cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Living in the Space Between Participant and Researcher as a Narrative Inquirer: Examining Ethnic Identity of Chinese Canadian Students as Conflicting Stories to Live By

ABSTRACT Schooling experiences of 1st-generation Canadians interact with cultural experiences in their immigrant households to shape a sense of ethnic identity both as Canadians and as members of an ethnic community. This long-term, school-based narrative inquiry is an examination of ways in which expectations for academic performance and behavior by teachers and peers at school and immigrant parents at home contributed to shaping the ethnic identity of an immigrant Chinese student as conflicting stories to live by. A narrative approach revealed challenges of supporting immigrant students in North American schools, and contributed to understanding of the nuances of multicultural education.
Inhaled Steroids in Asthma: Optimizing Effects in the Airways

By Robert P. Schleimer, Paul M. O'Byrne, Stanley J. Szefler, and Ralph Brattsand, eds. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker, 2002; 713 pp; $195
Initial Experience with Robot-Assisted Minimally-Invasive Nephroureterectomy

Purpose: Various techniques have been described for laparoscopic nephroureterectomy. We reviewed our initial experience of laparoscopic nephroureterectomy with robot-assisted extravesical excision of the distal ureter and bladder cuff. Materials and Methods: Nine consecutive patients aged 43 to 83 years underwent laparoscopic nephroureterectomy for transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) between August 2005 and March 2007. The first five patients were repositioned after laparoscopic nephrectomy from flank to lithotomy position to dock the robot for excision of the distal ureter and bladder cuff by a single surgeon. In contrast, the last four patients remained in flank position throughout the entire procedure, with the robot docked in flank position following laparoscopic nephrectomy. A two-layer closure re-approximated the cystotomy and a urethral catheter was left in place for a mean of 5 days. Results: Eight men and one woman with a mean age of 64.2 years and mean body mass index (BMI) of 28.4 kg/m2 underwent...
Treatment of the upper limb in charcot-marie-tooth disease

Even though Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease is seen frequently, relatively little has been written about the successful treatment of upper limb involvement using tendon transfers. It appears that there are several types of CMT disease and there is extreme variability in the clinical symptoms. The results of treatment were assessed by looking at four specific areas of hand function: decreased conduction velocity of the nerves, lack of opposition, weak pinch, and clawing of the fingers. A plan has been developed for tendon transfers that has worked well in clinical practice.
Phenolic compounds in different sorghum tissues during maturation

Abstract Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench contains phenolic compounds which vary according to growth stage and plant tissue. Caryopses, glumes, stalks, and leaves of AT × 623 ∗ CS3541 were sampled from 0 do t0 days after anthesis (DAA) and analyzed for free phenolic compounds (FPC) using the Folin-Ciocalteu method and total phenolic acids (TPA) using high performance liquid chromatography. Average levels of FPC were 0·5 (caryopses), 2·2 (glumes), 0·9 (stalks), and 6·2 mg g −1 (leaves). Caryopses and glumes had higher FPC levels 15 DAA; FPC levels within stalks did not change during maturity; young, lower leaves had higher FPC levels. Average levels of TPA were 2·5 (caryopses), 10·6 (glumes), 4·8 (stalks), and 7·6 mg g −1 (leaves). Caryopses and stalks contained stable levels of TPA during maturation. Glumes contained maximum levels of TPA at physiological maturity of caryopsis (27 DAA) while young, upper leaves contained more TPA. The most abundant phenolic acids, p -coumaric, salicyclic, and ferulic acids, were present at 0·2–2·0 mg g −1 . These levels of FPC and phenolic acids are inhibitory to many microbes and enzymes involved with digestion of biomass in the rumen of livestock and in biomass-fuel systems.
Generation of deep eddies by a turning baroclinic jet

Abstract The North Atlantic Current (NAC) travels northward east of the Grand Banks until approximately 50°N where it makes a sharp turn to the east. Previous analysis of sea level variability in this region, known as the Northwest Corner, showed large-amplitude meandering and a quasi-regular production of anticyclonic eddies playing an important role in the air-sea heat exchange. Here we investigate key physical mechanisms of meandering of an idealized upper ocean turning jet using a two-layer model. The existing reduced-gravity thin jet theory is modified to take into account the crossjet velocity in the lower layer induced by the jet meanders. Such coupled system is capable to describe realistically baroclinic instability and to reduce the two-dimensional initial value problem to a rather simple one-dimensional formulation. Its linearized version is solved here to describe the fluid motion in both layers in terms of jet curvature. It is found that transient meander growth is enhanced in the vicinity of turning point owing to vertical coupling with deep eddies generated due to stretching in water column beneath growing meanders. Scaling for initial growth of deep cyclone–anticyclone pair is suggested based on a generalized thin jet theory. Patterns of further nonlinear evolution resembling observational data are described.
Expression and Characterization of Wild Type and Mutant Recombinant Human Sulfamidase IMPLICATIONS FOR SANFILIPPO (MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDOSIS IIIA) SYNDROME

Mucopolysaccharidosis IIIA (MPS-IIIA) is an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorder caused by the deficiency of sulfamidase (NS; EC 3.10.1.1), resulting in defective degradation and storage of heparan sulfate. This paper reports the production and characterization of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies against recombinant human sulfamidase (rhNS) to quantitate and characterize normal and mutant sulfamidase produced from the wild type NS expression vector. Glycosylation and phosphorylation studies of immunoprecipitated rhNS show that all five potential glycosylation sites are utilized, with three high mannose/hybrid oligosaccharides and two simpler chains, with at least one functional mannose 6-phosphate group. An NS quantification system was developed to determine the effect of the three most common and severe patient mutations: S66W (Italy), R74C (Poland), and R245H (The Netherlands). The quantity and specific activity of expressed mutant rhNS was significantly lower than expressed normal rhNS, with 0.3, 0.2, and 0.05% of normal rhNS produced and 15, 17, and 83% of normal specific activity for S66W, R74C, and R245H observed, respectively. The recent structural elucidation of N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase was utilized to postulate the effect on the structure-function relationship of NS. The characterization of normal and mutated rhNS has relevance for efficient diagnosis and therapeutic developments for MPS-IIIA patients.
Path-dependent phase shifts in isolated systems

The Aharonov-Casher effect in a closed system is discussed. In this model, the charge on the wire is produced by a conducting bar moving in a magnetic field. If one considers the neutron to be a classical particle and the moving bar to be a quantum object, then the wave function of the bar acquires a phase shift equal in magnitude but opposite in sign to the usual phase shift of the neutron wave function. It is also shown that in any closed system, a path-dependent phase shift of one part of the system is always accompanied by an opposite phase shift of the remainder of the system. This result follows directly from the principle of least action.
The single capillary and the active brain

Few methods in neuroscience have attracted wider interest, among scientists and the general public, than those demonstrating patterns of brain activity in relation to behavior. First measuring 2-deoxyglucose (2DG) uptake in animals (1), then positron emission tomography (PET) in humans (2), and most recently functional MRI (fMRI) (3, 4) have provided dramatic views of what appears to be “the brain in action”: sensing, moving, feeling, reading, speaking, and even thinking. Although these patterns have been intriguing, what they actually mean in terms of brain mechanisms has been unclear. That they reflect local energy demands of active nerve cells, dependent on oxygen supplied by the local vasculature, is agreed for all methods. But what kinds of cellular activity are the patterns actually indicating? Are they due to neurons or glia; axons or synapses; action potentials or synaptic potentials; excitatory or inhibitory synaptic potentials? And how is the microvasculature matched to the demands of this activity? These questions are rapidly defining a new frontier in brain scanning (5). Answers to these questions require animal experiments that can image local vasculature in relation to local active cells. A recent method for accomplishing this is two-photon microscopy, which enables observations of functional changes in cellular structures down to a micrometer or less in diameter. This approach has permitted imaging of red blood cell (RBC) flow in capillaries within the cerebral cortex of rats (6). Chaigneau et al. (7) have taken this a step further and, in this issue of PNAS, report the tracking of individual red blood cells within individual capillaries in relation to local areas of high synapse density and of thin unmyelinated axons. The results give …
Nutrition of Xyleborus ferrugineus. II. A holidic diet for the aposymbiotic insect.

Aposymbiotic Xyleborus ferrugineus (F.) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) was reared through 3 consecutive generations on a holidic diet under aseptic conditions in test tubes. Reproduction is arrhenotokous, and fertilized females yield progeny with a spanandrous sex ratio. Mating behavior leads to continued inbreeding.
Quasi-Equilibrium States in the Tropics Simulated by a Cloud-Resolving Model: Part 1; Specific Features and Budget Analysis

Abstract A series of long-term integrations using the two-dimensional Goddard Cumulus Ensemble (GCE) model were performed with various imposed environmental components. Vertical wind shear, minimum surface wind speed (only used for computing surface fluxes), and radiation are found to be the three major components that determine the quasi-equilibrium temperature and water vapor fields simulated in this study. The genesis of a warm/wet quasi-equilibrium state is mainly due to either strong vertical wind shear along with strong surface winds or large surface fluxes, while a colder/drier quasi-equilibrium state is due to weak (mixed wind) shear along with weak surface winds. Latent heat flux and net large-scale temperature forcing dominate the beginning stages of the simulated convective systems, then considerably weaken in the final stages leading to quasi-equilibrium states. Radiation is necessary in establishing the quasi-equilibrium states but is not crucial to the considerable variation between them. A ...
Interpreting and evaluating metaphors

Abstract Although several current theories concern the meaning of metaphors, relatively few empirical studies directly examine that issue. This paper reports a series of three experiments on how subjects interpret and evaluate metaphors. In the first, subjects characterized the meaning of metaphors (e.g., The eagle is a lion among birds ), as well as their tenors ( eagle ) and vehicles ( lion ). The results suggest that many of the features in the interpretation of the metaphor are emergent and are not well established parts of preexisting conceptions of the tenor or vehicle. Conversely, many features thought to characterize both tenor and vehicle are not seen as relevant to the interpretation. In the second study, subjects rated features listed in the first study. The rating scales included salience, relationality, and distinctiveness—the key variables according to earlier theories of metaphor. These ratings indicate that, although they may help describe the features included in the interpretation of a metaphor, factors such as salience imbalance or relationality do not predict the rated goodness of the metaphors. In the final study, subjects judged which of two types of interpretation better captured the meaning of metaphors drawn from modern poetry. For each metaphor, one interpretation was based on features shared by the tenor and vehicle; the other was based on emergent features. Subjects overwhelmingly preferred the interpretations based on the emergents.
Service vs. Services: Customer-Centered Interlibrary Loan Service

ABSTRACT There is some belief in the library community that interlibrary loan is primarily a clerical process remote from professional challenge and dialogue; however, interlibrary loan functions at an academic reference desk can be avenues for scholar-librarian interaction, with improved public relations and reference-public service opportunities. Here the emphasis is on individualized service; not on a panoply of aggregate but disassociated, and nonaffective services. It is a service which is customer-centered, and findings show that the total quality of such service has greater merit than any more centralized interlibrary loan program lacking sufficient and meaningful interconnection with reference, research assistance, and liaison activities.
Allergen immunoassays—considerations for use of naturally incurred standards

The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) offers many advantages for the detection of potentially hazardous allergenic food residues that might become adventitious components of other foods during the course of food production and processing. ELISAs detect proteins, and food allergens are proteins. ELISAs are sufficiently sensitive and specific for detection of food allergen residues. ELISAs can also be produced in formats that are compatible with the industrial food processing environment. However, ELISAs also have disadvantages that should be carefully evaluated and widely recognized. Various food-processing operations can have profound effects on the detectability of allergenic food residues. ELISAs detect intact proteins but protein hydrolysates evade detection in some ELISA formats. The residual proteins present in some ingredients derived from commonly allergenic sources may also not be easily detected with ELISAs because of the nature of the protein residues remaining, e.g. lipophilic. Processing operations can dramatically lower the solubility of proteins. In some food formulations, heat processing, in particular, induces chemical modifications that can affect antibody binding to epitopes in the ELISA. The use of naturally incurred standards where allergenic food residues are incorporated into various representative food matrices and then processed in a manner similar to “real-world” food processing can reveal some of the limitations of allergen ELISAs. Methods for the preparation of naturally incurred standards in chocolate, cookie, muffin, ice cream, pasta, frankfurter, and cream of potato soup are provided as examples.
Effects of Cooperative Reward Structures and Individual Accountability on Productivity and Learning

AbstractThis article examines the effects of cooperative versus individual performance accountability on productivity (quality of what is produced) and individual learning. Forty-six high school students were assigned to three conditions. One group of students read and discussed reading passages in pairs and were paid based on the total number of items correct on three quizzes, but took the quizzes individually. The second group studied in pairs and were paid based on pair performance, but could work together on their quizzes. In the third condition, students studied alone, received payment based only on their own quiz scores, and took the quizzes alone. Results indicated higher productivity and learning in the cooperative reward conditions, and higher productivity but not greater learning in the low accountability than the high accountability cooperative reward treatment. The data thus do not show the anticipated positive effects of high individual accountability.
Alteration of copolymer-specific humoral and cell-mediated immune responses by ethanol

Excessive alcohol consumption represents a major human health threat. The frequency and severity of infections in alcoholics is often pronounced, suggesting impaired immune function in these patients. The precise effect of ethanol on cells of the immune system is poorly understood. We have previously shown that synthetic copolymers of L-amino acids, GT and GAT, are powerful tools for clarifying the role of regulatory T-cells in both cell-mediated and humoral immunity in inbred mouse strains. We asked whether these same antigens would have application to a murine model of ethanol consumption. In this study, female mice were placed on a nutritionally complete liquid diet containing 35% ethanol-derived calories. As control, mice either were placed on a liquid control diet that isocalorically substitutes sucrose for ethanol or remained on a solid diet consisting of standard laboratory chow and water ad libitum. Our data show that the liquid ethanol diet severely inhibits two measures of cell-mediated immunity, the ability of responder B6 mice to make an anti-GAT delayed hypersensitivity and GAT-specific T-cell proliferative responses as compared with pair-fed liquid control diet or solid diet controls. On the contrary, this liquid ethanol diet does not significantly impair humoral immunity; it allows nonresponder C57BL/6 or C3H/HeN mice to respond in vivo to GT immunization. These findings suggested to us that the effect of ethanol may occur prior to antigenic stimulation, and this was confirmed by in vitro immunization.
Quantification of the PICK Chart for Process Improvement Decisions

The goal of this article is to encourage the use of quantitative techniques to improve decision making and operational processes and ultimately facilitate organizational transformation. An Air Force process improvement case is used as the backdrop for the methodology introduced in this article, specifically, the quantification of the Possible, Implement, Challenge, Kill (PICK) quadrant chart for process improvement decisions. The authors use the case example of laboratory chemicals and hazardous materials procurement for Environmental Safety and Occupational Health (ESOH) at the Air Force Institute of Technology (AFIT). The challenge was to improve the procurement process for chemicals and hazardous materials for laboratories. Effective process improvement decisions can improve overall organizational effectiveness, thereby leading to sustainable organizational transformation. The Department of Defense (DoD) has recognized for several years the need for operational improvement in acquisitions, but only lim...
Reflections on Ten Years

In the past ten years, IT Professional has published articles, columns, and news briefs with high-quality overviews and surveys in hot topics, critical issues, best practices, emerging trends and technologies, infrastructure products and services, and business applications. Changes and challenges in the IT industry have guided IT Pro's evolution over the past decade to expand horizon, provide in-depth coverage, and outreach to partners. Future opportunities in Web-based digital publishing and community building will propel the magazine to the next frontier.
Superfluid Dissipation in Rotating He 3 - B

Observation d'une dissipation additionnelle dans l'ecoulement superfluide oscillatoire de 3 He-B en rotation uniforme. Augmentation lineaire de l'amortissement avec la vitesse angulaire. Interpretation par un frottement mutuel induit par les tourbillons, semblable a celui observe dans 4 He. En l'absence de rotation, variation de l'amortissement avec l'amplitude, avec une contribution de la vorticite remanente
Regional Rural Development and Energy Reform: The Case of Electric Deregulation in Montana and Alberta

Neo-liberal energy reform has resulted in a restructuring of the electricity industry and increased the globalization of energy markets and firms. To date, policy analysts have focused primarily on the national impacts of energy reform. The impact of energy reform on international, transborder regions, especially rural regions, generally has not been addressed. Here, a case study of electric deregulation policy in the Northern Rocky Mountain region of the United States and Canada demonstrates that energy policy reform has produced changes in electricity supplies to rural consumers that challenge regional industry and community sustainability. As a result of electric deregulation impacts, both public and private utilities in the region are in the process of reinstitutionalization following the transformation of energy markets, and the capacity to maximize the region's energy resources for local versus national development has weakened.
Positive ion transmission mode ion/ion reactions in a hybrid linear ion trap.

A triple quadrupole mass spectrometer capable of ion trapping experiments has been adapted for ion/ion reaction studies. The instrument is based on a commercially available linear ion trap (LIT) ta...
Methionine enkephalin-like immunoreactivity, substance P-like immunoreactivity and β-endorphin-like immunoreactivity post∼mortem stability in rat pituitary

Abstract Significant post-mortem changes in peptide concentration occur within the previously unstudied timeframe, i.e. within 1 h, for the proenkephalin A, proopiomelanoccortin, and tachykinin neuropeptidergic systems in the pituitary. These data differ from data obtained in other studies that concluded that peptides are stable for up to 72 h post-mortem. The post-mortem stability of the three neuropeptides, methionine enkephalin, substance P, and β-endorphin, was studied in the rat pituitary to test the hypothesis that significant post-mortem concentration changes of those three neuropeptides occur in the immediate post-mortem time period.
Development of the Alopecia Areata Symptom Impact Scale

The existing literature on alopecia areata (AA) clearly demonstrates patients' concerns related to physical symptoms, emotional well-being, mental health, social functioning, and other dimensions of daily functioning. Although questionnaires such as the Skindex-16 and the Dermatology Life Quality Index have been used, these questionnaires were validated for skin conditions other than AA as a chronic condition. The goals of this study are to develop a measure of quality of life, symptoms, and their impact for patients with AA called the Alopecia Areata Symptom Impact Scale (AASIS) and to provide psychometric evidence for its use. We used data from 1,400 patients from the National Alopecia Areata Registry together with clinical experts' reviews and quantitative approaches. The preliminary version of the AASIS with 13 items was administered to about 210 patients with AA. Results indicated that the AASIS measures three underlying constructs related to AA. These dimensions were impact of AA, hair loss, and physical skin symptoms. The internal consistency reliabilities of these subscales are 0.93, 0.86, and 0.81, respectively. Cognitive debriefing results showed that patients find the AASIS items easy to understand, clear, and concise. Preliminary evidence suggests that the AASIS is a reliable and valid measure of the symptoms and their impact in patients with AA.
Hematopoietic cells from Ube1L-deficient mice exhibit an impaired proliferation defect under the stress of bone marrow transplantation

Following bone marrow transplantation, donor stem cells are recruited from their quiescent status to promote the rapid reconstitution in recipients. This dynamic process is tightly regulated by a complex of internal and external signals. Protein modification by the ubiquitin like modifier ISG15 (ISGylation) is strongly induced by type I interferons (IFNs). There are higher levels of type I IFNs and protein ISGylation in the bone marrow of recipients shortly after transplantation. In order to clarify the physiological function of protein ISGylation, we generated a mouse model that lacks protein ISGylation due to deficiency of ISG15 conjugating enzyme Ube1L (Ube1L(-/-)). In this report, we focused on the analysis of the hematopoietic system in Ube1L(-)(/)(-) mice in steady-state hematopoiesis and its potential protective role during bone marrow reconstitution. Here we demonstrated that In Ube1L(-/-) mice, steady-state hematopoiesis was unperturbed. However, transplantation experiment revealed a 50% reduction in repopulation potential of Ube1L-deficient cells at 3weeks posttransplantation, but no differences at 6 and 12weeks. A competitive transplantation experiment magnified and extended this phenotype. Cell cycle analysis revealed that under the condition with high levels of IFNs and protein ISGylation, the Ube1L deficiency can cause G2/M phase block of cell cycle in hematopoietic multipotential progenitors. These observations indicate that although protein ISGylation is dispensable for steady-state hematopoiesis, it plays a significant role during interferon related stress response, such as bone marrow transplantation.
An Aspectual Analysis of Ditransitive Verbs of Caused Possession in English

In this article I examine ditransitive verbs that can describe caused possession (e.g. give, throw, send) by looking at their lexical aspectual properties, a methodology that has proved fruitful for the exploration of (in)transitive verbs. I show that as a whole these ditransitives share a number of aspectual properties in common with (in)transitive verbs of change of state and motion, suggesting a single shared underlying analysis, which I outline in terms of the scalar analysis of change of Beavers (forthcoming b). However, a difficulty of such an analysis is that for many ditransitives, the putative result state (caused possession) is cancellable, which complicates how factors such as telicity are calculated on most models of aspect. To account for this, I show that all ditransitives nonetheless entail at least some non-cancellable result, though there is considerable micro-variation in what that result is. The result is an aspectually based classification of ditransitives quite similar to previously proposed classes of (in)transitives. I also show that the analysis I develop may shed some light on why certain classes of ditransitives only rarely participate in the dative alternation.
The Talking Platypus Phenomenon: Competency Ratings as a Function of Sex and Professional Status

Ratings of vocational competence, marriageability, and interpersonal success were made by male and female subjects of a stimulus person described in a one-page, single-spaced biography. The sex and status of the stimulus person in the biography were manipulated such that for each biography half the subjects were led to believe it was about a male, half were led to believe it was about a female, half were led to believe that the individual was an attorney, and half were led to believe that the individual was a paralegal worker. The results indicated that both men and women perceived the female attorney as being the most vocationally competent. It was proposed that the increased ratings of vocational competency for the female attorney were a function of her performance being perceived as having occurred within a context replete with the types of constraints that usually obviate the degree of success she achieved. It was also suggested that the finding concerning vocational competence exemplifies the talking...
Childhood maltreatment and response to cognitive behavioral therapy among individuals with social anxiety disorder

Background: The association between childhood maltreatment—particularly emotional maltreatment—and social anxiety disorder (SAD) has been established by research. Only recently have researchers begun to look at the impact of childhood maltreatment on treatment outcomes, and findings have been mixed. Because prior studies have focused on pharmacotherapy outcomes, or used global measures of childhood adversity or abuse, it is not clear how specific types of maltreatment impact outcomes in cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for SAD. The currentstudyreportsonhowspecifictypesofchildhoodmaltreatmentsuchasphysical abuse, emotional abuse, sexual abuse, physical neglect, and emotional neglect impact response to CBT in adults with SAD. Methods: Sixty-eight individuals with a primary diagnosis of SAD completed the childhood trauma questionnaire, along with measures of social anxiety, disability, and life satisfaction. Results: Childhood maltreatment did not affect the rate of response to CBT, but there is evidence for its negative impact. Patients with histories of emotional abuse and emotional neglect reported greater social anxiety, less satisfaction, and greater disability over the course of treatment. Sexual abuse also predicted greater social anxiety. Conclusions: Childhood abuse and/or neglect did not result in differential rates of improvement during CBT; however, those reporting histories of emotional and sexual forms of maltreatment evidenced greater symptoms and/or impairment at pre- and posttreatment. Additional attention to the role of traumatic experiences within CBT for SAD may be warranted. Depression and Anxiety 30:662–669, 2013. C � 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Preface to the Special Issue: New Jersey's Three Constitutions

"A study of a state's constitutional development can provide important insight into the broader issues of that state's political, economic, and social growth." This statement from Robert F. Williams in his updated edition of The New Jersey State Constitution, A Reference Guide (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1997: xlix) is born out by the articles presented here.
Cloning and expression of a human P2U nucleotide receptor, a target for cystic fibrosis pharmacotherapy.

Abstract The Cl- secretory pathway that is defective in cystic fibrosis (CF) can be bypassed by an alternative pathway for Cl- transport that is activated by extracellular nucleotides. Accordingly, the P2 receptor that mediates this effect is a therapeutic target for improving Cl- secretion in CF patients. In this paper, we report the sequence and functional expression of a cDNA cloned from human airway epithelial (CF/T43) cells that encodes a protein with properties of a P2U nucleotide receptor. With a retrovirus system, the human airway clone was stably expressed in 1321N1 astrocytoma cells, a human cell line unresponsive to extracellular nucleotides. Studies of inositol phosphate accumulation and intracellular Ca2+ mobilization induced by extracellular nucleotides in 1321N1 cells expressing the receptor identified this clone as the target receptor in human airway epithelia. In addition, we independently isolated an identical cDNA from human colonic epithelial (HT-29) cells, indicating that this is the same P2U receptor that has been functionally identified in other human tissues. Expression of the human P2U receptor (HP2U) in 1321N1 cells revealed evidence for autocrine ATP release and stimulation of transduced receptors. Thus, HP2U expression in the 1321N1 cell line will be useful for studying autocrine regulatory mechanisms and in screening of potential therapeutic drugs.
Working toward the Future: Insights into Francisella tularensis Pathogenesis and Vaccine Development

Summary: Francisella tularensis is a facultative intracellular gram-negative pathogen and the etiological agent of the zoonotic disease tularemia. Recent advances in the field of Francisella genetics have led to a rapid increase in both the generation and subsequent characterization of mutant strains exhibiting altered growth and/or virulence characteristics within various model systems of infection. In this review, we summarize the major properties of several Francisella species, including F. tularensis and F. novicida, and provide an up-to-date synopsis of the genes necessary for pathogenesis by these organisms and the determinants that are currently being targeted for vaccine development.
A Continuous Flow Procedure for Reaction Kinetic Data Generation

A procedure is developed for the determination of reaction kinetic parameters of constituents in fluid foods during continuous flow Time/temperature data are generated for the continuous flow reactor by varying initial temperature, heating media temperature and/or flow rates. Each time/temperature relationship is introduced into the Arrhenius equation and integrated by time through the heat exchanger. For each heating curve relationship one equivalent steady-state time and temperature is calculated. Rate constants are determined for reaction changes by monitoring the initial and final concentration or level of a constituent. Varying conditions yield multiple rate constants and establish a description of the kinetics of the reaction during actual processing at the desired temperature range and in the desired fluid.
The SMARCA2/4 ATPase Domain Surpasses the Bromodomain as a Drug Target in SWI/SNF-Mutant Cancers: Insights from cDNA Rescue and PFI-3 Inhibitor Studies.

The SWI/SNF multi-subunit complex modulates chromatin structure through the activity of two mutually exclusive catalytic subunits, SMARCA2 and SMARCA4, which both contain a bromodomain and an ATPase domain. Using RNAi, cancer-specific vulnerabilities have been identified in SWI/SNF mutant tumors, including SMARCA4-deficient lung cancer, however, the contribution of conserved, druggable protein domains to this anticancer phenotype is unknown. Here, we functionally deconstruct the SMARCA2/4 paralog dependence of cancer cells using bioinformatics, genetic and pharmacological tools. We evaluate a selective SMARCA2/4 bromodomain inhibitor (PFI-3) and characterize its activity in chromatin-binding and cell-functional assays focusing on cells with altered SWI/SNF complex (e.g. Lung, Synovial Sarcoma, Leukemia, and Rhabdoid tumors). We demonstrate that PFI-3 is a potent, cell-permeable probe capable of displacing ectopically expressed, GFP-tagged SMARCA2-bromodomain from chromatin, yet contrary to target knockdown, the inhibitor fails to display an antiproliferative phenotype. Mechanistically, the lack of pharmacological efficacy is reconciled by the failure of bromodomain inhibition to displace endogenous, full-length SMARCA2 from chromatin as determined by in situ cell extraction, chromatin immunoprecipitation and target gene expression studies. Further, using inducible RNAi and cDNA complementation (bromodomain- and ATPase-dead constructs), we unequivocally identify the ATPase domain, and not the bromodomain of SMARCA2, as the relevant therapeutic target with the catalytic activity suppressing defined transcriptional programs. Taken together, our complementary genetic and pharmacological studies exemplify a general strategy for multi-domain protein drug-target validation and in case of SMARCA2/4 highlight the potential for drugging the more challenging helicase/ATPase domain to deliver on the promise of synthetic-lethality therapy.
Core-level and valence-band X-ray photoelectron diffraction in UO2(100)

X-ray photoelectron diffraction (XPD) effects have been studied in the U 4f, 0 1s and valence-band spectra of UO2(100). A simple nearest-neighbor forward-scattering model adequately explains the intensity modulations which occur with changes in polar angle, θ. In the valence band, the U 5f and U 6p32 peaks and the 0 2p band show very similar angular intensity variations showing that the 0 2p band's intensity is largely U-orbital derived.
Rapid uptake and binding of estradiol-17beta-6-(O-carboxymethyl)oxime:125I-labeled BSA by female rat liver.

To investigate potential membrane-mediated responses to estrogen, a membrane-impermeant, radioiodinated, steroid-BSA conjugate-estradiol-17β-6-(O-carboxymethyl)oxime: 125 I-Ia-beled BSA (17β-E-6- 125 I-BSA)-or related steroid conjugates, or 125 I-BSA was injected into female Sprague-Dawley rats, and tissues were collected at varying times postinjection. The liver, adrenal, and spleen displayed the most prominent uptake of 17β-E-6- 125 I-BSA, reaching a maximum of 43 times blood levels in sonicated liver samples at 5 min postinjection, but no uptake of 125 I-BSA. Isolation of liver membranes by differential centrifugation showed that over 50% of recovered radioactivity was in association with microsomes and plasmalemma (P3 fraction) at 30 sec postinjection. By 60 min postinjection, over 75% of recovered radioactivity was in association with mitochondrial and lysosomal membranes (P2 fraction), and less than 10% remained in the P3 fraction. In vitro competition assays demonstrated two binding sites in liver P3 fractions. The spleen and liver also showed saturable binding in vivo. These data suggest the presence of at least one membrane-binding protein for estrogen in liver, adrenal, and spleen. Initial studies of affinity-purified liver P3 fractions using ligand blots indicated the presence of two binding proteins. These potential membrane estrogen-binding proteins may be involved in a very rapid shuttling of estrogen from the plasmalemma to mitochondria and lysosomes.
Structural consequences of the steric effects of the organoimine ligand in the oxovanadium-organophosphonate/copper-mephenterpy family of hybrid oxides (mephenterpy = 4′-(4-methyphenyl)-2,2′: 6′,2″- terpyridine)

Hydrothermal reactions of CuSO4·5H2O, Na3VO4, 4′-(4-methylphenyl)-2,2′∶6′,2″-terpyridine (mephenterpy) and the appropriate diphosphonic acid provided a series of materials of the Cu(II)–mephenterpy/oxovanadium organophosphonate family. Four one-dimensional compounds were isolated: [{Cu(mephenterpy)}(VO2)(HO3PCH2PO3)] (1), [{Cu(mephenterpy)}2(V3O6)(O3PCH2CH2PO3)(HO3PCH2CH2PO3)] (2), [{Cu(mephenterpy)}(VO2)(HO3PCH2CH2CH2PO3)] (3) and [{Cu(mephenterpy)}2(V2O5)2(O3PCH2CH2CH2PO3)] (4). Although all share a common dimensionality, the detailed connectivities within the chains result in four distinct vanadophosphonate substructures: {(VO2)(HO3PCH2CH2PO3)}2n−n chains in 1, {(V3O6)(O3PCH2CH2PO3)(HO3PCH2CH2PO3)}4n−n chains in 2, [(VO2)2{HO3P(CH2)3PO3}2]4− rings in 3 and [(V2O5)2{O3P(CH2)3PO3}]4n−n chains in 4. When the diphosphonate tether is a butylene group, the copper phase [Cu(mephenterpy){HO3P(CH2)4PO3H}]·H2O (5) is isolated.
The third metacarpal styloid process in humans: Origin and functions

The development, mechanics, and pathology of the third carpometacarpal joint have been investigated in order to explain the unique presence in humans of a styloid process on the third metacarpal. Structure and functions of the joint are compared in a large series of Old World anthropoid hand skeletons, cadavers, and X-rays, and shown to differ in the three groups. Developmental anomalies reveal the source of the human styloid in a group of cells which fuse with the capitate in other Old World Anthropoidea. The absence of the process in Australopithecus afarensis and its presence in Neandertals suggest that an explanation for the evolution of the process may be sought in stresses on the hand in stone tool-use. Film analysis of stone tool-use shows that hammering and digging with hand-held stones direct forces on the palmar aspect of the metacarpal head. From a biomechanical analysis of these forces it may be seen that the styloid process prevents subluxation of the base. The effectiveness of the process in this function is reflected by the rarity of injury and arthritis in the region. Individuals lacking the process tend to undergo degeneration of bone at the joint. Since repetitive impulsive forces on joints are known to cause osteoarthritis, it is suggested that there may be a link between the increasing reliance of early hominids on manipulative behavior that stressed this region of the hand and the evolution of a structural pattern that protects the joint from these stresses.
Experiments in ergonomic robot-guided manipulation

Repetitive manual materials handling of heavy loads is common in assembly and is a common cause of low back disorders. The manual manipulation of a heavy load may be made more comfortable by constraining the load to move along a guide. The frictionless guide directs the motion of the load to the goal configuration as the human operator provides forces in directions that are comfortable. We present our first experimental results in guided manipulation with the purpose of understanding motions and forces that are comfortable for human operators.
High-level synthesis for large bit-width multipliers on FPGAs: a case study

In this paper, we present the analysis, design and implementation of an estimator to realize large bit width unsigned integer multiplier units. Larger multiplier units are required for cryptography and error correction circuits for more secure and reliable transmissions over highly insecure and/or noisy channels in networking and multimedia applications. The design space for these circuits is very large when integer multiplication on large operands is carried out hierarchically. In this paper, we explore automated synthesis of high bit-width unsigned integer multiplier circuits by defining and validating an estimator function used in search and analysis of the design space of such circuits. We focus on analysis of a hybrid hierarchical multiplier scheme that combines the throughput advantages of parallel multipliers and the resource cost-effectiveness of serial ones. We present an analytical model that rapidly predicts timing and resource usage for selected model candidates. We evaluate the estimator model in the design of a practical application, a 256-bit elliptic curve adder implemented on a Xilinx FPGA fabric. We show that our estimator allows implementation of fast, efficient circuits, where resultant designs provide order-of-magnitude performance improvements when compared with that of software implementations on a high performance computing platform.
Availability in parallel systems: automatic process restart

Parallel and clustered architectures are increasingly being used as a foundation for high-capacity servers. At the same time, the availability expectations are also rising rapidly, since the effects of down time become more apparent and have higher economic consequences for larger systems. The use of parallel structures generally implies more hardware and software components. The presence of more and larger components increases the chances that an individual component will fail, and that failure has the potential to hurt the overall availability of the system. This paper discusses the use of “restart techniques” as an important strategy in providing increased availability in a parallel structure. The paper covers a set of functions that have been developed for the S/390® Parallel Sysplex™.
Commentary: feeding problems: an ecological perspective.

teractive process that varies across children and is embedded in multiple social levels, extending from the family through cultural factors. The ecological model is based on systems theory, in which changes in any one component of the model affect all other components. Children are conceptualized as active contributors within their primary context-the family. At a broader level, feeding is influenced by the ethnotheories that families hold about feeding and by cultural norms for the timing, type, and amount of food that children should eat (Dettwyler, 1989). From a child’s perspective, feeding requires the integration of multiple systems, including temperament, physical development, and psychosocial development. For example, children are unable to eat solids before they have achieved the oral motor control necessary to move food to the back of their mouths in preparation for swallowing. When solid food is introduced too early, while feeding is still dominated by sucking, food is often pushed forward and out of the mouth, as though the child were rejecting it. Caregivers may misinterpret this action as a signal that the child is rejecting the food or rejecting the caregiver, rather than a sign that the child is not ready for the feeding challenges required of solid foods. If the caregiver responds to the perceived rejection with anger or by intensifying the pressure on the child to eat, mealtime can become stressful and unsuccessful to both the child and the caregiver. Thus, feeding problems may be avoided when clinicians strive to understand caregiver interpretations of their children’s behavior and address their perceptions through anticipatory guidance. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, Vol. 24, No. 3, 1999, pp. 217–219
Pharmacovigilance from social media: mining adverse drug reaction mentions using sequence labeling with word embedding cluster features.

Objective Social media is becoming increasingly popular as a platform for sharing personal health-related information. This information can be utilized for public health monitoring tasks, particularly for pharmacovigilance, via the use of natural language processing (NLP) techniques. However, the language in social media is highly informal, and user-expressed medical concepts are often nontechnical, descriptive, and challenging to extract. There has been limited progress in addressing these challenges, and thus far, advanced machine learning-based NLP techniques have been underutilized. Our objective is to design a machine learning-based approach to extract mentions of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) from highly informal text in social media. Methods We introduce ADRMine, a machine learning-based concept extraction system that uses conditional random fields (CRFs). ADRMine utilizes a variety of features, including a novel feature for modeling words’ semantic similarities. The similarities are modeled by clustering words based on unsupervised, pretrained word representation vectors (embeddings) generated from unlabeled user posts in social media using a deep learning technique. Results ADRMine outperforms several strong baseline systems in the ADR extraction task by achieving an F -measure of 0.82. Feature analysis demonstrates that the proposed word cluster features significantly improve extraction performance. Conclusion It is possible to extract complex medical concepts, with relatively high performance, from informal, user-generated content. Our approach is particularly scalable, suitable for social media mining, as it relies on large volumes of unlabeled data, thus diminishing the need for large, annotated training data sets.