cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the significance and utility of the Lagergren model and the pseudo second-order model of batch adsorption

ABSTRACTThe kinetics of adsorption in the batch mode is frequently represented by the Lagergren model or the pseudo second-order model. We assess these models in their ability to represent adsorption by comparing them with the predictions of detailed intra-particle diffusion models and also with a variety of experimental data drawn from the literature. The conditions under which these two models may have rational physical significance are identified, but the data representation capabilities of these models are found to extend beyond these conditions. This is shown through a number of sample calculations.
Firm survival in traded industries: does localization moderate the effects of founding team experience?

Prior studies of the impact of founder team industry and start-up experience on firm survival have paid little attention to location decisions or cluster effects. In this paper, we focus on young firms doing business in industries that compete for customers in geographically dispersed markets (traded industries). We examine whether regional concentrations (localization) of related industrial firms moderate the effects of founder team industry and start-up experience on firm survival. The study draws on firm-level data from the Kauffman Firm Survey and on county business patterns data from the US Census Bureau. We found that localization negatively moderates the positive effects of founder team prior industry experience on firm survival. We did not find significant moderating effects of localization on founder team prior start-up experience. Our findings highlight the importance of accounting for location decisions and cluster effects when evaluating the human capital inputs of founder teams.
Pharmacodynamic Monitoring Predicts Outcomes of CCR5 Blockade as Graft-versus-Host Disease Prophylaxis

Abstract Blocking lymphocyte trafficking after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is a promising strategy to prevent graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) while preserving the graft-versus-tumor response. Maraviroc, a CCR5 antagonist, has shown promise in clinical trials, presumably by disrupting the migration of effector cells to GVHD target organs. We describe a phosphoflow assay to quantify CCR5 blockade during treatment with maraviroc and used it to evaluate 28 patients in a phase II study. We found that insufficient blockade of CCR5 was associated with significantly worse overall survival (HR, 10.6; 95% CI, 2.2 to 52.0; P = .004) and higher rates of nonrelapse mortality (HR, 146; 95% CI, 1.0 to 20,600; P = .04) and severe acute GVHD (HR, 12; 95% CI, 1.9 to 76.6; P = .009). In addition, we found that pretransplant high surface expression of CCR5 on recipient T cells predicted higher nonrelapse mortality and worse GVHD- and relapse-free survival. Our results demonstrate that pharmacodynamic monitoring of CCR5 blockade unravels interpatient variability in the response to therapy and may serve as a clinically informative biomarker.
The experience of work in hospital settings and nurse’s perceived need or desire to look for A less stressful, more satisfying job

Work overload is an important and often singular objective for organizational interventions targeting nurse satisfaction and turnover in hospital settings around the world. The centerpiece of many such interventions involves the reassignment of nursing tasks to lesser licensed or unlicensed staff in order to provide immediate term relief to over extended professional nurses. These “Substitution Interventions” (SI) evolve from the diagnostic assumptions that “lightening the load” of professional nurses with more plentifully available “others” will provide, even in the absence of other changes, immediate relief to over-extended staff, reducing their growing sense of dissatisfaction and, thus, decreasing their desire or perceived need to look for another job. The purpose of this study is to critically examine the prevailing diagnostic assumptions that underlie “Substitution Interventions” (SI) and, propose and test in a sample of hospital care-givers (n=241) an alternative organization diagnostic model that may aid in understanding their propensity to fall short of management expectations.
Atomic structure of dissociated 60° dislocations in GaAs/GaAs0.92Sb0.08/GaAs heterostructures

Abstract Dissociated 60° dislocations in low-misfit GaAs/GaAs0.92Sb0.08/GaAs(001) heterostructures are investigated using aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy. Intrinsic stacking faults bounded by 30° and 90° Shockley partial dislocations are created at the compressively-strained film/substrate interface and the tensile-strained cap/film interface. Unpaired atomic columns are clearly observed at the cores of the 30° partial dislocations for most stacking faults. Comparison with atomic structural models establishes that these dissociated 60° dislocations belong primarily to glide set. For both interface types, the leading partial is located in the constraining layer whereas the trailing partial is located in the layer undergoing strain relaxation.
Featured Article: Use of Microhotplates in the Controlled Growth and Characterization of Metal Oxides for Chemical Sensing

Microhotplates are micromachined platforms with integrated heaters and contact electrodes that can be used as miniature substrates for metal oxide film growth. Fabricated as arrays, they enable efficient combinatorial studies to be performed on a single chip. A variety of growth methods are compatible with their use, including evaporation, sputtering, chemical vapor deposition, and deposition from pastes or sol gels using screen printing, drop deposition, or spin-coating. The microheater on each element may be used to control the temperature during deposition or for a post-annealing step such as sintering, while the film contact electrodes serve as a built-in monitor of the fabrication process. In chemical vapor deposition using arrays, the elements with heaters set above the lowest nucleation temperature for a given precursor are the only ones that will have film deposited on them, resulting in a kind of self-lithography. This review gives examples of different methods of film growth that have been employed on microhotplates with applications for chemical sensing, with an emphasis on the chemical vapor deposition method.
GROWTH AND IN-SITU PROCESSING OF LOW DIMENSIONAL QUANTUM STRUCTURES

This paper reviews recent advances in the fabrication and characterization of low-dimensional quantum structures such as quantum wires, boxes, and dots. The emphasis is on ultra-high vacuum compatible techniques, such as direct growth on vicinal substrates using molecular beam epitaxy, and use of in-situ processing: reactive ion etching, radical beam etching, and focused ion beam implantation, all of which can be followed by regrowth to make complicated structures. The current status of research using these methods will be described.
The value of high-dose systemic chemotherapy and intrathecal therapy for central nervous system prophylaxis in different risk groups of adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

Although central nervous system (CNS) leukemic relapse is frequent in adult acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), the need for prophylaxis in different risk groups for CNS relapse, the value of high-dose systemic and intrathecal (IT) chemotherapy, and the timing of prophylaxis are not well defined. This analysis was conducted to investigate these questions and to assess the value of a risk-oriented CNS prophylaxis approach. We analyzed the incidence of CNS leukemia after initiation of therapy in patients treated on 4 consecutive trials for adult ALL including different CNS prophylactic modalities. The treatment groups included (1) the program preceeding the vincristine-Adriamycin-dexamethasone (VAD) regimen, with no CNS prophylaxis; (2) the VAD regimen with prophylaxis using high-dose systemic chemotherapy; (3) the modified VAD program with high-dose systemic chemotherapy to all patients and IT chemotherapy for high-risk patients after achieving complete remission; and (4) the hyperCVAD program with early high-dose systemic and IT chemotherapy starting during induction to all patients, with more IT injections (16IT) administered to the high-risk group for CNS relapse compared with the low-risk group (4IT). A total of 391 patients were included, 73 of whom were treated with preVAD, 112 with VAD, 114 with modified VAD, and 92 with hyperCVAD. The overall CNS relapse rates were 31%, 18%, 17%, and 3%, respectively for the 4 groups (P < .001). For the high-risk group for CNS relapse, they were 42%, 26%, 20%, and 2%, respectively (P < .001). The differences in CNS relapse rates in the low-risk group were not statistically significant. At 3 years, the overall CNS leukemia event-free rates were 48%, 76%, and 98%, respectively (P < .001). In the high-risk group, the CNS event-free rates were 38%, 66%, 75%, and 98%, respectively (P < .001); however, there was no difference in the low-risk group. We conclude that (1) high-dose systemic chemotherapy is a useful prophylactic measure; (2) early IT chemotherapy is necessary to reduce the incidence of CNS leukemia overall and in the high-risk group; and (3) a risk-oriented approach is appropriate to tailor the intensity of CNS prophylaxis.
Chronic myeloid leukemia and pregnancy: patient and partner perspectives.

Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a myeloproliferative neoplasm defined by the chromosomal translocation t(9;22)(q34;q11), which fuses the BCR and ABL genes to generate a constitutively active tyro...
Improving efficiency of exam room use at a comprehensive cancer center.

307Background: Efficient use of exam rooms is crucial to be able to accommodate increasing patient volumes. One workflow approach that takes patients into an exam room only when the provider is rea...
Acute hand pain resulting in spontaneous thenar compartment syndrome.

Abstract Compartment syndrome is a potentially limb-threatening disease process, leading to decreased tissue perfusion and cellular death [1]. The following presentation is believed to be the first reported case of thenar compartment syndrome, which occurred without an identifiable cause. A 67-year-old male presented with 12 h of left-hand pain, located at the base of the thumb and worsened with movement. Firmness of the thenar eminence, along with pallor, poikilothermia, and paresthesias of the first and second digits lead to the increased suspicion for compartment syndrome. The diagnosis was confirmed and successfully managed in the operating room. While relatively uncommon, clinicians should consider the diagnosis of compartment syndrome of the hand when patients present with acute hand pain. A missed or delayed diagnosis can lead to severe morbidity, which can profoundly affect patients' functional outcomes and quality of life.
The Case of Anita Rao: Defining a Career and a Self

The journey of medical education and training involves multiple career-defining decisions. The inflexible and rigorous schedule of this journey and diversity of choices create a series of pressured decisions that must often be made with limited time and information. These decisions are often career-defining, meaning they lead to a specific path from which it becomes difficult to impossible to continue the pursuit of other interests both in medicine and in one’s personal life. As such, these decisions can feel weighty and monumental, affecting and affected by the development of professional identity in the trainee. Professional identity formation is a fraught process that necessitates the integration of a fully formed adult self with the trainee’s new identity as a physician. This case examines some aspects of the stresses that career-defining decisions can place on a trainee’s developing sense of her professional self and values.
The Private and Social Value of Capital Structure Commitment

We analyze dynamic stationary models of capital structure, in partial and general equilibrium, when managers cannot commit to firm-value maximization. The model permits us to quantify both the private cost to firms of the commitment problem, and also the aggregate cost of its externality. Our setting encompasses time-varying economic and firm characteristics, as well as valuation under generalized preferences. The model provides an explanation for the procyclical use of unprotected debt: the private costs of non-commitment increase in bad times. Likewise, expropriation incentives rise when firm valuations are low. Hence, without commitment, leverage can be countercyclical. This dynamic amplifies the effect of excess debt on aggregate risk. A range of parameterizations suggests that the social cost of unprotected debt can be large. We present evidence supportive of the prediction that firms with unprotected debt increase their borrowing in bad times.
How Do Asians Fit Into the American College of Cardiology's Diversity and Inclusion Initiative?

The American College of Cardiology (ACC), a nonprofit medical association, is intricately involved in shaping the cardiology workforce. Because training physicians is funded largely by the federal government of the United States, the ACC has the responsibility to assist in the use of these funds to
Calculations of Dispersion Curves and Transmission Spectra of Photonic Crystals: Comparisons with UWB Microwave Pulse Experiments

A combined plane-wave and finite difference method for the calculation of dispersion curves and transmission spectra of photonic crystals is presented. The overall problem is decomposed into a field problem of determining the plane wave scattering from an individual crystal layer and a conventional one dimensional network problem of combining this scattering to obtain the band structure of the entire crystal or the transmission properties of a crystal with a finite thickness. Results of the calculation are compared with our experimental data measured using ultrawide-band microwave pulses for a two-dimensional photonic bandgap crystal.
110th Anniversary: Commentary: Perspectives on Adsorption of Complex Mixtures

The development of new adsorbents or new adsorption separation processes has the potential to bring enormous energy and cost savings to the chemical process industry. Achieving success in this area requires a detailed understanding of how a proposed adsorbent performs under realistic conditions, but most research studies focus on idealized process streams. This critical lack of data on adsorption of complex mixtures represents a major barrier to growth in the development of new separation systems. This commentary discusses the persistent nature of the mixture-adsorption knowledge gap, while providing some historical framework, and provides several strategies that researchers might adopt to move toward true multicomponent adsorption studies.
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor Use and Hip Fracture Risk Among Patients on Hemodialysis.

Rationale & Objective Use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) has been associated with hip fracture risk in the general population. This study examined this relationship among patients with kidney failure treated by hemodialysis, a unique high-risk subpopulation, within which the impact of SSRIs on hip fracture risk remains unexplored. Study Design Case-control study. Settings & Participants Eligible cases of hip fracture among maintenance hemodialysis patients between January 1, 2009, and September 30, 2015, were identified using the US Renal Data System. Each case was matched on index date with 10 eligible controls. To be eligible, study participants needed to have more than 1 year of Medicare Parts A and B coverage and more than 3 years of Part D coverage. For a separate examination of new short-term SSRI exposure, we selected cases and controls with more than 18 months of Part D coverage and no prior antidepressant use for 1 year. Exposure During the 3-year Part D coverage period, use of SSRIs characterized as any (≥1 prescription filled), low, moderate, and high use ( Outcome We selected cases using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision codes 820.xx and 821.xx. In addition to 1 of these codes tied to a hospitalization, we required a corresponding surgical procedural code within 7 days of diagnosis. Analytic Approach Conditional logistic regression to estimate unadjusted and multivariable-adjusted ORs and 95% CIs. Results We identified 4,912 cases and 49,120 controls. SSRI use was associated with increased hip fracture risk (adjusted OR, 1.25; 95% CI, 1.17-1.35). Risk for fracture was estimated for any, low, moderate, and high SSRI use: adjusted conditional ORs were 1.25 (95% CI, 1.17-1.35), 1.20 (95% CI, 1.08-1.32), 1.31 (95% CI, 1.18-1.43), and 1.26 (95% CI, 1.12-1.41), respectively. The association between hip fracture events and SSRI use was also seen in the examination of new short-term use (adjusted OR, 1.43; 95% CI, 1.23-1.67). Limitations Biomarkers of mineral bone disorder were not captured and accounted for in this analysis. Conclusions We demonstrated an association between increased hip fracture risk and both long- and new short-term SSRI use. The stronger association with new short-term use may suggest an acute mechanism potentially related to falls.
Is Extended Trochanteric Osteotomy Safe for Use in Two-stage Revision of Periprosthetic Hip Infection? A Systematic Review

Several clinical trials have retrospectively evaluated the role of extended trochanteric osteotomy in two-stage total hip arthroplasty (THA) revision for the management of periprosthetic joint infection of the hip. However, no systematic review of the literature has been published to date to evaluate the clinical, functional, and radiographic outcomes of extended trochanteric osteotomy (ETOs) performed as part of implant removal during a two-stage revision for the management of periprosthetic joint infection (PJI). The US National Library of Medicine (PubMed/MEDLINE), and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews were queried for publications from January 1980 to April 2019 using the following keywords: “extended” AND “trochanteric” AND “osteotomy.” Six studies included in this systematic review assessed 305 cases (281 patients) of PJI treated surgically with two-stage revision combined with ETO at the first stage. The mean overall union rate of the ETO was 97%, while the overall rate of radiographic femoral stem subsidence >5 mm was 5%. In addition, the overall mean infection-free rate of two-stage revision combined with ETO was 94% (288 out of 305 operated hips), while the overall complication rate requiring reoperation was 8% (26 out of 305 operated hips). Finally, there was some evidence to show that two-stage revision with ETO was associated with improved infection-free rates compared with two-stage revision without ETO. ETO seems safe and effective in patients with well-fixed femoral stems who require two-stage THA revision for the management of chronic PJI. Two-stage revision with ETO might result in improved infection-free rates compared with two-stage revision without ETO.
Athletes ECG Stress Characteristics in Division II College Athletes: A Preliminary Analysis

Two-thirds of sudden cardiac deaths are attributable to underlying cardiovascular conditions in young collegiate athletes. A 12-lead exercise stress test is a screening tool that can detect these abnormalities that may predispose collegiate athletes to sudden cardiac death, and can ensure athletes meet the physical demands of training and competition. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the electrocardiographic (ECG) characteristics of Division II collegiate athletes using the Seattle Criteria. Fifty two athletes (males = 26; females = 26) of various ethnicities (Caucasian = 65%, Latino/Hispanic = 20%, and African American = 15%); from soccer (27%), tennis (17%), basketball (15%), softball (14%), cross country (9%), volleyball (6%), football (6%), and swimming (6%) completed cardiovascular screening with resting and exercise 12-lead ECG analysis. ECG abnormalities and anthropometrics were compared across race, gender, and sports using an ANOVA. Chi-square analysis was used to test for differences in the frequency of ECG findings across gender, race, and sports. Although sport was not a predictor for an abnormal ECG, 73% of the athletes presented with athletes’ heart configuration, which was significantly higher in males than females (P = 0.02). The highest occurrence of these adaptations was observed in 100% of Latino/Hispanic athletes, compared to 75% of African American and 64% of Caucasian athletes. With newer and more sensitive ECG screening criteria, the prevalence of false-positive tests is declining. Future research should focus on advancing the sensitivity and specificity of ECG interpretation in more diverse athletic populations regarding race and gender. The increasing incidence of sudden cardiac death in collegiate athletes warrants future research that evaluates the impact of implementing the 12-lead ECG as a standard screening tool for collegiate athletes.
Confounding Bias in the Relationship Between Problem Gambling and Crime

Although the relationship between problem gambling and criminal behavior has been widely researched, concerns over the causal nature of this association remain. Some argue that problem gambling does not lead to crime; instead, the same background characteristics that predict problem gambling also predict criminal behavior. Yet, studies suggestive of a spurious association often rely on small, non-random, and cross-sectional samples; thus, the extent to which the findings are generalizable to the broader population is unknown. With this in mind, the present study uses data from The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health and a series of propensity score weighting and matching techniques to examine the role of confounding bias in the relationship between problem gambling and criminal behavior in young adulthood. On the surface, results show a positive and significant relationship between problem gambling and a range of criminal behaviors. However, after statistically balancing differences in several background measures between problem gamblers and non-problem gamblers, such as low self-control, past substance use, and juvenile delinquency, we find no significant relationship between problem gambling and crime. These patterns are consistent across several propensity score weighting and matching algorithms. Our results therefore parallel those in support of the “generality of deviance” framework, whereby a similar set of covariates known to be associated with criminal behavior also predict problem gambling.
Is This An Ad?: Automatically Disclosing Online Endorsements On YouTube With AdIntuition

Undisclosed online endorsements on social media can be misleading to users who may not know when viewed content contains advertisements. Despite federal regulations requiring content creators to disclose online endorsements, studies suggest that less than 10% do so in practice. To overcome this issue, we need knowledge of how to best detect online endorsements, knowledge about how prevalent online endorsements are in the wild, and ways to design systems to automatically disclose advertising content to viewers. To that end, we designed, implemented, and evaluated a tool called AdIntuition which automatically discloses when YouTube videos contain affiliate marketing, a type of social media endorsement. We evaluated AdIntuition with 783 users using a survey, field deployment, and diary study. We discuss our findings and recommendations for future measurements of and tools to detect and alert users about affiliate marketing content.
The Psychological Testing of Dysphasic and Psychotic Children

The distinctions and similarities between dysphasic and psychotic behavior that we have discussed thus far extend to the children’s reactions and responses to psychological testing. The use of standard tests in making differential judgments about these children is, however, fraught with misconception and open to serious misinterpretation when test results and responses are accepted at face value and when preconceived categorical notions of test interpretation are applied.
Contextualizing care: An essential and measurable clinical competency.

Abstract Contextualizing care is the process of adapting research evidence to patient life context. The failure to do so, when it results in a care plan that is not likely to achieve its intended aim, is a contextual error. There is substantial evidence that contextual errors are common, adversely affect patient outcomes and health care costs, and are preventable. This evidence comes from over 5000 mostly incognito recordings of physician-patient encounters over a range of practice settings that have been analyzed along with the medical records of each encounter utilizing a specialized coding algorithm. Educational and practice improvement interventions have been tested at the medical student, resident, and attending level, each with evidence of benefits and limitations. The author argues that contextualizing care is an essential clinician competency and proposes an evidence-informed strategy for building and reinforcing the requisite skills across the continuum of medical education and professional development.
Inverse-designed optical link for chip-to-chip communication

We experimentally demonstrate a chip-to-chip optical interconnect using inverse-designed silicon photonic circuits. Inverse design optimizes mode-division multiplexing and grating coupler structures in a compact footprint with low insertion loss.
Dendrochronology and Archeology in Nebraska

(1962). Dendrochronology and Archeology in Nebraska. Plains Anthropologist: Vol. 7, No. 16, pp. 138-146.
Carbohydrates, Oligonucleotides, and Small Molecules

The chapter describes carbohydrate, oligonucleotide, and small molecule analysis with the FAB, MALDI, and electrospray ionization techniques. It exemplifies the capabilities of mass spectrometry using peptides and proteins. While peptides and proteins are the most straightforward and popular subjects for mass analysis, they represent only a small portion of biological material. FAB, MALDI, and electrospray also work well for carbohydrates, oligonucleotides, and most of the other biomolecules, with results that match or exceed the performance observed for peptides and proteins. Electrospray is the most diverse of the ionization techniques. The ability of ESI-MS to directly analyze compounds from aqueous or aqueous/organic solutions has established the technique as a convenient mass detector for HPLC. The analysis of oligos entails a rate-limiting step in which the samples must undergo rigorous desalting before the analysis. Electrospray is also being applied to carbohydrate analysis. Basic peptide additives have also been useful in the negative ion analysis of highly acidic polysulfated, sulfonated, and phosphorylated biomolecules. MALDI has also produced quantitative results through the incorporation of an internal standard. The appeal of MALDI is its sensitivity to a wide variety of homogeneous and heterogeneous compounds from the low femtomole to picomole level.
Chapter 10 Saving and development

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the determinants of the volume of savings. Savings not only allow for growth in income and increases in consumption, but also for the smoothing of consumption in the presence of various uncertainties. Choices by individuals and families about their savings are one set of fundamental determinants of national savings. These decision-makers divide the current increment to their resources between consumption, the satisfaction of current wants, and savings that in turn will influence their ability to satisfy wants in the future. The chapter describes the process that individuals and households decide to save a particular amount. This material is integrated with evidence on the posited relationships. The chapter presents the process to add up savings from different sources in the economy, first by aggregating over individuals of different ages and incomes and then over the different sectors (household, corporate, and government). The chapter also summarizes the role of government policies in influencing the volume of saving, and reviews empirical studies of the determinants of aggregate savings. The chapter also discusses borrowing constraints; health, nutrition and savings; income distribution and aggregate savings; aggregation over cohorts; the role of government; and so on.
Public Entrepreneurs and Transportation Empires in New York and Los Angeles: How Governance Shapes Agency Performance and Regional Outcomes

Since the early 20th century, most investments in trade transportation infrastructure, in particular seaports and airports, have been planned, financed and constructed by local governments or private firms under their supervision. Despite the importance of trade transportation infrastructure investment to urban development and the dominant role of local governments, little work focuses on how local governments structure their infrastructure investments. We take up this question by focusing on the evolution and effectiveness of trade transportation governance systems in New York and Los Angeles. In addition to playing a preeminent role in handling the nation’s international trade traffic, we selected these cases because they differ markedly in their governance of transportation infrastructure. In New York, a single bi-state agency owns and operates all essential airport, seaport and freight-rail infrastructure. In Los Angeles, these responsibilities have been lodged in multiple, functionally-specific municipal agencies. We find that these differences in governance reflect the unintended consequences of decisions taken in the early 20th century. In both regions, political leaders were influenced by Progressive-Era arguments that political insulation would lead to more effective policies. The configuration of local politics in the two regions, however, dictated different institutional arrangements to accomplish this goal. These arrangements empowered a new class of professional bureaucrats who would lead these transportation agencies. In the ensuing narrative case studies, we draw upon agency theory and historical institutionalism to show how differences in the governance of transportation infrastructure have shaped the performance of transportation agencies and policy outcomes. New York’s Port Authority used superior financial resources and greater insulation from local elected officials to expand its activities into functions that lie well outside its traditional transportation mission. As a consequence, however, it has become vulnerable to pressures to divert its resources to projects favored by local and state politicians. L.A.’s major transportation agencies thrived by appealing to voters for greater authority and resources. On the flip side, the decisions of the L.A. agencies reflect greater deference to local, often non-economic, concerns. In recent years, the autonomy and financial capacity of L.A.’s agencies have been curtailed, with potentially severe implications for continued infrastructure investment.
Scalable and efficient algorithms for the propagation of uncertainty from data through inference to prediction for large-scale problems, with application to flow of the Antarctic ice sheet

The majority of research on efficient and scalable algorithms in computational science and engineering has focused on the forward problem: given parameter inputs, solve the governing equations to determine output quantities of interest. In contrast, here we consider the broader question: given a (large-scale) model containing uncertain parameters, (possibly) noisy observational data, and a prediction quantity of interest, how do we construct efficient and scalable algorithms to (1) infer the model parameters from the data (the deterministic inverse problem), (2) quantify the uncertainty in the inferred parameters (the Bayesian inference problem), and (3) propagate the resulting uncertain parameters through the model to issue predictions with quantified uncertainties (the forward uncertainty propagation problem)?We present efficient and scalable algorithms for this end-to-end, data-to-prediction process under the Gaussian approximation and in the context of modeling the flow of the Antarctic ice sheet and its effect on loss of grounded ice to the ocean. The ice is modeled as a viscous, incompressible, creeping, shear-thinning fluid. The observational data come from satellite measurements of surface ice flow velocity, and the uncertain parameter field to be inferred is the basal sliding parameter, represented by a heterogeneous coefficient in a Robin boundary condition at the base of the ice sheet. The prediction quantity of interest is the present-day ice mass flux from the Antarctic continent to the ocean.We show that the work required for executing this data-to-prediction process-measured in number of forward (and adjoint) ice sheet model solves-is independent of the state dimension, parameter dimension, data dimension, and the number of processor cores. The key to achieving this dimension independence is to exploit the fact that, despite their large size, the observational data typically provide only sparse information on model parameters. This property can be exploited to construct a low rank approximation of the linearized parameter-to-observable map via randomized SVD methods and adjoint-based actions of Hessians of the data misfit functional.
Expanding rural access to renewable energy: lessons from Sri Lanka's Energy Services Delivery Project (ESDP)

The Energy Services Delivery Project (ESDP) in Sri Lanka was an exemplary renewable energy access programme. Consisting of a Credit Component, a Wind Farm Component and a Capacity Building Component, the $55.3 million ESDP successfully installed 21,000 offgrid Solar Home Systems (SHS), 31 megawatts (MW) of grid-connected mini-hydro capacity, 574 kilowatts (kW) of offgrid village hydroelectric systems serving 2,897 households, and a 3 MW grid-connected wind farm from 1997 to 2002. By the end of 2004, two years after the ESDP’s close, the Sri Lankan renewable energy industry boasted more than 40 mini-hydro developers, 10 registered solar companies, 22 registered village hydro developers and 12 village hydro equipment suppliers compared to less than three of each before the ESDP began. This study explores the dynamics of the ESDP, investigates its structure, benefits, challenges and broader implications.
Relationship between prostate cancer mortality and number of unfavourable risk factors in men treated with definitive brachytherapy.

Study Type – Therapy (case series) Level of Evidence 4 OBJECTIVE To explore whether the number of unfavourable pretreatment risk factors predicts cause-specific mortality in men treated with prostate brachytherapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS Between April 1995 and March 2006, 739 patients were treated who had at least one of the following adverse risk factors: pretreatment prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level of >10 ng/mL, a Gleason score of ≥7, clinical stage ≥T2b, or a PSA velocity (PSAV) of >2 ng/mL/year. Supplemental external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) was delivered to 464 (62.8%) men and 301 (40.7%) received androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). Of men with more than two risk factors, 87% received EBRT and 62% received ADT. RESULTS The biochemical progression-free survival (bPFS), cause-specific survival (CSS) and overall survival for all patients were 95.0%, 97.9% and 70.0% at 12 years. Men with three or four risk factors had a prostate cancer-specific mortality (PCSM) at 12 years of 5.3%, vs 1.7% for men with one or two risk factors (P= 0.006). When ‘percentage of positive biopsy cores >50%’ replaced PSAV as a risk factor, men with two or more risk factors had a PCSM of 8.9%, vs 1.0% for men with one or two risk factors (P= 0.001). There was no difference in all-cause mortality between the groups in either analysis. CONCLUSION Multimodal brachytherapy results in high rates of bPFS and CSS, even for men with several unfavourable risk factors. Men with two or more unfavourable risk factors had a slightly greater risk of PCSM and no difference in all-cause mortality. The presence of three or four unfavourable intermediate-risk factors does not appear to clearly identify a group that requires further treatment intensification, although the percentage of positive cores might be more predictive than PSAV.
Spiritual Beliefs, Response to Disability, and the Church-Part 2

Abstract The author interviewed 30 persons, including 13 parents of children with developmental disabilities and 9 adults with physical disabilities, about their spiritual experiences with disability. This article, Part 2 in a two part series, describes the participants' perceptions of the evangelical Christian church's influence on their responses to disability. While high religious support by the church promoted positive adaptation to disability, it was not as important as the participants' personal relationship with God. The participants believe that inclusion of people with disabilities into the church begins with selfless service by disabled and non-disabled persons. Their recommendations for the church promote theological understanding of disability, and religious support that addresses continuing, long-term needs.
Dignifying Rights: A Comment on Jeremy Waldron’s Dignity, Rights, and Responsibilities

This essay offers a commentary on Jeremy Waldron’s Shoen Lecture, Dignity, Rights, and Responsibilities, delivered at the Sandra Day O'Connor College of Law at Arizona State University in October of 2011. The Shoen Lecture, building on Waldron’s account of the relation of rights and dignity set out in the 2009 Tanner Lectures, provides a robust conception of human dignity based not on the inherent moral worth of each human person, but rather on a notion of status or rank. The most compelling contribution of Waldron’s new paper is his careful unbraiding of the complex relationship of rights, responsibility, and a liberal conception of human dignity.My aim in this response-essay is to consider more deeply the implications of an account of rights that is premised upon an aristocratic conception of human dignity. Specifically, I am interested in the way in which responsibility is not merely a symptom or correlate of a certain set of rights understood as responsibility-rights, but in how behaving responsibly is expected of those who aim to have their rights claims recognized by others. In this sense, possessing dignity is not inherent in one’s identity as human, but rather takes work, a kind of work that Waldron describes as “the voluntary self-application of norms.”I offer a close reading of the litigation strategy pursued in the challenge to Proposition 8 in California to illuminate the curious turn gay rights cases have taken away from arguments based in sexual liberty or neutrality and toward a thick conception of morality. After Bowers, the lesbian and gay community understood that it had reputational work to do to ready itself for the successful presentation of rights claim to legislatures and courts. Substantial numbers of lesbian and gay people have had to build lives, indeed lives on view for the rest of the society to witness, characterized by commitment, monogamy, parenting, moderation, and conformance with gender norms. Having become recognizable as respectable, the courts could recognize them as dignified, rights-bearing subjects of equal rank to other (heterosexual) legal citizens. This example teaches us how notions of dignity and responsibility-rights come at a price. At least in this context, they provide a less than satisfactory predicate for legal-citizenship.
Calcium and Vitamin D Nutritional Needs of Elderly Women

Because osteoporosis is irreversible, the most effective approach to reduce morbidity and mortality from this disease is to maximize peak bone mass and minimize bone loss. This presentation reviews the evidence that calcium and vitamin D influence rates of bone loss in postmenopausal women. In the first five or more years after menopause, women lose bone very rapidly. During this period, high dose calcium supplementation modestly reduces cortical loss from long bones but has minimal effect on more trabecular sites such as the spine. In addition, vitamin D appears to enhance the effectiveness of supplemental calcium. Late postmenopausal women are generally more responsive to added calcium, and those with the lowest dietary calcium intakes benefit the most. In calcium-replete women, supplementation with vitamin D reduces bone loss and fracture incidence. Available evidence indicates that postmenopausal women should consume 1000-1500 mg of calcium and 400 to 800 IU of vitamin D per day to minimize bone loss.
Mixed strategies in games of capacity manipulation in hospital-intern markets

We investigate games of capacity manipulation in hospital-intern markets as proposed by Konishi and Unver (Soc Choice Welfare, in press). While Konishi and Unver (Soc Choice Welfare, in press) show that there may not exist a pure-strategy Nash equilibrium in general, there exists a mixed-strategy Nash equilibrium in such a game. We show that every hospital weakly prefers a Nash equilibrium to any “larger” capacity profiles, whether the equilibrium is in pure or mixed strategies. In particular, a Nash equilibrium is weakly preferred by hospitals to the outcome that results from truthful reporting.
Front and back by Rho and Rac

The RhoGTPases Rac and Rho are important for orchestrating cytoskeletal dynamics during cell migration and crosstalk to antagonize each others' activities. The discovery of a Rac GTPase activating protein (GAP) that is regulated by Rho and Rho kinase (ROCK) provides a new basis for this crosstalk.
Structural and bonding investigation of an unbridged donor-acceptor complex 1-(2,2′-bipyrimidine)-1-(t-butyl)-2, 3-bis(trimethylsilyl) -2,3-dicarba-1-galla-closo-heptaborane(6)

The reaction between thecloso-gallacarborane, 1-(t-C4H9)-1-Ga-2,3-(SiMe3)2-2,3-C2B4H4 (1), and 2,2′-bipyrimidine in a molar ratio of 1∶1 in dry benzene produced the unbridged donor-acceptor complex 1-(2,2′-C8H6N4)-1-(t-C4H9)-1-Ga-2,3-(SiMe3)2-2, 3-C2B4H4 (2) as a pale-yellow crystalline solid in 81% yield. The spectroscopic data of2 are almost identical to those of the bridged species 1,1′-(2,2′-C8 H6N4)-[1-(t-C4H9)-1-Ga-2,3-(SiMe3)2-2,3-C2 B4H4]2 (3). However, the single-crystal X-ray structure of2 reveals that the complex consists of only one distorted gallacarborane unit and a bipyrimidine molecule, that acts as a bidentate ligand. The apical gallium in2 is displaced further away from the centroidal position above the carborane than it is in 1. Despite the steric hindrance imposed by the bulky trimethylsilyl groups on the cage carbons, the Ga-C(t-buty) bond is tilted toward the cage carbon atoms. Complex2 crystallizes in the monoclinic space groupP21 witha=11.279 (3),b=10.060 (3),c=11.911 (3) A,β=94.94 (2)°,V=1346.5 (6) A3,Z=2,Dx=1.24g cm−3, λ(MoKα) F(000)= 528, andT=220 K. Full-matrix least-squares refinement for2 converged at R=0.036 andRw= 0.045 for 3032 observed reflections. Molecular orbital calculations showed that antibonding interactions between the gallium and carborane cage carbons, induced by base complexation, are a contributing factor to the gallium's slip distortion that is found in2.
Statistical modeling to assess drinking water crisis

We modify the beta distribution by adding a parameter ρ ≥ 0 to capture the urgency level with which nations address drinking water crises. In essence, the urgency parameter relates to region’s environmental or development levels. The modified version is named an urgency biased beta distribution (UBBD). Its statistical properties are considered and illustrated by analysis of the drinking water data in the World Health Organization (2011) report. The methodology of this article is applicable to similar data sets arising in ecological, engineering, medical, business, marketing, and communication, etc. studies.
Cadmium-induced alteration of the microsomal mono-oxygenase system in male rat liver: Effects on hemoprotein turnover and phospholipid content☆

Abstract After cadmium treatment (2.0 mg Cd/kg, i.p.) a marked inhibition is observed in microsomal drug metabolizing enzyme activity which is correlated with a reduction in the hemoprotein, cytochrome P-450, content. Incorporation of the heme precursor, 3H-δ-aminolevulinic acid (3H-δ-ALA), into microsomal CO-binding particles was decreased in cadmium-treated rats. Cadmium treatment produced a differential effect in the biphasic disappearance of radioactivity from the CO-binding particles in that the metal decreased the half-life of the fast-phase component and increased the half-life of the slow-phase component. Thus, the reduction in microsomal levels of cytochrome P-450 induced by cadmium apparently results from a stimulation of the degradation of the fast-phase hemoprotein fraction and a reduction in the synthesis of the slow-phase and fast-phase hemoprotein fractions. Cadmium treatment did not quantitatively alter microsomal phospholipid content.
Silicon Nitride 1×8 Power Splitter for Mid-Infrared Applications

We present a silicon nitride 1x8 power splitter based on a multimode interference coupler for mid infrared wave applications. Simulation shows a 9.3 dB insertion loss over a broad wavelength range (70 nm)
Myoglobinuria in carnitine palmityltransferase deficiency

An 18-year-old male developed recurrent myoglobinuria after prolonged physical exertion. Histochemical analysis of biopsied muscle revealed complete absence of carnitine palmityltransferase. Significant ultrastructural abnormalities of muscle were present, but these could be the result of the recent episode of rhabdomyolysis. Recurrent myoglobinuria can occur in several disorders of glycogen and lipid metabolism in muscle, and such disorders should be suspected in cases of unexplained recurrent myoglobinuria.
Compact infrared heat trap field optics.

A design is presented for achieving compact ir heat trap field optics by incorporation of a lens into the light collector.
Quenching of residual fields by nonaxially symmetric dipolar coupling in zero-field NMR

Abstract Theoretical predictions and experimental results showing the quenching of residual field effects in zero-field NMR experiments are presented. The case studied is analogous to that of a spin I = 1 nucleus but consists of two dipolar-coupled spin I = 1 2 nuclei with a nonaxially symmetric dipolar coupling.
Ebstein's anomaly: A historical overview

After the original description by Ebstein’ in 1866, there were sporadic reports of additional cases of Ebstein’s disease, all of which were noted at autopsy. The fact that the anomaly is relatively rare was attested to by the absence of any Ebstein’s disease in Maude Abbott’s2 series of 1000 congenital heart defects reported in 1936. Yater and Shapiro,3 reporting a case in 1937 in which the diagnosis of Ebstein’s malformation was made at autopsy, noted that “it would appear to be impossible to make the diagnosis of Ebstein’s disease during life.” Yater and Shapiro’s case was the 16th reported in the world literature. The paper key to the clinical recognition of Ebstein’s anomaly was published by Engle and coworkers,4 including Helen B. Taussig, in 1950. This paper should be required reading for all students interested in this subject. These authors reported on the autopsy findings in three cases of Ebstein’s anomaly. They reconstructed the presenting signs and symptoms so that future cases could be suspected from clinical evidence. They stated, “The diagnosis is of more than academic interest, because when there is cyanosis and a diminished pulmonary blood flow, this malformation may resemble the tetralogy of Fallot.” In describing the clinical syndrome, the authors stated: The outstanding clinical manifestations are the delayed and insidious onset of cyanosis, which is out of proportion to the mild dyspnea; the easy fatigability, and the infrequency of