cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Professional Counseling's Alignment with the Core Competencies for Interprofessional Collaborative Practice

Previous findings show that there is a misconception of the counseling profession and a lack of awareness of their role in interprofessional collaboration; which may lead to underutilization of counselors for team based care. As an example, in 2009 six professional health related associations developed core competencies for interprofessional collaborative practice and counseling associations were not involved in the development. This manuscript introduces the profession of counseling to others in medical health professions in hopes that similarities will bridge the gap between knowledge and future collaborative practice. The manuscript shows how the profession aligns with the core competencies for interprofessional collaborative practice (CCIPC), ethical codes, accreditation bodies, and existing counseling literature. It concludes with implications for practice, system level support, and policy.
Effect of Wheat Leaf Epicuticular Structure on Host Selection and Probing Rhythm of Russian Wheat Aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae)

Five genotypes of wheat, Triticum aestivum L. (‘Arapahoe’, ‘Halt’, PI 137739, PI 225245, and PI 262660), were compared for their antixenotic effects on the Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko). Comparisons were made by host plant choice tests, diurnal and nocturnal probing behavior of D. noxia , and examination of leaf trichome and epicuticular wax structure. The choice test showed that PI 137739 and PI 225245 were the least preferred hosts among the 5 genotypes evaluated. Electronic monitoring of D. noxia probing behavior showed that the aphids fed differently among the 5 wheat genotypes, and aphid probing behavior was different between diurnal and nocturnal periods. Although the number of probes per aphid was not different among the 5 genotypes either diurnally or nocturnally, the accumulative probing duration per aphid during the 8-h recording period was different. The least probing duration per aphid was on PI 137739 diurnally, but no differences were found among the 5 genotypes nocturnally. Furthermore, aphid piercing duration per probe was significantly longer on PI 137739 than on Arapahoe. D. noxia probing (i.e., salivation and ingestion) duration per probe was significantly different among the 5 wheat genotypes and between diurnal and nocturnal periods. The aphids had the shortest probing duration on PI 137739 among the 5 genotypes diurnally and nocturnally. Irrespective of genotype differences, total probing duration per aphid was significantly longer nocturnally than diurnally. Aphids made numerous short probes diurnally and fewer long probes nocturnally. Adaxial leaf surface examination showed that PI 137739 had the longest trichomes and medium density, whereas Arapahoe and Halt had the shortest trichomes and the highest density. Examination of adaxial leaf epicuticular wax showed that its ultrastructure was similar among the 5 wheat genotypes, although the density of wax Rakes varied among the genotypes. We concluded that Halt and PI 262660 were not antixenotic to D. noxia , but the PI 137739 and PI 225245 were antixenotic to D. noxia based on the host choice test, aphid probing behavior, and examination of leaf surface structure.
Effects of Microstructure and Chemical Composition on Ebic Contrast in Hem Solar Cell Silicon

EBIC images of an HEM solar cell display extensive spatial innomogenieties in the production of short-circuit current. TEM imaging reveals a variety of morphologies having dimensions on the order of 10 µm embedded in the material.Correlation of a region with high current collection to one or these distinct morphological regions suggests that segregation or B is responsible for the EBIC contrast.
REDUCTION OF BARLEY YELLOW DWARF VIRUS VECTORED BY APHIDS IN WINTER WHEAT, 1998

REDUCTION OF BARLEY YELLOW DWARF VIRUS VECTORED BY APHIDS IN WINTER WHEAT, 1998: Plots were seeded by large plot drill on 23 Sep, 1997 in a RCBD with four replicates per treatment at the USDA-ARS Western Regional Plant Materials Introduction Center at Central Ferry, WA. Replicates were 45 x 350 ft. Gaucho 480 was applied at 3 rates as a seed treatment insecticide at 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 oz product cwt. An untreated check was established at seeding. Counts of BCOA were made on day of emergence (0-DAE), 7-DAE, 15-DAE, 22DAE, and 30-DAE. BCOA is a principal vector of barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) in fall seeded cereals. The trial was rated for BYDV at 100-DAE in Jan of 1998, using a scale of 0 to 6, where 6 = 100% of plants expressing symptoms of BYDV. Yield data were collected at harvest in Jul.
Blind Source Separation of Sound Sources of Turbojet Engine

The paper discusses the feasibility of aero-engine fault diagnosis based on sound monitoring. Because of the mixing of sound signals of different components in turbojet engine, the sound signal analysis and the feature extraction are quite difficult. The blind source separation is used to recover the sound signals of independent sources. The theory and separation of the turbojet engine's sound signals are expounded by using blind source separation techniques. It also carries out the separation of the sound signals coming from rotor of a turbojet engine by natural gradient method. It presents blind source separation techniques, which are proved to be feasible and effective for turbojet engines fault diagnosis and condition monitoring.
Competition with Asymmetric Experience Uncertainty

The value of an experience good is idiosyncratic to consumers and is not fully realized until after a purchase is made. This uncertainty related to experience, or “experience uncertainty,” has been shown in prior research to have important implications in a competitive context. In this article, we consider two firms that are asymmetric along two dimensions—base quality and the distribution of experience uncertainty. The interaction of these asymmetries shapes consumer demand and thus is an important driver of the equilibrium strategies of competing firms. We show that an increase in the experience uncertainty of one competitor might in fact lead to higher profits for both firms, including the firm whose product has become less certain to consumers. These unexpected results can be understood by examining how experience uncertainty drives endogenous market segmentation and price elasticity. We provide simple conditions under which more experience uncertainty can increase the profits of both competing firms.
Weighing the Evidence: Trends in Managed Care Formulary Decision Making

Health plans, pharmacy benefit managers, and other organizations use drug formularies to promote quality care while controlling costs. However, restrictive formularies are often viewed as constraints on physician practice and potential barriers to optimal patient care. Reluctance to add new drugs to an established formulary is rational economic behavior. Innovative compounds may have unknown properties with uncertain outcomes and therefore may impose costs in the form of risk. Products that seemingly duplicate drugs already on formulary may increase transaction costs without additional benefit. In evaluating new products, formulary managers face the task of identifying, assembling, and synthesizing a wide range of complex information. Manufacturers, who may be in the best position to supply that information, have been severely restricted by U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulations that limited marketing communications to findings from well-controlled clinical trials. The FDA Modernization Act of 1997 eased these restrictions somewhat by acknowledging that sophisticated purchasers such as organized health plans were capable of weighing the quality and impartiality of manufacturer-supplied evidence. The Academy of Managed Care Pharmacy (AMCP) created a standardized template that formularies can use to request comprehensive information about specific drugs from manufacturers. Widespread adoption of the AMCP format by health plans and manufacturers will greatly increase access to information about new drugs, speeding the process of formulary committee deliberation, and instilling greater confidence in the outcome of those decisions. Wider access to new drugs may result.
Protease inhibitors in plant foods: content and inactivation.

To understand the present widespread interest in protease inhibitors (PI), one must look back to the vast amount of research that has been conducted for over 50 years. Intensive investigations, like wave motions on the water, followed a highly cyclical pathway depending upon the interest and support for research in various disciplines. Nutritionists were concerned with the potential adverse effects of the inhibitors of trypsin and chymotrypsin in the intestinal tract of man and animals (Liener and Kakade, 1980; Liener, 1981; Rackis and Gumbmann, 1981); biochemists recognized that the peculiar properties of PI’s may yield fundamental information concerning protein-protein interactions especially the mechanism of proteolytic hydrolysis (Richardson, 1981; Ryan, 1979); medical scientists envisioned an important role for PI’s in the treatment of various metabolic disorders (Katunuma et al., 1983; Vogel et al., 1968; Weyer, 1968), and biologists foresaw an important physiological role of PI’s to regulate plant growth, protein synthesis and resistance to microbial and insect pests (Richardson, 1977, 1981; Ryan, 1973, 1979).
The kinetics of expression of individual herpes simplex virus type 1 transcripts.

We have used specific single-stranded DNA probes cloned in M13 to analyze the kinetics of expression of 20 individual herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) transcripts, most of known function. The three α transcripts studied all differ in the details of their shut-off. There are at least three groups of β or early transcripts which differ both in the time of their maximum rate of synthesis and in the time of their shut off. Similarly late (βγ and γ) transcripts form a complex group all of which share the fact that their rates of synthesis reach a maximum at a time when β transcripts are being shut off.
Laser-phase-noise-induced stochastic-resonance fluorescence

Stochastic fluctuations of coherent and incoherent components of the resonance fluorescence intensity induced by Wiener-Levy laser phase noise are investigated. Statistical properties of the atomic dipole moment for different values of the laser linewidth and different strength of the driving field are calculated. The stochastic Mollow spectra of atomic dipole fluctuations are derived. It is shown that these spectra exhibit a triplet structure which is purely classical and entirely laser-noise dependent.
Evaluation of and support for group prototypical leaders: a meta-analysis of twenty years of empirical research

AbstractThe key premise of the social identity theory of leadership, that group prototypical leaders are more favorably evaluated than less prototypical leaders, is supported by twenty years of research. To establish overall how much variance in leader evaluation is attributable to leader prototypicality we conducted a meta-analysis of 35 independent studies (N = 6678). Prototypicality accounted for 24% of variance in leader evaluation. There was a large overall effect (r = .49), which was moderated by research method and type of evaluation. The relationship was stronger in correlational studies (r = .60) than experiments (r = .35), and on measures of leader trust (r = .63) than effectiveness (r = .43). Theoretical implications and future directions are discussed.
Pharmacokinetics in children and adolescents

This article briefly reviews pharmacokinetic principles and their applications in child and adolescent psychiatry. A closer examination of the sequential pharmacokinetic phases reveals important clinical differences between the adult and pediatric populations, which impact substantially on drug disposition. Medications commonly used in child and adolescent psychiatry highlight the developmental pharmacokinetic differences observed among children, adolescents, and adults.
Recovering Observability via Active Sensing

Observability is a formal property of a system that ensures the ability to estimate the system's states from output measurements and knowledge of the inputs. In engineering, sensors are typically designed and deployed to guarantee observability irrespective of the control input, thereby simplifying control systems design. Here, we consider a class of nonlinear sensors that require ‘persistently exciting’ control inputs to maintain observability. This choice of sensor models is motivated by biological sensing systems which ‘adapt’ to constant stimuli, giving them a very high dynamic range, but leading to a phenomenon known as perceptual fading. To prevent perceptual fading, animals employ active sensing in the form of time-varying motor commands that continually stimulate sensory receptors. To capture this phenomenon, we introduce a simplified sensor model that requires active sensing inputs to maintain observability. Under certain assumptions, the input-output characteristics of the active sensing system is shown to be equivalent to an observable linear time-invariant (LTI) system. Using the framework of Harmonic Transfer Functions, the equivalent system is identified by (1) modulating the system via a sinusoidal active input, (2) demodulating the resulting output, and (3) low-pass filtering. This relatively simple framework for active sensing may pave the way for the design and deployment of adaptive sensory systems for engineering applications.
Albuminuria–Proteinuria in Diabetes Mellitus

The presence of albuminuria–proteinuria in diabetic patients is an indication of early renal disease and signifies systemic endothelial dysfunction. Even a small amount of albuminuria (<30 mg/day) carries a risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Abnormalities in podocyte-specific proteins seem to be the underlying mechanisms for albuminuria–proteinuria. Whenever a diabetic patient presents with heavy albuminuria–proteinuria, the nephrologist should consider the coexistence of nondiabetic primary glomerular diseases. Renal biopsy in such a patient is clearly warranted.
Riemann Matrices and Classical Theta Functions

Let H be a positive definite hermitian form on C n . We may write H in terms of its real and imaginary parts asH(u, v) = E(iu, v) + iE(u, v) where E is alternating and real valued.
Antimicrobial susceptibility of neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates in Baltimore, Maryland, 2016: The importance of sentinel surveillance in the era of multi-drug-resistant gonorrhea

The increasing rates of gonorrhea infections and the global emergence and spread of multi-drug-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) threaten the successful management of gonorrhea. In the era of nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs), surveillance projects are urgently needed to monitor prevalence and trends in the antimicrobial susceptibility of NG. In this study, we retrospectively determined the susceptibility profile of NG isolates to previously and currently prescribed antimicrobials. NG isolates collected in Baltimore, Maryland between January and October 2016 were evaluated by the E-test method and/or molecular methods for susceptibility to ceftriaxone, azithromycin, ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, gentamicin, and penicillin. One-hundred and forty-three NG isolates from African-American males (98.6%), primarily heterosexual (88.8%), ranging in age from 15 to 69 years of age were included in the study. Ciprofloxacin resistance was observed in 44.1% of isolates. Plasmid-mediated resistance to penicillin and tetracycline resistance was detected in 22.4% and 10.1% of isolates, respectively. Three isolates (2.1%) displayed high-level resistance to azithromycin (minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) > 256 μg/mL). Forty-three percent of isolates were resistant or had decreased susceptibility to three antimicrobials (ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, and penicillin). All isolates were susceptible to ceftriaxone and gentamicin. Overall, the epidemiology of antimicrobial resistant NG in Baltimore continues to evolve, and the emergence of azithromycin resistance in this population emphasizes the need for continued sentinel surveillance programs to monitor susceptibility trends and aid in treatment recommendations.
Captive Representations And Social Discourse At Izapa And In Late Formative Southeastern Mesoamerica

This paper takes Izapa Stela 21, with its vivid portrayal of captive sacrifice, as the point of departure for an analysis of the ways in which acts of aggression were portrayed in Late Formative monuments from a region that includes the Pacific slope and adjacent highlands of Mexico and Guatemala. It considers the social significance of themes of captive sacrifice and violence, and their role within a larger iconographic system designed to accommodate the mutually reinforcing ideas of ideology and coercive power. While clearly laden with implications of political control, subjugation, deference, and fealty, the imagery also alludes to agricultural fertility, the arrival of rain, and broader notions of social order.
The View From the Top

This book is a wide ranging analysis and conversation around both the emerging technologies and the implications that these emerging technologies will have on different aspects of the finance and accounting. Such an analysis and examination, however, would be incomplete without at least mentioning how these changes are being viewed from a bigger picture and macroeconomic level. Data and other quantitative information are, as has been discussed both in this text as well as numerous others, may very well represent the next competitive advantage for organizations both now and going forward. Stepping outside of the financial services arena for a brief minute this trend is arguably more evident in search, social media, and the entertainment spaces. Technology giants such as Google, Facebook, Alibaba, Amazon, and Netflix have access – and use – the vast quantities of information available to them to generate new insights, improve business models, and increase margins. These advances and business improvements, however, have not come without costs and increased regulatory scrutiny. One need merely to look at the hearings that Twitter, Facebook, Google, and Apple have had to contend with during 2017 and beyond to see that as corporate power increases governments across the globe will become increasingly interested.
A Promising New Approach to Drug Use in an American City

At age 42, a Seattle resident named Johnny Bousquet celebrated more than year of being drug-free, having benefited from an enlightened new approach to drug use in his city: Law Enforcement Assisted...
Hook versus locking plate fixation for Neer type-II and type-V distal clavicle fractures: a retrospective cohort study

This study examined the outcomes and complications after treatment of unstable distal clavicle fractures with hook or locking plate fixation. A retrospective search was performed of all acute distal clavicle fractures treated with open reduction and internal fixation from 2009 to 2019 at a Level I trauma center. Patients were separated into hook and locking plate fixation groups. Rates of union, complications, and reoperation, were extracted. QuickDASH (Disabilities of Arm, Shoulder, and Hand) scores were determined. Thirty-one patients met the inclusion criteria and were included in the study. Of these, 12 patients were treated with hook plates and 19 were treated with locking plates. All fractures healed without loss of reduction, regardless of implant selection. There were no immediate or long-term complications in either group. 83% of hook plate patients underwent planned implant removal, while 37% of locking plate patients requested implant removal secondary to irritation. QuickDASH scores were comparable and excellent in both groups. Hook and locking plate fixation for Neer type-II and type-V distal clavicle fractures have comparably high rates of union. Hook plates were removed routinely per protocol, while locking plates were removed only if symptomatic and occurred significantly less often.
Sediment Bypassing Pathways between Tidal Inlets and Adjacent Beaches

Beck, T.M.; Wang, P.; Li, H., and Wu, W., 2020. Sediment bypassing pathways between tidal inlets and adjacent beaches. Journal of Coastal Research, 36(5), 897–914. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.This study investigated the sediment transport pathways in three sandy barrier, tidal inlet systems through sediment tracking within a numerical model that simulates hydrodynamics and morphodynamics. The three tidal inlet systems, Coos Bay, Oregon, Shark River Inlet, New Jersey, and John's Pass, Florida, represented high-, medium-, and low-wave energy regimes for U.S. inlets (Pacific, Atlantic, and Gulf of Mexico Coasts, respectively). Three methods employed to define sediment pathways from the results of a numerical morphology model were evaluated: (1) morphodynamic interpretation, (2) mean transport vectors across the modeled inlet, and (3) sediment tracer migration. The sediment tracing methodology employed in this study allowed for an evaluation of the sediment transport pathways between the various morphologic features of a tidal inlet, as well as their respective processes that drive the exchange of sediments. Characterizing and correlating the dominant and subdominant, or seasonal, sediment pathways between tidal inlet morphologic features (sediment reservoirs) can improve long-term models of an inlet sediment system. Divergences in pathways to subfeature shoals of a complex tidal inlet shoal, such as the updrift and downdrift shoals of an ebb-tidal delta, can be resolved through tracking sediment migration. The results of this study illustrate the value of including sediment-tracking techniques in simulating sediment bypassing and the potential of this application to inform coastal engineering and design modifications to the sediment reservoirs of tidal inlet systems.
Omental flap harvested through transdiaphragmatic approach at the same sternotomy incision for poststernotomy mediastinitis: a new approach

Background The surgical treatment of poststernotomy mediastinitis is still a challenge and associated with high mortality. Conservative treatment and various surgical procedures are sometimes inadequate and need more aggressive treatment. Omental flap improves control of infection and prognosis, but harvesting is an additional procedure with its associated morbidity and trauma. Patients and methods A total of 14 patients had omental flap, which was harvested through a diaphragmatic opening at the lower part of the same sternotomy incision, without additional laparotomy incision or extension of sternotomy incision into the upper abdomen or even laparoscopically. The mean age of the patients was 59.5 ± 15.5 years. There were nine females and five males. Coronary artery bypass grafting was done in 12 patients and two patients had mitral valve replacement. Results There were no complications related to the omentoplasty. No herniation of abdominal organ occurred. Reoperation was performed at an interval of 15 days (7–23 days). Wound debridement was done in four patients, and wound was opened in five patients. Two patients had vacuum suction. Tissue cultures revealed staphylococci in eight patients. Omental flap was performed alone in 10 and combined with pectoralis flap in four patients. The operative mortality was one patient. Prolonged ICU stay (±pneumonia) was seen in four patients and prolonged ventilation in four patients. Septicemia was seen in two patients, and one of them died with septic shock. No early or late flap failure occurred. Incisional hernia occurred in one patient and lymphorrhea in one patient. Conclusion Transdiaphragmatic approach which allows harvesting of omental flap safely through the same sternotomy incision is a new era of minimally invasive surgery without the need of additional laparotomy or extension of the sternotomy incision to the upper abdomen or even laparoscopic surgery and provides excellent results for the treatment of poststernotomy mediastinitis through the same sternal incision.
Label-free histological imaging of tissues using Brillouin light scattering contrast

Brillouin light scattering offers a unique label-free approach to measure biomechanical properties non-invasively. While this technique is used in biomechanical analysis of cells and tissues, its potential for visualizing structural features of tissues based on the biomechanical contrast has not been much exploited. Here, we present high-resolution Brillouin microscopy images of four basic tissue types: muscular, connective, epithelial, and nervous tissues. The Brillouin contrast distinguishes between muscle fiber cells and endomysium in skeletal muscle and reveals chondrocytes along with spatially varying stiffness of the extracellular matrix in articular cartilage. The hydration-sensitive contrast can visualize the stratum corneum, epidermis, and dermis in the skin epithelium. In brain tissues, the Brillouin images show the mechanical heterogeneity across the cortex and deeper regions. This work demonstrates the versatility of using the Brillouin shift as histological contrast for examining intact tissue substructures via longitudinal modulus without the need for laborious tissue processing steps.
City of Water Port-au-Prince, Inequality, and the Social Meaning of Rain:

T﻿he history of water infrastructures in Port-au-Prince, Haiti, illuminates the role of the environment in the production of social and political inequality. This article combines original archival...
Modeling of H2O, H2O2, and H2O3 formation mechanisms on graphene oxide (GO) surfaces

Abstract The role of O 2 gas on graphene oxide (GO) surfaces is an area of great interest for heterogeneous catalytic materials in ambient and interstellar conditions. As a result, we investigated the transfer mechanisms of surface hydrogens from OH groups on the basal plane of GO using density functional theory. The reaction mechanisms were calculated in both triplet and singlet states due to the ground state spin states of O 2 and the products. By passing O 2 gas over GO, we found H 2 O , H 2 O 2 , and H 2 O 3 (singlet state) were generated products. In reference to triplet O 2 , we found that H 2 O was produced exothermically, with differences in energy of −0.423 eV and −0.048 eV in the triplet and singlet states, respectively. The triplet state is favored in H 2 O formation since the O 2 acted as a hydrogen shuttle and transported an H-atom from one OH group to the other. H 2 O 2 and H 2 O 3 formation occurred endothermically, requiring 1.08 eV and 0.978 eV in the singlet state, respectively. Additionally, H 2 O 2 in the triplet state resulted in a net energy difference of 2.22 eV. Based on these calculations, GO is a highly unfavorable catalyst for H 2 O 2 formation on the basal plane and is thermodynamically inclined to form H 2 O .
Chapter 8 – Treatment of Aphasic Naming Problems

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the effectiveness of different treatments options for aphasic naming problems. Naming problems of patients with aphasia can be quite elusive and difficult to treat in any direct manner. No matter what form cued drills are taken, they appear to be of such little lasting benefit that they are not worth the expenditure of time, effort, and money. One difficulty presented by direct treatments of naming problems is that patients are expected to produce a specific word within a short time frame. The therapies, themselves are confrontational in manner. It has been proposed that a better approach might be to engage patients in “nonconfrontational” tasks that do not require them to produce explicit names for explicit pictures. In keeping with this notion, it has also been observed that aphasic patients often produce better language incidentally during ostensibly nonverbal, cognitive tasks than when they are required to verbalize. The chapter discusses the functional reorganization and deblocking therapies for naming. The cognitive theory-driven approaches to treatment of naming are also presented in the chapter.
Neuropsychological profiles of common disorders affecting older adults I: Alzheimer's disease, frontotemporal lobar degeneration

This chapter begins by defining dementia and describing the distinction between cortical and subcortical syndromes and then reviews the neuropsychological profiles of two cortical dementing disorders, Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). Dementia is a clinical syndrome characterized by deficits in memory and other cognitive domains that impair social or occupational functioning. Dementia can be caused by a number of different disorders, the most common of which in western European and North American countries is Alzheimer's disease (AD). Cerebrovascular disease is generally considered to be the next most frequent cause of dementia, accounting for perhaps 15 to 20% of cases. The distinctive pattern of neuropsychological and neurobehavioral findings attributed to dysfunction in subcortical structures include mental slowness, forgetfulness related to mental slowness, impaired ability to manipulate acquired knowledge, and personality changes marked by apathy and failure of spontaneity. Subcortical dementias involve a relative absence of aphasia, amnesia, agnosia, and apraxia, which have been described as more characteristic of the cortical dementias. FTLD comprises a group of progressive dementing disorders associated with distinctive neuropathology of the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain and sharing a number of clinical features. It commonly presents as one of three clinical syndromes: namely, frontotemporal dementia, progressive nonfluent aphasia, or semantic dementia.
Breaking the sensitivity barrier: The challenge for laser-ultrasonics

The utility of laser ultrasonic methods outside of the laboratory has been limited by the poor sensitivity of this optical technology relative to its contact piezoelectric counterpart. Recent modifications to improve laser ultrasonic sensitivity have included alterations to interferometric detection systems, the use of high peak power pulsed lasers for detection, spatial and temporal modulation of the interrogating beam, and modulation of the source laser in time or in space to narrow the acoustic signal bandwidth, in addition to a handful of more experimental approaches. The issues discussed include detectability, maximizing surface displacement, increasing reflected light power, and decreasing bandwidth. >
Anemias due to essential nutrient deficiencies.

• Iron deficiency results from decreased intake in the setting of increased loss due to menstruation, childbirth or gastrointestinal bleeding. • Diets low in animal source foods are deficient in both iron and vitamin B 12 . • Atrophic gastritis (pernicious anemia) and other malabsorption syndromes are the major cause of vitamin B 12 deficiency megaloblastic anemia. • Folate deficiency megaloblastic anemia is often the result of alcoholism, drug therapy or malabsorption syndromes. • Vitamin B 12 deficiency causes elevated methylmalonic acid levels, and both B 12 deficiency and folate deficiency cause elevated homocysteine levels.
Student‐generated reading questions: Diagnosing student thinking with diverse formative assessments

Formative assessment has long been identified as a critical element to teaching for conceptual development in science. It is therefore important for university instructors to have an arsenal of formative assessment tools at their disposal which enable them to effectively uncover and diagnose all students' thinking, not just the most vocal or assertive. We illustrate the utility of one type of formative assessment prompt (reading question assignment) in producing high-quality evidence of student thinking (student-generated reading questions). Specifically, we characterized student assessment data using three distinct analytic frames to exemplify their effectiveness in diagnosing student learning in relationship to three sample learning outcomes. Our data will be useful for university faculty, particularly those engaged in teaching upper-level biochemistry courses and their prerequisites, as they provide an alternative mechanism for uncovering and diagnosing student understanding. © 2013 by The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 42(1):29–38, 2014
Was bioethics founded on historical and conceptual mistakes about medical paternalism

Bioethics has a founding story in which medical paternalism, the interference with the autonomy of patients for their own clinical benefit, was an accepted ethical norm in the history of Western medical ethics and was widespread in clinical practice until bioethics changed the ethical norms and practice of medicine. In this paper I show that the founding story of bioethics misreads major texts in the history of Western medical ethics. I also show that a major source for empirical claims about the widespread practice of medical paternalism has been misread. I then show that that bioethics based on its founding story deprofessionalizes medical ethics. The result leaves the sick exposed to the predatory power of medical practitioners and healthcare organizations with only their autonomy-based rights to non-interference, expressed in contracts, to protect them. The sick are stripped of the protection afforded by a professional, fiduciary relationship of physicians to their patients. Bioethics based on its founding story reverts to the older model of a contractual relationship between the sick and medical practitioners not worthy of intellectual or moral trust (because such trust cannot be generated by what I call 'deprofessionalizing bioethics'). On closer examination, bioethics based on its founding story, ironically, eliminates paternalism as a moral category in bioethics, thus causing bioethics to collapse on itself because it denies one of the necessary conditions for medical paternalism. Bioethics based on its founding story should be abandoned.
The use of UML for software requirements expression and management

It is common practice to write English-language “shall” statements to embody detailed software requirements in aerospace software applications. This paper explores the use of the UML language as a replacement for the English language for this purpose. Among the advantages offered by the Unified Modeling Language (UML) is a high degree of clarity and precision in the expression of domain concepts as well as architecture and design. Can this quality of UML be exploited for the definition of software requirements?
Asessing Semnatic Similarities among Geospatial Feature Class Definitions

The assessment of semantic similarity among objects is a basic requirement for semantic interoperability. This paper presents an innovative approach to semantic similarity assessment by combining the advantages of two different strategies: feature-matching process and semantic distance calculation. The model involves a knowledge base of spatial concepts that consists of semantic relations (is-a and part-whole) and distinguishing features (functions, parts, and attributes). By taking into consideration cognitive properties of similarity assessments, this model represents a cognitively plausible and computationally achievable method for measuring the degree of interoperability.
Impact of renal impairment on cardiovascular disease mortality after liver transplantation for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis cirrhosis

Background & Aims Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity after liver transplantation, but its impact on CVD mortality is unknown. We sought to assess the impact of NASH on CVD mortality after liver transplantation and to predict which NASH recipients are at highest risk of a CVD-related death following a liver transplant. Methods Using the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network database, we examined associations between NASH and post-liver transplant CVD mortality, defined as primary cause of death from thromboembolism, arrhythmia, heart failure, myocardial infarction or stroke. A physician panel reviewed cause of death. Results Of 48 360 liver transplants (2/2002–12/2011), 5057 (10.5%) were performed for NASH cirrhosis. NASH recipients were more likely to be older, female, obese, diabetic and have history of renal failure or prior CVD vs. non-NASH (P < 0.001 for all). Although there was no difference in overall all-cause mortality (log-rank P = 0.96), both early (30-day) and long-term CVD-specific mortality was increased among NASH recipients (Odds ratio = 1.30, 95% Confidence interval (CI): 1.02–1.66; Hazard ratio = 1.42, 95% CI: 1.07–1.41 respectively). These associations were no longer significant after adjustment for pre-transplant diabetes, renal impairment or CVD. A risk score comprising age ≥55, male sex, diabetes and renal impairment was developed for prediction of post-liver transplant CVD mortality (c-statistic 0.60). Conclusion NASH recipients have an increased risk of CVD mortality after liver transplantation explained by a high prevalence of comorbid cardiometabolic risk factors that in aggregate identify those at highest risk of post-transplant CVD mortality.
Computer Processed Color Images of Spiral Galaxies

The painstaking and extensive work on spiral galaxies carried out by Antoinette and Gerard de Vaucouleurs is at the same time impressive and intimidating. It is clear from their work, and the work of other fine investigators in the field, that the job of collecting the extensive data necessary to understand the structure and evolution of spiral galaxies is not easy. The reduction of the astronomical plates to extract the appropriate data is difficult and time consuming. For that reason, we began a program to investigate how the addition of color and digital processing could provide more informative images. Computerized color imagery using multiple passbands may be an important new tool for analyzing galaxies. Computers can superimpose the various images of a galaxy, and then realign the result to a face-on orientation for a better view of the spirals, or subtract the underlying disk light to emphasize only the azimuthal variations. The computer processed images show the shapes and color distributions of spiral structure better then conventional photographs. Spiral arms can often be traced for more than a complete turn around the nucleus, inner ovals are sometimes revealed, and blue patterns of star formation can be identified.
Platelet and fibrinogen production: relative sensitivities to endotoxin.

Abstract The relative sensitivities of platelet and fibrinogen production to endotoxin were determined in male New Zealand rabbits. E. coli endotoxin was administered in single intravenous doses of 0.1 to 50.0 μ/g/kg body mass. 75 SeM was injected 5, 12, or 18 hr after endotoxin, and the percent incorporation into platelets and fibrinogen was used to measure thrombopoiesis and fibrinogen synthesis. Leukopenia occurred after the infusion of endotoxin at all dose levels; the lowest dose that caused thrombocytopenia was 0.5 μg/kg. Endotoxin was detected with the Limulus test in plasma of animals that received 5 to 50 μg/kg. The stimulation of fibrinogen and platelet production, as well as the postinfusion decrease in platelet count, correlated directly with the log of the dose of endotoxin infused. The lowest dose of endotoxin that stimulated platelet and fibrinogen production was 0.5 μg/kg. In animals that received this dose of endotoxin, increased fibrinogen production was detected only when 75 SeM was injected 5 hr later. In animals that received 50 μg/kg, increased fibrinogen production was observed when 75 SeM was injected 5, 12, or 18 hr later. Increased platelet production was detected at these two doses only when 75 SeM was injected 18 hr after endotoxin. The data indicate that fibrinogen and platelet production have similar sensitivities to endotoxin, although the time course of stimulation is different for these two blood components.
Ankle ligament tensile forces at the end points of passive circumferential rotating motion of the ankle and subtalar joint complex.

Background:Ankle ligament injuries and instability are commonly observed. Knowledge of the relationship between the foot position and tensile forces of the ankle ligaments could be useful for treatment of ankle ligament disorders. The aim of this study was to measure the tensile forces of the ankle ligaments at the end points of passive circumferential rotating motion of the ankle and subtalar joint complex in various foot positions.Methods:Ligament tensile forces of the anterior talofibular (ATF), calcaneofibular (CF), posterior talofibular (PTF), and tibiocalcaneal (TC) ligaments were measured simultaneously in eight cadaver specimens, with a force probe in each ligament in a custom-made ankle ligament testing device. Weights of 0.5 kg and 1 kg were applied to the foot through a loading arm to provide axial compression and a bending moment to the foot and ankle. The position of the loading arm was changed circumferentially in 10-degree increments.Results:Maximal tensile force in the ATF ligament was obs...
Particle size analysis via mercury intrusion measurements

Abstract Mercury intrusion has been previously applied to determine particle size and size distributions. This approach has significant utility since other parameters, such as true/apparent density, and internal pore structure (if any) information are determined from the same experiment. Sizing is conducted by assuming that the particle packing geometry is the same for all particles and the intrusion curve is due to particle size changes only. However, even for a monodisperse sphere packing, the breakthrough pressure is not a step function as a result of random packing and network effects. In this work, we use the known shape of the breakthrough curve for a close random packing of monodisperse spheres to correct (in part) for the errors of intrusion particle sizing. To extract the desired size information, the solution of a Fredholm integral equation must be obtained. The solution is obtained using the method of regularization in conjunction with a technique for finding the optimum smoothing value. For monodisperse powders, the calculated mean size and size distribution are in excellent agreement with TEM measurements. This is in contrast to the results of Mayer—Stowe analysis, which over-predicts the width of the distribution. For bidisperse mixtures, both peaks can only be identified in the limit of large number fraction and large size ratio between the two sizes.
Direct Isolation of Human Influenza Virus in Tissue Culture Medium and on Egg Membrane

Throat washings in Tyrode's solution were obtained on the second day of illness from a patient acutely ill with influenza. The material was centrifugalized at 2500 revolutions per minute for 30 minutes. The supernatant fluid was then filtered through a graded collodion membrane of 500 mμ average pore size.1 Flasks containing 4.5 cc. of chick embryo Tyrode medium2 were inoculated with 2.5 cc. amounts of the filtrate (shown by ferret inoculation to contain active virus). Transfers of 0.5 cc. amounts of the culture material to 4.5 cc of fresh medium were made at 48-hour intervals. Mice were inoculated intranasally with culture fluid of the 5th transfer. Mouse passages were made at 4-day intervals. No significant lesions were seen in the lungs of mice of the first 3 passage groups. In mice of the 4th passage, however, sugestive lesions were seen; these were more definite in the 5th passage, and in the 6th passage death of the mice with extensive pulmonary involvement occurred. The virus was identified as huma...
Age-related alterations in epicardial arteries of spontaneously hypertensive rats

Proximal portions of the left coronary arteries were examined microscopically in aging female normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). The age-related intimai alterations in SHR were largely limited to endothelial cells, which demonstrated a proliferation of organelles (most notably Weibel-Palade bodies). In the media, degenerative alterations appeared to be most marked near the medioadventitial junction. Compared to WKY and increasing with age, the media of the SHR epicardial artery demonstrated an accumulation of extracellular elements that included basement membrane-like material, collagen fibers and debris. Complex carbohydrates, as determined with the silver methenamine reaction, were noted to accumulate in a lamellar fashion. Smooth muscle cells demonstrated an age-related tendency (which was exaggerated in SHR) toward development of invaginations and irregular profiles. These observations indicate that age-related structural alterations in epicardial arteries of SHR are progressive, and they support the concept that structural alterations in SHR coronary arteries may represent accelerated aging phenomena.
Long-term adaptation and non-Mendelian inheritance in yeast

HAPLOPHASE yeasts capable of fermenting galactose ordinarily produce gas in from sixteen to thirty-six hours at 30° C. after inoculation into nutrient medium containing galactose. Winge and Roberts1 studied clones which fermented the sugar in from three to fourteen days after they were seeded in galactose yeastants to the time required by the cells in the haploid popu extract medium. Following the adaptation period, however, the rate of fermentation was identical with that of ordinary galactose-fermenting yeasts. In their analyses, they found that two haploid segregants from asci heterozygous for galactose fermentation were the ordinary fast fermenters and the other two were ‘long-term’ adapting clones. They attributed the delay in fermentation of the ‘long-term’ adapting segreglation to build up galactozymase to a concentration sufficient for the detection of its presence. The regular segregations of fast/'long-term’ adapting phenotypes among the haploid progeny were offered as proof that delayed fermentation of galactose is controlled by a specific allele. Such originally 2: 2 fast/'long-term’ tetrads were transformed into 4: 0 fast/'long-term’ ratios by extended cultivation in galactose yeast extract medium. Winge and Roberts considered that under these conditions there was no change in the population but merely a ‘long-term’ adaptation of the entire population. In proposing this view, they denied the occurrence of mutations as a factor operative in the ‘long-term’ adaptation, and held that de-adaptation of an adapted clone, as well as its subsequent re-adaptation to galactose, were effected through a modification.