cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Integrated Approach to the Development of Channel Strategy

For many manufacturing firms, a successful strategy for product distribution can play a key role in the delivery of product and technology excellence to their customers. This article presents a framework for an effective industrial distribution strategy for the manufacturing firm that allows it to find the best possible balance between its corporate strategic goals and the interests of its distributors. Our strategy addresses three critical issues: distributor loyalty, distributor effectiveness and capability, and conflict resolution. The strategy is grounded in a literature review of emerging trends and issues in industrial distribution. It is hoped that the proposed strategy can help firms find direction for managing their distribution efforts into the year 2000 and beyond.
Informed Crowds Can Effectively Identify Misinformation.

Can crowd workers be trusted to judge whether news-like articles circulating on the Internet are wildly misleading, or does partisanship and inexperience get in the way? We assembled pools of both liberal and conservative crowd raters and tested three ways of asking them to make judgments about 374 articles. In a no research condition, they were just asked to view the article and then render a judgment. In an individual research condition, they were also asked to search for corroborating evidence and provide a link to the best evidence they found. In a collective research condition, they were not asked to search, but instead to look at links collected from workers in the individual research condition. The individual research condition reduced the partisanship of judgments. Moreover, the judgments of a panel of sixteen or more crowd workers were better than that of a panel of three expert journalists, as measured by alignment with a held out journalist's ratings. Without research, the crowd judgments were better than those of a single journalist, but not as good as the average of two journalists.
Aristotle’s Model Polities

The high bar that Aristotle sets for judicious deliberation creates difficulties for his political theory. If a judicious deliberator must be virtuous in order to be able understand the chief end for humans and to deliberate well (see above, Chap. 4), political deliberation faces severe challenges in most cities that do not have the requisite number of virtuous citizens. Worse still, no deliberation is possible without a common goal and most cities are divided between the rich and the poor with very different ideas of the goal of political activity. As with his other studies, other difficulties emerge from Aristotle’s survey of the reputable opinions (henceforth, RO), but these difficulties are not merely theoretical because some of the ROs surveyed represent firmly held opinions of political participants for which the judicious legislator needs to account. For example, in Politics 3, Aristotle considers the competing claims of the few or the many to rule. These represent the opinions held by the rich and the poor (Pol. 3.9, 1280a22–5) who are the key parts of most cities that the judicious legislator needs to accommodate to have any hope of attaining civil peace.
A non‐RD1 gene cluster is required for Snm secretion in Mycobacterium tuberculosis

The Snm secretion system is a crucial virulence determinant of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Genes encoding all known components of this alternative secretion pathway are clustered at the same genetic locus, known as RD1. Here, we show that a mutant M. tuberculosis strain containing a transposon insertion in the Rv3615c gene, which is situated outside the RD1 locus, results in loss of Snm secretion. Complementation analysis revealed that both Rv3615c and the downstream gene Rv3614c are required for Snm secretion. Thus, we have renamed the two genes snm9 and snm10 respectively. The snm9::Tn mutant phenocopies bona fide snm mutants, exhibiting attenuation in mice, macrophage growth defects and failure to suppress cytokine induction. Furthermore, yeast two-hybrid analysis revealed a physical interaction between Snm10 and Snm7 (Rv3882c), suggesting that Snm10 may function in complex with other Snm proteins during secretion. Thus, snm9 and snm10 are the first genes located outside the RD1 locus identified as critical components of Snm secretion. These data indicate that Snm secretion consists of an elaborate network of interactions that likely arose from multiple duplication events during the evolution of M. tuberculosis.
Patients with chronic myosteatosis have a reduction in muscle fiber force production and disrupted myofibril architecture (1163.18)

A persistent atrophy of muscle fibers and an accumulation of fat, collectively referred to as myosteatosis, commonly occurs in patients with chronic muscle tears. The rotator cuff muscle group develops substantial myosteatosis after chronic tears, and patients with these injuries often have marked reductions in upper extremity function and quality of life. As the etiology of myosteatosis has not been well characterized in humans, our objective was to determine changes in muscle fiber structure and function in patients with chronic rotator cuff tears. We hypothesized that muscles from patients with chronic rotator cuff tears have reduced muscle fiber force production, disordered myofibrils and an accumulation of inflammatory macrophages. Compared with control muscles, there was no difference in muscle fiber cross-sectional area, but torn supraspinatus muscles had a 30% reduction in maximum isometric force production and a 29% reduction in normalized force. Using electron microscopy and histology, disordere...
When Interests Diverge: Alliance Politics at the Close of the Twentieth Century

When Allies Differ: Anglo-American Relations During the Suez and Falklands Crises Louise Richardson
Blood flow to the rabbit pancreas with special reference to the islets of langerhans

Abstract Nonradioactive microspheres of various sizes (mean batch diameters ranging from 6 μm to 26 μm) were administered to unfasted rabbits under sodium pentobarbital anesthesia by a brief injection into the left ventricle. Flow rate per bead was determined by the reference organ method. After prompt death of the animal, the spheres were located and counted microscopically (islet vs. nonislet) in fixed, stained, and cleared portions of the pancreas. According to an analysis of the distribution of spheres as a function of bead diameter, 11–23% of the total pancreatic blood flow went directly to the islets and 77–89% to the "acini" (nonislet tissues). After retrograde postmortem injection of spheres 6 μm, 9 μm and 11 μm in diameter, practically none reached the islets, whereas after orthograde postmortem injection, they did so in the same proportions as in vivo. These results, supplemented by certain control experiments, support the view that all, or nearly all, efferent islet blood flow goes to the acinar capillaries before leaving the organ. We conclude that the arterial supplies to the rabbit exocrine and endocrine pancreas are in parallel, with most of the flow going to the exocrine portion. However, the flow to the islets is large enough to permit significant local actions of the islet hormones on the exocrine pancreas, in confirmation of the existence of an insuloacinar portal system.
Brownian motor analysis and its application to nanosystems

On the molecular scale biological machines of the size approximately 0.01 /spl mu/m perform transport guaranteeing functionality of living cells. Thermal and quantum fluctuations are the major source of energy for such minuscule machines. They transport biological materials and ions, build proteins, attain motility of the cell, etc. Fluctuation-driven transport, mapped by the Brownian ratchet principle, gives us the understanding of how electrochemical energy is converted into mechanical energy. The importance of Brownian motion is its versatility in explaining a wide range of biological processes that occur at the molecular level. This paper reports model developments, simulation, and analysis of different mechanisms in nanobiomotors. One example is kinesin, a protein molecule that is in motion along microtubules in living cells and transports material. Another example is myosin which is active when a muscle contracts. The force generation is a topic of current research. How do molecular motors behave in a noisy environment? One model suggests that the motors use the random Brownian motion to do work.
Demystifying Interdisciplinary Qualitative Research.

This article seeks to demystify, through deconstruction, the concept of interdisciplinarity in the context of qualitative research to contribute to a new praxis of knowledge production through reflection on the possibilities and impossibilities of interdisciplinarity. A review and discussion of disciplinarity and interdisciplinarity leads the authors to formulate and explore the following questions: What is interdisciplinary knowledge? What is it that researchers observe as interdisciplinarity? Why do researchers pursue it? In demystifying interdisciplinarity, the authors focus on the legitimacy of the sign interdisciplinary and the process of (interdisciplinary) knowledge production. After investigating the former, the authors explore the latter by metaphorically mapping the terrain of knowledge production and conclude by proposing that interdisciplinarity, as a sign, may have the function of enabling knowledge-producing organizations to leverage resources by symbolically alluding to desired characterist...
Emerging Issues in Pediatric Asthma: Gaps in EPR-3 Guidelines for Infants and Children

There are many complexities to the treatment of infants and children with recurrent wheezing and asthma. The National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute’s (NHLBI’s) Expert Panel Report-3 (EPR-3), published in 2007, provides guidance to clinicians who care for infants and children with asthma. Since that time, many important clinical trials have further informed the evidence base available to clinicians. In this manuscript, new approaches to long-term therapy, intermittent fixed-dose and dynamic dose therapies, and emerging therapies for asthma are reviewed. Further, additional gaps in guideline-based care and areas for future research are discussed.
Increased memory load during task completion when procedures are presented on mobile screens

The primary objective of this research was to compare procedure-based task performance using three common mobile screen sizes: ultra mobile personal computer (7 in./17.8 cm), personal data assistant (3.5 in./8.9 cm), and SmartPhone (2.8 in./7.1 cm). Subjects used these three screen sizes to view and execute a computer maintenance procedure. Results from 65 student participants indicated a significant difference in completion times between the three screen sizes [F(2, 120)=690, p <0.050], but no differences in subjectively assessed cognitive workload, errors or performance time. Competing memory strategies in procedure-based tasks were revealed through the access frequency and amount of time subjects spent reading the procedure before starting the experiment [F(2, 105)=25.17, p <0.001]. When using the 7 in./17.8 cm screen, users read more of the procedure before executing the procedure. In contrast, when using the smaller screen, users sampled the procedure in longer intervals during execution.
EARLY ESTROGEN EFFECTS ON NEWLY SYNTHESIZED RNA AND PHOSPHOLIPID IN SUBCELLULAR FRACTIONS OF RAT UTERI.

Abstract The in vivo incorporation of orthophosphate-P 32 into RNA of subcellular fractions of immature and ovariectomized rat uteri was stimulated within the first hour after estradiol-17β injection. Incorporation was considerably higher in the RNA of the nucleus than mitochondrial, microsomal, or soluble fractions with a 1 hour exposure to isotope. The effect of estrogen was similar in all subcellular fractions, indicating an effect on some common site of synthesis. An increased incorporation into lipid occurred within 2 hours and was again found in all subcellular fractions. When uteri were incubated in vitro with labeled precursors, the effect of in vivo estradiol pretreatment on RNA synthesis was lost. At the same time, estrogen-increased phospholipid synthesis was maintained.
Awareness and acceptance of current food safety recommendations during pregnancy.

Objectives: To better understand pregnant women's food safety attitudes and beliefs that affect food selection, preparation and handling behaviors, sources of food safety information, motivators and barriers to adopting current recommendations, and preferences for receiving food safety materials. Methods: Eleven focus groups were conducted with 69 women (57 pregnant and 12 less than 6 months postpartum). The Health Belief Model guided development of the moderator's guide. In the presence of each focus group, participants completed a food safety attitude/behavior questionnaire. Sessions were audiotaped, transcribed, and analyzed for common themes across and within groups. Results: Most participants indicated moderate concern about food safety and had made some food handling or consumption changes since becoming pregnant; however, many were not following 7 of the 12 specific recommendations discussed. Further, there was resistance to change habits, especially for less well-known recommendations. The women assumed their food is safe, and wanted strong evidence regarding why they should change current practices. Common barriers included lack of prior awareness of most recommendations, no prior illness from implicated foods and the convenience, perceived health benefits of, and personal preference for many risky foods discussed. Participants wanted food safety information that was quick and easy to read, sufficiently thorough, and specifically targeted to pregnant women. Conclusions: The women studied had not internalized the connection between risky food consumption during pregnancy and risk to the unborn child, but expressed interest in valid information that might cause them to change their behaviors. The information gained will be useful in developing food safety educational materials for pregnant women.
Measurements of the Parameters Involved in the Theory of Radio Scattering in the Troposphere

Booker and Gordon have recently proposed a theory of radio scattering in the troposphere. Using atmospheric inhomogeneities in refractive index, the scattered power was shown to be a function of the intensity and scale of the existing turbulent variations. Lacking experimental data on the nature of the refractive index variations which may be present in the atmosphere, they predicted the magnitude of refractive index changes on the basis of limited temperature fluctuation measurements. Measurements have been made of refractive index and associated temperature fluctuations by the Electrical Engineering Research Laboratory of The University of Texas since 1948 with a somewhat detailed study being made from 10 inches to 50 feet above the ground since December, 1949. This paper includes a brief discussion of the recording refractometer and recording thermometer used for these studies, a meteorological analysis of the problem, and tracings of the refractive index and temperature fluctuations for several various conditions of the lower atmosphere.
Combustion-torch ignition: Fluorescence imaging of OH concentration

Abstract The temporal and spatial development of the OH concentration during the ignition of a lean methaneair mixture (φ = 0.65) by a combustion torch has been studied. In the experiment the combustion torch was formed by a jet of high temperature combustion product gases that exit a thin-plate circular orifice connecting a small cylindrical prechamber with the main combustion chamber. This starting jet was driven by a spark-ignited flame which propagates through the prechamber. By decreasing the diameter of the prechamber orifice the initial gas velocity of the combustion torch was systematically increased. With this variation in velocity the flow field of the combustion torch, determined from high-speed schlieren videography, was altered significantly. At the lowest velocity a laminar vortex-ring structure was formed. As the velocity was increased the combustion-torch flow field develops the features of a highly turbulent jet. The fluid physics of the combustion torch has a significant influence on its chemical structure and the development of the subsequent ignition process in the main combustion chamber. Unique observations of the chemical structure of the combustion-torch ignition process were obtained by quantitative imaging of the OH concentration using laser-induced fluorescence.
Decreasing Mortality Among Patients Hospitalized With Cirrhosis in the United States From 2002 Through 2010

Background & Aims It is not clear whether evidence-based recommendations for inpatient care of patients with cirrhosis are implemented widely or are effective in the community. We investigated changes in inpatient outcomes and associated features over time. Methods By using the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project, National Inpatient Sample, we analyzed 781,515 hospitalizations of patients with cirrhosis from 2002 through 2010. We compared data with those from equal numbers of hospitalizations of patients without cirrhosis and patients with congestive heart failure (CHF), matched for age, sex, and year of discharge. The primary outcome was a change in discharge status over time. Factors associated with outcomes were analyzed by Poisson modeling. Results The mortality of patients with and without cirrhosis, and patients with CHF, decreased over time. The absolute decrease was significantly greater for patients with cirrhosis (from 9.1% to 5.4%) than for patients without cirrhosis (from 2.6% to 2.1%) or patients with CHF (from 2.5% to 1.4%) (P Conclusions Among patients with cirrhosis in the United States, inpatient mortality decreased steadily from 2002 through 2010, despite increases in patient age and medical complexity. Improvements in cirrhosis care may have contributed to increases in patient survival beyond those attributable to general improvements in inpatient care. Further improvements might require an increased use of proven therapies and the development of new treatments—particularly for sepsis.
Characterization of the Calcium Site in Two Complement-like Domains from the Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein (LRP) and Comparison with a Repeat from the Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor†

Calcium is required for the binding and endocytosis of protein ligands by the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP) and other members of the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor ...
Developing a parent guide to quality day care centers

A set of items characterizing high-quality day care programs were rationally derived from the empirical literature and were presented to both day care experts and mothers of preschool children to obtain their evaluations of each item's operational clarity and face validity. The items were then revised and organized in checklist form in preparation for field testing. The items, along with a global nine-point rating scale of quality, comprise the Parent Guide to Quality Day Care Centers.
High-Pressure Ruby and Diamond Fluorescence: Observations at 0.21 to 0.55 Terapascal

A diamond-anvil, high-pressure apparatus was used to extend the upper pressure limit of static laboratory experiments. Shifts of the R(1) strong fluorescent line of ruby were observed that correspond to static pressures of 0.21 to 0.55 terapascal (2.1 to 5.5 megabars) at 25 degrees C. Sensitive spectroscopic techniques in the pressure range 0.15 to 0.28 terapascal were used to observe ruby and diamond fluorescence separately; these two fluorescent emissions overlap strongly at high pressures. At pressures greater than approximately 0.28 terapascal, the diamond fluorescence diminished and the ruby fluorescence reappeared strongly. Pressure was determined by extrapolation of the calibrated shift of the ruby R(1) line.
Judgments of learning and improvement

Can learners accurately judge the rate of their learning? Rates of learning may be informative when study time is allocated across materials, and students' judgments of their learning rate have been proposed as a possible metacognitive tool. Participants estimated how much they improved between presentations in multitrial learning situations in which n-gram paragraphs (in Experiments 1 and 2) or word pairs (Experiments 3 and 4) were learned . In the first experiment, participants rated improvement on a percentage scale, whereas on the second and third, judgments were given on a 0–6 scale. Experiment 4 used both a percentage scale and an absolute number scale. The main result was that judgments of improvement were poorly correlated with actual improvement and, in one case, were negatively correlated. Although judgments of improvement were correlated with changes in judgments of learning, they were not reliable indicators of actual improvement. Implications are discussed for theoretical work on metacognition.
Comparison of in vitro digestion of feed ingredients by rabbit cecal and bovine rumen fluids

In vitro dry matter digestibility of a number of feedstuffs was compared using rabbit cecal contents and bovine rumen fluid as inocula. Dry matter digestibility was significantly higher (P < 0.05) for all ingredients with rumen fluid. Maximum in vitro rumen digestibility was achieved by 48 h, whereas it was maximal at 72–96 h with rabbit cecal contents. For roughages, cecal digestibility values were about 60% of rumen fluid values, whereas for maize they were about 80% of rumen values. The addition of probiotics (Lacto-Sacc and Yea-Sacc) to the incubation mixtures did not alter rumen or cecal digestibility values. The in vitro cecal and rumen dry matter digestibility of a series of rabbit diets was compared with in vivo digestibility obtained in rabbits. In vitro rumen digestibility values correlated more closely with in vivo digestibility than the in vitro cecal values. The results suggest that fermentation in the rabbit cecum is less efficient in digestion of common feedstuffs than is rumen fermentation, particularly with feedstuffs high in fiber. In vitro rumen digestibilities may be suitable for estimating the digestibility of diets for rabbits.
Energy efficient greedy link scheduling in wireless networks

Network devices are often required to meet long term average energy constraints due to battery or energy cost considerations. In this paper, we design a simple greedy link scheduling policy for networks in which every transmitter node has an associated long term-average energy constraint. We show that a policy that greedily switches the transmitter node off is sufficient to yield a good throughput performance by characterizing its performance using the Local Pooling Factor (LPF), a parameter previously used to characterize the performance of Greedy Maximal Scheduling (GMS) in wireless networks. We then demonstrate via numerical experiments that for a network in which links originally use a fixed transmit power, a joint greedy scheduling and power control policy that uses two transmit power levels consumes lesser average transmit power compared to Greedy Maximal Scheduling (GMS), while exhibiting similar throughput performance as that of GMS. Through these results, we establish how greedy scheduling can be combined with power control to obtain provable throughput performance guarantees, while also satisfying long term average power constraints in wireless networks.
Minimally invasive circumferential spinal decompression and stabilization for symptomatic metastatic spine tumor: technical case report.

OBJECTIVE: Metastatic epidural spinal cord compression is a potentially devastating complication of cancer and is estimated to occur in 5% to 14% of all cancer patients. It is best treated surgically. Minimally invasive spine surgery has the potential benefits of decreased surgical approach-related morbidity, blood loss, hospital stay, and time to mobilization. CLINICAL PRESENTATION: A 36-year-old man presented with worsening back pain and lower extremity weakness. Workup revealed metastatic adenocarcinoma of the lung with spinal cord compression atT4 and T5. INTERVENTION AND TECHNIQUE: T4 and T5 vertebrectomy with expandable cage placement and T1-T8 pedicle screw fixation and fusion were performed using minimally invasive surgical techniques. RESULT: The patient improved neurologically and was ambulatory on postoperative day 1. At the 9-month follow-up point, he remained neurologically intact and pain free, and there was no evidence of hardware failure. CONCLUSION: Minimally invasive surgical circumferential decompression may be a viable option for the treatment of metastatic epidural spinal cord compression.
Crohn’s disease limited to the appendix: a case report in a pediatric patient

In the original description of Crohn's disease, the appendix was not believed to be involved in the inflammatory process. Later on, case reports started to appear in publications demonstrating that the appendix could be involved in the inflammatory changes of Crohn's disease, and it could also be the primary or the sole manifestation of the disease. Being that appendectomies are one of the most common procedures performed by pediatric surgeons, the knowledge about this diagnosis, all be it rare, is important. Our aim was to report a case and discuss the results of our literature review in order to elucidate the probability of a pediatric patient subsequently developing full Crohn's disease and the follow up that is indicated in such patients. A 12-year-old male patient presented with a history of chronic abdominal pain (3-4 times per week) for 1 year, crampy in nature, localized in the left lower quadrant, and associated with diarrhea (2 episodes per day). There were no extraintestinal manifestations of Crohn's, such as arthralgia or uveitis. Important family history included two paternal uncles with ulcerative colitis both of whom currently have stomas. The only abnormal laboratory value in our patient was an elevated fecal calprotectin level. An esophagogastroduodenoscopy and colonoscopy were performed and found to be unremarkable except for the cecum where it appeared that an exudate was emanating from the appendiceal orifice. A magnetic resonance enterography was ordered and showed an enlarged enhancing appendix. An exploratory laparoscopy identified an appendix with macroscopic cobblestone or lymphoid reaction that histologically was consistent with Crohn's disease. It appears that the Crohn's appendix is more indolent than Crohn's disease of the ileum or colon, with a recurrence rate in the largest series of 8%. The interval time from diagnosis to recurrence varied from 1 to 48 months with an average of 19 months. Some authors debate the need of follow up at all in those patients, believing that the appendectomy alone is curative in the majority of patients. Others recommend follow up for up to 5 years.
Comparison of the influence of intralumenal irrigation solutions on free flap survival

Heparin is commonly included in the irrigation solution used during microvascular surgery. Evidence has accumulated to indicate a beneficial effect of heparin on anastomotic patency, implying that its topical use is critical to success even in routine microvascular repairs. This investigation compared heparin and urokinase as additives to the irrigation solution (Ringer's lactate) used during rat groin free flap replantation. A newly trained microsurgeon performed all surgical procedures to lower the possible success rate through microsurgical inexperience and, thus, to create a stronger challenge for the topical irrigant. Solutions were administered on a blinded, randomized basis. Vessel patency and flap survival were followed for 7 days. No statistically significant differences were found between any of the treatment groups: patency and survival rates of 67% for heparin, 57% for urokinase, and 73% for controls (vehicle only). The flap failures that occurred may have been attributable to undetected technical errors due to the microsurgical inexperience of the surgeon. In a separate series, an experienced microsurgeon achieved 93% success using vehicle without additives for irrigation. These results suggest that topical heparin or urokinase is not essential for achieving high levels of success during microvascular surgery.
Speckle-Free Laser Imaging with Random Laser Illumination

Spatial coherence in imaging has one notorious consequence: speckle. It corrupts images and limits laser use in applications ranging from modern microscopy to digital light projectors to photolithography. Most approaches for eliminating speckle involve time-averaging independent speckle patterns, which limits the imaging speed. We have taken a different approach-instead of averaging out the speckle that is already present, we prevent speckle formation by using an unconventional random laser.
Adenovirus-E1A gene therapy enhances the in vivo sensitivity of Ewing's sarcoma to VP-16.

This study determined the effect of Ad-E1A gene therapy in vivo. TC71 cells (2×106) injected subcutaneously into nude mice resulted in tumor development (1–3 mm) 6 days later. Animals were then treated with Ad-E1A or Ad-β-gal (5×109 plaque-forming units) by intratumoral injection twice weekly for 2 weeks. Animals received 8 mg/kg VP-16 given by intraperitoneal injection daily for 5 days following the first week of treatment with Ad-E1A or Ad-β-gal. Control animals received no therapy or VP-16 only after tumor cells were injected. When tumors exceeded 2×2 cm, the mice were sacrificed and the tumors underwent histologic and immunohistochemical analysis. Tumors from mice treated with Ad-E1A plus VP-16 were 9.6-fold smaller than those treated with VP-16 alone and 6.3-fold smaller than those treated with Ad-E1A alone. HER2/neu p185 protein expression decreased in all tumors that received Ad-E1A therapy. TUNEL fluorescence staining revealed more apoptosis in the tumors from animals treated with Ad-E1A plus VP-16 than in those from animals treated with Ad-E1A alone, Ad-β-gal plus VP-16, or VP-16 alone. These data demonstrated that Ad-E1A gene therapy down-regulated HER2/neu expression, increased tumor cell apoptosis induced by VP-16, and enhanced tumor cell sensitivity to VP-16. Ad-E1A may have potential in the treatment of relapsed drug-resistant Ewing's sarcoma.
Effect of renal revascularization by splenic artery implantation on experimental renovascular hypertension.

Abstract The antihypertensive effect of implanting a branch of the splenic artery into the renal cortex of uninephric rats with renal artery stenosis is presented. Systolic blood pressure determinations were performed by Doppler auscultation over the ventral aspect of the tail distal to a sphygmomanometer cuff. Extrarenal arterial implantation into the ischemic renal cortex of the rat does exert a significant antihypertensive effect.
malnets: large‐scale malicious networks via compromised wireless access points

Densely populated areas are increasingly filled with vulnerable wireless routers set up by unsophisticated users. In isolation, such routers appear to represent only a minor threat, but in aggregate, the threat can be much greater. We introduce the notion of malnets: networks of adversary-controlled wireless routers targeted to a physical geography. Similar to Internet worms such as Slammer and Code-Red, malnets are created by the recursive compromise of targeted devices. However, unlike their traditionally wired counterparts, malnet worms exploit only other routers that are within their transmission range. The malnet thus creates a parallel wireless infrastructure that is (a) completely under control of the adversary, and (b) spans a targeted physical area, creating a valuable infrastructure for a variety of virtual and physical attacks. We initially study the propagation characteristics of commercial routers and model inter-router connectivity using publicly available war-driving data. The resulting characterization is applied to well-known epidemiological models to explore the success rates and speeds of malnet creation across cities such as New York, Atlanta, and Los Angles. Finally, we use a sampling of available exploits to demonstrate the construction of multi-vector, multi-platform worms capable of targeting wireless routers. Our analysis show that an adversary can potentially deploy a malnet of over 24,000 routers in Manhattan in less than 2,h. Through this work we show that malnets are not only feasible but can be efficiently deployed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Two-dimensional spectroscopy can distinguish between decoherence and dephasing of zero-quantum coherences.

Recent experiments on a variety of photosynthetic antenna systems have revealed that coherences among electronic states persist longer than previously anticipated. In an ensemble measurement, the observed dephasing of a coherent state can occur because of either disorder across the ensemble or decoherence from interactions with the bath. Distinguishing how much such disorder affects the experimentally observed dephasing rate is paramount for understanding the role that quantum coherence may play in energy transfer through these complexes. Here, we show that two-dimensional electronic spectra can distinguish between the limiting cases of homogeneous dephasing (decoherence) and inhomogeneous dephasing by examining how the quantum beat frequency changes within a cross peak. For the antenna complex LH2 isolated from Rhodobacter sphaeroides, we find that dephasing of the coherence between the B850 and B800 rings arises predominantly from inhomogeneity. In contrast, within the Fenna–Matthews–Olson (FMO) complex...
Complex phase diagrams

This paper is an assembly of a number of results that originate in thermodynamics except that thermodynamics here includes Landau's generalization of the thermodynamic potentials as a functional. The results focus on crossing phase boundaries, listing the sum rules around the crossing point and discussing various different possible terms in the Ginzburg–Landau free energy, along with their consequences.
Predicting the influence of trapped particles on EUVL reticle distortion during exposure chucking

Among the potential sources of image placement (IP) error for extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUVL) is the deformation of the mask during electrostatic chucking. This paper focuses on the in-plane and out-of-plane distortion of the EUVL reticle due to the entrapment of particles. Localized finite element (FE) models have been developed to simulate the micro response of the reticle / particle / chuck system. To identify the macro response, global FE models have been generated to simulate the system under typical chucking conditions. Parametric studies were performed to illustrate the effect of particle size on the final IP accuracy.
Selective low-temperature syntheses of facial and meridional tris-cyclometalated iridium(III) complexes.

We have developed a selective low-temperature synthesis of fac and mer tris-cyclometalated Ir(III) complexes. The chloro-bridged dimers [Ir(C∧N)2Cl]2 (C∧N = cyclometalating ligand) are cleaved in coordinating solvents like acetonitrile to give neutral Ir(C∧N)2(NCCH3)Cl species which in turn are reacted with AgPF6 to give hexafluorophosphate salts of the bis-acetonitrile species [Ir(C∧N)2(NCCH3)2]PF6 for C∧N = 2,2‘-thienylpyridine (thpy) and 2-phenylpyridine (ppy). These bis-acetonitrile complexes are excellent starting materials for the synthesis of tris-Ir(III) complexes. The complexes of the general formula fac-Ir(C∧N)3 were synthesized with the ligands thpy and ppy at 100 °C in o-dichlorobenzene from the corresponding [Ir(C∧N)2(NCCH3)2]PF6 complexes. The reaction of [Ir(C∧N)2(NCCH3)2]PF6 with thpy at room temperature did not give the expected tris complex but instead gave [Ir(thpy)2(N,S-thpy)]PF6, with the third chelating ligand complexed through the sulfur atom of the thiophene ring. [Ir(thpy)2Cl]2, [...
Formalin treatment to reduce mortality associated with Saprolegnia parasitica in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss

Formalin has been used to treat fish egg fungal infections, but its ability to reduce mortality in fish with fungal infections has not been clearly demonstrated. An experimental infection was induced with abrasion, exposure, and temperature stress to evaluate the ability of formalin to reduce mortalities in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) infected with Saprolegnia parasitica (ATCC 22284). The trout were anesthetized and abraded with a controlled abrasion technique. Temperature stress was performed concurrently with the fungal exposure by moving the trout from an acclimation temperature (15 ± 2 °C) to a higher exposure temperature (22 ± 2 °C) as they were immersed in an exposure tank inoculated with S. parasitica for 4 h. After the exposure, the fish were randomly distributed into 16 experimental tanks (3 fish/tank). Four treatment doses (0, 50, 100, and 150 ppm formalin solution) were evaluated. Fish were given three treatments of 1 h duration: on day 1, 1 h after the fungal exposure, and then the morning of days 3 and 5. The infection rate was 100% for all of the four trials in the study. The average percent mortality from the four trials was 67 (0 ppm), 35 (50 ppm), 29 (100 ppm), and 40 (150 ppm). Statistical analysis of the percent mortality at days 5 and 19 showed that the 50-, 100-, and 150-ppm doses were all significantly different from the 0-ppm dose on both days.
A stochastic model for continuum elasto-plastic behavior. I. Numerical approach and strain localization

A 2D model, in which plastic flow is treated as a stochastic sequence of local inelastic transformations, is proposed. In this model internal elastic stresses, resulting from such inelastic transformations, are explicitly accounted for, and an effective computer code for numerical simulation of plastic flow at arbitrary temperature and loading conditions is developed. The transition from diffuse high-temperature flow to well localized low-temperature Row is a natural result of the model. Various kinetic and structural aspects of plasticity in the model to solid at different temperatures are discussed. The model that is developed is primarily initiation controlled, and represents well the properties of amorphous media. It is to be distinguished from mobility-controlled plasticity involving dislocation glide. In its manifestations, however, the distinction becomes blurred.
Antioxidants attenuate atherosclerotic plaque development in a balloon-denuded and -radiated hypercholesterolemic rabbit

Abstract Background: Oxidation of lipoproteins is considered to be a key contributor to atherogenesis. Antioxidants are potential antiatherogenic agents because they can inhibit lipoprotein oxidation. Radiation has been shown to increase oxidative stress leading to increased atherogenesis. This study is designed to test the potential of antioxidants to inhibit atherosclerotic plaque progression in balloon-denuded and -radiated rabbits. Methods and Results: Two groups of New Zealand white rabbits ( n =36) were fed with 1% cholesterol diet (control diet) or with 1% cholesterol diet containing a mixture of various antioxidants for 1 week. Iliac arteries in all the animals were balloon denuded and continued to fed with 0.15% cholesterol diet or 0.15% cholesterol diet containing antioxidants (antioxidant diet). Four weeks after balloon denudation one iliac artery in 12 animals from each group was radiated and all the animals were continued to be fed with the same diet. Four weeks after radiation animals were sacrificed and morphometric analysis of iliac arteries ( n =12) in nonradiated and radiated animals were performed. Plaque area (PA) in the rabbits that were fed with cholesterol diet is 0.2±0.12 mm 2 , and it is increased by 2.75-fold ( P Conclusion: Antioxidants significantly attenuate atherosclerotic plaque progression in balloon-injured and -radiated hypercholesterolemic rabbits.
Research in Fashion Merchandising — The Need for a Theoretical Base

Textiles and clothing instruction and research in the merchandising area have not emphasized theory. This is partly because retailing and marketing, as applied fields, have not stressed basic theory in recent years. Also, there is misunderstanding of the role that theory can play in solving practical problems. Textiles and clothing merchandising researchers need to collect and organize their own theory base. This should be built on root disciplines in the social sciences plus major contributions from business administration, other fields of home economics, and various textiles and clothing areas.
A revised structure for acetylheliosupine.

Abstract Acetylheliosupine, which has previously been isolated from Cynoglossum officinale and Myosotis sylvatica , is shown to be acetylated at the seco
Distribution and properties of a ‘lectin- like’ glycoprotein from leaves and stems of Dolichos biflorus : Implications on the role of lectins in plants

Studies on the distribution of theDolichos biflorus lectin during the life cycle of the plant have shown that the seed lectin appears at about 27 days after flowering and is localized in the cotyledons. Although this lectin disappears during the absorption of the cotyledons, a related molecule that cross reacts with antibodies to the seed lectin, appears in the stems and leaves of the plant. Structural studies on this cross reactive material show that it appears to have one subunit in common with the active subunit of the seed lectin and another subunit that has a higher molecular weight than the seed lectin subunits. The subunits of the seed lectin and cross reactive material may all represent different degrees of completion or modification of a common gene product.
THE CLUSTER OF GALAXIES SURROUNDING CYGNUS A. II. NEW VELOCITIES AND A DYNAMIC MODEL

We have spectroscopically identified 77 new members of the Cygnus A cluster, bringing to 118 the total number of galaxies consistent with cluster membership. We use these data, combined with the results from X-rays, to deduce a dynamical model for the system. The data are consistent with a cluster-cluster merger viewed at a projection angle of 30°–45°, 0.2–0.6 Gyr prior to core passage. We estimate the richness of the combined cluster system at an Abell richness class 2 or greater, suggesting the merger of two richness class ~1 clusters.
CU++: an object oriented framework for computational fluid dynamics applications using graphics processing units

The application of graphics processing units (GPU) to solve partial differential equations is gaining popularity with the advent of improved computer hardware. Various lower level interfaces exist that allow the user to access GPU specific functions. One such interface is NVIDIA's Compute Unified Device Architecture (CUDA) library. However, porting existing codes to run on the GPU requires the user to write kernels that execute on multiple cores, in the form of Single Instruction Multiple Data (SIMD). In the present work, a higher level framework, termed CU++, has been developed that uses object oriented programming techniques available in C++ such as polymorphism, operator overloading, and template meta programming. Using this approach, CUDA kernels can be generated automatically during compile time. Briefly, CU++ allows a code developer with just C/C++ knowledge to write computer programs that will execute on the GPU without any knowledge of specific programming techniques in CUDA. This approach is tremendously beneficial for Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) code development because it mitigates the necessity of creating hundreds of GPU kernels for various purposes. In its current form, CU++ provides a framework for parallel array arithmetic, simplified data structures to interface with the GPU, and smart array indexing. An implementation of heterogeneous parallelism, i.e., utilizing multiple GPUs to simultaneously process a partitioned grid system with communication at the interfaces using Message Passing Interface (MPI) has been developed and tested.
First In Situ Lattice Strains Measurements Under Load at VULCAN

The engineering materials diffractometer, VULCAN, at the Spallation Neutron Source began commissioning on June 26, 2009. This instrument is designed for materials science and engineering studies. In situ lattice strain measurements of a model metallic material under monotonic tensile load have been performed on VULCAN. The tensile load was applied under two different strain rates, and neutron diffraction measurements were carried out in both high-intensity and high-resolution modes. These experiments demonstrated VULCAN’s in situ study capability of deformation behaviors even during the early phases of commissioning.
Surgical Pathology to Describe the Clinical Margin of Debridement of Chronic Wounds Using a Wound Electronic Medical Record

Background Chronic wounds, including diabetic foot ulcers (DFU), pressure ulcers (PU), and venous ulcers (VU) result from multiple physiologic impairments. Operative debridement is a mainstay of treatment to remove nonviable tissue and to stimulate wound healing. Unlike tumor resection, however, operative wound specimens are not routinely sent for pathology. The objective of this study was to describe the pathology present in chronic wounds. Study Design Pathology reports of the skin edge and wound base from 397 initial debridements in 336 consecutive patients with chronic wounds were retrospectively reviewed. All data were entered and stored in a Wound Electronic Medical Record. Pathology data were extracted from the Wound Electronic Medical Record, coded, and quantified. Results Up to 15 distinct histopathologic findings across 7 tissue types were observed after review of pathology reports from chronic wounds. Specifically, the pathology of epidermis revealed hyperkeratosis: 66% in DFUs, 31% in PUs, and 29% in VUs. Dermal pathology revealed fibrosis in 49% of DFUs, 30% of PUs, and 15% of VUs. Wound bed pathology revealed necrosis in the subcutaneous tissue in 67% of DFUs, 55% of PUs, and 19% of VUs. Fibrosis was reported in between 19% and 52% of all wound types. Acute osteomyelitis was present in 39% of DFUs, 33% of PUs, and 29% of VUs. Conclusions This observational study of the histopathology of initial surgical debridement of chronic wounds revealed a wide range of findings across multiple tissue levels. Although certain findings such as osteomyelitis and gangrene have been shown to directly relate to impaired wound healing and amputation, other findings require additional investigation. To rigorously define a margin of debridement, a prospective study relating histopathology and clinical outcomes such as healing rates and amputation is needed.
Aerodynamics of Low-Blowing-Ratio Fuselage Injection into a Supersonic Freestream

A parametric characterization of the surface flow structure and associated aerodynamic loading for injection into a Mach 3.0 freestream through jets mounted into the side of missile fuselage (sharp-coned cylinder) was experimentally achieved. The experimental methods included surface oil flow visualization, shadowgraph photography, and pressure-sensitive paint. The range of jet-to-freestream pressure ratios spanned 0.6-19.0, which corresponds to an effective backpressure ratio range of 0.19-6.15. Hence, overexpanded, perfectly expanded, and underexpanded jets were tested. The temperature ratios spanned 1.0-13.6, where helium was used to simulate the highest temperature. The nondimensional momentum parameter ratio (MPR) varied over a range of 0.005-0.09. It was observed that the injection temperature for a given MPR had a small effect on the boundary-layer separation distance. For the range of conditions tested, the interaction force increased linearly with increasing MPR. The amplification factors for the lowest MPR values were found to be higher than expected trends.