cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ureterorenoscopy for upper tract urothelial carcinoma: how often are we missing lesions?

Objective To determine the ability of ureterorenoscopy (URS) to identify the precise number and location of all lesions as compared with pathologic review of nephroureterectomy specimens, which have not been previously determined. Upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) comprises 5% of all urothelial malignancies in the United States. With advances in endoscopic equipment, there has been a move toward using flexible ureteroscopes to perform URS as part of the diagnostic evaluation and management. Methods We identified patients who had undergone URS with biopsy before radical nephroureterectomy for UTUC. Operative reports for each procedure were reviewed and compared with the surgical pathology reports. Results URS correctly identified the number and location of lesions in 57 of 76 patients (75%). The most common locations for missed lesions were in the ureter (9 patients) and renal pelvis (8 patients). Carcinoma in situ was missed on the initial biopsy for 9 patients. Three of 11 patients (27%) with a solitary lesion in the distal ureter visualized by URS had a missed lesion in the renal pelvis. URS with biopsy accurately predicted the grade of UTUC lesions in 79% of cases, whereas 65% of patients were upstaged on final pathology. Conclusion URS with biopsy can accurately map UTUC in the majority of patients. However, up to 25% of patients will have missed lesions, and nearly 50% of these patients will have a missed carcinoma in situ lesion. Undergrading and understaging of UTUC lesions remain shortcomings with potentially severe consequences.
Teaching Students How to Analyze and Evaluate Arguments in History.

Human history is often shaped by the outcomes of arguments, not only in the sense of disputes between people or governments, but in the sense of the more rational pursuit of trying to convince others to accept or do certain things by offering reasons that are presented as compelling for so doing. Yet history teachers have done little to help students learn how to identify arguments in this sense, figure out what the arguments being offered are, and evaluate them. This article shows how a generic instructional technique—infusing direct instruction in skillful thinking into content instruction—can be used in the teaching of American history in ways that help students develop and use these thinking skills and that enhance their deep content understanding of the history being taught. The context is a secondary school classroom studying American history.
An Experimental Investigation of the Fabric/Tool and Fabric/Fabric Friction during the Thermostamping Process

The thermostamping of quality composite parts using thermoplastic woven fabrics requires the use of in-plane forces to prevent fabric wrinkling for compound curvature surfaces. These in-plane forces are developed during the stamping process by the friction between the fabric and tool. For multilayer stampings, the in-plane force is a consequence of the interaction of the adjacent layers of fabric. If the in-plane forces are too low, then the stamped parts may wrinkle as the fabric deforms to assume the shape of the punch. If the in-plane forces are too high, then the fabric can become damaged by tearing and yarn separation. Thus, controlling the in-plane forces is critical to achieving a quality part.
Extragonadal seminoma after renal transplantation and immunosuppression; treatment in the presence of renal dysfunction

A 37-yr-old man who had undergone renal transplantation for end-stage renal failure presented with a large right pelvic mass obstructing the transplanted kidney. Initially, this was diagnosed as an anaplastic tumor while he had been on immunosuppressive treatment for kidney allograft rejection after transplantation. Despite difficulties of classic histopathology to reveal the origin of his tumor, FISH analysis revealed the presence of chromosome 12p abnormalities, strongly indicative of a germ-cell tumor—more likely seminoma—with extragonadal presentation. Because of renal dysfunction, he was treated with carboplatin (dose adjusted according to renal clearance) and etoposide, and when he experienced a rather atypical progression with bone metastases, he was treated with single-agent paclitaxel, and died almost 13 mo after initial presentation. The case adds further to the existing small list of seminoma/GCTs developing in transplant recipients, points to the unusual presentation patterns and diagnostic histopathology challenges, and presents the difficulty in therapeutic options, as a result of frequent renal dysfunction and intercurrent immunosuppressive therapy. All of these issues together with an extensive litterature review are discussed in detail.
Spectrum of QCD and chiral Lagrangians of the strong and weak interactions

Chiral Lagrangians contain in their coefficients information concerning the underlying fundamental theory. We show that to a large measure this structure is determined by a duality with the low-mass spectrum of the theory. This is tested in some model theories and then applied to QCD. In the real world, only the vector mesons are light enough to pass our criteria for being low mass, and in practice they do seem to dominate the structure of the phenomenological Lagrangians. This raises the possibility of a fusion between vector-dominance ideas and rigorous chiral Lagrangian methods.
Top quark seesaw model, vacuum structure, and electroweak precision constraints

We present a complete study of the vacuum structure of top quark seesaw models of the electroweak symmetry breaking, including bottom quark mass generation. Such models emerge naturally from bosonic extra dimensions. We perform a systematic gap equation analysis and develop an improved broken phase formulation for including exact seesaw mixings. The composite Higgs boson spectrum is studied in the large-${N}_{c}$ fermion-bubble approximation and an improved renormalization group approach. The theoretically allowed parameter space is restrictive, leading to well-defined predictions. We further analyze the electroweak precision constraints. Generically, a heavy composite Higgs boson with a mass of $\ensuremath{\sim}1 \mathrm{TeV}$ is predicted, yet fully compatible with the precision data.
Evaluation for clinical predictors of positive temporal artery biopsy in giant cell arteritis.

Purpose To examine the clinical predictors of a positive temporal artery biopsy (TAB) among patients suspected of having giant cell arteritis. Patients and Methods We conducted a retrospective study of all consecutive patients who underwent TAB by a single surgeon (K.L.R.) at the Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery from April 30, 2002, to June 29, 2006. The medical records were reviewed for the clinical symptoms, laboratory findings, biopsy results, and final diagnosis. The variables of interest as predictors of positive biopsy findings were analyzed using logistic regression analysis. Results During the study period, 82 patients underwent TAB. Histologic evidence of arteritis was present in 22 patients (26.8%). Two (2.4%) were diagnosed with giant cell arteritis clinically but had negative TAB findings. The patients presenting with weight loss or jaw claudication were more likely to have a positive TAB finding (odds ratio 4.50, 95% confidence interval 1.45 to 13.93; and odds ratio 3.71, 95% confidence interval 1.28 to 10.76, respectively). No laboratory findings were predictive of a positive TAB finding. Prednisone use before TAB also was not associated with a decreased likelihood of a positive finding. Conclusions Patients suspected of having giant cell arteritis were more likely to have a positive TAB finding if they presented with weight loss or jaw claudication. In the present series, corticosteroid therapy before biopsy did not affect the rate of positive TAB findings.
Pulse-front tilt caused by spatial and temporal chirp

Pulse-front tilt in an ultrashort laser pulse is generally considered to be a direct consequence of, and equivalent to, angular dispersion. We show, however, that, while this is true for certain types of pulse fields, simultaneous temporal chirp and spatial chirp also yield pulse-front tilt, even in the absence of angular dispersion. We verify this effect experimentally using GRENOUILLE.
DGM-FD: A finite difference scheme based on the discontinuous Galerkin method applied to wave propagation

In this paper we formulate a numerical method that is high order with strong accuracy for numerical wave numbers, and is adaptive to non-uniform grids. Such a method is developed based on the discontinuous Galerkin method (DGM) applied to the hyperbolic equation, resulting in finite difference type schemes applicable to non-uniform grids. The schemes will be referred to as DGM-FD schemes. These schemes inherit naturally some features of the DGM, such as high-order approximations, applicability to non-uniform grids and super-accuracy for wave propagations. Stability of the schemes with boundary closures is investigated and validated. Proposed scheme is demonstrated by numerical examples including the linearized acoustic waves and solutions of non-linear Burger's equation and the flat-plate boundary layer problem. For non-linear equations, proposed flux finite difference formula requires no explicit upwind and downwind split of the flux. This is in contrast to existing upwind finite difference schemes in the literature.
Maxine Hong Kingston: A Critical Companion

Series Foreword by Kathleen Gregory Klein The Life of Maxine Hong Kingston Maxine Hong Kingston and the Asian American Literary Tradition The Woman Warrior (1976) China Men (1980) Tripmaster Monkey (1989) Bibliography Index
1-(o-Chlorophenyl)-1-(p-Chlorophenyl)2,2,2-Trichloroethane: A Probe for Studying Estrogen and Progestin Receptor Mediation of Female Sexual Behavior and Neuroendocrine Responses

A number of chlorinated insecticides have been shown to interact with estrogen receptors and to mimic estrogen action in peripheral reproductive tissues (e.g. vagina and uterus). The present study was designed to assess whether the dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) isomer o,p'-DDT has estrogenic or antiestrogenic activity in neural estrogen target tissues. Single sc injections of up to 500 mg/kg o,p'-DDT had no effect on female sexual behavior (lordosis). However, more prolonged treatments induced high levels of lordosis behavior, inhibited compensatory ovarian hypertrophy, and reduced body weight gain in ovariectomized adult female rats. Since o,p'-DDT was able to mimic the action of estrogen on these three neuroendocrine responses, further experiments were performed to determine whether the compound could be used as a tool to investigate the role of hypothalamic steroid receptors in estrogen stimulation of reproductive behavior. It was found that single injections of 500 mg/kg o,p'-DDT (which did not induce sexual receptivity) interacted with cytosol estrogen receptors in both the hypothalamus and pituitary. However, depletion of cytosol receptors by o,p'-DDT was very slow and incomplete; maximal depletion was only 51% and did not occur until 8 h postinjection. It was also observed that neither behaviorally effective nor ineffective injections of o,p'-DDT were able to induce progestin receptor synthesis in the hypothalamus or pituitary. Thus, it appears that the inability of the compound to promote lordosis behavior after a single injection probably results from inadequate receptor interaction in hypothalamic cell nuclei, but that failure to induce neural progestin receptor synthesis is not the critical factor. These data also suggest that the study of o,p'-DDT action in the brain may provide useful information regarding mechanisms of steroid mediation of neuroendocrine responses.
Spanish and English Video-Assisted Informed Consent for Intravenous Contrast Administration in the Emergency Department: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Study objective This study determined whether Spanish and English educational videos are superior to routine discussion for informing emergency department (ED) patients about risks, benefits, and alternatives to receiving intravenous contrast for computed tomography (CT). Methods A prospective randomized controlled trial was performed on a convenience sample of adult ED patients scheduled to receive intravenous contrast for CT. Patients randomized to the intervention group watched a video in Spanish or English explaining the procedure and its risks, benefits, and alternatives. The control group underwent routine discussion, receiving intravenous contrast information from their emergency physician. After their educational sessions, all participants completed a 10-question intravenous contrast knowledge measure and 1 question rating satisfaction with the informed consent process. Mean scores were compared to assess whether the videos were superior to routine discussion for educating patients about intravenous contrast. Secondary outcomes included the proportion of satisfied patients and refusals to sign consent. Results Of the 112 patients enrolled, 56 were randomized to the video group and 56 to routine discussion. Five patients withdrew from the study, leaving 107 for analysis (video N=53; control N=54). Mean knowledge scores were higher in the video group (68.1%) compared to routine discussion (47.8%) (95% confidence interval [CI] for the difference 12.6% to 28.1%). Video-group patients exhibited greater satisfaction than routine-discussion patients (86.8% [95% CI 74.6% to 94.5%] versus 77.4% [95% CI 63.8% to 87.7%]). All patients signed consent to receive intravenous contrast. Conclusion Using Spanish and English educational videos yielded higher intravenous contrast knowledge scores compared with routine informed consent procedures.
Delivering the kiss of death: progress on understanding how perforin works.

Killer lymphocytes release perforin and granzymes from cytotoxic granules into the immunological synapse to destroy target cells as a critical mechanism in the defense against viruses and cancer. Perforin, a Ca 2+ -dependent pore-forming protein that multimerizes in membranes, delivers granzymes into the target cell cytosol. The original model for perforin (acting by forming a cell membrane channel through which granzymes pass) does not fit the experimental data. Recently, an alternative model has been proposed that involves active target cell collaboration with perforin to deliver granzymes and direct the target cell to an apoptotic, rather than necrotic, death.
Study on the Selection and Assessment of Channel Strategic Retailers for Cigarette Manufacturers in China

With the deepening of the reform of Chinese tobacco distribution system, The State Tobacco Monopoly Bureau is accelerating the dissemination of the new purchase and sale model as "organizing sources of goods in accordance with the customer order ", which highlights the importance of Cigarette retailers in sales channels compared with traditional planning model. From the strongpoint of improving the marketing function of Cigarette manufacturers, optimizing the channel for the allocation of resources and enhancing the power of channels. This paper builds the selection and assessment system of strategic retailers in channel for cigarette manufacturers in China. The system has been successfully used in a certain cigarette manufacturer which makes a selection and assessment of strategic retailers to Beijing market channels, which shows a good applicability and practicality.
A Viscoplastic Constitutive Model for Polyurethane Foams

A series of experiments was recently performed to characterize the mechanical response of several different rigid polyurethane foams to large deformation. In these experiments, the effects of load path, loading rate, and temperature were investigated. Results from these experiments indicated that rigid polyurethane foams exhibit significant volumetric and deviatoric plasticity when they are compressed. Based on these experiments, a foam plasticity model that captures volumetric and deviatoric plasticity was developed. This model has a yield surface that is an ellipsoid about the hydrostat. These polymeric foams were also found to be very strain-rate and temperature dependent. Thus, a new viscoplastic foam model was developed to describe the mechanical response of these foams to large deformation at a variety of temperatures and strain rates. This paper includes a description of recent experiments and experimental findings. Next, development of a foam plasticity model and a viscoplastic foam model is described. Finite element simulations with the new models are compared with experimental results to show behavior that can and cannot be captured with these models.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Optimizing Energy-Efficient Query Processing in Wireless Sensor Networks

This paper studies the issues of energy-efficient query optimization for wireless sensor networks. Different from existing query optimization techniques that consider only query plans for extracting data from sensors at individual nodes, our approach takes into account both of the sensing and communication cost in query plans. Central to our study is a cost-based analysis, based on which the energy cost of candidate plans for a given query are estimated to determine a query plan that is likely to consume the least energy for execution. Simulation results show that the query plan chosen in our approach consumes significantly less energy than an approach that optimizes on sensing cost only.
Comment on Zajac and Westphal, ASR, June 2004: Towards the Social Reconstruction of an Interdisciplinary Turf War

Perhaps more than in any other subfield of sociology, researchers in economic sociology tend to justify their work through opposition to a rival discipline (Sorensen 2003). Yet a fixation on the flaws in economics is dangerous for at least two reasons. First, if we focus exclusively on showing how sociological theories are superior to neoclassical models, we risk overlooking our theories' own limits, which often become clearer when applied to new domains. Thus, consider the motivation for the article by Zajac and Westphal (2004, henceforward Z&W) in this issue ofASR. Z&W assert that their article is important because "little research has examined whether and how [neoinstitutional] processes influence the perceptions of actors in financial markets, and... determine the market value of corporate policies (p. 434)." The stated objective of their study is not to address a weakness or gap in neoinstitutional theory but to apply it to a new phenomenon. Yet how well does neoinstitutional theory, and the notion of institutional decoupling in particular, translate to financial markets? And can such an application help clarify the conditions under which neoinstitutional processes are more likely to operate? Another potentially dysfunctional outcome of economic sociologists' oppositional posture towards economics is that, if we are too eager to find a neighboring discipline's faults, we are more likely to overlook valuable research by that discipline. Consider the topic of Z&W's article. I warrant that very few ASR readers are familiar with the financial economics literature on share repurchases. We thus are compelled to rely on Z&W to provide a thorough and accurate summary of such research. But if the tendency among economic sociologists is to assume that economists are hopelessly naive, authors will be more likely to conduct a cursory literature review, and journal referees will be less motivated and able to hold authors account-
Magneto-fluorescent carbon nanotube-mediated siRNA for gastrin-releasing peptide receptor silencing in neuroblastoma

We demonstrate a newly-developed magneto-fluorescent carbon nanotube (CNT)-mediated siRNA (CNT-siRNA) delivery system, which significantly silences our target of interest, gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRP-R), in neuroblastoma. CNT-siGRP-R resulted in a 50% silencing efficiency and a sustained efficacy of 9 days for one-time siRNA treatment in vitro, whereas siRNA delivered by the commercial transfection reagent couldn't knockdown GRP-R expression. We further show that CNT-siRNA efficiently inhibits the growth of subcutaneous xenograft tumors in vivo. This system allows us to track the CNT-siRNA distribution via both near-infrared fluorescence and magnetic resonance imaging. Moreover, our delivery system can be used to knockdown GRP-R expression in other cancer cell types, such as human breast cancer cells. The high efficiency and sustained efficacy may indicate that the natural stacking interactions between CNTs and siRNAs can protect siRNAs from degradation and enhance their stability during the delivery process.
JORDAN CANONICAL FORM OF A PARTITIONED COMPLEX MATRIX AND ITS APPLICATION TO REAL QUATERNION MATRICES

Let Σ be the collection of all 2n × 2n partitioned complex matrices where A 1 and A 2 are n × n complex matrices, the bars on top of them mean matrix conjugate. We show that Σ is closed under similarity transformation to Jordan (canonical) forms. Precisely, any matrix in Σ is similar to a matrix in the form J ⊕ ∈ Σ via an invertible matrix in Σ, where J is a Jordan form whose diagonalelements all have nonnegative imaginary parts. An application of this result gives the Jordan form of real quaternion matrices.
Impact of feathers and feather follicles on broiler carcass bacteria

Genetically featherless and feathered broiler siblings were used to test the contribution of feathers and feather follicles to the numbers of aerobic bacteria, Escherichia coli, and Campylobacter in whole-carcass rinse samples taken immediately after carcasses were defeathered for 30 or 60 s. Numbers of spoilage bacteria were counted after the same fully processed carcasses were stored for 1 wk at 2 degrees C. In each of 3 replications, twenty-eight 11-wk-old, mixed-sex, genetically featherless or feathered broilers were processed in a laboratory processing facility. Immediately after individual defeathering in a mechanical picker, carcasses were sampled using a carcass rinse technique. Carcasses were eviscerated, immersion chilled at 2 degrees C for 30 min, individually bagged, and stored for 1 wk at 2 degrees C, after which all carcasses were rinsed again, and spoilage bacteria in the rinsate were enumerated. There were no significant differences (P < or = 0.05) between the featherless and feathered broilers in numbers of aerobic bacteria, E. coli, and Campylobacter in rinse samples taken immediately after defeathering and no differences between carcasses picked for 30 or 60 s. There were no differences in numbers of spoilage bacteria after 1 wk of refrigeration for any of the feather presence-picking length combinations. Although the defeathering step in poultry processing has been identified as an opportunity for bacterial contamination from the intestinal tract and cross-contamination between carcasses, the presence of feathers and feather follicles does not make a significant difference in carcass bacterial contamination immediately after defeathering or in spoilage bacteria after 1 wk of refrigeration.
Preparation of Armored RNA as a Control for Multiplex Real-Time Reverse Transcription-PCR Detection of Influenza Virus and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus

The common respiratory viruses, including influenza A, influenza B, and newly emerging severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) viruses, may cause similar clinical symptoms. Therefore, differential diagnosis of these virus pathogens is frequently required for single clinical samples. In addition, there is an urgent need for noninfectious and stable RNA standards and controls for multivirus detection. In this study, reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) targeting of the RNAs of influenza A and influenza B viruses and SARS coronavirus was performed, and the resulting products were spliced into a fragment which was packaged into armored RNA for use as a noninfectious, quantifiable synthetic substitute. Furthermore, in the present study we developed a multiplex real-time RT-PCR assay in which the armored RNA was used as an external positive control and the three RNA viruses could be detected simultaneously in a single reaction mix. The detection limit of the multiplex real-time PCR was 10 copies/μl of armored RNA.
Phase equilibria in the systems ZnSMnS, ZnSCuInS2, and MnSCuInS2

Abstract Using high purity ZnS, MnS, Cu 2 S, and In 2 S 3 , the binary systems were examined between 400 and 1300°C using evacuated fused silica capsules to contain intermediate mixtures. X-Ray and microscopic examination of samples at room temperature permitted the probable phase relations to be established. The extent of the very important stability regions for zinc blende and wurtzite solid solutions was firmly established and in the system MnSCuInS 2 , the stability fields for the intermediate γ-MnS (wurtzite) solid solutions and CuInS 2 solid solutions were determined.
Radiative transfer in stratified atmospheres: Development and verification of a unified model

A reliable and efficient discrete method is verified for multiple scattering, radiative- transfer calculations in vertically inhomogeneous, non-isothermal atmospheres in local thermodynamic equilibrium. The linear-in-optical-depth approximation to the Planck function is used to obtain accurate solutions for thermal radiation. We show that this approximation significantly improves computing efficiency while still maintaining adequate accuracy. Using this multiple-scattering scheme, we have constructed and validated a radiation model for stratified atmospheres, taking into account molecular (Rayleigh) scattering and absorp- tion/emission. The exponential sum fitting of transmissions technique is utilized to parameter- ize gaseous absorption, thereby achieving a unified treatment of shortwave and longwave radiative transfer. To validate the model, we present computed fluxes and heating/cooling rate profiles for the five McClatchey atmospheres. The results are compared with other models having different spectral resolution (As) and gaseous scattering and absorption/ emission structure. Specifically, we compare broad-band (As > 100 cm-'), narrow-band (As < 100 cm-') and line-by-line computations and find that at the expense of accuracy by a few W-m-* for flux or a few tenth "C/day for heating/cooling rate computations, the broad-band models are very fast and may be suitable for many applications. We also find that in spite of good agreement between fluxes (at the top and bottom boundaries) computed by different methods, the heating/cooling rate profiles may differ substantially due to compen- sating errors.
Estrogen prevents glutamate-induced apoptosis in C6 glioma cells by a receptor-mediated mechanism

Estrogen-mediated neuroprotection is well established; however, no single mechanism of action for this effect has yet been established. As glial cells are integral for both the intact and injured nervous system, we hypothesized that estrogen-mediated neuroprotection may partly be attributed to attenuation of glial cell apoptosis, allowing them to protect neurons following injury. To assess the protective effects of estrogen on glia, C6 rat glioma cells were treated for 24 h with 500 microM glutamate. Cell viability was determined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, and apoptosis was confirmed by cell morphology and DNA fragmentation. Pretreatment with 10 nM 17beta-estradiol (estrogen) increased cell viability and attenuated apoptosis. Treatment with the stereoisomer 17alpha-estradiol, or estrogen plus estrogen receptor antagonist ICI 182,780, was significantly less effective, indicating that cytoprotection was receptor-mediated. Estrogen treatment upregulated expression of estrogen receptor alpha. Cell impermeable bovine serum albumin-conjugated estrogen was also protective, indicating activation of estrogen receptors on the cell membrane. Intracellular free [Ca2+] was increased after glutamate treatment. This increase was attenuated in cells pretreated with estrogen. Glutamate increased the activity of pro-apoptotic proteases, such as calpain and caspase-3, and these protease activities were significantly attenuated by estrogen. The mechanism by which estrogen decreased intracellular Ca2+ was examined by assaying cell viability after using inhibitors that either blocked extracellular Ca2+ influx or prevented the release of intracellular Ca2+ stores. While several inhibitors increased cell viability in glutamate-treated cells, none were as protective as estrogen, and estrogen co-treatment significantly increased cell viability. These findings indicate that estrogen-mediated cytoprotection may be related to effects on Ca2+ entry but that these effects are not limited to any one of these Ca2+ entry points alone.
A comparison of GE optimized neural networks and decision trees

Grammatical evolution neural networks (GENN) is a commonly utilized method at identifying difficult to detect gene-gene and gene-environment interactions. It has been shown to be an effective tool in the prediction of common diseases using single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). However, GENN lacks interpretability because it is a black box model. Therefore, grammatical evolution of decision trees (GEDT) is being considered as an alternative, as decision trees are easily interpretable for clinicians. Previously, the most effective parameters for GEDT and GENN were found using parameter sweeps. Since GEDT is much more intuitive and easy to understand, it becomes important to compare its predictive power to that of GENN. We show that it is not as effective as GENN at detecting disease causing polymorphisms especially in more difficult to detect models, but this power trade off may be worth it for interpretability.
The Effect of Head Movements on Visual and Auditory Dominance

Two experiments were performed to determine the effect of active auditory exploration (head movement) on visual and auditory dominance. In each experiment subjects located a small audio speaker unimodally or bimodally. On the bimodal trials a modality discordance was created by requiring prismatic viewing. Half the subjects in each experiment remained unaware of the discordance while the other half were informed that a prism was used, and its refracting properties were demonstrated. The second experiment differed from the first by allowing observers free head movement during target localization which was transduced and recorded electromechanically. The results indicated that knowledge of modality discordance greatly reduced visual bias of audition for observers with heads immobilized, but did not affect auditory bias of vision significantly. Observers permitted head movement but not provided with knowledge of discordance demonstrated visual bias which was substantially reduced from that found in the first experiment for no-knowledge subjects. Observers who were permitted head movement and provided with knowledge of discordance demonstrated no visual bias or auditory bias. Head movements were executed systematically, when permitted, and resulted in an increase in the precision of auditory localizations and a reduction in the biasing effect of vision. In contrast, head movement did not affect the precision of visual localizations. Results are discussed in terms of current hypotheses regarding perceptual dominance.
Thermoelectric power of TaS3

Abstract Thermoelectric power measurements have been made on well characterized crystals of orthorhombic TaS 3 as a function of temperature down to 80 K. A negative thermopower as for electrons is observed over the entire range, and the Peierl's transition is readily observable at 215 K. A sudden increase occurs around 160 K thereafter the magnitude of thermopower rises upon further cooling to values as high as 800 μV/K. This giant thermopower suggests that below about 160 K solitons or charge density wave dislocations dominate the low field electrical conduction instead of thermally excited electrons.
The Expression of TAPA (CD81) Correlates with the Reactive Response of Astrocytes in the Developing Rat CNS

During the development of the brain, astrocytes acquire the ability to become reactive and form a scar. This change in the astrocytes occurs at approximately the same time that there is a decrease in the regenerative capacity of the CNS. Previous work from our laboratory had revealed that TAPA (Target of Anti-Proliferative Antibody, also known as CD81) is associated with reactive gliosis and the glial scar. TAPA is a member of the tetraspan family of proteins that appears to be associated with the regulation of cellular behavior. In order to define the role of TAPA in relation to the developmentally regulated CNS response to injury, we examined the levels of TAPA and GFAP immunoreactivity in rat pups that received a penetrating cerebral cortical injury. All of the animals injured at postnatal day 9 (PND 9), PND 18, or as adults, exhibited reactive gliosis scar formation when they were sacrificed 10 days after the cortical injury. Of the nine animals injured at PND 2, only three displayed reactive gliosis and scar formation. The remaining six rat pups had either a modest gliotic response or no detectable gliosis. The level of TAPA at the site of injury mimicked the reactive gliosis as defined by GFAP immunoreactivity. In all of the rats with a glial scar, there was a dramatic upregulation of TAPA that is spatially restricted to the reactive astrocytes. These results suggest that the upregulation of TAPA is an integral component of glial scar formation.
Classification of somatic evoked potentials through maximum entropy spectral analysis

Maximum entropy (ME) spectra are currently considered to be superior to spectra calculated by means of Fast Fourier Transforms (FFT) because the former offer higher resolution. However, in terms of classification of somatic evoked potentials (SEPs), FFT spectra are found to be better than ME spectra. An even better set of parameters for discriminating SEPs is the set of reflection coefficients derived in the process of calculating the ME spectra. They permit separation of SEPs obtained from monkeys with dorsal column lesion from SEPs obtained from normal monkeys, as well as distinguishing between SEPs obtained from large nerve fiber stimulation and SEPs from stimulation of all nerve fibers.
Special Section on Seclusion and Restraint: Commentary: SAMHSA's Commitment to Eliminating the Use of Seclusion and Restraint

Objectives: This study examined the use of seclusion and mechanical restraint from 1990 to 2000 and the rate of staff injuries from patient assaults from 1998 to 2000 in a state hospital system. Methods: Records of patients older than 18 years who were civilly committed to one of the nine state hospitals in Pennsylvania were included in the analyses. Two databases were used in each of the nine hospitals: one identified date, time, duration, and justification for each episode of seclusion or restraint and the other identified when a patient was hospitalized and the demographic characteristics and the diagnosis of the patient. Rate and duration of seclusion and restraint were calculated. Reports from compensation claims were used to determine staff injuries from patient assaults. Results: The rate and duration of seclusion and mechanical restraint decreased dramatically during this period. From 1990 to 2000, the rate of seclusion decreased from 4.2 to .3 episodes per 1,000 patient-days. The average duration of seclusion decreased from 10.8 to 1.3 hours. The rate of restraint decreased from 3.5 to 1.2 episodes per 1,000 patient-days. The average duration of restraint decreased from 11.9 to 1.9 hours. Patients from racial or ethnic minority groups had a higher rate and longer duration of seclusion than whites. Seclusion tended to be less likely, but longer, during the night shift. Patients were restrained less often during the night shift, but for a longer duration. The rate of restraint was higher during the week than during weekends and holidays. Younger patients were more likely to be secluded and restrained, but older patients remained secluded and restrained longer. No significant changes were seen in rates of staff injuries from 1998 to 2000. Conclusions: Many factors contributed to the success of this effort, including advocacy efforts, state policy change, improved patient-staff ratios, response teams, and second-generation antipsychotics.
Determination of Lysozyme in Raw Fruits and Vegetables

Several fresh fruits and vegetables were tested for lysozyme activity. The produce was weighed, diced, blended for 2 min and filtered through a cheesecloth. The filtrate was centrifuged at 2,000 x G for 15 min. The supernatant juice was clarified and stored frozen until the spectrophotometric assay was completed. Crystalline eggwhite lysozyme was used as a standard. Average lysozyme concentrations per ml of the juice were: cauliflower 32.5 μg, rutabaga 13.0 μg, papaya 5.0,μ cabbage 2.7μ, kohlrabi 2.4 μg, and red radish 2.2 μg Lysozyme (0.5-1.8 μg) was also detected in white radish, turnip, parsnip, and broccoli. Other vegetables and fruits tested showed no detectable lysozyme.
Contiguous binding of decylsulfate on the interface-binding surface of pancreatic phospholipase A2.

Pig pancreatic IB phospholipase A2 (PLA2) forms three distinguishable premicellar Ei# (i = 1, 2, and 3) complexes at successively higher decylsulfate concentrations. The Hill coefficient for E1# is n1 = 1.6, and n2 and n3 for E2# and E3# are about 8 each. Saturation-transfer difference nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and other complementary results with PLA2 show that decylsulfate molecules in E2# and E3# are contiguously and cooperatively clustered on the interface-binding surface or i-face that makes contact with the substrate interface. In these complexes, the saturation-transfer difference NMR signatures of 1H in decylsulfate are different. The decylsulfate epitope for the successive Ei# complexes increasingly resembles the micellar complex formed by the binding of PLA2 to preformed micelles. Contiguous cooperative amphiphile binding is predominantly driven by the hydrophobic effect with a modest electrostatic shielding of the sulfate head group in contact with PLA2. The formation of the complexes is...
The ICAAP project, part three: OSF distributed computing environment

Outlines the use of distributed computing environment (DCE) software in the Inter Committee on Institutional Co‐operation Authentication and Authorisation project (ICAAP) project, which addresses the issues that arise in a distributed environment such as ensuring similar settings on all linked computers. Discusses the development of this program and the uses it can be put to. Suggests that a lot of this technology was ahead of its time, and its real value is only now being understood.
Hole Theory of Light Scattering by Liquids

A slightly modified form of Frenkel’s hole theory of liquids is developed and it is shown that three characteristic hole parameters can be chosen in such a fashion that quantitative agreement between theory and experiment is obtained for numerous thermal and mechanical properties of liquid benzene. The Cummins–Gammon formulas for Rayleigh and Brillouin scattering of liquids are deduced from the hole theory and, thus, it is demonstrated that the hole theory provides a suitable model for the nonpropagating density fluctuations of the phenomenological scattering theory.
Numerical Simulation of Flow Through a Two-Strut Scramjet Inlet

A three-dimensional, Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes code has been used to numerically analyze flow through a two-strut, supersonic combustion ramjet (scramjet) inlet configuration. It solves the governing equations in full conservation form using either a fully explicit or explicit-implicit method. An algebraic, two-layer eddy-viscosity model is used for turbulent flow calculations. The analysis allows inclusion of end effects that are caused by the aft placement of the cowl on the underside of the inlet. A special grid has been developed to accommodate the struts embedded in the inlet flowfield. Detailed numerical results are presented here for the two-strut configuration, and a comparison is made with the available experimental results.
Effect of sulfur and antimony on the intergranular fracture of iron at cathodic potentials

Antimony, segregated to grain boundaries of iron, was found to be five times more effective than sulfur in promoting intergranular fracture of iron when tested in IN H2SO4 at cathodic potentials. A decrease in the ductility of iron accompanied the fracture mode change at increasing cathodic potentials. The effectiveness of antimony relative to sulfur was determined from straining electrode tests on iron and iron + 250 appm antimony alloys heat treated at 800 °C and 600 °C to produce different grain boundary chemical compositions. Grain boundary compositions were determined by Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES). Similar grain boundary sulfur concentrations of 0.2 monolayers were observed by AES for the iron and iron + 250 appm antimony alloy after an anneal of 240 hours at 600 °C, while 0.08 monolayers of antimony was observed for the iron + 250 appm antimony alloy. These results suggest that sulfur and antimony do not compete for grain boundary sites.
Hidden regenerative loops in electronic analog computers

This paper presents a detailed analysis of regenerative loops in computing machines. Emphasis is placed upon the manifestation of this problem in an electronic analog computer wherein the detrimental effects of regenerative loops are most often reported. Regenerative loops are shown to arise when, in the physical system being considered, coupling occurs through an element capable of storing energy. The regenerative-loop gain is the deciding factor; an analysis of the effects of varying this loop gain in an attempt to stabilize the computing process is also presented. Results are verified for a simple problem by an electronic analog computer.
Effects of gramicidin-A on the adsorption of phospholipids to the air-water interface

Prior studies suggest that the hydrophobic surfactant proteins, SP-B and SP-C, promote adsorption of the lipids in pulmonary surfactant to an air–water interface by stabilizing a negatively curved rate-limiting structure that is intermediate between bilayer vesicles and the surface film. This model predicts that other peptides capable of stabilizing negative curvature should also promote lipid adsorption. Previous reports have shown that under appropriate conditions, gramicidin-A (GrA) induces dioleoyl phosphatidylcholine (DOPC), but not dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine (DMPC), to form the negatively curved hexagonal-II (HII) phase. The studies reported here determined if GrA would produce the same effects on adsorption of DMPC and DOPC that the hydrophobic surfactant proteins have on the surfactant lipids. Small angle X-ray scattering and 31P-nuclear magnetic resonance confirmed that at the particular conditions used to study adsorption, GrA induced DOPC to form the HII phase, but DMPC remained lamellar. Measurements of surface tension showed that GrA in vesicles produced a general increase in the rate of adsorption for both phospholipids. When restricted to the interface, however, in preexisting films, GrA with DOPC, but not with DMPC, replicated the ability of the surfactant proteins to promote adsorption of vesicles containing only the lipids. The correlation between the structural and functional effects of GrA with the two phospholipids, and the similar effects on adsorption of GrA with DOPC and the hydrophobic surfactant proteins with the surfactant lipids fit with the model in which SP-B and SP-C facilitate adsorption by stabilizing a rate-limiting intermediate with negative curvature.
Chemical pressure tuning of URu2Si2 via isoelectronic substitution of Ru with Fe

We have used specific heat and neutron diffraction measurements on single crystals of ${\mathrm{URu}}_{2\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{x}{\mathrm{Si}}_{2}$ for Fe concentrations $x\ensuremath{\le}0.7$ to establish that chemical substitution of Ru with Fe acts as ``chemical pressure'' ${P}_{ch}$ as previously proposed by Kanchanavatee et al. [Phys. Rev. B 84, 245122 (2011)] based on bulk measurements on polycrystalline samples. Notably, neutron diffraction reveals a sharp increase of the uranium magnetic moment at $x=0.1$, reminiscent of the behavior at the ``hidden order'' to large-moment-antiferromagnetic phase transition observed at a pressure ${P}_{x}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\approx}0.5\ensuremath{-}0.7$ GPa in ${\mathrm{URu}}_{2}{\mathrm{Si}}_{2}$. Using the unit-cell volume determined from our measurements and an isothermal compressibility ${\ensuremath{\kappa}}_{T}=5.2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}3} {\mathrm{GPa}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ for ${\mathrm{URu}}_{2}{\mathrm{Si}}_{2}$, we determine the chemical pressure ${P}_{ch}$ in ${\mathrm{URu}}_{2\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{x}{\mathrm{Si}}_{2}$ as a function of $x$. The resulting temperature $(T)$--chemical pressure $({P}_{ch})$ phase diagram for ${\mathrm{URu}}_{2\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{x}{\mathrm{Si}}_{2}$ is in agreement with the established temperature $(T)$--external pressure $(P)$ phase diagram of ${\mathrm{URu}}_{2}{\mathrm{Si}}_{2}$.
A Semantic Search Engine for Spatial Web Portals

Spatial Web Portals have dramatically improved the sharing, exchanging and interoperating of Earth Science data, information and services. Currently, huge amount of geospatial data, metadata, and web services have been collected, cataloged, and made available through SWPs to serve a broad user community. However, most search engines in SWPs are based on keyword matching, which can not effectively 'understand' the meaning of users' queries, especially when a user has limited Earth science knowledge. So how to find needed data from a variety of geospatial resources becomes a big challenge. In this paper, we'll discuss a way of building semantic search engine to make the spatial-aware search more intelligent.
Expertise Prediction for Social Network Platforms to Encourage Knowledge Sharing

Knowledge sharing social platforms where users mutually benefit through question-answering are gaining popularity. The success of these platforms on the web has led to their adoption within the firewalls of enterprises also. In this paper we have presented some in-depth study about two such platforms -- one open on the web and one which is within an enterprise to identify the similarities and dissimilarities of user behavior in the two platforms. We have proposed an algorithm to predict experts to improve the effectiveness of such platforms.
Association of Father Involvement and Neighborhood Quality with Kindergartners' Physical Activity: A Multilevel Structural Equation Model

Abstract Purpose Examine the effects of father-child involvement and neighborhood characteristics with young children's physical activity (PA) within a multilevel framework. Design Cross-sectional analysis of the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study—Kindergarten Cohort 1998. Setting Nationally representative sample. Subjects Data were available for 10,694 kindergartners (5–6 years; 5240 girls) living in 1053 neighborhoods. Measures Parental report of child's PA level, father characteristics (e.g., time spent with child, age, education, socioeconomic status, hours worked), family time spent doing sports/activities together, and neighborhood quality (e.g., safety, presence of crime violence, garbage). Child weight status, motor skills, ethnicity, and television viewing were used as covariates. Analysis Multilevel structural equation modeling with children nested within neighborhoods. Results At the child level father-child time and family time doing sports together were positively associated with children's P...
Basic steps in mouth-throat examination for cancer detection.

A basic technique for mouth and throat cancer detection was designed. Emphasis is placed on the need for careful consideration of those regions of the mouth and throat that are cancer-prone. The routine phases of the examination are the history, clinical examination, laboratory procedures, referral, and follow-up. The technique described has proved to be thorough and exacting, with a minimum time expenditure.