cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CyberCut: A Coordinated Pipeline of Design, Process Planning and Manufacture

CyberCut is a coordinated “pipeline” of software that can be used to design a part itself, design a mould for the part, and then machine an aluminium mould from the design. WebCAD is the “front end” to CyberCut and invites a mechanical designer to use specific design tools, strongly linked to downstream manufacture. Alternatively, we also allow the designer to use a CAD system of their choice and use the “feature recognition” described in this chapter to analyse the shape for downstream planning and machining. An ACIS graphics kernel facilitates the feature recognition step from the CAD file. Automated tool-path planners and automated tool selection procedures then generate computer numerical controlled (CNC) machining code. The algorithms that we have developed eliminate manual CNC programming, thus reducing significantly the mould cutting time. We also describe an optimal tool sequencing method by finding the shortest path in a single-source, single-sink, directed acyclic graph.
Strain Effect on Stress-Strain Rate Relations of Superplastic IN744 Steel

ABSTRACT Instability in flow behavior during the early part of deformation in IN744 with elongated grains in two directions was investigated over 700–971°C in the strain rate range of 2 × 10–6 to 2 × 10–3s–1. Strain hardening and strain softening are noticed to be occuring concurrently during deformation. The former effect dominates in the higher and lower temperature ranges while the latter effect dominates in the intermediate temperature range. The strain dependent flow stress influences the stress (σ) - strain rate (є) behavior significantly.
The contribution of counter-rotation movements during fall recovery: A validation study

Abstract Three mechanisms of maintaining standing stability include M 1 – moving the COP within the base of support, M 2 – segment counter-rotation, and M 3 – applying an external force. To date, the contributions of these mechanisms have not been quantified for the response to an external postural disturbance. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the construct validity of measures that quantify the M 2 contribution to anteroposterior fall recovery. We evaluated the whole-body rotation contribution, as well as a measure specific to arm motion (M ARMS ). With segment counter-rotation as the main focus of this study, we examined standing feet-in-place responses to treadmill-induced falls. The treatment validity of our measures was assessed by comparing unconstrained responses to those with constrained arm motion. The convergent validity of our measures was assessed by correlating peak shoulder flexion and extension velocities with counter-rotation contributions. Eleven unimpaired participants responded to anteroposterior belt accelerations from a treadmill, and the M 2 and M ARMS contributions were quantified from three-dimensional segment motion. The treatment validity of these measures was partially supported. Constraining the arms reduced M 2 for anterior, but not posterior falls. Conversely, M ARMS was reduced for posterior, but not anterior falls. Convergent validity was supported for M ARMS ( r = 0.64–0.78), but not M 2 ( r = −0.40 to −0.15). These results support the use of M ARMS over M 2 when interested in the role of arm motion. Given that arm constraints did not change the contribution of M ARMS during a forward fall, unimpaired participants may not necessarily rely on arm motion as part of their recovery strategy in this context.
Music Sequence Prediction with Mixture Hidden Markov Models

Recommendation systems that automatically generate personalized music playlists for users have attracted tremendous attention in recent years. Nowadays, most music recommendation systems rely on item-based or user-based collaborative filtering or content-based approaches. In this paper, we propose a novel mixture hidden Markov model (HMM) for music play sequence prediction. We compare the mixture model with state-of-the-art methods and evaluate the predictions quantitatively and qualitatively on a large-scale real-world dataset in a Kaggle competition. Results show that our model significantly outperforms traditional methods as well as other competitors. We conclude by envisioning a next-generation music recommendation system that integrates our model with recent advances in deep learning, computer vision, and speech techniques, and has promising potential in both academia and industry.
Compton Suppression System for Nuclear Safeguards Application

Quantification of nuclear material such as uranium and plutonium isotopes, as well as other actinides such as 241Am is required for nuclear material accountancy for nuclear T safeguards. Besides quantitative results, regulatory bodies such as the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) need the isotopic attributes of nuclear material, e.g., $^{\mathbf {235}}\textbf{U}$ enrichment. Prominent gamma ray signatures from nuclear materials are predominantly at low energies. Besides actinides, samples may contain high activities of fission product nuclides, many of which emit higher energy gamma rays ($\ge $ 600 keV). High Purity Germanium (HPGe) detectors are commonly employed in safeguards applications that require the best possible energy resolution. The analysis of low energy gamma rays is rendered difficult because of the high Compton continuum (partial energy deposition in the HPGe) due to high energy gamma rays originating in the sample. This results in the degradation of the sensitivities that can be achieved at low energies of interest. Use of a Compton Suppression Spectrometer (CSS) is explored for enhancing sensitivity of isotopic analysis and for improving the detection limits of radionuclides of interest in safeguards. A CSS, consisting of a an annular NaI(Tl) guard detector, an NaI(Tl) plug detector and a HPGe spectrometer was configured at the neutron activation analysis (NAA) laboratory at the High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). Gamma ray spectra were simulated for challenging scenarios of interest in nuclear safeguards such as assay of $^241$Am in the presence of relatively high activity of $^137$Cs, and assay of $^235U$ in the presence of relatively high activity of $^137$textbfCs. An extended version of the Monte Carlo N-Particle (MCNP) code, called MCNP-CP (where CP stands for Correlated Particles) is used to study the performance of Compton Suppression Spectrometer by progressively increasing the relative activity of the interfering isotope ($^137$Cs) and studying the impact on the sensitivity of the net peak areas at the gamma ray energies of interest. Suppression ratios were established using the simulated spectra. Impact of Compton Suppression on gamma rays emitted in true-coincidence summing was demonstrated using results from $^60$Co simulations. Benchmarking measurements are in progress. The system will be available in the near future for the measurement of samples containing fissile material.
Full-season insecticide management programs for the control of Colorado potato beetle in Wisconsin potato, 2014

The purpose of this experiment was to evaluate various full-season, reduced-risk, insecticide programs designed to manage Colorado potato beetle (CPB) on potatoes in Wisconsin. With developing neoicotinoid insecticide resistance among CPB populations in the potato production areas in Wisconsin, several systemic-based and foliar-based programs were designed to evaluate their effectiveness on managing the CPB on potato. This experiment was conducted in 2014 on a loamy sand soil at Hancock Agricultural Research station (HAES) located 1.1 mile (1.8 km) southwest of Hancock, WI. Potato, Solanum tuberosum cv. “Russet Burbank,” seed pieces were planted on 2 May. Plants were spaced 12 inches apart within rows and rows were spaced 3 feet apart. The 8-row plots were 24 feet in width by 40 feet in length, for a …
The impact of accounting training on small business performance and new technology adoption

Academic institutions frequently offer robust accounting training options. However, small business managers often lack formal accounting training. While the potential impact of lack of accounting training on small businesses is large, relatively little research has been done on the direct impact of different types of accounting training on small business performance. This paper utilises a sample of 148 young small business professionals from the California Central Valley with their completed surveys. Three hypotheses have been developed. This study applied stepwise regression analysis to test the hypotheses outlined above, and the results of these hypothesis tests show that tax accounting training helps to foster growth, while managerial accounting training helps to foster new technology adoption. This research responds to scholarly calls to address the dearth of research on the impact of discrete types of accounting education on small business performances. Research results will not only encourage innovations in business education, but also provide resourceful information for policy makers who work on small business policies.
Integrative Approach in Chronic Kidney Disease

Chronic kidney disease is a multifaceted and complex chronic medical condition affecting millions of individuals across the globe, and diabetes is the leading cause of end-stage kidney disease in the USA. Chronic kidney disease often impacts multiple organ systems of the affected individuals and various aspects of their personal and social life. Thus, only an integrated multidisciplinary approach can provide comprehensive and holistic care to address the complex needs of this patient population. In this chapter, we describe various nutritional requirements in patients with chronic kidney disease as well as recommendations for the intake of proteins and various electrolytes. We also discuss the vital role played by a renal dietitian, family, social support, and renal social worker, early referral to a nephrologist and prompt recognition, and treatment of depression in this patient population along with addressing their exercise needs. Finally, we consider the role of omnipresent technology and its various applications in the care of the chronic kidney disease population.
The development of animal personality across ontogeny: a cross-species review

Animal personality is defined as consistent individual behaviour over time and across contexts, yet most studies to date only measure behaviour within a single life stage. Up to this point, developmental perspectives in the field of animal personality have received little attention. Here, we review those empirical studies that have assessed personality across major developmental periods, including metamorphosis and/or sexual maturation. We specifically focus on life history differences between direct and indirect development to enhance our understanding of the mechanisms underlying personality development. We also discuss conceptual and methodological inconsistencies across the studies reviewed here that may impede the advancement of animal personality theory. We found that personality traits tend to be stable within life stages but typically are not consistent across critical developmental events (metamorphosis and/or sexual maturation). We conclude that assessing personality within single life stages only provides a snapshot of an individual's behavioural repertoire, while long-term consideration may offer a more complete understanding on the evolution and maintenance of animal personality.
Co-occurring intellectual disability and substance use disorders

Individuals with intellectual disabilities (ID) are an expanding population that confronts multiple disadvantages from social and environmental determinants of health. Deinstitutionalization and community integration have improved the lives of individuals with ID in many ways. However, deinstitutionalization may increase their access to alcohol and drugs and the potential for developing Substance Abuse Disorders (SUD). It is estimated that 7–8 million people in the United States with an intellectual disability (ID) suffer disproportionately from substance use problems [1] . There is a lack of empirical evidence to inform prevention and treatment efforts in this population and more research needs to be done in order to address these issues.
Surgical management

Surgical management of renal calculi depends on stone size and location. Spontaneous passage can be expected for calculi less than 5 mm in diameter, however larger stones are unlikely to pass. Proximal ureteral stones less than 10 mm are preferably treated with extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL), whereas larger stones can be treated with percutaneous nephrolithotripsy (PCNL) alone or in addition to ESWL. For distal ureteral stones, patients can choose between ESWL and ureterolithotripsy. Stones located in the renal pelvis unlikely to pass on their own are treated with ESWL if less than 2 cm or PCNL alone or in combination with ESWL. Open stone surgery is rarely performed today and is, reserved for cases where minimally invasive management is contraindicated or has previously failed.
Development and evaluation of ligament phantoms targeted for shear wave tensiometry

Abstract Developing a shear wave tensiometer capable of non-invasively measuring ligament tension holds promise for enhancing research and clinical assessments of ligament function. Such development would benefit from tunable test specimens fabricated from well-characterized and consistent materials. Although previous work found that yarn can replicate the mechanical behavior of collateral ligaments, it is not obvious whether yarn-based phantoms would be suitable for development of a shear wave tensiometer for measuring ligament tension. Accordingly, the primary objective of this study was to characterize the mechanical properties and shear wave speed – stress relationships of ligament phantoms fabricated from yarn and silicone, and compare these results to published data from biological ligaments. We measured the mechanical properties and shear wave speeds during axial loading in nine phantoms with systematically varied material properties. We performed a simple linear regression between shear wave speed squared and the axial stress to determine the shear wave speed – stress relationship for each phantom. We found comparable elastic moduli, hysteresis, and shear wave speed squared – stress regression parameters between the phantoms and collateral ligaments. For example, the ranges of the coefficients of determination (R2) and slopes across the nine phantoms were 0.84–0.95, and 0.78–1.27 kPa/m2/s2, respectively, which overlapped with the ranges found in a prior study in porcine collateral ligaments (0.84–0.996 and 0.34–1.18 kPa/m2/s2, respectively). Additionally, the shear wave speed squared – stress regression parameters varied predictably with the density of the phantom and the shear modulus of the silicone. In summary, we found that yarn-based phantoms serve as mechanical analogs for ligaments (i.e., are ligament mimicking), and thus should prove beneficial in the development of a shear wave tensiometer for measuring ligament tension as well as investigations into ligament structure-function relationships.
Dynamisches Verhalten von Metallen unter Stoßwellenbelastung

Das dynamische Verhalten von Metallen bzw. Metallplatten bei der Beschleunigung durch Stoswellenbelastung, speziell durch detonierende Sprengstoffe wird diskutiert. Die Untersuchungen gehen von speziellen Ansatzen fur den thermodynamischen Zustand komprimierter, fester Metalle unter Drucken bis zu etwa 1 Mbar aus. Damit werden die ablaufenden Bewegungsvorgange nach bekannten Stoswellengleichungen berechnet. Besondere Aufmerksamkeit wird den mehrfachen Stos- und Entlastungswellenreflexionen an den Plattengrenzflachen geschenkt. Die Gleichungen werden fur 22 reine Metalle numerisch ausgewertet, wobei der Rechnung die Daten von Composition B (60:40) als des in Experimenten meist verwendeten Sprengstoffs zugrunde gelegt werden. Die erhaltenen Ergebnisse werden im Hinblick auf ihre allgemeine physikalische Bedeutung diskutiert.
Augmented Lagrangian Algorithms under Constraint Partitioning

We present a novel constraint-partitioning approach for solving continuous nonlinear optimization based on augmented Lagrange method. In contrast to previous work, our approach is based on a new constraint partitioning theory and can handle global constraints. We employ a hyper-graph partitioning method to recognize the problem structure. We prove global convergence under assumptions that are much more relaxed than previous work and solve problems as large as 40,000 variables that other solvers such as IPOPT~\cite{ipopt} cannot solve.
Aqua ivy; toxicity studies on the guinea pig and treatment of sensitive cases.

Abstract 1.1. Guinea pigs who received the full human dosage of Aqua Ivy subcutaneously were not made more skin-sensitive to poison ivy, as demonstrated with quantitative serial dilutions by contact test. 2.2. Nephritis, even when large dosages of Aqua Ivy were administered, was not found on autopsy in guinea pigs. 3.3. A group of 121 prophylactic series of Aqua Ivy injections were administered, with 93 per cent excellent or good results. 4.4. There was no incidence of nephritis or exacerbation of dermatitis in this series, even when Aqua Ivy was administered to children as young as 2 years of age. 5.5. Observations on the phylactic use of Aqua Ivy in mild to moderate ivy dermatitis are included only to emphasize the lack of exacerbations (with good clinical results) following its use as described. Current therapy of choice is systemic hydrocortisone for the acute severe case and Aqua Ivy for subsequent prophylaxis.
Preemption sealing for efficient concurrency testing

The choice of where a thread scheduling algorithm preempts one thread in order to execute another is essential to reveal concurrency errors such as atomicity violations, livelocks, and deadlocks. We present a scheduling strategy called preemption sealing that controls where and when a scheduler is disabled from preempting threads during program execution. We demonstrate that this strategy is effective in addressing two key problems in testing industrial-scale concurrent programs: (1) tolerating existing errors in order to find more errors, and (2) compositional testing of layered, concurrent systems. We evaluate the effectiveness of preemption sealing, implemented in the Chess tool, for these two scenarios on newly released concurrency libraries for Microsoft's .NET framework.
Approximate solutions to the time-invariant Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equation

In this paper, we develop a new method to approximate the solution to the Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman (HJB) equation which arises in optimal control when the plant is modeled by nonlinear dynamics. The approximation is comprised of two steps. First, successive approximation is used to reduce the HJB equation to a sequence of linear partial differential equations. These equations are then approximated via the Galerkin spectral method. The resulting algorithm has several important advantages over previously reported methods. Namely, the resulting control is in feedback form and its associated region of attraction is well defined. In addition, all computations are performed off-line and the control can be made arbitrarily close to optimal. Accordingly, this paper presents a new tool for designing nonlinear control systems that adhere to a prescribed integral performance criterion.
Polynomial approximation with varying weights on compact sets of the complex plane

For a compact set E with connected complement, let A(E) be the uniform algebra of functions continuous on E and analytic interior to E. We describe A(E, W ), the set of uniform limits on E of sequences of the weighted polynomials {W n(z)Pn(z)}∞n=0, as n → ∞, where W ∈ A(E) is a nonvanishing weight on E. If E has empty interior, then A(E, W ) is completely characterized by a zero set ZW ⊂ E. However, if E is a closure of Jordan domain, the description of A(E, W ) also involves an inner function. In both cases, we exhibit the role of the support of a certain extremal measure, which is the solution of a weighted logarithmic energy problem, played in the descriptions of A(E, W ).
Perinuclear localization of chromatin facilitates transcriptional silencing

Transcriptional silencing in Saccharomyces cerevisiae at the HM mating-type loci and telomeres occurs through the formation of a heterochromatin-like structure. HM silencing is regulated by cis-acting elements, termed silencers, and by trans-acting factors that bind to the silencers. These factors attract the four SIR (silent information regulator) proteins, three of which (SIR2-4) spread from the silencers to alter chromatin, hence silencing nearby genes. We show here that an HMR locus with a defective silencer can be silenced by anchoring the locus to the nuclear periphery. This was accomplished by fusing integral membrane proteins to the GAL4 DNA-binding domain and overproducing the hybrid proteins, causing them to accumulate in the endoplasmic reticulum and the nuclear membrane. We expressed the hybrid proteins in a strain carrying an HMR silencer with GAL4-binding sites (UAS(G)) replacing silencer elements, causing the silencer to become anchored to the nuclear periphery and leading to silencing of a nearby reporter gene. This silencing required the hybrids of the GAL4 DNA-binding domain with membrane proteins, the UAS(G) sites and the SIR proteins. Our results indicate that perinuclear localization helps to establish transcriptionally silent chromatin.
Heavy machinery for deforestation: establishing a dialogue between GHC and HUGS for program transformation development

Functional programmers pride themselves on writing elegant and modular programs for the case with which such programs can be read, updated, and extended. In the modular style of programming, larger programs are written as compositions of smaller mix-and-match components that communicate via intermediate data structures. Unfortunately, however, intermediate data structures are a major source of inefficiency in functional programs, consuming both unnecessary time and unnecessary space. As a result, the development of techniques to remove intermediate data structures from — or deforest — functional programs is important in overcoming the inefficiencies of functional languages while reaping their benefits.
Wrist postures in video display terminal operators (VDT) using different keyboards.

This study examined the differences in wrist motion using three types of keyboards: a standard QWERTY design and two alternative designs, the Truform Ergonomic keyboard and the Health Care Comfort keyboard. The Comfort keyboard (adjusted at a lateral slope of 30° and horizontal split of 20° and the Truform keyboard (with a 20° horizontal split) were compared with the standard flat QWERTY keyboard. Twenty adult video display terminal (VDT) workers from the Boston area ranging from 22 to 68 years of age volunteered to participate in this study. In randomly assigned sequences, participants typed for 5 min on each keyboard while their wrist motions were measured using the WristSystem by Greenleaf Medical Systems, Inc. Contrast score analysis was used to analyze mean values in flexion-extension and radial-ulnar deviation of the right and left hands between the three sessions. The alternative keyboards significantly reduced ulnar deviation (left: t(19) = 3.46, P 0.25; right: t(19)=-3.75, P > 0.25) and flexion (left: t(19)=-1.39, P > 0.25; right: t(19)=-3.75, P > 0.25). Still, these increases remained well within the 'neutral' zone ( 15°). Clinically, these findings may assist occupational therapists in suggesting appropriate keyboard designs during workstation ergonomic modification or consultation. Further research is needed to reinforce these findings.
Flow behavior of a surfactant-oil-water system

Abstract The viscosity of a ternary system consisting of nonionic surfactant (Triton X-100), oil (dioctylphthalate), and water was measured over the shear rate range of 0.1−250 s −1 using a parallel plate geometry. From the viscosity behavior, the phase diagram was determined. When the surfactant forms spherical aggregates by association with oil and/or water, the solutions are optically isotropic and the flow is Newtonian. On the other hand, when the liquid crystalline phases are built up, the system becomes pseudoplastic and often shows a yield stress because of the anisotropic liquid crystalline structures. At low surfactant concentrations, the system forms conventional macroemulsions containing large drops with diameters of the order of 10 μm. These macroemulsions are turbid and thermodynamically unstable. Since the viscosity versus shear rate curve drastically changes in connection with phase transition, the phase boundaries can be rheologically detected. The rheological technique provides a useful complementary method of characterizing the phase equilibrium of surfactant-oil-water systems.
Zinc‐cadmium interactions on the availability of each to bush bean plants grown in solution culture

Abstract Bush bean plants, (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Improved Tendergreen), were grown for 12 days in nutrient solutions in a factorial experiment involving 0 and 10‐5 M CdSO4, 0 and 10‐4 M ZnSO4, two solution pH values (4.5 and 7) and 0, 10‐4M EDTA and 10‐4 M DTPA. There were then 24 treatments each with four replicates. Plants were separated to primary leaves, trifoliate leaves, stems and roots, washed in 0.1M HCl and deionized water, and assayed by emission spectrography. The low Zn level resulted in some Zn deficiencies particularly with chelating agents and at high solution pH. Although Cd tended to depress Zn uptake, Zn did not modify Cd toxicity without chelating agents. Cadmium was not strongly toxic in the presence of chelating agents at high solution pH even though there was some Cd accumulation in leaves with those treatments. High Zn tended to favor large root accumulation of Cd but only at the low solution pH.
How does the landscape context of occurrence data influence models of invasion risk? A comparison of independent datasets in Massachusetts, USA

The spatial distribution of non-native, invasive plants on the landscape is strongly influenced by human action. People introduce non-native species to new landscapes and regions (propagule pressure) as well as increase ecosystem invasibility through disturbance of native ecosystems. However, the relative importance of different landscape drivers of invasion may vary with landscape context (i.e., the types and amounts of surrounding land cover and land use). If so, data collected in one context may not be appropriate for predicting invasion risk across a broader landscape. To test whether independent occurrence datasets suggest similar landscape drivers of invasion, we compared landscape models based on data compiled by the Invasive Plant Atlas of New England (IPANE), which are contributed opportunistically by trained citizen scientists, to models based on Forest Stewardship plans (FSPs), which are located in privately owned and relatively undisturbed forests. We evaluated 16 landscape variables related to propagule pressure and/or disturbance for significant predictors of invasive plant presence based on presence/absence and count regression models. Presence and richness of invasive plants within FSPs was most influenced by proportion of open land and proximity to residential areas, which are both sources of propagules in forest interiors. In contrast, IPANE invasive plant presence and richness for the same area was influenced by distance to roads and streams. These results suggest that landscape drivers of invasion vary considerably depending on landscape context, and the choice of occurrence dataset will strongly influence model results.
Synthesis and Biodegradation of Nanogels as Delivery Carriers for Carbohydrate Drugs

Biodegradable nanogels loaded with rhodamine B isothiocyanate-dextran (RITC-Dx) as a model for water-soluble biomacromolecular drugs were prepared using atom-transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) in a cyclohexane inverse miniemulsion in the presence of a disulfide-functionalized dimethacrylate cross linker. UV-vis spectroscopy was used to characterize the extent of incorporation of RITC-Dx into the nanogels. The loading efficiency of RITC-Dx into the nanogels exceeded 80%. These nanogels were degraded into polymeric sols in a reducing environment to release the encapsulated carbohydrate drugs. The released carbohydrate biomolecules specifically interacted with concanavalin A in water, suggesting that the biodegradable nanogels could be used as carriers to deliver carbohydrate drugs that can be released upon degradation to bind to pathogens based on lectins.
The automatic generation of digital terrain models from satellite images by stereo

Abstract A system for generating digital terrain models is described and its capability is demonstrated with results from both simulated SPOT images and real Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper images. Height accuracies better than 60 metres have been obtained from Landsat images.
Early events following amputation of adult newt limbs given regeneration inhibitory doses of X irradiation.

Abstract X irradiation, (2000 R) prevented regeneration but had no apparent effect on morphological dedifferentiation. DNA synthesis and mitotic activity increased significantly in irradiated limbs after amputation but not as much as in regenerating unirradiated controls. Even though fewer mitotic cells were seen in irradiated limbs, those that occurred were distributed normally throughout the stump. The results indicate that morphological dedifferentiation and entry into the cell cycle are dissociable events and that X rays act by interfering with the latter. They also show that some cells in irradiated amputated limbs not only synthesize DNA but also divide.
Concepts for science autonomy during robotic traverse and survey

Future Mars rovers will have the ability to autonomously navigate for distances of kilometers. In one sol a traverse may take a rover into unexplored areas beyond its local horizon. Naturally, scientists cannot specify particular targets for the rover in an area they have not yet seen. This paper analyzes what they can specify: priorities that provide the rover with enough information to autonomously select science targets using its onboard sensing. Several autonomous science operational modes and priority types are discussed. We also introduce a science priority language. A team of scientists was asked to use the language in specifying targets for a teleoperated rover, and qualitative results are reported.
Independent and cooperative activation of chromosomal c-fos promoter by STAT3.

The c-fos gene was one of the earliest vertebrate genes shown to be transcriptionally induced by growth factors. Intensive study of the promoter of c-fos (-325 to -80) by transient or permanent transfections of synthetic DNA constructs has repeatedly shown the importance of several sequence elements and the resident nuclear proteins that bind them (e.g. ternary complex factor/ELK1; serum response factor, cAMP response element-binding protein/amino-terminal fragment/AP-1). However these studies have left unanswered numerous questions about the role of these proteins in the regulation of the native chromosomal gene. In particular, the role of a site in this enhancer that binds STATs has been controversial. We present evidence here that STAT3 and not STAT1 accumulates on the chromosomal c-fos promoter and provides a boost to transcription without the activation of resident nuclear proteins through serine kinases. Also, when resident nuclear proteins such as ELK1 are activated to varying extents by mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways, STAT3 activation provides a 2-fold boost regardless of the final level of activated transcription. Thus the several proteins that interact with the c-fos enhancer apparently can act either in a cooperative or independent manner to achieve very different levels of transcription.
Factor analysis of psychiatric symptoms: alcoholics compared with schizophrenics.

Summary.-Varimax factor analysis of 20 symptoms obtained at admission ratings of a consecutive sample of 201 chronic alcoholic patients in a Veterans Administration Hospital Treatment Program yielded G factors (eigenvalue 1) : Depression-Anxiety, Uncooperative, Disorganized Thinking, Memory Deficit, Disoriented, and Unmotivated. Four of these same factors have been reported in a five-factor solution of these same 20 rating-scale variables on a large sampIe of Veterans Administration schizophrenic patients. The availability of follow-up data permitted additional factor analyses of these variables at 3 subsequent time points: hospital exit, at 1 mo. and at 12 mo. follow-up. In contrast to the schizophrenic sample which had also been analyzed at several time points, our factors did not all remain constant, pointing to a greater lability in symptoms in alcoholics before, during, and after treatment. Recently reported factor analyses of 20 symptom variables, elicited from a large predominantly schizophrenic veterans population at 13 timepoints over a 4-yr. period, consistently yielded five factors: Uncooperative, Depression-Anxiety, Paranoid Hostility, Deteriorated Thinking, and Unmotivated (Cohen, Gurel, & Stumpf, 1966). Symptoms were evaluated by means of the Symptom Rating Scale (SRS) reported by Jenkins, Stauffacher, and Hester ( 1959). The scale is made up of the 20 items shown in Table 1. It was administered by psychologists and social workers at hospital admission, hospital release, and anniversaries of these dates. Ratings were made both in the hospital and at the time of community follow-up. The present study reports factor analyses of the same 20 variables on a chronic alcoholic veteran population at four timepoints over a 15-mo. period. The SRS was again administered by a psychologist and a social worker to Ss both in and out of the hospital. The timepoints were pre-treatment, after 90-day in-patient treatment, I-mo. follow-up, and 12-mo. Follow-up. Ss were male veterans without either obvious psychosis or obvious brain syndrome, without any service-connected disability rated over 30% disabling, who volunteered in a sober condition for a time-limited 30-day intensive alcoholism treatment program (Valles & Sikes, 1964). The program was conducted on an open ward of a general medical facility, the Houston Vecerans Administration Hospital; the program stresses group psychotherapy. Table 1 presents the varimax factor matrix for the 20 symptom variables on a sample of 201 alcoholics. The symptom ratings used in this analysis were made within five days following admission to the program. Six factors1 were 'The eigenvalue A 1 criterion was used to determine the number of factors. A printout of the computer analysis has been filed with the AD1 Auxiliary Publications Project, Photoduplica~ion Service, Library of Congress, Washington, D. C. 20540. Request Document No. 9788, remitting $2.50 for 35-mm. microfilm or $6.25 for photocopy.
Uniform Directional Alignment of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes in Viscous Polymer Flow

In this work, we probed the effects of shear flow on the alignment of dispersed single-walled carbon nanotubes in polymer solutions. Two different systems were compared: Single-walled carbon nanotubes dispersed using an anionic surfactant and single-walled carbon nanotubes dispersed using an anionic surfactant and a weakly binding polymer. It was determined that the addition of the weakly binding polymer increased the degree of dispersion of the carbon nanotubes and the ability to induce their alignment when subjected to shear forces.
Anion-donor coupling in (TMTSF)2X salts: symmetry considerations

Abstract A study of the geometry of the structural cavity in which the anion resides in the novel (TMTSF) 2 X salts has revealed a stronger than previously realized symmetry basis for the rationalization of the contrasting crystal physics displayed by salts with anions of grossly different molecular symmetries. Moreover, the asymmetry of the anion-cavity interactions in salts with tetrahedral anions leads to the identification of a principal structural driving force for anion ordering. Finally, additional symmetry arguments suggest that salts with dipolar anions with C 2v molecular symmetry are candidates for a low-temperature ferroelectric ground state.
Pt-Decorated PdCo@Pd/C Core−Shell Nanoparticles with Enhanced Stability and Electrocatalytic Activity for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction

A simple method for the preparation of PdCo@Pd core-shell nanoparticles supported on carbon based on an adsorbate-induced surface segregation effect has been developed. The stability of these PdCo@Pd nanoparticles and their electrocatalytic activity for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) were enhanced by decoration with a small amount of Pt deposited via a spontaneous displacement reaction. The facile method described herein is suitable for large-scale, lower-cost production and significantly lowers the Pt loading and thus the cost. The as-prepared PdCo@Pd and Pd-decorated PdCo@Pd nanocatalysts have a higher methanol tolerance than Pt/C in the ORR and are promising cathode catalysts for fuel cell applications.
Laser-induced damage and ion emission of GaAs at 1.06 μm

This study focused on the multipulse laser damage and the subdamage threshold ion emission of GaAs. The initial goals were to determine the pulse-dependent damage threshold and to correlate ion emission with surface damage. A Q-switched Nd:YAG laser was used to irradiate the (100) GaAs samples. Using values of N from 1 to 100, we obtained accumulation curves based on 50% damage probability. Corresponding damage threshold fluences were 0.4-0.8 J/cm2 for N > 1 and 1.5 J/cm2 for N = 1. We observed large site-to-site fluctuations in ion emission and found the onset of emission at 0.2 J/cm2 for all cases. Once surface damage occurred, ion emission increased greatly. The observed behavior supports a surface cleaning model for the ion emission which precedes surface damage. Measurements of linear and nonlinear free carrier absorption were made, but no anomalous absorption was observed.
Factors determining the impact of care-giving on caregivers of elderly patients with dementia. A systematic literature review

Introduction: Dementia caregivers suffer a considerable care burden. More than in comparable groups of caregivers or peers, they are confronted with feelings of depression and decreased physical health. Although many studies are set up to determine the link between the stressors in dementia care-giving and the impact on the family caregiver, the results remained inconclusive. Others, depression in caregivers remains the main cause of a premature or acute ending of home care. Method: The aim of this systematic literature review was to analyse what factors determine the development of depression in caregivers of elderly patients with dementia. Depression was taken as primary outcome as it is shown to be the main reason for caregivers to abandon home care. Results: Depression occurs in one in three of caregivers and it occurs more frequently in those who care for patients with dementia than in caregivers of patients with other chronic illnesses. Conclusion: Caregiver characteristics rather than objective care needs of the patients tend to be responsible for the onset of depression. Future research should concentrate on demonstrating links between negative feelings in caregivers and the way the care situation evolves. This can have important implications in home care support.
5th Annual Dysferlin Conference 11-14 July 2011, Chicago, Illinois, USA

The fifth Annual Dysferlin Conference, sponsored and organized by the Jain Foundation, was held from July 11 to 14, 2011 in Chicago, Illinois. Participants included 34 speakers, 31 poster presenters, 14 dysferlinopathy patients and family members, 5 representatives from other muscular dystrophy foundations, and 12 members of the Jain Foundation team. The objective of the dysferlin conference is to discuss progress towards developing therapies for the dysferlinopathies, Limb Girdle Muscular Dystrophy 2B (LGMD2B) and Miyoshi Myopathy (MMD1). These diseases manifest progressive muscle loss, usually beginning in the late teenage years, and are caused by mutations in the gene encoding dysferlin. The dysferlin protein is required for effective repair of muscle fiber membranes, but little is known about how this defect leads to the muscle loss experienced by patients, or if dysferlin is involved in other cellular processes that contribute to the pathology. The meeting addressed these and other issues specific to dysferlin deficiency, including the best tools for studying dysferlin and possible causes and interventions for the disease. Four dysferlinopathy patients from the Jain Foundation’s patient registry also shared their experiences with this disease, including the risk of misdiagnosis with polymyositis and the damaging outcome of prednisone treatment.
The Oscillations of Superfluid Neutron Stars

The effects of superfluid hydrodynamics on the oscillations of neutron stars are investigated. The equations describing the small-amplitude pulsations of a neutron star's neutron-proton superfluid mixture are reduced to a system of three second-order equations for three scalar potentials. A variational principle is developed from which the frequencies of the modes of these superfluid oscillations may be estimated. These pulsations are studied by finding analytical solutions to the equations for simple uniform models of nonrotating neutron stars and numerical solutions for realistic models (including rotation). These solutions reveal that the lowest frequency modes are almost indistinguishable from those based on ordinary-fluid hydrodynamics. The analytical solutions also reveal the existence of a new set of modes having no ordinary-fluid counterpart.
Upper airway motor outputs during vomiting versus swallowing in the decerebrate cat

Swallowing and vomiting are antagonistic motor acts; nevertheless, vomiting can be immediately followed by swallowing. The purpose of this study was to clarify the interrelationship between these two behaviors, particularly in regard to comparing the upper airway motor patterns at the end of the expulsion phase with those during subsequent swallowing. Experiments were conducted using both paralyzed and non-paralyzed decerebrate cats, in which recordings were obtained either from upper airway muscles, the diaphragm and abdominal muscles or from the nerves that innervate those muscles. The activity patterns of most nerves recorded in paralyzed animals were consistent with the behavior recorded in non-paralyzed animals from the muscles innervated by those nerves, with the exception of the cricothyroid and stylopharyngeus muscles. Vomiting can be divided into a series of retches followed by expulsion, which itself can be further subdivided into three phases. The final stage of expulsion, characterized by burst-like exaggerated activity of the laryngeal elevator thyrohyoid and the pharyngeal constrictors, proved to be different from pharyngeal swallowing, as judged from differences in the spatio-temporal patterns of the upper airway motor outputs. However, post-vomiting swallowing activity was still observed even after total deafferentation of the laryngeal and pharyngeal areas in paralyzed animals. It is therefore likely that the central processes for vomiting and swallowing closely relate in generating these two behaviors.
Atomic structures of epitaxial overlayers of bcc Fe on fcc Rh surfaces

Abstract Atomic structures of epitaxial overlayers of bcc Fe on fcc Rh(111), (001), and (102) planes have been directly observed in the field ion microscope with use of nanosecond pulsed-laser heating of the surface. The conditions of epitaxial growth of superlattice layers, both from a consideration of the surface energy and of the lattice mismatch are satisfied for this system. Thus, Fe adsorption layers are grown exitaxially on these Rh surfaces. An interesting observation is that in these overlayers, many vacancies and large voids can be observed, in great contrast to other overlayers we have also studied such as those of Rh and Mo on the Pt(111) surface where no voids have been observed. The reason for the formation of these vacancies and voids is probably because of its relatively large, 7.7%, mismatch of atom sizes of Fe and Rh.
Prenatal cord clamping in newborn Macaca nemestrina: A model of perinatal asphyxia

Our objective was to establish a nonhuman primate model of perinatal asphyxia appropriate for preclinical evaluation of neuroprotective treatment strategies under conditions that closely resemble huma
Design and analysis of a spaceborne lidar telescope

A spaceborne telescope has been designed and analyzed for a 2-micron solid state coherent lidar system operating on a satellite. The optical system consists of a large off-axis reflective telescope, a large-aperture diffractive scanner, an image derotator and a lag angle compensator. Due to the orbiting motion of the satellite and scanning, the boresight of the telescope shifts during the round trip travel time of the laser pulses to the target. In a coherent lidar system utilizing optical heterodyne detection, the relative alignment of the received signal with respect to the local oscillator beam is particularly critical. Two compensators have been designed to correct the boresight errors as well as the wavefront errors caused by beam wandering due to the boresight changes. Several design approaches for the compensators have been investigated. The optical and optomechanical design issues for such a system are discussed. The results of optical performance, modeling, and tolerance analysis for the telescope are also presented.
Lattice QCD with fermions at strong coupling: A dimer system

Abstract Lattice QCD with Susskind fermions and gauge group U(N) is shown to be equivalent to a generalized dimer system, when the gauge coupling is infinite. In that formulation chiral symmetry breaking is investigated numerically. Results are confronted with large-N mean field calculations, where the first 1 N correction to the chiral order parameter is computed. It is argued that the PCAC relation between the pion mass and the quark mass can be considered as a mean field scaling relation, and that for this system the mean field approximation is valid in dimension 4.
Acoustic scattering by inhomogeneous spheres.

Acoustic scattering problems are considered when the material parameters (density ρ and speed of sound c) are spherically symmetric functions of position. Explicit separated solutions are derived (i) when ρ(r)=exp(βr) and c−2 is a linear function of r−1, and (ii) when ρ(r)=exp(−βr2) and c−2 is a linear function of r2. In both cases, the radial parts of the solutions are given in terms of Coulomb wave functions or Whittaker functions; these are well-studied special functions, closely related to confluent hypergeometric functions. Two problems are discussed in detail: scattering by an inhomogeneous sphere embedded in a homogeneous fluid, and scattering by a homogeneous sphere with a concentric inhomogeneous coating.
Hypertension overrides the protective effect of female hormones on the development of aortic aneurysm secondary to Alk5 deficiency via ERK activation

The prevalence of aortic aneurysm is five times higher in men than women among the general population. Similar sexual dimorphism also exists in syndromic aortic aneurysms triggered by TGF-β signali...