cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Highly sensitive mutation screening by REF with low concentrations of urea: A blinded analysis of a 2-kb region of the p53 gene reveals two common haplotypes.

Restriction endonuclease fingerprinting (REF), a hybrid modification of single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) and restriction endonuclease digestion, has been used previously to detect mutations in 1- to 2-kb segments of DNA. This paper demonstrates that fragment resolution, and thus sensitivity of REF, can be markedly improved by electrophoresis under partially denaturing, rather than nondenaturing, conditions, for genes with a high G+C content. A 2. 1-kb segment of the p53 tumor suppressor gene (54.5% G+C) containing exons 5-9, including the intervening introns, was screened in a blinded analysis of 48 samples from human breast tumors containing known wild-type or mutant p53 genes. In gels containing 0.5 M urea, 97% of the mutant samples were detected correctly, and more than 80% of the mutations were localized within a 200-bp region. In the process of this methodological analysis, it was discovered that: (1) there are two common and four uncommon haplotypes; (2) the two common haplotypes occurred in the three races examined, suggesting an ancient origin; and (3) haplotype II is of substantially higher frequency in the Chinese relative to Japanese (P = 0.023) and Caucasians (P = 0.005). Two other improvements in the REF procedure included (1) the selection of an optimal set of restriction endonucleases by new software (REF Select) developed recently in our laboratory; and (2) the addition of an oligonucleotide "tail," containing two recognition sequences for restriction endonucleases, to the PCR primers to prevent coterminal fragments at the end of amplified products. These modifications facilitate the use of REF for efficient and sensitive mutation screening in p53 and other genes with a high G+C content.
Transcerebral platelet activation after aortic cross-clamp release is linked to neurocognitive decline.

Background Neurocognitive decline after cardiac surgery requiring cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) may be caused in part by highly prothrombotic atheroemboli to the brain; the source of these emboli is likely the ascending aorta and aortic arch. We examined transcerebral platelet activation gradients using simultaneous measurements in arterial and jugular venous blood and then compared gradients with post-CPB-associated neurocognitive injury. Methods Eighty-one patients undergoing elective coronary artery bypass graft surgery requiring CPB were studied. Neurocognitive function was measured preoperatively and again at 6 weeks postoperatively. Paired arterial and jugular venous blood samples were drawn before surgery, immediately before and after aortic cross-clamp removal (an event previously linked to embolic showers), and at the end of the operation. Transcerebral platelet activation gradients (venous minus arterial values) were compared in patients with and without cognitive deficit. Results Immediately after aortic cross-clamp removal, there was a significant increase in the transcerebral platelet activation gradient (increased % P-selectin-positive platelets during transcerebral passage) in the subset of patients who subsequently developed post-CPB cognitive deficit; this platelet activation gradient did not occur in patients without cognitive injury. In contrast, there was no transcerebral gradient of platelet activation in CPB patients as an entirety, nor was there a gradient at all other time points in the patient subset who went on to have cognitive deficit develop. This fleeting gradient of transcerebral platelet activation after cross-clamp removal was also significantly correlated with the overall change in cognitive injury score. Conclusions Transient intracerebral platelet activation after removal of the aortic cross-clamp is associated with post-CPB neurocognitive injury.
Credence attributes, voluntary organizations, and social pressure

Abstract Credence attributes of products are unobservable through search or experience. Some consumers are willing to pay a premium for their provision, and in addition, citizens can apply social pressure on firms to supply credence attributes. Firms have formed voluntary organizations to assure the provision of credence attributes, and the credible provision provides product differentiation. This paper provides a theory of the voluntary provision of credence attributes in the presence of demand pull from consumers and social pressure from NGOs, where an organization chooses a credence standard and firms compete given the standard. The credence standard is lower the larger the organization, and social pressure results in a higher standard.
Combinatorial evaluation of six dispatching rules in a dynamic two-machine flow shop

The paper applies permutations of six dispatching rules to a two-machine dynamic flow shop operating as a Poisson process. The size of the second queue is later limited to study the effect of limited buffer space. The performance measures examined are mean and maximum flow times, mean tardiness, and the mean absolute lateness. The best permutations for each case are determined statistically.
2D Nearly orthogonal mesh generation with controls on distortion function

A method to control the distortion function of the Ryskin and Leal (RL) orthogonal mesh generation system is presented. The proposed method considers the effects from not only the local orthogonal condition but also the local smoothness condition (the geometry and the mesh size) on the distortion function. The distortion function is determined by both the scale factors and the averaged scale factors of the constant mesh lines. Two adjustable parameters are used to control the local balance of the orthogonality and the smoothness. The proposed method is successfully applied to several benchmark examples and the natural river channels with complex geometries.
Atmospheric turbulence effects measured along horizontal-path optical retro-reflector links

The scintillation measured over close-to-ground retro-reflector links can be substantially enhanced due to the correlations experienced by both the direct and reflected echo beams. Experiments were carried out at China Lake, California, over a variety of ranges. The emphasis in this paper is on presenting the data from the 1.1 km retro-reflecting link that was operated for four consecutive days. The dependence of the measured irradiance flux variance on the solar fluence and on the temperature gradient above the ground is presented. The data are consistent with scintillation minima near sunrise and sunset, rising rapidly during the day and saturating at irradiance flux variances of ∼10. Measured irradiance probability distributions of the retro-reflected beam are compared with standard probability density functions. The ratio of the irradiance flux variances on the retro-reflected to the direct, single-pass case is investigated with two data sets, one from a monostatic system and the other using an off-axis receiver system.
Comparative Cost Analysis of Clinical Reminder for HIV Testing at the Veterans Affairs Healthcare System.

Abstract Objective To estimate the cost and health outcomes associated with a new HIV testing strategy that utilizes routine-based clinical reminders. Methods We conducted an economic analysis of 1) traditional pretest/post-test counseling; 2) counseling and a new clinical reminders system; and 3) only clinical reminder in the veterans' health care system. A payer-perspective decision model was conducted to calculate the 1-year budget impact of three HIV testing strategies. Parameter values were obtained from the literature, including patients' probability of accepting test, and costs associated with HIV testing procedures. Deidentified patient data, including total population screened and number of new HIV cases, were collected from one clinic in Los Angeles, California, from August 2004 to December 2011. Annual total costs and costs per new case were calculated on the basis of parameter values and patient data. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to evaluate the robustness of the critical variable on costs. Results The total cost of the clinical reminder system with pretest counseling was $81,726 over 1 year compared with $109,208 for traditional HIV testing. Under a clinical reminder system with no pretest counseling, the number of HIV tests performed and the number of new diagnoses increased for that year. In addition, cost per new diagnoses was the lowest. Conclusions The clinical reminder system can reduce the cost per cases identified and promote better performance of HIV testing compared with traditional HIV testing. The fundamental decision model can be used for hospital facilities outside the Veteran Affairs adopting a similar program for improving the HIV testing rate.
Arbitrarily Oriented Cracks in a Layered Media

Cracks occurring at arbitrary orientations in lamellar composites are studied. The associated boundary value problem is formulated in terms of dual integral equations in which the kernels are found in series form. This series representation of the kernels is shown to converge quite rapidly. Variation of the stress intensity factors with the constituent elastic moduli is presented, and a comparison of calculated values with a Mohr's circle approximation of the stress intensity factors at arbitrary orientations is made. This comparison results in the conclusion that the Mohr's circle approximation is accurate as long as the crack tip is far enough from the bimaterial interface.
Cell signalling: Binding the receptor at both ends.

G-protein-coupled receptors initiate a wide range of signalling pathways in cells. It seems that both a G protein and an agonist molecule must bind to the receptors to persistently activate them. See Article p.175 & Letters p.236 & p.241 Two papers by Brian Kobilka and colleagues describe the X-ray crystal structure of the human β2 adrenergic receptor (β2AR) bound to various agonists. β2AR is a member of the G protein coupled receptor (GPCR) family of membrane-spanning receptors that sense molecules outside the cell and activate internal signalling pathways. With a ubiquitous role in human physiology, GPCRs are prime targets for drug discovery. A third paper by Christopher Tate and his team describes crystal structures of a similar GPCR, the turkey β1-adrenergic receptor (β1AR), bound to full and partial agonists. Together, these new structures reveal the subtle structural changes that accompany agonist binding, showing how binding events inside and outside the cell membrane stabilize the receptor's active state. Agonist binding to β1AR is shown to induce a contraction of the catecholamine-binding pocket relative to the antagonist-bound receptor, and molecular-dynamics simulations of the β2AR agonist complex suggest that the agonist-bound active state spontaneously relaxes to an inactive-like state in the absence of a G protein.
What is enough? Satisficing information needs

Purpose – This paper seeks to understand how users know when to stop searching for more information when the information space is so saturated that there is no certainty that the relevant information has been identified.Design/methodology/approach – Faculty, undergraduate and graduate students participated in focus group interviews to investigate what leads them to satisfice their information needs.Findings – Academic library users describe both qualitative and quantitative criteria, which lead them to make rational choices determining when “enough” information satisfices their need. The situational context of both the participants' specific information need and their role in academic society affects every stage of their search – from the selection of the first resource, to ongoing search strategies, to decisions on how much information is enough.Originality/value – These findings broaden the scope of earlier user research, which tends to focus on the more static views of habitual information‐seeking and ...
Execution of OPS5 production systems on a massively parallel machine

Abstract In recent years, the development of expert systems implemented by rule-based production systems has emerged as one of the dominant paradigms in the field of artificial intelligence. While production systems offer important advantages in large-scale AI applications, their use in such applications is typically very costly in execution time. In this paper, we describe an algorithm for executing production systems expressed in the OPS5 language on a massively parallel multiple-SIMD machine called NON-VON, portions of which are currently under construction at Columbia University. The algorithm, a parallel adaptation of Forgy's Rete Match, has been implemented and tested on an instruction-level simulator. We present a detailed performance analysis, based on the implemented code, for the averaged characteristics of six production systems having an average of 910 inference rules each. The analysis predicts an execution rate of more than 850 production firings per second using hardware comparable in cost to a VAX 11/780. By way of comparison, a LISP-based OPS5 interpreter running on a VAX 11/780 typically fires 1 to 5 rules per second, while a Bliss-based interpreter executes 5 to 12 rules per second.
Immunity in Plague: Protection Induced in Cercopithecus aethiops by Oral Administration of Live, Attenuated Yersinia pestis

A live, attenuated Yersinia pestis vaccine, designated EV76 (Paris) F, was pathogenic in Cercopithecus aethiops when administered parenterally. Although an oral dose of 10(9) colone-forming units of the vaccine was nonfatal to vervets, a transient but severe gastrointestinal disturbance resulted in four of 12 animals. Seven immunized vervets were protected against intradermal challenge. The remaining five vervets without serologic reactions and five untreated controls died from typical bubonic (septicemic) plague within seven days. General reactions after vaccination were not predictive of later-developing immunity, which appeared to correlate with the production of Fraction I-specific antibodies. Marked differences in immunity were noted with two methods of vaccine administration (incorporation into bananas and dropping into the mouth). This finding supported the prior observation that the oral mucosa is the major portal of entry for this strain of vaccine. Local reactions in the buccal cavity after feeding were negligible. Thus this strain of Y. pestis is a nonlethal, effective weapon against bubonic plague in a susceptible species.
Memory for stress-associated acute pain.

Abstract Negative emotions (eg, tension, anxiety, fear, anger) influence acute pain recall. Given reliance on patient-provided pain reports across the care continuum, an understanding of factors that modulate pain memory processing become important to patients, clinicians, and health care organizations. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of negative emotions on the prediction of 6-month pain recall by using an experimental stress manipulation (speech task) + pain (forehead cold pressor) versus nonstress control + pain crossover design (n = 68). Results showed that (1) negative emotions were greater in the stress session than the nonstress session, and experienced pain levels did not differ by condition or sex; (2) the level negative emotions at the time of the pain stimuli mediated the ability of experienced pain to predict pain recall; and (3) women recalled more stress session pain than men, and nonstress pain was accurately recalled. Integrating these findings with those of others, we present a model of acute pain memory recall in which negative emotions influence pain memory processing wherein the level of experienced pain predicts short-term recall and affective state at the time of the experience becomes a powerful predictor for the long-term recall of experienced pain level. Perspective After 6 months the level of recalled experimental pain delivered within a stressful context becomes exagerated. Negative emotions at the time of the painful stimuli and at recall influenced the prediction of the level of recalled pain. Emotional arousal may influence how memory for pain is encoded, processed, and retrieved.
Scientific aspects of preconception gender selection

Abstract Although numerous methods have been promoted as having an influence on the gender of offspring, most lack credible scientific evidence of effectiveness. Preconception gender selection has an important application in reducing the risk of having children with X-linked disease. A preconception, flow cytometric sperm sorting method of gender selection (MicroSort®) is based upon the detection of differential fluorescence emitted by fluorescently stained X and Y chromosome-bearing spermatozoa. Ongoing clinical trial results illustrate the safety and efficacy of the method. Fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) analysis of specimens pre- and post-sort show the 50:50 X:Y ratio in unsorted spermatozoa can be shifted to 90% X or 75% Y after sorting. Embryo gender and fetal/baby gender are consistent with post-sort FISH results. Intrauterine insemination (IUI) and IVF/ICSI (intracytoplasmic sperm injection) pregnancy rates are consistent with those reported in the assisted reproduction literature. Clinical loss rates are similar to those in the general population. The observed major congenital abnormality rate of 2.05% for babies born after using this sperm sorting method coincides with that occurring spontaneously. Current results indicate that the method is a safe and effective process and is a valuable tool for families wishing to balance the gender distribution of their children or to reduce the likelihood of having children with X-linked disease.
Approaches to implementation of a repairable distributed recovery block scheme

The authors previously proposed (1984) the basic concept of the distributed recovery block (DRB) scheme as an approach to uniform treatment of hardware and software faults in real-time applications. Design issues that arise in implementing the DRB scheme are discussed together with some promising approaches. Issues in extending the DRB scheme with the capability of reincorporating a repaired node without disrupting the real-time computing service are also discussed. An experimental implementation of the repairable DRB scheme into a real-time distributed computer system (DCS) testbed and subsequent measurement of the system performance demonstrated the fast forward recovery capability and the logical soundness of the scheme. >
Potential role of activated platelets in homing of human endothelial progenitor cells to subendothelial matrix

Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) mobilize from the bone marrow in response to tissue injury and participate in vascular repair. However, there is limited data about the homing mechanisms of EPCs to vascular injury sites. Recently animal experiments indicated that platelets play a role in recruitment of EPCs to injury sites. However, data on the possible interaction between platelets and EPCs within the human system are limited. We, therefore, examined in-vitro human platelet-EPC interaction under static and flow conditions. Human EPCs were isolated from donated buffy coats by magnetic microbeads and flow cytometry cell sorting using CD133 and VEGFR-2, respectively, as markers. Platelets were tested in the form of washed platelets, platelet rich plasma or whole blood.EPCs formed heterotypic aggregates with resting platelets under static conditions,an interaction that was greatly enhanced when platelets were actiendothelial regeneration. Furthermore, transplantation of isolated peripheral blood EPCs into balloon-injured arteries led to rapid endothelialization of the denuded vessels. In humans, a rapid increase in the levels of circulating EPCs was observed following acute vascular insults or coronary artery stenting. There is limited data about the homing mechanisms of EPCs to areas of vascular injury, where endothelial cells are denuded and subendothelium is exposed. Since platelets circulate near the vessel wall and are the first cells to tether and subsequently adhere to subendothelium exposed by injury, we hypothesized that they play a central role in attracting and homing EPCs to injury sites. Several lines of evidence suggest an interaction between EPCs and platelets. Human CD34+ cells isolated from peripheral
The Power of Student Voices: An Investigation of the Enduring Qualities of Freshmen Learning Communities

There is an impressive amount of quantitative evidence documenting positive student outcomes of learning communities in terms of retention and academic performance (Hotchkiss, Moore, & Pitts, 2006; Tinto, 2000; Zhao & Kuh, 2004). While this quantitative information significantly contributes to our knowledge about learning communities, it represents only one view of the experience. The purpose of this study is to examine the enduring qualities of learning communities at a large public institution in the southeast using both qualitative and quantitative data. Narratives from focus groups conducted with junior and senior students are combined with quantitative academic performance and survey data, including the 2008 National Survey of Student Engagement. Findings from this study provide further support for the value-added lasting effects of participating in learning communities. This research addresses curriculum implications for faculty and provides support for the creation and structuring of learning community programs. This study also represents a useful research model of multiple methodologies that yields both qualitative and quantitative data and provides a richer understanding and more in depth picture of the learning community experience.
Plug-in Hybrid Electric vehicles in the smart grid environment

Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) have the potential to curb emission and reduce the cost of transportation. Another unique advantage of PHEVs is their capability to integrate the onboard energy storage units with the power grid which can improve the efficiency and increase the reliability of the power grid. These concepts are still new and under development. Unlike Hybrid Electric vehicles (HEVs) a major concern in the case of PHEVs is the impact on the grid when they are plugged in for charging to the already loaded grid. In view of this, this paper presents the trends in analysis, design and evaluation of PHEVs in the future smart grid environment.
Stability of Wilkinson's Linear Model of Prism Adaptation over Time for Various Targets:

Prism adaptation as measured by negative aftereffects (NA), proprioceptive shifts (PS), and visual shifts (VS) was assessed as a function of amount of exposure time and target specificity, whether an exposure and a test target background were the same or different, to determine the validity of Wilkinson's linear model (NA = PS+ VS). With few exceptions the model was found to hold well up to 40 min of prism viewing regardless of type of exposure background. In addition target specificity affected magnitude of the NA component of adaptation but not the PS and the VS components.
Distributed manipulation with stick-slip contact

Actuator arrays are planar arrangements of two degree-of-freedom actuators that cooperatively translate and orient objects for efficient manipulation. This paper derives the equations of motion for an object with the friction interface switching between slip and no-slip contact at each actuator. A controller derived from kinematics is presented and its stability analyzed with the multivariable circle criterion. Stability results are verified through simulation.
On the theoretical performance of a class of estimators of the number of narrow-band sources

New expressions are derived for the probabilities of overestimating and underestimating the number of sources by a narrow-band sensor array based on criteria such as AIC and MDL. These results correct the false alarm probability and extend the range of validity of the miss probability for two sources that were presented in [1]. The theoretical results are compared to numerical simulations.
Three-dimensional self-consistent simulation of silicon quantum-dot floating-gate flash memory device

We report on the simulation of single-electron charging operation of a silicon quantum-dot memory device using the self-consistent solutions of the Schrodinger and Poisson equations. We focus on the effects of the poly-wrapped gate on the onset of inversion. We show that the geometry of the control gate causes the inversion to occur on the vertical sides of the channel. The device experiences a strongly nonuniform threshold voltage shift as a function of the number of electrons in the dot to reach about 0.5 V when the floating gate quantum-dot is charged from empty to ten electrons.
Mechanisms of Altered Excitation-Contraction Coupling in Canine Tachycardia-Induced Heart Failure, II Model Studies

Pacing-induced heart failure in the dog recapitulates many of the electrophysiological and hemodynamic abnormalities of the human disease; however, the mechanisms underlying altered Ca2+ handling have not been investigated in this model. We now show that left ventricular midmyocardial myocytes isolated from dogs subjected to 3 to 4 weeks of rapid pacing have prolonged action potentials and Ca2+ transients with reduced peaks, but durations approximately 3-fold longer than controls. To discriminate between action potential effects on Ca2+ kinetics and direct changes in Ca2+ regulatory processes, voltage-clamp steps were used to examine the time constant for cytosolic Ca2+ removal (tauCa). tauCa was prolonged by just 35% in myocytes from failing hearts after fixed voltage steps in physiological solutions (tauCa control, 216+/-25 ms, n=17; tauCa failing, 292+/-23 ms, n=22; P<0.05), but this difference was markedly accentuated when Na+/Ca2+ exchange was eliminated (tauCa control, 282+/-30 ms, n=13; tauCa failing, 576+/-83 ms, n=11; P<0. 005). Impaired sarcoplasmic reticular (SR) Ca2+ uptake and a greater dependence on Na+/Ca2+ exchange for cytosolic Ca2+ removal was confirmed by inhibiting SR Ca2+ ATPase with cyclopiazonic acid, which slowed Ca2+ removal more in control than in failing myocytes. beta-Adrenergic stimulation of SR Ca2+ uptake in cells from failing hearts sufficed only to accelerate tauCa to the range of unstimulated controls. Protein levels of SERCA2a, phospholamban, and Na+/Ca2+ exchanger revealed a pattern of changes qualitatively similar to the functional measurements; SERCA2a and phospholamban were both reduced in failing hearts by 28%, and Na+/Ca2+ exchange protein was increased 104% relative to controls. Thus, SR Ca2+ uptake is markedly downregulated in failing hearts, but this defect is partially compensated by enhanced Na+/Ca2+ exchange. The alterations are similar to those reported in human heart failure, which reinforces the utility of the pacing-induced dog model as a surrogate for the human disease.
Numerical simulations of on and off state characteristics of poly-siliconthin film transistors

Summary form only given. Good agreement between numerical simulations and experimental data on the electrical characteristics of polycrystalline silicon (poly-Si) thin film transistors (TFTs) is shown. The field-effect mobility, threshold voltage, leakage current, and kink effect are examined. It is shown how the on-state performance of these devices can be modeled using an effective medium approach. Leakage currents are modeled by adding a single tunneling trap with a temperature-independent tunneling mechanism. The bias, temperature, and statistical behavior of leakage currents in poly-Si TFTs have been successfully simulated. >
Effect of Fluid Gate on the Electrostatics of ISFET-Based pH Sensors

We demonstrate that the role of fluid gate or reference electrode in ISFET system is critical in dictating the operation mode of the ISFET and the local pH at the electrolyte-oxide interface as well.
Concurrency revisited: increasing and compelling epidemiological evidence

Multiple sexual partnerships must necessarily lie at the root of a sexually transmitted epidemic. However, that overlapping or concurrent partnerships have played a pivotal role in the generalized epidemics of sub-Saharan Africa has been challenged. Much of the original proposition that concurrent partnerships play such a role focused on modelling, self-reported sexual behaviour data and ethnographic data. While each of these has definite merit, each also has had methodological limitations. Actually, more recent cross-national sexual behaviour data and improved modelling have strengthened these lines of evidence. However, heretofore the epidemiologic evidence has not been systematically brought to bear. Though assessing the epidemiologic evidence regarding concurrency has its challenges, a careful examination, especially of those studies that have assessed HIV incidence, clearly indicates a key role for concurrency.
Inclusive Higgs Production at Large Transverse Momentum

We present a factorization formula for the inclusive production of the Higgs boson at large transverse momentum ${P}_{T}$ that includes all terms with the leading power of $1/{P}_{T}^{2}$. The cross section is factorized into convolutions of parton distributions, infrared-safe hard-scattering cross sections for producing a parton, and fragmentation functions that give the distribution of the longitudinal momentum fraction of the Higgs relative to the fragmenting parton. The infrared-safe cross sections and the fragmentation functions are perturbatively calculable. The most important fragmentation functions are those for which the fragmenting parton is the top quark, gluon, $W$, $Z$, and the Higgs itself. We calculate the fragmentation functions at leading order in the Standard Model coupling constants. The factorization formula enables the resummation of large logarithms of ${P}_{T}/{M}_{H}$ due to final-state radiation by integrating evolution equations for the fragmentation functions. By comparing the cross section for the process $q\overline{q}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}Ht\overline{t}$ from the leading-power factorization formula at leading order in the coupling constants with the complete leading-order cross section, we infer that the error in the factorization formula decreases to less than 5% for ${P}_{T}g600\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GeV}$ at a future 100 TeV collider.
Silicon nano- and micro-photonic devices

Silicon VLSI plays a key role in information technology. Recent progresses in silicon photonics have significantly moved the conventional silicon VLSI to high bandwidth photonics with lower power consumption for switching and interconnects. These devices include novel waveguides, modulators and detectors that are compatible with Si CMOS fabrication process. There are two major obstacles to build a monolithic nano-photonic system on a silicon chip:
Coronary arteries at 3.0 T: Contrast-enhanced magnetization-prepared three-dimensional breathhold MR angiography.

Purpose: To evaluate the efficacy of contrast-enhanced coronary magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) at 3.0 T. Materials and Methods: Nine healthy human volunteers were studied on a 3.0-T whole-body MR system. A threedimensional, breathhold, magnetization-prepared, segmented, gradient-echo sequence was used, with injection of 20 mL gadopentetate dimeglumine for each three-dimensional slab. Imaging parameters were optimized based on computer simulations. Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR), depicted coronary artery length, lumen diameter, and imaging sharpness with contrast agent were evaluated. SNR and CNR were compared to the results from a previous 1.5-T study. Results: A 53% increment in SNR and a 305% enhancement in CNR were measured with contrast. Vessel length and sharpness depicted were higher and the lumen diameter was lower (all P values 0.05) in postcontrast images. Compared to previous results from 1.5-T, the SNR, CNR, and vessel sharpness were enhanced at 3.0 T with higher spatial resolution. Conclusion: Contrast-enhanced, three-dimensional, coronary MRA at 3.0 T is a promising technique for diagnosing coronary artery diseases. Patient studies are necessary to evaluate its clinical utility.
Wounded Knee Ii And The Indian Prison Reform Movement

Native Americans have been subjected to some of the cruelest punishment doled out by the United States. They were subjected to ethnic cleansing and concentration camps. They were even subjected to mass executions. Indeed, 38 Santee Sioux were hanged on December 26, 1862, under the direction of President Lincoln. This article looks at the Native reaction to these judicial abuses, tracing the events from Wounded Knee II and the American Indian Movement (AIM) to the establishment of the Native American Rights Fund (NARF) and the efforts during the past quarter of a century for Indian-led reforms throughout the U.S. legal system.
Synthesis and Characterization of Ru(II) Tris(1,10-phenanthroline)-Electron Acceptor Dyads Incorporating the 4-Benzoyl-N-methylpyridinium Cation or N-Benzyl-N‘-methyl Viologen. Improving the Dynamic Range, Sensitivity, and Response Time of Sol−Gel-Based Optical Oxygen Sensors

The title compounds (1 and 2, above) were synthesized by Sonogashira coupling reactions of appropriate Ru(1I) complexes with the electron a cceptors. Characterization was conducted in solution and in frozen ma trices. Finally, the title compounds were evaluated as dopants of sol-gel materials. It was found that the intramolecular quenching efficie ncy of 4-benzoyl-Nmethylpyridinium cation in solution depends on the solvent: photoluminescence is quenched completely in CH,CN, but not i n methanol or ethanol. On the other hand, intramolecular emission que nching by 4-benzyl-N-methyl viologen is complete in all solvents. The difference between the two quenchers is traced electrochemically to t he solvation of the 4-benzoyl-Nmethylpyridiniums by alcohol. In froze n matrices or adsorbed on the surfaces of silica aerogel, both Ru(I1) complex/electron acceptor dyads of this study are photoluminescent, and the absence of quenching has been traced to the environmental rigi dity. When doped aerogels are cooled at 77 K, the emission intensity increases by approximately 4x, and the spectra shift to the blue, analogous to what is observed with Ru(I1) complexes in solutions undergoi ng fluid-to-rigid transition. However, in contrast to frozen solution s, the luminescent moieties in the bulk of aerogels kept at low tempe ratures are still accessible to gas-phase quenchers diffusing through the mesopores, leading to more sensitive platforms for sensors than o ther room-temperature configurations. Thus the photoluminescence of o ur Ru(I1) complex dyads adsorbed on aerogel is quenchable by O2 both at room temperature and at 77 K. Furthermore, it was also found that O 2 modulates the photoluminescence of aerogels doped with 4-benzoyl -N -methylpyridinium-based dyads over a wider dynamic range compared wi th aerogels doped with either our vislogen-based dyads or with Ru(I1) tris(1,lO-phenanthroline) itself.
THE PLACE OF ECONOMIC HISTORY IN THE DISCIPLINE OF ECONOMICS

Despite the dominance of the field of economic history by trained economists who use the tools of economics, the output and services of economic historians are declining in demand. The explanation advanced in this address is that economic historians have not proved their value to economics. To play an essential role in economics, we must broaden the questions we ask and concommittently devise a set of theoretical tools to provide meaningful and testable theories about the structure and performance of economies over time. This address suggests the direction that such theory should take in order to make the field an indispensable part of the discipline of economics.
Controls for Operating and Processing, Tihe MIT-LNS LINAC

The Central Control Room for the MIT Linac is designed for simplicity of operation (one man) with an eye on future use of a computer to set the desired operating parameters. A natural summing of local controls around the five RF driver/dual-modulators and the injector/master oscillator control room allows one to switch to the display and control of the six areas one at a time with a trunk line. The distributed parameters (magnetics, radiation and RF phase monitoring) are mostly monitored and controlled directly from CCR with pushbutton selection of each parameter. Also mentioned are the detailed results of RF processing the 7m, S-band accelerator sections with 15ps, 4MW pulses at repetition rates exceeding 1000 s-1 and phase tuning the rectangular waveguide networks using a combination of the SLAC method and beam loading maximization.
The transient response of the coaxial cone antenna

A coaxial cone antenna whose aperture is in the plane of a ground plane has been described theoretically and experimentally in the time domain. Its response to an incident step along the ground plane is essentially a pulse whose width is equal to the diameter of the outer conductor at the aperture. Limitations on the cone dimensions are also discussed.
Implicit Learning in SLA and the Issue of Internal Validity: A Response to Leung and Williams's (2011) "The Implicit Learning of Mappings between Forms and Contextually Derived Meanings".

There is a growing theoretical, empirical, and methodological debate in the SLA field as to whether unawareness plays a role during attention to or processing of new incoming second language (L2) data. Indeed, studies that have methodologically addressed the construct of unawareness in their research designs offer both empirical support (e.g., Leung & Williams, 2011, 2012; Williams, 2004, 2005) and no empirical support (e.g., Faretta-Stutenberg & Morgan-Short, 2011; Hama & Leow, 2010; Leow, 2000) for implicit learning. This article takes a critical look at one recent study (Leung & Williams, 2011) and questions the level of internal validity with respect to the claim that their study provided empirical evidence of implicit learning. It concludes by providing specific criteria that need to be considered in any study purporting to address the construct of awareness or lack thereof in L2 learning.
The anatomical basis of sexual dichromatism in non-iridescent ultraviolet-blue structural coloration of feathers

Despite extensive research on the evolution of avian dichromatism, the anatomical bases for differences between the sexes in species with structurally coloured plumage remain largely unknown. Using full-spectrum spectrometry and transmission electron microscopy, we compared the colour and morphology of rump feathers of male and female eastern bluebirds (Sialia sialis). The ultraviolet (UV)-blue feather colour in this species is caused by coherent scattering of light within the medullary ‘spongy layer’ of feather barbs. This spongy layer lies beneath a keratin cortex and on top of a layer of melanin granules that surround a hollow central vacuole. Irregularly shaped electron-dense regions are present within the cortex. Male and female S. sialis differed substantially in their plumage colour and feather structure. A backwards logistic regression predicted sex with 100% accuracy using the colour variables brightness, UV-violet (UV-V) chroma and spectral saturation. A second backwards logistical regression predicted sex with 100% accuracy using relative cortex area and size of air spaces. Thus, S. sialis are dimorphic both in colour and in the structures causing this colour. Multiple regression analyses using data pooled from both sexes indicated that multiple features of feather barb structure contributed to colour variation in complex ways. Brightness was negatively related to the relative surface area of cortex in barb cross-sections. Hue was positively related and UV-V chroma was negatively related to the distance between scattering elements (i.e. keratin rods and air spaces) in the spongy layer. In contrast, hue was negatively related and UV-V chroma was positively related to the thickness of the spongy layer. UV-V chroma was also negatively related to the relative area of electron-dense regions in the cortex. Spectral saturation was negatively related to the distance between scatterers and the standard error of the size of air spaces. These results suggest that the dimensions of spongy-layer elements are critical to colour production, but that UV-blue coloration can also be modified by the cortex and the thickness of the spongy layer. © 2005 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2005, 84, 259–271.
Exact Calculation of Nonlinear Orbit Properties of a Synchrotron

The trajectory of a particle in an arbitrary guide field can be computed as accurately as desired by numerical integration. This "measured" trajectory can then be fit with the phase-amplitude relation describing betatron oscillations, suitably generalized to account for nonlinear effects. Information about closed on- and off-momentum orbits, as well as the frequencies of small oscillations about them, can be obtained from such fits. Thus one can compute chromaticities exactly, among other things.
Mapping the hieroglyphic self: spiritual geometry in the letters of John Winthrop, Jr, and Edward Howes (1627–1640)

This paper examines letters written by Edward Howes, a London mathematician and clerk, to his friend John Winthrop, Jr, an early American colonist with an interest in natural philosophy. In this transatlantic correspondence, Howes uses alchemical transformation as a controlling metaphor for ‘perfection’ that is both private and public, personal and global. These letters envision Winthrop and Howes as participants in a unique historical moment, with the capacity to attain a divine ‘Centre of Truth’ within their own perfected souls, to forge a uniquely intimate friendship that transcends geographic boundaries, and to aid in the creation of a godly community in New England. This paper argues for an equation between Howes's notion of the perfected self and Protestant election, in which spiritually elite American colonists and ‘elect’ readers of alchemical texts experience a similarly special relationship with the divine. Moreover, Howes's rhetoric suggests a connection between the hope for individual and societal perfection and Winthrop's quest to find the Northwest Passage, envisioned as a channel facilitating a diffusion of Christ's spirit throughout the world and a transcendent union of East and West.
Tiny Real Estate Bubbles

This case is appropriate for a course in introductory real estate, real estate analysis, or economics. It provides a basis for developing an understanding of the economics of real estate markets, price to rent ratios, and speculative bubbles. The student plays the role of an external consultant to a fictitious real estate investment firm. This firm is interested in expanding its investment portfolio in small towns with tourist based economies. Real data from the Durango real estate market is provided. There are signs that the market may currently be in or possibly nearing the end of a speculative real estate bubble. Students are asked to evaluate this market and form a conclusion regarding the markets over or under valued condition. This case provides students an opportunity to consider property values based on factors other than a discount cash flow analysis. Depending on the instructor’s guidance, students can examine the case from two processes; 1) use of only the real data provided in the case or 2) further research and gathering of additional micro and macro market data. In either case the main objective of the case is for the student to develop a formal analysis and draw a conclusion regarding the current local real estate market’s over or under valuation condition.
Investigation of the Pure Waterjet-Workpiece Interaction

The interaction between a waterjet without abrasive particles and a workpiece is studied with the objective of understanding the machining mechanism and enhancing the rate. It is shown that the machining mechanism is basicly erosion with material fatigue playing a strong role in making erosion possible. It is also shown that excitation of a bulk, high frequency, (>> 1 MHz), ultrasonic wave in the material is an important part of the fatigue mechanism. The excitation is produced by the microdroplets and small vapor/air cavities, nature of the impinging waterjet. It is also demonstrated experimentally that making the workpiece resonate to the ultrasonic wave to increase the oscillating stress substantially enhances the cutting rate.
The Catalysts for Urban Conservation in Indian Cities: Economics, Politics, and Public Advocacy in Lucknow

Conserving the historic cores of cities across India is a complex challenge, magnified in cities that lack long-term preservation processes. In such cases, more than a site's historic character is ...
The Biology, Behavior, and Morphology of Trioxys (Trioxys) utilis, an Internal Parasite of the Spotted Alfalfa Aphid, Therioaphis maculata (Hymenoptera: Braconidae, Aphidiinae)

Descriptions and illustrations are given of the adult, the egg, the three larval instars, and the larval head structures, together with illustrations of the male genitalia and of the ovaries and associated structures. Under constant conditions in the laboratory, (1) unmated females produced male progeny only, mated females produced male progeny only, mated females produced both sexes in a 1:1 ratio, and multimated males supplied lesser amounts of sperm in successive matings so that the male-female ratio of progeny went as high as 24:1; (2) though oviposition occurred in aphids of all stages, those of the first three instars were preferred; (3) maximum adult longevity of honey-fed females was 27 days at 50° F.; (4) superparasitism was common, the female apparently being unable to detect a parasitized host, and multiple strikes also were common; (5) reproductive capacity, based on number of eggs per female, ranged between 141 and 179; (6) durations of the various life-cycle stages were: egg 52-53 hours, first-instar larva 9-12 hours, second instar 32-34 hours, third instar 69-71 hours, pupa about 73 hours; (7) first-instar larvae fed almost exclusively on the trophamnion cells and feeding of second-instar larvae was nearly the same, and all contents of the aphid were consumed during the first half of the third instar; (8) with the complete life cycle at 70° F. requiring about 10 days, there are possibly 17 generations per year in the field; (9) a facultative diapause, usually lasting about 120 days, was found during the summer and fall months; (10) aphid defenses against parasitization included the jumping habit of the aphid when disturbed, and production of copious amounts of honeydew which often hindered or trapped the parasite. The jumping habit is partially overcome by the use of the ventral prongs on the parasite's abdomen, which serve to hold the aphid during oviposition. Various factors which may limit the effectiveness of Trioxys utilis against its host are discussed, and its present distribution, hosts, and hyperparasites are noted.
A CLASS OF AUTONOMOUS SINGLE-SPECIES MODELS AND THEIR OPTIMAL HARVESTING POLICIES

This paper deals with the optimal harvesting problem of single-species biological resource.Here the maximum sustainable yield and net revenue are chosen as the management objective,and the optimal harvesting policies for a class of autonomous single-species models are given.The obtained results include almost all autonomous single-species models researched in literatures.
Speeding up development of teaching and scientific research by taking advantages of subject service

Outlined in this paper are the contents and methods of subject service in academic libraries followed by an analysis of its development direction and its enlightenments in an attempt to improve its level and speeding up the development of teaching and scientific research.