cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A model for the origin of rhyolites from South Mountain, Pennsylvania: Implications for rhyolites associated with large igneous provinces

High-silica rhyolites, ubiquitous features of continental volcanism, continue to evoke controversy as to their petrogenesis and evolution. We utilized the geochemical characteristics of late Vendian high-silica rhyolites erupted in the Catoctin Volcanic Province at South Mountain in Pennsylvania to probe the origin of the parental magmas and assess heterogeneities in the subsequent fractionation paths. We identified high- and low-Ti signatures within the South Mountain rhyolites, a common feature in many large igneous provinces, and these signatures are suggestive of a genetic link between basalts and rhyolites erupted in the Catoctin Volcanic Province. Two evolutionary trends are superimposed on the Ti-based subdivisions that reflect variable control of plagioclase and amphibole in the fractionating assemblage of the South Mountain rhyolites. Such distinctive evolutionary trends are evident in rhyolites from other tectonic settings (e.g., arcs), where they have been interpreted in terms of cold-wet and hot-dry conditions within the differentiating magmas. We interpret the amphibole-dominated fractionation path of the South Mountain rhyolites as following a cold-wet fractionation path compared to the hot-dry plagioclase-dominated trends. This study, which examines the geochemical implications of cryptic amphibole fractionation, has implications for assessing the role of amphibole and volatile content in the development of rhyolites in other large igneous provinces.
Differential evolution: Global search problem in LEED-IV surface structural analysis

Abstract The search process associated with the quantitative theory–experiment comparison in Low Energy Electron Diffraction surface structural analysis can be very time consuming, especially in the case of complex materials with many atoms in the unit cell. Global search algorithms need to be employed to locate the global minimum of the reliability factor in the multi-dimensional structural parameter space. In this study we investigate the use of the Differential Evolution algorithm in Low Energy Electron Diffraction structural analysis. Despite the simplicity of its mechanism the Differential Evolution algorithm presents an impressive performance when applied to ultra-thin films of BaTiO3(001) in a theory–theory comparison. A scaling relation of N(1.47 ± 0.08) was obtained, where N is the total number of parameters to be optimized.
The role of checkpoints in the treatment of GBM

Targeted immunotherapy is founded on the principle that augmentation of effector T cell activity in the tumor microenvironment can translate to tumor regression. Targeted checkpoint inhibitors in the form of agonist or antagonist monoclonal antibodies have come to the fore as a promising strategy to activate systemic immunity and enhance T cell activity by blocking negative signals, enhancing positive signals, or altering the cytokine milieu. This review will examine several immune checkpoints and checkpoint modulators that play a role in cancer pathogenesis, with an emphasis on malignant gliomas.
An Economic Analysis of Agricultural Land Use Practices to Control Water Quality

Sediment and phosphorus losses to streams from crop and pasture land can be reduced through production practices. The associated abatement costs to farmers are substantial and increase rapidly as the sediment and phosphorus constraints become more stringent. Distribution of these costs is determined by the type of regulation established.
Precipitated diazepam withdrawal elevates noradrenergic metabolism in primate brain.

Abstract Following treatment for seven days with diazepam (2.0 mg/kg i.m., b.i.d.), administration of the benzodiazepine receptor antagonist RO 15-(5 mg/kg) induced a severe withdrawal syndrome in vervet monkeys which included tremors, vomiting, vocalizations, chewing, and piloerection. Brain concentrations of the noradrenergic metabolite 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) were significantly higher in the precipitated withdrawal group than in the diazepam plus vehicle control group. Administration of RO 15- without prior diazepam treatment had no effect on brain MHPG, nor did it produce withdrawal behaviors, but did produce an increase in the frequency of scratching. These results raise the possibility that increased central noradrenergic activity serves a role in benzodiazepine withdrawal similar to the role hypothesized for noradrenergic activity in opiate withdrawal.
Influence of monoterpene vapors on spruce spider mite,Oligonychus ununguis, adult females.

Adult female spruce spider mite,Oligonychus ununguis (Jacobi), were exposed to various concentrations of four host conifer monoterpene vapors (limonene,β-pinene,α-pinene, and Δ3-carene) for 24 hr to determine the lethal and sublethal effects. All four compounds were toxic to the mites. Further, at concentrations below the calculated LC50s, all four compounds decreased oviposition by the mites and three of the compounds (limonene,β-pinene, andα-pinene) influenced movement. WhereasO. ununguis populations may not normally be exposed to high concentrations of host monoterpenes, trees continuously emit some monoterpene vapors, and when trees are damaged or under stress, oleoresin may accumulate at points on the external surface of tree tissues thereby exposing mites to the influence of monoterpene vapors.
Correlates of kyphosis in older women

OBJECTIVE: To determine the association between kyphosis (degree of forward curvature of the thoracic spine) and measures of spinal osteoporosis (height loss and vertebral fractures) and chronic back pain and disability in older women. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study. SETTING: Eleven clinical centers in the United States. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 6439 community-dwelling osteoporotic women aged 55-80 enrolled in the Fracture Intervention Trial (FIT), a multicenter clinical trial of alendronate. MEASUREMENTS: Thoracic curvature was measured at baseline using a Debreuner Kyphometer. Height loss was determined by subtracting current height measured with a Harpenden stadiometer from self-reported height at age 25. Vertebral fractures were defined by morphometry and semiquantitative reading of lateral thoracic and lumbar spine radiographs, and chronic back pain and back-related disability were assessed by questionnaire. RESULTS: After adjustment for age, a 15 degrees increase in kyphosis was associated with losing more than 4 cm of height (OR, 1.88; 95% CI, 1.79-2.03) and having a vertebral fracture (OR, 1.57; 95% CI, 1.46-1.69). Kyphosis was more strongly related to thoracic fractures than to lumbar fractures, and kyphosis was most prominent in women with multiple thoracic wedge fractures. Kyphosis was also associated with upper back pain (OR per 15 degrees increase, 1.62; 95% CI 1.47-1.79) and middle back pain (OR per 15 degrees increase, 1.24; 95% CI 1.12-1.36), but it was not related to lower back pain (OR per 15 degrees increase, 0.98; 95% CI 0.90-1.05). Women with greater degrees of kyphosis were only slightly more likely to report back-related disability (OR per 15 degrees increase, 1.18; 95% CI 1.03-1.35) and poorer health status (OR per 15 degrees increase, 1.19; 95% CI 1.03-1.37). CONCLUSIONS: Older women with greater degrees of kyphosis are likely to have other manifestations of spinal osteoporosis such as height loss and thoracic fractures and to suffer chronic upper and middle back pain. Measurement of kyphosis may be useful in assessing the severity of spinal osteoporosis. Language: en
Multiple structure alignment and consensus identification for proteins

An algorithm is presented to compute a multiple structure alignment for a set of proteins and to generate a consensus (pseudo) protein which captures common substructures present in the given proteins. The algorithm represents each protein as a sequence of triples of coordinates of the alpha-carbon atoms along the backbone. It then computes iteratively a sequence of transformation matrices (i.e., translations and rotations) to align the proteins in space and generate the consensus. The algorithm is a heuristic in that it computes an approximation to the optimal alignment that minimizes the sum of the pairwise distances between the consensus and the transformed proteins. Experimental results show that the algorithm converges quite rapidly and generates consensus structures that are visually similar to the input proteins. A comparison with other coordinate-based alignment algorithms (MAMMOTH and MATT) shows that the proposed algorithm is competitive in terms of speed and the sizes of the conserved regions discovered in an extensive benchmark dataset derived from the HOMSTRAD and SABmark databases. The algorithm has been implemented in C++ and can be downloaded from the project's web page. Alternatively, the algorithm can be used via a web server which makes it possible to align protein structures by uploading files from local disk or by downloading protein data from the RCSB Protein Data Bank. An algorithm is presented to compute a multiple structure alignment for a set of proteins, together with their consensus structure. Experimental results show its effectiveness in terms of the quality of the alignment and computational cost.
OurOcean - An Integrated Solution to Ocean Monitoring and Forecasting

OurOcean (http://ourocean.jpl.nasa.gov) is a web portal developed in JPL to enable users to easily access ocean science data, run data assimilation models, and visualize both data and models. Currently, OurOcean provides both real-time and retrospective analysis of observation data and ocean model simulations in the Pacific Ocean. We are particularly interested in the U.S. West Coastal Ocean with focused areas around Southern California, Central and Northern California, and Prince William Sound in Alaska. OurOcean serves four primary functions: 1) Retrieve, process, and archive real-time in-situ and satellite observation data and model outputs from distributed sources. 2) Produce value-added products by combining multiple data sources. 3) Supply various methods to access and visualize the data and model output. 4) Provide on-demand modeling capability for user to configure his/her own ocean model, submit and monitor the job status, and finally retrieve and visualize the model output. In this paper, we will present the infrastructure of the OurOcean portal, the architecture of the four servers and its underlined technologies. We will also discuss some state-of-the-art web technologies and computing technologies to be incorporated in OurOcean for interactive visualization and on-demand modeling.
Telaprevir with peginterferon/ribavirin for retreatment of null responders with advanced fibrosis post-orthotopic liver transplant.

Introduction Aggressive recurrence of hepatitis C remains problematic post-orthotopic liver transplant (OLT). There are limited data on treatment of HCV infection with telaprevir/boceprevir therapy with peginterferon/ribavirin (PR) post-OLT. Aim To review our experience with telaprevir addition to peginterferon/ribavirin in treatment of aggressive hepatitis C in null responders to PR post-OLT. Methods Adult patients with recurrent HCV infection post-OLT with null response to peginterferon/ribavirin for 12 wk (<2 log reduction) received four-wk lead-in PEG-IFN alfa-2b (1.0 μg/kg/wk) plus RBV (600–1000 mg/d) followed by addition of telaprevir 750 q8. All patients were converted to cyclosporine from tacrolimus (TAC). Results Seven patients (3 M, 4 F), mean age 56 yr, were treated. Three were <1 yr post-OLT, six had cirrhosis and one bridging fibrosis. Three of seven achieved sustained virologic response. All patients required RBV dose reduction, 6/7 required erythropoietin, 5/7 required filgrastim, and 2/7 required eltrombopag for platelets <20 000 μL. There were no supratherapeutic/subtherapeutic CYA levels encountered, no episodes of renal insufficiency. Conclusions Conversion to CYA followed by four-wk peginterferon/ribavirin lead-in with addition of telaprevir can lead to significant clearance rates at week 24 in null responders with advanced fibrosis although high rates of anemia/RBV dose reduction, growth factor, and transfusion requirements were noted.
Oil Migration in Chocolate–Peanut Butter Paste Confectionery as a Function of Chocolate Formulation

Migration of oil from high oil content filling to the chocolate coating can result in undesirable quality changes in filled chocolate confectionery products. The objective of this study was to monitor and model peanut oil migration in a 2-layer chocolate-peanut butter paste model confectionery. Spatial and temporal oil content changes were evaluated using magnetic resonance imaging. Five formulations of chocolate, which varied in chocolate particle size, milk fat content, and emulsifier level, were assessed at 2 temperatures, 20 and 30 degrees C. The spatial and temporal experimental data were modeled using a Fickian-based diffusion model, fitting for the diffusion coefficient, D, over a time frame of 17 d. Values of the diffusion coefficient ranged from 1.82 to 3.23 x 10(-11) m2/s for the chocolate formulations stored at 30 degrees C. No significant mass transfer took place in the 20 degrees C samples over the experimental time frame. This study describes the dynamic nature of the interface between the chocolate and peanut butter paste layers, quantifies the mass transfer from the peanut butter paste to the chocolate, and reinforces the importance of temperature control.
Using adaptive routing to compensate for performance heterogeneity

Scalable and power efficient multi-core architectures must be performance heterogeneous to accommodate semi-conductor parametric variations and non-uniform access to shared resources. Due to its rate matching, a NoC on a Voltage-Frequency Island architecture can connect cores without forcing each one to give up its own operating point for the chip-wide common worst case. With run-time adaptive routing and task-to-core mapping, a NoC can run at the average not the worst case network saturation bandwidth. These run-time processes compensate for variations because they match application resource requirements with heterogeneous cores and routers. We focus on adaptive routing that simultaneously combats communication load imbalance from on-die variations and application topology. We show that even with static, fixed task-to-core mapping on multi-core architectures affected by stochastic variations, our MATC router increases the expected saturation bandwidth by 7–25% vs Dimension Order router. With systematic variations, the improvements are 5–50%. These gains compensate for saturation bandwidth degradation due to manufacturing variations and help to reduce design guard-bands.
Mining massive SNP data for identifying associated SNPs and uncovering gene relationships

Studies on SNP correlations have been focused on SNPs located on the same chromosome since SNPs on different chromosomes are expected to segregate randomly. Previous studies suggest that SNPs can be associated with each other over long distances and even across different chromosomes. To facilitate the study of SNP associations, our goal is to find SNPs that coexist in a significant number of samples regardless of their genomic distance, and subsequently to study the relationships among these associated SNPs and corresponding genes. This problem of mining co-occurrent SNP associations is computationally challenging and motivates us to design an efficient data mining algorithm FCIRC to mine SNP associations from massive SNP data. By applying our method on the original SNP data and random chromosome permutation data, we demonstrate that our method is able to find non-random SNP associations across multiple chromosomes. Among the large amount of associated SNPs identified by our method, many of them involve multiple chromosomes. Some SNP associations also suggest novel relationships among the corresponding genes, and some may imply biological and disease mechanisms related to corresponding genes.
Synthesis and Photoimaging Study of a New Poly(methacrylate) with Tethered Silacyclobutane Moiety

A new methacrylate with a tethered silacyclobutane moiety, 6-(methylcyclotrimethylenesilyl)hexyl methacrylate, has been synthesized. Radical polymerization (thermal) yielded a linear poly(methacrylate) without affecting the silicon-containing four-membered ring. Photoactivated ring-opening polymerization of the silacyclobutane functionality was employed to cross-link the polymer thin film, yielding, after development, a negative photoimage. Evidence of solid-state ring-opening polymerization was provided by infrared spectroscopy. Postbaking was found to be important. With 0.1% molar Pt(acac)2 with respect to monomer, the system exhibited Dc of 900 mJ/cm2.
An almost-prime sieve

Abstract We compare and contrast three methods for estimating the number of integers in an interval of length x which have fewer than k distinct prime factors less than z, with special attention to the case k = 2. An iterative method based on the case k = 1 is simplest. If z is sufficiently small compared to x one may use a kind of Brun sieve. Selberg's sieve method gives a good estimate for k = 2 but leads into technical difficulties as k increases.
Adolescent exposure to anabolic/androgenic steroids and the neurobiology of offensive aggression: a hypothalamic neural model based on findings in pubertal Syrian hamsters.

Considerable public attention has been focused on the issue of youth violence, particularly that associated with drug use. It is documented that anabolic steroid use by teenagers is associated with a higher incidence of aggressive behavior and serious violence, yet little is known about how these drugs produce the aggressive phenotype. Here we discuss work from our laboratory on the relationship between the development and activity of select neurotransmitter systems in the anterior hypothalamus and anabolic steroid-induced offensive aggression using pubertal male Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) as an adolescent animal model, with the express goal of synthesizing these data into an cogent neural model of the developmental adaptations that may underlie anabolic steroid-induced aggressive behavior. Notably, alterations in each of the neural systems identified as important components of the anabolic steroid-induced aggressive response occurred in a sub-division of the anterior hypothalamic brain region we identified as the hamster equivalent of the latero-anterior hypothalamus, indicating that this sub-region of the hypothalamus is an important site of convergence for anabolic steroid-induced neural adaptations that precipitate offensive aggression. Based on these findings we present in this review a neural model to explain the neurochemical regulation of anabolic steroid-induced offensive aggression showing the hypothetical interaction between the arginine vasopressin, serotonin, dopamine, γ-aminobutyric acid, and glutamate neural systems in the anterior hypothalamic brain region.
Intracellular APP Processing and Aβ Production in Alzheimer Disease

Senile plaques composed of A beta peptides are a histopathological hallmark of Alzheimer disease (AD). A role for A beta in the etiology of AD has been argued from analysis of mutations associated with a subset of early-onset familial AD (FAD). Expression of autosomal dominant mutations in the genes for the amyloid precursor protein (APP), presenilin 1 (PS1), and presenilin 2 (PS2) in affected patients, cultured cells, or transgenic mice leads to increased production of total A beta or increased production of A beta ending at residue 42 (A beta42). Since A beta42 is the more amyloidogenic and toxic species in vitro and is the major component of amyloid senile plaques in vivo, overproduction of this peptide may play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of AD. Thus, an understanding of the production of A beta within the cell in normal and pathological conditions is critical to understanding early events in AD. Studies in cell culture have established that processing of APP to form A beta can occur at multiple locations within the cell and leads to the production of 2 pools of A beta: a secreted pool composed predominantly of A beta40 and a nonsecreted, intracellular pool composed preferentially of more amyloidogenic A beta42. The purpose of this review is to provide a summary of our current understanding of APP processing in the generation of the secreted and intracellular pools of A beta and to propose a model linking the intracellular pool to the formation of extracellular plaques and neuronal pathology in AD.
RECRYSTALLIZATION, GRAIN GROWTH, AND THE DUCTILE--BRITTLE TRANSITION IN TUNGSTEN SHEET.

Abstract The ductile-brittle transition temperature (DBTT) in bending has been examined in wrought and in recrystallized powder metallurgy tungsten sheet as a function of annealing treatment and grain size. Wrought-and-recovered sheet consisting of small subgrains had the lowest DBTT of 70°C, but this was raised to 225°C by the onset of primary recrystallization at 11150°C. Primary grain growth was inhibited at annealing temperatures between 1300° and 2200°C. Secondary recrystallization started at 2000°C from one surface and the new grains grew readily. All recrystallized specimens had DBTTs in the range 235°–280°C, irrespective of annealing temperature, grain size and fracture mode. Primary recrystallized specimens fractured mainly along the grain boundaries, but secondary recrystallized specimens fractured mainly by transgranular cleavage initiated from a grain-boundary source. These results are consistent with a picture of grain growth and embrittlement involving impurities segregated at the grain boundaries, the high DBTT in the recrystallized tungsten being determined by the initiation of a brittle crack at a grain boundary.
Resistance of polymeric collagen of the Guerin epithelioma on the action of lathyrogen

Summary BAPN does not increase the solubility of Guerin epithelioma collagen. In denaturation products no alpha subunits were found. It was previously found that the polymeric collagen of the Guerin epithelioma is unusually resistant to the action of solubilizing agents. In contrast to normal collagen of the connective tissue the tumour collagen cannot be dissolved by the action of EDTA, sodium duodecyl sulphate, urea and guanidine hydrochloride solutions (3).
Coarsening by network restructuring in model nanoporous gold

Abstract Using atomistic modeling, we show that restructuring of the network of interconnected ligaments causes coarsening in a model of nanoporous gold. The restructuring arises from the collapse of some ligaments onto neighboring ones and is enabled by localized plasticity at ligaments and nodes. This mechanism may explain the occurrence of enclosed voids and reduction in volume in nanoporous metals during their synthesis. An expression is developed for the critical ligament radius below which coarsening by network restructuring may occur spontaneously, setting a lower limit to the ligament dimensions of nanofoams.
Portosystemic Shunts: Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Treatment of 64 Cases (1993–2001)

Cases diagnosed with portosystemic shunting between the years 1993 and 2001 were reviewed. Sensitivities of screening tests and abdominal ultrasonographic evaluation for the detection of portosystemic shunting were evaluated. Prognosis for surgically treated shunts was also evaluated. Results indicated that both paired serum bile acids and blood ammonia levels were useful screening tests for portosystemic shunting. However, paired bile acid tests were significantly more sensitive than blood ammonia levels. Overall postoperative mortality rates for extrahepatic shunts and intrahepatic shunts were 8.7% and 20%, respectively. Postoperative mortality rates were slightly higher for animals treated with partial ligation when compared to those treated with ameroid ring placement, although this did not reach statistical significance. Long-term complication rates for animals with single extrahepatic portosystemic shunts treated with complete ligation, ameroid ring placement, and partial ligation alone were 9%, 15.4%, and 42%, respectively. Animals >2 years of age with extrahepatic shunts had almost identical postoperative mortality and long-term complication rates as animals < or = 2 years of age. No animal in this study had paired bile acid samples within the reference range postoperatively, indicating continued abnormal liver function after surgery.
Au bumped known good die

Au bumping of chips is practised both as a plating process at the wafer level and as a mechanical (single point bumping) process at the die level. Currently Au bumping is done to support ILB (Inner Lead Bond) for TAB devices and more recently for a wide variety of flip chip interconnect methods. Both of these Au bumping processes result in chips that requires an additional interconnect process to provide for test and burn-in. This requires additional handling and test sockets for the bare die. Sockets for bare die burn-in are not trivial in complexity or use. This paper describes a process for the production of Au bumped KGD (Known Good Die). This Au bump KGD process has an equivalent bump structure to the mechanical bumping process. It has the added benefit of being able to fully test and burn-in the device through the wire bond used to make the Au bump. The Au bumped KGD process is extendible to future devices to the same degree that wire bonders are advanced to meet these requirements. The process is also scaleable from low volume quantities through high volumes using primarily a standard wire bonding tool set. It is cost competitive with other bumping processes in addition to providing the test and burn-in interconnect. >
Effects of intensive lipid-lowering therapy on the coronary arteries of asymptomatic subjects with elevated apolipoprotein B.

BACKGROUND Do the benefits of intensive lipid-lowering therapy seen in symptomatic patients extend to high-risk subjects who have never had symptoms? METHODS AND RESULTS Of 120 men completing the FATS trial, 91 were symptomatic and 29 asymptomatic. All had apolipoprotein B > or = 125 mg/dL, a positive family history, and coronary atherosclerosis. All were counseled in diet and randomized to intensive therapy: colestipol 10 g TID plus either niacin 1 g QID or lovastatin 20 mg BID or to conventional therapy: placebos, or colestipol if low-density lipoprotein cholesterol was elevated. End points included quantitative arteriographic disease change and clinical events over a 2.5-year interval. At baseline, symptomatic and asymptomatic patients had comparable risk profiles, but proximal stenosis severity averaged 36% for symptomatic and 23% for asymptomatic patients (P or = 10%S) proximal lesion progression less frequently than conventional (24% of intensive versus 48% of conventional) and definite regression more frequently (36% of intensive versus 15% of conventional) (P = .009). Similarly, among the 29 asymptomatic patients, 19% of intensive versus 38% of conventional had progression and 31% of intensive versus 0% of conventional, regression (P = .04). Ischemia on baseline exercise tolerance testing was associated with significantly greater proximal disease progression among the asymptomatic patients. Clinical cardiovascular events (death, infarction, or revascularization) occurred in 10 of 38 symptomatic patients originally assigned to conventional therapy, compared with 5 of 76 symptomatic patients assigned to intensive (P CONCLUSIONS Asymptomatic subjects with this high-risk profile have less coronary disease at baseline than comparable symptomatic patients, and they have an excellent short-term clinical prognosis. However, asymptomatic subjects are indistinguishable from symptomatic patients in terms of their arterial disease progression with conventional therapy and their regression with intensive. These findings may justify an active treatment strategy in such subjects, particularly those with provokable ischemia.
A transparent electrode CCD image sensor for a reading aid for the blind

A detailed investigation of CCD's for application in the optacon reading aid for the blind has been completed. The results of the investigation include an analysis of the performance of the transparent electrode structure and the CCD scanning circuitry used to realize the new type of image sensor.
Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae infections in kidney transplant recipients: a case-control study.

Introduction Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) infections have emerged as a significant challenge in solid organ transplantation. CRKP infections in other patient populations have been associated with higher mortality, when compared to infections caused by carbapenem-sensitive K. pneumoniae (CSKP). Aims The aim of this study was to evaluate possible risk factors, clinical characteristics, and outcomes of CRKP infections compared with CSKP infections in kidney transplant recipients (KTR). Methods We retrospectively investigated 13 CRKP infections and 39 CSKP infections in KTR (2006–2010). Results CRKP was not significantly associated with age, gender, or comorbidities. CRKP infections were significantly associated with recent exposure to broad-spectrum antibiotics and were more likely to have been managed on an inpatient basis and to have required source control. CRKP was significantly associated with earlier mortality. Six of 13 (46%) patients with CRKP infection, and none of the patients with CSKP infection, died within 6.5 months of infection onset. Although cases and controls did not differ significantly with respect to diabetes, all patients (100%, n = 9) who died during the study had diabetes, while 58% of the 43 survivors had diabetes (P = 0.02). Conclusion In conclusion, CRKP compared with CSKP is associated with greater risk of mortality. Investigations on ways to better prevent CRKP are urgently needed.
Acculturation and Eating Disorders in a Mexican American Community Sample

Our purpose was to investigate acculturation and eating disorders by examining the role of ethnic identity and by utilizing a bidimensional perspective toward two cultures. We predicted that orient...
Elasticity of Substitution and the Persistence of the Deviation of the Real Exchange Rates

Empirical evidence suggests (i) that the real exchange rates of developing economies show less persistence than do those of more advanced economies, and (ii) that the elasticity of substitution between capital and labor tends to increase from below unity for less developed economies to above one for more advanced economies. This paper shows how the introduction of sectoral adjustment costs in a two-sector model of a small open economy, together with CES production functions, provides a very natural explanation of this empirical regularity. Other aspects of the relationship between the technologies and the speed of convergence of the real exchange rate are also discussed.
Interactive visualization and programming-A 3D vector field visualization system

A set of 3-D vector field visualization methods is presented. Through its development process, the use of a programming environment, SGI/IRIS Explorer, for visualization applications is presented. A set of methods for vector field visualization, including the isosurface, flux line, and cross section method, is presented. These methods can generate various interactive graphics displays of a vector field for both research and instructional purposes. Due to the modularization nature of the environment considered and the flow-chart style of its map diagram, the development of visualization applications becomes a process of building maps using modules (existing and custom) as the building blocks. >
A detailed investigation of radio power selection effects relevant to the study of classical double radio sources

A sample of powerful classical double radio sources, also known as FR II sources, has been assembled to study the properties of the radio sources and their gaseous environments, as well as the redshift evolution of these properties. The possibility that the observed redshift dependences of various parameters of interest are caused by radio power selection effects is investigated here using statistical tools such as two-parameter fitting and partial rank correlation analysis. It is found that the Mach number of lobe advance, the lobe propagation velocity, and the ambient gas density of the FR II sources are unlikely to be significantly affected by radio power selection effects. Hence, the observed redshift dependences of these parameters are likely to reflect real redshift evolution. A previous study by Wellman, Daly, & Wan indicates that the powerful FR II sources in this sample lie in cluster-like gaseous environments. The fact that the ambient gas density of the FR II sources is not affected by radio power selection means that these sources can be used to probe the evolution of their environments. Specifically, the observed decrease of the ambient gas density with redshift is likely to reflect real redshift evolution rather than being caused by radio power selection effects. It is interesting to note that the current data suggest that the Mach number of lobe advance is independent of redshift, while the lobe propagation velocity increases with redshift, as summarized in the final table in this paper. Radio power selection effects are likely to be quite weak, if present at all, in the study of the nonthermal pressure inside a classical double source, and the study of the characteristic size of a source. The two-parameter fitting and partial rank correlation analysis applied to the ambient gas temperature and luminosity in directed kinetic energy of the jet yield inconclusive results, so these direct analyses do not clearly indicate whether the redshift evolution of each of these two parameters is due to radio power selection effects. However, each parameter is estimated using other parameters such as the Mach number of lobe advance, the lobe propagation velocity, and the nonthermal pressure inside the radio lobe, which do not suffer significant radio power selection effects.
Automated Simultaneous Turbidimetric Determination of Cholesterol in β- and pre-β-Lipoproteins

An automated method is described for simultaneously determining cholesterol in serum β- and pre-β-lipoprotein fractions. This fast, reproducible, accurate method depends on the ability of β- and pre-β-lipoproteins to form insoluble complexes with polyanionic polysaccharides such as heparin. Values obtained by this method and by similar manual methods described in the literature agree well. This method is extremely useful in mass screening for hyperlipidemias; in certain cases it may be more useful than the determination of only cholesterol or triglycerides.
On the plasticity of single crystals: free energy, microforces, plastic-strain gradients

This study develops a general theory of crystalline plasticity based on classical crystalline kinematics; classical macroforces; microforces for each slip system consistent with a microforce balance; a mechanical version of the second law that includes, via the microforces, work performed during slip; a rate-independent constitutive theory that includes dependences on plastic strain-gradients. The microforce balances are shown to be equivalent to yield conditions for the individual slip systems, conditions that account for variations in free energy due to slip. When this energy is the sum of an elastic strain energy and a defect energy quadratic in the plastic-strain gradients, the resulting theory has a form identical to classical crystalline plasticity except that the yield conditions contain an additional term involving the Laplacian of the plastic strain. The field equations consist of a system of PDEs that represent the nonlocal yield conditions coupled to the classical PDE that represents the standard force balance. These are supplemented by classical macroscopic boundary conditions in conjunction with nonstandard boundary conditions associated with slip. A viscoplastic regularization of the basic equations that obviates the need to determine the active slip systems is developed. As a second aid to solution, a weak (virtual power) formulation of the nonlocal yield conditions is derived. As an application of the theory, the special case of single slip is discussed. Specific solutions are presented: one a single shear band connecting constant slip-states; one a periodic array of shear bands.
Partial right eigenstructure assignment based mode selective damping in a power system

The paper demonstrates the application of partial right eigenstructure assignment for designing a output-feedback based wide area damping controller in a power system. The unique feature of the controller is that it uses a quadratic optimization based framework for utilizing the degree of freedom provided by right eigenvectors to selectively improve the damping of poorly located modes while trying to preserve the dominant open loop behaviour of the rest of the system. The input/output signal selection for the wide area controller is based on a controllability metric. An algorithm explaining the framework and its implementation has been tested on the IEEE 68 bus test system. The results show the ability of the controller to utilize a few suitable inputs and outputs to improve the damping of selected eigenvalues with minimal impact on other eigenvalues.
A neutron flux monitor for a reactor neutron beam facility

A neutron beam monitor with 6Li scintillator glass has been developed for the neutron beam facility at the Ohio State University Research Reactor. The beam monitor is primarily intended to monitor neutron flux and provide safety indications to researchers entering or working in the experimental area. A large LED display of the beam monitor offers an independent safety feature at the facility and enables a standalone operation. Preliminary measurements revealed nonlinearity in the response of the beam monitor to neutron flux, which is attributed to the saturation of current in the photomultiplier tube (PMT), the inherent gamma sensitivity of the 6Li glass, and the non-linearity of the scintillator. A silicon (Si) PIN photodiode is also being studied as an alternative to the PMT.
The emerging field of electrosensory and semiochemical shark repellents: Mechanisms of detection, overview of past studies, and future directions

Since the sinking of the USS Indianapolis (CA-35) and associated shark attacks in 1945, the quest to find an effective shark repellent has been endless. Early efforts were focused on finding a shark repellent which would minimize the probability of a shark attack. However, studies illustrate that shark populations are drastically declining which has led to calls for effective management policies and practices to reduce both directed catch and bycatch of various shark species. With increased need for shark conservation, the focus has shifted to protecting sharks from harmful anthropogenic pressures, such as fishing gear and beach nets. Current shark repellent technologies which aim to minimize elasmobranch mortality in fishing gears include: permanent magnets, electropositive metal (EPM) alloys, and semiochemicals. This paper will review present electrosensory and semiochemical shark repellents, the mechanisms of elasmobranch (e.g. shark, skate and ray) detection and repellency, species-specificity in elasmobranch response to the stimuli, and environmental and biological conditions which may influence repellent success. Future research to enhance our knowledge on electrosensory repellents and to improve the success of repellent implementation and application will be discussed.
Losing ground at midlife in America

Recent decades have not been kind to those in the middle and bottom of the income distribution. From 1999 to 2013, real (inflation adjusted) per capita gross domestic product in the United States grew by 16%. During the same period, median real income for households headed by a high school graduate dropped by 19%. Despite this widening economic inequality and the additional stress of the 2007–2009 Great Recession, the continued improvement in United States life expectancy throughout this period—an increase of 2.1 y—along with better health among the elderly (1), provided at least some modicum of comfort that health was improving, even if economic standards were not. Case and Deaton, in their PNAS article “Rising morbidity and mortality in midlife among white non-Hispanic Americans in the 21st century” (2), have dashed even this cautiously optimistic view of the past several decades.
Introductory Textbooks and Psychology's Core Concepts

Is there a core set of key concepts that defines a common language for introductory psychology? A content analysis of the glossaries of 10 major introductory psychology textbooks identified 2,505 d...
Computation of inductances for pulsed power generators using a semianalytic method

Pulsed power generators being developed for applications in electromagnetic launch operate at high speeds and are intended to deliver megajoules of energy within a few milliseconds. The self-inductances of the rotor and the stator, L/sub r/, L/sub s/, and the mutual inductance, M(/spl theta/), are required to model the performance of these machines. In general, three-dimensional (3-D) field computations are required for the calculation of inductances, and the integration of the stored energy has to be carried out over an infinite domain. The domain of integration could be reduced to just the volumes of current-carrying conductors, using equivalent expressions for the total energy involving the dot product of the current density and the magnetic vector potential. A semianalytic code, Faraday, has been developed using this method for the computation of L/sub r/, L/sub s/, and M(/spl theta/). The 3-D topology of conductors with rectangular cross sections in the rotor and the stator is described by a set of discrete rectangular segments (parallelepipeds) with specified current directions. The segments are continuous along the axis. Analytic integral expressions for the total energy of differential current-carrying segments are used to calculate the total energies and inductances. The inductances L/sub r/, L/sub s/, and M(/spl theta/) for a model pulsed disk alternator were computed using Faraday. The results compare favorably with experimental data.
HD 202908 : A young, solar-type triple system.

HD 202908 is a solar-type, spectroscopic-visual triple system. High-dispersion spectroscopic observations show that the primary visual component is a double-lined spectroscopic binary with a period of 3.966 days and a mass ratio of 1.0. Velocity changes due to motion in the long-period, 76-year orbit are now perceptible. Over the next 5 years, these changes may amount to 30 km/s for the single star. Continued spectroscopic and visual observations through nodal and periastron passage of the highly eccentric visual orbit, which will occur nearly simultaneously about 1985.5, will permit the accurate determination of the masses and luminosities of the three components. Contrary to expectation, the short-period and long-period orbits are not coplanar. The large lithium abundances, strength of the Ca II emission lines, and rotational velocities all suggest that this multiple system has an age similar to that of the Hyades cluster.
Are We Addicted to Food

As the battle of the bulge seems headed toward becomingthe “culture war of the new century,” with state legislaturesdiscussing and/or passing bills to ban “junk food” fromschools and trial lawyers gearing up to file lawsuits againstthe food industry, much as they did against the tobaccoindustry (1,2), it is very likely that the scientific communitywill come under increasing pressure to answer the questionof why we eat so much.Rare forms of obesity caused by defects of the energyhomeostasis regulatory mechanisms operating in the sub-conscious brain have been described in animals and humans(3). However, eating is as much a means of achievingenergy balance as it is a form of pleasure and reward. Thismakes the drive to eat one of the most powerful urges ofanimal and human behavior.
Two Chimeric Receptors of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor and c-Ros That Differ in Their Transmembrane Domains Have Opposite Effects on Cell Growth

Twochimericreceptors,ER1andER2,wereconstructed.ER1containstheextracellularandtransmembrane (TM) domains derived from epidermal growth factor receptor and the cytoplasmic domain from c-Ros; ER2 is identicaltoER1exceptthatitsTMdomainisderivedfromc-Ros.Bothchimerascanbeactivatedbyepidermal growth factor and are capable of activating or phosphorylating an array of cellular signaling proteins. Both chimeras promote colony formation in soft agar with about equal efficiency. Surprisingly, ER1 inhibits while ER2 stimulates cell growth on monolayer culture. Cell cycle analysis revealed that all phases, in particular the S and G2/M phases, of the cell cycle in ER1 cells were elongated whereas G1phase of ER2 cells was shortened threefold. Comparison of signaling pathways mediated by the two chimeras revealed several differences. Several early signaling proteins are activated or phosphorylated to a higher extent in ER1 than in ER2 cells in response to epidermal growth factor. ER1 is less efficiently internalized and remains tyrosine phosphorylated for a longer time than ER2. However, phosphorylation of the 66-kDa Shc protein, activation of mitogenactivated protein kinase, and induction of c-fosand c-junoccur either to a lesser extent or for a shorter time in ER1 cells. Cellular protein phosphorylation patterns are also different in ER1 and ER2 cells. In particular, a 190-kDa Shc-associated protein is tyrosine phosphorylated in ER2 but not in ER1 cells. Our results indicate thattheTMdomainshaveaprofoundeffectonthesignaltransductionandbiologicalactivityofthosechimeric receptors. The results also imply that sustained stimulation of ER1 due to its retarded internalization apparently triggers an inhibitory response that dominantly counteracts the receptor-mediated mitogenic signals. These two chimeras, expressed at similar levels in the same cell type but having opposite effects on cell growth, provide an ideal system to study the mechanism by which a protein tyrosine kinase inhibits cell growth.
Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy for Heart Failure Has the Time Come

In the current issue of Circulation , Anand and colleagues representing the COMPANION (The Comparison of Medical Therapy, Pacing and Defibrillation in Heart Failure) Investigators have brought forward compelling data that emphasize the substantial morbidity benefit of cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) in patients with moderately severe to severe heart failure. Unlike other studies that have reported reductions in heart failure hospitalizations, Anand et al have accounted for the competing risk of death and variations in follow-up time and surmised that CRT resulted in 44% (optimal pharmacological therapy plus CRT [CRT-P]) and 41% (optimal pharmacological therapy plus CRT with defibrillator [CRT-D]) reductions in heart failure- related hospitalizations. Remarkably, the benefit was seen within days to weeks and was a sustained effect throughout the trial.1 By our calculations using the reported heart failure hospitalization rates (0.73 for optimal pharmacological therapy [OPT], 0.43 for CRT-D, and 0.41 for CRT-P), the number needed to treat with CRT to reduce 1 hospitalization is <4. This is a remarkable benefit for any evidence-based heart failure therapy. These data are sufficiently compelling that when aggregated with the known survival benefits ascribed to CRT, at least some of the residual concerns about efficacy for this device-based intervention should be assuaged. On the basis of these findings, the time may now have come to fundamentally change practice and to more avidly adhere to already extant class I indications for CRT in patients with class III or IV heart failure, with a prolonged QRS, and who are already on appropriate background medical therapy.2 Article p 969 Several early data sets established that a prolonged QRS is independently associated with worse outcomes in chronic heart failure. Recent analyses from the EVEREST (Efficacy of Vasopressin in Heart Failure Outcome Study with Tolvaptan) trials have confirmed a similar observation in the …