cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Impact of Anti‐Assimilationist Beliefs on Attitudes toward Immigration

I outline different beliefs about assimilation, and show that these beliefs can influence attitudes toward immigration. Using data from a new national sample survey in Japan, I test whether and how beliefs about assimilation influence attitudes toward immigration. The results show two important conclusions. First, there is a large anti-immigrant sentiment in Japan. Second, after controlling for other known determinants of attitudes toward immigration, I find that those who are in favor of immigrant assimilation support higher levels of immigration, more immigrant equal rights, and have more accurate views about immigrant crime in Japan. This suggests that those favoring assimilation are not necessarily xenophobic in all cultures.
Goodness, beauty, and the aesthetics of discipline in Timothy Dwight's landscapes

Timothy Dwight, eighth President of Yale, traveled widely in the Northeast for more than 20 years before his death in 1817. His observations were posthumously published as Travels in New England and New York. For all its loose organization, pomposity and ‘droning sameness’ of style, the text reveals an extraordinary range of observation and a deep awareness of literary and philosophical approaches to landscape. In characteristically eighteenth-century fashion, he sees the aesthetic and the moral as inextricably linked. Travels constitutes a deeply tendentious and supremely ideological reading of landscape as Dwight seeks to refute the claims of condescending Europeans and reveal the supremacy of New England religion and culture, as guaranteed by freehold land and the properly regulated worship of an established church. Dwight's landscape ideal symbolically controls potentially irreligious and unruly people using several inflections of neoclassical visual aesthetics, including the framing and spatial bound...
The relationship between normatively versus attitudinally controlled people and normatively versus attitudinally controlled behaviors

Abstract We proposed a hypothesis that not only can people be under attitudinal or normative control across a large number of behaviors (Trafimow & Finlay, 1996) , but behaviors can be under attitudinal or normative control across a large number of people. Further, both types of findings can be obtained using the same sets of people and behaviors. To test the hypothesis, a large number of participants were asked to indicate their attitudes, subjective norms, and intentions towards performing 30 behaviors. On the basis of within-participants multiple regression analyses, participants were deemed to be generally under attitudinal or normative control across the 30 behaviors. In addition, consistent with previous research (Trafimow & Finlay, 1996) , the unique variance in intentions accounted for by attitudes and subjective norms was highly dependent upon whether attitudinally or normatively controlled participants were used. Finally, however, attitudes accounted for more variance in intentions than did subjective norms for some behaviors, even when normatively controlled participants were analyzed! Thus, the hypothesis was strongly supported.
Hierarchical Poisson Regression Modeling

Abstract The Poisson model and analyses here feature nonexchangeable gamma distributions (although exchangeable following a scale transformation) for individual parameters, with standard deviations proportional to means. A relatively uninformative prior distribution for the shrinkage values eliminates the ill behavior of maximum likelihood estimators of the variance components. When tested in simulation studies, the resulting procedure provides better coverage probabilities and smaller risk than several other published rules, and thus works well from Bayesian and frequentist perspectives alike. The computations provide fast, accurate density approximations to individual parameters and to structural regression coefficients. The computer program is publicly available through Statlib.
Transient model of a doubly excited reluctance motor

A transient machine model of a doubly fed reluctance motor is derived by means of winding function and d-q transformation theory. The machine consists of a double-wound stator with four and eight pole sets. The rotor is equipped with six poles. The machine, related to the Hunt motor, has the synchronous speed of a twelve-pole machine. Comparison of simulated results to test results indicates that the higher harmonics in the motor inductances are important for predicting the current waveform. >
RADIATION OF CENOZOIC PLANKTONIC FORAMINIFERA

The general aspects of planktonic foraminiferal radiation durilng the Cenozoic are shown by the distributional patterns of several morphotypic groups. There were two major radiations, one occurring during the Paleogene, the other during the Neogene. The radiations followed severe reductions in diversity which occurred at the close of the Cretaceous and again during the mid-Tertiary. Distributional patterns are iterative, and the Neogene radiation is essentially a repetition of what occurred during the Paleogene. According to the present interpretation, the iLerative patterns reflect major changes in the dynamic structure of surface waters. By analogy with the distribution of the modem fauna, it is suggested that thermal barriers were degraded during times of reduction and the oceans were uniformly cool. During the radiations thermal gradients were restored and the structure of the surface waters was essentially as it is today.
Evidence that spinal endorphin mediates intraventricular β-endorphin-induced tail flick inhibition and catalepsy

Abstract Naloxone injected intrathecally had a different effect on the inhibition of the tail flick response produced by β-endorphin and morphine injected intraventricularly. The intrathecal naloxone completely antagonized the effect of β-endorphin but had only a very weak effect on morphine. In the same rats the cataleptic response to β-endorphin was antagonized as well; however no definitive conclusion could be made regarding the antagonism of the morphine-induced catalepsy. The results indicate that spinal endorphin is involved in the production of intraventricular β-endorphin-induced spinal tail flick inhibition and suggest that intraventricular β-endorphin and morphine elicit their pharmacological action via the activation of different descending inhibitory systems.
Hydraulic permeation of liquids through swollen polymeric networks. I. Poly(vinyl alcohol)–water

Poly(vinyl alcohol) membranes were prepared by crosslinking with terephthalaldehyde. Hydraulic permeation of water through this network structure was measured as a function of pressure for temperatures ranging from 18° to 35.8°C. The data were analyzed via a previously developed solution–diffusion theory for hydraulic permeation to give mutual diffusion coefficients. The activation energy for diffusion was found to be 6.5 kcal/mole which compared to the value of 4.3 kcal/mole for viscous flow of water indicates an influence of polymer–liquid interaction on the energetics of the diffusion process.
Adenosine and sleep–wake regulation

This review addresses three principal questions about adenosine and sleep-wake regulation: (1) Is adenosine an endogenous sleep factor? (2) Are there specific brain regions/neuroanatomical targets and receptor subtypes through which adenosine mediates sleepiness? (3) What are the molecular mechanisms by which adenosine may mediate the long-term effects of sleep loss? Data suggest that adenosine is indeed an important endogenous, homeostatic sleep factor, likely mediating the sleepiness that follows prolonged wakefulness. The cholinergic basal forebrain is reviewed in detail as an essential area for mediating the sleep-inducing effects of adenosine by inhibition of wake-promoting neurons via the A1 receptor. The A2A receptor in the subarachnoid space below the rostral forebrain may play a role in the prostaglandin D2-mediated somnogenic effects of adenosine. Recent evidence indicates that a cascade of signal transduction induced by basal forebrain adenosine A1 receptor activation in cholinergic neurons leads to increased transcription of the A1 receptor; this may play a role in mediating the longer-term effects of sleep deprivation, often called sleep debt.
Osmotic reflection coefficients of canine subcutaneous adipose tissue endothelium.

Abstract Volume changes were produced in isolated perfused canine subcutaneous adipose tissue when hydrophilic solutes were added to the perfusate. The initial volume slopes per unit osmolality change yielded the following product: (observed reflection coefficient × filtration coefficient) for the endothelial barrier. The filtration coefficient (CFC), determined from the sustained constant volume change per increment of venous pressure, averaged 0.027 ml × min −1 × 100 g −1 . The observed reflection coefficients were (mean ± SE): sodium chloride, 0.0227 ± 0.002; sucrose, 0.0333 ± 0.003; raffinose, 0.0340 ± 0.002; and Ficoll 70, 0.9110 ± 0.160. The relatively high capacity for filtration of adipose tissue capillaries (compared with those in skeletal muscle) was confirmed. The observed reflection coefficients for exchange vessels in fat were about one tenth of the values reported for lung, cardiac, and skeletal muscle endothelium.
Lipid composition of the vascular system during infancy, childhood, and young adulthood

The object of this study was to determine the changes in lipid composition that occur in blood vessels from infancy to young adulthood. Analyses included levels of total cholesterol, total triglyceride, phospholipid, and cholesteryl ester fatty acids, and the distribution of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Triglyceride, total and monoenoic fatty acids, and linoleic acid were lower in the ascending, thoracic, and abdominal aorta than in the pulmonary artery and inferior vena cava. Phospholipids and arachidonic acid were higher in aortic segments than in the other two vessels. Aortic lipids showed significant changes with increasing age: total cholesterol and total fatty acids decreased from
Conductance and permeability of the residual state of connexin43 gap junction channels.

We used cell lines expressing wild-type connexin43 and connexin43 fused with the enhanced green fluorescent protein (Cx43-EGFP) to examine conductance and perm-selectivity of the residual state of Cx43 homotypic and Cx43/Cx43-EGFP heterotypic gap junction channels. Each hemichannel in Cx43 cell–cell channel possesses two gates: a fast gate that closes channels to the residual state and a slow gate that fully closes channels; the transjunctional voltage (Vj) closes the fast gate in the hemichannel that is on the relatively negative side. Here, we demonstrate macroscopically and at the single-channel level that the I-V relationship of the residual state rectifies, exhibiting higher conductance at higher Vjs that are negative on the side of gated hemichannel. The degree of rectification increases when Cl− is replaced by Asp− and decreases when K+ is replaced by TEA+. These data are consistent with an increased anionic selectivity of the residual state. The Vj-gated channel is not permeable to monovalent positively and negatively charged dyes, which are readily permeable through the fully open channel. These data indicate that a narrowing of the channel pore accompanies gating to the residual state. We suggest that the fast gate operates through a conformational change that introduces positive charge at the cytoplasmic vestibule of the gated hemichannel, thereby producing current rectification, increased anionic selectivity, and a narrowing of channel pore that is largely responsible for reducing channel conductance and restricting dye transfer. Consequently, the fast Vj-sensitive gating mechanism can serve as a selectivity filter, which allows electrical coupling but limits metabolic communication.
The effect of excess bismuth on the ferroelectric properties of SrBi 2 Ta 2 O 9 thin films

The effect of excess bismuth on the ferroelectric properties of SrBi{sub 2}Ta{sub 2}O{sub 9} (SBT) thin films having a perovskite-like layered structure was investigated for excess bismuth contents ranging from 0{percent} to 100{percent}. For the first time, a limited solid solution of SBT and Bi{sub 2}O{sub 3} was shown to exist when the amount of excess Bi was less than 50{percent}. The formation of a solid solution enhanced the grain size and a-b plane orientation of the films, resulting in substantial improvement in the ferroelectric hysteresis properties of the films. On the other hand, when the amount of excess Bi exceeded 50{percent}, Bi{sub 2}O{sub 3} appeared as a second phase which led to high leakage current and poor ferroelectric hysteresis curves. 30{endash}50{percent} excess Bi content was found to be the optimum composition with respect to grain size, crystallographic orientation and single phase formation. Within this range, SBT films exhibit low leakage current density ({approximately}10{sup {minus}9}A/cm{sup 2}) and maximum remanent polarization (2Pr{approximately}12 {mu}C/cm{sup 2}). {copyright} {ital 1997 Materials Research Society.}
Evaluating Track-Following Servo Performance of High-Density Hard Disk Drives Using Patterned Media

In recent years, track densities of magnetic hard disks have continued to grow. A promising approach to continuing the trend to ultrahigh density is using bit-patterned media (BPM). However, the implementation of BPM in hard disk drives (HDDs) to achieve high recording density is challenging and requires various new techniques, such as new servo pattern designs and position error signal (PES) decoding schemes. In applying BPM in HDDs, it is important to select a servo pattern providing sufficient PES quality for head positioning. In this paper, we discuss evaluation of PES quality and servo pattern performance from a closed-loop (servo) point of view in order to evaluate the quality of several servo patterns. We consider three servo patterns (the amplitude pattern, chevron pattern, and differential frequency pattern) as case studies. We developed a PES simulation tool to provide a realistic HDD track-following simulation. Because of PES nonlinearity in the amplitude servo pattern, we considered time-based servo patterns as alternatives. For time-based servo patterns, we found that readback signal sampling and transition jitter greatly affect PES quality. Therefore, we conclude that the differential frequency servo pattern is superior to other patterns, since it is less sensitive to transition jitter and readback signal sampling.
A systems analysis and model of a parallel multi-server queueing system

A feasible set of management policies to handle multitandem queuing systems characterized by stochastic demand is presented. This type of system is common in many service related organizations. The research used a previously developed simulation model of a State of Florida driver licensing office to manipulate policy variables in an effort to provide options for increased system efficiency. A key consideration is the ability to balance customer waiting time against ideal server time. The use of simulation analysis enables the modeler to incorporate complex characteristics of this type of system into the model, therefore providing a realistic representation of possible management actions. Dramatic results produced by the moving server models indicate that this method may provide the most efficient pairing of server resources with customer demand. >
A general Look-Ahead algorithm for pipelining IIR filters

In a recent work, a new general Look-Ahead (LA) scheme, referred to as Distributed Look-Ahead (DLA), has been proposed for pipelined implementation of Recursive Digital filters. It was shown that the existing Look-Ahead schemes such as the Clustered (CLA) and Scattered Look-Ahead (SLA) schemes were special cases of the proposed DLA scheme. In this follow-up work, further extensions of the DLA scheme is presented. Specifically, an analytical iterative scheme has been derived for obtaining the coefficients of the augmentation polynomial for DLA implementation of second order filters. Next, for a number of pipelined stages, efficient factorizations are shown to provide significant hardware savings when compared with the corresponding SLA schemes. Finally, it is shown that for a special class of 2D IIR filters, the DLA scheme can also be used to provide equivalent and stable pipelined implementations with reduced pipeline delay and hardware, when compared with existing LA schemes.
The Effect of Topography on Storm-Track Intensity in a Relatively Simple General Circulation Model

The effect of topography on storm-track intensity is examined with a set of primitive equation model integrations. This effect is found to be crucially dependent on the latitudinal structure of the background flow impinging on the topography. If the background flow consists of a weak double jet, higher topography leads to an intensification of the storm track downstream of the topography, consistent with enhanced baroclinicity in that region. However, if the background flow consists of a strong single jet, topography weakens the storm track, despite the fact that the baroclinicity downstream of the topography is again enhanced. The different topographic impact results from the different wave packets in the two background flows. For a weak double-jet state, wave packets tend to radiate equatorward and storm-track eddies grow primarily at the expense of local baroclinicity. In contrast, for a strong single-jet state, wave packets persistently propagate in the zonal direction and storm tracks are affected not only by local baroclinicity but also by far-upstream disturbances via downstream development. It is the reduction of the latter by the topography that leads to weaker storm tracks in a strong single-jet state. The implications of these findings for Northern Hemisphere storm tracks are also discussed.
Reconsidering Some Passages in Wittgenstein

ing the passages on "common properties" or "common features" and "family resemblances" in The Blue Book (p. 17) and in Philosophical Investigations (§65 §71). These passages are not as easy to read as they once were. Wittgenstein tells us that we think, or have a tendency to think, that all the things to which we apply a general word have some property or feature in common, and he tells us that we believe it is because of this common property or feature that we apply the same word to them. In The Blue Book the phrase is "common property"; in Philosophical Investigations it is "common feature." Wittgenstein may have changed from the word "property" to the word "feature" because the word "property" is obviously too limited in its application. We speak of the properties of mercury or neoprene but not of the properties of barnowls or slatterns. The word "feature" also seems too limited in a way, but he may have chosen this word mainly because it fits his metaphor of family resemblances. I do not think that Wittgenstein wants to impose any special restriction at this point, so I shall use the word "feature" only where it is appropriate, and I shall use the less limiting word "characteristic" where it seems more appropriate than the word "feature." Thus I assume that Wittgenstein means to examine our tendency to think that a general word is applied to things because those things have some features or features, characteristic or characteristics in
Conflict management and innovation performance: An integrated contingency perspective

In recent years, many of the basic assumptions underlying organizational conflict research have changed, drawing into question the validity of some previous research findings. Operating from the perspective that conflict is complex, multidimensional, and context specific, this research takes a fresh look at key conflict antecedents, mediators, and consequences in the context of the innovation process. The study investigates the relationships among five behavioral conflict-handling strategies, destructive and constructive conflict, and innovation performance as perceived by 290 R & D and marketing department managers. Empirical results both support and question some of the previous findings in conflict research. The results indicate that integrating, accommodating, compromising, forcing, and avoiding conflict-handling strategies can have different impacts on constructive and destructive conflict in an innovation context.
MICROBIAL ALDOLASES AND TRANSKETOLASES:New Biocatalytic Approaches to Simple and Complex Sugars

▪ Abstract Enzymes have become exceedingly valuable tools in organic synthesis as the reactions they catalyze generally proceed under mild conditions and in high stereo- and regioselectivity. Advances in microbiology and genetic engineering have greatly increased the availability of various enzymes. One of the most useful applications of enzyme-catalyzed chemical transformations is in the synthesis of water-soluble, polyfunctional organic molecules such as carbohydrates. As the pivotal roles that carbohydrates play in biological processes become more evident, access to these compounds becomes increasingly important. This review gives a brief overview of the use of aldolases and transketolases in the synthesis of sugars, sugar analogs, and related compounds.
Observed Methods for Generating Analogies in Scientific Problem Solving

Evidence from videotapes of experts thinking aloud is presented which documents the spontaneous use of analogies in scientific problem solving. Four processes appear to be important in using an analogy: (1) generating the analogy; (2) establishing confidence in the validity of the analogy relation; (3) understanding the analogous case; and (4) applying findings to the original problem. This study concentrates on process (1). Evidence was found for three different methods of analogy generation: generation via a principle (1 case), generation via an association (8 cases), and generation via a transformation (18 cases). Although the mechanism underlying analogy generation is usually described as an association process, transformation processes, where the subject modifies or transforms some aspect of the original problem, may be just as important if not more important. In contrast to the usual view of an analogous case as already residing in memory, several of the analogous cases were quite novel, indicating that they were newly invented Gedanken experiments. The usefulness of some analogies appears to lie in a “provocative” function of activating additional knowledge schemas that is different from the commonly cited “direct transfer” function where established knowledge is transferred fairly directly from the analogous to the original case.
Paleoseasonality inferred from equid teeth and intra-tooth isotopic variability

Abstract This research presents a study of intra-tooth isotopic variability measured in hypsodont equid teeth as a means of determining paleoseasonality. The purpose of this investigation is to determine whether Sivapithecus , a Miocene hominoid from the Siwaliks of Pakistan, lived in habitats characterized by a seasonal rainfall regime, and if so, what kind of forest is associated with this regime. Forest type, such as evergreen, semi-evergreen, moist deciduous, and dry deciduous, is largely determined by length of the dry period. Reconstruction of the rainfall regime therefore allows inferences of forest type in the fossil record. Seasonal rainfall regimes can be determined from oxygen stable isotopes, for oxygen isotopes track amount of rainfall in tropical regions. Sampling oxygen isotopes along the length of an equid tooth, which takes over a year to develop, therefore provides a record of seasonal isotopic changes in body water, which in turn reflect drinking water and ultimately precipitation. Carbonate oxygen results from Siwalik equid teeth spanning 10.0–6.3 Ma indicate a rainfall regime similar to that experienced by southern China monsoon forests today, with a monsoonal rainy season and a five-to-six month dry season. Furthermore, results suggest a seasonal birthing pattern for Siwalik equids and therefore predictable seasonal regime. These results indicate that Sivapithecus lived under a seasonal regime with dry periods longer than the maximum of 4 months that most great apes experience today. Therefore Sivapithecus may have experienced longer periods of low fruit availability than do modern apes. Either Sivapithecus differed in habitat requirements, or the forest differed in terms of the spatio-temporal variability of fruit compared to modern analogues. Over geologic time, annual rainfall appears to have decreased in the Siwaliks, beginning around the time Sivapithecus became extinct, but annual seasonality of rainfall does not change.
T Lymphocyte–Endothelial Interactions: Emerging Understanding of Trafficking and Antigen-Specific Immunity

Antigen-specific immunity requires regulated trafficking of T cells in and out of diverse tissues in order to orchestrate lymphocyte development, immune surveillance, responses, and memory. The endothelium serves as a unique barrier, as well as a sentinel, between the blood and the tissues, and as such it plays an essential locally tuned role in regulating T cell migration and information exchange. While it is well established that chemoattractants and adhesion molecules are major determinants of T cell trafficking, emerging studies have now enumerated a large number of molecular players as well as a range of discrete cellular remodeling activities (e.g., transmigratory cups and invadosome-like protrusions) that participate in directed migration and pathfinding by T cells. In addition to providing trafficking cues, intimate cell-cell interaction between lymphocytes and endothelial cells provide instruction to T cells that influence their activation and differentiation states. Perhaps the most intriguing and underappreciated of these "sentinel" roles is the ability of the endothelium to act as a non-hematopoietic "semiprofessional" antigen-presenting cell. Close contacts between circulating T cells and antigen-presenting endothelium may play unique non-redundant roles in shaping adaptive immune responses within the periphery. A better understanding of the mechanisms directing T cell trafficking and the antigen-presenting role of the endothelium may not only increase our knowledge of the adaptive immune response but also empower the utility of emerging immunomodulatory therapeutics.
Separation of dog serum lipoproteins by ultracentrifugation, dextran sulfate precipitation, and paper electrophoresis

The separation of dog serum lipoproteins by ultracentrifugation at a density of 1.063 is hindered by the failure of the high density fraction to accumulate in the bottom portion of the centrifuge tube. This phenomenon interferes with the quantitative recovery of pure low density lipoproteins. By paper electrophoresis, a lipid-containing protein with the mobility of a β-globulin was detected in the lowest layer of the centrifuge tube. Comparison of the preparative ultracentrifuge technique with that of dextran sulfate precipitation of β-lipoproteins revealed the suit ability of the latter procedure for the quantitative separation of β-lipoproteins. The dextran sulfate β-lipoprotein precipitate was shown to be free from α-lipoprotein by paper electrophoresis.
Time Series Modeling and Forecasting of the Volatilities of Asset Returns

Dynamic modeling of asset returns and their volatilities is a central topic in quantitative finance. Herein we review basic statistical models and methods for the analysis and forecasting of volatilities. We also survey several recent developments in regime-switching, change-point and multivariate volatility models.
The effect of image quality on search for static and dynamic targets: MTFA-performance correlations

This report contains the results of two experiments which investigated the effects of the quality of a televised image on eye movements and search-related measures. The first experimental search task involved having subjects perform an air-to-ground search during a simulated flight. The quality of the image presented was varied by either passing, low-pass filtering, or attenuating the video signal and by adding electrical white noise to the video signal. Low to moderate correlations between modulation transfer function area (MTFA) and performance measures generally indicated that as MTFA increases performance improves and fixation durations decrease. The search task of the second experiment consisted of having the subjects search for a designated letter or numeral across a televised picture of randomly positioned letters and numerals. The quality of the picture was varied by either passing, low-pass filtering, high-pass filtering, or attenuating the video signal and by adding electrical white noise to the video signal. Correlations between MTFA and performance measures indicated that increases in MTFA lead to decreases in search time and decreases in fixation duration. Language: en
Computationally efficient incorporation of microkinetics into resolved-particle CFD simulations of fixed-bed reactors

Abstract A method is developed to couple microkinetics with fluid flow in a fixed bed and transport inside the catalyst particles using computational fluid dynamics. Initially, the microkinetics model is solved for a wide range of different temperatures, and partial pressures. Next, reaction rates are mapped into quadratic multivariate splines. Splines coefficients are then imported into our user-defined function, and consequently the reaction rates are evaluated at each iteration simultaneously with the CFD simulations. This method has been applied to our solid particle model to investigate the effects of fluid flow, transport and elementary reaction steps on each other for ethylene and methanol partial oxidations. Reaction rates of all elementary steps as well as species surfaces sites and compositions are evaluated inside the particle. The suggested method can couple complex reaction mechanisms with detailed CFD simulations without increasing the computational time compared with global kinetics methods.
Research attitudes among chiropractic college students.

Objective To explore the attitudes of chiropractic students toward research and factors influencing it. Design This study was conducted through the use of a survey questionnaire. Students were given a questionnaire with no prior knowledge of the survey to ensure that their responses were spontaneous and to increase the possibility that the responses reflected their true feelings. Setting This study was conducted at a small southern chiropractic college. Participants Students were selected from all quarters (1st-13th) to determine the effect of educational level on research attitude. Results Seventy students (51 men and 19 women, representing 40% of college student population) completed the questionnaire. Of those students, 51.62% indicated they were interested in research in general; 70.96% thought chiropractic research was important; 35.65% were interested in conducting research before coming to chiropractic college; 90.32% had experienced something interesting in chiropractic and wanted to know more about it; 64.52% had at some time thought about a chiropractic research topic; 35.48% had thought about other research topics; 67.75% agreed that there are many things that need to be researched in chiropractic; 25.81% had research experience in some setting; 45.16% thought basic research technique and statistics should be taught in chiropractic college; 19.36% thought research training should be a requirement in chiropractic college; and 61.29% would participate in chiropractic research if given the opportunity while in chiropractic college. Age and gender had very little effect on the research attitude of students in this study. The level of education in chiropractic college affected the students' general interest in research. Middle quarter-level students who had not taken the required research and chiropractic courses showed greater willingness to participate in research than senior students did. Students with previous research training and experience showed significant positive attitudes toward research in almost all questions. However, providing research training in school did not change students' attitudes toward research significantly in a short period of time. Lack of research experience and family concerns were the major factors affecting the students' interest in participating in research while in school. Conclusions Most students completing the survey indicated an interest in research but were reluctant to take extra courses in research. A majority indicated an interest in participating in research. Students interested in doing research were most likely to be students who had some previous research experience or a personal interest as a result of some personal experience. Reasons given for the students' lack of desire to participate in research included family responsibilities, heavy study workload and lack of personal interest and/or previous experience. The overwhelming concern to the students in terms of participating in research was the additional time requirement.
Public influence: a new paradigm

Habermas would describe the New Public as further “technicizing” of the means of domination. A new class of professional experts in the modes of mass rhetoric is seeking more sure control over what passes for public opinion. For Habermas, to speak of a public is to assert that there is a sphere of society in which discourse is free from domination by the state or any other organized system of power. To constitute a public sphere, such discourse must be open, accountable, and governed by good reasons. A loose, common sense notion of the “public” will not do. A true public sphere provides (and creates) differentiated social space for public life . Always fragile at best, the public sphere, has steadily eroded as the content of public discourse changed from debate about justifiable standards of integration to the manufacture of consent. The organs of power in society have learned to construct and present displays of their own legitimacy that support mere assent to their regime. The division of sectors of society into either “spheres” or “systems” depends on where meaningful boundaries can be drawn. Are there boundaries defining the independence of the integrative system from the political system, establishing its differentiation ? We must also ask whether integrative communication backed by prestige allows for voluntary compliance in the strict sense, and thus meets the criteria for persuasive communication, or whether it is fraudulent and therefore coercive. We again face the fundamental question of the nature of rhetoric and its place in social theory, a question that becomes all the more important with the rise of the rhetorical techniques purveyed by the new specialists in public communication.
Brain-Computer Interfacing: Ethics of Brain-Computer Interfacing

Among the most important aspects of brain-computer interfacing are ethical issues – issues pertaining to the medical use of BCIs, the use of BCIs for human augmentation and other applications, and the potential for their misuse. Some of these issues fall under the rubric of neuroethics , but other issues are specific to technological aspects of BCIs. BCI conferences and workshops sometimes include sessions on ethics, and there have been several articles discussing ethical aspects of BCIs and neural interfaces (e.g., Clausen, 2009; Haselager et al., 2009; Tamburrini, 2009; Salvini et al., 2008; Warwick, 2003). However, there are currently no official regulations or guidelines on BCI use, aside from conventional laws regarding medical and legal ethics. As with other technologies in the past, one can expect that as BCIs become more prevalent in society, laws and ethics pertaining to BCI use will likely be codified by medical and governmental regulatory agencies. In the meantime, this chapter surveys the variety of ethical issues and dilemmas surrounding BCI research and BCI use.
Contribution of Secreted NADase and Streptolysin O to the Pathogenesis of Epidemic Serotype M1 Streptococcus pyogenes Infections

Streptococcus pyogenes secretes many toxins that facilitate human colonization, invasion, and dissemination. NADase (SPN) and streptolysin O (SLO) are two toxins that play important roles in pathogenesis. We previously showed that increased production of SPN and SLO in epidemic serotype M1 and M89 S. pyogenes strains is associated with rapid intercontinental spread and enhanced virulence. The biological functions of SPN and SLO have been extensively studied using eukaryotic cell lines, but the relative contribution of each of these two toxins to pathogenesis of epidemic M1 or M89 strains remains unexplored. Herein, using a genetically representative epidemic M1 strain and a panel of isogenic mutant derivative strains, we evaluated the relative contributions of SPN and SLO toxins to virulence in mouse models of necrotizing myositis, bacteremia, and skin and soft tissue infection. We found that isogenic mutants lacking SPN, SLO, and both toxins are equally impaired in ability to cause necrotizing myositis. In addition, mutants lacking either SPN or SLO are significantly attenuated in the bacteremia and soft tissue infection models, and the mutant strain lacking production of both toxins is further attenuated. The mutant strain lacking both SPN and SLO production is severely attenuated in ability to resist killing by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. We conclude that both SPN and SLO contribute significantly to S. pyogenes pathogenesis in these virulence assays.
Play behavior and responses to novel situations in juvenile ground squirrels

Play is a characteristic behavior of mammals, occurring among juveniles across a wide range of mammalian species. We evaluated the hypothesis that play helps prepare young animals to cope with unfamiliar situations. We observed play behavior in juvenile Belding's ground squirrels (Urocitellus beldingi) during the developmental period in which play primarily occurs in this species, and conducted behavioral tests in unfamiliar arenas at the beginning and toward the end of the play interval. Measures of social but not nonsocial play were associated with the outcomes of behavioral tests. Rates of social play and the duration of social play bouts were reliable predictors of increases in boldness and exploration across behavioral tests, as well as decreases in the time required to escape from an unfamiliar arena. In particular, juveniles who engaged in social play at intermediate to high rates and who had intermediate to long-lasting social play bouts had greater increases in boldness–exploration scores and greater decreases in escape times in behavioral tests than did juveniles who engaged in social play at the lowest rates and had the shortest social play bouts. These results support the idea that social play behavior in juvenile U. beldingi helps prepare juvenile squirrels to successfully navigate challenges during the juvenile period, and raise the possibility that minimum thresholds of social play may be sufficient for juvenile U. beldingi to gain some of the potential benefits of play behavior.
Cardiovascular Proteomics: Assessment of Protein Post-Translational Modifications

Proteomics is the study of proteins and it employs methods that characterize their diversity. It is based on detection, identification, and quantification of proteins, isoforms, and post-translational modifications (PTMs). Proteomics is used to study how the proteome is altered in response to changes in the environment, changes that allow the cell to adapt to acute and ongoing chronic stimuli. The stimuli almost always result in PTMs of specific proteins and a subset of these changes can result in rapid and dynamic changes to the cells. In the heart, the most commonly PTM studied is phosphorylation, yet, there is increasing recognition of the role of S-nitrosation, acetylation, and O-GlcNAcylation. With technology development, proteomics has become a powerful identification tool for discovery of new markers for prognosis, diagnosis, and therapy. This chapter outlines the basic analytical protein biochemical techniques used in proteomics with subsequent examples of biological application to analysis of cardiac subproteomes and PTMs.
Comparative Functions of miRNAs in Embryonic Neurogenesis and Neuronal Network Formation

microRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that act as posttranscriptional regulators of gene expression by triggering target mRNAs degradation or translational repression. Several studies show the importance of miRNAs in many developmental processes including neurogenesis. In multicellular organisms, most miRNAs are expressed in neural tissue and their dynamic spatiotemporal expression plays a key role in regulating multiple steps of neurogenesis. miRNAs are integrated into neural gene regulatory pathways and control processes such as neural stem cell proliferation, cell fate determination, and neuronal differentiation. In this chapter, we discuss the contribution of highly evolutionary conserved, neural-enriched miRNAs in shaping the central nervous systems of invertebrate and vertebrate model organisms focusing on their conserved and novel roles in controlling neurogenesis.
Patient Participation in the Development of a Customized M-Health Intervention to Improve Medication Adherence in Poorly Adherent Individuals with Bipolar Disorder (BD) and Hypertension (HTN).

Objective: Individuals living with bipolar disorder (BD) have poorer management of chronic medical conditions such as hypertension (HTN), and worse treatment adherence than the general population. The study objective was to obtain information from patients with both BD and HTN that would inform the development of an m-Health intervention to improve medication adherence for poorly adherent individuals living with both these chronic illnesses. Methods: Focus group methodology was used to collect information from 13 participants on perceived barriers and facilitators to BD and HTN medication adherence, as well as feedback on the demonstration and use of a bidirectional text messaging system for medication reminders. Focus groups were audiotaped, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed using content analysis with an emphasis on dominant themes. Results: Forgetfulness was the most frequently mentioned barrier to taking antihypertensive medications, and decisions about taking them were often influenced by BD mood fluctuations and the burden of having to take “too many pills” for both chronic illnesses. Participants’ feedback about the use of a text-messaging system to help with medication adherence for BD and HTN was very positive, and their suggestions for modification were incorporated into a more customized system for testing in a Phase 2 trial. Conclusions: Our findings indicate that patient engagement in the development of an m-Health intervention has the potential to improve adherence with both BD and HTN medications in individuals with known sub-optimal adherence. Patient engagement in health care is essential if we are to optimize patient outcomes.
Pussy Provocations: Feminist Protest and Anti-Feminist Resurgence in Russia

The Russian feminist punk-art group Pussy Riot sparked a remarkable series of responses with their provocative “punk prayer” in a Moscow cathedral in 2012. This article analyzes the social, political, and cultural dynamics of provocation (provokatsiya) by examining everyday conversations, speeches, articles and other linguistic acts through which Russian Orthodox, feminist, and left-leaning and liberal participants in the anti-Putin opposition made sense of Pussy Riot. A provocation violates norms in ways that compel observers to name and defend those norms. This process simultaneously invigorates norms and helps people shore up their own senses of self amid uncertainty. Yet what observers identify as the provocation — what norms are perceived to be violated — shapes what values they reinforce. Responding to Pussy Riot, Russian Orthodox activists asserted themselves as defenders of tradition against the forces of Western cultural imperialism, including feminism and LGBT rights. Yet most responses from the anti-Putin opposition focused on norms related to speech and protest rights, while Russian feminists were often reluctant even to claim Pussy Riot as feminist at all. Due to this asymmetry, Pussy Riot’s feminist protest revitalized anti-feminism in Russia without a concomitant strengthening of feminist values among supporters.
Acoustical conflicts and synergies with energy efficient building design

In the US, commercial and residential buildings consume more than 40% of the total energy and more than 75% of all electricity, contributing greatly to carbon emissions. In order to reduce both carbon emissions and reduce utility costs, buildings are being designed and constructed with much higher efficiency than even just a decade ago. Indeed, a “net-zero-ready“ building is both possible and even affordable. Some design strategies can also improve building acoustics but others are detrimental. In this talk, synergies and conflicts of acoustics and energy efficient design are discussed. In particular, well-sealed building envelopes and use of high performance windows can provide both acoustic and energy benefits. However, the use of natural ventilation is at odds with acoustics. In this talk, the conflicts and synergies of these high efficiency building treatments are presented.
Slow enteral feeding decreases risk of transfusion associated necrotizing enterocolitis.

BACKGROUND Necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC) is a multifactorial condition where PRBC transfusion is associated with necrotizing enterocolitis (TANEC) in about a third of all cases of NEC. We have investigated the role of feeding practices in incidence of TANEC. We sought to compare infants diagnosed with TANEC versus infants diagnosed with classic NEC and investigated the effects of a standardized slow enteral feeding (SSEF) protocol on TANEC incidence as well as the effects of SSEF on growth of infants with NEC. METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort study, where medical records of infants born in a tertiary care neonatal intensive care unit (level IIIb) from January 1997 to May 2014 with birth weight < 1500 grams and gestational age≤34 weeks with NEC stage IIa or greater according to the modified Bell's staging were reviewed. RESULTS During the study period, 111 infants developed NEC, and 41/111 (37%) were diagnosed with TANEC. Infants with TANEC were smaller, more premature, had higher SNAPPE scores and were more anemic prior to transfusion compared with infants with 'classic NEC'. The severity of NEC did not differ between the two groups, however, infants with TANEC had worse outcomes and longer NICU stays. Introduction of SSEF protocol, led to a significant decrease in TANEC. There was no difference in weight and head circumference of infants in the two groups at 2 years corrected age. CONCLUSION SSEF led to a significant reduction in the incidence of TANEC without impairing growth at 2 years corrected age.
Computational Design of a New Magnetic Ferroelectric

Multiferroic magnetoelectrics are materials which are both ferromagnetic and ferroelectric in the same phase [1]. As a result they have a spontaneous magnetization that can be switched by an applied magnetic field and a spontaneous polarization that can be switched by an applied electric field. Very few exist in nature or have been synthesized in the laboratory. In this paper we describe the fundamental physics behind the scarcity of ferromagnetic ferroelectrics, and show that, in general, localized electrons (which are essential for magnetism) reduce the tendency for off-center ferroelectric distortion. Consequently, an additional electronic or structural driving force must be present for ferromagnetism and ferroelectricity to occur simultaneously. We identify one such driving force for off-centering and describe its exploitation in the successful prediction and subsequent synthesis of a new ferromagnetic ferroelectric.