cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optical dispersion of ternary II-VI semiconductor alloys

The wavelength dependence of the refractive indices n of a series of II–VI ternary alloys—ZnCdSe, ZnBeSe, ZnMgSe, ZnMnSe, ZnCdTe, ZnMnTe, ZnMgSe, and ZnSeTe—were measured at frequencies below their respective energy gaps using the combined techniques of optical reflectivity and the prism coupler method. To facilitate the analysis of the results—including those obtained in the wavelength region near the fundamental energy gap—we have modified the semiempirical single-effective-oscillator (SEO) model of n by introducing an additional term that explicitly accounts for interband transitions at the fundamental gap. Using the SEO model modified in this manner to fit the wavelength dependence of n, a set of semiempirical parameters was established for the above ternary II–VI-based alloys, where the fitting parameters for each alloy family are themselves expressed as functions of the alloy composition. The availability of these parameters makes it possible to calculate the index of refraction of any given II–VI ternary alloy for any composition and at any wavelength. Furthermore, these parameters provide valuable physical insights, such as the relationship between the covalency (or ionicity) of the material and its refractive index. In addition to its fundamental usefulness, this approach can—by appropriate extrapolation—also be used for obtaining the dispersion properties for “hypothetical” zinc blende compounds that do not form under equilibrium crystal growth conditions (such as MnTe, MnSe, or BeSe).
A phylogenetic analysis of morphological and molecular characters of Boraginaceae: evolutionary relationships, taxonomy, and patterns of character evolution.

The angiosperm family Boraginaceae includes ca. 1600 species distributed among ca. 110 genera. Some floral features are constant within the family, but many vegetative, floral, pollen, and nutlet traits vary. Utilizing 224 species of Boraginaceae and related taxa, five matrices were constructed with various combinations of morphological characters, three chloroplast DNA regions, and one nuclear ribosomal DNA region. Phylogenetic analyses were conducted for these matrices, and patterns of character evolution were examined. Boraginaceae is resolved as monophyletic, with Wellstedia as its sister. Codon is sister to Boraginaceae + Wellstedia. Although most of the investigated morphological characters have a low consistency index, particular character states are synapomorphies for large clades in each of the tribes of the family. In Boraginaceae, the breeding system heterostyly evolved at least 12 times, which is the largest number of origins resolved in any family; therefore Boraginaceae can serve as a model for the evolution and development of heterostyly. Nutlet ornamentation is most diverse in Cynoglosseae and Trichodesmeae, while pollen and floral features are most variable in Boragineae and Lithospermeae. Phylogenetic relationships and patterns of character evolution identified in the present study set the stage for future work creating an updated taxonomic system of Boraginaceae.
Measurement of Turbulence in the Oceanic Bottom Boundary layer with an Acoustic Current Meter Array

Abstract A vertical array of acoustic current meters measures the vector flow field in the lowest 5 m of the oceanic boundary layer. By resolving the velocity to 0.03 cm s−1 over 15 cm paths, it samples the dominant turbulent eddies responsible for Reynolds stress to within 50 cm of the bottom. Profiles through the inner boundary layer, from six sensor pods, of velocity, turbulent kinetic energy, and Reynolds stress can be recorded for up 10 four months with a 2 Hz sample rate and 20 min averaging interval. We can study flow structure and spectra from as many as four event-triggered recordings of unaveraged samples, each lasting one hour, during periods of intense sediment transport. Acoustic transducer multiplexing permits 24 axes to be interfaced to a single receiving circuit. Electrical reversal of transducers in each axis eliminates zero drift. A deep-sea tripod supports the sensor array rigidly with minimum flow disturbance, yet releases on command for free vehicle recovery.
Vortex solutions in the Weinberg-Salam model

We show that the Weinberg-Salam model has vortex solutions similar to semilocal strings for all values of the parameters. The stability of the solutions under small perturbations will depend on the parameters of the theory and, in particular, on the ratio of the Higgs boson mass to the Z boson mass.
Reference Advisory Systems (RAS): Some Practical Issues

A reference advisory system (RAS) is a public access expert system that provides reference suggestions based on user information needs. It is designed to run without the presence of the “expert.” I use the acronym “RAS” to distinguish this kind of computerized reference tool from more sophisticated and elaborate expert systems such as REFSIM and Plexus. The hallmark of the RAS is ease of construction and update.
Development of Electrical Properties and Synaptic Transmission at the Embryonic Neuromuscular Junction

Publisher Summary The synapse is a specialized intercellular junction devoted to communication between two electrically excitable cells. In most organisms, synapse formation, or synaptogenesis, begins during early to mid embryogenesis when the primary neural circuits are formed, but often continues postembryonically and, in specialized circumstances, can be maintained for the lifetime of the organism. This chapter defines synaptogenesis as the formation of the intercellular communication link: downstream of neuronal pathfinding and target recognition, but upstream of the established mechanism of synaptic transmission and the maintained synaptic developmental potential known as synaptic plasticity. The process of synaptogenesis defines the site of the intercellular junction and provides for the precise alignment of the presynaptic signaling apparatus and the postsynaptic receptor field. Inductive communication between synaptic partners determines both the molecular nature and the transmission strength of the assembling synapse. The chapter focuses exclusively on the development of electrical properties and synaptic transmission at the embryonic Drosophila neuromuscular junction. The development of muscle electrical properties, pre- and postsynaptic maturation of neuromuscular junction transmission characteristics, and experimental methods used to obtain electrophysiological recordings from the Drosophila embryonic preparation are also discussed.
Secured Debt and the Likelihood of Reorganization

Theory suggests that secured creditors may increasingly oppose a debtor's reorganization as the value of their collateral approaches the amount of their claims. If reorganization occurs and the val ...
Evaluation of Temporary Ramp Metering for Work Zones

Ramp metering has been successfully implemented in many states to improve traffic operations on freeways. Studies have documented the positive mobility and safety benefits of ramp metering. However, there have been no studies on the use of ramp metering for work zones. This paper reports the results from the first deployment of temporary ramp meters in work zones in the United States. Temporary ramp meters were deployed at seven work zones in Missouri. Safety measures such as driver compliance, merging behavior, speed differentials, lane changing, and braking maneuvers were extracted from video-based field data. Mobility analysis was conducted with a calibrated simulation model, and the total delays were obtained for under capacity, at capacity, and over capacity conditions. This evaluation suggests that temporary ramp meters should be deployed only at work zone locations where there is potential for congestion and turned on only during periods of high congestion. The compliance analysis showed that nonco...
Nickel-induced changes and reappraisal of Rosenthal fibers in focal CNS lesions.

Nickel (Ni) wire implants into the CNS of Lewis rats induce the formation of structures morphologically similar to Rosenthal fibers (RF) seen in human conditions. We describe in detail the time courses of Ni-induced changes in rat astrocytes and compare the Ni-induced RF with RF occurring in focal lesions. Immunocyto-chemistry at the level of electron microscopy suggests that the Ni-induced RF are largely made up of plasma proteins. We suggest that the mechanism of RF formation and possibly the protein composition of RF depends on the condition in which they are found.
Serologic methods for diagnosing tuberculosis.

Excerpt The number of new cases of pulmonary tuberculosis in the United States decreased steadily from 1963 through 1985; however, in 1986, the number of cases increased. This reversal may be the r...
The shiny corner of the knee: a sign of meniscal osteochondral unit dysfunction

Objective The purpose of this retrospective study is to describe the MRI findings of the “shiny corner” of the knee (bone marrow lesions at the meniscal-covered portions of the tibial plateau) and to determine its association with compromise of the medial meniscal-osteochondral unit.
Random sprouts as internet models, and Pólya processes

The sprout, a tree growing in real time is introduced. The sprout is a generalization and an embedding in time of the standard recursive tree. The sprout is proposed as a model for the growth of the Internet. The tree size is analyzed via an associated two-color stochastic process (the sprout process), which is a special case of the Polya process. Owing to its potential as a modeling tool, the more general Polya process is analyzed on average. In addition to the usage of the Polya process in evaluating sprouts, we also give a heuristic interpretation of the result for Polya urns, which might be a first step toward understanding several nonclassic urn models, as those with nonconstant row sum and those with multiple eigenvalues.
The thermal and cementation histories of a sandstone petroleum reservoir, Elk Hills, California

Abstract Recent developments in K-feldspar 40 Ar / 39 Ar thermochronometry have provided new tools to deal with interpretive impediments that previously limited its application to investigating sedimentary basin thermal histories. These new methodologies were applied to detrital K-feldspars recovered at various depths from a deep well drilled through a carbonate-cemented sandstone petroleum reservoir in the southern San Joaquin Valley, California. Thermal histories obtained from both thermochronological analysis and burial history constraints were used to constrain a conductive heat flow model of basin evolution. The basin appears to have experienced a broadly linear heating history due to burial throughout the early and middle Miocene followed by a significant increase in heating rate between 9 and 6 Ma. In a companion paper [Mahon, K.I., Harrison, T.M., McKeegan, K.D., 1998. The thermal and cementation histories of a sandstone petroleum reservoir, Elk Hills, California. Part 2: In situ oxygen and carbon isotopic results. Chem. Geol. 152, 257–271], we apply the thermal model to predict the temperature evolution of the much shallower late Miocene Stevens sands, a prolific petroleum producer. Ratios of excess 40 Ar to chlorine calculated from the differential release of radiogenic and nucleogenic argon during isothermal heating steps indicate a uniform value of 5.4±0.9×10 −5 over the 2.5 km vertical distance separating the samples from well 934-29R suggesting that the basin receives a high basal flux of radiogenic argon.
Hele-Shaw Problems in Multidimensional Spaces

Rn for n \geq 3 with or without surface tension. Qualitatively, we generalize most of the analytic results in dimension two to dimension n . Quantitatively, we construct some exact solutions for both zero and nonzero surface tension. The latter solutions enable us to calculate the zero surface tension limit explicitly.
The Canadian Traveller Problem

Suppose that a road map is given in which each road is associated with the time it takes to traverse it. However, this road map is unreliable; some of the roads might be unsuitable for travel at certain times, and such blockage would be revealed only upon reaching an adjacent site. The Canadian Traveller Problem is to devise a travel strategy that would guarantee a good path between two sites given this uncertainty. l?apadirnitriou and Yannakakis proved that if the number of roads that might be blocked is not fixed, then devising a strategy that guarantees a given competitive ratio is PSPACEcompIete. In this paper, we study several variations of this problem.
Taking SpyGlass outside the GI tract lumen in conjunction with EUS to assist in the diagnosis of a pancreatic cystic lesion (with video).

SpyGlass (Microvasive Endoscopy, Boston Scientific Corp, Natick, Mass) is a recently introduced system designed to permit single-operator cholangioscopy and pancreatoscopy. The system consists of a disposable access and delivery catheter that can be steered, a reusable fiberoptic visualization probe, and a disposable biopsy forceps, all of which can be passed through a duodenoscope at the time of ERCP. It was designed for direct cholangiopancreatoscopic applications, and its use, in conjunction with EUS, has not been reported. We report a case in which SpyGlass was used in conjunction with EUS to inspect and biopsy the inside of a pancreatic cystic lesion via the stomach. This may be the first of a number of EUS-assisted transluminal endoscopic applications of SpyGlass.
Perceptions of Media Trust and Credibility Among Mormon College Students

Evaluation of media credibility and trust among Mormons is examined in this study. The results suggest low assessments of the credibility of the mainstream news media across several dimensions. Participating Mormons viewed the news media as liberal and politically biased; they did not agree that the news media were credible, trustworthy, got their facts straight or were moral.
Steroidal alkaloid toxicity to fish embryos

Embryos of two species of fish were evaluated for their suitability as model systems for steroidal alkaloid toxicity, the Japanese rice fish, medaka (Oryzius latipes) and the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Additionally, the equine neurotoxic sesquiterpene lactone repin, was also tested. A PROBIT program was used to evaluate the EC1, EC50 and EC99 as well as the associated confidence limits. The steroidal alkaloids tested were the Solanum potato glycoalkaloids alpha-chaconine, alpha-solanine, the aglyclones solanidine and solasodine and the Veratrum alkaloid, jervine. Embryo mortality, likely due to structural or functional abnormalities in the early development stages of the embryo, were the only response observed in both species. The rainbow trout exhibited a toxic response to chaconine, solasidine, repin and solanine but the medaka embryos were only affected by the compounds, chaconine and solanine. Rainbow trout may indeed serve as a good lower vertebrate model for studying the toxicity of steroidal alkaloids.
In situ neural isolation of the entire canine upper gut: effects on fasting and fed motility patterns.

Abstract Background. Multiorgan upper gut transplantation is becoming clinically feasible; however, the effects of multivisceral transplantations on gastrointestinal motility are unknown. Our aim was to determine the neural and hormonal mechanisms controlling motility patterns after complete extrinsic denervation of the upper gut as a model of multivisceral upper gut autotransplantation. Methods. Seven dogs successfully underwent in situ neural isolation of the stomach, entire small intestine, proximal colon, liver, and pancreas by transecting all connections (distal esophagus, midcolon, all nerves, lymphatics) to this multivisceral complex except the celiac artery, superior mesenteric artery, and the suprahepatic and infrahepatic vena cava; these vessels were meticulously stripped of adventitia under optical magnification. Blood flow was not disrupted to prevent confounding effects of ischemia-reperfusion injury. After 1- to 2-week recovery, myoelectric and manometric recordings of stomach and myoelectric recordings of small bowel were obtained from conscious animals. Results. During fasting the characteristic cycling migrating motor complex (MMC) was observed in the stomach and small intestine. The gastric component of the MMC was absent in one of the seven dogs. Regular cycling of the MMC during fasting, however, was intermittently disrupted and replaced by a noncyclic pattern of intermittent contractions in two of seven dogs 43% of the recording time. A small meal (50 gm liver) did not abolish the MMC as occurs in normal dogs; in contrast, a large meal (500 gm liver) did abolish the MMC. Conclusions. Extrinsic innervation to the upper gut modulates but is not requisite for interdigestive and postprandial motility of the stomach. Because relatively normal global motility patterns are preserved, multivisceral upper gut transplantation should be a viable option in selected patients.
Refractory element fractionations among carbonaceous chondrite groups

Chondritic meteorites consist of collections of grains formed in the solar nebula. Chondritic materials can often be resolved into components that formed in differing nebular conditions. Carbonaceous chondrites are often accorded special significance in planetary models, especially because abundances of most elements in the CI group are indistinguishable from those in the Sun. Abundances of refractory lithophiles are among the most useful parameters for the classification of chrondrites, because they systematically decrease through the sequence carbonaceous→ordinary→enstatite1,2. They are also the most general parameter linking groups of very similar chondrites into clans which consist of groups having certain common properties that may indicate formation within a narrow range of distances from the Sun3. We report here newly discovered differences in refractory abundances among the different groups of carbonaceous chondrites.
Quality of life after surgery for genital prolapse in elderly women: obliterative and reconstructive surgery.

The objective of this study was to determine if obliterative and reconstructive vaginal surgery for advanced pelvic organ prolapse improve quality of life in elderly women. Women age 65 years or older with stage 3 or 4 pelvic organ prolapse who desired surgical correction were prospectively enrolled. The subjects underwent either obliterative or reconstructive vaginal surgery based on their personal preference and sexual expectations. The subjects received a pelvic organ prolapse quantitation examination and completed the pelvic floor distress inventory (PFDI), the pelvic floor impact questionnaire (PFIQ), the SF-36, and the Beck depression inventory preoperatively, 6 and 12 months after surgery. Seventy-nine subjects were enrolled, 70 of whom completed follow-up: 30 in the obliterative group and 40 in the reconstructive group. Both groups demonstrated significant improvements in the pelvic organ prolapse, urinary, and colorectal scales of the PFDI and PFIQ 6 and 12 months after surgery with no differences between the two treatment groups. In addition, there were significant and clinically important improvements noted in the bodily pain, vitality, social functioning, role–emotional, and mental health summary scales of the SF-36 in both groups after surgery, with no significant difference between groups. In appropriately selected elderly women, both obliterative and reconstructive vaginal surgery for advanced pelvic organ prolapse significantly improved health-related quality of life.
Oxytocin selectively increases ERα mRNA in the neonatal hypothalamus and hippocampus of female prairie voles

During neonatal development exogenous oxytocin increases ERalpha immunoreactivity in the hypothalamus of female prairie voles. The purpose of this study was to determine if the increase in ERalpha is associated with an increase in ERalpha mRNA expression and to determine if the effect is specific to ER subtype or if oxytocin also influences ERbeta mRNA expression. On the day of birth female prairie vole pups were treated with oxytocin, an oxytocin antagonist, or saline. Brains were collected and RT-PCR was used to determine the effect of treatment on ER mRNA production in the hypothalamus, hippocampus, and cortex. Within 2h of treatment oxytocin significantly increased ERalpha mRNA expression in the hypothalamus and hippocampus, but not the cortex, while inhibiting the effects of endogenous oxytocin reduced the expression of ERalpha mRNA in the hippocampus. Neonatal treatment did not affect the expression of ERbetamRNA. The results demonstrate that the effects of oxytocin treatment are region and ER subtype specific and that during the neonatal period oxytocin can affect the expression of ERalpha by altering message production. The regional specific changes in ERalpha mRNA expression in females are consistent with studies examining the behavioral and physiological effects of neonatal manipulation of oxytocin in females.
Discovering the fullerenes

It is a thrill for me to be here today and to be the first of three speakers discussing the wonders of the fullerenes, an infinite new class of carbon molecules. My colleagues in this famous photograph (Fig. 1) are also thrilled to be here in Stockholm this week to see ‘‘Bucky get the Prize.’’ This picture was taken on September 11, 1985, the day before we sent off the manuscript describing the discovery of C60 to the editorial offices of Nature (Kroto, Heath, O’Brien, Curl, and Smalley, 1985) and only a few days after the discovery itself. Every one of the people in that photograph was critically involved in the discovery (with the exception of the one woman walking in the back—we still don’t know who that mystery woman was), so you can understand that there is also some sadness in our hearts today. While the chemistry prize this year is for the discovery of the fullerenes, it is given to individuals, and this individual honor can be shared by no more than three. The Nobel committee has done as well as they possibly can with this problem. We understand. But the sadness remains. On the other hand, there are positive aspects to the limit of three. For example, I have asked what happens in those years when there is only one person receiving an award in physics or chemistry. I was told that you just get one lecture for that prize. Now that I am beginning to appreciate the full impact of having a long lecture from each of the three winners this year in each of the two fields, physics and chemistry, all on the same day and in the same room, I can see that one must set limits somewhere. This discovery was one of the most spiritual experiences that any of us in the original team of five have ever experienced. The main message of my talk today is that this spiritual experience, this discovery of what Nature has in store for us with carbon, is still ongoing. So the title of my talk is not ‘‘The Discovery of the Fullerenes’’ but rather ‘‘Discovering the Fullerenes.’’ Fullerene researchers worldwide are still engaged in this process of discovery. The sense in which we are still in this process has to do with what the true essence of the 1985 fullerene discovery actually turned out to be. After all, the five people in that happy photograph (Fig. 1), brilliant as they all are, were not the ones who first conceived of the truncated icosahedron. That was done several thousand
Charge form factor of /sup 7/Li with resonating-group wave function

The charge form factor of $^{7}\mathrm{Li}$ in the ${q}^{2}$ range of 0 to 7 ${\mathrm{fm}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ is calculated with a single-channel $t+\ensuremath{\alpha}$ resonating-group wave function which is fully antisymmetric and treats correctly the motion of the total center of mass. Both $C0$ and $C2$ contributions are taken into account, and proton and neutron distributions are separately considered. With no adjustable parameters in the calculation, the result obtained shows that a good agreement between theory and experiment can be achieved. The calculated rms charge radius and spectroscopic quadrupole moment are equal to 2.44 fm and - 3.70 ${\mathrm{fm}}^{2}$, respectively, which agree very well with empirically determined values.NUCLEAR STRUCTURE $^{7}\mathrm{Li}$; charge form factor with resonating-group wave function.
Afferent influences on brain stem auditory nuclei of the chicken: Time course and specificity of dendritic atrophy following deafferentation

The time course and specificity of the changes in dendritic morphology following deafferentation were examined in nucleus laminaris of young chickens. The dendrites of nucleus laminaris neurons are segregated into dorsal and ventral domains, which are innervated separately from the ipsilateral and contralateral nucleus magnocellularis, respectively. Transection of the crossed dorsal cochlear tract deafferents the ventral dendrites of nucleus laminaris bilaterally without interrupting the matching input to the dorsal dendrites. In 10-day-old chicks, atrophy of the ventral dendrites began immediately after transecting the tract; the ventral dendrites were 10% shorter by 1 hour and 16% shorter by 2 hours after deafferentation. The length of the ventral dendrites progressively decreased over the next 2 weeks, resulting in at least a 60% loss of ventral dendrite 16 days after surgery. The dorsal dendrites of the same cells, whose afferents remained intact, did not change in length during the time course of this study. However, 16 days after the lesion, spines appeared on the normally smooth dorsal and ventral dendrites. The time course of dendritic atrophy and its restriction to the deafferented postsynaptic surface are related to possible mechanisms by which afferents regulate and maintain their target neurons.
General Mechanism of Actomyosin Contraction

We describe simulations treating the effects of myosin minifilaments on the macrosopic stress in an idealized two-dimensional crosslinked actin network. The network is modeled as a collection of randomly oriented actin filaments connected to a rigid square boundary. The network structures are obtained by minimization of an energy function including elastic terms due to stretching and bending of rods, and a chemical energy driving myosin motion on actin filaments. The actin filaments are allowed to relax to an equilibrium configuration after the myosin forces are applied. The stress induced by the myosin minifilaments is then evaluated from the forces on the walls. We find that stresses induced by the minifilaments are overwhelmingly contractile, because minifilaments that start in extensile configurations rotate to contractile configurations. Furthermore, the induced stresses are much larger than those calculated by elasticity theory, because of force chains running from the myosin minifilaments to the walls. The mechanism uncovered by the simulations does not depend on nonlinear elasticity of the actin network, or on specific assumptions regarding the behavior of myosins at filament ends.
Some results on relativized deterministic and nondeterministic time hierarchies

Abstract Relativized forms of deterministic and nondeterministic time complexity classes are considered. It is shown, at variance with recently published observations, that one basic step by step simulation technique in complexity theory does not relativize (i.e., does not generalize to computations with oracles), using the current definitions for time and space complexity of oracle computations. A new natural definition is given with respect to which this simulation does relativize. Further results in the paper are obtained with respect to this new definition. It is shown that for each “well-behaved” class of functions, τ, there is a set E such that for each function t(n) ϵ τ, there is a set which is accepted in t(n) time by a nondeterministic Turing machine with oracle E, but is not accepted in less than O(2t(n)) time by any deterministic Turing machine with oracle E, and there is another set which is accepted in t(n) time by a deterministic Turing machine with oracle E, but is not accepted in less than O(t(n)) time by any nondeterministic Turing machine with oracle E. The techniques used are based on refinements of diagonalization techniques of Baker et al. (SICOMP (1975), 421–442) and Ladner and Lynch (Math. Systems Theory 10 (1976), 19–32). One immediate corollary is a generalization of a theorem of Baker et al. (SICOMP (1975), 421–442), which asserts that for some set E, PE ≠ NPE. Other applications concerning deterministic and nondeterministic relativized time hierarchies are given.
The Phenomenon of Comparative Development Between Female Survivors and Their Partners: Implications for Couples Therapy

The aim of this phenomenological study was to better understand the influences of families of origin on couple relationships when the female was a childhood sexual abuse survivor. Six couples participated in semi-structured individual interviews and each individual completed two-week diaries. The findings revealed that female survivors and their partners had comparable developmental histories. Implications for practice include the importance of recognizing that (1) male partners who had developmental experiences that were similar to those of their partners may contribute to the difficulties in the current couple relationship; and (2) both partners’ developmental experiences should be taken into consideration equally to facilitate the female survivors’ recovery process.
Behavioral sensitization to amphetamine in rats: changes in the rhythm of head movements during focused stereotypies.

The indirect-acting dopamine agonist amphetamine induces in rats, motor stereotypies that have served as the primary behavioral end points in studies related to schizophrenia, drug abuse, and l-dopa-induced dyskinesias. Despite the experimental importance of this rodent response to this drug, little is known about the rhythmic character of the behavior and how such rhythms change (or sensitize) in response to repeated treatment with amphetamine. To address this lack of quantitative information, the rhythms of focused stereotypies (characterized by a lack of locomotion and rapid head movements) were measured in a force-plate actometer that permitted the quantification of behavioral rhythmicity. Focused stereotypies were induced by d-amphetamine sulfate (2.5 and 5.0 mg/kg) after acute and repeated treatment with fixed doses of the drug in separate groups of rats, and the drug-induced behaviors were recorded in 1-h sessions in the actometer. The two doses of amphetamine produced focused stereotypies characterized by a 10-Hz rhythm of head movements. Detailed analyses of the data for 5.0 mg/kg amphetamine showed that the rhythm in the 10-Hz region of the power spectrum increased significantly within a 1-h period, while five intermittent, repeated drug treatments significantly reduced the rhythm, possibly reflecting either tolerance or sensitization. Aside from providing a new quantitative approach to studying focused stereotypies, these observation direct attention to the possibility that practice-mediated processes involved in motor skill enhancement may be a part of the neural adaptations that parallel the development of sensitization to indirect-acting dopamine agonists.
Effect of bowel preparation and colonoscopy on post‐procedure intestinal microbiota composition

There is growing interest in the potential contributions of distortions in intestinal microbiota to human intestinal disease.1–5 Our understanding of intestinal microbiota complexity and dynamics is evolving, but is still in its infancy.6–8 We have previously shown that microflora profiles are (1) unique to an individual; (2) stable over a period of at least 8 weeks; and (3) not affected by minor short-term changes in diet.9 Little is known about (1) changes in microbiota in patients undergoing a screening colonoscopy; (2) if and when microbiota returns to its normal pre-colonoscopy composition; and (3) whether short-term distortions increase disease risks. We investigated microbiota changes in five patients undergoing screening colonoscopy. Colon preparation was adequate and polyps were detected in two patients (A and E); congested mucosa with chronic inflammation and lymphatic infiltrate was detected in patient B, and the remaining two patients (C and D) had no abnormalities. Analysis of the faecal microbiota by denaturing …
Strategic groups, mobility barriers, and competitive advantage: An empirical investigation

Abstract Strategic groups analysis is a relevant framework for investigating competitive advantage and identifying the variables that create and sustain competitive advantage in an industry. Using the perfumes, cosmetics, and toiletries industry, a multi-year analysis was conducted: (1) to illustrate how strategic group analysis can be employed to identify firms that have achieved competitive advantage over their rivals in an industry; (2) to identify functional variables that create mobility barriers and thus competitive advantage for these firms; and (3) to explore the relationships among group structure, performance, and competitive advantage over time. The results indicate that strategic groups achieving a significant competitive advantage can be identified and that the key variables creating competitive advantage are not stable.
Bandwidth Enhancement of Fabry-Perot Quantum-well Lasers by Injection-locking

Theory and experiment for dc and small-signal electrical modulation of an injection-locked quantum-well (QW) Fabry-Perot laser are presented. Our experiment is realized by performing side-mode injection locking of a multiple-quantum-well (MQW) InGaAsP Fabry-Perot (FP) laser, which has the advantage of optical wavelength conversion. We first measure the dc characteristics and optical spectra of an injection-locked laser to define its locking range and linewidth enhancement factor. We then show experimentally that the bandwidth of an injection-locked semiconductor laser is 10.5 GHz, which is around twice the free-running electrical modulation bandwidth (5.3 GHz). The relaxation frequency of the injection-locked laser can be 3.5 times greater than the free-running value. Our theoretical model includes mode competition, gain saturation, low frequency roll-off, and optical confinement factor of the QW structure. The theory shows good agreement with our experimental results. We point out that the small-signal modulation of injection-locked lasers still suffers severely from low frequency roll-off, which comes from the carrier transport effect and parasitic effect of the bias circuit. If we can reduce those effects, the modulation bandwidth can be further increased to 15 GHz, which is around 3 times of the free-running value.
M Subdwarfs: The Population II Luminosity Function

We present results of a study of very low mass halo stars. Using a sample of proper-motion stars identified from plate material taken as part of the first and second Palomar Sky Surveys, we measure the space density, metallicity distribution, and kinematics of the Population II M subdwarfs. Our overall luminosity function is in good agreement with previous analyses of the space density of nearby very low mass halo subdwarfs and confirms the discrepancy between local analyses and the space densities inferred from deep Hubble Space Telescope (HST) star counts. We show for the first time that both the metallicity distribution and kinematics of late-type halo subdwarfs are consistent with those of their higher mass metal-poor counterparts. Dividing our sample by abundance, we find no evidence that the mass function of field halo stars is dependent upon metallicity. We provide data for three nearby subdwarfs that may merit additional observations.
The effect of increased adiposity on food intake of juvenile rats.

Abstract The regulation of feeding by body adiposity, as proposed by the lipostatic theory, has been well demonstrated in adult animals. However, mechanisms controlling long-term feeding in juvenile animals have not been well defined. In this study, increased adiposity was induced in young rats through oral gavage. Four-week-old rats were divided into three groups; ad lib feeding (100%-AL), tubefed 100% (100%-TF) or 150% (150%-TF) of ad lib intake. Animals were tube-fed these levels for one week. At the end of this period, one third of each group were killed and all remaining animals were returned to ad lib feeding for either 4 or 29 days later. During this recovery period, the 150%-TF group had significantly depressed food intakes for the first 4 days in comparison to the 100%-TF group. Afterwards, there were no significant differences between these two groups for the remainder of the study. Overfeeding induced significant increases in total body fat in the 150%-TF group (24.8 grams) in comparison to the 100%-AL group (11.0 grams) and the 100%-TF group (14.0 grams). By day five of recovery, only the 150% group exhibited a significant loss of body fat. Total carcass protein and ash were not different between groups at any period. At day 29 of recovery, there were no treatment differences in carcass weight or fat content. Loss of body fat from the 150%-TF rats was associated with the decline in caloric intake. It appears that food intake is affected by relative adiposity during the dynamic phase of growth.
Fracture behavior of mica‐reinforced polypropylene: Effects of coupling agent, flake orientation, and degradation

The effects of such factors as flake size, orientation, and surface treatment on the fracture mechanism of mica-reinforced polypropylene were investigated. Concepts of post-yield fracture mechanics were used to characterize the crack initiation and propagation resistances of the composite. It was found that better flake alignment slightly increases the yield strength but does not affect the crack growth resistance of the material. Flake size degradation during processing leads to an increased crack initiation resistance but reduces the tearing capacity and the maximum crack growth resistance of the composite, due to a reduction of the extent of matrix deformation. In the same manner, the use of a coupling agent diminishes the effect of matrix drawing and the total energy dissipated during the fracture process, even though the crack initiation resistance can be increased.
Improved density matrix expansion for spin-unsaturated nuclei

A current objective of low-energy nuclear theory is to build nonempirical nuclear energy density functionals (EDFs) from underlying internucleon interactions and many-body perturbation theory (MBPT). The density matrix expansion (DME) of Negele and Vautherin is a convenient method to map highly nonlocal Hartree-Fock expressions into the form of a quasi-local Skyrme functional with density-dependent couplings. In this work, we assess the accuracy of the DME at reproducing the nonlocal exchange (Fock) contribution to the energy. In contrast to the scalar part of the density matrix for which the original formulation of Negele and Vautherin is reasonably accurate, we demonstrate the necessity to reformulate the DME for the vector part of the density matrix, which is needed for an accurate description of spin-unsaturated nuclei. Phase-space-averaging techniques are shown to yield a significant improvement for the vector part of the density matrix compared to the original formulation of Negele and Vautherin. The key to the improved accuracy is to take into account the anisotropy that characterizes the local momentum distribution in the surface region of finite Fermi systems. Optimizing separately the DME for the central, tensor, and spin-orbit contributions to the Fock energy, one reaches a few-percent accuracy over a representative set of semi-magic nuclei. With such an accuracy at hand, one can envision using the corresponding Skyrme-like energy functional as a microscopically constrained starting point around which future phenomenological parametrizations can be built and refined.
Successful Cold Branding of Nonsalmonids

(1972). Successful Cold Branding of Nonsalmonids. The Progressive Fish-Culturist: Vol. 34, No. 3, pp. 131-132.
Multi-threaded modularity based graph clustering using the multilevel paradigm

Graphs are an important tool for modeling data in many diverse domains. Recent increase in sensor technology and deployment, the adoption of online services, and the scale of VLSI circuits has caused the size of these graphs to skyrocket. Finding clusters of highly connected vertices within these graphs is a critical part of their analysis.In this paper we apply the multilevel paradigm to the modularity graph clustering problem. We improve upon the state of the art by introducing new efficient methods for coarsening graphs, creating initial clusterings, and performing local refinement on the resulting clusterings. We establish that for a graph with n vertices and m edges, these algorithms have an O ( m + n ) runtime complexity and an O ( m + n ) space complexity, and show that in practice they are extremely fast. We present shared-memory parallel formulations of these algorithms to take full advantage of modern architectures, which we show have a parallel runtime of O ( m / p + n / p + k ) , where p is the number of threads and k is the number of clusters. Finally, we present the product of this research, the clustering tool Nerstrand.11The Nerstrand software is available at http://cs.umn.edu/~lasalle/nerstrand. In serial mode, Nerstrand runs in a fraction of the time of current methods and produces results of equal quality. When run in parallel mode, Nerstrand exhibits significant speedup with less than one percent degradation of clustering quality. Nerstrand works well on large graphs, clustering a graph with over 105 million vertices and 3.3 billion edges in 90?s. We present efficient serial and parallel algorithms for modularity maximization.We show that these algorithms run in O ( m + n ) time and O ( m + n ) space.These algorithms produce clusterings of high modularity.These algorithms are 2.7-44 times faster than current methods.These algorithms clustered a graph with 3.3 billion edges in under 90 s.
The relationship of autonomic responsiveness to process-reactive schizophrenia and abstract thinking.

This study was concerned with the relationship of autonomic responsiveness to process-reactive schizophrenia and impairment in abstract thinking. For this purpose, the systolic blood pressure responses to mecholyl were compared with ratings on the Elgin Prognostic Scale and with scores on a proverbs test. Previous work had apparently shown the existence of such a relationship but the link between autonomic responsiveness and process-reactive schizophrenia was confused by contradictory evidence. The results of this study are generally negative; no evidence of a relationship between autonomic responsiveness and the other two variables was found. However, subjects at the extremes of the Elgin scale tended to score differently on the proverbs test.
Branching of sensory axons in the peripheral nerve of the rat

The currently accepted concept of a primary sensory cell is a cell that gives rise to a central process which passes through the dorsal root to the spinal cord and a peripheral process which passes to the periphery via a peripheral nerve. If this is correct, then there should be equal numbers of sensory axons in the dorsal root, dorsal root ganglion cells, and sensory axons in the proximal peripheral nerve. The present study obtains these counts in animals in which extraneous axons have been removed from the peripheral nerve and root. The counts indicate that there are approximately 2.3 sensory axons in the dorsal root and proximal peripheral nerve for each ganglion cell in the sacral segments of the rat. We interpret these data as indicating that there is significant branching of sensory axons in the dorsal root and proximal peripheral nerve and thus the generally accepted picture of a dorsal root ganglion cell is not correct for some, perhaps all, of these cells. We offer the speculation that this peripheral branching may be an indication of single sensory neurons having receptive fields in two separate locations, and thus this may be an anatomical explanation for certain types of referred pain.
Atypical lumbar disc herniation: a case report.

Abstract Background context: This is a case report of a right posterolateral L5–S1 disc herniation that migrated to the left cephalad level to impinge on the left L5 nerve root as it exited the dura. The resultant free fragment migration is a rare variation of a posterolateral disc disruption. Purpose: The purpose is to report a rare variation of lumbar disc herniation not previously reported in the literature. Study design/setting: Case report. Patient sample: A 60-year-old white woman. Outcome measures: Resolution of the patient's left lower extremity symptoms. Methods: Not applicable. Results: The patient experienced resolution of most of her left lower extremity symptoms after a slightly modified microscopically assisted lumbar hemilaminectomy, discectomy and nerve root decompression Conclusions: This is a rare right to left migration of a sequestrated disc herniation, which was effectively treated with surgery.
Reliability-based product design with time-dependent performance deterioration

A primary concern in practical engineering design is ensuring high system reliability throughout a product life-cycle subject to time-variant operating conditions and component deteriorations. Thus, the capability to deal with time-dependent probabilistic constraints in reliability-based design optimization is of vital importance in practical engineering design applications. This paper presents a nested extreme response surface (NERS) approach to efficiently carry out time-dependent reliability analysis and determine the optimal designs. The NERS employs kriging model to build a nested response surface of time corresponding to the extreme value of the limit state function. The efficient global optimization technique is integrated with the NER S to extract the extreme time responses of the limit state function for any given system design. An adaptive response prediction and model maturation mechanism is developed based on mean square error (MSE) to concurrently improve the accuracy and computational efficiency of the proposed approach. With the nested response surface of time, the time-dependent reliability analysis can be converted into the time-independent reliability analysis and existing advanced reliability analysis and design methods can be used. The NERS is integrated with RBDO for the design of engineered systems with time-dependent performance deterioration. A design case study is used to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed NERS approach.
Systemic Hypoxia and the Depression of Synaptic Transmission in Rat Hippocampus after Carotid Artery Occlusion

The relationship between step reductions in inspired oxygen and the amplitude of evoked field excitatory postsynaptic potentials (fEPSPs) recorded from hippocampal CA1 neurons was examined in anaesthetized rats with a unilateral common carotid artery occlusion. The amplitudes of fEPSPs recorded from the hippocampus ipsilateral to the occlusion were significantly more depressed with hypoxia than were the fEPSPs recorded from the contralateral hippocampus. The adenosine A1-selective antagonist, 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dimethylxanthine (8-CPT), blunted the hypoxic depression of the fEPSP. Tissue partial pressure of oxygen (Ptiss,O2) was measured in the ipsilateral and contralateral hippocampus using glass Clark-style microelectrodes. Ptiss,O2 fell to similar levels as a function of inspired oxygen in the ipsilateral and contralateral hippocampus, and in the ipsilateral hippocampus after administration of 8-CPT. Hippocampal blood flow (HBF) was measured using laser Doppler flowmetry. A decline in HBF was associated with systemic hypoxia in both hippocampi. HBF, as a function of inspired oxygen, fell significantly more in the ipsilateral than in the contralateral hippocampus. We conclude that endogenous adenosine acting at the neuronal A1 receptor plays a major role in the depression of synaptic transmission during hypoxic ischaemia. The greater susceptibility of the fEPSP in the ipsilateral hippocampus to systemic hypoxia cannot be explained entirely by differences in Ptiss,O2 or HBF between the two hemispheres.