cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Enceladus' extreme heat flux as revealed by its relaxed craters

[1] Enceladus' cratered terrains contain large numbers of unusually shallow craters consistent with deformation by viscous relaxation of water ice under conditions of elevated heat flow. Here we use high-resolution topography to measure the relaxation fraction of craters on Enceladus far from the active South Pole. We find that many craters are shallower than expected, with craters as small as 2 km in diameter having relaxation fractions in excess of 90%. These measurements are compared with numerical simulations of crater relaxation to constrain the minimum heat flux required to reproduce these observations. We find that Enceladus' nominal cold surface temperature (70 K) and low surface gravity strongly inhibit viscous relaxation. Under such conditions less than 3% relaxation occurs over 2 Ga even for relatively large craters (diameter 24 km) and high, constant heat fluxes (150 mW m−2). Greater viscous relaxation occurs if the effective temperature at the top of the lithosphere is greater than the surface temperature due to insulating regolith and/or plume material. Even for an effective temperature of 120 K, however, heat fluxes in excess of 150 mW m−2are required to produce the degree of relaxation observed. Simulations of viscous relaxation of Enceladus' largest craters suggest that relaxation is best explained by a relatively short-lived period of intense heating that decayed quickly. We show that infilling of craters by plume material cannot explain the extremely shallow craters at equatorial and higher northern latitudes. Thus, like Enceladus' tectonic terrains, the cratered regions of Enceladus have experienced periods of extreme heat flux.
Supporting SAT based BMC on Finite Path Models

The standard translation of a Bounded Model Checking (BMC) instance into a satisfiability problem, (a.k.a SAT), might produce misleading results in the case when the model under verification contains finite paths. Models with finite paths might be produced unknowingly when using modern verification languages such as PSL-Sugar [Property Specification Language: Reference Manual. Version 1.1, Accellera, June 2004]. Specifically, the use of language constructs such as restrict, assume etc. might lead to such models. Thus the user may receive misleading results from SAT based tools. In this paper we describe in what circumstances the finite path problem occurs and present an improved translation of the BMC problem into a SAT instance. The new translation does not suffer from the discussed shortcoming. Our translation is only slightly longer then the usual one introducing one extra Boolean variable in the model. We also show that this translation may improve the SAT solver runtime even for models without finite paths.
Nanowires for Subwavelength Waveguides

One dimensional semiconducting and metal nanostructures were demonstrated as optical or plasmonic waveguides for subwavelength photonic integration. Model structures built from these subwavelength waveguides are used to illustrate electromagnetic coupling between semiconducting and metallic cavities.
Optics in large-scale architectural projects: public aquariums

Submersed aquatic vegetation can survive to a depth of approximately 20% of surface water irradiance. Large displays featured in public aquariums are often open to the sky, but the building roof acts as an aperture and obscures much of the direct solar path. Side-walls within the tank often absorb more than they reflect or scatter and as a result plants and fish get little more than the diffuse solar component without supplemental illumination. The loss mechanisms are detailed and design suggestions are considered, including heliostats, lightpipes and tracked parabolic reflectors with fiber optics.
Search for the proverbial mantle osmium sources to the oceans : Hydrothermal alteration of mid-ocean ridge basalt

Abstract We present Os and Sr isotopes and Mg, Os, and Sr concentrations for ridge-crest high-temperature and diffuse hydrothermal fluids, plume fluids and ridge-flank warm spring fluids from the Juan de Fuca Ridge. The data are used to evaluate the extent to which (1) the high- and low-temperature hydrothermal alteration of mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORBs) provides Os to the deep oceans, and (2) hydrothermal contributions of non-radiogenic Os and Sr to the oceans are coupled. The Os and Sr isotopic ratios of the high-temperature fluids (265–353 °C) are dominated by basalts ( 187 Os/ 188 Os = 0.2; 87 Sr/ 86 Sr = 0.704) but the concentrations of these elements are buffered approximately at their seawater values. The 187 Os/ 188 Os of the hydrothermal plume fluids collected ∼1 m above the orifice of Hulk vent is close to the seawater value (=1.05). The low-temperature diffuse fluids (10–40 °C) associated with ridge-crest high-temperature hydrothermal systems on average have [Os] = 31 fmol kg −1 , 187 Os/ 188 Os = 0.9 and [Sr] = 86 μmol kg −1 , 87 Sr/ 86 Sr = 0.709. They appear to result from mixing of a high-temperature fluid and a seawater component. The ridge-flank warm spring fluids (10–62 °C) on average yield [Os] = 22 fmol kg −1 , 187 Os/ 188 Os = 0.8 and [Sr] = 115 μmol kg −1 , 87 Sr/ 86 Sr = 0.708. The data are consistent with isotopic exchange of Os and Sr between basalt and circulating seawater during low-temperature hydrothermal alteration. The average Sr concentration in these fluids appears to be similar to seawater and consistent with previous studies. In comparison, the average Os concentration is less than seawater by more than a factor of two. If these data are representative they indicate that low-temperature alteration of MORB does not provide adequate non-radiogenic Os and that another source of mantle Os to the oceans must be investigated. At present, the magnitude of non-radiogenic Sr contribution via low-temperature seawater alteration is not well constrained. If non-radiogenic Sr to the oceans is predominantly from the alteration of MORB, our data suggest that there must be a different source of non-radiogenic Os and that the Os and Sr isotope systems in the oceans are decoupled.
Enterocolitis without diarrhoea in an adult patient: a clinical dilemma

Campylobacter jejuni is one of the most common causes of bloody diarrhoea in the USA. We report a case of a young woman who presented with a clinical picture reminiscent of acute appendicitis. Ultrasonography and CT of the abdomen performed subsequently revealed evidence of colitis. Quite unexpectedly, she had no symptoms of diarrhoea and the stool Gram stain and culture were negative. Nevertheless, due to high clinical suspicion of infectious colitis, appendectomy was deferred. Blood culture was later reported positive for Campylobacter species and the patient responded to quinolones. With this case report we try to highlight one of the unusual presentations of C jejuni infection, closely mimicking acute appendicitis in the absence of classical symptoms of bacterial enteritis. In such cases, a high index of suspicion, astute history taking skills and the proper use of imaging studies can save the patient from the surgical knife.
Nuclear Relaxation via a Two-Phonon Process in a Paramagnetic System

The magnetic relaxation of the ${\mathrm{Co}}^{59}$ nucleus within the ${\mathrm{Co}}^{2+}$ ion in paramagnetic Co${(\mathrm{N}{\mathrm{H}}_{4})}_{2}$${(\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{O}}_{4})}_{2}$ \ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{} 6${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$O has been studied experimentally under the condition of nearly complete electron-spin alignment achieved at low temperatures (1 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K) and high magnetic fields (60 kG). An exponential variation of the nuclear relaxation time with temperature is found and ascribed to a two-phonon (Orbach) relaxation process operating through the intermediary of the upper levels of the electron-spin Kramers doublet. Calculations, in the spin-Hamiltonian framework, of the dependence of the relaxation time upon both temperature and magnetic field are presented which show this model to be in good agreement with experimental results. The relaxation time is of the form ${T}_{1}^{\ensuremath{-}1}=A{H}^{7}{e}^{\frac{\ensuremath{-}g{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{B}H}{\mathrm{kT}}}$. A theoretical relationship between the Orbach NMR relaxation time and the direct process ESR relaxation time is derived and compared with the available data.
Learn & Shop: An innovation in college credit programming

In the spring 1979, Indiana University-Purdue University at Indianapolis launched the nation's first Learn & Shop College Credit Program in which college-credit courses are offered in training rooms of major department stores in Indianapolis suburban shopping centers. In the fall, 1980, 2, 040 students are enrolled in 86 courses.
Enumeration and construction of pandiagonal Latin squares of prime order

Abstract A complete enumeration and algebraic description is given of all pandiagonal Latin squares of order ≤ 13. For n = 5, 7 and 11 there are (up to equivalence) exactly the n-3 cyclic squares. For n = 13 there are 12,386 inequivalent squares; of these 10 are cyclic (in all directions) and 1560 are semi-cyclic (cyclic in a single direction). Systematic methods are given for constructing semi-cyclic pandiagonal Latin squares of any prime order > 11.
Extrinsic field conversion of parahydrogen over the rare earths

Abstract Parahydrogen conversion rates have been measured at room temperature over most of the rare earths as catalysts. With the catalyst in zero extrinsic magnetic field the conversion rates are, within experimental error, proportional to the square of the magnetic moment of the paramagnetic species. With the catalyst in an extrinsic field of 18 kOe, large increases in conversion rates are observed for all rare earths. These increases bear no relation to the number of f electrons, or to the presence of even or odd numbers of unpaired electrons in the paramagnetic ions. It appears, therefore, that the electron-spin relaxation time cannot be rate-determining for either the zero field effect or the extrinsic field acceleration, over these catalysts.
Adolescent and sexual history factors influencing reproductive control among women aged 18-44

Background: Reproductive control refers to the ability of a man or woman to control his or her own reproduction. Unintended pregnancy is a commonly used proxy measure for reproductive control. Methods: Using heterosexually active women participating in the National Survey of Family Growth Cycle 6 (n = 4521), we evaluated unintended pregnancy as a proxy measure for reproductive control. We identified four categories of women by self-reported pregnancy intention: (1) women reporting one unintended pregnancy, (2) women reporting two or more unintended pregnancies, (3) women reporting intentionally having no pregnancies and (4) women who reported that all pregnancies were intended (reference category). Polytomous logistic regression, weighted for the complex sampling design, provided estimates of odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results: Fifty-one percent of women who reported having one unintended pregnancy went on to experience at least one additional unintended pregnancy. Being black, Hispanic, born to a mother who was <18 years at first birth, having multiple partners and age of first sexual debut (consensual or non-consensual) were significant predictors of multiple unintended pregnancies. Relative to sexual debut after 18 years of age, women reporting a sexual debut at less than 15 years were at increased risk of multiple unintended pregnancies (adjusted OR (reported as consensual): 6.96; 95% CI: 4.26 to 11.39; adjusted OR (reported as non-consensual: 27.10; 95% CI: 11.03–66.57)). Conclusions: Efforts to delay sexual debut and to protect girls from non-consensual sex are sorely needed to prevent a lifelong trajectory of lack of reproductive control.
Stand by Me: Organization Founding in the Aftermath of Disaster

Over 250 new nonprofit organizations were founded in the immediate aftermath of the 9/11 attacks. This study explores the characteristics of those organizations, the role they played and founders' ...
Local and systemic effects of intratesticular testosterone and estradiol pellets in immature rats.

Testosterone pellets were implanted into testes of immature intact and of hypophysectomized rats. Ten to twenty days later testes with testosterone pellets were larger than the contralateral testes, confirming earlier reports of a local maintenance effect. When testosterone-treated gonads were compared with initial and terminal controls, it was obvious that testosterone retarded regression of testes in hypophysectomized rats, but also retarded growth of testes in intact rats. Absorption of hormone from 15% testosterone pellets was more rapid during the first 10 days after implantation. Estradiol (5%) pellets had no localized effect when placed in testes of intact rats. In control experiments testosterone, or estradiol pellets were used in the rectus abdominis, or cholesterol pellets in the testis.
Role of anti-glycoproteins D (anti-gD) and K (anti-gK) IgGs in pathology of herpes stromal keratitis in humans.

PURPOSE. To assess the relative impact of antibodies specific for HSV-1 glycoproteins on eye disease in response to HSV-1 infection, the composition of antibodies specific for 10 of the viral glycoproteins, and the effect of anti- glycoprotein (g)D and anti-gK antibodies on antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE). METHODS. In a prospective case-control study, sera from patients with a history of herpes stromal keratitis (HSK) were compared with sera from nonocular HSV-1-seropositive and HSV-seronegative control subjects. HSV-1 neutralizing antibody titer and type-specific IgG and IgM were measured. In addition, the presence of anti-HSV-1 gD and gK antibodies in the sera of all patients also was determined by ELISA using gD and gK antigens. Finally, the role of anti-gD- and gK-specific antibodies to ADE was investigated. RESULTS. Average neutralizing antibody titers and levels of HSV-1 IgG were similar between HSK- and non-HSK-seropositive patients. However, the contribution of gD to the neutralizing antibody titer in HSK sera was significantly lower than that in non-HSK-seropositive patients, despite higher anti-gD ELISA titers. Overall, sera from patients with HSK had higher anti- gK antibody titers and induced ADE in vitro compared with non-HSK or seronegative sera. The ADE response in HSK sera was attributed to anti-gK antibody. CONCLUSIONS. These results suggest that sera from HSK patients had higher anti-gD and -gK antibody titers than sera from seropositive patients who had no history of HSK despite similar levels of neutralizing antibody titers and HSV-1 IgG, that HSK sera induced ADE whereas sera from non-HSK patients did not induce ADE, and that anti- gD antibody in sera of HSK patients contributed less to the HSV-1 neutralization antibody titer than did sera from non-HSK patients.
Paired-like homeodomain proteins Phox2a/Arix and Phox2b/NBPhox have similar genetic organization and independently regulate dopamine beta-hydroxylase gene transcription.

The homeodomain transcription factors Arix/Phox2a and NBPhox/Phox2b play a role in the specification of the noradrenergic phenotype of central and peripheral neurons. To better understand the funct...
Interactions between Escherichia coliNucleoside-diphosphate Kinase and DNA *

Abstract Nucleoside-diphosphate (NDP) kinase (NTP:nucleoside-diphosphate phosphotransferase) catalyzes the reversible transfer of γ-phosphates from nucleoside triphosphates to nucleoside diphosphates through an invariant histidine residue. It has been reported that the high-energy phosphorylated enzyme intermediate exhibits a protein phosphotransferase activity toward the protein histidine kinases CheA and EnvZ, members of the two-component signal transduction systems in bacteria. Here we demonstrate that the apparent protein phosphotransferase activity of NDP kinase occurs only in the presence of ADP, which can mediate the phosphotransfer from the phospho-NDP kinase to the target enzymes in catalytic amounts (∼1 nm). These findings suggest that the protein kinase activity of NDP kinase is probably an artifact attributable to trace amounts of contaminating ADP. Additionally, we show thatEscherichia coli NDP kinase, like its human homologue NM23-H2/PuF/NDP kinase B, can bind and cleave DNA. Previous in vivo functions of E. coli NDP kinase in the regulation of gene expression that have been attributed to a protein phosphotransferase activity can be explained in the context of NDP kinase-DNA interactions. The conservation of the DNA binding and DNA cleavage activities between human and bacterial NDP kinases argues strongly for the hypothesis that these activities play an essential role in NDP kinase function in vivo.
The NLRP1 inflammasomes

Inflammasomes are cytosolic protein complexes that serve as platforms for the recruitment and activation of the pro-inflammatory CASPASE-1 protease. CASPASE-1 activation leads to processing and maturation of the cytokines interleukin-1β and interleukin-18 and a lytic form of cell death termed pyroptosis. Inflammasome assembly is initiated by cytosolic sensors in response to microbial infections. Many of these sensors, including NLRP1 (NLR family, pyrin domain containing 1), are described to form an inflammasome, but until recently, the mechanism of inflammasome activation and its physiological functions in host defense have remained unclear. In the last few years, important advances in our understanding of NLRP1 biology have been achieved. In this review, we discuss the activation of NLRP1 by various stimuli, including Bacillus anthracis lethal toxin, Toxoplasma gondii, muramyl dipeptide, and host intracellular ATP depletion. The role NLRP1 plays in pathogen recognition and resistance during infection is also discussed, as is the regulation of NLRP1 by host and viral proteins. We conclude by discussing the unexpected differences in the mechanism of NLRP1 inflammasome activation, as compared to the activation of other inflammasomes, such as the NAIP (NLR family, apoptosis inhibitory protein)/NLRC4 inflammasomes.
Comparison of microearthquake locations using seismic interferometry principles

United States. Dept. of Energy (Grant DE-FG36-08GO18197); Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Earth Resources Laboratory (Founding Members Consortium)
Efficacy and Safety Data of Belimumab in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Belimumab is a human genome derived monoclonal antibody with specificity for BLyS (B lymphocyte stimulator, or B-cell activating factor [BAFF]), a cytokine that promotes the survival and maturation...
Shedding laser light on the subject.

Rapid advances in the science of spectroscopy are leading to new methods for the diagnostic imaging of human disease.
Kinetics and Mechanism of Inhibition of a Serine β-Lactamase by O-Aryloxycarbonyl Hydroxamates

The class C serine β-lactamase of Enterobacter cloacae P99 is irreversibly inhibited by O-aryloxycarbonyl hydroxamates. A series of these new inhibitors has been prepared to investigate the kinetics and mechanism of the inactivation reaction. A pH−rate profile for the reaction indicated that the reactive form of the inhibitor is neutral rather than anionic. The reaction rate is enhanced by electron-withdrawing aryloxy substituents and by hydrophobic substitution on both aryloxy and hydroxamate groups. Kinetics studies show that the rates of loss of the two possible leaving groups, aryloxide and hydroxamate, are essentially the same as the rate of enzyme inactivation. Nucleophilic trapping experiments prove, however, that the aryl oxide is the first to leave. It is likely, therefore, that the rate-determining step of inactivation is the initial acylation reaction, most likely of the active site serine, yielding a hydroxamoyl-enzyme intermediate. This then partitions between hydrolysis and aminolysis by Lys...
Experimental and numerical investigations of nanofluids performance in a compact minichannel plate heat exchanger

Three nanofluids comprising of aluminum oxide, copper oxide and silicon dioxide nanoparticles in ethylene glycol and water mixture have been studied theoretically to compare their performance in a compact minichannel plate heat exchanger (PHE). The study shows that for a dilute particle volumetric concentration of 1%, all the nanofluids show improvements in their performance over the base fluid. Comparisons have been made on the basis of three important parameters; equal mass flow rate, equal heat transfer rate and equal pumping power in the PHE. For each of these cases, all three nanofluids exhibit increase in convective heat transfer coefficient, reduction in the volumetric flow rate and reduction in the pumping power requirement for the same amount of heat transfer in the PHE. On the cold fluid side of the heat exchanger, a coolant, HFE-7000, has been studied, which has the potential for application in extremely low temperatures, but has not been investigated widely in the literature. Experimental data measured from a minichannel PHE in a test loop using water as the base fluid have validated the test apparatus with excellent agreement of predicted heat transfer rate and the overall heat transfer coefficient with the experimental values. From experiments on a 0.5% aluminum oxide nanofluid, preliminary correlations for the Nusselt number and the friction factor for nanofluid flow in a PHE has been derived. This apparatus will be useful to test different kinds of nanofluids to ultimately determine the effects of parameters such as: volumetric concentration, particle size and base fluid properties on thermal and fluid dynamic performance of nanofluids in compact heat exchangers.
The specificity of the Feulgen reaction for thymonucleic acid.

The results of experiments on the specificity of the Feulgen reaction for thymonucleic acid do not substantiate the observations of Carr. The staining is not localized in the nucleus because of the destruction of cytoplasmic constituents following acid hydrolysis or because of the absorbing power of chromatin, since the cytoplasm and nucleolus can still be stained by numerous dyes. The effects of factors such as the acid hydrolysis and sulfurous acid washing baths upon the cytologic distribution of dye were studied on tissues stained with (1) fuchsin-sulfurous-acid (Feulgen) reagent, (2) fuchsin-sulfurous-acid reagent colorized by the addition of formaldehyde, (3) basic fuchsin in one-tenth normal HCl, and (4) basic fuchsin in distilled water. Under comparable conditions, important differences between these stains were found in the effects of preliminary hydrolysis; rapidity of staining and destaining; extractability of dye from tissues by water, alcohol, and sulfurous acid solution; rate of fading from e...
Quantitative measurement of a murine leukemia virus (Rauscher) antigen.

Abstract Using the serum of rhesus monkeys immunized with a purified murine leukemia virus (Rauscher), a serological test for assaying viral antigen based on specific inhibition of passive hemagglutination was developed. The test provides a rapid and sensitive method for quantitative measurement of murine leukemia virus (Rauscher) antigens. Tissue culture extracts or supernatant fluids as well as plasma and organ extracts from infected BALB c mice may be examined directly for their virus content since corresponding control preparations do not show hemagglutination-inhibition activity.
Midwives, physicians, and the timing of maternal postpartum discharge

Hospitalization for childbirth has traditionally provided the opportunity to assure that infants and mothers have adjusted to the birth and that ongoing care has been arranged, but economic and social pressures have resulted in a dramatic decrease in the duration of hospitalization. Using a sample of mothers who delivered well infants from the 1988 nationally representative National Maternal and Infant Health Survey, this study examines how midwives and physicians used an extra day of hospitalization in response to demographic, economic, behavioral, health status, and health care risk factors. Although midwives were much more likely to discharge mothers early (OR = 2.29) there were marked differences between risk factors and discharge timing for midwives and physicians. For the patients of midwives, the only factor associated with early discharge timing was attendance at childbirth classes. For the patients of physicians, less than a high school education, inadequate prenatal care, receipt of Medicaid or lack of insurance, and no childbirth classes were associated with early discharge. In spite of the intense pressures to discharge patients early, midwives appear to have been more attentive to potential risk factors in making discharge decisions in 1988. Because brief hospitalization is now prevalent, attention to maternal and newborn adjustment after birth, as apparently practiced by midwives, is crucial.
Predicting the Critical Micelle Concentration in a pH-Mediated Ternary-Surfactant Mixture Using the Regular Solution Approximation.

Theregular solution approximation was used to model the critical micelle concentration (CMC) of a mixed-surfactant system containing dimethylhexadecyl betaine (cetyl betaine) and dimethyltetradecylamine oxide (myristylamine oxide) in the pH range of 4–6. With a pKa of 4.95, myristylamine oxide exists in both the protonated and unprotonated forms while cetyl betaine with a pKa of 1.83 does not have a significant fraction of protonated form under the experimental conditions. Therefore, the result is a ternary-surfactant system with the relative amounts of the amine oxide forms dictated by the pH. Individual- and binary-surfactant CMC values were determined by Wilhemy plate method and the regular solution approximation used to determine the binary β values. When these β values are used, the micellar mole fractions and the component micellar activities were obtained and a priori CMC predictions were made. Predictions agreed well with experimental CMC measurements conducted at various mole fractions of the three components. The regular solution approximation provided accurate results. While data collection is initially time consuming, multiple-surfactant CMC values can be readily predicted once the binary β values have been determined.
Effect of silicon surface cleaning procedures on oxidation kinetics and surface chemistry

The effect of surface cleaning procedures on the kinetics of thermal oxide growth on silicon is presented. The goal is to relate the properties of the cleaned surface (composition, chemistry, impurity content) to the changes in oxide growth mechanisms. Experimentally, silicon (100) wafers were given different variations of an RCA clean, and then oxidized in dry O2 at 900°C producing oxides with thicknesses between 170 and 3900 A. The results, in general agreement with earlier studies, show that the percentage difference in thickness is strongly dependent on oxide thickness. The data, which are explained in terms of the predictions of a linear-parabolic and a parallel oxidation model, suggest that the surface cleans do not alter the diffusion of molecular oxygen in the oxide. Auger analysis of the surfaces shows that there is a substantial carbon contamination on the HF stripped wafer which is considerably reduced after a 5 min N2 anneal.
The extent of oesophageal acid exposure overlap among the different gastro-oesophageal reflux disease groups.

Summary Background Studies have demonstrated that patients with Barrett's oesophagus have the highest oesophageal acid exposure profile, followed by erosive oesophagitis and non-erosive reflux disease patients, but the exact extent of overlap remains unknown. Aim To determine the extent of overlap in oesophageal acid exposure among the different gastro-oesophageal reflux disease groups. Methods A total of 121 patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease underwent an upper endoscopy and were classified as having Barrett's oesophagus, erosive oesophagitis and non-erosive reflux disease-all (non-erosive reflux disease-positive and functional heartburn). Subsequently, patients underwent pH testing and overlap in oesophageal acid exposure among the different gastro-oesophageal reflux disease groups was determined. Results Of those enrolled, 24 had Barrett's oesophagus, 30 erosive oesophagitis and 28 were non-erosive reflux disease-positive. Mean oesophageal acid exposure time was 224.8 ± 35, 134.3 ± 21.9 and 141.3 ± 19.8 min for Barrett's oesophagus, erosive oesophagitis and non-erosive reflux disease-positive respectively. Per cent overlap for total, upright and supine time between non-erosive reflux disease-positive and erosive oesophagitis was 47.4%, 64.7% and 81.8%, between Barrett's oesophagus and erosive oesophagitis was 47.8%, 40.7% and 24%, and between Barrett's oesophagus and non-erosive reflux disease-positive was 31.6%, 37.5% and 20.8% respectively. Conclusions Our study demonstrated a high oesophageal acid exposure overlap between patients with non-erosive reflux disease-positive and erosive oesophagitis, Barrett's oesophagus and erosive oesophagitis, as well as Barrett's oesophagus and non-erosive reflux disease-positive patients.
Interference with CD4+CD25+ T-cell-mediated tolerance to experimental autoimmune thyroiditis by glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor monoclonal antibody.

Abstract Experimental autoimmune thyroiditis (EAT), a murine model for Hashimoto's thyroiditis, is inducible with mouse thyroglobulin (mTg), and characterized by mononuclear cell infiltration and destruction of the thyroid gland. Pretreatment with mTg leads to CD4 + CD25 + T-cell-mediated resistance to subsequent EAT induction. We have recently demonstrated that in vivo administration of a monoclonal antibody (mAb) to CD137, a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) family, interferes with both the development and mediation of induced EAT tolerance. Here, we examined the influence of another TNFR family member, glucocorticoid-induced TNFR (GITR), which has been reported to modulate the function of CD4 + CD25 + T cells in other models. We found that in vivo administration of GITR mAb inhibited EAT tolerance induction and abrogated established tolerance, enabling thyroiditis induction. In in vitro assays, GITR mAb inhibited suppression of mTg-primed T cells by CD4 + CD25 + T cells isolated from mTg-pretreated mice. The target of GITR mAb appears to be CD4 + CD25 − T cells, rather than CD4 + CD25 + T cells from tolerized mice, suggesting that GITR signaling likely interferes with EAT tolerance by enabling thyroiditogenic T cells to circumvent suppression by CD4 + CD25 + regulatory T cells.
Empirical evaluation of dissimilarity measures for use in urban structural damage detection

Multi-temporal earth-observation imagery is now available at sub-meter accuracy and has been found very useful for performing quick damage detection for urban areas affected by large-scale disasters. The detection of structural damage using images taken before and after disaster events is usually modeled as a change detection problem. In this paper, we propose a new perspective for performing change detection, where dissimilarity measures are used to extract urban structural damage. First, image gradient magnitudes and spatial variances are used as a means to capture urban structural features. Subsequently, a family of distribution dissimilarity measures, including: Euclidean distance, Cosine, Jeffery divergence, and Bhattacharyya distance, are used to extract structural damage. We particularly focus on evaluating the performance of these dissimilarity-based change detection methods under the framework of pattern classification and crossvalidation, and with the use of a pair of bi-temporal satellite images captured before and after a major earthquake in Bam, Iran. The paper concludes that the proposed change detection methods for urban structural damage detection, which are conceptually simple and computationally efficient, outperform the traditional correlation analysis in terms of both classification accuracy and tolerance to local alignment errors.
Soldering technique for high-fusing gold in the porcelain

1. Plan all restorations on the abutment teeth in the mouth. 2. Make a transfer splint in the material of your choice. 3. Attach all units together in the impression with sticky wax (Fig. 1). 4. Pour a refractory investment (Solder Britef) into the impression. Wax is not needed around the porcelain to prevent the investment from contacting the porcelain. This investment does not cause etching of porcelain during soldering operations (Fig. 2). Allow the investment to set for 30 minutes. 5. Separate the cast from the transfer splint and flush out all wax with boilin;? water. 6. Flux all of the regular gold units. The high-fusing units do not need fluxing (Fig. 3). 7. Place the assembly into a furnace and slowly heat the investment to 1,200’ I? (50’ F. per minute). 8. Remove the invested partial denture from the oven and place on a hot soldering block (Fig. 4) . 9. Immediately, solder the units together. Use regular solder and a brush flame with an air-gas torch (Fig. 4) . 10. Cover the soldered fixed partial denture and investment with a glass j3r and allow it to cool for one half hour (Fig. 5). 11. Pickle, finish, and polish the restoration in the usual manner (Fig. 6).
Scheduled Fourier volume morphing

We describe an easily implemented and computationally feasible method for smoothly transitioning from one sampled volumetric model to another. This induces a transition between isosurfaces of the two models. The technique is based on interpolating smoothly between the Fourier transforms of the two volumetric models and then transforming the results back. A linear interpolation between the transformed datasets yields unsatisfactory results in some cases. We use a schedule for the interpolation in which the high frequencies of the first model are gradually removed, the low frequencies are interpolated to those of the second, and the high frequencies of the second model are gradually added in. Such scheduling yields more satisfactory results. We give several examples and comment briefly on preprocessing models to make the morphing smoother.
Some experiments with a hybrid model for learning sequential decision making

Abstract To deal with sequential decision tasks, we present a learning model CLARION, which is a hybrid connectionist model consisting of both localist and distributed representations, based on the two-level approach proposed in our earlier work (Artificial Intelligence, 75(2) (1995) 241–296). The model learns and utilizes procedural and declarative knowledge, tapping into the synergy of the two types of processes. It unifies neural, reinforcement, and symbolic methods to perform on-line, bottom-up learning. Experiments in various situations are reported that shed light on the working of the model.
Inkjet printed ambipolar transistors and inverters based on carbon nanotube/zinc tin oxide heterostructures

We report ambipolar field-effect transistors (FETs) consisting of inkjet printed semiconductor bilayer heterostructures utilizing semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and amorphous zinc tin oxide (ZTO). The bilayer structure allows for electron transport to occur principally in the amorphous oxide layer and hole transport to occur exclusively in the SWCNT layer. This results in balanced electron and hole mobilities exceeding 2 cm2 V−1 s−1 at low operating voltages ( 10). This work provides a pathway for realizing solution processable, inkjet printable, large area electronic devices, and systems based on SWCNT-amorphous oxide heterostructures.
Where Do We Belong? Urban Adolescents’ Struggle for Place and Voice

Through a telling of key events in the history of the "Teen Action Center" (TAC), a drop-in youth center located in downtown "Unionville," this story demonstrates how 'youth' is an important diversity category. The community conflict highlighted in this story centers around the 1997 arrest of TAC's Executive Director and two youth leaders (all Puerto Rican) because a small group of Latino and African-American youth was smoking cigarettes on the sidewalk in front of the Center. This conflict brings into focus divergent views on where Unionville's youth of color belong in the city, both physically and figuratively. The lessons learned in this story have wide application as Unionville, and other cities undergoing demographic transformation and economic decline, are likely to continue to experience these types of clashes, where the dominant paradigm of economic development overrides the realities, rights, and interests of marginalized groups.
Treatment with oral anticancer agents: symptom severity and attribution, and interference with comorbidity management

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES To evaluate the prevalence, severity, and attribution of symptoms, as well as the interference with management of comorbidities, in patients who have been prescribed oral anticancer agents (OAs). DESIGN Descriptive exploratory study. SETTING A comprehensive cancer center and two community-based oncology programs in the midwestern United States. SAMPLE 30 adults undergoing OA treatment. METHODS Five phone interviews were conducted during eight weeks. Linear mixed effects and generalized estimating equations were used to examine symptoms and interference over time. MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES Symptoms and comorbid conditions. FINDINGS The mean age of participants was 65.1 years. Fifteen participants were female, 25 were Caucasian, and 23 had comorbidities. Twenty-one patients had late-stage cancer, and rates of adherence were 90%. Fatigue, sleep disturbance, and numbness or tingling in hands and feet were highly prevalent symptoms. Younger age was associated with higher symptom severity (p < 0.01) and interference (p = 0.01). Patients with more comorbidities tended to report higher symptom severity. Simultaneous IV chemotherapy was not a predictor of symptom severity or interference over age and comorbidity. Symptoms were most frequently attributed to cancer and its treatment. Patients with a greater number of comorbidities were more likely to include comorbidities in symptom attribution and reported interference from the OA with managing comorbid conditions. CONCLUSIONS Symptoms may be more severe in patients prescribed OAs who are younger and have comorbid conditions. More comorbidities and absence of simultaneous IV chemotherapy increased the likelihood of inclusion of chronic conditions in symptom attribution. Patients reported that OA treatment interfered with comorbidity management. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING Nurses need to take comorbidities into account when caring for patients prescribed OAs because the chronic conditions may influence symptom severity and the ability to manage symptoms.
Workshop on microcomputer database management systems

Database management is one of the most popular microcomputer applications. This workshop will present an overview of microcomputer database concepts and systems. It is designed to prepare User Services Personnel to provide purchasing advice to Computer Center customers.
Genetics for the obstetrician/gynecologist

Abstract Medical genetics is the most rapidly expanding field in medicine. The obstetrician/gynecologist frequently encounters patients with genetic issues that must be evaluated and may require consultation with a specialist. Commonly encountered problems include pregnancy in women of increased maternal age, couples who have had prior aneuploid conceptuses, increased paternal age, hematologic and coagulation abnormalities, autosomal disorders, family histories of mental retardation (including fragile X syndrome), and recurrent pregnancy loss. Carrier testing and prenatal diagnosis are available for an increasingly large number of disorders.
Academic Professional Women Organizing for Change: The Struggle in Psychology

This paper examines the organized efforts of women psychologists who confronted sex discrimination in two different historical periods: 1941–1959 and the period beginning in 1969. During the first period, the National and then International Council of Women Psychologists promoted the advancement of women in the profession. During the more recent period, the Association for Women in Psychology and then APA's Division 35 have performed similar functions. Source material to document these efforts is drawn from published sources and archives of the history of American psychology at the University of Akron, and from the American Psychological Association Archives in the Library of Congress. The paper compares women's efforts during these two very different historical periods and offers a long range perspective on social change for those working to improve the status of women in academe.
Examination of the Pyridine Binding to the Bifunctional Lewis Acid B,B′-Diphenyldiboradiferrocene

The binding behavior of the bifunctional Lewis acid (η5-C5H5Fe)2[μ-(C5H3(BPh))2] (3) toward different pyridine derivatives as the Lewis base has been investigated. The 1:1 and 1:2 adducts, 3·D and 3·D2 (donor, D = 4-tert-butylpyridine (tBupy) and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP)), were obtained by low-temperature crystallization or slow solvent evaporation techniques. The complexes were fully characterized by multinuclear NMR, IR, and elemental analysis. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction data were collected for the 1:1 adduct with DMAP and for both 1:2 adducts, and the marked structural changes upon pyridine binding are discussed in detail. In solution, the 1:2 adducts were found to readily undergo dissociation with formation of the 1:1 adducts as the dominant species at room temperature. Variable-temperature NMR and UV−visible titration studies demonstrate that the first binding process is more than 5 orders of magnitude more favorable than the second binding process.
Occupational exposure to synthetic estrogens - the need to establish safety standards.

An environmental survey of a plant formulating oral contraceptives demonstrated considerable variation in possible synthetic estrogen exposure to the plant personnel. Clinical epidemioiogical studies showed evidence of increased absorption of estrogens in some employees at the plant. In view of the company's considerable efforts to suppress dust from work areas, new approaches to containment may be necessary with biologically active dusts — including the establishment of a dust standard.
Hot-pressed densification of high-temperature superconducting Ba2Ln3+Cu3O7-x ceramics

Preliminary data are presented for the hot-pressed ceramic densification of the superconducting compositions Ba2YCu3O7−x, Ba2GdCu3O7−x and Ba2LaCu3O7−x. Partial grain orientation along 〈100〉 has been observed for the orthorhombic Y and Gd compositions. The room temperature resistivity for these dense ceramics dropped significantly and TC increased by approximately 2 to 3K compared with normally sintered ceramics of the same composition.
Quantitative Analysis of Sexual Dimorphism and Sex Ratio in Hyphydrus ovatus (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae)

Sexual dimorphism in size, shape, and mass relative to length, and sex ratios are quantified for populations of Hyphydrus ovatus. a dytiscid beetle Males of H ovatus are not only longer than females, but also significantly larger in elytron length, thorax width, head width, leg length, total width, total depth, and abdominal segment length Two local populations differ slightly but significantly in total depth and abdominal segment length, but sexual dimorphism in size is similar for the two populations Hyphydrus ovatus are also sexually dimorphic in shape, with males having relatively broader heads and thoraxes than females The two populations differed slightly but significantly in relative abdominal segment length, but as with size, sexual dimorphism in shape is similar for the two populations Males are relatively heavier than females, although the slope of the log mass vs log length relationship is the same for the two sexes Sex ratios in field samples vary significantly over the summer, with percent females declining from c 50% to c 15% Sex ratios are significantly below 50% females m two of five monthly samples and in the total pooled set of samples Sexual dimorphism in size, shape, and relative mass, combined with male-biased sex ratios suggest that larger size of male H ovatus is a product of sexual selection
The Past and Future of Feminist Biblical Hermeneutics

An adequate overview of the historical background and theoretical framework of Feminist Biblical Hermeneutics (FBH) discourse(s), especially in the last three centuries, requires a differentiation of two stages. First, a description of the historical background out of which an epistemological space for feminist discourse(s) is identified; and second, a description of the development in the theoretical articulation of the FBH discourse(s) per se once this space was established. An overview that addresses these two stages allows those who are interested in engaging feminist discourse(s) to appreciate and appropriate the key epistemological elements on which feminist discourse(s) are based.
Co‐operation among groups in developing and delivering programmes to consumers

The purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility of co-operation among consumer education providers, in developing and delivering education programmes for consumers. Four groups of consumer education providers were identified for this study: business representatives, consumer advocates, government agencies and secondary school educators. Members of each group were presented with a series of 42 objectives which had been grouped into eight categories. They were asked to identify the importance of each objective and providers were compared according to their responses. Similarities and differences among consumer education providers were identified and statistical tests applied. Three objectives identified as most important by participants were: (i) developing guidelines for wise use of credit; (ii) identifying the rights and responsibilities of the consumer in our society; and (iii) establishing the essential factors in the developing of a budget. The median test identified significant differences (P < 0.05) between consumer education suppliers in the importance they assigned to consumer education objectives in three categories. Spearman rank-difference correlation test identified objectives within seven categories of objectives for which consumer educators expressed similar importance. These findings indicate sufficient agreement among consumer educators' importance ranking of objectives to indicate support for co-operative educational programmes.
Color‐Shape Connotations of Geometric Figures

While many studies have examined the affective value of colors and shapes, there has been little investigation regarding how color and shape interact to influence affective response. This series of studies examined the semantic connotations of geometric shapes presented in different hues. Ratings of color names were similar to ratings of colors attached to shapes. When different combinations of color and shape were rated, color potentiated ratings of shape in a particular dimension, and vice versa (e.g., warm colors generally increased activity and cool colors decreased it). Color had more influence than did shape on connotations of activity and value. Only on ratings of size did shape have more effect than did color. The circle was rated as the most valuable and strongest of the five figures; the triangle was least valuable and lowest on strength. Color both potentiates those differences and adds specific new effects. Blue and green are the most-valued hues: brown and black the least-valued and least-active colors. Brown is also low on strength, but black was rated as the strongest of the six colors. Within the 30 shape-color interactions, the black circle was the largest and strongest figure. However, while black was very strong, it was rated low on value. Although translation of these findings into design recommendations can only be done with reference to a specific setting and client, it is important that designers are aware of the associative links between colors and generic geometric shapes and that they use those connections when appropriate.