cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mental Illness, Healthcare, and Homelessness in Mississippi

Mental illness is prevalent among the homeless population and the rate of mentally ill homeless individuals has increased since deinstitutionalization. There is little information about homeless population mental health and access to mental healthcare. This study sought to describe the mental health status and utilization of mental healthcare services among homeless individuals in Mississippi. This is a cross-sectional study with 3,375 adults participants. There were 58% males, 42% females, 45% Caucasian, 54% African Americans, and 1% other minorities (Asian, Indian, and Pacific Islander) at intake into Mississippi United to End Homelessness' (MUTEH) Homeless Management Information System (HMIS) program. The data was collected during the initial screening of homeless individuals. The screening documented mental illness and utilization of healthcare. Frequency tables and Chi-SQ was used to test the relationship between mental illness and utilization of mental healthcare among the homeless in Mississippi. The result of the analysis revealed that 83% of the chronically homeless individual had a mental illness, and 78% of the chronically homeless participants were not receiving mental healthcare. Mental health services were successful in connecting mentally ill homeless individuals to mental healthcare in lieu of institutionalization. However, chronically homeless mentally ill individuals struggle with obtaining appropriate care.
Working Women's Marginalization in Denmark: Traditional Assumptions And Economic Consequences of Social and Labor Market Policies

Although it cannot be said that women's marginality in the labor market in Denmark from the 1960s to the present was 'planned' in any formal sense, the premise behind social and labor market policy measures, such as daycare and maternity leave, that women primarily serve as part-time service workers to increase economic growth, indicates a form of assumed and prescribed secondariness for women. By engaging the market and the family on strictly traditional terms, the social policy and labor market measures enacted to encourage women's entrance into the labor force in the late 1960s serve to institutionalize women's marginality within the Danish welfare state and labor market. The irony is that women now consider themselves primarily as workers and are organizing to overcome this structured impediment. Social policy measures of any country are based on beliefs and assumptions about social relations between genders, the family and household, and their connections to the labor market. Additionally, these measures are often presented as rather neutral post hoc achievements built on economic development. Notwithstanding, any unequal consequences of social policy measures cannot be understood unless both the underlying assumptions of gender--established over many decades and remaining implicit--and the ability to achieve economic progress with the aid of social policy--as both a progressive and disciplinary instrument--are examined and made explicit. It is this close interconnectedness of social and labor market policy and the persistent assumptions of gender roles in the face of major economic, social and demographic changes which can be illustrated by looking at the central role social policy played in bringing cheaper, marginal, part-time female workers into the labor market of the Danish welfare state in the late 1960s. By the mid1970s and into the 1980s, these women workers, consistently denied better wages and positions, had come to constitute a central part of the economic planning commissions's strategy to increase the GNP. I shall argue that although there is *I would like to thank Lars Nrby Johansen and Finn Valentin for their valuable comments.
Assessment of Reduction

Using a direct reduction method, the fracture site is visualized greatly increasing the likelihood of an anatomic reduction in simple fracture patterns. In contrast, the fracture site is commonly not visualized during indirect reductions, and the surgeon relies on various methods to ensure restoration of accurate length, alignment, and rotation. The benefits of indirect reduction methods include decreased soft tissue dissection and less stripping of periosteal blood supply, with the goal of improving fracture healing and decreasing soft tissue wound complications. Because indirect reduction methods are being increasingly used, methods to assess fracture reduction have become vitally important.
Respondent driven sampling in a biomonitoring study of refugees from Burma in Buffalo, New York who eat Great Lakes fish.

Abstract Background Refugees from Burma who consume fish caught from local waterbodies have increased risk of exposure to environmental contaminants. We used respondent driven sampling (RDS) to sample this hard-to-reach population for the first Biomonitoring of Great Lakes Populations program. In the current study, we examined the interview data and assessed the effectiveness of RDS to sample the unique population. Methods In 2013, we used RDS to sample 205 Burmese refugees and immigrants residing in Buffalo, New York who consumed fish caught from Great Lakes waters. RDS-adjusted population estimates of sociodemographic characteristics, residential history, fish consumption related behaviors, and awareness of fish advisories were obtained. We also examined sample homophily and equilibrium to assess how well the RDS assumptions were met in the study. Results Our sample was diverse with respect to sex, age, years residing in Buffalo, years lived in a refugee camp, education, employment, and fish consumption behaviors, and each of these variables reached equilibrium by the end of recruitment. Burmese refugees in Buffalo consumed Great Lakes fish throughout the year; a majority of them consumed the fish more than two times per week during summer, and about one third ate local fish more than once per week in winter. An estimated 60% of Burmese refugees in Buffalo had heard about local fish advisories. Conclusions RDS has the potential to be an effective methodology for sampling refugees and immigrants in conducting biomonitoring and environmental exposure assessment. Due to high fish consumption and limited awareness and knowledge of fish advisories, some refugee and immigrant populations are more susceptible to environmental contaminants. Increased awareness on local fish advisories is needed among these populations.
Discussion of “Post-Earnings Announcement Drift and Market Participants' Information Processing Biases”

Liang (2003, this issue) hypothesizes that the predictable stock price drifts that occur after earnings earning announcements increase with (a) divergence in analyst beliefs and (b) the reliability of publicly reported quarterly earnings. Whereas the prior literature has generally hypothesized that drifts are caused by the inability of the stock market to fully appreciate predictable autocorrelation in seasonally-differenced quarterly earnings, this paper relies on cognitive biases proposed in the behavioral finance literature. While the results are consistent with these predictions, my discussion raises possible reasons why it may be premature to conclude that the cognitive biases discussed here cause drifts.
Estimating annual charges for ambulatory care from limited utilization data.

Abstract OBJECTIVE. This study explores the types of utilization information needed to produce a reasonable estimate of annual charges for ambulatory care that could be used in the absence of charge or cost data as an aggregate utilization measure. DATA SOURCE. Charge and utilization data from the RAND Health Insurance Experiment were used. STUDY DESIGN. Services provided to enrollees in the Health Insurance Experiment at each of the six sites for a one-year period were grouped into categories according to California Relative Value Studies (CRVS) codes. Using annual charges as the dependent variable, we evaluated linear regression models for their predictive accuracy, as indicated by adjusted R2-values. Categories of services were combined on the basis of clinical meaningfulness (e.g., all provider visits into one group), and predictive accuracy of models with these groupings of services examined. We examined model validity by applying the derived models to each of the 30 remaining site-years of data from the Health Insurance Experiment. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS. We were able to explain 84 percent of the variance in charges with a model containing counts of provider visits exclusive of mental health visits, mental health provider visits, days drugs were prescribed, days radiologic procedures were performed, procedural visits subdivided according to whether they were performed by a surgical or medical provider, days laboratory and/or pathology tests were performed, days a grouping of miscellaneous tests were performed, and days supplies were purchased. When applied to the validation data, this model predicted a mean of 77 percent of the variance and mean charges 102 +/- 9 percent of actual mean charges. A model with only the first four of the listed categories explained 77 percent of the variance in charges. CONCLUSIONS. Models using only counts of several broad categories of services perform rather well in predicting annual charges for ambulatory care.
Harmonic interaction model and its applications in Bose-Einstein condensation

We exactly solve the model of N harmonic interacting Bosons in a harmonic trap in any dimension. The exact ground state wavefunction, free energy, spectrum, and low excitation states are calculated. The finite particle number effect is addressed when the exact solution is compared with a mean field solution. Then we compare the harmonic interaction system with a pseudo-potential interaction system. In spite of the seemingly quite different nature of interaction, several similarities are found between the two systems.
Antiferromagnetic Domains in RbMn F 3

The indirect observation of domains in the cubic antiferromagnet RbMn${\mathrm{F}}_{3}$ through antiferromagnetic resonance is reported. Because of the cubic anisotropy of RbMn${\mathrm{F}}_{3}$, the equilibrium orientation of the magnetic sublattices is not in general unique, and the formation of antiferromagnetic domains may occur. The appearance of more than two branches in the antiferromagnetic resonance spectrum implies the existence of a multidomain structure. The probable orientations of domains, corresponding to local minima in the free energy, have been calculated for the case of a magnetic field applied along the [$11\overline{2}$] direction. Measurements were made on a single-crystal sample of RbMn${\mathrm{F}}_{3}$ at 4.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. For small values of applied field (2000 Oe), the mode spectrum in the $X$-band region consisted of six branches. There is good agreement between the computed frequencies for the domains as a function of applied field and the experimentally observed values. The agreement implies that domain rotation takes place. A pronounced hysteresis in the resonance absorption, measured as a function of applied field, for certain resonances has been observed. The hysteresis has been attributed to domain-wall motion.
Involvement of Opioid Receptors in Nicotine-Related Reinforcement and Pleasure

Abstract Much experimental work and many related reviews have elucidated the role of endogenous opioid receptors (ORs) in nicotine use and tobacco dependence. The results from human behavioral pharmacological investigation indicate that endogenous opioids are involved in the experience of pleasure induced by nicotine in tobacco; however, these findings are less robust than what might be expected given the well-established data on opioid activation in general hedonic responses. A review of the data from human and nonhuman investigations with OR antagonists and nicotine self-administration reveals that ORs participate in nicotine-related reinforcement, and the influence of OR antagonists may be related to anticipatory, rather than hedonic, influences of such drugs on nicotine reinforcement. Recent work using imaging and OR ligands has revealed localized structural differences in OR activation resulting from nicotine administration, and differences in the patterns of OR activation are related to specific genotypic polymorphisms.
The “Bomb Cult” and “Criminal Tribes”: Revolutionaries and the Origins of Police Intelligence in Colonial Bengal

The chapter explores how the rise of new modes of anticolonial opposition in Bengal prior to the First World War sparked responses from colonial authorities that drew upon older colonial fears of rebellion and collective resistance. Bengali revolutionaries became the subject of colonial “information panics” which in turn informed police and intelligence work. Many colonial officials viewed the new “anarchist” revolutionary groups as murderous, religiously inspired, conspiratorial secret societies who represented a new variant on earlier manifestations of Indian criminality—thugs, dacoits (gang robbers), the “fanatics” of the Northwest Frontier, and “criminal tribes”—rather than an entirely new phenomenon. In their efforts to monitor and apprehend “Bengali terrorists,” colonial authorities drew upon nineteenth-century colonial institutions and legislation devoted to the suppression of what were regarded as distinctively Indian forms of collective criminality.
Measurable Emotions: How Television Ads Really Work: Patterns of Reactions to Commercials Can Demonstrate Advertising Effectiveness

ABSTRACT Emotional responses are complex and should be measured against a variety of metrics. Five advertising research companies spanning three physiological (GSR, HRT, and facial EMG), one symbolic (ZMET), and three self-report (verbal, visual, and moment-to-moment) measures tested the effectiveness of the same four television commercials. This study compared and contrasted the physiological, symbolic, and self-report measure results and found they should be used in combination, depending on the information needed. Traces from the physiological measures indicate the peaks of lower-order emotions. Self-report measures capture conscious emotional reactions using preset labels. Symbolic measures provide a mental map of the brand. The authors suggest brand managers could use different criteria in setting the advertising objectives and reorient the creative briefing process. Emotional experiences are co-created, and advertising planning should link the “brand story” with a consumer9s “life story.”
Contraceptive Autonomy: Conceptions and Measurement of a Novel Family Planning Indicator

Since the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development, there has been increased attention to high-quality and rights-based family planning, but these concepts have been difficult to measure. Perhaps due to an intellectual history intertwined with population control, contemporary family planning programs and researchers often use (modern) method use as a primary marker of success, with indicators focusing narrowly on contraceptive use and fertility. This results in a fundamental misalignment between existing metrics and the stated family planning goals of promoting reproductive health and rights. This report describes the rationale for a novel family planning indicator called "contraceptive autonomy" and proposes a methodology for measuring this concept at the population level. Defining contraceptive autonomy as the factors necessary for a person to decide for themself what they want in relation to contraception and then to realize that decision, this indicator divides the contraceptive autonomy construct into subdomains of informed choice, full choice, and free choice. By acknowledging that autonomous nonuse is a positive outcome,aiming to maximize contraceptive autonomy rather than use could help shift incentives for family planning programs and reduce some common forms of contraceptive coercion, as our measurement approach is realigned with our focus on high-quality rights-based care.
Unraveling the Codes: The Dialectic Between Knowledge of the Moral Person and Knowledge of the Genetic Person in Criminal Law

The criminal code is both enduring and fragile. The reasons it is bound to endure, in some form, are obvious. We cannot hope to conduct our lives in community without some minimal assurance of safety and public order. We are, unavoidably, social beings, and our lives in community require that we protect ourselves against unwarranted force, unjustified deception, and all the other ways in which harm can be done to our basic interests. Whatever else we might say about the criminal code, we surely would agree that it was invented and sustained to serve this core purpose. It is no wonder that it endures.
The Role of Risk in Business Decision-Making, or How To Stop Worrying and Love the Bombs

Risk is an essential component of business decisions, particularly in technology-intensive organizations. Consequently, managers must prepare to embrace it effectively. The first step is to acknowl...
Keepers of the Flame: Prosser and Keeton on the Law of Torts (Fifth Edition) and the Prosser Legacy

Rarely in the history of American law has one author’s name been so clearly identified with his subject as the name of William L. Prosser was with the law of torts. In the years following his death in 1972, “Prosser on Torts” remained in the minds of students, teachers, the bench, and the bar alike a single thought, its parts indistinguishable one from the other. This review essay considers the Prosser legacy as of the publication of Prosser and Keeton on the Law of Torts, by his successors, in 1984. The First Edition of Prosser’s Handbook on the Law of Torts in 1941 immediately received worshipful reviews and widespread acceptance. The prose was bright, spritely, and fun to read. Moreover, Prosser brought order to the vast and surfeiting disarray that previously had characterized the literature on his subject. He disassembled, inventoried, and recombined pre-existing elements of doctrines, striving to reduce each to relatively simple general rules and formulae in the text, while confining more extensive detail to the footnotes. Finally, there was timing: Prosser’s gifts were ideally suited for the then-current jurisprudential vogue, which G. Edward White has dubbed “Consensus Thought.” Subsequent editions of the Handbook followed in 1955, 1964, and 1971. Prosser kept the work fresh by continually refining, adding new citations and illustrations, and treating rapidly developing areas of the law, such as products liability, defamation, privacy, and immunities. Simultaneously, he continued essentially the same activity as the ALI’s Reporter for the Second Restatement of Torts. Following Prosser’s death, his publisher engaged W. Page Keeton and three other editors as keepers of the Prosser flame. The present Fifth Edition appears in one version for students and in an enhanced version for practitioners. The overall structure of the work retains a comforting familiarity. There is, however, a lessened emphasis on common-law history. The treatments of constitutional privilege and strict liability reflect vast changes in those legal landscapes. Other notable changes in the Fifth Edition concern the editors’ differences with Prosser regarding causation in fact, nuisance, and strict liability. The Fifth Edition is a worthy successor to Prosser’s Handbooks. What remains to be seen is the future of the project, given the ongoing collapse of Consensus Thought.
Fact or fake? Identifying ways of knowing everyday truths in research methods courses

This activity motivates students of communication research methods by challenging them to face their personal epistemologies. We introduce them to a set of formal ways of knowing and match these wi...
Engaging with Silences: Clayton State Master of Archival Studies Program's Approach to Teaching

This paper will discuss the theoretical framework and approach to educating archivists in the Clayton State Master of Archival Studies (MAS) program. The MAS program is an entirely online program based in the state of Georgia in the U.S. Across the curriculum of the MAS, we approached developing our curriculum to ensure that students engage with social justice issues through wrestling with archival silences. Through creating a theoretical framework, class discussion activities, and assignments, our hope is for our students to be prepared to engage with issues of representation in archival collections once they are in the field. This paper explains the basis for our approach and provides example assignments which other institutions can use as inspiration for their archival education curriculum. For many, archival education emphasizes fundamentals. Archival educators and professionals seem most concerned with educating new archivists on topics such as how to preserve materials, how to provide access, and how to acquire materials. These activities are the work of archivists, but emphasis on the technical disguises the complexities of cultural, economic, and social issues that surround archival work. Technical archival work often silences the voices of many groups found within our collections through emphasizing standardization and mechanics of archival work. Student archivists need exposure to discussions that go beyond the technical. The MAS program does this by encouraging students to engage with the silences that occur during our work.
Oblique Magnetic Focus Point Spread Profiles and MTFs

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the concept of oblique magnetic focus point spread profiles and modulation transfer function (MTFs). The oblique magnetic focus lens is a useful configuration for image tube applications where refractive elements cannot be in the optical path or where opaque substrate photocathodes are employed. In the chapter, the imaging characteristics of this type of electron optic lens are analyzed by computer rays, through tracing the trajectories of electrons, whose energy distributions are comparable to real photocathode emission characteristics. From this analysis, the chapter confirms that the general properties of the oblique focus optic have been accurately described by theoretical analysis and that the aberrations are sufficiently small to make this type of lens suitable for many app1ications.
Perfect Zoom System which enables both a zoom ratio of 25:1 and a high-resolution in stereo microscope

A stereomicroscope can stereoscopically observe an object with protrusions and recesses as if the object were viewed by both eyes. Such stereomicroscopes use an optical system to create two slightly different viewing angles of an object. The different images are both enlarged and viewed through two eyepieces. Each of the observation optical systems includes a variable magnification mechanism which is called a zoom lens system. In recent years, a demand for stereomicroscopes that can observe a wide variable magnification range has been increasing along with the diversification of applications. However, there are no stereomicroscope zoom lenses with both a high resolution and a large zoom ratio. We developed the “Perfect Zoom System” which can reduce the light flux diameter going through the objective lens in the low-power state. In the “Perfect Zoom System”, the zoom lens groups move along not only the optical axes but also perpendicular to the axes. Therefore, the objective lens could be made smaller by decentering the G2 and G3 group lenses in zoom lens group. We achieved a high resolution and a zoom ratio of 25:1.
Introduction to the Modern Theory of Dynamical Systems: PRINCIPAL CLASSES OF ASYMPTOTIC TOPOLOGICAL INVARIANTS

In this chapter we will embark upon the task of systematically identifying important specific phenomena associated with the asymptotic behavior of smooth dynamical systems. We will build upon the results of our survey of specific examples in Chapter 1 as well as on the insights gained from the general structural approach outlined and illustrated in Chapter 2. Most of the properties discussed in the present chapter are in fact topological invariants and can be defined for broad classes of topological dynamical systems, including symbolic ones. The predominance of topological invariants fits well with the picture that emerges from the considerations of Sections 2.1, 2.3, 2.4, and 2.6. The considerations of the previous chapter make it very plausible that smooth dynamical systems are virtually never differentiably stable and can only rarely be classified locally up to smooth conjugacy. In contrast, structural and the related topological stability seem to be fairly widespread phenomena. We will consider three broad classes of asymptotic invariants: (i) growth of the numbers of orbits of various kinds and of the complexity of orbit families, (ii) types of recurrence, and (iii) asymptotic distribution and statistical behavior of orbits. The first two classes are of a purely topological nature; they are discussed in the present chapter. The last class is naturally related to ergodic theory and hence we will provide an introduction to key aspects of that subject. This will require some space so we put that material into a separate chapter. The two chapters are intimately connected.
Reversible Inactivation of Dehydrogenases

Abstract 1. The reversible dissociation of lactic and malic dehydrogenases has been studied in detail and compared with the dissociation properties of triosephosphate dehydrogenase, α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase, and liver alcohol dehydrogenase. 2. Evidence is presented for the existence of an intermediate form of lactic dehydrogenase with catalytic properties altered during reactivation. 3. The technique of reversible dissociation has been used to prepare interspecies hybrids of lactic, malic, and triosephosphate dehydrogenases. 4. Some of the catalytic and immunological properties of hybrid malic dehydrogenases have been examined. 5. The effects of salts on the reactivation of malic dehydrogenases have been investigated and related to previous results on lactic dehydrogenases. It is proposed that the observed salt effects may result from changes in the activity coefficients of the exposed peptide and amide groups.
The unique games conjecture, integrality gap for cut problems and embeddability of negative type metrics into l/sub 1/

In this paper, we disprove the following conjecture due to Goemans (1997) and Linial (2002): "Every negative type metric embeds into with constant distortion." We show that for every /spl delta/ > 0, and for large enough n, there is an n-point negative type metric which requires distortion at-least (log log n) /sup 1/6-/spl delta// to embed into l/sub 1/. Surprisingly, our construction is inspired by the Unique Games Conjecture (UGC) of Khot (2002), establishing a previously unsuspected connection between PCPs and the theory of metric embeddings. We first prove that the UGC implies super-constant hardness results for (non-uniform) sparsest cut and minimum uncut problems. It is already known that the UGC also implies an optimal hardness result for maximum cut (2004). Though these hardness results depend on the UGC, the integrality gap instances rely "only" on the PCP reductions for the respective problems. Towards this, we first construct an integrality gap instance for a natural SDP relaxation of unique games. Then, we "simulate" the PCP reduction and "translate"the integrality gap instance of unique games to integrality gap instances for the respective cut problems! This enables us to prove a (log log n) /sup 1/6-/spl delta// integrality gap for (nonuniform) sparsest cut and minimum uncut, and an optimal integrality gap for maximum cut. All our SDP solutions satisfy the so-called "triangle inequality" constraints. This also shows, for the first time, that the triangle inequality constraints do not add any power to the Goemans-Williamson's SDP relaxation of maximum cut. The integrality gap for sparsest cut immediately implies a lower bound for embedding negative type metrics into l/sub i/. It also disproves the non-uniform version of Arora, Rao and Vazirani's Conjecture (2004), asserting that the integrality gap of the sparsest cut SDP, with the triangle inequality constraints, is bounded from above by a constant.
Whey Protein Hydrolysate but not Whole Whey Protein Protects Against 7,12-Dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-Induced Mammary Tumors in Rats.

Effects of intact and processed bovine milk proteins on development of chemically induced mammary tumors in female rats were compared. AIN-93G diets were made with 20% casein (CAS), casein hydrolysate (CASH), intact whey protein (IWP), or whey protein hydrolysate (WPH). Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were fed the diets starting at Gestational Day 4. Offspring were fed the same diet. At 50 days, female offspring (44–49/group) were gavaged with sesame oil containing 80 mg/kg of the mammary carcinogen dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA) and euthanized 62 days posttreatment. Rats fed WPH had an adenocarcinoma incidence of 17% compared to the rats fed CAS, CASH, and IWP diets (34%, 33%, and 36% respectively) (P < 0.001). Median palpable tumor latency for rats fed WPH was greater (61 days, P < 0.001) compared to CAS (44 days), CASH (42 days) and IWP (45 days). Tumor multiplicity was also lower (1.5 vs. 3.0, P < 0.05) in rats fed WPH than in CAS and CASH fed groups. Results demonstrate that hydrolytic processing of whey...
Nickel promoted functionalization of CO2 to anhydrides and ketoacids

The reductive functionalization of carbon dioxide into high value organics was accomplished via the coupling with carbon monoxide and ethylene/propylene at a zerovalent nickel species bearing the 2-((di-t-butylphosphino)methyl)pyridine ligand (PN). An initial oxidative coupling between carbon dioxide, olefin, and (PN)Ni(1,5-cyclooctadiene) afforded five-membered nickelacycle lactone species, which were produced with regioselective 1,2-coupling in the case of propylene. The propylene derived nickelacycle lactone was isolated and characterized by X-ray diffraction. Addition of carbon monoxide, or a combination of carbon monoxide and diethyl zinc to the nickelacycle lactone complexes afforded cyclic anhydrides and 1,4-ketoacids, respectively, in moderate to high yields. The primary organometallic product of the transformation was zerovalent (PN)Ni(CO)2.
Parkinson-causing α-synuclein missense mutations shift native tetramers to monomers as a mechanism for disease initiation

β-Sheet-rich α-synuclein (αS) aggregates characterize Parkinson's disease (PD). αS was long believed to be a natively unfolded monomer, but recent work suggests it also occurs in α-helix-rich tetramers. Crosslinking traps principally tetrameric αS in intact normal neurons, but not after cell lysis, suggesting a dynamic equilibrium. Here we show that freshly biopsied normal human brain contains abundant αS tetramers. The PD-causing mutation A53T decreases tetramers in mouse brain. Neurons derived from an A53T patient have decreased tetramers. Neurons expressing E46K do also, and adding 1-2 E46K-like mutations into the canonical αS repeat motifs (KTKEGV) further reduces tetramers, decreases αS solubility and induces neurotoxicity and round inclusions. The other three fPD missense mutations likewise decrease tetramer:monomer ratios. The destabilization of physiological tetramers by PD-causing missense mutations and the neurotoxicity and inclusions induced by markedly decreasing tetramers suggest that decreased α-helical tetramers and increased unfolded monomers initiate pathogenesis. Tetramer-stabilizing compounds should prevent this.
Influence of CBT on HIV Treatment Adherence

The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), which can lead to Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS), began to emerge within various communities across the United States and the globe in the early 1980s; and with it came a high level of stigma and discrimination against those diagnosed. This prejudice arose partly because HIV and AIDS (HIV/As) was heavily linked to stigmatized and disenfranchised groups. Through a review of current literature, this paper provides a foundation for an intervention that is aimed at increasing HIV Treatment Adherence. Adapting a currently used strategy, an intervention titled HIV-Schema and Treatment Adherence Tool (HIV-STAT) was created. The inclusion of HIV-STAT with CBT could prove to improve health behavioral outcomes that could be feasible and have clinically importance for the medical and psychological fields of practice. Further research into the inclusion of HIV-STAT as a CBT treatment modality would increase the acknowledgement of social work practice as a field of science with its own knowledge base.
LINGUISTIC TRANSITIONS AND LEARNING DISABILITIES: A STRATEGIC LEARNING PERSPECTIVE

This discussion of the linguistic continuum and learning disabilities takes a strategic learning perspective. The view held is that many students with diagnosed language-learning disabilities do not develop cognitive-linguistic strategies sufficient- ly adequate to support the development of linguistic competence and metalinguistic ability. Strategic-language use learning is discussed against cognitive theories of logical development and acquisition of expertise. Macro- and micro-level models (Levels of Competence and Process Model for Strategy Development) of language inter- vention to support linguistic and communication strategy acquisition are introduced. These models are compatible with cognitive theories of concept formation and acquisi- tion of expertise. They also agree with models introduced in special education for "ex- ecutive strategy training." The view is taken that language intervention should occur in collaboration between specialists and classroom teachers. Classroom language- intervention options are delineated with an emphasis on a process-oriented approach.
Competition for neuronal processing time: A physiological seizure control mechanism?

Abstract Cognitive means for seizure control remain underinvestigated in clinical epileptology. Since administration of a complex reaction time (CRT) test triggered by a seizure detection algorithm is a unique research paradigm, its effects on seizure frequency and severity were examined in 14 subjects undergoing invasive epilepsy surgery evaluation. These variables were compared with those of 37 subjects evaluated using the same surgical protocol, but to whom the CRT test was not administered. The results were analyzed for statistical significance using the t-test and the chi-squared test. Eight of fourteen subjects who took the CRT test had fewer than 5 clinical seizures, and 7 of 14 subjects had fewer than 5 clinical and subclinical seizures over 8.9 days compared with 37 subjects who did not take this test, each of whom had a minimum of 5 clinical seizures over 6.7 days (chi-square = 25.08; p It is posited that seizure frequency reduction is a beneficial, unconditioned, and, probably, contingent effect of the CRT test. These and other experimental observations form the basis for a hypothetical physiological antiseizure mechanism, the “competition for neuronal processing time”.
Characterizing Spatial Parameters of Forest Canopies Using Fisheye Photography: Applications in Photo Ecometrics

Abstract Five case studies are presented that demonstrate how metrics inferred from canopy photography can inform and validate the results from digital aerial photography and other remote sensing platforms. The forests measured include evergreen and deciduous canopies composed of both needle-leaved and broad-leaved tree species. Gap fractions of these forest canopies ranged from 3% to 22%. Significant fine-scale spatial autocorrelation of canopy structure was detected in two subalpine forests. In a conifer-hardwood forest, the canopy opening associated with the stream course still influenced understory light availability 45 m from the stream bank. In contrast, there was no correspondence between distance from the stream and canopy architecture in two Tsuga-dominated ravines. Forest stands classified as the same vegetation type and considered replicated sites in field experiments can have significant differences in some canopy metrics. The results from these ecological studies have direct relevance to the ...
A fused lobes Gene Encodes the Processing β-N-Acetylglucosaminidase in Sf9 Cells

Manα6(Manα3)Manβ4GlcNAcβ4GlcNAc-R is the core structure of the major processed protein N-glycans produced by insect cells. Ultimately, this paucimannose type structure is produced by an unusual β-N-acetylglucosaminidase, which removes the terminal N-acetylglucosamine residue from the upstream intermediate, Manα6(GlcNAcβ2Manα3)Manβ4GlcNAcβ4GlcNAc-R. Because the N-glycan processing pathways leading to the production of this intermediate are probably identical in insects and higher eukaryotes, the presence or absence of this specific, processing β-N-acetylglucosaminidase is a key factor distinguishing the processing pathways in these two different types of organisms. Recent studies have shown that the fused lobes (fdl) gene encodes the specific, processing β-N-acetylglucosaminidase of Drosophila melanogaster. However, there are conflicting reports on the identity of the gene encoding this enzyme in the lepidopteran insect, Spodoptera frugiperda. One has suggested that a gene alternatively designated SfGlcNAcase-3 or SfHex encodes this function, whereas another has suggested that this gene encodes a broad-spectrum β-N-acetylglucosaminidase that functions in glycan and chitin degradation. In this study we resolved this conflict by molecularly cloning an S. frugiperda fdl ortholog (Sf-fdl) and demonstrating that it encodes a product with the substrate specificity expected of the processing β-N-acetylglucosaminidase. Moreover, we showed that the endogenous levels of specific, processing β-N-acetylglucosaminidase activity were significantly reduced in S. frugiperda cells engineered to express a double-stranded RNA derived from the Sf-fdl gene. These results indicate that Sf-fdl encodes the specific, processing β-N-acetylglucosaminidase of S. frugiperda and validate our previous suggestion that the broad-spectrum β-N-acetylglucosaminidase encoded by the SfGlcNAcase-3/SfHex gene is more likely to be involved in N-glycan and/or chitin degradation.
936-17 Effects of Interleukin-4 and Gamma Interferon on Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Induction of Smooth Muscle Cell Fibrinolysis

Interieukin-4 (IL-4) and gamma interferon (IFN- γ ) are cytokines made by two different activated T cell subsets which often manifest opposing biological effects. The induction of smooth muscle cell (SMC) production of tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) by platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) has been implicated in the pathologic process of vascular SMC migration in the arterial wall. We have previously demonstrated that, although IL-4 has no direct effect on SMC t-PA production, IL-4 increases the production of SMC t-PA antigen in culture media supplemented with 2% fetal bovine serum. IL-4 does not influence SMC production of plasminogen activator inhibitor-l (PAI-1). an endogenous inhibitor of t-PA, Moreover, IFN-y diminishes the augmentation of SMC t-PA antigen induced by IL-4. In order to determine whether the effects of PDGF on SMC t-PA and PAI-l production could be modulated by IL-4 and IFN- γ ), we examined the effects of IL-4 and IFN- γ ) on PDGF-treated human aortic SMC production of t-PA and PAI-l as determined by ELISAs for t-PA and PAI-l antigens in both SMC conditioned media and cellular Iysates: PDGF (ng/ml) IL-4 ( μ /ml) Conditioned Media Cellular Lysates t-PA (ng/10 5 cells) PAI-l (ng/l0 5 cells) t-PA (ng/10 5 cells) PAI-l (ng/10 5 cells) 0 0 0.164 145.0 0.550 25.0 10 0 0.321 217.8 0.601 27.7 10 500 0.498 † 204.1 0.773 †‡ 30.6 100 0 0.775 † 284.6 † 1.105 † 38.0 * 100 500 1.152 † ‡ 296.6 † 1.195 † 44.1 † n = 6 * P l 0.05 to control † p l 0.01 to control ‡ p l 0.01 to PDGF alone IL-4 potentiated PDGF induction of t-PA antigen. IL-4 and PDGF exerted only minimal effects on SMC PAI-l production. IFN- γ at doses of 10D-5000 u/ml blocked the augmentation of t-PA by IL-4 and PDGF. Taken together, these results suggest that IL-4 and IFN- γ may influence the fibrinolytic milieu of vascular SMC via interactions with PDGF.
Temporal Characterization of Femtosecond Laser-Plasma-Accelerated Electron Bunches Using Terahertz Radiation

The temporal pro le of relativistic laser-plasma-acceleratedelectron bunches has been characterized. Coherent transition radiation atTHz frequencies, emitted at the plasma-vacuum boundary, is measuredthrough electro-optic sampling. The data indicates that THz radiation isemitted by a skewed bunch with a sub-50 fs rise time and a ~; 600 fs tail(half-width-at-half-maximum), consistent with ballistic debunching of 100percent-energy-spread beams. The measurement demonstrates bothshot-to-shot stability of the laser-plasma accelerator and femtosecondsynchronization between bunch and probe beam.
Behavior and effects of phosphorus in the system Na 2 O−K 2 O−Al 2 O 3 −SiO 2 −P 2 O 5 −H 2 O at 200 MPa(H 2 O)

The addition of phosphorus to H2O-saturated and initially subaluminous haplogranitic (Qz−Ab−Or) compositions at 200 MPa(H2O) promotes expansion of the liquidus field of quartz, a marked decrease of the solidus temperature, increased solubility limits of H2O in melt at low phosphorus concentrations, and fractionation of melt out of the haplogranite plane (projected along an Or28 isopleth) toward a peralkaline, silica-poor but quartz-saturated minimum composition. The partition coefficient for P2O5 between aqueous vapor and melt with an ASI (aluminum saturation index, mol Al/[mol Na+K])=1 is negligible (0.06), and consequently so are the effects of phosphorus on other melt-vapor relations involving major components. Phosphorus becomes more soluble in vapor, however, as the concentration of a NaPO3 component increases via the fractionation of melt by crystallization of quartz and feldspar. The experimental results here corroborate existing concepts regarding the interaction of phosphorus with alkali aluminosilicate melt: phosphorus has an affinity for alkalis and Al, but not Si. Phosphorus is incorporated into alkali feldspars by the exchange component AlPSi-2. For subaluminous compositions (ASI=1), the distribution coefficient of phosphorus between alkali feldspar and melt, D[P]Af/m, is 0.3. This value increases to D[P]Af/m=1.0 at a melt ASI value of 1.3. The increase in D[P]Af/m with ASI is expected from the fact that excess Al promotes the AlPSi-2 exchange. With this experimental data, the P2O5 content of feldspars and whole rocks can reveal important facets of crystallization and phosphorus geochemistry in subaluminous to peraluminous granitic systems.
Mathematical model creation for cancer chemo-immunotherapy

One of the most challenging tasks in constructing a mathematical model of cancer treatment is the calculation of biological parameters from empirical data. This task becomes increasingly difficult if a model involves several cell populations and treatment modalities. A sophisticated model constructed by de Pillis et al., Mixed immunotherapy and chemotherapy of tumours: Modelling, applications and biological interpretations, J. Theor. Biol. 238 (2006), pp. 841‐862; involves tumour cells, specific and non-specific immune cells (natural killer (NK) cells, CD8 þ T cells and other lymphocytes) and employs chemotherapy and two types of immunotherapy (IL-2 supplementation and CD8 þ T-cell infusion) as treatment modalities. Despite the overall success of the aforementioned model, the problem of illustrating the effects of IL-2 on a growing tumour remains open. In this paper, we update the model of de Pillisetal. and then carefully identify appropriate values for the parameters of the new model according to recent empirical data. We determine new NK and tumour antigen-activated CD8 þ T-cell count equilibrium values; we complete IL-2 dynamics; and we modify the model in de Pillisetal. to allow for endogenous IL-2 production, IL-2-stimulated NK cell proliferation and IL-2-dependent CD8 þ T-cell self-regulations. Finally, we show that the potential patient-specific efficacy
Rate constants for the reaction of OH radicals with 2-methyl-2-butene over the temperature range 297–425 K

Abstract Absolute rate constants, k 2 , for the reaction of OH radicals with 2-methyl-2-butene have been determined over the temperature range 297–425 K using a flash photolysis-resonance fluorescence technique. The Arrhenius expression obtained was k 2 = 3.6 × 10 −11 exp [(450 ± 400)/ RT ] cm 3 molecule −1 s −1 .
Distributed estimation, communication and control for deep space formations

Spacecraft formations in deep space give a means of implementing science instruments on a physical scale not possible with an individual spacecraft. Interferometric imaging is one application requiring a large spacecraft separation and extremely high relative position precision in order to image planets in other solar systems. Deep-space missions typically also require a high-level of autonomy, and the proposed distributed architectures for control and coordination, that are consistent with these requirements. Each spacecraft estimates the full state of the formation in order to calculate its optimal control action. Disagreements between estimates on the spacecraft lead to unanticipated dynamics and it is shown how communication may be used to ameliorate the effect of these dynamics. The relationship between the communication topology and the closed-loop system dynamics is presented.
DEVELOPMENT OF CAUSAL CONNECTIVES BY CHILDREN

-Children of 4, 6, 8, and 10 yr. of age were tested for develop menc of linguistic connectives, attention to order of causally related events, and their ability to explain the order of these events. Ss were asked to tell stories relating the events shown in pairs of pictures. The degree of constraint of the connectives used was related to the age and sex of Ss, and age and type of relationship presented (Causal vs Arbitrary). The attention to order of causally related events increased linearly with age. Ability to explain the temporal order of causally related events increased with age.
Density-functional calculation of the shock Hugoniot for diamond

The principal Hugoniot of diamond is calculated using density-functional molecular dynamics. Using existing ab initio melt lines, diamond is predicted to melt on its Hugoniot in the range of $700--745\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{GPa}$. The shock compression of diamond into a high-density conducting liquid phase has an associated 13%--14% density increase across its coexistence region. Complete band gap closure before the onset of melting is not observed within these calculations. The importance of two simulation parameters necessary for obtaining quantitatively accurate predictions in the liquid carbon phase is identified: electronic temperature and supercell size. Our results expound upon existing laser-driven shock experiments and provide valuable equation of state data relevant to future high-pressure physics experiments.
Magnetostatic modes in antiferromagnetic resonance

Abstract Measurements of the antiferromagnetic resonance (AFMR) spectra of MnF2 spheres are reported, and the principal magnetostatic modes (MSMs) in these spectra are identified. To interpret the observed spectra it is necessary to take into account, in addition to the theoretical MSM solution, the effects of impurities, finite sample size (propagation effects), and radiation damping. Expressions for the predicted relative intensities of the modes are developed for particular choices of symmetry of the exciting rf field and compared to observations. The observed shifts and intensities are larger than predicted. This discrepancy is explained by analysis of the role of the magnetic susceptibility of a sample near resonance. New observations are reported which improve the understanding of radiation damping in AFMR.