cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Labor and Housing Markets as Public Spaces: ‘Personal Responsibility’ and the Contradictions of Welfare-Reform Policies:

Recent US welfare-form initiatives affecting employment and housing assistance have promoted more flexible applications of assistance as well as devolving the responsibility of care for the poor from federal levels to the individual. Implicit in these policy changes is the assumption that individuals enter labor and housing markets where open access is the norm and a ‘level playing field’ exists. In this paper, we use the analogy of seeing labor and housing markets as public spaces to analyze how the ideals of democratic capitalism in labor and housing markets exist normatively, but are always violated in practice. We argue that the influence of neoliberalism, and the devolution of welfare responsibility to the individual in particular, have led to policy changes that neglect issues of unequal access connected to hierarchies of race and gender and their spatial manifestations. Welfare reform in the specific areas of employment and housing assistance has promoted the primacy of private markets as essential...
Music: The Aesthetic Elixir

Music therapy is seen as akin to the healthy re-enactment of the parent-child dyad in which the music stimulates “me and not-me” experiences (Winnicott). Sympathetic music structures stimulate the “me” state, whereas the “not-me” state is stimulated through music that is unfamiliar, evocative, and contains significant tension. The GIM process begins with a “me” experience and then moves beyond it, to the “not-me.” Subsequently, the article describes how classical music in GIM creates a transpersonal experience through an altered states of consciousness and the transcendence of time. Through this process the client’s boundaries are loosened, and the client becomes “one” with the music and its healthful structures.
Effects of adenosine on isolated coronary vascular smooth muscle.

The effect of adenosine on contractile tension was investigated in helical strips taken from free-wall left ventricular coronary arteries freshly excised from rabbit hearts. Strips were cut from large and small segments of the same artery and suspended in PSS at pH 7.4, PO2 100 mm Hg and 37°. Adenosine, 0.1 μM or less, usually had little or no effect on steady-state drug-induced contractile tension while 1 μM adenosine produced moderate relaxation. Adenosine, at concentrations as low as 0.1 μM, blocked, or reduced the rate of tension development especially in strips from the smaller vessel segments. Adenosine was approximately as effective, on a molar basis, as norepinephrine and isoproterenol, but less effective than nitroglycerin in relaxing contractile tension. It is concluded that adenosine is moderately potent in relaxing steady-state contractile tension of helical strips taken from both large and small coronary vasculature of the rabbit.
Brain blood flow: alteration by prior exposure to a learned task

Chicks with the eyelids of one eye sutured were trained to discriminate between grains and pebbles. The learned experience was completely recognizable by the naive eye that had been occluded during training. When both eyes were opened after monocular training, the velocity of blood flow through paired left and right brain regions was identical. However, when chicks were reexposed to the discrimination situation, blood flow through the cerebral hemisphere associated with the naive eye was greater than that through the hemisphere associated with the trained eye.
Role of Uterine Natural Killer Cells and Interferon γ in Placental Development

Large granular lymphocytes migrate in large numbers to the pregnant uteri of a wide variety of mammalian species ([1][1]). These cells, also known as granulated metrial gland cells in rodents and endometrial granulocytes in primates, will for the purposes of this review all be referred to as uterine
Comic Book Nation: The Transformation of Youth Culture in America

Contents: Preface Introduction Chapter 1: Superheroes for the Common Man: The Birth of the Comic Book Industry, 1933-1941 Chapter 2: Race, Politics, and Propaganda: Comic Books Go to War, 1939-1945 Chapter 3: Confronting Success: Comic Books and Postwar America, 1945-1956 Chapter 4: Youth Crisis: Comic Books and Controversy, 1947-1950 Chapter 5: Reds, Romance, and Renegades: Comic Books and the Culture of the Cold War, 1947-1954 Chapter 6: Turning Point: Comic Books in Crisis, 1954-1955 Chapter 7: Great Power and Great Responsibility: Superheroes in a Superpower, 1956-1967 Chapter 8: Questioning Authority: Comic Books and Cultural Change, 1968-1979 Chapter 9: Direct to the Fans: The Comic Book Industry since 1980 Epilogue: The Death of Superman or, Must There Be a Comic Book Industry? Spider-Man at Ground Zero: A 9-11 Postscript
Effects of shear on microfiltration and ultrafiltration fouling by marine bloom-forming algae

Abstract Pretreatment of seawater for desalination can be accomplished with microfiltration (MF) or ultrafiltration (UF) membranes. One problem with MF and UF pretreatment is fouling by marine algae, which is most prevalent during algal blooms. Algal cells quickly block MF and UF pores and decrease permeability. This paper investigates an important consideration in algal fouling: shear. A strain of bloom-forming dinoflagellate algae, Heterocapsa pygmaea , was grown in the laboratory for experiments. Algae were sheared by pumping through a highly restrictive valve. Sheared and non-sheared algal samples were filtered with four MF and UF membranes to determine the effects of shear on flux. Feed and permeate samples were analyzed to determine how shear affected organic-matter rejection. Sheared samples caused more drastic flux decline than non-sheared samples and rejection of algogenic organic matter (AOM) was diminished after shear. To determine the size of the foulants most responsible for flux decline, sheared and non-sheared samples were size fractionated before filtration on 0.1-μm PVDF membranes. The highly fouling fraction was cell-derived material larger than 0.22 μm. The algal cells themselves played only a small role in flux decline. High-molecular-weight organic material was released during shear, but flux decline did not correlate with its release; thus, adsorption of dissolved algogenic organic matter was not a significant fouling mechanism in these short-term experiments.
Pituitary adenoma causing visual disturbances in a 6-year-old girl

Pituitary adenomas rarely occur in young children, typically present with systemic symptoms, and rarely undergo malignant transformation. We report a 4-year-old girl who presented with visual disturbances initially diagnosed and treated as amblyopia. She subsequently developed headaches and a gait disturbance and was discovered to have a large, suprasellar, nonsecreting pituitary adenoma. The tumor was resected, but 22 months later she developed recurrence with malignant transformation.
Limits of hypercyclic and supercyclic operators

Abstract An operator T on a complex, separable, infinite dimensional Hilbert space H is hypercyclic if there is a vector y in H such that the orbit {y, Ty, T2y, …} is dense in H . It is shown that if T is hypercyclic, then T ∗ does not have any eigenvalue and that the union of the spectrum of T and the unit circle is a connected set. This result is used to obtain a spectral characterization of the norm-closure of the class HC( H ) of all hypercyclic operators acting on H , as well as a formula for the distance from a given operator to HC( H ). Analogous results are obtained for the closely related class SC( H ) of all supercyclic operators. This paper includes some information about the structure of the set of all hypercyclic (supercyclic) vectors of a given hypercyclic (supercyclic, resp.) operator T.
ERBB3/HER3 and ERBB2/HER2 Duet in Mammary Development and Breast Cancer

ERBB3/HER3 is one of the four members of the epidermal growth factor receptor (ERBB) family. It is activated by binding to ligands Neuregulin-1 and Neuregulin-2. Since ERBB3 lacks intrinsic kinase activity, signal transduction occurs through formation of heterodimers with EGFR, ERBB2, and ERBB4. ERBB3 is a signaling specialist since it has six binding sites for the p85 SH2 adapter subunit of phosphoinositide 3’ kinases. These lipid kinases coordinate regulation of metabolism, cell size, proliferation, survival, and angiogenesis. Not surprisingly, ERBB3 signaling has been linked to cancer etiology and progression. In breast cancer, the partnership of ERBB2 and ERBB3 may be crucial for the aggressive properties of cancers with ERBB2 amplification, and may contribute to pre-existing and acquired resistance to therapy. This partnership creates opportunities for improving efficacy of ERBB-targeted pharmaceuticals, by interfering with coupling of ERBB2 to ERBB3 through dimerization inhibitors, and by use of therapeutic compounds that target AKT-dependent pathways activated through ERBB3. Additional therapeutic opportunities may be identified through better understanding of how ERBBs are regulated and deployed in normal mammary gland processes. Work using mouse models has identified the main processes regulated by each of the four ERBBs, which has practical implications in understanding breast cancer etiology, and eventual development of better prognostic, predictive, and therapeutic tools.
A re-interpretation of the Fabroniaceae, III: Anacamptodon and Fabronidium revisited, Mamillariella, Helicodontiadelphus and Bryobartlettia gen. nov.

Anacamptodon is shown by SEM to have a typically formed diplolepideous exostome.Fabronidium is transferred to the Leskeaceae nearSchwetschkea, with a single species,F. guatemaliensis (C. Mull.) comb. nov.Mamillariella is redescribed and illustrated from authentic material and is placed in the Leskeaceae nearLindbergia. The monotypicHelicodontiadelphus is described and illustrated from the type and only known collection.Helicodontiadelphus australiensis Dix. is synonymized withEriodon cylindritheca (Dix.) Dix. & Sainsb. of the Brachytheciaceae.Bryobartlettia costata gen. et sp. nov. is described from New Zealand and is placed in the Leskeaceae nearIwatsukiella. A summary of the generic changes in the Fabroniaceae is provided in chart form.
The dynamics of breaking progressive interfacial waves

Two- and three-dimensional numerical simulations are performed to study interfacial waves in a periodic domain by imposing a source term in the horizontal momentum equation. Removing the source term before breaking generates a stable interfacial wave. Continued forcing results in a two-dimensional shear instability for waves with thinner interfaces, and a convective instability for waves with thick interfaces. The subsequent three-dimensional dynamics and mixing is dominated by secondary cross-stream convective rolls which account for roughly half of the total dissipation of wave energy. Dissipation and mixing are maximized when the interface thickness is roughly the same size as the amplitude of the wave, while the mixing efficiency is a weak function of the interface thickness. The maximum instantaneous mixing efficiency is found to be 0.36 ± 0.02.
Homogeneous flow of metallic glasses: A free volume perspective

Abstract The free volume approach to the temperature-dependence of the liquid viscosity, structural relaxation, and deformation-induced softening of the glass is reviewed and assessed based on the results of recent creep data on a bulk metallic glass.
The First Dialogue on Macromarketing

The earliest analysis of the socioeconomic foundations of the marketing system is found in a dialogue written 24 centuries ago by Plato. Describing the basis of society in terms of human needs, Plato addresses the most efficient means of satisfying these needs. A chain of reasoning is created linking division of labor to comparative advantage to efficiency in production to a rationale for market exchange. Plato further links the efficiency of market exchange to opportunity costs to a rationale for marketing middlemen. Plato's framework is extended to explain the nature and types of exchange, particularly commercial exchange, and their economic consequences and social significance. The framework is further expanded to analyze market transactions as a building block for constructing the aggregate marketing system. Finally in the enlarged framework, the market transaction as an expression of free choice is viewed as a social exchange strategy. Thus, Plato clarifies the institutional mechanism by which the ma...
Investigation of strontium-doped La(Cr, Mn)O3 for solid oxide fuel cells

The (La, Sr) (Cr, Mn)O3 system was investigated in an effort to develop an interconnect and cathode materials for solid oxide fuel cells. Sintering studies were done in air at temperatures below 1500°C. Significant improvements in densification were observed with substitution of 50 mol% Mn for chromium and a density of 95% theoretical was achieved with the substitution of 70 mol% Mn for chromium in the La(Cr, Mn)O3 system. Electrical conductivity (d.c.) measurements were made as a function of temperature and oxygen activity. At 1000°C and 1 atm oxygen, the electrical conductivity ranged from 2.2–20 S cm−1 for LaCr0.8Mn0.4O3 and La0.9Sr0.1Cr0.2Mn0.8O3, respectively. All of the compositions showed similar dependence of electrical conductivity on the oxygen activity. Dependence was small at high oxygen activities; as the oxygen activity decreased, a break in electrical conductivity at 10−12 atm and 1000°C was observed, and then the electrical conductivity decreased asP O2 1/4 . Sintering and electrical conductivity studies indicate that La0.9Sr0.1Cr0.2Mn0.8O3 appears to be a candidate for solid oxide fuel cell applications.
Climate-mediated changes in zooplankton community structure for the eastern Bering Sea

Abstract Zooplankton are critical to energy transfer between higher and lower trophic levels in the eastern Bering Sea ecosystem. Previous studies from the southeastern Bering Sea shelf documented substantial differences in zooplankton taxa in the Middle and Inner Shelf Domains between warm and cold years. Our investigation expands this analysis into the northern Bering Sea and the south Outer Domain, looking at zooplankton community structure during a period of climate-mediated, large-scale change. Elevated air temperatures in the early 2000s resulted in regional warming and low sea-ice extent in the southern shelf whereas the late 2000s were characterized by cold winters, extensive spring sea ice, and a well-developed pool of cold water over the entire Middle Domain. The abundance of large zooplankton taxa such as Calanus spp. ( C. marshallae and C. glacialis) , and Parasagitta elegans , increased from warm to cold periods, while the abundance of gelatinous zooplankton (Cnidaria) and small taxa decreased. Biomass followed the same trends as abundance, except that the biomass of small taxa in the southeastern Bering Sea remained constant due to changes in abundance of small copepod taxa (increases in Acartia spp. and Pseudocalanus spp. and decreases in Oithona spp.). Statistically significant changes in zooplankton community structure and individual species were greatest in the Middle Domain, but were evident in all shelf domains, and in both the northern and southern portions of the eastern shelf. Changes in community structure did not occur abruptly during the transition from warm to cold, but seemed to begin gradually and build as the influence of the sea ice and cold water temperatures persisted. The change occurred one year earlier in the northern than the southern Middle Shelf. These and previous observations demonstrate that lower trophic levels within the eastern Bering Sea respond to climate-mediated changes on a variety of time scales, including those shorter than the commonly accepted quasi-decadal time periods. This lack of resilience or inertia at the lowest trophic levels affects production at higher trophic levels and must be considered in management strategy evaluations of living marine resources.
ANATOMICAL RE-DESCRIPTION OF THE TERRESTRIAL ONCHIDIID SLUG SEMPERONCIS MONTANA (PLATE, 1893)

ABSTRACT Onchidiidae, one of the higher clades of pulmonates, have been understudied for the last 70 years; its systematics is in a state of confusion; and the internal anatomy of most species is still largely unknown. The anatomy of Semperoncis montana, a terrestrial species that lives in high-elevation rain forests of the Philippines Islands, is redescribed based on 91 specimens representing ten populations. New geographic records (Panay Island) and elevation records (up to 1,850 m) are provided. All type material available was re-examined. The intra-specific variation of anatomical characters is analyzed, with special attention to the radula and the male reproductive organs. Male organs (penial stalk and hooks, papillae and spines of accessory glands) are illustrated using scanning electron microscopy for the first time in onchidiids. Ontogenetic changes in the shape of male organs are described and illustrated in detail, indicating that S. montana was described based on immature specimens of the later...
Distribution Network Reliability Calculation Base on Improved Minimal Path Method

Distribution network reliability calculation is an important function for distribution network planning and operating system software. It is also one of the earliest core function modules for distribution network calculating. This paper investigates into general-purpose distribution network reliability assessment technique. The paper improves the minimal path method for reliability assessment and solves the precision problem using general-purpose minimal path technique; the paper demonstrates an example to verify the validity of this method.
Historical constraints to privatization: The case of the nationalized chilean copper industry

The military regime that came to power in 1973 made no attempt to hide its intentions to drastically restructure the state. Because of Chile’s historical economic dependence on its copper industry, which had been nationalized at high political and economic cost, many feared that the nationalization process would be reverted and that the gains won against dependency would be lost. The article examines why the efforts to privatize the Chilean National Copper Corporation (CODELCO) were not successful. This failure must be attributed to the country’s long experience with external economic dependence, which produced a deep-seated national awareness of the drawbacks of foreign control, and to the benefits that the industry brings to powerful groups in the regime, above all the Chilean Army.
Cable analysis with the whole-cell patch clamp. Theory and experiment

A theoretical analysis was undertaken of a Rall motoneuron under voltage clamp with a finite access resistance. This model is relevant to the conditions of the whole-cell patch clamp, which to date has been used very little for cable analysis. It was shown that the soma and cable charging currents can be distinguished, and that the soma is charged with a time constant approximately equal to the access resistance times the somatic capacitance. Thus, the charging time of the soma is similar to what it would be if the cell had no process. Simple formulas were derived that can be used to calculate the electrotonic length, the membrane time constant, and the soma-dendrite resistance ratio of a cell with a cylindrical process. With the aid of these formulas, reasonable estimates of parameter values were recovered from simulated transient currents. Tests of the Rall model were proposed to determine when there is an equivalent cylinder that is consistent with observed charging behavior. The analysis was extended to a cable with an open end and to a model in which the soma and dendrite have different membrane time constants. It was shown that with voltage-clamp data estimates of electrical parameters other than rho are relatively insensitive to differences between the membrane properties of the soma and dendrite. The methods of cable analysis introduced here were illustrated by application to charging transients recorded from a hippocampal pyramidal cell and from a neurohypophysial nerve ending. The Rall model provided a good description of the pyramidal cell current transient but was inconsistent with the charging behavior observed for the nerve ending. With the recent technical advance of patch clamp recording in brain slices, the analysis presented here should help neurophysiologists investigate cable properties in a wide variety of systems.
Assessing the impact of video game based design projects in a first year engineering design course

Introductory engineering design courses are an opportunity to engage and encourage first-year engineering students. In one such course, we implemented a novel student design project using a commercial video game. The game, Kerbal Space Program, is a simulation of rocket travel and provides a reasonably realistic representation of rocket propulsion and orbital mechanics. Teams of students were tasked with designing a rocket that could fly to the home planet's moon and return safely. The efficacy of the project was assessed using a pre- and post-activity survey, and results are compared with those from a larger-focus research project on the effectiveness of toys in the classroom.
Valvular pulmonic stenosis with intact ventricular septum and patent foramen ovale; report of illustrative cases and analysis of clinical syndrome.

In this malformation the difficulty in sending blood through the stenosed pulmonary valve leads to right heart enlargement and to functional patency of the foramen ovale, through which a venousarterial shunt occurs. The onset of symptoms and their severity depend on the size of the opening in the pulmonary valve. Characteristic physical findings and results of fluoroscopy, electrocardiogram, circulation time, arterial blood studies, exercise test, angiocardiogram, and cardiac catheterization are presented. Diagnosis is important because these patients develop cardiac failure following at Blalock-Taussig operation, but may be greatly helped by pulmonic valvulotomy.
Identical Male Twins Discordant for Anorexia Nervosa: A Case Study

Abstract A rare case of primary anorexia nervosa occurring in one of prepubertal identical male twins is reported. Comparison of the twins revealed very little information about why the patient twin alone developed anorexia nervosa. A greater degree of apprehension in the father about the patient's childhood sexual curiosity may have been a factor. The patient twin was more driven in pursuing perfection and achievement in athletics, and consequently had a greater fear of failure than his brother. However, the unaffected twin was more phobic, experienced more nightmares, and paradoxically was perceived as the less competent and dependent twin. Rapid improvement occurred in the course of a traditional management approach and individual psychotherapy. Neither behavior modification techniques, nor any sustained or systematic contact with his unyielding family was employed. The possibility is suggested that true anorexia nervosa in males more commonly or characteristically occurs in preadolescent males, whereas in females the onset is more common in early and middle adolescence.
Fellowship, social network externalities, and management of religious risk

Given the existence of religious risk, rational choice theory implies that – barring impediments – risk-averse religious actors will mitigate the effects of religious risk by constructing diversified religious portfolios and/or by purchasing relevant insurance. The absence of evidence that such portfolio diversification is a feature of monotheistic religions and the absence of markets for insuring against religious risk indicates that impediments abound. This paper proposes that social network externalities associated with religious fellowship mitigate religious risks faced by religious firms and their adherents and articulates a theory of firm location in fellowship space. The theory implies that religious firms’ locations in fellowship space are determined by the quantity and type of religious risks firms and their adherents face; by their degree of aversion to these risks; by members’ perception of the feasibility of mitigating religious risk via diversification and/or purchasing insurance; and by the ...
Cardinality bounds for subdirectly irreducible algebras

In this paper we show that, if V is a residually small variety generated by an algebra with n < ω elements, and A is a subdirectly irreducible algebra in V with restricted type labeling, then ¦A¦≤ nnnn + 2
Chelated alkyl halide manganese complexes (η5:η1-C5H4CH2CH2X)Mn(CO)2 from photolysis of (η5-C5H4CH2CH2X)Mn(CO)3

Abstract Manganese tricarbonyl complexes ( η 5 -C 5 H 4 CH 2 CH 2 Br)Mn(CO) 3 ( 3 ) and ( η 5 -C 5 H 4 CH 2 CH 2 I)Mn(CO) 3 ( 4 ), with an alkyl halide side chain attached to the cyclopentadienyl ligand, were synthesized as possible precursors to chelated alkyl halide manganese complexes. Photolysis of 3 or 4 in toluene, hexane or acetone-d 6 resulted in CO dissociation and intramolecular coordination of the alkyl halide to manganese to produce ( η 5 : η 1 -C 5 H 4 CH 2 CH 2 Br)Mn(CO) 2 ( 5 ) and ( η 5 : η 1 -C 5 H 4 CH 2 CH 2 I)Mn(CO) 2 ( 6 ). Low temperature NMR and IR spectroscopy established the structures of 5 and 6 . Photolysis of 3 in a glass matrix at 91 K demonstrated CO release from manganese. Low temperature NMR spectroscopy established that the coordinated alkyl halide complexes are stable to approximately −20°C.
Effect of metformin on prostate cancer outcomes after radical prostatectomy

Abstract Objective Recent studies have shown a relative risk reduction in the incidence of prostate cancer in patients taking metformin. However, there are conflicting findings on the effect of metformin on established cases of prostate cancer. In this study we evaluated the effect of metformin on survival and pathologic outcomes in established prostate cancer. Materials and methods We retrospectively identified 12,052 patients who underwent radical prostatectomy between 1997 and 2010 at Mayo Clinic. Among these, 885 (7.3%) were diabetics, including 323 taking and 562 not taking metformin. Kaplan-Meier method was utilized to calculate rates of biochemical recurrence (BCR), systemic progression (SP), and all-cause mortality (ACM). Cox models were used to estimate the metformin hazard ratio (HR) adjusted for clinical and pathologic variables. Results and conclusions Median follow-up was 5.1 years. In univariate analysis, metformin HR (95% confidence intervals) was not significant for BCR (1.13 [0.84, 1.52]; P = 0.40), SP (1.37 [0.69, 2.72]; P = 0.37), and ACM (1.32 [0.84, 2.05]; P = 0.23). After adjusting for covariates of interest, the HRs for metformin among diabetics remained nonsignificant for BCR (0.91 [0.67, 1.24]; P = 0.55), SP (0.83 [0.39, 1.74]; P = 0.62); and ACM (1.16 [0.73, 1.86]; P = 0.53). No significant difference was seen between metformin users and nonusers in the final pathologic Gleason score ( P = 0.33), stage ( P = 0.1), rate of positive surgical margins ( P = 0.29), or tumor volume ( P = 0.76). Metformin use was not associated with a risk reduction in BCR, SP, or ACM. Besides presenting survival data, our results describing metformin's effect on final pathology are unique.
Appropriateness of the treatment of fatigued patients with stage IV cancer

Background Fatigue among patients with cancer is prevalent, disabling, and treatable. While fatigue management guidelines have been in place for a decade, their use remains unclear.
Evidence of oxygen radical injury in experimental otitis media

Free radicals have been implicated in the pathogenesis of an increasing number of diseases and inflammatory states. They may cause tissue damage by their chemical modification of proteins, carbohydrates, nucleotides, and lipids. Lipid peroxidation occurs as a consequence of free radicals acting on the polyunsaturated fatty acids of cellular membranes. To determine if free radicals play a role in the pathogenesis of otitis media, lipid peroxides and their by-products were assayed in the mucosa of a guinea pig model of otitis media. Both lipid hydroperoxide (LPO) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured in the tissues of the middle ear mucosa. Comparisons were made between an infected and a control group. Both LPO and MDA were found to be significantly elevated (P < .01 and P < .05, respectively) in the infected mucosa. Correlation of the biochemical data was made with histologic studies. The significance of these findings as well as suggestions for future experimentation are addressed.
Dynamically assembled documentation

As online information becomes more comprehensive in its scope, the sheer wealth of information can be overwhelming. Information needs to be both browsable and searchable, and both needs are best met with a structured information approach (such as SGML or XML).Browsing assumes a primary sequence of all information, which is unlikely to be appropriate for all readers. Searching assumes no primary sequence: information is sorted by relevance for a particular query, creating any number of ad hoc sequences as a result. However, the criteria for relevance specified in the search is unlikely to be reflected within the returned topics: they are usually still structured in a way that reflects the primary browsing path. For example, a search of API information for a description of a specific method returns a description of the entire class where it is declared, because API documentation is organized around classes, even though this particular search has nothing to do with classes.One way to resolve this tension (between linear display and multidimensional search) is with multiple documents that capture various useful ways of looking at the same information. However, the number of possible views and the growing size of information bases can make static generation of such views prohibitively expensive.The ideal solution would be a dynamically assembled document, in which the information base is so comprehensively structured that it can be meaningfully reconstructed into any number of relevant documents, whose derived structures reflect the needs of a particular reader and environment.This is a speculative paper that looks at what the interface to a dynamically assembled document might look like.
Stage of adoption of the human papillomavirus vaccine among college women

Abstract Background Certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV) can cause cervical and other cancers. A vaccine that protects against HPV types responsible for 70% of cervical cancers is available to females ages 9–26. Objective To examine correlates of stage of vaccine adoption among women ages 18–22. Methods In 2007, female students ( n = 4774) at a New England University in the U.S. were invited to complete an on-line survey that assessed knowledge of HPV, perceived susceptibility, severity, vaccine benefits/barriers, social and subjective norms, and stage of vaccine adoption Results 1897 women (40%) responded; complete data were available for 1401. About half (53%) were planning to be vaccinated, 12% had received the vaccine, 15% were undecided, and 7% had decided against vaccination. HPV knowledge was low (mean 58%). In multivariate analyses, social norms was the strongest correlate of stage; each standard deviation increase in social norms score was associated with more than four times the odds of intending to be vaccinated within the next 30 days, compared with those who had decided against vaccination (OR = 4.15; 95% CI 2.17–6.36). Conclusions Acceptance of the vaccine was high, although misconceptions about viral transmission, availability of treatment, and the role of Pap tests were common. Perceived norms were strongly associated with intentions. Interventions on college campuses should stress vaccination as a normative behavior, provide information about viral transmission, and stress the role of continued Pap screening.
Micromodel for Objective Estimation of Driver Mental Workload from Task Data

Observation of driver performance during a 58 000-km (36,000-mile) field study of van pooling indicates that a good estimate of mental workload can be made from an analysis of objective performance data alone. Drivers traversed a mix of rural secondary roads, limited-access expressways, high-density, limited-access urban drives, and downtown city streets on a daily commute from upstate New York to New York City. Data included road characteristics, time, traffic density, speed, weather, brake applications, subsidiary task performance, and subjective difficulty ratings. Driving workload had two components, a steady-state load dictated by road conditions, speed, and traffic density and a transient load determined by the degree of uncertainty in the driving situation. Brake actuations represent the uncertainty inherent in driving while the log2 of the speed is a first approximation of the steady-state information processing load imposed by tracking requirements of vehicle control. Unpredictability of traffic ...
INTERAX—An interactive model for studying future business environments: Part II

Abstract In exploring alternative futures, strategic planners are frequently forced into making simplifying assumptions because of time and methodological limitations. These assumptions typically reduce the interdisciplinary perspective, limit the range of policy choices, and restrict the investigation to only the “most likely” future changes. By so doing, many sources of future surprise are eliminated from the analysis. This article describes INTERAX, a method for generating alternative future scenarios which requires very few simplifying assumptions. To accelerate the time required for the analysis, INTERAX includes a large multidisciplinary data base, which is of immediate use in a broad range of long-range strategic issues. INTERAX is described in two articles. This article describes the method and its philosophy and presents the data base. The second part, which will appear in the next issue of Technological Forecasting and Social Change , describes how INTERAX generates scenarios and their use in exploring a variety of strategic issues.
Counterfeit tones in the speech of Southern Thai bidialectals

Abstract Evidence from tone errors produced by Southern Thai bidialectals reveals that the disordering mechanisms (perseveration, anticipation, transposition) that have been proposed to handle consonant and vowel errors may be extended without modification to tone errors. The tone errors further reflect or support the independence of tone features and some proposed universals regarding tone rules. Although some of the tone errors may be directly attributed to ‘dialect interference’, the majority of errors are better explained in terms of more general physiological and/or perceptual factors (among others) that may intrude in the production of an utterance.
Unstable resonator modes for lasers with circular mirrors and high Fresnel numbers.

The design of unstable resonators for large lasers with high Fresnel numbers and circular mirrors requires an ability to calculate their mode structures. Four methods for obtaining mode structure by solving the complex integral equation are analyzed. Included are a numerical method, two hybrid methods, and a virtual-source method. The hybrid methods are basically analytical methods with a special numerical integration of analytical solutions (over the feedback mirror) to obtain improved solutions in the output annulus. The hybrid methods are designed for use with high-Fresnel-number resonators. However, their applicability extends into the low-Fresnel-number regime, where a comparison shows one of the hybrid methods agreeing exceptionally well with the numerical method. For analysis at high Fresnel numbers, the hybrid and virtual-source methods are compared with each other. The two hybrid methods are expected to differ from each other in the central core region when the Fresnel number is low, but they are expected to agree with each other when the Fresnel number is high. For the hybrid comparison at a high Fresnel number, the next to lowest loss modes show a similar structure. However, lack of agreement for the lowest loss mode shows that approximations in the development of the second hybrid method cause the selection of the wrong geometrical mode.
Stigma and Liver Disease

This study explores stigma experienced by women with the autoimmune liver disease Primary Biliary Cirrhosis (PBC). Liver disease is commonly stigmatized due to an association with alcoholism and dr...
Growth trajectories and size-dependent reproduction in the highly invasive grass Microstegium vimineum.

To better understand the ecological and evolutionary processes that underlie the ability of invasive plants to colonize and spread in a region, basic data on quantitative genetic variation in growth and reproduction of plants from contrasting microsites are desirable. The annual grass Microstegium vimineum is an invasive colonizer of the herbaceous layer in forests of the eastern United States. This greenhouse study utilized seeds collected from maternal plants in a shady forest or sunny edge microsite in central New Jersey, USA, to examine variation in growth trajectories and size-dependent reproduction. Questions addressed were (1) do growth trajectories vary significantly among families and between microsites? and (2) does reproductive mass scale with vegetative size? The trajectory for shoot dry mass over time was significantly related to microsite, due apparently to greater growth over the final 8 weeks of plants from the interior compared to those from the edge. It is suggested that a growth increase late in the season enables plants to maximize reproduction when light conditions improve following canopy leaf senescence. Number of tillers exhibited significant variation among families within microsites, but growth trajectories did not. Positive phenotypic and genetic correlations were detected between reproductive and vegetative mass per tiller; thus selection may favor large tillers to increase seed output, a critical life history trait for an invasive weed.
On Thomas Nagel's Rejection of Theism

In his most recent book— Mind and Cosmos: Why the Materialist Neo-Darwinian Conception of Nature Is Almost Certainly False —and in numerous places in his previous work, Thomas Nagel wishes to suggest several reasons that theism is not a live option for him (to use a phrase made famous by William James). He does not seem to intend many of his criticisms to be more than suggestive, much less decisive; nonetheless, in light of the strength of his conviction that theism is somehow inherently too outrageous an option to believe, I would like to spend a bit of time identifying and assessing the criticisms he mentions.
Global tsunami deposits database

The National Geophysical Data Center and co-located World Data Center for Geophysics and Marine Geology provide integrated access to historical tsunami event, deposit, and proxy data. Historical events are important for understanding the frequency and intensity of relatively recent tsunamis. Deposit data collected during post-tsunami field surveys provide information on tsunami erosion, sedimentation, flow depths, inundation, and run-up. Deposit data from prehistoric tsunami events extend the record to pre-recorded times, constrain tsunami recurrence intervals, and estimate the minimum magnitude of tsunami inundation. Proxies indicate that an event capable of producing a tsunami occurred, but are not direct evidence of a tsunami. All of these data are used to develop tsunami hazard assessments, provide guidance to warning centers, validate models, inform community preparedness efforts, and educate the public about tsunami risks.
Symmetry, recall, and preference in relation to chronological age

The effects of double, bilateral, horizontal symmetry, and asymmetry on recall and preference were investigated. The Ss were 76 elementary school children. Dot patterns were projected, each for 1.5 seconds; Ss reproduced the patterns. The errors in reproduction were analyzed by a CA × Pattern Mode design. Significant differences (p < .001) were found between: (a) mean errors for the four modes, averaged over all CA levels; (b) mean errors for CA levels, averaged over modes; and (c) CA × Mode interaction. Multiple comparisons within each age level revealed: (a) double symmetry was decoded at the sixth year of age; (b) bilateral symmetry at the seventh year of age; and (c) horizontal symmetry at the eleventh year of age. A paired-comparisons design revealed similar developmental trends in expressed preference for the four modes.
CD94 1A/1B: a window opens into NK-cell development

Comment on Lin et al, page [3567][1] Lin and colleagues report that patients with lymphoblastic lymphomas (LBLs) expressing CD94 1A transcripts had a better prognosis than patients with LBLs lacking CD94 1A transcript expression. CD94 gene expression is regulated by distal and proximal promoters
Equilibrium distribution of molecular weights in noncyclic polymerizations

The equilibrium molecular weight distribution in noncyclic condensation polymers depends upon the free energies of the various species in solution as well as upon the multiplicity of ways the polymerizable groups can be combined. It is shown that, although both the ideal solution theory and the Flory-Huggins formula for the free energy of the solution lead to the well-known molecular weight distribution obtained originally by Flory and by Stockmayer, only a restrictive group of deviations from ideality will lead to this distribution. Distributions were calculated using Guggenheim's expression for the free energy of mixing of the polymeric species, together with two alternative expressions for the free energy of the pure, separate, polymers, and in one case the distribution deviates markedly from the ideal solution result. It is concluded that reasonable deviations from ideality may significantly affect the equilibrium molecular weight distribution.
Reaction kinetics of CuGaSe2 formation from a GaSe/CuSe bilayer precursor film

The reaction pathway and kinetics of CuGaSe2 formation were investigated by monitoring the phase evolution of temperature ramp annealed or isothermally soaked bilayer glass/GaSe/CuSe precursor film using time-resolved, in situ high-temperature X-ray diffraction. Bilayer GaSe/CuSe precursor films were deposited on alkali-free thin glass substrates in a migration-enhanced epitaxial deposition system. The initial CuSe phase begins to transform to b-Cu2� xSe at around 2301C, followed by CuGaSe2 formation accompanied by a decrease in the b-Cu2� xSe peak intensity at around 2601C. Both the parabolic and Avrami diffusion-controlled reaction models represented the experimental data very well over the entire temperature range (280–3701C) of the set of isothermal experiments with estimated activation energies of 115(716) and 124(719) kJ/mol, respectively. Transmission electron microscopy–energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (TEM–EDS) analysis suggests that CuGaSe2 forms at the interface of the initial GaSe and CuSe layers. r 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Multi-resolution tile-based follicle detection using color and textural information of follicular lymphoma IHC slides

In this work, we introduce a computational approach that automatically detects stained follicles in IHC-stained follicular lymphoma slides using various biomarkers. This novel approach is to process whole-slide and Giga-byte scaled pathology images at multi-resolution levels. The average segmentation accuracy achieves at 83.09±6.25%. Such a computerized analysis of images is expected to provide a better understanding of visual knowledge in digital pathology and thereafter lead to more effective decision support systems for pathologists.
Narrowband versus broadband excitation for CH 2 O PLIF imaging in flames using a frequency-tripled Nd:YAG laser

Spectrally-narrow- (~0.003 cm−1) and broadband (>1 cm−1) fluorescence excitation of the $$\tilde{A}^{1} A_{2} - \tilde{X}^{1} A_{1} ,4_{0}^{1}$$ electronic transition of formaldehyde (CH2O) in laminar premixed and non-premixed flames is investigated using the third-harmonic output from a tunable, injection-seeded Nd:YAG laser. Spectrally-resolved, CH2O fluorescence excitation spectra are examined over a broad range of conditions including room-temperature vapor cells and lean-to-rich premixed methane/air and dimethyl ether/air flames in order to understand the origin of the fluorescence using both narrowband and broadband excitation strategies. The measured CH2O excitation spectra are nearly identical in all conditions considered which cover a broad range of composition and temperature conditions. These results imply that the predominant emission signature is CH2O and suggest the potential for quantitative in-flame CH2O LIF measurements using room-temperature calibration and existing fluorescence models. A specific emphasis of this study is on CH2O isolation and potential fluorescence interference in the context of single-shot planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) imaging in flames. The PLIF results indicate that for the premixed flames investigated, both narrowband (Nd:YAG laser operating in single mode) and broadband (no injection seeding) excitation yield a reliable marker of the CH2O distribution, with no indication of major interference from additional species. However, frequency-tuned narrowband excitation resulted in a collected fluorescence emission signal that increased by a factor of two as compared to broadband excitation. In the methane-based non-premixed flames, evidence of the excitation of additional species (such as PAH) was noted; however, the impact of this interference is reduced when using narrowband excitation. Similar to the premixed flames, the CH2O fluorescence emission signal increased by approximately a factor of two when using spectrally tuned, narrowband excitation from the third-harmonic output of an injection-seeded Nd:YAG laser. The current results indicate that narrowband excitation of CH2O near 355 nm using the third-harmonic output of an injection-seeded Nd:YAG laser results in increased fluorescence emission signal and hence a reduced effect of interference from additional flame-generated species as compared to conventional broadband excitation using a frequency-tripled Nd:YAG laser.