cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Actions necessary to prevent childhood obesity: creating the climate for change

Childhood obesity has become a public health epidemic, and currently a battle exists over how to frame and address this problem. This paper explores how public policy approaches can be employed to address obesity. We present the argument that obesity should be viewed as the consequence of a "toxic environment" rather than the result of the population failing to take enough "personal responsibility." In order to make progress in decreasing the prevalence of obesity, we must shift our view of obesity away from the medical model (which focuses on the individual) to a public health model (which focuses on the population). At the same time, we must be sensitive to the problem of weight bias. Potential obstacles to taking a public policy approach are identified, as well as suggestions on how to overcome them.
The Cell Surface Membrane Proteins Cdo and Boc Are Components and Targets of the Hedgehog Signaling Pathway and Feedback Network in Mice

Cdo and Boc encode cell surface Ig/fibronectin superfamily members linked to muscle differentiation. Data here indicate they are also targets and signaling components of the Sonic hedgehog (Shh) pathway. Although Cdo and Boc are generally negatively regulated by Hedgehog (HH) signaling, in the neural tube Cdo is expressed within the Shh-dependent floor plate while Boc expression lies within the dorsal limit of Shh signaling. Loss of Cdo results in a Shh dosage-dependent reduction of the floor plate. In contrast, ectopic expression of Boc or Cdo results in a Shh-dependent, cell autonomous promotion of ventral cell fates and a non-cell-autonomous ventral expansion of dorsal cell identities consistent with Shh sequestration. Cdo and Boc bind Shh through a high-affinity interaction with a specific fibronectin repeat that is essential for activity. We propose a model where Cdo and Boc enhance Shh signaling within its target field.
Geographic Miss: A Cause of Treatment Failure in Radio-Oncology Applied to Intracoronary Radiation Therapy

BACKGROUND: A recognized limitation of endovascular beta-radiation therapy is the development of new stenosis at the edges of the irradiated area. The combination of injury and low-dose radiation may be the precursor of this phenomenon. We translated the radio-oncological concept of "geographic miss" to define cases in which the radiation source did not fully cover the injured area. The aims of the study were to determine the incidence and causes of geographic miss and evaluate the impact of this inadequate treatment on the outcome of patients treated with intracoronary beta-radiation. METHODS AND RESULTS: We analyzed 50 consecutive patients treated with beta-radiation after percutaneous coronary intervention. The prescribed dose ranged between 12 and 20 Gy at 2 mm from the source axis. By means of quantitative coronary angiography, the irradiated segment (IRS) and both edges were studied before and after intervention and at 6-month follow-up. Edges that were injured during the procedure constituted the geographic miss edges. Twenty-two edges were injured during the intervention, mainly because of procedural complications that extended the treatment beyond the margins of the IRS. Late loss was significantly higher in geographic miss edges than in IRSs and uninjured edges (0.84+/-0.6 versus 0.15+/-0.4 and 0.09+/-0.4 mm, respectively; P<0.0001). Similarly, restenosis rate was significantly higher in the injured edges (10% within IRS, 40.9% in geographic miss edges, and 1.9% in uninjured edges; P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: These data support the hypothesis that the combination of injury and low-dose beta-radiation induces deleterious outcome.
ANTIOXIDATIVE FLAVONOID GLYCOSIDES FROM QUINOA SEEDS (CHENOPODIUM QUINOA WILLD)

Six flavonol glycosides have been isolated from quinoa seeds (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) via normal phase and reverse phase column chromatography. On the basis of spectral data, their structures were established as kaempferol 3-O-[β-D-apiofuranosyl(1′–2″)]-β-D-galactopyranoside (1), kaempferol 3-O-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1″–2″)]-β-D-galactopyranoside (2), kaempferol 3-O-[β-D-apiofuranosyl(1′–2″)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1″–6″)]-β-D-galactopyranoside (3), kaempferol 3-O-(2,6-di-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-β-D-galactopyranoside (4), quercetin 3-O-[β-D-apiofuranosyl (1′–2″)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1″–6″)]-β-D-galactopyranoside (5) and quercetin 3-O-(2,6-di-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-β-D-galactopyranoside (6). Among them, compounds 1, 4 and 6 were the main flavonoid glycosides found in quinoa seeds and compounds 2, 5, and 6 were isolated from this plant for the first time. All six compounds exhibited antioxidant
Fluorometric enzyme assay for choline and acetylcholine.

Abstract A sensitive and specific assay for choline and ACh which may be applied directly to brain extracts is described. The method is based upon enzymic coupling to the oxidation of fluorescent NADH. The following enzymic sequence is utilized: acetylcholinesterase, choline phosphokinase, pyruvate kinase, and lactate dehydrogenase. The method detects as little as 0.1 mμmole of choline or ACh, which is the amount of metabolite present in 1 mg or 8 mg of whole rat brain, respectively. The specificity of the method is such that only choline and ACh of tissue samples react. Extraction of whole brain samples by either heating at pH 4 or by chloroform/methanol or perchloric acid were compared in order to find a single procedure which was useful for extraction of both ACh and free choline from brain samples. Perchloric acid extraction proved to be the most efficient of the three methods for extraction of the two constituents. By this procedure the ACh content of whole rat brain was found to be 11.5 mμmoles/gm and the choline content of the same samples was 107 mμmoles/gm. Both values are in agreement with other published results.
ProAlgaZyme subfraction improves the lipoprotein profile of hypercholesterolemic hamsters, while inhibiting production of betaine, carnitine, and choline metabolites

Previously, we reported that ProAlgaZyme (PAZ) and its biologically active fraction improved plasma lipids in hypercholesterolemic hamsters, by significantly increasing the high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) while reducing non-HDL cholesterol and the ratio of total cholesterol/HDL-C. Moreover, hepatic mRNA expression of genes involved in HDL/reverse cholesterol transport were significantly increased, while cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) expression was partially inhibited. In the current study, we investigated the therapeutic efficacy of the biologically active fraction of PAZ (BaP) on the plasma lipid and plasma metabolomic profiles in diet induced hypercholesterolemic hamsters. Fifty male Golden Syrian hamsters were fed a high fat diet for 4 weeks prior to randomization into 6 groups, based on the number of days they received subsequent treatment. Thus animals in T0, T3, T7, T10, T14, and T21 groups received BaP for 0, 3, 7, 10, 14, and 21 days, respectively, as their drinking fluid. Plasma lipids were assayed enzymatically, while real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) provided the transcription levels of the Apolipoprotein (Apo) A1 gene. The plasma metabolomic profile was determined using 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy in conjunction with multivariate analysis. Plasma HDL-C was significantly increased in T3 (P < 0.05) and T21 (P < 0.001), while non-HDL cholesterol was significantly reduced in T3, T7, T10 (P < 0.001) and T14, T21 (P < 0.01). Moreover, the ratio of total cholesterol/HDL-C was significantly lower in all BaP treated groups (P < 0.001) as compared with T0. Quantitative RT-PCR showed an increase in Apo A1 expression in T10 (3-fold) and T21 (6-fold) groups. NMR data followed by multivariate analysis showed a clear separation between T0 and T21 groups, indicating a difference in their metabolomic profiles. Plasma concentrations of metabolites associated with a risk for atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease, including choline, phosphocholine, glycerol-phosphocholine, betaine and carnitine metabolites were significantly lower in the T21 group. Treatment with BaP significantly improved the plasma lipid profile by increasing HDL-C and lowering non-HDL cholesterol. In addition, BaP potentially improved the plasma metabolomic profile by reducing the concentration of key metabolites associated with risk for atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease.
Attachment in low-SES rural Appalachian infants: Contextual, infant, and maternal interaction risk and protective factors

Attachment classifications were obtained for 95 low-socioeconomic-status (SES) rural Appalachian infants in the Strange Situation procedure at 15 months. The distribution of secure (B) and insecure (A, C, D) infants was similar to other low-SES samples and significantly different from low-risk samples. Levels of contextual and infant risk, together with maternal responsiveness to crying and pattern of sensitivity from 4 to 9 months, predicted attachment security. High social support, when examined as a protective factor, related to reduced contextual risk, but not to increased likelihood of security. Exploratory discriminant function analyses showed that infants in secure relationships differed in positive directions on contextual and maternal interactional factors. Insecure-organized (A and C) infants experienced contextual and maternal interaction risks, while insecure-disorganized (D) infants were best distinguished by infant characteristics, including greater likelihood of being male and low use of mother as a secure base at 9 months. ©2001 Michigan Association for Infant Mental Health.
Chemical Characteristics and Origin of Oceanic Ridge Volcanic Rocks

Oceanic ridge volcanic rocks alkali metal, alkaline earth, rare earth, nickel and major element content, observing partial melting
Low-emittance in SPEAR

The authors describe the characteristics of a low-emittance configuration and its implementation in the Stanford Positron Electron Accelerator Ring (SPEAR) at the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory (SSRL) to increase the photon beam brightness. The new lattice has an emittance of 129 pi nm-rad at 3 GeV compared to the present emittance of 510 pi nm-rad. The lattice design, the injection scheme, and the commissioning results are discussed. >
Current and long-term spousal caregiving and onset of cardiovascular disease

Background Prior evidence suggests that caregiving may increase risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) onset. This association has never been examined in a nationally (USA) representative sample, and prior studies could not fully control for socioeconomic confounders. This paper seeks to estimate the association between spousal caregiving and incident CVD in older Americans. Methods Married, CVD-free Health and Retirement Study respondents aged 50+ years (n=8472) were followed up to 8 years (1669 new stroke or heart disease diagnoses). Current caregiving exposure was defined as assisting a spouse with basic or instrumental activities of daily living ≥14 h/week according to the care recipients9 report in the most recent prior biennial survey; we define providing ≥14 h/week of care at two consecutive biennial surveys as ‘long-term caregiving’. Inverse probability weighted discrete-time hazard models with time-updated exposure and covariate information (including socioeconomic and cardiovascular risk factors) were used to estimate the effect of caregiving on incident CVD. Results Caregiving significantly predicted CVD incidence (HR=1.35, 95% CI 1.06 to 1.68) in the population overall. Long-term caregiving was associated with double the risk of CVD onset (HR=1.95, 95% CI 1.19 to 3.18). This association for long-term care givers varied significantly by race (p Conclusions Spousal caregiving independently predicted risk of CVD in a large sample of US adults. There was significant evidence that the effect for long-term care givers differs for non-whites and white.
Contour Saliency in Primary Visual Cortex

Contour integration is an important intermediate stage of object recognition, in which line segments belonging to an object boundary are perceptually linked and segmented from complex backgrounds. Contextual influences observed in primary visual cortex (V1) suggest the involvement of V1 in contour integration. Here, we provide direct evidence that, in monkeys performing a contour detection task, there was a close correlation between the responses of V1 neurons and the perceptual saliency of contours. Receiver operating characteristic analysis showed that single neuronal responses encode the presence or absence of a contour as reliably as the animal's behavioral responses. We also show that the same visual contours elicited significantly weaker neuronal responses when they were not detected in the detection task, or when they were unattended. Our results demonstrate that contextual interactions in V1 play a pivotal role in contour integration and saliency.
Identification of Truck Types using Strain Sensors include Co-located Strain Gauges

A bridge's performance depends on different factors including superstructure type, support conditions, construction materials, environmental conditions and external loading. Identifying and evaluating the loads applied to a bridge, during its effective life, are necessary for assessing the condition and remaining life of that bridge. Furthermore, the influence of dynamic loading on the structural response of the bridge is important to be considered for the safety of the structure. Although ambient loads can be helpful to assess the changes in bridge condition as monitored over time, applying identified loads allows for a more clear understanding as to how the bridge responds to different types of loads. As a part of the Long Term Bridge Performance (LTBP) program, a bridge located in Perry, Utah was subjected to four sets of high speed, live-load tests. For evaluating the bridge response to different types of loads, these live load tests were conducted with four different truck configurations that traversed the bridge in both right and left lanes. In addition, the different trucks traversed the bridge at three different speeds to make it possible to assess the effect of dynamic response of the bridge. Moreover, these different trucks varied in weight and axle spacing. The data were collected through multiple types of sensors, located on different points and some co-located on same points. The sensors used in this study are strain gauges and the response of the co-located sensors was compared to evaluate the reliability of the results. Two different B-WIM methods were used to calculate the speed of the trucks. These methods include the correlation of signals and the derivative of the strains. The performance of these methods for evaluating the accurate speed was studied. The axle
Near-Field Millimeter-Wave Imaging of Exposed and Covered Fatigue Cracks

In this paper, the efficacy of near-field millimeter-wave nondestructive techniques, using open-ended flange-mounted rectangular waveguide probes, for extracting information of 3-D crack area deformation (i.e., in-plane and out-of-plane deformation) is demonstrated. It is shown that this information can be obtained from indications of unique interference patterns that are generated between the probe and the metal surface during the raster scan of a surface-breaking exposed and covered fatigue crack using a phase-sensitive reflectometer.
Oxidation of L-thiazolidine-4-carboxylate by L-proline dehydrogenase in Escherichia coli.

L-Thiazolidine-4-carboxylate (T4C, γ-thioproline) is a toxic analogue of L-proline. T4C can be oxidized by Escherichia coli to form N-formylcysteine, which is hydrolysed to yield formate and cysteine. To determine if L-proline dehydrogenase (EC 1.5.99.8) catalyses T4C degradation, membrane fractions from E. coli were tested for T4C and proline oxidation activity. The specific activity for T4C oxidation in membranes from bacteria grown with 10 mM-proline was similar to the specific activity for proline oxidation and about 100 times that in membranes from bacteria grown without proline. Both oxidation activities were inactivated at 45 °C at the same rate. Membranes from a strain with a deletion of the putA gene encoding L-proline dehydrogenase or a strain with a putA::Tn5 insertion mutation had no detectable activity with either substrate. Although T4C was a simple competitive inhibitor of proline oxidation, proline inhibited T4C oxidation in a way that gave competitive but sigmoidal kinetics. At low concentrations, T4C induced proline dehydrogenase synthesis. Cysteine auxotrophs containing the putA:: Tn5 mutation could still use T4C as a cysteine source, and bacteria with this mutation consumed oxygen in the presence of T4C at half the control rate. These results indicate that T4C is a substrate and an inducer of L-proline dehydrogenase but suggest that E. coli also contains a second enzyme catalysing T4C degradation.
Infrared thermography in the detection and management of coronary artery disease

Infrared thermography was used to measure and map precordial skin temperature in 60 patients undergoing elective coronary angiography; 9 patients were normal and 51 had coronary artery disease (CAD). Thermograms were graded by quartile area (zero to 4 plus) and magnitude of thermal asymmetry (recorded as degrees celsius). The presence, mean area and degree of thermal asymmetry were significantly greater in patients with CAD. Twenty-two patients subsequently underwent successful revascularization with angioplasty with a highly significant decrease in the presence, magnitude and degree of thermal asymmetry. The results demonstrate that CAD is associated with precordial thermal asymmetry. The area and magnitude of thermal asymmetry is greater in patients with CAD than in control subjects without angiographically significant CAD. Successful revascularization changed the asymmetric precordial pattern to a more symmetric one. Infrared thermography is a promising technique for the detection of CAD before and after revascularization.
Myocardial infarction in young people. Experience in U.S.S.R.

Abstract The high incidence of myocardial infarction in young people has been of major concern to Russian cardiologists resulting in a large number of publications in the past 15 years. This is a review of the most important Russian publications in regard to the differences in the clinical course, symptoms, complications, precipitating factors, etiology, and mortality rate in young and old patients with myocardial infarctions.
Cooperative forest fire monitoring using multiple UAVs

This paper addresses the problem of using a team of UAVs to cooperatively monitor multiple forest fires (called hotspots) in a region. We deploy two types of agents: service agents that locally monitor the state of the hotspots and detector agents that search for hotspots and assign service agents to those that are detected. We develop an assignment scheme based on auctions to perform the assignment of a hotspot to a group of service agents. While monitoring a hotspot, service agents are required to be equally spaced around the perimeter. In order to achieve equal spacing around the hotspot perimeter, we develop a splay state controller that ensures the convergence of the service agents to the equally spaced configuration. We also address the problems associated with tracking hotspots that expand in size and possibly combine together. Simulation results are presented to validate the assignment and control algorithms.
Transactional Database Transformation and Its Application in Prioritizing Human Disease Genes

Binary (0,1) matrices, commonly known as transactional databases, can represent many application data, including gene-phenotype data where "1” represents a confirmed gene-phenotype relation and "0” represents an unknown relation. It is natural to ask what information is hidden behind these "0”s and "1”s. Unfortunately, recent matrix completion methods, though very effective in many cases, are less likely to infer something interesting from these (0,1)-matrices. To answer this challenge, we propose Ind Evi, a very succinct and effective algorithm to perform independent-evidence-based transactional database transformation. Each entry of a (0,1)-matrix is evaluated by "independent evidence” (maximal supporting patterns) extracted from the whole matrix for this entry. The value of an entry, regardless of its value as 0 or 1, has completely no effect for its independent evidence. The experiment on a gene-phenotype database shows that our method is highly promising in ranking candidate genes and predicting unknown disease genes.
POWER2 architecture and performance

We briefly describe key features of the POWER2 architecture and the xlf compiler. Using FORTRAN loops and compiler generated instructions, we show how the compiler schedules instructions to make full use of new features of the POWER2 architecture. These loops are two of the most widely used scientific/engineering constructs. They demonstrate the ease with which one can attain near-peak or peak performance on the POWER2 architecture. Finally, we demonstrate the effect of these performance enhancements on several real applications. >
EATING THE WORLD: LONDON IN 1851

"London, for some time previous to the opening of the Great Exhibition, has been a curious sight even to Londoners," Henry Mayhew declared in 1851, or the Adventures of Mr. and Mrs. Sandboys and Family, Who Came Up to London to "Enjoy Themselves, " and to See the Great Exhibition, his comic instant novel about the transformation of London in the year of the Great Exhibition. Mayhew proceeded to detail what had grown curiouser and curiouser about the London scene in that climactic year: "New amusements were daily springing into existence, or old ones being revived. The Chinese Collection had returned to the Metropolis, with a family from Pekin, and a lady with feet two inches and a half long, as proof of the superior standing she had in society; Mr Calin [sic; he means Caitlin] had re-opened his Indian exhibit; Mr Wyle [sic\ he means Wyld; instant novels apparently did not allow much time for proofreading] had bought up the interior of Leicester Square, with a view of cramming into it - 'yeah, the great globe itself" (132). Elsewhere in Mayhew's parodic panorama1 of London's exhibition mania, he offered a view of other globalized London scenes, focusing on celebrated chef Alexis Soyer's new restaurant, "where the universe might dine, from sixpence to a hundred guineas, of cartes ranging from pickled whelks to nightingale's tongues . . . from the 'long sixes,' au natural of the Russians, to the 'stewed Missionary of the Marquesas,' or the 'cold roast Bishop' of New Zealand" (2). Mayhew's imaginary menu, with its cannibalistic extremes, expresses a wider concern about the deluging of London by foreigners come to see the Great Exhibition (some 60000 "extra" foreigners - beyond, that is, standard visiting numbers - were estimated to have actually visited, mostly from the Continent, that year, roughly doubling the existing foreign population of London; see Auerbach 186), which found expression in an amused (when not more genuinely terrified) xenophobia that often focused on foreign foodways. Mayhew's catalogs of entertainments available in London in the year of the Great Exhibition cavalierly cross real and imagined opportunities for touristic entertainment. The Chinese Collection (which, in fact, shared space with a showcase of South African artifacts, Cumming's Exhibition; see British Metropolis 267), Caitlin's Indian show (600 oil paintings and assorted artifacts from Caitlin's travels among Native Americans; see Limbird 79), and Wyld's Globe (a massive metal sphere the inside walls of which replicated the earth's surface and physical features in modeled plaster; for a fuller description, see British Metropolis xix-xx), were all real enough, all part of the great exhibitionary year, even if their offerings could not quite match Mayhew's hyperbole.
Alcohol Activates a Sucrose-Responsive Gustatory Neural Pathway

A strong positive association exists between the ingestion of alcohol and sweet-tasting solutions. The neural mechanisms underlying this relationship are unknown, although recent data suggest that ...
Monitoring the Standard Frequency Emissions

The method and equipment used in monitoring the standard frequency emissions are described in this paper. The emissions are continuously recorded in terms of the primary standard of frequency maintained by the Bureau of Standards. By means of selector circuits and frequency multipliers the received signal is heterodyned with the appropriate harmonic of the primary standard. The beat frequency is then recorded on a recording potentiometer by means of a circuit arrangement which produces a potential difference that is proportional to the frequency difference. The records show that the emissions have been in agreement with the primary frequency standard within two parts in one hundred million at practically all times, and the absolute value of the frequency transmitted is rarely in error by as much as one part in ten million.
Applications of the sol-gel process

Abstract The advantages and disadvantages of the sol-gel process are reviewed. Successful applications are dependent on sufficient scientific understanding of the various stages of the process. The many factors governing the development of structure and microstructure during gelation and subsequent heating are mentioned. Examples are described for applications in the areas of composites, porous solids and coatings. Opportunities for many new applications are presently available for exploitations.
My approach to the use of aspirin.

Multiple randomized clinical trials have established that aspirin reduces the incidence of stroke andmyocardial infarction in patients with established cardiovascular disease. The antithrombotic effect of aspirin is due to inhibition of platelet aggregation by blocking the production of thromboxane A2. Long-term aspirin is recommended in all patients with known cardiovascular disease who do not have relative contraindications, such as a history of gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding or peptic ulcer. The recommended dose in the United States is 81mg/day. The indications for aspirin in primary prevention—that is in patients with risk factors for cardiovascular disease who do not have a history of coronary heart disease or stroke—are not as clear. The Physicians’ Health study in 1989 randomized 22,071 physicians without a history of coronary artery disease to 325 mg aspirin every other day or placebo. After 5 years of therapy, they reported a very significant (P o .00001) reduction in myocardial infarction in those in the aspirin arm. However, multiple primary prevention trials since have been negative. As a result, many have concluded that aspirin is not indicated for primary prevention because the potential benefit is exceeded by the risk for GI bleeding. All of the primary prevention trials have used doses of aspirin of 100 mg or less
The preparation and characterization of nitric oxide releasing silicone rubber materials impregnated with S-nitroso-tert-dodecyl mercaptan

Recently, considerable research efforts have focused on increasing the biocompatibility a nd bactericidal activity of biomedical polymeric devices (e.g., catheters, etc.) through incorporation of nitric oxide (NO) releasing molecules. NO is an important endogenous molecule that is well known for enhancing blood flow via its vasodilatory activity, but it also exhibits potent antithrombotic and antimicrobial properties. In this work, we demonstrate that silicone rubber tubing can be impregnated with a tertiary S-nitrosothiol (RSNO), S-nitroso-tert-dodecylmercaptan, via a simple solvent swelling method. We further characterize the NO release and RSNO leaching from the tubing over time via use of chemiluminescence and UV/Vis spectroscopy, respectively. The tubing is shown to maintain an NO flux above the physiological levels released by endothelial cells, 0.5-4.0 × 10-10 molcm-2min-1, for more than 3 weeks while stored at 37 °C and exhibit minimal leaching. Finally, the RSNO impregnated tu bing exhibits significant antimicrobial activity over a 21 d period (vs. controls) during incubation in a CDC bioreactor after inoculation of media with S. aureus bacteria. The use of such lipophilic RSNO impregnated silicone rubber tubing could dramatically reduce the risk of catheter-related infections, which are a common problem associated with placement of intravascular or urinary catheters.
Value Seekers, Big Spenders, Non-Spenders, and Experiencers: Consumption, Personality, and Well-Being

By joining materialism (high to low) with money conservation (tight to loose with money), I propose a consumer classification: Value Seekers are tight with money and materialistic; Big Spenders are loose with money and materialistic; Non-Spenders are tight with money not materialistic; and Experiencers are loose with money and not materialistic. The Big Spender is most prone to credit card misuse, impulse buying, and debt. The Value Seeker, although materialistic, is not as susceptible to these trends as the Big Spender, and the Experiencer, although not frugal, is also less susceptible. Price expertise increases with both materialism and frugality; the Value Seeker is the go-to price expert and the Experiencer is the least price aware. The Non-Spender and Experiencer are the most intrinsically motivated and the Big Spender is the least. The relationship between self-construal and materialism is complex with a tendency for the independent self to be less materialistic. Well-being decreases with materialism and increases with frugality, but the Experiencer, although not frugal, has high well-being. The Big Spender stands out as lowest in well-being.
Interaction of cellular proteins with the poliovirus 5′ noncoding region

The 5′ noncoding region (NCR) of poliovirus RNA is folded into a complex structure comprised of multiple, critically spaced, stem-loop domains. Mutations in at least one of these domains markedly affects the neurovirulence of the virus. Two proteins have been identified recently which bind and apparently mediate functions of the 5′ NCR in translation. We have demonstrated specific binding of three additional proteins in a Hela cell ribosomal salt wash that can be crosslinked to specific stem-loop segments of the 5′ NCR. These same RNA segments inhibit translation of polio RNA in vitro, presumably by competing for protein binding. The Sabin vaccine strain of polio RNA exhibits a reduced affinity of binding for specific proteins. The determinant for this reduction appears to be a single nucleotide difference at position 480 between the neuro virulent and attenuated viral strains.
Role of chromatin disruption and histone acetylation in thyroid hormone receptor action: implications in the regulation of HIV-1 LTR.

Thyroid hormone (TH) affects a wide variety of biological processes, from development to physiological function of different cells and organs. Alterations in plasma TH concentrations lead to developmental abnormalities and pathological consequences. Earlier studies have observed that plasma TH levels vary in AIDS patients such that low levels of TH correlate with survival rate. Furthermore, studies on the regulation of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) have shown that TH receptor (TR) is capable of binding to two regions within the long terminal repeat (LTR), which controls the transcription of HIV-1 genome. The frog oocyte is an in vivo system that allows microinjected DNA to be chromatinized in a process mimicking the process that occurs in somatic cells. Studies in the frog oocyte have provided in vivo evidence on the role of chromatin remodeling in transcriptional regulation by TR and have shown that TR utilizes similar mechanisms in the regulation of the HIV- 1 LTR. That is, TR binds to LTR in chromatin in vivo and represses the LTR in the absence of TH by recruiting corepressor complexes containing histone deacetylases, and upon TH binding, TR causes chromatin remodeling and LTR activation.
Interspecific Attraction in Lepidoptera in the Field

Field tests were conducted to investigate interspecific attraction among lepidopterous species. In addition to attracting males of their own species, females of each species tested also attracted males of other species, some transcending superfamily lines. Female Indian meal moths, Plodia interpunctella (Hubner), and almond moths, Cadra cautella (Walker) (family Pyralidae) were attractive to male lesser cornstalk borers, Elasmopalpus lignosellus (Zeller) (also Pyralidae) in addition to male beet army worms, Spodoptcra exigua (Hubner), and to male Heliophana mitis (Grote), both Noctuidae. Beet armyworm and fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), females were attractive to lesser cornstalk borer and H. mitis males.
Exploring stress-grown carbon nanotubes in the optical regime

Carbon nanotube arrays were grown in the presence of an applied mechanical stress (30 min, 60 mN/mm2 mechanical pressure) and dispersed in aqueous solution (0.08 - 2.3 mm2/mL). Optical (450-950 nm) transmission and right angle scattering measurements were performed on these dispersions and on an analogous set of conventional (non-stressed) carbon nanotubes. Results show similar transmission behavior and different right angle scattering dependence on concentration for stress-grown and conventional carbon nanotubes. This investigation provides the first evidence of differentiation between stress-grown and conventional carbon nanotubes in the optical regime, suggesting a point of departure for future applications.
Application Study on Communication Protocol for Distribution Network Automation in Guangxi

The communication protocol for distribution network automation based on 101/104 specification is studied,and its implementation measures are discussed based on the trial scheme of Guangxi distribution network automation.The proposed protocol,which is based on the detailed implementation rules of DL/T634.5.101-2002 and DL/T634.5.104-2002 made by China Southern Power Grid,is supplied and adjusted according to the characteristics of Guangxi distribution network automation.
A Model for Selecting Viticultural Sites in the Piedmont Triad Region of North Carolina

The North Carolina wine industry is growing at a fast pace. Many new vineyards are being planted with European varieties. Vitis vinifera varieties in general are the most challenging species of grape grown, requiring considerable effort to consistently produce yields of appropriate volume and good quality. The model produced in this research was designed to help guide site selection for V. vinifera vineyards in the North Carolina Piedmont. This is accomplished using a site suitability model and predictive geophysical parameters. The area of interest is Rockingham County, North Carolina. The model consists of four sets of factors each weighted and combined into sub-model composites. These sub-model composites represent the capability/suitability of: topography, soil, land use/land cover, and climate. The four sub-model composites were weighted and combined to produce the final output that summarizes the viticultural site suitability for the study area.
GIFTED EDUCATION AND THE SPECTRE OF ELITISM

schools' role in legitimating existing patterns of social stratification. It discusses the way in which the anti-intellectual climate of public schools fosters the provision of noncognitive instruction to the most cognitively apt students . In particular , the paper presents arguments to support the thesis that schools provide noncognitive instruction to gifted students in order to thwart their development as intellectuals. This phenomenon is especially germane considering the historical antagonism between intellectuals and the ruling class. Finally the paper evaluates the extent to which gifted education programs are elitist. It suggests that noncognitive programs for the gifted are necessarily elitist whereas challenging cognitive programs for such students may in fact threaten the elitism of the ruling class. Gifted education is the branch of American pedagogy specifically designed for exceptionally capable students. As a discrete pedagogy, gifted education surfaced early in the progressive era of American education, in part as an antidote to the practices of the common school and in part as an extension of the common school ethos. The dichotomy between the elitist connotation of gifted education and its child-centered philosophy has shaped the history and scope of this pedagogy. In practice, this dichotomy has produced a tension which undergirds both identification and curriculum paradigms. Based on the particular emphasis of an educator or school, gifted education may be operationalized as advanced cognitive instruction, tangential enrichment programs, segregated classroom placement, affective education, creativity training, career orientation, or leadership training. This article reviews current practices in gifted education within the context of the American political economy, both its egalitarian ideology and its stratified and hierarchical reality. Adopting the view that schools tend to reproduce existing social structures, this article examines ways in which gifted education legitimates the unequal distribution of wealth and power in the United States. At the same time, it reviews the historical antagonism between economic and intellectual elites, an antagonism which conditions pedagogical practices for academically apt students. Gifted education has been criticized as the elitist provision of advantages to the advantaged. This criticism, based on the popular belief that
Documenting the Invisible: Political Agency in Trevor Paglen’s Limit Telephotography

Taken from up to forty miles away, Trevor Paglen's limit telephotography images of covert military bases in the American Southwest are blurred by dense atmopshere, dust and debris. In effect, his photographs are highly illegible, and thus the military bases escape any sort of revelation. Following this logic, if one cannot see these top secret locations, then these images are in fact not politically effective at disclosing confidential federal information. Rather, Paglen asserts that the political agency of his can be located not in the image, but in the practice of performing limit telephotography - standing on public land and excercising the right to photograph. In turn, Paglen relocates the documentarian potential of his images into an agency formulated by a relational aesthetic, one in which the communal effects of creating the image and interpreting it generate the possibilities of enacting further practices of political resistance.
Personal and Professional Development Through Internship Engagement

Schmidt discusses experiential learning opportunities in the Human Development and Family Studies program and Youth Development program at Indiana University. She describes the implementation where students encounter high-impact elements, such as diversity, building relationships through authentic connections, time spent on meaningful tasks, and academic requirements of the internship program and completion requirements through reflection and feedback as well as the decision to add a pre-internship experience in the form of service-learning to the professional preparation course. Some concluding thoughts discuss the challenges and successes of implementing these programs.
Cannabis Use, Polysubstance Use, and Psychosis Spectrum Symptoms in a Community-Based Sample of U.S. Youth.

Abstract Purpose To examine how cannabis use and polysubstance use among cannabis users relate to psychosis spectrum (PS) symptoms in a large community-based sample of U.S. youth. Methods Four thousand one hundred seventy-one youths (aged 14–21 years; mean = 16.90 years, SD = 1.85; 55% female) from the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort completed assessments of substance use, PS symptoms, and confounding variables (e.g., demographics, comorbid psychopathology, and trauma exposure). Results After adjusting for confounds, cannabis use by itself was not associated with increased odds of being classified as "psychosis spectrum." However, cannabis use in combination with tobacco or other substance use was associated with increased odds of PS classification (adjusted odds ratios [ORs] = 1.37–1.76). Follow-up symptom-level analyses revealed that cannabis use in combination with other substances was associated with subclinical positive symptoms (ORs = 1.95 and 2.24) and frequent cannabis use was associated with subclinical negative/disorganized symptoms (OR = 2.14). However, these symptom-level findings were reduced to trends after correction for multiple comparisons. Neither cannabis use nor polysubstance use was associated with threshold delusions or hallucinations. Conclusions After adjusting for important confounds, there was minimal evidence for associations between cannabis use by itself and PS symptoms. More compelling evidence emerged for associations between polysubstance use among cannabis users and PS symptoms. This study highlights the importance of considering polysubstance use and confounds when examining associations between cannabis use and PS symptoms. Further longitudinal research is necessary to determine whether these findings represent causal associations or shared genetic and/or environmental vulnerability for substance use and PS symptoms.
What are the problems with retinal cell transplants

Retinal cell transplantation offers the possibility of preserving and/or restoring function in a degenerating retina. This is a difficult but ultimately do-able project and the retina may be an ideal structure in which to pursue such central nervous system reconstruction. The retina is accessible, layered and the photoreceptor layer transmits signals in one direction in contrast to most neuronal circuits in the central nervous system. There are two areas to which this research has been directed. One involves the retinal epithelium and the second the neural retina, in particular the photoreceptors. Although some problems are similar in these two approaches, there are major differences requiring the topics to be considered separately.
A numerical analysis of a semi-dry coupling configuration in photoacoustic computed tomography for infant brain imaging

In the application of photoacoustic human infant brain imaging, debubbled ultrasound gel or water is commonly used as a couplant for ultrasonic transducers due to their acoustic properties. The main challenge in using such a couplant is its discomfort for the patient. In this study, we explore the feasibility of a semi-dry coupling configuration to be used in photoacoustic computed tomography (PACT) systems. The coupling system includes an inflatable container consisting of a thin layer of Aqualene with ultrasound gel or water inside of it. Finite element method (FEM) is used for static and dynamic structural analysis of the proposed configuration to be used in PACT for infant brain imaging. The outcome of the analysis is an optimum thickness of Aqualene in order to meet the weight tolerance requirement with the least attenuation and best impedance match to recommend for an experimental setting.
Laser-induced heating of dynamic particulate depositions in additive manufacturing

Abstract Many applications in additive manufacturing involve the dynamic deposition of powders and the in-flight heating of such material by a laser. In order to characterize such systems, the Discrete Element Method (DEM) is employed. Specifically, this paper focuses on the initial stages of this process by developing a modular discrete-element type multiphysics simulation method for the particle dynamics and heating by a laser and detailed thermal behavior. The objective is to provide researchers with a framework to construct computational tools for this growing industry. In order to achieve this, from a simulation standpoint, the overall particle-mixture system is constructed by coupling submodels for each primary physical process (dynamics and heating) together. An iterative staggering scheme is developed whereby, within every time step, each individual particle is solved “freezing” the state of the remaining multiparticle system. The state of the particle is then updated and the algorithm moves to the next particle in the system and the process is repeated. The overall process sweeps through the entire system repeatedly until convergence is achieved in an appropriate norm. As the system evolves, an error estimate dictates the time-step size that is needed to induce convergence to below an appropriate error level. Thus, the process can be considered as an implicit time-stepping scheme, which is combined with an (internal) iterative staggering process. In order to control rates of convergence within a time-step, the algorithm adjusts the time-step size. If the iterative process does not converge within a desired number of iterations, below an error tolerance, the time-step is reduced. The degree of time-step reduction is determined by utilizing an estimate of the spectral radius of the coupled system. Since the construction of model and solution process is modular, one can easily replace physical submodels with other choices, making it easy to numerically experiment with a variety of models. Qualitative and quantitative analyses are provided, as well as three-dimensional numerical examples. This paper addresses the first of two overall “macrostages” of a complex manufacturing process with DEM. The first stage, addressed in this paper, concentrates on dry-powder materials, which are of a discrete particulate character, using DEM to characterize the deposition and in-flight particle heating. Other papers of the author (Zohdi, 2010, 2013, 2014, 2015 [81,82], 2008) have addressed stage two, namely phase transformations, curing (cooling) and stress analysis, using more appropriate continuum and hybrid DEM-continuum approaches.
Altered ADAMTS5 Expression and Versican Proteolysis: A Possible Molecular Mechanism in Barlow's Disease.

Background We hypothesized that gene expression profiles of mitral valve (MV) leaflets from patients with Barlow's disease (BD) are distinct from those with fibroelastic deficiency (FED). Methods MVs were obtained from patients with BD (7 men, 3 women; 61.4 ± 12.7 years old) or FED (6 men, 5 women; 54.5 ± 6.0 years old) undergoing operations for severe mitral regurgitation (MR). Normal MVs were obtained from 6 donor hearts unmatched for transplant (3 men, 3 women; 58.3 ± 7.5 years old), and gene expression was assessed using cDNA microarrays. Select transcripts were validated by quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, followed by an assessment of protein levels by immunostaining. Results The global gene expression profile for BD was clearly distinct from normal and FED groups. A total of 4,684 genes were significantly differential (fold-difference >1.5, p TGFβ2 [transforming growth factor β2] and TGFβ3 were equally upregulated in BD and FED). Most interesting were 329 BD-specific genes, including ADAMTS5 (a disintegrin-like and metalloprotease domain with thrombospondin-type 5), which was uniquely downregulated in BD based on microarrays and quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. Consistent with this finding, the ADAMTS5 substrate versican was increased in BD and conversely lower in FED. Conclusions MV leaflets in BD and FED exhibit distinct gene expression patterns, suggesting different pathophysiologic mechanisms are involved in leaflet remodeling. Moreover, downregulation of ADAMTS5 in BD, along with the accumulation of its substrate versican in the valvular extracellular matrix, might contribute to leaflet thickening and enlargement.