cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identification and localization of renal Na+-Ca2+ exchanger by polymerase chain reaction

The molecular identity of the renal Na(+)-Ca2+ exchanger was determined by a homology-based polymerase chain reaction (PCR) cloning strategy. Rat kidney RNA was amplified by PCR, using oligonucleotide primers based on regions of low degeneracy in the published canine cardiac Na(+)-Ca2+ exchanger cDNA sequence, and the products were subcloned and sequenced. A 452-bp clone (NCX1) was identified, which shares 89% nucleotide and 98% amino acid sequence identity with the canine cardiac exchanger, suggesting that they are products of the same gene. NCX1 was shown, by Northern analysis, to hybridize to an abundant major transcript of 7 kb and a minor one of approximately 14 kb both localized predominantly to kidney cortex. Microdissected tubule PCR analysis revealed that NCX1 was enriched in distal convoluted tubule compared with other cortical nephron segments. Such a location is consistent with a Na(+)-Ca2+ exchanger corresponding to NCX1 playing a major role in active Ca2+ reabsorption at this site.
Market Fragmenting Regulation: Why Gasoline Costs so Much (and Why it's Going to Cost Even More)

Gasoline markets today are dangerously fragmented, the result of almost one hundred years of often-contradictory economic and environmental regulations. In this paper, we analyze that regulatory history, highlighting how the unintended consequences of regulation have been to reverse market pressures toward a broad, deep national market in a commodity, pushing the United States toward a series of loosely connected regional markets. As a result, the American economy is vulnerable to natural disasters, terrorist attacks, and foreign dictators in ways that it need not be. In addition, the weakening of market forces produces higher prices for consumers and reduced innovation by refiners. We conclude by suggesting steps that can be taken to reduce this vulnerability and improve gasoline markets.
Effects of Hydrothermal Activity on Sedimentary Organic Matter: Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California — Petroleum Genesis and Proto-Kerogen Degradation

Guaymas Basin is an actively-rifting oceanic basin, consisting of two tectonically active rift valleys, the Northern and Southern Troughs, separated by a transform fault area. The sediment blanket accumulates rapidly, keeping the basin floor covered (geologic age — Quaternary), and the process of ocean plate accretion occurs by dike and sill intrusions into the unconsolidated diatomaceous muds, resulting in localized contact metamorphism of both organic and mineral matter. Also, deep seated magmatic heat flow causes extensive thermal alteration, especially at DSDP Site 477 in the southern rift. This high conductive heat flow results in hydrothermal circulation with concomitant migration of organic pyrolysate.
Processing of Excitation Energy by Antenna Pigments

Absorption and transduction of light by photosynthetic organisms provides the principal energy source for all living organisms. At the same time, absorption of excess light (light in excess of the capacity of the organism to use the energy to drive photosynthesis) represents a primary site of environmental injury. Recent studies have shown that photosynthetic organisms have the ability to regulate the utilization of absorbed light energy through a group of related processes commonly called non-photochemical quenching. These process dissipate excess absorbed energy as heat. In order to remain competitive, photosynthetic organisms must seek out the delicate balance between efficient light-harvesting under limiting light conditions and regulated dissipation of energy under excess light conditions. Excess light absorption may occur as the result of increased incident intensity or a decrease in the rate of photosynthesis due to other environmental stresses. The underlying reactions of non-photochemical quenching may occur in the antennae, the reaction centers, or both, and are not well understood. Independent of the quenching site, the reactions of non-photochemical quenching must cooperate and compete with those of normal light-harvesting. Here, the proposed mechanisms of non-photochemical quenching and the common energy transfer reactions affecting both light-harvesting and non-photochemical quenching are examined in order to provide a more general framework in which the utilization of light energy can be described.
Unique Terms or Are We Splitting Hairs? Clarification of Self-directed Versus Self-regulated Learning and Related Terms

While the terms “self-regulated learning” (SRL) and “self-directed learning” (SDL) are commonly used in medical education, they are often used incorrectly. This paper aims to clarify these terms by describing their origins and the implementation of these constructs in medical education as well as explaining their connections to other terms in learning theories such as self-evaluation, self-assessment, metacognition, and lifelong learning. The iterative cycles of SDL and SRL that are important to the learning process will also be illustrated, as a common understanding of SDL and SRL is necessary to guide the development of educational programs and interventions.
Analyses of Mitochondrial DNA and Immune Phenotyping Suggest Accelerated T-Cell Turnover in Treated HIV.

BACKGROUND HIV infection is associated with premature aging, and mitochondrial integrity is compromised during the aging process. Because mitochondrial toxicity is a consequence of antiretroviral therapies (ARTs), we hypothesized HIV and long-term ART would correlate with immunosenescence and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) pathology. SETTING Thirteen older HIV-infected individuals (aged >40 years) with virologic suppression (stratified by duration of ART) were compared with 10 uninfected controls well-matched for age. METHODS Peripheral blood T-cells were immunophenotyped to measure immune activation, proliferation, and immunosenescence in subsets. mtDNA copies per cell and the relative abundance of mtDNA carrying the "common deletion" (RACD) were quantified by droplet digital polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Immune activation was higher in HIV-infected individuals than HIV-uninfected individuals in mature CD4 T-cell subsets (CD4TTM P = 0.025, CD4TEM P = 0.0020) regardless of ART duration. Cell populations from uninfected individuals were more likely to be more senescent populations in mature CD4 T-cell subsets (TTM P = 0.017), and CD8 (CD8TEMRA+ P = 0.0026). No differences were observed in mtDNA or RACD levels in any CD4 T-cell subsets, while CD8TSCM of infected individuals trended to have more mtDNA (P = 0.057) and reduced RACD (P = 0.0025). CONCLUSIONS HIV-infected individuals demonstrated increased immune activation, but reduced senescence in more mature T-cell subsets. Increased mtDNA content and lower RACD in CD8TSCM suggest immune activation driven turnover of these cells in HIV-infected persons.
FMRP association with and regulation of Fragile X granules exhibit circuit-dependent requirements for the KH2 RNA binding domain

The localization and translation of mRNAs is controlled by a diverse array of ribonucleoprotein particles (RNPs), multimolecular complexes containing mRNAs and RNA binding proteins. Fragile X granules (FXGs) are a family of RNPs that exemplify the diversity of RNA granules in the mammalian nervous system. FXGs are found in a conserved subset of neurons, where they localize exclusively to the axonal compartment. Notably, the specific RNA binding proteins and mRNAs found in FXGs depend on brain circuit and neuron type, with all forebrain FXGs containing Fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP), the protein mutated in the human autism-related disorder Fragile X syndrome. FMRP negatively regulates FXG abundance but is not required for their association with ribosomes or mRNA. To better understand the circuit-dependent mechanisms whereby FMRP associates with and regulates FXGs, we asked how a disease-causing point mutation, I304N, in the KH2 RNA binding domain of FMRP affects these granules in two brain regions - cortex and hippocampus. We found that FMRPI304N had a reduced association with FXGs, as it was absent from approximately half of FXGs in cortex and nearly all FXGs in hippocampus. FXG abundance correlated with the number of FMRP-containing FXGs, suggesting that FMRP regulates FXG abundance by KH2-independent mechanisms that occur locally within the granules. Together, these findings illustrate that cell type-dependent mechanisms guide the assembly of similar RNA granules. Further, point mutations in RNA granule components may lead to cell type-dependent phenotypes that produce atypical forms of disorders that normally arise from more severe mutations.
Structural organization and phase behaviour of meta-substituted dioctadecylaminobenzoquinones at the air/water interface

The structural organization and phase behaviour of an amphiphilic zwitterionic quinonemonoimine at the air/water interface are presented. Brewster angle microscopy reveals multiple co-existing phases are observed over the entire isotherm while grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXD) shows that these comprise both tilted, untilted and multilayer structures with crystalline headgroups. Despite the heterogeneity, the phase transitions are highly reversible over multiple cycles.
Electrically detected electron nuclear double resonance in 4H-SiC bipolar junction transistors

We demonstrate high signal-to-noise electrically detected electron-nuclear double resonance measurements on fully processed bipolar junction transistors at room temperature. This work indicates that the unparalleled analytical power of electron-nuclear double resonance in the identification of paramagnetic point defects can be exploited in the study of defects within fully functional solid-state electronic devices.
Therapeutics administered during ex vivo liver machine perfusion: An overview

Although the use of extended criteria donors has increased the pool of available livers for transplant, it has also introduced the need to develop improved methods of protection against ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI), as these "marginal" organs are particularly vulnerable to IRI during the process of procurement, preservation, surgery, and post-transplantation. In this review, we explore the current basic science research investigating therapeutics administered during ex vivo liver machine perfusion aimed at mitigating the effects of IRI in the liver transplantation process. These various categories of therapeutics are utilized during the perfusion process and include invoking the RNA interference pathway, utilizing defatting cocktails, and administering classes of agents such as vasodilators, anti-inflammatory drugs, human liver stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles, and δ-opioid agonists in order to reduce the damage of IRI. Ex vivo machine perfusion is an attractive alternative to static cold storage due to its ability to continuously perfuse the organ, effectively deliver substrates and oxygen required for cellular metabolism, therapeutically administer pharmacological or cytoprotective agents, and continuously monitor organ viability during perfusion. The use of administered therapeutics during machine liver perfusion has demonstrated promising results in basic science studies. While novel therapeutic approaches to combat IRI are being developed through basic science research, their use in clinical medicine and treatment in patients for liver transplantation has yet to be explored.
Diagnostic Testing for Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever is the most geographically widespread tick-borne virus, with infection resulting in mortality in up to 30% of cases. Clinical diagnosis alone is difficult due to the nonspecific nature of symptoms; therefore, laboratory diagnostics should be utilized for patients with residence in or travel to regions of endemicity in whom the disease is suspected. This minireview provides an overview of laboratory tests available for Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) and their utility in diagnosis with a focus on diagnosing CCHF in humans.
Cs-Ar optical amplifier with a saturation intensity of 10 kW-cm-2 and single-pass extraction efficiency of 28% at 852.2 nm.

Optical amplification by the stimulated emission of Cs(6p2P3/2)-Ar atomic pairs, observed in pump-probe experiments over a ∼290 GHz-wide spectral region lying to the red of the Cs D2 line (852.1 nm), has been realized by photoexciting thermalized, ground state Cs-Ar atoms in the 834-849 nm wavelength interval. When the gain medium is pumped at the peak of the CsAr B2Σ1/2+←X2Σ1/2+ transition at 836.7 nm, maximum gain occurs between 852.2 nm and 852.3 nm and >28% of the energy stored in the upper laser level is extracted with 8 ns (FWHM) probe pulses in a single pass. From the measured rate of saturation of the extracted pulse energy with increasing probe intensity, the product of γ0L and Esat, the saturation pulse energy, is measured directly to be 400 ± 20 µJ and the lower limit for the saturation intensity (Isat) of this amplifier is estimated to be 10 kW-cm−2 at 852.2 nm. Circularly polarizing the optical pump beam increases the optical-to-optical conversion efficiency by 20%, and the storage lifetime of the upper laser level is observed from temporally-resolved gain spectra to be 5 ± 1 ns. Pump excitation spectra also reveal a significant contribution from Ar-Cs-Ar (3-body) photoassociation and suprathermal Ar atoms generated by the dissociation of the CsAr B2Σ1/2+ complex. Multipass-amplifier geometries with broad-bandwidth probe signals are expected to yield upper state energy extraction efficiencies above 50%. This alkali-rare gas amplifier demonstrates the efficiencies available with the storage of energy in, and optical extraction from, excited atomic collision pairs.
Advanced characterization techniques for nanoscale photoresist structure (Conference Presentation)

Advanced characterization techniques for nanoscale photoresist structure Miquel Salmeron, Slavomir Nemsak, and Patrick Naulleau Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California Berkeley The spatial chemical structure of photoresists before and after processing is currently limited to a resolution of 10’s of nanometers, far above the desirable level of mono and sub-nm resolution that can enable the next generation of microelectronic circuits and devices. We will discuss in this presentation novel characterization techniques that will open the door for advanced spectroscopic characterization of polymer interfaces both in the latent image and the developed image. Among the new techniques being currently developed we will describe plasmonically enhanced infrared spectroscopy that provides FTIR spectra with nm x-y resolution along the interface between the photoresist and the substrate/underlayer. Additionally, we will present Standing Wave X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy in soft and tender X-ray regime, which provides elemental and chemical state composition in the z-direction across surfaces and buried interfaces. Currently these techniques have provided the first nanoscale characterization of the molecular structure of solid-liquid interfaces, revealing the chemical structure of the electrical double layer, of crucial importance in batteries, corrosion phenomena, and electrocatalysis. Applications to the polymer-substrate interface is currently underway.
An Exploratory Factor Analysis of the Counseling Session Experience Scale for Children (CSES)

We present the development of the Counseling Session Experience Scale for Children (CSES), including the rationale for the CSES, the data analysis procedures employed to refine the CSES, and implic...
Human–Computer Interaction

This chapter focuses on looking at users to build more intuitive and friendly interfaces. We will cover two general types of input modalities: tracking of the head and eyes, and tracking of the hand, especially of the fingers. Head pose and eye–gaze estimation are useful in allowing the computer to understand the direction of the user’s focus. We will provide an overview of the many techniques that researchers have applied to this task. We will also consider the automated analysis of hand and finger gestures. These are more active modalities, designed to communicate and issue commands to the computer. We will provide a taxonomy of gestures in the context of human–computer interaction and survey the field of techniques. Finally, we will discuss possible applications of these input modalities. In general, we conclude that existing systems are not yet mature, but that there is great potential for future research.
The Gift That Keeps on Giving: Why Does Biological Diversity Accumulate Around Mutualisms?

It is increasingly apparent that mutualisms are central components of ecological communities, generating linkages among species in ways that lead to rich and persistent assemblages. I propose here an underlying rationale for why biological diversity tends to accumulate around mutualisms. I first highlight four key features of mutualism: most involve one-way or two-way exchange of resources; these resources are commonly used by many different mutualists; as they are difficult or impossible to modulate to mutualists’ needs, there would appear to be an advantage to overproduction; and many species other than mutualists subsist on these resources. As a consequence, I argue, (a) interaction networks form around mutualisms that extend well beyond the mutualists themselves; (b) non-mutualists taking advantage of one species’ resources may often be mutualists of other species in the community; and (c) different mutualistic networks are also linked, because successful mutualisms often generate resources that form the base of yet other mutualisms. I present three examples of plant/pollinator interactions that illustrate how mutualisms contribute to the accumulation of biological diversity in their local habitats. I conclude by offering a set of predictions to move these ideas further.
Chapter 8 Long-Term Explant Culture of Normal Human Prostate

Publisher Summary This chapter summarizes recent findings of baseline studies on morphologic and histochemical alterations during long-term explant culture (24 weeks) of normal human prostate obtained at immediate autopsy of young adults. These findings demonstrate survival, mitosis, migration, and differentiation of prostatic basal cells in vitro. The only approach currently available to obtain abundant and viable normal prostate for in vitro studies is that based on the immediate autopsy. Viability is excellent, contamination of cultured tissues is infrequent, and long-term in vitro maintenance of epithelial cells is possible. As immediate autopsy can be performed on young adults, in whom benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) or latent adenocarcinoma is unlikely, normal prostate tissue can be obtained. One of the most striking changes, which take place in prostatic epithelium during early periods in vitro, is alteration in secretory cells. The principal histologic, histochemical, and fine structural changes in normal human prostate during long-term explant culture is summarized.
Bioluminescence Imaging of Mouse Models of Human Cancer

The increasing sophistication of rodent models of human neoplastic disease has led to models that more closely approximate human disease where lesions can arise at various times and locations. The uncertainty of initiation and progression of disease and the complexity of these models have necessitated advancement and refinement of noninvasive imaging technologies that can reveal cellular and molecular changes in the context of the living animal. One of these technologies, in vivo bioluminescent imaging, uses internal biologic sources of light, luciferases, as reporters of biologic change in these models. This optical imaging modality is based on the transmission of light through mammalian tissues, and the sensitivity of detecting photonic signals from within the body, as with other optical modalities, is governed by the absorbing and scattering properties of tissue. In vivo imaging of luciferase activity has been used to reveal patterns of transcription, levels of protein–protein interaction, extent of tumor burden, sites of metastatic disease, location of immune cell migration, and mechanisms of oncogenesis. High signal-to-noise ratios result in sensitive in vivo measurements, and the ability to label a variety of steps in oncogenesis enables unprecedented in vivo cellular and molecular dissection of disease processes. Keywords: bioluminescent imaging; mouse cancer models; detector technologies; low-light imaging; BLI; biochemical assays; imaging; tumor models; immune cell therapies; engraftment; hematopoietic stem cells; reporter gene strategies
Maximum entropy sampling

The goal of maximum entropy sampling is to choose a most informative subset of s random variables from a set of n random variables, subject to side constraints. A typical side constraint might be a budget restriction, where one has a cost for observing each random variable. Other possibilities include logical constraints (e.g. multiple choice or precedence constraints). In many situations, one can assume that the random variables are Gaussian, or that they can be suitably transformed.
Theranostic Imaging of Yttrium-90.

This paper overviews Yttrium-90 (90Y) as a theranostic and nuclear medicine imaging of 90Y radioactivity with bremsstrahlung imaging and positron emission tomography. In addition, detection and optical imaging of 90Y radioactivity using Cerenkov luminescence will also be reviewed. Methods and approaches for qualitative and quantitative 90Y imaging will be briefly discussed. Although challenges remain for 90Y imaging, continued clinical demand for predictive imaging response assessment and target/nontarget dosimetry will drive research and technical innovation to provide greater clinical utility of 90Y as a theranostic agent.
Consideration of Error Types

In this article the use of the term phonological to describe disordered speech patterns is discussed. In adopting the term, it seems important to give equal consideration to both the articulatory aspects and the more cognitive aspects of the problem. Viewing the phonological system as a whole highlights the different types of errors within the system. It is suggested that phonological disorders include both phonetic and phonemic error types and that the distinction between the two error types is useful in both assessment and treatment. Describing errors as either phonetic or phonemic types may lead to differential treatment procedures that are most appropriate for specific error types.
The increased use of computed tomography angiography and magnetic resonance angiography as the sole imaging modalities prior to infrainguinal bypass has had no effect on outcomes.

Background Angiography remains the gold standard imaging modality before infrainguinal bypass. Computed tomography angiography (CTA) and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) have emerged as noninvasive alternatives for preoperative imaging. We sought to examine contemporary trends in the utilization of CTA and MRA as isolated imaging modalities before infrainguinal bypass and to compare outcomes following infrainguinal bypass in patients who underwent CTA or MRA versus those who underwent conventional arteriography. Methods Patients undergoing infrainguinal bypass within the Vascular Study Group of New England were identified (2003–2012). Patients were stratified by preoperative imaging modality: CTA/MRA alone or conventional angiography. Trends in utilization of these modalities were examined and demographics of these groups were compared. Primary end points included primary patency, secondary patency, and major adverse limb events (MALE) at 1 year as determined by Kaplan–Meier analysis. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models were constructed to evaluate the effect of imaging modality on primary patency, secondary patency, and MALE after adjusting for confounders. Results In 3123 infrainguinal bypasses, CTA/MRA alone was used in 462 cases (15%) and angiography was used in 2661 cases (85%). Use of CTA/MRA alone increased over time, with 52 (11%) bypasses performed between 2003 and 2005, 189 (41%) bypasses performed between 2006 and 2009, and 221 (48%) bypasses performed between 2010 and 2012 (P Conclusions CTA and MRA are being increasingly used as the sole preoperative imaging modality before infrainguinal bypass. This shift in practice patterns appears to have no measurable effect on outcomes at 1 year.
Human Natures: Genes, Cultures, and the Human Prospect

Human Natures: Genes, Cultures, and the Human Prospect. Paul R. Ehrlich. Washington, DC: Island Press, 2000. 31 pp.
Critical success factors for e-commerce in thailand: a multiple case study analysis

The purpose of this dissertation is to study the critical success factors for e-commerce in Thailand. The dissertation addressed four research questions: (1) Regardless of industry, what are the critical success factors relevant to all companies engaged in e-commerce in Thailand? (2) What are key requirements that all e-commerce companies must have in order to enter the industry? (3) What is the company's e-commerce business model? (4) How is the company's business performance? The investigation was conducted using case research study methodology. Nine e-commerce companies in Thailand were studied and analyzed. First, critical success factors for e-commerce in Thailand are identified and discussed. Second, key industry requirements for e-commerce in a particular industry are identified and discussed. Third, the best practice guideline addressing critical success factors and key industry requirement for e-commerce in a particular industry is developed. Finally, three main propositions from the study were developed. In addition, implications for practitioners and researchers are presented.
Women who deliver twins are more likely to smoke and have high frequencies of specific SNPs: Results from a sample of African–American women who delivered preterm, low birth weight babies

Objectives We examine if there are genetic and environmental differences between mothers of singleton and multiple pregnancies in a sample of African–American mothers. Methods We focus on genomic areas suggested to increase or decrease the odds of multiple pregnancies. We computed the odds ratio (OR) and the 95% confidence interval (CI) for each SNP unadjusted or adjusted with smoking. SNPs' allelic differences between mothers of multiple pregnancies and singletons were also tested using Fisher's exact test. We considered additive terms for the SNPs' genotypes, smoking, and a multiplicative interaction term of two selected SNPs' genotypes. Results We found significant interactions between smoking and SNPs of the CYP19A, MDM4, MTHFR and TP53 genes which correlated with higher odds of twinning. We also found a significant interaction between SNPs at the TP53 (rs8079544) and MTHFR gene (rs4846049), where the interaction between the homozygotes (TT for rs8079544, GG for rs4846049) correlated with lowered odds of multiple pregnancy. Conclusions We provide a mechanistic explanation and preliminary evidence for previous reports that mothers of twins are more likely to have smoked, despite seemingly conflicting evidence for the fertility-reducing effects of nicotine. Nicotine, as an aromatase inhibitor, inhibits estrogen synthesis and may allow for greater production of gonadotropins. While smoking may have deleterious effects on fertility across many genotypes, in women of specific genotypes it may raise their odds of producing twins. TP53 involvement suggests the necessity of future work examining relationships between women who bear multiples and cancer risk. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 27:605–612, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Nearest Neighbor Finite Element Method (NNFEM) for Validating Left-Ventricular Regional Strain from Displacement Encoding with Stimulated Echoes (DENSE) MRI, Compared to Tagged MRI

Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) is a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique that is considered the most viable noninvasive technology for quantifying and visualizing regional myocardial function. CMR is expensive but characterized by higher spatial resolution and functional observations. The attribute of high spatial resolution allows quantitative assessment of cardiac wall motion and computation of transmural strains, allowing phenotyping cardiovascular physiopathologies [1-9]. Currently two CMR techniques are accepted as standard research practice which are 1. MRI tissue tagging (TMRI) [1-3] and 2. Stimulated echoes [6-9]. The first of the two, TMRI, is a method for tracking myocardial motion which places noninvasive markers (tags) within the tissue by locally induced perturbations of the magnetization. The altered magnetization shows as dark lines in the tagged region in successive images and myocardial deformation during the cardiac cycle is tracked [2,3]. However the intrinsic problem with tag lines is their fading after several cardiac phases. Hence, in addition to improvements toward longer tag persistence, parallel advancements in non-TMRI quantitative gradient technologies have also been made. One such technique is displacement encoding with stimulated echoes (DENSE) which directly encodes displacements into MRI phase data in three orthogonal phase encoding directions and facilitates rapid quantification of myocardial displacement through the cardiac cycle [6-9]. It is noted that while DENSE uses high displacement encoding frequencies resulting in phase wrapping, accurate measurements of displacements can be obtained using quality-guided spatio-temporal phase unwrapping algorithms [9].
“Burst-like” Characteristics of the δ/α′ Phase Transformation in Pu-Ga Alloys

The δ to α' phase transformation in Pu-Ga alloys is intriguing for both scientific and technological reasons. On cooling, the ductile fcc δ-phase transforms martensitically to the brittle monoclinic α'-phase at approximately -120°C (depending on composition). This exothermic transformation involves a 20% volume contraction and a significant increase in resistivity. The reversion of a' to δ involves a large temperature hysteresis and begins just above room temperature. In an attempt to better understand the underlying thermodynamics and kinetics responsible for these unusual features, we are examining the δ/α' transformations in a Pu-0.6 wt% Ga alloy using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and resistometry. Both techniques indicate that the martensite start temperature is −120°C and the austenite start temperature is 35°C. The heat of transformation is approximately 3 kJ/mole. During the α' → δ reversion, “spikes” and “steps” are observed in DSC and resistometry scans, respectively. These spikes and steps are periodic, and their periodicity with respect to temperature does not vary with heating rate. With an appropriate annealing cycle, including a “rest” at room temperature, these spikes and steps can be reproduced through many thermal cycles of a single sample.
Generating realistic environments for cyber operations development, testing, and training

Training eective cyber operatives requires realistic network environments that incorporate the structural and social complexities representative of the real world. Network trac generators facilitate repeatable experiments for the development, training and testing of cyber operations. However, current network trac generators, ranging from simple load testers to complex frameworks, fail to capture the realism inherent in actual environments. In order to improve the realism of network trac generated by these systems, it is necessary to quantitatively measure the level of realism in generated trac with respect to the environment being mimicked. We categorize realism measures into statistical, content, and behavioral measurements, and propose various metrics that can be applied at each level to indicate how eectively the generated trac mimics the real world.
Functional specificity in discussion networks: The influence of general and problem-specific networks on health outcomes

Abstract Though commonly used in social science research to measure the influence of social networks, the link between discussing “important matters” within networks and the achievement of instrumental ends is frequently unspecified or untested. To address this gap, we explore the consequences of using the general “important matters” approach versus one in which the substance of discussions is directly linked to the outcomes of interest. The egocentric social networks of people experiencing an acute health crisis are examined. We identify the characteristics of and the degree of membership overlap between “important matters” and “health matters” discussants, and explore their relative power in explaining a wide range of health and health services-related outcomes. We find no evidence for the influence of “important matters” networks, while characteristics of “health matters” networks demonstrate a significant effect across all models.
Transluminal Angioplasty of Superior Vena Cava Obstruction in a 15-Month-Old Child

We describe a child with superior vena cava obstruction caused by an organized thrombus. With transluminal angioplasty, we were able to widen the lumen of the superior vena cava and clinically improve the child’s condition. Dilation of the thrombosed superior vena cava was accomplished by endothelial desquamation and intimal splitting.
NOTES ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN POROSITY AND STRENGTH OF SINTERED RINGS PRESSED FROM IRON POWDER

Sintered iron rings exhibiting a wide range of total porosity were produced by different fabricating techniques and their mechanical strengths evaluated by radial-crushing tests. The significance of this form of test is discussed and the experimental results considered in terms ofthe variations in the form of the porosity present in the specimens, as well as its total volume.
Increases in snow season length due to earlier first snow and later last snow dates over north central and northwest Asia during 1937–94

Trends of the first and last snow date and the length of snow season, defined by the time period between first and last snow date, during 1937–94 over northern Asia are examined. The length of snow season over North Central and Northwest Asia has increased by about 4 days per decade during the study period. The increased length of the snow season is due to earlier snowfalls at the beginning of the season and to a lesser extent to later last snowfalls at the end of the season.
EXOGENOUSLY STIMULATED GASTRIC SECRETION IN DOGS AFTER GANGLION AND SYMPATHETIC BLOCKADE AND ANTRAL ACIDIFICATION

1 In conscious dogs with gastric fistulae, Heidenhain pouches and in some cases, innervated pyloric pouches, ganglionic blockade augmented Heidenhain pouch acid secretion only if the gastric fistula remained closed in animals receiving pentagastrin. 2 Ganglionic blockade depressed methacholine-stimulated acid and pepsin secretion from the Heidenhain pouch whether or not the fistula was open. 3 Acidification of the antral pouch consistently augmented the acid and pepsin secretion from the Heidenhain pouch when either pentagastrin or methacholine was the stimulus. Ganglionic blockade prevented this.
Multielectron Transfer at Heme-Functionalized Nanocrystalline TiO2: Reductive Dechlorination of DDT and CCl4 Forms Stable Carbene Compounds

Hemin (chloro(protoporhyrinato)iron(III)) was found to bind to mesoporous nanocrystalline (anatase) TiO2 thin films from dimethyl sulfoxide solution, Keq = 105 M-1 at 298 K. Band gap illumination in methanol reduced hemin to heme and led to the appearance of TiO2 electrons, heme/TiO2(e-). Reactions of heme/TiO2(e-) with CCl4 or 1,1-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethane (DDT) led to the formation of stable carbene products in greater than 60% yield. The spectroscopic data are fully consistent with a dissociative two-electron organohalide reduction mechanism of CCl4 and DDT to yield (protoporhyrinato)FeIICCl2 and (protoporhyrinato)FeIICC(p-Cl-phenyl)2 respectively.
SELF-CONTROL THEORY AND THE CONCEPT OF OPPORTUNITY: THE CASE FOR A MORE SYSTEMATIC UNION*

The purpose of this study is to advance the idea that low self-control - one of the strongest known predictors of crime - likely has effects that are conditional on the supply of criminal opportunities. Some scholars initially interpreted the theory to make this exact prediction, but Gottfredson and Hirschi (2003) have rejected this interpretation. They have insisted that the simplistic nature of most crimes ensures that opportunities are limitless and that variation in opportunity simply reflects variation in self-control. We trace the history of this uncertain position of opportunity in self-control theory and argue that it should play a significant role in the theory, even if Gottfredson and Hirschi did not originally envision this. Next, we draw on routine activities theory and applications of it to individual offending to offer a theoretical statement of how opportunity should be incorporated into self-control theory. Last, using data from a national sample of juveniles, we test the arguments that have been made. The analysis suggests that the effects of low self-control on delinquency partially depend on the availability of criminal opportunities, as indicated by the time juveniles spend with their friends or away from the supervision of their parents.
Lactose conjugation of sulphonamide drugs in the lactating dairy cow.

1. 14C-Sulphamethazine (4-amino-N-(4,6-dimethyl-2-pyrimidinyl)benzene-[U-14C]-sulphonamide; 220 mg/kg of body weight) was given orally or i.v. to lactating dairy cows. Milk collected from 0-48 h after dosing accounted for 2.0% (oral dose) and 1.1% (i.v. dose) of the total 14C-activity administered. 2. Sulphamethazine accounted for 70-79% (oral dose) and 54-75% (i.v. dose) of the total 14C in milk samples collected from 0-48 h after dosing. N4-acetylsulphamethazine accounted for 1-2% (oral dose) and 1-4% (i.v. dose) of the 14C in milk. 3. The major 14C-labelled metabolite in the milk was isolated and identified as the N4-lactose conjugate of sulphamethazine, a unique type of metabolite not previously reported. This metabolite accounted for 10-14% (oral dose) and 9-20% (i.v. dose) of the 14C-activity in the milk collected from 0-48 h after dosing with 14C-sulphamethazine. 4. N4-lactose conjugates of sulphapyridine, sulphamerazine, sulphathiazole, sulphadimethoxine and sulphaquinoxaline were present in the milk from cows orally dosed with these five sulphonamide drugs.
Development of serum antibody activity as determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to Psoroptes ovis (Acarina: Psoroptidae) antigens in cattle infested with P. ovis

Abstract Calves infested with Psoroptes ovis (Hering, 1838) for the first time (naive) or previously infested calves were examined for serum antibody activity to P. ovis (obtained from rabbits) antigens by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to determine the temporal appearance of specific serum antibody activity. The development of the serum antibody activity to P. ovis antigens was then correlated with the development of lesions (% scab) and with changes in the number of P. ovis. The serum antibody activity [ELISA OD414 value (EODV)>0.290] to P. ovis antigens in naive calves, in most cases, is first detected at the same time or slightly after the detection of mites and mite-caused lesions; and the development of specific serum antibody activity paralleled the increase in the P. ovis population and the percentage scab until 7 weeks post-infestation (PI). In previously infested calves, if serum antibody activity to P. ovis antigens was not already present from the previous infestation, specific serum antibody activity was detected at the same time and developed in a similar manner as in the naive calves. The serum antibody activity to P. ovis antigens could be detected after calves were relieved of their P. ovis burdens by pesticide treatment or after the P. ovis population began to decline when the calves were allowed to groom themselves. Serum antibody activity to P. ovis antigens was not detected in any of the control calves during the test period.
Gap junctional connexin 37 is expressed in sheep ovaries.

The objective of current study was to evaluate the expression of Cx37 in ovarian follicles and in corpora lutea (CL) during the estrous cycle in sheep. Ovine Cx37 was cloned and characterized to design speciesspecific probe and primers. In Exp. 1, ovaries were collected on d 13, 14, 15, and 16 of the estrous cycle, or from FSH-induced ewes at 0, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, and 48 h after hCG treatment on d 15 of the estrous cycle. In Exps. 2 and 3, CL were collected on d 5, 10, and 15 of the estrous cycle, or at 0, 4, 8, 12, and 24 h after prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α)-induced luteal regression on d 10 of the estrous cycle, respectively. Ovarian tissues (e.g., granulosa cells, theca cells, ovarian follicles, and/or CL) were used for Cx37 immunostaining followed by image analysis or for determination of Cx37 mRNA expression by real-time RT-PCR. We demonstrated that (1) Cx37 protein was expressed in granulosa and cumulus oocyte complex compartments, ovarian blood vessels, and on the luteal cell borders, (2) expression of Cx37 mRNA was greater in granulosa than in theca cells of prevulatory follicles, (3) Cx37 mRNA expression in granulosa but not theca cells was affected by hCG treatment, (4) Cx37 protein and mRNA expression were dependent on the stage of luteal development, and (5) Cx37 expression changed during PGF2α-induced luteal regression. Thus, Cx37 may play a role in follicular development and ovulation as well as in luteal tissue growth, differentiation, and regression.
Kinetic Aspects of Surfactant Solubilization of Soil-Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

The effect of nonionic polyoxyethylene (POE) surfactants on the solubilization rate of individual polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from a weathered, coal tar-contaminated soil obtained from a manufactured gas plant (MGP) site was studied. The release of PAHs upon surfactant washing were measured with time. Time-varying adsorption of PAHs to Tenax resin was also studied. Because of its large sorption coefficients for organic solutes, Tenax maintained near-zero concentrations of aqueous PAHs, thereby maximizing transfer of PAHs at the soil−water interface. The release of PAHs from the MGP soil exhibited a nonequilibrium behavior, typical of such soils. Surfactants significantly enhanced the rate of PAH solubilization, the amount solubilized being dependent upon the structure of the surfactant. It is postulated that the enhancement of PAH release by surfactants occurs by two mechanisms: (1) micellar solubilization by increased concentration gradient at the soil/tar−water interface and (2) sorption an...
Microorganisms Isolated from Turkey Giblets

Abstract SINCE giblets (livers, hearts, and gizzards) are processed separately from the turkey carcass, it is conceivable that the microbial flora of the giblets may be different from that of the whole turkey. Also, during processing, it is not likely that the giblets will be packaged in the same bird from which they were removed. Thus, the possibility exists that contamination may be spread from giblets to other parts of the processed bird. Several investigators have studied the microbiology of poultry meat and the effect of processing on organisms on the skin surfaces (Lochhead and Landerkin, 1935; Gunderson et al., 1947; Ayres et al., 1950; Goresline et al., 1951; Walker and Ayres, 1956; Barnes, 1960 a, b). Other workers have been concerned with the incidence of Salmonellae on giblets during processing and in retail markets (Cherry et al., 1943; Felsenfeld et al., 1950; Galton et al., 1955; Morris and Ayres, 1960; …
Fatty Wilms' tumor simulating teratoma; occurrence in a child with horseshoe kidney

An unusually fatty wilms' tumor occured in a young girl. Because of the abundant fat it radiologically simulated a teratoma.
Processing of lexical ambiguity in patients with traumatic brain injury

Abstract The goal of this study was to determine the type of cognitive functions required for the interpretation of lexical ambiguity. Brain-injured and normal subjects performed lexical decision (reaction time) and matching tasks, using three categories of ambiguous words: homonymy, polysemy and metaphor. Patients showed much slower reaction times on metaphor than normals, while accuracy rates for matching were comparable, suggesting relative intactness of the semantic interpretations of these words despite a retrieval deficit.
Excitotoxicity, reflex responses, and evoked changes in extracellular potassium in the frog spinal cord.

1. The effects of the excitatory amino acid agonists kainate (KA), quisqualate (QUIS), and N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) were studied in vitro on the hemisected frog spinal cord. 2. Prolonged (1.0 hr) application of excitatory amino acid agonists (KA, 50 or 300 μM; QUIS, 30 μM; NMDA, 300 μM) significantly reduced the ventral root potentials (VRPs) and [K+]0 evoked by a dorsal root tetanus (10 see, 25 Hz), by brief (10 sec) applications of the same agonists (KA, 30 μM; QUIS, 30 μM; NMDA, 300 μM), and by GABA (10 sec, 1.0 mM). 3. The effect was essentially irreversible and persisted despite 2–4 hr of washing. 4. Excitatory amino acid antagonists (APV, 30 μM and kynurenate, 2 mM) blocked the neurotoxic effects of the excitatory agonists NMDA and KA respectively, an observation which indicates the observed effects of the agonists require the activation of specific excitatory receptors. 5. TTX did not alter the neurotoxic effects of KA suggesting that interneuronal firing does not contribute to the observed changes. 6. Addition of high K+ did not duplicate the effect of prolonged excitatory amino acid agonist exposure, an indication that elevation of K+ does not cause the decreased responses. 7. Light microscopy did not provide any evidence of gross tissue damage. 8. The parallel reduction of postsynaptic responses and Δ[K+]0 support the idea that elevation of extracellular [K+] by afferent stimuli results from interneuronal activity.
Left-right pairing at the crest synapses of rat interpeduncular nucleus

Synaptic terminals of the habenulo-interpeduncular axons in rat interpeduncular nucleus are demonstrated by electron-microscopic autoradiography following [3H]leucine injection into the habenula. The endings are of two types, S and crest synapses. Previous descriptions of the S synapses based on indirect identification were confirmed. The crest synapses in the interpeduncular nucleus consist of two habenular afferents contacting a narrowed dendrite. Injection of both habenulae with radiolabeled amino acid resulted in autoradiographic labeling of both axons at 48% of individual crest synapses, and of one axon at 39%. However, when only one habenula was injected, no more than one axon was labeled at individual crest synapses; this occurred at 59%. Interpretation of unlabeled endings is possible using the "detection rate" of the method (per cent ratio of labeled to total endings). The detection rate, which can be determined for the bilateral injection case, allows recalculation of the raw data for the unilateral injection case. Left-right pairing of habenular afferents actually occurs at approximately 90% of crest synapses. The use of detection rates in this way, additionally exemplified by analysis of an electron-microscopic degeneration study, is also important in many other applications of both of these experimental neuroanatomical methods, especially when comparisons between two sets of data are made. The conclusions of studies which have not taken this problem into account must be interpreted with caution.