cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ultrastructure of a neurosensory organ in a root-knot nematode.

Second stage larvae of the root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita [(Kofoid and White) Chitwood], were examined to elucidate the ultrastructure of the amphids, which are paired lateral organs believed to function in chemosensory perception. The amphids were found to consist of supportive, nervous, and secretory tissues. The support tissue forms two cuticular canals and encircling “supporting cells,” which extend from the external anterior region of the nematode posteriorly into the body of the larva. Each amphid is innervated by a group of axons that become modified into cilia. Generally, seven of these cilia enter the amphidial canal and terminate near the external pore; whereas, three to five “accessory” cilia remain external to the canal and terminate beneath the cuticle at the cephalic region. The secretory structures of the amphid consist of an amphidial “gland,” a large irregularly shaped cell containing mitochondria, and a duct, an intercellular area having a granular content. The physical associations and the functional significance of these structures are discussed.
New mathematical approaches to quantify human infectious viruses from environmental media using integrated cell culture-qPCR

Abstract Quantifying infectious viruses by cell culture depends on visualizing cytopathic effect, or for integrated cell culture-PCR, attaining confidence a PCR-positive signal is the result of virus growth and not inoculum carryover. This study developed mathematical methods to calculate infectious virus numbers based on viral growth kinetics in cell culture. Poliovirus was inoculated into BGM cell monolayers at 10 concentrations from 0.001 to 1000 PFU/ml. Copy numbers of negative-strand RNA, a marker of infectivity for single-stranded positive RNA viruses, were measured over time by qRT-PCR. Growth data were analyzed by two approaches. First, data were fit with a continuous function to estimate directly the initial virus number, expressed as genomic copies. Such estimates correlated with actual inoculum numbers across all concentrations (R2 = 0.62, n = 17). Second, the length of lag phase appeared to vary inversely with inoculum titers; hence, standard curves to predict inoculum virus numbers were derived based on three definitions of lag time: (1) time of first detection of (−)RNA, (2) second derivative maximum of the fitted continuous function, and (3) time when the fitted curve crossed a threshold (−)RNA concentration. All three proxies yielded standard curves with R2 = 0.69–0.90 (n = 17). The primary advantage of these growth kinetics approaches is being able to quantify virions that are unambiguously infectious, a particular advantage for viruses that do not produce CPE.
Remote sensing analysis of the Gorge of the Nile, Ethiopia with emphasis on Dejen-Gohatsion region

Abstract Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) extracted from the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) with 90 m x–y resolution, and the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) with 15 m x–y resolution have been used in conjunction with ASTER and RADARSAT images, and field studies to extract geological and geomorphological information in order to understand the geological controls on the Gorge of the Nile in Ethiopia. The Blue Nile on the NW Ethiopian Plateau forms a ∼150 km bend and carves the ∼1.6 km deep Gorge of the Nile. The river shows a dramatic drop in gradient from ∼4 m/km to ∼0.42 m/km as it spirals around Tertiary to Quaternary shield volcanoes. A ∼1200 m thick section of Mesozoic sedimentary rocks bounded between Tertiary and Quaternary volcanic rocks and Neoproterozoic basement rocks is exposed within the Gorge of the Nile. Our work shows that: (1) SRTM DEMs are effective for the characterization of 3D spatial relationships between the river’s course and regional geomorphological features such as Tertiary to Quaternary shield volcanoes, Afar Depression and the Main Ethiopian Rift. These DEMs are also useful in extracting the river’s geometric properties and the analysis of drainage network. (2) ASTER band (7-3-1) and band-ratio (4/5-3/1-3/4) images better resolve lithological units and lithologically defined structures. (3) The side-looking geometry of the Standard Beam RADARSAT data is effective in mapping morphologically defined structures due to radar shadow-illumination effect. (4) Fusion of ASTER and RADARSAT data using Color Normalization Technique (CNT) enhances the mapping ability because the fused image preserves the spectral information of ASTER data and incorporates terrain morphological characteristics from RADARSAT data. (5) Three dimensional (3D) perspective views generated by draping ASTER images over ASTER DEMs are effective in mapping sub-horizontal lithological units such as those dominating the Gorge of the Nile. These perspective views are also effective in highlighting lithologically defined structures. This study also shows a number of possible geologic controls in the evolution of the Gorge of the Nile. Base-level adjustment due to regional uplift, spatial distribution of shield volcanoes, obstruction and diversion due to bed rock structures, and differential incision due to varying lithology have significant roles in deep carving of the Gorge of the Nile, deflection of the course of the Blue Nile, and in producing a diverse drainage network.
Criterion of ion separation by reverse osmosis

The order of ion separation by the NS-100 membrane differed slightly from that of the cellulose acetate membrane. The separation of an ion by the NS-100 membrane increased with increase in the valence of the ion, but decreased with the increase in the ionic radius. The sole criterion determining this separation order for the NS-100 membrane was the enthalpy of hydration. An ion having a higher enthalpy of hydration is bulkier in the hydrated form and is, therefore, separated more effectively by the NS-100 membrane, according to the diffusional model of solute separation. The permeability of an ion through the membrane material can be related to its enthalpy of hydration. By using this relationship, the separation of individual ions in aqueous solution with a given NS-100 membrane can be predicted from a test with a sodium chloride solution.
Analogues of the dopamine D2 receptor antagonist L741,626: Binding, Function and SAR

A series of analogues of the dopamine D2 receptor antagonist L741,626 were synthesized and evaluated for binding and function at D2 family receptor subtypes. Several analogues showed comparable binding profiles to the parent ligand, however, in general, chemical modification served to reduce D2 binding affinity and selectivity.
Proteomic analysis of postsynaptic density in Alzheimer's disease.

Abstract Background The loss of synaptic function is a pivotal mechanism in the development of Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Structural changes and loss of plasticity in the postsynaptic density (PSD) may contribute to the pathogenesis. However, the underlying molecular events triggering synaptic dysfunction remain elusive. We report a quantitative proteomic analysis of the PSD from human postmortem brain tissues of possible and definite AD cases. Methods The analysis used both discovery and targeted mass spectrometry approaches and was repeated with biological replicates. During the discovery study, we compared several hundred proteins in the PSD-enriched fractions and found that 25 proteins were differentially regulated in AD. Results Interestingly, the majority of these protein changes were larger in definite AD cases than in possible AD cases. In the targeted analysis, we measured the level of 9 core PSD proteins and found that only IRSp53 was highly down-regulated in AD. The alteration of selected proteins (i.e. internexin and IRSp53) was further validated by immunoblotting against 7 control and 8 AD cases. Conclusions These results expand our understanding of how AD impacts PSD composition, and hints at new hypotheses for AD pathogenesis.
Composting conversion of solid wastes for mushroom growing

Methods for composting small quantities of organic materials have been developed in order to be able to better study the composting process. A composting bin was developed which holds 27 cu. ft. of compost and which provides uniform conditions of temperature, moisture, and aeration within the compost mass. A system for indoor composting of less than one cubic foot of material has been developed and is described. The methods have been shown to be reliable and reproducible. The composts were evaluated for their suitability for mushroom growing and were found to give high yields of mushrooms.
The misuse of voltage as a parameter of concern for electrical hazard

The lack of understanding of and the failure to comprehend Ohm's Law has resulted in disastrous effects on health and business. Using voltage as the criteria for determining electrical safety is deliberately deceptive, deceiving and misleading. Failure to recognize which electrical parameter causes electrical shock and/or electrocution is discussed. The correct parameters that constitute a danger from electricity should be used by electrical engineers and electrical craft personnel. These parameters should be presented to the public so that the public can be educated and made aware of what constitutes an electrical danger. Present everyday examples of the lack of understanding the above principles are presented including the failure of the National Electrical Code to recognize which electrical parameter is responsible for harming humans.
The Capillary Force Actuator: Design, fabrication and characterization

We report the experimental demonstration of a new class of microactuator that harnesses the Laplace pressure inherent in the curved surface of a liquid drop: the Capillary Force Actuator. Such actuators can deliver significantly greater forces and longer actuation strokes than comparably sized electrostatic actuators. The prototype actuator examined achieves 5 μm displacement and 200 μN of actuation force with 40 V applied. For comparison, with the same area and electrode gap, a parallel plate electrostatic actuator would achieve only 3 μN at this voltage level.
Hypnotizability and dissociation in a college age population: Orthogonal individual differences

Abstract In a sample of 886 college undergraduates, we examine the relationship between dissociative experiences and hypnotic susceptibility, which has been shown to be a stable individual difference. Although the phenomena of dissociation and hypnosis have been closely associated in both the scientific and popular literature since at least the 1880s, our current research using two standard measures of dissociative experiences (The Dissociative Experiences Scale and the Questionnaire of Experiences of Dissociation) and a traditional measure of hypnotic susceptibility (The Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility) reports an orthogonal relationship between these factors. A lack of relation exists even if only difficult hypnotic tasks are used. Theoretically, this research suggests that it may be important to distinguish between voluntary and involuntary pathways to dissociative experiences.
Colorectal cancer risk in individuals with biallelic or monoallelic mutations of MYH

Paolo Peterlongo, Nandita Mitra, Shaokun Chuai, Tomas Kirchhoff, Crystal Palmer, Helen Huang, Khedoudja Nafa, Kenneth Offit and Nathan A. Ellis* Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
The U.S. Dairy Sector without Price Supports

Under legislation approved in 1996, the U.S. dairy price support program would end on 31 December 1999. While U.S. dairy markets would continue to be protected by import tariffs and export subsidies, the previous floor under market prices would be removed. Given the prospective market situation, model results indicate that removing the price support program would have only modest impacts on the U.S. dairy industry. Prices of nonfat dry milk may be lower without the price support program than they would be if the program continued, but the net impact on milk prices and production would be small. Unless world demand is substantially stronger than projected or unless U.S. supplies are much larger, unsubsidized U.S. exports of products such as butter and nonfat dry milk appear unlikely. Niche markets and changes in relative values of milk components, however, may offer other U.S. dairy export opportunities. En vertu d'une loi agricole approuvee par les Etats-Unis en 1996, le regime de soutien des prix des produits laitiers devait se terminer le 31 decembre 1999. Meme si les marches laitiers americains continueraient aetre proteges par des tarifs douaniers a l'importation et par des subventions a l'exportation, le prix plancher en place serait enleve. Vu la situation prospective du marche, les resultats modelises font voir que le retrait du regime de soutien des prix n'aurait que des impacts modestes sur le secteur laitier americain. Les prix de la poudre de lait ecreme seraient peut-etre plus bas que si le regime avail ete maintenu, maisl'impact net sur les prix du lait et sur la production laitiere serait faible. A mains que la demande mondiale n'augmente sensiblement plus que prevu ou que les stocks americains ne soient beaucoup plus importants, il est peu probable que des exportations non subventionnees de produits comme le beurre et la poudre de lait ecreme voient le jour dans le proche avenir. Toutefois, le developpement de certains creneaux du marche et les changements affectant les valeurs relatives des composants laitiers pourraient se traduire par d'autres possibilities d'exportation pour les produits laitiers americains.
Thermal imaging of electronic materials and devices using the Atomic Force Microscope

We have developed a new and simple technique of thermal imaging with sub-micron spatial resolution using the atomic force microscope (AFM). By using a thermocouple as an AFM tip, we can simultaneously observe the topography and the temperature field of material surfaces. The method is particularly unique for application of biased electronic devices or interconnects where there could be different materials and potential variations on a scan surface. Application to a n-GaAs MESFET has revealed hot spots under the drain-side of the gate. Thermal images of a biased polycrystalline Al-Cu via structure show the grain boundaries to be hotter than within the grain suggesting higher electron scattering rates. We have also observed the effects of current crowding in generating hot spots in the via structure. An error analysis showed that the difference between the measured temperature and the estimated actual device temperature is about 4 percent.
Towards a More Participative Definition of Food Justice

This paper argues that the definition of food justice must be defined in more participatory terms. Current accounts of food justice tend to emphasize distributional inequalities. However, there is broad recognition that these distributional inequalities are the result of participative inequalities and that the participation of marginalized groups in advocacy plays an important role in creating just food systems. In addition, thinking of food justice in more participative terms also suggests a more well-rounded and comprehensive approach to dealing with inequalities within the food system. One manner in which the concept of food justice can be redefined to better capture the importance of participative justice is by considering what is required for informed consent.
Evidence‐Based Strategies for Reading Instruction of Older Students with Learning Disabilities

Over a quarter of 8th-grade students and more than one-third of 4th graders do not read well enough to understand important concepts and acquire new knowledge from grade-level text. For students with learning disabilities, the numbers are more troubling. This article describes features of evidence-based instruction for students who continue to struggle with reading in late elementary, middle, and high school. Recommendations are organized into 5 areas that are critical to the reading improvement of older struggling readers: (1) word study, (2) fluency, (3) vocabulary, (4) comprehension, and (5) motivation. Much of the content in this article reflects our efforts with the Special Education and Reading Strands at the National Center on Instruction, funded by the Office of Special Education Programs and the Office of Elementary and Secondary Education. Two reports, both available at http://www.centeroninstruction.org/, have particular relevance—Interventions for Adolescent Struggling Readers: A Meta-Analysis with Implications for Practice and Academic Literacy Instruction for Adolescents: A Guidance Document from the Center on Instruction.
Measurements of Lagrangian Atmospheric Dispersion Statistics over Open Water

Atmospheric dispersion statistics in the Lagrangian frame have been evaluated over open water by using a double-theodolite system to track neutrally buoyant balloons released a few kilometers offshore during onshore winds. Analysis of the trajectories recorded in various atmospheric stabilities finds Lagrangian integral time scales corresponding to Pasquill stability categories C, D and E equal, respectively, to 9.0, 7.3 and 8.1 s for lateral dispersion and 2.3, 5.3 and 6.6 s for vertical dispersion. Normalized standard deviations of component velocity fluctuations (i.e., sigma/sub upsilon//u/sub asterisk/ and sigma/sub ..omega..//u/sub asterisk/) for stability categories C, D and E are found to be 3.7, 1.8 and 2.4 for lateral motion and 2.2, 1.3 and 1.2 for vertical motion. Equivalent dispersion coefficients (sigma/sub y/ and sigma/sub z/) appropriate to flow over water are observed to undergo relatively less variation with stability than do those measured in flow over land. When compared to estimates derived from the Pasquill-Gifford curves for estimating dispersion over flat grassland, the dispersion coefficients over water are, in effect, shifted about two categories toward the stable side for the vertical component and between one and two categories toward the stable side for the lateral component.
INCREASE IN TREATMENT-REFRACTORY HYPERTENSION: PROGRESS IN CURRENT TREATMENT BY PRIMARY CARE

Abstract The prevalence of treatment resistant hypertension (TRH) defined as blood pressure (BP) uncontrolled on ≥3 antihypertensive medications in optimal doses, preferably including a diuretic, or controlled on ≥4 BP medications is unknown. Clinical trials suggest that 20–30% of hypertensives have TRH. Using U.S. NHANES data, the prevalence of apparent (a) TRH among treated, uncontrolled (BP ≥140/≥90 mmHg) individuals rose from 15.9% in 1988–1994 to 28.0% in 2005–2008; ‘aTRH’ is used, since medication dose, adherence, and measurement artefacts are unavailable in NHANES. About 30–50% of patients with aTRH have pseudoresistance, i.e., inaccurate BP, non-representative BP (‘office’ effect), or non-adherence. The Spanish Ambulatory BP Monitoring Registry reported that 3 in 8 patients with aTRH have ‘office’ resistance with normal ambulatory BP. Primary care clinicians can manage most TRH patients. First, primary care clinicians verify whether the regimen is appropriate, patient adherence, and carefully measured office readings are elevated. Second, document BP values out-of-office. Third, for the 50–70% with ‘true’ TRH, identify contributing lifestyle factors and facilitate improved health behaviors. Fourth, minimize prescription and ‘over-the-counter’ medications that raise BP. Fifth, screen for suspected secondary causes of hypertension. Sixth, use efficacious strategies for improving the antihypertensive regimen, e.g., optimizing diuretic therapy, adding an aldosterone antagonist, renin- or hemodynamic-guided therapeutics, and α,β-receptor blockade. This approach should control most patients with ‘true’ TRH. Seventh, for patients remaining uncontrolled, referral to a Clinical Hypertension Specialist is recommended. Primary care clinicians can improve community BP control and outcomes with a systematic approach to managing patients with TRH.
Sculptured thin films — II. Experiments and applications

A report on the preparation and potential applications of sculptured thin films (STFs) is presented. STFs are nano-engineered columnar thin films in which the columnar direction can made to change easily and often during growth. STFs of virtually any material can be prepared through directional vapor deposition onto any surface under low adatom-mobility conditions. Columnar shapes, such as zig-zag, C-, S-, helicoidal and superhelical, can be engineered in any sequence and with controlled density profiles. Although oblique deposition and the resulting anisotropic properties have been known for over a century, the general recognition that such nano-engineered morphologies can lead to unique and predictable optical, mechanical, electrical, magnetic, thermal, and biological properties has occured only recently.
Reiterant speech as a test of non-native speakers' mastery of the timing of French.

The reiterant speech of ten native speakers of French was analyzed to develop baseline measures for syllable and consonant/vowel timing for a series of two‐, three‐, four‐, and five‐syllable French words spoken in isolation. Ten native speakers of English, who learned French as a second language, produced reiterant versions of both the French words and a comparable set of English words. The native speakers of English were divided into two groups on the basis of their second language experience. The first group consisted of four university‐level teachers, who were relatively experienced learners of French, and the second group of six less experienced learners of French. The French reiterant imitations of the two groups of native speakers of English were compared to the native French speakers’ productions. The timing patterns of the experienced group of non‐native speakers did not differ significantly from those of the native French speakers, whereas there was a significant difference between these two groups and the group of six less experienced second‐language learners. Deviations from the French baseline measures produced by the less experienced group are discussed in terms of the influence of the timing patterns of English and the literature on a sensitive period for second language acquisition.
Mechanism of stimulation of vasopressin release during beta adrenergic stimulation with isoproterenol.

Recent studies have demonstrated that the antidiuresis associated with intravenous (i.v.) infusion of the beta adrenergic agonist, isoproterenol (ISO), is mediated by release of endogenous vasopressin. To examine whether beta-adrenergic stimulation causes vasopressin release by a direct cerebral action, ISO was infused into the carotid artery in a dose estimated to equal the amount of catecholamine reaching the cerebral circulation in the i.v. studies. This intracarotid infusion did not alter renal or systemic hemodynamics, urinary osmolality (Uosm) or free-water clearance (C(H2O)). Although renal perfusion pressure was maintained constant in all experiments i.v. ISO was consistently associated with a decrease in total peripheral resistance and systemic arterial pressure as cardiac output increased. To investigate whether the decrease in cerebral perfusion pressure with i.v. ISO might be responsible for vasopressin release, the carotid arteries were bilaterally constricted both above and below the carotid sinus to lower carotid perfusion pressure by a mean of 25 mmHg, a decrement comparable to that observed during i.v. ISO. Constriction of the carotid arteries above the carotid sinus did not affect Uosm or C(H2O), while constriction below the sinus was associated with an antidiuresis as Uosm increased from 155+/-25 to 385+/-58 mosmol/kg (P < 0.001) and C(H2O) decreased from 1.20 to -0.44 ml/min (P < 0.001). This antidiuresis was not significantly different from that observed during i.v. ISO. Since these results suggested that changes in autonomic neural tone from arterial baroreceptors are responsible for vasopressin release with i.v. ISO, studies were performed in animals with denervated baroreceptors. While sham-operated animals and animals with bilateral cervical vagotomy showed a reversible antidiuresis with i.v. ISO infusion, dogs with complete denervation of arterial baroreceptors did not show a significant alteration in renal water excretion (Uosm, 187 to 182 mosmol/kg and C(H2O), 0.59 to 0.74 ml/min). The results therefore indicate that ISO stimulates vasopressin release by altering baroreceptor tone rather than by a direct central or depressor effect of the catecholamine. These same baroreceptor pathways have been recently shown to be involved in the suppression of vasopressin release with norepinephrine and may well be the common pathway whereby nonosmotic stimuli control vasopressin release.
The welfare economics of a health plan merger

Recently, two large health maintenance organizations (HMOs) in Minneapolis merged to form a single company with over half of the total Twin Cities HMO enrollment. This paper strongly suggests that the merger will have adverse consequences for consumers. I use a model of health plan rivalry and empirical demand functions to predict that health insurance premiums in 6 Twin Cities firms will rise by as much as 19 percent after the merger. Next, I show how to calculate the loss in consumer surplus in a “discrete choice” model and predict that the merger will reduce surplus by 4.4% on average. Several objections to these conclusions are considered but, on the whole, the analysis raises serious concerns for public policy toward HMO mergers.
Restricted Expression and Function of Laminin 1-Binding Integrins in Normal and Malignant Oral Mucosal Keratinocytes

Squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity spreads by initial invasion of the laminin-rich basement membrane. We examined the adhesion and motility of human oral SCC cells and normal mucosal keratinocytes and found that the SCC cells readily attached and migrated on laminin 1 substrates but migrated poorly on collagen type I and fibronectin. The normal keratinocytes, however, adhered poorly to and were non-motile on laminin 1 yet readily and preferentially attached and migrated on fibronectin and collagen type I. Analysis with blocking anti-integrin antibodies showed that the SCC cells used the alpha 6 beta 1 complex to attach and migrate on laminin 1 and that this activity was confined to the E8 long arm fragment of laminin. Affinity chromatography on laminin-Sepharose columns revealed that the SCC cells, but not normal keratinocytes, expressed high levels of the alpha 6 beta 1 laminin 1 receptor. Metabolic pulse-chase analysis indicated that in contrast to the SCC cells, keratinocytes did not have a stable pool of beta 1 subunit precursor. Preferential pairing of alpha 6 with beta 4 and the deficiency in pre-beta 1 levels appear to account for the failure of keratinocytes to form significant alpha 6 beta 1 complex. Additionally, the presence of laminin 1 in co-coating experiments blocked keratinocyte adhesion to other immobilized ligands, such as collagen type I or fibronectin. This anti-adhesive effect seemed to reflect a general paralysis of cell adhesive function, since laminin 1 also diminished the adhesion of keratinocytes to substrates coated with immobilized anti-integrin subunit antibody. The inhibitory activity of laminin 1 resided in the E1' and E8 fragments, and not in the E3, E4 or G domains. Collectively, our results indicate that laminin 1 is a restrictive ligand for normal keratinocytes, apparently because of their failure to assemble and express the alpha 6 beta 1 complex or other functional laminin receptors and their sensitivity to the anti-adhesive activity of laminin itself. The elevated expression of alpha 6 beta 1 following malignant conversion of muscosal keratinocytes promotes their migration on laminin, a process important during invasion and metastasis.
Negative bias temperature instability (NBTI) recovery with bake

Abstract Negative bias temperature instability (NBTI) is a major degradation mechanism of PMOSFET devices. When the p-channel field effect transistor (PFET) gate is biased negatively with respect to the channel, as in a CMOS inverter, at an elevated temperature the threshold voltage (Vt) decreases (absolute value increases for application temperatures) and the drive current (Ion) decreases. This degrades the device performance and may lead to circuit failure. NBTI has strong dependence on temperature, gate voltage, time, and gate oxide thickness. It also depends on device area and/or geometry. NBTI models used in industry are empirical. I have observed, on different (bulk and SOI) technologies, during the last several years that NBTI recovers with bake. The recovery amount and rate depend on the bake temperature. Full recovery is achieved at temperatures above 325 °C. After full recovery, the device behaves like new. Part of the NBTI recovery can be explained by piezo- and pyro-electric effect induced by the compressive nitride liner over the PFET.
Monogenetic determinants of Alzheimer's disease: APP mutations

Mutations within exons 16 and 17 of the beta-amyloid precursor protein (APP) gene were the first known cause of familial Alzheimer's disease. These mutations are rare and have been reported in a handful of families exhibiting autosomal dominant inheritance of Alzheimer's disease with age of onset around 50 years. In vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated that each of these mutations alters proteolytic processing of APP, resulting in an increase in the production of A beta 42, a highly fibrillogenic peptide, that spontaneously aggregates and deposits in the brain. Transgenic mice carrying a mutant human APP gene also show age-dependent beta-amyloid (A beta) deposition in the brain. The rate of deposition in these mice can be modified by apolipoprotein E expression.
Quin 2 and Manganese Define Multiple Alterations in Cellular Calcium Homeostasis in Diabetic Rat Pancreas

The effects of streptozocin-induced diabetes on Ca 2+ fluxes and intracellular free-Ca2+ ([ Ca 2+ ] i ) levels were studied in isolated rat pancreatic acini. The basal rates of 45 Ca influx in acini and of 45 Ca efflux from acini that were preloaded with 45 Ca were similar in normal and diabetic rats. The gastrointestinal hormone cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8, 0.1 nM) and the Ca 2+ ionophore A23187 (2 μM) increased 45 Ca influx to the same extent in both groups of acini. CCK-8 and the divalent cation manganese exerted marked stimulatory effects on 45 Ca efflux. In contrast to the rapid effect of CCK-8 on 45 Ca efflux, the effect of manganese was slow in onset and was greater in diabetic rat acini. The diabetic state was also associated with a significant decrease in resting [Ca 2+ ] i levels, as determined with the Ca 2+ indicator quin 2. Furthermore, the ability of CCK-8 to raise [Ca 2+ ] i levels was significantly attenuated in these cells. Insulin did not alter either basal or CCK-8–mediated increases in [Ca 2+ ] i levels. Our findings suggest that insulin deficiency is associated with multiple alterations in Ca 2+ homeostasis in the pancreatic acinar cell. These include a decrease in basal [Ca 2+ ] i levels, perturbations in the signal transduction system that mediates the rapid mobilization of [Ca2+] i after CCK-8–receptor binding, and enhanced sensitivity to the actions of manganese on intracellular Ca 2+ pools.
Promotion of cell arrest in G2 in root and shoot meristems in Pisum by a factor from the cotyledons.

Abstract Characterization of a factor within the cotyledons of Pisum that promotes cell arrest in G2 in mature root tissue and stationary phase root and shoot meristems is presented. Diffusion of the G2 factor into aseptic liquid and solid agar media enabled us to perform experiments focused on its cellular effect. The factor promotes cell arrest in G2 in shoots and roots of Pisum and roots of Vicia indicating a lack of species and organ specificity. In seedling roots of Pisum the factor promotes arrest in G2 in a large portion of the cell population. However, because pea cotyledons have a limited supply which is depleted 8–10 days after seed germination, cells previously responsive to the G2 factor in Pisum root meristems eventually assume preponderant arrest in G1. Once these cells arrest in G1 they are no longer influenced to arrest in G2. The G2 factor doss not promote arrest in G2 in meristem root cells of Helianthus and Triticum which normally show preponderant arrest in G1.
Current-topography interactions at mid-ocean seamounts and the impact on pelagic ecosystems

Ocean currents impinging on topographic obstacles such as seamounts create a high level of variability in mesoscale physical oceanography. In the N Pacific, for example, the structure of the Kuroshio and its extension differ significantly E and W of the Emperor Seamount chain, and eddy fields detected downstream may be attributed to seamount effects. Nearfield effects of seamounts have been theoretically predicted for several decades but only recently has theory been confirmed by observation. Taylor columns, quasi-stationary eddies over seamounts, alter flow patterns and thus have impacts on both benthos on seamounts and on the biota in water overlying the seamount. SE Hancock Seamount, located at the N end of the Hawaiian Ridge (29°47′N; 179°04′E), has a summit depth of 265 m. This seamount is located near the subtropical front and is at the southerly extent of productive seamounts where trawl fisheries have existed in the past. The pelagic ecosystem in the upper 200 m over the seamount clearly differs from waters at control stations at distances of 10's of kilometers away as shown by plankton and midwater trawl hauls and hydroacoustic transects conducted during 1984 and 1985. Over the seamount, hydroacoustic transects show a significantly higher biomass of scatterers as compared to control stations. Sampling these scattering layers with small midwater trawls demonstrates high densities of a resident micronekton fauna dominated by the sternoptychid fish “Maurolicus muelleri” and the mysid “Gnathophausia longispina”; these taxa were virtually absent from the control stations, were oceanic micronekton, particularly larger forms, were generally in higher abundance than at the seamount stations. Similarly, ichthyoplankton abundance differs above the seamount and at reference stations. In summer sampling, larval fishes were less abundant over the seamount whereas in winter the abundance was greater there. The differences in distribution and abundance of both micronekton and ichthyoplankton are significant and consistently observed, suggesting that physical or biological processes at the seamount have important effects on the pelagic ecosystem. Hypotheses concerning current — topography interactions, exclusion of vertical migrators, and predation by resident micronekton and fishes can be used to explain the observed effects. Seamounts and other areas of complex topography are frequently sites of highly productive ecosystems; the S Emperor and N Hawaiian Ridge seamounts provide a good example, with a catch of approximately one million tons of boarfish in ten years. The interaction of ocean currents and complex topography may play an important role in this high productivity, as demonstrated in the high biomass of lower trophic levels in the seamount ecosystem. Interannual variability in the latitudinal position of the subtropical front and the strength of current flow over these seamounts may result in significant differences in mesoscale physical oceanography and therefore in the productivity of these ecosystems.
The effect of thiocyanates on the hydration of portland cement at low temperatures

Abstract Sodium thiocyanate, potassium thiocyanate, ammonium thiocyanate, calcium thiocyanate, and lithium thiocyanate were added to Normal Type 10 portland cement in amounts of 1.5 and 3% (with respect to cement on weight basis) and cured at temperatures of 20, 0 and −5°C. The rate of development of heat of hydration, calcium hydroxide content and strength development were followed from a few hours up to 28 days. All thiocyanates increase the early rate of reaction of cement at 20°C. The most efficient early acceleration occurs with 3% Ca(SCN)2. The total heat of hydration in samples containing KSCN is about 30% more than that registered for the reference at 3 days. At 0°C, there was acceleration in the presence of thiocyanates and the heat of hydration was higher in all the samples containing thiocyanates. All thiocyanates accelerate hydration at −5°C with respect to the reference paste. The reference sample showed practically no hydration even up to 4 days as the water in the pores remained frozen. Some freezing occurred in the presence of NH4SCN, LiSN and 1.5% Ca(SCN)2. Calcium thiocyanate accelerates the hydration and strength development in the paste at all curing temperatures. It is the most effective thiocyanate for increasing strengths at low temperatures. After 28 days of curing at −5°C, the cement paste with 3% calcium thiocyanate attains a strength that is 74% of the strength of cement paste cured at 20°C. Sodium thiocyanate is also an effective accelerator and increases strength at low temperatures. The least effective thiocyanates with respect to the development of strengths at −5°C are LiSCN, KSCN and NaSCN at a dosage of 1.5%. A linear relationship exists between the amount of lime formed and strength, within the range of curing periods studied. However, when strength is compared at the same degree of hydration (in terms of lime formed), some pastes exhibit better strengths than others. The relative strengths, therefore, seem to be dependent more on the microstructure of the pastes than on the degree of hydration. At the same degree of hydration at −5°C, 1.5–3% Ca thiocyanate, or 3% Na, K and Li thiocyanates exhibit better strengths than those containing 1.5% Na, Li and K thiocyanates.
Absence of magnetic ordering in low dimensional mixed magnetic Mn1−xNixCl2·H2O

Abstract A new mixed magnet, Mn 1− x Ni x Cl 2 ·H 2 O, is examined by dc magnetization and susceptibility measurements across the entire composition range. The pure components are quasi-one-dimensional Heisenberg antiferromagnets ordering at 2.17 K (Mn) and 5.6 5 K (Ni) due to weaker interchain exchange supplementing the dominant exchange along MCl 2 MCl 2 M… chemical and structural chains. High temperature magnetic susceptibilities yield Curie and Weiss constants in χ M = C /( T − θ ). C ( x ) is linear but θ ( x ) displays curvature, which is analyzed to show that unlike-ion exchange is ferromagnetic and similar in size to like-ion. Most notable is the absence of antiferromagnetic susceptibility maxima down to 1.6 K from x =0.10 to 0.95. For x =0.05 a susceptibility maximum appears, with T max almost 20% lower than in the pure Mn component but T c reduced by 2%. The size of the susceptibility is enhanced by admixture, the effect of disrupted antiferromagnetic tendencies. Magnetization isotherms evolve with composition. Larger values of magnetization, under the same measuring conditions, occur for mixtures than for pure components, consistent with frustration, which weakens antiferromagnetic alignment tendencies. The competing ferromagnetic (Ni) and antiferromagnetic (Mn) intrachain interactions, along with disorder and low dimensional characteristics, presumably lead to the absence of magnetic order over a remarkably broad composition range.
The metabolic response to stress: an overview and update.

Recent investigation has demonstrated that the response to stress is mediated by complex interactions between the nervous, endocrine, immune, and hematopoietic systems. Not only is the neuroendocrine system operative but monokines and lymphokines, such as IL-1, IL-6, and TNF, also play important roles. The discovery of these mediators, along with that of macrophage-derived substances that operate at the local wound level, such as platelet-derived, basic fibroblast, transforming, and epidermal growth factors, coupled with advances in molecular biology portends much for the future. The ability to alter the endocrine response with techniques such as epidural anesthesia, the ability to specifically block certain aspects of the response (e.g., with adrenergic and prostaglandin antagonists), and the ability to synthesize potential beneficial mediators with recombinant DNA techniques (e.g., GH) may allow for modulating the response to decrease debility and complications.
Teach, then trust Elizabeth W. Jones (1939-2008): mentor to many.

Anecdotal, Historical and Critical Commentaries on Genetics Even if the open windows of science at first make us shiver after the cozy indoor warmth of traditional humanizing myths, in the end the fresh air brings vigor, and the great spaces have a splendor of their own. Bertrand Russell, What I
Assessing the Validity of Self Construal Scales: A Response to Levine et al.

We disagree with Levine et al.'s (2003) conclusion that the 3 self construal scales currently in use have "severe" or "fatal" flaws. We argue that the results of Levine et al.'s meta-analysis and priming studies do not raise problems with the validity of self construal scales, in part, because their results are compatible with theorizing about self construals. We also contend that Levine et al.'s measurement studies do not necessarily lead to the conclusion that there are problems with the validity of the scales (e.g., there may be multiple dimensions that form independent and interdependent self construals in second-order factor analyses). We summarize other evidence for the construct validity of self construal scales which indicates that there are theoretically consistent findings across approximately 50 studies using the 3 scales. This would not be possible if there were major problems with the 2-dimensional model of self construals or the scales used to measure them. We conclude that the 2-dimensional model of self construals and the current scales are viable for use in future research.
EFFECT OF CARDIOPULMONARY BYPASS ON URETHRAL BLOOD FLOW AS MEASURED BY LASER DOPPLER FLOWMETRY

AbstractPurpose: Previous reports have implicated urethral ischemia as a potential predisposing factor for the increased incidence of urethral strictures after cardiac bypass surgery. These reports were based on indirect measurements of urethral blood flow. We directly measured and compared urethral perfusion before and during cardiopulmonary bypass.Materials and Methods: A total of 10 patients undergoing cardiac bypass surgery (mean age 70) and 4 undergoing various surgery without cardiopulmonary bypass (mean age 54) were studied prospectively. A 16F silicone urethral catheter was placed in each patient before surgery. Urethral blood flow was measured intraoperatively using the Vasamedics PR-434* implantable prism laser probe before and during cardiopulmonary bypass.Results: In the patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass there was an overall 50 +/− 28% decrease in flow (range 0 to 88%, p <0.001) compared to pre-bypass levels. Stratification of the patients into warm versus cold cardioplegia revealed a...
IN DIVERSITY THERE IS STRENGTH: AN AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL MEMORY RESEARCH SAMPLER

Abstract In this introduction, the author argues that methodological concerns induced early experimental psychologists to shy away from research that used autobiographical memories as stimuli. Consequently, no dominant paradigm or theory developed and the study of autobiographical memories was left to various other subdisciplines of psychology. These subdisciplines brought with them a variety of theoretical concerns and empirical methods. The author argues that these concerns and methods have been carried forward into current autobiographical memory research and cites the present compilation as evidence. The author further suggests that the diversity prompted by the early marginalization of autobiographical memory research ultimately may have been a boon to the area, in that it yielded a similar diversity in theories and approaches that makes the area well–positioned for the future.
The Role of Genetic Variation in Muscle Strength

Skeletal muscle is an important link to an individual’s health and quality of life. The primary clinical interest in skeletal muscle is muscle strength. Muscle strength is a complex trait, influenced by biological, morphological, psychological, and environmental factors. Muscle strength is highly variable among individuals and has a strong genetic component. Though several genetic variants have been associated with muscle strength, genes comprising this genetic component are generally unknown. Research examining associations between genetic variants and muscle strength suffers from scientific challenges such as lack of replication, population stratification, and complexity of defining muscle phenotypes. Additionally, non-scientific challenges such as privacy and protection of genetic information and the questionable value of direct-to-consumer genetic marketing exist. How these challenges will influence research examining genetics and muscle strength is uncertain. Findings from this research may lead to i...
Mutational Analysis of Activin/Transforming Growth Factor-β Type I and Type II Receptor Kinases in Human Pituitary Tumors1

Genetic mutation or loss of activin/transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) receptor function has been shown in human lymphoid, breast, and colorectal tumors as well as Hep2B and Mv1Lu cell lines. Although activin stimulates FSHβ biosynthesis and secretion, a large percentage of human gonadotroph tumors have previously been demonstrated to be nonresponsive to characterized activin effects. This phenotype may be indicative of loss of functional cell surface receptors and/or intracellular signaling mediators of activin responses. Several studies examining the structure/function of type I and II receptors specific for ligands in the TGFβ superfamily have delineated the critical regions for receptor intracellular kinase function. In the case of TGFβ, inactivating mutations in these regions have been shown to render these receptors kinase deficient by a dominant negative phenotype and result in resistance to growth arrest. We therefore hypothesized that activin/TGFβ cell surface receptors may act as tumor suppress...
Delineating Components of Emotion and its Dysregulation in Anxiety and Mood Psychopathology

Abstract Two studies sought to elucidate the components of emotion and its dysregulation and examine their role in both the overlap and distinctness of the symptoms of 3 highly comorbid anxiety and mood disorders (i.e., generalized anxiety disorder, major depression, and social anxiety disorder). In Study 1, exploratory factor analyses demonstrated that 4 factors—heightened intensity of emotions, poor understanding of emotions, negative reactivity to emotions, and maladaptive management of emotions—best reflected the structure of 4 commonly used measures of emotion function and dysregulation. In Study 2, a separate sample provided support for this 4-factor model of emotion dysregulation. Poor understanding, negative reactivity, and maladaptive management were found to relate to a latent factor of emotion dysregulation. In contrast, heightened intensity of emotions was better characterized separately, suggesting it may relate more strongly to dispositional emotion generation or emotionality. Finally, the 4 components demonstrated both common and specific relationships to self-reported symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder, major depression, and social anxiety disorder.