cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Experimental Investigation of Failure in Viscoelastic Elastomers Under Combined Shear and Pressure

An experimental approach, based on Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) apparatus, is developed to elucidate failure of viscoelastic elastomers under combined shear and high pressures such as are encountered in explosive and/or armor-impact scenarios. In this experimental arrangement, thin cylindrical polyurea specimens with an aspect ratio (Diameter to thickness) greater or equal to 15 are tested, up to failure, using Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB). Specimens with large aspect ratio are used to guarantee the close approximation of a triaxial state of stress in the specimen upon loading; hence the measured normal stress would be approximately equal to the hydrostatic pressure in the specimen. Friction at the loading interfaces forces the stress state to deviate from uniformity, restrict both the circumferential and radial displacements and lead to the development of shear stresses and strains. Hence, induced failure occurs under conditions combining high-strain-rate, high pressure and shear stresses. By using this setup, repeatable failure modes were detected and elucidated using finite element simulations.
Camps for Children with Diabetes: A Philosophy and its Application

The establishment of residential summer camps for children with dia betes has filled multiple needs: recrea tional, educational, and social. Provid ing a safe, fun, and productive sum mer program is the subject of this paper, with a focus on experiences ac cumulated over 25 years at one pro gram in Texas. Successful diabetes camps are forged from solid beliefs about diabetes management, high expectations, and qualifications of the medical staff, thoughtful and reasoned considerations of the purposes for camp, and the incorporation of know ledge about diabetes into quality, well- child care.
Regulation of Protein Topology by trans-Acting Factors at the Endoplasmic Reticulum

In mammalian cells, the Sec61 complex and translocating chain-associated membrane protein (TRAM) are necessary and sufficient to direct the biogenesis, in the appropriate topology, of all secretory and membrane proteins examined thus far. We demonstrate here that the proper translocation of the prion protein (PrP), a substrate that can be synthesized in more than one topologic form, requires additional factors. In the absence of these additional factors, PrP is synthesized exclusively in the transmembrane topology (termed the CtmPrP form) associated with the development of neurodegenerative disease. Thus, translocation accessory factors, acting on some but not other substrates, can function as molecular switches to redirect nascent proteins toward divergent topologic fates with different functional consequences.
Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavement: Identification of Distress Mechanisms and Improvement of Mechanistic–Empirical Design Procedures

In 2005, the Texas Department of Transportation initiated a rigid pavement database to collect information in preparation for the calibration and potential implementation of the Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG) for continuously reinforced concrete pavement (CRCP). Twenty-seven sections, each 300 m (1,000 ft) long, were selected throughout the state. Deflection testing was conducted with a falling weight deflectometer. The information collected included load transfer efficiency (LTE) at small, medium, and large crack spacing for two different seasons, summer and winter. Also collected were crack-spacing information and slab deflections. LTE values for all the cracks were higher than 90% regardless of slab thickness, pavement age, crack spacing, or season. Mechanisms of primary distresses in CRCP were investigated. The investigation tentatively revealed that many distresses identified and recorded as punch-outs in Texas were not actually caused by structural deficiency. Rather, most of th...
The Roles of Cohesins in Mitosis, Meiosis, and Human Health and Disease

Mitosis and meiosis are essential processes that occur during development. Throughout these processes, cohesion is required to keep the sister chromatids together until their separation at anaphase. Cohesion is created by multiprotein subunit complexes called cohesins. Although the subunits differ slightly in mitosis and meiosis, the canonical cohesin complex is composed of four subunits that are quite diverse. The cohesin complexes are also important for DNA repair, gene expression, development, and genome integrity. Here we provide an overview of the roles of cohesins during these different events as well as their roles in human health and disease, including the cohesinopathies. Although the exact roles and mechanisms of these proteins are still being elucidated, this review serves as a guide for the current knowledge of cohesins.
Ask the crowd: Scaffolding coordination and knowledge sharing in microtask programming

Programming work is inherently interdependent, requiring developers to share and coordinate decisions that crosscut the structure of code. This is particularly challenging for programming in a microtasking context, in which developers are assumed to be transient and thus cannot rely on traditional learning and coordination mechanisms such as an extended onboarding process and code ownership. In this paper, we explore scaffolding coordination and knowledge sharing through a question and answer system, structuring project knowledge and coordination into questions and answers. To investigate its potential for enabling coordination in a microtask setting, we implemented a Q&A system for microtask programming work and conducted a user study where a crowd used it to coordinate their work on a software project over a 30-hour period. The results reveal both the potential for the use of Q&A systems for within project coordination and challenges that this approach brings.
Plasma norepinephrine variations correlate with peripheral vascular resistance in resting humans

Plasma levels of norepinephrine (NE) vary rhythmically in humans and animals with an ultradian (shorter than 1 day) periodicity. We repeatedly measured plasma NE levels, blood pressure, cardiac output, and total peripheral resistance in nine normal resting subjects over 5 h. Plasma NE correlated with total peripheral resistance (Z = 0.322, P < 0.0002) and inversely with cardiac output (Z = -0.276, P < 0.0002) for the nine subjects overall. The correlations were strongest in subjects with the most spontaneous variability in total peripheral resistance. These findings suggest that spontaneous oscillations in plasma NE levels reflect alterations in sympathetic nervous activity to resistance blood vessels. The negative correlation between cardiac output and plasma NE levels may result from the very minor cardiac NE spillover into plasma and the inverse relationship between cardiac output and total peripheral resistance.
The Grudging Emergence of American Journalism's Classic Editorial: New Details About "Is There A Santa Claus?"

Abstract This article presents fresh insights into American journalism's best-known editorial—the New York Sun's lyrical “Is There A Santa Claus?” The common view that the editorial was an immediate success and that the Sun reprinted it every year at Christmastime until the newspaper folded in 1950 is inaccurate. The Sun in fact was slow to embrace “Is There A Santa Claus?” and resisted reprinting the editorial in the years immediately after its first appearance in 1897. The Sun's reluctant embrace of “Is There A Santa Claus?” likely stemmed from the newspaper's disinclination to promote its journalists as stars or celebrities. The editorial's odd timing—it was published three months before Christmas—is best explained by the excitement of the girl whose letter of inquiry prompted the Sun s editorial. She said years after publication that, as a child, she began wondering at her birthday in July what gifts she would receive at Christmas. A more precise understanding of the origins and emergence of “Is There...
Book review: The crux of race

Leon Litwack, Trouble in Mind: Black Southerners in the Age of Jim Crow (New York: Knopf, 1998), 576 pp.
Heat Effects on the Infectivity of the Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus of Heliothis Spp.

Studies were undertaken to define the heat susceptibility of the nuclear polyhedral virus of Heliothis spp. The results indicate polyhedra retain normal infectivity compared with the unheated control virus following exposure for 20 minutes to temperatures from ambient to 65°C. However, temperatures between 70°C and 80°C are increasingly attenuating with complete inactivation occurring at 85°C. Closely monitored time-temperature relationships show complete inactivation of polyhedra within 5 minutes of exposure at 85°C with a loss of approximately 80% of the infectivity occurring within the first 20 seconds. Correction curves are presented to assist in evaluating experimental conditions to determine the actual heating and cooling periods of the virus samples. The data presented predict that temperature alone should not be a prime inactivating agent for the polyhedra under field conditions.
Hybrid Coherent Optical and Electronic Filtering

The term “hybrid” in optical processing refers here to the coupling of a computer and electronics to an optical system. One can combine in a single system the attractive features of the fast parallel processing that optics provides with the flexibility and analytical power afforded by the computer. We shall describe such a system that was designed to produce and analyze optical Fourier transforms and holographic filters for the purposes of pattern recognition and image studies of objects. Due to the nature of such a hybrid system we shall cover a variety of topics in this paper. Namely, discussions on optical Fourier transform setups, digitization of images, graphical representation of the data by on-line computer plotting, hardware involved in such a system, software necessary to process the optical information and finally some applications. This paper will be, therefore, a description of the system; the details of the mathematics involved in the Fourier process (1,2) and electronic hardware are given in the references.
Zika virus infection during the period of maximal brain growth causes microcephaly and corticospinal neuron apoptosis in wild type mice

Zika virus (ZIKV) infection in pregnant women has been established as a cause of microcephaly in newborns. Here we test the hypothesis that neurodevelopmental stages when the brain is undergoing rapid growth are particularly vulnerable to the effects of ZIKV infection. We injected ZIKV intracranially into wild type C57BL/6 mice at two different time points: early postnatal development, when the brain is growing at its maximal rate, and at weaning, when the brain has largely reached adult size. Both time points showed widespread immunoreactivity for ZIKV and cleaved caspase 3 (CC3, a marker of apoptosis) throughout the brain. However, in early postnatal ZIKV injected mice, some brain areas and cell types display particularly large increases in apoptosis that we did not observe in older animals. Corticospinal pyramidal neurons, a cell type implicated in human microcephaly associated with ZIKV infection, are an example of one such cell type. Proliferating cells in the ventricular zone stem cell compartment are also depleted. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that periods of rapid brain growth are especially susceptible to neurodevelopmental effects of ZIKV infection, and establish a valuable model to investigate mechanisms underlying neurodevelopmental effects of ZIKV infection and explore candidate therapeutics.
Big Data Characterization of Learner Behaviour in a Highly Technical MOOC Engineering Course

MOOCs attract a large number of users with unknown diversity in terms of motivation, ability, and goals. To understand more about learners in a MOOC, the authors explored clusters of user clickstream patterns in a highly technical MOOC, Nanophotonic Modelling through the algorithm k-means++. Five clusters of user behaviour emerged: Fully Engaged, Consistent Viewers, One-Week Engaged, Two-Week Engaged, and Sporadic users. Assessment behaviours and scores are then examined within each cluster, and found different between clusters. Nonparametric statistical test, Kruskal-Wallis yielded a significant difference between user behaviour in each cluster. To make accurate inferences about what occurs in a MOOC, a first step is to understand the patterns of user behaviour. The latent characteristics that contribute to user behaviour must be explored in future research. Keywords: MOOCs, Learning Analytics, Assessment
Hybrid mission planning with coalition formation

The increase in robotic capabilities and the number of such systems being used has resulted in opportunities for robots to work alongside humans in an increasing number of domains. The current robot control paradigm of one or multiple humans controlling a single robot is not scalable to domains that require large numbers of robots and is infeasible in communications constrained environments. Robots must autonomously plan how to accomplish missions composed of many tasks in complex and dynamic domains; however, mission planning with a large number of robots for such complex missions and domains is intractable. Coalition formation can manage planning problem complexity by allocating the best possible team of robots for each task. A limitation is that simply allocating the best possible team does not guarantee an executable plan can be formulated. However, coupling coalition formation with planning creates novel, domain-independent tools resulting in the best possible teams executing the best possible plans for robots acting in complex domains.
Cotranscriptional Production of Chemically Modified RNA Nanoparticles

RNA nanoparticles consisting of multiple RNA strands of different sequences forming various three-dimensional structures emerge as promising carriers of siRNAs, RNA aptamers, and ribozymes. In vitro transcription of a mixture of dsDNA templates encoding all the subunits of the RNA nanoparticle may result in cotranscriptional self-assembly of the nanoparticle. Based on our experience with production of RNA nanorings, RNA nanocubes, and RNA three-way junctions, we propose a strategy for optimization of the cotranscriptional production of chemically modified ribonuclease-resistant RNA nanoparticles.
Mechanics of evolutionary digit reduction in fossil horses (Equidae)

Digit reduction is a major trend that characterizes horse evolution, but its causes and consequences have rarely been quantitatively tested. Using beam analysis on fossilized centre metapodials, we tested how locomotor bone stresses changed with digit reduction and increasing body size across the horse lineage. Internal bone geometry was captured from 13 fossil horse genera that covered the breadth of the equid phylogeny and the spectrum of digit reduction and body sizes, from Hyracotherium to Equus . To account for the load-bearing role of side digits, a novel, continuous measure of digit reduction was also established—toe reduction index (TRI). Our results show that without accounting for side digits, three-toed horses as late as Parahippus would have experienced physiologically untenable bone stresses. Conversely, when side digits are modelled as load-bearing, species at the base of the horse radiation through Equus probably maintained a similar safety factor to fracture stress. We conclude that the centre metapodial compensated for evolutionary digit reduction and body mass increases by becoming more resistant to bending through substantial positive allometry in internal geometry. These results lend support to two historical hypotheses: that increasing body mass selected for a single, robust metapodial rather than several smaller ones; and that, as horse limbs became elongated, the cost of inertia from the side toes outweighed their utility for stabilization or load-bearing.
The development and use of a research self-efficacy scale to assess the effectiveness of a research training program for academic librarians

Research self-efficacy – or research confidence – has been shown to be a predictor of research productivity. There is also some evidence that it is a mediating factor between the research training environment and research productivity. To explore the connection between research training and research self-efficacy, the authors developed, validated, and later expanded a scale to measure research self-efficacy among academic librarians. They used the expanded 38-item scale to measure the research self-efficacy of participants from a three-year research training workshop for academic librarians, comparing results before and after the workshop. Participants experienced significant increases in research self-efficacy across all 38-questions, within the annual cohorts and across all three years. The question-level results were used to make changes to the summer workshops in Years 2 and 3, in order to improve the effectiveness of the summer workshop to increase research self-efficacy. This study confirms that a measurement of research self-efficacy can be a useful tool in assessing the effectiveness of research training and improving that training.
Mass Media and the Shaping of American Feminism, 1963–1975 by Patricia Bradley. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2003. 322 Pp.

(2004). Mass Media and the Shaping of American Feminism, 1963–1975 by Patricia Bradley. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2003. 322 Pp. American Journalism: Vol. 21, No. 3, pp. 118-120.
Lymphangiography and thoracic duct embolization following unsuccessful thoracic duct ligation: Imaging findings and outcomes.

Abstract Purpose To summarize the imaging findings and outcomes of thoracic duct embolization (TDE) performed on patients with chylous leaks persisting after thoracic duct (TD) ligation Materials and methods Review of 50 patients (30M/20F, median age 54) referred for TDE following unsuccessful surgical TD ligation. Records were reviewed for lymphangiographic findings, technical success of TDE, and outcome of TDE. Comparisons between groups were performed using Fisher's exact test. Results In 39 (78%) of patients, the cause of the chylothorax was traumatic and in 11 (22%) non-traumatic. The lymphangiography identified missed TD ligation in 30 (60%) patients and complete TD ligation 15 (30%) patients, however, in 12/15 patients, collaterals around the ligation site, supplying the leak could be identified. Incomplete ligation was observed in 4 (8%). In 1 (2%) patient a second TD was identified circumventing a complete ligation of the main TD. TDE was performed in 49 patients and TD disruption in 1 patient. Resolution of the chylous leak occurred in 45 patients (90%). There were three minor complications that resulted in no clinical sequela. Conclusions TDE was able to result in cessation of the chylous leaks in majority of the patients with persistent chylothorax after surgical TD ligation. Missed ligation is the most common finding on lymphangiography in patients with failed TD ligation. These findings support the use of image guided closure of TD leaks.
Composition Optimization Study on 7N01 Aluminum Alloy

The effect of Mn, Mg, Zn and Zr elements on the microstructure and mechanical properties of 7N01 aluminum alloy was studied by hardness, electrical conductivity, tensile test, optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which was based on the optimal extrusion and heat treatment process. Results show that a new alloy with optimum properties combination is found and its composition is Al–4.6Zn–1.55Mg–0.6Mn–0.15Cr–0.1Zr–0.03Ti (wt%), of which ultimate tensile strength and yield strength are 421.3 and 369.2 MPa respectively, and the phases are (Fe, Mn)Al6, η(MgZn2) and a small amount of η′(MgZn).
Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors in Rodent Pulmonary Hypertension

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a disorder characterized by vascular remodeling and proliferation, a phenotype dependent upon unimpeded growth factor and kinase pathway activation with strong similarities to malignant tumors. This chapter details our novel application of the multikinase inhibitor, sorafenib, in rodent models of PH to improved hemodynamic parameters and attenuates PH structural changes1. Sorafenib is a Raf kinase inhibitor and our biochemical and genomic evidence supported the potential involvement of the MAPK cascade system and TGFB3 in PH development and the response to therapy. Integration of expression genomic analyses coupled with intense bioinformatics identified gene expression and ontology signatures in the development of PH and implicated the role of cytoskeletal protein such as caldesmon or nmMLCK as potentially key participants in PH-induced vascular remodeling and proliferation. Our studies suggest the PKI sorafenib as a potentially novel treatment for severe PH with the MAPK cascade a potential canonical target profoundly effecting vascular cytoskeletal ­rearrangements and remodeling1.
Tranquilizers and x-irradiation lethality.

Tranquilizers (reserpine, meprobamate, chlorpromazine, benactyzine, phenobarbital) and acetylsalicylic acid were injected intraperitoneally in CF-1 mice prior to whole-body 600 r x irradiation and the effect on mortality and weight determined. None of the above tranquilizers afforded any statistically valid protection of the mice on a 30 day test basis. Saline solution when administered in sufficient volume and at a time that permits an effective volume to be retained during x irradiation procedures is beneficial in reducing the x irradiation effects, both in regard to mortality and to weight loss. There was a characteristic pattern to the change in weight following 600 r whole-body x irradiation: an immediate and progressive loss in weight occurred during days 0 to 15 post-irradiation and was followed by a gradual gain. The pre-irradiation weight was regained between days 20 to 25 after x irradiation but a secondary minor loss occurred about day 40. This was followed by progressive gain to approach the normal control weights by day 55 post x irradiation. (auth)
Marketing Implications of Nonmusical Sounds

This article reviews the concepts of nonmusical sound and noise with respect to sound elements, perception and interpretation. Following a review and synthesis of the literature, which has predominantly been conducted in non-marketing fields, practitioner and researcher implications are identified and discussed.
A helmetless-tackling intervention in American football for decreasing head impact exposure: A randomized controlled trial.

Abstract Objectives To evaluate a behavioral intervention to reduce head impact exposure in youth playing American football. Design Nested randomized controlled trial. Methods Participants, ages 14–17 years, wore head impact sensors (SIM-G™) during two seasons of play. Those randomized to the intervention group underwent weekly tackling/blocking drills performed without helmets (WoH) and shoulder pads while the control group trained as normal, matching frequency and duration. Research personnel provided daily oversight to maintain fidelity. Head impact frequency (≥10 g) per athlete exposure (ImpAE) was analyzed over time (two 11-week seasons) using mixed effect models or ANCOVA. Secondary outcomes included exposure-type (training, game) and participation level (entry-level versus upper-level secondary education). Results One-hundred fifteen participants (59 WoH, 56 control) met compliance criteria, contributing 47,382 head impacts and 10,751 athlete exposures for analysis. WoH had fewer ImpAE during games compared to control participants at weeks 4 (p = 0.0001 season 1, p = 0.0005 season 2) and 7 (p = 0.0001 both seasons). Upper-level WoH participants had less ImpAE during games than their matched controls at weeks 4 (p = 0.017 and p = 0.026) and 7 (p = 0.037 and p = 0.014) in both seasons, respectively. Upper-level WoH also had fewer ImpAE during training at week 7 (p = 0.015) in season one. Conclusions Tackling and blocking drills performed without a helmet during training reduced the frequency of head impacts during play, especially during games. However, these differences disappeared by the end of the season. Future research should explore the frequency of behavioral intervention and a dose-response relationship considering years of player experience. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov # NCT02519478.
A priori assessment of a smart-navigated unmanned aerial vehicle disaster cargo fleet:

The United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs has asserted that risks in deployment of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) within disaster response must be reduced by careful d...
The future of optics is programmable

This year joint sessions are planned between, our conference, OTOM, and a related conference on "Emerging Topics in Artificial Intelligence" (“ETAI”). It is clear that such methods must become a part of our shared conversation, as we discuss tools for designing both systems and analysis for the future. Training is required, not only Machine Learning and Deep Neural Networks, but for the students in our own research groups and beyond: if we commit to training a next generation in programmable optics, they will design hybrid approaches that will help to address many key problems. This talk aims to outline a path forward, focused on leveraging the power of our shared community, to make our own lives more productive, to reduce barriers to a broad set of students, and to empower us, together, to make a difference.
Process Intensification through Directly Coupled Autothermal Operation of Chemical Reactors

Summary Autothermal operation of a chemical reactor involves coupling exothermic and endothermic chemical reactions for the purpose of thermal management without resorting to external energy sinks or sources. Often this is accomplished through regenerative or recuperative heat exchange between spatially or temporally separated exothermic and endothermic reactions. However, it is also possible to directly couple these reactions simultaneously within the same reactor volume, eliminating the heat-transfer bottleneck that characterizes much of chemical manufacture. It is not widely recognized that directly coupled autothermal operation allows dramatic process intensification. This perspective defines autothermal operation and contrasts it with conventional heat transfer for thermal management of chemical processes. The intensification and cost savings that can be achieved are quantified, and the implications to modular chemical process intensification are presented. Guidelines are proposed for designing directly coupled autothermal processes. Diverse examples are presented. Several challenges to expanding the field are critically discussed.
Street Codes and Adolescent Violent Victimization at School: Unpacking a Complex Relationship:

This study examines the effects of adherence to street codes on school-based violent victimization. In doing so, it separates street values into two distinct orientations: (1) retaliatory norms, an...
On the Secular State: A Response to Mohamad Amer Meziane

This essay deploys a reflection on the secular state and the forms of violence that constitutes it. It formulates several comments about its sovereignty as well as the distinction between about mor...
A Data-driven Framework for Learning and Visualizing Characteristics of Thrombotic Event Phenotypes from Clinical Texts

Abstract Automatically identifying thrombotic phenotypes based on clinical data, particularly clinical texts, can be challenging. Although many investigators have developed targeted information extraction methods for identifying thrombotic phenotypes from radiology notes, these methods can be time consuming to train, require large amounts of training data, and may miss subtle textual clues predictive of a thrombotic phenotype from notes beyond the radiology note. We developed a generalizable, data-driven framework for learning, characterizing, and visualizing clinical concepts from both radiology and discharge summaries predictive of thrombotic phenotypes.
An examination of department of defense environmental factors that contribute to reporting sexual harassment

This study examined the influence of inclusion on the relationship between unwanted workplace experiences (UWEs) and negative perceptions of the sexual harassment reporting climate (NPRC) among 77 ...
Impact of Insurance Status on Outcomes in Individuals with AIDS-Defining Cancers.

This single-center retrospective cohort study evaluates whether insurance coverage and Ryan White HIV/AIDS Program assistance are associated with differences in treatment and survival in Kaposi sarcoma and aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphomas among people with HIV (PWH). Participants were classified as having private, Medicare, Medicaid, or no insurance. Hazard ratios (HR) for progression and death were estimated using Cox proportional hazards regression models. Propensity score weighting was used to adjust for imbalances in age, ethnicity, and performance status. Among 191 participants, 18% had private insurance, 14% had Medicare, 46% had Medicaid, and 23% were uninsured. 44% received Ryan White assistance. Participants with Medicare and those without Ryan White assistance were older. Those without Ryan White assistance also had worse performance status. No differences in CD4+ T-cell counts, HIV viral loads, HAART adherence, time to treatment, and regimen selection were detected. After adjustment with propensity score weighting, participants without Ryan White assistance had a greater risk of death (adjusted HR 4.06, 95% CI 1.45-11.41, p = 0.008) and progression (adjusted HR 3.39, 95% CI 1.43-8.05, p = 0.006) than those with Ryan White assistance. We conclude that among people with AIDS-defining cancers, those with Medicare and those without Ryan White assistance had higher mortality, possibly due to age and other medical comorbidities. Notably, underinsured PWH who received Ryan White assistance experienced similar outcomes as those with private insurance.
Insights into software development in Japan

The interdependence of the U.S.-Japanese economies makes it imperative that we in the United States understand how business and technology developments take place in Japan. We can gain insight into these developments in software engineering by studying the context in which Japanese software is developed, the practices that are used, the problems encountered, the setting surrounding these problems, and the resolution of these problems. Context includes the technological and sociological characteristics of the software development environment, the software processes applied, personnel involved in the development process, and the corporate and social culture surrounding the development. Presented in this paper is a summary of results of a study that addresses these issues. Data for this study was collected during a three month visit to Japan where the author interviewed 20 software managers representing nine companies involved in developing software in Japan. These data are compared to similar data from the United States in which 12 managers from five companies were interviewed.
LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT GAMMA-GLOBULINS OF URINE AND PLASMA AND THEIR RELATION TO 7S GAMMA-2-GLOBULIN.

IN the work recorded here, 1–3S γ-globulins from human urine1, human plasma 3S γ-globulins2, human plasma 7S γ2-globulin and the S and F fragments obtained by papain hydrolysis of the 7S γ2-globulin3 were compared immunochemically and by means of peptide patterns.
Skeletons of 3d shapes

A new method for determining skeletons of 3D shapes is described. It is a combination of the approach based on the “grass-fire” technique and Zhu's approach based on first finding portions of the shape where its width is approximately constant. The method specifically does not require presmoothing of the shape and is robust in the presence of noise. In an appendix, a method based on variational calculus is formulated for determining pruned, smoothed shape skeletons by minimizing a functional.
Studies on Human β-d-N-Acetylhexosaminidases III. BIOCHEMICAL GENETICS OF TAY-SACHS AND SANDHOFF'S DISEASES

Abstract Tay-Sachs disease is an inherited disorder in which β-d-N-acetylhexosaminidase activity is absent. Sandhoff's disease is a clinically identical disorder in which both hexosaminidase A and hexosaminidase B activity is missing. Antibodies to purified hexosaminidase A and hexosaminidase B have been produced in rabbits. Each antiserum was reactive against both isozymes on immunodiffusion. No hexosaminidase A antigen was present in the livers of the two Tay-Sachs disease patients and only a possible trace of antigen was found in the third case. The liver from one patient with Sandoff's disease contained both hexosaminidase A and hexosaminidase B antigens, even though no enzymatic activity was present, whereas the liver from the other patient with Sandhoff's disease contained only hexosaminidase A antigen. We suggest that hexosaminidase A and hexosaminidase B share a common subunit and the other subunit in the two hexosaminidases may be different.
Nonradial Pulsational Analyses of the Pulsating Central Stars of Planetary Nebulae

We have performed nonradial pulsation analyses of the central star of the planetary nebula Kl-16. Kl-16 is a very unusual nebulae which appears to have ejected material that is very rich in helium. The central star shows no evidence for hydrogen in its spectrum and the helium and carbon lines are in emission. Grauer and Bond (Ap. J., 277, 211, 1984) discovered that it is pulsating with periods around 1700 sec. Although its spectral characteristics are similar to those of the PG1159-035 variables, it is pulsating in much longer periods than they are.
Temporal and Spatial Displacement: Evidence from A High-Use Reservoir and Alternate Sites

This study explored the extent of displacement and the types of displacement behaviors used in response to crowding at a popular reservoir in Oregon. Data collected through a mail-back survey of re...
Biochemical and EPR-Spectroscopic Investigation into Heterologously Expressed Vinyl Chloride Reductive Dehalogenase (VcrA) from Dehalococcoides mccartyi Strain VS

Reductive dehalogenases play a critical role in the microbial detoxification of aquifers contaminated with chloroethenes and chlorethanes by catalyzing the reductive elimination of a halogen. We re...
Embryocidal teratogenic and fetotoxic effects of citrinin in rats

Abstract Citrinin, a fungal metabolite produced by several species of Penicillium and Aspergillus, has been found to contaminate foods used by animals and man. Citrinin is nephrotoxic and has been implicated in disease outbreaks in animals and humans. In this study the teratogenicity, embryotoxicity, and fetotozxicity of citrinin was determined in Spraque—Dawley rats after subcutaneous administration of a single dose of 35 mg/kg on gestation days 3, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 or 15. Dams so treated lost weight for 2 days following administration. Subsequently, weight gain for treated animals was similar to tthat for controls. Relatively high maternal mortalities also were associated with this pretreatment regimen. Treatment with 35 mg/ kg on certain days of gestation resulted in deaths of one half or more of the pregnant dams. No significantl effects of citrinin were observed on the number of implants. Resorption of implants, however was higher in treated animals than controls when dams were treated on days 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 or 12 of gestation. Fetuses from dams given citrinin were significantly smaller than dose from controls by about 22% on average. No major gross or skeletal malformations were found in fetuses born to mothers which received citrinin. Major internal soft tissue malformations seen were enlarged kidneys, internal hydrocephalus and cleft palate.
The Y-Family DNA Polymerase Dpo4 Uses a Template Slippage Mechanism To Create Single-Base Deletions

The Y-family polymerases help cells tolerate DNA damage by performing translesion synthesis, yet they also can be highly error prone. One distinctive feature of the DinB class of Y-family polymerases is that they make single-base deletion errors at high frequencies in repetitive sequences, especially those that contain two or more identical pyrimidines with a 5′ flanking guanosine. Intriguingly, different deletion mechanisms have been proposed, even for two archaeal DinB polymerases that share 54% sequence identity and originate from two strains of Sulfolobus. To reconcile these apparent differences, we have characterized Dpo4 from Sulfolobus solfataricus using the same biochemical and crystallographic approaches that we have used previously to characterize Dbh from Sulfolobus acidocaldarius. In contrast to previous suggestions that Dpo4 uses a deoxynucleoside triphosphate (dNTP)-stabilized misalignment mechanism when creating single-base deletions, we find that Dpo4 predominantly uses a template slippage deletion mechanism when replicating repetitive DNA sequences, as was previously shown for Dbh. Dpo4 stabilizes the skipped template base in an extrahelical conformation between the polymerase and the little-finger domains of the enzyme. This contrasts with Dbh, in which the extrahelical base is stabilized against the surface of the little-finger domain alone. Thus, despite sharing a common deletion mechanism, these closely related polymerases use different contacts with the substrate to accomplish the same result.
Character-based leadership, context and consequences

The study of character in leadership cannot be totally separated from attention to the unique context within which the leader acts or from the study of the consequences of the leader's actions. We respond to the five questions raised by Hannah and Avolio (in press) while enlarging the dialogue along several new lines of thought. We honor the importance of leadership science while emphasizing the art of the leader who masters the practice of leadership. While there is no universal, one best way to lead or one enduring and integrative theory of leadership, we remain convinced of the significant role of character in the study of leadership.
Intermediate filaments as mechanical integrators of cellular space

Five chemically distinct classes of intermediate filaments can be identified within higher eukaryotic cells. Each class is characteristic of a particular cell type. These filaments may function to integrate mechanically the various structures of the cytoplasmic space in a way that is tailored to the differentiated state of the cell.
A 90-Day Tenofovir Reservoir Intravaginal Ring for Mucosal HIV Prophylaxis

A vaginal gel containing the antiretroviral tenofovir (TFV) recently demonstrated 39% protection against HIV infection in women. We designed and evaluated a novel reservoir TFV intravaginal ring (IVR) to potentially improve product effectiveness by providing a more controlled and sustained vaginal dose to maintain cervicovaginal concentrations. Polyurethane tubing of various hydrophilicities was filled with a high-density TFV/glycerol/water semisolid paste and then end-sealed to create IVRs. In vitro, TFV release increased with polyurethane hydrophilicity, with 35 weight percent water-swelling polyurethane IVRs achieving an approximately 10-mg/day release for 90 days with mechanical stiffness similar to that of the commercially available NuvaRing. This design was evaluated in two 90-day in vivo sheep studies for TFV pharmacokinetics and safety. Overall, TFV vaginal tissue, vaginal fluid, and plasma levels were relatively time independent over the 90-day duration at approximately 104 ng/g, 106 ng/g, and 101 ng/ml, respectively, near or exceeding the highest observed concentrations in a TFV 1% gel control group. TFV vaginal fluid concentrations were approximately 1,000-fold greater than levels shown to provide significant protection in women using the TFV 1% gel. There were no toxicological findings following placebo and TFV IVR treatment for 28 or 90 days, although slight to moderate increases in inflammatory infiltrates in the vaginal epithelia were observed in these animals compared to naive animals. In summary, the controlled release of TFV from this reservoir IVR provided elevated sheep vaginal concentrations for 90 days to merit its further evaluation as an HIV prophylactic.
WE‐C‐BRA‐10: A Fast Subpixel Resolution Double Gaussian Winston Lutz Algorithm

Purpose: To implement a fast algorithm (fWL) for accurate analysis of digital Winston Lutz isocenter test images without edge detection or center of mass calculations. Methods and Materials: An algorithm has been developed to determine the centers of a ball and cone in Winston Lutz evaluation images.Images used for clinical assessment of mechanical/radiation isocenter agreement were imaged with an EPID. Based on the EPIDimages, a test set of images were created with true knowledge of the offsets of the ball and cone. The fWL algorithm employed the double convolution of two Gaussian blurred circles with the Winston Lutz test images such that the location of the maximum of the convolution was the location of the center of the ball or cone. A subpixel estimation subroutine was employed in the convolution calculation. Results of the algorithm were compared to human observer with template guidance and a Center of Mass (COM) algorithm for high resolution (0.05mm/px, film) and low resolution (0.78mm/px, EPID)image sets. Results: The center locations were calculated with the fWL algorithm for the high‐res test images with an accuracy of 0.002±0.061 mm compared to 0.042±0.294 mm for the human observer, and 0.003±0.038 mm for the COM. The fWL algorithm required 0.01 s per image compared to 5 s for the COM algorithm and 20 s for the human observer. For lower resolution images the fWL algorithm localized the centers with an accuracy of 0.083±0.12 mm compared to 0.03±0.5514 mm for the COM algorithm. Conclusion: A faster (sub second) subpixel algorithm has been developed that can more accurately determine the center locations of the ball and cone in Winston Lutz test images without edge detection or COM calculations.
Preload Dependence of Right Ventricular Blood How: I. The Normal Right Ventricle

Right ventricular (RV) failure is commonly treated with intravascular volume expansion to increase the RV-left atrial pressure gradient and improve left-sided filling. As RV pressure rises, chamber distention occurs and wall tension increases. These studies were designed to determine if increased wall tension might impede RV myocardial blood flow in the normal canine right ventricle and thus contribute to RV failure. Hemodynamic data, the septal-RV free wall dimension, and RV myocardial blood flow were obtained at low and high levels of preload and in both the autoregulated and vasodilated (adenosine, 2 mg per kilogram of body weight per minute) states. Elevated filling pressure decreased RV myocardial blood flow in both the autoregulated (0.85 +/- 0.18 to 0.67 +/- 0.15 ml/min/gm; p less than .05) and vasodilated (2.25 +/- 0.50 to 0.85 +/- 0.25 ml/min/gm; p less than .05) states but did not change the transmural distribution of blood flow to the right ventricle. Vasodilator reserve was markedly impaired in the high-preload state. These observations suggest that preload is an important determinant of RV myocardial blood flow. Volume loading to treat RV dysfunction may be limited by impairment of RV myocardial blood flow.
Kinematic resonances in crystalline xenon.

A resolvent formalism is applied to the calculation of optical absorption in solid Xe. For realistic models of the energy bands and the electron-hole interaction, the spectrum contains narrow resonances (poles of the $t$ matrix) in the continuum. Although the form of these kinematic resonances is strongly dependent on the truncation radius of the interaction, the results support Phillips's explanation of resonant structure in the optical data on Xe.
Examination of the technical potential of near-infrared switching thermochromic windows for commercial building applications

Abstract Current thermochromic windows modulate solar transmission primarily within the visible range, resulting in reduced space-conditioning energy use but also reduced daylight, thereby increasing lighting energy use compared to conventional static, near-infrared selective, low-emittance windows. To better understand the energy savings potential of improved thermochromic devices, a hypothetical near-infrared switching thermochromic glazing was defined based on guidelines provided by the material science community. EnergyPlus simulations were conducted on a prototypical large office building and a detailed analysis was performed showing the progression from switching characteristics to net window heat flow and perimeter zone loads and then to perimeter zone heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) and lighting energy use for a mixed hot/cold climate and a hot, humid climate in the US. When a relatively high daylight transmission is maintained when switched (Tsol=0.10–0.50 and Tvis=0.30–0.60) and if coupled with a low-e inboard glazing layer (e=0.04), the hypothetical thermochromic window with a low critical switching temperature range (14–20 °C) achieved reductions in total site annual energy use of 14.0–21.1 kW h/m2-floor-yr or 12–14% 1 for moderate- to large-area windows (WWR≥0.30) in Chicago and 9.8–18.6 kW h/m2-floor-yr or 10–17% 2 for WWR≥0.45 in Houston compared to an unshaded spectrally-selective, low-e window (window E1) in south-, east-, and west-facing perimeter zones. If this hypothetical thermochromic window can be offered at costs that are competitive to conventional low-e windows and meet esthetic requirements defined by the building industry and end users, then the technology is likely to be a viable energy-efficiency option for internal load dominated commercial buildings.
An affordable injection-molded precision hybrid glass–polymer achromatic lens

This paper describes the development of an affordable precision hybrid glass–polymer achromatic doublet fabricated by microinjection molding. This hybrid lens can be used to correct chromatic aberration by combining a flint and a crown glass. Specifically, polycarbonate was selected as the flint glass with higher dispersion and N-BK7 was selected for lower dispersion crown glass. Microinjection molding was utilized to apply the aspherical polycarbonate layer directly onto the N-BK7 glass lens’ surface in this study for its capabilities of precision microfeature replication and mass production. In addition, finite element-based numerical simulation for molding process was employed to assist the design to improve the manufacturability. To ensure high precision in the fabricated hybrid lens, mechanical alignment features were created on the mold inserts to position the finished polymer lens along with the insert that housed the glass lens. The mold inserts’ surfaces were diamond-turned to optically finished without polishing. It was demonstrated in this study that with properly designed manufacturing processes, an integrated hybrid glass–polymer lens could be fabricated without further mechanical alignment. Lastly, the optical performance of the hybrid lens was verified by focal shift evaluation.