cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inflammatory Agonists Induce Cyclooxygenase Type 2 Expression by Human Neutrophils

The synthesis of prostanoids is regulated by cyclooxygenases (prostaglandin H synthases), which catalyze the conversion of arachidonic acid to PGH2. Cyclooxygenases are the target of aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. In this study, we found that human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) express the inducible isoform of cyclooxygenase, COX-2, when stimulated by LPS whereas the protein was not detectable in freshly isolated human PMNs. We also found by immunohistochemical analysis that COX-2 is expressed in PMNs in inflamed human tissues. COX-2 was induced in a time- and concentration-dependent fashion when isolated human PMNs were exposed to LPS; COX-2 was also induced, or its expression was increased, by TNF-α, IL-1, and IL-8. Expression of COX-2 in stimulated PMNs was paralleled by secretion of PGE2. The release of PGE2 was blocked by a selective nonsteroidal inhibitor of COX-2, indicating that the enzyme is responsible for the prostanoids produced, and was inhibited by dexamethasone. The time course of LPS-induced COX-2 expression and other features were different in freshly isolated PMNs, monocytes, and macrophages, indicating that COX-2 expression is differentially regulated in myeloid cells of different lineages and degrees of maturation. Consistent with this, IL-4 and IL-10, which suppressed LPS-induced COX-2 expression in monocytes, had little effect on this response by PMNs. These experiments demonstrate that PMNs express COX-2 when appropriately stimulated. Thus, they may actively influence the eicosanoid composition of the acute inflammatory milieu.
Largazole and Its Derivatives Selectively Inhibit Ubiquitin Activating Enzyme (E1)

Protein ubiquitination plays an important role in the regulation of almost every aspect of eukaryotic cellular function; therefore, its destabilization is often observed in most human diseases and cancers. Consequently, developing inhibitors of the ubiquitination system for the treatment of cancer has been a recent area of interest. Currently, only a few classes of compounds have been discovered to inhibit the ubiquitin-activating enzyme (E1) and only one class is relatively selective in E1 inhibition in cells. We now report that Largazole and its ester and ketone analogs selectively inhibit ubiquitin conjugation to p27(Kip1) and TRF1 in vitro. The inhibitory activity of these small molecules on ubiquitin conjugation has been traced to their inhibition of the ubiquitin E1 enzyme. To further dissect the mechanism of E1 inhibition, we analyzed the effects of these inhibitors on each of the two steps of E1 activation. We show that Largazole and its derivatives specifically inhibit the adenylation step of the E1 reaction while having no effect on thioester bond formation between ubiquitin and E1. E1 inhibition appears to be specific to human E1 as Largazole ketone fails to inhibit the activation of Uba1p, a homolog of E1 in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Moreover, Largazole analogs do not significantly inhibit SUMO E1. Thus, Largazole and select analogs are a novel class of ubiquitin E1 inhibitors and valuable tools for studying ubiquitination in vitro. This class of compounds could be further developed and potentially be a useful tool in cells.
Weight lifting and appendicular skeletal muscle mass among breast cancer survivors: a randomized controlled trial

Low appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASMM) is associated with premature mortality, hyperinsulinemia, frailty, disability, and low bone mineral density. We explored the potential efficacy of slowly progressive weight lifting to attenuate the decline of ASMM among breast cancer survivors by conducting a post hoc analysis of data from the Physical Activity and Lymphedema trial. Between October 2005 and August 2008, we conducted a single-blind, randomized controlled trial of twice weekly slowly progressive weight lifting or standard care among 295 non-metastatic breast cancer survivors. ASMM was quantified using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Changes in ASMM were evaluated from baseline to 12 months between the weight lifting and control groups using repeated measures linear mixed effects regression models. Over 12 months, participants in the weight lifting group experienced attenuated declines in muscle mass compared to the control group, as reflected by relative ASMM (-0.01 ± 0.02 kg/m(2) vs -0.08 ± 0.03 kg/m(2); P = 0.041) and absolute ASMM (-0.02 ± 0.06 kg vs -0.22 ± 0.07 kg; P = 0.038), respectively. Weight lifting did not alter other body composition outcomes including body mass index, total body mass, body fat percentage, and fat mass compared to the control group. Weight lifting significantly increased upper and lower body muscle strength compared to the control group. The intervention was well tolerated with no serious adverse events related to weight lifting. Slowly progressive weight lifting attenuated the decline of ASMM among breast cancer survivors compared to standard care over 12 months. These data are hypothesis generating. Future studies should examine the efficacy of weight lifting to improve distal health outcomes among breast cancer survivors.
Probing Aerogels by Multiple Quantum Filtered 131Xe NMR Spectroscopy

At the interface between solid surfaces and cavities filled with gaseous or liq. Xe, the nuclear magnetization of 131Xe (S = 3/2) is subject to quadrupolar interactions which may lead to higher rank single-quantum coherences that can be described by tensor elements T2,+-1 and T3,+-1. This can be demonstrated by multiple-quantum filtered (MQF) NMR expts. In gaseous Xe on Pyrex surfaces, the primary source of such coherences is coherent evolution induced by a nonvanishing av. quadrupolar coupling. In this contribution, MQF NMR is applied to aerogels filled with liq. Xe to demonstrate the potential of this technique for material sciences. Xe in the liq. phase provides a sufficient spin d. to obtain reasonable signal-to-noise ratios. Coherent evolution and relaxation both contribute to the creation of higher rank coherences depending on the presence or absence of H2O mols. on the surface. These 2 processes can be distinguished exptl. and provide complementary information about the surface of the host material. [on SciFinder (R)]
Derivation of higher order gradient continuum theories in 2,3-D non-linear elasticity from periodic lattice models

SOLIDS THAT I:XHIUIT localization of deformation (in the form of shear bands) at sufficiently high levels of strain, are ftrcquently modeled by gradient type non-local constitutive laws. i.e. continuum theories that include higher order deformation gradients. These models incorporate a length scale for the localized deformation zone and are either postulated or justified from micromechanical considerations. Of interest here is the consistent derivation of such models from a given microstructure and the subsequent invcstigation of their localization and stability behavior under finite strains. In the interest of simplicity. the microscopic model is a discrete, periodic, non-linear elastic lattice structure in two or three dimensions. The corresponding macroscopic model is a continuum constitutivc law involving displacement gradients of all orders. Attention is focused on the simplest such model. namely the one whose energy density includes gradients of the displacements only up to the second order. The relation between the ellipticity of the resulting first (local) and second (non-local) order gradient models at finite strains, the stability of uniform strain solutions and the possibility of localized deformation zones is discussed. The investigations of the resulting continuum are done for two different microstructures, the second one of which approximates the behavior of perfect monatomic crystals in plane strain. Localized strain solutions based on the continuum approximation are possible with the tirst microstructure but not with the scc nd. Implications for the stability of three-dimensional crystals using realistic interaction potentials are also discussed. I. INTRO~XJCTI~N A FEATURE SHARED BY MANY ductile solids when sufficiently strained, is the transition of their deformation field from a smoothly varying pattern into a highly localized deformation pattern in the form of a “slzenr hand”. This instability phenomenon is local, i.e. it appears at any point whose stresses reach a critical level, and it is modeled in continuum mechanics as a loss ofellipticity in the incremental equilibrium equations of the solid. The characteristic surfaces of the governing equations indicate the position of the localized deformation zones. This approach has been proposed in the context of elasticity by HADAMARD (1903) and subsequently for rate independent elastoplastic solids by THOMAS (196 I), HILL (I 962) and MANDEL (I 966). Numerous works have subsequently concentrated on the study of the localization of deformation’s dependence on the assumed constitutive model. For further information on this subject, the interested reader is referred to KNOWLES and STERNBERC (1977) for elastic materials and RICE (1976) for inelastic ones.
Antibody affinity. VI. Synthesis of bivalent lactosyl haptens and their interaction with anti-lactosyl antibodies.

Abstract This study was concerned with the enhancement of affinity, due to bivalency, in the interaction of bivalent ligands with 7 S and IgM antibody. Three bivalent haptens with terminal lactosyl groups were synthesized and their binding by equine anti-lactosyl antibodies evaluated. Association constants were measured by equilibrium dialysis and by the ammonium sulfate precipitation method. The binding of two monovalent ligands was also evaluated for comparative purposes. From molecular models of the bivalent ligands it was found that the maximum distance between the lactosyl groups was 85·5 A in the largest ligand. The failure to observe any enhancement of affinity in the binding of the bivalent ligands was attributed to the inability of the ligands to span the minimum separation of the combining sites. This interpretation is in accord with the findings of Werner et al. (Werner T.C., Bunting J.R. and Cathou R. E. (1972) Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 69 , 795) who concluded from energy transfer measurements that the minimum average distance between the combining sites was 92–102 A.
Demonstration of polysome disaggregation due to dimethylnitrosamine by acrylamide gel polymerization after centrifugation.

La desagregation des polysomes du foie provoquee par des agents toxiques peut etre mise en evidence par polymerisation, apres centrifugation, d'un gradient de saccharose auquel des monomeres d'acrylamide ont ete additionnes. Ce procede simple et souple donne de bons resultats et exige moins d'instrumentation que les methodes habituelles.
A characterization of state spaces of orthomodular lattices

Abstract It is shown that every rational polytope is affinely equivalent to the set of all states of a finite orthomodular lattice, and that every compact convex subset of a locally convex topological vector space is affinely homeomorphic to the set of all states of an orthomodular lattice.
Marketing Information Systems—The Problem of System Usage

Much literature has been devoted to singing the praises of present and potential computer utilization in marketing. Highly touted are “total information systems,” “on-line, real-time systems,” and “simulation-based systems.” One would be led to believe that each company has devoted or should be devoting its moneys and energies to the design and implementation of such sophisticated computer-based marketing information systems. Yet recent evidence has indicated a lack of enthusiasm-indeed, in some cases antagonism exists toward information systems in marketing. One reason for this disillusionment has been low usage of existing marketing information systems by marketing management. System utilization holds the key to a favorable return on investment in marketing information systems. This article explores many of the causes of infrequent to non-existent system usage and offers a plea and a plan for active elimination of this problem.
Interaction of Ti with C‐ and SiC‐contaminated Si surfaces

The interaction of Ti with C‐contaminated Si surfaces has been studied using Auger electron spectroscopy, x‐ray photoemission spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. C contamination due to wet chemistry residues and thin SiC films has been investigated. Our results show that Ti reacts with exposed C to produce TiC upon deposition for both these forms of contamination. The C residues were found to neither impede the silicide reaction nor remain at the interface afterwards. However, SiC thin films (5 A) prepared by annealing the Si surface in ethylene, blocked silicide formation, resulting in a highly nonuniform interface. The carbide phases formed before and after silicide formation agree with those predicted by a calculated Ti‐Si‐C ternary‐phase diagram.
Estimation Problems with Type I Censored Response Distributions in Structural Equation Modeling

The use of simultaneous linear structural equation modeling has become a popular method for creating and verifying theoretical models. This paper explores, through the use of a Monte Carlo study, the robustness assumption in structural equation modeling of using a full information normal theory generalized least-squares estimation procedure (NTGLS) on Type I censored distributed data. The paper then assesses the efficacy of two proposed alternate estimation procedures; (1) Asymptotically Distribution Free estimator (ADF), and (2) a latent projection Tobit estimator (TOBIT) as a means of providing better estimates when distributions are asymmetrical because of censoring. Results of the Monte Carlo studies indicate that when asymmetry increases in distributions, because of censoring of the distributions, both NTGLS and ADF estimators provide less than optimal model estimates, while the TOBIT estimator afforded efficient and stable estimates even with large asymmetrical distributions.
Delay of hormonally induced diabetes by amino-glutethimide and metyrapone in partially pancreatectomized rats bearing transplantable pituitary tumors. Concomitant failure to prevent splanchnomegaly.

Studies were done in rats bearing transplantable hormone (growth hormone, ACTH and prolactin) producing pituitary tumors and with 80% of the pancreas removed. All such rats develop severe irreversible glucosuria (diabetes). Adequate prophylactic insulin treatment which prevented glucosuria in such rats also prevented the development of permanent diabetes. Prophylactic treatment of rats for 20 days with both metyrapone and aminoglutethimide in the diet at concentrations of 0.5 and 0.1%, respectively, delayed the onset of diabetes and prevented development of permanent diabetes during the 20 days in 9 of 17 rats, which is similar to the effect of adrenalectomy. Separately, 0.5% metyrapone was less effective than 0.1% aminoglutethimide in interfering with corticosterone production and the development of diabetes. With the development of permanent diabetes, insulin levels (radioimmunoassay) in the plasma and pancreas fell concomitantly to a basal level of 0.16 IU / g of pancreas and <13 μU/ml of plasma. This ...
Angiotensin II stimulates both Na(+)-H+ exchange and Na+/HCO3- cotransport in the rabbit proximal tubule.

Abstract Angiotensin II (AII) is a potent stimulus for HCO3- reabsorption in the rat proximal tubule in vivo. To determine the ionic mechanism of increased HCO3- reabsorption, we have examined the effect of AII on luminal Na(+)-H+ exchange and basolateral Na+/HCO3- cotransport in perfused S1 proximal tubules isolated from superficial nephrons of the rabbit kidney. Transporter activity was assessed by removing Na+ from both luminal and basolateral (i.e., bath) solutions and determining the rate at which intracellular pH (pHi) increased after Na+ was returned to only the lumen or only the bath. pHi was measured with the pH-sensitive fluorescent dye 2', 7'-bis(2-carboxyethyl)-5(and 6)-carboxyfluorescein. We found that basolateral administration of 1 nM AII not only increased the rate of luminal Na(+)-H+ exchange approximately 3.5-fold but also increased the rate of basolateral Na+/HCO3- cotransport approximately 2.5-fold. 5-(N-Ethyl-N-isopropyl)amiloride (50 microM) blocked luminal Na(+)-H+ exchange before and after stimulation by AII but had no effect on basolateral Na+/HCO3- cotransport. Conversely, 4,4'-diisothiocyanato-2,2'-stilbenedisulfonate (50 microM) blocked basolateral Na+/HCO3- cotransport before and after AII but had no effect on luminal Na(+)-H+ exchange. Our data thus indicate that, at least under the conditions of our assay, AII independently stimulates the transporters responsible for both the luminal and basolateral steps of transepithelial HCO3- reabsorption.
Treatment moderators of child- and family-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy for pediatric bipolar disorder.

Objective Prior work has demonstrated the efficacy of child- and family-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy (CFF-CBT) versus enhanced treatment as usual (TAU; unstructured psychotherapy) for pediatric bipolar disorder (PBD). The current study builds on primary findings by examining baseline child, parent, and family characteristics as moderators of symptom response trajectories. Method A total of 69 youth aged 7 to 13 years (mean = 9.19 years, SD = 1.61 years) with DSM-IV-TR bipolar I, II, or not otherwise specified (NOS) were randomly assigned, with family members, to CFF-CBT or TAU. Both treatments consisted of 12 weekly sessions and 6 monthly booster sessions. Participants were assessed at baseline, 4, 8, and 12 weeks, and 6-month follow-up on mania and depression symptoms and overall psychiatric severity. Parents and youth also provided self-report data on baseline characteristics. Results CFF-CBT demonstrated greater efficacy for youth depressive symptoms relative to TAU for parents with higher baseline depressive symptoms and lower income, and marginally for families with higher cohesion. In addition, youth with lower baseline depression and youth with higher self-esteem showed a poorer response to TAU versus CFF-CBT on mania symptom outcomes. Age, sex, baseline mania symptoms, comorbidity, and suicidality did not moderate treatment response. Conclusion Results indicate that CFF-CBT was relatively immune to the presence of treatment moderators. Findings suggest the need for specialized treatment to address symptoms of PBD in the context of parental symptomatology and financial stress.
Dynamics of the 4-day wave in the Southern Hemisphere polar stratosphere

Horizontal wind and temperature data are employed to investigate the dynamics of the 4-day wave in the Southern Hemisphere polar stratosphere. They were derived from synoptic maps of satellite-measured brightness temperatures, which were generated using the fast Fourier synoptic mapping technique of Salby (1982). Circulation statistics from these data are compared to those from the NMC operational stratospheric analyses, demonstrating improvements afforded by detailed treatment of asynoptic sampling effects. The 40-day wave is isolated using temporally filtered data. Several events of wave growth and decay are observed in the upper stratosphere during August 1980. Derived zonal-mean and eddy statistics suggest that the 4-day wave results from an instability of the zonal-mean flow near 55-60S, at and above 1 mb. It is inferred from climatological data that the source of the instability is the 'double-jet' structure in the upper stratosphere and mesosphere.
Multi-dimensional Wavelet Stieltjes transforms

Abstract A generalized wavelet transform is introduced for the multi-dimensional case. This provides a unified approach for both discrete and continuous time-frequency localization in the higher dimensional case. We also provide a wavelet theory for multi-dimensional Wavelet Stieltjes transforms.
In-Situ Spectroscopic Ellipsometry Investigation Of Ion Beam Damage: A Kinetic Study

An in-situ spectroscopic ellipsometer system was used to monitor damage and film formation occurring on the surface of silicon wafers during 1200 eV argon ion etching. Ellipsometric data were taken on two kinds of samples, one kind had only a native oxide and the other had a thermally grown oxide. Interpretation of ellipsometric spectra was carried out using derived optical models. The models reflect the state of the sample and allow quantification of the damage kinetics occurring at the substrate surface. Results from these experiments illustrate not only substrate damage formation, but also surface interface changes.
BDNF mRNA expression in rat hippocampus and prefrontal cortex: effects of neonatal ventral hippocampal damage and antipsychotic drugs

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays an important role in development, synapse remodelling and responses to stress and injury. Its abnormal expression has been implicated in schizophrenia, a neuropsychiatric disorder in which abnormal neural development of the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex has been postulated. To clarify the effects of antipsychotic drugs used in the therapy of schizophrenia on BDNF mRNA, we studied its expression in rats treated with clozapine and haloperidol and in rats with neonatal lesions of the ventral hippocampus, used as an animal model of schizophrenia. Both antipsychotic drugs reduced BDNF expression in the hippocampus of control rats, but did not significantly lower its expression in the prefrontal cortex. The neonatal hippocampal lesion itself suppressed BDNF mRNA expression in the dentate gyrus and tended to reduce its expression in the prefrontal cortex. These results indicate that, unlike antidepressants, antipsychotics down-regulate BDNF mRNA, and suggest that their therapeutic properties are not mediated by stimulation of this neurotrophin. To the extent that the lesioned rat models some pathophysiological aspects of schizophrenia, our data suggest that a neurodevelopmental insult might suppress expression of the neurotrophin in certain brain regions.
The molecular basis of CO2 interaction with polymers containing fluorinated groups: computational chemistry of model compounds and molecular simulation of poly[bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)phosphazene]

Abstract Ab initio molecular orbital calculations of CO2 and model compounds have been used to identify the nature of specific interactions between CO2 and the fluorinated substituent groups of polymers such as poly(trifluoropropyl methyl siloxane) and poly[bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)phosphazene] (PTFEP) that exhibits high CO2 permeability and permselectivity. Second-order Moller–Plesset (MP2) perturbation calculations (6-311++G∗∗ basis set) were used to obtain energies, dipole and quadrupole moments, and polarizabilities of CO2, three alkanes (CH4, CH3CH3, and CH3CH2CH3), and three fluoroalkanes (CF4, CH3CF3, and CH3CH2CF3). Results of energy calculations of three CO2–alkane and three CO2–fluoroalkane dimers indicate that CO2 forms a favorable quadrupole–dipole interaction with the fluoroalkyl groups. The maximum quadrupole–dipole interaction energy obtained was −11.5 kJ mol−1 for CO2–CF3CH2CH3. This value is less than interaction energies typical for hydrogen bonding but greater than the London dispersion values reported for the interaction of CO2 with the carbonyl group of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). Electrostatic potential distributions indicate a small redistribution of electron density to the fluorine atoms of the trifluoroalkanes and to the oxygen atoms of CO2 in the CO2–CF3CH3 and CO2–CF3CH2CH3 dimers. Sorption and molecular association of CO2 with PTFEP has been investigated by molecular simulation of an amorphous cell using the COMPASS molecular mechanics force field. CO2 sorption isotherms obtained by Grand Canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) simulation indicate an upward deviation from the linear relationship between log S and the Lennard–Jones potential well depth parameter, e/k, in agreement with reported permeability data. Pair-correlation analysis obtained from molecular dynamics simulation show strong correlation of CO2 with the trifluoromethyl group of PTFEP in agreement with the MP2 results showing an association of CO2 with both CH3CF3 and CH3CH2CF3.
Do dyslexic and other poor readers differ in reading-related cognitive skills?

The rationale for the study was that if dyslexic and garden-variety poor readers differ in reading-related cognitive skills, there is justification for believing dyslexia to be a distinct entity. Subjects were 110 children aged 6 to 10 years, divided into groups of dyslexic poor readers varying in verbal IQ, garden-variety poor readers, and good readers. Findings suggest that there are valid grounds for believing that dyslexia is a separate entity from garden-variety poor reading, and that it is found among children at all verbal IQ levels. Poor phonological awareness and nonword reading, in relation to normal readers, were shared by dyslexic and garden-variety poor readers. Deficits unique to dyslexic poor readers were problems in both automatic visual recognition and phonological recoding of graphic stimuli. The study supports the phonological-core variable-difference model of Stanovich (1988) in that both dyslexic and garden-variety poor readers showed phonological processing deficits, but they were more extensive in dyslexics.
Craniopharyngiomas--the utility of contrast medium enhancement for MR imaging at 1.5 T.

To evaluate the efficacy of i.v. contrast medium administration in MR imaging at 1.5 T in patients with craniopharyngiomas, MR studies of 10 men and 6 women with pathologically proven craniopharyngiomas were made. The MR images were obtained as 3- to 5-mm-thick coronal (n = 13) or axial (n = 3) T1-weighted images (T1WI) prior to and following i.v. Gd-DTPA administration. Proton density- (PD) and T2-weighted images (T2WI) were also obtained. Conspicuity of tumor margins, cystic versus solid components, size, location and effect upon adjacent structures were separately characterized in all imaging sequences. In 6 patients contrast medium-enhanced T1WI, PD and T2WI demonstrated cystic tumor components not seen on unenhanced T1WI. There were significant differences (p < 0.004) on 2-tailed Student's t-test comparing tumor conspicuity on contrast medium-enhanced T1WI with unenhanced T1WI, PD and T2WI. Optimal tumor delineation on MR imaging of patients with craniopharyngiomas justifies the use of i.v. contrast ...
A Streamline Reservoir Simulator With Dynamic Gridding

A prototype reservoir simulator is described which combines three new simulation technologies to create a simulator of increased speed, accuracy and versatility. These new technologies are: • New finite difference equations for the determination of reservoir pressures that incorporate the sharp pressure gradients that occur around the wells. • Streamline simulation. The reservoir pressures are used to determine the location of the streamlines. Saturations are then determined by ID solutions along each streamline. • Dynamic gridding. The saturations on each streamline are determined by solving ID finite difference approximations to the saturation equation. However, the locations of specific saturation values are determined rather than the usual determination of saturations at specific locations. The resulting dynamic spatial grid is finely spaced in areas where saturations are changing most rapidly. The resulting method rigorously accounts for gravity, capillary pressures and all other phenomena that can be incorporated into traditional, non-streamline, finite difference equations. The results of a 2D, 2-well waterflood simulation illustrate the substantial detail and understanding that can be gained from a relatively coarsely gridded simulation.
On the Interaction of the Pion and Cascade Particle

The pi - XI interaction is examined assuming that either direct coupling or derivative coupling is universal. The mass difference between the nucleon and the XI is included. Universality is assumed for the unrenormalized coupling constant and the cutoff energy in the static theory. The pi baryon is the strongest available. The reactions K- + p yields XI -*+K+ yields XI -+ pi 0+K+andK-+p yields XI -*+K+ yields XI /sup 0/ + pi - + K+ are considered, and spin states are determined. Resonances for the states (T,J) = (3/2, 3/2), (3/ 2, 5/2), (s/2, and (3/2,1/2) with resonance energies roughly in the ratio 3:4: 6 are expected. (L.N.N.)
Three dimensional analyses of scattering by pressure-release sinusoidal surfaces

Scattering by pressure-release sinusoidal surfaces in three dimensions is analyzed using the Fresnel phase approximation and realistic source and receiver directivity approximations. Geometrical shadowing and second-order scattering are explicitly included to explore the validity of the Kirchhoff approximation. No restrictions on the surface heights and slopes are made. The “goodness” of the resulting expressions is verified by requiring the pressure scattered by a sinusoidal surface to reduce to the image solution as the surface amplitude goes to zero. The first-order scattered pressure achieves a very good approximation to the image solution, and the second-order scattered pressure goes to zero, as expected, under this requirement. The theory is compared with available experimental scattering measurements, and the agreement is good. Because the slopes on the experimental surface are very steep, shadowing corrections are indispensible to achieving accurate first and second order scattering results. Shadowing has a greater impact on the scattering prediction than the second-order scattering contribution. This suggests that the Kirchhoff approximation may be more robust when incorporated into a theory including a detailed shadowing treatment as well as the Fresnel phase approximation and a good directivity approximation.
ALTERATION AND DISSOLUTION OF FINE-GRAINED MAGNETITE AND ITS EFFECTS ON MAGNETIZATION OF THE OCEAN FLOOR

Abstract Scanning and transmission electron microscopy (STEM) of ocean-floor pillow basalts with ages between 0 and 70 Ma reveals progressive alteration of submicrometer titanomagnetite to phases such as goethite and clays. In contrast, larger titanomagnetite grains (> 1 μm) oxidize to titanomaghemite without apparent change in crystal morphology. Rock magnetic experiments are consistent with a selective removal of the submicrometer grains as the basalts age, and show good correlations between the ranges of grain sizes observed by STEM and those indicated by hysteresis properties. Remanence contributions from the larger (pseudo-single domain and multi-domain) titanium-iron oxides are inferred to decrease only slightly as the ocean floor becomes older, whereas the overall remanence decays with age as the substantial contribution from stable, single-domain titanomagnetite grains diminishes greatly due to their alteration to other phases. Although more work on many more samples is required to verify our conclusions, the current data imply that this alteration is one of the reasons that amplitudes of marine magnetic anomalies diminish with age over time scales of tens of millions of years.
Salivary Protein Profiles among HER2/neu-Receptor-Positive and -Negative Breast Cancer Patients: Support for Using Salivary Protein Profiles for Modeling Breast Cancer Progression

Purpose. The objective of this study was to compare the salivary protein profiles from individuals diagnosed with breast cancer that were either HER2/neu receptor positive or negative. Methods. Two pooled saliva specimens underwent proteomic analysis. One pooled specimen was from women diagnosed with stage IIa HER2/neu-receptor-positive breast cancer patients (n = 10) and the other was from women diagnosed with stage IIa HER2/neu-receptor-negative cancer patients (n = 10). The pooled samples were trypsinized and the peptides labeled with iTRAQ reagent. Specimens were analyzed using an LC-MS/MS mass spectrometer. Results. The results yielded approximately 71 differentially expressed proteins in the saliva specimens. There were 34 upregulated proteins and 37 downregulated proteins.
Who's to Judge? Understanding Issues of Auditor Independence Versus Judicial Independence

We explore differences in the roles of auditors and judges in the United States, emphasizing the issue of independence for each group. We examine factors that influence the independence of US judges and auditors. We use examples to highlight the potential impact of various factors on each profession and explore how they are affected by differences in the nature of their responsibilities. Based on these examples, we find generalized lessons that are applicable to each profession and explore further questions that should be asked. While much research has been done on factors that could potentially influence auditor independence, no research to date has examined lessons that auditors can learn from the judicial profession with respect to independence in the United States setting, and vice versa. This paper is a contemplation of the different threats that exist to independence and the difficulty in achieving it in two differently structured fields where its attainment was important for achieving societal ends associated with the professional roles. We hope through this discussion and presentation to broaden the perspective of both professions (judges, auditors) by furthering their understanding of the independence dilemmas facing occupants of the other’s role.
Testing Goodness of Fit with Multinomial Data

Abstract Several new test procedures are proposed for assessing the goodness of fit of a postulated multinomial distribution. The new tests are Neyman smooth-type tests with orders selected adaptively from the data. They are shown, through Fourier and large-sample analyses, to provide potential improvements over classical methods in terms of their ability to detect certain types of alternatives. Simulation results and a real example illustrate the finite-sample validity of the large-sample theory and the practical utility of the proposed methods.
Hydrogen safety: an annotated bibliography of regulations, standards and guidelines

Abstract Current federal regulations applicable to the manufacture and maintenance of hydrogen equipment and to the distribution of gaseous and liquid hydrogen in the United States are summarized and presented in a table of regulatory references. A similar table of references is presented for nonmandatory standards and guidelines pertinent to hydrogen safety and hydrogen facilities/equipment specifications. These two tables concisely summarize the best available information that has been published in industry, universities and government agencies for the safe production, storage and handling of hydrogen.
Physiological response of juvenile striped bass,Morone saxatilis, to low levels of cadmium and mercury

Juvenile striped bass,Morone saxatilis, were exposed to 0.5, 2.5, and 5.0 parts per billion (ppb) cadmium as cadmium chloride for 30–90 days and to 1.0, 5.0, and 10.0 ppb mercury as mercuric chloride for 30–120 days. Following the longest exposure to each metal, the fish were allowed to recover for 30 days in running seawater. Gill-tissue respiration, glucose-6-phosphatase, malic enzyme, aspartate aminotransferase, and magnesium activation of AAT were measured. Animals exposed to either metal exhibited changes in gill-tissue respiration. There was no significant difference in enzyme activity during exposure to either metal; however, fish cleared for 30 days following exposure to cadmium exhibited a slight drop in liver AAT and G6PdH.
Sequence analysis of the bicistronic Drosophila X virus genome segment A and its encoded polypeptides.

Abstract Drosophila X virus represents the entomobirnavirus genus of the Family Birnaviridae. Segment A of this bisegmented dsRNA containing virus was cloned and sequenced. The 3360-bp-long nucleotide sequence revealed the presence of two open reading frames (ORFs). A large ORF of 3096 nucleotides, which is flanked by a 107-bp 5′ and a 157-bp 3′-untranslated region, and a 711-nucleotide-long small ORF located within the carboxy half of the large ORF but in a different reading frame. The large ORF encodes a 114-kDa polyprotein which is cotranslationally processed by the virus-coded protease VP4 to generate preVP2, VP3, and VP4 (VP1 is encoded by genome segment B). N-terminal amino acid sequencing of VP3 and VP4 established the order NH 2 -preVP2-VP4-VP3-COOH within the polyprotein. The small ORF straddles the VP4/VP3 junction and is capable of encoding a basic, arginine-rich 27-kDa polypeptide which so far has not been detected in infected cells. The amino acid sequences specified by the two ORFs were compared to those of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) and infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) that represent the two other genera (aquabirnavirus and avibirnavirus) of the Birnaviridae family. Significant sequence homology among the three viruses was found to be restricted to the amino and carboxy regions of preVP2 and to a small 21-residue-long domain near the carboxy terminal region of VP3. Significant sequence homology is exhibited by the small ORFs of the three viruses.
Diagnosis and treatment of peripheral arterial disease compared with other atherosclerotic vascular diseases in a university primary care clinic.

Background Despite the fact that peripheral arterial disease (PAD) significantly increases the risk of cardiovascular mortality, it is significantly underdiagnosed and undertreated. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the practice at a northeast Tennessee university primary care clinic regarding the diagnosis and treatment of PAD. Methods A retrospective medical record survey was conducted to evaluate practice patterns in diagnosing and treating PAD in a university primary care clinic. A clinic population of 711 patients was selected using International Classification of Diseases-9 codes for coronary artery disease (CAD), cerebovascular disease (CVD), and/or PAD. A sample of 180 patients (25.3%) was randomly selected using a systematic statistical method. Of these, 125 patients met the diagnostic criteria for CAD, CVD, and/or PAD. The study covered a 3-year period, from July 2001 until June 2004. Demographic and other data, including the use of antiplatelet therapy, were collected. Results One hundred ten patients met all of the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Thirty-nine percent were males, and 61% were females. Overall, 79% had CAD, 53% had CVD, and 25% had PAD. Almost half of the patients had some combination of these. Only about 2% had PAD only compared with 36% with CAD only and 17% with CVD only. Although the prevalence of CAD and CVD (among other atherosclerotic vascular diseases) in our clinic was comparable to national figures, the prevalence of PAD was significantly lower ( p = .004). The overall use of any antiplatelet agent was 84.2% for patients with only CAD and 80% for only CVD. There was not an adequate number of patients with only PAD to evaluate the use of antiplatelet therapy in this group. Conclusion The low prevalence of PAD only (most PAD patients had coexisting CAD and CVD) indicates that PAD is underdiagnosed at our clinic. There was suboptimal use of aspirin and other antiplatelet drugs among patients with atherosclerotic vascular disease.
SU-GG-T-109: Four Dimensional Inverse Planning for Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy

Purpose: This work develops 4D inverse planning methods and demonstrates the potential benefit of 4D IMRT.Method and Materials: Two 4D planning strategies are proposed and compared. The first one treats all respiration phases as a system and optimizes the dose delivery collectively in space and phase. The method is referred to as collective optimization of all phases (COAP). In this approach, a deformable model is employed to establish a voxel‐to‐voxel correspondence and the goal is to maximize the accumulative dose to the tumor target while minimizing the dose to the organ‐at‐risk (OARs). The second one treats each phase as an independent 3D inverse planning problem and optimizes them separately. The final dose distribution is obtained by summing the dose of each phase after a deformable image registration. This method is called separate optimization of each phase (SOEP). In both approaches, the dose is optimized with a linear programming technique. Results: The resultant dose distribution of COAP is markedly better than that of SOEP in both target dose coverage and organ‐at‐risk sparing. The improvement of COAP is resulted from reallocation of dose among the phases to cater for anatomical changes during the breathing process. It is found that, for a phase with favorable geometry for dose delivery, more doses are allocated by COAP, and vise versa. COAP optimally assigns dose for all the involved phases. Because of the lack of this degree of freedom, SOEP yields almost identical intensity maps and dose distributions for all the phases. Conclusion: Simultaneous spatio‐temporal doseoptimization in 4D inverse planning allows one to take consideration of the spatial variation of the patient anatomy caused by respiration and yields the optimal accumulative dose distribution.
The Vapor Pressure of Solid Sodium and Solid Potassium Amalgams

The vapor pressure of solid sodium and potassium amalgams.\char22{}A Buckley ionization gauge was used to measure the vapor pressure of eight sodium amalgams ranging in concentration from 1: 1 to 15: 1 mol ratio of Hg to Na and of 3 potassium amalgams whose concentrations were 5: 1, 10: 1 and 21: 1, Hg: K. The vapor pressure of each amalgam was measured at a number of temperatures which were determined by means of a platinum resistance thermometer. The pressures measured varied from approximately ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}8}$ mm to ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ mm over a maximum temperature range of from -56\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} to 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. The $\mathrm{log} p$ vs $\frac{1}{T}$ graphs for the different amalgams were found to be approximately straight lines. The difference between the free energy calculated by R. H. Gerke and the internal energy change as calculated in this work shows that the $logp$ vs $\frac{1}{T}$ graphs can be expected to be straight within the experimental error. The heats of reaction were calculated by means of the Van't Hoff reaction isochore, the pressures at different temperatures for these calculations being taken from the $logp$ vs $\frac{1}{T}$ graphs. These heats of reaction for the sodium amalgams varied from 15,000 cal. in the case of the amalgams rich in Hg to 14,000 cal. for the 2: 1 amalgam. This small heat difference over such a wide range of concentrations indicates that most of the heat of reaction between Na and Hg is liberated in the formation of the initial compounds. The heats of reaction for the potassium amalgams were calculated to be 25,500 cal.
Fluorescence resonance energy transfer in polydiacetylene liposomes.

Conjugated polydiacetylene (PDA) possessing stimuli-responsive properties has been intensively investigated for developing efficient sensors. We report here fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) in liposomes synthesized using different molar ratios of dansyl-tagged diacetylene and diacetylene−carboxylic acid monomers. Photopolymerization of diacetylene resulted in cross-linked PDA liposomes. We used steady-state electronic absorption, emission, and fluorescence anisotropy (FA) analysis to characterize the thermal-induced FRET between dansyl fluorophores (donor) and PDA (acceptor). We found that the monomer ratio of acceptor to donor (Rad) and length of linkers (functional part that connects dansyl fluorophores to the diacetylene group in the monomer) strongly affected FRET. For Rad = 10 000, the acceptor emission intensity was amplified by more than 18 times when the liposome solution was heated from 298 to 338 K. A decrease in Rad resulted in diminished acceptor emission amplification. This was p...
Kinetic aspects of Li intercalation in mechano-chemically processed cathode materials for lithium ion batteries: Electrochemical characterization of ball-milled LiMn2O4

Abstract Micrometric LiMn2O4 particles are mechano-chemically modified by ball-milling to obtain a mixture of nano- and micro-scale particles. This mixture is tested as a potential active cathode material for rapid-charge Li ion batteries, and also as a model system for studying the detailed kinetics of Li intercalation/de-intercalation in such electrodes. Ragone plots recorded using galvanostatic measurements indicate enhanced power delivery characteristics of the ball-milled LiMn2O4 compared to its unprocessed counterpart. The processed material also exhibits improved resistance against electrolyte reactions and surface film formation. Due to these advantageous electrochemical attributes, the ball-milled LiMn2O4 serves as an adequately suited system for exploring certain fundamental aspects of Li intercalation in this material. Scan rate dependent slow scan cyclic voltammetry helps to identify the kinetic and diffusion controlled features of Li transport in mechano-chemically processed LiMn2O4. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy substantiates these findings further and provides detailed kinetic parameters, including voltage dependent charge transfer resistance and diffusion coefficient of Li transport.
Structure of solvated Fe(CO)5: XANES and EXAFS measurements using ultrafast laser plasma and conventional X-ray sources

Abstract The structures of solvated iron pentacarbonyl, Fe(CO)5, have been measured by X-ray absorption near edge structure and extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy. Cyclohexane and benzene have been used as solvents. The results were analyzed in conjunction with theoretical molecular structures based on density functional theory calculations. The calculations as well as previously published infrared absorption data showed that between 60% and over 90% of iron pentacarbonyl molecules have C2v symmetry in aromatic solvents at room temperature. Typically, one solvent molecule interacts with the iron atom trans to the apical CO-ligand. This publication presents, to our knowledge, the first X-ray absorption fine structure measurements of chemical solutions ever performed with a laser plasma X-ray source. The results were found to be in good agreement with measurements using a micro-focus X-ray tube as well as with theoretical X-ray absorption spectra of solvated Fe(CO)5.
Distribution of hydrophobic ionizable xenobiotics between water and lipid membranes : pentachlorophenol and pentachlorophenate. A comparison with octanol-water partition

We have studied distribution of pentachlorophenol (PCP)—a major environmental pollutant—between egg-phosphatidylcholine (egg-PC) membranes and water. The objectives were (1) to compare the membrane-water partition of the un-ionized (HA) and ionized (A) PCP, and (2) to establish similarities and differences between the partition of PCP into lipid membranes and into octanol. The studies were made with egg-PC liposomes. It is shown that the distribution isotherms can be understood in terms of the Langmuir-Stern-Grahame adsorption model. The model is applicable to both the HA and A species; it takes into account the electrostatic interactions at the membrane-water interface charged by the adsorbed pentachlorophenate. Relationships between the membrane surface adsorption and bulk partition characteristics were presented and used to relate the partition of PCP into egg-PC membranes to those for octanol-water systems. Results (egg-PC membranes): bulk distribution coeff. γHA=2.9×105, γA=1.6×104, association constant KmHA=2.9×105 M−1, KmA=0.7×105 M−1, adsorption site area PsHA=0.6 nm2, PsA=3.5 nm2, and linear partition coeff. βmHA=550 μm, βmA=30 μm. Comparable to γHA and γA for octanol-water are Pow(HA)≈1.3×105 and Pow(A)≈30. The major difference is in the distribution of ionized PCP which is several hundred times greater for egg-PC membranes compared to octanol. The difference is associated with the properties of the membrane-water interface.