cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intercalation-Desorption Studies of Graphite Nitrate

A new model for intercalation kinetics is presented whick takes into account both nucleation of the interlaminar spaces and intercalant layer growth. For nitric acid intercalation, the nucleation constant, β, ranges from 1.25×10−3 to 10−4 sec−1 depending on graphite type (HOPG > powder > fibers); the corresponding range of effective diffusivities, D, is 2.5×10−5 to 10−10 cm2/sec. It is emphasized that effective diffusivities obtained from sorption kinetics are reaction enhanced. Stepwise isothermal desorption experiments show that the diffusivities of HNO3 neutrals are lower than the effective diffusivities on sorption. At desorptive equilibrium, intercalant retention is in the order HOPG > fibers > powder. In HOPG, resistance is constant over the desorptive transition stage II → III → IV; during the stage IV → V → VI regime (dynamic vacuum), resistance doubles. A similar resistance gain is noted on desorption of neturals from nitrated graphite fibers.
Do illustrations help or harm metacomprehension accuracy

Abstract The present research examined the effect of illustrations on readers' metacomprehension accuracy for expository science text. In two experiments, students read non-illustrated texts, or the same texts illustrated with either conceptual or decorative images; were asked to judge how well they understood each text; and then took tests for each topic. Metacomprehension accuracy was computed as the intra-individual correlation between judgments and inference test performance. Results from both studies showed that the presence of decorative images can lead to poor metacomprehension accuracy. In the second study, an analysis of the cues that students reported using to make their judgments revealed that students who used comprehension-relevant cues showed more accurate metacomprehension. A self-explanation instruction did not alter either comprehension-relevant cue use or metacomprehension accuracy, although some advantages were seen when readers were prompted to self-explain from texts illustrated with conceptual images. These results suggest that students may need more explicit instruction or support to promote the use of valid cues when engaging in comprehension monitoring with illustrated text, and that seductive information such as decorative images may undermine comprehension monitoring.
Evaluation of Delayed Critical ORNL Unreflected HEU Metal Sphere (ORSphere)

Abstract In 1971 and 1972 experimenters at the Oak Ridge Critical Experiment Facility performed critical experiments using an unreflected metal sphere of highly enriched uranium (HEU). The sphere used for the criticality experiments, originally used for neutron leakage spectrum measurements by General Atomic Company, consisted of three main parts and were assembled with a vertical assembly machine. Two configurations were tested. The first was nearly spherical with a nominal radius of 3.467 inches and had a reactivity of 68.1 ± 2.0 cents. The sphere parts were then re-machined as a sphere with a nominal radius of 3.4425 inches. This assembly had a reactivity of −23 cents. The method, dimensions, and uncertainty of the critical experiment were extensively recorded and documented. The original purpose of the experiments was for comparison to GODIVA I experiments. The ORNL unreflected HEU Metal Spheres have been evaluated for inclusion in the International Handbook of Evaluated Criticality Safety Benchmark Experiments (scheduled for inclusion in the September 2013 edition).
Recent advances in 2+1-dimensional simulations of the pattern-forming Kuramoto-Sivashinsky equation

We present an overview of recent advances in numerical simulations of the 2+1-dimensional Kuramoto-Sivashinsky equation, describing the flame-front deformation in a combustion experiment. Algorithmic development includes a second-order unconditionally A-stable Crank-Nicolson scheme, using distributed approximating functionals (DAFs) for well-tempered, highly accurate, representation of the physical quantity and its derivatives. The simulator reproduces a multitude of patterns observed in experiments-in-the-wild, including rotating 2-cell, 3-cell, hopping 3-cell, stationary 2, 3, 4, 5-cell, stationary 5/1, 6/1, 7/1, 8/2 two-ring patterns, etc. The numerical observation of hopping flame patterns - characterized by non-uniform rotations of a ring of cells, in which individual cells make abrupt changes in their angular positions while they rotate around the ring - is the first outside of physical experiments. We show modal decomposition analysis of the simulated patterns, via the singular value decomposition (SVD), which exposes the spatio-temporal behavior in which the overall temporal dynamics is similar to that of equivalent experimental states. Symmetry-based arguments are used to derive normal form equations for the temporal behavior, and a bifurcation analysis of the associated normal form equations quantifies the complexity of hopping patterns. Conditions for their existence and their stability are also derived from the bifurcation analysis. Further, we study the effects of thermal noise in a stochastic formulation of the Kuramoto-Sivashinsky equation. Numerical integration reveals that the presence of noise increases the propensity of dynamic cellular states, which seems to explain the generic behavior of related laboratory experiments. Most importantly, we also report on observations of certain dynamic states, homoclinic intermittent states, previously only observed in physical experiments.
Effects of imagery copy and product samples on responses toward the product

Abstract We examined the effects of imagery copy and product samples on responses toward an apparel catalog product. The addition of product samples with or without imagery copy to a catalog page enhanced pre-purchase attitude toward the product. These treatments did not, however, affect willingness to purchase, perceived accuracy of product information, post-purchase satisfaction, or likelihood of returns. We also examined whether aspects of experiential pleasure mediated responses toward the product. Both sensory pleasure and cognitive pleasure affected attitude toward and willingness to purchase the product. We discussed considerations regarding the effectiveness of imagery copy and product samples.
The growing importance of food safety to Japanese consumers and its implications for United States farmers

Consumer cooperatives in Japan, which is by far the United States' largest overseas market for agricultural commodities, expanded rapidly in the 1980s. Their recent success, according to Japanese reports, has been due to their responsiveness to increasing consumer demand for foods produced with minimal use of petrochemical inputs. I present data that confirm this claim by showing that the high level of concern that Japanese consumer cooperative members have about food safety is the main reason they give for joining cooperatives. I then discuss the significance of this trend for American agriculture, in particular whether Japanese consumer cooperatives could become a marketing channel for Americans who specialize in producing food with less intensive use of agricultural chemicals.
Sorption of 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol by Bacillus subtilis

The mobility of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (TCP) in groundwater may be controlled, in part, by its sorption onto bacterial surfaces. In this study, we perform batch experiments as a function of pH, time...
MeV proton generation and efficiency from an intense laser irradiated foil

Abstract The proton energy distribution generated from the interaction of an intense ( Iλ 2 ≈ 10 20 W/cm 2 μm 2 ) short-pulse (100 fs) laser with a thin foil is investigated using energy resolved measurements and 2D collisional PIC-hybrid simulations. The measured absolute proton spectrum is well matched by a 1.7 MeV exponential function for energies
Über die Intensitäten von Bandenlinien

Im Anschlos an eine fruhere Diskussion der Linienintensitaten in den Rotations-schwingungsspektren zweiatomiger Molekule zeigt Verfasser, wie sich seine Theorie mit den Formeln verknupfen last, die in letzter Zeit aus den Summationsregeln fur die Intensitat der Zeemanlinien entwickelt worden sind; gleichzeitig gibt er ein formales Schema zur Ausdehnung der Theorie auf Elektronensprungbanden an. Der vor kurzem erfolgten direkten Anwendung der Summationsregeln auf Elektronensprungbanden sowohl wie auf Rotationsschwingungsbanden wird aus dem Grunde entgegengetreten, weil sie zu einer Verletzung der dem Bohrschen Korrespondenzprinzip zugrunde liegenden Annahme fuhrt, das im Gebiet groser Quantenzahlen die statistischen Ergebnisse der Quantenubergange mit den Voraussagen der klassischen Theorie ubereinstimmen.
Utility of comprehensive toxicologic screens in children.

Abstract This study was undertaken to evaluate the clinical utility and cost-effectiveness of the limited component versus the high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) component of comprehensive toxicologic screens in children. A retrospective patient series was studied at the emergency department (ED) of Hughes Spalding Children's Hospital, an urban, tertiary-care ED, consisting of all patients younger than 19 years of age who had a comprehensive toxicologic screen between January 1994 and July 1995. The comprehensive test included a broad-spectrum HPLC component as well as a limited component that examined serum for ethanol, aspirin, and acetaminophen and urine for benzodiazepines, barbiturates, amphetamines, cocaine, phencyclidine, and opiates. All toxicologic screens were reviewed for the presence of exogenous toxins, followed by a chart review of all patients with positive screens and a selection of negative screens. Toxins were categorized as (1) iatrogenic or noniatrogenic, (2) clinically or nonclinically suspected by history and physical, and (3) clinically or nonclinically significant. Comprehensive toxicology screens were performed in 463 cases during the study period; 234 (51%) were positive for exogenous toxins. In 227 of 234 positive screens (97%), toxins were either suspected by history and/or physical, were present on the limited portion of the toxicology screen, or were clinically insignificant. The remaining 7 of the 234 positive screens (3%) were clinically significant and detected solely by the broad-spectrum HPLC portion of the comprehensive screen. However, in none of these 7 cases was patient management clinically altered as a result of the positive screen. The total additional cost for the HPLC component was $16,205 ($35 × 463), an average distributive charge of $2,315 per patient in whom the HPLC portion provided additional clinical information ($16,205 ÷ 7). Although adding significant charges to the evaluation of suspected toxic exposures in children, the HPLC component of the comprehensive drug screen was of no additional clinical benefit compared with its limited component alone.
Cellular Internalization of Insulin-like Growth Factor Binding Protein-3: DISTINCT ENDOCYTIC PATHWAYS FACILITATE RE-UPTAKE AND NUCLEAR LOCALIZATION *

Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) is well established as a growth-inhibitory, apoptosis-inducing secreted molecule that acts via insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-independent as well as IGF-dependent pathways. Nuclear localization of IGFBP-3 has been observed and nuclear binding partners for IGFBP-3 demonstrated. However, little is known about the mechanism of IGFBP-3 internalization. We hypothesized that IGFBP-3 is first secreted then taken up again into cells and that its internalization could occur via binding to transferrin or caveolin. Incubation of cells with an IGFBP-3-neutralizing antibody demonstrated that nuclear translocation of endogenous IGFBP-3 requires IGFBP-3 secretion and re-uptake. Nuclear localization of exogenously added IGFBP-3 was rapid, occurring within 15 min, inhibited by co-incubation and extracellular sequestration with IGF-I, and dependent on the transferrin-binding C-terminal peptide region of IGFBP-3. Co-immunoprecipitation assays confirmed that IGFBP-3 binds transferrin but not directly to the transferrin receptor (TfR1); however, transferrin binds TfR1 and a ternary complex is formed. Specific binding to caveolin scaffolding docking sequence was confirmed utilizing radiolabeled IGFBP-3. Blocking TfR1-mediated endocytosis prevents both endogenous and exogenous IGFBP-3 re-uptake and inhibitors of caveolae formation also retard IGFBP-3 nuclear entry. Co-treatment with anti-transferrin receptor antibody and cholesterol depletion agents completely abolished endogenous and exogenous IGFBP-3 uptake. Suppression of IGFBP-3 internalization by TfR1 blockade inhibited IGFBP-3-induced apoptosis. Together, these data indicate that the actions of IGFBP-3 are mediated by internalization via distinct endocytic pathways.
(R (*),S (*))-5-hydroxy-4-methyl-3-heptanone male-produced aggregation pheromone ofSitophilus oryzae (L.) andS. zeamais motsch.

A male-produced aggregation pheromone, common to the rice weevil,Sitophilus oryzae, and the maize weevil,S. zeamais, was isolated and identified from hexane extracts of highly absorbent paper disks exposed individually to young virgin male weevils. A combination of preparative column and gas-liquid chromatography of disk extracts yielded purified natural pheromone. When analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, the structure of the natural pheromone, “sitophilure,” proved to be (R*,S*)-5-hydroxy-4-methyl-3-heptanone, of unknown enantiomeric composition. Synthetic racemic pheromone was highly attractive to males and females of both rice and maize weevils. In addition, both sexes of the granary weevil,S. granarius (L.) were attracted to the racemic preparation.
Audience involved: Toward a participatory model of writing

Abstract In contemporary composition studies, the concept of audience has been primarily represented as a fictional construct that is either the image of an objective reality (audience addressed) or of a fictionalized construct of a writer's imagination (audience invoked). This article adds to this theoretical taxonomy of audience through the inclusion of a third model of audience: audience involved. Drawing upon definitions of technological knowledge and rhetorical notions of art, making, and use, the case is made for an epistemic audience. To exemplify the notion of an involved audience, usability methods and two case studies of audiences are presented to demonstrate the active, collaborative, and negotiated nature of the involved audience. This article concludes with a discussion of the implications of involved audiences for both technical communication and composition pedagogy.
Changes in the proteins coating monosodium urate crystals during active and subsiding inflammation. immunogold studies of synovial fluid from patients with gout and of fluid obtained using the rat subcutaneous air pouch model

Objective. In this in vivo study, we investigated changes in the proteins that coat monosodium urate (MSU) crystals in human synovial fluid samples and rat air pouch fluid samples obtained sequentially during periods of active and resolving inflammation, in order to evaluate whether in vivo findings are consistent with hypotheses on roles of protein coating based on in vitro findings. Methods. Crystals from patients with gout were isolated from joint fluids with acute inflammation, and subsequently from the same joints at the time inflammation was resolving. Crystals were also obtained using the rat subcutaneous air pouch model. Immunogold was used to label proteins coating MSU crystals, for light microscopy (LM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies. Results. Dense immunogold–silver labeling for IgG was observed under LM on crystals from fluid with acute inflammation, whereas other proteins (apolipoproteins [Apo], fibronectin, fibrinogen, albumin) were not labeled significantly. Apo B became strongly positive on crystals as the inflammation subsided, whereas other proteins were only weakly positive and IgG became absent or weakly positive. Quantitative TEM evaluation confirmed the LM observations. Conclusion. This study provides the first in vivo evidence supporting the notion derived from previous in vitro studies that proteins coating MSU crystals change as inflammation evolves. Protein coatings may play an important role in the self-limited nature of gouty inflammation. IgG coating MSU crystals may enhance the inflammation. As the inflammation subsides, Apo B could displace the IgG by competitively coating sites on crystals and could contribute in part to the resolution of the acute gouty arthritis.
The PSTD algorithm: A time-domain method requiring only two cells per wavelength

A pseudospectral time-domain (PSTD) method is developed for solutions of Maxwell's equations. It uses the fast Fourier transform (FFT), instead of finite differences on conventional finite-difference–time-domain (FDTD) methods, to represent spatial derivatives. Because the Fourier transform has an infinite order of accuracy, only two cells per wavelength are required, compared to 8–16 cells per wavelength required by the FDTD method for the same accuracy. The wraparound effect, a major limitation caused by the periodicity assumed in the FFT, is removed by using Berenger's perfectly matched layers. The PSTD method is a factor of 4D–8D more efficient than the FDTD methods (D is the dimensionality). © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 15: 158–165, 1997.
Relating the multiple supply problem to quantity flexibility contracts

We consider two classes of problems in the supply chain management literature: the multiple supply problem and quantity flexibility contracts. We identify the similarities between these two problems and show that for both the total operating cost of the manufacturer is convex with respect to its arguments under mild conditions.
Effect of pressure on the Fermi surfaces of AuGa2, AuAl2, and AuIn2

Abstract We present data on the pressure dependence of the Fermi surfaces of AuGa 2 , AuAl 2 , and AuIn 2 together with a preliminary calculation of the effect of volume change on the band structure of AuGa 2 . Our results suggest strongly that the anomalous properties of AuGa 2 , in particular the temperature dependence of the nmr data, stem from an explicit temperature effect rather than from the change in volume due to the thermal expansion.
A Comparison of the Effects of Sacred and Secular Music on Elderly People

Two kinds of music, sacred and secular, were played to elderly participants and rated by them on various aspects of evoked feelings. Additionally, pre- and posttest batteries of questionnaires were administered to measure the spirituality and ego integrity of the listeners. Statistical analyses of the findings failed to reveal significant effects on the spirituality of the participants, although the two kinds of music were rated differently. When results for all the music were combined, a significant and positive correlation was found between the spirituality scores of the listeners and the ratings of both kinds of music for reverence or spirituality. Most participants found the selections restful and evocative for memories and thoughtfulness. Music of the type used in this study may have potential value as an accompaniment for techniques such as life review and relaxation therapy.
Inhibition of the Voltage-Gated Sodium Current and Opening of Nanopores By Ultra -Short Electric Pulses

Exposure of mammalian cells to high-voltage, ultra-short electric pulses (USEP) leads to formation of membrane nanopores and alters multiple physiological processes, including function of voltage-gated channels. However, it is not known if USEP affect the channels directly, or the effects are mediated by leak currents through nanopores and respective shifts in the transmembrane ion balance. We employed whole-cell patch-clamp to explore the effect of 300-ns USEP on voltage-gated sodium channels in neuroblastoma cells (NG108). We found that a single USEP could inhibit VG INa , with the threshold at about 1.8 kV/cm. Voltage-dependent activation and inactivation curves shifted to more negative membrane potentials: V0.5 of activation moved from −22.8±0.2mV before USEP to −26.4±0.6mV after it (mean ± s.e.), and V0.5 of inactivation changed from −65.9±0.2mV to −72.2±0.2, respectively; the slope factor did not change. Concurrently, USEP exposures induced a non-inactivating, voltage-sensitive inward current due to nanopore formation. The presence of 100μM Gd3+ in the bath buffer significantly reduced the nanopore current and also eliminated the inhibitory effect of USEP on VG INa. This finding suggests that USEP-induced inhibition of VG INa. and changes in its kinetic characteristics may be mediated by opening of nanopores and consequent alterations of the ion equilibrium.Supported by NIH (NCI) R01CA125482.
Sorption and bioreduction of hexavalent uranium at a military facility by the Chesapeake Bay

Abstract Directly adjacent to the Chesapeake Bay lies the Aberdeen Proving Ground, a U.S. Army facility where testing of armor-piercing ammunitions has resulted in the deposition of >70,000 kg of depleted uranium (DU) to local soils and sediments. Results of previous environmental monitoring suggested limited mobilization in the impact area and no transport of DU into the nation's largest estuary. To determine if physical and biological reactions constitute mechanisms involved in limiting contaminant transport, the sorption and biotransformation behavior of the radionuclide was studied using geochemical modeling and laboratory microcosms (500 ppb U(VI) initially). An immediate decline in dissolved U(VI) concentrations was observed under both sterile and non-sterile conditions due to rapid association of U(VI) with natural organic matter in the sediment. Reduction of U(VI) to U(IV) occurred only in non-sterile microcosms. In the non-sterile samples, intrinsic bioreduction of uranium involved bacteria of the order Clostridiales and was only moderately enhanced by the addition of acetate (41% vs. 56% in 121 days). Overall, this study demonstrates that the migration of depleted uranium from the APG site into the Chesapeake Bay may be limited by a combination of processes that include rapid sorption of U(VI) species to natural organic matter, followed by slow, intrinsic bioreduction to U(IV).
A User-Focused Security Service Architecture for Communication Networks

Summary This paper discusses how to include security into existing communication services in a way that increases the users' trust. Throughout this paper, we discuss a security architecture that enables secure communication services to both satisfy the users' security needs and protect investments into existing network infrastructure. Adding security implies penalties in cost, quality of service, or usage pattern. Thus, our proposal aims at optional security services that are activated by users on demand. We accomplish this by exploiting existing service interfaces to plug-in security services call-by-call. Communication services offer many benefits and become essential in people's business and private lives. Therefore, architects of communication networks need to address the users' security requirements more carefully than in the past. By including open security interfaces throughout the communication system design, users gain flexibility in choosing those security solutions that satisfy their requirements most efficiently. As the whole is no more secure than the weakest of its parts, separating security sensitive functions from highly complex communication functions promotes security. Additionally, this approach leads to security services that are mostly independent of the communication services they protect. Thus, these security services can be universally used and implemented in highly secure runtime environments. These portable and secure runtime environments can accompany the users wherever they go.
Cyclization of lycopene in the biosynthesis of β-carotene

Abstract Mycobacterium marinum produces carotenoids when exposed to light or when antimycin A is added. Although the major pigment synthesized is β-carotene, lycopene is accumulated when the induced bacteria are incubated in the presence of nicotine (5 mM) or 2-(4-chlorophenylthio)-triethylamine hydrochloride (CPTA) (50 μM). Both of these compounds inhibit β-carotene synthesis by blocking the cyclization of lycopene. When nicotine is removed by washing the cells, the accumulated lycopene is cyclized to form β-carotene. The cyclization of lycopene is not an energy-requiring reaction and, furthermore, does not require oxygen or any other electron acceptor. Chloramphenicol addition also does not inhibit the conversion of lycopene to β-carotene indicating that no de novo protein synthesis is involved. Nicotine appears to act by inhibiting the activity of the enzyme required for the cyclization of lycopene. Although the mode of action of CPTA is similar to nicotine, it cannot be removed by washing once the cells have been incubated in its presence, suggesting that the molecule is tightly bound to the enzyme. The possible active molecular sites of nicotine and CPTA are discussed.
Genotype-environment interactions for growth of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri☆

Abstract Three strains of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) and the six possible crosses among those strains were reared under 12 different treatments for 6 months. The three strains originated from: (1) a commercial broodstock operation, and (2) the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Genetics Station at Leetown, WV. The 12 rearing treatments were formed by cross-classifying three feeding levels (commercial feed chart, 1.5 times feed chart, and demand feeding) and four static loading density levels (8.0, 16.0, 24.0, and 32.0 kg/m3). Genotype-evironment (GE) interactions were not major contributors to the total variance of growth, although they were significant factors in the analyses of variance. Response equations for growth rate indicated that a majority of rank changes would occur at growth rates below those measured in this study. This suggested that major GE interactions for the strains and strain crosses would not be expressed fully under the ration levels and densities evaluated. However, the results clearly indicated that there were significant differences in production potential among the strains and strain crosses. Judicious selection of strains and/or strain crosses adapted for aquacultural applications may therefore lead to increased productivity.
Nonleptonic decays of charm mesons

We investigate the possibility that both nonleptonic strange-particle and charm-particle decays can be understood in terms of one effective nonleptonic Hamiltonian H/sub eff/=H/sub 0/+H/sub COR/. H/sub 0/ is a usual four-fermion current-current interaction term and the H/sub COR/ is the color-radius interaction term. The color-radius interaction is known to explain the ..delta..I=1/2 rule in strange-particle decays. The effects of H/sub COR/ as well as those of final-state interaction on two-body charm-meson decays are examined. The theory is in qualitative agreement with all measured branching ratios. Predictions for charm-meson decays into two pseudoscalar mesons are presented.
Expected effects of hot CCD pixels on detection of transits of extra-solar planets with the Kepler Mission

ABSTRACT Detection of Earth sized extra-solar planets by the transit method requires measurement of quite small variations (~8x10 -5 ) in the brightness of candidate stars. Noise contribute d by hot pixels in CCD detectors operating in the space environment, among other noise sources, must be understood and controlled in order to design transit experiments like the Kepler Mission, which will attempt to measure the distribution of planets as small as the Earth around solar type stars from space. We have analyzed the hot pixel statistics for CCD detectors on several operating space instruments and conclude that neither the amplitude nor the variability of hot pixels will significantly impair the ability of the Kepler Mission to detect transits of earth sized planets transiting solar type stars. The Kepler Mission is currently in the design stage and is expected to begin operation in 2007. Keywords: extra-solar planets, planet detection, photometry, CCDs, space observatories, transit method, Kepler Mission, hot pixels
Host genetic profiles predict virological and immunological control of HIV-1 infection in adolescents.

Objective: To evaluate the correlation between host genetic profiles and virological and immunological outcomes among HIV-1-seropositive participants from the Reaching for Excellence in Adolescent Care and Health (REACH) cohort. Methods: HLA class I and chemokine coreceptor (CCR) alleles and haplotypes were resolved in 227 HIV-1-seropositive adolescents (ages 13–18 years; 75% females; 71% African-Americans) and 183 HIV-seronegative individuals with quarterly follow-up visits between 1996 and 2000. Each HLA and CCR variant with consistent risk and protective effect on HIV-1 pathogenesis was assigned a score of -1 and +1 respectively. All individual markers and genetic scores were analyzed in relation to plasma viral load (VL) and CD4 T lymphocytes during a 6–12-month interval when no antiretroviral therapy was taken. Results: HLA-B*57 alone was a strong predictor of VL (P 450x10(6)cells/l) consistently had more positive (+1 to +2) than negative (-1 to -4) HLA and CCR scores compared with those (n=56) with an unfavorable combination (VL<16000 copies/ml and CD4 cells 450x10(6) cells/l) or the remainder (n=134) of the cohort (overall P0.0001). Conclusion: A generalizable genetic scoring algorithm based on seven HLA class I and CCR markers is highly predictive of viremia and immunodeficiency in HIV-1- infected adolescents. (author’s)
Ntg1p, the base excision repair protein, generates mutagenic intermediates in yeast mitochondrial DNA.

Abstract Mitochondrial DNA is predicted to be highly prone to oxidative damage due to its proximity to free radicals generated by oxidative phosphorylation. Base excision repair (BER) is the primary repair pathway responsible for repairing oxidative damage in nuclear and mitochondrial genomes. In yeast mitochondria, three N-glycosylases have been identified so far, Ntg1p, Ogg1p and Ung1p. Ntg1p, a broad specificity N-glycosylase, takes part in catalyzing the first step of BER that involves the removal of the damaged base. In this study, we examined the role of Ntg1p in maintaining yeast mitochondrial genome integrity. Using genetic reporters and assays to assess mitochondrial mutations, we found that loss of Ntg1p suppresses mitochondrial point mutation rates, frameshifts and recombination rates. We also observed a suppression of respiration loss in the ntg1-Δ cells in response to ultraviolet light exposure implying an overlap between BER and UV-induced damage in the yeast mitochondrial compartment. Over-expression of the BER AP endonuclease, Apn1p, did not significantly affect the mitochondrial mutation rate in the presence of Ntg1p, whereas Apn1p over-expression in an ntg1-Δ background increased the frequency of mitochondrial mutations. In addition, loss of Apn1p also suppressed mitochondrial point mutations. Our work suggests that both Ntg1p and Apn1p generate mutagenic intermediates in the yeast mitochondrial genome.
Fiscal pressures, institutional context, and constituents: a dynamic model of states’ arts agency appropriations

This report focuses on state government appropriations to state arts agencies (SAA), a primary figure in arts and cultural policy in the United States. A dynamic panel-data estimator can identify the fiscal, institutional, and demographic determinants on SAA appropriations. Agency budgets are particularly sensitive to past appropriations, past state revenues and NEA grants, some demographic variables, party control of state government, and state budgeting rules. Federal funds attract, rather than crowd out, state appropriations. While the influence of some demographic variables may be shifting over time, income growth continues to explain much of SAA appropriations.
The Constancy of G and Other Gravitational Experiments

Recent solar system experimental tests of the general relativity theory are reviewed. The solar system data set available at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics is first reviewed. Investigations of the secular variation of G in the solar system are discussed; recent analyses using Viking data yield G-dot/G of less than 3 x 10 to the -11th/yr. The present data set will make it possible to distinguish between competitive theories. Shapiro's time-delay effect has provided the most stringent solar system test of general relativity. The effect has been measured to be consistent with the predictions of the theory to within an uncertainty of 0.1 percent. Tests which can be performed in the near future, including the measurement of relativistic effects due to the square of the solar potential and the detection of the Lense-Thirring effect, are discussed.
Nikola V. Mikhov (1877–1962): A Study of His Bibliographic Contribution

Nikola V. Mikhov (1877–1962) set the standard for modern bibliographers in Bulgaria. He compiled major bibliographies of Bulgarica, or foreign works on Bulgaria, concentrating on the history and economics of Bulgaria and Turkey before 1878, the year Bulgaria gained autonomy from the Ottomans. Mikhov combed the collections of important Western European libraries in France, Belgium, Germany, Austria, and other countries to examine works for inclusion in his bibliographies. Using both published and archival sources, the author surveys his life, his bibliographic method, and his more important bibliographies.
The detection of intracellular bluetongue virus particles within ovine erythrocytes.

1. 1. We report here a simplified method for detecting viruses and other antigenic agents in red blood cells (RBCs). Using a nonionic detergent to prepare cytoskeletons, the interior of RBCs can be scanned rapidly using immunoelectron microscopy. 2. 2. In this study, RBCs from bluetongue (BLU) virus-infected sheep were adsorbed directly onto Formvar-coated, gold electron microscope grids. 3. 3. Cytoskeletons were prepared and then probed using a monoclonal antibody to VP 7, a structural BLU-virus protein and Protein-A gold. 4. 4. Of the ca 32,000 RBCs that were examined from BLU virus-infected sheep, 34 (0.106%) contained labelled BLU virus particles. 5. 5. No labelled particles were observed in any of ca 8000 RBCs taken prior to BLU virus inoculation of sheep. 6. 6. If the antigenic BLU virus particles (which may be viral cores) are in fact infectious, this method of sequestration of virus within RBCs could contribute to the prolonged viremia typical of this arboviral disease, which is known to occur concurrently with circulating neutralizing antibody.
Effects of Calcium and Calmodulin on the Binding of Rat Parotid Secretion Granules to the Plasma Membrane

Since numerous studies suggest that Ca++ and calmodulin may modulate the fusion of secretion granules to the plasma membrane which takes place in exocytosis, we have examined the role of calcium and calmodulin in the binding of isolated parotid secretion granules to plasma membrane vesicles. 125I-labeled inside-out plasma membrane vesicles were incubated with secretion granules, the mixture was layered over 20% sucrose, the gradient was centrifuged, and the amount of 125I in the granule pellet was determined. Addition of Ca++ (20 nM to 10 pM) produced a concentration-dependent increase in the binding of 125I-labeled plasma membrane vesicles to the secretion granules, reaching a maximum value at 10 μM free Ca++; half-maximal binding occurred at 400 nM. Neither right-side-out parotid plasma membrane vesicles nor inside-out pancreatic islet plasma membrane vesicles bound to granules in the presence of 1 μM Ca++. Calmodulin produced a concentration-dependent increase in binding above that of Ca++ alone, and t...
Dormancy in the strawberry leafroller (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae).

A 2-yr study of strawberry leafroller, Ancylis comptana (Froelich), populations in central Iowa showed that short daylengths and low temperatures maintain diapause during autumn and that this autumnal diapause ends without a specific cue by the end of December. The completion of diapause does not require chilling. The postdiapause developmental rate of A. comptana is linearly related to temperatures between 14 and 30°C; adult emergence requires 154 degree-days (DD) above a lower thermal threshold ( t ) of 10.5°C. Field cage studies demonstrated that 50% emergence of adult A. comptana from overwintering larvae can be predicted accurately based upon the accumulation of approximately 150 DD > 10°C.
Investigating the Effect of the ‘‘Land between the Lakes’’ on Storm Patterns

AbstractThe artificially created region around the “Land between the Lakes” (LBL) in Kentucky represents unique land use and land cover (LULC) heterogeneities. Over a distance of 100 km, the LULC comprises artificially created open water bodies (i.e., two parallel large run-on-river dams separated by the LBL), mountainous terrain, forest cover, and extensive agricultural land. Such heterogeneities increase (decrease) moisture supply and sensible heat, resulting in a differential air mass boundary that helps to initiate (inhibit) convection. Hence, the LBL can potentially modify precipitation formation. Historical anecdotes reveal a tendency for storms to dissipate or reintensify near the LBL. The specific scientific question pursued in this study is therefore the following: Has the unique development of two parallel run-on-river reservoirs and the surrounding LULC heterogeneity modified storm patterns in the region? Ten storm events during the growing season were selected. Two additional events, observed ...
Conceptual Data Modeling Patterns: Representation and Validation

The tremendous demand for software productivity has led to the idea of reuse of solutions that have worked successfully in the past. The notion of a design pattern is now well accepted in software design, and research in the area of data modeling has also begun. Although two books have explicitly attempted to cover this area, the representations provided in the books seem to be focused on specific applications and do not provide a generic and comprehensive set of templates. Another book attempts to address the problem but provides patterns at a level of granularity too small to be useful. This paper teases out underlying structures that tend to occur frequently in these books and provides patterns at an abstract and more useful level of granularity. It describes 11 data modeling patterns commonly found in business scenarios. The patterns are then validated by checking the frequency of occurrence of each pattern in the data representations included in three comprehensive texts of reference models. Two of these sources are targeted mainly at practitioners, and the third is academic oriented and targeted at students learning data modeling. Results indicate that although certain patterns are used more frequently than others, most of the 11 structures occur with adequate frequency to qualify as patterns. A comparison reveals that the frequency distribution of patterns is different among these sources. Further, the academic-oriented source distinctly focuses on different patterns as compared to the other two sources. The paper discusses the differences and provides specific recommendations on improving pedagogy in conceptual data modeling.
Immunoblastic B-cell malignant lymphoma involving the orbit and maxillary sinus in a patient with acquired immune deficiency syndrome.

Background: A 44-year-old man was diagnosed with acquired inmmune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related complex in 1986. Four years later, erythema and swelling of the right lower eyelid and face and a palpable mass along the right inferior orbital rim developed. Computed tomographic scans of the orbits disclosed a mass involving the right superior antrum and inferior orbit. Histopathologic examination and immunohistochemical studies of the tumor were performed. Methods: Immunohistochemical studies were performed on paraffin sections of the neoplasm. Markers used included leukocyte-common antigen and L26 (pan B-cell marker), and MT1, Leu22, polyclonal CD3, UCHL-1, and OPD4 (pan T-cell markers). Additional markers included cytokeratin, HMB-45, lysozyme, S-100 protein, kappa, and lambda. Findings: The neoplastic cells were strongly to moderately positive with LCA, L26, MT1, and Leu22. Negative staining was observed with the remaining nine antibodies. Conclusion: Orbital lymphomas in patients with AIDS have been rarely documented; those few reported cases showed a B-cell phenotype. The authors report an immunoblastic B cell with immunophenotypic coexpression of T-cell markers.
Structural Analyses of the JLab Hall D Replacement Solenoid

The conceptual design of the replacement solenoid for the 12 GeV upgrade at Jefferson Lab is analyzed structurally. First, stress distributions within a detailed cross-section of the winding pack under Lorentz and thermal loads are discussed. These stress distributions are used to evaluate the integrity of the copper conductor and fiberglass insulation. Slip planes are included between the ground insulation of each coil and the mandrel. Second, the design of the support rods that carry the axial EM forces attracting the cold mass to the iron, carry the weight of the cold mass and provide lateral elastic stiffness offsetting attraction of the cold mass to the iron yoke in the event the cold mass is not concentric with the iron yoke is also presented. Third, the integrity of the cryostat is evaluated while bearing loads from the cold mass supports, the attraction of the cold mass to the iron yoke, atmospheric pressure, and the step-stops preventing cryostat axial displacements. Fourth, the stresses in the conductor during winding are evaluated.
Resistance to malathion in heat‐shocked Daphnia magna

A 34°C heat shock has been shown to induce a transient tolerance to malathion in the cladoceran Daphnia magna. HSP70, a common heat-shock protein, is induced by the same heat shock. Various possible mechanisms exist to explain this heatinducible response. Several enzyme systems are known to be involved in the detoxification of pesticides, including the esterases, transferases, and oxidases. Changes in general esterase, carboxylesterase (Ali esterase, AliE), and glutathione- S-transferase (GST) activities were examined as mechanisms to explain this phenomenon. General esterase activity was not affected by a 34°C heat shock, but was reduced to nearly zero in lethal malathion concentrations, with or without heat shock. Conversely, although AliE activity was reduced by heat shock, there was no further effect of malathion on AliE in either the heat-shocked or control animals. A heatinducible high molecular mass protein complex with GST activity was observed in the resistant daphnids. There was no corresponding increase in GST activity, however. These data suggest that the transient protection against malathion is not caused by an increase in the amount of enzyme or enzyme activity.
The role of orbital dynamics and cloud-cloud collisions in the formation of giant molecular clouds in global spiral structures

The role of orbit crowding and cloud-cloud collisions in the formation of GMCs and their organization in global spiral structure is investigated. Both N-body simulations of the cloud system and a detailed analysis of individual particle orbits are used to develop a conceptual understanding of how individual clouds participate in the collective density response. Detailed comparisons are made between a representative cloud-particle simulation in which the cloud particles collide inelastically with one another and give birth to and subsequently interact with young star associations and stripped down simulations in which the cloud particles are allowed to follow ballistic orbits in the absence of cloud-cloud collisions or any star formation processes. Orbit crowding is then related to the behavior of individual particle trajectories in the galactic potential field. The conceptual picture of how GMCs are formed in the clumpy ISMs of spiral galaxies is formulated, and the results are compared in detail with those published by other authors.
Evaluating the effect of oxygen content in BN interfacial coatings on the stability of SiC/BN/SiC composites

Boron nitride was studied as a fiber-matrix interface coating for Nicalon/SiC composites. The effect of initial O-impurity content within the as-processed BN coatings on the long-term interface stability was investigated at elevated temperatures in flowing oxygen. Two types of Nicalon/SiC composites were used for this study; one composite had a BN coating with I 1% (high-O BN) in the as-processed state. The high-O BN is actually most representative of BN coatings available commercially. The BN coatings in both the high-O and low-O BN containing composites were structurally similar. The samples used here were thinned to < 200 μm before oxidation and the final preparation for electron microscopy examination of the interface region was done after the reactions were completed. Thin samples were used to simulate maximum corrosion effects that would occur at the surface of an actual part during service. Ech sample was exposed to flowing oxygen at temperatures as high as 950°C for times up to 400 h. After each oxidation experiment, the BN coatings were examined by TEM to quantify the extent of any reaction which occurred at either the fiber/BN and BN/SiC matrix interfaces. At 950°C for 100 h, there were no interface microstructural changes observed in the low-O BN but there was extensive silica formation at the fiber/BN interfaces in the high-O BN. After 400 h at 950°C, large voids formed at the fiber/BN interface in the high-O BN sample only. Oxygen present within the initial BN coating contributed significantly to the degradation of the interfacial properties of the composite. Several techniques, including transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Auger electron spectroscopy (AES ), energy-dispersive spectrometry (EDS). and electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) were used to characterize changes in structure and chemistry of the fiber-matrix interface region and to elucidate and quantify composite degradation mechanisms.
Delivery of Antigens to the MHC Class I Pathway Using Bacterial Toxins

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) recognize antigens derived from endogenously expressed proteins presented on the cell surface in the context of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules. Because CTL are effective in antiviral and antitumor responses, the delivery of antigens to the class I pathway has been the focus of numerous efforts. Generating CTL by immunization with exogenous proteins is often ineffective because these antigens typically enter the MHC class II pathway. This review focuses on the usefulness of bacterial toxins for delivering antigens to the MHC class I pathway. Several toxins naturally translocate into the cytosol, where they mediate their cytopathic effects, and the mechanisms by which this occurs has been elucidated. Molecular characterization of these toxins identified the functional domains and enabled the generation of modified proteins that were no longer toxic but retained the ability to translocate into the cytosol. Thus, these modified toxins could be examined for their ability to carry peptides or whole proteins into the cytosolic processing pathway. Of the toxins studied—diphtheria, pertussis, Pseudomonas, and anthrax—the anthrax toxin appears the most promising in its ability to deliver large protein antigens and its efficiency of translocation.
Treatment of Helicobacter pylori Infection

Since acceptance of the association between Helicobacter pylori and peptic ulcer disease, eradication of H pylori has become the standard of care in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. Unfortunately, eradication therapy is no easy task, especially when one is faced with a myriad of drug combinations with varying degrees of efficacy and tolerability. The following is a review of the literature regarding the drugs and drug combinations used to eradicate H pylori and their effectiveness both as single agents and in combination.