cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Collateral Benefits and Front Pay: A Rule of No Offset Encourages Agency Recoupment

If an employee is wrongfully discharged for discriminatory reasons he may sue his employer to receive compensation in the form of lost wages and the right to be reinstated to the same position.' If reinstatement is not possible, the monetary award can continue into the future, allowing the employee a reasonable amount of time to find comparable employment. The employee's discharge may also trigger (or increase) a collateral benefit distributed by a third party, such as unemployment compensation or a pension benefit. If the employee is able to collect both his lost wages (for example, $1,000 per month in salary) because he cannot be reinstated, and the collateral benefit (for example, $200 per month in unemployment benefits) he will receive $1,200 per month$200 more than he would earn if still employed. To avoid this windfall the court may reduce, or offset, the damages that the employer must pay by the amount of the benefit. In our example, with a $200 offset, the employee will receive the amount he would have earned if still employed-$1,000 per month. However, because the employer will only pay $800 per month, it is not forced to internalize the full cost of its actions. In effect, the provider of the benefit subsidizes the harm.3 Whether the employee or the employer is credited with the benefit, one side is given a windfall it arguably does not deserve. There are three potential rules that can be applied in cases involving collateral benefits and front pay awards. First, there may be a
Computing stable models by using the ATMS

An algorithm is described which computes stable models of propositional logic programs with negation as failure using the Assumption Based Truth Maintenance mechanism. Since stable models of logic programs are closely connected to stable expansions of a class of autoepistemic theories, this algorithm points to a link between stable expansions of a class of auto-epistemic theories and ATMS structures.
Awake craniotomy in glioma surgery: is it necessary?

Introduction The awake craniotomy has evolved from its humble beginnings in ancient cultures to become one of the most eloquent modern neurosurgical procedures. The development of intraoperative mapping techniques like direct electrostimulation of the cortex and subcortical white matter have further argued for its place in the neurosurgeon's armamentarium. Yet the suitability of the awake craniotomy with intraoperative functional mapping (ACWM) to optimize oncofunctional balance after peri-eloquent glioma resection continues to be a topic of active investigation as new methods of intraoperative monitoring and some unfavorable outcome data question its necessity. Evidence acquisition The neurosurgery and anesthesiology literatures were scoured for English-language studies that analyzed or reviewed the ACWM or its components as applied to glioma surgery via the PubMed, ClinicalKey, and OvidMEDLINE® databases or via direct online searches of journal archives. Evidence synthesis Information on background, conceptualization, standard techniques, and outcomes of the ACWM were provided and compared. We parceled the procedure into its components and qualitatively described positive and negative outcome data for each. Findings were presented in the context of each study without attempt at quantitative analysis or reconciliation of heterogeneity between studies. Certain illustrative studies were highlighted throughout the review. Overarching conclusions were drawn based on level of evidence, expert opinion, and predominate concordance of data across studies in the literature. Conclusions Most investigators and studies agree that the ACWM is the best currently available approach to optimize oncofunctional balance in this difficult-to-treat patient population. This qualitative review synthesizes the most currently available data on the topic to provide contemporaneous insight into how and why the ACWM has become a favorite operation of neurosurgeons worldwide for the resection of gliomas from eloquent brain.
Parallel Stent Graft Technique for Hypogastric Aneurysm Repair With Flow Preservation of Distal Pelvic Circulation

Hypogastric artery aneurysms (HAA) necessitate repair due to significant morbidity and potential mortality associated with rupture. Coverage or coiling of HAA are not always possible, as the risk of pelvic and spinal cord ischemia become especially significant in bilateral hypogastric disease as well as with prior extensive aortic coverage. We report 2 cases of endovascular HAA exclusion using parallel stent grafts for preservation of flow through the distal hypogastric artery branches and external iliac artery in patients with prior thoracic and abdominal aortic repairs, contralateral hypogastric disease, and significant anatomic constraints.
Neurosurgeons' Armamentarium for the Management of Refractory Postherpetic Neuralgia: A Systematic Literature Review.

Background/aims Postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) can be refractory to both medical and minimally invasive treatments. Its complex pathophysiology explains the numerous neurosurgical procedures that have been implemented through the years. Our objective was to summarize all available neurosurgical strategies for the management of resistant PHN and evaluate their respective safety and efficacy outcomes. Methods A comprehensive systematic review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Results A total of 38 studies comprising 811 patients with refractory PHN were included. The safety and efficacy of the following procedures were investigated: spinal cord stimulation (SCS), dorsal root entry zone (DREZ) lesioning, intrathecal drug delivery, caudalis DREZ lesioning, dorsal root ganglion (DRG) radiofrequency lesioning, peripheral nerve stimulation, gamma knife surgery, deep brain stimulation, cordotomy, percutaneous radiofrequency rhizotomy and Gasserian ganglion stimulation. Conclusions There are several available neurosurgical approaches for recalcitrant PHN including neuromodulatory and ablative procedures. It is suggested that patients with resistant PHN undergo minimally invasive procedures first, including SCS, peripheral nerve stimulation or DRG radiofrequency lesioning. More invasive procedures should be reserved for refractory cases. Comparative studies are needed in order to construct a PHN neurosurgical management algorithm.
Experimentally testing the epenthetic bias in loanword adaptation

In loanword adaptation, epenthesis is the favored way to make non-native sound sequences pronounceable, over other options like deletion or substitution (Paradis and LaCharite, 1997). This epenthetic bias is also apparent at the phonetic level, such as the phonologization of excrescent bursts and vocoids as full vowels (Kang, 2003; Davidson, 2007). It is possible that loanword status in and of itself induces this bias, whether or not the source form of interest would be illicit in the speaker’s native sound system. Weinberger’s (1994) Recoverability Principle suggests that second-language learners prefer to preserve or insert sound material due to less awareness of what may be expendable while retaining word recoverability. The epenthetic bias may therefore hold even for sound sequences available in a speaker’s native language but which they consider to be embedded in a word from a foreign language. The current study tests this prediction. Listeners transcribe nonce words manipulated along a [CCVC]-[CəCVC] continuum in which, crucially, both ends of the continuum are licit in their native language. Surrounding speech is manipulated between two framings of the nonce word as either an unfamiliar word in the native language or a word from a foreign language to test whether the latter framing induces a preference for transcription. This shines light on the phonetic roots of a common phonological pattern and how contextually mediated these are.
Retrieval of Inferior Vena Cava Filters Temporarily Placed in a Suprarenal Position: A Review of 13 Patients.

Purpose:To evaluate the safety and efficacy of retrieval of inferior vena cava filters (IVCF) temporarily placed in a suprarenal position.Methods:Retrieval of IVCF placed in a suprarenal position w...
Comparison of Rest to Aerobic Exercise and Placebo-like Treatment of Acute Sport-Related Concussion in Male and Female Adolescents.

Abstract Objective To compare a sample of adolescents with sport-related concussion (SRC) who were prescribed rest with 2 arms of a randomized controlled trial comparing aerobic exercise with placebo-like stretching. We also compared sex differences across the 3 approaches to treatment. Design Quasi-experimental trial. Setting University concussion management clinics. Participants Adolescent athletes (aged 13-18 years) presenting within 10 days of SRC (mean, 5 days after injury) received a recommendation for rest (rest group [RG], n=48, 15.4±1y, 25% female). Their outcomes were compared with matched samples of adolescents assigned to aerobic exercise (exercise group [EG], n=52, 15.3±2y, 46% female) or placebo-like stretching (placebo group [PG], n=51, 15.4±2y, 47% female) (N=151). Main Outcome Measures The primary outcome was median days from injury to recovery. The secondary outcome was proportion classified as normal recovery ( Results The RG recovered in 16 days (interquartile range, 9.25-23.25d), which was significantly delayed (P=.020) compared with EG (13d; interquartile range, 10-18.5d). The PG recovered in 17 days (interquartile range, 13-23d). Four percent of the EG, 14% of the PG, and 13% of the RG had delayed recovery (P=.190). There was no difference in recovery time or delayed recovery between male participants and female participants across groups. Female participants prescribed rest experienced an increase in symptoms vs the other groups (P=.013). Conclusion Relative rest and a placebo-like stretching program were very similar in days to recovery and symptom improvement pattern after SRC. Both conditions were less effective than subsymptom threshold aerobic exercise. Female adolescents appear to be susceptible to symptom increase when prescribed rest.
Distributive Syringe Sharing and Use of Syringe Services Programs (SSPs) Among Persons Who Inject Drugs.

Monitoring distributive syringe sharing (DSS) and syringe services program (SSP) use among persons who inject drugs (PWID) is important for HIV prevention. PWID aged ≥ 18 in 20 US cities were recruited for National HIV Behavioral Surveillance in 2015 using respondent-driven sampling, interviewed and offered HIV testing. Bivariate and multivariable analyses via log-linked Poisson regression with generalized estimating equations were conducted to examine associations between demographic and behavioral variables and DSS. Effect of SSP use on DSS by HIV sero-status was assessed by including an interaction between SSP and sero-status. Analyses were adjusted for sampling design. Among 10,402 PWID, 42% reported DSS. DSS was less likely to be reported among HIV-positive compared to HIV-negative PWID (aPR = 0.51, CI 0.45–0.60), and among those who primarily obtained syringes from SSPs versus those who did not (aPR = 0.82, 95% CI 0.77–0.88). After adjustment, those who primarily used SSPs were less likely to report DSS than those who did not among both HIV-negative PWID (aPR = 0.84, 95% CI 0.78–0.90) and HIV-positive PWID (aPR = 0.54, 95% CI 0.39–0.75). Findings support expansion of SSPs, and referrals to SSPs by providers working with PWID.
Vertical Profiles of Latent Heat Release and Their Retrieval for TOGA COARE Convective Systems Using a Cloud Resolving Model, SSM/I, and Ship-borne Radar Data

Latent heating profiles associated with three (TOGA COARE) Tropical Ocean and Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean Atmosphere Response Experiment active convective episodes (December 10-17 1992; December 19-27 1992; and February 9-13 1993) are examined using the Goddard Cumulus Ensemble (GCE) Model and retrieved by using the Goddard Convective and Stratiform Heating (CSH) algorithm . The following sources of rainfall information are input into the CSH algorithm: Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/1), Radar and the GCE model. Diagnostically determined latent heating profiles calculated using 6 hourly soundings are used for validation. The GCE model simulated rainfall and latent heating profiles are in excellent agreement with those estimated by soundings. In addition, the typical convective and stratiform heating structures (or shapes) are well captured by the GCE model. Radar measured rainfall is smaller than that both estimated by the GCE model and SSM/I in all three different COARE IFA periods. SSM/I derived rainfall is more than the GCE model simulated for the December 19-27 and February 9-13 periods, but is in excellent agreement with the GCE model for the December 10-17 period. The GCE model estimated stratiform amount is about 50% for December 19-27, 42% for December 11-17 and 56% for the February 9-13 case. These results are consistent with large-scale analyses. The accurate estimates of stratiform amount is needed for good latent heating retrieval. A higher (lower) percentage of stratiform rain can imply a maximum heating rate at a higher (lower) altitude. The GCE model always simulates more stratiform rain (10 to 20%) than the radar for all three convective episodes. SSM/I derived stratiform amount is about 37% for December 19-27, 48% for December 11-17 and 41% for the February 9-13 case. Temporal variability of CSH algorithm retrieved latent heating profiles using either GCE model simulated or radar estimated rainfall and stratiform amount is in good agreement with that diagnostically determined for all three periods. However, less rainfall and a smaller stratiform percentage estimated by radar resulted in a weaker (underestimated) latent heating profile and a lower maximum latent heating level compared to those determined diagnostically. Rainfall information from SSM/I can not retrieve individual convective events due to poor temporal sampling. Nevertheless, this study suggests that a good 4r, rainfall retrieval from SSM/I for a convective event always leads to a good latent heating retrieval. Sensitivity testing has been performed and the results indicate that the SSM/I derived time averaged stratiform amount may be underestimated for December 19-27. Time averaged heating profiles derived from SSM/I, however, are not in bad agreement with those derived by soundings for the December 10-17 convective period. The heating retrievals may be more accurate for longer time scales provided there is no bias in the sampling.
Analytical Review: Technical Analysis

Analytical procedures are evaluations of financial information made by a study of plausible relationships between both financial and non-financial data. They are used in all stages of the audit including planning, substantive testing, and final review stage. This chapter surveys a range of R packages that ease technical analysis and data collection tasks in analytical review.
51. Trends in Vulvar Hygiene Practices in Prepubertal Patients

Background Vulvovaginitis is a common condition among prepubertal female patients, with hygiene and behavioral education often recommended as first-line intervention. Depending on the provider, parents may receive inconsistent education regarding vulvar care recommendations. To date, there have been no studies assessing where parents are obtaining their knowledge regarding caring for their child's vulva, nor what the current trends are in hygiene practices. Methods This was a cross-sectional study that was deemed IRB exempt. Parents of female children aged 3-10 years old presenting to dermatology and gynecology clinics from 8/1/2020-9/30/2020 were surveyed. Data collected included information about bathing/shower habits, soaps and detergents, undergarments, current or previous vulvar conditions and treatments, and where information was obtained for care of their daughter's vulvar region. Free-text comments could also be entered. Results We collected 70 surveys. The mean patient age was 6.88 years. Most patients (44.9%) bathe in the shower, 20.3% take baths, and 34.8% take both showers and baths. Of the patients who take baths, 83.1% reported using plain water only. Cotton underwear was the most common undergarment worn during the day and at night. Body wash for sensitive skin was the most common cleansing product (24.2%). While the majority of patients (82.8%) had never used a topical anti-fungal, Monistat (miconazole cream) or Nystatin were the most common in those that had (7.8%). Of those that had used a topical anti-fungal agent, 81.8% reported that it was recommended by a medical provider. Baking soda baths (10.4%) and vinegar baths (3.0%) were both used for vulvovaginal irritation. These were recommended by a medical provider for 62.5% of those who utilized these treatments. The most common source of information regarding care of genital skin was pediatricians (53.0%) followed by gynecologists and family members, both 28.8%. Most parents (83.1%) felt they have received sufficient guidance from healthcare providers on caring for their daughters’ genital area. However, comments received included “doctors don't typically advise on this topic” and “I was relieved to hear that this is a common problem with girls this age. Previously did not feel like received sufficient guidance.” Conclusions There are a variety of vulvar hygiene practices reported by parents of prepubertal patients. Most parents feel they are receiving adequate guidance, though there remains room for improvement as only 53% reported receiving information from their pediatrician. As general pediatrics providers are often the first point of contact for vulvovaginal complaints, incorporating vulvovaginal care into anticipatory guidance is prudent.
An Evaluation of the Effect of Catheter-Directed Continuous Infusion of Local Anesthetic by Elastomeric Pump on Opioid Usage Following Donor Kidney Nephrectomy.

BackgroundPostoperative pain management following donor nephrectomy can prove challenging for immediate discharge on postoperative day 1 or 2. Although the standard for pain control is utilization ...
Calcineurin-Inhibitor Induced Pain Syndrome in a Heart Transplant Patient

Calcineurin-inhibitor induced pain syndrome (CIPS) also called the "symmetrical bone syndrome" is a condition describing reversible lower extremity pain in patients after organ transplantation who are receiving calcineurin inhibitors, especially tacrolimus. We present a case of CIPS after orthotopic heart transplant complicated with concurrent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. We emphasize the presentation; diagnostic evaluation, and findings. We then discuss the proposed pathophysiologic mechanisms of CIPS and conclude with discussion of management strategies. Additionally, we present a table to guide clinicians in assessing posttransplant bone pain syndromes. To our knowledge, this is the first article to describe a case of CIPS with concurrent SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Evaluating Outcomes Related to Donor and Recipient Metabolic Environment: Macrosteatotic Allograft and Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis.

The pressing need for available organs is growing as the field of liver transplantation evolves and responds with expanding criteria and utilization of marginal allografts for certain recipients (1). Over the past 15 years, patient and graft outcomes of marginal allografts including donation after cardiac death, advanced age donors, and macrosteatoic allograft have improved (2). Altshuler and colleagues contribute further to clinically useful insights into increased organ availability utilizing macrosteatotic allografts in recipients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) cirrhosis (1).
Faunal turnover and niche stability in marine Decapoda in the Phanerozoic

Patterns of diversity and faunal turnover of major groups of decapod crustaceans throughout the Phanerozoic are analyzed based upon data from all known fossil species reported to date. Age, range, and habitat preference data were compiled for 3637 species arrayed in 1035 genera and 173 families. Grouped at the infraordinal level, Anomura, Gebiidea, and Axiidea consistently occupied specific, preferred environments throughout their geologic history. Achelata are known from a variety of siliciclastic environments until the Holocene when they are found in coral and other carbonate environments. Habitat preferences of dendrobranch and pleocyemate shrimp, with a low preservation potential, are difficult to evaluate because they are found almost exclusively in low energy siliciclastics and lithographic limestones, whose mode of origin is not clear. Clawed lobsters, the so-called podotreme or primitive crabs, and heterotreme crabs have historically occupied a wide range of habitats. However, the temporal pattern of diversity of these groups is one of faunal turnover on a scale of tens of millions of years. Clawed lobsters were the first of these groups to be most diverse, followed in the Late Jurassic and Cretaceous by the podotreme or primitive crabs. Heterotreme crabs appeared in the Early Cretaceous and dominate numerically in the Cenozoic. These patterns of habitat preference of broad groups of decapods suggest that the limits of distribution are controlled by the Bauplan of each group rather than by extrinsic factors.
Animal Models of Noise-Induced Hearing Loss

Animal models have played a major role in understanding noise-induced hearing loss, a major cause of hearing loss in industrialized societies. Behavioral models using positive and negative reinforcement techniques have played an important role in delineating the relationship between the physical characteristic of the noise, namely intensity, spectral content, and duration, and the magnitude of the resulting hearing loss. An important contribution from these studies was the discovery that the hearing loss reaches an asymptotic value of threshold shift for exposures lasting 24 h or more. Animal models of noise-induced hearing loss have revealed a significant loss of frequency sensitivity, making it difficult to discriminate signals in noise, and a breakdown in temporal resolution that makes it difficult to perceive the temporal information contained in complex signals such as speech. Animal models have shown that prolonged exposure to high-level noise mainly damages the sensory hair cells in the inner ear. The stereocilia bundles on the sensory hair cells, which contain the mechanically gated ion channels responsible for converting sound into neural activity, are especially vulnerable to acoustic overstimulation. High-level noise can obliterate or damage the stereocilia. More severe sound exposures can result in degeneration of the hair cell body, beginning with the outer hair cells followed by the inner hair cells. The functional status of the outer hair cells can be evaluated in noise-exposed animals using distortion product otoacoustic emissions. When healthy ears are stimulated with two primary tones, f 1 and f2, the inner ear generates a distortion tone, the most prominent of which occurs at 2f1–f2. Acoustic overstimulation that primarily damages the outer hair cells and leads to mild to moderate hearing loss almost completely abolishes the distortion product otoacoustic emission. The type I spiral ganglion neurons, which make synaptic contact with single inner hair cells, can be used to assess the functional status of a very narrow region of the cochlea. The functional status of small populations of type I neurons can be evaluated using tone bursts to elicit the compound action potential. Narrow band noise exposures that damage specific regions of the cochlea cause an increase in the compound action potential threshold at frequencies associated with the region of cochlear pathology. Microelectrode recordings from single type I auditory nerve fibers can be used to delineate the pathophysiology at specific sites along the cochlea. Sound exposures that selectively damage the outer hair cells lead to an elevation of threshold and loss of tuning. In cases in which acoustic overstimulation destroys both the outer hair cells and inner hair cells, nerve fibers associated with the damaged region are unresponsive to sound resulting in a dead region. The biological mechanisms that lead to noise-induced degeneration of hair cells is not fully understood, but there is growing awareness that hair cell death may be initiated by oxidative stress that leads to hair cell death by necrosis or apoptosis.
Using Continuous Improvement to Enhance an Online Course

Assessment is becoming important from many different perspectives. Universities are planning, developing, and testing various assessment models to satisfy stakeholders. Many accrediting agencies are also requiring assessment plans and their implementation from universities for reaccreditation. This article describes how assessment was used to continuously improve a database course in a Web MBA program, and combines Deming's Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) cycle with Bloom's taxonomy to develop rubrics for problem solving learning objectives in an online course. Results from direct and indirect measurements are used to improve the course. Specifically, two semester results are compared for course assessment. Results show some improvement; however, the course requires continuous improvement to meet benchmarks. The model presented here is generic in nature and should be useful for all educators who plan to initiate or continue the assessment and continuous improvement process. Instead of reinventing the wheel, educators can learn from our experiences and use the results as a starting point for their own assessment programs.
The reconstitution of mammalian prion infectivity de novo

The discovery of prion disease transmission in mammals, as well as a non-Mendelian type of inheritance in yeast, has led to the establishment of a new concept in biology, the prion hypothesis. The prion hypothesis postulates that an abnormal protein conformation propagates itself in an autocatalytic manner using the normal isoform of the same protein as a substrate and thereby acts either as a transmissible agent of disease (in mammals), or as a heritable determinant of phenotype (in yeast and fungus). While the prion biology of yeast and fungus supports this idea strongly, the direct proof of the prion hypothesis in mammals, specifically the reconstitution of the disease-associated isoform of the prion protein (PrPSc) in vitro de novo from noninfectious prion protein, has been difficult to achieve despite many years of effort. The present review summarizes our current knowledge about the biochemical nature of the prion infectious agent and structure of PrPSc, describes potential strategies for generating prion infectivity de novo and provides some insight on why the reconstitution of infectivity has been difficult to achieve in vitro. Several hypotheses are proposed to explain the apparently low infectivity of the first generation of recently reported synthetic mammalian prions.
Neurobiological Basis of the Complex Effects of Stress on Memory and Synaptic Plasticity

The past two decades have been witness to extensive research providing considerable insight into the neurobiological basis of stress–memory interactions. For some time there was a tendency for researchers to view stress as exerting a global impairment of hippocampal function, perhaps via increased levels of glucocorticoids (Metcalfe and Jacobs, 1998; Metcalfe and Mischel, 1999; Nadel and Jacobs, 1998). However, this view has slowly been replaced with a significant body of work which has shown that the effects of stress on hippocampal function, as well as memory in general, are much more complex. Numerous studies have shown that acute stress can enhance, impair, or have no effect on learning and memory, depending on several factors related to the stressor, the learning experience, and the subjects under investigation (Akirav and Richter-Levin, 2006; Joels et al., 2006; Joels and Baram, 2009; Sandi and Pinelo-Nava, 2007; Schwabe et al., 2010). Moreover, stress or corticosteroid administration have been shown to enhance, as well as to impair, hippocampusspecific memory and synaptic plasticity (Ahmed et al., 2006; Almaguer-Melian et al., 2005; Bangasser and Shors, 2010; Davis et al., 2004; Frey, 2001; Joels et al., 2006, 2009; Joels and Baram, 2009; Kim and Diamond, 2002; Li et al., 2003; Schwabe et al., 2010; Seidenbecher et al., 1997; Smeets et al., 2009; Straube et al., 2003; Uzakov et al., 2005). Thus, a major challenge to behavioral neuroscientists is to develop an understanding of the conditions by which stress enhances or impairs learning and memory and to identify the cellular and molecular mechanisms that mediate these effects.
Robust Calibration of Macroscopic Traffic Simulation Models Using Stochastic Collocation

Abstract The predictions of a well-calibrated traffic simulation model are much more valid if made for various conditions. Variation in traffic can arise due to many factors such as time of day, work zones, weather, etc. Calibration of traffic simulation models for traffic conditions requires larger datasets to capture the stochasticity in traffic conditions. In this study we use datasets spanning large time periods to incorporate variability in traffic flow, speed for various time periods. However, large data poses a challenge in terms of computational effort. With the increase in number of stochastic factors, the numerical methods suffer from the curse of dimensionality. In this study, we propose a novel methodology to address the computational complexity due to the need for the calibration of simulation models under highly stochastic traffic conditions. This methodology is based on sparse grid stochastic collocation, which, treats each stochastic factor as a different dimension and uses a limited number of points where simulation and calibration are performed. A computationally efficient interpolant is constructed to generate the full distribution of the simulated flow output. We use real-world examples to calibrate for different times of day and conditions and show that this methodology is much more efficient that the traditional Monte Carlo-type sampling. We validate the model using a hold out dataset and also show the drawback of using limited data for the calibration of a macroscopic simulation model. We also discuss the drawbacks of using a single calibrated model for all the data.
Relaxation of strict parity for reducible Galois representations attached to the homology of GL(3, ℤ)

In this paper, we prove the following theorem: Let &#x1d53d; be an algebraic closure of a finite field of characteristic p > 3. Let ρ be a continuous homomorphism from the absolute Galois group of ℚ to GL(3, &#x1d53d;) which is isomorphic to a direct sum of a character and a two-dimensional odd irreducible representation. We assume that the image of ρ is contained in the intersection of the stabilizers of the line spanned by e2 and the plane spanned by e1,e3, where {ei} denotes the standard basis. Such ρ will not satisfy a certain strict parity condition. Under the conditions that the Serre conductor of ρ is squarefree, that the predicted weight (a,b,c) lies in the lowest alcove, and that c≢b + 1(modp − 1), we prove that ρ is attached to a Hecke eigenclass in H2(Γ,M), where Γ is a subgroup of finite index in SL(3, ℤ) and M is an &#x1d53d;Γ-module. The particular Γ and M are as predicted by the main conjecture of the 2002 paper of the authors and David Pollack, minus the requirement for strict parity.
Analytic morphometric assessment of patients undergoing colectomy for colon cancer

Background Analytic morphometrics provides objective data that may better stratify risk. We investigated morphometrics and outcome among colon cancer patients. Methods An IRB-approved review identified 302 patients undergoing colectomy who had CT scans. These were processed to measure psoas area (PA), density (PD), subcutaneous fat (SFD), visceral fat (VF), and total body fat (TBF). Correlation with complications, recurrence, and survival were obtained by t-tests and linear regression models after adjusting for age and Charlson index. Results The best predictor of surgical complications was PD. PMH, Charlson, BMI, and age were not significant when PD was considered. SF area was the single best predictor of a wound infection. While all measures of obesity correlated with outcome, TBF was most predictive. Final multivariate Cox models for survival included age, Charlson score, nodal positivity, and TBF. Conclusions Analytic morphometric analysis provided objective data that stratified complications and outcome better than age, BMI, or co-morbidities. J. Surg. Oncol. 2013; 108:169–175. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Physiological relationships between microbiological status and dietary copper levels in the pig.

Ten germ-free pigs and 10 conventionally reared pigs were fed one of two nutritionally balanced diets containing either 16 ppm Cu (basal) or 283 ppm Cu (high-Cu) to evaluate the physiological relationships between Cu and microbiological environment. Germ-free pigs tended to have higher ADG and average daily feed intake (ADFI) than conventionally reared pigs. Feeding the high-Cu diet tended to reduce ADG and ADFI in germ-free pigs but it increased ADG and ADFI in conventionally reared pigs. Hemoglobin and hematocrit were higher in germ-free pigs than in conventionally reared pigs (P less than .001), and hematocrit (P less than .01) and erythrocyte count (P less than .06) were reduced by feeding the high-Cu diet. Germ-free pigs had lower total leukocyte count (P less than .01) and the relative percentages of differentiated leukocytes were altered compared with conventionally reared pigs. Feeding the high-Cu diet increased the percentage of band neutrophils and monocytes in germ-free pigs but reduced the percentage of these cells in conventionally reared pigs (P less than .04). Germ-free pigs had higher concentrations of Cu and Zn in liver and plasma (P less than .001) and greater plasma ceruloplasmin oxidase activity (P less than .001) than conventionally reared pigs did. The high-Cu diet increased liver Cu and Zn (P less than .001) and plasma Cu (P less than .001) and reduced liver and plasma Fe (P less than .05). Organ weights (g/kg BW) differed between germ-free and conventionally reared pigs, and feeding the high-Cu diet reduced thymus weights (P less than .002). Intestinal weight and thickness were reduced in germ-free pigs, and feeding the high-Cu diet generally reduced villus height and width and crypt depth in germ-free pigs, whereas it increased these measurements in conventionally reared pigs.
Data Formats for Elementary Gas-Phase Kinetics: Part 2. Unique Representations of Reactions

A method of extending the IUPAC International Chemical Identifier (InChI) to describe and identify elementary reactions in a standard computer-readable notation is developed. Denoted InChI-ER, the method is based on the existing InChI formalism, with certain refinements for the better identification of molecular entities as proposed in Part 1 published previously in this journal. Using this base notation, an identifier for elementary reactions on a molecular level is created by adding additional layers in a conceptually similar and extensible manner. Two of the layers describe the atoms involved in the transition state and the connectivity changes that occur during the reaction. Additional layers classify the reactions on the basis of the connectivity changes, providing chemical information useful in organizing and searching kinetic data sets found in databases or used in detailed kinetic modeling. Important aspects of the method are that the proposed layers are optional, that they do not interfere with existing InChI specifications, and that they retain extensibility should further refinements be desired in the future.
Atypical Variants of Right Ventricular Outflow Arrhythmias

RVOT Atypical Variants Background Right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) arrhythmias are a common form of ventricular tachycardia (VT) in patients with structurally normal heart. The underlying mechanism is due to triggered activity. Mapping and ablation is relatively straightforward targeting the earliest point of activation. Previously reported causes of difficult ablation in the RVOT region include under recognized right ventricular cardiomyopathy/sarcoidosis, presence of endocavitary structures, close proximity to the coronary vasculature, and origin from non-RVOT structures. Methods and Results We identified all patients undergoing PVCs/sustained RVOT VT ablation from January 2013 to December 2013. This included 33 patients. Of these, we identified procedures that were considered difficult despite a single morphology arrhythmia being targeted and no underlying cardiomyopathy present. Difficulty was specifically considered when ablation at the earliest site of activation was not successful and eventual successful ablation was at a distance of greater than 15 mm from the early activation site. We identified 3 patients (n = 3, 100% male) with evidence of reentrant arrhythmia based on slow conduction zones necessary for the tachycardia/arrhythmia, mid diastolic signals during VT or preceding bigeminal PVCs, pace mapping from the site abnormal signals reproducing the arrhythmia morphology but with prominent conduction delay, the entire cycle length of the tachycardia or coupling interval for the PVCs being mapping, or based on reset characteristics. Conclusion In patients with atypical forms of RVOT VT, careful mapping and ablation of the myocardial sleeves near the pulmonic valve can eliminate the arrhythmia.
Geometrically transformed weights for least squares analyses

Abstract The most generalized algorithm for the least-squares estimation of parameters in nonlinear, implicit models is the modified Deming approach. This technique is very complicated; however, simpler approaches for many problems lead to reasonable solutions. One widely accepted alternative is the Δ transformation of Hust and McCarty. This article offers another equally simple alternative: geometrically transformed weights.
Working with Transgender Youths and Their Families: Counselors and Therapists as Advocates for Trans-Affirmative School Environments

Transgender youths face harassment in schools while parents are adjusting to their children’s gender identities and sometimes struggling to advocate for their children. Counselors and therapists may need to extend beyond their agency and private practice settings and into school environments to educate and advocate for just and compassionate treatment of transgender youths. This article summarizes challenges transgender youths face in schools, recommendations for creating trans-affirmative school environments, and strategies for counselor advocacy.
Thermally activated dynamics of spontaneous perpendicular vortices tuned by parallel magnetic fields in thin superconducting films

We report magnetotransport measurements on a superconducting molybdenum-germanium (MoGe) film of thickness $d=50$ nm in parallel magnetic fields and show evidence of a transition from a Meissner state to a resistive state of spontaneous perpendicular vortices generated by thermal fluctuations above a certain temperature $Tg{T}_{v}(B)$. Here ${T}_{v}$ appears to match the vortex core explosion condition $d\ensuremath{\approx}4.4\ensuremath{\xi}({T}_{v})$, where $\ensuremath{\xi}$ is the coherence length. For $Tg{T}_{v}$, we observed that a nonlinear current-voltage ($I$-$V$) response (Ohmic at low currents and the power law $V\ensuremath{\propto}{I}^{\ensuremath{\beta}}$ at higher $I$) is exponentially dependent on ${B}^{2}$. We propose a model in which the resistive state at $Tg{T}_{v}$ is due to thermally activated hopping of spontaneous perpendicular vortices tuned by the pairbreaking effect of the parallel $B$.
Load-carrying capacities for circular plates of perfectly-plastic material with arbitrary yield condition

Abstract This paper is concerned with the load-carrying capacities of thin circular plates made of a perfectly-plastic material that obeys an arbitrary yield condition and the associated flow rule. Attention is confined to support conditions and fairly general loading distributions that are rotationally-symmetric. In certain special cases only is it possible to derive solutions in simple closed form but, in general, it is always straightforward to derive approximations, correct to within any desired degree of accuracy, to the exact solutions through routine numerical integration of the basic equations. The procedure is illustrated through a discussion of problems involving the von Mises and parabolic yield conditions.
Phenotypic expression in Donohue syndrome (leprechaunism): a role for epidermal growth factor.

A propos de l'observation d'une fille de 8 ans atteinte du syndrome de Donohue, nombre des expressions phenotypiques de ce syndrome sont compatibles avec des taux supraphysiologiques du facteur de croissance epidermique. Cependant, etant donnee la diversite des manifestations phenotypiques, elles peuvent ou non avoir une meme cause et il apparait important de confirmer les presentes donnees sur d'autres cas du syndrome
Polarized light retinal photography of a monkey eye.

Abstract Polarized light photographs have been taken of a monkey retina at discrete wavelengths from 400 to 830 nm. These photographs show a cross-like figure overlying the macular area. Because of the position and shape of this cross it is probably due to the same structure in the eye that produces the Haidinger's brushes phenomenon. This polarization figure is attributed to effects arising from the dichroism of Henle's layer.
Revitalizing Space Operations through Total Quality Management

The purpose of this paper is to show the reader what total quality management (TQM) is and how to apply TQM in the space systems and management arena. TQM is easily understood, can be implemented in any type of business organization, and works.
To survive radiation injury, remember your aPCs

Acute exposure to ionizing radiation can cause lethality via severe damage to the hematopoietic system. A new study shows that infusion of the anticoagulants thrombomodulin or activated protein C reduces radiation toxicities and improves survival (pages 1123–1129).
Serum total bilirubin level, prevalent stroke, and stroke outcomes: NHANES 1999-2004.

Background Bilirubin inhibits experimental atherosclerosis, is inversely associated with carotid plaque burden, and confers neuroprotection in experimental stroke. Clinical data addressing the association of bilirubin with stroke are not available. We hypothesized that higher bilirubin levels would be associated with reduced stroke prevalence and improved stroke outcomes.
Glycogen synthase kinase 3 phosphorylates kinesin light chains and negatively regulates kinesin-based motility

Membrane-bounded organelles (MBOs) are delivered to different domains in neurons by fast axonal transport. The importance of kinesin for fast antero grade transport is well established, but mechanisms for regulating kinesin-based motility are largely unknown. In this report, we provide biochemical and in vivo evidence that kinesin light chains (KLCs) interact with and are in vivo substrates for glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3). Active GSK3 inhibited anterograde, but not retrograde, transport in squid axoplasm and reduced the amount of kinesin bound to MBOs. Kinesin microtubule binding and microtubule-stimulated ATPase activities were unaffected by GSK3 phosphorylation of KLCs. Active GSK3 was also localized preferentially to regions known to be sites of membrane delivery. These data suggest that GSK3 can regulate fast anterograde axonal transport and targeting of cargos to specific subcellular domains in neurons.
Carbene chemistry. Stereoselective synthesis of haloalkenes

Abstract Hydrogen migration in halocarbenes provides a stereoselective method for preparation of (Z)-haloalkenes.
Cluster analysis—an alternative to statistical distributions for determining slotting schemes used in determining indirect work standards

Abstract This paper is a follow-up to a research effort by Enscore and Niebel [1] in which various statistical distributions (uniform, normal and gamma) were compared to determine their effectiveness in generating slotting schemes for indirect labor standards. Using the same data as the previous research, cluster analysis is evaluated for its effectiveness as a slotting method. A fourth statistical distribution is introduced as part of this research. It is the log-normal distribution. The determination of the slotting schemes for each method and the simulation used for evaluation of the methods is carried out on a VAX 11/780. Of the five slotting techniques tested, cluster analysis is clearly the best and the uniform distribution clearly the worst. The normal, gamma and log-normal distributions all performed well, with a slight edge going to the normal.
Involvement of α1-adrenoceptors in the basolateral amygdala in modulation of memory storage

These experiments examined the involvement of alpha1-adrenoceptors in the basolateral amygdala and their interaction with beta-adrenoceptors in modulating memory storage. In Experiment 1, male Sprague-Dawley rats, implanted with bilateral cannulae in the basolateral amygdala, were trained in a one-trial inhibitory avoidance task and immediately after training, were given microinfusions (0.2 microl/side) of the selective alpha1-adrenoceptor antagonist, prazosin (0.1-1.0 microg). Retention was tested 48 h later. Prazosin induced a dose-dependent impairment in retention performance. In Experiment 2, animals received post-training intra-basolateral amygdala infusions of phenylephrine (a non-selective alpha-adrenoceptor agonist; 1.0-10.0 microg) alone or in combination with yohimbine (a selective alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist; 0.2 microg) to examine the effects, on memory storage, of selective alpha1-adrenoceptor activation. Low doses of phenylephrine alone tended to impair retention performance, whereas the highest dose was non-effective. In contrast, phenylephrine infused together with yohimbine induced a dose-dependent enhancement of retention performance, suggesting that a selective activation of alpha1-adrenoceptors enhances memory formation. In Experiment 3, animals received intra-basolateral amygdala infusions of phenylephrine (1.0-10.0 microg) and yohimbine (0.2 microg) in combination with atenolol (a beta1-adrenoceptor antagonist; 1.0 microg). Atenolol blocked the memory-enhancing effects induced by infusions of phenylephrine together with yohimbine. Considered together, these findings suggest that alpha1-adrenoceptors in the basolateral amygdala are implicated in mediating the effects of norepinephrine on memory storage and that their action depends on concurrent beta-adrenoceptor activation.
“Not now, maybe later”: The influence of relationship type, request persistence, and alcohol consumption on women's refusal strategies

This study examines strategies employed by women when refusing an unwanted request for increased intimacy. Women (N = 76) orally produced refusal messages to unwanted requests from hypothetical dating partners and friends. The influence of relationship type, request persistence, and alcohol consumption on refusal strategies was examined. Approximately half of the participants (N = 37) drank alcohol before encoding the refusal messages. The results indicate that relationship type influenced women's refusal strategy selection and that request persistence had a more pronounced influence on the refusals to dates’ requests than to friends’ requests. Alcohol consumption did not significantly affect the encoding of refusal strategies. Results suggest that the influence of alcohol consumption on refusals should be examined within the context of the whole message production process.