cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Merlin: a tumour suppressor with functions at the cell cortex and in the nucleus

Inhibition of proliferation by cell-to-cell contact is essential for tissue organization, and its disruption contributes to tumorigenesis. The FERM domain protein Merlin, encoded by the NF2 tumour suppressor gene, is an important mediator of contact inhibition. Merlin was thought to inhibit mitogenic signalling and activate the Hippo pathway by interacting with diverse target-effectors at or near the plasma membrane. However, recent studies highlight that Merlin pleiotropically affects signalling by migrating into the nucleus and inducing a growth-suppressive programme of gene expression through its direct inhibition of the CRL4DCAF1 E3 ubiquitin ligase. In addition, Merlin promotes the establishment of epithelial adhesion and polarity by recruiting Par3 and aPKC to E-cadherin-dependent junctions, and by ensuring the assembly of tight junctions. These recent advances suggest that Merlin acts at the cell cortex and in the nucleus in a similar, albeit antithetic, manner to the oncogene β-catenin.
Rotational nuclei: overlap functions and heavy-ion transfer form factors

Abstract A method for calculating overlap functions 〈 A , A +2〉 for rotational nuclei is presented where single particle radial multipole functions enter as numerical input. The calculation of the radial multipole functions using a Sturmian expansion procedure is briefly reviewed. As an application of these mathematical techniques, finite-range heavy-ion two-nucleon transfer form factors are calculated for nuclei at both ends of the rare-earth region and the connection between the form factors and the understanding of recent heavy-ion induced two-neutron transfer reactions on deformed rare-earth nuclei is discussed.
Combined Use of ALK Immunohistochemistry and FISH for Optimal Detection of ALK- Rearranged Lung Adenocarcinomas

Introduction: ALK gene rearrangements occur in approximately 5% of lung adenocarcinomas (ACAs), leading to anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) overexpression and predicting response to targeted therapy. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is the standard procedure for detection of ALK rearrangements in lung ACA but requires specialized equipment and expertise. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) for ALK protein overexpression is a promising screening modality, with reports of newer antibodies showing excellent sensitivity and specificity for ALK-rearranged lung ACA. Methods: In this study, we analyzed ALK IHC (5A4 clone) in 186 cases from our clinical service and compared it with ALK FISH and EGFR and KRAS mutation status. Results: Twelve cases had concordant ALK protein overexpression and ALK rearrangement by FISH. Three ALK-rearranged cases lacked ALK protein expression. Of these discrepant cases, one had a coexisting EGFR mutation and a subtle atypical ALK rearrangement manifested as a break in the 5′ centromeric portion of the FISH probe. One case had a concurrent BRAF mutation. Follow-up testing on a metastasis revealed absence of the ALK rearrangement, with persistent BRAF mutation. In one ALK-rearranged protein negative case, very limited tissue remained for ALK IHC, raising the possibility of false negativity because of protein expression heterogeneity. Importantly, ALK protein expression was detected in one case initially thought not to have an ALK rearrangement. In this case, FISH was falsely negative because of interference by benign reactive nuclei. After correcting for these cases, ALK IHC was 93% sensitive and 100% specific as compared with FISH. Conclusions: ALK IHC improves the detection of ALK rearrangements when used together with FISH, and its use in lung ACA genetic testing algorithms should be considered.
The compressibility of solid noble gases and the alkali metals at 0°K

The compressibilities of the solid noble gases at 0°K (and 0 pressure) were calculated from their experimental and theoretical compressions (ΔV/V0). They are compared with the experimental values of the compressibilities of the alkali metals, also at 0°K. The compressibilities of the noble gases follow an unusual pattern, different from all other families in the Periodic System, the latter being essentially proportional to the atomic volume and therefore the atomic number of the element. Solid helium is by far the most compressible element, to be followed by solid neon; on the other hand Kr, Xe and Em are substantially less compressible than the alkali metal directly following them. Finally, Ar has practically the same compressibility as K (see Fig. 1).
A silicon-controlled rectifier: I ¿ Characteristics and ratings

The name silicon-controlled rectifier has been given to a new 3-terminal semiconductor device which has electrical characteristics similar to a thyratron. This device has been developed by the Semiconductor Products Department of the General Electric Company and has been given the developmental designation ZJ-39A. Its characteristics are made possible through the use of a p-n-p-n junction configuration. It is capable of handling load currents up to 16 amperes average at peak voltages up to 300 volts. Its fast switching action, small size, and relatively high-current ratings make this new device adaptable to a great many applications. Its characteristics and ratings, which are of utmost importance to the circuit designer, are the subject of this discussion.
Isolation of a “proline-rich” protein from rat parotid glands following isoproterenol treatment

Abstract Prolonged treatment of rats with isoproterenol induces both hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the parotid glands. Daily injections of 5 mg dl-isoproterenol resulted in a 4–6 fold increase in gland wet weight within 7 days. The protein composition of parotid gland homogenates and saliva, as monitored by disc gel electrophoresis, was markedly altered. In particular, the concentration of a proline-rich protein increased dramatically. This protein was purified by Sephadex G-100 chromatography and preparative disc gel electrophoresis and was found to be comprised mainly of four amino acids (moles/100 moles): Pro, 29.5; Glx, 19.3; Gly, 17.1; Asx, 11.9. The molecular weight as determined by sedimentation equilibrium is about 25,000. When [ 14 C] glucosamine was injected intraperitoneally, a small amount of label was incorporated into the proline-rich protein. Upon stopping the isoproterenol treatment, the parotid glands and the polyacrylamide disc gel patterns of the soluble proteins both return to normal within 10 to 14 days.
Fundamental understanding of Na-induced high temperature embrittlement in Al–Mg alloys

Sodium is an undesirable impurity in aluminium–magnesium alloys. In trace amounts it leads to high temperature embrittlement (HTE), due to intergranular fracture, which results in edge cracking during hot rolling. In the present work, the results of a thermodynamic investigation to elucidate the mechanism are presented. Correlations between HTE, phase formation, temperature and composition in Al–Mg alloys were determined. It is suggested that: (i) HTE is related to the formation of an intergranular Na-rich liquid phase, which significantly weakens the strength of grain boundaries; (ii) for a given Mg content, there exists a maximum Na content above which HTE cannot be avoided; and (iii) for a given alloy, a proper hot-rolling temperature should be chosen with respect to Na and Mg contents to suppress HTE. The HTE sensitive zone and a hot-rolling safe zone of Al–Mg–Na alloys are defined as functions of processing temperature and alloy composition. The tendency of HTE formation was evaluated based on thermo...
Cultural coherence in early modern England: The invention of contract

The institution of contractual exchange did not emerge of its own with the growth of commerce in early modern England, the classic abode of free market transactions. By English literary customs since the medieval era, individual obligation to carry out actions for others resulted from voluntary promises. Before the era of the Reformation, however, these workable schemas of promise could not be imported into the English common law without violating religious principles that the voluntary binding of the will belonged to a spiritual realm accessible to God but not to other observers. As a result, the exchange of goods and services under the common law into the sixteenth century was regulated by a system of grants rather than by contractual liability, as we take for granted in our time. A need for meaningful consistency established strong brakes on the transposition of moral schemas to solve everyday legal dilemmas. The Reformation-era adoption of methods for imputing inward commitments based on outward circumstances was a necessary and, in context, sufficient condition for the common law courts to authoritatively construe human intention and thus to introduce modern contract based on promissory liability.
Predicting Bound Ions on the Protein Surface

Biological macromolecules exist in the complex environment of the cell, constantly interacting with other molecules and ions. Some of the ions may bind directly to proteins affecting their structure and thus altering their function. Though the X-ray crystallography remains to be one of the most popular methods of proteins structure determination, typically the positions of bound ions are not routinely revealed. Here we report a development of an approach, based on numerical solutions of the Poisson-Boltzmann equation (PBE) as implemented in DelPhi, which predicts the positions of surface bound ions taking into account geometrical considerations as well. The method is tested against existing experimental data of proteins with different types of ions on the surface and it is shown that it the electrostatic potential is the dominant factor for ion binding not involving chemical interactions. We further outline the importance of such an approach with respect to relaxing the limits of Poisson-Boltzmann formalism in describing the perturbation of ion's concentration in the space regions with large local electrostatic potential. The work is supported by NIH, NIGMS, grant number 1R01GM093937-01.
Stimulatory effect of Sertoli cell secretory products on testosterone secretion by purified Leydig cells in primary culture.

We investigated the influence of media from nonstimulated (SCCM) and FSH-stimulated (F-SCCM) cultured rat Sertoli cells on testosterone secretion by purified rat Leydig cells maintained in culture for 4 days. Both SCCM and F-SCCM stimulated Leydig cell secretory activity to a level 2-6 times that of the control, the effect being always maximal on day 3 of culture. On day 3, concentrated SCCM had a greater stimulatory effect on testosterone secretion than the original (i.e. non-concentrated) one, the effect being dose-related and similar to that exerted by concentrated F-SCCM. On the other hand, original as well as concentrated F-SCCM stimulated the basal testosterone secretion in a dose-dependent manner on day 1 to about 200% and 400% of the control level, respectively, whereas SCCM exerted the 'early' effect only as a concentrated preparation. Preincubation of Leydig cells with F-SCCM enhanced both basal (190% control) and LH-stimulated (274% control) testosterone secretion when the LH (10 ng/ml) was added for 3 h on day 1. The enhanced influence of SCCM was noted only with the LH-stimulated cells (140% control). It is concluded that, in culture, Sertoli cells release at least 2 factors which enhance testosterone secretion by Leydig cells in vitro. One of them seems to be FSH-dependent and increases both basal and LH-stimulated testosterone secretion. This factor (MW greater than 1 kDa) is heat-labile and exerts its maximal effect between 12 and 18 h of culture. The second factor(s) acts predominantly on day 3 of culture, is apparently FSH-independent, and its influence on Leydig cell testosterone may be, at least in part, nonspecific.
High field transport in GaAs, InP and InAs

Abstract Calculations of the steady state and transient electron drift velocities and impact ionization rate are presented for GaAs, InP and InAs based on a Monte Carlo simulation using a realistic band structure derived from an empirical pseudopotential. The impact ionization results are obtained using collision broadening of the initial state and are found to fit the experimental data well through a wide range of applied fields. In InP the impact ionization rate is much lower than in GaAs and no appreciable anisotropy has been observed. This is due in part to the larger density of states in InP and the corresponding higher electron-phonon scattering rate. The transient drift velocities are calculated under the condition of high energy injection. The results for InP show that higher velocities can be obtained over 1000–1500 A device lengths for a much larger range of launching energies and applied electric fields than in GaAs. For the case of InAs, due to the large impact ionization rate, high drift velocities can be obtained since the ionization acts to limit the transfer of electrons to the satellite minima. In the absence of impact ionization, the electrons show the usual runaway effect and transfer readily occurs, thus lowering the drift velocity substantially.
Transforming growth factor α locus and nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate: A reappraisal

An association between nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL +/- P) and genetic variation at the transforming growth factor alpha (TGFA) locus was originally reported in 1989. Subsequent population-based studies of this association have provided conflicting results. The present analyses were undertaken to determine if the cumulative weight of the available data convincingly supports or refutes this association. The published data were analyzed for differences in allele frequencies between Caucasian CL +/- P patients (i.e., cases) and controls, and for heterogeneity between Caucasian samples. When all data except the original report were considered, there was a statistically significant association between TGFA and CL +/- P (M.H.O.R. = 1.43; 95% C.I. 1.12-1.80). However, there was evidence of significant heterogeneity in the TGFA allele frequencies between cases, but not controls, from different studies. The data suggest that the observed heterogeneity is unlikely to be attributable to differences in the ethnic composition of the cases among the various studies but may reflect differences in the proportion of cases with bilateral lip defects and/or with positive family histories of CL +/- P. Definitive conclusions regarding the source(s) of the observed heterogeneity could not, however, be drawn on the basis of the available data. Hence, at present, the evidence regarding an association between genetic variation at the TGFA locus and CL +/- P remains inconclusive.
Performance model for unresolved target detection using multispectral infrared data

The detection of dim targets in heavy clutter requires large gains in the SCR. Gains of the required magnitude have been obtained with space-temporal processing. However, in many cases these gains are either difficult or expensive to realize. If the range to the clutter is small relative to the clutter velocity, the temporal processing will need to include scene registration and optical flow correction. Scene registration is computationally expensive especially for large search volumes. The correction of optical flow is both expensive and typically less than satisfactory. The spectral dimension provides an alternative to the temporal dimension. Since the data in each of the spectral bands is collected simultaneously or nearly so, the problems of registration and optical flow are eliminated. This paper considers the performance of the multi-spectral IR bands. Dual band performance results comparing space spectral processing with space temporal will be shown. An analytic model of the probability of false alarm as a function of the number of spectral bands is presented. A comparison of this model to experimental result using multi-spectral IRST data is given.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Spirituality as a Form of Functional Diversity: Activating Unconventional Family Strengths

SUMMARY Increasing attention is being given to the role of spirituality in understanding family process. Concerns often focus on the type of clientele for whom spirituality may be of importance, the role of spiritual beliefs in helping to sustain family problems and the sometimes conflicting dynamics between religious identification and spiritual awareness. Assumptions about “what needs to change” dominate literature regarding interventions within spiritual belief systems. This article suggests that consideration for what needs to stay the same also has significant implications for effective practice. If “what needs to stay the same” is inherent in unconventional family strengths we are called to see what may not otherwise be apparent when using traditional ways of knowing. Spirituality emerges from a well-spring of deep culture that is reflected in roles, rules and patterns integral to family life and family survival.
An HPLC assay for detection of elevated urinaryS-sulphocysteine, a metabolic marker of sulphite oxidase deficiency

Sulphite oxidase deficiency occurs in man in two forms, as the isolated deficiency and as a syndrome of combined molybdoenzyme deficiency. This latter pleiotropic condition has as its underlying cause a defect in the synthesis of the molybdenum cofactor required for the activity of all molybdoenzymes in humans. Difficulties in diagnosis of sulphite oxidase deficiency are often encountered. A new method for detection of a key diagnostic metabolite,S-sulphocysteine, is outlined. The procedure is based on precolumn derivatization of urinary amino acids with dimethylaminoazobenzene sulphonyl chloride (Dabsyl-Cl) and resolution of the modifiedS-sulphocysteine by reversed-phase HPLC. A number of affected patients and control individuals with similar clinical symptoms have been studied, and a clear demarcation between the two groups has been noted.
Silicon monolayer growth using dichlorosilane and hydrogen in a near atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition reactor

Abstract Monolayer growth of silicon in a chemical vapor deposition reactor has been investigated in the dichlorosilane (DCS)-hydrogen system. During each deposition cycle the wafer is rotated through the separate DCS and hydrogen streams. A 1 monolayer cycle-1 plateau in the growth rate was obtained over a fourfold increase in the DCS partial pressure, resulting in a 0.48 μm h-1 deposition rate. The experiments were conducted at 825°C and 50 Torr. The effects of reactant partial pressures and cycle time on the deposition will be discussed, as well as possible mechanisms for this process.
Eigenvalue intervlas for nonlinear right focal problems

We consider the nonlinear right focal eigenvalue problem value of the parameterλ are determined for which this problem has a positive solution. The methods used here extend recent works by allowing for a broader class of functions for a(t). Optimal eigenvalue interclas are given for some relevant examples.
The effect of design parameters on the tracking performance of high-gain error-actuated controllers

The effect of varying the primary design parameters when designing noninteractive high-gain error-actuated controllers for tracking systems was studied. To obtain a physically realizable controller design it was critical to obtain slow but decoupled output response. This was done through properly calculating the transducer matrix and properly selecting the values of the fast modes. The effect of varying other design parameters, such as the asymptotic values of the slow modes and the scalar gain parameter, was also studied. The controller designed was shown to be robust to plant parameter variations. The data from a recent advanced fighter aircraft was used to illustrate the results.
Role of p70S6K1-mediated phosphorylation of eIF4B and PDCD4 proteins in the regulation of protein synthesis.

Modulation of mRNA binding to the 40 S ribosomal subunit during translation initiation controls not only global rates of protein synthesis but also regulates the pattern of protein expression by allowing for selective inclusion, or exclusion, of mRNAs encoding particular proteins from polysomes. The mRNA binding step is modulated by signaling through a protein kinase known as the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). mTORC1 directly phosphorylates the translational repressors eIF4E binding proteins (4E-BP) 1 and 2, releasing them from the mRNA cap binding protein eIF4E, thereby promoting assembly of the eIF4E·eIF4G complex. mTORC1 also phosphorylates the 70-kDa ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 (p70S6K1), which subsequently phosphorylates eIF4B, and programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4), which sequesters eIF4A from the eIF4E·eIF4G complex, resulting in repressed translation of mRNAs with highly structured 5′-untranslated regions. In the present study, we compared the role of the 4E-BPs in the regulation of global rates of protein synthesis to that of eIF4B and PDCD4. We found that maintenance of eIF4E interaction with eIF4G was not by itself sufficient to sustain global rates of protein synthesis in the absence of mTORC1 signaling to p70S6K1; phosphorylation of both eIF4B and PDCD4 was additionally required. We also found that the interaction of eIF4E with eIF4G was maintained in the liver of fasted rats as well as in serum-deprived mouse embryo fibroblasts lacking both 4E-BP1 and 4E-BP2, suggesting that the interaction of eIF4G with eIF4E is controlled primarily through the 4E-BPs.
Financing the small firm

This study presents a framework to delineate financing the small firm. Special consideration is given to small firms' unique financing sources such as trade and bank credit, entrepreneur's own resources, informal investment, and venture capital. The small firm has limited or no access to many traditional debt and equity markets that supply long term financing to the corporate world, and therefore operates in segmented and imperfect financial markets. The links between small firms' financing opportunities and managerial goals are traced from the start-up stage through establishing a mature firm. As the small firm matures, it operates in a broader financial market. This study establishes the foundation for future empirical research.
That's not our job! [Standards]

It is argued that until a technology has been proven in the real world to the point where that its target audience will readily embrace it, it should not be standardized. In other words, a standards group should codify successful technology, not try to invent it. Standards work is already difficult by its very nature - it is distributed engineering at its most extreme - distributed across multiple companies, including competitors. The more this type of distributed engineering team is asked to invent solutions, the greater the chance it will either fail or produce a Standard that suffers lackluster adoption. The Verilog hardware description language (HDL) is a good example of a very successful standard that was based on success in the marketplace.
Thermodynamic measurements on the Li/SOCl2 couple

Abstract As part of an effort to characterize the heat generation rates of lithium-thionyl chloride (Li/SOCl2) cells, the fundamental thermodynamic parameters of a commercial SAFT Li/SOCl2 “D” cell and a laboratory cell were obtained over a temperature range of −10 to 35 °C. Results are reported in terms of reversible cell potential (Er), the temperature dependence of the reversible cell potential (dEr/dT), and the thermoneutral potential (Eh). Results yielded Er, 25 °C = 3.68 V, dEr/dT = −0.60 mV °C−1, and Eh = 3.86 V for the commercial cell, and Er, 25 °C = 3.66 V, dEr/dT = −0.32 mV °C−1, and Eh = 3.75 V for the laboratory cell.
Alpha/Beta and Gamma Interferons Are Induced by Infection with Noncytopathic Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus In Vivo

In contrast to the results of previous in vitro studies, experimental infection of calves with noncytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus (ncpBVDV) was found to induce strong alpha/beta and gamma interferon responses in gnotobiotic animals. These responses were associated with depressed levels of transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) in serum. The results of this study indicate that the immunosuppression caused by ncpBVDV is not associated with low interferon responses or elevated levels of TGF-β.
Force Spectroscopy of Tip Link Proteins: A Study of Inner-Ear Biophysics

Hair cells in the inner ear convert mechanical stimuli, in the vestibular and auditory systems, into electrical signals which can be processed by the brain. Hair cells are highly polarized with a unique elaboration of modified microvilli at their apical surface known as stereo cilia. Sensory stimuli such as sound waves of a particular frequency will result in oscillations of the stereociliary bundle at that frequency. Movements of this bundle couple mechanically to the channel. This force acts to gate the channel in turn resulting in a mechano-electrical transduction. The force is relayed to the channel by filaments known as tip links. Tip links are made of two atypical cadherins, protocadherin-15 and cadherin-23 at the lower and upper ends respectively. The tip link is held together by a non-covalent interaction between two anti-parallel pairs of EC domains. Although much has been discerned about the biophysics of this system the lack of adequate technology has prevented the direct measurement of many of these properties. We have developed molecular tools to facilitate the single molecule study of these properties. Self-assembled DNA nanoswitches are functionalized with protocadherin 15 and cadherin 23 fragments using the enzyme sortase. In order to preserve protein function, protein-DNA coupling is performed under physiological conditions. In this two-step process, a small synthetic peptide is first coupled to a DNA oligo. Next, utilizing the enzyme sortase, the protein is coupled to the DNA-peptide chimera under physiological conditions. This strategy frontloads all of the protein-incompatible chemistry so that it is performed on an oligo and a synthetic peptide, which are far more tolerant of non-physiological conditions. Once assembled, the nanoswitches are then used in an optical tweezer system to measure the rupture forces of the tip link under different conditions.
A Conserved F Box Regulatory Complex Controls Proteasome Activity in Drosophila

The ubiquitin-proteasome system catalyzes the degradation of intracellular proteins. Although ubiquitination of proteins determines their stabilities, there is growing evidence that proteasome function is also regulated. We report the functional characterization of a conserved proteasomal regulatory complex. We identified DmPI31 as a binding partner of the F box protein Nutcracker, a component of an SCF ubiquitin ligase (E3) required for caspase activation during sperm differentiation in Drosophila. DmPI31 binds Nutcracker via a conserved mechanism that is also used by mammalian FBXO7 and PI31. Nutcracker promotes DmPI31 stability, which is necessary for caspase activation, proteasome function, and sperm differentiation. DmPI31 can activate 26S proteasomes in vitro, and increasing DmPI31 levels suppresses defects caused by diminished proteasome activity in vivo. Furthermore, loss of DmPI31 function causes lethality, cell-cycle abnormalities, and defects in protein degradation, demonstrating that DmPI31 is physiologically required for normal proteasome activity.
ELASTIC K+- p SCATTERING AND A DUAL ABSORPTIVE MODEL

Abstract A recent measurement of the differential cross sections for elastic K + p and K − p scattering is discussed within the framework of a dual absorptive model which was proposed earlier. The non-Pomeron part of the elastic scattering amplitude is shown to be strongly dominated by the most peripheral partial waves within the interaction radius, namely by the l ≈ qr partial waves.
Revealing the Correlations between Growth Recipe and Microscopic Structure of Bi-alkali/Multi-alkali Photocathodes

Abstract For the development of high quantum efficiency photocathodes, the bi-alkali (K-Cs-Sb) photocathode growth process was studied through in-situ X-ray scattering measurements, including X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and X-ray reflectometry (XRR). Characterization during real-time growth revealed correlations between growth parameters and microscopic structural change of the photocathode. This paper presents preliminary results of an ongoing experiment to understand the growth mechanism. X-ray diffractometry enabled the observation of selective growth of specific crystalline orientation during the deposition and evaporation of an Sb layer. A phase transition of the Sb layer was also measured. X-ray reflectometry revealed surface roughness changes during the growth process and permitted layer thickness measurements while the K layer was evaporated on an ex-situ grown Sb layer, in addition to in-situ Sb layer growth.
Serological Identification of Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus in Fixed Tissue Culture Cells by Alkaline Phosphatase Immunocytochemistry

Abstract An alkaline phosphatase immunocytochemical (APIC) assay was adapted for direct detection of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) in infected tissue culture cells. The APIC assay provided a means of confirming the diagnosis of IHNV after the tissue culture plates had been fixed with formalin and stained with crystal violet. In cases where the original fish tissue samples had been discarded, the APIC assay was useful and was able to detect IHNV on plates that were more than 1 year old. The assay used a broadly reactive monoclonal antibody (lNDW14D) to the IHNV nucleoprotein to detect viral antigen in cells infected by virus isolates representing the five known IHNV types. Likewise, the type-2-specific monoclonal antibody (2NH105B) was able to distinguish type 2 IHNV in plaques that had been previously fixed. No cross-reactivity was seen with six other fish rhabdoviruses or with a fish birnavirus, infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV). Immunocytochernical staining was able to disting...
Synchronization in fiber laser arrays: theoretical study

Fiber lasers have small size, high conversion rates and excellent thermal properties. On the other hand they generally produce smaller output intensity than semiconductor lasers. Recent experiments reported that a small number of fiber lasers can be synchronized simply by coupling them with an optical waveguide coupler near the output end. As a result the output peak intensity increases as a square of the number of coupled lasers, and well focused beams of high intensities can be produced, while preserving all other properties of fiber lasers. Synchronous behavior arises spontaneously, at constant pumping levels and without any active control. We investigate synchronization properties using a theoretical model, based on an iterated map with a particular symmetry. Our model captures key qualitative features seen in the experiments. We illustrate our results in a simple fiber laser configuration.
Hierarchical Modeling and Analysis for Spatial Data

OVERVIEW OF SPATIAL DATA PROBLEMS Introduction to Spatial Data and Models Fundamentals of Cartography Exercises BASICS OF POINT-REFERENCED DATA MODELS Elements of Point-Referenced Modeling Spatial Process Models Exploratory Approaches for Point-Referenced Data Classical Spatial Prediction Computer Tutorials Exercises BASICS OF AREAL DATA MODELS Exploratory Approaches for Areal Data Brook's Lemma and Markov Random Fields Conditionally Autoregressive (CAR) Models Simultaneous Autoregressive (SAR) Models Computer Tutorials Exercises BASICS OF BAYESIAN INFERENCE Introduction to Hierarchical Modeling and Bayes Theorem Bayesian Inference Bayesian Computation Computer Tutorials Exercises HIERARCHICAL MODELING FOR UNIVARIATE SPATIAL DATA Stationary Spatial Process Models Generalized Linear Spatial Process Modeling Nonstationary Spatial Process Models Areal Data Models General Linear Areal Data Modeling Exercises SPATIAL MISALIGNMENT Point-Level Modeling Nested Block-Level Modeling Nonnested Block-Level Modeling Misaligned Regression Modeling Exercises MULTIVARIATE SPATIAL MODELING Separable Models Coregionalization Models Other Constructive Approaches Multivariate Models for Areal Data Exercises SPATIOTEMPORAL MODELING General Modeling Formulation Point-Level Modeling with Continuous Time Nonseparable Spatio-Temporal Models Dynamic Spatio-Temporal Models Block-Level Modeling Exercises SPATIAL SURVIVAL MODELS Parametric Models Semiparametric Models Spatio-Temporal Models Multivariate Models Spatial Cure Rate Models Exercises SPECIAL TOPICS IN SPATIAL PROCESS MODELING Process Smoothness Revisited Spatially Varying Coefficient Models Spatial CDFs APPENDICES Matrix Theory and Spatial Computing Methods Answers to Selected Exercises REFERENCES AUTHOR INDEX SUBJECT INDEX Short TOC
Variation in the Effects of Aggregate Demand Shocks: Evidence and Implications across Industrial Countries

Over a sample of nineteen industrial countries, more variable aggregate demand and/or higher mean inflation attenuates (augments) the effect of aggregate demand shocks on real output growth (wage and price inflation) while having no effect on the response of the real wage to such shocks. In all countries examined, aggregate demand shocks are positively (negatively) correlated with nominal variables (real output). Among explanations of the business cycle based on shocks to aggregate demand, this evidence favors the new Keynesian sticky wage explanation over the sticky price and the new classical imperfect information explanations.
Was there a universal tRNA before specialized tRNAs came into existence

It is generally true that evolving systems begin simply and become more complex in the evolutionary process. For those who try to understand the origin of a biochemical system, what is required is the development of an idea as to what simpler system preceded the present one. A hypothesis is presented that a universal tRNA molecule, capable of reading many codons, may have preceded the appearance of individual tRNAs. Evidence seems to suggest that this molecule may have been derived from a common ancestor of the contemporary 5S rRNAs and tRNAs.
Intracoronary Doppler flow to monitor the results of selective saphenous vein graft thrombolytic therapy.

Selective intracoronary thrombolytic therapy has recently been advocated as a technique to recanalize occluded coronary bypass grafts. We report a novel approach for monitoring the results of this treatment utilizing a coronary artery doppler flow guidewire. This approach may optimize the duration of thrombolytic treatment in these patients. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Reduction in Variegated Cutworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Injury to Peppermint by Larval Parasitoids

Variegated cutworm (VC), Peridroma saucia (Hubner), parasitism rates in western Oregon and peppermint leaf consumption rates of parasitized and unparasitized larvae were measured for use in a VC economic threshold model. Instars 4–6 consumed an average of 184 cm2, equivalent to 888 mg (dry weight) of peppermint foliage. Total consumption by larvae parasitized by Meteorus communis (Cresson) was reduced by 93%. Total parasitism rates averaged 35.1% for instars 2–4 and 5.4% for instar 5. Parasitism rates were related to time of season and inversely related to the log of larval instar 2–4 host density. M. communis contributed 11% to total parasitism, while Meloboris sp. and Campoletis sp. composed 84% of larval parasitoids reared from field-collected larvae. Based on final VC head capsule measurements, only 2% of all larval parasitoids reared allowed hosts to reach a size sufficient to cause significant damage that occurs during the final two instars. Accounting for natural biological control by these early instar larval parasitoids will permit a 34% increase in economic thresholds for VC in peppermint.
An Efficient Unsteady Two-Phase Flow Model for Cathode Gas Channels of a Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell

The importance of flow field design in a Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell (PEFC) cannot be overemphasized. Experimental evidence suggests the presence of a significant amount of liquid water in the PEFC gas channels and a typical driving cycle in a city suggests that a vehicular PEFC engine is unlikely to reach steady state operation under these conditions. Therefore the need for an unsteady two-phase flow model is critical. The “Multiphase Mixture” (M2) model is used to develop an efficient unsteady two-phase flow model for the cathode gas channels. Liquid water evolution in cathode gas channels and its effect on the cathode pressure drop history is investigated with the help of the model. It is an efficient tool to evaluate the performance of new flow field designs as well as to test performance loss due to channel blockage. The same model could be extended to anode gas channels.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Measurement In Visible Light Of Wavefront Errors Produced By Dielectric-Enhanced Infrared Reflectors: Some Calculations

Modern high energy laser mirrors require very high reflectances (greater than 99.9%) for operation. Simple metallic coatings cannot give a high enough reflectance, so further dielectric layers must be added to enhance the reflectance. Such mirrors may be several meters in diameter and strongly curved, making uniform coatings difficult to deposit. The reflectance is not critically dependent on the thicknesses of the layers, but a 1% thickness error for a typical 6-layer design gives a wavefront phase error of .01X. Worse, this error is a function of wavelength; the wavefronts may be very different in visible light than at the infrared design wave-length. Due to a nonlinear relation between coating thickness and the optical phase change on reflection, the wavefront in the visible may look very little like the coating thickness distribution that produces it. A technique for determining coating thickness distributions for an IR coating from interferograms taken at 2 or more visible wavelengths has been developed. The usefulness of the method has been studied by a series of calculations, and the means of obtaining good accuracy are described.© (1981) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A Comparison of Test Scores for the 16–17 Year Age Group of Navaho Indians with Standardized Norms for the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (Arizona and New Mexico)

(1958). A Comparison of Test Scores for the 16–17 Year Age Group of Navaho Indians with Standardized Norms for the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (Arizona and New Mexico) The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 47, No. 2, pp. 355-359.
5.1 POWER8 TM : A 12-core server-class processor in 22nm SOI with 7.6Tb/s off-chip bandwidth

The 12-core 649mm2 POWER8™ leverages IBM's 22nm eDRAM SOI technology [1], and microarchitectural enhancements to deliver up to 2.5× the socket performance [2] of its 32nm predecessor, POWER7+™ [3]. POWER8 contains 4.2B transistors and 31.5μF of deep-trench decoupling capacitance. Three thin-oxide transistor Vts are used for power/performance tuning, and thick-oxide transistors enable high-voltage I/O and analog designs. The 15-layer BEOL contains 5-80nm, 2-144nm, 3-288nm, and 3-640nm pitch layers for low-latency communication as well as 2-2400nm ultra-thick-metal (UTM) pitch layers for low-resistance distribution of power and clocks.
Constructing closed‐captioning in the public interest: from minority media accessibility to mainstream educational technology

Purpose – To explore the historical construction of the US broadcast television closed‐captioning system as a case study of debates over “public service broadcasting” during the late twentieth century.Design/methodology/approach – Historical.Findings – Neither the corporate voluntarism promoted by the FCC in the 1970s nor the “public‐private partnership” of the National Captioning Institute (NCI) in the 1980s proved able to sustain a closed‐captioning system; instead, a progressive round of re‐regulation on both the demand side (universal decoder distribution) and the supply side (mandatory program captioning) was necessary to bring the promise of broadcast equality to all deaf and hard‐of‐hearing (D/HOH) citizens.Originality/value of paper – The decades‐long legal, technological, and institutional battle to define the “public interest” responsibilities of broadcasters toward non‐hearing viewers was fraught with contradiction and compromise.
Explanatory Style and Illness

Explanatory style is an individual difference that influences people's response to bad events. The present article discusses the possibility that a pessimistic explanatory style makes illness more likely. Several studies suggest that people who offer internal, stable, and global explanations for bad events are at increased risk for morbidity and mortality. We tentatively conclude that passivity, pessimism, and low morale foreshadow disease and death, although the process by which this occurs is unclear.
Electrostatic Spinning, Pyrolysis, and Characterization of Boron Carbide Nanofibers Prepared from Poly(norbornenyldecaborane) - a Polymeric Ceramic Precursor

Electrostatic spinning is a well-developed technique for the fabrication of fibers in the nanoscale domain. Novel boron carbide nanofibers were generated by the electrostatic spinning and ceramic conversion of poly(norbornenyldecaborane) (PND) - a polymeric ceramic precursor. The prepyrolyzed fibers were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT) spectroscopy. The ceramic fibers were characterized by SEM, X-ray diffraction (XRD), 11 B magic-angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (MAS NMR) and DRIFT spectroscopy. SEM analysis showed retention of the nanostructure in the pre- and postpyrolyzed fibers.
Optimal driving for single-vehicle fuel economy

Abstract This study uses fuel consumption simulators for 15 late-model automobiles to determine how one ought to drive to maximize fuel economy. The simulation is based on extensive on-road and dynamometer testing of the 15 cars. Dynamic programming is used to determine the optimal way to accelerate from rest to cruising speed, to drive a block between stop signs, and to cruise on hilly terrain while maintaining a given average speed. The dependence of fuel economy on cruising speed is also characterized for various road grades. Findings include that optimal speeds are generally higher for larger cars and higher on downgrades than on upgrades, and that the relative fuel penalty for exceeding the speed limit is no worse for small cars than large cars. Optimal control for accelerate-and-cruise and for driving between stop signs varies considerably from car to car; in the latter case fuel economy is much improved by achieving a rather low peak speed. Optimal control on hills is consistent from car to car and can achieve fuel economy 7% to 30% better than that of constant-speed driving on 3% to 6% grades. Results that appear generalizable to other cars are reduced to advice for the fuel-conscious driver.
Female Labor Migrants to Shanghai: Temporary 'Floaters' or Potential Settlers?

Using data on 54,373 migrants from the Fifth Sampling Survey of the Floating Population of Shanghai, this article isolates a group of 32,967 rural labor migrants who hold rural household registrations and whose previous occupations were in agriculture, and focuses on the women among them. The demographic and occupational characteristics of these 9,124 women are described, demonstrating that migration to Shanghai is a highly gendered process, with men and women working in different occupations and sectors. Moreover, important differences are found to exist between unmarried and married female rural labor migrants that indicate that the latter are probably accompanying and working with their migrant husbands. A significant proportion of female "social" migrants also exhibit characteristics that indicate that they are the spouses of male rural labor migrants, bringing to over one third the proportion of rural labor migrants to Shanghai who could be migrating as couples. These couples and their children may be the vanguard in a transition from temporary labor migration to settlement in China's large cities.
The relationship between kindergartners' play and achievement in prereading, language, and writing

The study examined the relationship between play and selected demographic variables (sex and SES) and kindergartners' achievement in prereading, language, and writing. Play was observed and ranked according to Smilansky's cognitive play categories. Prereading and language achievement were measured by the Metropolitan Reading Readiness Test; writing achievement was measured by students' word writing fluency. Sixty-five kindergartners (37 male, 28 female) were tested and observed in the classrooms over a four-week period. Multiple regression and ANOVA procedures were employed to determine the extent to which play, SES, and sex predicted student achievement. Play was a significant predictor of success on all three measures of achievement (p < .01). SES and sex appeared to have little influence on the prediction of achievement. There were significant main effects due to play for all achievement variables (p < .001). Post hoc analyses indicated that dramatic play had the most significant impact on play (p < .05). Pedagogical implications are made.
The FIP1L1-PDGFRA fusion gene cooperates with IL-5 to induce murine hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES)/chronic eosinophilic leukemia (CEL)-like disease.

Dysregulated tyrosine kinase activity by the Fip1-like1 (FIP1L1)–platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRA) (F/P) fusion gene has been identified as a cause of clonal hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES), called F/P-positive chronic eosinophilic leukemia (CEL) in humans. However, transplantation of F/P-transduced hematopoietic stem cells/progenitors (F/P+ HSCs/Ps) into mice results in a chronic myelogenous leukemia–like disease, which does not resemble HES. Because a subgroup of patients with HES show T-cell–dependent interleukin-5 (IL-5) overexpression, we determined if expression of the F/P fusion gene in the presence of transgenic T-cell IL-5 overexpression in mice induces HES-like disease. Mice that received a transplant of CD2-IL-5–transgenic F/P+ HSC/Ps (IL-5Tg-F/P) developed intense leukocytosis, strikingly high eosinophilia, and eosinophilic infiltration of nonhematopoietic as well as hematopoietic tissues, a phenotype resembling human HES. The disease phenotype was transferable to secondary transplant recipients of a high cell dose, suggesting involvement of a short-term repopulating stem cell or an early myeloid progenitor. Induction of significant eosinophilia was specific for F/P since expression of another fusion oncogene, p210-BCR/ABL, in the presence of IL-5 overexpression was characterized by a significantly lower eosinophilia than IL-5Tg-F/P recipients. These results suggest that F/P is not sufficient to induce a HES/CEL-like disease but requires a second event associated with IL-5 overexpression.
Open Surgical Techniques for Repair of Type 3 and 4 Thoracoabdominal Aortic Aneurysms: Is One Better Than the Others?

S OF THE 2013 VASCULAR ANNUAL MEETING V1: Peripheral Vascular Surgery Society Paper Session I