cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Editorial: CD73 deficiency and immune dysregulation in HIV infection: cause or effect?

Discussion of the challenges discerning the clinical significance of changes in CD73 expression, in human lymphocyte subsets.
Yeast Pol II start-site selection: the long and the short of it

The formation of a pre‐initiation complex (PIC) is the first step that takes place during transcription by RNA polymerase II (Pol II). The TATA‐binding protein binds to the TATA box, thereby positioning the polymerase in the PIC in such a way that it can unwind downstream DNA and lock the template strand in the active site (Bushnell et al , 2004). In metazoans, initiation takes place 25–30 base pairs (bp) downstream of the TATA box (Smale & Kadonaga, 2003), whereas in Saccharomyces cerevisiae , start sites are spread across 40–120 bp downstream of the TATA box (Hampsey, 1998). The rules that control selection of the Pol II start point are not well understood. In metazoans, start sites often occur at a conserved initiator sequence (Smale & Kadonaga, 2003), whereas yeast initiators are more divergent (Zhang & Dietrich, 2005) and the polymerase has been proposed to ‘scan’ the downstream sequences for optimal start sites (Giardina & Lis, 1993; Kuehner & Brow, 2008). Several articles recently published by the Brow, Lacroute, Libri and Reines laboratories show that start‐site selection has an important role in regulating the expression of genes of the S. cerevisiae nucleotide‐biosynthetic pathways (Jenks et al , 2008; Kuehner & Brow, 2008; Kwapisz et al , 2008; Thiebaut et al , 2008). IMD2 and URA2 encode the initial enzymes in the pathways that lead to the synthesis of GTP and UTP, respectively. The transcription of these genes is repressed by the end product NTP (Escobar‐Henriques & Daignan‐Fornier, 2001; Losson & Lacroute, 1981); however, despite years of searching, no repressors or activators have been identified. Studies on IMD2 identified a guanine‐responsive TATA box and a repressive element spanning the messenger RNA (mRNA) start site, yet how these cis ‐elements regulate IMD2 expression was unclear (Escobar‐Henriques et al , 2003; …
A Monolithic All-Optical Push–Pull Wavelength Converter

We present the first two-stage all-optical push-pull wavelength converter, which has been monolithically integrated in indium phosphide, using an offset quantum-well platform. The device incorporates two cascaded wavelength converters, each with an integrated tunable sampled-grating distributed Bragg reflector laser, and deeply etched total internal reflection mirrors for a compact layout. The device, under push-pull operation, is demonstrated to reduce converted signal pattern dependence at 10 Gb/s, while providing improved phase swing compared to previous offset quantum-well designs. The device is shown to achieve full pi phase swing in the second-stage wavelength converter over a 12-dB input power range.
Epigenetic control in the immune response

Helper T cells engaged in an immune response confront a prevalent challenge for developmentally regulated gene expression: How does a cell give rise to daughter cells with different fates? Additionally, lymphocyte function is intimately associated with the processes of cell division and migration. This imposes an additional burden for daughter cells, to remember inductive events from which they are temporally and spatially removed. An emerging view is that helper T cells use epigenetic mechanisms tied to the structure of chromatin and its covalent modifications to achieve at least two important features of their programmed gene expression. Epigenetic effects organize the ability of signal transduction pathways to generate a restricted set of progeny from a multi-potent progenitor. In addition, epigenetic effects seem to allow dividing cells to memorize, or imprint, signaling events that occurred earlier in their development. Beyond helper T cells, the use of epigenetic effects is emerging as a common strategy in development and function of the mammalian immune system, suggesting that epigenetic effects may play a more prominent role in metazoan cell differentiation than previously appreciated. Lymphocytes are, thus, becoming a tractable system for genetic and biochemical dissection of the ways in which the genome is embedded with regulatory information to achieve developmental complexity.
A Cryptic New Species of Thrush (Turdidae: Turdus) from Western Amazonia

Abstract. The taxonomy of Hauxwell's Thrush (Turdus hauxwelli) with respect to its relationship to the Cocoa Thrush (Turdus fumigatus) has been complicated. A confounding factor has been the morphological variation reported within T. hauxwelli and the apparent geographic overlap of the two taxa. Recent evidence shows that some of these factors may be explained by the existence of a cryptic, syntopic species, very similar in plumage to T. hauxwelli. The new species differs in minor plumage characters, in soft-part colors, and (especially) in voice. On the basis of vocal and molecular data, we propose that the new thrush is not particularly closely related to the T. fumigatus/hauxwelli complex but rather is the western Amazonian member of the Spectacled Thrush (T. nudigenis) complex. Our molecular phylogeny suggests that the new species is sister to the Unicolored Thrush (T. haplochrous) and also that the Ecuadorian Thrush (T. maculirostris) should be considered a species separate from the Spectacled Thrush...
Characteristics of Medically Hospitalized Pediatric Patients With Somatoform Diagnoses

Objectives: To describe demographic, diagnostic, and psychosocial characteristics of medically admitted patients diagnosed with somatoform disorders. Methods: Retrospective chart reviews were performed for pediatric patients (ages 3–18 years) seen by the Psychiatry Consultation Service in 2010 and 2011 on inpatient medical/surgical units and diagnosed with somatoform disorders. Data included demographic information; patient medical history, physical symptom characteristics, and service utilization; psychiatric diagnoses, history, and comorbidities, patient temperament, and coping style; family characteristics; and academic and social characteristics. Results: Mean age for the 161 identified patients was 14.4 years. The majority of patients were female (75%) and white (73%). Chief physical symptoms were pain (58%) and neurologic symptoms (40%); 73% of patients had medical diagnoses, and 66% had a history of prior psychiatric treatment. The most common somatoform diagnoses, using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision, were pain (50%) and conversion disorders (28%). Psychiatric comorbidities were predominantly mood and anxiety disorders (42% and 29%, respectively). Mean hospitalization length was 4.9 days, with 14% of patients readmitted with psychiatric reinvolvement during the study period. Patients had sensitive temperaments (80%) and internalizing coping styles (76%) and were described as “good children” (72%). School absences (55%), academic pressures (51%), and learning difficulties (36%) were reported. Conclusions: Clarifying the prevalence and nature of such characteristics can help pediatric providers improve patient care and minimize unnecessary medical interventions with early detection of risk for somatoform processes, provision of psychoeducation for patients and families, and early referral to mental health clinicians. * Abbreviations: DSM-IV-TR : Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision PCS : Psychiatry Consultation Service
The Effects of Pretrial Publicity on Juror Verdicts: A Meta-Analytic Review

The effect of pretrial publicity (PTP) on juror verdicts was examined through a meta-analysis of 44 empirical tests representing 5,755 subjects. In support of the hypothesis, subjects exposed to negative PTP were significantly more likely to judge the defendant guilty compared to subjects exposed to less or no negative PTP. Greater effect sizes were produced in studies which included a pretrial verdict assessment, use of the potential juror pool as subjects, multiple points of negative information included in the PTP, real PTP, crimes of murder, sexual abuse, or drugs, and greater length of time between PTP exposure and judgment. The effect was attenuated with student subjects, use of general rather than specific PTP information, certain types of PTP content, a post-trial predeliberation verdict, and specific types of crimes. Implications of these results are discussed, along with possible mechanisms that underlie the PTP effect.
Multifunctional Silver‐Exchanged Zeolite Micromotors for Catalytic Detoxification of Chemical and Biological Threats

Multifunctional reactive-zeolite-based micromotors have been developed and characterized toward effective and rapid elimination of chemical and biological threats. The incorporation of silver ions (Ag+) into aluminosilicate zeolite framework imparts several attractive functions, including strong binding to chemical warfare agents (CWA) followed by effective degradation, and enhanced antibacterial activity. The new zeolite-micromotors protocol thus combines the remarkable adsorption capacity of zeolites and the efficient catalytic properties of the reactive Ag+ ions with the autonomous movement of the zeolite micromotors for an accelerated detoxification of CWA. Furthermore, the high antibacterial activity of Ag+ along with the rapid micromotor movement enhances the contact between bacteria and reactive Ag+, leading to a powerful “on-the-fly” bacteria killing capacity. These attractive adsorptive/catalytic features of the self-propelled zeolite micromotors eliminate secondary environmental contamination compared to adsorptive micromotors. The distinct cubic geometry of the zeolite micromotors leads to enhanced bubble generation and faster movement, in unique movement trajectories, which increases the fluid convection and highly efficient detoxification of CWA and killing of bacteria. The attractive capabilities of these zeolite micromotors will pave the way for their diverse applications in defense, environmental and biomedical applications in more economical and sustainable manner.
Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome secondary to blood transfusion

The appearance of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) after blood transfusion is rare and has only been reported in three patients to our knowledge. We report a fourth patient with PRES secondary to blood transfusion. A 36-year-old woman with a history of menorrhagia presented to the emergency department with severe fatigue. She had a hemoglobin of 1.7 g/dl and received four units of red blood cells over 15 hours. On day 6 post-transfusion she returned with confusion, headache and a generalized tonic-clonic seizure. The MRI of her brain was consistent with PRES. The following day her confusion worsened, repeat MRI of the brain showed new T2-weighted lesions. Over next 10 days her mental status gradually improved close to her baseline. A repeat MRI of the brain showed resolution of the T2-weighted lesions. The clinical presentation, radiological findings and disease progression in our patient was consistent with PRES. Other than the blood transfusions, there were no apparent risk factors for PRES. The prior three patients with post-transfusion PRES have been reported in middle-aged women with uterine fibroids. It is suspected that these patients have a subacute to chronic anemic state due to ongoing menorrhagia. It is interesting to note that no cases of PRES post-transfusion have been reported in the setting of acute blood loss, such as from trauma. It is postulated that an abrupt increase in hemoglobin causes a rapid rise in blood viscosity and loss of hypoxic vasodilation. Subsequent endothelial damage and brain capillary leakage results in PRES. This constellation of changes may not occur after transfusion in patients with more acute blood loss.
The Effects of Joint Provision and Disclosure of Non-Audit Services on Audit Committee Members' Decisions and Investors' Preferences

Recent corporate governance reforms that require audit committees to pre-approve audit and non-audit services increase audit committees' accountability to third parties for actual auditor independence and audit quality. Other SEC reforms mandate the disclosure of fees for auditor-provided services and are aimed at influencing investors' perceptions of auditor independence. These fee disclosures also reveal audit committees' pre-approval decisions, enhancing public accountability. Thus, audit committees may be less willing to hire auditors for non-audit services to avoid fee disclosures even when joint provision improves audit quality. One hundred experienced corporate directors, responding as audit committee members or investors, participated in an experiment in which we manipulated the effect of the auditor's provision of non-audit services on audit quality and the fee disclosure requirement. We find that audit committee members are more likely to recommend joint provision if audit quality improves, consistent with investors' preferences. However, unlike investors, committee members are more reluctant to recommend joint provision when public disclosures are required, even at the expense of audit quality. These findings offer evidence about an indirect effect of recent reforms.
Biosensors based on immobilized insects fragments

The application of insect-sensing organs as parts of advanced biosensor devices with an electronic reading of the signals produced by the biological component is briefly reviewed, and some future applications are discussed.
Polar mesospheric cloud structures observed from the cloud imaging and particle size experiment on the Aeronomy of Ice in the Mesosphere spacecraft: Atmospheric gravity waves as drivers for longitudinal variability in polar mesospheric cloud occurrence

patterns and structures in polar mesospheric clouds (PMCs), around the summertime mesopause region, which are qualitatively similar to structures seen in noctilucent clouds (NLCs) from ground‐based photographs. The structures in PMC are generally considered to be manifestations ofupward propagating atmospheric gravity waves (AGWs). Variability of AGW effects on PMC reported at several lidar sites has led to the notion of longitudinal differences in this relationship. This studycompares thelongitudinal variability in theCIPS‐ observed wave occurrence frequency with CIPS‐measured PMC occurrence frequency and albedo along with mesospheric temperatures measured by the sounding of the atmosphere using broadband emission radiometry instrument on board the Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics spacecraft. Our results for the latitude ranges between 70° and 80° show a distinct anticorrelation of wave structures with cloud occurrence frequency and correlations with temperature perturbations for at least two of the four seasons analyzed, supporting the idea of gravity wave‐induced cloud sublimation. The locations of the observed wave events show regions of high wave activity in both hemispheres. In the Northern Hemisphere, while the longitudinal variability in observed wave structures show changes from the 2007–2008 seasons, there exist regions of both low and high wave activities common to the two seasons. These persistent features may explain some of the observed differences in PMC activity reported by ground‐based lidar instruments distributed at different longitudes. The statistical distribution of horizontal scales increases with wavelength up to at least 250 km. We also discuss the possibility of atmospheric tides, especially the nonmigrating semidiurnal tide, aliasing our observations and affecting the results presented in this analysis.
Differential expression of genes and proteins between electric organ and skeletal muscle in the mormyrid electric fish Brienomyrus brachyistius

Electric organs (EOs) have evolved independently in vertebrates six times from skeletal muscle (SM). The transcriptional changes accompanying this developmental transformation are not presently well understood. Mormyrids and gymnotiforms are two highly convergent groups of weakly electric fish that have independently evolved EOs: while much is known about development and gene expression in gymnotiforms, very little is known about development and gene expression in mormyrids. This lack of data limits prospects for comparative work. We report here on the characterization of 28 differentially expressed genes between SM and EO tissues in the mormyrid Brienomyrus brachyistius, which were identified using suppressive subtractive hybridization (SSH). Forward and reverse SSH was performed on tissue samples of EO and SM resulting in one cDNA library enriched with mRNAs expressed in EO, and a second library representing mRNAs unique to SM. Nineteen expressed sequence tags (ESTs) were identified in EO and nine were identified in SM using BLAST searching of Danio rerio sequences available in NCBI databases. We confirmed differential expression of all 28 ESTs using RT-PCR. In EO, these ESTs represent four classes of proteins: (1) ion pumps, including the α- and β-subunits of Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase, and a plasma membrane Ca(2+)-ATPase; (2) Ca(2+)-binding protein S100, several parvalbumin paralogs, calcyclin-binding protein and neurogranin; (3) sarcomeric proteins troponin I, myosin heavy chain and actin-related protein complex subunit 3 (Arcp3); and (4) the transcription factors enhancer of rudimentary homolog (ERH) and myocyte enhancer factor 2A (MEF2A). Immunohistochemistry and western blotting were used to demonstrate the translation of seven proteins (myosin heavy chain, Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase, plasma membrane Ca(2+)-ATPase, MEF2, troponin and parvalbumin) and their cellular localization in EO and SM. Our findings suggest that mormyrids express several paralogs of muscle-specific genes and the proteins they encode in EOs, unlike gymnotiforms, which may post-transcriptionally repress several sarcomeric proteins. In spite of the similarity in the physiology and function of EOs in mormyrids and gymnotiforms, this study indicates that the mechanisms of development in the two groups may be considerably different.
SOME FACTORS AFFECTING THE THERMOCHEMILUMINESCENCE OF CHLOROPHYLL

— The therrnochemiluminescence of the chloroplasts from normal lettuce seedlings is enhanced by the addition of β carotene but not by chlorophyll a.The thermochemiluminescence of chloroplasts from etiolated seedlings is enhanced by neither β carotene nor chlorophyll a.A variety of electron donors were substituted for β carotene in the mixtures with chlorophyll a.The most active were squalene, β carotene, vitamin A, and nerolidol. The isoprene structure (-CH2-CCH3=CH-CH2-) appears to be a necessary but not sufficient requirement for energy transfer during thermochemiluminescence.Changes in the absorption spectra indicate that both chlorophyll and carotene are destroyed during thermochemiluminescence.
Interdigital, Band-Pass Filters

The design of band-pass filters using interdigital arrays of resonator line elements between parallel ground planes is discussed. Two approximate design procedures are described, both of which permit design directly from lumped element, low-pass, prototype filters. Both design procedures will work for either narrow or wide-band filters, but one procedure gives more practical dimensions for filters having wide bandwidths (such as an octave), while the other gives more practical dimensions for filters having narrow or moderate bandwidth. The resulting filters are very compact, have relatively noncritical manufacturing tolerances, and strong stop bands with the second pass band centered at three times the center frequency of the first pass band. The dimensions and measured performance curves are presented for a 10 per cent bandwidth design and an octave bandwidth design.
Electrodeposition of Co-Pt Films with High Perpendicular Anisotropy

Co 8 0 Pt 2 0 alloy films from 125 to 1000 nm thick have been grown by electrodeposition on Cu(111) seed layers under constant current. Their structure, morphology, and magnetic properties have been investigated. Growth conditions can be identified for which the resulting Co-Pt films consist of a hexagonal close-packed phase only, with the c axis perpendicular to the substrate. Grain size in the film plane remains almost constant with increasing thickness, X-ray, atomic force microscopy, and magnetic data pointing toward a columnar growth. The films exhibit hard magnetic properties in the out-of-plane direction with coercivity up to 6.1 kOe.
Rheumatoid disease in juvenile patients.

Summary The clinical course of 46 children withrheumatoid disease has been reviewed, along with the differential diagnostic problems which have been encountered. The variable and unpredictable course of the syndrome has been stressed.
Mentoring and network ties

Using questionnaire data obtained from a sample of state government managers, our study examines social capital foci (network ties) of mentoring relations. Others have shown that network ties are relevant to career development and advance. We begin with the assumption that enhanced network ties are generally beneficial. We investigate variation in mentorships, which enhance network ties within the focal organization and within organizations external to the focal organization. We examine a number of factors hypothesized as shaping the relationship between mentoring and the development of network ties, including attributes of the protege and of the mentoring relationship. Our results show that the sex of the protege and of the mentor does not affect the quantity of network ties conveyed. However, relationships in which protege and mentor sex is matched provide more network ties. Counter to our expectations, there is no significant difference in the amount and focus of network ties accruing from formal, orga...
An analysis of the orthopaedic in-training examination sports section: the importance of reviewing the current orthopaedic subspecialty literature.

The Orthopaedic In-Training Examination (OITE), produced by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, was first administered in 1963. It was the first surgical subspecialty examination of its kind to be administered to resident trainees. The inaugural OITE consisted of 150 questions derived from the American Board of Orthopaedic Surgery (ABOS) examination1. The number of questions on the OITE and the number of examinees taking the test have increased substantially during subsequent test administrations. The most recent examination (2008) consisted of 275 questions that were administered to 4137 examinees. The current test is divided into twelve domains: sports medicine, foot and ankle, hand, hip and reconstruction, medically related issues, orthopaedic diseases, basic science and tumors, pediatric orthopaedics, rehabilitation, shoulder and elbow, spine, and musculoskeletal trauma. After the OITE examination, the score reports are returned to individual examinees, along with a list of preferred responses for each question and associated literature or textbook references. As a result, the OITE serves as an important educational tool identifying areas of weakness and future study for individual examinees. Recently, Frassica et al.2 and Marker et al.3 published analyses of the OITE pathology and hand sections. The information derived from these studies enables trainees to study more comprehensively, facilitating the development of a core orthopaedic knowledge base. Additionally, faculty may use this information to direct journal club topics and didactic lectures and to improve their educational curriculum. To our knowledge, no analysis of the sports medicine questions on the OITE has been published. The purpose of this study was to systematically examine the OITE sports medicine questions, along with the associated answers and recommended reading lists, during a five-year period. This analysis produced a list of commonly tested topics and provides an educational resource that residents and attending surgeons may use to …
Strategies for effective web services adoption for dynamic e-businesses

Web services hold the promise for the so-called dynamic e-business movement. Currently, many organizations are either in the process of adopting Web services technology or seriously evaluating this option. One of the major concerns of senior management in this endeavor is the cost of adopting Web services. In this paper, a model is proposed to evaluate an organization's position in a technology adoption space by evaluating its current level of information technology (IT) sophistication. The model identifies critical factors necessary for the successful adoption of Web services technology along three dimensions--intranet, extranet, and Internet. A simulation experiment is conducted to find the most cost-effective strategy for allocating resources to pursue Web services adoption. Alternative strategies are evaluated under three scenarios with different combinations of significance levels (weights) and diffusion levels of the critical factors. Our results suggest that different strategies should be employed, while organizations consider their existing organizational IT status and focus area. This study provides useful guidelines for management to utilize available resources effectively in the process of adopting Web services technology.
Enzyme activities support the use of liver lipid-derived ketone bodies as aerobic fuels in muscle tissues of active sharks.

Abstract Few data exist to test the hypothesis that elasmobranchs utilize ketone bodies rather than fatty acids for aerobic metabolism in muscle, especially in continuously swimming, pelagic sharks, which are expected to be more reliant on lipid fuel stores during periods between feeding bouts and due to their high aerobic metabolic rates. Therefore, to provide support for this hypothesis, biochemical indices of lipid metabolism were measured in the slow‐twitch, oxidative (red) myotomal muscle, heart, and liver of several active shark species, including the endothermic shortfin mako, Isurus oxyrinchus. Tissues were assayed spectrophotometrically for indicator enzymes of fatty acid oxidation (3‐hydroxy‐o‐acyl‐CoA dehydrogenase), ketone‐body catabolism (3‐oxoacid‐CoA transferase), and ketogenesis (hydroxy‐methylglutaryl‐CoA synthase). Red muscle and heart had high capacities for ketone utilization, low capacities for fatty acid oxidation, and undetectable levels of ketogenic enzymes. Liver demonstrated unde...
Adaptive Immunity Rather Than Viral Cytopathology Mediates Polyomavirus-Associated Nephropathy in Mice

Nephropathy associated with BK polyomavirus causes kidney allograft dysfunction and failure. Understanding the pathogenesis of polyomavirus-associated allograft nephropathy (PVAN) is hampered by the species specificity of Polyomaviridae family members. Using a mouse polyomavirus (MPyV) kidney transplant model, we investigated clinically relevant variables that may contribute to PVAN. We found that the timing and source (i.e. donor vs. recipient) of MPyV infection and the titer of the viral inoculum have significant effects on the extent of allograft injury, with acute infection of the recipient by high-titer MPyV inoculums producing the most profound PVAN. In contrast, altering the degree of MHC matching or increasing ischemia/reperfusion injury by prolonging the cold ischemic time of the allograft did not affect the severity of PVAN. Survival correlated positively with serum creatinine levels, but not with viral loads in the kidney allograft. Using splenectomized alymphoplasia mice, which are unable to mount primary adaptive immune responses, we further demonstrate that persistent high viral loads in the kidney are not sufficient to cause advanced PVAN. These findings suggest that the mechanism of PVAN in mice is not a direct consequence of viral cytopathology, but rather involves interplay between viral infection and the recipient antidonor immune response.
The Role of Personality in Job Satisfaction Among Collegiate Athletic Trainers

Context: The degree to which an individual likes his or her job is known as job satisfaction. A person with higher job satisfaction is less likely to depart from a profession than a person with lo...
The Association Of Changes In Self-Regulated (Voluntary) Disclosures Of Business Strategy And The Going Concern Opinion

While a majority of research has pointed to management’s engagement in earnings management through accruals and choices in accounting methods, only recently have studies investigated similar practices through voluntary disclosures of firm performance and/or future business strategies disclosed by management as part of their annual reporting. Since a firm’s future survival comes into question when a firm receives a going concern audit opinion, the key question is whether the presence of such an opinion can be associated with changes in self-regulated disclosures of business strategy. Considering such bad news in light of management’s freedom to discuss their views of firm performance voluntarily offers a great opportunity for disclosure management. This study investigates the association between changes in self-regulated (voluntary) disclosures of firm performance through articulation of future business strategy and the presence of a going concern audit opinion. An experimental sample of 55 firms receiving a first-time going concern opinion is compared to a sample of 55 control firms not receiving a going concern opinion. Data for a period of four years after the first-time going concern opinion is received is analyzed to provide 220 firm years for each sample of the 55 firms. A score representing self-regulated disclosures of business strategy (dependent variable) derived from content analysis performed on sections of the annual report is used. Results indicate that management begins to disclose more defender type of business strategies about two years prior to the year of the first-time going concern opinion. It may be an indicator that auditors begin expressing concerns about the firm’s ability to survive as far back as two years prior to their issuance of the first-time going concern opinion. Overall results indicate a negative association between management’s tendency to disclose prospector type strategies and the first-time receipt of a going concern opinion.
Two Scenarios for Crowdsourcing Simulation

In this paper, we trace a line through the recent story of agent-based social simulation from the point of view of the LABBS, the laboratory of agent-based social simulation that Cristiano Castelfranchi has contributed to create and helped grow. From this observatory, we deploy a set of arguments defending the need for social simulation as one of the best chances we have to make a much needed step forward in the scientific endeavor of the twenty first century: understanding society. Building on these arguments, we point out several reasons that caused social simulation to fall several measures short of the big challenge, discussing some famous examples from the literature. We then introduce the concept of crowdsourcing, trying to elaborate on how it could reshape this methodology for computational social science.
Caciques and Conversion: Juan Atonal and the Struggle for Legitimacy in Post-Conquest Chiapas

In September, 1584, during an episcopal visita to Chiapa de Indios, a group of townspeople came to the bishop, Fray Pedro de Feria, to accuse the patriarch of one of the principal lineages in the town of leading a clandestine cult. They said that, in nearby Suchiapa, a “gran junta” composed of twelve Indians who called themselves the Twelve Apostles gathered at night to walk among the hills and caves, and to perform “demonic rites against our Christian religion.” With them, Feria was told, went two women. One they called Santa Maria; the other, Magdalena. Together the cultists carried out ceremonies in which they transformed themselves into gods and goddesses. In their divine form, the women were said to have the power to conjure storms, and to give many riches to whomever they pleased. Feria would report that they had “many other superstitutions and vanities” which he compared to the Alumbrados or Illuminist sect that had been widely popular in Spain during the 1520s and been condemned by the Inquisition.
Amending movements: the relationship between degree of mechanical disturbance and outcome accuracy.

This paper examines the relationship between the degree of a mechanical disturbance, outcome accuracy, and amendment times to produce response corrections. Movement time error and amendment times were generated by systematically increasing the duration of acceleration and deceleration perturbations. Subjects produced discrete timing responses (700 msec-70 degrees) during which perturbations were interjected into the ongoing movement on random trials. Amendment times were generated from acceleration curves along with a number of related kinematic parameters (e.g., Movement Time, Peak Acceleration). The results showed that as the degree of the mechanical disturbance increased, timing error and amendment times to the perturbations also increased. At low force levels, the percentage of accurate responses to a decelerating perturbation was approximately equal to the percentage of accurate responses for control trials. As force level increased, however, timing error increased and the percentage of accurate responses decreased. in addition, as the magnitude of the disturbance increased, changes occurred in the kinematic properties of the perturbed movements which contributed toward the degree of outcome accuracy of the response. Collectively, the results are discussed in relation to an error correction system that operates in an interactive fashion based on the characteristics of the error and the constraints of the task.
Extending Pummerer Reaction Chemistry: Application to the Assembly of the Pentacyclic Core of Dibromopalau’amine

A pentacyclic model system featuring the trans azabicyclo[3.3.0]octane unit of dibromopalau’amine was prepared with complete diastereoselectivity in the polycyclic core from a tricyclic precursor. The key transformations of this sequence include (a) a Pummerer reaction-mediated oxidative bicyclization, and (b) a Wolff rearrangement-based ring contraction to deliver the strained azabicyclo[3.3.0]octane core.
Role of Radiative–Convective Feedbacks in Spontaneous Tropical Cyclogenesis in Idealized Numerical Simulations

AbstractThe authors perform 3D cloud-resolving simulations of radiative–convective equilibrium (RCE) in a rotating framework, with interactive radiation and surface fluxes and fixed sea surface temperature. A tropical cyclone is allowed to develop spontaneously from a homogeneous environment, rather than initializing the circulation with a weak vortex or moist bubble (as is often done in numerical simulations of tropical cyclones). The resulting tropical cyclogenesis is compared to the self-aggregation of convection that occurs in nonrotating RCE simulations. The feedbacks leading to cyclogenesis are quantified using a variance budget equation for the column-integrated frozen moist static energy. In the initial development of a broad circulation, feedbacks involving longwave radiation and surface enthalpy fluxes dominate, which is similar to the initial phase of nonrotating self-aggregation. Mechanism denial experiments are also performed to determine the extent to which the radiative feedbacks that are e...
Oxygen modulation of pulmonary arterial prostacyclin synthesis is developmentally regulated

To better understand the role of prostacyclin [prostaglandin (PG) I2] in oxygen mediation of vasomotor tone in the developing lung, we determined the ontogeny of the direct effects of acute changes in oxygen on in vitro PGI2 synthesis and adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) production in intrapulmonary arteries from fetal and newborn lambs. In the absence of varying oxygen, PGI2 synthesis increased 6.9-fold from early to late in the third trimester, and it rose an additional 3.2-fold from late gestation to 1 wk of age, and another 2.1-fold from 1 to 4 wk. PGE2 synthesis similarly rose 4.9-fold during the third trimester, but it then fell 69% from late gestation to 1 wk of age and remained unchanged postnatally. Paralleling the developmental increase in PGI2 synthesis, basal cAMP production rose 6.2-fold from the early third trimester to 4 wk of age. In contrast, PGI2-stimulated cAMP production was similar in all age groups. With an acute decline in PO2 in vitro from 680 to 40 mmHg, PGI2 and PGE2 synthesis in fetal arteries fell 33-46 and 39-55%, respectively. In contrast, they were increased by 9-145% and 44-130%, respectively, at lower PO2 in arteries from newborn lambs. Basal cAMP production was altered by decreased oxygen in a similar manner, falling by 35-39% in fetal arteries yet increasing by 21-47% in the newborn. PGI2-stimulated cAMP production, however, was not affected by oxygen at all ages except in the early third trimester. Thus there is a dramatic developmental increase in pulmonary arterial PGI2 synthesis that causes a marked maturational rise in cAMP production.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The impact of an interprofessional practice experience on student behaviors related to interprofessional communication and teamwork

Abstract Background Incorporating interprofessional education (IPE) into the required curriculum of all health professions is important to achieve the Triple Aim in health care. This study aimed to demonstrate that exposure to an Interprofessional (IP) Practice Experience positively impacted students' IP behaviors. Methods Participating students consisted of medical, nursing, and pharmacy students exposed to an IP Practice Experience that intentionally aligns an IP clinical experience with an IPE curriculum. An interprofessional teaching objective structured clinical examination (iTOSCE) using a standardized patient was developed to assess students' IP behaviors before and after exposure to the IP Practice Experience. Faculty and peer observers completed a rubric to evaluate the IP student teams during the iTOSCE. Results Sixteen IP teams consisting of a medical, nursing and pharmacy student per team were assessed pre-post the IP Practice Experience. Follow-up paired t -tests demonstrated that both faculty and student ratings of these teams were significantly higher at post-test than pre-test. A significant interaction revealed that faculty ratings improved more than the student ratings from pre-to post-test. Conclusion Exposure to the IP Practice Experience improved student behavior related to IP communication and teamwork.
Effects of luminal Na+ on single Na+ channels in A6 cells, a regulatory role for protein kinase C.

UNLABELLED Na+ "self-inhibition" in tight epithelia describes the reduction in apical Na+ permeability observed with increasing luminal Na+ concentration. Patch clamp was used to examine regulation of self-inhibition at the level of single Na+ channels. After cell-attached patches (pipette solution, 129 mM NaCl) were obtained on amphibian distal nephron cells (A6), the 129 mM NaCl (high Na+) apical bath outside of the patch was replaced with 3 mM NaCl (low Na+). Within minutes there was an increase in open channel probability (Po) and the appearance of one to five "new" channels in patch membranes. A similar increase occurred when apical Na+ entry was blocked by luminal amiloride (10 microM). A23187 (1 microM), a calcium ionophore, added after low Na+ exchange, abolished the rise in channel activity. Increased Po and new channels, induced by either luminal Na+ or amiloride, were also reversed by either 4B-phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA; 0.1 microM) or 1-oleyl-2-acetyl glycerol (OAG; 10 microM) over 15-30 min. 4 alpha-Phorbol (0.1 microM), an inactive phorbol, did not reduce channel activity. D-Sphingosine (100 microM), a protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor, increased Po and new channels. CONCLUSIONS 1) modulation of apical Na+ permeability by luminal Na+ does not require direct interaction of Na+ with the channel protein but, rather, appears to involve an intracellular regulatory pathway, 2) relieving self-inhibition alters both the number and kinetics of single Na+ channels, 3) the effect of low Na+ must be modulated via decreased apical Na+ entry and intracellular Na+, since amiloride yielded similar results, 4) changes in intracellular Na+ probably affect Na+ channel activity via cytosolic Ca2+, 5) the effects of decreasing luminal Na+ are reversed by PKC activators and mimicked by PKC inhibitors suggesting a possible role for PKC in Na+ self-inhibition.
Rib-Based Anchors for Growing Rods in the Treatment of Early-Onset Scoliosis

The treatment of early-onset scoliosis (EOS) has evolved substantially over the years. Traditional growing-rod constructs rely on spine-based fixation for proximal and distal anchor sites. Hybrid growing-rod constructs pair rib-based proximal anchors with spinal or pelvic anchors distally. Both traditional and hybrid growing-rod constructs can control spinal deformity in young patients with early-onset scoliosis while preserving spinal and thoracic growth. Proximal rib fixation has many theoretical and practical advantages over spine-based proximal anchors. This article discusses the indications, technique, and outcomes of proximal rib fixation in hybrid growing-rod constructs for early-onset scoliosis.
3D Printed Microfluidic Devices

3D printing has recently emerged as an intriguing method for producing microfluidic devices due to its simple operation and fast design-to-object workflow. Advances and growing interest in 3D printing technologies have improved affordability and accessibility of printers and printing materials, further accelerating the pace of innovation. 3D printing has been used to prepare molds for poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS)-based microfluidics, scaffolds for microvasculature networks, and directly printed fluidic devices that have been incorporated into biosensing platforms and systems for cell studies. While many 3D printing techniques lack the resolution to prepare truly microscale features at present, the rapidly developing nature of the technologies and a groundswell of interest in their applications are poised to drive improvements necessary to make 3D printing a reliable and routine strategy for producing microfluidic devices. Here, technical aspects of 3D printing methods and applications of 3D-printed microfluidic devices in biosensing are summarized.
Malignant Hyperthermia: “It Certainly Is” Versus “It Certainly Is Not!”

The first case of the day in room 12 is a 4-year-old boy who is scheduled for a bilateral inguinal hernia repair. Three days before the procedure, the child had presented to pre-surgical testing for evaluation. Pertinent history includes birth at 31-week gestation, and predictably, the common morbidities of a premature infant, including lack of lung surfactant requiring a week of intubation and ventilation, apnea of prematurity, bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), hyperbilirubinemia, a grade 2 intraventricular hemorrhage, and 2 seizures. Luckily, all of these problems have resolved. The child did receive an ill-defined anesthetic for a peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) line during his initial hospitalization in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). The Mandarin-speaking father reported that the child needed 3 days of postoperative mechanical ventilation due to lung problems related to prematurity. He did not recall any other problems.
Abstract 349: Measurement of Platelet Cyclooxygenase-1 Acetylation Quantifies Interaction of Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs with Aspirin in vivo

Aspirin prevents heart attack and stroke by irreversibly acetylating serine-529 in human platelet cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and thereby inhibiting the biosynthesis of thromboxane (Tx). We hypothesized that precise quantification of COX-1 acetylation would allow the direct detection of drug-drug interactions between reversible COX inhibitors, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and aspirin, which may abrogate its cardio-protective effect. We developed a stable isotope dilution liquid chromatography multiple reaction monitoring/mass spectrometry (LC-MRM/MS) method for measurement of platelet COX-1 acetylation. Serine-529 acetylation reflected faithfully aspirin pharmacology determined with conventional markers (serum TxB2 formation, urinary excretion of 11-dehydro-TxB2, and arachidonic acid induced platelet aggregation), but showed lower technical (CV% 3.7±2.7) and inter-individual variability (CV% 3.7). Oral administration of 325 mg of plain aspirin resulted in complete acetylation of platelet COX-1 within 2 hours and sustained maximal acetylation (71 ± 3% of total COX-1 amount) for up to two days in health volunteers (n=8). Recovery from acetylation, which reflects platelet turn-over, occurred at a rate of 7.2 ± 0.2 % per day. We compared the potential of five NSAIDs to block aspirin from acetylating platelet COX-1 in healthy volunteers (n=7 for each NSAID). Single doses of naproxen (500 mg), ibuprofen (600 mg), and diclofenac (100 mg) but not celecoxib (200 mg) and acetaminophen (1000 mg) prevented complete COX-1 acetylation by 325 mg aspirin administered 2 hours after the NSAID. The competition of NSAIDs with aspirin was conditioned by NSAID pharmacokinetics, potency, and COX isoform selectivity, suggesting variability in the likelihood of the drug-drug interaction between compounds and between patients. Monitoring platelet COX-1 acetylation may have utility in the identification of drug interactions that may limit the cardio-protective effect of low dose aspirin.
Automotive Product Development: A Systems Engineering Implementation

This book is about how to develop future automotive products by applying the latest methodologies based on a systems engineering approach and by taking into account many issues facing the auto industry such as meeting government safety, emissions and fuel economy regulations, incorporating advances in new technology applications in structural materials, power trains, vehicle lighting systems, displays and telematics, and satisfying the very demanding customer. It is financially disastrous for any automotive company to create a vehicle that very few people want. To design an automotive product that will be successful in the marketplace requires carefully orchestrated teamwork of experts from many disciplines, substantial amount of resources, and application of proven techniques at the right time during the product development process. Automotive Product Development: A Systems Engineering Implementation is intended for company management personnel and graduate students in engineering, business management and other disciplines associated with the development of automotive and other complex products.