cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Weight gain following smoking cessation: a possible role for nicotine replacement in weight management.

This study examined nicotine dependence as a factor in weight gain following smoking cessation in a group of 104 recent ex-smokers. Nicotine dependence was measured using the eight-item Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire. Findings support the hypothesis that weight gain following smoking cessation is greater among more nicotine dependent persons. Heavier smokers (≥26 cigs/day), those who reported smoking when they are ill, and those who reported smoking their cigarette of the day within 30 minutes of waking up reported the greatest increases in weight one month after quitting. Twenty subjects reported using nicotine gum to help them quit smoking. A significant inverse correlation (r= -.17) was found between weight gain and the number of pieces of nicotine gum chewed per day. Stratification by the number of cigarettes smoked daily (≥26 cigs/ versus <26 cigs/day) indicated that the correlation between weight gain and the number of pieces of nicotine gum chewed per day was significant only for heavy smokers (r = -.37 versus r = -.08). This finding suggests that nicotine replacement may help prevent weight gain following smoking cessation, especially for the more dependent smokers.
Methods for conditioning electron beams in free-electron lasers.

Abstract : The operation of free electron lasers can be severely limited by the axial velocity spread of the beam electrons. In this letter we propose methods for reducing the axial velocity spread in electron beams by redistributing the electron energy via interaction with an axially symmetric, slow, TM waveguide mode. In the first method, the energy redistribution is correlated with the electrons' betatron amplitude, while in the second method it is correlated with the electrons' synchrotron amplitude. Reductions of more than a factor of 40 in the rms axial velocity spread have been obtained in simulations.
Determination of mass eroded from pulsed plasma accelerator electrodes

In these equations, for hyperbolic orbits, / = arcsinh, k = + 1, and for elliptic orbits,/ = arcsin, k = ±1. These equations are free from ambiguity if it is agreed that & = +1 when the empty focus falls outside the area enclosed by the chord and the trajectory and k = —1 if it falls inside of it. Also w is positive if the central angle is less than TT and negative if greater than IT (see Fig. 1). Finally, Eq. (3) with the new notation becomes
Salesperson and product country-of-origin effects on attitudes and intentions to purchase

Abstract The results of an experiment that explores the effect of a salesperson's nationality on buyers' attitudes and intentions to purchase are reported. Salesperson ethnicity and product country of origin are manipulated and their effect on buyers' evaluations of the salesperson, sales presentation, product, company, and intentions to purchase are assessed. While the results are mixed, this exploratory study is the first reported attempt to evaluate the impact of national stereotyping on the industrial purchasing process.
The evolving role of prevention in health care: contributions of the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force.

in the United States can be prevented. Primary prevention can prevent or arrest the disease process in its earliest stages by promoting healthier lifestyles or immunizing against infectious disease. Secondary prevention, by detecting and treating asymptomatic risk factors or early asymptomatic disease, can substantially reduce subsequent morbidity or mortality. The clinician plays a pivotal role in both primary and secondary prevention. Health professionals deliver vaccinations, screen for modifiable risk factors such as high blood pressure and high cholesterol, counsel patients about smoking and other behavioral risk factors, provide screening tests for early detection of cancer and other chronic conditions, and advise patients about the benefits and risks of preventive therapies such as postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy.
Do non-citizens vote in U.S. elections?

In spite of substantial public controversy, very little reliable data exists concerning the frequency with which non-citizen immigrants participate in United States elections. Although such participation is a violation of election laws in most parts of the United States, enforcement depends principally on disclosure of citizenship status at the time of voter registration. This study examines participation rates by non-citizens using a nationally representative sample that includes non-citizen immigrants. We find that some non-citizens participate in U.S. elections, and that this participation has been large enough to change meaningful election outcomes including Electoral College votes, and Congressional elections. Non-citizen votes likely gave Senate Democrats the pivotal 60th vote needed to overcome filibusters in order to pass health care reform and other Obama administration priorities in the 111th Congress.
Accuracy issues in free thyroxine testing methods.

The incidence of low neonatal free thyroxine (T 4 ) assay results is methodology-dependent. Nonanalog free T 4 assay results represent free T 4 concentrations when free T 4 is the only form of T 4 . Similar analog-based free T 4 assay results are produced by an extraordinary range of free T 4 concentrations, when free T 4 is the only form of T 4 . Adding albumin or transthyretin to free T 4 concentrations greatly decreased free T 4 concentrations, as expected, but increased analog-based free T 4 assay results. By contrast, adding thyroxine-binding globulin decreased free T 4 concentrations and free T 4 assay results; but these free T 4 concentrations were not represented by assay results. There was no specificity for the free form of T 4 versus bound forms of T 4 in some free T 4 assay results. The protein that binds T 4 can have a major influence on some of the total T 4 assay results that may be used in free T 4 index methods.
Online solid-phase extraction-liquid chromatography-electrospray-tandem mass spectrometry determination of multiple classes of antibiotics in environmental and treated waters.

An online solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography in combination with tandem mass spectrometry method was developed for the simultaneous determination of 31 antibiotics in drinking water, surface water and reclaimed waters. The developed methodology requires small sample volume (10 mL), very little sample preparation and total sample run time was 20 min. An Ion Max API heated electrospray ionization source operated in the positive mode with two selected reaction monitoring transitions was used per antibiotic for positive identity and quantification performed by the internal standard approach, to correct for matrix effects and any losses in the online extraction step. Method detection limits were in the range of 1.2–9.7, 2.2–15, 5.5–63 ng/L in drinking water, surface water and reclaimed waters, respectively. The method accuracy in matrix spiked samples ranged from 50–150 % for the studied antibiotics. The applicability of the method was demonstrated using various environmental and reclaimed water matrices. Erythromycin was detected in more than 85 % of the samples in all matrices (28–414, n.d.–199, n.d.–66 ng/L in reclaimed, river and drinking waters respectively). The other frequently detected antibiotics in reclaimed waters were nalidixic acid, clarithromycin, azithromycin, trimethoprim, and sulfamethoxazole.
Improved boundary lubrication with formulated C-ethers

A comparison of five recently developed C-ether-formulated fluids with an advanced formulated MIL-L-27502 candidate ester is described. Steady state wear and friction measurements were made with a sliding pin on disk friction apparatus. Conditions included disk temperatures up to 260 C, dry air test atmosphere, 1 kilogram load, 50 rpm disk speed, and test times to 130 minutes. Based on wear rates and coefficients of friction, three of the C-ether formulations as well as the C-ether base fluid gave better boundary lubrication than the ester fluid under all test conditions. The susceptibility of C-ethers to selective additive treatment (phosphinic esters or acids and other antiwear additives) was demonstrated when two of the formulations gave somewhat improved lubrication over the base fluid. The increased operating potential for this fluid was shown in relationship to bulk oil temperature limits for MIL-L-23699 and MIL-L-27502 type esters.
Measurement of charge storage and leakage in polyimides

Abstract Resistivity and electric charge storage properties of LaRC-SI and Kapton polyimide samples were studied in a dark evacuated environment, both before and after 50 kGy cobalt-60 gamma irradiation. In different tests, slow electrons, and 4 keV electrons were used to charge surfaces of 50 μm polyimide to about 500 V while the opposite surfaces were copper metalized and grounded. The subsequent decay of surface voltage can be interpreted as a current through the resistivity of the dielectric. The same samples tested by classical ASTM and IEC methods provided resistivities of order 1E16 Ω cm, but when tested by our evacuated charge decay method the resistivity was 5E19−5E20 Ω cm or more. Charging with low energy electrons produced resistivity data reasonably similar to that produced by charging with 4 keV electron beams. The gamma irradiation, followed by one month of rest under no bias, reduced the resistivity by a factor of 2 in both materials. Raising temperature from the normal 20–50 °C reduced the resistivity in Kapton, but the reduction was not observable in the LaRC-SI material. Even after 20 days of “constant-bias” the rate of fractional charge loss continued to decline indicating that polarization current rather than ideal resistivity may be the cause of most voltage decay, and that the true resistivity is higher than the values determined here, and much higher by several orders of magnitude than the values determined in classical ASTM and IEC test procedures.
An algorithm for aspects of semantic interpretation using an enhanced WordNet

An algorithm for semantic interpretation is explained. The algorithm is based on predicates defined for WordNet verb classes. The algorithm is driven by the definition of these predicates whose thematic roles are linked to the WordNet ontology for nouns and to the syntactic relations that realize them. The algorithm has been tested in the identification of the meaning of the verb, thematic roles, and temporal and spatial adjuncts.
Digitizing And Interfacing Of Nondigital Images

In discussing analog or non-digital images it is important to recognize that all images are generated by an interaction between quanta (either light, x or gamma rays, etc.) or particulate radiations, and a substance capable of responding to the interaction of these rays and that substance in such a way that an image can be generated. The intensity of the primary radiation and its spatial variation will then reflect the object being imaged. Therefore, the real difference between a digitized and an analog image lies in the method of recording this data. Many of the systems classified as digital make use of first-stage analog devices from which information is extracted and then transformed to a digitized format. In this paper we will discuss images which have not undergone such a transformation and which have been stored in analog form by an analog storage device. Such storage devices are usually photographic film, video disk, or video tape. It is from these analog storage media that subsequent digitization and/or processing by computer takes place. The choice of the methods of recording and digitization can greatly influence the signal to noise level and therefore the precision and accuracy of the computed results whether expressed as an image or in terms of numbers. Commonly used are video cameras, laser scanners, and photo-electronic scanners. The signal to noise level capabilities of these digitization modalities also influence both spatial and gray level resolutions achievable. In the case of radiological imaging most applications utilizing digitization have involved the use of video. The use of video for such applications has been reviewed recently.' In this paper we shall restrict our discussion to this modality.© (1982) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
An interdisciplinary bronchopulmonary dysplasia program is associated with improved neurodevelopmental outcomes and fewer rehospitalizations

An interdisciplinary bronchopulmonary dysplasia program is associated with improved neurodevelopmental outcomes and fewer rehospitalizations
Sampling distributions for introductory statistics students using internet polling software

The topic of sampling distributions is the first source of considerable difficulty for introductory statistics students. In this article, an active learning idea for an introduction to sampling distributions is presented. The activity uses real data collected from the class, and the results are used to generate sampling distributions using electronic communication of sample statistics from student mobile telephones.
Crafting the Cornbread Nation: The Southern Foodways Alliance and Southern Identity

The Southern food movement does far more than just celebrate a delectable cuisine; it also may provide the ingredients for gradual social change. We argue that the Southern food movement, led by the Southern Foodways Alliance, helps to craft a Southern identity based on diverse, humble, and hospitable food. This rhetorically constitutive work—the food and discussions about Southern foodways (food habits)—has the potential to open up spaces for dialogue about Southern identity and to move individuals closer to a shared experience.
A type II beta-turn in a flexible peptide: proton assignment and conformational analysis of the alpha-factor from Saccharomyces cerevisiae in solution.

Two-dimensional 1H-nmr spectra of the α-mating factor [in dimethyl sulfoxide-d6 (DMSO) and in water] and several dodecapeptide analogues (in DMSO) were obtained. Homonuclear correlated spectroscopy resulted in the complete and unequivocal assignment of all backbone and side-chain resonances of the peptides. The solution conformation of the pheromones was probed using two-dimensional (2D) nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy (NOESY) and rotating frame nuclear Overhauer effect spectroscopy (ROESY). The 2D NOE results, and results of complementary one-dimensional experiments, suggest that a type II β-turn is assumed by the central portion of active pheromones in both DMSO and water. Inactive analogues of the α-factor do not exhibit this structural feature. Except for this one β-turn, the nmr parameters for α-factor are indicative of a conformationally flexible molecule in both solvents. This conclusion is in contrast to that of other researchers who have proposed a highly structured conformation of α-factor in aqueous solution.
Incremental adaptive subdivision of mesh surfaces

Subdivision of triangular meshes is a common technique for refining a given surface representation for various purposes in computer vision, computer graphics, and finite element methods. Particularly, in the processing of reconstructed surfaces based on sensed data, subdivision can be used to add surface points at locations in which the sensed data was sparse and so increase the density of various computed surface properties at such locations. Standard subdivision techniques are normally applied to the complete mesh and so add vertices and faces throughout the mesh. In modifying global adaptive subdivision schemes to perform local subdivision, it is necessary to guarantee smooth transition between subdivided regions and regions left at the original level so as to prevent the formation of surface artifacts at the boundaries between such regions. Moreover, the produced surface mesh needs to be suitable for successive local subdivision steps. We propose a novel approach for incremental adaptive subdivision of triangle meshes which may be applied to multiple global subdivision schemes and which may be repeated iteratively without forming artifacts in the subdivided mesh. The decision of where to subdivide in each iteration is determined based on an error measure which is minimized through subdivision. Smoothness between various subdivision levels is obtained through the postponement of local atomic operations. The proposed scheme is evaluated and compared to known techniques using quantitative measures.
Reduction of Torque-Induced Bending Vibrations in Ball Screw-Driven Machines via Optimal Design of the Nut

As a result of the push for sustainable machine designs, efforts are constantly being made to reduce the mass/inertia of moving machine components so as to minimize material usage and energy consumption. However, the reduction of structural stiffness that often accompanies such efforts gives rise to unwanted vibrations which must be effectively mitigated to ensure satisfactory performance of the designed machine. The ball screw mechanism (BSM) is commonly used in machines for motion and force transmission. Recent research has shown that, due to the coupling introduced by the nut, a torque applied to the shaft of a ball screw mechanism causes undesirable lateral (bending) vibrations of the screw, which adversely affect the fatigue life and positioning accuracy of ball screw-driven machines. In this paper, an analysis of the stiffness matrix connecting the screw to the nut is used to show that the entry/exit angle of the balls and the lead angle of the screw have the greatest influence on the coupling between the torsional and lateral directions. An objective function is proposed to minimize the static coupling between the applied torque and lateral deformations of the screw. The existence of local minima in the objective function is shown to be dependent on the cyclical characteristics of cross-coupling terms in the screw-nut interface stiffness matrix as a function of the entry/exit angle of the balls. Moreover, the sensitivity of the local minima to other nut/screw parameters is shown to highly depend on the lead angle. Simulations conducted on the finite element (FE) model of a single-axis ball screw-driven machine demonstrate that the optimally selected entry/exit angles result in a significant reduction of the low-frequency torque-induced vibrations of the machine compared to the unoptimized case, particularly when the lead angle is small. The proposed method is therefore suitable for reducing the torque-induced lateral vibrations of ball screws without increasing the diameter (i.e., inertia) of the screw, thus leading to more sustainable designs of ball screw-driven machines.
A mixed-EHL analysis of effects of misalignments and elastic deformations on the performance of a coupled journal-thrust bearing system

This paper presents a mixed-EHL analysis of effects of misalignments and elastic deformations on the performance of a coupled journal-thrust bearing system. Two types of misalignment (axial and twisting) are considered. The JFO's mass conserving cavitation conditions are applied to the governing Reynolds equations. The performance of a typical coupled journal-thrust bearing system is numerically studied and the effects of elastic deformations and misalignments are investigated.
Effects of Appendaged Circle Hook Use on Catch Rates and Deep Hooking of Black Sea Bass in a Recreational Fishery

AbstractPrevious studies have demonstrated that circle hooks modified with an appendage can reduce the occurrence of deep hooking in some fishes. To determine whether this modification affects total catch and deep-hooking rate of Black Sea Bass Centropristis striata in a recreational fishery off the coast of Florida, anglers were provided with standardized gear that included one appendaged and one nonappendaged hook. Both hook types were fished equally, and a greater number of Black Sea Bass were caught on appendaged hooks (n = 301) than on nonappendaged hooks (n = 221). There was no significant difference in the mean TL (P = 0.80) of jaw- or deep-hooked fish during the study. Logistic regression was applied to the data using anatomical hooking location as the dependent variable and angler, hook position, and hook type as categorical factors. Hook type was the only significant variable in the final model (P = 0.03) in which fewer fish were deep hooked on appendaged hooks (0.96%) than on nonappendaged hook...
Protein Phosphatase Type-1 and Glycogen Bind to a Domain in the Skeletal Muscle Regulatory Subunit Containing Conserved Hydrophobic Sequence Motifs†

This study identifies a 100-residue domain within the rabbit skeletal muscle regulatory subunit (PP1G) that binds both type-1 protein phosphatase (PP1C) and glycogen. An N-terminal portion of PP1G was cloned by RT-PCR, and different sized fragments were expressed in bacteria as glutathione S-transferase (GST) fusion proteins. A GST-PP1G fusion containing residues 51-240 bound both PPIC and glycogen, whereas GST alone or fusions containing residues 51-140 or 241-360 bound neither PP1C nor glycogen. The PPIC in whole cell lysates or partially purified PP1C from skeletal muscle, or a complex of PP1C-MCLR-biotin, all bound more effectively than Mn(2+)-activated, recombinant PP1C purified from bacteria. Binding was enhanced by increasing the ionic strength and was disrupted by ethylene glycol, consistent with hydrophobic interactions being critical for stable association. Phosphorylation of the GST-PP1G fusion by cAMP-dependent protein kinase prevented completely association of PP1C. This domain of PP1G, from residues 141-240, contains two sequence motifs of hydrophobic residues: Gx8FEKx10W and DxFxFxIxL, that are conserved among the known glycogen-binding PP1 regulatory subunits. These segments are predicted to form an alpha helix and a beta sheet, and we propose that they are the sites for association with PP1C and glycogen, respectively.
The theory of trackability with applications to sensor networks

In this article, we formalize the concept of tracking in a sensor network and develop a quantitative theory of trackability of weak models that investigates the rate of growth of the number of consistent tracks given a temporal sequence of observations made by the sensor network. The phenomenon being tracked is modelled by a nondeterministic finite automaton (a weak model) and the sensor network is modelled by an observer capable of detecting events related, typically ambiguously, to the states of the underlying automaton. Formally, an input string of symbols (the sensor network observations) that is presented to a nondeterministic finite automaton, M, (the weak model) determines a set of state sequences (the tracks or hypotheses) that are capable of generating the input string. We study the growth of the size of this candidate set of tracks as a function of the length of the input string. One key result is that for a given automaton and sensor coverage, the worst-case rate of growth is either polynomial or exponential in the number of observations, indicating a kind of phase transition in tracking accuracy. These results have applications to various tracking problems of recent interest involving tracking phenomena using noisy observations of hidden states such as: sensor networks, computer network security, autonomic computing and dynamic social network analysis.
Message Passing for Integrating and Assessing Renewable Generation in a Redundant Power Grid

A simplified model of a redundant power grid is used to study integration of fluctuating renewable generation. The grid consists of large number of generator and consumer nodes. The net power consumption is determined by the difference between the gross consumption and the level of renewable generation. The gross consumption is drawn from a narrow distribution representing the predictability of aggregated loads, and we consider two different distributions representing wind and solar resources. Each generator is connected to D consumers, and redundancy is built in by connecting R ≪ D of these consumers to other generators. The lines are switchable so that at any instance each consumer is connected to a single generator. We explore the capacity of the renewable generation by determining the level of "firm" generation capacity that can be displaced for different levels of redundancy R. We also develop message-passing control algorithm for finding switch settings where no generator is overloaded.
The Amphibolous Terms in Aristotle, Arabic Philosophy and Maimonides

In Arabic philosophic texts, and following them also in Hebrew philosophic texts, restatements of Aristotle's distinction between ‘equivocal’ (ὁμώνυμα, mushtarakah ) and ‘univocal’ (συνώνυμα, mutawāṭi'ah ), terms usually contain another type of term which stands midway between these two. It is called ‘ambiguous’ or ‘amphibolous’ ( mushakkikah ) terms. So far no adequate explanation as to the origin of this type of term has been advanced. In the latest and most important study of the subject, the problem of its origin has been left unsolved. To solve this problem as well as to account for the various treatments of ambiguous terms in Arabic philosophy, including Alfarabi, Avicenna, Algazali, Averroes and Maimonides, is the purpose of this paper.
The Complete English Tradesman: Daniel Defoe and the Emergence of Business Writing

Daniel Defoe, one of the pioneers of the English novel, primarily earned his living as a journalist, pamphleteer, proposal writer, and freelance business consultant. A born entrepreneur, Defoe's many projects included promoting and marketing the first practical diving bell, designing commercial fisheries and improving London's sewer system, producing a series of popular self-help manuals, and founding and editing the first English technical writing joumal, The Projector, These were the products of Defoe's indefatigable pen, and the utilitarian simplicity of his business and technical writing has strongly influenced English prose ever since. This article will examine two major pieces of Defoe's professional writing: An Essay of Projects, (1698) a portfolio of his best proposals, and the landmark The Complete English Tradesman (1725), the first English business writing manual. These and similar texts would form the loam of Defoe's great novels, Robinson Crusoe (1719), Moll Flanders (1721), and A Joumal of a Plague Year (1722). While Defoe's professional writing shaped his creative writing, his gifts as a novelist-his plain, demotic style, his knack for concise narrative and analytical summary, his ability to create convincing personas through textual documentation-shaped his business writing. Both forms of writing made him the premier spokesperson of a new social and economic order.
Reducing the number of counters needed for integer multiplication

In this paper we consider the problem of multiplying reasonably small integers using fewer counters than that required by straightforward partial product accumulation. Not surprisingly the method we use is based on the observation that integer multiplication can be formulated as aperiodic convolution. However, instead of using something like the Fast Fourier Transform to compute the aperiodic convolution, we use what are known as a "fast" convolution algorithms. In this way we can construct multipliers for as small as eighteen bit integers which use fewer counters than that required by straightforward partial product accumulation. Because of the perceived "overhead" involved with an aperiodic formulation of integer multiplication, the ability to do this goes somewhat against the conventional wisdom that aperiodic formulation of integer multiplication gains an advantage over a straightforward partial product formulation only for fairly large integers. >
Climate‐related, decadal‐scale assemblage changes of seagrass‐associated fishes in the northern Gulf of Mexico

Global temperatures are rising, and are expected to produce a poleward shift in the distribution of many organisms. We quantified changes in fish assemblages within seagrass meadows of the northern Gulf of Mexico (GOM) between the 1970s and 2006-2007, and observed changes consistent with this forecast. During 2006-2007 we sampled seagrass meadows using the same gears and methods previously employed by R. J. Livingston in coastal waters of northwest Florida throughout the 1970s. Comparisons between datasets revealed numerous additions to the fish fauna during 2006-2007 that were completely absent in the 1970s, including: Lutjanus synagris (lane snapper), Epinephelus morio (red grouper), Chaetodon ocellatus (spotfin butterflyfish), Mycteroperca sp (grouper, non gag), Centropristis philadelphica (rock sea bass), Fistularia tabacaria (bluespotted cornetfish), Ocyurus chrysurus (yellowtail snapper), Thalassoma bifasciatum (bluehead wrasse), Abu-defduf saxatilis (sergeant major), Acanthuridae spp. (surgeonfishes) and Sparisoma viride (stoplight parrotfish). Several other species showed large increases in abundance during the interval between 1979 and 2006, including Mycteroperca microlepis (gag grouper, up ∼ 200 x ), Lutjanus griseus (gray snapper, up ∼ 105 x ), and Nicholsina usta (emerald parrotfish, up ∼ 22 x ). All of these are tropical or subtropical species that now make up a greater percentage of seagrass-associated fish assemblages in the northern GOM than in the past. Additionally, we observed regional increases in air and sea surface temperatures (> 3 °C) during the ∼ 30 years that separate Livingston's samples and ours that correlate with northern shifts in the distribution of warm-water fishes. Documenting these range shifts is a critical first step in investigating the consequences of global warming for endemic marine communities and fishery production in the northern GOM.
Reproductive behavior and relative reproductive success of natural- and hatchery-origin Hood Canal summer chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta)

Estimates of the relative fitness of hatchery- and natural-origin salmon can help determine the value of hatchery stocks in contributing to recovery efforts. This study compared the adult to fry re...
Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy of the Knee Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

Sixty patients with the diagnosis of reflex sympathetic dystrophy of the knee were evaluated retrospectively at our institution. The average followup was 2 years. Fifty-five (92%) patients treated with outpatient sympathetic blockade had resolution of the symptoms attributed to reflex sympathetic dystrophy. The time from onset of symptoms to initiation of treatment did not affect the ultimate outcome. The prognosis was most closely related to the presence or absence of an anatomic lesion that would continue to act as a painful stimulus. Eighty-one percent (29 of 36) of patients who had a significant anatomic lesion or surgical correction of a lesion had a complete resolution of their knee symptoms. However, only 21% (5 of 24) of patients with a persistent anatomic lesion in the knee had complete resolution. Fourteen patients required preliminary sympathetic blockade therapy before the underlying cause could be identified. This study emphasizes the need for establishing a precise diagnosis before contemplating any surgery of the knee, including arthroscopy. Arthroscopic procedures were the most common event precipitating reflex sympathetic dystrophy in this study.
Columnar order in jammed LiFePO4 cathodes: ion transport catastrophe and its mitigation

The high-rate, high-capacity potential of LiFePO4-based lithium-ion battery cathodes has motivated numerous experimental and theoretical studies aiming to realize such performance through nano-sizing, tailoring of particle shape through synthesis conditions, and doping. Here, a granular mechanics study of microstructures formed by dense jammed packings of experimentally and theoretically inspired LiFePO4 particle shapes is presented. A strong dependence of the resultant packing structures on particle shapes is observed, in which columnar structures aligned with the [010] direction inhibit diffusion along [010] in anisotropic LiFePO4. Transport limitations are induced by [010] columnar order and lead to catastrophic performance degradation in anisotropic LiFePO4 electrodes. Further, judicious mixing of nanoplatelets with additive nanoparticles can frustrate columnar ordering and thereby enhance the rate capability of LiFePO4 electrodes by nearly an order of magnitude.
Multifunctional high strength and high energy epoxy composite structural supercapacitors with wet-dry operational stability

We demonstrate the fabrication of multifunctional structural supercapacitors that maintain energy storage capability under both mechanical stresses and water immersion. This is based on the infiltration of bisphenol A ionic liquid epoxy resin electrolytes infiltrated into nanoporous silicon interfaces that play the dual role of charge storage and mechanical reinforcement of the energy storage composite material. These structural composites maintain full energy storage capability (5–8 W h kg−1) under tensile stresses over 1 MPa, with nearly 100% energy retention after 4000 cycles. We observe this mechanical and charge storage performance to be preserved through extreme water immersion conditions in contrast to conventional polymer-based solid-state electrolytes that spontaneously lose mechanical integrity under water immersion conditions. As structural energy storage is required to simultaneously maintain mechanical integrity, store charge, and operate in unpackaged environments exposed to humidity and wet-dry conditions, we demonstrate the first device architecture capable of all these conditions while demonstrating energy capability near current packaged commercial supercapacitor devices.
Denoising Hyperspectral Imagery and Recovering Junk Bands using Wavelets and Sparse Approximation

In this paper, we present two novel algorithms for denoising hyperspectral data. Each algorithm exploits correlation between bands by enforcing simultaneous sparsity on their wavelet representations. This is done in a non-linear manner using wavelet decompositions and sparse approximation techniques. The first algorithm denoises an entire cube of data. Our experiments show that it outperforms wavelet-based global soft thresholding techniques in both a mean-square error (MSE) and a qualitative visual sense. The second algorithm denoises a set of noisy, user designated bands ("junk bands") by exploiting correlated information from higher quality bands within the same cube. We prove the utility of our junk band denoising algorithm by denoising ten bands of actual AVIRIS data by a significant amount. Preprocessing data cubes with these algorithms is likely to increase the performance of classifiers that make use of hyperspectral data, especially if the denoised and/or recovered bands contain spectral features useful for discriminating between classes.
Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modeling of the effects of intravenous immunoglobulin on the disposition of antiplatelet antibodies in a rat model of immune thrombocytopenia.

Recently, our laboratory reported that intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) treatment increased antiplatelet antibody (7E3) clearance in a rat model of immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). However, due to the multifaceted nature of IVIG therapy, the contribution of this increase in antiplatelet antibody clearance to the total therapeutic effect of IVIG was unclear. The purposes of the present study were to (1). develop a new, mechanistic model of immune gamma globulin (IgG) pharmacokinetics, (2). develop a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) model relating 7E3 concentrations to the platelet count time course observed following 7E3 treatment, and (3). use these mathematical models to gain insight into the significance of increased 7E3 clearance relative to the total effect of IVIG on 7E3-induced thrombocytopenia. A mechanism-based PK model was developed that adequately characterized IVIG effects on 7E3 pharmacokinetics. The structure of this model is based on competition between IgG molecules for occupancy of the protective FcRn receptor. The model accurately captured antiplatelet antibody concentration versus time data in the presence and absence of IVIG therapy, in the rat, in 'wild-type' mice, and in 'knockout' mice lacking expression of the FcRn receptor. An indirect response PK/PD model was also developed, which accurately characterized 7E3 effects on platelet counts. Using these models, it was estimated that 50 +/- 11% of the total protective effect of IVIG in this acute model of ITP can be accounted for by IVIG effects on 7E3 disposition.
Treatment Outcomes for T4 Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

analysis, p16-positive immunohistochemical status had a significant positive association with OS (hazard ratio [HR], 0.55; 95% CI, 0.32-0.95 [P = .03]), DSS (HR, 0.45; 95% CI, 0.22-0.92 [P = .03]), and DFS (HR, 0.55; 95% CI, 0.32-0.95 [P = .03]), and nonsurgical treatment had a significant negative association with OS (HR, 2.79; 95% CI, 1.51-5.16 [P = .001]), DSS (HR, 3.38; 95% CI, 1.59-7.16 [P = .002]), and DFS (HR, 2.59; 95% CI, 1.51-4.45 [P = .001]). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Primary surgical treatment may be associated with improved outcomes in patients with T4 OPSCC. p16 Immunohistochemical status remains a strong prognostic indicator even in patients with locally advanced disease.
ECOLOGIES OF INVESTMENT: Crisis Histories and Brick Futures in Argentina

This article describes an ecological approach to investment in Argentina. This approach involves seeing investments as part of an emergent web of relations among constitutive and constituting parts. Such a sensibility is central to Argentine economic life, in which no investment is treated like any other. Care about attributing equivalence and attention to the relationality of investments was also central to how people worked to save their savings in the aftermath of the Argentine economic crisis of 2001. But Argentines are not just invested in dollars and pesos, bank accounts and cash; they are also invested in their economic past. As a result, the history of Argentine economic life is under a constant process of (re)narration, as Argentines reflect upon their rocky economic past in films, memoirs, comic monologues, and stories told among family and friends. I follow Argentines in attending to the past as a means to engage current ecologies of investment, paying particular attention to the history of currency and banking in Argentina, which together helped produce a boom in real estate investment in the years following the crisis. I also suggest that thinking ecologically about investments can be useful for anthropologists who are compelled to look beyond global descriptions of the economy.
A Multifractal Dynamical Model of Human Gait

Walking is regulated through the motorcontrol system (MCS). The MCS consists of a network of neurons from the central nervous system (CNS) and the intraspinal nervous system (INS), which is capable of producing a syncopated output. The coupling of the latter two systems produces a complex stride interval time series that is characterized by fractal and multifractal properties that depend upon several biological and stress constraints. It has been shown that: (i) the gait phenomenon is essentially a rhythmic cycle that obeys particular phase symmetries in the synchronized movement of the limbs; (ii) the fractal and multifractal nature of the stride interval fluctuations become slightly more pronounced under faster or slower paced frequencies relative to the normal paced frequency of a subject; (iii) the randomness of the fluctuations increases if subjects are asked to synchronize their gait with the frequency of a metronome or if the subjects are elderly or suffering from neurodegenerative disease. Here we present a new model, called the super central pattern generator, able to reproduce these known properties of walking and discuss the physiological and psychological interpretations of the model parameters.
A Psychiatric Population of Prenatally Cocaine-Exposed Children

ABSTRACT The backgrounds and behavior of 40 prenatally cocaine exposed children referred to the child psychiatry program of an inner-city teaching hospital are explored. The population described is unique to the literature in these ways: (1) Most of the children were not detected as cocaine-exposed at birth, and were disclosed as cocaine-exposed by historical account. (2) Most of the children had lived within drug-dominated home environments for varying lengths of time. Findings indicated that the children receiving intervention early in life, whether detected as cocaine-exposed at birth or by historical account, fared much better socially and emotionally as measured by rate of abuse and severity of psychiatric symptoms. It is concluded that instances of prenatal cocaine exposure should be ascertained at the earliest possible point to intervene in potentially deleterious environmental outcome and associated psychiatric morbidity. Four illustrative cases are presented. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry , 1993, 32, 5:1003–1006
A Pilot Study to Assess the Efficacy of Biofeedback-Assisted Relaxation Training as an Adjunct Treatment for Pediatric Functional Dyspepsia Associated with Duodenal Eosinophilia

Objectives To conduct a pilot study examining whether adding biofeedback-assisted relaxation training (BART) to medication treatment results in better clinical outcomes than medication treatment alone for children with functional dyspepsia (FD) associated with duodenal eosinophilia, a subgroup of children with recurrent abdominal pain. Methods Twenty children were randomly assigned to receive a standardized medication treatment or medication plus 10 sessions of BART. Children and parents completed psychosocial functioning and quality of life measures at baseline, posttreatment, and 6 months. Children rated pain daily via PDA. Physicians provided biweekly assessments of clinical improvement. Results Children receiving medication plus BART demonstrated better outcomes on pain intensity, duration of pain episodes, and clinical improvement than children receiving medication alone. Conclusions BART is a promising adjunctive treatment for pediatric FD associated with duodenal eosinophilia. Electronic daily diaries appear to be a useful approach to assessing changes in self-reported pain ratings in this population.
External rostral characters for differentiation of sexes in the biological control agent Mecinus janthinus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

The stem-boring weevil, Mecinus janthinus (Germar), is a promising, well estab- lished classical biological control agent for the exotic invasive weed Dalmatian toadflax (Linaria dalmatica (L.) Mill.) (Scrophulariaceae). In this paper we present readily apparent rostral charac- ters that can be used for sex differentiation of live stem-boring weevils at low magnification. These characters can be used by workers with little training to accurately sex weevils and can be used to rapidly determine sex ratios of field populations to improve timing of collection for redis- tribution. Resume—Mecinus janthinus (Germar) est un agent bien estable control biologique classique qui promet de controler la mauvaise herbe exotique envahissant, Dalmatian toadflax (Linaria dal- matica (L.) Mill.) (Scrophulariaceae). Ici nous offrissons caracteres de rostre qui pourrait etre utile a distingues facilement de sexe des caladres vivantes a magnification petite. Les caracteres demandent instruction minime de determiner exactement le sexe d'une calandre, et ils pourrait etre utiles de determiner les proportions des sexes de populations aux changes pour perfectionner les occasions de rassembler pour repartition. Schat et al. 357
Preference for diverse pastures by sheep in response to intraruminal administrations of tannins, saponins and alkaloids

Plant secondary compounds (PSC) are increasingly recognized as important in animal health, welfare and nutrition, yet little is known about possible complementarities among forages that contain PSC. This study explored how sheep modify their foraging behaviour in pastures containing four forages with different PSC when challenged with intraruminal administration of a single PSC. Six pairs of lambs received a dose of a single PSC in three successive periods (1 - Condensed tannins, 2 - Saponins, and 3 - Ergotamine) of 5 d each. Six other pairs of lambs received just the vehicle. After the early-morning dosing, lambs were allowed to graze a choice of: 1 -Lotus corniculatus [birdsfoot trefoil (BFT)], 2 -Medicago sativa [alfalfa (AA)], 3 -Festuca arundinacea [endophyte-infected tall fescue (TF)], high in tannins, saponins and alkaloids, respectively, and 4 -Dactylis glomerata [orchard grass (OG)]. The foraging behaviour of lambs was recorded at 1-min intervals (scans). Lambs dosed with tannins had more scans than Controls on BFT (P = 0·002) and TF (P = 0·004). Lambs dosed with saponins had more scans than Controls on TF (P = 0·01), and animals treated with ergotamine had more scans than Controls on BFT (P = 0·03). Lambs showed the lowest proportion of scans on AA after a dose of saponin (P ≤ 0·09) and on TF after a dose of ergotamine (P ≤ 0·009). Thus, lambs minimized the negative impacts of PSC through changes in their foraging behaviour by avoiding over-ingesting any one PSC and by selectively increasing the preference for complementary PSC-containing forages.
Preliminary description of the cranium of Proteopithecus sylviae, an Egyptian late Eocene anthropoidean primate

Recent discovery of crania, dentitions, and postcrania of a primitive anthropoidean primate, Proteopithecus sylviae, at the late Eocene L-4l quarry in the Fayum, Egypt, provides evidence of a new taxonomic family of early African higher primates, the Proteopithecidae. This family could be part of the basal radiation that produced the New World platyrrhine primates, or it could be unrelated to any subsequent lineages. Although no larger than a small callitrichid or a dwarf lemur, this tiny primate already possessed many of the derived features of later anthropoids and was a diurnal and probably dimorphic species. In dental formula and other dental proportions, as well as in known postcranial features, Proteopithecus more nearly resembles platyrrhines than does any other Old World higher primate. The small size of the Proteopithecus cranium demonstrates that the defining cranial characteristics of Anthropoidea did not arise as a consequence of an increase in size during derivation from earlier prosimians.
James Madison and Common-Law Constitutionalism

In 1789 James Madison and Thomas Jefferson engaged in one of their many exchanges on constitutionalism. As with other Jeffersonian flights of philosophy, the younger Madison had to rein in the excesses of his senior partner and collaborator. The issue at hand was Jefferson's famous opinion “that the earth belongs in usufruct to the living.” So confident was Jefferson in the truth of this idea that he called it “self-evident.” Their exchange has received insightful and comprehensive analysis, which needs no revisiting here. Adrienne Koch, whose treatment of this “intellectual reciprocity” is among our most careful, sees it as revealing the essence of the two men, pitting the “more speculative and more daring” Jefferson against “the more astute politician” Madison.