cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Airway pressure release ventilation reduces conducting airway micro-strain in lung injury.

Background Improper mechanical ventilation can exacerbate acute lung damage, causing a secondary ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI). We hypothesized that VILI can be reduced by modifying specific components of the ventilation waveform (mechanical breath), and we studied the impact of airway pressure release ventilation (APRV) and controlled mandatory ventilation (CMV) on the lung micro-anatomy (alveoli and conducting airways). The distribution of gas during inspiration and expiration and the strain generated during mechanical ventilation in the micro-anatomy (micro-strain) were calculated. Study Design Rats were anesthetized, surgically prepared, and randomized into 1 uninjured control group (n = 2) and 4 groups with lung injury: APRV 75% (n = 2), time at expiration (T Low ) set to terminate appropriately at 75% of peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR); APRV 10% (n = 2), T Low set to terminate inappropriately at 10% of PEFR; CMV with PEEP 5 cm H 2 O (PEEP 5; n = 2); or PEEP 16 cm H 2 O (PEEP 16; n = 2). Lung injury was induced in the experimental groups by Tween lavage and ventilated with their respective settings. Lungs were fixed at peak inspiration and end expiration for standard histology. Conducting airway and alveolar air space areas were quantified and conducting airway micro-strain was calculated. Results All lung injury groups redistributed inspired gas away from alveoli into the conducting airways. The APRV 75% minimized gas redistribution and micro-strain in the conducting airways and provided the alveolar air space occupancy most similar to control at both inspiration and expiration. Conclusions In an injured lung, APRV 75% maintained micro-anatomic gas distribution similar to that of the normal lung. The lung protection demonstrated in previous studies using APRV 75% may be due to a more homogeneous distribution of gas at the micro-anatomic level as well as a reduction in conducting airway micro-strain.
Cavities lead the way

A group at Caltech have used an optical microcavity to perform label-free detection of single molecules for the first time. The work represents a milestone in the application of optical cavities in sensing, and could lead to the realization of ultrasensitive lab-on-a-chip systems.
Using self-esteem to disaggregate psychopathy, narcissism, and aggression

Abstract Past research offers conflicting conclusions regarding the associations between self-esteem, psychopathy, narcissism, and aggression. The current study clarified these associations by examining self-esteem level and stability as it relates to the factors of psychopathy and narcissism predicting aggression. Self-report assessments were administered to 118 undergraduates. While self-esteem instability was not related to psychopathy or narcissism, it was positively correlated with aggression. Additionally, those with the healthier aspects of narcissism and Factor 1 features of psychopathy had high self-esteem and less aggression, while those with more pathological narcissism and Factor 2 features of psychopathy had lower self-esteem and more aggression. Specifically, the relationship between psychopathy Factor 1 and aggression was partially mediated by lower self-esteem.
Plasma polymerized thiophene using intense and highly energetic atmospheric pressure micro plamsa jet for polymeric batteries

Conducting polymers that combine with flexibility and processability can be used in polymeric batteries, flexible displays, antistatic coatings, and bio-medical applications. Polythiothene (PTh) is one of the conductive polymers, which is stable in air and can be easily processed. Existing PTh films have been prepared by conventional method like chemical synthesis or electrochemical polymerization. Plasma has been used for the preparation of PTh1. Vacuum plasmas and radio frequency (RF) atmospheric plasmas are the most common methods for depositing plasma-derived thin films and nanoparticles. However, the necessary equipment is difficult to operate and maintain as well as being large and expensive because of vacuum process and matching, respectively. Here, we report the use of a novel intense and highly energetic atmospheric pressure plasma jet array using direct plasma jet-to-jet coupling effects2, 3 to deposit high functional plasma-polymerized thiophene (PPTh) for lithium-ion battery application. The newly proposed atmospheric pressure micro-plasma jet array device can generate the intense plasma mode with a strong plasma emission and high plasma particle energy. PPTh was successfully deposited using the proposed intense, highly energetic, and high-density atmospheric pressure plasma jet at a sinusoidal wave with a peak value of 16 kV and a frequency of 33 kHz. PPTh on glass substrates were characterized by SEM, FTIR, and IR analysis of intense plasma. The deposited plasma polymers revealed the excellent plasma polymerization and matched with the spectrum of polythiophene. Plasma polymerized thiophene on LiCoO 2 electrode for lithium-ion battery has successfully deposited and revealed excellent electrical properties.
Technical program verview

Welcome to Portland! On behalf of the Operating Committee of the 2014 American Control Conference, I am delighted to welcome you to the conference!
A reappraisal of scopolamine effects on inhibition.

Abstract A series of related experiments was conducted to examine the effects of scopolamine on discrimination performance in the presence of a stimulus signalling non-reinforcement. In Experiment 1, rats trained to respond on 1 of two levers in the presence of a 1000-Hz tone and on the other lever in the presence of a 3000-Hz tone were not reinforced when white noise was added to 1 of the tones. Pairing white noise with the other tone during an extinction session demonstrated that the white noise had become a conditioned inhibitory stimulus. In Experiment 2, scopolamine decreased responding and discrimination accuracy on the excitatory (reinforced) trials, and increased responding on the inhibitory (non-reinforced) trials. The magnitude of the drug's effect was similar on excitatory and inhibitory trials. Using combinations of visual and auditory discriminative stimuli, Experiment 3 confirmed the results of experiment 2. These experiments show that scopolamine disrupts animals' ability to discriminate, and that scopolamine-induced increases in non-rewarded responses cannot be attributed solely to a disinhibitory effect of the drug as Carlton (1969) and others have claimed.
Super-high energy-rich nitrogen cluster N60

Abstract The geometric structures and properties of high-energy density of nitrogen cluster N 60 were studied theoretically. Stable N 60 forms concave cage, different from that of fullerene, of S 6 symmetry with 12 concave atoms at the HF/6-31G* level. The B3LYP/6-31G* level result shows that the cage-shaped complex is formed by six chain-shaped N 10 . The result suggests that N 60 could dissociate into six N 10 or, maybe, it can be synthesized by six chain-shaped N 10 clusters. We calculated that N 60 releases 1622.9 kcal/mol (B3LYP/6-31G* level) of energy by dissociating into 30 nitrogen molecules.
Stochastic multi-player pursuit–evasion differential games

Autonomous aerial vehicles play an important role in military applications such as in search, surveillance and reconnaissance. Multi-player stochastic pursuit–evasion (PE) differential game is a natural model for such operations involving intelligent moving targets with uncertainties. In this paper, some fundamental issues of stochastic PE games are addressed. We first model a general stochastic multi-player PE differential game with perfect state information. To avoid the difficulty of multiplicity of the players, we extend the iterative method for deterministic multi-player PE games to the stochastic case. Starting from certain suboptimal solutions with an improving property, the optimization based on limited look-ahead can be used for improvement. The process converges when this improvement is applied iteratively. Furthermore, we introduce a hierarchical approach that can determine a valid starting point of the iterative process. As a basis for multi-player games, stochastic two-player PE games are also addressed. We also briefly discuss the games with imperfect state information and propose a suboptimal approach from a practical point of view. Finally, we demonstrate the usefulness and the feasibility of the method through simulations. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Phase relations of hippocampal projection cells and interneurons to theta activity in the anesthetized rat.

Abstract The correlation between cell firing and hippocampal theta activity was studied with the spike-triggered averaging method in rats anesthetized with urethane. Projection cells in the CA1 region and the dentate gyrus fired with highest probability on the negative phase of the theta waves recorded from the corresponding regions. CA1 interneurons discharged mainly on the positive phase. In the dentate gyrus about half of the interneurons fired on the negative phase, while the remaining half discharged preferentially on the positive phase of the locally derived theta waves. It was suggested that septal theta ‘pacemaker’ cells directly excite hippocampal interneurons which in turn rhythmically inhibit a large number of projection cells.
Importance of identifying the inconspicuous penis: prevention of circumcision complications.

Abstract Objectives. To report the incidence of inconspicuous penis in those referred to a pediatric urologist for circumcision or revision of circumcision. Methods. We performed a chart review of 129 boys referred to one pediatric urologist during a 3-year period for circumcision. Results. Of 129 patients, 30 (23%) had evidence of an inconspicuous penis on the physical examination. Eight (9%) of 94 patients referred for the initial circumcision and 22 (63%) of 35 patients referred for a circumcision revision had evidence of an inconspicuous penis on physical examination. Conclusions. Inconspicuous penis is an umbrella term used to categorize several anatomic anomalies that occur in newborn boys. The incidence of inconspicuous penis at physical examination in children referred for circumcision revision is remarkable. Circumcision is best delayed in these newborn patients until a later time.
An unexpected link between HCV and platelets.

Neither the cellular binding sites nor the extrahepatic reservoirs for the hepatitis C virus (HCV) are well understood. The study of Hamaia and colleagues (page [2293][1]) investigates the characteristics of HCV binding to platelets and 2 mononuclear cell lines. Among the interesting findings of
Historic Period Faunal Remains from Mustang Springs on the Southern High Plains of Texas

Excavations at Mustang Springs, Texas, a key freshwater source on the Southern High Plains, have produced archaeological components of various ages, dating back to Paleoindian times. This report details a historic period fauna from the site that contains both native wild (bison, coyote) and domesticated (cattle, horse, sheep) species. Radiocarbon dates on the fauna fall into three age groups: modern, 100 B.P., and 280 B.P. The assemblage is resting on a stratigraphic unconformity and shows evidence of post-depositional fluvial re-working and animal trampling, but was buried rapidly enough that the bone otherwise displays little evidence of surface weathering or carnivore action. The assemblage appears to represent an autochthonous fauna that accumulated gradually around the edge of a water hole, primarily by means of natural attrition. However, human action in the form of domestic management of cattle and sheep, and perhaps bison hunting, is also evidenced. Whether these bison were among the last of the Southern Plains bison herd killed by commercial hide hunters—as is known to have occurred near this locality—cannot be determined from the available evidence.
Feasibility of Rigidified Inflatable Structures for Housing

Rigidified inflatable structures (RIS) are thin, flexible membrane structures that are pneumatically deployed. After deployment, these structures harden because of chemical or physical change of the membrane. Because of this change, or rigidification, these structures no longer require pneumatic pressure to maintain their shape. With the aim of reducing the cost and examining the feasibility of RIS structures, a new material is proposed, developed, and evaluated. This material involves the formation of a semi-interpenetrating polymer network based on polyvinyl chloride and an acrylate-based reactive plasticizer. The economical and environmental performances of RIS using this new material are assessed by means of a case study. In this study, the performance of RIS technology is compared with that of a typical wood light-frame structure in the application of a small single-family house. The study indicates that the cost of ownership in present day value for the RIS is approximately 35% less than the cost of a comparable wood light-frame structure. The study also indicates that significant environmental benefits exist with the use of RIS. These structures use significantly less in terms of resources than do wood frame structures: approximately 2 times less in materials originating from nonrenewable fossil resources, approximately 2 times less in material originating from trees, and approximately 19 times less in materials originating from inorganic resources. The study concludes by delineating various means available to further increase the economical and environmental performance of RIS technology.
Putting on the green

The green chemistry movement is scrutinized for marks of tangible success in this short perspective. Beginning with the easily identified harm of the Union Carbide Bhopal, India disaster and the concerns of Love Canal site in Niagara Falls, NY the public can begin to more easily discern the environmental problems of the worldwide chemical industry. The waste associated with chemical production became a major issue since the established mode of disposal was to landfills. Cleanup of the poorly performing landfills became a major focus due to the importance of human health protection. In the early 1990s, the chemical industry moved towards less contaminating technology in response to increasing stringent environmental regulation and this new direction became formulated as sustainable industrial chemistry and green chemistry. Green chemistry practice calls for enhancing the safety of industrial chemistry, becoming cleaner and more energy efficient, and having an understanding of where the chemical passes in the environment through life cycle assessment. The directions for green chemistry were codified into 12 principles which have been extended through engineering considerations. The environmental factor (e-factor) has been formulated as a metric based in the comparison between competing technologies. The waste per kilogram of product or the e-factor permits direct comparison between competing synthetic technologies. The drug-maker Pfizer has shown the utility of green chemistry approaches to the synthetic manufacture of sildenafil citrate (Viagra), the anticonvulsant pregabalin (Lyrica), the antidepressant sertraline and the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory celecoxib. The greener processes for the last three items accounted for the elimination of more than 0.5 million metric tons of chemical waste. A recent effort of insilico research has developed a tool that permits the assessment of toxicity for new chemicals without the established animal technological testing with considerable cost savings. Despite these examples of success, the green chemistry theme is still considered by some skeptics as a trendy buzz phrase.
A meta-analysis of research on adolescent contraceptive use.

Meta-analysis was used to summarize the results of 134 studies of adolescent contraceptive use in relation to two major explanatory models, the career model and the decision model. There was evidence in support of both models, although there has been less research conducted on variables related to the decision model. The major variables found to affect young women's contraceptive use were partner influence to use contraception, acceptance of one's sexuality, future orientation, positive attitudes toward contraception, an exclusive sexual relationship, and frequency of intercourse. The major variables affecting young men's contraceptive use were partner influence, frequency of intercourse, and positive attitudes toward contraception; however, there was relatively little research on young men compared to young women. A number of possible future directions for research are noted.
Dose-response effects of the prostaglandins, PGE1 and PGF2α, upon the isometric tension of segments of the ampulla, isthmus and uterus of the estrous rabbit

Abstract Segments of the ampulla and isthmus of the Fallopian tubes and uterine segments of the mature, estrous rabbit were tested for their contractile reactions to the prostaglandins, PGE 1 and PGF 2α . The drugs were applied to the muscles in concentrations of 10 −5 , 10 −6 , 10 −7 and 10 −8 g/cc. The isometric tension records of spontaneous activity were compared before and after the application of the drug. PGF 2α was stimulatory with the maximum response at 10 −7 g/cc for the Fallopian tube segments and about 10 −8 g/cc for the uterine segments. There was a gradient of stimulation with the uterus being most highly stimulated and ampulla the least. PGE 1 depressed the spontaneous activity of all segments of the oviduct. The contractility of the uterine segments was depressed at 10 −8 g/cc, but this depression disappeared at higher doses (10 −5 g/cc).
Bidirectional behavioral plasticity of memory reconsolidation depends on amygdalar protein kinase A

Reconsolidation-the stabilization of a memory after retrieval-is hypothesized to be a critical and distinct component of memory processing, the disruption of which results in memory impairment. In the rat, we found that activation of amygdalar protein kinase A (PKA) was sufficient to enhance memory only when it was retrieved; in contrast, PKA inhibition impaired reconsolidation. This study demonstrates both a selective enhancement and an impairment of memory reconsolidation dependent on amygdalar PKA.
Effect of purification procedures on the self-association of myosin at high ionic strength☆

The effects of purification procedures on the self-association of myosin at high ionic strength have been investigated by high-speed sedimentation equilibrium. The method of purification profoundly affects the self-association characteristics of the myosin molecule. Myosin purified by chromatography on Sephadex G-200 (S-myosin) behaves (in the limit) as a single nonideal thermodynamic component with little (if any) reversible dimerization (K21 = 1.05 dl/g) and with a second viral coefficient, B1 = 0.064 dl/g, compatible with excluded volume effects alone. Conversely, myosin which had been subjected to (NH4)2SO4 precipitation followed by chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex (DEAE-myosin) dimerizes reversibly to a significant extent judged by its apparent association constant, K21 ≅ 9 dl/g. In addition, higher N-mers appear to partake in the equilibria. The nonideality of this system, B1 = 2.2 ± 0.1 dl/g, is also greater than that of S-myosin. Two possible explanations to account for these findings are offered: (1) Myosin may undergo a change in conformation (denaturation?) during the preparation steps which lead to DEAE-myosin; (2) another component (C-protein?) which would modulate the self-association properties of myosin may be involved.
Optimal detection of objects in images and videos using electroencephalography (EEG)

The Rapid Serial Visual Presentation (RSVP) protocol for EEG has recently been discovered as a useful tool for highthroughput filtering of images into simple target and nontarget categories [1]. This concept can be extended to the detection of objects and anomalies in images and videos that are of interest to the user (observer) in an applicationspecific context. For example, an image analyst looking for a moving vehicle in wide-area imagery will consider such an object to be target or Item Of Interest (IOI). The ordering of images in the RSVP sequence is expected to have an impact on the detection accuracy. In this paper, we describe an algorithm for learning the RSVP ordering that employs a user interaction step to maximize the detection accuracy while simultaneously minimizing false alarms. With user feedback, the algorithm learns the optimal balance of image distance metrics in order to closely emulate the human's own preference for image order. It then employs the fusion of various perceptual and bio-inspired image metrics to emulate the human's sequencing ability for groups of image chips, which are subsequently used in RSVP trials. Such a method can be employed in human-assisted threat assessment in which the system must scan a wide field of view and report any detections or anomalies to the landscape. In these instances, automated classification methods might fail. We will describe the algorithm and present preliminary results on real-world imagery.
Myasthenia gravis with presynaptic electrophysiologic abnormalities.

AbstractObjectives:To describe the clinical, serologic, and electrophysiologic features of 2 patients with myasthenia gravis (MG), who also had presynaptic electrophysiologic abnormalities.Methods:Case reports.Results:Two patients developed clinical symptoms consistent with MG. They lacked autonomic
Numerical simulations of the diffraction of planar detonations in H2−O2 mixtures

The results of the direct numerical simulation of the lateral diffreaction of a detonation propagating in a primary layer of stoichiometric H2−O2 as it comes into contact with a secondary bounding layer of stoichiometric H2−O2 are presented. The Flux-Corrected Transport (FCT) algorithm and time step splitting were used in the simulation. The H2−O2 reaction was approximated using a two-step mechanism consisting of an induction period of duration τi followed by a heat-releasing reaction with constant reaction time τi. An empirical relation based on full H2−O2 kinetics was used for the induction time τi. The simulation was initiated with a plane detonation without transverse waves in the primary layer. The simulation showed that quenching as opposed to direct initiation occurs under these conditions. These results were validated by the excellent agreement with experimental framing photographs of the diffraction process when the two primary and secondary layers are separated by a collodium film thick enough to block the effect of the transverse waves. The results of the simulation were then used to describe the diffraction and quenching process in detail. Framing photographs are also shown for diffraction in the absence of a separating film. In this case, direct initiation does occur due to the propagation of transverse waves into the secondary bounding mixture. These results suggest that in the case of stoichiometric H2−O2 primary and secondary mixtures, transverse waves play an essential role in initiation of detonation in the secondary explosive.
Gender Congruence Moderates Beliefs About the Causes of Alcohol Dependence and Major Depression

Lay beliefs about the causes of common mental health conditions may perpetuate stigmatizing attitudes toward individuals with mental illness. Furthermore, some of these beliefs may be subject to intergroup membership bias based on gender congruence, as depression is more prevalent in women and alcohol dependence is more prevalent in men. Respondents listened to a vignette portraying an individual with depression or alcohol dependence and were asked how likely the vignette character’s (X’s) symptoms were due to the following causes: X’s bad character, genetics, stress, the way X was raised, and the normal ups and downs of life. Respondents endorsed bad character as a more likely cause of alcohol dependence compared to depression, but this was stronger for women respondents. Men, on the other hand, were more likely to endorse bad character as a cause of depression compared to women. A trend suggested that the overall tendency for alcohol to be attributed to genetics more than depression was stronger for men, whereas women endorsed genetics as a more likely cause of depression than men. Finally, men were significantly more likely to attribute characters’ symptoms to the normal ups and downs of life compared to women. Overall, these patterns suggest gender differences in attitudes about the underlying causes of alcohol dependence and depression that may be consistent with intergroup membership bias. Anti-stigma interventions aimed at reducing bias toward individuals with these common, gender-typical disorders should consider adapting strategies to target intergroup membership bias.
Axis II Psychopathology as a Function of Axis I Disorders in Childhood and Adolescence

Objective To examine the occurrence of elevated personality disorder (PD) dimensional scores in a community sample of young adults as a function of the occurrence of Axis I disorders through age 18 years. Method 299 individuals who had been interviewed regarding Axis I disorders twice while in adolescence (first when 14 through 18 years of age) were carefully assessed regarding Axis I and II psychopathology at age 24. Results The prevalence of PD diagnoses was relatively low (3.8% in participants with a history of Axis I versus 1.7% in participants with no Axis I history). The occurrence of all four Axis I diagnostic categories (major depression, anxiety disorders, disruptive behavior disorders, substance use disorders) in childhood and adolescence was associated with elevated PD dimensional scores. The likelihood of elevated PD dimensional scores increased as a function of the number of Axis I disorders. Elevated PD scores were significantly associated with a negative course of major depression. Conclusions Although the rates of PDs were low, the findings suggest a substantial degree of association between early-onset Axis I disorders and Axis II psychopathology in young adulthood. More research is needed to develop assessment and treatment recommendations addressing the early manifestations of PDs.
The Financial Indebtedness of Medical-School Graduates

ESCALATING costs of education have increased the number of students requiring financial assistance to complete the M.D. degree, as well as the amount of the individual debts. Although there are many surveys describing how medical students finance their educations (available through the Association of American Medical Colleges [AAMC]), none addresses the impact of financing on the house officer in training. Data summarized by the staff of the AAMC from the Council of Teaching Hospitals annual survey of house-staff stipends, benefits, and funding, from the annual AAMC Graduation Questionnaire, and from the Liaison Committee on Medical Education Annual Questionnaire Part I-B . . .
Selective increases in the density of cerebellarβ1-adrenergic receptors

Destruction of noradrenergic neurons by 6-hydroxydopamine or chronic blockade of β-adrenergic receptors with propranolol increased the density ofβ1-adrenergic receptors two-fold in rat cerebellum but had no effect on the density ofβ2-adrenergic receptors. The results suggest that even thoughβ1 receptors comprise only 5–10% of the total number of β-adrenergic receptors in the cerebellum they are the receptors specifically innervated by noradrenergic neurons and they may thus be the physiologically important receptors.
Unique dietary-related mouse model of colitis.

Background: A high-fat diet is a risk factor for the development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in humans. Deoxycholate (DOC) is increased in the colonic contents in response to a high-fat diet. Thus, an elevated level of DOC in the colonic lumen may play a role in the natural course of development of IBD. Methods: Wild-type B6.129 mice were fed an AIN-93G diet, either supplemented with 0.2% DOC or unsupplemented and sacrificed at 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, 4 months, and 8 months. Colon samples were assessed by histopathological, immunohistochemical, and cDNA microarray analyses. Results: Mice fed the DOC-supplemented diet developed focal areas of colonic inflammation associated with increases in angiogenesis, nitrosative stress, DNA/RNA damage, and proliferation. Genes that play a central role in inflammation and angiogenesis and other related processes such as epithelial barrier function, oxidative stress, apoptosis, cell proliferation/cell cycle/DNA repair, membrane transport, and the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway showed altered expression in the DOC-fed mice compared with the control mice. Changes in expression of individual genes (increases or reductions) correlated over time. These changes were greatest 1 month after the start of DOC feeding. Conclusions: The results suggest that exposure of the colonic mucosa to DOC may be a key etiologic factor in IBD. The DOC-fed mouse model may reflect the natural course of development of colitis/IBD in humans, and thus may be useful for determining new preventive strategies and lifestyle changes in affected individuals.
A Course on Advanced Software Tools for Operations Research and Analytics

It is increasingly important for researchers and practitioners to be familiar with methods and software tools for analyzing large data sets, formulating and solving large-scale mathematical optimization models, and sharing solutions using interactive media. Unfortunately, advanced software tools are seldom included in curricula of graduate-level operations research OR and analytics programs. We describe a course consisting of eight three-hour modules intended to introduce master's and Ph.D. students to advanced software tools for OR and analytics: machine learning in R, data wrangling, visualization, big data, algebraic modeling with JuMP, high-performance and distributed computing, Internet and databases, and advanced mixed integer linear programming MILP techniques. For each module, we outline content, provide course materials, summarize student feedback, and share lessons learned from two iterations of the course. Student feedback was very positive, and all students reported that the course equipped them with software skills useful for their own research. We believe our course materials could serve as a template for the development of effective OR and analytics software tools courses and discuss how they could be adapted to other educational settings.
TrustCell: towards the end-to-end trustworthiness in data-oriented scientific computing

Data-driven computational science on community computational resources is frequently of a magnitude and scale that it requires that computations be done remotely, generating resulting data collections that are too large to be shipped back to a user's workstation. Service-oriented middleware is well equipped to carry out actions on behalf of a user, but SOA middleware does not address user trust in the privacy of their actions and security of their data. In this paper, we first identify the role of trust in a large distributed computation then develop a model that represents the trust relationship between the users and their remote resources in the grid system. We show how one can construct a trusted relationship from the model, with an emphasis on the importance of context to a specific trust relationship. We provide a case study of a data-driven scientific application that executed across multiple organizations.
Current status of therapy for human immunodeficiency virus type 1.

The past year has seen refinement in our ability to delay the progression of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection through the use of nucleoside analogues, singly or in combination. Progress has also been made in our ability to detect drug-resistant isolates of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and to begin to put the laboratory observations of resistance into a clinical context.
Incoherent Scatter Radar Probing of the 60-100-km Atmosphere and Ionosphere

All current incoherent backscatter radars can make mesospheric or D region measurements (60-90-km altitude) under at least some conditions. This paper, which is tutorial in nature, develops the basic concepts of incoherent scatter radar measurements in the D region and the conditions under which measurements are possible are derived and shown for each radar. Conditions examined include overall system sensitivity, electron and ion spectral line widths and power distributions, and time/height averaging effects. The appropriate form of the radar equation is derived and calibration of the radar system is discussed along with the various aspects of signal processing involved. Total power only and combined total power and ion line spectral measurements are described in terms of ease of use, applicability to various radars, and parameters of aeronomic interest derivable from the measurements.
Effects of margarine compared with those of butter on blood lipid profiles related to cardiovascular disease risk factors in normolipemic adults fed controlled diets

Effects of butter and 2 types of margarine on blood lipid and lipoprotein concentrations were compared in a controlled diet study with 23 men and 23 women. Table spreads, added to a common basal diet, provided 8.3% of energy as fat. Diets averaged 34.6% of energy as fat and 15.5% as protein. Each diet was fed for 5 wk in a 3 x 3 Latin-square design. One margarine (TFA-M) approximated the average trans monoene content of trans fatty acid-containing margarines in the United States (17% trans fatty acids by dry wt). The other margarine (PUFA-M) was free of trans unsaturated fatty acids; it contained approximately twice the polyunsaturated fatty acid content of TFA-M (49% compared with 27% polyunsaturated fatty acids). The tub-type margarines had similar physical properties at ambient temperature. Fasting blood lipids and lipoproteins were determined in 2 samples taken from the subjects during the fifth week of each dietary treatment. Compared with butter, total cholesterol was 3.5% lower (P=0.009) after consumption of TFA-M and 5.4% lower (P< 0.001) after consumption of PUFA-M. Similarly, LDL cholesterol was 4.9% lower (P=0.005) and 6.7% lower (P< 0.001) after consumption of TFA-M and PUFA-M, respectively. Neither margarine differed from butter in its effect on HDL cholesterol or triacylglycerols. Thus, consumption of TFA-M or PUFA-M improved blood lipid profiles for the major lipoproteins associated with cardiovascular risk when compared with butter, with a greater improvement with PUFA-M than with TFA-M.
Improved-fidelity error diffusion through blending with pseudorandom encoding

Error diffusion (ED) and pseudorandom encoding (PRE) methods of designing Fourier transform holograms are compared in terms of their properties and the optical performance of the resulting far-field diffraction patterns. Although both methods produce a diffuse noise pattern due to the error between the desired fully complex pattern and the encoded modulation, the PRE errors reconstruct uniformly over the nonredundant bandwidth of the discrete-pixel spatial light modulator, while the ED errors reconstruct outside the window of the designed diffraction pattern. Combining the two encoding methods produces higher-fidelity diffraction patterns than either method produces individually. For some designs the fidelity of the ED–PRE algorithm is even higher over the entire nonredundant bandwidth than for the previously reported [J. Opt. Soc. Am. A16, 2425 (1999)] minimum-distance-PRE algorithm.
Are Unconceived Alternatives a Problem for Scientific Realism

Stanford, in Exceeding Our Grasp, presents a powerful version of the pessimistic meta-induction. He claims that theories typically have empirically inequivalent but nonetheless well-confirmed, serious alternatives which are unconceived. This claim should be uncontroversial. But it alone is no threat to scientific realism. The threat comes from Stanford’s further crucial claim, supported by historical examples, that a theory’s unconceived alternatives are “radically distinct” from it; there is no “continuity”. A standard realist reply to the meta-induction is that past failures do not imply present ones because present theories are more successful than past ones. I have preferred to emphasize that present methodology is better than past ones. Stanford’s response to the standard reply is surprisingly brief and inadequate. He defends the inference from the uncontroversial claim but not that from the crucial one. He does not show that past discontinuity implies present discontinuity. Realism survives.
Reconfigurable, tri-band RF MEMS PIFA antenna

This paper presents a reconfigurable, tri-band planar inverted F-antenna (PIFA) that employs RF Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (RF MEMS) technology together with bandwidth enhancement techniques for the United States (US) Public Safety (PS) bands. The reconfigurability of the antenna is achieved by RF MEMS switches in order to switch between three Public Safety bands, which are centered around 160, 450, and 800 MHz. The broadband operation of the antenna is obtained by employing two bandwidth enhancement techniques, which are patch tapering and the T-shaped ground layer. The measurement results of the antenna show 7%, 11%, and 19% instantaneous impedance bandwidths in the three above mentioned PS bands, respectively, and they show good agreement with the simulations in all three bands.
Adenovirus 36 and Obesity in Children and Adolescents

OBJECTIVE: The primary aim of this study was to assess the relationship between adenovirus 36 (AD36)-specific antibodies and obesity in children. METHODS: A cross-sectional study of children 8 to 18 years of age was performed. Children were classified according to BMI percentile as nonobese ( RESULTS: A total of 124 children (median age: 13.6 years) were studied. Of those children, 46% were nonobese and 54% were obese. AD36 positivity was present in 19 children (15%). The majority of children found to be AD36-positive were obese (15 [78%] of 19 children). AD36 positivity was significantly (P CONCLUSION: These data support an association of obesity and higher body weight with the presence of neutralizing antibodies to AD36 in children. If a cause-and-effect relationship is established, it would have considerable implications for the prevention and treatment of childhood obesity.
Independent movement, dimerization and stability of tandem repeats of chicken brain alpha-spectrin.

Previous X-ray crystal structures have shown that linkers of five amino acid residues connecting pairs of chicken brain α-spectrin and human erythroid β-spectrin repeats can undergo bending without losing their α-helical structure. To test whether bending at one linker can influence bending at an adjacent linker, the structures of two and three repeat fragments of chicken brain α-spectrin have been determined by X-ray crystallography. The structure of the three-repeat fragment clearly shows that bending at one linker can occur independently of bending at an adjacent linker. This observation increases the possible trajectories of modeled chains of spectrin repeats. Furthermore, the three-repeat molecule crystallized as an antiparallel dimer with a significantly smaller buried interfacial area than that of α-actinin, a spectrin-related molecule, but large enough and of a type indicating biological specificity. Comparison of the structures of the spectrin and α-actinin dimers supports weak association of the former, which could not be detected by analytical ultracentrifugation, versus strong association of the latter, which has been observed by others. To correlate features of the structure with solution properties and to test a previous model of stable spectrin and dystrophin repeats, the number of inter-helical interactions in each repeat of several spectrin structures were counted and compared to their thermal stabilities. Inter-helical interactions, but not all interactions, increased in parallel with measured thermal stabilities of each repeat and in agreement with the thermal stabilities of two and three repeats and also partial repeats of spectrin.
Influence of chaos on resonance crossings

We undertake a study of particle dynamics in a model fixed-field alternating-gradient (FFAG) synchrotron in which space-charge plays a central role. The space-charge force corresponds to a Gaussian charge distribution in both transverse dimensions. The betatron-tune is linearly ramped through resonance. This ramping alone can cause particles to enter orbits that have chaotic motion. We found that space-charge can lead to spreading of the available tunes which can either increase or decrease the effects of resonance. By applying recently developed techniques to measure complexity in the orbital dynamics, we also determine whether chaoticity can arise in particle trajectories and subsequently influence resonance crossings. Furthermore, we can see that the chaoticity changes drastically in the area around a resonance crossing.
IMCa: A High Performance Caching Front-End for GlusterFS on InfiniBand

With the rapid advances in computing technology, there is an explosion in media that needs to collected, cataloged, stored and accessed. With the speed of disks not keeping pace with the improvements in processor and network speed, the ability of network file systems to provide data to demanding applications at an appropriate rate is diminishing. In this paper, we propose to enhance the performance of network file systems by providing an Intermediate bank of cache servers between the client and server called (IMCa). Whenever possible, file system operations from the client are serviced from the cache bank. We evaluate IMCa with a number of different benchmarks. The results of these experiments demonstrate that the intermediate cache architecture can reduce the latency of certain operations by upto 82% over the native implementation and upto 86% compared with the Lustre file system. In addition, we also see an improvement in the performance of data transfer operations in most cases and for most scenarios. Finally the caching hierarchy helps us to achieve better scalability of file system operations.
Hyperaccumulation of selenium in hybrid striped bass: a functional food for aquaculture

One method of increasing the value of aquacultured product is to produce fillets that are fortified with minerals that are beneficial to human health – that is enhance the functionality of an already healthy product. A good candidate mineral in this regard is selenium (Se) which is of vital importance to normal metabolism in humans. In order to evaluate the dose response and tissue accumulation of supplemental dietary Se, a study was undertaken with hybrid striped bass (HSB). Animals were fed diets supplemented with either organic (0–3.2 mg kg−1 as SelPlex®) or inorganic (0.2 and 0.4 mg kg−1 as sodium selenite) Se for 6 weeks. Because basal fishmeal-based diets contained 1.22 mg Se kg−1, doses of Se delivered equated to 1.22–4.42 mg kg−1. At trial end, greatest weight gain was observed in fish receiving 0.2 mg Se kg−1, irrespective of form (organic/inorganic). Se accumulation in HSB liver and fillet revealed a classical dose-response once a threshold level of 0.2 mg Se kg−1 was surpassed. Greatest tissue accumulation of Se was observed in fish fed the 3.2 mg Se kg−1 level (P > 0.0001). A 100 g portion of Se-enhanced HSB fillet would contain between 33 and 109 μg Se, amounting to a dietary intake of between 25 and 80 μg Se; a level that would satisfy present daily intake recommendations. Comparison of tissue Se levels indicated that the muscle provides a more conspicuous gauge of dietary Se dose-response than does liver. Dietary treatments of between 0.4 and 1.6 mg organic Se kg−1 reduced (P < 0.024) plasma glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity. No differences were observed in ceruloplasmin, lysozyme or GSH-Px activities between organic and inorganic Se when delivered at the 0.2 mg Se kg−1 level. Ceruloplasmin, lysozyme and GSH-Px levels were elevated (P ≥ 0.025) in fish fed the diet containing 0.4 mg inorganic Se kg−1.
The Gap of event markets between the US and China Exploring application prospect of event software in China’s hospitality and tourism market

The Gap of Event Markets between the US and China -----Exploring Application Prospect of Event Software in China’s Hospitality and Tourism Market By Ying Zhao Dr. Mehmet Erdem, Committee Chair Assistant Professor Hotel Management Department, College of Hotel Administration University of Nevada, Las Vegas This research paper compared scenarios of convention and event industry between the US and China, and explored application prospect of event technology in China’s hospitality and tourism market. The study reviewed the landscape of event market in these two countries, examined performance of event software in the US, and figured out existing technology gap between the two markets. A typical application, www.certain.com was employed as sample of event software in testing tasks fit of the technology, and analyzing demand from end-users. The result indicated that there was a significant technology gap existing between event markets of the US and China. As a result, introducing appropriate event management knowledge and improved event technology from advanced region like the US will be potential trend for the development of China’s convention and event industry.
Short-term low-strain vibration enhances chemo-transport yet does not stimulate osteogenic gene expression or cortical bone formation in adult mice.

Development of low-magnitude mechanical stimulation (LMMS) based treatment strategies for a variety of orthopaedic issues requires better understanding of mechano-transduction and bone adaptation. Our overall goal was to study the tissue and molecular level changes in cortical bone in response to low-strain vibration (LSV: 70 Hz, 0.5 g, 300 μe) and compare these to changes in response to a known anabolic stimulus: high-strain compression (HSC: rest inserted loading, 1000 μe). Adult (6-7 months) C57BL/6 mice were used for the study and non-invasive axial compression of the tibia was used as a loading model. We first studied bone adaptation at the tibial mid-diaphysis, using dynamic histomorphometry, in response to daily loading of 15 min LSV or 60 cycles HSC for 5 consecutive days. We found that bone formation rate and mineral apposition rate were significantly increased in response to HSC but not LSV. The second aim was to compare chemo-transport in response to 5 min of LSV versus 5 min (30 cycles) of HSC. Chemo-transport increased significantly in response to both loading stimuli, particularly in the medial and the lateral quadrants of the cross section. Finally, we evaluated the expression of genes related to mechano-responsiveness, osteoblast differentiation, and matrix mineralization in tibias subjected to 15 min LSV or 60 cycles HSC for 1 day (4-h time point) or 4 consecutive days (4-day time point). The expression level of most of the genes remained unchanged in response to LSV at both time points. In contrast, the expression level of all the genes changed significantly in response to HSC at the 4-h time point. We conclude that short-term, low-strain vibration results in increased chemo-transport, yet does not stimulate an increase in mechano-responsive or osteogenic gene expression, and cortical bone formation in tibias of adult mice.
Revision des Atomgewichtes von Phosphor. Die Analyse von Silberphosphat

Eine sorgfaltige Untersuchung uber ie zur Herstellung von reinem Trisilberphosphat erforderlichen Bedingungen ist ausgefuhrt worden.