cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Appraisal of Desire for Control over Healthcare: Structure, Stability, and Relation to Health Locus of Control and to the ‘Big Five’ Personality Traits

This study addressed the question of whether the traditional tripartite distinction between cognitive, decisional and behavioral control is meaningful as applied to desire for healthcare control. Subscales of the Krantz Health Opinion Survey and the Autonomy Preference Index were administered to 680 undergraduates along with the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Scales and the NEO-FFI Five-Factor Inventory. These measures were readministered to 523 of these subjects approximately seven weeks later. Confirmatory factor analysis of the data indicated that desire for healthcare control is best conceptualized as having three separate components. Desire for information was clearly unrelated to either desire for behavioral or decisional control; however the latter two forms of control, which are indicative of more active engagement by the individual, overlapped to a moderate degree. The three-factor model was stable over time and the component factors (particularly desire for decisional and behavioral control) were also stable. No strong relationships were found between the component factors and measures of health locus of control or the basic personality trait dimensions measured by the NEO, suggesting that the factors represent largely situation-specific traits. Findings were discussed in terms of how they may have been influenced by variability in the instruments that were used to measure the separate desire for healthcare control components, and in terms of the need for criterion-related validational work especially in the crucial area of decisional control.
Covalent Gluing and Postgluing of Langmuir−Blodgett Monolayers at Hydrocarbon Surfaces

Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) monolayers of 5,11,17,23,29,35-hexaformyl-37,38,39,40,41,42-hexakis(1-n-octyloxy)-calix[6]arene (2), deposited onto silylated silicon wafers, were cross-linked (i.e., "covalently glued") via Schiff base formation with poly(allylamine). Direct evidence for imine formation was obtained from X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and from attenuated total reflection IR spectroscopy. These modified surfaces could be removed from the aqueous subphase into air with retention of the assembly and its orientation relative to the surface, as evidenced by atomic force microscopy, water contact angle measurements, and film thickness determinations by ellipsometry. Similar assemblies were also synthesized via a postgluing procedure, in which the substrate containing the LB monolayer was removed from the subphase and rapidly immersed into an aqueous solution containing poly(allylamine). The potential of combining postgluing methods with continuous LB film deposition as a surface modification technique is briefly discussed.
UV emission and probe diagnostics and computational modeling of a low pressure microwave excited microplasma source

Low-pressure microwave-excited microplasmas have a wide variety of potential applications, including their use as UV photoionization sources for mass spectrometry. Resonant microwave microstrip architectures can be used to initiate and sustain these microplasmas. When operated in a windowless configuration, the plasma plume exiting from an aperture in the plasma confinement structure contains a complex mixture of particle species (UV photons, groundstate neutrals, metastables, and plasma electrons and ions)1. Understanding the makeup of this plume is critical to optimize parameters for photoionization, or any other application where exposure to the plasma plume takes place.
The current status of hydrogen storage in metal–organic frameworks

The theoretical and experimental hydrogen storage studies on metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have been reviewed. Seven distinct factors influencing hydrogen uptake capacity in MOFs have been classified and discussed. Based on existing studies, some possible future developments have been proposed.
NEW SPECIES OF LONG-LEGGED FLIES (DIPTERA: DOLICHOPODIDAE) FROM CENTRAL PENNSYLVANIA

Four new species of Dolichopodidae are described from central Pennsylvania: Campsicnemus wilderae Runyon, Dolichopus dracula Runyon, Dolichopus hurleyi Runyon, and Dolichopus frosti Runyon. Keys to males of Campsicnemus Haliday and Dolichopus Latreille with lamellate aristae are provided for species from eastern North America.
Employment Distribution and Land-Use Structure in the Metropolitan Area of Columbus, Ohio

AbstractLand-use structure variables derived from landscape ecology theory are introduced into traditional employment density models based on the distance to the major central business district in the monocentric framework or on distances to multiple employment centers in the polycentric framework. Four groups of land use indexes related to size, complexity, diversity, and neighborhood are computed for the Columbus, Ohio, metropolitan area. Models are first constructed for each of its seven counties separately and then combined to form a complete metropolitan-level model. The spatial error model (SEM) is used to account for the spatial autocorrelation that characterizes the data. The results show that distances to both Columbus and county central business districts (CBDs) are strong employment density determinants but also show that land-use structure, measured by the dominance index and the mean edge contrast index, is an important employment density factor. The predictive capability of the model is vali...
Pressure Reversal of Inhilation Anesthetic-Induced Disorder in Spin-Labeled Phospholipid Vesicles

Summary The effects of anesthetics in luminous bacteria, newts, tadpoles. and mice are reversed by application of 150-200 atm of helium or hydrostatic pressure. The disorder induced by the inhalation anesthetic halothane in spin-labeled phospholipid vesicles is also reversed by similar pressures of helium. If pressure reversal of anesthesia occurs in intact nerve systems. then all theories of anesthesia must accommodate the phenomenon and nerve membrane model systems demonstrate it as well. The occurrence of pressure reversal in spin-labeled phospholipid vesicles supports their use as models for the hydrophobic region of nerve membranes and suggests that the primary site of pressure reversal is in the lipid phase of the nerve membrane. This finding is in agreement with the theory that anesthetics act by disordering the lipid region of the membranes.
Terranes of the Western Sierra Nevada Foothills Metamorphic Belt, California: A Critical Review

Previous classifications of the western Sierra Nevada Foothills belt have been modified into five geologic packages: the Northern Sierra terrane, Feather River terrane, Calaveras Complex, Jura-Triassic arc belt, and Middle—Late Jurassic arc sequence. The Northern Sierra terrane comprises the Shoo Fly Complex and an overlying Paleozoic succession of arc volcanics. The Feather River terrane is predominantly serpentinized ultramafics containing tectonic blocks of amphibolite, plagiogranite, and mafic schists. The Permian-Late Triassic Calaveras Complex is a subduction melange comprising psuedostratigraphic sequences of both chert and argillite with incorporated blocks of limestone, amphibolite, greenschist, phyllite, and basalt. The Red Ant schist is also included in this terrane even though it is of higher metamorphic grade. The Jura-Triassic arc belt consists of a Paleozoic basement of disrupted ophiolite, serpentinite melange, and ultramafic rocks overlain by uppermost Triassic—Early Jurassic arc volcanic...
Feeding Space Requirements for Young Turkey Poults

Abstract Certain practices in poultry management are adopted on the basis of trial and error. As a result, recommendations based on the experiences of successful growers may show considerable variation. Standard texts on turkey management vary in their recommendations of the feeding space to be allowed each poult during the brooding period. One text recommends 1⅓ inches per poult (Jull, 1947) while another (Marsden and Martin, 1949) recommends 1½ to 2 inches per poult. Recommendations based on a survey made by the American Feed Manufacturers’ Association state that the minimum feeding space for chicks is 1¾ inches per chick. The poults were brooded on wire, and gas brooders were used for the first six weeks. The first test had duplicate pens while the second test did not. When mortality occurred, feeding space dimensions were adjusted to maintain the prescribed amount of space. The feeders were 4″ wide and 2″ deep and …
Presubicular and parasubicular cortical neurons of the rat: electrophysiological and morphological properties.

Intracellular recordings and Neurobiotin-injection were used to examine the electrophysiology and morphology of presubicular and parasubicular cortical neurons in horizontal slices from rat brains. Evoked responses were obtained by stimulation of subicular and entorhinal cortices. Stellate cells were recorded in layers II and V of presubiculum and parasubiculum. Superficial layer cells had spiny dendrites that were found to reach layer I. Deep layer cells had sparsely spiny dendrites or dendrites without spines that did not reach past layer IV. Pyramidal cells were recorded in layers III and V of presubiculum and layers II and V of parasubiculum. Superficial layer cells had spiny dendrites that were found to reach layer I. Deep layer cells had sparsely spiny dendrites or dendrites without spines that could reach layer II. Electrophysiologically, stellate and pyramidal cells were similar to one another, regardless of cell layer, exhibiting repetitive single spiking in response to depolarizing current injection. No cells were found to burst in response to current injection. While there were subtle electrophysiological differences among the cell types, stellate cells were more similar to pyramidal cells from the same or adjacent layers than to other stellate cells from more distant layers. Similarly, pyramidal cells were electrophysiologically more similar to nearby stellate cells than to other distant pyramidal cells. Cells of all layers responded to subicular stimulation with a short latency ( 20 ms) to stimulation of superficial layers of medial entorhinal cortex. Deep layer cells responded at short latencies (< 9 ms) to stimulation of deep layers of medial entorhinal cortex. Many cells responded to both subicular and entorhinal inputs. Both pyramidal and stellate cells in the deep layer of pre/parasubiculum could exhibit population bursting behavior in response to stimulation of subiculum or entorhinal cortex. The results define the cellular morphology and basic electrophysiology of presubicular and parasubicular neurons of the rat brain as a step toward understanding the physiology of the retrohippocampal cortices.
The typography of environmental impact statements: Criteria, evaluation, and public participation

Guidelines for implementation of the National Environmental Policy Act state that environmental impact statements (EISs) shall use “appropriate graphics.” We examined one component of graphics, typography, identifying applicable criteria from the literature and applying them to 150 EISs prepared by seven agencies. We found that the EISs ranged widely in typographic quality. The average EIS met fewer than seven of ten criteria; 12% were considered unreadable. The results suggest that weak typography may seriously limit public review of EISs. Agencies are encouraged to make typography a serious component of their public participation programs.
Application of the hall detector and a surface-bonded carbowax 20M column to analysis of organochlorine pesticides in human biological samples

Abstract An evaluation of a gas chromatographic electrolytic conductivity detector system (Hall detector) was conducted for the determination and confirmation of selected organochlorine pesticides at sub-ppm concentration levels in human biological extracts. The sample extracts were also analyzed with electron capture gas chromatography for comparison purposes. The linear regression lines for both sets of data were calculated by the least squares method. A high degree of correlation between the data sets was found. Also evaluated as part of the electrolytic conductivity detector system was a column with Carbowax 20M bonded to the surface of the support. The effect of repeated injections of extracts with a high content of lipids on the performance of the Hall detector and column was investigated. Gel-permeation chromatography was found to be valuable as a technique for additional clean-up of certain extracts having an adverse effect on the performance of the Hall detector due to excessive lipid material.
Spliceosome assembly in yeast: one ChIP at a time?

When and how the spliceosome assembles on its substrates in living yeast cells has been unclear. It is now evident that the 'when' is during transcription; the 'how' remains debatable.
Opportunity costs: Their place in the theory and practice of production

The concept of opportunity cost, or foregone opportunities, is central to the economists' discussion of full costs. In many of these discussions opportunity cost in exchange is emphasized, while the opportunity costs in production are not fully discussed and embellished. It is the purpose of this paper to expand upon the notion of opportunity cost in production and demonstrate that, under general conditions, the full costs of economic theory may often illuminate the alternatives of a management decision problem.
Edge structure of epitaxial graphene islands

Graphene islands grown epitaxially on 6H-SiC(0001) were studied using scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy. Under specific growth conditions, $\ensuremath{\approx}10\text{ }\text{nm}$ single-layer graphene islands are observed on top of the SiC buffer layer and align with the SiC(0001)-$1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1$ lattice directions. Atomic-resolution images show that the edges of the island closely follow an armchair-edge configuration.
Lagrangian applications of the coastal surface currents using high-frequency radar in California

The hindcast and near real-time Lagrangian applications of the coastal surface currents measured by high-frequency (HF) radar are presented. The hourly surface current maps created by HF radar network along the California coast are applied to the coastal river plume, the oil spill experiment, and the oil spill and ocean outfall tracking.
Simple self-consistent theory of the Mott transition☆

Abstract A simple theory of the metal-insulator transition is proposed based on the Hubbard model of narrow-band metals.
Filtered Rayleigh Scattering-Based Concentration Measurements for a Horizontal Buoyant Jet

Filtered Rayleigh scattering (FRS) is a non-intrusive technique which is used to study a variety of flowfields. It utilizes a narrow linewidth laser, an absorption filter, and a detector. The laser illuminates the flow field and molecular scattering provides the signal to the camera. The difference in molecular cross section can be used to discriminate between unmixed gaseous components. The focus of this research is to document the behavior of a horizontal buoyant jet of gaseous helium using FRS. Despite its simplicity, the behavior of the near field of horizontal buoyant jets is sparsely described in the literature compared to vertical buoyant jets. Gross features, such as jet core trajectory and gross mixing rate are generally characterized using Reynolds number (Re) and Grashof number (Gr), and are presented herein as well. The FRS system for this research consists of a continuous coherent argon Sabre R series ion laser, an iodine absorption filter, and a PCO.4000 camera. A helium jet of precisely controlled mass flow rate is flows through a tube into the surrounding ambient laboratory with a very low velocity co-flow of particle free air. The behavior of jets with Reynolds numbers under 1000 are described in this report. Our results of our study show a clear expulsion of core fluid in the form of side jets, consistent with helical mode excitation. The pattern of core fluid expulsion is striking and apparently is Reynolds number dependent. Additionally, the trajectory and mixing characteristics of the buoyant jet were analyzed as a function of downstream distance. A significant portion of this study is dedicated to measuring the rate at which FRS data can be acquired with a continuous wave laser. Exposure times as small as 0.01 seconds provided some data, though most of the analysis was performed for longer time exposures to improve the signal to noise ratio.
Discovering Emotion in Classroom Motivation Research

This article discusses the serendipitous findings that illustrated the importance of students' and teachers' emotions during instructional interactions. Through revisiting former assumptions and findings, this article concludes that emotion is an essential part of studying motivation in classroom interactions. Emotions are intertwined in teachers' instructional responses and students' beliefs and actions, constituting an integral part of the interpersonal processes that create classroom contexts. This article calls for new theoretical syntheses and research programs that integrate emotion, motivation, and cognition as equal components in the social process of learning.
Selections from current literature: abortion, breast cancer and causal inferences

Five recent articles evaluating the association between breast cancer and spontaneous and/or induced abortion are reviewed and the possibilities of bias and study weakness are addressed. The Greek study which was well conducted concluded that induced abortion was at most marginally associated with any increased risk of breast cancer. The Washington State study found induced abortion to increase the risk of breast cancer but it had several difficulties or biases: small numbers in some subgroups restriction to White women differences between cases and controls (e.g. age) and recall bias throwing the findings off by 16-50%. The Italian study concluded that neither spontaneous nor induced abortion increase the risk of breast cancer but it could not examine abortions before the first birth due to small numbers. Since this study included spontaneous and induced abortions it was difficult to control for confounding factors. New York mandates reporting of cancer cases and of induced and spontaneous abortions at any gestational age. The New York study used computerized data bases that largely addressed various types of bias. Yet the study would have been better served had the researchers checked on the completeness of the data and stated the level of underreporting for abortions and breast cancer. The Swedish cohort study linked the records of about 49000 women in the study with the Swedish Cancer Register which likely reduced the likelihood of recall bias to nil. It found no overall increased risk of breast cancer after an induced abortion in the first trimester of women younger than 30. The studys weaknesses included insufficient follow-up on most of the cohort no control on possible confounding factors and an estimated cohort size. The overall conclusion is that the strength of the association is small; there is no consistency specificity nor biologic gradient; and the scientific work is incomplete and needs further scrutiny. A meta-analysis of the 35 reports on this issue is needed.
Estimates of effective characteristics of random cell structures in terms of effective characteristics of periodic structures

The bounds of effective characteristics of random cell structures are obtained in terms of effective characteristics of periodic structures.
“Pycnobathic” Currents over the Upper Continental Slope

Abstract The dynamic interaction of a sloping seafloor with along-isobath density variation is calculated for cases involving a sharp pycnocline and a surface-to-bottom front. Pycnocline depth is supposed to vary in the alongshore direction only, over a sloping plane seafloor; the bottom trace of the surface-to-bottom front is supposed to cut across isobaths. The calculations are diagnostic and make use of linearized equations with a linear bottom friction term. The results illustrate the manner in which cross-isobath baroclinic flow is converted at the slope into a barotropic flow field, with velocities nearly parallel to the isobaths. The “forward” portion of the slope (that which lies in the direction of Kelvin wave propagation) only is affected, if there is only one inflow or outflow region. However, for equal and opposite inflow and outflow, a closed circulation pattern arises connecting these two regions, accompanied by a secondary closed circulation cell forward of both the inflow and outflow legs....
Impedance spectroscopic analysis of forward biased metal oxide semiconductor tunnel diodes (MOSTD)

Abstract We present impedance spectroscopic analyses made on forward biased minority carrier type metal oxide semiconductor tunnel diodes (MOSTD). Bias dependence of the spectra, i.e. the real and imaginary parts and the Cole–Cole plots, shows the transition of characteristic minority carrier dynamics. At moderate bias levels, interface recombination dominates and the spectra follow the Debye type model with a single time constant determined primarily by the tunneling resistance and by the oxide capacitance. At higher bias levels, a high level of minority carrier injection leads to conductivity modulation in the bulk and the spectra deviate significantly from the prototype model as indicated by an anomalous inductive reactance. The results point to the important role of interfacial ultrathin oxides, i.e. increasing the minority carrier injection ratio, in Schottky diodes.
Incidence of para-aortic and pelvic lymph node metastases in epithelial carcinoma of the ovary.

Abstract In patients with ovarian carcinoma, the presence of metastatic disease in a retroperitoneal lymph node is indicative of a poor prognosis. Although a "staging laparotomy" is required for proper treatment, definitive information concerning para-aortic and pelvic lymph node metastasis often is not available. To determine the incidence of retroperitoneal lymph node metastases in untreated cases of ovarian carcinoma, a prospective study by selective nodal biopsy was undertaken in 61 unselected patients with the following distribution: Stage I, 11; Stage II, 10; Stage III, 31; and Stage IV, 9. The incidence of para-aortic node metastasis overall was 37.7% and of pelvic node metastasis, 14.8%. Of 23 patients with positive para-aortic nodes, 30.4% had no concomitant pelvic node involvement. Direct relationships between nodal metastasis and clinical stage, tumor grade, and histologic type of tumor were demonstrated. The incidence of positive para-aortic nodes in Stage I disease was 18.2%; in Stage II, 20.0%; in Stage III, 41.9%; and in Stage IV, 66.7%. The corresponding incidence of pelvic node metastasis was 9.1% in Stage I, 10.0% in Stage II, 12.9% in Stage III, and 33.3% in Stage IV. Grade 3 tumors were associated most frequently with nodal involvement, with an incidence of positive para-aortic nodes of 52.5% and of positive pelvic nodes of 15.5%. In patients with a serous type of malignancy, the frequencies of positive para-aortic/pelvic nodes were 44.4%/16.7%, respectively; in the undifferentiated type, 50.0%/10.0%; in the clear cell type, 25.0%/25.0%; and in the mucinous type, 14.3%/ 14.3%. In this small series, 32 patients (52.5%) had positive retroperitoneal nodal involvement. It is concluded that selective biopsies of the para-aortic and pelvic lymph nodes should be part of any "staging laparotomy" for ovarian carcinoma, and that the true incidence of nodal involvement in these patients awaits further investigation.
Accelerated dual coordinate algorithms for separable convex cost network flow problems

Nonlinear network flow problems are convex minimization problems that arise in diverse applications from transportation to finance. The network structure of the constraints and the separability of objectives make this class of problems suitable for special algorithms that are orders of magnitude faster than standard convex optimization methods. Dual coordinate algorithms such as є-relaxation are among the fastest methods for solving such separable convex cost network flow problems. In this paper, we identify conditions where the є-relaxation algorithm is inefficient and requires many iterations to make progress towards convergence. We subsequently develop a new algorithm that avoids such conditions while preserving the advantages of the original є-relaxation algorithm. It is inspired by techniques used in the auction algorithm for linear assignment problems. We show that our new algorithm is correct and shares the same worst-case complexity as the original algorithm. Through extensive numerical experiments on benchmark problems we demonstrate that our new algorithm significantly reduces computation times over the original algorithm because it replaces many steps of є-relaxation by a single large step.
HABITAT CHARACTERIZATIONS UNDERESTIMATE THE ROLE OF EDAPHIC FACTORS CONTROLLING THE DISTRIBUTION OF ENTANDROPHRAGMA

Numerous theories have been developed and tested to explain the high botanical diversity in tropical forests, ranging from nonequilibrium theories emphasizing the importance of chance to equilibrium theories depicting highly specialized species occupying narrow ecological niches. Niche-based theories have most often evaluated species adaptation to different light environments, but some studies have evaluated the importance of edaphic attributes in controlling species distributions. We evaluated the role of edaphic factors in controlling the distribution of African mahogany in the genus Entandrophragma on a 100-ha plot in the Dzanga-Sangha Dense Forest Reserve, Central African Republic. This study went beyond simple characterization of edaphic conditions in topographic or other classes to test for specific associations with chemical and physical soil parameters known to be important to plant growth. Trees ≥30 cm dbh of the four species of Entandrophragma evaluated were nonrandomly distributed in the forest. Torus translation tests indicated that none of the species exhibited any topographic preferences. However, three of the four species had significant associations with at least two soil chemical attributes. Randomization tests evaluating links between soil chemical and physical properties and topographic position underscored the complexity of the relationship and suggest that inferring edaphic attributes from broadly and simply defined habitat classes may significantly underestimate the importance of soil heterogeneity in contributing to species coexistence.
On reference trajectory modification approach for Cartesian space neural network control of robot manipulators

It is well known that computed torque robot control is subjected to performance degradation due to uncertainties in robot model, and application of neural network (NN) compensation techniques are promising. In this paper we examine the effectiveness of NN as a compensator for the complex problem of Cartesian space control. In particular we examine the differences in system performance when the same NN compensator is applied at different locations in the controller. It is found that using NN to modify the reference trajectory to compensate for model uncertainties is much more effective than the traditional approach of modifying joint torque/force. To facilitate the analysis, a new NN training signal is introduced. The study is extended to non-model based Cartesian control problem. Simulation results are also presented.
Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders: implications for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-associated malignancies.

Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLDs) comprise a histologic spectrum, ranging from hyperplasticappearing lesions to frank non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma or multiple myeloma histology. Multiple clones may coexist, each representing a discrete lymphomagenic event, a situation that is unique to immunodeficiency states. The incidence varies from 1% in renal recipients to 5% in heart recipients, but can be markedly increased by the use of anti-T-cell therapies or by T-cell depletion in bone marrow transplantation. PTLD continues to arise, even many years after transplantation, and late T-cell lymphomas have recently been recognized. Pretransplant Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) seronegativity increases risk to as high as 30%–50%. PTLD has a highly variable clinical picture; certain patterns are, however, seen. Reversibility of PTLD with reduction in immunosuppressives has long been recognized. Predicting reversibility has been difficult. The presence or absence of bcl-6 mutations has recently been identified as being of predictive value. Surgical resection can be curative. Cytotoxics, although problematic, can also be curative. Long-term remission has been achieved with anti CD21 and CD24 antibodies; efficacy has been reported for interferon alfa and for rituximab. In vitro expanded EBV-specific T cells have been effective as treatment and as prophylaxis in the setting of bone marrow transplantation. EBV viral load measured in blood appears to associate with the emergence of PTLD and may facilitate prophylactic studies. PTLD is a model of immunodeficiency-related EBV lymphomagenesis. Pathogenetic, therapeutic, and prophylactic insights gained from the study of PTLD are likely to be applicable to the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome setting. [J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 2000;28:38–43]
Sharp boundary inversion of 2D magnetotelluric data

We consider 2D earth models consisting of laterally variable layers. Boundaries between layers are described by their depths at a set of nodes and interpolated laterally between nodes. Conductivity within each layer is described by values at a set of nodes fixed within each layer, and is interpolated laterally within each layer. Within the set of possible models of this sort, we iteratively invert magnetotelluric data for models minimizing the lateral roughness of the layer boundaries, and the lateral roughness of conductivities within layers, for a given level of data misfit. This stabilizes the inverse problem and avoids superfluous detail. This approach allows the determination of boundary positions between geological units with sharp discontinuities in properties across boundaries, while sharing the stability features of recent smooth conductivity distribution inversions. We compare sharp boundary inversion results with smooth conductivity distribution inversion results on a numerical example, and on inversion of field data from the Columbia River flood basalts of Washington State. In the synthetic example, where true positions and resistivities are known, sharp boundary inversion results determine both layer boundary locations and layer resistivities accurately. In inversion of Columbia flood basalt data, sharp boundary inversion recovers a model with substantially less internal variation within units, and less ambiguity in both the depth to base of the basalts and depth to resistive basement.
The electrochemical properties of dental amalgam.

The effects of variations in composition and processing on the open-circuit electrode potentials measured as a function of time of amalgams made from silver–tin, silver–tin–copper, silver–tin–zinc, and silver–tin–copper–zinc alloys have been determined at 37°C in distilled water, in saline solution, as well as in acetate and citrate solutions buffered to pH values of 3, 7, and 10. The electrochemical potentials of the alloys measured as a function of time in neutral acetate solutions show anodic polarization from an initial cathodic potential value of approximately 0.1 v with respect to the standard hydrogen electrode to a constant potential level depending upon alloy composition. In neutral acetate solution the potential–time curves of silver–tin amalgams with 7:5 mercury to alloy ratio show a rapid anodic polarization from an initial anodic potential value of 0.28 v to a minimum value of 0.05 v at approximately 1 hr followed by a potential reversal to a plateau value of 0.40 v. For 7:5 amalgams in neutral acetate solutions increases in both the trituration time and in the severity of processing deformation cause a small increase in initial potential, with a decrease in anodic polarization, while an increase in amalgam age lowers both the initial potential value and the longer-time potential plateau. Increasing the mercury content of the amalgam to a 2:1 ratio decreases the rate of potential reversal from the minimum, whereas decreasing the ratio to 4:5 decreases the amount of depolarization from the minimum value. The effects of copper and zinc additions to silver–tin alloys are mixed. In neutral acetate solution the 7:5 ratio amalgams from silver–tin–copper alloys show anodic polarization from the same initial value as the silver–tin amalgams, followed by a region of decreased polarization. Both silver–tin–zinc and silver–tin–copper–zinc alloys exhibit a much higher initial anodic potential (0.78 v), and following the achievement of the potential plateau have a slow anodic polarization to the long-time potential value shown by silver–tin amalgam. Three commercial alloy amalgams were studied in neutral acetate solution. The two amalgams containing zinc have a potential behavior similar to that of the experimental zinc-containing amalgam; the non-zinc amalgam shows a rapid anodic polarization from an initial anodic potential value of 0.24 v, a minimum at 1 hr, and a reversal to the long-time potential values of 0.40 v shown by the zinc-containing amalgam.
Stalking the Fourth Domain in Metagenomic Data: Searching for, Discovering, and Interpreting Novel, Deep Branches in Marker Gene Phylogenetic Trees

Background: Most of our knowledge about the ancient evolutionary history of organisms has been derived from data associated with specific known organisms (i.e., organisms that we can study directly such as plants, metazoans, and culturable microbes). Recently, however, a new source of data for such studies has arrived: DNA sequence data generated directly from environmental samples. Such metagenomic data has enormous potential in a variety of areas including, as we argue here, in studies of very early events in the evolution of gene families and of species. Methodology/Principal Findings: We designed and implemented new methods for analyzing metagenomic data and used them to search the Global Ocean Sampling (GOS) Expedition data set for novel lineages in three gene families commonly used in phylogenetic studies of known and unknown organisms: small subunit rRNA and the recA and rpoB superfamilies. Though the methods available could not accurately identify very deeply branched ss-rRNAs (largely due to difficulties in making robust sequence alignments for novel rRNA fragments), our analysis revealed the existence of multiple novel branches in the recA and rpoB gene families. Analysis of available sequence data likely from the same genomes as these novel recA and rpoB homologs was then used to further characterize the possible organismal source of the novel sequences. Conclusions/Significance: Of the novel recA and rpoB homologs identified in the metagenomic data, some likely come from uncharacterized viruses while others may represent ancient paralogs not yet seen in any cultured organism. A third possibility is that some come from novel cellular lineages that are only distantly related to any organisms for which sequence data is currently available. If there exist any major, but so-far-undiscovered, deeply branching lineages in the tree of life, we suggest that methods such as those described herein currently offer the best way to search for them.
Stable levitation control of magnetically suspended vehicles with structural flexibility

This paper presents a simple analysis evaluating the stability threshold for magnetically levitated flexible structures using dissipative collocated controllers. It is shown that with such a control structure, the controller that stabilizes a rigid levitated mass can also stabilize a flexible structure with the same overall mass and electrodynamics. This principle has been experimentally demonstrated on flexible single and multi- magnet levitation systems.
Early Statin Therapy for Acute Coronary Syndromes

OBJECTIVE:To review the clinical benefit of statins in the early management of acute coronary syndromes (ACSs) and their possible mechanisms of benefit.DATA SOURCES:A MEDLINE search (1966–September 2001) was conducted using the following terms: pravastatin, lovastatin, simvastatin, atorvastatin, cerivastatin, fluvastatin, statins, hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor, acute coronary syndromes, unstable angina, and myocardial infarction. Pertinent articles referenced in these publications were also reviewed.STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION:French- and English-language human and animal studies were selected and analyzed.DATA SYNTHESIS:In addition to their lipid-lowering properties, statins produce several nonlipid-related properties. These pleiotropic properties include improved endothelial function, reduction of inflammation at the site of the atherosclerotic plaque, inhibition of platelet aggregation, and anticoagulant effects, all of which may result in clinical benefit during ACSs. Pr...
First Year DSP Education in the Context of ECE Curriculum Reform

Over time DSP education has tracked the evolution and growth of its theoretical foundations, hardware and implementation resources, and engineering education context. First year DSP courses have often had dual objectives of both motivating students to consider EE through an interesting first course and laboratory experience and also satisfying some part of the major curriculum requirements. Recent trends in engineering education and curriculum reform may offer opportunities to include DSP content in the early curriculum in a more distributed manner rather than as a single course. Reformed EE programs may focus on multidisciplinary and integrated freshman experiences in terms of design projects or specific context themes. This paper explores how DSP course content might be integrated into first year experiences in this context and explores implications with respect to concept continuity and assessment.
Polyaniline and polypyrrole oxygen reversible electrodes

Abstract The effect of oxygen on the potential of reduced forms of polyaniline and polypyrrole were investigated. These forms of polyaniline and polypyrrole were not stable in the presence of oxygen. Zinc–polyaniline, zinc–polypyrrole, polyaniline–polyaniline (PANI–PANI), and polypyrrole–polypyrrole (PPy–PPy) batteries were constructed and studied. The effect of oxygen on the short-circuit current of these batteries showed that the cathode material, i.e., polyaniline and polypyrrole, can be regenerated by oxygen oxidation after discharge. These materials are potential candidates for the use as O 2 “fuel cell” type electrocatalytic electrodes.
Total Variation Deconvolution using Split Bregman

Deblurring is the inverse problem of restoring an image that has been blurred and possibly corrupted with noise. Deconvolution refers to the case where the blur to be removed is linear and shift-invariant so it may be expressed as a convolution of the image with a point spread function. Convolution corresponds in the Fourier domain to multiplication, and deconvolution is essentially Fourier division. The challenge is that since the multipliers are often small for high frequencies, direct division is unstable and plagued by noise present in the input image. Eective deconvolution requires a balance between frequency recovery and noise suppression. Total variation (TV) regularization is a successful technique for achieving this balance in deblurring problems. It was introduced to image denoising by Rudin, Osher, and Fatemi [4] and then applied to deconvolution by Rudin and Osher [5]. In this article, we discuss TV-regularized deconvolution with Gaussian noise and its ecient solution using the split Bregman algorithm of Goldstein and Osher [16]. We show a straightforward extension for Laplace or Poisson noise and develop empirical estimates for the optimal value of the regularization parameter .
Heterocyclic zinc-binding groups for use in next-generation matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors: potency, toxicity, and reactivity

In an effort to improve the zinc-chelating portion of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitors, we have developed a family of heterocyclic zinc-binding groups (ZBGs) as alternatives to the widely used hydroxamic acid moiety. Elaborating on findings from an earlier report, we performed in vitro inhibition assays with recombinant MMP-1, MMP-2, and in a cell culture assay using neonatal rat cardiac fibroblast cells. In both recombinant and cell culture assays, the new ZBGs were found to be effective inhibitors, typically 10-100-fold more potent than acetohydroxamic acid. The toxicity of these chelators was examined by using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium salt cytotoxicity assays, which demonstrate that most of these compounds are nontoxic at concentrations of almost 100 microM. To address the possible interaction of sulfur-containing ZBGs with biological reductants, the reactivity of these chelators with 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) was examined. Finally, thione ZBGs were shown to be effective inhibitors of cell invasion through an extracellular matrix membrane. The data presented herein suggest these heterocyclic ZBGs are potent, nontoxic, and biocompatible compounds that show promise for incorporation into a new family of MMP inhibitors.
Supervenience and neuroscience

The philosophical technical term “supervenience” is frequently used in the philosophy of mind as a concise way of characterizing the core idea of physicalism in a manner that is neutral with respect to debates between reductive physicalists and nonreductive physicalists. I argue against this alleged neutrality and side with reductive physicalists. I am especially interested here in debates between psychoneural reductionists and nonreductive functionalist physicalists. Central to my arguments will be considerations concerning how best to articulate the spirit of the idea of supervenience. I argue for a version of supervenience, “fine-grained supervenience,” which is the claim that if, at a given time, a single entity instantiates two distinct mental properties, it must do so in virtue of instantiating two distinct physical properties. I argue further that despite initial appearances to the contrary, such a construal of supervenience can be embraced only by reductive physicalists.
Modeling of Heat Transfer Attenuation by Ablative Gases During the Stardust Reentry

The great majority of modern space vehicles designed for planetary exploration use ablative materials to protect the payload against the high heating environment experienced during re-entry. In order to properly model and predict the aerothermal environment of the vehicle, it is imperative to account for the gases produced by ablation processes. In the case of charring ablators, where an inner resin is pyrolyzed at a relatively low temperature, the composition of the gas expelled into the boundary layer is complex and may lead to thermal chemical reactions that cannot be captured with simple ow chemistry models. In order to obtain better predictions, an appropriate gas ow chemistry model needs to be included in the CFD calculations. The eects of allowing such gaseous species to form in the ow eld have notable repercussions on the amount of heat uxes to the surfaces. The present study aims to examine the eects
Analysis of the Function of Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli EspB by Random Mutagenesis

Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) is an important cause of infantile diarrhea, especially in developing countries. EspB, a key virulence factor of EPEC, is required for the attaching and effacing effect characteristic of EPEC and enterohemorrhagic E. coli and has been posited to play several functions in the process of infection. Attaching and effacing activity is associated with the accumulation of filamentous actin beneath adherent bacteria as measured in the fluorescence actin staining (FAS) test. To determine whether different domains of EspB are responsible for different functions, 42 plasmids carrying mutated espB were introduced into an espB deletion mutant. Two major groups of espB mutants were identified. One group of 17 mutants exhibited positive FAS results and normal levels of hemolytic activity. Another group of 22 mutants exhibited negative FAS results and low levels of hemolytic activity. Three mutants were exceptional. One mutant was FAS positive but had significantly reduced hemolytic activity. Conversely, a second mutant was FAS negative but had full hemolytic activity. A third mutant had a significantly reduced FAS level compared to the wild type but full hemolytic activity. The results of EspF and Tir translocation assays confirmed that FAS-negative insertions disrupt effector translocation and mutants with FAS-positive insertions retain protein translocation activity. These results suggest that EspB has distinct domain functions involved in effector translocation that can be distinguished from its role as a component of the translocation pore.
The “Middle Ground” Perspective on the Expropriation of Indian Lands

In How the Indians Lost Their Land, Law and Power on the Frontier (2005), Stuart Banner weaves together a perceptive interpretation of the historical record, with a novel economic analysis of conflicts, to create a sophisticated narrative of the process by which European colonists took control of the lands that now comprise the United States. Banner's view of expropriation falls somewhere between the parsimony of an economic model and the richness of a traditional historical account. It forms part of a growing trend to focus on finding positive facts about the taking of Indian lands, as opposed to making normative judgments.
A Practical Procedure for Customizable One-Way Sensitivity Analysis in Additive Value Models

Although a wide variety of sensitivity analysis methods for additive value models appear in the literature, the most commonly used and easily understood is one-way sensitivity analysis. We address concerns from practice with this traditional method and build the mathematical foundation for a new and robust one-way sensitivity analysis approach that enables the decision maker(s) to gain a greater ownership of the model. A traditional one-way sensitivity analysis varies one attribute weight while keeping all others proportionally constant; although useful, it also has limitations, particularly in group decision making. Our proposed methodology, customizable one-way sensitivity analysis (COSA), retains the simplicity of the traditional method but extends it to a more powerful form. COSA allows the decision maker(s) to tailor the sensitivity analysis to the desired decision context by assigning weight coefficients of elasticity to the attribute weights. These parameters let the decision maker choose how the adjusted weight change is distributed throughout the model. Furthermore, we provide a detailed discussion about performing sensitivity analysis on complex hierarchies with more than one tier and include an applied example to demonstrate COSA's usefulness. Overall, a consistent standard for the one-way sensitivity analysis of additive value models is provided for the decision analysis community.
Barriers to Physical Activity in Women

Despite the clear benefits of physical activity for women, few women obtain the recommended levels of physical activity. To address adherence to physical activity in this group, it is important to understand the barriers to physical activity that affect women. These barriers may include lack of time; anticipated lack of enjoyment; self-consciousness about body size, shape, and physical activity ability; and urinary incontinence. By addressing barriers to physical activity, health care providers may experience greater success in their efforts to increase physical activity in their female patients.