cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Posturography does not test vestibulospinal function.

The clinical usefulness of posturography is unknown, despite its costing more than +500 per test in some areas of the United States, including Boston. We cross-sectionally and prospectively studied blinded vestibulo-ocular and vestibulospinal tests from 29 stable patients with chronic vestibular hypofunction; 22 patients were affected bilaterally (BVH), and 7 were affected unilaterally (UVH). Vestibulo-ocular function was assessed by electronystagmographic caloric stimulation and sinusoidal vertical axis rotation gains at 0.05 Hz. Vestibulospinal function was assessed by moving-platform and visualsurround posturography sensory organization tests (SOTs), paced and free gait in a gait laboratory, and clinical tests of timed gait and standing. Posturography SOT moving-platform tests 4 through 6, designed to assess vestibular function, correlated significantly (r or = 0.01) with vestibulo-ocular tests in 5 of 6 comparisons among BVH patients. Posturography SOT results, however, correlated poorly with other vestibulospinal measures: correlations were statistically significant for only 7 of 18 comparisons with clinical balance and gait function (r or = 0.01) and with 2 of 12 comparisons for gait laboratory dynamic stability measures (r or = 0.01) among the BVH patients. When both the platform and visual surround moved (SOT 6), however, correlations were statistically significant with static standing clinical measures (r = 0.51 to 0.69, P < 0.01) and with whole-body maximum moment arm during paced gait (r = 0.55, P < 0.01). Posturography scores for the UVH patients did not significantly correlate with any vestibulo-ocular or other vestibulospinal measures. These data indicate that among patients with BVH posturography SOT scores relate at best modestly with accepted measure of vestibulo-ocular function, less well with clinical measures of balance control, and poorly with dynamic gait-performance measures. We conclude that posturography SOT does not assess vestibulospinal function.
A comparison of the Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory with the CERAD Behavioral Rating Scale for Dementia in community-dwelling persons with Alzheimer's disease

In a group of 242 community-dwelling patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), a longitudinal comparison was made of two caregiver-administered instruments for assessment of behavioral disturbance; the Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory (CMAI) and the CERAD Behavioral Rating Scale for Dementia (BRSD). We examined records of the 206 patients with baseline and 12-month follow-up data for the CMAI and the BRSD who also had tests of cognitive (Mini-mental State; MMSE) and global function (Clinical Dementia Rating; CDR and Functional Assessment Staging; FAST). Among 114 AD subjects, the correlation between total CMAI at baseline and 1 month readministration was 0.83 (p < 0.0001). In the same subjects, stratified into 5 groups by MMSE scores, the correlations between BRSD baseline and 1-month scores ranged from 0.70-0.89 (p < 0.0001). There was high correlation between total scores of both instruments at baseline and 12 months. In addition, all CMAI subscales except Verbally Aggressive correlated significantly with total BRSD score at both time points. At baseline, BRSD subscales for irritability/aggression, behavioral dysregulation and psychotic symptoms and at 12 months, irritability/aggression and behavioral dysregulation correlated with total CMAI scores. Neither scale changed significantly over 1 year, but there was wide individual variation. CMAI and BRSD scores correlated with 1-year change in the FAST, but not with MMSE or CDR (which weighs cognition heavily), suggesting that behavioral disturbance may be more strongly related to ability to manage activities of daily living (executive function) than to other aspects of cognition. The CMAI and BRSD appear to be interchangeable as measures of agitation, with the CMAI possibly more useful for patients who lack language and the BRSD more sensitive to apathy and depression.
Clinical assessment of psychiatric symptoms in mentally retarded individuals.

Mentally retarded Australians with emotional and behavioural disorders are seriously under-served by psychiatrists, despite such individuals being as prevalent as those with schizophrenia. These disorders have serious consequences for the individual, family and carers, and the community as a whole. In the psychiatric assessment of mentally retarded persons, a key principle is that while intellectual handicap increases vulnerability to psychiatric illness, it does not of itself cause psychopathology. A biopsychosocial framework provides a model whereby those factors which are contributing to psychopathology can be systematically elucidated. Biological factors include brain pathology associated with particular mental retardation syndromes, drug side-effects and epilepsy. Psychological factors include temperament, a history of abuse, and current life stresses. Social factors include distortions in family roles and hostel or workshop conflicts. Although clinical assessment can be challenging, and confident sy...
The Enemy of the Enemy of My Enemy Is a Therapeutic Target

Some people work a lifetime in fields in which a single mistake can be catastrophic: air traffic control, open-heart surgery, parachute making. In the lifetime of a human body, failure to prevent any of its constituent 100 trillion cells from becoming cancerous can be catastrophic. Faced with such standards of perfection, the human body uses an arsenal of mechanisms to constantly surveil and thwart would-be cancer cells. Such mechanisms may be intrinsic to the cell—such as apoptotic checkpoints or replicative senescence—or extrinsic—such as immune surveillance. On the road to malignancy, a cell must overcome each of these defenses, and reconstituting each vanquished defense constitutes a potential therapeutic strategy. In the 2 June 2013 issue of the New England Journal of Medicine , Hamid et al. report the results of a phase 1 clinical trial in melanoma of the monoclonal antibody to PD-1, lambrolizumab. PD-1 is thought to negatively regulate immune response; thus, anti-PD-1 therapies may enhance antitumor immune response within an immunosuppressive microenvironment. The authors enrolled a total of 135 patients with advanced melanoma. Seventy-nine percent of patients treated with lambrolizumab reported drug-related adverse events, and 13% reported grade 3 or 4 drug-related adverse events. The incidence of immune-related adverse events was lower than those reported for trials targeting the negative immune regulator, CTLA-4. The confirmed response rate based on Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors (RECIST) was 38%. Perhaps more importantly, prior exposure to other immunotherapies neither reduced the response rate nor increased the toxic effects of lambrolizumab. Moreover, some patients responded to lambrolizumab after having disease progression after treatment with chemotherapy or BRAF-targeted therapy. Therapeutic opportunities are afforded by strengthening any of the multiple intrinsic antitumor mechanisms that are concurrently subjugated by a tumor. The study by Hamid et al. supports the therapeutic efficacy of strengthening immunosurveillence mechanisms. Immunotherapies target distinct cellular processes from alternative strategies, such as antiproliferative agents, perhaps explaining why response to lambrolizumab was observed in patients who progressed after other therapies. This insight may suggest additional research into combination therapies targeting distinct antitumorigenic cellular processes. In addition, although only a subset of patients respond to immunotherapies, patient selection criteria for identifying responders are severely lacking. Thus, although immunotherapies appear to constitute a viable weapon in the anticancer quiver, the precision with which such medicines are applied may be improved through additional research into combination therapies and patient selection criteria. O. Hamad et al. , Safety and tumor responses with lambrolizumab (anti–PD-1) in melanoma. NEJM , 2 June 2013 (10.1056/NEJMoa1305133). [[Abstract]][1] [1]: http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1305133?query=featured_hematology-oncology#t=abstract
Phase Mismatch Detection and Compensation for PLL/DLL Based Multi-Phase Clock Generator

Device mismatch and systematic imbalances in the physical design can cause static phase mismatch in a PLL/DLL based multi-phase clock generator and degrade performance. This problem gets worse in deep sub-micron technologies. Interleaved transceiver architectures require precise clocking to maximize data rate and minimize bit errors. In this paper, a static phase mismatch compensation scheme for multiple sampling clocks is proposed and tested in an adaptive-bandwidth mixing PLL/DLL based multi-phase clock generator. The proposed charge pump compensator and power efficient phase-averaging network together reduce the static phase mismatch standard deviation by 37% when operating in DLL mode. A simple and robust duty-cycle correction circuit exhibits a small residual error of 0.65% across a wide range (36% to 49%) of input clock duty-cycle values.
Photonic hypercrystals (Presentation Recording)

We introduce a new "universality class" of artificial optical media - photonic hyper-crystals. These hyperbolic metamaterials with periodic spatial variation of dielectric permittivity on subwavelength scale, combine the features of optical metamaterials and photonic crystals.
Animal Models of Violence and Hyperkinesis

In reviewing the dramatic discrepancy between the many favorable clinical reports on meprobamate and a number of negative laboratory studies on this drug, Gerard (1957), in his usual elegant and succinct manner, summarized the situation as follows: “On the one hand, laboratory studies indicate that meprobamate is quite inert; on the other hand, a great number of takers seem to experience some benefit, and clinical reports included in these pages—many seemingly well controlled and convincing enough as reported—indicate a definite action. From this, one must conclude either that the experimenters have not yet found the right thing to test—which would not be surprising, since we are dealing with agents active on the nuances of complex human behavior for which it is difficult to find electrical or chemical indicators, either in the laboratory or in the patient—or else the clinical impressions are wrong. ... I doubt that the latter is the case, especially because of the genuine awareness of the problem of controls that exists today among the better clinicians and laboratory workers handling these problems.”
Control of Bipedal Turning While Running

There remain unsolved control problems for running bipedal robots. In this work, dynamic principles are used to develop a set of heuristics for executing running turns. A specific system is then considered, with 17 DOF, 7 of which are active, a low inertia torso, and mechanical coupling between the knee and ankle joints. For this system, the heuristics are distilled into control laws governing the active joint torques. These control laws are implemented in simulation to achieve stable and smooth turning while running.
Control Charts Based on Attribute Data: Bibliography and Review

This paper represents an attempt to offer a comprehensive bibliography of references on control charting using attribute data. A brief overview and perspective is given of some of the work in this ...
Atomistic Mechanisms Underlying Chemical Mechanical Planarization of Copper

With an aim to understanding the fundamental mechanisms underlying chemical mechanical planarization (CMP) of copper, we simulate the nanoscale polishing of a copper surface with molecular dynamics utilizing the embedded atom method. Mechanical abrasion produces rough planarized surfaces with a large chip in front of the abrasive particle, and dislocations in the bulk of the crystal. The addition of chemical dissolution leads to very smooth planarized copper surfaces and considerably smaller frictional forces that prevent the formation of bulk dislocations. This is a first step towards understanding the interplay between mechanistic material abrasion and chemical dissolution in chemical mechanical planarization of copper interconnects.
Conversion blindness: A case report

This paper reviews and discusses distinguishing features of two psychological conditions related to sport injury: malingering and conversion reaction. In addition, it presents a case study of a high school football athlete who experienced conversion blindness. This paper also includes a description of the counseling approach employed to resolve the conversion blindness. Professionals who work with athletes must carefully examine their preparedness to serve clients' presenting problems related to conversion blindness and to consider making professional referrals.
Adherence Screening and Monitoring

Patient adherence is an essential goal of pharmaceutical care and can be an initial focus for cognitive services in a traditional pharmacy. Pharmacists are well placed to manage adherence programs. Activities associated with adherence include screening or assessment, follow-up monitoring, and use of memory aids or refill reminders. Technology is available in many forms to assist pharmacists in this role. The pharmacist's role in adherence should focus on achieving desirable patient outcomes. Services associated with adherence programs need not be attached to distribution activities. Producing cost-effective drug therapy outcomes will continue to be of critical value to patients, health care systems, and third party providers.
A subsequent closed-form description of propagated signaling phenomena in the membrane of an axon

I recently introduced a closed-form description of propagated signaling phenomena in the membrane of an axon [R.F. Melendy, Journal of Applied Physics 118, 244701 (2015)]. Those results demonstrate how intracellular conductance, the thermodynamics of magnetization, and current modulation, function together in generating an action potential in a unified, closed-form description. At present, I report on a subsequent closed-form model that unifies intracellular conductance and the thermodynamics of magnetization, with the membrane electric field,Em. It’s anticipated this work will compel researchers in biophysics, physical biology, and the computational neurosciences, to probe deeper into the classical and quantum features of membrane magnetization and signaling, informed by the computational features of this subsequent model.
Research on improved EDTA titration method for calcium element determination in health food

Objective:Improved EDTA titration method was applied for calcium element determination in health food.Methods:Samples were digested by dry method,with sodium sulfide as masking agent for EDTA titration.Results:Relative standard deviation was 0.024%～0.29% with the method,and the recovery rate was 94.7%～98.8%,by t-test,no significant difference was observed from result of ICP-AES method.Conclusion:Improved EDTA titration method is accurate,simple with safe operation,which can be used for calcium element determination in health food.
Perfluorochemical Rescue After Surfactant Treatment: Effect of Perflubron Dose and Ventilatory Frequency

To test the hypotheses that perfluorochemical (PFC) liquid rescue after natural surfactant (SF) treatment would improve pulmonary function and histology and that this profile would be influenced by PFC dose or ventilator strategy, anesthetized preterm lambs (n = 31) with respiratory distress were studied using nonpreoxygenated perflubron. All animals received SF at 1 h and were randomized at 2 h as follows and studied to 4 h postnatal age: 1) conventional mechanical gas ventilation (n = 8), 2) 30 ml/kg perflubron with gas ventilation [partial liquid ventilation (PLV)] at 60 breaths/min (n = 8), 3) 10 ml/kg perflubron with PLV at 60 breaths/min (n = 7), and 4) 10 ml/kg perflubron with PLV at 30 breaths/min (n = 8). All animals tolerated instillation without additional cardiopulmonary instability. All perflubron-rescued groups demonstrated sustained improvement in gas exchange, respiratory compliance, and reduction in pressure requirements relative to animals receiving SF alone. Improvement was directly related to perflubron dose and breathing frequency; peak inspiratory pressure required to achieve physiological gas exchange was lower in the higher-dose and -frequency groups, and mean airway pressure was lower in the lower-frequency group. Lung expansion was greater and evidence of barotrauma was less in the higher-dose and -frequency group; regional differences in expansion were not different as a function of dose but were greater in the lower-frequency group. Regional differences in lung perflubron content were reduced in the higher-dose and -frequency groups and greatest in the lower-dose and -frequency group. The results suggest that, whereas PLV of the SF-treated lung improves gas exchange and lung mechanics, the protective benefits of perflubron in the lung may depend on dose and ventilator strategy to optimize PFC distribution and minimize exposure of the alveolar-capillary membrane to a gas-liquid interface.
Thermal charging study of compressed expanded natural graphite/phase change material composites

Abstract The thermal charging performance of paraffin wax combined with compressed expanded natural graphite foam was studied for different graphite bulk densities. Constant heat fluxes between 0.39 W/cm2 and 1.55 W/cm2 were applied, as well as a constant boundary temperature of 60 °C. Thermal charging experiments indicate that, in the design of thermal batteries, thermal conductivity of the composite alone is an insufficient metric to determine the influence of the graphite foam on the thermal energy storage. By dividing the latent heat of the composite by the time to end of melt for each applied boundary condition, the energy storage performance was calculated to show the effects of composite thermal conductivity, graphite bulk density, and latent heat capacity. For the experimental volume, the addition of graphite beyond a graphite bulk density of 100 kg/m3 showed limited benefit on the energy storage performance due to the decrease in latent heat storage capacity. These experimental results are used to validate a numerical model to predict the time to melt and for future use in the design of heat exchangers with graphite-foam based phase change material composites. Size scale effects are explored parametrically with the validated model.
Integrating Perspectives on Child Health

Penn State’s 19th Annual Symposium on Family Issues incorporated diverse disciplinary perspectives on families and child health to advance understanding of how family processes contribute to health and health inequalities during childhood. This chapter critically examines the symposium’s contribution to understanding family influences on child health via social structural, psychosocial, and physiological pathways and their interactions. Advantages and disadvantages of potential health improvement strategies ranging from broadscale policies to interventions targeting at-risk groups are discussed. Incorporating multiple strategies via a portfolio approach is one means of addressing a wide range of long- and short-term goals relevant to multiple health domains. Directions for future research are considered. Priorities should include more precise conceptualization and measurement of child health and risk factors in large-scale studies along with development and testing of middle-range theories to unravel the complex processes connecting families and child health outcomes. Focusing on these priorities and fostering interdisciplinary collaborations are critical steps for generating the evidence that can be used by policy creators and other key decision makers.
The efficiency of common randomness generation

The Hirschfeld-Gebelein-Renyi maximal correlation (HGR correlation) as a measure of commonness between a pair of random variables is justified via the initial efficiency of common randomness generation in the Ahlswede-Csisza´r setting [1]. When action can be taken to influence the side information, we obtain a single letter expression of the common randomness capacity. Initial efficiency and ending efficiency are also characterized in the action setting.
81. Chaucer’s Franklin’s Tale, F. 942

(1966). 81. Chaucer’s Franklin’s Tale, F. 942. The Explicator: Vol. 24, No. 9, pp. 144-144.
Piggybacking Robots: Human-Robot Overtrust in University Dormitory Security

Can overtrust in robots compromise physical security? We conducted a series of experiments in which a robot positioned outside a secure-access student dormitory asked passersby to assist it to gain access. We found individual participants were as likely to assist the robot in exiting the dormitory (40% assistance rate, 4/10 individuals) as in entering (19%, 3/16 individuals). Groups of people were more likely than individuals to assist the robot in entering (71%, 10/14 groups). When the robot was disguised as a food delivery agent for the fictional start-up Robot Grub, individuals were more likely to assist the robot in entering (76%, 16/21 individuals). Lastly, we found participants who identified the robot as a bomb threat demonstrated a trend toward assisting the robot (87%, 7/8 individuals, 6/7 groups). Thus, we demonstrate that overtrust---the unfounded belief that the robot does not intend to deceive or carry risk---can represent a significant threat to physical security at a university dormitory.
Shear deflection of two species laminated wood beams

In addition to the deflection due to pure bending in a beam, there is a shear force in all cases of non-uniform bending and a further deflection, due to shear stresses. This additional shear deflection usually is assumed to be negligible and is not considered in computing the total deflection of a beam. In the case of two-species laminated wood beams, due to the development of greater shear stresses, the percentage of shear deflection further increases and failure to take it into consideration may introduce errors of considerable magnitude in determining the distortion of the beam. It is shown here that the percentage of shear deflection can be considerable, approaching the amount due to pure bending. Furthermore it is shown that the magnitude of shear deflection depends on both the span to depth ratio of the beam and the elastic properties of the species involved. It increases as the effective span to depth ratio of the composite beam decreases and as the core ratio of pure modulus of elasticity to modulus of rigidity increases.
Who Moderates the Moderators? The Effect of Non-neutral Moderators in Deliberative Decision Making

Ideal deliberative democracy seeks to employ unbiased moderators. Yet, a large literature in the field of mediation suggests the elusiveness of perfect neutrality. Our study thus addresses the following question: when moderators of deliberations express their own views – even in a limited manner – can they change the preferences of participants? Using a novel experimental design in a real deliberative decision-making process, we find that moderators can significantly influence the attitudes and behaviors of participants by expressing views in a constrained manner. The results of our study have implications for refining epistemic conceptions of deliberative democracy and for designing more precise empirical investigations of the effects of deliberative processes on attitudes and behavior. The results also warn of a simple mechanism by which interest groups might hijack the deliberative decision-making processes used in community driven development projects all over the world.
Nanosized and Nanostructured Cathode Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries

There is a great deal of interest in improving the properties of cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries to meet the energy and power demand of many applications including most consumer electronics, the electric vehicle and large-format energy storage. Traditionally, the rate capability of most cathode materials is intrinsically limited to the slow ionic diffusion within the crystalline structure, and for a few materials, the problem is exacerbated by poor bulk electronic conductivity. Nanostructuring and nanosizing cathode materials have proven to be a very useful method to overcome the problem and not only enhance the rate performance of the batteries but also render some materials electrochemically active. In this chapter, we review the most recent advances in the subject by summarizing new design and synthetic methods for nanomaterials, their characterization and performance in lithium-ion batteries with great emphasis on olivines (LiFePO4) and spinel LiMn2O4 and its Ni substituent nanomaterials.
Role of Tumor Antigen in Vaccine Protection in Marek’s Disease

Recently, we have observed that chickens vaccinated with the herpesvirus of turkey (HVT) develop lymphoproliferative lesions (1) and a cell mediated immune response to the Marekfs disease tumor associated surface antigen (MATSA) (2). The purpose of this presentation is to consider these observations in view of the overall mechanism of vaccine protection in Marekfs disease (MD) and to speculate on the possible role MATSA immunity may play in protection. Furthermore, additional data are presented that confirm earlier observations on the presence of MATSA in HVT infected chickens.
Latent Structure of the Davis Interpersonal Reactivity Index in Methadone Maintenance Patients

The latent structure of Davis's 28-item Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) measure of empathy was examined in 241 methadone maintenance (MM) patients using factor analytic procedures and the divergent and convergent reliability of the derived structure was determined. Contrary to the four-factor structure determined for the IRI previously, three factors, comprised of 18 items, were found to best represent the construct of empathy in MM patients—an Empathy factor (nine items) combining the Empathic Concern and Perspective Taking factors originally described by Davis, and Fantasy (four items) and Personal Distress (five) factors. Canonical correlation analysis undertaken to determine concurrent validity of the IRI's revealed latent structure supported the validity of the derived Empathy factor as a measure of empathy, but indicated that Personal Distress appeared to be associated with neuroticism. These findings are consistent with more recent factor analytic and validity findings for the IRI.
Verticillium—Induced Scorch and Chlorosis in Ash

Abstract Verticillium dahliae appears to be the causal agent of a common disorder of white and green ash that has increasingly affected nursery and landscape trees in the Upper Midwest. Affected tr...
Susceptibility to Dental Caries in the Rat VII. Influence of Mineral Salts, Protein and Sugar, and Relationship of Calcification of Teeth and Bone1

It is apparent that several dietary factors cooperate in the production of experimental dental fissure caries in rats. The lesions are due primarily to the ingestion of particles of coarsely ground raw cereal, such as rice or corn, included in the diet from the time of weaning; but other dietary conditions influence the prevalence of caries in significant degree (7, 8, 9). This report presents the results of further studies of some of these secondary or modifying influences on caries produced with coarse rice and corn diets.
A Revised Writer(s)-Within-Community Model of Writing

This article presents a revised version of the writer(s)-within-community model of writing. Writing is conceptualized as a social activity situated within specific writing communities. Writing in these communities is accomplished by its members. The model proposes that writing is simultaneously shaped and bound by the characteristics, capacity, and variability of the communities in which it takes place and by the cognitive characteristics, capacity, and individual differences of those who produce it. The model further proposes that writing development is a consequence of participation in writing communities and individual changes in writers’ capabilities, which interact with biological, neurological, physical, and environmental factors. This newer version of the model places a greater emphasis on communication and the reader. It expands the description of a writing community to include the social, cultural, political, institutional, and historical influences that shape it. It further describes the tenets ...
Air quality and the visitor experience in parks and protected areas

Air pollution is one of the greatest environmental health risks facing people worldwide. The transboundary nature of air pollution may place park and protected area (PPA) resources, as well as visi...
Localization of Phonological and Semantic Contributions to Reading

Reading involves the rapid extraction of sound and meaning from print through a cooperative division of labor between phonological and lexical-semantic processes. Whereas lesion studies of patients with stereotyped acquired reading deficits contributed to the notion of a dissociation between phonological and lexical-semantic reading, the neuroanatomical basis for effects of lexicality (word vs pseudoword), orthographic regularity (regular vs irregular spelling-sound correspondences), and concreteness (concrete vs abstract meaning) on reading is underspecified, particularly outside the context of strong behavioral dissociations. Support vector regression lesion-symptom mapping (LSM) of 73 left hemisphere stroke survivors (male and female human subjects) not preselected for stereotyped dissociations revealed the differential contributions of specific cortical regions to reading pseudowords (ventral precentral gyrus), regular words (planum temporale, supramarginal gyrus, ventral precentral and postcentral gyrus, and insula), and concrete words (pars orbitalis and pars triangularis). Consistent with the primary systems view of reading being parasitic on language-general circuitry, our multivariate LSM analyses revealed that phonological decoding depends on perisylvian areas subserving sound-motor integration and that semantic effects on reading depend on frontal cortex subserving control over concrete semantic representations that aid phonological access from print. As the first study to localize the differential cortical contributions to reading pseudowords, regular words, and concrete words in stroke survivors with variable reading abilities, our results provide important information on the neurobiological basis of reading and highlight the insights attainable through multivariate, process-based approaches to alexia.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Whereas fMRI evidence for neuroanatomical dissociations between phonological and lexical-semantic reading is abundant, evidence from modern lesion studies establishing the differential contributions of specific brain regions to specific reading processes is lacking. Our application of multivariate lesion-symptom mapping revealed that effects of lexicality, orthographic regularity, and concreteness on reading differentially depend on areas subserving auditory-motor integration and semantic control. Phonological decoding of print relies on a dorsal perisylvian network supporting auditory and articulatory representations, with unfamiliar words relying especially on articulatory mapping. In tandem with this dorsal decoding system, anterior inferior frontal gyrus may coordinate control over concrete semantic representations that support mapping of print to sound, which is a novel potential mechanism for semantic influences on reading.
Pheidole (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) of Middle American wet forest.

The ant genus Pheidole is a highly diverse lineage of ants that are dominant elements of tropical and subtropical ecosystems throughout the world. Biodiversity inventory projects in Middle American wet forests (southern Mexico to Costa Rica, lowland rainforest to high montane forest) allow an improved taxonomy of the genus in this region. An identification guide to 234 species in the region is provided, using a "bird guide" approach. Species are arranged in order of minor worker head width and scape length, and each species has a fixed layout that includes habitat and microhabitat information, standard views (minor lateral, minor face, major face), and a distribution map. The following new synonyms are proposed: biconstricta Mayr 1870 (= inermis Mayr 1870), carapuna Mann 1916 (= tristicula Wilson 2003), fimbriata Roger 1863 (= soesilae Makhan 2007), insipida Forel 1899 (= fariasana Wilson 2003, mooreorum Wilson 2003), longiscapa Forel 1901 (= cocciphaga Borgmeier 1934), plebecula Forel 1899 (= perdiligens Wilson 2003, texticeps Wilson 2003), nitidicollis Emery 1896 (= chalcoides Wilson 2003), nubicola Wilson 2003 (= cielana Wilson 2003, petrensis Wilson 2003), simonsi Wilson 2003 (= arctos Wilson 2003, gangamon Wilson 2003, thrasys Wilson 2003), striaticeps Mayr 1870 (= chloe Forel 1908), transversostriata Mayr 1887 (= scalaris Wilson 2003), vafra Santschi 1923 (= laticornis Wilson 2003). The following 57 new species are described: ajaxigibba, andersoni, angustinigra, atitlana, balatro, belonorte, besalon, bicornisculpta, brownampla, cahui, caliginosa, carinitida, corniclypeus, costaricensis, cusuco, depressinoda, eosimilis, familiaparra, fincanaranjo, hansoni, hectornitida, hitoy, huarache, imbrilis, indagarama, kasparii, kelainos, lagunculiminor, lamancha, laselvoides, lineafrons, luteagossamer, machaquila, marmor, moskitia, muralla, musacolor, musinermis, natalie, nephele, obturaculum, passivaeferox, perissothrix, platyscapa, probolonotum, rima, rogeripolita, savegre, sensipelada, sepultura, tapanti, tikal, tinamu, tsontekonwei, tuculutan, xiloa, zannia.
Prediction of Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) using PROMIS-29 in a national sample of lumbar spine surgery patients

The primary purpose was to examine the measurement properties of the PROMIS-29 to better understand its use in patients undergoing spine surgery. A secondary objective was to calculate a predictive equation between PROMIS-29 and ODI, to allow clinicians and researchers to determine a predicted ODI score based on PROMIS short form scores. 719 patients with PROMIS v2.0 and ODI responses were queried from the quality outcomes database. Validity was assessed using coefficient omega, ceiling/floor effects, and confirmatory factor analysis. Multivariable regression predicting ODI scores from PROMIS-29 domains was used to create a predictive equation. Predicted ODI scores were plotted against ODI scores to determine how well PROMIS-29 domains predicted ODI. Results showed good reliability and validity of PROMIS-29 in patients undergoing lumbar spine surgery: convergent and discriminant validity, low floor/ceiling effects, and unidimensional domains. The conversion equation used 6 PROMIS-29 domains (ODI% = 37.847− 1.475*[PFraw] + 1.842*[PAINraw] + 0.557*[SDraw] − 0.642*[SRraw] + 0.478*[PIraw] + 0.295*[DEPraw]). Correlation between the predicted and actual ODI scores was R = 0.88, R2 = 0.78, suggesting that the equation predicted ODI scores that are strongly correlated with actual ODI scores. Good measurement properties support the use of PROMIS-29 in spine surgery patients. Findings suggest accurate ODI scores can be derived from PROMIS-29 domains. Clinicians who want to move from ODI to PROMIS-29 can use this equation to obtain estimated ODI scores when only collecting PROMIS-29. These results support the idea that PROMIS-29 domains have the potential to replace disease-specific traditional PROMs.
Adaptive model predictive control based on the steady state constrained ARX model

This work introduces an adaptive model predictive control (MPC) scheme for nonlinear processes. It is well-known that the conventional MPC uses linear model to represent local dynamics of a nonlinear process and resulting optimization problem is convex. However, the model mismatch between linear model and nonlinear process may significantly degrade the performance of MPC and thereby the closed-loop stability may not be guaranteed. To address this issue, the model used in MPC should be accurate enough for different operating conditions. The contribution of this paper is the development of a steady state constrained autoregressive with exogenous terms model (SSARX) that is still linear and adaptive to the variation of operating conditions. This new model then can be integrated with a linear MPC to achieve a trade-off between computational complexity and model accuracy. The proposed controller is applied in a continuous fermentation process and compared to an MPC with unconstrained ARX model (non-adaptive). The simulation shows that the MPC with ARX model leads to an offset during setpoint tracking while the MPC with SSARX model is offset free.
1-homotopy invariance of algebraic K-theory with coefficients and du Val singularities

C. Weibel, and Thomason and Trobaugh, proved (under some assumptions) that algebraic K-theory with coefficients is A1-homotopy invariant. We generalize this result from schemes to the broad setting of dg categories. Along the way, we extend the Bass–Quillen fundamental theorem as well as Stienstra’s foundational work on module structures over the big Witt ring to the setting of dg categories. Among other cases, the above A1-homotopy invariance result can now be applied to sheaves of (not necessarily commutative) dg algebras over stacks. As an application, we compute the algebraic K-theory with coefficients of dg cluster categories using solely the kernel and cokernel of the Coxeter matrix. This leads to a complete computation of the algebraic K-theory with coefficients of the du Val singularities parametrized by the simply laced Dynkin diagrams. As a byproduct, we obtain vanishing and divisibility properties of algebraic K-theory (without coefficients).
Impact of the New Pulmonary Hypertension Definition on Heart Transplant Outcomes: Expanding the Hemodynamic Risk Profile.

Background At the recent 6th World Symposium on Pulmonary Hypertension (PH), the definition of PH was redefined to include lower pulmonary artery pressures in the setting of elevated pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR). However, the relevance of this change to subjects with PH due to left-heart disease as well as the preoperative assessment of heart transplant (HT) recipients is unknown. Methods The United Network for Organ Sharing database was queried to identify adult recipients who underwent primary HT from 1996 to 2015. Recipients were subdivided into those with mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP) Results Over the study period, 32,465 patients underwent HT, including 12,257 (38%) with mPAP Conclusions Elevated PVR remains associated with a significant increase in the hazard for 30-day mortality after cardiac transplantation, even in the setting of lower pulmonary artery pressures. These data support the validity of the new definition of pulmonary hypertension.
Thermal Fatigue as a Driving Mechanism for Activity on Asteroid Bennu

Many boulders on (101955) Bennu, a near-Earth rubble pile asteroid, show signs of in situ disaggregation and exfoliation, indicating that thermal fatigue plays an important role in its landscape evolution. Observations of particle ejections from its surface also show it to be an active asteroid, though the driving mechanism of these events is yet to be determined. Exfoliation has been shown to mobilize disaggregated particles in terrestrial environments, suggesting that it may be capable of ejecting material from Bennu's surface. We investigate the nature of thermal fatigue on the asteroid, and the efficacy of fatigue-driven exfoliation as a mechanism for generating asteroid activity, by performing finite element modeling of stress fields induced in boulders from diurnal cycling. We develop a model to predict the spacing of exfoliation fractures and the number and speed of particles that may be ejected during exfoliation events. We find that crack spacing ranges from ~1 mm to 10 cm and disaggregated particles have ejection speeds up to ~2 m/s. Exfoliation events are most likely to occur in the late afternoon. These predictions are consistent with observed ejection events at Bennu and indicate that thermal fatigue is a viable mechanism for driving asteroid activity. Crack propagation rates and ejection speeds are greatest at perihelion when the diurnal temperature variation is largest, suggesting that events should be more energetic and more frequent when closer to the Sun. Annual thermal stresses that arise in large boulders may influence the spacing of exfoliation cracks or frequency of ejection events.
Path planning with Incremental Roadmap Update for Visibility-based Target Tracking

In this paper, we address the visibility-based target tracking problem in which a mobile observer moving along a p-route, which we define as a fixed path for target tracking, tries to keep a mobile target in its field-of-view. By drawing a connection to the watchman’s route problem, we find a set of conditions that must be satisfied by the p-route. Then we propose a metric for tracking to estimate a sufficient speed for the observer given the geometry of the environment. We show that the problem of finding the p-route on which the observer requires minimum speed is computationally intractable. We present a technique to find a p-route on which the observer needs at most twice the minimum speed to track the intruder and a reactive motion strategy for the observer.
Hypothesis for a mechanism of beam-induced motion in cryo-electron microscopy.

Estimates of heat-transfer rates during plunge-cooling and the patterns of ice observed in cryo-EM samples indicate that the grid bars cool much more slowly than do the support foil and sample near the middle of the grid openings. The resulting transient temperature differences generate transient tensile stresses in the support foil. Most of this foil stress develops while the sample is liquid and cooling toward its glass transition Tg, and so does not generate tensile sample stress. As the grid bars continue cooling towards the cryogen temperature and contracting, the tensile stress in the foil is released, placing the sample in compressive stress. Radiation-induced creep in the presence of this compressive stress should generate a doming of the sample in the foil openings, as is observed experimentally. Crude estimates of the magnitude of the doming that may be generated by this mechanism are consistent with observation. Several approaches to reducing beam-induced motion are discussed.
Disseminated Varicella-Zoster Virus Infection Complicated by Encephalitis and Ramsay Hunt Syndrome in an HIV Patient

Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is a human α-herpesvirus which cause primary varicella infection (chicken pox) or herpes zoster infection (shingles) after reactivation of the dormant virus. VZV infection is usually self-limited but disseminated infection can be seen in immunocompromised individuals. It can also get complicated by central nervous system (CNS) involvement. We describe a case of a 51-year-old male with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) who presented with altered mental status and deficits in his right-sided cranial nerves of VI, VII, and VIII. The patient also had disseminated vesicular-pustular rash all over his body at different stages of healing. A diagnosis of disseminated VZV infection complicated by encephalitis and Ramsay Hunt syndrome was made and the patient was treated with intravenous acyclovir and oral prednisone with a rapid improvement. The coexistence of these conditions is rare. The purpose of this report is to increase awareness of the coexistence of these two conditions in HIV infected patients.
Fouling-resistant zwitterionic polymers for complete prevention of postoperative adhesion.

Postoperative adhesions are most common issues for almost any types of abdominal and pelvic surgery, leading to adverse consequences. Pharmacological treatments and physical barrier devices are two main approaches to address postoperative adhesions but can only alleviate or reduce adhesions to some extent. There is an urgent need for a reliable approach to completely prevent postoperative adhesions and to significantly improve the clinical outcomes, which, however, is unmet with current technologies. Here we report that by applying a viscous, cream-like yet injectable zwitterionic polymer solution to the traumatized surface, postoperative adhesion was completely and reliably prevented in three clinically relevant but increasingly challenging models in rats. The success rate of full prevention is over 93% among 42 animals tested, which is a major leap in antiadhesion performance. Clinically used Interceed film can hardly prevent the adhesion in any of these models. Unlike current antiadhesion materials serving solely as physical barriers, the “nonfouling” zwitterionic polymer functioned as a protective layer for antiadhesion applications with the inherent benefit of resisting protein/cell adhesions. The nonfouling nature of the polymer prevented the absorption of fibronectins and fibroblasts, which contribute to the initial and late-stage development of the adhesion, respectively. This is the key working mechanism that differentiated our “complete prevention” approach from current underperforming antiadhesion materials. This work implies a safe, effective, and convenient way to fully prevent postoperative adhesions suffered by current surgical patients.
Airfoil type and blade size effects on the aerodynamic performance of small-scale wind turbines: Computational fluid dynamics investigation

Abstract A comprehensive study was conducted to explore the effect of the blade airfoil section as well as the rotor diameter size on the power output of a small-scale wind turbine using finite elements method-based computational fluid dynamics. In the recent years, the large-scale wind turbines have been subject to copious advancements thanks to which many efficient and powerful designs have emerged improving the large-scale wind energy industry. However, small-scale wind turbines have not been subject to as much extensive study, and the literature regarding these latter still suffers from noticeable scarcity compared to their large-scale counterparts. Consequently, this study aims at providing a comprehensive computational fluid dynamics investigation of the airfoil type and blade size effects on the aerodynamic performance of a small-scale wind turbine, where the full three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations are solved. A combination of four airfoils, namely, NACA 0012, NACA 4412, NACA 0015, and NACA 4415 and three rotor diameter sizes of 50 cm, 75 cm, and 100 cm are investigated, and the power generated from each configuration is estimated. The aim is to evaluate the airfoil and rotor diameter size effect on the aerodynamic performance of small-scale wind turbines and eventually select the optimal performing combination out of the studied ones. The two-dimensional analysis shows that at a freestream velocity of 4 m/s, NACA 4412 outperforms the other airfoils yielding the highest lift to drag ratio. The three dimensional analysis shows that this latter remains the optimal performing airfoil reaching a power density of 2.465 W / m 2 for a 50 cm rotor diameter, 5.935 W / m 2 for a 75 cm rotor diameter, and 11.011 W / m 2 when the rotor diameter size reached 100 cm.
Response to Comment on Gregory et al. COVID-19 Severity Is Tripled in the Diabetes Community: A Prospective Analysis of the Pandemic's Impact in Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2021;44:526-532.

We thank Maahs et al. for their insightful comments (1) regarding our prospective cohort study quantifying the impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in patients with diabetes (2). We are pleased to learn no death or mechanical ventilation related to COVID-19 in pediatrics has been reported to the T1D Exchange registry to date. Death and mechanical ventilation are fortunately rare events in all of pediatrics, however. For this reason, comparing the odds of hospitalization or a greater severity of illness against a matched control group may better quantify excess COVID-19 risk in pediatric diabetes and guide policy. Our initial report analyzed COVID-19 cases identified through 7 August 2020. Since then, our patient accrual has grown from 6,138 to 21,929 with no diabetes, 40 to 160 with type …