cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Organic-rich fine sediments in Florida Part 1: Sources & nature

The Floridean environment gives rise to prolific and highly varied organic deposits. This overview considers sources of carbon and the nature of the deposits this element forms. The environmental conditions leading to “carbonate-forming” and to “peatforming” deposits are described. The marine coast, together with the terrestrial environment, waterways and lakes of Florida, are large scale sources of carbon production, the precise origin and fate of which is not always clear. Carbonate depositional systems occur mainly in the south of the state and at the marine coast. Peat type deposits include mangrove peats at the marine coast and the vegetation-type-dependent, fresh water Everglades Okeelanta, Gandy and Loxahatchee peats of the interior. None of these deposits give rise to major management problems. On the other hand the “peat-forming” sedimentary regime also includes the finely divided black organic muds locally called “mucks.” Poorly consolidated black muds are presenting severe problems in a large number of lakes, estuaries and marine coastal zones in Florida. The rate of production of black muds has accelerated a great deal in the last century and in the last few decades the degree to which loosely bound industrial contaminants have become associated with these has created a major challenge to society.
The dense Z-pinch as a fusion power source

Previous experiments have shown that a dense Z-pinch formed from a frozen deuterium fiber and driven with a rapidly rising current from a high-voltage pulse generator is stable, in direct contrast with the predictions of simple MHD (magnetohydrodynamic) theory. In the author's experiment, the pinch stability was maintained as long as the current rose and was lost as soon as it peaked. The authors have estimated the temperature of the pinch from the Bennett relation. At 640 kA, this corresponds to a temperature of 200 eV, which is not hot enough for the pinch to produce a significant number of thermonuclear reactions. However, if the pinch stability can be maintained at higher currents, say 2 MA, then it can be shown from simple zero-d models that the pinch could achieve thermonuclear breakeven. >
NSTX TF joint failure and re-design

The toroidal field (TF) coil of the National Spherical Torus Experiment (NSTX) suffered a failure on February 14, 2003, after approximately 3 years of service and 7200 pulses. The failure occurred at an electrical joint connecting one of the radial flags to the inner leg bundle. Damage was extensive such that the coil could not be repaired. Analysis of the failure revealed structural design problems which have been addressed in the re-design effort described herein. Construction of a new TF coil is now underway.
Magnetic fields in molecular clouds: Regulators of star formation

Magnetic fields cause relatively violent behavior in diverse astrophysical systems. Yet they also mitigate would-be violent behavior. Although they destabilize the interstellar medium on scales ≈1 kpc and lead to the formation of clouds, they also provide effective support against the self-gravity of interstellar clouds. On the one hand they allow gravitational contraction of clouds and star formation to take place by redistributing angular momentum (magnetic braking). Yet, on the other hand, they transform the would-be violent gravitational collapse of interstellar clouds to an almost quasistatic, but still rapid, contraction of their cores which often endures to densities >108 cm−3; this is achieved by a well controlled redistribution of mass in the central flux tubes of clouds (ambipolar diffusion). We show that magnetic fields also unavoidably introduce a natural length scale in cloud interiors. The typical mass inside this length scale is ≈ 1 M⊙ which, deprived of effective magnetic support due to ambipolar diffusion, contracts relatively rapidly, while the surrounding envelope is much better supported by magnetic forces. Hence, magnetic fields may also play a crucial role in the determination of the initial (stellar) mass function as they tend to inhibit accretion of the envelope onto a protostellar core. These quantitative results and the star formation scenario that they suggest are qualitatively different from current ideas concerning star formation in nonmagnetic clouds or in cores which have lost their magnetic support. The latter ideas postulate the absence of any characteristic length (or protostellar mass); we prove its existence and calculate its precise magnitude.
Kidney transplant candidates’ understanding of increased risk donor kidneys: a qualitative study

Gordon EJ, Reddy E, Ladner DP, Friedewald J, Abecassis MM, Ison MG. Kidney transplant candidates’ understanding of increased risk donor kidneys: a qualitative study. Clin Transplant 2011 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0012.2011.01536.x. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Abstract: Background: The Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network (OPTN) requires specific informed consent when “increased risk” (IR) donor organs are utilized. Little is known about kidney transplant candidates’ understanding of IR donor kidneys. Methods: We assessed kidney transplant candidates’ perceptions, reasons for accepting or declining a future IR donor kidney offer, and information needs through semi-structured interviews. Results: One hundred and sixty-two (80%) patients participated. Patients perceived IR donors as having poor health (44%), advanced age (38%), and poor kidney quality (24%). Patients (31%) would accept IR donor kidneys to get off dialysis (n = 18/50), to improve health by receiving a transplant quickly (n = 13/50), and felt that the risk of infection was low (n = 10/50). Patients (47%) would decline IR donor kidneys for fear of infection transmission (n = 34/76), perceived poor-quality kidneys (n = 32/76), and their health was good enough to wait for an average-risk kidney (n = 23/76). Undecided patients (22%) needed information about the donation situation. Patients desired information about IR donors, their kidneys, and their impact on patients’ health. Conclusions: Patients confuse risk posed by OPTN-defined IR donors and other non-standard risk donors. Greater efforts are needed to educate kidney transplant candidates about IR donor kidneys and refine terminology used to describe risks to patients.
Routine use of U-tube drainage for necrotizing pancreatitis: A step toward less morbidity and resource utilization

Background A U-tube drainage catheter (UTDC) is a novel intervention for necrotizing pancreatitis, with multiple benefits: bidirectional flushing, greater interface with large fluid collections, less risk of dislodgement, and creation of a large-diameter fistula tract for potential fistulojejunostomy. We report the first clinical experience with UTDC for necrotizing pancreatitis. Methods From 2011 to 2014, all patients undergoing UTDC for necrotizing pancreatitis at our institution were identified. Clinical variables including patient, disease, and intervention-specific characteristics as well as long-term outcomes populated our dataset. Results Twenty-two patients underwent UTDC for necrotizing pancreatitis; the median follow-up was 10.2 months. Necrotizing pancreatitis was most commonly owing to gallstones ( n = 9; 41%), idiopathic disease ( n = 5; 23%), and alcohol abuse ( n = 4; 18%). During the course of UTDC and definitive operative therapy (when required), patients had median hospital stays of 31 days, 6 interventional radiology procedures, and 6 CT scans. Operative intervention was not necessary in 9 patients (41%). Among the other 13 patients, 4 patients underwent distal pancreatectomy/splenectomy, 8 had a fistulojejunostomy performed, and 1 underwent both procedures. Conclusion UTDC for necrotizing pancreatitis patients is associated with effective drainage and low morbidity/hospital resource utilization. With skilled interventional radiologists and multidisciplinary coordination, this technique is a valuable means of minimizing morbidity for patients with necrotizing pancreatitis.
Tritrophic relationships of Russian wheat aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae), a hymenopterous parasitoid (Diaeretiella rapae McIntosh), and resistant and susceptible small grains

Abstract The tritrophic relationships between resistant small grain entries, Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko), and Diaeretiella rapae McIntosh were studied. Resistant triticale entries with high levels of antibiosis affected growth and reproduction of both the aphid and the parasitoid. Parasitoid mummies from antibiotic triticale were smaller, took longer to develop, and were fewer in number compared with those from susceptible entries. The sex ratio of parasitoids emerging from the smaller mummies of aphids restricted to the resistant triticale entries was skewed toward females. The protective influence of parasitoids on plants was demonstrated in the experiment. Plants exposed to aphids without parasitoids sustained greater damage and had significantly less biomass than those so protected. A resistant wheat entry showed a reduction in aphid populations and enhanced parasitoid activity due to the fact that its leaves did not roll like those in the susceptible wheat entry.
White and Color Noise Cancellation using Adaptive Feedback Cross-Coupled Line Enhancer Filter

In this paper, a new method for white and color noise cancellation is presented. The proposed method consists of two adaptive FIR filters, where the output of each filter is feedback to the input of the other filter to form an adaptive feedback cross-coupled filter. The step-size parameter of each FIR filters is variable and based on power normalization techniques. The power normalization step is greatly improve the performance of the proposed filter and gives extra output SNR improvements compared to the existing methods. Illustrative examples are given in this paper to show the performance of the proposed method in removing white, color, or both white and color noises at very different input signal to noise ratios (SNRs).
Assessment of a dental anxiety scale

The Corah dental anxiety scale is shown to be a reliable tool for use in dental offices or research projects for measuring anxiety of dental procedures. Old and new data were considered in an evaluation of the Corah Dental Anxiety Scale. The data indicate that the scale can be used in the dental office or in research projects and is a reliable, valid, and useful measure of anxiety of dental treatment.
From ancient roots to modern times

Abstract The author describes his many associations with Professor Andrew and the influence of Professor Andrew's research on much of present day NMR and then reviews why NMR is well suited to study the cuprate superconductors and some of the principal findings which flow from NMR experiments for both the normal and the superconducting states.
Laplace transforms applied to interest functions

Abstract In view of the current practice by many institutions of not crediting any interest accruing during a given period until the end of that period, it is proper to consider discrete interest functions as step functions.
Abstract 169: Temporal trends, predictors, and outcome of chemotherapy in elderly women with advanced stage endometrial cancer.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC Objective. Randomized clinical trials have suggested that adjuvant chemotherapy improves survival for women with advanced stage (III-IV) endometrial cancer. Despite the fact the endometrial cancer is common in the elderly, a minority of women >65 years of age were represented in these trials. We performed a population-based analysis to determine the use and impact on survival of adjuvant chemotherapy in elderly women with advanced stage endometrial cancer. Methods. The Surveillance Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)-Medicare database was utilized to identify women diagnosed with stage III-IV endometrial cancer diagnosed from 1998-2007. Only those patients who had undergone a hysterectomy were included. The use of chemotherapy within 6 months of diagnosis and its impact on survival was examined using multivariable logistic regression and Cox proportional hazards models. Results. A total of 1819 women including 1193 with stage III and 626 with stage IV tumors were identified. Adjuvant chemotherapy was given to 46% of women. Use of chemotherapy increased with time from 42% in 1998 to 63% in 2007 (P 65 years of age receive chemotherapy. In addition to year of diagnosis, stage and histology are the strongest predictors of receipt of chemotherapy. Among elderly women with endometrial cancer, chemotherapy is associated with a reduction in mortality. Citation Format: Gunjal Garg, Zainab Siddiq, Gongfu Zhou, Matthew A. Powell, Thomas Herzog, David G. Mutch, Jason D. Wright. Temporal trends, predictors, and outcome of chemotherapy in elderly women with advanced stage endometrial cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 169. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-169
Incidence, correlates, and clinical impact of nuisance bleeding after antiplatelet therapy for patients with drug-eluting stents

Background Nuisance bleeding (NB) after dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) is not well characterized despite its potential to impact patient compliance. We therefore aimed to evaluate the incidence, correlates, and clinical impact of NB after DAPT after drug-eluting stent (DES) implantation. Methods Included were 2,948 patients with DES implantation who were discharged on DAPT for 12 months. New bleeding classifications were used: alarming bleeding, internal bleeding, and NB. Results After excluding patients with alarming bleeding (9 [0.3%]) and internal bleeding (128 [4.3%]), the 2,811 remaining patients were divided into 2 groups: those with NB (812 [28.9%]) and those without (1,999 [71.1%]). Patients with NB were significantly younger (63.0 ± 11.4 vs 65.2 ± 11.6 years, P P 2 , P = .01), and a lower prevalence of diabetes (25.5% vs 34.8%, P P = .02). In the NB group, 46 patients (5.7%) stopped 1 or both antiplatelet therapies. Thirty-five (4.3%) discontinued clopidogrel, 16 (2.0%) stopped aspirin, and 5 (0.61%) stopped both as a result of the reported NB. Multivariable analysis detected younger age, lower body mass index, white race, and without diabetes as correlates associated with NB while on clopidogrel therapy. Conclusion Nuisance bleeding is common in patients on prolonged DAPT post-DES implantation and can impact compliance. Nuisance bleeding appears to have important clinical implications and, if confirmed in prospective trials, should be added to the safety end points assessing new antiplatelet agents.
Water utilization and soil salinity control in arid‐zone agriculture

Abstract Salinity problems are common in arid and semi‐arid regions, where rainfall is insufficient to leach salts out of the rhizosphere. In addition, these areas often have high evaporation rates, which can encourage concentration of salts at the soil surface. The presence of a caliche horizon and/or a cemented hardpan layer at varying depths, plus insufficient precipitation for leaching often adds to the salt accumulation in soils. Newly established irrigation projects, with improper planning and management practices, may also add salts to soils. However, soil salinity problems are present in nearly every irrigated area of the world and also occur on non‐irrigated croplands and rangelands. Thus, virtually no land is immune from salinization. Therefore, for sustaining life on earth, control of these problems and finding new ways to utilize these extensive saline soils and water resources, at least for agricultural purposes, are vital and urgent. Reclamation, or at least minimizing the effect of salinity...
Improving Schools in Turbulent Times

Beyond finding sufficient funds and resources or implementing particular policies and programs, schools need to develop the capacity to overcome the constantly changing demands of an often turbulent educational environment. Drawing from studies of six schools that have maintained good reputations and records of performance over significant periods of time, this article describes three “internal” and three “external” practices that schools use to manage the demands around them and to make improvements.
On the calculation of electrostatic interactions in proteins

Abstract In this paper we present a classical treatment of electrostatic interactions in proteins. The protein is treated as a region of low dielectric constant with spherical charges embedded within it, surrounded by an aqueous solvent of high dielectric constant, which may contain a simple electrolyte. The complete analysis includes the effects of solvent screening, polarization forces, and self energies, which are related to solvation energies. Formulae, and sample calculations of forces and energies, are given for the special case of a spherical protein. Our analysis and model calculations point out that any consistent treatment of electrostatic interactions in proteins should account for the following. (1) Solvent polarization is an important factor in the calculation of pairwise electrostatic interactions. Solvent polarization substantially affects both electrostatic energies and forces acting upon charges. (2) No simple expression for the effective dielectric constant, Deff, can generally be valid, since Deff is a sensitive function of position. (3) Solvent screening of pairwise interactions involving dipolar groups is less effective than the screening of charges. In fact for many interactions involving dipoles, solvent screening can be essentially ignored. (4) The self energy of charges makes a large contribution to the total electrostatic energy of a protein. This must be compensated by specific interactions with other groups in the protein. Strategies for applying our analysis to proteins whose structures are known are discussed.
Are Board Members Pawns or Watchdogs?: The Link between CEO Pay and Firm Performance

This study examines the CEO pay and firm performance link from two competing perspectives managerial power and board vigilance. From the managerial power perspective, a powerful CEO dominates the b...
Isolation of a collagen from basement membranes containing three identical α-chains

Abstract Chromatographic studies on CM-cellulose of collagens isolated from basement membranes of the glomerulus, lens capsule and Descemet's membrane indicate that the molecule is composed of three identical α -1 chains. The M. Wt. of the α -1 chains from basement membranes is 108,000; it is higher than that of α -1 chains of interstitial collagens by an amount attributed to the excess hexose. Chemical analyses reveal high hydroxylysine, hydroxyproline and glycine content and a low amount of alanine. There are 8 residues of half-cystine. Total carbohydrate is about 12%, consisting of equimolar amounts of glucose and galactose.
Visual Pigment Fluorescence

The fluorescence of cattle rod outer segments (dried) and of rhodopsin in solution lies in the range of 575 to 600 millimicrons with a quantum efficiency of 0.005 if excitation is in the visible band near 500 millimicrons. The emission is abolished by bleaching at -196°C but can be reversibly regenerated by irradiation with light of longer wavelength (600 millimicrons). This behavior reflects the known interconversion of rhodopsin to prelumirhodopsin at this temperature.
The influences of inherent risk and information acquisition on consumer risk reduction strategies

The relative extent to which subjects employ six risk reduction strategies (RRSs) in two different risk conditions and on each of nine experimental trials is examined in the context of a brand choice decision (BCD) task. It was expected that there would occur: (1) a decline in the use of RRSs over trials, (2) a greater use of RRSs in a high inherent risk (HIR) condition than in a low inherent risk (LIR) condition an average over trials, and (3) a more rapid decrease in the use of RRSs over trials in the LIR condition. Although a decline apparently occurred in use of two of the five RRSs over trials, none of the other expectations were supported. Post hoc analyses suggest that methodological problems confounded the results. Nevertheless, both the theoretical model which integrates several consumer behavior research areas and the findings have significance for future research in these areas.
Conceptual modeling for customized XML schemas

XML was initially developed for document management, but it is becoming increasingly used for storing and exchanging all kinds of data on the Internet. In this paper, we introduce a design methodology for XML schemas that is based upon well-understood conceptual modeling methodologies. Because XML is hierarchical (tree-structured), many different XML schemas (or document structures) can be generated from the same conceptual database schema. We describe algorithms for generating customized hierarchical views from EER model, creating XML schemas from hierarchical views, generating SQL queries corresponding to the XML schemas, and creating XML instance documents from the query results.
Thermodynamic analysis of aluminate stability in the eutectic bonding of copper with alumina

Abstract The interfacial reactions between Cu and Al 2 O 3 which occur during the eutectic bonding process have been examined. A thermodynamic analysis of phase equilibria in the Cu–Al–O system shows that a five-phase equilibrium exists among solid copper with oxygen in solution, liquid copper with oxygen in solution, solid CaAlO 2 , Al 2 O 3 and oxygen gas at the invariant state T =1348 K, p O 2 =5.6×10 −7 atm (0.055 Pa). The existence of this invariant state has been confirmed experimentally by heating slightly oxidized copper disks placed in contact with alumina disks. The experimentally determined invariant state was found to be in good agreement with that calculated. During eutectic bonding the compound CuAlO 2 forms at the interface between copper and the alumina in specimens containing solid copper only at temperatures lower than 1348±3 K.
Large-distance and long-time properties of a randomly stirred fluid

Dynamic renormalization-group methods are used to study the large-distance, long-time behavior of velocity correlations generated by the Navier-Stokes equations for a randomly stirred, incompressible fluid. Different models are defined, corresponding to a variety of Gaussian random forces. One of the models describes a fluid near thermal equilibrium, and gives rise to the usual long-time tail phenomena. Apart from simplifying the derivation of the latter, our methods clearly establish their universality, their connection with Galilean invariance, and their analytic form in two dimensions, $\ensuremath{\sim}\frac{{(logt)}^{\ensuremath{-}\frac{1}{2}}}{t}$. Nontrivial behavior results when the model is formally continued below two dimensions. Although the physical interpretation of the Navier-Stokes equations below $d=2$ is unclear, the results apply to a forced Burger's equation in one dimension. A large class of models produces a spectral function $E(k)$ which behaves as ${k}^{2}$ in three dimensions, as expected on the basis of equipartition. However, nonlinear effects (which become significant below four dimensions) control the infrared properties of models which force the Navier-Stokes equations at zero wave number.
Probabilistic structural response assessment using vector‐valued intensity measures

Methods for using scalar and vector ground motion intensity parameters to estimate the probabilistic relationship between ground motion intensity and structural response are described and compared. Options include using regression analysis on structural analysis results from a set of unscaled (or uniformly scaled) ground motions, or fitting a probability distribution to the analysis results from scaled ground motions analysed using incremental dynamic analysis and related methods. Past methods for using scalar ground motion intensity are reviewed, and methods for utilizing improved vector-valued intensity measures (IMs) are proposed. ‘Hybrid’ estimation methods that obtain the benefit of vector-valued IMs using simplified techniques such as careful record selection are also discussed. The results are then combined with models for ground motion occurrence obtained from probabilistic seismic hazard analysis to compute seismic reliability, and the results obtained from the various methods are compared. In general, a tradeoff must be made between the accuracy of the functional relationship between ground motion intensity and structural response versus the number of structural analyses needed for estimation. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Flow Instabilities in Entangled Polymer Thin Films

The line of contact at the moving front of a simple liquid on a substrate can become unstable toward the formation of fingers under the action of an external force, such as a temperature gradient or a mechanical force. During the dewetting of entangled polymeric liquid thin films, the moving front (rim) of a growing hole can become unstable toward the formation of fingers in the absence of an external driving force. In this paper we show that instabilities develop at the line of contact, leading to the formation of fingers, in films below a critical film thickness, hc. The extent of fingering decreases as the film thickness increases and virtually disappears for h > hc. This critical film thickness increases with increasing molecular weight, approximately as h ∼ M3/7. Our observations are rationalized in terms of a rough scaling argument.
Grazing incidence ring resonator for visible wavelength free-electron laser

The key optical components for a grazing-incidence ring resonator are considered. Grazing-incidence mirrors are described, and attention is focused on a surface-fabrication process, mirror size, shape, and curvature, and single-crystal silicon substrate used for coating. Surface roughness, mechanical contact profilometry, optical interferometry, and wavefront errors are discussed, as well as normal-incidence mirrors. Consideration is given to grazing-incidence, normal-incidence high-reflectance, and sideband-suppression thin-film coatings. Alignment procedures and tools including dynamic alignment, a fast steering mirror, and coarse path-length adjustment with an outcoupler mount are covered.
The influence of an external magnetic field on an air-fluidized bed of ferromagnetic particles

Presentation des resultats d'une etude realisee avec des particules spheriques en acier (diametre moyen=262 μm)
Mechanisms of inlet-vortex formation

An experimental and theoretical study is presented of the inlet-vortex (or ground-vortex) phenomenon. The experiments were carried out in a water tunnel using hydrogen-bubble flow visualization. The theoretical study is based on a secondary-flow approach in which vortex filaments in a (weak) shear flow are viewed as convected (and deformed) by a three-dimensional irrotational primary flow; the latter being calculated numerically using a three-dimensional panel method. Two basic mechanisms of inlet-vortex generation are identified. The first of these, which has been alluded to qualitatively by other investigators, is the amplification of ambient (i.e. far-upstream) vorticity as the vortex lines are stretched and drawn into the inlet. Quantitative calculations have been carried out to illustrate the central features connected with this amplification. I n contrast with what has been supposed, however, there is another mechanism of inlet-vortex formation, which does not appear to have been recognized previously and which does not require the presence of ambient vorticity. It is thus shown that an inlet vortex can arise in an (upstream) irrotational flow, for an inlet in cross wind. In this situation, the vortex is accompanied by a variation in circulation along the length of the inlet. The ratio of inlet velocity to upstream veIocity is an important parameter for both mechanisms.
Precision lifetime measurements by a collinear laser-ion beam technique

Abstract The mean lifetimes of the 4 p′ 2 F 7 2 0 level of Ar+ and the 4p′ 1F3 level of 35C1+ have been measured with precisions of 0.5% or better using a new variant of the “rapid Doppler switching” technique. Metastable ions produced in the ion source were excited by a frequency-fixed laser beam. The present mean lifetime results are τ( Ar + , 4 p′ 2 F 7 2 0 ) = 8.414 ± 0.025 ns and τ( 35 C 1 + , 4 p′ 1 3 )= 11.17 ± 0.06 ns .
An analysis of the solution of groups method for component activity coefficients

Abstract The solution of groups method is analyzed via a statistical mechanical formalism in order to uncover its inherent physical assumptions. Viewing the molecules in solution as a physical ‘cluster’ of groups, or interaction sites, provides a framework through which the implicit assumptions may be cast in standard molecular terminology. We find that, in addition to the assumed site-site form of the molecular pair potential, asymmetric distribution of sites within each molecule and use of an ‘effective’ angle average of the pair correlation function are also necessary in order to arrive at the commonly used solution of groups formula. Alternatively, the latter approximations can be interpreted as the site analogue of the n -fluid theory for simple mixtures. Attempts to improve upon the present empirical models may be made by relaxing some of the more restrictive assumptions.
Genetic disorders of calcium and phosphorus metabolism.

The genetic control of calcium, phosphorus, cartilage, and bone metabolism is discussed, and many of the genes involved in this process are described. Mutations in these genes that lead to the clinical disorders associated with hypercalcemia, hypocal-cemia, rickets, and osteochondrodystrophies are delineated.
Residents' challenging role: Preceptee, preceptor, or both?

The Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education (ACPE) defines a preceptor as a “full-time, part-time, or volunteer faculty or practitioner (usually a pharmacist) who serves as practitioner-educator and oversees students in pharmacy practice experiences within the curriculum.”[1][1] An
Organization Structure as Ideology The State Socialism Experiment

This article uses an institutional framework to study how state socialist ideology influenced organization structure, governance modes, and administrative practices in the former German Democratic Republic (GDR). An in-depth analysis of one organization, the Staatliche Porzellan Manufaktur Meissen (Meissen) was undertaken, employing qualitative field research methods. Our study shows how state socialism, as a complete institutional environment, imposes structures and practices on organizations. The methods that Meissen employed to buffer its technical core against the demands of the institutional environment are explored. Administrative practices' role in rationalizing and legitimating state ideology are highlighted; we further show that those structures and practices most influenced by state ideology were the first ones to be discarded when the regime was overthrown.
Design of high temperature SiC LJFET-based logic inverter and integrated gate driver

I Power integrated circuit based on SiC lateral JFET promises to operate at temperatures beyond 300°C. In this paper, design constraints in selecting the LJFET threshold voltage, the load resistance and the DC power supply voltage to obtain proper gate driver circuit functionality in the temperature range of 25°C∼300°C are investigated through extensive experimentation. The study shows that an appropriate load resistance needs to be chosen for a given LJFET for the trade-off between good output voltage swing and a good output current driving capability. It is also shown that increasing the power supply voltage usually increases both the voltage swing and output current capability, with the cost of increased power consumption. Measurements at various temperatures up to 300°C reveal that the output voltage swing decreases significantly at higher temperatures. The design window for LJFET threshold voltage is found to be 0V∼2.0V at 25°C but narrows down to 0.5V∼1.2V at 300°C. Such a threshold voltage window is considered to be achievable in a large scale IC facility. Finally, a 4-stage gate driver circuit capable of operation at both 25°C and 300°C is reported. This work aims at providing a foundation for the fabrication process and device design of a possible full-scale power IC on SiC.
Laser ignition of nanocomposite thermites

Abstract Laser ignition experiments were performed to determine the ignition time of nanoscale particle diameter composites of aluminum (Al) and molybdenum trioxide (MoO3). Ignition time and burn rate were measured as a function of stoichiometry and also as a function of Al particle diameter, which ranged from 17.4 nm to 20 μm. Composites were pressed into solid cylindrical pellets with a 4.5-mm diameter and length and with a constant 38% theoretical maximum density (TMD). A 50-W CO2 laser provided the ignition source and high-speed digital images were used to determine ignition time and burn rates. Results indicate that nanoscale Al particle composites show significantly reduced ignition times that varied from 12 ms up to 6 s for nanometer compared with micrometer scale Al particle composites, respectively.
Surgical Aspects of Patients With Adenocarcinoma of the Stomach Operated on for Cure

Background and Design: A retrospective study was performed to evaluate our recent results of curative gastric resections for adenocarcinoma. Methods: Between 1979 and 1988, 187 patients fulfilled study entry criteria. This group of patients composes 64% of all patients with tumors arising distal to the gastroesophageal junction. Tumors arising in the region of the gastroesophageal junction were excluded. Patients were classified according to the American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status classification (≥3, 56%) and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status (≥2,44%). Histologic characteristics were re-reviewed. Interventions: Subtotal and total gastrectomies were performed in 78% and 22% of the patients, respectively. Extended lymph node dissections were performed selectively (5%). Adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy were employed in 3% and 2% of patients, respectively. Results: Postoperative morbidity and mortality were 27% and 4%, respectively. Synchronous splenectomy ( P =.06) and type of gastric resection ( P =.06) showed a borderline association with postoperative complications, but did not affect postoperative mortality. With a median follow-up time of 47 months in all patients, and a median of 9 years in patients still alive, the 5- and 10-year overall survival rates (Kaplan-Meier method) were 48% and 32%, respectively. In univariate survival analysis, age, American Society of Anesthesiologists classification, stage, tumor diameter, serosal extension of tumor, lymph node metastases, and type of resection showed prognostic significance. In the Cox multivariate analysis, however, only serosal extension of tumor ( P P =.02) were independent prognostic factors. Conclusions: Despite the older age and comorbid conditions of patients with gastric cancer, 5-year survival was achieved in half the patients by standard radical operations. Until appropriate controlled prospective studies are performed, total gastrectomy, splenectomy, and extended lymph node dissection should not be routinely adopted, given their unproven efficacy and potentially increased morbidity and mortality. (Arch Surg. 1996;131:481-487)
Preparation and characterization of the 6-aldehydo derivatives of amylose and whole starch.

Abstract The 6-aldehydo derivatives (5) of amylose (1) and whole starch have been prepared by photolysis of the corresponding 6-azido-6-deoxy derivatives (4). The 6-aldehydo derivatives (5) were characterized by formation of the (2,4-dinitrophenyl)-hydrazones (6) and by reduction with sodium borodeuteride followed by hydrolysis, acetonation, and examination of the resulting 1,2:5,6-di-O-isopropylidene-α- D -glucofuranose-6-d (7) by mass spectrometry. 6-Aldehydo-amylose (5) was further characterized by hydrolysis, and identification of the liberated D -gluco-hexodialdose by conversion into the crystalline tetra-O-acetyl- D -gluco-hexodialdose tetraethyl bis(dithioacetal) (11).
Particle simulation of compression waves

Abstract Our primary aim in this paper is to develop a new method for modeling waves on a digital computer. The approach will be a quasi-molecular, particle approach which lends itself readily to computer experiments. Explosive type disturbances will be simulated first which will generate compression waves. These waves then propagate by each particle's interaction locally with its immediate neighbors. Computer examples which illustrate physically correct physical phenomena related to compression wave motions will be illustrated and discussed.
Vertical Gastroplasty: Evolution of Vertical Banded Gastroplasty

The objective of this paper is to summarize the goals, technical requirements, advantages, and potential risks of gastroplasty for treatment of severe obesity. Gastroplasty is preferred to more complex operations, as it preserves normal digestion and absorption and avoids complications that are peculiar to exclusion operations. The medical literature and a 30-year experience at the University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics (UIHC) provides an overview of vertical banded gastroplasty (VBG) evolution. Preliminary 10-year results with the VBG technique currently used at UIHC are included. At UIHC the VBG is preferred to other gastroplasties because it provides weight control that extends for at least 10 years and the required objective, intraoperative quality control required for a low rate of reoperation. It is recommended that modifications of the operative technique not be attempted until a surgeon has had experience with the standardized operation--and then only under a carefully designed protocol. Realistic goals for surgery and criteria of success influence the choice of operation and the optimum, lifelong risk/benefit ratio. In conclusion, VBG is a safe, long-term effective operation for severe obesity with advantages over complex operations and more restrictive simple operations.
Development of Dual-Acting Agents for Thromboxane Receptor Antagonism and Thromboxane Synthase Inhibition. 3. Synthesis and Biological Activities of Oxazolecarboxamide-Substituted ω-Phenyl-ω-(3-pyridyl)alkenoic Acid Derivatives and Related Compounds

A novel series of oxazolecarboxamide-substituted omega-phenyl-omega-(3-pyridyl)alkenoic acid derivatives was discovered as potent dual-acting agents to block the TXA2 receptor and to inhibit the thromboxane synthase (TRA/TSI). Synthesis, structure-activity relationship (SAR), and in vitro and in vivo pharmacology of this series of compounds are described. Modification of the series revolved around the oxazole moiety to increase the hydrophilicity of the compounds and to correlate the biological activity with lipophilicity of the compounds. The most potent in the series was (E)-7-[4-[4-[[(4-cyclohexylbutyl)amino]carbonyl]-2-oxazolyl] phenyl]-7 -(3-pyridyl)hept-6-enoic acid (14) with Kd = 9.9 +/- 0.4 nM for the thromboxane receptor antagonism and IC50 = 55.0 +/- 17.9 nM for thromboxane synthase inhibition. The compound 14 was a selective TRA/TSI which exhibited desirable characteristics for oral activity, "shunt" effect to elevate PGI2 level, and absence of agonist activity.
Measurement of the absorption of concentrated dyes and their use for quantitative imaging of surface topography

Summary We propose a method to image the surface topography of transparent objects. The space between the object and the opposite closely positioned surface (such as a cover glass or a slide) is filled with a strongly absorbing dye. The contrast is generated by recording a transmission image at a wavelength where the dye absorbs. Since the transmitted intensity depends on the depth of the dye layer, it carries information about the relief of the tested surface. With sufficiently concentrated dyes, nanometre unevenness of a surface can be detected. By using less-concentrated solutions, it is possible to image and measure larger objects, such as biological cells. At the present stage, biological applications of the method are only semi-quantitative, but the method still provides detailed information about cell shapes that is not readily obtainable with other imaging techniques. Conversion of the image grey scale into the units of vertical distance requires knowledge of the absorption coefficient of the dye. The same method that is used for imaging can be adapted to measure the absorption coefficient of concentrated dyes. The solution to be analyzed is placed between a glass slide and a spherical lens of known radius. The absorption coefficient is determined from attenuation of transmitted intensity as a function of the distance to the centre. At the same time, the interference pattern in the reflected image allows measurement of the refractive index of the dye.
Photobehavior of (alpha-diimine)dimesitylplatinum(II) complexes.

The photobehavior of complexes of the type Pt(diimine)(mes)2 is investigated (where diimine = 2,2‘-bipyridine (bpy), 1,10-phenanthroline (phen), 3,4,7,8-tetramethyl-1,10-phenanthroline (tmp), 2,9-d...
Biochemical and Immunological Characterization of Bacterially Expressed and Refolded Plasmodium falciparum 42-Kilodalton C-Terminal Merozoite Surface Protein 1

Protection against Plasmodium falciparum can be induced by vaccination in animal models with merozoite surface protein 1 (MSP1), which makes this protein an attractive vaccine candidate for malaria. In an attempt to produce a product that is easily scaleable and inexpensive, we expressed the C-terminal 42 kDa of MSP1 (MSP142) in Escherichia coli, refolded the protein to its native form from insoluble inclusion bodies, and tested its ability to elicit antibodies with in vitro and in vivo activities. Biochemical, biophysical, and immunological characterization confirmed that refolded E. coli MSP142 was homogeneous and highly immunogenic. In a formulation suitable for human use, rabbit antibodies were raised against refolded E. coli MSP142 and tested in vitro in a P. falciparum growth invasion assay. The antibodies inhibited the growth of parasites expressing either homologous or heterologous forms of P. falciparum MSP142. However, the inhibitory activity was primarily a consequence of antibodies directed against the C- terminal 19 kDa of MSP1 (MSP119). Vaccination of nonhuman primates with E. coli MSP142 in Freund's adjuvant protected six of seven Aotus monkeys from virulent infection with P. falciparum. The protection correlated with antibody-dependent mechanisms. Thus, this new construct, E. coli MSP142, is a viable candidate for human vaccine trials.
The Son of Man in First-Century Judaism *

For much of this century the notion of a Menschensohn , or Son of Man figure, loomed large in scholarly reconstructions of Jewish eschatological expectations in the time of Jesus. The primary Jewish attestation of this figure was found, of course, in Dan 7.13, with complementary appearances in the Similitudes of Enoch and 4 Ezra 13. There was considerable diversity of opinion about the origin and precise nature of this figure. More imaginative scholars, like Sigmund Mowinckel, held that ‘Conceptions of a more or less divine Primordial Man were widespread in the ancient east. Apparently there is a historical connexion between the varying figures of this type, which seem to be derived, directly or indirectly, from Iranian or Indo-Iranian myths.’ 1 The Jewish conception of ‘the Son of Man’ was ‘a Jewish variant of this oriental, cosmological, eschatological myth of Anthropos’, 2 influenced by a syncretistic fusion of Iranian and Mesopotamian concepts. At the least, the phrase ‘Son of Man’ was thought to be a well-known, readily recognizable title for a messiah of a heavenly type, in contrast to the national, earthly, Davidic messiah. As recently as 1974 Norman Perrin could claim that all the recent studies of the ‘Son of Man Problem’ he had reviewed agreed on one point: ‘there existed in ancient Judaism a defined concept of the apocalyptic Son of Man, the concept of a heavenly redeemer figure whose coming to earth as judge would be a feature of the drama of the End time.’
The Role of Project Completion Information in Resource Allocation Decisions

Prior studies have suggested that "sunk costs," the amount of money already invested in a project, influence resource allocation decisions but have often confounded sunk costs with the degree to which a project is completed. To address this issue, we varied information about both sunk costs and project completion in two experiments. Our results suggest that degree of project completion may dominate any sunk cost effects that are present in resource allocation decisions. An expanding literature from a variety of theoretical paradigms suggests that, contrary to normative models of decision making, consideration of sunk costs-the amount of a budget invested in a project-may enter into resource allocation decisions. In the reported study, we focused on situations in which a decision maker faces a choice between continued investment in a project or withdrawal with certain loss of some or all prior investments. According to traditional economic theory, a rational decision maker in the situation just described would consider only incremental costs and benefits. However, a growing body of research suggests that sunk costs may influence the decision to continue investment in an ongoing project. For example, Arkes and Blumer (1985) found that subjects faced with a decision to invest more funds in an ongoing research and development project were more willing to make the investment than those asked if they would invest the same amount of funds to start up the same R&D project. In a replication study using five levels of prior investment, Garland (1990) found a linear relationship between the amount of sunk costs and willingness to continue investment in the project. Faced with mounting evidence for the existence of irrational sunk cost effects on resource allocation decisions, we examined the studies in which such effects have been observed. Such an examination revealed that at least two variables are in need of closer scrutiny. First, a number of studies have used decision scenarios in which sunk costs have been confounded with the degree of project completion. Second, most studies have included negative information about project success as a constant condition.
Far infrared optical properties of free carriers in GaAs

Abstract Transmission and reflection measurements over the frequency range 17–200 cm −1 were made on GaAs with electron concentrations of 1·0 and 4·9 × 10 16 cm −3 . The plasma frequencies of the samples fall within the measurement range. When values of the free carrier absorption coefficient α and the real refractive index n as derived from the data are plotted in the form ( αn ) −1 vs (frequency) 2 , the plots are linear, in excellent agreement with Drude theory. Deduced values of effective mass, relaxation time and mobility agree with published values and with a d.c. drift measurement.