cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluating the Cooking and Chemical Characteristics of Low-Fat Ground Beef Patties

Abstract Ground beef patties (n=504), manufactured to contain 5, 10 or 15% fat, were evaluated to determine the effects of preparation, storage and cooking methods, and degree of doneness on cholesterol, total lipid, protein, moisture, and energy content. Differences between fresh, hand-made patties and frozen, machine-made patties were statistically significant for some nutrients. However, these differences may be insignificant to consumers because actual differences were small. The greatest difference in composition of the cooked ground beef patties was observed between patties cooked from the frozen state versus fresh patties. Patties cooked from the frozen state were higher in total lipid for each cooking method. An evaluation of cooking methods revealed small differences in total lipid content at the 5% level; however, at the 10 and 15% total lipid levels, microwaved and reheated patties contained the lowest amounts of total lipid while those baked, pan-fried, and broiled contained higher levels. In all total lipid levels and cooking methods except 5% fat broiled/reheated patties, reheating led to a decrease in fat content. Decreases in total lipid content were seen for reheated pan-fried patties at the 5 and 10% levels and reheated patties at the 15% level.
The effect of contrast on sustained detection

Abstract During a l min observation, the percentage of time a high spatial frequency grating can be detected is influenced by the contrast and spatial frequency of a second, superimposed and orthogonally-oriented sine wave grating. Increasing contrast of the second pattern aids detection of the first by providing a more effective accommodative stimulus. The function relating spatial frequency and the minimum contrast needed to activate accommodation is similar in shape to the classical contrast sensitivity function. However, an order of magnitude more contrast is required to stabilize accommodation than is required to simply detect a pattern. These results suggest that performance on visual tasks requiring sustained rather than brief detection may be markedly impaired under low contrast conditions.
Using the History of Aspartame Transcarbamoylase to Teach Undergraduates about Biochemical Research

A historical approach to students reading research papers about aspartate transcarbamoylase (ATCase) is described. The literature exercise makes students think about the origin of biochemical research on regulatory enzymes and allows them to follow the evolution of the research over more than four decades of investigation. In the process, the students find themselves identifying with the investigators, not only reading the papers for their content, but formulating ideas about the future course of ATCase research. The students finish the project by writing a research proposal on an aspect of their own choosing of ATCase research.
High stakes testing, bilingual education and language endangerment: a Yup'ik example

Abstract A growing body of research documents how educational policies and accountability systems can open or close ‘ideological and implementational spaces’ for bilingual education, shaping the language planning efforts of Indigenous communities. Using collaborative research, Indigenous and non-Indigenous researchers investigated the intersection of policy, schooling, and language maintenance/shift within a school district serving 22 Yup'ik villages in Alaska. This article demonstrates how, as multiple communities are witnessing emerging signs of a language shift to English, high stakes testing practices accompanying No Child Left Behind (NCLB) legislation are simultaneously weakening support for bilingual programs in village schools. Yet the article also illuminates the ways in which Yup'ik educators are acting as local language planners, negotiating language maintenance/shift/revitalization, and testing regimes in contested school spaces. Authors discuss the urgent need for, and the promise within, spa...
Experiments with a global ocean model driven by observed atmospheric forcing

Abstract A global ocean model with a 5° horizontal grid size, previously used in the coupled climate model of Washington et al. (1980), is used here with observed monthly mean wind stress and atmospheric temperatures for the purposes of varying model parameters to suggest values for future coupled climate model experiments, and examining heat storage and transport in the model ocean. A control run is carried out with the same internal parameters as in the climate simulation of Washington et al. (1980). Observed atmospheric forcing produces an oceanic circulation closer to the observed than in the coupled climate model. Necessarily large horizontal momentum diffusion leads to weak zonal currents in both cases; however, the stronger observed wind stresses in the decoupled model produce more vigorous and more realistic meridional ocean currents. Three additional ocean experiments test parameter variations. Lowering horizontal heat diffusion increases north-south temperature gradients and intensifies ocean ci...
Modeling of Fiber Pull-Out in Continuous Fiber Reinforced Ceramic Composites Using Finite Element Method and Artificial Neural Networks

Abstract Finite element models for the debonding of a silicon carbide fiber (SiC f ) embedded in silicon carbide matrix (SiC) are developed and analyzed. An axi-symmetric finite element model is developed to simulate the single fiber pull-out process and predict the load–displacement behavior in terms of fiber/matrix interface properties. A two-parameter cohesive damage modeling approach is coupled with a finite element model to simulate crack propagation during a fiber pull-out event. Effects of residual compressive stress acting across the fiber/matrix interface, and residual axial strain in the fiber, on fiber pull-out behavior are investigated. Poisson contraction of the fiber, which reduces resultant radial compressive stresses at the interface and interfacial frictional stress, is taken into consideration. Parametric studies are conducted to evaluate the effects of thickness of specimen, friction coefficient, interface toughness, and residual stresses, on load–displacement behavior. An artificial neural network model using a backpropagation algorithm is proposed to mimic the fiber pull-out and also approximate load–displacement behavior. A multilayer perceptron utilizing a nonlinear activation function is implemented in the neural network model. Analytical modeling and finite element models are used to train and test the proposed neural network model. The developed finite element and neural network models are validated using existing analytical models from the technical literature.
Real-Time Three Dimensional Echocardiography: Evolution and Current Applications

While two-dimensional (2-D) echocardiography has had a tremendous impact on the diagnosis and management of patients with cardiac disease, three-dimensional (3-D) echocardiography provides visualization of structures in their spatial orientation that is not feasible with 2-0 imaging. This article reviews clinical applications of past and current 3-0 technologies, and highlights several issues - including method of data acquisition, off-line review/data rendering, and potential clinical applications - needed to integrate 3-D echocardiography into day-to-day clinical practice.1-12
Filtered feedback linearization for nonlinear systems with unknown disturbance

Abstract This paper presents a filtered-feedback-linearization controller for multi-input–multi-output nonlinear systems, where the equilibrium of the zero dynamics is locally asymptotically stable. The controller requires limited model information, specifically, knowledge of the vector relative degree and knowledge of the dynamic-inversion matrix, which is the nonlinear extension of the high-frequency-gain matrix for linear systems. Filtered feedback linearization is a single-parameter high-parameter-stabilizing controller, which is effective for command following and rejection of unknown-and-unmeasured disturbances. This paper analyzes the closed-loop stability and performance, that is, the difference between the actual output and an ideal feedback-linearized closed-loop output. We show that for sufficiently small initial conditions and sufficiently large parameter, the state is bounded, and the L ∞ norm of the performance is arbitrarily small.
Local cell gap variations and visible defects in LCD panels

We relate local cell gap variations to visible defects in TN LCD devices using psychophysical methods of human eye perception of intensity variation.
A randomized, crossover, placebo- and moxifloxacin-controlled study to evaluate the effects of bosutinib (SKI-606), a dual Src/Abl tyrosine kinase inhibitor, on cardiac repolarization in healthy adult subjects.

Effects of therapeutic and supratherapeutic concentrations of bosutinib, a dual Src/Abl tyrosine kinase inhibitor, on the corrected QT interval (QTc) in 60 healthy adults were assessed, according to ICH-E14 guidelines, in this 2-part, randomized, single-dose, double-blind, crossover, placebo- and open-label moxifloxacin-controlled study. Subjects received placebo, moxifloxacin and bosutinib 500 mg with food (therapeutic) in Part 1. In Part 2, subjects received placebo and bosutinib 500 mg plus ketoconazole (supratherapeutic). ANOVA compared baseline-adjusted QTc for bosutinib with placebo; and bosutinib plus ketoconazole with placebo plus ketoconazole. Primary endpoint was population-specific QT correction (QTcN). Secondary endpoints were Bazett QT correction (QTcB), Fridericia's formula QT correction (QTcF) and individual QT correction (QTcI). Upper bounds for 90% confidence intervals were 450 msec or change from baseline >30 msec. In summary, therapeutic and supratherapeutic bosutinib exposures are not associated with QTc prolongation in healthy adults.
Fatal Intra-Alveolar Hemorrhage After Rituximab in a Patient with non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

A 65-year-old male developed progressive dry cough and digital clubbing after starting rituximab-CHOP chemotherapy for non-Hodgkin lymphoma. A lung biopsy showed loose non-necrotic granulomas in a background of mild fibrosis and rare eosinophils, compatible with a drug-induced hypersensitivity pneumonia. Associated manifestations of this hypersensitivity reaction were a high eosinophil count, elevated serum levels of immunoglobulin E, and a skin rash consistent with pigmented purpuric dermatitis (Schamberg disease). Corticosteroids were marginally efficacious in treating this reaction. Few similar reactions have since been described, 2 of them ultimately fatal, but none was associated with pulmonary hemorrhage. A 2.5:1 ratio between the interstitial alveolar T4/T8 lymphocytes in our case is similar to the findings in methotrexate-induced pneumonitis and farmer lung disease. This report documents the serologic and immunohistologic findings associated with a pulmonary interstitial reaction to rituximab. A review of the pertinent literature is provided. The possible pathogenetic mechanisms, including the role of cytokines, cytotoxic T-lymphocytes and CD 20 positive T-cells in relation to the administration of rituximab are discussed.
When the Heart Runs Out of Heartbeats Treatment Options for Refractory End-Stage Heart Failure

A 50-year-old man was referred to the Advanced Heart Failure clinic at our institution for consideration of additional treatment options. He was diagnosed with heart failure (HF) 4 years earlier. Transthoracic echocardiography revealed a dilated left ventricle (LV) with an LV end-diastolic dimension of 5.5 cm, globally depressed ejection fraction (EF; estimated at 30%), and moderate mitral regurgitation. Complete blood cell count, urinalysis, and liver function tests were normal. Screening for hemochromatosis, human immunodeficiency virus, rheumatologic disease, and amyloidosis was performed and was negative. He did not have a family history of cardiomyopathy or sudden cardiac death. Coronary angiography revealed no evidence of obstructive coronary artery disease. Right heart catheterization demonstrated a right atrial pressure of 15 mm Hg, pulmonary artery pressure of 41/21 mm Hg, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure of 20 mm Hg, and cardiac index of 2.3 L · min−1 · m−2. He was started on evidence-based therapies for HF. An implantable cardioverter-defibrillator was placed for primary prevention of sudden cardiac death after no improvement in his EF. He was not considered a candidate for cardiac resynchronization therapy because his QRS duration was 100 milliseconds. He had progressive HF symptoms despite maximal medical therapy and was hospitalized 3 times during the 6 months before referral for acute decompensated HF. The doses of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and β-blocker had been recently reduced by his cardiologist secondary to lightheadedness and fatigue accompanied by hypotension. His medical history was remarkable for hypertension and dyslipidemia. He reported adherence to his prescribed medications that included carvedilol 6.25 mg twice daily, lisinopril 5 mg daily, spironolactone 25 mg daily, and furosemide 40 mg daily. Dr Rogers: It is timely to refer this patient for advanced HF therapies because these therapies improve functional status and long-term prognosis of patients with refractory HF. …
The deconvolution of Doppler-broadened positron annihilation measurements using fast Fourier transforms and power spectral analysis

Abstract A deconvolution procedure which corrects Doppler-broadened positron annihilation spectra for instrument resolution is described. The method employs fast Fourier transforms, is model independent, and does not require iteration. The mathematical difficulties associated with the incorrectly posed first order Fredholm integral equation are overcome by using power spectral analysis to select a limited number of low frequency Fourier coefficients. The FFT/power spectrum method is then demonstrated for an irradiated high purity single crystal sapphire sample.
Computer model of design

Abstract The computer model I will talk about came about as an attempt to generalize an earlier model of the SAR procedures for support design. I will first present this earlier program as a specific model of design. Then I will discuss how parts of the model can be generalized to what I am working on now.
Influence of bulk and surface composition on the retention of colloidal particles in thermal field-flow fractionation

Abstract In this paper we report a wide range of cases in which the retention of colloidal particles in thermal field-flow fractionation (FFF) shows a strong dependence on the chemical composition of the particles or of the particle surfaces. These results are observed among similar particles (such as different latexes) or between dissimilar particles (including latexes as well as inorganic and metallic colloids). These compositional effects are observed for particles suspended in both aqueous and nonaqueous carrier liquids. The dependence of retention on composition is complementary to its dependence on particle size, which has been amply demonstrated in previous studies. The compositional effect is attributed to the dependence of the thermal diffusion coefficient on compositional factors. A number of cases are presented here where compositional effects are significant. Examples include the baseline resolution of 0.30-μm silica particles and 0.300-μm polystyrene (PS) particles and a large difference in retention times between 0.232-μm PS and 0.229-μm polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) latexes in aqueous suspensions. Also, metallic particles (e.g., palladium) were less retained than silica particles, with latex particles most retained. The resolution of equal-size particles in the nonaqueous carrier liquid acetonitrile is also demonstrated. Surface compositional effects have also been found in this study. These effects suggest the possibility of colloidal surface analysis by thermal FFF. The potential for performing both bulk and surface compositional analysis of particles by thermal FFF makes this FFF technique complementary to both sedimentation FFF and flow FFF techniques for the analysis of complex particulate materials.
Task Involvement and Satisficing with Motivational Scales

Three measures related to motivation to perform a rating task accurately were obtained from 49 students, who also performed goal-attribute ratings. Less motivated students surpassed more motivated ones on several indices of rating bias. Previous evidence for differential relationships among goal attributes was clearly replicated only with the ratings of more motivated subjects. These findings suggest that many respondents may strive for “satisfactory” rather than optimal goal ratings (“satisficing”), that this tendency is a strong potential source of error with such data, but that individual differences related to satisficing may be used to examine such effects and partially bracket them out. It is suggested that measures of subjects' motivation or other related personality characteristics be routinely gathered when multiple ratings from subjects are required.
Theoretical analysis of lipid transport in sciatic nerve.

Abstract We modify our previous mathematical model of axonal transport to analyze data on the fast transport of lipids in rat sciatic nerve given in Toews et al. (J. Neurochem. 40, 555–562 (1983)). The theoretical model accounts well for the shapes of the profiles of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, cholesterol and diphosphatidylglycerol. The parameters obtained support the qualitative conclusions of Toews et al. and provide quantitative estimates of the underlying processes e.g., rates of vesicle and mitochondria translocation, rate constants for association and dissociation between vesicles, kinesin and microtubules, rates of deposition and rates of loss of each class of lipid from the nerve by leakage or via removal by the retrograde transport system. The analysis suggests that two classes of vesicles moving at different speeds may be involved in the transport of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine.
An embedded atom method interatomic potential for the Cu–Pb system

A simple procedure is used to formulate a Cu–Pb pair interaction function within the embedded atom (EAM) method framework. Embedding, density and pair functions for pure Cu and pure Pb are taken from previously published EAM studies. Optimization of the Cu–Pb potential was achieved by comparing with experiment the computed heats of mixing for Cu–Pb liquid alloys and the equilibrium phase diagram, the latter being determined via a thermodynamic integration technique. The topology of the temperature-composition phase diagram computed with this EAM potential is consistent with experiment and features a liquid–liquid miscibility gap, low solubility of Pb in solid Cu and a monotectic reaction at approximately 1012 K.
Solid support synthesis of 14-membered macrocycles containing 4-hydroxyproline structural unit via SNAr methodology

Abstract We describe an efficient solid-phase synthesis of 14-membered macrocycles derived from 4-hydroxyproline and 3-fluoro-4-nitrobenzoic acid. The procedure is based on the aromatic nucleophilic displacement of fluoride with the OH function. The targeted macrocycles are obtained in good yields, and are 90–95% pure. The diversity elements in the synthesis are: amine immobilized on solid support and amino acids.
Chemical detection of sex and condition in the crayfishOrconectes virilis.

Individual crayfish (Orconectes virilis) were tested for responses to water containing conspecific individuals of several sex-status categories. Isolated males did not react to “self” water but did show aggressive postures while isolated, nonself male water was introduced. Males' responses to female water was different from responses to male water. Water from aggressing males elicited fewer agonistic postures and more “neutral” postures. Females showed little difference in response to waters from different categories of conspecifics.
THE TIME VARIATION OF COSMIC-RAY HEAVY NUCLEI

Two 4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}4 Ilford G-5 photographic emulsions in contact were exposed to the cosmic radiation in such a way that one plate was moved slowly and uniformly with respect to the other. By this technique it is possible to determine the time at which heavy nuclei pass through the plates. The plates were exposed above 90 000 feet on June 4, 1952, for 8 hours during the day. A reliable altitude record was available and was used to correct for the altitude changes during the 8 hours. 947 heavy nuclei with more than 10 delta rays per 100 microns, corresponding to $Z$ greater than about 10, were traced through and their time of passage measured. This was done by new techniques which are described in detail. The data have been divided into three time intervals. The intensity during the middle interval between noon and 2 p.m. is greater by 25\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}8.5 percent than the average of the other two. It is concluded that this is due to a real fluctuation in the intensity of of cosmic-ray heavy nuclei at the top of the atmosphere. The possibility that this may be due to a dipole magnetic field of the sun is discussed.
Future Electric Supply and Demand: An Overview

The future electric supply and demand picture is marked by uncertainty. Forecasts now assume electric demands will be reduced by load management, conservation, and customer-owned generation. Will they be right? Could demand growth outstrip available supply? What must be done to protect the reliability of our vitally important electric supply?
413. Targeting the Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor on the Blood-Brain Barrier for Transport of β-Glucoronidase Can Treat the Neurological Degeneration of MPSVII

Inherited lysosomal storage disorders occur in approximately 1 in 8000 births worldwide resulting from deficient activity of a key enzyme involved in catalysis of glucosaminoglycans causing symptoms ranging from skeletal deformities to progressive neuronal degeneration. Enzyme replacement therapy has been used to treat the peripheral symptoms; however, no treatment effectively treats the neurological disorders associated with the diseases. We previously showed that fusion of the apolipoprotein B (ApoB) low-density lipoprotein receptor-binding domain to GFP resulted in transport of the protein across the blood brain barrier and uptake by neurons and astrocytes in the CNS. In order to test the effectiveness of this ApoB mediated protein uptake in the brain as a therapy, we utilized the MPSVII mouse model, which exhibits cognitive deficits and a shortened life span caused by the deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme |[beta]|-glucoronidase (GUSB). Amino acids 3371 through 3409 of human ApoB were fused to the N-terminus of the human GUSB and inserted into the AAV8 vector generating AAV8-ApoB-GUSB. This vector, or the control AAV-GUSB vector, was delivered by a single intra-peritoneal injection into 4 week old MPSVII mice. Two weeks post vector delivery; both groups of mice had significantly elevated levels of GUSB enzyme in the plasma, liver and spleen. In contrast, only mice that received the ApoB- GUSB gene showed elevated levels of enzyme activity in the whole brain and the muscle. Immunofluorescent staining of the brain showed uptake of the ApoB-GUSB protein in neurons and astrocytes throughout the brain with Purkinje cells in the cerebellum showing the most significant uptake. Four weeks after vector delivery, mice were analyzed for neurological activity by the Morris watermaze. Mice that received the single i.p. injection of AAV8- ApoB-GUSB performed significantly better than mice that received the wildtype GUSB (p < 0.05). After six days of training, mice that received ApoB-GUSB performed similarly to wild-type litter-mates. Thus, we have shown that delivery of the GUSB protein fused to the receptor-binding domain of ApoB causes considerable uptake of the enzyme in the CNS. Furthermore, this delivery results in a significant improvement in memory and learning in MPSVII mice. Fusion of the ApoB receptor-binding domain to therapeutic proteins may be a useful strategy for treating numerous neurological degenerative disorders.
The Back of the Book: On Being Positive

(1976). The Back of the Book: On Being Positive. The Journal of Business Education: Vol. 51, No. 4, pp. 195-195.
Acquired von Willebrand Syndrome in Continuous-Flow Ventricular Assist Device Recipients

Background Bleeding is a major cause of morbidity in recipients of continuous-flow left ventricular assist devices (CF-LVAD). A better understanding of the impact of CF-LVAD support on the hemostatic profile is necessary to establish better strategies for anticoagulation therapy and risk assessment for bleeding complications. A prospective multicenter study was conducted to characterize von Willebrand factor (vWF) profiles in patients undergoing CF-LVAD implantation. Methods Blood samples were collected before and after CF-LVAD implantation from 37 patients between July 2008 and April 2009 at Duke University and the University of Minnesota. Blood samples were analyzed for vWF, platelet and collagen-binding ability. The presence of high-molecular-weight (HMW) vWF multimers were detected through gel electrophoresis, and deficiency was graded on a scale of 0 (normal) to 3 (severe loss). Results All 37 patients exhibited significant loss of HMW vWF multimers within 30 days of CF-LVAD implantation. Ten of the 37 patients experienced bleeding complications after CF-LVAD placement. Conclusions All CF-LVAD recipients had acquired von Willebrand syndrome after LVAD placement, demonstrated by reduced or absent HMW vWF multimer levels. However, not all recipients had bleeding complications. These findings suggest that loss of HMW vWF multimers alone cannot predict bleeding risk. Further refinement of laboratory techniques and a larger follow-up is required to identify risk factors for bleeding in CF-LVAD recipients.
Exciton–dopant and exciton–charge interactions in electronically doped OLEDs

Abstract The electronic dopants, like tetrafluorocyanoquinodimethane (F 4 –TCNQ) molecules, used for p-doping of hole transport layers in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) are found to quench the electroluminescence (EL) if they diffuse into the emissive layer. We observed EL quenching in OLED with F 4 -TCNQ doped N,N′-diphenyl-N′N′-bis(1-naphthyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4,4′-diamine hole transport layer at large dopant concentrations, >5%. To separate the effects of exciton–dopant quenching, from exciton–polaron quenching we have intentionally doped the emissive layer of (8-tris-hydroxyquinoline) with three acceptors (A) of different electron affinities: F 4 -TCNQ, TCNQ, and C 60 , and found that C 60 is the strongest EL-quencher, while F 4 -TCNQ is the weakest, contrary to intuitive expectations. The new effects of charge transfer and usually considered energy transfer from exciton to neutral (A) and charged acceptors (A − ) are compared as channels for non-radiative Ex–A decay. At high current loads the EL quenching is observed, which is due to decay of Ex on free charge carriers, hole polarons P + . We consider contributions to Ex–P + interaction by short-range charge transfer and describe the structure of microscopic charge transfer (CT)-processes responsible for it. The formation of metastable states of ‘charged excitons’ (predicted and studied by Agranovich et al. Chem. Phys. 272 (2001) 159) by electron transfer from a P to an Ex is pointed out, and ways to suppress non-radiative Ex–P decay are suggested.
Comparative measurement efficiency and sensitivity of five health status instruments for arthritis research

Five health status instruments were administered in random order to 50 arthritis patients before and after total joint arthroplasty. Relative efficiency and sensitivity in measurement of change in pain, mobility and physical function, social role and social activity, and global health were assessed. The instruments had highly correlated scores, but had differences in certain dimensions. Inter-instrument differentials were larger for social and global outcomes than for pain or mobility. NO single instrument consistently outperformed the others. A method for determining relative efficiency is described.
A structure–activity study of spermicidal and anti-HIV properties of hydroxylated cationic surfactants

The syntheses of 2-hydroxy-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-N,N-dimethylhexadecan-1-aminium chloride [1(16)Cl] and iodide [1(16)I], 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethylhexadecan-1-aminium chloride (6), N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-N,N-dimethylhexadecan-1-aminium chloride (8), N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-N-methylhexadecan-1-aminium chloride (11), and 2-hydroxy-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-N,N-dimethyl-4-oxahexadecan-1-aminium chloride (14) are reported along with the critical micelle concentrations (cmcs), as measured by conductivity at 25 degrees C, of 1(16)Cl, 1(16)I, 6, 8, 11, and N,N,N-trimethylhexadecan-1-aminium chloride (12). All compounds display spermicidal and virucidal activity. A plot of minimum effective concentration (MEC) in the Sander-Cramer spermicidal assay and cmc shows that 1(16)Cl and 6 have the best spermicidal activity and highest cmcs. Compounds 8, 11, and 1(16)Cl are the most active at 0.05 mg mL(-1) against cell-free and cell-associated virus. In conclusion, 1(16)Cl shows the best combination of dual activity against sperm and HIV; it is a promising candidate for further preclinical studies as a topical, contraceptive microbicide.
Thymus cell migration. Quantitative aspects of cellular traffic from the thymus to the periphery in mice.

We have used intrathymic injection of fluorescein isothiocyanate to label thymocytes in situ. The method gives random labeling of the thymocyte population and so can be used to quantitate the extent of migration of cells from the thymus to the periphery. Migrant cells can be visualized in frozen sections or cell suspensions of peripheral organs by their fluorescence. Our data show that in young adults, about 1% of thymocytes leave the thymus per day. Since the bulk of thymocytes turn over every 5 to 7 days, this indicates that the vast majority (95%) of thyrnocytes die within the thymus. Cells that do leave the thymus, go mainly to the T areas of lymph nodes, spleen and Peyer's patches. Migrants are extremely rare in bone marrow, gut and liver. Migration is about the same in neonates as in adults relative to the size of the thymus, but is considerably lower in older animals where it is only about 0.1% of thymocytes per day at the age of six months.
Oxic and anoxic enhancement of radiation-mediated toxicity by horseradish peroxidase/indole-3-acetic acid gene therapy.

Purpose : To evaluate the interaction of horseradish peroxidase (HRP)/indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) gene therapy with therapeutically relevant doses of radiation. Materials and methods : Human T24 bladder and FaDu nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells were transiently transfected with the HRP cDNA using a non-viral delivery method. HRP expression was confirmed by immunostain and enzyme activity assay. The cells were exposed to IAA or the analogue 1-Me-IAA in conjunction with X-rays in air or in anoxic conditions, and cytotoxicity was determined by clonogenic assay. Results : A significant and selective enhancement of radiation-mediated cytotoxicity was observed. Pre-incubation with the prodrugs induced sensitizer enhancement ratios (SER) ranging from 2.6 (0.1mM IAA) to 5.4 (0.5 mM IAA). Radiosensitization was also observed when prodrug exposure was performed immediately after irradiation (SER=2.1-5.6), or in anoxic conditions (SER=3.6). Conclusions : The use of gene therapy protocols to enhance the effect of ionizi...
Mechanical, theoretical and dielectric studies on ferroelectric lithium ammonium sulphate (LAS) single crystals

Abstract Lithium ammonium sulphate (LAS) is an excellent inorganic ferroelectric material with a very high degree of transparency and exceptional mechanical properties. Good quality crystals of LAS were grown by using the modified Sankaranarayanan–Ramasamy method within a period of 30 days. The grown crystals were subjected to single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis in order to establish their crystalline nature. Several solid state physical parameters have been determined for the grown crystals. The anisotropy in Vickers’ micro hardness led to the study of various parameters such as fracture toughness ( K c ), brittleness index ( B ) and yield strength ( σ v ). The dielectric constant and the dielectric loss of the grown crystal were studied as a function of frequency and temperature, and the corresponding relaxation time ( τ ), relaxation frequency ( F r ) and the activation energy have been calculated.
Multimodal Behavioral Treatment of Recurrent Injury-Scene-Elicited Fainting (Vasodepressor Syncope)

The known physiological and cognitive characteristics of vasodepressor syncope were accounted for in the development of an effective multimodal behavioral treatment for recurrent injury-scene-elicited fainting. Skeletal muscle tensing was employed as an immediate coping response to prevent fainting in situ, while cognitive–attentional retraining with graded exposure was employed to modify maladaptive cognitions.
General Methodology for Soft-Error-Aware Power Optimization Using Gate Sizing

Power consumption has emerged as the premier and most constraining aspect in modern microprocessor and application-specific designs. Gate sizing has been shown to be one of the most effective methods for power (and area) reduction in CMOS digital circuits. Recently, as the feature size of logic gates (and transistors) is becoming smaller and smaller, the effect of soft-error rates caused by single-event upsets (SEUs) is becoming exponentially greater. As a consequence of technology feature size reduction, the SEU rate for typical microprocessor logic at sea level will go from one in hundred years to one every minute. Unfortunately, the gate sizing requirements of power reduction and resiliency against SEU can be contradictory. 1) We consider the effects of gate sizing on SEU and incorporate the relationship between power reduction and SEU resiliency to develop a new method for power optimization under SEU constraints. 2) Although a nonlinear programming approach is a more obvious solution, we propose a convex programming formulation that can be solved efficiently. 3) Many of the optimal existing techniques for gate sizing deal with an exponential number of paths in the circuit. We prove that it is sufficient to consider a linear number of constraints. 4) We generalize our methodology to include nonlinear delay models and leakage power as well. As an important preprocessing step, we apply statistical modeling and validation techniques to quantify the impact of fault masking on the SEU rate. Furthermore, we adapt our method to incorporate process variation and evaluate our gate sizing technique under uncertainty. We evaluate the effectiveness of our methodology on ISCAS benchmarks and show that error rates can be reduced by a factor of 100%-200% while, on average, the power reduction is simultaneously decreased by less than 6%-10%, respectively, compared to the optimal power saving with no error rate constraints.
A synchronic perspective on the grammaticalization of Swedish Future constructions

This paper is a corpus-based investigation of five Swedish constructions that are used to express futurity. The method of Collexeme Analysis (Stefanowitsch & Gries 2003) is applied to constructions with the auxiliaries ska ‘will’, skall ‘shall’, its past form skulle ‘should’, komma ‘come’, and tanka ‘think’. All of these are future markers that have grammaticalized to varying degrees. The aim of this paper is to investigate semantic differences between constructions with these auxiliaries. By analyzing the main verbs that co-occur with a given auxiliary, it can be statistically assessed what verbs are significantly attracted to the construction. It thus becomes possible to analyze the constructional semantics in terms of co-occurring lexical material. Conversely, it is also insightful to consider what verbs occur significantly less often than expected with a given auxiliary. These procedures allow a fine-grained semantic description in both positive and negative terms.
Expression of catalytically active matrix metalloproteinase‐1 in dermal fibroblasts induces collagen fragmentation and functional alterations that resemble aged human skin

Increased expression of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) and reduced production of type I collagen by dermal fibroblasts are prominent features of aged human skin. We have proposed that MMP-1-mediated collagen fibril fragmentation is a key driver of age-related decline of skin function. To investigate this hypothesis, we constructed, characterized, and expressed constitutively active MMP-1 mutant (MMP-1 V94G) in adult human skin in organ culture and fibroblasts in three-dimensional collagen lattice cultures. Expression of MMP-1 V94G in young skin in organ culture caused fragmentation and ultrastructural alterations of collagen fibrils similar to those observed in aged human skin in vivo. Expression of MMP-1 V94G in dermal fibroblasts cultured in three-dimensional collagen lattices caused substantial collagen fragmentation, which was markedly reduced by MMP-1 siRNA-mediated knockdown or MMP inhibitor MMI270. Importantly, fibroblasts cultured in MMP-1 V94G-fragmented collagen lattices displayed many alterations observed in fibroblasts in aged human skin, including reduced cytoplasmic area, disassembled actin cytoskeleton, impaired TGF-β pathway, and reduced collagen production. These results support the concept that MMP-1-mediated fragmentation of dermal collagen fibrils alters the morphology and function of dermal fibroblasts and provide a foundation for understanding specific mechanisms that link collagen fibril fragmentation to age-related decline of fibroblast function.
A Design of Experiment (DOE) Analysis of the Performance of Uplink Real-Time Traffic over a 3G Network

The bandwidth and reliability of the reverse link (or uplink) as the performance metrics of real-time traffic are studied in this paper. A two-level full factorial design of experiment (DOE) was conducted to identify the impact on the bandwidth and reliability of four factors: packet size, data streaming rate, time of the day, and buffer size in a real network environment. Two extreme cases for each factor were tested and statistical analysis is performed to characterize how different factors and their interactions may affect the bandwidth and reliability. The importance of this study is illustrated in the optimal channel selection mechanism where appropriate packet size, data streaming rate and buffer size can be chosen to achieve the best result.
The Path of Wellness Reflections on Cancer, the Environment, and the Integrity of Place

This Mystory begins with a letter to my father’s physician regarding the VA’s decision to deny my father benefits for his service-related cancer. In reflecting on memories about loss, agency, community identity, and the environment, the narrative that follows reaffirms the integrity of place, while also serving as a platform for questioning discourses that emphasize lifestyle variables as the primary source of disease. In challenging the VA’s decision, I allow for what Soyini Madison calls a “politics of possibility.”
Photocurrent mapping as a probe of transport properties and electric field distributions in cadmium zinc telluride detectors

We have performed two-dimensional cross-sectional photocurrent mapping of Cd/sub 0.9/Zn/sub 0.1/Te detectors grown by the high-pressure Bridgman method as a means of probing the electric field distribution. We have analyzed the results using a model based on the drift-diffusion equation. In the case of a uniform electric field and excitation far from the electrodes, the result is virtually identical in form to the Hecht relation. We adapt the Hecht relation to analyze photocurrent data and generalize it to the case of a nonuniform electric field. The spatial distribution of photocurrent for the material that we have examined suggests a nonuniformity in either the electric field or the electron mobility-lifetime product. These observations may help to explain the slope changes observed in detector response pulses.
African bats: Conservation in the time of Ebola

Introduction: Bats are among the most poorly studied mammals, despite their diversity and important ecological services. The ongoing Ebola epidemic in western Africa underscores the increasingly recognized role of bats as reservoirs for emerging human diseases. An understanding of the mechanisms supporting pathogen maintenance in bat hosts is essential to informing future public health measures, as well as conservation efforts for wild bat populations. This is crucial in Africa, where the human population is burgeoning, increasing habitat loss and human contact with wildlife. The importance of natural history . The natural history and ecology of bats, especially in Africa, is poorly understood, making responsible management decisions difficult. Metrics for guiding management of pathogens and their host populations, such as critical community size and minimum viable population size, often require more natural history knowledge than we currently have available. We argue that management action without adequate research can lead to counterproductive results. In the past, fear-based management responses such as culling campaigns have counterintuitively increased the prevalence of pathogens in the target host population, as has been observed in the vampire bat-rabies system and the Egyptian fruit bat-Marburg system. Bat conservation in the time of Ebola . Many of the same anthropogenic stressors that are threatening bat populations, such as habitat loss and hunting, are also likely drivers of zoonotic pathogen emergence. Given this, and given that reducing bat populations can increase rather than decrease pathogen prevalence, we argue that conservation measures for bats should be strengthened in this time of Ebola. We offer a few potential first steps. Conclusions and Future Directions: We advocate the precautionary principle, and encourage significant and urgent increases in natural history studies, education, and conservation measures for African bats. Key words: bat conservation, Chiroptera, culling, Ebola, natural history, zoonotic pathogens
Content, Process, and Product: Modeling Differentiated Instruction

AbstractModeling differentiated instruction is one way to demonstrate how educators can incorporate instructional strategies to address students' needs, interests, and learning styles. This article discusses how secondary teacher candidates learn to focus on content—the “what” of instruction; process—the “how” of instruction; and product—the “evidence” of instruction.
Supporting simulation-based decision making with the use of AHP analysis

Traditionally decisions made based on simulation models have been the outcomes of complicated statistical analyses and having confidence in them is a subjective matter. Hybrid simulation offers an improved approach to better model real life systems and increase confidence in their outcomes. In particular hybrid discrete-continuous simulation has the potentials to reduce the impact of statistics in building models in addition to other significant benefits. In this paper we use hybrid models of discrete-event simulation and system dynamics to analyze global supply chain decisions. And to increase the decision makers' confidence as well as to make use of their experiences we apply the Analytic Hierarchical Process (AHP) analysis to the simulation results in order to reach better decisions. We describe the benefits of the use of the hybrid simulation and the added advantages of using AHP in order to maximize shareholder value.
Double pulse experiment with a velvet cathode on the ATA injector

Double pulse transport experiments were conducted on the front end of the ATA accelerator to obtain data on the capability of a velvet cloth cathode to produce two successive pulses. Pulses of approximately 3 kA were extracted from the cathode with interpulse spacings varying from 150 ns to 2.8 /spl mu/s using an anode-cathode voltage of about 1 MV. Analysis of the current and voltage waveform data from the injector indicate that the effects of cathode plasma on the second pulse of a two-pulse burst is minimal.
Robust Servo Control of a High Friction Industrial Turbine Gas Valve by Indirectly Using the Standard $mu$ -Synthesis Tools

The current mu-synthesis tools are not directly suitable for industrial turbine fuel and water control because they lead to high-order controllers with physically meaningless states. The production valve example here is the Woodward GS6 Turbine Gas Metering Valve that has a single-phase permanent magnet motor coupled by a shaft to an inertia disc and a gas metering shoe with a high level of dry (nonlinear) friction and flow forces. The embedded TI-DSP-2407 processor that runs the position controller in the 1 ms loop rate practically limits the maximum controller order to seven. This paper describes how an industrial seventh-order 2-degrees of freedom (DOF) controller was designed by indirectly using the standard tools available in the mu-Toolbox. Step, limit cycle, and frequency response measurements show that the new design compares favorably well with the standard production controller. However, the key advantages were that the first design downloaded into the controller did not require retuning, the design process was higher level, and the measure of "robustness" was in terms of the physical description of plant uncertainties
Ion Channel—like Properties of the Na+/K+ Pump

Ion pumps and exchangers are considered to be different from ion channels for two principal reasons. Ion pumps move ions against, whereas ion channels allow ions to move with, the electrochemical potential gradient, and pumps transport ions relatively slowly, approximately 10(2) s(-1), whereas channels conduct ions rapidly, approximately 10(7) s(-1). However, the latter high rate refers only to the open pore, and yet all ion channels contain at least one gate. Not surprisingly, the conformational changes associated with channel gating occur with kinetics similar to those of ion pumping. Indeed, ion pumps may be viewed as ion channels with two gates, one external to, and the other internal to, the ion binding cavity. The simple operational rule for such a pump is that the two gates should never be open simultaneously; otherwise, the pump would become a channel and conduct dissipative fluxes several orders of magnitude larger than, and in the opposite direction to, the active transport fluxes. Analyses of Na(+) ion movements mediated by the Na(+)/K(+) pump under various conditions have suggested that in at least one, short-lived, conformation of the pump, an ion-channel-like structure, closed at its intracellular end, connects the extracellular solution with the ion binding sites deep in the protein core. Here we use the marine toxin, palytoxin, to act on Na(+)/K(+) pumps in outside-out patches excised from cardiac myocytes and so transform the pumps into nonselective cation channels which we study using macroscopic, and single-channel, recording. We find that gating of the palytoxin-induced channels is regulated by the pump's natural ligands. Thus, external K(+) congeners tend to close, and external Na(+) tends to open, an extracellular gate, whereas ATP acts from the cytoplasmic solution to open an intracellular gate. These gating influences echo the normal ion occlusion and deocclusion reactions that first entrap two extracellular K(+) ions within the interior of the pump (between the two gates) and then release them to the cytoplasmic side in a step accelerated by ATP. These results offer the promise of being able to examine ion occlusion and deocclusion steps at the microscopic level in single Na(+)/K(+) pump molecules.