cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Examination of the Performance of Two Electromagnetic Simulations on A Beowulf-Class Computer

This paper uses two electromagnetic simulations to examine some performance and compiler issues on a Beowulf-class computer. This type of computer, built from mass-market, commodity, off-the-shelf components, has limited communications performance and therefore also has a limited regime of codes for which it is suitable. This paper first shows that these codes fall within this regime, and then examines performance data. Comparisons are made between a Beowulf, a Cray T3D, and a Cray T3E, examining execution time, performance scaling, compiler choices, and the use of some hand-tuned optimizations.
Formation of β-Cyanoalanine by O-Acetylserine Sulfhydrylase

Cell-free extracts of Bacillus megaterium form beta-cyanoalanine (beta-CNA)-(14)C from Na(14)CN and l-cysteine, O-acetyl-l-serine or, to a lesser extent, l-serine. However, the presence of cyanide in the growth medium does not increase the capacity of cell extracts to catalyze the formation of beta-CNA from cysteine and cyanide. The formation of beta-CNA is readily detected in extracts of cells grown in synthetic media with sulfate or l-djenkolic acid as sulfur sources; such cells also exhibit an increased ability to form cysteine when compared with cells grown on cysteine as the sulfur source. beta-CNA formation could not be detected in extracts of cells grown on cysteine as the sulfur source. A 40-fold purification of the O-acetyl-serine sulfhydrylase resulted in the co-purification of the beta-CNA-forming activity. The sulfhydrylase and the beta-CNA-forming activity co-chromatographed on diethyl-aminoethyl cellulose and Sephadex G-100.
Effect of forced convection on soil water content measurement with the dual-probe heat-pulse method.

The dual-probe heat pulse (DPHP) method is useful for measuring soil volumetric water content (θ) near heterogeneities such as the soil surface, but it does not consider convective heat transfer that may result from soil water movement (forced convection). In this study, we examined the effect of forced convection on estimates of soil water content using three different DPHP sensor orientations. Heat transfer theory that explicitly accounts for forced convection was used to test this effect. For Orientation I, the parallel heater and temperature probes were in a plane normal to the direction of steady water flow. The temperature probe was directly downstream from the heater probe for Orientations II and the temperature probe was upstream from the heater probe for Orientation III. A simple model based on instantaneous heating of the sensor gave excellent approximations of error in θ for Orientations II and III. Estimates of absolute error in 6 (Δθ) for Orientation I required a model based on pulsed heating of the sensor. Forced convection causes θ to be underestimated for Orientation II and overestimated for Orientation I and III. The magnitude of these errors increased logarithmically with increasing water flux density, but the error for Orientation I was substantially smaller than that for Orientations II and III. We conclude that the effect of forced convection may be large enough to render the DPHP method useless for Orientations II and III. It does not, however, appear to limit the practical utility of DPHP sensors when placed in Orientation I.
Margination regimes and drainage transition in confined multicomponent suspensions.

During blood flow, white blood cells and platelets segregate near vessel walls, a phenomenon known as margination. A new kinetic theory allows the different segregation regimes to be defined, showing that, under certain conditions, the concentration of cells at the walls goes to zero.
Short communication: Production response of lactating dairy cows to brachytic forage sorghum silage compared with corn silage from first or second harvest

A completely randomized lactation trial was conducted to compare the production response of lactating Holstein cows to diets based on corn or forage sorghum silage harvested from 2 crops. Corn was planted in March and harvested in July (corn silage-summer; CSS) and a second corn crop was planted in July and harvested in November (corn silage-fall; CSF). A brachytic dwarf brown midrib forage sorghum was planted in April, harvested in July (forage sorghum-summer; FSS), fertilized, and harvested a second time in November (forage sorghum-fall; FSF). All forage was ensiled in plastic bags and stored until the production trial began. Silages contained (dry matter basis) 8.0, 8.5, 9.0, and 9.5% crude protein; 39.0, 38.3, 54.2, and 55.1% neutral detergent fiber; and 3.6, 2.8. 7.7, and 7.8% acid detergent lignin, for CSS, CSF, FSS, and FSF, respectively. Forty-eight mid-lactation Holstein cows (153.5±37.2d in milk, 35.7±6.2kg/d of milk, 3.2±0.6% fat, 611.8±67.0kg of body weight, and 2.96±0.09 body condition score) were assigned randomly to 1 of the 4diets differing in forage source. Cows were individually fed experimental diets once daily behind Calan doors for 5wk. Diets were formulated to contain 38.7% of the experimental forages and balanced to provide equal concentrations of protein, fiber, and energy. No differences were observed in dry matter intake and yields of milk and components, but milk fat percentage was lower for CSS and CSF compared with FSS and FSF, being 3.20, 2.91, 3.42, and 3.53%, respectively. Milk lactose percentage was lower for CSS compared with CSF but was not different from FSS or FSF. Concentrations of milk urea nitrogen were lower for CSS and CSF compared with FSS and FSF (10.6, 13.4, 14.9, and 15.3mg/dL, respectively). No differences were observed in body weight or body condition score change during the trial. Results of this trial suggest that silage produced from brachytic forage sorghum, as either the first or the ratoon crop, can support similar intake and performance as diets based on corn silage.
Fast spatial frequency based analysis technique for electromagnetic scattering

A fast and accurate technique based on spatial frequency analysis is developed for describing scattering from conducting objects. The technique utilizes the spatial frequency representation of the integral equation and generates a closed form analytical expression for estimating the induced currents without the need for matrix inversion. The technique is applied to the one-dimensional canonical scattering problem - scattering from a conducting strip. Simulation results are compared with the standard Method of Moments solution and the Conjugate Gradient algorithm. The results indicate that the proposed technique performs faster than the Conjugate Gradient method with accuracies which are comparable to the latter technique.
Sinecatechins Ointment 15% for the Treatment of External Genital Warts

The human papillomavirus (HPV) is one of the most common viral sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in the United States. External genital warts (EGWs) are a commonly seen clinical manifestation of infection with certain strains of the HPV virus, particularly HPV types 6 and 11. Current treatments for the destruction and elimination of EGWs include in-office, provider-delivered therapy and patient-applied medications. Sinecatechins ointment 15% is the newest FDA-approved patient-applied treatment for EGWs. This article reviews the transmission and clinical presentation of EGWs, describes the use of sinecatechins ointment 15% as one patient-applied treatment option and discusses implications for nurses.
Subjective experience of recovery from schizophrenia-related disorders and atypical antipsychotics.

Aims: This article investigates the subjective experience of the process of improvement and recovery from the point of view of persons diagnosed (according to research diagnostic criteria) with schizophrenia and schizo-affective disorders. Methods: A community study of persons using psychiatric services was conducted for a sample of ninety subjects taking atypical antipsychotic medications. Sociodemographic data and clinical ratings were collected to complement thequalitativelydeveloped SubjectiveExperienceofMedicationInterview(SEMI), which elicits narrative data on everyday activities, medication and treatment, management of symptoms, expectations concerning recovery, stigma, and quality of life. Results: Recovery was observed through: (1) relatively low ratings of psychiatrically observed symptomatology through BPRS scores; (2) the subjective sense among the majority (77.4%) of participants that taking medication plays a critical role in managing symptoms and avoiding hospitalization; and (3) the subjective sense articulated by the vast majority (80%) that they would recover from their illness and that the quality of their lives would improve (70.6%). Conclusion: The overall quality of improvement and recovery is best characterized as an incremental, yet definitively discernable, subjective process.
Efficient Yellow Light Generation by Frequency Doubling an 1150-nm Yb:Silica Fiber System

An 89-mW, 1150-nm Yb-fiber oscillator was amplified to 310 mW. The oscillator output was frequency doubled to produce 40 mW of yellow. We also present our progress in long period grating design for ASE suppression.
Standard Versus Age-Specific Prostate Specific Antigen Reference Ranges Among Men With Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer: A Pathological Analysis

AbstractPurpose: Age-specific prostate specific antigen (PSA) reference ranges have been suggested to account for the age-dependent nature of the serum PSA concentration. It has been hypothesized that reference ranges of 0 to 2.5 ng./ml. serum PSA (40 to 49 years), 0 to 3.5 ng./ml. (50 to 59 years), 0 to 4.5 ng./ml. (60 to 69 years) and 0 to 6.5 ng./ml. (70 to 79 years) would detect fewer (potentially insignificant) prostate cancers in older men and more (potentially curable) cancers in younger men.Materials and Methods: To investigate the pathological stage of tumors that would be affected by the use of age-specific PSA reference ranges, we reviewed the medical records for 4,597 men with clinically localized (stage T1c, T2 or T3a) prostate cancer, with an average age of 62 plus/minus 7 years (range 38 to 76), who underwent radical prostatectomy between 1984 and 1994 at our institutions. Favorable pathological results were defined as organ-confined disease or capsular perforation with a Gleason score of l...
Larval settlement and metamorphosis in the sand crab Emerita talpoida (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura)

The effects of various potential cues on the survival and time to metamorphosis of larvae of the sand crab Emerita talpoida (Say) were examined. Zoeal duration, which ranged from 25 to 43 d, was not correlated with subsequent megalopal survival but had a weak, negative correlation with the duration of the megalopal stage. Neither food, sand nor water from containers with adults directly affected megalopal survival or duration. In a second experiment, the presence of sand both increased the probability of survival and shortened the duration of late zoeal stages. This is the first experimental evidence for delayed zoeal metamorphosis in a decapod. Settlement of E. talpoida appears to occur primarily during the zoeal phase, not at the megalopal stage.
When paradigms clash: the role of institutionalized varieties in language teacher education

: This study explores the relationship between the theoretical study of institutionalized varieties of English (IVEs) and their application in teacher-training programs. The first section of this paper applies concepts from the work of Michel Foucault and Clifford Geertz to the study of world Englishes. The second section reports on a survey of the curricula at 10 universities offering MATESL/MATEFL degrees. Finally, the paper describes a study comparing the attitudes of American MATESL students and African university students toward non-native written discourse. The results of this study indicate that, while there is a nascent awareness of IVEs, a monomodel paradigm based on native-speaker norms remains firmly entrenched in most teacher-training programs and in the minds of many teachers themselves.
Oculomotor executive function abnormalities with increased tic severity in Tourette syndrome

Background Reports conflict as to whether Tourette syndrome (TS) confers deficits in executive function. This study's aim was to evaluate executive function in youths with TS using oculomotor tasks while controlling for confounds of tic severity, age, medication, and severity of comorbid disorders. Method Four saccade tasks requiring the executive functions of response generation, response inhibition, and working memory (prosaccade, antisaccade, 0-back, and 1-back) were administered. Twenty youths with TS and low tic severity (TS-low), nineteen with TS and moderate tic severity (TS-moderate), and 29 typically developing control subjects (Controls) completed the oculomotor tasks. Results There were small differences across groups in the prosaccade task. Controlling for any small sensorimotor differences, TS-moderate subjects had significantly higher error rates than Controls and TS-low subjects in the 0-back and 1-back tasks. In the 1-back task, these patients also took longer to respond than Controls or TS-low subjects. Conclusions In a highly controlled design, the findings demonstrate for the first time that increased tic severity in TS is associated with impaired response inhibition and impaired working memory and that these executive function deficits cannot be accounted for by differences in age, medication or comorbid symptom severity.
Towards a molecular basis of oligometastatic disease: potential role of micro-RNAs

Oligometastasis is a cancer disease state characterized by a limited number of metastatic tumors involving single or few organs and with biological properties that make them potentially amenable to locoregional antitumor therapy. Current clinical data show that they are potentially curable with surgical resection or/and radiotherapy. Yet, mechanisms of progression from primary tumor to oligometastasis, rather than to polymetastases, is lacking in detail. In the current review we focus on the role of micro-RNAs in the regulation of metastases development and the role they may play in the differentiation of oligometastatic from polymetastatic progression. We also discuss the analyses of metastatic samples from oligo-and polymetastatic patients, which suggest that oligometastasis is a distinct biologic entity regulated in part by micro-RNAs. In addition, a review of the known functions of oligometastatic-specific micro-RNAs suggest that they regulate multiple steps in the metastatic cascade, including epithelial–mesenchymal transition, tumor invasion, intravasation, distant vascular extravasation and proliferation in a distant organ. Understanding the role of micro-RNAs and their target genes in oligometastatic disease may allow for the development of targeted therapies to effectively conrol the spread of metastases.
Cloacal protuberances and extreme sperm production in Australian fairy-wrens

In many passerine species males have enlarged cloacal protuberances during the breeding season. One hypothesis for the evolution of cloacal protuberances posits that they are a response to sperm competition and thus predicts that both within and between species the size of the protuberance correlates with the number of sperm stored. Here we provide the first intraspecific test of this hypothesis. In Australian fairy-wrens (Aves: Maluridae) females regularly mate outside of their social group resulting in intense sperm competition among males. Male fairy-wrens develop enlarged cloacal protuberances, and in a study of three species, splendid fairy-wren, white-winged fairy-wren, and variegated fairy-wren, we found significant intraspecific correlations between the size of a male’s protuberance and the stored sperm reserves in two of the three species. Males of these species had extreme numbers of sperm in their cloacal protuberances, up to 8.3 billion for splendid fairy-wrens, which should be available for a single ejaculate and is the most ever reported in an avian species. Studies of both captive and wild males showed that individuals can produce as many as 2 billion sperm per day. These data support the sperm competition hypothesis for the evolution of cloacal protuberances and highlight extreme sperm production as one possible outcome of sperm competition.
The computation of stress intensity factors in dissimilar materials

A reciprocal work contour integral method for calculating stress intensity factors is extended to treat the problem of two bonded dissimilar materials containing a crack along the bond. The method is based on Betti's Reciprocal work theorem from which the singular stress intensities at the crack tip may be evaluated in terms of an integral involving tractions and displacements on a contour remote from the crack tip.
Destruction of cresols by chemical oxidation

Abstract This work investigates the reaction rates and kinetics of the oxidative destruction of cresol isomers in water by ozone and hydrogen peroxide. Cresols are oxidized slowly by hydrogen peroxide though the reaction rates are enhanced in the presence of Fenton's reagent and other catalysts. Rapid oxidation takes place between ozone and a cresol isomer for complete conversion to intermediates in less than 0.1 second. Further reactions or decomposition of the intermediates result in rupture of the aromatic ring and production of carbon oxide, acetic and other acids. Three moles of ozone are required for the destruction of a cresol isomer, and the overall kinetics is first order with respect to the concentrations of ozone and cresol isomer. At 25°C, the reaction rate constants are 32240, 60870 and 45 460 M −1 s −1 respectively, for the ozonation of o- , m- and p -cresol. In the temperature range of 10 to 40°C, m -cresol is the most reactive species of the three isomers with ozone in the aqueous phase.
Inversion by Pre-Migration Spectral Shaping

Summary Seismic inversion for acoustic impedance can be robustly and efficiently performed through the application of a spectral shaping filter combined with a -90 o phase rotation. We show that this process, first published by Lancaster and Whitcombe (2000), is rigorously accurate and mathematically equivalent to all other methods of acoustic inversion based on a onedimensional convolutional model. Yet, the one-dimensional convolutional model is inadequate for describing migrated traces, because it ignores the dip dependence of the wavelet after migration. Any seismic inversion method assuming such a model, will cause severe amplitude distortions when applied to migrated data, excessively amplifying dipping events, signal or noise. We describe here three methods to perform seismic inversion, that overcome the problem described above, n amely: (i) applying spectral shaping before migration; (ii) applying spectral shaping to demigrated data, that are then remigrated; (iii) applying a multi-dimensional spectral shaping operator after migration.
PSORIASIS AND ALPHA-INTERFERON

Abstract Two patients with metastatic renal carcinoma who were treated with recombinant-DNA-derived alpha-interferon (rIFNα) had exacerbation of concomitant psoriasis, and another patient experienced onset of psoriasis during treatment with rIFNα. This suggests that interferons may participate in the pathophysiology of psoriasis.
The effect of coal combustion flue gas components on low-level chlorine speciation using EPA method 26A.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Method 26A is the recommended procedure for capturing and speciating halogen (X2) and hydrogen halide (HX) stack emissions from combustion sources. Previous evaluation studies of Method 26A have focused primarily on hydrogen chloride (HCl) speciation. Capture efficiency, bias, and the potential interference of Cl2 at high levels (> 20 ppm [microgram/m3]) and NH4Cl in the flue gas stream have been investigated. It has been suggested that precise Cl2 measurement and accuracy in quantifying HX or X2 using Method 26A are difficult to achieve at Cl2 concentrations < 5 ppm; however, no performance data exist to support this. Coal contains low levels of Cl, in the range of 5-2000 ppmw, which results in the presence of HCl and Cl2 in the products of combustion. HCl is the predominant Cl compound formed in the high-temperature combustion process, and it persists in the gas as the products of combustion cool. Concentrations of Cl2 in coal combustion flue gas at stack temperatures typically do not exceed 5 ppm. For this research, bench-scale experiments using simulated combustion flue gas were designed to validate the ability of Method 26A to speciate low levels of Cl2 accurately. This paper presents the results of the bench-scale tests. The effect of various flue gas components is discussed. The results indicate that SO2 is the only component in coal combustion flue gas that has an appreciable effect on Cl2 distribution in Method 26A impingers, and that Method 26A cannot accurately speciate HCl and Cl2 in coal combustion flue gas without modification.
A method for the synthesis of isomerically pure saturated mixed-chain phosphatidylcholines.

Abstract A method is described for the partial synthesis of saturated mixed-chain phosphatidylcholines of a high degree (typically 99 mol%) of purity. This procedure has been designed to eliminate the contamination of the mixed-chain product by symmetric chain phosphatidylcholine and the mixed-chain isomer of the desired product, the two principal impurities introduced by previous techniques. This high degree of purity is obtained by employing a method designed for the complete enzymatic hydrolysis of the C-2 fatty acyl moiety in saturated symmetric phosphatidylcholines and a new technique for the acylation of lysophosphatidylcholines employing the catalyst 4-pyrrolidinopyridine. The versatility of this new procedure is illustrated with the synthesis of several saturated mixed-chain phosphatidylcholines.
A simple and sensitive assay for distinguishing the expression of ricin and Ricinus communis agglutinin genes in developing castor seed (R. communis L.)

Castor oil is the only commercial source of ricinoleic acid and has numerous industrial applications. Among the factors limiting domestic production of castor oil is the presence of the toxin ricin and its less toxic homologue Ricinus communis agglutinin (RCA) in seeds. Although the sequences of ricin and RCA genes are known, their transcriptional expression patterns have not been distinguished due to their high degree of sequence similarity. As the information is critical for assessing success in developing a ricin-free castor crop using genetic silencing, we have designed a gene specific reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay to examine the expression of the ricin and RCA genes in developing seeds. The results show that the ricin and RCA mRNA are highly abundant in seeds during the development of endosperm, and the expression pattern is similar to that observed in the Northern analysis. The RT-PCR results can be confirmed by a simple RT-PCR-based restriction fragment analysis.
Conformationally constrained analogues of diacylglycerol. 29. Cells sort diacylglycerol-lactone chemical zip codes to produce diverse and selective biological activities.

Diacylglycerol-lactone (DAG-lactone) libraries generated by a solid-phase approach using IRORI technology produced a variety of unique biological activities. Subtle differences in chemical diversity in two areas of the molecule, the combination of which generates what we have termed “chemical zip codes”, are able to transform a relatively small chemical space into a larger universe of biological activities, as membrane-containing organelles within the cell appear to be able to decode these “chemical zip codes”. It is postulated that after binding to protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes or other nonkinase target proteins that contain diacylglycerol responsive, membrane interacting domains (C1 domains), the resulting complexes are directed to diverse intracellular sites where different sets of substrates are accessed. Multiple cellular bioassays show that DAG-lactones, which bind in vitro to PKCα to varying degrees, expand their biological repertoire into a larger domain, eliciting distinct cellular responses.
Comparing an FPGA to a cell for an image processing application

Modern advancements in configurable hardware, most notably Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), have provided an exciting opportunity to discover the parallel nature of modern image processing algorithms. On the other hand, PlayStation3 (PS3) game consoles contain a multicore heterogeneous processor known as the Cell, which is designed to perform complex image processing algorithms at a high performance. In this research project, our aim is to study the differences in performance of a modern image processing algorithm on these two hardware platforms. In particular, Iris Recognition Systems have recently become an attractive identification method because of their extremely high accuracy. Iris matching, a repeatedly executed portion of a modern iris recognition algorithm, is parallelized on an FPGA system and a Cell processor. We demonstrate a 2.5 times speedup of the parallelized algorithm on the FPGA system when compared to a Cell processor-based version.
Gregorio Weber, 1916-1997: a fluorescent lifetime.

Early on the morning of July 18, 1997, at home and surrounded by family and friends, Gregorio Weber died of leukemia at the age of 81. His death ended a remarkable scientific career, which began in Buenos Aires, took form in England at Cambridge and Sheffield, and flourished at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
A Possible Role for Self-Management Techniques in Control of Diabetes

Individuals with diabetes on insulin for at least one year, were studied in regard to styles of coping with stress and metabolic control of their disease. Those in good control used self-con trolling and avoiding styles of coping; whereas, those in poor control more often used fight/anger reactions to stress. Findings suggest self-controlling behaviors might be enhanced and anger/fight reactions to stress reduced through self-management programs. Such programs would be designed to increase self-efficacy through setting of achievable short-term goals with rein forcement of positive behaviors, modeling of successful coping styles, and attention to relaxation and stress reduction techniques.
Monogenic inheritance of cyclodiene insecticide resistance in mosquitofish,Gambusia affinis

Certain populations of the mosquitofish,Gambusia affinis, developed high levels of resistance to endrin and other cyclodiene insecticides as a result of inadvertent exposure to agricultural sprays. Genetic crossing studies show that endrin resistance is inherited as a single, autosomal, intermediate gene.
Connexin-Related (DFNB1) Hearing Loss Is Routine Computed Tomography Imaging Necessary?

ObjectivesDetermine if routine computed tomography (CT) imaging is necessary in the workup for children with connexin-related (DFNB1) sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL).Study DesignCase-control retrospective chart and imaging review.SettingTertiary care otolaryngology practice.Subjects and MethodsHigh-resolution temporal bone CT scans of children (n = 21) with DFNB1 SNHL were compared to age-matched controls with either conductive hearing loss (CHL, n = 33) or a nonsyndromic, non-DFNB1 SNHL (n = 33). Sixteen measurements of cochleo-vestibular structures were recorded. Statistical analysis was performed using a repeated analysis of variance model that controlled for both age and gender. Area under the curve (AUC) and multidimensional AUC (MAUC) analyses were also performed.ResultsOverall, no statistically significant differences were found between the 3 experimental groups. In addition, comparisons between the DFNB1 and CHL groups, DFNB1 and non-DFNB1 SNHL groups, and CHL and non-DFNB1 SNHL groups failed to...
Low Background Counting at LBNL

Abstract The Low Background Facility (LBF) at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in Berkeley, California provides low background gamma spectroscopy services to a wide array of experiments and projects. The analysis of samples takes place within two unique facilities; locally within a carefully-constructed, low background cave and remotely at an underground location that historically has operated underground in Oroville, CA, but has recently been relocated to the Sanford Underground Research Facility (SURF) in Lead, SD. These facilities provide a variety of gamma spectroscopy services to low background experiments primarily in the form of passive material screening for primordial radioisotopes (U, Th, K) or common cosmogenic / anthropogenic products, as well as active screening via Neutron Activation Analysis for specific applications. The LBF also provides hosting services for general R&D testing in low background environments on the surface or underground for background testing of detector systems or similar prototyping. A general overview of the facilities, services, and sensitivities is presented. Recent activities and upgrades will also be presented, such as the completion of a 3π anticoincidence shield at the surface station and environmental monitoring of Fukushima fallout. The LBF is open to any users for counting services or collaboration on a wide variety of experiments and projects.
Evidence that a motor timing deficit is a factor in the development of stuttering.

Purpose To determine whether young children who stutter have a basic motor timing and/or a coordination deficit. Method Between-hands coordination and variability of rhythmic motor timing were asse...
Quantum mechanics of seeing

A human being viewing a defocused television tube with sweep voltages turned off will see point scintillations at sufficiently low intensities. We show that quantum mechanics predicts these scintillations. Furthermore, by assuming a response of the human nervous system of a type not inconsistent with experiment, measurement theory is used to show that these scintillations will be distributed in proportion to the magnitude squared of the electron wave function incident upon the television tube screen. This nervous system response is to break up the wave incident upon a spot on the retina into a number of similar waves transmitted by different nerves to the brain. The number of these waves is proportional to the incident energy density. Since the theory itself predicts the proper probability distribution, it is unnecessary to introduce a postulate for it.
Mobilizing Cu(I) for Carbon−Carbon Bond Forming Catalysis in the Presence of Thiolate. Chemical Mimicking of Metallothioneins

Copper(I) is rendered catalytically viable in the presence of thiolate by the design of a small molecule chemical analogue of the metallothionein system in which an N−O reactant serves the same conceptual purpose of the S−S reactant of the biological system.
Saying One Thing, Meaning Another: The Role Of Parables In Police Training

Research suggests that police recruits come to policing with high ideals and positive ethical standards. Yet as early as the police academy, subtle shifts in recruit attitudes and values occur. By ...
Diffusive transport in binary anisotropic stochastic mixtures

Abstract It has recently been shown that a linear kinetic theory model for particle transport in a binary Markovian stochastic mixture possesses several different diffusive limits. This work was restricted to isotropic mixing statistics and a common scale length for the chord lengths of the two immiscible components of the mixture. Here we allow anisotropic statistics as well as independent length scales for the two components. The formalism used is that of asymptotic expansions, and we find an additional richness of asymptotic diffusive limits by relaxing the prior limitations on the mixing. A short discussion of the derivation of asymptotically consistent initial and boundary conditions for the diffusion equations is also given.
The formation of lithic assemblages

Abstract Research into the processes that form the archaeological record is an important component of archaeological practice because formation processes are a key link between the materials that archaeologists study and prehistoric societies that they seek to understand. Computational modeling is a comparatively new technology with potential to provide new insights into the dynamics of human societies, but which has been minimally applied so far in the study of archaeological formation processes. We use computational modeling as an experimental environment to examine processes that form the archaeological record of lithic assemblages. This is especially important for lithics because it is a largely extinct technology and we cannot directly observe the accumulation of lithic assemblages over time frames comparable to those represented in the archaeological record. We systematically evaluate the individual and combined effects of the length of stay at sites, raw material distribution, differences in activities performed with lithics, and movement patterns on lithic assemblages that accumulate over different time intervals. Not surprisingly, increased access to raw material decreases the frequency of retouched artifacts in assemblages, while tasks that require more lithic use produce assemblages with higher retouch frequencies. While length of stay affects the density of lithic accumulations at sites, it has little effect on assemblages composition. Mobility patterns alone have limited impact on assemblage composition. However, mobility coupled with place provisioning or individual provisioning, associated with logistical and residential mobility strategies respectively, have significant impacts on assemblage composition consistent with prior empirical studies. Counterintuitively, the artifact palimpsests of multiple occupations that characterize most archaeological deposits may provide better information about human ecology and changing adaptations than assemblages that represent snapshots of a single or a few occupations. This work provides valuable new, quantitative insights into the information about past human social, ecological, and technological practices embedded in lithic assemblages.
Strength Training in Children and Adolescents: Raising the Bar for Young Athletes?:

Context:Strength training in children, in combination with plyometric and/or agility training, has become an increasingly popular tactic for athletes to gain a competitive edge during the off-season. The present review clarifies some common myths associated with strength training in children, and it outlines the most current recommendations.Evidence Acquisition:Relevant studies on strength training in children and adolescents were reviewed (search results included studies indexed in PubMed and MEDLINE from 1980 through 2008). Also reviewed were recommendations from consensus guidelines and position statements applicable to strength training in youth.Results:Children can improve strength by 30% to 50% after just 8 to 12 weeks of a well-designed strength training program. Youth need to continue to train at least 2 times per week to maintain strength. The case reports of injuries related to strength training, including epiphyseal plate fractures and lower back injuries, are primarily attributed to the misuse...
Cases of ergotism in livestock and associated ergot alkaloid concentrations in feed

Ergot-induced disease in humans was known long before Biblical times and has been the root cause for countless human epidemics spanning from the early fourteenth century to the late sixteenth century. In contrast, many of these same ergot alkaloids have been utilized for their medicinal properties to mitigate migraine headaches and have had indications as anti-carcinogens. Although ergot alkaloids have been used for centuries by humans, basic pharmacokinetic data has not been documented for clinical disease in livestock. Consequently, a threshold dose and accurate dose-response data have yet to be established. Throughout the past several years, new detection techniques have emerged to detect these alkaloids at the parts per billion (ppb) level which has allowed for new efforts to be made with respect to determining threshold levels and making accurate clinical diagnoses in affected animals. This perspectives article provides a critical initial step for establishing a uniform interpretation of ergot toxicosis from limited existing data.
Understanding long-term environmental risks

How well we manage long-term environmental risks depends on how well we understand them. Whether the risk managers are experts or laypeople, that understanding is typically limited. As a result, people must rely on judgment when making decisions about risks. Estimating how big risks are and how much reducing them is worth is an intellectual skill. After reviewing the behavioral principles that govern how people acquire such skills, this article offers several proposals for facilitating learning abut risks by improving the ways in which scientific data are created or presented. It also describes some pitfalls facing attempts to determine the quality of other people's understanding of risks, whether through direct study or more casual observation.
Development of micropost force sensor array with culture experiments for determination of cell traction forces.

Cell traction forces (CTFs) are critical for cell motility and cell shape maintenance. As such, they play a fundamental role in many biological processes such as angiogenesis, embryogenesis, inflammation, and wound healing. To determine CTFs at the sub-cellular level with high sensitivity, we have developed high density micropost force sensor array (MFSA), which consists of an array of vertically standing poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) microposts, 2 μm in diameter and 6 μm in height, with a center-to-center distance of 4 μm. In combination with new image analysis algorithms, the MFSA can achieve a spatial resolution of 40 nm and a force sensitivity of 0.5 nN. Culture experiments with various types of cells showed that this MFSA technology can effectively determine CTFs of cells with different sizes and traction force magnitudes. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Enhanced Formation Flying for the New Millennium and Mission to Planet Earth Progams

With scientific objectives for Earth observation programs becoming more ambitious and spacecraft becoming more autonomous, the need for innovative technical approaches on the feasibility of achieving and maintaining formations of spacecraft has come to the forefront. The trend to develop small low-cost spacecraft has led many scientists to recognize the advantage of flying several spacecraft in formation to achieve the correlated instrument measurements formerly possible only by flying many instruments on a single large platform. Yet, formation flying imposes additional complications on orbit maintenance, especially when each spacecraft has its own orbit requirements. However, advances in automation and technology proposed by the Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) allow more of the burden in maneuver planning and execution to be placed onboard the spacecraft, mitigating some of the associated operational concerns. The purpose of this paper is to present GSFC’s Guidance, Navigation, and Control Center’s (GNCC) algorithm for Enhanced Formation Flying of the low earth orbiting spacecraft that are part of the New Millennium Program (NMP). Also addressed are simulation results using this algorithm integrated in an autonomous ‘fuzzy logic’ control system called AutoConTM. This system will be implemented as a close-loop flight code onboard the NMP Earth Orbiter-1 (EO-1) spacecraft and as an open-loop ground support system for the Earth Observing System-AM1 (EOS-AM1). Results of this development can be used to determine the appropriateness of formation flying for a particular case as well as operational impacts.
Left Atrial Inferior Vena Cava with Atrial Septal Defect

Abstract A case of left atrium-to-inferior vena cava communication with atrial septal defect that was preoperatively diagnosed and surgically repaired is presented. The pertinent preoperative diagnostic features in this 12-year-old patient were minimal arterial desaturation and a small bidirectional shunt with a normal pulmonary artery pressure and resistance. The definition of the defect was obtained by selective cineangiocardiograms in the left atrium (reflux of the dye into the inferior vena cava) and in the inferior vena cava (dye opacifying the left atrium directly). Absence of the right cardiophrenic angle on a routine posteroanterior chest roentgenogram was noted, and it was confirmed at the time of operation that the inferior vena cava was shifted in a posteromedial direction behind the left atrium. Digital exploration of the right atrium and finding the defect and the orifice of the inferior vena cava within the left atrium further confirmed the diagnosis. Caval cannulation was done through the defect into the inferior vena cava. The low-lying posteroinfelrior septal defect and the completely isolated inferior vena cava, with definite margins, within the left atrium facilitated the primary repair. This is the youngest patient and the second successful surgical repair of this defect to be reported in the English literature.
The Impact of Evidence-Based Practices on Requests for Out-of-Home Placements in the Context of System Reform

Beginning in January 2001 and continuing through April 2008 New Jersey completed statewide implementation of the basic infrastructure of a system of care (SOC) for child and adolescent behavioral health services. In 2008, the state began to enhance its service infrastructure through a large scale implementation of two community-based treatment programs that have been recognized as evidence-based: multisystemic therapy (MST) and functional family therapy (FFT). Multiple evaluations for both therapies have assessed the efficacy of the interventions at the client level. Using interrupted time series analysis, we evaluated the impact of the addition of these new treatment options to New Jersey’s SOC on a system level outcome: statewide requests for out-of-home placements. Results indicate a significant reduction in requests for out-of-home placements associated with the implementation of MST and FFT and a net overall savings to the state.
Heat and matter distribution in body tissues and the determination of tissue blood flow by local clearance methods

Abstract Differential forms of Fick's perfusion principle are combined with the heat conduction and matter diffusion equations and a metabolic term to give partial differential equations for the distribution in space and time of heat and matter in living, perfused tissues at the millimeter level of observational detail. The theory is characterized by well-known parameters local rate of blood flow per unit volume of tissue, diffusion, heat conduction and solubility coefficients of the substance of interest in the tissue, rate of production or consumption of the substance of interest per unit volume of tissue, and a venous exit parameter relating instantaneous concentrations in a volume element of tissue and in venous blood issuing from that volume element. The heat distribution case is illustrated by analyzing existing steady state (time independent) and transient (time dependent) data obtained by the Gibbs thermoelectric probe method for determining tissue blood flow. Fluctuation properties of capillary blood flow are used to help explain the steady state data. A possible general role of such fluctuations in tissue metabolic regulation is conjectured. Methods are given for analyzing the transient data to obtain tissue blood flow. The matter distribution case is illustrated by application to Kety's radioactive tracer local clearance method.
Color mixing in the metering zone of a single screw extruder: Numerical simulations and experimental validation

We present numerical simulations for an acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer (ABS) resin extrusion in an industrial conventional single-screw extruder. Based upon the flow field patterns obtained in the simulations, a particle tracking procedure was employed to obtain information about the spatial distribution of particle tracers of two colors. Results of the simulation were compared with experimental data obtained under similar extrusion conditions. To evaluate the degree of color mixing and color homogeneity for the system, we employ a specific index calculated based upon the Shannon entropy for two species populations. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 45:1011–1020, 2005. © 2005 Society of Plastics Engineers
A p-version curved shell element based on piecewise hierarchical displacement approximation for laminated composite plates and shells

This paper presents a piecewise hierarchical p-version three-dimensional nine-node curved shell element formulation with interlamina continuity of displacements for laminated composite plates and shells. The displacement field approximation for each lamina can be of arbitrary polynomial order in the plane of the lamina as well as in the transverse direction, and is based on p-version. The p-version hierarchical approximation functions and the corresponding nodal variable operators for each lamina are derived directly from the Lagrange family of interpolation functions by first constructing the one-dimensional p-version hierarchical approximation functions and the corresponding nodal variable operators for three- and one-node equivalent configurations in the ξ, η and ζ directions and then taking their products. The lamina stiffness matrix and the equivalent load vectors are derived using the principle of virtual work and the p-version lamina displacement approximation. The interlamina continuity conditions of displacements are imposed at the lamina interfaces. The interlamina continuity conditions are conveniently arranged in the form of transformation matrices, which allow the transformation of the lamina degrees of freedom to the laminate degrees of freedom. These transformation matrices are used to transform the lamina stiffness matrices and equivalent load vectors to the laminate stiffness matrix and equivalent load vector. The transformed lamina stiffness matrices and load vectors are summed to obtain the laminate stiffness matrix and equivalent load vectors. The interlamina continuity conditions of displacements permit condensation of [3(pξ + 1)(p)η + 1)] degrees of freedom (where ζ is the direction of lamina lay up) for all laminae except the first. Numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the accuracy, efficiency and convergence characteristics of the present formulation.