cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Some perspectives on research into the biological response to non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation

Research on the biological effects of RF radiation in the United States has undergone a series of swings during the last three decades. The resurgence of research during the past decade is examined in the light of two projects: the proposed Space Power Station and SETI.
Tet2: Breaking Down Barriers to T Cell Cytokine Expression

It has been unclear whether alteration in DNA methylation at cytokine genes during T helper (Th) cell differentiation is a cause or consequence of gene expression. In this issue of Immunity, Ichiyama et al. (2015) show that oxidation of 5-methylcytosine by the methylcytosine dioxygenase Tet2 regulates cytokine production in Th cells.
Progressive Alternatives To Re-Regulation

Corporations that can either overcome or repeal the regulations that control them should be replaced, not re-regulated. Their replacements should include municipally-owned and electric-powered mass...
Total knee arthroplasty with posterior cruciate ligament retention

Abstract Total knee arthroplasty with posterior cruciate ligament retention requires strict attention to the restoration of femoraland tibial anatomy, restoration of the joint line, and soft-tissue balancing. Component sizing and orientation are dependent on an understanding of normal knee anatomy and play a critical role in the success of the reconstruction. The results of knee arthroplasty with this technique have been excellent, and with continued refinements in prosthesis design and polyethylene manufacturing and sterilization, total knee arthroplasty with posterior cruciate ligament retention should continue to play a significant role in the management of patients with debilitating arthritis of the knee.
Equations and procedures for VLLE calculations

Abstract General equations and procedures for using them are presented for multicomponent vapor–liquid–liquid equilibria (VLLE). The Twin Dew-Point Method for binary systems and a Double Rachford-Rice Flash Method for multicomponents are developed leading to simplification of the calculational procedures for many VLLE problems. As an application, new, simpler methods are detailed for solving the phase equilibria in petroleum reservoirs using the Black Oil Model .
Heterogeneity of class I beta-lactamase expression in clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Expression of chromosomal beta-lactamase was examined in 85 clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. beta-Lactamase assays with and without cefoxitin induction revealed four phenotypes of enzyme expression: low basal, inducible; moderate basal, inducible; moderate basal, constitutive; and high basal, constitutive. The isoelectric points of the major beta-lactamase bands were 9.4, 9.2, and 8.4. These results indicate that there is a limited heterogeneity in expression of chromosomal beta-lactamase of P. aeruginosa. Images
Nonlinear pricing on transportation networks

Abstract Under nonlinear road pricing (or tolling), the price charged is not strictly proportional to the distance travelled inside a tolling area, the generalized travel cost is not link-wise additive, and finding a user equilibrium distribution is typically formulated as a complementarity problem. The latter is a difficult problem to solve in mathematical programming. In this paper, we use piecewise linear functions to determine tolls and show that finding a user equilibrium distribution with such functions can be formulated as a convex optimization problem that is based on path flows and solvable by traditional algorithms such as simplicial decomposition. For area-based and two-part pricing schemes, the tolling function consists of only one linear piece and finding a user equilibrium distribution reduces to a convex optimization problem formulated in terms of link flows and solvable by any software for linearly constrained convex programs. To find an optimal pricing scheme, e.g., one that maximizes the social benefit, we formulate the problem as a mathematical program with equilibrium constraints, an optimization problem that is generally non-convex and difficult to solve. However, it is possible to use search algorithms to find an optimal scheme because the number of parameters in our piecewise linear function is few. To illustrate, we use a coordinate search algorithm to find an optimal two-part pricing scheme for a small network with randomly generated data.
Solid state, structural and solution studies on bis(2-methylbenzyl)-selenide, methyl(2,4,6-tri-t-butylphenyl)-selenide, bis(2,4,6-tri-methylphenyl)-diselenide, and bis(2,4,6-tri-t-butylphenyl)-diselenide

Two selenides, (2-MeBz) 2 Se ( 1 ) and MeMes*Se ( 2 ) and two diselenides, Mes 2 Se 2 ( 3 ) and Mes* 2 Se 2 ( 4 ) have been prepared and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and by NMR spectroscopy. The structure of 1 was solved in the orthorhombic space group Pbca (no. 61) with cell constants a = b =13.944(10) A, c =14.30(2) A. The structure of 2 was determined in space group P 1 (no. 2) with cell constants a =5.9443(5) A, b =18.665(2) A, c =26.372(3) A, α =99.393(2)°, β =90.890(2)° and γ =92.703(2)°. The structures of 3 and 4 were determined in the monoclinic space group P 2 1 / c (no. 14) with unit cell parameters for 3 of a =6.333(1) A, b =18.370(4) A, c =5.122(3) A, β =97.42(3)° and for 4 , a =11.359(5) A, b =10.520(8) A, c =30.22(2) A and β =98.94(4)°. A rotational process has been studied in 4 and the kinetics and thermodynamic parameters for this process are determined from DNMR measurements using three different methods, measurement of coalescence temperatures, calculation of kinetic parameters using the line half-width approximation, and by full line shape analysis. The results from these three methods were compared.
On assessing the precision of Stein's estimator

Abstract This paper uses empirical Bayes and bootstrap procedures to develop a measure of precision and interval estimation for Stein's estimator.
Inhibition of bovine immunodeficiency virus by anti-HIV-1 compounds in a cell culture-based assay.

Abstract The bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) and human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 (HIV-1 and -2) are members of the lentivirus genus of retroviruses. Although DNA sequences of these viruses have diverged considerably, the BIV genome organization, function of structural and regulatory genes, and replication cycle are very similar to that of HIV-1, making BIV a potentially useful model to study compounds with anti-HIV-1 activity. A cell culture-based antiviral assay was developed to test compounds for inhibition of BIV replication. The assay uses an embryonic rabbit epithelial (EREp) cell line that is highly sensitive to BIV infection and cytopathology. The 50% effective concentrations (EC50) at which the virus was inhibited in EREp cells were determined for 13 nucleoside analog, non-nucleoside, tumor-suppressive, or membrane-surface inhibitory compounds. The nucleoside analogs (3′-azido-2′,3′-dideoxythymidine, 2′,3′-dideoxyinosine and 2′,3′-dideoxycytosine), surface-membrane inhibitors (dextran sulfate, hypericin, Chicago Sky Blue and quinobene), the nucleoside reductase inhibitor (hydroxyurea), and a tumor-suppressive phorbol ester (prostratin) inhibited BIV with EC50 values similar to those derived in HIV-1 lymphocyte (CD4+)-based assays. BIV was markedly more resistant to inhibition with HIV-1-specific non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) (thiazolobenzimidazole, oxathiin carboxanilide and thiocarbamate) than was HIV-1, which parallels results with NNRTIs in HIV-2 assays.
Psychiatric Nurses: Transitioning from Student to Advance Beginner RN

BACKGROUND:The transitional experience from student nurse to advance beginner registered nurse (RN) is met with significant stressors, challenges, rewards, and thrills. The process and experience u...
Statistical mechanics of Euler equations in two dimensions.

We formulate the statistical mechanics of a two-dimensional inviscid incompressible fluid in a manner which, for the first time, respects all conservation laws. For a special case, we demonstrate that a mean-field theory is exact. A consequence of our arguments is that, in an inviscid fluid evolving from initial conditions to statistical equilibrium, only the energy and certain one-body integrals appear to be conserved. Our methods may be applied to a variety of Hamiltonian systems possessing an infinite number of conservation laws.
The melanocortin receptor agonist MTII augments the rewarding effect of amphetamine in ad-libitum-fed and food-restricted rats.

Rationale: Numerous forms of evidence support a functional association between drug-seeking and ingestive behavior. One example is the augmentation of rewarding and cellular-activating effects of abused drugs by chronic food restriction. Within the past several years, a variety of orexigenic and anorexigenic neuropeptides that mediate adaptive responses to changes in energy balance and body weight have been identified. The involvement of these neuropeptidergic signaling systems in the modulation of drug reward has received little experimental attention. α-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) and agouti-related protein, which act as agonist and antagonist, respectively, at melanocortin receptors (MCRs), are of particular interest because of their neuroanatomical distribution and opponent actions at a common receptor type. Objectives: The objective of this study was to determine whether lateral ventricular (i.c.v.) injections of the MCR agonist MTII and MCR antagonist SHU9119 at doses that decrease and increase food intake, respectively, modify the rewarding effect of amphetamine. Methods: The rewarding effect of amphetamine was measured in terms of its ability to lower the threshold for lateral hypothalamic self-stimulation (LHSS) using a rate–frequency method. The modulatory effects of MTII and SHU9119 were evaluated by preceding i.c.v. amphetamine injection with i.c.v. injection of one of these MCR ligands or vehicle. Tests were conducted in both ad-libitum-fed and food-restricted subjects. Results: SHU9119, the agouti-related protein-like antagonist, markedly increased overnight food intake of ad-libitum-fm-fed rats following i.c.v. injection of 1.0 µg and 0.5 µg. However, these injections had no effect on thresholds for LHSS tested 25 min or 60 min post-injection, nor did they alter the threshold-lowering effect of amphetamine (50 µg) tested 25 min, 100 min, or 24 h post-injection. MTII, the α-MSH-like agonist, suppressed overnight food intake of ad-libitum-fed rats following i.c.v. injection of 1.0 µg. MTII had no effect on thresholds for LHSS tested 60 min post-injection. However, this MCR agonist potentiated the threshold-lowering effect of amphetamine tested 100 min but not 24 h post-injection. This effect was evident in both ad-libitum-fed and food-restricted rats. Conclusions: These results indicate that agonist activity at MCRs potentiates amphetamine reward and that the anorexigenic neuropeptide α-MSH may exert this effect physiologically.
Sequence-specific and 3'-end selective single-strand DNA binding by the Oxytricha nova telomere end binding protein α subunit

Oxytricha nova telomere end binding protein (OnTEBP) specifically recognizes and caps single-strand (T(4)G(4))(2) telomeric DNA at the very 3'-ends of O. nova macronuclear chromosomes. The discovery of proteins homologous to the N-terminal domain of the OnTEBP alpha subunit in Euplotes crassus, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, and Homo sapiens suggests that related proteins are widely distributed in eukaryotes. Previously reported crystal structures of the ssDNA binding domain of the OnTEBP alpha subunit both uncomplexed and complexed with telomeric ssDNA have suggested specific mechanisms for sequence-specific and 3'-end selective recognition of the single-strand telomeric DNA. We now describe comparative binding studies of ssDNA recognition by the N-terminal domain of the OnTEBP alpha subunit. Addition of nucleotides to the 3'-end of the TTTTGGGG telomere repeat decreases the level of alpha binding by up to 7-fold, revealing a modest specificity for a 3'-terminus relative to an internal DNA binding site. Nucleotide substitutions at specific positions within the t(1)t(2)t(3)T(4)G(5)G(6)G(7)G(8) repeat show that base substitutions at some sites do not substantially decrease the binding affinity ( 20-fold decrease for the uppercase bold letter). Comparison of the structural and binding data provides unique insights into the ways in which proteins recognize and bind single-stranded DNA.
ILLUSIONS OF OPTIMALITY

Abstract The design of complex, real world systems involves a search for “just the right” combination of components that achieves the property known as “oplimality”. Yet optimality in the conventional senseusually ignores a vital measure of system performance: stability. Often, at least for problems outside the classroom, it is far more important to design a system that is stable than one that exhibits, on paper, seeminglysuperior performance. This paper discusses the importance of system stability and, as well, proposes a novel method for the inclusion of stability into the design process.
Methodology for case-control studies with prevalent cases

SUMMARY A method is developed for the analysis of case-control studies with prevalent cases. The method permits adjustment for potential bias induced by association of the exposure of interest and/or covariates with survival. The only additional information required is the time since diagnosis of each prevalent case. The method employs an accelerated life model, the parameters of which are estimated using quasi-likelihood techniques. In this way, no assumptions are required about the random component of the survival distribution. The method is shown to be typically less efficient than a study of similar size using incident cases. However, the ease of obtaining prevalent subjects offers considerable potential for assembling much larger samples of prevalent cases, leading to much more efficient studies overall.
The Magnetic Field in the Corona above Sunspots at the Eclipse of 1991 July 11

A partial solar eclipse and an X-ray image are used to study the magnetic field as a function of height in the corona above an active region during the solar eclipse of July 11, 1991. The dominant features of AR 6718 are two leading spots of positive polarity followed by two spots of negative polarity about 3 arcmin to the east. Bright radio emission coincides with the positions of the sunspots, attributable to a gyroresonance radiation from ambient electrons above the spots. A simplified model of the source as a function of frequency based on the interferometer fringe amplitudes is used to obtain brightness temperature spectra for the emission associated with the sunspots. It is deduced that the magnetic field strength at the base of the corona above the leading spots was 1200 G, and about 1100 G above the following spots. The soft X-ray brightness above the sunspots was very low, about 30 times lower than that of the adjacent plage-associated emission.
Low-Effort Thought Promotes Political Conservatism

The authors test the hypothesis that low-effort thought promotes political conservatism. In Study 1, alcohol intoxication was measured among bar patrons; as blood alcohol level increased, so did political conservatism (controlling for sex, education, and political identification). In Study 2, participants under cognitive load reported more conservative attitudes than their no-load counterparts. In Study 3, time pressure increased participants' endorsement of conservative terms. In Study 4, participants considering political terms in a cursory manner endorsed conservative terms more than those asked to cogitate; an indicator of effortful thought (recognition memory) partially mediated the relationship between processing effort and conservatism. Together these data suggest that political conservatism may be a process consequence of low-effort thought; when effortful, deliberate thought is disengaged, endorsement of conservative ideology increases.
Comparison of Live Attenuated Cold-Adapted and Avian-Human Influenza A/Bethesda/85 (H3N2) Reassortant Virus Vaccines in Infants and Children

Randomized, placebo-controlled studies with 10(3)-10(7) 50% tissue-culture infectious dose (TCID50) of avian-human (ah) and cold-adapted (ca) influenza A/Bethesda/85 (H3N2) reassortant viruses were completed in 106 seronegative young children 6-48 months of age. Although the reassortants differed in six of eight RNA segments, they exhibited similar properties in level of attenuation, infectivity, immunogenicity, and efficacy. The 50% human infectious dose was 10(4.6) TCID50 for ah and 10(4.4) for ca vaccines. Both reassortants were satisfactorily attenuated with restricted replication and were no more reactogenic than placebo. The mean peak titer of virus shed was 10(1.5) (ah) to 10(2.0) (ca) TCID50/ml, and each of 37 isolates tested retained their characteristic vaccine phenotypes. Infection with ah or ca virus conferred immunity to experimental challenge with homologous virus. These findings indicate that both ah and ca influenza A/Bethesda/85 (H3N2) reassortants should be suitable vaccine candidates for use in healthy infants and young children.
Outbreak of Skin Infections in College Football Team Members Due to an Unusual Strain of Community-Acquired Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus

We report a skin and soft-tissue infection outbreak among football team members due to a USA300 methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strain with genes coding for Panton-Valentine leukocidin and the arginine catabolic mobile element. We postulate that the strain is a community-associated USA300 MRSA strain that lost methicillin resistance but retained important virulence factors.
Longitudinal profiles of expressive vocabulary, syntax and pragmatic language in boys with fragile X syndrome or Down syndrome

Background: Fragile X syndrome (FXS) and Down syndrome (DS) are the two leading genetic causes of intellectual disability, and FXS is the most common known genetic condition associated with autism. Both FXS and DS are associated with significant language impairment, but little is known about expressive language across domains over time or the role of autism in language development in FXS. Aims: To compare three domains of language production (vocabulary, syntax, pragmatics) over time within and across groups of boys with FXS with and without autism spectrum disorder (FXS-ASD, FXS-O), boys with DS, and typically developing (TD) boys. Methods & Procedures: Twenty-nine boys with FXS-O, 40 boys with FXS-ASD, 34 boys with DS, and 48 younger TD boys of similar non-verbal mental age living in the United States participated in the study. The Antonyms, Syntax Construction and Pragmatic Judgment subtests of the Comprehensive Assessment of Spoken Language were administered annually over 3 years. Outcomes & Results: TD boys scored higher than all other groups on all three subtests; boys with FXS-O and FXS-ASD scored higher than boys with DS in Syntax Construction; and boys with FXS-O scored higher than boys with FXS-ASD in Pragmatic Judgment. Within-group patterns varied between groups. Overall, the TD group showed significantly more change over time than all other groups. Conclusions & Implications: Findings suggest that expressive language skills and growth across various domains are more impaired in boys with FXS and DS than would be expected based on non-verbal mental age, that for boys with DS syntax is more impaired than would be expected based on intellectual disability, and that autism status affects pragmatic language in boys with FXS. Findings suggest that language production across domains should be addressed during assessment and intervention for boys with FXS and boys with DS, with differing group profiles also suggesting potentially different areas of focus.
Why optics students should take digital signal processing courses and why digital signal processing students should take optics courses

This paper is based on the claim that future major contributions in the field of imaging systems will be made by those who have a background in both optics and digital signal processing. As the introduction of Fourier transforms and linear systems theory to optics had a major impact on the design of hybrid optical/digital imaging systems, the introduction of digital signal processing into optics programs will have a major impact. Examples are given of new hybrid imaging systems that have unique performance. By jointly designing the optics and the signal processing in a digital camera, a new paradigm arises where aberration balancing takes into consideration not only the number of surfaces and indices of refraction, but also the processing capability.
Beyond Brain Mapping Using Neural Measures to Predict Real-World Outcomes

One goal of social science in general, and of psychology in particular, is to understand and predict human behavior. Psychologists have traditionally used self-report measures and performance on laboratory tasks to achieve this end. However, these measures are limited in their ability to predict behavior in certain contexts. We argue that current neuroscientific knowledge has reached a point where it can complement other existing psychological measures in predicting behavior and other important outcomes. This brain-as-predictor approach integrates traditional neuroimaging methods with measures of behavioral outcomes that extend beyond the immediate experimental session. Previously, most neuroimaging experiments focused on understanding basic psychological processes that could be directly observed in the laboratory. However, recent experiments have demonstrated that brain measures can predict outcomes (e.g., purchasing decisions, clinical outcomes) over longer timescales in ways that go beyond what was previously possible with self-report data alone. This approach can be used to reveal the connections between neural activity in laboratory contexts and longer-term, ecologically valid outcomes. We describe this approach and discuss its potential theoretical implications. We also review recent examples of studies that have used this approach, discuss methodological considerations, and provide specific guidelines for using it in future research.
Chemiluminescent emissions from the gas phase reactions of ozone with acetylene and allene

Abstract Chemiluminescence spectra (300–800 nm) from the reactions of ozone with acetylene and allene have been obtained. These spectra show the production of electronically excited CHO, OH( 2 Π i , υ ⩽ 9) and possibly C 2 (B 3 Π g , υ′ = 0 → X 3 Π u , υ″ = 6) from the O 3 + C 2 H 2 reaction. CH( 2 Δ), OH( 2 Σ + ) and OH( 2 Π j , υ ⩽ 9) emissions were identified from the O 3 + C 3 H 4 reaction in addition to the CH 2 O( 1 A″) emission previously reported.
Placing the trailing foot closer to an obstacle reduces flexion of the hip, knee, and ankle to increase the risk of tripping

This study was performed to test the hypothesis that reducing the horizontal distance between the trailing foot (foot crossing the obstacle last) and obstacle, during stance just prior to stepping over the obstacle, would reduce flexion of the hip, knee, and ankle joints of the trailing limb when the toe is over the obstacle to reduce the vertical toe-obstacle clearance and increase the risk of tripping. Fourteen healthy young adults stepped over an obstacle of 51, 102, 153, and 204 mm height in a self-selected manner (i.e., toe-obstacle distance was not controlled) and for toe-obstacle distance targets of 10, 20, 30, and 40% of their step lengths measured during unobstructed gait. The reductions in toe-obstacle distance resulted in linear decreases in flexion of the hip, knee, and ankle when the toe was over the obstacle. Toe-obstacle clearance of the trailing limb decreased significantly as toe-obstacle distance decreased. The reductions in toe-obstacle distance led to contact of the trailing (but not the leading) foot with the obstacle, the closer the obstacle the greater the number of contacts. The reductions also resulted in linear decreases in swing time of the trailing limb from toe-off to when the toe was over the obstacle. The height of the hip was not affected by toe-obstacle distance. Angular velocity of knee flexion was found to increase linearly as toe-obstacle distance decreased and appears to be of primary importance in avoiding obstacle contact.
Classification of amyloid deposits in diagnostic cardiac specimens by immunofluorescence

Abstract Background At least 12 distinct forms of amyloidosis are known to involve the heart or great vessels. Patient treatment regimens require proper subtyping of amyloid deposits in small diagnostic cardiac specimens. A growing lack of confidence in immunohistochemical staining for subtyping amyloid has arisen primarily as a result of studies utilizing immunoperoxidase staining of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue. Immunofluorescence staining on fresh frozen tissue is generally considered superior to immunoperoxidase staining for subtyping amyloid; however, this technique has not previously been reported in a series of cardiac specimens. Methods Amyloid deposits were subtyped in 17 cardiac specimens and 23 renal specimens using an immunofluorescence panel. Results Amyloid deposits were successfully subtyped as AL, AH, or AA amyloid by immunofluorescence in 82% of cardiac specimens and 87% of renal specimens. In all cases, the amyloid classification was in good agreement with available clinical and laboratory assessments. A cross-study analysis of 163 cases of AL amyloidosis reveals probable systemic misdiagnosis of cardiac AL amyloidosis by the immunoperoxidase technique, but not by the immunofluorescence technique. Conclusions Amyloid deposits can be reliably subtyped in small diagnostic cardiac specimens using immunofluorescence. The practical aspects of implementing an immunofluorescence approach are compared with those of other approaches for subtyping amyloid in the clinical setting.
Octadecanoid Precursors of Jasmonic Acid Activate the Synthesis of Wound-Inducible Proteinase Inhibitors.

Jasmonic acid and methyl jasmonate have been shown previously to be powerful inducers of proteinase inhibitors in tomato, tobacco, and alfalfa leaves. We show here that when proposed octadecanoid precursors of jasmonic acid, i.e., linolenic acid, 13(S)-hydroperoxylinolenic acid, and phytodienoic acid, were applied to the surfaces of tomato leaves, these compounds also served as powerful inducers of proteinase inhibitor I and II synthesis, a simulation of a wound response. By contrast, compounds closely related to the precursors but which are not intermediates in the jasmonic acid biosynthetic pathway did not induce proteinase inhibitor synthesis. These results suggest that the octadecanoid intermediates may participate in a lipid-based signaling system that activates proteinase inhibitor synthesis in response to insect and pathogen attack.
Emotional states influence the neural processing of affective language

The present study investigated whether emotional states influence the neural processing of language. Event-related potentials recorded the brain's response to positively and negatively valenced words (e.g., love vs. death) while participants were directly induced into positive and negative moods. ERP electrodes in frontal scalp regions of the brain distinguished positive and negative words around 400 ms poststimulus. The amplitude of this negative waveform showed a larger negativity for positive words compared to negative words in the frontal electrode region when participants were in a positive, but not negative, mood. These findings build on previous research by demonstrating that people process affective language differently when in positive and negative moods, and lend support to recent views that emotion and cognition interact during language comprehension.
Fine Structure of a Marine Ameba Associated with a Blue‐Green Alga in the Sargasso Sea*,†

SYNOPSIS An ameba, bearing a fringe of scales on the plasmalemma surface, dwells among the filaments of the colonial, blue-green alga Trichodesmium thiebautii (Sournia), and preys upon bacteria growing within the colony. The cytoplasm is clearly differentiated into a fine fibrillar ectoplasm at the periphery of the cell and a central endoplasm containing most of the membranous organelles. The nucleus contains a spheroidal nucleolus which is centrally located, and a double membrane containing pores. The tubular mitochondria, microbodies, lysosomes, and endoplasmic reticulum are typical for protozoa. The Golgi apparatus consists of an array of elongate flattened cisternae. One surface is associated with a fine fibrillar layer and the opposite surface contains electron-dense vesicles (perhaps primary lysosomes) and scale-containing vesicles that appear to be the origin of the scales deposited on the plasma membrane. Three kinds of bacteria-containing vacuoles are presnt: (a) vacuoles surrounded by 3 membranes and containing bacteria that are either healthy or in an early stage of digestion, (b) singlemembrane vacuoles which are food vacuoles that become converted to digestive vacuoles, and (c) larger vacuoles resembling those in (b) which contain prey in an advanced stage of digestion. The presence of amebae within pelagic algal communities provides further evidence for the diversity of their habitats in the ocean.
Restraining the conformation of HIV-1 gp120 by removing a flexible loop

The trimeric HIV/SIV envelope glycoprotein, gp160, is cleaved to noncovalently associated fragments, gp120 and gp41. Binding of gp120 to viral receptors leads to large structural rearrangements in both fragments. The unliganded gp120 core has a disordered β3–β5 loop, which reconfigures upon CD4 binding into an ordered, extended strand. Molecular modeling suggests that residues in this loop may contact gp41. We show here that deletions in the β3–β5 loop of HIV-1 gp120 weaken the binding of CD4 and prevent formation of the epitope for monoclonal antibody (mAb) 17b (which recognizes the coreceptor site). Formation of an encounter complex with CD4 binding and interactions of gp120 with mAbs b12 and 2G12 are not affected by these deletions. Thus, deleting the β3–β5 loop blocks the gp120 conformational change and may offer a strategy for design of restrained immunogens. Moreover, mutations in the SIV β3–β5 loop lead to greater spontaneous dissociation of gp120 from cell-associated trimers. We suggest that the CD4-induced rearrangement of this loop releases structural constraints on gp41 and thus potentiates its fusion activity.
Disease severity in RSV and non-RSV bronchiolitis: Usefulness in clinical decision-making

Background: Bronchiolitis morbidity remains a major health problem and identifying risk factors for disease progression can help in clinical decision-making Aims: To assess differences in disease severity between RSV (respiratory syncytial virus) and non-RSV bronchiolitis during two consecutive RSV seasons (2010-2012). Methods: Medical records of all patients Results: We analyzed 479 patients (317M:162F) and 582 episodes of bronchiolitis. In the two models the number of children who required supplemental oxygen, the LOS and length of oxygen therapy were significantly higher for the RSV episodes. In model1 the number of children who required ICU (odds ratio[OR]=6.9; 95% confidence interval[CI]:2.4-20.0), non invasive ventilation (OR=10.6; 95%CI: 3.0-38.5) and a NGT (OR=17.7; 95%CI: 10.0-31.3) was significantly higher in the RSV group. In model2 the length of NGT was longer for children in the RSV group (5.4±4.7 vs. 3.3±2.4; P=0.01). However, the need for intubation did not differ between groups in both models. No death was documented. Conclusions: RSV episodes were more severe compared to non-RSV. Our findings show that viral diagnosis is useful not only for cohorting babies but also to determine the prognosis and to assist in clinical decision-making.
Medical Management of Uric Acid Stones

Uric acid is 11 times more soluble at pH 6.5 than at pH 5.0. For this reason, uric acid stone formation usually requires a persistently acid urinary pH. Conversely, raising the urinary pH with alkaline salts can frequently dissolve an existing calculus as long as free flow of urine past the stone can be established. This chapter outlines the clinical situations in which uric acid stones occur and provides a description of the medical therapy for dissolving and preventing this type of calculus.
Prospect of Bumetanide Infusion in Treatment of Congestive Heart Failure

This editorial summarizes available data on the efficacy of diuretic strategies given by bolus or as continuous infusion in congestive heart failure (CHF). Either mode of diuretic therapy helps in relieving congestion. Question remains unresolved whether continuous infusion is more efficacious compared to bolus diuretic in preserving renal function and reducing re-hospitalization rate. In author’s study continuous bumetanide infusion in CHF is very effective in producing large volume of urine, rendering symptomatic relief and preserving or even improving renal function. Long term study in a large number of patients could answer re-hospitalization rate and mortality.
Interactive Meiotic Systems

Conundrums posed by the behavior of chromosomes in dividing cells, particularly at meiosis, have been resistant to solution. Problems remaining to be solved are large and of fundamental importance. Generally, during meiosis, each pair of homologues must align, associate closely along their length and crossover at least once; then chiasmata must be maintained until homologues can be directed to opposite poles for the first division anaphase, and sister centromeres must remain associated until they can be directed to opposite poles for correct disjunction at the second division anaphase. These maneuvers seem to call for the mobilization of structures with interactions which are not clearly visible in the context of current insight. All sexual reproduction depends upon the proper functioning of these little understood meiotic systems.
Pastors as leaders in Africa's religious AIDS mobilisation: cases from Ghana and Zambia

This article examines the ways that pastors have mobilised their religious followers to address the issue of HIV and AIDS in Ghana and Zambia. The work argues that successful pastors have utilised church organisational structures to support and empower their activities, they have framed HIV and AIDS mobilisation messages in a way that is acceptable to their congregants and to their broader societies, and they have capitalised on changing political opportunities, particularly those opportunities for collaboration with external actors such as donors and Western churches. The work situates the analysis in Zambia and Ghana, two countries that contrast in their HIV prevalence rates and the amount of donor attention and funding they have received for combating HIV and AIDS. The article asserts that while pastors have agency in the social mobilisation process, they are also affected by the broader social and cultural contexts in which they operate.
Acupuncture as an Anesthetic Adjuvant for Pediatric Orthopedic Patients: A Pilot Study and Protocol Description

Abstract Introduction: Postoperative pain and nausea are common sequelae of surgical interventions and general anesthesia. Acupuncture has shown promise for managing postoperative pain and nausea in adults, but studies have been limited in children. Objective: This was a pilot study exploring the potential efficacy of perioperative acupuncture in 5 pediatric patients undergoing orthopedic surgery. Materials and Methods: Five children undergoing routine orthopedic procedures were enrolled in an open-label pilot trial as part of an ongoing study of acupuncture in pediatric orthopedic patients. Perioperative acupuncture was performed following induction of general anesthesia. Postoperative courses are described and compared to previous surgeries performed without acupuncture in several cases. Results: Acupuncture was associated with smooth postoperative courses, including low levels of pain and nausea, and relatively rapid recovery from anesthesia and surgery. In patients who underwent other procedures witho...
Isolated adrenal cells: assay of ACTH in rat serum.

SummarySuspensions of isolated adrenal cells respond to ACTH with increased steroidogenesis. This isolated adrenal cell system has the prerequisite sensitivity, accuracy, and specificity for the determination of ACTH when coupled with Quso processing of serum. Quso mixed with serum adsorbs the ACTH therein; 0.1 N HC1 quantitatively elutes the ACTH from the Quso. Substances in serum which interfere with the assay of ACTH in the isolated adrenal cell system are eliminated.
Brominative cyclizations of geranyl derivatives

Homogeranium-saure (I) reagiert mit Brom in Gegenwart von Silbersalz zu den Cyclisierungsprodukten (II) und (III).
Carbamate Insecticides: Comparative Insect Toxicity of Sevin, Zectran, and Other New Materials

The comparative insect toxicity of the following commercially available aryl N -methylcarbamates was studied with 15 species of insects and mites: 1-naphthyl-, m -isopropylphenyl-, O -isopropyphenyl-, m-sec -butylphenyl-, m-tert -butyphenyl-, O -isopropoxyphenyl-, 4-dimethylamino-3,5-xylyl-, and 4-methylthio- 3,5-xylyl-, Comparisons were also made with DDT, malathion, and parathion. The results indicated the pronounced insecticidal effectiveness of these compounds as well the highly specific nature of their toxicity to insects representative of a number of orders.
Switching Tests of Energized GIS Disconnectors in UHV AC Pilot Demonstration Project

In order to verify the safety of switching of gas insulated switchgear(GIS) disconnectors energized in ultra high voltage(UHV) AC Pilot Demonstration Project,we experimentally investigated switching of all GIS disconnectors energized in Changzhi,Nanyang,and Jingmen substations,and monitored very fast transient overvoltage(VFTO) and transient enclosure voltage(TEV) generated.The tests results show that switching of UHV GIS disconnectors energized is safe,the effect of TEV on secondary equipment should be paid attention to,and damping resistor in disconnector can mitigate VFTO and TEV significantly,The tests provide technical support for the future switching of GIS disconnector energized in UHV substations.
How to recognize obsessive-compulsive disorder.

PreviewYour patient is anxious, depressed, and nervous, yet the complaint you are being asked to address is a respiratory infection. You suspect that the real problem may be obsessive-compulsive disorder. What should you do? How do you confidently and accurately reach the diagnosis? Dr Alarcon shares his expertise in recognition and management of this increasingly common disorder.
Synergy of Components in CuZnO and CuZnO/Al2O3 on Methanol Synthesis: Analysis at the Site Level by SSITKA

In the present study, the effects of the individual components and an Al2O3 support on CuZnO for methanol (MeOH) synthesis were investigated at the site level for the first time using steady-state isotopic transient kinetic analysis and reaction at 250 °C and 1.8 atm. The presence of ZnO was found to decrease the hydrocarbon (CH4 primarily) formation ability of Cu. By comparing the surface reaction parameters, it could be shown that Cu and ZnO catalysts (supported on Al2O3) exhibit lower MeOH formation rates compared to their combination in either CuZnO or CuZnO/Al2O3 due, especially, to lower intrinsic “site” activities. The synergy between Cu and ZnO was most obvious in the increase in MeOH TOFITK (a measure of site activity for MeOH formation), more than double that for Cu without ZnO. Al2O3 did not seem to impact MeOH synthesis in any way other than to increase dispersion of the CuZnO. However, it did furnish acid sites for the conversion of some MeOH to DME.
Sex Differences in Lifespan

Sex differences in longevity can provide insights into novel mechanisms of aging, yet they have been little studied. Surprisingly, sex-specific longevity patterns are best known in wild animals. Evolutionary hypotheses accounting for longevity patterns in natural populations include differential vulnerability to environmental hazards, differential intensity of sexual selection, and distinct patterns of parental care. Mechanistic hypotheses focus on hormones, asymmetric inheritance of sex chromosomes and mitochondria. Virtually all intensively studied species show conditional sex differences in longevity. Humans are the only species in which one sex is known to have a ubiquitous survival advantage. Paradoxically, although women live longer, they suffer greater morbidity particularly late in life. This mortality-morbidity paradox may be a consequence of greater connective tissue responsiveness to sex hormones in women. Human females' longevity advantage may result from hormonal influences on inflammatory and immunological responses, or greater resistance to oxidative damage; current support for these mechanisms is weak.
Appellate Jurisdiction over the Board of Immigration Appeals's Affirmance without Opinion Procedure

The Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA) is the highest administrative tribunal responsible for deciding immigration and nationality matters in the United States.1 In 2002, the Department of Justice issued administrative reforms that dramatically altered the procedures governing appeals before the BIA. This controversial restructuring changed the traditional system of review by a three-member panel to permit review by a single Board member. This member may now issue an Affirmance Without Opinion (AWO) if he or she finds that the initial factfinder—the Immigration Judge (IJ)—reached the correct result.2 The Board member may issue an AWO even if there are shortcomings in the IJ’s reasoning, provided that any errors are considered to be harmless or immaterial.3 Following the implementation of these reforms, a circuit split developed regarding whether the courts may review the BIA’s decision to issue an AWO. The First, Third, and Ninth circuits hold that judicial review is proper because the BIA’s decision to affirm without opinion is not committed to agency discretion by law.4 Under the Administrative
History: Race Relations and Justice

This overview of race relations in a historical setting aims to provide a background framework for comprehending contemporary relations between white (European descent) and non-white (non-European descent) racial groups in the domestic settings of societies with populations that are significantly racially diverse. In the context of the subsequent chapters of this book, an explanatory overview of history is particularly vital for making sense of how white and non-white relations interact with offending behavior, experiences of criminal victimization, popular and official discourses of crime, and policy and practice approaches to crime. It is worth noting, however, that despite the evidence of racial diversity in many Western countries, some countries, for known or unknown reasons, may seem on face value to have embarked on cloaking the ideology of race by overtly adopting ‘nonphysical’ identities to differentiate between peoples. This strategy has seen some white ethnic groups encompassed in the discourses of differences. This is not a new phenomenon. White ethnicities such as the Irish and Sicilians were at some point a part of the historical process of racialization. Much later in history, the ideology of racial hygiene in parts of the West affected sections of the white population that fell victim to the applied eugenics of the 20th century. But at least as far as the global reach of the racialization process was concerned, white ethnicities were never placed on the same level as non-white groups.
Global Competition for Foreign Direct Investment and Investment Promotion

The working assumption nowadays is that in a relatively non-distorted domestic policy environment, FDI brings in much-needed financial capital, technical know-how, organisational, managerial and marketing practices and global production networks, thus facilitating the process of economic growth and development in host countries.1
A Comparative Analysis of Two Failed Indenture Experiences in Post-emancipation Caribbean: British Guiana (1838-1843) and Danish St. Croix (1863–1868)

El siguiente articulo analiza dos experimentos fallidos de introducir trabajadores contratados de la India en Guyana Britanica (1838–1843) y St. Croix danesa (1863–1868). En ambas colonias caribenas, los estancieros se apresuraron a substituir la perdida de la mano de obra de esclavos africanos con unos cientos de trabajadores contratados de la India. La intencion era de salvar la industria azucarera, sin embargo no se daban los mecanismos apropiados como para hacer funcionar propiamente el sistema de labor por contrato. Por ende, los trabajadores fueron maltratados en cada uno de las etapas de servidumbre por contrato. En concreto, los trabajadores de la India fueron maltratados durante la contratacion, durante la travesia de la India al Caribe, y en las haciendas. Los estancieros intentaron, particularmente en Guyana Britanica, de esconder el maltrato de los trabajadores. No obstante, inspecciones individuales e indagaciones por parte de grupos como Friends of India y the Anti-Slavery Society, ademas de relatos de los mismos trabajadores expusieron los males de labor por contrato en ambas colonias. Despues de los primeros cinco anos de trabajo por contrato, la corona britanica y el gobierno colonial de la India detuvieron el transporte de trabajadores de la India a ambas colonias. En Guyana Britanica, si no en St. Croix danesa, el sistema de labor por contrato fue restablecido en 1845. English: The following article analyzes two failed Indian indenture experiments in British Guiana (1838–1843) and Danish St. Croix (1863–1868). In both Caribbean colonies, the planters rushed to substitute the loss of indentured Indians. While the plan was to save the sugar industry from ruin, the right mechanisms were not in place for the proper functioning of the indentured labour system. Consequently, the labourers were mistreated at every stage of indentured servitude. Specifically, Indians were mistreated during recruitment, on the sea voyage from India to the Caribbean, and on the plantations. The planters tried, particularly in British Guiana, to conceal the mistreatment of the labourers. However, private inspection and investigation from interest groups such as Friends of India, the Anti-Slavery Society, and accounts from the labourers themselves exposed the evils of indenture in both colonies. The British Crown and the colonized Indian government subsequently stopped the shipping of Indian labourers to both colonies after the first five-year experiment with indenture. The contract labour system was eventually resumed in British Guiana in 1845 but not in Danish St. Croix.