cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identification of the FTBL protein of Sumner and Dounce as a leucine aminopeptidase.

Abstract The crystalline beef liver protein of Sumner and Dounce (A. L. Dounce, P. Z. Allen, and G. A. Mourtzikos (1978) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 188 , 251–265 (1)) termed FTBL (football) protein because of the shape of its crystals, has been identified as a crystalline leucine aminopeptidase (LAP), on the basis of its high specific LAP activity and coincidence of its N terminal amino acid sequence (30 amino acids) with that of beef eye lens LAP. Amino acid analyses of the two proteins are also in reasonable agreement when based on the exact monomer molecular weight of beef eye lens protein obtained by the van Loon group ((1982) J. Biol. Chem. 257 , 7077–7081) . Our previously published (1) monomer molecular weight of the FTBL protein was 25% too high, leading to the erroneous conclusion that the beef liver FTBL-LAP protein was a tetramer rather than a hexamer, as found by the van Loon group for beef lens LAP. The present report, taken together with our first paper on the FTBL protein establishes that the FTBL-LAP protein has been isolated from beef kidney and beef spleen as well as from beef liver. We now find that the properties of FTBL-LAP protein indicate that it is the same protein as beef eye lens LAP. The cellular and intracellular distributions of the FTBL-LAP protein have been considered in our first publication on the FTBL protein (1).
On Approximating the Point Binomial

Abstract This paper presents the results of a systematic numerical investigation of the comparative accuracy of several approximations to the cumulative binomial distribution. The approximations studied include the normal, arcsine, Poisson, and six others. Two of the little-known approximations were found to be extremely good: the Poisson Gram-Charlier when the probability p is fairly small, and the Camp-Paulson approximation almost everywhere.
Qualitative and quantitative metabolomic investigation of single neurons by capillary electrophoresis electrospray ionization mass spectrometry

Single-cell mass spectrometry (MS) empowers metabolomic investigations by decreasing analytical dimensions to the size of individual cells and subcellular structures. We describe a protocol for investigating and quantifying metabolites in individual isolated neurons using single-cell capillary electrophoresis (CE) coupled to electrospray ionization (ESI) time-of-flight (TOF) MS. The protocol requires ∼2 h for sample preparation, neuron isolation and metabolite extraction, and 1 h for metabolic measurement. We used the approach to detect more than 300 distinct compounds in the mass range of typical metabolites in various individual neurons (25-500 μm in diameter) isolated from the sea slug (Aplysia californica) central and rat (Rattus norvegicus) peripheral nervous systems. We found that a subset of identified compounds was sufficient to reveal metabolic differences among freshly isolated neurons of different types and changes in the metabolite profiles of cultured neurons. The protocol can be applied to the characterization of the metabolome in a variety of smaller cells and/or subcellular domains.
A comparison between pp and pp diffractive peaks at and beyond ISR energies

Although a substantial difference between pp differential cross section at ISR energies and pp differential cross section at SPS energy has been reported, we demonstrate that both differential cross sections, at least up to |t| ∼ 1.2 GeV2, can be satisfactory accounted for within the usual eikonal model in which the diffractive component is crossing even. Thus at a given ultra high energy, there is no suggestive evidence for a difference between pp and pp diffractive peaks.
Influence of dietary soybean and egg lecithins on lipid responses in cholesterol‐fed guinea pigs

The comparative influence on plasma and tissue lipids of dietary soybean and egg lecithins, which have contrasting fatty acid compositions, was studied in the hypercholesterolemic guinea pig. The polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acid (P/S) ratios of the soybean and egg lecithins were 3.4 and 0.38, respectively. Hypercholesterolemia was induced by feeding guinea pigs a purified diet that contained 15% lard enriched with 0.5% cholesterol. Subsequently, guinea pigs were fed for six wk the same diet supplemented with either soybean or egg lecithin as 7.5% of the diet. A control group continued to be fed the lecithin-free diet. Parameters measured included body weight and relative liver weight; in plasma, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC), phospholipid, and nonesterified cholesterol; in liver, total fat, cholesterol, and the specific activity of the catabolic enzyme cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase; (EC 1.14.13.17); and in the aorta, cholesterol. Among the most noteworthy observations were the 49% decrease in total plasma cholesterol of the soybean lecithin group without decreasing HDLC and the 177% increase in HDLC of the egg lecithin group without a significant increase in total cholesterol compared with those values in the control group. These data suggest that dietary lecithin is particularly effective in increasing the HDLC/total cholesterol ratio in plasma. However, the absolute concentrations of those plasma lipids seem to depend upon the fatty acid composition of the lecithin.
Adsorption Characteristics of Activated Carbon Fibers (ACFs) for Toluene: Application in Respiratory Protection

Granular activated carbon (GAC) is currently the standard adsorbent in respirators against several gases and vapors because of its efficiency, low cost, and available technology. However, a drawback of GAC due to its granular form is its need for containment, adding weight and bulkiness to respirators. This makes respirators uncomfortable to wear, resulting in poor compliance in their use. Activated carbon fibers (ACF) are considered viable alternative adsorbent materials for developing thinner, light-weight, and efficient respirators because of their larger surface area, lighter weight, and fabric form. This study aims to determine the critical bed depth and adsorption capacity of different types of commercially available ACFs for toluene to understand how thin a respirator can be and the service life of the adsorbents, respectively. ACF in cloth (ACFC) and felt (ACFF) forms with three different surface areas per form were tested. Each ACF type was challenged with six concentrations of toluene (50, 100, ...
Paclitaxel pharmacodynamics: application of a mechanism-based neutropenia model.

Antineoplastic agents exert adverse effects that impact both dose and scheduling of drug administration. Our objective was to develop a quantitative relationship between paclitaxel (taxol) exposure and pharmacodynamic endpoints, such as neutropenia or body weight loss. Paclitaxel in liposomes or Cremophor EL was administered to rats at doses of 20 or 40 mg/kg. Body weight and absolute neutrophil count were determined daily. The decrease in body weight was greater for paclitaxel in Cremophor EL than for liposomal paclitaxel, but hematological toxicity was similar. The hematological data was fit using a pharmacodynamic model to investigate the temporal delay between drug exposure and neutropenia. From the model, the lifespan of neutrophils (T(N)), of surviving precursor cells in bone marrow (T(P)), and a killing rate constant (K) were determined. The values of T(N), T(P), and K for liposomal paclitaxel were 95 h, 82 h, and 0.735 (microM h)(-1), respectively, and for paclitaxel in Cremophor EL, 86 h, 78 h, and 0.475 (microM h)(-1), respectively. Simulations of various doses indicated a dependency of the neutropenia time course on paclitaxel exposure. The entire time course of changes in neutrophil count is more informative than a single measurement if myelosuppression is prolonged and at a level associated with increased incidence of clinical adverse effects.
The flocculation of algae with synthetic polymeric flocculants

Abstract The flocculation of a pure algal culture of Chlorella ellipsoidia , was evaluated by means of measurements of filtration rate, light transmission and electrophoretic mobility, at algal concentrations of 50–3000mg l −1 , polymer concentrations of 0.01–1000 mg 1 −1 at pH 4–7. Non-ionic and anionic polyacrylamides, and anionic polystyrene sulfonate with molecular weights of about 1,000,000 failed to show any flocculation at polymer concentrations from 0.01 to 200 mg 1 −1 . Cationic polyethyleneimine was effective as a flocculant as shown by the results from the three methods of measurement. There was a significant increase in flocculation efficiency as the polymer molecular weight increased from 800 to about 2000 but little improvement above 2000. An effect of pH from 4 to 7 was absent. A variation in the magnesium ion concentration from 2.45 to 0.005 g 1 −1 in the nutrient did not produce any effect. Earlier results with crystalline silica and E. coli and these same polymers had shown a similar effect of molecular weight and an influence of pH. A brief discussion is presented on a comparison of results on algae with those of other colloids, it being especially significant that at the same concentration of biocolloid the algae need about 100 times higher concentration of polymer than do E. coli .
Molecular characterization of co-occurring Duchenne muscular dystrophy and X-linked Oculo-Facio-Cardio-Dental syndrome in a girl

Duchenne muscular dystrophy is an X-linked condition at the severe end of the spectrum of dystrophinopathies. Females with dystrophin mutations are at risk for cardiomyopathy, but are usually asymptomatic during childhood. However, some girls can exhibit features of Duchenne muscular dystrophy because of skewed X-inactivation, aneuploidy, or chromosomal rearrangement. Oculo-facio-cardio-dental syndrome is a rare X-linked disorder, lethal in males, that comprises microphthalmia, congenital cataracts, congenital heart defect, canine radiculomegaly, and digital anomalies. We report on a 7-year-old girl who was referred for muscular hypotonia, with clinical features of Duchenne muscular dystrophy, including elevated serum creatine phosphokinase, pseudohypertrophy of calf muscles, and muscle weakness, which became evident at 3 years of age. In addition, she had multiple congenital anomalies including atrial septal defect, cataracts, dental and digital anomalies, a constellation that suggested the diagnosis of oculo-facio-cardio-dental syndrome, a condition caused by mutations in BCOR. Immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis of muscle, and mutation analysis of DMD showed a maternally inherited deletion of exons 30-43, confirming the diagnosis of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Studies of lymphocytes showed essentially complete skewing of X-inactivation. Mutation analysis of BCOR revealed a de novo frameshift mutation (c.1005delC). Thus, we report for the first time on an individual with the co-occurrence of Duchenne muscular dystrophy and oculo-facio-cardio-dental syndrome.
Prior meningococcal A/C polysaccharide vaccine does not reduce immune responses to conjugate vaccine in young adults

The immune responses induced in young adults by a meningococcal A/C polysaccharide-diphtheria toxoid conjugate vaccine (Mcj) and a meningococcal A/C plain polysaccharide vaccine (Mps) were evaluated in unvaccinated subjects and those who had received either vaccine previously. 195 subjects aged 17-30 years received either Mps or Mcj. After 12 months, they were randomised again to receive a second dose of either vaccine. Serogroup specific serum bactericidal assay (SBA) titers and IgG antibody responses were assayed before and 4-8 weeks after primary and booster immunisation. Both vaccines were immunogenic in previously unvaccinated subjects. Administration of a dose of Mps after previous Mps or Mcj induced lower bactericidal titers to group C Neisseria meningitidis than those seen after a single dose of Mps. Bactericidal antibody responses to Mcj were not reduced in subjects who had previously received Mps.
Understanding retirement: the promise of life-span developmental frameworks.

The impending retirement of large population cohorts creates a pressing need for practical interventions to optimize outcomes at the individual and societal level. This necessitates comprehensive theoretical models that acknowledge the multi-layered nature of the retirement process and shed light on the dynamic mechanisms that drive longitudinal patterns of adjustment. The present commentary highlights ways in which contemporary life-span developmental frameworks can inform retirement research, drawing on the specific examples of Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Model, Baltes and Baltes Selective Optimization with Compensation Framework, Schulz and Heckhausen’s Motivational Theory of Life-Span Development, and Carstensen’s Socioemotional Selectivity Theory. Ultimately, a life-span developmental perspective on retirement offers not only new interpretations of known phenomena but may also help to identify novel directions for future research as well as promising pathways for interventions.
Transient rise in tumor marker after initial adjuvant chemotherapy for testicular cancer

Abstract A transient rise in the serum level of β-HCG following adjuvant chemotherapy for Stage IIB embryonal testicular carcinoma was observed. This rise probably is a marker for the persistence of otherwise undetectable residual microscopic tumor. Conceptually, the occurrence of a rise in a tumor marker in this setting might help to identify those patients more likely to benefit from more intense adjuvant chemotherapeutic programs.
Oral mucosal antigen reactivity during exacerbation and remission phases of recurrent aphthous ulceration

Pooled serum from subjects with active recurrent aphthous ulceration (RAU) and from control subjects was tested against indigenous surface mucosal material from subjects with active RAU, remission RAU subjects, and normal subjects. IgM antibody reactivity in both sera was significantly higher to material from remission RAU subject mucosa than to material from control subjects or subjects with active RAU. IgG antibody activity in both sera was significantly lower to material from active RAU subject mucosa than to material from control subjects or subjects whose RAU was in remission. These results suggest that the character and amount of antigen on mucosa may differ during the pathogenesis of RAU.
Direct observation of resistive heating at graphene wrinkles and grain boundaries

We directly measure the nanometer-scale temperature rise at wrinkles and grain boundaries (GBs) in functioning graphene devices by scanning Joule expansion microscopy with ∼50 nm spatial and ∼0.2 K temperature resolution. We observe a small temperature increase at select wrinkles and a large (∼100 K) temperature increase at GBs between coalesced hexagonal grains. Comparisons of measurements with device simulations estimate the GB resistivity (8–150 Ω μm) among the lowest reported for graphene grown by chemical vapor deposition. An analytical model is developed, showing that GBs can experience highly localized resistive heating and temperature rise, most likely affecting the reliability of graphene devices. Our studies provide an unprecedented view of thermal effects surrounding nanoscale defects in nanomaterials such as graphene.
Factors augmenting allergic reactions.

Elicitors of anaphylactic reactions are any sources of protein with allergenic capacity. However, not all allergic reactions end up in the most severe form of anaphylaxis. Augmenting factors may explain why certain conditions lead to anaphylaxis. Augmenting factors may exhibit three effects: lowering the threshold, increasing the severity, and reversing acquired clinical tolerance. Common augmenting factors are physical exercise, menstruation, NSAIDs, alcohol, body temperature, acute infections, and antacids. Therapeutic options may address causative, preventive, pragmatic, or symptomatic considerations: avoid the eliciting food, take an antihistamine before any situation with a possible risk of augmentation, separate food and sport (at least for 2 h), and carry an adrenaline autoinjector at all times. Individual patterns include summation effects and specific patterns. In conclusion, in the case of a suggestive history but a negative oral challenge, one should consider the possible involvement of augmenting factors; after anaphylactic reactions, always ask for possible augmentation and other risk factors during the recent past; if augmentation is suspected, oral food challenges should be performed in combination with augmenting factors; and in the future, standardized challenge protocols including augmenting factors should be established.
Breed Recognition in the Social Interactions of Domestic Fowl1)

The hypothesis that in social interactions between breeds of chickens, behavioral responses are based on breed recognition rather than on individual recognition factors was tested by: (a) paired contests between birds having previous experience with the other breed, (b) formation of small multibreed flocks, and (c) morphological modification of dominant birds of another breed or of strangers belonging to the breed winning paired inter-breed contests. Inter-breed contests pairing winners in previous contests between the breeds typically led to fighting while pairing losers typically resulted in mutual avoidance to a far greater extent than did similar pairings within a breed. The social hierarchy developed in 13 of 15 small (less than ten individuals) multibreed flocks was one of complete dominance of one breed over the other. This tendency also existed, but in lesser-degree, in more complex (number of pair relations) flocks of about fifteen birds. Strangers of a dominant breed were accepted as dominant individuals without challenge by individuals of the subordinate breed. Morphological modifications (coloring, dubbing) of the dominant breed penmates did not modify recognition by the subordinate breed birds even though similar modifications led to loss of individual recognition within a breed. Modification of strangers of a breed previously winning paired inter-breed contests led to slight loss of breed recognition on the part of defeated birds of another breed. Behavioral responses based on breed recognition without discrimination of individuals established a situation in which a single brief experience with one member of another breed had a profound influence upon subsequent reactions to other individuals of that breed encountered within the memory span. In small flocks this led to a tendency for members of one breed to react to the other breed as an entity. Strange individuals placed in flocks of another breed were accepted as dominant birds without challenge if members of their breed had previously defeated or dominated members of the flock.
Theoretical investigation of the role of choriocapillaris blood flow in treatment of subfoveal choroidal neovascularization associated with age-related macular degeneration.

Abstract PURPOSE: To investigate the relationship between choriocapillaris blood flow and blood flow through an overlying choroidal neovascularization, as it relates to photocoagulation-induced changes in the choriocapillaris circulation. METHODS: A theoretical model that simulates the blood flow in the choriocapillaris and choroidal neovascularization of the human eye was developed, based on histologically determined vascular geometry and experimentally measured blood pressure gradients. The choriocapillaris blood pressure and blood flow were examined before and after simulated photocoagulation of various Sattler layer vessels entering the choriocapillaris in the vicinity of the choroidal neovascularization. (The Sattler layer is the inner layer of medium-sized choroidal vessels that includes both arterioles and venules that supply the choriocapillaris.) RESULTS: The theoretical model showed that both partial and complete occlusion of either Sattler arteriole or venous vessels in the vicinity of the capillary-like vessels connecting a choroidal neovascularization to the underlying choriocapillaris results in significant choroidal neovascularization blood flow reduction. These theoretical results are similar to clinically observed changes induced by laser photocoagulation of feeder vessels. (In this discussion, the term “feeder vessels” refers to those vessels in an indocyanine green angiogram image that appear to supply blood to a choroidal neovascularization; these vessels appear to be Sattler layer vessels, rather than the histologically demonstrated short, capillary-like vessels that form choriocapillaris-choroidal neovascularization communications.) CONCLUSIONS: Reduction of choriocapillaris blood flow underlying a choroidal neovascularization may be sufficient to reduce the blood flow rate in the choroidal neovascularization and thereby reduce the associated retinal edema. The results also suggest that reduction of choriocapillaris blood flow may be the common hemodynamic event associated with the successful application of several currently practiced methods of choroidal neovascularization treatment, including feeder vessel photocoagulation, photodynamic therapy, transpupillary thermotherapy, and prophylactic drusen photocoagulation. Ultimately, this model may be useful in determining optimal placement of laser photocoagulation burns to achieve a desirable perturbation in choroidal blood flow distribution and thereby reduce choroidal neovascularization blood flow to the extent necessary to obliterate associated retinal edema.
DIE-SWELL OF ANTIMISTING KEROSENE: PART 1. SHEAR AND NORMAL STRESSES OF ANTIMISTING KEROSENE AT HIGH SHEAR RATES DETERMINED FROM DIE-SWELL AND TORSIONAL BALANCE MEASUREMENTS

Die-swell and torsional balance experiments were performed to measure the shear and normal stresses developed by AMK (0.3% FM-9 + glycol/amine in Jet A) and 0.1% ARCO in Jet A. Capillary tube experiments show that AMK shear thickens at a critical shear rate, reaches a maximum viscosity and then shear thins at higher shear rates. Despite the fact that the antimisting fuel made with the ARCO polymer exhibits a more conventional shear stress dependency (i.e., shear thinning), die-swell measurements indicate that both fuels develop large normal stresses at high shear rates. While the torsional balance method was able to obtain both shear and normal stress information for the ARCO polymer at high shear rates, AMK exhibited anomalous behavior that made it impractical to measure normal stresses by this method. A comparison of normal stresses for the ARCO polymer indicates that normal stresses measured by these two methods differ significantly in magnitude.
Hypothalamic monoamines measured by microdialysis in rats treated with 2-deoxy-glucose or d-fenfluramine

The effects on brain monoamines (norepinephrine, serotonin and the metabolite of dopamine) following administration of d-fenfluramine (10 mg/kg IP) and 2-deoxy-d-glucose (500 mg/kg IP) have been measured by microdialysis from the ventromedial hypothalamus, lateral hypothalamic area and dorsomedial hypothalamus of conscious, unrestrained rats. Following administration of d-fenfluramine there was a significant increase in the concentration of serotonin in the ventromedial hypothalamus and lateral hypothalamic area, but no significant increase in the DMH. 5-HIAA (5-hydroxy-3-indoleacetic acid), the metabolite of serotonin, was increased in the DMH, but not in the other two regions. DOPAC (3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid) was increased following fenfluramine treatment in all three regions examined. An increase in norepinephrine was observed in the VMH, but not in the other two regions, while the concentration of the 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) was increased in both areas. Treatment with 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG) was associated with fewer changes. In the lateral hypothalamic area there was a decrease in 5-HIAA and an increase in DOPAC. In the VMH there was an increase in norepinephrine and a decrease in MHPG in the DMH, but otherwise no significant alterations were observed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Nonlinear features for improved pattern recognition

Nonlinear features that represent higher-order correlations in input data are considered for improved recognition. They optimize new performance measures that do not make Gaussian etc. data distribution assumptions and that are intended for improved discrimination. The new features are produced in closed-form and are thus preferable to iterative solutions. An efficient two-step feature extraction algorithm is presented for the high-dimensional (iconic) input data case of most interest. The feature generation can be realized as a new neural network with adaptive activation functions. Test results on pose-invariant face recognition are emphasized; results on standard feature inputs for a product inspection application are briefly noted as a low- dimensional input data case.
Describing the context and nature of emotional maltreatment reports in children

The circumstances leading to reports of emotional maltreatment are potentially unique from those of other abuse types. This study utilized data from the National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System (NCANDS), which is a federally sponsored effort requiring the submission of case-level data on all children who were subject to maltreatment investigations by state child welfare agencies. The central aims of this study were to examine case-level characteristics of sole occurrences of emotional maltreatment Child Protective Service (CPS) reports in an effort to address how caregiver and child risk correlates affect the substantiation of these allegations. A cluster analysis was performed to explore how the risk assessment factors grouped together; secondarily, the cluster groupings were examined in a logistic regression model to measure factors associated with substantiation of these abuse reports. Four unique clusters emerged, with one cluster absent any risk assessment factors entirely and another cluster solely composed of domestic violence. Caregiver risk factors with the highest odds of predicting report substantiation included caregiver substance abuse, domestic violence, and caregiver learning disabilities.
Paget's disease of the breast.

Two-hundred and fourteen cases of histologically proven Paget's disease of the breast were seen at Memorial Hospital during the period 1950 through 1968. Ninety-six patients were without palpable masses, clinically, and 113 had Paget's disease of the nipple with palpable masses. Two thirds of the patients without palpable masses, clinically, had noninfiltrating carcinoma, and the majority of them had negative nodes in the axilla; accordingly, they have a good prognosis. Ninety percent of the patients with palpable masses had infiltrating carcinoma, and two thirds of them had positive nodes in the axilla. According to this study, modified radical mastectomy is the treatment of choice for the patient who does not have a palpable mass. Radical mastectomy should be performed on the patient who has a palpable mass.
Laser power beaming applications and technology

Beaming laser energy to spacecraft has important economic potential. It promises significant reduction in the cost of access to space, for commercial and government missions. While the potential payoff is attractive, existing technologies perform the same missions and the keys to market penetration for power beaming are a competitive cost and a schedule consistent with customers' plans. Rocketdyne is considering these questions in the context of a commercial enterprise -- thus, evaluation of the requirements must be done based on market assessments and recognition that significant private funding will be involved. It is in the context of top level business considerations that the technology requirements are being assessed and the program being designed. These considerations result in the essential elements of the development program. Since the free electron laser is regarded as the `long pole in the tent,' this paper summarizes Rocketdyne's approach for a timely, cost-effective program to demonstrate an FEL capable of supporting an initial operating capability.
THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF FLUORESCENT LIGHTING ON REPRODUCTION AND TUMOR DEVELOPMENT IN THE C3H MOUSE

— The effect of three different fluorescent lighting systems on the growth, reproduction, and lifespan of the C3H/HeN(MTV) mouse has been investigated. The mice were born, weaned, and paired under luminaires containing daylight-simulating (DS; 425 μW/cm2), cool-white (CW; 425μW/cm2) or pink (PK; 234 μW/cm2) fluorescent lights. At the end of the study (19 months), 97% of the females in the DS and CW groups and 100% of females in the PK group had developed mammary tumors. The median times for mammary tumor development were 51 weeks (DS), 47 weeks (CW) and 42 weeks (PK) The median age of the dam at first litter and the median time between the first and second litters were not significantly different for the three lighting conditions. However, there was some evidence that the first litter was significantly delayed in both the CW and PK groups compared to the DS group. There were no significant differences in the total number of litters/dam, the total number of pups/dam, the neonatal mortality of the pups (at birth or weaning), the weights of the pups at weaning or the sex ratios among the three lighting groups. The growth of the male mice was the same under all three lighting conditions. The observed differences in tumor latency and reproduction, between female mice exposed to the DS and CW fluorescent lights, may be related to the different spectral energy distributions of these lighting systems since their irradiances were the same.
Measurement of Femoral Torsion in Dogs Using a Biplanar Method

The authors defined the concept of femoral torsion using three axes and two planes. Two techniques were used to measure the femoral anteversion angle on 30 femurs of 15 adult mixed breed dogs. The conventional fluoroscopic technique was compared to the right angle triangle technique. The mean angle for each technique was 30.80 and 31.31 degrees, respectively. The right angle triangle technique, using conventional radiographs, appeared as reliable, accurate, and reproducible as the fluoroscopic method and is recommended for clinical use.
Speciesism and Reverse Speciesism

Implicit in Schmidtz's essay (Schmidtz, this issue, pp. 127–138) is a distinction between two meanings of ‘anthropocentrism’ for which I once suggested labels: ‘As I use the terms, a view is valuat...
Scleral Buckling Procedure for Retinal Detachments Secondary to Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy

Ninety-two patients (99 eyes) underwent scleral buckling procedures for retinal detachment associated with proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Fifty-three procedures were for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment and 46 for tractional retinal detachment. The average follow-up period was 38 months. Anatomic success was assessed in terms of closure of retinal breaks (59/69, 86%), macular reattachment (42/90, 46%), and reduction in extent of retinal detachment postoperatively as compared to preoperatively (62/99, 63%). The visual acuity was better postoperatively in 33/99 (34%) of the eyes; 58/99 (58%) of the eyes maintained finger counting visual acuity. Improvement in visual acuity was more frequent in eyes with rhegmatogenous detachment (23/53, 43%) than in those with traction detachment (10/46, 22%). Although improvement is generally limited, some patients are markedly benefitted by scleral buckling procedures.
First Graders' Conceptions of Literacy: A Matter of Schooling.

(1988). First graders' conceptions of literacy: A matter of schooling. Theory Into Practice: Vol. 27, Becoming a Student, pp. 53-61.
Reaching Psychology Majors Early About the Importance of Career Planning: A Classroom Presentation

The American Psychological Association has affirmed the importance of career planning and development in undergraduate psychology education. In an effort to improve instruction in this area, we dev...
A Low Temperature Brittle Fracture Investigation of Gray Iron and Nodular Iron on Machinery Casings

The resistance to brittle fracture of two iron alloys commonly used in machinery components is investigated. The Stress Intensity Factor (KI) is calculated using the principles of Fracture Mechanics, and is compared to available fracture toughness data in the form of Charpy Energies, and Plane Strain Fracture Toughness (KIc). Also presented are appropriate correlations to relate Charpy Energy and KIc. The critical flaw size (i.e., the flaw size necessary for brittle fracture) is also calculated and is presented in a generalized form which is applicable for various materials. The results of the investigation are evaluated, and the value of examining both Charpy and KIc data, particularly for irons, is discussed.Copyright © 1975 by ASME
Real-time dynamic hybrid BiST solution for Very-Low-Cost ATE production testing of A/D converters with controlled DPPM

The ideal goal of semiconductor quality assurance is to provide zero defective parts to the customer. In practice this goal is limited by test quality and test cost due to expensive ATE resources. It is typically not feasible to provide zero Defective Parts per Million (DPPM) for majority of applications due to the high costs of testing involved. Comprehensive functional tests to find all detectable faults typically have large test times resulting in a prohibitive cost. Work has been done in the field of digital testing with patterns where statistical tools are used in order to optimize the test cost and DPPM by real-time analysis. Our goal is to propose an Analog to Digital Converter (ADC) Built in Self Test (BiST) scheme which has compatibility with similar dynamic optimization measures. Multiple variants of Very Low Cost (VLC)- ATE have been developed for digital testing which rely on relaxed timing, power or tester channel requirements to lower hard-ware cost. Systems containing mixed-signal/RF components typically can not be tested on such ATE due to limitations/lack of analog/RF stimulus and measurement modules on VLC-ATE. This paper proposes a hybrid BIST scheme for ADCs to enable full production-quality testing as well as reduced coverage testing with VLC-ATE. We cover on-chip stimulus generation for a fully functional at-speed test as well as for a low-cost-reduced-coverage approach. Results for the BIST scheme are presented along with a discussion on implementation feasibility and merits. A vector based approach for observing ADC outputs is discussed which could be used with this scheme on VLC-ATE.
A Systematic Evaluation of Token Economies as a Classroom Management Tool for Students with Challenging Behavior.

A two-part systematic review was undertaken to assess the effectiveness of token economies in increasing rates of appropriate classroom behavior for students demonstrating behavioral difficulties. The first part of the review utilized the recently published What Works Clearinghouse (WWC) standards for evaluating single-subject research to determine the extent to which eligible studies demonstrated sufficient evidence to classify the token economy as an evidence-based practice. The second part of the review employed meta-analytic techniques across four different types of effect sizes to evaluate the quantitative strength of the findings. Methodological strengths and weaknesses across the studies were systematically investigated. Results indicated that the extant research on token economies does not provide sufficient evidence to be deemed best-practice based on the WWC criteria.
The association between respiratory distress and nonpulmonary morbidity at 34 to 36 weeks' gestation

Abstract Objective The study was undertaken to determine whether respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) is associated with an increased risk of nonpulmonary morbidity in neonates born between 34 to 36 weeks' gestation. Study design We performed a matched case-control study of 75 infants with (cases) and 75 without (controls) RDS, delivered between 34 and 36 weeks' gestation. Infants with RDS and no other causes for respiratory failure (anomalies, hydrops, asphyxia) were included. Controls were matched for gestational age at birth, year of care, gender, plurality, and race. Inpatient records were reviewed for the incidence of nonpulmonary morbidities before discharge. McNemar test and conditional logistic regression were used to evaluate differences between cases and controls. Results Our study cohort was 69% male, 48% white, 33% African American, and 19% Hispanic. Cases had longer hospital (11 vs 7days) and neonatal intensive care unit stays (10 vs 7days), and more frequent apnea-bradycardia (30% vs 5%), pneumonia (12% vs 1%), and suspected sepsis diagnoses (27% vs 3%), P ≤ .008 for each. Antibiotic use (96% vs 45%), transfusion (20% vs 0%), phototherapy (57% vs 29%), and hyperalimentation (57% vs 4%) were more common in the RDS group, P ≤ .002 for each. Other major morbidities (intraventricular hemorrhage, patent ductus arteriosus, necrotizing enterocolitis, bronchopulmonary dysplasia) were uncommon in cases and controls. Similar results were obtained when controlling for mode of delivery and antenatal steroid use. Conclusion RDS at 34 to 36 weeks is associated with increased morbidity and neonatal interventions. In the absence of RDS, major morbidity is uncommon.
Repair of urethral diverticulum by plication.

Abstract Objectives. To develop a new technique to repair congenital and acquired megaurethra without opening the enlarged urethra. Methods. A urethral plication similar to the Starr ureteral plication was developed, which allows the urethra to be plicated without opening into the lumen. This technique also allows the operation to be done in conjunction with hypospadias repairs. Results. Eight of 10 patients had uneventful recoveries. One had obstruction and infection that resolved with drainage and antibiotics. A coronal margin fistula developed in a patient who had urethral plication as well as urethral advancement. Conclusions. This new urethral plication eliminates the need for opening the urethra and its associated complications while preserving urethral blood supply and allowing associated hypospadias repairs to be simultaneously performed.
Children and Pedometers: A Study in Reactivity and Knowledge

Pedometers are simple inexpensive tools that are widely used for the measurement of physical activity. Reactivity is always a concern when using pedometers. An issue not yet addressed is the role previous knowledge has on the impact of reactivity. The primary purpose of this study was to examine if reactivity exists in 4th-6th grade students and if prior knowledge about pedometers had an effect on reactivity. Participants included 109 (54 females) 4th-6th grade students from a suburban charter school. Prior to data collection, students completed a questionnaire to measure their knowledge of pedometers. Pedometers were worn from after-school until before school each day for two weeks with half of the students wearing sealed devices the first week, then switching to unsealed. Steps were counted and pedometers were redistributed each afternoon. Repeated measures ANOVA results showed no significant differences in step counts between unsealed and sealed conditions, or when knowledge and experience regarding pedometers was included as a covariate. Pedometers are inexpensive and reliable tools that researchers and educators can use to measure physical activity. In this study reactivity did not occur with older elementary students and a student's knowledge of pedometers did not affect reactivity.
Elimination of the primary sources of measurement variability in single-mode fiber transmitted cutoff wavelength

It is shown that elimination of the two primary areas of cutoff measurement variability, sample deployment and transition structure, can dramatically improve the transmitted cutoff wavelength measurement repeatability. Careful control of the sample length and bend, both within the loop as well as outside the loop, are critical to obtaining reproducible results. Preventing the formation of transition structure can significantly improve the precision of the measurement, although the introduction of index matching or controlled microbending may be difficult to implement effectively on a routine basis. >
Future directions in behavioural syndromes research

A behavioural syndrome occurs when individuals behave in a consistent way through time or across contexts and is analogous to ‘personality’ or ‘temperament’. Interest is accumulating in behavioural syndromes owing to their important ecological and evolutionary consequences. There are plenty of opportunities in this burgeoning young field to integrate proximate and functional approaches to studying behaviour, but there are few guidelines about where to start or how to design a study on behavioural syndromes. After summarizing what we do and do not know, this brief review aims to act as a general guide for studying behavioural syndromes. Although the array of possible behavioural combinations can seem overwhelming, there are at least four different strategies that can be used to choose which behaviours or contexts to study in a behavioural syndromes view. I describe the strengths and weaknesses of these non-exclusive strategies, and then discuss the methodological and statistical issues raised by such studies.
CAK1 Promotes Meiosis and Spore Formation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae in a CDC28-Independent Fashion

CAK1 encodes a protein kinase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae whose sole essential mitotic role is to activate the Cdc28p cyclin-dependent kinase by phosphorylation of threonine-169 in its activation loop. SMK1 encodes a sporulation-specific mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase homolog that is required to regulate the postmeiotic events of spore wall assembly. CAK1 was previously identified as a multicopy suppressor of a weakened smk1 mutant and shown to be required for spore wall assembly. Here we show that Smk1p, like other MAP kinases, is phosphorylated in its activation loop and that Smk1p is not activated in a cak1 missense mutant. Strains harboring a hyperactivated allele of CDC28 that is CAK1 independent and that lacks threonine-169 still require CAK1 to activate Smk1p. The data indicate that Cak1p functions upstream of Smk1p by activating a protein kinase other than Cdc28p. We also found that mutants lacking CAK1 are blocked early in meiotic development, as they show substantial delays in premeiotic DNA synthesis and defects in the expression of sporulation-specific genes, including IME1. The early meiotic role of Cak1p, like the postmeiotic role in the Smk1p pathway, is CDC28 independent. The data indicate that Cak1p activates multiple steps in meiotic development through multiple protein kinase targets.
Anthraquinone-2-sulfonic acid (AQ2S) is a novel neurotherapeutic agent.

Anthraquinone derivatives such as emodin have recently been shown to protect in models of beta amyloid β (Aβ) and tau aggregation-induced cell death. The mechanisms of action possibly involve preconditioning effects, anti-aggregation properties, and/or enhancing the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT survival mechanism. We studied several natural (emodin, rhein, and aloin) and synthetic (AQ2S) anthraquinones, to screen for post-treatment therapeutic benefit in two models of neuronal death, namely hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and staurosporine (STS)-induced injury. Treatment with emodin, rhein, or aloin failed to reduce H2O2 injury. Moreover, consistent with emodin behaving like a mild toxin, it exacerbated oxidative injury at the highest concentration used (50 μM) in our post-treatment paradigm, and potently inhibited AKT. In contrast, AQ2S was neuroprotective. It reduced H2O2 injury at 50 and 75 μM. In addition, AQ2S potently inhibited staurosporine (STS)-induced injury. The mechanisms of action involve caspase inhibition and AKT activation. However, blockade of AKT signaling with LY294002 failed to abolish AQ2S-mediated protection on the STS assay. This is the first study to report that AQ2S is a new neuroprotective compound and a novel caspase inhibitor.
Insights from the first putative biosynthetic gene cluster for a lichen depside and depsidone

The genes for polyketide synthases (PKSs), enzymes that assemble the carbon backbones of many secondary metabolites, often cluster with other sec- ondary pathway genes. We describe here the first lichen PKS cluster likely to be implicated in the biosynthesis of a depside and a depsidone, compounds in a class almost exclusively produced by lichen fungi (mycobionts). With degenerate PCR with primers biased toward presumed PKS genes for depsides and depsidones we identified among the many PKS genes in Cladonia grayi four (CgrPKS13-16) potentially responsible for grayanic acid (GRA), the orcinol depsidone characteristic of this lichen. To single out a likely GRA PKS we compared mRNA and GRA induction in mycobiont cultures using the four candi- date PKS genes plus three controls; only CgrPKS16 expression closely matched GRA induction. CgrPKS16 protein domains were compatible with orcinol depside biosynthesis. Phylogenetically CgrPKS16 fell in a new subclade of fungal PKSs uniquely producing orcinol compounds. In the C. grayi genome CgrPKS16 clus- tered with a CytP450 and an O-methyltransferase gene, appropriately matching the three compounds in the GRA pathway. Induction, domain organization, phylog- eny and cluster pathway correspondence independently indicated that the CgrPKS16 cluster is most likely responsible for GRA biosynthesis. Specifically we propose that (i) a single PKS synthesizes two aromatic rings and links them into a depside, (ii) the depside to depsidone transition requires only a cytochrome P450 and (iii) lichen compounds evolved early in the radiation of filamentous fungi.
Hemimethylated duplex DNAs prepared from 5-azacytidine-treated cells

Abstract Duplex heavy-light (HL) DNAs synthesized in the presence of brdUrd and methylation inhibitors were separated from bulk cellular DNA by CsCl density gradient centrifugation and analysed for 5-methylcytosine (5mC) contents by HPLC. DNAs synthesized in the presence of 5 mM ethionine or 2 mg/ml cycloleucine were not detectably hypomethylated, was undermethylated with respect to control DNA. The heavy, or H-strand, in which up to 5% of the cytosine residues were replaced by intact 5-azacytosine, was undermethylated and the HL duplex DNA was therefore strand asymmetrically methylated. This duplex DNA served as an efficient substrate for a crude DNA methyltransferase preparation which transferred the methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine specifically into cytosine residues within the hypomethylated H strand. Increasing levels of incorporated 5-azacytosine inhibited the action of the methyltransferase suggesting that incorporation of 5-azacytosine into DNA may be responsible for the inhibitory effect of 5-azacytidine on DNA methylation.
Limits of confidentiality: Disclosure of HIV seropositivity.

You are providing long-term follow-up to an HIV-positive patient on whom you operated several monthsago.Thepatientisactivelyengagedinasexualrelation-ship with one of your colleagues. The patient admitsthat he has not disclosed his HIV status to his partner,and adamantly refuses to do so. Which of the followingis your appropriate response?
Introduction—A New Foreign Policy for a Fragmented World

September 11, 2001, stands as a watershed in American history. Not since the War of 1812 have civilian targets in the United States been so savagely assaulted by foreigners; and the British burning of government buildings in the nation's capital did not begin to approach the degree of carnage inflicted by terrorists in New York City, Washington, D.C., and on Flight 93 over Pennsylvania. Even the Japanese surprise attack at Pearl Harbor, directed toward a military target, now seems less shocking than the murder of over 3,000 mainly civilian people on 9/11.