cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Directed organization of dye aggregates in hydrogen-bonded host frameworks

Organic laser dyes coumarin 1, coumarin 2, coumarin 102, coumarin 314, and coumarin 334 have been included in crystalline guanidinium organodisulfonate (GDS) host frameworks, forming stable inclusion compounds with lamellar architectures. The GDS hosts consist of 2D quasihexagonal hydrogen-bonded sheets with topologically complementary guanidinium (G) ions and the sulfonate (S) moieties of a variety of organodisulfonates that serve as “pillars” that connect opposing GS sheets, thus generating inclusion cavities between the sheets. These host frameworks display a variety of architectural isomers, including the so-called bilayer, simple brick, zigzag brick as well as two heretofore unreported framework isomers: double zigzag brick and a “chevron” brick. These isomers vary with respect to the connectivity between opposing GS sheets and the corresponding shape of the inclusion cavities. The preference for the framework isomers reflects a systematic templating role for the guest molecules, largely based on the...
Risk of venous thromboembolism in abdominal versus minimally invasive hysterectomy for benign conditions

Objective We sought to describe the incidence of venous thromboembolism (VTE) following hysterectomy for benign conditions and to estimate if VTE incidence differs for abdominal and minimally invasive hysterectomy. Study Design Data for patients who underwent hysterectomy for benign conditions from 2010 through 2012 were abstracted from the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database. Cases of VTE were compared to those without VTE. Minimally invasive hysterectomy was defined as both vaginal and laparoscopic hysterectomy. Pearson χ 2 test, Student t test, and binary logistic regression were used for analysis. Results A total of 44,167 patients underwent hysterectomy; 12,733 (28.8%) underwent open hysterectomy, 22,559 (51.1%) underwent laparoscopic hysterectomy, and 8875 (20.1%) underwent vaginal hysterectomy. The incidence of VTE for open hysterectomy was higher (0.6%, 81/12,733) than minimally invasive hysterectomy (0.2% 73/31,434, P P P = .006), race ( P P = .037), preoperative functional status ( P P P P P P P Conclusion In this large quality database, a minimally invasive approach to hysterectomy was independently associated with a decreased incidence of VTE when compared with open hysterectomy.
The Emission of Positive Ions from Tungsten and Molybdenum

An examination of the positive ion emission from tungsten and molybdenum has been made in which it was sought to determine the following points: (1) The nature of the ions emitted at various temperatures; (2) the temperature variation of the positive ion current; (3) the theory of positive ion emission with regard to where and how the ions are formed; (4) the positive ion work function for these metals; (5) whether the work function, determined by experiment, checks with that calculated by a simple cyclic process involving the thermionic work function, the ionizing potential, and the latent heat of evaporation of the metal.The mass spectrum for tungsten and molybdenum filaments taken at moderate temperatures (1700\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} to 2000\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K) has shown that the emitted ions consist of sodium, the two isotopes of potassium, and aluminum. At high temperatures these impurities disappear and finally both tungsten and molybdenum filaments yield positive ions of their own metal. The latter confirm a report by Wahlin. The temperature variation of the positive ion current at high temperature yields a value of 6.55 volts for the positive ion work function of tungsten and 6.09 volts for that of molybdenum. These values disagree widely from the values 10.88 volts and 9.26 volts calculated from the simple cyclic process mentioned above. This suggests that the ions are formed as a by-product of an irreversible recrystallization of the metal. Theoretical considerations show that the ions are emitted from the metal and are not formed after a neutral atom evaporates.
Integration of wireless sensor networks in environmental monitoring cyber infrastructure

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have great potential to revolutionize many science and engineering domains. We present a novel environmental monitoring system with a focus on overall system architecture for seamless integration of wired and wireless sensors for long-term, remote, and near-real-time monitoring. We also present a unified framework for sensor data collection, management, visualization, dissemination, and exchange, conforming to the new Sensor Web Enablement standard. Some initial field testing results are also presented. The monitoring system is being integrated into the Texas Environmental Observatory infrastructure for long-term operation. As part of the integrated system, a new WSN-based soil moisture monitoring system is developed and deployed to support hydrologic monitoring and modeling research. This work represents a significant contribution to the empirical study of the emerging WSN technology. We address many practical issues in real-world application scenarios that are often neglected in the existing WSN research.
Dynamics and Structure of Forecast Error Covariance in the Core of a Developing Hurricane

AbstractAn ensemble of cloud-resolving forecasts from the Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF) was used to study error covariance for Hurricane Katrina (2005) during a 64-h period in which the storm progressed from a tropical storm to a category-4 hurricane. Spatial error covariance between hypothetical measurements and model state variables was found to be highly anisotropic, variable dependent, and ultimately determined by the underlying storm dynamics, which change dramatically over time. Early in the forecast, when Katrina passed over the southern tip of the Florida Peninsula as a highly asymmetric tropical storm, error covariance structures in the Eulerian coordinates were dominated primarily by position uncertainty, with a secondary dependence on land–air interaction, storm structure, and intensity. The ensemble error dependence on position uncertainty becomes markedly greater with increasing lead time, as diverging storm tracks cause large gradients of wind, temperature, and pressure to be ...
Effects of transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) and 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 on the function, cytochemistry and morphology of normal human osteoblast-like cells

Abstract Individually, transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) alter the growth and differentiation of normal and transformed osteoblast-like (OB) cells. Although recent evidence suggests interactions between TGFβ and 1,25(OH)2D3 may occur, little is known of the individual or combined effects of these hormones on the expression of the osteoblast phenotype at the cytochemical and biochemical levels in normal human OB (hOB) cells. Primary cultures of hOBs were treated with TGFβ (0.001– 10 ng/ml) and 1,25(OH)2D3 (0.1 pM−100 nM) either alone or in combination. TGFβ and 1,25(OH)2D3 stimulated spindle-shaped cells to become stellate in appearance and increased the number of cytoplasmic processes. TGFβ increased 3H-thymidine incorporation and 1,25(OH)2D3 reduced this effect. Conversely, procollagen type-I synthesis and secretion were increased in a dose-dependent manner in the presence of TGFβ but were not significantly affected in the presence of 1,25(OH)2D3. TGFβ and 1,25(OH)2D3 each marginally increased alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, but the combination synergistically increased ALP activity in a dose- and time-dependent manner at the cytochemical and biochemical level (three to tenfold over vehicle controls; n=12). In contrast, TGFβ reduced 1,25(OH)2D3-stimulated osteocalcin secretion. These data suggest that TGFβ stimulates hOB cells to actively produce collagen matrix and proliferate. The combination of TGFβ and 1,25(OH)2D3, however, produces a synergistic increase in ALP activity and maintenance of collagen synthesis. 1,25(OH)2D3 stimulation may induce cells to advance to an endstage where cell proliferation is reduced and osteocalcin expression is promoted. Interactions between TGFβ and 1,25(OH)2D3 may represent important steps in the regulation of osteoblast differentiation and matrix production.
Many-body scattering tehory methods as a basis for moelcular structure calculations

A brief review of the background and theory underlying the channel coupling array (CCA) method for treating n-particle scattering problems and recently applied to very simple atomic and molecular structure problems is given. This is followed by a comparison of CCA calculations with certain variational ones for H2, Hc, and HeH+. The work concludes with a few speculative comments.
Dynamic similarity in fluidization

Abstract Similitude is a powerful tool which allows a small laboratory experiment at ambient conditions to simulate a much larger commercial fluidized bed. The scaling laws for bed dynamics and heat transfer are systematically developed from the fundamental relationships. Recent results demonstrate the validity of scaling and shed light on the key parameters which must be included in scaling. Simplified forms of the similitude relationships are identified.
A comparative study of UV electro-absorption modulators based on bulk III-nitride films and multiple quantum wells

In this paper we present studies and compare the performance of UV electroabsorption modulators based on bulk GaN films and GaN/AlGaN multiple quantum wells. In both types of devices, the absorption edge at room temperature is dominated by excitonic effects and can be strongly modified through the application of an external electric field. We find that when similar active layer thicknesses and device geometries are employed, the electroabsorption modulators based on bulk nitride films can provide similar performance levels as those of GaN/AlGaN multiple quantum well devices. This should be compared to the case of arsenide, phosphide, or antimonide semiconductors, where the electroabsorption effect in quantum wells is an order of magnitude stronger than in the bulk. This is primarily due to the strong ionic character of the nitride semiconductors, which lead to very large exciton binding energies at room temperature (© 2012 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Comparison of methods for the in vitro assembly of postmortem human brain microtubules that retain the microtubule-associated protein tau.

Abstract Several methods for the in vitro assembly of microtubules from postmortem human brain were compared for the purpose of obtaining microtubule preparations that best retained their microtubule-associated proteins. The polymerized microtubules from the preparations were examined by negative staining and electron microscopy and shown to consist of well-formed microtubules with varying amounts of abnormal assembly products that different between methods. The microtubule protein was analyzed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, quantitative densitometry, as well as trans-blotted onto membranes which were reacted with monoclonal antibodies to tubulin subunits and microtubule-associated proteins. All the preparations were found to contain both the α- and β-tubulin subunits with quantitative differences, but they varied most, both quantitatively and qualitatively, in their content of microtubule-associated proteins. The optimal method for the assembly of soluble tubulin from postmortem human brain cytosol into intact microtubules which specifically retained most of their MAPs, especially tau, employed 4 M glycerol assembly buffer in the presence of 10 μM taxol and 1 mM GTP. The isolation methods were used to compare young and aged brains, and there were fewer microtubule-associated proteins, especially tau, associated with the microtubules in advanced age, in all preparations.
Damage Progression Identification in Woven Composites With Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors

In this study, measurements from low-impact velocity experiments including embedded and surface mounted optical fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors were used to obtain detailed information pertaining to damage progression in two-dimensional laminate woven composites. The woven composites were subjected to multiple strikes at 2m/s until perforation occurred, and the impactor position and acceleration were monitored throughout each event. From these measurements, we obtained dissipated energies and contact forces. The FBG sensors were embedded and surface mounted at different critical locations near penetration-induced damaged regions. These FBG sensors were used to obtain initial residual strains and axial and transverse strains that correspond to matrix cracking and delamination. The transmission and reflection spectra were continuously monitored throughout the loading cycles. They were used, in combination with the peak contact forces, to delineate repeatable sensor responses corresponding to material failure. From the FBG spectra, fiber and matrix damage were separated by an analysis based on signal intensity, the presence of cladding modes, and the behavior of individual Bragg peaks as a function of evolving and repeated impact loads. This provided an independent feedback on the integrity of the Bragg gratings. A comparison by number of impact strikes and dissipated energies corresponding to material perforation indicates that embedding these sensors did not affect the integrity of the woven systems and that these measurements can provide accurate failure strains.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Dysmorphology: An approach to diagnosing children with structural defects of the head and neck

In dealing with a child with a structural defect, an overall diagnosis must be formulated. Such a diagnosis makes it possible to provide genetic counseling for the parents and an accurate prediction relative to such a child's future development. Because there are a great many abnormalities involving the head and neck, it is hoped that the approach set forth in this article will allow for a systematic narrowing of the diagnostic possibilities. Nomenclature is established. Prenatal-onset defects are described, including both single primary defects (malformations and deformations) and multiple malformation syndromes (chromosomal abnormalities, genetic disorders, defects resulting from teratogenic factors, and disorders of unknown etiology). Genetic and environmental factors of postnatal developmental problems are also discussed.
Thermodynamic analysis of cyclosporin a binding to cyclophilin a in a lung tumor tissue lysate.

We report on the application of SUPREX (stability of unpurified proteins from rates of H/D exchange) to the analysis of a protein−ligand binding interaction under the ex vivo solution conditions of a human lung tumor tissue lysate. A SUPREX-derived binding free energy (i.e. ΔΔGf value) and dissociation constant (i.e., Kd value) were determined for the binding of cyclosporin A (CsA) to a cyclophilin A (CypA) sample in which the protein was a component of a tissue lysate derived from fresh frozen lung tumor. The ΔΔGf and Kd values determined by SUPREX for CsA binding to CypA in this unpurified protein sample, 4.7 ± 0.8 kcal/mol and 77 ± 17 nM, respectively, were comparable to the those obtained when SUPREX was used to analyze the binding of CsA to a highly purified CypA sample, 4.2 ± 1.0 kcal/mol and 32 ± 20 nM, respectively. Moreover, the SUPREX-derived Kd values determined in this work were both in the range of those previously reported for the CypA−CsA complex. The results of this proof-of-principle work...
Characteristics of hexadecane partition by the growth medium of Acinetobacter sp.

The partition of n-hexadecane in the spent growth medium of Acinetobacter sp. HOI-N was determined by measuring the increase in the relative aqueous solubility of 3H-hexadecane as compared to controls. The amount of hexadecane partitioned was proportional to the protein concentration. The specific solubility of hexadecane (nmol/mg protein) was analyzed by least-squares fitting yielding an average slope of 0.6 with a standard deviation of 0.3, indicating either nonequilibrium of hexadecane or physical aggregation of protein. The amount of hexadecane partitioned was concentration dependent yielding optically clear microemulsions at hexadecane concentrations of less than 1.4mM and macroemulsions at hexadecane concentrations of 1.4mM or greater. Preliminary results indicated that hexadecane and partitioned by a lipoprotein complex.
FRACTIONATED, LOW DOSE-RATE IRRADIATION OF MICE WITH FISSION NEUTRONS AND CO60 GAMMA-RAYS.

Data are presented on the comparative effects of fission neutrons and / sup 60/Co gamma rays on lethality in CFl mice. Exposed female mice received 13 weekly doses of 300 rads delivered in one, three, or six equal fractions per week; or 60 rads of fission neutrons delivered weekly in one, three, or six fractions. All animals were exposed in the gamma-neutron radiation chamber at the CP-5 reactor. Fission neutrons were found to be three times as effective as gamma rays for acute 30-day lethality. Thymic lymphomas were the leading cause of death in the neutron-irradiated mice, but gamma irradiated animals, dying much earlier than the neutronirradiated ones, did not live long enough to develop such tumors. (H.M.G.)
XIST expression is repressed when X inactivation is reversed in human placental cells: a model for study of XIST regulation.

Considerable evidence suggests that the X inactive transcript gene,XIST/Xist, has a role in the initial steps of X chromosome inactivation in the female mammalian embryo. It is transcribed exclusively from inactive X chromosomes, and its noncoding transcript seems to be essential forcis inactivation. Unexpected for a developmental gene,XIST continues to be expressed in adult somatic cells. To determine the effect of reversal of inactivation on the expression ofXIST, we studied human X chromosomes that had been induced to reverse X inactivation by hybridization of chorionic villi cells from term placentas with mouse A9 cells. In nine hybrids with a reactivated X chromosome,XIST was either not expressed or expressed much less than the locus on the inactive X chromosome in the chorionic villi cells from which they were derived. The repressibility ofXIST by reversal of inactivation in these placental cells mirrors events that occur during the ontogeny of oocytes and indicates that the locus is subject to regulation in somatic cells long after inactivation is established in the embryo. The small residualXIST activity from these active chromosomes suggests that low levels ofXIST expression do not interfere with chromosome activity and raises the possibility that the induction ofcis inactivation requires a certain level ofXIST transcription. The chorionic villi hybrids provide an experimental system to study the developmental regulation ofXIST.
Solving singular integral equations via (0,2,3) lacunary interpolation

On propose une variante de la methode de la regle des produits pour la resolution des equations integrales singulieres du type de Cauchy
Sample solvent as analyte in high performance liquid chromatography

Abstract Solvents vary in their behavior in high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Water and methanol, among others, are widely used in the mobile phase as well as solvents for the solute. Few reports indicate that the solvent used for the solute can behave as an analyte. Normally, it is generally accepted that the solute solvent, a non-constituent of the mobile phase will be the first eluent. However, a solvent which is a component of the sample can show up as an unexpected peak with its own identity. This solvent may show a similar retention time as some of the unknown components of the sample. This indicates that in some cases the quantitative results may be the sum of the absorptivity of the solute and solvent used for the sample. It is assumed that some solvents show no absorption in the ultraviolet region at which the analysis is being conducted. Depending on the mobile phase composition some solvents can be detected at the wavelengts or wavelengths used for analysis. Water, ethylacetate, an...
Dry Matter Intake in Dairy Heifers. 2. Equations to Predict Intake of Heifers under Intensive Management

An equation was developed to predict daily dry matter intake of heifers weighing 100 to 400 kg. One hundred eighteen Holstein heifers were grouped according to body weight (100, 200, 300 kg) and fed total mixed rations of corn silage, ground orchardgrass hay, high moisture corn, soybean meal, and minerals once daily for 28 d in two trials. Sixty-four heifers were reused in the second trial, a total of 5096 observations of daily dry matter intake. Rations were balanced for mean body weight according to National Research Council recommendations for protein, vitamins, and minerals and 85, 95, 105, and 115% of recommendation for total digestible nutrients. Independent variables used in multiple regression and crossvalidation were body weight, body weight gain, ration total digestible nutrient concentration, ambient temperature, squared and interaction terms, and metabolic body weight. Predictive model accounted for 59% of total variation in daily dry matter intake in individual animals. Predicted intake was similar to National Research Council predictions at .6 to .7 kg daily gain and ration total digestible nutrient concentration recommended by National Research Council but varied at rates of daily gain above and below .6 to .7 kg/d.
Investigation of superconductivity in electrochemically fabricated AuSn nanowires

We have fabricated intermetallic AuSn nanowires by electrochemical deposition in porous polycarbonate membranes. By controlling the deposition parameters, nanowires of a single intermetallic phase, namely AuSn, can be fabricated. AuSn nanowires are found to be crystalline and fairly resistant to oxidation. Electrical transport measurements on arrays of nanowires showed a superconducting transition temperature, Tc~1.5 K. In addition, four-probe measurements were made on individual freestanding nanowires with electrodes formed by a focused ion beam (FIB). Results from the two sets of measurements are found to be in close agreement.
Magnetic birefringence near the lyotropic isotropic-nematic Landau point

The influence of an isolated critical point (Landau point) on the first-order lyotropic isotropicnematic transition lines is studied with regard to magnetic birefringence $\ensuremath{\Delta}n$ in the disordered (isotropic) phase. Near the Landau point $\ensuremath{\Delta}n\ensuremath{\sim}{\ensuremath{\chi}}_{Q}h[1+fh+O({h}^{2})]$, where ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{Q}$ is the zero field ($h=0$) order-parameter susceptibility and $f=\frac{1}{2}[\frac{\ensuremath{\partial}(\mathrm{ln}{\ensuremath{\chi}}_{Q})}{\ensuremath{\partial}h}]$ is the $h=0$ "curvature" correction. Critical exponents and universal scaling functions for ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{Q}$ and $f$ are obtained through renormalization-group $\ensuremath{\epsilon}$-expansion methods ($d=4\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\epsilon}$). It is suggested that magnetic birefringence experiments in the pretransitional region be analyzed in terms of the effective exponents for the susceptibility ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{\mathrm{eff}}$ and curvature ${({\ensuremath{\varphi}}_{f})}_{\mathrm{eff}}$. To $O(\ensuremath{\epsilon})$, the results are ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{\mathrm{eff}}=1+[\frac{7\ensuremath{\epsilon}}{26(1+Y)}]$ and ${({\ensuremath{\varphi}}_{f})}_{\mathrm{eff}}=2+[\frac{4\ensuremath{\epsilon}}{13(1+Y)}]$ where $Y={g}_{4}{g}_{r}^{|{\ensuremath{\varphi}}_{4}|}$; ${g}_{r}$ is the thermal scaling field, ${\ensuremath{\varphi}}_{4}=\frac{\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\epsilon}}{2}+O({\ensuremath{\epsilon}}^{2})$ is the universal correction to scaling exponent, and ${g}_{4}$ is a nonuniversal amplitude ("slow transient" scaling field).
What developmental disorders can tell us about the nature and origins of language

Few areas in the cognitive sciences evoke more controversy than language evolution, due in part to the difficulty in gathering relevant empirical data. The study of developmental disorders is well placed to provide important new clues, but has been hampered by a lack of consensus on the aims and interpretation of the research project. We suggest that the application of the Darwinian principle of 'descent with modification' can help to reconcile much apparently inconsistent data. We close by illustrating how systematic analyses within and between disorders, suitably informed by evolutionary theory-and ideally facilitated by the creation of an open-access database-could provide new insights into language evolution.
Colocalization of glycine in substance P-amacrine cells of the larval tiger salamander retina

The present study was performed as part of a systematic examination of glycine's coexistence with other classical transmitters and neuropeptides in neuronal populations of the larval tiger salamander retina. Substance P immunocytochemistry was combined with either glycine immunocytochemistry or autoradiography of glycine high-affinity uptake to examine whether tiger salamander substance P-amacrine cells express these glycine markers. Double-label analyses revealed two populations of substance P-amacrine cells that express glycine immunoreactivity and glycine high-affinity uptake. The large majority of double-labeled cells were situated in the innermost cell row of the inner nuclear layer, while a smaller number were located in the inner nuclear layer in the second cell row distal to the inner plexiform layer. Double-label immunocytochemistry revealed that these double-labeled cells accounted for 91.7% of substance P-immunoreactive amacrine cells. A slightly lower percentage (90.1%) of substance P-amacrine cells were found to exhibit a glycine high-affinity uptake mechanism. Substance P-amacrine cells that did not co-label for markers of glycine activity were situated in the innermost cell row of the inner nuclear layer. Substance P-immunoreactive displaced amacrine cells were not observed to co-label for either glycine immunoreactivity or glycine high-affinity uptake. The present study reveals that the large majority of substance P-amacrine cells in the larval tiger salamander retina co-express markers of glycine activity. This finding suggests a functional diversity in the population of tiger salamander substance P-amacrine cells relative to their coexisting relationship with a major inhibitory neurotransmitter.
Analytical shape sensitivities and approximations of modal response of generally laminated tapered skew plates

In the present determination of the derivatives of natural frequencies and mode shapes of a generally laminated tapered skew plate, with respect to various shape parameters, springs are used to simulate the essential boundary conditions. The independent shape parameters are plate surface area, aspect ratio, taper ratio, and sweep angle. Eigenvalues and eigenvectors are approximated over the range of the variable using linear, exponential, and pseudoexponential approximation schemes, and are compared with reanalysis-obtained values. Numerical results are presented for symmetrically and unsymmetrically laminated plates.
CD28 extinction in human T cells: altered functions and the program of T‐cell senescence

The loss of CD28 expression on T cells is the most consistent biological indicator of aging in the human immune system, and the frequency of CD28(null) T cells is a key predictor of immune incompetence in the elderly. There is also mounting evidence for the high frequency of these unusual T cells among patients with inflammatory syndromes or with chronic infections disproportionate with their age. In these pathological states, CD28(null) T cells likely represent prematurely senescent lymphocytes due to persistent immune activation. Unlike the situation in CD28 gene knockout mice that have anergic CD28(0/0) T cells, human CD28(null) T cells are functionally active, long-lived, oligoclonal lymphocytes that lack or have limited proliferative capacity. Results of replicative senescence studies show that CD28(null) T cells are derived from CD28(+) precursors that have undergone repeated stimulation, indicating that CD28 silencing underlies the program of T-cell aging. Dissection of the machinery regulating CD28 expression is paving the way in elucidating the molecular events leading to immune senescence as well as providing clues into the functional rejuvenation of senescent T cells.
Placing GIS in sustainability education

As public awareness about sustainability grows and as higher education advances sustainability more comprehensively, geographers have an opportunity to take a role in sustainability education. This article examines (1) what constitutes sustainability education, (2) how geographic concepts and Geographic Information System (GIS) are relevant to sustainability education, and (3) how geospatial thinking can be incorporated into the sustainability curriculum using GIS. This research proposes five geospatial inquiries that students can make to explore sustainability issues using GIS, which are spatial distribution, spatial interactions, spatial relationships, spatial comparisons, and temporal relationships. Definition, examples, and uses of these five geospatial inquiries supported by GIS are provided.
ULE® Glass for EUVL applications, a fictive temperature correlation

Abstract Infrared peak positions were correlated to the fictive temperatures (T f ) of titania doped silica glasses as a function of titania content for glasses with between 7 and 8 wt.% TiO 2 . To establish fictive temperature, both the infrared peak position and the percent titania need to be known. The correlation was established by taking 1 mm thick slices of silica doped with 7.0, 7.3 and 7.7 wt.% TiO 2 , holding them isothermally until the structure comes into equilibrium with the hold temperature and then quenching the samples in room temperature water. Five hold temperatures between 900 and 1100 °C were used. A correlation was obtained with R 2 values of > 0.98 for each TiO 2 concentration.
The Enduring Effects of Social Pressure: Tracking Campaign Experiments Over a Series of Elections

Recent field experiments have demonstrated the powerful effect of social pressure messages on voter turnout. This research note considers the question of whether these interventions’ effects persist over a series of subsequent elections. Tracking more than one million voters from six experimental studies, we find strong and statistically significant enduring effects one and sometimes two years after the initial communication.
The coming-of-age of China's single-child policy

China's one-child policy is now 25 years of age—the officially sanctioned age for marriage by men in the People's Republic of China. A significant proportion of those now about to enter their child-bearing years are themselves the product of the first generation of one-child homes. This article reviews the history of the single-child policy, with specific regard to the forces that initiated it as a national imperative and which today appear to sustain its widespread acceptance by the Chinese peoples. This article considers the circumstances leading to the implementation of the single-child policy, the development of incentives for compliance and penalties for noncompliance, information reflecting representative data-based analyses of outcomes from the policy, and the present situation and scenarios that might lead to a revisitation of this policy. Impressions and data gathering were conducted through conversation with individuals from all social strata in six locales in the People's Republic of China and were contrasted with similar exploratory visits from 10 and 15 years ago. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 42: 305–313, 2005.
A Vertically Flow-Following Icosahedral Grid Model for Medium-Range and Seasonal Prediction. Part I: Model Description

A hydrostatic global weather prediction model based on an icosahedral horizontal grid and a hybrid terrain following/ isentropic vertical coordinate is described. The model is an extension to three spatial dimensions of a previously developed, icosahedral, shallow-water model featuring user-selectable horizontal resolution and employing indirect addressing techniques. The vertical grid is adaptive to maximize the portion of the atmosphere mapped into the isentropic coordinate subdomain. The model, best described as a stacked shallow-water model, is being tested extensively on real-time medium-range forecasts to ready it for possible inclusion in operational multimodel ensembles for medium-range to seasonal prediction.
Subseafloor phase equilibria in high-temperature hydrothermal fluids of the Lucky Strike Seamount (Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 37°17′N)

Abstract As part of an integrated study conducted at the Lucky Strike Seamount (Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 37°17′N) in 2008, gas-tight sampling devices were used to collect high-temperature (∼300 °C) hydrothermal fluids issuing from sulfide structures distributed throughout the vent field located in the summit depression. Compared with previous observations from 1993 to 1997, the most substantial changes in vent fluid compositions are dramatically increased CO2 concentrations (∼5×, up to 133 mmol/L) and the observation of vent fluids enriched in dissolved chloride relative to seawater. Combined with an increase in δ 13 C CO 2 values by ∼4‰ in 2008, the elevated CO2 indicates replenishment of the magmatic heat source and may be indicative of a recent magmatic event. The additional supporting fluid chemistry is, however, similar to that of the previous sampling intervals, necessitating a reassessment of the subseafloor controls on vent fluid chemistry at Lucky Strike in the context of recently obtained geophysical data that provides the depth/extent of a steady-state magma chamber. Two-phase behavior is indicated by the chloride variability in the vent fluids; and comparison with experimental data for the associated chloride-dependent partitioning of minor/trace elements suggests the possibility of a similar source fluid for all the vent structures, while limiting the likelihood of shallow phase separation and subseafloor mixing for the hydrothermal end-members. A recently calibrated Fe/Mn geothermometer indicates minimum subseafloor equilibration temperatures of 350–385 °C. However, constraints imposed by dissolved Si/Cl in conjunction with geophysical observations are consistent with peak reaction conditions at temperatures of 430–475 °C and pressures near the top of the axial magma chamber (∼410–480 bars), where magmatic CO2 becomes entrained in the circulating fluids. The distance between the magma chamber and the seafloor at Lucky Strike is substantially greater than at most faster spreading ridges; and we propose the resulting increased residence time in the up-flow zone leads to the re-equilibration of temperature sensitive transition metals at conditions less extreme than those associated with peak reaction. Agreement between experimental data, thermodynamic model calculations, and dissolved concentrations of Fe, Cu, Zn, H2, and H2S in the Lucky Strike fluids reinforce the hypothesis of pH-redox equilibria for transition metals at relatively oxidizing conditions and temperatures predicted by the empirical Fe/Mn geothermometer. In-situ pH measurements of the high-temperature fluids exiting the seafloor are also consistent with the model calculations.
To Weight or Not to Weight? Balancing Influence of Initial Items in Adaptive Testing

It has been widely reported that in computerized adaptive testing some examinees may get much lower scores than they would normally if an alternative paper-and-pencil version were given. The main purpose of this investigation is to quantitatively reveal the cause for the underestimation phenomenon. The logistic models, including the 1PL, 2PL, and 3PL models, are used to demonstrate our assertions. Our analytical derivation shows that, under the maximum information item selection strategy, if an examinee failed a few items at the beginning of the test, easy but more discriminating items are likely to be administered. Such items are ineffective to move the estimate close to the true θ, unless the test is sufficiently long or a variable-length test is used. Our results also indicate that a certain weighting mechanism is necessary to make the algorithm rely less on the items administered at the beginning of the test.
Prediction of surge response of a symmetrically excited three-phase line,and comparison with experimental results

The traveling-wave response of a 33-kV, flat-spaced three-phase line to symmetrically impressed double-exponential-surge excitation was predicted from Carson's equations. The following modified asymptotic approximation was derived for the propagation functions of the two symmetrical-type natural modes. r An = s√µ 0 e 0 + b 1 √s+η+b 2 Here η = 2(b 2 b 1 )2if b 2 2 > 0 (low-loss mode). The approximate voltage transform in terms of γ An has a closed-form inverse. Numerical integration was used to compute a corrective voltage term. Predicted results for distances from 0.8 miles to 7.98 miles from the source compared favorably with earlier oscillograms for voltages below the corona-onset level.
Behavioural interactions between fish predators and their prey: effects of plant density

Abstract Prey-specific anti-predatory behaviour under different degrees of structural complexity determines foraging success of predators. The behaviour of piscivorous fish (largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides, and northern pike, Esox lucius) and their prey (bluegills, Lepomis macrochirus, and fathead minnows, Pimephales promelas) were quantified in 60-min experiments in laboratory pools (2·4 m in diameter, 0·5 m deep) with artificial vegetation at densities of 0, 50, 250 and 1000 stems/m2. Largemouth bass switched predatory tactics from searching to ambushing as plant density increased whereas northern pike always used ambushing. At high plant density, both predators captured minnows, but not bluegills. Bluegills modified their behaviour more than minnows in response to predators, thereby avoiding predation at high plant densities. Structural complexity alone did not always provide refuge for prey; prey must use the structure to avoid predators. Predators may seek vegetated areas if appropriate, vulnerable prey are present.
Efficient and reliable transfection of mouse erythroleukemia cells using cationic lipids.

Abstract ABSTRACT: Preliminary studies of cis -regulatory elements are frequently performed in transiently transfected cells before further analysis in stably transfected cell lines and transgenic mice. However, not all cells are readily transfectable by routine means. For instance, mouse erythroleukemia (MEL) cells have been a valuable model system for studies of their endogenous globin genes, but introduction of DNA using common transfection methods such as electroporation has been very inefficient. This has allowed studies of stably transfected cells, after selection for the rare transfection events, but transient transfection analysis has been problematic. This report describes an efficient and reliable method for transient transfection of MEL cells using commercially available cationic lipids.
Computing a minimum-weight k-link path in graphs with the concave Monge property

LetGbe a weighted, complete, directed acyclic graph whose edge weights obey the concave Monge condition. We give an efficient algorithm for finding the minimum weightk-link path between a given pair of vertices for any givenk. The algorithm runs in time, fork=?(logn). Our algorithm can be applied to get efficient solutions for the following problems, improving on previous results: (1) computing length-limited Huffman codes, (2) computing optimal discrete quantization, (3) computing maximumk-cliques of an interval graph, (4) finding the largestk-gon contained in a given convex polygon, (5) finding the smallestk-gon that is the intersection ofkhalf-planes out ofnhalf-planes defining a convexn-gon.
Microscopic description of flow defects and relaxation in metallic glasses.

The anelastic relaxation behavior of amorphous $\mathrm{A}{\mathrm{l}}_{86.8}\mathrm{N}{\mathrm{i}}_{3.7}{\mathrm{Y}}_{9.5}$ was characterized in prolonged, quasistatic measurements, up to $1.1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{8}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{s}$. The size-density distribution of potential shear transformation zones was determined from the data. We derive an expression for the distribution, based on a free-volume criterion for an atomic cluster being a potential shear transformation zone. The model is shown to be consistent with experiment.
De‐differentiation‐derived mesenchymal stem cells demonstrate selective repression in H19 bioregulatory RNA gene expression

Cellular de-differentiation can induce anticancer activity that makes cells resistant to carcinogenesis, but the molecular mechanism of this phenomenon has not been defined. To determine whether stable molecular changes develop in association with the process of de-differentiation, DNA microarray analyses were performed. These analyses compared control undifferentiated cells with three carcinogenesis-resistant clones of de-differentiated cells that were derived from mature adipocytes. The results of analysis of 6,000 genes and 6,000 ESTs establish that relative to control cells, all three de-differentiation-derived cell clones demonstrate that only one gene shows a consistent difference in expression. The expression of the H19 bioregulatory RNA is repressed an average of >fourfold in all de-differentiated cell clones. Real-time PCR analyses confirm these findings. This suggests that decreased H19 expression may account, at least in part, for the anticancer activity observed in de-differentiated cell clones.
Comparing association rules and decision trees for disease prediction

Association rules represent a promising technique to find hidden patterns in a medical data set. The main issue about mining association rules in a medical data set is the large number of rules that are discovered, most of which are irrelevant. Such number of rules makes search slow and interpretation by the domain expert difficult. In this work, search constraints are introduced to find only medically significant association rules and make search more efficient. In medical terms, association rules relate heart perfusion measurements and patient risk factors to the degree of stenosis in four specific arteries. Association rule medical significance is evaluated with the usual support and confidence metrics, but also lift. Association rules are compared to predictive rules mined with decision trees, a well-known machine learning technique. Decision trees are shown to be not as adequate for artery disease prediction as association rules. Experiments show decision trees tend to find few simple rules, most rules have somewhat low reliability, most attribute splits are different from medically common splits, and most rules refer to very small sets of patients. In contrast, association rules generally include simpler predictive rules, they work well with user-binned attributes, rule reliability is higher and rules generally refer to larger sets of patients.
The editor's roundtable: psoriasis, inflammation, and coronary artery disease.

r. Friedewald receives honoraria from Novartis, East anover, New Jersey. Dr. Cather receives honoraria from entocor, Horsham, Pennsylvania; Abbott Laboratories, bbott Park, Illinois; Genentech, South San Francisco, Calfornia; Astellas, Deerfield, Illinois; and Amgen, Thousand aks, California. Dr. Gordon receives honoraria and grant upport from Abbott Laboratories, Amgen, Centocor, and enentech. Dr. Kavanaugh has no relevant financial relaionships to disclose. Dr. Ridker receives research support rom AstraZeneca, Wilmington, Delaware; Novartis; Abott Laboratories; Sanofi-Aventis, Bridgewater, New Jerey; Amgen; and the National Institutes of Health, Behesda, Maryland. Dr. Ridker receives royalties from righam and Woman’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. r. Roberts receives honoraria from Merck, Whitehouse tation, New Jersey; Schering-Plough, Kenilworth, New ersey; AstraZeneca; and Novartis.
V-T relaxation related aspects of quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy

Influence of vibrational energy transfer processes on QEPAS-based trace gas detection will be considered. Relevant published results will be analyzed. The potential of QEPAS as research tool of relaxation processes will be discussed.
Effect of Multimerization on Membrane Association of Rous Sarcoma Virus and HIV-1 Matrix Domain Proteins

In most retroviruses, plasma membrane (PM) association of the Gag structural protein is a critical step in viral assembly, relying in part on interaction between the highly basic Gag MA domain and the negatively charged inner leaflet of the PM. Assembly is thought to begin with Gag dimerization followed by multimerization, resulting in a hexameric lattice. To directly address the role of multimerization in membrane binding, we fused the MA domains of Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) and HIV-1 to the chemically inducible dimerization domain FK506-binding protein (FKBP) or to the hexameric protein CcmK4 from cyanobacteria. The cellular localization of the resulting green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged chimeric proteins was examined by fluorescence imaging, and the association of the proteins with liposomes was quantified by flotation in sucrose gradients, following synthesis in a reticulocyte extract or as purified proteins. Four lipid compositions were tested, representative of liposomes commonly reported in flotation experiments. By themselves, GFP-tagged RSV and HIV-1 MA proteins were largely cytoplasmic, but both hexamerized proteins were highly concentrated at the PM. Dimerization led to partial PM localization for HIV-1 MA. These in vivo effects of multimerization were reproduced in vitro. In flotation analyses, the intact RSV and HIV-1 Gag proteins were more similar to multimerized MA than to monomeric MA. RNA is reported to compete with acidic liposomes for HIV-1 Gag binding, and thus we also examined the effects of RNase treatment or tRNA addition on flotation. tRNA competed with liposomes in the case of some but not all lipid compositions and ionic strengths. Taken together, our results further underpin the model that multimerization is critical for PM association of retroviral Gag proteins. In addition, they suggest that the modulation of membrane binding by RNA, as previously reported for HIV-1, may not hold for RSV.
Chronic elevation of estradiol in young ovariectomized rats causes aging-like loss of steroid-induced luteinizing hormone surges.

This study was designed to test the hypothesis that the loss of LH surges in response to the stimulatory actions of estradiol and progesterone in middle-aged, persistent-estrous (PE) rats may be caused by chronic elevations in circulating estradiol. Five groups of regularly cycling young rats received an s.c. estradiol implant immediately after ovariectomy (Day 0). For determination of LH surges, blood samples were collected hourly between 1200-1900 h from each of the five groups at one of the following times: 3 days, or 1, 2, 4, or 8 wk later. On the next day, either progesterone (0.5 mg/100 g BW) or corn oil was injected s.c. at 1200 h, and samples were obtained as before. Incidence and amplitude of estradiol-induced LH surges decreased during the first 2 wk of estradiol treatment, after which no surges occurred. Progesterone enhanced the incidence and amplitude of estradiol-induced LH surges thus delaying their disappearance. These results support our hypothesis and demonstrate that the stimulatory actions of estradiol and progesterone on the LH surge sequentially diminish with time after exposure to estradiol in young rats. Thus, young rats chronically treated with estradiol may be a useful model for studying the mechanisms whereby LH surges are abolished in middle age during the hyperestrogenic state of PE.