cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Teaching comparative criminal procedure: Russian dolls, color charts, and cappuccino

ABSTRACT Two major traditions-common law and civil law—provide the legal bases for most criminal justice systems in the Western world. Though sharp differences still exist, the past two centuries have witnessed a convergence between the two systems. This article suggests a method to introduce these two systems. It also suggests analogies and provides class handouts for an overview lecture that may be used in comparative criminal justice classes or, more commonly, in any criminal justice class in which the instructor wishes to introduce comparative criminal processes efficiently and with some depth.
The problematic of authenticity and contemporaneity in modern and contemporary Arab thought

With Mohammed ‘Abed al‐Jābri’s death on 3 May 2010, the Arabic‐speaking world lost one of its most influential contemporary political and social philosophers. Of al‐Jābri’s writings, the first volu...
Scattering of a plane longitudinal wave by an elastic quarter space

Abstract We study the two-dimensional problem of the scattering of a plane longitudinal wave incident in a homogeneous, isotropic, linearly elastic quarter space. The complex-valued amplitudes of the Rayleigh waves propagating on the free surfaces are plotted versus Poisson's ratio. Also plotted are the farfield scattering patterns for Poisson's ratio μ= 1 4 and 1 3 .
Mechanisms of Mediator complex action in transcriptional activation

Mediator is a large multisubunit complex that plays a central role in the regulation of RNA Pol II transcribed genes. Conserved in overall structure and function among eukaryotes, Mediator comprises 25–30 protein subunits that reside in four distinct modules, termed head, middle, tail, and CDK8/kinase. Different subunits of Mediator contact other transcriptional regulators including activators, co-activators, general transcription factors, subunits of RNA Pol II, and specifically modified histones, leading to the regulated expression of target genes. This review is focused on the interactions of specific Mediator subunits with diverse transcription regulators and how those interactions contribute to Mediator function in transcriptional activation.
In hypertension with high CV risk, BP self-monitoring and medication self-titration reduced BP at 12 months

Source Citation McManus RJ, Mant J, Haque MS, et al. Effect of self-monitoring and medication self-titration on systolic blood pressure in hypertensive patients at high risk of cardiovascular disea...
Rhinovirus elicits proasthmatic changes in airway responsiveness independently of viral infection.

Abstract Background: Rhinovirus (RV), the principal pathogen responsible for the common cold, is importantly implicated in triggering attacks of asthma secondary to changes in airway responsiveness. Objective: Because the airway histopathologic features of RV infection are relatively modest, we tested the hypothesis that RV can directly elicit proasthmatic-like changes in airway smooth muscle (ASM) responsiveness independently of actual viral infection and its associated cytopathic effects. Methods: Isolated ASM tissues and cultured ASM cells were inoculated with either infectious or noninfectious (UV-irradiated) RV16 and RV2, the latter serotypes belonging to the "major" and "minor" groups of RV subtypes, respectively. ASM constrictor and relaxant responsiveness, G i protein expression, and proinflammatory cytokine release were subsequently compared under the different treatment conditions. Results: In contrast to RV2, which had no effect, RV16 inoculation elicited enhanced ASM contractility and impaired relaxation to cholinergic and β-adrenergic agonists, respectively, in association with increased ASM membrane G i protein expression and induced release of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-5 and IL-1β. These proasthmatic-like effects were also observed in ASM exposed to UV-irradiated RV16, wherein viral replication was completely inhibited. In contrast, pretreatment of ASM with a neutralizing antibody directed against ICAM-1, the host receptor for the "major" group of RVs, completely abrogated the proasthmatic effects of RV16. Conclusions: The results demonstrate that (1) RV16 elicits proasthmatic changes in ASM responsiveness that can occur independently of actual viral infection of the ASM and (2) the effects of RV16 are attributed solely to binding of the virus to its host receptor (ICAM-1) on the ASM cell surface. Collectively, these findings support the notion that RV-induced exacerbation of wheezing in asthmatic individuals can occur even in the absence of any cytopathology associated with viral infection. (J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001;108:997-1004.)
63Cu NMR studies of the local structural order in the CuAsS and CuAsSe systems

Abstract Our 75As NQR investigations have shown that As is three-fold coordinated in the metal-arsenic-chalcogenide glasses for metal concentrations within the glass forming range. The glass forming range in the CuAsS and CuAsSe glassy systems extends approximately to 6 and 25 at. % copper, respectively. Previous EXAFS measurements have shown that Cu is fourfold coordinated. In the naturally occurring mineral Luzonite copper is tetrahedrally coordinated, and we find for 63Cu a nuclear quadrupole coupling constant Qcc = 10 MHz and an asymmetry parameter η = 0.1. We have used the known structure of this mineral as a guide to understanding the local structure in the glasses.
Dialogue as a Requiem for Analysis1

In this article, we offer dialogue as a means to avoid the objectification of data and the procedurization of analysis that so permeates traditional visions of educational inquiry. For our work, dialogue operates simultaneously as a means of inquiry, an engaging form of data, and an entwined means of analysis that disrupts normative formations of research as progressively linear. In this way, dialogue brings about the productive death of data-as-object for analysis. Functionally, our article is a dialogue, one that serves as a requiem for conceptions of analysis as outside data while simultaneously foregrounding data as dialogue. We present our dialogue asynchronously so as to exacerbate our resistance to synthesis and our commitment to a constant rebuilding of understanding. Our asynchronous representation underscores our commitment to dialogic contact, wherein texts live in contact with other texts, joining these texts to our dialogue.
Prostaglandin binding does not require direct cell-cell contact during chick myogenesis in vitro.

Myogenic differentiation in vitro involves at least three events at the cell surface: binding of prostaglandin to the cells, contact-mediated cell-cell recognition, and fusion of the myoblast membranes into myotubes. While the earlier events are thought to be necessary for subsequent fusion, the sequence of events has not been determined. A major impediment to determining the initial event has been the lack of synchrony of cell differentiation in vitro. To overcome this, we cultured chick embryo myoblasts as a suspension of single cells in gyratory rotation in medium without added Ca2+. Under these conditions, myoblasts exhibited characteristic prostaglandin binding at 34 h. Within 30 min, the cells began to aggregate. Because this occurred without change of medium or conditions of rotation, we termed the process autoaggregation. Within 8–10 h, cells within these autoaggregates began to fuse into syncytia. These results suggest that an early cell surface event in embryonic myogenesis is the characteristic binding of prostaglandin to the myoblasts. The results demonstrate that this binding precedes any direct cell-cell contact and suggest that it causes the subsequent change in myoblast cell-cell adhesion.
Water and Brines on Mars: Current Evidence and Implications for MSL

Liquid water is a basic ingredient for life as we know it. Therefore, in order to understand the habitability of other planets we must first understand the behavior of water on them. Mars is the most Earth-like planet in the solar system and it has large reservoirs of H2O. Here, we review the current evidence for pure liquid water and brines on Mars, and discuss their implications for future and current missions such as the Mars Science Laboratory. Neither liquid water nor liquid brines are currently stable on the surface of Mars, but they could be present temporarily in a few areas of the planet. Pure liquid water is unlikely to be present, even temporarily, on the surface of Mars because evaporation into the extremely dry atmosphere would inhibit the formation of the liquid phase, where the temperature and pressure are high enough so that water would neither freeze nor boil. The exception to this is that monolayers of liquid water, referred to as undercooled liquid interfacial water, could exist on most of the Martian surface. In a few places liquid brines could exist temporarily on the surface because they could form at cryogenic temperatures, near ice or frost deposits where sublimation could be inhibited by the presence of nearly saturated air. Both liquid water and liquid brines might exist in the shallow subsurface because even a thin layer of soil forms an effective barrier against sublimation allowing pure liquid water to form sporadically in a few places, or liquid brines to form over longer periods of time in large portions of the planet. At greater depths, ice deposits could melt where the soil conductivity is low enough to blanket the deeper subsurface effectively. This could cause the formation of aquifers if the deeper soil is sufficiently permeable and an impermeable layer exists below the source of water. The fact that liquid brines and groundwater are likely to exist on Mars has important implications for geochemistry, glaciology, mineralogy, weathering and the habitability of Mars.
Rigorous studies of critical behavior

The task addressed in the talk is the analysis of the critical behavior in Statistical mechanical systems, and related problems in the theory of random fields. While it would have been very useful to have mathematical means of approaching this subject at the level of generality presented here in Professor Dobrushin’s analysis of the high temperature phases, we find that the richness of the behavior exhibited at low temperatures calls for more restricted treatments of special models. Nevertheless, it was found that the somewhat delicate issues of the phase structure and the critical behavior may be approached by methods which apply to a number of systems. In particular, the picture offered by random walk representations led to very useful insights for the study of ferromagnetic systems, ϕ4 d field theory, and percolation models. (It is hoped that random surface expansions might play a somewhat similar role for gauge fields and some models of spin glasses.)
Rapamycin-conditioned, alloantigen-pulsed myeloid dendritic cells present donor MHC class I/peptide via the semi-direct pathway and inhibit survival of antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells in vitro and in vivo.

Abstract Dendritic cells (DC) are “professional” bone marrow-derived antigen (Ag)-presenting cells of interest both as therapeutic targets and potential cellular vaccines due to their ability to regulate innate and adaptive immunity. Harnessing the inherent tolerogenicity of DC is a promising and incompletely explored approach to the prevention of allograft rejection. Previously, we and others have reported the ability of pharmacologically-modified DC, that resist maturation, to inhibit CD4 + T cell responses and prolong allograft survival. Here we evaluated the ability of murine myeloid DC conditioned with the immunosuppressive pro-drug rapamycin (RAPA) to acquire and directly present alloAg to syngeneic CD8 + T cells. RAPA-conditioned DC (RAPA-DC) pulsed with allogeneic splenocyte lysate acquired and expressed donor MHC class I and enhanced the apoptotic death of directly-reactive donor Ag-specific CD8 + T cells in vitro. Moreover, following their adoptive transfer, they reduced the survival of these T cells in vivo. The ability of RAPA-DC to inhibit the survival of alloAg-specific CD8 + T cells provides a potential mechanism by which host-derived DC may act as negative regulators of T cell alloreactivity and support donor-specific unresponsiveness. Adoptive cell therapy with alloAg-pulsed RAPA-DC may offer an effective approach to suppression of alloimmunity, with reduced dependence on systemic immunosuppression.
Interdependence of Modulated Dispersion and Tissue Structure in the Mechanism of Unidirectional Block

We previously showed that a premature stimulus can significantly alter vulnerability to arrhythmias by modulating spatial gradients of ventricular repolarization (ie, modulated dispersion). However, it is not clear if such changes in arrhythmia vulnerability can be attributed to the formation of an electrophysiological substrate for unidirectional block and what the potential role is of tissue structure in this process. Therefore, the main objective of the present study was to examine the concomitant effect repolarization gradients and tissue structure have on unidirectional block. Optical action potentials were recorded from 128 ventricular sites (1 cm(2)) in 8 Langendorff-perfused guinea pig hearts. Propagation was confined to the epicardial surface using an endocardial cryoablation procedure, and a 12-mm barrier with a 1.5-mm isthmus was etched with a laser onto the epicardium. A premature stimulus (S2) was delivered over a range of S1S2 coupling intervals to modulate repolarization gradients in a predictable fashion. When a second premature stimulus (S3) was delivered from the center of the isthmus, the occurrence and orientation of unidirectional block were highly dependent on repolarization gradients created by the S2 beat. In this model, a local repolarization gradient of 3.2 ms/mm was required for unidirectional block at this isthmus. In addition, the formation of unidirectional block was critically dependent on the presence of the source-sink mismatch imposed by the isthmus. These results may explain how the interplay between spatial heterogeneities of repolarization and tissue structure form a substrate for unidirectional block and reentry.
Water-Prism Ultraviolet Monochromators

Two large water-prism monochromators are described. One uses a free water surface and the other is a triangular prism enclosed by quartz plates. The monochromators are used to irradiate biological systems and their components with monochromatic light of wavelength >2000A. Details of construction and performance are given.
Authoritarianism revisited: Evidence for an aggression factor

A principal components factor analysis was performed on the scores of 245 undergraduates to a short version of the F Scale and measures of prejudice, attitude toward welfare, toleration of political deviance, punitiveness toward criminals, and support of the Vietnam War. The analysis produced two factors. One was an authoritarian aggression factor which was consistent with the Berkeley levels of personality approach and previous factorial research. All of the measures except the welfare items had substantial loadings on this factor. The second was an attitude toward welfare factor which appeared to be unrelated to authoritarianism.
Numerical simulation of the subsolar magnetopause current layer in the Sun-Earth meridian plane

The formation and stability of the magnetopause current layer near the subsolar point in the sun-earth meridian plane are examined using a 2D electromagnetic particle simulation. For the case of zero IMF, the simulation results show that the current layer remains stable and is essentially the same as in the 1D simulation. The width of the current layer is given by the electron-ion hybrid gyroradius which is much smaller than the ion gyroradius. The current layer is found to remain stable for the northward IMF as well. As in the 1D simulation, the jump of the magnetic field at the current layer for the northward IMF remains small. For the southward IMF, collisionless magnetic reconnection is found to develop, leading to the formation of magnetic islands and density peaking within the current layer.
Laser-induced emission of neutral atoms and molecules from electron-irradiated NaNO 3

We report measurements of the neutral NO, O2, and Na emissions accompanying pulsed laser irradiation of single crystal NaNO3 at 248 nm as a function of exposure to 2500 eV electrons. Electron irradiation strongly enhances the emission intensities, allowing for observable emissions at much lower laser fluences. We present preliminary results on the dependence of these emissions on electron dose and laser fluence and employ time-of-flight measurements to determine the peak surface temperature during the laser pulse. The surface temperature measurements are consistent with near-surface heating by laser absorption at e-beam induced defects. This increase in surface temperature plays a significant role in enhancing the observed neutral species intensities due to thermally activated steps in the emission process.
Cardiovascular responses to aerobic exercise during pregnancy and postpartum

The many physiological and hormonal changes occurring during pregnancy have the potential to affect a woman's cardiovascular responses to aerobic exercise. For example, it seems that increased mass and dilation of the left ventricle allow maintenance of wall stress, ensuring adequate pumping function throughout gestation. Also, a woman's cardiac output response to exercise is typically increased during pregnancy, owing to alterations in both heart rate and stroke volume. However, mean arterial pressure response is not usually affected by pregnancy because the increased blood flow to the uteroplacental unit, skin, and kidneys results in a concomitant decrease in systemic vascular resistance. It should be noted that there is no clear agreement on the mechanisms behind hemodynamic responses to exercise throughout gestation. Indeed, a pregnant woman's cardiac output during physical activity may be affected by (1) gestational age, (2) body position, (3) exercise intensity and modality, and (4) fitness level.
ALK-Rearranged Adenosquamous Lung Cancer Presenting as Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Potential Challenge to Histologic Type Triaging of NSCLC Biopsies for Molecular Studies

Molecular testing is the current standard of care for nonesmall-cell lung cancer particularly adenocarcinoma (ADC). Novel tyrosine kinase inhibitors are currently available to target aberrations in epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) in these tumors. Often, this testing is performed using diagnostic fine needle aspiration (FNA) or core biopsy. Pathologists use immunohistochemistry to identify biomarkers to distinguish histologic types and to triage tumors for molecular studies. Here, we report a case of an adenosquamous carcinoma initially diagnosed as a squamous cell carcinoma in a FNA biopsy that was found on resection to have an ADC component and harbor an ALK rearrangement. Using current guidelines, this ALK rearrangement might have not been identified and the patient would not have been considered for crizotinib therapy. A small biopsy might not be representative of a lung cancer with mixed histologies; in instances when an ADC component cannot be excluded, testing for EGFR or ALK might be warranted and clinical criteria could be used to select patients for testing.
Mixing and unmixing of magmas

Abstract Linear compositional variations of calc-alkaline rocks are difficult to explain in terms of mixing of two genetically unrelated magmas. At least two processes must be involved, a deep-seated one responsible for the long-term variations between suites of rocks erupted in successive episodes and a shallow-level one by which magma columns become vertically zoned during periods of repose between eruptions. The first process appears to involve resorption of differing proportions of mafic residue in a rising batch of magma. The second results from fractionation and collection of a buoyant liquid under the roof of a high-level reservoir. The effect of cooling and crystallization of a calc-alkaline intrusion is to produce a compositional change and decrease of density in the fractionated liquid that has a greater effect on the boundary layer than thermal contraction. The same effect may result from melting of felsic wall rocks or absorption of water. Many of the features that are commonly observed in calc-alkaline rocks can be explained in terms of these two processes without appealing to physically implausible mechanisms involving mixing of liquids of differing densities.
ICVision: a VLSI-based diffractive display for real-time display of holographic stereograms

The ICVision system is a diffractive display based on VLSI technology. It is designed to display holographic stereograms in real-time. The diffractive display is formed on the surface of standard integrated circuit chips which have been covered with a liquid crystal overlay. Fringing electrostatic fields generated by indium tin oxide electrodes on top of the integrated circuit are used to induce the actual diffractive display. Within the individual IC die making up the display will be computational engines that compute the image to be displayed. Because grating information is encoded in the ITO gratings at the time of chip fabrication, the actual real-time computation is several orders of magnitude less than previous approaches. A large display may be formed by a tessellation of several hundred IC die, each approximately 1 cm2, on a flat substrate. An optical broadcast system would be used to transfer imagery information into the integrated circuits, obviating the need for wire bond attachments. This paper presents details of the overall architecture of the display system, and details of the holographic grating computations.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Economic impacts on the money supply process

Economic theory of asset holding behavior predicts multiplier responses to economic variables such as interest rates or real income. However, standard treatments in macro and monetary models frequently assume simplistic multiplier behavior. Potential economic impacts are often assumed to be negligible, or occur slowly, and not of practical importance. This study empirically assesses impacts from economic variables on monetary multipliers. Results show that economic variables have significant impacts on the monetary multipliers. These multiplier impacts can no longer legitimately be assumed away. Rather, results call for attention to multiplier movements as a new standard treatment in theoretical and empirical macroeconomic models.
Atrial pacing from the esophagus in the diagnosis and management of tachycardia and palpitations

Recent reports have emphasized the usefulness of programmed electrical stimulation of the heart for predicting the effectiveness of pharmacologic therapy of recurrent tachycardias and for determining the basis of recurrent palpitations. We used programmed electrical stimulation of the atrium from the esophagus to study 12 children (ages 1 to 13 years) with either electrocardiographically documented tachycardia (seven patients) or recurrent palpitations (five patients). Atrial stimulation from the esophagus initiated and terminated tachycardia in all seven patients who had a previously documented tachycardia. In five of these patients tachycardia could not be initiated after therapy with quinidine sulfate, and no recurrences have been noted in 12 to 18 months of follow-up. In two patients tachycardia could be reinitiated despite therapeutic quinidine levels, and tachycardia has recurred despite quinidine therapy. Atrial stimulation from the esophagus initiated tachycardia in four of five patients with a history of palpitations. Electrocardiographic documentation of tachycardia was beneficial, because it provided a basis for determining whether therapy for tachycardia was indicated, and in some instances provided an opportunity for patient education to permit-self termination without medication.
On Training Sensitivity to Painting Styles

A training study was conducted with ten-year old children (1) to determine the steps through which children pass in learning to sort paintings by style; (2) to investigate the relationship between this and other perceptual and performing skills. Subjects who initially focused on subject matter cues learned to sort paintings by style; a substantial proportion of the subjects succeeded in consistently applying a multidimensional analysis, by means of which various compositional components were first independently assessed and their cumulative effects then evaluated. Moreover, the subjects passed through a consistent set of stages en route to style sensitivity. Posttesting revealed that sensitivity to style is more likely to be enhanced if subjects have had intensive exposure to a small set of highly distinctive styles than if they have gained a superficial familiarity with a wide variety of styles; that the classification skills leading to style sensitivity are related to certain discriminative capacities u...
2-Chloro-3-(4-chloro-benzamido)-1,4-naphthoquinone.

The naphthoquinone ring is almost perpendicular [dihedral angle 71.02 (3)°] to the phenyl group of the title compound, C17H9Cl2NO3, while the dihedral angle between the amide group and the 4-chloro­phenyl ring is 21.9 (2)°. The conformation of the N—H and C=O bonds are anti to each other. N—H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds link the mol­ecules into chains in the a-axis direction. In addition, these chains are linked by weak inter­molecular C—H⋯O inter­actions.
Random cysteine disulfide crosslinking in the analysis of protein structure

We describe a strategy for the use of extensive disulfide crosslinking to investigate protein structure. In this way, it is possible to identify virtually all residues located within close spatial proximity. By means of a novel synthetic strategy, cysteine codon substitutions are introduced randomly into oligonucleotides. These mutagenic oligonucleotides can be introduced into a cloned gene to generate cysteine substitution mutations at a number of positions simultaneously. Singly or multiply substituted proteins may be oxidized in small-scale bacterial lysates and then screened by gel electrophoresis for mobility changes indicative of crosslink formation. Cysteine pairs that crosslink readily are identified by DNA sequencing. Thus, a variety of disulfide crosslinks between and within individual protein molecules may be detected. For some small proteins or regions of proteins, disulfide crosslinking data may provide information sufficient for determining the general features of the three-dimensional structure.
Hydroxylated Stilbenes in Selected American Wines

Hydroxylated stilbene contents of a number of commercial American red wines were determined by gas chromatography−mass spectrometry. Six stilbenols were eluted. Two of these were identified as cis and trans isomers of 3,5,4‘-trihydroxystilbene (resveratrol), while the others were tentatively identified as mono-, di-, tri-, and tetrahydroxystilbenes. cis- and trans-resveratrol were present in the wines at concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 31.9 ppm for cis and from 0.0 to 13.4 ppm for trans. The concentrations of resveratrol in wines made from Vitis rotundifolia (muscadine) grapes were higher (P > 0.05) than those present in wines made from Vitis vinifera and Vitis labruscana grapes. Tetrahydroxy contents of Muscadine and Concord wine were, in general, lower than that of the V. vinifera wines. A method for analyzing hydroxylated stilbene compounds in wine by flame ionization detection is reported. Keywords: Resveratrol; stilbenol; red wine; muscadine; Vitis
ARA‐AMP in chronic HBV hepatitis: Follow‐up too short or too long?

A randomised controlled trial was conducted in 29 HBV carriers who had been HBs and HBe antigen positive for more than six months. Fifteen patients were treated with ARA-AMP 10 mg/kg/ day given as intramuscular injections 12 hours apart for five days followed by 5 mg/kg/day for 23 days. The 14 controls received no treatment. Serum HBV-DNA polymerase, and HBV-DNA decreased in all patients during therapy. Six treated patients lost serum HBV-DNA polymerase, HBV-DNA and HBeAg, HBsAg concentrations decreased, and five developed anti-HBe. One of these six patients lost HBsAg and developed anti-HBs. No such changes were observed in the control group over a similar 18 month period of observation. A four week course of ARA-AMP inhibits HBV replication and in a significant minority of patients this is long lasting and is associated with a reduced level of inflammatory activity in the liver.
Deposition of Ceramic Materials Using Powder and Precursor Vehicles Via Direct Write Processing

Dry powder and sol gel ceramic films were deposited using a Matrix Assisted Pulsed Laser Evaporation Direct Write (MAPLE-DW) technique developed at NRL for optical and electrical device applications. The MAPLE-DW technique uses a high-energy focussed photon source in combination with a “ribbon” to fabricate materials onto a range of substrates at room temperature without material degradation. Two different classes of materials were processed in this research, (1) ceramic dry powder materials and (2) sot gel precursor materials. Cathodoluminescent measurements demonstrated that the efficiencies of the transferred phosphor materials were not degraded during the laser transfer process. Scanning electron microscopy and 3-D surface profilometry of the ribbon after the MAPLE-DW process revealed a 90–95% transfer efficiency for the dry powders. Scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy revealed that the sol gel materials also transferred with an efficiency in the 90-95% range. Three distinct regions were identified on the so gel ribbon after the laser transfer process. The regions suggest that the matrix absorbing layer and the sol gel materials are completely removed for the areas irradiated by the laser pulse, and in a second so-called “heat affected region,” only the sol gel material is ejected from the ribbon.
Quantitative sampling of demersal zooplankton: reentry and airlift dredge sample comparisons

Abstract The distributions and abundances of demersal gammarid amphipods from a shallow sandy benthos were examined using core, reentry and airlift dredge sampling methods. Approximately 90% of the gammarid amphipods sampled with cores were found in the uppermost 2.5 cm of natural sediments. Reentry samplers, designed to contain sediments similar to natural sediments, were used in situ to sample demersal gammarids returning to the benthos after nocturnal vertical migrations. Airlift dredge samplers were used to estimate the absolute abundance of demersal gammarids within the benthos. Comparisons of reentry and airlift dredge samples indicated that only ≈11% of the gammarid fauna was actively migrating and recolonizing sediments during the night sampled. There were no differences between the relative orders of abundance of gammarid species sampled by reentry and airlift methods. Although reentry samplers may not be used to estimate absolute abundances of demersal organisms, they do estimate accurately the relative orders of abundance of demersal gammarid species. Therefore, reentry samplers may be used to test hypotheses regarding the effects of environmental variables upon the relative abundance, distribution, and sediment colonization behavior of demersal organisms.
The use of DNA-repair-deficient mutants of Chinese hamster ovary cells in studying mutagenesis mechanisms and testing for environmental mutagens

Our laboratory has taken a somatic-cell-genetics approach to the study of mutagenesis by utilizing mutant strains of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells that are deficient in DNA repair processes. From more than 150 UV-sensitive strains tested, five complementation classes were identified, and representative mutants were found to be defective at, or before, the incision step of excision repair. A representative mutant, strain UV-5, was compared with the parental strain in terms of cytotoxicity and dose-response curves for mutation induction after treatment with UV and several chemicals that are known to produce large adducts in DNA. Excision repair in normal CHO cells protects against both cytotoxicity and mutagenesis, but the degree of protection depends on both the agent and the genetic marker used for detecting mutations. Upon treatment with low doses (100% cell survival) of the polyaromatic hydrocarbon 7-romomethylbenz(a)anthracene, repair-deficient UV-5 cells had linear responses for mutation induction to thioguanine resistance or azaadenine resistance, whereas the normal repair-proficient cells showed curvilinear responses in which the slope increased with dose. This behavior suggests that in the normal cells the repair system acting on potentially mutagenic lesions becomes saturated at doses that produce cytotoxicity. In no instance was a lower mutation frequency induced in UV-5 cells than the parental cells, at a given dose of mutagen, suggesting that the excision repair system is error-free in normal CHO cells.
Localized model for systems with double-exchange coupling

Magnetic spins in crystals of mixed valence can simultaneously experience two kinds of coupling: the superexchange and the double exchange. The latter coupling, first invoked by Zener and further worked out by Anderson and Hasegawa, is mediated by additional electrons or holes introduced into the system. In the present paper an effective site-spins interaction Hamiltonian for double exchange is formulated. This Hamiltonian involves ascending powers of the bilinear interaction ${\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{S}}}_{i}\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}{\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{S}}}_{j}$. The highest power is determined by the value of the site spin. Thus, for spin-\textonehalf{} the double exchange interaction looks like the ordinary Heisenberg-type coupling. Spin-1 Hamiltonian contains also a biquadratic coupling. Spin-$\frac{3}{2}$ includes a bicubic interaction, spin-2 a biquartic one, etc. It is argued that a localized description of systems with the double exchange is usually sufficient. The phase diagrams are entirely different from the one predicted by the semiclassical (large-spin) band theory proposed by de Gennes. The critical concentrations of the carriers are evaluated at $T=0$ K in the mean-field-theory approximation. An applied magnetic field is shown to have little influence on the strength of the double-exchange coupling. Spin configurations in the presence of the field are also discussed. Finally, a spin-wave theory for such systems is constructed.
Indoor Tanning Among High School Students in the United States, 2009 and 2011

Importance Indoor tanning is associated with an increased risk of skin cancer, including melanoma, and is particularly dangerous for younger and more frequent indoor tanners. Objective To examine the prevalence of indoor tanning and frequent indoor tanning (≥10 times during the 12 months before each survey) and their association with health-related behaviors. Design, Setting, and Participants A cross-sectional study examined data from the 2009 and 2011 national Youth Risk Behavior Surveys, which used nationally representative samples of US high school students representing approximately 15.5 million students each survey year. The study included 25 861 students who answered the indoor tanning question. Main Outcomes and Measures The prevalence of indoor tanning and frequent indoor tanning were examined as well as their association with demographic characteristics and health-related behaviors using multivariable logistic regression modeling. Results The prevalence of indoor tanning was greater among female, older, and non-Hispanic white students. Indoor tanning was highest among female students aged 18 years or older, with 31.5% engaging in indoor tanning in 2011, and among non-Hispanic white female students, with 29.3% engaging in indoor tanning in 2011. Among female students, the adjusted prevalence of indoor tanning decreased from 26.4% in 2009 to 20.7% in 2011. Among female and male students, indoor tanning was associated with other risk-taking behaviors, such as binge drinking ( P P = .006, respectively), unhealthy weight control practices ( P P P P = .03); use among male students was associated with taking steroids without a physician’s prescription ( P P = .03), and attempting suicide ( P = .006). More than half of respondents engaging in indoor tanning reported frequent use of the devices. Conclusions and Relevance Indoor tanning is common among high school students. Public health efforts are needed to change social norms regarding tanned skin and to increase awareness, knowledge, and behaviors related to indoor tanning. The clustering of risky behaviors suggests a need for coordinated, multifaceted approaches, including primary care physician counseling, to address such behaviors among adolescents.
Absolute Judgments as a Function of Stimulus Uncertainty and Temporal Effects: Methodological Note

8 female Ss made absolute judgments of pure tones ac 4 levels of stimulus uncertainty, with 300 trials/level on each of 2 testing days. Sequence effects were balanced by a 4 × 4 Latin square design. Main effects in an analysis of variance showed significantly more correct responses in expected directions for stimulus uncertainty and higher scores on second testing day. Somewhat surprisingly, nonsignificant uncertainty-by-test-day interactions indicated homogeneous increases across uncertainty levels. Discussion focused on assumptions from information theory about asymptotic performance and on potential methodological value of Latin square repeated-measures designs for calculating T at different uncertainty levels.
Variation in gold content of minerals of the Marysville quartz diorite stock, Montana

Abstract Neutron activation analysis for gold has been carried out on 135 mineral samples from throughout the Marysville stock with the following results: (1) the gold content of 44 biotites ranges from 0·002 to 0·924 ppm with an average of 0·076 ppm; (2) 37 hornblende samples gave a range of 0·003–0·823 ppm and an average of 0·100 ppm; (3) for 44 magnetite samples the range was 0·003–0·329 ppm and the average 0·037 ppm; (4) 10 quartz-feldspar samples varied from 0·006 to 0·176 ppm with an average of 0·065 ppm. High gold values mainly occur near the edge of the stock and the lowest values in the center of the stock. The highest values are found near the old gold mines located along the periphery of the stock. Because it could not form bonds in crystallizing minerals, the gold was concentrated in the residual fluids of the Marysville magma and was finally deposited in quartz veins at the edge of the stock. The gold in the minerals is probably entrapped as uncharged gold atoms. The amount of gold in a given mineral was determined by the structure of the mineral and the concentration of gold in the magma at the time of crystallization of that mineral.
Privacy and perfect voyeurism

I argue that there is nothing wrong with perfect voyeurism, covert watching or listening that is neither discovered nor publicized. After a brief discussion of privacy I present attempts from Stanley Benn, Daniel Nathan, and James Moor to show that the act is wrong. I argue that these authors fail to make their case. However, I maintain that, if detected or publicized, voyeurism can do grave harm and to that extent should be severely punished. I conclude with some thoughts on the stubborn intuition that perfect voyeurism is wrong despite the absence of harm.
Genetic diversity of microsatellite loci in hierarchically structured populations.

Abstract Microsatellite loci are widely used for investigating patterns of genetic variation within and among populations. Those patterns are in turn determined by population sizes, migration rates, and mutation rates. We provide exact expressions for the first two moments of the allele frequency distribution in a stochastic model appropriate for studying microsatellite evolution with migration, mutation, and drift under the assumption that the range of allele sizes is bounded. Using these results, we study the behavior of several measures related to Wright’s F S T , including Slatkin’s R S T . Our analytical approximations for F S T and R S T show that familiar relationships between N e m and F S T or R S T hold when the migration and mutation rates are small. Using the exact expressions for F S T and R S T , our numerical results show that, when the migration and mutation rates are large, these relationships no longer hold. Our numerical results also show that the diversity measures most closely related to F S T depend on mutation rates, mutational models (stepwise versus two-phase), migration rates, and population sizes. Surprisingly, R S T is relatively insensitive to the mutation rates and mutational models. The differing behaviors of R S T and F S T suggest that properties of the among-population distribution of allele frequencies may allow the roles of mutation and migration in producing patterns of diversity to be distinguished, a topic of continuing investigation.
FLUORESCENCE AND THE STRUCTURE OF PROTEINS. V. IONIZATION OF TYROSYL RESIDUES.

Abstract Fluorimetric titration data are presented for tyrosyl peptides, insulin and native RNAase. Equations were derived to fit these data, and the following conclusions were drawn: 1. 1. Changes in fluorescence of simple tyrosyl peptides are explicable in terms of changes in the ionic state of the phenolic and neighboring amino groups. 2. 2. Ionized phenolic groups of molecules with multiple tyrosyl residues appear to function as sinks for loss of fluorescent energy of the molecule. 3. 3. Fluorimetric titration data of native RNAase can be accounted for with reasonable accuracy by subdivision of the six tyrosyl residues into three normal residues that are strongly fluorescent (5·5% quantum efficiency) and three abnormal residues that are non-fluorescent or virtually so (less than 0.2% quantum efficiency). 4. 4. Abnormal tyrosyl residues of native RNAase appear to serve as rather inefficient sinks for loss of fluorescence, even at neutral pH.
Prospective study of intraoperative mammary ductoscopy in patients undergoing partial mastectomy for breast cancer

Abstract Background The purpose of this study was to critically evaluate the added benefit of intraoperative mammary ductoscopy on margin assessment and identification of occult intraductal pathology in patients undergoing therapeutic partial mastectomy for in-situ and invasive breast carcinoma. Methods Eligible patients underwent intraoperative mammary ductoscopy before partial mastectomy. In patients where an intraductal abnormality was identified and the mammary ductoscope was not within the partial mastectomy cavity, an additional ductoscopy-directed margin of tissue was analyzed. Results Nineteen of 30 (63%) patients yielded nipple aspirate fluid and were able to undergo mammary ductoscopy; an intraductal abnormality was identified in 15 of 19 (79%) patients. Only 1 patient had an occult infiltrating carcinoma, which was outside of the resection cavity and identified by ductoscopy. Conclusions Although mammary ductoscopy can identify intraductal abnormalities during partial mastectomy in a significant number of patients, many of these findings may be either benign or within the standard field of resection, thus adding no benefit to the patient.
Quantifying and Resolving Multiple Vector Transformants in S. cerevisiae Plasmid Libraries

Background In addition to providing the molecular machinery for transcription and translation, recombinant microbial expression hosts maintain the critical genotype-phenotype link that is essential for high throughput screening and recovery of proteins encoded by plasmid libraries. It is known that Escherichia coli cells can be simultaneously transformed with multiple unique plasmids and thusly complicate recombinant library screening experiments. As a result of their potential to yield misleading results, bacterial multiple vector transformants have been thoroughly characterized in previous model studies. In contrast to bacterial systems, there is little quantitative information available regarding multiple vector transformants in yeast. Saccharomyces cerevisiae is the most widely used eukaryotic platform for cell surface display, combinatorial protein engineering, and other recombinant library screens. In order to characterize the extent and nature of multiple vector transformants in this important host, plasmid-born gene libraries constructed by yeast homologous recombination were analyzed by DNA sequencing.
In Vivo Quantification of Human Coronary Artery Deformation From Cardiac-Gated Computed Tomography Data

Despite significant advances in percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI), bifurcation lesions still remain technically challenging for treatment. In an attempt to treat bifurcation lesions, innovative interventional techniques such as T-stenting, V-stenting and crush stenting have been developed. However, stenting both main and branch vessels inherently involves geometrical constraint on the devices at the site of a branch junction. Moreover, dynamic cardiac motion may cause significant deformation of the coronary artery (Fig. 1) and hence may adversely impact the functionality as well as durability of stents. This critical issue has been emphasized by recent studies on stent strut fracture-induced restenosis in a bifurcation lesion [1]. Although it has been hypothesized that cardiac motion causes significant mechanical stress on coronary stents, three-dimensional (3D) characteristics of the coronary artery deformation are not well understood. The purpose of this study was to quantify the change in the bifurcation angle between the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) and left circumflex artery (LCX), and the curvature change of the LAD during the cardiac cycle.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
The characterization of plant tissues by their lignin oxidation products

Abstract The cupric oxide oxidation products of 23 vascular and nonvascular plant tissues have been measured. Compositional data for vanillyl, syringyl, and cinnamyl phenols are presented in the form of five lignin parameters which are related to plant variety, lignin concentration, and tissue type. On the basis of these parameters, the 23 plant tissue samples are resolved into distinct compositional regions corresponding to: 1. (a) nonvascular plants, 2. (b) gymnosperm woods, 3. (c) non woody gymnosperm tissues, 4. (d) angiosperm woods, and 5. (e) nonwoody angiosperm tissues. The same five parameters also can be determined for organic materials in soils and sediments and used either to discriminate between compositionally different organic mixtures or to estimate the relative amounts of each of the above types of plant materials in the deposits.
PHOTOCHEMICAL CONVERSION AND STORAGE OF SOLAR ENERGY BY AZOBENZENE

Photochemical isomerization of trans-azobenzene to cis-isomer, and its inverse cis-trans isomerization were investigated for the purpose of constructing a thermal energy storage system by conversion of solar light energy. Trans-cis photoisomerization of azobenzene in the cyclohexane solution proceeded with or without photosensitizers over a wide range of light in the ultraviolet and visible region. But the backward reaction from cis- to trans-form, which was predominant by the longer-wavelength light, set a limit to the progress of trans-cis conversion, and photochemical equilibrium was established at about 25% conversion of trans-azobenzene. Some devices to remove the conversion limit were examined. Cis-trans isomerization in the dark was carried out in the presence of immobilized metal porphine catalyst. Cotetraphenylporphine or Co-protoporphyrin fixed on polyethylene granules graft-polymerized with chloromethylstyrene was the most effective for the reverse reaction. This liberation of heat during the reaction was also analyzed from the kinetic point of view.