cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Strengthening the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps: A View From The Assistant Secretary for Health.

ABSTRACT Objective: To summarize the results of the major management review of the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps (2009–2010) and note related outcomes. Method: Narrative from the U.S. Assistant Secretary for Health, who directed and oversaw the management review. Results: The management review led to 46 recommendations, all of which have since been implemented. The subsequent organizational and operational changes have unified reporting structures, streamlined the administrative Corps organizational structure, and transferred support services to providers with expertise in uniformed services to create a new integrated personnel and payroll system. Related processes have also prompted a systematic billet review as well as establishment of explicit criteria for eligibility to become a Corps officer. Corps leaders report improvements in recruiting talented officers, increased selectivity from the candidate pool, and enhanced matching of incoming officers with agency assignments. Furthermore, ...
Characterizing Cumberland fluted biface morphology and technological organization

Cumberland bifaces are frequently referenced in discussions of fluted point technology, Paleoindian chronologies, and Younger Dryas adaptations. However, due largely to the absence of stratified, datable components, limited information exists about Cumberland lithic technology. Only brief descriptions of morphology, reduction sequence, and potential chronologies based on exceptionally small datasets are available in the existing literature. To address these deficiencies, a study of biface morphology and technological organization was conducted based on over 900 fluted Cumberland bifaces. Morphological and technological similarities to other fluted biface types, as well as bracketing radiocarbon ages, suggest that Cumberland bifaces likely date to the early Younger Dryas. Cumberland appears to represent a maintainable technology used by people adapted to an environment with predictable resources. Reconstructing artifact life histories suggests Cumberland technology was related to a logistically mobile settlement strategy.
Cable Braid Electromagnetic Penetration Model.

The model for penetration of a wire braid is rigorously formulated. Integral formulas are developed from energy principles and reciprocity for both self and transfer immittances in terms of potentials for the fields. The detailed boundary value problem for the wire braid is also setup in a very efficient manner; the braid wires act as sources for the potentials in the form of a sequence of line multipoles with unknown coefficients that are determined by means of conditions arising from the wire surface boundary conditions. Approximations are introduced to relate the local properties of the braid wires to a simplified infinite periodic planar geometry. This is used in a simplified application of reciprocity to be able to treat nonuniform coaxial geometries including eccentric interior coaxial arrangements and an exterior ground plane.
Explanatory Relations between the Direction of Causation and the Fork Asymmetry

of their conclusion. Horwich also claims to address 'the epistemological question of why we are right [my italics] to hold that causes typically precede their effects' (p. 141). He succeeds in explaining why we are right to hold this only if his explanation provides a defence in the form of reasons justifying the claim. The causal fork asymmetry, then, is defended on the basis of the temporal priority of causes, which is itself defended on the basis of the causal fork asymmetry. This is indeed a circular account.8
Growth hormone modulation of liver drug metabolic enzyme activity in the rat. II. Specificity of the hormone effect.

SummaryThe specificity of growth hormone (GH) on liver drug metabolic enzyme activity was examined by (a) injecting rats with one of three hormones [GH, prolactin, or human chorionic somatomammotropin (HCS)] known to have similar structural and biological characteristics, and (b) by treating animals with nonhormonal polypeptides (albumin or globulin) or an amino acid mixture similar in composition to the amino acid content of human GH. The liver metabolism of hexobarbital, ethylmorphine, aniline and p-nitrobenzoic acid (PNBA) and the rate and extent of cytochrome P-450 reduction showed a dose-dependent decrease following injection of GH. Boiling the GH reduced its effectiveness. With the exception of ethylmorphine and PNBA metabolism, prolactin did not decrease activity of this metabolic system. When one dose of HCS was studied, the metabolism of hexobarbital was slightly decreased and that of aminopyrine was slightly increased. The spectrum of effects of GH on the overall rate of drug metabolism and on c...
Administration and Assessment of Brief Mindfulness Practice in the Field: a Feasibility Study Using Ecological Momentary Assessment

Measuring the construct, component processes, and practice of mindfulness remains challenging. This ecological momentary assessment (EMA) study was a pilot parallel group randomized controlled trial of a brief mindfulness practice (Brief-MP) intervention on self-reported mindfulness and performance-based cognition. Adult community smokers were randomly assigned to a Brief-MP or Control (sham meditation) group. Participants carried a personal digital assistant (PDA) for 2 weeks and were instructed to initiate 20 min of meditation (or control) training on the PDA daily, and to complete an assessment of mindfulness and cognition immediately afterwards. Additionally, participants completed assessments at random times up to four times per day. Primary outcome variables were feasibility and acceptability, state and trait mindfulness, a decentered perspective to depressive stimuli, and attentional bias to smoking stimuli. Thirty-seven participants provided EMA data totaling 1874 assessments. Fifteen of 18 Brief-MP participants completed over 75 % of mindfulness trainings in the field. The majority of Brief-MP participants endorsed favorable descriptions of the intervention: “acceptable,” and “willing to recommend to a friend”. Linear Mixed Model analyses on EMA data revealed that, over time, Brief-MP (vs. Control) increased self-reported Curiosity and Decentering assessed by the Toronto Mindfulness Scale. Brief-MP did not change trait mindfulness or cognition. In sum, Brief-MP administered in the field was acceptable and increased state mindfulness.
Modelling of large scale systems: Partitioning and parallel algorithms for kidney models

A natural partitioning exists for kidney models. For example, if all the variables and equations associated with boundary values and interstitium are classified as basic, then the equations and variables corresponding to each tube can be solved independently. It will be shown how partitioning techniques of this type, used in conjunction with quasi-Newton methods, make it possible to handle comprehensive and realistic models of the kidney on small computers and also leads to efficient utilization of parallel computers. The development of parallel algorithms using general decompositions arising in a variety of physical processes will also be discussed.
Development and use of a pneumoconiosis database of human pulmonary inorganic particulate burden in over 400 lungs.

Over 400 cases with data from in situ electron microprobe quantitation of non-fibrous inorganic particles (e.g., silica, alumino-silicates, talc, metals) in pulmonary tissue sections, and data from quantitative digestion analyses for fiber content (e.g., asbestos, silica, alumino-silicates, man-made fibers, talc) comprise an extensive microcomputer data set of lung particle burden. When allied with demographic and histopathologic information the result is a comprehensive database of occupational pulmonary pathology. Examples of the kinds of information which can be extracted from the database include: 1) summary information on the types sizes and associations of particles in lungs with a variety of exposures, 2) concentrations of etiologic particle type in cases with recognized pneumoconioses, and 3) correlations between particle type, pathology, occupation and social history. The database provides a powerful tool for assessing such information on statistically meaningful sample sets.
Extended Synaptotagmin (ESyt) Triple Knock-Out Mice Are Viable and Fertile without Obvious Endoplasmic Reticulum Dysfunction

Extended synaptotagmins (ESyts) are endoplasmic reticulum (ER) proteins composed of an N-terminal transmembrane region, a central SMP-domain, and five (ESyt1) or three C-terminal cytoplasmic C2-domains (ESyt2 and ESyt3). ESyts bind phospholipids in a Ca2+-dependent manner via their C2-domains, are localized to ER-plasma membrane contact sites, and may catalyze lipid exchange between the plasma membrane and the ER via their SMP-domains. However, the overall function of ESyts has remained enigmatic. Here, we generated triple constitutive and conditional knock-out mice that lack all three ESyt isoforms; in addition, we produced knock-in mice that express mutant ESyt1 or ESyt2 carrying inactivating substitutions in the Ca2+-binding sites of their C2A-domains. Strikingly, all ESyt mutant mice, even those lacking all ESyts, were apparently normal and survived and bred in a manner indistinguishable from control mice. ESyt mutant mice displayed no major changes in brain morphology or synaptic protein composition, and exhibited no large alterations in stress responses. Thus, in mice ESyts do not perform an essential role in basic cellular functions, suggesting that these highly conserved proteins may perform a specialized role that may manifest only during specific, as yet untested challenges.
Effects of prestressing, excitation risetime, excitation frequency and charge injection on the charging and discharging transients for drift dominated conduction in electrical insulators

Recent transient analysis using a drift dominated conduction model is examined to show the effects of electric field distortion due to space charge on charge transport times and on peak electric field strengths for various excitations, initial conditions and charge injection boundary conditions.
Gravitational attraction of solids of revolution. Part 2: General expressions

A general integral expression is formulated for the gravitational attraction due to any solid of revolution based on the attraction of vertical, semi-infinite, circular, cylindrical shells. The expression accommodates solids with radial variation of density. For solids with constant density, further generalization to arbitrary orientation is made through coordinate transformation that considers both vertical and radial components of attraction. Special solutions for solids with simple geometry are listed. Practical applications are demonstrated by forward gravity modelling the effects of volcanic islands (cylindrical core bounded by an outer exponentially trending surface) and inclined finite-length cylinders. Corresponding expressions for the magnetic case are discussed in terms of using Poisson's relation.
Voltage-dependent K channels in mouse glomus cells are modulated by acetylcholine.

types of K channels including voltage-dependent (Kv) channels (Buckler, 1999; Shirahata and Sham, 1999). Kv channels are activated with membrane depolarization, and play an essential role for repolarizing the cell membrane. Several studies have shown that the activity of Kv channels are modulated by neurotransmitters (Brown et al., 1997; Dong and White, 2003; Fukuda et al., 1988; Huang et al., 1993; Shi et al., 1999, 2004), and this type of modification may be important for fine tuning of the excitability of glomus cells. Recent studies have shown that the carotid body of DBA/2J inbred strain of mice demonstrates morphological similarities to cat glomus cells (Yamaguchi et al., 2003). Glomus cells of these mice responds to ACh (Yamaguchi et al., 2003) and express 4-aminopyridine sensitive and charybdotoxin sensitive components of Kv channels (Yamaguchi et al., 2004). In this study, we have investigated whether Kv channels in glomus cells of DBA/2J mice are also modified by ACh. Further, some underlying mechanisms of Kv current modulation by ACh was also investigated.
Science of health care delivery milestones for undergraduate medical education

The changing healthcare landscape requires physicians to develop new knowledge and skills such as high-value care, systems improvement, population health, and team-based care, which together may be referred to as the Science of Health Care Delivery (SHCD). To engender public trust and confidence, educators must be able to meaningfully assess physicians’ abilities in SHCD. We aimed to develop a novel set of SHCD milestones based on published Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) milestones that can be used by medical schools to assess medical students’ competence in SHCD. We reviewed all ACGME milestones for 25 specialties available in September 2013. We used an iterative, qualitative process to group the ACGME milestones into SHCD content domains, from which SHCD milestones were derived. The SHCD milestones were categorized within the current ACGME core competencies and were also mapped to Association of American Medical Colleges’ Entrustable Professional Activities (AAMC EPAs). Fifteen SHCD sub-competencies and corresponding milestones are provided, grouped within ACGME core competencies and mapped to multiple AAMC EPAs. This novel set of milestones, grounded within the existing ACGME competencies, defines fundamental expectations within SHCD that can be used and adapted by medical schools in the assessment of medical students in this emerging curricular area. These milestones provide a blueprint for SHCD content and assessment as ongoing revisions to milestones and curricula occur.
Risperidone in the Emergency Setting is Associated with More Hypotension in Elderly Patients.

Abstract Background Expert consensus panels have recommended risperidone as first-line treatment for agitation of psychiatric origin. However, there are few if any studies on this medication in the emergency setting. Objectives To assess the hemodynamic effects of risperidone in an emergency department (ED) setting, stratified by age. Methods This is a structured chart review of all patients who received oral risperidone over a 6-year period in an ED setting, excluding patients who received this medication as a prescription refill. Vital signs were analyzed for this subset prior to and after medication administration, and changes in vital signs were stratified by age. Results The median dose of risperidone was less in patients aged > 65 years. However, the median drop in systolic blood pressure was larger in this age group compared with younger patients. Conclusions Clinicians tend to be more cautious with dosing of risperidone to geriatric patients in the ED. Despite this, decreases in systolic blood pressure are larger and more frequent in this age group. When possible, clinicians should consider or attempt nonpharmacologic methods of agitation treatment prior to administering medications such as risperidone to elderly patients.
New Cu(I)-Based p-Type Semiconducting Metal Oxides for Solar-to-Fuel Conversion: Investigation and Challenges

The search for more efficient visible light materials for solar-driven hydrogen production has brought metal oxides into the light of renewed scientific attention due to its high stability. Traditionally various n-type metal oxides have been studied for the photoelectrochemical cell (PEC) application as a photoanode such as TiO2, because of its low cost, high-corrosion resistance, and suitable band structure (for UV light). More and more efforts are focused on the development of visible active n-type semiconducting metal oxides, while very few p-type semiconducting oxides are known for the solar-to-fuel conversion. The fact that p-type semiconductor actually acting as the photocathode in the photoelectrochemical cell, which generates hydrogen, encourages us to investigate new p-type semiconducting oxides and challenges associated with it. The emphasis of this chapter will be on the strategies to make p-type semiconducting oxides for solar-to-fuel conversion. The main focus will be on copper-based p-type metal oxides (copper niobates and copper tantalates), with respect to the structure–property relationship, dopant effect, and electronic structure calculations using density of state (DOS).
Anxiety/Anger Management Training (AMT)

Both anxiety and anger conditions can impair performance, influence health, or lead to psychological disorders. High anxiety affects academic work, mathematics learning, test taking, public speaking, and sport performance. Anxiety can be an obstacle to psychotherapy and increases vulnerability to physical illness. Uncontrolled anger can have negative outcomes such as loss of employment, or family disruption. Anger can precipitate risk-taking/impulsive behaviors leading to self-injurious behaviors, property damage, and school or workplace violence. Finally, anger increases a person’s vulnerability to physical illness. Although there is no current formal diagnostic category for anger, dysfunctional anger is associated with intermittent explosive disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, impulse control disorders, and a number of personality disorders. Anxiety/Anger Management Training (AMT) is a brief, structured intervention that is a proven intervention for both anxiety and anger and related conditions.
HOW DISCONTINUOUS INNOVATION REALLY HAPPENS

OVERVIEW:We understand very little of the process of discontinuous innovation—how we make and implement the real technology breakthroughs. Textbooks offer no single recipe. The history of the development of Surlyn® ionomer resins at DuPont teaches that the process is not simple, requires close interaction of the researcher and the marketplace, fortitude by business leaders, and incredible perseverance by members of the development team.
Sample Preparation for Solid Oral Dosage Forms

Development of extraction and sample preparation methods for solid oral dosage forms for potency and purity analysis can be challenging. Complete extraction of drug and impurities is required using reasonable extraction and sample preparation conditions, and the final prepared sample must be compatible with the analysis method. A systematic approach for the development of extraction and sample preparation methods for potency and purity analysis of solid oral dosage forms is presented. Key steps of the process include the selection of an appropriate diluent to allow complete extraction and solubilization of the analytes of interest and the selection of an appropriate mechanism to disperse the dosage form to facilitate extraction of the analytes. Each step of the method development process is discussed and potential problem areas are highlighted.
Clindamycin-Associated Colitis in Hamsters: Protection with Vancomycin

Clindamycin and lincomycin produced a lethal enterocolitis in 65 of 67 Syrian hamsters. The administration of oral or parenteral vancomycin to recipients of clindamycin or lincomycin was uniformly protective in 49 animals. These results suggest that certain bacteria play a role in the pathogenesis of enterocolitis in this model.
New Directions of Research in the Theory of Differential Equations

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the new directions of research in the theory of differential equations. The new directions of research in the theory of differential equations indicates its applications in a number of recent scientific and technological developments such as the theory of control processes, the study of time lags, hereditary processes and nonlocal physical theories, nuclear reactors and planetary atmospheres, and digital computers. Each advance permits to survey both the modern and the classic in a new light and reveals novel and unsuspected interconnections and simplifications. The invariant imbedding offers a way of treating variational problems as initial value problems despite the fact that the usual procedure yields a differential equation with two-point boundary conditions. This approach introduces initial value equations and provides a systematic means of establishing the existence and uniqueness of solutions of many equations, which classical techniques do not handle easily.
Northern North American Tree-Ring Evidence for Regional Temperature Changes after Major Volcanic Events

Maximum latewood density data from trees at thirteen temperature-sensitive sites along the northern treeline of North America are used to evaluate the spatial patterns of response to four known volcanic events just prior to the period of modern observations: in 1640, 1783, 1815 and 1835. A previously unknown event is also postulated for 1699. This tree-ring density parameter is used because it shows a stronger and more consistent short-term, temperature-related volcanic signal than ring width. Normalized density departures following these events vary in sign and magnitude from region to region, with the coldest summer conditions inferred for the Northwest Territories in 1641, Alaska in 1783, Quebec and Labrador in 1816 and the Northwest Territories in 1836. For these as well as other events, low density values are often among the most extreme on record at their respective locations. We suggest that these regional variations in tree growth reflect cooling induced by volcanism and the distribution of cooling influenced by atmospheric circulation patterns.
Boosting Ethane/Ethylene Separation within Isoreticular Ultramicroporous Metal–Organic Frameworks

The separation of ethane from its analogous ethylene is of great importance in the petrochemical industry, but very challenging and energy intensive. Adsorptive separation using C2H6-selective porous materials can directly produce high-purity C2H4 in a single operation but suffers from poor selectivity. Here, we report an approach to boost the separation of C2H6 over C2H4, involving the control of pore structures in two isoreticular ultramicroporous metal–organic framework (MOF) materials with weakly polar pore surface for strengthened binding affinity toward C2H6 over C2H4. Under ambient conditions, the prototypical compound shows a very small uptake difference and selectivity for C2H6/C2H4, whereas its smaller-pore isoreticular analogue exhibits a quite large uptake ratio of 237% (60.0/25.3 cm3 cm–3), remarkably increasing the C2H6/C2H4 selectivity. Neutron powder diffraction studies clearly reveal that the latter material shows self-adaptive sorption behavior for C2H6, which enables it to continuously ...
An Occam’s razor approach to chemical hardness: lex parsimoniae

The term "chemical hardness" refers to the resistance to deformation of the electronic density of a system; the greater this resistance, the "harder" the system. Polarizability, a physical property, is an inverse measure of resistance to deformation and thus should be inversely related to hardness. This is indeed generally accepted. Hardness has been postulated to be the second derivative of a system's energy with respect to its number of electrons, despite the fact that this involves the differentiation of a noncontinuous function. This second derivative is typically approximated as the difference between the ionization energy I and the electron affinity A of the ground-state system, which results in ambiguity in that many molecules do not form stable negative ions. For atoms, the quantity I - A does vary approximately inversely with polarizability, but this is only because the electron affinity is usually relatively low and ionization energy is known to be inversely related to polarizability for atoms. However, molecular polarizability depends primarily upon volume, and so does not show an acceptable inverse correlation with I - A. Since both hardness and polarizability refer to the same property of a system-its resistance to deformation of the electronic density, we propose that the reciprocal of polarizability be taken to be a measure of hardness. We show that polarizabilities that are not known can be estimated quite accurately in terms of the average local ionization energies on the atomic or molecular surfaces and, for molecules, their volumes.
Human Visceral Adipose Tissue Macrophages Are Not Adequately Defined by Standard Methods of Characterization.

Obesity is associated with a state of chronic low-grade inflammation both systemically and within specific tissues, including adipose tissue (AT). In murine models of obesity, there is a shift in the inflammatory profile of the AT immune cells, with an accumulation of proinflammatory M1 macrophages that surround the expanding adipocyte. However, much less is known about the immune cell composition and how to best define AT macrophages in humans. Objective. The goals of the current study were to determine the contribution of macrophages to the stromal vascular fraction (SVF) in lean versus obese human visceral AT (VAT); examine the expression of common M1, M2, and pan macrophage markers; and determine the association of specific macrophage types with known biomarkers of obesity-related cardiometabolic disease. Research Design and Methods. VAT biopsies were obtained from obese ( ) and lean ( ) patients during elective surgery. Adipocytes and SVF were isolated, and the SVF was subjected to flow cytometry analyses. Results. Our results indicate that VAT macrophages are increased in obesity and associate with biomarkers of CVD but that many macrophages do not fall into currently defined M1/M2 classification system based on CD206 receptor expression levels. Conclusions. VAT macrophages are increased in obese subjects, but the current markers used to define macrophage populations are inadequate to distinguish differences in human obesity. Further studies are needed to delineate the function of AT macrophages in the maintenance and progression of human AT inflammation in obesity.
The role of social worldviews and self-control in moral disengagement

Abstract Drawing from social cognitive theory and research on social worldviews and self-control, this study examines the relationships between five universally endorsed social worldviews and moral disengagement, and the role of self-control trait as a moderator in these relationships. Using data collected from 204 business professionals, this study found that social cynicism and fate control worldviews were positively related to moral disengagement, while social complexity and reward for application worldviews were negatively related to moral disengagement. Furthermore, the effects of social cynicism, fate control, and social complexity worldviews on moral disengagement were stronger for individuals lower on self-control trait and not significant for individuals higher on self-control trait. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
Getting Queer: Teacher Education, Gender Studies, and the Cross-Disciplinary Quest for Queer Pedagogies.

Queer politics, if it is to remain queer, needs to be able to perform the function of emptying queerness of its referentiality or positivity, guarding against its tendency to concrete embodiment, and thereby preserving queerness as a resistant relation rather than as an oppositional substance. Otherwise, queer culture is likely to suffer, on a larger political scene, the normalizing vicissitudes already undergone by so-called queer theory....“queer theory” has been...transformed into an unproblematic, substantive designation for a determinate subfield of academic practice, respectable enough to appear in advertisements for academic jobs and in labels on the shelves of bookstores. Signifying little more than what used to be signified by “lesbian and gay studies,” “queer theory” seems to have forfeited, in this process, much of its political utility. In any case, the more it verges on becoming a normative academic discipline, the less queer “queer theory” can plausibly claim to be. (David Halperin, 1995, p. 113)
Compound heterozygosity of the gamma-glutamyl carboxylase mutants V255M and S300F causes pseudoxanthoma elasticum-like disease through impaired processivity

ABSTRACT Vitamin K-dependent (VKD) protein activities require carboxylated Glus (Glas) generated by the gamma-glutamyl carboxylase. Some carboxylase mutations cause severe bleeding, while others cause pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE)-like associated with excessive calcification. How carboxylase mutations cause PXE-like was unknown. We analyzed two mutants (V255M and S300F) whose compound heterozygosity causes PXE-like. Substrates derived from VKD proteins important to calcification (MGP) or clotting (factor IX) were studied, which contained the Gla domain and exosite-binding domain that mediates carboxylase binding. Surprisingly, the V255M mutant was more active (4-5 fold) than wild type carboxylase, while S300F activity was low. The V255M results suggested faster substrate release, which could impact carboxylase processivity, where the carboxylase remains bound to VKD proteins throughout multiple Glu to Gla conversions. To assess mutant processivity, we performed a novel challenge assay in which MGP-carboxylase and factor IX-carboxylase complexes were reacted in the presence of excess challenge VKD peptide. Tight complexes between VKD proteins and wild type carboxylase excluded access of the challenge peptide during the carboxylation of VKD protein in the complex. In contrast, VKD protein complexes with V255M or S300F allowed promiscuous access of challenge peptide. Both mutants therefore impair processivity. Most of the V255M product was carboxylated challenge peptide, which could explain mild PXE-like observed in the proband’s mother and aunt. Both have wild type and V255M carboxylase alleles; however, higher V255M production of a potentially defective MGP product could account for their phenotype. The results are an important advance in understanding why carboxylase mutations cause the PXE-like disease.
Mass Timber Modular Construction: Developments in Oregon

With the mass timber industry taking off in 2015 in Oregon, when DR Johnson Lumber in Riddle, OR started producing CLT panels, government officials were eager to support it for its promise of economic development in rural communities and also had hopes of addressing the state’s affordable housing crisis using mass timber modular construction. While mass timber modular housing has had some success in Europe, the different construction standards and building culture in the United States make it more challenging. With few areas in Oregon in which housing is likely to be built over six stories tall or in large-scale developments, it did not seem possible that mass timber could solve the affordable housing crisis where it cannot compete in cost with standard light wood-frame construction. However, it did seem feasible that mass timber panels, which are so well-suited to customizable pre-fabrication through digital manufacturing, might be successful in an alternative building type for modular construction: classrooms. In successful models of mass timber modular classrooms in Austria and Germany, schools were built in much shorter timeframes and for 25% less cost than steel or concrete construction. The authors are now working with a modular building manufacturer in Oregon, Modern Building Systems (MBS), that produces custom-designed modular light wood-frame classrooms. While mass timber classrooms cannot compete in price with light wood-frame, particularly in single-story applications, they could be competitive for two story (or taller) schools, which are usually built using steel braced-frame and concrete block. Because MBS is 18 miles west of Freres Lumber, which is newly producing Mass Plywood Panels (MPP), and the MBS facility needs no modifications to use MPP instead of wood-frame, the authors are working with them to design an economically competitive mass timber module, with several potential clients interested in testing a prototype in 2019.
Correction: Design rules for encapsulating proteins into complex coacervates.

Correction for ‘Design rules for encapsulating proteins into complex coacervates’ by Whitney C. Blocher McTigue et al., Soft Matter, 2019, 15, 3089–3103.
The αs and θs in Rayleigh–Taylor and Richtmyer–Meshkov instabilities

Abstract The alphas ( α b , α s ) and thetas ( θ b , θ s ) are the essential parameters describing the asymptotic growth behavior of the mixing layer driven by Rayleigh–Taylor (RT) and Richtmyer–Meshkov (RM) instabilities at the interface between the fluids. Extensive simulations and experiments have been conducted in the determination of these parameters. The results depend on numerical algorithms, resolutions, and the accuracy of experimental measurements. In this article, we present a unique relationship between the alphas and thetas by applying a simple buoyancy-drag mixing model. Our first main result is that, for the same fluids, these parameters are not independent because they are fundamentally connected by physics principles and they all are functions of the drag coefficients of the fluids. As a consequence, the alphas and thetas are intrinsically coupled. All are functions of any single one of these. Our second main result is that the RT bubble growth rate ( α b ) is determined by the bubble competition process – a merger model – at the edge of the mixing layer. Together, these two main results determine all the alphas and thetas by strictly theoretical reasoning. Applications to both hydro and laser driven experiments at OMEGA are presented.
Brain Metastases: Introduction

Brain metastases are often associated with a poor prognosis; however, with earlier detection and increasingly available therapies, including wider use of stereotactic radiosurgery and targeted therapies, the prognosis appears to be improving. This chapter reviews the epidemiology, diagnosis, and prognostic systems for brain metastases.
The yellow stingray (Urobatis jamaicensis) can discriminate the geomagnetic cues necessary for a bicoordinate magnetic map

Elasmobranch fishes (sharks, skates, and rays) are hypothesized to use environmental cues, such as the geomagnetic field (GMF), to navigate across the ocean. However, testing the sensory and navigation abilities of large highly migratory fishes in the field is challenging. This laboratory study tested whether the yellow stingray, Urobatis jamaicensis, could detect and distinguish between the GMF cues used by other magnetically sensitive species to actively determine their location. Stingrays were divided into two cohorts for initial behavioral conditioning: one was trained to associate a change in GMF intensity with an aversive stimulus, whereas the other was trained using a change in GMF inclination angle. Individuals from each cohort remained naive to the GMF conditioning stimulus used to condition the other cohort. The combined group learned the initial association within a mean (± SE) of 184.0 ± 34.8 trials. Next, stingrays from each cohort were randomly exposed to their original GMF conditioning stimulus and the novel GMF stimulus. The original magnetic stimulus continued to be reinforced, whereas the novel stimulus was not. The group demonstrated a significantly different response to the original (reinforced) and novel (non-reinforced) stimuli, which indicates that stingrays could distinguish between the intensity and inclination angle of a magnetic field. This experiment is the first to show that a batoid (skate or ray) can detect and distinguish between changes in GMF intensity and inclination angle, and supports the idea that elasmobranchs might use GMF cues to form a magnetically based cognitive map and derive a sense of location.
Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases-2 Mediates Kidney Injury during Sepsis.

Introduction Urinary tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP)-2 has been identified as a predictive marker for acute kidney injury (AKI), including sepsis-associated AKI (S-AKI). Whether TIMP-2 might be causally related to AKI and hence represent a viable drug target is unclear. Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate whether suppression of TIMP-2 attenuates S-AKI. Methods Balb/c mice were randomized to sham or cecal ligation and puncture surgery and treated with or without a TIMP-2-neutralizing antibody. Animals were followed for 48 h and then sacrificed for analysis of TIMP-2 expression, cell cycle, and histology. Results Anti-TIMP-2 resulted in decreased lumen TIMP-2 expression which markedly increased cell cycle progression and attenuated epithelial cell injury by histology. Conclusions TIMP-2 mediates S-AKI and appears to be a viable drug target.
Andrew Wheeler’s Trojan Horse for Clean Air Act Regulation

On December 9, 2020, EPA issued a new rule deceptively titled, Increasing Consistency and Transparency in Considering Benefits and Costs in the Clean Air Act Rulemaking Process. The rule has been widely and justly criticized for requiring EPA to publish numerical estimates of regulatory benefits that exclude ancillary “co-benefits.” This short essay endorses that critique but argues that this critique (and the existing literature about this rule) misses the most important and damaging accomplishment of the rule: if implemented, the rule will add at least forty-two mandatory steps that EPA must undertake -- on pain of judicial challenge and reversal in court – in the cost-benefit analysis of all new rules issued under the authority of the Clean Air Act. Many of these steps are time-consuming and burdensome. Some may be impossible to complete, due to limitations on available data and science. The foreseeable result will be paralysis by analysis, or litigation. While the Biden Administration is taking steps to overturn the rule, the rule aptly illustrates the toolkit of analytical and rhetorical techniques by which harmful law and policy may be presented as benign.
The Self in Teams (Cont’d)

This precis offers early reflections on a personal experience of teamwork, noting what had worked as of this writing and drawing attention to important next steps in relation to performing. The precis underscores in particular the utility of team charters, designed expressly to promote a healthy and positive experience, that look to the storming–norming–performing stages of group development. The precis remarks on how the team members of the project referred to had lived up to their team charter as of this writing, and shares observations on personal growth with reference to three specific opportunities (including incidents) illustrating development. The precis concludes with a few reflections on self-growth.
Toward Real-world Image Super-resolution via Hardware-based Adaptive Degradation Models

Most single image super-resolution (SR) methods are developed on synthetic low-resolution (LR) and high-resolution (HR) image pairs, which are simulated by a predetermined degradation operation, e.g., bicubic downsampling. However, these methods only learn the inverse process of the predetermined operation, so they fail to super resolve the real-world LR images; the true formulation deviates from the predetermined operation. To address this problem, we propose a novel supervised method to simulate an unknown degradation process with the inclusion of the prior hardware knowledge of the imaging system. We design an adaptive blurring layer (ABL) in the supervised learning framework to estimate the target LR images. The hyperparameters of the ABL can be adjusted for different imaging hardware. The experiments on the real-world datasets validate that our degradation model can estimate LR images more accurately than the predetermined degradation operation, as well as facilitate existing SR methods to perform reconstructions on real-world LR images more accurately than the conventional approaches.
The Strength of IT-Based (Virtual) Interfirm Ties in the Development of Complex Product Systems

This chapter examines the value of “virtual embeddedness” in the context of firms that develop complex product systems (CoPS). The development of CoPS usually involves many firms working together. Firms may choose to maintain arms-length relationships with their partners. But often they must coordinate new product development (NPD) through more embedded interactions because of the intricate nature of systems development in CoPS. Although embeddedness can be socially constructed, the rise of Internet and digital technologies have given way to the emergence of a new form of embeddedness – virtual embeddedness, which provides CoPS firms with unprecedented opportunities for learning and scope economies in the process of NPD. Based on a new typology of virtual embeddedness in organizational space, I posit that virtual embeddedness is a good complementary vehicle to modularity in the management of NPD between CoPS firms. Accordingly, I draw some implications for future research.
WE-D-BRA-01: FEATURED PRESENTATION and BEST IN PHYSICS (THERAPY): Predicting Potentially Problematic VMAT Treatment Plans Before Patient Specific QA Measurements

Purpose: Several promising IMRT QA tools have been developed in recent years to combat problems found in the lack of sensitivity in planar dose measurements analyzed using consensus gamma analysis criteria. The increased complexity and added information with such devices adds not only increased time, but new challenges in determining endpoints for pass/fail criteria. Using a large cohort of previously measured planar IMRT QA data, it may be possible to correlate potentially problematic plans with calculated plan metrics that can be done a priori, such that these tools can be used only in clinically relevant situations. Methods: 90 previously measured, clinically delivered VMAT plans were exported in DICOM RT format. Using a Matlab program, plan metrics were computed based on a previously developed set of equations (Du et al. 2014). These metrics included MU-weighted beam irregularity, which quantifies an MLC shape’s deviation from that of a circle. Machine delivery parameters such as MU delivered per degree and leaf movement in millimeters per MU were also calculated. Based on a previous analysis of 394 IMRT QA measurements, a “failing” plan was defined as one with less than 85% gamma pass rate when computed at 1% dose difference and 2 mm distance to agreement; 16 of the 90 plans were identified as failing Results: A ROC curve was generated with an AUC of 0.9409. All 16 outliers were detected with a specificity of 85.1% when using a threshold value based on a linear combination of the MU-weighted plan irregularity and the leaf speed in mm/degree (average MU delivered per degree multiplied by average leaf movement in mm per MU). Conclusion: This data supports that potentially problematic VMAT plans can possibly be predicted before measurement by assessing the MU-weighted irregularity of the MLC shapes combined with the averaged leaf speed of the MLC.
HYDRAULIC AND ELECTRO-OSMOTIC PERMEABILITY COEFFICIENTS

Knowledge of hydraulic and electro-osmotic permeability coefficients is required to assess the amount and time rate of consolidation by electro-osmosis. Usually, the coefficients are determined separately. In one method, the pore water is allowed to rise in a vertical tube at the open cathode under a constant voltage gradient. The final electro-osmotic equilibrium head at the cathode is used to estimate the electro-osmotic equilibrium head at the cathode is used to estimate the electro-osmotic permeability, k e , from a knowledge of the hydraulic permeability coefficient, k h .
DOE energy industry program on critical infrastructure protection

The US Department of Energy has an ambitious R&D program under way to make rapid strides toward enhancing the Nation's capability to protect against, mitigate, respond to, and recover from destabilizing energy-related critical infrastructure protection events. Work is already under way on two of nine research and development activities: the Infrastructure Assurance Outreach Program (vulnerability assessments) and the Energy Infrastructure Interdependencies Program. The two thrust areas of the R&D program are analysis and risk management and protection and mitigation technologies.
Validating mathematical tumor invasion model simulations using xenograft mouse models of cancer invasion.

AACR Annual Meeting-- Apr 14-18, 2007; Los Angeles, CA 4421 *contributed equally to this work. Computer simulations based on the Hybrid Discrete-Continuous (HDC) mathematical model of cancer invasion (Anderson et al., Cell, 2006) predict that the degree of severity of the tumor microenvironment (ME) directly impacts the emergence of invasion. Harsh ME conditions select for dominant aggressive clones that grow into a fingering, infiltrating mass. In mild ME conditions selection for dominant aggressive clones is relaxed, such that these aggressive clones coexist with less aggressive ones that together grow into a smooth-margin, non-invasive tumor mass. To validate these predictions in vivo, we are comparing orthotopic (“mild ME”) versus subcutaneous (“harsh ME”) human breast cancer xenografts of MCF-10 variant cell lines, CA1a and CA1d. Gross analysis revealed that time to tumor appearance was modestly accelerated and growth rates were slightly elevated in tumors implanted at the orthotopic site, and that a majority of large (1.5 cm diameter) tumors implanted in the s.c. site were cystic upon biopsy. Tumor samples were biopsied at fixed tumor volumes (0.5, 1 and 1.5 cm diameters) for further ex vivo comparisons. We are using both in vivo imaging analysis and ex vivo immunofluorescence and immunohistochemical techniques to obtain biological measures of the following parameters that are theoretically described within the HDC math model: tumor cell density (diffusion MRI), oxygen consumption/hypoxia (Hypoxyprobe positivity), tumor cell proliferation (BrdU incorporation), tumor cell survival (Caspase-3 positivity), metabolic consumption (18FDG-PET), and matrix degrading enzyme activity (optical imaging of Proteolytic Beacons). We are incorporating these biologically measured parameters into the HDC model and performing mathematical simulations of tumor growth and invasion. In this manner, we hope to define key cellular and microenvironmental properties that transcend the complexity of tumor invasion and can be successfully defined by our HDC mathematical model.
Chapter 22 What ensemble recordings reveal about functional hippocampal cell encoding

Publisher Summary Single neuron recordings have been made in all major subfields in the hippocampus and cell identification via firing signature. The exception of place field firing, recordings of single hippocampal neurons reveal encoding of only a “pieces” of the information puzzle required to be encoded during ongoing behavioral performance. There are several means of constructing ensembles of neurons: either from combined single neuron recordings or from simultaneous recordings of multiple neurons. Serial recording of single neurons does not account for “local circuits” within the hippocampal anatomy, which may influence the activity of neurons recorded in different locations. The activity of one neuron in a circuit influences the activity of other neurons within the circuit, however, when only a single neuron is recorded, this covariance cannot be determined. The single neuron and ensemble codes are mutually dependent. Once a code is identified within the ensemble, it should be possible to determine how single neurons contribute to the ensemble pattern. Identification of robust single neuron encoding may be possible within the context of the ensemble code. Thus, revealing codes that would be missed by serial recording of single neurons. Once a population of neurons is recorded, ensemble analyses can proceed using multiple cross-correlations, population vector analysis, or linear discriminant analyses. It is possible to determine how single neuron activity within hippocampus circuits is integrated within ensemble codes for behavioral and cognitive events.