cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE HANLE EFFECT AS A DIAGNOSTIC OF MAGNETIC FIELDS IN STELLAR ENVELOPES. V. THIN LINES FROM KEPLERIAN DISKS

This paper focuses on the polarized profiles of resonance scattering lines that form in magnetized disks. Optically thin lines from Keplerian planar disks are considered. Model line profiles are calculated for simple field topologies of axial fields (i.e., vertical to the disk plane) and toroidal fields (i.e., purely azimuthal). A scheme for discerning field strengths and geometries in disks is developed based on Stokes Q − U diagrams for the run of polarization across line profiles that are Doppler-broadened by the disk rotation. A discussion of the Hanle effect for magnetized disks in which the magnetorotational instability (MRI) is operating is also presented. Given that the MRI has a tendency to mix the vector field orientation, it may be difficult to detect the disk fields with the longitudinal Zeeman effect, since the amplitude of the circularly polarized signal scales with the net magnetic flux in the direction of the observer. The Hanle effect does not suffer from this impediment, and so a multi-line analysis could be used to constrain field strengths in disks dominated by the MRI.
The Effect of Taper on Section Constants for In-Plane Deformation of an Isotropic Strip

The variational-asymptotic method is used to obtain an asymptotically-exact expression for the strain energy of a tapered strip-beam. The strip is assumed to be sufficiently thin to warrant the use of twodimensional elasticity. The taper is represented by a nondimensional constant of the same order as the ratio of the maximum cross-sectional width to the wavelength of the deformation along the beam, and thus its cube is negligible compared to unity. The resulting asymptotically-exact section constants, being functions of the taper parameter, are then used to find section constants for a generalized Timoshenko beam theory. These generalized Timoshenko section constants are then used in the associated one-dimensional beam equations to obtain the solution for the deformation of a linearly tapered beam subject to pure axial, pure bending, and transverse shear forces. These beam solutions are then compared with plane stress elasticity solutions, developed for extension, bending, and flexure of a linearly tapered isotropic strip. The agreement is excellent, and the results show that correction of the section constants using the taper parameter is necessary in order for beam theory to yield accurate results for a tapered beam.
Operation of selective credit policies in less developed countries: Certain critical issues

Abstract This paper focuses mainly on the nature, scope and significance of selective credit policies, especially in the context of economic development. While such policies are being increasingly adopted in developed countries, when the impact of aggregative monetary policy on investment and consumption is found to be differential, recourse to selective credit policies is imperative in less developed countries where development implies a total change in economic relationships, and furthermore, where the dominant goals of their economic policies have come to be income distribution and greater employment through less capital-intensive techniques.
Crystal and Molecular Structure of 1,3-Dihydro-1-hydroxy-3-oxo-1,2-benziodoxole

The crystal and molecular structure of 1,3-dihydro-1-hydroxy-3-oxo-1,2-benziodoxole (I) has been determined by X-ray crystallographic methods. The compound crystallizes as monoclinic needles, in the space group P2 1 / c with four molecules in a unit cell of dimensions a o = 12.89, b o = 4.10, c o = 14.05 A., and β = 96.73°. The geometry observed around the iodine atom appears to be trigonal bipyramid. The 11 atoms composing the molecule were found to be coplanar. The C(1)-I, O(3)-I, and O(2)-I bond distances are 2.16 ± 0.05 A., 2.00 ± 0.05 A., and 2.30 ± 0.05 A., respectively, confirming the heterocyclic nature of I. An abnormally short intermolecular I-O distance at 2.90 A. suggests that the iodine may be acting as a Lewis acid.
Balance Sheets, Exchange Rate Policy, and Welfare

Abstract We evaluate the welfare implications of fixed and flexible exchange rate regimes in a small open-economy model that incorporates the financial accelerator coupled with liability dollarization. We solve the model up to a second-order approximation which allows us to rigorously address the relationship between uncertainty and welfare. We identify leverage and debt-to-GDP ratios above which an exchange rate peg is welfare superior to a flexible exchange rate regime. The results indicate that emerging market countries with even moderate levels of foreign currency-denominated debt may find it beneficial to stabilize their exchange rates.
The Persuasiveness of Client Preferences: An Investigation of the Impact of Preference Timing and Client Credibility

Explicitly stated client preferences are intended to persuade the auditor to accept a preferred outcome. This experimental study investigates two determinants of a preference's persuasiveness—timing and client credibility. Sixty‐four experienced auditors completed two hypothetical cases, one involving disclosure of a contingent liability and the other involving the collectibility of a customer account. The findings suggest that audit judgments regarding contingent liability disclosure may be biased toward a client's preference if the preference is received prior to evidence evaluation (i.e., an early preference) but not if the preference is received at the end of the evidence evaluation process (i.e., a late preference). No such bias, however, is present for the collectibility judgment. Results also indicate that auditors who receive an early preference ask to examine more additional audit evidence than those who receive a late preference, although whether they seek additional evidence to confirm or disco...
First Evidence of a Precessing Jet Excavating a Protostellar Envelope

We present new, sensitive, near-infrared images of the Class I protostar, Elias 29, in the Ophiuchus cloud core. To explore the relationship between the infall envelope and the outflow, narrowband H_2 1-0 S(1), Brγ, and K_(cont) filters were used to image the source with the Wide-Field Infrared Camera on the Hale 5 m telescope and with Persson's Auxiliary Nasmyth Infrared Camera on the Baade 6.5 m telescope. The source appears as a bipolar, scattered light nebula, with a wide opening angle in all filters, as is typical for late-stage protostars. However, the pure H_2 emission-line images point to the presence of a heretofore undetected precessing jet. It is argued that high-velocity, narrow, precessing jets provide the mechanism for creating the observed wide-angled outflow cavity in this source.
A facile synthesis of 3-substituted pipecolic acids, chimeric amino acids

Abstract Three protected 3-substituted pipecolic acid analogs were prepared as constrained chimeric amino acid building blocks. The concise synthetic route enables the synthesis of other derivatives with sidechain functionality of amino acids as well.
Former Socialist Economies and the Undergraduate Curriculum

The authors report on the results of a survey of current undergraduate instruction on the socialist economic system and post-socialist economies. Based on responses from 80 colleges and universities, they evaluate how course offerings and content have changed in light of the momentous developments of the past decade. The evidence is then used to comment on trends and potential future developments in classes on comparative economic systems and transition economies. Although undergraduate offerings in these areas seem to have stabilised in the short term, there are good reasons to believe that the structure of these courses should soon be re-thought.
Use of lithium hexafluoroisopropoxide as a mild base for Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons olefination of epimerizable aldehydes.

The weak base lithium 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropoxide (LiHFI) is shown to be highly effective as a reagent for intermolecular Horner−Wadsworth−Emmons (HWE) olefination of epimerizable aldehydes with trimethyl phosphonoacetate, affording products with little or no epimerization and notably high E-selectivity.
Kolmogorov Behavior of Near-Wall Turbulence and Its Application in Turbulence Modeling

The near-wall behavior of turbulence is re-examined in a way different from that proposed by Hanjalic and Launder and followers. It is shown that at a certain distance from the wall, all energetic large eddies will reduce to Kolmogorov eddies (the smallest eddies in turbulence). All the important wall parameters, such as friction velocity, viscous length scale, and mean strain rate at the wall, are characterized by Kolmogorov microscales. According to this Kolmogorov behavior of near-wall turbulence, the turbulence quantities, such as turbulent kinetic energy, dissipation rate, etc. at the location where the large eddies become Kolmogorov eddies, can be estimated by using both direct numerical simulation (DNS) data and asymptotic analysis of near-wall turbulence. This information will provide useful boundary conditions for the turbulent transport equations. As an example, the concept is incorporated in the standard k-epsilon model which is then applied to channel and boundary flows. Using appropriate boundary conditions (based on Kolmogorov behavior of near-wall turbulence), there is no need for any wall-modification to the k-epsilon equations (including model constants). Results compare very well with the DNS and experimental data.
Functionalized cyclopentanes via radical cyclizations using thiocarbonate derivatives as initiators and terminators

Abstract A radical-based cyclization is described that employs xanthates or cyclic thionocarbonates as initiators and allylic dithiocarbonates or allylic thiocarbamates as terminators.
A counterexample to sparse removal

The Turan number of a graph H , denoted ex ( n , H ) , is the maximum number of edges in an n -vertex graph with no subgraph isomorphic to H . Solymosi (2011) conjectured that if H is any graph and ex ( n , H ) = O ( n α ) where α 1 , then any n -vertex graph with the property that each edge lies in exactly one copy of H has o ( n α ) edges. This can be viewed as conjecturing a possible extension of the removal lemma to sparse graphs, and is well-known to be true when H is a non-bipartite graph, in particular when H is a triangle, due to Ruzsa and Szemeredi (1978). Using Sidon sets we exhibit infinitely many bipartite graphs H for which the conjecture is false.
TRAN2: a computer graphics program to make sculpture

Historically the techniques of sculpture have tended to reflect the technological character and level of the society in which the sculpture was made. If primitive man carved bone and the Greeks cast in bronze it should not be surprising that sculptors today are using plastics, lasers, strobes, electronic circuitry and transducers to link art with contemporary technology. Even so, this still does not account for why some of us have been using the computer, assigning it a status above other "art-and-technology" possibilities and viewing it as nothing less than portentous in its implications for art.
BPS states, string duality, and nodal curves on K3

We describe the counting of BPS states of Type II on K3 by relating the supersymmetric cycles of genus g to the number of rational curves with g double points on K3. The generating function for the number of such curves is the left-moving partition function of the bosonic string.
The genus spectrum of a hyperbolic 3-manifold

In this paper, we study the spectrum of totally geodesic surfaces of a finite volume hyperbolic 3-manifold. We show that for arithmetic hyperbolic 3-manifolds that contain a totally geodesic surface, this spectrum determines the commensurability class. In addition, we show that any finite volume hyperbolic 3-manifold has many pairs of non-isometric finite covers with identical spectra. Forgetting multiplicities, we can also construct pairs where the volume ratio is unbounded.
A comparative study of methods for computing the diffuse radiation viewfactors for complex structures

Several different numerical methods for calculating diffuse radiation viewfactors are described. Each is applied to a range of surface configurations, from almost completely unobstructed to a dense set of intersecting surfaces. The speed, accuracy, and unique characteristics are discussed in order to define optimal methods for different surface geometries.
Cis-trans isomerization of epoxides catalyzed by ruthenium(II) porphyrins

Bis(tetrahydrofuran)(5,10,15,20-tetramesitylporphyrinato)ruthenium(II) (Ru/sup II/TMP(THF)/sub 2/) and the corresponding p-tolylporphyrin (Ru/sup II/TTP(THF)/sub 2/) have been found to catalyze the cis-trans isomerization of epoxides under mild conditions. For ..beta..-methylstyrene oxide an equilibrium ratio of 5.4:1 (trans/cis) was achieved with either isomer indicating a free energy difference of 1 kcal/mol. Inhibition of the isomerization by added olefins was observed and attributed to olefin coordination to ruthenium(II). cis-..beta..-Methylstyrene oxide readily formed and adduct with Ru/sup II/TMP(CO), while the trans isomer did not. The isomerization of trans-(1S,2S)-..beta..-methylstyrene oxide gave only cis-(1R,2S)-..beta..-methylstyrene oxide gave only the cis-(1R,2S)-..beta..-methylstyrene oxide. A mechanism for epoxide isomerization involving homolytic cleavage of the C/sub 1/-O bond to give carbon radical intermediate is proposed.
Numerical solution of recirculating flow by a simple finite element recursion relation

Abstract A time-split finite element recursion relation, based on linear basis function, is used to solve the two-dimensional equations of motion. Recirculating flow in a rectangular cavity and free convective flow in an enclosed container are analyzed. The relation has the advantage of finite element accuracy and finite difference speed and simplicity. Incorporating dissipation parameters in the functionals decreases numerical dispersion and improves phase lag.
The Human Relations Area Files

The HRAF material is available in duplicate form at 16 university libraries and consists of scientific material on human relations, reproduced, organized in 707 categories, and filed. This article, a description of the files' organization and uses, originally appeared in somewhat lengthier form in the American Library Association's journal, College and Research Libraries, XIX (March, 1958), 111-117.
Complex hyperbolic hyperplane complements

We study spaces obtained from a complete finite volume complex hyperbolic n-manifold M by removing a compact totally geodesic complex (n − 1)-submanifold S. The main result is that the fundamental group of $${M{\setminus} S}$$ is relatively hyperbolic, relative to fundamental groups of the ends of $${M{\setminus} S}$$ , and $${M{\setminus} S}$$ admits a complete finite volume A-regular Riemannian metric of negative sectional curvature. It follows that for n > 1 the fundamental group of $${M{\setminus} S}$$ satisfies Mostow-type Rigidity, has solvable word and conjugacy problems, has finite asymptotic dimension and rapid decay property, satisfies Borel and Baum-Connes conjectures, is co-Hopf and residually hyperbolic, has no nontrivial subgroups with property (T), and has finite outer automorphism group. Furthermore, if M is compact, then the fundamental group of $${M{\setminus} S}$$ is biautomatic and satisfies Strong Tits Alternative.
Local heat/mass transfer distributions around sharp 180 deg turns in two-pass smooth and rib-roughened channels

The detailed mass transfer distributions around the sharp 180 deg turns in a two-pass, square, smooth channel and in an identical channel with two rib-roughened opposite walls were determined via the napthalene sublimation technique. The top, bottom, inner (divider), and outer walls of the test channel were napthalene-coated surfaces. For the ribbed channel tests, square, transverse, brass ribs were attached to the top and bottom walls of the channel in alignment. The rib height-to-hydraulic diameter ratios (e/D) were 0.063 and 0.094; the rib pitch-to-height ratios (P/e) were 10 and 20. Experiments were conducted for three Reynolds numbers of 15,000, 30,000, and 60,000. Results show that the Sherwood numbers on the top, outer, and inner walls around the turn in the rib-roughened channel are higher than the corresponding Sherwood numbers around the turn in the smooth channel. For both the smooth and the ribbed channels, the Sherwood numbers after the sharp turn are higher than those before the turn. The regional averages of the local Sherwood numbers are correlated and compared with published heat transfer data.
Closing the price of anarchy gap in the interdependent security game

Investments in security technologies by strategic users is typically modeled as a public good problem, known as the Interdependent Security (IDS) game. The equilibria for such games are often inefficient, as selfish users free-ride on positive externalities of others' contributions. We present a mechanism that implements the socially optimal equilibrium in an IDS game through a message exchange process; this mechanism does not need to monitor or audit users. However, it does not necessarily guarantee voluntary participation, often a trivial condition to satisfy in many resource allocation problems, but made much harder due to the incentive to stay out and free-ride on others' investments. We discuss the role of cyber insurance in this setting.
Quotients of gravitational instantons

A classification result for Ricci-flat anti-self-dual asymptotically locally Euclidean 4-manifolds is obtained: they are either hyperkahler (one of the gravitational instantons classified by Kronheimer), or they are a cyclic quotient of a Gibbons–Hawking space. The possible quotients are described in terms of the monopole set in \({\mathbb{R}^3}\) , and it is proved that every such quotient is actually Kahler. The fact that the Gibbons–Hawking spaces are the only gravitational instantons to admit isometric quotients is proved by examining the possible fundamental groups at infinity: most can be ruled out by the classification of three-dimensional spherical space form groups, and the rest are excluded by a computation of the Rohklin invariant (in one case) or the eta invariant (in the remaining family of cases) of the corresponding space forms.
An algorithm for dynamic load balancing of synchronous Monte Carlo simulations on multiprocessor systems

Abstract We describe an algorithm for dynamic load balancing of geometrically parallelized synchronous Monte Carlo simulations of physical models. This algorithm is designed for a (heterogeneous) multiprocessor system of the MIMD type with distributed memory. The algorithm is based on a dynamic partitioning of the domain of the algorithm, taking into account the actual processor resources of the various processors of the multiprocessor system.
Effect of precoding on the convergence of turbo equalization for partial response channels

The effect of the precoder on the convergence of turbo equalization for precoded partial response channels is studied. The idea is to consider the turbo decoding algorithm as a one-parameter dynamical system and to study the effect of the precoder on the fixed points of the system. It is showed that precoding results in a loss in fidelity during the first iteration and that this loss depends on the precoder. Further, the rate at which the extrinsic information increases with iterations is also dependent on the precoder. The net result of these two effects is used to explain several existing results in the literature about the performance of different precoders. A design criteria based on the convergence is then proposed, and the impact of precoding on the design of the outer code is then studied. Finally, the design of precoders in the presence of an error correcting code, such as a Reed-Solomon code, is studied.
Exact reconstruction of gene regulatory networks using compressive sensing.

We consider the problem of reconstructing a gene regulatory network structure from limited time series gene expression data, without any a priori knowledge of connectivity. We assume that the network is sparse, meaning the connectivity among genes is much less than full connectivity. We develop a method for network reconstruction based on compressive sensing, which takes advantage of the network’s sparseness. For the case in which all genes are accessible for measurement, and there is no measurement noise, we show that our method can be used to exactly reconstruct the network. For the more general problem, in which hidden genes exist and all measurements are contaminated by noise, we show that our method leads to reliable reconstruction. In both cases, coherence of the model is used to assess the ability to reconstruct the network and to design new experiments. We demonstrate that it is possible to use the coherence distribution to guide biological experiment design effectively. By collecting a more informative dataset, the proposed method helps reduce the cost of experiments. For each problem, a set of numerical examples is presented. The method provides a guarantee on how well the inferred graph structure represents the underlying system, reveals deficiencies in the data and model, and suggests experimental directions to remedy the deficiencies.
A 35-Year-Old Pregnant Woman Considering Maternal Serum Screening and Amniocentesis

Dr Daley : Mrs J, a 35-year-old married attorney and mother of 2 preschool-aged children, is in her first trimester of pregnancy. She is considering maternal serum screening and/or amniocentesis for the detection of neural tube defects and chromosomal abnormalities. She is insured with a managed care organization through her husband's medical insurance. Mrs J is healthy and has had 3 previous pregnancies. Her first pregnancy was uncomplicated during gestation, with a 40-hour labor, ending in a cesarean delivery of a healthy boy at term. Her second pregnancy ended in a spontaneous miscarriage during the first trimester. In the first trimester of her third pregnancy, Mrs J's obstetrician, Dr O, offered her serum screening and/or amniocentesis. She and her husband declined both, feeling that the risks of neural tube defects and chromosomal abnormalities were low and that they would not be willing to terminate a pregnancy in the second trimester if
MICE: The International muon ionization cooling experiment: Phase space cooling measurement

The MICE Collaboration is building an experiment in which a section of an ionization cooling channel will be exposed to a muon beam. The muons will be produced by the decay of pions from a target dipping into the ISIS proton beam at Rutherford appleton laboratory (RAL). The channel includes liquid-hydrogen absorbers providing energy loss and high-gradient radiofrequency (RF) cavities reaccelerating the particles, all packed into a solenoidal magnetic channel. MICE will reduce the beam transverse emittance by about 10% for muon momenta between 140 and 240 MeV/c. Time-of-flight (TOF) counters, a threshold Cherenkov counter, and a calorimeter will identify background electrons and pions. Spectrometers placed before and after the cooling section will measure the beam transmission and input and output emittances with an absolute precision of 0.1%.
Analysis of Grain‐Boundary Impurities and Fluoride Additives in Hot‐Pressed Oxides by Auger Electron Spectroscopy

Auger electron spectroscopy was used to characterize grain-boundary chemistry in MgO, Al2O3, and MgAl2O4 (spinel) hot-pressed with LiF or NaF. The presence of additives (F, Na) at the grain boundaries was confirmed; observation of grain-boundary impurities in MgO extends previous studies.
One-dimensional finite elements based on the Daubechies family of wavelets

The development of a one-dimensional finite element is traced utilizing a Daubechies scaling function as its interpolation function. The element was developed to reduce the computational time and number of degrees of freedom needed to solve vibration and wave propagation problems. This element is used in a dynamic test case, and the results are compared with the results using a standard, constant strain, rod element. The results show a 5:1 reduction in required number of degrees of freedom and in the computational time needed for equivalent accuracy. ONVENTIONAL finite elements are formed using the Rayleigh-Ritz method wherein polynomials are used as ap- proximation functions. In most applications, constant strain or poly- nomial strain elements are used.1 To model a complex subject, addi- tional elements are combined with the first, resulting in an approx- imation of the required solution. This paper discusses a different type of finite element, the wavelet finite element, in which a wavelet approximation function is used. The wavelet finite element was developed specifically for vibra- tion problems and wave propagation analysis. The concept is that the frequency response of the wavelet's associated scaling function models displacements from 0 Hz to a certain cutoff frequency and thus models vibrations more accurately and with less CPU time than conventional elements. The finite element model of a vibrating object requires a certain density of elements to accurately simulate vibratory response. This element density is usually given in terms of the wavelength of the highest frequency. The goal of this study is to derive a finite element that will attain a high level of accuracy for a low mesh density as compared with conventional finite elements. Wavelets were used to solve the one-dimensional wave equation by Bacry et al.2 Wavelets are used in solving a two-point boundary problem by Beylkin. 3 Sarkar et al. present an investigation of the application of wavelet-like triangular functions to finite elements.4 The interpolation functions exhibit the translation and dilation prop- erties of wavelets but are not wavelets. Finite elements were derived in Kurdila et al. based on wavelets generated using affine, fractal interpolation functions and were ap- plied to two-dimension al elasticity problems.5 A wavelet-based method for solving one-dimensional displacement problems was introduced in Bertoluzza et al.6
A Test of Nutritional Quality Signaling in Food Markets Prior to Implementation of Mandatory Labeling

In May 1994, new nutrition labeling regulations went into effect in the United States requiring mandatory disclosure of information on the nutritional content of foods. This article uses Grossman's model of totally effective quality signaling to evaluate whether markets were effective in information provision prior to the new regulation. If markets were effective in providing information to consumers on the nutritional quality of foods the new regulation would be unnecessary. The results of the logistic model, where the probability of voluntary information disclosure is linked to the nutritional quality of food products and their prices, indicate that private quality signaling was not reliably at work in food markets prior to implementation of the mandatory nutrition labeling regulation. Copyright 2000, Oxford University Press.
Alanine Derivatives with Reactive Groups

The synthesis of diazoketone analogs of amino acids and associated problems were investigated with N-phthaloyl-DL-alanine serving as a model. The carboxyl was activated by conversion to the acid chloride or, under mild conditions, to the mixed anhydride obtained with ethyl chloroformate or dicyclohexylcarbodiimide; the product was reacted with diazomethane. Deblocking the phthaloyl group with hydrazine gave 3-amino-1-diazo-2-butanone as a well-characterized solid salt and ES a less stable oil. Further reactions of the blocked diazoketone of DLdanine, such as conversion to a-haloketones, Wolff rearrangement, and deuterium exchange on C-1 were investigated. 3-Amino-1-diazo-2-butanone had moderate inhibitory activity against mouse mammary adenocarcinoma in cell culture.
The heavy hybrid spectrum from NRQCD and the Born-Oppenheimer approximation

The spectrum of heavy-quark hybrids is studied in the leading Born-Oppenheimer (LBO) approximation and using leading-order NRQCD simulations with an improved gluon action on anisotropic lattices. The masses of four hybrid states are obtained from our simulations for lattice spacings 0.1 fm and 0.2 fm and are compared to the LBO predictions obtained using previously-determined glue-excited static potentials. The consistency of results from the two approaches reveals a compelling physical picture for heavy-quark hybrid states.
Structure and Electronic Properties of Carbon Nanotubes

Scanning tunneling microscopy, spectroscopy, and tight-binding calculations have been used to elucidate the unique structural and electronic properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs). First, the unique relationship between SWNT atomic structure and electronic properties, and the richness of structures observed in both purified and chemically etched nanotube samples are discussed. Second, a more detailed picture of SWNT electronic band structure is developed and compared with experimental tunneling spectroscopy measurements. Third, experimental and theoretical investigations of localized structures, such as bends and ends in nanotubes, are presented. Last, quantum size effects in nanotubes with lengths approaching large molecules are discussed. The implications of these studies and important future directions are considered.
GALAXY CLUSTERS AS A PROBE OF EARLY DARK ENERGY

We study a class of early dark energy (EDE) models, in which, unlike in standard dark energy models, a substantial amount of dark energy exists in the matter-dominated era. We self-consistently include dark energy perturbations, and show that these models may be successfully constrained using future observations of galaxy clusters, in particular the redshift abundance, and the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (SZ) power spectrum. We make predictions for EDE models, as well as ΛCDM for incoming X-ray (eROSITA) and microwave (South Pole Telescope) observations. We show that galaxy clusters' mass function and the SZ power spectrum will put strong constraints both on the equation of state of dark energy today and the redshift at which EDE transits to present-day ΛCDM-like behavior for these models, thus providing complementary information to the geometric probes of dark energy. Not including perturbations in EDE models leads to those models being practically indistinguishable from ΛCDM. An MCMC analysis of future galaxy cluster surveys provides constraints for EDE parameters that are competitive with and complementary to background expansion observations such as supernovae.
Algorithms for regional source localization

In this paper we use the MAP criterion to locate a region containing a source. Sensors placed in a field of interest divide the latter into smaller regions and take measurements that are transmitted over noisy wireless channels. We propose implementations of our algorithm that consider complete and limited communication among sensors and seek to choose the most likely hypothesis. Each hypothesis corresponds to the event that a given region contains the source. Corrupted measurements are used to calculate conditional posteriors. We prove that the algorithms asymptotically find the correct region almost surely as long as information is available from three or more sensors. We also study the geometric properties of the model that make it possible in some situations to detect the correct region with a unique sensor. Our simulations confirm that the performance of algorithms with complete and limited information improves with decreasing noise.
CFD applied to heat pump system design

The effect of nonuniform airflow distribution on the thermal performance of tube-fin heat exchangers in typical outdoor units of residential air-conditioning and heat pump systems is investigated numerically. The impact of the flow nonuniformity on the pressure drop and fan-motor power requirement is also investigated. Two fin types have been investigated, smooth fins and louvered fins. A three-dimensional model was developed to predict the airflow distribution over the face of the heat exchanger. It was found that the effect of the flow maldistribution is more pronounced on the airside pressure drop and the fan power requirement than on the thermal performance of the heat exchanger. The mass-averaged pressure drop for the nonuniform flow was found to be 9% and 8% more than the pressure drop for a uniform flow distribution, using smooth fins and louvered fins, respectively. The increase in pressure drop results in a proportional increase in the fan-motor power consumption. The area-averaged heat transfer coefficient for the nonuniform flow was found to be 1.5% and 0.9% less than that predicted based on a uniform velocity distribution, using smooth fins and louvered fins, respectively. The predicted decrease in the heat transfer coefficient directly impacts the heat exchanger capacity.
On-line integrity monitoring of microprocessor control logic

Traditionally, the random logic of most microprocessors is not checked for soft errors due to the great overhead, while regularly-structured memory arrays are often protected with error-correcting codes. This paper presents a low-cost reliability enhancement scheme for the processor's control logic. We classify control logic signals into static and dynamic control, depending on their changeability for a given instruction, and we employ different mechanisms for each. For static control, the signals used in each pipeline stage are integrated into a signature and verified with a cached check code at commit time; the concept of caching signatures is introduced. Dynamic control is examined on-the-spot; the signals are created using component-level duplication. Fault injection simulations on the RTL model of a MIPS-like processor demonstrate that our scheme can achieve more than 99% coverage on average, with a very small addition of hardware. We have also investigated the criticality of errors in the processor logic, which provides direction for devising an efficient allocation of redundancy.
Slow Down or Halt: Saving the Optimal Energy for Scalable HPC Systems

The presence of pervasive slack provides ample opportunities for achieving energy efficiency for HPC systems nowadays. Regardless of communication slack, classic energy saving approaches for saving energy during the slack otherwise include race-to-halt and CP-aware slack reclamation, which reply on power scaling techniques to adjust processor power states judiciously during the slack. Existing efforts demonstrate CP-aware slack reclamation is superior to race-to-halt in energy saving capability. In this paper, we formally model our observation that the energy saving capability gap between the two approaches is significantly narrowed down on today's processors, given that state-of-the-art CMOS technologies allow insignificant variation of supply voltage as operating frequency of a processor scales. Experimental results on a large-scale power-aware cluster validate our findings.
Correspondence assertions for process synchronization in concurrent communications

High-level specification of patterns of communications such as protocols can be modeled elegantly by means of session types (Honda et al., 1998). However, a number of examples suggest that session types fall short when finer precision on protocol specification is required. In order to increase the expressiveness of session types we appeal to the theory of correspondence assertions (Clarke & Marrero, 1998; Gordon & Jeffrey, 2003b). The resulting type discipline augments the types of long-term channels with effects and thus yields types which may depend on messages read or written earlier within the same session. This new type system can be used to check: source of information, whether data is propagated as specified across multiple parties, if there are unspecified communications between parties, and if the data being exchanged has been modified by the code in an unspecified way. We prove that evaluation preserves typability and that well-typed processes are safe. Also, we illustrate how the resulting theory allows us to address shortcomings present in the pure theory of session types.
Finite Element Simulation of the Upset Welding Process

A finite element model of an elevated temperature upset welding process was developed to simulate the process and to study the role and sensitivity of the major process parameters. Particular attention was focused on the deformation characteristics by studying the displacement and stress fields generated for the purpose of obtaining a better understanding of this solidstate welding process. The paper describes the finite element formulation, the experiments used to validate the modeling, and a selected application for upset welding of a titanium alloy.
Dynamical systems method for solving ill-conditioned linear algebraic systems

A new method, the Dynamical Systems Method (DSM), justified recently, is applied to solving Ill-Conditioned Linear Algebraic System (ICLAS). The DSM gives a new approach to solving a wide class of ill-posed problems. In this paper a new iterative scheme for solving ICLAS is proposed. This iterative scheme is based on the DSM solution. An a posteriori stopping rules for the proposed method is justified. This paper also gives an a posteriori stopping rule for a modified iterative scheme developed in A.G. Ramm, Jour. Math. Anal. Appl., Vol. 330 (2007), pp.1338-1346, and proves convergence of the solution obtained by the iterative scheme.
Who's using MyPlate?

Abstract Objective To understand key characteristics of mothers who were early adopters of MyPlate (the iconic representation of the 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans) in order to speed adoption among others. Methods Through a national online survey, 497 mothers answered questions about MyPlate, demographics, attitudes, and behaviors. Spearman's rho correlation analysis was conducted between MyPlate familiarity and usage and these attitudinal and behavioral predictor variables. Results MyPlate familiarity was highest among those who found it easy to understand ( P = .001) and who were also familiar with MyPyramid ( P P = .009). This was not true with fruit lovers ( P = .36). Conclusions and Implications Early MyPlate adopters found it clear and easy to use, perhaps owing to nutrition knowledge and cooking experience. Efforts to expand MyPlate to new user groups should explain its purpose and applications, build on familiarity with MyPyramid, and offer practical guidance for preparing vegetables.
Globalization, de-industrialization and underdevelopment in the third world before the modern era

Una gran parte del diferencial de renta per capita entre el Centro y la Periferia se produjo entre 1810 y 1940, mientras esta ultima incrementaba la produccion de productos primarios. En este mismo periodo las relaciones de intercambio arrastraron a la Periferia a quebrar un boom secular con su pico entre 1870 o 1890. Estas tendencias de las relaciones de intercambio parecen haber sido exogenas a la Periferia. Ademas los terminos de intercambio expusieron a esta ultima una relativa alta volatilidad. ?Son estas correlaciones espureas o causales? Esta Conferencia Figuerola, dada en la Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, sostiene que son causales, el crecimiento secular y la volatilidad de las relaciones de intercambio tuvieron efectos asimetricos en el centro y en la periferia. Dentro de la ola ascendente de crecimiento, la tendencia secular creciente de las relaciones de intercambio tuvo un poderoso efecto des-industrializador en la periferia. Las relaciones de intercambio contuvieron el crecimiento y la acumulacion sobre el ciclo completo que va de 1810 a 1940.
Improving storage system availability with D-GRAID

We present the design, implementation, and evaluation of D-GRAID, a gracefully degrading and quickly recovering RAID storage array. D-GRAID ensures that most files within the file system remain available even when an unexpectedly high number of faults occur. D-GRAID achieves high availability through aggressive replication of semantically critical data, and fault-isolated placement of logically related data. D-GRAID also recovers from failures quickly, restoring only live file system data to a hot spare. Both graceful degradation and live-block recovery are implemented in a prototype SCSI-based storage system underneath unmodified file systems, demonstrating that powerful “file-system like” functionality can be implemented within a “semantically smart” disk system behind a narrow block-based interface.
Individual legacy trees influence vertebrate wildlife diversity in commercial forests

Old-growth forests provide important habitat elements for many species of wildlife. These forests, however, are rare where lands are managed for timber. In commercial forests, large and old trees sometimes exist only as widely-dispersed residual or legacy trees. Legacy trees are old trees that have been spared during harvest or have survived stand-replacing natural disturbances. The value of individual legacy trees to wildlife has received little attention by land managers or researchers within the coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) region where 95% of the landscape is intensively managed for timber production. We investigated the use of individual legacy old-growth redwood trees by wildlife and compared this use to randomly selected commercially-mature trees. At each legacy/control tree pair we sampled for bats using electronic bat detectors, for small mammals using live traps, for large mammals using remote sensor cameras, and for birds using time-constrained observation surveys. Legacy old-growth trees containing basal hollows were equipped with ‘guano traps’; monthly guano weight was used as an index of roosting by bats. The diversity and richness of wildlife species recorded at legacy trees was significantly greater than at control trees (Shannon index ¼ 2:81 versus 2.32; species ¼ 38 versus 24, respectively). The index of bat activity and the number of birds observed was significantly greater at legacy trees compared to control trees. We found no statistical differences between legacy and control trees in the numbers of small mammals captured or in the number of species photographed using remote cameras. Every basal hollow contained bat guano and genetic methods confirmed use by four species of bats. Vaux’s swifts (Chaetura vauxi), pygmy nuthatches (Sitta pygmaea), violet-green swallows (Tachycineta thalassina), and the longlegged myotis (Myotis volans) reproduced in legacy trees. As measured by species richness, species diversity, and use by a number of different taxa, legacy trees appear to add significant habitat value to managed redwood forests. This value probably is related to the structural complexity offered by legacy trees. The presence of a basal hollow, which only occur in legacy trees, was the feature that appeared to add the greatest habitat value to legacy trees and, therefore, to commercial forest stands. The results of our study call for an appreciation for particular individual trees as habitat for wildlife in managed stands. This is a spatial resolution of analysis that, heretofore, has not been expected of managers. The cumulative effects of the retention of legacy trees in commercial forest lands could yield important benefits to vertebrate wildlife that are associated with biological legacies. # 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Towards an SDP-based approach to spectral methods: a nearly-linear-time algorithm for graph partitioning and decomposition

In this paper, we consider the following graph partitioning problem: The input is an undirected graph G = (V, E), a balance parameter b ∈ (0, 1/2] and a target conductance value γ ∈ (0, 1). The output is a cut which, if non-empty, is of conductance at most O(f), for some function f(G, γ), and which is either balanced or well correlated with all cuts of conductance at most γ. In a seminal paper, Spielman and Teng [16] gave an O(|E|/γ2)-time algorithm for f = √γ log3 |V| and used it to decompose graphs into a collection of near-expanders [18].We present a new spectral algorithm for this problem which runs in time O(|E|/γ) for f = √γ. Our result yields the first nearly-linear time algorithm for the classic Balanced Separator problem that achieves the asymptotically optimal approximation guarantee for spectral methods.Our method has the advantage of being conceptually simple and relies on a primal-dual semidefinite-programming (SDP) approach. We first consider a natural SDP relaxation for the Balanced Separator problem. While it is easy to obtain from this SDP a certificate of the fact that the graph has no balanced cut of conductance less than γ, somewhat surprisingly, we can obtain a certificate for the stronger correlation condition. This is achieved via a novel separation oracle for our SDP and by appealing to Arora and Kale's [3] framework to bound the running time. Our result contains technical ingredients that may be of independent interest.
Match Quality, Worker Productivity, and Worker Mobility: Direct Evidence from Teachers

I investigate the importance of the match between teachers and schools for student achievement. I show that teacher effectiveness increases after a move to a different school and estimate teacher-school match effects. Match quality explains away a quarter of and has two-thirds the explanatory power of teacher quality. Match quality is negatively correlated with school switching, is unrelated to exit, and increases with experience. This paper provides the first estimates of worker-firm match quality using output data, as opposed to inferring productivity from wages or employment durations. The results suggest that workers seek high-quality matches for reasons other than higher pay.
On quadratic inverses for quadratic permutation polynomials over integer rings

An interleaver is a critical component for the channel coding performance of turbo codes. Algebraic constructions are of particular interest because they admit analytical designs and simple, practical hardware implementation. Sun and Takeshita have recently shown that the class of quadratic permutation polynomials over integer rings provides excellent performance for turbo codes. In this correspondence, a necessary and sufficient condition is proven for the existence of a quadratic inverse polynomial for a quadratic permutation polynomial over an integer ring. Further, a simple construction is given for the quadratic inverse. All but one of the quadratic interleavers proposed earlier by Sun and Takeshita are found to admit a quadratic inverse, although none were explicitly designed to do so. An explanation is argued for the observation that restriction to a quadratic inverse polynomial does not narrow the pool of good quadratic interleavers for turbo codes
Self-adaptive maximum-likelihood sequence estimation

Many problems in digital communications can be modeled by means of a discrete-time finite-state Markov process representing the signal which is observed in independent identically distributed noise. If the parameters of the process are known, the problem is well understood and the optimum solution to the problem is to determine the state sequence which is most likely in light of the received data. This approach is referred to as maximum likelihood sequence estimation (MLSE) and can be performed computationally efficiently using the Viterbi algorithm. The present authors consider the important case when some or all of the process parameters are unknown. The traditional approach to this problem involves embedding a known "training sequence" in the data and estimating the parameters from the resulting received signal. Then, the data are extracted using the estimated parameters. In contrast, the authors propose to exploit the structure and finiteness of the state space of the signal to determine the most likely state sequence without resorting to a known training sequence. They refer to this approach as self-adaptive MLSE. >