cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Are True Scores and Construct Scores the Same? A critical examination of their substitutability and the implications for research results

Relations between constructs are estimated based on correlations between measures of constructs corrected for measurement error. This process assumes that the true scores on the measure are linearly related to construct scores, an assumption that may not hold. We examined the extent to which differences in distribution shape reduce the correlation between true scores on a measure and scores on the underlying construct they are intended to measure. We found, via a series of Monte Carlo simulations, that when the actual construct distribution is normal, nonnormal distributions of true scores caused this correlation to drop by an average of only .02 across 15 conditions. When both construct and true score distributions assumed different combinations of nonnormal distributions, the average correlation was reduced by .05 across 375 conditions. We conclude that theory-based scales intended to measure constructs usually correlate highly with the constructs they are constructed to measure. We show that, as a result, in most cases true score correlations only modestly underestimate correlations between different constructs. However, in cases in which the two constructs are redundant, this underestimation can lead to the false conclusion that the constructs are ‘correlated but distinct constructs,’ resulting in construct proliferation.
Direct optical resolution of vesamicol and a series of benzovesamicol analogues by high-performance liquid chromatography.

The direct optical resolution of the vesicular acetylcholine uptake inhibitors vesamicol and benxovesamicol and nine benxovesamicol analogues were performed by HPLC on a commercially available cellulose tris(3,5dimethylphenyl carbamate) chiral stationary phase. Separation of each enantiomeric pair was optimized with respect to solvent strength and flow-rate, using mobile phase mixtures of hexane-2-propanol-diethylamine. The method has been successfully applied to the analysis of the optical purity of benxovesamicol intermediates and products, including ( - )-5-[ ‘231]iodobenxovesamicol which is currently undergoing clinical evaluation as a tracer for mapping central cholinergic neurons, and the purification of both antipodes of ( + )-7-[‘ZsI]iodobenxovesamicol.
Efficacy of a Three- Versus a Five-Week Alcohol Treatment Program

Eighty-six male alcoholic inpatients were randomly assigned to comparable 3- or 5-week treatment programs. Psychometric testing at the beginning and the end of treatment was supplemented by follow-up data 6 months after discharge. While both the 3- and 5-week groups demonstrated significant improvement on both MMPI and follow-up data, few differences between the groups were revealed. The comparable results obtained offer little justification for prolonging inpatient treatment beyond 3 weeks. It is suggested that the inpatient phase of alcohol treatment be brief and oriented to developing a well-structured extended outpatient program.
Abnormal EEG Patterns

A perusal of Chapter 13, Introduction to EEG Reading, should convince the reader that a thorough knowledge of the different normal and abnormal EEG patterns is essential to gain proficiency in EEG interpretation. This knowledge can be gained only by going over a large number of EEG tracings and becoming familiar with the various physiological and pathological alterations commonly and uncommonly seen in the EEG. This chapter, therefore, takes up the descriptive features of individual abnormal EEG patterns and briefly mentions their significance. Later, in a chapter on clinical correlations (Chapter 21), the specific disorders of the central nervous system (CNS) that lead to the abnormal EEG patterns are highlighted, and the EEG is discussed from the standpoint of its diagnostic and prognostic implications. The reader will note some amount of repetition and overlap between the two chapters; but this, hopefully, will serve to reinforce the important aspects of the topic.
Guidelines for Learning Unstressing and an Introduction to Modified Progressive Relaxation

The objectives of this instruction set are to become familiar with the procedures and variables essential to learning unstressing (relaxation),2 and to learn a specific unstressing technique, Modified Progressive Relaxation (MPR).
Does drywall installers' innovative idea reduce the ergonomic exposures of ceiling installation: A field case study.

Abstract Objective The study was conducted to assess an intervention suggested by the workers to reduce the physical or ergonomic exposures of the drywall installation task. Methods The drywall installers were asked to brainstorm on innovative ideas that could reduce their ergonomic exposures during the drywall installation work. The workers proposed the idea of using a ‘deadman’ (narrow panel piece) to hold the panels to the ceiling while installing them. The researcher collected quantitative exposure data (PATH, 3DSSPP) at the baseline and intervention phases and compared the phases to find out any change in the exposure while using the ‘deadman’. Results Results showed that ergonomic exposures (such as overhead arm and awkward trunk postures and heavy load handling) were reduced at the intervention phase while using the ‘deadman’ with an electrically operated lift. Conclusion The concept of the ‘deadman’, which was shown to help reduce musculoskeletal exposures during ceiling installation, can be used to fabricate a permanent ergonomic tool to support the ceiling drywall panel.
Lack of effect of selenium on glycolytic and citric acid cycle intermediates in rat kidney and liver.

SummaryThe concentrations of glycolytic and citric acid cycle intermediates were measured in the livers and kidneys from a selenium group of rats receiving 4 ppm Se in their drinking water. Compared to the concentrations of intermediates in the livers and kidneys from a control group of rats yoke-fed to the selenium rats, no metabolic changes were observed. It was concluded that growth depression and changes in eating and drinking behavior caused by selenium were not due to enzyme inhibition within glycolysis or the citric acid cycle.The author wishes to thank Mrs. Muriel Pallay and Mrs. Nadya Smejtek for technical assistance.
S85 Effects Of Post Exacerbation Pulmonary Rehabilitation (pepr) On Exercise Tolerance, Quality Of Life (qol) And Health Care Utilisation

Background PEPR has been shown to increase exercise tolerance, improve QoL and cut the cost of healthcare through reducing 30 day readmissions and A&E attendances (NICE 2010). Further research into the impact of PEPR on QoL and healthcare utilisation has been called for (NICE 2010). The feasibility of PEPR in practice has yet to be established (Jones et al 2013, Thorax). We secured funding to pilot PEPR in our local DGH population. Here, we present the initial five months data. Aims and objectives This study aimed to investigate the impact of PEPR on exercise tolerance, QoL and health care utilisation in a local DGH population. Methods Data were collected prospectively from successive patients referred for PEPR between December 2012 and May 2014. Outcome measures consisted of ISWT and QoL (CAT). Healthcare utilisation was measured through 30 and 90 day readmission and A&E attendance rates. Descriptive statistics and significance values were calculated in SPSS (version 22) using paired t-test and Chi 2 . Results 64 patients were referred to PEPR. 53% (n = 34) decline to attend, 15% (n = 10) failed to complete the programme. Subsequently 31% (n = 20) patients completed PEPR which is comparable to standard PR. Exercise tolerance was significantly improved (difference between the means 46 m 95% CI +/-33 m p = 0.009). QoL was significantly improved (difference between the means 5.4 95% CI +/-3.1 p = 0.002). Table 1 demonstrates the impact of PEPR on healthcare utilisation. Both 30 and 90 day readmissions were significantly reduced. 90 day A&E attendances were significantly reduced. Average LoS following readmission in the group who declined PEPR was 11 days compared to an average LoS following readmission in PEPR group of 1 day. Considering the savings associated with bed days alone and staffing expenses the cost benefit of PEPR was £21309 pa. Conclusions Results suggest PEPR in a DGH population has a significant impact on QoL and exercise tolerance with reductions in healthcare utilisation and associated cost benefits.
Two-Dimensional Pattern Formation Using Graphoepitaxy of PS-b-PMMA Block Copolymers for Advanced FinFET Device and Circuit Fabrication

Directed self-assembly (DSA) of lamellar phase block-co-polymers (BCPs) can be used to form nanoscale line-space patterns. However, exploiting the potential of this process for circuit relevant patterning continues to be a major challenge. In this work, we propose a way to impart two-dimensional pattern information in graphoepitaxy-based lamellar phase DSA processes by utilizing the interactions of the BCP with the template pattern. The image formation mechanism is explained through the use of Monte Carlo simulations. Circuit patterns consisting of the active region of Si FinFET transistors, referred to as Si “fins”, were fabricated to demonstrate the applicability of this technique to the formation of complex patterns. The quality of the Si fin features produced by this process was validated by demonstrating the first functional DSA-patterned FinFET devices with 29 nm-pitch fins.
Numerical Simulation of CUBRC Wake Flow Experiments Using a Hybrid LES/RANS Approach

A hybrid Large-Eddy Simulation/Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (LES/RANS) method is used to simulate the Mach 6 flow around a scaled model similar to NASA’s Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle (MPCV). The results for surface pressure and heat transfer are compared to experimental data from previous base flow experiments conducted at CUBRC. Using the highest Reynolds number test case (
Methylation and silencing of the gene for the receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatase PTPRO in primary human tumors

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 46, 2005 923 Promoter methylation is a major mechanism for the transcriptional silencing of many tumor suppressor genes. Using Restriction Landmark Genomic Scanning technique to identify methylated genes, we found that the gene for the receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor-type O (PTPRO) is suppressed in primary rat hepatocellular carcinoma induced by folate/methyl deficient diet, which probably occurs as a result of regional/localized hypermethylation (Motiwala, T. et.al., Oncogene, 22, 6319-6332, 2003). We further demonstrated methylation of this gene in many primary human solid tumors including hepatocellular carcinoma and lung cancer by COBRA (combined bisulfite restriction analysis) and bisulfite genomic sequencing. Real-time PCR showed that the methylated PTPRO in many tumor samples is silenced. The suppressed gene in some lung cancer cell lines could also be re-activated upon treatment with 5-aza-deoxycytidine (decitabine), a potent inhibitor of DNA methyltransferase I. Ectopic expression of the full-length isoform in a lung cancer cell line resulted in reduced proliferation, delayed re-entry into cell-cycle following release from cell-cycle arrest, increased susceptibility to apoptosis (Motiwala, T. et. al., PNAS, 101, 13844-9, 2004) and reduced tumor forming potential in nude mice. To demonstrate that the methylation-mediated suppression of PTPRO is a common characteristic of different types of cancers we analyzed a large number of primary chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) samples. Normal B-lymphocytes express the truncated isoform of PTPRO (PTPROt). While the B-lymphocytes from normal individuals were free of methylation, approximately 75% (n=92) of primary CLL samples exhibited methylation at the PTPRO CpG island. Further, ectopic expression of PTPROt in leukemia cells resulted in slower growth rate and loss of anchorage-independent growth. These observations suggest that this specific receptor-type tyrosine phosphatase plays an important role in regulating growth and proliferation of mammalian cells. In addition to exhibiting these characteristics of tumor suppressor genes, the PTPRO gene is localized to chromosomal region 12p12.3 that is characterized by loss of heterozygosity in several tumor types, another hallmark of classical tumor suppressors. Protein tyrosine phosphatases are gaining recognition as important cellular molecules due to their ability to function as positive and negative regulators of signal transduction pathways involved in different cellular processes. Identification of PTPRO as a candidate tumor suppressor, therefore, provides a novel molecular target in cancer therapy. Further, its expression could also be used as a prognostic marker in cancer therapy. Supported, in part, by grants CA 81024, CA86978, and ES 10874 (STJ) from the National Institutes of Health.
A Comprehensive Study of Mass Murder Precipitants and Motivations of Offenders

Much speculation has been made in the media as to the causes of mass murder in the United States, yet little empirical research exists to verify factors leading to violence. Prior research primarily relies on case study methodologies or small data sets, but none have focused on the underlying issues observed in a comprehensive national sample. Data for the current study include 152 mass murders reported through the FBI's Supplementary Homicide Reports and USA Today from 2007 to 2011, which were then matched with media reports for each event. The current study shows that mass murders typically occur following a triggering event, are committed by non-strangers, and are rarely committed by persons with mental illnesses. A more realistic image of these incidents is critical, as misperceptions of offenders and case characteristics can improperly shape public policies.
Clinical Significance of Serum Clara Cell Secretory Protein,Total Immunoglobulin E and Eosinophil Cationic Protein in Children with Asthma

Objective To explore the clinical significance of serum clara cell secretory protein(CC16),total immunoglobulin E(TIgE)and eosinophil cationic protein(ECP)in children with asthma.Methods Serum were collected from 59 cases during asthmatic acute attacks,29 asthmatic children who were in mild conditions,and 30 cases who were in moderate to severe conditions,and 30 healthy children.Serum CC16 concentration were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA),TIgE and ECP concentration were measured by uniCAP100.Results The levels of CC16 in serum of asthmatic children during acute attacks were significantly lower than that in control group(t=2.93 Pa0.01).Serum CC16 level in moderate to severe asthma groups were significantly lower than that in mild asthma group(t=5.26 P0.05).The mean value of the total IgE and ECP in bronchial asthmatic patients was significantly higher than that in normal children(t=2.72,4.52 Pa0.01).There was a positive relativity between the value of the CC16 and TIgE in serum(r=-0.602 P0.05).There was no relativity between the value of the CC16 and ECP as wel1 as TIgE and ECP in serum.Conclusions CC16 may play an important role in anti-inflammation in the airway.The determination of serum CC16 and TIgE are useful for assessing the state of asthmatics.
Endo-Porter-mediated delivery of phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligos (PMOs) in erythrocyte suspension cultures from Cope's gray treefrog Hyla chrysoscelis.

Cope's gray treefrog, Hyla chrysoscelis, is a freeze-tolerant anuran that accumulates cryoprotective glycerol during cold acclimation. H. chrysoscelis erythrocytes express the aquaglyceroporin HC-3...
High Risk of Surgical Glove Perforation From Surgical Rotatory Instruments

Background Surgical gloves can be damaged during the course of a procedure, which can place the surgeon and patient at risk. Glove perforation may not always be readily apparent, and determining the risk factors for glove perforation can aid the surgeon in deciding when a glove change is advisable. Time of wear and needle sticks have been well studied; however, other mechanisms including mechanical stress from surgical equipment have had limited evaluation to date.
Comparing different methods for assessing contaminant bioavailability during sediment remediation

Sediment contamination by persistent organic pollutants from historical episodes is widespread and remediation is often needed to clean up severely contaminated sites. Measuring contaminant bioavailability in a before-and-after manner lends to improved assessment of remediation effectiveness. However, a number of bioavailability measurement methods have been developed, posing a challenge in method selection for practitioners. In this study, three different bioavailability measurement methods, i.e., solid phase microextraction (SPME), Tenax desorption, and isotope dilution method (IDM), were compared in evaluating changes in bioavailability of DDT and its degradates in sediment following simulated remediation treatments. When compared to the unamended sediments, all three methods predicted essentially the same degrees of changes in bioavailability after amendment with activated carbon, charcoal or sand. After normalizing over the unamended control, measurements by different methods were linearly correlated with each other, with slopes close to 1. The same observation was further made with a Superfund site marine sediment. This finding suggests that different methods may be used in evaluating remediation efficiency. However, Tenax desorption or IDM consistently offered better sensitivity than SPME in detecting bioavailability changes. Results from this study highlight the value of considering bioavailability when evaluating remediation effectiveness and provide guidance on the selection of bioavailability measurement methods in such assessments.
Ethical Angles on Service Learning

As with any human endeavor, ethical conflicts easily arise in a service learning setting. Service learning requires negotiating many of these potential pitfalls but may be worth the effort on the part of faculty and students. While service learning can occur at all levels of education, this article concentrates on examples involving higher education and the ethical considerations that must be taken into account when using service learning as a form of pedagogy. Five ethical dilemmas are proposed and potential solutions discussed.
Immunohistochemical null-phenotype for mismatch repair proteins in colonic carcinoma associated with concurrent MLH1 hypermethylation and MSH2 somatic mutations

Microsatellite instability, a well-established driver pathway in colorectal carcinogenesis, can develop in both sporadic and hereditary conditions via different molecular alterations in the DNA mismatch repair (MMR) genes. MMR protein immunohistochemistry (IHC) is currently widely used for the detection of MMR deficiency in solid tumors. The IHC test, however, can show varied staining patterns, posing challenges in the interpretation of the staining results in some cases. Here we report a case of an 80-year-old female with a colonic adenocarcinoma that exhibited an unusual “null” IHC staining pattern with complete loss of all four MMR proteins (MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, and PMS2). This led to subsequent MLH1 methylation testing and next generation sequencing which demonstrated that the loss of all MMR proteins was associated with concurrent promoter hypermethylation of MLH1 and double somatic truncating mutations in MSH2. These molecular findings, in conjunction with the patient’s age being 80 years and the fact that the patient had no personal or family cancer history, indicated that the MMR deficiency was highly likely sporadic in nature. Thus, the stringent Lynch syndrome type surveillance programs were not recommended to the patient and her family members. This case illustrates a rare but important scenario where a null IHC phenotype signifies complex underlying molecular alternations that bear clinical management implications, highlighting the need for recognition and awareness of such unusual IHC staining patterns.
«Commemorare insieme il 2017»: la Riforma, un evento ecclesiale ed ecumenico

Il 2017 e l’anno del quinto centenario della Riforma protestante. Questo evento deve essere commemorato in modo ecumenico perche riguarda tutta la chiesa: infatti, la riforma in quanto tale e un principio critico perenne nella chiesa; inoltre, nell’intento dei suoi attori, la Riforma protestante doveva attuarsi all’interno dell’unica chiesa cattolica; infine, nonostante le divisioni ecclesiali che ha prodotto, la Riforma ha anche avuto effetti nella chiesa romana. Questo ci fa comprendere che, se le chiese oggi devono riformarsi, e per poter giungere insieme all’unita visibile dei cristiani.
Immunization Education in US Pharmacy Colleges and Schools.

Objective. To determine the extent to which immunization is covered at US colleges and schools of pharmacy and to characterize what immunization- and vaccine-related content is taught.Methods. An i...
The Coastal Zone

The coastal zone is of considerable practical importance since it is a region of intensive human activity and rich in biological activity, compared to the open ocean. At the same time, the spatial variation of the atmospheric surface flow and the surface wave field are complex and both are often in nonequilbrium. Formulations of surface stress must include the influence of developing wave state and shoaling (Section 3). Growing waves occur with offshore flow and with time-varying wind fields, often induced by diurnal variation of the heat flux discontinuity at the coastal interface (Section 5). Current formulations of the surface flux may perform poorly in developing internal boundary layers in offshore flow (Section 4). Difficulties with formulation of surface fluxes in the coastal zone is a major topic of this chapter (Sections 2–3). Offshore flow must adjust to smaller surface roughness and different surface heat flux over the sea. The modelling problem is particularly difficult with offshore flow of warm air over a cool water surface (Section 4). The development of stratus and other cloud regimes in the coastal zone is beyond the scope of this survey. This chapter will assume familiarity with previous reviews found in Donelan (1990) and Geernaert (1990).
Antecedents and consequences of within-person variation in Core Self-Evaluations

Even though an increasing body of research shows that differences in trait core-self evaluations (CSE)--or the fundamental appraisals individuals make about themselves, their worth, and their abili...
Expert-novice Studies: An Educational Perspective.

Definition. Expert-novice studies involve natural contrasts between individuals at relatively high performance levels in a given domain (academic discipline or profession or hobby) and individuals at a relatively low performance level in that given domain. The word ‘relatively’ is emphasized because expertise is a continuum rather than two discrete states and a given study usually just compares two points along the continuum. For example, one classic study compared physics faculty (experts) against physics graduate students (novices), whereas another classic study compared undergraduates having performed very well in an introductory course (experts) against undergraduates performing much less well in that same course (novices).
Reorientation of the Golgi apparatus and the microtubule organizing center: is it a means to polarize cell-mediated cytotoxicity?

Cell-mediated cytolysis is one of the central mechanisms of immune defense and has therefore attracted much attention. The recent availability of cloned cell lines with cytolytic activity1,2 had been instrumental in understanding some of the events that lead to target cell lysis. Using negative staining and thin sectioning electronmicroscopy with clones of natural killer cells (NK) and specific H-2 restricted cytotoxic T cells (TK), we have shown that the effector cells secrete tubular structures that are inserted into target cell membranes, presumably leading to target cell destruction3,4. Previous studies by others pointed to the importance of an intact secretory system in the killer cell and the potential participation of granules in the cytolytic reaction. It was therefore hypothesized that target cell binding triggers the onset of secretion of cytolytic components from the killer ce115,6.
Psychoanalytic-Developmental Theory and the Development of Male Gender Identity

The concept of identity has been a central preoccupation of philosophers for centuries—perhaps since humankind developed consciousness of self. At one level, identity has come to be considered by psychologists to be synonymous with the “self” or “self system.”1 At another level, the self is a dynamic process within which each individual lives—partly serendipitous, depending on the vagaries of heredity and fate, and partly purposive as each individual works at developing toward an elusive goal.2,3 Taken together then, identity consists of two elements, one a continuing integrated core of personhood, and the other a process of adaptation and change.
Mechanistic Aspects of the Q0 -Site of the bc1 -Complex As Revealed by Mutagenesis Studies, and the Crystallographic Structure

Ubiquinolxytochrome c oxidoreductase (bc1 -complex) is a central component of the electron transfer system in almost all organisms, occurring ubiquitously in respiratory and photosynthetic chains of mitochondria and bacteria, and (as the b6 f-complex) in the photo-synthetic chain of oxygenic photosynthesis (see refs. 1-3 for recent reviews). A modified Q-cycle (4—9) accounts well for a large body of experimental data from studies in which the function has been explored. The mechanism involves two catalytic sites for oxidation or reduction of the quinone couple, and a third site for electron transfer to cytochrome c. The function of the two quinone reactive sites has been explored biochemically, and characterized using kinetic spectroscopy, and their activities differentiated through use of inhibitors that act specifically at one site or the other (1-13). The quinol oxidizing site (Qo -site) catalyzes a unique reaction in which the electrons from QH2 are passed to separate electron transport chains in the complex through a bifurcated reaction. Further information on the occupancy of the Qo -site has been obtained though study of the interaction of the occupant with the 2Fe2S center of the reduced ISP, observed through changes in the EPR spectrum of this center (33-40). In addition to the effects observed with stigmatellin and UHDBT (10-13, 33), a well-defined band at gx = 1. 800 has been observed when quinone occupies the pocket. The dependence of these spectral changes on ambient redox potential, and on the extent of extraction of quinone, has lead Ding (34, 35) and colleagues to suggest a double occupancy of the site by weakly (Qow) and strongly (Qos) binding quinone species.
Using the Multiphase Optimization Strategy (MOST) to Develop an Optimized Online STI Preventive Intervention Aimed at College Students: Description of Conceptual Model and Iterative Approach to Optimization

This chapter describes some aspects of an application of the multiphase optimization strategy (MOST) to optimize and evaluate itMatters, an online intervention that targets the intersection of alcohol use and sexual behaviors to reduce sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among college students. The chapter emphasizes two aspects of this application. First, we describe the development of a detailed conceptual model during the preparation phase of MOST. This conceptual model guided decisions such as the choice of outcome variables. Second, we describe an iterative approach to experimentation during the optimization phase of MOST. The objective of the iterative approach is to build a highly effective intervention by using repeated optimization trials to evaluate which intervention components meet a given criterion for effectiveness and which do not. Revisions are undertaken to improve the components that do not meet the criterion, and then a subsequent optimization trial is used to reevaluate the components. This iterative approach has the potential to enable the investigator to develop more effective, efficient, economical, and scalable interventions.
A Game Theoretic Approach for Distributed Electricity Providers in Deregulated Power Market

With the integration of distributed energy resources (DER), there are multiple players in the electrical power market. Existing regulated electricity market structure may no longer be feasible under such a competitive power market. In this paper, we propose a new game-theoretic framework to study the optimization and decision making of multi-players in the distributed power system. The proposed game theoretic special concept-rational reaction set (RRS) is capable to model the game of the distributed energy providers and the large residential consumers. Meanwhile, the residential consumers are able to participate in the retail electricity market to control the market price. A set of mathematical models of the market participants is formulated with a number of local and global constraints. Case studies are conducted to validate the system framework using the proposed game theoretic method. The simulation results show the effectiveness and the accuracy of the proposed strategic framework for obtaining the optimum profits for players participating in this market.
Ethnic Change and Non-assimilating Minority Status: Jews in Tunisia and Morocco and Arabs in Israel (1981)

Non-assimilating minorities, more commonly described in this volume as religious minorities in non-secular states, reside in countries where the identity and political mission of the state are formally tied to the religion or ethnicity of the majority. Minorities in such situations have an unavoidably inferior political status, as do the three minorities considered in this chapter: Jews in Tunisia, Jews in Morocco, and Arabs in Israel. Drawing on both historical information and original public opinion data, including data from a matched sample of Muslim citizens in the case of Tunisia, the analysis develops a four-part typology based on whether communal solidarity is increasing or decreasing and whether the primary referent for normative orientations is a domestic or an external cultural system. The cultural orientations, political orientations, and views of national identity expressed by minority group members are considered in developing the typology and assigning individuals to one of the four categories. Demographic and social structural attributes are then used to account for the between-group and within-group variation that the typology captures and to develop inferences about causality. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the relevance of the typology for other minority groups and of the potential generalizability of the observed explanatory relationships.
Anatomical Feasibility of Right Oblique Approach for L5-S1 Oblique Lumbar Interbody Fusion.

Background We compared left and right vascular anatomy at the L5-S1 disc space and validated the anatomical feasibility of the right oblique approach for L5-S1 oblique lumbar interbody fusion. Methods Axial T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging studies at the L5-S1 disc level were used to study 274 subjects (164 women and 110 men; average age, 62.97 years). The distance from the center of the L5-S1 disc to the medial wall of the left or right vessel was measured. Using the vessel position, 3 groups were established: medial, middle, and lateral. To describe the morphological configuration, the vessel type and the presence of perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) around the vessels were identified on both sides. Results The vessels on the left L5-S1 disc space were located 12.47 mm from the midline and most subjects (209 subjects; 76.3%) were included in the medial or middle group. On the right side, the vessels were located more laterally (16.93 mm; P = 0.000) and most subjects (248 subjects; 90.5%) were in the middle or lateral group. On the left side, vessels were mostly veins (260 subjects; 94.9%) and 139 subjects (50.7%) had PVAT. On the right side, the vessels were mostly arteries (213 subjects; 77.7%) and 242 (88.3%) had PVAT. Conclusions The vessels on the right side of the L5-S1 disc were located more laterally, and most vessels on the right side were arteries accompanying PVAT, which might minimize vessel manipulation. These results indicate that the right side of the L5-S1 disc could provide feasible access for oblique lumbar interbody fusion at L5-S1.
Magnetically Coupled Circuits

The circuit elements in circuits, we analyzed thus far, are conductively coupled. Conductors are used to connect elements. Circuit elements can also be connected through magnetic fields, called magnetically coupled. An inductor is basically a conducting coil. The induction of a voltage in another inductance by the current flowing in an inductance is mutual induction. A flywheel is a mechanical device that stores rotational energy and returns it to the system. Similarly, an inductor stores magnetic energy and returns it to the system. It does not dissipate energy like a resistor. While a resistor is required to limit the current in the circuit, an inductor smooths the flow of current.
Planning hospital boards for the future. Interview by Donald E. L. Johnson.

Lancaster General Hospital, a 553-bed institution in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, was founded in 1893. Hospital services include trauma, cancer, and neo-natal centers and open-heart and neurosurgery specialties. In the following interview with Health Care Strategic Management's publisher, Donald E.L. Johnson, Paul G. Wedel, President and Chief Executive Officer discusses the future challenges confronting hospital foundation boards. Lancaster General's 18-member planning board which charts the course for the 28,000 employee and 550 medical staff institution serves as a familiar point of reference.
Chapter 49 – Cocoon

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses cocoon, which is a silk-protective covering within which the caterpillars of many moths and a few butterflies pupate. Other orders of insects also spin silk and form cocoons, including Siphonaptera (fleas), Hymenoptera (ants, bees, and wasps), Neuroptera (lacewings and antlions), and Trichoptera (caddisflies). Lepidoptera cocoons can be very thick and tough, such as that of the silkworm, Bombyx mori, or they can be limited to a relatively few strands of silk that keep the pupa from falling or that hold materials together to form a shelter. There are many kinds of lepidopteran cocoons. Some are formed from substrate materials held together by silk, others are so tough and jug-like that they have a special escape lid woven at the end for the emergence of the adult lepidopterans such as the cecropia moth, Hyalophora cecropia (Saturniidae), spin an elongate cocoon with a one-way escape hatch at the end. Hymenopteran cocoons are highly variable in appearance, ranging from the tightly spun cocoons of some parasitic ichneumonid wasps that are suspended on a long silk thread to the more loosely spun cocoons of some braconid wasps such as those found clustered on the outside of caterpillars. Flea (Siphonaptera) larvae spin cocoons covered with debris in areas where the larvae have been feeding. Lacewing larvae (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) spin tight, egg-shaped cocoons in some snug spot near where they have been feeding.
Ab Initio Study of Hydrolysis Effects in Single and Ion-Exchanged Alkali Aluminosilicate Glasses.

Hydrolysis in alkali-doped aluminosilicate glasses is one of the most complicated mechanisms in glass science. There remain many fundamental and unresolved issues with implications on their potenti...
New Species of Anthurium (Araceae) from Venezuela

A total of nine species of Anthurium Schott sect. Calomystrium Schott (Araceae) from Venezuela are treated. Most of the species have been confused with A. cartilagineum (Desf.) Kunth; a dichotomous key to distinguish them is provided. All but one of these species are endemic to the Cordillera de la Costa in northern Venezuela. Seven species are described as new: A. alfcardozoi Croat, A. coltovarense Croat, A. galipanense Croat, A. georgetatei Croat, A. guaicaipurense Croat & M. Hanson, A. hansonianum Croat, and A. ronliesneri Croat. One additional species, Anthurium species #1, is included in the key and is fully described but is not being formally published owing to inadequate material. In addition, A. cartilagineum (Desf.) Kunth is redescribed, and a more complete description is provided since it is a close relative to several of the species treated here.
One-year Patient-reported Outcomes After Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair Do Not Correlate With Mild to Moderate Psychological Distress

Background Patients with shoulder and rotator cuff pathology who exhibit greater levels of psychological distress report inferior preoperative self-assessments of pain and function. In several other areas of orthopaedics, higher levels of distress correlate with a higher likelihood of persistent pain and disability after recovery from surgery. To our knowledge, the relationship between psychological distress and outcomes after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair has not been similarly investigated.
Literature Searching Methodology

Descriptions of analytical methods and instrumental techniques are found in an astonishing variety of resources. Because of this wide variety of sources and the extensive time period over which they have been published, developing an effective literature searching methodology is absolutely essential for students, research faculty, and practicing chemists. This article covers traditional methodologies and basic resources. In addition, recent widespread adoption of electronic journals and reference works, plus the virtually universal adoption of Google searching, are substantially transforming literature searching methodology.
Large-Scale Simulation of Adhesion Dynamics for End-Grafted Polymers

The adhesion between a polymer melt and substrate is studied in the presence of chemically attached chains on the substrate surface. Extensive molecular dynamics simulations have been carried out to study the effect of temperature, tethered chain areal density (Σ), tethered chain length (Nt), chain bending energy (kθ), and tensile pull velocity (v) on the adhesive failure mechanisms of pullout and/or scission of the tethered chains. We observe a crossover from pure chain pullout to chain scission as Nt is increased. Below the glass transition, the value of Nt for which this crossover begins approaches the bulk entanglement length Ne. For the values of Nt and Σ used here, no crossover to crazing is observed.
NMDA receptors, mGluR5, and endocannabinoids are involved in a cascade leading to hippocampal long-term depression

In the CA1 region of the rat hippocampus, metabotropic glutamate receptor-5 (mGluR5) and cannabinoid-1 receptors (CB1Rs) are believed to participate in long-term synaptic depression (LTD). How mGluRs and CB1Rs interact to promote LTD remains uncertain. In this study, we examined LTD induced by CB1R agonists, mGluR5 agonists, and low-frequency electrical stimulation (LFS) of the Schaffer collateral pathway. Synthetic CB1R agonists induced robust LTD that was mimicked by the endocannabinoid (EC), noladin ether (NLDE), but not by anandamide. 2-Arachidonylglycerol (2AG) produced only a small degree of LTD. The selective mGluR5 agonist, namely (RS)-2-chloro-5-hydroxyphenylglycine (CHPG), also induced robust LTD, and CHPG and NLDE occluded each other's effects. Similarly, CHPG and NLDE occluded LFS-induced LTD, and LTD resulting from all three treatments was blocked by a CB1R antagonist. CHPG-LTD and NLDE-LTD were insensitive to N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) block, even though LFS-LTD requires NMDARs. LTD induced by LFS or CHPG, but not NLDE-LTD, was blocked by a selective mGluR5 antagonist. (RS)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine (DHPG), a less selective group I mGluR agonist, also induced LTD, but its effects were not blocked by mGluR5 or CB1R antagonists. Furthermore, DHPG-LTD was additive with LFS-LTD and CHGP-LTD. These results suggest that NMDARs, mGluR5, and CB1Rs participate in a cascade that underlies LFS-LTD and that release of an EC and CB1R activation occur downstream of NMDARs and mGluR5. Furthermore, DHPG induces a form of LTD that differs mechanistically from LFS-induced depression.
How I Became Addicted to Simulations and Games

Three outstanding teachers stimulated my interest in alternative methods of education and made me receptive to simulations and games. At my first gaming conference, I discovered the value of simulations and games by playing games rather than by listening to lectures. I found the spirit of play and cooperation at NASAGA and ISAGA conferences refreshing and my games owe a considerable debt to the experienced gamers I met there. My experience facilitating games has taught me that allowing a few players to judge the work of their peers using subjective criteria leads to negative emotions, which may cancel any potential benefits of a game. I have also learned that the NEW COMMONS GAME, which illustrates the tragedy of the commons, may leave players feeling helpless and fatalistic about solving real-world commons problems. Several strategies are presented that counter negative feelings and instill optimism in players that commons problems can be solved. Recent developments in the video gaming community provide grounds for optimism about the future of educational gaming. However, it is imperative that video game designers who have an educational goal incorporate the knowledge that educational gamers have acquired over the past 50 years, such as the need for debriefing. A hypothetical, long-term, large-scale game is described that has the potential to educate students campuswide about how a commons resource can be sustained for the benefit of all. In addition, if the game is conducted across semesters or years, players' responsibility to future generations of players could be studied and enhanced. However, the hypothetical game would require revising current thinking about debriefing. A brief description of the games I have designed is included.
IgG4-related systemic disease accounts for a significant proportion of thoracic lymphoplasmacytic aortitis cases

Objective IgG4-related systemic disease, a disorder recognized only recently, can cause lymphoplasmacytic inflammation in the thoracic aorta. The percentage of cases caused by IgG4-related systemic disease is not known. We aimed to determine the percentage of noninfectious thoracic aortitis cases that are associated with IgG4-related systemic disease and to establish pathologic criteria for identifying involvement of the thoracic aorta by this disorder. Methods We searched our Pathology Service database to identify patients with noninfectious thoracic aortitis who underwent resection over a 5-year time span. The histologic features of these cases were reviewed. All cases of lymphoplasmacytic aortitis and representative cases of giant cell aortitis and atherosclerosis were stained by immunohistochemistry for IgG4 and for the plasma cell marker CD138. We determined the fraction of plasma cells that stained for IgG4. Results Of 638 resected thoracic aortas, 33 (5.2%) contained noninfectious aortitis. Four of these cases (12% of all patients with noninfectious aortitis) had histologic features of lymphoplasmacytic aortitis. Three of those 4 cases (9% of the noninfectious aortitis cases) demonstrated pathologic involvement by IgG4-related systemic disease, with an elevated proportion of plasma cells staining for IgG4 (mean ± SD 0.82 ± 0.08) compared with cases of giant cell aortitis (0.18 ± 0.13) and atherosclerosis (0.19 ± 0.08; P < 0.00001). Conclusion IgG4-related systemic disease accounted for 75% of lymphoplasmacytic aortitis cases and 9% of all cases of noninfectious thoracic aortitis in our institution during a 5-year period. Immunohistochemical assessment of the percentage of plasma cells that stained for IgG4 in resected aortas was helpful in identifying patients with IgG4-related systemic disease.
Expression of the diaphanous-related formin proteins mDia1 and mDia2 in the rat testis.

Cytoskeletal alterations in both Sertoli cells and germ cells are important during many facets of mammalian spermatogenesis. Diaphanous-related formin proteins are known to control many aspects of actin-based cytoskeletal rearrangements, yet nothing is known regarding the expression of formins in the testis. Accordingly, here we present the first data describing mDia1 and mDia2 mRNA and protein expression in primary Sertoli cell isolates, established tissue culture cell lines often used as models for Sertoli cell analysis, and mixed populations of adult rat male germ cells. Furthermore, we have examined intact sections of rat testis. The results suggest strongly that mDia1 and mDia2 are indeed involved in the regulation of Sertoli cell and germ structure during mammalian spermatogenesis, and provide strong indications of the future directions for mechanistic studies. Developmental Dynamics 237:2170–2176, 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Language and Runtime Support for Automatic Configuration and Deployment of Scientific Computing Software over Cloud Fabrics

In this paper, we present the design and implementation of Neptune, a simple, domain-specific language based on the Ruby programming language. Neptune automates the configuration and deployment of scientific software frameworks over disparate cloud computing systems. Neptune integrates support for MPI, MapReduce, UPC, X10, StochKit, and others. We implement Neptune as a software overlay for the AppScale cloud platform and extend AppScale with support for elasticity and hybrid execution for scientific computing applications. Neptune imposes no overhead on application execution, yet significantly simplifies the application deployment process, enables portability across cloud systems, and promotes lock-in avoidance by specific cloud vendors.
Estimation of blood sampling errors resulting from metabolism and solute exchange between plasma and formed elements.

Abstract The origin and magnitude of potential errors in whole-blood sampling are prredicted on the basis of a mathematical model. The model describes the kinetics of solute metabolism, breakdown, and interphase distribution (i.e., partitioning and exchange between formed elements and plasma) within a blood sample during sample withdrawal and storage. The model is applied to the determination of the integral over time of solute concentration in the plasma (area-under-the-curve, or AUC) from a sample withdrawn through an arterial or venous catheter. Errors in AUC determination can be substantial and are strongly dependent on the duration of sampling (T), the rate constants for solute degradation processes, the rate constant for solute exchange between the formed elements and the plasma (ke). ,nd the equilibrium ratio for distribution of the solute between formed elements and plasma (R). When the value of the dimensionless group keT/R is small, little solute exchanges between plasma water and formed elements before the two phases of the blood are separated. When keT/R is large, the solute distribution is close to equilibrium at all times. In these two keT/R limits, the contribution of solute redistribution to sampling error is small. Sizable errors resulting from redistribution are associated with intermediate values of keT/R, even in the absence of metabolism and despite rapid separation of the phases at the end of the withdrawal period. Chemical conversion within either of the blood phases introduces additional sampling error under most circumstances.