cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dynamic Analysis of a Multi-Shaft Helical Gear Transmission by Finite Elements: Model and Experiment

A dynamic model of a multi-shaft helical gear reduction unit formed by N flexible shafts is proposed in this study. The model consists of a finite element model of shaft structures combined with a three-dimensional discrete model of helical gear pairs. Bearing and housing flexibilities are included in the model as well. Eigenvalue solution and the Modal Summation Technique are used to predict the free and forced vibrations of the system. Results of experimental study on a helical gear-shaft-bearing system are also presented for validation of the model. It is demonstrated that the predictions match well with the experimental data in terms of excited modes and the forced response given in the form of the dynamic transmission error. Forced vibrations of an example system formed by three shafts are also studied to demonstrate the influence of some of the key system parameters.
Analysis and modeling of a high-temperature superconducting floating resonant strip in waveguide

A two-gap floating resonant strip is used for characterization of the high-temperature superconductor, YBa2Cu3O7−δ. The method has the advantages of simplicity, no electrical contact, operation at various resonant frequencies, and of requiring only a small sample. An analysis was devised that allows for the accurate design of the strip dimensions to produce a desired resonant frequency. Experimental measurements in X and Kuband (8–18 GHz) agree well with the calculations. The sensitivities of the circuit to positional errors and size variations of the resonant strip were investigated. The surface resistance was measured and compared favorably with the theory.
A Performance Optimization Method for SOA-MZI Devices

We present a novel characterization method for semiconductor optical amplifier Mach-Zehnder interferometer (SOA-MZI) switches which combines a pump-probe measurement with an interferometer bias scan. This enables optimal bias identification and better understanding of switching dynamics.
Permeation of Insulin, Calcitonin and Exenatide across Caco-2 Monolayers: Measurement Using a Rapid, 3-Day System

Objectives Caco-2 monolayers are one of the most widely used in vitro models for prediction of intestinal permeability of therapeutic molecules. However, the conventional Caco-2 monolayer model has several drawbacks including labor-intensive culture process, unphysiological growth conditions, lack of reproducibility and limited throughput. Here, we report on the use of 3-day Caco-2 monolayers for assessing permeability of polypeptide drugs.
In vitro characterization of a cassette to accumulate multiple proteins through synthesis of a self-processing polypeptide

The strategy for processing the polyprotein encoded by plant potyviruses has been mimicked by constructing an expression cassette based on the nuclear inclusion (Nla) proteinase from tobacco etch virus (TEV). This cassette (pPR01),includes the TEV Nla coding region flanked on each side by its heptapeptide cleavage sequence and cloning sites for the in frame insertion of two different open reading frames. pPR01 allows the synthesis, under the control of a single transcriptional promoter, of two proteins in equimolar amounts as part of a polyprotein which is cleaved into individual mature products by the TEV protease. In in vitro reactions the cassette functioned as expected when several different protein-coding sequences were used. The potential uses of pPR01 are discussed.
Uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation in vitro by the neurotoxic fragrance compound acetyl ethyl tetramethyl tetralin and its putative metabolite.

Abstract When acetyl ethyl tetramethyl tetralin (AETT), at 10–50 μg/ml, was added to rat liver mitochondria respiring with succinate or with glutamate plus malate as substrate, the rate of mitochondrial respiration increased significantly after an initial lag period, of 2–3 min. AETT also stimulated respiration in the presence of oligomycin, and at higher concentrations of AETT a phase of strongly inhibited respiration followed an initial stimulatory phase. These observations suggest that AETT uncouples oxidative phosphorylation. A diketo derivative (DK) of tetramethyl tetralin also appears to be an uncoupling agent, according to those criteria, and both compounds uncoupled mitochondria from brain as well as liver. DK and many other uncoupling agents, such as hexachlorophene (HCP), produced an immediate burst of respiration, whereas the brief lag after addition of AETT was similar to that seen after addition of triethyltin (TET).
Adult BM generates CD5+ B1 cells containing abundant N-region additions.

The self-renewing capacity of B1 cells infers homeostatic regulation; however, previous work suggests the low level of N-region addition characterizing B1 cells early in life increases with age, which implies that the B1-cell population is not a closed system. To explore this, we evaluated N-region addition in CD5+ B1 cells generated from adult BM. Adult BM cells were marked with GFP introduced by mouse stem cell virus transduction, and were then adoptively transferred into lethally irradiated recipients. Within 2–3 months, we found GFP-marked CD5+ B cells in the peritoneal cavities of recipients, which we demonstrate here meet a variety of criteria for B1-cell traits including Mac-1 surface expression; annexin, elfin, and Pax-5 gene expression; mitogenic responsiveness to phorbol ester; and spontaneous immunoglobulin secretion. Notably, we found by single-cell PCR that this population of BM-derived CD5+ B1 cells expressed immunoglobulin with abundant N-region addition (and little VH11/VH12 skewing), unlike CD5+ B1 cells obtained from unmanipulated animals but reminiscent of B2 cells. Further, we confirmed that native CD5+ B1 cells from older mice contain more N-region additions than native CD5+ B1 cells from younger mice. These results suggest that adult BM progenitors contribute to the peritoneal CD5+ B1-cell pool over time.
Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis: T cell deficiency associated with B cell dysfunction in man

Abstract Routine immunologic screening of four patients with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis (CMC) revealed that they manifested positive Schick tests in vivo despite adequate diphtheria toxoid immunization and the presence of circulating hemagglutinating antibody to diphtheria. Plasma from these individuals was found to neutralize Schick toxin in rabbits. Unlike normal individuals who preferentially make IgG neutralizing antibody to diphtheria toxin when immunized, these patients with CMC have neutralizing activity in plasma fractions containing IgM. IgM is predominantly an intravascular protein which would account for the failure of our patients to neutralize Schick toxin in vivo. These findings suggest that T cell deficiency as it occurs in CMC may lead to B cell dysfunction in man.
Generation of turbulence in the cavity problem for water

The engineering lumped mass technique is applied in the large to simulate the two-dimensional cavity problem for water. We exhibit primary vortex and turbulent flows. The modelling is an extension of molecular mechanics modelling.
Bioreactor systems for in vitro production of foreign proteins using plant cell cultures

Plant cells have been demonstrated to be an attractive heterologous expression host (using whole plants and in vitro plant cell cultures) for foreign protein production in the past 20years. In recent years in vitro liquid cultures of plant cells in a fully contained bioreactor have become promising alternatives to traditional microbial fermentation and mammalian cell cultures as a foreign protein expression platform, due to the unique features of plant cells as a production host including product safety, cost-effective biomanufacturing, and the capacity for complex protein post-translational modifications. Heterologous proteins such as therapeutics, antibodies, vaccines and enzymes for pharmaceutical and industrial applications have been successfully expressed in plant cell culture-based bioreactor systems including suspended dedifferentiated plant cells, moss, and hairy roots, etc. In this article, the current status and emerging trends of plant cell culture for in vitro production of foreign proteins will be discussed with emphasis on the technological progress that has been made in plant cell culture bioreactor systems.
Conference on Charge Transfer

The Center for Earth and Planetary Physics of Harvard University sponsored a one-day conference on charge transfer spectra in minerals with the aim of bringing together some of the people who have made observations, interpretations, and applications of these phenomena. Charge transfer spectra in minerals have become a topic of increasing geological and geophysical interest, both for the study of electronic processes responsible for the color of minerals and for their geophysical implications with regard to radiative heat transport. In another example, considerable effort has recently been devoted to interpretations of remote reflection spectra of planetary surfaces: for instance, the mechanism responsible for the color of the orange lunar soil recovered from the Apollo 17 flight.
Electronic absorption spectra of M2L6 compounds containing metal-metal triple bonds of σ2π4 configuration

Abstract The electronic absorption spectra of compounds containing metal-metal triple bonds of σ2π4 valence electronic configuration are presented and discussed. The lowest-energy transition of M2L6 compounds (M = Mo or W, L = CH2But or OBut) is expected to be the dipole-allowed π → π* (eu → eg) transition. This appears to be the case for M2(CH2But)6 and M2(OBut)6 compounds, in which the lowest energy absorption bands occur between 26,000 and 28,000 cm−1 (e = 1.1 x 103-1.8 x 103 M−1 cm−1). For M2(NMe2)6 compounds, the lowest energy absorption is not the π → π* transition but is assigned instead to a LMCT transition originating from nitrogen lone-pair orbitals, N1p → π*, observed at 30,800 cm−1 (e = 1.4 x 104-1.9 x 104 M−1 cm−1). The π → π* transition is not observed in these compounds, but is presumably masked by the more intense LMCT. These assignments are derived from Xα-SW calculations performed and described by other authors (Bursten et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1980, 102, 4579).
Automated track measurements in CR-39

Abstract It has recently become possible to automate certain aspects of data analysis in cosmic-ray experiments employing plastic track detectors. This is due to the discovery of a new track detector, CR-39, and the development of fast microprocessor-based image analysers. In this paper, measurements of etch cones made by α particles and fission fragments in CR-39 are described. Estimates are made of the accuracy with which the etch-rate ratio, incidence angle, and track location can be measured under a variety of conditions. Possible applications to cosmic-ray physics are discussed.
Electron microprobe analysis of elemental distribution in excavated human femurs

Elemental distributions have been determined for femur cross sections of eight individuals from the Gibson and Ledders Woodland sites. The analyses were obtained by x-ray fluorescence with a scanning electron microscope. Movement of an element from soil to bone should give rise to inhomogeneous distributions within the bone. We found that the distributions of zinc, strontium, and lead are homogeneous throughout the femur. In contrast, iron, aluminum, potassium, and manganese show clear buildup along the outer surface of the femur and sometimes along the inner (endosteal) surface, as the result of postmortem enrichment. The buildup penetrates 10-400 micron into the femur. The major elements calcium and sodium show homogeneous distributions, but considerable material could be lost by leaching (10-15%) without causing a palpable effect on the electron maps. Magnesium shows buildup on the outer edge of some samples. These results suggest that diagenetic contamination may exclude Fe, Al, K, Mn, and probably Mg from use as indicators of ancient data. The homogeneous distributions of Zn, Sr, and Pb suggest that these elements are not altered appreciably and may serve as useful dietary indicators.
What I did on my summer vacation: the significance of tourism for American teachers, 1919–1940

American teachers prominently participated in the boom in tourism that occurred in the United States during the 1920s and 1930s. Both male and female teachers from school districts of all sizes in all parts of the country traveled more frequently both in Europe and within the United States. Employers encouraged this development by enhancing the salaries of teacher who were tourists. But teachers themselves also used tourism as a way to earn recognition as part of the emerging American middle class. In turn, the respectability and professional recognition they achieved through tourism helped them to arrange a part of their lives that was beyond the gaze of their principals, superintendents and school board members.
A Competency-Based Approach for Teaching Business Writing Concepts and Skills

In answer to objections raised against courses in business writing, by students and by uniuersity faculty and administrators, the authors propose a competency- based approach in which instructors are held accountable for the success of their teaching, and students work on an individual basis until they attain competency in writing.
BEHAVIORAL RESEARCH VIA CLOSED CIRCUIT TELEVISION

Closed circuit television has been used in a number of diverse behavioral research projects at the Universicy of Akcon. Televised administration of instructions has a number of advantages over such standard experimental proced~~res a printed instructions or the basic "live" experiment. The following brief summaries of research projects which have been conducted via television serve as examples of the viability and flexibility of television in research.
Documentation in the college environment

It is an unfortunate, but true fact, that many student programs possess the same quality of vagueness as the book in the above quote. It could take years to decipher exactly what the code means. I say this is unfortunate because these same students are the source for future business programmers.
Secretion of catecholamines from the perfused adrenal gland of the rat is not regulated by α-adrenoceptors

Abstract The question of local regulation of catecholamine secretion by α-adrenoceptors of either presynaptic splanchnic nerve terminals or postsynaptic chromaffin cells was investigated in the isolated perfused adrenal gland of the rat. The most selective agonists and antagonists of α-adrenoceptors such as clonidine, phenylephrine, yohimbine, etc. did not modify the secretion of catecholamines evoked by splanchnic nerve stimulation or nicotine. It is concluded that the negative feedback mechanism that controls the release of norepinephrine at the central and peripheral noradrenergic synapses does not operate in the adrenal medulla to locally control the secretion of medullary hormones.
IMF conditionality: Coercion or compromise?

Abstract The author compares the utility of three competing models of decision making in the International Monetary Fund with the purpose of determining how best one can understand how the IMF decides on its conditionality vis-a-vis borrowing nations. The three models focus on the following as alternative sets of factors in IMF decision making: (1) bureaucratic expertise and authority; (2) dominance of political interests of major industrialized nations, and (3) bargaining and compromise among IMF staff and between the Fund and borrowing countries. Based on interviews with IMF officials and seven brief case studies, the author concludes that bargaining and compromise is the most central dynamic of IMF policy making.
Translatio. Le marché de la traduction en France à l'heure de la mondialisation

Translatio. Le marche de la traduction en France a l'heure de la mondialisation [Translatio. The translation market in France in the era of globalization], ed. Gisele Sapiro, Paris, CNRS editions, ...
Fine structure and distribution of axon terminals from cochlear nucleus on neurons in the medial superior olivary nucleus of the cat

The morphology and distribution of axon terminals on central column and marginal neurons of the cat medial superior olivary nucleus (MSO) were analyzed by electron microscopy. Individual neurons or groups of cells oriented such that substantial lengths of their dendrites were within a 5–7 μthick section were selected for detailed study. Thin sections were cut from remounted thick sections. Boutons with spherical vesicles arise directly from myelinated axons; more than one synaptic region of an axon, each separated by a myelinated segment, may contact a given dendrite. Boutons with flattened and occasionally dense core vesicles arise from both myelinated and unmyelinated portions of axons; these axons may also have more than one synaptic region. Both dinds of synaptic profiles are found on the somata and dendrits of all MSO neurons. To determine which nerve endings are from the cochlear nucleus (CN) lesions were made to produce othograde degeneration. Following unilateral CN lesion degenerating spherical vesicle terminals were observed on the lateral dendrites and somata of ipsilateral central column cells and the medial dendrites and somata of contralateral neurons. Degenerating terminals were rarely seen on the opposite dendrite (three of 48 cells). In six of seven instances where medial and lateral dendrites of two cells overlapped degeneration was limited to the one oriented toward the lesion. Marginal cells examined received virtually all spherical vesicle terminals from only one CN. Terminals with flattened vesicles persisted on the somata and dendrites of all neurons studied including cells from cats with bilateral lesions.
K-THEORY AND HOMOTOPY OF CERTAIN GROUPS AND INFINITE GRASSMANN SPACES ASSOCIATED WITH C*-ALGEBRAS

We determine, in terms of $K_0 ({\mathscr A})$ and $K_1 ({\mathscr A})$, the homotopy groups of certain groups of invertibles and of certain equivalence classes in the infinite Grassmann space on a Hilbert C*-$\mathscr A$-module. These results provide various interpretations of $K_0 ({\mathscr A})\oplus K_1 ({\mathscr A})$.
Noncollocated Voltage and Current Measurements Used to Obtain Power

Voltage and current measurements are routinely used as inputs to transducers in order to obtain sensory information on active and reactive power. If the voltage and current measurements are not collocated, the power measurements will be incorrect. In this letter, a correction is calculated for noncollocated voltage and current measurements used to obtain power. The correction is obtained utilizing the noncollocated power and one voltage magnitude measurement. One application area is in state estimation sensory inputs
Reversible Palinacousis From Intracranial Metastases

Palinacousis is an auditory illusion consisting of perseveration or echoing of an external auditory stimulus after it has ceased. This rare clinical symptom has been reported in ictal (seizure), postictal, and nonictal states, and causative lesions have been most consistently found in or near the temporal lobes. It is distinct from the auditory hallucinations seen in psychiatric illness. We report the case of a 61-year-old man who experienced several days of palinacousis while undergoing treatment for newly diagnosed metastatic lung adenocarcinoma. Palinacousis was presumed to be triggered by intracranial metastases near the auditory cortex. An electroencephalogram showed bilateral theta slowing over the left greater than right temporal lobes without epileptiform activity. Palinacousis remitted with corticosteroid and whole brain radiation therapy.
Multiple Regression and Analysis of Variance and Covariance

Intended for students who have had a course in the analysis of variance and who wish to see the connection between it and multiple regression analysis, this edition stresses clarity and accessibility of material. The author, a well-known expositor of concepts in design and statistics, has intentionally kept notation simple so that readers can gain an understanding of the method of analysis rather than becoming involved in complex and time-consuming computations. End-of-chapter exercises are numerous and simple; most can easily and quickly be accomplished using a hand calculator.
Synthesis and evaluation of RNA transesterification efficiency using stereospecific serinol-terpyridine conjugates.

Six novel artificial ribonucleases were synthesized employing a stereochemically pure abasic serinol backbone residue for attachment of the RNA transesterification agent copper(II) terpyridine. The...
Multimodality imaging for improved detection of epileptogenic foci in tuberous sclerosis complex

Objective: Using interictal α-[ 11 C]methyl-l-tryptophan ([ 11 C]AMT) PET scan, the authors have undertaken a quantitative analysis of all tubers visible on MRI or 2-deoxy-2-[ 18 F]fluoro-d-glucose ([ 18F]FDG) PET, to determine the relationship between [ 11 C]AMT uptake and epileptic activity on EEG. Background: Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is an autosomal dominant disorder, often associated with cortical tubers and intractable epilepsy. The authors have shown previously that [ 11 C]AMT PET scans show high tracer uptake in some epileptogenic tubers and low uptake in the remaining tubers. Methods: Eighteen children, age 7 months to 16 years, were studied. Patients underwent video-EEG monitoring, PET scans of [ 11 C]AMT and [ 18 F]FDG, and T2-weighted or fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) MRI. [ 11 C]AMT uptake values were measured in 258 cortical tubers delineated with coregistered MRI or [ 18 F]FDG scans. Uptake ratios were calculated between the [ 11 C]AMT uptake in tubers and those for normal cortex (tuber/normal cortex). Using the region of epileptiform activity, the authors performed receiver operator characteristics (ROC) analysis and determined the optimal uptake ratio for detecting presumed epileptogenic tubers. Results: Tuber uptake ratios ranged from 0.6 to 2.0. Tuber uptake ratios in the epileptic lobes were higher than those in the nonepileptic lobes ( p Conclusions: Cortical tubers with [ 11 C]AMT uptake greater than or equal to normal cortex are significantly related to epileptiform activity in that lobe. Together, interictal [ 11 C]AMT PET and FLAIR MRI improve the detection of potentially epileptogenic tubers in patients with TSC being evaluated for epilepsy surgery.
Penfluridol blockade of apomorphine: dependence of duration on species and endpoint.

Penfluridol, at relative low doses, blocks apomorphine-elicited emesis in dogs and apomorphine-elicited floor pecking in pgieons for over a month. In mice tested for apomorphine-elicited hypothermia, and in rats tested for apomorphine-elicited chewing behavior, however, the anti-apomorphine activity of penfluridol does not persist for longer than 2–3 days even when high doses of penfluridol are given. In rabbits tested for apomorphine-induced hyperthermia and gnawing, on the other hand, penfluridol blocks apomorphine for about a week. Thus, of the 5 species tested, only in rabbits does the duration of penfluridol's anti-apomorphine action approximate the 1-week duration reported from human therapeutic trials. In mice given high-dose penluridol apomorphine consistently elevates body temperatures, rather than exerts its usual hypothermic response. Conversely, in rabbits given penfluridol apomorphine tends slightly to decrease body temperatures, rather than exert its usual hyperthermic response.
The Positive Side of Stereotypes: Jewish Anarchists in Early-twentieth-Century Buenos Aires

During the late 19th century and the beginning of the 20th, anarchism represented the most important faction of the radical left in the Atlantic world. This movement attracted a disproportionately high number of Jews. During the same period Buenos Aires became both an important magnet for Jewish immigration and one of the main centers of anarchist activism in the world. This article shows how the Jewish presence in the anarchist movement of the city became, in an amazingly short time and almost ex nihilo, so visible that it turned into a stereotype. The article then attempts to provide an explanation for this phenomenon that relies on a sociological and comparative perspective and questions notions of Jewish exceptionalism and arguments based on the eschatology and ethics of Judaism. Finally, it explores how stereotypes that function at one level as signifiers of alterity and mechanisms of exclusion, can, at another social level, promote acceptance and check anti-Semitism.
Finite element simulations of the laser-heated diamond-anvil cell

Axial and radial temperature gradients in the laser-heated diamond-anvil cell are examined using finite element simulations. Calculations are carried out for an optically thin silicate or oxide sample separated from the diamonds by an insulation medium and heated by a TEM00 mode from an infrared laser. The peak temperature of the simulations was chosen to be a representative value (2200K) and sample dimensions are typical for experiments in the 20–50‐GPa range. The distance between the anvils is 30μm. The total temperature drop across the sample in the axial direction is controlled by two parameters: the filling fraction (thickness of sample∕distance between anvils) and the ratio of thermal conductivity between the sample and insulator (kS∕kI). The results of the numerical calculations agree well with a one-dimensional numerical model. For a sample filling fraction of 0.5, the axial temperature drop will range from about 1000K (>45%) for a thermal conductivity ratio of 1 to about 200K (<10%) for a conduct...
A decision tree approach to selecting an appropriate observation reliability index

Based on the conceptual framework outlined by Cone (1986) and Suen (1988), a practical decision tree is developed as an aid for the selection of observational reliability indices.
Latent class logistic regression: application to marijuana use and attitudes among high school seniors

Summary. Analysing the use of marijuana is challenging in part because there is no widely accepted single measure of individual use. Similarly, there is no single response variable that effectively captures attitudes toward its social and moral acceptability. One approach is to view the joint distribution of multiple use and attitude indicators as a mixture of latent classes. Pooling items from the annual ‘Monitoring the future’ surveys of American high school seniors from 1977 to 2001, we find that marijuana use and attitudes are well summarized by a four-class model. Secular trends in class prevalences over this period reveal major shifts in use and attitudes. Applying a multinomial logistic model to the latent response, we investigate how class membership relates to demographic and life style factors, political beliefs and religiosity over time. Inferences about the parameters of the latent class logistic model are obtained by a combination of maximum likelihood and Bayesian techniques.
Specific modulation of nongenomic androgen signaling in the ovary

Maturation, or meiotic progression, of amphibian oocytes is one of the few physiologically relevant steroid-mediated processes that occurs in the complete absence of transcription from beginning to end. As such, frog oocyte maturation has served as a useful model of nongenomic steroid signaling for many years. Earlier work in Xenopus laevis demonstrated that, although several steroids promoted oocyte maturation in vitro, androgens were the most abundant and potent steroids detected in the serum and ovaries of ovulating frogs. Thus, androgens were likely the primary physiologic regulators of Xenopus oocyte maturation, mediating their actions at least in part via classical androgen receptors expressed in oocytes. The importance of androgens for Xenopus oocyte maturation and ovulation has now been confirmed, as inhibition of androgen production in vivo by blocking CYP17 activity reduced hCG-triggered oocyte maturation and delayed ovulation in female frogs. Taking advantage of the absolute transcription-independence of this androgen-mediated response, selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) have been characterized that specifically promote genomic versus nongenomic androgen responses. These include androstenediol and estren, which preferentially promote nongenomic signals, as well as R1881 and 19-nortestosterone, which preferentially promote genomic signaling. Interestingly, the SARMs androstenediol and R1881 signal similarly in mouse oocytes, demonstrating the conserved nature of androgen-mediated maturation in vertebrates. These results suggest that SARMs may serve as useful tools for specifically regulating nongenomic androgen signaling both in vitro and in vivo.
The optical cross section and absolute size of a photosynthetic unit

The concepts of a photosynthetic unit (PSU) and of an optical cross section are defined. The various estimates of sizes of photosynthetic units are described, and it is shown how an unambiguous measurement of the size of a unit can be obtained by measurement of its optical cross section via the saturation response to a single turnover light flash. The Emerson-Arnold unit must be divided by the quantum requirement for oxygen to obtain the true size of the unit. The size so obtained is the average number of chlorophylls per trap or reaction center. The effects of escape from open and closed traps are considered and it is shown that when these escape probabilities are equal, their effect on the saturation curve vanishes, leaving the simple cumulative one hit Poisson distribution.
System Analysis and Design of Gripping Device for Wafer Transfer Robot

This paper analyzes the decision method for selecting components of gripping devices for wafer transfer robots from the system point of view and thus provides the basis for type selection and design. Analysis is completed through four steps: First, introduce the role of wafer transfer robot and gripping device in IC manufacture system and analyze the fundamental functions that are essential for wafer gripping; Second, analyze wafer gripping device systematically and divide it into six parts which are called basic elements and provide the implementation methods respectively; Third, analyze and summarize specific requirements to wafer gripping device in wafer transfer process; Finally, analyze and compare the relativity between each basic element and the specific requirement, then give the analysis result in the use of a data table. Through the above analysis of this paper, designers of wafer transfer robot can do analysis and comparison to select suitable components for wafer gripping device, thereby shorten the design circle of robots and improve efficiency.
Myoglobin facilitated oxygen diffusion maintains mechanical function of mammalian cardiac muscle

Myoglobin, an intracellular iron containing protein that binds oxygen reversibly, has been shown in model systems to facilitate the diffusion of oxygen and thereby maintain the mechanical function of exercising canine skeletal muscle and of hypoxic benthic fish hearts. Since no such role has yet been established for mammalian cardiac muscle small diameter (less than or equal to 0.70 mm) isolated kitten papillary muscles were stimulated at 24 X min-1 under isometric conditions in a physiological bath maintained at 30 degrees C with an oxygen tension of approximately equal to 450 mm Hg (59.8 kPa) to obtain a level of oxygenation just adequate to meet the metabolic needs of the muscles, as confirmed experimentally. Myoglobin was inactivated by adding 2 X 10(-3) mol X litre-1 sodium nitrite to the bath to abolish the facilitated diffusion of oxygen in the presence or absence of glycolytic blockade by 10(-4) mol X litre-1 sodium iodoacetate. This resulted in a 22(8)% (with blockade) or 10(3)% (without blockade) decrease (p less than 0.05) in the maximal rate of relaxation (-dT/dtmax) of the papillary muscles. Since the depression in mechanical function was reversible by increasing the bath oxygen tension to approximately equal to 600 mm Hg (79.8 kPa) it is concluded that the myoglobin facilitated diffusion of oxygen plays a role in maintaining the mechanical function of mammalian cardiac muscle under normal conditions. Furthermore, the maximal rate of relaxation of cardiac muscle is a sensitive indicator of the presence of hypoxia.
Langevin-like giant magnetoresistance in Co-Cu superlattices.

We present evidence for a new type of giant magnetoresistance in (111) cobalt-copper superlattices with atomically smooth interfaces. We propose that the lowered dimensionality of the structure leads to an enhancement of the scattering of conduction electrons from paramagnetic interfaces obeying a Langevin-like saturation at very high fields, well beyond the switching field of the Co layers. The findings help to explain similarities in magnetotransport behavior with recently reported granular systems as well as differences with antiferromagnetically coupled multilayers.
Relationship between cardiac output and cerebral blood flow in patients with intact and with impaired autoregulation

~" Intravascular volume expansion has been successfully employed to promote blood flow in ischemic brain regions. This effect has been attributed to both decreased blood viscosity and increased cardiac output resulting from volume expansion. The physiological mechanism by which changes in cardiac output would affect cerebral blood flow (CBF), independent of blood pressure variations, is unclear, but impaired cerebral autoregulation is believed to play a role. In order to evaluate the relationship between cardiac output and CBF when autoregulation is either intact or defective, 135 simultaneous measurements of cardiac output (thermodilution method) and CBF (by the ~33Xe inhalation or intravenous injection method) were performed in 35 severely head-injured patients. In 81 instances, these measurements were performed after manipulation of blood pressure with phenylephrine or Arfonad (trimethaphan camsylate), or manipulation of blood viscosity with mannitol. Autoregulation was found to be intact in 55 of these cases and defective in 26. A wide range of changes in cardiac output occurred after administration of each drug. No correlation existed between the changes in cardiac output and the changes in CBF, regardless of the status of blood pressure autoregulation. A significant (40%) increase in CBF was found after administration of mannitol when autoregulation was defective. These data support the hypothesis that, within broad limits, CBF is not related to cardiac output, even when autoregulation is impaired. Thus, the effect of intravascular volume expansion appears to be mediated by decreased blood viscosity rather than cardiac output augmentation.
The Guide Star Catalog and Related Sky Surveys

The basic properties and foundations of the Guide Star Catalog (GSC) are presented. Special emphasis is given to the published versions of the GSC, and the project on image compression and distribution of the digitized survey plate scans is mentioned.
Controversial Ultrasound Findings

This article has reviewed a few of the more controversial findings in the field of obstetric ultrasound. For each one evidence-based strategies for the management of affected pregnancies have been suggested, derived from what the authors believe is the best information available. In some cases, this information is very limited, which can make counseling these patients extremely difficult. Some physicians find using specific likelihood ratios helpful in these complex discussions. An example of the relative likelihood ratios for several markers of trisomy 21 is illustrated in Table 10. Although the management of each of the findings discussed in this article is different, a few generalizations can be made. To begin with, the detection of any abnormal finding on ultrasound should prompt an immediate detailed ultrasound evaluation of the fetus by someone experienced in the diagnosis of fetal anomalies. If there is more than one abnormal finding on ultrasound, if the patient is over the age of 35, or if the multiple marker screen is abnormal, an amniocentesis to rule out aneuploidy should be recommended. Of the six ultrasound findings reviewed here, the authors believe that only echogenic bowel as an isolated finding confers a high enough risk of aneuploidy to recommend an amniocentesis in a low-risk patient. The other findings in isolation in a low-risk patient seem to confer only a modest increased risk of aneuploidy, if any, and this risk is certainly less than the risk of unintended loss from amniocentesis. Wherever possible, modifiers of this risk, such as maternal age, history, and first and second multiple marker screening, should be used to define more clearly the true risk of aneuploidy. As obstetric ultrasound moves forward, particularly into the uncharted waters of clinical use of three- and four-dimensional ultrasound, one can expect a whole new crop of ultrasound findings with uncertain clinical significance. Clinicians are well advised to await well-designed studies to determine the clinical significance of these findings before altering clinical care.
Microcomputer requirements in the operational Navy

The microcomputer seems destined to play an ever increasing role in today’s operational Navy. It promises solutions to problems ranging from inventory control to tactical decision making. With that promise, however, comes an inevitable array of new problems and questions to be solved. The Navy constantly must evaluate systems on the basis of the systems’ ability to produce immediate gains. Design characteristics most important in the choice of systems include application software, equipment reliability and availability, software maintainability, ease of use, and integrated approach. The Navy’s demand for more properly human-engineered systems far exceeds that of industry in general. Until designers can deliver such systems, the influx of microcomputers into the operational Navy will continue to be thought of as an unnecessary proliferation.
EFFECTS OF VARIED ZINC/COPPER RATIOS ON EGG AND PLASMA CHOLESTEROL LEVEL IN WHITE LEGHORN HENS

In order to test the hypothesis that the zinc to copper ratio is an important factor in determining the plasma level of cholesterol (Klevay, L.M. 1973. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 26:1060–1068), White Leghorn laying hens were fed normal energy (2764 kcal/kg) and low energy (2470 kcal/kg) practical diets containing varied ratios of zinc to copper. The levels of zinc and copper used were selected such that neither was nutritionally limiting nor toxic. No significant differences were observed between the control diet (fed for 4 wk before commencing the actual experiment) or any of the experimental diets with the cholesterol levels averaging 13.3 mg/g for egg yolk and 84.1 mg% for the plasma examples.
Vascular endothelial growth factor and social support in patients with ovarian carcinoma

BACKGROUND The modulation of immunologic activities relevant to cancer by behavioral factors, such as stress, depression, and social support, is well documented. However, associations of behavioral factors with cytokines involved in tumor angiogenesis have not been studied. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a key cytokine that is capable of stimulating tumor angiogenesis, and it has been associated with poorer survival in patients with ovarian carcinoma. VEGF is modulated by a variety of behaviorally sensitive factors, including sympathetic activation. This study examined relationships of social support and depressive symptoms with VEGF levels in preoperative patients with ovarian carcinoma. METHODS Twenty-four women with ovarian carcinoma and 5 women with benign pelvic masses were recruited at the presurgical clinic visit, received psychosocial surveys, including the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy (Quality of Life) survey and the Profile of Mood States, and a blood draw. Serum VEGF levels were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Analyses controlled for disease stage. RESULTS Women with ovarian carcinoma who reported higher levels of social well being had lower levels of VEGF (P = 0.005). Greater support from friends and neighbors (P = 0.005) and less distance from friends (P = 0.04) were facets of social well being that were associated with lower VEGF levels. Individuals who reported greater helplessness (P = 0.03) or worthlessness (P = 0.08) had higher VEGF levels, but depression as a whole (P > 0.50) was not related to VEGF levels. CONCLUSIONS Higher levels of social well being were correlated with lower VEGF levels in presurgical patients with ovarian carcinoma. These findings suggest a possible mechanism by which poor social support may be associated with disease progression. Further study of these relations may demonstrate novel pathways relating biobehavioral factors to tumor growth and disease progression. Cancer 2002;95:808–15. © 2002 American Cancer Society. DOI 10.1002/cncr.10739
Land or ocean? assessing the driving forces of submarine groundwater discharge at a coastal site in the Gulf of Mexico

[1] Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) is an important pathway of trace element and nutrient cycling in the coastal ocean. Since terrestrial and marine SGD driving forces are usually superimposed, it is difficult to separate their relative contributions. This work uses continuous, long-term (∼2 years) records of seawater 222Rn to estimate total SGD rates and hydrological observations to examine the driving forces of SGD at a coastal site on the Gulf of Mexico. While seasonal cycles cannot be clearly identified, short-term fluctuations were ubiquitous. Radon-derived SGD was strongly associated with the neap spring tidal cycle, at least during a period of extreme drought when minimum external disturbances were present. We applied multiple independent approaches to separate the relative contribution of fresh and saline SGD. A salinity mixing model indicated that the contribution of fresh SGD ranged between 3 and 12%. The rate of freshening of water within a seepage meter required vertical freshwater advection of ∼0.9 cm d−1 at low tide, which is <10% of the total SGD estimated from 222Rn (∼11 cm d−1). Darcy's law calculations and water table decline rate also suggested a fresh SGD contribution <5%. The temporal trends in total SGD and the reasonable agreement of our multiple approaches indicate that transient marine forces, likely tidal pumping, dominate benthic advective exchange in these permeable sediments. Compared to regional river inputs, our conservatively extrapolated saline SGD is on the same order of magnitude, but fresh groundwater only represents a small fraction. Future investigations should refine techniques for scaling up local observations.
Anti-aflatoxigenic activity of Lactobacillus casei pseudoplantarum

Lactobacillus casei pseudoplantarum 371 isolated from a silage inoculant was found to inhibit aflatoxins B1 and G1 biosynthesis by Aspergillus flavus subsp. parasiticus NRRI. 2999, in liquid medium. The inhibitory activity in the Lactobacillus cell-free supernatant was found to be sensitive to proteolytic enzymes such as trypsin and alpha-chymotrypsin, but resistant to pepsin. Lab-Lemco tryptone broth (LTB), supplemented with 20% of dialyzed protein concentrate of the supernatant, totally inhibited the production of aflatoxins B1 and G1. When the protein concentrate was digested with trypsin, the production of aflatoxins B1 and G1 was restored. The inhibitory activity of the supernatant was inactivated within 10 min at 100 degrees C. A. flavus grown in the Lactobacillus cell-free supernatant did not produce a mutagenic response in the Salmonella mutagenicity test. However, Lactobacillus casei pseudo plantarum 371 did not have an effect on aflatoxin production and mold growth as measured by ergosterol and plate count, when the organisms were inoculated together on sterile steamed rice.
Hemodynamic and myocardial metabolic effects of the β-agonist prenalterol in ischemic left ventricular dysfunction

Hemodynamic and myocardial metabolic parameters in ischemic left ventricular (LV) dysfunction were evaluated in response to the beta-agonist prenalterol. Twenty micrograms/kg intravenous prenalterol increased resting heart rate and cardiac output and decreased LV filling pressure, systemic vascular resistance, and pulmonary artery pressure. Resting coronary blood flow and myocardial oxygen consumption increased but net myocardial lactate and oxygen extraction did not change significantly. During pacing induced tachycardia (121 +/- 4 beats/min), prenalterol improved cardiac index and stroke work index; whereas, LV filling pressure, systemic vascular resistance, and pulmonary artery pressure decreased. Coronary blood flow and myocardial oxygen extraction did not change significantly. Net myocardial lactate extraction during pacing decreased insignificantly; one patient developed overt lactate production. Thus, prenalterol improves cardiovascular function at rest and during pacing-induced tachycardia in ischemic LV failure, but at the cost of higher resting myocardial oxygen consumption. The majority of subjects had no adverse metabolic response.
Attentional Processes and Meditation

Visual attentional processing was examined in adult meditators and non-meditators on behavioral measures of change blindness, concentration, perspective-shifting, selective attention, and sustained inattentional blindness. Results showed that meditators (1) noticed more changes in flickering scenes and noticed them more quickly, (2) counted more accurately in a challenging concentration task, (3) identified a greater number of alternative perspectives in multiple perspectives images, and (4) showed less interference from invalid cues in a visual selective attention task, but (5) did not differ on a measure of sustained inattentional blindness. Together, results show that regular meditation is associated with more accurate, efficient, and flexible visual attentional processing across diverse tasks that have high face validity outside of the laboratory. Furthermore, effects were assessed in a context separate from actual meditation practice, suggesting that meditators' better visual attention is not just immediate, but extends to contexts separate from meditation practice.
Equal Work, Unequal Pay: Gender Discrimination within Work-Similar Occupations

Despite legislative and legal aids designed to reduce the persistent earnings inequality between employed males and females, there is little evidence of improvement over the past 40 years. One difficulty with research on this topic has been the inability to distinguish gender discrimination—unequal pay for equal work—from earnings differences due to dissimilar work. This article describes an empirical method to identify work-similar occupations using selected measures from the Dictionary of Occupational Titles (U.S. Department of Labor, 1977b). With a collection of workhomogeneous occupations, we examine male-female earnings differences within these occupations and find that discrimination against females is extensive. Therefore, although there is much attention today on the issue of comparable worth, it appears we have yet to achieve equal pay for equal work.
Complex Interactions in Student Teaching: Lost Opportunities for Learning

Student teaching is a cornerstone of teacher preparation, yet it remains one of the most difficult experiences to understand. Calls for an ecological approach to research on student teaching prompt...