cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inequalities in Illinois Constitutional Equality

In 1970 four new equality provisions were added to the Illinois Constitution, including two explicit equal protection provisions and two explicit antidiscrimination provisions. Shortly thereafter, Elmer Gertz, the Chair of the Bill of Rights Committee for the relevant constitutional convention, declared that "we in Illinois have gone beyond all other states and the federal government in eliminating discrimination." Unfortunately, a few years later Gertz lamented that while Illinois had the "strongest nondiscrimination provisions of any state constitution," these provisions had only yielded "unrealized expectations." Today, the 1970 equality mandates continue to be unrealized. This paper reviews the four provisions and then demonstrates what went wrong, criticizing both the state legislature and high court. In particular, it examines the shortcomings of the Illinois Human Rights Act whose stated goal was to "secure and guarantee" the new equality "rights." While the Act extends statutory equality protections to some who are without explicit constitutional equality guarantees, the Act also fails to protect others who were expressly assured protections in 1970. For example, the Article I, Section 17 assurances of freedom from "discrimination on the basis of race, color, creed, national ancestry and sex in the hiring and promotion practices of any employer or in the sale or rental of property" remain unrealized as the Act "covers," but then "exempts", many persons subject to discrimination in employment and property transactions. The paper concludes with suggested reforms that will help to realize the unique promises of Illinois constitutional equality.
Sensory Evaluation of Impact of Wine Matrix on Red Wine Finish: A Preliminary Study

This study examined the effect of wine finish, the lingering flavor after ingestion or expectoration of wine on acceptance of red wine as evaluated by an expert sensory panel. Specifically, influence of the wine matrix components on acceptance of wine finish was determined using dealcoholized Syrah adjusted to two ethanol and tannin concentrations, with added flavor compounds. High ethanol concentrations resulted in a longer duration of finish for bell pepper, coconut and floral notes. For wines spiked with floral and bell pepper flavor compounds, this longer finish was more acceptable compared to their low ethanol counterparts. Increased tannin resulted in a longer duration of finish for bell pepper only while the acceptability was significantly decreased for high tannin treatments spiked with all three of the flavors as compared with their low tannin counterparts. This new knowledge in the understudied area of wine finish provides winemakers with information about the importance of finish on wine acceptance and the influence of the wine matrix on finish. Practical Applications Wine finish, an understudied yet critical component of wine quality, was evaluated in Syrah. Varying the ethanol content extended the finish of all three flavor compounds tested. For floral and bell pepper flavor, this longer finish was related to increased acceptance. The results of this study provide wine makers with important information to further understand how their processing steps to adjust tannin and ethanol may affect the finish and ultimately the perceived quality of their wines.
REGENERATION OF PELVIC LYMPH NODES AFTER PELVIC LYMPHADENECTOMY.

Abstract 1. 1. Three cases of cervical carcinoma treated surgically with pre- and postoperative x-rays showing complete removal of pelvic lymph nodes are presented. 2. 2. One case of cervical carcinoma treated surgically is presented with a lymphangiogram performed 2 weeks postoperatively. 3. 3. The literature concerning the development of lymphoid tissue is reviewed along with animal studies on the regeneration of lymphatics. 4. 4. The clinical significance of the cases is discussed particularly with reference to the lymphangiograms performed 2 years after radical operation. 5. 5. The possible significance of regeneration of lymphatics and lymph nodes is discussed in regard to host resistance and malignant disease.
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia/Small Lymphocytic Lymphoma

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)/small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL) is a mature B-cell neoplasm in which the neoplastic cells commonly coexpress CD5 and CD23. Morphologically and immunophenotypically, the neoplastic cells of CLL are identical to those of nodal-based SLL, and the two entities are thought to represent different manifestations of the same disease. The term SLL is now applied rigorously to patients who have tissue involvement by a lymphoma that represents CLL/SLL, but without evidence of a leukemic component.
Neocarzinostatin-induced DNA base release accompanied by staggered oxidative cleavage of the complementary strand.

Treatment of an end-labeled DNA restriction fragment with the nonprotein chromophore of neocarzinostatin induced lesions which, after treatment with endonuclease IV or putrescine, were expressed as site-specific double-strand breaks. Analysis of the termini at cleavage sites in each strand showed that the neocarzinostatin-induced lesions consisted of an apurinic/apyrimidinic site plus a closely opposed break in the complementary strand. The break always occurred opposite the base two positions upstream from the apurinic/apyrimidinic site and had the 3′-phosphate and 5′-aldehyde termini characteristic of neocarzinostatin-induced breaks. This positioning suggests that neocarzinostatin simultaneously attacks two DNA sugars on opposite edges of the minor groove. The sequence specificity for formation of apurinic/apyrimidinic sites with closely opposed breaks reflected that of neocarzinostatin-induced mutagenesis. The potent mutagenicity of these lesions may be attributable to the presence of closely opposed damage in both DNA strands.
Two Approaches to Global Competition: A Historical Review

From the standpoint of policies, the different branches of economics may be aggregated into two categories: dirigiste and laissez fairist. Dirigiste theories in economics have been based primarily on the complexity of commodities: this allows commodities to be ranked according to the contributions they make to growth and rent. This also means that the gains from free global competition are unequally distributed: and create the global divide between rich and poor countries. Under the circumstances, industrial policies offer the lagging countries their best chance of breaking out of their specialization in low-end commodities. On the other hand, the advanced countries – keen to deepen their competitive advantages in the global economy – look for a theory that camouflages its asymmetric dynamics. Laissez faire economics fulfills this ideological demand; it does this by stripping commodities of nearly all their complexity. The invisible hand only works when all commodities are nondescript: potato chips are no worse than computer chips when it comes to trade and growth.
Cross Hippocampal Influence in Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Measured With High Temporal Resolution Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Purpose Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (mTLE) is a chronic disorder with spontaneous seizures recurring for years, or even decades. Many structural and functional changes have been detected in both the seizure focus and distal regions throughout the brain over this duration that may reflect the development of epileptogenic networks. Resting state functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) connectivity mapping has the potential to elucidate and quantify these networks. The network between the left and right hippocampus may very likely be one of the most susceptible to changes due to long term seizure propagation effects. Therefore, the objective of this study was to quantify cross hippocampal influence in mTLE using high temporal resolution fMRI, and to determine its relationship with disease duration.
Mental Representations of the Self

Publisher Summary The study of the self is now of concern to almost every part of social psychology. This chapter attempts to adopt two complementary theoretical perspectives in cognitive psychology and pursue their implications for research and for theory on the structure and function of the self-concept. These implications should be construed as hypotheses rather than conclusions. It concerns with the cognitive aspects of the self, however, there are problems that must be confronted. Self-assessment is represented by a process involving the direct look up of features associated with the self concept. Because of the widespread implications and the great interest in the self throughout the behavioral sciences, research and theorizing in this field have inevitably followed different approaches. In the chapter, the relatively new information-processing perspective and the way the concepts and methods employed in the study of memory and information processing generally contribute in important ways to understand the self-concept is reviewed. The self-concept may be construed as a set of features that are characteristic of the person and also distinguish him or herself from other individuals.
134/spl deg/ C continuous-wave operation of a 1.33-/spl mu/m wafer-bonded VCSEL

We demonstrate the first long-wavelength VCSEL to operate continuous-wave at or above 130/spl deg/ C and show /spl sim/2 mW continuous-wave output power at room temperature in the 1290-1360 nm range.
Estimating GRACE Aliasing Errors

Synthetic GRACE aliasing errors are examined for land, ocean and atmospheric signals. Simulated GRACE data are generated using least square fits of spherical harmonics to potential differences. Mass variations are produced by GLDAS (Global Land Data Assimilation Scheme), ECCO (Estimating the Circulation and Climate of Ocean), and the difference between NCEP and ECMWF (as an estimate of dealiasing error). Additional studies include single spherical harmonics and isolated (Gaussian) loads. Aliasing errors are measured by their degree-order spectrum, and arise from inadequate space-time sampling. Because atmospheric variations are rapid, they cause large aliasing errors at low degree, below 15. To better understand these, we examine aliasing due to sinusoidally oscillating single harmonics, and use Kaula’s resonance solution to interpret the aliases. Single temporal frequency Gaussian mass load variations illustrate aliasing variations associated with geographical location.
Stand der Auslandsgermanistik: Ein Blick auf Kanada, Lateinamerika und die USA

This introductory statement contextualizes the subsequent four presentations by Anette Guse, Lynne Tatlock, Karolin Moser, and John A. McCarthy. In the first three, the state of German Studies in the USA, Canada, and Latin America is examined, concluding with a summary article that provides an assessment and suggestions for how the profession might appropriately respond to changing demographics and intellectual shifts.
Introduction to Surface and Thin Film Processes: Semiconductor surfaces and interfaces

This chapter gives a description of semiconductor surfaces, and the models used to explain them. Section 7.1 outlines ideas of bonding in elemental semiconductors, and these are used to discuss case studies of specific semiconductor surface reconstructions in section 7.2, building on the survey given in section 1.4. If you are not familiar with semiconductors and their structures, you will also need access to sources that describe the diamond, wurtzite and graphite structures, and which also describe the bulk band structures; these points can be explored via problem 7.1. It is also very helpful to have some prior knowledge of the terms used in covalent bonding, such as s and p bands, sp 2 and sp 3 hybridization. Section 7.3 describes stresses and strains at surfaces and in thin films, including the thermodynamic discussion delayed from section 1.1; the importance of such ideas in the growth of semiconductor device materials is discussed, especially those based on the elements germanium and silicon, with references also given to the 3–5 compound literature. Structural and electronic effects at semiconductor surfaces The first thing to realize is that the reconstructions of semiconductor surfaces are not, in general, simple. In section 1.4 reconstructions were introduced via the (relatively simple) Si(100) 2 × 1 surface. This introduced ideas of symmetry lowering at the surface, domains, and the association of domains with surface steps. At the atomic cell level we saw the formation of dimers, organized into dimer rows. If all this can happen on the simplest semiconductor surface, what can we expect on more complex surfaces? More importantly, how can we begin to make sense of it all?
Nuclear and magnetic structural properties of Ba 2 Fe Mo O 6

Using neutron powder diffraction, we have investigated the structure of ${\mathrm{Ba}}_{2}\mathrm{Fe}\mathrm{Mo}{\mathrm{O}}_{6}$ at temperatures between 10 and $490\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$. The structure of ${\mathrm{Ba}}_{2}\mathrm{Fe}\mathrm{Mo}{\mathrm{O}}_{6}$ is cubic $Fm\overline{3}m$ and tetragonal $I4∕mmm$ above and below ${T}_{\mathrm{C}}$, respectively. The tetragonal structure exhibits a $c$ axis that is only slightly longer than the basal $a$ parameter. A structural distortion from the cubic symmetry is required by the ferromagnetic alignment of Fe and Mo spins along a specific axis. The ferrimagnetic structure of the Fe and Mo sublattices is well described in the magnetic $I4∕m{m}^{\ensuremath{'}}{m}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ space group. At $10\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$, the FM moments for Fe and Mo refine to $\ensuremath{\sim}4.1(1)\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{\mathrm{B}}$ and $\ensuremath{\sim}\ensuremath{-}0.58(1)\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{\mathrm{B}}$, respectively, with a total ferrimagnetic moment of $\ensuremath{\sim}3.52\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{\mathrm{B}}$, in good agreement with the magnetization results and the high spin state of the Fe electrons. The lower than expected ferrimagnetic moment is attributed to the presence of Fe and Mo in multiple oxidation states and possible site vacancies. Bond-valence-sum calculations reveal the presence of significant strains in this system.
Electronic structure and properties of designer clusters and cluster-assemblies

Using self-consistent calculations based on density functional theory, we demonstrate that electronic shell filling and close atomic packing criteria can be used to design ultra-stable clusters. Interaction of these clusters with each other and with gas atoms is found to be weak confirming their chemical inertness. A crystal composed of these inert clusters is expected to have electronic properties that are markedly different from crystals where atoms are the building blocks. The recent observation of ferromagnetism in potassium clusters assembled in zeolite cages is discussed.
Isoflurane depresses hippocampal CA1 glutamate nerve terminals without inhibiting fiber volleys

Anesthetic-induced CNS depression is thought to involve reduction of glutamate release from nerve terminals. Recent studies suggest that isoflurane reduces glutamate release by block of Na channels. To further investigate this question we examined the actions of isoflurane, TTX, extracellular Ca2+, CNQX and stimulus voltage (stim) on glutamate-mediated transmission at hippocampal excitatory synapses. EPSPs were recorded from CA1 neurons in rat hippocampal brain slices in response to Schaffer-collateral fiber stimulation. Isoflurane (350 μM; 1 MAC) reversibly depressed EPSP amplitudes by ~60% while facilitation increased ~20%. Consistent with previous studies, these results indicate a presynaptic site of action that involves reduced excitation-release coupling. EPSPs were depressed to comparable levels by TTX (60 nM) or lowered stim, but facilitation was not changed, indicating a simple failure of axonal conduction. Similarly, partial antagonism of postsynaptic glutamate receptors with CNQX (10 μM) depressed EPSP amplitudes with no change in facilitation. However, EPSP depression by low external Ca2+ (0.8 mM) was accompanied by an increase in facilitation comparable to isoflurane. Isoflurane depression of EPSP amplitudes could also be partly reversed by high external Ca2+ (4 mM) that also decreased facilitation. Isoflurane or low Ca2+ markedly reduced the slopes of fiber volley (FV)-EPSP input-output curves, consistent with little or no effect on FVs. By contrast, TTX didn't alter the FV-EPSP curve slope, indicating that EPSP depression resulted from FV depression. FVs were remarkably resistant to isoflurane. Somatic spike currents were unaffected by 350 μM (1 MAC) isoflurane as well. The EC50 for isoflurane depression of FVs was ~2.8 mM (12 vol. %; 8 MAC). Isoflurane appears to depress CA1 synapses at presynaptic sites downstream from Na channels, as evident by the increased facilitation that accompanies EPSP depression. Fiber volleys did not exhibit depression by isoflurane, as has been reported for other brain regions.
409ps 4.7 FO4 64b adder based on output prediction logic in 0.18um CMOS

We present a fast 64b adder based on output prediction logic (OPL) that has a measured worst-case delay of 409ps, equivalent to 4.7 FO4 inverter delays for the TSMC 0.18/spl mu/m process that was used for fabrication. This normalized delay is 1.45X faster than the fastest previously reported 64b adder. The adder uses a modified radix-3 Kogge-Stone architecture and has 5 logic levels.
Immuno-based detection of Shiga toxin-producing pathogenic Escherichia coli in food - A review on current approaches and potential strategies for optimization

Certain pathogenic Escherichia coli known as Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing E. coli (STEC) are a public health threat to the consumer, and are problematic for the food industry. Food products containing STEC are deemed unfit for human consumption, and STEC illnesses can cause hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), a disease affecting the kidneys in susceptible individuals. Optimizing detection methods in foods have been focused on more prompt and accurate analysis. This review addresses the role and applications of immuno-based assays for STEC detection in food systems. Immunoassay antibody capture systems and flow cytometry platforms have been implemented into several food-based detection systems. By applying antibodies that will interact with target microorganisms, immunoassays can be used to directly detect and quantify pathogens. Immuno-based protocols could potentially be further implemented into the food industry, limit the duration of the detection process and increase accuracy.
Fibromyalgia criteria in a tertiary pain clinic

In this issue of the Journal, Egloff and colleagues (1) describe a meticulously performed 15-month, 300-patient study of the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) 1990 and 2010 preliminary criteri...
Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer: The Dilemma of Quality vs. Quantity of Life

Due to pancreatic cancer’s dismal prognosis, much of management is focused upon palliation and symptom management, and the decision to treat a patient with more aggressive maneuvers must always take into account the impact upon a patient’s quality of life. In addition, majority of the patients with advanced pancreatic cancer are elderly. Oncologists are challenged to make tough treatment decisions. Many elderly patients cannot tolerate side effects of chemotherapy, especially the combination regimens. Despite that many patients continue to receive chemotherapy even in the last month of their lives. The effect of referral to palliative care on health-related outcome especially for patients with poor quality of life is still not very clear. The authors will review abstracts that have focused on these fields that were presented at the Annual Meeting of ASCO 2013 (Abstracts #4009, #4053, #6607, #9518, #9538, #9539, #9546, and #9638). Image: University of California Medical Center. Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Influence of κ-casein and β-lactoglobulin on the Heat Stability of Skimmilk

Abstract Milks from individual cows were classified according to their heat stability-pH relation as Type A (maximum and minimum heat stability) and Type B (no minimum heat stability). The heat stability responses of these milks could be changed from Type A to B and from B to A by adding κ -casein and β -lactoglobulin, respectively. Addition of either α s - or β -casein did not affect the heat stability of milk. The heat stability-pH relation of milk heated at 90C for 10min was no longer affected by the addition of κ -casein.
Evaluation of carbon black slurries as clean burning fuels

Abstract Experiments were performed to examine the pumpability, atomization and combustion characteristics of slurries made of mixtures of carbon black with No. 2 fuel oil and methanol. Carbon black-No. 2 fuel oil and carbon black-methanol slurries, with carbon black contents of up to 50 and 45 wt%, respectively, were pumped and atomized by means of a peristaltic pump and air atomizing scheme, and burned in an 82 kW laboratory combustor. Measurements of slurry spray droplet size distributions indicated mean droplet diameters of approximately 100 and 30 μm for the carbon black-No. 2 fuel oil and carbon black-methanol mixtures, respectively. Particulate emissions from the combustion of slurries containing 47 wt% carbon black in No. 2 fuel oil and 42 wt% carbon black in methanol were approximately 40 and 28 mg dm −3 , respectively. These paniculate emissions are significantly higher than corresponding emissions from ‘base case’ No. 2 fuel oil and methanol tests (0.75 and 0 mg dm −3 , respectively). However, in spite of the increased particulate emissions, carbon monoxide emissions from all tests were similar (less than 50 ppm dry, corrected to 0% oxygen, for furnace stoichiometric ratios of 1.05 or greater). In addition, at 20% excess air, nitric oxide emissions from the combustion of the carbon black-No. 2 fuel oil and carbon black-methanol (approximately 50 and 15 ppm, respectively) were approximately half of those measured from the combustion of No. 2 fuel oil and methanol (105 and 30 ppm, respectively). Although not examined here, the use of dispersants, stabilizers and modifications to the atomization equipment could improve the burning characteristics of carbon black slurries.
Musculoskeletal pain and measures of depression: comment on the article by Poleshuck et al.

I read with great interest the recently published article by Poleshuck et al on psychosocial stress, anxiety and its association with depression severity among patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain(1). Among patients with chronic conditions such as musculoskeletal pain, mental health remains an important overall component of general health (2) and I agree with the authors that anxiety and psychosocial distress should be carefully screened and assessed in this patient population. Previous studies have shown that the prevalence of serious psychological distress, frequent anxiety, and depression has been reported to be higher in adults with musculoskeletal pain than in those without musculoskeletal pain (3). In the study by Poleshuck et al, depressed patients reported significantly more psychosocial stressors and more severe anxiety and pain disability than the nondepressed counterparts. Nonetheless, items included in the depression scale utilized in the study may have overestimated the difference in the prevalence of depression among those patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain. Large population-based and community surveys often employ abbreviated diagnostic interviews administered by lay interviewers. The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) is a Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM)-IV criteria-based scale that assesses 8 diagnoses, categorized into threshold disorders namely, disorders that correspond to specific DSM-IV diagnoses: major depressive disorder, panic disorder, other anxiety disorder, and bulimia nervosa (4). To qualify candidates to participate in the abovementioned study, the PHQ-9, a 9-item depression module from the full PHQ was utilized. However, some of the PHQ scale items of this questionnaire may be influenced by physical health and may not operate as a “pure” measure of mental health. For example, the PHQ-9, a measure of a major depressive episode in the preceding 2 weeks, inquires “Over the last 2 weeks, how often have you been feeling tired or having little energy?” and “Over the last 2 weeks, how often have you been moving or speaking so slowly that other people could have noticed?” It is possible that individuals with chronic musculoskeletal pain may misinterpret these scale item questions as part of their physical ailments rather than as part of their mental health. Similar misattribution of physical symptoms to mental health has been noted in clinical studies of the Centers for Epidemiological Studies-Depression scale in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (5). Psychiatric researchers should consider the possibility of misattribution when such scales are administered for inclusionary criteria in large-population studies, and consider whether the items in the scale
The 1973 Chilean coup and the origins of transnational human rights activism

The 1973 Chilean coup gave rise to an unprecedented growth in a global human rights consciousness. In its aftermath, transnational activists from a diverse array of political and ideological backgrounds found common cause – indeed, a common language of human rights – in campaigns to ameliorate the repressive acts of the Chilean military junta. This article focuses on two models of activism in particular: Amnesty International, whose 1973 investigative mission set the terms of the global debate about human rights in Chile; and transnational solidarity activists, especially Chilean exiles from leftist parties, whose vision of social activism narrowed as their interest in human rights surged. These campaigns – while not without tensions over the role of politics in the moral appeal to human rights – both articulated a transnational discourse of human rights and created new activist techniques to foment moral outrage by revealing the prevalence of torture through the power of personal testimony.
Finding story chains in newswire articles using random walks

Massive amounts of information about news events are published on the Internet every day in online newspapers, blogs, and social network messages. While search engines like Google help retrieve information using keywords, the large volumes of unstructured search results returned by search engines make it hard to track the evolution of an event. A story chain is composed of a set of news articles that reveal hidden relationships among different events. Traditional keyword-based search engines provide limited support for finding story chains. In this paper, we propose a random walk based algorithm to find story chains. When breaking news happens, many media outlets report the same event. We have two pruning mechanisms in the algorithm to automatically exclude redundant articles from the story chain and to ensure efficiency of the algorithm. We further explore how named entities and word relevance can help find relevant news articles and improve algorithm efficiency by creating a co-clustering based correlation graph. Experimental results show that our proposed algorithm can generate coherent story chains without redundancy. The efficiency of the algorithm is significantly improved on the correlation graph.
Assessment of corner failure depths in the deep drawing of 3D panels using simplified 2D numerical and analytical models

Methodologies of rapidly assessing maximum possible forming heights are needed for three-dimensional (3D) sheet metal forming processes at the preliminary design stage. In our previous work, we proposed to use an axisymmetric finite element model with an enlarged tooling and blank size to calculate the corner failure height in a 3D part forming. The amount of enlargement is called center offset, which provides a powerful means using 2D models for the prediction of 3D forming behaviors. In this work, an analytical beam model to calculate the center offset is developed. Starting from the study of a square cup forming, a simple analytical model is proposed and later generalized to problems with corners of an arbitrary geometry. The 2D axisymmetric models incorporated with calculated center offsets were compared to 3D finite element simulations for various cases. Good assessments of failure height were obtained.
HER2/neu: an increasingly important therapeutic target. Part 3: clinical applications and investigations

HER2/neu is the molecule that has been most successfully targeted for therapeutic intent in the field of oncology. This extraordinary clinical impact has been driven by basic and translational investigations along with astute development of a range of therapeutic agents. This is the third part of a comprehensive three-part review. The clinical applications of HER2/neu-targeted therapies will be reviewed for individual tumor types, including early and late phase clinical studies, building on the prior reviews of the biology of the EGF receptor family and the biological distribution of HER2/neu overexpression. This comprehensive survey will identify opportunities for therapeutic development and promising areas for future clinical investigations of HER2/neu-targeted therapies, highlighting HER2/neu as an increasingly important therapeutic target.
Lipid Production by Culturing Oleaginous Yeast and Algae with Food Waste and Municipal Wastewater in an Integrated Process

Food waste and municipal wastewater are promising feedstocks for microbial lipid biofuel production, and corresponding production process is to be developed. In this study, different oleaginous yeast strains were tested to grow in hydrolyzed food waste, and growths of Cryptococcus curvatus, Yarrowia lipolytica, and Rhodotorula glutinis in this condition were at same level as in glucose culture as control. These strains were further tested to grow in municipal primary wastewater. C. curvatus and R. glutinis had higher production than Y. lipolytica in media made from primary wastewater, both with and without glucose supplemented. Finally, a process was tested to grow C. curvatus and R. glutinis in media made from food waste and municipal wastewater, and the effluents from these processes were further treated with yeast culture and phototrophic algae culture; 1.1 g/L C. curvatus and 1.5 g/L R. glutinis biomass were further produced in second-step yeast cultures, as well as 1.53 and 0.58 g/L Chlorella sorokiniana biomass in phototrophic cultures. The residual nitrogen concentrations in final effluents were 33 mg/L and 34 mg/L, respectively, and the residual phosphorus concentrations were 1.5 and 0.6 mg/L, respectively. The lipid contents in the produced biomass were from 18.7% to 28.6%.
Temperature dependence of UV-induced compaction in fused silica

Different 1995 - 1996 grade experimental fused silica samples were evaluated for their resistance to UV-induced compaction at 193 nm under elevated sample temperature conditions. Stress induced birefringence was used as a sensitive compaction monitor. We found that compaction rate decreases with increasing sample temperature. Isochronal annealing experiments were performed on two different sets of pre-damaged fused silica samples. Annealing of compaction was observed at temperatures as low as 200 degree(s)C, and an activation energy of 0.1 eV was found.
LOCAL ACCESS TO The AEROSPACE TECHNICAL LITERATURE

The Chairman, Mr R. C. Wright, Head of the Library at the Royal Aircraft Establishment, Farnborough, introduced Mr Day to his English audience by giving a brief outline of his professional background.
Epidural narcotics in volunteers: sensitivity to pain and to carbon dioxide.

Tolerance to pain and sensitivity to rising concentrations fo inhaled carbon dioxide were measured before and after administration of metadone, 5 mg, or hydromorphone, 0.5 mg, by the intravenous route and by epidural injection in the lumbar or upper thoracic region in 5 subjects. Tolerance to periosteal pressure, cutaneous electrical stimulation and the cold pressor response to ice-water immersion were measured in both upper and lower limbs. Tolerance to all three pain modalities was greater in the epidural “blocked” limbs than in the “unblocked” limbs or after intravenous administration, and this difference was sustained after a second injection of narcotic. Sensitivity to carbon dioxide was less depressed by epidural narcotic than by intravenous administration; however, after a second dose of narcotic, depression of CO2 sensitivity by epidural injection was comparable to that produced by intravenous injection. These observations support the hypothesis that epidural narcotics have a segmental action as well as a systematic effect, and that both actions are dose-dependent.
Two cases of facial involvement in probable treponemal infection from late prehistoric coastal North Carolina

This paper describes two late prehistoric burials from coastal North Carolina with cranial and postcranial lesions characteristic of treponemal infection. Each case exhibits facial lesions consistent with clinical reports of treponemal infection, but which have not previously been documented in these populations. The suite of facial lesions in one case and a mandibular lesion in the other serve to illustrate the variability inherent in treponemal infections. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGES IN FREE-RECALL LEARNING BY CHILDREN

Summary.-A free-recall task was tachistoscopically administered to 124 children belonging to four differenr age levels. Nursery and kindergarten children's recalls were more closely related to clustering measures than those of seventh graders. Older children's recalls did not vary as a function of clustering in their recall. While younger children seem to rely heavily on E's imposed organization, older children seem to utilize divergent modes of processing of information. Such a developmental change provides an explanation for the conflicting findings reported in free-recall studies. The structure imposed by the learner on the material to be learned as well as the extent to which he makes use of the structure provided by the experimenter are generally considered as evidence for the occurrence of organization processes in free-recall studies. Since it is believed chat the amount thac can be remembered in free rec2l is closely related to such organizational processes (Tulving, 1962; Mandler, 1967; Bower, Lesgold, & Tieman, 1969) high positive correlations between the amount recalled and the organization measures are to be expected. The over-all conclusior,s reached by a number of studies which manipulated independent factors scch as insuuctions to Ss, presentation method, list characteristics, etc., and then studied their effect on organization and recall are in general agreement wich such an expectation. For example, Moely, Olson, Halwes, and Flavell (1969) found that instructions to sort pictures into categories were accompanied by increased clustering and recall for children 5 to 9 yr. of age. What is believed to be evidence for the proposition that clustering aids recall was obtained by Shultz, Charness, and Berman (1973) who observed thac suggestions to organize free recall by caregories increased clustering and recall by first and fourth grede children. Kobasigawa and Middleton (1972) found chat blocked presentazion of categorically grouped drawings facilitated organization and recall of children from Grades 3 to 5. Similar findings were also reported by Moynahan (1973). Manipulation of lisc characteristics by using lists of words of different frequencies had a significant effect on clustering by ~achs and Gruen (1971). ~ethod of presentation also significantly
Reconsidering acculturation in dietary change research among Latino immigrants: challenging the preconditions of US migration

Background. Dietary changes among Latino immigrants are often attributed to acculturation. Acculturation-diet research typically assumes that migration to the US is necessary for negative dietary changes to occur in Latino immigrants' diets. Objective. The goal of this article is to demonstrate that extant acculturation research is not adequate in capturing changes in Latino immigrants' diets. This is due to the role of globalization and transnational processes in modernizing their diets in Latin America. Design. Utilizing an interactionist cultural studies approach, this exploratory situational analysis based on 27 in-depth interviews with Latino immigrants, nutrition reports, and transnational food companies' websites, examines how Latino immigrants were already engaging in negative dietary practices in their former country. Results. Latino immigrants who resided in urban areas in their former countries and migrated to the US on or after 2000 were fully engaged in negative dietary practices prior to mig...
Epitaxially grown zinc oxide films for electro-optic and acousto-optic interactions

Abstract Measurements of acoustic surface waves (ASW) and optical guided waves (OGW) wave properties have been carried out on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) epitaxial zinc oxide (ZnO) films on sapphire (Al 2 O 3 ) substrates of different orientations. Surface preparation and orientation effects have been studied. Untuned acoustic insertion loss of 40 dB at 160 MHz and optical propagation loss of better than 5 dB/cm at 6328A for the TE 0 mode were obtained in a 2μm thick (11 2 4) ZnO film deposited on a (0001) sapphire substrate.
Determination of Time-Dependent Inositol-1,4,5-Trisphosphate Concentrations during Calcium Release in a Smooth Muscle Cell

The level of [InsP3]cyt required for calcium release in A7r5 cells, a smooth muscle cell line, was determined by a new set of procedures using quantitative confocal microscopy to measure release of InsP3 from cells microinjected with caged InsP3. From these experiments, the [InsP3]cyt required to evoke a half-maximal calcium response is 100 nM. Experiments with caged glycerophosphoryl-myo-inositol 4, 5-bisphosphate (GPIP2), a slowly metabolized analogue of InsP3, gave a much slower recovery and a half-maximal response of an order of magnitude greater than InsP3. Experimental data and highly constrained variables were used to construct a mathematical model of the InsP3-dependent [Ca2+]cyt changes; the resulting simulations show high fidelity to experiment. Among the elements considered in constructing this model were the mechanism of the InsP3-receptor, InsP3 degradation, calcium buffering in the cytosol, and refilling of the ER stores via sarcoplasmic endoplasmic reticulum ATPase (SERCA) pumps. The model predicts a time constant of 0.8 s for InsP3 degradation and 13 s for GPIP2. InsP3 degradation was found to be a prerequisite for [Ca2+]cyt recovery to baseline levels and is therefore critical to the pattern of the overall [Ca2+]cyt signal. Analysis of the features of this model provides insights into the individual factors controlling the amplitude and shape of the InsP3-mediated calcium signal.
17-β Estradiol attenuates streptozotocin-induced diabetes and regulates the expression of renal sodium transporters

Diabetes mellitus is associated with natriuresis, whereas estrogen has been shown to be renoprotective in diabetic nephropathy and may independently regulate renal sodium reabsorption. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of 17- β estradiol (E 2 ) replacement to diabetic, ovariectomized (OVX) female rats on the expression of major renal sodium transporters. Female, Sprague–Dawley rats (210 g) were randomized into four groups: (1) OVX; (2) OVX+E 2 ; (3) diabetic+ovariectomized (D+OVX); and (4) diabetic+ovariectomized+estrogen (D+OVX+E 2 ). Diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (55 mg/kg·body weight (bw)). Rats received phytoestrogen-free diet and water ad libitum for 12 weeks. E 2 attenuated hyperglycemia, hyperalbuminuria, and hyperaldosteronism in D rats, as well as the diabetes-induced changes in renal protein abundances for the bumetanide-sensitive Na–K–2Cl cotransporter (NKCC2), and the α - and β -subunits of the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC), that is, E 2 decreased NKCC2, but increased α - and β -ENaC abundances. In nondiabetic rats, E 2 decreased plasma K + and increased urine K + /Na + ratio, as well as decreased the abundance of NKCC2, β -ENaC, and α -1-Na–K–adenosine triphosphate (ATP)ase in the outer medulla. Finally, the diabetic, E 2 rats had measurably lower final circulating levels of E 2 than the nondiabetic E 2 rats, despite an identical replacement protocol, suggesting a shorter biological half-life of E 2 with diabetes. Therefore, E 2 attenuated diabetes and preserved renal sodium handling and related transporter expression levels. In addition, E 2 had diabetes-independent effects on renal electrolyte handling and associated proteins.
The Effectiveness of Urban Containment Regimes in Reducing Exurban Sprawl

During the 1990s, the exurban landscape grew faster and added more people than urban, suburban, and rural landscapes. In many respects, exurbanization is the quintessential representation of urban sprawl and the problems it poses. More than 100 metropolitan areas across the US attempt to manage exurbanization through various forms of urban containment at regional or subregional scales. In this article, we assess the extent to which urban containment is effective in managing exurban sprawl in the 35 largest metropolitan areas in the US. Through simple cross-section analysis, we found that relative to metropolitan areas without urban containment, those pursuing “strong” containment efforts performed best in reducing exurbaniza- tion. Strong containment programs are those that direct urban development into areas defined by urban containment boundaries and restrict development outside the boundaries. Metropolitan areas with “natural” containment, i.e., where development is constrained because of oceans, mount...
Wetland seed bank response to sedimentation varying in loading rate and texture

This study examined effects of two sediment textures applied in two loading rates on seedling recruitment from the seed bank in a wetland. Total seedling density (TSD) of an unsedimented, control treatment was 6.8-fold higher than the average density in sedimented treatments (2,085±971 seedlings m−2 versus 305±80 seedlings m−2). Consequently, biomass in the control, was significantly greater than biomass among sedimented treatments (84.4±29.5 gm m−2 versus 24.6±8.9 gm m2). Large sediment loads also significantly decreased TSD compared to low sediment loads (192±72 seedlings m−2 versus 417±87 seedlings m−2). Sediment texture did not significantly alter seedling density, but TSD was markedly suppressed by coarse-texture sediment relative to fine-texture sediment (258±67 seedlings m−2 versus 351±92 seedlings m−2). In addition, seedling density was significantly and positively correlated with seed mass in the coarsetextured treatments and in the low-loading treatments. The response to sedimentation by individual plant taxa was not consistent and presumably varied as a function of life-history characteristics. Species richness and diversity were significantly greater under the low loading treatment than the high loading treatment.
Correlation of histopathology with other prognostic indicators in Hodgkin's disease

The Rye Conference histologic classification of Hodgkin's disease has been applied retrospectively to a series of 176 previously untreated cases of Hodgkin's disease. Three different pathologists independently and unanimously agreed in two-thirds of the cases on assignment of cases to one of the four categories: lymphocyte predominance, nodular sclerosis, mixed cellularity, and lymphocyte depletion. The classification was found to be effective in predicting prognosis even within clinical staging groups. Nodular sclerosis emerges as the largest histologic group and has a favorable prognosis. The usual manner of spread in Hodgkin's disease was to adjacent lymph node groups. Noncontiguous dissemination, when it occurred, was more than twice as frequent in the mixed cellularity and lymphocyte depletion types, compared to nodular sclerosis. Nodular sclerosis involving lung has shown a favorable prognosis, unlike mixed cellularity. Survival appears to be increased in all histologic categories after intensive wide-field megavoltage radiotherapy.
Using Degradation Data to Assess Reliability

For highly reliable products, little information about reliability is provided by lifetests using a practical test duration in which few or no failures are typically observed. In this article, we illustrate the advantages of using degradation data to assess reliability. We use a Bayesian approach for analyzing the degradation data because of its advantages. The uncertainty of reliability and lifetime distribution quantile estimates can be determined in a straightforward manner. Moreover, calculating for a specified time the reliability of a population of units with varying ages is easily done. We illustrate these advantages by a laser degradation example.
A Mohegan Anthropologist at Work

Medicine Trail: The Life and Lessons of Gladys Tantaquidgeon. Jane Fawcett. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2000
Large-area multi-crystal NaI/Tl/ detectors for X-ray and gamma-ray astronomy

An array of large multicrystal NaI(Tl) detectors was constructed and used in a balloon-borne experiment to observe weak transient bursts of cosmic origin. The array had an active area of about 1 sq m and was sensitive to photons above 50 keV. Localized bursts which were observed are attributed to long-lived phosphorescence following large energy deposits by cosmic rays in the crystals.
Mass spectroscopy study of GaN metalorganic chemical vapor deposition

Metalorganic chemical vapor phase deposition of GaN on (100) GaAs has been studied using mass spectroscopy. With increasing substrate temperature, the amount of decomposed trimethylgallium (TMGa) was observed to increase exponentially with a characteristic energy of 1.5 eV. The presence of NH3 was found to suppress the production of CH3 in the gas phase. This implies that CH3 of TMGa reacts with the hydrogen atom of NH3, forming CH4 as a main gas product. Studies of nitrogen evaporation from the growth surface when TMGa flow was off lead to the conclusion that increased growth rate could result in decreased background electron concentration due to nitrogen vacancy. The presence of NH3 significantly promotes the decomposition of TMGa. Desorption of excess Ga atoms from the growth surface at low NH3 flow rates takes place as suggested by the increased ratio of peak intensity of Ga (m/e = 69) to that of DMGa ((CH3)2Ga, m/e- 99) with decreasing NH3 flow rate.