cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of highly substituted 5-(trifluoromethyl)ketoimidazoles using a mixed-solid/solution phase motif.

Using a combination of solid phase synthesis for the preparation of N-substituted-N-acylglycines 7 followed by solution-phase ring transformation of trifluoromethylacyl munchnone intermediate 8, a library of 200 trisubstituted-5-trifluoromethylketo (TFMK) imidazoles 9 was prepared. In a sublibrary, bromoacetate resin 4 was treated with 5 amines in parallel to give N-substituted glycines 5 followed by acylation with 12 acid chlorides to provide, upon cleavage from the resin, 60 individual N-substituted-N-acylglycines 7. The glycines 7 were converted to munchnones 8 by treatment with trifluoroacetic anhydride followed by reaction with benzamidine to give trisubstituted-5-TFMK-imidazoles 9. The structural content of the library was analyzed using PlateView of the LCMS results, and individual members were isolated by automated preparative LCMS.
Parental Perceptions of the Family and Children's Peer Relations

ABSTRACT To study the relationship between American parents' perceptions of the family environment, themselves, and their children's peer relations with preschool peers, data was obtained from 56 boys and 47 girls between 47 and 59 months old and their parents. Questionnaires on perceptions of family cohesiveness, expressiveness, conflict, psychosocial competence of self, and acceptance of children were completed by the parents. Sociometric evaluations of peer ratings and positive and negative nominations among children were completed by the children. Correlations revealed both similarities and differences between father–child and mother–child patterns. In general, boys' peer ratings were related to parents' competence whereas girls' peer ratings were related to parents' cohesion. Positive nominations in boys and girls were related to parents' competence. Negative nominations in boys and girls were related to low acceptance and high conflict in parents. These data suggest important links between parents' ...
Spore Germination in the True Slime Mold Didymium nigripes1

The morphology of spore germination in Didymium nigripes was studied using scanning electron microscopy and Nomarski phase optics. First, the outer spore wall splits, revealing a fibrillar inner wall. Remnants of the inner wall continue to cover the newly emerged amoeba. A single nucleus and a prominent vacuole are visible throughout germination. Germination is more rapid in glucose-peptone-yeast extract than in phosphate buffer. Germination is completely inhibited at 4°C, and is very slow at 18°C. Germination is most rapid at 26°C; at 21°C or 32°C it is slightly slower. Germination is reversibly inhibited by 20 μ/ml cycloheximide, but not by 200 μ/ml 5-fluoro uracil or 200 μ/ml proflavin. It is completely inhibited by 10-3 M Na azide.
Control discipline necessity: Making the language as general as the implementation

The formal verification of control structure implementation techniques is a subject receiving increased attention among programming language researchers. Such correctness arguments relate source language control semantics to corresponding implementation effects. Most commonly, it is demonstrated that a particular implementation strategy α is “safe” is some source language control disciplineδ is observed. We term this asufficiency proof forδ with given α. In this paper, the companion issue of thenecessity ofδ is explored. That is, we consider the question of whether some more liberal disciplineδ might also be sufficient for α. The motivation is the observation that language designers often have particular control implementation strategies in minda priori, but at times over-restrict their final designs to ensure that the envisioned implementation remains applicable. The general notion of control discipline necessity proofs is illustrated by a proof that Wang and Dahl's CS condition on block-structured coroutines is necessary, given a simple scope-based deletion strategy, but that their CR condition is not necessary unless scope-based referencing constraints are taken into account.
Diagnosis and Correction of Systematic Humidity Error in a Global Numerical Weather Prediction Model

Abstract Accuracy of humidity forecasts has been considered relatively unimportant to much of the operational numerical weather prediction (NWP) community. However, the U.S. Air Force is interested in accurate water vapor and cloud forecasts as end products. It is expected that the NWP community as a whole will become more involved in improving their humidity forecasts as they recognize the important role of accurate water vapor distributions in data assimilation, forecasts of temperature and precipitation, and climate change research. As a modeling community, we need to begin now to identify and rectify the systematic humidity forecast errors that are present in NWP models. This will allow us to take full advantage of the new types of remotely sensed water vapor and cloud measurements that are on the horizon. The research reported in this paper attempts to address this issue in a simple, straightforward manner, using the Phillips Laboratory Global Spectral Model (PL GSM). It was found that significant sy...
Efficient Room-Temperature Conversion of Anatase to Rutile TiO2 Induced by High-Spin Ion Doping

The surprising room-temperature phase conversion of anatase to rutile TiO2, a process that normally requires temperatures well in excess of 700 °C, is facilitated through the use of transition metal ions with highly unpaired electron spin. Raman spectroscopy is used to demonstrate this unexpected process, facilitated through the use of high-spin cobalt (CoII) and nickel (NiII) transition metal ion seeding into a TiO2 or TiO2-xNx nanocolloid lattice. In distinct contrast, the effect is not manifest upon seeding with low-spin ions including CuII. The Raman spectra also demonstrate the concomitant incorporation of a spinel-like structure into the titania lattice, which is suggested to influence the high-spin cobalt interaction.
Design optimization for structural or mechanical systems against the worst possible loads

The main objective of this paper is to point out several difficulties related to formulating and solving numerically the problem of optimal design of structural systems subjected to ‘worst admissible’ controls (that is ‘worst’ external loads). First some known facts and available results are reviewed and minor lemmas are provided so that the problem can be formulated in an appropriate mathematical setting. In the second part of the paper numerical techniques including some algorithms are discussed. Convergence and proper numerical approaches to suboptimal designs are the main topics of this part. While the main concern is structural analysis, a short digression indicates that the techniques and arguments offered here are easily extended to other applications such as the mechanical and electro-magnetic systems design.
Involvement of μ-opioid receptors in potentiation of apomorphine-induced climbing behavior by morphine: studies using μ-opioid receptor gene knockout mice

The present study examined the hypothesis that μ-opioid receptors contribute to a behavioral stimulation produced by stimulation of dopamine receptors by comparing responses in μ-opioid receptor knockout and wild type mice. Apomorphine-induced climbing behavior was augmented by 65%, in wild type mice, but not in μ-knockout, following subcutaneous administration of morphine (15 mg/kg). Moreover, pretreatment with either naloxone (an opioid receptor antagonist) or haloperidol (a mixed D1/D2 receptor antagonist) eliminated the enhancement by morphine of climbing behavior in wild type mice. These results indicate that expression of μ-opioid receptors plays an important role in the enhancement of climbing behavior induced by the dopamine receptor agonist, apomorphine. Furthermore, this augmentation is mediated by interaction between dopamine and μ-opioid receptors.
Airflow and Nanoparticle Deposition in a 16-Generation Tracheobronchial Airway Model

In order to achieve both manageable simulation and local accuracy of airflow and nanoparticle deposition in a representative human tracheobronchial (TB) region, the complex airway network was decomposed into adjustable triple-bifurcation units, spreading axially and laterally. Given Qin = 15 and 30 L/min and a realistic inlet velocity profile, the experimentally validated computer simulation model provided some interesting 3-D airflow patterns, i.e., for each TB-unit they depend on the upstream condition, local geometry and local Reynolds number. Directly coupled to the local airflow fields are the convective-diffusive transport and deposition of nanoparticles, i.e., 1 nm ≤ dp ≤ 100 nm. The CFD modeling predictions were compared to experimental observations as well as analytical modeling results. The CFD-simulated TB deposition values agree astonishingly well with analytical modeling results. However, measurable differences can be observed for bifurcation-by-bifurcation deposition fractions obtained with these two different approaches due to the effects of more realistic inlet conditions and geometric features incorporated in the CFD model. Specifically, while the difference between the total TB deposition fraction (DF) is less than 16%, it may be up to 70% for bifurcation-by-bifurcation DFs. In addition, it was found that fully developed flow and uniform nanoparticle concentrations can be assumed beyond generation G12. For nanoparticles with dp > 10 nm, the geometric effects, including daughter-branch rotation, are minor. Furthermore, the deposition efficiencies at each individual bifurcation in the TB region can be well correlated as a function of an effective diffusion parameter.
Computational studies of gramicidin permeation: An entryway sulfonate enhances cation occupancy at entry sites

The impact on the cation-transport free-energy profile of replacing the C-terminal ethanolamine in the gramicidin A channel with a taurine residue is studied using molecular dynamics simulations of gramicidin A (1JNO) embedded in a lipid bilayer (DMPC) with 1 mol/kg NaCl saline solution. The potential of mean force for ion transport is obtained by umbrella sampling. The presence of a negatively charged sulfonate group at the entrance of the gramicidin channel affects the depth and the location of the binding sites, producing a strong attraction for the cations in the bulk. The potential of mean force by the sulfonate acting directly through electrostatics and van der Waals interactions on the test ion is highly modulated by indirect effects (i.e., sulfonate effects on other components of the system that, in turn, affect the ion free-energy profile in the channel). Because the "entry" sites are located symmetrically at both entry and exit of the channel, the deeper free-energy wells should inhibit exit. Given that the channel has increased conductance experimentally, the simulation results suggest that the channel conductance is normally entry limited.
Ring-opening metathesis polymerization as a route to controlled copolymers of ethylene and polar monomers: Synthesis of ethylene-vinyl chloride-like copolymers

A series of ethylene–vinyl chloride-like copolymers were prepared by ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP). The route to these materials included the bulk polymerization of 5-chlorocyclooctene and 5,6-dichlorocyclooctene with the first-generation Grubbs' catalyst, followed by diimide hydrogenation of the resulting unsaturated polymers. In addition, the amount of chlorine in these materials was varied by the copolymerization of 5-chlorocyclooctene with cyclooctene. These materials were fully characterized by NMR (1H and 13C), gel permeation chromatography, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Finally, hydroboration was carried out on the ROMP product of 5-chlorocyclooctene to yield a polymer, which was effectively a vinyl alcohol–vinyl chloride–ethylene terpolymer. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 41: 2107–2116, 2003
Mechanistic studies of glutamine synthetase from Escherichia coli. An integrated mechanism for biosynthesis, transferase, ATPase reactions

Summary The mechanism of biosynthetic, transferase, ATPase, and transphosphorylation reactions catalyzed by unadenylylated glutamine synthetase from E. coli was studied. Activation complex(es) involved in the biosynthetic reaction are produced in the presence of either Mg 2+ or Mn 2+ ; however, with the Mn 2+ -enzyme inhibition by the product, ADP, is so great that the overall forward biosynthetic reaction cannot be detected with the known assay methods. Binding studies show that substrates (except for NH 3 and NH 2 OH which are not reported here) can bind to the enzyme in a random manner and that binding of the ATP-glutamate, ADP-P i or ADP-arsenate pairs is strongly synergistic. Inhibition and binding studies show that the same binding site is utilized for glutamate and glutamine in biosynthetic and transferase reactions, respectively, and that a common nucleotide binding site is used for all reactions studied. Studies of the reverse biosynthetic reaction and results of fluorescent titration experiments suggest that both arsenate and orthophosphate bind at a site which overlaps the γ-phosphate site of nucleoside triphosphate. In the reverse biosynthetic and transferase reactions, ATP serves as a substrate for the Mn 2+ -enzyme but not for the Mg 2+ -enzyme. The ATP supported transferase activity of Mn 2+ -enzyme is probably facilitated by the generation of ADP through ATP hydrolysis. When AMP was the only nucleotide substrate added, it was converted to ATP with concomitant formation of two equivalents of glutamate, under the reverse biosynthetic reaction conditions, and no ADP was detected. The reversibility of 18 O transfer between orthophosphate and γ-acyl group of glutamate was confirmed. ATPase activity of Mg 2+ and Mn 2+ unadenylylated enzymes is about the same. Both enzyme forms catalyze transphosphorylation reactions between various purine nucleoside triphosphates and nucleoside diphosphates under biosynthetic reaction conditions. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that a single active center is utilized for all reactions studied. Two stepwise mecanisms that could explain the results are discussed.
QUANTUM TRANSPORT AND SOLID-STATE DYNAMICS FOR BLOCH ELECTRONS IN AN ELECTRIC FIELD

Abstract A novel formalism for treating Bloch electron dynamics and quantum transport in electric fields of arbitrary strength and time dependence is presented. In this formalism, the electric field is described through the use of the vector potential; this choice of gauge leads to a natural set of basis functions for describing Bloch electron dynamics in an electric field, even if the field is inhomogeneous . Quantum transport results for Bloch electrons in a spatial homogeneous but arbitrarily time dependent electric field undergoing elastic scattering from randomly distributed impurities (Kohn-Luttinger revisited) are presented; that is, a non-linear “Boltzmann equation” is derived with collision integrals involving not only memory and intracollisional field effects, but also including explicit band-mixing transients such as effective mass dressing and Zener tunneling. The application of this formalism to quantum transport in inhomogeneous electric fields is also addressed; specific applications to problems involving tunneling through “band-engineered” tunneling barriers and impurity scattering in electric fields of arbitrary strength and time dependence are discussed.
Parent MMPI critical item and clinical scale changes in the 1970s.

The Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Service of the William S. Hall Psychiatric Institute, Columbia, South Carolina, routinely administers the MMPI to the parents of children and adolescents in outpateint psychiatric treatment. The MMPI data obtained from parents during the (1970–74) and (1975–79) periods (N = 342) have been analyzed from two perspectives, MMPI critical item condorsement and MMPI clinical scalc changes have been evaluated statistically through a comparison of parents in the two time periods. Both the increase in clinical scale elevations and shift in critical item endorsement suggest a parent population in which mothers are suffering considerably more psychological distress or psychopathology than fathers during the last 5 years. The findings indicate the need for cross-clinic replications of the prents investigation in order to establish the reliability of the current findings.
On the necessary conditions of optimality of water utilization systems in process plants with multiple contaminants

This paper presents necessary conditions of optimality for multicomponent water allocation systems in re0neries and process plants. We extend the necessary conditions of optimality proved for single component by Savelski and Bagajewicz (Chem. Eng. Sci. 55(21) (2000) 5035). In particular, it is shown that at least one component reaches the maximum concentration at the outlet of a freshwater user process. A necessary condition of monotonicity is also proven. In this particular case, monotonicity only holds for certain components called “key” components. ? 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Integrated Systems Health Management for Intelligent Systems

The implementation of an integrated system health management (ISHM) capability is fundamentally linked to the management of data, information, and knowledge (DIaK) with the purposeful objective of determining the health of a system. Management implies storage, distribution, sharing, maintenance, processing, reasoning, and presentation. ISHM is akin to having a team of experts who are all individually and collectively observing and analyzing a complex system, and communicating effectively with each other in order to arrive at an accurate and reliable assessment of its health. In this chapter, concepts, procedures, and approaches are presented as a foundation for implementing an ISHM capability relevant to intelligent systems. The capability stresses integration of DIaK from all elements of a system, emphasizing an advance toward an on-board, autonomous capability. Both ground-based and on-board ISHM capabilities are addressed. The information presented is the result of many years of research, development, and maturation of technologies, and of prototype implementations in operational systems.
Economic botany in epidemiology

It seems most appropriate to me to use this occasion to declare my debt and my thanks to the Society for Economic Botany for inspiring and furthering the course of an investigation which is possibly one of the more useful of my various activities over the past several years. For one thing, in early May, 1970, at the request of the National Cancer Institute, Dr. Richard Evans Schultes, our Editor, and Joseph Sutton, Managing Editor of our journal, Economic Botany, stopped Volume 24, No. 2, on its way to press in order to include my paper, "Tentative Correlations of Plant Usage and Esophageal Cancer Zones." The members of this Society are entitled to a resum6 of developments in this study since that time. But, before going ahead, I should step back a little, for the benefit of new members who may not be aware of what was going on at that time. I shall be very brief and I ask you to bear with me because I will be leading up to a conclusion which has a bearing on the benefits or otherwise of plant usage by you and me and people everywhere. Esophageal cancer has a peculiar geographic distribution with striking variations from high to low incidence between adjacent areas. Remarkably high mortality rates (over 100 per 100,000) exist in the Province of Honan, China, the Turkmen and Uzbek regions of Russia and neighboring northern Iran, and in the Transkei in southeastern Africa. Areas with the next highest rates are the Normandy Peninsula of France, and the islands of Curacao, Netherlands Antilles. Other relatively high regions are Bombay, India, western Kenya and northern Chile. In the United States as a whole, the incidence is low (3.28 per 100,000), but it has been steadily rising among non-white males for the past 21 years, reaching over 20 per 100,000 in certain localities. In the three areas of highest incidence in the world, and in Curacao, the male-female rate is nearly equal. In most other high-incidence areas, the male rate is 2-10 times the female rate; in France, 20 times. In Durban, South Africa, the rate among Asian women far exceeds that among males. The disease was first noted among the Bantu people in the Transkei in 1943; by 1953, there was found to be a five-fold increase. This situation attracted world-wide attention and much speculation as to the cause. Dr. Rex Burrell worked among the Bantu for ten years and prepared a list of the local plants used by the people for food and folk-medicine. In 1962, the National Cancer Institute asked me to evaluate this list and select the plants most worthy of investigation. Subsequently, they asked that I prepare a comparative list of South African herbs and those of the Netherlands Antilles or,
An Approach for Real-Time Monitoring and Control of Tactical Network Simulations

With the conventional modeling and simulation (M&S) of networks, simulations are usually executed from beginning to the end without interruption, and results are available only at the end of the simulation runs. These results typically consist of various statistics for some measures of performance (MOPs) that attempt to quantify the network's performance. Although these results can capture the timing of significant events and performance transitions, they generally capture neither their causes nor the transient behavior that leads to their occurrence. This paper presents an approach to operate a simulated network similar to an actual network where the simulated network can be monitored in real-time and better, and, if appropriate, be stopped for explorations of the network state. A console equipped with a GUI interrogates the simulated network during the run and displays the relevant characteristics of the network, which allows experimenters to monitor the network's behavior and performance. Experimenters can use the console to stop and query the simulation to obtain detailed information from each node or protocol layer within each node. Examples of such information are route forwarding tables at a node, node position, or some protocol attributes configured at a node. Further, experimenters can use the console to change network configuration during the simulation run and observe its impact on the performance of the network. Our solution is built using OPNET Modeler as the simulation engine and its cosimulation facility to interconnect the experimenter's console with the simulation.
Shortest confidence intervals for the ratio of two normal variances

In this paper the shortest confidence interval for the ratio of two variances is derived when the populations are assumed to be normal. A table, which will help in computing the shortest confidence interval, is also provided.
Antibodies and clinical features of the antiphospholipid syndrome as criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus.

The antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) can occur as a primary diagnosis or as a prominent feature of other diseases, predominantly systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The 1982 revised criteria for SLE were published prior to many of the studies which have illuminated current understanding of the antiphospholipid syndrome and several current clinical criteria for SLE, when arising from thrombotic damage to different organ systems, could be attributed to APS, leading to some confusion about where the diagnoses of these two disorders should begin and end. Additionally, APS is a significant generalized risk factor for irreversible organ damage and overall mortality in SLE patients and genetic linkages to HLA in APS hold up whether the disorder is primary or linked to SLE. It is increasingly recognized that APS itself is a complex, heterogenous disorder, involving a spectrum of autoantibodies to phospholipid-binding proteins, many of which have known coagulation-regulating functions. Although the combination of m...
A novel class of inhibitors of peptide deformylase discovered through high-throughput screening and virtual ligand screening.

Peptide deformylase (PDF) has been identified as a promising antibacterial and herbicide target. A structurally novel class of inhibitors containing a 2-thioxo-thiazolidin-4-one heterocycle substituted by an arylidene group at the 5-position and a hexanoic acid side chain at the 3-position was discovered independently via high-throughput screening and virtual ligand screening. Data mining and analogue synthesis established a structure−activity relationship for the side chain region that is consistent with the docked structure.
CBFβ allosterically regulates the Runx1 Runt domain via a dynamic conformational equilibrium

CBFβ allosterically regulates the Runx1 Runt domain via a dynamic conformational equilibrium
Reverse intersystem crossing in rose bengal. II. Fluence dependence of fluorescence following 532 nm laser excitation.

A fluence-dependent fluorescence technique was used to observe reverse intersystem crossing from a certain higher-lying triplet state of rose bengal populated by a single pulse of 532 nm light. The quantum yield of reverse intersystem crossing from this state was determined to be 0.12 ± 0.02 for rose bengal in phosphate-buffered saline. The importance of including molecular rotation effects in the analysis of fluorescence resulting from reverse intersystem crossing is discussed. Differences in the photochemical reactivity of upper triplet states in biological systems have been previously hypothesized to result from photophysical differences, particularly substantial differences in their reverse intersystem crossing yields. In this work this hypothesis is analyzed quantitatively, using numerical models of the population dynamics. These models suggest that reverse intersystem crossing alone cannot adequately explain the differences in biological response.
The effects of varied extinction procedures on contingent cue-induced reinstatement in Sprague-Dawley rats

Rationale Cue exposure therapy, which attempts to limit relapse by reducing reactivity to cocaine-paired cues through repeated exposures, has had limited success.
Effects of Surface Band Bending and Scattering on Thermoelectric Transport in Suspended Bismuth Telluride Nanoplates

A microdevice was used to measure the in-plane thermoelectric properties of suspended bismuth telluride nanoplates from 9 to 25 nm thick. The results reveal a suppressed Seebeck coefficient together with a general trend of decreasing electrical conductivity and thermal conductivity with decreasing thickness. While the electrical conductivity of the nanoplates is still within the range reported for bulk Bi2Te3, the total thermal conductivity for nanoplates less than 20 nm thick is well below the reported bulk range. These results are explained by the presence of surface band bending and diffuse surface scattering of electrons and phonons in the nanoplates, where pronounced n-type surface band bending can yield suppressed and even negative Seebeck coefficient in unintentionally p-type doped nanoplates.
TU-D-ValB-01: Mega-Voltage Cone-Beam Computerized Tomography

Mega‐Voltage Cone‐Beam Computed Tomography (MVCBCT) systems have been in clinical use at UCSF since February 2005. This lecture will provide a general description of the MVCBCT system, image acquisition,reconstruction and registration. The practical clinical applications as well as the guidance strategies will be presented through a number case studies including the following anatomical sites; head&neck, lung, spine, prostate and pelvic sites. Educational Objectives 1. Understand the basics concepts of MV Cone‐Beam CTimaging. 2. Understand the range of clinical applications made possible by MVCBCT in the following categories: a. Patient and organ positioning b. Monitoring of anatomical changes and tumordose response c. Tomosythesis d. Dosimetric impact e. Dose planning in presence of CT non‐compatible objects f. Brachytherapy g. Dose‐guided radiation therapy (DGRT). This work was supported by Siemens Oncology Care Systems.
Seasonal variations in production and consumption rates of dissolved organic carbon in an organic-rich coastal sediment

Abstract Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations in anoxic marine sediments are controlled by at least three processes: 1. (1) production of nonvolatile dissolved compounds, such as peptides and amino acids, soluble saccharides and fatty acids, via hydrolysis of particulate organic carbon (POC). 2. (2) conversion of these compounds to volatile fatty acids and alcohols by fermentative bacteria. 3. (3) consumption of volatile fatty acids and alcohols by terminal bacteria, such as sulfate reducers and methanogens. We monitored seasonal changes in concentration profiles of total DOC, nonacid-volatile (NAV) DOC and acid-volatile (AV) DOC in anoxic sediment from Cape Lookout Bight, North Carolina, USA, in order to investigate the factors that control seasonal variations in rates of hydrolysis, fermentation, and terminal metabolism. During the winter months, DOC concentrations increased continuously from 0.2 mM in the bottomwater to ~4 mM at a depth of 36 cm in the sediment column. During the summer, a large DOC maximum developed between 5 and 20 cm, with peak concentrations approaching 10 mM. The mid-depth summertime maximum was driven by increases in both NAV- and AV-DOC concentrations. Net NAV-DOC reaction rates were estimated by a diagenetic model applied to NAV-DOC concentration profiles. Depth-integrated production rates of NAV-DOC increased from February through July, suggesting that net rates of POC hydrolysis during this period are controlled by temperature. Net consumption of NAV-DOC during the late summer and early fall suggests reduced gross NAV-DOC production rates, presumably due to a decline in the availability of labile POC. A distinct subsurface peak in AV-DOC concentration developed during the late spring, when the sulfate depletion depth shoaled from 25 to 10 cm. We hypothesize that the AV-DOC maximum results from a decline in consumption by sulfate-reducing bacteria (due to sulfate limitation) and a lag in the development of an active population of methanogenic bacteria. A diagenetic model that incorporates a lag period in the sulfate reducer-methanogen transition successfully simulates the timing, magnitude, depth and shape of the AV-DOC peak.
Transthoracic pacing in cardiac asystole

A total of 139 patients had transthoracic pacemakers introduced via a subxiphoid approach for asystole during advanced CPR in the emergency department of a large urban teaching hospital over a calendar year. Two groups were examined retrospectively, A) 34 patients who presented asystolic, and B) 99 patients who presented with ventricular fibrillation that became asystole. Age, sex, and etiologies for cardiac arrest were similar in both groups; there were no survivors. The mean duration of asystole before pacemaker insertion was 4 min (group A) to 7 min (group B). Temporary electrical capture was obtained in six patients from group B, but electrical-mechanical association could not be achieved in any of these patients.
Electrophoretic variants of mojave rattlesnake (Crotalus scutulatus scutulatus) venoms and migration differences of mojave toxin

Abstract E. D. Rael , R. A. Knight and H. Zepeda . Electrophoretic variants of Mojave rattlesnake ( Crotalus scutulatus scutulatus ) venoms and migration differences of Mojave toxin. Toxicon 22, 980 – 985, 1984. — Mojave toxin was found in comparable quantities in venoms from Mojave rattlesnakes captured in the Big Bend region of Texas and southeastern Arizona. Toxicities in mice were also comparable. Electrophoretic profiles of venom differed significantly between the two groups, suggesting two genetic divergent groups. Immunotransfer revealed several electrophoretic variants of Mojave toxin among the Texas snake venoms, all of which migrated slower than Mojave toxin of venoms from the Arizona snakes.
An oneiropenic account of an ophthalmological career.

The author has done pretty much what he wanted to do throughout his professional life. Little harm resulted. A few findings may survive.
Wind-forced linear and nonlinear Kelvin waves along an irregular coastline

Using a normal and tangential co-ordinate approach, a perturbation theory is developed for wind-forced linear and nonlinear Kelvin waves propagating along an irregular coastline. The theory is valid for coastline curvatures which are non-dimensionally small, the curvature being non-dimensionalized with respect to the reciprocal of the boundary-layer trapping scale, i.e. the reciprocal of the radius of deformation. According to linear theory, the main effect of a coastline of small curvature is to cause a phase-speed change in the wave (from – c to – c (1 – ½ k ( s )), where k ( s ) is the non-dimensional curvature a distance s along the coast from the origin) and to make the offshore Ekman transport change more rapidly along the coast, the latter effect implying a more ‘wavelike’ ocean or lake response. Two discernible nonlinear effects were found to be an increase (decrease) in the linear-solution longshore gradients in regions of positive (negative) isopycnal displacement and a tendency for increased (decreased) isopyncal displacement at capes (bays).
Collecting data in the home laboratory: evolution of X-ray sources, detectors and working practices

While the majority of macromolecular X-ray data are currently collected using highly efficient beamlines at an ever-increasing number of synchrotrons, there is still a need for high-performance reliable systems for in-house experiments. In addition to crystal screening and optimization of data-collection parameters before a synchrotron trip, the home system allows the collection of data as soon as the crystals are produced to obtain the solution of novel structures, especially by the molecular-replacement method, and is invaluable in achieving the quick turnover that is often required for ligand-binding studies in the pharmaceutical industry. There has been a continuous evolution of X-ray sources, detectors and software developed for in-house use in recent years and a diverse range of tools for structural biology laboratories are available. An overview of the main directions of these developments and examples of specific solutions available to the macromolecular crystallography community are presented in this paper, showing that data collection `at home' is still an attractive proposition complementing the use of synchrotron beamlines.
Heat Transfer from a Circular Cylinder Impulsively Started from Rest

Abstract A numerical method, previously used to calculate the momentum characteristics of laminar flow over an impulsively started circular cylinder, is used to solve the corresponding unsteady two-dimensional boundary-layer form of the energy equation. In regions where the streamwise velocity reverses its direction, the solution of the energy equation is modified by a procedure that accounts for the downstream influence. With this modification calculations are readily obtained for short and long times. Calculations are presented here for the entire surface of a cylinder with uniform wall temperature and for times, corresponding to tu∞/L, up to unity.
The effect of bupropion sustained-release on cigarette craving after smoking cessation

Abstract Background: Most (>50%) smokers who attempt to stop smoking relapse within the first year of abstinence. The effect of continued use of pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation on relapse rates is unknown. Bupropion sustained-release (SR) is the first non-nicotine-based therapy that is effective for achieving abstinence from smoking. Objective: This analysis explored the factors involved in relapse to smoking in patients who had successfully stopped smoking using bupropion SR. These patients were participants in a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of bupropion SR for the prevention of relapse to smoking. Methods: Participants who had stopped smoking with 7 weeks of open-label bupropion SR were randomly assigned to receive double-blind treatment with either bupropion SR or placebo for 45 weeks. The primary efficacy outcome of the main study was the rate of relapse to smoking. The analyses presented here examine the levels of reported cigarette craving and, in those participants who returned to smoking, the reasons associated with relapse, using patient-completed questionnaires. Results: Craving was cited most frequently as a factor contributing to relapse in those participants receiving placebo (cited by 49.2% of relapsers) but significantly less frequently by participants receiving bupropion SR (cited by 22.4% of relapsers) ( P P P Conclusions: Craving continues to be a significant concern for individuals even after they have successfully stopped smoking. Bupropion SR appears to reduce reported cravings, which may contribute to the overall reduction in the rate of relapse observed with this pharmacotherapy.
Phase transitions in vector - gluon models: A solution to the U(3) problem

We have examined the realizations of chiral symmetry in the Abelian vector-gluon model, in the absence of gluon self-energy. The chiral symmetry is broken spontaneously in the vacuum. A vacuum stability condition on the gluon coupling, $g$, and the gluon-fermion mass ratio $\frac{\ensuremath{\mu}}{m}$ of the form ${{f}_{\ensuremath{\pi}}}^{2}({g}^{2},\frac{{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{2}}{{m}^{2}})g0$ is obtained as a necessary condition for a Nambu-Goldstone realization with bound-state Goldstone bosons. Here ${f}_{\ensuremath{\pi}}$ is the decay constant of the bound-state Goldstone boson. It is shown that for those channels that do not communicate with pairs of vector gluons this condition is satisfied in the weak-coupling limit, ${g}^{2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0$. For axialvector currents that satisfy anomalous Ward identities and communicate with pairs of gluons we show that the renormalized integral equations for ${{f}_{\ensuremath{\pi}}}^{2}$ do not possess solutions. The failure to find a Goldstone solution for these channels is associated with the fact that these axialvector currents have an anomalous dimension greater than three. Instead of Goldstone bosons one finds that axial-vector-current conservation breaks down and the symmetry is broken explicitly. Hence, there is no Goldstone boson associated with "axial baryonic charge." This also answers in the negative the old question of whether electrodynamics can support a Goldstone mode. We also calculate ${g}_{A}\ensuremath{-}1$ to order ${g}^{2}$ and discuss phase transitions between the Wigner-Weyl mode, the Goldstone mode, and the mode in which the symmetry is explicitly broken. We also speculate on the implications of this work for gauge theories of the strong interactions.
A Note on Finding Minimum-Cost Edge-Disjoint Spanning Trees

Let G be an undirected graph with n vertices and m edges, such that each edge has a real-valued cost. We consider the problem of finding a set of k edge-disjoint spanning trees in G of minimum total edge cost. This problem can be solved in polynomial time by the matroid greedy algorithm. We present an implementation of this algorithm that runs in O(m log m + k2n2) time. If all edge costs are the same, the algorithm runs in O(k2n2) time. The algorithm can also be extended to find the largest k such that k edge-disjoint spanning trees exist in O(m2) time. We mention several applications of the algorithm.
Performance evaluation of 10Base-T and 100Base-T Ethernets carrying multimedia traffic

The performance of 10Base-T and 100Base-T Ethernet segments carrying audio/video traffic is presented. End-to-end delay requirements suitable for a wide range of multimedia applications are considered (ranging from 20-500 ms). Given the specific nature of the network considered and the maximum latency requirement, some data is lost. Data loss at the receiver causes quality degradations in the displayed video in the form of discontinuities, referred to as glitches. We define various quantities characterizing the glitches, namely, the total amount of information lost in glitches, their duration, and the rate at which glitches occur. We study these quantities for various network and traffic scenarios, using a computer simulation model driven by real video traffic generated by encoding video sequences. We also determine the maximum number of video streams that can be supported for given maximum delay requirement and glitch rate. We consider various types of video contents (video conferencing, motion pictures, commercials), two encoding schemes (H.261 and MPEG-1), and two encoder control schemes [constant bit rate (CBR) and constant-quality variable bit rate (CQ-VBR)] and compare their results. Furthermore, we consider scenarios with mixtures of video and data traffic (with various degrees of burstiness), and determine the effect of one traffic type over the other.
Frequency of ED revisits and death among older adults after a fall

Abstract Introduction Falls among older adults (aged ≥65 years) are the leading cause of both injury deaths and emergency department (ED) visits for trauma. We examine the characteristics and prevalence of older adult ED fallers as well as the recurrent ED visit and mortality rate. Methods This was a retrospective analysis of a cohort of elderly fall patients who presented to the ED between 2005 and 2011 of 2 urban, level 1 trauma, teaching hospitals with approximately 80000 to 95000 annual visits. We examined the frequency of ED revisits and death at 3 days, 7 days, 30 days, and 1 year controlling for certain covariates. Results Our cohort included 21340 patients. The average age was 78.6 years. An increasing proportion of patients revisited the ED over the course of 1 year, ranging from 2% of patients at 3 days to 25% at 1 year. Death rates increased from 1.2% at 3 days to 15% at 1 year. A total of 10728 patients (50.2%) returned to the ED at some point during our 7-year study period, and 36% of patients had an ED revisit or death within 1 year. In multivariate logistic regression, male sex and comorbidities were associated with ED revisits and death. Conclusion More than one-third of older adult ED fall patients had an ED revisit or died within 1 year. Falls are one of the geriatric syndromes that contribute to frequent ED revisits and death rates. Future research should determine whether falls increase the risk of such outcomes and how to prevent future fall and death.
Learning to Love Democracy: Electoral Accountability and the Success of Democracy

This article explains why dissatisfaction with the performance of individual politicians in new democracies often turns into disillusionment with democracy as a political system. The demands on elections as an instrument of political accountability are much greater in new than established democracies: politicians have yet to form reputations, a condition that facilitates the entry into politics of undesirable candidates who view this period as their “one-time opportunity to get rich.” After a repeatedly disappointing government performance, voters may rationally conclude that “all politicians are crooks” and stop discriminating among them, to which all politicians rationally respond by “acting like crooks,” even if most may be willing to perform well in office if given appropriate incentives. Such an expectation-driven failure of accountability, which I call the “trap of pessimistic expectations,” may precipitate the breakdown of democracy. Once politicians establish reputations for good performance, however, these act as barriers to the entry into politics of low-quality politicians. The resulting improvement in government performance reinforces voters’ belief that democracy can deliver accountability, a process that I associate with democratic consolidation. These arguments provide theoretical microfoundations for several prominent empirical associations between the economic performance of new democracies, public attitudes toward democracy, and democratic stability. E conomic recessions are one of the most robust predictors of the breakdown of democracy. Between 1848 and 2008, a democracy was more than twice as likely to revert to dictatorship during an economic decline than during a period of economic growth. This association is especially relevant for young and poor democracies: when democracies break down, nine in ten do so before they are 20 years old or when their annual GDP per capita is less than $4,900. 1 Figure 1 illustrates this association by separately plotting the hazards of a democratic breakdown during economic recessions and expansions. The rise of the Nazi Party in the Weimar Republic amidst the hardship of the Great Depression and Russia’s return to authoritarianism under Vladimir Putin following the chaos of its transition to democracy under Boris Yeltsin are merely two prominent examples of the existential danger that economic downturns present for young democracies.
What classroom role should the PLATO computer system play

Inserting computers into the ecology of an elementary school classroom involves a combination of promise and uncertainty that parallels similar technological innovations in other areas, whether heart pacers, artificial kidneys, tranquilizers, atomic power plants, transportation, food production or virtually any other area one can think of. In each instance we lack a complete description of the original ecology, and we cannot be, a priori, fully aware of new possibilities.
Synchronization in coupled arrays of chaotic oscillators with nonreciprocal coupling

There are, in general, two classes of results regarding the synchronization of chaos in an array of coupled identical chaotic systems. The first class of results relies on Lyapunov's direct method and gives analytical criteria for global or local synchronization. The second class of results relies on linearization around the synchronization manifold and the computation of Lyapunov exponents. The computation of Lyapunov exponents is mainly done via numerical experiments and can only show local synchronization in the neighborhood of the synchronization manifold. On the other hand, Lyapunov's direct method is more rigorous and can give global results. The coupling topology is generally expressed in matrix form and the first class of methods mainly deals with symmetric matrices whereas the second class of methods can work with all diagonalizable matrices. The purpose of this brief is to bridge the gap in the applicability of the two classes of methods by considering the nonsymmetric case for the first class of methods. We derive a synchronization criterion for nonreciprocal coupling related to a numerical quantity that depends on the coupling topology and we present methods for computing this quantity.
Applied Analysis of ATM’S RAIC to Healthcare Ethics Committees in Africa

This chapter presents an applied example of the contribution of ATM’s RAIC approach to healthcare ethics committees in Africa by focusing, in particular, on the decision-making process for the informed consent of patients.
The wildland-urban interface in the United States

The wildland-urban interface (WUI) is the area where houses meet or intermingle with undeveloped wildland vegetation. The WUI is thus a focal area for human-environment conflicts, such as the destruction of homes by wildfires, habitat fragmentation, introduction of exotic species, and biodiversity decline. Our goal was to conduct a spatially detailed assessment of the WUI across the United States to provide a framework for scientific inquiries into housing growth effects on the environment and to inform both national policymakers and local land managers about the WUI and associated issues. The WUI in the conterminous United States covers 719 156 km? (9% of land area) and contains 44.8 million housing units (39% of all houses). WUI areas are particularly widespread in the eastern United States, reaching a maximum of 72% of land area in Connecticut. California has the highest number of WUI housing units (5.1 million). The extent of the WUI highlights the need for ecological principles in land-use planning as well as sprawl-limiting policies to adequately address both wildfire threats and conservation problems.