cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Systems Programming Languages

Publisher Summary This chapter states the rationale for systems programming languages, enumerates criteria for judging them, subjects existing systems programming languages to close scrutiny, and describes an extensible language currently being implemented which is addressed specifically to our criteria. This chapter includes the design and implementation of production systems, particularly in the areas of interactive computer graphics, time sharing, operating systems, information retrieval, and software paging. Before proceeding to justify systems programming languages and to enumerate their characteristics, attempts are made to define them. This chapter discusses the various criteria for a systems programming language, such as target code efficiency, run-time environment, error checking, debugging facilities, syntax considerations, adaptability, program modularity, machine dependence, multiple-user systems, and other miscellaneous criteria. The next section lists the specific facilities needed by programmers for implementation of systems, which will function nearly as efficiently as if hand-coded in assembler language. Four systems programming languages are summarized in the next section. The descriptions demonstrate the facilities of the languages measured against a certain criteria listed. Each description is divided into the following sections: data attributes, program segmentation, control statements, data manipulation facilities, I/0 (Input/Output) and debugging facilities, macro facilities, and trouble spots. The reasons for providing this type of systems programming language and a brief description of extensibility mechanisms are presented next. The Extensible Language for Systems Development (Extensible LSD) attempts to provide the systems programmer with a programming environment that will significantly reduce the effort required to produce a system, without impairing the effectiveness of the final result. Data-type extensibility and syntax macros are both implemented. Furthermore, the programmer is provided with compile-time facilities that will allow him to access compile-time functions and variables in order to create efficient syntactic extensions.
Face the FACS

"Formal worldwide, regional and national Agencies for Communications Standardization" (FACS) such as the International Telecommunications Union and related formal agencies that standardize communications interfaces are losing standardization market share to consortia (any nonaccredited standardization organization). This loss of market share has occurred due to the change in technical standardization participation from public carriers (as nominal public representatives) to developers and private service providers. Without the influence of the public over the standardization process, user requirements are being poorly served, as the dramatic drop in the telecom market growth over the last few years may suggest. The change from "public" standardization to private company participation in standardization also reduces the openness of communications standards by increasing IPR costs. We propose a fundamental new approach for the FACS to better address these issues.
A Comparison of the Dose-Rbe and the Biological Dosimetry Approaches for Treatment Planning in Bnct

Treatment planning for clinical trials with boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) is complicated substantially by the fact that the radiation field generated by the activating external neutron beam is composed of several different types of radiation, i.e., fast neutrons, recoil protons from elastic collisions with hydrogen, gamma rays from the reactor and from neutron capture by body hydrogen, protons from nitrogen capture, and the products of the NCT interaction. Furthermore, the relative contribution of each type of radiation varies with depth in tissue. Because each of these radiations has its own RBE, and the RBE of the fast neutron component will not be constant as the neutron spectrum changes with depth, the problem of predicting the severity of the biological effect, in depth, becomes complex indeed.
Factors controlling concentration, export, and decomposition of dissolved organic nutrients in the Everglades of Florida

Water draining from the Everglades marshes of southern Florida containshigh concentrations of dissolved organic C (DOC), N (DON), and in somelocations, P (DOP). These dissolved organic nutrients carry over 90% of the Nand organic C, and about 25% of the P exported downstream in the Everglades.Ourobjectives were to describe the most important aspects of the origin and fateofdissolved organic matter (DOM) in the Everglades, and to describe the processescontrolling its concentration and export. Concentrations of dissolved organicnutrients are influenced by local plant production, decomposition, and sorptionequilibrium with peat. The drained peat soils of the Everglades AgriculturalArea and the more productive marshes of the northern Everglades produce some ofthe highest concentrations of DOC and DON in the Everglades watershed. Inportions of the marshes of the northern Everglades, P enrichment was correlatedwith higher local DOC and DON concentrations and greater production of solubleplant matter. Microbial degradation of Everglades DOM was very slow; less than10% of the DOC was lost after 6 months of incubation in the laboratory andsupplements of inorganic nutrients failed to speed the decomposition. Exposureto solar radiation increased the subsequent decay rate of the remaining DOC(25%in 6 mo.). Solar radiation alone mineralized 20.5% of the DOC, 7%of the DON, and degraded about 50% of the humic substances over 21 days insterile porewater samples and thus degraded DOM faster than microbialdegradation. The humic substances appeared to inhibit biodegradation of theother fractions of the DOC since hydrophilic organic acids decomposed fasterwhen isolated from the humic substances.The fate of DOC and DON is closely linked as indicated by a generally narrowrange of C/N ratios. In contrast, high concentrations of DOP were associatedwith P enrichment (at least in pore water). The DOC was composed of about 50%humic substances, 33% hydrophilic acids, and 15% hydrophilic neutralsubstances,typical of DOC from other environments, despite the fact that it originatesfroma neutral to slightly alkaline peatland. Despite high exports of DON (3.9g m−2 y−1 from one area), themarshes of the northern Everglades are a sink for DON on a landscape scale. Theagricultural fields of the Everglades Agricultural Area, however, exported netquantities of DON. High concentrations of DOC desorbed from the agriculturalsoils when water with no DOC was added. Sorption experiments indicated thathighconcentrations of dissolved organic matter flowing into the marshes from theEverglades Agricultural Area could suppress the further desorption ofadditionalsoluble organic matter through physicochemical mechanisms. While biologicalfactors, plant production and microbial decomposition are important inproducingpotentially soluble organic nutrients, physicochemical sorption equilibria,hydrology, and degradation by solar radiation are also likely to control theexport of this material on the landscape scale.
Investigation of radiation effects in Hiroshima and Nagasaki using a general Monte Carlo-discrete ordinates coupling scheme

A general Monte Carlo-discrete ordinates radiation transport coupling procedure has been created to study effects of the radiation environment in Hiroshima and Nagasaki due to the bombing of these two cities. The forward two-dimensional, free-field, air-over-ground flux is coupled with an adjoint Monte Carlo calculation. The size, orientation, or translation of the Monte Carlo geometry is unrestricted. The radiation effects calculated are the dose in the interior of a large concrete building in Nagasaki and the activation production of [sup 60]Co and [sup 32]P in Hiroshima.
Almost global finite‐time stabilization of rigid body attitude dynamics using rotation matrices

Summary This work considers continuous finite-time stabilization of rigid body attitude dynamics using a coordinate-free representation of attitude on the Lie group of rigid body rotations in three dimensions, SO(3). Using a Holder continuous Morse–Lyapunov function, a finite-time feedback stabilization scheme for rigid body attitude motion to a desired attitude with continuous state feedback is obtained. Attitude feedback control with finite-time convergence has been considered in the past using the unit quaternion representation. However, it is known that the unit quaternion representation of attitude is ambiguous, with two antipodal unit quaternions representing a single rigid body attitude. Continuous feedback control using unit quaternions may therefore lead to the unstable unwinding phenomenon if this ambiguity is not resolved in the control design, and this has adverse effects on actuators, settling time, and control effort expended. The feedback control law designed here leads to almost global finite-time stabilization of the attitude motion of a rigid body with Holder continuous feedback to the desired attitude. As a result, this control scheme avoids chattering in the presence of measurement noise, does not excite unmodeled high-frequency structural dynamics, and can be implemented with actuators that can only provide continuous control inputs. Numerical simulation results for a spacecraft in low Earth orbit, obtained using a Lie group variational integrator, confirm the theoretically obtained stability and robustness properties of this attitude feedback stabilization scheme. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Is preeclampsia all in the head? First-trimester prediction of preeclampsia via maternal plasma levels of the vasopressin pro-segment copeptin (860.20)

Background: Preeclampsia, a devastating gestational hypertensive disorder, is characterized by low circulating renin relative to normal pregnancies. Vasopressin plays an important role in selected low-renin hypertensive states. Therefore, we hypothesized a role for vasopressin in preeclampsia. Methods: Copeptin, a biologically inert, 4 kDa pro-segment of vasopressin with a stable and slow plasma elimination rate, is secreted in a 1:1 molar ratio with vasopressin. In this case-control study, copeptin was measured in banked maternal plasma throughout pregnancy from women who did or did not develop preeclampsia. Results: Maternal plasma copeptin was significantly elevated in all trimesters in pregnancies that did (n=51) or did not (n=30) develop preeclampsia (first trimester: 903 vs. 2045 pg/mL, p=0.008; second trimester: 706 vs. 1806, p=0.02; third trimester: 822 vs. 1890, p=0.0006). While controlling for covariates such as age, BMI, chronic hypertension, twin gestation, diabetes, and history of preeclampsi...
Membrane concentration of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus from water.

A membrane adsorption procedure was used to concentrate infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus from 1-liter quantities of distilled water. Cellulose nitrate membrane filters (0.45-μm pore size) efficiently adsorbed this herpesvirus from water, and virus was recovered from the membrane by elution with 10 ml of fetal calf serum during sonic treatment. The average recovery rate was 70%.
What's in a relationship? The case of commercial lending

Abstract This article presents a survey and an analysis of the academic literature on relationship lending to small and mid-sized enterprises (SMEs). It is noted herein that relationship lending depends on soft (non-quantifiable) information, while other “lending technologies” depend on hard (quantifiable) information. Based on relative benefits and costs, relationship lending may be best suited for some types of SMEs, with alternate lending technologies better matched to others. Also discussed in this article are some interesting managerial and public policy issues. On the bank management dimension, relationship lending may create a special challenge for risk managers. On the public policy dimension, evidence suggests that relationship lending may be better delivered by smaller community banks; banking industry consolidation could, however, threaten the presence of such providers. Counter-intuitively, it is possible that banking industry competition may not be the best environment for relationship lending. Finally, this article highlights potentially interesting differences in the relative importance of relationship lending and the other lending technologies across countries with different financial architectures, and examines a potentially powerful link between relationship lending and monetary policy and other monetary shocks.
Assessment of teacher and school psychologist knowledge of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

The purpose of this study was to investigate teacher and school psychologists' knowledge of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). One hundred thirty-two kindergarten through 12th-grade general education teachers, special education teachers, and school psychologists responded to a 24-item questionnaire concerning treatment and possible causes of ADHD. The results supported the hypothesis that school psychologists' knowledge level of ADHD would be significantly greater than the knowledge level of special and general education teachers, but did not support the hypothesis that the knowledge level of special education teachers would be significantly greater than the knowledge level of general education teachers. Increased years of professional experience was negatively associated with increased knowledge about ADHD. Implications and suggestions for future research are discussed. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The effect of wave cancellation on the radiation resistance of a simply-supported baffled beam†

An exact solution for the modal radiation resistance is derived for a baffled simply-supported narrow beam. The accuracies of the existing approximate equations are shown by comparing them with the exact solution. Three new approximate equations are proposed, which correspond to below-coincidence, above-coincidence and about-coincidence frequency regions. The accuracies of the proposed approximate equations also are discussed by comparing them with the exact solution. The proposed approximate equation for the below-coincidence frequency region is compared with the solution which is derived by considering wave cancellation on the beam surface, which is complete except at the two ends. It is found that the former equation approaches asymptotically to the latter one as the wave number ratio approaches zero. Hence the proposed approximate equation demonstrates that the degree of wave cancellation is a function of the wave number ratio. By comparison with the exact solution, it is found that the maximum normalized error in the radiation resistance which is caused by assuming a complete wave cancellation, except at the two ends, is less than 2·6 dB when the wave number ratio is less than 0·7.
Plant gene silencing regularized

Two surprising and potentially useful phenomena of transgenic plants originated from two distinct lines of research but may converge in underlying mechanism or mechanisms (1–3). Plant transformation technology, the staple of the crop biotechnology industry, overcomes the species barrier and allows introduction into plants of genes from other plant species, genes from species of other kingdoms, and even sequences derived from the DNA synthesizer. Subsequently, the introduced sequences often, but not always, are inherited as simple Mendelian characters and exhibit an expected phenotype. It is one group of annoying exceptions to expected phenotype and inheritance that constitutes the first surprising phenomenon. Investigators, seeking to increase the expression, and thereby enhance the phenotype, of an endogenous gene, introduced additional copies of the endogenous gene as a transgene. Usually the constructions use promoters more active than the promoter of the endogenous gene. In some instances, the result was not the overexpression of the gene, as expected, but a drastically reduced or undetected expression of both the endogenous and the introduced sequences (4, 5). Much of the early research used a chalcone synthase gene, the silencing of which sometimes resulted in flowers with spectacular patterns of nonpigmented and pigmented areas. The reduced expression phenomenon is termed gene silencing. Gene silencing results in no expression or very low expression of a gene or RNA sequence that formerly was expressed, or likely would be expressed, absent the gene-silencing phenomenon. Paradoxically, plants with multiple copies of the transgene and/or high levels of transgene transcription are more likely than plants with a single copy and low-level transcription to exhibit gene silencing (6). However, the correlation has not been consistent for some systems (7, 8). Gene silencing can be induced not only by expression of a transgene but also by transient expression from DNA …
Cyclin C: an inducer of mitochondrial division hidden in the nucleus.

In response to cellular stress, mitochondria remodel their structure by organelle division and fusion. In this issue of Developmental Cell, Cooper et al. (2014) report that a nuclear protein, cyclin C, is recruited from nuclei to mitochondria upon oxidative stress and promotes mitochondrial division and apoptosis of the cell.
1295 FETAL PRIMIDONE EFFECTS

The incidence of major malformations in the offspring of epileptic women is approximately 2-3 times that of the general population. The delineation of recognizable patterns of malformation associated with specific drug exposures in utero implicates drug therapy as a major causative factor. Review of the literature and recent evaluation of 3 children with intrauterine primidone exposure reveal a distinctive pattern of malformation secondary to primidone, i.e., fetal primidone effects. The 3 affected children include an 18-month-old Hispanic boy and 2 white half siblings, a 13-year-old girl and an 8-year-old boy. In each case the mother took primidone daily throughout gestation. There was no family history of mental retardation or birth defects. The pattern of malformation was remarkably similar among the 3 children reported here and previous cases from the literature. Features include: developmental delay, ptosis, midfacial hypoplasia, flat nasal bridge, epi-canthus, telecanthus, short nose with anteverted nares, and 5th finger clinodactyly. Variable features include: seizures, hearing loss, upslanting palpebral fissures, unusual hair patterns, and short 5th metacarpals and/or metatarsals. Data from these patients indicate that maternal primidone intake during gestation may be associated with a recognizable pattern of malformation in exposed offspring.
A unified construction of adjoint systems and networks

In this paper we introduce a technique for dealing with implicitly defined complementary orthogonal spaces. Using this technique we give a unified construction of various types of adjoint systems for dynamical systems defined through flow diagrams or graphs and also obtain the state and output equations of the adjoint systems in terms of the corresponding equations for the original system. Among other things we show how to construct the Kalman dual of a linear electrical network.
Calciphylaxis: Severe Calcification of the Arteries

A 65-year-old man with diabetes mellitus and end-stage renal disease, on dialysis for 6 years, developed painful lesions on both hands 3 months prior to evaluation. Examination showed firm, tender, violaceous lesions with early ulceration on both hypothenar eminences, and exquisitely tender purple macules on fingertips without ulceration (Fig. 1). Radial pulses were strong bilaterally. Radiographs showed severe vascular calcifications of ulnar and radial arteries (Fig. 2). Significant elevations of parathyroid hormone (1340 pg/ml), phosphorous (10.1 mg/dL) and calcium-phosphate product (100 mg2/dL2) were noted. Punch biopsy of the left hypothenar eminence demonstrated dystrophic calcification consistent with calciphylaxis. Calciphylaxis, also known as ‘calcific uremic arteriolopathy,’ is a rare and devastating disorder characterized by arterial calcification and tissue necrosis, commonly seen in end-stage renal disease patients on hemodialysis.1 The pathogenesis is unclear. Skin biopsy is recommended for diagnosis. Prognosis is very poor, with mortality rates as high as 80% once ulceration develops.2 Our patient’s parathyroid hormone level and calcium-phosphate product responded well to treatment with phosphate binders and low calcium dialysis, but he died 2 months later from sudden cardiac arrest. Figure 1. Image of left hand showing purplish tender macules on fingertips and ulceration of hypthenar eminence. Figure 2. Radiograph of left forearm showing severe vascular calcifications of ulnar and radial arteries.
Even a stopped clock tells the right time twice a day: circadian timekeeping in Drosophila

“Even a stopped clock tells the right time twice a day, and for once I’m inclined to believe Withnail is right. We are indeed drifting into the arena of the unwell... What we need is harmony. Fresh air. Stuff like that” “Bruce Robinson (1986, ref. 1)”. Although a stopped Drosophila clock probably does not tell the right time even once a day, recent findings have demonstrated that accurate circadian time-keeping is dependent on harmony between groups of clock neurons within the brain. Furthermore, when harmony between the environment and the endogenous clock is lost, as during jet lag, we definitely feel unwell. In this review, we provide an overview of the current understanding of circadian rhythms in Drosophila, focussing on recent discoveries that demonstrate how approximately 100 neurons within the Drosophila brain control the behaviour of the whole fly, and how these rhythms respond to the environment.
A model of knowledge activation and insight in problem solving

This article presents a model of insight that offers predictions on how and when insights are likely to occur as an individual solves problems. This model is based on a fundamental trade-off between the conscious cognition that underlies how people decide among alternatives and the unconscious cognition that underlies insight. I argue that the attention controls how much thought (i.e., knowledge activation) goes to conscious cognition, and whatever activation is left over will go to finding an insight. I validate this model by replicating the common pattern of insight in problem solving (preparation--impasse--incubation--verification). The model implies that 1) one should be able to increase the frequency of insight by lessening the demand for conscious cognition, 2) impasse is not necessary for insight, and 3) incubation time increases if a person engages in any activity with a high demand on attention. Understanding how insight occurs during problem solving provides practical suggestions to make people and groups more creative and innovative; it also provides avenues for future research on the cognitive dynamics of insight.
Calcium Requirement of Ducklings

Abstract EARLIER studies conducted in this laboratory have dealt with energy, protein and vitamin requirements of ducklings (Scott and Heuser, 1951Scott and Heuser, 1952; and Scott et al., 1959); little information is available on mineral requirements. Since rickets is uncommon in commercial ducks, it appears likely that the calcium and phosphorus levels used in commercial diets are adequate. These levels usually have been set somewhat higher than the 1.0% Ca and 0.45% available P which are the recommended levels for chickens. In view of the possible detrimental effects of excessive calcium and phosphorus levels, or improper ratios of calcium to phosphorus, not only upon the occurrence of rickets but also as etiological factors in leg weaknesses, it was considered desirable to determine the calcium requirement of young ducklings. The results of four experiments on the calcium requirement, conducted during the past four years, are presented in this report. EXPERIMENTAL White Pekin ducklings were . . .
Interactions of Negative K Mesons

A detailed analysis of events in nuclear emulsions caused by ${K}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ mesons is given. Of 39 ${K}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ mesons observed, 8 produced stars in flight, 1 underwent nuclear scattering, and 30 were captured at rest. The ${K}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ mean free path for inelastic collisions in emulsion is 17\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}5 cm, at most geometric. Charged hyperons and hyperfragments were seen in 12 stars; in all others, emission of a neutral hyperon is allowed by energy balance. In $\frac{2}{5}$ of the stars, a charged pion was emitted; half of the pions had kinetic energy \ensuremath{\geqslant} 100 Mev. 3 stars consisted only of a $\ensuremath{\Sigma}$ hyperon and a pion, of such momenta as to make it obvious that ${K}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ capture proceeded according to: ${K}^{\ensuremath{-}}+N\ensuremath{\rightarrow}Y+\ensuremath{\pi}$. Kinematic analysis shows that this reaction was the most likely process in almost all of the other captures. In 5 of the captures at rest, the pion energies were \ensuremath{\geqslant} 100 Mev, compatible only with $Y={\ensuremath{\Lambda}}^{0}$. One ${K}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ capture reaction (and possibly a few more) was: ${K}^{\ensuremath{-}}+2N\ensuremath{\rightarrow}Y+N$. In this one capture, the hyperon is either ${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$ decaying by an unusual mode, possibly into an electron, or else is a hitherto unknown particle.
Substance Use and Sexual Risk Mediated by Social Support Among Black Men

Health and social disparities are widespread among men who have sex with men (MSM). Although literature indicates that Black MSM (BMSM) are no more likely than other MSM to report sexual risk behaviors, such as unprotected anal intercourse, studies have reported that buying and trading sex appear to be important risk factors for BMSM. Substance use generally is not significantly greater among BMSM than other MSM, studies have found that BMSM report more powder and crack cocaine use than other MSM. The lack of adequate coping skills and social support for BMSM has also been documented. This paper examines differences in substance use, sexual risk behaviors and social support among Black and non-black MSM, in a sample of 515 men participating in a randomized intervention trial. BMSM reported higher rates of substance dependence (72.2 vs. 59.5 %, P = .015) and buying sex (49.1 vs. 17.4 %, P < .000) than non-Black MSM. BMSM also reported lower levels of social support than other MSM on all measures included in the study; e.g., getting help and emotional support from others (38.0 vs. 52.8 %, P < .006). Mediation analyses showed that BMSM’s higher rates of substance dependence and buying sex are partially mediated by lower levels of social support. Our data appear to show that lack of social support is an important influence on risk behaviors among BMSM. Qualitative data also supported these findings. Sexual risk and substance use prevention interventions should address BMSM’s capacity to build adequate and supportive relationships.
THERMAL BUCKLING OF SHALLOW BIMETALLIC TWO-HINGED ARCHES.

Abstract : The snap-through phenomenon of shallow bimetallic two-hinged arches due to temperature rise is analyzed. Two types of arch geometry are included. The effect of the position of supporting hinges on the critical temperature rise for snap-through is discussed. Comparisons are made between the present more accurate solution of the critical temperature rise and the approximate solution obtained by Timoshenko. Striking discrepancies are found between these two solutions. (Author)
Understanding whiplash injury and prevention mechanisms using a human model of the neck

Objectives Various models for rear crash simulation exist and each has unique advantages and limitations. Our goals were to: determine the neck load and motion responses of a human model of the neck (HUMON) during simulated rear crashes; evaluate HUMON's biofidelity via comparisons with in vivo data; and investigate mechanisms of whiplash injury and prevention. Methods HUMON, consisting of a neck specimen (n=6) mounted to the torso of BioRID II and carrying a surrogate head and stabilized with muscle force replication, was subjected to simulated rear crashes in an energy-absorbing seat with fixed head restraint (HR) at peak sled accelerations of 9.9g (ΔV 9.2kph), 12.0g (ΔV 11.4kph), and 13.3g (ΔV 13.4kph). Physiologic spinal rotation ranges were determined from intact flexibility tests. Average time-history response corridors (±1 standard deviation) were computed for spinal motions, loads, and injury criteria. Results Neck loads generally increased caudally and consisted of shear, compression, and flexion moment caused by straightening of the kyphotic thoracic and lordotic lumbar curvatures, upward torso ramping, and head inertial and head/HR contact loads. Nonphysiologic rotation occurred in flexion at C7/T1 prior to head/HR contact and in extension at C6/7 and C7/T1 during head/HR contact. Conclusions HUMON's neck load and motion responses compared favorably with in vivo data. Lower cervical spine flexion-compression injuries prior to head/HR contact and extension-compression injuries during head/HR contact may be reduced by refinement of existing seatback, lapbelt, and HR designs and/or development of new injury prevention systems.
A model for the economic analysis of cogeneration plants with fixed and variable output

Abstract A method is presented for an economic sensitivity analysis of a cogeneration plant operating at off-design conditions. The economic parameters are the annual fixed costs, operating costs, fuel costs and the market value of the electrical power and capacity as paid by the local utility. The thermodynamic parameters are the required time-dependent steam energy rate [ q s (θ) ], the plant power-to-steam energy rate ratio (PSR), and the steam efficiency (ηs). The last two parameters are shown to be functionally related to q s (which may be constant or vary with time). A numerical example is given.
Molecular Hamiltonians for highly constrained model systems

We describe a simple approach for constructing the molecular Hamiltonian which is ideal for studying large molecular systems in which many constraints are imposed. The present procedure allows one to evaluate the correct classical G matrix for highly constrained model systems in the absence of total angular momentum, using matrices that are no larger than the number of active vibrations in the model. A straightforward prescription for constructing the appropriate quantum kinetic energy operator for these systems is then introduced. This prescription is a modification of the Podolsky procedure and it allows one to incorporate constraints in the quantum operators without the extensive use of differential calculus. Finally, the extension of the constrained system Hamiltonian to nonzero total angular momentum is made and methods for reducing the effective Hamiltonian to the minimum number of degrees of freedom using the Augustin–Miller canonical transformation are described. The present approach is illustrate...
Evolution of angular velocity for defunct satellites as a result of YORP: An initial study

Abstract Observations of defunct satellites show that these objects are generally rotating, with some having very fast rotation rates, yet the cause of these rapid rates is unknown. The observed secular change in the spin rate and spin axis orientation of asteroids is known to be caused by the Yarkovsky-O’Keefe-Radzievskii-Paddack (YORP) effect, however, its effect on inactive satellites in Earth orbit remains unexplored. This paper applies the YORP effect to defunct satellites and analyzes its effect on the spin rate and obliquity of these objects. This work uses two different satellite geometries to explore the secular change of the spin rate and obliquity caused by the YORP effect for inactive Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO) satellites. One of the model satellites has an asymmetric geometry, which leads to the classical YORP effect as originally formulated for asteroids. The other model satellite is geometrically symmetric, but relies on mass distribution asymmetry to generate the YORP effect. For both models the secular change is explored with averaged dynamics, and the solutions of the averaged theory are compared with numerical integrations of the non-averaged equations of motion. Additionally, previously published observations of inactive GEO satellites are used to estimate the YORP torque acting on those bodies. A comparison between this torque and the expected torque on a defunct satellite shows that the two are of the same order of magnitude. These results motivate further study on the YORP effect in the realm of inactive satellites.
Ageing and the Moses Illusion: Older adults fall for Moses but if asked directly, stick with Noah

Many people respond “two” to the question “How many animals of each kind did Moses take on the ark?”, even though they know the reference should be to Noah. The Moses Illusion demonstrates a failure to apply stored knowledge (Erickson & Mattson, 1981). Of interest was whether older adults' robust knowledge bases would protect them from vulnerability to this illusion. Of secondary interest were any age differences in the memorial consequences of the illusion, and whether older adults' prior knowledge would protect them from later reproducing information from distorted questions (e.g., later saying that Moses took two animals of each kind on the ark). Surprisingly, older adults fell for the Moses Illusion more often than did younger adults. However, falling for the illusion did not affect older adults' later memory; they were less suggestible than young adults. Most importantly, older adults were more likely to recover from exposure to distorted questions and respond correctly. Explanations of these finding...
Mirror uncertainty and uniqueness conditions for determining shape and motion from orthographic projection

This paper presents new forms of necessary and sufficient conditions for determining shape and motion to within a mirror uncertainty from monocular orthographic projections of any number of point trajectories over any number of views. The new forms of conditions use image data only and can therefore be employed in any practical algorithms for shape and motion estimation. We prove that the mirror uncertainty for the three view problem also exists for a long sequence: if shapeS is a solution, so is its mirror imageS′ which is symmetric toS about the image plane. The necessary and sufficient conditions for determining the two sets of solutions are associated with the rank of the measurement matrixW.
Chile's Experiments in Agrarian Reform: Four Colonization Projects Revisited

Agrarian reform has variable effects on its beneficiaries. Some make considerable income progress while others stagnate. A number of factors are involved in this relative success or failure.
Supercritical Fluid Extraction of 2,4,6-Trichloroanisole from Cork Stoppers

2,4,6-Trichloroanisole (TCA) is the compound most often associated with cork taint in wines and has been shown to have a very low sensory threshold ( approximately 5 ng/L in wine). A supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) method for TCA in bark cork stoppers was developed with quantification via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with selected ion monitoring. Supercritical carbon dioxide functioned as the extracting solvent, and temperature and pressure were optimized for the extraction. The method was validated using the stable isotope (2)H(5)-TCA as the internal standard. Recovery of TCA from spiked corks was found to be within 1-4% of the theoretical concentration with a coefficient of variation ranging from 2.6 to 9.7%. TCA levels in corks pulled from wines described as tainted by experienced judges ranged from 0.13 to 2.11 microg/g of cork. The SFE procedure offers a rapid, quantitative, nearly solvent-free, and automated method for the extraction of TCA from complex solid matrices such as cork.
Studies of Large-Scale Currents in Lake Erie, 1979–80

Abstract Currents and water temperatures were recorded at a large-scale grid of fixed moorings in Lake Erie from May 1979 through June 1980. Currents measured in the lower half of the central basin water column were mostly return flows (beneath the surface wind drift) driven by the surface pressure gradient. Often observed was a complex system of Lake Erie circulation gyres as predicted by models. Another common occurrence was for one of the central basin gyres to become dominant and envelop the whole basin in either uniform clockwise or anticlockwise flow. It is not fully certain why one of the circulation cells grows as opposed to the others, but the curl of the wind stress had influence. The currents were more barotropic than predicted by full Ekman layer current models. Tidal-like currents driven by the longitudinal seiches of Lake Erie dominate the island-filled passages between the western and central Lake Erie basins, with currents across the whole island chain very closely in phase. Processes of hypolimnion volume entrainment are suggested from the central basin temperature recordings. Large volume water exchanges between the central and eastern basins occurred after the water mass in the vicinity of the shallow ridge that separates them had become unstratified. These and other topics are discussed as the large data set generated from the experiment is explored.
Visual Supports for Students With Behavior and Cognitive Challenges

In many schools, supports for children with a dual diagnosis of mental retardation and behavioral disorders are inadequate or nonexistent. Often these students are placed with teachers who, although appropriately trained and licensed, are not familiar with support strategies for meeting the behavioral and emotional needs of these students at an appropriate cognitive representational level. This article describes six evidence-based visual support strategies, their benefits, and simple methods for implementing them in the classroom.
Heat Transfer During Evaporation on Capillary-Grooved Structures of Heat Pipes

A detailed mathematical model is developed that describes heat transfer through this liquid films in the evaporator of heat pipes with capillary grooves. The model accounts for the effects of interfacial thermal resistance, disjoining pressure, and surface roughness for a given meniscus contact angle. The free surface temperature of the liquid film is determined using the extended Kelvin equation and the expression for interfacial resistance given by the kinetic theory. The numerical results obtained are compared to existing experimental data. The importance of the surface roughness and interfacial thermal resistance in predicting the heat transfer coefficient in the grooved evaporator is demonstrated. 17 refs., 5 figs., 2 tabs.
Metastasis-associated protein 1/histone deacetylase 4-nucleosome remodeling and deacetylase complex regulates phosphatase and tensin homolog gene expression and function

Metastasis-associated protein 1 (MTA1) is widely overexpressed in human cancers and is associated with malignant phenotypic changes contributing to morbidity in the associated diseases. Here we discovered for the first time that MTA1, a master chromatin modifier, transcriptionally represses the expression of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), a tumor suppressor gene, by recruiting class II histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4) along with the transcription factor Yin-Yang 1 (YY1) onto the PTEN promoter. We also found evidence of an inverse correlation between the expression levels of MTA1 and PTEN in physiologically relevant breast cancer microarray datasets. We found that MTA1 up-regulation leads to a decreased expression of PTEN protein and stimulation of PI3K as well as phosphorylation of its signaling targets. Accordingly, selective down-regulation of MTA1 in breast cancer cells increases PTEN expression and inhibits stimulation of the PI3K/AKT signaling. Collectively, these findings provide a mechanistic role for MTA1 in transcriptional repression of PTEN, leading to modulation of the resulting signaling pathways.
Chelicerate neuromuscular systems: The distal flexor of the mero-carpopodite of Limulus polyphemus (L.)

Abstract 1. 1. Each of the three groups of the distal part of the mero-carpo-podite flexor in Limulus is innervated by at least eleven excitatory axons. 2. 2. A single muscle fiber may be innervated by as many as six excitatory axons. 3. 3. No direct inhibitory innervation to these muscle groups was observed. 4. 4. The muscle fibers appear to be quite similar in their physiological response to indirect stimulation. 5. 5. It is suggested that the neuromuscular system in Limulus is rather a nonspecialized system when compared to its counterpart in other arthropods.
Note on Simple Assumptions Regarding the Baroclinic Structure of the Atmosphere

In a series of recent articles (STARR 1953, LORENZ 1953, PFEFFER and SALTZMAN 1954) 'local' angular momentum has been used as a basic physical parameter in the study of atmospheric flow. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1955.tb01176.x
Preparation of head‐to‐tail cyclic peptides via side‐chain attachment: Implications for library synthesis

Cyclic peptide mixtures represent a promising approach for drug lead discovery. Diversity can be expanded via changes in ring size, amide bond replacements, D- and L-natural and unnatural amino acids, and by the incorporation of beta-turn mimics and related conformational constraints. We expand the scope of our side-chain attachment/resin-bound cyclization strategy first developed using aspartic acid, asparagine, and elated acid-based attachments. In this report, we describe the preparation and use of Boc-Lys-OFm, Boc-Orn-OFm, and Boc-Dab-OFm. The synthetic strategies were verified by the independent synthesis of two small RGD-based cyclic mixtures, cyclo(Pro-Xxx-Lys-Arg-Gly-Asp), where Xxx = Ala, Ser, Leu, Tyr, using Boc-Asp-OFm, and then Boc-Lys-OFm for the initial resin-bound side-chain linkage. A new orthogonal synthetic approach to cyclic peptides, based on the use of the paranitrobenzyl (ONB) ester for alpha-carboxyl protection (selectively cleaved via SnCl2 reduction), was developed. It led to the successful synthesis of individual cyclic pentapeptides using serine (Boc-Ser-ONB), and tyrosine (Fmoc-Tyr-ONB) as the side chain-linked residues.
A mixed volume grid approach for the Euler and Navier-Stokes equations

An approach for solving the compressible Euler and Navier-Stokes equations upon meshes composed of nearly arbitrary polyhedra is described. Each polyhedron is constructed from an arbitrary number of triangular and quadrilateral face elements, allowing the unified treatment of tetrahedral, prismatic, pyramidal, and hexahedral cells, as well the general cut cells produced by Cartesian mesh approaches. The basics behind the numerical approach and the resulting data structures are described. The accuracy of the mixed volume grid approach is assessed by performing a grid refinement study upon a series of hexahedral, tetrahedral, prismatic, and Cartesian meshes for an analytic inviscid problem. A series of laminar validation cases are made, comparing the results upon differing grid topologies to each other, to theory, and experimental data. A computation upon a prismatic/tetrahedral mesh is made simulating the laminar flow over a wall/cylinder combination.
A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of epsilon-aminocaproic acid for reducing blood loss in coronary artery bypass grafting surgery.

Background Epsilon-aminocaproic acid is a plasmin inhibitor that potentially reduces perioperative bleeding when administered prophylactically to cardiac surgery patients. To evaluate the efficacy of e-aminocaproic acid, a prospective placebo-controlled trial was conducted in patients undergoing primary coronary artery bypass grafting surgery. Study design One hundred patients were randomly assigned to receive either e-aminocaproic acid (100 mg/kg before skin incision followed by 1 g/hour continuous infusion until chest closure, 10 g in cardiopulmonary bypass circuit) or placebo, and the efficacy of e-aminocaproic acid was evaluated by the reduction in postoperative thoracic-drainage volume and in donor-blood transfusion up to postoperative day 12. Results Postoperative thoracic-drainage volume was significantly lower in the e-aminocaproic acid group compared with the placebo group (e-aminocaproic acid, 649 ± 261mL; versus placebo, 940 ± 626mL; p=0.003). There were no significant differences between the e-aminocaproic acid and placebo groups in the percentage of patients requiring donor red blood cell transfusions (e-aminocaproic acid, 24%; versus placebo, 18%; p=0.62) or in the number of units of donor red blood cells transfused (e-aminocaproic acid, 2.2 ± 0.8 U; versus placebo, 1.9 ± 0.8 U; p=0.29). Epsilon-aminocaproic acid did not reduce the risk of donor red blood cell transfusions compared with placebo (odds ratio: 1.2, 95% confidence interval; 0.4 to 3.2, p=0.63). Conclusions Prophylactic administration of e-aminocaproic acid reduces postoperative thoracic-drainage volume by 30%, but it may not be potent enough to reduce the requirement and the risk for donor blood transfusion in cardiac surgery patients. This information is useful for deciding on a therapy for hemostasis in cardiac surgery.
Liquid tellurides: Structure and properties

In this paper a review of the thermodynamic, electrical and structural properties of liquid alkali-tellurium alloys is presented with a special emphasis on the interplay between these properties. The thermodynamic properties indicate ordering of the solutions at compositions corresponding to about 12, 50, and 67 atom% of alkali atoms. The electrical conductivity and thermopower data confirm that these liquids are true semiconductors. The neutron diffraction patterns coupled with the above information indicate that in the case of liquid K{sub 0.12}Te{sub 0.88} the measured structure is dominated by the Te-Te contribution, and is remarkably similar to that of pure liquid tellurium, while the equiatomic alloy K{sub 0.50}Te{sub 0.50} is shown to contain mostly Te pairs which are identified with Zintl ions, Te{sub 2}{sup 2{minus}}.
Mechanistic Studies of Hairpin to Duplex Conversion for Trinucleotide Repeat Sequences

The expansion of a trinucleotide repeat sequence, such as CAG/CTG, has been pinpointed as the molecular basis for a number of neurodegenerative disorders. It has been proposed that as part of the expansion process, these repetitive sequences adopt non-B conformations such as hairpins. However, the prevalence of these hairpins and their contributions to the DNA expansion have not been well defined. In this work, we utilized a molecular beacon strategy to examine the stability of the (CAG)10 hairpin and also its behavior in the presence of the complementary (CTG)10 hairpin. We find that the two hairpins represent kinetically trapped species that can coexist but irreversibly convert to duplex upon thermal induction. Furthermore, as monitored by fluorescence and optical analysis, modifications to the base composition of either the loop or stem region have a profound effect on the ability of the trinucleotide repeat hairpins to convert to duplex. Additionally, the rate of duplex formation is also reduced with these loop and stem-modified hairpins. These results demonstrate that the trinucleotide repeat hairpins can convert to duplex via two independent mechanisms as follows: the loop-loop interactions found in kissing hairpins or the stem-stem interactions of a cruciform.