cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Oxovanadium(IV) complexes of dithiocarbamates

Abstract Complexes of oxovanadium(IV) with 5 N,N-disubstituted dithiocarbamates (dtc) have been prepared and characterized. The ligands are diethyl-, ethylphenyl-, piperidine-, methylcyclohexyl-, and dicyclohexyl-dithiocarbamate; and the general complex formula is VO(RR′ dtc ) 2 . Vibrational, electronic and EPR spectral studies have been made and the effects which varying the R groups have on the VO, C|N and C|S stretching frequencies and on the electronic transitions are discussed in terms of the electronic structure of the dtc ligands and a qualitative molecular orbital scheme for the complexes.
Development and evaluation of a 3-D microphone array to locate individual acoustic sources in a high-speed jet

A 3-D microphone array was developed, evaluated, and used to locate the origins of individual sound waves that were created within a high-speed, high Reynolds number, turbulent jet. In previous work by the authors, a linear array of microphones and simultaneous temporally resolved flow visualizations were used to determine the origin of individual sound waves and their generation mechanisms within the jet. The linear array algorithm assumed the noise sources were distributed along the jet axis, and was not able to resolve off-axis locations of noise sources. Further, the registration of sound radiation from similar phenomena within the mixing layer was observed to depend on whether the phenomena occurred on the array side of the jet or the opposite side. Based on these error sources and observations, a new array was developed that can locate the individual sources of sound waves within three dimensions. This work presents the development of this array, its validation, and its use to locate noise sources within a high-speed jet. The 3-D array with its accompanying noise source location algorithm is quite robust and accurate as it predicted the precise location of noise sources from a plasma arc, a high-frequency fluidic device, and the expected radial distribution of noise sources from a high-speed jet.
Reissert compound studies. XXXV. Acid-catalyzed condensations of the phthalazine reissert compound and condensations of phthalazine reissert compound salt

The phthalazine Reissert compound hydrofluoroborate undergoes condensation with alkynes to give pyrrolo[2,1-α]phthalazines and with alkenes to give 2-(1-phthalazyl)pyrroles. The phthalazine Reissert compound undergoes acid catalyzed condensations with some alkenes but the intermediate is of sufficient stability to be isolated. This same type of intermediate can also be isolated in the acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of the phthalazine Reissert compound.
Anti-Ramsey properties of random graphs

We call a coloring of the edge set of a graph G a b-bounded coloring if no color is used more than b times. We say that a subset of the edges of G is rainbow if each edge is of a different color. A graph has property A(b,H) if every b-bounded coloring of its edges has a rainbow copy of H. We estimate the threshold for the random graph G"n","p to have property A(b,H).
Random chemical modification of the oxygen-linked chloride-binding sites of hemoglobin: those in the central dyad axis may influence the transition between deoxy- and oxy-hemoglobin.

The features of random chemical modification are defined with reference to acetylation of bovine hemoglobin, which has been performed in a random manner so that all of the amino groups that participate in functional chloride binding (i.e., those that are oxygen-linked) could be identified. Random chemical modification, which has objectives different from those of both specific (selective) and extensive chemical modification, has been achieved for bovine hemoglobin with the mild reagent,14C-methyl acetate phosphate; retention of function was demonstrated by a Hill coefficient ofn=2.2 for the modified hemoglobin. After removal of unmodified Hb chains, the mixture of randomly modified acetylated α or β chains was subjected to tandem treatment with trypsin and chymotrypsin. Peptides were purified by HPLC and identified by amino acid analysis. The amount of radioactivity in the acetylated amino group of a purified peptide was taken as an estimate of the degree of chloride binding. For bovine Hb, two amino groups of the α-chain (Val-1 and Lys-99) and three amino groups of the β-chain (Met-1, Lys-81, and Lys-103) were shown to be oxygen-linked (i.e., to have incorporated significantly more radioactivity in the deoxy conformation compared to the same site in the oxy conformation). Three of these sites were already known chloride-binding sites [i.e., Val-1(α), the N-terminus of the α-chain, and two sites between the 2 β-chains of bovine hemoglobin, Met-1(β) and Lys-81(β); these findings support the conclusions of the random modification approach. Two other chloride-binding sites, Lys-99(α) and Lys-103(β), align the sides of the central dyad axis connecting the two well-known major chloride-binding sites of bovine Hb. The interrelationship of these five chloride-binding sites was assessed by improved molecular graphics. When viewed through the central dyad axis, the functional chloride-binding sites in the central cavity appear to be symmetrically related and to connect the two major chloride-binding sites. Modifiers or mutants that are directed at these regions in the central dyad axis may favor the deoxy conformation to provide a lower oxygen affinity by preventing the constriction of the central cavity that normally occurs upon oxygenation.
Emotional reactivity and susceptibility to gastric erosions.

Contradictory results in the literature led to a re-analysis of previously collected data which failed to provide evidence for a relationship between behaviors in an open-field or a reaction-to-handling test and immobilization-produced gastric erosions.
Intraoperative Balloon Dilation as an Adjunct to Bypass Surgery

Intraoperative balloon dilation (with or without laser assistance) was performed on 30 lesions in 20 patients in whom proposed bypasses distal to the tibioperoneal trunk were revised to more proximal bypasses (above- or below-knee femoropopliteal) following successful dilation. Only 3 patients overall required subsequent amputation—at one month, nine months, and one year postoperatively, respectively. There were 3 deaths from unrelated causes; all had patent grafts at time of death. Two patients were lost to follow-up. This experience reinforces the beneficial adjunctive role of intraoperative balloon dilation in patients who require long bypasses, allowing less extensive reconstructive procedures to be performed and consequently yielding better long-term results than surgery alone.
A microelectrode for delivery of defined charge densities.

A procedure is described for fabricating microelectrodes of platinum-30% iridium, insulated with Epoxylite varnish and having beveled ellipsoidal tips obtained by truncating a conical tip at an angle of 30-50 degrees. The geometric surface area of the ellipsoidal facet is reproducible and easily measured. Using these electrodes, neurons in the cerebral cortex of cats have been activated without damage throughout 24 h or more of continuous stimulation at 15-30 microA and charge densities of 150-300 microC/cm2.phase.
Isolation of mitochondrial DNA sequences that distinguish male-sterility-inducing cytoplasms in Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.

We have demonstrated that sorghum DNA sequences of mitochondrial origin can be used to distinguish different male-sterility-inducing cytoplasms. Six DNA clones containing single-copy mitochondrial sequences were hybridized on Southern blots to restriction enzyme-digested DNA of 28 sorghum lines representing sources of different cytoplasmic male-sterility (CMS) groups. Four cytoplasmic types were defined on the basis of the pattern of DNA fragments detected. Similar analyses of 50 additional diverse sorghum accessions suggested that three of the four cytoplasmic types may be diagnostic for CMS. Also, three other cytoplasmic types were discovered. These and other mitochondrial DNA clones may be useful molecular tools for “fingerprinting” sterility-inducing cytoplasms in breeding programs, determining cytoplasmic diversity among germ plasm accessions, and identifying new sources of cytoplasm that induce male sterility.
Different outcomes of synergy between song production and song perception in the same subspecies (Molothrus ater ater).

Here we report data requiring a reinterpretation of published results on the female cowbird's (Molothrus ater ater) ability to identify male song (King, A. P., and West, M. J. (1983). Female perception of cowbird song: A closed developmental program. Dev. Psychobiol., 16:335-342). Previously we stated that naive females, given extensive social experience with males from a distant cowbird subspecies, showed the same degree of preference for native song as did naive females reared with local males: extensive experience with another subspecies produced no evidence of postnatal modifiability. The procedure used to probe for modifiability did not, however, expose the different groups of females to comparable levels of stimulation because the females differentially affected the behavior of their male companions. We must therefore amend our conclusion about the modifiability of females. In addition, we report data on populational differences within the M.a. ater subspecies in the female's ability to influence heterosubspecific males, but data that are consistent with the more general pattern of synergistic effects during song development.
RAF Inhibitor-Induced KSR1/B-RAF Binding and Its Effects on ERK Cascade Signaling

Summary RAF kinase inhibitors can induce ERK cascade signaling by promoting dimerization of RAF family members in the presence of oncogenic or normally activated RAS [1–3]. This interaction is mediated by a dimer interface region in the RAF kinase domain that is conserved in members of the ERK cascade scaffold family, kinase suppressor of RAS (KSR) [4, 5]. In this study, we find that most RAF inhibitors also induce the binding of KSR1 to wild-type and oncogenic B-RAF proteins, including V600E B-RAF, but promote little complex formation between KSR1 and C-RAF. The inhibitor-induced KSR1/B-RAF interaction requires direct binding of the drug to B-RAF and is dependent on conserved dimer interface residues in each protein, but, unexpectedly, is not dependent on binding of B-RAF to activated RAS. Inhibitor-induced KSR/B-RAF complex formation can occur in the cytosol and is observed in normal mouse fibroblasts, as well as a variety of human cancer cell lines. Strikingly, we find that KSR1 competes with C-RAF for inhibitor-induced binding to B-RAF and, as a result, alters the effect of the inhibitors on ERK cascade signaling.
Performance of heuristics for a computer resource allocation problem

Attention is given to the problem of maximizing the number of pieces packed into a fixed set of bins whose capacities may differ. Instances of this problem arise in the allocation of computer resources such as processors and memory. Since the problem is NP-hard, the worst-case behavior of several approximation algorithms is investigated. In particular it is shown that the asymptotic worst-case performance bound of the first-fit-increasing rule is 2, while the iterated first-fit-decreasing heuristic can be implemented so that its asymptotic bound does not exceed $\tfrac{3}{2}$.
Kinetics of 2,3‐butanediol fermentation by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens: Effect of initial substrate concentration and aeration

Most studies on 2,3-butanediol production by microbial fermentation have been carried out using Klebsiella oxytoca and Bacillus polymyxa. In these fermentations there is a significant conversion of carbon source into ethanol, glycerol and various organic acids as by-products. On the other hand, this investigation has shown that the major products of fermentation by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens are 2,3-butanediol and some minor acids. In a typical fermentation about 33 g of butanediol was produced from 100 g of glucose. The effect of pH, various carbohydrate source, initial glucose concentration and aeration on the 2,3-butanediol fermentation by B. amyloliquefaciens were investigated. The butanediol productivity and yield was found to be highest with glucose as the carbohydrate source. The glucose concentration was varied between 30 and 100 g dm−3 with oxygen transfer rate controlled between 47.5 and 78.0 h−1. Oxygen and the initial substrate concentrations significantly influence the yield, productivity and by-product formation.
Radiative heat transfer in porous uranium dioxide

Abstract Due to the low thermal conductivity and high emissivity of UO2, it has been suggested that radiative heat transfer may play a nontrivial role in the transport of heat through the pores of UO2 fuel. This possibility was investigated computationally, and the contribution of radiative heat transfer through pores to the overall heat transport in porous UO2 was quantified. A two-dimensional unit cell model was employed to approximate a porous UO2 fuel system. The heat transfer through unit cells representing a wide variety of fuel conditions was calculated using finite element analysis. Conduction through both the solid fuel matrix and pore gas, and radiative exchange within the pore were modeled. Several pore compositions were investigated. Porosity, pore size, shape and orientation, temperature, and temperature gradient were parametrically studied to determine their influence on the radiative transfer mechanism.
Dissection of rovibronic structure by polarization-resolved two-color resonant four-wave mixing spectroscopy.

A synergistic theoretical and experimental investigation of stimulated emission pumping (SEP) as implemented in the coherent framework of two-color resonant four-wave mixing (TC-RFWM) spectroscopy is presented, with special emphasis directed toward the identification of polarization geometries that can distinguish spectral features according to their attendant changes in rotational quantum numbers. A vector-recoupling formalism built upon a perturbative treatment of matter-field interactions and a state-multipole expansion of the density operator allowed the weak-field signal intensity to be cast in terms of a TC-RFWM response tensor, RQ(K)(e4*e3e2*e1;Jg,Je,Jh,Jf), which separates the transverse characteristics of the incident and generated electromagnetic waves (e4*e3e2*e1) from the angular momentum properties of the PUMP and DUMP resonances (Jg,Je,Jh,Jf). For an isolated SEP process induced in an isotropic medium, the criteria needed to discriminate against subsets of rovibronic structure were encoded i...
Screening for osteoporosis in men: comment on the American College of Physicians clinical guidelines.

Screening for osteoporosis in men: comment on the American College of Physicians clinical guidelines
Memory modality differences in children with attention deficit hyperactive disorder with and without learning disabilities

This study assesses information processing and memory functioning in 50 children diagnosed with Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD) with and without learning disabilities (LD). Mode of presentation (visual vs. auditory), type of memory processing (immediate, short-term, and long-term), and order of recall (ordered vs. unordered) were assessed using the Learning Efficiency Test-II (LET-II). Both groups demonstrated difficulty with auditory ordered recall and lost substantial information from immediate memory to short-term and long-term memory stores. The ADHD/LD group also demonstrated more difficulty with ordered recall than the ADHD only group. While there were no differences between the two groups in regard to immediate recall, the ADHD/LD group demonstrated more problems transferring information into short-term and long-term memory stores than the ADHD only group. Verbal interference effects significantly decreased retention for both visual and auditory processing. Results indicate that ADHD alone presents significant problems in information processing, but the comorbid effects of a learning disability further intensify the negative impact of ADHD. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Simulations of the Thermodynamics and Structural Properties of the TC10b Trp-Cage Protein

The Trp-cage is an extensively studied miniprotein. Most of the literature, however, studies the TC5b variant of this protein. Andersen et al., showed that by mutating the first four residues to a high alanine content, it is thought that the alpha helix is further stabilized, resulting in a higher folding temperature for the TC10b variant than for the original, TC5b, sequence. In this study, we computationally investigate the higher folding temperature and its causes using Replica Exchange Molecular Dynamics (REMD). First, we show that indeed the TC10b variant has a higher folding temperature in our simulations than TC5b. We also find that the helical fraction is higher as well. Computing the structural ensemble, we further found differences in the lack of a prevalent secondary substrate, as is the case for TC5b. We finally compute thermodynamics parameters that define the stability diagram, Delta G(P,T), and show that while many other parameters are identical, such as the compressibility, linear expansion coefficient etc., we find that the free energy of folding is more than twice that of TC5b. We conclude that our results support the contention that in most ways, the sequence yields an almost identical structure, with some slight differences, compared to TC5b, but is more stable. This work is supported by the NSF MCB-1050966 to AEG and CCNI at RPI.
MULTIPLE ELECTRON BEAMS GENERATED BY A HELICON PLASMA DISCHARGE

Simultaneous electron beams with different energies were directly detected by Langmuir probes in a steady state helicon plasma discharge. The probe-detected electron-beam velocities were in good agreement with the phase velocities of the multimode helicon waves.
Chaos with Few Degrees of Freedom

As a mathematician, astronomer, and physicist, Poincare was the first to study the phenomenon of chaos in classical mechanics, in particular the three-body-problem of the Moon orbiting around the Earth under the perturbation of the Sun. His work helps us to understand atomic and molecular physics, because our intuition in these areas is always based on a classical picture for the motion of the nuclei and electrons. The Moon's motion was found to be multi-periodic by the early observers; Newton explained the main frequencies and calculated the lowest terms in the corresponding Fourier expansion. But inspite of ingenious efforts, like the work of Hill involving as a starting point a periodic orbit of the full problem, Poincare showed that perturbation theory is unable to guarantee the convergence of the Fourier expansion. In this traditional representation, the lunar trajectory would be restricted to a four-dimensional invariant torus although the available phase-space has eight dimensions. The invariant tori are destroyed because of increasing phase-lock due to perturbations, whenever the system is close to a resonance. The KAM-theorem gives a mathematical criterion for this loss, which is best seen in a surface of section for such simple systems as the Anisotropic and the Diamagnetic Kepler Problem (AKP and DKP). Instead of invariant tori, the flow in phase space involves a double foliation where each trajectory is the intersection of one leaf from the unstable foliation with a leaf from the stable foliation. Neighboring trajectories drift exponentially away from each other in the future along the unstable leaf, and approach each another in the stable leaf coming from the past. This situation, called "hard chaos", also allows for a symbolic description of each trajectory in terms of a simple code like binary sequences in the AKP. Einstein showed that the usual connection with quantum mechanics is valid only for the case of "regular behavior", i.e. the presence of invariant tori. For classically chaotic systems, Van Vleck's expression for the propagator seems to be the best starting point, provided it is summed over all the classical trajectories that go from the source to the defector. Its trace becomes a sum over periodic orbits, which lends additional weight to Poincare's emphasis on their importance in classical mechanics. In trying to understand the trace of an operator as a function of time, or the scattering phase-shift as a function of momentum, one runs into almost-periodic functions. They are able to mimic locally any arbitrary smooth function provided the spectrum of frequencies, although discrete, is rich enough. This unexpected, but smooth behavior can be seen as a symptom of quantum chaos, in contrast to the fractal nature of classical chaos.
PROPERTIES OF THE CAUSATIVE AGENT OF A CHICKEN TUMOR : VIII. THE EFFECT OF TESTICLE EXTRACT ON THE RATE OF GROWTH OF CHICKEN TUMOR I

Extracts prepared from the testicle tissue of the rat, rabbit, fowl or bull, injected together with extracts of Chicken Tumor I or with cells of this tumor, showed no definite effect of either enhancement or inhibition as concerned the resulting tumors.
Demonic memory for process histories

Demonic memory is a form of reconstructive memory for process histories. As a process executes, its states are regularly checkpointed, generating a history of the process at low time resolution. Following the initial generation, any prior state of the process can be reconstructed by starting from a checkpointed state and re-executing the process up through the desired state, thereby exploiting the redundancy between the states of a process and the description of that process (i.e., a computer program).The reconstruction of states is automatic and transparent. The history of a process may be examined as though it were a large two-dimensional array, or address space-time, with a normal address space as one axis and steps of process time as the other. An attempt to examine a state that is not physically stored triggers a “demon” which reconstructs that memory state before access is allowed.Regeneration requires an exact description of the original execution of the process. If the original process execution depends on non-deterministic events (e.g., user input), these events are recorded in an exception list, and are replayed at the proper points during re-execution.While more efficient than explicitly storing all state changes, such a checkpointing system is still prohibitively expensive for many applications; each copy (or snapshot) of the system's state may be very large, and many snapshots may be required. Demonic memory saves both space and time by using a virtual copy mechanism. (Virtual copies share unchanging data with the objects that they are copies of, only storing differences from a prototype or original [MiBK86].) In demonic memory, the snapshot at each checkpoint is a virtual copy of the preceding checkpoint's snapshot. Hence it is called a virtual snapshot. In order to make the virtual snapshot mechanism efficient, state information is initially saved in relatively large units of space and time, on the order of pages and seconds, with single-word/single-step regeneration undertaken only as needed. This permits the costs of indexing and lookup operations to be amortized over many locations.
Copper salts in the post-metallization of non-genotoxic direct dyes

Copper (II) salts are used as metallizing agents in the synthesis of new non-genotoxic direct dyes for cotton. Specifically, cotton fabric is dyed with non-genotoxic disazo direct dyes and then treated with copper salts. The complexes are characterized by neutron activation analysis, absorption spectrometry and standard Salmonella mammalian mutagenicity assay, and the after-treated fabrics are evaluated for lightfastness and washfastness. Direct dyes possessingortho-propoxy andortho’-hydroxy substituted systems formed the corresponding nonmutagenic 1:2 dye:metal complex and undergo significant improvement in lightfastness following metallization.
An Analysis of the Relative Influences of Fahrenheit 9/11 and Presidential Debate Viewing on Shifting Confidence in President George W. Bush

This study analyzes the influence of Michael Moore's Fahrenheit 9/11 in coordination with presidential debate viewing on the outcome variable of confidence in George W. Bush's policy positions. In addition, the combined influence of these competing persuasive appeals is assessed across three political ideology groups: liberals, moderates, and conservatives. There is a statistically significant experimental stimulus-by-political ideology interaction, with Bush making substantial gains among political moderates who viewed Moore's film prior to a Bush-Kerry debate. The study also reveals similar patterns of influence for liberals and conservatives.
Population Structure, Admixture, and Aging-Related Phenotypes in African American Adults: The Cardiovascular Health Study

U.S. populations are genetically admixed, but surprisingly little empirical data exists documenting the impact of such heterogeneity on type I and type II error in genetic-association studies of unrelated individuals. By applying several complementary analytical techniques, we characterize genetic background heterogeneity among 810 self-identified African American subjects sampled as part of a multisite cohort study of cardiovascular disease in older adults. On the basis of the typing of 24 ancestry-informative biallelic single-nucleotide–polymorphism markers, there was evidence of substantial population substructure and admixture. We used an allele-sharing–based clustering algorithm to infer evidence for four genetically distinct subpopulations. Using multivariable regression models, we demonstrate the complex interplay of genetic and socioeconomic factors on quantitative phenotypes related to cardiovascular disease and aging. Blood glucose level correlated with individual African ancestry, whereas body mass index was associated more strongly with genetic similarity. Blood pressure, HDL cholesterol level, C-reactive protein level, and carotid wall thickness were not associated with genetic background. Blood pressure and HDL cholesterol level varied by geographic site, whereas C-reactive protein level differed by occupation. Both ancestry and genetic similarity predicted the number and quality of years lived during follow-up, but socioeconomic factors largely accounted for these associations. When the 24 genetic markers were tested individually, there were an excess number of marker-trait associations, most of which were attenuated by adjustment for genetic ancestry. We conclude that the genetic demography underlying older individuals who self identify as African American is complex, and that controlling for both genetic admixture and socioeconomic characteristics will be required in assessing genetic associations with chronic-disease–related traits in African Americans. Complementary methods that identify discrete subgroups on the basis of genetic similarity may help to further characterize the complex biodemographic structure of human populations.
Capitalism and slavery after fifty years

(1997). Capitalism and slavery after fifty years. Slavery & Abolition: Vol. 18, No. 3, pp. 212-227.
PULMONARY RETENTION OF COAL DUSTS

The principal objectives of this study were: to determine, quantitatively, coal dust retention times in the dog lung; to test the appropriateness of a pulmonary retention model which incorporates first order rate coefficients obtained from in vitro and in vivo experiments on neutron-activated coal; to acquire a temporal description of the pulmonary disposition of the retained coal dust, and to compare the behavior of two different Pennsylvania coals in the foregoing regards. The principal findings include: retention half-times for both coals of approximately 2 years following single, hour-long exposures; a vivid association of the retained coal dust with the pulmonic lymphatics; and a general validation of the retention model.
Scanning tunneling microscopy of sputtered aluminum particles

The scanning tunneling microscope is an ideal tool to study the local geometric and electronic structure of single supported metal clusters. Our experimental setup consists of an extraction type ion gun combined with a quadrupol mass spectrometer to deposit mass-selected metal cluster. ions. First results showing scanning tunneling microscopy pictures of sputtered aluminum clusters are presented.
Elements of ribosomal drug resistance and specificity.

The structures of ribosomes in complex with inhibitors of translation have not only shed light on the interactions of antibiotics with the ribosome but also on the underlying mechanisms by which they interfere with the ribosome function. Several recent papers [ 1• , 2•• , 3 , 4 ] have correlated the available ribosome structures with the wealth of biochemical data [ 5• ]. In this review we shall focus on the lessons learned for drug specificity rather than presenting a comprehensive survey of the known structures of ribosome complexes with antibiotics.
Structural studies of a liquid-fluidized magnetically stabilized bed

As part of an effort to apply the magnetically stabilized fluidized bed (MSFB) to bioseparations, we have carried out a number of studies aimed at understanding its structure and properties. These ...
Dosage-dependent requirement for mouse Vezf1 in vascular system development

Vezf1 is an early development gene that encodes a zinc finger transcription factor. In the developing embryo, Vezf1 is expressed in the yolk sac mesoderm and the endothelium of the developing vasculature and, in addition, in mesodermal and neuronal tissues. Targeted inactivation of Vezf1 in mice reveals that it acts in a closely regulated, dose-dependent fashion on the development of the blood vascular and lymphatic system. Homozygous mutant embryos display vascular remodeling defects and loss of vascular integrity leading to localized hemorrhaging. Ultrastructural analysis shows defective endothelial cell adhesion and tight junction formation in the mutant vessels. Moreover, in heterozygous embryos, haploinsufficiency is observed that is characterized by lymphatic hypervascularization associated with hemorrhaging and edema in the jugular region; a phenotype reminiscent of the human congenital lymphatic malformation syndrome cystic hygroma.
Febrile Seizures Current Concepts

Approximately 2 to 5 per cent of all children experience seizures in association with their febrile illness. In a vast majority of instances, these seizures are of benign nature without any long-term adverse implications. A small percentage of these children develop recurrent febrile seizures and a still smaller percentage develop epilepsy. Several studies have attempted to identify those children who are at risk to develop either recurrences or subsequent epilepsy, while others have examined different modalities of management of children with febrile seizures. This review presents an overview of the problem based on the findings of these studies.
All-Cause, Cardiovascular, and Cancer Mortality Rates in Postmenopausal White, Black, Hispanic, and Asian Women With and Without Diabetes in the United States The Women's Health Initiative, 1993–2009

Using data from the Women's Health Initiative (1993-2009; n = 158,833 participants, of whom 84.1% were white, 9.2% were black, 4.1% were Hispanic, and 2.6% were Asian), we compared all-cause, cardiovascular, and cancer mortality rates in white, black, Hispanic, and Asian postmenopausal women with and without diabetes. Cox proportional hazard models were used for the comparison from which hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals were computed. Within each racial/ethnic subgroup, women with diabetes had an approximately 2-3 times higher risk of all-cause, cardiovascular, and cancer mortality than did those without diabetes. However, the hazard ratios for mortality outcomes were not significantly different between racial/ethnic subgroups. Population attributable risk percentages (PARPs) take into account both the prevalence of diabetes and hazard ratios. For all-cause mortality, whites had the lowest PARP (11.1, 95% confidence interval (CI): 10.1, 12.1), followed by Asians (12.9, 95% CI: 4.7, 20.9), blacks (19.4, 95% CI: 15.0, 23.7), and Hispanics (23.2, 95% CI: 14.8, 31.2). To our knowledge, the present study is the first to show that hazard ratios for mortality outcomes were not significantly different between racial/ethnic subgroups when stratified by diabetes status. Because of the "amplifying" effect of diabetes prevalence, efforts to reduce racial/ethnic disparities in the rate of death from diabetes should focus on prevention of diabetes.
Volatile component change in whey protein concentrate during storage investigated by headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography

Whey protein concentrate (WPC) is a nutritious ingredient and has gained popularity to be used in many traditional and novel food products. It typically has a shelf-life of 9 to 18 months when stored at room temperature. Fresh manufactured WPC could have a bland or slightly dairy, whey flavor. However, recognizable off-flavor can be developed during storage and this off-flavor becomes one of the major factors limiting its application in delicate formula. To understand the off-flavor development during the storage, WPC 80 and Instantized WPC 80 samples were stored at 35, 40 and 45 °C for a period of 15 weeks. Selected volatile compounds including dimethyl disulfide, pentanal, hexanal, heptanal, 2-heptanol, 2-octanone, octanol, 1-octen-3-ol, 1-nonanol and 2-nonanol were analyzed using headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography. The results showed that the concentrations of most of these compounds considerably increased during storage, especially when stored at 45 °C. Instantized WPC showed higher lipid oxidation compounds than regular WPC while removal of oxygen reduced their formation.
Striatal dopamine release in sequential learning

Sequential learning is an important aspect of cognitive processing. Neuropharmacological evidence acquired in laboratory animals suggests that striatal dopaminergic mechanisms may be important for processing of this form of learning. However, because experiments conducted on dopamine deficient patients have reported contradictory evidence, the role of dopamine and the striatum remains unclear in human sequential learning. We used a newly developed dynamic molecular imaging technique to determine whether striatal dopamine is released during performance of a sequential learning task. In this study we localized striatal regions where dopamine receptor ligand (11C-raclopride) was displaced from receptor sites, during performance of a motor sequence learning (serial reaction time) task. The results suggest that the task induces release of endogenous dopamine in the posterior two-third of dorsomedial aspect of left putamen and the anterior part of the body of caudate bilaterally. The activations of the left putamen and the right caudate coincided with the activations observed earlier during performance of a motor planning task. Since these activations are associated with the selection and execution of a response, the activation in the left caudate, which was not observed in motor planning, is probably associated with the detection of a change in the ‘context’, and in the formulation of a new ‘rule’. Thus, the results suggest that sequential learning involves two striatal dopaminergic mechanisms, one for the detection of a change in context, and the other for selection and execution of the response.
Prenatal diagnosis of vascular anomalies.

Background/Purpose: Vascular anomalies are diagnosed prenatally with increasing frequency. The authors reviewed a group of children treated at their center who had an abnormal prenatal diagnosis to determine (1) fetal age at which the vascular anomaly was detected, (2) general diagnostic accuracy, and (3) impact on ante- and postnatal care. Their findings are compared with reported cases and series. The authors clarify appropriate terminology and underscore the need for interdisciplinary participation of specialists in the field of vascular anomalies. Methods: Patients referred during prenatal life and children with a history of abnormal antenatal findings seen at our vascular anomalies center during a 1-year period (September 1999 through August 2000) were included in this study. The fetal age at diagnosis, pre- and postnatal diagnoses, antenatal course, and neonatal outcome were obtained from the parents, through chart reviews, and through telephone interviews with the treating obstetricians. Results: Twenty-nine patients with vascular anomalies were identified: 17 had a correct prenatal diagnosis, and 12 had an incorrect diagnosis, an overall diagnostic accuracy of 59%. Capillary-lymphatic-venous malformations (CLVM) most often were correctly diagnosed (67%), followed by lymphatic malformation (LM, 62%) and hemangioma (59%). In the infants who received correct diagnoses in utero, there were no fetal deaths and there was no neonatal morbidity. Maternal steroids were administered for a fetus with an intrahepatic hemangioma and deteriorating cardiac function, with subsequent stabilization and successful delivery of a healthy neonate. Among infants with incorrect diagnoses, there was 1 postnatal death, 1 case of erroneous gender assignment, 1 case of unnecessary fetal surgical intervention, 1 unnecessary neonatal laparotomy, and 1 delay in diagnosis of a malignancy. Cesarean section was done for 65% of correctly diagnosed cases, (including 2 ex utero intrapartum [Exit] procedures) and for 33% of incorrectly diagnosed cases. Most diagnoses were made during the mid- to late second trimester and third trimester; only 4 cases (14%) were detected before 20 weeks. Conclusions: In this series, accurate diagnosis optimized antenatal care by providing an opportunity for planning deliveries, for pharmacologic fetal intervention in 1 case, and for appropriate parental counselling. Inaccurate diagnosis was associated with significantly increased morbidity and mortality. Finally, the intrauterine diagnosis of LM should be distinguished from posterior nuchal translucency, an obstetric term applied to fetal lymphatic abnormalities detected in the first and second trimesters that do not manifest as postnatal LM.
Sense through wall human detection using UWB radar

In this article, we discuss techniques for sense through wall human detection for different types of walls. We have focused on detection of stationary human target behind wall based on breathing movements. In detecting the breathing motion, a Doppler based method is used. Also a new approach based on short time Fourier transform is discussed and an already proposed clutter reduction technique based on singular value decomposition is applied to different measurements.
Flame Retardancy of Polycarbonate upon Repeated Recycling

In this study, two polycarbonates are put through multiple cycles of a process that involves drying the resin, extruding, and pelletizing it, drying the pellets and injection molding them into test specimens, followed by granulation. While one of the polycarbonates contain potassium diphenylsulfone sulfonate (KSS) as a flame retardant, the other polycarbonate is flame retarded with bromine. The recycling process is repeated up to eight times, and after each cycle, flammability and mechanical tests are conducted. Thermogravimetric analysis and capillary rheometry are also performed. It is found that both flame retardants maintain their effectiveness, but the notched Izod impact strength suffers upon recycling, with the polymer containing KSS displaying marginally better mechanical properties.
Electrochemical waves on patterned surfaces: Propagation through narrow gaps and channels

The dissolution and corrosion of iron and certain types of steel can involve the propagation of electrochemical waves. Low-carbon steel plates covered by nitric acid solutions self-organize pseudo-two-dimensional wave patterns which share many features with reaction-diffusion waves in excitable systems. Here, we investigate the dynamics of these electrodissolution waves in the presence of geometrical constraints. A simple procedure for the preparation of insulating, millimeter-scale obstacles is presented, which allows the controlled, local protection of the metal surface. This method is used in the measurement of the material consumption rate per wave [(850 ( 50) nm/wave or 6-7 g/(m 2 wave)] as well as for the study of front propagation through narrow gaps and long channels. In channels, the wave velocity decreases with decreasing width from 10 to 4 mm/s. Propagation failures occur within the channel if its width is smaller than 0.2 -0.4 mm. These results indicate that the obstacles have sink-like boundaries. For the estimation of the critical nucleation size in this system, we prepared short and narrow gaps that induce wave blockage for openings smaller than 0.65 ( 0.1 mm.
Writing the Self versus Writing the Other: Comparing Autobiographical and Life History Data

In recent years social scientists have witnessed a variety of concerted, if not impassioned, examinations of writing and interviewing as contested sites of knowledge and representation. These examinations stem largely from cultural studies and postmodernist proposals for a revised epistemology that directly challenge older orthodoxies and conventions that, it is claimed, have produced only univocal, detached, experience-far, and researcher-centered representations of social life (see the excellent overviews by Richardson [2000] and Fontana and Frey [2000]). Across the board, scholars now seek more exible and encompassing alternatives to this “detached scientist” mode that reect the multiple goals, styles, and interests of contemporary scholars. One issue has emerged as a focus of these examinations and debates; it pertains to the relative merits and problems of “writing the self” versus “writing the other,” which not only entail questions of representation but of social distance. For example, we see arguments today that we would not have seen earlier, namely, that the risks once thought to be too great to take in “going native” are now regarded as false issues and that the task today is “to live ever closer to the lives about which we write” (Lincoln and Denzin 1994:575). One proposed means for getting “ever closer” is through the use of autobiographies, as illustrated by Laurel Richardson’s quite wonderful book, Fields of Play (1997). Quoting Kohl (1981:63), who was citing Dilthey, Richardson (1997:300) writes that “autobiography is the highest and most instructive form in which the understanding of life is confronting us.” This claim implies that since we are always the closest to ourselves, self-representation in an
Experimental Verification of Capillary Force and Water Retention between Uneven-Sized Spheres

The recently established theoretical results of the solid-water characteristic curve (SWCC) and capillary force characteristic curve (CFCC) are experimentally verified for mechanical and hydrologic interaction between uneven-sized spherical particles under partially saturated conditions. It is shown that the theoretical framework, based on the minimization of the free energy of the liquid meniscus between the two uneven-sized particles, can predict both water retention and capillary force accurately for spherical particles ranging in radius from 165 to 252 μm. The experimental technique is novel and the results at such scale are valuable for the understanding of gas-solid-liquid interaction among granular media, since there is very limited experimental data available in the literature. The comparisons between the theoretical and experimental predictions of the SWCC and CFCC indicate that the agreements are generally very good, confirming the validity of the theory.
Noise updating repeated Wiener filter and other adaptive noise smoothing filters using local image statistics.

We consider the restoration of images degraded by a class of signal-uncorrelated noise, which is possibly signal-dependent. Some adaptive noise smoothing filters, which assume a nonstationary mean, nonstationary variance image model implicitly or explicitly, are reviewed, and their performances are compared by the mean-squares errors (MSES) and by the human subjective judgment. We also present a new noise smoothing technique which is called the noise updating repeated Wiener (NURW) filter. Explicit noise variance updating formulas are derived for the NURW filter. The performance is improved both in the MSE sense and in the vicinity of edges by subjective observation.
Layer-Specific Noradrenergic Modulation of Inhibition in Cortical Layer II/III

Norepinephrine (NE) is released in the neocortex after activation of the locus coeruleus of the brain stem in response to novel, salient, or fight-or-flight stimuli. The role of adrenergic modulation in sensory cortices is not completely understood. We investigated the possibility that NE modifies the balance of inhibition acting on 2 different γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic pathways. Using patch-clamp recordings, we found that the application of NE induces an α1 adrenergic receptor–mediated decrease of the amplitude of inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) evoked by stimulation of layer I (LI-eIPSCs) and a β and α2 receptor–mediated increase in the amplitude of IPSCs evoked by stimulation of layer II/III (LII/III-eIPSCs). Analysis of minimal stimulation IPSCs, IPSC kinetics, and sensitivity to the GABAA receptor subunit–selective enhancer zolpidem corroborated the functional difference between LI- and LII/III-eIPSCs, suggestive of a distal versus somatic origin of LI- and LII/III-eIPSCs, respectively. These findings suggest that NE shifts the balance between distal and somatic inhibition to the advantage of the latter. We speculate that such shift modifies the balance of sensory-specific and emotional information in the integration of neural input to the upper layers of the auditory cortex.
Effects of Component Properties and Orientation on Corrugated Container Endurance

Experiments are performed to determine the impact of several physical properties on the creep behavior of three different sets of corrugated containers subjected to static loading and a cyclic humidity environment ranging from 50% to 80% relative humidity in a 24 h period. One sample set had basis weights of the fluted medium varied from 68 to 205 g/m2 while keeping the basis weight of the linerboard facings at 205 g/m2. This varied the out-of-plane shear rigidity of the single wall board by a factor of three. Another set of corrugated samples investigated effects of lateral or linear corrugating by rotation of either linerboards, fluted medium or both. This equalizes hygroexpansivity and affects lifetime. A third series of boxes had barrier coatings applied to their surfaces to determine the effect on lifetime. Creep and lifetime are determined to be inversely related and a multiple regression model for lifetime was sought based on the data set. Homogenization of the corrugated board properties through either increased medium basis weight or component rotation (lateral or linear corrugating) and application of barrier coating will in general, increase the endurance of edge loaded corrugated board in cyclic humidity. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.