cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of alpha, beta 1, and beta 2 adrenergic antagonists on the Na and K concentrations of sympathetic-nerve stimulated rat saliva

Selective alpha and beta 1 and beta 2 adrenergic antagonists were used with electrical stimulation of the sympathetic innervation to parotid and submandibular glands of rats in order to delineate the role of the beta 1 and beta 2 adrenoceptors in regulation of salivary flow rate, Na reabsorption and K secretion from these glands. In parotid gland, [Na] of sympathetically evoked saliva in the presence of phentolamine (3 mg/kg, i.p.) was not different from that of nerve-evoked saliva in the presence of phentolamine and butoxamine (3 mg/kg, i.p.), except for the last 20 min of stimulation when [Na] of nerve-elicited saliva was higher. [K] of saliva with sympathetically evoked stimulation was the same in the presence of phentolamine alone as it was or in the presence of phentolamine and butoxamine. Again, there was no difference in salivary flow rate induced by either kind of stimulation, except for the first 10 min of stimulation, during which salivary flow rate of nerve-evoked saliva in the presence of phentolamine was lower than under the other conditions indicated. On the other hand, with submandibular gland, [Na] and [K] of nerve-elicited saliva in the presence of phentolamine were generally higher than levels of sympathetically evoked saliva in the presence of phentolamine and butoxamine. However, salivary flow rate of nerve-evoked saliva in the presence of phentolamine was generally lower than that of sympathetically evoked saliva in the presence of phentolamine and butoxamine.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
IPTM-CS: A windows-based integrated pesticide transport model for a canopy-soil system

A Windows-based integrated pesticide transport modeling system (IPTM-CS) has been developed for simulating three-phase (dissolved, adsorbed, and vapor phases) pesticide environmental fate in a canopy-soil system (or in the vadose zone alone). The modeling system integrates pre-processing of data (parameters estimation and input), model run, and post-processing of simulation results (summary tables, Excel spreadsheets, and graphs) in a user-friendly Windows interface. To facilitate parameter estimation, an extensive data supporting system that includes convenient parameter calculators and databases has also been developed and incorporated in the IPTM-CS. The data supporting system also provides links to a number of web-based databases maintained by government agencies and institutions. A time-continuous and space-discrete (TC-SD) method is employed to solve the transport problem and five different solution schemes of varying accuracy and features have been incorporated in the interfaced IPTM-CS. Finally, testing of the IPTM-CS at a field site in Chico, California is presented. Comparison of the simulated and observed diazinon concentrations is conducted for three selected depths (0.15, 0.25, and 0.5m) and the results are further evaluated by using three methods (linear regression, normalized objective function, and modeling efficiency). The quantitative evaluation indicates that the IPTM-CS yields fairly good simulations.
Equilibrium Stability and Sub-Millisecond Refolding of a Designed Single-Chain Arc Repressor†

Arc-L1-Arc is a single-chain variant of bacteriophage P22 Arc repressor in which a 15 residue linker joins the C-terminus of one subunit to the N-terminus of an otherwise identical subunit. Spectroscopic probes indicate that the native and denatured state of the single-chain protein are similar to those of the unlinked Arc dimer. In equilibrium experiments, Arc-L1-Arc denatures in a reaction without populated intermediate states as judged by the fits of the denaturation isotherms to a two-state model and by the coincidence of denaturation curves monitored by fluorescence and circular dichroism. Comparison of the equilibrium stabilities of Arc-L1-Arc and unlinked Arc gives an effective concentration of subunits in the denatured single-chain variant of 2.7 (+/- 0.7) mM. The kinetic refolding and unfolding reactions of Arc-L1-Arc also appear to proceed without populated intermediates. The rate constant for Arc-L1-Arc unfolding is about 2-fold faster than that of unlinked Arc, indicating that the linker mediates no significant contacts in the native structure that need to be broken to allow unfolding. As expected, the major effect of the linker occurs during the refolding reaction, where the effective subunit concentration calculated from the bimolecular and unimolecular refolding rate constants is 4.5 (+/- 1.8) mM. The transition states for the unfolding and refolding reactions of Arc-L1-Arc and wild-type Arc have similar solvent exposures as measured by the urea dependencies of the equilibrium and rate constants. In the absence of urea, the single-chain protein refolds very rapidly (kf approximately 10(4) s-1) in a reaction that is essentially complete in the sub-millisecond time regime.
Paternalism in Indian Labor: The Tata Iron and Steel Company of Jamshedpur

The most celebrated case of paternalism in India is that of the Tata Iron and Steel Company (Tisco) and its company town, Jamshedpur. In the context of India, Jamshedpur is a marvel: a relatively clean, spacious, and prosperous city where more people live in middle-class neighborhoods than in slums. With a population of 650,000, Jamshedpur is certainly the largest company town in the world, and, because it is still controlled and administered by the private company that founded it in 1909, it is probably the oldest extant company town. Aside from the town, the steel company itself holds a special place in Indian industrial history. It was founded and capitalized in the colonial period by the Indian business community of Bombay in 1907, began production in 1911, and thereafter took its place as the largest private company in India and the largest integrated steel mill in the British Empire. It has survived revolutionary political changes, near-bankruptcy, and nationalization attempts, largely because its directors convinced the British that it was an essential defense industry and the Indian nationalists that it was a national treasure run by men of integrity for the benefit of the nation.
Relapse of secondary syphilis after benzathine penicillin G: molecular analysis.

Background and ObjectivesIt is difficult to distinguish between relapse and reinfection in patients who develop a second episode of syphilis after treatment.GoalThe goal of this study was to use molecular methods to distinguish between relapse and reinfection in a patient with recurrent secondary sy
Three-dimensional motional stabilization in the trapping field of an open-ended trapped-ion cell : Application to the remeasurement experiment in fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry

Three-dimensional motional stabilization of radial trajectories of low-mass organic ions in an open cell using only a dc trapping field is applied to the FT-ICR remeasurement experiment. More than 300 remeasurement cycles are observed with 99.59% remeasurement efficiency for benzene (m/z 78) using a high-pressure helium buffer gas. The enhancement in remeasurement efficiency is due to collisional stabilization of the guiding center of ion motion by dynamic motional averaging in the axial position-dependent radial electric field. Such dc-induced radial stabilization is in contrast to the stability produced by application of radio frequency fields characteristic of quadrupolar axialization or rf-only mode operation. The same effect is produced because ions experience a radial “pseudopotential” during axial oscillation as in time-varying fields. Trajectory simulations for ions oscillating in an open cell trapping well above a z-amplitude critical threshold energy of 0.60 eV (in a potential well of 0.84 V) in...
Acute low-intensity microwave exposure increases DNA single-strand breaks in rat brain cells

Levels of DNA single-strand break were assayed in brain cells from rats acutely exposed to low-intensity 2450 MHz microwaves using an alkaline microgel electrophoresis method. Immediately after 2 h of exposure to pulsed (2 microseconds width, 500 pulses/s) microwaves, no significant effect was observed, whereas a dose rate-dependent [0.6 and 1.2 W/kg whole body specific absorption rate (SAR)] increase in DNA single-strand breaks was found in brain cells of rats at 4 h postexposure. Furthermore, in rats exposed for 2 h to continuous-wave 2450 MHz microwaves (SAR 1.2 W/kg), increases in brain cell DNA single-strand breaks were observed immediately as well as at 4 h postexposure.
Measurement of circumsolar radiation

An instrument system has been developed to measure the flux of energy from the sun and the circumsolar region (the small-angle region around the sun) as a function of angle, wavelength, and atmospheric conditions. The measurements are necessary to accurately predict the performance of solar thermal conversion systems using focusing collectors, and to determine whether pyrheliometer data are adequate for estimating this performance. The instrument system consists of a "scanning telescope", several conventional solar instruments, and a digital electronics control and recording system. The telescope makes a scan of ±3°, passing through the center of the sun. The angular resolution is approximately 1.5 minutes of arc from the center of the sun out to two solar radii, and 5 minutes from there out to 3°. The background caused by direct solar light scattering within the telescope itself has been reduced to less than 1% of the intensity of the circumsolar radiation. Spectral dependence of the radiation is determined using filters. A measurement program using this telescope will be carried out at various locations in the West and Southwest. Additional instruments are being constructed for deployment for the accumulation of data at potential sites for future solar power plants.© (1976) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Cyclic AMP and Thyroid Hormone: Inhibition of Epiphyseal Cartilage Cyclic 3′,5′-Nucleotide Phosphodiesterase Activity by L-Triiodothyronine

SummaryThe mechanism for the alteration in cartilage growth and metabolism present both in childhood thyroid hormone deficiency states and in hyperthyroid children has not been defined. Since thyroid hormone has a direct effect on the adenylate cyclase-cyclic 3′,5′-nucleotide phos-phodiesterase system in certain tissues, the effect of thyroid hormones on soluble cyclic 3′,5′-nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE) activity prepared from chicken epiphyseal (growth) cartilage was examined. L-Triiodothyronine at a concentration of 1 × 10−4M resulted in 69% inhibition of soluble cartilage cyclic 3′,5′-nuc-leotide phosphodiesterase activity. At identical concentrations L-thyroxine, D-thyroxine, D-triiodothyronine, and L-diiodothyronine demonstrated only 42, 41, 38, and 20% inhibition of phosphodiesterase activity, respectively. The concentration of L-triiodothyronine that resulted in 50% inhibition of phosphodiesterase activity was 3.5 × 10−5M. This investigation demonstrates a significant inhibitory effect of L-tr...
Effect of Harvest Interval and Cultivar on Damage to Macadamia Nuts Caused by Hypothenemus obscurus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)

The susceptibility of five cultivars of macadamia, Macadamia integrifolia (Maiden & Betche), to damage caused by Hypothenemus obscurus (F.) was tested using wire mesh packets pla-ced in infested orchards and evaluated for damage at different intervals after placement. Nuts left on the ground ≤3 wk generally had <2% kernel damage. In both experiments, damage levels increased 5.6-6.4 fold between weeks 3 and 4, and the relative ranking of cultivar susceptibility was similar. Kernel damage was found to be a function of shell thickness; the proportion of holes successfully bored through the shell and actual kernel damage were related to average shell thickness.
Diversity programs in chain

Abstract A human-resources strategy that embraces diversity will likely assist a food-service chain in maintaining a workplace that attracts and keeps a variety of employees. A limited study of 16 companies, however, indicates that diversity management may not be a high priority.
He-Yin Zhen, Oyewumi, and Geographies of Anti-Universalism

George’s essay addresses the difference that distinctions of history and geography make to the development of He-Yin Zhen’s, Oyeronke Oyewumi’s, and Kimberle Crenshaw’s theorizations of gender difference. Despite their various entrees into the question of gender difference and the different points that each settles upon, He-Yin’s, Oyewumi’s, and Crenshaw’s writings reflect a shared anti-universalism that forms a critique of Western majoritarian feminist theory. The works of these scholars and others working from a position of marginalized knowledges underscore the violence of universalism in feminist theory and the ongoing urgency of literal and epistemological translation to the field of feminist studies.
Futility discussion revisited.

In-terestingly, they did not ask the courts to agree that the treat-ment was futile, they just asked for appointment of anotherproxy who would be more agreeable to their suggestions.Themostrecent high-visibility case wasTerri Schiavo,whosehusband considered her tube feeding futile because she was ina persistent vegetative state (PVS). This case was again de-cided on the basis of her proxy’s wishes despite religious state-ments proposing that feeding to individuals in PVS should beprovided.This long history of futility discussion indicates that futilityis in the eye of the beholder. It is generally accepted that pa-tients may refuse life-sustaining treatment, eg, amputation ofa gangrenous leg, even if this treatment is not consideredfutile by health care providers. On the other hand, patientsor their proxies may request treatments that health care pro-viders consider futile, eg, tube feeding of individuals in PVS.In an article published in this issue, Cruz-Oliver et al
Natural Occurrence of Cross-Linked Vaccinia Virus Deoxyribonucleic Acid

The molecular weight of native vaccinia deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is 1 to 1.17 times that of native T4 DNA. Sedimentation of denatured vaccinia DNA through alkaline sucrose gradients yields an apparent molecular weight greater than twice that of denatured T4 DNA, implying that the complementary strands of vaccinia DNA do not separate upon denaturation. When alkali-denatured vaccinia DNA is neutralized, it has the physical chemical properties of native DNA when tested by sedimentation through neutral sucrose gradients, banding in CsCl, and by hydroxylapatite chromatography. We conclude that almost all mature vaccinia DNA molecules contain a small number of naturally occurring cross-links.
TOTAL PRESSURE CORRECTION OF A SUB-MINIATURE FIVE-HOLE PROBE IN AREAS OF PRESSURE GRADIENTS

Five-hole probes, being a dependable and accurate aerodynamic tools, are excellent choices for measuring complex flow fields. However, total pressure gradients can induce measurement errors. The combined effect of the different flow conditions on the ports causes the measured total pressure to be prone to a greater error. This paper proposes a way to correct the total pressure measurement. The correction is based on the difference between the measured total pressure data of a Kiel probe and a sub-miniature prism-type five-hole probe. By comparing them in a ducted fan related flow field, a line of best fit was constructed. The line of best fit is dependent on the slope of the line in a total pressure versus span and difference in total pressure between the probes at the same location. A computer program, performs the comparison and creates the correction equation. The equation is subsequently applied to the five-hole probe total pressure measurement, and the other dependent values are adjusted. The validity of the correction is then tested by placing the Kiel probe and the five-hole probe in ducted fans with a variety of different tip clearances.
Impact of Atlantic multidecadal oscillations on India/Sahel rainfall and Atlantic hurricanes

[3] Linkages between the AMO, Sahel summer rainfall and Atlantic Hurricane activity during the 20th century were mainly based on statistical analyses of observed data. A previous modeling study [Vitart and Anderson, 2001] simulated the impact of interdecadal variability in Atlantic SST on Atlantic Hurricane activity. In this study, with both statistical analyses of observed data and carefully designed experiments using the GFDL CM2.1 climate model, we show that the AMO plays a major role in forcing the 20th century multidecadal variations of India and Sahel summer rainfall, and of tropical Atlantic atmospheric circulation that is of crucial relevance for Atlantic Hurricane activity. This leads to an in-phase relationship among low frequency India and Sahel summer rainfall, and Atlantic hurricane activity. This observed variability falls within the range spanned by the individual ensemble members of our modeling experiment. In this study, we adopt the above commonly accepted definition for both the observed and modeled AMO index, as that used in many previous studies [Enfield et al., 2001; Sutton and Hodson, 2005; Knight et al., 2005]. The simple detrending applied in this definition of the AMO may not cleanly separate the THC-induced AMO signal from the anthropogenic climate change and the exact mechanism causing such defined AMO is still uncertain. However, our focus here is not on the definition or mechanism of the AMO, but on the response of the global climate system to the Atlantic multidecadal fluctuations. Here our modeling results are from just one climate model, and need to be further tested with other models. The idealized linear detrending applied to the observed variability discussed in this paper does not necessarily remove all the influence of changing external forcings. Fluctuations of the external forcings about a linear trend may have contributed to some of the observed multidecadal variability. 2. Analyses of the Impact of AMO With Observed Data
A low-power CMOS front end for particle detection applications

A complete low-power front end for particle detection applications is proposed. The front end integrates a charge sensitive amplifier with a novel adaptive biasing scheme which allows the DC bias currents to be scaled below conventional limits. A peak detector circuit obtains a peak value for each detection event which is then converted to digital via an 8 bit charge-redistribution successive approximation analog to digital converter. The ADC is shut off in between detection events to further reduce power consumption. The entire circuit consumes between 39muW and 400muW of power depending on the particle detection rate. This low power operation enables the development of compact, long-life, battery powered, remote particle sensors.
On the stability of mu-varying dynamic equations on stochastically generated time scales

In their 2001 paper, Po¨tzsche, Siegmund and Wirth gave necessary and sufficient conditions for an LTI system on a time scale to have exponentially stable solutions based on pole placement. We find simple conditions for the stability of mu-varying scalar dynamic equations on time scales which are stochastically generated. As a special case, we examine the region in the complex plane which will guarantee the exponential stability of solutions of LTI systems. Via a decay analysis, we show how the tendency of the solution to grow or decay at each time step is determined by the pole placement within the region of exponential stability1.
Teacher Perceptions of Level System Effectiveness on the Behavior of Students with Emotional or Behavioral Disorders

Students with emotional or behavioral disorders (EBD) present significant academic and behavior management challenges for educators. As such, educators are constantly seeking interventions that are effective in assisting students with EBD to manage their own behavior and achieve success in school. One behavioral management approach that educators frequently recommend is the level system. As a first step to better understand level systems, we conducted a large-scale survey to determine the extent of level system use, the characteristics of teacher and students who use level systems, level system characteristics and procedures, teacher perceptions of level system effectiveness, and teacher satisfaction with level systems. Analysis of data revealed extensive use of level systems, similarities and differences between level system users and nonusers, characteristics common to level systems, and inconsistencies in perceptions of effectiveness and satisfaction. Finally, we offer implications of our findings for ...
The relationship between endogenous cortisol, blood micronutrients, and neutrophil function in postparturient Holstein cows.

Neutrophil function, blood micronutrients, and cortisol concentrations were measured in 43 clinically healthy postparturient Holstein cows. Estimated 305-day mature equivalent milk production and neutrophil function were related to results of the blood micro-nutrient concentrations and neutrophil function tests. Cattle had low to normal zinc concentrations; normal to high selenium, vitamin E, and cortisol concentrations; and normal copper concentrations. Blood selenium (P= .03) and zinc (P= .027) concentrations were both significant predictors of neutrophil adhesion, and selenium (P 300 ng/mL had neutrophil adhesion, and 15 of 20 (75%) had cytochrome C reduction above the mean value for this group. There was also a significant correlation (r= 0.331; P= .037) between cytochrome C reduction and estimated milk production. These findings suggest that neutrophils from postparturient dairy cows with higher blood concentrations of selenium have greater potential to kill microbes, and that cattle with greater superoxide production may have higher milk production.
Geometric Properties of Principal Curves in the Plane

Principal curves were introduced to formalize the notion of “a curve passing through the middle of a dataset”. Vaguely speaking, a curve is said to pass through the middle of a dataset if every point on the curve is the average of the observations projecting onto it. This idea can be made precise by defining principal curves for probability densities. Principal curves can be regarded as a generalization of linear principal components—if a principal curve happens to be a straight line, then it is a principal component. In this paper we study principal curves in the plane. We show that principal curves are solutions of a differential equation. By solving this differential equation, we find principal curves for uniform densities on rectangles and annuii. There are oscillating solutions besides the obvious straight and circular ones, indicating that principal curves in general will not be unique. If a density has several principal curves, they have to cross, a property somewhat analogous to the orthogonality of principal components. Finally, we study principal curves for spherical and elliptical distributions.
Combinatorial investigation of the mechanical properties of aluminum-silicon thin film nanocomposites

We have undertaken the exploration of AlxSi1-x material systems to discover new alloys with enhanced mechanical properties. Combinatorial methods were used to systematically control thin film microstructure through variations in composition and growth temperature. Discrete libraries of compositionally graded films have been sputter deposited onto silicon substrates to produce two structural phase regions: amorphous Al–Si and amorphous Si plus crystalline Al. The mechanical properties of the thin films were determined through indentation experiments by analyzing the load–displacement traces based on the Oliver–Pharr method. X-ray diffraction was used to investigate the microstructures and determine the crystallite sizes. In samples with an Al concentration near 55 at.%, the data show that decreasing the Al crystallite size by nearly one half increases the nanocomposite hardness by nearly a factor of two.
A comparative morphometric analysis of the effects of thyroxine and ACTH on the zona fasciculata of rat adrenal cortex.

The effects of thyroxine and ACTH on the ultrastructure of cells of the adrenal zona fasciculata were studied by morphometric analysis and compared by two-way analysis of variance. The results indicate that the effects of thyroxine and ACTH are different and independent. The statistically significant differences in effect of thyroxine and ACTH are: thyroxine causes an increase in the volume fraction of mitochondria and a decrease in the volume fraction of endoplasmic reticulum independent of ACTH; thyroxine causes a decrease in surface density of mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum in the absence of ACTH, but in the presence of ACTH this effect is moderated by an interaction of thyroxine and ACTH. There were no statistically significant effects of either thyroxine or ACTH on volume fraction or surface density of liposomes.
Epidermal growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor have independent actions on mesencephalic dopamine neurons in culture.

: Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and basic fibro-blast growth factor (bFGF) are both trophic for dopamine neurons s in cultures of dissociated embryonic rat mesen-cephaion, but the significance of this apparent overlap in neurotrophic activity is not yet known. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms of action of these two growth factors and the potential relationship between them, Using a nuclease protection assay, we determined that bFGF mRNA was expressed in the cultures. Double-label immunocytochemistry revealed that bFGF immunore-active material could be detected in tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive neurons and glial fibrillary acidic protein immunoreactive astrocytes. EGF treatment increased bFGF mRNA content per culture dish. As we have previously demonstrated that EGF exerts its dopaminergic neurotrophic activity via an intermediate cell type, studies were designed to address whether the pathway by which EGF acts on dopaminergic neurons is mediated by the release of bFGF. However, the trophic action of EGF on dopamine neurons, represented by high-affinity neuronal dopamine uptake, could not be blocked by immunoneutralization of bFGF, suggesting that the actions of EGF were not mediated by bFGF release. The time course of the effects of EGF and bFGF on dopamine uptake were similar, with significant increases detectable only after 5 days in culture. Both growth factors were active in the picomolar-to-nannomolar range with maximal trophic activity between 0.4 and 2.5 nM. EGF, however, was the more potent mitogen under these conditions. When cultures were simultaneously incubated with maximal concentrations of EGF and bFGF, the effect on dopamine uptake was significantly greater than with either growth factor alone and, in fact, approximated the sum of the individual effects. On the basis of these results we conclude that these growth factors have independent effects on dopamine neurons of the mesencephalon.
Optimal real number codes for fault tolerant matrix operations

It has been demonstrated recently that single fail-stop process failure in ScaLAPACK matrix multiplication can be tolerated without checkpointing. Multiple simultaneous processor failures can be tolerated without checkpointing by encoding matrices using a real-number erasure correcting code. However, the floating-point representation of a real number in today's high performance computer architecture introduces round off errors which can be enlarged and cause the loss of precision of possibly all effective digits during recovery when the number of processors in the system is large.In this paper, we present a class of Reed-Solomon style real-number erasure correcting codes which have optimal numerical stability during recovery. We analytically construct the numerically best erasure correcting codes for 2 erasures and develop an approximation method to computationally construct numerically good codes for 3 or more erasures. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed codes are numerically much more stable than existing codes.
On the precision of social and information networks

The diffusion of information on online social and information networks has been a popular topic of study in recent years, but attention has typically focused on speed of dissemination and recall (i.e. the fraction of users getting a piece of information). In this paper, we study the complementary notion of the precision of information diffusion. Our model of information dissemination is "broadcast-based'', i.e., one where every message (original or forwarded) from a user goes to a fixed set of recipients, often called the user's ``friends'' or ``followers'', as in Facebook and Twitter. The precision of the diffusion process is then defined as the fraction of received messages that a user finds interesting.On first glance, it seems that broadcast-based information diffusion is a "blunt" targeting mechanism, and must necessarily suffer from low precision. Somewhat surprisingly, we present preliminary experimental and analytical evidence to the contrary: it is possible to simultaneously have high precision (i.e. is bounded below by a constant), high recall, and low diameter!We start by presenting a set of conditions on the structure of user interests, and analytically show the necessity of each of these conditions for obtaining high precision. We also present preliminary experimental evidence from Twitter verifying that these conditions are satisfied. We then prove that the Kronecker-graph based generative model of Leskovec et al. satisfies these conditions given an appropriate and natural definition of user interests. Further, we show that this model also has high precision, high recall, and low diameter. We finally present preliminary experimental evidence showing Twitter has high precision, validating our conclusion. This is perhaps a first step towards a formal understanding of the immense popularity of online social networks as an information dissemination mechanism.
Varicella-Zoster virus infections of the nervous system: clinical and pathologic correlates.

c Background.—Diseases that present with protean manifestations are the diseases most likely to pose diagnostic challenges for both clinicians and pathologists. Among the most diverse disorders caused by a single known toxic, metabolic, neoplastic, or infectious agent are the central and peripheral nervous system complications of varicellazoster virus (VZV). Methods.—The pathologic correlates of the neurologic complications of VZV infection, as well as current methods for detecting viral infections, are discussed and presented in pictorial format for the practicing pathologist. Results.—Varicella-zoster virus causes chickenpox (varicella), usually in childhood; most children manifest only mild neurologic sequelae. After chickenpox resolves, the virus becomes latent in neurons of cranial and spinal ganglia of nearly all individuals. In elderly and immunocompromised individuals, the virus may reactivate to produce shingles (zoster). After zoster resolves, many elderly patients experience postherpetic neuralgia. Uncommonly, VZV can spread to large cerebral arteries to cause a spectrum of large-vessel vascular damage, ranging from vasculopathy to vasculitis, with stroke. In immunocompromised individuals, especially those with cancer or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, deeper tissue penetration of the virus may occur (as compared with immunocompetent individuals), with resultant myelitis, small-vessel vasculopathy, ventriculitis, and meningoencephalitis. Detection of the virus in neurons, oligodendrocytes, meningeal cells, ependymal cells, or the blood vessel wall often requires a combination of morphologic, immunohistochemical, in situ hybridization, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods. The PCR analysis of cerebrospinal fluid remains the mainstay for diagnosing the neurologic complications of VZV during life. Conclusions.—Varicella-zoster virus infects a wide variety of cell types in the central and peripheral nervous system, explaining the diversity of clinical disorders associated with the virus. (Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2001;125:770‐780)
Water quality, nitrogen pollution, and ascidian diversity in coastal waters of southern Massachusetts, USA

Nitrogen is the main contaminant causing degradation of water quality in the temperate coastal waters of Massachusetts (Buzzards Bay, Pleasant Bay, Vineyard Sound, and southern Cape Cod Bay), USA (Valiela et al., 1997; Costa and Rasmussen, 1999; Howes, 2002). In order to assess whether differences in water quality influenced the presence or absence of native and non-native ascidians, we conducted field surveys at 17 different sites in southern Massachusetts, Cape Cod and Martha's Vineyard in 2002 and 2003. We selected sites based on their water quality and divided them into three groups: (a) sites with ‘good’ water quality that had low levels of excess nitrogen, good water clarity and infrequent algal blooms, (b) sites with ‘fair’ water quality that had moderate levels of excess nitrogen, reduced water clarity, low oxygen levels and periodic algal blooms, and (c) sites with ‘poor’ water quality that had high levels of nitrogen, low oxygen (hypoxia), no eelgrass beds and poor water clarity (Fig. 1). Sites with fair water quality were often in transition, with water quality either improving, or more commonly, declining.
Identification of Chromatin-Associated Regulators of MSL Complex Targeting in Drosophila Dosage Compensation

Sex chromosome dosage compensation in Drosophila provides a model for understanding how chromatin organization can modulate coordinate gene regulation. Male Drosophila increase the transcript levels of genes on the single male X approximately two-fold to equal the gene expression in females, which have two X-chromosomes. Dosage compensation is mediated by the Male-Specific Lethal (MSL) histone acetyltransferase complex. Five core components of the MSL complex were identified by genetic screens for genes that are specifically required for male viability and are dispensable for females. However, because dosage compensation must interface with the general transcriptional machinery, it is likely that identifying additional regulators that are not strictly male-specific will be key to understanding the process at a mechanistic level. Such regulators would not have been recovered from previous male-specific lethal screening strategies. Therefore, we have performed a cell culture-based, genome-wide RNAi screen to search for factors required for MSL targeting or function. Here we focus on the discovery of proteins that function to promote MSL complex recruitment to ‘‘chromatin entry sites,’’ which are proposed to be the initial sites of MSL targeting. We find that components of the NSL (Non-specific lethal) complex, and a previously unstudied zinc-finger protein, facilitate MSL targeting and display a striking enrichment at MSL entry sites. Identification of these factors provides new insight into how MSL complex establishes the specialized hyperactive chromatin required for dosage compensation in Drosophila.
Lidar and Triple-Wavelength Doppler Radar Measurements of the Melting Layer: A Revised Model for Dark- and Brightband Phenomena

During the recent Cirrus Regional Study of Tropical Anvils and Cirrus Layers (CRYSTAL) Florida Area Cirrus Experiment (FACE) field campaign in southern Florida, rain showers were probed by a 0.523-m lidar and three (0.32-, 0.86-, and 10.6-cm wavelength) Doppler radars. The full repertoire of backscattering phenomena was observed in the melting region, that is, the various lidar and radar dark and bright bands. In contrast to the ubiquitous 10.6-cm (S band) radar bright band, only intermittent evidence is found at 0.86 cm (K band), and no clear examples of the radar bright band are seen at 0.32 cm (W band), because of the dominance of non-Rayleigh scattering effects. Analysis also reveals that the relatively inconspicuous Wband radar dark band is due to non-Rayleigh effects in large water-coated snowflakes that are high in the melting layer. The lidar dark band exclusively involves mixed-phase particles and is centered where the shrinking snowflakes collapse into raindrops—the point at which spherical particle backscattering mechanisms first come into prominence during snowflake melting. The traditional (S band) radar brightband peak occurs low in the melting region, just above the lidar dark-band minimum. This position is close to where the W-band reflectivities and Doppler velocities reach their plateaus but is well above the height at which the S-band Doppler velocities stop increasing. Thus, the classic radar bright band is dominated by Rayleigh dielectric scattering effects in the few largest melting snowflakes.
Sonographic Diagnosis of Arthrogryposis Multiplex Congenita

Athrogryposis multiplex congenita or congenital joitt contractures may result from any process that constricts intrauterine fetal movement. In this case rport, the join contractures were determined to be the result of amyolasia conenita, or absence of muscle formation. Because athrogryposis has no specific etiology, complete ultrasonic surveillance of fetal anatomy and the uterine cavity is required. In addition, because arthrogryposis is asociated with genetic disorders, the patient should be offered the option of genetic counseling and genetic amniocentesis.
Reconciling What Works and Broken Windows: The Policy Relevance of Individual and Social Correlates to Recidivism Reduction

Abstract Scholars and practitioners have devoted considerable attention to affirming offender rehabilitation (“what works”) and also arguing for the need to foster healthy social contexts in order to reduce recidivism (“broken windows”). It makes sense, therefore, to acknowledge the critical importance of both individual and social correlates of criminal behavior and to reconcile “what works” with “broken windows.” It is argued that the most serious policy issues facing community corrections have more to do with problems associated with organizational capital than with the state of knowledge about specific correctional paradigms.
Systems-Wide High-Dimensional Data Acquisition and Informatics Using Structural Mass Spectrometry Strategies

Background: Untargeted multiomics data sets are obtained for samples in systems, synthetic, and chemical biology by integrating chromatographic separations with ion mobility–mass spectrometry (IM-MS) analysis. The data sets are interrogated using bioinformatics strategies to organize the data for identification prioritization. Content: The use of big data approaches for data mining of massive data sets in systems-wide analyses is presented. Untargeted biological data across multiomics dimensions are obtained using a variety of chromatography strategies with structural MS. Separation timescales for different techniques and the resulting data deluge when combined with IM-MS are presented. Data mining self-organizing map strategies are used to rapidly filter the data, highlighting those features describing uniqueness to the query. Examples are provided in longitudinal analyses in synthetic biology and human liver exposure to acetaminophen, and in chemical biology, natural product discovery from bacterial biomes. Conclusions: Matching the separation timescales of different forms of chromatography with IM-MS provides sufficient multiomics selectivity to perform untargeted systems-wide analyses. New data mining strategies provide a means for rapidly interrogating these data sets for feature prioritization and discovery in a range of applications in systems, synthetic, and chemical biology.
Do Prices Respond Differently to Increases and Decreases in Consumption Taxes

This paper shows that prices respond asymmetrically to increases and decreases in consumption taxes. We combine monthly commodity price data with information on Value Added Tax (VAT) rates across several European countries for the period 1996-2015 and show that prices respond more to VAT increases than to decreases. We explain this asymmetric pass-through to prices with a simple model of fairness based on the findings of Kahneman et al. (1986). Our finding cautions against using incidence estimates derived in previous studies without accounting for the direction of the tax change and questions the effectiveness of reductions in consumption taxes to achieve redistribution or stimulate economic growth.
Evaluating the Effectiveness of a School Drug and Alcohol Prevention Curriculum: A New Look at “Here's Looking at You, Two”

The article reports on the results of an evaluation of a school drug and alcohol prevention curriculum marketed under the title, "Here's Looking at You, Two." Previous evaluations, unreported in the literature and having unresolved methodological problems, have found that while the program appears effective at transmitting information regarding drug and alcohol abuse, it has not been effective at changing the underlying attitudes and behaviors that, in part, explain substance abuse. Employing a more rigorous methodology, our examination of a relatively large sample across five school districts provides support for previous findings. Over the short-term of one year, the program was particularly effective at transmitting substance information to primary and middle school students. The program, however, produced very little of the expected effect on the underlying attitudes that are critical to changing substance abuse behaviors.
A comparison of functional outcome of intercondylar fracture of distal humerus managed by olecranon osteotomy approach versus triceps sparing approach in adults.

Objective To compare the frequency of satisfactory functional outcome of intercondylar fractures of distal humerus managed by the triceps-sparing approach and olecranon osteotomy approach. Methods The randomised controlled study was conducted at Mayo Hospital, Lahore, from September 1, 2012 to August31 2014,and comprised patients> 14 years of age who were admitted through the Accident and Emergency Department and were prepared for surgery to repair intercondylar fractures of distal humerus. The patients were randomly divided into two equal groups. Implants were arranged preoperatively. Patients in group A were managed by open reduction internal fixationvia olecranon osteotomy approach, and those in group B were managed by open reduction internal fixationvia triceps-sparing approach by the same team of surgeons. Mayo Elbow Performance Score was used to assess the functional outcome. Demographic, preoperative and postoperative clinical information of all patients were entered into a predesigned proforma and variables were evaluated statistically. Results The 150 patients in the study were randomly divided into two groups of 75(50%) patients each. The overall mean age was 49.01±14.63 years. Mean age of group A patients was 53.84±11.86 years and that of group B was 44.19±15.59 years. In group A, there were 67(89.3%) patients who had satisfactory functional outcome and 8(10.7%) had unsatisfactory outcome. In groupB,53(70.7%) patients had satisfactory and 22(29.3%) patients had unsatisfactory functional outcome. Conclusions Olecranonosteotomy approach was found to be more effective and preferable compared to the triceps-sparing approach.
Exploratory Process Development of a Novel Diacylglycerol Acyltransferase-1 (DGAT-1) Inhibitor

A practical large-scale synthesis was developed for 1, a DGAT-1 inhibitor, involving an aza-Michael reaction, amidation, Dieckman cyclization, and conjugate addition of cyanamide followed by cyclization, to form the fused 4-amino-7,8-dihydropyrido[4,3-d]pyrimidin-5-one scaffold. The enabled process presented here substantially improved safety (in particular, due to eliminating a nitration step and optimizing a high-energy intermediate step), reproducibility, and scalability, resulting in delivery of a multikilogram quantity of the API with high purity. The controls of API quality and particle size were also discussed.
Systemic Weber-Christian disease and thrombocythemia terminating in reticulum-cell sarcoma.

A 62-year-old Caucasian woman with idiopathic thrombocythemia treated with P-32 and chlorambucil developed Weber-Christian disease and reticulum-cell sarcoma 9 years and 6 months, respectively, before death. She also had a long history of hypogammaglobulinemia, rheumatoid arthritis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Necropsy revealed healed subcutaneous and active visceral panniculitis, a diffuse necrotizing angiitis, and extramedullary hematopoiesis. A review of the pathologic findings in Weber-Christian disease is presented. It is suggested that the development of the reticulum-cell sarcoma is related to thrombocythemia, treatment with P-32, prolonged chlorambucil therapy, and hypogammaglobulinemia.
Tidal stripping as a test of satellite quenching in redMaPPer clusters

When dark matter halos are accreted by massive host clusters, strong gravitational tidal forces begin stripping mass from the accreted subhalos. This stripping eventually removes all mass beyond a subhalo's tidal radius, but the unbound mass remains in the vicinity of the satellite for at least a dynamical time t_dyn. The N-body subhalo study of Chamberlain et al. verified this picture and pointed out a useful observational consequence: measurements of subhalo correlations beyond the tidal radius are sensitive to the infall time, t_infall, of the subhalo onto its host. We perform this cross-correlation measurement using ~ 160,000 red satellite galaxies in SDSS redMaPPer clusters and find evidence that subhalo correlations do persist well beyond the tidal radius, suggesting that many of the observed satellites fell into their current host less than a dynamical time ago, t_infall < t_dyn. Combined with estimated dynamical times t_dyn ~ 3-5 Gyr and SED fitting results for the time at which satellites stopped forming stars, t_quench ~ 6 Gyr, we infer that for a significant fraction of the satellites, star formation quenched before those satellites entered their current hosts. The result holds for red satellites over a large range of cluster-centric distances 0.1 - 0.6 Mpc/h. We discuss the implications of this result for models of galaxy formation.
Determination of Catechin Content in New Antasthmatic Mixture by High-performance Liquid Chromatography

Objective: To establish a high-performance liquid chromatography to determine the catechin content in new antasthmatic mixture.Method: Dikma C18 column(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm) was used.The mobile phase was acetonitrile-0.2%phosphoric acid solution(8:92).The determination wavelength was 280 mm.The mobile speed was 1.0ml/min.the coloumn temperature was 35oC.Result: The catechin content was within 0.0425-4.25μg(r=0.99999) and had a good linear relation with peak area.The average recoveray rate was 99.05%,RSD=0.72%(n=9).Conclusion: The method is simple,convenient and quick,with a strong exclusive and a good reappearance and can be used in the quality control of the new antasthmatic mixture.
Phylogeography of the freshwater mussel species Lasmigona costata: testing post-glacial colonization hypotheses

Understanding genetic diversity across large spatial scales helps to reveal patterns of population structure. Mitochondrial DNA sequences and microsatellite loci were used to analyze the phylogeography of a common unionid species (Lasmigona costata) from the Laurentian Great Lakes and historically connected river drainages. Phylogeographic patterns were assessed to determine colonization routes into the Great Lakes following glacial recession. A suite of seven microsatellite loci were genotyped and a fragment of the mitochondrial gene COI was sequenced. Multiple analyses using microsatellite allele frequencies suggest at least two distinct genetic populations for L. costata. A total of seven hypothesized post-glacial dispersal scenarios were compared using isolation by distance to test the various dispersal models. Evidence was strongest for two post-glacial dispersal routes into the Great Lakes: one utilizing a connection between the Wabash and Maumee River watersheds, and one utilizing a connection between the Wisconsin River and Green Bay watersheds. A highly differentiated and monophyletic population of L. costata was identified in the Ozark Highlands, which may constitute a unique taxonomic entity.