cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Immunoglobulin A Vasculitis Masquerading as Bilateral Avascular Necrosis of the Hip

IgA vasculitis is a small vessel vasculitis that usually presents acutely and resolves with supportive care. However, it can cause serious complications. The etiology of IgA vasculitis and the pathophysiology of atraumatic avascular necrosis of the hip remain largely unknown. Adult IgA vasculitis can rarely become complicated by avascular necrosis.
'Especially Heinous': Politics, Predation, and Sex Panics

This paper intervenes against what I have termed "cultural constructivist" literature on sex panics around children and sexual predators. This literature is necessary, but insufficient primarily on two counts. First, while Birmingham School sociological research, cultural anthropology and lit crit have all explored the latent *social* anxieties that propel 'moral panics' and 'sex panics,' these literatures have not thoroughly examined *political* anxieties. Episodic outbursts over sex molesters, stranger danger, and child vulnerability are fueled not only by social dislocation, gendered normativity, or homophobia, for example, but also by insecurities about self-sovereignty and capacities to consent to the arrangements of late modern political life. On the second count: "cultural constructivist" literature has failed to sufficiently theorize harm. Scholarship has either sidelined the question as moot to its assigned endeavor (why do panics happen and what do they do), or implicitly relied upon a simplistic notion of harm as the imposition of physical force without consent, an assumption incapable of adequately addressing how structural relations of power, dependency, risk, and coercion, saturate the sexual landscape.
TDCOSMO. III. Dark matter substructure meets dark energy. The effects of (sub)halos on strong-lensing measurements of H 0

Time delay cosmography uses the arrival time delays between images in strong gravitational lenses to measure cosmological parameters, in particular the Hubble constant H 0 . The lens models used in time delay cosmography omit dark matter subhalos and line-of-sight halos because their effects are assumed to be negligible. We explicitly quantify this assumption by analyzing mock lens systems that include full populations of dark matter subhalos and line-of-sight halos, applying the same modeling assumptions used in the literature to infer H 0 . We base the mock lenses on six quadruply imaged quasars that have delivered measurements of the Hubble constant, and quantify the additional uncertainties and/or bias on a lens-by-lens basis. We show that omitting dark substructure does not bias inferences of H 0 . However, perturbations from substructure contribute an additional source of random uncertainty in the inferred value of H 0 that scales as the square root of the lensing volume divided by the longest time delay. This additional source of uncertainty, for which we provide a fitting function, ranges from 0.7 − 2.4%. It may need to be incorporated in the error budget as the precision of cosmographic inferences from single lenses improves, and it sets a precision limit on inferences from single lenses.
A note on a question of Markman

Abstract Let F be a vector bundle on a complex projective algebraic variety X. If F deforms along a first order deformation of X, its Mukai vector remains of Hodge type along this deformation. We prove an analogous statement for all polyvector fields, not only for those in H 1 ( X , T X ) corresponding to deformations of the complex structure. This answers a question of Markman. We also explore a Lie theoretic analogue of the statement above.
Relational Model: Multiple Tables Operations

This chapter discusses relational operations for combining tables, including inner join, left/right join, and outer join. We then discuss these operations in combination with the operations from the previous chapter, including partitioning and aggregation, and we introduce the use of subqueries and aliasing. All operations are discussed conceptually and illustrated in SQL.
A parametric study and characterization of additively manufactured continuous carbon fiber reinforced composites for high-speed 3D printing

High-speed 3D printing has recently gained much interest due to its potentials in improving efficiency of fabricating complex geometry components and applications in large-scale additive manufacturing (AM). In this study, a parametric study is performed experimentally to investigate factors affecting high-speed 3D printing of continuous carbon fiber reinforced composites (CFRCs), including material deposition rate, print (nozzle traverse) speed, and nozzle tilt angle based on a novel multi-axis AM approach. The method uses thermoplastic pellets and continuous carbon fiber tows as feedstock materials. The obtained sample quality and mechanical properties are investigated with respect to deposition rate, print speed, and nozzle tilt angle. The fiber impregnation quality is examined through microstructure analysis and correlated with the process conditions and mechanical properties. Increasing deposition rate and tilt angle both improve fiber impregnation quality, enabling implementation of higher print speed and yielding improved mechanical properties. This, combined with demonstrations of printed complex geometry components, shows the great potentials of the proposed method for AM of continuous CFRCs at high speeds. The results of this study also provide further guidance on design and manufacturing of large-volume, high-strength CFRCs through 3D printing.
Compact, tamper-resistant archival of fine-grained provenance

Data provenance tools aim to facilitate reproducible data science and auditable data analyses, by tracking the processes and inputs responsible for each result of an analysis. Fine-grained provenan...
Upper instrumented vertebra-femoral angle and correlation with proximal junctional kyphosis in adult spinal deformity.

INTRODUCTION Although matching lumbar lordosis (LL) with pelvic incidence (PI) is an important surgical goal for adult spinal deformity (ASD), there is concern that overcorrection may lead to proximal junctional kyphosis (PJK). We introduce the upper instrumented vertebra-femoral angle (UIVFA) as a measure of appropriate postoperative position in the setting of lower thoracic to pelvis surgical correction for patients with sagittal imbalance. We hypothesize that a more posterior UIV position in relation to the center of the femoral head is associated with an increased risk of PJK given compensatory hyperkyphosis above the UIV. METHODS In this retrospective cohort study, adult patients undergoing lower thoracic (T9-T12) to pelvis correction of ASD with a minimum of 2-year follow-up were included. UIVFA was measured as the angle subtended by a line from the UIV centroid to the femoral head center to the vertical axis. Patients who developed PJK and those who did not were compared with preoperative and postoperative UIVFA as well as change between postoperative and preoperative UIVFA (deltaUIVFA). RESULTS Of 119 patients included with an average 3.6-year follow-up, 51 (42.9%) had PJK and 24 (20.2%) had PJF. Patients with PJK had significantly higher postoperative UIVFA (12.6 ± 4.8° vs. 9.4 ± 6.6°, p = 0.04), deltaUIVFA (6.1 ± 7.6° vs. 2.1 ± 5.6°, p < 0.01), postoperative pelvic tilt (27.3 ± 9.2 vs. 23.3 ± 11, p = 0.04), postoperative lumbar lordosis (47.7 ± 13.9° vs. 42.4 ± 13.1, p = 0.04) and postoperative thoracic kyphosis (44.9 ± 13.2 vs. 31.6 ± 18.8) than patients without PJK. With multivariate logistic regression, postoperative UIVFA and deltaUIVFA were found to be independent risk factors for PJK (p < 0.05). DeltaUIVFA was found to be an independent risk factor for PJF (p < 0.05). A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for UIVFA as a predictor for PJK was established with an area under the curve of 0.67 (95% CI 0.59-0.76). Per the Youden index, the optimal UIVFA cut-off value is 11.5 degrees. CONCLUSION The more posterior the UIV is from the femoral head center after lower thoracic to pelvis surgical correction for ASD, the more patients are at risk for PJK. The greater the magnitude of posterior translation of the UIV from the femoral head center from preop to postop, the greater the likelihood for PJF.
A Magnetic Star

A quick, sideways glimpse of the Sun suggests that its white-hot disk is perfectly round and smooth without a blemish. It’s something like glancing at a beautiful woman from a distance, but this rapid, superficial look can be misleading. The Sun’s visible surface is often pitted with dark spots, called sunspots, that come and go with lifetimes ranging from hours to months. The ephemeral, dark spots on the Sun indicate that it is an imperfect place of constant turmoil and change. Indeed, everything in the Universe is far from perfect, and everything in it changes.
Aggressive Behavior in Stomatopods and the use of Information theory in the Analysis of Animal Communication

The study of animal communication is one of the most active areas within the discipline of ethology. Yet in spite of a seemingly ever-accelerating rate of publication, there is still a paucity of quantitative studies. The typical analysis of communication presents a description of certain stereotyped movements or “displays” and attributes a communicatory function to these on the basis of observed or presumed changes in behavior. However, until quantitative studies are made of such movements, and changes in frequency as a result of interactions are noted, no function can be determined with certainty. Part of the problem with quantitative analysis has been that no single method has been applicable to all kinds of behavior, and the search for appropriate analysis for a given situation is often tedious. There are, nevertheless, some interesting studies available (e.g., Baerends et al., 1955; Dane et al., 1959; Wiepkema, 1961; Mittelstaedt, 1964; Stokes, 1962; Nelson, 1964, 1965; Shaw, 1968; see also Hinde, 1966), and the reader should refer to these for descriptions and discussions of the various methodologies.
Clinical studies of neuroinflammatory mechanisms in schizophrenia

Schizophrenia is a pervasive neurodevelopmental disorder that appears to result from genetic and environmental factors. Although the dopamine hypothesis is the driving theory behind the majority of translation research in schizophrenia, emerging evidence suggests that aberrant immune mechanisms in the peripheral and central nervous system influence the etiology of schizophrenia and the pathophysiology of psychotic symptoms that define the illness. The initial interest in inflammatory processes comes from epidemiological data and historical observations, dating back several decades. A growing body of research on developmental exposure to infection, stress-induced inflammatory response, glial cell signaling, structural and functional brain changes and therapeutic trials demonstrates the impact that inflammation has on the onset and progression of schizophrenia. Research in animal models of psychosis has helped to advance clinical and basic science investigations of the immune mechanisms disrupted in schizophrenia. However, they are limited by the inability to recapitulate the human experience of hallucinations, delusions and thought disorder that define psychosis. To date, translational studies of inflammatory mechanisms in human subjects have not been reviewed in great detail. Here, we critically review clinical studies that focus on inflammatory mechanisms in schizophrenia. Understanding the neuroinflammatory mechanisms involved in schizophrenia may be essential in identifying potential therapeutic targets to minimize the morbidity and mortality of schizophrenia by interrupting disease development.
Computerized pre-anesthetic evaluation results in additional abstracted comorbidity diagnoses.

Objective To study the impact of information from a physician-entry computerized preanesthetic evaluation system on the coding of International Classification of Diseases (ICD-9-CM) diagnoses and on hospital reimbursement due to alterations in diagnosis-related group (DRG) codes.
DAVID BALDUS AND THE LEGACY OF MCCLESKEY V. KEMP

In McCleskey v. Kemp, 481 U.S. 279 (1987), the Supreme Court rejected a challenge to racial discrimination in the use of the death penalty. That challenge was based on a landmark study of race and capital sentencing in the state of Georgia by the late Professor David Baldus and colleagues. The legal holding in McCleskey stands, despite the fact that the author of the opinion, Justice Lewis Powell, later renounced it in retirement. It is sometimes described as the Dred Scott decision of the twentieth century. But on the empirical question that was as stake in McCleskey, Baldus has prevailed. Neither the Court in McCleskey, nor any justice at the time or since, has disputed his factual conclusion that many defendants in Georgia were sentenced to death because of their race, and especially because of the race of the victims of the crimes for which they were convicted. This was a remarkable achievement. It fundamentally changed our understanding of the role of race in criminal justice in the United States.
Fuzzy logic in restructurable flight control systems

In this paper, a fuzzy logic controller (FLC) is proposed for restructurable flight control systems. The role of the FLC is to stabilize the aircraft upon a fault occurrence. The FLC derives pitch/roll/yaw controls from a generic knowledge base characterized by 49 if-then rules. A linearized model representative of a modern jet fighter provides the basis for the numerical simulation. Simulated faults include various degrees of surface loss at the right stabilator, combined with reduced ailerons and rudder control power. The FLC accomplishes the stabilization task under test conditions without any knowledge of the system parameters. The numerical results demonstrate the potential of the FLC as a suitable control algorithm that bridges the critical gap between the fault occurrence and the full implementation of the new control law.
DraMon: Predicting memory bandwidth usage of multi-threaded programs with high accuracy and low overhead

Memory bandwidth severely limits the scalability and performance of today's multi-core systems. Because of this limitation, many studies that focused on improving multi-core scalability rely on bandwidth usage predictions to achieve the best results. However, existing bandwidth prediction models have low accuracy, causing these studies to have inaccurate conclusions or perform sub-optimally. Most of these models make predictions based on the bandwidth usage samples of a few trial runs. Many factors that affect bandwidth usage and the complex DRAM operations are overlooked. This paper presents DraMon, a model that predicts bandwidth usages for multi-threaded programs with low overhead. It achieves high accuracy through highly accurate predictions of DRAM contention and DRAM concurrency, as well as by considering a wide range of hardware and software factors that impact bandwidth usage. We implemented two versions of DraMon: DraMon-T, a memory-trace based model, and DraMon-R, a run-time model which uses hardware performance counters. When evaluated on a real machine with memory-intensive benchmarks, DraMon-T has average accuracies of 99.17% and 94.70% for DRAM contention predictions and bandwidth predictions, respectively. DraMon-R has average accuracies of 98.55% and 93.37% for DRAM contention and bandwidth predictions respectively, with only 0.50% overhead on average.
Temperature-dependent alterations in 2-deoxyglucose uptake in rat cells transformed by a cold-sensitive murine sarcoma virus mutant.

Cells transformed by Moloney sarcoma virus (MSV) take up 2-deoxyglucose at a faster rate at 39° C than uninfected or Moloney leukemia virus (MoLV)—infected normal rat kidney (NRK) cells. In a sarcoma-virus-transformed cell line, NRK (MSV-lb), whose transformed phenotype is expressed at 39° C (permissive) but not at 33° C (non-permissive), the stimulation of 2-deoxyglucose uptake at 39° C is temperature dependent; the increase is observed when cells are grown at 39° C but not at 33 C. When these cells were shifted from the non-permissive to the permissive temperature, the uptake increased from a rate near that of uninfected cells to a rate half that of NRK cells infected with Moloney sarcoma-leukemia complex (MSV-MoLV). The reverse change occurred when the cells were shifted from the permissive to the non-permissive temperature. Thus in a sarcoma virus-infected rat cell line where the maintenance of the transformed state is dependent on a cold-sensitive viral function, the uptake of 2-deoxyglucose is reduced in the cold-sensitive cells and correlated with the expression of the transformed phenotype.
High-frequency switching in Candida albicans and its relations to vaginal candidiasis

Abstract Candida albicans possesses the ability to switch reversibly and at high frequency between a number of heritable phenotypes distinguishable by colony morphology and in some cases cellular phenotype. In the original switching system identified in C. albicans , it was demonstrated that cells could switch at frequencies as high as 10 −2 among seven distinct colony phenotypes including smooth, star, ring, stipple, irregular wrinkle, hat, and fuzzy. In a second switching system first discovered in a systemic infection, cells switched at high frequency between a white and an opaque colony former. Recently, switching was discovered in isolates from patients with vaginal candidiasis and multiple switch phenotypes were cloned from an individual vagina. Switching may contribute to the pathogenesis of C. albicans by providing it with the capacity to invade diverse sites in the body, to change resistance to antifungal agents, or to change antigenicity. The molecular basis of switching is probably due to the reversible transposition or rearrangement of genomic elements, although a direct correlation between recently identified genomic rearrangements and phenotypic switching has not been made.
Helium and hydrogen generation in pure metals irradiated with high-energy protons and spallation neutrons in LANSCE

Abstract High-power spallation neutron sources will require accurate estimates of cross-sections for generation of He and H in structural materials. At high-proton energies, very high levels of gas atoms are generated in all constituents of typical iron-based and nickel-based structural alloys, with He typically ∼150 appm/dpa and H at levels ∼3–5 times higher. Improved estimates of these cross-sections have been derived from a series of irradiations conducted at relatively low temperatures (
Theory of closed-loop phase diagrams in binary fluid mixtures

Abstract A lattice model of two-component fluid mixtures with closed-loop temperature versus concentration phase diagrams is proposed and solved in the Migdal-Kadanoff approximation. Good agreement with experiment is found.
Characterizing Mutational Heterogeneity in a Glioblastoma Patient with Double Recurrence

Human cancers are driven by the acquisition of somatic mutations. Separating the driving mutations from those that are random consequences of general genomic instability remains a challenge. New sequencing technology makes it possible to detect mutations that are present in only a minority of cells in a heterogeneous tumor population. We sought to leverage the power of ultra-deep sequencing to study various levels of tumor heterogeneity in the serial recurrences of a single glioblastoma multiforme patient. Our goal was to gain insight into the temporal succession of DNA base-level lesions by querying intra- and inter-tumoral cell populations in the same patient over time. We performed targeted “next-generation" sequencing on seven samples from the same patient: two foci within the primary tumor, two foci within an initial recurrence, two foci within a second recurrence, and normal blood. Our study reveals multiple levels of mutational heterogeneity. We found variable frequencies of specific EGFR, PIK3CA, PTEN, and TP53 base substitutions within individual tumor regions and across distinct regions within the same tumor. In addition, specific mutations emerge and disappear along the temporal spectrum from tumor at the time of diagnosis to second recurrence, demonstrating evolution during tumor progression. Our results shed light on the spatial and temporal complexity of brain tumors. As sequencing costs continue to decline and deep sequencing technology eventually moves into the clinic, this approach may provide guidance for treatment choices as we embark on the path to personalized cancer medicine.
Testing the inverse-square law of gravity: a new class of torsion pendulum null experiments

We discuss two null experiments designed to test the inverse-square law of gravity in the critical range between and with higher precision than earlier work. To do so, we have devised a torsion pendulum detector whose mass distribution is specifically configured to provide high-sensitivity detection of a uniquely non-Newtonian derivative of the potential (the horizontal derivative of the Laplacian), rather than looking for a small deviation from the expected power-law dependence on distance of a Newtonian field derivative. This method provides a stronger null test of the gravitational inverse-square law force because it is less sensitive to imperfections in the source mass. We discuss the design of these experiments and estimate their performance relative to currently established experimental limits on inverse-square law violation.
Deprivations, futures and the wrongness of killing

In my essay, Why abortion is immoral, I criticised discussions of the morality of abortion in which the crucial issue is whether fetuses are human beings or whether fetuses are persons. Both argument strategies are inadequate because they rely on indefensible assumptions. Why should being a human being or being a person make a moral difference? I argued that the correct account of the morality of abortion should be based upon a defensible account of why killing children and adults is wrong. I claimed that what makes killing us wrong is that our premature deaths deprive us of our futures of value, that is, the goods of life we would have experienced had we survived. This account of the wrongness of killing explains why killing is one of the worst of crimes and how killing greatly harms the victim. It coheres with the attitudes of those with cancer or HIV facing premature death. It explains why we believe it is wrong to kill infants (as personhood theories do not). It does not entail that it wrongs a human being to end her life if she is in persistent vegetative state or if her future must consist only of unbearable physical suffering and she wants to die (as sanctity of human life theories do not). This account of the wrongness of killing implies (with some defensible additional assumptions) that abortion is immoral because we were fetuses once and we know those fetuses had futures of value. Mark Brown claims that this potential future of value account is unsound because it implies that we have welfare rights to what we need to stay alive that most people would reject. I argue that Brown is incorrect in two ways: a welfare right to what we need to stay alive is not directly implied by my account and, in addition, most of us do believe that dependent human beings have substantial welfare rights to what they need to stay alive. Brown argues that depriving us of a future of value of which we have mental representations both is a better explanation of the wrongness of killing and does not imply that abortion is immoral. I reply that (a) if Brown's arguments against my view were sound, those arguments could be easily adapted to show that his view is unsound as well and (b) Brown's view is both ambiguous and unsound on any interpretation. The most popular class of pro-choice argument strategies appeals to the view that some or all fetuses lack either a mental state or function or a capacity for a mental state or function necessary for possession of the right to life. Desires, interests, sentience, various concepts, moral agency, and rationality have all been suggested as candidates for this crucial mental role. Brown's analysis is one member of this class of strategies. I believe that it is possible to show that none of these strategies is reasonable. However, there are so many of these strategies that the required argument demands something more like a book and less like a short essay. The argument of the following essay is a piece of this larger argument. Key Words: Abortion • future of value • Mark Brown • Don Marquis • the right to life • welfare rights
Compiling with continuations, continued

We present a series of CPS-based intermediate languages suitable for functional language compilation, arguing that they have practical benefits over direct-style languages based on A-normal form (ANF) or monads. Inlining of functions demonstrates the benefits most clearly: in ANF-based languages, inlining involves a re-normalization step that rearranges let expressions and possibly introduces a new 'join point' function, and in monadic languages, commuting conversions must be applied; in contrast, inlining in our CPS language is a simple substitution of variables for variables.We present a contification transformation implemented by simple rewrites on the intermediate language. Exceptions are modelled using so-called 'double-barrelled' CPS. Subtyping on exception constructors then gives a very straightforward effect analysis for exceptions. We also show how a graph-based representation of CPS terms can be implemented extremely efficiently, with linear-time term simplification.
Phenotypic plasticity in numbers of antennal chemoreceptors in a grasshopper: effects of food

Grasshoppers, Schistocerca americana, reared from hatching on artificial diet had fewer sensilla on the antennae in the final larval stage than insects reared on lettuce. This was true of basiconic and coeloconic sensilla (presumed olfactory) and trichoid sensilla (presumed gustatory). The degree of difference varied along the antenna and with sensillum type. Adding salicin to the diet restored the numbers of all types of sensillum to levels equal to, or approaching, those in lettuce-fed insects. The addition of some volatile compounds – carvone (monoterpene), chalcone (flavonoid), citral (monoterpene) and guaiacol (phenolic) – resulted in slight increases in number, but coumarin (phenylpropanoid) had no effect. None of the compounds, either singly or in combination, produced more sensilla than were present in plant-fed insects.
Differentiation of the Opercular Integument in Rana pipiens

The opercular skin develops in its own specific fashion differing from other areas of the integument previously studied. It remains typically larval until it is sloughed off. The opercular integument first deviates from the common skin development pathway at stage XV [1] when the rough endoplasmic reticulum. proliferates to form a large part of the cytoplasm and is accompanied by numerous large mitochondria. The Golgi apparatus becomes very large and many vesicles are found in the cytoplasm. The mitochondria become large and swollen with atypical structure. The cytoplasm becomes highly vesiculated. Degeneration begins at the dermal edge of the basement lamella and proceeds toward the epidermis, being marked by the disorientation of collagen fibrils. Epidermal cells become progressively more necrotic having cytoplasm consisting mainly of residual bodies and vesicles: the nucleus is the last cellular structure to undergo autolysis. The dermal cells are the first to be lost (stages XVIII–XIX). The opercular integument is shed as a sheet of cells at stage XX when the forelimbs emerge. The necrotic zone of the opercular integument appears to stop at the junction of the body skin and the skin of the forelimb.
Time varying rotary spectra

A method for computing and displaying the temporal variation of rotary spectral estimates is described. The method is applied to time series measurements of highly nonstationary winds and currents. The results indicate approximately fortnightly modulation of diurnal wind energy and inertial current energy.
Stability of Intravenous Nitroglycerin Solutions

The stability of intravenous nitroglycerin solutions prepared from either sublingual tablets or a 10% nitroglycerin-lactose adsorbate (powder) was examined under various conditions. Nitroglycerin concentration was measured by high-pressure liquid chromatography. Nitroglycerin stock solutions (0.8-1.0 mg/ml) prepared from tablets or powder in either 0.9% saline were stored upright in refrigerated multidose vials for 6 months without a significant decrease in concentration. Storage of the solutions at room temperature resulted in a 20% loss after 3 months. Intravenous nitroglycerin solutions (0.2 mg/ml) prepared from tablets or powder in 0.9% saline or 5% dextrose in water were stored in glass intravenous bottles at temperatures between 6 and 38 degrees for 24 hr with a maximum loss of 18%. Stability was not affected by light. Solutions in contact with rubber stoppers, plastic intravenous bags, or plastic administration sets exhibited decreased nitroglycerin concentration characteristic of sorption. Nitroglycerin concentrations decreased to a greater extent when the administration sets were equipped with plastic burets. Brief contact of nitroglycerin solutions with a plastic syringe did not result in decreased concentration. The stability of intravenous nitroglycerin solutions packaged in glass was not dependent on light, the vehicle, or the source of nitroglycerin. Contact with rubber or plastic surfaces should be minimized.
Competing nationalism, regional cooperation, and the politics of international shipping in West Africa

Abstract This is a study of the attempt by West and Central African states to coordinate and harmonize their shipping policies in the 1970s and 1980s under the auspices of the Ministerial Conference of West and Central African States on Maritime Transport (MINCONMAR). The analysis shows that African integration efforts are based on calculations of economic costs and benefits, rather than on general welfare theory as the European Community's experience would suggest. In this calculus, member states do not hesitate to abandon regional integration goals and pursue competing, nationalist ones, if the benefits of choosing the latter are attainable immediately and the benefits of regional integration may be available, if at all, only in the long‐run. Although MINCONMAR has failed to achieve most of its objectives, member states continue to support it, indicating that support for regional organizations in Africa is often based on the anticipated diplomatic and psychological benefits rather than general economic ...
Lead isotope analysis of marine carbonates and seawater by multiple collector ICP-MS

Abstract A consistent method for stable lead isotope analysis of marine carbonates and seawater is presented, utilizing multiple collector ICP-MS (MC-ICP-MS). This study presents new observations of the large (0.7% amu−1), time-dependent mass bias determined by thallium normalization, including preferential light ion transmission induced by the acceleration potential and plasma interface (β=−1.3 to 0.9). These experiments show equivalent results for three empirical correction laws, and the previously proposed βPb/βTl correction does not improve isotope ratio accuracy under these conditions. External normalization to SRM-981 following the thallium correction provides one simple alternative, and a rationale is provided based on secondary bias effects. With current intensities less than 1.5×10−12 A, external isotope ratio precision better than 250 ppm for SRM-981 207Pb/206Pb and 208Pb/206Pb ratios is observed (2σ). From reconstructed lead isotopic variability in the North Atlantic, this instrumental precision results in a signal-to-noise ratio greater than 100. Matrix effects are significant with concomitant calcium in SRM-981 (−280 ppm at 257 μM [Ca]). With the appropriate corrections and minimal concomitants, MC-ICP-MS can reliably determine 207Pb/206Pb and 208Pb/206Pb ratios of marine carbonates (30 mg) and seawater (160–200 g).
REACTIONS OF ALPHA PARTICLES WITH GERMANIUM-70 AND ZINC-70

The reactions Ge/sup 70/( alpha ,2n)Se/sup 72/, Ge/sup 70/( alpha ,pn)As/ sup , Zn/sup 70/( alpha ,pn) Ga/sup 72/, and Zn/sup 70/( alpha ,2p)Zn/sup 72/ were studied with alpha particles of 20 to 40 Mev, and their excitation functions were measured. The results are compared with evaporation calculations based on the assumption of compcund-nucleus formation. (auth)
VERBAL ESTIMATIONS OF TIME AT FOUR SPATIAL DISTANCES

The method of verbal estimation was used to study the Kappa effect with unfilled, light-flash-bounded intervals of .5 to 22 sec. duration. Ss viewed dual flashes of one light and single flashes of paired lights set at 4-, 8-, 16-, and 32-in. horizontal separations. Group studies of 56 college students yielded evidence for larger estimations with greater light separation. A significant sex difference was found, female Ss giving longer estimations than males. 4 Ss were studied for 16 daily sessions to observe individual patterns and progressive changes in estimates.
Determining the Routing Path for In-network Aggregation

The wireless sensor network (WSN), is a type of selforganized distribution system without complex infrastructure requirement. However, WSN?s independence and un-attended usage limit its power supply and life expectancy. These become a critical issue for any WSN implementation. The in-network processing which, intends to minify data volume locally can greatly reduce the energy consumption of data delivery over a long distance to the sink. However, open problems are still remain with in-network processing, such as how to carry out in-network processing, and how to combine routing scheme to the sink (e.g. the long distance delivery). For any WSN application, the following preassumption is vital. There exists a physical signal field which bridges physical events to the sensors of WSN, otherwise WSN does not work. In fact, the physical signal field can be depicted by sensory data of all the nodes, and can even be used for data local convergence (e.g. innetwork processing). An immediate solution which we propose is that, sensory data of the nodes can be converged to local extremes of the physical signal field along its gradient direction. Furthermore, the physical signal field is integrated with the cost field routing scheme [2, 3]. The cost field routing is in charge of delivering data to the sink. During the in-network processing, the delivery direction is derived by combining linearly the gradient directions of the cost field and physical signal field. Also simulation results show that the proposed schemes are robust, adaptable, and reliable to the variation of physical events.
Intensive care management of life-threatening avian influenza A (H5N1)

A large proportion of patients with avian influenza A (H5N1) develop life-threatening manifestations, often including ARDS, acute renal failure and multiple organ failure that requires aggressive intensive care management. The pace of development of respiratory failure is often rapid and can occur in previously healthy hosts, mandating close observation and timely intervention of infected individuals. Use of standard, contact, droplet and airborne isolation precautions is recommended to protect healthcare workers. Key components of ARDS management encompass appropriate mechanical ventilation including limiting tidal volume to </=6 mL/kg of predicted body weight, maintaining transpulmonary pressures </=30 cm H(2)O, and utilizing positive end-expiratory pressure to limit alveolar deflation and to improve oxygenation. Additional strategies include conservative fluid management and using nutrition supplemented with antioxidants. Use of corticosteroids is controversial for both early and late ARDS and although often used for avian influenza, beneficial effects on outcomes have not been demonstrated for corticosteroids. Prone positioning can improve oxygenation temporarily and might be useful as rescue therapy for severe hypoxemia. Administration of inhaled nitric oxide and high frequency oscillatory ventilation can improve oxygenation but have not been demonstrated to improve survival in ARDS-their role in avian influenza is uncertain and availability limited. Management of multiple organ failure may include vasopressor support for septic shock and renal replacement therapy for acute renal failure.
Isotopic mass fractionation laws for magnesium and their effects on 26Al–26Mg systematics in solar system materials

Abstract Magnesium isotope ratios are known to vary in solar system objects due to the effects of 26Al decay to 26Mg and mass-dependent fractionation, but anomalies of nucleosynthetic origin must also be considered. In order to infer the amount of enhancement of 26Mg/24Mg due to 26Al decay or to resolve small nucleogenetic anomalies, the exact relationship between 26Mg/24Mg and 25Mg/24Mg ratios due to mass-dependent fractionation, the mass-fractionation “law”, must be accurately known so that the 25Mg/24Mg ratio can be used to correct the 26Mg/24Mg ratio for mass fractionation. Mass-dependent fractionation in mass spectrometers is reasonably well characterized, but not necessarily fully understood. It follows a simple power fractionation law, sometimes referred to as the “exponential law”. In contrast, mass fractionation in nature, in particular that due to high temperature evaporation that likely caused the relatively large effects observed in calcium-, aluminum-rich inclusions (CAIs), is reasonably well understood, but mass-fractionation laws for magnesium have not been explored in detail. The magnesium isotopic compositions of CAI-like evaporation residues produced in a vacuum furnace indicate that the slope on a log 25Mg/24Mg vs. log 26Mg/24Mg plot is ∼0.5128, and different from those predicted by any of the commonly used mass-fractionation laws. Evaporation experiments on forsterite-rich bulk compositions give exactly the same slope, indicating that the measured mass-fractionation law for evaporation of magnesium is applicable to a wide range of bulk compositions. We discuss mass-fractionation laws and the implications of the measured fractionation behavior of magnesium isotopes for 26Al–26Mg chronology.
Implementation of interval arithmetic using APL

The central problem of interval arithmetic is first described in a general set theory framework. This description is specialized to intervals and interval operations which are defined over a set of machine numbers and implemented in computer programs. APL has been used for the logical formulation of algorithms for these operations of interval arithmetic. The Iverson notation of APL removes the arbitrariness of conventional descriptions of algorithms and program solutions. The results are obtained by direct execution of the completely explicit APL function type routines which both constitute a program and unambiguously describe algorithms for implementing the operations of interval arithmetic.
Playing with Daddy: Social Toy Play, Early Head Start, and Developmental Outcomes

Research on fathers in Early Head Start (EHS) has provided an opportunity to study fathers from low-income families. We examined father-toddler social toy play in relation to EHS enrollment, fathers’ psychosocial well-being, and children’s developmental outcomes in a sample of 74 father-toddler dyads. Overall, our results show that father-toddler social toy play was more complex among fathers in an EHS program than among those in a comparison group. Greater complexity in father-toddler social toy play predicted better cognitive and social developmental outcomes for young children, especially in the program group, but it was limited by fathers’ psychosocial well-being in the comparison group and by time availability in the program group. Nevertheless, the impact of EHS on father-toddler play suggests that an early intervention that targets father involvement can influence positive father-toddler interactions in ways that enhance early development.
Sources of judgment error in environmental sensemaking

Purpose – This paper forwards a conceptual model identifying some of the key sources of judgment error in individual environmental sensemaking. Recommendations are offered to mitigate some of these biasing dysfunctions and thereby improve the effectiveness of environmentally related business policy.Design/methodology/approach – Theories of cognitive and behavioral sciences are reviewed and applied to create a conceptual model describing some of the key influences on individual sensemaking in regard to environmental risk and opportunity.Findings – It is found that the model presented in this paper contributes to the literature of corporate social responsibility in explaining some of the heuristic phenomena that can lead to denial of a firm's negative environmental impact, or conversely, recognition of emerging opportunities arising from increasing societal concern for environmental integrity. Many environmental scientists believe denial is omnipresent in modern business and governmental organizations. In a...
Synthesis of a semi-active suspension seat for attenuation of Whole-Body Vibration and shock

In this study, two semi-active control algorithms are synthesised on the basis of the measured nonlinear force-velocity properties of a Magneto-Rheological (MR) damper, including the current-dependent hysteresis and post yield saturation. The control algorithms employ the well-known sky-hook control condition function, suspension travel limits and a modulation function to compensate for the switching discontinuities. The results show that the proposed semi-active control synthesis could help achieve improved shock isolation while retaining adequate control of continuous WBV. A Hardware-In-the-Loop (HIL) test and simulation platform are developed for tuning of the proposed semi-active controllers and validation of the analytical formulations.
Structure-Function Studies of Loop L5 in the Mitotic Kinesin Eg5

All processive kinesins contain an unusual structural motif consisting of an alpha helix (α2) interrupted in the middle by a stem and loop motif known as L5. The role of L5 in the overall enzymatic function of kinesin motors remains unknown. However, its importance is highlighted by the finding that a variety of small molecule inhibitors of the mitotic kinesin Eg5, which contains the longest L5 in the kinesin superfamily, bind to this region with high affinity. These inhibitors induce a folding of L5, and trap the motor in an ADP bound, weak microtubule binding conformation. In order to gain greater insight into the function of L5, we have characterized three site-directed mutants in the loop (position 121), stem (position 131) or in the portion of α2 amino-terminal to this stem and loop motif (position 113). These three mutations have profound effects on the kinetics of structural transitions that occur with nucleotide and microtubule binding, and our results indicate that this conserved structural motif plays an important role in tuning the kinetics of kinesin motors.
A Martian general circulation experiment with large topography

A three-layer general circulation model of the Martian atmosphere is described, and the assumptions governing the model are discussed. The simulated, zonally averaged circulation is found to have only limited sensitivity to differences between this model and an earlier general circulation model; this circulation compares reasonably well with observations. It is also found that the meridional mass flow produced by the seasonal condensation of CO2 in the winter polar region has a major influence on the circulation; owing to the weak influence of atmospheric heat transport, however, the mass flow is governed almost entirely by radiation. Quasi-barotropic stationary waves, which are forced kinematically by the topography and which resemble topographically forced terrestrial planetary waves, are generated by the model in the winter hemisphere region of strong eastward flow, while baroclinic stationary waves are thermally forced by topography in the tropics and summer subtropics. It is also concluded that transient baroclinically unstable waves, of somewhat lower dominant wavenumber than those found on the earth, are generated in winter midlatitudes; their amplitudes, wavenumbers, and phase speeds closely agree with what has been deduced from the Viking lander observations.
Evoked responses to retroactively masked stimuli

Recordings of evoked responses in three backward masking demonstrations indicated that during perceptual masking of a discrimination a residual representation of the targets remains in the nervous system. In a procedure employing two masks, recovery of target discrimination occurred but the residual response to the targets remain degraded. These results imply that target discrimination depends on some minimal portion of the total evoked response to the targets.
Relative-pitch tracking of multiple arbitrary sounds

Perceived-pitch tracking of potentially aperiodic sounds, as well as pitch tracking of multiple simultaneous sources, is shown to be feasible using a probabilistic methodology. The use of a shift-invariant representation in the constant-Q domain allows the modeling of perceived pitch changes as vertical shifts of spectra. This enables the tracking of these changes in sounds with an arbitrary spectral profile, even those where pitch would be an ill-defined quantity. It is further possible to extend this approach to a mixture model, which allows simultaneous tracking of varying mixed sounds. Demonstrations on real recordings highlight the robustness of such a model under various adverse conditions, and also show some of its unique conceptual differences when compared to traditional pitch tracking approaches.
Determination of Carbamate Insecticides in Water by C-18 Solid Phase Extraction and Quantitative HPTLC

Abstract N-Methylcarbamate insecticides were extracted from water using solid phase extraction with a C-18 column. The column eluate was chromatographed on a high performance preadsorbent silica gel plate, the pesticides were detected with P-nitrobenzenediazonium fluoborate reagent, and quantification was performed by densitometric scanning. Recoveries of carbaryl, carbofuran, methiocarb, and propoxur at 0.5 to 5 ppm fortification concentrations averaged 96.8% with a range of 82.5 to 112% and an average standard deviation of 7.5% for triplicate determinations.
Dietary copper deficiency reduces the elevation of blood pressure caused by nitric oxide synthase inhibition in rats.

Nitric oxide (NO)-mediated vasodilation is diminished in blood vessels of copper (Cu)-deficient rats. This study examined whether Cu deficiency affects blood pressure regulation via an effect on NO me
Theoretical prediction of the performance of Si and SiC bipolar transistors operating at high temperatures

Silicon carbide (SiC) is a promising material for semiconductor devices operated at high temperatures because of its large energy bandgap, high thermal conductivity and silicon compatibility. This paper develops an analytical model to predict and compare the d.c and a.c performance of SiC and conventional Si bipolar junction transistors (BJTs) at high temperatures. Based on the device parameters available in the literature, our calculations show that the SiC BJT indeed possesses a higher current gain than its silicon counterpart as the temperature is increased beyond 500 K. This is primarily because SiC has a larger bandgap than Si. As a result, at high temperatures, the majority carrier concentration in the base of the SiC BJT remains the same value as the doping concentration, whereas the majority carrier concentration in the base of the Si BJT increases considerably beyond the doping concentration. The cutoff frequency of the SiC BJT, however, decreases and becomes smaller than that of the Si BJT when the temperature increases. We suggest this is caused by a faster decrease in the electron mobility of SiC than of Si as the temperature is increased. The model compares favourably with data measured from a typical Si BJT.