cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Surface-Promoted Thioether Linkage between Proto- or Hemato porphyrins and Thiol-Silanized Quartz: Formation of Self-Assembled Monolayers and Interaction with Imidazole and Carbon Monoxide

Free base protoporphyrin IX (PP),1 Zn(II)protoporphyrin IX (Zn(II)PP), Fe(III)protoporphyrin IX (Fe(III)PP), and Fe(III)protoporphyrin IX dimethylester (Fe(III)PPDME) as well as free base hematoporphyrin were selectively chemisorbed onto thiol-silanized quartz in aqueous media at neutral pH values and at room temperature. The self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) were characterized by UV/vis absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy. Evidence for chemisorption through the formation of thioether linkages between the immobilized thiols at the surface and the vinyl or the hydroxyethyl groups of the porphyrins is as follows: (1) Only porphyrins that possess either vinyl or hydroxyethyl groups show the characteristic absorption and properties of a SAM; porphyrins free of vinyl or hydroxyethyl groups do not form SAMs. (2) Attachment to the surface through the propionates of the metal is ruled out since the presence of both metal and propionates is not mandatory for the formation of SAMs. (3) None of the porphyrins f...
Joint Production and Averting Expenditure Measures of Willingness to Pay: Do Water Expenditures Really Measure Avoidance Costs?

A multinomial selection model of averting behavior in response to water contamination risks is estimated for Georgia residents. Measures of non-health related water quality (taste, odor, and appearance) are incorporated into the model to account for joint production of utility and health. The model examines the choice between bottled, filtered tap, and unfiltered tap water. Results of the estimation indicated that perceived risk from tap water, concern about water quality (taste, odor, and appearance of tap water), race, and age are the most important determinants of bottled water selection. Information regarding current or prior problems with tap water, perceived risk from tap water, and income are the most important determinants of water filter selection. Adjusting for quality differences between tap and bottled water, we show that averting costs estimates using bottled water expenditures would lead to an overstatement of avoidance costs by about 12%.
Direct application of the transfer matrix method to solve nonlinear autonomous boundary value problems with multiple branches

Abstract A direct transfer matrix method is developed to analyze the nonlinear, branched and one-dimensional autonomous boundary value problems. The method is applied to determine (1) the natural frequencies and modes about the initial state (vacuum), (2) the nonlinear steady-state deflections, (3) the natural frequencies and modes about the trimmed state, and (4) the aeroelastic stability of branched blades in hover. A quasi-steady strip theory is employed for calculation of the aerodynamic forces. A Newton-Raphson method based on a quasi-linearization of a nonlinear distributed boundary value problem is developed to solve the steady-state deflections of the blade. The formulation is validated by comparing the results with those obtained by other methods in the literature.
Large yield differences between reciprocal families of Solanum tuberosum

A number of reports have indicated differences in reciprocal families of Solanum tuberosum when intergroup hybrids were studied. Questions have been raised concerning the potential magnitude, frequency, and genetic basis for such differences. In this study, exact reciprocal crosses were made using parents characterized by different maturities and having different cytoplasmic sources within Solanum tuberosum in order to substantiate previous claims of reciprocal differences and to clarify the nature of such differences. Field trials revealed reciprocal differences which were large and highly significant. Reciprocal yield differences of up to 115% were observed when parents of opposite maturities were used. In seven crosses, the higher-yielding reciprocal always had the higher-yielding parent as the maternal parent. Significant reciprocal differences for flowering and vine maturity were also observed between some families. The F2 populations were generated for one set of reciprocals and the reciprocal differences in the F2 generation seemed to be substantially reduced relative to the F1 generation. It is concluded that the occurrence of large reciprocal differences seems to depend more upon having parents of opposite maturity than upon the taxonomic origin of the parent's cytoplasm. This, in conjunction with the reduced F2 reciprocal differences, suggests that observed differences may be due to very persistent maternal effects or a type of dauermodification, rather than true cytoplasmic inheritance.
No coding variant of the tryptophan hydroxylase gene detected in seasonal affective disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, anorexia nervosa, and alcoholism.

Abstract Background: The goal of this study was to evaluate the role of genetic variation in the coding sequence of tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) in the pathogenesis of several psychiatric diseases in which altered serotonin function has been implicated: bipolar affective disorder (BP), obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD), anorexia nervosa (AN), seasonal affective disorder (SAD), panic disorder (PD), and alcoholism (Alc). Methods: Ninety-three percent of the TPH coding sequence was screened by polymerase chain reaction single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) for DNA sequence variations in 128 AN, 88 OCD, 72 SAD, 45 PD, and 36 BP patients and 142 normal volunteers. Also included in the screening were 61 Alc randomly selected from a Finnish alcoholic population in which an association of a TPH intron 7 polymorphism with suicidality was previously observed. Polymorphisms detected by SSCP were characterized by DNA sequencing and by allele-specific restriction enzyme digestion. Genotyping was then performed in 34 Finnish alcoholic suicide attempters. Results: A rare silent mutation was identified in exon 10 and is designated T1095C. The C1095 allele was found in 1 OCD and in 2 AN subjects; all 3 individuals were heterozygous (C1095/T1095) for the variant allele. No association was observed between this TPH T1095C variant with either OCD, AN, Alc, or suicidality. Conclusion: These results suggest that the coding sequence of the TPH gene does not contain abundant variants, and may not play a major role in vulnerability to several psychopathologies in which reduced serotonin turnover has been implicated.
The (relative) importance of software design criteria

We study how the relative values placed on a variety of software design criteria differs between beginning students, advanced students, and educators. We also consider how these values change depending on the specific design situation. Statistical analysis of data collectedfrom over 300 subjects reveals relatively small differences between the two student populations and significant differences between educators and students. In addition to often valuing different criteria, educators also value criteria more consistently across the design situations.
Federal Grants and Local Capital Improvements: The Impact of Reagan Budgets

Changes in intergovernmental grants for local capital improvements during the Reagan Administration are explored from a national perspective and from the experiences of two mid-sized communities, Tulsa, Oklahoma and Toledo, Ohio. Nationally, a roller coaster pattern was identified with a strong down-turn in the most recent data and a notable shift from redevelopment to expansion/development grants such as highway and airport construction. Locally, the first dilemma is that the change in the mix of grants available is having a greater impact on the older Toledo than the newer Tulsa because their capital needs vary. Yet as federal grants declined, both cities responded affirmatively by raising new local revenues for capital improvements. The second dilemma is that the differences in their wealth and needs make revenue enhancement more difficult for Toledo than Tulsa.
Trans-Uterine Migration of Blastocysts in the Eastern Skunk

Black bears ( Ursus americanus ) in the northern part of their range normally go through a long period of winter dormancy, usually denning in a hollow log, cave, or even a sheltered depression in the ground. During the winter of 1953–54 an unusual instance of a bear denning in a live, standing tree at some distance above ground was reported in northern Michigan. The following information was given …
The use of computing machines in the statistical evaluation of electrical components

DURING the last few years, the field of applied statistics has experienced a tremendous growth. This is evidenced by the increasing acceptance of the statistician as a vital member of the research and engineering team. The advent of the computing machine is not the least of the factors which has contributed to this growth. Not too long ago, complex statistical problems in multivariate analysis or analysis of variance were beyond the realm of possibility because of the months and years necessary to obtain solutions by conventional hand computation methods. Now, with the existence of computing machines of increased sizes, speeds, and capacities, more of these problems can be solved and are being solved on a routine basis.
A comparative study of the nonhistone proteins of rat liver euchromatin and heterochromatin.

Abstract Rat liver was fractionated into template-active (euchromatin) and template-inactive (heterochromatin) fractions by controlled shearing and glycerol gradient centrifugation. The histone and nonhistone proteins associated with each fraction were compared. No qualitative differences in histone content were observed, but heterochromatin contained 1.5 times more histone protein than did euchromatin. The nonhistone proteins of each chromatin fraction were fractionated on the basis of salt solubility into loosely bound (those extracted by 0.35 m NaCl), tightly bound (those extracted by 2.0 m NaCl), and residual nonhistone proteins (those not extracted by 2.0 m NaCl). Euchromatin contained 3.7 times more loosely bound nonhistone proteins than did heterochromatin, while the latter contained twice as much residual nonhistone protein. Euchromatin was devoid of tightly bound nonhistone protein, a component of heterochromatin. Electrophoretic analysis of these nonhistone protein fractions revealed marked heterogeneity, with a number of bands unique to either eu- or heterochromatin.
Error bounds in cascading regressions

Cascading regressions is a technique for predicting a value of a dependent variable when no paired measurements exist to perform a standard regression analysis. Biases in coefficients of a cascaded-regression line as well as error variance of points about the line are functions of the correlation coefficient between dependent and independent variables. Although this correlation cannot be computed because of the lack of paired data, bounds can be placed on errors through the required properties of the correlation coefficient. The potential meansquared error of a cascaded-regression prediction can be large, as illustrated through an example using geomorphologic data.
Review: Vegetarian diets reduce systolic and diastolic blood pressure more than omnivorous diets

Source Citation Yokoyama Y, Nishimura K, Barnard ND, et al. Vegetarian diets and blood pressure: a meta-analysis. JAMA Intern Med. 2014;174:577-87. 24566947
R&D budgets and corporate earnings targets

Abstract Unlike other investments in the U.S., research and development budgets are not depreciated but expensed. Thus, pre-tax reported earnings fluctuate dollar-for-dollar with changes in R&D budgets. Because executives know more about the firm than outsiders, they may adjust R&D budgets in order to manage accounting earnings and stock prices. Discretionary changes in R&D may also reflect managerial incentives, taxes, and free cash flow. We study a panel of 100 U.S. companies with large R&D budgets for the decade between 1977 and 1986. On average, R&D budget adjustments reduce the anticipated gap between analysts' earnings forecasts and reported income. In the cross-section of firms, more gap closure is associated with high trading volume and high business risk. Less earnings management occurs if the CEO and institutional investors own an important fraction of the shares.
Cannibalistic behaviour spread by social learning

Abstract We hypothesized that social learning is involved in the spread of cannibalism in domestic fowl Gallus gallus domesticus . To investigate this hypothesis without harming birds, we used an inanimate chicken model as our cannibalism stimulus. We randomly assigned flocks of 12 White Leghorn pullets to one of two treatments: (1) flocks with two trained demonstrators ( N =9) and (2) control flocks ( N =8). Demonstrators were trained to pierce a membrane covering a dish of chicken blood and consume the blood. To assess the effect of access to the cannibalism stimulus during demonstrations, we randomly assigned observer pairs to one of two observer treatments: (1) observe stimulus through a wire mesh partition and (2) observe stimulus within the same enclosure. We conducted five 10-min demonstration sessions, each followed by a 10-min test of each observer pair in the absence of demonstrators, over a period of 15 days when the birds were 41–55 days of age, and two further tests at 63–64 and 91–92 days of age. Pairs that observed demonstrators piercing a membrane and consuming blood were more likely to perform this task when tested than control pairs. Learning of the task was enhanced by direct access to the cannibalism stimulus rather than observing it through a wire mesh partition. Blood consumption during tests was increased by direct access to the cannibalism stimulus during demonstration sessions. The birds made bigger holes in the membrane when tested after observing trained demonstrators and after having direct access to the stimulus. Our results provide the first experimental evidence that social learning can contribute to the spread of cannibalistic behaviour in domestic fowl. We suggest that stimulus enhancement and observational conditioning were the social-learning mechanisms involved. Copyright 2002 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved .
PRECISE BIRTH TIMING IN CAPTIVE HARBOR SEALS (PHOCA VITULINA) AND CALIFORNIA SEA LIONS (ZALOPHUS CALIFORNIANUS)

The absolute and relative precision of birth timing was assessed in 27 captive harbor seals and 30 captive California sea lions. Data were obtained from zoos and aquaria and only adult females with at least three live births were selected for analysis. Individuals of both species demonstrated very high absolute precision with narrow ranges of birth dates and small standard deviations of the individual mean birth dates. In addition, with the exception of one sea lion, no temporal trends for earlier or later birthing were found. Whereas marked differences in birth timing were found among individual harbor seals, these relative differences tended to disappear when subspecies affiliation and location were taken into account. Moderate inter-individual differences were also found among the California sea lions, but these differences persisted following the partitioning of adult females by location. The absolute precision in birth timing strongly suggests that environmental regulation of birth timing occurs via a highly precise cue, such as photoperiod. The relative differences among individuals may indicate that birth timing in pinnipeds has a heritable component, and hence may evolve in response to natural selection, thus allowing adaptation of the pupping season to specific seasonal environments.
Coronary Artery Bypass in Patients with Previously Placed Implantable Defibrillators

Four patients with previously placed implantable defibrillators required coronary revascularization several years after the original device was inserted. Three patients had a conventional system of epicardial patches and leads, and one patient had a nonthoracotomy system placed. All four patients were successfully revascularized without evidence of perioperative infarction or significant morbidity. The patient with the nonthoracotomy device did require manipulation of the endocardial lead at a separate setting. This limited experience suggests that patients needing revascularization after placement of an implantable defibrillator can be successfully bypassed.
ABUSE OF POWER: ANDREW JACKSON AND THE INDIAN REMOVAL ACT OF 1830

(2003). Abuse of Power: Andrew Jackson and the Indian Removal Act of 1830. The Historian: Vol. 65, No. 6, pp. 1330-1353.
Prototype of an in vitro model of the microcirculation

We have used microfabrication technology to construct a network of microchannels, patterned after the dimensions and architecture of the mammalian microcirculation. The network is cast in transparent silicone elastomer and the channels are coated with silanated mPEG to provide lubrication. Flow of red and white blood cells through the network is readily visualized by the use of high-speed digital image acquisition. The acquired sequences of high-quality images are used to calculate hematocrits and rates of red cell movement in the microchannels. Our prototype system has significant advantages over scaled-up room-size experimental systems in that it permits experimentation with actual human blood cells. Experiments can be carried out under well-controlled conditions in a network of microchannels with precisely known dimensions using cell suspensions of defined composition. Moreover, there is no need to counteract or anticipate the host's adaptive responses that may confound live animal experiments. Notwithstanding its limitations, the current prototype demonstrates certain features characteristic of the microcirculation, such as parachute and bullet shapes of red cells deformed in capillary channels, rouleaux formation, plasma skimming, and the utilization of collateral flow pathways due to flow obstruction caused by a white cell blocking a microchannel. We present this device as a prototype scale-to-scale model of the mammalian microcirculation. Limitations of the system as well as a variety of possible applications are described.
Low-level wind shear detection and warning - A systems update

The aim of the Joint Airport Weather Studies (JAWS) project, to determine quantitatively how well various low-level wind shear detection and warning systems operate in a uniform wind shear environment, is discussed. A number of low-level wind shear detection and warning systems that were used in the JAWS field project in the summer of 1982 are briefly described. These included three types of surface in situ sensors, three airborne sensors, and two Doppler radar remote sensing concepts. The tasks that are pertinent to an evaluation of the systems are stated, and some tentative impressions regarding the capabilities of the systems are presented.
Artifacts following gold staining of Western-blotted membranes.

Abstract Protein samples were separated by sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, electrophoretically transferred to nitrocellulose membranes, and stained with colloidal gold. Three artifact bands appeared demonstrating apparent molecular weights of 58,000, 63,000, and 65,000. The appearance of these bands was due to oxidized dithiothreitol used to denature the proteins prior to electrophoresis. The appearance of the artifact bands could be avoided by the addition of excess iodoacetamide to the denatured protein sample and by limiting staining time to 1.5 h at 13 V/Cm.
Molecular Sensing with Magnetic Nanoparticles Using Magnetic Spectroscopy of Nanoparticle Brownian Motion

Abstract Functionalized magnetic nanoparticles (mNPs) have shown promise in biosensing and other biomedical applications. Here we use functionalized mNPs to develop a highly sensitive, versatile sensing strategy required in practical biological assays and potentially in vivo analysis. We demonstrate a new sensing scheme based on m agnetic s pectroscopy of nanoparticle B rownian motion (MSB) to quantitatively detect molecular targets. MSB uses the harmonics of oscillating mNPs as a metric for the freedom of rotational motion, thus reflecting the bound state of the mNP. The harmonics can be detected in vivo from nanogram quantities of iron within 5 s. Using a streptavidin–biotin binding system, we show that the detection limit of the current MSB technique is lower than 150 pM (0.075 pmole), which is much more sensitive than previously reported techniques based on mNP detection. Using mNPs conjugated with two anti-thrombin DNA aptamers, we show that thrombin can be detected with high sensitivity (4 nM or 2 pmole). A DNA–DNA interaction was also investigated. The results demonstrated that sequence selective DNA detection can be achieved with 100 pM (0.05 pmole) sensitivity. The results of using MSB to sense these interactions, show that the MSB based sensing technique can achieve rapid measurement (within 10 s), and is suitable for detecting and quantifying a wide range of biomarkers or analytes. It has the potential to be applied in variety of biomedical applications or diagnostic analyses.
Distance from a massed double-presentation or blank trial as a factor in paired associate list learning

Subjects learned paired associate lists containing either blank trials or items which received massed repetitions. Test items were placed at varied distances from these events. The distributed practice effect was demonstrated and did not interact with presentation rate. Performance on items which immediately preceded a massed double-presentation was not superior to performance on items farther away, and an immediate repetition was more beneficial than following an item with a blank trial. These results are inconsistent with the notion that both an immediate repetition and a blank trial serve to provide blank time during which Ss rehearse several preceding items.
Extrasolar solar-sail trajectories and dark matter

Abstract Hyper-thin, high-speed solar-photon sail space probes exploring the Sun׳s Oort comet cloud could also be used to set an upper bound to the concentration of WIMPS (weakly interacting massive particles), one of the suggested (but unconfirmed) forms of dark matter within the vicinity of the solar system. Newton׳s Shell Theorem would be applied to determine variations in apparent solar mass as the probe moves further out from the Sun. Application of this technique to the trajectories of Pioneer 10/11 reveals that the upper limit to WIMP concentration within ~60 AU of the Sun is ~0.2 Earth masses, as revealed in studies of the Pioneer Anomaly. If the published accuracy of the Pioneer acceleration measurements can be increased by an order of magnitude, probe trajectory measurements out to ~10,000 AU may confirm or falsify the hypothesis that WIMP mass within the solar vicinity is ~3X star mass. It is shown that a space-manufactured ~40-nm thick beryllium hollow-body solar sail deployed from a ~0.07 AU perihelion is a candidate spacecraft for such a mission. Possible science-team organization strategy for a ~100-year mission to ~10,000 AU is discussed.
Cattle as competitors for biomass energy

Crop residues represent a biomass source that have been extensively studied as a potential energy source. Fuel use would produce competitive demands for this resource to the cattle industry. A linear programming model of the United States beef production systems which maximized beef production was used to evaluate the potential contribution of crop residues to the support of beef cattle. Changes in the resource inputs of land, feed supplies and energy were determined along with beef output volume and quality. The scenarios studied included decreases of 25% from the current feeding systems in: (1) corn grain; or (2) silage; or (3) grazed forage; (4) corn grain and silage; (5) corn grain, silage and grazed forage; and (6) total elimination of corn grain and silage. Each scenario examined the system with and without crop residues. In addition to the maximize beef production objective function, the baseline scenario was run with another objective function which minimized energy use. Crop residues served to replace most of forage from grazing or silage. When corn grain was reduced beef production and beef quality declined. Land requirements were automatically reduced by feeding crop residues because land use was charged only to grain production. In all cases feeding residues reduced the energy requirement per kg of beef produced. Energy minimization resulted in a decline from an input of 95.0 to 47.7 × 109 Mcal while total beef production remained the same although quality grade was lower. When the feeding value of residues was compared to other energy production alternatives for biomass sources, such as gasification or direct combustion, with the manure produced from the cattle used for methane and the residue used as fertilizer, this alternative provided 3,020 Mcal of energy at a dollar substitution of $45.60 per ton.
Putnam on “Empirical Objects”

Summary Putnam claims that the objects we experience are “mind-dependent” and “theory-dependent”. He also writes that they are “constructed within our theories”. It is difficult to say what he means by these claims. I conclude that, according to Putnam, “empirical objects” do not really exist. But I attempt to show the sense in which he can be considered a realist about these objects. Putnam has adopted an idealism which allows for the correctness of realist claims within appropriate contexts. I also discuss Putnam's solution to the problem of how we manage to refer to “empirical objects”. I argue that this solution, and his views concerning the nature of objects, are faced with important difficulties. Resume Putnam pretend que les objets de notre experience sont ≫dependants de l'esprit≪ et ≫dependants de la theorie≪. II ecrit aussi qu'ils sont ≫construits dans le cadre de nos theories≪. La signification de ces declarations est difficile a expliquer. J'en deduis que, selon Putnam, les ≫objets empiriques≪ n'existent pas vraiment. Mais j'essaye de montrer dans quel sens il peut etre considere comme realiste a l'egard de ces objets. Putnam a fait sien un idealisme qui permet l'usage ?enonces realistes a l'interieur de contextes appropries. Je discute aussi la solution qu'il propose pour expliquer comment nous parvenons a nous referer a des objets. Je pretends que cette solution souleve, tout comme ses vues quant a la nature des objets, bien des difficultes. Zusammenfassung Putnam hat behauptet, dass die fur uns erfahrbaren Objekte ≫geistabhangig≪ und ≫theoriebhangig sind. Er schreibt auch, dass sie ≫innerhalb unserer Theorien konstruiert≪ werden. Es ist schwer zu sagen, was er mit diesen Behauptungen meint. Ich schliesse, dass gemass Putnam diese ≫empirischen Objekte≪ nicht wirklich existieren. Aber ich versuche die Art und Weise herauszustellen, in welcher er als Realist betrachtet werden kann. Putnam hat einen Idealismus ubernommen, der die Richtigkeit realistischer Behauptungen in geeigneten Kontexten berucksichtigt. Ich diskutiere ebenfalls Putnams Losung des Problems, wie wir das Referieren auf ≫empirische Objekte≪ bewerkstelligen. Ich argumentiere, dass seine Losung und seine die Natur der Objekte betreffenden Auffassungen mit wichtigen Schwierigkeiten konfrontiert sind.
Memoirs of Nikita Khrushchev: Reformer, 1945–1964 – Edited by Sergei Khrushchev

Nikita Khrushchev's second volume of memoirs covers his rise to a major party leader from the late 1930s until the end of his tenure as party general secretary. (He does not discuss the Central Com...
Modulation of Diversity by Grazing and Mowing in Native Tallgrass Prairie

Species diversity has declined in ecosystems worldwide as a result of habitat fragmentation, eutrophication, and land-use change. If such decline is to be halted ecological mechanisms that restore or maintain biodiversity are needed. Two long-term field experiments were performed in native grassland to assess the effects of fire, nitrogen addition, and grazing or mowing on plant species diversity. In one experiment, richness declined on burned and fertilized treatments, whereas mowing maintained diversity under these conditions. In the second experiment, loss of species diversity due to frequent burning was reversed by bison, a keystone herbivore in North American grasslands. Thus, mowing or the reestablishment of grazing in anthropogenically stressed grasslands enhanced biodiversity.
Effect of Iron on Conversion of Acetic Acid to Methane During Methanogenic Fermentations

Addition of iron (as a solution of reagent grade FeCl2, up to 20 mmol/1) to a methanogenic culture utilizing acetic acid markedly increased conversion of acetic acid to methane. The optimum soluble iron concentration was between 0.2 and 2 mM, with higher concentrations becoming slightly less stimulating. Most of the iron added precipitated within days after addition (mostly as ferrous carbonate or phosphate). Conversion of acetic acid to methane in liquid from municipal sewage digesters and from laboratory food processing waste digesters was also increased markedly by addition of iron. Results indicate that optimization of the conversion of acetic acid to methane in methanogenic fermentations requires soluble iron levels many times higher than those often required for maximum growth and activity in microbial cultures.
Speciation of complexes by lotus 1-2-3

Abstract The Lotus 1-2-3 program is used with a set of known complex stability constants for calculation of the distribution of complexes in aqueous solution as a function of the pH. After the minimization routine, a graph can be obtained with the graph option in the Lotus menu. Some examples of metal-ligand and metal-mixed-ligand systems from the literature are shown to be in excellent agreement with the calculations from this program. The ease of programming and the ready access to the graph options in Lotus 1-2-3 make this a useful approach to calculation of speciation of complexes.
Maximizing the performance of wind turbines with nonlinear aeroservoelastic power flow control

Maximum energy and power can be generated by a wind turbine by operating at the edge of dynamic stall. This paper applies a novel nonlinear power flow control technique to the nonlinear stall flutter problem that occurs when the wind turbine passes into dynamic stall. A nonlinear aerodynamic and structural model is developed that is representative of the first torsional mode of a nominal 5 MW rated power wind turbine blade. This model is analyzed using the power flow control technique to determine the limit cycle behavior of the nonlinear stall flutter condition of the first torsional mode. This model is further analyzed to determine the effectiveness of feedback control to generate nonlinear flutter suppression to ensure stability while maximizing the performance of the wind turbine. In addition, the limit cycle is shown to be a stability boundary for the nonlinear system.
An evaluation of the sensitivity and specificity of medical thermography for the documentation of myofascial trigger points.

Abstract This investigation evaluated the diagnostic value of medical thermology for the documentation of myofascial trigger points. Previous investigators have suggested that circumscribed ‘hot spots’ reflect the thermal activity of trigger points. A total of 365 patients participated in the four separate experiments. Upper back trigger points were isolated via palpation. A separate thermographic examination, specific to that experiment, was conducted by a technologist who was blind to the presence or absence of trigger points. The first experiment examined the Swerdlow-Dieter protocol. Fifty percent of the subjects with trigger points demonstrated hot spots. Over 60% of patients without trigger points exhibited hot spots. Chi-square analysis determined that there was no significant difference between these two groups. The majority of hot spots were unrelated to trigger point location. The second experiment evaluated the protocol suggested by Fisher. Hot spots were evident in the majority of subjects, regardless of whether they possessed trigger points. The third experiment investigated hot spot persistence by adapting the Weinstein-Weinstein alcohol spray protocol. Chi-square analysis found no significant difference between the effect which spray had on the hot spots of patients with or without trigger points. Following a post-spray machine adjustment, the majority of pre-spray hot spots could be reproduced. The final experiment used a pressure threshold meter (PTM) to evaluate the number of kilograms pressure a patient's hot spot could comfortably sustain in comparison to the opposite location on the back. Using the t test, no significant difference was found between the kilograms pressure withstood by hot spot and non-hot spot regions. The results of this investigation suggest that thermographic hot spots, observed on the upper back, are unassociated with active trigger points. Efforts should be taken to determine the physiology responsible for these common and persistent thermal phenomena.
The application of the interferometer to H.F. direction-finding

The measured performance of an interferometer system for direction-finding in the h.f. band is described. A considerable reduction in bearing error compared with a narrow-aperture (Adcock) system is obtained in the presence of ground reradiators and fluctuating wave-interference fields. A standard deviation of about 1 2° has been obtained with a 400 ft interferometer on sky-wave transmissions in the 5?25 Mc/s band.
False EX1 signatures caused by sample carryover during HX MS analyses.

Discovery of EX1 kinetics in hydrogen exchange (HX) mass spectrometry (MS) experiments is rare. Proteins follow the EX1 kinetic regime when cooperative unfolding events simultaneously expose multiple residues to solvent such that they all become deuterated together before the region is able to refold. A number of factors can contribute to what we call “false EX1” in which it appears as though EX1 occurs in a protein when it probably does not. One of the contributors to false EX1 is peptide carryover between chromatographic runs. In this work, we explore the origins of peptide carryover in HX MS, describe how carryover causes mass spectra to indicate false EX1 kinetics and then describe an optimized washing protocol that can be used to eliminate peptide carryover. A series of solvent injections was developed and found to efficiently eliminate carryover signatures such that analysis of deuterium incorporation could be reliably followed for two proteins prone to high carryover.
Anaerobic Oxidation of n-Dodecane by an Addition Reaction in a Sulfate-Reducing Bacterial Enrichment Culture

The anaerobic biodegradation of n-alkanes has recently been demonstrated under nitrate-reducing (6, 11, 19), sulfate-reducing (1, 2, 7, 9, 20–22), and methanogenic (3, 25) conditions. Pure bacterial cultures that couple the reduction of the first two electron acceptors to the oxidation of alkanes have been isolated (1, 2, 11, 20–22), but little is known about the initial mechanism(s) of anaerobic activation and subsequent metabolism of these hydrocarbons. Previous studies of the total cellular fatty acid composition of pure sulfate-reducing cultures grown on alkanes have suggested that activation does not occur via dehydrogenation to the corresponding 1-alkene (2) but does occur by addition of an unknown organic carbon fragment to the C-2 position of the original molecule (22). Recent research has shown that the anaerobic bacterial metabolism of toluene and xylenes is initiated by addition of the methyl group to the double bond of fumarate, forming optically pure (R)-(+)-benzylsuccinic acid and methylbenzylsuccinic acids, respectively (4, 5, 12–14). These addition reactions occur with retention of the proton abstracted from the methyl group in the succinyl moiety of the metabolite (4, 5). The detection of 3-phenyl-1,2-butanedicarboxylic acid from ethylbenzene (L. M. Gieg and J. M. Suflita, Abstr. 99th Gen. Meet. Am. Soc. Microbiol., abstr. Q-109, p. 554, 1999) may result from an analogous fumarate addition reaction of the methylene group. Alternatively, and as was suggested for toluene, this metabolite may be formed by successive additions of two carbon units from acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA), a mechanism that would result in the loss of two H atoms (8). Partially purified benzylsuccinate synthase from the denitrifying Azoarcus sp. strain T was shown to catalyze addition to fumarate by the methyl groups of toluene and all three isomers of xylene, as well as of 1-methyl-1-cyclohexene but not of 4-methyl-1-cyclohexene or methylcyclohexane (5). The nonreactivity of the latter two substrates led the researchers to conclude that the resonance stabilization offered to the radical transition state in the form of a conjugated π system by the adjacent aromatic ring or conjugated double bond was necessary for this bioconversion (5). The dodecylsuccinic acid metabolites observed in the present study are formed with retention of the deuterium from D26-dodecane on the succinyl moiety, suggesting that the bond between the dodecane and succinate was formed by addition across the double bond of fumarate. This is a novel bioconversion for alkanes; the nature of the enzymes that catalyze this conversion, as well as how it occurs without resonance stabilization offered by a conjugated π system, remains to be clarified.
CMOS Powers Toward System-on-Chip Integration [From the Guest Editors' Desk]

It is well known that complimentary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) has become ubiquitous in circuits for wireless applications in communications such as cellular telephony and wireless local area networks (LANs). Almost all elements of a modern radio front end and back end can be and have been integrated onto a single silicon die, allowing for significant reduction in cost in these applications. CMOS is perhaps the singular reason for the explosive growth in popularity and availability of wireless devices. It is because of this success that it is surprising that the radio frequency (RF) power amplifi er (PA) that interfaces the radio's transmitter front-end circuitry to the antenna has yet to be integrated heavily into these wireless products.
Computer Generated Pictorial Stores Management Displays for Fighter Aircraft.

Four methods of presenting stores management information were evaluated in a flight simulation: 1) alphanumeric, 2) color pictorial, 3) black and white pictorial, and 4) alphanumeric/color pictorial. Results indicated that pilots performed equally well with the alphanumeric, color pictorial, and alphanumeric/color pictorial formats but that performance with the black and white pictorial format was significantly worse than all three of these formats. Subjective data indicated significant pilot preference for the alphanumeric/color pictorial format. These results indicate one potential advantage of color pictorial formats in the cockpit. Mainly, in addition to the specific information provided by the alphanumeric format, the color pictorial format provides a "situational awareness" where the pilot can obtain important information at a glance. Also supported by this study is the continued exploration of color computer graphics in the cockpit to increase the efficiency of information transfer between the pilot and the aircraft. Language: en
The mechanism of dimethyl carbonate synthesis on Cu-exchanged zeolite Y

Abstract The mechanism of dimethyl carbonate (DMC) synthesis from oxidative carbonylation of methanol over Cu-exchanged Y zeolite has been investigated using in situ infrared spectroscopy and mass spectrometry under transient-response conditions. The formation of DMC is initiated by reaction of molecularly adsorbed methanol with oxygen to form either mono- or di-methoxide species bound to Cu + cations. Reaction of the mono-methoxide species with CO produces monomethyl carbonate (MMC) species. DMC is formed via two distinct reaction pathways—CO addition to di-methoxide species or by reaction of methanol with MMC. The rate-limiting step in DMC synthesis is found to be the reaction of CO with mono-methoxide or di-methoxide species. The first of these reactions produces MMC, which then reacts rapidly with methanol to produce DMC, whereas the second of these reactions produces DMC directly. Formaldehyde was identified as an intermediate in the formation of dimethoxy methane (DMM) and methyl formate (MF). Both byproducts are thought to form via a hemiacetal intermediate produced by the reaction of methanol with adsorbed formaldehyde at a Cu + site.
Factors affecting the electrochemical and spectroelectrochemical properties of diruthenium(III,II) complexes containing four identical unsymmetrical bridging ligands.

Factors affecting the electrochemical and spectroelectrochemical properties of diruthenium(III,II) complexes containing four unsymmetrical bridging ligands are reported for seven related compounds which were isolated in one or two of the four possible isomeric forms. The investigated compounds are represented as Ru2(2-CH3ap)4Cl, Ru2(2,5-F2ap)4Cl, Ru2(2,6-F2ap)4Cl, and Ru2(2,4,6-F3ap)4Cl where 2-CH3ap, 2,5-F2ap, 2,6-F2ap, and 2,4,6-F3ap are, respectively, the 2-(2-methylanilino)pyridinate anion, the 2-(2,5-difluoroanilino)pyridinate anion, the 2-(2,6-difluoroanilino)pyridinate anion, and the 2-(2,4,6-trifluoroanilino)pyridinate anion. Ru2(2-CH3ap)4Cl and Ru2(2,5-F2ap)4Cl exist only in a (4,0) conformation while Ru2(2,4,6-F3ap)4Cl is present in both (3,1) and (4,0) isomeric forms. Ru2(2,6-F2ap)4Cl also exists in two isomeric forms, but only the (3,1) isomer was generated in sufficient quantities to be isolated and structurally characterized. This series of seven closely related metal−metal bonded complexes ...
A computational analysis of Japan's generalized system of preferences

Abstract In this paper we employ a general equilibrium computational model of world trade to evaluate the Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) of Japan. We conclude that the Japanese GSP is strongly trade creating because preferential treatment is offered primarily on products for which Japan is a major world exporter. However, tariff concessions result in a deterioration in Japan's terms of trade, which lowers welfare in Japan and improves the welfare of Japan's major trading partners. Among the LDCs, the gain from preferential treatment accrues primarily to the Asian NICs, Hong Kong, South Korea, Singapore, and Taiwan.
Sibling placements in longitudinal perspective

Abstract Although research that focuses on sibling placements in foster care has increased in recent years, for the most part this research has focused on single samples from a point-in-time perspective. In this paper, we approach the matter of sibling placements with longitudinal data, differentiating between the notions of togetherness and intactness in order to describe the placement experiences of sibling groups. We generally found that, although siblings often enter care on the same day, they make up less than half the groups entering care. We also found that small sibling groups are more likely to be placed intact. So, too, are siblings placed with relatives. We also studied intactness over time. All told, when the movement between statuses is accounted for fully, more sibling groups were intact at 6 months as a percentage of children still in care than at the time of placement. Moreover, there is evidence that separated siblings who remain in care are sometimes brought together over time, sibling group size and placement type affect the likelihood that siblings are brought together, and children who follow their siblings into care are much less likely to be placed with a sibling compared to siblings that enter foster care on the same day.
Low-delay distributed multiple description coding for error-resilient video transmission

In this paper, a low-delay distributed multiple description coding (LD-DMDC) method that combines the principles of multiple description coding (MDC) and distributed video coding (DVC) has been proposed to further improve the error resilience of DVC. The proposed method generates two descriptions based on duplication and alternation of the discrete cosine transform (DCT) coefficients for the Wyner-Ziv (WZ) frames and by exploiting H.264/AVC's dispersed flexible macroblock ordering (FMO) for the key frames. The proposed method makes efficient use of skip blocks to exploit temporal redundancies between successive frames and employs a binary arithmetic coding instead of iterative channel coding to reduce the system latency. Simulation results show that the proposed method is robust against transmission errors, while maintaining low encoder complexity and low system latency.
Process-controlled machining of gray cast iron

Abstract Prior research (ref. 1) reported a model to predict surface roughness for specified values of cutting tool nose radius, feed rate, cutting speed and tool wear. The model is based on experimental data from finish turning of gray cast iron using uncoated tungsten carbide inserts. The results suggest that feed rate and cutting speed can be modified to produce a specified surface roughness in the presence of increasing levels tool wear. The method used in the paper to calculate values of feed rate and cutting speed is based on a multiple objective goal programming optimization scheme. The method predicts optimal machining conditions under the conflicting objectives of maximal production rate and minimal cost, subject to realistic constraints imposed by the capability of the machine tool and restrictions on the process parameters. Further adjustment of the cutting parameters is then made based on specified values of surface roughness and levels of tool wear.
Age-Dependent and Lobe-Specific Spontaneous Hyperplasia in the Brown Norway Rat Prostate

We showed previously that exogenously administered testosterone caused age- and lobe-specific overgrowth of the prostate in Brown Norway rats. A common feature observed in testosterone-treated animals was cell hypertrophy in each of the ventral, dorsal, and lateral lobes of both young (6 mo old) and old (24 mo old) rats. By contrast, hyperplasia was seen only in the dorsal and lateral lobes of old rats treated with testosterone. These observations prompted us to examine whether age- and lobe-specific overgrowth might also occur in untreated rats as a consequence of the endogenous hormonal milieu. To this end, blood and prostates were collected from a large number (25-30 rats per group) of 4- to 6-mo-old (young) and 21- to 24-mo-old (old) Brown Norway rats. Both serum testosterone (-45%) and estradiol (-22%) concentrations decreased significantly with age, but the greater magnitude of the decrement in testosterone relative to estradiol led to a reduction in the serum testosterone:estradiol ratio. Paradoxically, although the prostate is androgen dependent, the wet weight, protein, and DNA contents increased significantly with age in the dorsal and lateral lobes of old rats despite the decrease in testosterone level. Histologic examination revealed that the increased weights and DNA contents of the dorsal and lateral lobes in old rats coincided with an increased number of epithelial cells in the distal and intermediate segments of these lobes, indicative of hyperplasia but independent of change in cell size. Taken together, these results show a spontaneous age-related overgrowth of cells in the dorsal and lateral prostatic lobes of old Brown Norway rats despite diminished serum testosterone concentrations. The aging Brown Norway rat, therefore, may be a useful model for studies of some aspects of the pathogenesis underlying spontaneous age-related prostatic hyperplasia.