cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Graphite furnace atomic absorption analysis of marine samples for trace metals

Abstract Trace element determinations by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry which are pertinent to the analysis of marine samples are highlighted. Results for the direct introduction of solids, slurries and dissolved samples of fauna, sediments and saline waters are discussed. Examples drawn from recent literature show that typical samples which benefit most from direct solid sampling are those that do not require the very highest accuracy or precision. No clear consensus amongst users of this technique has emerged regarding the choice between peak height or area recording or the need to standardize by aqueous calibration, the method of additions or use of matrix matched solids. Slurry sampling overcomes several limitations associated with direct solid sampling and whereas generalizations serve little purpose in assessing the applicability of the direct solid sampling approach, slurry sampling holds great promise for widespread use. Examples of external and in situ concentration techniques necessary to augment the relative detection power of the system for the analysis of saline waters are also given. These include an examination of “classical” procedures utilizing chelation-solvent extraction, immobilized ligands and precipitation methods as well as techniques which rely on sequestration in the furnace of volatile analyte species generated in external cells.
Umbrella hypotheses and parsimony in human evolution: a critique of the Aquatic Ape Hypothesis.

Abstract Conventionally, anthropologists have sought to explain a multitude of unique features of modern humans as the outcome of a single adaptive breakthrough. These “umbrella hypotheses” are aesthetically appealing because they appear to be parsimonious. As internally consistent hypotheses about the past, they are very difficult to prove incorrect in an absolute sense. Anthropology has often rejected them by consensus without developing explicit reasons. This essay explores one example of these models, the Aquatic Ape Hypothesis, the proponents of which continue to argue that they have not received a fair hearing among anthropologists. The hypothesis is troubled by inconsistencies and has not been reconciled with the fossil record. More importantly, its claim to parsimony is false. The numerous “explanations” for individual anatomical traits that it generates constitute premises that are not better founded than competing terrestrial “explanations”. The unifying theme of aquatic adaptation is considerably less parsimonious than the assumption that our lineage has always been terrestrial. Finally, the mosaic pattern of hominid evolution demonstrated by the fossil record will not support this or any single cause theory. Most of these criticisms have been previously voiced in one form or another, yet umbrella hypotheses ranging from mainstream science to the paranormal maintain their popularity among students, general audiences, and scholars in neighboring disciplines. One reason for this is that simple answers, however wrong, are easier to communicate and are more readily accepted than the more sound but more complex solutions. Evolutionary science must wrestle with this problem both in its own community and in the education of the public.
Novel optical contrast agents containing both DFO and multi-RGD peptides

A series of novel near-infrared fluorescent compounds containing both desferrioxamine (DFO) and multi-RGD peptides, i.e. DFO-Cypate-(RGD)n-NH2 (1), were designed and synthesized based on a dicarboxylic acid-containing near-infrared fluorescent carbocyanine (Cypate) scaffold. The trimeric 1 (n=3) showed the strongest cellular internalization into A549 cells in vitro among the four analogs of 1 (n=1, 2, 3, 4), suggesting that such a linear array of three RGD peptide motifs might be optimal for synergistic effects on cellular internalization. The four analogs showed higher internalization than an integrin αvβ3-targeting cyclic RGD peptide analog DFO-cypate-[RGDfK(~)] (2) after 1h of incubation, indicating that the linear arrays of multi-RGD peptides might be different from the cyclic RGD peptide analog in the internalization kinetics and mechanism of receptor targeting. Confocal microscopy showed that 1 (n=4) could localize at least in part to the mitochondria. Noteworthy, the two compounds 1 (n=2, 3) resulted in a 1.5 to 2 fold increase in fluorescence of the calcium indicator fluo4 after 30 min of incubation. These results suggest the possible effects of these compounds on the cellular function by internalization. Such a type of near-infrared fluorescent cypate analogs containing both DFO and multi-RGD peptides could provide a platform for discovering and developing novel multifunctional optical contrast agents for integrin receptor targeting as well as related tumor imaging and therapy.© (2007) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Market Equilibria in Spectrum Trading with Multi-Regions and Multi-Channels

We study the spectrum market equilibrium where multiple spectrum channels are available, and each of the secondary users has an initial endowment. Assume that each user, with a given endowment, is interested in buying spectrum channels over a specified set of geometric regions in the Euclidean plane. Regions may overlap, thus creating sub- regions where each subregion has a unique set of users interested in acquiring spectrum. Fraction timeshare on spectrum is acceptable. We utilize a price function wherein the price of timeshare on spectrum in a certain region is equal to the maximum price of timeshare amongst the sub-regions in that region. The utility function used is the logarithm utility function. We first prove the existence of equilibrium and then design efficient algorithms for computing the spectrum market equilibrium. We also analyze the utilization of the spectrum by extensive simulations.
H+ transport and the regulation of intracellular pH in ehrlich ascites tumor cells

The intracellular pH (pH i ) of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells, both in the steady state and under conditions of acid loading or recovery from acid loading, was investigated by measuring the transmembrane flux of H+ equivalents and correlating this with changes in the distribution ratio of dimethyloxazolidine-2,4-dione (DMO). The pH i of cells placed in an acidic medium (pH o below 7.15) decreases and reaches a steady-state value that is more alkaline than the outside. For example when pH o is acutely reduced to 5.5, pH i falls exponentially from 7.20 ± 0.06 to 6.29 ± 0.04 with a halftime of 5.92 ± 1.37 min, suggesting a rapid influx of H+. The unidirectional influx of H+ exhibits saturation kinetics with respect to extracellular [H+]; the maximal flux is 15.8 ± 0.05 mmol/(kg dry wt · min) andK m is 0.74 ± 0.09 × 10−6 m. Steady-state cells with pH i above 6.8 continuously extrude H+ by a process that is not dependent on ATP but is inhibited by anaerobiosis. Acid-loaded cells (pH i 6.3) when returned to pH o 7.3 medium respond by transporting H+, resulting in a rapid rise in pH i . The halftime for this process is 1.09 ± 0.22 min. The H+ efflux measured under similar conditions increases as the intracellular acid load increases. An ATP-independent as well as an ATP-dependent efflux contributes to the restoration of pH i to its steady-state value.
Atmospheric entry studies for Uranus

The present paper describes parametric studies conducted to define the Uranus entry trade space. Two different arrival opportunities in 2029 and 2043, corresponding to launches in 2021 and 2034, respectively, are considered in the present study. These two launch windows factor in the 84-year orbital period, significant axial tilt, and the wide ring system of Uranus. As part of this study, an improved engineering model is developed for the Uranus atmosphere. This improved model is based on reconciliation of data available in the published literature and covers an altitude range of 0 km (1 bar pressure) to 5000 km. Two different entry scenarios are considered: 1) direct ballistic entry, and 2) aerocapture followed by entry from orbit. For ballistic entry a range of entry flight path angles are considered for probe entry masses ranging from 130 kg to 300 kg and diameters ranging from 0.8 m (Pioneer-Venus small probe scale) to 1.3 m (Galileo scale). The larger probes, which offer a larger packing volume, are considered in an attempt to accommodate more scientific instruments. For aerocapture a single case is studied to explore the feasibility and benefits of this option.
Computer simulation of iceberg instability

Abstract The possibility of an iceberg rolling to an orientation of deeper draft and colliding with the sea-bed has important implications for the offshore oil and gas industry on the Grand Banks of Newfoundland. In this paper that possibility is given substance. An interactive computer program was used to study a class of icebergs that increase their draft by as much as 50% on being perturbed from a position of near unstable equilibrium.
Cooperative Communication Protocol Designs Based on Optimum Power and Time Allocation

Cooperative communication has emerged as a new wireless network communication concept, in which parameter optimization such as power budget and time allocation plays an important role in cooperative relaying protocol designs. While most existing works on cooperative relaying protocol designs con- sidered equal-time allocation scenario, i.e., equal time duration is assigned to each source and each relay, in this work we intend to design and optimize cooperative communication protocols by exploring all possible variations in time and power domains. We consider a cooperative relaying network in which no channel state information (CSI) is available at the transmitter side and the protocol optimization is based on channel statistics (i.e., mean and variance) and it does not depend on instantaneous channel infor- mation. First, we consider an ideal cooperative relaying protocol where the system can use arbitrary re-encoding methods at the relay and adjust time allocation arbitrarily. We obtain an optimum strategy of power and time allocations to minimize the outage probability of the ideal cooperative protocol. Specifically, for any given time allocation, we are able to determine the corresponding optimum power allocation analytically with a closed-form expres- sion. We also show that to minimize the outage probability of the protocol, one should always allocate more energy and time to the source than the relay. Second, with more realistic consideration, we design a practical cooperative relaying protocol based on linear mapping, i.e., using linear mapping as the re-encoding method at the relay and considering integer time slots in the two phases. The theoretical results from the ideal cooperative protocol serve as a guideline and benchmark in the practical cooperative protocol design. We also develop an optimum linear mapping to minimize the outage probability of the linear-mapping based cooperative protocol. Extensive numerical and simulation studies illustrate our theoretical developments and show that the performance of the proposed cooperative relaying protocol based on the optimum linear mapping is close to the performance benchmark of the ideal cooperative protocol.
Why Teaching Faculty Diversity (Still) Matters

Students in schools, colleges, and universities are rapidly becoming more diverse while the teaching workforce has failed to keep pace. The underrepresentation of minority teachers on school faculties persists despite efforts by successful national teacher recruitment programs, such as the Institute for Recruitment of Teachers, to redress this persistent gap. Several factors influencing this gap, including retention, job satisfaction, and working conditions of teachers of color, are briefly summarized. However, the current economic conditions and academic job market retrenchment as well as the dramatic and ever-rising costs of graduate education in the United States threatens to affect the enrollment and aspirations of students of color interested in careers in education, despite the long-standing efforts and successes of these programs.
Pieces of artificial intelligence

Artificial Intelligence: Tools, Techniques, and Applications. Edited by Tim O'Shea and Marc Eisenstadt. Harper & Row: 1984. Pp.497. Pbk $19, £12.95.
Spontaneous Rupture of the Liver during Pregnancy: A Case Report

Hepatic congestion resulting in hepatic rupture during pregnancy is a rare yet catastrophic event carrying a 60 to 70% maternal mortality rate. With preeclampsia and associated epigastric pain continuing to be a major problem confronting pregnant women, hepatic congestion may be more prevalent than believed. Current etiology, treatment, and characteristics of women who experience hepatic rupture are examined. A case report and nursing protocol are presented.
Professional beliefs related to the practice of pediatric medicine and school psychology

Abstract This article proposes that pediatric medicine and school psychology are complementary fields. Five professional beliefs are reviewed: (a) the importance of classification, (b) a preference for evidence-based interventions, (c) an endorsement of advocacy in public policy, (d) the importance of working with the whole child including his/her parents, and (e) an assertion of team leadership. Each belief is discussed as a core value of pediatric medicine and considered for points of connection with school psychology. Some of these beliefs are widely shared by school psychologists, others are rejected because of historical and situational factors, and all warrant consideration in light of school psychology's continuing evolution.
Evaluation of scheduling rules with commensurate customer priorities in job shops

Abstract Much of the existing job shop scheduling literature has focussed on scheduling rules and heuristics that typically do not incorporate customer specific characteristics into their scheduling decisions. This paper specifically considers the situation in which depending upon the identity of the customer, different jobs have different tardiness penalties associated with them. In addition, the tardiness penalties associated with different customers are comparable in magnitude with one another. We propose here and test four different types of scheduling rules which utilize the jobs' tardiness penalty information, and show that the performance of the shop is only mildly affected by the shape and dispersion of the weighting scheme used in determining the tardiness penalties. The performance of scheduling rules is however contingent on due-date tightness. In general, apart from the traditionally well performing shortest processing time rule, the ATC rule works well on the mean flow time measure in loose due-date situations, while COVERT performs well on mean flow time under tight due-date conditions. Lesser differences are seen to exist between mean tardiness and root mean square tardiness (TRMS) performance of different scheduling rules. Weighted mean tardiness deteriorates with increasing due-date tightness and coefficient of variation of job tardiness penalties. Finally, customer service performance worsens considerably with weighted dispatching rules when the performance criteria are not weighted by each job's tardiness penalty. Implications of our results for providing more effective management of job shops, and exploring future research directions in this area are also presented and discussed.
A Visual Rating Scale for Quantifying the Severity of Greasy Spot Disease on Grapefruit Leaves

Accurate quantitative assessment of greasy spot of grapefruit, caused by Mycosphaerella citri Whiteside, is crucial for designing appropriate disease management strategies and estimating yield losses. A visual rating scale was developed by measuring the total leaf area of 143 ‘Rio Red’ grapefruit leaf samples, and calculating the percent diseased area. The mean severity of the entire sample was 23.1%, but many leaves on the orchard floor exhibited symptoms on more than 50.0% of the leaf area. This rating scale should be highly useful to growers and researchers for field assessments of greasy spot severity.
Molecular dynamics simulation of the Al2O3 film structure during atomic layer deposition

Based on an understanding of atomic layer deposition (ALD) from prior experimental and computational results, all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are used to model the Al2O3 film structure and composition during ALD processing. By separating the large time-scale surface reactions from the small time-scale structural relaxation, we have focused on the growth dynamics of amorphous Al2O3 films at the atomic scale. The simulations are able to reproduce some important properties and growth mechanisms of Al2O3 ALD films, and hence provide a bridge between atomic-level information and experimental measurements. Information about the evolution of the microscopic structures of the Al2O3 films is generated, and the influence of operation parameters on the Al2O3 ALD process. The simulations predict a strong influence of the initial surface composition and process temperature on the surface roughness, growth rate and growth mode of the deposited films.
Prime Time Sexual Harassment

A content analysis of 48 hours of prime time television reveals that sexual harassment on television is both highly visible and invisible. Sexual harassment is rendered visible simply by its prominence in these programs. Incidences involving quid pro quo harassment and environmental harassment occur with regularity on television. Eighty-four percent of the shows studied contained at least one incident of sexual harassment; the average was 3.4. Yet these acts of sexual harassment remain largely invisible in that none of the behaviors was labeled as sexual harassment. They are presented in humorous ways, and victims are generally unharmed and very effective at ending the harassment. Although such programs may actually reflect the reality of many women's lives in terms of prevalence of sexual harassment, they perpetuate several myths about sexual harassment, such as that sexual harassment is not serious and that victims should be able to handle the situations themselves.
Effect of wireless channel process on queueing delay - approximate analysis using peakedness function

Time variation of wireless channels can have a serious effect on the quality of service (QoS) experienced by the data streams. However, these channel processes cannot be easily characterized within a queueing theory framework. In this work, the burstiness properties of the wireless channel process are captured using its peakedness function. The channel process is then replaced by a renewal process with the same peakedness function to enable analysis based on queueing theory results. Simulations show that the approximate queue formed using peakedness matching is a very good predictor of the QoS behavior of the original queue.
rhIGF-1 Therapy for Growth Failure and IGF-1 Deficiency in Congenital Disorder of Glycosylation Ia (PMM2 Deficiency)

Background. Congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) are a group of rare disorders in which glycosylation required for proper protein-protein interactions and protein stability is disrupted, manifesting clinically with multiple system involvement and growth failure. The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system plays an important role in childhood growth and has been shown to be dysfunctional with low IGF-1 levels in children with CDG type Ia (PMM2 deficiency). Case report. A 3-year-old Caucasian male with failure to thrive was diagnosed with PMM2-CDG at 5 months of age. Initially, his length and weight were less than -2 standard deviation score, IGF-1 <25 ng/mL (normal 55-327 ng/mL), IGFBP-3 1.0 µg/mL (normal 0.7-3.6 ng/mL), and acid-labile subunit 1.3 mg/L (normal 0.7-7.9 mg/L). Despite aggressive feeding, he continued to show poor linear growth and weight gain. At 17 months, he underwent an IGF-1 generation test with growth hormone (0.1 mg/kg/d) for 7 days; baseline IGF-1of 27 ng/mL (normal 55-327 ng/mL) stimulated to only 33 ng/mL. Recombinant human IGF-1 (rhIGF-1) therapy (up to 130 µg/kg/dose twice daily) was initiated at 21 months of age resulting in an excellent linear growth response with height increasing from -2.73 to -1.39 standard deviation score over 22 months. IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 levels also increased. Conclusion. This is the first case report of rhIGF-1 therapy in a patient with PMM2-CDG. The child had an excellent linear growth response. These results provide additional in vivo evidence for IGF dysfunction in PMM2-CDG and suggest that rhIGF-1 may be a novel treatment for growth failure in PMM2-CDG.
Seamless Poleward Atmospheric Energy Transports and Implications for the Hadley Circulation

Abstract A detailed vertically integrated atmospheric heat and energy budget is presented along with estimated heat budgets at the surface and top-of-atmosphere for the subtropics. It is shown that the total energy transports are remarkably seamless in spite of greatly varying mechanisms. From the Tropics to about 31° latitude, the primary transport mechanisms are the Hadley and Walker overturning circulations. In the extratropics the energy transports are carried out by baroclinic eddies broadly organized into storm tracks and quasi-stationary waves that covary in a symbiotic way as the location and activity in storm tracks are determined by, and in turn help maintain through eddy transports, the quasi-stationary flow. In the upward branch of the Hadley cell, the predominant diabatic process is latent heating that results from convergence of moisture by the circulation itself. Hence large poleward transports of dry static energy are compensated by equatorward transports of latent energy, resulting in a m...
Coronary Angioplasty in Acute Myocardial Infarction: Primary, Immediate Adjunctive, Rescue, or Deferred Adjunctive Approach?

Objective To address the current clinical applications, outcomes, and limitations of coronary angioplasty in the setting of acute myocardial infarction. Design We review the results of several large trials in which various strategies of thrombolysis and primary, immediate adjunctive, rescue, or deferred adjunctive coronary angioplasty were used in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Material and Methods Four strategies for the utilization of angioplasty in myocardial infarction have been developed and are based on the timing and concurrent use of thrombolytic therapy. Results Primary coronary angioplasty without prior thrombolytic therapy is as effective as thrombolytic therapy for salvaging myocardium. Results of a meta-analysis of recent trials suggest potential benefits of increased survival and decreased reinfarction in comparison with the results of thrombolysis in recent trials. Immediate adjunctive angioplasty after thrombolytic therapy has been tested in three large, randomized trials. The results suggest that this strategy is associated with increased risks without benefits of increased survival or improved left ventricular function. Rescue angioplasty may be helpful after failed thrombolytic therapy. Ongoing randomized trials might further clarify the benefits of rescue angioplasty. Because of the inherent difficulty in the noninvasive identification of patients with persistent reocclusion, diagnostic coronary angiography early after thrombolytic therapy may be necessary. Deferred adjunctive angioplasty during the weeks after infarction to prevent recurrent ischemia was not shown to decrease mortality or reinfarction in two large trials. Conclusion Primary coronary angioplasty is the treatment of choice for patients with contraindications to thrombolytic therapy. Certain high-risk subgroups may also benefit from primary angioplasty.
Bestimmung der Anzahl und Größe von Aerosolteilchen

Es werden die verschiedenen bekannten Verfahren zur Bestimmung der Teilchengrose von Aerosolen kurz beschrieben. Bei einem neuen Verfahren werden die Teilchen beliebig lange in einem elektrischen Feld „aufgehangt”, d. h. in Schwebe gehalten. Veranderungen ihrer Ladung oder Masse lassen sich aus den Stabilitatsbedingungen ermitteln. Das Verfahren ermoglicht in Kombination mit Beugungsaufnahmen durch Laserlicht auch die Untersuchung kinetischer Vorgange im Aerosol-Zustand.
Induction of heme oxygenase-1 in normal and malignant B lymphocytes by 15-deoxy-Δ12, 14-prostaglandin J2 requires Nrf2

Heme-oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is induced in response to oxidative stress and is believed to be a cytoprotective and anti-inflammatory enzyme. It is unknown whether normal or malignant human B-lineage cells express HO-1. 15-deoxy-Delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J(2) (15d-PGJ(2)) is an interesting electrophilic lipid mediator able to increase oxidative stress in B cells. Here, we tested normal and malignant human B-lineage cells for their ability to express HO-1 in response to 15d-PGJ(2), as well as the signaling pathways required for HO-1 expression. 15d-PGJ(2) potently induced HO-1 protein expression in normal and malignant B cells. Malignant B cells exhibited a greater induction of HO-1 protein compared to normal B lymphocytes. Using siRNA directed against the transcription factor Nrf2 and B cells isolated from Nrf2-deficient mice, we show that HO-1 induction by 15d-PGJ(2) is dependent on Nrf2. These results show that, compared to normal B lymphocytes, malignant B cells have a greater capacity to increase their HO-1 protein levels in response to 15d-PGJ(2). We speculate that the ability to highly express HO-1 by malignant B cells could confer a survival advantage.
Categories and the Foundations of Classical Field Theories

I review some recent work on applications of category theory to questions concerning theoretical structure and theoretical equivalence of classical field theories, including Newtonian gravitation, general relativity, and Yang-Mills theories.
Functional Analysis and Treatment of Nail Biting.

This study applied functional analysis methodology to nail biting exhibited by a 24-year-old female graduate student. Results from the brief functional analysis indicated variability in nail biting across assessment conditions. Functional analysis data were then used to guide treatment development and implementation. Treatment included a simplified habit reversal package that was modified based on results of the functional analysis. Following treatment implementation, nail biting decreased as evidenced by consistent nail growth and participant self-recorded data. Results are discussed in terms of treatment utility of functional analysis methodology for novel populations and response topographies.
THE SELECTIVE ABSORPTION OF POTASSIUM BY ANIMAL CELLS III. THE EFFECT OF HYDROGEN ION CONCENTRATION UPON THE RETENTION OF POTASSIUM.

By perfusing frogs for varying periods with potassium-free Ringer solutions having a pH ranging from 6.0 to 8.0, it has been determined that such solutions have little or no effect upon the retention of potassium by muscle cells.
Development and implementation of a clinician reporting system for advanced stage cancer: initial lessons learned.

Objective: Innovative approaches can strengthen patient-caregiver-clinician information exchange and more effectively address the physical and psychosocial challenges of advanced disease. This study reports initial findings from implementation of the Clinician Report (CR)—a patient and caregiver status report tool accessible by the oncology clinic team. Design: The CR tracks and communicates essential information from cancer patients and caregivers to the oncology team. The CR conveys patient symptoms, emotional strain, and key concerns. Measurements: Authors used a model developed to explain acceptance, implementation, and sustainability of Interactive Health Communication Systems (IHCS) to evaluate implementation of the new CR system. The study carried out qualitative analyses of interviews with clinicians regarding their experience utilizing the Clinician Report. Results: Primary CR benefits included enhancement of patients' clinic visit experiences, greater caregiver involvement, and facilitation of earlier interventions. Challenges included CR functional issues, users' desire for greater depth of information, user privacy concerns, and limited patient use. These findings are discussed using parameters of the implementation model. Limitations of this study include its small clinician sample size, which represented only a portion of existing organizational settings in which CR systems might be implemented. Conclusion: Though in its early implementation stages, the CR demonstrates the potential to positively impact care delivery in the cancer clinic setting, particularly by facilitating earlier interventions and improving patient- caregiver-clinician communication both during and between clinic visits. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2008;15:679 - 686. DOI 10.1197/jamia.M2532.
Large eddy simulations of variable property turbulent flow in horizontal and vertical channels with buoyancy and heat transfer effects

AbstractTurbulent combined flow of forced and natural convection was investigated using large eddy simulations for horizontal and vertical channels with significant heat transfer. The walls were maintained at constant temperatures, one heated and the other cooled, at temperature ratios of 1.01, 1.99, and 3.00, respectively. Results showed that with increasing the Grashof number, large-scale turbulent motions emerged near the wall, resulting in significant changes in turbulent intensities for the horizontal channel flow case. Aiding and opposing flows, however, for the vertical channel, emerge near the heated and cooled walls, respectively, while the pressure gradient drives the mean flow upwards. Buoyancy effects on the mean velocity, temperature, and turbulent intensities were observed near the walls. In the aiding flow, the turbulent intensities and heat transfer were suppressed and the flow was relaminarized at large values of the Grash of number. In the opposing flow, however, turbulence was enhanced ...
Internet Privacy, Social Awareness, And Internet Technical Literacy - An Exploratory Investigation

This study focuses on exploring Internet technical literacy and social awareness as antecedents to Internet privacy concerns. We report on the development and validation of instruments for Internet technical literacy and social awareness. Individual’s privacy concerns are then considered with respect to these two constructs. The relationships are measured and explored through Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) followed by linear regression models. We found that all the hypothesized relationships are statistically significant - social awareness positively and Internet technical literacy negatively related to the Internet privacy concerns. The contribution of this research is in the attempt to explore psychological antecedents to privacy concerns that could direct IS managers and e-commerce marketers towards strategies of broadening Internet user base and facilitating the interaction and usage of Internet web sites and applications, thus opening more opportunities for growth and competitive advantage.
Multi-Point Interferometric Rayleigh Scattering using Dual-Pass Light Recirculation

This paper describes for the first time an interferometric Rayleigh scattering system using dual-pass light recirculation (IRS-LR) capable of simultaneously measuring at multiple points two orthogonal components of flow velocity in combustion flows using single shot laser probing. An additional optical path containing the interferometer input mirror, a quarter-wave plate, a polarization dependent beam combiner, and a high reflectivity mirror partially recirculates the light that is rejected by the interferometer. Temporally- and spatially-resolved acquisitions of Rayleigh spectra in a large-scale combustion-heated supersonic axi-symmetric jet were performed to demonstrate the technique. Recirculating of Rayleigh scattered light increases the number of photons analyzed by the system up to a factor of 1.8 compared with previous configurations. This is equivalent to performing measurements with less laser energy or performing measurements with the previous system in gas flows at higher temperatures.
Internalizing Symptoms and Functional Disability in Children With Noncardiac Chest Pain and Innocent Heart Murmurs

Objective To examine the occurrence of internalizing symptoms and functional disability in children with noncardiac chest pain (NCCP) compared with children with innocent heart murmurs (IHMs). Method 67 children with NCCP (M [SD] age = 12.61 [2.63]; 68.7% Caucasian) and 62 children with IHM (M [SD] age = 12.67 [2.62]; 50% Caucasian) were recruited from pediatric cardiology offices. Children and parents completed measures of psychological functioning and functional disability during a first visit to the cardiologist before diagnosis. Results Children with NCCP reported greater levels of anxiety, depression, and anxiety sensitivity than children with IHM. Children with NCCP and their parents reported greater levels of functional disability and somatization than children with IHM and their parents. Conclusion Children with NCCP experience greater levels of psychosocial distress and impairment than similarly physically healthy children with IHM. Consideration of psychosocial influences on NCCP would likely be beneficial in aiding assessment and treatment.
Spatial and temporal correlation of the interference in ALOHA ad hoc networks

Interference is a main limiting factor of the performance of a wireless ad hoc network. The temporal and the spatial correlation of the interference makes the outages correlated temporally (important for retransmissions) and spatially correlated (important for routing). In this letter we quantify the temporal and spatial correlation of the interference in a wireless ad hoc network whose nodes are distributed as a Poisson point process on the plane when ALOHA is used as the multiple-access scheme.
Dynamic rate-based and equilibrium models for a packed reactive distillation column

Dynamic rate-based and equilibrium models were developed for a packed reactive distillation column for the production of tert-amyl methyl ether (TAME). The two types of models, consisting of differential algebraic equations, were implemented in gPROMS and dynamic simulations were carried out to study the dynamic behaviour of reactive distillation of the TAME system. The dynamic responses predicted by the two types of models are similar in general, with some differences in steady-state values. The influence of manipulated variables, such as distillate flow rate, reflux ratio, and reboiler duty, on the dynamic responses of the controlled variables (reactant conversion and product purity) was studied. The dynamic response of reactant conversion is very nonlinear and unconventional, but the response of product purity is well approximated by a linear first-order differential equation. The CPU time required to complete a dynamic simulation of the rate-based model is at least an order of magnitude higher than that for the equilibrium model. Therefore, the dynamic rate-based model is much more complicated than the equilibrium model, and simplification of the rate-based model is necessary for the implementation of model-based control. A new approach was proposed to simplify the dynamic rate-based model by assuming that the mass transfer coefficients are time invariant. This approach was demonstrated to be superior to the conventional simplification methods. It can reduce the number of equations by up to two-thirds and still accurately predicts the dynamic behaviour.
Antipredator vigilance of juvenile and adult thirteen-lined ground squirrels and the role of nutritional need

Juvenile thirteen-lined ground squirrels, Spermophilus tridecemlineatus, are less vigilant (i.e. they spend less time visually scanning the environment) than adults. To determine whether nutritional need was a potential cause of this difference, we supplemented two groups of free-ranging juveniles during the predispersal stage, while juveniles were still near and around the natal burrows. The high-energy food group (HEF: 11 squirrels) received peanut butter and oats while the low-energy food group (LEF: seven squirrels) received lettuce. Adults (14 squirrels) were also supplemented, but due to their greater home range sizes, it was not feasible to classify them as either HEF or LEF. To evaluate the effect of supplementation on antipredator vigilance, the behavioural act of visually scanning for predators, we videotaped individuals while they were foraging above ground during 5-min observation periods. Each squirrel was observed and weighed during three time periods over 23 days. From the videotape, we extracted measures of time spent vigilant, locomoting and foraging. All three categories of squirrels gained mass over the study period, but the HEF juveniles rapidly exceeded that of the LEF juveniles. Early in the study, LEF and HEF juveniles did not significantly differ in either body mass or time budgets, and, initially, both juvenile groups were similar to adults in the amount of time devoted to vigilance. Later in the study, the behaviour of HEF juveniles closely resembled that of adults (increased time devoted to vigilance and decreased time devoted to foraging), while LEF juveniles decreased vigilance and increased their foraging time. This study indicates that for thirteen-lined ground squirrels the lower vigilance of juveniles is due, at least in part, to the greater nutritional needs of young animals with consequent increases in foraging, which is largely incompatible with vigilance.
Motion planning with time-varying polyhedral obstacles based on graph search and mathematical programming

A method is presented for path planning of a point robot moving among polyhedral obstacles with piecewise constant translating velocity. Representing the obstacles as polyhedra in the space-time domain allows a collision-free, minimum-time path to be obtained using graph search and linear programming. The planner views the space-time configuration of free space as disjoint polytopes where each point in the space-time domain is mapped into a unique polytope. The planner searches connected polytopes between the start and goal polytopes that satisfy the speed and time constraints. A near-optimal trajectory is determined by constrained optimization. In the proposed approach, the obstacle is allowed to move faster than the point robot, and the methodology can be easily extended to motion planning in higher-dimensional spaces. >
Pose invariant face detection

In this paper, we present a novel method for pose invariant face detection in color images. The novelty in our method of face detection arises from the integration of evidence from various independent sources such as color, frequency response and geometric shape information. Skin color is detected in the Y-Cb-Cr color space using a RPROP neural network. The shape information is derived from a novel ellipse area criterion and then it is formulated to compute a probabilistic score of the connected components that represent the faces in the images. The third source is based on Gabor 2D filters that are used to obtain frequency signatures of faces in the images. The final likelihood of a face is a combination of the individual probabilities of color, shape and Gabor response.
Genetic Architecture of Transcript-Level Variation in Humans

We report here the results of testing the pairwise association of 12,747 transcriptional gene-expression values with more than two million single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in samples of European (CEPH from Utah; CEU) and African (Yoruba from Ibadan; YRI) ancestry. We found 4,677 and 5,125 significant associations between expression quantitative nucleotides (eQTNs) and transcript clusters in the CEU and the YRI samples, respectively. The physical distance between an eQTN and its associated transcript cluster was referred to as the intrapair distance. An association with 4 Mb or less intrapair distance was defined as local; otherwise, it was defined as distant. The enrichment analysis of functional categories shows that genes harboring the local eQTNs are enriched in the categories related to nucleosome and chromatin assembly; the genes harboring the distant eQTNs are enriched in the categories related to transmembrane signal transduction, suggesting that these biological pathways are likely to play a significant role in regulation of gene expression. We highlight in the EPHX1 gene a deleterious nonsynonymous SNP that is distantly associated with gene expression of ORMDL3, a susceptibility gene for asthma.
The Effect of Voltage Waveshape on the Performance of a 3-Phase Induction Motor

A Fourier analysis of the output voltage waveshapes of low-frequency sources shows that, depending upon the order, a harmonic component of the voltage may contribute either positive, negative, or no torque. Using the concept of rotor-time-constant expressions for total developed torque, stator current and copper losses are derived for a voltage wave composed of harmonics of various magnitudes and orders. The stator current is affected if the motor neutral is connected to the supply neutral.
Crack Initiation and Growth in a Notched NiTi Shape Memory Alloy Sheet

An experimental investigation was carried out to study the crack initiation and growth in a single-edge notched NiTi shape memory alloy sheet under tension. It is observed that a crack initiated at the tip of a V-shape notch before the peak axial load was reached and it grew steadily across the width of the NiTi sheet until final fracture. In-plane crack-tip deformation fields at various stages of the crack growth were measured based on an image correlation technique and the crack-tip opening displacement (CTOD) and crack-tip opening angle (CTOA) were subsequently determined. The fracture surface of the NiTi sheet was dimpled based on scanning electron microscopy examinations.
Q-Typing of Oriental and American Youth: Initial and Clarifying Studies

(1967). Q-Typing of Oriental and American Youth: Initial and Clarifying Studies. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 71, No. 2, pp. 185-195.
Clinical manifestations of tick-borne infections in children.

During spring and summer, the habitats of children and ticks overlap. It is therefore not surprising that the full spectrum of tick-borne diseases occurs in children and that some tick-borne agents infect children disproportionately. For example, two-thirds of all cases of Rocky Mountain spotted
Student skill and goal achievement in the mapping with google MOOC

Students who registered for the Mapping with Google massive open online course (MOOC) were asked several questions during the registration process to identify prior experience with eleven skills as well as their goals for registering for the course. Students selected goals from a list; they were periodically reminded of these goals during the MOOC. At the end of the course, we compared students' self reports of goal achievement on a post-course survey with behavioral click-stream analysis. In addition, we assessed how well prior skill in a subject predicts a student's course completion and found no correlation. Our research shows that students who completed course activities were more likely to earn certificates of completion than peers who did not.
FROM CESSPOOL TO SEWER: SANITARY REFORM AND THE RHETORIC OF RESISTANCE, 1848-1880

IN 1855, THE REVEREND GIRDLESTONE zealously promoted sanitary reform in Britain, claiming that the movement was “pregnant with the most important advantages to the human race, in every point of view — social, moral, and religious” (29). Girdlestone’s claim provides a useful starting point for considering representations of reform, as this view of the redemptive powers of cleanliness has been accepted by many historians as a characteristic Victorian attitude.1 But while it is true that many Victorians believed that sweeping public health reforms could fuel the physical and moral regeneration of the urban poor, it is also true that others responded to these reforms with fear, anger, and suspicion: an active strain of resistance flourished within Victorian sanitary discourse. That scholars have privileged the Victorians’ declarations of faith in matters of cleanliness and to some degree shared in these sentiments should not surprise us. The idea of public health reform as universally advantageous accords not only with our own sense of the desirability of sanitary techniques such as flush-toilets and water-borne sewerage, which have become naturalized in the West, but also with a narrative of historical progress.2 While this essay does not dispute the fact that the sanitary idea gained wide acceptance in the period, it does seek to shift the focus away from Victorian faith to Victorian apostasy in matters of reform.
Evaluation of Levodopa Dose and Magnitude of Dopamine Depletion as Risk Factors for Levodopa-Induced Dyskinesia in a Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease

Levodopa dose and severity of Parkinson's disease (PD) are recognized risk factors for levodopa-induced dyskinesia (LID) in humans. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the ability of these variables to predict severity of LID in a rat model of PD. Varied concentrations of 6-hydroxy-dopamine were injected into the midbrain to produce wide ranges of dopamine depletion in striatum. Three weeks later, rats were given daily injections of levodopa (2–10 mg/kg i.p.) plus benserazide (12.5 mg/kg i.p.) for 15 days. Abnormal involuntary movements (AIMs) were measured for limb, axial, orolingual, and rotatory movements. Dose-response analysis for total AIM scores yielded a levodopa ED50 value of 3.2 mg/kg on treatment day 15. There were strong interrelated correlations between individual AIM categories (ρ > 0.7) and for each AIM category in regard to total AIM score (ρ > 0.7). In rats that received levodopa doses that were greater than the ED50, rates of amphetamine-induced rotation were significantly correlated with total AIM scores (ρ = 0.413). However, of those rotating >5 times/min, 34% had relatively low AIM scores ( 85% TH loss, 30% had AIM scores <8. Our results show that given an adequate dose and magnitude of striatal dopamine depletion, levodopa produces dyskinesia with a continuous spectrum of severity. Although levodopa dose and level of dopamine depletion are significant risk factors for LID, we conclude that other factors must contribute to LID susceptibility.
Effect of duration of progesterone-releasing device (controlled internal drug-release insert) treatment on reproductive performance in beef cows

The objective of this experiment was to determine the effect of reducing the duration of progesterone-releasing device (CIDR) treatment, in a CIDR-based timed AI synchronization protocol [CIDR-prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α)– gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and AI], on AI pregnancy rate (P/AI) and overall pregnancy rates in primiparous and multiparous, suckled beef cows. British crossbred cows (n = 138) were paired by parity, days postpartum (DPP), age, and BW and were assigned to one of 2 treatments: 1) cows (n = 68) received a CIDR (d -7) for 7 d, PGF2α (25 mg) at CIDR removal (d 0), GnRH (75 μg) 56 h after CIDR removal, and immediate AI on d 3 (CIDR7) or 2) cows (n = 70) received a CIDR (d -5) for 5 d, PGF2α at CIDR removal (d 0), GnRH 56 h after CIDR removal, and immediate AI on d 3 (CIDR5). All cows received AI by a single inseminator. Cows were exposed to bulls 15 d after timed AI. Pregnancy status was determined by ultrasonography 32 and 70 d after AI. Treatment had no effect on P/AI (54.4 and 57.1% for CIDR7 and CIDR5, respectively). Overall pregnancy rate was also unaffected by treatment protocol (79.4 and 77.1% for CIDR7 and CIDR5, respectively). Age, BW, and BCS did not have an effect on P/AI and overall pregnancy rate. Days postpartum had a significant effect (P 60 DPP) and overall pregnancy rate (50% for 60 DPP). Results indicate that reducing the duration of CIDR treatment from 7 to 5 d in a CIDR-based timed AI protocol did not influence P/AI and overall pregnancy rate in suckled beef cows.