cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Economic Growth and Labor Standards: Evidence from a Dynamic Panel Data Model

The relations between economic growth and international labor standards are explored in a panel of 121 countries from 1974 to 2004. A large literature has empirically tested the neoclassical and endogenous growth models using cross-sectional or panel regressions. Here, the growth model is augmented with labor standards. A dynamic panel data model is used to account for the endogeneity of the determinants of economic growth and labor standards. Two measures of labor standards are used: the rate of work injuries and the rate of strikes and lockouts. The estimation results show that higher levels of labor standards are associated with higher rates of economic growth.
Photographic measurement of the effects of viewing angle on the luminance and contrast of liquid crystal displays

An actively cooled charge couple device detector in combination with a 4 mm focal length lens (camera) was used to evaluate the luminance and perceived contrast properties of a liquid crystal display (LCD). The circular field of view (FOV) of the camera occupied an angular range (θ) of ±42.5° from normal in all directions. Uniform field images corresponding to 17 equally spaced grayscale values in the 8 bit digital driving level (DDL) range of the display system were acquired. The 12 bit grayscale digital images produced by the camera were converted to luminance (cd/m 2 ) units via the measured DDL vs. luminance response of the camera. The Barten model of the grayscale response of the human visual system was used to compute the perceived contrast of the display within the angular FOV of the camera and throughout the 8-bit DDL range of the display. 1D profiles were extracted from the 2D measurements and compared to measurements acquired from a similar display using a Fourier-optics-based luminance meter and published methods. The results of the two methods generally agreed to within 5%. Greater discrepancy was realized for the lowest portion of the DDL range. The photographic methods used were straightforward and resulted in accurate display assessment measurements over a FOV that is relevant for the clinical use of LCDs.
Multivariate curve resolution with non-linear fitting of kinetic profiles

Abstract This paper describes the incorporation of a hard modeling step based on a kinetic model, into a soft modeling (multivariate curve resolution) technique. The soft modeling technique allows for the determination of the retention and spectral profiles from overlapped components while the hard modeling step allows for the simultaneous prediction of the rate constants of the various steps in the reaction pathway. The program uses standard MATLAB® functions for determining the solutions of the differential equations as well as for finding the optimal rate constants to describe the kinetic profiles. The kinetic model is entered by a set of command line parameters and can describe any order chemical reaction with multiple reaction pathways. This paper uses simulated first- and second-order reaction data as well as real data to characterize the performance of the program. The algorithm is able to resolve overlapped retention and spectral profiles and predict the rate constants for the reaction.
A control-based approach to quantification of rate-dependent elastic modulus of living cell using atomic force microscope

This paper proposed a control-based approach to in-liquid nanoindentation measurement in mechanical property quantification of soft samples including living cell using atomic force microscope (AFM). Accurate indentation quantification is central to probe-based nanomechanical property measurement as the tip-cell interaction force and the indentation generated are the two most important variables to be measured. The conventional indentation measurement, however, fails to quantify the indentation accurately during the in-liquid nanomechanical measurement as the hydrodynamic force effect is not accounted for. We propose a control-based approach to accurately measure the indentation in liquid on soft sample even when the force load rate varies over a large range. The proposed approach is demonstrated through measuring the indentation and the elastic modulus of mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cell in cell culture media when the force load rate was changed four orders of magnitude and up to hundred Hz range.
Neglected front rounded phonemes in Haitian Creole

In all the formal descriptions of Haitian Creole published so far the phonemics of the vowels includes only front unrounded and back rounded varieties:Analysts confronted with the presence in the inventory of the front rounded series attribute to them the status of exceptions or loans.
Effects of extended periods of reserpine and α-methyl-p-tyrosine treatment on the development of the putamen in fetal rabbits.

Developing nigrostriatal neuroblasts exhibit catecholamine-induced fluorescence before their axons have left the vicinity of the cell bodies. To evaluate possible developmental effects of dopamine, we have used reserpine and α-methyl-p-tyrosine to deplete dopamine chronically during the development of these axons. We found that dopamine-induced fluorescence was either absent or markedly decreased in the fetal putamens. To determine whether the absence of fluorescence was due to a reduction of dopamine terminals, the uptake of tritium-labeled dopamine was measured in the putamen. Uptake of labeled dopamine was significantly depressed in reserpine-treated fetuses to 70% of that of controls; however, no depression of labeled dopamine was found in the α-methyl-p-tyrosine-treated fetuses. After both drug treatments, the striatal perikarya were less mature than those of controls. Although we cannot rule out possible non-specific or toxic effects of the drugs, these observations support the conclusion that presynaptic dopamine may be important for development of target neurons in the neostriatum.
The Performance of IRT Model Selection Methods with Mixed-Format Tests.

When tests consist of multiple-choice and constructed-response items, researchers are confronted with the question of which item response theory (IRT) model combination will appropriately represent the data collected from these mixed-format tests. This simulation study examined the performance of six model selection criteria, including the likelihood ratio test, Akaike’s information criterion (AIC), corrected AIC, Bayesian information criterion, Hannon and Quinn’s information criterion, and consistent AIC, with respect to correct model selection among a set of three competing mixed-format IRT models (i.e., one-parameter logistic/partial credit [1PL/PC], two-parameter logistic/generalized partial credit [2PL/GPC], and three-parameter logistic/generalized partial credit [3PL/GPC]). The criteria were able to correctly select less parameterized IRT models, including the PC, 1PL, and 1PL/PC models. In contrast, the criteria were less able to correctly select more parameterized IRT models, including the GPC, 3P...
One Woman’s Commodity Bag Garments Compared to Styles in Good Housekeeping, 1949 to 1968

The research objective of this study was to compare characteristics of one woman’s home-sewn daywear commodity bag garments with characteristics of fashionable women’s ready-to-wear daywear garment...
THE INITIATION AND ELONGATION OF RHIZOID CLUSTERS IN CAULERPA PROLIFERA

A B S T R A C T Under improved environmental conditions the average rate of elongation of the rhizoid cluster was 5.2 mm/day in the first 3 days. The rate decreases thereafter and is close to zero around 5-6 days after initiation. The elongation, like that of the rhizome, is chiefly by means of "tip-growth. " The presumptive site of the initiation is 1.3-1.7 mm from the rhizome tip. Under present experimental environment, the presumptive time of the initiation was mainly at 1 to 3 hr after the beginning of the light period. Initiation in the dark period was less frequent, and little or no initiation in the middle and later parts of the light period was observed. The average plastochron of the cluster was 0.91 day. The rate of elongation of the rhizoid cluster was less variable than that of the rhizome. Hence, the slope of calculated regression line from the plot, the cluster length vs. its distance from the rhizome tip, is steeper when the rhizome grows slower (4.9-5.8 mm/day) and less steep when the rhizome grows faster (7.3-8.9 mm/day). In spite of some variation in the slope of the regression line, the intersection between the line and X-axis remans about the same. The application of information on the presumptive site and presumptive time of the rhizoid cluster initiation to a developmental study of micro-events taking place prior to the morphological differentiation is proposed.
Unprovoked seizures in children with febrile seizures : Short-term outcome

Background: Febrile seizures affect 2 to 4% of children, and 2 to 10% develop subsequent unprovoked seizures. Secondary analyses of two large cohorts identified neurodevelopmental abnormalities, complex febrile seizures, and a family history of epilepsy as predictors of unprovoked seizures. We present an analysis of children prospectively followed from their first febrile seizure to reassess these three factors, examine factors of equivocal importance, and assess the importance of some new factors that we identified as predictors of recurrent febrile seizures. Methods: Children (N = 428) were prospectively identified for a first febrile seizure through pediatric emergency departments of four hospitals. Information was collected from medical records and interviews with parents. Children were followed for 2 years or more. Results: Unprovoked seizures occurred in 26 (6%). Neurodevelopmental abnormalities, complex febrile seizures, and a family history of epilepsy were associated with an increased risk of unprovoked seizures. Recurrent febrile seizures and brief duration of fever before the initial febrile seizure were also risk factors. A family history of febrile seizures, temperature and age at the initial febrile seizure, sex, and race were not associated with unprovoked seizures. Conclusions: We confirmed the increased risk associated with traditionally accepted predictors of epilepsy following febrile seizures. Also, the risk clearly increased with recurrent febrile seizures. In general, predictors of subsequent unprovoked seizures differ from predictors of recurrent febrile seizures. One notable exception, brief duration of fever before the initial febrile seizure, predicts both types of outcome and may be a marker for an increased susceptibility to seizures. NEUROLOGY 1996;47: 562-568
Conceptual design for mechatronic assemblies

We have developed a tool to support computer-aided conceptual design of mechatronic assemblies in a collaborative, multi-user environment. Conceptual Understanding and Prototyping (ClJP) allows a team of design engineers, collaborating over the Internet, to develop a high-level structure-behavior-function (S-B-F) description of an assembly in a VRML-based virtual environment. Our goal is to enable users to navigate intricate Product Data Management (PDM) and case-based design knowledge-bases, providing the ability to perform design at conceptual level and have intelligent CAD tools that can draw on details from large repositories of previously archived designs.
Repetition frequency stabilisation of passively mode-locked semiconductor lasers

The repetition frequency of an external cavity mode-locked GaAs semiconductor diode laser has been stabilised by voltage controlled electrical feedback. The phase noise has been reduced by 40 dB at 1 kHz offset from the carrier and timing jitter reduced from more than 30 ps to 4 ps. This technique can be used to stabilise millimetre-wave mode-locked lasers.
Emotional Modulation of the Attentional Blink by Pleasant and Unpleasant Pictures

ABSTRACT When shown a rapid series of images, attention to a second target that follows in short proximity to a first is diminished—a phenomenon sometimes called an “attentional blink.” Three experiments compared detection of motivationally relevant pleasant, unpleasant, and neutral pictures when they appeared as the second target following a neutral (Experiment 1), unpleasant (Experiment 2) and pleasant (Experiment 3) picture target. The second target followed at lags of 2, 3 or 8 pictures. In all three experiments, detection of neutral pictures was reduced at lags 2 and 3, indicative of an attentional blink. In contrast, unpleasant pictures were detected more than neutral pictures at lags 2 and 3. Unexpectedly, pleasant pictures not only resisted the attentional blink, but they were detected substantially more than other pictures at all lags in all three experiments. Overall, the experiments support the idea that motivationally relevant stimuli preferentially capture attention more than motivationally n...
Contraception for the HIV-Positive Woman: A Review of Interactions between Hormonal Contraception and Antiretroviral Therapy

Background. Preventing unintended pregnancy in HIV-positive women can significantly reduce maternal-to-child HIV transmission as well as improve the woman's overall health. Hormonal contraceptives are safe and effective means to avoid unintended pregnancy, but there is concern that coadministration of antiretroviral drugs may alter contraceptive efficacy. Materials and Methods. We performed a literature search of PubMed and Ovid databases of articles published between January 1980 and February 2012 to identify English-language reports of drug-drug interactions between hormonal contraceptives (HCs) and antiretroviral drugs (ARVs). We also reviewed the FDA prescribing information of contraceptive hormone preparations and antiretrovirals for additional data and recommendations. Results. Twenty peer-reviewed publications and 42 pharmaceutical package labels were reviewed. Several studies of combined oral contraceptive pills (COCs) identified decreased serum estrogen and progestin levels when coadministered with certain ARVs. The contraceptive efficacy of injectable depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) and the levonorgestrel intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) were largely unaffected by ARVs, while data on the contraceptive patch, ring, and implant were lacking. Conclusions. HIV-positive women should be offered a full range of hormonal contraceptive options, with conscientious counseling about possible reduced efficacy of COCs and the contraceptive implant when taken with ARVs. DMPA and the LNG-IUS maintain their contraceptive efficacy when taken with ARVs.
Methanogen diversity and community composition in peatlands of the central to northern Appalachian Mountain region, North America

Methanogenic archaea are ubiquitous in peat soils; however, their diversity and distributions within and among peatland ecosystems are not well known. We used comprehensive clone libraries of 16S rRNA gene sequences to investigate spatial patterns in diversity (richness, evenness of taxa) and composition (taxonomic, phylogenetic) of the methanogenic community in six peatlands arrayed 775 km from eastern Ontario, Canada to West Virginia, USA. Five sites were Sphagnum (moss) and shrub dominated; one site was sedge dominated; and, potential rates of methane (CH4) production ranged from 15 to 450 nmol/g day. The gradient allowed us to examine influences of site conditions, site history, and climate on community composition. The region had representatives of methanogens from four taxonomic orders. We observed 29 operationally defined units (OTUs) based on >97% sequence identity. One OTU accounted for 43% of all clones, whereas 15 OTUs were rare with <1% of the total number of clones. The number of OTUs per site ranged from 4 to 21, and statistical analysis suggested diversity of 4–43 per site. Eighteen of the OTUs were endemic to one site; albeit, most endemics occurred in the sedge dominated site. One OTU was cosmopolitan, occurring in all six sites. We found a positive relationship between methanogen diversity and rates of CH4 production per site (Pearson r = 0.93). Turnover in community composition between sites was weakly related to geographic distance between sites, whereas variation in soil pH and annual temperature played larger roles. About 50% of the variation in community composition was unexplained by distance, pH, mean climate, and site age. We conclude that methanogen diversity in peatlands of the central Appalachian region is shaped by present-day environmental conditions, suggesting an influence of impending climatic and environmental changes.
Contributions of the Philippian Community to Paul and to Earliest Christianity

L'A. reconsidere le role de la communaute des Philippiens dans la mission de Paul. Leur role ne se restreint pas aux contributions ou aides financieres (collecte), mais concerne aussi le temoignage des Philippiens dans la mission et le monde du christianisme ancien
Aristotle's Rhetoric in the Later Medieval Universities: A Reassessment

Abstract This essay offers a reassessment of the reception history of the Latin translation of Aristotle9s Rhetoric in the universities and mendicant studia of the thirteenth to fifteenth centuries. While it accepts James J. Murphy9s assertion, originally made in 1969, that Aristotle9s Rhetoric was studied as part of moral philosophy, it presents new manuscript and textual evidence of how this work was actually used. It argues for its popularity and importance among later medieval scholastics and suggests we take a more nuanced view of what they understood rhetoric to be.
Validating the Physical Educators' Attitude Toward Teaching Individuals with Disabilities III (PEATID III) Survey for Future Professionals.

The purpose of this study was to assess validity and reliability of the Physical Educators' Attitude Toward Teaching Individuals with Disabilities III (PEATID III; Rizzo, 1993) for future professionals. Participants (N = 3,464) were undergraduate students enrolled in the introductory adapted physical education course at 235 colleges and universities. Construct validity was obtained through principal components analysis with oblique rotation and supported by principal components analysis with varimax rotation. Results showed that PEATID III measures three factors: (a) outcomes of teaching students with disabilities in regular classes, (b) effects on student learning, and (c) need for more academic preparation to teach students with disabilities. Reliability, as estimated through coefficient alpha, was .88 for the total scale and .71 or greater for each of the disability subscales.
Confirmation of the Distinct Genotype Groups within the Form Species Candida parapsilosis

The DNA relatedness and restriction fragment length polymorphism patterns of whole-cell DNA and the general phenotypic properties of 14 isolates of the form species Candida parapsilosis representing three diverse genetic groups were compared. The data confirm the unrelatedness of the three groups at the species level.
Induction of apoptosis by Drosophila reaper, hid and grim through inhibition of IAP function

Induction of apoptosis in Drosophila requires the activity of three closely linked genes, reaper, hid and grim. Here we show that the proteins encoded by reaper, hid and grim activate cell death by inhibiting the anti-apoptotic activity of the Drosophila IAP1 (diap1) protein. In a genetic modifier screen, both loss-of-function and gain-of-function alleles in the endogenous diap1 gene were obtained, and the mutant proteins were functionally and biochemically characterized. Gain-of-function mutations in diap1 strongly suppressed reaper-, hid- and grim-induced apoptosis. Sequence analysis of these alleles revealed that they were caused by single amino acid changes in the baculovirus IAP repeat domains of diap1, a domain implicated in binding REAPER, HID and GRIM. Significantly, the corresponding mutant DIAP1 proteins displayed greatly reduced binding of REAPER, HID and GRIM, indicating that REAPER, HID and GRIM kill by forming a complex with DIAP1. These data provide strong in vivo evidence for a previously published model of cell death regulation in Drosophila.
Oxygen Concentration Cell and Electrical Conductivity Measurements on PZT Ferroelectrics

The dependence of an averaged ionic transport number and the ac conductivity on oxygen activity was determined at 500° and 600°C for Nb2O5-doped Pb(Zr1-∞Ti∞)O3 (x=0.07, 0.10, 0.20, and 0.35). The electrical conductivity has a p-character and indicates a complex dependence on [Ti] and Po2. For Po2<10-3 atm the electrical conductivity increases linearly with [Ti]. For oxygen activities from 1 to 10-8 atm all PZT compositions showed some degree of electronic conduction.
Evaluation of Analytical Techniques for Quantification of Poultry α-Amylase

Abstract A study was undertaken to evaluate methods of analysis and blood preparation techniques for quantification of poultry α-amylase activity. The test-retest reliability coefficients calculated for various methods of assay indicated a reproducibility order of: Amylochrome (.99)>UV Enzymatic Amylase Reagent (.95)>Amylotube (.93)>dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) assay (.92). Based on reproducibility, low interference from nonamylolytic sources, technical ease, activity range, and correlation between successive lots of dye or substrate our order of preference for the various techniques for measurement of α-amylase was: Amylochrome>DNS>UV Amylase Reagent >Amylotube. Serum samples were found to have unaltered α-amylase activity when stored at 4 C for 48 hr compared to fresh samples. Storage at −80 C significantly increased the measured serum α-amylase activity 32% over that of the fresh samples. The use of heparin, Na citrate, and tetra-Na EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetate) produced notable changes in plasma α-amylase activity compared to corresponding serum samples.
Muscle input-output model: the static dependence of force on length, recruitment, and firing period

Steady-state isometric active muscle force has a bilinear dependence on length and firing period (inverse of firing rate). At a fixed length, force increases linearly with decreasing firing period. The slope decreases linearly with increasing muscle length, and the value of force extrapolated to zero firing period remains constant. This relationship can be used in Hill-type muscle models. >
Counterworks: Managing the Diversity of Knowledge

Counterworks: Managing the Diversity of Knowledge. RICHARD FARDON, ed. London and New York: Routledge, 1995. x + 233 pp., contributors, notes, references, name index, subject index.
Optimized Rate Allocation of Hyperspectral Images in Compressed Domain Under JPEG 2000 Part 2

This paper studies the application of bit allocation using JPEG2000 for compressing multi-dimensional remote sensing data. Past experiments have shown that the Karhunen-Loeve transform (KLT) along with rate distortion optimal (RDO) bit allocation produces good compression performance. However, this model has the unavoidable disadvantage of paying a price in terms of implementation complexity. In this research we address this complexity problem by using the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) instead of the KLT as the decorrelator. Further, we have incorporated a mixed model (MM) to find the rate distortion curves instead of the prior method of using experimental rate distortion curves for RDO bit allocation. We compared our results to the traditional high bit rate quantizer bit allocation model based on the logarithm of variances among the bands. Our comparisons show that by using the MM-RDO bit rate allocation method result in lower mean squared error (MSE) compared to the traditional bit allocation scheme. Our approach also has an additional advantage of using DWT as a computationally efficient decorrelator when compared to the KLT
Lymphoma in Adolescents and Young Adults

Non-Hodgkin (NHL) and Hodgkin (HL) lymphomas are represented prominently in the adolescent and young adult (AYA) population. These diseases represent 11% of total cancer diagnoses in children, 4% in those 40 years of age and older, and 13% in AYA (aged 15-39 years). Although age-adjusted incidence rates of NHL increase with age, the more aggressive lymphomas are seen more commonly in the younger population with a transition to low-grade, indolent subtypes as the population ages. Burkitt lymphoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, lymphoblastic lymphoma, and anaplastic large cell lymphoma make up the most common subtypes in the AYA population, although within the subgroup age 30-39 years, follicular lymphoma becomes more prominent. As a result, much of the armamentarium in the treatment of aggressive NHL and HL in adults is based on data from pediatric clinical trials. There are obvious limitations to this approach. It is vital that we gain a more thorough understanding of the biology and therapeutic responsiveness of NHL and HL in the AYA population. Thus, we must leverage the large prospective and retrospective trials that have been completed to date and redirect our approaches to cancer care in this unique population. We review the epidemiological data on NHL and HL from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results registries as a cornerstone for a comparative analysis of therapeutic outcomes available in this population.
Electric Field Exposure from Electric Blankets

Comparisons of the 60 Hz electric field exposures associated with high voltage transmission lines to those associated with common household sources can provide an important input to regulatory decisions that involve transmission line fields. Electric blankets are of interest in this context because the exposures they produce are among the most intense and prolonged of any of the household sources of 60 Hz electric field exposure. This paper presents a theoretical analysis of the body surface fields induced by electric blankets. Electric blanket exposure intensities are compared to those associated with transmission lines.
Classification and Comparison of Small RNAs from Plants

Regulatory small RNAs, which range in size from 20 to 24 nucleotides, are ubiquitous components of endogenous plant transcriptomes, as well as common responses to exogenous viral infections and introduced double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). Endogenous small RNAs derive from the processing of helical RNA precursors and can be categorized into several groups based on differences in biogenesis and function. A major distinction can be observed between small RNAs derived from singlestranded precursors with a hairpin structure [referred to here as hairpin RNAs (hpRNAs)] and those derived from dsRNA precursors [small interfering RNAs (siRNAs)]. hpRNAs in plants can be divided into two secondary groups: microRNAs and those that are not microRNAs. The currently known siRNAs fall mostly into one of three secondary groups: heterochromatic siRNAs, secondary siRNAs, and natural antisense transcript siRNAs. Tertiary subdivisions can be identified within many of the secondary classifications as well. Comparisons between the different classes of plant small RNAs help to illuminate key goals for future research.
Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae) Abundance in Puerto Rico Declines with Elevation

Diaphorina citri Kuwayama is the primary vector of Huanglongbing, the most devastating disease of citrus. D. citri populations in Puerto Rico were monitored with yellow sticky traps on citrus trees or other psyllid host plants at different elevations, ranging from 10 to 880 m above sea level. Trapping was conducted in March through May of 2013 and 2014 when psyllid populations usually are highest. Population levels of D. citri, based on the trapping data, varied among the sites, and there was a strong trend in both years for decreasing psyllid abundance with increased elevation based on the number of psyllids captured on traps and the proportion of trees shown to be infested. No psyllids were collected at an elevation of >600 m. Reduced populations at higher elevations could be a consequence of differences in temperature, air pressure, oxygen levels, ultraviolet light, or other factors alone or in combination. We discuss our results as they pertain to management of D. citri and Huanglongbing.
Morphogenesis and dysmorphogenesis of the appendicular skeleton

Cartilage patterning and differentiation are prerequisites for skeletal development through endochondral ossification (EO). Multipotential mesenchymal cells undergo a complex process of cell fate determination to become chondroprogenitors and eventually differentiate into chondrocytes. These developmental processes require the orchestration of cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. In this review, we present limb bud development as a model for cartilage patterning and differentiation. We summarize the molecular and cellular events and signaling pathways for axis patterning, cell condensation, cell fate determination, digit formation, interdigital apoptosis, EO, and joint formation. The interconnected nature of these pathways underscores the effects of genetic and teratogenic perturbations that result in skeletal birth defects. The topics reviewed also include limb dysmorphogenesis as a result of genetic disorders and environmental factors, including FGFR, GLI3, GDF5/CDMP1, Sox9, and Cbfa1 mutations, as well as thalidomide- and alcohol-induced malformations. Understanding the complex interactions involved in cartilage development and EO provides insight into mechanisms underlying the biology of normal cartilage, congenital disorders, and pathologic adult cartilage.
A cultural geometry: Designing political things in Sweden

In Sweden, a long-standing and pervasive discourse delineates the significance of design—especially “Swedish design”—within a distinctly political framework. Just as the social democratic welfare state is in large part organized to “care” for its citizens, design in Sweden is supposed to “care” for the users of everyday goods. I explore this claim in several sociocultural domains in which different aspects of Swedish design are reproduced. I also present an argument for working with design and designing as ethnographic objects of inquiry.
Rapid Analysis of Organic Compounds by Proton-Detected Heteronuclear Correlation NMR Spectroscopy with 40 kHz Magic-Angle Spinning

High-resolution magic-angle spinning (MAS) solid-state NMR (SSNMR) spectroscopy is a powerful tool for analyzing the structural and dynamical properties of organic compounds; for example, unique insights into solid phase polymorphism/pseudo-polymorphism, hydrogen bonding, and stereoisomerism have been achieved,[1, 2] and these results apply to important classes of pharmaceutical solids in both pure and dosage forms.[3] Most studies have employed simple one-dimensional 13C spectra, assigning resonances in comparison to solution state spectra.[3, 4] Unambiguous assignments are usually not possible when the solid and solution spectra differ substantially. Spectral editing experiments, which distinguish carbon types (C, CH, CH2, CH3), aid in confirming some assignments but are not always reliable, for example when significant molecular dynamics are present.[3]
Genetically Modified T Cells Targeting Interleukin-11 Receptor α-Chain Kill Human Osteosarcoma Cells and Induce the Regression of Established Osteosarcoma Lung Metastases

The treatment of osteosarcoma pulmonary metastases remains a challenge. T cells genetically modified to express a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR), which recognizes a tumor-associated antigen, have shown activity against hematopoietic malignancies in clinical trials, but this requires the identification of a specific receptor on the tumor cell. In the current study, we found that interleukin (IL)-11Rα was selectively expressed on 14 of 16 osteosarcoma patients' lung metastases and four different human osteosarcoma cell lines, indicating that IL-11Rα may be a novel target for CAR-specific T-cell therapy. IL-11Rα expression was absent or low in normal organ tissues, with the exception of the gastrointestinal tract. IL-11Rα-CAR-specific T cells were obtained by non-viral gene transfer of Sleeping Beauty DNA plasmids and selectively expanded ex vivo using artificial antigen-presenting cells derived from IL-11Rα + K562 cells genetically modified to coexpress T-cell costimulatory molecules. IL-11Rα-CAR(+) T cells killed all four osteosarcoma cell lines in vitro; cytotoxicity correlated with the level of IL-11Rα expression on the tumor cells. Intravenous injection of IL-11Rα-CAR(+) T cells into mice resulted in the regression of osteosarcoma pulmonary metastases with no organ toxicity. Together, the data suggest that IL-11Rα-CAR T cells may represent a new therapy for patients with osteosarcoma pulmonary metastases.
Protection of Hippocampal Slices From Young Rats Against Anoxic Transmission Damage Is Due to Better Maintenance of ATP

1. Dentate granule cells in hippocampal slices from young rats (aged 30-40 days) are more resistant to damage from 10 min of anoxia than are granule cells from adult rats. The evoked population spike from these cells recovers to 78% of its pre-anoxic amplitude in young animals while in adult animals it shows only 4% recovery. This increased resistance is associated with higher levels of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) during the anoxic period. 2. When the duration of anoxia in slices from young animals is increased to 15 min, ATP falls to levels found in adult tissue after 10 min of anoxia. The dentate granule cells in slices from young animals show little recovery of the evoked response (19%) after such an exposure to anoxia. 3. When slices from young animals are subjected to 10 min of anoxia in low-glucose (2 mM) artificial cerebrospinal fluid, ATP levels fall to those found in adult tissue after 10 min of anoxia and the evoked response from the dentate granule cells again shows little recovery (10%). 4. The evoked response in the CA1 pyramidal cell layer of slices from young rats is more resistant to damage from 5 or 7 min anoxia than it is in slices from adults. Thus this region, also, shows an age-dependent increase in susceptibility to anoxic damage. ATP levels in the CA1 region of tissue from young animals at the end of 5 and 7 min anoxia are greater than ATP levels in tissue from adult animals after these same anoxic exposures. 5. Basal levels of 45Ca accumulation are greater in CA1 and dentate gyrus from young rats. However, the percentage increases during 10 min of anoxia are less than one-half the values in slices from adult animals. 6. The results suggest that the increased resistance of slices from young animals to anoxic transmission damage may be explained by the better maintenance of ATP in synaptic regions of these slices during anoxia. This may confer the increased resistance by lowering the anoxic increase in cell Ca2+.
Investment system specific option pricing intervals in incomplete markets

Consider an investment system with a nonnegative expected return in a one period economy. We show that, for an option with a given strike price, there exists a pricing interval [pc,pw] such that replacing the original investment with the option will benefit judging by the Kelly criterion only when the price of the option lies outside of the interval. More specifically, buying call options with a price less than pc or writing covered call options with a price greater than pw will improve the investment system. Bounds for these thresholds are established. This investment system specific option pricing interval is compatible with option valuation methods of using a replicating portfolio or a risk neutrality argument.
Children's understanding of the costs and rewards underlying rational action.

Humans explain and predict other agents’ behavior using mental state concepts, such as beliefs and desires. Computational and developmental evidence suggest that such inferences are enabled by a principle of rational action: the expectation that agents act efficiently, within situational constraints, to achieve their goals. Here we propose that the expectation of rational action is instantiated by a naive utility calculus sensitive to both agent-constant and agent-specific aspects of costs and rewards associated with actions. In four experiments, we show that, given an agent’s choices, children (range: 5–6 year olds; N = 96) can infer unobservable aspects of costs (differences in agents’ competence) from information about subjective differences in rewards (differences in agents’ preferences) and vice versa. Moreover, children can design informative experiments on both objects and agents to infer unobservable constraints on agents’ actions.
On the necessity for invoking a free-ion-like model for the super ionic conductors

Abstract Rice and Roth's free-ion-like model of ionic conduction relates the oscillator frequency, the hopping length, the migration activation energy, and the mass of the jumping ion. They applied their formula to atomic self-diffusion in metals and interpreted the agreement of the calculated oscillator frequencies and the observed Debye frequencies as evidence for the validity and uniqueness of their model. However, an expression of the same form can be derived for a simple harmonic oscillator hopping type model, and therefore the necessity for invoking a free-ion-like model is questionable.
A multi-delay whitening approach to blind identification and equalization of SIMO channels

Blind channel estimation and blind equalization of SIMO (single-input multiple-output) communication channels is considered using only the second-order statistics of the data. Estimation of (partial) channel impulse response and design of finite-length MMSE (minimum mean-square error) blind equalizers is investigated. The basis of the approach is the design of multiple zero-forcing equalizers that whiten the noise-free data at multiple delays. In the past such an approach has been considered using just one zero-forcing equalizer at zero-delay. Infinite impulse response (IIR) channels are allowed. The proposed approach also works when the "sub-channel" transfer functions have common zeros so long as the common zeros are minimum-phase zeros. The channel length or model orders need not be known. An illustrative simulation example is provided.
Revision of the Endemic Hawaiian genus Trematolobelia (Campanulaceae: Lobelioideae)

Trematolobelia (Campanulaceae: Lobeliodeae) is a genus of semelparous pliestesial pachycaul rosette treelets endemic to the Hawaiian Islands. Eight species are re-cognized. The most widespread is T. macrostachys, found in the Ko‘olau Mountains of O‘ahu and on Moloka‘i and Maui. The remainder are single-island endemics: T. auriculata (Lna‘i); T. grandiflora (Hawai‘i); T. kaalae, comb. et stat. nov. (Wai‘anae Mountains of O‘ahu); T. kauaiensis (Kaua‘i); T. rockii (Moloka‘i); T. singularis (Ko‘olau Mountains of O‘ahu); and T. wimmeri (Hawai‘i).
Shumway, Horch, and Sager (a)

A consultant is hired by an organization of magazine publishers to make recommendations for an improved procedure for deciding how many Good Housekeeping magazines to print each month. She has historical data available for the past nine years and must find the best method of forecasting (deseasonalizing data, exponential smoothing, reseasonalizing) and then use the appropriate costs of under- and overproducing to decide how many magazines to print. See also the B case (UVA-QA-0397).
Cooperating Teacher Compensation and Benefits: Comparing 1957-1958 and 2012-2013

We offer a comparative investigation of the compensation and benefits afforded to cooperating teachers (CTs) by teacher education programs (TEPs) in 1957-1958 and 2012-2013. This investigation replicates and extends a description of the compensation practices of 20 U.S. TEPs published by VanWinkle in 1959. Data for the present investigation came from 18 of those TEPs. Descriptive statistics and qualitative analyses were used to identify trends and make comparisons across the two time periods. Findings indicate that compensation for CTs continues to fall into five categories: (a) monetary compensation, (b) professional learning opportunities, (c) CT role-focused resources, (d) engaging CTs in the college/university community, and (e) professional recognition. Changes in the nature and quality of benefits indicate that in many instances, the programs in our sample offer less to their CTs than they did in 1957-1958 while expectations for CTs have historically increased.
Fabrication of Sr-Doped LaFeO3 YSZ Composite Cathodes

Composites of yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) with Sr-doped LaFeO 3 (LSF) were studied for application as high-performance cathodes for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). The composites were formed by aqueous impregnation of porous YSZ with La, Sr, and Fe salts, followed by calcination at various temperatures. X-ray diffraction measurements showed that the LSF perovskite phase had formed by 1023 K and that solid-state reaction with the YSZ did not occur below approximately 1223 K. The electronic conductivity of the 40 wt % LSF-YSZ composite was maximized by calcination at 1123 K. SOFCs prepared with a 40 wt % LSF-YSZ cathode showed improved performance over SOFCs prepared with conventional LSM-YSZ cathodes at 973 K, although the performance of cells made with cathodes having lower LSF content did not perform as well. Based on measurements with a reference electrode on an electrolyte-supported cell. the impedance of the 40 wt % LSF-YSZ cathode is approximately 0.1 ohm cm 2 in air at 973 K. Finally a cathode-supported cell was fabricated from a 40 wt % LSF-YSZ cathode and shown to perform well in H 2 .
Sales Managers Perceptions Of The Appropriate Response To Unethical Sales Force Behavior

This study reports the results of supervisory reactions of a group of sales managers to unethical sales behavior. The subjects evaluated the behavior of the salesperson in two scenarios. The performance of the salesperson and the consequences of the salespersons actions were significant predictors of supervisory reaction. Harsher discipline was used for poor performers and when the consequences of the unethical behavior were not severe.
Abstract 94: Identifying biomarkers of estrogen response in models of serous ovarian cancer.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC Ovarian cancer is the fifth leading cause of cancer death among women in the United States. Despite advances in treatment for other cancers, ovarian cancer patient prognosis has not improved significantly since the advent of platinum-based chemotherapy. It is a highly heterogeneous disease with at least four distinct histological subtypes: serous, mucinous, endometrioid, and clear cell. However, no subtype- or biomarker-specific therapies are approved for ovarian cancer. Identifying targeted therapies is crucial to improving clinical outcomes. Specific therapies will likely vary based on tumor histology and biomarkers. Expression of estrogen receptor alpha (ER) is a well established biomarker of response to endocrine therapies in breast cancer. Despite the success of anti-estrogen therapies in treating breast cancer, little attention has been given to their potential in ovarian cancer. However, epidemiologic studies show that approximately 70% of epithelial ovarian tumors express ER, particularly serous and endometrioid subtypes, and that estrogen plays a role in ovarian cancer etiology. Further, clinical data suggest that a subset of ovarian cancer patients can be successfully treated with endocrine therapy. We hypothesize that some ovarian tumors require estrogen for growth and that predictive biomarkers will identify patients who will benefit from endocrine therapy. Using cell line models, we examined the response of ovarian cancer cells to estrogen (E2) and anti-estrogens with regard to gene expression and cell proliferation. E2 induces expression of canonical ER target genes (e.g. GREB1) in these cells, suggesting that they are estrogen-responsive. We observe that 4-hydroxytamoxifen and fulvestrant inhibit growth of ovarian cancer cells including the chemo-resistant line PEO4. Gene expression microarray studies identified additional E2-regulated genes in ovarian cancer cells that may be utilized as biomarkers of ER activity. We are expanding our studies to in vivo models (human primary tumor xenografts) to evaluate the role of E2 in driving tumor progression and determine the efficacy of anti-estrogens in treating serous ovarian cancer. There is a critical need for targeted therapies in ovarian cancer. Our studies will determine if endocrine responsiveness correlates with gene expression of specific biomarkers, which may lead to the identification of predictive clinical markers of response to endocrine therapy. Citation Format: Courtney L. Andersen, Matthew J. Sikora, Paul Haluska, Steffi Oesterreich. Identifying biomarkers of estrogen response in models of serous ovarian cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 94. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-94
Suppression of Pars Intermedia of Pituitary Body in Hyla regilla by Operations Upon the Gastrula

The dual character of the pituitary body and the constant association of its neural and epithelial components throughout the vertebrate sub-phylum, have raised the question of whether or not association of the components is necessary for the development of the gland. Blount (1930), Etkin (1935) and Atwell (1935, 1936) have contributed toward the solution of the problem by means of grafting experiments, performed upon tail-bud stages of early larvae of various amphibian species. This paper is a preliminary account of results obtained by means of a different attack upon the problem.Smith (1916), Allen (1916) and Atwell (1919) have shown that hypophysectomy in the early anuran larva produces a pigmentary condition which is characterized by aggregation of the melanin granules in the melanophores, dispersion of the pigment granules of the Xantholeucophores and a general reduction of free melanin in the epidermis. Such tadpoles are silvery-white in appearance and have been described as “albino”. This pigmentary...
Methods and Procedures for Measuring Comorbid Disorders: Psychological

It is critical to identify the frequency and severity of various comorbid psychological problems if they are to be effectively treated. Among the autism spectrum disorder (ASD) population challenging behaviors, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), anxiety disorders, and depression are among the most common of these problems. The purpose of this chapter is to review methods that have been designed to measure these problems and related psychological problems.
Ictal Epileptiform Activity in the CA3 Region of Hippocampal Slices Produced by Pilocarpine

Rutecki, Paul A. and Yili Yang. Ictal epileptiform activity in the CA3 region of hippocampal slices produced by pilocarpine. J. Neurophysiol. 79: 3019–3029, 1998. Pilocarpine, a muscarinic agonist,...
Analysis on Features and Operation of ZGM133G Medium Speed Coal Mills

An introduction is being presented to main features of ZGM133G medium speed coal mill,while its operation characteristics described from the aspects of air-coal ratio,loading force of mill,rotary speed of cyclone separator and pressure differential between mill inlet and outlet.Countermeasures are put forward for solving problems found during commissioning period,concerning the control for primary air volume,cyclone separator speed and pressure differential between mill inlet and outlet.
Insecure "Provable Secure Network Coding".

Network coding allows the routers to mix the received information before forwarding them to the next nodes. Though this information mixing has been proven to maximize network throughput, it also introduces security challenges such as pollution attacks. A malicious node could insert a malicious packet into the system and this corrupted packet will propagate more quickly than in traditional copy-and-forward networks. Several authors have studied secure network coding from both information theoretic and probabilistic viewpoints. In this paper, we show that there are serious flaws in several of these schemes (the security “proofs” for these schemes were presented in these publications).