cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Results of the Naval Oceanographic Office's 1997 AUV workshop

The US Navy has been developing autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) for operational scenarios for many years. The maturity of this technology has reached a point where it is both feasible and economical to transition AUVs to the collection of environmental data for the Navy. With this in mind, the Naval Oceanographic Office (NAVOCEANO) has established an AUV program with the goal of matching different AUV capabilities to meet specific Navy requirements. During September 1997 NAVOCEANO worked with scientists from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), and the Florida Atlantic University (FAU). Operating onboard the Texas A&M research vessel GYRE, these scientific teams collected a wide variety of environmental data in Mississippi coastal waters. This paper compares the AUV technology and the data collected by these institutions with data collected by traditional hydrographic survey techniques, and concludes that each AUV has characteristics that provide excellent quality survey data. The differences in capabilities (size, weight, mission duration, etc.) point out that no vehicle can be expected to meet all survey requirements. The best solution is a suite of vehicles, using common processing techniques, targeted to specific operational scenarios.
Brain SPECT and transcranial doppler ultrasound in vasospasm-induced delayed cerebral ischemia after subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Clinical vasospasm, or delayed ischemia-related neurologic deficits, is the prime determinant of morbidity and mortality after subarachnoid hemorrhage. The diagnosis of clinical vasospasm has been based mainly on clinical observations. Noninvasive techniques for evaluating vasospasm have great promise in supplementing the detailed neurologic examination and assessing the effects of therapy. The clinical utility of single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) of regional cerebral blood flow and transcranial Doppler ultrasound (TCD) in the evaluation of cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage was reviewed in 40 patients. The combination of these noninvasive tests was valuable for the investigation of the dynamic anatomic and functional aspects of vasospasm. TCD proved helpful in monitoring for vascular narrowing by measurements of blood flow velocity. Brain SPECT ascertained the effects of vasospasm on regional cerebral blood flow. In the diagnosis of clinical vasospasm, or delayed ischemic deficits, brain SPECT was more sensitive and specific than TCD. The combination of SPECT and TCD was useful in the assessment of the effect of cerebral angioplasty on hemodynamics and perfusion in the attempt to avert infarction.
The Hoosier cavefish, a new and endangered species (Amblyopsidae, Amblyopsis) from the caves of southern Indiana

We describe a new species of amblyopsid cavefish (Percopsiformes: Amblyopsidae) in the genus Amblyopsis from subterranean habitats of southern Indiana, USA. The Hoosier Cavefish, Amblyopsis hoosieri sp. n., is distinguished from A. spelaea, its only congener, based on genetic, geographic, and morphological evidence. Several morphological features distinguish the new species, including a much plumper, Bibendumlike wrinkled body with rounded fins, and the absence of a premature stop codon in the gene rhodopsin. This is the first new cavefish species described from the United States in 40 years and exemplifies how molecular data can alert us to the presence of otherwise cryptic biodiversity.
In vitro chondrocyte differentiation using costochondral chondrocytes as a source of primary rat chondrocyte cultures: An improved isolation and cryopreservation method

Abstract Introduction: Isolating and culturing primary chondrocytes such that they retain their cell type and differentiate to a hypertrophic state is central to many investigations of skeletal growth and its regulation. The ability to store frozen chondrocytes has additional scientific and tissue engineering interest. Previous work has produced approaches of varying yield and complexity but does not permit frozen storage of cells for subsequent differentiation in culture. Investigations of growth plate dysplasias secondary to defective osteoclastogenesis in rodent models of osteopetrosis led us to adapt and modify a culture method and to cryopreserve neonatal rat costochondral chondrocytes. Methods: Chondrocytes were isolated from dissected ribs of 3-day-old rat pups by collagenase, hyaluronidase, and trypsin serial digestions. This was done either immediately or after the isolation was interrupted following an initial protease treatment to allow the chondrocytes, still in partially digested rib rudiments, to be frozen and later thawed for culture. Cells were plated in flat-bottom wells and allowed to adhere and grow under different conditions. Choice of media permitted cells to be maintained or induced to differentiate. Cell growth was monitored, as was expression of several relevant genes: collagen types II and X; osteocalcin, Sox9, adipocyte FABP, MyoD, aggrecan, and others. Mineralization was measured by alizarin red binding, and cultures were examined by light, fluorescence, and electron microscopy. Results: Cells retained their chondrocyte phenotype and ability to differentiate and mineralize the collagen-rich extracellular matrix even after freezing-thawing. RT-PCR showed retention of chondrocyte-specific gene expression, including aggrecan and collagen II. The cells had a flattened, “proliferating zone” appearance initially, and by 2 weeks post-confluence, exhibited swelling and other salient features of hypertrophic cells seen in vivo. Collagen fibrils were abundant in the extracellular matrix, along with matrix vesicles. The switch to collagen type X as marker for hypertrophy was not rigidly temporally regulated as happens in vivo, but its expression increased during hypertrophic differentiation. Conclusions: This method should prove valuable as a means of studying chondrocyte regulation and has the advantages of simpler initial dissection, yields of a purer chondrocyte population, and the ability to stockpile frozen raw material for subsequent studies.
Writing the wrongs of the past: vengeance, humanism, and the assassination of Alessandro de' Medici

On the night of 6 January 1537 Lorenzo di Pierfrancesco de’ Medici killed his cousin, the first Duke of Florence, Alessandro de’ Medici. In an Apologia, written around three years after the assassination, Lorenzo claimed that he had killed Alessandro in order to restore Florence to republican liberty. Historians have interpreted this text as a self-justificatory and self-aggrandizing piece. This article argues that the Apologia is better understood as an example of revenge humanism, and that its purpose was not to justify the assassination of Alessandro, but to defend Lorenzo’s own name. The narrative of the Apologia presented Lorenzo as the defender of Florence’s republican and civic traditions, but it did so within the culture and etiquette of sixteenth-century court society. Lorenzo was fighting a verbal duel with the contemporary critics who accused him of lacking honor, courage, and integrity.
Adjuvant Therapy in Pancreas Cancer: Does It Influence Patterns of Recurrence?

Background Level 1 data demonstrate that adjuvant chemotherapy (ACT) improves survival after surgical resection of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), (adjuvant gemcitabine, CONKO-001 study; adjuvant 5-FU, ESPAC3 study). The role of adjuvant chemoradiation therapy (ACRT) remains controversial. What is less clear is whether adjuvant therapy influences patterns of recurrence. The purpose of this study was to perform the first multicenter study analyzing patterns of recurrence after adjuvant therapy for PDAC. Study Design Patients undergoing resection for PDAC from 8 medical centers over a 10-year period were analyzed. Demographics, tumor characteristics, operative treatment, type of adjuvant therapy, recurrence pattern, and survival were reviewed. Using Cox-proportional hazards multivariate (MV) regression, the impact of ACT and ACRT on overall survival (OS), local recurrence (LR), and distant recurrence (DR) was investigated. Results There were 1,130 patients who were divided into those having surgery alone (n = 392), ACT (n = 291), or ACRT (n = 447). Median follow-up was 18 months. Compared with patients undergoing surgery alone, ACT, but not ACRT, demonstrated a significant OS advantage on MV analysis. Patients receiving ACT had significantly fewer recurrences (LR and DR); those receiving ACRT had significantly less LR but not DR. On subset MV analysis, ACT and ACRT resulted in less LR in patients with lymph node (LN) positive and margin negative disease. No improvements in LR, DR, or OS were seen in margin positive patients with either ACT or ACRT. Conclusions This is the first analysis demonstrating differences in recurrence patterns in PDAC patients based on type of adjuvant therapy. Adjuvant chemotherapy provided an OS advantage likely related to its effect on reducing both LR and DR. Adjuvant chemoradiation therapy appears to decrease LR, but not DR, and therefore has less impact on OS. Future investigations and treatment protocols should consider additional ACT rather than ACRT in the treatment of PDAC.
General and Special Educators' Perceptions of Teaching Strategies for Multicultural Students

Thisarticle focuses on a recent study that investigated perceptions of regular and special educators working with multicultural students with and without disabilities throughout the State of Kansas. The Multicultural Special Education Survey was distributed to 403 general and special educators who represented geographical areas, as well as school districts with an enrollment equal to or greater than 10 percent. This instrument consisted of items related to categories of demographics, professional development, cultural knowledge, linguistics, and teaching strategies. In the area of professional development, the most noteworthy and frequently cited response was "no training" in multicultural education course work. The highest percentage of respondents reported that cultural knowledge would help them understand the influence of their students' verbal and nonverbal learning/behavioral styles. The highest percentage of respondents reported that knowledge about the language of multicultural students and child l...
Fecal indicator bacteria transport and deposition in saturated and unsaturated porous media.

Beach sediment and sand are recognized as nonpoint fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) sources capable of causing water quality and health risks for beach-goers. A comprehensive understanding of the key...
What rates of glaucoma progression are clinically significant

Clinically important rates of glaucoma progression (worsening) are ones that put a patient at risk of future functional impairment or reduction of vision-related quality of life. Rates of progression can be evaluated through measuring structural or functional changes of the optic nerve. Most treated eyes do not progress at rates that will lead to future visual impairment, but there are a significant proportion (3-17%) of eyes, that are at risk of impairment even under clinical care. While very fast rates of progression (e.g. MD progression of -1.5 dB/year) are generally problematic, much slower rates also may be deleterious for young patients, particularly those diagnosed with late disease. As a result, it is important to consider life expectancy, disease severity and vision-related quality of life based treatment targets to estimate future prognosis when evaluating whether a rate of glaucoma progression can be clinically relevant.
A study of small heparin treating neonatal scleredemas

Objective: To study the effect of small heparin treating neonatal scleredema. Methods: 66 cases of sclerema neonatorumswere randomly allocated to either the treatment group or the control group. Each group had 33 cases. To both groups, treatments such asrecovery of temperature in the warm box, prevention of infection, reasonable provision of calory and liquid, and treatment of milltiple or-gan dysfunction syndrome. The treatment group received additional small heparin of 25 u/(kg·d), which was divided into halves to beused twicw a day until scleredemas disappearing. Result: The periods of temperature recovery and sclerema disappearing were shorter intreatment group than in control group (P 0.01). Moreover, there was not a pulmohany hemorrhage. Conclusion: Small heparin can treatneonatal scleredema without blooding. It is easily controlled but can’t check blood coaglltion.
Propranolol Restores the Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Response of Circulating Inflammatory Monocytes and Granulocytes After Burn Injury and Sepsis

Beta-adrenergic blockade ameliorates the hypermetabolism and catabolism in severe burn injury. Despite the salutary effects of beta-adrenergic blockade, the immunologic responses that accompany beta-blockade are not known. We have shown that burn sepsis is associated with increased sympathetic activation leading to altered monocytopoiesis and cytokine release in macrophages (MO). Recent evidence suggests that murine MO expressing F4/80+Gr1+ are the inflammatory phenotype. Here, we report that propranolol given after burn sepsis modulates the number and function of myeloid cells in circulation. B6D2F1 male mice were divided into sham (S), burn (B), and burn sepsis (BS) groups. Dorsal hair was shaved from S, B, and BS; B and BS received 15% scald burn; BS was inoculated with Pseudomonas Aeruginosa (PA 14, 4000-5000 colony-forming units) at the burn site. Mice from each group were then subjected to two different treatment regimens. One set received subcutaneous injections of propranolol (5 mg/kg body weight) at 24 and 48 hours after the injury while the control groups received saline. Blood was collected by cardiac puncture at 72 hours. The distribution of total F4/80+ monocyte population was determined by flow cytometry. Inflammatory monocyte subset was gated on Gr1+ expression in the F4/80+ fraction. Lipopolysaccharide-stimulated intracellular tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha (ic-TNF) was also measured as an indicator of inflammatory response. The total F4/80+ monocyte fraction was significantly increased in BS (45 +/- 0.8%) vs S and B (10 +/- 0.8%; 9.5 +/- 0.6%). Propranolol treatment for 2 days reduced the number of circulating monocytes by 60% in BS. The mean fluorescent intensity (MFI) of ic-TNF produced per cell (F4/80+Gr1+ MO) was significantly decreased in B and BS (S: 3043 +/- 213, B: 1638 +/- 343, BS: 1463 +/- 67). Of importance, propranolol treatment partially restored the MFI of ic-TNF (2177 +/- 114) and increased the percentage of inflammatory monocyte subset (F4/80+Gr1+) in BS by 70% compared with saline treatment. In contrast, beta-blockade after BS increased the percentage of granulocytes in circulation (28.4 +/- 3.6% in BS propranolol vs 15.4 +/- 0.3% in BS saline; P < .05) and augmented their TNF production (MFI = 903 +/- 102 in BS propranolol vs 644 +/- 5 in BS saline; P < .05). Propranolol reverses burn sepsis-induced monocytosis and simultaneously increases the number of granulocytes and enhances the inflammatory potential of the granulocytes and inflammatory monocyte subsets in circulation suggesting that monitoring MO subsets and granulocytes in blood is a reliable biomarker to predict the efficacy of beta-blockade.
Aircraft loss-of-control autonomous recovery: Mission trajectory tracking restoration

A mission restoration control system in an integrated automatic flight controller for aircraft Loss-of-Control Prevention and Recovery is presented, in which the two-phase Loss-of-Control recovery includes a LOC arrest mode and a mission restoration mode. For a trajectory tracking mission, a complete mission restoration mode is achieved by i) a close-in sub-mode of guiding the vehicle to catch up with the target position, and ii) a home-in sub-mode of restoring the mission. A pure pursuit guidance approach is applied in the proposed close-in sub-mode by aligning the velocity vector to the Line-of-Sight vector using proportionalintegral-derivative linear regulation. The home-in sub-mode is designed by bandwidth adaptation to gradually regain the tracking performance, and eventually, restore the mission. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness and the performance of the proposed mission restoration design.
Minimizing the Cost of Compost Production Through Facility Design and Process Control

Excessive cost of producing compost at many facilities through out the world continues to burden taxpayers. Observations on failed designs and management strategies in large scale facilities demonstrate operators have not clearly understood the interrelationship of the biological, physical and economic variables on the cost of production. This paper identifies the major variables under management control and their relationship on the cost of producing compost. Governing equations, based on energy and mass balances and the kinetics of composting, are presented and used to quantify the effects on cost and throughput capacity of in-vessel composting systems as operating practices are changed. Factors studied include air recycling, ambient air conditions, remix frequencies and moisture control, bed depths, fan management strategies (on/off, staged levels), temperature set points, and airflow paths. Data used in the analysis are from both pilot and full scale composting studies.
The role of metabolites in bioequivalency assessment. I. Linear pharmacokinetics without first-pass effect.

The estimation of bioequivalency using metabolite data was investigated for immediate release formulations with drugs exhibiting linear pharmacokinetics and no first-pass effect. This was accomplished by generating parent drug and metabolite plasma level profiles assuming formation and excretion rate-limited pharmacokinetic models with absorption rate constants obtained from bivariate normal distributions and designated random errors. Simulation results indicated that bioequivalence determination using Cmaxof parent drug and metabolite was independent of the metabolite models as evaluated by confidence interval approach. However, a clear difference with respect to the outcome of bioequivalence evaluation arises depending upon the utilization of Cmax values for the parent drug and metabolite. The major reason for this disparity was attributed to the minimal effect of the absorption process for the parent drug on the formation of the metabolite. This phenomenon results in an apparent lower intrasubject variability for Cmax of the metabolite and, in turn, a tighter confidence interval for Cmax of the metabolite in comparison with the parent drug. The simulated results have been found to be in agreement with the bioequivalency data for acetohexamide, allopurinol, procainamide, and sulindac. In all cases, the interval of the 90% confidence limit for Cmax of the metabolite is always smaller than that of the parent drug, regardless of the drug pharmacokinetics and the level of error contained in the data.
Public Architecture As Social Anchor in the Postmodern Age

Government buildings can provide physical reference points for the creation of common meaning, even in the postmodern condition. They remind us of our collective activities, help to distinguish the public and private spheres, and crystalize important institutional meanings. Also the relatively open nature of government buildings in this country, and their use as backdrops for public demonstrations, underscore our democratic freedoms. Another characteristic of our architectural seats of power is that they may at times overawe, but in addition they seem to draw out a quite natural collective pride. In addition, the durability and traditional design of older public buildings permit them to connect the distant past a commitment to future generations.
From Board Game to Digital Game: Designing a Mobile Game for Children to Learn About Invasive Species

Invasive species are species that cause economic and ecological harm and/or harm to human health. One challenge to managing invasive species is the lack of awareness about these species and the threats they pose. To mitigate this problem, the University of Florida Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants developed a classroom board game for children to learn about trade-offs in managing invasive species. The game is effective in increasing knowledge about invasive species and promoting collaborative discussions. However, this board game is only accessible within the classroom. We created a mobile digital game that expands on the goals of the board game. In this paper, we discuss the design of the board and digital versions of the game, and provide some guidelines for designing digital learning games that address real-world problems that have no optimal solution, like the management of invasive species. Future work will evaluate the effectiveness of the digital game in enhancing children's knowledge about invasive species.
Problem-based science, a constructionist approach to science literacy in middle school

Abstract This paper describes a four-year observation using a model designed and tested in a middle school maker space, called problem-based science (PbS). PbS was used as the primary model for a middle school science curriculum adapted by the tools and mindsets of the maker movement. PbS is learning through inventing and problem solving — while using the latest in fabrication technology, like 3D printers and laser cutters, as well as more traditional making skills, like electronics, robotics, sewing and carpentry. PbS is based on Seymour Papert’s constructionism, set to a science curriculum taught full time in a makerspace or fablab. Bridging ideas in design thinking, maker education, and applied math and science, the term problem-based science was used to describe how learning would look, sound, and feel different in a makerspace, when a focus was on learner-centered curriculum. The design and testing of this curriculum took place as part of the 5th and 6th grade science courses offered at a private (non-public) school in California (USA) the fall of 2012, through the spring of 2016. Through daily formative assessment, as well as exit surveys, the patterns and benefits of learning in a self-directed learning space, designed for constructionism, were observed. This paper shares the highlights of those years. Video taped exit surveys conducted by the author, show that self-direction is both challenging and rewarding, students often felt trusted and respected, even if they did not always feel supported in a manner common in a more teacher directed classroom setting. Daily informal classroom observations revealed that using student driven, open-ended problem solving, rather than a 100% teacher led, step by step lab, lends to a more diverse pool of leadership practice in students and higher engagement in hard problems. Students typically seen as struggling in traditional classrooms, identified as experts and successful learners in this setting. Lastly, using PbS as a model for science literacy allows the youngest of learners to practice mindsets and habits typical of real scientists and inventors, fostering early identify formation in STEM fields.
Kindergarten and first grade teachers' content and pedagogical content knowledge of reading and associations with teacher characteristics at rural low-wealth schools

Abstract Although often assessed as one construct, teachers have been shown to draw on both content and pedagogical content knowledge as they teach reading. Factor analysis on sixty-six primary teachers in rural low-wealth districts illustrated that teacher knowledge of reading can be distinguished separately as content and pedagogical content knowledge, with teachers having roughly equal levels of knowledge across domains. Multiple regression analyses demonstrated teaching experience was the only teacher characteristic to be significantly associated with both domains of teacher knowledge, implicating the necessity of increasing experiential learning components in teacher education.
Genital Herpes Simplex Infection

This viral disease may appear as an extensive and severe true primary infection, as a more localized first-episode genital infection, or as a focal recurrent infection. Biologic differences between type 1 and type 2 virus are major factors in determining the natural history of recurrent disease. Although the most promising new drug currently under study for use against herpes simplex virus is a nucleoside analogue called acycloguanosine (acyclovir), an ill omen on the horizon of long-term prophylaxis against recurrent disease is the emergence of acyclovir-resistant mutants that already have been isolated and characterized.
Cocaine Abuse Among Schizophrenic Patients

Initial studies have indicated that stimulant abuse is prevalent among schizophrenic persons. To assess the phenomenon of cocaine abuse by patients with schizophrenia, 17 male cocaine-abusing schizophrenic patients were compared with 22 male schizophrenic patients who did not use cocaine. The cocaine-abusing subjects had been hospitalized more frequently, were more likely to be of the paranoid subtype, and were more likely to be depressed at the time of interview. It appears that cocaine abuse may influence both the psychopathologic presentation of schizophrenic patients and the intensity of care that they require.
IEEE 1451.5 Standard-Based Wireless Sensor Networks

Recent advances in wireless communications, networking, electronics, and microprocessors have enabled the development of low-cost, low-power wireless sensor nodes. Wireless sensor networks have become more widely used to monitor the condition of the environment, machining systems, and other applications. Sensor data exchange, sharing, and interoperability are major challenges when using wireless sensor networks for condition monitoring. Standardized sensor data formats and communication protocols can help to solve these problems. This paper mainly focuses on wireless sensor networks based on the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 1451.5 standard, including the architecture, network interfaces, wireless transducer physical interfaces, a prototype system, and case studies.
Molecular Machine-Based NEMS

Biological molecular machines, like myosin and actin in skeletal muscle, organize to perform complex mechanical tasks. These biomotors execute nanometer scale interactions, but produce macroscopic effects. Inspired by this phenomenon, researchers are developing a new class of Nano-Electro-Mechanical Systems (NEMS) using the force and motions generated by both biological and artificial molecular machines. In view of the rapid developments in this field, this chapter reviews the most recent advances in controlling motions at the molecular level in various environments, especially solid-state and surface-mounted, and applying these nanomotors to NEMS. The chapter commences with a presentation of studies in biological molecular machines and their applications in NEMS. Subsequently, various artificial molecular machines are introduced. Next, the author will describe the research he and his colleagues have conducted in the past few years on moving artificial molecular machines from solution to solid supports to NEMS. By harnessing the nanoscale mechanical motion from artificial molecular machines and eliciting a nanomechanical response in a microscale device, this system mimics natural skeletal muscle and provides key ‘active nanostructures and nanodevices’ for future nanotechnology
It's time to put theories of personality in their place, or, Allport and Stagner got it right, why can't we?

Among the various subfields of psychology, Personality is just about unique in its continued dedication to the teaching of courses and thus to the writing of textbooks devoted to “theory.” Where else, save perhaps in the closely allied field of Abnormal Psychology, can one find comparable courses and texts? Surely not in Cognitive or Biological Psychology, for example, and only with difficulty in Social Psychology. The contrast between the fates of Hilgard’s (1948) classic Theories of Learning and Hall and Lindzey’s (1957) comparably classic Theories of Personality is telling in this regard. The former, whose last edition was written a decade ago, can scarcely be considered representative of the current generation of textbooks in learning while the latter, in its most recent incarnation (Hall et al., 1985) (and with two additional authors), remains a leading textbook in the field. In what follows, I will be less concerned with the question of why this state of affairs exists than with the question of whether it is a desirable state of affairs. It should come as no surprise after so tendentious an opening that I intend to argue that the continued emphasis on theories of personality is not desirable, that it is both anachronistic and a misleading representation of what, in fact, personality psychologists think about and do.
Semantics for uncertain inference based on statistical knowledge

In ordinary first order logic, a valid inference in a language L is one in which the conclusion is true in every model of the language in which the premises are true. To accommodate inductive/uncertain/probabilistic/non-monotonic inference, we weaken that demand to the demand that the conclusion be true in a large proportion of the models in which the relevant premises are true. More generally, we say that an inference is [p,q] valid if its conclusion is true in a proportion lying between p and q of those models in which the relevant premises are true. If we include a statistical variable binding operator “%” in our language, there are many quite general (and useful) things we can say about uncertain validity. A surprising result is that some of these things may conflict with Bayesian Conditionalization.
Dynamic variations in gene expressions of circulating tumor cells in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer patients in response to androgen receptor signaling inhibitors.

e17063Background: Newer transcriptomic profiles of prostate cancer (PCa) such as the prostate cancer classification system (PCS) have been developed that may be useful clinically to predict PCa pro...
Association between Gestational Weight Gain Adequacy and Adverse Maternal and Neonatal Outcomes

Objectives To estimate the prevalence of gestational weight gain (GWG) adequacy according to the 2009 guidelines, and to examine the association between GWG adequacy and the adverse outcomes, stratified by prepregnancy body mass index (BMI). Study Design A retrospective cohort study, using the 2011 to 2013 U.S. linked birth/infant death datasets, restricted to nonanomalous singleton live births at 37 to 41 weeks. The adverse outcomes included composite maternal morbidity (CMM), composite neonatal morbidity (CNM), and neonatal and infant mortalities. We used multivariable Poisson's regression models with robust error variance to examine the association between GWG adequacy and adverse outcomes. Results Of 8,656,791 singleton live births, 20, 32, and 48% had inadequate, adequate, and excessive GWG, respectively. After multivariable regression adjustment, compared with adequate GWG, excessive GWG had 1.10 (1.08–1.13) and 1.12 (1.10–1.14) times higher risk of CMM and CNM, respectively; similar findings were observed in BMI subgroups. Compared with adequate GWG, inadequate GWG had 1.14 (1.03–1.26) and 1.12 (1.07–1.18) times higher risk of neonatal and infant mortalities, respectively. Similar results were noted among women with normal weight. Conclusion Excessive GWG was associated with an increased risk of CMM and CNM, while inadequate GWG was associated with a higher risk of neonatal and infant mortalities.
Evaluating the urban-rural paradox: The complicated relationship between distance and the receipt of guideline-concordant care among cervical cancer patients

Abstract Objective Urban-rural health disparities are often attributed to the longer distances rural patients travel to receive care. However, a recent study suggests that distance to care may affect urban and rural cancer patients differentially. We examined whether this urban-rural paradox exists among patients with cervical cancer. Methods We identified individuals diagnosed with cervical cancer from 2004 to 2013 using a statewide cancer registry linked to multi-payer, insurance claims. Our primary outcome was receipt of guideline-concordant care: surgery for stages IA1–IB1; external beam radiation therapy (EBRT), concomitant chemotherapy, and brachytherapy for stages IB2–IVA. We estimated risk ratios (RR) using modified Poisson regressions, stratified by urban/rural location, to examine the association between distance to nearest facility and receipt of treatment. Results 62% of 999 cervical cancer patients received guideline-concordant care. The association between distance and receipt of care differed by type of treatment. In urban areas, cancer patients who lived ≥15 miles from the nearest surgical facility were less likely to receive primary surgical management compared to those Conclusions Among cervical cancer patients, there is evidence supporting the urban-rural paradox, i.e., geographic distance to cancer care facilities is not consistently associated with treatment receipt in expected or consistent ways. Healthcare systems must consider the diverse and differential barriers encountered by urban and rural residents to improve access to high quality cancer care.
Moldability Challenges Associated with the Assembly of Thicker IC Packages for High Voltage and Power Applications

Semiconductor technology platforms such as high power and voltage are pushing for greater current carrying capacity and overall functionality improvements by utilizing thicker leadframes, more components per device, and increased wire diameters. Incorporation of these materials and components necessitates thicker packages compared to most IC leaded packages on the market today. The manufacturability however, specifically the moldability of packages thicker than ~3mm continues to be a challenge. Discussed here are the motivations behind designing thicker packages, the associated manufacturability challenges, and methods for optimizing mold tooling and package designs to mitigate IC assembly risks.
Periorbital Subcutaneous Perfluoron Is Well Tolerated Following Intravitreal Surgery

Purpose:Perfluorocarbon liquids (PFCLs) are well tolerated in intraocular surgery, but chronic exposure can cause inflammation. PFCL leakage into the orbit without significant sequelae has been rep...
Toward Stimuli-Responsive Dynamic Thermosets through Continuous Development and Improvements in Covalent Adaptable Networks (CANs)

Covalent adaptable networks (CANs), unlike typical thermosets or other covalently crosslinked networks, possess a unique, often dormant ability to activate one or more forms of stimuli-responsive, dynamic covalent chemistries as a means to transition their behavior from that of a viscoelastic solid to a material with fluid-like plastic flow. Upon application of a stimulus, such as light or other irradiation, temperature, or even a distinct chemical signal, the CAN responds by transforming to a state of temporal plasticity through activation of either reversible addition or reversible bond exchange, either of which allows the material to essentially re-equilibrate to an altered set of conditions that are distinct from those in which the original covalently crosslinked network is formed, often simultaneously enabling a new and distinct shape, function, and characteristics. As such, CANs span the divide between thermosets and thermoplastics, thus offering unprecedented possibilities for innovation in polymer and materials science. Without attempting to comprehensively review the literature, recent developments in CANs are discussed here with an emphasis on the most effective dynamic chemistries that render these materials to be stimuli responsive, enabling features that make CANs more broadly applicable.
White Box Analysis at the Service of Low Rate Saturation Attacks on Virtual SDN Data Plane

Today’s virtual switches not only support legacy network protocols and standard network management interfaces, but also become adapted to OpenFlow as a prevailing communication protocol. This makes them a core networking component of today’s virtualized infrastructures which are able to handle sophisticated networking scenarios in a flexible and software-defined manner. At the same time, these virtual SDN data planes become high-value targets because a compromised switch is hard to detect while it affects all components of a virtualized/SDN-based environment.Most of the well known programmable virtual switches in the market are open source which makes them cost-effective and yet highly configurable options in any network infrastructure deployment. However, this comes at a cost which needs to be addressed. Accordingly, this paper raises an alarm on how attackers may leverage white box analysis of software switch functionalities to lunch effective low profile attacks against it. In particular, we practically present how attackers can systematically take advantage of static and dynamic code analysis techniques to lunch a low rate saturation attack on virtual SDN data plane in a cloud data center.
Transfer Learning in Deep Reinforcement Learning: A Survey

Reinforcement Learning (RL) is a key technique to address sequential decision-making problems and is crucial to realize advanced artificial intelligence. Recent years have witnessed remarkable progress in RL by virtue of the fast development of deep neural networks. Along with the promising prospects of RL in numerous domains, such as robotics and game-playing, transfer learning has arisen as an important technique to tackle various challenges faced by RL, by transferring knowledge from external expertise to accelerate the learning process. In this survey, we systematically investigate the recent progress of transfer learning approaches in the context of deep reinforcement learning. Specifically, we provide a framework for categorizing the state-of-the-art transfer learning approaches, under which we analyze their goals, methodologies, compatible RL backbones, and practical applications. We also draw connections between transfer learning and other relevant topics from the RL perspective and explore their potential challenges as well as open questions that await future research progress.
Adapting the telephone assessment and skill‐building kit to the telehealth technology preferences of stroke family caregivers

Family caregivers exhibit a wide variety of needs and concerns while providing care to stroke survivors after discharge to the home setting. We report the results of two related studies utilizing a multimethod design in which stroke family caregivers (N = 12; N = 10) were interviewed using open-ended questions, followed by written caregiver ratings regarding the types of telehealth technologies they preferred for the telephone assessment and skill-building kit (TASK III). Qualitative data were analyzed using content analysis procedures with a provisional "start list" of codes in a matrix template based on the types of telehealth technologies in the rating forms. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze ratings with response scales ranging from 1 = strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree. Average ratings for the telehealth technologies for the TASK III resource guide were obtained for the mailed hard copy binder (M = 3.58-4.13; SD = 0.35-1.00), an interactive website (https://www.task3web.com/; M = 3.86-4.17; SD = .72-1.07), an eBook (M = 3.17-3.67; SD = 0.84-1.17), and a USB drive (M = 3.75-4.00; SD = .82-.96). Average ratings for the telehealth technologies for the TASK III calls with the nurse were obtained for the use of a telephone (M = 4.36-5.00; SD = 0.00-0.89), FaceTime on an iOS device (e.g., iPhone or iPad; M = 3.73-4.40; SD = 0.79-0.98), or online videoconferencing (M = 3.17-3.50; SD = 0.82-1.47). Qualitative data revealed a wide variety of preferences for each type of telehealth technology, with advantages and disadvantages of each. The findings underscored the importance of offering multiple telehealth technology options to stroke family caregivers. Future studies are recommended that employ randomized control trial methodology to test theoretically-based interventions that are based on stroke family caregiver preferences for telehealth technologies.
Shifting the discourse of plagiarism and ethics: a cultural opportunity in higher education

Plagiarism is a pervasive challenge throughout academia perpetuated by the advent of technology, lack of ethical education, and the ambiguity in its definition. Plagiarism in the United States’ higher education settings has gained more attention over the years as international student population has increased. Considering how higher education institutions are growing as international spaces due to globalization, it is crucial to closely examine ethical issues concerning the diverse and multicultural student population. A prevailing view of plagiarism asserts that international students’ plagiarized texts are influenced by their ethical judgment and cultural backgrounds. This invites the question of whether ethical decision-making processes and cross-cultural perspectives are taken into consideration when instructors encounter instances of plagiarism committed by international or multicultural students. This paper intends to expand on the concept of culture in regard to the ethical dilemmas of plagiarism. Extending the discussions of cross-cultural influences surrounding plagiarism and ethical judgments in higher education, we position ourselves as viewing culture through the expanded lenses of macro- and micro-level cultural practices. In response to the internationalization of higher education, we advocate for changes in higher education curricula and instruction towards more cultural responsiveness and inclusivity. Instead of questioning or criminalizing ethics based on cultural background, especially in the cases of plagiarism committed by international students, we suggest approaching culture using the expanded perspectives of macro- and micro-cultural practices. The paper also provides recommendations for higher education instructors when tackling ethical dilemmas while preventing and managing situations of plagiarism.
People–place Bonds

Person-place relationships describe affective, emotional, and cognitive attachments of people to specific places and are presented as a part of therapeutic landscapes.
Postoperative posterior fossa syndrome: unraveling the etiology and underlying pathophysiology by using magnetic resonance imaging.

Background Posterior fossa syndrome (PFS) is a severe, postoperative complication occurring in about 25 % of pediatric patients undergoing surgery for midline tumors in the posterior fossa. In recent years, MRI-based research elucidated the cause of PFS and shed new light on its putative pathophysiology. This review highlights the major advances arising from research of this topic.
Krukenberg tumor with osteoplastic metastases.

H. L., a married, white multipara, 27 years old, was admitted to the Graduate Hbspital in August, 1944, complaining of vaginal bleeding and a mass in the abdomen. Her medical history included a salpingo-oophorectomy for tumor of the right ovary at another hospital in August, 1943. Her postoperative convalescence was uneventful and she left the hospital on the fourteenth day. She had remained in good health for one year and had not returned for follow-up care. The pathologic report was as follows: Specimen is a solid mass which has been previously bisected. It is 11 by 7 by 5 cm. The cut surfaces are pale yellow brown. Attached is a Fallopian tube which is hemorrhagic; it measures 3.5 by 2.5 by 2.5 cm. The microscopic picture is that of a solid tumor presenting an interesting and very unusual picture. In some regions there are solid islands of what superficially appear to be epithelial cells. The supportive structure of the ovary appears to be composed of dense, elongated cells, resembling fibroblasts. In other regions, the follicular arrangements of cells are more definite in the form of cysts, with large empty spaces lined by several rows of follicular cells. Comment : The exact nature of this tumor cannot be determined at this time. It was the impression that the tissue resembled in part, a thecal cell tumor of the ovary and in other regions, that of folliculoma. The slides were shown to other pathologists, all of whom differed to some extent in the diagnosis{ and none of whom was very definite in his opinion. One pathologist actually thought that the epithelium-like cells were truly epithelial nests and the tumor represented a Krukenberg tumor of the ovary; others felt that it represented some endocrine or developmental tumor of the ovary. On the present admission to Graduate Hospital, University of Pennsylvania, August, 1944, the patient complained of vaginal bleeding and a mass in the abdomen. The general examination was essentially negative. The pelvic examination revealed a freely movable, firm, globular mass, the size of a large grapefruit, attached to the uterus by a pedicle. The mass was thought to be a tumor of the left ovary or a pedunculated fibroid. At operation an ovarian cyst the size of a large grapefruit, half twisted on its pedicle, was removed together with the uterus. The ovarian tumor was 18 by 11 by 8 cm., in its greatest diameter. The capsule was thick, with a number of scarlike depressions, whitish in color, containing several cysts, the largest 3 cm., in diameter. The cut surface was pink with a background of translucent edematous tissue with rounded opaque structures. Microscopy (Dr. Case). Mucoid carcinoma of the Krukenberg type (Fig. 1). Following the operation there were no complications except for several transfusion reactions. During her stay in the hospital an attempt was made to locate the primary growth
Visualization and Mapping of Anatomic Abnormalities Using a Probabilistic Brain Atlas Based on Random Fluid Transformations

This paper describes the design, implementation and preliminary results of a technique for creating a comprehensive probabilistic atlas of the human brain based on high-dimensional fluid transformations. The goal of the atlas is to detect and quantify subtle and distributed patterns of deviation from normal anatomy, in a 3D brain image from any given subject. The algorithm analyzes a reference population of normal scans, and automatically generates color-coded probability maps of the anatomy of new subjects. Given a 3D brain image of a new subject, the algorithm calculates a set of high-dimensional volumetric maps (typically with 3842×256×3≈0.1 billion degrees of freedom) fluidly deforming this scan into structural correspondence with other scans, selected one by one from an anatomic image database. The family of volumetric warps so constructed encodes statistical properties and directional biases of local anatomical variation throughout the architecture of the brain. A probability space of random transformations, based on the theory of anisotropic Gaussian random fields, is then developed to reflect the observed variability in stereotaxic space of the points whose correspondences are found by the warping algorithm. A complete system of 3842×256 probability density functions is computed, yielding confidence limits in stereotaxic space for the location of every point represented in the 3D image lattice of the new subject's brain. Color-coded probability maps are generated, densely-defined throughout the anatomy of the new subject. These indicate locally the probability of each anatomic point being as unusually situated, given the distributions of corresponding points in the scans of normal subjects. 3D MRI and high-resolution cryosection volumes are analyzed, from subjects with metastatic tumors and Alzheimer's disease. Applications of the random fluid-based probabilistic atlas include the transfer of multi-subject 3D functional, vascular and histologie maps onto a single anatomic template, the mapping of 3D atlases onto the scans of new subjects, and the rapid detection, quantification and mapping of local shape changes in 3D medical images in disease, and during normal or abnormal growth and development.