cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gone but Not Forgotten: Violent Trauma Victimization and the Treatment of Violence Like a Disease.

One late afternoon while evaluating a patient to be admitted to the inpatient service from the pediatric emergency department (ED), a trauma notification was announced: “16 [years old] level I, GSW to chest, no pulses, ETA 5 minutes.” I made my way to the pediatric trauma bay to offer my help, given my dual role as director of the pediatric inpatient service and medical director of our institution’s hospital-based community violence prevention program. However, on opening the trauma bay curtain, it became evident that my help was not required. I was greeted with a somber stare and nod by the ED attending physician on duty, who looked up to the clock on the wall and said, “Time of death, 4:45 pm.” I walked out of the trauma bay and bumped into a tearful man wearing blue jeans and a yellow sweater splattered with paint who asked, “How is my son?” The recitation of the events previously transpired then began, and the man in painted clothes reached nervously for his phone to call his wife: “Come to the hospital; Joshua was hurt.” Soon thereafter came a wave of family and friends washing ashore to the trauma bay, staring at Joshua’s face, hoping for that infectious responsive smile they so fondly knew. One hour later, a woman arrived wearing no shoes and only a pair of white socks stained with a mix of soil and autumn leaves: “I can’t stop shaking since my husband called me.” She held her hands close to her chest, staring deeply into the curtain behind me, reluctant to walk through a gateway into a reality she was not ready to …
Lattice physics calculations using the embedded self-shielding method in Polaris, Part I: Methods and implementation

Abstract Polaris is a 2-dimensional multigroup lattice physics capability in the SCALE code system for the analysis of light water reactor fuel designs. The goal of light water reactor lattice physics codes is to generate few-group homogenized cross sections for downstream full-core nodal diffusion calculations. Lattice physics calculations contain three primary components: the cross section processing calculation, the 2D transport calculation, and the depletion calculation. This paper summarizes the calculational methods and their implementation into Polaris, with an emphasis on implementation of the embedded self-shielding method. The accuracy of the embedded self-shielding method depends on the procedure used to generate self-shielding factors on the multigroup library. Numerical benchmarks calculations reveal that the accuracy of Polaris eigenvalue predictions is enhanced by (1) using heterogeneous unit cell models to generate the self-shielding factors on the library and (2) using self-shielding factors for within-group scattering cross section.
Temperament Development, Theories of

Temperament is defined as biologically rooted, early appearing dispositions that shape long-term patterns of socioemotional development. Much of the research has focused on broad dimensions of emotional reactivity, including positive and negative emotionality, and regulation, marked by effortful control. The article outlines five main research traditions that have approached temperament as both a continuous and a categorical construct. For each model, descriptions are provided for the dimensions/category proposed and their defining features, the underlying constitutional bases, and perspectives on temperamental continuity and discontinuity. Next, theoretical and measurement issues are discussed. Finally, we demonstrate how temperament may predict developmental psychopathology through temperament-by-temperament and temperament-by-environment moderations of early risk.
Use of Antenatal Corticosteroids in Preterm Prelabor Rupture of Membranes.

"Antenatal corticosteroids are important interventions to prevent neonatal morbidity and mortality associated with preterm birth. Administering intramuscular betamethasone or dexamethasone before preterm birth reduces risks of respiratory distress syndrome, intraventricular hemorrhage, necrotizing enterocolitis, and death. These same benefits are seen among women with preterm prelabor rupture of membranes (PPROM) without any proven increased risk of neonatal or maternal infection. Although future studies are needed to elucidate effects of antenatal corticosteroids at less than 23 weeks' gestation and a rescue course at later gestational ages after PPROM, a single course of antenatal corticosteroids is vital to optimizing neonatal outcomes after PPROM."
Criminal Justice Citizenship

The American criminal justice system is fundamentally democratic and should reflect an ideal of citizenship that is equal, participatory, and deliberative. Unfortunately, the outcomes of criminal cases are now almost always determined by professionals (prosecutors, defense attorneys, and judges) instead of by juries. This overly bureaucratized system of adjudication silences the voice of the people. A better system would strengthen “criminal justice citizenship,” which refers to the right of the citizenry to participate, directly and indirectly, in the criminal justice system and to deliberate in its workings. The three key principles of criminal justice citizenship are membership, participation, and deliberation. Membership refers to who can participate and whether they can participate on an equal basis. Where the justice system adheres to this principle, people enjoy a greater sense of belonging, solidarity, and trust in government. Participation refers to public participation in democratic processes, such as jury service. Deliberation refers to structured dialogues between lay persons that affect governmental decisions. Institutions and procedures must be designed to give the people an important role in government, but the nature and extent of that role should be limited by other considerations, such as procedural accuracy and preventing racial discrimination. This theory of criminal justice citizenship has important applications to jury trials. Regarding membership, providing broad and equal opportunities for jury service is necessary for democratic legitimacy and fair and effective deliberations. Regarding deliberation, jury trials need to be more transparent; the prevailing procedures of jury deliberations need to be modified; and unanimous verdicts must be required to protect the voice of potentially marginalized jurors. Regarding participation, jury trials are so rare that it will be necessary to improve criminal justice citizenship by democratically reforming other aspects of the criminal justice system, such as plea bargaining. The overarching principle is that the people need a more significant role in criminal adjudication, not only because popular participation is good for defendants, but also because it strengthens American democracy.
Dynamic Neural Network to Enable Run-Time Trade-off between Accuracy and Latency

To deploy powerful deep neural network (DNN) into smart, but resource limited IoT devices, many prior works have been proposed to compress DNN to reduce the network size and computation complexity with negligible accuracy degradation, such as weight quantization, network pruning, convolution decomposition, etc. However, by utilizing conventional DNN compression methods, a smaller, but fixed, network is generated from a relative large background model to achieve resource limited hardware acceleration. However, such optimization lacks the ability to adjust its structure in real-time to adapt for a dynamic computing hardware resource allocation and workloads. In this paper, we mainly review our two prior works [13], [15] to tackle this challenge, discussing how to construct a dynamic DNN by means of either uniform or non-uniform sub-nets generation methods. Moreover, to generate multiple non-uniform sub-nets, [15] needs to fully retrain the background model for each sub-net individually, named as multi-path method. To reduce the training cost, in this work, we further propose a single-path sub-nets generation method that can sample multiple sub-nets in different epochs within one training round. The constructed dynamic DNN, consisting of multiple sub-nets, provides the ability to run-time trade-off the inference accuracy and latency according to hardware resources and environment requirements. In the end, we study the the dynamic DNNs with different sub-nets generation methods on both CIFAR-10 and ImageNet dataset. We also present the run-time tuning of accuracy and latency on both GPU and CPU.
Online education and best practices for the development of a distance education program

This article discusses the benefits and challenges of online teaching and learning and details the process for creating a distance education program from the formation of a development team through the creation, implementation and evaluation of courses. It explores current networking technologies and pedagogical approaches that are combined to create a student experience that is satisfying for the current generation of students. The demand for online learning has rapidly increased over the years, especially with the recent COVID-19 situation around the world. Schools transitioned to online teaching and learning. Teachers adapted to the changes and with the help of technology, created collaborative and engaging online experiences. These experiences will be memorable for students. New skills were learned along the way such as organization, time management, communication, etc. These skills can help students and prepare them for their future. Many studies have focused on the topic of teaching and learning online. This study is aimed to target parents, students, and teachers who are looking into furthering or completing their education online. With the recent events in the world happening with COVID-19, children and teachers had to resort to continue their education online. Many families and teachers struggled with technology while others adapted to the situation quickly. To be prepared for any situation we must inform ourselves about how teaching and learning online happens and how to be successful.
Disturbance suppresses the aboveground carbon sink in North American boreal forests

Climate change is altering vegetation and disturbance dynamics in boreal ecosystems. However, the aggregate impact of these changes on boreal carbon budgets is not well understood. Here we combined multiple satellite datasets to estimate annual stocks and changes in aboveground biomass (AGB) across boreal northwestern North America. From 1984 to 2014, the 2.82 × 106 km2 study region gained 434 ± 176 Tg of AGB. Fires resulted in losses of 789 ± 48 Tg, which were mostly compensated by post-fire recovery of 642 ± 86 Tg. Timber harvests contributed to losses of 74 ± 5 Tg, which were partly offset by post-harvest recovery of 32 ± 9 Tg. Earth system models overestimated AGB accumulation by a factor of 3 (+1,519 ± 171 Tg), which suggests that these models overestimate the terrestrial carbon sink in boreal ecosystems and highlights the need to improve representation of fire and other disturbance processes in these models. Disturbance regimes from fire, drought, harvest and insects will probably intensify in the future and under climate change. Despite partial offsets from regrowth, disturbance from fire and harvest reduces carbon uptake and storage in boreal forests, impacting the strength of this carbon sink.
Lipophilic nanocrystal prodrug-release defines the extended pharmacokinetic profiles of a year-long cabotegravir.

A once every eight-week cabotegravir (CAB) long-acting parenteral is more effective than daily oral emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in preventing human immunodeficiency virus type one (HIV-1) transmission. Extending CAB dosing to a yearly injectable advances efforts for the elimination of viral transmission. Here we report rigor, reproducibility and mechanistic insights for a year-long CAB injectable. Pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles of this nanoformulated CAB prodrug (NM2CAB) are affirmed at three independent research laboratories. PK profiles in mice and rats show plasma CAB levels at or above the protein-adjusted 90% inhibitory concentration for a year after a single dose. Sustained native and prodrug concentrations are at the muscle injection site and in lymphoid tissues. The results parallel NM2CAB uptake and retention in human macrophages. NM2CAB nanocrystals are stable in blood and tissue homogenates. The long apparent drug half-life follows pH-dependent prodrug hydrolysis upon slow prodrug nanocrystal dissolution and absorption. In contrast, solubilized prodrug is hydrolyzed in hours in plasma and tissues from multiple mammalian species. No toxicities are observed in animals. These results affirm the pharmacological properties and extended apparent half-life for a nanoformulated CAB prodrug. The report serves to support the mechanistic design for drug formulation safety, rigor and reproducibility. Here, the authors provide a mechanism for an improved version of a nanoformulated myristoylated prodrug of cabotegravir (CAB), named NM2CAB, and its bioavailability, stability and pharmacokinetics in mice and rats performed in independent academic and a contracted research labs, suggesting that the extended half-life of the prodrug is not a property of enzymatic hydrolysis but rather release or dissolution of the prodrug from the nanocrystal.
Future Prospects of ‘Omics’ and of Other Technologies for Genetic Improvement of Apple

Efforts for the genetic improvement of apple have tremendously benefited from the availability of modern tools of genomics, transcriptomics, metabolomics, proteomics, bioinformatics, as well as of genetic engineering, among others, over the past two decades. These tools are continuing to expand, and they have become more critical for use in modern apple breeding programs. All current and future ‘omics’ technologies should be fully exploited to develop a better understanding of the complex system and biology of apple trees, as well as for pursuing efficient and robust genetic enhancement efforts to develop well-adapted apple cultivars with enhanced resistance to biotic and abiotic stress conditions, as well as those cultivars with desirable targeted nutritional and palatable preferences for consumers and for commercial markets alike. This chapter will cover the prospects of ‘omics’ technologies that are currently having an impact as well as those with potential impacts on apple biology and genetic enhancement efforts for the near future.
3D Printed Hydrogel-Based Sensors for UV Sensing Applications

The development of additive manufacturing techniques to manufacture sensors rapidly and cost-effectively would benefit healthcare, environmental monitoring, food, and cosmetic industries. Because of the inherent complexity of sensing devices, new fabrication methods that utilizes recent advances in additive manufacturing to create sensors on a large scale efficiently are necessary. Techniques like 3D printing and 3D bioprinting enable printing different biomaterials into intricate 3D architectures that could serve as sensing platforms. This presentation will describe 3D printed hydrogel-based sensors' development and optimization with incorporated receptor molecules and transduction interfaces for UV sensing1. To 3D print these sensors, an extrusion-based 3D bioprinter and a computer-aided designing software were used along with a novel bio-ink formulation. The bio-ink formulation contains nanoparticles with photocatalytic properties and degradable dyes dispersed homogeneously within a mechanically stable hydrogel network. The optimum hydrogel composite provides excellent mechanical properties to the printed sensors, enabling them for many applications. The proposed sensors are reagent-less and highly portable, making them ideal for wearable devices and printed platforms for portable bioelectronics. Apart from their ability to be used as wearable sensors, these sensors also have the potential to be used simultaneously with UV-based workspace sterilizing devices to guarantee that surfaces are adequately exposed to UV. The sensors are cheap, durable, robust, biodegradable, and simple to use. The tunable, biocompatible, and printable properties of the ink offer great potential for developing advanced 3D printing methods that, in addition to UV sensors, can be applied more broadly to fabricate other sensing technologies for various other applications.1. A. S. Finny, C. Jiang, and S. Andreescu, ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 12, 43911–43920 (2020). Figure 1
When the beacon goes dark: Legitimacy repair work by subsequent actors in an emerging market category

Abstract Extant research explains how entrepreneurial ventures can serve as a beacon in emerging market categories, blazing a trail for other ventures and contributing to their successful legitimation. However, what happens when a beacon is unsuccessful? Using a qualitative case study of particularly sensitive interviews and secondary data from the social venture accelerator category, we examine how subsequent entrants overcome recursive legitimacy challenges caused by beacon underperformance and failure. Through our study, we develop a model of legitimacy repair work, which consists of decoupling legitimacy assessments, prioritizing distinctiveness identity claims, and enabling selective generalization. Following legitimacy loss, we highlight how actors prioritize and sequence distinctiveness claims over legitimacy claims, which we refer to as distinctive legitimacy. We also identify a key mechanism of selective generalization, where identity claims are made to direct audience attention toward some (and not other) attributes of the organization and category to acquire resources. Our findings have important implications for new venture legitimacy: mitigating legitimacy loss, the process of optimal distinctiveness, and legitimacy management over time.
Penetrating Trauma in Baltimore: An Analysis of the Effect of a Rise in Localized Violence by Age Group

Abstract Background Incidence of firearm mortality in the United States is increasing. Baltimore, MD saw a substantial increase in violence in April 2015. We analyzed the effect of this localized surge in violence on the pediatric population. Methods Using the Maryland Health Services Cost Review Commission database, initial hospital encounters for gunshot wound (GSW) or stab wound (SW) were identified. Baltimore Police Department victim-based crime data and homicide data on GSW and SW assault were used to capture those not seen at hospitals. Changes in incidence rate ratios from before/after April 2015 were analyzed using Poisson regression. Results No change in mortality was seen in hospital-evaluated GSW patients. The pediatric population showed decreased incidence of SW (P Conclusions After a surge in violence, the shifted mechanism of penetrating trauma in the pediatric population did not increase mortality or tPT. By contrast, GSW incidence is increasing in young adults with more lethal injuries. Intervention could be aimed at gun control and targeted education/intervention in the at-risk younger age group.
Does the Modified Frailty Index (mFI-5) Predict Adverse Outcomes in Maxillofacial Fracture Repair?

Purpose Frailty has been recognized as a predictor of postoperative adverse outcomes in many surgical subspecialties. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between frailty and complications in patients undergoing operative repair of facial fractures. Methods The authors utilized the 2011 to 2018 American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS-NSQIP) databases to identify patients with facial fractures undergoing operative repair. The primary predictor variable was frailty as measured by the 5-Factor Modified Frailty Index (mFI-5). The primary outcome variable was the postoperative complication rate. Descriptive, bivariate, and multiple logistic regression statistics were utilized to evaluate the relationship between frailty and complications. Results During the study period, 4,290 subjects underwent operative repair of a facial fracture. Of these subjects, 4,086 (83.0%) were classified as nonfrail, 626 (12.7%) as moderately frail, and 208 (4.20%) as severely frail. A total of 237 subjects experienced a complication (4.82%), and the incidence of complications increased in a stepwise manner with increasing frailty (P ≤ .001). In multivariate regression, age (P = .050, 95% CI = 1.00 to 1.02), Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander race (P = .018, 95% CI = 1.23 to 8.63), classification as moderately frail (P = .010, 95% CI = 1.15 to 2.66), classification as severely frail (P = .032, 95% CI = 1.06 to 3.70), mandibular fractures (P = .004, 95% CI = 1.24 to 2.98), and wound classification as contaminated (P ≤ .001, 95% CI = 1.53 to 4.57) or dirty/infected (P = .020, 95% CI = 1.16 to 5.55) were independent predictors of complications. Severely frail subjects also had greater length of hospital admission (P ≤ .001) and higher 30-day readmission rates (P ≤ .001). Conclusions Frailty is an independent predictor of complications following facial fracture repair and is associated with greater length of hospital admission and 30-day readmission rates.
Improving ESRI ArcGIS Performance of Coastal and Seafloor Analyses with the Python Multiprocessing Module

Zieg, J. and Zawada, D.G., 2021. Improving ESRI ArcGIS performance of coastal and seafloor analyses with the Python multiprocessing module. Journal of Coastal Research, 37(6), 1288–1293. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. Coastal research frequently involves the use of a GIS to analyze large areas for changes in response to major weather events, human action, and other factors. The GIS workflows used to conduct these analyses can be complex and sometimes require multiple days to complete. Long runtimes often exist even on modern high-powered workstations if the GIS software does not use parallel computing techniques, which prevents it from fully utilizing the capabilities of multicore processors. If a GIS application supports a programming interface that allows geoprocessing tools to be called from an external program, then GIS workflows can use parallel functionality embedded in that programming language to divide the load of a large workflow among multiple child processes. In ArcMap and ArcGIS Pro, this technique can be implemented by using the Python programming interface and the multiprocessing module in Python to run geoprocessing tools in child processes. This method was used in the Seafloor Elevation Change Analysis Tool (SECAT), a Python script written for ArcMap and ArcGIS Pro that calculates changes in seafloor elevation over time using two different digital elevation models. Running SECAT with between one and eight child processes on two different datasets improved execution times by at least a factor of 2.4. These results demonstrate that using the Python multiprocessing module can significantly accelerate a variety of time-consuming workflows.
16 Transnational Forfeiture of the Getty Bronze

This chapter examines the artistic and historical merit of the statue and the story of discovery of the statue, the initial prosecution of finders, and the acquisition of the statue by Getty. The relationship between Italy and the Getty was dramatically altered due to a successful antiquities investigation. The chapter examines recent efforts at forfeiture of the Bronze since 2007, and discusses what substantive Italian laws serve as the basis for the Italian forfeiture. It examines the use of Mutual Legal Assistance Treaties (MLATs) and discusses the specific treaty between Italy and the United States. If Italy is successful in using this transnational forfeiture for the return of the Bronze, it will likely lead to other similar efforts from nations which have secured MLATs with the United States. The chapter finally discusses some general observations about how the use of MLATs signals an important change in international cultural heritage law. Keywords: antiquities investigation; Getty; international cultural heritage law; Italian forfeiture; Mutual Legal Assistance Treaties (MLATs)
Opportunities for the Future

This monograph ends with a lengthy and rather inconclusive discussion on the current status of dengue vaccines for use of man. This emphasis is deliberate: the practical solution of pressing medical problems through prophylaxis or therapy is, after all, an ultimate aim of “basic” and “applied” research on infectious diseases; the inconclusiveness shows how much more needs to be learned.
A Non-Probabilistic Switching Lemma for the Sipser Function

Valiant [12] showed that the clique function is structurally different than the majority function by establishing the following “switching lemma”: Any function f whose set of prime implicants is a large enough subset of the set of cliques (and thus requiring big Σ2-circuits), has a large set of prime clauses (i.e., big Π2-circuits). As a corollary, an exponential lower bound was obtained for monotone ΣΠΣ-circuits computing the clique function. The proof technique is the only non-probabilistic super polynomial lower bound method from the literature. We prove, by a non-probabilistic argument as well, a similar switching lemma for the NC1-complete Sipser function. Using this we then show that a monotone depth-3 (i.e., ΣΠΣ or ΠΣΠ) circuit computing the Sipser function must have super quasipolynomial size. Moreover, any depth-d quasipolynomial size non-monotone circuit computing the Sipser function has a depth-(d—1) gate computing a function with exponentially many both prime implicants and (monotone) prime clauses. These results are obtained by a top-down analysis of the circuits.
Using double compressive sensing in simultaneous imaging of spatial entanglement

We use compressive sensing in the image and Fourier planes of a spontaneous parametric downconversion source to simultaneously gather the joint position and momentum distributions. We witness entanglement by violating a continuous variable steering inequality.
Effective Strategies for Teaching Cultural Competency to MSW Students in a Global Society

An ethical mandate of the social work profession in the United States is that BSW and MSW graduates are sufficiently prepared to both understand diverse cultural values and beliefs and offer services that are culturally sensitive and relevant to clients. This skill set is particularly important for social workers in the 21 Century, given the increasing globalization of the U.S. and world. The purpose of this paper is to outline a pedagogical model for teaching cultural competency that resulted in a significant increase in cultural competency for MSW graduates at Western Kentucky University (WKU). More specifically, this model is predicated on five specific culturally sensitive principles and activities that were found to be highly effective in conveying culturally relevant knowledge and skills to MSW students at WKU. Future studies can assess the effectiveness of these principles in other MSW programs across the U.S. and abroad. Keywords—Cultural Competence, Social Work, Teaching
Lightweight mirror systems for spacecraft-an overview of materials and manufacturing needs

The purpose of this paper is to provide an introductory overview of large space mirrors, conventional mirror materials, and manufacturing methods, and suggest possible materials, processes, and manufacturing research and development approaches to enable the large lightweight mirrors required for future space systems.
Computer-aided diagnosis: potential usefulness in diagnostic radiology and telemedicine

Computer-aided diagnostic (CAD) schemes are being developed for automated detection of lesions and characterization of normal and abnormal patterns, in an effort to improve the diagnostic accuracy and the consistency of radiologists' final decisions. CAD schemes include the automated detection of masses and clustered microcalcifications in mammograms, as well as the detection of nodules, interstitial infiltrates, cardiomegaly, and pneumothoraces in chest radiographs. In this paper, we demonstrate the current performance, in terms of sensitivity, specificity and speed, of a prototype intelligent radiology workstation which includes a laser digitizer, a high-speed computer, and a jukebox library. The radiology workstation is now being implemented in the mammography section of our department for initial clinical evaluation.
Estrogen Use in Children and Adolescents: A Survey

Members of the Lawson Wilkins Pediatric Endocrine Society (LWPES) and the European Society of Pediatric Endocrinology (ESPE) were mailed a questionnaire to survey their views and practices with respect to the use of estrogens in children and adolescents. The purpose of this survey was to ascertain the prevalence of estrogen therapy in children and adolescents, as well as the estrogen preparation used, dose, benefits, and observed complications. Seventy-four of 213 LWPES members or groups and 29 of 106 ESPE members or groups returned the survey. The lack of rapid retrieval systems in many clinics and the necessity for return of the survey data within a ten-week period precluded many respondents from the exhaustive, careful chart reviews necessary to answer many of the questions posed. Accordingly, data generated in this survey must be interpreted in this light. Estrogens are used primarily in children and adolescents for (1) the treatment of tall stature, (2) replacement therapy in hypogonadal adolescents, and (3) as a component of contraceptive pills given to sexually active teenagers. ESTROGEN TREATMENT OF TALL GIRLS The treatment of "excessively" tall adolescent girls with pharmacologic doses of estrogen, in an attempt to decrease mature height, has been a subject of controversy since its inception by Goldzieher 1 in 1956; 50% of the LWPES and 17% of the ESPE respondents indicated that they never treat "tall" girls with pharmacologic doses of estrogen, basing their decision primarily on the fact that the long-term side effects of such doses of estrogens are unknown. In addition, the risk-benefit ratio and the fact that tall stature is not a disease were other important reasons for not treating these girls.
Ion Transport Across the Large Intestine

The sections in this article are: 1 Active Transport Processes 2 Active Ion Absorption 2.1 Electrogenic Sodium Absorption 2.2 Coupled Sodium Chloride Absorption 2.3 Potassium Absorption 3 Active Ion Secretion 3.1 Chloride Secretion 3.2 Potassium Secretion 4 Diffusional Transepithelial Ion Flow 5 Relation of Transport Function to Epithelial Morphology 6 Regulation of Ion Transport 6.1 Modulation of Absorption and Secretion 6.2 Corticosteroid Hormones 7 Segmental Differences in Transport 8 Integration of Intestinal Function
Seasonal evolution of melt ponds on Arctic sea ice

The seasonal evolution of melt ponds has been well documented on multiyear and landfast first-year sea ice, but is critically lacking on drifting, first-year sea ice, which is becoming increasingly prevalent in the Arctic. Using 1 m resolution panchromatic satellite imagery paired with airborne and in situ data, we evaluated melt pond evolution for an entire melt season on drifting first-year and multiyear sea ice near the 2011 Applied Physics Laboratory Ice Station (APLIS) site in the Beaufort and Chukchi seas. A new algorithm was developed to classify the imagery into sea ice, thin ice, melt pond, and open water classes on two contrasting ice types: first-year and multiyear sea ice. Surprisingly, melt ponds formed ∼3 weeks earlier on multiyear ice. Both ice types had comparable mean snow depths, but multiyear ice had 0–5 cm deep snow covering ∼37% of its surveyed area, which may have facilitated earlier melt due to its low surface albedo compared to thicker snow. Maximum pond fractions were 53 ± 3% and 38 ± 3% on first-year and multiyear ice, respectively. APLIS pond fractions were compared with those from the Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic Ocean (SHEBA) field campaign. APLIS exhibited earlier melt and double the maximum pond fraction, which was in part due to the greater presence of thin snow and first-year ice at APLIS. These results reveal considerable differences in pond formation between ice types, and underscore the importance of snow depth distributions in the timing and progression of melt pond formation.
The effects of a prebiotic supplement (Prebio Support) on fecal and salivary IgA in neonatal dairy calves

The newborn calf's gastrointestinal tract is sterile at birth, but by 3 days of age coliforms, Lactobacilli, and Bifidobacteria are the predominant flora in the feces. During the preweaning period, calves are susceptible to diarrhea that can lead to high levels of morbidity and mortality. Diarrhea has been related with a decrease of beneficial microbiota and an increase of coliform counts in feces. Prebiotic supplements are believed to decrease diarrhea and positively affect some parameters of the immune system. In calves, these supplements have shown some promising effects on intestinal microbial populations but there is limited information about effects on immunity. The main objectives of this study were to evaluate effects of a prebiotic supplement containing fermentation products of lactic acid bacteria on the mucosal immune system by measuring fecal and salivary IgA and to evaluate calf health and growth performance. In this trial 40 Holstein calves were randomly assigned to receive milk replacer with a prebiotic supplement (20 g/day Prebio Support™; Meiji Feed Co., Ltd. Tokyo, Japan) or the same milk replacer with no prebiotic (control). Fecal and salivary IgA, calf health, plasma IgG, and lymphocyte counts were not affected by treatment. Lactobacilli count in feces was higher (P = 0.05) and Bifidobacteria tended to be higher (P = 0.07) in calves fed prebiotic. Prebiotic supplement increased beneficial bacteria in calves, but did not decrease overall incidence of diarrhea in this trial. Calves in this study were all affected by cryptosporidiosis and some were treated with antibiotics, so it is possible that this limited some of the effects of the prebiotic product. Fecal IgA seemed to be a good measure of mucosal immunity, and more studies are needed to develop methods to measure this type of immunity in calves.
The utility of ion–molecule reactions in a quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer for analyzing metal complex coordination structure

Abstract Gas-phase ion–molecule reactions of metal complex ions with acetonitrile in a quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer are shown to have some potential for determining the number and types of functional groups bound to a metal. Metal complexes with varying coordination spheres show significant differences in their gas-phase reactivity with acetonitrile. The relative product ion intensities observed in the mass spectrum after a given reaction time provide the appropriate data to distinguish complexes with different coordination spheres. Experimental parameters suspected to have an effect on the reproducibility of these intensities are examined in order to understand better which factors need to be most closely controlled to maximize precision. Ni(II) and Cu(II) complex ions of the pentadentate ligands 1,9-bis(2-imidazolyl)-2,5,8-triazanonane (DIEN-(imi)2) and 1,9-bis(2-tetrahydrofuranyl)-2,5,8-triazanonane (DIEN-(THF)2) are reacted in the gas-phase at different temperatures, pressures of acetonitrile, and pressures of buffer gas (helium) in a modified quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer. The effects of such experimental variations on the product ion intensities are measured and analyzed. Under conditions where the precision is maximized, the temperature and acetonitrile pressure seem to have the biggest impact on the reproducibility of the resulting product ion intensity with the acetonitrile level being slightly more important. The reproducibility of ion intensities for the reactions of the Ni(II) complexes are the lowest due to their higher reactivity, while the measurements for the Cu(II) complexes have a higher degree of precision. In general, with careful control of the temperature and reagent gas pressure, ion–molecule (I–M) reactions seem to be a promising method for providing a rapid and sensitive analysis of the functional groups bound to a metal in a given complex.
Length of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity bouts and cardio-metabolic risk factors in elementary school children

Background Accumulating moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) in bouts of 10 min is associated with improved cardio-metabolic risk factors (CMRF) in adults.
Extramammary Paget's Disease of the Vulva Recurring in a Skin Graft

Extramammary Paget's disease of the vulva is an uncommon vulvar neoplasm with a high rate of recurrence. A 64-year-old white female with a history of extramammary Paget's disease of the vulva, excised in 1987 by skinning vulvectomy and treated again in 1993 by skinning vulvectomy with split-thickness skin grafting, presented in 1994 with recurrent Paget's disease in the area of the skin graft. Extramammary Paget's disease of the vulva may recur in an area previously totally excised and transplanted with autologous skin. Therefore, close follow-up is necessary in all patients with this pathologic entity.
Observations of Venus water vapor over the disk of Venus: The 1972–1974 data using the H2O lines at 8197 Å and 8176 Å

Abstract The Venus water vapor line at 8197.71 A has been monitored at several positions on the disk of Venus and at phase angles between 21° and 162°. Variations in the abundance have been found with spatial location, phase angle and time. During the 1972–1974 period, the total two-way absorption has varied from less than 1 to 77 μm of water vapor. The dependence on phase angle indicates 20 to 50 μm over the disk between 30° and 110° and small, but detectable amounts present during the rest of the observations. The spatial distribution with respect to the intensity equator is uniform with no location on the disk having systematically a higher or lower abundance. Comparisons made between the water vapor abundandances and the CO 2 abundances determined from near-simultaneous observations of CO 2 bands at the same positions on the disk of Venus show no correlation for the majority of the samples.
FOLDING OF DEOXYMYOGLOBIN TRIGGERED BY ELECTRON TRANSFER

The met and deoxy forms of sperm whale myoglobin (Mb) can be unfolded by guanidine hydrochloride (GuHCl). Electronic absorption and circular dichroism spectroscopic measurements show that folded deoxyMb is more stable than the folded met protein. Laser excitation of NADH generates species that rapidly reduce unfolded metMb, triggering the formation of folded deoxyMb in less than 10 ms (pH 7.0, 2.5 to 3 M GuHCl, 20 °C). At comparable reaction driving forces (∼10 kJ/mol), deoxyMb folds much faster than reduced cytochrome c.
Carbene-Stabilized Parent Phosphinidene†

The lithiated N-heterocyclic carbene−phosphinidene adduct L′:P−H (3; L′: = :C{[N(2,6-Pri2C6H3)]2CHCLi(THF)3}) unexpectedly resulted from the reaction of lithium metal with the carbene-stabilized diphosphorus species L:P−P:L (2; L: = :C{N(2,6-Pri2C6H3)CH}2). Compound 2 was previously prepared by the potassium graphite reduction of L:PCl3 (1).
Characterization of GaAs layers grown on polycrystalline GaAs by LPE and current controlled LPE

It is the purpose of this paper to investigate the suitability and effectiveness of growth of thin GaAs layers on polycrystalline GaAs substrates by liquid phase epitaxy (LPE) and current controlled LPE (CCLPE). During each growth run LPE and CCLPE were used to grow thin GaAs layers on two large-grain polycrystalline GaAs substrates cut from the same wafer and simultaneously placed in the same growth system. The grain boundary was exposed by cleaving the samples perpendicular to the grain boundary. Notnarski contrast, SEM, C-V and Hall measurements were performed in order to determine the surface morphology, discontinuity of epilayer at the grain boundary, epilayer thickness unform-ity, resistivity (in directions parallel and perpendicular to the grain boundary), and dopant concentration. The CCLPE system was carefully designed so that growth would take place only by electrotransport in the absence of convection or Peltier cooling. The results indicate that CCLPE yields layers with improved surface morphology and thickness uniformity as compared to those grown by LPE. In some samples the epilayer was discontinuous at certain grain boundaries. Results are presented on CCLPE growth rate dependence upon grain orientation, current density, and continuity of the epilayer at the grain boundary.
Dietary Intake of At-Risk, Free-Living, Elderly Subjects Receiving Meals-on-Wheels and a Dietary Supplement

Abstract LEARNING OUTCOME: To examine the effect of a dietary supplement on the nutrient intake of elderly persons, receiving Meals-on-Wheels (MOW), who are at nutritional risk. The effect of a dietary supplement was examined in a prospective study of elderly subjects receiving MOW, randomly assigned to one of two groups: an intervention group who received a nutrient dense supplement and a control group who received a fruit-flavored, fluid replacement beverage for 6 months. Participants were twenty-six free-living, elderly subjects who were applicants for MOW and determined to be at nutritional risk. At baseline, no significant differences were noted between the two groups for intake of calories, protein, vitamins A and C, B 12 folate, and minerals calcium and iron. When nutrient intake was compared between the control and intervention participants at 6 months, intervention subjects consumed significantly more calories, protein, B 12 , folate, calcium, and iron. Vitamins A and C intakes were not significantly different. Changes in nutrient intake from baseline to 6 months in the intervention group were significantly increased for protein, B 12 , folate, and calcium. No differences were noted for calories, vitamins A and C, and iron. In contrast, mean daily nutrient intake in the control group from baseline to 6 months, showed a significant decrease in intake for B 12 , and iron, although mean intake met the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA). No differences were noted in energy intake, protein, vitamins A and C, folate, and calcium. It can be concluded that nutrient intake was improved when nutritionally at-risk elderly persons on MOW also received a dietary supplement.
Protein synthesis: a measure of growth for lake plankton

Problems in the interpretation of 14C-primary production estimates have resulted from our belief that all carbon compounds are created equal and few attempts have been made to include nighttime 14C-losses. The energetic costs of protein synthesis are high and once formed protein is not simply used as another form of energy but is conserved along food chains. A portion of the carbohydrate fraction is used to drive night protein synthesis and some, the so called colloidal dissolved organic carbon which represents a portion of the ‘extracellular production’, simply aggregates and settles out.
Active wavelength control of silicon microphotonic resonant modulators

We present simulations and preliminary experimental results of a new method to stabilize the resonant wavelength of an optical resonant modulator using bit error rate measurements from a local receiver to drive an integrated microheater. Optical interconnections have the potential to significantly reduce the power dissipation and greatly increase the aggregate connection bandwidth in high performance multiprocessor digital computers, intra-satellite communications, and data centers. Silicon photonic micro-ring and micro-disk modulators for the transmit side of the links are an active area of research, because of they are compatible with silicon electronics processing and have been demonstrated at data rates above 10 Gb/s and at sub 100fJ/bit switching energies [1–3]. However, a key problem that remains to be solved for these devices is control of their optical wavelength that varies as a function of fabrication tolerances (thicknesses and dimensions) and temperature. In [4], a heater and sensor were integrated with a modulator to stabilize its wavelength, but the method demonstrated suffers the potential drawbacks of aging of the sensor over time and the potential need to pre-calibrate every sensor/modulator. Here, we present a new method of tuning the resonant wavelength of the device to match the incident light's wavelength using independent logic one and logic zero bit errors from a local receiver and simple logic circuitry to drive an integrated micro-heater to adjust the temperature of the device. Simulations of the control loop show it to be robust to the choice of gain, receiver decision threshold, and starting point temperature. Preliminary experimental results using an integrated microresonant heater modulator device [5] operating at 3.125 Gb/s with an FPGA and external reciver driving the control loop show a tuning range of 25C-32C (> 2 nm shift). No dithering or calibration is required; the technique is not susceptible to sensor aging, and it can compensate for long-term drift in the characteristics of the modulator.
In the trenches: lessons for scientists from California's Proposition 71 campaign

I describe a number of valuable lessons I learned from participating in California's Proposition 71 effort about the role that scientists and rigorous scientific advice can play in a public political process. I describe how scientists can provide valuable information and advice and how they can also gain a great deal from the experience that is valuable to a practicing research scientist. Finally, I argue that in the future, building similar broad coalitions to support biomedical and other areas of scientific research will be essential to protect publicly funded science. Thus, a key lesson from the Proposition 71 experience is that engagement of scientists with diverse nonscientific groups can make a big difference and that scientists must actively engage with the public in the future if we are to contribute robustly to the medical and economic health of our communities.
Child Sexual Abuse Revisited by the U.S. Supreme Court

In deciding a landmark child sexual abuse case, the U.S. Supreme Court broke new ground in addressing the unique needs and qualities of child witnesses. The Court unanimously decided that the spontaneous statement of an abused child, made outside of a courtroom and while receiving medical treatment because of molestation, is trustworthy and may be allowed as evidence at trial. The Court curtailed the right of a defendant to go face to face against the child accuser, considering that a victimized child's statement, made while he or she is emotionally injured, has substantial value that cannot be duplicated simply by testifying later in court.
A Topographic-Hydrogeologic Model for Solid Waste Landfill Siting

Geomorphic and hydrogeologic studies have shown that the material, topographic, ground-water, and surface-water characteristics of a particular landscape position are all related. Because topography is related to the local material and surface-water characteristics and because the ground-water regimen is related to the local materials and topography, an analysis of the topography should allow the prediction of the material, ground-water, and surface-water characteristics of a disposal site within the local area. Topographic consideration of potential solid waste disposal sites thus provides insight about the physical characteristics of the site and shape of the resulting contamination enclave. Seven possible topographic positions for disposal sites are floodplain, valley terrace, valley side, upland crest, upland ravine, upland valley and upland flat interfluve. Upland sites are characterized by the outward flow of both ground water and surface water, whereas valley sites are characterized by the through flow of both ground and surface water. At the present time, upland sites are considered preferable over valley sites because of the greater likelihood of the refuse remaining dry. An analysis of ground-water flow patterns indicates that the greatest potential for extensive ground-water contamination exists for upland sites, which are in ground-water recharge areas; and the least potential for extensive ground-water contamination exists for properly placed valley sites, which are in ground-water discharge areas.