cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On accurately measuring statistics associated with small-scale structure in turbulent boundary layers using hot-wire probes

Spanwise vorticity measurements have been performed in zero-pressure-gradient boundary layers over the range 1010 < Rθ < 4850 (Rθ ≡ U∞ θ/ν, where U∞ is the free-stream velocity and θ is the momentum deficit thickness) using a four-wire probe. In addition, experiments quantifying the spatial and temporal resolution required to obtain an accurate statistical representation of the small-scale structure of wall-bounded turbulence were performed. Furthermore, a thorough investigation of statistical convergence for a variety of fluctuating quantities was performed. Comparisons with earlier high-resolution studies indicate that the maximum value of u′/uτ increases with increasing Reynolds number over the given Rθ range (u′ ≡ r.m.s. u, and uτ is the friction velocity). It is suggested that detecting this dependence provides a good measure of probe resolution. In general it was found that statistics of velocity gradients were distinctly more sensitive to finite probe size than velocity statistics. Wire spacing experiments suggest that Wyngaard's (1969) criterion is to a good approximation valid even under anisotropic conditions. Furthermore, it was found that instantaneously spatial averaging of ∂u/∂t caused significant attenuation in the resulting r.m.s., and that this averaging procedure is sensitive to the level of mean shear. A simple method of estimating how noise in the u-velocity signals enters into the ∂u/∂y signals is presented. The convergence study shows that statistical convergence criteria developed from free-shear flows severely underestimates the averaging times required in boundary layers. A table of general convergence criteria is provided.
Documentation of CLEANX: A generalized model for simulating the open-water ecosystems of lakes

This paper outlines the software for an open-water version of CLEAN, an ecosystem model for lakes. The modular program structure is described, examples of driving variables are given, and the output (including values of several parameters) is shown. The program, with extensive annotations to facilitate adaptation by potential users, is available from author Richard A. Park or from SCS.
Das Recht auf Nichtwissen: ein technikaverser Irrläufer?

Die Einsicht in die psychologischen und sozialen Ambivalenzen genetischen Wissens regte seit Mitte der 1980er Jahre die Debatte um eine Implementierung eines Rechts auf Nichtwissen auf Gesetzesebene an. 1985 forderte Hans Jonas im Rahmen einer verantwortungsethischen Betrachtung erstmals ein Recht auf die Abwehr identitatsstorender Informationen: „Niemals darf einem ganzen Dasein das Recht zu jener Ignoranz versagt werden, die eine Bedingung der Moglichkeit authentischer Tat, d. h. der Freiheit uberhaupt ist.“ Den Hintergrund dieses Pladoyers bildet die Einsicht, der zufolge ein Uberschuss an Wissen die personalen Entfaltungsmoglichkeiten einschranken und das Individuum an einer authentischen Lebensgestaltung hindern kann.
Erythema Ab Igne due to Heating Pad Use: A Case Report and Review of Clinical Presentation, Prevention, and Complications

Erythema ab igne is an asymptomatic cutaneous condition caused by exposure to heat. Cases of erythema ab igne may prove to be diagnostically challenging due to lack of familiarity with the condition. While this dermatosis carries a favorable prognosis, nonmelanoma skin cancers have been reported to arise within lesions of erythema ab igne. Erythema ab igne is preventable, and, thus, clinicians should provide education regarding safe use of heating devices to patients using these products in both outpatient and inpatient settings.
Genetic Causes of Bull Infertility

Bull fertility is influenced by genetic factors. This article reviewsinformation regarding heritable fertility traits and genetic and phenotypic descriptions of common, well-characterized fertility disturbances. Genetic disease implications on sire selection are also discussed.
Modeling of the interaction between a lifting wing and a following aircraft and comparison with experimental results

Understanding the wake-vortex/airplane interaction phenomenon is important to help define the parameters which can be used to predict a wake-vortex hazard, hi an attempt to understand this phenomenon, efforts are underway utilizing various computational tools as a means of modeling and verifying wake-vortex hazard encounters. The objective of this study is to assess the capability of PMARC, a low-order potential-flow panel method, to predict the forces and moments imposed on a following business-jet configuration by a wake-vortex interaction. Issues addressed include the investigation of different wake techniques and their ability to predict wake shape and trajectory, the validity of the velocity field imposed on the following configuration and the effects of the high-hit system and the empennage on the aerodynamic characteristics of the following configuration. Comparisons with wind-tunnel data reveal that PMARC predicts the characteristics for the clean wing-body configuration fairly well. The characteristics for the complete airplane with the high-lift system deployed are not so well predicted.
Self-recalled Youth Physical Activity and Postmenopausal Cardiovascular Disease.

To evaluate the association between childhood physical activity and incident cardiovascular disease (CVD) during postmenopausal years.Proportional hazards and logistic regression were used describe the association between self-reported childhood physical activity and CVD incidence and mortality in 36,741 postmenopausal women.Older women, African-Americans, or nondrinkers or past drinkers self-reported the highest levels of youth physical activity and women with a history of diabetes, hypertension, overweight or obesity, or current smoking reported the highest youth physical activity dose. Youth physical activity was not associated with CVD incidence (HR=1.11; 0.93, 1.34) or mortality (HR=1.2; 0.9, 1.73).Self-reported youth activity was not associated with postmenopausal CVD incidence or mortality.
Swelling of Polymer Dielectric Thin Films for Organic-Transistor-Based Aqueous Sensing Applications

Sensors based on organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs) are of considerable interest for chemical and biological detection applications, and the development of highly sensitive, chemically specific, low-cost sensors operating in aqueous environments will have a profound impact. However, the behavior of the dielectric and semiconducting thin films in OFTF-based sensors during underwater operation is not well understood. Here we investigate OTFT-based sensor materials, specifically a polymer dielectric film of cross-linked poly(4-vinylphenol) (x-PVP), used in OTFTs operating in aqueous environments. We show that immersing x-PVP thin films in a 90:10 water–methanol (model analyte) solution causes swelling of nearly 30% and a corresponding 300% increase in the film dielectric constant. Hence, to quantify the charge-transport behavior of organic molecules within aqueous environments, this drastic change in the capacitance must be accounted for in sensor material design.
Reductions of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium on beef trim by lactic acid, levulinic acid, and sodium dodecyl sulfate treatments.

Studies were done at 21 °C to determine the bactericidal activity of lactic acid, levulinic acid, and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) applied individually and in combination on Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in pure culture and to compare the efficacy of lactic acid and levulinic acid plus SDS treatments applied by spray or immersion to inactivate STEC and Salmonella (10(7) CFU/cm2) on beef trim pieces (10 by 10 by 7.5 cm). Application of 3% lactic acid for 2 min to pure cultures was shown to reduce E. coli O26:H11, O45:H2, O111:H8, O103:H2, O121:H2, O145:NM, and O157:H7 populations by 2.1, 0.4, 0.3, 1.4, 0.3, 2.1, and 1.7 log CFU/ml, respectively. Treatment with 0.5% levulinic acid plus 0.05% SDS for 6 log/ml reduction). Beef surface temperature was found to affect the bactericidal activity of treatment with 3 % levulinic acid plus 2% SDS (LV-SDS). Treating cold (4 °C) beef trim with LV-SDS at 21, 62, or 81 °C for 30 s reduced E. coli O157:H7 by 1.0, 1.1, or 1.4 log CFU/cm2, respectively, whereas treating beef trim at 8 °C with LV-SDS at 12 °C for 0.1, 1, 3, or 5 min reduced E. coli O157:H7 by 1.4, 2.4, 2.5, or 3.3 log CFU/cm(2), respectively. Spray treatment of beef trim at 4 °C with 5 % lactic acid only reduced the E. coli O157:H7 population by 1.3 log CFU/cm2. Treating beef trim at 8 °C with LV-SDS for 1, 2, or 3 min reduced Salmonella Typhimurium by 2.1, 2.6, and >5.0 log CFU/cm2, respectively. Hand massaging the treated beef trim substantially reduced contamination of both pathogens, with no detectable E. coli O157:H7 or Salmonella Typhimurium (<5 CFU/cm2) on beef trim pieces treated with LV-SDS. Reduction of E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella Typhimurium populations was enhanced, but bactericidal activity was affected by the meat temperature.
Complications of Gonococcal Infection

When the gonococci spread from the urethra and cervix they can cause serious medical problems. The introduction of sulphonamides and penicillin was accompanied by a marked reduction in the frequency of gonococcal complications. Since antibiotics the incidence of gonococcal arthritis has diminished to .1-.3% of cases. Gonorrheal arthritis formerly affected men more frequently but now it is more common in women. This change is attributed to the fact that males more often seek early treatment. Septicemic spread may cause generalized dermatitis arthritis endocarditis and meningitis. Although gonococci were thought to be restrained to local areas because they could survive only in tissues having columnar mucous epithelium recent immunologic mechanisms with serum bacteriological activity have been shown to be important also. Increased virulence of disseminated gonococci is another factor. Gonococci from systemic infectious behave differently from those of local infections and act more like meningococci. Menstruation and pregnancy appear to favor dissemination. Pelvic surgery also increases the risk. Septic gonococcal dermatitis occurs in 1-2% of patients with gonorrhea. The majority of cases are seen in female patients. Parenteral treatment with 4.5 million units of penicillin daily for 2 days followed by oral penicillin for 10 days has been successful. Some patients have a tendency to recover spontaneously . Gonococcal infection may extend from the cervix into the uterus and then into the fallopian tubes and finally into the peritoneal cavity. Abscess formation is the most frequent complication of acute pelvic inflammatory disease. Cul-de-sac aspirations usually reveal a mixed infection. Treatment therefore requires broad spectrum antibiotics. Tubal occlusion usually follows and causes infertility. Involvement of the heart is life-threatening. Arterial emboli can produce cerebral vas cular accidents or acute nephritis. Before the antibiotic era the gonoc occus was the etiology of 11-26% of cases of bacterial endocarditis. Since antibiotics in a report of a series of 95 cases of endocarditis no ne had gonococcal involvement and less that 5% of purulent pericarditis was of gonococcal origin. Reported incidence of abnormal electrocardiograms associated with disseminated gonorrhea has varied from 0 to 40%. Ophthalmic gonorrhea is a neonatal problem although adult cases do occur. Serious sequelae include corneal scarring perforation of the cornea panophthalmitis and phthisis bulbi. The antibiotic of choice is 50000 units/kg/day for children and 4.8 million units of procaine penicillin per day for adults. Local therapy is saline irrigation every 15 minutes followed by tetracline drops or chloramphenicol drops and decreasing in frequency as improvement occurs. Atropine drops are given concurrently. Treatment should be started early. The best prophylaxis is to treat the mothers in prenatal clinics and with 1% silver nitrate drops for the infant at birth. Gonococcal meningitis may occur in adults who have gential gonorrhea or in the newborn infant at birth.
Pediatric bacteremia caused by Chromobacterium haemolyticum/Chromobacterium aquaticum

We present a case of pediatric bacteremia caused by Chromobacterium haemolyticum, a β-hemolytic, non-pigmented, Gram-negative bacilli recovered from a blood culture and initially identified as Chromobacterium violaceum using phenotypic and proteomic methods. 16S rRNA sequencing of the patient isolated demonstrated a high degree of sequence homology with the type strain of C. haemolyticum. The patient recovered following treatment with meropenem, gentamicin, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. This case highlights the potential misidentification of C. haemolyticum as non-pigmented C. violaceum due to limitations of the currently available identification methodologies.
Permanent Draft Genome Sequence for Frankia sp. Strain EI5c, a Single-Spore Isolate of a Nitrogen-Fixing Actinobacterium, Isolated from the Root Nodules of Elaeagnus angustifolia.

ABSTRACT Frankia sp. strain EI5c is a member of Frankia lineage III, which is able to reinfect plants of the Eleagnaceae, Rhamnaceae, Myricaceae, and Gymnostoma, as well as the genus Alnus. Here, we report the 6.6-Mbp draft genome sequence of Frankia sp. strain EI5c with a G+C content of 72.14 % and 5,458 candidate protein-encoding genes.
Early Environments, Stress, and the Epigenetics of Human Health

The field of social and behavioral epigenetics examines the role of epigenetic modifications to mediate the effect of psychosocial stressors on an individual's health and well-being. Epigenetic modifications influence gene expression, which can lead to changes in an individual's phenotype. DNA methylation is an important epigenetic modification that varies throughout the lifespan and appears to respond to a wide range of psychosocial and biological stressors. The effects of early-life adversity impact future health and may be passed on to future generations. The underlying model proposes that stress influences health via an epigenetic mechanism involving altered DNA methylation and gene expression. This review summarizes a range of studies that have identified DNA methylation at specific genes and throughout the genome in association with multiple psychosocial stressors, including psychiatric disorders, sexual and physical abuse, and war trauma. Future studies should test a comprehensive list of epigeneti...
Raya Dunayevskaya’s Conception of Ultimate Reality and Meaning

Pour l'A., Raya Dunayevskaya (1910-1987) a reellement eu une conception sur la realite ultime. Son marxisme est une philosophie veritable et pas seulement une sociologie critique ou une theorie economique. Sa conception de la realite et du sens ultimes n'a pas un contenu issu de la speculation mais represente un nouveau continent de pensee et de revolution qui reste a atteindre. Il ne s'agit pas d'un determinisme theologique ou d'une theodicee avec des resultants garantis a l'avance mais d'une aventure de liberte. C'est en un sens l'Absolu d'Hegel mais comme nouveau depart.
Clinicopathologic analysis of malignant effusions in pediatric patients

Introduction The utility of cytologic evaluation of effusion fluids in adults is well established but has been less well documented in the pediatric population. We examined the clinicopathologic characteristics of children with malignant effusions to establish the value of cytologic examination of these specimens. Materials and methods Pleural, pericardial, peritoneal, and intraoperative washing specimens obtained between January 2000 and October 2015 were identified via surgical pathology database search. Relevant clinical and pathologic data was recorded. Statistical analysis of patient groups was performed via two-sided heteroscedastic Student t tests, and Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to compare overall survival between patient groups. Results 474 effusion/washing specimens obtained from 342 patients were identified: 179 pleural effusions, 220 peritoneal fluids, 28 pericardial effusions, and 47 intraoperative washing specimens. Of these, 13.7% (56 of 474) effusion specimens were positive for malignancy. Among cancer patients with effusions, malignant effusions were seen in 54.5% of patients with rhabdomyosarcoma and 28.8% of patients with hematolymphoid malignancies. Regarding patient outcomes, malignant effusions were associated with statistically significantly shorter overall survival ( P = 0.019). When compared with stage IV patients with benign effusions, those with malignant effusions had a shorter 5-year overall survival ( P = 0.042); multiple malignant effusions were associated with a dramatically shorter survival than a single malignant effusion. Conclusions The overall rate of malignant effusions in our patient population was 13.7%. Malignant effusions in children, particularly multiple, portend a poor prognosis. Our observations emphasize the importance of accurate cytologic diagnosis of effusion fluids, and reinforce the value of their cytologic evaluation.
Wildfire mitigation behavior on single family residential properties near Balcones Canyonlands Preserve wildlands in Austin, Texas

Abstract Wildfires have become an increasingly important issue in central Texas as more people move to the wildland-urban interface. Although mitigation can reduce the risk of damage from wildfire, not all homeowners choose to mitigate. Using the area surrounding the Balcones Canyonlands Preserve wildlands in Austin, Texas as a case study, this research examined the factors that lead to homeowners' decisions to or not to mitigate for wildfires. In particular, this study examined the difference between behavioral intention and behavior relating to wildfire mitigation. Study methods included a mail survey of residents living in subdivisions adjacent to the Balcones Canyonlands Preserve wildlands. This study adopted the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) as the conceptual framework to explain homeowners' behaviors and intentions. Statistical analysis was performed on survey responses relating to the conceptual variables in the TPB model. The Intention model indicated that Attitude was the most important variable (40.6% of total variance) relating to Intention, followed by Subjective Norm (10.1%), and Behavioral Control (1.3%). Risk Perception and Residency explained an additional 2.2% of the total variance. The Behavior models indicated that only Intention and Subjective Norm were predictors for Mitigation Behavior 1 (keeping gutters and roof free of leaves, needles, and branches), only Intention and Behavioral Control were predictors for Mitigation Behavior 2 (keeping tree limbs pruned at least 10 feet from the roof), and only Intention was a predictor for Mitigation Behavior 3 (keeping dead vegetation cleared within 30 feet of the house). The models explained 52.4% of the variance in performance of Mitigation Behavior 1, 38.9% in Mitigation Behavior 2, and 42.2% in Mitigation Behavior 3. The models were better at predicting respondents who did perform mitigation behaviors compared with those who did not.
Changing the Things I Cannot Accept: My African Experience of A U.S. Classroom

This article outlines the impact of cultural shock and my way of overcoming it as I migrated to the U.S. as an international student. Often-times, even in academia, where we learn to question and look at things from multiple angles, we essentialize subject positions and as a result silence, alienate and erase many people. Through the use of narrative, I am giving voice to my own struggles with silence and erasure inside of academia in the hopes that other scholars will consider their own complicity in this process and perhaps expand their own thinking and curriculum choices for the courses they teach. In addition, I hope to create space to build solidarity across difference both in and outside of the university.
Accounting for the influence of salt water in the physics required for processing underwater UXO EMI signals

Processing electromagnetic induction signals from subsurface targets, for purposes of discrimination, requires accurate physical models. To date, successful approaches for on-land cases have entailed advanced modeling of responses by the targets themselves, with quite adequate treatment of instruments as well. Responses from the environment were typically slight and/or were treated very simply. When objects are immersed in saline solutions, however, more sophisticated modeling of the diffusive EMI physics in the environment is required. One needs to account for the response of the environment itself as well as the environment’s frequency and time-dependent effects on both primary and secondary fields, from sensors and targets, respectively. Here we explicate the requisite physics and identify its effects quantitatively via analytical, numerical, and experimental investigations. Results provide a path for addressing the quandaries posed by previous underwater measurements and indicate how the environmental physics may be included in more successful processing.
The State of the Union Is Strong: a Review of ASM's 6th Conference on Cell-Cell Communication in Bacteria

ABSTRACT The 6th American Society for Microbiology Conference on Cell-Cell Communication in Bacteria convened from 16 to 19 October 2017 in Athens, GA. In this minireview, we highlight some of the research presented at that meeting that addresses central questions emerging in the field, including the following questions. How are cell-cell communication circuits designed to generate responses? Where are bacteria communicating? Finally, why are bacteria engaging in such behaviors?
What Becomes of America’s Military Brats?

The article discusses the need for public health research on the health of children of military personnel in relation to their transitions into adulthood. Topics include the health effects of frequent moves by the families of U.S. military personnel, the impacts of deployments on the children of military personnel, and mental health aspects of the lives of children of military personnel.
Basic Forms and Operations

Computer is a data transformer. Given certain input data, a computer, by means of its programs and its internal circuitry, transforms the data into other data that constitutes the output of the machine. This chapter examines the concept of data as it relates to computers, to determine the basic forms that data can take regardless of the interpretation, and discusses those forms for properties that affect computation. A set is a mere collection of things, such as, books, computers, concepts, colors, words, numbers, and cars. These things in a set are called elements or members of the set. Sets can be conveniently represented by Venn diagrams. A lot of data processed by a computer consists of associated items of information: a man's name and his social security number; a part number and its name; a document title and its list of descriptors. Such associations are handled by product sets. The chapter also discusses data forms with more complex structures like relations, mappings, and functions, as well as vectors and matrices.
Relatively Categorical and Normal Theories

We present here two remarks, preliminary to a more serious study of invariants of elementary concepts in elementary theories. The ideas of Klein and Galois suggest the basic questions in this field. To render them more precise we introduce two very natural model-theoretic notions: “the theory A(R, S) is categorical relative to the primitive concept R” and “A(R, S) is normal relative R”. Once this is accomplished, it turns out that a fundamental result in Klein’s program applied to elementary theories (theorem 1′), is a simple corollary to Beth’s [1] definability theorem (or its extension by Craig [4]). Similarly, the fact that Galois groups of elementary theories are finite (theorem 2) follows at once from a definability theorem of Svenonius [6].
Improving Family Life for the New Millennium

Despite the vast differences in the world’s cultures, we all have one unifying link: we come from a group that is universally labeled “The Family”. But as one reviews the evolution of what has become known as the family, it becomes clear that the family of the new millennium is not the same as it used to be.
A SECOND STAGE EDDY-VISCOSITY MODEL FOR TURBULENT FLUID FLOWS: OR, A UNIVERSAL STATISTICAL TOOL?

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on second stage eddy-viscosity model for turbulent fluid flows. It presents a status report on a structural analysis system based upon Lumley's mathematical definition of large eddy as interpreted in turbulent flow. The term large eddy has been used by turbulence workers for more than half a century but until Lumley's proper orthogonal decomposition theorem, there was no rational definition of these large-scale structures that occur in a statistical ensemble. Hence, analysts were forced to play a guessing game in their interpretation of experimental data and its revelation or concealment of large scale structures. The methodology described in the chapter is applicable to any set of statistical data, continuous or discrete no matter the size of the database. The method can be applied subject only to the usual restrictions of ingenuity of the applier and availability of good precise data with minimal inherent error.
Commentary: on the transformation of the moral economy of care.

The documentation amassed in these provisionalassessments of the changing terms andconditions of psychiatric work amounts to areconfiguring of the moral economy of care –those root value-laden assumptions about whatconstitutes proper conduct in a service ortreatment context. Such a transformationappears to have been in the works for sometime, but the acuity with which it afflicts theconsciousness of present-day actors suggeststhat a threshold has been crossed. The loss of``slippage'' in everyday clinical work, limitedrecourse of those who would resist the trend,deep ``persuasive'' impact on non-believers ofbeing forced to ``go through the motions,'' allargue that the ethos of psychiatric work hasbeen thoroughly infiltrated by efficiency, withcosts yet to be reckoned. Anthropology mayhave been slow to take cognizance of suchtrends, but its improvisational methods andflexible tools should be of use in mapping suchcosts, direct and indirect, and anycountervailing benefits.
Mehr über Prozeduren

Wir werden Sie in diesem Kapitel mit weiteren wichtigen Details uber Prozeduren vertraut machen, die Ihnen helfen werden, mit geringerem Aufwand einfachere und wahrscheinlich auch bessere Programme zu schreiben. Der Weg, den wir hierbei beschreiten werden,kann haufig auch fur die Losung nicht rechnerbezogener Probleme gewahlt werden.
On the asymptotic expressions of critical energy barrier in Prandtl-Tomlinson model

ABSTRACTThe Prandtl-Tomlinson (PT) model is the most widely used and successful minimalistic model to describe atomistic scale friction. It can describe the thermally activated, stress assistant process which shows stick-slip frictional behavior. The relationship between the energy barrier and lateral force is critical to determine how the frictional force depends on velocity and temperature. There is some confusion in the literature to derive such relationship. The underlying assumption and approximations are not stated in a clear way and the rigorous derivations are missing. This study discusses the asymptotic behavior of the energy barrier as the support-spring coupling lowers it to zero and gives a detailed derivation of the asymptotic expression of the energy barrier within the framework of PT model.
Hemodynamic Support with Intra Aortic Balloon Pump Differs by Etiology of Cardiogenic Shock

Purpose While intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) counterpulsation has not been shown to be of benefit in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) with cardiogenic shock (CS), emerging data suggest that patients with acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) might be more likely to stabilize with this device. Methods Patients with hemodynamic evidence of CS related to either AMI or ADHF who received IABP support were studied retrospectively. Cardiac outputs (CO) and indices (CI) were calculated using the Fick method. Hemodynamics were compared before and after IABP insertion and between the AMI and ADHF cohorts. Results During the study period, 77 patients were supported with IABP for AMI related CS while 132 were supported for ADHF related CS. The mean age was 64.7±13.6 years and 75.1% were men. Mean arterial blood pressure was 75.6±10.6mmHg and 78.4±14.6mmHg among ADHF and AMI patients, respectively (p=0.12). Mean pulmonary artery pressure was higher among those with ADHF (37.9±9.3mmHg vs 33.6±8.9mmHg, p=0.002). Left ventricular ejection fraction was 18.0±8.9% among those with ADHF and 28.9±12.0% among those with AMI (p Conclusion While the degree of hemodynamic compromise was similar between those with CS related to AMI and ADHF, the response to IABP counterpulsation differed significantly between these cohorts suggesting that the device's efficacy may differ between etiologies of CS.
Water Vapor Condensation as an Explanation for the Great Apparent Radiance of Sun-Lit High-Altitude Rocket Exhaust Plumes

Abstract Recent studies of self-nucleating water vapor condensation within the undisturbed expansion and recompression regions of high-altitude rocket exhaust plumes are reported. These studies indicate that the often-observed high visibility of sunlit, high-altitude rocket exhaust plumes cannot be explained on this basis.
Prison Rape Elimination Act Litigation and the Perpetuation of Sexual Harm

The Prison Rape Elimination Act (PREA) is perhaps the most significant law reform project undertaken on U.S. prison issues in the twenty-first century. In the decade since PREA was enacted, it has been invoked by both plaintiffs and defendants and mentioned in hundreds of opinions, even though PREA does not create a private right of action or affirmative defense. This article provides the first scholarly analysis of the role of PREA in prison litigation. The author argues that courts have addressed PREA in ways that have disserved prisoners and contributed to the perpetuation of sexual harm.The article first provides background on PREA and on the constitutional and statutory standards that govern most claims related to sexual abuse in detention. Second, it describes and analyzes the key ways in which PREA has failed prisoners. Third, it lays out proposals for judicial approaches to PREA that would make better doctrinal and normative sense than current trends, including using PREA to inform judicial understandings of “evolving standards of decency” under the Eighth Amendment. Fourth and finally, it reflects on the implications of this analysis for larger questions about law reform and social justice.
Chronicle of a Death Foretold: Can Studying Death Help Us Care for the Living?

Gabriel Garcia Marquez opens Chronicle of a Death Foretold with a brutal finality: a man is murdered in the doorway of his home. Hundreds of pages later, the reader has some insight into why the death happened, but the event itself is never in doubt. Like the famous novel, the mortality follow-
Flow-regulated endothelial glycocalyx determines metastatic cancer cell activity.

Cancer metastasis and secondary tumor initiation largely depend on circulating tumor cell (CTC) and vascular endothelial cell (EC) interactions by incompletely understood mechanisms. Endothelial glycocalyx (GCX) dysfunction may play a significant role in this process. GCX structure depends on vascular flow patterns, which are irregular in tumor environments. This work presents evidence that disturbed flow (DF) induces GCX degradation, leading to CTC homing to the endothelium, a first step in secondary tumor formation. A 2-fold greater attachment of CTCs to human ECs was found to occur under DF conditions, compared to uniform flow (UF) conditions. These results corresponded to an approximately 50% decrease in wheat germ agglutinin (WGA)-labeled components of the GCX under DF conditions, vs UF conditions, with undifferentiated levels of CTC-recruiting E-selectin under DF vs UF conditions. Confirming the role of the GCX, neuraminidase induced the degradation of WGA-labeled GCX under UF cell culture conditions or in Balb/C mice and led to an over 2-fold increase in CTC attachment to ECs or Balb/C mouse lungs, respectively, compared to untreated conditions. These experiments confirm that flow-induced GCX degradation can enable metastatic CTC arrest. This work, therefore, provides new insight into pathways of secondary tumor formation.
A Review of Biochemistry Education Research

Reports of the results of research within the emerging field of biochemistry education are appearing at an ever-increasing rate. Capturing an image of the landscape of Biochemistry Education Resear...
Differential localization of Hessian fly candidate effectors in resistant and susceptible wheat plants

Hessian fly Mayetiola destructor is a notorious pest of wheat. Previous studies suggest that Hessian fly uses effector-based mechanisms to attack wheat plants during parasitism, but no direct evidence has been reported to support this postulation. Here, we produced recombinant proteins for five Family-1 candidate effectors and antibodies. Indirect immunostaining and western blots were carried out to examine the localization of Hessian fly Family-1 proteins in plant and insect tissues. Confocal images revealed that Family-1 putative effectors were exclusively produced in the basal region of larval salivary glands, which are directly linked to the mandibles' ducts for effector injection. The five Family-1 proteins were detected in infested host plants on western blots. Indirect immunostaining of sectioned host tissues around the feeding site revealed strikingly different localization patterns between resistant and susceptible plants. In susceptible plants, the Family-1 proteins penetrated from the feeding cell into deep tissues, indicative of movement between cells during nutritive cell formation. In contrast, the Hessian fly proteins were primarily limited to the initially attacked cells in resistant plants. The limitation of effectors' spread in resistant plants was likely due to wall strengthening and rapid hypersensitive cell death. Cell death was found in Nicotiana benthamiana in association with hypersensitive reaction triggered by the Family-1 effector SSGP-1A2. Our finding represents a significant progress in visualizing insect effectors in host tissues and mechanisms of plant resistance and susceptibility to gall midge pests.
Surgical Resection of a Symptomatic Superior Vena Cava Lipoma: A Case Report and Literature Review.

Background: Lipomas are the most common form of benign soft tissue neoplasms and most frequently occur in the subcutaneous tissue. Rarely does a lipoma primarily arise from the arteries or veins. The most common location for an intravascular lipoma is the inferior vena cava, and rarely lipomas originate in the superior vena cava (SVC). Large lipomas of the SVC may be associated with central venous occlusive symptoms. There are only 7 cases of SVC lipomas reported in the literature. Here, we present only the second case of a large symptomatic lipoma located in the SVC, right internal jugular vein, and innominate veins. Methods We present a case of a 5-cm lipoma located in the SVC, discovered incidentally and surgically resected via median sternotomy. Results The patient underwent a successful open surgical resection of a symptomatic lipoma located in his SVC. Conclusions Lipomas of the SVC are exceptionally rare, with only 7 cases described in the literature. This case demonstrates that lipomas can be safely excised from the SVC leading to resolution of central venous occlusive symptoms. A comprehensive literature review reveals that surgical resection is generally without complication, leads to resolution of symptoms, and does not require long-term follow-up.
Isolevuglandin-Modified Cardiac Proteins Drive CD4+ T-Cell Activation in the Heart and Promote Cardiac Dysfunction

Background: Despite the well-established association between T-cell–mediated inflammation and nonischemic heart failure, the specific mechanisms triggering T-cell activation during the progression ...
3047 – THE ADULT HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL NICHE IN ZEBRAFISH DEFINED USING CORRELATIVE LIGHT AND ELECTRON MICROSCOPY

Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) that originate from the hemogenic endothelium in the dorsal aorta to finally home and engraft within the adult niche, the fetal bone marrow (BM), become surrounded by niche cells in a complex microenvironment. The ultrastructure of this niche is not well defined as current imaging technology does not allow direct visualization of the fetal BM niche. Zebrafish have a similar hematopoietic ontogeny to mammals, and because the embryos are transparent, intrinsic HSPC interactions with the niche can be directly visualized. To track HSPCs during colonization of the presumptive adult niche, the kidney marrow (KM), we used our previously validated HSPC-specific transgenic reporter lines. In 5 days post fertilization fixed larvae, we detected ∼100 HSPCs/larva. To precisely locate these rare HSPCs within the larger dense KM, we genetically tagged endogenous HSPCs to track them live using lightsheet microscopy, followed by high resolution serial block-face scanning electron microscopy (SBEM). Using this technique, we could visually track single mCherry+ HSPCs, then confirm their exact location in a SBEM dataset with high contrast APEX2 peroxidase label. We found HSPC clusters within vessel lumens, as well as single HSPC in a novel perivascular niche. In this perivascular site, a single HSPC was seen to simultaneously contact one mesenchymal stromal cell, multiple endothelial cells, a glial-like cell and other hematopoietic cells. The glial-like cells were dopamine beta hydroxylase positive (dbh+) cells and treatment with small molecules inhibitor of dopamine led to significantly reduced HSPC numbers within the niche. Our approach can be used to identify the ultrastructure of single rare cells within dense tissues by using multiple imaging modalities and can also lead to the identification of previously uncharacterized cell types.
When do women receive managerial support? The effects of gender congruence and the manager-employee relationship

This article examines the impact of manager-employee gender similarity on supportive leadership behaviours by public managers. Following prior research, we hypothesize that women with female manage...
Hodoscope instrumentation for photoproduction of wide angle MU meson pairs. Part 2. Control-interface unit

Abstract The data collected from a 192 counter hodoscope is temporarily stored, as described in Part 1, on flip-flops, connected as six shift storage registers. In the present section we describe the fixed program device which takes over control of the experiment once the flip-flops are loaded. This device, which serves the functions of a control unit for the hodoscope and an interface between the hodoscope and the tape recorder, transfers the data to a tape recorder in proper IBM binary format. The requirements of IBM format and the consequent requirements on the timing and nature of the command sequence of the control-interface unit are discussed.
Evidence for cometabolism in sewage.

A procedure was developed to demonstrate cometabolism in models of natural ecosystems. The procedure involves showing the formation of metabolic products in high yield and the lack of incorporation of substrate carbon into cellular constituents. Samples of four 14C-labeled herbicides (trifluralin, profluralin, fluchloralin, and nitrofen) were incubated with sewage aerobically and under discontinuous anaerobiosis for 88 days, and fresh sewage was added at intervals. Products were formed from each of the herbicides in nonsterile, but not in sterile, sewage. The yield of recovered products reached 87% for profluralin and more than 90% for fluchloralin and trifluralin, and the number of products ranged from 6 for nitrofen to 12 for fluchloralin. Concentrating the sewage microflora 40-fold greatly enhanced the rate of conversion. None of the radioactivity from the herbicide entered the nucleoside pool of the sewage microflora. The lack of incorporation of substrate carbon into cells and the almost stoichiometric conversion of the substrate to organic products indicate that members of the microbial community were cometabolizing the test compounds.
Admisible limits of invariant potentials in the unit ball of

In the paper we investigate admissible limits, both pointwise adn in L p , of the invariant potentials on the unit ball B in C n , which for suitable f and α are defined by . Where G is the Green's function for the Laplace-Beltrami operator on B, and λ is the invariant measure on B.
A Comparison of the Instructional Context for Students with Behavioral Issues Enrolled in Self-Contained and General Education Classrooms.

Students with emotional and behavioral disorders (EBD) are often placed into self-contained settings to provide more focused academic and behavioral supports. Little is known, however, about differ...
Taking on the Multiscale Challenge

Numerous physical modeling problems in the semiconductor industry involve large scale differences. In one class of equipment modeling problems, the goal is to relate macroscopic reactor level behavior to the growth of material on features that are six orders of magnitude smaller. In another class of problems, properties calculated at the atomic level are used to construct models that apply over much larger length scales. Several examples are described from electroplating, chemical vapor deposition, deposition of metallization, reliability, and chemical-mechanical polishing.
A generalized method for determining radiation patterns of aperture antennas and its application to reflector antennas

The reflector antenna may be thought of as an aperture antenna. The classical solution for the radiation pattern of such an antenna is found by the aperture integration (AI) method. Success with this method depends on how accurately the aperture currents are known beforehand. In the past, geometrical optics (GO) has been employed to find the aperture currents. This approximation is suitable for calculating the main beam and possibly the first few sidelobes. A better approximation is to use aperture currents calculated from the geometrical theory of diffraction (GTD). Integration of the GTD currents over and extended aperture yields more accurate results for the radiation pattern. This approach is useful when conventional AI and GTD solutions have no common region of validity. This problem arises in reflector antennas. Two dimensional models of parabolic reflectors are studied; however, the techniques discussed can be applied to any aperture antenna.
Gauss Sums as Distributions

The Stickelberger theorem giving the factorization of Gauss sums, the Gross-Koblitz formula, and the Davenport-Hasse distribution relations will be combined to interpret Gauss sums as universal odd distributions (Yamamoto’s theorem).
Asset Specificity and the Structure of Vertical Relationships: Empirical Evidence

A meeting to celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of "The Nature of the Firm" could not take place at a more appropriate time. Theoretical and empirical research into the kinds of issues raised by Professor Coase in his 1937 paper has increased substantially in recent years. It is a good time to take stock of where we are, how we got here, and where we are going in this area. I have been asked to do two things in this paper. First, to discuss the theoretical research that has had an important influence on my own thinking and research on issues related to the nature of the firm. I will use this opportunity to reminisce about my own intellectual enlightenment to provide a historical survey of the conceptual developments that I feel have been of most importance. Second, to review recent empirical research that has been stimulated by this theoretical work. Since my recent research interests in this area have focused primarily on issues associated with the structure of vertical relationships, and, in particular, the role of asset specificity, transactions costs, and incomplete contracts, it is this strand of the literature that I will focus on here.
Effects of Crack Surface Morphology on Fracture Behavior under Mixed Mode I/III Loading

Material toughening due to crack surface friction under mixed mode loading is studied. A mechanistic model is developed for a crack with an intergranular fracture surface under mixed Mode I/Mode III loading. The model takes into account several microstructural and material parameters such as grain shape and friction coefficient between grain boundaries. By employing a self-consistent, fracture mechanics approach, the governing integral equation with a singular kernel is obtained. A special numerical technique is used to solve the integral equation. The frictional stress distribution along the crack face is obtained for different grain shapes and frictional coefficients. The results show that, because of crack surface friction, the material toughens significantly. The toughening ratio increases rapidly with the relative magnitude of the Mode III component of the applied load. Moreover, two parameters, the oblique grain boundary angle and the friction coefficient, are identified as the controlling parameters for the toughening behavior. Using an energy-based crack tip fracture criterion, fracture loci in K I - K I I I space are constructed to serve as a failure criterion for mixed mode fracture. The model predictions are also compared with experimental measurements. Good agreement is obtained. Potential applications of the model to surface crack growth under rolling contact loading in the presence of lubricating fluids are discussed.
Rupture history of 2014 Mw 6.0 South Napa earthquake inferred from near-fault strong motion data and its impact to the practice of ground strong motion prediction

The spatiotemporal rupture history of the 2014 South Napa earthquake is constrained using near-fault strong motion records. An aggressive source parameterization with 1372 subfaults is adopted to match the signals in the transverse components up to 4 Hz. The result reveals that the rupture of the Napa earthquake initiated at a depth of 9.84 km and propagated mainly to north-northwest (NNW) and updip on a 13 km long fault patch. A gradual increase in average rise time when the rupture propagates to shallower depth is observed. However, it is the rupture of a small (Mw 4.9), isolated, and high stress drop fault patch that excited the largest ground acceleration at stations south of the epicenter. Such fine-scale rupture heterogeneity shall be considered during seismic hazard analysis.
Prostanoid Production in Rabbit Corpus Cavernosum: I. Regulation by Oxygen Tension

AbstractPurpose: To investigate the effects of oxygen tension on prostanoid synthesis in rabbit penile corpus cavernosum tissue (RCC) in organ culture.Materials and Methods: Strips of rabbit corpus cavernosum were incubated in organ culture media under varying oxygen conditions (0 percent, 12 percent and 21 percent oxygen), in the presence or absence of acetylcholine and arachidonate stimulation. Prostanoids were measured in collected media by radioimmunoassay. Prostaglandin H synthase (PGHS) protein levels and mRNA PGHS expression were measured under both 0 percent and 21 percent oxygen conditions.Results: Basal and acetylcholine-stimulated PGI2 release was progressively diminished as a function of diminishing oxygen tension (pO2 from approximately 165 to 25 mm.Hg). The basal and stimulated production of other prostanoids, thromboxane A2, PGF2 alpha and PGE2, was also significantly inhibited under 0 percent oxygen (approximately 25 mm.Hg) conditions. However, incubation under 0 percent oxygen did not alt...