cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ultraviolet selection pressure on the earliest organisms

It had been proposed by Sagan (1957, 1961) that UV light, partially penetrating the primitive reducing atmosphere of the earth, posed a major problem for the earliest evolution of life. This argument is now updated and refined. The picture of a secondary reducing atmosphere is presented. It is assumed that an excess of hydrogen from this atmosphere has already escaped to space. The genetic material surrounded itself as a solution to the UV selection pressure with bases or nucleotides having no function whatever in replication or protein synthesis.
Analysis of near-field of circular aperture antennas with application to study of high intensity radio frequency (HIRF) hazards to aviation from JPL/NASA Deep Space Network antennas

This work includes a simplified analysis of the radiated near to mid-field from JPL/NASA Deep Space Network (DSN) reflector antennas and uses an averaging technique over the main beam region and beyond for complying with FAA regulations in specific aviation environments. The work identifies areas that require special attention, including the implications of the very narrow beam of the DSN transmitters. The paper derives the maximum averaged power densities allowed and identifies zones where mitigation measures are required.
Water and Power: The politics of a scarce resource in the Jordan River basin

l. Introduction: conflict and cooperation in international river basins Part I. RIPARIAN DILEMMAS: 2. The environment of conflict in the Jordan basin 3. Riparian disputes compared Part II. THE JORDAN WATERS CONFLICT: 4. The Johnston mission to the Middle East (l953-l956) 5. Perception and misperception: the Jordan waters crisis (l964) and the onset of war Part III. THE JORDAN BASIN SINCE l967: 6. Water and development in Israel and Jordan 7. Riparian relations and the perception of conflict 8. Riparian disputes since l967 9. Conclusion: the conduct of riparian disputes and the potential for cooperation in international river basins.
Arthroscopic chondral cyst excision in a stiff Perthes' hip.

Abstract Persistent hip stiffness in Perthes' disease indicates a poor prognosis and is a therapeutic challenge. We report a case of a 13-year-old boy with a stiff Perthes' hip that was nonresponsive to prolonged nonsurgical treatment. Imaging revealed Catterall group IV Perthes' disease in an advanced reossification stage, with a focal defect in the weight-bearing area of the capital femoral epiphysis. A focal, compressible chondral elevation was detected on hip arthroscopy; on incision, flocculent fluid was released. After the cyst was excised, microfracture revascularization of the chondral defect was undertaken. Postoperatively, the patient had immediate pain relief, correction of deformity, and restoration of painless range of motion; this has continued for 4 years since surgery was performed. Persistence of an unhealed necrotic segment in Perthes' disease has traditionally been associated with osteochondritis dissecans; however, in this case, the unhealed and nonossified segment produced an elevated painful chondral cyst that caused spasm and stiffness of the hip. Although 2 distinct types of chondral lesions have been described in Perthes' disease, stiffness arising because of these lesions has not been reported. Patients with this unusual third type of chondral lesion of the capital femoral epiphysis, which causes persistent stiffness in Perthes' hip, may be identified and successfully treated with the use of arthroscopic techniques.
Occupational fatalities due to animal-related events.

Objective To better understand the extent of animal-related fatalities in the workplace. Methods This study utilized Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries files from the US Department of Labor for the years 1992–1997 to describe the events surrounding human workplace fatalities associated with animals. Results During the 6-year time period, 350 workplace deaths could be associated with an animal-related event. Cattle and horses were the animals primarily involved, and workers in the agricultural industry experienced the majority of events. Many deaths involved transportation events, either direct collision with the animal or highway crashes trying to avoid collision with an animal. Exotic animals, primarily elephants and tigers, were responsible for a few deaths. A small number of workers died of a zoonotic infection. Conclusions We found that approximately 1% of workplace fatalities are associated with an animal-related event. Methods to decrease the frequency of an animal injury are suggested.
Paraproducts and the exponential-square class

We prove that if a locally integrable f has a pointwise bounded dyadic square function, where the square function is defined with respect to a so-called “accretive” weight b ,t hen f is locally exponentially square integrable. We generalize the result to d dimensions by means of “canonical” Haar functions for L 2 (R d ).  2002 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
β-Tubulin Is a More Suitable Internal Control than β-Actin in Western Blot Analysis of Spinal Cord Tissues after Traumatic Injury

Western blot is a widely used method for determining specific protein levels. To control and correct for loading error, an internal control is often used. To date, two housekeeping gene–coded proteins (i.e., β-actin and β-tubulin) are widely used as internal controls in the Western blot analysis. However, no information is available concerning the stability of their expressions in response to a traumatic injury to the central nervous system (CNS). If so, their use as an internal control may have a negative impact on data acquisition, analysis, and interpretation. Using Western blot analysis, we demonstrated that spinal cord injury (SCI) induced a significant increase in β-actin expression which peaked at 7 days post-SCI (2.48-fold). Coefficient of variation (CV) analysis showed that the CV of β-actin expression was 43.79 ± 4.67%, significantly higher than that of six loadings from a single sample (6.5 ± 0.9%, p < 0.01), indicating that increased expression of β-actin was a result of SCI, instead of a load...
Unless otherwise indicated: A survey of copyright statements on digital library collections

This study examines the copyright statements attached to digital collections created by members of the Digital Library Federation. A total of 786 collections at twenty-nine institutions were examined for the presence of statements and their content evaluated for common themes. Particular attention was paid to whether the institutions in question are meeting their obligation to educate users about their rights by including information about fair use and the public domain. Approximately half the collections surveyed had copyright statements, and those statements were often difficult to distinguish from terms of use and were frequently vague or misleading.
Preliminary evaluation of interfacial stability of surface modified porous methyl silsesquioxane by ion implantation for copper metallization scheme

Thin films of ultra-low-κ materials such as porous methyl silsesquioxane (MSQ) (κ=2.2) were implanted with argon 1×1016 cm−2 dose at energies varying from 20 to 50 keV at room temperature. This work shows that the surface hardness of the porous films can be improved five times as compared to the as-deposited porous films by implanting Ar with 1×1016 cm−2 doses at 20 keV, sacrificing only a slight increase (∼9%) in dielectric constant (e.g., from 2.2 to 2.4). The hardness persists after 450 °C annealing. In this current work, an ion implantation strategy was pursued to create a SiO2-like surface on MSQ. The effects of implantation parameters on the barrier property and bulk stability of MSQ were then studied. The results reveal one possible route to attain the “zero barrier thickness” requirement for interconnects systems.
Foot-to-shoe mismatch and rates of referral in Special Olympics athletes.

Background: Improperly fitted shoes are frequently seen in athletes participating in Special Olympics competitions. This foot-to-shoe mismatch may result in deformities as well as discomfort and re...
Narcotics Abuse among Young People in the Northern Territories: Characteristics and Prevention.

Data from a study of substance abuse among young people in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) show that it increases when social and economic opportunities are lacking, and when supplies of drugs increase. Programs to combat this need to be more comprehensive and more coordinated on both local and national levels.
Effect of light on egg-laying rate and mating speed in phototactic strains of Drosophila

IN Drosophila, phototactic behaviour can be quantitatively described using Hirsch–Hadler classification mazes1. Flies entering the maze make a series of 15 consecutive light–dark choices and receive phototactic scores ranging from 1.0 (highly photonegative) to 16.0 (highly photopositive). A photoneutral population has an expected mean photoscore of 8.5. The phototaxis maze has provided a useful tool for the characterisation of phototactic behaviour in natural populations of Drosophila and for the creation of photopositive and photonegative strains of flies by artificial selection. Natural populations of D. melanogaster and D. pseudoobscura are photoneutral in general, but respond rapidly to selection for positive or negative phototactic behaviour2,4,7,8. Genetic analysis of phototaxis in Drosophila suggests that this behaviour is a polygenic trait with low heritability3,4,6. Suspension of artificial selection results in rapid reversion to photoneutrality which illustrates the principle of genetic homeostasis and suggests that changes in fitness accompany selection for photopositive and photonegative behaviour8.
Interactions of Spread Lecithin Monolayers with Bovine Serum Albumin in Aqueous Solution

The dynamics of surface pressure (Π) and of surface concentration (Γ) of 14C radiolabeled bovine serum albumin (BSA) adsorbed onto spread lecithin monolayers at the air−water interface were measure...
An approximation algorithm for computing a tipping set in super modular games for interdependent security

The problem of finding the minimal tipping set in a super modular game is known to be NP-hard. In this paper, we derive an approximation algorithm to find a minimal tipping set. In the special case of the uniform game, the approximation provides the exact result.
Threshold Measurements on the Nuclear Photo-Effect

The high voltage x-radiation from the betatron has been employed to produce ($\ensuremath{\gamma},n$) reactions in several elements of atomic number up to 47, the reaction observed by detection of induced radioactivity. The peak x-ray energy was controlled by integrating the voltage on the main coils with an RC circuit, which actuated the orbit expander at a predetermined electron energy. Upon irradiating samples at sequences of energies, measuring their activity with beta-counters, and plotting activities against peak energy, smooth curves were obtained from which thresholds were estimated. The accuracy of the method is limited by low activity in almost all cases and by uncertainties in energy output. The following thresholds in Mev have been measured: ${\mathrm{C}}^{11}$, 18.7 to 19.4; ${\mathrm{N}}^{13}$, 11.1\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.5; ${\mathrm{O}}^{15}$, 16.3\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.4; ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{53}$, 14.2\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.4; ${\mathrm{Cu}}^{62}$, 10.9\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.3; ${\mathrm{Zn}}^{63}$, 11.6\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.4; ${\mathrm{Se}}^{79\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{r}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}81}$, 9.8\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.5 for the lower, short period isomer; ${\mathrm{Mo}}^{91\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{r}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}93}$, 13.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.4; ${\mathrm{Ag}}^{108}$, 9.3\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.5; ${\mathrm{Ag}}^{106}$, 9.5. The first three are in fair agreement with other data, but because of exceptionally weak activities are not sufficiently reliable to afford a test of the method. Rough measurements on the uranium photo-fission threshold are also reported. Since the radiation from the betatron is continuous and its spectral distribution is unknown, the excitation curves are not susceptible to interpretation, and cross sections for the above reactions cannot be estimated at present.
The Systematics and Evolution of Pinworms (Nematoda: Oxyurida: Thelastomatoidea) from Invertebrates

The nematode order Oxyurida is unique in including species for which definitive host ranges are broad and may include vertebrate or invertebrate hosts. The superfamily Thelastomatoidea is a highly diverse assemblage of oxyurids occurring in cockroaches, diplopods, hydrophilid beetles, passalid beetles, several other coleopteran larvae, mole crickets, and, with few representative species documented, other arthropod hosts. Published research and revision of the Thelastomatoidea, particularly in the 1980s and 1990s, provided several interesting hypotheses on the systematics and evolution of this group. In this review, these hypotheses are examined in the context of recent advances in taxonomy, discovery of additional species diversity and distribution, and preliminary phylogenetic hypotheses that have been proposed. There continues to remain a paucity of phylogenetic data that explore the phylogenetic relationships of the Thelastomatoidea and their relationships to vertebrate-parasitizing pinworms. A combination of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences for representative species across all of the major lineages will be important for more robust phylogenetic hypotheses. Much broader geographical and host taxon sampling is necessary to determine true diversity of the Thelastomatoidea. Modern approaches to species descriptions, such as improvements in light and scanning electron microscopy and the use of molecular approaches to matching male and female nematodes, can also be applied to improve our understanding of the evolution of these fascinating parasites.
Seeing Chips: Analog VLSI Circuits for Computer Vision

Vision is simple. We open our eyes and, instantly, the world surrounding us is perceived in all its splendor. Yet Artificial Intelligence has been trying with very limited success for over 20 years to endow machines with similar abilities. A large van, filled with computers and driving unguided at a mile per hour across gently sloping hills in Colorado and using a laser-range system to “see” is the most we have accomplished so far. On the other hand, computers can play a decent game of chess or prove simple mathematical theorems. It is ironic that we are unable to reproduce perceptual abilities which we share with most animals while some of the features distinguishing us from even our closest cousins, chimpanzees, can be carried out by machines. Vision is difficult.
A networked and cooperative control testbed

This paper describes a testbed facility - the HoTDeC (HOvercraft Testbed for DEcentralized Control) - developed by the authors at the University of Illinois, consisting of multiple autonomous hovercraft vehicles which are wirelessly networked. This facility provides a flexible and state-of-the-art testbed for experimentation with inter-networked vehicles and sensors for decentralized and cooperative control, in a dynamically nontrivial setting.
Controlled delivery of SDF-1α and IGF-1: CXCR4+ cell recruitment and functional skeletal muscle recovery

Therapeutic delivery of regeneration-promoting biological factors directly to the site of injury has demonstrated its efficacy in various injury models. Several reports describe improved tissue regeneration following local injection of tissue specific growth factors, cytokines and chemokines. Evidence exists that combined cytokine/growth factor treatment is superior for optimizing tissue repair by targeting different aspects of the regeneration response. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic potential of the controlled delivery of stromal cell-derived factor-1alpha (SDF-1α) alone or in combination with insulin-like growth factor-I (SDF-1α/IGF-I) for the treatment of tourniquet-induced ischemia/reperfusion injury (TK-I/R) of skeletal muscle. We hypothesized that SDF-1α will promote sustained stem cell recruitment to the site of muscle injury, while IGF-I will induce progenitor cell differentiation to effectively restore muscle contractile function after TK-I/R injury while concurrently reducing apoptosis. Utilizing a novel poly-ethylene glycol PEGylated fibrin gel matrix (PEG-Fib), we incorporated SDF-1α alone (PEG-Fib/SDF-1α) or in combination with IGF-I (PEG-Fib/SDF-1α/IGF-I) for controlled release at the site of acute muscle injury. Despite enhanced cell recruitment and revascularization of the regenerating muscle after SDF-1α treatment, functional analysis showed no benefit from PEG-Fib/SDF-1α therapy, while dual delivery of PEG-Fib/SDF-1α/IGF-I resulted in IGF-I-mediated improvement of maximal force recovery and SDF-1α-driven in vivo neovasculogenesis. Histological data supported functional data, as well as highlighted the important differences in the regeneration process among treatment groups. This study provides evidence that while revascularization may be necessary for maximizing muscle force recovery, without modulation of other effects of inflammation it is insufficient.
Particle–Focusing Characteristics of Matched Aerodynamic Lenses

Forming collimated and size-selected particle beams is a necessary component of certain instruments and industrial processes. An ideal aerosol inlet produces particle beams at high efficiency and transmission rate. The particle transmission rate can be maximized by slot geometries to generate a tightly focused particle beam that is confined to a desired volume. Traditionally, orifices and capillaries have been employed to generate focused particle beams where particle inertia is used to separate them from the carrier gas. The goal of this work is to improve the current inlet geometries for enhanced transmission of particles. For this purpose, we propose a novel inlet geometry that comprises a series of matched capped slots upstream of a choked orifice inlet. By adjusting the pressure, the geometry transmits an arbitrary particle size with high efficiency while maintaining a high flow rate. The slot dimensions can be analytically determined by constraining the design such that the slots and choked orifice focus the same particle sizes and have the same mass flow rate. Numerical simulations of the flow and particle trajectories through the inlet are carried out using the CFD code FLUENT. The new geometry is found to enhance the focusing characteristics of the orifice while maintaining the high flow throughput. The geometry is further optimized to maximize the transmission rate.
Low-temperature specific heat and thermal conductivity of neutron-irradiated lithium fluoride

Abstract Exposure of LiF to radiation within a reactor reduces the low-temperature thermal conductivity and creates an excess specific heat. These properties are similar to those observed in samples exposed only to γ-irradiation and, for our sample, could be accounted for by the integrated γ-exposure alone. The low-temperature behavior can be explained by invoking various kinds of defects such as fluttering dislocations or clusters (extended defects) having a spectrum of shapes and sizes. The two-level-states found in reactor-irradiated SiO2 cannot be identified in the irradiated LiF.
Report of Two Double‐Blind Randomized Placebo‐Controlled Pilot Studies of a Carbohydrate‐Rich Nutrient Mixture for Treatment of Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)

We investigated a carbohydrate-rich nutrient-drink mix for treatment of seasonal affective disorder (SAD). This mixture may contribute to brain serotonin synthesis, potentially exerting an antidepressant effect and controlling carbohydrate cravings. Two successive double-blind placebo-controlled studies were performed. In Study 1, 18 subjects (50% women; mean age 43 ± 15 years) with SCID-diagnosed SAD were randomized to 12 days of twice daily carbohydrate beverage (CHO) containing mixed starches, or a placebo beverage (PRO) containing the CHO mix plus casein protein to dampen serotonin synthesis. Following a 2-day washout, subjects were crossed over to the other treatment for 12 days. In Study 2, 32 subjects (63% women; mean age 46 ± 14 years) with SCID-diagnosed SAD were randomized to 21 days of CHO or PRO. Efficacy in both studies was determined by the first 17 items of the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D-28), an appetite questionnaire, and regular weighing. In Study 1, response rates were 50% for both groups. Remission rates favored CHO (50% vs. 38%), as did the decrease in the HAM-D-17 score, but differences were nonsignificant. In Study 2, response rates were 71% for CHO and 76% for PRO, and remission rates were 71% for each group. Both treatment groups experienced significant improvement in HAM-D-17 scores within 1 week of treatment, which continued through the entire study period. Weight change did not differ significantly between treatment groups in either study. The drink mix was well tolerated and treatment adherence was high. Both the active and placebo intervention were effective in alleviating symptoms of SAD. Replication studies in larger samples appear warranted.
Kant on Autonomy and the Value of Persons

This essay seeks to contribute to current debates about value in Kant's ethics. Its main objective is to dislodge the widely shared intuition that his view of autonomy requires constructivism or some other alternative to moral realism. I argue the following. Kant seems to think that the value of persons is due to their very nature, not to what anyone decides is the case (however rational or pure those decisions may be). He also seems to think that when we treat persons as ends in themselves we are responding appropriately to the fact that their very nature elevates them above all other concerns. Neither of these beliefs is incompatible with his view of autonomy. So it is a mistake to think that Kant's ethics requires constructivism or any other form of anti-realism.
Utilization of Baclofen in Maintenance of Alcohol Abstinence in Patients with Alcohol Dependence and Alcoholic Hepatitis with or without Cirrhosis

Aim: To report the efficacy and safety of baclofen in improving clinical state in patients with alcoholic hepatitis. Method: Single center, open, retrospective study analyzing the effects of baclofen utilized over 12 months in patients with alcoholic hepatitis with or without cirrhosis and alcohol dependence on these liver parameters: aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), total bilirubin (Tbili), prothrombin time (PT), international normalized ratio (INR), albumin and Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score. Results: Out of 40 patients, 35 were treated with baclofen. On average, baclofen was used for 5.8 months. A significant decrease in the mean AST, ALT, Tbili, INR, PT and MELD score was seen when comparing pre-baclofen use compared with post-baclofen use. Of the 35 patients who were started on baclofen, 34 (97%) remained abstinent. There were no serious adverse events. Conclusions: Baclofen's safety and efficacy in improving the clinical condition patients with alcoholic liver disease has been supported. Randomized prospective studies with longer duration of baclofen in this population may further optimize its use and corroborate efficacy.
Amnestic mild cognitive impairment and incident dementia and Alzheimer's disease in geriatric depression.

Background Memory impairment in geriatric depression is understudied, but may identify individuals at risk for development of dementia and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Using a neuropsychologically based definition of amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) in patients with geriatric depression, we hypothesized that patients with aMCI, compared with those without it, would have increased incidence of both dementia and AD. Methods Participants were aged 60 years and older and consisted of depressed participants and non-depressed volunteer controls. The depressed cohort met criteria for unipolar major depression. All participants were free of dementia and other neurological illness at baseline. At study entry, participants were administered a standardized clinical interview, a battery of neurocognitive tests, and provided a blood sample for determination of apolipoprotein E genotype. A cognitive diagnosis was assigned by a panel of experts who convened annually and reviewed available clinical, neuropsychological and laboratory data to achieve a consensus cognitive diagnosis to determine a consensus diagnosis. Survival analysis examined the association between aMCI and later dementia (all-cause) and AD. Results Among 295 depressed individuals, 63 (21.36%) met criteria for aMCI. Among 161 non-depressed controls, four (2.48%) met aMCI criteria. Participants were followed for 6.28 years on average. Forty-three individuals developed dementia, including 40 (13.6%) depressed and three (1.9%) control participants. Both aMCI and age were associated with incident dementia and AD. Conclusions The presence of aMCI is a poor prognostic sign among patients with geriatric depression. Clinicians should carefully screen elderly depressed adults for memory impairment.
Being Olmec In Early Formative Period Honduras

Practices and features that many researchers have identified as "Olmec," even when found outside of the Gulf Coast of Mexico, supposed by some to be the heartland of an Olmec culture, are often a minority within local assemblages with vast differences in style and form. This is the case in Honduras, where objects identified as "Olmec" were clearly locally made. Thus they cannot be explained simply in terms of the import to Honduras of "Olmec" objects made elsewhere. This paper seeks to address the question, "what did it mean to the inhabitants of Formative period Mesoamerican villages to make and use objects whose stylistic features made them stand out as different from others in their own communities?" Drawing on data from original fieldwork at multiple sites in Honduras and reanalysis of museum collections, this paper proposes a model for understanding this phenomenon rooted in social theories of materiality, the phenomenological experience of personhood, and the creation of identity through entanglement with things.
CH 4 parameter estimation in CLM4.5bgc using surrogate global optimization

Abstract. Over the anthropocene methane has increased dramatically. Wetlands are one of the major sources of methane to the atmosphere, but the role of changes in wetland emissions is not well understood. The Community Land Model (CLM) of the Community Earth System Models contains a module to estimate methane emissions from natural wetlands and rice paddies. Our comparison of CH4 emission observations at 16 sites around the planet reveals, however, that there are large discrepancies between the CLM predictions and the observations. The goal of our study is to adjust the model parameters in order to minimize the root mean squared error (RMSE) between model predictions and observations. These parameters have been selected based on a sensitivity analysis. Because of the cost associated with running the CLM simulation (15 to 30 min on the Yellowstone Supercomputing Facility), only relatively few simulations can be allowed in order to find a near-optimal solution within an acceptable time. Our results indicate that the parameter estimation problem has multiple local minima. Hence, we use a computationally efficient global optimization algorithm that uses a radial basis function (RBF) surrogate model to approximate the objective function. We use the information from the RBF to select parameter values that are most promising with respect to improving the objective function value. We show with pseudo data that our optimization algorithm is able to make excellent progress with respect to decreasing the RMSE. Using the true CH4 emission observations for optimizing the parameters, we are able to significantly reduce the overall RMSE between observations and model predictions by about 50 %. The methane emission predictions of the CLM using the optimized parameters agree better with the observed methane emission data in northern and tropical latitudes. With the optimized parameters, the methane emission predictions are higher in northern latitudes than when the default parameters are used. For the tropics, the optimized parameters lead to lower emission predictions than the default parameters.
Oceanic fronts as a source high air-sea flux due to breaking of standing waves of intermediate scale

Marine radar sea scatter experiments were conducted as part of a remote sensing and fluid modeling program to study littoral ocean properties toward an improved understanding of ship and airborne radar ocean imaging. In particular, radar backscatter data were collected using an X-band marine radar at low grazing angles near oceanic fronts and internal gravity waves. These data were collected from a ship that passed perpendicularly through both type of linear oceanic features, so that their azimuthal aspect sensitivity could be studied and related to the fluid dynamics driving them. While the internal waves appeared different from either side of the crest, the polarization properties associated with fronts was the same as seen with either aspect. The authors hypothesize that standing waves occur at fronts and act as a scattering source rather than asymmetric bores that have previously been identified at strong radar scatterers at horizontal polarization in wind driven seas. A simple propagation model of waves into a current shear region is used to show that intermediate waves of a 10 to 30-cm scale are reflected from the current profile at a front and can produce such standing wave scattering sources.
Noctuid migration in Texas within the nocturnal aeroecological boundary layer

Synopsis Long-distance migration of adult corn earworm moths (Helicoverpa zea), and several other noctuid moth species, facilitates seasonal expansion of pest populations and consequent increased infestations of agricultural crops on a continental scale in North America. Long-term field studies of population dynamics and migratory flights of H. zea and fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) in the United States were evaluated using X-band radar observations and profiles of atmospheric conditions. These studies identified characteristic patterns of migratory flight that are largely associated with vertical profiles of temperature and wind speed. Collective patterns of moth migrations were generally highly correlated with wind headings, but often at a significant angular deviation. Preliminary analyses are presented between moth distributions in the aerosphere estimated from discrete moth counts using X-band radar and bulk reflectivity data from NEXRAD Doppler radar. Identification of associations between atmospheric factors and noctuid population dynamics and migratory flights will improve the ability to predict infestations by pest species throughout their broad seasonal range expansion.
PHOG, a Candidate Gene for Involvement in the Short Stature of Turner Syndrome

The abnormalities seen in Turner syndrome (monosomy X) presumably result from haploinsufficiency of certain genes on the X chromosome. Gene dosage considerations lead to the prediction that the culpable genes escape X inactivation and have functional homologs on the Y chromosome. Among the genes with these characteristics are those residing in the pseudoautosomal regions (PAR) of the sex chromosomes. A pseudoautosomal location for a dosage-sensitive locus involved in stature has been suggested based on the analyses of patients with deletions of a specific segment of the short arm PAR; hemizygosity for this putative locus probably also contributes to the short stature in Turner individuals. We have isolated a gene from the critical deleted region that encodes a novel homeodomain-containing transcription factor and is expressed at highest levels in osteogenic cells. We have named the gene PHOG, for pseudoautosomal homeobox-containing osteogenic gene. Its deletion in patients with short stature, the predicted altered dosage in 45,X individuals, along with the nature of the encoded protein and its expression pattern, make PHOG an attractive candidate for involvement in the short stature of Turner syndrome. We have also found that the mouse homolog of PHOG is autosomal, which may help to explain the lack of a growth abnormality in mice with monosomy X.
NEW ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE LOCI IN THE RIBOSOMAL REGION OF YEAST MITOCHONDRIAL DNA

ABSTRACT A large number of mitochondrial antibiotic-resistant mutants have been isolated following mutagenesis with manganese. These include several different phenotypic classes of mutants, as distinguished by cross-resistance patterns, that have been found to be allelic at capl or eryl; some have been found to be heteroalle1ic.—Seven chloramphenicol-resistant mutants have been identified that are nonallelic by recombination tests with the three loci (capl, spil and eryl) previously identified in the ribosomal region. Four of these are allelic with each other and define a new locus, cap3; two others are allelic and define another new locus, cap2; the seventh maps at yet a different locus, cap4. One new spiramycin-resistant mutant has been identified that defines still another new locus, spi2. A variety of genetic techniques have been used to map these loci within the ribosomal region of the mitochondrial genome.—Manganese has been shown to be effective in inducing the mutation from ω- to ωn in many mutants that experience a simultaneous mutation at the closely linked capl locus. The ωn mutation has also been described in the capl mutant, and this locus has been shown to be more closely linked to o than capl is to ω.
TransCPN - Software Tool for Transformation of Colored Petri Nets

Colored Petri nets (CPNs) are graphical and mathematical models. They are used for formal specification of the system to be built, for analysis of the specification either by simulation or analysis methods. CPNs have often large state spaces that make them difficult to analyze. One way to address the problem of the state space explosion is to reduce the CPN size and still preserving some of its important behavioral properties. Reduction of the original net can be done using various abstraction techniques. TransCPN has been developed as a tool that provides user with a choice of implementing these abstraction techniques on the CPN models. We have concentrated on the reduction techniques. These consist of fusion of series places, fusion of series transition, fusion of parallel places, fusion of parallel transitions, elimination of self loops places and elimination of self loop transitions.
Central Odontogenic Fibroma of the Gingiva: A Case Report

In this paper, we present a case of an uncommon and slow-growing tumor known as a central odontogenic fibroma (COF). The patient in question is a 53-year-old African-American man who was referred for periodontal evaluation of asymptomatic space formation between the mandibular central incisors. Clinical and radiological evaluations disclosed tumor-like tissue expanding the alveolar ridge in the buccolingual dimension, along with thinning of the cortical plates. Surgical excision was performed, and the specimen was sent for histopathology, which later confirmed that the lesion was a COF. Periodontal regenerative therapy was performed to rebuild the hard and soft tissue that had been compromised as a result of tumor expansion. The site was grafted, with excellent results.
Atomic layer stack deposition-annealing synthesis of CuWO4

A stack deposition-annealing (SDA) approach was demonstrated for the synthesis of CuWO4via atomic layer deposition (ALD). The resulted CuWO4 showed promising activity as a photoanode for photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting. This methodology can, in principal, be utilized for the ALD of many ternary and quaternary oxides for various applications.
Millenary Mw > 9.0 earthquakes required by geodetic strain in the Himalaya

The Himalayan arc produced the largest known continental earthquake, the M_w ≈ 8.7 Assam earthquake of 1950, but how frequently and where else in the Himalaya such large-magnitude earthquakes occur is not known. Paleoseismic evidence for coseismic ruptures at the front of the Himalaya with 15 to 30 m of slip suggests even larger events in medieval times, but this inference is debated. Here we estimate the frequency and magnitude of the largest earthquake in the Himalaya needed so that the moment released by seismicity balances the deficit of moment derived from measurements of geodetic strain. Assuming one third of the moment buildup is released aseismically and the earthquakes roughly follow a Gutenberg-Richter distribution, we find that M_w > 9.0 events are needed with a confidence level of at least 60% and must return approximately once per 800 years on average.
REGIONAL PATTERNS IN MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY UTILIZATION 1

The U.S. health-care system is characterized by the rapid adoption and diffusion of medical technologies and high regional variation in health-care utilization and spending. I examine the correlations in the adoption and utilization rates of sixteen outpatient health-care technologies of differing quality across US metropolitan areas among nonelderly adult beneficiaries of employment-sponsored insurance in 2006-2010. I find three patterns underlying their use. One relates to the high use of diagnostic and screening services, one to the high use of pharmaceuticals, and one to the low-quality management of pain. In general therefore, utilization correlates by type of technology more than quality, which may contribute to explaining the lack of relationship between spending and outcomes observed in the U.S. health-care system. I further show that these correlations are not confined to the sixteen technologies under study but relate to medical utilization across categories of services and pharmaceuticals. I also connect these patterns with local demographics. The first factor is associated with higher education, income, population density, and provider supply and with lower social capital. The second factor is also associated with higher education, income, and provider supply, but with lower population density and higher social capital. The third factor is associated with lower education, income, social capital, population density, and provider supply.
H2O2 Detection at Carbon Nanotubes and Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Nanotubes: Oxidation, Reduction, or Disproportionation?

The electrochemical behavior of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) at carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes (N-CNTs) was investigated over a wide potential window. At CNTs, H2O2 will be oxidized or reduced at large overpotentials, with a large potential region between these two processes where electrochemical activity is negligible. At N-CNTs, the overpotential for both H2O2 oxidation and reduction is significantly reduced; however, the reduction current from H2O2, especially at low overpotentials, is attributed to increased oxygen reduction rather than the direct reduction of H2O2, due to a fast chemical disproportionation of H2O2 at the N-CNT surface. Additionally, N-CNTs do not display separation between observable oxidation and reduction currents from H2O2. Overall, the analytical sensitivity of N-CNTs to H2O2, either by oxidation or reduction, is considerably higher than CNTs, and obtained at significantly lower overpotentials. N-CNTs display an anodic sensitivity and limit of detection o...
Characterization and Control of Surface Morphology and Defect Density for MBE GaAs Surfaces in the Production MBE Environment

In the production MBE environment it is important to maintain low densities of oval defects and particle induced defects in epitaxial films that are used for the fabrication ofGaAs ICs. Most often, the grown layers are characterized on a sample basis by use of an optical microscope. The disadvantages of this technique are the time and labor involved.The data obtained is incomplete, dependent on training, and subjective. A preferred method would be to develop an inspection method that characterizes the surface morphology ofall MBE grown GaAs wafers and the resulting defect density. The use of a laser wafer surface scanning system has allowed us to reproducably inspect 100% of wafers. Rapid diagnosis of epitaxial problems has resulted in an improved understanding of how to routinely produce high quality epitaxial films for GaAs IC production. This work will highlight the production benefits derived from employing 100% inspection of MBE grown GaAs wafers and provide 2D maps. The relationship between gallium source operation and defect sizes will be discussed.
Development of the Missouri hub: preparing for linked open data by contributing to the digital public library of America

Linked data presents numerous implementation challenges in cultural heritage institutions. The Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) has emerged as a resource for cultural heritage institutions to contribute metadata records for their digital assets to a national aggregation platform, one that is actively being developed to express contributed metadata as linked data. At present, there is a dearth of literature on the DPLA, and especially on its hubs. This poster aims to fill that gap by documenting the formation of the Missouri Hub, the DPLA Service Hub for Missouri, as a model for institutions with similar collective goals of exposing and enriching their data through the DPLA. Using Rogers's (2003) Diffusion of innovations theory, we apply a post-implementation descriptive application of Rogers's model for the innovation process in an organization to the formation of the Missouri Hub. The five steps to implementation are presented, including the initiation and decision process. This poster presents and analyzes one approach to adopting and implementing the DPLA, an innovation supporting cultural heritage institutions and their goals of exposing and enriching their data. By working collaboratively, the institutions were able to achieve a goal that they could not attain individually.
Mixed Incontinence Masked as Stress Induced Urgency Urinary Incontinence.

Purpose: We sought to understand variations in the expression and temporal relation of bladder control episodes among women with mixed urinary incontinence.Materials and Methods: A random sample of women 40 years old or older with mixed urinary incontinence on GLOBE-UI (General Longitudinal Overactive Bladder Evaluation-Urinary Incontinence) was recruited in a digital daily diary study using a smartphone application. When a bladder control event occurred, women were instructed to answer episode specific questions. Episodes were defined as urgency, and urinary incontinence with and urinary incontinence without urgency. Women and episodes were compared by the type of activity preceding each episode. Urinary incontinence episodes were further defined as stress urinary incontinence, urgency urinary incontinence, stress induced urgency urinary incontinence and other. The chi-square and Wilcoxon tests were used for categorical and continuous variables, respectively.Results: Of 40 women with a mean age of 65.5 y...
Bearing Capacity Calculation and Test of Squeezing Branch Pile in Transmission Line

The static loading test for a group of squeezed branch piles and bored piles with equal diameter performed in Cangzhou soft ground were carried out in this paper, and the feasibility of the application of the squeezed branch pile in the transmission line was discussed. According to the test results, the squeezed branch pile has larger potential compression and uplift bearing capacity, which improved at least 20% than that of the equal diameter bored piles. The bearing capacity of single pile was calculated based on the different pile capacity estimation formulas recommended by current technical specifications. The calculated values of the pile shaft resistance, end bearing capacity of squeezed branch pile, and the pile tip resistance ratio in single pile capacity were compared with the corresponding experimental values. Accordance with results of comparative analysis, the proposed amendments of corresponding bearing capacity formulas were figured out.
Persistent Blurry Vision After a Routine Eye Examination

An otherwise healthy woman in her 50s was evaluated in the emergency department for persistently blurry vision in both eyes after a routine eye examination with dilation 5 days earlier. She had a history of high myopia, astigmatism, and mild cataracts, as well as narrow angles, for which she had undergone laser peripheral iridotomy in both eyes a number of years earlier. Her review of systems was normal, and she had no relevant family history of ocular disease. The best-corrected visual acuity measured 20/100 OD and 20/200 OS, with manifest refractions of −9.00 −1.25 × 090 OD and −8.50 −0.75 × 086 OS. Intraocular pressure measured 12 mm Hg OU. The pupils were middilated and poorly reactive. There were patent peripheral iridotomies bilaterally. The lenses were displaced into the anterior chambers without any lenticular zonules visible. There was central lenticulocorneal touch bilaterally with trace Descemet membrane folds at the points of contact (Figure). The posterior segment examination results were unremarkable. More detailed examinations of the patient’s stature and habitus, as well as of the hands specifically, did not reveal any abnormalities.
Collective Action and the Detrimental Side of Punishment

Cooperative behavior is the subject of intense study in a wide range of scientific fields, yet its evolutionary origins remain largely unexplained. A leading explanation of cooperation is the mechanism of altruistic punishment, where individuals pay to punish others but receive no material benefit in return. Experiments have shown such punishment can induce cooperative outcomes in social dilemmas, though sometimes at the cost of reduced social welfare. However, experiments typically examine the effects of punishing low contributors without allowing others in the environment to respond. Thus, the full ramifications of punishment may not be well understood. Here, I use evolutionary simulations of agents playing a continuous prisoners dilemma to study behavior subsequent to an act of punishment, and how that subsequent behavior affects the efficiency of payoffs. Different network configurations are used to better understand the relative effects of social structure and individual strategies. Results show that when agents can either retaliate against their punisher, or punish those who ignore cheaters, the cooperative effects of punishment are reduced or eliminated. The magnitude of this effect is dependent on the density of the network in which the population is embedded. Overall, results suggest that a better understanding of the aftereffects of punishment is needed to assess the relationship between punishment and cooperative outcomes.
“Created this way”: liminality, rhetorical agency, and the transformative power of constraint among gay Christian college students

ABSTRACTThis study offers liminality as an analytic tool to investigate the discursive strategies of the negotiation of oppositional identities. Interviews with lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer/questioning Christian college students reveal appeals to essentialism, labeling, and identification. Specific findings include appeals to being “created gay,” the naming of identity labels that support and resist both traditional sexual minority and religious labels, and the deployment of a gay Christian identity as evangelism. This essay explores how disciplinary rhetorics create the conditions for the emergence of rhetorical agency, allowing for a nuanced understanding of the transformative possibilities of minority sexual identity formation.