathogenic potential of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies

Although the close association between anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic auto-antibodies (ANCA) and various forms of systemic vasculitis is well documented1, there is no proof that ANCA are directly involved in the pathogenesis of vasculitis. Several of the presentations in this symposium will offer in vitro and in vivo experimental evidence that ANCA do have a pathogenic role, but a convincing animal model of ANCA-induced vasculitis has not yet been described.
Regulation of cAMP and cAMP dependent protein kinase during conidial germination and appressorium formation inColletotrichum trifolii

Abstract Colletotrichum trifoliiis the causal agent of alfalfa anthracnose. To investigate the involvement of cAMP/cAMP-dependent protein kinase pathway during conidial germination and appressorial differentiation, enzymatic levels of cAMP-dependent protein kinase were measured from conidia, germinating conidia, appressoria and mycelia. Highest levels of activity were found in germinating conidia, intermediate levels in conidia, and only basal levels of activity in appressoria and mycelia. Using a specific inhibitor of cAMP-dependent protein kinase, KT5720, both conidial germination and appressorial differentiation were impaired when conidia and germinating conidia were treated, respectively. Endogenous cAMP levels were also measured. Highest cAMP levels were found in conidia. Germinating conidia contained 70% less cAMP and the lowest level of cAMP was found in mycelia. Using a pharmacological approach, including 8-Br-cAMP, sodium fluoride and 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, all of which increase endogenous cAMP levels, we showed induction of appressorial differentiation on a non-inductive surface (1.5% water agar). These data strongly suggest that cAMP/cAMP-dependent protein kinase pathway plays a key role during morphogenesis ofC. trifolii.
LEAFMOD : A new within-leaf radiative transfer model

Abstract We describe the construction and verification of a within-leaf radiative transfer model called LEAFMOD (Leaf Experimental Absorptivity Feasibility MODel). In the model, the one-dimensional radiative transfer equation in a slab of leaf material with homogeneous optical properties is solved. When run in the forward mode, LEAFMOD generates an estimate of leaf reflectance and transmittance given the leaf thickness and optical characteristics of the leaf material (i.e., the absorption and scattering coefficients). In the inverse mode, LEAFMOD computes the total within-leaf absorption and scattering coefficient profiles from measured reflectance, transmittance, and leaf thickness. Inversions with simulated data demonstrate that the model appropriately decouples scattering and absorption within the leaf, producing fresh leaf absorption profiles with peaks at locations corresponding to the major absorption features for water and chlorophyll. Experiments with empirical input data demonstrate that the amplitude of the fresh leaf absorption coefficient profile in the visible wavebands is correlated with pigment concentrations as determined by wet chemical analyses, and that absorption features in the near-infrared wavebands related to various other biochemical constituents can be identified in a dry-leaf absorption profile.
Decision Models for Reverse Production System Design

Projections tell us that the growing levels of resource use in the industrialized world are not sustainable. In order for the current standards of material wealth to be maintained in the face of population growth, and the desire of many countries to enjoy similar standards, the resource usage levels must fall approximately 80-90% (Young and Sachs, 1994). This requires a radical rethinking of the industrial and social infrastructures that support this wealth.
Computations on Triangulated Surfaces

Triangulated surfaces provide a three-dimensional generalization of polygons in two dimensions. Surfaces are usually stored on computers in the form of triangulated surfaces, and these are the kinds of objects that must be handled in practical applications.
A Counter based ADC Non-linearity Measurement Circuit and Its Application to Reliability Testing

In this paper, we present a counter based measurement circuit for in-situ characterization of analog-to-digital converter (ADC) differential non-linearity (DNL) and integral non-linearity (INL). An array of counters collects the histogram of the ADC output code for a triangular input voltage. Since the ADC operation and data transfer operation are separated in time, the DNL and INL results are immune to noise in the measurement setup. Using the proposed characterization method, we studied short-term bias temperature instability (BTI) effects in a successive-approximate-register ADC under different operating conditions.
Age trends in alcohol use behavior patterns among U.S. adults ages 18–65

Abstract Introduction Although much of the work on risky alcohol use behaviors, such as heavy drinking, focuses on adolescence and young adulthood, these behaviors are associated with negative health consequences across all ages. Existing studies on age trends have focused on a single alcohol use behavior across many ages, using methods such as time-varying effect modeling, or a single age period with many behaviors, using methods such as latent class analysis. This study integrates aspects of both modeling approaches to examine age trends in alcohol use behavior patterns across ages 18–65. Methods Data from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III were used to identify past-year alcohol use behavior patterns among a nationally representative sample of U.S. adults (n = 30,997; 51.1% women; 63.5% White Non-Hispanic) and flexibly estimate nonlinear trends in the prevalences of those patterns across ages 18–65. Results Five patterns were identified: Non-Drinkers, Frequent Light Drinkers, Infrequent Heavy Episodic Drinkers, Frequent Heavy Episodic Drinkers, and Extreme Drinkers. Pattern prevalences were allowed to vary flexibly across the entire age range. Prevalences of the Infrequent Heavy Episodic and Extreme Drinkers peaked around ages 22–24, but peaked for Frequent Heavy Episodic Drinkers around age 49. Non-Drinkers were most prevalent across all ages except during the early 20 s when Extreme Drinkers were more prevalent. Around ages 24–30, the Non-, Frequent Light, and Extreme Drinkers were approximately equally prevalent. Conclusions The approach used here holds promise for understanding characteristics associated with behavior patterns at different ages and long-term age trends in complex behaviors.
Savouring What Remains of the World’s Wildness: John Muir, Tree-Climbing, and Experiential, Outdoor Education

SummaryThose who love the natural world have plenty to despair about in today’s world, as wildlands are carved into housing tracts and plumbed for oil and species after species are driven to extinc...
Effects of impregnation sequence for Mo-modified V-based SCR catalyst on simultaneous Hg(0) oxidation and NO reduction

Abstract A series of molybdenum (Mo)-modified vanadium (V)-based selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalyst samples were prepared by incipient impregnation method for the simultaneous removal of elemental mercury (Hg(0)) and nitrogen oxide (NO) under a simulated sub-bituminous coal combustion gas. The Hg(0) oxidation performances of the modified SCR catalysts significantly varied in terms of different formulations and impregnation sequences while NO reduction performance was quite stable. When Mo and tungsten (W) were sequentially doped onto titanium dioxide (TiO2) support followed by V, the modified SCR catalyst showed the best Hg(0) oxidation performance compared to those firstly doped with V onto TiO2 followed by Mo and W or V, Mo and W simultaneously doped onto TiO2. TEM, XPS and XANES results showed that the different impregnation sequences could result in the different particle sizes of MoO3 and the oxidation states of V and Mo speciation, which could lead to different Hg(0) oxidation performances.
Support and barriers in long-term recovery after Hurricane Sandy: improvisation as a communicative process of resilience

This study examines the long-term recovery and resilience processes of households on the New Jersey coast after Hurricane Sandy. Based on theoretical frameworks of community ecology, communication ...
Patients performing lower limb exercises in an orthopedic ward: a best practice implementation project.

AIMS The evidence-based project sought to educate patients on doing lower limb exercises within 24 h of their admissions to the ward. Patients spend most of their time in bed during their hospital stays, which imposes negative outcomes due to inactivity, such as risks of reduced muscle mass and deconditioning, which may further implicate patients' conditions. METHODS The project occurred in three phases over a period of 18 months. The project was undertaken in an orthopedic ward of an acute tertiary hospital. A preimplementation and postimplementation audit strategy using the Joanna Briggs Institute's Practical Application of Clinical Evidence System was conducted on a sample of 20 adult patients. The Getting Research into Practice framework was utilized to analyze the barriers and gaps encountered in the clinical ground. RESULTS The baseline audit result revealed that only 35% of the patients received education on the exercise program and that there was poor compliance on nursing documentation of the intervention in daily note-free texts. Following the implementation, there was an improvement in nurses' documentation compliance. In follow-up audits one and two, the nurses achieved compliance rates of 60 and 90% in nursing documentation, respectively. CONCLUSION Overall, there were improvements in provision of lower limb exercise education to patients. This project has demonstrated that patients were willing to exercise during hospitalization. Nurses play a significant role in providing early education to patients to do simple exercises. The implementation of the evidence-based project may increase the awareness of the importance of exercises to minimize hospital-acquired deconditioning and functional declines among ward nurses and patients.
What Does Your PROMIS Score Mean? Improving the Utility of Patient-Reported Outcomes at the Point of Care.

Study Design:Prospective cohort.Objectives:Patient-Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS) has been validated for lumbar spine. Use of patient-reported outcome (PRO) measures can i...
Effects of Initial Stress on SiGe Capacitive Pressure Sensor

We proposed a design and sacrificial-based fabrication process of capacitive pressure sensor with SiGe as a structural layer and movable electrode. Simulated results showed that its sensitivity was around 15fF/bar in a full-scale span from 30 to 110kPa. The initial stress for the used materials was also discussed in this study. At a low deposition temperature of SiGe (<450°C), it is a promising and ideal candidate for post CMOS fabrication.
Law and neuroscience.

### Introduction Law and neuroscience seem strange bedfellows. But the engagement of law with neuroscientific evidence was inevitable. For one thing, the effectiveness of legal systems in regulating behavior and meting out justice often depends on weighing evidence about how and why a person
A multi-method examination of the link between obsessive-compulsive symptomatology and emotion-related impulsivity.

Objectives Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a condition marked by recurrent and distressing thoughts, images, and urges accompanied by repetitive physical or mental rituals. An emerging line of work suggests that emotion may be an important consideration when looking at the role of impulsivity across the spectrum of psychopathology, including OCD. The current study examined the relationship between obsessive-compulsive symptomatology (OCS) and impulsive cognitive and behavioural reactions to emotion using a multi-study, multi-method approach. Design Data were collected cross-sectionally online (Study 1) or via an in-person laboratory visit (Study 2). Methods In Study 1, self-report measures of impulsivity and OCS were administered to a large, non-selected community sample (N = 386). Study 2 extended these findings with a young adult sample (N = 107) with clinically elevated OCS using self-report measures, clinical interview, and two behavioural symptom provocation tasks. Results Emotion-related impulsivity, but not non-emotion-related impulsivity, was associated with greater severity of OCS across symptom domains and across all modes of assessment. Impulsive cognitive responses to emotion were associated with greater obsession severity, while impulsive behavioural reactions to emotion were associated with greater compulsions. Emotion-related impulsivity also acted synergistically with a belief in the importance and control of thoughts, such that this established risk factor for OCD was associated with greater OCS severity only when behavioural reactivity to emotion was also present. Conclusions Results highlight the importance of considering emotional context when studying impulsivity in OCD, and point to the potentially differential relationship between OCS and behavioural versus cognitive impulsive reactions to emotion. Practitioner points Emotion-related impulsivity (ERI) reflects a tendency to act impulsively in the context of strong emotions. ERI was associated with greater OCS across symptom domains and type of symptom assessment (self-report, interview, or symptom provocation). ERI also interacted with an established OCS risk factor, a belief in the importance and control of thoughts, to predict symptom severity, suggesting that it may be important to evaluate and address ERI alongside unhelpful beliefs in patients with OCS. Given the present study's cross-sectional nature, we cannot draw conclusions about the directionality of the ERI - OCS relationship, and while our study included individuals with clinically elevated OCS, results should be replicated in a fully clinical sample.
Abstract 17033: Inflammation and Lipids Components: Insights From the VLDL Study

Background: Dyslipidemia and inflammation independently contribute to atherosclerosis. The associations between different lipid parameters and inflammatory markers is not fully understood. Hypothes...
TNFAIP8 Regulates Intestinal Epithelial Cell Differentiation and May Alter Terminal Differentiation of Secretory Progenitors.

The intestine is a highly proliferative dynamic environment that relies on constant self-renewal of the intestinal epithelium to maintain homeostasis. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced protein 8 (TNFAIP8 or TIPE0) is a regulator of PI3K-mediated signaling. By binding to PIP2 and PIP3, TIPE family members locally activate PI3K activity while globally inhibiting PI3K activity through sequestration of membranous PIP2. Single-cell RNA sequencing survey of Tipe0−/− small intestine was used to investigate the role of TIPE0 in intestinal differentiation. Tipe0−/− intestinal cells were shown to shift towards an undifferentiated state, with the notable exception of goblet cells. Additionally, three possible novel regulators of terminal cell fate decisions in the secretory lineage were identified: Nupr1, Kdm4a, and Gatad1. We propose that these novel regulators drive changes involved in goblet cell (Nupr1) or tuft cell (Kdm4a and Gatad1) fate commitment and that TIPE0 may play a role in orchestrating terminal differentiation.
Individual Rights, Personal Responsibilities

COVID-19 raises important questions about rights and responsibilities - both individual and collective - in the face of global emergencies. This paper compares relevant provisions under several constitutions, concluding that what we have the right to do is not necessarily what we should do.
Characterization of an Anti-Ebola virus Hyperimmune Globulin Derived from Convalescent Plasma.

BACKRGOUND Convalescent plasma has been used to treat many viral diseases including Ebola. The manufacture of a purified anti-Ebola virus (EBOV) intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) from pooled convalescent plasma is described in this paper. METHODS An ELISA targeting an EBOV surface glycoprotein antigen was used to determine the immunoglobulin titer of pooled plasma and purified anti-EBOV IVIG. Anti-EBOV IVIG was also tested in neutralization assays using a vesicular stomatitis virus pseudovirion expressing EBOV glycoprotein on its surface and with live EBOV. Finally, the efficacy of the anti-EBOV IVIG was assessed in a mouse model of EBOV infection. RESULTS In the ELISA, the anti-EBOV IVIG was shown to have a seven-fold increase in IgG titer over pooled convalescent plasma. In both the pseudovirion and live virus assays, the anti-EBOV IVIG showed approximately five- to six-fold increased potency over pooled plasma. Anti-EBOV IVIG also significantly improved survivability in mice infected with the virus when administered concurrently or two days after infection. CONCLUSIONS These data support this purified anti-EBOV IVIG merits additional investigation and clinical trials for treatment and post-exposure prophylaxis of Ebola virus disease. The experience gained can be applied to manufacture hyperimmune globulins against other emerging viruses.
Terrestrial Nitrogen Inputs Affect the Export of Unprocessed Atmospheric Nitrate to Surface Waters: Insights from Triple Oxygen Isotopes of Nitrate

Atmospheric nitrate (NO3−Atm) deposition has increased dramatically during the past ~ 150 years and contributes to ecosystem eutrophication. NO3−Atm deposition is widespread, but the role of different landscapes in modulating watershed-scale processing and export of NO3−Atm remains unclear. We measured triple oxygen isotopes (a tracer of NO3−Atm) of NO3− for 832 stream samples collected during baseflow and stormflow from 14 watersheds of varied land use throughout two years in the Chesapeake Bay watershed, and we used these data to assess the influence of land use on NO3−Atm dynamics. Watersheds with more agricultural (> 35%) and developed (> 70%) land exported more NO3−Atm than predominantly forested (> 75%) watersheds. Agricultural lands likely facilitate greater NO3−Atm export because of elevated rates of terrestrial N addition relative to rates of NO3− consumption. In contrast, developed lands likely have limited biotic processing of NO3−Atm because of greater hydrologic connectivity of overland flow pathways to channels. Our results, along with data from prior studies, can be interpreted by extending the conceptual model of kinetic N saturation to NO3−Atm streamwater export across varied land use watersheds. In this framework, elevated rates of terrestrial N inputs overwhelm NO3− sinks, allowing proportionally more NO3−Atm to leak from watersheds. Changes in watershed-scale N inputs that increase stream NO3− concentrations additively affect NO3−Atm, with agricultural watersheds, and their associated large terrestrial N inputs, increasing NO3−Atm export.
Synthesis of SERS-active core–satellite nanoparticles using heterobifunctional PEG linkers

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is a sensitive analytical technique capable of magnifying the vibrational intensity of molecules adsorbed onto the surface of metallic nanostructures. Various solution-based SERS-active metallic nanostructures have been designed to generate substantial SERS signal enhancements. However, most of these SERS substrates rely on the chemical aggregation of metallic nanostructures to create strong signals. While this can induce high SERS intensities through plasmonic coupling, most chemically aggregated assemblies suffer from poor signal reproducibility and reduced long-term stability. To overcome these issues, here we report for the first time the synthesis of gold core–satellite nanoparticles (CSNPs) for robust SERS signal generation. The novel CSNP assemblies consist of a 30 nm spherical gold core linked to 18 nm satellite particles via linear heterobifunctional thiol–amine terminated PEG chains. We explore the effects that the varying chain lengths have on SERS hot-spot generation, signal reproducibility and long-term activity. The chain length was varied by using PEGs with different molecular weights (1000 Da, 2000 Da, and 3500 Da). The CSNPs were characterized via UV-Vis spectrophotometry, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), ζ-potential measurements, and lastly SERS measurements. The versatility of the synthesized SERS-active CSNPs was revealed through characterization of optical stability and SERS enhancement at 0, 1, 3, 5, 7 and 14 days.