cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Particlization of an interacting hadron resonance gas with global conservation laws for event-by-event fluctuations in heavy-ion collisions

We revisit the problem of particlization of a QCD fluid into hadrons and resonances at the end of the fluid dynamical stage in relativistic heavy-ion collisions in a context of fluctuation measurements. The existing methods sample an ideal hadron resonance gas, and therefore, they do not capture the non-Poissonian nature of the grand-canonical fluctuations, expected due to QCD dynamics such as the chiral transition or QCD critical point. We address the issue by partitioning the particlization hypersurface into locally grand-canonical fireballs populating the space-time rapidity axis that are constrained by global conservation laws. The procedure allows to quantify the effect of global conservation laws, volume fluctuations, thermal smearing, and resonance decays on fluctuation measurements in various rapidity acceptances and can be used in fluid dynamical simulations of heavy-ion collisions. As a first application, we study event-by-event fluctuations in heavy-ion collisions at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) using an excluded volume hadron resonance gas model matched to lattice QCD susceptibilities, with a focus on (pseudo)rapidity acceptance dependence of net baryon, net proton, and net charge cumulants. We point out large differences between net proton and net baryon cumulant ratios that make direct comparisons between the two unjustified. We observe that the existing experimental data on net-charge fluctuations at the LHC shows a strong suppression relative to a hadronic description.
Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine Special Statement: Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) update.

The Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine Publications Committee first adopted the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) system in 2013. This document provides an update on the Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine Publications Committee process for creating evidence-based practice recommendations and describes the GRADE process as it is currently implemented in the SMFM Consult and Guidelines series.
High fidelity fiber orientation density functions from fiber ball imaging.

The fiber orientation density function (fODF) in white matter is a primary physical quantity that can be estimated with diffusion MRI. It has often been employed for fiber tracking and microstructural modeling. Requirements for the construction of high fidelity fODFs, in the sense of having good angular resolution, adequate data to avoid sampling errors, and minimal noise artifacts, are described for fODFs calculated with fiber ball imaging. A criterion is formulated for the number of diffusion encoding directions needed to achieve a given angular resolution. The advantages of using large b-values (≥6000 s/mm2 ) are also discussed. For the direct comparison of different fODFs, a method is developed for defining a local frame of reference tied to each voxel's individual axonal structure. The Matusita anisotropy axonal is proposed as a scalar fODF measure for quantifying angular variability. Experimental results, obtained at 3 T from human volunteers, are used as illustrations.
ppGpp Formation in Escherichia coli Treated with Rifampicin

Abstract It has been previously reported that the accumulation of the regulatory nucleotide ppGpp (MS I), which is governed by the RC gene of Escherichia coli, does not occur in the presence of rifampicin. Since this drug inhibits RNA chain initiation, it was suggested that the formation of ppGpp is somehow dependent on the presence of nascent RNA chains (Wong, J. T.-F., and Nazar, R. N., J. Biol. Chem., 245, 4591 (1970)). We find that this effect of rifampicin depends on amino acid activation: when valyl-tRNA synthetase is specifically inactivated, then ppGpp accumulation proceeds in rifampicin despite complete inhibition of RNA synthesis. The effect of rifampicin on ppGpp formation is therefore indirect, and probably reflects the recharging of transfer RNA due to the fact that the rate of protein synthesis drops in rifampicin-treated cells.
Bravo! Neurology at the opera.

Opera is a complex musical form that reflects the complexity of the human condition and the human brain. This article presents an introduction to the portrayal of medical professionals in opera, including one neurologist, as well as two characters in whom neurological disease contributes to the action of the musical drama. Consideration is also given to the neuroanatomy and neuropathology of opera singers with further speculation regarding the neural underpinnings of the passion of opera’s audience.
Backstepping with multi-stage polar controllers for MIMO nonlinear systems

Multi-stage polar controllers are proposed for control of MIMO systems when the dimension of the system n, is much higher then the number of control inputs, m. The idea of forcing the trajectory to enter fast a stabilizing manifold utilizing the concept of a polar partition and the polar control are combined with the backstepping idea to achieve stability (and ultimately achieve regulation, tracking and other control goals) for systems with strict feedback structure. The result is the imbedded polar controller structure that has exhibited a number of appealing features: methodological design, off-the-shelf control units, free design parameters and good robustness to plant perturbations.
Gradable epistemic modals, probability, and scale structure

The epistemic modals possible, probable, likely, and certain require a semantics which explains their behavior both as modal operators and as gradable adjectives. An analysis of these items in terms of Kennedy & McNally's theory of gradability suggests that they are associated with a single, fully closed scale of possibility. An implementation using the standard theory of modality due to Kratzer is shown to make incorrect predictions in several domains. However, if the scale of possibility is identified with standard numerical probability, the facts about gradability are explained and the undesirable predictions of Kratzer's theory are avoided.
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAW AND THE BOUNDARIES OF THE FIRM

Arrow's disclosure paradox implies that information that is not afforded legal protection cannot be bought or sold on the market. This paper emphasizes the important relationship between the paradox of disclosure and the boundaries of the firm question. Only legally protected inventions, i.e., patented inventions, may be traded; pre-patent stages of the innovation process may not. Consequently, by force of law, rather than by the guidance of economic principle, pre-patent innovation must be carried out within the boundaries of a single firm.
Disintegration of the ecological community.

Abstract: In this essay, I argue that the seemingly indestructible concept of the community as a local, interacting assemblage of species has hindered progress toward understanding species richness at local to regional scales. I suggest that the distributions of species within a region reveal more about the processes that generate diversity patterns than does the co‐occurrence of species at any given point. The local community is an epiphenomenon that has relatively little explanatory power in ecology and evolutionary biology. Local coexistence cannot provide insight into the ecogeographic distributions of species within a region, from which local assemblages of species derive, nor can local communities be used to test hypotheses concerning the origin, maintenance, and regulation of species richness, either locally or regionally. Ecologists are moving toward a community concept based on interactions between populations over a continuum of spatial and temporal scales within entire regions, including the po...
Moving Beyond Animal Rights: A Legal/Contractualist Critique

Since important legal victories against racial discrimination and other forms of discrimination in the 1950s and 1960s, many legal scholars and lawyers have been increasingly attracted to the "romance of rights." For these scholars and lawyers, analogies to the civil rights movement seem especially appealing as vehicles for achieving societal change in new fields. Animal Law is perhaps the fastest growing field of study in American legal education and scholarship, and calls for legal rights for some or all animals are rapidly expanding. This Article critiques comparisons between rights sought for animals and rights assigned to infant humans, mentally incapable adult humans, and corporations. It argues that legal and societal reforms regarding animals are better suited to social contract - contractualist - ideals than to creation of new rights. Contrary to the increasingly frequent assertions of some animal rights theorists, appropriate treatment of animals in a manner that benefits society's overall interests is attainable through focusing on human responsibility for animal welfare under social contract principles. Developing an artificial construct of formal rights for animals would be harmful both to humans and, ultimately, to animals.
The Midas Effect: A Critique of Climate Change Economics

Global climate change is perhaps the most serious problem the world faces. Despite its severity, mainstream economic approaches to addressing the problem fail to get to the root cause — the capitalist global economy — falling instead for ‘the Midas Effect’, the notion that ecological values can be converted into economic values. Here we highlight the severity of the global climate crisis, which requires that atmospheric carbon levels be reduced (to 350 ppm), and explain how capitalism is the primary driving force behind this crisis. We argue that to address this problem properly, nothing less than an ecological revolution is required, where we replace the current capitalist system with one based on meeting human needs in a sustainable way, not furthering capital accumulation.
Leiomyosarcoma of renal vein

Abstract The seventh ease of leimnyosarcoma of the renal vein is reported. A review of the literature and follow-up on all 6 eases previously documented are presented.
Winter fragmentation of Codium fragile (Suringar) Hariot ssp. tomentosoides (van Goor) Silva (Chlorophyceae, Siphonales) in New England

Abstract Winter fragmentation of the upright fronds of Codium fragile ssp. tomentosoides is recorded for the first time. Maximum fragmentation occurs from January to March in New England. Temperature is suggested as the causative factor. The largest fronds of Codium (i.e. those over 8 cm in length) are most susceptible to fragmentation.
Can Chimpanzees Swallow or Talk? A Reply to Falk

In claiming that biology is not likely to be a branch of the present physics, I do not wish to imply that life can in some mysterious way evade the laws of physics. I believe the situation is comparable to the problem of electricity and magnetism as it appeared before, and even during, the time of Maxwell. . . . He understood only later that electric and magnetic fields were important and basic concepts in physics, not contained in the concepts of mechanics, but of course not in contradiction to the laws of mechanics-and that
Off-State Leakage Induced by Band-to-Band Tunneling and Floating-Body Bipolar Effect in InGaAs Quantum-Well MOSFETs

The physics of off-state drain leakage (I off ) in scaled self-aligned InGaAs quantum-well (QW) MOSFETs is investigated through experiments and simulations. Excess I off is observed in InGaAs QW-MOSFETs with very short contact-to-channel spacing. This current bears the marks of band-to-band tunneling (BTBT) that takes place at the drain edge of the channel. However, a pure BTBT current does not explain the observed magnitude of I off nor its gate length dependence. For this, we invoke floating-body bipolar amplification of the BTBT current in the QW channel. Device simulations that include BTBT and drift diffusion are consistent with the magnitude of the experimental I off and its gate length scaling behavior. The understanding derived here suggests a number of paths to mitigate BTBT-induced off-state current in scaled InGaAs QW-MOSFETs.
New electrical engineering building University of Washington

LATE IN 1948 construction was completed on a new Electrical Engineering Building for the University of Washington, Seattle. Built at a cost of nearly one million dollars, the building is a true example of functional design in every respect. It consists of three full floors with a total area of approximately 60,000 square feet.
Optimized production and purification of Bacillus anthracis lethal factor.

Bacillus anthracis lethal factor (LF) is a 90-kDa zinc metalloprotease that plays an important role in the virulence of the organism. LF has previously been purified from Escherichia coli and Bacillus anthracis. The yields and purities of these preparations were inadequate for crystal structure determination. In this study, the genes encoding wild-type LF and a mutated, inactive LF (LF-E687C) were placed in an E. coli-Bacillus shuttle vector so that LF was produced with the protective antigen (PA) signal peptide at its N-terminus. The resulting vectors, pSJ115 and pSJ121, express wild-type and mutated LF fusion proteins, respectively. Expression of the LF genes is under the control of the PA promoter and, during secretion, the PA signal peptide is cleaved to release the 90-kDa LF proteins. The wild-type and mutated LF proteins were purified from the culture medium using three chromatographic steps (Phenyl-Sepharose, Q-Sepharose, and hydroxyapatite). The purified proteins were greater than 95% pure and yields (20-30 mg/L) were higher than those obtained in other expression systems (1-5 mg/L). These proteins have been crystallized and are being used to solve the crystal structure of LF. Their potential use in anthrax vaccines is also discussed.
The Coulter Principle for Analysis of Subvisible Particles in Protein Formulations

The Coulter principle can be used for analysis of subvisible particles in protein formulations. The approach has several advantages including: an orthogonal operating principle, high sensitivity, ability to detect very small particles, excellent reproducibility, and high-resolution size information. This minireview discusses some of the important considerations that must be taken into account when utilizing the Coulter principle for subvisible particle analysis in protein formulations.
Microfluidic synthesis and post processing of non-spherical polymeric microparticles

Monodisperse spherical and non-spherical particles as well as their suspensions have diverse applications in optoelectronics, photonics, abrasives, catalysis, drug delivery, and field responsive rheological fluids. The synthesis of highly monodisperse particles with tunable functionalities has been a great challenge. Microfluidics technology, however, presents an attractive approach to synthesizing monodisperse non-spherical particles with tunable functionalities for application breakthroughs. The microfluidics method, described in a previous study, uses a UV-curable prepolymer with an appropriate photo-initiator. The prepolymer solution passes through a microfluidic channel positioned on a microscope stage, and a microscope objective focuses UV light that is launched into the microfluidic channel. A photo mask patterned with transparent geometric features that define the shape of the particles masks the UV light to synthesize micron sized organic particles. Typically, particles synthesized using this method remain suspended. However, this study describes post-processing methods that allow the recovery of high fidelity, solvent-free particles. Particles in cubic, tetragonal and cylindrical shapes as well as those in pentagonal, hexagonal and triangular cross sections with a size range of ~40–130 μm were synthesized and collected. Then, they were characterized using electron microscopy and image processing to demonstrate the efficacy of the post processing techniques described.
Unity of measurement and motion.

Issues addressed in H.H. Pattee's origin of life laboratory in the 1960s and their connection to the physics-evolution-language problematic are indicated. The problem of quantum measurement played a central role. The problem is herein examined in the light of the fluctuon model; in particular, as the model applies to gravity. The main conclusion is that measurement and motion are a unitary process. All accelerations are accompanied by a cycle involving the annihilation and creation of superpositions. Gravitational collapse is also a cyclic process in the fluctuon model. By a suitable transformation, it can be seen that interactions underlying superpositional collapse are the same as those operative in gravitational collapse. Implications for the origin of cellular life and the development of symbolic systems are considered.
The promise of single-cell sequencing.

Individual cells of the same phenotype are commonly viewed as identical functional units of a tissue or organ. However, the deep sequencing of DNA and RNA from single cells suggests a more complex ecology of heterogeneous cell states that together produce emergent system-level function. Continuing development of high-content, real-time, multimodal single-cell measurement technologies will lead to the ultimate goal of understanding the function of an individual cell in the context of its microenvironment.
Cav2.3 Calcium Channels Inactivate from the Open State with Partial Charge Immobilization and Altered Deactivation Kinetic

Voltage-dependent ion channels undergo inactivation following activation. In the sodium and potassium channels, the molecular determinants that govern the mechanism of inactivation involve pore blocking by a cytoplasmic particle. In calcium channels the consensus model is that the intracellular loop joiningthe first two homology domains of the pore forming subunit contributes to the inactivation gate or hinged-lid. To investigate key features of this model, we expressed CaV2.3 channel in Xenopus oocytes without auxiliary subunits and recorded ionic and gating currents using the cut-open voltage-clamp technique. Ionic current were recorded in either Ba2+ or Ca2+. Here we report that consistent with a hinge-lead mechanisms, charge movement at the end of a depolarizing pulse decreases up to a 50% with channel inactivation. In contrast with a previous report by Patil et al (1998, Neuron 20:1020) that co-expresses auxiliary subunit with CaV2.3, trains of pulse elicited minimal inactivation. It appears then that when expressed alone, CaV2.3 channels inactivate mostly from the open state. We also found that as channels inactivate, a slow component emerges in tail-current recordings. This component contributes to about 20% of the tail currents in 80% inactivated currents and can be accounted for with a classic allosterically-coupled model provided that channels can re-open multiple times from the last closed state and that some closed-inactive channels re-open during membrane repolarization.Supported by REFD-24 and FONDECYT 1980635 to AN and a CONICYTFellowship to GC.
Effect of adrenocorticotropin on thyroidal collection of I131 in the adrenalectomized and intact rat.

SummaryThe administration of adrenocorticotropin results in a decreased collection of I131 by the thyroid gland of both the intact and adrenalectomized rat, suggesting that adrenocorticotropin inhibits the adenohypophyseal secretion of thyrotropin.
Molecular Linkage Between the Kinase ATM and NF-κB Signaling in Response to Genotoxic Stimuli

The transcription factor NF-κB modulates apoptotic responses induced by genotoxic stress. We show that NF-κB essential modulator (NEMO), the regulatory subunit of IκB kinase (IKK) (which phosphorylates the NF-κB inhibitor IκB), associates with activated ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) after the induction of DNA double-strand breaks. ATM phosphorylates serine-85 of NEMO to promote its ubiquitin-dependent nuclear export. ATM is also exported in a NEMO-dependent manner to the cytoplasm, where it associates with and causes the activation of IKK in a manner dependent on another IKK regulator, a protein rich in glutamate, leucine, lysine, and serine (ELKS). Thus, regulated nuclear shuttling of NEMO links two signaling kinases, ATM and IKK, to activate NF-κB by genotoxic signals.
Critical temperature of the lead–bismuth eutectic (LBE) alloy

Abstract Liquid metals such as Bi and Pb and Pb–Bi eutectic alloy are serious contenders for use as coolant in LMFBRs in lieu of sodium due to a number of attractive characteristics (high density, low moderation, low neutron absorption and activation, high boiling point and poor interaction with water and air, etc.). Analysis of hypothetical accidents is of relevance to predict the catastrophe involving loss of coolant accident (LOCA) in LMFBRs. One key parameter to take into account is the critical temperature data of the liquid metals for reactor safety analysis. This communication reports the application of a theoretical model called internal pressure approach to predict the critical temperature ( T c ) of the LBE alloy for the first time.
Abstract A1: The zinc-finger E-box-binding transcriptional repressor Snail promotes tumor progression and angiogenesis in non-small cell lung cancer.

Abstracts: Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research 2008 A1 The zinc-finger E-box-binding transcriptional repressor Snail has been implicated in tumor progression of several malignancies. Best known as a transcriptional repressor of the adherens junction component E-cadherin, Snail has predominantly been associated with the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), invasion, and metastasis. However, the role of Snail in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is not yet defined. Immunohistochemistry of human lung adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma sections revealed specific nuclear staining of tumor cells in all patient samples. A human lung adenocarcinoma cell line H441 was stably transduced with a Snail expressing retroviral vector. Western analysis verified up-regulation of Snail and down-regulation of E-cadherin in the Snail over-expressing cells (H441-Snail) as compared to vector control cells (H441-V). In three-dimensional spheroid culture, H441V cells grew into large, tight spheroids while H441-Snail cells were markedly discohesive, reflecting a Snail-mediated phenotypic change consistent with EMT. To examine the effects of Snail over-expression in vivo, severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice were injected subcutaneously with either H441-Snail cells or with H441-V cells. Mice were sacrificed 6 weeks later. The primary tumor burden in mice bearing H441-Snail tumors was five fold greater than the primary tumor burden of mice bearing H441-V tumors (p<0.005). To evaluate the incidence of metastases, these cell lines were tested in an orthotopic model. H441-V and H441-Snail cells were transthoracically injected into the left lung of SCID mice. Organs were then harvested and analyzed by flow cytometry gated on the human marker, CD49b. The incidence of metastases to the right lung, liver, bone marrow, and adrenal glands were significantly increased in the mice bearing H441-Snail tumors (p<0.05). Because H441-Snail tumors appeared grossly more hemorrhagic as compared to H441-V tumors at the time of harvest, primary tumors were homogenized and analyzed by ELISA for levels of two angiogenic factors known to play a role in NSCLC tumor angiogenesis: CXCL8 and CXCL5. H441-Snail tumors were associated with increased levels of CXCL8 (p<0.05) and CXCL5 (p<0.05) as compared to H441-V tumors. Based on these results, SCID mice injected with H441-Snail cells were treated with a CXCR2 (CXCL8 and CXCL5 receptor) blocking antibody. These mice exhibited reduced tumor burden and metastases as compared to mice bearing H441-Snail tumors that were treated with a control antibody. In summary, Snail contributes to tumor progression in NSCLC by inducing tumor angiogenesis, as evidenced by elevated levels of angiogenic factors (CXCL8 and CXCL5) and the reversal of increased tumor burden and metastases with CXCR2 blockade. Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2008;1(7 Suppl):A1.
Process control and communication

The paper contains a description of the structure of processes and the interprocess communication facility implemented within a general purpose operating system. Processes within the system operate asynchronously. The communication facility allows a process to signal another process, to send information to it, to cause it to be suspended or to cause it to be terminated.
Discovery of N-Aryl Piperazines as Selective mGluR5 Potentiators with Improved In Vivo Utility

This letter describes the discovery, structure−activity relationship, and in vitro and in vivo pharmacological profile of a novel non-MPEP-derived mGluR5 positive allosteric modulator (PAM) based upon an N-aryl piperazine chemotype. This mGluR5 chemotype exhibits the ability to act as either a noncompetitive antagonist/negative allosteric modulator or a potentiator of the glutamate response, depending on the identity of the amide substituent, that is, a “molecular switch”. A rapidly optimized PAM, 10e (VU0364289), was shown to be potent and specific for the rat mGluR5 receptor and subsequently demonstrated to be efficacious in a clinically relevant rodent model predictive of antipsychotic activity, thus providing the first example of a centrally active mGluR5 PAM optimized from an HTS-derived mGluR5 noncompetitive antagonist.
Reduction of the elevator illusion from continued hypergravity exposure and visual error-corrective feedback

Ten subjects served as their own controls in two conditions of continuous, centrifugally produced hypergravity (+2 Gz) and a 1-G control condition. Before and after exposure, open-loop measures were obtained of (1) motor control, (2) visual localization, and (3) hand-eye coordination. During exposure in the visual feedback/hypergravity condition, subjects received terminal visual error-corrective feedback from their target pointing, and in the no-visual feedback/hypergravity condition they pointed open loop. As expected, the motor control measures for both experimental conditions revealed very short lived underreaching (the muscle-loading effect) at the outset of hypergravity and an equally transient negative aftereffect on returning to 1 G. The substantial (approximately 17 degrees) initial elevator illusion experienced in both hypergravity conditions declined over the course of the exposure period, whether or not visual feedback was provided. This effect was tentatively attributed to habituation of the otoliths. Visual feedback produced a smaller additional decrement and a postexposure negative after-effect, possible evidence for visual recalibration. Surprisingly, the target-pointing error made during hypergravity in the no-visual-feedback condition was substantially less than that predicted by subjects' elevator illusion. This finding calls into question the neural outflow model as a complete explanation of this illusion.
Two-element control for the active SLIP model

The Spring Loaded Inverted Pendulum has been extensively studied and used as an inspiration to the study of legged locomotion. Biological data suggest that legs regulate energy production and removal via muscle activation, and therefore the conservative SLIP model cannot fully explain the robustness of many legged animals during running and hopping gaits. In this work we consider the active SLIP model, an energetically non-conservative version of the SLIP model with series actuation. In particular, we propose a strategy for actuator displacement to add/remove energy from the system, and to analytically solve part of its dynamics. Additionally, we develop a control strategy for online actuator displacement to drive the system to a desired state, even in the presence of terrain perturbation.
Multiple Roles, Lifestyle Satisfaction, and Marital Happiness Among Farm Wives

The purposes of this study were to explore the multiplicity of farm women's roles and to determine whether a particular role complex is related to lifestyle satisfac tion. Questionnaires were mailed to randomly selected farm families in seven states. Responses from 1,235 wives revealed that 13% functioned in five roles, 37% in four roles, 42% in three roles, and 8% in two roles. Wives from small farms were more likely to carry five role responsibilities. Education was positively re lated to number of roles, while age was negatively related. Although farm size, wives' off-farm income, and length of marriage were significantly related to num ber of roles, the relationships were not linear. Number of roles negatively affected lifestyle satisfaction but not marital happiness. Lifestyle satisfaction was de creased by having an off-farm-work role and a parenting role, but not by a farm- work role. The number of roles was also related to both equity satisfaction and financial security. Younger wives, those with more education, and those from smaller farms are more likely to carry a quintet of roles. In conclusion, it appears that role load of farm wives reduces lifestyle satisfaction. Working off the farm reduces lifestyle satisfaction, but working on the farm does not. However, being a parent reduced lifestyle satisfaction, regardless of the type or number of work roles of the wife. Marital happiness remains independent of all variables in this study.
Line Tension at Fluid Membrane Domain Boundaries Measured by Micropipette Aspiration

Line tension is a determinant of fluid phase domain formation kinetics and morphology in lipid bilayer membranes, which are models for biological membrane heterogeneity. We describe the first direct measurement of this line tension by micropipette aspiration. Our data are analyzed with a model that does not rely on independently measured (and composition dependent) secondary parameters, such as bending stiffness or membrane viscosities. Line tension is strongly composition dependent and decreases towards a critical consolute point in a quasiternary room temperature phase diagram.
Ultrahigh-Pressure Reversed-Phase Capillary Liquid Chromatography: Isocratic and Gradient Elution Using Columns Packed with 1.0-μm Particles

Fused-silica capillaries with inner diameters of 33 μm and lengths of 25−50 cm are slurry-packed with 1.0-μm nonporous octadecylsilane-modified (C18) silica spheres. These columns are used to perform ultrahigh-pressure reversed-phase liquid chromatographic analyses in both isocratic and gradient elution modes. Mobile-phase pressures as high as 5000 bar (72 000 psi) are applied to column inlets to generate more than 200 000 theoretical plates in 6 min (k‘ ≈ 1) for small, organic analytes. Average capacity factors of analytes are found to increase linearly with applied pressure. An electrically driven constant-flow syringe pump capable of generating mobile-phase pressures as high as 9000 bar (130 000 psi) is described. This pump is used in conjunction with an exponential dilution method for the gradient separation of peptides from a tryptic digest on a 27-cm-long capillary packed with 1.0-μm particles. A peak capacity of 300 is demonstrated for a 30-min analysis.
Characterization of the 5-GHz Elevator Shaft Channel

In this paper we provide channel characterization results for the elevator shaft channel in the 5-GHz band, based upon measurements conducted in four buildings. This channel is of interest for several applications, including WiFi and public safety. Although several authors have provided elevator shaft channel characteristics for lower-frequency bands (255-MHz, 900-MHz, 1.9-GHz), to our knowledge this is the first work that addresses the 5-GHz band. Moreover, prior work has not thoroughly addressed channel characteristics when the elevator car is in motion, whereas here we provide measurement and modeling results for this dynamic condition. Our measurements were of power delay profiles, from which we estimated propagation path loss and root-mean square delay spread (RMS-DS). Path loss exponents were approximately 2.5 in one building and 5.5 in the other three buildings, with standard deviations about the log-distance linear fits equal to approximately 3 dB and 5.5 dB, respectively. Mean RMS-DS values range from approximately 14-60 ns when the elevator car is motionless. Maximum RMS-DS values were 144 ns and 152 ns in the two different types of buildings when the elevator car is moving. The significant differences in these channel characteristics among the four buildings are likely attributable to the distinct physical features of the buildings.
Subtle changes, profound effects: crystal engineering of one-dimensional helical copper(I):4,7-phenanthroline coordination polymers

Abstract The syntheses and crystal structures of four novel coordination polymers containing copper(I) and 4,7-phenanthroline (phen) are described. [Cu(phen)(MeCN)]SO3CF3, 1 and [Cu(phen)]SO3CF3·(C6H5NO2)0.75, 2 are prepared from an equimolar ratio of [Cu(MeCN)4]SO3CF3 and phen using acetonitrile (MeCN) and benzonitrile (BzCN), respectively, as solvent. Structures 3, [Cu(phen)2]SO3CF3, and 4, [Cu(phen)2)]SO3CF3·(C6H5NO2)(H2O) are also made from MeCN and BzCN, respectively, but using a tenfold excess of phen. All four compounds exhibit helical polymeric structures containing Cu(I) centers bridged by 4,7-phenanthroline ligands with a coordinated triflate counteranion completing the copper coordination sphere. In addition, 1 contains one terminal MeCN ligand, while 3 and 4 contain one terminal phenanthroline ligand in their copper(I) environments. Packing diagrams reveal π–π stacking between 4,7-phenanthrolines to be the primary intrachain interactions present. There is inclusion of noncoordinated nitrobenzene in both 2 and 4, and in each case the solvent molecules have very different influences on the chain stacking motifs.
Effective reduction of Vibrio vulnificus in the Eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) using high salinity depuration

Depuration under different salinities was used to reduce the human pathogen Vibrio vulnificus from Eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica). Individual recirculating systems were used to test the efficacy of depuration at three salinities (15, 25, and 35 psu) in four independent trials during a 14 day period. Initial loads of V. vulnificus were higher than 10,000 MPN/g of oyster meat in all trials. Data showed that 25 and 35 psu treatments were more efficient in reducing V. vulnificus numbers than 15 psu with an overall reduction of >3 logs. A significant decrease in MPN/g was observed as early as day 6 and further reductions were observed at day 10, while longer depurations did not improve efficacy. Only the highest salinity (35 psu) was capable of reducing V. vulnificus numbers to the FDA recommended level of <30 MPN/g in two of the four trials. Oysters survived well in the depuration systems with minimal mortality (<1%) but their condition index (meat quality and yield) decreased during the 14 day period in all treatments. The data presented in this study suggests that high salinity depuration is a promising method to reduce V. vulnificus in oysters.
Numerical computation of the linear convective and absolute stability of free-shear flows

The linear stability of free-shear flows is governed by their dispersion characteristics. The dispersion relation can be obtained by integrating the Rayleigh equation. The integration process can be hampered by the presence of singularities within the domain of integration. A complex-domain contour integration procedure is presented that enables this integration to be performed in a modular and robust fashion. This is accomplished by deforming the original integration contour into piecewise-continuous line-segments in the complex domain to avoid all the singularities. This integration technique can then be used to find absolute and convective instabilities of the medium by a simple procedure. However when the velocity profile for a shear layer is obtained from experiments or numerical simulations, it is available only along the real-axis. Thus the complex-domain integration procedure cannot be applied unless a functional fit is obtained for the velocity profile. For convectively unstable systems, the integration can be carried out along the real-axis only for self-excited systems. However, for a certain class of free-shear flows, it is shown that an absolute instability can still be calculated by integrating the Rayleigh equation along the real-axis. This leads to the development of a fully automatic absolute-instability solver and a semi-automatic convective-instability solver.
Turf Response to Triazine Carriers as Influenced by Pseudomonas Inoculant

Triazines have potential for use as slow-release N fertilizers. Their degradation by microbial activity and subsequent N mineralization rate is reduced in less microbially active soils. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of Pseudomonas inoculant on the efficacy of triazine fertilizers. Turf response to ammeline (4,5-diamino-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-one) and melamine (1,3,4-triazine-2,4,6-triamine) inoculated with a 1, 5, or 10% Pseudomonas sp. bacterial culture was investigated on Tifway' bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L. Pers.× C. transvaalensis Butt-Davy) and compared to IBDU (isobutylidenediurea) and urea N carriers (...)
Renal acid-base metabolism after ischemia.

Renal acid–base metabolism after ischemia. The response of the kidney to ischemia–induced cellular acidosis was followed over the immediate one hr post–ischemia reflow period. Clearance and extraction experiments as well as measurement of cortical intracellular pH (pH i ) were performed on Inactin–anesthetized Sprague–Dawley rats. Arteriovenous concentration differences and para-aminohippurate extraction were obtained by cannulating the left renal vein. Base production was monitored as bicarbonate released into the renal vein and urine; net base production was related to the renal handling of glutamine and ammonia as well as to renal oxygen consumption and pH i . After a 15 min control period, the left renal artery was snared for one–half hr followed by release and four consecutive 15 min reflow periods. During the control period, cortical cell pH i measured by [ 14 C]-5,5-Dimethyl-2,4-Oxazolidinedione distribution was 7.07 ± 0.08, and Q-O 2 was 14.1 ± 2.2 micromoles/min; neither net glutamine utilization nor net bicarbonate generation occurred. After 30 min of ischemia, renal tissue pH fell to 6.6 ± 0.15. However, within 45 min of reflow, cortical cell pH returned and exceeded the control value, 7.33 ± 0.06 vs. 7.15 ± 0.08. This increase in pH i was associated with a significant rise in cellular metabolic rate, Q-O 2 increased to 20.3 ± 6.4 micromoles/min. Corresponding with cellular alkalosis was a net production of bicarbonate and a net ammonia uptake and glutamine release; urinary acidification was abolished. These results are consistent with a nonexcretory renal metabolic base generating mechanism governing cellular acid base homeostasis following ischemia.
Material optimization of Er3+:Y2SiO5 at 1.5 μm for optical processing, memory, and laser frequency stabilization applications

Spatial-spectral holography using spectral hole burning materials is a powerful technique for performing real-time, wide-bandwidth information storage and signal processing. For operation in the important 1.5 μm communication band, the material Er3+:Y2SiO5 enables applications such as laser frequency stabilization, all-optical correlators, analog signal processing, and data storage. Site-selective absorption and emission spectroscopy identified spectral hole burning transitions and excited state T1 lifetimes in the 1.5 μm spectral region. The effects of crystal temperature, Er3+-dopant concentration, magnetic field strength, and crystal orientation on spectral diffusion were explored using stimulated photon echo spectroscopy, which is the "prototype" interaction mechanism for device applications. The performance of Er3+:Y2SiO5 and related Er3+ materials has been dramatically enhanced by reducing the effect of spectral diffusion on the coherence lifetime T2 through fundamental material design coupled with the application of an external magnetic field oriented along specific directions. A preferred magnetic field orientation that maximized T2 by minimizing the effects of spectral diffusion was determined using the results of angle-dependent Zeeman spectroscopy. The observed linewidth broadening due to spectral diffusion was successfully modeled by considering the effect of one-phonon (direct) processes on Er3+ - Er3+ interactions. The reported studies improved our understanding of Er3+ materials, explored the range of conditions and material parameters required to optimize performance for specific applications, and enabled measurement of the narrowest optical resonance ever observed in a solid-with a homogeneous linewidth of 73 Hz. With the optimized materials and operating conditions, photon echoes were observed up to temperatures of 5 K, enabling 0.5 GHz bandwidth optical signal processing at 4.2 K and providing the possibility for operation with a closed-cycle cryocooler.
Physics and implications of minority carrier injection induced dopant deionization in bipolar transistor

We examine here the physics and implications of minority carrier injection induced dopant deionization in bipolar transistors. At low temperatures, the rate of such deionization with increasing bias is significant in the neutral base of SiGe HBTs doped at a level near Mott transition, and charge control based transit time equations need to be modified properly. The total charges associated with conduction band, integral of q(n − N+ d ), and the total charges associated with valence band, integral of q(p − N− a ), replace the total electron and hole charges in transit time equations. Another consequence is that considerably less hole charge is induced by the injected electron charge in the neutral base, which has implications on both device analysis and compact modeling.
A PROGRAM TO CALCULATE AQUIFER TRANSMISSIVITY FROM SPECIFIC-CAPACITY DATA FOR PROGRAMMABLE CALCULATORS

. A program that will calculate aquifer transmissivity from the specific capacity of a well has been developed for handheld programmable calculators. The program extends the approach of Theis and others (1963) beyond the visual graphical interpolation of transmissivity values from type curves and solves directly a nonlinear equation for transmissivity, using a modified Regula Falsi solution algorithm. The program eliminates errors associated with visual interpolation of transmissivities obtained from type curves, especially for values of small transmissivities, and provides a quick and portable method of obtaining transmissivity values onsite.
On the reversibility of the B1 2r−B1 2s couple in cobalamins

Abstract The cobalt(II)—cobalt(I) interconversion in a number of vitamin B1 2 derivatives was investigated by cyclic voltammetry. Particular attention was focused on the factors determining whether the interconversion is reversible. When the lower axial coordination position is occupied by a strong ligand, such as the benzimidazole nucleotide in “base on” cobalamins, the cobalt(II)—cobalt(I) interconversion is irreversible due to a slow reduction of the cobalt(II). However, when the lower axial coordination position is free of a strong ligand, as in most cobinamides or in “base off” cobalamins, the cobalt(II)—cobalt(I) interconversion is nearly perfectly reversible. Possible implications of the observations to B1 2-dependent enzymes are briefly discussed.
Say your prayers, but make 'em quick: replicating the effects of three minutes of prayer on forgiveness.

A nationally representa-tive study of U.S. adults suggests that involvement in religiousgroups promotes forgiveness through the encouragement andpractice of multiple types of prayer, including: (1) praying to-gether, (2) sharing needs, (3) confessing sins, (4) asking God’sforgiveness, and (5) offering thanks to God.
Experimenter effects on the physiological experiment.

Human subjects establish expectancies that often reflect the investigator's orientation before and during an experiment. The purpose of this experiment is to determine the effects of subject expectancies as inadvertently influenced by the investigator in a perceptual-physiological experiment, even to the point where the principal investigator's choice of an “experimentally naive” assistant still reflects his expectancies. Eighteen adult male subjects were randomly assigned to one of three different naive experimenters: (1) an automated procedure, (2) a reserved female, and (3) a sociable female. All the subjects were tachistoscopically presented with 76 four-letter words which included both socially acceptable and taboo words. The subjects' physiological responses were monitored during the entire experiment. The words were grouped according to their social desirability and were analyzed by a trend analysis of variance. The results demonstrate that both the subject's physiological responsivity and his reporting of socially acceptable and taboo words are dependent upon the experimenter.
Religious pattern of India with a factoral regionalization

Though over four-fifths of Indian population is Hindu, there are sizeable numbers of other religious groups: Muslim, Christian, Sikh, Buddhist, Jain and “other religion” (mainly aboriginal animists). Hindus are spread out all over the country with declining or negligible concentration at the southern, northeastern and northwestern parts of the country. Sikhs are concentrated in Punjab; Muslims have majority in the northwestern Kashmir and Lakhadweep; Buddhists compose over 50% population in Western Kashmir, immediately south of it and Sikkim; Mixed religious areas are in the northeastern and southwestern tip of the country. By applying factor analysis technique it is possible to delineate religious regions of India with five major classes: Mainly Hindu, Muslim, Sikh, Buddhist and Mixed. There are several pockets where Hindus form the main religious group, but Muslims, Christians and “others” are secondary.
Demyelinating focal motor neuropathy of the ulnar nerve masquerading as compression in Guyon's canal: A case report

Ulnar nerve-innervated intrinsic muscle weakness, in the absence of sensory complaints or deficits, usually is the result of compression at the ulnar nerve in zone II of Guyon's canal. In rare instances the problem is not caused by a compressive neuropathy but by a demyelinating focal motor neuropathy. Demyelinating neuropathies have been well documented in the neurologic literature but they have received little attention in the hand surgery literature. We report on one such case and the importance of differentiating the 2 neuropathies. Although surgery often is necessary for a compressive neuropathy it is contraindicated for a demyelinating neuropathy.
Change Seeking and Experimental Participation

Summq.-The Change Seeker Index was administered to a group of introductory psychology students who had volunteered to participste in a research study and to classes in introductory psychology in which most of the students did not volunteer. The volunteers received significantly higher scores suggesting that the use of volunteers might introduce a systematic bias in studies where "change seeking" could be a confounding variable.
Assessing the interception of photosynthetically active radiation in winter wheat

Abstract Some current growth and yield models for wheat require methodology to estimate the daily quantity of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) captured by the canopy. The interception of PAR was examined throughout the growing season in two varieties of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) planted at three densities. Daily values of percent of incident PAR intercepted were influenced by cloud cover, when leaf area index (LAI) values were small. At high values of LAI, the percent interception values were large and independent of the quality of incident PAR. A relationship was determined between daily percent of incident PAR intercepted and LAI, which is valid up to the time of rapid leaf senescence. A mathematical function was developed to quantify the relationship.
General relativity: Optical black-hole analogues

Optical analogues of gravity let scientists interrogate astronomical phenomena that are otherwise difficult or impossible to study.