cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Planetary Silicon Valley: Deconstructing New York’s innovation complex

The COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated the use of digital platforms and software for operating remotely and encouraged employers to reshape the workplace for social distancing. But it is not at all ...
The Impact of a Medical Education Research Faculty Development Program on Career Development, Through the Lens of Social Cognitive Career Theory.

Objectives The Medical Education Research Certificate at the Council of Residency Directors in Emergency Medicine (MERC at CORD), a specialized adaptation of the Association of American Medical Colleges MERC program, provides faculty development in education research in emergency medicine. However, its long-term influence on career development remains unknown. Our study explored the impact of MERC at CORD on career development through the lens of social cognitive career (SCC) theory. Methods This was a prospective qualitative study using a constructivist/interpretivist paradigm to assess long-term career development outcomes. A purposeful randomized stratified sampling strategy of MERC at CORD graduates (2011-2014) ensured diversity of representation (sex, region, number of research publications, and project group leadership). Subjects were invited by e-mail to participate in semistructured phone interviews. Thematic analysis by two independent reviewers followed an iterative process until saturation was reached. Results Twelve graduates were interviewed. All engaged with MERC at CORD early in their careers with minimal previous education research experience. Currently, all hold medical education leadership positions. Graduates had a mean of 19.3 publications (range = 9-43). Themes explaining reasons for participating in MERC at CORD include: desire for education research skills, recommendation of mentors/colleagues, and accessibility. Themes citing the program's value to career development include networking/collaboration, mentorship, informational framework to build upon, and the application of theoretical knowledge through experiential learning. MERC at CORD impacted career development aligning with the core domains of SCC theory including self-efficacy, outcome expectations, and goals. Conclusion MERC at CORD enhanced the long-term career development of participants by providing a core knowledge framework in a mentored, experiential learning environment. Participants identified themes aligned with SCC theory as influential in their long-term career advancement in medical education including the development of education research skills, successful completion of education research, career acceleration, promotion, niche development, and formulation of professional goals.
An open source graphical user interface for wireless communication and operation of wearable robotic technology.

IntroductionWearable robotic exoskeletons offer the potential to move gait training from the clinic to the community thereby providing greater therapy dosage in more naturalistic settings. To capit...
Using transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex to promote long-term foreign language vocabulary learning

Abstract Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) was used to improve foreign-langue learning while using mental imagery. Participants underwent two sessions of 1 mA, 1.5 mA, or sham stimulation prior to learning Swahili-English word pairs two consecutive days. During learning, participants were encouraged to create a mental image of the associated English word. Twenty-four hours after learning and one week later, participants received a cued recall test. A linear dose–response effect of stimulation was found across both tests that occurred long after the immediate effects of stimulation. Follow-up comparisons revealed that only the 1.5 mA condition differed from the sham group. Exploratory moderating effects revealed interactions with sleep quality and handedness. Those with poorer sleep and who were left-handed showed greater recall after 1.5 mA of stimulation than those with better sleep and right-handers. A follow-up behavioral study probing strategy usage indicated that mental imagery strategy use did not strongly impact learning but point to other possible mechanisms including the importance of attending to multimodal perceptual details and memory consolidation. This preliminary evidence supports the role of the DLPFC or connected regions in foreign language vocabulary learning and verbal memory encoding.
Trzy kroki w stronę historycznej antropologii faktycznie istniejącego neoliberalizmu

The anthropology of neoliberalism has become polarised between a hegemonic economic model anchored by variants of market rule and an insurgent approach fuelled by derivations of the Foucaultian notion of governmentality. Both conceptions obscure what is ‘neo’ about neoliberalism: the reengineering and redeployment of the state as the core agency that sets the rules and fabricates the subjectivities, social relations and collective representations suited to realising markets. Drawing on two decades of field-based inquiries into the structure, experience and political treatment of urban marginality in advanced society, I propose a via media between these two approaches that construes neoliberalism as an articulation of state, market and citizenship that harnesses the first to impose the stamp of the second onto the third. Bourdieu’s concept of bureaucratic field offers a powerful tool for dissecting the revamping of the state as stratification and classification machine driving the neoliberal revolution from above and serves to put forth three theses: (1) neoliberalism is not an economic regime but a political project of state- -crafting that puts disciplinary ‘workfare’, neutralising ‘prisonfare’ and the trope of individual responsibility at the service of commodification; (2) neoliberalism entails a rightward tilting of the space of bureaucratic agencies that define and distribute public goods and spawns a Centaur-state that practises liberalism at the top of the class structure and punitive paternalism at the bottom; (3) the growth and glorificationof the penal wing of the state is an integral component of the neoliberal Leviathan, such that the police, courts and prison need to be brought into the political anthropology of neoliberal rule.
Gene deletion of P-Selectin and ICAM-1 does not inhibit neutrophil infiltration into peritoneal cavity following cecal ligation-puncture

Background Neutrophil infiltration is one of the critical cellular components of an inflammatory response during peritonitis. The adhesion molecules, P-selectin and intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1, mediate neutrophil-endothelial cell interactions and the subsequent neutrophil transendothelial migration during the inflammatory response. Despite very strong preclinical data, recent clinical trials failed to show a protective effect of anti-adhesion therapy, suggesting that the length of injury might be a critical factor in neutrophil infiltration. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the role of P-selectin and ICAM-1 in neutrophil infiltration into the peritoneal cavity during early and late phases of peritonitis.
Sunflower: full-system, embedded, microarchitecture evaluation

This paper describes Sunflower, a full-system microarchitectural evaluation environment for embedded computing systems. The environment enables detailed microarchitectural simulation of multiple instances of complete embedded systems, their peripherals, and medium access control / physical layer communication between systems. The environment models the microarchitecture, computation and communication upset events under a variety of stochastic distributions, compute and communication power consumption, electrochemical battery systems, and power regulation circuitry, as well as analog signals external to the processing elements. The simulation environment provides facilities for speeding up simulation performance, which tradeoff accuracy of simulated properties for simulation speed. Through the detailed simulation of benchmarks in which the effect of simulation speedup on correctness can be accurately quantified, it is demonstrated that traditional techniques proposed for simulation speedup can introduce significant error when simulating a combination of computation and analog physical phenomena external to a processor.
A note on unsaturated flow in two-dimensional fracture networks

[1] Although considerable progress has been made in understanding unsaturated flow processes in a single fracture, our knowledge of unsaturated flow in fracture networks remains incomplete. In this study, we present a numerical investigation of steady flow behavior in two-dimensional fracture networks containing thousands of fractures within a 10 m × 10 m domain. Simulation results indicate that flow paths are generally vertical (as a result of gravity-dominated flow behavior), with subhorizontal fractures providing pathways for communications between vertical flow paths, inducing horizontal spreading of these paths. Although many fractures with small trace lengths do not contribute to the global flow through a fracture network, some of them are still connected to the major flow paths and thus contribute to the overall connectivity of the network. They may also considerably affect the interaction between fractures and the matrix. On the basis of our simulation results we hypothesize that average spacing between flow paths in a layered system tends to increase with depth as long as flow is gravity driven. We also discuss the concept of an influence zone of a capillary barrier to describe seepage from fracture networks to underground openings (drifts). Our simulation results imply that three-dimensional fracture network models are needed for providing a more realistic evaluation of capillary barrier effects.
Identification and quantitative analysis of cellular proteins affected by treatment with withaferin a using a SILAC-based proteomics approach

Abstract Ethnopharmacological relevance Withaferin A (WA) is a major bioactive compound isolated from the medicinal plant Withania somnifera Dunal, also known as “Ashwagandha”. A number of published reports suggest various uses for WA including its function as an anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic drug molecule. The effects of WA at the molecular level in a cellular environment are not well understood. Knowledge of the molecular mechanism of action of WA could enhance its therapeutic value and may reveal novel pathways it may modulate. Materials and methods In order to identify and characterize proteins affected by treatment with WA, we used SILAC- based proteomics analysis on a mouse microglial cell line (N9), which replicates phenotypic characteristics of primary microglial cells. Results Using stable isotope labeling of amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) and mass spectrometry (MS), a total of 2300 unique protein groups were identified from three biological replicates, with significant expression changes in 32 non-redundant proteins. The top biological functions associated with these differentially expressed proteins include cell death and survival, free radical scavenging, and carbohydrate metabolism. Specifically, several heat shock proteins (Hsps) were found to be upregulated, which suggests that the chaperonic machinery might be regulated by WA. Furthermore, our study revealed several novel protein molecules that were not previously reported to be affected by WA. Among them, annexin A1, a key anti-inflammatory molecule in microglial cells was found to be downregulated. Hsc70, Hsp90α and Hsp105 were found to be upregulated. We also found sequestosome1/p62 (p62) to be upregulated. We performed Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) and found a number of pathways that were affected by WA treatment. Conclusions SILAC-based proteomics analysis of a microglial cell model revealed several novel proteins whose expression is regulated by WA and probable pathways regulated by WA.
The Birth of a Nation: How a Legendary Filmmaker and a Crusading Editor Reignited America's Civil War

One hundred years ago, an incendiary filmmaker from the American South and a radical newspaper editor from the North collided in a battle of celluloid and print that highlighted free speech, censor...
Accelerated food source location in aging Drosophila

Adequate energy stores are essential for survival, and sophisticated neuroendocrine mechanisms evolved to stimulate foraging in response to nutrient deprivation. Food search behavior is usually investigated in young animals, and it is not known how aging alters this behavior. To address this question in Drosophila melanogaster, we compared the ability to locate food by olfaction in young and old flies using a food-filled trap. As aging is associated with a decline in motor functions, learning, and memory, we expected that aged flies would take longer to enter the food trap than their young counterparts. Surprisingly, old flies located food with significantly shorter latency than young ones. Robust food search behavior was associated with significantly lower fat reserves and lower starvation resistance in old flies. Food-finding latency (FFL) was shortened in young wild-type flies that were starved until their fat was depleted but also in heterozygous chico mutants with reduced insulin receptor activity and higher fat deposits. Conversely, food trap entry was delayed in old flies with increased insulin signaling. Our results suggest that the difference in FFL between young and old flies is linked to age-dependent differences in metabolic status and may be mediated by reduced insulin signaling.
The high-molecular-weight kininogen Domain 5 is an intrinsically unstructured protein and its interaction with ferritin is metal mediated

High-molecular-weight kininogen domain 5 (HK5) is an angiogenic modulator that is capable of inhibiting endothelial cell proliferation, migration, adhesion, and tube formation. Ferritin can bind to a histidine–glycine–lysine-rich region within HK5 and block its antiangiogenic effects. However, the molecular intricacies of this interaction are not well understood. Analysis of the structure of HK5 using circular dichroism and nuclear magnetic resonance [1H, 15N]-heteronuclear single quantum coherence determined that HK5 is an intrinsically unstructured protein, consistent with secondary structure predictions. Equilibrium binding studies using fluorescence anisotropy were used to study the interaction between ferritin and HK5. The interaction between the two proteins is mediated by metal ions such as Co2+, Cd2+, and Fe2+. This metal-mediated interaction works independently of the loaded ferrihydrite core of ferritin and is demonstrated to be a surface interaction. Ferritin H and L bind to HK5 with similar affinity in the presence of metals. The ferritin interaction with HK5 is the first biological function shown to occur on the surface of ferritin using its surface-bound metals.
EFFECTS OF BALL COLOR AND PREFERRED BALL COLOR ON CATCHING BY ELEMENTARY SCHOOL CHILDREN

This study investigated the effects of ball color and preferred ball color on children's catching process. Two experiments were conducted involving 147 children ages 6 to 10 yr. The study design cl...
Mathematics Accommodations for All Students

This article presents some simple mathematics accommodations that general education teachers can implement without extensive preparation time. The accommodations are appropriate for all students in the classroom regardless of whether they have identified disabilities. The accommodations are intended as supplemental or supportive strategies used in conjunction with regular planning and instruction for students who need minimal or intermittent instructional adaptations.
Barbiturate reduction of calcium-dependent action potentials: correlation with anesthetic action.

Abstract Calcium-dependent action potentials were recorded from mouse spinal cord neurons in primary dissociated cell culture following addition of the potassium channel blockers tetraethylammonium ion and 3-aminopyridine. The pharmacologically active barbiturates, pentobarbital and phenobarbital, but not the pharmacologically inactive barbiturate, barbituric acid, produced reversible, dose-dependent reduction of action potential duration at sedative-hypnotic and anesthetic concentrations. Pentobarbital reduced action potential duration at concentrations from 25 to 600 μM (50% reduction at 170 μM) while phenobarbital reduced action potential duration at concentrations from 100 to 5000 μM (50% reduction at 900 μM). The barbiturate concentrations which reduced calcium-dependent action potential duration in this study correlate with reduction of neurotransmitter release from other neuronal preparations and with reduction of calcium uptake by synaptosomes. The results suggest that barbiturates may produce anesthesia in part by reduction of presynaptic calcium entry and consequent reduction of neurotransmitter release in addition to postsynaptic increase of membrane chloride ion conductance. Barbiturate anticonvulsant actions are probably due to postsynaptic augmentation of GABA-mediated inhibition and depression of excitatory synaptic transmission. The major difference between anticonvulsant (phenobarbital) and anesthetic (pentobarbital) barbiturates was the dose-dependency of these actions. Phenobarbital produced postsynaptic modulation of neurotransmitter responses at low concentrations and decreased calcium-dependent action potential duration and increased chloride ion conductance at high concentrations. In contrast, pentobarbital produced all actions at low concentrations. Thus for phenobarbital there would be a large therapeutic index for anticonvulsant activity compared to anesthetic activity but for pentobarbital there would be a small therapeutic index.
Measurement and Estimation of Organic-Liquid/Water Interfacial Areas for Several Natural Porous Media

The objective of this study was to quantitatively characterize the impact of porous-medium texture on interfacial area between immiscible organic liquid and water residing within natural porous med...
Anti‐social behaviour: profiling the lives behind road rage

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to propose that “social demarketing” campaigns need to recognize unique sub segments of individuals engaging in behaviours having substantial negative societal impacts.Design/methodology/approach – Volume segmentation and extremely frequent behaviour theory is applied to examining several unique sub segments among survey data (n=6,393) of Americans not engaging and engaging in anti‐social behaviour (“giving‐the‐finger”) to other motorists while driving.Findings – Less than 2 percent of Americans are estimated to enact 40 percent of the total incidences of “giving‐the‐finger” to other motorists; three unique sub segments of the chronic anti‐social actors participate in different lifestyles (including media usage behaviours) and each has unique demographic profiles.Research limitations/implications – The study is based on two years of a national survey taken in one country and self‐reports only. The implications support the propositions of a general theory of extremely...
KEY, LOCK, and LOCKSMITH: complementary hydropathic map predictions of drug structure from a known receptor-receptor structure from known drugs

Abstract Three new routines (LOCK. KEY and LOCKSMITH) for the program HINT (Hydrophobic interactions) are described and demonstrated. The KEY routine uses receptor structure to model the hydropathic profile of the ideal substrate for the receptor. The LOCK routine uses substrate or drug structure to model the hydropathic character of the receptor. LOCKSMITH is an algorithm designed to highlight the significant hydropathic features from a collection of agents. Ten allosteric modifiers of hemoglobin that have been characterized biologically and with X-ray diffraction to determine their protein binding sites/conformations illustrate the KEY and LOCKSMITH routines: The LOCKSMITH composite map correctly identifies the structural features and conformation of the more active modifiers. In addition, many hydropathic features of the “ideal” drug predicted by the KEY map overlap with actual structural features of the most active hemoglobin allosteric modifiers.
The limits of boardroom thinking at the bedside.

Keywords: cost-effectiveness analysis; decision making; economics; health policy; practice guidelines; risk
Predictors of the Nicotine Dependence Behavior Time to the First Cigarette in a Multiracial Cohort

Background The time to first cigarette of the day (TTFC) is a strong indicator of nicotine dependence behaviors such as nicotine uptake and quit success in young and older smokers. There are substantial differences in levels of nicotine dependence by race and ethnic group. Methods Data from Wave III of the multiracial National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health were analyzed for young smokers between the ages of 21 and 28 (N = 1,425). Time to first cigarette data was compared between Hispanic, White, Black, Native American, and Asian smokers. Results Black smokers were significantly more likely to smoke within 5min of waking than White, Hispanic, and Asian smokers. Lower personal income predicted smoking within 5min of waking for both White and Black smokers. For White smokers, increased number of cigarettes per day and increased years of smoking also predicted smoking within 5min of waking. The number of days smoked or number of cigarettes per day did not predict smoking within 5min of waking among smokers. Conclusions The higher prevalence of early TTFC among Blacks indicates increased nicotine and carcinogen exposure, and may help explain the increased lung cancer rates and failed cessation attempts among Black smokers. TTFC may be an important screening item, independent of cigarettes per day, for clinicians and interventions to identify those at highest risk for cessation failure and disease risk.
A framework for capturing and analyzing the failures due to system/component interactions

To keep up with the speed of globalization and growing customer demands for more technology-oriented products, modern systems are becoming increasingly more complex. This complexity gives rise to unpredictable failure patterns. While there are a number of well-established failure analysis (physics-of-failure) models for individual components, these models do not hold good for complex systems as their failure behaviors may be totally different. Failure analysis of individual components does consider the environmental interactions but is unable to capture the system interaction effects on failure behavior. These models are based on the assumption of independent failure mechanisms. Dependency relationships and interactions of components in a complex system might give rise to some new types of failures that are not considered during the individual failure analysis of that component. This paper presents a general framework for failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) to capture and analyze component interaction failures. The advantage of the proposed methodology is that it identifies and analyzes the system failure modes due to the interaction between the components. An example is presented to demonstrate the application of the proposed framework for a specific product architecture (PA) that captures interaction failures between different modules. However, the proposed framework is generic and can also be used in other types of PA. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Parametric oscillator based on a single-layer resonant metamaterial

We perform numerical simulations demonstrating parametric generation and oscillation processes in a single-layer of metamaterial composed of split ring resonators (SRRs). In general, a parametric resonance is achieved by introducing a time-modulation of one of the energy-storing parameters of a resonant system. An individual SRR is a resonant system that can be modeled as an RLC-circuit inductively coupled to an applied time-varying magnetic field. The relatively simple circuit model can be employed to establish the range of parameters providing the growth of parametric oscillations within the SRR medium. We relate the numerically predicted circuit parameters that ensure the buildup of parametric oscillations to those parameters expected to be available in a modified SRR medium, in which lumped element varactors integrated into the SRRs are used as modulable capacitance elements.
Effect of Desoxycorticosterone on Pituitary and Lactogen Content.

SummaryThree groups of female and 2 groups of male guinea pigs were injected with 7 to 20 mg of desoxycorticosterone acetate to determine its effect on pituitary weight and on the lactogen content of the AP. A significant increase in pituitary weight was obtained, but there was no increase in the lactogen content of the AP.
Influence of Dietary Fish Oil on Granulomatous Inflammation in the Lung Following Inhalation of Silica and Infection with Bacillus Calmelte-Guerin

AbstractRecent evidence has suggested that fish oil diets, in addition to purported beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system, may also act to modulate inflammatory and immunologic reactions. These actions may be due to an increased content in fish oils of the n-3 fatty acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, which can competitively inhibit the production of arachidonic acid metabolites, forming 3-series prostaglandins and 5-series leukotrienes. In many cases these metabolites are not as biologically active as those formed from arachidonic acid. We examined the effects of dietary fish oil on granu-lomatous lesion development, pulmonary adherent cell (macrophage) activity, and arachidonic acid metabolite production following a regimen of silica inhalation and infection with Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG). Mice on diets containing 10% corn oil or a mixture of 9% fish and 1% corn oils were placed in silica inhalation chambers for 6 wk, infected with BCG, and returned to inhalation chambers. Control animals, on ei...
Providing context for digital library content

In 2004, the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis created FRASER (Federal Reserve Archival System for Economic Research, http://fraser.stlouisfed.org), a digital library of economic, financial, and banking data and policy documents. The history of American economic policy is documented in these publications, records, and archival materials. It has become evident that FRASER's growing user base needs additional context to improve users? ability to navigate, select, and understand the continually growing content. We have taken three approaches to improve the accessibility of our content: changes to the database, integration with other web databases, and addition of material to support teaching activities. We hope that these changes will broaden our audience and increase site traffic.
Nanosecond megajoule accelerator for beam induced thermonuclear microexplosions

Abstract A novel concept for an intense relativistic beam accelerator is proposed which can deliver megajoule energies on the time-scale of one nanosecond with a total beam power of ∼10 15 W thereby reaching conditions as they are required for the ignition of thermonuclear microexplosions.
Radioactive isotopes in the cosmic rays

Abstract The primary (source) and secondary (spallogenic) galactic cosmic rays offer an opportunity to study recently synthesized nuclear material. The radioactive isotopes in both populations are of interest for understanding the cosmic ray source and propagation. This paper briefly reports on Ulysses High Energy Telescope (HET) observations of some cosmic ray radioactives.
The feature-positive effect and sign-tracking behavior during discrimination learning in the rat

Feature-positive (FP) and feature-negative (FN) successive discrimination learning was investigated in the rat. When a discrete, visual element serving to differentiate the discriminanda belonged to S+ (FP), rats acquired the discrimination more rapidly than when it formed a part of S− (FN). During the course of training, FP rats developed a tendency to direct their responding toward the differentiating feature in S+ while FN rats shifted their responding away from this element in S−. These findings were discussed in terms of the conceptions of stimulus-reinforcer relations and “sign-tracking” behavior.
Regulation of excitatory transmission at hippocampal synapses by calbindin D28k

Distinct subpopulations of neurons in the brain contain one or more of the Ca(2+)-binding proteins calbindin D28k, calretinin, and parvalbumin. Although it has been shown that these high-affinity Ca(2+)-binding proteins can increase neuronal Ca2+ buffering capacity, it is not clear which aspects of neuronal physiology they normally regulate. To investigate this problem, we used a recently developed method for expressing calbindin D28k in the somatic and synaptic regions of cultured hippocampal pyramidal neurons. Ninety-six hours after infection with a replication-defective adenovirus containing the calbindin D28k gene, essentially all cultured hippocampal pyramidal neurons robustly expressed calbindin D28k. Our results demonstrate that while calbindin D28k does not alter evoked neurotransmitter release at excitatory pyramidal cell synapses, this protein has a profound effect on synaptic plasticity. In particular, we show that calbindin D28k expression suppresses posttetanic potentiation.
A second species of ichthyotoxic Pfiesteria (Dinamoebales, Dinophyceae)

Abstract A second toxic species within the family Pfiesteriaceae, Pfiesteria shumwayae Glasgow & Burkholder sp. nov., is described from the New River Estuary and the Neuse Estuary of the Albemarle-Pamlico Estuarine Ecosystem, USA. The species is polymorphic and multiphasic, with flagellated, amoeboid and cyst stages. The flagellated zoospores (diameter 8–24 μm) have permanently condensed chromosomes (mesokaryotic nucleus); a chrysophyte-like cyst (diameter 6–25 μm)with organic scales and bracts; and thin thecal plates arranged in a Kofoidian series of Po, cp, X, 4′, la, 6″, 6c, 4s, 5″′, 2″″. The benthic filopodial (filose), lobopodia1 (lobose) and rhizopodial amoeboid stages (5–250 μm) have an outer covering that ranges from rough to smooth in texture, depending on the stage of origin and the prey source. Pfiesteria shumwayae amoebae have a normal eukaryote nucleus and cysts of multiple sizes (diameter 4–25 μm) with a reticulate outer covering. Toxic strains of the two Pfiesteria species have overlapping ...
The Perceived Geopolitical Importance of the Countries of the World: An Analytical and Pedagogical Investigation.

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to examine the geopolitical importance of countries of the world as perceived by American college students. During the 1995–96 academic year, students enrolled in undergraduate political geography courses at three American universities were asked to rank the geopolitical importance of the 55 countries in the world with populations of at least 15 million. Analysis of the rankings indicated broad agreement on the importance of Western Europe, Russia, China, and Japan relative to most less developed countries. Rankings were consistent among students in Nebraska, Texas, and Florida despite the substantial socioeconomic and cultural differences between student populations in these three states. In contrast to the students, professional political geographers completing the survey assigned higher levels of importance to larger but relatively less developed countries such as Brazil, Indonesia, Turkey, and Nigeria. The survey and associated writing assignment provide an effect...
Comparison of the equilibrium exchange of nucleosides and 3-O-methylglucose in human erythrocytes and of the effects of cytochalasin B, phloretin and dipyridamole on their transport

Abstract Because of similarities in the physical and molecular properties of the nucleoside and sugar transporters of human erythrocytes and the photoaffinity labeling of the sugar transporter by 8-azidoadenosine (Jarvis et al. (1986) J. Biol. Chem. 261, 11077–11085), we have directly compared the equilibrium exchange of uridine and 3-O-methylglucose in these cells as measured by rapid kinetic techniques under identical experimental conditions. Both the Michaelis-Menten constant and maximum velocity were about 100-fold higher for 3-O-methylglucose exchange than for uridine exchange so that the first order rate constants for both transporters were about the same. When calculated on the basis of the number of nucleoside and sugar carriers per red cell estimated by equilibrium binding of nitrobenzylthioinosine and cytochalasin B, respectively, the turnover numbers for the sugar and nucleoside carriers with 3-O-methylglucose and uridine, respectively, as substrates were quite similar. Various sugars up to concentrations of 108 mM had no effect on the exchange of 500 μM uridine or adenosine, and uridine up to a concentration of 50 mM had no effect on the exchange of 10 mM 3-O-methylglucose. Adenosine, on the other hand, inhibited 3-O-methylglucose exchange in a concentration dependent manner, though not very effectively (IC50 ≈ 3 mM). Both uridine and 3-O-methylglucose exchange were inhibited in a concentration dependent manner by cytochalasin B, phloretin and dipyridamole, but cytochalasin B and phloretin were 100-times more effective in inhibiting 3-O-methylglucose than uridine exchange, whereas the opposite was the case for the inhibition by dipyridamole.
Clinical update on genetic and autoimmune biomarkers in pediatric diabetes.

Purpose: The purpose of this clinical update is to review the etiology of diabetes types affecting youth under 20 and describe diabetes-related genetic and autoimmune biomarkers based on the most recent literature. This information will support diabetes care providers’ efforts to better explain the complex topic to patients and families.Method: A PubMed search identified 396 reviews published from 2008 to 2011 that included the topics of etiology, epidemiology, genetics/epigenetics, pathogenesis, or immunology related to diabetes in youth. The current clinical update includes 19 of these.Results: The majority of youth under 20 years with diabetes have Type 1 diabetes. Other forms of the disease affecting this population include Type 2, monogenic, and secondary diabetes. Genetic and autoimmune biomarkers can help determine the risk and diagnosis of both Type 1 and monogenic diabetes. An accurate diagnosis of diabetes type allows for determination of optimal treatment options.Conclusion: The complexity of d...
Structural and Electrochemical Investigations of the High Fluoride Affinity of Sterically Hindered 1,8-Bis(boryl)naphthalenes

The reaction of 10-bromo-9-oxa-10-boraanthracene with the tetrakis(tetrahydrofuran)lithium salt of dimesityl-1,8-naphthalenediylborate in diethyl ether affords 1-(dimesitylboryl)-8-(10‘-bora-9‘-oxaanthryl)naphthalene (2). This diborane reacts with [Me3SiF2][S(NMe2)3)] to afford the anionic complex [2-μ2-F]-, which has been isolated as a [S(NMe2)3]+ salt. The cyclic voltammograms of diborane 2 as well as 1-(dimesitylboryl)-8-(10‘-bora-9‘-thiaanthryl)naphthalene (1) exhibit two reversible reductions at E1/2 = −2.200 and −2.566 V (vs FcH/FcH+) for 1 and E1/2 = −2.248 and −2.620 V (vs FcH/FcH+) for 2 corresponding to the sequential reduction of the two boron centers. These two waves simultaneously disappear upon fluoride addition, thus indicating the formation of fluoride chelate complexes [1-μ2-F]- and [2-μ2-F]-. To identify the origin of the high fluoride affinity displayed by these diboranes, the structures of 2 and [2-μ2-F]- have been studied experimentally and computationally. The crystallographic studie...
Entrepreneurship as Method: Open Questions for an Entrepreneurial Future:

In this essay, we outline the provocative argument that in the realm of human affairs there exists an “entrepreneurial method” analogous to the scientific method spelled out by Francis Bacon and others with regard to the natural realm. We then suggest a series of open questions that we believe will help future scholars spell out the contents of such a method and ways in which it can be put to work in the design and achievement of socioeconomic ends. At least one normative implication of accepting the argument would be to teach entrepreneurship not only to entrepreneurs but to everyone, as a necessary and useful skill and an important way of reasoning about the world.
Midazolam and diazepam for pediatric seizures in the prehospital setting.

Objective. The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy andadverse events associated with the use of diazepam andmidazolam for the treatment of pediatric seizures in the prehospital setting. Methods. This was a retrospective cohort study of all patients younger than 18 years treated for a seizure with a benzodiazepine by emergency medical services in Multnomah County, Oregon, from 1998 to 2001. The emergency medical services system consists of a single private advanced life support transporting ambulance service with fire department first responders that are all advanced life support capable. The benzodiazepine used changed from diazepam to midazolam at the midpoint of this period. The primary outcomes were termination of the seizure by arrival to the emergency department (ED), recurrence of seizure while in the ED, or the requirement for active airway interventions including intubation. The two cohorts were also compared for demographics, past history of seizures, long-term use of seizure medi...
The “Beauty” of the “Beast”: Human Creativity and Probabilism

The role of probabilistic theory qua logical system that leads from a stated theoretical position and data to truth and knowledge is the focus of this essay. The traditional role of probability theory qua statistics as a number-crunching tool to cook data has been over-emphasized. Probabilism is offered as a dialectical alternative to emphasize the human, logical, and creative aspects of probability theory as it can be used by truth-seeking anthropologists of this and the next century.
The Aleutian Low and Winter Climatic Conditions in the Bering Sea. Part I: Classification*

Abstract The Aleutian low is examined as a primary determinant of surface air temperature (SAT) variability in the Bering Sea during the winter [December–January–February–March (DJFM)] months. The Classification and Regression Tree (CART) method is used to classify five types of atmospheric circulation for anomalously warm months (W1–W5) and cold months (C1–C5). For the Bering Sea, changes in the position of the Aleutian low are shown to be more important than changes in its central pressure. The first two types, W1 and C1, account for 51% of the “warm” and 37% of the “cold” months. The W1-type pattern is characterized by the anomalously deep Aleutian low shifted west and north of its mean position. In this situation, an increased cyclonic activity occurs in the western Bering Sea. The C1-type pattern represents a split Aleutian low with one center in the northwestern Pacific and the other in the Gulf of Alaska. The relative frequency of the W1 to C1 types of atmospheric circulation varies on decadal time...
Defensive democratization in Jordan.

Jordans political-liberalization program initiated in 1989 represents the longest sustained such opening in the Arab world today. During this time Jordan has held three national parliamentary elections enacted a number of liberalizing laws removed many restrictions on the press and minimized the role that the security services or mukhabarat play in repressing opposition. Moreover the liberalization program has survived a number of severe challenges including the second Gulf War and the subsequent loss of Jordans major regional trading partner Iraq; the implementation of a difficult domestic austerity program; and the conclusion of a controversial peace treaty with Israel. Democratization in Jordan has not followed the same path as the recent democratic transitions in East Asia Latin America and Eastern Europe. By closely examining Jordans program of political liberalization since 1989 I will argue that the process is best understood as a series of pre-emptive measures designed to maintain elite privilege in Jordan while limiting the appeal of more fundamental political change. The regime has skillfully managed and directed a process that has throughout protected the four pillars of power in Jordan: the monarchy and its coterie the army and security services wealthy business elites and East Bank tribal leaders. It has simultaneously sought to undermine the only social force legally able to disrupt key regime policies the Islamist Muslim Brotherhood and its political party the Islamic Action Front (IAF). In other words uncertain about its ability to survive a deepening crisis the regime undertook sufficient reform to assure its political longevity but without altering the core structures of power in Jordan. I term this "defensive democratization." The concept of defensive democratization provides an additional nuance to our understanding of democratic transitions more generally by focusing attention on pre-emptive liberalizing strategies available to rentier states. This essay concludes by arguing that the strategy of defensive democratization in Jordan may not be able to withstand the likely political volatility in and Islamization of Palestinian politics in Jordan. (excerpt)
Gaucher disease associated with a unique KpnI restriction site: identification of the amino-acid substitution.

SUMMARY In an earlier survey of the glucocerebrosidase locus using 20 restriction enzymes and a 1039 bp probe we found that 1 of 9 Gaucher disease patients had a unique pattern with KpnI, a pattern that was not observed in any other Gaucher patient or in 31 controls. We have now localized the mutation in this patient to a T A transversion in nucleotide 764 of the cDNA occurring on one of the two glucocerebrosidase alleles. The presumed abnormality in the other allele has not been identified. The deduced amino-acid change in the allele with the mutation at nucleotide 764 is a relatively drastic alteration of amino acid 255 from phenylalanine to tyrosine. The genomic DNAs of 31 other Gaucher disease patients (representing 62 Gaucher disease alleles) were examined for this mutation using the polymerase chain reaction. None were found to have this abnormality.
Influence of initial crystal structure and electrical pulsing on densification of nanocrystalline alumina powder

The effect of the crystal structure of starting alumina powder and electric pulsing on the initial stages of densification has been studied in the temperature range of 1200– 1500 °C. Multiple electric pulsing cycles enhance the densification significantly. The α-alumina powders consolidate more readily in comparison to γ-alumina powders. A high density α-alumina specimen (>98% of theoretical density) was obtained at 1300 °C in less than 10 min.
A REVIEW OF HIGH RESOLUTION COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY AND A PROPOSED TECHNIQUE FOR REGIONAL EXAMINATION OF THE CANINE LUMBOSACRAL SPINE

High resolution computed tomography (CT) is a noninvasive imaging modality that has been used extensively in evaluating diseases of the human lumbosacral spine. Excellent spatial and contrast resolution, combined with multiplanar reformatting capability make high resolution CT scanners well-suited for similar applications in dogs. Consistently good quality images can be obtained when careful attention is given to factors affecting resolution. This paper reviews and illustrates some principles of high resolution CT, and proposes a technique for regional CT examination of the canine lumbosacral spine.
Coupled tRNASec-Dependent Assembly of the Selenocysteine Decoding Apparatus

SECIS elements recode UGA codons from "stop" to "sense." These RNA secondary structures, present in eukaryotic selenoprotein mRNA 3' untranslated regions, recruit a SECIS binding protein, which recruits a selenocysteine-specific elongation factor-tRNA complex. Elucidation of the assembly of this multicomponent complex is crucial to understanding the mechanism of selenocysteine incorporation. Coprecipitation studies identified the C-terminal 64 amino acids of the elongation factor as sufficient for interaction with the SECIS binding protein. Selenocysteyl-tRNA is required for this interaction; the two factors do not coprecipitate in its absence. Finally, through promoting this interaction, selenocysteyl-tRNA stabilizes the C-terminal domain of the elongation factor. We suggest that the coupling effect is critical to preventing nonproductive decoding attempts and hence forms a basis for effective selenoprotein synthesis.
Solvothermal synthesis and structural characterization of unfilled and Yb-filled cobalt antimony skutterudite

Unfilled and ytterbium (Yb)-filled cobalt antimony (CoSb3) nanoparticles were synthesized via solvothermal route using sodium borohydride (NaBH4) as a reducing agent. The effect of various amounts of sodium borohydride on the formation of as-synthesized CoSb3 nanoparticles with pure phase was investigated. It is found that a sufficient amount of NaBH4 was required in order to form pure phase CoSb3. In addition, the effect of annealing time and temperature on the phase transformation of the as-prepared non-pure phase CoSb3 sample was also investigated. It is found that annealing at 500 °C for 5 h would eliminate those non-CoSb3 phases and result in pure cubic skutterudite phase CoSb3. Structural characterization of the as-prepared unfilled and Yb-filled nanoparticles was carried out with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) which revealed the formation of highly crystalline cubic phase of skutterudite Yb-filled CoSb3. Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) confirmed the presence of ytterbium in the Yb-filled CoSb3 samples.
Enhanced index of refraction in four-wave-mixing media

Refractive index enhancement accompanied by vanishing absorption in a four-level atomic system interacting with two control and two probe fields in a regime of four-wave mixing (FWM) has been predicted and studied in the present work. We analyzed the maximal index enhancement in the four-level FWM system and gave index estimates for a real atomic gas of ${}^{40}$K, taking into account its multilevel structure and collisional and Doppler broadenings at large atomic densities. We also discussed how vanishing absorption with no nearby amplification can be realized in a two species system, consisting of a four-level FWM and a two-level system, where the latter provides additional absorption for one of the probe fields. We numerically estimated the index change in a system composed of ${}^{40}$K and ${}^{39}$K gases.
INCREASING THE SIZE OF THOMPSON SEEDLESS GRAPES BY MEANS OF 4-CHLOROPHENOXYACETIC ACID, BERRY THINNING AND GIRDLING.

Girdling has been practiced for years to produce large berries of Thompson Seedless grapes intended for table use. The operation, however, is expensive and occasionally results in the death of the girdled cane. In an effort to discover a better means of attaining results similar to girdling, ap-_ plications of 4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid have been made (4, 5). These tests embraced separate and combined treatments of applications of 4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid, berry thinning (a practice usually employed to overcome compactness of cluster, ?), girdling, and girdling and berry thinning. Use was made of an irrigated vineyard located about one mile west of Davis, California. Mature vines of Thompson Seedless were pruned to four or five canes each of which had 9 to 12 buds. Each cane was tied horizontally on one wire of a 3-wire, flat-top trellis. Immediately after fruit set, the crop was reduced to five clusters per cane in tests made in 1950, and six in tests made in 1951.