cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dynamics of a stratified shear layer above a region of uniform stratification

Direct numerical simulations (DNS) are performed to investigate the behaviour of a weakly stratified shear layer in the presence of a strongly stratified region beneath it. Both, coherent Kelvin―Helmholtz (KH) rollers and small-scale turbulence, are observed during the evolution of the shear layer. The deep stratification measured by the Richardson number J d is varied to study its effect on the dynamics. In all cases, a pycnocline is found to develop at the edges of the shear layer. The region of maximum shear shifts downward with increasing time. Internal waves are excited, initially by KH rollers, and later by small-scale turbulence. The wave field generated by the KH rollers is narrowband and of stronger amplitude than the broadband wave field generated by turbulence. Linear theory based on Doppler-shifted frequency of the KH mode is able to predict the angle of the internal wave phase lines during the direct generation of internal waves by KH rollers. Waves generated by turbulence are relatively weaker with a broader range of excitation angles which, in the deep region, tend towards a narrower band. The linear theory that works for the internal waves excited by KH rollers does not work for the turbulence generated waves. The momentum transported by the internal waves into the interior can be large, about 10 % of the initial momentum in the shear layer, when J d ≃ 0.25. Integration of the turbulent kinetic energy budget in time and over the shear layer thickness shows that the energy flux can be up to 17 % of the turbulent production, 33 % of the turbulent dissipation rate and 75 % of the buoyancy flux. These numbers quantify the dynamical importance of internal waves. In contrast to linear theory where the effect of deep stratification on the shear layer instabilities has been found to be weak, the present nonlinear simulations show that the evolution of the shear layer is significantly altered because of the significant momentum and energy carried away by the internal waves.
Extension of sets of approximate solutions to the Cauchy–Fueter system in two variables

Let Ω be a bounded open set in ℍ2, and let K be a compact subset of Ω. In this article we prove that approximate solutions to the Cauchy–Fueter system in two variables on Ω ∖ K can be extended to approximate solutions to the same system in all of Ω.
Evaluation of the definitions of "high-risk" cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma using the american joint committee on cancer staging criteria and national comprehensive cancer network guidelines.

Recent guidelines from the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) and National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) have been proposed for the assessment of “high-risk” cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas (cSCCs). Though different in perspective, both guidelines share the common goals of trying to identify “high-risk” cSCCs and improving patient outcomes. Thus, in theory, both definitions should identify a similar proportion of “high-risk” tumors. We sought to evaluate the AJCC and NCCN definitions of “high-risk” cSCCs and to assess their concordance. Methods. A retrospective review of head and neck cSCCs seen by an academic dermatology department from July 2010 to November 2011 was performed. Results. By AJCC criteria, most tumors (%) were of Stage 1; 46 tumors (13.9%) were of Stage 2. Almost all were of Stage 2 due to size alone (≥2 cm); one tumor was “upstaged” due to “high-risk features.” Using the NCCN taxonomy, 231 (87%) of tumors were “high-risk.” Discussion. This analysis demonstrates discordance between AJCC and NCCN definitions of “high-risk” cSCC. Few cSCCs are of Stage 2 by AJCC criteria, while most are “high-risk” by the NCCN guidelines. While the current guidelines represent significant progress, further studies are needed to generate a unified definition of “high-risk” cSCC to optimize management.
Anatomically Shaped Tooth and Periodontal Regeneration by Cell Homing

Tooth regeneration by cell delivery encounters translational hurdles. We hypothesized that anatomically correct teeth can regenerate in scaffolds without cell transplantation. Novel, anatomically shaped human molar scaffolds and rat incisor scaffolds were fabricated by 3D bioprinting from a hybrid of poly-epsilon-caprolactone and hydroxyapatite with 200-microm-diameter interconnecting microchannels. In each of 22 rats, an incisor scaffold was implanted orthotopically following mandibular incisor extraction, whereas a human molar scaffold was implanted ectopically into the dorsum. Stromal-derived factor-1 (SDF1) and bone morphogenetic protein-7 (BMP7) were delivered in scaffold microchannels. After 9 weeks, a putative periodontal ligament and new bone regenerated at the interface of rat incisor scaffold with native alveolar bone. SDF1 and BMP7 delivery not only recruited significantly more endogenous cells, but also elaborated greater angiogenesis than growth-factor-free control scaffolds. Regeneration of tooth-like structures and periodontal integration by cell homing provide an alternative to cell delivery, and may accelerate clinical applications.
Vertical Mixing and Transports through a Stratified Shear Layer

Abstract A stratified shear layer was generated in the laboratory by driving a turbulent mixed layer of depth D over a quiescent, deep dense layer. As a result, a density interface of thickness δb across which the buoyancy jump is Δb was formed between the upper and lower layers. This density interface was embedded in a velocity shear layer of thickness δs across which the velocity jump was ΔU. Detailed velocity, density, and average local Richardson number (Rig) measurements were made through the stratified shear layer, from which the fluxes of momentum and density through the interface as well as energetics of the stratified shear layer were evaluated as a function of Rig. The quantities measured included the flux Richardson number (Rif), the dissipation flux coefficient (Γ), and the eddy diffusivities of momentum and density (Km and Kρ), averaged across the shear layer. The results were compared with various deep and coastal oceanic data as well as common oceanic eddy diffusivity and flux parameterizat...
Who's Being Served? “Self-Serving” Attributions in Social Hierarchies☆

Abstract Making external attributions for negative events, though often considered “self-serving,” also implies that the attributor is not in control of critical resources. We hypothesized that making external attributions for negative events will lead to impressions of powerlessness. Because individuals in high-status roles are expected to have power and control, external attributions may violate these role expectations; thus, we further hypothesized that status would moderate the relationship between attributions and interpersonal outcomes. Specifically, more negative impressions and affect will be directed toward high-status individuals who make external attributions than toward their lower status counterparts. Three studies were conducted, one using a role-play methodology, one using an experimentally created hierarchy, and one using vignettes. The results supported our hypotheses: external attributions can be highly disserving for people in high-status positions.
Business @ the Speed of Thought

Bill Gates is the founder of Microsoft. He thinks that businesses use computers in the same way we use our nervous system. In this book, he describes his idea of a 'Digital Nervous System' - a way for companies to get as much as possible from all the money they have spent on computers.
Isolation of two genes that affect mitotic chromosome transmission in S. cerevisiae

Two DNA sequences that reduce mitotic fidelity of chromosome transmission have been identified: MIF1 and MIF2. MIF1 is a unique sequence located on the right arm of chromosome XII that stimulates loss and recombination for both chromosomes V and VII when present in a high copy number plasmid. MIF1 is not essential for cell division but is necessary for the normal fidelity of chromosome transmission. MIF2 is a unique sequence located 15 cM distal to HIS6 on chromosome IX that induces a high frequency of chromosome VII loss and a lower frequency of chromosome V loss when present in high copy number; it has no effect on mitotic recombination. Disruption of the genomic MIF2 locus was lethal and cells lacking this function arrested division with a terminal phenotype characteristic of a block in DNA replication or nuclear division.
Altruistic discourse and therapeutic misconception in research informed consent.

Simon et al. (2006) make an important contribution to the limited literature on the role of altruism in the research informed consent process. Studying 140 parental permission (and sometimes child ...
Stress in high rate deposited silicon dioxide films for MCM applications

Thick PECVD silicon dioxide (SiO/sub 2/) films were deposited at 1000 /spl Aring//min in the 250-350/spl deg/C temperature range for multichip module (MCM) applications. A considerable change in the stress values of these films was observed after annealing in the 250-400/spl deg/C range. The stress of as-deposited and annealed films were monitored for two months in a clean room environment. The moisture absorption diffusion coefficients of these high rate deposited films were found to be high. A considerable difference in the stress behavior of unannealed and annealed films was observed during shelf storage. The observed stress behavior is correlated with silanol (SiOH) and SiH content in the films.
FIGHT STRATEGIES DIFFER WITH SIZE AND ALLOMETRIC GROWTH OF CLAWS IN CRAYFISH, ORCONECTES RUSTICUS

This study examines differences in fighting strategies between small and large male crayfish, Orconectes rusticus. Due to allometric growth of claws, fighting weapons are of disproportionate size in large crayfish compared to those in smaller individuals. Presumably, such differences in the prominence of claws are reflected in differences in the likelihood of injuries, and we thus explored fighting in size-matched pairs of small or large crayfish and assessed associated strategies in situations of conflict. Although fighting reached the highest intensities in a similar proportion of instances in small and large pairs, differences in fighting strategies were evident. Small crayfish escalated more rapidly, fights were settled more quickly, and were resolved overall at lower intensities. This may be explained by lower risks of injury compared to encounters among larger males due to proportionally smaller claws. Larger males thus appear to spend considerably more time in assessing their opponent's fighting ability before each escalation event.
Dysphotopsia in phakic and pseudophakic patients: incidence and relation to intraocular lens type

Abstract Purpose To determine the relationship between various intraocular lens (IOL) types and the incidence of unwanted light images. Setting The Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA. Methods A telephone questionnaire was administered to 302 postoperative patients who had received 1 of 6 commonly used IOLs between January and September 1998. Patients were included only if they had uneventful cataract surgery, no additional ocular pathology, and a postoperative best corrected visual acuity of 20/25 or better. A control group of 50 patients with the diagnosis of presbyopia only also participated in the questionnaire. Patients reported on incidence of glare, light sensitivity, and unwanted images. The data were analyzed for statistically significant relationships between incidence of photopsias and IOL type. Results The AcrySof 5.5 mm, AcrySof 6.0 mm, and SI-40 groups reported significantly more unwanted images than the control group (P = .0014). The 2 AcrySof groups also reported a greater incidence of light to the side causing a central flash, and the SI-40 group, a higher incidence of glare. The control group was more likely to experience symptoms of glare than any pseudophakic group. Overall, a mean of 49% of patients reported some light-related phenomenon postoperatively. The majority in all groups reported being satisfied with their eyesight despite the light-related problems. Conclusions A significant number of pseudophakic patients reported symptoms of dysphotopsia. Patients who received an acrylic IOL with flattened edges were at increased risk of experiencing images associated with edge reflections. The SI-40 lens group, although less than the AcrySof groups, reported a higher incidence of glare than the non-AcrySof groups; however, it also had the highest number of patients still driving at night. The phakic population commonly experienced glare reported as more severe than several of the IOL groups.
Personality in social insects: How does worker personality determine colony personality?

Social insect colonies and the workers comprising them, each exhibit consistent individual differences in behavior, also known as 'personalities'. Because the behavior of social insect colonies emerges from the actions of their workers, individual variation among workers' personality may be important in determining the variation we observe among colonies. The reproduc- tive unit of social insects, on which natural selection acts, is the colony, not individual workers. Therefore, it is important to un- derstand what mechanisms govern the observed variation among colonies. Here I propose three hypotheses that address how con- sistent individual differences in the behavior of workers may lead to consistent individual differences in the behavior of colonies: 1. Colonies differ consistently in their average of worker personality; 2. The distribution but not the average of worker personali- ties varies consistently among colonies; and 3. Colony personality does not emerge from its worker personality composition but from consistent external constraints. I review evidence supporting each of these hypotheses and suggest methods to further inves- tigate them. The study of how colony personality emerges from the personalities of the workers comprising them may shed light on the mechanisms underlying consistent individual differences in the behavior of other animals (Current Zoology 58 (4): 580−588, 2012).
732Predictors of Cardiac Implantable Electronic Device Infection in Patients with Staphylococcus Aureus Bacteremia

Background Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia (SAB) is commonly associated with cardiac implantable electronic device infection (CIED-I). This usually requires explantation of the device. In cases of SAB in the presence of CIED that is not obviously infected (after examination of the pocket and transesophageal echocardiogram), decision about device removal is less clear. Predicting CIED-I in those cases would be helpful. Methods: This case-control study included all adults admitted to the University of Kansas Medical Center with SAB in the presence of a CIED between 1/1/2007 and 12/31/2012, using ICD 9 codes, CIED registry, and microbiology database. Cases had device infection evidenced by pocket infection or CIED related endocarditis; controls did not, over a 12 weeks follow up period. Clinical predictors of CIED-I were evaluated using logistic regression. Mortality was evaluated at 30 and 365 days. Results: We identified 64 patients with CIED who had 70 separate episodes of SAB during the study period. Of all 70 episodes of SAB, 74.3% were in males, 74.3% were in white, and mean age was 65.3 years. MRSA accounted for 48.6% of SAB. There were 31 episodes involving the device (44.3%, cases) and 39 SAB without CIED-I (55.7%, controls). On univariate analysis, factors associated with increased risk of device infection included fever (Odds ratio [OR] 5.65, 95% confidence interval [CI] [1.45-22.04], pvalue 0.011), persistent bacteremia at 72h (OR 2.89, CI [0.978.60], p-value 0.052), and tachycardia (OR 2.41, CI [0.827.10], p-value 0.098). Factors associated with decreased risk of device infection included end stage renal disease (ESRD) (OR 0.24, CI [0.07 0.81], p-value 0.029) and immunosuppression in the past 3 months (OR 0.23, CI [0.051.16], p-value 0.096). On multivariate analysis only fever remained significantly associated with device infection (OR 6.58, CI [1.20-36.04]). Mortality at 30 and 365 days was not significantly different between cases and controls. Conclusion: Fever, tachycardia and persistent bacteremia were associated with increased risk of CIED-I among patient with SAB, while ESRD and immunosuppression were protective on univariate analysis. Only fever remained significantly associated with CIED infection on multivariate analysis.  Retrospective review of all patients with SAB who had CIED at the same time between 1/1/2007 and 12/31/2012
The dreams of Perpetua: An historical application of the continuity hypothesis

The continuity hypothesis maintains that a strong link exists between the dreams and waking life of the individual.Often, the contents of our dreams are made up of events and people that are a familiar part of our waking consciousness. Although we know that a certain amont of continuity exists between the dreams and waking experiences of individuals living in the present,to what extent doesa similar type of continuity apply to individuals living in the past? This article attempts to explore this question by studying the dream-visions recorded by one individual of the past,namely, Perpetua.
Living Healthier and Longer: A Life Course Perspective on Education and Health

Decades of research documents a strong and enduring relationship between educational attainment and health and longevity. Our chapter begins by briefly reviewing the theoretical explanations for this important social fact and highlighting key ways in which the life course perspective has fundamentally shaped the research questions and debates in the area. From there we outline three directions in which we argue further application of the life course perspective would benefit our understanding: (1) merging selection and causal effect processes into a long-term, multigenerational view; (2) linking health across the years in which people largely achieve their educations, and the short-term processes involved, with longer-term processes and mid- to late-life health outcomes; and (3) assessing historical trends in the mediating mechanisms and their implications for health disparities.
Intractable seizure disorders of childhood.

The evaluation of the child with intractable seizures is reviewed. Important in this diagnosis are a review of the history to classify seizures and rule out nonepileptiform conditions; a review of the general physical and neurological examinations to rule out any previously undiagnosed conditions; repeating laboratory studies to make sure no etiologies have been Undiscovered; and the use of multiple therapies, including combinations of antiepileptic drugs, the ketogenic diet, and seizure surgery. Infantile spasms, myoclonic seizures, and complex partial seizures have the most unfavorable prognoses.
Hypertriglyceridemia Produced by Endotoxin: Role of Impaired Triglyceride Disposal Mechanisms

The role of Salmonella typhimurium endotoxin in producing hypertriglyceridemia was investigated in 70 male rhesus monkeys. Dose-response studies were performed with 0.3-9.0 mg of endotoxin/kg injected intravenously; free fatty acids and triglycerides were measured during the subsequent 8 hr. The effect of endotoxin on lipid disposal mechanisms was assessed by both intravenous lipid-loading tests and total plasma lipolytic activity after administration of heparin. The possible interference of endotoxin with lipid-clearing enzymes was also explored. Smaller doses of endotoxin (0.3 and 0.9 mg/kg) produced significant increments in free fatty acids within 2-5 hr of administration, with minimal trilgyceride increments. Larger doses of endotoxin (2.8-9.0 mg/kg) failed to produce significant elevations in free fatty acids but did result in significant triglyceride increases 2-6 hr after administration. Within 4 hr after administration of 7 mg of endotoxin/kg, both tests showed impaired disposal of lipids. However, once lipid-clearing enzymes were activated, endotoxin did not reduce lipolytic activity in vitro. These results support the contention that endotoxin significantly elevates serum triglyceride concentrations and leads to impaired lipid disposal mechanisms by interfering with the activation of lipid-clearing enzymes.
The Other Average Man: Science Workers in Quetelet’s Belgium:

This paper examines the creation of what I have called “The Other Average Man” of nineteenth-century science. This other average man was created during the course of the career of the Belgian polymath Adolphe Quetelet (1796–1874) and his development of physique sociale and the controversial l’homme moyen. Rather than discuss Quetelet’s abstract average man, which has received considerable attention, the paper focuses on the real average men that Quetelet imagined would do the work of providing data for physique sociale. To do so, it investigates three moments in Quetelet’s administrative career in Belgium: his early life in Ghent and Brussels during the brief polity of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, his remarkable transformation of the Academie Royale de Belgique in the 1820s, and an 1846 debate at the Academy on the possible determinism entailed by Quetelet’s statistical account of human behavior. These stories not only point to the creation of another average man in Quetelet’s social physics, bu...
Panic That Spreads Sociobehavioral Contagion in Pedestrian Evacuations

Crowds are a part of everyday public life, from stadiums and arenas to school hallways. Occasionally, pushing within the crowd spontaneously escalates to crushing behavior, resulting in injuries and even death. The rarity and unpredictability of these incidents provides few options to collect data for research on the prediction and prevention of hazardous emergent behaviors in crowds. This study takes a close look at the way states of agitation, such as panic, can spread through crowds. Group composition—mainly family groups composed of members with differing mobility levels—plays an important role in the spread of agitation through the crowd, ultimately affecting the exit density and evacuation clearance time of a simulated venue. This study used an agent-based model of pedestrian movement during the egress of a hypothetical room and adopted an emotional, cognitive, and social framework to explore the transference and dissipation of agitation through a crowd. The preliminary results reveal that average g...
Actions for Incidental and Consequential Damages Under the Uniform Commercial Code

Each of the Uniform Commercial Code's primary damage remedies for buyers, Sections 2-712, 2-713 and 2-714, allows for the recovery of incidental and consequential damages as provided by Section 2-715. Section 2-715 is passive, defining or describing incidental and consequential damages but making no provision for their recovery. The Code provisions for incidental and consequential damages are necessary to effectuate the mandate of Section 1-106 that the aggrieved party "be put in as good a position as if the other party had fully performed." Section 1-106, however, goes on to provide that "neither consequential or special nor penal damages may be had except as specifically provided in this Act or by other rule of law." This article will examine the various situations in which special damages may be recovered by aggrieved buyers and the problems of proof which must be resolved to achieve their recovery.
The Once and Future Juvenile Brain

Is juvenile justice in the juvenile brain science era? We unquestionably have entered a new juvenile justice era, one to which adolescent brain science has made a contribution, but it is not (and never has been) really about the juvenile brain itself. Rather, this new era is one in which we have refocused on stable truths about children and their environments that we currently enjoy thinking and talking about through a scientific lens.
Mapping Prolificacy QTL in Maize and Teosinte

Teosinte, the ancestor of maize, possesses multiple ears at each node along its main stalk, whereas maize has only a single ear at each node. With its greater ear number, teosinte is referred to as being more prolific. The grassy tillers 1 (gt1) gene has been identified as a large-effect quantitative trait locus underlying this prolificacy difference between maize and teosinte, and the causal polymorphism for the difference was mapped to a 2.7kb control region 5' of the gt1 ORF. The most common maize haplotype (M1) at the gt1 control region confers low prolificacy. A prior study reported that 29% of maize varieties possess the teosinte haplotype (T) for the control region, although these varieties are nonprolific. This observation suggested that these maize lines might possess an additional factor, other than gt1, suppressing prolificacy in maize. We discovered that the factor suppressing prolificacy in maize varieties with the gt1 T haplotype mapped to a 3.20 cM interval, which includes gt1 Subsequent DNA sequence analysis revealed that the maize varieties with the apparent T haplotype actually possess a distinct maize haplotype (M2) that is similar, but not identical, to the T haplotype in sequence but is associated with a nonprolific phenotype similar to the M1 haplotype. Our data indicate that the M2 haplotype or a closely linked factor confers a nonprolific phenotype. Our data suggest that 2 different alleles or haplotypes (M1 and M2) of gt1 were selected during domestication, and that nonprolificacy in all maize varieties is likely a result of allele substitutions at gt1.
Bayesian Inference for Hard Problems Using the Gibbs Sampler

The Gibbs sampler has been proposed as a general method for Bayesian calculation in Gelfand and Smith (1990). Here we describe two challenging implementations of the sampler. One is in the context of order restricted parameters and is illustrated using the normal linear model. The second involves nonconjugacy and is illustrated using a generalized logistic regression model. Synthesis of the ideas contained in these two problems greatly expands the range of possibilities for successful utilization the Gibbs sampler
pH, Acidity, and Vitamin C Content of Fresh and Canned Homegrown Washington Tomatoes.

The safety of home canned tomato products in the Pacific Northwest has been questioned because of publicity surrounding low-acid tomato varieties recommended for gardens. One hundred fifty-two samples of home grown tomatoes collected from 19 counties in Washington were subjectively ranked into maturity categories by appearance. They were found to decrease in acidity and increase in pH with maturity, while the vitamin C content increased to a maximum in slightly overripe tomatoes. Ripe tomatoes grown in eastern Washington under low relative humidity and high temperatures may have greater pH values than tomatoes grown under high relative humidity and lower temperatures in western Washington. Ninety-one of the fresh tomato samples were canned with salt in a boiling water bath and stored 4 months at 4 C. The pH of the canned tomatoes decreased by 0.10 unit from the fresh values, while acidity did not change; vitamin C decreased by 30%. Overripe tomatoes had the lowest acidity and greatest pH. Thirty-one jars of tomatoes canned by home canners were collected and analyzed. The pH was sufficient in all samples to inhibit growth of Clostridium botulinum ; however, two jars canned with no acidulant added had a pH> 4.6. Vacuum in jars ranged from 10.6 to 22.9 inches of mercury. All jars submitted were adequate for the home preservation of tomatoes.
Why Aren't More African-Americans Republicans?

This research tests several hypotheses regarding the political party identification of Africa-Americans as Republican. I propose that the choice to identify as Republican is the result of not only demographics but social factors and the resulting cross pressures. Using historical and anecdotal data, trends indicate cross pressures from unexpected sources, political activism, and a deep sense of racial pride among blacks who do identify as Republicans, although the opposite is often assumed to be the case. The evidence also shows the need for further research on the influence of family, gender and immigrant status on black party identification.
Estimating Earthwork Volumes Through Use of Unmanned Aerial Systems

Unmanned aerial systems (UASs) and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have become increasingly attractive for numerous surveying applications in civil engineering, agriculture, and many other fields. The unmanned systems and vehicles are capable of performing photogrammetric data acquisition with equipped digital cameras that allows for converting images to highly precise, georeferenced three-dimensional models. However, more studies are needed to demonstrate practical applications of UAS systems and UAVs on construction sites. In this project, UAS systems and UAVs and digital photogrammetry technology are introduced to estimate the earthwork volume of a highway extension project. The georeferenced images were processed by the photogrammetry software, Pix4Dmapper, which is a tool for converting images into an accurate and applicable three-dimensional point cloud model. Progress models were created over the course of several weeks. The volume of earth was computed by comparing the point cloud of the progress ...
Analyzing segregation in mature and developing suburbs in the United States

ABSTRACTOver the past several decades, researchers have investigated segregation, differentiating between central cities and suburbs. However, suburbs have become more differentiated. Using Census 2000, Census 2010, and American Community Survey (ACS) data for 2007–2011, this article analyzes segregation in the 100 most populous metropolitan statistical areas in the United States, differentiating between central cities, mature suburbs, and developing suburbs. For each subgeography, we consider the racial and ethnic proportions, the dissimilarity index for each combination of racial and ethnic groups, and the isolation index for each racial and ethnic group. We find that Black–White and Latino–White dissimilarity levels in mature suburbs are closer to the corresponding levels in central cities. From 2000 to 2010, Black–White segregation indices decreased for all subgeographies in all regions and Latino–White segregation indices increased for all subgeographies in Census Region South. The findings for the d...
Extrapolar climate reversal during the last deglaciation

Large ocean-atmosphere and hydroclimate changes occurred during the last deglaciation, although the interplay between these changes remains ambiguous. Here, we present a speleothem-based high resolution record of Northern Hemisphere atmospheric temperature driven polar jet variability, which matches the Greenland ice core records for the most of the last glacial period, except during the last deglaciation. Our data, combined with data from across the globe, show a dramatic climate reversal during the last deglaciation, which we refer to as the Extrapolar Climate Reversal (ECR). This is the most prominent feature in most tropical and subtropical hydroclimate proxies. The initiation of the ECR coincides with the rapid rise in CO2, in part attributed to upwelling in the Southern Ocean and the near collapse of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation. We attribute the ECR to upwelling of cold deep waters from the Southern Ocean. This is supported by a variety of proxies showing the incursion of deep Southern Ocean waters into the tropics and subtropics. Regional climate variability across the extropolar regions during the interval previously referred to as the "Mystery Interval" can now be explained in the context of the ECR event.
Alternate Views of Global Leadership: Applying Global Leadership Perspectives to Leading Global Teams

The literature around global leadership and global teams has expanded dramatically over the last decade. There have, however, been few integrative approaches to examining the intersection between these constructs. The present chapter reviews the dominant paradigms in global leadership and in teamwork in a global context. Specifically, the global leadership and cross-cultural leadership literatures are reviewed, along with the literatures on multinational teams, virtual teams, and cross-cultural teams. The leadership literatures are further broken down into competencies and styles (for global leadership) and universal or contingency-based approaches (for cross-cultural leadership). The literature on global teams is integrated into these overviews.
Cotton Flower-visiting Insects in Small-scale Farm Fields in Mwachisompola, Zambia

Global declines in wild and managed pollinator species have increased the need to evaluate the current status of these populations and understand their needs for sustainability. Farming systems can be a useful place to examine the presence and activity of flower-visiting insects, because the blooming period of the crop provides a predictable floral resource which serves as an attractant to some species. The density and species richness of cotton flower-visiting insects were measured in five conservation and five conventional cotton fields in Mwachisompola, Zambia. Between the two farm types, density and species richness were not significantly different; however, only 33% of the total observed species were found within both farm systems. We found a significant negative relationship between species richness and field size regardless of farm type. Our results suggest that cotton fields attract both pollinator and predatory flower-visiting insects regardless of management, however more work is needed to better understand the effects of field size and surrounding natural areas.
Sequential ethanol fermentation and anaerobic digestion increases bioenergy yields from duckweed.

Abstract The potential for improving bioenergy yields from duckweed, a fast-growing, simple, floating aquatic plant, was evaluated by subjecting the dried biomass directly to anaerobic digestion, or sequentially to ethanol fermentation and then anaerobic digestion, after evaporating ethanol from the fermentation broth. Bioethanol yields of 0.41 ± 0.03 g/g and 0.50 ± 0.01 g/g (glucose) were achieved for duckweed harvested from the Penn State Living-Filter (Lemna obscura) and Eco-Machine™ (Lemna minor/japonica and Wolffia columbiana), respectively. The highest biomethane yield, 390 ± 0.1 ml CH4/g volatile solids added, was achieved in a reactor containing fermented duckweed from the Living-Filter at a substrate-to-inoculum (S/I) ratio (i.e., duckweed to microorganism ratio) of 1.0. This value was 51.2% higher than the biomethane yield of a replicate reactor with raw (non-fermented) duckweed. The combined bioethanol-biomethane process yielded 70.4% more bioenergy from duckweed, than if anaerobic digestion had been run alone.
Avoiding the Major Causes of Death: Does Childhood Misfortune Reduce the Likelihood of Being Disease Free in Later Life?

Objectives Although previous research reveals the detrimental effects of early misfortune on the development of chronic diseases in later life, few studies have investigated its effects on remaining disease free. This study draws on cumulative inequality theory to investigate whether experiencing childhood misfortune reduces the likelihood of remaining disease free over time. Method This study utilizes five waves of data from the Health and Retirement Study to test whether five domains of childhood misfortune predict being disease free at baseline (2004) and developing disease over time (2004-2012). Results Respondents reporting risky parental behaviors during childhood were less likely to be disease free at baseline and had an increased risk of disease onset over time, the latter driven by having a guardian who smoked in combination with more pack-years smoked in adulthood. Furthermore, we find that adult resources, that is wealth, help to mitigate the noxious effects of other misfortunes, notably poor socioeconomic conditions. Discussion Consistent with cumulative inequality theory, these findings reveal that experiencing multiple types of misfortune during childhood decreases the likelihood of remaining disease free in later life, but engaging in health behaviors, such as physical activity, can help to ameliorate some of the noxious effects of early misfortune.
Bilevel Programming Problems

A problem where an optimization problem is constrained by another one is classified as a BiLevel Programming Problem, BLPP, and is of the general form: $$ \begin{array}{l} \mathop {\min }\limits_{x,y} \quad F(x,y) \\ s.t. \\ \quad \quad \;G(x,y) \le 0 \\ \quad \quad \;H(x,y) = 0 \\ \quad \quad \;\mathop {\min }\limits_y f(x,y) \\ \quad \quad \;s.t. \\ \quad \quad \;\quad g(x,y) \le 0 \\ \quad \quad \;\quad h(x,y) = 0 \\ \quad \quad \;\quad x \in X \subseteq {R^{n1}},\;y \in Y \subseteq {R^{n2}} \\ \end{array} $$ where f, F : R n1 × R n2 →; R, g = [g 1,.., g J ] : R n1 × R n2 → R j , G = [G 1,.., G J ] : R n1 × R n2 → R j’, h = [h 1,..,h I ] : R n1 × R n2 → R i , H = [H 1,.., H’ I ] : R n1 × R n2 → R i’. F, G and H are the outer (planner’s or leader’s) problem objective function, inequality and equality constraints, and f, g, and h are the inner (behavorial or follower’s) problem objective, inequality and equality constraints, respectively. The decision variables of the outer problem are x and y and of the inner problem are y.
What Can Buddhism Offer to a Socially Just Engineering Education

Buddhism is a tradition whose tenets, practices and rituals are regarded by some as a philosophy and others as a religion. At the heart of one of the main Buddhist schools, the Mahāyāna, is the practice (or cultivation) of the virtues of the Bodhisattva, also known as the “six pāramitās.” This chapter presents an introduction to the practice of the virtues of the Bodhisattva and a leadership model based on Buddhism. It demonstrates how the practice of the virtues in the leadership model can be interpreted as a framework to help engineering students and educators develop leadership and skills to support social justice. The chapter draws from previous work on the intersection of Buddhism, leadership, and culturally responsive education. The framework is connected to social justice through examples relevant to engineering practice and education. The goal of this chapter is to motivate engineering educators, who are interested in Buddhism and social justice, to connect their engineering knowledge with Buddhist studies (or socially engaged Buddhism) in socially just engineering education. In addition, it might open a way for those who are interested in integrating other philosophies in their engineering education efforts, such as Native American educators who wish to integrate Native American philosophies in engineering education.
Nutrient Regime in The Wet Tropics: Physical Factors

The wet tropics are characterized by year-round high temperatures and high humidities, resulting in growing seasons which can extend up to 12 months per year. Consequently, primary productivity and nutrient cycling rates are high on an annual basis. However, long periods of high temperature and high humidity also result in high annual rates of soil respiration with consequent high production of carbonic acid in the soil. The acid dissociates and the hydrogen replaces cations exchanged on clay surfaces or bound in clay minerals. Cations thus released are quickly leached from the soil by heavy rains. The low pH of many tropical soils resulting from high concentrations of carbonic acid also results in binding of phosphorus with iron and aluminum. For these reasons, available nutrients are relatively scarce in soils of the wet tropics compared to ecosystems in other regions.
Selective incorporation of 111In-labeled PHOTOFRIN by glioma tissue in vivo.

The use of PHOTOFRIN™ for photodynamic therapy of human gliomas has been studied by i.v. administration and laser photosensitization. Defining the uptake of PHOTOFRIN™ in the patient's tumor in comparison with the surrounding normal brain tissue is highly desirable for patient selection and study ofin vivo kinetics. We utilized a non-invasive approach to the detection of PHOTOFRIN™ uptake in brain tumors with111In-oxine radiolabeled PHOTOFRIN™ and external imaging and quantitation using a gamma camera. Biodistribution of111In-labeled PHOTOFRIN™ in 13 organs was determined in four dogs and 15 mice with gliomas.99mTc-DTPA was used as a control for nonspecific uptake. The greatest concentration of111In-PHOTOFRIN™ in the brain tumor occurred at 24 hours post i.v. administration. The brain tumor PHOTOFRIN™ uptake was seven times greater than that of normal brain. The decreased blood background at 72 hours made this the optimum time for imaging. Specific tumor tissue uptake of111In-PHOTOFRIN™ occurred, well beyond that resulting from blood-brain-barrier (BBB) breakdown.
The Environmental Impact Assessment of Highways

Although there is general agreement on the nature of the environmental impacts associated with highway design, construction and maintenance, the way and the extent to which those impacts are assessed vary in differing national contexts. The following is based on a comparison of EIA procedures for highway planning in the United States and the Federal Republic of Germany.
Ethanol and the Endocrine System

Hypoandrogenization is commonly seen in chronic alcoholic men: 70%–80% of such men experience reduced libido and/or impotence (Van Thiel 1983a; Van Thiel et al. 1982). Reproductive as well as Leydig cell failure is also common in such men, with 70%–80% of them demonstrating gross testicular atrophy as well as infertility after years of alcohol abuse (Van Thiel 1982, 1983a; Van Thiel and Lester 1980, 1976a; Van Thiel et al. 1982). Histological studies of the testicular tissue obtained from chronically alcoholic men usually demonstrate marked seminiferous tubular atrophy and loss of mature germ cells (Van Thiel et al. 1974a). Many of the residual, less mature germ cells have an abnormal morphology.
Characterization of Aspergilli from dried red chilies (Capsicum spp.): Insights into the etiology of aflatoxin contamination.

Abstract Aflatoxins are toxic carcinogens produced by several species of Aspergillus section Flavi, with some aflatoxin producers associated with specific crops. Red chilies (Capsicum spp.) are grown in warm regions that also favor aflatoxin-producers. Aflatoxins in red chilies may result in serious health concerns and severe economic losses. The current study sought to gain insight on causal agents of aflatoxin contamination in red chilies. Naturally contaminated chilies from markets in Nigeria (n = 55) and the United States (US) (n = 169) were examined. The A. flavus L strain was the predominant member of Aspergillus section Flavi (84%) in chilies. Highly toxigenic fungi with S strain morphology were also detected in chilies from both countries (11%), followed by A. tamarii (4.6%) and A. parasiticus (0.4%). Fungi with L morphology produced significantly lower quantities of aflatoxins (mean = 43 μg g−1) compared to S morphology fungi (mean = 667 μg g−1; p
Gender and Sports

Publisher Summary The demographics of sports participation have changed considerably over the past 20 years. Sports participation used to be restricted to high level male athletes competing in high school, collegiate, and professional sports. With the advent of Title IX in 1972, the landscape of the sports world changed considerably. As of 2008, there are record numbers of female athletes participating in sports both in the United States and around the world. In the high school age group, the numbers of male and female participants are nearly equal. This has changed the very nature of the term “athlete.” In today's culture, sports participants are equally likely to be female as male. There are significant differences between female and male athletes. These differences include physiologic ability to achieve maximum potential, injury patterns related to gender, and specific medical issues related to sports participation. This chapter explores the differences between male and female athletes. It examines the issue of sports participation and gender. Sports participation is a favorable lifestyle choice that encourages fitness and activity. The number one cause of mortality for men and women continues to be related to obesity and cardiovascular disease. Physical activity and a healthy diet reduce the incidence of many common diseases that contribute to this mortality.
The Effects of Chavez's Populism on Today's Venezuela

This research analyzes the current economic crisis in Venezuela and its impact on human rights. The majority of Venezuelan citizens have been negatively impacted by hyperinflation, deteriorating healthcare systems, and government corruption. Mass emigration of Venezuelans to neighboring countries has placed great stress on the region as a whole, and the international community has yet to recognize Venezuela’s plight as an official refugee crisis. Drawing upon recent news articles, this research intends to understand how the economic system left in place by former Venezuelan president Hugo Chavez began to crumble after current Venezuelan president Nicolas Maduro was elected. It utilizes diverse news sources to analyze the causes of Venezuela’s sunken economy in order to provide insight towards plausible solutions. Exploring various options for alleviating economic hardship at the individual and nation-state levels, this paper aims to reflect on ways in which government corruption and consolidation of power within the Venezuelan political system could be eradicated. I have briefly analyzed the efficacy of methods such as economic sanctions, external military intervention, humanitarian aid, and collective action in alleviating Venezuela’s problems. As evidenced by this research, there is not one concrete, unambiguous answer to the problem at hand. Implications remain in each of the aforementioned methods of alleviating suffering in Venezuela. Stronger economic sanctions will further worsen Venezuela before it betters it, external military intervention will solidify fears of imperialism, and collective action by the international community has proven to be disorganized. This paper draws parallels to many of the sources cited within it, in that humanitarian aid is of dire need until long-term actions are taken to reform Venezuela’s economy.
Coronary Perforation From the Outside: Management of Unique Complication During Percutaneous Mitral Annuloplasty.

An 88-year-old woman with severe symptomatic functional mitral regurgitation in spite of optimal medical therapy was referred for percutaneous mitral annuloplasty with the Cardioband system (Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine, California). Transesophageal echocardiogram revealed an ejection fraction of
An antibiotic-sensing leader peptide regulates translation and premature Rho-dependent transcription termination of thetopAIgene inEscherichia coli

Long 5′ UTRs in bacteria often contain regulatory elements that modulate expression of the downstream gene in response to environmental stimuli. In most examples of such regulation, the mechanism involves switching between alternative 5′ UTR RNA structures that impact transcription, stability, or translation of the mRNA. Here, we show that transcription of the Escherichia coli topAI gene is prematurely terminated by the termination factor Rho under standard laboratory growth conditions, and that this occurs as a result of translational repression. Regulation of topAI translation is controlled by a sensory ORF, toiL , located within the topAI 5′ UTR. We show that ribosomes translating toiL stall in a sequence-specific manner in the presence of specific ribosome-targeting antibiotics. Ribosome stalling at toiL induces conformational changes in the RNA structure of the topAI 5′ UTR, unmasking the topAI ribosome-binding site, thereby relieving translational repression and preventing premature transcription termination. Thus, toiL acts as a sensor of translation stress, leading to regulation of topAI at both the translational and transcriptional levels.