cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fast transparent virtual machine migration in distributed edge clouds

Edge clouds are emerging as a popular paradigm of computation. In edge clouds, computation and storage can be distributed across a large number of locations, allowing applications to be hosted at the edge of the network close to the end-users. Virtual machine live migration is a key mechanism which enables applications to be nimble and nomadic as they respond to changing user locations and workload. However, VM live migration in edge clouds poses a number of challenges. Migrating VMs between geographically separate locations over slow wide-area network links results in large migration times and high unavailability of the application. This is due to network reconfiguration delays as user traffic is redirected to the newly migrated location. In this paper, we propose the use of multi-path TCP to both improve VM migration time and network transparency of applications. We evaluate our approach in a commercial public cloud environment and an emulated lab based edge cloud testbed using a variety of network conditions and show that our approach can reduce migration times by up to 2X while virtually eliminating downtimes for most applications.
Myocardial ischemia: Monitoring to diagnose ischemia: How do I monitor therapy?

Myocardial infarction after noncardiac surgery is a rare event, occurring in less than 0.7% of unselected patients; however, when risk factors for coronary artery disease are present, this number may increase. This article describes monitoring to diagnose ischemia and techniques for monitoring therapy.
On multi-layered connectionist models: adding layers vs. increasing width

In this paper, we explore the computational potential and limitations of the multi-layered connectionist models [Minsky and Papert, 1968]. We found that the number of layers and the width are two crucial parameters for the multi-layered connectionist models. If each layer has the same size n and we increment the number of layers by 1, then the number of problems solved will increase O(n3) times. On the other hand, suppose the number of layers is equal to 2. If we increment the width by 1, then the number of problem solved will increase <D(nn) times, where n is the input size. Hence, we can extend a 2-layered connectionist model by adding layers or increasing width. Our conclusion is that increasing width is better than adding layers.
Small joint arthrodesis in hand reconstruction.

Arthrodesis of the small joints of the hand can produce good functional results when restoration of joint function by arthroplasty seems unlikely. A technique of arthrodesis has been presented and the results in 635 joints analyzed.
The Impact of Frivolous Lawsuits on Deterrence: Do They Have Some Redeeming Value?

The literature on frivolous lawsuits has focused on litigation costs and the optimal settlement-trial decision of defendants, but has not examined how they affect the decisions of potential injurers. This paper asks whether there are circumstances under which frivolous suits might actually increase social welfare by inducing parties engaged in risk activities to limit the scale, and improve the safety, of those activities. The reason this is possible is that in a costly legal system, injurers will generally underinvest in safety and overengage in the activity. The fact that some uninjured plaintiffs succeed in obtaining settlements may therefore affect the care and activity choices of injurers in a socially valuable way. In light of these conclusions, the paper goes on to examine the desirability of various policies aimed at curbing frivolous litigation.
Functional programming for compiling and decompiling computer-aided design

Desktop-manufacturing techniques like 3D printing are increasingly popular because they reduce the cost and complexity of producing customized objects on demand. Unfortunately, the vibrant communities of early adopters, often referred to as "makers," are not well-served by currently available software pipelines. Users today must compose idiosyncratic sequences of tools which are typically repurposed variants of proprietary software originally designed for expert specialists. This paper proposes fundamental programming-languages techniques to bring improved rigor, reduced complexity, and new functionality to the computer-aided design (CAD) software pipeline for applications like 3D-printing. Compositionality, denotational semantics, compiler correctness, and program synthesis all play key roles in our approach, starting from the perspective that solid geometry is a programming language. Specifically, we define a purely functional language for CAD called LambdaCAD and a polygon surface-mesh intermediate representation. We then define denotational semantics of both languages to 3D solids and a compiler from CAD to mesh accompanied by a proof of semantics preservation. We illustrate the utility of this foundation by developing a novel synthesis algorithm based on evaluation contexts to "reverse compile" difficult-to-edit meshes downloaded from online maker communities back to more-editable CAD programs. All our prototypes have been implemented in OCaml to enable further exploration of functional programming for desktop manufacturing.
ABO Blood Type and Hematoma Expansion After Intracerebral Hemorrhage: An Exploratory Analysis.

Blood type has become an increasingly recognized risk factor for coagulopathy. We explored the association between blood type and hematoma expansion (HE) after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Spontaneous ICH patients prospectively enrolled in an ongoing ICH cohort study at Columbia University Irving Medical Center from 2009 to 2016 were evaluated. Primary ICH patients with admission blood type testing were evaluated for HE differences, defined as > 33% relative HE. The association of blood type with radiographic HE outcomes was assessed using multivariable logistic regression models. The association of blood type and poor clinical outcomes using modified Rankin Scale (mRS 4–6) was additionally explored. Of 272 ICH patients with blood type data and neuroimaging available to determine HE, there were 146 (54%) type-O, 82 (30%) type-A, 34 (13%) type-B, and 10 (3%) type-AB patients. No significant baseline demographic, clinical, or radiographic differences were noted between blood types. Type-B blood was associated with more HE compared to other blood types (OR 2.82; 95% CI 1.23–6.45) after adjusting for known covariates of HE (anticoagulant use, time to admission computed tomography scan, and baseline hematoma volume). No associations with blood type and poor 3 month mRS were identified, but these analyses were limited secondary to our smaller cohort. There may be differences in HE after ICH in patients with different blood types. Further work is required to replicate these findings and identify the pathophysiologic mechanisms behind coagulopathy between blood types after ICH.
Does context matter in environmental justice patterns? Evidence on warehousing location from four metro areas in California

Abstract Warehousing activities generate substantial externalities that affect surrounding neighborhoods. Using data for four major metropolitan areas in California, Los Angeles, San Francisco, San Diego and Sacramento, this study tests the relationship between the spatial distribution of warehouses and disadvantaged neighborhoods. The results based on spatial presentation and statistical models show that warehouses are disproportionately located in minority neighborhoods, regardless of the differences in urban contexts. In specific, medium-income and low-income minority neighborhoods are more likely to have higher concentration of warehouses than medium-or-low-income white ones. The four metros are diversified in the roles of global trade, land availability, and the size of the warehousing industry. However, the spatial patterns are found consistent across these metros, suggesting that the environmental justice problem in warehousing location is a common concern. Local governments should monitor and evaluate the rapid spatial expansion of warehousing facilities and make efforts to mitigate subsequent environmental impacts that are disproportionately located in disadvantaged communities.
Near Field Nanoscale Temperature Measurement Using AlGaN:Er 3+ Film via Photoluminescence Nanothermometry

In this chapter we present a new optical temperature measurement and thermal imaging technique combining near-field microscopy and Er3+ photoluminescence spectroscopy. The technique is used with two different approaches towards local temperature measurement and thermal imaging. In the first approach, gold nanostructures on top of Al0.94 Ga0.06 N thin film embedded with Er3+ ions are optically excited through the SNOM tip with 532 nm CW laser to generate thermal images with the spatial resolution comparable to the true size of the nanostructures. In the second approach, nanostructures on top of thermal sensor film are excited with 532 nm CW laser through the substrate with a large spot size (FWHM ~ 10 µm). The Er3+ emission from the film is collected in transmission mode through the SNOM tip. In this chapter the steady state temperature change under optical illumination is measured for different sized clusters made from 40 nm diameter gold nanoparticles and it is found that the maximum temperature change and temperature decay length (r1/2) into the surrounding medium increases linearly with cluster radius. Based upon this observation, we can conclude that if a large cell is embedded with optical heaters with a distance between heaters that allows for collective heating, then the thermal profile outside of the cell decays with a decay constant that is dependent upon the size of the cell. This chapter is reprinted (adapted) with permission from Nanoscale, 2017, 4(7), pp 1864–1869. Copyright 2017 Royal Society of Chemistry.
Emergency Medical Services Protocols for Generalized Convulsive Status Epilepticus.

This study reviews protocols for treating convulsive status epilepticus from 33 emergency medical services systems in California to determine if they had incorporated updated evidence-based guidelines.
Majorana fermion quantum mechanics for higher rank tensors

We study quantum mechanical models in which the dynamical degrees of freedom are real fermionic tensors of rank 5 and higher. They are the nonrandom counterparts of the Sachdev-Ye-Kitaev (SYK) models where the Hamiltonian couples six or more fermions. For the tensors of rank 5, there is a unique $O(N{)}^{5}$ symmetric sixth-order Hamiltonian leading to a solvable $\mathrm{large}\text{\ensuremath{-}}N$ limit dominated by the melonic diagrams. We solve for the complete energy spectrum of this model when $N=2$ and deduce exact expressions for all the eigenvalues. The subset of states which are gauge invariant exhibits degeneracies related to the discrete symmetries of the gauged model. We also study quantum chaos properties of the tensor model and compare them with those of the $q=6$ SYK model. For $qg6$, there is a rapidly growing number of $O(N{)}^{q\ensuremath{-}1}$ invariant tensor interactions. We focus on those of them that are maximally single trace---their stranded diagrams stay connected when any set of $q\ensuremath{-}3$ colors is erased. We present a general discussion of why the tensor models with maximally single-trace interactions have $\mathrm{large}\text{\ensuremath{-}}N$ limits dominated by the melonic diagrams. We solve the $\mathrm{large}\text{\ensuremath{-}}N$ Schwinger-Dyson equations for the higher rank Majorana tensor models and show that they match those of the corresponding SYK models exactly. We also study other gauge invariant operators present in the tensor models.
Intergenerational Program Perceptions and Recommendations: Perspectives from Teachers, Children, Residents, and Staff

Intergenerational programs have the potential to powerfully and positively impact the well-being of young children and older adults. The purpose of this qualitative case study was to explore the pe...
Actions, style and practices: how leaders ensure compassionate care delivery

Demands for more patient-centred care necessitate that leadership creates the conditions for more compassionate care that is sustainable even in periods of acute crisis. We draw on a growing body of empirical research in health services, management and medicine to highlight how the combination of interpersonal acts, leadership style and organisational structures underpins leading with compassion. We further detail how this benefits care provider well-being and patient outcomes through fostering integrative thinking and prosocial motivation. We conclude with implications for practice.
A super-series of extracellular miRNA in cerebrospinal fluid reveals broad patterns associated with neurologic disease

Extracellular non-coding RNA are emerging biomarkers across diseases, as they may represent the functional state of the cells of origin, and have been robustly detected and associated with disease in many biofluids, but not yet at a large scale in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). While there have been extracellular non-coding RNA (exmiRNA) identified in small associative studies involving the CSF and patients with neurologic conditions, much remains to be determined, including what constitutes healthy CSF. In this work, we aggregate 9 existing cohorts to define a super-series of 864 extracellular circulating microRNA (exmiRNA) samples in the CSF from patients with 16 neurologic diseases and healthy controls. Through this, we identify broad patterns of conserved expression of CSF exmiRNA in the healthy state and in neurologic diseases, and a set of robustly detectable miRNA that may be strong biomarker candidates for future studies. We show that the coexpression network of exmiRNA differs significantly between the malignant and non-malignant states, suggesting that widespread dysregulation of miRNA due to cancer can be detected in the CSF. The super series will serve as a resource for future research in CSF exncRNA biomarkers, and will continue to evolve as more data is generated in this burgeoning field.
Blown films with balanced in-plane properties from polypropylene-clay nanocomposites though silane coupling:

Layered silicates present interaction sites at both faces and edges of the nanolayers and silane coupling agents that locate at both sites lead to polymer nanocomposites with superior melt strength...
Middle-Aged Man With Unstable Angina and an Inaccessible Right Coronary Artery.

Acute myocardial ischemia and infarction from retrograde dissection of the aortic root into the coronary ostia is a potentially fatal condition. Unrecognized type A aortic dissection at the time of angiography for acute coronary syndrome (ACS) carries a high burden of morbidity and mortality. Cardiac computed tomography angiography (CCTA) has emerged as one of the instrumental tools in the diagnosis of retrograde coronary involvement from type A aortic dissections. We present a case of ACS secondary to retrograde aortic dissection extending into the right coronary artery (RCA) suspected during coronary angiography and confirmed by CCTA. The patient was managed surgically with aortic root replacement and coronary artery bypass grafting.
A 5-Year Single-Institution Experience Integrating Telehealth Into Urologic Care Delivery.

Objective: Telehealth is increasingly used in urology, but few studies have evaluated how it can be integrated with urology face-to-face (FTF) encounters and primary care (PC). We describe the 5-ye...
Goodbye 2020, hello to our future

The 300 000+ deaths from COVID‐19 in the United States (now) 1 provide stark illustration of the well‐known fact that despite great wealth, and that we spend more than any other country on health care when compared to other high‐income nations, for decades we have ranked near the bottom in several metrics of health starting from birth 5 There are myriad reasons, including sexism, implicit bias, and structural racism [ ]the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute selected researchers to collaborate on antithrombotic trials based on submitted letters of intent and research progress over the first months of the pandemic, forming the Accelerating COVID‐19 Therapeutic Interventions and Vaccines (ACTIV)‐4 program At Research and Practice in Thrombosis and Haemostasis, we waived article publication charges and published original COVID‐19 research and articles that raise hypotheses relevant to treatment 9 We studied the authorship gender gap during the first COVID wave 10 and published articles on new ways to disseminate science 11 Dobson and Wolberg eloquently discussed scientific silver linings of COVID‐19 and considered the impact on institutional racism and increasing diversity in science 4 I call on you to continue to submit science to us;we are also interested in Forum articles on the social impact of COVID‐19 and the events of 2020
Palmerolide PKS-NRPS gene clusters characterized from the microbiome of an Antarctic ascidian

Abstract Polyketides are a complex family of natural products that often serve competitive or pro-survival purposes but can also demonstrate bioactivity in human diseases as, for example cholesterol lowering agents, anti-infectives, or anti-tumor agents. Marine invertebrates and microbes are a rich source of polyketides. Palmerolide A, a polyketide isolated from the Antarctic ascidian Synoicum adareanum, is a vacuolar-ATPase inhibitor with potent bioactivity against melanoma cell lines. The biosynthetic gene clusters (BGC) responsible for production of secondary metabolites are encoded in the genomes of the producers as discrete genomic elements. A putative palmerolide BGC was identified from a S. adareanum metagenome based on a high degree of congruence with a chemical structure-based retrobiosynthetic prediction. Protein family homology analysis, conserved domain searches, and active site and motif identification were used to confirm the identity and propose the function of the 75 kb trans-acyltransferase (AT) polyketide synthase-non-ribosomal synthase (PKS-NRPS) domains responsible for the synthesis of palmerolide A. Though PKS systems often act in a predictable co-linear sequence, this BGC includes multiple trans-acting enzymatic domains, a non-canonical condensation termination domain, a bacterial luciferase-like monooxygenase (LLM), and multiple copies found within the metagenome-assembled genome (MAG) of Candidatus Synoicohabitans palmerolidicus. Detailed inspection of the five highly similar pal BGC copies suggests the potential for biosynthesis of other members of the palmerolide chemical family. This is the first delineation of a biosynthetic gene cluster from an Antarctic species. These findings have relevance for fundamental knowledge of PKS combinatorial biosynthesis and could enhance drug development efforts of palmerolide A through heterologous gene expression. Significance Statement Complex interactions exist between microbiomes and their hosts. Increasingly, defensive metabolites that have been attributed to host biosynthetic capability are now being recognized as products of associated microbes. These unique metabolites often have bioactivity in targets of human disease and can be purposed as pharmaceuticals. The molecular machinery for production of palmerolide A, a macrolide that is potent and selective against melanoma, was discovered as a genomic cluster in the microbiome of an Antarctic ascidian. Multiple non-identical copies of this genomic information provide clues to differences in specific enzymatic domains and point to Nature’s ability to perform combinatorial biosynthesis in situ. Harnessing this genetic information may pave a path for development of a palmerolide-based drug. Classification Biological sciences, environmental sciences and ecology
Immunosuppressive PLGA TGF-β1 Microparticles Induce Polyclonal and Antigen-Specific Regulatory T Cells for Local Immunomodulation of Allogeneic Islet Transplants.

Allogeneic islet transplantation is a promising cell-based therapy for Type 1 Diabetes (T1D). The long-term efficacy of this approach, however, is impaired by allorejection. Current clinical practice relies on long-term systemic immunosuppression, leading to severe adverse events. To avoid these detrimental effects, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microparticles (MPs) were engineered for the localized and controlled release of immunomodulatory TGF-β1. The in vitro co-incubation of TGF-β1 releasing PLGA MPs with naive CD4+ T cells resulted in the efficient generation of both polyclonal and antigen-specific induced regulatory T cells (iTregs) with robust immunosuppressive function. The co-transplantation of TGF-β1 releasing PLGA MPs and Balb/c mouse islets within the extrahepatic epididymal fat pad (EFP) of diabetic C57BL/6J mice resulted in the prompt engraftment of the allogenic implants, supporting the compatibility of PLGA MPs and local TGF-β1 release. The presence of the TGF-β1-PLGA MPs, however, did not confer significant graft protection when compared to untreated controls, despite measurement of preserved insulin expression, reduced intra-islet CD3+ cells invasion, and elevated CD3+Foxp3+ T cells at the peri-transplantation site in long-term functioning grafts. Examination of the broader impacts of TGF-β1/PLGA MPs on the host immune system implicated a localized nature of the immunomodulation with no observed systemic impacts. In summary, this approach establishes the feasibility of a local and modular microparticle delivery system for the immunomodulation of an extrahepatic implant site. This approach can be easily adapted to deliver larger doses or other agents, as well as multi-drug approaches, within the local graft microenvironment to prevent transplant rejection.
Artificial Intelligence For Software Testing-Perspectives And Practices

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged as a buzzword for current software applications. The modern advancements in the Information Technology sector have invigorated the need to incorporate AI competencies into software services. This objective has constrained the organizations to revisit their software development processes. Software testing plays a vital role in validating the software quality. Both the AI and software testing researchers and Practitioners must lead the innovations to address their integrating challenges. AI and Machine Learning (ML) have the potential to advance the capabilities to test the software intensely. The objective of the paper is to review the state-of-the-art of applying AI in software testing briefly. It also discusses the software testing activities mapped to AI and the related challenges.
Resource Co-specialization, Firm Growth, and Organizational Performance: An Empirical Analysis of Organizational Restructuring and IT Implementations

This paper examines the effects of co-specialized information technology (IT) on the growth and performance of IT-investing firms as a driver of competitive advantages. By adopting resource-based and dynamic-capability perspectives on firm-specific IT systems, we first identify the mechanisms of resource co-specialization strategy in the process of IT implementation as organizational restructuring and adaptive customization of IT applications into the context of adopting firms. Then, we examine impacts of the resulting co-specialized IT system on organizational performance. Testable hypotheses are developed to investigate how the co-specialization mechanisms of organizational restructuring and IT customization influence firm growth--in terms of the number of employees, value-added, and revenue. We also examine how co-specialization mechanisms of organizational restructuring and IT customization influence project outcomes--in terms of project referenceability and license extension measures. These empirical tests control for other contextual factors and the endogeneity of decision variables. Using a unique panel data on 334 firms adopting Advanced Planning and Scheduling (APS)applications, we find strong empirical support for the co-specialization hypothesis that strategic choices of using IT co-specialization mechanisms are positively associated with firm growth and with superior project outcomes in the sample firms.
Inter-Cluster Communication In NETRA

The focus of this chapter is inter-cluster communication in NETRA and performance evaluation of parallel algorithms when mapped across multiple clusters. When an algorithm is mapped on multiple clusters, processors belonging to different clusters may need to communicate, and therefore, inter-cluster communication is needed. However, unlike intra-cluster communication between processors, there may be conflicts in accessing the global interconnection network, global memory or other common resources. These conflicts need to be taken into account when computing the intercluster communication, and consequently, performance of algorithms when mapped across multiple clusters is affected by conflicts. In this chapter we present a method to evaluate inter-cluster communication time under the presence of conflicts. The method is based on the work by Patel [55,56].
Small Press Review

J?nos Pilinszky. Selected Poems. Translated by Ted Hughes and J?nos Csokits. Persea Books, Inc.; New York, 1977. $3.95. Alicia Ostriker. A Dream of Springtime. The Smith; New York, 1979. $3. The Mother/Child Pa pers. Momentum Press; Santa Monica, Cal ifornia, 1980. $3.95. Helen Wolfert. Landlady and Tenant. Sheep Meadow Press; New York, 1979. $4.95. Jean Pedrick. greenfellow. New Rivers Press; St. Paul, Minn., 1981. $3. Ripley Schemm. Mapping My Father. Door yard Press; Story, Wyoming, 1981. $6. Al berto R?os. Sleeping on Fists. Dooryard Press; Story, Wyoming, 1981. $5. Karen Sagstet ter. Ceremony. State Street Press; Pittsford, New York, 1981. $4. Bill Wilson. Funda mental Car. Tamarisk Press; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1981. $3. Harrison Fisher. UHFO. Diana's Bimonthly Press; Provi dence, Rhode Island, 1982. $4.50. Ann Nietzke. Windowlight. Capra Press; Santa Barbara, California, 1981. $8.95. Elizabeth Hardwick. A View of My Own. Ecco Press; New York, 1982. $6.95.
Ribonucleic acid synthesis in T2-infected Escherichia coli during "stringent" control.

The leucine auxotroph Escherichia coli 2961 exhibited stringent control of net ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesis during amino acid starvation. After leucine was exhausted from the medium, the rate of uracil incorporation into RNA rapidly decreased to 2 to 4% of the prestarvation value. Infection of the starved cells with T2 phage stimulated uracil incorporation to a level equivalent to that of unstarved, T2-infected cells. The RNA synthesized during leucine starvation of the T2-infected cells consisted of T2 and E. coli messenger RNA, but stable ribosomal RNA (23 S and 16 S ) did not appear to be synthesized. It is concluded that one or more T2-specific proteins are required to shut off host messenger RNA synthesis. Furthermore, transcription of E. coli and T2 deoxyribonucleic acid is not necessarily coupled to the translation of messenger RNA during stringent control of net RNA synthesis.
Learning a Preference Predicate

Numeric evaluation functions are commonly used in implementations of heuristic search. This paper observes that a numeric evaluation function often provides only an indirect mechanism for evaluating the relative preference of states. A more general formulation is suggested for evaluating preferences that is not limited to comparison of numeric estimates. An algorithm for learning preferences is presented, including experiments with an implementation applied to the 8-puzzle.
Tartuffe or Steamroller? France in the Making of EU Health Policy

This paper examines the role of France on the European Union through a case study of "low politics", namely the development of European Union health care policy. Faced with a new policy field, one created by the European Court of Justice rather than member state volition, the member states all had to develop their approaches and strategy. The case study shows how the high level of French coordination in EU affairs led it to develop an approach, focused on Services of General Interest, that worked better for economic actors than as a proposal for health care policy. Eventually, once the agenda moved so far on as to make the French position untenable, France shifted- and, once health was loosed from the overall strategy, was able to quickly reap the rewards of its large investment in EU health policymaking.
ISAMs: fabrication and characterization of planar waveguide nonlinear devices

Pyrylium-based ionically self-assembled monolayer (ISAM) materials and structures are characterized using AFM, ellipsometry, and Maker fringe measurements. Waveguides fabricated on planar substrates exhibit high second order nonlinearities and have theoretical high conversion efficiency for ADPM-SHG.
TRYPTOPHAN SYNTHETASE LEVELS IN ESCHERICHIA COLI, SHIGELLA DYSENTERIAE, AND TRANSDUCTION HYBRIDS

Eisenstein, Richard B. (Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio) and Charles Yanofsky. Tryptophan synthetase levels in Escherichia coli, Shigella dysenteriae, and transduction hybrids. J. Bacteriol. 83:193–204. 1962—Shigella dysenteriae and Escherichia coli, strains K-12 and B, were found to produce low levels of tryptophan synthetase, although some hybrids, formed by the introduction of the gene cluster concerned with tryptophan synthesis from S. dysenteriae into E. coli, produced high levels of this enzyme system. A revertant obtained from a tryptophan-requiring mutant also formed high levels of tryptophan synthetase. The gene or genes responsible for high enzyme production in these strains was shown to be linked to the cluster of genes concerned with tryptophan synthesis. The cause of high enzyme production was investigated. Various lines of evidence, including stimulation of growth by tryptophan precursors, sensitivity to inhibition by 5-methyltryptophan, absence of accumulation of tryptophan, and repression of enzyme formation by anthranilic acid and tryptophan, suggested that high enzyme production in the strains examined results from a partial block in the tryptophan pathway and not from resistance to repression by tryptophan. The conversion of shikimic acid-5-phosphate to anthranilic acid appears to be the partially blocked reaction in the strains studied.
Focusing the knowledge management process

Individuals have entered the balance sheet as intellectual assets. It is now recognized that individuals have become critical to economic activity. Human potential is finally being realized. The knowledge age has given each person the opportunity for satisfying lifetime careers of creativity and innovation. First, they must develop a value-added capability. Then they must make develop a coalition attitude in preparation for effective collaboration. Members of coalitions recognize that group achievement is in their own best interest. Knowledge is created in these coalitions as they solve increasingly complex problems. This knowledge must then be shared across the organization. New leadership roles are required to increase the effectiveness of this knowledge creation and transfer process.
Three-dimensional terahertz holography

We demonstrate three-dimensional terahertz (THz) holography with the use of the windowed Fourier transformation. The coherent nature of THz time domain spectroscopy allows measurement of the phase and amplitude of the THz wave for holographic imaging.
Neuroprotection in Bipolar Depression

The past 10 years have seen a growth of therapeutic options for bipolar depression. Evidence for the clinical and neuroprotective effects of these treatments is reviewed in this chapter, including lamotrigine, pramipexole, modafinil, and atypical antipsychotics. Their neuroprotective profiles are compared to the better established effects of lithium and valproate, which include upregulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and B-cell lymphoma 2 (bcl-2) and inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) and glutamate transmission.
Inherent Stereospecificity in the Reaction of Aflatoxin B1 8,9-Epoxide with Deoxyguanosine and Efficiency of DNA Catalysis

Kinetic analysis of guanine alkylation by aflatoxin B1 exo-8,9-epoxide, the reactive form of the hepatocarcinogen aflatoxin B1, reveals the reaction to be > 2000-times more efficient in DNA than in aqueous solution, i.e. with free 2’-deoxyguanosine. Thermodynamic analysis reveals AFB1 exo-8,9-epoxide intercalation as the predominant source of the observed DNA catalytic effect. However, the known exo > endo epoxide stereospecificity of the DNA alkylation is observed even with free deoxyguanosine (ratio > 20:1 determined by LC-MS and NMR measurements), as predicted by theoretical calculations (Bren, U. et al. Chem Res. Toxciol. 20, 1134–1140, 2007).
Social separation in infant Cebus apella: patterns of behavioral and cortisol response

34 infant tufted capuchins (Cebus apella) were separated from their social groups for a 2-hour period and videotaped in isolation at the ages of 6 months and 1 year. Baseline and 2-hour blood samples were measured for levels of serum cortisol. Compared to homecage baseline levels, passivity, locomotion and vocalizations increased during separation, while self-directed behavior and environmental exploration decreased. Both behavioral and cortisol responses to separation showed individual stability over the 6 month period, although both responses were somewhat attenuated at the later age. There was little correlation between cortisol and behavior during separations. Females vocalized more than did males during separations and showed greater cortisol increases at 6 months of age. The pattern of behavioral response seen in the 2 hours following separation appeared to be more passive than the typical 'protest' response described in many nonhuman primates, and may reflect either the physical circumstances of the separation or a characteristic of species with relaxed social bonds and considerable allomothering available to infants.
Hurricane! Coping With Disaster

A new AGU book, Hurricane! Coping With Disaster, analyzes the progress made in hurricane science and recounts how advances in the field have affected the public's and the scientific community's understanding of these storms. The book explores the evolution of hurricane study, from the catastrophic strike in Galveston, Texas in 1900—still the worst natural disaster in United States history—to today's satellite and aircraft observations that track a storm's progress and monitor its strength. In this issue, Eos talks with Robert Simpson, the books' senior editor. Simpson has studied severe storms for more than 60 years, including conducting one of the first research flights through a hurricane in 1945. He was the founding director of the (U.S.) National Hurricane Research Project and has served as director of the National Hurricane Center. In collaboration with Herbert Saffir, Simpson helped design and implement the Saffir/Simpson damage potential scale that is widely used to identify potential damage from hurricanes.
Comparison of sensitivity of psychophysical and electrophysiological measures of scotopic thresholds in the vicinity of the blind spot

A section of the blind spot was mapped by obtaining detection and averaged EEG threshold measurements using three stimulus light intensities. It was found that averaged EEG and detection measures of the blind spot were equally sensitive when the two highest stimulus intensities were used, although more observations of the stimulus were required with averaged EEG. Detection thresholds were superior to averaged EEG measures with the dimmest stimulus.
yourSky: Rapid desktop access to custom astronomical image mosaics

The yourSky custom astronomical image mosaicking software has a Web portal architecture that allows access via ordinary desktop computers with low bandwidth network connections to high performance and highly customizable mosaicking software deployed in a high performance computing and communications environment. The emphasis is on custom access to image mosaics constructed from terabytes of raw image data stored in remote archives. In this context, custom access refers to new technology that enables on the fly mosaicking to meet user-specified criteria for region of the sky to be mosaicked, datasets to be used, resolution, coordinate system, projection, data type and image format. The yourSky server is a fully automated end-to-end system that handles all aspects of the mosaic construction. This includes management of mosaic requests, determining which input images are required to fulfill each request, management of a data cache for both input image plates and output mosaics, retrieval of input image plates from massive remote archives, image mosaic construction on a multiprocessor system, and making the result accessible to the user on the desktop. The URL for yourSky is http://yourSky.jpl.nasa.gov.
Genetic influences on secondary degeneration and wound healing following spinal cord injury in various strains of mice.

Various inbred strains of mice exhibit dramatic differences in sensitivity to excitotoxic cell death induced by systemic injections of kainic acid (KA). The present study evaluates whether the same strains are also differentially sensitive to secondary degeneration after spinal cord injury, in which excitotoxic cell death is thought to play a pathogenic role. Spinal cord crush injuries were produced at T9 in two inbred strains that are resistant to KA-induced excitotoxic cell death (C57Bl/6 and Balb/c) and four strains that are sensitive (CD-1, FVB/N, 129T2 Sv/EMS, and C57Bl/10). The spinal cord was prepared for light microscopy at intervals from 1 to 56 days postinjury, and the area of damaged tissue (termed lesion size) and amount of cavitation were determined by quantitative image analysis. Lesion size increased between 1 and 7 days in all strains and then decreased steadily in a wound-healing process that occurs uniquely in mice. The extent of cavitation also gradually decreased from 7 to 56 days in all strains. Although lesion area and cavitation decreased in all strains, there were significant differences in lesion size and cavitation across strains. Specifically, lesion areas in the KA-sensitive strains FVB/N, 129T2 Sv/EMS, and CD-1 were significantly larger at 56 days postinjury than in the KA-resistant strains C57Bl/6 and Balb/c. We conclude that the genetic differences that confer resistance and sensitivity to KA-induced neurotoxicity also modify the secondary degenerative processes that occur after spinal cord injury, so that resistance to excitotoxic injury leads to smaller overall lesions and a more effective wound-healing response. J. Comp. Neurol. 451:225–235, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Chaos and constitutionalism: Toward a post‐modern theory of social evolution

Abstract Confronted with environmental challenges, societies traditionally resist adaptative change. Morally sanctioned values guide behavior top‐down, discouraging deviations from accepted norms or structural arrangements. But contemporary societies are embedded in environments so dynamic that commitments to formal identities jeopardize their survival. A more flexible strategy for social evolution is derived by interpreting American Constitutional history in terms of dissipative structures, Chaos, and Post‐Modernist literary theory. Social evolution then appears to be a self‐generated, language‐like process freeing behavioral expression to track environmental shifts through procedural constraints.
Radioimmunoassay of Arginine Vasopressin in Rhesus Monkey Plasma

Using a new antiserum, an enzymatic radioiodination of arginine vasopressin (AVP), and the methodology of Robertson et al. (1,2), we have developed a sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay for plasma AVP in the monkey. The sensitivity of the assay is 0.5 µU/ml, the cross reaction with oxytocin (OT), minimal. We used this assay to study the effects that variations in blood osmolality have in regulating AVP secretion in unanesthetized, chair-restrained, chamber-isolated, adult female rhesus monkeys. Under water ad lib conditions, plasma AVP and osmolality were relatively constant, averaging 1.7 ± 0.6 (SD) µxU/ml and 298 ± 3 mosmol/kg, respectively. Water loading decreased plasma AVP and osmolality to 0.6 ± 0.2 µU/ml and 282 ± 6 mosmol/kg, respectively. When fluid restriction increased osmolality, plasma AVP rose progressively to twice the baseline after 1 day, and to 6 times the baseline after 3 days. The rise in plasma AVP was linearly correlated with the rise in osmolality (r = 0.93; P < 0.001). Intraven...
Target-cancer-cell-specific activatable fluorescence imaging probes: rational design and in vivo applications.

Conventional imaging methods, such as angiography, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and radionuclide imaging, rely on contrast agents (iodine, gadolinium, and radioisotopes, for example) that are “always on.” Although these indicators have proven clinically useful, their sensitivity is lacking because of inadequate target-to-background signal ratio. A unique aspect of optical imaging is that fluorescence probes can be designed to be activatable, that is, only “turned on” under certain conditions. These probes are engineered to emit signal only after binding a target tissue; this design greatly increases sensitivity and specificity in the detection of disease.Current research focuses on two basic types of activatable fluorescence probes. The first developed were conventional enzymatically activatable probes. These fluorescent molecules exist in the quenched state until activated by enzymatic cleavage, which occurs mostly outside of the cells. However, more recently, researchers h...
The detection of simulated malingering using a computerized category classification test

A category classification test was used to differentiate between normal student control participants, students instructed to malinger a memory deficit, and amnesic patients. Controls (N = 44) and amnesic patients (N = 10) were instructed to do their best, while simulators of malingering (N = 43) were instructed to fake a memory deficit for credit and possible financial compensation. Participants studied a list of high distortions of a prototype dot pattern and were then asked to choose whether or not a new set of dot patterns (random patterns, high distortions, low distortions, and the prototype) belonged to the same category of dot patterns as studied. Malingerers performed significantly worse than normal controls and amnesic patients. A discriminant function analysis showed that the classification test can be used to correctly classify participants as simulated malingerers, controls, or amnesic patients significantly higher than chance. These results indicate that a category classification test can be used in the detection of simulated malingering and that some tests of implicit memory provide a potential supplement to standard forced choice tests in the detection of malingering.
Cancer/testis antigens, gametogenesis and cancer.

Cancer/testis (CT) antigens, of which more than 40 have now been identified, are encoded by genes that are normally expressed only in the human germ line, but are also expressed in various tumour types, including melanoma, and carcinomas of the bladder, lung and liver. These immunogenic proteins are being vigorously pursued as targets for therapeutic cancer vaccines. CT antigens are also being evaluated for their role in oncogenesis — recapitulation of portions of the germline gene-expression programme might contribute characteristic features to the neoplastic phenotype, including immortality, invasiveness, immune evasion, hypomethylation and metastatic capacity.
Guest Editorial: A Response to Patrick Moore's “Questioning the Motives of Technical Communication and Rhetoric: Steven Katz's ‘Ethic of Expediency’”:

In my 1992 College English article “The Ethic of Expediency: Classical Rhetoric, Technology, and the Holocaust” [1], I looked at the implications of a Nazi memo whose sole purpose was to improve th...
Polyunsaturated fatty acids inhibit stimulated coupling between the ER Ca2 + sensor STIM1 and the Ca2 + channel protein Orai1 in a process that correlates with inhibition of stimulated STIM1 oligomerization

Abstract Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have been found to be effective inhibitors of cell signaling in numerous contexts, and we find that acute addition of micromolar PUFAs such as linoleic acid effectively inhibit of Ca2 + responses in mast cells stimulated by antigen-mediated crosslinking of FceRI or by the SERCA pump inhibitor, thapsigargin. In contrast, the saturated fatty acid, stearic acid, with the same carbon chain length as linoleic acid does not inhibit these responses. Consistent with this inhibition of store-operated Ca2 + entry (SOCE), linoleic acid inhibits antigen-stimulated granule exocytosis to a similar extent. Using the fluorescently labeled plasma membrane Ca2 + channel protein, AcGFP–Orai1, together with the labeled ER Ca2 + sensor protein, STIM1–mRFP, we monitor stimulated coupling of these proteins that is essential for SOCE with a novel spectrofluorimetric resonance energy transfer method. We find effective inhibition of this stimulated coupling by linoleic acid that accounts for the inhibition of SOCE. Moreover, we find that linoleic acid induces some STIM1–STIM1 association, while inhibiting stimulated STIM1 oligomerization that precedes STIM1–Orai1 coupling. We hypothesize that linoleic acid and related PUFAs inhibit STIM1–Orai1 coupling by a mechanism that involves perturbation of ER membrane structure, possibly by disrupting electrostatic interactions important in STIM1 oligomerization. Thisarticle is part of a Special Issue entitled Tools to study lipid functions.
Ab initio transition structures for 1,5-sigmatropic hydrogen shifts of 1,3-pentadiene and cyclopentadiene

Abstract 3-21G transition structures for 1,5-sigmatropic hydrogen shifts of 1,3-pentadiene and cyclopentadiene have been located. The CHC angles in the transition structures are 130° and 68°, respectively. The difference in calculated activation energies for the two reactions agrees with the experimental difference.
Leftist Parties, Neoliberal Policies, and Reelection Strategies: The Case of the PLN in Costa Rica

How do leftist parties in government abandon their traditional economic development programs, adopt neoliberal policies, and still win reelection? This article examines the case of the leftist Nati...
A Prospective Study of Radiographic Manifestations in Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome

Background Progeria is a rare segmental premature aging disease with significant skeletal abnormalities. Defining the full scope of radiologic abnormalities requires examination of a large proportion of the world’s progeria population (estimated at 1 in 4 million). There has been no comprehensive prospective study describing the skeletal abnormalities associated with progeria.
Assessing Information Literacy Skills Development in First Year Students: A Multi-Year Study

Abstract Assessment data from 5 years of a pretest/posttest with first-year students was analyzed using McNemar's test. The results show that revisiting previous assessment data can identify significant changes in information literacy skill development.
Teasing, body image, and self-esteem in a clinical sample of obese women☆

This study examined the relationship of physical-appearance-related teasing history to body image and self-esteem in a clinical sample of adult obese females. The frequency of being teased about weight and size while growing up was negatively correlated with evaluation of one's appearance and positively correlated with body dissatisfaction during adulthood. Self-esteem was unrelated to teasing history but covaried significantly with body image measures. Subjects with early-onset obesity reported greater body dissatisfaction than did subjects with adult-onset obesity. The findings suggest that being teased about weight/size while growing up may represent a risk factor for the development of negative body image and that self-esteem and body image covary.