cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thermal injury to common operating room materials by fiber optic light sources and endoscopes.

Abstract Purpose To determine the thermal energy damage potential by heat sources, such as endoscopes and fiber optic light cables, in contact with materials commonly placed around an operating room (OR) table. Materials and method Injury by xenon and halogen light sources were tested by direct and indirect contact using fiber optic light bundle cables and scopes at light intensities between ranging from Standby to 100%. The scopes had diameters ranging from 2.7 mm to 10 mm and were set at varying angles. The materials tested were surgical drapes, cotton towels, child shirts, child pants, lap sponges, X-ray detectable sponges, and Mayo covers. The damage potential was determined qualitatively by presence of smoking or smell of burning. Results Permutations involving direct contact were able to cause thermal injury, while permutations involving indirect contact, endoscopes, or halogen lamp were not. The xenon light source with the fiber optic light cable created thermal injury at light intensities of 50%, 75%, and 100%. Time to injury increased as light intensity was decreased. Only the surgical drape, child shorts, and cotton towel showed evidence of burn injury. Conclusions This report supports the potential for thermal injury to the patient secondary to fiber optic light sources, although this potential may be limited in extent. The injury risk can be reduced by avoiding direct contact to materials overlying the patient, confirming standby mode or 25% light intensity, and maintaining the endoscope connected to the fiber optic cable at all times.
A CALPHAD (CALculation of PHAse Diagrams)-based viscosity model for Al-Ni-Fe-Co melt system

Abstract In this paper, a CALPHAD (CALculation of PHAse Diagram)-based viscosity model has been established for multicomponent liquid systems, using Al-Ni-Fe-Co melt as an example. Firstly, the viscosity databases of pure Fe and Co liquids were assessed following an Arrhenius equation based on the available experimental viscosity data. The viscosity databases of pure Ni and Al liquids were adopted from our previous research and literature. Subsequently, viscosity databases of the Al-Fe, Al-Co, Fe-Co, Fe-Ni, Co-Ni binary liquids were assessed using the CALPHAD model and compared with the available experimental viscosity data. For the first time, the temperature- and composition-dependent binary interaction parameters were used to describe the non-linear viscous behavior due to the chemical short-range order. The viscosities of ternary Al-Fe-Ni liquid were predicted from the databases directly extrapolated from sub-binary systems using the Redlish-Kister-Muggianu model. The good agreement of viscosity between present calculations and available experiments in Al alloy melts demonstrated that the CALPHAD-based viscosity model is suitable for predicting the viscosity of multicomponent liquids as well as their complex temperature-composition-phase-viscosity relationships.
Activating values for encouraging pro-environmental behavior: the role of religious fundamentalism and willingness to sacrifice

A number of theories and hypotheses attempt to understand what influences pro-environmental behaviors. In social psychology, the values–beliefs–norms (VBN) theory is one of the most common approaches used to explain pro-environmental behaviors. But different sets of concepts have often been used in work based on large public opinion surveys. Here, we add to the VBN theory several variables—Christian religious fundamentalism, willingness to sacrifice, trust in scientists, biotechnology beliefs—that have been used in the public opinion literature in a step toward a more integrative theory. A sample of 518 U.S. adults completed an online questionnaire to provide data. Results confirm that, in the USA, biospheric altruism values had substantial indirect effects on pro-environmental behavior via willingness to sacrifice for biodiversity loss. But climate change beliefs and willingness to sacrifice for climate change did not exert direct or indirect effects on pro-environmental behavior. Interestingly, religious fundamentalism increased pro-environmental behavior net of other factors including political ideology, again acting primarily through biospheric altruism values. We hope that our findings encourage steps toward more integrated theory and the testing of more comprehensive models.
Structure related to function: prefrontal surface area has an indirect effect on the relationship between amygdala volume and trait neuroticism.

Trait neuroticism refers to individual differences in negative emotional response to threat, frustration, or loss, operationally defined by elevated levels of irritability, anger, sadness, anxiety, worry, hostility, self-consciousness, and vulnerability to mental and physical difficulties. While functional studies have been fairly consistent when identifying regions associated with neuroticism during emotional stimuli, structural imagining studies do not tend to find a relationship between amygdala volume and trait neuroticism. There is a great deal of functional evidence that frontoparietal areas are related to the amygdala, and to emotional reactivity more generally, as a function of their involvement in emotion regulation. Specifically, top–down emotion appraisal and expression appear to involve parts of the dorsolateral and dorsomedial prefrontal cortices, which operate at least in part via the indirect modulation of the amygdala. It was hypothesized that cortical surface area and cortical thickness in regions associated with emotion appraisal/expression and emotional attention (i.e., superior frontal and rostral middle frontal gyri, respectively) would have an indirect effect on the relationship between amygdala volume and self-reported neuroticism (respectively), potentially explaining the inconsistency in the structural literature. In sample of 1106 adults, superior frontal and rostral middle frontal gyri, as parcellated by Freesurfer, were examined as potentially restricting variance in a model of indirect effects, which may elucidate the overall relationship between cortical and subcortical gray matter volume and trait neuroticism. Results indicated that, despite no association between bilateral amygdala volume and trait neuroticism, when right superior frontal surface area was entered into the model of indirect effects, a significant relationship between amygdala volume and trait neuroticism emerged. Two of the three remaining models indicated that cortical surface area had an indirect effect on the relationship between amygdala volume and trait neuroticism. These findings highlight the relationship between structural and functional neuroimaging studies. Specifically, the results indicate that when volume is related to behavior, individual differences in higher-order cortical regions, particularly surface area, may help to better understand the relationship between emotion and subcortical gray matter volume.
Bacteremia and central line infection caused by Bosea thiooxidans

We describe a case of central venous catheter infection and bacteremia caused by Bosea thiooxidans, which has not been previously described in the literature. Bosea spp. is a gram-negative bacterium that has been isolated from hospital water supplies and may become an important cause of nosocomial infections.
Introduction and Definitions

Intercropping, as the term will be used in this text, is the growing of two or more cultivars, either simultaneously or sequentially on the same area of land. For the most part, we shall confine our attention to the part of intercropping that deals with crops grown on the same area of land at the same time. Many of the concepts and analyses developed and exemplified will be useful for a mixture of cultivars grown at different times on the same unit of land. Intercropping is a centuries-old farming system that has persisted throughout the ages down to the present time. It is used extensively in areas of survival and tropical agriculture and will no doubt become important in temperate zone agriculture. This type of farming is becoming increasingly important for a variety of reasons such as, for example, the increasing costs and ineffectiveness of fungicides, herbicides, fertilizers, and irrigation.
A Physician's Perspective on Generic Drug Quality.

DISCLOSURES: No funding supported the writing of this article. The author has nothing to disclose.
Religious Seekers’ Attraction to the Plain Mennonites and Amish

For all the liberties granted Westerners, a small stream of seekers is looking into the seemingly austere plain Anabaptist sects (Amish, Mennonites, etc.). What are they seeking? Using theories of modernity, secularization, and gender as guides, this study analyzes survey data from a web-based convenience sample of 1074 seekers. Females, young adults, and evangelicals are overrepresented. Chief attractions include religious seriousness, strong community, and modesty. A factor analysis of all 21 attractions produced six latent attraction variables. Seekers characteristic of: (1) the “family” factor seek to consolidate social domains around the family, granting parents greater control in offspring socialization, (2) the “femininity” factor reject an increasingly change-minded, sexualized mainstream youth culture, (3) the “personal conviction” factor tend towards evangelical fundamentalism, mistakenly viewing plain people as a sweeping statement against secularization, (4) the “primitivism” factor are seeking to demodernize in tangible ways, (5) the “stability” factor desire a stabilizing social system to address psychological stresses, and (6) the “returnees” factor are looking to rejoin, either after having left earlier in life or having discovered plain ancestry. Depending on changes in broader society, characteristics of religions may incidentally correspond with era-specific stresses, triggering a generation of seekers, as is the case here with plain Anabaptists.
Radiatively driven winds for different power law spectra

The analytic solutions for radiatively driven winds are given for the case in which the winds are driven by absorption of line and continuum radiation. The wind solutions are analytically estimated for different parameters of the central source and for different power law spectra. For flat spectra, three sonic points can exist; it is shown, however, that only one of these sonic points is physically realistic. Parameters of the central source are given which generate winds of further interest for explaining the narrow and broad absorption lines in quasars. For the quasar model presented here, winds which could give rise to the narrow absorption lines are generated by central sources with parameters which are not realistic for quasars.
Drag in Bose-Fermi mixtures

We use kinetic theory to model the dynamics of a small Bose condensed cloud of heavy particles moving through a larger degenerate Fermi gas of light particles. Varying the Bose-Fermi interaction, we find a crossover between bulk- and surface-dominated regimes---where scattering occurs throughout the Bose cloud or solely on the surface, respectively. We calculate the damping and frequency shift of the dipole mode in a harmonic trap as a function of the magnetic field controlling an interspecies Feshbach resonance. We find excellent agreement between our stochastic model and the experimental studies of Cs-Li mixtures.
Lessons From COVID-19: Addressing Health Equity in Cancer Care.

The COVID-19 pandemic that continues to ravage communities all over the United States is serving to highlight some of the long-standing inequities that have plagued our nation. At the time this article was written, members of the Black community accounted for 52% of COVID-19 deaths in Milwaukee County.1Milwaukee CountyMilwaukee County COVID-19 dashboard.https://mcoem.maps.arcgis.com/apps/opsdashboard/index.html#/018eedbe075046779b8062b5fe1055bfDate accessed: April 28, 2020Google Scholar This is a striking disparity in a county where only 27% of the population identifies as Black.2United States CensusQuick facts: Milwaukee County.https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/milwaukeecountywisconsinDate accessed: April 28, 2020Google Scholar Similar disparities are noted throughout the United States as other minority and vulnerable populations fall victim to complications from the virus.3City of ChicagoCity of Chicago COVID-19 data.https://www.chicago.gov/city/en/sites/covid-19/home/latest-data.htmlDate accessed: April 28, 2020Google Scholar,4State of LouisianaState of Louisiana COVID-19 data.http://ldh.la.gov/Coronavirus/Date accessed: April 28, 2020Google Scholar
Permutation Equivariant Document Interaction Network for Neural Learning to Rank

How to leverage cross-document interactions to improve ranking performance is an important topic in information retrieval research. The recent developments in deep learning show strength in modeling complex relationships across sequences and sets. It thus motivates us to study how to leverage cross-document interactions for learning-to-rank in the deep learning framework. In this paper, we formally define the permutation equivariance requirement for a scoring function that captures cross-document interactions. We then propose a self-attention based document interaction network that extends any univariate scoring function with contextual features capturing cross-document interactions. We show that it satisfies the permutation equivariance requirement, and can generate scores for document sets of varying sizes.Our proposed methods can automatically learn to capture document interactions without any auxiliary information, and can scale across large document sets. We conduct experiments on four ranking datasets: the public benchmarks WEB30K and Istella, as well as Gmail search and Google Drive Quick Access datasets. Experimental results show that our proposed methods lead to significant quality improvements over state-of-the-art neural ranking models, and are competitive with state-of-the-art gradient boosted decision tree (GBDT) based models on the WEB30K dataset.
Adaptive response to iterative passages of five Lactobacillus species in simulated vaginal fluid

Microbiome and metagenomic studies have given rise to a new understanding of microbial colonization of various human tissues and their ability to impact our health. One human microbiome growing in notoriety, the vaginal microbiome, stands out given its importance for women’s health, and is peculiar in terms of its relative bacterial composition, including its simplicity and typical domination by a small number of Lactobacillus species. The loss of Lactobacillus dominance is associated with disorders such as bacterial vaginosis, and efforts are now underway to understand the ability of Lactobacillus species to colonize the vaginal tract and adapt to this dynamic and acidic environment. Here, we investigate how various Lactobacillus species often isolated from the vaginal and intestinal cavities genomically and transcriptionally respond to iterative growth in simulated vaginal fluid. We determined the genomes and transcriptomes of L. acidophilus, L. crispatus, L. fermentum, L. gasseri, and L. jensenii and compared profiles after 50, 100, 500, and 1000 generations of iterative passages in synthetic vaginal fluid. In general, we identified relatively few genetic changes consisting of single nucleotide polymorphisms, with higher counts occurring more frequently in non-vaginal isolated species. Transcriptional profiles were more impacted over time and tended to be more extensive for species that typically do not dominate the vaginal tract, reflecting a more extensive need to adapt to a less familiar environment. This study provides insights into how vaginal and non-vaginal Lactobacillus species respond and adapt to a simulated vaginal environment. Overall, trends indicate high genomic stability for all species involved, with more variability in the transcriptome especially for non-dominant species of the vaginal tract.
Visualisation and orbital-free parametrisation of the large-Z scaling of the kinetic energy density of atoms

ABSTRACTThe scaling of neutral atoms to large Z, combining periodicity with a gradual trend to homogeneity, is a fundamental probe of density functional theory, one that has driven recent advances in understanding both the kinetic and exchange-correlation energies. Although research focus is normally upon the scaling of integrated energies, insights can also be gained from energy densities. We visualise the scaling of the positive-definite kinetic energy density (KED) in closed-shell atoms, in comparison to invariant quantities based upon the gradient and Laplacian of the density. We notice a striking fit of the KED within the core of any atom to a gradient expansion using both the gradient and the Laplacian, appearing as an asymptotic limit around which the KED oscillates. The gradient expansion is qualitatively different from that derived from first principles for a slowly varying electron gas and is correlated with a nonzero Pauli contribution to the KED near the nucleus. We propose and explore orbital...
Simulation Optimization by Reusing Past Replications: Don’t Be Afraid of Dependence

The main challenge of simulation optimization is the limited simulation budget because of the high computational cost of simulation experiments. One approach to overcome this challenge is to reuse simulation outputs from previous iterations in the current iteration of the optimization procedure. However, due to the dependence among iterations, simulation replications from different iterations are not independent, which leads to the lack of theoretical justification for the good empirical performance. In this paper, we fill this gap by theoretically studying the stochastic gradient descent method with reusing past simulation replications. We show that reusing past replications does not change the convergence of the algorithm, which implies the bias of the gradient estimator is asymptotically negligible. Moreover, we show that reusing past replications reduces the variance of gradient estimators conditioned on the history, which implies that the algorithm can use larger step size sequences to achieve faster convergence.
Synthetic PVA Osteochondral Implants for the Knee Joint: Mechanical Characteristics During Simulated Gait.

Background:Although polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) implants have been developed and used for the treatment of femoral osteochondral defects, their effect on joint contact mechanics during gait has not bee...
Human skin permeation of Δ8-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol and cannabinol

The purpose of this study was to quantify the in-vitro human skin transdermal flux of Delta8-tetrahydrocannabinol (Delta8-THC), cannabidiol (CBD) and cannabinol (CBN). These cannabinoids are of interest because they are likely candidates for transdermal combination therapy. Differential thermal analysis and in-vitro diffusion studies with human tissue were completed for the compounds. Heats of fusion, melting points and relative thermodynamic activities were determined for the crystalline compounds, CBD and CBN. Flux, permeability, tissue concentration and lag times were measured in the diffusion experiments. CBN had a lower heat of fusion and corresponding higher calculated relative thermodynamic activity than CBD. Ethanol concentrations of 30 to 33% significantly increased the transdermal flux of Delta8-THC and CBD. Tissue concentrations of Delta8-THC were significantly higher than for CBN. Lag times for CBD were significantly smaller than for CBN. The permeabilities of CBD and CBN were 10-fold higher than for Delta8-THC. Combinations of these cannabinoids with ethanol will be further studied in transdermal patch formulations in vitro and in vivo, as significant flux levels of all the drugs were obtained. CBD, the most polar of the three drugs, and other more polar cannabinoids will also be the focus of future drug design studies for improved transdermal delivery rates.
Is There Any Space Left in the EU Internal Market for National Product-Related Measures?”

Products have an effect on the environment. Depending on their composition, their production method and how they are used, they can either become a source of pollution, or they can be designed in such a way as to avoid negative secondary effects. This article aims to schematically present, in a questions and answers format, the legal determinants which should be taken into account in the elaboration of national product-related measures.
Host-Parasite Relationships Among Group A Streptococci IV. Suppression of Antibody Response by Streptococcal Pyrogenic Exotoxin

In rabbits, purified streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin, at 0.002 of the ld50 dose, suppressed the antibody response to injected sheep erythrocytes. The antibody suppressed was determined by density gradient ultracentrifugal analysis to be of the 19S class. Background serum antibody (50% hemolytic units), as determined photometrically, correlated well with background antibody-forming spleen cells, as determined by the hemolytic-plaque technique. The exotoxin induced neither positive nor negative changes in background antibody levels, but suppressed the early secondary response to injected antigen. A comparison and control experiment showed that purified gram-negative bacterial endotoxin at identical protocol did not induce antibody suppression, but did induce the well-known adjuvant effect. Because streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin is known to inhibit the phagocytic function of the reticuloendothelial system (RES), these data strongly support the concept that antigen is processed by cells of the RES before it evokes a secondary immune response. The results also demonstrated that streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin may play a unique role in lowering the acquired defense of the host against infection. If the anamnestic immune response of the host is temporarily suppressed, then the host-parasite balance would be upset in favor of the parasite.
Transonic Wing Shape Optimization Using a Genetic Algorithm

A method for aerodynamic shape optimization based on a genetic algorithm approach is demonstrated. The algorithm is coupled with a transonic full potential flow solver and is used to optimize the flow about transonic wings including multi-objective solutions that lead to the generation of pareto fronts. The results indicate that the genetic algorithm is easy to implement, flexible in application and extremely reliable.
The All-or-Nothing Workplace: Flexibility Stigma and “Opting Out” Among Professional-Managerial Women

Using a model of the stigmatization of flexible work based on status legitimation theory, we analyze the experiences of a sample of 54 mothers who “opted out” of professional jobs. Qualitative text analysis reveals that features of women's workplaces are conducive to the creation and maintenance of flexibility stigma and bias and that women working flexibly are subjected to various forms of stigmatizing treatment, which plays a role in their decision to suspend their careers. We find limited evidence, however, that women perceive high levels of stigma and differential treatment as reflecting bias or prejudice. Instead, the majority appears to accept the legitimacy of professional time norms and view their treatment as justifiable. We identify factors that moderate or inhibit their perception of flexibility bias, as distinct from stigma per se, and discuss the limitations of our research as well as its implications for future research and policy.
Genes and photons: new avenues into the neuronal basis of behavior

A convergence of advances in optical methods and a better understanding of the genetics of development promise to revolutionize the study of neuronal circuits and their links to behavior. One of the great challenges in systems neurobiology has been to monitor and perturb activity in populations of identified neurons in vivo. Recent work has begun to achieve this goal through a combination of modern imaging methods with genetic labeling and perturbation.
The conformation of the anticodon loop of yeast tRNAPhe in solution and on ribosomes.

The Y-base of yeast tRNAPhe was replaced by the fluorophores 1-aminoanthracene or proflavine to yield derivatives which are active in all of the reactions of peptide elongation on reticulocyte ribosomes. The relatively long lifetime, higher quantum yield, and environmental sensitivity of 1-aminoanthracene make it a particulary useful adjunct to the Y-base in studying conformational changes in the anticodon region. The absorption and emission spectra of 1-aminoanthracene in tRNA in solutions in which it is active in peptide synthesis indicate that the probe is in a hydrophobic environment, apparently provided by stacking with the adjacent bases in the anticodon loop. The proflavine derivative, tRNA, was employed in iodide quenching, D2O enhancement, and fluorescence depolarization experiments. The results indicate that the fluorophore in partially but not completely protected from the solvent. Anisotropy studies indicate that in solutions approximating those which support peptide synthesis on ribosomes, the probes have significant but restricted flexibility within the anticodon loop. Considered with nmr data and Y-base fluorescence from crystals of tRNA, the results indicate that the solution and crystal structures of tRNAPhe are very similar. In turn, fluorescene from modified tRNAPhe bound to ribosomes is similar to that observed in solution. It is of special significance for future experiments involving nonradiative energy transfer that these probles adjacent to the anticodon retain independent flexibility when bound to ribosomes with poly(U). The tRNAPhe itself appears to be held rigidly on the ribosomes. It is concluded that within the limits dictated by the position and sensitivity of the probes used in this study, the mechanism of tRNAPhe binding to ribosomes and the movement of tRNA and mRNA during the translocation steps of peptide synthesis can be interpreted in terms of the well-defined crystal structure of tRNAPhe.
Obtaining consent for autopsy in dementia research: The Memory and Aging Project experience:

Although clinical diagnostic inaccuracy rates in dementia have been reduced in recent years because of increased understanding of dementing disorders, autopsy remains the definitive means for diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, barriers to obtaining autopsy still exist. We report here the voluntary autopsy consent protocol developed by Washington University's Memory and Aging Project. Suggestions by staff and participants over the years have been implemented to develop a protocol that insures a successful autopsy program. From a wallet-sized card of instructions for family reference, to 24-hour availability of staff families and institutions are provided a smooth transition from place of death to autopsy. The rate of voluntary autopsy consent for Memory and Aging Project participants (70 percent) reflects the effectiveness of this program.
InGaAs quantum well nanoneedles on silicon with long wavelength emission for silicon transparency

We report novel single-crystalline wurtzite InGaAs/GaAs core-shell quantum well nanoneedles with photoluminescence below the 1.12 eV silicon bandgap, grown on GaAs or Si. This long wavelength enables integration with silicon waveguides and CMOS devices.
Effect of cosolvents on solubility of protein in equilibrium between different states.

This paper describes a theoretical work on the solubility of a protein in equilibrium between different forms such as isomerization (A ⇌ B) and dimerization (2A ⇌ B). Under the assumptions that A and B have different solubilities and form their own solid phases (in the form of either precipitation or crystal), it was shownthat only either A or B precipitates at a given condition, another form being in equilibrium in solution with the precipitating form, provided that the solubility ratio of A to B is not identical to their equilibrium composition in the solution phase determined by the equilibrium constant. It follows, then, that the total concentration of the protein in the solution phase can be calculated by summing the solubility of the precipitating form and the concentration in solution of another form in equilibrium with the precipitating form. Assuming various preferential protein-solvent interactions for the two forms in solution as well as solid phases, dependences of the total protein solubility on the additive concentration were examined. It was shown that this dependence may be complex, showing maximum, minimum, or inflection point, depending on the preferential protein interactions with solvent components.
Mutations in the SLC2A9 Gene Cause Hyperuricosuria and Hyperuricemia in the Dog

Allantoin is the end product of purine catabolism in all mammals except humans, great apes, and one breed of dog, the Dalmatian. Humans and Dalmatian dogs produce uric acid during purine degradation, which leads to elevated levels of uric acid in blood and urine and can result in significant diseases in both species. The defect in Dalmatians results from inefficient transport of uric acid in both the liver and renal proximal tubules. Hyperuricosuria and hyperuricemia (huu) is a simple autosomal recessive trait for which all Dalmatian dogs are homozygous. Therefore, in order to map the locus, an interbreed backcross was used. Linkage mapping localized the huu trait to CFA03, which excluded the obvious urate transporter 1 gene, SLC22A12. Positional cloning placed the locus in a minimal interval of 2.5 Mb with a LOD score of 17.45. A critical interval of 333 kb containing only four genes was homozygous in all Dalmatians. Sequence and expression analyses of the SLC2A9 gene indicated three possible mutations, a missense mutation (G616T;C188F) and two promoter mutations that together appear to reduce the expression levels of one of the isoforms. The missense mutation is associated with hyperuricosuria in the Dalmatian, while the promoter SNPs occur in other unaffected breeds of dog. Verification of the causative nature of these changes was obtained when hyperuricosuric dogs from several other breeds were found to possess the same combination of mutations as found in the Dalmatian. The Dalmatian dog model of hyperuricosuria and hyperuricemia underscores the importance of SLC2A9 for uric acid transport in mammals.
Law and the child.

1. Lynn Davidson, MD 1. Children’s Hospital at Montefiore, Bronx, NY 1. Emerging Disability Policy Framework: A Guidepost for Analyzing Public Policy. Stevenson R. Iowa Law Review. 2000;85:1691-1806 2. Individuals with Disabilities Education Act 1997. Office of Special Education Programs Web site: www.ed.gov/offices/OSERS/OSEP/Policy/ 3. Legislation for the Education of Children with Disabilities. Palfrey JS. In: Levine M, Carey W, Crocker A, eds. Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrics. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders Co; 1999:782–785 4. Legal Issues. Larson EV, Christian WP. In: Levine M, Carey W, Crocker A, eds. Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrics . 3rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders Co; 1999:771–781 5. Caring for the Gravely Ill Children. Fleischman AR, Nolan K, Dubler NN, et al. Pediatrics. 1994;94:433–439 6. Legal and Ethical Concerns. English A. In: Friedman SB, Fisher MM, Schonberg SK, Alderman EM, eds. Comprehensive Adolescent Health Care . St. Louis, Mo: Mosby; 1998:109–113 7. Suicidal Behavior and Suicide. Setterberg SR. In: Friedman SB, Fisher MM, Schonberg SK, Alderman EM, eds. Comprehensive Adolescent Health Care . St. Louis, Mo; Mosby; 1998:932–937 Over the past several decades, pediatricians have seen dramatic changes in the rights of mentally and physically challenged patients. Effective advocacy from parents’ groups in the late 1960s and 1970s, with assistance from physicians, lawyers, and educators, put in motion significant changes in the laws governing the care of people who have disabilities, a process of change that continues today. It is important for pediatricians to keep abreast of the federal rules relating to the rights of disabled children. As knowledgeable resources for patients and their families, pediatricians can help guide them through what can be both an overwhelming and an overwhelmed educational system. Informing parents of their legal rights helps empower them to be involved in educational evaluation and monitor their child’s ongoing progress in school. Often pediatricians are the first to identify children who have disabilities and refer them to the proper agencies for evaluation. Because federal laws are administered differently in every state, each clinician must be aware of how his or her state handles these laws. The federal laws, known either by abbreviations (IDEA, ADA) or by their public law number, aim to eliminate discrimination that prevents disabled individuals from participating fully in society. Highlighted here are the laws that have had the most impact on mentally and physically challenged children, particularly on their …
3d Metal perchlorate complexes with quinoxaline 1-oxide[1]

Abstract Hexacoordinated 3d metal perchlorate complexes with quinoxaline 1-oxide(N-QxO) were prepared and characterized by means of spectral and magnetic studies. Several of the new complexes involve exclusively oxygen-bonded unidentate N-QxO ligands and are probably of the types: [Cr(N-QxO)4(OH2)(OClO3)](ClO4)2·5H2O; [Fe(N-QxO)3(OH2)(OClO3)2](ClO4); and [M(N-QxO)4(OH2)2](ClO4)2·xH2O (MFe, Co, c Ni; x = 1 for Co; x = 6 for Fe or Ni). The rest of the new complexes contain some N- and some O-bonded N-QxO groups; likely formulations for these compounds are: [ Mn(ONC 8 H 6 N) n (NC 8 H 6 NO) 5−n (OClO 3 )](ClO 4 )·4H 2 O ; [ Zn(ONC 8 H 6 N) m (NC 8 H 6 NO) 3−n (OH 2 ) 3 ](ClO 4 ) 2 ; [ Cu(ONC 8 H 6 N)(NC 8 H 6 NO)(OH 2 ) 2 (O 2 ClO 2 )](ClO 4 )·H 2 O; and [ NC 8 H 6 NO) y (ONC 8 H 6 N) 3−y (O 3 ClO)Cu(NQxO) 2 Cu(OClO 3 )(NC 8 H 6 N) 3−y (ONC 8 6 N) y ](ClO 4 ) 2 ·4H 2 O . The latter complex is apparently the only binuclear compound of the series, involving two O-bonded bridging N-QxO ligands, as suggested by its subnormal magnetic moment (0.99 μB). The Fe(III) compound also shows a subnormal μeff (2.61 μB), which was attributed to spin-state equilibria, while the rest of the new complexes with paramagnetic metal ions are magnetically normal high-spin compounds.
Three-dimensional simulation of multi-material injection molding: Application to gas-assisted and co-injection molding

This paper presents an overview of the results obtained at the Industrial Materials Institute (IMI) on the numerical simulation of the gas-assisted injection molding and co-injection molding. For this work, the IMI's three-dimensional (3D) finite element flow analysis code was used. Non-Newtonian, non-isothermal flow solutions are obtained by solving the momentum, mass and energy equations. Two additional transport equations are solved to track polymer/air and skin/core materials interfaces. Solutions are shown for different thin parts and then for thick three-dimensional geometries. Different operating conditions are considered and the influence of various processing parameters is analyzed.
Erythema multiforme major and minor

Il est bon de distinguer les erythemes polymorphes «grave» et «benin». Cependant il faut bien se rappeler que le pronostic depend de la cause etiologique. De plus un erytheme polymorphe peut etre «benin» au point de vue de l'atteinte cutanee et cependant s'accompagner d'une autre atteinte, renale par exemple, grave
Modeling Fully Depleted SOI MOSFETs in 3D Using Recursive Scattering Matrices

As the semiconductor industry pushes towards ever decreasing device sizes, the need for an efficient yet accurate simulation method increases. We present a different approach to modeling ultra small semiconductor devices through the use of recursive scattering matrices. This approach is a completely quantum mechanical approach in three dimensions, yet does not suffer from excessive computation time or resources. While the transport in most small semiconductor devices is typically 2D in nature, with a 3D model we are capable of incorporating the interaction of the 3D modes in the contacts with the 2D modes in the active regions. We demonstrate this approach by presenting results for a short channel fully-depleted SOI (Silicon On Insulator) MOSFET. We present results using both hardwall potentials and self-consistent potentials as calculated through the use of an iterative Poisson solver.
Carbon dioxide separation from hydrogen and nitrogen: Facilitated transport in arginine salt–chitosan membranes

Abstract CO2-selective membranes that obtain high CO2 permeabilities accompanied with high CO2/H2 and CO2/N2 separation factors at industrial temperatures and pressures are applicable to fuel cell operations and flue gas purification. This paper describes the separation of carbon dioxide from a mixed gas stream of hydrogen and nitrogen by a chitosan membrane containing 40 wt% sodium arginate. Continuous membrane separations were done for a feed gas with 10% carbon dioxide, feed gas total pressures of 152 and 507 pa (1.5 and 5 atm), and temperatures ranging from 20 to 150 °C. The addition of arginine salts increases the number of amino groups for facilitated transport of CO2 and increases the water levels in the arginine salt–chitosan membranes compared to swollen chitosan membranes at the same humidification conditions. At 152 pa (1.5 atm) feed pressure and 110 °C, there are maxima in the carbon dioxide permeabilities (1500 barrers), and the separation factors for CO2/N2 (852) and CO2/H2 (144). At higher pressure (507 pa (5 atm)), there were no maxima in the carbon dioxide permeabilities or separation factors, and there was less bound water in the membrane.
Connectivity and Bidirectional Energy Transfer in DC Microgrid Featuring Different Voltage Characteristics

In this paper, the connectivity issues related to linking two DC buses featuring different voltage characteristics, in terms of voltage level and ripple, in a DC microgrid are identified, analyzed and discussed. A controlled DC-DC converter was used as the main bidirectional energy transfer enabler between the two buses. The focus of this paper is on how to achieve the best controllability and performance levels of the bidirectional converter when it is linking a DC bus with a relatively high voltage ripple to another with small ripple. The operating fundamentals of a buck-boost converter and its current control algorithm are explained. Different operation and control schemes are also presented. An experimental test setup was devised to investigate and compare the performance of each configuration. A three-phase full wave diode rectifier was used to achieve the high voltage ripple bus, whereas a three-phase controllable IGBT based rectifier was used as a pure DC bus. The results of the various experiments run for bidirectional power flow show that depending on the configuration of the system, better controllability and lower current ripple can be achieved by the proper selection of current and feedback.
Fluoxetine in the treatment of premenstrual dysphoria.

We performed a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial of fluoxetine in 17 women with prospectively confirmed PMS who also met criteria for premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD). A subset of 10 women with PMDD and an additional 10 controls participated in a single-dose m-chlorophenylpiperazine (m-CPP) challenge during the follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle. We evaluated the ability of the acute behavioral response to luteal phase m-CPP administration to predict therapeutic response to fluoxetine. Compared with baseline, fluoxetine, but not placebo, treatment significantly improved both emotional and physical symptoms. We identified 11 (65%) fluoxetine responders who no longer met diagnostic criteria for PMDD during fluoxetine but remained symptomatic during placebo treatment. In addition, acute symptomatic improvement also occurred following m-CPP administration in 7 of 10 women with PMDD. The small number of m-CPP nonresponders did not respond to fluoxetine either. Our findings confirm that fluoxetine is an effective treatment of PMDD.
Altered cardiac tissue gene expression during acute hypoxic exposure.

Anoxia has been shown to induce the expression of one or more ‘stress proteins’ in mammalian cells and tissues. A less severe form of oxygen depletion, hypoxic hypoxia, occurs in response to hypobaric decompression which simulates high altitude conditions. Under these conditions mouse hearts accumulate mRNAs for at least two polypeptides at substantially elevated levels. The molecular weights of these proteins, 85 kDa and 95 kDa, are similar to those reported for other mammalian stress proteins or glucose-regulated proteins. Time course experiments suggest that mRNAs for these species increase continuously for up to 16 hours of treatment, while mRNA for 71 kDa and 79 kDa polypeptides are elevated early in the treatment, but later decrease to control values. Total heart mRNA template activity is also increased by the hypobaric treatment. These results demonstrate that mouse cardiac tissue is capable of mounting a cellular stress-like response when exposed to moderately stressful conditions. It also provides a model for studying the direct effects of acute hypoxic stress on cellular gene expression, and its relationship to physiological adaptation.
Effects of thermally oxidized triglycerides on the oxidative stability of soybean oil

Soybean oil purified by silicic acid column chromatography did not contain peroxides, free fatty acids, phospholipids or oxidized polar compounds. The purified soybean oil was thermally oxidized at 180°C for 96 hr in the presence of air. The thermally oxidized compounds (31.3%) were separated from the purified soybean oil by gradient elution silicic acid chromatography. Thermally oxidized compounds contained hydroxyl groups, carbonyl groups andtrans double bonds according to the infrared spectrum. Thermally oxidized compounds were added to soybean oil and purified soybean oil at 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0% to study the effects of these compounds on the oxidative stability of oil. The oxidative stabilities of oils were determined by gas chromatographic analysis of volatile compound formation and molecular oxygen disappearance in the headspace of oil bottles. The thermally oxidized compounds showed prooxidant effects on the oxidative stabilities of both refined, bleached and deodorized soybean oil and purified soybean oil. Duncan’s Multiple Range Test showed that thermally oxidized compounds had a significant effect on the volatile compound formatiion and oxygen disappearance in the headspace of oil at α=0.05.
A self-dual even (96, 48, 16) code (Corresp.)

If C_1, C_2 are two codes of the same length, let C_1 \neq C_2 = \{(\alpha + \eta,\beta + \eta, \alpha + \beta + \eta) \mid \alpha, \beta \in C_1, \eta \in C_2\} . Taking C_1 and C_2 to be two extended quadratic residue codes of length 32, it is shown that C_1 \neq C_2 is a (96,48,16) self-dual even code with all weights divisible by 4.
Low Risk Sexual and Drug-Using Behaviors Among Latina Women with AIDS in Los Angeles County

Latina women represent nearly half of all females diagnosed with AIDS in Los Angeles County, yet little is known about their risk behaviors compared to women of other race/ethnicities. Compared to white and African American women with AIDS, Latinas with AIDS had fewer lifetime male sexual partners (P < .0001); reported fewer sexually transmitted diseases (OR = 0.24; 95% CI: 0.1, 0.5); were less likely to trade sex for drugs/money (OR = 0.18; 95% CI: 0.07, 0.5); and were less likely to report exposure to HIV via injection drug use (OR = 0.3; 95% CI: 0.09, 0.99). Latinas were also more likely to be single mothers (OR = 3.02; 95% CI: 1.4, 6.4); less likely to receive public assistance (OR = 0.33; 95% CI: 0.16, 0.70); were less likely to have completed high-school (OR = 0.11; 95% CI: .04, .31) and were more likely to never have had health insurance (OR = 2.44; 95% CI: 1.15, 5.18). The data demonstrate low-risk behaviors for Latinas and underscores the challenge of delivering effective HIV prevention to women without traditional risk profiles.
Methodological advances in molecular dynamics simulations of biological systems

New advances in the techniques used to simulate specific statistical ensembles provide molecular dynamics algorithms that permit rigorous connections to be made between thermodynamic observables and calculated quantities in simulations of biological molecules. The complete inclusion of electrostatic forces in simulations also improves the comparison between calculations of simple structural measures in crystals and X-ray crystallographic results. These advances coupled with the ongoing development of more accurate inter/intramolecular forcefields with enhanced accuracy provide guidelines and benchmarks for comparison as we move to study more complicated biological problems.
Compact DIAL sensor: SHREWD

The US Army Chemical Biological Center and Raytheon Electronic Systems are developing a lightweight, compact sensor, known as the Standoff Handheld Real-time Early Warning Detector (SHREWD), for detection of airborne chemicals at ranges of 3-5 km by differential absorption lidar for manportable applications and for vehicles where sensor size and weight are restricted. Engineering analysis shows that the final deployable sensor size and weight would be 0.9 cu gt and 35 lb, respectively. The fieldable breadboard sensor now under development in phase 1 of the program is composed of independent transmitter and receiver sections mounted on either side of a single, 20 in. By 24 in. Optical table held vertically on a tripod. The transmitter is composed of an air-cooled Nd:YAG pump laser and a robust, two-stage OPO that shifts the pump laser output to the 8-12 micrometers band. The pump laser emits 20 mJ pulses at a repetition rate of 300 Hz in a 1.2 time diffraction limited beam; and the OPO overall conversion efficiency is 1.2% resulting in an output pulse energy of 240 (mu) J. The sensor receiver is based on a 12 cm diameter, off-axis paraboloid mirror and cryo-engine-cooled HgCdTe detector. Data acquisition is performed by 8 bit, analog- digital converters with 0.5 ns resolution and data processing/display are performed in real time.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Physical anthropological approaches to aging

The field of gerontology is remarkably diverse; yet there has been relatively little investigation of physical anthropological issues in aging research. This review explores gerontologic topics of actual and/or potential interest to physical anthropologists. The evolution of aging presents a theoretical dilemma in that postreproductively expressed traits may be outside the influence of natural selection. The physiological changes of aging comprise a diversified mosaic of physical deterioration as would be expected from an evolutionary model. Studies of prehistoric aging are limited to estimating lifespan, which may not be indicative of rate of aging. Considerable attention has been devoted to body composition and aging, and notable findings include a loss of lean tissue with age and relatively constant (though redistributing) fat mass. Osteoporosis is a major problem of aging in females, as is tooth loss in both sexes. The study of variation in rates of aging is only beginning, and a number of approaches to measuring biological age in adulthood are presented. Determining the associations of lifestyle, economic, and nutritional status with biological age may reveal sources of variation in rates of aging and may be of practical importance.