cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Heterogeneity of Fluvial Systems—Control on Density-Driven Flow and Transport

The sedimentary facies of fluvial systems reflect their original depositional environment. The facies define the trends, dimensions, connectivities, and internal heterogeneities of transmissive zones in clastic aquifer systems. Heterogeneity in this context is the spatial variability in the permeability caused by textural variations in alluvium and by fracturing in the lower permeability units. Three heterogeneity styles—layer cake, jigsaw puzzle, and labyrinth—reflect increasing degrees of complexity. These styles are determined by the depositional origin of the aquifer. Heterogeneity also occurs over a broad range of scales, from gigascopic to microscopic. Megascopic heterogeneity is determined by the external dimensions, trends, and degree of interconnection of major permeable units. Macroscopic heterogeneity, which occurs at the depositional facies scale, includes 1) compartmentalization due to flow barriers between specific facies within larger permeable units; 2) vertical and lateral permeability gradients created by patterns of grain size and sorting; and 3) stratification of low-permeability fine-grained sediment “baffles” that create anisotropy. Mesoscopic heterogeneity reflects lithofacies, sedimentary structure, and lamina-scale variability. All scales of heterogeneity structure can be described, quantified, interpolated, and, perhaps, predicted within the context of their depositional system framework and may be subsequently modified by diagenesis and fracturing. Heterogeneities in the confining units are less well understood but are formed by the same processes. Model simulations show that heterogeneities in confining units are important in inhibiting or accentuating vertical flow of fluids caused by variations in fluid density.
Effect of Corticosterone on Carbamylcholine-, Leucine-, or Calcium-Induced Insulin Secretion by the Isolated Perfused Rat Pancreas*

Using the isolated pancreas of male Sprague-Dawley rats, three different concentrations of glucose were tested in the perfusion medium: 4.0, 6.7, and 9.4 mM. The insulinotropic effects of several potent secretagogues were examined with and without a 10(-7)-M corticosterone-21-acetate (CS) background. When the perfusion medium contained 4.0 mM glucose, there was no insulin secretion in the basal state, but 10(-6)M carbamylcholine chloride, 5 mM L-leucine, and 5 mM calcium chloride elicited moderate but sharp responses of insulin output. When the secretagogues were superimposed on CS infusion, their stimulatory effects were abolished. When the perfusion medium contained 6.7 mM glucose, a steady insulin secretion was observed. A 4- to 5-fold stimulation of insulin release was elicited by carbamylcholine, leucine, and calcium. With CS in the perfusate, the secretagogues were ineffective. However, at a higher glucose level (9.4 mM), the stimulants could partially escape the inhibitory effects of CS. It is concluded that CS may play a role in the regulation of insulin output by directly modulating the activities of some potent secretagogues.
Bound States of Two Spin Waves in the Heisenberg Ferromagnet

The simple cubic nearest-neighbor Heisenberg model is discussed in one, two, and three dimensions for arbitrary spin. The problem of two spin deviations propagating in an otherwise fully aligned lattice is reduced to quadratures. The integrals relevant to the bound-state problem are examined. It is found that bound states exist for all spins and dimensionalities. In one dimension the results of Bethe and others are reaffirmed. In two and three dimensions the total momentum of a bound pair determines the number of possible bound states. For positive exchange constant and sufficiently large longitudinal anisotropy there are bound states of two spin waves with energies below all continuum energies. It is argued that these states should have a dominant influence on the low-temperature thermodynamics.
Sensitivity and predictive value of ultrasound in pediatric cholecystitis.

Abstract Background Ultrasonography has a high sensitivity and positive predictive value (PPV) for diagnosing cholecystitis in adults. The objective of this study was to determine the sensitivity and PPV of ultrasonography in the diagnosis of pediatric cholecystitis. Methods We performed a single-institution retrospective review of the records of all patients undergoing cholecystectomy with a preoperative ultrasound during 2005–2010. We calculated sensitivity, specificity, and PPV using pathologic findings as the standard for the diagnosis of cholecystitis. Results In the 223 included patients, the median (interquartile range) age was 14 y (11–16 y); and 64% were female. Preoperative symptoms of abdominal pain were reported in 98% of patients. A diagnosis of cholecystitis was reported in 10% (23 of 223) of ultrasound readings. Pathologic diagnosis of cholecystitis was present in 80% (179 of 223) of cholecystectomy specimens, with 8% (15 of 179) having acute cholecystitis, 83% (148 of 179) chronic cholecystitis, and 9% (16 of 179) both. Sensitivity of ultrasound findings ranged from 6% for Murphy's sign to 66% for cholelithiasis. Positive predictive values ranged from 67% for Murphy's sign to 87% for gallbladder sludge. Presence of any one ultrasound sign had a sensitivity of 82% and PPV of 80%. Conclusions Ultrasound findings in pediatric cholecystitis have lower sensitivities and PPVs than reported in adults. These differences may be explained by the higher prevalence of chronic cholecystitis in children, which suggests that children may have milder episodes of self-limited gallbladder inflammation compared with adults, which may lead to a delay in treatment.
The buddy system: a method for generalized reduction of inappropriate interpersonal behaviour of retarded-psychiatric patients.

Previous research has suggested a strategy for training social skills in chronic retarded-psychotic patients, but has not demonstrated extensive generalization or maintenance of gains. This study varied the standard training procedure (e.g. Bellack et al., 1976) in an attempt to improve generalization and maintenance. First, training involved instructions, modelling, role-playing, and feedback with daily problem situations rather than preselected, pre-written scenes. Second, each of the two patients treated served as a partner for the other; each patient monitored the other's behaviour and provided reinforcement, information and feedback to the ‘buddy’ (directly in the living environment). The procedure was effective in teaching appropriate social behaviours on the ward as well as in therapy sessions. Post-checks, taken 6 weeks after the conclusion of the treatment, indicated that improvements were maintained.
Letter by Bouchard et al Regarding Article “Aprotinin Does Not Increase the Risk of Renal Failure in Cardiac Surgery Patients”

To the Editor: Two recent publications have given rise to concerns regarding the safety of intraoperative aprotinin on renal function after cardiac surgery.1,2 Contrary to these studies, Furnary et al3 demonstrated that aprotinin does not increase the risk of acute renal failure (ARF) independently of the number of transfusions administered. We have 3 concerns regarding the findings of these studies that impair an adequate comparison of their results. First, all 3 studies used different definitions for ARF. Furnary et al3 selected the new requirement of dialysis as the ARF outcome, presumably because the risk predictive score has been validated for ARF requiring dialysis …
Economic impact of preoperative curettage before Mohs micrographic surgery for basal cell carcinoma.

BACKGROUND The role of curettage before Mohs micrographic surgery for basal cell carcinoma (BCC) remains controversial. Preoperative curettage may allow the surgeon to better delineate the subclinical extensions of high-risk BCCs, thereby enabling a more precise first-stage excision around tumor-containing tissue. OBJECTIVE To assess the economic impact of preoperative curettage for high-risk BCCs treated with Mohs micrographic surgery on patients, providers, and insurers. METHODS Given the enormous variability in practice styles, it was estimated that the time required to complete a second stage of Mohs surgery was 25, 50, or 75% of that required to complete the first stage. New York City Medicare and Standard reimbursement rates were used to approximate the cost of an additional stage of Mohs surgery for high-risk BCCs. RESULTS Assuming that preoperative curettage increases operative efficiency by reducing the number of required Mohs stages from 2 to 1, the time saved can be quantified. Thus, if the Mohs surgeon estimates that the time required to remove a second stage is 75% of that of the first stage, the time savings with preoperative curettage equals 75% of the duration of a one-stage Mohs surgery. Similarly, when a second stage requires 50 or 25% of the time needed to complete the first stage, the time saved equals 50 or 25% of the duration of a one-stage Mohs surgery. Reducing the number of stages from 2 to 1 saves insurers and privately paying patients approximately $250 and $500, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Whether preoperative curettage can offer a more precise first-stage excision without compromising tissue conservation remains a subject of debate. Preoperative curettage may reduce the number of Mohs surgical stages required for tumor clearance, potentially shortening patient encounters and allowing surgeons to treat additional patients, while decreasing costs for patients and insurers.
Origin of Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea; Implications Regarding Ocean Ridge Extension, Migration, and Shear: ABSTRACT

The Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea are a zone of north-south extension and left-lateral shear opened between the Americas as those continents moved westward from Africa. The movements are related to ocean-floor spreading from the mid-Atlantic ridge. To accommodate spreading, the ridge itself migrates westward from Africa. Ridge migration is radial outward from Africa and results in opening triangular sheared grabens with apexes against Africa. A new ridge segment extends across these openings. Spreading rates vary and the migrating and extending ridge is sheared on fracture zones in response to these variations. The currently popular related concepts of plate tectonics and transform faults are inconsistent with ridge migration and shear because those concepts do not allow for shear on fracture zones beyond ridge offsets and in the directional sense indicated by the position of ridge segments. Ridge migration and shear are a End_Page 2031------------------------------ necessary complication of the spreading hypothesis. T-intersections of ridges are explained as intersections between a spreading and migrating ridge with a shear. The shear is only active on the side of the ridge toward which the migration is taking place. The junction of the mid-Atlantic ridge with the Azores-Gibraltar ridge is an example of such a feature. End_of_Article - Last_Page 2032------------
A Strategy for Separating and Recovering Aqueous Ions: Redox-Recyclable Ion-Exchange Materials Containing a Physisorbed, Redox-Active, Organometallic Complex

A series of anion-exchange materials were prepared by adsorption of the dark-green organometallic salt HEP+NO3- or HEP+ReO4- dissolved in organic solvents onto three different silica gels (HEP = 1,...
Carbapenem biosynthesis: confirmation of stereochemical assignments and the role of CarC in the ring stereoinversion process from L-proline.

(5R)-Carbapen-2-em-3-carboxylic acid is the simplest structurally among the naturally occurring carbapenem β-lactam antibiotics. It co-occurs with two saturated (3S,5S)- and (3S,5R)-carbapenam carb...
Monotone iterative technique for delay differential equations in abstract cones

A monotone iterative technique is developed for delay differential equations in a Banach space by utilizing the method of upper and lower solutions.
Reduction of Isomeric Nitrobenzoic Acids by Rats.

Conclusionsp-Nitrobenzoic and m-nitrobenzoic acids are readily reduced to amino-compounds by tissue suspensions. o-Nitrobenzoic acid, in contrast, is reduced to only a small extent by tissue suspensions.When p-nitrobenzoic acid or m-nitrobenzoic acid is administered to rats only a small fraction of the dose is excreted in the urine in the reduced form, the remainder is present in a state of oxidation above the amine. The reduced fraction is conjugated to a high degree. o-Nitrobenzoic acid is also reduced by rats; an appreciable amount of free amine is recoverable from the urine.
Polar location and functional domains of the Agrobacterium tumefaciens DNA transfer protein VirD4

Summary Agrobacterium tumefaciens VirD4 is essential for DNA transfer to plants. VirD4 presumably functions as a coupling factor that facilitates communication between a substrate and the transport pore. To serve as a coupling protein, VirD4 may be required to localize near the transport apparatus. In a previous study, we observed that several constituents of the transport apparatus localize to the cell membranes. In this study, we demonstrate that VirD4 has a unique cellular location. In immunofluorescence microscopy, cells probed with anti-VirD4 antibodies had foci of fluorescence primarily at the cell poles, indicating that VirD4 localizes to the cell pole. Polar location of VirD4 was not dependent on T-DNA processing, the formation of the transport apparatus and the presence of other Vir proteins. VirD4 is an integral membrane protein with one periplasmic domain. The large cytoplasmic region contains a nucleotide-binding domain. To investigate the role of these domains in DNA transfer, we introduced mutations in virD4 and studied the effect of a mutation on substrate transfer. A deletion of most of the periplasmic domain as well as the alterations of glycine 151 to serine and lysine 152 to alanine led to the complete loss of DNA transfer, indicating that both domains are essential for substrate transfer. Subcellular localization of the mutant proteins indicated that both the periplasmic and the nucleotide-binding domains are required for polar localization of VirD4. The periplasmic domain mutant VirD4Δ36–61 was distributed throughout the cell membrane, whereas the nucleotide binding site mutant VirD4G151S localized to sites other than the cell poles. Polar location of VirD4 suggests a role for the cell pole in DNA transfer.
Isotope Shift of Debye Temperature in Two- and Three-Dimensional Quantum Solids

Recent measurements of ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$ and ${\mathrm{He}}^{4}$ monolayer heat capacities allow a comparison of the isotope shift of Debye temperature in two- and three-dimensional solid helium. The shift in films is greater than the ${m}^{\ensuremath{-}\frac{1}{2}}$ dependence of harmonic solids, increasing strongly with compression. In three dimensions the ratio is nearly harmonic and the density effect is much weaker. The differences are ascribed to steric hindrance of short-range dynamic correlations.
Measurement of social dominance in squirrel monkeys

Several laboratory methods for measuring social dominance in squirrel monkeys are described.
Mosaicism: The embryo as a target for induction of mutations leading to cancer and genetic disease

Mosaicismhas been observed in both germinal and somatic tissues of several species, including humans. Mutational events occurring during early embryogenesis can give rise to an organism with a significant number of cells with the mutant genotype in one or more tissues. In the F{sub 1} generation, this event will usually be perceived as a de novo germinal mutation rather than a transmitted variant allele, unless significant effort is directed toward detecting the mosaicism. Similarly, mutations in oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes in proliferating somatic cells can generate populations of cells that are at increased risk of transforming into tumor cells. The number of potential preneoplastic cells is larger when the mutagenic event occurs in early development than if it occurs in the mature adult. Experimental data confirm that treatment of the developing embryo or fetus with carcinogenic and mutagenic agents increases the cancer incidence in these animals and the frequency of mutations in the offspring of the animals that were exposed in utero. The available data are conclusive that the developing organism is at risk from exposure to mutagenic and carcinogenic agents. However, the data are insufficient to estimate the level of risk associated with similar exposures to the adult organism.more » The potential risk from exposure of the developing embryo is increased relative to the risk from adult exposure if the sensitivity of the individual cells to damage in the adult and the embryo are equivalent. It seems apparent that the potential risks of cancer and heritable disease following in utero exposure are sufficient to warrant additional attention. It is important to obtain data for estimating the relative contribution of in utero exposure to mutagenic and carcinogenic agents to the total health burden and for the subsequent development of appropriate regulations. 60 refs., 2 figs.« less
Cell-free Reconstitution of Transport from the trans-Golgi Network to the Late Endosome/Prevacuolar Compartment

Vesicle-mediated transport between the trans-Golgi network (TGN) and the late endosome/prevacuolar compartment (PVC) is an essential step in lysosomal/vacuolar biogenesis. In addition, localization of integral membrane proteins to the TGN requires continual cycles of vesicular transport between the TGN and endosomal compartments. Genetic and biochemical analyses in yeast have identified a variety of proteins required for TGN-to-PVC transport. However, the precise mechanisms of vesicle formation, transport, and fusion have not been fully elucidated. To study the steps of TGN-to-PVC transport in mechanistic detail, we have developed a cell-free assay to monitor delivery of the processing protease Kex2p from the TGN to PVC compartments containing a Kex2p substrate. Transport is time-, temperature-, and ATP-dependent and requires the t-SNARE Pep12p. Moreover, cell-free delivery of Kex2p to the PVC results in the co-integration of Kex2p into PVC membranes containing the Kex2p substrate as determined by co-immunoisolation of Kex2p and the substrate using antibody against the Kex2p cytosolic tail. This work represents the first cell-free reconstitution and biochemical analysis of the essential vacuolar/lysosomal sorting step TGN to late endosome transport.
Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in the pediatric renal population

Posterior reversible leukoencephalopathy syndrome (PRES) clinically presents with seizures, severe headaches, and mental and visual changes. Our goal was to describe the clinical features, triggering factors, neuro-imaging findings, and electroencephalogram (EEG) findings in a pediatric cohort with renal disease. We retrospectively analyzed the records of 18 children with the diagnosis of PRES between January 2001 and June 2006 at the University of Miami/Holtz Children’s Hospital, USA. There were 22 PRES episodes. The most common clinical presentation was generalized tonic–clonic seizures in 59% (13/22). The most common identified trigger of PRES was hypertensive crisis in 59% (13/22). Almost half of the children had no evidence of on-going uncontrolled hypertension; 44% (8/18) had normal funduscopic examination findings, and 50% (9/18) had no or mild left ventricular hypertrophy. Two of the 18 patients had recurrent PRES episodes, three episodes each. Diffuse slowing was the most common finding on the EEGs. Atypical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings were more prevalent in the imaged cases (62% vs 25%, P < 0.05). All the computerized tomography (CT) scans were normal, despite the positive MRI findings in four cases when both types of imaging was used. All the episodes had total clinical resolution. In conclusion, despite the diverse initial trigger, acute hypertension seems to be the common pathogenic pathway for pediatric PRES. MRI seems superior to CT, with better sensitivity due to its high resolution and diffusion-weighted imaging. The lesions do not necessarily have to be in the posterior white matter and may not be totally reversible.
Modification of the Sakaguchi reaction: Spectrophotometric determination of arginine in proteins without previous hydrolysis

Abstract 2,4-Dichloro-1-naphthol in alkaline solution becomes red on standing. It becomes red also upon addition of small concentrations of NaOCl and fades when higher concentrations of NaOCl are added. This instability of an alkaline solution of naphthol (probably due to its oxidation) has been interpreted as one of the reasons for the nonlinearity present in the Spectrophotometric determination of arginine with previous modifications of the Sakaguchi reaction. Another reason for this nonlinearity has been found in the fact that all amino acids react with alkaline solutions of 2,4-dichloro-1-naphthol, thus interfering with the spectrum specifically due to the guanidino group of arginine. These interferences are eliminated with the reagent suggested here which is obtained by dissolving 100 mg of 2,4-dichloro-1-naphthol in 100 ml of 5.0 n KOH and 180 ml of absolute alcohol, and then bringing it to a full color development by adding a small concentration of NaOCl. It was also found that the addition to the reaction mixture of 2 moles of KI for each mole of naphthol stabilizes the reaction products. Thus the reaction of naphthol with arginine is made stable; the plot of optical density (O.D.) versus concentration of arginine is linear and the slope passes through the origin. This method for the determination of arginine has been tested with solutions of various proteins without previous hydrolysis. The arginine content of these proteins has been found to be close to the values reported in the literature.
Fluctuational instabilities of alkali and noble metal nanowires

We introduce a continuum approach to studying the lifetimes of monovalent metal nanowires. By modelling the thermal fluctuations of cylindrical nanowires through the use of stochastic Ginzburg-Landau classical field theories, we construct a self-consistent approach to the fluctuation-induced "necking" of nanowires. Our theory provides quantitative estimates of the lifetimes for alkali metal nanowires in the conductance range 10 < G/G0 < 100 (where G0 = 2e/h is the conductance quantum), and allows us to account for qualitative differences in the conductance histograms of alkali vs. noble metal nanowires.
INJUSTICE AND IRRATIONALITY IN CONTEMPORARY YOUTH POLICY

Lionel Tate was 12 years old when he killed 6-year-old Tiffany Eunick. Tiffany had been staying at the Tate home and, by all accounts, got along well with Lionel. The two were playing at "wrestling" when Lionel decided to try out some moves that he had seen on television. He threw Tiffany across the room, inflicting fatal injuries. Despite the boy's tender age, the prosecutor transferred Lionel to criminal court on a charge of first-degree murder, an offense carrying a mandatory penalty of life without parole. The boy was given an opportunity to plead guilty to second-degree murder in return for a sentence of three years incarceration, but he rejected the offer. A jury subsequently convicted him of first-degree murder. At sentencing, the prosecution recommended leniency, which drew an angry response from the judge: If the state believed the boy did not deserve to be sent to prison for life, why hadn't it charged him with a lesser offense? Without any inquiry into the boy's cognitive, emotional, or moral maturity, the judge imposed the mandatory sentence. Raymond Gardner was 16 years old when he shot and killed 20-year-old Mack Robinson. Raymond lived in a violent urban neighborhood with his mother, who kept close watch over him. He had no prior record. He was an A student and worked part-time in a clothing store to earn money for college. On the day of the shooting, a friend came into the store to tell Raymond that Mack had a beef with him about talking to a girl, and was "looking to get him." The victim was known on the street as "Mack the Knife" because he always carried a small machete and was believed to have stabbed several people. To protect himself on the way home, Raymond took the gun kept under the counter of the shop where he worked. As he neared home, Mack and two other men approached and blocked his path. According to eyewitness testimony, Raymond began shaking, then pulled out the gun and fired. Mack ran into the street and fell. Raymond followed and fired five more shots into the victim's back as he lay dying on the ground. Raymond did not run. He just stood there crying. The prosecutor filed a motion in juvenile court to transfer Raymond on a charge of first-degree murder. The judge ordered a psychological evaluation, which addressed the boy's family and social background, medical and behavioral history, intelligence, maturity, potential for future violence and prospects for treatment. The judge subsequently denied the transfer motion. He found Raymond delinquent and committed him to a private psychiatric treatment facility. KEYWORDS: Juvenile justice; Language: en
Thermal response and ablation characteristics of light weight ceramic ablators

An account is given of the thermal performance and ablation characteristics of the NASA-Ames Lightweight Ceramic Ablators (LCAs) in supersonic, high-enthalpy convective environments, which use low density ceramic or carbon fiber matrices as substrates for main structural support, with organic resin fillers. LCA densities are in the 0.224-1.282 g/cu cm range. In-depth temperature data have been obtained to determine thermal penetration depths and conductivity. The addition of SiC and PPMA is noted to significantly improve the ablation performance of LCAs with silica substrates. Carbon-based LCAs are the most mass-efficient at high flux levels.
Managing pain and psychological issues in palliative care

The management of psychological issues and pain in dying patients have steadily improved. With currently available drugs and techniques, it should be possible for nearly all women with terminal gynaecological cancer to be pain-free. The World Health Organization (WHO) Analgesic Ladder can be effectively utilized for pharmacological treatment of cancer pain. Most side-effects of opioid therapy can be well controlled. Patients whose pain cannot be adequately relieved by systemic opioid therapy may benefit from invasive anaesthetic or neurosurgical techniques. Terminal sedation should be used only after all other therapy has failed. This chapter describes the assessment and management of opioid analgesics and the treatment of their side-effects. Adjuvant analgesic drugs and therapies are also presented.
Interpolated variational transition-state theory by mapping

We present a new systematic set of algorithms for interpolated variational transition-state theory by mapping (IVTST-M). In this method, which is designed to allow efficient direct dynamics calculations, rate constants for chemical reactions are evaluated by variational transition-state theory with multidimensional tunneling approximations based on reaction-path data. The data (energies, energy gradients, and Hessians) are computed at a small number of points along a reaction path and fitted to splines under tension as functions of a mapped independent variable that is a nonlinear function of the reaction coordinate. The theory is illustrated and tested by several examples, and standard choices are employed for all parameters and functional forms to provide a realistic test of how the method might perform when applied as an automatic scheme without fine-tuning each reaction. For eight test cases, we obtain reasonable accuracy (as compared to calculations with the same potential surface with the reaction path followed as far as necessary for convergence) with Hessians at only six nonstationary points.
POLITICS, LEGENDS, AND CITIZENSHIP: A Response to Daniel J. Monti

ABSTRACT:The author argues that understanding the linkages between scientific theory and folk traditions and invoking mutually supporting urban legends can nurture a moral discourse that facilitates more human urban redevelopment efforts. He believes that Monti’s paper overstates the separation between economics and culture, does not adequately account for recent structural changes that create new obstacles to the desired pluralism, and fails to address the more problematic issue of the politics of achieving the new moral order. How the connection between a geographic area and a moral order can be established remains elusive.
Coupling between H+ transport and anaerobic glycolysis in turtle urinary bladder: effects of inhibitors of H+ ATPase

The coupling between H+ transport (JH) and anaerobic glycolysis was examinedin vitro in an anaerobic preparation of turtle urinary bladder.JH was measured as the short-circuit current after Na+ transport was abolished with ouabain and by pH stat titration. The media were gassed with N2 and 1% CO2 (PO2<0.5 mm Hg) and contained 10mm glucose. Under these conditions,JH was not inhibited by 3mm serosal (S) cyanide or by 0.1mm mucosal (M) dinitrophenol. Control anerobic lactate production (Jlac) of 47 bladders was plotted as a function of simultaneously measuredJH. The slope ofJlac onJH was 0.58±0.12 with an intercept forJlac atJH=0 of 0.55 μmol/hr. Values for δJlac/δJH were determined in groups of individual bladders whenJH was inhibited by an opposing pH gradient (0.55±0.16), by acetazolamide (0.58±0.19) and by dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, DCCD (0.58±0.14). The constancy of δJlac/δJH indicates a high degree of coupling betweenJH andJlac. Since the anaerobic metabolism of glucose produces one ATP for each lactate formed, the δJlac/δJH values can be used to estimate the stoichiometry of H+ translocation. The movement of slightly less than 2 H+ ions is coupled to the hydrolysis of one ATP. During anaerobiosis (absence of mitochondrial ATPase function) the acidification pump was not inhibited byM addition of oligomycin but was inhibited byM addition of DCCD and Dio-9, inhibitors of H+ flow in the proteolipid portion of H+-translocating ATPases. DCCD inhibited anaerobicJH without change in δJlac/δJH or basalJlac and, therefore, acted primarily on the H+ pump.S addition of vanadate also inhibitedJH, but the inhibition was associated with an increase inJlac. The site of this apparent uncoupling remains to be defined. The acidification pump of the luminal cell membrane of the turtle bladder has H+-ATPase characteristics that differ from mitochondrial ATPase in that H+ transport is oligomycin-resistant and vanadate-sensitive. As judged from the flows of H+ and lactate, the H+/ATP stoichiometry of the pump is about 2.
A direct depletion capacitance measurement technique to determine the doping profile under the gate of a MOSFET

A technique to directly measure the depletion capacitance between the inversion layer and the substrate in the determination of the doping profile under the gate of a MOS device is described. The measurement technique is less sensitive to stray capacitance and can be carried out under steady-state conditions.The technique, therefore, lends itself to direct measurement on small-area devices thus avoiding the need for large-area devices as in other techniques. Doping profiles obtained using this method on MOS transistors as small as W × L = 18.8 × 3.1 µm2are compared with profiles Obtained by the pulse method on large-area MOS capacitors. The comparison shows good agreement in the range where the technique is applicable.
Rethinking the Role of Government in Agri-Food Markets

1920s and 1930s and have been recently viewed as outmoded to various degrees by different people. What set of government marketing policies fits the current and future agri-food system and is in the public interest? The question is one of optimal policy design, if such a thing can be defined effectively. Identifying the set of marketing policies that fits current and future conditions is a formi-
The pathophysiology of rhinitis: III. The control of IgG secretion

To examine the sources of IgG in nasal secretions, nasal provocation tests with histamine (H) and methacholine (MC) were performed on 22 subjects. Nasal lavages were assayed for IgG, total protein, albumin (Alb), nonsecretory IgA (nonsIgA), and secretory IgA (sIgA). H stimulation dramatically increased the secretion of IgG, nonsIgA, and Alb and also increased the proportion of these proteins compared to total protein. H-induced protein secretion was significantly inhibited by nasal pretreatment with chlorpheniramine maleate but was unaffected by atropine sulfate. sIgA was also stimulated by H challenge, but unlike IgG and other vascular proteins, the proportion of sIgA to total protein (sIgA percent) decreased after H challenges. MC stimulation also increased secretion of IgG, Alb, nonsIgA, and sIgA but did not alter their proportions, compared to total protein. Topical atropine significantly inhibited secretion of all proteins, suggesting a mode of transportation mediated by glandular muscarinic receptor stimulation. Thus, MC can increase the amount of IgG secretion, whereas H increases both the amount and relative proportion of IgG in nasal secretions. These data suggest that pharmacologic stimulation of IgG into nasal secretions may be used as a total to modulate mucosal immunity.
Botulism.1 A method for determining the thermal death time of the spores of Bacillus botulinus

In the course of a series of experiments dealing with the determination of the thermal death point of spores of Bacillus botulinus in which the method of procedure recommended by Bigelow and Estey2 was followed with minor modifications, it was found that in the daily transplanting of several hundred specimens to the tubes in which the heated material was to be incubated, it was inevitable that a certain small percentage of the tubes became contaminated. The number of proved contaminations was not large, less than 1 per cent. in a test of approximately 2,000 tubes, but because of the fact that one could not be absolutely certain that any particular tube was free from contamination, it was impossible to draw accurate conclusions in any instance where an unusual survival time was indicated. It was therefore imperative that a method be devised in which the necessary number of tubes per day could be handled with rapidity, and, at the same time, with absolute protection against any possibility of contamination ...
Isolation of Milk Leucocytes and Their Nuclei

Abstract Addition of ethylenediaminetetraacetate to 2% concentration increased the recovery of leucocytes in milk by centrifugation. Leucocyte nuclei were isolated by homogenization of milk leucocytes with a Waring Blendor in pH 5.9 citrate buffer and by differential centrifugation of the homogenate. Chemical composition of the leucocyte nuclei was similar to those of somatic cells. The leucocyte nuclei isolated in pH 5.9 citrate buffer formed thick gel with the California Mastitis Test reagent.
4546 The role of endoscopic ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging in the preoperative staging of pancreatic cancer.

Purpose : Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have both been assessed individually as staging modalities for pancreatic cancer. The aim of our study was to assess whether tumor staging by both EUS and MRI in the same cohort of patients, could predict resectability and unresectability in patients with pancreatic cancer. Methods : A review of 63 patients evaluated preoperatively with both EUS and MRI for pancreatic adenocarcinoma between January 1995 and December 1998 was done. Patients were staged as resectable or unresectable by predefined criteria. Preoperative staging by both modalities was compared to surgical outcome and the sensitivity and predictive values of each modality for determining resectability and unresectability was determined. Results : EUS correctly staged 22/36 patients with resectable tumors. The sensitivity of EUS for resectability was 61% (p=0.06) with a positive predictive value of 69%. MRI correctly staged 30/41 patients with resectable tumors. The sensitivity of MRI for predicting resectability was 73% (p=0.0002) with a positive predictive value of 77%. MRI and EUS both predicted resectability in 18 patients, of whom 16 (89%) were found to be resectable on surgical exploration. MRI and EUS both predicted unresectability in 17 (27%) patients, of whom 4 (24%) were found to be resectable on surgical exploration. When both MRI and EUS agreed on resectability, the positive predictive value for resectability was 89%. When both MRI and EUS agreed on unresectability, the positive predictive value for unresectability was 76%. Conclusions : Neither MRI nor EUS alone were highly sensitive or predictive of resectability. However, when both tests agreed on resectability, nearly all patients were found to be resectable on surgical exploration.
The Protein Chemistry of Antiarthritic Gold(I) Thiolates and Related Complexes

Abstract Our laboratory has extensively examined the inorganic biochemistry of antiarthritic gold drugs and selected analogues, focusing on their protein chemistry. The reactions of oligomeric gold(I) drugs and the monomeric oral drug, auranofin, with serum albumin, hemoglobin and metallothionein and the nature of the gold binding sites on these proteins are described in this Comment. A possible mechanism for oxidation of triethylphosphine in serum and additional insights into the pharmacology of gold drugs are discussed.
Environmental conditions, political economy, and rates of injection drug use in large US metropolitan areas 1992-2002.

Abstract City-specific studies have suggested the quality of the local environment and economic circumstances are associated with greater risk of injection drug use (IDU). No studies have assessed the relation among the quality of the local environment, economic circumstances, and IDU over time across US metropolitan areas. Annual numbers of IDUs in the 88 largest US metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) were estimated by extrapolating, adjusting, and allocating existing estimates using various data sources. Generalized estimating equations were used to assess the relation among the quality of the local environment, metropolitan political economy, and IDU prevalence using lagged models taking into account potential confounders. MSAs with a worse local environment (measured as a one standard deviation difference) had a greater risk of IDU (relative risk [RR] = 1.03, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.01, 1.06); similarly, a one-percentage point worsening of the political economy for an MSA was associated with greater risk of IDU (RR = 1.04–1.10). Final models stratified by region indicated heterogeneity of effect by region whereby the quality of the local environment was associated with IDU strongest in the South (RR = 1.12, CI: 1.05, 1.12) followed by the West (RR = 1.04, CI: 1.01, 1.07) and Midwest (RR = 1.03, CI: 1.00, 1.06), and the metropolitan political economy was associated with IDU in the West (RR = 1.03–1.09) and Northeast (RR = 1.04–1.12). Our results underscore the importance of sociopolitical factors as determinants of IDU in MSAs. Structural solutions targeted at improving environmental conditions and economic circumstances should be considered as drug use interventions.
Reflexive testosterone release: a model system for studying the nongenomic effects of testosterone upon male behavior.

Male mammals of many species exhibit reflexive testosterone release in mating situations. In house mice (Mus musculus), the dramatic robustness of such release, occurring primarily in response to a novel female, suggests some function. The resulting testosterone elevations typically peak during copulatory behavior and may serve to activate transitory motivational and physiological responses that facilitate reproduction. However, such a function requires that testosterone be working through either nongenomic, or very quick genomic, mechanisms. The first part of the review describes reflexive sex hormone release in house mice. The second part summarizes research implicating testosterone’s fast actions in affecting anxiety, reward, learning, analgesia, and penile reflexes in rodents, all of which could optimize male mating success. The review concludes with a speculative model of how spontaneous and reflexive hormone release might interact to regulate reproductive behavior and why mice appear to be an ideal species for examining testosterone’s quick effects.
In the Mind of the Actor: The Structure of Adolescents' Achievement Task Values and Expectancy-Related Beliefs

The authors assessed the dimensionality of and relations between adolescents' achievement-related beliefs and self perceptions, focusing on subjective valuing of achievement. Beliefs derived from expectancy-value theory (adolescents' valuing of achievement activities, expectancies for success and ability perceptions, and perceptions of task difficulty) were assessed. Adolescents completed questionnaires once a year for 2 years. Confirmatory factor analyses indicated that achievement-related beliefs separate into three task values factors (interest, perceived importance, and perceived utility), one expectancy/ability factor (comprising beliefs about one's competence, expectancies for success, and performance perceptions), and two task difficulty factors (perceptions of difficulty and perceptions of effort required to do well). Task values and ability perceptions factors were positively related to each other and negatively correlated to perceptions of task difficulty.
Existence and uniqueness of packings with specified combinatorics

Generalizations of the Andreev-Thurston circle packing theorem are proved. One such result is the following.
A comparative study of the different criteria for the physical modeling of buoyant plume rise in a neutral atmosphere

Abstract Some of the proposed criteria for physical modeling of rising stack and chimney plumes in the atmosphere are evaluated on the basis of our wind tunnel experiments. The observed jet and plume rises in a uniform cross flow follow the well-known 1 3 and the 2 3 power laws, respectively. These become independent of the stack effluent Reynolds number (Res) only when Res exceeds a certain minimum or critical value (Rec) of about 2000 and 600, respectively, for momentum jets and buoyant plumes. It is necessary to ensure a large enough Reynolds number (Res >Rec) and a large enough effluent to ambient velocity ratio (Ws/U ⩾ 1.5), or the momentum flux ratio, in order to avoid any adverse effects of stack wake and downwash on plume rise in the model. The most important similarity parameter is the buoyancy-length scale to the stack diameter ratio (lb/D), which must be matched in the model and the prototype situations. The other parameters, such as the density ratio, the effluent Froude number and the velocity or momentum ration, may be slightly mismatched (say, within a factor of 2), if necessary, for buoyancy-dominated plumes.
Post-stroke treatment with miR-181 antagomir reduces injury and improves long-term behavioral recovery in mice after focal cerebral ischemia

miR-181 has deleterious effects on stroke outcome, and reducing miR-181a levels prior to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was shown previously to be protective. Here we tested the effect of post-ischemic treatment with miR-181a antagomir by intracerebroventricular and intravenous routes of administration on infarct size, neurological outcome, inflammatory response and long term behavioral outcome. Post-treatment with miR-181a antagomir significantly reduced infarction size, improved neurological deficits and reduced NF-κB activation, numbers of infiltrating leukocytes and levels of Iba1. Targets affected by miR-181a antagomir administered after stroke onset include BCL2 and X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP). Post-treatment with miR-181a antagomir significantly improved behavioral outcome assessed by rotarod at one month. These findings indicate that post-treatment with miR-181a antagomir has neuroprotective effects against ischemic neuronal damage and neurological impairment in mice, and the protection is long lasting including recovery of motor function and coordination over one month. The ability to protect the brain with post-treatment with miR-181a antagomir with long lasting effect makes this a promising therapeutic target and may be an innovative and effective new approach for stroke therapy.
A GIS-based decision support system for brownfield redevelopment

Abstract Rapid growth in regions surrounding large metropolitan areas leads to the phenomenon of urban sprawl. In states like Michigan, land is being converted at a rate seven times greater than formerly used (and potentially contaminated) sites are being redeveloped. City governments now see these unused or abandoned areas as important assets in realizing the goal of urban revitalization. New legislation in Michigan provides economic (e.g. tax recapture) and legal (e.g. suspension of retroactive liability) incentives for local governments and prospective developers who are now seeking these brownfields instead of farmland and open space. To evaluate land use options with respect to brownfields inventory, characterization, and potential for redevelopment, both government and private decision-makers need access to information regarding land capability; development incentives; public goals, interests, and preferences; and environmental concerns such as site contamination and environmental quality. This paper discusses a decision support system that provides access to state, regional, and local geospatial databases, several informational and visualization tools, and assumptions useful in providing a better understanding of issues, options, and alternatives in redeveloping brownfields. The resultant decision support system is augmented by a unique geographic information systems (GIS)-based land use modeling application called Smart Places® as an integrated expert system. The decision support system is being tested in a city- and county-level brownfield identification, screening, and marketing effort in Jackson County, Michigan. This project represents a testbed for decision-makers and policy analysts at all levels of government to establish urban land use policy and development guidelines that may be applicable to related land use issues in a variety of urban and urbanizing settings. While this project was conducted in Michigan, the tools and procedures used are seen as readily adaptable to other locations.
Mechanisms of creep crack growth in 1 wt% antimony-copper: Implications for fracture parameters

Abstract A copper alloy with 1% (by weight) antimony was used as a model material and tested at 400°C to study the mechanisms of creep crack growth. At this temperature, the creep deformation in this material was dominated by secondary and tertiary creep. The expression for estimating Ct (a crack tip parameter for creep conditions) in a compact type specimen used for testing was modified to include tertiary creep deformation. Extensive damage characterization was conducted on tested creep crack growth specimens using optical metallography and scanning electron microscopy. The following observations were derived from the test results. The creep crack growth rates correlated with Ct only when intense cavitation damage was restricted to a region approximately 1.3 mm in size near the crack tip and no crack branching occurred. It was observed that the average diameter, areal density, and percent of grain boundary area cavitated decreased as function of distance from the crack tip. From these results it is argued that simultaneous nucleation and growth of cavities occur on grain boundary facets during the creep crack growth process. Percent grain boundary area cavitated is proposed as the most reasonable measure of creep damage. The critical amount of damage for crack extension appears to depend on the magnitude of the Ct parameter.