cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Color, Variation, and the Appeal to Essences: Impasse and Resolution

Many philosophers have been attracted by the view that colors are mind-independent properties of object surfaces. While this view has come in for a fair bit of criticism for failing to do justice to the facts about perceptual variation, Byrne and Hilbert have recently argued that perceptual variation involving color is no more problematic for physicalism about color than representational variation involving temperature is for physicalism about temperature. Unfortunately, the analogy on which this response rests is no less controversial than the disputed view about color, and so the response leads to a standoff rather than a resolution of the debate. However, we can appeal to facts about our inferential treatment of color and other properties as a way of resolving this impasse; doing so gives us defeasible reason for rejecting the Byrne and Hilbert response, and so for rejecting their mind-independent conception of color.
Structural analysis of box beams using symbolic manipulation technique

The aeroelastic analysis of aircraft wings requires an accurate determination of the influence coefficients. In the past, energy methods have been commonly used to analyze box-type structures and the results have been found to agree well with the experiments. However, when analysis of large wing-type structures is desired, it becomes necessary to automate the energy method. In this article, a method has been developed based on symbolic manipulation as an automated technique to find solutions to box-type structures. Various manipulations required for the energy method have been automatically implemented in a computer program with solutions available at each stage in a symbolic form. The numerical results for several example problems have been compared with alternate theoretical as well as experimental results. Good agreement has been noted in all the cases considered in this article. ATRIX methods have long been used for the structural analysis of complex structures. With the availability of high-speed computers, it is now possible to use the matrix- based finite-element method in the analysis and design of very complex structures. In particular, the finite-element method is being extensively used as an analysis tool to verify test data on many practical engineering applications. Also, as a result of enormous effort in this area, several efficient finite-element codes have been developed to meet the ever-increasing de- mand for accurate theoretical modeling, analysis, and results. A review of the finite-element method in connection with the analysis of highly indeterminate complex structures is pre- sented in Ref. 1. For wing-type structures, conventional methods of analysis using the simple bending theory of beams do not yield good results. To overcome this difficulty, the energy method has been commonly used in the past.2 This energy method is based primarily on equilibrium considerations with the use of elastic strain energy in the structure for deriving the displacements. In the case of highly indeterminate structures such as aircraft wings, the equilibrium conditions alone are not sufficient to solve for the displacements. Therefore, the condition that the actual displacements and the stress distribution correspond to the minimum of strain energy is used in addition to the equi- librium conditions to get the displacement and to further eval- uate the stresses. A review of the literature indicates that in addition to the energy method Klein's method has been used for the analysis of aircraft wing structures. This method is based on the so- lution of a set of equations consisting of equilibrium and force- displacement relations of all the elements of the wing. This method was developed by Klein 3 and was used to analyze wings subjected to bending-type loadings. In the original de- velopment of the method for semimonocoque structures, it was assumed that the wing structure was composed of uni- form, nontapered axial elements (spar, rib, and web chords) taking only axial loads and constant thickness sheets (cover
PRECOCIOUS EXPRESSION OF THE WILMS' TUMOR GENE XWT1 INHIBITS EMBRYONIC KIDNEY DEVELOPMENT IN XENOPUS LAEVIS

Abstract The tumor suppressor WT1 has been demonstrated to have a wide variety of activitiesin vitroand is required for metanephric developmentin vivo.In the experiments presented here, theXenopuspronephros was used as a simple model system to examine the activity ofXenopus WT1(xWT1) during kidney development.xWT1was ectopically expressed inXenopusembryos by mRNA injection and found to inhibit pronephric tubule development. Confocal microscopy confirmed this observation and revealed that the inhibition was the result of a failure to form a pronephric anlage of appropriate size rather than a defect in epithelialization. Examination ofXlim-1expression, an early molecular marker of pronephric specification, in tailbud embryos indicated that injectedxWT1mRNA inhibited pronephric specification prior to any overt sign of morphogenesis (Xenopusstage 21). These results suggest that xWT1 may act to repress tubule-specific gene expression in the portion of the pronephros fated to form its vascular structure, the glomus.
1197 RESPONSE OF VITAMIN D METABOLITES TO CHRONIC SUBERY THEMAL ULTRAVIOLET B (SE UVB) EXPOSURE IN BLACKS VS WHITES

D deficiency rickets has been reported mainly in black infants, and we have reported lower serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD) in black vs white infants. We hypothesized that race dependent differences in the response of D metabolites to chronic SE UVB may explain these observations. Prior to infant studies, we determined the responses of serum 260HD, 24, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D (24, 25(OH)2D) and 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D) to total body SE UVB given twice weekly for 6 weeks in 13 whites (W) and 7 blacks (B) age 20-35 yrs. Results as mean ± SEM; *P<0.001 vs baseline; †P<0.05 blacks vs whites; t-test. 250HD and 24,25(OH)2D) are lower in blacks vs whites; the increases in 250HD and 24,25(OH)2D are independent of baseline values or race. 1.25(OH)2D is similar in both groups and does not change during the study. Thus, race dependent differences in the response of D metabolites to SE UVB do not explain reported differences in D metabolite levels. We speculate that other factors such as duration or extent (surface area) of natural UVB exposure may explain the reported racial differences in D metabolites.
Personal exposure to aerosolized red tide toxins (brevetoxins).

Florida red tides occur annually in the Gulf of Mexico from blooms of the marine dinoflagellate, Karenia brevis, which produces highly potent natural polyether toxins, brevetoxins. Several epidemiologic studies have demonstrated that human exposure to red tide aerosol could result in increased respiratory symptoms. Environmental monitoring of aerosolized brevetoxins was performed using a high-volume sampler taken hourly at fixed locations on Siesta Beach, Florida. Personal exposure was monitored using personal air samplers and taking nasal swab samples from the subjects who were instructed to spend 1 hr on Sarasota Beach during two sampling periods of an active Florida red tide event in March 2005, and in May 2008 when there was no red tide. Results showed that the aerosolized brevetoxins from the personal sampler were in modest agreement with the environmental concentration taken from a high-volume sampler. Analysis of nasal swab samples for brevetoxins demonstrated 68% positive samples in the March 2005...
Effect of heated zone size on micro and nanoscale convective heat transfer

Abstract Recent studies on free convective heat transfer from micro and nanoscale structures show that the heat transfer coefficient is size dependent. The heat transfer coefficient is found to increase at smaller scales, which is ascribed to the higher surface area to volume ratio. Also, the mode is changed from advection to conduction due to the decaying influence of the gravitational field. Interestingly, it is tacitly assumed that the size effect is due to the specimen, since not a single study on the effect of the size of heat source on the convective heat transfer exists in the literature. In this study, we provide unambiguous experimental evidence of the predominance of heater size on the heat transfer coefficient. For micro-heaters, the heat transfer coefficient is measured to about 3200 W/m2 K. This value drops to about 110 W/m2 K for a millimeter scale heater and to 10 W/m2 K for a macroscopic heater; all for a nanoscale thin film specimen. This finding is particularly significant in microelectronic applications where localized heating (hot spots) in small areas is very common.
Detecting circular and rectangular particles based on geometric feature detection in electron micrographs

Accurate and automatic particle detection from cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM images) is very important for high-resolution reconstruction of large macromolecular structures. In this paper, we present a method for particle picking based on shape feature detection. Two fundamental concepts of computational geometry, namely, the distance transform and the Voronoi diagram, are used for detection of critical features as well as for accurate location of particles from the images or micrographs. Unlike the conventional template-matching methods, our approach detects the particles based on their boundary features instead of intensities. The geometric features derived from the boundaries provide an efficient way for locating particles quickly and accurately, which avoids a brute-force searching for the best position/orientation. Our approach is fully automatic and has been successfully applied to detect particles with approximately circular or rectangular shapes (e.g., KLH particles). Particle detection can be enhanced by multiple sets of parameters used in edge detection and/or by anisotropic filtering. We also discuss the extension of this approach to other types of particles with certain geometric features.
Study of the flow in the upstream bank of liquid in a forward roll coater by the finite-element method

Abstract The Galerkin finite-element method is used to study the steady two-dimensional flow of a Newtonian liquid in the bank of liquid that accumulates on the upstream side of the nip in a forward roll coater. The analysis addresses the effect of surface tension (expressed in terms of the capillary number, Ca ) on the free surface shape of the liquid bank. It is shown that for Ca > 2 the free surface bulges upstream and develops a cusp-like region where the incoming fluid stream enters the bank. Because of the latter feature, the calculations were terminated at Ca =0.3. The strength and extent of the contra rotating eddies in the bank are reported as a function of the capillary number, and comparisons are made with the lubrication theory where possible.
Cultural sensitivity in substance use prevention

The rationale for targeted and tailored substance use prevention programs derives from essentially three observations: 1) differences in substance use prevalence rates across racial/ethnic groups; 2) differences in the prevalence of the risk factors for substance use across racial/ethnic groups; and 3) differences in the predictors of substance use across groups. This article provides a model for understanding cultural sensitivity as it pertains to substance use prevention. Cultural sensitivity is defined by two dimensions, surface and deep structure. Surface structure involves matching intervention materials and messages to observable, “superficial” characteristics of a target population. This may involve using people, places, language, product brands, music, food, locations, and clothing familiar to, and preferred by, the target audience. Surface structure refers to how well interventions fit within a specific culture. Deep structure involves incorporating the cultural, social, historical, environmental, and psychologic forces that influence the target health behavior in the proposed target population. For example, peer influences may exert a greater influence on substance use initiation among White and Hispanic than among African American youth, while parental influences may be stronger among African Americans. Whereas surface structure generally increases the "receptivity" or "acceptance" of messages, deep structure conveys salience. Techniques for developing culturally sensitive interventions, borrowed from social marketing and health communication theory, are described. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Phantom Urinary Incontinence in Children With Bladder-bowel Dysfunction

Objective To report a previously undescribed condition in which children present with the sensation of wetness because of presumed urinary incontinence when they are actually completely dry. We have termed this entity “phantom” urinary incontinence (PUI). Materials and Methods Twenty children referred to our pediatric urology clinic were diagnosed with PUI between 2009 and 2013. Patient demographics, associated bladder and bowel symptoms, concomitant diagnoses, imaging, management, and treatment outcomes were evaluated. Results Twenty children (18 females and 2 males) were diagnosed with PUI over a 5-year interval. Mean age at diagnosis was 6.9 ± 2.5 years (range, 4-12 years). Nineteen patients (95%) had concomitant lower urinary tract symptoms, and all were also diagnosed with constipation. Urgency (75%) and frequency (50%) were the most common associated bladder symptoms. Of the 18 girls, 13 (72%) had associated vaginitis. Fourteen children (70%) carried a parent-reported diagnosis of obsessive-compulsive disorder or obsessive-compulsive disorder personality traits. Patients were managed with timed voiding, dietary modifications, and a bowel regimen. Ninety percent children experienced improvement of bladder-bowel dysfunction and resolution of PUI at a mean follow-up of 14.4 months. Conclusion Children with PUI have a high incidence of obsessive-compulsive traits. Phantom incontinence as well as associated lower urinary tract symptoms resolve with adherence to a strict bladder-bowel regimen.
Elastic moduli as determined by shock-release experiments

Abstract The relationship between release-wave velocity and longitudinal elastic modulus in the state following shock compression is examined. The shocked state is characterized by the density of pinned dislocation segments, their pinning separation, and the viscous drag coefficient, in addition to lattice strains representing volumetric and deviatoric stress components. Release from the shock-compressed state is similar to ultrasonic-wave propagation in metals containing pinned dislocation segments. The exceptions are that release-wave amplitudes are greater, dislocation displacement is larger (the restoring force is nonlinear), and frequency content of the release waves is broader. For FCC metals, in which the Peierls stress is low and provides little lattice resistance to dislocation motion, dislocation segments can undergo motion at low applied stress and thus contribute to anelastic deformation unless the driving frequency is very high or special precautions are taken to pin them by various point defects. It is well known that, without such precautions, the ultrasonically determined modulus can be much lower than the true elastic modulus of the crystal lattice. Shock compression can create dislocation segments of density ~109−1010 cm−2 and pinning separation of 500 b. For materials with viscous drag coefficients on the order of 1–100 × 10−3 dynes cm−2 in the shock-compressed state, the influence of shock-wave-generated dislocation segments is to reduce the effective elastic modulus and thus reduce the observable releasewave speed. This is due to the very short time scale for reverse dislocation motion making ideally elastic deformation unobservable in any practical sense. As a consequence, the modulus based on the release-wave speed in an FCC metal serves only as a lower limit to the fully elastic modulus in the shock-compressed state.
Habitat partitioning of fishes in an urban, estuarine Bayou

The physiochemical variability inherent to estuaries makes it difficult to identify those variables of importance to habitat selection by fishes. We used factor analysis to investigate habitat partitioning of fishes in Contraband Bayou, an oligohaline creek within the City of Lake Charles, in southwestern Louisiana. This bayou receives runoff and organic wastes from the City of Lake Charles and adjacent farmland (adding levels of complexity to an analysis of fish habitat preferences). Fishes were sampled from locations within the Contraband drainage in winter and summer of 1983 and 1984. At each location, 14 environmental variables were measured. Distribution of each common species in a season relative to these variables was characterized by calculating means of individuals for each environmental variable. A species' mean for a variable (the state of the variable where individuals of the species are most likely to be found) was interpreted as the species' “preference” for the variable. Factor analysis was used to identify trends in habitat partitioning among species, based on their preferences for all environmental variables. In all seasons, habitat partitioning separated typically freshwater forms from estuarine fishes, and separated forms more tolerant of organic pollution from less tolerant species. Some species entered the bayou only in summer, and in this season, additional factors were related to the preference of some of these species for areas with little cover that were normally shunned by resident species.
Source and concept evaluation as determinants of inferred assertions

Within the context of congruity theory, the following hypotheses were tested: (l)When both source and concept (where concept is another person) are evaluated with a similar sign, a positive assertion will be assumed; otherwise, a negative assertion will be assumed. (2) What source is assumed to assert about concept should not differ from what concept is assumed to assert about source. Sixty-four Ss were given a list of historical figures and asked to choose what they thought each would say about some of the others from a list of assertions that ranged from definitely positive to definitely negative. The results supported Hypothesis 1. While Hypothesis 2 was not supported, there was a systematic effect, whereby the less positively evaluated figure in each pair was inferred to be more charitable in his assertions than vice versa.
Geographic Size and Non-Size Variation in Rocky Mountain Tamiasciurus hudsonicus: Significance in Relation to Allen's Rule and Vicariant Biogeography

Multivariate analysis of cranial characters of Rocky Mountain populations of the red squirrel, Tamiasciurus hudsonicus , was employed in an evaluation of geographic variation. Principal components analysis yielded a relatively weak size component which was not significantly correlated with environmental variables. Homogeneous morphology of conifer cones in this area may not provide the strong pressure for size variation suggested in a similar analysis of T. douglasii . A relatively strong non-size component was not significantly correlated with indices of conifer cone morphology, was moderately correlated with temperature, and was highly correlated with latitude and humidity. Correlation of latitude with weather variables indicated the lack of an environment favorable for size variation according to Bergmann's ecogeographic rule but highly favorable to proportional variation according to Allen's rule. The vicariant biogeography of the Southwest is proposed as a means of enhancing the selective capabilities expected under Allen's rule. From this analysis it appears that, with the lack of strong biotic selective forces in the area, squirrels are being more heavily affected by abiotic pressures.
Dietetic Students Utilize Heart Fest and Culinary Heart as Tools for Nutrition Education

Abstract Dietetic educators arc faced with an ongoing challenge of providing exciting new experiences for their students. As the public interest in nutnuon expands our students need to become more resourceful in addressing their audiences. The new nutrition facts food labels gave the American population an entirely new set of nutrition standards. Some food manufacturers are sending biased messages to the consumer, others promote an unbiased, yet overall understanding of the new message. Groups like The American Heart Association develop educational materials which serve their mission for reducing heart disease. The 1993 Heart Fest materials presented guidelines for reading these labels. For the past two years, our dietetic students have been faced with the challenge of learning this information and developing strategies to disseminate this information to various publics. Teaming up with the local chapter of The American Heart Association provided students with an opportunity to develop these skills. In the fall of 1993, a record number of over 3,000 people in three rural counties were reached as a result of a collaborative effort to distribute nutrition education materials and coupons for healthy food choices during a single Saturday in local grocery stores Later students presented additional nutrition education programs using material from the Heart Fest at School and the Heart Fest at Work Programs. As a part of a campus employee wellness program, the Culinary Heart Program was adaptable for several healthy cooking sessions offered during the lunch hour throughout National Nutrition Month. Another session reaching over fifty people was provided during a campus-wide health fair. Institutions which provide learning experiences for our students were respective to offering programs to their clientele using the materials from The American Heart Association. Once this win-win relationship was established, future students and preceptors continue to plan nutrition intervention strategies in support of The American Heart Association. Other non-profit organizations can provide similar opportunities.
Computational Parameters in Correlation Analysis: Gas-Water Distribution Coefficient

Theoretical linear solvation energy relationships (TLSER) combine computational molecular parameters with the linear solvation energy relationship (LSER) of Kamlet and Taft to characterize and predict properties of compounds. This paper examines the correlation of the gas-water equilibrium constant for 423 compounds with the TLSER parameters. Also, it describes new parameters designed to improve the TLSER information content.
A Practical Approach to the Individualized Education Program

(2010). A Practical Approach to the Individualized Education Program. Strategies: Vol. 23, No. 4, pp. 11-16.
Syntheses and Structural Characterizations of the Three-dimensional Polymers [(R2Sn)3{Co(CN)6}2·X] (R = Vinyl, Propyl, Butyl; X = Solvent)

Three coordination polymers with the general formula [(R2Sn)3{Co(CN)6}2·X], R = vinyl(1), butyl(2), and propyl (3), were synthesized and structurally characterized. The three compounds are homologues with similar cell dimensions. They all crystallize in space group P63/mcm [1, a = 13.034(1) A, c = 13.678(1) A; 2, a = 13.741(1) A, c = 13.363(1) A; 3, a = 13.477(1) A, c = 13.362(1) A]. The structures are formed by linking R2Sn units with distorted octahedral Co(CN)6 fragments. Each tin atom is coordinated by four Co(CN)6 units and adopts an octahedral SnN4C2 arrangement. Channels along the c axis are occupied by disordered alkyl groups. The channels have “bottlenecks” which in 1 prevent facile release of solvent molecules. No solvent molecules are found in 2 and 3, since the channel space is occupied by the alkyl groups.
Relativistic partial-wave analysis for three-meson systems. II

We extend our relativistic partial-wave analysis to the $Ig0$ channels of the three-pion system. For the sake of definiteness, we apply our general procedure to the minimal-dynamics $K$-matrix model. In particular, we first generate properly symmetrized three-pion states using a group-theoretical approach. Using these, we then construct symmetrized scattering amplitudes and develop the minimal-dynamics $K$-matrix equations satisfied by the operators which enter into the symmetrized amplitudes. We find that for the $I=1$ channel of the threepion system, the ${i}_{\mathrm{ij}}=0,2$ subsystem isospin channels contribute to the scattering amplitude on the same footing as does the ${i}_{\mathrm{ij}}=1$ subsystem isospin channel. Thus the calculated properties of $I=1$ three-pion resonances may be as dependent on the ${i}_{\mathrm{ij}}=0$ phase parameters as on the ${i}_{\mathrm{ij}}=1$ phase parameters which were assumed to be dominant in a number of previous calculations.
Origin of Differing Reactivities of Aliphatic Chains on H−Si(111) and Oxide Surfaces with Metal

The interaction of deposited metals with monolayer films is critical to the understanding of, and ultimate utility of, the emerging arena of molecular electronics. We present the results of a thorough study of the interaction of vapor-deposited Au and Ag on alkane films attached to Si substrates. Two distinct categories of films are studied: C18 films formed from the hydrosilation reaction of octadecyl trichlorosilane with thin SiO2 layers and C18 films formed from the direct attachment of functionalized alkanes with hydrogen-terminated Si. Two direct attachment chemistries were studied: (Si)3−Si−O−C linkages of 1-octadecanol and octadecanal on H-terminated Si(111) and (Si)3−Si−C linkages of 1-octadecene on H-terminated Si(111). The reactivity of the films was studied with p-polarized backside reflection absorption spectroscopy (pb-RAIRS), sputter depth profiling X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and device electrical tests. Independe...
RecQ4 facilitates UV light-induced DNA damage repair through interaction with nucleotide excision repair factor xeroderma pigmentosum group A (XPA).

Mutations in the RECQL4 helicase gene have been linked to Rothmund-Thomson syndrome, which is characterized by genome instability, cancer susceptibility, and premature aging. To better define the cellular function of the RecQ4 protein, we investigated the subcellular localization of RecQ4 upon treatment of cells with different DNA-damaging agents including UV irradiation, 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide, camptothecin, etoposide, hydroxyurea, and H2O2. We found that RecQ4 formed discrete nuclear foci specifically in response to UV irradiation and 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide. We demonstrated that functional RecQ4 was required for the efficient removal of UV lesions and could rescue UV sensitivity of RecQ4-deficient Rothmund-Thomson syndrome cells. Furthermore, UV treatment also resulted in the colocalization of the nuclear foci formed with RecQ4 and xeroderma pigmentosum group A in human cells. Consistently, RecQ4 could directly interact with xeroderma pigmentosum group A, and this interaction was stimulated by UV irradiation. By fractionating whole cell extracts into cytoplasmic, soluble nuclear, and chromatin-bound fractions, we observed that RecQ4 protein bound more tightly to chromatin upon UV irradiation. Taken together, our findings suggest a role of RecQ4 in the repair of UV-induced DNA damages in human cells.
Accessory molecules and antigen requirements for young and aging cytotoxic lymphocytes

Abstract In this study I have investigated whether young and aging alloreactive cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL) have comparable antigen requirements, and whether the accessory molecules Ly2 and LFA-1 participate similarly in cytolysis mediated by young and old cells. Spleen and lymph node cells from young and aging, naive and primed mice were stimulated in bulk culture with allogenic cells; cytotoxicity and proliferation were then measured. Additionally, lymph node cells were cultured under limiting dilution conditions, and the resultant clones here tested for cytotoxicity in the presence or absence of antibodies against Ly2 and LFA-1. I found that accesory molecules from naive and primed, young and aging splenic CTL participated similarly in cytolysis However, both cytotoxic and proliferating splenic T-cells from aging mice required a greater alloantigen concentration for optimal response. Heterogeneous lymph node CTL from old mice demonstrated less cytotoxicity than young CTL, and, on the clonal level, old naive CTL clones were less active than young clones. Naive aging clones were more resistant than young clones to anti-Ly2 and anti-LFA-1. After priming, clone activity among the various age groups did not differ. These results suggest a qualitative difference between young and old cytolytic cells prior to alloantigen priming in vivo.
Measuring soil moisture

A recent aerial field experiment of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration carried out above farmland near Ames, Iowa, could help scientists to develop a remote global soil moisture observing system over most of the Earth's non-forested and unfrozen regions. During the experiment, which lasted from 25 June to 8 July scientists and engineers measured soil moisture content with remote sensing techniques that included a passive and active L- and S-band microwave instrument about 1.1 kilometers above ground, and an airborne synthetic aperture radar flying at an altitude of about 7.9 kilometers.
Nanosatellites and MEMS fabrication by laser microprocessing

By definition Nanosatellites are space systems that can weigh 1010 kg and can perform unique missions (e.g. global cloud cover monitoring, store-and-forward communications) acting either in constellation of distributed sensor-nodes or in a many-satellite platoon that flies in formation. The Aerospace Corporation has been exploring the application of microelectronics fabrication and advanced packaging technology to the development of a mass-producible nanosatellite. Particular attention is being directed at M3 (Micromachining/MEMS/Microsystems) technology which appears to be important in the integration and manufacturing of these satellites. Laser direct-write processing techniques are being applied for rapid prototyping and to specific 3D fabrication steps where conventional microelectronics fabrication techniques fall short. In particular, a laser based technique has been developed that combines the rapid prototyping aspects of direct-write and the low cost/process uniformity aspects of batch processing. This technique has been used to develop various fluidic components and a microthruster subsystem in a photostructurable glass/ceramic material.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Effect of Dietary Protein in Holding Rations for Adult Male Chickens

Abstract ARSCOTT AND PARKER (1963) have reported that adult White Leghorn males fed diets containing 16.9, 10.7 and 6.9 percent of protein over a 33-week period showed no adverse effects on semen volume, fertilizing capacity of semen or hatchability of fertile eggs. Since these results showed that protein levels considerably below those ordinarily fed to breeder flocks had no adverse effects and since the males in this investigation were kept in individual cages, an experiment was initiated to study the effect on reproductive performance of maintaining males together in floor pens on a low-protein diet. PROCEDURE Thirty adult White Leghorn males hatched April 22, 1964 were placed in two pens of a colony house on March 26, 1965. Prior to this the two groups of 15 males were flock-mated to two pens of about 240 similarly managed White Leghorn layers. Initial hatchability and fertility data involving 300 eggs were obtained during …
The design of sexism: the case of an army maintenance manual

The author compares 1970 and 1990 versions of the US Army publication PS: The Preventive Maintenance Monthly. it is seen that visual communication becomes dated even more quickly than does textual communication. The later version of PS offers a visual design that has been toned down, tamed, subdued; what had been a visual rhetoric with clear (in hindsight) sexist assumptions has yielded to a rhetoric with more professional, more inter-racial, and more neutral assumptions that reflect the changed demands of contemporary culture. Nevertheless, it is asserted that a rhetoric of visual attractiveness will probably continue to exploit gender, and that attempts to neutralize gender bias are likely to fail (to some extent), for only the distance of time allows sexism to be seen. >
An electron propagator study of bonding in aminoborane

Abstract Ab initio Hartree-Fock and partial fourth-order electron propagator calculations are used to study the electronic structure of NH2BH2. Excellent agreement with experimental structures, ionization energies and dipole moments is obtained. Connections between electron binding energies and total energies are discussed for planar aminoborane, a twisted C2v structure and a transition state with a pyramidal N. When the planarity of aminoborane is destroyed, loss of n bonding between B and N is indicated by a decreased vertical ionization energy. The second vertical ionization energy increases because an antibonding interaction between parallel p orbitals is removed. Total energies follow the same trends as the lowest vertical ionization energy and confirm the simple molecular orbital picture of the aminoborane rotation barrier. One-electron properties reinforce the picture of a covalent π bond producing positive charge on N, negative on B.
Incorporating regional wage relations in local forecasting models with a Bayesian prior

Abstract A Bayesian vector autoregressive technique is used to incorporate intercity wage relations into a local model of wage formation. This technique requires that a simple prior distribution be specified for the likely values of the coefficients for the variables that represent the intercity relations. The Bayesian model provides out-of-sample forecasts superior to those from both unconstrained vector autoregressive and univariate autoregressive models. This suggests that intercity linkages provide useful information that can be effectively incorporated in local forecasting models.
Patterns of damage in the mature neonatal brain.

Patterns of damage in the mature neonatal brain can be subdivided into focal, multifocal and diffuse. The main cause of diffuse brain damage in the term newborn is hypoxic–ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE). HIE is still the major recognized perinatal cause of neurological morbidity in full-term newborns. MRI offers today the highest sensitivity in detecting acute anoxic injury of the neonatal brain. Conventional acquisition techniques together with modern diffusion techniques can identify typical patterns of HIE injury, even in the early course of the disease. However, even though highly suggestive, these patterns cannot be considered as pathognomonic. Perinatal metabolic disease such as kernicterus and severe hypoglycaemia should be differentiated from classic HIE. Other conditions, such as infections, non-accidental injury and rarer metabolic diseases can be misinterpreted as HIE in their early course when diffuse brain swelling is still the predominant MRI feature. Diffusion techniques can help to differentiate different types of diffuse brain oedema. Typical examples of focal injuries are arterial or venous infarctions. In arterial infarction, diffusion techniques can define more precisely than conventional imaging the extent of focal infarction, even in the hyperacute phase. Moreover, diffusion techniques provide quantitative data of acute corticospinal tract injury, especially at the level of the cerebral peduncles. Venous infarction should be suspected in every case of unexplained cerebral haematoma in the full-term newborn. In the presence of spontaneous bleeding, venous structures should always be evaluated by MR angiography.
The Pacific Rim Good Laboratory Practice Initiatives

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) Regulations have been in effect since December 22, 1978, and subsequently have become a way of life for all who need to conduct preclinical safety and health effects studies for regulatory submission. The Organization of Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) with its world-wide membership of 26 (including Japan), and the European Community (EC) with its 12 members, utilized the GLPs to finalize their own standards. Japan, with its six GLP standards for assessing data integrity and quality, became an integral force in the Pacific Rim and a dominant figure in promulgating OECD GLP standards and directives. Third world countries are identifying with Japanese principles and administrative applications of these standards. This presentation focuses on an overview of Japan's GLP standards.
Effect of Soil Moisture Content and Dry Density on Cohesive Soil–Geosynthetic Interactions Using Large Direct Shear Tests

Geosynthetics have increasingly been used to reinforce many earth structures and are now a well-accepted means to improve engineering properties of various types of soil. However, most previous studies and applications of geosynthetic stabilization are confined to noncohesive soils. Few research efforts have been dedicated to the feasibility and benefits of geosynthetic reinforcement on cohesive soils. This paper presents the results of an extensive laboratory testing program using a large direct shear device, in which four different soils including one sand and three clays of different plasticities were reinforced by three different geogrids and one woven geotextile. Reinforcement mechanisms were analyzed and the soil-geosynthetic interface parameters were obtained from the testing results. The increase in molding moisture content and/or decrease in dry density caused an appreciable reduction in interface shear resistance, which suggests that it should be more rational to use interface parameters of soils at their 95% maximum dry density and moisture content 2% above their optimum values. This study also provides a basis for future research and modeling the behavior between cohesive soils and geosynthetics.
Influence of trans-polyoctenamer on rheological properties of rubberised asphalt binders after short term aging procedures

The objective of this study is to determine the effects of an aging procedure on the rheological properties of several crumb rubber modifiers (CRMs) containing various percentages of trans-polyoctenamer rubber (TOR). CRM binders were produced in the laboratory using three doses of crumb rubber and three doses of TOR. The aged CRM binders were artificially aged through accelerated aging processes. A series of Superpave binder tests were carried out using dynamic shear rheometer. The study indicated that the use of TOR can improve the rheological characteristics and aging resistance of CRM binder. However, it has no significant difference for the different TOR content. The rubber content was found to have a significant effect on the properties of the aged CRM binders.
A Framework for Nonfiction in the Elementary Grades.

The inclusion of nonfiction texts in the elementary classroom interests teachers and researchers alike. However, there is an inconsistent use of terms applied to this body of research, including informational texts, informational books, and expository texts, among others. In this article, an organizing framework for nonfiction is presented to facilitate a more precise understanding of the role and impact of different nonfiction forms.
Quantifying Factors Affecting Quality of Service in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

Support for quality of service (QoS) is increasingly important in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) with the emergence of delay-sensitive applications. This article quantifies the impact of factors and their interactions on the performance of real-time flows through statistical analysis of data gathered in simulation. The factors considered include QoS architecture, routing protocol, medium access control (MAC) protocol, mobility model, and offered load. The QoS architectures considered include stateless (Swan), stateful (Insignia), and no support for QoS. For routing, proactive (OLSR) and reactive (DSR, AODV) protocols are considered. The IEEE 802.11 distributed coordination function (DCF) and its QoS-aware extension enhanced DCF (EDCF) are the MAC protocols considered. The authors find that the stateless architecture of Swan better supports QoS than the stateful approach of Insignia or the classic architecture in the two mobility models considered.
Development of 7-membered N-heterocyclic carbene ligands for transition metals

Abstract We recently reported the first example of a seven-membered N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligand for transition metals. These ligands are attractive because the heterocyclic framework, derived from 2,2′-diaminobiphenyl, exhibits a torsional twist that results in a chiral, C2-symmetric structure. The present report outlines the synthetic efforts that led to the development of these ligands together with the synthesis and structural characterization of metal complexes bearing seven-membered NHCs as ancillary ligands. The identity of nitrogen substituent, neopentyl versus 2-adamantyl, influences the synthetic accessibility and stability of the seven-membered amidinium salts and the NHC–metal complexes obtained via in situ deprotonation/metallation. Computational analysis of the seven-membered ring structures reveals the Huckel antiaromatic 8π electron system achieves significant Mobius aromatic stabilization upon undergoing torsional distortion of the heterocyclic ring.
Spatial filtering and proper orthogonal decomposition of scanning laser Doppler vibrometry data for the nondestructive evaluation of frescoes

Abstract Recently, scanning laser Doppler vibrometry experiments have been conducted in order to identify structural faults in frescoes at the US Capitol. In these experiments, the artwork is subjected to force excitations over a range of frequencies and a laser vibrometer is used to measure the velocity response of the structure over an array of spatial locations. At each frequency, a two-dimensional spatial image of the force–velocity transfer function is obtained. Spatial locations that consistently exhibit large responses are indicative of potential regions of delamination. In this paper the use of proper orthogonal decomposition, also known as principle component analysis, to identify coherent features in the structural response and obtain a succinct representation of the data is described. It is shown that, for the fresco studied in this paper, the response can be characterized in terms of only a few proper orthogonal decomposition modes. Unfortunately, these modes are corrupted by spatially varying noise. This noise is a result of surface irregularities that affect the direction in which the incident laser beam is reflected, which in turn corrupts the measured response at those locations. Therefore, the use of spatial filtering techniques is also explored for removing this “speckle noise” from the measured force–velocity transfer functions prior to performing the proper orthogonal decomposition analysis. Wavelets are particularly well suited for this application because they decompose images into functions that are localized in the spatial and frequency domains. In this paper, several wavelet bases with differing properties are used to filter the scanning laser Doppler vibrometry images. In addition, wavenumber filters, which essentially act as low-pass filters, are also employed. While the results do not definitively show which filtering technique is most effective for this application, it is clear that both wavelet processing and wavenumber filtering can reduce speckle noise while retaining the salient physical features in the image data. Therefore, it is demonstrated that proper orthogonal decomposition analysis coupled with spatial filtering is an effective tool for analyzing scanning laser Doppler vibrometry data in fault detection applications.
Human Peripheral Blood Eosinophils Express a Functional c-kit Receptor for Stem Cell Factor that Stimulates Very Late Antigen 4 (VLA-4)–mediated Cell Adhesion to Fibronectin and Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule 1 (VCAM-1)

We evaluated mature peripheral blood eosinophils for their expression of the surface tyrosine kinase, c-kit, the receptor for the stromal cell-derived cytokine, stem cell factor (SCF). Cytofluorographic analysis revealed that c-kit was expressed on the purified peripheral blood eosinophils from 8 of 8 donors (4 nonatopic and 4 atopic) (mean channel fluorescence intensity 2.0- 3. 6-fold, average 2.8 +/- 0.6-fold, greater than the negative control). The uniform and selective expression of c-kit by eosinophils was confirmed by immunohistochemical analysis of peripheral blood buffy coats. The functional integrity of c-kit was demonstrated by the capacity of 100 ng/ml (5 nM) of recombinant human (rh) SCF to increase eosinophil adhesion to 3, 10, and 30 microg/ml of immobilized FN40, a 40-kD chymotryptic fragment of plasma fibronectin, in 15 min by 7.7 +/- 1.4-, 5.3 +/- 3.3-, and 5.4 +/- 0. 2-fold, respectively, and their adhesion to 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 microg/ml vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), by 12.7 +/- 9. 2-, 3.8 +/- 2.5-, and 1.7 +/- 0.6-fold, respectively. The SCF-stimulated adhesion occurred without concomitant changes in surface integrin expression, thereby indicating an avidity-based mechanism. rhSCF (100 ng/ml, 5 nM) was comparable to rh eotaxin (200 ng/ml, 24 nM) in stimulating adhesion. Cell adhesion to FN40 was completely inhibited with antibodies against the alpha4 and beta1 integrin subunits, revealing that the SCF/c-kit adhesion effect was mediated by a single integrin heterodimer, very late antigen 4 (VLA-4). Thus, SCF represents a newly recognized stromal ligand for the activation of eosinophils for VLA-4-mediated adhesion, which could contribute to the exit of these cells from the blood, their tissue localization, and their prominence in inflammatory lesions.
Regulatory Principles for the Financial System

Ho, Palacios, and Stoll consider the regulatory structure for derivatives and suggest several principles that an improved system should embody: transparency, competition, and incentive compatibility. The primary objectives of regulation should be maintaining the integrity of the financial network against systemic risks and protection of customers (with the former more in need of formal regulation than the latter). A general theme is that attempts to regulate the fine details of the financial system are not likely to be as effective as setting forth general principles that can be applied in a dynamically evolving environment. Competition is highlydesirable, among both financial institutions and regulators. Sharing responsibility across multiple regulators would promote innovation and reduce the chance of “regulatory capture” by the industry.