cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
MARGARET MEAD AND GREGORY BATESON IN THE SEPIK, 1938: A TIMELY POLEMIC FROM A LOST ANTHROPOLOGICAL EFFLORESCENCE

Margaret Mead and Gregory Bateson's 1938 study of a Iatmul-speaking village in the middle of Sepik River, Papua New Guinea, remains an anthropological efflorescence. At the very least, this collaboration resulted in a well-known fieldwork photo: Mead and Bateson in the famious "mosquito room." Ironically, little is actually known about the 1938 undertaking, which remains, however famous, sadly obscure. Towards correcting this misjudgement, I have two objectives. First, I want to provide a selective overview of the 1938 project, focusing on its unique outlook, tone, voices, morality, and theoretical perspectives. But my objective is not merely historical and descriptive. Hence, my second goal is polemical: to argue that Mead and Bateson's long-ago study, at once famous and obscure, is wholly relevant for contemporary anthropology.
Modeling the Creep of Hastelloy X Using the Miller and Walker Unified Viscoplastic Constitutive Models

Hastelloy X is widely used in the pressure vessel and piping (PVP) industries, specifically in nuclear and chemical reactors, pipes and valves applications. Hastelloy X is favored for its resistance to extreme environments, although it exhibits a rate-dependent mechanical behavior. Numerous unified viscoplastic models proposed in literature claim to have the ability to describe the inelastic behavior of superalloys subjected to a variety of boundary conditions; typically limited experimental data is used to validate their performance. In this paper, two unified viscoplastic models (Miller and Walker) were experimentally validated for Hastelloy X creep behavior. Both constitutive models are coded into ANSYS Mechanical as user programmable features (UPF). Creep behavior is simulated at a broad range of stress levels. The results are compared to an exhaustive database of experimental data to fully validate the capabilities and performance of these models. Material constants are calculated using the recently developed Material Constant Heuristic Optimizer (MACHO) software. This software uses the simulated annealing algorithm to determine the optimal material constants by using an extensive database of experimental data. A qualitative and quantitative discussion is presented to determine the most suitable model for Hastelloy X PVP components.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Ebola Virus Infections in Nonhuman Primates Are Temporally Influenced by Glycoprotein Poly-U Editing Site Populations in the Exposure Material.

Recent experimentation with the variants of the Ebola virus that differ in the glycoprotein’s poly-uridine site, which dictates the form of glycoprotein produced through a transcriptional stutter, has resulted in questions regarding the pathogenicity and lethality of the stocks used to develop products currently undergoing human clinical trials to combat the disease. In order to address these concerns and prevent the delay of these critical research programs, we designed an experiment that permitted us to intramuscularly challenge statistically significant numbers of naive and vaccinated cynomolgus macaques with either a 7U or 8U variant of the Ebola virus, Kikwit isolate. In naive animals, no difference in survivorship was observed; however, there was a significant delay in the disease course between the two groups. Significant differences were also observed in time-of-fever, serum chemistry, and hematology. In vaccinated animals, there was no statistical difference in survivorship between either challenge groups, with two succumbing in the 7U group compared to 1 in the 8U challenge group. In summary, survivorship was not affected, but the Ebola virus disease course in nonhuman primates is temporally influenced by glycoprotein poly-U editing site populations.
Eavesdropping Reform: The Legality of Roving Surveillance

In 1986, Congress enacted comprehensive eavesdropping reform designed to accommodate existing law to new technologies. ... As enacted, Title III limits the scope of electronic surveillance by (1) requiring probable cause as to person, crime, conversation, and place or facility of communication; and (2) limiting the duration of surveillance to thirty days. ... For example, even without the roving surveillance amendment, multiple sites are subject to eavesdropping when probable cause to believe that pertinent conversations would occur at each place or facility exists. ... There is probable cause to believe that a suspect will engage in a single pertinent conversation, but the place is unknown. Law enforcement officials may not obtain a roving surveillance warrant. ... Although the statement in Katz that the fourth amendment protects people, not places merely redefined when a search occurs, the decision evinced a doctrinal shift that is applicable to all aspects of fourth amendment analysis. ... Though relaxed specificity orders potentially expose the targeted suspect to extra eavesdropping, and may expose additional citizens to surveillance merely because they are conversing with the suspect, Title III limits the intrusion by requiring executing officers to minimize interception upon determining that the conversation is irrelevant to the terms of the warrant. ...
Public Enemy Number Two?: Rising Crime and Human Rights Advocacy in Transitional Societies

Crime and street violence are seemingly the most visible aspects of crises in present age urban centers. Crime crosses borders, ideologies, classes, ages, and gender. In many societies, ordinary crime and victimization have come to be perceived as more than a high-priority problem requiring greater law enforcement resources. Increasingly, a new discourse has emerged that emphasizes crime as a threat to public security and a potential source of state instability. In addition, where crime is a problem, authorities turn easily to hard line law and order policies that attract public support. With greater frequency, civilian governments and their security forces propose and implement punitive and authoritarian methods of control and punishment with little public opposition.This Article considers problems posed by surges in criminality on the provision of security and, in particular, the safeguard of human rights. While the perspective and responses of authorities are considered, the focus is on the role of civil society groups and the particular issues faced by them as a result of this environment. The varied responses of the state - from collaborative efforts with civil society to attacks on rights groups and tolerance of police abuse - shape the context in which rights groups maneuver. Our main concern is to assess the challenges that human rights groups must address in the context of rising crime.The Article draws on research conducted in seven countries in transition: Argentina, Brazil, Nigeria, Peru, Russia, South Africa, and Ukraine.
New Technology for Prevention and Control of Infectious Bovine Respiratory Diseases

Recent advances in molecular biology, genetics, and immunochemistry have provided the basis for a new generation of vaccines, diagnostic tools, and prophylactic substances for the prevention of infectious diseases in cattle. This article describes how these new technologies are being applied to veterinary medicine and their potential in bovine respiratory diseases caused by infectious agents.
Virus Removal in Sewage Treatment

Experimental activated sludge and trickling filter treatment system showed that virus can be removed effectively when heavy flock loading is maintained in the activated sludge unit. The trickling filter did not perform as well. Water reclamation from sewage for reuse can be developed with greater confidence when more is known concerning the virus removal mechanism. Reliability of designed treatment processes can be obtained by building facilities and testing their performance and observing details of operation. To accomplish these objectives, a 14,000 gal-per-day system, operating on domestic sewage, was used. To make certain that virus were present during the tests, the influent was heavily inoculated with coxsackie A-13. Test animals for observing the presence of virus were mice. Reclaimed waste water in arid regions may become a part of the water supply spectrum. During the first developmental steps, it will be possible to evaluate further the virus removal on a large scale before direct reuse in water supply is considered.
Development of Gasterella Lutophila

Gasterella lutophila was described by S. M. Zeller and Walker 2 from an initial collection of the fungus that had developed upon the surface of saturated woodland loess soil in a greenhouse, during very hot weather. At the suggestion of Dr. Zeller the source of the soil was traced and, as indicated in a note appended to the published paper, abundant additional materials were secured after the paper was in the hands of the publisher. Since then many soil collections from the same region have been obtained during various seasons, and in all cases (except one collection) Gasterella appeared in just three weeks after the soil had been saturated, covered and placed under growing conditions. Soil from this region, on one occasion, was stored dry during the entire summer in a third floor room where the temperatures were near or above 100? F. throughout an especially hot, dry summer. Upon saturation in the fall Gasterella appeared as usual. These later cultures have furnished quantities of materials for study. Soils from other regions that have been tested by the writer have never developed the fungus.3 In spite of the fact that Gasterella seems to be so abundantly present in these loess soils the writer or seemingly no one else has been able to find the fungus in its natural habitat. Whether it is epior hypogeous in nature is uncertain. Attempts to determine experimentally this point yielded inconclusive evidence. Where
Inverse kinematics control of redundant planar manipulator with joint constraints using numerical method

In this paper, an efficient numerical scheme is associated with the scheming of the inverse kinematics for a four degrees of freedom redundant planar robotic manipulator. The manipulator under study is an RRPR redundant manipulator with joint angle constraints at each joint. Firstly, using the forward kinematics transformation matrix, a plot of the reachable workspace was obtained. This plot was used to determine equations for the possible end-effector positions. Then the analytic approach was used to determine equations for the inverse kinematic scheme. The inverse kinematics scheme initially sets the first joint angle as a constant at the current position in order to determine the inverse solution. However, if the solution calculated is not within the joint constraints then it uses numerical techniques to determine the least displacement new first joint parameter to determine the next possible solution. This results in a faster and more accurate convergence to the desired solution as compared to the traditional approaches.
Edges of human embryonic stem cell colonies display distinct mechanical properties and differentiation potential

In order to understand the mechanisms that guide cell fate decisions during early human development, we closely examined the differentiation process in adherent colonies of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). Live imaging of the differentiation process reveals that cells on the outer edge of the undifferentiated colony begin to differentiate first and remain on the perimeter of the colony to eventually form a band of differentiation. Strikingly, this band is of constant width in all colonies, independent of their size. Cells at the edge of undifferentiated colonies show distinct actin organization, greater myosin activity and stronger traction forces compared to cells in the interior of the colony. Increasing the number of cells at the edge of colonies by plating small colonies can increase differentiation efficiency. Our results suggest that human developmental decisions are influenced by cellular environments and can be dictated by colony geometry of hESCs.
Establishing Porosity Gradients within Metal–Organic Frameworks Using Partial Postsynthetic Ligand Exchange

Crystalline 3-D materials bearing interlinked domains of differential porosity and functionality offer the potential for organizing and shuttling molecular and nanoscale matter to specific locations within 3-D space. Here, we present methods for creating prototype MOF materials that have such structural features. Specifically, the process of pore expansion via ligand exchange was studied for an isoreticular series of mesoporous MOFs based on bMOF-100. It was found that pore expansion occurs incrementally in small steps and that it proceeds gradually in an “outside→in” fashion within individual crystals. The ligand exchange reaction can be terminated prior to complete crystal conversion to yield intermediate product MOFs, denoted bMOF-100/102 and bMOF-102/106, which bear descending porosity gradients from the crystal periphery to the crystal core. As a proof of concept, size-sensitive incorporation of a gold–thiolate nanocluster, Au133(SR)52, selectively in the bMOF-102/106 crystal periphery region was acc...
Ureteral Obstruction Caused by Vasculitis

We report 2 cases of ureteral obstruction caused by vasculitis (polyarteritis nodosa and systemic lupus erythematosus). Case 1, in which the diagnosis was unknown preoperatively, was managed surgically with ureteral resection and reimplantation. Case 2 was managed medically with chlorambucil and corticosteroids, which resulted in resolution of ureteral obstruction.
External morphology of the eggs of Asplanchnopus multiceps (Schrank, 1793) (Rotifera): solving the 150-year-old case of mistaken identity

This report calls into question the practice of passing along illustrations and anatomical descriptions from the literature without scrutiny. An error made by Leydig (Zeischrift fur wissenschaftliche Zoologie 6:1–120, 1854) in characterizing the egg of Asplanchnopus multiceps was perpetuated in authoritative publications (Hyman, The Invertebrates: Acanthocephala, Aschelminthes, and Entoprocta. The pseudocoelomate Bilateria, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1951; Voigt, Rotatoria: Die Radertiere Mitteleuropas, Gebruder Borntraeger, Berlin-Nikolassee, 1957; Ruttner-Kolisko, Plankton rotifers, biology and taxonomy supplementary edition of Die Binnengewasser 26, Stuttgart, 1974; Koste, Rotatoria: Die Radertiere Mitteleuropas begrundet von Max Voigt. Monogononta 2. Auflage neubearbeitet von Walter Koste, Gebruder Borntraeger, Berlin, 1978; Mikrokosmos 76:171–175, 1987) well into the twentieth century. Daily tracking of individual mictic and amictic female A. multiceps demonstrates that the structure formerly considered to be a diapausing egg is, in fact, subitaneous. It develops without arrest into a male or female rotifer. True resting eggs containing dormant embryos are characterized by a very dark interior. In the majority of these eggs, the interior is surrounded by a halo-like zone consisting of a clear space and an external layer. The correct identification of subitaneous and resting eggs in A. multiceps confirms the description of Plate (Jenaische Zeitschrift fur Naturwissenschaft 19:1–120, 1885) and firmly establishes the mode of reproduction of this species as oviparous. Mictic females lay haploid male eggs first, followed by resting eggs if fertilization has taken place. In the absence of fertilization, mictic females lay significantly more (male) eggs than amictic females lay female eggs; however, their lifespan does not differ markedly.
Remote sensing using coherent multipath interference of wideband planck radiation

A novel microwave radiometric technique, known as wideband autocorrelation radiometry (WiBAR), is introduced as a direct method to remotely measure the layer thickness of low-loss terrain covers such as snow and ice. This is done by measuring the propagation time τ delay from the autocorrelation function (ACF) of multipath microwave emission. We report measurements of the snowpack thickness using WiBAR at the University of Michigan Biological Station (UMBS) in winter 2015. The observations are done at frequencies from 1 to 3 GHz. At these frequencies, the volume and surface scattering are small in the snowpacks. This technique is inherently low-power since there is no transmitter as opposed to active remote sensing techniques.
CONTRASTING US PATIENTS WITH A FILL VERSUS A PRESCRIPTION FOR ALIROCUMAB: EARLY EVIDENCE FROM ADMINISTRATIVE CLAIMS, EMR AND LAB DATA

Background: Alirocumab (ALI), a PCSK9-inhibitor, was approved in 7/2015, as an adjunct to diet and maximally tolerated statins for adults with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia or clinical atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, requiring additional lowering of LDL-C. We described the
Use of Bulge Test Geometry for Material Property Identification

The bulge test geometry, sometimes called blister or burst test, has a long history of use for material property identification. Paper materials are thin with relatively low stiffness; in a bulge test paper materials will exhibit a combination of membrane and plate behavior. We have developed a VFM examination to identify the in-plane stiffnesses of this type of material by incorporating both membrane and plate internal work.
Checklist of the Rove Beetles (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) of South Carolina, Based on Published Records

Abstract A review of the literature revealed 17 subfamilies and 355 species of rove beetles (Staphylinidae) reported from South Carolina. Updated nomenclature and references are provided for all species. The goal of this list is to set a baseline for improvement of our knowledge of the state's staphylinid fauna, as well as to goad ourselves and others into creating new, or updating existing, regional faunal lists of the world's most speciose beetle family.
Characterization of faulted dislocation loops and cavities in ion irradiated alloy 800H

Abstract Alloy 800H is a high nickel austenitic stainless steel with good high temperature mechanical properties which is considered for use in current and advanced nuclear reactor designs. The irradiation response of 800H was examined by characterizing samples that had been bulk ion irradiated at the Michigan Ion Beam Laboratory with 5 MeV Fe2+ ions to 1, 10, and 20 dpa at 440 °C. Transmission electron microscopy was used to measure the size and density of both {111} faulted dislocation loops and cavities as functions of depth from the irradiated surface. The faulted loop density increased with dose from 1 dpa up to 10 dpa where it saturated and remained approximately the same until 20 dpa. The faulted loop average diameter decreased between 1 dpa and 10 dpa and again remained approximately constant from 10 dpa to 20 dpa. Cavities were observed after irradiation doses of 10 and 20 dpa, but not after 1 dpa. The average diameter of cavities increased with dose from 10 to 20 dpa, with a corresponding small decrease in density. Cavity denuded zones were observed near the irradiated surface and near the ion implantation peak. To further understand the microstructural evolution of this alloy, FIB lift-out samples from material irradiated in bulk to 1 and 10 dpa were re-irradiated in-situ in their thin-foil geometry with 1 MeV Kr2+ ions at 440 °C at the Intermediate Voltage Electron Microscope. It was observed that the cavities formed during bulk irradiation shrank under thin-foil irradiation in-situ while dislocation loops were observed to grow and incorporate into the dislocation network. The thin-foil geometry used for in-situ irradiation is believed to cause the cavities to shrink.
The role of habit and residential location in travel behavior change programs, a field experiment

Early evaluations of travel change programs demonstrated dramatic success in shifting people out of cars and into transit and active travel. Yet methodological shortcomings of early studies combined with newer more rigorous evaluations have called into question the dramatic early results. In this study, we use a randomized field experiment of incoming graduate students at the University of California, Los Angeles to answer two research questions. First, do travel behavior change programs work? And second, why do they tend to work for movers, but not non-movers? We test two competing hypothesized mechanisms for how travel interventions work: (1) by breaking travel habits during a period of self-reflection (habit pathway), or (2) by improving the transit quality of one’s home neighborhood (residential location pathway). We find that a low-cost, informational program effectively altered the travel patterns of movers, but not non-movers. Overall, we find little support for the residential location pathway. Members of the treatment group did not live in significantly different neighborhoods compared to members of the control group. In addition, the treatment remained effective when controlling for residential location. This provides indirect evidence for the habit pathway, by which travel behavior programs influence travel behavior through information provided during periods of reflection. Behavioral change campaigns targeted at recent movers are likely just as effective as campaigns targeting those preparing to move as both groups are undergoing periods of reflection.
The Expansion Segments of Human 28S rRNA Match MicroRNAs Much Above 18S rRNA or Core Segments.

Background The size of eukaryotic 25-28S rRNAs shows a progressive phylogenetically linked increase which is pronounced in mammals, and especially in hominids. The increase is confined to specific expansion segments, inserted at points that are highly conserved from yeast to man. These segments also show a progressive increase in nucleotide bias, mostly the GC bias. Substantial parts of the large expansion segments 7, 15 and 27 of 28S rRNA are known to be exposed at the ribosome surface, with no clear association with ribosomal proteins. These segments could bind extraneous RNAs and proteins to support regulatory events. Methods This study examined the possible canonical matching of human 28S rRNA and 18S rRNA segments with 2586 human microRNAs. This was compared with matching of the microRNAs to sectors of 18810 human mRNAs. Results The overall matching was rather similar across 18S rRNA segments and core segments of 28S rRNA. However, the expansion segments of 28S rRNA (abbreviated ESL) collectively have a much higher (up to two-fold) capacity for the canonical association with microRNAs. This is pronounced in large ESL, and is found to strongly relate to the GC content of microRNAs. Conclusion Oligonucleotides and microRNAs of high GC content through a strong canonical hydrogen bonding could have large activity in regulation of subcellular RNAs. In view of the considerable abundance of ribosomal RNAs in many mammalian tissues, ESL could constitute an important component of microRNA balance, possibly serving to lower the availability of GC-rich microRNAs (and thereby help conservation of GC-rich mRNAs).
Gene Therapy for Nonneoplastic Hematologic and Histiocytic Disorders

Over the past decades, gene therapy as a tool to cure disease has blossomed into an exciting clinical possibility. Gene transfer technologies have progressed immensely since the field’s inception (Figure 45.1). The first replication-defective retroviral vector was described in 1983, and by 1990 clinical studies using retroviral vectors began. Although initial efforts were robust, by 1996, none of the clinical gene “therapy” trials had shown clinical efficacy. After a change in policy and focus instituted by a panel convened by the National Institutes of Health, efforts to develop gene transfer technologies shifted toward targeting diseases that were early and obvious targets for therapeutic intervention. The simultaneous experimental advances in our understanding of hematopoiesis and the significant advances in gene transfer technology have led to success in humans, at least for disorders requiring modest transfer rates of genes not requiring complex regulation to hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) targets.
Clinical genome sequencing in an unbiased pediatric cohort

We report for the first time, the use of clinical genome sequencing (GS) in an unbiased pediatric cohort. We describe the clinical validation, patient metrics, ordering patterns, results, reimbursement, and physician retrieval of results for the first consecutive 80 cases. Clinical GS was performed for both inpatients and outpatients undergoing etiologic evaluations. Results were reported in the electronic medical record. Evidence of report retrieval by clinicians and whether interpretation was concordant with laboratory report was obtained through retrospective chart review. Twenty definitive diagnoses were made in 19 patients (24%; n = 80). Except for two partial gene deletions, all diagnostic variants would have been detectable by our exome methods. Surprisingly, there was no documentation of communication of results to the family in the medical record for 17.5% of patients, and in 7.5%, physician and laboratory interpretations were discordant. Average insurance reimbursement was 30.2%, with yield for commercial payers significantly higher, at 54.1%. The detection rate of GS is equivalent and potentially superior to exome sequencing (ES). Reimbursement rates were variable but overall satisfactory for commercial insurers, and poor for government entities. In addition, we identify opportunities for improvement in the communication of results to families, likely translatable to other tests and other institutions.
Tuning the Relaxation of Nanopatterned Polymer Films with Polymer-Grafted Nanoparticles: Observation of Entropy-Enthalpy Compensation.

Polymer films provide a versatile platform in which complex functional relief patterns can be thermally imprinted with a resolution down to few nanometers. However, a practical limitation of this method is the tendency for the imprinted patterns to relax (“slump”), leading to loss of pattern fidelity over time. While increasing temperature above glass transition temperature (Tg) accelerates the slumping kinetics of neat films, we find that the addition of polymer-grafted nanoparticles (PGNP) can greatly enhance the thermal stability of these patterns. Specifically, increasing the concentration of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) grafted titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles in the composite films slows down film relaxation dynamics, leading to enhanced pattern stability for the temperature range that we investigated. Interestingly, slumping relaxation time is found to obey an entropy–enthalpy compensation (EEC) relationship with varying PGNP concentration, similar to recently observed relaxation of strain...
Remembering individual perspectives and needs in differentiated HIV care strategies

In 2018, the HIV pandemic response has transitioned from an emergency approach to one that will be implemented over several decades and likely for our lifetimes. An estimated 37 million people now live with HIV, of whom 21.5 million people are on antiretroviral therapy (ART) including an estimated 17.5 million people who have achieved viral suppression.1 Thus, an estimated 20 million people either require ART or improved regimens and/or adherence interventions.1 Though HIV diagnostic and prevention strategies are improving, stigma, implementation challenges and late diagnoses resulted in 1.8 million people acquiring HIV, indicating that HIV incidence has only been slowly decreasing over the last several years.1 Thus, the numbers of people requiring HIV treatment are likely to continue to increase over the coming years. Effective support for the lifelong treatment needs of an increasing number of people living with HIV despite decreasing levels of resources requires a better understanding of the specific individual needs of people living with HIV and development of cost-effective and adaptive approaches to address these needs.2 Differentiated care models have been promoted in sub-Saharan Africa recently to address the heterogeneity in the treatment needs among people living with HIV.3 4 Men and women, old and young, pregnant and non-pregnant and individuals from urban versus rural communities may respond differently to service delivery models.5–7 Further, given that HIV transmission risks are not spread evenly across populations anywhere in the world, engagement in care and adherence challenges are likely to differ across populations as well. …
Market Risk and the Momentum Mystery

This paper employs the ZCAPM asset pricing model of Liu, Kolari, and Huang (2018) to show that momentum returns are highly related to market risk arising from return dispersion (RD). Cross-sectional tests show that momentum risk loadings and RD risk loadings are similarly priced in momentum portfolios. Comparative analyses find that zero-investment momentum portfolios and zero-investment return dispersion portfolios earn high returns relative to other risk factors. Further regression tests indicate that zero-investment momentum returns are very significantly related to zero-investment return dispersion returns. We conclude that the momentum mystery is explained by market risk associated with return dispersion for the most part.
Optimal Control of Autonomous Vehicles for Non-Stop Signalized Intersection Crossing

This paper is devoted to the development of an optimal acceleration/speed profile for autonomous vehicles in free flow mode approaching a traffic light without stopping. The design objective is to achieve both short travel time and low energy consumption as well as avoid idling at a red light. This is achieved by taking full advantage of the traffic light information based on infrastructure-to-vehicle communication. The direct adjoining approach is used to solve both free and fixed terminal time optimal control problems subject to state constraints. We show that we can derive a real-time online analytical solution, distinguishing our method from most existing approaches based on numerical calculations. Extensive simulations are executed to compare the performance of autonomous vehicles under the proposed speed profile and human driving vehicles. The results show quantitatively the advantages of the proposed algorithm in terms of energy consumption and travel time.
An In-memory-Computing DNN Achieving 700 TOPS/W and 6 TOPS/mm 2 in 130-nm CMOS

Deep neural networks (DNNs) are increasingly popular in machine learning and have achieved the state-of-the-art performance in a range of tasks. Typically, the best results are achieved using a large amount of training data and large models, which make both training and inference complex. While GPUs are used in many applications for the parallel computing they provide, lower energy platforms have the potential to enable a range of new applications. A trend being observed is the ability to reduce the precision of weights and activations, with previous research showing that in some cases, weights and activations can be binarized [i.e., binarized neural networks (BNNs)], significantly reducing the model size. Exploiting this toward reduced compute energy and reduced data-movement energy, we demonstrate the BNN mapped to a previously presented in-memory-computing architecture, where binarized weights are stored in a standard 6T SRAM bit cell and computations are performed via an analog operation. Using a reduced size BNN, chosen to fit on the CMOS prototype (in 130 nm), MNIST classification is achieved with only 0.4% accuracy degradation (from 94%), but at $26\times $ lower energy compared to a digital approach implementing the same network. The system reaches over 700-TOPS/W energy efficiency and 6-TOPS/mm2 throughput.
Engineering, delivery, and biological validation of artificial microRNA clusters for gene therapy applications.

The cellular machinery regulating microRNA biogenesis and maturation relies on a small number of simple steps and minimal biological requirements and is broadly conserved in all eukaryotic cells. The same holds true in disease. This allows for a substantial degree of freedom in the engineering of transgenes capable of simultaneously expressing multiple microRNAs of choice, allowing a more comprehensive modulation of microRNA landscapes, the study of their functional interaction, and the possibility of using such synergism for gene therapy applications. We have previously engineered a transgenic cluster of functionally associated microRNAs to express a module of suppressed microRNAs in brain cancer for therapeutic purposes. Here, we provide a detailed protocol for the design, cloning, delivery, and utilization of such artificial microRNA clusters for gene therapy purposes. In comparison with other protocols, our strategy effectively decreases the requirements for molecular cloning, because the nucleic acid sequence encoding the combination of the desired microRNAs is designed and validated in silico and then directly synthesized as DNA that is ready for subcloning into appropriate delivery vectors, for both in vitro and in vivo use. Sequence design and engineering require 4–5 h. Synthesis of the resulting DNA sequence requires 4–6 h. This protocol is quick and flexible and does not require special laboratory equipment or techniques, or multiple cloning steps. It can be easily executed by any graduate student or technician with basic molecular biology knowledge. This protocol covers the preparation and use of artificial microRNA clusters for gene therapy. The in silico design of chimeric microRNA transgenes in which up to six natural microRNA hairpins are replaced by synthetic versions obviates the need for complex molecular cloning.
The need for speed: observational study of physician driving behaviors.

Abstract Objective To determine whether fast driving, luxury car ownership, and leniency by police officers differ across medical specialties. Design Observational study. Setting Florida, USA. Participants 5372 physicians and a sample of 19 639 non-physicians issued a ticket for speeding during 2004-17. Main outcome measures Observed rates of extreme speeding (defined as driving >20 mph above the speed limit), luxury car ownership, and leniency of the speeding ticket by police officers, by physician specialty, after adjustment for age and sex. Results The sample included 5372 physicians who received 14 560 speeding tickets. The proportion of drivers who were reported driving at speeds greater than 20 mph was similar between physicians and a sample of 19 639 non-physicians who received a ticket for speeding (26.4% v 26.8% of tickets, respectively). Among physicians who received a ticket, psychiatrists were most likely to be fined for extreme speeding (adjusted odds ratio of psychiatry compared with baseline specialty of anesthesia 1.51, 95% confidence interval 1.07 to 2.14). Among drivers who received a ticket, luxury car ownership was most common among cardiologists (adjusted proportion of ticketed cardiologists who owned a luxury car 40.9%, 95% confidence interval 35.9% to 45.9%) and least common among physicians in emergency medicine, family practice, pediatrics, general surgery, and psychiatry (eg, adjusted proportion of luxury car ownership among family practice physicians 20.6%, 95% confidence interval 18.2% to 23.0%). Speed discounting, a marker of leniency by police officers in which ticketed speed is recorded at just below the threshold at which a larger fine would otherwise be imposed, was common, but rates did not differ by specialty and did not differ between physicians and a sample of non-physicians. Conclusions Rates of extreme speeding were highest among psychiatrists who received a ticket, whereas cardiologists were the most likely to be driving a luxury car when ticketed. Leniency by police officers was similar across specialties and between physicians and non-physicians.
Fleshing Out Models of Gender in English-Language Novels (1850 – 2000)

Distant readers have used predictive modelling to study the strength of the relationship between characterization and binary notions of gender. This essay builds on that research, shedding light on several historical trends concerning anatomical description and its relationship to gender. Some of the evidence suggests that bodily language has long played a larger role in configuring fictional women than it did for fictional men. Other evidence implies that bodily characteristics were increasingly bifurcated along a gender binary, reflecting how characters are more and more physically sorted along a feminine-masculine axis. Taken altogether, this essay unpacks a suggestive correlation: a growing aspect of characterization was increasingly imbricated in heteronormative discourses. By weighing the discrepancies between the evidence presented in this essay, and that of its predecessors, this essay will ultimately suggest that disaggregating statistical models can unfold patterns of literary change that would otherwise remain suppressed.
WALKING A TIGHT ROPE: SEVERE NO-REFLOW PHENOMENON WITH ADENOSINE-INDUCED VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA

The acute finding of a no-reflow phenomenon during a primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) is an important predictor of post-PCI prognosis. Several meta-analyses have indicated that intra-coronary adenosine may be useful however the risks are less discussed in literature A 66-year-old
Tunable magnetoelastic anisotropy in epitaxial (111) Tm3Fe5O12 thin films

Ferrimagnetic insulators with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy are of particular interest for spintronics due to their ability to mitigate current shunting in spin–orbit torque heterostructures and enable low switching energy, high-density storage magnetic devices. Rare earth iron garnet Tm3Fe5O12 (TmIG) is one such material where prior studies have shown that the negative magnetostriction coefficient and isotropic in-plane tensile strain enable the magnetoelastic anisotropy to overcome the demagnetization energy and stabilize perpendicular magnetic anisotropy. However, the investigation of the tunability of the magnetoelastic anisotropy between thin films that possess perpendicular magnetization and quantification of the magnetoelastic constants has not been reported. Here, we quantify the evolution of magnetic anisotropy in (111)-oriented, epitaxial, 17 nm thick thin films of TmIG using a systematic variation of in-plane epitaxial strain (ranging 0.49%–1.83%) imposed by a suite of commercially available garnet substrates. Within the confines of the imposed strain range and deposition condition, the distortion from cubic symmetry is found to be approximately linear within the in-plane strain. The magnetic anisotropy field can be tuned by a factor of 14 in this strain range. The magnetoelastic anisotropy constant, B2, is found to be approximately constant (∼2500 kJ m−3) and more than 2× larger than the reported bulk value (∼1200 kJ m−3) for a cubic distortion between 90.17° and 90.71°. B2 is found to decrease at cubic distortions of 90.74° and larger. Our results highlight strain engineering, and its limitations, for control of perpendicular magnetic anisotropy.
60 A/W high voltage GaN avalanche photodiode demonstrating robust avalanche and high gain up to 525 K

This paper presents a demonstration of a 278 V GaN avalanche photodiode offering a photoresponsivity of 60 A/W and capable of operating at high temperature with a high gain of 105. The GaN n–i–p diode fabricated on a free-standing GaN substrate showed robust avalanche, which has not been observed on any GaN avalanche photodiodes (APDs) grown on foreign substrates. Both electrical and optical characterization studies were conducted to validate the occurrence of avalanche in these devices. The device showed a positive temperature coefficient of breakdown voltage, which follows the nature of avalanche breakdown. The positive coefficient was measured to be 3.85 × 10−4 K−1 (0.1 V/K) at a measurement temperature ranging from 300 K to 525 K. The avalanche-induced electroluminescence is also reported here in GaN APDs. The diode demonstrated superior performance by simultaneously offering a high photoresponsivity of 60 A/W, a high gain of 105 up to 525 K, and low dark current (1.5 × 10−5 A/cm2), measured at 0.95 × BV following industry standards.
Evaluation of the effect of disposable tonometer cover brand on performance of Tono-Pen Vet in canine eyes.

Primary objective To evaluate the effect of latex tip cover manufacturer on accuracy and repeatability of Tono-Pen Vet™ in canine eyes. Animal studied Twelve enucleated globes from six dogs. Procedures The anterior chamber was cannulated and connected to a calibrated manometer. Intraocular pressure (IOP) measurements were obtained using the Tono-Pen Vet and TONOVET Plus at manometric IOP ranging from 5 to 80 mmHg. At each IOP, the Tono-Pen Vet was used with a new Ocu-Film™ latex tip cover (the only manufacturer-approved brand of cover) followed by a new Softips™ latex tip cover. For comparison, the TONOVET Plus was also used at each IOP with a new disposable rebound probe. Measured IOP values were analyzed by linear regression and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Results Tono-Pen Vet accuracy was unaffected by tip cover manufacturer or by frequent change in cover. Using ICC analysis, repeatability of measurements using either tonometer was good to excellent at physiologic IOP levels but variably decreased with both devices at supraphysiologic IOP. Conclusions Neither tip cover manufacturer nor frequent changes in tip cover adversely affect Tono-Pen Vet accuracy. Measurement repeatability with Tono-Pen Vet and TONOVET Plus is widely variable at supraphysiologic IOP. Therefore, minor changes in IOP >25 mmHg should not be used to make clinical decisions without considering this variability.
Assessing the reproducibility of CBCT-derived radiomics features using a novel three-dimensional printed phantom.

Purpose Radiomics modelling is an exciting avenue for enhancing clinical decision-making and personalized treatment. Radiation oncology patients often undergo routine imaging for position verification, particularly using LINAC-mounted cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). The wealth of imaging data collected in modern radiation therapy presents an ideal use case for radiomics modelling. Despite this, texture feature (TF) calculation can be limited by concerns over feature stability and reproducibility; in theory this issue is compounded by the relatively poor image quality of CBCT, as well as variation of acquisition and reconstruction parameters. Methods In this study, we developed and validated a novel 3D-printed phantom for evaluating CBCT-based texture feature reliability. The phantom has a cylindrical shape (22 cm diameter and 25.5 cm height) with five inner inserts designed to hold custom-printed rods (1 cm diameter and 10-20 cm height) of various materials, infill shapes, and densities. TF reproducibility was evaluated across and within three LINACs from a single vendor using sets of three consecutive CBCT taken with the head, thorax, and pelvis clinical imaging protocols. PyRadiomics was used to extract a standard set of TFs from regions of interest centered on each rod. Two way mixed effects absolute agreement intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to evaluate TF reproducibility, with features showing ICC values above 0.9 considered robust if their Bonferroni-corrected p-value was below 0.05. Results A total of 63, 87, and 83 features exhibited test-retest reliability for the head, thorax, and pelvis imaging protocols respectively. When assessing stability between discreet imaging sessions on the same LINAC these numbers were reduced to 5, 63, and 70 features respectively. The thorax and pelvis protocols maintained a rich candidate feature space in inter-LINAC analysis with 61 and 65 features, respectively, exceeding the ICC criteria. Crucially, no features were deemed reproducible when compared between protocols. Conclusions We have developed a 3D-phantom for consistent evaluation of texture feature stability and reproducibility. For LINACs from a single vendor, our study found a substantial number of features available for robust radiomics modelling from CBCT imaging. However, some features showed variations across LINACs. Studies involving CBCT-based radiomics must pre-select features prior to their use in clinical-based models.
Pigment modulation in response to irradiance intensity in the fast-growing alga Picochlorum celeri

Abstract Picochlorum celeri has among the fastest photoautotrophic growth rates (~2 h doubling time in optimal conditions) reported to date for a marine alga. This study comprehensively analyzes the levels of Picochlorum celeri photosynthetic pigments, which can reach up to ~13% of the total particulate organic carbon (POC) under light-limiting conditions. The main Picochlorum celeri pigments identified include: chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, lutein, β-carotene, canthaxanthin, violaxanthin, neoxanthin, zeaxanthin and antheraxanthin. The ketocarotenoid canthaxanthin can accumulate up to 120 mg L−1 in Picochlorum celeri liquid culture; ~12% of it was found in an extracellular polysaccharide matrix. Using a solar-simulating automated photobioreactor, we monitor the photoacclimation of cultures maintained in unshaded conditions (
Advanced AlF3-passivated Aluminum mirrors for UV astronomy

Efficient ultraviolet (UV) mirrors are essential components in space observatories for UV astronomy. Aluminum mirrors with fluoride-based protective layers are commonly the baseline UV coating technology; these mirrors have been proven to be stable, reliable, and with long flight heritage. However, despite their acceptable optical performance, the single-bounce reflectance values are still too low for use in optical systems in which several reflections are required. Recently, a novel passivation procedure based on the self-fluorination of bare Al has been presented [1, 2]. This research is framed in a collaboration between the Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) and the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL), and the experiments are carried out in the Large Area Plasma Processing System (LAPPS) at NRL using bare aluminum samples coated at GSFC coating facilities. The passivation of the oxidized Al is accomplished by using an electron-beam generated plasma produced in a fluorine-containing background to simultaneously remove the native oxide layer while promoting the formation of an AlF3 passivation layer with tunable thickness. Importantly, this new treatment uses benign precursors (SF6) and does not require high substrate temperatures. This novel procedure has demonstrated improved Al mirrors with enhanced FUV reflectivity. Examples of mirrors tuned at several key FUV wavelengths are provided. The LAPPS has been recently upgraded to include a new spectroscopic ellipsometer for real-time, in situ measurements of film thickness and optical constants of the fluoride layer during the plasma treatment. Since this new capability requires precise knowledge of the complex refractive index (n,k) of AlF3, we present optical constants in the 90-2500 nm range obtained from Al mirrors previously prepared using the LAPPS process. The derived optical properties from the AlF3 passivation layer show similar optical properties in the FUV when compared with PVD- and ALD- hot-deposited AlF3.
Mayan and Andean Medicine and Urban Space in the Spanish Americas

Mayan and Andean medicine included empirical perspectives and botanical cures that were transmitted in the urban spaces of colonial Spanish America, spaces themselves built over former Amerindian cities. Mayan and Andean peoples, whose histories included development of both urban and rural aspects of civilization, brought their medical knowledge to the Hispanic cities of the colonial Americas. In these cities, despite the disapproval and persecution of the Inquisition, Native American medicine gradually became part of the dominant culture. As this article will demonstrate, Mayan and Andean medical knowledge was absorbed by the “new cities” that Imperial Spain constructed in the colonial Americas, church disapproval notwithstanding. Cities and urban space became prime conduits for the circulation and incorporation of Native American medical knowledge among the newer Hispanic and mestizo population in the colonial Americas.