cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Chronicle of Freedom: Freedom Summer Collections at the Mississippi Department of Archives and History

The Mississippi Summer Project of 1964, better known as Freedom Summer, propelled the state and nation closer to racial equality. Organizers are currently preparing for the fiftieth anniversary commemorations, hosted by cities around the state this summer. The Mississippi Department of Archives and History (MDAH) holds collections chronicling that summer’s events. Although there are many from which to choose, this article will discuss several that are representative of the photography, manuscripts, and personal experiences of summer volunteers and the established activist leadership. Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission Records, Series 2515, 135,000 images http://mdah.state.ms.us/arrec/digital_archives/sovcom/colldesc.php Image courtesy of the Mississippi Department of Archives and History. Group of volunteers viewing items on ground at COFO volunteer orientation The Primary Source, Vol. 33, Issue 1 15
The archaeology of historical land use in Massachusetts

The ways in which a broadly conceived study of land use at historical homesites affects both methodological and theoretical approaches to the archaeology of the household are discussed. Special attention is given to ideological factors that resulted in manipulation of domestic landscapes as a means of social display; to the need for an archaeology that can provide a detailed chronological perspective on changing land use over time; and to the methods appropriate to such a study. An approach incorporating primary documentary research, social history, architectural history, and archaeological evidence in order to understand landscape alteration, waste and water management, and outbuilding construction as these relate to changes in household composition and economics is outlined. Examples from published studies and ongoing research are cited in order to illustrate the potential contributions of such an approach to the archaeology of domestic sites.
Turning a Crisis into an Opportunity: DDA and PDA at UTA Libraries

Facing a 72% cut in our monographic acquisitions budget in FY13–14, University of Texas Arlington Libraries turned a crisis into an opportunity. We examined print monographs’ circulation data and discovered the hard truth that the “just‐in‐case” acquisition model is neither sustainable nor serving our users well. Subsequently, our approval plan was put on a virtual mode: no more approval book shipments. We implemented demand‐ driven acquisition (DDA) programs for both electronic and print books and put broader patron‐driven acquisition (PDA) programs in place to meet our users’ needs.
The effects of five voice characteristics on LPC quality

Most published evaluations of LPC systems use only one or two speakers. Since LPC quality and intelligibility are known to depend on the speaker, this is an inadequate test of a synthesis system. We recorded eight men and nine women chosen from a speech data base of 81 speakers who were independently rated by two phoneticians for the presence or absence of the following voice characteristics: nasality, harshness, creak, whisper, and pitch extreme. The 17 talkers represented a balanced sample of strong positives or negatives of the five voice characteristics. Each speaker was recorded on one fifty word set from the Modified Rhyme Test. Monosyllabic word intelligibility tests were administered to 88 listeners (with four listeners per speaker set). Results from the intelligibility tests for different speakers show that vocal characteristics and resultant LPC quality are linked. Nasality and whisper are the most strongly correlated with a decreased LPC intelligibility.
The world food situation: A consensus view☆

Abstract When experts disagree, how should makers of public policy proceed? Dr Paarlberg presents a view of the world food situation that he believes would be agreed upon in its essential elements by about two-thirds of competent researchers studying the subject. He sees some improvement in the situation since the World Food Conference and grounds for cautious optimism in that per capita food production in the poor countries is likely to increase a little and population growth rates are slowing down. The author also deals with some policy myths, argues that the USA has excellent food policies addressed to the world food situation and suggests some areas where action is needed.
A Communication Framework for Digital Libraries

Digital libraries involve various types of data like text, audio, images and video. The data objects are typically very large and of the order of hundreds and thousands of kilobytes. In a digital library, these data objects are distributed in a wide area network. Retrieving large data objects in a wide area network has a high response time. We have conducted experiments to measure the communication overhead in the response time. We have studied the correlation between communication and size of data, between communication and type of data and the communication delay to various sites in a local and wide area network. We present different strategies for reducing delay while communicating multimedia data. Images are amenable to losing data without losing semantics of the image. Lossy compression techniques reduce the quality of the image and reduce the size leading to a lower communication delay. We compared the communication delay between compressed and uncompressed images and study the overhead due to compression and decompression. We present issues in providing digital library service to mobile users and discuss a question: What if communication were free? Finally, we present a framework for efficient communication of digital library data.
Threonine synthetase of Bacillus subtilis. The nature of an associated dehydratase activity.

Abstract The gene encoding threonine synthetase has been located by genetic transformation in Bacillus subtilis. Its position is adjacent and central to the genes encoding homoserine dehydrogenase and homoserine kinase. Its mutational sites are closely linked to, and interspersed among, several mutational sites affecting a minor but phenotypically significant threonine dehydratase (distinct from the major, biosynthetic threonine dehydratase of B. subtilis). This minor dehydratase activity differs from the biosynthetic threonine dehydratase in several important respects. (a) It accounts, when derepressed, for only 4% of the total threonine dehydratase activity of normal cells. (b) The genes encoding the two enzymes are separated by more than half of the chromosome. (c) It has a Michaelis constant for l-threonine nearly 10 times as large as that of the biosynthetic enzyme. (d) It is only mildly inhibited by l-isoleucine. (e) It requires phosphate ions for activity. Enzymatic studies with mutant strains show that both threonine synthetase and the minor dehydratase are concomitantly altered by single mutational events, while strains missing both activities regain both by reverse mutation at single gene frequency (10-8). Furthermore, transformation studies utilizing sheared DNA at low concentrations show that single, indivisible mutational sites affect both activities. Finally, both enzyme activities, partially purified from a strain derepressed for the enzymes of threonine production, co-fractionate to over 200-fold purification through standard protein purification procedures. These findings, together with the mutant studies, are an indication that the minor threonine dehydratase of B. subtilis is a secondary activity of threonine synthetase.
Avoidance of aluminium toxicity: Role of root border cells

Root border cells provide an “extra planta” cellular protection zone that influences the interaction between the root and the soil/microbe environment. We tested the hypothesis that border cells participate in avoidance of aluminium (Al) toxicity in pea. To test the effect of Al on individual border cells, viability and mucilage production was measured on and off the root cap. Border cell viability was unchanged on the plant but in isolation, decreased significantly for 4 hours after which cell death ceased. Mucilage production increased in response to Al both on and off the root. Aluminium uptake was then measured in root tips with and without border cells. Using the fluorescent dye, lumogallion, significantly more fluorescence was observed in root tips that had been exposed to Al after border cell removal. These results suggest that border cells respond actively to the presence of Al and their presence reduces the amount of Al reaching the root tip.
Overview of Genetic Diagnosis in Cancer

Both cytogenetic and molecular genetic studies can contribute to the management of patients with cancer. In some cases, genetic markers are specific to particular tumor types and are useful in diagnosis. This can be helpful in distinguishing histologically similar tumors that may respond differently to treatment and can sometimes be of prognostic value. Genetic markers can also be tools for following the response of a tumor to therapy, providing a sensitive means to detect relapse. This introductory unit considers some of the types of genetic changes that occur in association with malignancies, as well as major approaches used in their detection. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Insulin resistance is associated with epigenetic and genetic regulation of mitochondrial DNA in obese humans

Background Mitochondrial alterations have been observed in subjects with metabolic disorders such as obesity and diabetes. Studies on animal models and cell cultures suggest aberrant glucose and lipid levels, and impaired insulin signaling might lead to mitochondrial changes. However, the molecular mechanism underlying mitochondrial aberrance remains largely unexplored in human subjects.
The Innocence Protection Act of 2004: A Small Step Forward and a Framework for Larger Reforms

Passage of the Innocence Protection Act in the closing days of the 108th Congress was a watershed moment. To be sure, the bill that finally became law was a shadow of the more ambitious criminal justice reforms first championed five years earlier by Senator Pat Leahy, Congressman Bill Delahunt and others. But the enactment of legislation designed to strengthen -- not weaken -- procedural protections for death row inmates was rich in symbolic importance and promise.Writing in the April 2001 issue of THE CHAMPION (Innocence Protection Act: Death Penalty Reform on the Horizon), I said optimistically: "The criminal justice pendulum may be swinging back in the direction of fairness. The Innocence Protection Act of 2001, introduced in both the Senate and the House of Representatives earlier this year, promises meaningful reforms in the administration of capital punishment in the United States." Four years later I'd claim that prediction was fairly accurate. While the reforms in the final bill are not as meaningful as I and others had hoped, the pendulum clearly swung. (Title IV of Public Law 108-405, Justice for All Act.)The IPA marks a dramatic departure from 25 years of congressional debate on the death penalty. Soon after the Supreme Court revived capital punishment in 1976, proposals emerged to restore the federal death penalty. In 1986, the Reagan Administration unsuccessfully urged the U.S. Sentencing Commission to promulgate guidelines for federal capital punishment. In 1988, as part of an omnibus anti-drug bill, Congress reauthorized the federal death penalty for certain drug-related murders. The 1994 crime bill signed by President Clinton authorized a death sentence for over 50 new and existing federal crimes.
Evaluating Human-Human Communication Protocols with Miscommunication Generation and Model Checking

Human-human communication is critical to safe operations in domains such as air transportation where airlines develop and train pilots on communication procedures with the goal to ensure that they check that verbal air traffic clearances are correctly heard and executed. Such communication protocols should be designed to be robust to miscommunication. However, they can fail in ways unanticipated by designers. In this work, we present a method for modeling human-human communication protocols using the Enhanced Operator Function Model with Communications (EOFMC), a task analytic modeling formalism that can be interpreted by a model checker. We describe how miscommunications can be generated from instantiated EOFMC models of human-human communication protocols. Using an air transportation example, we show how model checking can be used to evaluate if a given protocol will ensure successful communication. Avenues of future research are explored.
Direct polymer analysis by radio frequency glow discharge spectrometry. Invited Lecture

Of all the samples matrices commonly encountered in the field of elemental analysis, polymeric materials present some of the greatest challenges regarding sample introduction and quantification. The same chemical properties which make the application of polymers so attractive across a broad spectrum of systems, also greatly restrict the possible chemical methods for their decomposition/dissolution for traditional solution (nebulization) based spectroscopic methods. By the same token, the diversity of physical characteristics in the solid state wreak havoc with solid sampling methods based on charged particle or photon beams. It is also important to realize that both elemental and molecular species information are required in many polymer analyses. Radio frequency glow discharge (rf-GD) sources have some unique characteristics which make them an attractive means for performing both elemental and molecular composition analysis of polymeric materials. This is true for both bulk polymers and polymer films. Many of these characteristics will be discussed here with respect to solving analytical problems, which are in many cases intractable by other methods, even outside of the realm of atomic spectrometry.
What is the point of pseudokinases

The interaction between an active kinase and an ‘inactive’ pseudokinase provides clues about how these enzymes were regulated in the past, and how this regulation has evolved.
Influence of Ovulation Rate on the Tendency of the Fowl to Produce Eggs in Clutches

Abstract LENGTH OF INTERVAL AND CLUTCHES THE general facts regarding the phenomenon of egg production in the domestic hen are fairly well known. Atwood (1929) showed that the size of the clutch (eggs laid successively) is dependent upon the interval (period between layings). Hens tend to have a characteristic length of interval, but among individual birds the interval may vary from 24 to 30 hours. The interval is usually somewhat over 24 hours, thus causing successive eggs to be laid at a later hour each day until the clutch is terminated. Thus, if a bird with approximately a 28-hour interval lays the first egg of the clutch at 8 a.m., the second will be laid at about 12 m., the third at about 4 p.m., and the next egg, which would be scheduled to be produced at 8 p.m., is usually not laid. Thus, the clutch is terminated, and there occurs . . .
Kepone® serum half-life in humans

Abstract Blood samples were obtained from twelve Allied Chemical Company plant workers in Baltimore, Maryland who were exposed to unknown amounts of Kepone ® . The post-exposure serum concentrations of the insecticide were determined by gas chromatography. Serum Kepone concentrations ranging from 120 to 2,109 ng/ml wereobserved on the last day of exposure. Six to seven months later, the insecticide's concentration dropped to 37–486 ng/ml. The half-life of elimination of Kepone was variable and ranged from a low of 63 to a high 148 days. No correletion was observed between the half-life and the serum Kepone concentrations on the last day of exposure.
Optically induced space-charge fields, dc voltage, and extraordinarily large nonlinearity in dye-doped nematic liquid crystals

We have observed extraordinarily large optical nonlinearity in Methyl Red–doped nematic liquid-crystal film. Grating diffraction can be generated with an optical intensity as low as 40 µW/cm2, and a refractive-index change coefficient of more than 6 cm2/W is obtained. The effect is attributed to formation of an optically induced dc space-charge field and to the resulting reorientation of the highly birefringent nematic director axis.
Panel 2: The Implications of Digital Scholarship for Research Libraries: Challenges of Access and Preservation

ABSTRACT The panelists present observations on the impact of digital scholarship for library goals related to information access and preservation based on their experiences in a variety of Web-influenced environments. The advent of digital forms of publishing and information retrieval signal significant changes in our understanding of library business models, user services, and the role of special collections.
‘A Full Knowledge of the Subject of Slavery’: The Amistad, Expert Testimony, and the Origins of Atlantic Studies

This article explores the role of testimony, expertise, and the academy in the production of knowledge about slavery in the context of the trials of the Africans aboard the slave ship La Amistad, 1839–1841. Testimony provided by enlisted self-professed experts formed the intellectual architecture to the legal argument as it advanced to the Supreme Court. When considered separately from the trials, and distinctly as a question of the production of knowledge, the role of expert testimony provides crucial insight into the function of the university in antebellum anti-slavery thought and action, the marginalization of the lived African slave experience, and the emergence of Atlantic studies in the contemporary present. Examining the relationship between the university and the marshalling of expertise – broadly understood as linguistic, political and cultural knowledge of slavery and the slave trade – suggests that the early use of expert testimony had an important albeit neglected role in the birth of Atlanti...
Aging: All in the Head?

Global reduction in insulin signaling has been linked to extended life span in a range of organisms. New work on mice with brain-specific or whole-body reductions in insulin receptor substrate 2 (IRS2) (Taguchi et al., 2007) points to a role for insulin/IGF-1 signaling in the central control of mammalian aging.
Review: Pharmacist care improves therapeutic and safety outcomes in older adults

Source Citation Lee JK, Slack MK, Martin J, Ehrman C, Chisholm-Burns M. Geriatric patient care by US pharmacists in healthcare teams: systematic review and meta-analyses. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2013;61:...
A fast, accurate, and smooth planetary ephemeris retrieval system

Precise trajectory simulations typically require an ephemeris retrieval system, i.e. some mechanism to identify planetary body states and orientations at given times. However, the ephemeris systems most commonly used throughout industry and academia are, by design, general in their capabilities and application. Here, we introduce a new system called FIRE (Fast Interpolated Runtime Ephemeris) that is designed for custom trajectory applications that favor speed and smooth derivatives. The new system minimizes the overhead associated with ephemeris calls through the use of archived splines, a runtime ephemeris (stored in random access memory of the computer), and batch processing routines. Further, our approach naturally provides first and second time derivatives for a small additional computational cost. The derivative capability is particularly attractive for optimization and targeting where smooth and accurate derivatives are important. Relative performance comparisons with the Jet Propulsion Laboratory’s Spacecraft Planet Instrument C-matrix Events ephemeris system show typical speed improvements of approximately two orders of magnitude (250 times) for various state and orientation calls. Performance comparisons for high fidelity trajectory propagations are also considered and a factor of 70 in performance increase is achieved for typical cases. The new tool has potential value to any high precision application or software requiring fast, accurate, and smooth ephemeris data.
Low temperature synthesis and characterization of SnTa2O6

Abstract Sn(II)Ta 2 O 6 is well known as the mineral Thoreaulite, but attempts to prepare it by direct combination of SnO and Ta 2 O 5 fail. SnTa 2 O 6 has now been synthesized by reacting SnCl 2 with KTaO 3 at 673 K under an inert atmosphere. Although a reported structure determination of SnTa 2 O 6 indicated an acentric space group, our second harmonic generation (SHG) studies indicate that SnTa 2 O 6 is centrosymmetric as is the case for isostructural SnNb 2 O 6 .
Tonic and phasic smooth muscle contraction is not regulated by the PKCα - CPI-17 pathway in swine stomach antrum and fundus.

Regulation of myosin light chain phosphatase (MLCP) via protein kinase C (PKC) and the 17 kDa PKC-potentiated inhibitor of myosin light chain phosphatase (CPI-17) has been reported as a Ca2+ sensitization signaling pathway in smooth muscle (SM), and thus may be involved in tonic vs. phasic contractions. This study examined the protein expression and spatial-temporal distribution of PKCα and CPI-17 in intact SM tissues. KCl or carbachol (CCh) stimulation of tonic stomach fundus SM generates a sustained contraction while the phasic stomach antrum generates a transient contraction. In addition, the tonic fundus generates greater relative force than phasic antrum with 1 µM phorbol 12, 13-dibutyrate (PDBu) stimulation which is reported to activate the PKCα – CPI-17 pathway. Western blot analyses demonstrated that this contractile difference was not caused by a difference in the protein expression of PKCα or CPI-17 between these two tissues. Immunohistochemical results show that the distribution of PKCα in the longitudinal and circular layers of the fundus and antrum do not differ, being predominantly localized near the SM cell plasma membrane. Stimulation of either tissue with 1 µM PDBu or 1 µM CCh does not alter this peripheral PKCα distribution. There are no differences between these two tissues for the CPI-17 distribution, but unlike the PKCα distribution, CPI-17 appears to be diffusely distributed throughout the cytoplasm under relaxed tissue conditions but shifts to a primarily peripheral distribution at the plasma membrane with stimulation of the tissues with 1 µM PDBu or 1 µM CCh. Results from double labeling show that neither PKCα nor CPI-17 co-localize at the adherens junction (vinculin/talin) at the membrane but they do co-localize with each other and with caveoli (caveolin) at the membrane. This lack of difference suggests that the PKCα - CPI-17 pathway is not responsible for the tonic vs. phasic contractions observed in stomach fundus and antrum.
Business Ethics as Self-Regulation: Why Principles that Ground Regulations Should Be Used to Ground Beyond-Compliance Norms as Well

Theories of business ethics or corporate responsibility tend to focus on justifying obligations that go above and beyond what is required by law. This article examines the curious fact that most business ethics scholars use concepts, principles, and normative methods for identifying and justifying these beyond-compliance obligations that are very different from the ones that are used to set the levels of regulations themselves. Its modest proposal—a plea for a research agenda, really—is that we could reduce this normative asymmetry by borrowing from the normative framework of “regulation” to identify and justify an important range of beyond-compliance obligations. In short, we might think of “self-regulation” as a language and a normative framework with some distinct advantages over other frameworks like stakeholder theory, corporate social responsibility, corporate citizenship, and the like. These other frameworks have been under attack in the business ethics literature of late, primarily for their vagueness and their disappointing inability to distinguish clearly between genuine beyond-compliance moral obligations, on the one hand, and charitable acts that are laudable but not morally obligatory, on the other.
Evidence for a doubly magic 24O

Abstract The decay energy spectrum for neutron unbound states in 24O ( Z = 8 , N = 16 ) has been observed for the first time. The resonance energy of the lowest lying state, interpreted as the 2 + level, has been observed at a decay energy above 600 keV. The resulting excitation energy of the 2 + level above 4.7 MeV, supplies strong evidence that 24O is a doubly magic nucleus. The data is also consistent with the presence of a second excited state around 5.33 MeV which can be interpreted as the 1 + level.
Molecular recognition of adenine : role of geometry, electronic effects and rotational restrictions

Abstract A new series of receptors for adenine, based upon Kemp's triacid has been synthesized. Their association constants with 9-ethyl-adenine in CDCl3 have been measured and correlated to their geometric, electronic and rotational features.
Distributed flow optimization control for energy-harvesting wireless sensor networks

This paper proposes a distributed flow-based routing technique in energy-harvesting wireless sensor networks (EHWSNs) in order to balance the energy consumptions by sending packets assigned to routers that are sent from sensors to base stations. The objective of the flow optimization problem is to minimize the total load factors of all the nodes and wireless links, which leads to sustainable management of the sensor networks that exploit renewable power from energy harvesting systems. We propose a novel algorithm based on tie-set graph theory where the underlying graph of an EHWSN is divided into a set of independent loops to significantly reduce the topological complexity, which simplifies the flow optimization problem to be solved in a distributed manner. Simulation experiments against the shortest-path and multi-path algorithms demonstrate that optimized packet flows by the proposed method realize the sustainable EHWSNs and maintain the useful life of storage devices with modest increase in total energy consumption by routings.
Preparing gifted youth for leadership roles in a rapidly changing society

To prepare gifted and talented youth for leadership roles in a rapidly changing society is a large task that calls for comprehensive program development and curriculum planning. This article focuses on five major aspects: (a) experience in predicting, planning and extrapolating; (b) explicit leadership training; [c] thinking skills; (d) experience in problem finding and problem solving; and (e) study of major concepts, themes, issues and ideas.
The Lost Decade: America in the Seventies

To many Americans, the 1970s seem a "lost" period, a pale and undistinguished decade compared with the 1960s and the 1980s, just as the presidents of the time -- Gerald Ford and Jimmy Carter -- were far less colourful and distinctive than Kennedy, Nixon or Ronald Reagan. In addition, the 1970s were marked by economic recession and a national identity crisis in the aftermath of the Vietnam War, Watergate and the energy crisis. Not even the 1976 Bicentennial celebration was able to break this feeling of collective lethargy and disillusion. Issue 26 of Aarhus University Press's arts and humanities journal "The Dolphin" demonstrates that while the 1970s were indeed rather grey in many respects, they were also a time of reassessment and dynamism in many fields of popular American culture. This point is illustrated by examples from different contexts: Western movies, the National Park Service, self-help psychology, grass-roots activism and popular music.
Ancient Movement Patterns Determine Modern Genetic Variances in Europe

Abstract A summary ethnohistory database on population movements in Europe between 2000 B.C. and A.D. 1970 was related to genetic variances and distances based on 26 genetic systems. For the purposes of these analyses, Europe was divided into 85 terrestrial quadrats measuring 5° × 5°. Counts, stratified by time, were taken of the number of movements out of and into each quadrat (called source and target counts, respectively) and between each pair of quadrats. The source and target counts have distinct and different patterns in Europe and vary significantly over time. Central Europe and the Pontic area have the quadrats with the highest source counts, and the Balkans have the highest target counts. Modern genetic variances per quadrat are significantly correlated with source and target counts, somewhat more prominently with source counts. Genetic distances between pairs of quadrats are correlated strongly with geographic distances and moderately and negatively correlated with the total number of movements ...
Traffic simulation input data

Traffic simulations commonly use a Poisson process for intersection arrival input data. It is the intention of this design to simulate arrival data which reflects the cumulative effects of traffic control signals in modifying the distribution of the Poisson arrival process. The data generator will consist of a discrete-event stochastic simulation of traffic movement along a one-way single lane roadway (no overtaking) through n intersections having pretimed controllers. Vehicles will originate from a fixed source. The traffic arrival rate at the first intersection will be an independent identically distributed (lID) random variable. The distribution of this variable will be primarily exponential to implement the Poisson process. Other probability distributions such as normal and weibull will be experimented with as well. The mean interarrival time at the first intersection will be varied to simulate light, medium and heavy traffic conditions.
Means Without End?: A Review of Civil Resistance and Power Politics

The last decade has witnessed an interesting mix of civil unrest, from mass protests for global justice; to student riots throughout Europe; to the ongoing, brutal insurgency in Iraq. The abundance...
Direct Method for Determination of Microquantities of Molybdenum, Iron, and Copper in Milk Xanthine Oxidase Fractions by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy

Microgram and submicrogram quantities of molybdenum, iron, and copper in bovine milk and intestinal xanthine oxidase fractions were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy using the standard addition method. Dialysis fluids consisting of 0.1-10 mM potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, containing 0.01-1 mM ethylenediaminetetraacetate served as blanks and diluents for both samples and standards. The sensitivities of the method for iron, molybdenum, and copper were 0.02-0.05, 0.01-0.02, and 0.01-0.02 (μg/ml)/1% absorption, respectively. Coefficients of variation of 8.2, 6.6, and 4.2% were obtained with samples containing 0.11, 0.056, and 0.021 μg/ml of iron, molybdenum, and copper, respectively. Occasional interferences encountered with either concentrated or partially purified fractions could be completely eliminated by direct dilution of the sample. Known quantities of all three metals added to various enzyme preparations were quantitatively recoverable. Dry ashing prior to analysis had no effect on the analytical results.
Study of gas hydrates in the deep-sea Gulf of Mexico from seismic data

Gas hydrates are solid ice-like structures in which gas molecules are trapped within cages of water molecules. They are found in the marine sediments along continental margins worldwide. Because hydrates contain a large concentration of methane, they are a potential energy resource.
Group III-nitride lasers: a materials perspective

An overview of III-Nitride based laser diodes (LDs) is presented focusing on the materials challenges in each phase of device development. We discuss early breakthroughs leading to the first commercial GaN LDs, covering crystal growth, p-type doping, and defect reduction. Additional device issues, such as polarization effects, strain, and index dispersion are addressed as they apply to the development of blue and green LDs for pico-projector applications. State of the art device results are highlighted. Devices grown on non-polar and semi-polar GaN substrates address many polarization related problems present in c-plane GaN growth. Device results, advantages, and limitations of various non-polar and semi-polar systems are discussed in terms of polarization properties, Indium incorporation, extended defect formation, and critical thickness. A brief description of challenges and progress in UV LDs is also presented.
An analysis of detection bias and proposed corrections in the study of estrogens and endometrial cancer

Abstract We present an algebraic analysis of detection bias and the Horwitz-Feinstein correction in the study of estrogens and endometrial cancer. This analysis sets forth precisely how the validity of conventional study results depends on the cancer detection rates, and how the validity of the Horwitz-Feinstein ‘alternative’ approach depends on both the detection rates and the rates of the medical intervention employed as the matching factor. Numerical examples demonstrate that the observed results of both conventional and alternative studies are mutually compatible with a broad range of true values of the association under study, and that there is no a priori basis for assuming that either set of results is closer to the true value. Nevertheless, estimates of exposure-specific disease detection rates can be used to evaluate the extent of bias present in conventional results.
Mixed convection in micropolar fluid flow over a horizontal plate with surface mass transfer

Abstract Combined free and forced convection in the boundary layer flow of a micropolar fluid over a horizontal surface is studied. Buoyancy effects on the flow and temperature fields are discussed. The influence of uniform mass transfer from the surface is also considered. Wall friction and heat transfer results are presented for various cases representing the relative effects of blowing or suction as compared to the combined effects of buoyancy and mass transfer.
Variations in riboflavin binding by human plasma: Identification of immunoglobulins as the major proteins responsible

Abstract Riboflavin binding by plasma proteins from healthy human subjects was examined by equilibrium dialysis using a physiological concentration of [2-14C]riboflavin (0.04 μ m ). Binding ranged from 0.080 to 0.917 pmole of riboflavin/mg of protein (with a mean ± SD of 0.274 ± 0.206), which corresponded to 4.14 to 49.4 pmole/ml of plasma (15.5 ± 11.0) (N = 34). Males and females yielded similar results. Upon fractionation of plasma by gel filtration, the major riboflavin-binding components eluted with albumin and γ-globulins. Albumin was purified and found to bind riboflavin only very weakly (Kd = 3.8 to 10.4 m m ), although FMN and photochemical degradation products (e.g., lumiflavine and lumichrome) were more tightly bound. Binding in the γ-globulin fraction was attributed to IgG and IgA because the binding protein(s) and immunoglobulins copurified using various methods were removed by treatment of plasma with protein A-agarose, and were coincident upon immunoelectrophoresis followed by autoradiography to detect [2-14C]riboflavin. Differences among the plasma samples correlated with the binding recovered with the immunoglobulins. Binding was not directly related to the total IgG or IgA levels of subjects. Hence, it appears that the binding is due to a subfraction of these proteins. These findings suggest that riboflavin-binding immunoglobulins are a major cause of variations in riboflavin binding in human circulation, and may therefore affect the utilization of this micronutrient.
Production and recovery of pulmonary fat emboli in dogs.

Abstract A model system has been developed for the recovery of pulmonary fat emboli in dogs. Four hours after the animals were traumatized, the resultant lipid emboli trapped in the capillary bed of the lungs were removed by retrograde perfusion. After flotation by centrifugation, emboli lipids were extracted from the surface of the perfusion fluid. The recovery of emboli fat by this procedure was determined both chemically and by use of 125 I-triolein. Separation and characterization of the fat emboli by thin layer chromatography revealed that triglyceride was the predominant lipid. Small amounts of diglyceride, monoglyceride, free fatty acid, sterol, and phospholipid were also detected.
Class alliance and class fractions in Ghanaian trading and state formation

This article marks a return to an analysis of merchant capital in West Africa. Clark undertakes a longitudinal look at the patterns of populism and class alliances among Ghanaian traders from the pre‐colonial period, through the colonial period up to the current Rawlings administration. She draws attention to the transformation of gender roles in the colonial period stemming from the introduction of the ‘passbook’ system which enabled a significant number of women to begin trading as the men left for the professions. She also notes that these alliances have not always been solid. For the mercantile class, the essence of the alliance was to maintain control over the terms of trade. To achieve this aim this class sought support initially from the chiefs, and later on from smallholders and professionals in their battles with the colonial state, and more recently the post‐colonial regimes.
Confocal Imaging of Single Mitochondrial Superoxide Flashes in Intact Heart or In Vivo

Mitochondrion is a critical intracellular organelle responsible for energy production and intracellular signaling in eukaryotic systems. Mitochondrial dysfunction often accompanies and contributes to human disease. Majority of the approaches that have been developed to evaluate mitochondrial function and dysfunction are based on in vitro or ex vivo measurements. Results from these experiments have limited ability in determining mitochondrial function in vivo. Here, we describe a novel approach that utilizes confocal scanning microscopy for the imaging of intact tissues in live aminals, which allows the evaluation of single mitochondrial function in a real-time manner in vivo. First, we generate transgenic mice expressing the mitochondrial targeted superoxide indicator, circularly permuted yellow fluorescent protein (mt-cpYFP). Anesthetized mt-cpYFP mouse is fixed on a custom-made stage adaptor and time-lapse images are taken from the exposed skeletal muscles of the hindlimb. The mouse is subsequently sacrificed and the heart is set up for Langendorff perfusion with physiological solutions at 37 °C. The perfused heart is positioned in a special chamber on the confocal microscope stage and gentle pressure is applied to immobilize the heart and suppress heart beat induced motion artifact. Superoxide flashes are detected by real-time 2D confocal imaging at a frequency of one frame per second. The perfusion solution can be modified to contain different respiration substrates or other fluorescent indicators. The perfusion can also be adjusted to produce disease models such as ischemia and reperfusion. This technique is a unique approach for determining the function of single mitochondrion in intact tissues and in vivo.
Aids to scalp reduction surgery.

. Utilizing certain surgical techniques during scalp reduction surgery will assist the surgeon in achieving a carefully planned and more efficient result. Measurement of scalp depth will assist in predicting the amount of skin to be excised. A simple method of safe identification of the periosteum is described along with the description of an elevator which assists in rapid, safe, and extensive undermining in the galeal-periosteal plane. An accessory supra-auricular scalp incision can be employed to allow for extensive scalp undermining. A transverse incision into the skin flap to be advanced, allows the surgeon to safely approximate the amount of skin to be excised. When skin closure becomes impossible due to overzealous excision of bald skin, galeotomies can provide closure. A special order suture is described which allows for easier galeal closure. Surgical skin staples are recommended to provide a faster skin closure.
Transparent aluminosilicate gels from single alkoxides: Current directions

This article presents a short review of current and future trends in the synthesis of non-stoichiometric, transparent aluminosilicate gels. An overview of currently accessible compositions is also provided.
Not-for-Profit Hospital CEO Performance and Pay: Some Evidence from Connecticut:

This paper uses observations from a panel data set of 35 chief executive officers (CEOs) from 29 not-for-profit hospitals in Connecticut over the period 1998 to 2006 to investigate the relationship between CEO performance and pay. Both economic and charity performance measures are specified in the empirical model. The multiple regression results reveal that not-for-profit hospital CEOs, at least in Connecticut, are driven at the margin to increase the occupancy rate of privately insured patients at the expense of uncompensated care and public-pay patients. This type of behavior on the part of not-for-profit hospital CEOs calls into question the desirability of allowing these hospitals a tax exemption on earned income, property, and purchases.
Foliar Penetration of Succinic Acid‐2,2‐dimethylhydrazide: Mechanism and Rate Limiting Step

The foliar penetration of succinic acid-2,2-dimethylhydrazide (SADH) into primary leaves of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Blue Lake) was studied using detached leaves and a leaf disc method. SADH penetration was linear with time and directly related to concentration and the fraction of non-ionized SADH molecules in the treating solution. The addition of a surfactant, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate, increasing temperature and light enhanced penetration. Surfactant and light enhanced penetration are discussed in relation to increased wetting and area of contact over guard and accessory cells and the greater permeability of the cuticular ledges in open than in closed stomata. Evidence is presented that foliar penetration of SADH takes place by diffusion controlled by the cuticular membrane. Metabolic processes were not rate limiting.
Growth, microstructure, charge transport, and transparency of random polycrystalline and heteroepitaxial metalorganic chemical vapor deposition-derived gallium–indium–oxide thin films

Gallium–indium–oxide films (GaxIn2⊟xO3), where x = 0.0–1.1, were grown by low-pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition using the volatile metalorganic precursors In(dpm)3 and Ga(dpm)3 (dpm = 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionato). The films were smooth (root mean square roughness = 50–65 A) with a homogeneously Ga-substituted, cubic In2O3 microstructure, randomly oriented on quartz or heteroepitaxial on (100) yttria-stabilized zirconia single-crystal substrates. The highest conductivity of the as-grown films was found at x = 0.12, with σ = 700 S/cm [n-type; carrier density = 8.1 × 1019 cm⊟3; mobility = 55.2 cm2/(V s); dσ/dT<0]. The optical transmission window of such films is considerably broader than that of Sn-doped In2O3, and the absolute transparency rival or exceeds that of the most transparent conductive oxides known. Reductive annealing, carried out at 400–425 C° in a flowing gas mixture of H2 (4%) and N2, resulted in increased conductivity (σ 1400 S/cm; n-type), carrier density (1.4 × 1020 cm⊟3), and mobility as high as 64.6 cm2/(V s), with little loss in optical transparency. No significant difference in carrier mobility or conductivity is observed between randomly oriented and heteroepitaxial films, arguing in combination with other data that carrier scattering effects at high-angle grain/domain boundaries play a minor role in the conductivity mechanism.
Rapid Analysis of Elemental Concentrations in Compost Via Portable X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry

The importance of compost testing for heavy metals and plant essential nutrients is vital to preventing the transport of toxic elemental loads and imperative to successful marketing of composted products. As such, a method to more efficiently test the elemental composition of compost would aid producers and compost analysis labs in evaluating and certifying the material prior to use. The use of portable X-ray fluorescence (PXRF) spectrometry for elemental compost analysis was investigated, to build on previous research, analyze technological improvements, test applicability of the technology on a wide range of compost types, and quantify the influence of moisture, particle size, organic matter and interelemental interactions on scan results. Several elements, specifically Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mn, P, and Zn showed the most potential for analysis via PXRF in dried samples. Arsenic detection was found to be limited by the influence of Pb levels in the samples. Great potential for widespread evaluation and some...
Interpretive versus structural effects on semantic memory

The possibility that sentence information may be stored in an inferentially distant form was investigated. During acquisition, subjects heard proverbs, and along with each proverb either a repetition, grammatical transformation, parasyntactic paraphrase, or an unrelated control sentence. Prompted free recall of the proverbs was then solicited. Analyses of propositions and content words recalled revealed the superiority of the parasyntactic group. Also, no interaction between groups and proverb imagery level was evident. The groups effect was discussed in terms of three hypotheses: imagery, semantic blocking, and the use of a common conceptual (nonlinguistic) base. The latter hypothesis was best supported, suggesting that more abstract forms of sentence storage are possible than that reported by Bransford, Barclay and Franks (1972) and by Kintsch and Monk (1972) .
Association between quantitative EEG and neurocognition in methamphetamine-dependent volunteers.

Objective: Exposure to methamphetamine is associated with long-lasting reductions in markers for dopaminergic neurons in preclinical models and in humans. These changes may be associated with alterations in brain electrical activity and in cognition. Methods: The sample included 9 methamphetamine-dependent subjects and 10 non-drug-using volunteers. Methamphetamine-dependent subjects were hospitalized for 4 days to document abstinence; non-drug-using volunteers were studied as outpatients. EEGs were recorded in the eyes-closed resting state, and absolute EEG power in each frequency band (0.5– 4 Hz, 4 – 8 Hz, 8 – 12 Hz, and 12 – 20 Hz) was measured using a fast Fourier transform. EEG power was log-transformed prior to analysis. Cognition was measured using computerized reaction time tasks. Results: Within the methamphetamine-dependent group only, increased theta quantitative EEG (QEEG) power correlated significantly with reaction time on tasks that were more difficult or that were degraded by fatigue. Increased theta QEEG power also correlated with reduced accuracy on a working memory task. Conclusions: Increased QEEG power in the theta band is associated with worse performance on reaction time tasks in the methamphetamine-dependent sample but not in the non-drug-using volunteers. Significance: Methamphetamine dependence is associated with pathological alterations in brain electrical activity and in cognitive performance. QEEG appears to provide a sensitive measure of methamphetamine-associated alterations in brain function. q 2004 International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.