cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Natural scene synthesis using multiple eigenspaces

Although significant research effort has been devoted to the natural scene analysis, there hasn't been much work on natural scene synthesis. The research of such nature can help to understand the hidden structure of natural texture and the illumination patterns for classification and segmentation purposes. The common texture synthesis methods are not suitable for natural scene synthesis due to inhomogeneity of the natural textures. In this paper, we propose a new natural scene synthesis framework based on multiple eigenspace decomposition, which is a natural extension of principle component analysis (PCA). Two levels of multiple eigenspaces are used; label level multiple eigenspaces for generating depth map and color level multiple eigenspaces for generating nature textures to fill the label maps. Experimental results are presented to show the effectiveness of the proposed framework.
Potential for multiple lag phases during biotic invasions : reconstructing an invasion of the exotic tree Acer platanoides

Summary 1 Perennial woody invaders often form persistent patches that significantly alter the structure and composition of native plant communities. Given their long generation times compared with ruderal invaders, these species may experience prolonged establishment phases between successful introduction and spread. Gap dynamics of shade-tolerant invaders could lead to multiple lag phases during the invasion process. 2 In order to investigate the potential for long or multiple lag phases, we reconstructed the invasion of Acer platanoides (a shade-tolerant, invasive, exotic tree) on an 1130-ha temperate forested island in Lake Huron, USA. We measured and mapped the spatial location of every A. platanoides≥ 0·5 m in height that had successfully established within a 728-ha forested park on the island. A simple age–diameter relationship, developed from a randomly selected subsample of the population, was used to assign an establishment date to each individual. 3 Following a 34-year establishment phase, the area occupied by ≥ 1 A. platanoides ha−1 increased linearly at a rate of 5·6 ha year−1 for 35 years, after which range expansion slowed. Population growth lagged behind range expansion, with rapid population growth associated with infill between parents. During the expansion phase, numerous satellite populations established but contributed little to population growth and spatial expansion because of the long time required for them to become reproductive. These satellite populations will most probably accelerate population growth and spread once they reach reproductive age. 4 Roads and trails provided important corridors for propagule movement away from developed areas over the course of the invasion. They also appeared to facilitate longer distance dispersals than would be expected given the biology of the species. 5 Synthesis and application. Our results suggest that shade-tolerant invaders with long generation times may undergo long establishment phases as well as periodic lags during the expansion phase. These lags may provide windows of opportunity for control but could easily be misinterpreted as signs that the population has reached an equilibrium density or the geographical extent of its spread. Additionally, roads and trails may provide important corridors for movement of propagules via non-standard means of dispersal.
Physical conditions in the primitive solar nebula

Models of the primitive solar nebula have been constructed. A model is required to be in centrifugal equilibrium radially in the plane of the disk and in hydrostatic equilibrium perpendicular to the plane of the disk. The distribution of angular momentum per unit mass in the initial model is that appropriate to a fragment of a collapsing interstellar gas cloud.
Occult core hyperthermia complicating cardiogenic shock

Cardiogenic shock severely limits tissue perfusion. Conventional therapy of cardiogenic shock is directed at increasing cardiac output; however, decreasing oxygen demand by recognition and control of core (central thoracic) hyperthermia is also helpful. Core hyperthermia complicating cardiogenic shock has been reported in adults but not in children. In the last year, we treated three children with cardiogenic shock in whom core temperature was much higher than rectal temperature. Without central temperature measurement, this occult core hyperthermia would not have been recognized or treated. Treatment of core hyperthermia combined with standard therapy (mechanical ventilation, inotropes, and vasodilators) resulted in long-term survival of all patients.
Viruses as triggers of autoimmunity: facts and fantasies

Autoimmunity has been proposed as the cause of several human chronic inflammatory diseases, and recent animal studies show that viruses can induce autoimmune disease. These studies demonstrate how viruses might misdirect the immune system, and here we discuss critically the evidence that similar phenomena may lead to human disease.
Optimal Underwriting Contracts and Underpricing of New Issues

The purpose of this paper is to analyze a new issue process in a model that focuses on the contractual relationship between an issuing firm and its investment banker, when the latter is assumed to have superior information regarding the market demand for the new securities. A “firm commitment” contract induces first-best choices of marketing effort and offer price by the banker, but is shown to be suboptimal for the issuer when the information asymmetry exists prior to contracting. The issuer's selection of a second-best underwriting contract is shown to result, under certain conditions, in the offer price set below the first best level. This “underpricing” result is explicitly explained and related to the empirical literature on underpricing. Finally, it is shown that, under a reasonable condition, the issuer does not lose value by delegating the pricing decision to the better informed investment banker.
Abstract only: An empirical study of parallel big number arithmetic

To capitalize on multi-core processing, it would be good to perform big number arithmetic in parallel. While a performance increase equal to the number of processors is theoretically possible, our experiments show that inpractice the likelihood of gaining any performance increase for big number arithmetic through parallel processing is low. A speed-up approaching the number of processors was not achieved for multiplication until the operands had at least 215 bits. No performance gain was realized for addition. The base algorithm used for multiplication was O(n2) and, therefore, suboptimal. The expected performance gain achieved when parallelizing a more efficient base algorithm should be even smalle.
On the criticality of mapping practices: Geodesign as critical GIS?

Abstract In recent years, geospatial design (or geodesign) has emerged as an area of technological development, GIScience research, and design practice. With Esri leading the branding of this emerging area, geospatial technology developers, design consultancies, and academic units are recognizing the affordances of applying geovisualization and geoanalytical techniques to more conventional practices within design and planning fields. Additionally, the GISciences are being called to rearticulate their research agendas in the face of ‘big data’ and neogeography. This paper examines these developments with regard to criticality, or the ways in which mapping practices are applied in critical research – both research that seeks to situate the emergence of geospatial technologies and enrolls these technologies more directly as method. What is the criticality of mapping practices amid these developments? More specifically to the design and planning fields, how might geodesign align with critical GIS? I take up these questions by tracing three presuppositions of criticality in mapping while examining the conditions of geodesign's emergence: representation and futurity, neutrality and efficacy, and relationality and complexity. I conclude by outlining a research agenda for further advancement of a critical geodesign.
RadSearch : A RIS/PACS Integrated Query Tool

Radiology Information Systems (RIS) contain a wealth of information that can be used for research, education, and practice management. However, the sheer amount of information available makes querying specific data difficult and time consuming. Previous work has shown that a clinical RIS database and its RIS text reports can be extracted, duplicated and indexed for searches while complying with HIPAA and IRB requirements. This project’s intent is to provide a software tool, the RadSearch Toolkit, to allow intelligent indexing and parsing of RIS reports for easy yet powerful searches. In addition, the project aims to seamlessly query and retrieve associated images from the Picture Archiving and Communication System (PACS) in situations where an integrated RIS/PACS is in place -- even subselecting individual series, such as in an MRI study. RadSearch’s application of simple text parsing techniques to index text-based radiology reports will allow the search engine to quickly return relevant results. -This powerful combination will be useful in both private practice and academic settings; administrators can easily obtain complex practice management information such as referral patterns; researchers can conduct retrospective studies with specific, multiple criteria; teaching institutions can quickly and effectively create thorough teaching files.
Health outcomes research on Hispanics/Latinos

Outcomes research studies the impact of the health and medical interventions on the health status and quality of life of the population. This paper discusses some of the issues and challenges involved in conducting health and medical outcomes research on the Latino population in the U. S., and also provides some solutions or strategies to overcome some of the most common problems in studying this population.
Power Schottky diode design and comparison with the junction diode

Because the Schottky diode is a one-carrier device, it has both advantages and disadvantages with respect to the junction diode which is a two-carrier device. The advantage is that there are practically no excess minority carriers which must be swept out before the diode blocks current in the reverse direction. The disadvantage of the Schottky diode is that for a high voltage device it is not possible to use conductivity modulation as in the pin diode; since charge carriers are of one sign, no charge cancellation can occur and current becomes space charge limited. The Schottky diode design is developed in Section 2 and the characteristics of an optimally designed silicon Schottky diode are summarized in Fig. 9. Design criteria and quantitative comparison of junction and Schottky diodes is given in Table 1 and Fig. 10. Although somewhat approximate, the treatment allows a systematic quantitative comparison of the devices for any given application.
Edge detection using a Hopfield neural network

The Hopfield neural network has been widely applied in many areas. Is highly interconnected structure of neurons is not only very effective in computational complexity but also very fault tolerant. Such neural networks have been used as analog computational networks for solving optimization problems. The low-level image processing of edge detection can also be regarded as an optimization problem. This paper presents an edge detection algorithm using a Hopfield neural network. This algorithm utilizes a concept that is different from conventional differentiation operators, such as the Sobel and Laplacian. In this algorithm, an image is mapped to a Hopfield neural network, which is completely depicted by an energy function. In other words, an image is described by a set of interconnected neurons. Every pixel in the image is represented by a neuron, which is connected to all other neurons but not to itself. The weight of connection between two neurons is described as a function of the contrast of gray-level values and the distance between the two pixels. The initial state of each neuron represents the normalized gray-level value of the corresponding pixel in the original image. As a result of Hopfield-network analysis, neuron states are modified till convergence. Even though the neuron states are analog, they are close to 1.0 in all regions except edges, where the corresponding neurons have near-0.0 state values. A robust threshold on the output level of the converged network can be easily set up at 0.5 to extract edges.
Endogenous noradrenergic activation and memory for emotional material in men and women

A plethora of evidence from the animal and human literature suggests that emotionally arousing material is often remembered better than is neutral material, and that this effect critically involves noradrenergic activation during and soon after exposure to the emotional material. A crucial prediction of this hypothesis is that endogenous adrenergic activation should relate positively and selectively to memory for emotional events in humans. Salivary alpha-amylase (sAA), a biomarker for adrenergic activity was measured in response to viewing a series of mixed emotional and neutral images to test this prediction in healthy men and women. One week after viewing these images subjects returned for a surprise free recall test. Endogenous noradrenergic activation, defined as an increase in sAA immediately after versus before slide viewing, occurred in 24 of 67 subjects. Regression analysis of the data revealed a significant positive correlation between the increase in sAA and the percentage of emotional pictures recalled. No correlation existed in the same subjects between sAA and the percentage of neutral pictures recalled. Additionally, the difference between these two correlations closely approached significance. The findings therefore demonstrate a relationship between a measure of endogenous noradrenergic activation and long-term memory performance in humans. The results support the view that adrenergic activation underlies enhanced memory for emotional material in humans, namely, that endogenous adrenergic activation in response to an emotional event should predict long-term memory for the event. The selectivity of the relationship for emotional, and not neutral, material supports the view derived from earlier research that stress activation does not necessarily enhance memory for all aspects of an emotional event; rather, that it acts disproportionately to influence memory for the more emotional aspects of an event. These findings are the first involving human subjects to indicate that the degree of endogenous noradrenergic activation in response to emotionally arousing stimuli predicts the strength of long-term memory for those stimuli.
Parity violation in polarized-electron—deuteron scattering without the parton model

Recent SLAC measurements of the polarization asymmetry in inelastic polarized $e\ensuremath{-}d$ scattering have been executed at a momentum transfer not necessarily large enough for accurate comparison with theory using the parton model. Using isospin symmetry I derive a parton-model-independent relation for calculating the $e\ensuremath{-}d$ asymmetry in the Weinberg-Salam model directly in terms of ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}({\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}})\ensuremath{-}N$ scattering data taken at the same incoming lepton energy and lepton momentum transfer.
Geochemistry of ostracode calcite: Part 1. An experimental determination of oxygen isotope fractionation

Late-instar juveniles of the North American ostracode,Candona rawsoni, were cultured to maturity under controlled oxygen isotope composition and temperature (15°C and 25°C) to measure isotopic fractionation during shell calcification. The ostracode shells formed at experimental temperatures are not in isotopic equilibrium with water but had a constant offset from equilibrium based on the oxygen isotope fractionation of inorganic carbonates. The oxygen isotope composition of ostracode shells from 15°C cultures were higher by about 2%o compared to that from 25°C cultures, a difference similar to that expected for inorganic calcite across a 10°C temperature range. The observed fractionations are expressed by the regression equations 25°C:δ18OshellPDB=−0.47+0.97δ18OwaterVSMOW15°C:δ18OshellPDB=−1.12+1.078δ18OwaterVSMOW The fractionation factors (α) are: 1.0305 at 25°C and 1.0322 at 15°C. The shells ofC. rawsoni are elevated by about 0.8–1% in δ18O compared to inorganic carbonates (O'Neil et al., 1969), but are close to marine biogenic aragonites (Grossman and Ku, 1986) with a slightly different temperature dependence.
Strategic behavior and counterfactuals

The difficulty of defining rational behavior in game situations is that the players' strategies will depend on their expectations about other players' strategies. These expectations are beliefs the players come to the game with. Game theorists assume these beliefs to be rational in the very special sense of beingobjectively correct but no explanation is offered of the mechanism generating this property of the belief system. In many interesting cases, however, such a rationality requirement is not enough to guarantee that an equilibrium will be attained. In particular, I analyze the case of multiple equilibria, since in this case there exists a whole set of rational beliefs, so that no player can ever be certain that the others believe he has certain beliefs. In this case it becomes necessary to explicitly model the process of belief formation. This model attributes to the players a theory of counterfactuals which they use in restricting the set of possible equilibria. If it were possible to attribute to the players the same theory of counterfactuals, then the players' beliefs would eventually converge.
Thermal Decomposition of Energetic Materials 72: Unusual Behavior of Substituted Furazan Compounds upon Flash Pyrolysis

Abstract The behavior upon flash pyrolysis is described for two neutral furazan compounds of stoichiometry R1R2C2N2O (R1 = −NO2 or −NH2 and R2 = −NHNO2) and four salts (Na+, NH4+, NH2NH3+, and NH3OH+) in which R1 = −NO2 and R2 = −NNO2−. Highly exothermic decomposition occurred in all cases. Rapid-scan IR spectroscopy was used to quantify the IR-active gaseous products in real time, while mass spectrometry was used to identify N2 and, in two cases, O2. Good to excellent mass balance was obtained for each compound. Although only a few relationships exist between the stoichiometry and the decomposition characteristics, several compounds exhibit surprising and novel behavior. The most unusual behavior occurs when R1 = −NO2 and R2 = −N(H)NO2. Linear cyanogen-N-oxide NCCNO is formed by opening of the furazan ring and stripping of the substituents. A complex reaction between the substituents produces HNO3 and N2 while leaving residual NO2, rather than producing N2O and HNO3 by a simple reaction.
Managing seismicity at the Tasmania Mine

AbstractMining induced seismicity was anticipated at the Tasmania Mine (formerly the Beaconsfield Gold Mine) before the commencement of modern production in 1999. Consideration of available stress measurement data from throughout Tasmania, coupled with rock material property data gathered at the Tasmania Mine during project feasibility investigations, suggested that the onset of mining induced seismicity could be expected at depth around 700 m below surface. That proved to be the case, with mining induced seismicity regularly observed from 760 m and below from 2002. Before 2006, management of seismicity was strictly controlled through geotechnical investigation and application of geotechnical control of all mining activities. The local stress regime was measured, understood and modelled in 2003. A temporary seismic monitoring system was operational from April 2004 and it was replaced with a permanent array in mid 2005. In late 2005, mining methods at the narrow vein Tasmania Mine were typical of mining me...
Elastic and inclusive proton-proton scattering with bare-Pomeron intercept above 1

An analysis of high-energy proton--proton scattering with bare-Pomeron intercept above 1 is presented. By use of a value ..cap alpha../sub P/(0) = 1.06, determined by the energy dependence of the pp total cross section, a triple-Regge analysis of the inclusive process pp ..-->.. pX is carried out and compared with the results of a more conventional analysis with ..cap alpha../sub P/(0) = 1. The resulting triple-Regge couplings are used in calculating the second-order corrections to the bare Pomeron in the bare perturbation expansion of Reggeon field theory. We find that such an approach can correctly describe the existing high-energy pp total cross-section, elastic-, and inclusive-scattering data. (AIP)
TS2-tree - an efficient similarity based organization for trajectory data

The increasingly popular GPS technology and the growing amount of trajectory data it generates create the need for developing applications that efficiently store and query trajectories of moving objects. In this paper we introduce TS2 tree, a novel indexing structure for organizing trajectory data based on similarity between trajectories. TS2 tree provides lower and upper bounds on distance between trajectories, based on which we propose a general framework for effectively answering a wide range of similarity-based trajectory queries such as similarity threshold (ST) query and similarity best fit (SBF) query. The multifold reduction in query computation times and the number of I/O operations is demonstrated through an extensive experimental evaluation.
Complexes of cytochrome c oxidase with cyanide and carbon monoxide

Abstract Inhibition by cyanide of the cytochrome c oxidase contained in a particulate preparation of heart muscle reveals that there are two binding sites for cyanide. One site has a dissociation constant of 5 × 10−6 moles/l.; the other has a dissociation constant of 3 × 10−8 moles/l. The first value is obtained when the oxidase alone is preincubated with cyanide. The second binding site is revealed only after preincubation of the oxidase with both ferrocytochrome c and cyanide. Inhibition by carbon monoxide reveals only one binding site for carbon monoxide. The dissociation constant for the cytochrome c oxidase-carbon monoxide complex is 4 × 10−5 moles/l.
A note on abstract relational biologies

It is shown that the class of abstract block diagrams of (M, ℜ)-systems which can be constructed out of the objects and mappings of a particular subcategoryG 0 of the categoryG of all sets depends heavily on the structure ofG 0, and in particular on the number of sets of mappingsH(A, B) which are empty inG 0. In the context ofG 0-systems, there-fore, each particular categoryG 0 gives rise to a different “abstract biology” in the sense of Rashevsky. A number of theorems illustrating the relation between the structure of a categoryG 0 and the embeddability of an arbitrary mapping αeG 0 into an (M, ℜ)-system are proved, and their biological implication is discussed.
Social work ethics in India: A call for the development of indigenized ethical standards

In recent years, various professional associations in social work and regulatory bodies worldwide have engaged in ambitious efforts to draft and implement comprehensive ethics guidelines, standards...
Observations of a Colorado Tornado. Part II: Combined Photogrammetric and Doppler Radar Analysis

Abstract An integrated analysis of photographic and Doppler radar observations of a tornadic storm during the Convection Initiation and Downburst Experiment (CINDE) is presented. High-resolution single-Doppler radar measurements are combined with cloud photogrammetry to reveal the detailed structural relationship of the hook echo and the misocyclone with visual features of the tornado. Vertical cross sections of dual-Doppler winds in the plane of the photographs were also examined to determine the complex motions within and surrounding the vortex. The tornado was found to be within a weak-echo hole of the hook echo. The hole progressed upward above cloud base as the tornado matured. An annulus of higher reflectivity that formed a book echo is hypothesized to have been composed of sparse but large raindrops. The airflow fields suggest that vortex breakdown and axial downdrafts were present near the ground at early stages shortly after the tornado became visible. Later, axial upward flow dominated at all le...
Determination of (+)-, (−)-, and total gossypol in cottonseed by high-performance liquid chromatography

Gossypol, a pigment in cottonseed, is a polyphenolic, binaphthyl dialdehyde. Due to steric hindrance between the functional groups of the molecule at the bond connecting the two naphthyl rings, gossypol exists as (+)- and (−)-isomers. Gossypol is physiologically active with the (−)-isomer appearing to be more active and causing temporary infertility in males. It is thus important to know the amounts of isomers in livestock feeds. A quantitative high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) procedure was developed for the separation of (+)- and (−)-gossypol contained in cottonseed. This method involves derivatization of gossypol with (R)-(−)-2-amino-1-propanol followed by HPLC separation employing either a Phenomenex Prodigy (5 µ, ODS-3, 100 × 3.2 mm) or a MetaChem Inertsil (5 µ, ODS-3, 100 × 3.0 mm) reversed-phase column eluted with 80% acetonitrile and 20% 10 mM KH2PO4 adjusted to pH 3.0 with H3PO4 at 1.0 mL/min. The (+)- and (−)-gossypol-2- amino-1-propanol complexes eluted at roughly 1.4 and 2.6 min, respectively. It was found that gossypol from Upland (Gossypium hirsutum) seed was rich in the (+)-enantiomer, with the (+)- and (−)-enantiomers in a ratio of about 65:35, respectively, while gossypol from the seed of a Pima (G. barbadense) cultivar (S-6) was slightly richer in the (−)-enantiomer (46.8:53.2).
Size Misperception Among Overweight and Obese Families

Perception of body size is a key factor driving health behavior. Mothers directly influence children’s nutritional and exercise behaviors. Mothers of ethnic minority groups and lower socioeconomic status are less likely to correctly identify young children as overweight or obese. Little evaluation has been done of the inverse—the child’s perception of the mother’s weight. To determine awareness of weight status among mother-child dyads (n = 506). Cross-sectional study conducted in an outpatient pediatric dental clinic of Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY. Primarily Hispanic (82.2 %) mothers (n = 253), 38.8 ± 7.5 years of age, and children (n = 253), 10.5 ± 1.4 years of age, responding to a questionnaire adapted from the validated Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Anthropometric measures—including height, weight, and waist circumference—and awareness of self-size and size of other generation were obtained. 71.4 % of obese adults and 35.1 % of overweight adults underestimated size, vs. 8.6 % of normal-weight (NW) adults (both p < 0.001). Among overweight and obese children, 86.3 % and 62.3 % underestimated their size, vs. 14.9 % NW children (both p < 0.001). Among mothers with overweight children, 80.0 % underestimated their child’s weight, vs. 7.1 % of mothers with NW children (p < 0.001); 23.1 % of mothers with obese children also underestimated their child’s weight (p < 0.01). Among children with obese mothers, only 13.0 % correctly classified the adult’s size, vs. 76.5 % with NW mothers (p < 0.001). Among obese mothers, 20.8 % classified overweight body size as ideal, vs. 1.2 % among NW mothers (p < 0.001). Overweight/obese adults and children frequently underestimate their size. Adults misjudge overweight/obese children as being of normal weight, and children of obese mothers often underestimate the adult’s size. Failure to recognize overweight/obesity status among adults and children can lead to prolonged exposure to obesity-related comorbidities.
Effect of red palm olein on bone tissue fatty acid composition and histomorphometric parameters

Abstract The effect of red palm olein on bone metabolism was investigated in growing rats. Fifty weanling male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to five groups and fed ad libitum the following diets: Reference diet, 70 g soybean oil/kg diet; Red-35, 35 g red palm olein + 35 g soybean oil/kg diet; Red-50, 50 g red palm olein + 20 g soybean oil/kg diet; RPO-35, 35 g refined palm oil + 35 g soybean oil/kg diet; RPO-50, 50 g refined palm oil + 20 g soybean oil/kg diet. Rat growth was not affected by the dietary lipid treatments after 42 d of feeding. Rats demonstrated significant differences in tissue fatty acid composition that reflected the dietary lipid treatments. The concentrations of saturated fatty acids and monounsaturated fatty acids were higher but polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) lower in tibia marrow of rats given the palm oil treatments compared with those given soybean oil. The reduction in total n-6 PUFA concentration in bone of rats given palm oil was associated with higher bone specific alkaline phosphatase activity and endosteal mineral apposition rate and bone formation rate in tibia. No difference was found in ex vivo PGE 2 production in femur from rats. The histomorphometric analyses indicated that red palm olein might support bone formation and bone modeling in growing rats. Palm oil or palm antioxidants may play a role in bone formation.
Sex classification and expectations among quadriplegics and paraplegics

The author uses a somatic classification for sex among these patients. It is similar to the classification he uses for the neurogenic bladder and bowel. Four categories are used: Reflex Complete Sex, Reflex Incomplete Sex, Areflexic Complete Sex, and Areflexic Incomplete Sex.
Executive function and self-regulated exergaming adherence among older adults

The rise in dementia and the evidence of cognitive benefits of exercise for the older adult population together make salient the research into variables affecting cognitive benefit and exercise behavior. One promising avenue for increasing exercise participation has been the introduction of exergaming, a type of exercise that works in combination with virtual reality to enhance both the exercise experience and health outcomes. Past research has revealed that executive function (EF) was related to greater use of self-regulatory strategies, which in turn was related to greater adherence to exercise following an intervention (McAuley et al., 2011). Best et al. (2014) found improvement in EF related to adherence to exercise post- intervention. Anderson-Hanley et al. (2012) found that for older adults aerobic exergaming yielded greater cognitive benefit than traditional exercise alone; however, questions remain as to the possible impact of greater cognitive benefit and other factors on participants’ involvement in exercise following the end of an intervention. The current study presents follow-up data exploring the relationship between change in EF, self-regulation, and exercise adherence in the post-intervention (naturalistic) period. Herein, it was predicted that improvement in EF during an exercise intervention, would predict subsequent exercise with an exergame during the naturalistic window. Contrary to expectations, results suggest that those with EF decline during the intervention used the exergame more frequently. The results of this study contradict previous literature, but suggest an interesting relationship between change in executive function, self-regulation, and exercise behaviors when exergaming is employed, particularly with older adults with some cognitive decline. We hypothesize that other factors may be at work; perhaps expectation of cognitive benefit might act as a unique motivator or caregivers may be instrumental in adherence.
Glycolate Stimulation of Oxygen Evolution During Photosynthesis

Glycolate and glyoxylate stimulated 100% to 300% the rate of oxygen evolution by Scenedesmus in the light in the absence of added carbon dioxide. This stimulation occurred either aerobically or anaerobically, and was sensitive to CMU. Aerobic dark respiration was stimulated 25% to 100% by glycolate. This phenomenon was best demonstrated with synchronized Scenedesmus at the stage of cell division. For glycolate stimulation of oxygen evolution, a dark preincubation of 1 minute or less was necessary. In comparative test with other compounds of metabolism and photosynthesis, the stimulation of oxygen evolution was greatest by glycolate and glyoxylate. In a proposed scheme glyoxylate serves as a terminal hydrogen acceptor from NADPH produced by photosynthesis, and it thereby stimulates oxygen evolution when carbon dioxide is not available. Transformation of glycolate to glyoxylate in these cells would have to occur in the absence of oxygen.
Robust generalized eigenvalue classifier with ellipsoidal uncertainty

Uncertainty is a concept associated with data acquisition and analysis, usually appearing in the form of noise or measure error, often due to some technological constraint. In supervised learning, uncertainty affects classification accuracy and yields low quality solutions. For this reason, it is essential to develop machine learning algorithms able to handle efficiently data with imprecision. In this paper we study this problem from a robust optimization perspective. We consider a supervised learning algorithm based on generalized eigenvalues and we provide a robust counterpart formulation and solution in case of ellipsoidal uncertainty sets. We demonstrate the performance of the proposed robust scheme on artificial and benchmark datasets from University of California Irvine (UCI) machine learning repository and we compare results against a robust implementation of Support Vector Machines.
Elastic instabilities in cone-and-plate flow: small gap theory

Consider the axisymmetric, inertialess cone- and -plate flow of a viscoelastic fluid. A perturbation method is used to obtain more tractable equations that describe the flow when the gap angle is small. A linear stability analysis of the base viscometric flow shows that there is a loss of stability when an elasticity parameter ℰ=DeWe, increases past a critical value. This purely elastic instability is of the oscillatory type. We obtain expressions for the critical elasticity number, frequency and wave number. The critical Deborah number varies as √α, the wave length as α. and the wave speed as √α, where α. is the gap angle. The most unstable mode exhibits infinitely many logarithmically-spaced roll cells which propagate inward towards the apex of the cone. These results are in agreement with experimental and numerical results.
Design of a scalable RF microarchitecture for heterogeneous MPSoCs

With the rapid emergence of multiprocessor system-on-chip (MPSoC) designs, the on-chip communication fabric becomes the performance determinant. With the high data-rate, low power and ultra-short range interconnection provided by UWB technology, a new on-chip communication system, dubbed wireless network-on-chip (Wi-NoC), has been proposed for nanoscale MPSoCs. In this work, we will develop the RF microarchitecture of WiNoC where the RF nodes are designed to fulfill the functions of distributed table routing, multi-channel arbitration, virtual output queuing, and distributed flow control. A flexible RF infrastructure will be established where RF nodes are properly distributed and IP cores are clustered. Consequently, a performance-cost effective topology will be formed. Our simulation studies based on synthetic traffics demonstrate the network efficiency and scalability of WiNoC.
An Examination of Hotel and Motel Manager Accuracy in Discriminating Selected Legal - and Illegal Actions

Abstract This study examined the ability of a sample of large and small hotel and motel managers to judge the legality of a series of activities, in light of federal legislation. The respondents were queried by telephone and asked for their opinions as to the legitimacy of a series of practices. The study uncovered some degree of lack of ability to correctly determine the legality of the practices.
Neuroendocrine regulation of carbonic anhydrase expression in the gills of the euryhaline green crab, Carcinus maenas

The relationship between branchial carbonic anhydrase (CA) activity, CA gene expression and salinity, and potential mechanisms of regulation, was investigated in the euryhaline green crab, Carcinus maenas, acclimated to 33 ppt and transferred to 10 ppt, and the stenohaline rock crab, Cancer irroratus, acclimated to 32 ppt and transferred to 18 ppt. CA activity in green crabs acclimated to high and low salinity was a function of CA mRNA expression, with low salinity exposure resulting in an increase in both CA expression and activity. Eyestalk ablation (ESA) in green crabs acclimated to high salinity resulted in an increase in CA expression in the posterior, ion-transporting gills, in the absence of the low salinity stimulus. There were no changes in CA activity or expression in the anterior, respiratory gills. ESA also potentiated low salinity-stimulated CA induction, again, only in posterior gills. There were no changes in CA activity in any gills of Cancer irroratus, in response to either ESA or low salinity. These results suggest that CA expression in euryhaline, osmoregulating species, is under inhibitory regulation by a putative repressor found in the eyestalk, and that this mechanism is absent in stenohaline, osmoconforming species. CA expression is maintained at low, baseline levels in crabs acclimated to high salinity by the presence and action of this compound. The effects of the repressor appear to be reduced upon exposure to low salinity, allowing CA induction to occur.
Epigenomics in cancer management

The identification of all epigenetic modifications implicated in gene expression is the next step for a better understanding of human biology in both normal and pathological states. This field is referred to as epigenomics, and it is defined as epigenetic changes (ie, DNA methylation, histone modifications and regulation by noncoding RNAs such as microRNAs) on a genomic scale rather than a single gene. Epigenetics modulate the structure of the chromatin, thereby affecting the transcription of genes in the genome. Different studies have already identified changes in epigenetic modifications in a few genes in specific pathways in cancers. Based on these epigenetic changes, drugs against different types of tumors were developed, which mainly target epimutations in the genome. Examples include DNA methylation inhibitors, histone modification inhibitors, and small molecules that target chromatin-remodeling proteins. However, these drugs are not specific, and side effects are a major problem; therefore, new DNA sequencing technologies combined with epigenomic tools have the potential to identify novel biomarkers and better molecular targets to treat cancers. The purpose of this review is to discuss current and emerging epigenomic tools and to address how these new technologies may impact the future of cancer management.
Near–edge conduction band electronic states in SiGe alloys

Spatially resolved electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) measurements in GeSi alloys illustrate the relationship of atomic structure to local electronic structure. Extending earlier measurements, where electronic structure was found to be controlled by composition in relaxed alloys, measurements in anisotropically strained alloys show splitting of normally degenerate band edges into two components. In a strained Si quantum well, this allows the engineered band offset to be followed from the GeSi substrate through the well to the alloy-capping layer. In the high-mobility conduction channel, the band edge is found to be very sharp, in spite of obvious composition roughness. Near a misfit dislocation under the Si well, the band edge can shift by as much as 0.25 eV due to local strain. Within the core of the defect, however, strictly local behavior dominates the observations. Local conduction band splitting and in-gap states are both observed.
The 9L rat brain tumor model for pre-clinical investigation of radiation-chemotherapy interactions

The rat 9L gliosarcoma brain tumor model has been used for more than thirty years to investigate a variety of potential therapeutic agents, combinations, schedules, and approaches that might be applicable to the management of high-grade malignant brain tumors in man. When tumor cells are implanted intracerebrally, a solid tumor grows until its mass results in the death of the animal, typically between 20 and 30 days post-inoculation. Radiation therapy (either single or fractionated doses) is effective at prolonging survival in a dose-dependent manner. Numerous cancer chemotherapeutic agents, by a variety of doses, schedules, and routes of delivery, have demonstrated therapeutic efficacy in the 9L model. The combination of radiation and agents such as AZQ, BCNU, bleomycin, and cis-platinum has resulted in prolongation of survival that is significantly better than either agent used alone, without exceeding the tolerance of critical normal tissues. These pre-clinical data suggest that combining standard fractionated radiation therapy with appropriate concomitant cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agents might benefit patients with high-grade brain tumors.
Right ventricular myocardial mass quantification with magnetic resonance imaging.

Abstract Alterations of right ventricular (RV) size and shape are common in both congenital and acquired cardiopulmonary disease. Noninvasive quantification of RV mass could enhance the assessment of various hemodynamic overloads in such patients, as well as response to treatment. Left ventricular mass can be estimated using magnetic resonance imagery, 1–3 echocardiography, 4 x-ray transmission computed tomography, 5 single photon emission computed tomography 6 and contrast ventriculography. 7 RV mass has been estimated invasively in a single report 8 and a single abstract has been published measuring RV mass by x-ray transmission computed tomography. 9 Gated magnetic resonance imagery provides excellent detail of cardiac anatomy 10–12 through the use of orthogonal planes, as well as angled views that simulate echocardiographic imaging planes. This study evaluates magnetic resonance estimation RV mass in vitro.
MCM-test: a fuzzy-set-theory-based approach to differential analysis of gene pathways

Background Gene pathway can be defined as a group of genes that interact with each other to perform some biological processes. Along with the efforts to identify the individual genes that play vital roles in a particular disease, there is a growing interest in identifying the roles of gene pathways in such diseases.
Response of a rat brain tumor to fractionated therapy with low doses of BCNU and irradiation

Abstract When intracerebral 9L tumors in male Fisher 344 rats were treated with daily fractions of BCNU and X-rays, 5 days per week for 2 weeks, the following were found: (1) there was a significant increase in the life-span of rats treated with the combination treatment schemes over that observed for rats treated with the single agent schemes, (2) the increase in Iife-span in the combination treatments was critically dependent on the time interval between the BCNU and X-ray treatments, (3) increasing the daily dose of BCNU increased the effectiveness of the combination treatments, and (4) the results of the optimum combination treatment were not critically dependent on the tumor size or growth state.
Computer-Assisted Instruction in Appalachia's Postsecondary Schools.

Abstract Many policy makers in the Appalachian state of West Virginia are troubled by the small percentage of high school graduates who enroll in a community college, college, or university. Our previous evaluations of public school-based efforts to increase postsecondary enrollments have yielded disappointing results. However, postsecondary institutions' own developmental education programs may provide another means of promoting postsecondary enrollments in Appalachia and elsewhere. If the effectiveness of developmental education courses can be improved, this may help bridge the gap between high school and college. Accordingly, we posed a specific question: Does computer-assisted instruction improve teaching in grammar and writing to developmental students, when compared with conventional instructional methods. The results of our quasi-experimental evaluation indicate that students receiving computer-assisted instruction enjoy a substantial advantage. This advantage holds, moreover, when a fairly broad r...
Going with the Flow: Spatial Distributions of Juvenile Coho Salmon Track an Annually Shifting Mosaic of Water Temperature

A critical challenge for ecologists is to understand the functional significance of habitat heterogeneity and connectivity for mobile animals. Here, we explore how a thermo-regulating fish responds to annual variation in the spatial patterning of thermal and trophic resources. In a third-order stream in coastal Alaska, juvenile coho salmon forage on sockeye salmon eggs at night in cold water and then move to warmer water to increase their digestive capacity. We mapped the spatial distributions of water temperature, juvenile coho salmon, and spawning sockeye salmon across a 5-year period during which summer discharge varied by greater than fivefold. In low flow years, warm water (9–12°C) was only available in thalweg (that is, main-channel) habitat at least approximately 400 m upstream of the cooler habitat (3–7°C) where sockeye salmon spawned. In high flow years, the entire stream thalweg was isothermal at 7–8°C, but inundated off-channel areas generated warm habitats (9–12°C) laterally adjacent to the downstream regions where sockeye salmon spawned. The daytime spatial distribution of juvenile coho salmon shifted from headwater thalweg habitats in low flow years, to downstream off-channel habitats in high flow years. In all years, the majority of juvenile coho salmon sampled during the daytime were found in warm habitat units without sockeye salmon present, yet they exhibited diet contents comprised virtually entirely of sockeye salmon eggs. Thus, thermoregulatory movements by coho salmon were able to track an annually shifting mosaic of water temperature. Our results demonstrate how the spatial habitat heterogeneity and connectivity of intact floodplains can in turn buffer aquatic organisms from high levels of temporal variation in habitat conditions and resource abundance.
Scientific Exploration in Antarctica as an Analogy for American Spaceflight

The United States Antarctic Program (USAP) provides a revealing analogy to American spaceflight owing to its common historical origin, similar base in Cold War national security and diplomacy, and reciprocal influence of scientific research and technology development associated with Antarctica and outer space. In addition, the USAP and America’s space program have been high-profile federal endeavors, promoted by varying constituents through unifying narratives intended to elicit “public understanding” or, more pointedly, public support for these strategic national initiatives. Beginning in the late 1950s, initial narratives similarly depicted both programs as confirmation that the United States was a benevolent world power which deployed its preeminent science and technology to positively transform distant realms and make their bounty serve humankind. As domestic priorities and international affairs dramatically shifted at the end of the 1960s, public discourse about the U.S. Antarctic and space programs ...
FORMATION OF CARBON DIOXIDE, METHANOL, ETHANOL, AND FORMIC ACID ON AN ICY GRAIN ANALOG USING FAST OXYGEN ATOMS

Carbon dioxide (CO2), methanol (CH3OH), ethanol (CH3CH2OH), and formic acid (HCOOH) have been formed in collisions of a superthermal, 9 eV beam of O(3 P) atoms with CH4 molecules, with an over coat of CO molecules, adsorbed on a gold surface at 4.8 K. The products are detected using temperature programmed-desorption and quadrupole mass spectrometry. Identification of the species is carried out through use of the Metropolis random walk algorithm as constrained by the fractionation patterns of the detected species. Relative formation yields are reported and reaction sequences are given to account for possible formation routes.