cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
International Education, The New Imperialism, and Technologies of the Self: Branding the Globally Educated Elite

AbstractUtilizing a Foucauldian model of “governmentality” in the context of the new imperialism and conceptualizing international education as an apparatus of contemporary global power relation, this paper examines what kind of a globally educated self is narrated, imagined, and constructed in Korean international education discourse and practice. Considering its specific context where US higher education is perceived as the most dominant and thus desired model of international education, the paper attempts to bring a more nuanced understanding on the dynamics of education and power relations between Korea and the US as the interplay of the new imperialism and subjectivity. Drawing from student authored trade books along with ethnographic and artifact data collected in Korea, the paper maps out three levels of discursive practices - national, educational, and individual levels - on international education in Korea. By analyzing the emerging discourse and practice of a globally educated (elite) self acros...
The Accuracy of Clinical Diagnosis of Oral Lesions and Patient-Specific Risk Factors that Affect Diagnosis

Purpose To examine the rate of discrepancy between clinical impression and histologic diagnosis of oral lesions in patients undergoing biopsy examination and to determine whether there are patient-specific variables associated with a higher rate of discrepancy. Materials and Methods The authors designed and implemented a retrospective cohort study that consisted of patients who underwent biopsy examination of oral lesions from 2005 through 2013 by oral and maxillofacial surgeons at the Massachusetts General Hospital. Accuracy was determined by comparing the clinical impression with the final histologic diagnosis. Clinical and histologic diagnoses were categorized as premalignant or malignant (group 1) or benign (group 2). The primary outcome variable was concordance (yes vs no) between clinical impression and histopathologic diagnosis. The effect of individual predictor variables (age, gender, duration, American Society of Anesthesiology status, cancer history, radiation therapy history, medications, alcohol abuse, and tobacco history) on outcome also was evaluated through univariate and multivariate regression analyses. Results The study sample was composed of 1,003 oral lesions (74 pathologically confirmed premalignant or malignant and 929 benign) from patients with a mean age of 44.8 years. Of the lesions evaluated, concordance between exact clinical and histologic diagnoses was found in 61% of cases. Overall, the clinical impression, reported as benign versus premalignant or malignant, was 48.6% sensitive and 98.1% specific. Clinicians accurately identified lesions as benign in 95.9% of cases. The most common of these were fibromas (positive predictive value [PPV], 99.2%), mucoceles (PPV, 98.1%), and squamous papillomas (PPV, 96.3%). Several independent risk factors were associated with discrepancy: radiation therapy history ( P = .0102), male gender ( P = .0381), and patient age ( P = .0468). Conclusion The results of this study suggest that the clinical impression, although highly accurate for common benign conditions, is not an acceptable alternative to definitive biopsy findings in other cases, particularly in cases of premalignancy or malignancy. In addition, patients with identified independent risk factors (age, gender, and radiation therapy) should receive timely biopsy examination.
EnvZ functions through OmpR to control porin gene expression in Escherichia coli K-12

The regulatory proteins OmpR and EnvZ are both required to activate expression of the genes for the major outer membrane porin proteins, OmpF and OmpC, of Escherichia coli K-12. Here we show that OmpR, under certain conditions, could activate porin expression in the complete absence of EnvZ. In addition, the pleiotropic phenotypes conferred by a particular envZ mutation (envZ473) required the presence of functional OmpR protein. These results lead us to conclude that EnvZ and OmpR act in sequential fashion to activate porin gene expression; i.e., EnvZ modifies or in some way directs OmpR, which in turn acts at the appropriate porin gene promoter.
Natural biogeochemical cycle of mercury in a global three-dimensional ocean tracer model

We implement mercury (Hg) biogeochemistry in the offline global 3-D ocean tracer model (OFFTRAC) to investigate the natural Hg cycle, prior to any anthropogenic input. The simulation includes three Hg tracers: dissolved elemental (Hg0aq), dissolved divalent (HgIIaq), and particle-bound mercury (HgPaq). Our Hg parameterization takes into account redox chemistry in ocean waters, air-sea exchange of Hg0, scavenging of HgIIaq onto sinking particles, and resupply of HgIIaq at depth by remineralization of sinking particles. Atmospheric boundary conditions are provided by a global simulation of the natural atmospheric Hg cycle in the GEOS-Chem model. In the surface ocean, the OFFTRAC model predicts global mean concentrations of 0.16 pM for total Hg, partitioned as 80% HgIIaq, 14% Hg0aq, and 6% HgPaq. Total Hg concentrations increase to 0.38 pM in the thermocline/intermediate waters (between the mixed layer and 1000 m depth) and 0.82 pM in deep waters (below 1000 m), reflecting removal of Hg from the surface to the subsurface ocean by particle sinking followed by remineralization at depth. Our model predicts that Hg concentrations in the deep North Pacific Ocean (>2000 m) are a factor of 2–3 higher than in the deep North Atlantic Ocean. This is the result of cumulative input of Hg from particle remineralization as deep waters transit from the North Atlantic to the North Pacific on their ~2000 year journey. The model is able to reproduce the relatively uniform concentrations of total Hg observed in the old deep waters of the North Pacific Ocean (observations: 1.2 ± 0.4 pM; model: 1.1 ± 0.04 pM) and Southern Ocean (observations: 1.1 ± 0.2 pM; model: 0.8 ± 0.02 pM). However, the modeled concentrations are factors of 5–6 too low compared to observed concentrations in the surface ocean and in the young water masses of the deep North Atlantic Ocean. This large underestimate for these regions implies a factor of 5–6 anthropogenic enhancement in Hg concentrations.
Quantitation of Plasma Aldosterone by Radioimmunoassay

Aldosterone antibodies were produced by injecting sheep with the albumin conjugate of aldosterone-18,21-dihemisuccinate. Conditions optimal for an accurate, reproducible assay with this antiserum were determined experimentally. Aldosterone is extracted from plasma and isolated by a single thin-layer chromatographic system before the immunoassay is performed. Normal plasma aldosterone in supine subjects is 8.6 ± 3.8 ng/100 ml; after 2 h in the upright position, 18.3 ± 9.5 ng/100 ml. Eighteen months of experience with the method have proved it to be reliable with respect to reproducibility, accuracy, and precision.
Expanding Shifting Baseline Syndrome to Accommodate Increasing Abundances

The shifting baseline syndrome suggests that our perceptions of previous conditions may change over time as ecosystems degrade. Although most discussion of the topic relates to decreasing species abundances, there are several reasons to think that abundances of many species will increase in response to anthropogenic disturbance. For example, increases in abundances of certain species are predicted after the removal of predators, as exotic and invasive species become established, and as habitat generalists proliferate. Because generational amnesia about historic conditions could influence the setting of restoration targets, restoration ecologists should explicitly consider the shifting baseline syndrome in reference to increases in abundances from historic levels.
Mechanisms of inhibition of Cryptococcus neoformans by human lymphocytes

Recently, our laboratory and others have demonstrated that human peripheral blood T and NK lymphocytes directly inhibit the growth of Cryptococcus neoformans. In this study, we further define the conditions under which lymphocyte-mediated fungistasis against C. neoformans occurs and examine whether mechanisms implicated in lymphocyte-mediated activities against other target cells are also involved in anticryptococcal activity. The addition of whole or broken heat-killed C. neoformans modestly inhibited lymphocyte-mediated fungistasis, whereas other particulates had no effect. The hydroxyl radical scavenger catechin, but not diethyl urea or propyl gallate, profoundly inhibited fungistasis. Salicylic acid inhibited fungistasis in a dose-dependent fashion. However, two other cyclooxygenase inhibitors, piroxicam and indomethacin, had no effect, suggesting that the mechanism of inhibition by salicylic acid was cyclooxygenase independent. Reagent prostaglandin E2, at concentrations shown by others to inhibit NK cell-mediated bactericidal and tumorlytic activities, had no effect on lymphocyte-mediated fungistasis. The addition of selected monoclonal antibodies or ligands reactive with receptors on human lymphocytes had no significant effect on lymphocyte-mediated fungistasis. Acapsular, small-capsuled, and large-capsuled C. neoformans organisms were inhibited by lymphocytes to an approximately equal extent. These data demonstrate that lymphocyte-mediated activity against C. neoformans proceeds regardless of the presence of capsule and by mechanisms at least in part dissimilar from those seen with other target cells.
Estrogen and Progesterone Production by Developing Porcine Follicles in Vitro: Evidence for Estrogen Formation by Theca*

Compartmental changes in ovarian follicular estrogen and progesterone production during maturation were studied in vitro using a mechanical technique to separate the granulosa and theca of individual porcine follicles. Follicles were divided by size into 3- to 5-, 7- to 8-, and 9- to 12-mm groups, representing early to midfollicular, late follicular, and immediately preovulatory stages, respectively. The isolated compartments were placed in cell or organ culture, separately or together, in Ham's F-12 medium with 10% fetal calf serum for 1–2 days in 5% CO2 in air. Estrogen (E) and progesteron (P) were measured by RIA. E production by the granulosa compartment without added aromatizable substrate was detectable but remained low during development, while P production increased dramatically in the preovulatory 9- to 12-mm group. The addition of 10-5 M testosterone markedly increased E production by isolated granulosa cells from 4- to 8-mm follicles (10- to 70-fold), but failed to increase thecal E production ...
Observer ratings of neighborhoods: comparison of two methods

Background: Although neighborhood characteristics have important relationships with health outcomes, direct observation involves imperfect measurement. The African American Health (AAH) study included two observer neighborhood rating systems (5-item Krause and 18-item AAH Neighborhood Assessment Scale [NAS]), initially fielded at two different waves. Good measurement characteristics were previously shown for both, but there was more rater variability than desired. In 2010 both measures were re-fielded together, with enhanced training and field methods implemented to decrease rater variability while maintaining psychometric properties. Methods: AAH included a poor inner city and more heterogeneous suburban areas. Four interviewers rated 483 blocks, with 120 randomly-selected blocks rated by two interviewers. We conducted confirmatory factor analysis of scales and tested the Krause (5-20 points), AAH 18-item NAS (0-28 points), and a previous 7-item and new 5-item versions of the NAS (0-17 points, 0-11 points). Retest reliability for items (kappa) and scales (Intraclass Correlation Coefficient [ICC]) were calculated overall and among pre-specified subgroups. Linear regression assessed interviewer effects on total scale scores and assessed concurrent validity on lung and lower body functions. Mismeasurement effects on self-rated health were also assessed. Results: Scale scores were better in the suburbs than in the inner city. ICC was poor for the Krause scale (ICC=0.19), but improved if the retests occurred within 10 days (ICC=0.49). The 7- and 5-item NAS scales had better ICCs (0.56 and 0.62, respectively), and were higher (0.71 and 0.73) within 10 days. Rater variability for the Kraus and 5- and 7-item NAS scales was 1-3 points (compared to the supervising rater). Concurrent validity was modest, with residents living in worse neighborhood conditions having worse function. Unadjusted estimates were biased towards the null compared with measurement-error corrected estimates. Conclusions: Enhanced field protocols and rater training did not improve measurement quality. Specifically, retest reliability and interviewer variability remained problematic. Measurement error partially reduced, but did not eliminate concurrent validity, suggesting there are robust associations between neighborhood characteristics and health outcomes. We conclude that the 5-item AAH NAS has sufficient reliability and validity for further use. Additional research on the measurement properties of environmental rating methods is encouraged.
Calculation of the elastic moduli of binary composites

Abstract A modification was introduced to Hashin and Shtrikman's variational approach to calculate the elastic moduli of binary composites. The distribution effect of dispersed phases was taken into account. As a first approximation, a normal distribution was assumed. The calculations of moduli of nine systems were compared with the results of experiments for concentrations up to 50%. The introduction of a distribution effect showed distinct improvement.
Short And Medium Wavelength PV Detector Test Station

An automatic detector test system to characterize short and medium wavelength photovoltaic (PV) detectors is described. The system is designed to measure impedances from more than 1012 Ω to less than 100 Ω and to measure noise from source impedances between 104 Ω and 1010 Ω at frequencies from 1 Hz to 100 kHz. The system includes multiplexing to test up to 200 elements mounted in a test dewar. Multiplexing is performed with specialized stepping switches for low series resistance, high isolation resistance and low stray capacitance. State of the art high bandwidth, low noise, current sensitive preamplifiers with seven gain ranges cover the wide range of source resistance. The test dewar temperature can be controlled from 80 K to 300 K with a resolution of 0.01 K. Dual signal measurement channels are included for speed and flexibility. The custom built electronics is in two different types of modules and is controlled by a small computer. Optical baffling is used to reduce stray reflections and increase test accuracy.
Creating tactile captions in three‐dimensional computer‐aided design and manufacturing

Purpose – This paper aims to present new work on a topic/which has received very little attention.Design/methodology/approach – Rapid prototyping technology is used to provide access to 3D computer graphics and visualization for people with visual disabilities. Software and techniques for composing DotsPlus(tm) Braille text in a three‐dimensional computer‐aided design (CAD) and rapid prototyping system are presented.Findings – Vision‐limited people and people with cognitive or learning disabilities can benefit from casting the results of scientific computing into physical form using rapid prototyping.Research limitations/implications – Not much is known about the extent of three‐dimensional spatial cognition in people with the kinds of disabilities who might benefit from this work. The argument for this application of rapid prototyping remains to be tested in a laboratory or classroom environment. The manufacturing principles in a limited test scenario are presented here. Work remains to be done to develo...
Seabird bycatch in pelagic longline fisheries is grossly underestimated when using only haul data

Hundreds of thousands of seabirds are killed each year as bycatch in longline fisheries. Seabirds are predominantly caught during line setting but bycatch is generally recorded during line hauling, many hours after birds are caught. Bird loss during this interval may lead to inaccurate bycatch information. In this 15 year study, seabird bycatch was recorded during both line setting and line hauling from four fishing regions: Indian Ocean, Southern Ocean, Coral Sea and central Pacific Ocean. Over 43,000 albatrosses, petrels and skuas representing over 25 species were counted during line setting of which almost 6,000 seabirds attempted to take the bait. Bait-taking interactions were placed into one of four categories. (i) The majority (57%) of bait-taking attempts were “unsuccessful” involving seabirds that did not take the bait nor get caught or hooked. (ii) One-third of attempts were “successful” with seabirds removing the bait while not getting caught. (iii) One-hundred and seventy-six seabirds (3% of attempts) were observed being “caught” during line setting, with three albatross species – Laysan (Phoebastria immutabilis), black-footed (P. nigripes) and black-browed (Thalassarche melanophrys)– dominating this category. However, of these, only 85 (48%) seabird carcasses were retrieved during line hauling. Most caught seabirds were hooked through the bill. (iv) The remainder of seabird-bait interactions (7%) was not clearly observed, but likely involved more “caught” seabirds. Bait taking attempts and percentage outcome (e.g. successful, caught) varied between seabird species and was not always related to species abundance around fishing vessels. Using only haul data to calculate seabird bycatch grossly underestimates actual bycatch levels, with the level of seabird bycatch from pelagic longline fishing possibly double what was previously thought.
Electrochemistry of nanopore electrodes in low ionic strength solutions.

The steady-state voltammetric behavior of truncated conical nanopore electrodes (20−200 nm orifice radii) has been investigated in low ionic strength solutions. Voltammetric currents at the nanopore electrode reflect both diffusive and migrational fluxes of the redox molecule and, thus, are strongly dependent on the charge of the redox molecule and the relative concentrations of the supporting electrolyte and redox molecule. In acetonitrile solutions, the limiting current for the oxidation of the positively charged ferrocenylmethyltrimethylammonium ion is suppressed at low supporting electrolyte concentrations, while the limiting current for the oxidation of the neutral species ferrocene is unaffected by the ionic strength. The dependence of the limiting current on the relative concentrations of the supporting electrolyte and redox molecule is accurately predicted by theory previously developed for microdisk electrodes. Anomalous values of the voltammetric half-wave potential observed at very small nanopo...
When Scientists Deceive: Applying the Federal Regulations

Deception is a useful methodological device for studying attitudes and behavior, but deceptive studies fail to fulfill the informed consent requirements in the U.S. federal regulations. This means that before they can be approved by Institutional Review Boards, they must satisfy the four regulatory conditions for a waiver or alteration of these requirements. To illustrate our interpretation, we apply the conditions to a recent study that used deception to show that subjects judged the same wine as more enjoyable when they believed it had a higher price.
Food for thought: a study of food consumption in postmodern US culture

The objective of this research is to examine the symbolic meanings of contemporary food consumption and provide an in-depth understanding of related practices. Specifically, we view food as a prominent cultural category representative of postmodernism and approach our study using a postmodern perspective. The paper provides an insight into how US consumers relate to food and highlights the symbolic dimension of food in a culture that is often depicted as highly individualistic. Offering a theoretical framework rooted in an ethnographic account of food consumption we uncover its postmodern complexities that take into account social, cultural, and contextual dimensions. Food is discussed in the context of relationships, desire, and a globalized commodity. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The electrophilic amination of organolithiums with methyllithium complexes of N-substituted methoxyamines

Abstract Three N -alkyl methoxyamine derivatives are shown to be effective as electrophilic reagents for the conversion of organolithiums to secondary amines.
Role for limited neck exploration in young adults with apparently sporadic primary hyperparathyroidism.

The risk of multiglandular disease (MGD) dictates the extent of exploration in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT). Historically, young patients with PHPT were more likely to have MGD, but the existing literature is sparse and conflicting. We hypothesized that young adults (ages 16–40 years) without familial PHPT have a disease process similar to that in older patients. A 22-year retrospective chart review was performed on patients who underwent neck exploration for PHPT at our tertiary care center. Altogether, 708 charts were reviewed for demographics, family history, laboratory values, operative findings, pathology, and outcomes. As a group, young adults comprised 14.0% of the total population and were more likely to have preexisting familial disorders of PHPT (p < 0.01), therapeutic failure (p < 0.01), failure to identify an abnormal parathyroid at operation (p < 0.01), and higher reoperative rates (p = 0.02); they were less likely to have single-gland disease (p = 0.04). Young adults without a family history of the disease demonstrated no disease differences except for a higher rate of symptoms (p < 0.01). Additional analysis found that patients with a family history of hypercalcemia, a sole family member with PHPT, or nephrolithiasis (“possible” family history) were more likely to have MGD (relative risk 2.0). In this largest single-institution study of young adults with sporadic PHPT, we conclude that sporadic PHPT in young adults represents a disease entity similar to that in older patients, with no increased risk for MGD, and hence they can be managed with a similar surgical approach. Further studies are needed to assess the role of a “possible” family history as a risk factor for MGD.
Revisiting the Factor Structure of the Questionnaire on Smoking Urges

This study assessed the factor structure of the Questionnaire on Smoking Urges (QSU), a commonly used assessment of cravings for cigarettes, with a sample of smokers presenting for treatment in a smoking cessation trial. On the basis of previous research, three confirmatory factor analytic models were tested. Model 1 hypothesized a 26-item, 2-factor model using the items reported in the original QSU analysis by S. T. Tiffany and D. J. Drobes (1991). Model 2 hypothesized a 12-item, 2-factor model comprised of the 6 most robust items found in each of the 2 factors of the original factor analysis. Using the 12 items from Model 2, Model 3 hypothesized a 12-item, 1-factor model. The 2nd model was found to fit the data best. Reliability was also tested using values obtained in this 2nd model, and these estimates were found to be reasonably good. Future research directions for the QSU are discussed.
Pseudoguianolides of Gaillardia amblyodon

Abstract The structure of amblyodin, a new pseudoguainolide from Gaillaridia amblyodon Gay, has been established. Gaillardipinnatin, previously isolated from G. pinnatifida Torr., was also isolated.
MicroRNAs Are Differentially Expressed in Ulcerative Colitis and Alter Expression of Macrophage Inflammatory Peptide-2α

Background & Aims Chronic inflammatory bowel diseases such as ulcerative colitis (UC) are associated with differential expression of genes involved in inflammation and tissue remodeling. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), which direct mRNA degradation and translational inhibition, influence a number of disease processes. We examined whether miRNAs are differentially expressed in UC tissues and are associated with expression of genes that regulate inflammation. Methods miRNA expression was assessed in patients with active UC, inactive UC, Crohn's disease, irritable bowel syndrome, infectious colitis, and microscopic colitis, as well as in healthy subjects by microarray, quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and in situ hybridization analyses. Colonic epithelial cell (HT29) expression of miRNAs was assessed. Regulation of gene expression by miRNAs was assessed by luciferase reporter construct assays and transfection of specific miRNA mimics. Results Active UC was associated with the differential expression of 11 miRNAs; 3 were significantly decreased and 8 were significantly increased in UC tissues. In situ hybridization analysis indicated that miR-192, an miRNA with decreased expression in active UC, was predominantly localized to colonic epithelial cells. Macrophage inflammatory peptide (MIP)-2α, a chemokine expressed by epithelial cells, was identified as a target of miR-192. In colon epithelial cells, induction of MIP-2α expression by tumor necrosis factor-α was accompanied by a concomitant reduction in miR-192 expression and miR-192 was observed to regulate the expression of MIP-2α. Conclusions These findings expand the known roles of miRNAs, indicating that tissues from patients with UC, and possibly other chronic inflammatory diseases, have altered miRNA expression patterns. These findings also demonstrate that miRNAs regulate colonic epithelial cell-derived chemokine expression.
Application of finite-element-techniques to the interaction of conduction and radiation in an absorbing, scattering and emitting medium

In this paper, the authors demonstrate that a Galerkin finite element method of analysis, utilizing isoparametric elements, offers a viable means of solving continuum thermal radiation problems with conduction in a participating medium. The participating medium was considered to be a gray radiation medium exhibiting isotropic absorption, emission, and scattering characteristics and optical properties that are independent of temperature. The medium was considered to be bounded by infinite parallel opaque, gray surfaces with diffuse emission and reflection characteristics. In solving this problem, a finite element formulation was developed to describe a system in radiative equilibrium. Then the results of this first analysis were linked with a second finite element model which incorporated conduction into the analysis. The results of this study were found to be in good agreement with existing published data. The model offers the following advantageous features: geometric generality, a computational algorithm which is 'convenient' and 'computable', and a functional basis for extension of the radiation model to higher order approximation.
Reporting the dates of events: the role of prior knowledge.

In seeking to understand the processes involved when people report temporal information from memory, two general domains have been studied: date generation and duration estimation. Both domains are combined in the present study, which establishes, first, that people have similar expectations as to the usual lengths of the temporal intervals between events, and second, that expectations about intervals affect reconstructions of event dates. Similar expectations for intervals of certain vignettes (e.g. leaving on and returning from a honeymoon) were uncovered in Experiment 1. In Experiment 2, subjects read the same vignettes, but the dates used created temporal intervals that were less than, greater than, or equal to, the usual temporal intervals from Experiment 1. Subjects then recalled either one or both of the dates they had read. Results indicated that reported dates were influenced by both the dates presented and expectations based on prior knowledge.
Physical Activity, Social Support, and Family Structure as Determinants of Mood Among European-American and African-American Women

ABSTRACT The literature indicates that mood is an important predictor of physical and psychological well-being. Mood influences a person's health perceptions, treatment compliance, and recovery. Given the importance of mood as an outcome, it is important to identify predictors of mood. The current study examined physical activity, social support, and family structure as determinants of mood among women who had recently begun a walking program. Two hundred and fifty-nine European-American and African-American women between the ages of 30 and 60 participated in the study. A significant positive relation was found between physical activity, social support, and mood, while a negative relation was found between number of children and mood. Hierarchical regression revealed that physical activity, social support of friends, marital status, and number of children were significant predictors of women's mood. Race moderated the relation between number of children and mood. This study suggests that physical activity...
The geochemistry of water near a surficial organic-rich uranium deposit, Northeastern Washington state, U.S.A.

Abstract The chemistry of three stream, three spring and six near-surface waters in the vicinity of a Holocene organic-rich uranium deposit is described, with particular emphasis on the chemistry of U. Results characterize the solution behavior of uranium as U-bearing water interacts with relatively undecomposed, surficial organic matter. Of the measured major and trace chemical species, only U is consistently highly enriched (17–318 ppb) relative to reported values for regional waters, or to literature values for waters in largely granitic terrains. R-mode factor analysis of the chemical data suggests that most U is present in a soluble form, but that some U is also associated with fine suspended particulates of clay, organic matter, or hydrous oxides. Calculations that apply thermodynamic data to predict U speciation in solution indicate the relative importance of uranyl carbonate and uranyl phosphate complexes. Analysis of more finely filtered samples (0.05 μm vs. 0.45 μm), and direct radiographic observations using fission-track detectors suspended in the waters indicate the presence of some uraniferous particulate matter. Application of existing thermodynamic data for uranous- and uranyl-bearing minerals indicates that all waters are undersaturated with U minerals as long as ambient Eh ≳ +0.1 v. If coexisting surface and near-surface waters are sufficiently oxidizing, initial fixation of U in the deposit should be by a mechanism of adsorption. Alternatively, more reducing conditions may prevail in deeper pore waters of the organic-rich host sediments, perhaps leading to direct precipitation or diagenetic formation of U4+ minerals. A 234 U 238 U alpha activity ratio of 1.08 ± 0.02 in a spring issuing from a hillslope above the deposit suggests a relatively soluble source of U. In contrast, higher activity ratios of 234 U 238 U (∼ 1.3) in waters in contact with the uraniferous valley-fill sediments suggest differences in the nature of interaction between groundwater and the local, U-rich source rocks.
Delayed neuropsychologic dysfunction after liver transplantation for acute liver failure: A matched, case-controlled study

Although several studies have identified posttransplant neurologic sequelae in patients with acute liver failure (ALF), the effects of these sequelae on neuropsychologic functioning after transplant is unknown. This study compared neuropsychologic functioning of ALF patients with chronic liver disease patients after liver transplantation. After liver transplantation, seven ALF patients were compared with a matched control group of patients who had been transplanted for chronic liver disease. The patients were matched by gender, age (within 5 years), and time since transplantation (within 2 years). Patients completed a 2-hour battery of tests, which included measures of attention, memory, motor performance, abstract conceptualization, and visuospatial perception. There were no significant differences between the groups on measures of socioeconomic status or education. Significant differences were found on three separate tests: WAIS-III Vocabulary, WAIS-III Similarities, and WMS-III Paired Associate Learning II. Although these tests measure distinct functions (vocabulary knowledge, abstract conceptualization, and delayed verbal recall), they may be influenced by broader verbal functions, such as verbal fluency, conceptualization, and the ability to articulate ideas. When patients were asked what functions had noticeably deteriorated since transplantation, nearly all complained of memory difficulties, and there was no difference between groups. However, more ALF than chronic liver disease (CLD) patients complained of concentration difficulties. The results of this study suggest that ALF patients may experience more neuropsychologic dysfunction after transplant. Further studies are required to expand on these initial observations with the potential to improve patient care and referral to appropriate rehabilitative services.
Electron microscopy of dry peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) seeds crushed for oil removal. Fixation and embedding of anhydrously prepared tissues

Aqueous fixatives caused dry seed tissues to swell; mashed peanuts, crushed to remove oil, swelled even more. Use of anhydrous, organic solvents as vehicles for fixatives enabled maintenance of dimensional stability during fixation of dry seed tissues; even crushed seed tissue did not swell significantly when processed anhydrously. However, anhydrously processed specimens proved difficult to section. The difficulty was due to imperfect permeation of plastic into the seed tissues during embedding. An explanation of why anhydrously processed dry seed tissues are so difficult to embed in plastic is offered.
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids, Prostaglandins, and Schizophrenia

Psychotic disorders, particularly schizophrenia, are associated with clinical phenomena that can be explained by disturbances in polyunsaturated fatty acid and prostaglandin metabolism. Previous studies of PUFA, PG synthesis, PGE1 receptor activity and aggregation responses in platelets, and clinical treatment trials suggest a role for PGE in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Since a decrease in PGE1 activity can be associated with an increase of dopamine release, a deficiency of PGE1 is consistent with the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia. State-of-the-art assay and clinical trial methodology should clarify the role of PUFA metabolism in schizophrenia.
A New Nonhydrolytic Single-Precursor Approach to Surfactant-Capped Nanocrystals of Transition Metal Oxides

The advent of new methods to prepare semiconductor and metal nanocrystals, specifically the injection of molecular precursors into hot organic surfactants, has yielded markedly improved samples with good size control, narrow size distribution, and good crystallinity of individual and dispersable nanocrystals. It is of considerable interest to apply these methods to the synthesis of transition metal oxide nanoparticles, which typically are prepared by methods involving water as solvent or reactant. The authors report the first results of a new nonhydrolytic single-precursor approach to the synthesis of dispersable nanocrystals of transition metal oxides.
Deviations of the equilibrium order parameter from mean field theory in superconducting aluminum films

Superconducting aluminum films show deviations from the mean field theory prediction of the temperature dependence of the equilibrium order parameter close toT c . We show that these deviations can be explained by intrinsic variations inT c from grain to grain. When the coherence length is larger than the grain size, the deviations will occur over a much smaller temperature interval than the intrinsic variations because of the proximity effect.
Distal coronary artery injury following successful percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty

A 65-year-old woman underwent successful percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty of a right coronary artery stenosis. Shortly thereafter, she developed chest discomfort and repeat angiography demonstrated a new area of stenosis distal to the area of original angioplasty. An attempt at a second angioplasty resulted in vessel occlusion with subsequent successful bypass surgery. The etiology of the new distal lesion is discussed.
Chemical and autoradiographic studies of intranucleolar DNA in Vicia faba.

Abstract Nucleoli isolated from root-tip cells of Vicia faba were found to contain DNA with a base composition similar to that of the chromosomal or extra-nucleolar DNA. Chemical and autoradiographic methods were used to study the DNA of nuclei and nucleoli isolated from roots which had been exposed to radioactive thymidine. After a 6-h period of labelling approximately one thirtieth of the total radioactivity found in the nuclei appeared to be localized in the nucleoli. This activity could be in an intranucleolar DNA fraction with cytochemical properties differing from those of chromosomal DNA.
International amenity migration: Examining environmental behaviors and influences of amenity migrants and local residents in a rural community

Abstract This study contributes to our understanding of international amenity migration by examining the different types of environmental behaviors displayed by amenity migrants and local residents in Nuevo Arenal, Costa Rica, as well as how each group influences the other. Our findings indicate that amenity migrants and Costa Ricans displayed distinct environmental behaviors. The former group places more emphasis on large-scale processes, such as rebuilding natural ecosystems. The latter group prioritizes smaller-scale activities, such as recycling and trash collection. We also found that environmental influences in this community are unidirectional—from amenity migrants to Costa Ricans but not vice versa. Factors explaining these findings are offered.
Predicting the digestible energy of corn determined with growing swine from nutrient composition and cross-species measurements.

The DE values of corn grain for pigs will differ among corn sources. More accurate predic- tion of DE may improve diet formulation and reduce diet cost. Corn grain sources (n = 83) were assayed with growing swine (20 kg) in DE experiments with total collection of feces, with 3-wk-old broiler chick in nitro- gen-corrected apparent ME (AME N ) trials and with cecectomized adult roosters in nitrogen-corrected true ME (TME N ) studies. Additional AME N data for the corn grain source set was generated based on an existing near-infrared transmittance prediction model (near- infrared transmittance-predicted AME N (NIT-AME N )). Corn source nutrient composition was determined by wet chemistry methods. These data were then used to 1) test the accuracy of predicting swine DE of individual corn sources based on available literature equations and nutrient composition and 2) develop models for pre- dicting DE of sources from nutrient composition and the cross-species information gathered above (AME N , NIT-AME N , and TME N ). The overall measured DE, AME N , NIT-AME N , and TME N values were 4,105 ± 11, 4,006 ± 10, 4,004 ± 10, and 4,086 ± 12 kcal/kg DM, respectively. Prediction models were developed using 80% of the corn grain sources; the remaining 20% was reserved for validation of the developed prediction equation. Literature equations based on nutrient com- position proved imprecise for predicting corn DE; the root mean square error of prediction ranged from 105 to 331 kcal/kg, an equivalent of 2.6 to 8.8% error. Yet among the corn composition traits, 4-variable models developed in the current study provided adequate pre- diction of DE (model R 2 ranging from 0.76 to 0.79 and root mean square error (RMSE) of 50 kcal/kg). When prediction equations were tested using the validation set, these models had a 1 to 1.2% error of prediction. Simple linear equations from AME N , NIT-AME N , or TME N provided an accurate prediction of DE for indi- vidual sources (R 2 ranged from 0.65 to 0.73 and RMSE ranged from 50 to 61 kcal/kg). Percentage error of prediction based on the validation data set was greater (1.4%) for the TME N model than for the NIT-AME N or AME N models (1 and 1.2%, respectively), indicat- ing that swine DE values could be accurately predicted by using AME N or NIT-AME N. In conclusion, regres- sion equations developed from broiler measurements or from analyzed nutrient composition proved adequate to reliably predict the DE of commercially available corn hybrids for growing pigs.
A hierarchical neural network and its application to image segmentation

The problem of image segmentation can be formulated as one of vector quantization. Although self-organizing networks with competitive learning are useful for vector quantization, they, in their original single-layer structure, are inadequate for image segmentation. This paper proposes and describes a hierarchical self-organizing neural network for image segmentation. The hierarchical self-organizing feature map (HSOFM) which is an extension of the traditional (single-layer) self-organizing feature map (SOFM) is seen to alleviate the shortcomings of the latter in the context of image segmentation. The problem of image segmentation is formulated as one of vector quantization and mapped onto the HSOFM. The HSOFM combines the ideas of self-organization and topographic mapping with those of multi-scale image segmentation. Experimental results using intensity and range images bring out the advantages of the HSOFM over the conventional SOFM.
Achievement Place: experiments in self-government with pre-delinquents.

One of the goals of many treatment programs for pre-delinquent youths is the development of the skills involved in the democratic decision-making process. At Achievement Place, one aspect of the treatment program is a semi-self-government system whereby the seven pre-delinquent youths can democratically establish many of their own rules of behavior, monitor their peers' behavior to detect violations of their rules, and conduct a “trial” to determine a rule violator's guilt or innocence, and to determine the consequences for a youth who violates a rule. Two experiments were carried out to determine the role of some of the procedures in the boys' participation in the self-government system. Experiment I showed that more boys participated in the discussion of consequences for a rule violation when they had complete responsibility for setting the consequence during the trials than when the teaching-parents set the consequence for each rule violation before the trial. An analysis of the rule violations in this experiment indicated that the boys in Achievement Place reported more of the rule violations that resulted in trials than reported by the teaching-parents or school personnel. The boys reported rule violations that occurred in the community and school as well as at Achievement Place, including most of the serious rule violations that came to the attention of the teaching-parents. In Experiment II, the results indicated that more trials were called when the teaching-parents were responsible for calling trials on rule violations reported by the peers than when the boys were responsible for calling trials. When the youths earned points for calling trials the average number of trials per day increased, but more trivial rule violations were reported. These results suggest that aspects of the democratic decision-making process in a small group of pre-delinquents can be studied and variables that affect participation can be identified and evaluated.
Code Division Multiple Access system candidate for integrated modular avionics

There are government and industry trends towards avionics modularity and integrated avionics. Key requirements implicit in these trends are suitable data communication concepts compatible with the integration concept. In this paper we explore the use ofCode Division Multiple Access (CDMA) techniques as an alternative to collision detection and collision avoidance multiple access techniques.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
m-adic residue codes

The m-adic residue codes are investigated and are found to have many of the strong properties of the quadratic residue codes. A subgroup of the automorphism group and restrictions on the form of the idempotents of the m-adic residue codes are given. It is shown that some m-adic residue codes are self-orthogonal and the duals of some m-adic residue codes are their complements. Bounds on the minimum of the weights of the odd-like vectors in the odd-like codes are given. At some lengths, m-adic residue codes exist for several values of m. Containment relationships between these codes are demonstrated which show that, when m is even, m-adic residue codes inherit properties of quadratic residue codes. A table is included that contains minimum weights of the binary m-adic residue codes of lengths less than or equal to 127. >
Nuclear analyses for two “look-alike” helium-cooled pebble bed test blanket sub-modules proposed by the US for testing in ITER

Abstract The US is proposing two “look-alike” sub-modules, based on helium-cooled pebble bed (HCPB) ceramic breeder, to be tested in the same test blanket module (TBM) that will occupy a quarter of a port in ITER and placed next to the Japanese TBM. The TBM has a toroidal width of 73 cm, a radial depth of 60 cm and a poloidal height of 91 cm. The ceramic breeder is made of Li4SiO4 with 75% Li-6 enrichment (60% packing factor) and beryllium is used as the multiplier. The two sub-modules are arranged in two configurations, namely a layered configuration and an edge-on configuration. In the present work, we analyze these two sub-modules using two-dimensional discrete ordinates transport codes in R-θ model that accounts for the presence of the ITER shielding blanket and the surrounding frame of the port. The objectives are: (1) to examine the profiles of heating and tritium production rates in the two sub-modules, both in the radial and toroidal direction, in order to identify locations where neutronics measurements can be best performed with least perturbation from the surroundings, (2) to provide both local and integrated values for nuclear heating rates required for subsequent thermo-mechanics analysis, and (3) to compare the tritium production capabilities of two variants for the HCPB blanket concept, mainly the parallel and the edge-on configurations. We present the main findings from this study in this paper.
The intergranular embrittlement of Cu-AI-Ni ?-phase alloys

Intergranular embrittlement in the Cu-Al-Ni β-phase alloys has been investigated. Results of various experiments, which included an Auger electron spectroscopic analysis of freshly fractured grain boundary surfaces, lead to the conclusion that impurities do not play any significant role in the intergranular embrittlement of these alloys.
Quantum Yield for ClOO Formation following Photolysis of Aqueous OClO

The photochemistry of chlorine dioxide (OClO) in aqueous solution was investigated by femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy. Following the photoexcitation of OClO at 400 nm, the transient absorption dynamics were probed in the spectral range from 400 to 220 nm. As expected from earlier studies, the main photolytic products ClO + O, formed with a quantum yield of ∼90%, disappear through fast geminate recombination producing OClO in the electronic ground state. The total quantum yield for chlorine atom production is (ΦCl) ∼10%, with the chlorine atom production occurring through two competing processes. The dominant channel for chlorine atom production involves the formation of a short-lived intermediate on a ∼6 ps time scale with a quantum yield of 8 ± 2%. The remaining 2 ± 1% is formed through the formation and decomposition of ClOO. The lifetime of ClOO was found to be ∼0.32 ns, in very good agreement with the result of a recent time-resolved resonance Raman study. Finally, the UV absorption spec...