cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CORR Insights®: Variations in the Use of Diagnostic Criteria for Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip

A note from the Editor-in-Chief: This CORR Insights® is a commentary on the article “Variations in the Use of Diagnostic Criteria for Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip” by Roposch and colleagues available at DOI 10.1007/s11999-013-2846-5. Each author certifies that he, or a member of his immediate family, has no funding or commercial associations (eg, consultancies, stock ownership, equity interest, patent/licensing arrangements, etc) that might pose a conflict of interest in connection with the submitted article. All ICMJE Conflict of Interest Forms for authors and Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research® editors and board members are on file with the publication and can be viewed on request. The opinions expressed are those of the writers, and do not reflect the opinion or policy of CORR® or the Association of Bone and Joint Surgeons®. This CORR Insights® comment refers to the article available at DOI 10.1007/s11999-013-2846-5.
Patronage Regimes and American Party Development from ‘The Age of Jackson’ to the Progressive Era

This article introduces the concept of patronage regimes and, through it, extends the research on American party development. No systematic empirical inquiry into the operation of American patronage practices has yet been undertaken. Its analysis investigates the strategic allocation of public jobs by party elites to enhance cadre performance in presidential elections. Utilizing a dataset of 49,000 Senate-confirmed, presidential appointments, presidential patronage removals between the years 1829 and 1917 are analysed. Two distinctive patronage regimes are identified: an antebellum regime structured by pure-and-simple spoils politics and a postbellum regime conforming to principles of machine rationality. Factors central to the process of regime transformation are pinpointed. The presence of two successive patronage regimes highlights the importance of endogenous political incentives and elite strategic choice to the emergent character of party organization, shedding new light on the historical development of these pre-eminent nineteenth-century American political institutions.
A susceptibility gene for type 2 diabetes confers substantial risk for diabetes complicating cystic fibrosis

Aims/hypothesis Insulin-requiring diabetes affects 25–50% of young adults with cystic fibrosis (CF). Although the cause of diabetes in CF is unknown, recent heritability studies in CF twins and siblings indicate that genetic modifiers play a substantial role. We sought to assess whether genes conferring risk for diabetes in the general population may play a risk modifying role in CF.
Mouse hypothalamic growth hormone-releasing hormone and somatostatin responses to probes of signal transduction systems.

Abstract Signal transduction mechanisms involved in mouse growth hormone-releasing hormone (GRH) and somatostatin (SRIH) release were investigated using an in vitro perifusion system. Hypothalamic fragments were exposed to depolarizing agents, protein kinase A and C activators, and a calcium ionophore. The depolarizing agents, KCl (60 m M) and veratridine (50 μM) , induced similar patterns of GRH and SRIH release. Somatostatin release in response to both agents was twofold greater than that of GRH. Forskolin (10 μM and 100 μM) , an adenylate cyclase activator, stimulated both GRH and SRIH release, though with different secretory profiles. The SRIH response was prolonged and persisted beyond removal of the drug from the system, while the GRH response was brief, ending even prior to forskolin removal. Neither GRH nor SRIH were stimulated by 1,9-dideoxy-forskolin (100 μM) , a forskolin analog with cAMP-independent actions. A23187 (5 μM) , a calcium ionophore, stimulated the release of SRIH to a much greater extent than that of GRH. The GRH and SRIH secretory responses to PMA (1 μM) , a protein kinase C activator, were similar, though delayed. The results suggest that 1) GRH and SRIH secretion are regulated by both protein kinase A and C pathways, and 2) depolarizing agents are important for the release of both hormones.
Converse magnetoelectric experiments on a room-temperature spirally ordered hexaferrite

Magnetoelectric properties of room-temperature spirally ordered ${\mathrm{Sr}}_{3}{\mathrm{Co}}_{2}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{24}{\mathrm{O}}_{41}$ hexaferrite slabs have been measured. A physical model in this paper referred to as the ``slinky helix'' model is presented to explain the experimental data. The measured properties include the magnetic permeability and the strain, all as a function of the electric field $\mathbf{E}$. Upon application of an electric field to slabs of Sr Z-type hexaferrite, it exhibits broken symmetries for time reversal and parity. This is the central feature of these magnetoelectric materials.
Uptake and early fate of metaphase chromosomes ingested by the Wi-L2 human lymphoid cell line.

Aspects of the ingestion and early intracellular fate of homologous, [3H]-thymidine-labeled chromosomes (donor) were studied in recipient Wi-L2 cells in the absence of reutilized radioactivity. As much as 67% of the cell-associated radioactivity was resistant to hydrolysis by DNase I after 4 h of incubation. Cell fractionation and electron microscope autoradiography indicated that chromosome uptake was rapid, into both cytoplasmic and nuclear fractions and was facilitator and dose dependent. Sedimentation analysis demonstrated that at 4 h donor DNA of approximate single-strand mol wt of 1–6×106, as compared to 6–12× 106 for chromosomal DNA, was recoverable in cell fractions. By 6 h, a significant portion of the nucleus-associated donor DNA was converted into material of higher mol wt, although no evidence was found for integration into recipient DNA, Cytoplasmic donor DNA continued to be degraded. An average number of chromosome equivalents of nucleusassociated donor DNA to recipient cell nuclei of 1–4 was obtained and its relationship to the lower frequency of chromosome-mediated gene transfer is discussed.
Fluid Resuscitation of Infants and Children with Massive Thermal Injury

Age-related limitations of physiologic reserve in burned children make adequacy of intravenous fluid resuscitation critical. To quantify fluid requirements, the medical records of all children admitted to the Army Institute of Surgical Research from 1980 to 1986 whose weight was 25 kilograms or less and burn size was 25% or greater were reviewed to quantify fluid requirements Forty-three children ranging in age from 1.5—108 months (JOURNAL/jtra/04.02/00005373-198812000-00007/ENTITY_OV0335/v/2017-07-25T083243Z/r/image-png 26 ± 22 m), with 25–89% total body surface burned (TBSB) (JOURNAL/jtra/04.02/00005373-198812000-00007/ENTITY_OV0335/v/2017-07-25T083243Z/r/image-png 41.7% ± 14.6%), met inclusion criteria. The average total volume of fluid received during the first 24 hours was 6.3 ± 2.2 cc/kg/% TBSB. The net volume of resuscitation fluid, total volume less the calculated maintenance fluid requirements, was 3.91 ± 2.2 cc/kg/% TBSB. Univariate analysis and linear regression of independent variables including age, weight, per cent full thickness, and inhalation injury revealed each had no significant influence on the volume of resuscitation. We recommend supplying maintenance volume and initiating burn resuscitation at 3 cc/kg/% TBSB.
Focal glomerulosclerosis with tubuloreticular inclusions: possible predictive value for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).

We have studied renal biopsies from three pa­ tients with focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis associated with the presence of prominent tubu­ loreticular structures in glomerular endothelial cells in whom no clinical features diagnostic of AIDS were present at the time of renal biopsy. Each of these patients belonged to a population group known to be at high risk for the develop­ ment of AIDS, and each patient subsequently de­ veloped overt AIDS 3 to 15 months after the onset of their renal disease. These cases provide further evidence for the existence of an AIDS-related glo­ merulopathy and suggest that this lesion can be a prodromal manifestation of overt AIDS. CASE REPORT
Toward a Confucian Ethic of the Gift

In this essay I discuss how the relational ethic characteristic of Classical Confucianism articulates an ethic of gift exchange. I first discuss the tradition that Confucius appropriated and show that the gift was utilized to form, maintain, and symbolize social relationships in Shang, Zhou, and Warring States China. I then go on to discuss the implications of this view by addressing two difficulties of gift exchange that are often discussed in the literature: the use of gifts to indebt or control others and the inability of the gift to fully express one’s sentiments. This essay not only shows that Confucian ethics has much to say on the matter but also demonstrates that ritual action is still relevant in modern contexts.
Corrosion studies of a stainless steel structure for the ITER aqueous lithium salt blanket concept

Abstract The aqueous lithium salt blanket (ALSB) employs water, with a dissolved lithium compound, as both the coolant and tritium breeding medium. The ALSB concept is one of three blanket options currently being examined for breeding tritium in the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER). To provide data and recommendations for materials and chemistry selection relevant to application of the ALSB in ITER, corrosion studies have been initiated, focusing on type 316 stainless steel in lithium hydroxide and lithium nitrate solutions. This paper presents the preliminary results of these corrosion studies. The results to date, while preliminary, suggest that even at 90°C, a blanket utilizing 10% LiOH (the current lithium salt of choice for ITER ALSB applications) will not cause catastrophic failure of 316 stainless steel by either stress corrosion cracking or localized corrosion; that the general corrosion rate will not exceed about 40 μm/y and transport of material will certainly be much less than this value since most of the corrosion product will be included in the strong adherent surface film; and that, although hydrogen may be evolved due to electrolysis, the maximum amount of hydrogen is small compared to that expected to be produced by radiolysis. These observations are predicated on the assumption that the blanket will be completely deaerated, and that the corrosion potential of the alloy will be similar to that observed in the laboratory.
Specific immunity to listeria monocytogenes in the absence of IFNγ

Cytokine and cytokine receptor gene knockout mice provide powerful experimental systems to characterize the functions of these molecules in resistance to infectious disease. Such mice may also provide unique models of immune deficiency to learn whether manipulation of the immune response can overcome the specific dysfunction. We demonstrate that resistance of IFN gamma gene knockout (GKO-/-) mice to the intracellular bacterium Listeria monocytogenes is severely impaired compared with wild-type mice. However, immunization of GKO-/- mice with an attenuated L. monocytogenes strain generates antigen-specific CD8 T cell responses that can transfer immunity to naive hosts. Furthermore, vaccinated GKO-/- mice themselves exhibit 20,000-fold increased resistance to challenge with virulent L. monocytogenes and this resistance appears to be CD8 T cell mediated. These studies demonstrate that vaccination-induced immunity can overcome the absence of a cytokine that is critical for resistance to acute infection.
Partial purification and properties of choline kinase from the cockroach, Periplaneta americana.

Abstract 1. 1. Choline kinase (E.C.2.7.1.32) in the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana, is located in the supernatant fraction obtained by centrifugation at 92,000 g. This enzyme was purified twenty-onefold from the supernatant fraction by ammonium sulfate fractionation and calcium phosphate gel adsorption. 2. 2. The purified enzyme preparation was unstable, losing approximately 40 per cent of its activity in 1 week at −20°C. A divalent cation was required for activity and magnesium was the most effective when compared to calcium, cobalt manganese and nickel. ATP was the only effective phosphate donor when compared to CTP, GTP, ITP and UTP. Excess ATP was inhibitory, the activity curve showing a distinct optimum at 2·5 m-molar ATP. Although an absolute requirement for sulfhydryl groups could not be demonstrated, enzyme activity was greater in the presence of cysteine. 3. 3. Michaelis constants for the purified choline kinase were 6·9 × 10−6 M choline and 5·7 × 10−5 M ethanolamine. No phosphorylation of serine or carnitine was detectable.
The genus Episymploce Bey-Bienko. II. Species from Sulawesi (Celebes). (Dictyoptera: Blattaria, Blattellidae)

The following seven specics of Episymploce from Sulawesi are described: albomarginata (Hanitsch), castanea (Hanitsch), fissa (Hanitsch), perpulchra (Shelford), sarasinorum (Hanitsch), sulawesiensis sp. n., ussuensis Roth. A key is provided for males of these species.
Eruptive dysplastic nevi associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection.

• The cutaneous manifestations of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome include infections and neoplasms resulting from the immunodeficient state. Seven patients presenting with the symptom of new eruptive nevi with dysplastic histologic findings are described. These patients noted multiple new moles, which occurred in crops and in individuals without the dysplastic nevus syndrome (familial melanomas). This symptom occurred as the patients became symptomatic from their human immunodeficiency virus infection, developing acquired immunodeficiency syndrome or its related complex. Further confirmation and study of this phenomenon could lead to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of melanocytic dysplasia and its relationship to the immune system. ( Arch Dermatol 1989;125:397-401)
Auditory cortex of squirrel monkey: Response patterns of single cells to species-specific vocalizations

Most of the neurons tested in the superior temporal cortex of awake squirrel monkeys responded to recorded species-specific vocalizations. Some cells responded with temporally complex patterns to many vocalizations. Other cells responded with simpler patterns to only one call. Most cells lay between these two extremes. On-line deletion of parts of a vocalization revealed the role of temporal interactions in determining the nature of some responses.
Comparison of mammalian collagen and elasmobranch elastoidin fiber structures, based on electron density profiles.

Abstract Standard difference-Fourier methods of crystallography, applied to the axial small-angle X-ray diffraction of elastoidin, develop a four-strip model for the distribution of electron density along shark-fin ceratotrichial axes. This result is obtained directly from X-ray data. The model consists of three major strips with centers separated approximately by d 3 ( d = 670 A , the familiar collagen macroperiod), superimposed upon a wide strip extending over 0·49 d, representing the overlap-hole zone background, also found in mammalian collagens. The three narrower strips correspond to cross-sections which resist negative staining or diametral contraction on drying, reported to be characteristic of elastoidin from electron microscopy. Chemical evidence suggests that these unique cross-sections (“superbands”) occur at axial locations where a tyrosine-rich matrix, intimately associated with very thin collagen units, produces paracrystalline order with good axial registration but poor transverse order, across an entire ceratotrichium (diam. ~ 1 to 2 mm). The analogous but quite different condition in mammalian collagen fibers involves an intra-fibrillar paracrystalline order (diam. approx. 1000 A), with inter-fibrillar stabilization by a mucopolysaccharide matrix. Stiffening of the elastoidin by means of the tyrosine-rich matrix exemplifies a way, alternative to mineralization processes (e.g. in bone), of reducing collagenous fiber flexibility.
Spectroscopic characterization of a DNA-binding domain, Z alpha, from the editing enzyme, dsRNA adenosine deaminase: evidence for left-handed Z-DNA in the Z alpha-DNA complex.

Double-stranded RNA adenosine deaminase (ADAR1) is an ubiquitous enzyme in metazoa that edits pre-mRNA changing adenosine to inosine in regions of double-stranded RNA. Zα, an N-terminal domain of human ADAR1 encompassing 76 amino acid residues, shows apparent specificity for the left-handed Z-DNA conformation adopted by alternating (dGdC) polymers modified by bromination or methylation, as well as for (dGdC)13 inserts present in supercoiled plasmids. Here, a combination of circular dichroism, fluorescence, and gel-retardation studies is utilized to characterize recombinant Zα peptide and to examine its interaction with DNA. Results from laser-Raman spectroscopy experiments provide direct evidence for the existence of Z-DNA in peptide−DNA complexes.
Frequency sensitivity of fatigue processes in polymeric solids

One is faced with an interesting challenge when trying to explain the effect of test frequency on polymer fatigue performance. While hysteretic heating arguments appear sufficient to explain a diminution of fatigue resistance with increasing cyclic frequency in unnotched test samples, the enhancement of fatigue resistance in many polymers with increasing cyclic frequency in notched samples is still not clearly understood. In large measure, this is due to contradictory trends in fre-quency-sensitive material properties which affect the fatigue process. In this paper, a number of proposed fatigue models dealing with the time and strain rate dependence of elastic modulus, yield strength, creep and localized crack tip heating are examined and confronted with available data from the literature. Additional fatigue crack propagation data for poly(methyl methacrylate), poly (vinyl chloride), polystyrene, poly-carbonate, nylon 66, poly(vinylidene fluoride) and poly(2,6-dimethylphenylene oxide) were obtained and are reported herein. These data were obtained over a maximum frequency range of 0.1 to 100 Hz and, for selected polymers, with various waveforms. Frequency sensitivity is shown to be greatest in those polymers that show a high tendency for crazing. Relative fatigue behavior is found to reflect a competition between strain rate and creep effects. Where creep effects dominate, the total crack growth rate may be viewed as consisting of the summation of pure fatigue and creep components, respectively. Finally, the β transition appears to have a role, with frequency sensitivity being at a maximum for polymers where the β transition at room temperature occurs in the range of the experimental test frequency.
The foliar absorption of urea‐N by tall fescue and creeping bentgrass turf

Abstract The absorption and assimilation of 15N‐labeled urea applied to the foliage of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) and creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris Huds.) turf was examined under a controlled environment. Each source of N was dissolved in deionized water to a final concentration of 25 g N liter‐1 and spray‐applied at a rate of 5 g N m‐2. Absorption of the fertilizer‐N over a 72 hr period, as measured by 15N analysis of tissue digests, averaged 55% for the two species. Absorption was also estimated by a washing procedure which measured the urea remaining on the foliage, and by the increase in total N in the plant tissue. There were no significant differences between the three methods in estimating absorption. Partitioning of the absorbed 15n between tissues averaged 37% in new leaves, 51% in old leaves and shoot tissue, and 11% in the roots. More than 90% of the absorbed urea‐N was hydrolyzed by 72 hr.
On the characterization of local aromatic properties in benzenoid hydrocarbons

Abstract A generalization of the Kekule index for composite valence structures provides a quantitative value corresponding to Clar's assessment of benzenoid character of aromatic ring systems. The idea involved is further specialized for the individual local rings in the molecules. Comparison with limited experimental data supports the validity of this approach.
Cool flame partial oxidation and its role in combustion and reforming of fuels for fuel cell systems

Abstract The purpose of this review was to integrate the most recent and relevant investigations on the auto-oxidation of fuel oils and their reforming into hydrogen-rich gas that could serve as a feed for fuel cells and combustion systems. We consider the incorporation of partial oxidation under cool flame conditions to be a significant step in the reforming process for generation of hydrogen-rich gas. Therefore, we have paid particular attention to the partial oxidation of fuels at low temperature in the cool flame region. This is still not a well-understood feature in the oxidation of fuels and can potentially serve as a precursor to low NOx emissions and low soot formation. Pretreatment, including atomization, vaporization and burner technology are also briefly reviewed. The oxidation of reference fuels (n-heptane C7H16, iso-octane C8H18 and to a lesser extent cetane C16H34) in the intermediate and high temperature ranges have been studied extensively and it is examined here to show the significant progress made in modeling the kinetics and mechanisms, and in the evaluation of ignition delay times. However, due to the complex nature of real fuels such as petroleum distillates (diesel and jet fuel) and biofuels, much less is known on the kinetics and mechanisms of their oxidation, as well as on the resulting reaction products formed during partial oxidation. The rich literature on the oxidation of fuels is, hence, limited to the cited main reference fuels. We have also covered recent developments in the catalytic reforming of fuels. In the presence of catalysts, the fuels can be reformed through partial oxidation, steam reforming and autothermal reforming (ATR) to generate hydrogen. But optimum routes to produce cost effective hydrogen fuel from conventional or derivative fuels are still debatable. It is suggested that the use of products emanating from partial oxidation of fuels under cool flame conditions could be attractive in such reforming processes, but this is as yet untested. The exploitation of developments in oxidation, combustion and reforming processes is always impacted by the resulting emission of pollutants, including NOx, SOx, CO and soot, which have an impact on the health of the fragile ecosystem. Attention is paid to the progress made in innovative techniques developed to reduce the level of pollutants resulting from oxidation and reforming processes. In the last part, we summarize the present status of the topics covered and present prospects for future research. This information forms the basis for recommended themes that are vital in developing the next generation energy-efficient combustion and fuel cell technologies.
PtSi Schottky-barrier focal plane arrays for multispectral imaging in ultraviolet, visible, and infrared spectral bands

PtSi Schottky-barrier detectors, which are conventionally used in the back-illumination mode for thermal imaging in the 3-5- mu m infrared (IR) spectral band, are shown to exhibit excellent photoresponse in the near-ultraviolet and visible regions when operated in the front-illumination mode. For devices without antireflection coatings, external quantum efficiency in excess of 60% has been obtained for wavelengths between 400 and 800 nm. The efficiency decreases below 400 nm but is still about 35% at 290 nm. High-quality imaging has been demonstrated in both the visible and 3-5- mu m spectral bands for front-illuminated 160*244-element PtSi focal plane arrays integrated with monolithic CCD readout circuitry. >
The cardiovascular changes during upper gastrointestinal endoscopy

Tracheal intubation under general anaesthesia causes a rise in heart rate and blood pressure. This can worsen myocardial ischaemia or precipitate infarction in patients with coronary artery disease. We monitored 50 sedated and non-sedated patients undergoing upper gastrointestinal endoscopy with continuous non-invasive blood pressure monitoring. We subsequently studied 15 patients undergoing endoscopy and oesophageal dilatation under general anaesthesia. We observed a significant (P < 0.01) rise in rate pressure product (RPP) occurring on oesophageal intubation in both sedated and non-sedated patients. There was no significant change in RPP on oesophageal intubation in patients under a general anaesthetic. The rise in RPP in response to tracheal intubation in those patients receiving a general anaesthetic was as great as the rise in RPP occurring in response to oesophageal intubation in the sedated and non-sedated patients. Oesophageal intubation in sedated and non-sedated patients produces a rise in RPP comparable to that associated with tracheal intubation in anaesthetised patients and may confer the same risk of worsening myocardial ischaemia in patients with coronary artery disease.
ADDITION OF FLUORINE TO TOLANES

Abstract The products obtained by the reaction of fluorine with various tolanes in freon 11 include 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoro-1,2-diarylethanes, cis - and trans - α,α′-difluorostilbenes, 1,2,2-trifluoro-1,2-diarylethanes, 1,2,2,2-tetra- fluoro-1,1-diarylethanes, and 1,1-difluoro-2,2-diarylethenes. The 1,1,2,2- tetrafluoroethanes predominate at −78°C, while the α,α-difluorostilbenes predominate at 0°C. The relative rates of formation of the tetrafluorides and α,α-difluorostilbenes have been determined and show only a small substituent dependence.
Comparison of the Portal Vein and Kidney Subcapsule as Sites for Primate Islet Autotransplantation

To date, the portal vein has been the primary site for clinical islet transplantation. Despite success, potential complications such as portal vein thrombosis still exist. The kidney subcapsule has been used successfully in rodent models of islet transplantation. We hypothesized that the kidney subcapsule as a site for islet transplantation in the nonhuman primate model would be as effective as the portal vein. Diabetes was induced in the primate Macaca fascicularis via a total pancreatectomy. Animals were kept under anesthesia during the isolation procedure. Islet isolation was performed using intraductal infusion with Liberase HI and mechanical digestion in the Ricordi chamber, and were purified using a continuous Ficoll gradient. Purified islets were autotransplanted either into the portal vein (n = 6) or the left kidney subcapsule (n = 5) of pancreatectomized animals. Intravenous glucose tolerance tests were performed prior to pancreatectomy and 10 days following transplantation. Three animals underwent pancreatectomy and served as diabetic controls. Of the six animals receiving islets in the portal vein, one developed portal vein thrombosis. All remaining autotransplanted animals in this group remained normoglycemic with glucose-induced insulin secretion that was not different from that prior to pancreatectomy. Of the five animals undergoing transplantation into the kidney subcapsule, only one maintained normoglycemia and elicited insulin secretion in response to glucose stimulation. The other four animals remained hyperglycemic. We conclude that the portal vein is superior to the kidney subcapsule as a site for islet transplantation in nonhuman primates 10 days posttransplantation.
Nanomechanics Modeling and Simulation of Carbon Nanotubes

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been perceived as having a great potential in nanoelectronic and nanomechanical devices. Recent advances of modeling and simulation at the nanoscale have led to a better understanding of the mechanical behaviors of carbon nanotubes. The modeling efforts incorporate atomic features into the continuum or structural mechanics theories, and the numerical simulations feature quantum mechanical approach and classical molecular dynamics. Multiscale and multiphysics modeling and simulation tools have also been developed to effectively bridge the different lengths and time scales, and to link basic scientific research with engineering application. The general approaches of the theoretical and numerical nanomechanics of CNTs are briefly reviewed. This paper is not intended to be a comprehensive review, but to introduce readers (especially those with traditional civil engineering or engineering mechanics backgrounds) to the new, interdisciplinary, or emerging fields in engineering mechanics, in this case the rapidly growing frontier of nanomechanics through the example of carbon nanotubes.
Modulation of gastric pH by continuous gastric and jejunal infusion of cimetidine.

We studied the effect of gastric versus jejunal tube feedings on gastric pH and evaluated the acid-inhibiting effects of continuous gastric and jejunal infusions of cimetidine. pH was monitored by an intragastric pH probe in 19 gastrostomy and 13 jejunostomy patients during fasting, continuous infusions of Osmolyte, cimetidine, and simultaneously Osmolyte and cimetidine. Gastric Osmolyte increased fasting pH from a mean of 1.32 to 2.78 (P<0.01), while jejunal Osmolyte did not (pH 1.02). Continuous gastric infusion of cimetidine maintained a high gastric pH (5.06) in 17 of 19 patients. Jejunal cimetidine also achieved therapeutic serum levels and raised gastric pH to 4.81 in nine of 13 patients. We conclude that the persistently low gastric pH during jejunostomy tube feeding may play a major role in the upper gastrointestinal bleeding previously observed in such patients and that continuous gastric and jejunal cimetidine infusions effectively raise and sustain a high gastric pH.
A generic approach to semantic video indexing using adaptive fusion of multimodal classifiers

We present a novel method for fusing the results of multiple semantic video indexing algorithms that use different types of feature descriptors and different classification methods. This method, called Context-Dependent Fusion (CDF), is motivated by the fact that the relative performance of different semantic indexing methods can vary significantly depending on the video type, context information, and the high-level concept of the video segment to be labeled. The training part of CDF has two main components: context extraction and algorithm fusion. In context extraction, the low-level multimodal descriptors extracted by the different classification algorithms are combined and used to partition the feature space into clusters of similar video shots, or contexts. The algorithm fusion component assigns aggregation weights to the individual classifiers within each context based on their relative performance in that context. Results on the TRECVID-2002 data collections show that the proposed method can identify meaningful and coherent clusters and that the performance of the different labeling algorithms can vary significantly across different clusters. Our initial experiments have indicated that the context-dependent fusion outperforms the individual algorithms and the global fusion of those algorithms. We also show that using standard multimodal descriptors and a simple k-NN classifier, the CDF approach provides results that are comparable to the state-of-the-art methods in semantic indexing. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 18, 124–136, 2008
Two-dimensional sum-frequency generation (2D SFG) spectroscopy: summary of principles and its application to amyloid fiber monolayers

By adding a mid-infrared pulse shaper to a sum-frequency generation (SFG) spectrometer, we have built a 2D SFG spectrometer capable of measuring spectra analogous to 2D IR spectra but with monolayer sensitivity and SFG selection rules. In this paper, we describe the experimental apparatus and provide an introduction to 2D SFG spectroscopy to help the reader interpret 2D SFG spectra. The main aim of this manuscript is to report 2D SFG spectra of the amyloid forming peptide FGAIL. FGAIL is a critical segment of the human islet amyloid polypeptide (hIAPP or amylin) that aggregates in people with type 2 diabetes. FGAIL is catalyzed into amyloid fibers by many types of surfaces. Here, we study the structure of FGAIL upon deposition onto a gold surface covered with a self-assembled monolayer of methyl-4-mercaptobenzoate (MMB) that produces an ester coating. FGAIL deposited on bare gold does not form ordered layers. The measured 2D SFG spectrum is consistent with amyloid fiber formation, exhibiting both the parallel (a+) and perpendicular (a−) symmetry modes associated with amyloid β-sheets. Cross peaks are observed between the ester stretches of the coating and the FGAIL peptides. Simulations are presented for two possible structures of FGAIL amyloid β-sheets that illustrate the sensitivity of the 2D SFG spectra to structure and orientation. These results provide some of the first molecular insights into surface catalyzed amyloid fiber structure.
ON COMPLETE CONGRUENCE LATTICES OF COMPLETE MODULAR LATTICES

The lattice of all complete congruence relations of a complete lattice is itself a complete lattice. In 1988, the second author announced the converse: every complete lattice L can be represented as the lattice of complete congruence relations of some complete lattice K. In this paper we improve this result by showing that K can be chosen to be ac ompletemodular lattice. Internat. J. Algebra Comput., 1 (1991) 147{160 c 1991 World Scientic Pubishing
On the point-to-point and traveling salesperson problems for Dubins' vehicle

In this paper we study the length of optimal paths for Dubins' vehicle, i.e., a vehicle constrained to move forward along paths of bounded curvature. First, we obtain an upper bound on the optimal length in the point-to-point problem. Next, we consider the corresponding traveling salesperson problem (TSP). We provide an algorithm with worst-case performance within a constant factor approximation of the optimum. We also establish an asymptotic bound on the worst-case length of the Dubins' TSP.
ONTOGENY OF ANGIOTENSIN II RECEPTORS

Aside from the well known role of angiotensin II (Ang II) in blood pressure regulation and fluid homeostasis, accumulating evidence suggests that the octapeptide hormone also plays a role in growth and development. There are two major classes of Ang II receptors (AT1and AT2) which mediate Ang II action. Both classes are members of the large superfamily of seven transmembrane domain spanning receptors. Fetal tissue express high levels of AT receptors. Throughout fetal and postpartum life, the AT1and AT2tissue distribution changes dramatically. The evolution of each receptor type is distinct and varies according to the organ. Thus, the different patterns of temporal expression of each receptor class could be related to various roles that Ang II may play during development.
Siphon regulatory devices: their role in the treatment of hydrocephalus.

Object. The management of hydrocephalus can be challenging because of the unique cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) dynamics in each patient. Various shunt systems have been developed for the treatment of hydrocephalus. One of the main issues surrounding these systems is overshunting due to siphoning. In this paper the authors discuss the pathophysiology of CSF siphoning as well as the various devices used to treat this problem. The pros and cons of each device are discussed, as are the key differences among them. Future concepts are also introduced with an emphasis on upcoming device designs. Methods. The authors performed a literature review of articles addressing CSF dynamics, shunting, and regulatory devices. The literature consisted of original research articles, company literature on each device, and patent information. A number of siphon regulatory devices have been developed over the past two decades. Each device has a distinct design, requiring specific techniques of implantation for optimal function. Conclusions. For the past two decades, a variety of siphon regulatory devices have been used to help deal with CSF siphoning. With the increasing mobility of the population, every neurosurgeon will be seeing patients with older and newer devices. Familiarity with the various devices will assist in the evaluation and care of these patients.
An Original Genetic Approach to the Fully Automatic Gridding of Microarray Images

Gridding microarray images remains, at present, a major bottleneck. It requires human intervention which causes variations of the gene expression results. In this paper, an original and fully automatic approach for accurately locating a distorted grid structure in a microarray image is presented. The gridding process is expressed as an optimization problem which is solved by using a genetic algorithm (GA). The GA determines the line-segments constituting the grid structure. The proposed method has been compared with existing software tools as well as with a recently published technique. For this purpose, several real and artificial microarray images containing more than one million spots have been used. The outcome has shown that the accuracy of the proposed method achieves the high value of 94% and it outperforms the existing approaches. It is also noise-resistant and yields excellent results even under adverse conditions such as arbitrary grid rotations, and the appearance of various spot sizes.
The effect of prenatal protein-energy malnutrition on the development of mandibles and long bones in newborn rats.

1. To evaluate the role of gestational protein-energy malnutrition on fetal hard-tissue growth and metabolism, we measured several variables in the growth centres of mandibles and long bones of newborn rats.2. Control pups and pups of malnourished dams had approximately the same extent of reduction in body-weight, mandibular weight and long-bone weight.3. The malnourished group had more cells in the mandible although cell size was the same as that of controls.4. In contrast, in the long bones, the malnourished group had fewer cells than did controls whereas cell size was unchanged.5. Calcium content was the same in long bones of both groups, but was less in the mandibles of pups from malnourished dams. Ca metabolism as measured by 45Ca uptake was unchanged in the long bones, but was increased in the mandibles of the malnourished group shortly after birth. Calcification patterns at birth in these bones correlated well with alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1) activity.6. These findings indicate that the mandibles and long bones of offspring are affected differently by protein–energy malnutrition during the mother's gestation. Prenatal nutritional stress resulted in a disturbance of the pituitary–adrenal system. Increased adrenal corticosterone could possibly be related to the different observed changes in bone metabolism.
Optimization of generalized mean square error in signal processing and communication

Abstract Two matrix optimization problems are analyzed. These problems arise in signal processing and communication. In the first problem, the trace of the mean square error matrix is minimized, subject to a power constraint. The solution is the training sequence, which yields the best estimate of a communication channel. The solution is expressed in terms of the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of correlation and covariance matrices describing the communication, and an unknown permutation. Our analysis exhibits the optimal permutation when the power is either very large or very small. Based on the structure of the optimal permutation in these limiting cases, we propose a small class of permutations to focus on when computing the optimal permutation for arbitrary power. In numerical experiments, with randomly generated matrices, the optimal solution is contained in the proposed permutation class with high probability. The second problem is connected with the optimization of the sum capacity of a communication channel. The second problem, which is obtained from the first by replacing the trace operator in the objective function by the determinant, minimizes the product of eigenvalues, while the first problem minimizes the sum of eigenvalues. For small values of the power, both problems have the same solution. As the power increases, the solutions are different, since the permutation matrix appearing in the solution of the trace problem is not present in the solution of the determinant problem. For large power, the ordering of the eigenvectors in the solution of the trace problem is the opposite of the ordering in the determinant problem.
Succinic dehydrogenase activity of muscle cells grown in vitro

Abstract 1. 1. The neotetrazolium method has been utilized to localize succinic dehydrogenase in cell cultures of embryonic chick leg muscle. 2. 2. The results suggest the association of increased enzyme activity with the development of multinuclearity, succinic dehydrogenase activity being strikingly higher in multinucleated cells which form in culture. 3. 3. In areas where fusion between a mononucleated myoblast and a multinucleated sarcoblast had been suspected, there was a decrease in the amount of succinic dehydrogenase activity which was characteristic of the level normally possessed by the mononucleated myoblast alone.
One Phish, Two Phish, How to Avoid the Internet Phish Analysis of Training Strategies to Detect Phishing Emails

Phishing is a social engineering tactic that targets internet users in an attempt to trick them into divulging personal information. When opening an email, users are faced with the decision of determining if an email is legitimate or an attempt at phishing. Although software has been developed to assist the user, studies have shown they are not foolproof, leaving the user vulnerable. Multiple training programs have been developed to educate users in their efforts to make informed decisions; however, training that conveys the real world consequences of phishing or training that increases a user’s fear level have not been developed. Conveying real world consequences of a situation and increasing a user’s fear level have been proven to enhance the effects of training in other fields. Ninety-six participants were recruited and randomly assigned to training programs with phishing consequences, training programs designed to increase fear, or a control group. Preliminary results indicate that training helped use...
Simulation of fluid slip at 3D hydrophobic microchannel walls by the lattice Boltzmann method

Fluid slip along hydrophobic microchannel walls has been observed experimentally by Tretheway and Meinhart [Phys. Fluids, 14 (3) (2002) L9]. In this paper, we show how fluid slip can be modeled by the lattice Boltzmann method and investigate a proposed mechanism for the apparent fluid slip [Phys. Fluids (2003)]. By applying an exponentially decaying hydrophobic repulsive force of 4x10^-^3 dyn/cm^3 with a decay length of 6.5 nm, an effective fluid slip of 9% of the main stream velocity is obtained. The result is consistent with experimental @m-PIV data and with the proposed mechanism.
Point: The Metabolic Syndrome Still Lives

Dr. Gerald Reaven’s report (1) of the death of the metabolic syndrome may be exaggerated. Whether his obituary relates specifically to the National Cholesterol Education Program’s Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III) (2) definition of metabolic syndrome or to all attempts at making a clinical definition of the metabolic syndrome is unclear. Regardless, he does a thorough autopsy on the ATP III report and appears to find widespread systemic disease. After reading his postmortem examination, however, one wonders whether he is reporting on the death of the syndrome or rather is dissecting it while it is still alive. The editors of Clinical Chemistry have given me a last chance to resuscitate what appears to be a badly mangled body. In my examination of the corpus, however, I see signs of life. Thanks to advances of modern medicine, it may be possible achieve survival. This is my assigned task. Of interest is the fact that Dr. Reaven’s sharp blade cuts only into the ATP III definition of the metabolic syndrome. Other definitions escape his knife, specifically those of the WHO (3), the European Group on Insulin Resistance (EGIR) (4), and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (AACE) (5). The definitions put forward by these organizations are similar to those of ATP III, but apparently Dr. Reaven believes that the ATP III is the most flawed of the group. Because I was a member of the team that issued the ATP III criteria, perhaps I can offer a rationale for having done so. Several points can be made in their defense. In 1993, the ATP II report (6) placed increased emphasis on management of obesity to reduce risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). This emphasis was not widely adopted by practicing physicians, and by all accounts, the problem of obesity in the …
A substrate energy dissipation mechanism in in-phase and anti-phase micromachined z-axis vibratory gyroscopes

This paper analyzes energy dissipation mechanisms in vacuum-operated in-phase and anti-phase actuated micromachined z-axis vibratory gyroscopes. The type of actuation is experimentally identified as the key factor to energy dissipation. For in-phase devices, dissipation through the die substrate is the dominant energy loss mechanism. This damping mechanism depends strongly on the die attachment method; rigid die attachment minimizes the loss of energy at the cost of reduced vibrational and stress isolation. For anti-phase actuated devices, dissipation through the substrate is suppressed and immunity to external vibrations is provided. However, even in anti-phase actuated devices fabrication imperfections introduce structural non-symmetry, enabling dissipation of energy through the die substrate due to momentum imbalance. Based on the experimental investigation, an analytical model for energy dissipation through the die substrate is proposed and used to study the effects of the actuation type, die attachment and fabrication imperfections. The limiting Q-factor for in-phase devices is generally below 20 × 103 while Q-factors much higher than 100 × 103 can be achieved with balanced anti-phase actuated gyroscopes.
Fertilization of the mouse oocyte

This paper presents morphological data on mouse oocyte maturation and fertilization, reviews evidence supporting the existence of a sperm receptor, and suggests future directions for this line of research. We used scanning electron microscopy to examine oocytes under a variety of conditions. The surfaces of mature mouse oocytes are seen to be similar whether maturation occurs in vivo or in vitro. Capacitated sperm (both acrosome-intact and acrosome-reacted) are observed to interact with the microvilli of the oocyte surface. Little is known about oocyte surface proteins that mediate fertilization in mammals. Data of ours and others show that enzyme treatment of live unfertilized eggs interferes with sperm binding. Enzyme treatment (trypsin, chymotrypsin treatment, or pronase) reduces the number of bound sperm, suggesting removal of a surface protein involved in fertilization. Trypsin treatment also causes some lengthening of surface microvilli in a belt surrounding the metaphase II region. After metabolic labeling, proteins of zona-free unfertilized eggs can be identified by SDS-PAGE and autoradiography. Comparison of 1-D gels from untreated and enzyme-treated eggs show the nearly complete disappearance of proteins of 263, 170, 137, 97, and 87 kD after digestion; an increase in a 66 kD protein after trypsin or chymotrypsin; and a major new band of 20 kD after chymotrypsin treatment. Fertilized eggs show the loss of a 255-265 kD band among other changes. Proteins of 97 kD and 87 kD were seen previously by surface labeling (Johnson and Calarco, 1980b), and our 97 kD and 66 kD bands are similar in molecular weight to those identified by Boldt et al. (1989). Taken together, these data identify a few candidate proteins for the role of sperm receptor on the egg surface. Future work should focus on identification of the surface protein(s) which functions physiologically in fertilization by developing fertilization-blocking antibodies. Relatedness to other mammalian sperm receptors and identification of the genes involved would provide valuable information to our understanding of fertilization and to the problems of infertility and contraception.