cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Brain uptake of S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)glutathione and S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine, the glutathione and cysteine S-conjugates of the neurotoxin dichloroacetylene.

Abstract Dichloroacetylene causes trigeminal neuropathy in humans and animals. Glutathione conjugation of dichloroacetylene affords S -(1,2-dichlorovinyl)glutathione (DCVG), which is hydrolyzed to S-(1,2- dichlorovinyl)- l -cysteine (DCVC). This study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that the neurotoxicity of dichloroacetylene may be associated with glutathione S -conjugate formation and brain uptake and bioactivation of the dichloroacetylene-derived S -conjugates. With the Oldendorf technique 28 , the Brain Uptake Index for [ 35 S]DCVC and [ 35 S]DCVG was determined and compared with the uptake of [ 35 S]methionine and [ 14 C]sucrose. Brain uptake of DCVC exceeded uptake of methionine and DCVG uptake was comparable to methionine uptake. Both [ 35 S]DCVC and [ 35 S]DCVG were recovered intact in brain tissue. The uptake of the 35 S-labeled S -conjugates was inhibited by unlabeled DCVC and DCVG in a concentration-dependent manner. The data indicated that DCVC, but not DCVG, was transported by the sodium-independent system-L transporter for neutral amino acids. In vitro studies revealed that DCVG can be hydrolyzed to DCVC by brain tissue in a concentration-dependent manner.
Molecular cloning of the gene for human leukotriene C4 synthase. Organization, nucleotide sequence, and chromosomal localization to 5q35

Leukotriene C4 (LTC4) synthase catalyzes the conjugation of LTA4 with reduced GSH to form LTC4, the parent of the receptor active cysteinyl leukotrienes implicated in the pathobiology of bronchial asthma. Previous cloning of the cDNA for human LTC4 synthase demonstrated significant homology of its amino acid sequence to that of 5-lipoxygenase activating protein (FLAP) but none to that of the GSH S-transferase super-family. Genomic cloning from a P1 library now reveals that the gene for LTC4 synthase contains five exons (ranging from 71 to 257 nucleotides in length) and four introns, which in total span 2.52 kilobase pairs in length. The intron/exon junctions of LTC4 synthase align identically with those of FLAP; however, the small size of the LTC4 synthase gene contrasts with the > 31-kilobase pair size reported for FLAP. Confirmation of the LTC4 synthase gene size to ensure that no deletions had occurred during the cloning was obtained by two overlapping polymerase chain reactions from genomic DNA, which provided products of the predicted sizes. Primer extension analysis with poly(A)+ RNA from culture-derived human eosinophilic granulocytes or the KG-1 myelogenous cell line revealed multiple transcriptional start sites with prominent signals at 66, 69, and 96 base pairs 5' of the ATG translation start site. The 5'-flanking region revealed a GC-rich promoter sequence consistent with an SP-1 site and consensus sequences for AP-1 and AP-2 enhancer elements, 24, 807, and 877 bp, respectively, 5' from the first transcription initiation site. Southern blot analysis of a genomic DNA (with full-length cDNA as well as 5' and 3' oligonucleotide probes) confirmed the size of the gene and indicated a single copy gene in normal human genomic DNA. Fluorescent in situ hybridization mapped LTC4 synthase to chromosomal location 5q35, which is in close proximity to the cluster of genes for cytokines and receptors involved in the regulation of cells central to allergic inflammation and implicated in bronchial asthma.
Hubble Space Telescope Fine Guidance Sensor Astrometry of the Low-Mass Binary L722-22

The M dwarf star L722-22 (LHS 1047, GJ 1005) was discovered to be a binary in 1979. Analysis of ground-based data indicated a mass near 0.06 M⊙ for the secondary star, well below the nominal stellar mass limit of 0.08 M⊙. The close, faint binary was near the limit for ground-based astrometry and was approved for Hubble Space Telescope Fine Guidance Sensor (FGS) observations in 1992. The relative orbital motion of the binary has been monitored using FGS "transfer" mode measurements. The trigonometric parallax and motion of the primary about the center of mass were determined from the FGS "position" mode observations. All possible background reference stars in the FGS field-of-view were used. The relative orbit and fractional masses have been determined with far higher precision and accuracy than possible with ground-based techniques for this close, faint binary. The FGS observations definitely eliminate the possibility that the secondary star is a candidate for having a substellar mass, and place its mass and lower mass error range well above the stellar mass limit. Masses of 0.179 and 0.112 M⊙ have been found for the two components, with formal random errors as low as 1.5%. The mass errors resulting from the correction from relative to absolute parallax are somewhat larger.
STRUCTURE OF THE MURINE RAB3A GENE - CORRELATION OF GENOMIC ORGANIZATION WITH ANTIBODY EPITOPES

Rab3A is a neuronal low-molecular-mass GTP-binding protein that is modified post-translationally by two geranylgeranyl groups and specifically targeted to synaptic vesicles. We have now cloned and characterized the murine gene coding for rab3A. With a size of less than 8 kb including the promoter, the rab3A gene is relatively small. It contains five exons, the first of which is non-coding. The organization of the rab3A coding sequence into exons in the gene is different from that of ras proteins, the only other low-molecular-mass GTP-binding proteins with currently characterized gene structures. Nevertheless, the intron placement in the primary structure of rab3A may be indicative of a domain division of the protein, since each coding exon contains one of the four major conserved rab protein sequence motifs. The epitopes of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies to rab3A were mapped with the hypothesis that antibody epitopes might represent distinct exposed protein domains and correlate with exon structures. Two monoclonal antibodies, named 42.1 and 42.2, were found to recognize epitopes with a different degree of conservation between different rab3 isoforms. These epitopes were mapped to relatively short amino acid sequences corresponding to exons 4 and 5 respectively, whereas a polyclonal antibody recognized a complex epitope that required the presence of intact rab3A. Comparison of the sequence of rab3A with that of ras, whose crystal structure has been determined, revealed that the epitopes for the monoclonal antibodies correspond to regions in ras that are highly exposed. Taken together, these results suggest that exons 4 and 5 at least represent distinct exposed protein domains that also form major natural epitopes in rab3A.
Detection of Minimal Quantities of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus with Bovine Kidney Tissue Cultures

Minute quantities of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) were suspended in 500-, 1,000- and 2,000-ml volumes of virus growth medium and inoculated into primary bovine kidney cell cultures grown as monolayers in 5-liter Povitsky bottles. After 48 hr of incubation, the low concentrations of FMDV, containing from 10-3 to 10-1.7 plaque-forming units (PFU) per milliliter of inoculum, multiplied to approximately 106 PFU per milliliter of fluid. The presence of extracellular virus after multiplication was verified by assaying the fluid in 4-oz prescription-bottle cultures. Minimal quantities of FMDV were able to infect the cells and replicate despite the large volume of the suspending fluid. This technique may be applicable for the detection of trace amounts of FMDV in clinical samples and vaccines. Skin samples of unknown infectivity in limited tests gave identical positive or negative results in both steers and Povitsky cultures, but were consistently negative when tested in suckling mice and in prescription-bottle tissue cultures.
The influence of moisture on the electrical properties of crosslinked polyethylene/silica nanocomposites

Crosslinked polyethylene (XLPE)/silica nanocomposites are promising candidates for future cable insulation. While a significant number of studies have demonstrated improved dielectric properties in nanocomposites compared to XLPE, the performance of polyolefin nanocomposites in humid environments has not received much attention. This paper presents and explains the dielectric behavior of XLPE/silica nanocomposites in humid environments such as the decrease in AC breakdown strength, increases in loss and space charge formation, and the significant reduction in water tree aging. XLPE/silica nanocomposites are found to have an increased moisture uptake compared to the XLPE base polymer due to inclusion of silica particles. It is hypothesized that the formation of a concentric shell surrounding the particle with a high concentration of water (water shell), and the change in the inter-particle/cluster distances are two major factors governing the dielectric behavior in wet XLPE/silica nanocomposites. The dispersion and distribution of the nanofillers were quantified using a new tool and a method to reconstruct the 3D structure was used to determine the size of the water shell required for percolation. It was found that a water layer thickness of tens of nanometers could initiate percolation in the XLPE/silica nanocomposites studied. Notwithstanding that, water tree growth was substantially reduced in the XLPE/silica nanocomposites, and some speculative explanations are provided on the basis of the characteristics observed.
The Quest for a Religious America

in American history and has continued unabated ever since. This theme has unfolded largely within the mainstream of American life. An understanding of America is possible, therefore, only if one realizes that her story is the narrative of a religious pilgrimage, and that her search for national identity has been religious. The quest has been irregular, its manifestation varying with time and circumstance; to trace it is to follow a jagged line across the map of American experience. There are sharp outlines and dim perceptions. But from Massachusetts Bay onward, the national experience has been the search for a religious identity. In spite of efforts to exalt individualism, the desire has been for a religious nation, a religious people. To be an American has meant to accept the aura of religion and a religious destiny. An awareness of this destiny runs through our history like a golden thread. At times, religious conviction and motivation seem to be essential to the fabric, while at others they appear only as an adornment woven into a complex pattern. A significant element in this thread of continuity is the way the rhetoric of religion has been employed to describe our national life. By this I mean that the language of God's providence and American destiny has often been summoned to interpret the meaning of our experience as a people. Much of the recent literature on American religion confirms the thesis that one can trace a "quest for a religious America," and further indicates that the quest has been successful. It is this very success, so many commentators believe, that now poses a crucial challenge to religious faith and practice. Two recent major treatments of religion in American life deserve mention at the outset, both of which are broad in scope and well worth careful reading. Winthrop S. Hudson's Religion in America (10)* is a historical survey of American religious life and thought. It presents a balanced treatment of men, movements, denominations, and sects, and is extremely well written and highly informative. Edwin Scott Gaustad's A Religious History of America (7) is a good introduction to the influences of religion at work in American life, as well as an interesting historical survey. Gaustad seeks to show in some detail how religion has pervaded American consciousness. Both books reflect fairmindedness and extensive knowledge of original sources.
The association between HLA-DPB1Glu69 and chronic beryllium disease and beryllium sensitization.

Background Several case-control studies have found an association between chronic beryllium disease (CBD) and HLA-DPB1 gene variants. However, the relationship between HLA-DPB1 and beryllium sensitization, and whether the presence of one or two HLA-DPB1Glu69 alleles is differentially associated with CBD and beryllium sensitization have not been completely resolved. Methods Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis was used to address these questions in a large population-based cohort consisting of 884 beryllium workers (90 with CBD, 64 beryllium sensitized). Results HLA-DPB1Glu69 was associated with both CBD (OR = 9.4; 95% CI = 5.4, 16.6) and sensitization (OR = 3.3, 95% CI = 1.9, 5.9). Further, workers with CBD and sensitization were more likely to be homozygous HLA-DPB1Glu69 compared to workers without disease or sensitization (P < 0.001). Conclusions Follow-up of this cohort, scrutiny of HLA-DPB1 haplotypes, and evaluation of gene–environment and gene–gene interactions will be important for fully understanding the immunogenetic nature of this occupational disease. Am. J. Ind. Med. 46:95–103, 2004. Published 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Comparison of nanoclay and carbon nanofiber particles on rheology of molten polystyrene nanocomposites under supercritical carbon dioxide

The effects of nanoparticles and high-pressure carbon dioxide (CO2) on shear viscosity of polystyrene (PS) were studied. Master curves of PS, PS + 5 wt % carbon nanofibers (CNFs), and PS + 5 wt % nanoclay (Southern Clay 20A) without CO2 were created based on parallel-plate measurements. The results showed that addition of nanoparticles increased the viscosity of the neat polymer. Steady-state shear viscosity of PS in the presence of CO2 and nanoparticles was measured by a modified Couette rheometer. The effect of supercritical CO2 on these systems was characterized by shift factors. It was found that under the same temperature and CO2 pressure, CO2 reduced the viscosity less for both PS-20A and PS-CNFs than neat PS. Between the two types of nanoparticles, CNFs showed a larger viscosity reduction than 20A, indicating a higher CO2 affinity for CNFs than 20A. However, the advantage of CNFs over 20A for larger viscosity reduction decreased with higher temperature. A gravimetric method (magnetic suspension balance) was used to measure the excess adsorption of CO2 onto CNFs and nanoclay, thus, CO2 showed a higher affinity for CNFs. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Provisional plating of type III open tibia fractures prior to intramedullary nailing

Intramedullary nailing of tibial shaft fractures is the preferred treatment of most displaced, unstable tibial shaft fractures. In open tibia fractures, direct exposure of the fracture segments for irrigation and debridement is required prior to fracture stabilization. We propose a method of provisional stabilization using commonly available implants placed through the associated traumatic open wound prior to intramedullary nailing. This technique, particularly helpful to surgeons operating with limited assistance, employs a temporarily applied 3.5-mm dynamic compression plate or limited contact dynamic compression plate implant secured with unicortical screws, allowing reaming and intramedullary nailing of a reduced, stabilized tibia fracture.
Cell membrane water permeability of rabbit cortical collecting duct.

The water permeability (Posm) of the cell membranes of isolated perfused rabbit cortical collecting ducts was measured by quantitative light microscopy. Water permeability of the basolateral membrane, corrected for surface area, was 66 μm·sec−1 for principal cells and 62.3 μm·sec−1 for intercalated cells. Apical membranePosm values corrected for surface area, were 19.2 and 25 μm·sec−1 for principal and intercalated cells, respectively, in the absence of antidiuretic hormone (ADH). Principal and intercalated cells both responded to ADH by increasingPosm of their apical membranes to 92.2 and 86.2 μ·sec−1 respectively. The ratio of the total basolateral cell membrane osmotic water permeability to that of the apical cell membrane was ∼27∶1 in the absence of ADH and ∼7∶1 in the presence of the hormone for both cell types. This asymmetry in water permeability is most likely due to the fact that basolateral membrane surface area is at least 7 to 8 times greater than that of the apical membrane. Both cell types exhibited volume regulatory decrease when exposed to dilute serosal bathing solutions. Upon exposure to a hyperosmotic serosal bath (390 mosm), pricipal cells did not volume regulate while two physiologically distinct groups of intercalated cells were observed. One group of intercalated cells failed to volume regulate; the second group showed almost complete volume regulatory increase behavior.
Some remarks on the elastically supported membrane

Cet article presente des principes de maximum pour des fonctions de la forme |gradu|2u−2 et |gradv|2u−2 ouu est la premiere fonction propre d'une membrane vibrante elastiquement liee sur son contour, etv est la seconde fonction propre d'une membrane libre. Dans le second cas, on obtient un theoreme de comparaison entre les valeurs propres correspondantes λ1 et μ2.
OXIDATION OF A DIMERIC NICKEL THIOLATE COMPLEX WITH O2

Reaction of dimeric bis{[μ-(2-mercaptoethyl)(2-mercaptoethyl)methylaminato(2−)]nickel(II)}, 1, with either O2 or H2O2 leads to the formation of a dimeric product, bis{[μ-(2-mercaptoethyl)(2-sulfina...
Development of Best Practice Standard Operating Procedures for Prevention of Fireground Injuries

Fireground operations account for a large percentage of firefighter injuries, and injury rates vary widely among fire departments. Differences in safety and health management approaches including standard operating procedures (SOPs) for fireground operations may help explain the variation in injury rates. The purpose of this study was to identify SOP best practices in order to provide a mechanism to improve firefighter safety and health. As part of a larger study comparing fire department injury rates internationally, a panel with fire service representatives from four continents was convened to develop best practice fireground SOPs. The panel members focused on four tasks or operations with relatively high injury rates: handling charged hose; forcible entry; use of ground ladders; and overhaul, reviewed injury data and identified approaches for reducing these injuries. General agreement was reached on the need for a risk management approach to identify high risk activities and corrective actions. Within SOPs, addition of an awareness column describing specific hazards and corrective actions was also recommended. Probationary period training and incorporation of national data into the continuing review and revision of these documents were also considered best practices. Hazards and action points were also identified to guide SOP development for the selected fireground tasks and operations. The international panel identified specific safety and health management approaches associated with SOP development, which, if effectively implemented, would be expected to reduce fireground injuries.
The binding of small nitrogen-containing heterocycles to neutral and cationic (pentamethylcyclopentadienyl) Ir(III) complexes and the X-ray crystal structure of an unexpected diaquo complex, [(Cp∗)IrCl(H2O)2][PF6]

Abstract Cleavage of the chloro-bridged [Cp ∗ IrCl 2 ] 2 dimer by halide abstraction using [NH 4 ][PF 6 ] leads to the formation of the [Cp ∗ IrCl] + cation which reacts with 2-picoline, 2,6-lutidine, and 2-methylquinoline to form stable N-bound complexes of the type [Cp ∗ Ir(L) 2 Cl] + . Halide abstraction using AgBF 4 results in complete removal of all halides from the dimer to produce the [(Cp ∗ )Ir] 2+ dication. Both N and π -bound complexes can be obtained, depending on the nature of the nitrogen-containing heterocycle. Direct reaction of the [(Cp ∗ )IrCl 2 ] 2 dimer with 2,6-lutidine results in cleavage of the dimer to form a Cp ∗ Ir(L)Cl 2 complex containing one N-bound 2,6-lutidine ligand. An iridium complex having the formula [(Cp ∗ )IrCl(H 2 O) 2 ][PF 6 ] was obtained fortuitously during the course of attempts to grow crystals of the cationic 2-picoline complex. The presence of two molecules of water in the coordination sphere of the Ir(III) ion was verified cyrstallographically. The complex crystallizes in the orthorhombic Pnma space group with a = 20.260(7) A , b = 8.700(2) A , c = 9.656(3) A , and V = 1702.0(9) A 3 . Convergence to conventional R values of R = 0.0417 and R W = 0.0560 with a goodness-of-fit of 0.72 was obtained for 110 variable parameters and 1205 reflections with I > 0 σ ( I ).
Retrograde and anterograde axonal transport demonstrated by intracerebral injection of a labeled protein-acylating agent

Abstract Following injection of the tritium-labeled protein-acylating agent, N-succinimidyl propionate, into the neostriatum in rats, retrograde labeling of nigrostriatal cells in the pars compacta of the substantia nigra and anterograde labeling of the striatonigral terminal field in the nigral pars reticulata were demonstrated by autoradiography, at 18 hr survival. Labeling of the corticopontine terminal field and of corticothalamic cell bodies in cortical layer 6 were also seen, deriving from corticofugal fibers of passage through the striatal injection site. In comparison, neostriatal injection of horseradish peroxidase was found to yield nigral cell and terminal field labeling, but the corticopontine terminal field was not labeled, and very few cortical cells in layer 6 were labeled. These results show that the retrograde and anterograde axonal transport of endogenous proteins can be profitably studied by this in vivo protein-acylating technique, and suggest that the method may prove useful as a connection-tracing technique, especially because of the novel attribute of labeling terminal fields by anterograde axonal transport following injections into white matter axonal bundles, with concomitant labeling of the cell bodies of origin of these axons.
One-Up, One-Back ERM in the Food Supply Chain

Repeated outbreaks of E. coli and other food poisonings call attention to the need for fast, accurate tracing capabilities to identify sources of contamination and track contaminated foods to their destinations. Concerns about biological agents contaminating food or beverages led to the U.S. Bioterrorism Act of 2002. This Act requires those in the food supply chain to identify the immediate previous source ("one-back") of all food received and the immediate subsequent recipient ("one-up") of all food released, but recordkeeping remains seriously inadequate. In this article, we examine the role of radio frequency identification (RFID) in electronic record management (ERM) to improve supply chain operations and responses to public health crises.
α1-Adrenergic receptors mediate LH-releasing hormone secretion through phospholipases C and A2 in immortalized hypothalamic neurons

Norepinephrine has long been known to stimulate the pulsatile and preovulatory release of LH-releasing hormone (LHRH). In vivo and in vitro studies indicate that these effects are mediated primarily through α1-adrenergic receptors (α1-ARs). With the immortalized hypothalamic LHRH neurons, we have found that α1-adrenergic agents directly stimulate the secretion of LHRH in a dose-dependent manner. Ligand binding and RNA studies demonstrate that the GT1 cells contain both α1A- and α1B-ARs. Competition binding experiments show that approximately 75% of the binding is due toα 1B-ARs; the remainder is made up ofα 1A-ARs. Receptor activation leads to stimulation of PLC. PLCβ1 and PLCβ3 are expressed in GT1 neurons, and these PLCs are probably responsible for the release of diacylglycerol and IP as well as the increase in intracellular calcium. The mobilization of cytoplasmic calcium is sufficient to stimulate cytosolic PLA2 (cPLA2) and release arachidonic acid. A dissection of the contributions of the phospholip...
Diabetes in the elderly: diagnosis, pathogenesis, and therapy.

Abstract The prevalence of diabetes mellitus increases with age; it occurs in approximately 10 percent of Americans 60 years of age and in 16 to 20 percent of those 80 years old. Type II diabetes mellitus is primarily found in the elderly, and it is estimated that an additional 20 percent of the elderly population has age-associated hyperglycemia, which may be part of a spectrum between normality and type II diabetes. The diabetic group is at risk for both microvascular and macrovascular complications of diabetes, whereas the group with the hyperglycemia of aging may be at risk for macrovascular-type complications. Thus, 40 percent of our senior population has abnormal carbohydrate tolerance and is at risk for diabetic-type chronic complications. The basis for both the diabetic state as well as for the hyperglycemia of aging is probably multifactorial—involving both altered insulin secretion and altered insulin action. Unique problems arise in treating older diabetic patients. Physiologic changes occurring during normal aging, age-associated pathologic processes, the increased prevalence of other chronic diseases, and polypharmacy must all be considered in selecting appropriate therapy for these patients. A rational approach for the maintenance of glucose homeostasis is presented for older patients with diabetes.
Porphyrin-Laser Photodynamic Induction of Focal Brain Necrosis

A noninvasive photodynamic method has been developed to produce focal brain necrosis using porphyrin activated in vivo with laser light. After peripheral injection of the photosensitive porphyrin derivative, Photofrin I, mice were irradiated on the posterior lateral aspect of the head through the intact depilated scalp with 632 nm argon-dye laser light. Animals were studied at one, two and seven days after irradiation. Blood-brain barrier damage was detected by the intravenous injection of Evans blue, horseradish peroxidase and heterologous immunoglobulins. At one and two days after irradiation, the lesions were characterized by extravasation of immunoglobulin and Evans blue, and by edema, ischemia and infiltration by monocytes. On the seventh day after irradiation, the lesion was smaller than it had been two days after irradiation, and had reactive changes at its edges and coagulative necrosis at its center. Extravasation of Evans blue and immunoglobulin was markedly reduced by the seventh day after irradiation, but uptake of horseradish peroxidase by macrophages located at the periphery of the lesion was evident.
Perpetuation of Powdery Mildew Infection and Identification of Erysiphe australiana as the Crape Myrtle Pathogen in Mid-Tennessee

Shi, A., and Mmbaga, M. T. 2006. Perpetuation of powdery mildew infection and identification of Erysiphe australiana as the crape myrtle pathogen in mid-Tennessee. Plant Dis. 90:10981101. The fungus Erysiphe lagerstroemiae is commonly known as the powdery mildew pathogen in crape myrtle (Lagerstroemiae indica) in the United States, and Erysiphe australiana is the powdery mildew pathogen reported in Japan, China, and Australia. The teleomorph often used to identify powdery mildew fungi rarely develops in crape myrtle, and in our observations, ascocarps never formed. Our study showed that the crape myrtle pathogen overwintered as mycelia on dormant buds. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of rDNA and the intervening 5.8S rRNA gene were amplified using standard polymerase chain reaction (PCR) protocols and the universal primer pairs ITS1 and ITS4. PCR products were analyzed by electrophoresis in a 1.5% agarose gel and sequenced, and the ITS PCR product was 666 bp from ITS1/ITS4 and 704 bp from ITS1-F/ITS4. BLAST analysis of the sequence of the PCR products showed identical similarity with E. australiana reported in Japan, China, and Australia. Comparison of ITS sequences with information in the GenBank on other powdery mildew fungi showed a closest alignment (93% similarity) to Erysiphe juglandis that infects walnut. Specific primers for E. australiana were developed and evaluated for use as diagnostic tools. Out of 12 specific primer pairs evaluated, four primer pairs and four double primer pairs were highly specific to E. australiana and did not amplify Erysiphe pulchra of dogwood, Erysiphe syringae of common lilac, Erysiphe circinata of maple, or Phyllactinia guttata of oak. The E. australiana–specific primers amplified 16 samples of crape myrtle powdery mildew collected from diverse locations in midTennessee. These results clearly showed that the crape myrtle powdery mildew in mid-Tennessee was caused by E. australiana. Specific primers reported in this article provide a diagnostic tool and may be used to confirm the identity of crape myrtle powdery mildew pathogen in other areas in the United States and wherever the disease occurs. Additional keywords: Uncinula, Uncinuliella australiana
Quantitative autoradiographic assessment of 3H-estradiol uptake in immunocytochemically characterized pituitary cells.

Dry-mount autoradiography was combined with peroxidase immunocytochemistry to examine estrogen uptake in four pituitary cell types. Quantification by silver grain counts was used to compare 3H-estradiol uptake in nuclei of pituitary cells 60 min after i.v. injection into short-term (control) and long-term ovariectomized and in long-term thyroidectomized rats. Under all three hormonal states, the order of labeling intensity was: gonadotropes > somatotropes > lactotropes > thyrotropes. Long-term ovariectomy caused a significant increase in estrogen uptake of gonadotropes, somatotropes and lactotropes, while uptake in thyrotropes decreased. Long-term thyroidectomy decreased uptake in somatotropes, lactotropes and thyrotropes while gonadotropes remained unchanged.
Emission of Precipitation Deposited PbS Quantum Dots on Polyethylene Terephthalate

Centrifuge enforced precipitation was used to disperse PbS quantum dots (diameter 4.7 nm) on polyethylene terephthalate. By employing double frequency Fourier transform spectroscopy, we studied the emission properties of the sample. Gaussian shaped emission spectra from cryogenic temperatures up to room temperatures were observed, demonstrating the potential of PbS quantum dots to be used as light emitters in combination with organic matrices. One interesting feature is that the linewidth of the emission spectrum does not follow the expected thermal broadening.
“Predication, Things, and Kinds in Aristotle’s Metaphysics”

What in Aristotle corresponds, in whole or (more likely) in part, to our contemporary notion of predication? This paper sketches counterparts in Aristotle’s text to our theories of expression and of truth, and on this basis inquires into his treatment of sentences assigning an individual to its kinds. In some recent accounts, the Metaphysics offers a fresh look at such sentences in terms of matter and form, in contrast to the simpler theory on offer in the Categories. I argue that the Metaphysics initiates no change in this regard over the Categories. The point that form is (metaphysically) predicated of matter is a contribution, not to the account of statement predication, but to the analysis of compound material substances. Otherwise put, in our terms Aristotelian form is not - in particular, is not also - a propositional function, but a function from matter to compound material substances.
Construction of Dyadic Green's Functions for the EM Field in Planar Layered Media using Wave Matrices for the Electric Hertz Potential

Dyadic Green's functions for the EM field maintained by electric currents immersed in a planar layered environment are constructed through electric Hertz potentials using wave matrices to determine the spectral amplitudes in their Sommerfeld-integral representations. Such Green's functions are appropriate for the analysis of contemporary integrated electronic and optical circuits operating at micro/mm/optical wavelengths, where the circuit components are located adjacent to a layered surround environment. This systematic new formulation accommodates general volume currents and removes any uncertainty regarding completeness of the field representation, while naturally accommodating the source-point singularity.
Some observations on the scaled-particle theory of solutions and the surface tension of solvents

The energy necessary to form a cavity of appropriate size for a solute can be calculated by use of the scaled-particle theory if the effective hard-sphere diameter σ1 of the solvent is known. A method is presented for obtaining σ1 for solvents for which gas-solubility data are not available. The method is based on an empirical correlation between the surface tension of the solvent and the function $$\frac{1}{{\sigma _1^2 }}\left[ {\frac{{3y}}{{1 - y}} + \frac{1}{2}{\text{ }}\left( {\frac{{3y}}{{1 - y}}} \right)^2 } \right]$$ a function which appears in expressions for the surface tension and the cavity energy in the scaled-particle theory. Some general observations about the cavity energies for large solutes (≥6 A diameter) are also made.
An English-Language Clinic-Based Literacy Program Is Effective for a Multilingual Population

Objective.To assess the effectiveness of a clinic-based pediatric literacy intervention on a multilingual population. Background.Clinic-based literacy interventions are effective among English- and Spanish-speaking children. No data exist for multilingual populations. Setting.Pediatric clinic in an urban county hospital. Design/Methods.Reading practices of 2 cross-sectional groups were assessed by standardized interview before and after the intervention. The intervention consisted of waiting-room volunteers reading to children, literacy counseling, and gift of a children’s book at each well-child visit from 6 months to 5 years. Outcomes were assessed separately for primary English-speaking and primary non-English-speaking families. Results.The baseline (N=85) and postintervention (N=95) groups were similar with respect to child age and sex, parental education, and length of time in the United States. Fourteen languages were represented in total, the most common being English (41%), Somali (28%), Spanish (9%), Vietnamese (7%), Oromo (3%), and Tigrinyan (3%). Compared with baseline, postintervention respondents were more likely to report reading as a favorite activity for the child (10% vs 25%) and parent (18% vs 40%), to read to their child before bed at least weekly (45% vs 71%), and to possess over 10 children’s books at home (49% vs 63%). Among English-speaking families (N=30 baseline, N=40 postintervention), weekly bedtime reading increased (63% to 93%), reading as child’s favorite activity increased (7% vs 30%), and reading as the parent’s favorite activity to do with child increased (33% vs 58%). The proportion of English-speaking families possessing over 10 books at home and those reading with their children at least weekly showed no difference between the baseline and postintervention groups. Among non-English-speaking families (N=55 baseline, N=55 postintervention), weekly bedtime reading increased (36% vs 56%), reading as the parent’s favorite activity increased (11% vs 27%), and the number of families to possess >10 children’s books in the home increased (31% vs 49%). Reading as child’s favorite activity (13% vs 24%) and weekly book sharing (60% vs 76%) showed nonsignificant trends between the non-English-speaking baseline and postintervention groups. Conclusions.This clinic-based literacy intervention influences home literacy behavior in this multiethnic setting, in both English-speaking and non-English-speaking families. Although efforts should be made to make such programs more appropriate for linguistic minorities, non-English-speaking families do stand to benefit from English-language-oriented programs. literacy, Reach Out and Read, pediatrics, reading, child development.
Chemokine receptor desensitization in tumor-bearing mice.

We found that the murine breast cancer cell line 4T1 constitutively produced several chemokines capable of recruiting T cells. Additionally, supernatants from the tumor cell line mediated chemotaxis of T cells in a pertussis toxin-sensitive manner, indicating that these chemokines were functional. However, we also found an impaired chemotactic ability of splenic T cells in mice bearing these same tumors. The receptors for RANTES, MCP-1, and SLC were desensitized. Thus, the impaired chemotactic ability of T cells in tumor-bearing mice may explain why tumors that secrete chemokines grow progressively in a host.
Diskoseismology: Probing Accretion Disks. I. Trapped Adiabatic Oscillations

The normal modes of acoustic oscillations within thin accretion disks which are terminated by an innermost stable orbit around a slowly rotating black hole or weakly magnetized compact neutron star are analyzed. The dominant relativistic effects which allow modes to be trapped within the inner region of the disk are approximated via a modified Newtonian potential. A general formalism is developed for investigating the adiabatic oscillations of arbitrary unperturbed disk models. The generic behavior is explored by way of an expansion of the Lagrangian displacement about the plane of symmetry and by assuming separable solutions with the same radial wavelength for the horizontal and vertical perturbations. The lowest eigenfrequencies and eigenfunctions of a particular set of radial and quadrupole modes which have minimum motion normal for the plane are obtained. These modes correspond to the standard dispersion relation of disk theory.
OVEJECTOR STRUCTURE IN THE HAEMONCHINAE (NEMATODA:TRICHOSTRONGYLOIDEA) OF RUMINANTS

The use of ovejector structure in the phylogeny of the Haemonchinae is hampered by differences among nematologists in the application of terminology and the recognition of homologous parts. Some workers recognize a sphincter with 2 parts, but others recognize only the proximal, rounded part of the sphincter and include the distal cylindrical part of the sphincter with the vestibule. The results of this study demonstrate that all sphincters of Haemonchinae of ruminants have 2 parts. To encourage the application of a uniform terminology to homologous parts of the ovejector, we propose the use of the terms “sphincter 1” for the rounded part and “sphincter 2” for the cylindrical part. It is hoped that clarification of the terminology for ovejectors of the Haemonchinae will provide a model useful for improving descriptions of ovejectors throughout the Trichostrongyloidea.
Localized concerns, scientific argumentation, framing, and federalism: the case of Devils Lake water diversion

A federal government system creates opportunities for proponents and opponents of environmental policy change to shift the institutional home where a policy decision is made and then invoke reasoning tailored for the new venue and to retry or reframe arguments. Content analysis of North Dakota state legislative and US Congressional committee hearings preceding authorization of an outlet connecting Devils Lake, North Dakota to the binational Hudson Bay drainage basin revealed: (1) State and federal legislators were equally likely to invoke constituents’ localized concerns in framing arguments, and (2) Scientific evidence did not hold sway in either state or federal hearings.
Haemophilus influenzae type B epiglottitis after immunization with HbOC conjugate vaccine.

Abstract Introduction: US Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) has licensed four Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib) vaccines for use in children. Haemophilus influenzae type B is by far the most common pathogen in childhood epiglottitis and it is hoped that with the introduction of the Hib vaccine that a corresponding decrease in epiglottitis cases will be appreciated. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study of all children admitted with the diagnosis of epiglottitis for the 11-year period of 1982 to 1992 was conducted in order to determine the incidence of epiglottitis and Hib vaccine failure. Fifty-nine cases were included in the study by documentation of an inflamed epiglottis. The case of Hib epiglottitis in a 4-year-old child immunized with HbOC conjugate vaccine at 18 months of age is detailed. Results: A statistically significant decrease was found in the incidence of epiglottitis since introduction of the vaccines; however, the overall trend in decrease for the 11-year period was not statistically significant. Vaccination status was difficult to accurately document with only two cases of vaccine failure identified. Conclusion: The incidence of Haemophilus influenzae type B epiglottitis at our regional Children's hospital has decreased since the introduction of the Hib vaccine. Reasons for vaccine failure are postulated.
Acetylcholine release in the pontine reticular formation of C57BL/6J mouse is modulated by non-M1 muscarinic receptors

Pontine acetylcholine (ACh) contributes to the regulation of electroencephalographic and behavioral arousal in all mammals so far investigated. The mouse is recognized as a powerful model for pharmacogenomics but the synaptic mechanisms regulating ACh release in mouse pontine reticular formation have not been characterized. Drug delivery by microdialysis was used in isoflurane-anesthetized C57BL/6J (B6) mice (n=33) to test the hypothesis that muscarinic autoreceptors modulate ACh release in the pontine reticular nucleus, oral part (PnO). Dialysis delivery of tetrodotoxin to the PnO significantly decreased ACh by 58% below control levels, confirming that measured ACh reflected neurotransmitter release. The muscarinic antagonist scopolamine increased ACh release in the PnO by 21% (3 nM), 48% (10 nM), 56% (30 nM), and 104% (100 nM). The muscarinic agonist bethanechol dialyzed into the PnO significantly decreased ACh release by 60% compared with control. Dialysis delivery of relatively subtype selective muscarinic antagonists to the PnO revealed the following order of potency for increasing ACh release: scopolamine (3 nM)>AF-DX 116 (100 nM)=pirenzepine (100 nM). These data support the conclusion that ACh release in PnO of B6 mouse is modulated by non-M1 muscarinic receptors.
Effects of methanol on autonomic thermoregulation of rats at different ambient temperatures.

Abstract To measure the effect of methanol on autonomic thermoregulation, male Fischer rats were injected intraperitoneally with saline or 1 or 3 g/kg methanol (20% w/v in saline). The rats were then placed in a chamber, set at an ambient temperature (T a ) of 5, 15, 25, or 35°C, for 60 min while total activity, metabolic rate (MR), evaporative water loss (EWL), and dry thermal conductance were measured. After 60 min, the rat was removed from the chamber and colonic temperature (T c ) was measured. The rats developed a significant hypothermia following the 3 g/kg dosage of methanol at T a 's from 5 to 25°C, while the change in T c at 35°C was not significant. Total activity decreased following 3 g/kg methanol at T a 's from 15 to 35°C. At a T a of 25°C, MR was at basal levels and methanol had no effect, but at the other T a 's, where MR was elevated, methanol caused a significant reduction in MR. EWL and thermal conductance were elevated at 35°C in control rats, and methanol reduced EWL at this T a while it had no effect on conductance at this or any other T a . These data suggest that the methanol-induced hypothermia and its depressive effect on activity and MR were related. The effect of methanol on the heat loss effectors (EWL, conductance) was not significant or was in the direction of heat conservation. Thus, methanol exposure leads to a significant hypothermia in rats by an inhibitory action on heat production pathways.
Adult Education in Science

IN view of the attention now being given to the replanning of educational systems, experiences gained in Salisbury may be of value in directing adult education of the future along needed lines.
C13 and Thomsen anisotropic parameter distributions for hydraulic fracture monitoring

AbstractMost shale reservoirs are described assuming transverse isotropy. A full characterization of such reservoirs requires the knowledge of six elastic parameters comprising, for instance, the density; P- and S-wave vertical velocities; and the three anisotropic Thomsen parameters γ, ϵ, and δ. For hydraulic fracturing monitoring purposes, the parameters ϵ and γ are typically estimated from perforation microseismic data by analyzing the variation with phase angles of the traveltimes of direct P-waves and direct SH-waves. The estimation of the Thomsen parameter δ is more challenging because most perforation microseismic data do not exhibit direct SV-waves to which the parameter δ is the most sensitive. A Bayesian inference method is proposed to estimate δ from traveltimes of secondary SV-waves observed on microseismic data. Because the interpretation of the physics underlying the observation of these secondary SV-waves is often not readily available for wellsite operations, a marginalization scheme is us...
FORECAST EVALUATION OF LIVINGSTON DATA ON INFLATION RATES AND INFLATION UNCERTAINTY

Livingston data on expected inflation rates have been used extensively in the financial literature, especially in investgating the relationship between nominal interest rates and expected inflation rates; however, the data have not been subjected to a thorough analysis of forecast accuracy. The objective of this paper is to analyze the forecast properties of Livingston data using a wide variety of time and frequency domain methods over an extended sample period and for selected subperiods.
Relational Models for Social Systems

In recent years, much attention has been focused on the construction of models for complex systems. Although many successful models of physical and biological systems have been developed, it has been found more difficult to model large social systems. Much of the difficulty can be attributed to the attempt to use functional models adapted from the physical sciences that are not suitable for the essentially relational context of social systems. If specifically relational models are used, it becomes possible to capture much of the complexity missed by functional models. Guidelines for the use of relational models for social systems are proposed, and several widely used relational models are described and evaluated.
Elevated Imposed Work of Breathing Masquerading as Ventilator Weaning Intolerance

Objective To test the hypothesis that, if apparent ventilatory insufficiency observed during a weaning or preextubation trial is due to a significant contribution of imposed work of the endotracheal tube and breathing apparatus (WOBImp), and the patient's actual physiologic work of breathing (WOBphys) is not excessive, it should be possible to extubate these patients safely. Design Prospective descriptive study. Setting University hospital trauma intensive care unit. Patients: A total of 28 (17% of all ventilated patients) adults intubated for 48 h or longer, who developed tachypnea (40±9 breaths/min) but whose blood gas exchange met predefined extubation criteria, were evaluated over a 3-month period. Interventions Using a microprocessor-based monitor (Bicore Monitoring Systems Inc, Irvine, Calif) total patient work of breathing (WOBTOT) was determined by integrating the change in intraesophageal pressure with tidal volume measured with a miniature pneumotachograph positioned at the airway opening. If the patient's WOBTOT was equal to or greater than 0.8 J/L, WOBImp was determined by integrating the changes in carinal pressures with tidal volume. If neither the patient's WOBTOT or WOBphys was excessively greater than that of spontaneous breathing at rest ( ie , Measurements and results Breathing frequency, peak inspiratory flow rate (PIFR), auto-Peep (PEEPa), dynamic compliance (CDXN) WOBTOT, WOBImp, resistance to expiratory airway flow (RAWE) were measured, and WOBphys calculated (WOBTOT minus WOBImp). The means and SDs were calculated, and data were analyzed by unpaired t test and linear regression. Six patients (5%) were found to have WOBTOT of ie , Conclusion Increased WOBTOT may be misinterpreted as a patient failure ( ie , tachypnea) and weaning halted or extubation not done, prolonging intubation. The ability to measure the contribution of WOBImp to WOBTOT can identify those patients who may be safely extubated when WOBphys (WOBTOT minus WOBImp) is acceptable and the apparent ventilatory insuffiency is related to significant WOBImp.