cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Incorporation of amino sugars into walls during heterocyst differentiation.

Abstract During exponential growth of the blue-green alga Anabaena cylindrica , a small fraction of the vegetative cells differentiates into heterocysts. The incorporation of amino sugars during formation of the thick wall of the heterocyst was studied by pulse-labeling exponentially growing filaments with 14 CO 3 2− and by isolating the walls of mature heterocysts at various times thereafter. The time course of labeling of hexosamine in isolated heterocyst walls indicated a rapid incorporation early in the process of heterocyst differentiation. The pattern of labeling of muramic acid in isolated heterocyst walls was consistent with the idea that the glycopeptide from vegetative cells is largely retained during differentiation of heterocysts. Preliminary observations indicating equivalent amounts of muramic acid in heterocysts and vegetative cells support this interpretation.
Partition function zeros and finite size scaling for polymer adsorption.

The zeros of the canonical partition functions for a flexible polymer chain tethered to an attractive flat surface are computed for chains up to length N = 1536. We use a bond-fluctuation model for the polymer and obtain the density of states for the tethered chain by Wang-Landau sampling. The partition function zeros in the complex eβ-plane are symmetric about the real axis and densest in a boundary region that has the shape of a nearly closed circle, centered at the origin, terminated by two flaring tails. This structure defines a root-free zone about the positive real axis and follows Yang-Lee theory. As the chain length increases, the base of each tail moves toward the real axis, converging on the phase-transition point in the thermodynamic limit. We apply finite-size scaling theory of partition-function zeros and show that the crossover exponent defined through the leading zero is identical to the standard polymer adsorption crossover exponent ϕ. Scaling analysis of the leading zeros locates the poly...
Climatic variability of soil water in the American Midwest: Part 1. Hydrologic modeling

Abstract A conceptual hydrologic rainfall-runoff model that is an adaptation of the operational US National Weather Service hydrologic model is used to simulate the hydrologic processes in large basins of the US upper Mississippi region. In particular, the conceptual rainfall-runoff model is used to produce daily streamflow from daily rainfall, temperature and potential evapotranspiration input over three neighboring headwater basins that span 2° longitude by 2° latitude. When used for simulation of historical flows, the model provides a means of inference of the 40 year time series of unrecorded mesoscale soil water and actual evapo-transpiration for climate studies. In this paper we discuss issues associated with parameter estimation, the reliability and stability of parameter estimates, and the interpretation of soil water estimates. It is concluded that the conceptual hydrologic model may be used to estimate the variability of aggregate soil water over large areas of the Midwestern US provided that: (a) all significant basin inflows and outflows are accounted for; (b) model verification yields good agreement between observed and simulated flows on a daily basis. Parameter sensitivity studies showed that estimating the soil's capacity to hold water is most important for flood event prediction and flow simulation, and, for such parameters, underestimation is more critical than overestimation. Also, uncertainty associated with the parametrization of evapo-transpiration may introduce local errors in the time series of soil water estimates produced by the model. In a companion paper we present a spatio-temporal analysis of the estimated time series of soil water.
Age differences in adults' self-reports of memory ability: It depends on how and what you ask.

Self-reports of memory abilities and skills were obtained from fifty younger (M = 20.2) and fifty older (M = 68.7) adults. General rating questions (e.g., How good do you feel your memory is?) and specific questions about memory for certain types of content (e.g., people's names) were included. Consistent age-related decrements were found only for general questions, especially those assessing perceived changes over time. Less consistent differences were found for specific questions. Results were interpreted in terms of implications for assessing self-reported memory ability, and in terms of their meaning for research on the relationship between self-reported and actual memory ability.
Body size, hormone therapy and risk of breast cancer in Asian–American women

Historically, breast cancer rates have been low in Asia but rates have increased substantially in Asian-Americans for reasons that are not well understood. The authors conducted a population-based case-control study of breast cancer in Los Angeles County, which included 1,277 (450 Chinese, 352 Japanese, 475 Filipinos) women with incident, histologically confirmed breast cancer and 1,160 control subjects (486 Chinese, 311 Japanese, 363 Filipinos). A detailed in-person interview was conducted, which included questions on menopausal hormone therapy (HT) use, height, weight in each decade of life and reproductive factors. Breast cancer risk increased with increasing recent weight in postmenopausal women (p trend = 0.015). There was a significant 16% (95% CI = 2-35%) increase in risk per 10 kg of body weight in postmenopausal women. In both premenopausal and postmenopausal women, risk increased with increasing waist to hip ratio; this remained statistically significant after adjustment for recent weight in all subjects combined (p trend = 0.042). The increased risk associated with high recent weight in postmenopausal women was more apparent for women with high waist to hip ratio (p trend = 0.013). Use of HT was a significant risk factor; risk increased 26% per 5 years of current use of estrogen and progestin therapy (p trend = 0.017). The increased risk associated with high body weight was observed irrespective of HT use. Use of HT and high body size might have contributed to the rapid increase of breast cancer in Asian-Americans.
A new gear mesh interface dynamic model to predict multi-dimensional force coupling and excitation

Abstract A new gear mesh interface dynamic model is developed which presents a true, three-dimensional representation of the forces and moments generated within and transmitted via a gear mesh interface. Force coupling effects due to vibratory changes in the instantaneous plane-of-action are included directly. The new formulation facilitates an examination of the many simplifying assumptions that have been made either explicitly or implicitly by prior investigators, thus allowing existing models to be compared on a common mathematical basis.
Vertical structure of time-dependent currents in a mid-ocean ridge axial valley

Velocity measurements with high vertical resolution, and a two-dimensional linear quasianalytic model for subinertial oscillatory flows, are used to analyze the vertical structure of flow in the axial valley at Endeavour Segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge. At a site away from hydrothermal vents, observed semidiurnal flows are independent of depth, rectilinear and parallel to the valley axis, while subinertial flows are intensified and re-aligned along-valley toward the bottom. This behavior is consistent with solutions from the model, which show attenuation of subinertial across-valley flow with depth. This cross-flow attenuation is most pronounced for valleys with widths less than the internal Rossby radius of deformation. Reduction of across-valley flow with depth results in a weakened Coriolis force that cannot fully balance the along-valley pressure-gradient force. The resulting force imbalance yields a directly accelerated bottom-intensified along-valley flow. The importance of this physical process in other submarine valleys depends on their geometry, stratification and latitude. If active, this mechanism provides a dynamic background environment for the axial valley to which hydrothermal venting would add complexity. The strong vertical shears and spiraling flows observed within the axial valley for diurnal tidal and lower-frequency flows have important implications in the transport of hydrothermal vent fluid and the dispersal of larvae of vent organisms by bottom currents.
Career Navigator: Its Use With College Students Beginning the Job Search Process

This study explored the effects of the Career Navigator program on college student self-rated knowledge and skill in the job search process as compared to a professional development business administration course and a no-treatment control group.
TRANSPORTABILITY OF A LASER-INDUCED FLUORESCENCE CALIBRATION FOR NO AT HIGH PRESSURE

Obtaining quantitative measurements of NO concentration via laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) at high pressure requires application of a suitable calibration. While it is best to calibrate as close to the measurement condition as possible, this is not always feasible. To assess the transportability of a calibration factor at high pressure, we have calculated ratios between linear LIF signals corresponding to a constant NO concentration at different measurement and calibration conditions for high-pressure ethane flames. We find that pressure broadening limits the utility of calibrating at a pressure different from that of the measurement, although a calibration performed at a higher pressure is applicable over a wider range of pressures than one performed at atmospheric pressure. If one calibrates at the same pressure, it is best to calibrate at a temperature within 500 K of the measurement temperature. In general, the calculations indicate that a judicious choice of a calibration condition will guarantee a measured NO concentration within a factor of two of the actual NO concentration.
Radiotherapy treatment plans with RapidArc for prostate cancer involving seminal vesicles and lymph nodes.

Purpose Dosimetric results and treatment delivery efficiency of RapidArc plans to those of conventional intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) plans were compared using the Eclipse treatment planning system for high-risk prostate cancer. Materials and Methods This study included 10 patients. The primary planning target volume (PTV P ) contained prostate, seminal vesicles, and pelvic lymph nodes with a margin. The boost PTV (PTV B ) contained prostate and seminal vesicles with a margin. The total prescription dose was 75.6 Gy (46.8 Gy to PTV P and an additional 28.8 Gy to PTV B ; 1.8 Gy/fraction). Three plans were generated for each PTV: Multiple-field IMRT, one-arc RapidArc (1ARC), and two-arc RapidArc (2ARC). Results In the primary IMRT with PTV P , average mean doses to bladder, rectum and small bowel were lower by 5.9%, 7.7% and 4.3%, respectively, than in the primary 1ARC and by 3.6%, 4.8% and 3.1%, respectively, than in the primary 2ARC. In the boost IMRT with PTV B , average mean doses to bladder and rectum were lower by 2.6% and 4.8% than with the boost 1ARC and were higher by 0.6% and 0.2% than with the boost 2ARC. Integral doses were 7% to 9% higher with RapidArc than with IMRT for both primary and boost plans. Treatment delivery time was reduced by 2-7 minutes using RapidArc. Conclusion For PTVs including prostate, seminal vesicles, and lymph nodes, IMRT performed better in dose sparing for bladder, rectum, and small bowel than did RapidArc. For PTVs including prostate and seminal vesicles, RapidArc with two arcs provided plans comparable to those for IMRT. The treatment delivery is more efficient with RapidArc.
Effects of angiotensin III and ACTH on aldosterone secretion.

ACTH and des-Asp1-angiotensin II (AIII) can raise plasma aldosterone. To assess the threshold for ACTH and AIII stimulated adrenal steroidogenesis we infused ACTH (from 0.03 to 10 ng ACTH/min) and AIII (from 0.1 to 20 ng/kg/min) to dexamethasone pretreated sodium deplete normal subjects and patients with primary aldosteronism, chronic renal failure, and end stage renal disease maintained with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis.Plasma aldosterone in the primary aldosteronism group increased significantly at 0.3 ng ACTH/min compared with 1 to 3 ng ACTH/min in all other groups. The threshold dose for an ACTH stimulated rise in plasma aldosterone was as at least as low as the dose necessary to raise cortisol in all groups.The threshold dose for an AIII stimulated rise in plasma aldosterone was 4 ng/kg/min in normals and between 1 and 3 ng/kg/min in primary aldosteronism. The metabolic clearance rate (MCR) of aldosterone was determined by constant infusion of [3H]-aldosterone.The decline in MCR during A...
Changes in Explanatory Flexibility Among Individuals with Generalized Anxiety Disorder in an Emotion Evocation Challenge

Seventy-eight undergraduates, 39 with self-reported generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), completed measures of mood and explanatory flexibility (the capacity to assign causes to negative events with a balance of historical and contextual factors) prior to and directly after a musical priming challenge that consisted of listening to negatively-valenced emotional music and thinking about a personally relevant negative event. After the emotion evocation, participants also completed a measure of state emotion regulation. Despite comparable increases in negative affect, GAD analogues evidenced drops in explanatory flexibility whereas non-GAD Controls did not. Drops in explanatory flexibility among GAD analogues covaried significantly with lack of emotional clarity. Findings suggest that for individuals with GAD, emotionally evocative experiences may result in a constricted perspective when apprehending the causes for negative events. This perspective may serve to dampen arousal, but perhaps at the cost of failing to inform one’s actions with important emotional information.
Orofacial granulomatosis: Presentation, pathology and management of 13 cases

Background: Orofacial granulomatosis (OFG) comprises of a group of conditions, all characterized histologically by the presence of granulomatous inflammation. Methods: This diagnosis may be determined by exclusion from other conditions that may present with similar clinical and histopathologic features. These include Melkersson–Rosenthal syndrome (MRS), Miescher's cheilitis (an oligosymptomatic form of MRS), Crohn's disease, and sarcoidosis. Results: A great deal of attention has been devoted to the similarity and overlap in clinicopathologic and histomorphologic features of these conditions, suggesting that they may actually represent a spectrum within a single overarching entity. In the review of the 13 cases of OFG retrieved from the files of the Long Island Jewish Medical Center, Department of Dental Medicine, we describe their presentation, clinicopathologic features, and management. These cases comprise examples of MRS (in its oligosymptomatic forms) and Crohn's disease. The similarity, kinship, and overlap between the cases presented are clearly demonstrated. Conclusion: In addition, based upon our observations and review, we propose the notion that oral manifestations of Crohn's disease may be classified as an oligosymptomatic form of MRS.
Intentional overdose with cardiac arrest treated with intravenous fat emulsion and high-dose insulin.

Introduction. Nebivolol, a beta blocker with 3–10 times more β1 cardioselectivity than metoprolol, has caused hypotension and bradycardia in overdose. We report a nebivolol-induced cardiac arrest in the setting of a polydrug ingestion, successfully resuscitated with intravenous fat emulsion (IFE) and high-dose insulin (HDI). Case report. A 48-year-old man was brought to the emergency department after ingesting nebivolol and ethanol, along with possibly diazepam and cocaine. He had a heart rate of 71/min and a blood pressure of 98/61 mmHg. The initial ECG showed sinus rhythm with a QTc of 483 ms and a QRS of 112 ms. Over the subsequent 4 h, he became bradycardic and hypotensive and developed bradyasystolic cardiac arrest. Standard resuscitation including epinephrine had no effect. Spontaneous circulation returned 30 s after a 100 mL bolus of 20% IFE, and the patient then became briefly hypertensive and tachycardic with heart rate and blood pressure measured as high as 123/min and 251/162 mmHg, respectively...
Mitochondrial Modulation of Intracellular Ca2+Signaling

Abstract IP3-mediated Ca 2+ release plays a fundamental role in many cell signaling processes and has been the subject of numerous modeling studies. Only recently has the important role that mitochondria play in the dynamics of intracellular Ca 2+ signaling begun to be considered in experimental work and in computational models. Mitochondria sequester large amounts of Ca 2+ and thus have a modulatory effect on intracellular Ca 2+ signaling, and mitochondrial uptake of Ca 2+ , in turn, has a regulatory effect on mitochondrial function. Here we integrate a well-established model of IP3-mediated Ca 2+ signaling with a detailed model of mitochondrial Ca 2+ handling and metabolic function. The incorporation of mitochondria results in oscillations in a bistable formulation of the IP3 model, and increasing metabolic substrate decreases the frequency of these oscillations consistent with the literature. Ca 2+ spikes from the cytosol are communicated into mitochondria and are shown to induce realistic metabolic changes. The model has been formulated using a modular approach that is easy to modify and should serve as a useful basis for the investigation of questions regarding the interaction of these two systems.
Chemicals from biomass: synthesis of lactic acid by alkaline hydrothermal conversion of sorbitol

BACKGROUND: Currently, the ‘green chemistry’ philosophy is being increasingly adopted by the chemical industry and, therefore, new production procedures of valuable chemicals from biomass-derived raw materials are being sought. In this work, the synthesis of lactic acid from sorbitol under alkaline hydrothermal conditions is investigated by analyzing the influence on conversions and yields of temperature, NaOH/sorbitol molar ratio (MR), initial sorbitol concentration (SC) and reaction time. RESULTS: A 100% sorbitol conversion and a maximum 39.5% yield of lactic acid on a carbon basis are obtained at 280 ◦ C, 50 min, 1.0 mol L −1 SC and 2.0 MR. Glyceraldehyde was the only identified intermediate while formic acid, acrylic acid, acetic acid, oxalic acid and sodium carbonate were identified as over-oxidation products, all of them in very low yields with the exception of formic acid (16% yield at a MR of 4 and 280 ◦ C). Several plausible conversion routes of sorbitol involving dehydrations, keto-enol tautomerisms, reverse aldol condensations, aldol condensations, Cannizzaro reactions and oxidations are proposed. CONCLUSIONS: Considering the high number of parallel conversion routes as a consequence of high functionality of sorbitol, the 39.5% lactic acid yield obtained is a good result. Total carbon mass in all identified products only justifies, at most, 50% of that in sorbitol due to the coexistence of several conversion routes resulting in a large number of products other than lactic acid. c � 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Microstructural mechanisms of cyclic fatigue-crack propagation in grain-bridging ceramics☆

The microstructural basis of cyclic fatigue-crack propagation in grain-bridging ceramics is investigated for monolithic, hot-pressed alumina and silicon nitride. In both materials, rates of subcritical crack growth under cyclic loads are observed to be many orders of magnitude faster than corresponding growth rates under monotonic loading at equivalent stress-intensity levels. This behaviour is attributed to diminished crack-tip shielding under cyclic loads caused by a degradation of the grain-bridging zone in the wake of the crack tip associated with frictional wear at the grain/matrix interface; the reduced shielding acts locally to enhance the crack-tip driving force in cyclic fatigue. Micromechanical modelling of this process is shown to be consistent with fractographic and in situ crack-profile analyses. The effect on crack-growth rates of microstructural and mechanical variables are examined in light of this mechanism.
Analysis of rat adrenal cells in primary culture separated by velocity sedimentation.

Cell separation was used to follow the fate of the cortical cells of the adrenal gland in primary culture, and to assess some of the changes that occur as cells adapt to culture conditions. Primary cultures of rat adrenal gland were dissociated with trypsin and separated by velocity sedimentation at unit gravity. After two days in culture, cells showed a reproducible sedimentation profile consisting of two classes of cells with mean sedimentation rates of 5.8 and 2.1 mm/h, and a third sedimentation peak consisting mainly of nuclei at 0.5mm/h. All populations continued to incorporate 3H-thymidine in relatively constant proportion throughout the culture period, but the relative number of cells in the 2.1 mm/h peak increased two-fold in the last few days of primary culture. Cells labelled in primary culture, but separated after an additional 5 days in secondary culture had lost proportionately more labelled cells from the 5.8 mm peak. The results suggest that cells of the 2.1 mm peak survive longer in culture in a post-replicative condition.
A subchronic toxicity study in rats and genotoxicity tests with an aqueous ethylcellulose dispersion.

Surelease® Aqueous Ethylcellulose Dispersion is an excipient used as a modified release coating for beads, granules, non-pariels, drug crystals and tablets and for taste masking applications for drug products and dietary supplement products. A study was conducted to assess the toxicity of spray-dried Surelease when administered orally, via dietary admixture, to Sprague-Dawley CD® rats (20/sex/group) at dose levels of 0, 2000, 3500, and 5000 mg/kg/day for a period of at least 3 months. After 3 months of treatment, all rats scheduled for terminal sacrifice were killed and selected organs were weighed. Complete macroscopic examinations and histopathological evaluation of selected tissues were conducted on all animals. Neuropathological evaluations were performed on 5 animals/sex/group. No mortality occurred during the study. Clinical observations, ophthalmology, body weight and food consumption, hematology, coagulation, clinical chemistry, urinalysis, functional observational assessments, motor activity, organ weights and ratios and macroscopic and microscopic observations did not reveal any significant, consistent, dose-dependent test article-related adverse effects. The NOAEL (no-observed-adverse-effect-level) is 5000 mg/kg/day, the highest dose tested. A series of genotoxicity tests were conducted with Surelease. Surelease showed no evidence of mutagenic activity in the bacterial reverse mutation test with and without metabolic activation and in the in vitro cell mutation assay under the experimental conditions employed. Surelease did not show any evidence of causing chromosome damage or bone marrow cell toxicity when administered by gavage in the mouse micronucleus in vivo test procedure. These findings support the safety of Surelease for use as an excipient.
Egocentric Perspectives on Geographic Orientation

Abstract Egocentricity acts both to orient and disorient us in space. It is manifest in different forms through childhood and adolescence; and although we tend to outgrow it, it can persist and even reappear in old age. This paper reviews some of the literature on egocentricity, emphasizing its influence on styles of geographic orientation and related wayfinding ability. A model of geographic orientation is constructed from the perspective of cross-cultural research on field dependence and cerebral specialization.
Relation between the Tc degradation and the correlation gap in disordered superconductors.

It is shown theoretically that for both bulk and thin-film superconductors the dominant contributions to the disorder-induced degradation of ${T}_{c}$ can be expressed in terms of the disorder-induced suppression \ensuremath{\delta}N of the normal-state electronic density of states. This explains the correlation found experimentally between ${T}_{c}$ and \ensuremath{\delta}N, and it eliminates the resistivity scale as an adjustable parameter for comparison between theory and experiment. Agreement with recent experimental results on Pb is very good. We also discuss the disorder dependence of the superconducting gap.
Differential cross sections for electric quadrupole coulomb excitation I

Title of program: DXS1 Catalogue number: ABQE Program obtainable from: CPC Program Library, Queen’s University of Belfast, N. Ireland (see application form in this issue) Computer for which the program is designed and others upon which it is operable Computer: IBM 360/75. Installation: Triangle University Computation Center, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina Operating system or monitor under which the program is executed: OS-360-MVT Programming languages used: FORTRAN-IV (G) High speed store required: 35000 words. No. of bits in a word: 32 Is the program overlaid? No No. of magnetic tapes required: None Whatother peripherals are used? Card Reader; Line Printer No. of cards in combined program and test deck: 1172 Card punching code: EBCDIC
3-D Simulations of Diffusivity Measurements in Liquids with an Applied Magnetic Field

The effect of convective contamination in self-diffusivity experiments of liquid metals is predicted via a three-dimensional (3-D) model that includes an applied magnetic field. A uniform heat flux is applied at the sidewall of the cylindrical ampoule, and heat losses are allowed at the top and bottom walls of the ampoule. A wide range of a uniform, steady, axial magnetic field (from moderate to very strong) is considered in the model. Since the thermal Peclet number, Pe, is very small for the parameters of interest, convective heat transfer is neglected. A large interaction parameter, N, suggests that the flow is inertialess. The temperature and flow problems are solved at steady state while the time-dependent concentration problem is determined for various mass Peclet numbers, P e. In all cases, the output D (i.e., with convective contamination) increases with an increase in the temperature non-uniformity ΔTθ. The radial and azimuthal velocities are much smaller than the axial velocity in each case. A stronger magnetic field can tolerate a higher temperature non-uniformity ΔTθ, but ΔTθ is still less than 0.025 K with a 5 T magnetic field for convective contaminations to be less than 5 of the total mass flux.
Personalized medicine in oncology: the future is now

Cancer chemotherapy is in evolution from non-specific cytotoxic drugs that damage both tumour and normal cells to more specific agents and immunotherapy approaches. Targeted agents are directed at unique molecular features of cancer cells, and immunotherapeutics modulate the tumour immune response; both approaches aim to produce greater effectiveness with less toxicity. The development and use of such agents in biomarker-defined populations enables a more personalized approach to cancer treatment than previously possible and has the potential to reduce the cost of cancer care.
Impact of hemodialysis on the abnormal glucose and alanine kinetics of chronic azotemia.

Rates of alanine and glucose turnover and precursor-product interrelationships were determined in patients on chronic hemodialysis and in matched controls using simultaneous primed injection-continuous infusions of [U-14C] alanine and [2-3H] glucose. In eight chronically dialyzed patients studied before their first dialysis of the week, glucose turnover was 866 ± 120 μmole/min (mean ± SE); after their last dialysis of the week, glucose turnover was 880 ± 63 μmole/min. These rates were 35% (p < 0.05) and 37% (p < 0.01) greater than rates observed in ten normal volunteers (642 ± 28.3 μmole/min). Fasting glucose and insulin levels in dialyzing patients were unchanged from normal. Alanine turnover was increased predialysis (318 ± 55.2 μmoles/min; p < 0.01) and postdialysis (248 ± 32.4 μmole/min; p < 0.01) as compared to normal (168 ± 14.3 μmole/min). In patients pre- and postdialysis, gluconeogenesis from alanine was increased to 34.6 ± 10.9 μmole/min (p < 0.05) and 39.0 ± 6.33 μmole/min (p < 0.05) compared to 20.9 ± 1.63 μmole/min in normal subjects. We conclude that neither acute nor chronic hemodialysis corrects the increased glucose and alanine production and utilization and gluconeogenesis observed in chronic renal failure.
Rapid ultra-trace analysis of sucralose in multiple-origin aqueous samples by online solid-phase extraction coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry

Because of its widespread consumption and its persistence during wastewater treatment, the artificial sweetener sucralose has gained considerable interest as a proxy to detect wastewater intrusion into usable water resources. The molecular resilience of this compound dictates that coastal and oceanic waters are the final recipient of this compound with unknown effects on ecosystems. Furthermore, no suitable methodologies have been reported for routine, ultra-trace detection of sucralose in seawater as the sensitivity of traditional liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis is limited by a low yield of product ions upon collision-induced dissociation (CID). In this work, we report the development and field test of an alternative analysis tool for sucralose in environmental waters, with enough sensitivity for the proper quantitation and confirmation of this analyte in seawater. The methodology is based on automated online solid-phase extraction (SPE) and high-resolving-power orbitrap MS detection. Operating in full scan (no CID), detection of the unique isotopic pattern (100:96:31 for [M−H]−, [M−H+2]−, and [M−H+4]−, respectively) was used for ultra-trace quantitation and analyte identification. The method offers fast analysis (14 min per run) and low sample consumption (10 mL per sample) with method detection and confirmation limits (MDLs and MCLs) of 1.4 and 5.7 ng/L in seawater, respectively. The methodology involves low operating costs due to virtually no sample preparation steps or consumables. As an application example, samples were collected from 17 oceanic and estuarine sites in Broward County, FL, with varying salinity (6–40 PSU). Samples included the ocean outfall of the Southern Regional Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) that serves Hollywood, FL. Sucralose was detected above MCL in 78 % of the samples at concentrations ranging from 8 to 148 ng/L, with the exception of the WWTP ocean outfall (at pipe end, 28 m below the surface) where the measured concentration was 8418 ± 3813 ng/L. These results demonstrate the applicability of this monitoring tool for the trace-level detection of this wastewater marker in very dilute environmental waters.
Electron microscopy of turnip yellow mosaic virus and the associated abnormal protein.

Abstract Methods are described for the purification and separation of the virus nucleoprotein and of the associated abnormal protein found in plants infected with turnip yellow mosaic virus. The methods consist of the use of a butanolchloroform fractionation procedure for the isolation and concentration of the virus nucleoprotein and the use of density gradient centrifugation for the separation of the abnormal protein from the virus nucleoprotein of purified mixtures obtained by the use of either an ethanol-ammonium sulfate or an ethanol-differential centrifugation procedure. The virus nucleoprotein contained 34% ribonucleic acid and was infectious at a concentration of 4 × 10 −6 mg per ml. The abnormal protein contained no nucleic acid and was not infectious at a concentration of 1 mg per ml. Electron micrographs of both preparations which were air dried from ammonium acetate revealed pronounced differences between the two components. Particles of the virus nucleoprotein remained rigid and were nearly spherical in shape with a diameter of 26 mμ while those of the abnormal protein were flattened and had diameters up to 36 mμ, or were clumped together and retained the 26 mμ diameter but were dimpled.
0.5–1.3 µm III-nitride lasers and light emitting diodes epitaxially grown on (001) silicon

We have recently demonstrated electrically pumped 530nm (green) and 615nm (red) InGaN/GaN disk-in-nanowire (DNW) [1, 2] monolithic edge-emitting lasers on (001) silicon substrates. The nanowire heterostructures were grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). These are the only lasers directly grown on (001) silicon without any substrate tilt or intermediate buffers. The lasers have demonstrated excellent steady state (J th ∼ 2kA/cm2, T 0 ∼ 240K, dg/dn ∼ 3×10−17cm2) and dynamic (small-signal modulation bandwidth ∼ 4GHz) characteristics and a lifetime ∼ 7000hrs. In this study we have extended the emission wavelength from the DNW to 1.46µm, the longest emission wavelength of a monolithic epitaxially grown heterostructure on silicon. Nanowire light-emitting diodes with peak emission at λ = 1.3µm are demonstrated for the first time. The epitaxy of the InGaN/GaN DNW and the long wavelength light sources are described.
Lattice Monte Carlo Simulations of Chain Conformations in Polymer Nanocomposites

Lattice Monte Carlo simulations were performed on monodisperse polymer melts, with DP's ranging from 100 to 400, filled with nanoparticles of sizes comparable to the chain Rg. We critically study the role of the mean distance between these nanofillers on the overall conformation of polymer chains and, more importantly, on the statistics of bridges, dangling ends, loops, and trains. We are motivated to study these issues since it has been suggested that the mechanical behavior of nanocomposites result from the formation of a long-lived transient filler network mediated by the chains. Further, the experimentally observed increase in low frequency, low strain amplitude elastic modulus on the addition of filler is attributed to strongly stretched bridge segments. We find that the overall chain statistics remain Gaussian regardless of filler loading (up to 27 vol %). Short bridges, loops, and tails are strongly stretched, but in a manner that is quantitatively equivalent to the statistics of subchains in a mel...
Exact solution of a stochastic directed sandpile model

We introduce and analytically solve a directed sandpile model with stochastic toppling rules. The model clearly belongs to a different universality class from its counterpart with deterministic toppling rules, previously solved by Dhar and Ramaswamy. The critical exponents are ${D}_{||}=7/4,$ $\ensuremath{\tau}=10/7$ in two dimensions and ${D}_{||}=3/2,$ $\ensuremath{\tau}=4/3$ in one dimension. The upper critical dimension of the model is three, at which the exponents apart from logarithmic corrections reach their mean-field values ${D}_{||}=2,$ $\ensuremath{\tau}=3/2.$
Co-ordination of Dry-Type Transformer Models with Transformer Geometry [includes discussion]

The present practice of using different temperature classes of insulation in a single unit as indicated feasible by functional test codes1 and evaluation of component insulations2 make the knowledge of temperature gradients throughout the dry-type transformer of prime importance. A number of thermal effects of presently used dry-type transformer geometries are evaluated and data presented showing their interrelation. Some representative ratios of hot-spot temperature rises are given allowing a closer co-ordination between a dry-type transformer aging model and its prototype. Since winding height is a major factor, some corrections factoring this item with the general ratios are proposed.
T1-weighted MR imaging for distinguishing large osteolysis of Paget's disease from sarcomatous degeneration.

Objective. To report five symptomatic patients, four with unequivocal Paget’s disease and large areas of osteolysis and one patient with presumed osteolytic Paget’s disease, evaluated by MR imaging to confirm or exclude a sarcoma. Design and patients. Four men and one woman (median age 74 years) presented with new symptoms of pain. Four of these patients had unequivocal Paget’s disease with large areas of osteolysis; one patient presented with large focal osteolysis and no other finding. MR imaging was performed in each case to exclude malignancy in the area of osteolysis. Results. Two patients whose MR images showed a low signal abnormality on the T1-weighted sequence corresponding to osteolysis on the radiograph were found to have malignant degeneration. Three patients with osteolytic lesions on T1-weighted MR imaging showed preservation of fat signal in the areas of osteolysis, were not biopsied and have been free of malignant disease for from 12 months to 21/2 years. One patient had one area of osteolysis in the iliac bone which showed malignancy and another area of osteolysis which showed preservation of fat signal on the T1-weighted sequence. Conclusions. The information obtained from T1-weighted MR imaging sequences performed on patients with Paget’s disease who have new symptoms and large areas of osteolysis could reliably be used in the clinical decision-making process between conservative follow-up and biopsy.
Practice of Professionalism

Professionalism extends beyond the mere knowledge of ethics. It includes applying to one's public and private life the laws, ethical codes, and moral standards that society expects professionals to...
Side group exchange in poly(organophosphazenes) with fluoroalkoxy substituents

Several poly(alkoxyphosphazenes) and poly(fluoroalkoxyphosphazenes) were synthesized and allowed to react with various organic nucleophiles. Reactions were carried out at room temperature (25 °C) and at 67 °C in tetrahydrofuran (THF) and were monitored by 31P NMR spectroscopy. The possible use of single-substituent polymers as hydrolytically stable macromolecular intermediates for mixed-substituent polyphosphazene synthesis is discussed, and factors that influence side group replacement in poly(organophosphazenes) are examined. In addition, evidence for a random, irreversible SN2-like mechanism of side group replacement is presented.
Diffraction by Edges

In these expository notes we explain the role of geometric optics in wave propagation on domains or manifolds with corners or edges. Both the propagation of singularities, which describes where solutions of the wave equation may be singular, and the diffractive improvement under non-focusing hypotheses, which states that in certain places the diffracted wave is more regular than a priori expected, is described. In addition, the wave equation on differential forms with natural boundary conditions, which in particular includes a formulation of Maxwell's equations, is studied.
Of Witches, Welfare Queens, and the Disaster Named Poverty: The Search for a Counter-Narrative

ABSTRACT The goals of this paper are to explore the utility of a narrative policy analysis, to locate the origins of the dependency narrative in poverty policy, examine social work's contribution to the narrative, and to discuss the potential for advancing a strong counter-narrative, organized within a trauma paradigm. This paper incorporates a historical review of the development of the dependency narrative and the construction of the deviant “welfare queen.” The conclusion offers an example of a compelling counter-narrative integrating economic/structural violence (poverty) and the trauma paradigm and offers a framework for reconceptualizing social welfare policy.
KM criteria for different types of organisations

Criteria for Knowledge Management (KM) help determine results. Our research indicated that widely accepted criteria and performance measures have not been developed for KM. This study was undertaken to establish a set of criteria to assess the effectiveness of KM for different types of organisations. Subsequently, we will discuss how to expand these criteria to develop measures. Our methodology/approach is based on a literature review to determine a list of KM outcomes followed by the Delphi Technique and survey questionnaire methods. The findings of the Delphi Technique were used to supplement literature review findings. We used both these results to develop the survey questionnaire, which was aimed at establishing criteria for assessing KM success. Future research should focus on translating the soft measures of KM into detailed metrics.
Early Brain Injury Alters the Blood–Brain Barrier Phenotype in Parallel with β-Amyloid and Cognitive Changes in Adulthood:

Clinical studies suggest that traumatic brain injury (TBI) hastens cognitive decline and development of neuropathology resembling brain aging. Blood–brain barrier (BBB) disruption following TBI may contribute to the aging process by deregulating substance exchange between the brain and blood. We evaluated the effect of juvenile TBI (jTBI) on these processes by examining long-term alterations of BBB proteins, β-amyloid (Aβ) neuropathology, and cognitive changes. A controlled cortical impact was delivered to the parietal cortex of male rats at postnatal day 17, with behavioral studies and brain tissue evaluation at 60 days post-injury (dpi). Immunoglobulin G extravasation was unchanged, and jTBI animals had higher levels of tight-junction protein claudin 5 versus shams, suggesting the absence of BBB disruption. However, decreased P-glycoprotein (P-gp) on cortical blood vessels indicates modifications of BBB properties. In parallel, we observed higher levels of endogenous rodent Aβ in several brain regions of the jTBI group versus shams. In addition at 60 dpi, jTBI animals displayed systematic search strategies rather than relying on spatial memory during the water maze. Together, these alterations to the BBB phenotype after jTBI may contribute to the accumulation of toxic products, which in turn may induce cognitive differences and ultimately accelerate brain aging.
Clinical effects of oral green tea extracts in four patients with low grade B-cell malignancies

Green tea or its constituents have long been touted as a health promoting substance including claims it may have cancer prevention properties. We previously reported the in vitro ability of one tea polyphenol, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), to induce apoptotic cell death in the leukemic B-cells from a majority of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). After the publication of our findings many patients with CLL and other low grade lymphomas began using over-the-counter products containing tea polyphenols despite the absence of evidence to suggest clinical benefit, definition of possible toxicities, or information on optimal dose and schedule. We have become aware of four patients with low grade B-cell malignancies seen in our clinical practice at Mayo Clinic who began, on their own initiative, oral ingestion of EGCG containing products and subsequently appeared to have an objective clinical response. Three of these four patients met criteria for partial response (PR) by standard response criteria. Although spontaneous remission/regression is occasionally observed in individuals with low grade B-cell malignancies, such events are rare. Several patients presented here had documented steady clinical, laboratory, and/or radiographic evidence of progression immediately prior to initiation of over-the-counter green tea products and then developed objective responses shortly after self-initiating this therapy. Such anecdotes highlight the need for clinical trials of tea polyphenols to define the optimal dosing, schedule, toxicities, and clinical efficacy before widespread use can be recommended. An NCI sponsored phase I/II trial of de-caffeinated green tea extracts for patients with asymptomatic, early stage CLL opened at Mayo Clinic in August 2005.
Dynamics of retinal photocoagulation and rupture.

In laser retinal photocoagulation, short 20 ms pulses have been found to reduce thermal damage to the inner retina, de- crease treatment time, and minimize pain. However, the safe thera- peutic window defined as the ratio of power for producing a rupture to that of mild coagulation decreases with shorter exposures. To quantify the extent of retinal heating and maximize the therapeutic window, a computational model of millisecond retinal photocoagula- tion and rupture was developed. Optical attenuation of 532-nm laser light in ocular tissues was measured, including retinal pigment epithe- lial RPE pigmentation and cell-size variability. Threshold powers for vaporization and RPE damage were measured with pulse durations ranging from 1 to 200 ms. A finite element model of retinal heating inferred that vaporization rupture takes place at 180-190°C. RPE damage was accurately described by the Arrhenius model with acti- vation energy of 340 kJ/mol. Computed photocoagulation lesion width increased logarithmically with pulse duration, in agreement with histological findings. The model will allow for the optimization of beam parameters to increase the width of the therapeutic window for short exposures. © 2009 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers. DOI: 10.1117/1.3130282
Enzymic Baeyer–Villiger Oxidations by Flavin‐Dependent Monooxygenases

There has recently been a revival of interest in microbial biochemistry. Part of this resurgence is due to the increased presence of man-made organic compounds in the biosphere and the resultant interest in microorganisms which can degrade these xenobiotic molecules. Also, advances in genetic engineering have raised the possibility of utilizing the chemical machinery of bacteria for commercial profit and social benefit. The Baeyer-Villiger reaction is a useful transformation in organic synthesis which provides chemists with a gentle means of converting ketones into esters or lactones. The reaction, however, suffers from the problems of low yield and the need, in some cases, to utilize harsh conditions. There exist bacteria, capable of growth on aliphatic molecules, that contain enzymes which can catalyze Baeyer-Villiger reactions. These enzymes, known as monooxygenases, are involved in the breakdown of acyclic and alicyclic ketones to provide simpler carbon units for further catabolism. The gamut of reactions catalyzed by some of these enzymes is remarkable. This diversity, plus their availability in pure form in quantity by genetic engineering raises the possibility that these biocatalysts can be useful as reagents in organic synthesis.
Enlightening a co-located community with a semi-public notification system

This work seeks to strengthen interaction within a research community through a centrally-located physical device that presents online presence information in a semi-public space. The device uses a map metaphor to represent a set of connected labs. As people move within the lab, those who wish to interact with lab users can use the display to guide their interaction approaches, by supporting educated guesses as to arrivals, departures, and work patterns. The paper reports on the lessons learned about the device's characteristics, and provides anecdotes and observations on ways in which this type of device can improve communication and enhance community.
A clutter based motion estimation and compensation technique for a nonstationary radar platform

Due to cost and flexibility, surveillance using unmanned radar platforms is becoming increasingly popular. In this paper, a clutter based motion estimation and compensation technique is presented for a nonstationary radar platform whose position deviates from a nominal stationary point. Comparisons are made with a popular autofocus technique used for synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image formation. Example results using data collected with a single channel radar are used to illustrate the approach presented in this paper.
No One Person

Abstract This article starts out by describing a detailed project to construct a database of consortium members' research publications. The author then discusses the dynamics of the collaboration. Emphasis is placed on the skills and personal qualities brought to the working group by the individual members and those drawn out of the group by the process.