cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Calculations of Grating Efficiency in the Soft X-Ray Region*

Modified expressions for reflection coefficients are derived for the purpose of predicting the energy distribution among spectral orders produced by a grating at near grazing incidence. Predictions carried out under reasonable simplifying assumptions are compared with experimental data obtained by the use of a grating with 30 000 lines/in. set at a grazing angle of 4.64°. Experimental evidence indicates that in the particular arrangement first-order spectra begin to have appreciable intensity at about 60 A, while second and third orders become observable at 100 A and 150 A, respectively. At 110 A, the fraction of the incident energy present in the first- and second-order spectra is 5.4% and 1.5%, respectively. The calculations are in good general agreement with the observed response of the grating.
R&D considerations for the performance and application of electrochemical capacitors

Abstract Research and development (RD batteries are basically energy storage devices, which can be designed and used as relatively high power devices with a sacrifice in useable energy storage capacity. Both electrochemical capacitors and high power batteries are designed with thin electrodes, materials having nano-scale characteristics, and a minimum resistance. Much of the research on electrochemical capacitors is concerned with increasing their energy density with the minimum sacrifice in power capability and cycle life for deep discharges. Of special interest has been the development of advanced carbons with specific capacitance (F/g) significantly greater than the present values of 150–200 F/g in aqueous electrolytes and 80–120 F/g in organic electrolytes. Cost continues to be a major obstacle to the development of large markets for electrochemical capacitors particularly for vehicle applications. The development of lower cost carbons appropriate for use in electrochemical capacitors is underway by several speciality carbon suppliers. The goal is to reduce the cost of the carbon to $10–15/kg.
Plasticity in innervation of the rat superior colliculus by transplanted retinae as a result of eye removal at maturity

When the superior colliculus of a rat is innervated by inputs from both eyes as well as a retina transplanted intracranially over one tectum at birth, the tectal projection from the transplant is confined mainly to the superficial surface of the superior colliculus. The transplant-derived fibers possess a simple morphology, lacking terminal arborizations. If the contralateral eye is removed one month after transplantation, these fibers can be induced to arborize into the denervated portion of the superior colliculus over the next month. This demonstration of sprouting in a mature sensory relay system raises the possibility that an enhancement of behavioral responses mediated by transplanted retina might also occur. In turn, this may provide an ideal system to study the correlation between anatomical changes in transplant axons and changes in behaviors mediated by transplant activity.
Coenzyme Q9 (ubiquinone (45)) and ergosterol in Crithidia fasciculata

Abstract 1. 1. A quinone has been isolated from the hemoflagellate Crithidia fascicidata and characterized as a coenzyme Q 2 (ubiquinone(45)) by its ultraviolet absorption spectrum, melting point, and Chromatographic behavior. 2. 2. Ultraviolet absorption spectra of solvent extracts of the organism indicated the presence of a sterol. It was identified as ergosterol by its characteristic ultraviolet and infrared absorption spectra, as well as by the melting points of the compound and its benzoate and acetate derivatives. 3. 3. Kinetic studies on the lysis of the organism by digitonin suggest that the sterol is located in the cell membrane.
Optical super resolution using a lattice of light spots

The paper outlines a super resolution strategy that overcomes the severe anisotropy in the resolving power of a single-lens imager, by processing images acquired under a lattice of light spots.
Hemodynamics during rest and behavioral stress in normotensive men at high risk for hypertension

Persons at risk for hypertension may show elevated blood pressure (BP) at rest and during mental stress; however, the hemodynamics underlying the BP of those persons at high risk are not well characterized. We chose 21 high risk and 21 low risk men using their parental hypertension history and resting systolic blood pressures on two screenings. Then, on a day of extended rest versus a day with prolonged mental arithmetic and reaction time tasks, we examined whether high risk BP elevations reflected greater vascular resistance or cardiac output. High risk men had raised systolic/diastolic pressures (Fs = 74/15, ps < .0001/.0001) and higher vascular resistance (F = 6.6, p < .02) with minimal differences in heart rate and cardiac output. This finding implicates vascular resistance as the altered element in BP control in these high risk men tested in a familiar environment with minimal task-related threat.
Systematic structure-property investigations and ion-sensing studies of pyridine-derivatized donor/acceptor tetrakis(arylethynyl)benzenes.

Nine structural isomers of a tetrakis(arylethynyl)benzene chromophore functionalized with dibutylaniline and pyridine units as respective donors and acceptors have been synthesized and their steady-state spectroscopic parameters investigated. The effects of small structural variations on the electronic absorption and emission spectra have been explored in evaluation of their potential as optical materials components. These structural variations have predictable consequences and thus allow fine-tuning of the optoelectronic properties for specialized applications. Strong solvatochromism is also displayed. Their response to protonation and metal ion complexation caused dynamic shifts in the emission spectra, providing evidence for a stepwise intramolecular charge-transfer switching phenomenon manifested by either hypsochromic or bathochromic shifts in the fluorescence λmax. These shifts are believed to correlate strongly to the relative energies of the fluorophore's HOMO and LUMO levels. The complete array o...
Chromosome analysis of Hymenolepis microstoma

Abstract The chromosomes of Hymenolepis microstoma were prepared by both micre-spread-dispersion and squash methods. For the former, an individual worm was macerated in distilled water and the neck cells and young embryos after hypotonic treatment were fixed in Carnoy's fixative and dropped as a cell-fixative suspension on precleaned water-wet slides which were then air-dried. For squashes, whole worms were hypotonically treated and fixed in 50% acetic acid. Bits of tissue were broken up on slides in a drop of fixative, large fragments were removed, and cells and embryos were squashed under considerable pressure. The coverslip was removed after immersion in a Dry Ice-methanol bath. Following anhydrous methanol treatment, the slides were airdried. All slides were stained with Giemsa and made permanent with balsam. Chromosome analysis confirmed diploid 12, all acrocentric. Observations suggested the possibility of anaphase “pairing.” In the spread-dispersion slides the six longest chromosomes could be arranged in descending order of length, while the six smaller formed three “pairs,” statistically. Toughness of the embryophore necessitated pressure to obtain flat squashes; this treatment may have caused the observed variation in measured chromosome length.
Unlocking Pain: Deep brain stimulation might be the key to easing depression and chronic pain.

Depression and chronic pain know no geographical boundaries. About 350 million people around the world experience long-lasting sadness and an unshakeable sense of hopelessness, and one person out of ten tries to live each day to its fullest despite continuous physical pain. These two difficult conditions frequently coexist, becoming more common with age. Looking ahead, we can expect the incidence of depression and chronic illness to grow, since more people over age 65 will populate the world by 2020 than children younger than five.
TH‐C‐I‐611‐09: Development of Direct Detection Active Matrix Flat‐Panel Imagers Employing Mercuric Iodide for Diagnostic Imaging

Purpose: To characterize the performance of prototype direct‐detection active matrix flat‐panel imagers (AMFPIs) employing recently improved forms of polycrystalline mercuric iodide photoconductors as x‐ray converters for fluoroscopic imaging.Method and Materials: While direct and indirect detection flat‐panel imagers offer good performance for many applications, their modest signal per interacting x‐ray limits the DQE performance under imaging conditions of low exposure such as in fluoroscopy. One possible pathway to overcome this limitation involves the use of a high gain photoconductive x‐ray converter such as mercuric iodide (HgI2). Accordingly, performance results from a number of AMFPI prototypes employing two types of polycrystalline HgI2 (a form created through physical vapor deposition,PVD, and a particle‐in‐binder form involving screen printing, PIB) are reported. Each prototype incorporates an array with a pixel format of 768×768 and a pixel pitch of 127 μm, and was operated under fluoroscopic conditions. The measured performance was compared to theoretical calculations based on a cascaded systems model. Results: Performance of the prototypes is reported in terms of pixel properties as well as MTF, NPS and DQE. Recent significant improvements in the properties of HgI2photoconductors, such as chemical stability, low dark current (< 10 pA/mm2), low lag, and high x‐ray sensitivity (corresponding to an effective ionization energy approaching the theoretical limit of ∼5 eV) resulted in a high DQE performance at low exposures. Pixel‐to‐pixel non‐uniformities, which tend to reduce the dynamic range, remain high (∼10% to 30%) and thus require further optimization. Conclusions: While the development of polycrystalline HgI2 as an x‐ray converter for AMFPIs has achieved important milestones related to various material properties, various challenges remain. Nevertheless, the high x‐ray sensitivity and DQE observed at low exposures demonstrate the potential for input‐quantum‐limited fluoroscopic operation. This work was supported by NIH grant R01‐EB000558.
Multiple-mode acoustic transducer calculations

Approximate equations are derived that allow calculation of the component values for a multiple-mode Mason equivalent circuit for acoustic transducers. The experimental approach required to obtain the data from which to derive the equivalent circuit is also described. The equations have been tested for accuracy, and the approach described here yields useful information for the system designer. Iterative procedures can be applied to further refine the calculated values. >
Coupling Logical Analysis of Data and Shadow Clustering for Partially Defined Positive Boolean Function Reconstruction

The problem of reconstructing the and-or expression of a partially defined positive Boolean function (pdpBf) is solved by adopting a novel algorithm, denoted by LSC, which combines the advantages of two efficient techniques, Logical Analysis of Data (LAD) and Shadow Clustering (SC). The kernel of the approach followed by LAD consists in a breadth-first enumeration of all the prime implicants whose degree is not greater than a fixed maximum d. In contrast, SC adopts an effective heuristic procedure for retrieving the most promising logical products to be included in the resulting and-or expression. Since the computational cost required by LAD prevents its application even for relatively small dimensions of the input domain, LSC employs a depth-first approach, with asymptotically linear memory occupation, to analyze the prime implicants having degree not greater than d. In addition, the theoretical analysis proves that LSC presents almost the same asymptotic time complexity as LAD. Extensive simulations on artificial benchmarks validate the good behavior of the computational cost exhibited by LSC, in agreement with the theoretical analysis. Furthermore, the pdpBf retrieved by LSC always shows a better performance, in terms of complexity and accuracy, with respect to those obtained by LAD.
Sample integrity of trace level volatile organic compounds in ambient air stored in SUMMA® polished canisters

Abstract Sets of new and used SUMMA® polished stainless steel canisters were tested for storage stability of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Evacuated canisters were filled at a controlled rate with ambient air containing added concentrations of 15 VOCs (14 chlorinated, one brominated) at
Osteoarthritis of the knee and associated factors of age and obesity: effects on gait

1) A majority of people afflicted with osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee are elderly and many have their OA exacerbated by obesity. 2) Healthy older adults exhibit gait patterns that differ from a healthy, younger cohort. These differences include a slower walking velocity, slower cadence, shorter step length, reduced hip and knee range of motion, and greater stride width, vertical oscillation, and lateral sway of the head. 3) Subjects afflicted with knee OA have decreased knee range of motion and knee angular velocity, increased loading rate on the less affected leg, and a compensatory increase in hip angular velocity when compared with age matched healthy subjects. 4) Obesity, which is strongly associated with knee OA, increases rearfoot motion during walking and causes the forefoot to abduct significantly more than in normal weight individuals.
Endocrine Response of Captive Male Brown-Headed Cowbirds to Intrasexual Social Cues

The hormonal response to a spectrum of intrasexual social stimuli was studied in captive Brown-headed Cowbirds (Molothrus ater). Males were housed in individual cages in one of four conditions: (1) in a semicircle with other males (= visual + vocal stimuli), (2) in acoustic chambers with visual access to a devocalized companion (= visual stimuli only), (3) in chambers in which a tutor tape was played daily (= vocal stimuli only), and (4) in acoustic chambers with no other input (neither visual nor social stimuli). Blood samples were taken at 2-week intervals throughout the spring and early summer and assayed for testosterone. The results indicate that the greatest increase in testosterone was in the birds receiving visual plus vocal stimuli and in those receiving only visual stimuli; males receiving only vocal stimuli had a muted endocrine response, and those receiving no social stimulation exhibited the briefest response. The relatively small response to vocal stimulation is consistent with the absence of a behavioral response to simulated territorial intrusions (i.e., song playbacks) that has been shown in previous studies in male cowbirds.
Using Luciferase to Image Bacterial Infections in Mice

Imaging is a valuable technique that can be used to monitor biological processes. In particular, the presence of cancer cells, stem cells, specific immune cell types, viral pathogens, parasites and bacteria can be followed in real-time within living animals. Application of bioluminescence imaging to the study of pathogens has advantages as compared to conventional strategies for analysis of infections in animal models. Infections can be visualized within individual animals over time, without requiring euthanasia to determine the location and quantity of the pathogen. Optical imaging allows comprehensive examination of all tissues and organs, rather than sampling of sites previously known to be infected. In addition, the accuracy of inoculation into specific tissues can be directly determined prior to carrying forward animals that were unsuccessfully inoculated throughout the entire experiment. Variability between animals can be controlled for, since imaging allows each animal to be followed individually. Imaging has the potential to greatly reduce animal numbers needed because of the ability to obtain data from numerous time points without having to sample tissues to determine pathogen load. This protocol describes methods to visualize infections in live animals using bioluminescence imaging for recombinant strains of bacteria expressing luciferase. The click beetle (CBRLuc) and firefly luciferases (FFluc) utilize luciferin as a substrate. The light produced by both CBRluc and FFluc has a broad wavelength from 500 nm to 700 nm, making these luciferases excellent reporters for the optical imaging in living animal models. This is primarily because wavelengths of light greater than 600 nm are required to avoid absorption by hemoglobin and, thus, travel through mammalian tissue efficiently. Luciferase is genetically introduced into the bacteria to produce light signal. Mice are pulmonary inoculated with bioluminescent bacteria intratracheally to allow monitoring of infections in real time. After luciferin injection, images are acquired using the IVIS Imaging System. During imaging, mice are anesthetized with isoflurane using an XGI-8 Gas Anethesia System. Images can be analyzed to localize and quantify the signal source, which represents the bacterial infection site(s) and number, respectively. After imaging, CFU determination is carried out on homogenized tissue to confirm the presence of bacteria. Several doses of bacteria are used to correlate bacterial numbers with luminescence. Imaging can be applied to study of pathogenesis and evaluation of the efficacy of antibacterial compounds and vaccines.
Investigation of angioedema associated with the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers.

Background Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE-Is) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) are known to cause angioedema. Objective To evaluate the time to onset of angioedema and the subsequent episodes of angioedema in patients initially experiencing ACE-I- or ARB-induced angioedema. Methods A manual medical record review was conducted on 64 patients with a diagnosis of urticaria, angioedema, or anaphylaxis as a result of taking an ACE-I or ARB. Data recorded included demographic characteristics; time to onset of symptoms; concomitant medication use; laboratory test results; recurrent episodes of angioedema, urticaria, or anaphylaxis; and morbidity and mortality. Results The mean age of patients with angioedema was 60.2 years (age range, 32–92 years). Women (60%) and African Americans (69%) were affected more commonly. The primary location for angioedema was the lips and tongue. Sixty-one of 64 patients developed at least one episode of angioedema as the result of taking an ACE-I, and 3 patients had angioedema associated with an ARB. The mean time to onset of angioedema after initiation of therapy in 51 patients was 1.8 years, with 13 patients (25%) presenting within the first month and 6 patients (12%) developing angioedema in the first week. No patients required a tracheostomy or died. Also, none of the 6 patients, whose angioedema was attributed to an ACE-I who then received an ARB, developed recurrent angioedema in more than 8.1 patient-years of follow-up. Conclusions Angioedema attributable to an ACE-I or ARB resolves on discontinued use of the medication. It most commonly affects women and African Americans and did so in the first month of treatment in 25% of patients. Physicians should be aware but not deterred necessarily from recommending an ARB in patients with ACE-I-induced angioedema because of the benefits of control of hypertension or reducing albuminuria in selected patients.
An Efficient Method for the Removal of Impulse Noise

In this paper, we propose an efficient algorithm, which can successfully remove impulse noise from corrupted images while preserving image details. It is efficient, and requires no previous training. The algorithm consists of three steps: impulse noise detection, refinement, and impulse noise cancellation. Extensive experimental results show that the proposed approach significantly outperforms many other well-known techniques for image noise removal.
A methodology for the quantitative assessment of articular cartilage histomorphometry

Summary Objective: Traditionally, histological analysis of cartilage and cartilage repair has been performed qualitatively. While new techniques and grading systems have attempted to improve the quantitative nature of histological assessment, the advent of computer-based analysis systems have enabled development of more quantitative methodologies for cartilage repair. The objective of this study was to develop such a methodology for a more quantitative assessment of cartilage repair using a color-based image analysis system. Design: Repair parameters were defined to describe the degree of cartilage restoration: repair dimensions, degree of attachment, surface roughness and repair location. This technique was experimentally applied to a cartilage repair study using cultured perichondrial cells implanted in a polylactic acid matrix in the rabbit femoral condyle. Specimens were examined and compared with the contralateral normal knee. Results: Results showed increases in cartilage height, repair area, and surface roughness over controls for both 6 and 12 weeks. Surface elevation was significantly decreased at 6 weeks over 12 weeks. The percentage of repair improved between 6 and 12 weeks. Results were compared with a traditional grading system and demonstrated close correlation. Intraobserver and interobserver precision analysis were performed and demonstrated the reproducibility of the quantitative results by and between individuals. Conclusions: The methodology was deemed successful for a more objective analysis of cartilage with the added advantage of providing measured parameters that can assist in making comparisons between different studies using the same methodology.
Dense‐cored vesicles, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria are closely associated with non‐specialized parts of plasma membrane of nerve terminals: Implications for exocytosis and calcium buffering by intraterminal organelles

To determine whether there are anatomical correlates for intraterminal Ca2+ stores to regulate exocytosis of dense-cored vesicles (DCVs) and whether these stores can modulate exocytosis of synaptic vesicles, we studied the spatial distributions of DCVs, smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER), and mitochondria in 19 serially reconstructed nerve terminals in bullfrog sympathetic ganglia. On average, each bouton had three active zones, 214 DCVs, 26 SER fragments (SERFs), and eight mitochondria. DCVs, SERFs and mitochondria were located, on average, 690, 624, and 526 nm, respectively, away from active zones. Virtually no DCVs were within "docking" (i.e., < or = 50 nm) distances of the active zones. Thus, it is unlikely that DCV exocytosis occurs at active zones via mechanisms similar to those for exocytosis of synaptic vesicles. Because there were virtually no SERFs or mitochondria within 50 nm of any active zone, Ca2+ modulation by these organelles is unlikely to affect ACh release evoked by a single action potential. In contrast, 30% of DCVs and 40% of SERFs were located within 50 nm of the nonspecialized regions of the plasma membrane. Because each bouton had at least one SERF within 50 nm of the plasma membrane and most of these SERFs had DCVs, but not mitochondria, near them, it is possible for Ca2+ release from the SER to provide the Ca2+ necessary for DCV exocytosis. The fact that 60% of the mitochondria had some part within 50 nm of the plasma membrane means that it is possible for mitochondrial Ca2+ buffering to affect DCV exocytosis.
Fractionation of macromolecules in an alternating transverse electric field: simulation of the method.

Abstract An electric field of alternating polarity applied in a direction transverse to the direction of solute transport is used as the basis of a method for the separation of biological macromolecules. The method derives directly from the ability of an electric field to induce movement of a charged macromolecule and from the physics of laminar fluid flow; no adsorptive immobile phase component is involved. The method is simulated by computer for the case of solute molecules in a solvent flowing through a narrow chamber of recta generates an electric field orthogonal to the direction of solvent flow. Solute molecules repetitively traverse the solvent channel at rates determined by their electrophoretic mobility. During the transit across the channel, solute molecules are transported in the direction of solvent flow; at the channel wall, solvent velocity is negligible and solute transport is limited to that provided by transient diffusion into a mobile solvent zone. Molecules of different intrinsic electrophoretic mobility are separated. The computer model was used to illustrate the process and to demonstrate the ‘tunability’ of the method as a function of the oscillation frequency and voltage wave form. Because of this tunability, a single instrument can function as the equivalent of several different chromatographic systems. Because fractionation is effected by direct physicochemical phenomena rather than via interaction with chromatographic sites, variations in fractionation results arising from formation of polymers for gel electrophoresis, packing of chromatography columns, or deterioration of columns with use are avoided. This method may be of particular use for the purification of nucleic acid fragments and for the analysis of protei: nucleic acid interactions.
Reporting of diabetes trends among Asian Americans, Native Hawaiians, and Pacific Islanders.

To the Editor Ms Geiss and colleagues1 presented 30-year trends in diabetes prevalence and incidence among US adults, describing sustained increases in racial/ethnic minorities (non-Hispanic black and Hispanic). We wish to highlight the nonreporting of results on Asian American, Native Hawaiian, and Pacific Islander (AANHPI) adults as a separate racial/ethnic group and indicate why such reporting would have been important.
Enhanced oral activity response to A77636 in neonatal 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats

Abstract To study the role of dopamine D 1 receptors in enhanced oral activity effects of SKF 38393 ((±)-1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1 H -3-benzazepine-7,8-diol) in neonatal 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats, SKF 38393 was compared to the full agonist, A77636 ((1 R ,3 S )-3-(1′-adamantyl)-1-aminomethyl-3,4-dihydro-5,6-dihydroxy-1 H -2-benzopyran). At 3 days after birth rats were treated with 6-hydroxydopamine HBr (200 μg, salt form, i.c.v.; desipramine (20 mg/kg i.p.), 1 h) or vehicle. At 6–8 months a 0.01 mg/kg dose of A77636 HCl increased oral activity in 6-hydroxydopamine vs. control rats ( P R -(+)-7-chloro-8-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1 H -3-benzazepine) HCl (0.3 mg/kg i.p.) attenuated the response to A77636. Neither A77636 HCl (0.01–1.0 mg/kg i.p.) nor SKF 38393 HCl (0.03–3.0 mg/kg i.p.) induced oral activity in intact rats. The findings demonstrate that A77636 is more potent than SKF 38393, and that supersensitized dopamine D 1 receptors are involved in the induction of oral behavior in neonatal 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats.
Aqueous Chlorination Kinetics and Mechanism of Substituted Dihydroxybenzenes

The initial chlorination kinetics of several substituted dihydroxybenzenes, including chlorinated resorcinol compounds, was studied over the pH range of 2−12 at 22 °C. For each of the resorcinol substrates, the apparent chlorination rates are a minimum in the pH range of 3−6 and a maximum at pH values between 8−11. A mechanism that involves the reaction of HOCl with ArX(OH)2, ArX(OH)O-, and ArX(O-)2, and an acid-catalyzed pathway at pH < 4 was proposed to explain this pH dependence. Over natural water pH conditions, the reactions of HOCl with the anion and dianion forms of resorcinol groups are the most important. Although the intrinsic reactivity of HOCl with resorcinol substrates decreases with the extent of chlorine substitution on aromatic ring, the apparent reactivity of HOCl increases for more chlorinated resorcinols. In the presence of excess HOCl, monochloro- and dichloro resorcinol intermediates, therefore, should not accumulate when resorcinol groups undergo chlorine substitution. Linear free en...
Stigma, social function and symptoms in schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder: associations across 6 months

Research suggests stigma is a barrier to self-esteem and the attainment of resources in schizophrenia. Less clear is the association of stigma experiences with symptoms and social function both concurrently and prospectively. To assess this, symptoms were measured using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, social function was measured using the Quality of Life Scale and stigma experience was assessed using the Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness Scale among 36 persons with schizophrenia at two points, 6 months apart. Correlations found stigma was associated with concurrent levels of positive and emotional discomfort symptoms and degree of social contact. When initial stigma levels were controlled for, stigma at 6 months was predicted by baseline levels of positive symptoms. Greater initial stigma predicted greater emotional discomfort at follow-up. Results suggest internalized stigma is linked with social function and symptoms. Positive symptoms may make some persons with schizophrenia more vulnerable to ongoing stigma experience.
Regulation of keratinocyte expression of stress proteins and antioxidants by the electrophilic nitrofatty acids 9- and 10-nitrooleic acid

Nitric oxide and various by-products including nitrite contribute to tissue injury by forming novel intermediates via redox-mediated nitration reactions. Nitration of unsaturated fatty acids generates electrophilic nitrofatty acids such as 9-nitrooleic acid (9-NO) and 10-nitrooleic acid (10-NO), which are known to initiate intracellular signaling pathways. In these studies, we characterized nitrofatty acid-induced signaling and stress protein expression in mouse keratinocytes. Treatment of keratinocytes with 5-25μM 9-NO or 10-NO for 6h upregulated mRNA expression of heat shock proteins (hsp's) 27 and 70; primary antioxidants heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and catalase; secondary antioxidants glutathione S-transferase (GST) A1/2, GSTA3, and GSTA4; and Cox-2, a key enzyme in prostaglandin biosynthesis. The greatest responses were evident with HO-1, hsp27, and hsp70. In keratinocytes, 9-NO activated JNK and p38 MAP kinases. JNK inhibition suppressed 9-NO-induced HO-1, hsp27, and hsp70 mRNA and protein expression, whereas p38 MAP kinase inhibition suppressed HO-1. In contrast, inhibition of constitutive expression of Erk1/2 suppressed only hsp70, indicating that 9-NO modulates expression of stress proteins by distinct mechanisms. 9-NO and 10-NO also upregulated expression of caveolin-1, the major structural component of caveolae. Western blot analysis of caveolar membrane fractions isolated by sucrose density centrifugation revealed that HO-1, hsp27, and hsp70 were localized within caveolae after nitrofatty acid treatment of keratinocytes, suggesting a link between induction of stress response proteins and caveolin-1 expression. These data indicate that nitrofatty acids are effective signaling molecules in keratinocytes. Moreover, caveolae seem to be important in the localization of stress proteins in response to nitrofatty acids.
Pater's Portraits: The Aesthetic Hero in 1890 (Part II)

In conjunction with Walter Pater’s unfinished manuscript, “Gaudioso, the Second,” recently published in Expositions (2008, 83-101), a second manuscript fragment from among Pater’s papers is now also printed here for the first time: “Tibalt the Albigense” (circa 1890). Not long after Pater began research for his never-finished second novel, Gaston de Latour (1888/1995), he simultaneously began reading for his imaginary portrait of “Tibalt,” dealing with the prelude to the bloody Albigensian crusade. Like Gaston, “Tibalt” was to be set in France against the turbulent background of religious warfare. But in contrast to the brutality of sectarian slaughter, Pater elevates aesthetic experience to a mystical and Platonically mythic level of enchantment. From his first aesthetic portrait,“The Child in the House” (1878)–a defense of his aestheticism in Studies in the History of the Renaissance (1873)–to “Tibalt the Albigense,” Pater’s fascination with the transformative power of beauty and its entanglements at the turning-points of religious/cultural history is the major thrust of all his writings.
DRAINMOD-DSSAT Simulation of the Hydrology, Nitrogen Dynamics, and Plant Growth of a Drained Corn Field in Indiana

AbstractDRAINMOD-DSSAT is an integrated model recently developed to simulate the hydrology, water quality, and crop growth for artificially drained croplands. DRAINMOD-DSSAT is an advanced research...
VOLUME CHANGE ACCOMPANYING PASSIVE STRETCH OF FROG MUSCLE.

THE existence of a volume change accompanying passive stretch of frog muscle was first noted by Ernst and Tigyi1. They concluded that passive stretch of a pre-shortened frog muscle was accompanied by a volume decrease, but they did not record the magnitude of the decrease.
The introduction of a heuristic computer program into a chemistry laboratory

A report on a heuristic program which performs work formerly done by chemists is presented here. The first part of the paper describes briefly the task and the program. Because the technique of heuristic programming is now well known, however, the emphasis of this paper is on the organizational problem of successfully introducing such an innovation. The last section of the paper discusses briefly whether or not such an innovation is desirable.
Parity violating currents in thermal radiation

Abstract In rotating thermal radiation there exist equilibrium lepton, baryon, and electric currents parallel to the angular velocity vector. These currents can result in the generation of magnetic fields and in a partial separation of matter and antimatter in the early Universe.
Driven periodic structures in random environment

We consider a lattice driven in a random environment and analyse its large-scale dynamics in the context of the driven vortex configuration. Using a perturbative coarse-graing procedure, we derive explicitely renormalized equation of motion, including Kardar-Parizi-Zhang nonlinearities and dynamic strain terms. From the generalized Lindemann criterion for the fluctuations of the neighboring sites the temperature shift of the dynamic melting is found to scale proportional to the strength of the disorder and inversly proportional to large driving forces. The presence of dislocations leads to a characteristic anisotropic distortion of the vortex density that is controlled by a Kardar-Parisi-Zhang nonlinearity in the coarse-grained equation of motion. This nonlinearity also implies a screening of the interaction between dislocations and thereby an instability of the vortex lattice to the proliferation of free dislocations.
Decomposing Samuelson maps

Abstract A Samuelson map is here defined as a differentiable self-mapping of n -space with the property that the leading principal minors of its Jacobian matrix vanish nowhere. Structure theorems are proved for Samuelson maps that satisfy various simple conditions on the pivots arising from Gaussian elimination of the Jacobian matrix. The theorems yield representations of a Samuelson map as a (unique) composition of invertible maps that alter only a single coordinate.
Thermodynamics and mechanism of protonated asparagine decomposition

Deamidation of the amino acid asparagine (Asn) is a primary route for spontaneous post-translational protein modification biologically and is a pH dependent process. Here we present a full molecular description of the deamidation and (H2O + CO) loss reactions of protonated asparagine, H+(Asn), by studying its collision-induced dissociation (CID) with Xe using a guided ion beam (GIB) tandem mass spectrometer. Analysis of the kinetic energy-dependent CID cross sections provides the 0 K barriers for the deamidation and (H2O + CO) loss reactions after accounting for unimolecular decay rates, internal energy of reactant ions, multiple ion-molecule collisions, and competition among the decay channels. Relaxed potential energy surface scans performed at the B3LYP/6-31G(d) level identify the transition-state (TS) and intermediate reaction species for these processes, structures that are further optimized at the B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p) level. Intrinsic reaction coordinate (IRC) calculations are also performed at this level on the rate-limiting reaction TSs to validate the molecular details and energy dependence of these species. Single point energies of the key optimized TSs and intermediates are calculated at B3LYP, B3P86, and MP2(full) levels using a 6-311+G(2d,2p) basis set. A number of alternative high-energy mechanisms for (H2O + CO) loss from H+(Asn) are also investigated. Combining both experimental work and quantum chemical calculations allows for a complete characterization of the elementary steps of these reactions as well as a comprehensive evaluation of the complex behavior of the deamidation reaction.
Thulium fiber laser lithotripsy: An in vitro analysis of stone fragmentation using a modulated 110-watt Thulium fiber laser at 1.94 µm

Background and Objectives The high-power Thulium fiber laser has previously been shown to rapidly vaporize and coagulate soft urinary tissues (e.g., prostate). This is the first preliminary study of a high-power Thulium fiber laser for fragmentation of urinary stones. Study Design/Materials and Methods A continuous-wave, high-power Thulium fiber laser operating at a wavelength of 1.94 µm, was modulated to operate in pulsed mode with an output pulse energy of 1 J through a 300-µm-core silica fiber at a 20 milliseconds pulse length and repetition rate of 10 Hz. The fragmentation time to reduce uric acid (UA) (n = 13) and calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) (n = 6) stones into particles < 2 mm was measured. Results Mean initial mass of the UA and COM stones measured 860±211 and 763 ± 204 mg. Fragmentation rates measured 388 ± 49 and 25 ± 2 mg/minute. Average time needed to fragment the UA and COM stones into particles < 2 mm was 2.25 ± 0.63 and 30.7 ± 8.4 minutes, respectively. Conclusions The high-power Thulium fiber laser, when operated in pulsed mode, is capable of fragmenting both soft (UA) and hard (COM) urinary stones. The Thulium fiber laser may be useful as a single laser system for use in multiple soft and hard tissue laser ablation applications in urology. Lasers Surg. Med. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Improved filter sharpening

We propose a natural extension to Kaiser-Hamming (1977) filter sharpening methods to allow for a piecewise linear desired amplitude change function (ACF). The primary advantages of the proposed ACF over piecewise constant ACFs is that we obtain better control of selective improvement (or degradation) in either the passband or stopband or both, and we are not restricted to applying our methods to filters with piecewise constant pass and stopbands, since linear segments of slope 1 can be used to retain existing filter performance in either passband or stopband. The proposed ACF approximating polynomial (AP) is easy to compute, may be constrained to have simple (or integer) coefficients, and may be expressed as the AP of Kaiser and Hamming plus a correction polynomial. We also provide applications for motivation.
Paleoenvironmental patterns in the evolution of post-Paleozoic benthic marine invertebrates

The ecological context of large-scale evolutionary patterns has been neglected. Several workers have recently reported a bathymetric bias in the evolution of benthic marine communities, such that nearshore assemblages tend to contain advanced taxa and community structures and offshore assemblages contain more archaic features. A clade-by-clade analysis is the most powerful approach for assessing the generality of the pattern and testing hypotheses on underlying mechanisms. We develop a paleoenvironmental framework for constructing time-environment histories for higher taxa that should be of general comparative utility, based on five environmental categories recognized by physical sedimentary and biostratinomic criteria. The robustness of negative data (absence of a given taxon from a particular time and environment) is evaluated using taphonomic control groupshigher taxa with ecological, morphological, and mineralogical properties similar to those of the group under study. Within this framework we have constructed three detailed time-environment histories from the primary literature, for the crinoid Order Isocrinida (based on 99 early Triassic-Recent occurrences), the bryozoan Order Cheilostomata (67 late Jurassic-late Eocene occurrences), and the bivalve Superfamily Tellinacea (70 late Triassic-Miocene occurrences). These three time-environment diagrams as well as numerous anecdotal reports suggest that the onshore-offshore trends previously reported for communities are actually underlain by individualistic clade histories that only appear to act in concert when viewed on a coarse time scale. For these three particular higher taxa differences in rates and timing of movement through environments also falsify causal hypotheses that invoke sea-level fluctuations or mass extinctions. We outline remaining viable hypotheses for driving mechanisms and suggest further tests; at present the data are consistent with a broad array of intrinsic biological mechanisms. These pervasive shifts through time of environmental preferences severely undermine approaches to paleoenvironmental reconstruction based on interpreting fossil content in the light of present-day faunal distributions. Production of detailed timeenvironment histories for additional higher taxa will permit paleoenvironmental analyses based on overlapping environmental range zones, in which particular co-occurrences are diagnostic of different habitats at different times.
The logomachy of terrorism: On the political uses and abuses of definition

The definitional, but not factual, ambiguities surrounding the commandeered crash of Egged interurban bus number 405 on the main Tel Aviv‐Jerusalem road on 6 July 1989 exemplifies the manner in which anti‐Israeli violence has been utilized as political discourse by the main Arab/Palestinian and Israeli parties to the Arab‐Israeli conflict. Though the act itself‐ in which 16 people were killed and 25 injured ‐ appeared to have been motivated mainly by the perpetrator's desire for personal revenge against Israel and Israelis, it was quickly accepted as terrorism by both sides, and so labeled, affected both national politics in Israel and the temper of the Arab/Palestinian‐Israeli confrontation. How an act of violence acquires political meaning ‐ here its definition as ‘terrorism’ ‐ is more often a consequence of the political context in which it occurs than of its legal, objective, or purely descriptive character.
Risk of venous thromboembolism in people with epilepsy

Summary Objective Risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) among people with epilepsy (PWEs) has not been previously reported. Standard VTE prevention methods may increase the risk of complications in this population. This statewide study assessed the risk of VTE in PWEs. Methods Main risk categories were grouped into definite epilepsy (DE), probable epilepsy (PE), and migraine, a comparable neurologic condition. All inpatient, emergency department, and hospital-based outpatient encounters in South Carolina from January 1, 2000 through December 31, 2011, were evaluated for the primary outcome variable of VTE, defined as having a diagnosis of VTE at or after the diagnosis of epilepsy or migraine. Coagulopathies and common comorbidities of epilepsy were enumerated. Differences in VTE proportions were assessed using 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Association of VTE with epilepsy and migraine was evaluated with Cox proportional hazard modeling. Results A total of 138,497 people with migraine (PWMs) and 67,900 PWEs (32,186 DE, 35,714 PE) were included. VTE occurred in 2.7% of PWEs (4.2% among DE), and 0.6% of PWMs. The hazard ratio for VTE in DE compared with PWMs was 3.08 (95% CI 2.76−3.42), adjusted for all covariables. Higher numbers of comorbidities were strongly associated with VTE. PWE had higher numbers of comorbidities (52% with 2+ comorbidities versus 23% of PWM), but the impact of comorbidities on VTE risk was larger in PWM. Significance Higher VTE risk in PWE than PWM suggests risk factors associated with epilepsy, independent of chronic neurologic illness. VTE occurrence in PWE is comparable to published rates among people with cancer.
Kinetochore-microtubule stability governs the metaphase requirement for Eg5

The mitotic spindle is a bipolar, microtubule (MT)-based cellular machine that segregates the duplicated genome into two daughter cells. The kinesin-5 Eg5 establishes the bipolar geometry of the mitotic spindle, but previous work in mammalian cells suggested that this motor is unimportant for the maintenance of spindle bipolarity. Although it is known that Kif15, a second mitotic kinesin, enforces spindle bipolarity in the absence of Eg5, how Kif15 functions in this capacity and/or whether other biochemical or physical properties of the spindle promote its bipolarity have been poorly studied. Here we report that not all human cell lines can efficiently maintain bipolarity without Eg5, despite their expressing Kif15. We show that the stability of chromosome-attached kinetochore-MTs (K-MTs) is important for bipolar spindle maintenance without Eg5. Cells that efficiently maintain bipolar spindles without Eg5 have more stable K-MTs than those that collapse without Eg5. Consistent with this observation, artificial destabilization of K-MTs promotes spindle collapse without Eg5, whereas stabilizing K-MTs improves bipolar spindle maintenance without Eg5. Our findings suggest that either rapid K-MT turnover pulls poles inward or slow K-MT turnover allows for greater resistance to inward-directed forces.
The Extracellular Domain Determines the Kinetics of Desensitization in Acid-sensitive Ion Channel 1

The acid-sensitive ion channel 1 (ASIC1α or BNaC2a) is the most abundant of all mammalian proton-gated ion channels and the one that has the broadest distribution in the nervous system. Hallmarks of ASIC1α are gating by external protons and rapid desensitization. In sensory neurons ASIC1 may constitute a nociceptor for pain induced by local acidification, whereas in central neurons it may modulate synaptic activity. To gain insight into the functional roles of ASIC1, we cloned and examined the properties of the evolutionarily distant species toadfish (Opsanus tau), ∼420-million year divergent from mammals. Analysis of the protein sequence from fish ASIC1 revealed 76% amino acid identity with the rat orthologue. The regions of highest conservation are the second transmembrane domain and the ectodomain, whereas the amino and carboxyl termini and first transmembrane domain are poorly conserved. At the functional level, fish ASIC1 is gated by external protons with a half-maximal activation at pH o 5.6 and a half-maximal inactivation at pH o 7.30. The fish differs from the rat channel on having a 25-fold faster rate of desensitization. Functional studies of chimeras made from rat and fish ASIC1 indicate that the extracellular domain specifically, a cluster of three residues, confers the faster desensitization rate to the fish ASIC1.
The Effect of Multiple Extrinsic Cues on Quality Perceptions: A Matter of Consistency

Building on past research, this article illustrates when a price-quality relationship holds in the presence of multiple extrinsic cues. When intrinsic information is scarce, the relationship is more pronounced when a positive price cue is paired with a positive second cue (e.g., strong warranty, positive country of origin, or strong brand). When the two cues are inconsistent, consumers find the negative cue more salient and overweight it in their evaluations. This interaction is moderated by the presence of abundant levels of intrinsic attribute information. Our predictions are replicated across five studies, and the underlying process is supported.