cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Peripheral Nerve Schwannoma Pseudocapsule.

Background Using proper surgical technique, schwannomas can be resected safely, with a low recurrence rate and high likelihood of improvement in symptomatology. There are multiple peritumoral tissue layers, and finding the correct plane is critical to safe tumor enucleation. The contents of the pseudocapsule tissue surrounding a schwannoma are not well described, and the consequences of resecting or leaving pseudocapsules are unknown. Methods An institutional database was searched for any pathology reports that contained both of the words “schwannoma” and “capsule.” Charts and histopathologic specimens were reviewed to determine the contents of various tissue layers and determine if there was any correlation between pseudocapsular contents and clinical outcomes. Results A pseudocapsule was separately sent for pathology in 36 patients during schwannoma resection. Ten pseudocapsule specimens contained microscopic foci of tumor. In a separate 6 patients, there was evidence of nerve fascicles. There were no correlations between the tumor or nerve in the pseudocapsule and postoperative neurologic deficits. After an average follow-up time of 3.1 years, no patients developed a recurrence either clinically or on follow-up imaging (imaging available in 52.7%). Histopathologically, the pseudocapsule was made of dense hypocellular collagen and occasionally contained arteries, veins, and nerve fascicles. Conclusions The pseudocapsule surrounding a schwannoma occasionally contained nerve tissue and blood vessels. While a microscopic focus of tumor was often found in this tissue layer, recurrence is exceedingly rare and did not occur in this case series. The risk of undue pseudocapsule dissection likely outweighs any negligible benefit from microscopic cytoreduction.
THE FIRST PATHOLOGICAL SPECIMEN FROM A RARE LOCAL REACTION AFTER SUBCUTANEOUS ALLERGEN IMMUNOTHERAPY

Introduction Local reactions in the form of injection site tenderness, pain, induration, and erythema are frequently experienced in subcutaneous allergen immunotherapy (SCIT). We describe a case of bullous vesicles forming in a delayed local reaction to SCIT. We also provide the results of biopsies to consider possible mechanisms of action. Case Description A 57-year old male with a history of allergic rhinitis presented 24 hours after SCIT administration, due to the formation of blistering lesions at the injection site. He denied pruritus, burning, or systemic symptoms. He had been receiving SCIT for 7 months and was on maintenance dosing. On exam, multiple tense bulla containing clear, yellow fluid were observed at the injection site. Histological exam showed a non-specific sub-epidermal vesicular dermatitis. Direct immunofluorescence staining using IgA, IgG, IgM, C3, and fibrinogen revealed no pattern of antibody deposition. Vesicular fluid stains and cultures had no growth of bacterial or fungal organisms. The patient wished to continue SCIT, which was resumed at a decreased dose. He subsequently built back up to maintenance dosing with no further reactions. Discussion Frequently, local reactions to SCIT are associated with erythema, tenderness, and induration. To our knowledge, there has been only one case report of a local reaction resulting in bulla formation from SCIT, however no skin biopsy was obtained. Our biopsy suggests the patient's symptoms do not appear typical of any understood autoimmune, antibody-dependent bullous processes.
Intraoperative near infrared fluorescence imaging for the assessment of the gastric conduit

Esophagectomy remains a mainstay of multi-modality therapy in the treatment of malignant disease, as well as selected benign conditions. Anastomotic and conduit complications remain the Achilles' heel of these operations, contributing to major morbidity and mortality. Adequate vascular perfusion of the gastric conduit is vital to avoid these complications, with surgeon observational assessment the mainstay of determining the vascular health of the gastric conduit. Rates of morbidity remain significant, and technologies aimed at better assessing relative tissue perfusion and ischemia are increasingly under investigation and utilized. One such technique is the use of intraoperative near-infrared fluorescence imaging to directly assess these parameters. The application of this technique has shown promise in perfusion assessment during esophagectomy, and potential reduction in anastomotic complications.
Vector Autoregressions II: Extensions

In the previous chapter, we covered the basics of reduced form VARs on stationary data. In this chapter, we continue learning about VARs, but we extend the discussion to structural VARs (SVARs) and VARS with integrated variables.
Simulation analysis

The use of a computer simulation model to learn about the system(s) under study must involve an analysis of the results from the simulation program itself. A classification of simulation types is given which provides a framework for a treatment of simulation analysis. A more detailed discussion of the most difficult class of simulation analysis is presented. Various goals of analyses are mentioned, together with a brief discussion of related topics.
What Is Emphysematous Cholecystitis Diagnosis and Management

Emphysematous cholecystitis is an uncommon presentation of cholecystitis that typically occurs in elderly male patients with diabetes. It has a higher mortality than calculous cholecystitis and often presents with insidious symptoms that lead to sudden deterioration. Though ultrasound is the preferred initial imaging modality for diagnosis, computed tomography is better in some cases due to the ability to visualize both air and complications of emphysematous changes. Once diagnosis is confirmed, management is either operative or percutaneous drainage, based on comorbid disease and complications.
Effective Visual Exploration of Variables and Relationships in Parallel Coordinates Layout

We present two innovative ways of enhancing parallel coordinates axes to better understand all variables and their interrelationships in high-dimensional datasets. Histogram and circle/ellipse plots based on uniform (linear) and non-uniform frequency/density mappings are adopted to visualize distributions of numerical and categorical data values. These plots are, particularly, helpful in emphasizing data values of low frequencies as well as those with similar frequencies. Color-mapped axis stripes are designed to visually connect numerical variables irrespective of their locations (adjacent or nonadjacent axes) in the parallel coordinates layout so that correlations can be fully realized in the same display. Distribution plots and axis stripes are integrated to further facilitate exploratory analysis of multivariate data with respect to a complete variable set.
Post-15M Grassroots Interventions in and for Public Space: Resurgence in Everyday Forms of Control and Resistance

This chapter focuses on small cultural collectives and interventions that have emerged in Spanish cities after the 15M with the objective of recovering the “public” in public space. Saltzman characterizes the diverse forms of grassroots activism (from those that have a fixed space to those that are nomadic) and shows how they organize themselves and operate in rhizomatic ways (Deleuze and Guatarri). Subsequently, she zooms in on one nomadic intervention in particular—#femPlaca [#LetsMakeThePlaza], which occurs monthly in a gentrified plaza in Barcelona. Without obtaining the required municipal permission, the participants (activists, random passersby, immigrants and children) practice everyday activities together (eating, drinking, sitting and playing) to raise awareness about the social cohesion, diversity and history that are lost with the neoliberalization of public space.
Activity, Drugs, and Substance Use

Pharmacologic agents can either increase or decrease daytime or nighttime activity in desired or undesired ways. Carryover effects are possible, wherein medications that reduce nighttime motility may also produce daytime lethargy while drugs that stimulate daytime activity may interfere with sleep. Only some of these issues have been addressed to date.
Devil in the details: understanding the effects of providing electronic health record access to patients and families

Patient advocates have long called for patients to have access to all of their healthcare data, including electronic health records (EHRs).1 In parallel, experts have suggested that providing patients with access to EHRs will improve patient engagement, care quality, and, by extension, health/healthcare outcomes.2 Prior observational studies have supported some of these claims—for example, documenting that patients are overwhelmingly interested in and satisfied with receiving their healthcare data electronically,3 to finding that patients do identify errors when they read physician notes in the EHR.4 Because studies of EHR access for patients have been conducted and disseminated across disparate clinical conditions and settings and often using varied methodologies, the systematic review by Neves et al in this issue of BMJ Quality & Safety provides a valuable contribution in assessing the impact of patients’ EHR access specifically within the randomised controlled trial (RCT) literature.5 Their meta-analysis demonstrates some significant but potentially limited benefits within these 20 RCTs that involved sharing EHR data/access with patients. Overall, Neves et al found a few clear trends. First, there was a consistent, modest improvement in glycaemic control in RCTs targeting patients with diabetes, reinforcing the observational research focused on portal use for diabetes care.6 In addition, patient access to EHRs seemed to support safety of care in facilitating medication adherence and identification of medication discrepancies. These results are similar to observational studies,7 as well as a recent scoping review of patient engagement interventions to promote the safety of …
G520 Innovative funding streams for children with medical complexity

Aim The CMIC (Children with Medical Complexities) team is an innovative team which has been working within a tertiary children’s hospital to support children with complex medical conditions who face a number of challenges. Our vision is to provide a pop up service tailored to the individual child and family. In doing so we support families navigating complex systems in a variety of ways. We have been fortunate to have a family support worker placed within our team for the last five years. She has been instrumental in providing support in many ways. One of the skills she has developed in the ability to look at third sector funded support to support both the child and family in getting home and staying home. In an increasingly cost driven system we looked at quantifying the monetary support she has been able to source in addition to the standard routes of disability living allowance and carer’s allowance applications she helps families with as a routine. Method We have looked back at the last 3 years of successful funding applications to third sector agencies. Results Over the last 3 years our support worker has accessed funds from 6 additional charity funding streams. Some have been tailored to the individual child’s condition whilst others provide more generic support. She has also managed to advocate for a family to have reimbursement of withheld carers allowance and personal independence payment. Over the three year period she has sourced a total of £38500. In addition to this she has been able to access experiences and pamper packs as well as smaller items for new homes and siblings. Conclusion In an increasingly challenging financial environment, we demonstrate that with an innovative approach to provide direct support to families we can do more. We are using this knowledge and sharing it with stakeholders who support this group of children and families to further enable spread of this practice.
Consultation for child physical abuse: Beyond the history and physical examination.

Abstract Objective To describe the components of an approach to the consultation for suspected child physical abuse beyond the history, physical findings, and laboratory and radiographic data. Method Description of both a baseline organizational structure and recommended behaviors. Results We describe four domains of the approach to the consultation for suspected child physical abuse by child abuse clinicians: (1)components to have in place before a consultation, (2) components of a quality consultation, (3) sharing a final opinion, and (4) inevitable pitfalls. Conclusion In proposing this approach, we aim both to make transparent and spark discussion about the way we work and to answer questions about the role of child abuse clinicians raised by recent interest in this subject by the mass media.
Los asistentes dentales, su rol y experiencia en el área odontológica

En el presente articulo se abordo la importancia y proceso que en la actualidad el asistente de odontologia tiene en el area de la salud, la misma que se encuentra buscando a igual que todas las ramas de la salud, mejoras en su participacion y conocimiento en las diferentes especialidades, pero con un enfoque de superacion, con la mejora de sus conocimientos, a traves del estudio tecnico universitario y metodologico que requiere este personal de la salud, convirtiendose en un factor importante para su mejor desempeno laboral, para lo cual mediante un analisis desde la teoria y sus dificultades que han presentado el asistente dental para el desarrollo de sus actividades, como la limitacion en la contribucion en la atencion basica de salud a traves de actividades de promocion y de prevencion de salud odontologica asistida. La metodologia se baso en una analisis de contenidos bibliograficos que analizaron el rol y los aportes del personal asistencial odontologico, que presta desde hace mucho tiempo hasta la actualidad con los diferentes roles que esta a cumplido, la misma que en la actualidad deben ser mejorado por su nivel importancia en el equipo de salud, a traves del apoyo y seguridad que este presta a la consulta odontologica, la misma que varios autores apoyan por la experiencia y el papel que este desempena llegando a la conclusion de que el papel que presenta el personal auxiliar en la consulta dental es fundamental por su conocimiento preventivo, promocional y asistencial en el area dental acoplandose con facilidad, a las diferentes realidades de cada pais y sociedad.
The Cultural Taxation of College Administrators and Faculty Supporting Low-Income, First Generation, and Students of Color (Presentation Slides)

Overview How I Come to This Work What is Cultural Taxation? Stories from the Field: CT in Higher Education What Does CT in the Student Success World Look Like? What Can Be Done? Questions and Discussion
Chrono-curriculum and the miseducation of American disabled students

Abstract Although significantly influencing postsecondary school outcomes, high school education remains challenging to obtain for many disabled students. Then it is vital to know how chrono-curricula operates about disability. This qualitative study on the impact of school time on high school education examines the experiences of eight purposefully sampled US undergraduate disabled students. Their accounts reveal that conflicts between the school calendar and their disability caused a hidden curriculum of time that interfered with their quest to achieve postsecondary education outcomes. Therefore, addressing the hidden curriculum of time within the school time frame is essential in realizing the genuine inclusion of disabled students.
NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE I. Virulence Genetically Linked to Clonal Variation

Kellogg, Douglas S., Jr. (Communicable Disease Center, Atlanta, Ga.), William L. Peacock, Jr., W. E. Deacon, L. Brown, and Carl I. Pirkle. Neisseria gonorrhoeae. I. Virulence genetically linked to clonal variation. J. Bacteriol. 85:1274-1279. 1963.-One type, obtained from the purulent exudate of acute gonorrhea was maintained by 69 selective in vitro passages, at which point the organisms produced infections in human volunteers. A predominance of clonal types found in laboratory strains and a lack of ability to infect human volunteers resulted from 69 nonselective in vitro passages. Physiological and serological characteristics of the clonal types are compared. We are now in a position to study Neisseria gonorrhoeae organisms in their virulent form.
Immunosuppressive alpha globulin from bovine thymus: I. Preparation and assay

Abstract DEAE chromatography at pH 5.0 of the saline-soluble proteins from bovine thymus glands yields a protein fraction similar in activity to the immunosuppressive alpha-2 globulins previously described from bovine and human serum. Of 32 preparations 16 had consistent and reproducible suppressive activity to DNA synthesis in phytohemagglutinin (PHA)—stimulated lymphocytes in concentrations ranging from 50–600 μg/ml in vitro. In vivo immunosuppression, not directly related to the degree of in vitrolymphocyte suppression, occurred in doses of 4–5 mg per mouse, and was assessed by the hemagglutinin response to sheep red blood cells. A variety of other protein and nucleic acid fractions were not suppressive in these assays; in particular, fractions A and B, which precede the immunosuppressive Fraction C in the elution from DEAE-cellulose, are neither suppressive, nor do they significantly alter the effects of Fraction C.
An integrated analysis of germline and somatic, genetic and epigenetic alterations at 9p21.3 in glioblastoma.

BACKGROUND: Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most prevalent and deadly brain tumor. A variety of germline and somatic, genetic and epigenetic alterations at 9p21.3, which encode CDKN2A/CDKN2B tumor suppressor genes, have been isolatedly reported to be associated with GBM risk and prognosis. METHODS: To obtain a comprehensive view of these events, we leveraged the wide-spectrum GBM data available from The Cancer Genome Atlas project and performed an integrated analysis by systematically evaluating 9p21.3-related germline single-nucleotide polymorphisms, somatic copy number alterations (CNAs), DNA methylation, and microRNAs (miRNAs) with regard to CDKN2A/CDKN2B expression and patient prognosis in GBM. RESULTS: Our multivariate analysis indicated that expression of CDKN2A and CDKN2B was both strongly affected by CNAs (P = 1.00 × 10−4 and 2.37 × 10−14). The miRNAs hsa-mir-126, hsa-mir-517a, and hsa-mir-125b exhibited significant negative correlations with CDKN2A expression (P = 0.003, 0.041, and 0.050). Survival analysis showed that complete 9p21.3 loss and low CDKN2B expression were associated with worse prognosis for both tumor progression/recurrence-free survival (P = .041 and .019) and patient overall survival (P = .043 and .021) after adjustment for age and treatment, and that higher methylation at cg17449661 predicted poorer overall survival (P = .048). CONCLUSION: Representing one of the first attempts to systematically integrate various levels of alterations associated with the often complex cancer genomes and phenotypes, our study provided a holistic view and a mechanistic explanation over the functional connections of multiple 9p21.3-related events in GBM, as well as clinically useful biomarker information for predicting disease outcomes. Cancer 2012;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Structural Slippage of Leveraged ETFs

The daily rebalancing of a leveraged exchange traded fund(LETF) requires the fund manager to systematically modify the amount of index exposure. In order to achieve the investment objective of the fund, managers of LETFs use total return swaps with the appropriate leverage ratio. This daily rebalancing may open the possibility of front-running and other market frictions. We constructed shorting trades in order to capture any existing slippage resulting from the daily rebalancing of LETFs. Our data unequivocally shows that the cumulative effect of rebalancing costs cannot be ignored. For holding periods of one day, even after accounting for compounding costs, LETFs fail to perform as expected. In order to gain a full understanding of the performance of these trades, it was crucial to take into account the borrowing rates for shorting LETFs. We calculated the difference between the slippage and the borrowing rates and found that in 16 out of the 21 trades the mean value of the difference is strictly positive with 95 percent confidence. Precisely because LETFs have negative expected returns with respect to their benchmark index, if they are not offset by high borrowing costs, then systematic shorting yields an arbitrage opportunity.
Congestion Relief Based on Intelligent Transportation Systems in Florida: Analysis of Triple Bottom Line Sustainability Impact

With the dramatic increase of traffic volume, traffic congestion has become a topic of considerable interest in the United States. Congestion has resulted in enormous economic and environmental losses, and the use of intelligent transportation systems (ITS) has been found to be an effective solution to relieve congestion in urbanized areas. The study presented in this paper aimed to advance the body of knowledge on sustainability impacts through a triple bottom line (TBL) evaluation of congestion relief in Florida. Rather than consider only the direct economic benefits as in traditional projects, this study strove to fill the gap for decision makers in the analysis of sustainability impacts from a holistic perspective. A critical approach to this research was to include both the direct and the indirect environmental, economic, and ecologic impacts associated with the chain of supply paths of ITS. To meet this goal, economic input-output tables, published by the Bureau of Economic Analysis, were linked to ...
Quantitative changes of fatty acids in soybean cotyledons during senescence and regreening

Abstract The quantity of total fatty acids in soybean cotyledons during aging, senescence and regreening has been studied. The greatest change in the fatty acid profile during the initial greening of the cotyledons (4–7 days after germination) was a 130% increase in the content of linolenate. Linoleate, as in the case of the other fatty acids, declined in the first 4 days and then increased by 7 days. Following the 10th day after germination, the quantity of palmitate, linoleate, and linolenate decreased continuously through senescence to 20–28% of the maximum quantity of each. When the cotyledons were regreened by removal of the epicotyl 15 or 16 days after germination, linolenate was present in quantities substantially higher than in the senescing cotyledon. On the 22nd day after germination, the quantity of linolenate in regreened tissue was 140% greater than that in senescing tissue of the same age. By contrast, the quantity of linoleate was only 30–40% greater in regreening tissue and the quantity of most of the other fatty acids was similar in both tissues. Similar changes in the quantity of chloroplast fatty acids were observed during this period. Removal of the epicotyl resulted in a higher level of chloroplast linolenate. During aging, the total chlorophyll and the number of chloroplasts reached a maximum on the 10th day and decreased rapidly during senescence. The amount of chlorophyll per chloroplast remained relatively constant during this period whereas the quantity of linolenate per chloroplast decreased during senescence. It is suggested that major structural changes observed in chloroplast membranes may be related to changes in fatty acid composition, but are not dependent on changes in chlorophyll concentration.
Application Of Phase Conjugation To CO 2 Fusion Lasers

The focal spot size and intensity of CO2 laser beams which are used for fusion studies is degraded because of manufacturing defects in the optics train and because of alignment errors. Phase conjugation can in principle provide diffraction-limited performance despite imperfect optical components. This paper describes how such a system might be adapted to existing laser systems and discusses the problem areas which may be encountered.
Freeze-fracture observations on membranes of dry and hydrated pollen from Collomia, Phoenix and Zea.

Pollen from Collomia grandiflora Dougl. ex Lindl., Phoenix dactylifera L. and Zea mays L. was examined by freeze-fracture electron microscopy. Particular attention was paid to the organization of the cell membranes in the naturally dehydrated, as compared to the fully hydrated, state. All membranes examined had a normal bilayer organization similar to that seen in the hydrated cells of these and other plants. This organization of dry pollen membranes is discussed as it relates to physiological studies (e.g., leakage of ions during hydration), and to biophysical properties of biological and model membranes under various conditions of hydration and dehydration.
Prevalence and pathogenicity of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in beef cattle and their products

During the past 23 yr, a large number of human illness outbreaks have been traced worldwide to consumption of undercooked ground beef and other beef products contaminated with Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC). Although several routes exist for human infection with STEC, beef remains a main source. Thus, beef cattle are considered reservoirs of O157 and nonO157 STEC. Because of the global nature of the food supply, safety concerns with beef will con- tinue, and the challenges facing the beef industry will increase at the production and processing levels. To be prepared to address these concerns and challenges, it is critical to assess the beef cattle role in human infec- tion with STEC. Because most STEC outbreaks in the United States were traced to beef containing E. coli O157:H7, the epidemiological studies have focused on the prevalence of this serotype in beef and beef cattle. Worldwide, however, additional STEC serotypes (e.g., members of the O26, O91, O103, O111, O118, O145, and O166 serogroups) have been isolated from beef and caused human illnesses ranging from bloody diarrhea and hemorrhagic colitis to the life-threatening hemo- lytic uremic syndrome (HUS). To provide a global as- sessment of the STEC problem, published reports on beef and beef cattle in the past 3 decades were evalu- ated. The prevalence rates of E. coli O157 ranged from 0.1 to 54.2% in ground beef, from 0.1 to 4.4% in sausage, from 1.1 to 36.0% in various retail cuts, and from 0.01 to 43.4% in whole carcasses. The corresponding preva- lence rates of nonO157 STEC were 2.4 to 30.0%, 17.0 to 49.2%, 11.4 to 49.6%, and 1.7 to 58.0%, respectively. Of the 162 STEC serotypes isolated from beef products, 43 were detected in HUS patients and 36 are known to cause other human illnesses. With regard to beef cattle, the prevalence rates of E. coli O157 ranged from 0.3 to 19.7% in feedlots and from 0.7 to 27.3% on pas- ture. The corresponding prevalence rates of nonO157 STEC were 4.6 to 55.9% and 4.7 to 44.8%, respectively. Of the 373 STEC serotypes isolated from cattle feces or hides, 65 were detected in HUS patients and 62 are known to cause other human illnesses. The results indicated the prevalence of a large number of patho- genic STEC in beef and beef cattle at high rates and emphasized the critical need for control measures to assure beef safety.
A critical review of chronic stress effects on spatial learning and memory

The purpose of this review is to evaluate the effects of chronic stress on hippocampal-dependent function, based primarily upon studies using young, adult male rodents and spatial navigation tasks. Despite this restriction, variability amongst the findings was evident and how or even whether chronic stress influenced spatial ability depended upon the type of task, the dependent variable measured and how the task was implemented, the type and duration of the stressors, housing conditions of the animals that include accessibility to food and cage mates, and duration from the end of the stress to the start of behavioral assessment. Nonetheless, patterns emerged as follows: For spatial memory, chronic stress impairs spatial reference memory and has transient effects on spatial working memory. For spatial learning, however, chronic stress effects appear to be task-specific: chronic stress impairs spatial learning on appetitively motivated tasks, such as the radial arm maze or holeboard, tasks that evoke relatively mild to low arousal components from fear. But under testing conditions that evoke moderate to strong arousal components from fear, such as during radial arm water maze testing, chronic stress appears to have minimal impairing effects or may even facilitate spatial learning. Chronic stress clearly impacts nearly every brain region and thus, how chronic stress alters hippocampal spatial ability likely depends upon the engagement of other brain structures during behavioral training and testing.
Boron in polycrystalline Ni3Al-mechanism of enhancement of ductility and reduction of environmental embrittlement

A model is proposed to explain on a unified basis the role of boron in enhancing ductility and reducing environmental embrittlement in polycrystalline Ni3Al. The grain boundaries in strongly ordered Ni3Al have a porous structure with crack-like microcavities, which can open up under small stresses. Furthermore, atomic hydrogen, generated by the reaction of environmental moisture with Al, can diffuse to the tips of the microcavities under stress and can cause embrittlement. It is argued that strong bonding between interstitial B atoms and Ni atoms in B-doped Ni3Al reduces the strength of directional bonding between Ni and Al atoms in the interior of the grains. When two such grains with weakened NiAl bonding meet each other, the atoms near the grain boundary can relax easily and close up the microcavities. As a result, the ductility is enhanced in B-doped Ni3Al. The environmental embrittlement is also reduced, because a small amount of environmental hydrogen cannot nucleate microcracks. Numerous experimental observations have been explained with the proposed mechanism.
Restoration of elbow extension power in the tetraplegic patient using the Moberg technique

In tetraplegic patients extensor power can be restored to the elbow by transferring the posterior deltoid muscle to the triceps aponeurosis. Thirteen patients representing 14 posterior deltoid muscle transfers were evaluated 13.8 months later. Using a 0 to 5 muscle grading system, the average preoperative muscle grade for elbow extension power was 0.5. After operation the average had increased to 3.6. All patients were satisfied with their results and noted a significant improvement in the activities of daily living. In no case was there a loss of preoperative functional capacity.
Susceptibility of five species of fish to Edwardsiella ictaluri

. Five species of fingerling fish, channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, tilapia, Sarotherodon aureus, golden shiner, Notemigonus crysoleucas, largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides and bighead carp, Aristichthys nobilis, were tested to determine their susceptibility to the bacterium, Edwardsiella ictaluri, at 26°C, Channel catfish demonstrated high susceptibility to E. ictaluri as 100% of those fish injected with 1.5 × 103 cells died within 10 days. Tilapia demonstrated slight susceptibility to the pathogen while golden shiner, bighead carp and largemouth bass were not susceptible. E. ictaluri was isolated from a higher percentage of peritoneal cavities, livers and kidneys of channel catfish than of other species. Sequential growth of E. ictaluri in the liver of channel catfish is described.
Impact of the Crohn's-like lymphoid reaction on staging of right-sided colon cancer: Results of multivariate analysis

The presence of lymphoid aggregates within the muscularis propria or pericolic fibroadipose tissue apposing invasive colorectal carcinoma, termed the Crohn's-like lymphoid reaction, has been related to improved patient length of survival according to univariate statistical analysis. We tested the Crohn's-like lymphoid reaction as an indicator of prognosis in a multivariate statistical analysis of 344 resected right-sided colonic cancers. Improved 5-year survival in univariate analysis was associated with low tumor grade, regular tubule configuration, expanding tumor growth pattern, prominent peritumoral lymphocytic infiltration, absence of tumoral invasion of extramural veins, all levels of intramural and extramural invasion short of widespread local tumor permeation, conspicuous Crohn's-like lymphoid reaction, and absence of both nodal metastasis and nodal-independent tumor nodules in pericolic fat. By the Cox proportional hazard model using the stepwise method, depth of tumor invasion, lymph node metastasis, Crohn's-like lymphoid reaction, and metastatic tumor nodules in pericolic fat retained independent prognostic significance. Combining the four variables to formulate pathological prognostic categories yielded a highly favorable prognostic group-92% 5-year survival and 95% confidence limits (88% to 96%)--encompassing 53% of the study population. It included all Dukes' stage A carcinomas, 66% of Dukes' stage B adenocarcinomas, and 11% of Dukes' stage C cancers. Lymph node metastases coupled with intramural and extramural extent of tumor invasion are the cornerstones of colorectal cancer staging. Addition of other variables improves prognostication for the cecum and ascending colon. From this study the Crohn's-like lymphoid reaction and metastatic tumor nodules in pericolic fat emerge as significant independent indicators of prognosis for right-sided colon cancer. Complex correlations of both indicators with nonselected variables were observed.
Abnormal Electroretinograms in Visual Mutants of Drosophila

Two mutants of Drosophila, tan and ebony, have normal eye pigments but show abnormalities in visual behaviour. Both show in their electroretinograms that the primary photoreception process occurs normally, but genetic defects block the usual consequent neural events. Ambient light has opposite effects on the two mutants.
Low-dose, short-acting, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors as rescue therapy in pregnancy.

Abstract Objective: To assess the risks and potential benefits of low-dose angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor treatment in pregnancies complicated by severe hypertension. Methods: A retrospective review of pregnant women treated with ACE inhibitors was conducted. Hemodynamics before and after treatment were assessed by using Doppler technique to measure cardiac output. Data were analyzed by using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Maternal and neonatal outcomes were assessed by chart review and phone interview. Results: Ten pregnancies were identified in which ACE inhibitor therapy was initiated in pregnancy for severe, unresponsive vasoconstricted hypertension; three were complicated by severe chronic hypertension, 4 by renal insufficiency, and 3 by severe preeclampsia. Treatment was limited to a low-dose, short-acting ACE inhibitor (captopril, 12.5 to 25 mg/day). Treatment was associated with an increase in cardiac output from 5.7 ± 1.5 L/minute to 7.4 ± 1.4 L/minute (P Conclusion: Low-dose captopril therapy was associated with improvement in maternal hemodynamics and, in cases complicated by severe hypertension and renal insufficiency, successful continuation of pregnancy. Fetal and neonatal complications were not experienced, but complication rates of 5–10% could have been missed because of the small number of exposed pregnancies.
The global cycle of carbon monoxide: Trends and mass balance

Abstract The annual global emissions of CO are estimated to be about 2,600 ± 600 Tg, of which about 60% are from human activities including combustion of fossil fuels and oxidation of hydrocarbons including methane. The remaining 40% of the emissions are from natural processes, mostly from the oxidation of hydrocarbons but also from plants and the oceans. Almost all the CO emitted into the atmosphere each year is removed by reactions with OH radicals (85%), by soils (10%), and by diffusion into the stratosphere. There is a small imbalance between annual emissions and removal, causing an increase of about 1% per year. It is very likely that the imbalance is due to increasing emissions from anthropogenic activities. The average concentration of CO is about 90 ppbv, which amounts to about 400 Tg in the atmosphere, and the average lifetime is about 2 months. This view of the global cycle of CO is consistent with the present estimates of average OH concentrations and the budgets of other trace gases including methane and methylchloroform. There are large remaining uncertainties that may in the future upset the apparently cohesive present budget of CO. If the present view of the global cycle of CO is correct, then it is likely that, in time, increasing levels of CO will contribute to widespread changes in atmospheric chemistry.
Intercultural Experience as an Impediment of Trust: Examining the Impact of Intercultural Experience and Social Trust Culture on Institutional Trust in Government

Government is an important institution in every society, but public trust in government has been declining worldwide. Like social trust, institutional trust in government manifests in two forms—goodwill-based (based on intentions and purposes) and competence-based (based on competence and performance). Using archival data of the AsiaBarometer (2004), I found a cross-level interaction effect of intercultural experience and social trust culture on goodwill-based, but not competence-based, institutional trust in government. Intercultural experience was negatively related to goodwill-based institutional trust in government within regions of low social trust but not within regions of high social trust. Both types of institutional trust in government within regions of high social trust were lower than those within regions of low social trust. Furthermore, both types of institutional trust in government were positively related to socioeconomic, public, and personal life satisfaction. These findings shed light on the tension between institutional trust in government and social trust as well as a government’s dilemma posed by intercultural experience.
Diet of amphibians and reptiles from the Engare Ondare River Region of Central Kenya, during the dry season : original article

Abstract In seasonally arid environments many species undergo some form of dormancy, such as aestivation. The dietary habits of those species during the period of seasonal aridity are poorly known. Little is known of the seasonal variation in the diet of the amphibians and reptiles of Kenya. This project examines the diets of several species of frogs and lizards collected during the dry season in an arid part of central Kenya. Some of the species were thought to be dormant during that season and others were thought to be actively feeding. The incidence of feeding may be used to determine if an animal is dormant. The dormancy may be brief and interrupted or protracted and continuous. Stomach contents were removed by dissection and analyzed in the laboratory. We identified 6,238 prey items to the lowest taxonomic unit possible, usually order, family, or genus. Definite prey items were all Arthropoda except for a single frog in one stomach and skink scales in a few stomachs. Within Arthropoda, Isoptera and H...
The Larval Development of Eurypanopeus Depressus (Smith) Under Laboratory Conditions 1)

The larval development of Eurypanopeus depressus (Smith) has been followed in the laboratory from hatching to the first stage crab and beyond. Approximately 1200 larvae were maintained on Artemia nauplii and fertilized Arbacia eggs at four salinities (12.5, 20.1, 26.7, and 31.1 p.p.t.) and three temperatures (20° C., 25° C., and 30° C.). From these studies the following conclusions may be made: 1. There are four zoeal stages and one megalopa stage in the complete development to the first crab stage. These are figured and described. 2. The setation of all functional appendages has been described and figured for each larval stage. There is a progressive increase in setation of the endites of the maxillule as development progresses. Setation of these appendages may serve to distinguish the zoeae of E. depressus from zoeae of P. herbstii. In living zoeae, the presence of chromatophores in the antennules of E. depressus may also be used to differentiate the zoeae from those of P. herbstii. 3. Although the megalopa of E. depressus may be distinguished from the megalopa of P. herbstii, differentiation of larval stages of Neopanope texana sayi, E. depressus, and P. herbstii will require a more complete description of the larvae of N. texana sayi.
In vitro and in vivo measurements of fiber optic and electrochemical sensors to monitor brain tissue pH

Abstract We report herein the development of fiber optic and electrochemical pH sensors that could become part of an arsenal to quickly and aggressively treat people undergoing a stroke as well as people who have suffered traumatic brain injury. The fiber optic pH sensor design consists of the immobilization of a pH sensitive dye, seminaphthorhodamine-1 carboxylate (SNARF-1C) within a silica sol–gel matrix. A miniature optoelectronics package was developed to acquire data from the fiber optic sensor. The electrochemical sensor consists of a thin film multilayer coating sputtered on a kapton substrate. The sensors were tested in vitro and in vivo. For both sensors, the in vitro results show linear and reproducible responses in human blood in the pH range 6.8–8.0. The results of the in vivo studies which were performed in Spraque–Dawley rats indicate that both the fiber optic and electrochemical sensors monitor pH with very little drift. It was concluded that both types of sensors would be useful in tracking brain tissue pH.
Dielectric spectroscopy and dynamics in confinement

There are numerous reasons, such as frequency range and sensitivity, to employ dielectric spectroscopy for investigating how confinement alters the dynamics of liquids, supercooled liquids, or polymers. However, care has to be taken to account for the fact that the sample is a heterogeneous dielectric, i.e. a mixture of the confining matrix material and the liquid filler whose dynamics are of interest. Since dielectric permittivity is not an additive quantity, extracting the dynamics of the filler can be complicated or even impossible, and the Maxwell-Wagner relations will not always solve the problem. Some guidelines on how to interpret dielectric data on confined systems will be presented.
Coupling human preferences with biophysical processes: modeling the effect of citizen attitudes on potential urban stormwater runoff

Green infrastructure (GI) is gaining wide popularity as a means to reduce urban stormwater runoff. The challenges to long-term success of many GI policies, however, depend on citizen understanding and willingness to be engaged in the process of GI implementation. In this study, we developed a conceptual model that incorporated human preferences and biophysical processes in a coupled manner to estimate stormwater runoff variation at the sewershed scale under different acceptable GI implementation scenarios. To investigate resident receptivity toward GI implementation, we conducted surveys in selected Syracuse sewersheds and developed the scenario of residents implementing rain barrels and rain gardens in their private properties based on the survey results. We simulated this scenario at the lot level using the model we developed within the framework of the EPA SWMM 5 model to estimate reductions in peak flow and total runoff volume for major storm events. With our model, we also tested the effect of planned government tree planting scenarios. The scenario simulations were applied in three urban sewersheds of varying socio-economic and biophysical structures in the City of Syracuse, New York. The simulation results indicated that both the “government participation” and “household participation” scenarios, compared to pre-GI-development conditions, would contribute to a modest reduction in stormwater peak flow (>4 %) and total runoff volume (>5 %) across the simulated sewersheds. This study provides decision makers with a scientific methodology to quantify how human decisions can shape ecosystem function, and thus support sustainable stormwater management planning while addressing citizen preferences and needs.
Intraoperative Transcranial Ultrasonic Monitoring for Cardiac and Vascular Surgery

The brain is the only organ not routinely monitored by any direct method during the administration of anesthesia. Anesthesiologists rely primarily on indirect physiologic evidence provided by blood pressure, peripheral pulse oximetry, heart rate, and respiratory and anesthetic gas concentrations to determine that brain blood flow and oxygenation are adequate. The reasons for this practice are that: (1) after millions of anesthetics significant numbers of adverse neurologic outcomes have not occurred, (2) the interpretation of transcranial Doppler, electroencephalogram, and near-infrared cerebral oximetry requires experienced personnel, and (3) the evidence of cost-benefit to support monitoring is limited. Brain monitoring generally has been confined to procedures where the brain is exposed to unique insults and risks specific to the procedures and where reliance on indirect physiologic evidence of cerebral integrity has been proven to be unreliable. Transcranial Doppler monitoring is valuable in the assessment of established surgical techniques, refinement of recent surgical techniques, and development of new techniques and instrumentation. Brain monitoring with transcranial Doppler is of particular value when deviations from established surgical or anesthetic techniques may place the brain at risk for cerebral hyper- or hypoperfusion, gaseous or particulate embolization, or their combined effects. This paper discusses applications of transcranial Doppler in coronary artery bypass surgery, aortic arch procedures, pediatric cardiac surgery, carotid endarterectomy, and a few other special cases. The insight into cerebral physiology is unique to the continuous window on the brain that transcranial Doppler provides.
A note on the acoustic-phonetic characteristics of inadvertently clear speech

Abstract Even when speaking conditions and listener responses are very tightly controlled, some talkers are easier to understand than others. In a series of intelligibility tests using both English words without context and English sentences, both native and non-native listeners found one of five talkers difficult to understand. Since all talkers read similar materials and the task was the same for all listeners, the differences in intelligibility must have resulted from particular phonetic characteristics used by the talker. Spectrograms were made of all test words produced by the talkers and compared on selected acoustic-phonetic properties. In comparison with the more intelligible talkers, the least intelligible talkers produced test words at shorter durations; abbreviated vowel durations; used the least differentiated vowel space, as defined by the first two formants; used minimal cues for consonantal contrasts; and had the most varied amplitude of stressed vowels. These characteristics are similar to those distinguishing deliberately clear speech. That non-native and native listeners found the same talker difficult to understand suggests that the effect of clear speech, though different in degree, reflects the use of the same acoustic-phonetic information by both groups of listeners. Further, clear speech has similar acoustic-phonetic characteristics whether deliberately or inadvertently produced.