cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE 'SEARCH FOR ADULTNESS": MEMBERSHIP WORK IN ADOLESCENT-ADULT TALK

Introducing some possibilities in the use of the notions "membership categorization device" and "category-bound activity" for ethnometh? odology, Sacks (1974) sketched out features and uses of, among others, the "stage of life" collection. A complement to this work, and a useful expansion of it, is found in Atkinson's (1980) analysis of "the prac? tical uses of a 'natural lifetime'." Both Sacks and Atkinson discuss how notions of life stages are used in practical reasoning, and describe the tying of activities to categories within the collection or to location in the "natural lifetime." My purpose in this paper is to develop these sources by observing membership categorization activity in conserva? tions between members of different categories within the device "stage of life," where membership/potential membership in these categories is also the topic of the talk. In particular, I give attention to the com? monsense category "adolescence" by witnessing some methods "ado? lescents" use in interview conversations about their passage through the "natural lifetime," and connect these observations to points raised in Hadden and Lester's (1978) analysis of identity as an interpretive accomplishment. Descriptions of how the "stage of life" device is used conversationally make possible some purchase on how "ado? lescence" is constituted as a commonsense category in everyday life, and some exploration of how biographical identities (identities tied to the device) serve as resources as well as topics in conversation. This kind of analysis is prior to all constructivist theorizing about "ado? lescence," since the social "fact" of an adolescence is produced and sustained through the work persons do with devices like "stage of life" and "natural lifetime." For ethnomethodology, this describes the practical and even the strategic uses of these devices by "positioned" members, who can at the same time be characterized as "transitional" within the device. "Adolescent" talk, and talk about or with "ado
MEASUREMENT OF MICROALGAL CELL VOLUME BY FLOW CYTOMETRY

Single cell analysis by flow cytometry is a powerful tool that has been employed to identify many different characteristics of phytoplankton populations. Cell volume is an important physiological component of many cellular processes. We have used a Coulter EPICS XL flow cytometer to measure cell volume in the spheroid dinoflagellate Amphidinium operculatum as a function of forward scatter. Cell volume measurements of this alga were quantified as equivalent spherical diameters from a standard curve obtained with latex beads of known diameter. This parameter was used to monitor cell diameter throughout the cell division cycle. In log phase cultures, A. operculatum showed increasing cell volumes throughout the light phase and a maximum cell volume concurrent with the onset of cell division late in the light phase. The maximum equivalent spherical diameter measured 14 μm, while the minimum equivalent spherical diameter was 10 μm that occurred late in the dark phase. Stationary phase cultures of A. operculatum did not exhibit oscillating cell volumes throughout the diel cycle. Chemical inhibition of the cell cycle using 100 μM olomoucine diminished cell volume changes during the light phase. These results suggest a coupling of size control to the cell division cycle.
Ethanol and Mitotic Inhibitors Promote Differentiation of Trophoblastic Cells

Chronic ethanol abuse during pregnancy can cause fetal injury. A contributing factor in this fetal injury may be the effect of ethanol on the placenta. Ethanol treatment increases human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) production by cultured human placental trophoblasts. In this study, we show that ethanol treatment reduces total DNA and total protein while stimulating hCG production in term trophoblasts. Ethanol treatment inhibits growth in rapidly proliferating trophoblastic cells from a first trimester placenta and JEG-3 choriocarcinoma cells. In both cell types, the normal increases in total DNA were inhibited in an ethanol dose-dependent manner. Normal increases in total protein were inhibited as well. In contrast, hCG production, an indicator of differentiation, was stimulated by ethanol treatment. Treatment of JEG-3 cells with antimitogenic agents, methotrexate (MTX) or cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C), inhibited cell growth as indicated by decreased total DNA and total protein accumulation. Similar to that with ethanol treatment, inhibition of cell proliferation was accompanied by increases in hCG production. Taken together, these data suggest that one mechanism by which ethanol increases hCG production in human placental trophoblasts may involve alterations in cellular growth and/or differentiation; such alterations may also occur in other proliferating cells in the growing fetus.
Illicit Crops and Bird Conservation Priorities in Colombia

Over the last 5 years the amount of land in Colombia planted in illicit crops, such as coca and poppy, has grown an average of 21% per year and may account for half the total area deforested in 1998. I conducted a geographic analysis of the distribution of illicit crops relative to standing forests and areas of conservation priority for birds. Municipalities where illicit crops have been detected were overlaid on a forest- cover map of Colombia and two types of conservation priorities for birds were plotted: distributions of threat- ened species and minimum-area sets for conservation of all species. The sites of the highest conservation priority affected by illicit crops were in the southern Andes, the northern West Andes and adjacent Darien lowlands, the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Serrania del Perija, and the Serrania de San Lucas. The largest forested areas threatened by illicit crops were in Amazonia and the Amazonian foothills of the East Andes, sites of low conservation priority. Given current trends in the expansion of illicit crops and the narrow ende- micity of some bird species, the conversion of forests for illicit-crop cultivation may result in the extirpation of several bird species from affected regions. To impede this, those involved in illicit-crop eradication and alter- native development should give high priority to the protection of existing forest reserves and parks from the planting of illicit crops. Such efforts should also extend to areas proposed for conservation based on the diver- sity of threatened and endemic birds that are currently unprotected. The conservation of threatened and en- demic birds in Colombian forests may hinge on successfully curbing incentives for deforestation, including the international trade in illicit drugs.
Comparative Evaluation of Piperacillin in Vitro

The minimal inhibitory concentrations of piperacillin and seven other betalactam antibiotics were determined against 407 bacterial isolates. Piperacillin was found to be more active than ampicillin against susceptible gram-negative bacilli and more active than either carbenicillin or ticarcillin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and streptococci. Although piperacillin was active against Klebsiella pneumoniae , this activity was less than that of the cephalosporins. Piperacillin was not active against penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Enterobacteriaceae that were resistant to the other test antibiotics.
Pathology of fatty liver: differential diagnosis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Abstract Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has emerged as a worldwide epidemic in the 21st century. The spectrum of its histopathology ranges from simple steatosis to steatohepatitis, with risk for progressive fibrosis that may lead to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. This review is an update of the histopathology of NAFLD and its differential diagnosis, in particular alcoholic liver disease (ALD), encountered by practising pathologists. It also discusses the pathology of NAFLD in various ‘non-traditional' settings: in children, after therapeutic intervention, and with concomitant liver diseases. The current grading and staging systems of NAFLD and ALD are also discussed.
Dendritic cells: immune saviors or Achilles' heel?

Dendritic cells (DCs) consist of a family of antigen-presenting cells (APC) that patrol all tissues of the body with the possible exceptions of the brain and testes. DCs function to capture bacteria and other pathogens for processing and presentation to T cells in the secondary lymphoid organs ([2][
Indomethacin prophylaxis or expectant treatment of patent ductus arteriosus in extremely low birth weight infants

Indomethacin prophylaxis or expectant treatment are common strategies for the prevention or management of symptomatic patent ductus arteriosus (sPDA). To compare the clinical responses of extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants to indomethacin prophylaxis with hat of other infants who were managed expectantly by being treated with indomethacin or surgically only after an sPDA was detected. Retrospective cohort investigation of 167 ELBW infants who received indomethacin prophylaxis (study) and 167 ELBW infants (control) treated expectantly who were matched by year of birth (1999 to 2006), birth weight, gestational age (GA) and gender. Mothers of the two groups of infants were comparable demographically and on the history of preterm labor, pre-eclampsia, antepartum steroids and cesarean delivery. Study and control infants were similar in birth weight, GA, low 5 min Apgar scores, surfactant administration, the need for arterial blood pressure control, bronchopulmonary dysplasia and neonatal mortality. Necrotizing enterocolitis, spontaneous intestinal perforations, intraventricular hemorrhage grade III to IV, periventricular leukomalacia and stage 3 to 5 retinopathy of prematurity occurred also with similar frequency in both groups of infants. In the indomethacin prophylaxis group, 29% of the infants developed sPDA, and of them 38% responded to indomethacin treatment. In the expectantly treated group, 37% developed sPDA, and of them 59% responded to indomethacin treatment. Overall, surgical ligation rate for sPDA was similar between both groups of patients. In our experience, indomethacin prophylaxis does not show any advantages over expectant early treatment on the management of sPDA in ELBW infants. Although no deleterious effects were observed, prophylaxis exposed a significant number of infants who may have never developed sPDA, to potential indomethacin-related complications.
Utilizing Model Checking for Automated Optimization Information Discovery in InDiGO

InDiGO framework provides an infrastructure which allows design of generic but customizable algorithms encapsulated as middleware services and provides tools to customize such algorithms for specific applications. Such customization allows one to optimize algorithms by removing communication which is redundant in the context of a specific application. Information necessary for optimization is derived by running queries of interest on the application abstraction. Each new query requires a new algorithm to be written that would operate on the application abstraction to give a yes or no answer. In this paper, we describe a different approach to answer the queries. It uses model checking and is fully automated. It also allows to answer the queries precisely as well as to verify more general properties. We present experimental results to demonstrate the optimizations when our infrastructure is utilized.
Cultural Norms and Political Mobilization: Accounting for Local and State-Level Liquor Laws, 1907–1919

During the decade prior to the adoption of federal prohibition in 1920, states across the country created local and statewide laws banning alcohol sales. This paper examines the relationship between cultural groups (urban, religious, and immigrant populations) and the adoption of prohibition legislation. Unlike previous research which concentrates on only a few states, this study provides a nationwide comparison of census data, business directories that identify the location of saloons by county, and county-level voting results. The results demonstrate that, while cultural factors played a prominent role in determining local policies towards saloons, these factors mattered less in state-level prohibition referenda. In these statewide contests, it was the location of saloons that often proved to be the most important factor in determining voting outcomes.
A thinking aid.

Writing a paper is often a process of discovering what you have to say. A small, inexpensive, “three-dimensional” outline of the paper is a help in guiding the process of discovery. New points can be accurately placed as they appear. The outline grows with the paper. The construction of such an outline is described.
Predicting, Explaining, and Preventing Children's Reading Difficulties†

Several decades of research have made it clear that by the time children enter school they already vary widely in their reading-related knowledge and skills. How well do these differences predict differences in reading acquisition? What can they tell us about the causes of reading disabilities? How might these research findings be used to reduce the number of children who have difficulty learning to read? Answers to such questions are fundamental for designing early interventions for children at risk. In this paper, we summarize what has been learned so far, and discuss what directions need to be taken in future research so as to provide fuller answers.
Postcranial paleoneurology of the Diapsida

The relationships between the size of the spinal cord and the size of the neural canal, and between gross spinal cord anatomy and locomotor style, were documented in a wide range of living diapsids. Observed relationships were used to make predictions about spinal cord anatomy and about limb use and position in related fossil taxa. In particular, the data suggest that the brachial plexus, and therefore the cervical/dorsal vertebral transition, of the theropod dinosaurs studied was located considerably posterior to its presently accepted location, and that the forelimbs of the giant carnosaurs Tyrannosaurus rex and Carnotaurus sastrei were of biologically insignificant use. Neural canal measurements support previous interpretations of locomotor style in extinct crocodilians, and can be used to predict limb placement in plesiosaurs.
Health Expenditures for Privately Insured Adults Enrolled in Managed Care Gatekeeping vs Indemnity Plans

Objectives. We assessed the ability of managed care gatekeeping strategies (i.e., requiring a designated primary care provider to authorize referrals) to control health care costs in the mid-1990s.Methods. We analyzed expenditure data from 8195 privately insured adults sampled in the nationally representative 1996 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey. Managed care gatekeeping plan enrollees included those in health maintenance organizations and other plans requiring a primary care gatekeeper. All others were considered indemnity plan enrollees.Results. In 1996, total per capita annual health expenditures for adult gatekeeping enrollees were about $50 less than those of indemnity enrollees, primarily owing to lower out-of-pocket expenditures. After multivariate adjustment, mean per capita expenditures were approximately 6% lower for gatekeeping enrollees than for indemnity enrollees.Conclusions. In the private sector, gatekeeping strategies resulted in modest cost savings over indemnity plans.
Psychological Models of Aging: How, Who, and What? A Comment

Schroots souleve d'importantes questions ayant trait au processus du vieillissement, notamment «De quelle facon devrions-nous etudier le processus du vieillissement?», «Quelles personnes devrions-nous etudier?», et «Quel est le meilleur moyen d'etablir les modeles de changement?». J'aborde ces questions en utilisant des analogies dans leur sens large, comme «gerodynamique» et entropie, et je defends une strategie qui determine des phenomenes de base pour fournir une explication et utilise la simulation par ordinateur pour modeler ces phenomenes.
A replicating module as the unit of mitochondrial structure and functioning

The mitochondrion within human cells in tissue culture is pleomorphic and highly dynamic. The organelle mass can exist as thousands of small ovoids or as one continuous reticulum. In either state, the mitochondrial mass is in constant thermal motion, as well as moving in approximately 0.8-microm jumps that are determined by, and related to, attachments with cytoskeletal elements. Many protein complexes, such as the pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) complex and DNA containing nucleoids, are dispersed through the mass and as though fixed by attachments to membranes, such that they can become distributed to all of the individual small ovoid mitochondria when the reticulum becomes fragmented. This leads us to propose that a replicating module is the repeating unit of mitochondrial structure. Studies to examine heterogeneity of functioning within the organelle mass are briefly reviewed.
Metamorphic history of the central Himalaya, Annapurna region, Nepal, and implications for tectonic models

Pressure-temperature-time (P-T-t) conditions of metamorphism have been determined in the Annapurna region of central Nepal that place new constraints on the structural and tectonic evolution of the Himalayan orogenic wedge. Peak P-T conditions increase structurally upward: ∼525 °C and 8 kbar in the Lesser Himalayan sequence, 650 °C and 12 kbar at the base of the Greater Himalayan sequence across the Main Central thrust, 750 °C and 12 kbar in the middle of the Greater Himalayan sequence, and 775 °C and 13 kbar near the top of the Greater Himalayan sequence. Metamorphic monazite ages in the Greater Himalayan sequence also increase structurally upward: 16–21 Ma for subsolidus growth at the base of the Greater Himalayan sequence to ∼25 Ma for peak-T metamorphism and anatexis near the top of the Greater Himalayan sequence. These ages are several million years older than at equivalent structural levels at Langtang, ∼200 km to the east. The P-T-t data recommend reinterpretation of the Bhanuwa fault within the Greater Himalayan sequence as a thrust, and the presence of a different thrust structurally above the Bhanuwa thrust, here named the Sinuwa thrust. The new data are consistent with progressive stacking of tectonic slices, with calculated overthrust rates that are consistent with some (but not all) models that presume ∼2 cm/yr convergence across the Himalaya since 25 Ma. Despite differences in absolute ages, similarities among the chemical systematics of monazite, peak P-T conditions, and overthrust rates calculated for Annapurna when compared to Langtang imply that the broad geodynamics in one part of an orogen can be realistically extrapolated within a few hundred kilometers, although the timing and duration of movement on discrete thrust surfaces may differ.
Dynamics and breakup of a contracting liquid filament

Contraction of a filament of an incompressible Newtonian liquid in a passive ambient fluid is studied computationally to provide insights into the dynamics of satellite drops created during drop formation. This free boundary problem, which is composed of the Navier–Stokes system and the associated initial and boundary conditions that govern the evolution in time of the filament shape and the velocity and pressure fields within it, is solved by the method of lines incorporating the finite element method for spatial discretization. The finite element algorithm developed here utilizes an adaptive elliptic mesh generation technique that is capable of tracking the dynamics of the filament up to the incipience of pinch-off without the use of remeshing. The correctness of the algorithm is verified by demonstrating that its predictions accord with (a) previously published results of Basaran (1992) on the analysis of finite-amplitude oscillations of viscous drops, (b) simulations of the dynamics of contracting filaments carried out with the well-benchmarked algorithm of Wilkes et al. (1999), and (c) scaling laws governing interface rupture and transitions that can occur from one scaling law to another as pinch-off is approached. In dimensionless form, just two parameters govern the problem: the dimensionless half-length which measures the relative importance of viscous force to capillary force. Regions of the parameter space are identified where filaments (a) contract to a sphere without breaking into multiple droplets, (b) break via the so-called endpinching mechanism where daughter drops pinch-off from the ends of the main filament, and (c) break after undergoing a series of complex oscillations. Predictions made with the new algorithm are also compared to those made with a model based on the slender-jet approximation. A region of the parameter space is found where the slender-jet approximation fares poorly, and its cause is elucidated by examination of the vorticity dynamics and flow fields within contracting filaments.
Stretch-activated ion channels contribute to membrane depolarization after eccentric contractions

We tested the hypothesis that eccentric contractions activate mechanosensitive or stretch-activated ion channels (SAC) in skeletal muscles, producing increased cation conductance. Resting membrane potentials and contractile function were measured in rat tibialis anterior muscles after single or multiple exposures to a series of eccentric contractions. Each exposure produced a significant and prolonged (>24 h) membrane depolarization in exercised muscle fibers. The magnitude and duration of the depolarization were related to the number of contractions. Membrane depolarization was due primarily to an increase in Na(+) influx, because the estimated Na(+)-to-K(+) permeability ratio was increased in exercised muscles and resting membrane potentials could be partially repolarized by substituting an impermeant cation for extracellular Na(+) concentration. Neither the Na(+)/H(+) antiport inhibitor amiloride nor the fast Na(+) channel blocker TTX had a significant effect on the depolarization. In contrast, addition of either of two nonselective SAC inhibitors, streptomycin or Gd(3+), produced significant membrane repolarization. The results suggest that muscle fibers experience prolonged depolarization after eccentric contractions due, principally, to the activation of Na(+)-selective SAC.
Bad Hair Day: Testosterone and Wnts

Androgens have an important role in normal skin physiology, as well as in the pathogenesis of many skin conditions, such as acne vulgaris, hirsutism, and androgenic alopecia. Kretzchumar et al. (2015) investigate the relationship between androgen receptor (AR) signaling and β-catenin/Wnt signaling pathways in murine hair follicles.
COER HYDRODYNAMIC MODELING COMPETITION: MODELING THE DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF A FLOATING BODY USING THE WEC-SIM AND FAST SIMULATION TOOLS

The Center for Ocean Energy Research (COER) at the University of Maynooth in Ireland organized a hydrodynamic modeling competition in conjunction with OMAE2015. Researchers were challenged to predict the dynamic response of a floating rigid-body device that was experimentally tested in a series of wave-tank tests. Specifically, COER set up a blind competition, where the device specifications and test conditions were released, but the experimental results were kept private until all competition participants submitted their numerical simulation results.The National Renewable Energy Laboratory and Sandia National Laboratories entered the competition and modeled the experimental device using both the WEC-Sim and FAST numerical modeling tools. This paper describes the numerical methods used to model the device and presents the numerical modeling results. The numerical results are also compared to the experimental results provided by COER at the completion of the competition.© 2015 ASME
Sweep-net Sampling for Western Spotted Cucumber Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in Snap Beans: Daily Fluctuations in Beetle Counts and Correlation Between Relative and Absolute Density Estimates

Sweep-net sampling was evaluated as a method of sampling populations of adult western spotted cucumber beetles (WSCB), Dtabrotica undecimpunctata undecimpunctata Mannerheim, in snap beans, Phaseolus vulgaris L. Each of 18 fields was sampled initially between 0800 and 1000 hours; 1–6 subsequent sets of samples were collected later on the same date. Field means of beetle counts in sweep-net samples collected after the initial sampling episode (subsequent means) were significantly lower than the field mean of initial samples collected in the same field (initial mean) in 16 of 42 comparisons. Subsequent mean/initial mean ratios were negatively correlated ( R 2 = 0.72) with the amount of increase in solar radiation intensity between initial and subsequent sampling episodes. When fluctuations in beetle counts in sweep samples were described in relation to an average daily radiation curve, estimated counts were lowest for sampling conducted at 1300 hours. Time based correction factors used as multipliers to stabilize relative density estimates according to a standard (0900 hours) sampling time ranged from 0.9 for 1800 hours to 2.5 for 1300 hours. The linear relationship between corrected counts of WSCB in sweep-net samples and measures of WSCB absolute density (beetles per meter of row) was described by the equation: y = 0.44 + 2.55 x ( R 2 = 0.69), where x = number of WSCB per meter of row and y = corrected number of WSCB per 10 sweeps.
Initial Growth of Metastable Titanium Disilicide at Amorphous Silicide/Crystalline Silicon Interface

Initial stage of growth of metastable titanium disilicide (C49-TiSi2) was investigated by annealing Ti/doped polycrystalline Si bilayers deposited on oxidized Si wafers at 530°C and at a constant heating rate of 10°C/min. Morphological evolution of the C49-TiSi2 phase was studied by cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (XTEM) and local chemistry was probed with a scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) equipped with a nanoprobe. At the early stage, the C49-TiSi2 phase nucleates discontinuously along the amorphous silicide (a-TiSix )/crystalline Si (c-Si) interface and then exhibits simultaneous lateral growth and vertical growth. The results are interpretated using a model based upon preferential Si diffusion along interphase boundaries to the growth front.
Single Hind Limb Burn Injury to Mice Alters Nuclear Factor-κB Expression and [18F] 2-Fluoro-2-Deoxy-D-Glucose Uptake

Burn trauma to the extremities can produce marked systemic effects in mice. Burn injury to the dorsal surface of mice is also associated with changes in glucose metabolism ([18F] 2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose [18FDG] uptake) by brown adipose tissue (BAT) and nuclear factor (NF)-κB activity in several tissues including skeletal muscle. This study examined the effect of a single hind limb burn in mice on 18FDG uptake by NF-κB activity in vivo, and blood flow was determined by laser Doppler techniques. Male NF-κB luciferase reporter mice (28-30 g) were anesthetized, both legs were shaven, and the right leg was subjected to scald injury by immersion in 90°C water for 5 seconds. Sham-treated animals were used as controls. Each burned and sham mouse was resuscitated with saline (2 mL, i.p.). The individual animals were placed in wire bottom cages with no food and free access to water. After 24 hours, the animals were imaged with laser Doppler for measuring blood flow in the hind limb. The animals were then unanesthetized with 50 μCi of FDG or luciferin (1.0 mg, i.v.) via tail vein. Five minutes after luciferin injection, NF-κB mice were studied by bioluminescence imaging with a charge-coupled device camera. One hour after 18FDG injection, the animals were killed with carbon dioxide overdose, and 18FDG biodistribution was measured. Tissues were also analyzed for NF-κB luciferase activity. The scalding procedure used here produced a full-thickness burn injury to the leg with sharp margins. 18FDG uptake by the burned leg was lower than that in the contralateral limb. Similarly, luciferase activity and blood flow in the burned leg were lower than those in the contralateral leg. 18FDG uptake by BAT and heart increased, whereas that by brain decreased. In conclusion, the present study suggests that burn injury to a single leg decreased FDG uptake by skeletal muscle but increased 18FDG uptake by BAT. The injury to the leg reduced NF-κB expression compared with the contralateral leg and the uninjured skeletal muscle of the sham but activated NF-κB expression in a number of other organs. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that burn trauma to the extremities can produce marked systemic effects, including activation of NF-κB expression and activation of 18FDG uptake by BAT.
Detection of a "faked" strength task effort in volunteers using a computerized exercise testing system.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to develop an experimental method to separate a "faked" strength effort from a "best" effort in volunteers. Thirty-four pain-free volunteers (18 males, 16 females) performed a shoulder press and pull-down on an isokinetic computerized exercise testing system (CETS), giving a best effort followed by a faked effort. Two months later, a randomly selected subgroup (6 males) repeated the experiment to test the predictive validity of the derived variables. In the statistical analysis, best efforts were first compared with fake efforts by paired t test for 80 CETS variables for males and females separately. Variables showing a strong difference between the best and faked effort were then selected for further analysis. In the second step of the analysis, the method of multiple correlations (r2 method) was used to reduce the number of redundant CETS variables to five in both the male and female groups. In the third step, a stepwise discriminant analysis was used to select predictor variables for the male and female groups. For the variables selected by the discriminant analysis for both males and females, sensitivities and specificities were calculated. Finally, the developed discriminant formula was used in the predictive validity part of the study to determine the sensitivities and specificities of the developed method. The discriminant analysis selected the following CETS variables for male and female groups, respectively: duty cycle down, work weight/down, peak value up (males); and average power up, 40% repetition down, duty cycle up (females). For males, using their three variables, the discriminant function classified 77.14% of the efforts correctly with 88.9% sensitivity and 64.7% specificity. For females, using their three variables, the discriminant function classified 90.63% of the efforts correctly with 100% sensitivity and 81.3% specificity. In the predictive validity group, the discriminant function classified 75% of the efforts correctly with 83.3% sensitivity and 66.7% specificity. This pilot study indicates that the method developed here may be useful in the experimental study for the discrimination between faked and best efforts on this isokinetic CETS machine. Future studies using this method will need to involve a larger number of volunteers.
Citrus Limonoids as Potential Antifeedants for the Spruce Budworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

Citrus limonoids limonin, deoxylimonin, and citrolin were examined for activity as antifeedants and growth disruptors against larvae of the spruce bud worm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens). Diet consumption assays indicated no significant depresston of feeding by these compounds incorporated at 1,000 ppm in short-term (48 h) no-choice and choice tests. Long-term feeding studies (fourth instar to pupa) showed that high concentration of citrolin (500 ppm) extended larva development time by 40% over that of controls; limonin and deoxylimonin had no significant effects on development. Pupal weights of individuals fed limonoids were not affected.
Structural Relations and Earthquake Hazards of the Crittenden County Fault Zone, Northeastern Arkansas

A preliminary interpretation of about 135 km of seismic-reflection data provides new information on the structural relations between the the Crittenden County fault zone and the subjacent rift-bounding faults along the southeastern margin of the Reelfoot rift in the New Madrid seismic zone. On the reflection data, the rift boundary is marked by a 4- to 8-km-wide zone of incoherent reflected energy and disrupted reflectors in the lower part of the well-stratified, lower Paleozoic sedimentary rocks and in the underlying Precambrian crystalline basement. In places, the zone of disrupted reflectors extends into the upper part of the Paleozoic rocks, and, on some lines, disrupted reflectors and distinct faults are present in the Upper Cretaceous and Tertiary rocks of the Mississippi Embayment. The Crittenden County fault zone is interpreted as a northwest-dipping, high-angle reverse fault with an up-to-the-northwest throw, which is opposite to the net structural relief in the subjacent graben. The fault zone is at least 32 km long and coincides with the rift margin in southwestern Crittenden County, but to the northeast, it diverges away from the aeromagnetically defined margin of the rift by almost 4 km. Most faults in the Crittenden County fault zone are apparently ancient rift-bounding normal faults that were reactivated with a significant amount of reverse slip during the Mesozoic and Cenozoic. On the basis of its apparent connection with the rift-bounding faults, the evidence of its long history of recurrent movement, and its orientation with respect to the modern stress field, the Crittenden County fault zone might be considered to potentially generate major earthquakes. In contrast, the possibility that the Crittenden County fault zone could be a bending-moment fault argues against it being extremely hazardous. Precambrian crystalline basement interpreted on the profiles is commonly deeper than magnetic basement by as much as 2.5 km. This discrepancy between shallow magnetic basement and deeper crystalline basement could be explained by the presence of igneous intrusions in the Paleozoic strata immediately above Precambrian basement.
Evaluation of Kato-Katz technique combined with stool hatching test in diagnosis of schistosomiasis japonica

Objective To develop an aetiology detection method with higher sensitivity and accuracy for schistosomiasis japonica. Methods The fresh fecal samples were collected from residents of a schistosomiasis japonica endemic village in Laozi County of Hubei Province. Two samples per person were collected in two consecutive days. Each sample was examined three times with Kato-Katz technique, then the negative cases were re-examined by the stool hatching test after the egg concentration with nylon-tissue bags. The detective rates and the relation with egg per gram (EPG) of different methods were analyzed and compared. The epidemiology data were collected as well. Results A total of 562 residents were examined by Kato-Katz technique, and 67 of them were positive. The samples of 495 negative persons were re-examined by using the hatching test after the egg concentration with nylon-tissue bags. Six persons were positive. The total number of positive cases was 73. The rates of Kato-Katz technique with three slides of one sample and six slides of two samples were 65.8% and 91.8%, respectively. The detective rate was increased with the increase of examining slides. The geometrical averages of EPG from one slide to six slides were 61.12, 31.92, 23.71, 20.88, 19.35 and 8.83,respectively. The accuracy of EPG increased with the increase of numbers of slides. Conclusion Kato-Katz technique with six slides of two samples is applicable in diagnosis of schistosomiasis japonica in order to achieve higher detective rate and more accurate EPG.
Effects of prostaglandin E2 on rat skin: inhibition of sterol ester biosynthesis and clearing of scaly lesions in essential fatty acid deficiency

Severe scaly lesions in the skin, especially in the feet and tail, of the rat were induced by feeding a diet deficient in essential fatty acids (EFA). Analysis of the fatty acids in skin lipids of these EFA-deficient rats showed a marked increase of monoenoic acids (16:1 and 18:1) and eicosatrienoic acid (20:3), with concomitant decreases of dienoic acid (18:2) and tetraenoic acid (20:4). Topical application of prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) to the scaly lesions resulted in clearance of the lesions, but did not significantly alter the composition of fatty acids in the skin. Intraperitoneal injection of PGE(2) had no observable effect on the skin lesions. Furthermore, incubation of skin specimens from the EFA-deficient rats with (14)C-labeled glucose showed a 4-5-fold increase of incorporation of glucose carbon into lipid fractions, particularly the sterol esters, and a 3-4-fold increase in pentose cycle activity. Addition of PGE(2) to the incubation mixture resulted in approximately 70% inhibition of sterol ester biosynthesis by skin of the EFA-deficient rats. These results suggest that the effects of PGE(2) in clearing the scales may be associated with its inhibitory effect on abnormal sterol esterification in the skin of the EFA-deficient rats.
Protein-protein interaction and electron transfer: case of cytochrome f and cytochrome c6

49 Introduction 50 Photoinduced Electron-Transfer Reaction between Zncyt eg and Cyt_/[HI) 54 Kinetic Effects of Temperature 5 5 Kinetic Effects of Viscosity 57 Reactions Within the Persistent Complex 58 Reactions Within the Transient Complex 59 Gated ET Reaction, Above ca. 30 °C 59 Coupled ET Reaction, Below ca. 30 °C 60 Configurational Heterogeneity and the Energetics of the Protein Complex 63
4H-cyclopenta[2,1-b:3,4-b′]dithiophen-4-one (CPDTO) homopolymer with side chains on every other CPDTO

A soluble 4H-cyclopenta[2,1-b;3,4-b′]dithiophene-4-one (CPDTO)-based polymer (C6-PCPDTO) has been synthesized from two monomers derived from nonalkylated CPDTO and didodecyl CPDTO (C12-CPDTO). Proton NMR, thermal analysis, UV–vis absorption, cyclic voltammetry, and XRD are used to characterize the polymer in solution and film. The new polymer has an optical bandgap of 1.28 eV in film, and has strong interchain interaction in chloroform solutions. The polymer contains a significant amount of homocoupled segments. The regular segments and homocoupled CPDTO segments render the polymer highly aggregating in solution. The non-planar homocoupled C12-CPDTO segments prevent the polymer from forming regular π-stacks, resulting in a low SCLC hole mobility (3.88 × 10−7 cm2V−1s−1). CV experiments show that C6-PCPDTO is stable in its oxidized and reduced states. Solar cell devices were fabricated from C6-PCPDTO2:PC60BM blends of different weight ratios. High PC60BM loading (80% or greater) was required for the devices to show measurable efficiency, indicating that the limited π-stacking of the polymer is not sufficient to cause effective phase separation. Further development of synthetic method is still needed to eliminate structural defects so that long-range ordered pi-stacking can be realized in the polymer for these applications. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2017
The role of teachers in peer conflict: implications for teacher reflections

AbstractThe purpose of this qualitative study was to explore early childhood teachers’ interventions during peer conflict. Fifteen ethnically diverse teachers in central Texas were asked to reflect on videotaped peer conflict situations. Using thematic analysis, five strategy themes were identified: prevent aggression, consider timing, stop conflict, promote social competence, and use conflict resolution. A majority of teachers indicated a goal to enhance social competence; however, many disagreements resulted in teachers preemptively stopping conflict without discussion of alternatives. We emphasize the benefits of teacher training, including reflections, as a tool in discovering conflict resolution strategies that promote socialization.
Predictive factors for plasma cell disorders in African American patients: A community practice perspective.

e19508 Background: African Americans have over two-fold higher incidence of multiple myeloma (MM) compared to other ethnic groups in the United States. Screening tests for MM are most often done wh...
iApollo: A Newsfeed Summary Service on NDN

In this demo, we introduce the tweet-based newsfeed summary service, called iApollo, running on a named data network (NDN) stack. This novel application provides a customized newsfeed service to individual readers based on their interests. Data sampling is essential in iApollo because of the large volume of tweets. Espresso, the automatic naming agent, translates this sampling problem into the simple tree traversal by constructing a hierarchical namespace for the given set of tweets. Two types of tree traversals are introduced: a modified breadth-first-search (BFS) and depth-first-search (DFS) which result in generating headline and complementary news, respectively. This allows readers to quickly achieve the best semantic understanding of the news topic with the minimal number of data retrievals. The newsfeeds are transmitted over NDN because NDN caching can reduce the retrieval delay while releasing burden on the end server. Furthermore, Espresso is well-matched to NDN as it naturally resolves NDN's naming requirement. The application demonstrates not only the tweet-newsfeed service, but also the great synergy between Espresso and NDN. This work can be extended into a general software framework for content summarization.
Rio’s New Social Order: How Religion Signals Disengagement from Prison Gangs

Brazilian prisons are governed by two prevailing forces—gangs like the Comando Vermelho and inmate-led Pentecostal prison churches. The current study uncovers how one of these governance institutions (the church) facilitates disengagement from the other (the gang). Based on ethnographic research inside two Rio de Janeiro prisons, we find the rituals and taboos of the church—including baptism, daily worship service, sharing resources, loving and literally embracing other members, including outcast sex offenders—enable ex-gang members to demonstrate the sincerity of their disengagement from gangs. We make sense of these findings using signaling theory, which has been applied both to the study of gangs and crime desistance and to the study of religious commitment. Some implications for “gang redemption” policy and programming are discussed.
Radiation Therapy: Technical Innovations

Intensity-modulated photon radiation therapy (IMRT) and proton therapy are advanced radiation technologies that permit improved conformation of radiation dose to target structures while limiting radiation dose to surrounding normal tissues. Application of these technologies in the treatment of rectal cancer is attractive, based on the potential reduction in radiation treatment toxicities frequently incurred in the treatment of the pelvis. Furthermore, these advanced technologies may allow for dose escalation to target areas, potentially improving ultimate tumor control. This chapter discusses the underlying principles of IMRT, the rationale and clinical data regarding radiation dose escalation in rectal cancer, the tolerance of pelvic organs to radiation therapy and the rationale underlying the use of particle therapy in rectal cancer.
REMOVAL OF ORGANICS IN SEWAGE AND SECONDARY EFFLUENT BY REVERSE OSMOSIS

Determining the relationship between the loading (i.e., the food to microorganism ratio per day, F/M, of an activated sludge system) and the concentration of gross organic compounds (i.e., TOC, which were present in the effluent from the reverse osmosis system) was conducted. Results indicated that it is of utmost importance to consider the operation of the activated sludge system in conjunction with the use of reverse osmosis as a tertiary treatment process. For example, a RO effluent containing 2.2 mg/ l of TOC (˜ 5.7 mg/ l of COD) was obtained from an activated sludge effluent operated at an F/M of 0.33 day –1 . However, the quality of RO effluent deteriorated drastically containing as much as 7.2 mg/ l of TOC (˜ 19 mg/ l of COD) when the activated sludge system was operated at a high F/M of 0.69 day –1 . To better understand the nature of the organic matter in sewage and secondary effluent in terms of the molecular weight distribution of the organic compounds, the use of both membrane fractionation and gel permeation in combination was found to be necessary. A spectrum of soluble organic compounds having molecular weights ranging from a few tens to larger than fifty thousands was found in both sewage and secondary effluent. The final RO effluent quality was analyzed with GC and GC/MS and found to contain mostly low molecular weights, fatty acids, alcohols and phenolic compounds.
Effectiveness of Community-Delivered Parent-Child Interaction Therapy Compared to Usual Care

This study used a quasi-experimental design to explore implementation of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) by community therapists after they completed their standard PCIT training. Child outcomes were compared to children in usual care. PCIT significantly differed from usual care in all aspects of treatment including that families in the PCIT group received significantly fewer hours of service. Children in PCIT had larger reductions in disruptive behavior. However, intent-to-treat analyses of child outcomes found no significant between-group differences. Limitations included cross contamination of participants between conditions and small sample size. More research is needed to examine the effectiveness of PCIT in the community, including its cost-effectiveness and long-term follow-up.
Long-Term Survival and Echocardiographic Findings After Surgical Ventricular Restoration.

Background This study investigates the long-term survival and durability of mitral procedures on patients undergoing surgical ventricular restoration. Methods From 1992 to 2017, 109 patients underwent surgical ventricular restoration. Survival was determined from hospital records and the National Death Index. Preoperative demographics, clinical characteristics and features, operative technique, and follow-up echocardiography findings were analyzed using Cox regression and log-rank to determine variables influencing survival. Results The mean age was 61.57 ± 12.81 years. There were 101 (93%) true and 8 (7%) pseudo-aneurysms. Concomitant surgeries included mitral valve (MV) repair (n = 40, 37%), MV replacement (n = 5, 5%), tricuspid valve repair (n = 4, 4%), aortic valve replacement (n = 3, 3%), coronary bypass grafting (n = 76, 70%; 1.6 ± 1.3 grafts), and ventricular septal defect closure (n = 5, 5%). Redo-sternotomies were performed in 12 patients (11%). Median duration of echocardiographic follow up was 2.9 years (interquartile range, 9.0) and was obtained in 59 patients (54%). Left ventricular ejection fraction improved from 28% ± 13% to 33% ± 16% (p = 0.011). Median duration of echocardiographic follow-up of MV repair was 3.6 years (interquartile range, 9.5). MV repair led to sustained improvements in mitral regurgitation (MR; p = 0.001) where only 2 (5%) experienced recurrence of moderate to severe MR. For patients who did not undergo an MV procedure there was no difference in preoperative and follow-up MR severity (p = 0.586). Median patient follow-up was 7.1 years (interquartile range, 8.5). Overall 5-, 10-, and 15-year survival rates were 71.9%, 48.1%, and 26.2%, respectively. Conclusions Surgical ventricular restoration was associated with sustained improvement in left ventricular ejection fraction with almost half surviving to 10 years postoperatively. For patients undergoing concomitant MV repair, the improvement in mitral competence is durable.