cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Proceduralism, civil justice, and American legalthought

American legal scholars spend a large proportion of their time debating and theorizing procedure. This Article focuses on American proceduralism in the particular field of civil justice and undertakes a detailed comparison with England, where procedural questions receive little academic attention. It finds that procedure is more prominent in America partly because Americans have been more willing than others to use private litigation as a tool for regulation. More significantly, procedural questions necessarily occupy more space in American debates because authority over civil justice is unusually dispersed among different actors; procedural rules allocate power among these actors. But American proceduralism runs deeper than these surface explanations allow, and a full account requires an examination of the history of American legal thought. I trace contemporary American proceduralism to a counterintuitive source—the emergence of Legal Realism in the 1920s and 1930s.
Human Metapneumovirus Pneumonia Precipitating Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in an Adult Patient.

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is often due to direct lung injury, trauma, surgery, or infection. Making a definitive diagnosis may be difficult initially, as clinical manifestations are nonspecific until the disease progresses. We present a case of human metapneumovirus (hMPV) pulmonary infection precipitating ARDS. A 51-year-old woman presented with one week of pleuritic chest pain, dyspnea, wheezing, subjective fever, and productive cough prior to presentation. Her medical history was significant for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) with an unknown CD4 count and viral load, pulmonary sarcoidosis, asthma, and being an active smoker. On admission, the patient was dyspneic and using accessory muscles to breathe. She was afebrile and hypotensive. Physical examination revealed bilateral diffuse crackles. Her white blood cell (WBC) count was 7.7 K/mcL. A chest radiograph demonstrated bilateral lung opacifications suggestive of pneumonia, possibly Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (PJP). Broad-spectrum antibiotics, including PJP treatment, corticosteroids, and fluids, were started. The patient received approximately 4 liters of intravenous fluids; yet, she remained hypotensive and required norepinephrine. Chest computed tomography (CT) demonstrated bilateral consolidations. Arterial blood gas (ABG) showed a partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) of 55 mmHg. The patient was intubated for acute hypoxemic respiratory failure and had a PaO2/fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) < 100. Repeat ABG within 12 hours showed a potential of hydrogen (pH) of 7.34, partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) of 42 mmHg, and a PaO2 of 130 mmHg. Bronchoalveolar lavage revealed only hMPV. The patient was managed supportively and extubated three days later. She was discharged home without oxygen requirement. hMPV causes respiratory infections, most commonly in the extremes of age and immunocompromised patients. The treatment is supportive. Our patient developed acute hypoxemic respiratory failure secondary to an hMPV infection. hMPV pneumonia should be considered as a differential diagnosis in patients with severe respiratory illness and ARDS in order to promote antibiotic stewardship.
Adlayer control for tunable AlGaN self-assembled superlattices

AlGaN self-assembled superlattices (SASLs) and their customization were investigated via metal modulated epitaxy. Using the dynamics of metal accumulation, surface strain, and surface segregation, coherent SASL structures were demonstrated with high repeatability over 910 nm (63 periods) with no growth interrupts at rates as high as 2.8 μm/h. High customizability was shown with control over period thickness as well as the thickness of the individual layers. Factors effecting the thickness and composition of each layer are discussed and methods of customization are presented. Transmission electron microscopy shows abrupt interfaces between individual layers of the SASL and good coherency throughout the structure and strong wavelength tunable ultraviolet photoluminescence was observed. Such a method of SASL fabrication offers promise for the growth of multi-quantum well structures, distributed Bragg reflectors, strain relaxation buffers, and beyond without the need for growth interrupts, and thus unintentional contaminant incorporation, between layers.
In Support of Practical Legal Scholarship

In this magazine, we have recently tackled such topics as complex systems, climate change, and extreme weather (itself an example of complexity at work). The intricacy of our environmental problems requires rethinking the role of legal scholarship in generating environmental solutions. This Insights article argues for the vital role of practical legal scholarship, which addresses our environmental challenges by marrying rigorous, legal analysis with multidisciplinary research and a commitment to solutions.
The Films of Federico Fellini: Amarcord : Nostalgia and Politics

It is has long been a critical commonplace that Fellini has no interest in broader social questions or politics. Certainly, he has often expressed a distaste for ideology (which, as we have seen, he defines as a willful lie designed to befuddle common people): “Especially as regards passion for politics, I am more Eskimo than Roman. … I am not a political person, have never been one. Politics and sports leave me completely cold, indifferent.” Moreover, Fellini has frequently proclaimed his belief that he would have been best served to have lived as an artist during the great periods of papal patronage, when he could have found support for his art without regard to ideological considerations: “I believe a person with an artistic bent is naturally conservative and needs order around him. … I need order because I am a transgressor … to carry out my transgressions I need very strict order, with many taboos, obstacles at every step, moralizing, processions, alpine choruses filing along.” His early interest in the exploration of a private fantasy world of his own making, such as we have analyzed in La strada , obliged Fellini to move beyond the typical neorealist attention to critical social issues that was the favored thematic content of the films widely praised by the more ideologically oriented film critics of the late 1940s and early 1950s. Since Fellini's early works did not easily fit into this kind of programmatic realism with a social purpose, it became easy to pigeonhole Fellini's films as extravagant fantasies, baroque metaphors, or self-indulgent autobiographical recollections with little or no relevance to the current events of the times.
Comparison of Responses to Adrenomedullin and Calcitonin Gene‐Related Peptide in the Feline Erection Model

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of intracavernosal injections of adrenomedullin (ADM) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), two structurally similar peptides, on penile erection in the anesthetized cat. Erectile responses to ADM and CGRP were compared with responses to a standard drug combination (1.65 mg papaverine, 25 microg phentolamine, and 0.5 microg prostaglandin E1 [PGE1]). Intracavernosal injections of ADM (0.1-3 nmol) and CGRP (0.01-0.3 nmol) induced erection in a dose-dependent manner. The maximal increase in intracavernosal pressure in response to ADM was a 75% increase, while the maximal response to CGRP was comparable to that induced by the reference combination, and the maximal increase in penile length was comparable with ADM, CGRP, and the standard drug combination. The duration of the maximal pressure increase and the total duration of the response to ADM and CGRP were more abbreviated than with the control combination, and systemic blood pressure was reduced significantly after administration of CGRP, the control combination, and the higher doses of ADM. The nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, L-NAME, and the K+(ATP)-channel antagonist, glybenclamide, had no effect on the erectile response to CGRP or ADM. The CGRP receptor antagonist CGRP(8-37) attenuated the erectile response to CGRP but not to ADM. These data suggest that the erectile responses to ADM and CGRP are not mediated by nitric oxide release or the opening of K+(ATP) channels, two mechanisms reported to be involved in penile erection, and that CGRP and ADM induce penile erection by activating different receptors.
Transport-Dissipation Analytical Solutions to the E-∈Turbulence Model and their Role in Predictions of the Neutral ABL

E-∈ turbulence model predictions of the neutralatmospheric boundary layer (NABL) are reinvestigated to determine thecause for turbulence overpredictions found in previous applications. Analytical solutions to the coupled E and ∈ equations for the case of steady balance between transport and dissipation terms, the dominant balance just below the NABL top, are derived. It is found that analytical turbulence profiles laminarizeat a finite height only for values of closure parameter ratioκ ≡ c∈ 2 σ ∈/σe equal toor slightly greater than one, with laminarization as z → ∞for greater κ. The point κ = 2 is additionally foundthat where analytical turbulent length scale (l) profilesmade a transition from ones ofdecreasing (κ 2)values with height. Numerically predicted profiles near the NABL topare consistent with analytical findings. The height-increasingvalues of l predicted throughout the NABL with standard values ofclosure parameters thus appear a consequence of κ ≈2.5(> 2), implied by these values (c∈ 2 = 1.92,σ∈ = 1.3, σe = 1). Comparison of numericalpredictions with DNS data shows that turbulence overpredictions obtained with standard-valued parameters are rectifiedby resetting σ∈ and σe to ≈1.1 and 1.6, respectively, giving, with c∈ 2 = 1.92,κ ≈ 1.3, and laminarization of the NABL's cappingtransport-dissipation region at a finite height.
An Estimation of Industry-Level Capital-Labor Substitution Elasticities for U.S. Production: An Argument for Cobb-Douglas

A key parameter that determines the distributional impacts of a policy shift in general equilibrium simulations is the elasticity of substitution between capital and labor. Using a rich new data set by the Bureau of Economic Analysis, we estimate substitution elasticities for 28 industries and provide an indication of the long- and short-run estimates. Given the structure of most growth models, we posit that the relationship between capital and labor is likely to be close to Cobb-Douglas. Our findings lend support to the Cobb-Douglas specification as a transparent starting point in simulation analysis.
Dependence Driven Execution for Data Parallelism

This paper proposes an efficient run-time system to schedule general nested loops on multiprocessors. The work extends existing one-dimensional loop scheduling strategies such as static scheduling, affinity scheduling and various dynamic scheduling methods. The extensions are twofold. First, multiple independent loops as found in different branches of parbegin/parend constructs can be scheduled simultaneously. Secondly, multidimensional loops with dependencies and conditions can be aggressively scheduled. The ability to schedule multidimensional loops with dependencies is made possible by providing a dependence vector as an input to the scheduler. Based on this application-specific input, a continuation-passing run-time system using non-blocking threads efficiently orchestrates the parallelism on shared memory MIMD and DSM multi-computers. The run-time system uses a dependence-driven execution which is similar to data-driven and message-driven executions in that it is asynchronous. This asynchrony allows a high degree of parallelism.
Covalent inhibition revealed by the crystal structure of the caspase-8/p35 complex

Apoptosis is a highly regulated process that is crucial for normal development and homeostasis of multicellular organisms1,2. The p35 protein from baculoviruses effectively prevents apoptosis by its broad-spectrum caspase inhibition3,4,5,6,7. Here we report the crystal structure of p35 in complex with human caspase-8 at 3.0 A resolution, and biochemical and mutagenesis studies based on the structural information. The structure reveals that the caspase is inhibited in the active site through a covalent thioester linkage to p35, which we confirmed by gel electrophoresis, hydroxylamine treatment and mass spectrometry experiments. The p35 protein undergoes dramatic conformational changes on cleavage by the caspase. The repositioning of the amino terminus of p35 into the active site of the caspase eliminates solvent accessibility of the catalytic dyad. This may be crucial for preventing hydrolysis of the thioester intermediate, which is supported by the abrogation of inhibitory activity through mutations at the N terminus of p35. The p35 protein also makes conserved contacts with the caspase outside the active-site region, providing the molecular basis for the broad-spectrum inhibitory activity of this protein. We demonstrate a new molecular mechanism of caspase inhibition, as well as protease inhibition in general.
Panel Attrition from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics Household Income, Marital Status, and Mortality

This analysis is concerned with the determinants of panel attrition from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics and with its consequences for estimation of dynamic behavioral models which exploit the panel or longitudinal information-household income dynamics, marriage formation and dissolution, and adult mortality risk. We develop and estimate joint models of attrition and one or more of these substantive processes, and allow for correlation across the equations through random effects. Although we find evidence of significant selectivity in attrition behavior, the biases that are introduced by ignoring selective attrition are very mild.
Workers, Information, and Corporate Combinations: The Case for Non-Binding Employee Referenda in Transformative Transactions

Employees present a curious puzzle for corporate law. The success of a corporation depends on its employees, from the chief executive officer down to the front-line production or service worker. But for the most part, corporate law relegates employees to the sidelines. Perhaps nowhere is this difference as dramatic as in the realm of mergers, acquisitions, and other transformative transactions. Such transactions are usually negotiated at the highest levels of management, approved by the board, and ultimately approved by the shareholders. In contrast, employees at most may be able to bargain about the effects of the merger through union representatives; otherwise, they have no input. This paper proposes that employees be given a vote in a nonbinding referendum on mergers, acquisitions, and the other corporate combinations which shareholders must approve. The purpose of such a referendum would be twofold. First, it would provide more information to shareholders about the costs and benefits of the proposed transaction. As such, it would facilitate greater interaction between shareholders and employees to police management. Second, it would give employees a voice in the process - a voice that is valuable even if it has no material ramifications. Given the low costs in implementing the referendum, the paper encourages states to consider this corporate law innovation as a small but significant addition to their corporation statutes.
Laser-based ultrasound detection using a double-pumped phase-conjugate mirror for wavefront compensation

Summary form only given. We present the results of a laser-based ultrasound inspection system combining a wavefront-scrubbed laser receiver with a pulsed laser ultrasonic generator. Laser based ultrasound represents a noncontact, long-standoff-distance technology to remotely inspect materials for integrity of bonds, surface treatments, thickness, defects, microcracks, and temperature.
Conductor Characterization of YBCO Twisted Stacked-Tape Cables

Cable performances of a flat high temperature superconductor (HTS) tape cable fabricated by twisted stacked-tape cable (TSTC) method were experimentally evaluated under various bending diameters at 77 and 4.2 K in self-field. The straight conductor was made with 32 YBCO tapes and twisted using the TSTC method. The 32-tape YBCO TSTC straight conductor was soldered, and then the critical currents were tested at various bending diameters between 1 m and 140 mm. The critical current at a bending diameter of 140 mm was about 6% lower than the straight cable. The same cable with a bending diameter of 250 mm was charged to 10 kA in one second in liquid helium. A new magnet winding technique, stacked-tape twist-wind (STTW), of YBCO tapes using the TSTC concept has been developed, and a 2.3-m, 50-tape YBCO tape coil fabricated with this method was tested. Its critical current was 4.0 kA at 100 μV/m at 19.7 T in liquid helium. It was observed that for an electromagnetic Lorentz force of 50 kN/m the soldered YBCO cable started degrading. A curved saddle coil winding using a STTW technique was demonstrated.
BETWEEN CONTACT LENS AND CORNEA

A description is given of new clinical (office) tests being used to evaluate the tears in relation to pathology detection and the selection of contact lens patients.
Incorporating kinodynamic constraints in automated design of simple machines

Robots are inherently limited by constraints on their motor power, battery life, and structural rigidity. Using simple machines and exploiting their mechanical advantage can significantly increase the breadth of a robot’s capabilities. In this work, we present an autonomous planner which allows a robot to determine how arbitrary rigid objects in its environment can be utilized in machine designs to overcome physical challenges. First, the designed structure must be sufficient to achieve a task given the input force and torque that can be applied by the robot. Second, the structure must be accessible to the robot given its kinematics and geometry so that it can actually be used to perform the task. The output of our algorithm is the configuration of the design components, the pose of the robot to make contact with the design, and the motor torques needed to actuate it. We demonstrate results with the robot Golem Krang, using levers as simple machines, to overturn 100 kg load and to push 240 kg wheeled obstacle.
A k-measure of irreducibility and doubly stochastic matrices

Abstract A “k-measure of irreducibility” for a doubly stochastic matrix is developed with the aid of some combinatorial results. An application of this measure is established involving a lower bound for the second largest eigenvalue of a symmetric doubly stochastic matrix.
The fusion of culture and science: Challenges and controversies of cultural competency and evidence-based practice with an African American family advocacy network

Abstract This paper identifies interrelationships between evidence-based practice (EBP), radical structuralism, and culture, arguing that culturally-specific beliefs and norms should be integrated into evidence-based, cross-cultural partnerships within child and family service systems. A single case study of family advocate training in evidence-based practice is provided as an illustration of, and impetus for, the development of a format for use with community-based and ethnically-diverse parent/family advocates. The lessons learned from teaching evidence-based practice to a parent advocate in a particular child welfare service system are highlighted. The use of enhanced roles for social workers and indigenous social capital and resources, such as family advocates as allies, is recommended to help achieve a greater degree of accountability, cooperation, and core understanding in the use of EBP. By training racially-diverse foster parents as mental health advocates to work collaboratively with policymakers, community groups, and family participants, proponents of EBP will reach and benefit more diverse populations.
Uptake of Nitric Acid on Ice at Tropospheric Temperatures: Implications for Cirrus Clouds†

The uptake of nitric acid by thin ice films at temperatures from 209 to 220 K was studied using a Knudsen cell flow reactor and FTIR reflection absorption spectroscopy (FTIR−RAS). Using the measure...
Quasi-elastic light scattering from a sodium salt of ethyl acrylate-acrylic acid copolymer

0021-9797/78/0632-0290502.00/0 Copyright © 1978 by Academic Press, Inc. All rights of reproduction in any form reserved. become important and, in extreme cases, the solute molecules may assume a high degree of order (6); and (2) it is necessary to understand the effects of charge on measurements made on dilute solutions in order to analyze the data in terms of the hydrodynamic properties of the solute molecules. A complete theory of the effects of charge on light scattering measurements is not yet available. However, in the dilute solution limit we may use the theory of Stephen (7). The result of interest to us here is that when the Debye shielding length is small compared with the scattering wavelength, the measured diffusion constant may be expressed as
Mott and Wigner-Mott transitions in doped correlated electron systems: Effects of superlattice potential and intersite correlation

We introduce the notion of superstructure Mottness to describe the Mott and Wigner-Mott transition in doped strongly correlated electron systems at commensurate filling fractions away from one electron per site. We show that superstructure Mottness emerges in an inhomogeneous electron system when the superstructure contains an odd number of electrons per supercell. We argue that superstructure Mottness exists even in the absence of translation symmetry breaking by a superlattice, provided that the extended or intersite Coulomb interaction is strong. In the latter case, superstructure Mottness offers a unifying framework for the Mott and Wigner physics and a nonperturbative, strong coupling description of the Wigner-Mott transition. We support our proposal by studying a minimal single-band ionic Hubbard $t$-$U$-$V$-$\Delta$ model with nearest neighbor Coulomb repulsion $V$ and a two-sublattice ionic potential $\Delta$. The model is mapped onto a Hubbard model with two effective ``orbitals'' representing the two sites within the supercell, the intra and interorbital Coulomb repulsion $U$ and $U^\prime \sim V$, and a crystal field splitting $\Delta$. Charge order on the original lattice corresponds to orbital order. Developing a cluster Gutzwiller approximation, we study the effects and the interplay between $V$ and $\Delta$ on the Mott and Wigner-Mott transitions at quarter-filling. We provide the mechanism by which the superlattice potential enhances the correlation effects and the tendency towards local moment formation, construct and elucidate the phase diagram in the unifying framework of superstructure Mottness.
Thymus-Dependent Lymphocytes In Lymphoproliferative Disorders Of The Skin (Sezary Syndrome And Mycosis Fungoides)

Practically all circulating blood cells migrate through the skin. This process is accelerated during the acute inflammatory reaction where the stimuli for diapedesis and chemotaxis of granulocytes and macrophages are reasonably well understood. The same cannot be said for the cells involving the lymphoid series. Despite the fact that many dermatologic disorders are associated with lymphocytic infiltrates , only a few studies have been initiated to determine to what extent lymphocytes migrate through normal skin and which of the known lymphocyte sub populations playa role in different cutaneous diseases . Since it is generally believed that lymphocytes seen in the skin are of hematogenous rather than of local origin, the distribution of cells infiltrating the skin may reflect the percentages present in circulating blood. Indeed, available observations have proved this assumption to be partially correct. Thus, in the case of B-Iymphocytes where subpopulations can be identified by virtue of various classes of surface-bound immunoglobulin , at least one observer has reported that patients with allergic contact dermatitis have a predominance of IgDcoated lymphocytes, patients with atopic dermatitis have an increase in IgE-bearing lymphocytes , and subjects with drug reactions tend to augment both IgD and IgE positive cells in the peripheral blood as well as in their skin lesions [1]. However, it is dangerous to assume that in all pathologic states tissue lymphocytes have the same distribution as those in the blood; the cells may be selectively retained locally as a consequence of their surface or other functional properties, and hyperplastic or neoplastic proliferation may take place in tissues independent of stimuli affecting the cells in the bone marrow or circulating blood . Unfortunately, the facility with which various sub populations of B-Iymphocytes can be identified
The ebolavirus VP24 interferon antagonist: Know your enemy

Suppression during the early phases of the immune system often correlates directly with a fatal outcome for the host. The ebolaviruses, some of the most lethal viruses known, appear to cripple initial stages of the host defense network via multiple distinct paths. Two of the eight viral proteins are critical for immunosuppression. One of these proteins is VP35, which binds double-stranded RNA and antagonizes several antiviral signaling pathways.1,2 The other protein is VP24, which binds transporter molecules to prevent STAT1 translocation.3 A more recent discovery is that VP24 also binds STAT1 directly,4 suggesting that VP24 may operate in at least two separate branches of the interferon pathway. New crystal structures of VP24 derived from pathogenic and nonpathogenic ebolaviruses reveal its novel, pyramidal fold, upon which can be mapped sites required for virulence and for STAT1 binding. These structures of VP24, and new information about its direct binding to STAT1, provide avenues by which we may explore its many roles in the viral life cycle, and reasons for differences in pathogenesis among the ebolaviruses.
Large Pore Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles by Templating with a Nonsurfactant Molecule, Tannic Acid

We describe a one-pot synthesis of novel large-pore mesoporous silica nanoparticles using a nonsurfactant template, tannic acid, and protein immobilization on these particles. The tannic-acid-templated mesoporous silica nanoparticles (TA-MSNPs) possess tunable large pores (6–13 nm), unique pore morphology, and a uniform diameter of ca. 200 nm. TA-MSNPs show high protein adsorption capacity of 77.1 mg/g for lysozyme, 396.5 mg/g for bovine hemoglobin, and 130.0 mg/g for bovine serum albumin and rapid protein uptake. They can also adsorb a large amount of m-MDH (421 ± 13 mg/g) and protect this enzyme from the environment, as demonstrated by its high activity when encapsulated inside the mesopores of TA-MSNPs.
Single vs. double cropping under two levels of fertilization with and without irrigation

Abstract A corn‐small grain cropping sequence resulted in a greater total grain yield than corn or small grain alone or grain sorghum double cropped with small grain. Drought restricted yield responses to N, P and K in non‐irrigated plots but under irrigation grain yield for each cropping sequence was directly related to fertilizer applied. All fertilizer treatments increased soil acidity. Phosphorus and K applied at 26 and 50 kg/ha, respectively for each crop in the sequence maintained P and K levels in the soil. After three years, the high rate of fertilizer (87 and 166 kg/ha of P and K, respectively) resulted in greater soil P and K values than the low rate of fertilizer.
A VARIATIONAL RELATIONSHIP FOR NONEQUILIBRIUM, REAL-TIME QUANTITIES.

Abstract The functional dependence of the real time self-energies Σ ≷ ( p , ω, R , T) and the incoherent part of the density-density correlation function ϱ 2 (x, t , R, T ) obtained as the analytic continuations of functions defined for imaginary times, are examined for normal systems of fermions interacting instantaneously. It is found that although the imaginary time functions can be expressed as functional derivatives of some quantity, the real time functions in general cannot. However, at low temperatures and for slowly varying fields, an approximate relationship of this form exists. The real time functions generated in this way differ from the exact quantities by terms which vanish at low temperatures as ( KT μ ) 3 . In addition, it is shown that for a particular class of variations δ g≷( p , ω, R , T) , corrections to the relationship Re (−iδo) = ∫ dω dω′ d 3 p (2π) 5 ℘ ω − ω′ ∑ ( p ,ω, R,T )δg > ( p ,ω′, R,T ) − ∑ > ( p ,ω, R,T )δg ( p ,ω′, R,T ) − 1 2 ∫ d 3 x dt[δV(x,t)]ϱ 2 (x,t,R,T) are of order ( KT μ ) 4 . Similar statements may be made in nonequilibrium situations in which local thermodynamic variables may not be defined. These results are shown by a detailed examination of the differences in functional dependence between the expansions of these quantities in the ordinary way and that appropriate to a zero temperature theory.
Automated Test Generation Using Concolic Testing

In this talk, I will talk about the recent advances and challenges in concolic testing and symbolic execution. Concolic testing, also known as directed automated random testing (DART) or dynamic symbolic execution, is an efficient way to automatically and systematically generate test inputs for programs. Concolic testing uses a combination of runtime symbolic execution and automated theorem proving techniques to generate automatically non-redundant and exhaustive test inputs. Concolic testing has inspired the development of several industrial and academic automated testing and security tools such as PEX, SAGE, and YOGI at Microsoft, Apollo at IBM, Conbol at Samsung, and CUTE, jCUTE, CATG, Jalangi, SPLAT, BitBlaze, jFuzz, Oasis, and SmartFuzz in academia. A central reason behind the wide adoption of concolic testing is that, while concolic testing uses program analysis and automated theorem proving techniques internally, it exposes a testing usage model that is familiar to most software developers. A key challenge in concolic testing techniques is scalability for large realistic programs---often the number of feasible execution paths of a program increases exponentially with the increase in the length of an execution path. I will describe MultiSE, a new technique for merging states incrementally during symbolic execution, without using auxiliary variables. The key idea of MultiSE is based on an alternative representation of the state, where we map each variable, including the program counter, to a set of guarded symbolic expressions called a value summary. MultiSE has several advantages over conventional DSE and state merging techniques: 1) value summaries enable sharing of symbolic expressions and path constraints along multiple paths, 2) value-summaries avoid redundant execution, 3) MultiSE does not introduce auxiliary symbolic values, which enables it to make progress even when merging values not supported by the constraint solver, such as floating point or function values. We have implemented MultiSE for JavaScript programs in a publicly available open-source tool . Our evaluation of MultiSE on several programs shows that MultiSE can run significantly faster than traditional symbolic execution.
On the growth of small fatigue cracks in aluminum-lithium alloy 2090

It is the objective of this article to examine the behavior of small (2 to 1000 ..mu..m) fatigue cracks in a commercial Al-Li-Cu-Zr alloy, and to compare results with those determined on conventional long (greater than or equal to 20 mm) crack samples. The development of ultra-lightweight aluminum-lithium alloys has aroused much interest in the aerospace industry with the prospect of the design of aircraft with alloys of lower density and increased modulus. Moreover, although Li additions can cause low ductility and toughness properties, Al-Li-X alloys generally show far superior fatigue crack growth resistance to traditional aluminum alloys, such as 2124 and 7050. However, the latter observations are based exclusively on long (greater than or equal to 10 mm) crack studies; to date little information is available on the behavior of small fatigue cracks in these alloys.
Engineered Quantum Dots for Lasers

We address the growth, characterization, and rationale for patterned quantum dot lasers those structures in which arbitrary size and distribution profiles are possible within some limits.
Coordinations of vinyltetrahydrothiophene to a trirhenium cluster

Abstract The reaction of Re 3 (CO) 10 (NCMe) 2 (μ-H) 3 with 2-vinyltetrahydrothiophene (VTHT) at 25°C for 22 h yielded two products: Re 3 (CO) 10 (μ-H) 3 (μ-S(CH 2 ) 3 CHCHCH 2 ) ( 1 ; 50% yield), and Re 3 (CO) 9 (μ-H) 3 (μ-η 3 -S(CH 2 ) 3 CHCHCH 2 ) ( 2 ; 12% yield). Compound 1 exists in solution as a mixture of isomers in a dynamic equilibrium at room temperature. One of the isomers of 1 and 2 were characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses. Compound 1 contains a triangular trirhenium cluster with ten linear terminal carbonyl ligands, three bridging hydride ligands and a bridging vinyltetrahydrothiophene ligand coordinated to two metal atoms by using both of the lone pairs of the electrons on the sulfur atom of the vinyltetrahydrothiophene molecule. Compound 2 contains a triangular cluster of three rhenium atoms and a triple-bridging vinyltetrahydrothiophene ligand that is coordinated to two of the rhenium atoms through the sulfur atom and a π-coordination of the vinyl group to the third metal atom. In both complexes there is a bridging hydride ligand across each of the three rhenium–rhenium bonds in the cluster. Facile interconversion of the two isomers of 1 was observed by 2D EXSYS 1 H-NMR spectroscopy. Compound 2 can be obtained from 1 in 98% yield via thermal decarbonylation by refluxing a solution in methylene chloride for 18 h.
Three cage windows for unobstructed animal photography

Three removable cage windows, which make it possible to photograph captive animals with a minimum of obstruction, are described. They are designed for cages with a hinged or sliding door, or as a built-in fixture in the wall of the cage.
Hydroxypropyl cyclodextrins: Potential synergism with carcinogens

The solubility of the lipophilic carcinogens benzo[a]pyrene and aflatoxin B1 in water increases linearly and substantially with the concentration of hydroxypropyl beta-cyclodextrin present. Results of a kinetic study of naphthalene, a model for more potent carcinogens, indicate that the increase in the dissolution rate and in the transport through the aqueous phase into a nonpolar phase is on the same order of magnitude as the increase in solubility. Consequently, hydroxypropyl beta-cyclodextrin, when used in pharmaceutical formulations, has the potential to increase the absorption of carcinogens which enter the gastrointestinal tract either as food components or from air pollution through saliva. Only the above mechanism's simple proportionality needs be considered for estimating the increases in carcinogen absorption in the upper gastrointestinal tract and in the colon. In the presence of bile, however, additional factors are involved and the proportionality does not apply. Bile micelles, which themselves are effective solubilizers of lipophilic carcinogens, were disrupted by hydroxypropyl beta-cyclodextrin because of the formation of complexes with bile salts. Thus, in the presence of bile, two systems for delivery of carcinogens may coexist: that of cotransport with lipids and that of delivery through solubilization by hydroxypropyl beta-cyclodextrin.
Ventilatory and blood gas adjustments in exercising isothermic ducks

To determine the importance of hyperthermia on exercise hyperpnea in birds, we exercised adult Pekin ducks on a treadmill (3° incline) at an ambient temperature of −5°C for 20 min at 1.47 km/h. At that temperature, ducks maintained constant body temperature throughout exercise. During exercise, tidal volume decreased and respiratory frequency increased, to account for an approximate doubling of minute ventilation. Heart rate and systolic and diastolic blood pressure significantly increased during exercise. ArterialPCO2 decreased approximately 3 Torr during running while mixed venousPCO2 increased initially, before returning to control values. Changes in arterial pH during exercise were small. Mixed venous pH markedly decreased at the onset of exercise, then reached a steady value for the remainder of exercise. Mixed venousPO2 and arterial and mixed venous plasma [HCO3−] decreased during running, while venous [lactic acid] increased approximately 75% over control values. We concluded that ducks hyperventilate during exercise even though body temperature remains constant. Although hyperthermia may play a role in eliciting ventilatory changes with exercise in ducks, other factors also contribute to the overall hypernea.
PERCEPTIONS OF SEXUAL HARASSMENT IN THE FLORIDA LEGAL SYSTEM A Comparison of Dominance and Spillover Explanations

This article applies two explanations of sexual harassment—gender dominance and sex-role spillover—in multivariate analyses of perceptions of two forms of harassment of women in legal settings by male judges and attorneys. Regression analyses of data from statewide samples of Florida judges and attorneys support the age/spillover hypothesis: Older cohorts of men are markedly less likely than are other respondents to perceive male judges' and attorneys' gender-typing behavior (e.g., commenting on women's appearance in court). Some support is also found for the age/dominance hypothesis, which predicts that younger women will be especially aware of more serious forms of sexual harassment by male judges and attorneys. Younger women judges, particularly those with a feminist orientation, show markedly greater awareness of sexual advances and other dominance behaviors by male judges.
Water Channel (Aquaporin 1) Expression and Distribution in Mammary Carcinomas and Glioblastomas

The aquaporins represent a family of transmembrane water channel proteins that are widely distributed in various tissues throughout the body and play a major role in transcellular and transepithelial water movement. Most tumors have been shown to exhibit high vascular permeability and high interstitial fluid pressure, but the transport pathways for water within tumors remain unknown. In this study, we examined the distribution of the aquaporin 1 (AQP1) water channel protein in several types of transplanted tumor. Two mammary carcinomas, MCaIV and R3230AC, and three glioblastomas, HGL21, U87, and F98, were implanted in rats and mice. Two sites of implantation in rodents were chosen: a cranial window (CW) region and a subcutaneous (SC) region. Tissues were studied using immunoblot analysis and immunofluorescence staining. In the mammary carcinomas, AQP1 was localized in vascular structures; no differences between CW and SC regions were observed. Among the three glioblastomas, HGL21 and U87 exhibited similar AQP1 localization in vascular structures, whereas the center of F98 did not show vascular staining. Cell membranes of normal epithelial cells did not show AQP1 expression, while membranes of most tumor cells exhibited significant AQP1 expression. Interestingly, however, HGL21 and F98 in the CW locations showed no AQP1 expression on tumor cell membranes. These results show that the AQP1 water channel is heterogeneously expressed in tumor cells and their vasculature, and that the level of expression is determined not only by the specific cellular origin of the tumor, but also by the location of the tumor in the host animal.
Optical orientation effects in the secondary radiation of excitonic molecules

Abstract The spectrum of secondary radiation emitted from excitonic molecules under resonant two-photon excitation is investigated theoretically. Taking into account the optical orientation for the final exciton states of the emission process, we derive polarization and angular features of the radiation, reflecting directly the relaxation stage of the molecules.
Vascular endothelial growth factor increases release of gelatinase A and decreases release of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases by microvascular endothelial cells in vitro.

The present study was designed to determine the influences of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) on cell proliferation and the release of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) from human dermal microvascular endothelial cells. Treatment of cultures with 10 ng/ml or more of VEGF significantly increased cell proliferation. The effect of VEGF treatment on the levels of specific MMPs and TIMPs in the media was subsequently examined in cultures that were treated with 10 ng/ml VEGF. Zymography and Western blot analyses demonstrated that gelatinase A levels in the media were increased by VEGF treatment. Collagenase was detected by Western blots in both VEGF-treated and untreated culture media, but the levels were not significantly increased by the VEGF treatment. An ELISA assay confirmed that VEGF treatment significantly increased gelatinase A levels but did not significantly increase collagenase levels. Western blot and ELISA data showed that VEGF treatment significantly decreased TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 levels compared to untreated cultures. The data suggest that VEGF may modulate endothelial cell-derived MMP activity by: (1) increasing the abundance of gelatinase A; (2) disinhibiting gelatinase A by decreasing the abundance of TIMP-2; and (3) disinhibiting preexisting collagenase by reducing levels of TIMP-1. These actions could contribute to the ability of VEGF to promote endothelial cell invasion of new territory.
Update in women's health 2006-2007.

In this paper, we summarize recent women’s health articles and guidelines that could potentially change practice, presented at the 30th annual meeting of the Society of General Internal Medicine.
Sex differences in self-grooming of rats: Effects of gonadal hormones and context

When prepubescent males and females were placed alone in a novel cage, males were found to groom their genitals, but not other body regions, more than females. This sex difference was present in untreated and in testosterone-treated gonadectomized rats as well as in intact rats. Neither the presence of gonads nor testosterone treatment affected grooming in this context. However, when similarly treated rats of the same age were observed in groups in the home cage, no sex difference in genital grooming of intact or gonadectomized rats was found. Testosterone significantly increased nongenital grooming in both sexes and genital grooming in males. Thus, both the presence of sex differences and the effects of testosterone on self-grooming depend on the behavioral context.
Enhanced error-related brain activity in children predicts the onset of anxiety disorders between the ages of 6 and 9

Considering that anxiety disorders frequently begin before adulthood and often result in chronic impairment, it is important to characterize the developmental pathways leading to the onset of clinical anxiety. Identifying neural biomarkers that can predict the onset of anxiety in childhood may increase our understanding of the etiopathogenesis of anxiety, as well as inform intervention and prevention strategies. An event-related potential (ERP), the error-related negativity (ERN) has been proposed as a biomarker of risk for anxiety and has previously been associated with concurrent anxiety in both adults and children. However, no previous study has examined whether the ERN can predict the onset of anxiety disorders. In the current study, ERPs were recorded while 236 healthy children, approximately 6 years of age, performed a Go/No-Go task to measure the ERN. Three years later, children and parents came back to the lab and completed diagnostic interviews regarding anxiety disorder status. Results indicated that enhanced error-related brain activity at age 6 predicted the onset of new anxiety disorders by age 9, even when controlling for baseline anxiety symptoms and maternal history of anxiety. Considering the potential utility of identifying early biomarkers of risk, this is a novel and important extension of previous work.
PhysioScripts: An extensible, open source platform for the processing of physiological data

A commonality across research involving physiological measures is the need to process large amounts of data. Such data processing typically involves the use of software tools to achieve several methodological steps, including identifying and correcting artifacts and defining epochs of time for the reduction and analysis of one or more physiological measures. This article describes a new tool to aid in the processing of physiological data: PhysioScripts. Key elements of PhysioScripts include a graphical interface to view and edit the results of processing steps, as well as a flexible framework to automate the creation of uniform or variable length epochs. The software comprises freely available scripts implemented in the R computing environment. Consequently, PhysioScripts can be readily modified to process other data types through the addition of new subroutines that can be plugged into the existing data processing framework. For illustrative purposes, we describe the steps involved in two data processing examples: (1) heart rate variability from the electrocardiogram and (2) respiratory rate derived from a chest strain gauge. The software, accompanying documentation, and an example data set are available online at israelchristie.com/software.
Analysis of the exponential decay model of the neuron showing frequency threshold effects.

The exponential decay model of a neuron has been analyzed using the “random walk” approach of stochastic processes and an “absorbing barrier” solution is obtained forg T (s)—the Laplace transform of the output pulse interval density function. An expression for the mean output frequency is derived from this and a variety of input-output curves plotted which show frequency threshold effects in single neurons. Our results are compared with those of other authors obtained by computer simulation techniques, and the significance of these results discussed with reference to the possible behavior of networks constructed of such neuron units.
The simultaneous analysis of carbon monoxide and suspended particulate matter produced by cigarette smoking.

Abstract Carbon monoxide (CO) and suspended particulate matter (SPM) produced by a cigarette smoking machine were monitored simultaneously in a nonventilated but well-mixed exposure chamber of 9.2 m3. Measured concentration decreases of CO and SPM were equivalent to concentration half-lives of 84 and 43 minutes, respectively, which were found to be significantly different. These results are indicative that removal mechanisms are operating for both species. The difference in rates will require a correction before CO can be used as a tracer gas for SPM in evaluating the relative concentrations of each in ventilation studies and the exposure of nonsmokers to cigarette smoke. Generation rates of CO and SPM were estimated to be 82.7 and 17.2 mg per cigarette, respectively. These values for SPM are somewhat lower than data obtained by immediate filtration methods (Cambridge Filter), but were comparable to other exposure chamber results. The CO results agree well with other studies. These chamber results are perhaps a better estimate of the exposure hazard to nonsmokers of SPM from cigarette smoke than immediate filtration methods. The effect of a person smoking one pack per day is evaluated in terms of the concentrations of CO and SPM reached in a work space occupied by one smoker and one nonsmoker. Compared to the National Primary Ambient Air Quality Standards, the CO standards are met for reasonable ventilation conditions, but the SPM standards are exceeded in all but the best ventilated conditions.