cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Slavic Prosody: Language Change and Phonological Theory

Preface List of abbreviations Introduction 1. The syllable in Slavic: form and function 2. Beyond the syllable: prominence relations 3. Theoretical considerations Conclusion Notes References Index.
Streams, structures, spaces, scenarios, societies (5s): A formal model for digital libraries

Digital libraries (DLs) are complex information systems and therefore demand formal foundations lest development efforts diverge and interoperability suffers. In this article, we propose the fundamental abstractions of Streams, Structures, Spaces, Scenarios, and Societies (5S), which allow us to define digital libraries rigorously and usefully. Streams are sequences of arbitrary items used to describe both static and dynamic (e.g., video) content. Structures can be viewed as labeled directed graphs, which impose organization. Spaces are sets with operations on those sets that obey certain constraints. Scenarios consist of sequences of events or actions that modify states of a computation in order to accomplish a functional requirement. Societies are sets of entities and activities and the relationships among them. Together these abstractions provide a formal foundation to define, relate, and unify concepts---among others, of digital objects, metadata, collections, and services---required to formalize and elucidate "digital libraries". The applicability, versatility, and unifying power of the 5S model are demonstrated through its use in three distinct applications: building and interpretation of a DL taxonomy, informal and formal analysis of case studies of digital libraries (NDLTD and OAI), and utilization as a formal basis for a DL description language.
LIQUID-LIQUID RELATIVE PERMEABILITY: NETWORK MODELS AND EXPERIMENTS

Two different but related two-dimensional network models are used to elucidate the concept of relative permeability in simultaneous liquid-liquid flow in porous media. The first model is designed for monosized sphere packs while the other, consisting of spherical pore chambers interconnected by capillaries of variable length and radius, is intended for more general porous media. The effects of various operating conditions and physical factors—pressure gradient, wettability, surface tension, throat and pore size distributions, imbibition or drainage—on relative permeability are studied. Experimental data are also presented to confirm various aspects of the theory.
Neurobiology of the adolescent brain and behavior: implications for substance use disorders.

Objective Adolescence is a developmental period that entails substantial changes in risk-taking behavior and experimentation with alcohol and drugs. Understanding how the brain is changing during this period relative to childhood and adulthood and how these changes vary across individuals are key in predicting risk for later substance abuse and dependence. Method This review discusses recent human imaging and animal work in the context of an emerging view of adolescence as characterized by a tension between early emerging "bottom-up" systems that express exaggerated reactivity to motivational stimuli and later maturing "top-down" cognitive control regions. Behavioral, clinical, and neurobiological evidences are reported for dissociating these two systems developmentally. The literature on the effects of alcohol and its rewarding properties in the brain is discussed in the context of these two systems. Results Collectively, these studies show curvilinear development of motivational behavior and the underlying subcortical brain regions, with a peak inflection from 13 to 17 years. In contrast, prefrontal regions, important in top-down regulation of behavior, show a linear pattern of development well into young adulthood that parallels that seen in behavioral studies of impulsivity. Conclusions The tension or imbalance between these developing systems during adolescence may lead to cognitive control processes being more vulnerable to incentive-based modulation and increased susceptibility to the motivational properties of alcohol and drugs. As such, behavior challenges that require cognitive control in the face of appetitive cues may serve as useful biobehavioral markers for predicting which teens may be at greater risk for alcohol and substance dependence.
Electron microscopic observations on the apparent replication in vivo of a plant virus

Abstract An account is given of a new sap-transmissible virus of the mosaic type affecting Lantana horrida H.B.K., Verbenaceae. In mesophyll cells of young infected leaves four apparent stages in the replication in vivo of the long virus rods have been observed. These consist of sheets of crystalline material; long clearly defined helices which seem to detach from the crystalline material; helices partly covered with a coat and therefore appearing like hollow rods; and the mature virus rods. The latter three stages are all approximately the same diameter and length. Replication takes place simultaneously and apparently independently in both the nucleus and cytoplasm. Measurements of the virus rods in situ suggest a length of 1400 mμ or more and a diameter of between 14 and 15 mμ. The mature virus rods are present in arrays that may show hexagonal packing; the individual rods appear to be hexagonal in shape when viewed in transverse section.
Lower hybrid oscillations in multicomponent space plasmas subjected to ion cyclotron waves

It is found that in multicomponent plasmas subjected to Alfven or fast magnetosonic waves, such as are observed in regions of the outer plasmasphere and ring current-plasmapause overlap, lower hybrid oscillations are generated. The addition of a minor heavy ion component to a proton-electron plasma significantly lowers the low-frequency electric wave amplitude needed for lower hybrid wave excitation. It is found that the lower hybrid wave energy density level is determined by the nonlinear process of induced scattering by ions and electrons; hydrogen ions in the region of resonant velocities are accelerated; and nonresonant particles are weakly heated due to the induced scattering. For a given example, the light resonant ions have an energy gain factor of 20, leading to the development of a high-energy tail in the H(+) distribution function due to low-frequency waves.
Formation and differential repair of covalent DNA adducts generated by treatment of human cells with (+/-)-anti-dibenzo[a,l]pyrene-11,12-diol-13,14-epoxide.

Dibenzo[a,l]pyrene (DBP) is the most potent tumor initiating polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon tested to date in rodent tumor models. To investigate how DBP adduct formation and removal might influence carcinogenesis, we have examined the effects of treatment of several nucleotide excision repair (NER)-proficient (NER+) and -deficient (NER−) cell lines with the carcinogenic metabolite (±)-anti-DBP-11,12-diol-13,14-epoxide (DBPDE). The treatment of NER− cells with (±)-anti-DBPDE for 0.5, 1, or 2 h yielded similar total adduct levels, indicating that adduct formation was essentially complete during a 2 h treatment period with no additional adducts produced after replacement of media. In all cell lines, treatment with (±)-anti-DBPDE generated five major and at least two minor adducts that were chromatographically identical to those formed by direct treatment of 3′-GMP and 3′-AMP with (±)-anti-DBPDE. When adduct levels were assessed in NER− cells, the number of adducts/109 nucleotides decreased over time, sugge...
Nozzle Formulation Interactions: Consequences for Spray Droplet Adhesion to Plant Surfaces

Tests were conducted with a widely used herbicide (glyphosate) that is available in a range of formulations and a selection of commonly used nozzle types [XR TeeJet, extended range flat spray tip (XR), Turbo TeeJet, wide angle flat spray tip (TT), AI TeeJet, Air Induction spray tip (AI)] and determined the rebound characteristics of each combination using a difficult-to-wet foliar crop target (cabbage), an easy-to-wet hairy weed (velvetleaf), and a difficult-to-wet weed (lambsquarters). The rebound was determined under standard spraying conditions in a track room using a “bounce chamber” constructed at The Laboratory for Pest Control Application Technology (LPCAT). The amount of spray liquid retained and reflected from the leaf surfaces was determined by weight. The data showed that there were no significant differences between the nozzles, but that formulation differences did occur and were a reflection of surfactant level in the spray mixture. There was a significant formulation X leaf interaction and leaf X nozzle interaction, but not a formulation X nozzle interaction.
Systematics and Phylogeny of Paleocene-Eocene Nyctitheriidae (Mammalia, Eulipotyphla?) with Description of a new Species from the Late Paleocene of the Clarks Fork Basin, Wyoming, USA

Nyctitheriidae is a diverse group of small, insectivorous mammals from the Paleogene of Asia, North America, and Europe that have alternately been linked to Eulipotyphla (shrews, moles, hedgehogs, solenodons), Euarchonta (primates, tree shrews, dermopterans), or Chiroptera (bats). Even intrafamilial relationships are poorly understood, resulting in ambiguity regarding morphological character polarity critical for evaluating supraordinal relationships and paleobiogeographic patterns. To help address this issue, we performed a cladistic analysis of 51 North American, European, and Asian nyctitheriid species, including a new nyctitheriid, Plagioctenodon thewisseni sp. nov. from the late Paleocene of Wyoming, using 66 characters derived from dental morphology. Although the oldest nyctitheriids are found in North America, the resulting most-parsimonious cladograms support an Asian origin of the family with dispersal into North America by the early Paleocene. Among North American and European groups, the subfamilies Nyctitheriinae and Amphidozotheriinae, and the genera Leptacodon and Saturninia are not monophyletic and require future study and revision. The multi-species genera Nyctitherium, Plagioctenodon (including P. thewisseni), Plagioctenoides, Cryptotopos, and Euronyctia are found to be monophyletic, whereas Wyonycteris is paraphyletic, having Pontifactor bestiola nested within it. The earliest known European nyctitheriids (Leptacodon nascimentoi, Placentidens lotus, Plagioctenodon dormaalensis, Wyonycteris richardi) appear in the early Eocene and are each found in an otherwise strictly North American clade consisting of either solely Paleocene or a combination of Paleocene and Eocene taxa, suggesting at least four earliest Eocene dispersals between North America and Europe.
Asymmetries for the categorization of kanji nouns, adjectives, and verbs presented to the left and right visual fields

Abstract Kanji is one form of written Japanese in which the symbolic/analytic characteristics of language are dissociated from systematic phonetic characteristics; as such, it makes possible a more careful test of which aspect of language is responsible for the frequently observed superior left-hemisphere performance. In this study, subjects were asked to categorize tachistoscopically presented kanji as nouns, adjectives, or verbs. The previously reported (Hatta 1977, Neuropsychologia , 15, 685–688) left-visual-field advantage for kanji was found only in the case of nouns. Adjectives and verbs were processed more rapidly and correctly in the right visual field.
Incentive incompatibilities and arbitrage opportunities

Purpose – The paper aims to examine the practical importance of the finding of Mayers and Smith, that underinvestment is a problem when debt exposed to bankruptcy is part of the financial structure.Design/methodology/approach – The paper examines critically the assumptions underlying the Mayers and Smith paper.Findings – The necessary assumption of deterministic arbitrage in the market for productive properties used by Mayers and Smith in their model is found to be unrealistic. Even if that assumption were valid, however, the result of Mayers and Smith establishes that raising exposed debt is a negative net present value project for the investor and hence that form of financing would not be found in practice.Practical implications – The existence of exposed debt does not explain the demand or commercial insurance.Originality/value – The paper challenges the results of Mayers and Smith that have been used to examine the effect of debt on insurance demand for almost 20 years with mixed results.
Challenges in the implementation of Nanoelectronics

The world of solid-state electronics has moved in an ever-increasing pace toward man-made quantum devices starting from the introduction of man-made superlattices and quantum wells (QW) more than 30 years ago. Extremely small dimensions bring forth the common features of all these low dimensional structures and devices, such that the wave nature of electrons dominates. QW structures with planar contacts do not present problems with input/output (I/O). However, recent focus on nanoscale electronic devices with quantum dots runs into some serious problems in the implementation towards an industrial impact led by transistors and ICs. In addition to I/O problem, robustness, and redundancy, etc. must be solved before any system can move from a laboratory experiment to industrial application.
An electron paramagnetic resonance study of bovine α-lactalbumin-metal ion complexes

α-lactalbumin has at least three distinct cation binding regions: a Ca(II)-Gd(III) site, a Cu(II)-Zn(II) site and a VO2+ site as observed from electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) studies of complexes with the bovine protein. Gadolinium, which bound to the calcium site of the protein with a subnanomolar dissociation constant, yielded EPR spectra at 9.5 GHz (X-band) that exhibited features from g = 8 to g = 2. At 35 GHz (Q-band) the central fine structure transition (Ms = 12 → Ms = −12) gave a well-defined powder pattern. The zero-field splitting was large, as reflected in the second-order splitting of the central fine structure transition of about 1 kG. There was also evidence for additional, low affinity binding site(s) for Gd(III). Addition of either Zn(II) or Al(III) did not affect the amplitudes or positions of the bound Gd(III) EPR spectrum. The Cu(II)-α-lactalbumin complex gave a typical axially symmetric spectrum (g¦¦ = 2.260, gXXX = 2.056, A¦¦ = 171 G) with a partially resolved superhyperfine interaction attributable to at least one directly coordinated nitrogen ligand. Addition of Cu(II) to Gd(III)-α-lactalbumin gave an EPR spectrum that was a superposition of signals from the individual Gd(III)- and Cu(II)-α-LA spectra. The absence of any magnetic interactions in the Gd(III)-Cu(II)-α-lactalbumin species indicated that the two cation sites were more than 10 A apart. On the other hand, addition of Zn(II) to Cu(II)-α-lactalbumin gave a set of EPR lines due to free or loosely bound Cu(II), confirming that the Cu(II) was displaced by zinc. The EPR spectra for VO2+-α-lactalbumin at both X- and Q-band were characteristic of an axially symmetric site. The spectral parameters (g¦¦ = 1.936, gXXX = 1.977, A¦¦ = 174.3 × 10−4cm−1, AXXX = 65.1 × 10−4 cm−1) correlated with those expected for four oxygen ligands in the equatorial plane. Neither Ca(II) nor Zn(II) addition displaced VO2+ from its binding site, suggesting that it binds to a unique site on the protein.
Full-Scale ISA Dipoles

After the life test of the two 8-cm (diameter) aperture one-meter long magnets (ISA I and II) had been satisfactorily concluded, the next logical step is the construction of a full-scale (12-cm aperture 4.25-meter long) dipole. The 12-cm magnet is essentially a larger version of ISA I and II with the exceptions of conductor and structural material refinements that have evolved in the 5 and 8-cm aperture model magnet series and comparable programs in other laboratories. The magnet windings will have a 23% higher packing density than ISA I and II. The rate of magnetic field sweep at which the magnetization of the magnet doubles, is an order of magnitude faster, due to improved conductor geometry. The peak magnetic field is approximately 5% greater than the central field 'B(0,0)' in the new design which has 85% usable aperture (? 67% actually required). The design field 'B(0,0)' is 4.0 T at 4.5 °K. The coil parameters are ID = 12.05 cm, OD = 15.538 cm, length = 427 cm and 80 turns/pole. The magnet is presently under construction and only prototype data and computed characteristics are presently available.
Plant hunting in Macaronesia by Francis Masson: the plants sent to Linnaeus and Linnaeus filius

Francis Masson was the first official plant collector of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Between 1776 and 1779 he undertook extensive plant collecting on the Macaronesian archipelagos of Madeira, the Azores and the Canaries. This field trip marked a major milestone in the plant exploration of the region, with material collected by Masson resulting in the description of over 118 species by famous plant taxonomists or naturalists such as Linnaeus filius, William Aiton, Leopold von Buch, Nicolaus J. Jacquin, Charles-Louis L’Heritier and Johann H. F. Link. During Masson's visit to these islands, he sent letters accompanying three shipments of plant material to Linnaeus and Linnaeus filius. We believe that this was the only correspondence ever received from Macaronesia by the distinguished Swedish naturalists. In order to contribute to the worldwide celebration of the 300th anniversary of the birth of Linnaeus, we undertook an investigation into the nature and significance of these shipments. We found that this plant material was the basis for 37 descriptions provided by Linnaeus filius. Our study showed that a total of 21 and 61 herbarium specimens were sent to Linnaeus and Linnaeus filius, respectively. In addition, 53 accessions of seeds were sent to Linnaeus the younger. Identification of plant material was carried out after studying Masson's collections and the relevant taxonomic literature. © 2008 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2008, 157, 393–428.
Nonoperative management of patients with a diagnosis of high-grade small bowel obstruction by computed tomography.

Objective To determine the natural history and treatment of high-grade small bowel obstruction (HGSBO). Small bowel obstruction is a frequent complication of abdominal surgery. Complete and strangulating obstructions are managed operatively while partial obstructions receive a trial of nonoperative therapy. The management and outcome of patients with HGSBO diagnosed by computed tomography (CT) has not been examined. Design Retrospective medical record review. Outcomes for nonoperative vs operative management were analyzed using Fisher exact and log-rank tests. Setting Tertiary care referral center. Patients One thousand five hundred sixty-eight consecutive patients admitted from the emergency department with a diagnosis of small bowel obstruction between 2000 and 2005 by CT criteria. Main Outcome Measures Recurrence of symptoms and complications. Results One hundred forty-five patients (9%) with HGSBO were identified, with 88% follow-up (median, 332 days; range, 4-2067 days). Sixty-six (46%) were successfully managed nonoperatively while 79 (54%) required an operation. Length of stay and complications were significantly increased in the operative group (4.7 days vs 10.8 days and 3% vs 23%; P P P Conclusions Patients with HGSBO by CT can be managed safely with nonoperative therapy; however, they have a significantly higher rate of recurrence requiring readmission or operation within 5 years.
A determination and estimation of trend in Maine’s fresh potato shipments

In the past two decades there has been considerable variation in the quantities of potatoes produced in Maine and marketed to given states and regions. These variations were found to contain very distinct trends. Production in Maine and the quantities of fresh potatoes shipped to all regions of the U.S. except the Southeast show a strong declining trend. The trend accounted for between 71 and 99 percent of variation for those regions with declining trends.
Magnifying Sub-Diffraction-Limited Objects by an Optical Metamaterials Hyperlens

We experimentally demonstrate the first optical hyperlens made by metal/dielectric metamaterial which is able to magnify sub-diffraction-limited objects. Hyperlens opens up new possibilities for optical nano-imaging in the far-field.
An Interdisciplinary Geriatric Consultation Service: A Controlled Trial

The structure and function of a newly created interdisciplinary Geriatric Consultation Team (GCT) are described. The GCT was introduced on a single medical unit, where consultations were given to 46 consecutive patients aged 75 years and over. The GCT patients had, on the average, 5.5 illnesses and were receiving 3.7 medications. Anemia (50 per cent), were hypoalbuminemia (65 per cent), and elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN) (58 per cent) were frequent. Functional assessment showed frequent dependence on others for assistance with ambulation (59 per cent), transfers (54 per cent), and dressing (52 per cent); cognitive impairment was found in 52 per cent and clinical depression in 11 per cent of the patients. In comparison with control units, the GCT increased use of physical therapy by 357 per cent, occupational therapy by 390 per cent, and speech therapy by 300 per cent without increasing length of stay. In comparison with control subjects, GCT patients had no decrease in hospital readmission rates (43 per cent) over 10.5 months of follow up. It was concluded that a GCT in an acute-care hospital promotes geriatrics, teaches interdisciplinary teamwork, improves awareness of functional problems of patients, and increases use of rehabilitative services, but does not decrease the high rate of readmission of hospitalized geriatric patients.
The Intersection of Race and Spirituality: Underrepresented Students' Spiritual Development at Predominantly White Evangelical Colleges

Although a great deal of research assesses the value of both diversity and spirituality in the university setting, little research addresses the experience of underrepresented students and their spiritual development in an environment that is defined by a mission committed to spiritual growth. Utilizing data from the College Students' Beliefs and Values survey, a longitudinal dataset from the UCLA Spirituality in Higher Education project, this study explored the racial differences in students' spirituality at faith-based institutions. Amongst all students, seniors demonstrated significant growth on the spiritual identification and ethic of caring scales, and their religious commitment decreased during college. White students scored significantly higher on the religious commitment scale than non-white students, and non-white students scored significantly higher on the ethic of caring scale.
How common is chaos

Abstract The solutions of about 4 x 10 7 low-dimensional, low-order polynomial maps and ordinary differential equations were classified as either fixed point, limit cycle, chaotic, or unstable. Of those cases for which the solutions are stable, representing candidate models for the real world, typically a few percent were found to be chaotic.
Ifosfamide alone and in combination in the treatment of refractory malignant gestational trophoblastic disease

Objective: We attempted to evaluate the use of ifosfamide either alone or in combination in patients with refractory malignant gestational trophoblastic disease. Study Design: Our study comprised, in part, a phase II multiinstitutional trial of ifosfamide in refractory gynecologic malignancies and, in part, a review of institutional experience with ifosfamide in combination chemotherapy. Results: Single-agent ifosfamide produced a significant response in titer in one of two patients with refractory choriocarcinoma. Ifosfamide with etoposide and cisplatin (also known as VIP) resulted in significant response in human chorionic gonadotropin titers in three patients with highly refractory metastatic gestational trophoblastic disease and one cure in this group of patients. Conclusion: Ifosfamide has activity in refractory choriocarcinoma and, when combined with etoposide and cisplatin (VIP), may be curative.
Cytotoxic typing antisera for marrow grafting in littermate dogs.

SUMMARY Immunization of dogs with buffy coat cells from unrelated dogs consistently produced cytotoxic antisera which gave strong reactions but were too complex for suitable analysis. Cross immunization of littermate pairs produced cytotoxic antisera only infrequently, and these antisera gave weaker reactions. Four antisera were obtained by sibling immunization. They showed limited specificity as determined by cross absorption studies and typing of canine families. Genetic studies indicated that these antisera recognized independent antigens of dominant inheritance. Testing of lymphocytes from 62 unrelated dogs with these four antisera gave positive reactions with frequencies of 0.55, 0.53, 0.31, and 0.26.
Research News: Health Care Reform

The following article was published during the time of the 2008 Presidential Election. Although time sensitivity must be considered in interpreting research, the United States’ current obsession with health care reform is not expected to disappear anytime soon. At the time of this publication, rumors will be circulating about the 2012 Presidential Election, and health care will be a focal point again. Understanding individual views on health care—regardless of the political environment—will better inform nursing, especially in the role of patient advocate.
Non-Compensating Roles between Nckα and Nckβ in PDGF-BB Signaling to Promote Human Dermal Fibroblast Migration

Platelet-derived growth factor BB (PDGF-BB) is a Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved growth factor, acting as a mitogen and motogen of dermal fibroblasts (DFs), for skin wound healing. The two closely related SH2/SH3 adapter proteins, Nckα and Nckβ, connect PDGF-BB signaling to the actin cytoskeleton and cell motility. The mechanism has not been fully understood. In this study, we investigated, side by side, the roles of Nckα and Nckβ in PDGF-BB-stimulated DF migration. We found that cells expressing the PDGFRβ-Y751F mutant (preventing Nckα binding) or PDGFRβ-Y1009F mutant (preventing Nckβ binding), DF cells isolated from Nckα- or Nckβ-knockout mice, and primary human DF cells with RNA interference (RNAi) knockdown of the endogenous Nckα or Nckβ all failed to migrate in response to PDGF-BB. Overexpression of the middle SH3 domain of Nckα or Nckβ alone in human DFs also blocked PDGF-BB-induced cell migration. However, neither Nckα nor Nckβ was required for the activation of the PDGF receptor, p21-activated protein kinase (Pak1), AKT, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2, or p38MAP by PDGF-BB. Although PDGF-BB stimulated the membrane translocation of both Nckα and Nckβ, Nckα appeared to mediate Cdc42 signaling for filopodium formation, whereas Nckβ mediated Rho signaling to induce stress fibers. Thus, this study has elucidated the independent roles and mechanisms of action of Nckα and Nckβ in DF migration, which is critical for wound healing.
Comparison of early exercise treadmill test and oral dipyridamole thallium-201 tomography for the identification of jeopardized myocardium in patients receiving thrombolytic therapy for acute Q-wave myocardial infarction.

Thrombolytic therapy has become the treatment of choice for patients with acute myocardial infarction. Researchers are not yet able to identify patients with salvage of myocardium who are at risk for recurrent coronary events. Thus, a prospective trial was performed in 46 patients with myocardial infarction (28 anterior and 18 inferior) who received thrombolytic therapy to determine if early thallium tomography (4.7 days) using oral dipyridamole would identify more patients with residual ischemia than early symptom-limited exercise treadmill tests (5.5 days). There were no complications during the exercise treadmill tests or oral dipyridamole thallium tomography. Mean duration of exercise was 11 ± 3 minutes and the peak heart rate was 126 beats/min. Thirteen patients had positive test results. After oral dipyridamole all patients had abnormal thallium uptake on the early images. Positive scans with partial “filling in” of the initial perfusion defects were evident in 34 patients. Angina developed in 13 patients and was easily reversed with intravenous aminophylline. Both symptom-limited exercise treadmill tests and thallium tomography using oral dipyridamole were safely performed early after myocardial infarction in patients receiving thrombolytic therapy. Thallium tomography identified more patients with residual ischemia than exercise treadmill tests (74 vs 28%). Further studies are required to determine whether the results of thallium tomography after oral dipyridamole can be used to optimize patient management and eliminate the need for coronary angiography in some patients.
Hypnotic Hypermnesia and Forensic Hypnosis: A Cross-Examination

Abstract Early enthusiasm for the hypnotic enhancement of memories of witnesses has faded since publication of a number of experimental studies which cast doubt on its efficacy and reported also that pseudo-memories could be confabulated under hypnosis. This has caused some investigators to assert that hypnosis should never be used to enhance the memories of eyewitnesses testifying in court. Many of these studies are themselves subject to errors in sampling, biases, and ignoring of the “hypnotic relationship” effect. It is premature to recommend complete elimination of hypnotic hypermnesia in court situations, and several recent Supreme Court decisions seem to agree. Results of some previously unpublished studies are reported, plus suggestions for improving research approaches to studies of hypnotic memory enhancement.
Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) and Spirochetes (Spirochaetaceae: Spirochaetales) Recovered from Birds on a Georgia Barrier Island

From September 1997 through July 1999, 300 individuals and 46 species of birds were mist-netted and screened for ticks and spirochetes on St. Catherine's Island, Liberty County, GA. Seventy-six (25%) of the birds were parasitized by a meal intensity of 4.6 ticks. Seasonally, more birds were infested with ticks during the summer (50% in 1998, 34% in 1999) than in spring (15% in 1998, 11% in 1999) or fall (21% in 1997, 20% in 1998), mainly because of severe infestations on some birds by immature stages of the lone star tick, Amblyomma americanum (L.), during this season. Eight species ofticks were recovered from 14 species of birds during this study: A. americanum (74 nymphs, 168 larvae); the blacklegged tick, Ixodes scapularis Say (11 nymphs, 28 larvae), the Gulf Coast tick, Amblyomma maculatum Koch (two nymphs, 29 larvae); Ixodes minor Neumann (16 larvae); the rabbit tick. Haemaphysalis leporispalustris (Packard) (one nymph, 14 larvae); the bird tick Ixodes brunneus Koch (two larvae); the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis (Say) (one nymph); and Ixodes affinis Neumann (one larva). The Carolina wren was parasitized by more species of ticks (seven) than any other bird species, followed by the northern cardinal (five), white-throated sparrow (four) and painted bunting (three). Spirochetes were isolated in BSK II medium from one tick (a nymphal A. americanum) and from skin biopsies of 12 (4%) of the individual birds (three downy woodpeckers, three northern waterthrushes, two Carolina wrens, one American redstart, one pine warbler, one Swainson's thrush, and one white-eyed vireo) all in fall 1997. This concentrated phenology of spirochete isolations might reflect periodic amplification or recrudescence of spirochetes in reservoir avian hosts.
Effect of the Alumina Shell on the Melting Temperature Depression for Aluminum Nanoparticles

The dependence of aluminum (Al) melting temperature on particle size was studied using a differential scanning calorimeter and thermogravitmetric analyzer for particles encapsulated in an oxide shell. Pressure generation within the Al core leads to an increase in melting temperature in comparison with traditional melting temperature depression calculated using the Gibbs−Thomson equation. On the basis of elasticity theory, the pressure in the Al core at the onset of melting is caused mainly by surface tension at the alumina−air and Al−alumina interfaces. This implies that pressure due to the difference in thermal expansion of aluminum and alumina relaxes. A possible relaxation mechanism is discussed. The static strength of the alumina shell and the maximum static generated pressure in aluminum were evaluated. Mechanically damaging the oxide shell was shown to reduce the melting temperature due to a decrease in generated pressure within the Al core. Thus, reduction in melting temperature can be used as a qu...
Perturbational MO theory and reactivity of non-alternant hydrocarbons

Abstract The wave-functions for zero-energy levels or approximate wave-functions for near zero-energy levels of odd non-alternant molecular fragments can be obtained by inspection using simple arithmetic. Consequently, the perturbational MO approach to structure-reactivity relationships may be applied to non-alternant molecules. Examples of the correlative ability of this approach are given. An excellent correlation of the acidities of hydrocarbon acids with π-energy changes is developed.
Numerical Analysis of Coupled Systems of Nonlinear Parabolic Equations

This paper is concerned with numerical solutions of a general class of coupled nonlinear parabolic equations by the finite difference method. Three monotone iteration processes for the finite difference system are presented, and the sequences of iterations are shown to converge monotonically to a unique solution of the system, including an existence-uniqueness-comparison theorem. A theoretical comparison result for the various monotone sequences and an error analysis of the three monotone iterative schemes are given. Also given is the convergence of the finite difference solution to the continuous solution of the parabolic boundary-value problem. An application to a reaction-diffusion model in chemical engineering and combustion theory is given.
Explaining the “Female Victim Effect” in Capital Punishment An Examination of Victim Sex–Specific Models of Juror Sentence Decision-Making

Only a limited body of research has focused on how victim sex may affect capital sentencing decisions. Acknowledging this issue, the present study uses a large sample of capital cases from North Carolina (n = 709) and victim sex–specific logistic regression models to examine whether different variables are important predictors of receiving the death penalty for male victim cases versus female victim cases. Results indicate that (a) sex-specific models better explain juror death penalty decision-making compared with a full model, including victims of both sexes, and (b) different extralegal and legal characteristics predict jurors’ decisions to choose the death penalty in cases with male victims versus female victims. Specifically, for male victims, older victim age, younger defendant age, urban jurisdiction, the number of victims killed, the number of aggravators, the number of mitigators, and case designation as heinous and cruel predict juror decision-making. Comparatively, for female victim cases, only...
A longitudinal investigation of posttraumatic stress and depressive symptoms over the course of the year following medical–surgical intensive care unit admission

Abstract Objective The objective was to identify risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depressive symptoms after medical–surgical intensive care unit (ICU) admission. Method This longitudinal investigation included 150 medical–surgical ICU patients. We assessed acute stress and post-ICU PTSD symptoms with the PTSD Checklist-Civilian Version and post-ICU depressive symptoms with the Patient Health Questionnaire-9. Mixed-model linear regression ascertained associations between patient and clinical characteristics and repeated measures of post-ICU PTSD and depressive symptoms. Results The prevalences of substantial PTSD and depressive symptoms were 16% and 31% at 3 months post-ICU and 15% and 17% at 12 months post-ICU, respectively. In-hospital substantial acute stress symptoms [beta: 16.9, 95% confidence Interval (CI): 11.4, 22.4] were independently associated with increased post-ICU PTSD symptoms. Lifetime history of major depression (beta: 2.2, 95% CI: 0.1, 4.2), greater prior trauma exposure (beta: 0.5, 95% CI: 0.2, 0.9) and in-hospital substantial acute stress symptoms (beta: 3.5, 95% CI: 0.8, 6.2) were independently associated with increased post-ICU depressive symptoms. Conclusions In-hospital acute stress symptoms may represent a modifiable risk factor for psychiatric morbidity in ICU survivors. Early interventions for at-risk ICU survivors may improve longer-term psychiatric outcomes.
Phonon-assisted tunneling and interface quality in nanocrystalline Si/amorphous SiO2 superlattices

We report on the interface quality and phonon-assisted tunneling in nanocrystalline Si (nc-Si)/amorphous SiO2 (a-SiO2) superlattices (SLs) prepared by magnetron sputtering and thermal crystallization of nanometer-thick a-Si layers. Phonon-assisted tunneling is observed in a bipolar nc-Si based structure, which confirms that the nc-Si/a-SiO2 junction is not only abrupt but also nearly defect free. The conclusion is supported by capacitance–voltage measurements from which the estimated interface defect density is found to be ∼1011 cm−2 for an eight-period SL. Such high quality interfaces hold considerable promise for the development of nc-Si SL quantum devices.
Bis-π-(1,3,5,7-tetraphenylcyclooctatetraene)uranium, an air stable uranocene

Abstract Bis-(1,3,5,7-tetraphenylcyclooctatetraene)uranium has been prepared by the reaction of 1,3,5,7-tetraphenylcyclooctatetraene dianion with UCl4. The compound sublimes unchanged at 400 °C and 10−5 Torr and is stable to air. This remarkable stability is undoubtedly due to steric blocking of the central uranium by the phenyl substituents.
An approximate calculation of advective gas-phase transport of 14C at Yucca Mountain, Nevada

Abstract A quasilinear partial differential equation, which describes gas-phase transport of a 14 C kinematic wave through a porous medium, is derived, its sensitivity to system variables is analyzed and it is applied to one possible release scenarion at the porposed Yucca Mountain, Nevada high-level radioactive waste repository. Advection, isotope exchange between CO 2 in a flowing gas phase and HCO 3 − in a static aqueous phase, and radioactive decay are incorporated. The governing equation is solved analytically by the method of characteristics. The mass fraction of 14 C in the gas phase,X 14 g , is controlled by radioactive decay. The relatively long half-line of 14 C, about 5720 years, and the relatively shallow proposed burial depth of the radioactive waste, about 350m, requires significant retardation of the 14 C wave velocity for significant reduction in X 14 g . 14 C wave velocity is most sensitive to temperature and pH which control the distribution of total carbon between gas and liquid phase; the greater the partitioning of carbon into the liquid phase, the greater the retardation of the 14 C wave velocity and the greater the ultimate reduction in X 14 g from initial conditions. Partitioning of total carbon into the liquid phase is greatest at low temperatures, C , and high pH values, > 8. Increasing water saturation also tends to retard 14 C wave velocity but to a lesser extent. The governing equation has been applied using conditions that may possibly occur at the proposed Yucca Mountain repository. Calculations indicate that the 14 C wave takes about 5900 years to reach the surface with a X 14 g equal to 25 ppm. Diffusion and dispersion are not of major importance for these conditions. These calculations are approximate due to the number of assumptions involved. Discharge of 14 C into the gas before the selected time would accelerate wave arrival and increase the amount of 14 C reaching the surface.
Motor performance in rats. The effects of pyramidal tract section.

Summary The ability of rats to perform a discrete digital task after partial or total pyramidotomy was studied. Animals with complete, bilateral pyramidal transection demonstrated a large drop in performance, whereas animals with partial pyramidotomy demonstrated moderate to no motor dysfunction. However, even those animals which sustained the largest lesions retained a considerable amount of motor function. The observed motor deficits are discussed in relation to the anatomy of the corticospinal tract terminations, and the possible role of the corticorubrospinal system in sustaining the spared motor functions is also discussed.
Single-Sex Classrooms and Reading Achievement: An Exploratory Study

Gendered schooling is growing in the United States, but little research exists on single-sex classes in public elementary schools. This study sought to find out if single-sex classes in two elementary schools made a difference in boys' reading gains in 2008–2009, as judged by scores on the state's annual literacy test. In one school, boys in the boys' class gained significantly more than boys in the mixed class. In the other school, boys in the boys' class did not gain significantly more or less than boys in the mixed class, but they did gain significantly less than boys in the mixed class on a nationally normed reading test also given by the school.
Elastodynamic response of a coplanar periodic layer of elastic spherical inclusions

Reflection and transmission spectra of a plane longitudinal wave normally incident on a coplanar periodic array of identical spherical elastic inclusions in a solid (polyester) matrix are measured at wavelengths that are comparable to the inter-particle distance. These spectra exhibit pronounced Wood's anomalies i.e., a sharp variations in amplitude at the onset of a shear wave diffraction order as well as a drop in the transmission and a corresponding maximum in the reflection coefficients due to an enhancement of the resonance of the particles (for the case reported herein, this is the rigid body translational “dipole” resonance). An approximate low frequency (ka<1) self-consistent model is developed in which multiple scattering is explicitly taken into account by adding appropriate terms to the well-known solution for the scattering of a plane longitudinal wave by a single spherical particle in an unbounded matrix. The results of the numerical calculations show excellent agreement with the experimental data.
Evaluation of Performance Loss Methods for High-Speed Engines and Engine Components

A comparative study of high-speed engine performance assessment techniques based on exergy (available work) and thrust potential (thrust availability) is summarized. Simple one-dimensional  ow elds utilizing Rayleigh heat addition and friction are used to demonstrate the inability of conventional exergy techniques to predict engine component performance, aid in component design, or accurately assess  ow losses. The thrust-based method yields useful information in all of these categories for these  ows. The conventional de nition of exergy includes work that is inherently unavailable to an aerospace Brayton engine. An engine-based exergy is developed that accurately accounts for this inherently unavailable work; performance parameters based on this quantity yield design and loss information identical to the thrustbased method.
Turbulence structural changes for a three-dimensional turbulent boundary layer in a 30° bend

A three-dimensional turbulent boundary layer (3DTBL) was generated on the floor of a low-speed wind tunnel by the imposition of a cross-stream pressure gradient using a 30° bend in the horizontal plane. The surface streamlines were deflected by as much as 22° relative to the local tunnel centreline. Downstream of the bend, the 3DTBL gradually relaxed towards a 2DTBL; this was an impulse-and-recovery experiment which focused on the outer layer. Mean velocities were measured with a three-hole yawmeter and turbulence quantities, which included the Reynolds-stress tensor and the triple products, were measured with a cross-wire hot-wire anemometer. The experiment isolated the effects of crossflow from those of adverse streamwise pressure gradients, which may have clouded interpretations of previous 3DTBL experiments. In particular, the detailed developments of the cross-stream shear stress and of the stress/energy ratio become clearer. The shear-stress vector lagged behind the velocity-gradient vector as crossflow developed; however, the two vectors became more closely aligned downstream of the bend. Reductions in the stress/energy ratio implied that crossflow made shear-stress production less efficient. Another effect of three-dimensionality was a change of sign in the vertical transport of turbulent kinetic energy by turbulence, in the inner part of the boundary layer.
Safe Takeoffs—Soft Landings

Summary The set of papers in this special issue is indeed provocative. Using an analysis of constraints to trace the course of development may not yet be “the only game in town” but, in our opinion, it provides a fundamental and critically important perspective on cognitive development in particular as well as cognitive science in general. Further research on developmental constraints promises to provide more accurate descriptions of mental representation for computer modelers of human cognition, to stimulate new approaches to learning, and perhaps to propose common origins of cognitive abilities that were previously thought to be unrelated. It is no mean accomplishment to face up to computational complexity and still produce safe takeoffs and soft landings.
Strategies for developing therapeutic application of human embryonic stem cells.

The ongoing debate on human embryonic stem cells (hESC) is fuelled by ethical concerns but also by the legitimate hope that hESC could one day be used for the cure of presently untreatable human diseases. Here we discuss current approaches to and constraints upon hESC differentiation and describe their potential application in clinical medicine.
Synthesis, sintering, and mechanical properties of nanocrystalline cemented tungsten carbide - A review

Abstract Nanocrystalline WC–Co materials have been the subject of interests and focus of research programs around the world for the past two decades owing to the expectations that the mechanical behavior of the material may improve significantly when grain sizes reduce to nanometer scale. However, although numerous technologies are available for making nanosized tungsten carbide powders, obtaining true nanocrystalline WC–Co (average WC grain size
Protein reserves in lactating dairy goats.

Abstract Six primiparous Alpine does were confined to metabolism crates beginning 2 weeks postpartum. Initially, all were fed a 15.8% crude protein diet which met N.R.C. requirements for maintenance and lactation. Thereafter, subjects were fed an isocaloric diet containing 7.2% crude protein to deplete body protein, and then repleted with the higher protein diet. Nitrogen balances were determined by continuous collection of urine, feces and milk. Samples of these products were analyzed for nitrogen by the Kjeldahl method. Deuterium oxide (D 2 O) dilution was used to determine body composition. Nitrogen mobilization ranged from 0 to 10.8% of total body nitrogen. Urinary nitrogen output decreased 75% during the first 6 days of depletion and remained stable until repletion. Milk nitrogen decreased an average of only 31% during the depletion period with wide individual variation while fecal nitrogen declined 26%. Milk and fecal nitrogen declined gradually over the whole depletion period. The primary route of nitrogen conservation appeared to be an immediate decrease in urinary nitrogen, followed by a decline in milk production. Milk production capacities of tested does were related to the ability to mobilize protein or use tissue reserves. This has important implications for the study and management of protein nutrition in lactating ruminants.