cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Disability and depression in rheumatoid arthritis. A multi‐trait, multi‐method investigation

In a sample of 107 patients with classic or definite rheumatoid arthritis (RA), we examined the convergent and divergent validity of measures of disability and depression. Scores on the self-report Disability index of the Health Assessment Questionnaire were highly correlated with physical therapist and spouse ratings of disability. Although Health Assessment Questionnaire disability scores were significantly correlated with self-reported and interviewer-assessed ratings of depression, these correlations were significantly smaller. Factor analyses of the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and rheumatologist ratings of BDI items indicated that this measure is highly contaminated by the inclusion of items reflecting RA disease severity. A dysphoric mood subcomponent of the BDI may be a more valid measure of depression in RA populations. Although depression and disability are clearly positively correlated in RA patients, depression scales that include somatic items are likely to yield an overestimate of the association. Finally, self-reported pain intensity was more clearly related to disability and reported recent disease activity than to depression.
Microalbuminuria in type II diabetes.

ABSTRACT Objective To emphasize the prognostic significance of microalbuminuria in patients with type II diabetes and to summarize interventional studies in patients with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and nephropathy. Methods The definition of microalbuminuria is reviewed, the implications of its presence are discussed, and published trials of medical intervention to treat proteinuria in patients with type II diabetes are outlined. Results Microalbuminuria—defined as the presence of 30 to 300 mg of protein in a 24-hour urine specimen or a urinary albumin excretion rate of 20 to 200 μg/min—is frequently present in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. It has been shown to be an independent cardiovascular risk factor as well as a predictor for the eventual development of renal failure. Intervention trials indicate that treatment with “tight” blood glucose control and antihypertensive agents, especially angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, may be beneficial in reversing early proteinuria or at least in preventing the progression to renal failure. Conclusion The presence of microalbuminuria in patients with type II diabetes mellitus is associated with premature death from cardiovascular disease and the development of renal failure. Thus, aggressive therapy should be instituted. (Endocr Pract. 1996; 2:211-214)
Investigation of the Impact of the Massachusetts Health Care Reform on Hospital Costs and Quality of Care

In 2006, the Massachusetts legislature passed a landmark health care reform bill (the Reform) that has served as a model for the national health care reform. By aiming to provide “access to affordable, quality, accountable health care,” the goals of this reform were to reduce the number of uninsured Massachusetts residents while containing health care costs and improving the quality of health care services.This bill has been the subject of much controversy at both the national and state level. Although most agree that the Reform has improved the insurance coverage rate of Massachusetts residents, the financial impact of the Reform has been of special concern with critics arguing that the Reform has increased the overall cost of health care. Despite this scrutiny, it is still unclear whether the goals of the Reform have been achieved. We propose to test a subset of the Reform’s goals by examining at the hospital level whether the Massachusetts Health Care Reform has achieved its cost containment and quality improvement goals. We use Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) and Hospital Compare (HC) data to investigate this issue and study hospital costs and quality for the period spanning 2003 to 2009. To assess the impact of the Reform on costs and quality, we compare the change in Massachusetts hospital costs and quality pre- and post-Reform to changes in two states that provide a similar level of health care quality for the same period (namely, Connecticut and Wisconsin). Data from acute care hospitals show that there is no evidence that Massachusetts total hospital costs or salaries of departments providing clinical services were adversely affected by the Reform. Moreover, we find that quality of care improved for several quality measures post-Reform to a greater extent in Massachusetts than in our control states. In sum, our evidence is consistent with the claim that Massachusetts hospital costs were contained and quality improved subsequent to the Reform. Thus, this study provides preliminary support for the argument that the Reform achieved some of its financial and quality goals.
Pseudopyramidal Building Units in Mixed Inorganic/Organic Network Solids: Syntheses, Structures, and Properties of α- and β-ZnHPO3·N4C2H4

The syntheses, crystal structures, and some properties of α- and β-ZnHPO3·N4C2H4 are reported. These polymorphic phases are the first organically templated hydrogen phosphites. They are built up from vertex-sharing HPO3 pseudopyramids and ZnO3N tetrahedra, where the Zn−N bond represents a direct link between zinc and the neutral 2-cyanoguanidine template. α-ZnHPO3·N4C2H4 is built up from infinite layers of vertex-sharing ZnO3N and HPO3 groups forming 4-rings and 8-rings. β-ZnHPO3·N4C2H4 has strong one-dimensional character, with the polyhedral building units forming 4-ring ladders. Similarities and differences to related zinc phosphates are discussed. Crystal data: α-ZnHPO3·N4C2H4, monoclinic, P21/c, a = 9.7718 (5) A, b = 8.2503 (4) A, c = 9.2491 (5) A, β = 104.146 (1)°, Z = 4. β-ZnHPO3·N4C2H4, monoclinic, C2/c, a = 14.5092 (9) A, b = 10.5464 (6) A, c = 10.3342 (6) A, β = 114.290 (1)°, Z = 8.
Dimerization/Docking Domain of the Type Iα Regulatory Subunit of cAMP-dependent Protein Kinase: REQUIREMENTS FOR DIMERIZATION AND DOCKING ARE DISTINCT BUT OVERLAPPING *

Based on increasing evidence that the type I R subunits as well as the type II R subunits localize to specific subcellular sites, we have carried out an extensive characterization of the stable dimerization domain at the N terminus of RIalpha. Deletion mutants as well as alanine scanning mutagenesis were used to delineate critical regions as well as particular amino acids that are required for homodimerization. A set of nested deletion mutants defined a minimum core required for dimerization. Two single site mutations on the C37H template, RIalpha(F47A) and RIalpha(F52A), were sufficient to abolish dimerization. In addition to serving as a dimerization motif, this domain also serves as a docking surface for binding to dual specificity anchoring proteins (D-AKAPs) (Huang, L. J., Durick, K., Weiner, J. A., Chun, J., and Taylor, S. S. (1997) J. Biol. Chem. 272, 8057-8064; Huang, L. J., Durick, K., Weiner, J. A., Chun, J., and Taylor, S. S. (1997) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 94, 11184-11189). A similar strategy was used to map the sequence requirements for anchoring of RIalpha to D-AKAP1. Although dimerization appears to be essential for anchoring to D-AKAP1, anchoring can also be abolished by the following single site mutations: C37H, V20A, and I25A. These sites define "hot spots" for the anchoring surface since each of these dimeric proteins are deficient in binding to D-AKAP1. In contrast to earlier predictions, the alignment of the dimerization/docking domains of RIalpha and RII show striking similarities yet subtle differences not only in their secondary structure (Newlon, M. G., Roy, M., Hausken, Z. E., Scott, J. D., and Jennings. P. A. (1997) J. Biol. Chem. 272, 23637-23644) but also in the distribution of residues important for both docking and dimerization functions.
Chromosome numbers of Asteranthos and the putatively related Lecythidaceae

An updated review of chromosome numbers in the Lecythidaceae is presented, which includes new counts forGustavia angustifolia andLecythis lanceolata (both withn=17) and gives identifications to species for five previously published counts based on unidentified material. The earlier conclusion that the largely Asian Planchonioideae havex=13, the African Napoleonaeoideae havex=16, and the New World Lecythidoideae havex=17 still holds. The new count ofn=21 forAsteranthos brasiliensis does not support the previous treatment ofAsteranthos, a monotypic genus of the upper Amazon drainage, as the only New World representative of the otherwise tropical west African Napoleonaeoideae. Mounting evidence favors recognition of a monotypic family, the Asteranthaceae, of yet unclear relationships.
Evolutionary game dynamics and distributed recency-weighted learning

This paper presents a relationship between evolutionary game dynamics and distributed recency-weighted Monte Carlo learning. After reviewing some existing theories of replicator dynamics and agent-based Monte Carlo learning, we provide proofs of the formulation-level equivalence between these two models. The relationship will be revealed not only from a theoretical viewpoint, but also by computational simulations of the models. As a consequence, macro dynamic patterns generated by distributed micro-decisions can be explained by parameters defined at an individual level. In particular, given the equivalent formulations, we investigate how the rate of agents’ recency weighting in learning affects the emergent evolutionary game dynamic patterns. An increase in this rate negatively affects the inertia, making the evolutionary stability condition more strict, and positively affecting the evolutionary speed toward equilibrium.
Anterior layering of excreted 18F-FDG in the bladder on PET/CT: frequency and cause.

OBJECTIVE. The objective of our study was to determine the frequency and cause of anterior layering of excreted 18F-FDG in the bladder on PET/CT.CONCLUSION. Anterior layering of excreted FDG in the bladder is commonly seen on PET/CT scans obtained with IV iodinated contrast material and is due to displacement of FDG by excreted iodinated contrast material; this phenomenon may unmask FDG-avid bladder disease.
Image Pipeline Tuning for Digital Cameras

Digital cameras are widely used in many applications, such as digital still cameras, camcorders, camera phones, and video surveillance. The image pipeline plays a key role in digital camera systems by generating a digital color image in real time from raw data captured by a camera sensor. However, tuning an image pipeline for a particular camera system is a challenging task because different lenses, camera modules, and sensors have different characteristics. Moreover, there are no standard image quality metrics and different customers have different preferences for image quality. We present basic image pipeline algorithms and tuning methods from a system point of view.
The detection of malingering in neuropsychological assessment

Although malingering, or the manipulation of data by the patient, is a problem commonly faced by neuropsychologists, there has been little systematic investigation of this problem. This paper reviews the literature on the detection of malingering in assessment instruments commonly used by clinical neuropsychologists. Criticism of previous research is discussed, and suggestions are made both for future research and for clinical practice.
Expectations and Performance: An Empirical Test of Bandura's Self-efficacy Theory

The present investigation was designed to test the predictions of Bandura's (1977) theory of self-efficacy in a competitive, motor-performance situation. Subjects (30 males and 30 females) were randomly assigned to either a high or low self-efficacy condition in a 2 × 2 × 2 (sex × self-efficacy × trials) factorial design. Self-efficacy was manipulated by having subjects compete against a confederate on a muscular leg-endurance task where the confederate was said to be either a varsity ;rack athlete who exhibited higher performance on a related task (low self-efficacy) or an individual who had a knee injury and exhibited poorer performance on a related task (high self-efficacy). Because self-efficacy theory predicts that expectation-performance differences are maximized in the face of obstacles and aversive consequences, the experiment was rigged so that subjects lost in competition to the confederate on both trials. The results supported self-efficacy predictions with the high self-efficacy subjects exten...
Effectiveness of child protective services interventions as indicated by rates of recidivism

Child maltreatment is a pervasive problem with a number of negative consequences, both in terms of human suffering and economic costs. This issue is compounded by the alarming rates of recidivism (i.e., having a second case of maltreatment following the original event), which has been linked to even poorer outcomes for children involved. Child Protective Services (CPS) is the government agency charged with intervening in cases of maltreatment and preventing further maltreatment. While many studies have examined the relationship between background variables and recidivism, fewer studies have examined CPS interventions in this regard. A better understanding of these factors could help inform CPS on which interventions to employ, or which cases may require closer monitoring. Thus, the goal of the current study is to test the predictability of recidivism based on both background factors (e.g., disability status of the child, type of abuse) and CPS interventions (e.g., providing therapy for the caregiver, removing the child from the caregiver temporarily). Two predictors, minority status of the caregiver and providing therapy for the caregiver, were associated with reduced recidivism outcomes, while temporarily removing the child from the caregiver was associated with increased chances of recidivism. It may be concluded that cases involving child placement away from the caregiver may require further monitoring by CPS, and that ordering therapy for more caregivers may help to reduce recidivism rates.
Visualizing biosequence data using texture mapping

Data-mining of information by the process of pattern discovery in protein sequences has been predominantly algorithm based. We discuss a visualization approach, which uses texture mapping and blending techniques to perform visual data-mining on text data obtained from discovering patterns in protein sequences. This visual approach, investigates the possibilities of representing text data in three dimensions and provides new possibilities of representing more dimensions of information in text data visualization and analysis. We also present a generic framework derived from this visualization approach to visualize text in biosequence data.
Getting to Know Abby

The successful inclusion of children with autism is a recent trend. This is the story of Abby, a 6-year-old girl with autism who has had successful educational experiences with her peers. The case ...
The Effect of Discharge Voltage on Renal Injury and Impairment Caused by Lithotripsy in the Pig

The present study was designed to determine the effects of shock wave voltage (kV) on lesion size and renal function induced by shock wave lithotripsy (SWL) in the 6- to 8-wk-old pig. Each SWL-treated pig received 2000 shock waves at 12, 18, or 24 kV to the lower pole calyx of one kidney. A group of sham SWL pigs served as time controls. Bilateral GFR, renal plasma flow (RPF), and para-aminohippurate (PAH) extraction were measured 1 h before and 1 and 4 h after SWL in all treated and sham animals. The kidneys were removed at the end of each experiment for morphometric analysis. The SWL-induced lesion increased significantly in size as shock wave energy was increased from 12 to 24 kV. PAH extraction, a measure of tubular function, was not significantly affected at 12 kV, was transiently reduced at 18 kV, and was reduced for the duration of the experiment at 24 kV. GFR and RPF, however, were significantly and similarly reduced at the 1 h post-SWL period at all three kilovolt levels. At the 4-h post-SWL period, both GFR and RPF had returned to baseline levels. Lesion size and tubular injury were correlated with changes in kilovoltage, while changes in renal hemodynamics were already maximal at the lowest discharge voltage. These findings suggest that renal microvessels are highly sensitive to shock waves and that frank injury to tubules and vessels may be more closely related to discharge energy than is renal blood flow.
Freedom, Capitalism and Human Behavior Chapter 2: Human Rights and the Meaning of Freedom

With the possible exception of love, probably no word in the English language generates a more sympathetic response than the word freedom. Everyone favors freedom. We prize it not only for ourselves, but also as a characteristic of our society. Most of us, however, have given little thought to what we mean by freedom. We use it to describe virtually everything we believe is good or right. Freedom is a hurrah word. Advocates of all persuasions characterize their programs as enhancing freedom. In the extreme, we find spokesmen for the most tyrannical states boldly claiming that theirs is true freedom because it provides freedom from want, a logic equivalent to arguing that prisoners are free as long as they are well fed and sheltered.Any unambiguous conception of freedom should distinguish between choices such as 1) Give me $20 and I'll give you a sirloin steak, and 2) Give me your wallet or I'll shoot you with the gun I have pointed at your midsection. These transactions both give you a choice. One might be tempted to say that the second is inconsistent with freedom because the choice I'm giving you makes you worse off. But there are many transactions that seem perfectly consistent with, and even required by, freedom that have this characteristic. Consider the offer I make you on the expiration of your lease of my property: Give me a monthly rental of 10% more than our previous arrangement or move out.
Slow light via stimulated Brillouin scattering in optical fibers

Optical-fiber-based slow-light techniques are reviewed. Slow light via stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) in optical fibers is discussed and recent progress in achieving broadband SBS slow light for high data-rate systems is presented.
Institutional Change in Contemporary Capitalism: Coordinated Financial Systems since 1990

What happens when the unstoppable force of liberalization collides with the immovable object of national financial institutions in the advanced industrial democracies? To answer this question and evaluate alternative mechanisms to explain institutional change, this article examines the cases of the three large European economies with concentrated share ownership—France, Germany, and Italy. In the formal legal mechanism, interest coalitions adopt new laws, leading actors to deviate from formerly stable patterns of behavior in shareholding. In the joint belief shift mechanism, collective actors use a triggering event to jointly reevaluate their views of how the world works and thus how their interests can best be pursued. Using the metric of patient capital, this article shows that institutional change took place in France but not in Germany or Italy, despite the fact that Germany and Italy experienced significant regulatory change in the area of corporate governance while France did not. This evidence fits joint belief shift and is inconsistent with the formal legal mechanism. It is likely that the importance of the two mechanisms of institutional change depends on the degree of strategic interdependence among institutional actors: where it is high, the joint belief shift mechanism is likely to precipitate change; and where it is low, the formal legal mechanism is likely to precipitate change.
Lie Group Transformation Models for Predictive Video Coding

We propose a new method for modeling the temporal correlation in videos, based on local transforms realized by Lie group operators. A large class of transforms can be theoretically described by these operators, however, we propose to learn from natural movies a subset of transforms that are statistically relevant for video representation. The proposed transformation modeling is further exploited to remove inter-view redundancy, i.e., as the prediction step of video encoding. Since the Lie group transformation coefficients are continuous, a quantization step is necessary for each transform. Therefore, we derive theoretical bounds on the distortion due to coefficient quantization. The experimental results demonstrate that the new prediction method with learned transforms leads to better rate-distortion performance at higher bit-rates, and competitive performance at lower bit-rates, compared to the standard prediction based on block-based motion estimation.
Weighing in on Heart Failure: The Role of SERCA2a SUMOylation

### SUMO1-Dependent Modulation of SERCA2a in Heart Failure Kho et al Nature. 2011;477:601–605. Heart failure is a growing problem but a recent report in Nature provides new insights into the role of post-translational modification of SERCA2a by SUMOylation. The enhanced benefits of SUMOylation may provide new therapeutic venues for the treatment of heart failure. Heart failure is a complex clinical syndrome resulting from structural changes in the myocardium that affects the ability of the ventricle to fill with or eject blood.1 It affects at least 5 million patients in the United States and consumes over 6% of our health care budget.1 Nearly half a million new patients are diagnosed to have heart failure each year and the incidence of new cases are increasing each year due to aging of the population and conversion of acute cardiac problems into chronic disorders. Coronary artery disease is the cause of heart failure in about two thirds of patients with left ventricular dysfunction. Without the ability for complete renewal, loss of functional cardiac myocytes due to MI or other causes will eventually lead to deterioration of myocardial function, resulting in heart failure. Heart failure is characterized by the impaired efflux of cytosolic Ca2+ from the cell due to a sustained defect in SR Ca2+ reloading and release.2 A reduced expression and/or activity of the calcium-transporting ATPase ATP2A2, also known as SERCA2a, is responsible for Ca reuptake during excitation–contraction coupling.3 Over the last decade or more, defective Ca2+ uptake resulting from decreased expression and reduced activity of SERCA2a is recognized as a hallmark of heart failure. A recent …
Prism adaptation and unilateral neglect: review and analysis.

Theory and data from normal prism adaptation are applied toward understanding the ameliorating effects of prism adaptation for left unilateral neglect patients. Neglect is proposed to be, at least in part, a dysfunction in selection of the region of space appropriate for the task at hand. Normally, a task-work space is strategically sized and positioned (calibrated) around the task-relevant objects. Patients show deficits in both strategic abilities: the task-work space is pathologically reduced in size and patients cannot strategically shift its position. Prism adaptation (spatial realignment) ameliorates dysfunctional positioning, but not sizing of the task-work space. Realignment shifts the egocentric coordinates of a sensory–motor reference frame, thereby bringing at least part of the neglected hemispace into the dysfunctional task-work space: prism adaptation substitutes for dysfunctional positioning, but not sizing of a task-work space. However, such amelioration of dysfunctional positioning may enable relearning of strategic processes (calibration), perhaps, even partially restoring the ability to appropri ately size the task-space. Investigation of therapeutic prism adaptation requires methods that permit identification of both the calibration dysfunctio n and ameliorating realignment. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Ion channel activity in lobster skeletal muscle membrane

Ion channel activity in the sarcolemmal membrane of muscle fibers is critical for regulating the excitability, and therefore the contractility, of muscle. To begin the characterization of the biophysical properties of the sarcolemmal membrane of lobster exoskeletal muscle fibers, recordings were made from excised patches of membrane from enzymatically induced muscle fiber blebs. Blebs formed as evaginations of the muscle sarcolemmal membrane and were sufficiently free of extracellular debris to allow the formation of gigaohm seals. Under simple experimental conditions using bi-ionic symmetrical recording solutions and maintained holding potentials, a variety of single channel types with conductances in the range 32–380 pS were detected. Two of these ion channel species are described in detail, both are cation channels selective for potassium. They can be distinguished from each other on the basis of their single-channel conductance and gating properties. The results suggest that current flows through a large number of ion channels that open spontaneously in bleb membranes in the absence of exogenous metabolites or hormones.
Distinguishing cirrus cloud presence in autonomous lidar measurements

Abstract. 2012 Level-2 Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) satellite-based cloud data sets are investigated for thresholds that distinguish the presence of cirrus clouds in autonomous lidar measurements, based on temperatures, heights, optical depth and phase. A thermal threshold, proposed by Sassen and Campbell (2001) for cloud top temperature Ttop ≤ −37 °C, is evaluated versus CALIOP algorithms that identify ice-phase cloud layers using polarized backscatter measurements. Derived global mean cloud top heights (11.15 vs. 10.07 km above mean sea level; a.m.s.l.), base heights (8.76 km a.m.s.l. vs. 7.95 km a.m.s.l.), temperatures (−58.48 °C vs. −52.18 °C and −42.40 °C vs. −38.13 °C, respectively, for tops and bases) and optical depths (1.18 vs. 1.23) reflect the sensitivity to this constraint. Over 99 % of all Ttop ≤ −37 °C clouds are classified as ice by CALIOP Level-2 algorithms. Over 81 % of all ice clouds correspond with Ttop ≤ −37 °C. For instruments lacking polarized measurements, and thus practical estimates of phase, Ttop ≤ −37 °C provides sufficient justification for distinguishing cirrus, as opposed to the risks of glaciated liquid-water cloud contamination occurring in a given sample from clouds identified at relatively "warm" (Ttop > −37 °C) temperatures. Although accounting for uncertainties in temperatures collocated with lidar data (i.e., model reanalyses/sondes) may justifiably relax the threshold to include warmer cases, the ambiguity of "warm" ice clouds cannot be fully reconciled with available measurements, conspicuously including phase. Cloud top heights and optical depths are investigated, and global distributions and frequencies derived, as functions of CALIOP-retrieved phase. These data provide little additional information, compared with temperature alone, and may exacerbate classification uncertainties overall.
Highbrow/Lowbrow: The Emergence of Cultural Hierarchy in America

Acknowledgments Prologue 1. William Shakespeare in America 2. The Sacralization of Culture 3. Order, Hierarchy, and Culture Epilogue Notes Index
Business Operating Environment for Service Clouds

Currently, most research in services focuses on the needs of the service provider. Examples include research to efficiently create, operate, and deliver services. Much less attention is paid to what the service customer needs to do in order to procure, integrate, or consume a service within the context of a service supply chain. In this paper, we introduce a Services Business Operating Environment (SBOE) to support services from the perspective of the service consumer. An SBOE provides capabilities for defining, contracting, integrating and operating service supply chains as viewed from the perspective of an enterprise customer. The SBOE acts like an operating system within which the customer can connect, combine and transform services purchased from others into higher level abstractions that are relevant for business. We anticipate such an environment to be critical to the "future of IT", where business and IT services are procured over the cloud from specialized service providers rather than created in-house as is done traditionally. We describe research at HP Labs that identifies the requirements and challenges posed by an SBOE, and present an initial prototype around IT supplier management that we have used to explore some of the concepts.
William James's Talks to Teachers (1899) and McKeachie's Teaching Tips (1999)

What has changed and what has stayed the same in the years since the first publication of James's Talks to Teachers on Psychology: And to Students on some of Life's Ideals (1899) and the 10 editions of McKeachie's Teaching Tips? Although research and theory have given us better understanding of learning, memory, cognition, and motivation, much of James's wisdom and the student-centered orientation of Teaching Tips are still valid.
Who is likely to own a latrine in rural areas? Findings from formative research studies

This study examined factors associated with latrine ownership across different formative research studies and the extent to which these may differ among households from the poorest quintiles. Cross-sectional data was collected between 2008 and 2012 from households in rural areas of Tanzania, Indonesia (East Java), and multiple states of India. A framework, SaniFOAM, guided factors theorized to influence latrine ownership. Multivariate analysis was used to build country-specific models predicting latrine ownership. Factors associated with latrine ownership included: satisfaction with the current place of open defecation, perceptions of the adequacy of water and land for latrine ownership, social norms, sanctions and enforcement, and perceived latrine affordability. Emotional, physical and social drivers also showed a significant positive adjusted association with latrine ownership. Apart from one exception, there was no interaction between the behavioural determinants and wealth on latrine ownership. We co...
Formation of Nonequilibrium Systems by Ion Implantation

This chapter surveys nonequilibrium phase formation by implantation [1–3]. Such crystalline or amorphous metastable systems are characterized by not being in the lowest energy state and can be formed by the athermal process of implantation. Crystalline systems may be characterized by metastable solid solutions or by a metastable structure which may, for example, be stabilized by the implanted impurities. Aitorphous systems are characterized by no long range order and their formation and return to equilibrium sometimes involves metastable intermediate crystalline phases. Upon heating the metastable phases will return to equilibrium either via diffusion, as in the case of phase separation, or via diffusion- less means, as in the case of purely structural transformations.
People with a Paradigm: The Center for Design Research’s Contributions to Practice

Stanford University’s Center for Design Research has been in operation for 30 years. Its primary impact on practice comes through its people. In this chapter, we summarize the CDR’s research approach and themes, and then look at the mechanisms through which the people of CDR affect the landscape of industry and education and impact the practice of design.
A Guide to Using Substantive Due Process to Rein in Abuses of Executive Power

Although substantive due process is one of the most confusing and controversial areas of constitutional law, it is well-established that the Due Process Clause includes a substantive component that "bars certain arbitrary wrongful government actions 'regardless of the fairness of the procedures used to implement them.'" The Supreme Court officially recognized that substantive due process protects against government official misconduct in 1952 and in the 1998 County of Sacramento v. Louis decision it reiterated that the core of due process is protection against arbitrary action. The Court has recognized substantive due process limitations on law enforcement personnel, public school officials, government employers, and those who render decisions that affect our property rights. Government officials who act with intent to harm or with deliberate indifference to our rights have been found to engage in conduct that "shocks the judicial conscience" contrary to the guarantee of substantive due process. There is, however, a burgeoning body of case law in the federal appellate courts that has limited substantive due process as a viable restraint on the conduct of officials in the executive branch of government. Some appellate courts have sought to restrict substantive due process to claims involving deprivation of a fundamental right. Others have rejected all claims where only deprivation of property is at stake, or they have dismissed such claims where the state law provides a remedy, thus confounding the treatment of procedural and substantive due process claims. Further, they have narrowly defined the concept of a duty to care to immunize raw abuses of executive power. The thesis of this article is that substantive due process should be recognized as a meaningful limitation on arbitrary abuses of executive power and that victims of such abuse should not be relegated to the vagaries and increasing hurdles imposed by state tort law. The article provides a brief summary of the origins and development of substantive due process in the Supreme Court as a limitation on legislative, judicial and executive power. It then critiques the various positions adopted by federal appellate courts regarding substantive due process as a limitation on executive power. It addresses separation of powers and federalism concerns that have been used to justify a crabbed interpretation of substantive due process. Finally, it provides suggestions as to how attorneys litigating on behalf of government employees, arrestees and detainees, students, and landowners can invoke substantive due process as a meaningful restraint against misuse of executive power.
Morphological Characters of Diapause in Lygus hesperus Knight (Hemiptera: Miridae)

Development of management tactics that reduce reliance on conventional pesticides for control of the western tarnished plant bug, Lygus hesperus Knight, will require improved understanding of Lygus ecology. One poorly characterized aspect of Lygus ecology is the induction of adult diapause. Although photoperiod is a key regulator of diapause, previous research has reported inconsistent results, likely because of the different criteria used to distinguish diapause. To establish standardized criteria, we reared L. hesperus under photoperiods of 10- and 14-h and a constant temperature of 26.6°C. Adults were dissected at ages of 3, 7, 10, 14, and 17 days to evaluate associations among characteristics of the fat body and reproductive organs. Whereas most characters examined were at least weakly associated with others, we concluded that seminal vesicle condition, presence of a fatty sheath on the testis, and fat body color were not reliable indicators of L. hesperus physiological status. The most appropriate criteria for distinguishing diapause appeared to be hypertrophied fat bodies combined with undeveloped medial accessory glands (for males) or undeveloped ovaries (for females) in adults that were at least 10 days old. We also evaluated less stringent criteria, permitting some development of accessory glands or ovaries to accommodate the delayed reproductive development observed in some specimens reared under the 10-h photoperiod. The descriptions and illustrations of the morphological characters, combined with our suggested sets of criteria, should permit a more standardized assessment of L. hesperus physiological status, and thereby facilitate meaningful comparisons of research by different investigators.
Improving State Capital Counsel Systems Through Use of the ABA Guidelines

have been adopted, implemented, and cited by state and federal courts in every active death penalty jurisdiction in the United States. This tenth anniversary provides a welcome opportunity to reflect upon the encouraging progress that has been made and to chart a path for future efforts. We have come a long way since the early days when the Guidelines were dismissed as the defense effort that no state could
WNT11 PRETREATMENT PROTECTS AGAINST OXIDATIVE STRESS-INDUCED APOPTOSIS BY STAT3 ACTIVATION

Noncanonical Wnt11 signaling plays a key role in heart development. Very little is known about Wnt11 signaling in cardiomyocyte survival. We hypothesized that exposure to Wnt11 will induce a cytoprotective program and promote cardiomyocyte survival against oxidative stress. The effects of Wnt11 on
UNILATERAL PULMONARY EDEMA IN A PATIENT WITH PULMONARY HYPERTENSION: AN UNUSUAL CASE OF PULMONARY VEIN COMPRESSION BY AN ANEURYSMAL PULMONARY ARTERY

Pulmonary artery aneurysms (PAA) causing extrinsic compression of airways, left main coronary artery and superior vena cava are well reported. We present a case of PAA compressing the right superior pulmonary vein (PV), leading to an atypical presentation of unilateral pulmonary edema and
Inhibition of vitamin D-stimulated active transport of calcium of rat intestine by diphenylhydantoin-phenobarbital treatment.

SummaryThe effect of combined di-phenylhydantoin and phenobarbital administration on the response of vitamin D-de-pleted rats to ergocalciferol, cholecalciferol, and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OHCC) was measured by determinations of serum calcium and phosphate concentrations and of intestinal transport of calcium in vitroby everted loops of small intestine. The major action of this anticonvulsant drug treatment in the rat was to inhibit the action of the various forms of vitamin D including 25-OHCC in increasing active transport of calcium by the everted intestine. The increase of calcium diffusibility across the intestine by vitamin D was not blocked nor was the action of vitamin D in increasing serum calcium concentrations. A specific inhibitory effect of the anticonvulsant drugs on an energy-dependent calcium transport system in the intestinal mucosa is suggested.This work was supported by USPHS Grant AM-00668. 25-hydroxy-cholecalciferol was supplied to us by Dr. John Babcock, the Upjohn Company. We...
Current Status of Tuberculosis Laboratories in Sichuan Province

Objective To investigate the current condition of tuberculosis laboratories in Sichuan,in order to provide for further promoting the tuberculosis laboratory standardization in the province.Method Analyzing the feedback data from tuberculosis laboratories at all levels using designed questionnaire,which includes facilities,equipments,and personnel involve in tuberculosis laboratory work.Result There are 197 tuberculosis laboratories in Sichuan,which are equipped with 109 bio-safety cabinets,91 constant-temperature incubators,52 autoclaves,284 sets of microscopes,50 vortex mixer,and 127 refrigerators.31.47% of the laboratories comply with the requirements of BSL-2.211 laboratorians are working in those labs,of which 7 have senior title,57 have intermediate title and 147 have primary title;58 laboratorians obtain college or under degrees,136 have bachelor degrees andonly 2 received master degrees while 15 people remain have unknown education background.61 of the laboratorians are full-time staff and 150 work part-time;146 of the tuberculosis laboratories develop phlegm smear only,while 33 with culture and phlegm smear;4 own drug susceptibility experiment and 2 are able to carry on molecular biology test.Conclusion The current condition of tuberculosis laboratories in Sichuan is still far from being satisfactory.The facilities and equipments,technical support,as well as both quality and quantity of the laboratorians,await urgent improvement.
9 EXPRESSION PROFILES AS PREDICTORS OF BRONCHOPULMONARY DYSPLASIA IN EXTREMELY LOW GESTATIONAL AGE NEWBORNS.

Background Approximately half of all infants born before the 28th week of gestation develop bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Inflammatory regulators appear to be involved in the development of BPD both antenatally and postanatally. Postnatal factors contributing to BPD include hyperoxia, hypoxia, infection, patent ductus arteriosus, oxygen toxicity, and barotrauma from mechanical ventilation. Objective To evaluate to what extent RNA expression profiles in umbilical cord tissue distinguish between infants who do and do not develop BPD. Study Design/Methods Flash-frozen pieces of umbilical cord were available from 21 infants born before gestational age 28 weeks who developed BPD (defined as oxygen dependent at 36 weeks postmenstrual age) and from 34 of their peers who did not develop BPD. RNA extraction and microarray hybridization were performed at the core laboratory at Children9s Hospital Boston. Results Infants who developed BPD had decreased umbilical cord expression of mitochondrial membrane, energy metabolism (oxidative phosphorylation, citric acid cycle), RNA synthesis, and DNA repair gene sets. These genes were also expressed at lower levels in those with the lowest gestational age. We are not yet able to distinguish gestational age correlates from insult/response contributions to BPD pathogenesis. Conclusions Expression profiles evident at the time of birth provide a meaningful window into the physiologic development of extremely low gestational age newborns. Expression profiling is likely to help identify pathways that contribute to the evolution and development of BPD.
Probe into Static Voltage Stability of Large Wind Farm-connected Xinjiang Grid

This paper introduces the mechanism of static voltage stability of wind farm-connected grid,and analyzes the voltage stability of wind farm-connected regional grid based on continuous power flow calculation using DPL simulation programming language as well as P~V curve method.Moreover,the paper also analyzes and compares the static voltage stability of the grid connecting to the wind farm which bases on ordinary asynchronous wind turbine,doubly-fed induction generator and direct-drive wind turbine.
Variation in Treatment of Displaced Geriatric Acetabular Fractures Among 15 Level-I Trauma Centers.

Objectives:To document the initial treatment of displaced acetabular fractures among older adults across multiple trauma centers and to investigate the factors that influence the decision to operate and the choice of operative procedure [open reduction internal fixation (ORIF) vs. total hip arthropl
Family issues around brain death in children

Introducing brain death of children in Japan, there are three major concerns such as a) difficulty of diagnosing brain death in children, b) difficulty of taking care of family of the brain dead, c) difficulty of eliminating child abuse victims from donors, which are expressed by hospitals and health care providers. These issues are strongly connected to scarce resources of pediatric intensive care medicine and PICUs in Japan. They handle most of these tasks in the United States. Not only facilitating transplant medicine, but providing appropriate medical care for children, PICUs are essential and indispensable.
Law School Innovation Roundtable

In the aftermath of the Great Recession in 2008-09, the structure and economics of the legal profession continue to change. For law schools, the earlier era was one where admissions decisions could be made solely on quantitative credentials (GPA and LSAT), career development consisted largely of developing relationships with law firms and some governmental employers, and professional development and training were largely out-sourced to law firms (or did not exist). Today’s emerging legal services landscape requires law schools to take a hard look at how to develop law students in an environment where many are skeptical of the value of a legal education. For the law schools that are grappling with a changing landscape, there is a unique opportunity to innovate and experiment — in effect, developing the framework for today’s “new normal” legal education. This report discusses a few key elements of this emerging framework and outlines strategies for law schools to pursue.
Abstract 56: Thrombolysis in Selected Patients with Wake Up Stroke is Feasible with Similar Safety as Thrombolysis in 0-4.5 Hours

Introduction Thrombolysis with alteplase is effective within 4.5 hours of ischaemic stroke onset in patients with no or early ischaemic changes (EIC) on CT. Patients with wake up strokes (WUS) make up to 259 of all strokes but are excluded on the basis of time alone. Emerging data suggest that imaging appearances in many WUS patients are similar to those treated within 4.5 h and recanalisation therapies may be beneficial. Hypothesis Treatment with alteplase in WUS patients selected on CT imaging findings showing no or limited EIC who would otherwise be eligible for thrombolysis will have functional outcome and bleeding risks similar to those thrombolysed within 4.5 hours of stroke onset. Methods We analysed registry data between January 2009 and December 2010 for WUS patients thrombolysed on compassionate grounds with consent and compared their outcomes with those thrombolysed within 4.5 hours of stroke onset. Standard guidelines were followed but there was no upper age limit for thrombolysis. WUS patients were thrombolysed if they met all eligibility criteria apart from time and the non-enhanced CT scan showed an Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score (ASPECTS) of ≥7. CT Perfusion (CTP) mismatch was used as an additional modality for assessing eligibility for thrombolysis in a proportion of WUS patients but was not obligatory. Inclusion criteria for the analysis were defined a priori and were masked to outcomes. Results The analysis included 356 patients thrombolysed within 4.5 hours of stroke onset and 68 thrombolysed WUS patients. The two groups were comparable for mean age (72.6 v 74.8, years, p=0.28) and vascular risks profile but there were more women in the WUS group (66% v 52%, p=0.034). There were fewer WUS patients with premorbid Rankin Score (mRS) of 0-2 (69% v 84% p=0.01). There were no differences in mean baseline BP (151/85 v 153/84 mm Hg, p=0.55), mean blood glucose (6.5 v 6.5 mmols/L, p=0.99) and mean National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score (13.2 v 12.6, p=0.44). CTP was undertaken in 26% patients within 4.5 h and in 67% of WUS patients (p Conclusion Functional and safety outcomes after thrombolysis in WUS patients selected using CT imaging based protocols is comparable to that of patients treated within 4.5 h of stroke onset. Our experience suggests that randomization of patients with WUS on the basis of defined imaging criteria in thrombolysis trials is appropriate.
Creating augmented reality authoring tools informed by designer workflow and goals

In a 20-year period, AR has gone from being viewed as a heavyweight technology to a new medium for a variety of applications. As a result there has been an increasing need for tools to support AR design and development that fully address the needs of non-technologists. From my AR research, I learned that three critical components for these authoring tools are support for an established content pipeline, rapid prototyping, and user experience testing. The history of media teaches us that AR also shares underlying technologies with a variety of more mature media such as film, VR, and the web with existing workflows and tools. Therefore, we created an AR authoring tool that supported these three critical components, and whose design was informed by established approaches in these related domains, allowing developers with a range of technical expertise to explore the AR medium. In this dissertation I present four main contributions. The first was an exploration of the AR design space focused on close collaboration with designers. This work resulted in guidelines for AR authoring tools, and informed the development of the Designer's Augmented Reality Toolkit (DART). These guidelines were validated via internal and external projects. A qualitative study of long term DART use that provided insight into the successes and failures of DART as well as additional understanding of AR authoring needs. Lastly, I trace two main threads to highlight the impact of this work, the development of the AR Second Life system and the creation of the Argon AR web browser.