cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exacerbation of Preexisting Myasthenia Gravis by Pembrolizumab: A Case Report (P3.136)

OBJECTIVE: To describe a case of latent myasthenia gravis (MG) exacerbated by pembrolizumab. BACKGROUND: Pembrolizumab is an anti-programmed cell death protein-1 (anti-PD-1) monoclonal antibody that has been approved as treatment of melanoma and non-small cell lung cancer. Two prior case reports described the occurrence of MG following the usage of another anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody, nivolumab. No MG association has been described for pembrolizumab. METHODS: Case description RESULTS: A 59 year old female developed symptoms of severe bulbar and limb muscle weakness. In her 30s, she developed symptoms of mild ptosis, hoarseness, and mild neck flexor weakness. Acetylcholine receptor (AChR) binding antibody was slightly positive and the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis was made. Her symptoms spontaneously resolved without the usage of immunosuppressive treatment. Early in 2015, pembrolizumab infusion was administered for a right leg melanoma. During treatment, she developed rapidly progressive hoarseness and dysphagia requiring PEG placement. Other symptoms included dyspnea and proximal limb weakness. AChR and muscle-specific tyrosine kinase (MuSK) antibodies were both negative. Repetitive nerve stimulation showed significant decrement consistent with MG diagnosis. Treatment with plasmapheresis, IVIG, and prednisone led to steady improvement of her limb and bulbar symptoms. As pembrolizumab causes an exacerbation of a latent MG in our case, it supports the possible mechanism that anti-PD-1 therapy allows preexisting autoimmune T-cell clones to escape tolerance by suppressing regulatory T cells. CONCLUSIONS: This is a first case report of MG exacerbation following pembrolizumab usage. Development/exacerbation of MG symptoms following pembrolizumab and nivolumab should be promptly recognized. Drug discontinuation and initiation of MG therapy are appropriate treatment strategies that lead to improved outcome. Disclosure: Dr. Zhu has nothing to disclose. Dr. Li has nothing to disclose.
Financial Hardship and Patient-Reported Outcomes after Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation

Abstract Although hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) is the only curative therapy for many advanced hematologic cancers, little is known about the financial hardship experienced by HCT patients nor the association of hardship with patient-reported outcomes. We mailed a 43-item survey to adult patients approximately 180 days after their first autologous or allogeneic HCT at 3 high-volume centers. We assessed decreases in household income; difficulty with HCT-related costs, such as need to relocate or travel; and 2 types of hardship: hardship_1 (reporting 1 or 2 of the following: dissatisfaction with present finances, difficulty meeting monthly bill payments, or not having enough money at the end of the month) and "hardship_2" (reporting all 3). Patient-reported stress was measured with the Perceived Stress Scale-4, and 7-point scales were provided for perceptions of overall quality of life (QOL) and health. In total, 325 of 499 surveys (65.1%) were received. The median days since HCT was 173; 47% underwent an allogeneic HCT, 60% were male, 51% were > 60 years old, and 92% were white. Overall, 46% reported income decline after HCT, 56% reported hardship_1, and 15% reported hardship_2. In multivariable models controlling for income, those reporting difficulty paying for HCT-related costs were more likely to report financial hardship (odds ratio, 6.9; 95% confidence interval, 3.8 to 12.3). Hardship_1 was associated with QOL below the median (odds ratio, 2.9; 95% confidence interval, 1.7 to 4.9), health status below the median (odds ratio, 2.2; 95% confidence interval, 1.3 to 3.6), and stress above the median (odds ratio, 2.1; 95% confidence interval, 1.3 to 3.5). In this sizable cohort of HCT patients, financial hardship was prevalent and associated with worse QOL and higher levels of perceived stress. Interventions to address patient financial hardship—especially those that ameliorate HCT-specific costs—are likely to improve patient-reported outcomes.
Dehorning the Darwinian dilemma for normative realism

Normative realists tend to consider evolutionary debunking arguments as posing epistemological challenges to their view. By understanding Sharon Street's 'Darwinian dilemma' argument in this way, they have overlooked and left unanswered her unique scientific challenge to normative realism. This paper counters Street's scientific challenge and shows that normative realism is compatible with evolutionary views of human evaluative judgment. After presenting several problems that her Adaptive Link Account (ALA) of evaluative judgments faces, I outline and defend an evolutionary byproduct perspective on evaluative judgment. I then argue that a consideration of levels of analysis in biological-behavioral explanation suggests that the realist who adopts the byproduct perspective I outline is not at a prima facie disadvantage to the normative anti-realist on grounds of parsimony. This perspective, I suggest, can enable normative realists to answer evolutionary challenges to their view.
Construction and Reform of Comprehensive Chemistry Training Lab

The significance,strategies and objectives of building-up and reforming comprehensive chemistry training lab were expounded in this paper.
Effect Evaluation of Health Education about the Knowledge of Alzheimer's Disease for the Medical College Students

Objective: The aim of this study is to explore the level of Alzheimer's Disease knowledge among medical college students using new Alzheimer's Disease Knowledge Scale and to evaluate health education effects by before and after design.Methods: Two hundred medical college students were randomly selected.They were provided health education about Alzheimer's Disease to evaluate health education effect.Results: After health education,total and every domains scores were all improved.Except AD course,AD assessment and diagnosis,before and after ADK total five domains were statistically significant.Conclusion: Alzheimer's Disease Knowledge Scale can be used for medical college students to make them comprehensively understand Alzheimer's Disease knowledge.It is of necessity to strengthen the knowledge of gerontology education in response to the arrival of an aging society.
Geographic determinants of China's urbanization

Abstract This study exploits a unique set of satellite and other spatially explicit data to examine the role of three exogenous geographic factors in shaping and constraining urbanization: biophysical land suitability for agriculture, distance to major ports and terrain slope. The setting is China in the 1990’s, the most expansive process of urban growth in history. Our empirical results suggest that these geographical factors explain nearly half of the variation in urbanization levels. However, controlling for long-run levels, we find a weakly negative relationship between agricultural land suitability and urban expansion from 1990–2000, which is consistent with the theoretical expectations that rising opportunity costs affect the development of fertile lands. We examine heterogeneity in the effects of geography using interactions with province fixed effects and, even more flexibly, with a localized regression technique (geographically weighted regression). Our results indicate that agricultural land suitability has opposing effects in different regions, for example leading to increased urban expansion in the Pearl River Delta and restricting urban expansion along the northern coast. These results should caution scholars against assuming homogeneous effects of physical geography across regions when doing empirical analysis of urban dynamics.
When Medicine Reverses Itself: Avoiding Practice Pitfalls

Educating our patients, applying evidence judiciously, and avoiding undue influences will help us avoid the pitfalls of the ever-changing practice of medicine.
Public‐speaking models: Process and response

Several frequently used models of the public‐speaking process are either inappropriate or misleading or both. The author presents models specific to the speech discipline and points up the conceptual errors implicit in the use of the borrowed ones.
ALOX15 Immunohistochemistry Aids in the Diagnosis of Eosinophilic Esophagitis on Pauci-eosinophilic Biopsies in Children.

Histologically, esophageal biopsies should have ≥15 intraepithelial eosinophils (IEEs) per high power field (HPF) to support a clinicopathologic diagnosis of eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE). Children with clinically apparent EoE may show pauci-eosinophilic biopsies due to patchy involvement. Immunostaining (Immunohistochemistry) for arachidonate-15 lipooxygenase (ALOX15) has been demonstrated to be a sensitive marker for EoE. We retrospectively assessed the expression of ALOX15 in 48 biopsies from 21 patients with established diagnosis of EoE and with tissue fragments below the threshold of 15 IEEs/HPF. Fragments were classified into pauci-eosinophilic and non-pauci-eosinophilic groups using cutoffs of 10 and 15 IEEs/HPF. Controls included patients with reflux and normal biopsies. Sixty-five (43.9%) fragments showed <10 IEEs/HPF and 83 (56.1%) showed ≥10 IEEs/HPF. Using a cutoff of 15 IEEs/HPF, 87 (58.7%) fragments showed <15 IEEs/HPF while 61 fragments (41.2%) had ≥15 IEEs/HPF. ALOX15 was positive in 53/65 (81.5%) of fragments with <10 IEEs/HPF versus 82/83 (98.8%) of fragments with ≥10 IEEs/HPF ( P < .001). For a cutoff of 15 IEEs/HPF, 75/87 (86.2%) of pauci-eosinophilic fragments were ALOX15-positive, while 60/61(98.4%) of biopsies meeting the threshold were positive ( P < .001). In 3/21 (14.3%) patients with EoE, all of the fragments (n = 7) were pauci-eosinophilic and all of them were positive for ALOX15. Two of 24 patients with reflux (one with 9 and one with 14 IEEs/HPF) were also positive. Fragments from normal controls (0 IEEs/HPF) were negative. Our results support the utility of ALOX15 immunohistochemistry in supporting the diagnosis of EoE in rare situations with strong clinical suspicion where no fragments reach 15 IEEs/HPF.
Relationship between Children's BMI and Parents' Preferences for Kids' Yogurts with and without Front of Package Health Signals

Childhood obesity has emerged as a critical national policy issue in many countries. One challenge in combating childhood obesity via induced shifts toward a healthier diet is that the majority of food consumed by younger children is purchased or prepared by someone else, i.e., a parent. Hence, it is critical to design initiatives and marketing efforts aimed at affecting parents' purchases of healthy foods for their children. In this study, we focus on the potential of front-of-package health labels specifically designed to signal to parents those foods that are healthy for children. We report results of a choice experiment administered to 733 parents. In the experiments, branded and unbranded yogurts marketed to children are considered with different health labels. In our analysis, we control for the child's body mass index (BMI) to assess how labels affect parents' food choices in the context of varying BMI data for the children. We also include whether parents worried about their children's eating patterns react differently to the labeling. Results from two multinomial logit models indicate that parents prefer and are more likely to purchase yogurts with a label denoting the food is a healthy choice for children. Critically, we find parents with children who are overweight or obese, and hence already in the high-risk category due to their body weight, are most affected by the labels. Overall, results indicate that health labels can be an effective signal and marketing effort to nudge parents of overweight or obese children toward healthier food purchase. [EconLit citations: D12, I1, Q18].
Foreign direct investment, income, and environmental pollution in developing countries: Panel data analysis of Latin America

Abstract Effects of foreign direct investment (FDI) and income on pollution emissions are examined using time series data from 1980 to 2010 for 14 Latin American countries. Specifically, we test the validity of Pollution Haven Hypothesis (PHH) and Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis for this region. Results from panel fixed and random effects models that controlled the effects of physical capital, energy, human capital, population density, and unemployment rate indicate the validity of both the PHH and EKC hypothesis. Estimating two separate models for high and low-income countries does not alter the findings for the PHH, however, the impacts of human capital on pollution emission are found to be different for the two groups of countries. Policies that focus on attracting clean and energy efficient industries through FDI have potential to improve environmental health while enhancing economic growth in Latin America.
Autologous Adipose-Derived Tissue Matrix Part I: Biologic Characteristics.

Background Autologous collagen is an ideal soft tissue filler and may serve as a matrix for stem cell implantation and growth. Procurement of autologous collagen has been limited, though, secondary to a sufficient source. Liposuction is a widely performed and could be a source of autologous collagen. Objectives The amount of collagen and its composition in liposuctioned fat remains unknown. The purpose of this research was to characterize an adipose-derived tissue-based product created using ultrasonic cavitation and cryo-grinding. This study evaluated the cellular and protein composition of the final product. Methods Fat was obtained from individuals undergoing routine liposuction and was processed by a 2 step process to obtain only the connective tissue. The tissue was then evaluated by scanning electronic microscope, Western blot analysis, and flow cytometry. Results Liposuctioned fat was obtained from 10 individuals with an average of 298 mL per subject. After processing an average of 1 mL of collagen matrix was obtained from each 100 mL of fat. Significant viable cell markers were present in descending order for adipocytes > CD90+ > CD105+ > CD45+ > CD19+ > CD144+ > CD34+. Western blot analysis showed collagen type II, III, IV, and other proteins. Scanning electronic microscope study showed a regular pattern of cross-linked, helical collagen. Additionally, vital staing demonstrated that the cells were still viable after processing. Conclusions Collagen and cells can be easily obtained from liposuctioned fat by ultrasonic separation without alteration of the overall cellular composition of the tissue. Implantation results in new collagen and cellular growth. Collagen matrix with viable cells for autologous use can be obtained from liposuctioned fat and may provide long term results. Level of evidence 5.
Proposed process for rapidly customizable widgets for online news articles

To enhance user experience, online content providers currently develop a finite set of pre-designed widgets to deploy on relevant news articles. The end goal is to match widgets with content that increases engagement, click-through to advertisements, and, ultimately, monetization. An alternative approach to achieve this goal is creating customized content for specific articles. Instead of finding which pre-designed widget to place on a given article, this different approach relies on creating new content depending on the topic of the article on the website. This alternative approach brings with it unique challenges; namely, how to design content for news articles on topics that are ephemeral and unpredictable in nature (e.g., news stories about a specific incident). There is only a short window of time for content creation - requiring a process that normally takes weeks to be completed in one morning. We have created designs for widgets that are topic-agnostic, interactive and, based on user testing, engaging to the user. In this paper, we present these designs and a process for developing highly-customizable widgets under time constraints to address topical content. The three criteria for evaluation were 1) relevance to a range of content, 2) engagement, and 3) development time. The chosen widget, called ‘Value Elicitation’, is applicable to a wide range of content, promotes engagement through interactivity, and has a short development time because the data that drives it is minimal and accessible. Potential Value Elicitation widgets matched ∼80% of non-finance news over a six-month period, confirming relevance to a wide variety of topics. User testing revealed interest in the proposed widgets. Finally, testing of the widget creation process with undergraduate engineering students indicated that these widgets could be developed in under an hour. Given that these criteria were fulfilled, the widget proposed can effectively monetize on unpredictable and highly trafficked content that current pre-designed widgets cannot.
Takayasu arteritis presenting as embolic stroke

A 52-year-old Caucasian woman presented to the emergency department with symptoms of acute ischaemic stroke (right-side weakness, confusion and aphasia) that resolved completely after administration of tissue plasminogen activator. During stroke work-up, she was found to have an enhancing infiltrate of the aorta at the level of the take-off of the great vessels, most consistent with early Takayasu arteritis. After being discharged home on steroids and dual antiplatelet therapy, she returned 2 days later with re-presentation of weakness and aphasia. Further work-up revealed two intraluminal clots in the left common carotid and left internal carotid arteries that had not been discovered during previous testing. This case illustrates the need to screen for sources of embolic stroke in patients with Takayasu arteritis, especially those with recurring symptoms.
Evaluating the role of land cover and climate uncertainties in computing gross primary production in Hawaiian Island ecosystems

Gross primary production (GPP) is the Earth's largest carbon flux into the terrestrial biosphere and plays a critical role in regulating atmospheric chemistry and global climate. The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS)-MOD17 data product is a widely used remote sensing-based model that provides global estimates of spatiotemporal trends in GPP. When the MOD17 algorithm is applied to regional scale heterogeneous landscapes, input data from coarse resolution land cover and climate products may increase uncertainty in GPP estimates, especially in high productivity tropical ecosystems. We examined the influence of using locally specific land cover and high-resolution local climate input data on MOD17 estimates of GPP for the State of Hawaii, a heterogeneous and discontinuous tropical landscape. Replacing the global land cover data input product (MOD12Q1) with Hawaii-specific land cover data reduced statewide GPP estimates by ~8%, primarily because the Hawaii-specific land cover map had less vegetated land area compared to the global land cover product. Replacing coarse resolution GMAO climate data with Hawaii-specific high-resolution climate data also reduced statewide GPP estimates by ~8% because of the higher spatial variability of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) in the Hawaii-specific climate data. The combined use of both Hawaii-specific land cover and high-resolution Hawaii climate data inputs reduced statewide GPP by ~16%, suggesting equal and independent influence on MOD17 GPP estimates. Our sensitivity analyses within a heterogeneous tropical landscape suggest that refined global land cover and climate data sets may contribute to an enhanced MOD17 product at a variety of spatial scales.
Time- and Fluence-to-fracture Studies of Alloy 718 in Reactor

A series of Alloy 718 specimens were irradiated in the Halden Reactor under mechanical tensile stresses and in a chemical environment and temperature representative of Pressurized Water Reactor service conditions. The specimens were miniature pin-loaded dogbones, heat treated using either a direct aging cycle or the same aging heat treatment preceded by a solution anneal. Applied stresses ranged between 920 and 1200 MPa. Fracture surfaces examined by SEM displayed a mixture of intergranular regions perpendicular to the applied stress and smoother regions at various angles to the applied stress. It is concluded that intergranular cracking proceeded until the stress on the remaining ligament was sufficient to cause prompt ductile fracture. Fluence at fracture occurred over a range of seven orders of magnitude, with no correlation to applied stress. Time at fracture spanned a much smaller range and was broadly, though weakly, inversely correlated with stress. It appears that time in the environment is a better predictor of failure than is fluence.
Clusters and Their Implications for Catalyis

The ability of metal cluster complexes to produce facile multicenter transformations of small molecules has been the most exciting and important aspects of their chemistry.1 Multicenter transformations can be divided into two categories: (1) Multicenter Activation through multicenter coordination, as illustrated by bridging ligands, e.g., A; and (2) Multicenter Reaction in which a ligand is coordinated to one or more metal atoms but undergoes a reaction at a vacant site on a neighboring metal atom, e.g., B. The potential to exploit these transformations for the development of new catalysts has been one of the principal reasons for the great interest in the synthesis and study of these compounds.2–9
Macrophage activation in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.

In view of the clear documentation that T-cell function in the acquired immunodefiency syndrome (AIDS) is grossly impaired, the striking susceptibility of AIDS patients to infections caused by intracellular micro-organisms is not only not surprising but is predictable. Indeed, if one draws up a list of the pathogens against which successful host defense is thought to require an intact cell-mediated immune response (1) and compares this to a list of the pathogens which regularly infect patients with AIDS (2) (Table 1), the two lists are virtually superimposable. In addition, many of the AIDS pathogens are known to be intracellular organisms which, although capable of causing quite different clinical manifestations, share the common feature of being able to enter and replicate within unstimulated macrophages (1). In the presence of a normal, effective T cell-dependent immune response, however, presumed to be largely mediated by antigen-triggered lymphokine secretion with resultant macrophage activation, these same intracellular pathogens are killed or their growth is inhibited. Thus, the particular spectrum of opportunistic micro-organisms which consistently infect AIDS patients, the frequent failure of these patients to respond to appropriate antimicrobial therapy, their propensity for relapse despite adequate treatment, and the eventual uniformly fatal outcome of these infections all serve to graphically indicate that the process of macrophage activation in patients with AIDS is either profoundly disordered or more likely, has not taken place at all (3). Histopathologically, these clinical observations are expressed by the absence of granuloma formation, little or no inflammatory cell infiltrates, and overwhelming numbers of micro-organisms in wide-spread and numerous foci of tissue infection.
Antokolskii’s Inquisition

When Mark Antokolskii published his autobiography in a major St. Petersburg monthly, Vestnik Evropy [“The Herald of Europe”] in autumn 1887, it was during unprecedented state anti-Semitism in Tsarist Russia. The autobiography celebrates the liberal culture in St. Petersburg of the 1860s, when he grew into an artist as a student at the Imperial Academy of Art. The translated excerpt below describes how Antokolskii came to make the clay model of the relief, “The Raid of the Inquisition on the Jews during Passover,” as a product of his own search for beauty in art. In the short introduction, I explain that although this specific piece remained unfinished to the end of his life, its artistic concept was the philosophical undercurrent of his artistic creativity and placed his conception of Jewish identity at the very heart of his art.
Hybrid perovskite light emitting diodes under intense electrical excitation

Hybrid perovskite semiconductors represent a promising platform for color-tunable light emitting diodes (LEDs) and lasers; however, the behavior of these materials under the intense electrical excitation required for electrically-pumped lasing remains unexplored. Here, we investigate methylammonium lead iodide-based perovskite LEDs under short pulsed drive at current densities up to 620 A cm−2. At low current density (J 10 A cm−2), where EQE roll-off is dominated by a combination of Joule heating and charge imbalance yet shows no evidence of Auger loss, suggesting that operation at kA cm−2 current densities relevant for a laser diode should be within reach. Hybrid perovskite semiconductors are promising for wavelength-tunable laser diodes but their behavior under intense electrical excitation remains unexplored. Kim et al. investigate perovskite light emitting diodes at current densities nearing 1 kA cm−2 and suggest that a laser diode is within reach.
Late-Breaking Panel: Missile Strikes Against Syria

In these introductory remarks for a panel on the legality of the Trump administration’s missile strikes against Syria, Professor Powell draws on her earlier work on the Responsibility to Protect doctrine. The U.S. missile strikes came in direct response to Syrian President Bashar al-Assad’s use of chemical weapons on a rebel-held — a chemical attack that reportedly killed dozens of people, including children. The panel explored the legality of the missiles strikes, given the lack of prior United Nations and congressional authorization, as required under international law and constitutional law respectively. Importantly, speakers also addressed how to respond to the use of chemical weapons against civilians, when the UN Security Council is unable to act, in light of an almost certain Russian veto to protect its Syrian regime allies.
Internal Hernia: Diagnosis and Treatment

Internal hernias account for 5.8% of small bowel obstructions and if untreated have a high mortality rate. Gastric bypass and duodenal switch patients are at risk for such obstructions related to new mesenteric defects. Patients may present with pain, vomiting, abdominal distension, and peritoneal signs, although symptoms may be vague when the bowel intermittently incarcerates and then reduces. Because of altered bariatric anatomy, plain films may not detect internal hernia bowel obstructions. Contrast computed tomography (CT) is the test of choice and may show saclike masses of bowel or a mesenteric “swirl.” Definitive diagnosis and treatment is via diagnostic laparoscopy or laparotomy in selected cases.
Upgrading coal to multifunctional graphene based materials by direct laser scribing

Abstract Despite much progress, developing a cost-effective and environmental-friendly method to upgrade earth-abundant coal into high value-added products is still a grand challenge. Here, we report a one-step and facile approach to synthesize graphene based materials from coal under ambient conditions via direct CO2 laser scribing. The obtained laser scribed graphene from coal (C-LSG) has been well characterized, showing good electrical conductivity (12 Ω/square), high electrochemical sensitivity and ionic storage properties. These properties make C-LSG a multifunctional material for applications in Joule heating, electrochemical dopamine sensing, and supercapacitors. Moreover, when electrochemically deposited with FeNi hydroxide, the hybridized FeNi/C-LSG shows impressive electrocatalysis performance toward oxygen evolution reaction. As such, this direct laser scribing of coal into graphene based materials can not only potentially expands new business opportunities by adding coal into the value-chain of industries that usually do not use coal as the starting materials in their manufacturing processes but also brings down the cost of the graphene based materials, which would make their deployment in various field more economically attractive.
Order-fulfillment games: an analysis of games about serving customers

Consider the set of games, which we'll call order-fulfillment games, where the player fulfills customers' orders in a food-service setting under time pressure. We will use BurgerTime (1982), Tapper (1983), Diner Dash (2004), and Overcooked (2016) as examples. We argue that, although these games don't form a genre per se, they form a coherent taxonomic grouping defined by their core game loop, thematic elements, and typical player experiences. That these games share similarities may seem obvious, but we have found it illuminating to dig into precisely how this grouping is constituted, where its boundaries lie, and how it overlaps with well-recognized game genres. Besides analyzing this grouping for its own sake, a secondary contribution of this paper is as a case study in applying two analytical tools that have been proposed but little applied: Lessard's high-level design pattern formations and Sicart's version of the core game loop.
Advanced organic electroactive nanomaterials for biomedical use

Abstract Conducting polymers have been largely used in biomedical field due to their peculiar properties in terms of electrical conductivity, biocompatibility, low density and versatile processability. Due to their particular mechanism of electrical conductivity similar to semiconductors, involving the mutual activity of electronic and ionic charge carriers, this polymers enable to successfully interface biological systems, improving signal transfer and cell communications. In this chapter, a classification of more commonly used conductive polymers will be provided, by highlighting the main advantages of their use in different applications fields, from tissue engineering to drug delivery, from cellular interfacing to biosensing.
An Anatomical Study of the Foramen Ovale for Neuromodulation of Trigeminal Neuropathic Pain.

Objective Neuromodulation for trigeminal pain syndromes such as trigeminal neuropathic pain (TNP) necessitates accurate localization of foramen ovale (FO). The Hartel-type approach is very well-established and safe, ideal for temporary cannulation of the FO for ablative procedures such as balloon microcompression. A key shortcoming of the Hartel approach for placement of neuromodulation leads is the limited opportunity for secure anchoring. The aim of this study is to introduce a novel surgical approach for the treatment of TNP by investigating key osseous landmarks and their spatial relationships to the FO. Materials and methods Sixteen sides of cadaver heads were dissected to investigate a surgical route of the FO via transoral gingival buccal approach. Alveolar arch of the maxilla and zygomaticomaxillary suture were selected to serve as an osseous landmark for the surgical guidance to the FO. Through the intraoral route, a needle simulating electrode was traversed to aim the FO from the inferior lateral to the superior medial direction to target specific fibers of the aimed division of the nerve. Results Visual identification and access to the trigeminal nerve at the external opening of FO was successful in all 16 hemifacial cadavers. A needle successfully targeted different regions of the trigeminal nerve by changing the angle of the trajectory allowing the needle to reach a specific division of the trigeminal nerve. Conclusions This study provides a novel means of approaching the FO via transoral gingival buccal access.
Lynch Syndrome: Management of the Colon, What Operation?

Lynch syndrome (LS) is the most common of the hereditary colorectal cancer (CRC) syndromes, accounting for 3–6% of CRC. Individuals with LS also have significantly increased risks for endometrial, ovarian, gastric, and other cancers, including high rates of synchronous and metachronous CRC diagnosed at an earlier age (LS accounts for 8% of CRC diagnosed before the age of 50) because of an accelerated carcinogenetic process, from normal mucosa to adenoma to carcinoma, requiring early (beginning at age 20–25) and more frequent (every 1–2 years) screening/surveillance colonoscopy. The early age of diagnosis combined with the propensity for the development of metachronous CRC and other organ cancers has forced a re-evaluation of surgical dogma regarding segmental resection as the routine, conventional operation performed for CRC presenting in LS patients. Previous systematic reviews of segmental versus extended colectomy in LS patients, while acknowledging limited data, concluded that segmental resection is the standard of care. However, given the increased interest and published literature on the subject, including several studies revealing a statistically significant increase in metachronous CRC in LS patients who underwent segmental versus extended colectomy as the initial operation for CRC (especially in the past decade), there is enough accumulated evidence to now make a rational, informed decision on the best operation for LS patients who develop CRC. Table 9.2 provides striking evidence from 5 continents to support extended or subtotal/total colectomy as the operation of choice for LS patients who develop CRC. The final decision, including length of large bowel remnant left, may be tailored to limit potential postoperative bowel dysfunction such as urgency, frequency, and fecal incontinence. Extended colectomy (subtotal/total abdominal colectomy) has increased support in the literature and is preferred for younger patients, under the age of 60–65 years, with good sphincter function. All patients will still require close endoscopic observation of their residual large bowel remnant and surveillance of other at-risk organs, regardless of the extent of colectomy.
Neural Representations of Procedural Knowledge

Although declarative concepts (e.g., apple) have been shown to be identifiable from their functional MRI (fMRI) signatures, the correspondence has yet to be established for executing a complex procedure such as tying a knot. In this study, 7 participants were trained to tie seven knots. Their neural representations of these seven procedures were assessed with fMRI as they imagined tying each knot. A subset of the trained participants physically tied each knot in a later fMRI session. Findings demonstrated that procedural knowledge of tying a particular knot can be reliably identified from its fMRI signature, and such procedural signatures were found here in frontal, parietal, motor, and cerebellar regions. In addition, a classifier trained on mental tying signatures was able to reliably identify when participants were planning to tie knots before they physically tied them, which suggests that the mental-tying and physical-tying procedural signatures are similar. These findings indicate that fMRI activation patterns can illuminate the representation and organization of procedural knowledge.
Anatomical Plasticity of the Distal Forelimb Projection of the Ventral Premotor Cortex Four weeks After Primary Motor Cortex Injury

Brain injury affecting the isocortical frontal cortex is a common pathological occurrence. Many patients report severe deficits to functions of daily living. However, there is a variable degree of motor recovery that occurs with some individuals recovering astounding degrees of motor recovery while others have not. This variability has led researchers into investigating the possible mechanisms for this variability. Recently, several non-human primate studies have shed light on the possibility of spared, ipsilesional motor area taken over the lost function to the damaged cortex. Unfortunately, these studies have focused on long-term adaption ranging from 5months to one year post injury. In this present study, we are the first use rigorous stereological quantification to show that significant neuroplastic changes in the form of changes to neuroanatomical connections between distant cortical area occurs at a very early time point of 4 weeks post injury. Much like the Dancause study in 2005, we found that ishemic damage to the distal forelimb area (DFL) of the primary motor cortex (M1) induced plastic changes between the DFL of the ventral premotor cortex (PMv) and area 1/2 of the somatosensory cortex. Indeed, we found a nearly 2 fold increase in the number of boutons between PMV and area 1/2. Additionally, labeled fibers from PMv change direction from their normal termination within M1 and traveled in a ventral posterior direction toward the somatosensory cortex. Also of interest, several labeled fibers actually traveled through the glial scar of M1 toward the somatosensory cortex. These data demonstrate that a massive neuroplastic response has occurred following an ischemic insult to the DFL of M1. These data may suggest that the brain may be undergoing an attempt to re-establish a degree of motor and or sensory control to compensate for the lost function due to the injury.
A New Modified Transmission Eigenvalue Problem for Electromagnetic Scattering

We introduce a new eigenvalue problem arising from electromagnetic scattering which may potentially be used as a target signature in nondestructive testing of materials. After establishing some basic properties of this eigenvalue problem, we show that the eigenvalues may be determined from measured scattering data.
Discovering DNA motifs and genomic variants associated with DNA methylation

DNA methylation plays a crucial role in establishing tissue-specific gene expression. However, our incomplete understanding of the cis elements that regulate DNA methylation prevents us from interpreting the functional effects of non-coding variants. We present CpGenie (http://cpgenie.csail.mit.edu), a deep convolutional neural network that learns a regulatory sequence code of DNA methylation and enables allele-specific DNA methylation prediction with single-nucleotide sensitivity. Variant annotations from CpGenie accurately identify methylation quantitative trait loci (meQTL) and contribute to the prioritization of functional non-coding variants including expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) and disease-associated mutations.
Populism and Memory: Legislation of the Past in Poland, Ukraine, and Russia:

This article belongs to the special cluster “Here to Stay: The Politics of History in Eastern Europe”, guest-edited by Felix Krawatzek & George Soroka.The rise of historical memory, which began in ...
Impact of induction strategy change on first-year rejection in pediatric heart transplantation at a single center-From postoperative basiliximab to either postoperative anti-thymocyte globulin or preoperative basiliximab.

Background Our pediatric heart transplant center transitioned from post-bypass basiliximab (BAS) induction to either anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG) or pre-bypass BAS. The purpose of this study was to compare first-year rejection rates before and after this change. Methods A single center retrospective analysis was conducted of pediatric heart transplant recipients from 2010-2019. Primary outcome was first-year rejection. Bivariate analysis, Kaplan-Meier curves, and multivariable regression were performed across eras. Results Forty-three early era patients (55%) received post-bypass BAS, and 35 late era patients (45%) received pre-bypass BAS (n=17) or ATG (n=18). First-year rejection decreased in the late era (31% vs 53%, p = 0.05). This finding was more pronounced after excluding infants (38% vs 73%, p = 0.006). Late era was associated with a decreased likelihood of rejection (all cohort OR 0.19, 95%CI 0.05-0.66; infants excluded OR 0.17, 95%CI 0.04-0.61). No differences in post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease, donor specific antibody, or infection were observed. Conclusions Fewer late era patients receiving ATG or pre-bypass BAS induction had first-year rejection compared to the early era patients receiving standard post-bypass BAS induction. This programmatic shift in induction strategy was readily achievable and potentially effective in reducing first-year rejection.
Factores que promueven la resiliencia entre las mujeres inmigrantes mexicanas en los Estados Unidos: Aplicación de un enfoque de desviación positiva

This research project used a positive deviance approach to identify Mexican immigrant women (MIW) who have experienced great stress and who have positive mental health indicators in order to determine the factors behind their resilience and coping skills. Signposts, strengths and resources contributing to positive mental health are identified and described. The resilience of participants in this study emerged as a very dynamic phenomenon. A series of internal assets helped these women find meaning, purpose and build resilience. Social networks, families, positive attitudes, and purposeful behaviors determine the strengths and well-being of this group. This may be the first exploration of the mental health assets of MIW. Although the purposive sample in the study limits the generalization of its results, the specificity of its population is a clear point of comparison and reference. The study has implications for the design of health promotion interventions with individuals of Mexican shared ancestry.
Las metástasis de la mariposa: Pedro Lemebel y el archivo analfabeto

This article focuses on Pedro Lemebel’s body in its complex relationship to illness. It explores the many functions of illness as an emancipatory power that violently distances itself from the imperatives of health and sex. Relating a personal encounter with Lemebel in Santiago, the article insists on the intersection between the archive and the diseased body, especially the diseased body of the Chilean writer himself. After a portion of his larynx was removed due to cancer, Lemebel symbolically and materially made the hole is his body public. He transformed that empty space into a new organ of communitarian intelligibility and speech: an anal-phabetic archive.
RF Mapping for Sensor Nodes Connectivity and Communication Signal Recovery

The network connectivity is vital for operative and proficient mobile robot team’s maneuvers. In search and rescue scenarios, many obstacles are preventing effective wireless communication. A promising solution to the problem is combining the RF mapping method and the gradient method. The RF mapping endeavors to measure the effects of RF obstacles in the physical environment that may attenuate signals as a transmitter/receiver pair moves through the field. By mapping these attenuation patterns, nodes can avoid known “RF shadows.” The gradient method, based on extracting the components of the multidimensional gradient as the robots move around a source of RF interference to find the locations of strong signal strength (direct line of sight) and weakest signal strength (dead zones). This paper presents a connectivity approach based on the radio frequency (RF) mapping and the robot team’s gradient estimation methods. The physical and simulation results of the experiments promise to achieve reliable network connectivity for mobile nodes.
Cdc14 activates autophagy to regulate spindle pole body dynamics during meiosis

Summary Autophagy, a conserved eukaryotic lysosomal degradation pathway that responds to environmental and cellular cues, is regulated by multiple signaling pathways that oversee cell survival, growth, and proliferation. In budding yeast, autophagy plays an essential role in meiotic exit, although the molecular mechanisms underlying its regulation and cargo selection remain unknown. In this study, we found that autophagy is maintained during meiosis and is upregulated at anaphase I and anaphase II. In addition, we found that cells with higher levels of autophagy during meiosis I and II completed meiosis faster, and that genetically activated autophagy machinery increased sporulation efficiency. Strikingly, our data revealed that Cdc14, a highly conserved phosphatase that counteracts Cdc28 (CDK1), is a meiosis-specific autophagy regulator. At anaphase I and anaphase II, Cdc14 was activated and released from the nucleolus into the cytoplasm, where it dephosphorylated Atg13 to stimulate Atg1 kinase activity and thus autophagy. Importantly, the meiosis-specific spindle pole body (SPB, the yeast centrosome) component (Spo74) was sensitized to autophagy-mediated degradation at anaphase II, upon its dephosphorylation by Cdc14. Together, our findings reveal a meiosis-tailored mechanism of Cdc14 that spatiotemporally guides meiotic autophagy activity to control SPB dynamics.
The Viscosity Solution Approach to Proving Convergence of Numerical Schemes

In Chapters 10 to 13, we have shown the convergence of properly designed numerical approximations for a wide range of stochastic and deterministic optimal control problems. The approach to proving the convergence has been based on demonstrating the convergence of a sequence of controlled Markov chains to a controlled process (diffusion, jump diffusion, etc.) appropriate to the given stochastic or deterministic optimal control problem.
CLASSIFICATION SCHEMES FOR THE HISTORY OF SCIENCE: A Comparison

As a discipline, the history of science is comparatively young. Although Baden‐Powell's Historical view of the progress of the physical and mathematical sciences from the earliest ages to the present time and Whewell's History of the inductive sciences from the earliest to the present times, both pioneer works in the field, were published in 1834 and 1837 respectively, the history of science as a subject in its own right may be said to have only come into existence in this century. Interest in the history of individual sciences, particularly mathematics and medicine, began much earlier and quite a few periodicals devoted to them were inaugurated during the last century. On the other hand, most of the periodicals dealing with the history of science as a whole were begun during the last two decades and only a few go back to the beginning of this century. The first volume of Mitteilungen zur Geschichte der Medizin und der Naturwissenschaften was published in Leipzig in 1902; Archiv fur die Geschichte der Naturwissenschaften und der Technik followed in 1909, and Rivista di Storia (critica) delle Scienze mediche e naturali in 1910. Isis, originally subtitled Revue consacree a l'histoire de la science (now An international review devoted to the history of science and its cultural influences), was founded in 1912 by George Sarton, the first number appearing in March 1913. It began its life in Belgium, but after the invasion of that country moved with its first editor to the United States. Volume 2, begun in June 1914, was completed in September 1919. From the beginning an international review, it changed its ‘editorial language’, as it were, from French to English in 1920, but it continued to publish articles and papers in the main European languages. From the first issue, one of its principal features was a bibliography of the literature of the history of science.