cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Invited Paper Laser-Induced Damage To Optical Elements In Materials Processing Systems

In laser materials processing systems, power densities or fluences may reach levels which can endanger optical elements located in the beam path. In this paper, laser-induced damage to optical elements is reviewed in a general sense without reference to specific wavelengths or modes of operation. Emphasis is put on the distinction of functional vs. catastrophic laser damage, and on laser damage test procedures.
An agency ethics audit

An agency's ethics posture can encompass both compliance with controls and legal prohibitions and individual ethical reasoning and its role in the organization. This article presents a model ethics audit designed to profile the agency's strengths and deficiencies and produce an action agenda in a format appropriate for periodic review.
Surgically uprighting and grafting mandibular second molars.

Summary A two-year follow-up was made of twenty-one impacted, mesially inclined mandibular molars which were surgically uprighted and splinted with autogenous bone grafts. There were two instances of follicular cysts in the adjacent impacted third molars and two instances of supereruption of uprighted teeth. With these exceptions, all uprightings were successful according to the criteria of continued root growth, normality of pulp chambers, normal periodontium, and normal contiguous structures.
Racial differences in the structure and function of the stress urinary continence mechanism.

Abstract Objective: To compare the structure and function of the urethral sphincter and the urethral support in nulliparous black and white women. Methods: Eighteen black women (mean age 28.1 years) and 17 white women (mean age 31.3 years) completed this cross-sectional study. The following assessments were made: urethral function using multichannel cystometrics and urethral pressure profilometry, pelvic muscle strength using an instrumented speculum, urethral mobility using the cotton-swab test and perineal ultrasound, and pelvic muscle bulk using magnetic resonance imaging. Results: Black women demonstrated a 29% higher average urethral closure pressure during a maximum pelvic muscle contraction (154 cm H2O versus 119 cm H2O in the white subjects; P = .008). Although not statistically significant, black women had a 14% higher maximum urethral closure pressure at rest (108 cm H2O versus 95 cm H2O; P = .23) and a 21% larger urethral volume (4818 mm3 versus 3977 mm3; P = .06). In addition, there was a 36% greater vesical neck mobility measured with the cotton-swab test (blacks 49° versus whites 36°; P = .02) and a 42% difference in ultrasonically measured vesical neck mobility during a maximum Valsalva effort (blacks = −17 mm versus whites −12 mm; P = .08). Conclusion: Functional and morphologic differences exist in the urethral sphincteric and support system of nulliparous black and white women.
The separate and combined effects of covert and overt rehearsal in developing assertive behavior

Abstract The present investigation evaluated the separate and combined effects of covert modeling and overt rehearsal as a means of developing assertive behavior. Nonassertive clients ( n = 66) received one of three treatments: covert modeling, overt rehearsal and covert modeling-overt rehearsal combined. A delayed-treatment group was included in the design to serve as a no-treatment control condition before clients were reassigned randomly to one of the three treatments. Treatments led to significant improvements on self-report and behavioral measures of assertiveness and self-efficacy. Although covert and overt rehearsal treatments were equally effective, the combined procedure led to significantly greater improvements which were evident at posttreatment and at an 8-month follow-up assessment. Treatment effects generalized to novel role-play situations and brought clients to the level of other persons who regarded themselves as adept in social situations requiring assertive behavior.
Dissecting RNA silencing in protoplasts uncovers novel effects of viral suppressors on the silencing pathway at the cellular level

Short interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated RNA silencing plays an important role in cellular defence against viral infection and abnormal gene expression in multiple organisms. Many viruses have evolved silencing suppressors for counter-defence. We have developed an RNA silencing system in the protoplasts of Nicotiana benthamiana to investigate the functions of viral suppressors at the cellular level. We showed that RNA silencing against a green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter gene in the protoplasts could be induced rapidly and specifically by co-transfection with the reporter gene and various silencing inducers [i.e. siRNA, double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) or plasmid encoding dsRNA]. Using this system, we uncovered novel roles of some viral suppressors. Notably, the Cucumber mosaic virus 2b protein, shown previously to function predominantly by preventing the long-distance transmission of systemic silencing signals, was a very strong silencing suppressor in the protoplasts. Some suppressors thought to interfere with upstream steps of siRNA production appeared to also act downstream. Therefore, a viral suppressor can affect multiple steps of the RNA silencing pathway. Our analyses suggest that protoplast-based transient RNA silencing is a useful experimental system to investigate the functions of viral suppressors and further dissect the mechanistic details of the RNA silencing pathway in single cells.
Shapes, shocks and wiggles

Abstract We earlier introduced an approach to categorical shape description based on the singularities (shocks) of curve evolution equations. The approach relates to many techniques in computer vision, such as Blum's grassfire transform, but since the motivation was abstract it is not clear that it should also relate to human perception. We now report that this shock-based computational model can account for recent psychophysical data collected by Burbeck and Pizer . In these experiments subjects were asked to estimate the local centers of stimuli consisting of rectangles with `wiggles' (sides modulated by sinusoids). Since the experiments were motivated by their `core' model, in which the scale of boundary detail is proportional to object width, we conclude that such properties are also implicit in shock-based shape descriptions. More generally, the results suggest that significance is a structural notion, not an image-based one, and that scale should be defined primarily in terms of relationships between abstract entities, not concrete pixels.
Laparoscopic patch repair of diaphragmatic hernias with Surgisis.

Abstract Background Laparoscopic repair of congenital diaphragmatic hernias has been sparsely reported. Moreover, each report has primarily been a single operative case. In most of the reports, prosthetic mesh has not been used, and when used, it has been nonabsorbable in nature. Most of these case reports have documented only a few months of clinical follow-up. Methods After institutional review board approval (No. 01-12-115X), the clinical course and outcome of 3 patients undergoing laparoscopic repair of foramen of Morgagni and Bochdalek hernias using 4-ply Surgisis soft tissue graft (Cook Inc, Bloomington, Ind) were reviewed to determine if this approach is appropriate. Results In 2001, 2 patients, ages 9 months and 14 years, underwent laparoscopic foramen of Morgagni repair and one 5-day-old underwent laparoscopic foramen of Bochdalek repair using Surgisis soft tissue graft as a patch to close the diaphragmatic defects because there was too much tension with primary repair. In each case, the prosthesis was secured to the rim of the defect using interrupted silk sutures tied intracorporally. The mean operative time for repair of the Morgagni defects was 230 minutes with a postoperative discharge of 1 and 2 days. For the foramen of Bochdalek repair, the operative time was 204 minutes, and the patient was discharged at 3 weeks. No complications have occurred during or after any of the procedures, but the oldest patient underwent diagnostic laparoscopy 3 months postoperatively for a radiographic finding of suspected recurrence. At laparoscopy, the patch was intact, and no diaphragmatic hernia was noted. Conclusions Laparoscopic repair of congenital diaphragmatic defects using prosthetic material is possible although the operative time required is around 3.5 hours. Because of the brief postoperative course, the laparoscopic approach appears justified in the nonneonatal patients. Whether this approach is appropriate for repair of neonatal Bochdalek hernias remains unclear.
NF-κB Functions in Tumor Initiation by Suppressing the Surveillance of Both Innate and Adaptive Immune Cells

NF-κB is considered a major contributor to tumor development, but how this factor functions in the initial stages of oncogenesis is not clear. In a model of Ras-induced transformation, we probed NF-κB function as preneoplastic cells formed tumors in mice. As previously shown, the p65 subunit of NF-κB acts as a tumor suppressor in normal cells by sustaining senescence following DNA damage. Our current data reveal that, following immortalization, p65 switches to an oncogene by counteracting the surveillance properties of immune cells. NF-κB exerts this effect by protecting transformed cells against macrophage-derived proapoptotic factors, tumor necrosis factor, and nitric oxide. Additionally, NF-κB acts through transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) to mitigate T cell cytotoxicity and other factors to expand myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Together, these data suggest that NF-κB functions in the early stages of transformation by suppressing immune surveillance of both innate and adaptive immune cells, information that may be useful for targeted immunotherapies.
Treatment assessment of learning disabled children: Is there a role for frequently repeated neuropsychological testing?

Test/retest practice effects among learning disabled (LD) and non-learning disabled (NLD) children were examined using the Halstead Category Test. Two experimental paradigms were performed. The first compared subjects on successive trials. The second paradigm used a control group to compare second trial performance of the experimental group with first trial performance of the controls. Both paradigms provide evidence of the relative inability of LD children to profit from practice. It is suggested that neuropsychological data can be used for short term test/retest as one indication of the efficacy of treatment intervention for learning disabled children without the practice effect being a significantly confounding variable.
Analysis of the Double-Tiered Three-Battery Switched Capacitor Battery Balancing System

The auto industry is progressing towards hybrid and fully electric vehicles in their future car models. These vehicles need a power plant that is reliable during the lifetime of the car. Battery and ultra-capacitor capacity imbalances stemming from manufacturing and ensuing driving environment and operational usage affect voltage levels, which must adhere to strict limits to ensure the safety of the driver. A double-tiered capacitive shuttling technique is applied to an idealized three-battery system simulation in order to balance the voltages. Parameters in the system are varied and their effects on the system determined. Results are compared to a single-tiered approach. Simulation shows a substantial improvement in charge transport using the new topology. Experimental results verifying simulation are presented.
Image Synthesis for Inverse Obstacle Scattering Using the Eigenfunction Expansion Theorem

In recent years several new inverse scattering techniques have been developed that determine the boundary of an unknown obstacle by reconstructing the surrounding scattered field. In the case of sound soft obstacles, the boundary is usually found as the minimum contour of the total field. In this note we derive a different approach for imaging the boundary from the reconstructed fields based on a generalization of the eigenfunction expansion theorem. The aim of this alternative approach is the construction of higher contrast images than is currently obtained with the minimum contour approach.
Cooperativism and Agroforestry in the Eastern Amazon: The Case of Tomé-Açu

An agricultural cooperative in the eastern Amazon region composed primarily of Japanese immigrants and their descendants practices agroforestry with black pepper, cacao, and tropical fruits as the ...
A Role for the ATP7A Copper-transporting ATPase in Macrophage Bactericidal Activity

Copper is an essential micronutrient that is necessary for healthy immune function. This requirement is underscored by an increased susceptibility to bacterial infection in copper-deficient animals; however, a molecular understanding of its importance in immune defense is unknown. In this study, we investigated the effect of proinflammatory agents on copper homeostasis in RAW264.7 macrophages. Interferon-γ was found to increase expression of the high affinity copper importer, CTR1, and stimulate copper uptake. This was accompanied by copper-stimulated trafficking of the ATP7A copper exporter from the Golgi to vesicles that partially overlapped with phagosomal compartments. Silencing of ATP7A expression attenuated bacterial killing, suggesting a role for ATP7A-dependent copper transport in the bactericidal activity of macrophages. Significantly, a copper-sensitive mutant of Escherichia coli lacking the CopA copper-transporting ATPase was hypersensitive to killing by RAW264.7 macrophages, and this phenotype was dependent on ATP7A expression. Collectively, these data suggest that copper-transporting ATPases, CopA and ATP7A, in both bacteria and macrophage are unique determinants of bacteria survival and identify an unexpected role for copper at the host-pathogen interface.
Do randomized trials of thrombolysis versus open revascularization still apply to current management: what has changed?

Several randomized trials of catheter-directed thrombolysis versus operative revascularization in patients with acute lower extremity ischemia were performed in the mid-1990s. Although the outcomes of these trials were not definitive, they did provide insight into potential uses and techniques of catheter-directed thrombolysis and lytic agents. This article reviews the outcomes of these randomized trials and describes advances in thrombolytic techniques and technology, including percutaneous mechanical thrombectomy devices and innovative catheter designs that accelerate lysis and the development of direct-acting lytic agents.
Comparison of three intraosseous access techniques in cats.

Objective – To compare the placement feasibility and amount of bone trauma induced by 3 intraosseous (IO) access techniques in cats: an automatic impact penetration device (A), an automatic rotary insertion device (B), and a manual IO needle (C). Design – Prospective ex vivo study. Setting – University. Animals – Eighteen adult mixed breed feline cadavers. Interventions – Cadavers provided 72 total IO insertion locations divided equally between the right and left humerus and tibia. The 3 IO techniques were randomly allocated to these locations. Time to successful insertion, ease of insertion, and success rate were recorded. Each insertion site was analyzed for the number of bone fragments and defect diameter by computed tomography. Measurements and Main Results – Device B had lower time of insertion (P=0.01) compared with devices A and C. Device B had better ease of insertion scores (P<0.01) compared with devices A and C. No differences were detected between insertion sites (tibia versus humerus). No differences in the number of bone fragments, defect diameter, or success rate were detected among devices (P=0.06, 0.31, and 0.14, respectively). Conclusions – All 3 IO access methods evaluated yield acceptable results. Device B is significantly faster and easier to place in cat cadavers when compared with other methods.
Global coordinates of the SNS accelerator complex

The global coordinates of the Spallation Neutron Source are determined following the officially approved site wide coordinate system. Lattice output files from computer codes such as PARMILA, TRANSPORT and MAD are used. Integration of various parts of the facility is critical because they are designed by people from different partner labs. Issues related to integration, including interfacing between the linac and ring, between the beam transport line and the target and between the accelerator and the conventional facility are presented.
Activities of two novel macrolides, GW 773546 and GW 708408, compared with those of telithromycin, erythromycin, azithromycin, and clarithromycin against Haemophilus influenzae.

The MIC at which 50% of strains are inhibited (MIC50) and the MIC90 of GW 773546, a novel macrolide, were 1.0 and 2.0 μg/ml, respectively, for 223 β-lactamase-positive, β-lactamase-negative, and β-lactamase-negative ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae strains. The MIC50s and MIC90s of GW 708408, a second novel macrolide, and telithromycin, an established ketolide, were 2.0 and 4.0 μg/ml, respectively, while the MIC50 and MIC90 of azithromycin were 1.0 and 2.0 μg/ml, respectively. The MIC50 and MIC90 of erythromycin were 4.0 and 8.0 μg/ml, respectively; and those of clarithromycin were 4.0 and 16.0 μg/ml, respectively. All compounds except telithromycin were bactericidal (99.9% killing) against nine strains at two times the MIC after 24 h. Telithromycin was bactericidal against eight of the nine strains. In addition, both novel macrolides and telithromycin at two times the MIC showed 99% killing of all nine strains after 12 h and 90% killing of all strains after 6 h. After 24 h, all drugs were bactericidal against four to seven strains when they were tested at the MIC. Ten of 11 strains tested by multistep selection analysis yielded resistant clones after 14 to 43 passages with erythromycin. Azithromycin gave resistant clones of all strains after 20 to 50 passages, and clarithromycin gave resistant clones of 9 of 11 strains after 14 to 41 passages. By comparison, GW 708408 gave resistant clones of 9 of 11 strains after 14 to 44 passages, and GW 773546 gave resistant clones of 10 of 11 strains after 14 to 45 passages. Telithromycin gave resistant clones of 7 of 11 strains after 18 to 45 passages. Mutations mostly in the L22 and L4 ribosomal proteins and 23S rRNA were detected in resistant strains selected with all compounds, with alterations in the L22 protein predominating. Single-step resistance selection studies at the MIC yielded spontaneous resistant mutants at frequencies of 1.5 × 10−9 to 2.2 × 10−6 with GW 773546, 1.5 × 10−9 to 6.0 × 10−4 with GW 708408, and 7.1 × 10−9 to 3.8 × 10−4 with telithromycin, whereas the frequencies were 1.3 × 10−9 to 6.0 × 10−4 with erythromycin and azithromycin and 2.0 × 10−9 to 2.0 × 10−3 with clarithromycin. Alterations in the L22 protein (which were predominant) and the L4 protein were present in mutants selected by the single-step selection process. The postantibiotic effects of GW 773546, GW 708408, and telithromycin for seven H. influenzae strains were 6.6 h (range, 5.2 to 8.8 h), 4.7 h (range, 2.6 to 6.9 h), and 6.4 h (range, 3.8 to 9.7 h), respectively. The results of in vitro studies obtained with both novel macrolides were similar to those obtained with telithromycin and better than those obtained with older macrolides.
Gain mechanism in an (AlGa)As double heterostructure laser

Presented here is substantial evidence of a specific quantum mechanical model for gain in a (AlGa)As double heterostructure laser with a pure active layer. Close quantitative agreement between predicted and measured values substantiates a new model that evolves directly from Stern's theory. A novel method employing picosecond optical probe pulses coupled axially to the semiconductor laser gain guide allows the first direct measurements of guide gain. The concept of optical impulse response is introduced. Current spreading and facet reflectivity are directly measured. The first self-consistent set of characteristic parameters for a specific laser are determined.
Cure Cycle Effect on High-Temperature Polymer Composite Structures Molded by VARTM

This paper presents an analytical and experimental investigation of cure cycle effect on carbon-fiber reinforced high-temperature polymer composite structures molded by vacuum assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM). The molded composite structure consists of AS4-8 harness carbon-fiber fabrics and a high-temperature polymer (Cycom 5250-4-RTM). Thermal and resin cure analysis is performed to model the cure cycle of the VARTM process. The temperature and cure variations with time are determined by solving the three-dimensional transient energy and species equations within the composite part. Several case studies were investigated by the developed analytical model. The same cases were also experimentally investigated to determine the ultimate tensile strength for each case. This study helps in developing a science based technology for the VARTM process for the understanding of the process behavior and the effect of the cure cycle on the properties of the molded high-temperature polymer composites.
Electromagnetic Scanning of Beef Quarters to Predict Carcass and Primal Lean Content

To study the use of electromagnetic scanning in prediction of lean content in beef carcasses and cuts, 100 beef cattle (60 steers and 40 heifers), representing a broad range in external fat thickness (.l to 2.9 cm) and live weight (414 to 742 kg), were selected. Chilled right sides were divided into stream- lined (foreshank, brisket, and ventral plate removed) forequarters (FQ) and full hindquarters (HQ) and scanned. Primal rounds, loins, ribs, and chucks were fabricated from the right side, scanned, and physically separated into lean, fat, and bone. Prediction equa- tions for dissected lean content and percentage of lean included the peak of the electromagnetic scan re- sponse curve (obtained from scanning the HQ or FQ), length, temperature and weight of the scanned cut, and fat thickness at the 12th rib. Using the coefficient of determination, root mean square error, and Mal- lows' Cp statistic, the best model for each dependent variable (weight and percentage of lean) that in- cluded up to five independent variables was selected. Prediction equations for the HQ or FQ of steers accounted for 84 to 93% of the variation in lean weight of beef sides and quarters and 71 to 93% of primals. Sixty-one to 75% of the variation in percentage of lean in sides and quarters and 48 to 65% of primals was also explained. Similar results were obtained for heifer carcasses. Predicting percentage of lean in any scanned cut, rather than weight of lean, accounted for less of the variation. Weight and fat thickness contributed significantly when predicting percentage of lean. These data indicate that electromagnetic scanning is capable of objectively measuring lean content in beef quarters and primals.
Tannin signatures of barks, needles, leaves, cones, and wood at the molecular level

We analyzed 117 tissues from 77 different plant species for molecular tannin. Tannin was measured in 89 tissues (as high as 10.5 wt.% total tannin), including procyanidin (PC) tannin in 88 tissues, prodelphinidin (PD) tannin in 50, and propelargonidin (PP) tannin in 24. In addition to tannin, several flavones, flavanones, and triterpenoids were measured, the latter which yielded as much as 4.5 wt.%. Compositions varied considerably between species, including several that yielded comparatively rare tannin or triterpenoids. Conifer needles were distinguished by high yields of PD tannin overall and relative to PC tannin. Dicotyledon leaves were characterized by the presence of flavones and triterpenoids. Barks were marked by flavanones and tetracosanoic acid. Based on these trends, relationships that could be useful as geochemical parameters were developed for distinguishing needles, leaves, and barks as possible components of litter, soil, or sedimentary mixtures.
A darwinian theory of gene-culture coevolution

Resumen en: Darwin believed that his theory of evolution would stand or fall on its ability to account for human behavior. The ideas in the Descent of Man were widel...
Effects of α-adrenergic blockers on visual evoked responses in rabbits

Abstract In non-anesthetized rabbits, the blockers of α-adrenergic receptors markedly modify the cortical potentials evoked by optic stimuli and also partially prevent the effect of l -DOPA.
Pistachios Increase Serum Antioxidants and Lower Serum Oxidized-LDL in Hypercholesterolemic Adults

Pistachios are high in lutein, beta-carotene, and gamma-tocopherol relative to other nuts; however, studies of the effects of pistachios on oxidative status are lacking. We conducted a randomized, crossover controlled-feeding study to evaluate 2 doses of pistachios on serum antioxidants and biomarkers of oxidative status in 28 hypercholesterolemic adults (LDL-cholesterol >or=2.86 mmol/L). Participants consumed 3 isoenergetic diets for 4 wk each after a 2-wk baseline Western diet. Experimental diets included a lower-fat control diet without pistachios (25% total fat) with 1 serving/d (i.e. 32-63 g/d; energy adjusted) of pistachios (1 PD; 10% energy from pistachios; 30% total fat) or with 2 servings/d (63-126 g/d; energy adjusted) of pistachios (2 PD; 20% energy from pistachios; 34% total fat). When participants consumed the pistachio-enriched diets, they had higher plasma lutein (P < 0.0001), alpha-carotene, and beta-carotene (P < 0.01) concentrations than after the baseline diet. After consuming the pistachio diets, participants had greater plasma lutein (P < 0.001) and gamma-tocopherol (P < 0.05; 2 PD only) relative to the lower-fat control diet. After the 2 PD diet period, participants also had lower serum oxidized-LDL concentrations than following the baseline diet period (P < 0.05). After both the 1 PD and 2 PD diet periods, they had lower serum oxidized-LDL concentrations than after the control diet period (P < 0.05). The change in oxidized-LDL from baseline correlated positively with the change in LDL-cholesterol across all treatments (r = 0.42; P < 0.005). After controlling for the change in serum LDL-cholesterol as a covariate, increases in serum lutein and gamma-tocopherol following the 2 PD period were still modestly associated with decreases in oxidized-LDL (r = -0.36, P = 0.06 and r = -0.35, P = 0.08, respectively). This suggests that a heart-healthy diet including pistachios contributes to the decrease in the serum oxidized-LDL concentration through cholesterol-lowering and may provide an added benefit as a result of the antioxidants the pistachios contain.
EVALUATION OF SPACING OF STYLOLITES AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR SELF-ORGANIZATION OF PRESSURE DISSOLUTION

ABSTRACT The self-organization theory of stylolite development is one of the most prominent explanations of pressure-dissolution phenomena. Its proponents cite uniform spacing of stylolites as evidence of self-organization, and its original authors concluded that "a natural consequence of the theory ... is the development of sets of stylolites with roughly regular spacing". Spacing of stylolites is the only observable physical criterion by which self-organized pressure dissolution can be differentiated from conventional pressure dissolution in ancient limestones. Quantitative analysis of spacing of stylolites in limestones shows, however, that spacing of stylolites is generally indistinguishable from random arrangement. Spacing of stylolites thus provides no support for the theory of self-organization of pressure dissolution.
A Phylogenetic and Taxonomic Review of Croton (Euphorbiaceae s.s.) on Jamaica Including the Description of Croton jamaicensis , a New Species of Section Eluteria

Abstract The greater Caribbean region has played an important role in the early diversification of Croton L. (Euphorbiaceae s.s.). Jamaica is also important to Croton taxonomy because several of the earliest described species were based on material from the island. The Jamaican species of Croton are found in five distinct clades indicating that there were at least five separate over-water dispersal events of the genus to the island. Croton jamaicensis (section Eluteria Griseb.), a new species endemic to limestone hills along the southern coast of Jamaica, is described and illustrated. The species is phylogenetically most closely related to C. laurinas Sw. and C. grisebachianus Mull. Arg., both also endemic to Jamaica. Several lectotypifications and novel synonymies are required to clarify the taxonomy of the species of Croton that have been described from Jamaica, some of which are widespread in the region.
Physiological factors influencing labor length.

ii Dedication xii Acknowledgments xiii Vita xv List of Tables xix List of Figures xxi Chapters: 1. Active phase labor length and rate of cervical dilation in nulliparous women: a systematic review
Technology in Day-to-Day Pedagogy

In this chapter, we will discuss what we do in our hybrid classes and why. Beginning with some of the important theoretical frameworks that set the stage for effective hybrid learning, we will then examine how M-learning theory, best practices in language teaching, and our criteria for technology integration interact in the hybrid learning environment. Finally, we present three specific activities that represent the cornerstone of our classroom practice: video production, online discussions, and oral presentations. All three of these activities are based on activities that can be done equally well in a traditional low-tech classroom, yet we argue that they are greatly improved through the use of technology. We will explain the pedagogy behind these three activities, the learning objectives, and the related assessments.
Some uses of Linear Spaces in Analysis

(1959). Some uses of Linear Spaces in Analysis. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 66, No. 4, pp. 259-275.
Acute Traumatic Pain in the Prehospital and Emergency Department Setting

Pain is a common complaint in the emergency and acute care settings. Adequate control of a child’s pain is important for improved patient assessments and can have long-term benefits affecting future medical care. Pain in children may be difficult to distinguish from anxiety, but there are validated tools to assist in objectively quantifying the severity pain in children of all ages. Pharmacologic as well as non-pharmacologic pain therapies can be effective. Providers who practice in the prehospital, emergency department, and other acute care settings should consider standardized protocols or guidelines for ensuring that pain is assessed and treated in a timely and safe manner.
The Role of Alphafetoprotein and Human Chorionic Gonadotropin in Seminoma

Abstract: In a prospective study of 60 patients with pure seminoma we have measured the levels of serum human chorionic gonadotropin and alpha-fetoprotein by specific double antibody immunoassays developed originally at the National Cancer Institute, These markers also were localized in different cells using the techniques of immunoperoxidase and immunofluorescence on serial sections of the tumors. Of 60 patients 4 had elevated serum human chorionic gonadotropin, with a range of 2.8 to 428ng./ml. and an average of 109ng./ml. In serial sectioning of the tumor specimens 1 of 4 patients had an element of choriocarcinoma and underwent retroperitoneal lymph node dissection and chemotherapy. The serum human chorionic gonadotropin decreased to normal. Normal levels of alpha-fetoprotein were seen in 59 patients. However, in 1 patient the serum alpha-fetoprotein was 152ng./ml. In serial sectioning an element of embryonal carcinoma was found. This patient has been proved to have metastatic involvement of aortocaval...
Evaluating the Empowered Curriculum for Adolescents with Visual Impairments

The study reported here evaluated a self-determination intervention using the empowered curriculum for students with visual impairments. The perceptions of students, family members, and teachers of...
Social Context and Value-Based Care: A Capabilities Approach for Addressing Health Disparities.

Racial disparities in health are persistent and pervasive in the United States. Researchers and policymakers have known for decades that access to health care is not sufficient for addressing healt...
Curiosity and Creativity Motivate Self-Learning

The brain is wired to seek novelty and things that capture our curiosity over the lifespan. As a result, the brain is always open to information and maintaining its change and plasticity momentarily. In this chapter, we discuss how curiosity and creativity motivate self-learning and their underlying brain mechanisms. This chapter also summarizes recent neuroscience findings to help improve the student’s curiosity and creativity as well as appropriate teaching strategies that can motivate the habit of self-learning effectively.
Author Response to "Considerations for Determining Perceived Benefits and Challenges of Student Organizations at Pharmacy School Satellite Campuses".

To the Editor : We appreciate the thoughtful response by Dr. Ayers to our publication that assessed the structure of student organizations on pharmacy school satellite campuses.[1][1] Her personal experiences on a satellite campus during her pharmacy education are valuable and insightful. We agree
Epidemiology of Live Born Infants with Nonimmune Hydrops Fetalis—Insights from a Population-Based Dataset

Objective To evaluate the incidence, etiology, and 1-year mortality of nonimmune hydrops fetalis (NIHF) and to identify risk factors for mortality in a contemporary population-based dataset. Study design The California Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development maintains a database linking maternal and infant hospital discharge, readmissions, and birth and death certificate date from 1 year before to 1 year after birth. We searched the database (2005-2012) for infants with NIHF (identified by the International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification code). Hazard models were used to identify risk factors for mortality in infants with NIHF; results are presented as hazard ratios (HRs, 95% CI). Results The incidence of NIHF was 2.5 out of 10 000 among live born infants. Neonatal mortality was 35.1% (364 out of 1037) and overall mortality was 43.2% (448 out of 1037) at 1 year of age. Gestational age (GA) was predictive of mortality with a HR of 2.4 (95% CI 1.9-3.2) for preterm compared with term infants. The GA-adjusted HR for mortality was 1.3 (95% CI 1.1-1.6) for polyhydramnios and 1.5 (95% CI 1.2-2.0) for large for gestational age infants compared with appropriate for GA infants. Aneuploid infants with critical congenital heart disease had an adjusted HR of 2.3 (95% CI 1.5-3.6) compared with euploid infants without a structural birth defect. Conclusions In this large, population-based study, prematurity, polyhydramnios, and large for gestational age were predictors of increased mortality. Mortality is highly variable among euploid and aneuploid infants with and without structural birth defects and critical congenital heart disease.
A Novel Method for Illustrating Seizure Dynamics During Eight Hours of a Patient Experiencing Multiple Ictal Events

Building on a paper written earlier this year, the method of bicoherence was applied to scalp electrode EEG signals to help better understand seizure dynamics. Following typical electrode labeling, several electrode pairs were chosen relevant to the recorded onset and spread of three seizures over a continuous 8-hour epoch. Then bicoherence analysis was applied to the delta and theta frequency bands of the EEG via Matlab, with results presented in graphical form. The bicoherence patterns of different electrode pairs were compared, with conjectures as to correlations with the underlying seizure dynamics and possible delta modulation of theta frequencies.
Genetic and biochemical characterization of ISP6, a small mitochondrial outer membrane protein associated with the protein translocation complex

Abstract To search genetically for additional components of the protein translocation apparatus of mitochondria, we have used low fidelity PCR mutagenesis to generate temperature-sensitive mutants in the outer membrane translocation pore component ISP42. A high copy number suppressor of temperature-sensitive isp42 has been isolated and sequenced. This novel gene, denoted ISP6, encodes a 61 amino acid integral membrane protein of the mitochondrial outer membrane, which is oriented with its amino-terminus facing the cytosol. Disruption of the ISP6 gene is without apparent effect in wild type yeast cells, but is lethal in temperature-sensitive isp42 mutants. Immunoprecipitation of the gene product, ISP42p, from mitochondria solubilized under mild conditions reveals a multi-protein complex containing ISP6p and ISP42p.
Understanding price discovery in interconnected markets: Generalized Langevin process approach and simulation

Abstract While the literature on price discovery process and information flow between dominant and satellite market is exhaustive, most studies have applied an approach that can be traced back to Hasbrouck (1995) or Gonzalo and Granger (1995). In this paper, however, we propose a Generalized Langevin process with asymmetric double-well potential function, with co-integrated time series and interconnected diffusion processes to model the information flow and price discovery process in two, a dominant and a satellite, interconnected markets. A simulated illustration of the model is also provided.
Average Generic Vehicle Method for Fleet-Level Analysis of Noise and Emission Tradeoffs

A method is proposed for modeling average generic vehicles for fleet-level analysis of technology impacts on environmental metrics. Vehicles are grouped into classes distinguished by aircraft-level...
Impacts of microtopographic snow redistribution and lateral subsurface processes on hydrologic and thermal states in an Arctic polygonal ground ecosystem: a case study using ELM-3D v1.0

Abstract. Microtopographic features, such as polygonal ground, are characteristic sources of landscape heterogeneity in the Alaskan Arctic coastal plain. Here, we analyze the effects of snow redistribution (SR) and lateral subsurface processes on hydrologic and thermal states at a polygonal tundra site near Barrow, Alaska. We extended the land model integrated in the E3SM to redistribute incoming snow by accounting for microtopography and incorporated subsurface lateral transport of water and energy (ELM-3D v1.0). Multiple 10-year-long simulations were performed for a transect across a polygonal tundra landscape at the Barrow Environmental Observatory in Alaska to isolate the impact of SR and subsurface process representation. When SR was included, model predictions better agreed (higher R2 , lower bias and RMSE) with observed differences in snow depth between polygonal rims and centers. The model was also able to accurately reproduce observed soil temperature vertical profiles in the polygon rims and centers (overall bias, RMSE, and R2 of 0.59 ∘ C, 1.82 ∘ C, and 0.99, respectively). The spatial heterogeneity of snow depth during the winter due to SR generated surface soil temperature heterogeneity that propagated in depth and time and led to ∼ 10 cm shallower and ∼ 5 cm deeper maximum annual thaw depths under the polygon rims and centers, respectively. Additionally, SR led to spatial heterogeneity in surface energy fluxes and soil moisture during the summer. Excluding lateral subsurface hydrologic and thermal processes led to small effects on mean states but an overestimation of spatial variability in soil moisture and soil temperature as subsurface liquid pressure and thermal gradients were artificially prevented from spatially dissipating over time. The effect of lateral subsurface processes on maximum thaw depths was modest, with mean absolute differences of ∼ 3 cm. Our integration of three-dimensional subsurface hydrologic and thermal subsurface dynamics in the E3SM land model will facilitate a wide range of analyses heretofore impossible in an ESM context.
Hormones and MS: Risk factors, biomarkers, and therapeutic targets:

Sex differences in epidemiological, clinical, and pathological features of multiple sclerosis (MS) have been observed for decades, establishing a foundation for more recent progress in our understanding of their overall impact on the disease. In the ACTRIMS session on Hormones, Sex Chromosomes, and MS: Risk Factors, Biomarkers, and Therapeutic Targets, this progress was summarized in three presentations by pioneers in the field, revealing evidence that sex chromosomes, epigenetic factors, and sex hormones function as interactive determinants of disease risk and phenotype in a fashion dependent upon life stage, from prenatal development, childhood, and adolescence to adulthood and aging. Implications for the effects of puberty, pregnancy, menopause, and andropause on autoimmune and neurodegenerative mechanisms were discussed, along with potential applications of exogenous hormones. Although several limitations in current approaches and concepts were noted, current insights pave the way for future progress in our understanding of this enigmatic disease.
The GRE Computer Adaptive Test: Operational Issues

In 1993, the Graduate Record Examinations (GRE) Program introduced the first high-stakes, large-scale computer adaptive admissions test. The introduction of the GRE General Test Computer Adaptive Test (CAT) marked the culmination of several years of research and development. As with the introduction of any new technology, the end of the research and development activities was only the first step in the computerization of the test. In the intervening years, the GRE Program gained a wealth of operational experience with the CAT and identified a number of issues that required additional investigation. The purposes of this chapter are to briefly describe the GRE program, explain the factors associated with several of the operational issues, present the results of investigations into those issues, and identify both solutions and areas in which additional research is warranted. The chapter is divided into several sections. In the first section, a brief overview of the GRE Program is presented. The development of the GRE CAT is discussed in the second section. The next three sections are devoted to an explanation of some of the operational issues faced by the GRE Program (item overlap, maintaining item pool quality over time, and scoring incomplete tests) and summaries of the activities conducted by the GRE Program to investigate those issues. The final section includes concluding remarks and suggestions for additional research.
Explaining State Regulatory Actions

We have seen that jurisdictional fragmentation could cause the FCC to set wholesale prices below cost. We have also seen that the FCC’s “efficient-firm” standard rests on a weak theoretical foundation but is capable of producing low wholesale prices. We have presented evidence that the wholesale prices set as a result of the Act are below forward-looking costs, absent adoption of a speculative forward-looking cost standard—a standard fraught with legal, economic, and practical difficulties. It is the state regulators who set these wholesale prices. Why would state regulators have chosen this cost/price standard? This is particularly surprising given that these wholesale prices threaten to unravel an elaborate system of politically-sensitive retail cross-subsidies that state regulators have constructed over the past decades. We believe the answer lies in the unwitting role played by a decade of regulatory reform.
Activation Free Energies of Enzymatic Reactions; Simulations and Experiments

Most attempts to compare theories and experiments in macromolecular modeling have focussed on structure and dynamics. It appears, however, that the energetics is the primary missing link between structure and function.
Use of the Bodner-Partom Viscoplastic Constitutive Model to Describe HY100 Steel

The objective of the present work was to develop a constitutive model for HY100 steel from a variety of high strain-rate experiments, encompassing a wide range of stress states and strain-rates. Data were obtained for compressive and tensile one-dimensional stress loading with a split Hopkinson bar, and for one-dimensional strain loading with plate-impact experiments. For the present work, the state variable based constitutive model developed by Bodner and Partom[1] (B-P model) was selected. The B-P model has several advantages. The model parameters can be determined from split Hopkinson bar and plate-impact experiments. Implementation of B-P model in finite difference codes are fairly straightforward. Since it is a three-dimensional constitutive theory, material response to a broad range of load histories can be calculated. In Section 2, the B-P model is briefly discussed. Experiments that are needed for the evaluation of model parameters, and the corresponding procedures, are discussed in Section 3. The B-P model simulations of the high strain-rate experiments are compared with the experimental data in Section 4.
Cancer Anorexia (CA)

Anorexia can be defined as a lack of appetite or loss of desire to eat resulting in the involuntary decline in food intake contributing to malnutrition. Although cancer cachexia and cancer anorexia have been used synonymously in research literature, there are distinct differences between the two symptoms observed in cancer patient populations. In cancer anorexia, without cachexia, metabolism is almost normal, and nutritional deficits and symptom management can be achieved. If a patient with cancer anorexia continues to develop or demonstrate persistent metabolic disturbances, it is likely that this patient is cachectic and should be screened, staged, and treated for cancer cachexia with anorexia.
Adiabatic Fountain Resonance for 4He and 3He-4He Mixtures

We report an analysis of a superfluid Helmholtz resonance in the case of helium confined in a superleak. The resonance of the superfluid is achieved under nearly adiabatic conditions. Equations are derived for the resonance frequency, the temperature oscillations of the superleak and the phase relation of this signal relative to an ac heat input. The resonance frequency yields the superfluid fraction of the confined helium. Data are analyzed as function of frequency and temperature and yield parameters such as the dissipation and thermal conductivity which determine the resonance line shape. Estimates are made of the thermodynamic parameters in the resonance equation by using derivatives along the pressure-temperature-concentration lambda surface. These parameters are compared with results from the analysis of the resonance.
Realism and Idealism in the Kuhnian Account of Science

Kuhn’s theory of paradigms is a textualism: there is, so to speak, nothing outside the paradigm. Thus (following Richard Rorty’s remarks on affinities between textualism and idealism), this theory is an idealism. However, Kuhn relies upon an implicit realism that is forced upon him by the very nature of science. In other words: his idealism is prompted by his astute attention to the act of scientific inquiry, while his realism enters by way of his characterization of the object of that inquiry. I use Ricoeur’s text theory in responding to this dual commitment as exemplifying certain tendencies in our contemporary intellectual situation.