cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Toluene and Ethylbenzene Aliphatic C-H Bond Oxidations Initiated by a Dicopper(II)-μ-1,2-Peroxo Complex

With an anisole-containing polypyridylamine potential tetradentate ligand OL, a μ-1,2-peroxo-dicopper(II) complex [{OLCuII}2(O22−)]2+ forms from the reaction of the mononuclear compound [CuI(OL)(MeCN)]B(C6F5)4 (OLCuI) with O2 in noncoordinating solvents at −80 °C. Thermal decay of this peroxo complex in the presence of toluene or ethylbenzene leads to rarely seen C−H activation chemistry; benzaldehyde and acetophenone/1-phenylethanol mixtures, respectively, are formed. Experiments with 18O2 confirm that the oxygen source in the products is molecular O2 and deuterium labeling experiments indicate kH/kD = 7.5 ± 1 for the toluene oxygenation. The O2-reaction of [CuI(BzL)(CH3CN)]+ (BzLCuI) leads to a dicopper(III)-bis-μ-oxo species [{BzLCuIII}2(μ-O2−)2]2+ at −80 °C, and from such solutions, very similar toluene oxygenation chemistry occurs. Ligand BzL is a tridentate chelate, possessing the same moiety found in OL, but without the anisole O-atom donor. In these contexts, the nature of the oxidant species in o...
Ultrastructural characterization and Fourier analysis of fiber cell cytoplasm in the hyperbaric oxygen treated guinea pig lens opacification model.

The structural characteristics of differentiated fiber cells in control and hyperbaric oxygen (HBO)-treated guinea pig lenses were examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Emphasis was placed on cell damage, membrane integrity, and cytoplasmic texture. Given the faint gross opacities observed in HBO-treated lenses in previous studies, it was hypothesized that subtle but significant morphological differences due to oxidative damage exist between control and treated animals. Experimental animals received either 70 or 85 treatments with HBO (2·5 atm of 100% O2 for 2·5 hr, 3 times per week for 5 ‐7 months). All specimens were obtained within 24 hr of death. Freshly cut Vibratome lens sections were fixed and processed for low and high-magnification thin-section TEM analysis. Cytoplasmic texture was analyzed using Fourier and autocorrelation image processing techniques. Low-magnification analysis revealed relatively insignificant differences in general appearance between the fiber cells of the inner fetal and embryonic nuclei in control and HBO-treated guinea pigs. Both groups demonstrated cells of similar morphology with equivalent membrane complexity and homogeneous cytoplasmic texture. Evidence of any major cellular damage or extracellular space debris was not obvious. High-magnification analysis of the cytoplasm of the treated lenses exhibited a mild, yet detectable increase in texture compared with controls and was confirmed by Fourier analysis. Cytoplasmic texture increased in complexity with additional treatments. The absence of major cellular damage in the lenses of HBO-treated animals suggests a less conspicuous source of light scattering. The small changes in cytoplasmic organization observed between treated and control animals may entirely account for the increase in nuclear light scattering observed by slit lamp. The results obtained with this guinea pig/HBO model parallel many of the morphological data associated with human nuclear cataracts. The high-angle scattering observed in the lens of the HBO-treated guinea pig may represent the type of cytoplasmic reorganization that occurs with mild oxidation, effectively making it a valuable model for human lens aging. q 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Development of a culture medium for growing xenopus laevis oocytes

A defined medium for growing defolliculated Xenopus laevis oocytes was developed by monitoring vitellogenin incorporation. Optimum conditions were acheived by use of 50% Liebovitz L-15 medium supplemented with 1 mM L-glutamine, 15 mM Hepes, 5 mg/ml vitellogenin, and 1 ..mu..g/ml insulin (final pH = 7.8). Stage IV/V oocytes remained morphologically normal in this medium for at least two weeks and grew at an average rate of 0.25 mm/sup 3/ per week. This is the first time defolliculated Xenopus laevis oocytes have been grown in vitro.
Teraflops and other false goals

The High-Performance Computing and Communications program has been attacked for having vague and dubious goals. Partly because of this perception, 65 members of the House of Representatives cast votes against extending it. We need concrete measures of HPCC progress without such narrowly defined goals. Measuring performance by high flops rates, speedup, and hardware efficiency can take us further from the solution to scientific problems, not closer. This paradox is especially pronounced for "Grand Challenge" and "teraflops computing". The author considers how we need a practical way to define and communicate ends-based performance of an application, not means-based measures such as teraflops or double precision. Human productivity issues such as development time and cost and the quality of the knowledge we obtain should be the basis of our performance metrics. >
An adaptive evidence weighting method for medical record search

In this paper, we present a medical record search system which is useful for identifying cohorts required in clinical studies. In particular, we propose a query-adaptive weighting method that can dynamically aggregate and score evidence in multiple medical reports (from different hospital departments or from different tests within the same department) of a patient. Furthermore, we explore several informative features for learning our retrieval model.
Attribute selection using information gain for a fuzzy logic intrusion detection system

In the modern realm of information technology, data mining and fuzzy logic are often used as effective tools in the development of novel intrusion detection systems. This paper describes an intrusion detection system that effectively deploys both techniques and uses the concept of information gain to guide the attribute selection process. The advantage of this approach is that it provides a computationally efficient solution that helps reduce the overhead associated with the data mining process. Experimental results obtained with a prototype system implementation show promising opportunities for improving the overall detection performance of our intrusion detection system.
Prosthetic evaluation of patients who have received irradiation to the head and neck regions

Abstract The dentist must understand the effect of radiation on oral tissues, as well as the possible complications, before contemplating dentures for patients who have received radiotherapy to the head and neck region. Generally, no dentures should be constructed for a minimum of one year following irradiation. A thorough review must be made of the nature of the patient's radiation therapy. A meticulous oral examination must be performed, the dentures must be constructed in a nontraumatic manner using certain special precautions, and an active follow-up system must be established. The patient must completely understand the nature of the program, and the possible complications that may develop.
Regional and strain variation in brain 3′∶5′ cyclic adenosine monophosphate of inbred mice

Regional variations were found in cAMP levels in flash frozen mouse brains with the pons and cerebellum having higher levels than the cerebrum. There were also strain variations with CBA/J and BALB/cJ having higher levels than C57B1/6J in the pons and cerebellum.
Pulsed laser deposition of zeolite NaX thin films on silica fibers

Thin films of zeolite NaX have been prepared on the silica fibers via pulsed laser deposition (PLD) for the first time. Laser ablation of as-synthesized NaX onto silica fibers followed by a post hydrothermal treatment results in partially oriented NaX membranes on the silica fibers. A ∼5 μm thick film was obtained when hydrothermally treated the PLD thin film for 9 h.
Differential profiling of volatile organic compound biomarker signatures utilizing a logical statistical filter-set and novel hybrid evolutionary classifiers

A growing body of discoveries in molecular signatures has revealed that volatile organic compounds (VOCs), the small molecules associated with an individual's odor and breath, can be monitored to reveal the identity and presence of a unique individual, as well their overall physiological status. Given the analysis requirements for differential VOC profiling via gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, our group has developed a novel informatics platform, Metabolite Differentiation and Discovery Lab (MeDDL). In its current version, MeDDL is a comprehensive tool for time-series spectral registration and alignment, visualization, comparative analysis, and machine learning to facilitate the efficient analysis of multiple, large-scale biomarker discovery studies. The MeDDL toolset can therefore identify a large differential subset of registered peaks, where their corresponding intensities can be used as features for classification. This initial screening of peaks yields results sets that are typically too large for incorporation into a portable, electronic nose based system in addition to including VOCs that are not amenable to classification; consequently, it is also important to identify an optimal subset of these peaks to increase classification accuracy and to decrease the cost of the final system. MeDDL's learning tools include a classifier similar to a K-nearest neighbor classifier used in conjunction with a genetic algorithm (GA) that simultaneously optimizes the classifier and subset of features. The GA uses ROC curves to produce classifiers having maximal area under their ROC curve. Experimental results on over a dozen recognition problems show many examples of classifiers and feature sets that produce perfect ROC curves.
Comparative genomic analysis of teleost fish bmal genes.

Bmal1 (Brain and muscle ARNTlike 1) gene is a key circadian clock gene. Tetrapods also have the second Bmal gene, Bmal2. Fruit fly has only one bmal1/cycle gene. Interrogation of the five teleost fish genome sequences coupled with phylogenetic and splice site analyses found that zebrafish have two bmal1 genes, bmal1a and bmal1b, and bmal2a; Japanese pufferfish (fugu), green spotted pufferfish (tetraodon) and Japanese medaka fish each have two bmal2 genes, bmal2a and bmal2b, and bmal1a; and three-spine stickleback have bmal1a and bmal2b. Syntenic analysis further indicated that zebrafish bmal1a/bmal1b, and fugu, tetraodon and medaka bmal2a/bmal2b are ancient duplicates. Although the dN/dS ratios of these four fish bmal duplicates are all <1, implicating they have been under purifying selection, the Tajima relative rate test showed that fugu, tetraodon and medaka bmal2a/bmal2b have asymmetric evolutionary rates, suggesting that one of these duplicates have been subject to positive selection or relaxed functional constraint. These results support the notion that teleost fish bmal genes were derived from the fish-specific genome duplication (FSGD), divergent resolution following the duplication led to retaining different ancient bmal duplicates in different fishes, which could have shaped the evolution of the complex teleost fish timekeeping mechanisms.
High throughput multiplexed method for evaluation of enantioselective performance of chiral selectors by HPLC-ESI-MS and dynamic titration: cinchona alkaloid carbamates discriminating N-blocked amino acids.

Because of the generally different interaction of enantiomers with biological systems, there has been an ever increasing demand for artificial highly enantioselective systems that can facilitate separation processes involved in the research and development of enantiomerically pure drugs. Such systems may be discovered by large-scale screening of compound libraries which warrants rapid and cost-efficient screening methods. Here, we demonstrate enantioselectivity determination for systems of cinchona alkaloid carbamates and N-blocked amino acids using HPLC-MS and the recently developed dynamic titration technique (Frycak P, Schug KA. Anal Chem 2008;80:1385-1393). A mixture of nine N-blocked amino acids (either D or L enantiomers) was separated on a reversed-phase column with cinchona alkaloid carbamates added postcolumn. Dissociation constants of the observed noncovalent complexes were determined from the HPLC-MS data. Enantioselectivity was then calculated from the dissociation constants, pointing out the best performing systems. For these systems, apparent dissociation constants were measured for the whole range of enantiomeric composition and were shown to obey a proposed theoretical model. Chirality, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Monetary policy, exchange rates, and investment in a Keynesian economy

Abstract This paper embeds in an otherwise conventional macroeconomic model the assumption of rational investment decisions, in a world in which investment goods can be imported. Expansionary ,monetary policy will lead to a reduction in domestic investment if (i) the share of imports in total investment expenditure is high enough, and (ii) Keynesian, nominal price rigidities vanish slowly enough. Expansionary fiscal policy tends to ‘crowd in’ domestic investment.
Effects of model errors on signal reconstruction using a sensor array

Sensor arrays are frequently used to separate and reconstruct superimposed signals arriving from different directions. The authors study the effect of model errors, i.e., differences between the assumed and actual array response, on the quality of the reconstructed signals. Model errors are the limiting factor of array performance when the observation time is sufficiently long. A signal estimation technique is analyzed which is based on the multiple signal classification (MUSIC) algorithm. Formulas are derived for the signal-to-interference and signal-to-noise ratios as a function of the model errors. >
Cognitive Adaptation and Self-Consistency in Hearing-Impaired Older Persons: Testing Roy’s Adaptation Model:

This study, based on constructs from Roy's adaptation model, examined the relationship between cognitive adaptation processes and self-consistency in hearing-impaired elders (N = 130). Data were collected through survey questionnaires. Major research hypotheses were formulated and tested. Results of this study supported Roy's theoretical proposition of cognitive adaptation processes and their role in the maintenance of self-consistency. Three cognitive processes (clear focus and methods, knowing awareness, and self-perception) significantly contributed to the maintenance of self-consistency. Understanding these cognitive processes helps nurses to promote effective adaptation in older persons.
Electrophysiological correlates of the behavioral effects of tubocurarine in conscious cats.

The effects of tubocurarine on behavior, electrical activity, and auditory evoked potentials were studied in restrained conscious cats. Tubocurarine hydrochloride (doses of 0.05–1 μg intraventricularly) produced various central stimulatory effects characterized by EEG desynchronization, decrease in both low (7–9 Hz) and high (10–14 Hz) alpha waves, and decrease in the amplitude and area of the surfacepositive (P1) wave of auditory evoked potentials. Concomitant with the alterations in brain electrical activity tubocurarine hydrochloride produced generalized behavioral arousal phenomena and the cats became restless and exhibited miaowing and increased movement of the head and ears. Almost all parameters except behavior showed a distinct dose-response relationship. A correlation between the behavioral effects and the EEG analog was thus demonstrated.
A year of chronic TMPDS: evaluating patients' pain patterns.

Drs. Karen G. Raphael and Joseph J. Marbach chronicle the pain experienced by a study sample suffering from temporomandibular pain and dysfunction syndrome in “A Year of Chronic TMPDS: Evaluating Patients’ Pain Patterns.” In 136 women with TMPDS observed for one year, pain was highly variable. No respondent had a consistent pattern of pain increase or decrease.
The Human Gut Microbiome and Body Metabolism: Implications for Obesity and Diabetes

Background: Obesity, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes are major public health challenges. Recently, interest has surged regarding the possible role of the intestinal microbiota as potential novel contributors to the increased prevalence of these 3 disorders. Content: Recent advances in microbial DNA sequencing technologies have resulted in the widespread application of whole-genome sequencing technologies for metagenomic DNA analysis of complex ecosystems such as the human gut. Current evidence suggests that the gut microbiota affect nutrient acquisition, energy harvest, and a myriad of host metabolic pathways. Conclusion: Advances in the Human Microbiome Project and human metagenomics research will lead the way toward a greater understanding of the importance and role of the gut microbiome in metabolic disorders such as obesity, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes.
Regulation of Pluripotency by RNA Binding Proteins

Establishment, maintenance, and exit from pluripotency require precise coordination of a cell's molecular machinery. Substantial headway has been made in deciphering many aspects of this elaborate system, particularly with respect to epigenetics, transcription, and noncoding RNAs. Less attention has been paid to posttranscriptional regulatory processes such as alternative splicing, RNA processing and modification, nuclear export, regulation of transcript stability, and translation. Here, we introduce the RNA binding proteins that enable the posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression, summarizing current and ongoing research on their roles at different regulatory points and discussing how they help script the fate of pluripotent stem cells.
Nonlinear Static Model Simulation Of The Fixation Disparity Curve

A nonlinear static interactive dual feedback model, containing deadspace operators reprresentingthe depth of field and Panum's fusional area, was developed to examine the effect of parameter variations on closed-loop fixation disparity. Four equations for fixation disparity were derived corresponding to the four combinations of deadspace operator outputs. It was found that the simulated fixation disparity lines separated into 2 pairs, with one pair for positive (exo) and the other for negative (eso) disparity. The curved shape of the experimental fixation disparity plot was found to be the result of the continual transition from the large-PFA exo line, through medium and then to small-PFA exo lines as BO vergence stimulus decreased. It then crossed over to the small-PFA eso line, continuing through the medium and finally the largePFA eso line as BI vergence increased.
Climate Change and Levels of Violence in Socially Disadvantaged Neighborhood Groups

The current study examines the link between climate change and neighborhood levels of violence using 20 years of monthly climatic and crime data from St. Louis, MO, USA. St. Louis census tracts are aggregated in neighborhood groups of similar levels of social disadvantage, after which each group is subjected to time series analysis. Findings suggest that neighborhoods with higher levels of social disadvantage are very likely to experience higher levels of violence as a result of anomalously warm temperatures. The 20 % of most disadvantaged neighborhoods in St. Louis, MO, USA are predicted to experience over half of the climate change-related increase in cases of violence. These results provide further evidence that the health impacts of climate change are proportionally higher among populations that are already at high risk and underscore the need to comprehensively address climate change.
On the Response of Neurons to Sinusoidal Current Stimuli: Phase Response Curves and Phase-Locking

A powerful technique for analyzing mathematical models for biological oscillators is to reduce them to phase models, with a single variable describing the phase of the oscillation with respect to some reference state. From this reduction, one obtains the oscillator's phase response curve (PRC), which determines its response to weak stimuli. In this paper, we show how properties of the PRC determine the parameter regimes for which the response of an oscillator is phase-locked to a sinusoidal stimulus. Furthermore, we show how knowledge of an oscillator's phase-locking behavior can be used to deduce useful properties of the PRC. Our focus is on neural oscillators described by conductance-based models and stimulated by a sinusoidal current, although the results are expected to be relevant to other biological oscillators.
FinFETs: From Devices to Architectures

Since Moore’s law driven scaling of planar MOSFETs faces formidable challenges in the nanometer regime, FinFETs and Trigate FETs have emerged as their successors. Owing to the presence of multiple (two/three) gates, FinFETs/Trigate FETs are able to tackle short-channel effects (SCEs) better than conventional planar MOSFETs at deeply scaled technology nodes and thus enable continued transistor scaling. In this paper, we review research on FinFETs from the bottommost device level to the topmost architecture level. We survey different types of FinFETs, various possible FinFET asymmetries and their impact, and novel logic-level and architecture-level tradeoffs offered by FinFETs. We also review analysis and optimization tools that are available for characterizing FinFET devices, circuits, and architectures.
Multieffector-Functional Immune Responses of HMBPP-Specific Vγ2Vδ2 T Cells in Nonhuman Primates Inoculated with Listeria monocytogenes ΔactA prfA*

Although Listeria monocytogenes can induce systemic infection causing spontaneous abortion, septicemia, and meningitis, studies have not been performed to investigate human anti-L. monocytogenes immune responses, including those of Ag-specific Vγ2Vδ2 T cells, a dominant human γδ T cell subset. L. monocytogenes is the only pathogen known to possess both the mevalonate and non-mevalonate isoprenoid biosynthesis pathways that produce metabolic phosphates or phosphoantigens activating human Vγ2Vδ2 T cells, making it interesting to explore in vivo anti-L. monocytogenes immune responses of Vγ2Vδ2 T cells. In this study, we demonstrated that subclinical systemic L. monocytogenes infection of rhesus macaques via parenteral inoculation or vaccination with an attenuated Listeria strain induced multieffector-functional immune responses of phosphoantigen-specific Vγ2Vδ2 T cells. Subclinical systemic infection and reinfection with attenuated L. monocytogenes uncovered the ability of Vγ2Vδ2 T cells to mount expansion and adaptive or recall-like expansion. Expanded Vγ2Vδ2 T cells could traffic to and accumulate in the pulmonary compartment and intestinal mucosa. Expanded Vγ2Vδ2 T cells could evolve into effector cells producing IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-4, IL-17, or perforin after L. monocytogenes infection, and some effector Vγ2Vδ2 T cells could coproduce IL-17 and IFN-γ, IL-4 and IFN-γ, or TNF-α and perforin. Surprisingly, in vivo-expanded Vγ2Vδ2 T effector cells in subclinical L. monocytogenes infection could directly lyse L. monocytogenes-infected target cells and inhibit intracellular L. monocytogenes bacteria. Thus, we present the first demonstration, to our knowledge, of multieffector-functional Vγ2Vδ2 T cell responses against L. monocytogenes.
Perinatal management of fetal supraventricular tachycardia complicated by maternal pertussis

Prenatal pertussis has become a concern once again with the reappearance of the disease in the USA. A 30-year-old mother whose pregnancy was complicated with fetal arrhythmia was referred for further evaluation in the third trimester. After initial treatment with antiarrhythmic medications due to continued irregular rhythm, she was revisited for persistent hacking cough at 38 weeks gestational age. PCR examination confirmed pertussis diagnosis. Owing to increased risk of digoxin toxicity with concurrent antibiotic administration, antiarrhythmic medication was discontinued. Delivery was induced 2 days after the initiation of azithromycin therapy to prevent the transmission of the disease to the neonate. A well-planned delivery in a patient with prenatal diagnosis prevents neonatal infection while considering the obstetrical dilemma for concurrent management of the intrauterine arrhythmia and antibiotic administration.
Statistical Verification for Complex Controllers with Applications to Unmanned Aircraft

Research in advanced control has had limited impact on real-world applications. We believe a principal cause is that the computational and performance properties of complex controllers cannot be feasibly analyzed using traditional (i.e., deterministic) verification and validation techniques. Statistical methods present an alternative. We discuss how extensions of statistical learning theory can provide rigorous estimates of reliability. Applications to computational tractability (e.g., under what conditions can we be assured that an iterative control calculation will terminate within an allocated time interval?) and critical performance aspects (e.g., under what conditions can high-performance maneuvers be successfully executed?) are presented. The applications pertain to new unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) that are designed for urban environments.
Analysis of Human Follistatin Structure: Identification of Two Discontinuous N-Terminal Sequences Coding for Activin A Binding and Structural Consequences of Activin Binding to Native Proteins*

A primary physiological function of follistatin is the binding and neutralization of activin, a transforming growth factor-beta family growth factor, and loss of function mutations are lethal. Despite the critical biological importance of follistatin's neutralization of activin, the structural basis of activin's binding to follistatin is poorly understood. The purposes of these studies were 1) to identify the primary sequence(s) within the N-terminal domain of the follistatin coding for activin binding, and 2) to determine whether activin binding to the native protein causes changes in other structural domains of follistatin. Synthetic peptide mimotopes identified within a 63-residue N-terminal domain two discontinuous sequences capable of binding labeled activin A. The first is located in a region (amino acids 3-26) of follistatin, a site previously identified by directed mutagenesis as important for activin binding. The second epitope, predicted to be located between amino acids 46 and 59, is newly identified. Although the sequences 3-26 and 46-59 code for activin binding, native follistatin only binds activin if disulfide bonding is intact. Furthermore, pyridylethylation of Cys residues followed by N-terminal sequencing and amino acid analysis revealed that all of the Cys residues in follistatin are involved in disulfide bonds and lack reactive free sulfhydryl groups. Specific ligands were used to probe the structural effects of activin binding on the other domains of the full-length molecule, comprised largely of the three 10-Cys follistatin module domains. No effects on ligand binding to follistatin-like module I or II were observed after the binding of activin A to native protein. In contrast, activin binding diminished recognition of domain III and enhanced that of the C domain by their respective monoclonal antibody probes, indicating an alteration of the antigenic structures of these regions. Thus, subsequent to activin binding, interactions are likely to occur between regions of follistatin located in different domains and separated by considerable lengths of linear sequence. Such interactions could have important functional significance with respect to the structural heterogeneity of naturally occurring follistatins.
Computational discovery of sense-antisense transcription in the human and mouse genomes

Background: Overlapping but oppositely oriented transcripts have the potential to form senseantisense perfect double-stranded (ds) RNA duplexes. Over recent years, the number and variety of examples of mammalian gene-regulatory phenomena in which endogenous dsRNA duplexes have been proposed or demonstrated to participate has greatly increased. These include genomic imprinting, RNA interference, translational regulation, alternative splicing, X-inactivation and RNA editing. We computationally mined public mouse and human expressed sequence tag (EST) databases to search for additional examples of bidirectionally transcribed genomic regions. Results: Our bioinformatics approach identified over 217 candidate overlapping transcriptional units, almost all of which are novel. From experimental validation of a subset of our predictions by orientation-specific RT-PCR, we estimate that our methodology has a specificity of 84% or greater. In many cases, regions of sense-antisense overlap within the 5´- or 3´-untranslated regions of a given transcript correlate with genomic patterns of mouse-human conservation. Conclusions: Our results, in conjunction with the literature, bring the total number of predicted and validated examples of overlapping but oppositely oriented transcripts to over 300. Several of these cases support the hypothesis that a subset of the instances of substantial mouse-human conservation in the 5´ and 3´ UTRs of transcripts might be explained in part by functionality of an overlapping transcriptional unit.
Sinus surgery in patients with previously repaired cerebrospinal fluid leaks.

Objective To explore surgical technique and outcomes of revision endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) in patients with previously repaired cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks. Design A case series of 13 patients with previously repaired iatrogenic CSF leaks who underwent revision ESS for recurrent sinus disease; a review of the preoperative workup, intraoperative findings, and postoperative outcomes. Setting Two academic medical centers. Patients Patients were included if they had a history of previously repaired skull base defect and iatrogenic CSF leak in the vicinity of the planned revision ESS. Interventions Revision ESS was performed in the vicinity of the previously repaired CSF leak. Dissection was carefully performed to avoid a recurrent CSF leak. Main Outcome Measures Preoperative workup, intraoperative findings, surgical technique, and complications were reviewed. Results The study population consisted of 7 men and 6 women. Surgical navigation was used for all cases. Intrathecal fluorescein was not used in any case. In no instances was an active preexisting CSF leak identified or a new leak created. No minor or major postoperative complications arose in any of the study patients. All patients were discharged home within 24 hours. The mean (SD) follow-up was 26.0 (16.7) months. Conclusions Previous skull base injury with CSF leak is not a contraindication to revision ESS. Safe ESS in this setting can be performed and may be recommended to such patients with symptomatic recurrence of their sinus disease.
Dermatology: Diseases and Therapy

Dermatology: Diseases and Treatment provides the busy clinician with an organized, condensed and practical approach to the patient with a skin problem. It includes the elements of diagnosis for hundreds of the most common cutaneous problems and provides recommendations for the management of these conditions. Also included are detailed descriptions of the most commonly used medications in dermatology today.
Three-Dimensional Source Imaging From Simultaneously Recorded ERP and BOLD-fMRI

We present the 3-D EEG source images reconstructed by using the minimum norm least square (MNLS) method in combination with the functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) statistical parametric mapping. For a group of five normal subjects, electroencephalogram (EEG) and fMRI signals responding to the full-view checkerboard pattern-reversal visual stimulation were recorded simultaneously and separately. The electrical activities in V1/V2 and V5 were successfully imaged in the N75-P100-N145 and P100-N145 components, respectively. The present results demonstrate the merits of high-resolution spatiotemporal functional neuroimaging by integrating the simultaneously recorded fMRI and EEG data.
Improved modeling of electrically exploded fuse opening switches in flux compression generator experiments

Summary form only given, as follows. A computational model of exploding metallic foil behavior has previously been used to design and analyze a wide range of experiments in which exploding metallic foils and fuse opening switches were driven by the output current of capacitor banks and magnetic flux compression generators. With some caveats, the original model successfully predicted and postdicted observations in experiments where the peak foil current ranged from 1 kA-16 MA and foil conduction times ranged from 200 ns 300 microsec. However, apparent inaccuracies in the constitutive relations (temperature- and density-dependent equations-of-state and electrical resistivity) limited the accuracy of the modeling. Recently developed constitutive property models offer the hope of improved modeling. Using constitutive relations developed in Russia and at Sandia, the CONFUSE code has been used to re-examine the Ranchero and ALT- 1 experiments that used flux compression generators delivering 25-35 MA and 34 MA, respectively, to an electrically exploded fuse opening switch. The results of the modeling are discussed.
Paleomagnetic evidence for oroclinal bending of the southern Antarctic Peninsula

Paleomagnetic results from the investigation of 13 magnetically stable units (92 oriented rock samples) of Upper Cretaceous (“Andean”) plutons and dikes from the Orville Coast and eastern Ellsworth Land, Antarctica, define a mean direction of magnetization of I = −77°, D = 51° (α 95 = 5.9°), with a paleomagnetic pole at 71°S, 165°W. The sampled units were emplaced after the Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous intense folding associated with subduction along the western side of the Antarctic Peninsula. In addition, all sampled intrusive rocks are normally magnetized and are believed to have been emplaced during the Late Cretaceous period of predominantly normal polarity. There is no evidence of post-emplacement remagnetization. Unlike rocks from other Andean paleomagnetic collecting localities on the Antarctic Peninsula, whose mean declinations are oriented approximately north, the mean declination of samples from the Orville Coast and eastern Ellsworth Land is rotated 51° clockwise from north. Uncertainty in declination at the 95% confidence level (δ 95 ) is ±27°. The data support the conclusion that the southern bend of the S-shaped Antarctic Peninsula was formed after Late Cretaceous time. Early Tertiary right-lateral transform faulting across the base of the Antarctic Peninsula may have produced this major oroclinal bend. Data from four localities (21 samples; I = −79°, D = 30°, α 95 = 4.3°) in Upper Jurassic(?) massive rhyodacite porphyry lava flows in the northern part of the area are similar to those of the Andean igneous rocks. Although the evidence is not conclusive, it seems most probable that the porphyry was magnetically reset by Late Cretaceous plutonism.
Indirect influence and divergent thinking as a function of member status and task structure in small groups

A laboratory experiment examined the effect of confederate status and task structure on group members' use of the confederate's problem solving strategies (private/indirect influence) and divergent thinking. Twenty-eight three-member, all-female groups, with an experimental confederate acting as one of the group members, solved an open-structured or closed-structured logic problem. The confederate, randomly assigned to be higher-, lower-, or of undesignated-status, presented a scripted but unique solution to the group while solving the task. Lower-status confederates and open-structured tasks, relative to higher-status confederates and closed-structured tasks, had more private, indirect influence on group members and caused more divergent thinking. We discuss the implications of these findings for group dynamics and social influence literatures. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Post-bone marrow transplant use of immunotherapy

A wealth of information demonstrating the graft-vs.-leukemia (GVL) or graftvs.-tumor (GVT) effect following allogeneic bone marrow transplant (BMT) has accumulated over the past few decades and suggests that immune mechanisms are important for eradication of residual disease in the recipient [1–3]. The lack of GVT effect after autologous BMT (ABMT), along with reinfusion of clonogenic tumor cells with the autologous graft, may be responsible for the increased relapse rate seen after ABMT as compared to allogeneic BMT [4]. Due to dose-limiting nonhematological toxicities of current autologous BMT preparative regimens, innovative therapeutic modalities are needed. Posttransplant immunotherapy provides an attractive strategy.
Convective Contaminant Transport to Pumping Well

Travel time of a contaminant from the water table to a well screen, and its concentration at the well screen at given time intervals, can be determined through a radially symmetric, idealized flow system. Dimensionless flow nets that describe the plug flow of the contaminant are developed through analysis of the two-dimensional radial continuity equation in conjunction with a finite-element simulation of the potential distribution. Results of the study are dimensionless type curves that can be used to calculate travel times and concentrations of the contaminant under a multitude of conditions, for well screens that partially penetrate a small percentage of the aquifer thickness.
Power flow optimization methods for distribution systems

Two power flow optimization methods for distribution systems are presented. Both methods provide local and global Volt-Ampere Reactive (VAR) control approaches to minimize the power loss in a single branch radial distribution system while maintaining the voltage variation in the line within constrained values. The first one referred to as Optimum uses all data required to produce optimum results, under the assumption that a Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) is fully available. Given that some power distribution systems lack the proper SCADA communication infrastructure to support the monitoring of large amounts of data; the second one referred to as Simplified excludes one of the optimization variables reducing the amount of data required to operate. The performance of these two optimization methods is compared in terms of power savings and voltage variation. In terms of power savings, simulation results indicate that the Optimum method performs better than the Simplified method by approximately 1%; this result observed for both global and local approaches. Simulation results also indicate that the voltage variation can be kept within the same margins regardless of the approach used.
Amniotic fluid, epinephrine, and norepinephrine. I. Comparison between the human and baboon.

Abstract Comparisons were made of amniotic fluid amines (epinephrine [E] and norepinephrine [NE]) between 9 baboons and 8 human subjects. No significant difference was noted between baboon and human amniotic fluid NE when equated as micrograms of amines per milligram of creatinine. Values for E were significantly different, with 1.55 μg per milligram of creatinine observed in baboons as contrasted to 0.27 μg per milligram creatinine in the human subject. The E/NE ratios in the human subjects were 1.23 as compared to 4.34 in the baboon. The baboon fetus produces 6 times more E and twice as much NE than the human fetus. It can be inferred that the development of the adrenal gland and its innervation in the baboon fetus is more complete than in the human fetus, since higher levels of E are found in the baboon. The more mature adrenal gland in the baboon may be related to the mobilization of these stress hormones for a necessary homeostatic mechanism after birth.
Evaluation of body surface area (BSA) based dosing, age, and body composition as factors affecting the pharmacokinetic (PK) variability of STEALTH liposomal doxorubicin (Doxil)

C107 Introduction: The prescribed dose of anticancer agents is most commonly calculated using body surface area (BSA) as the only independent variable; however, it has been shown that this approach still results in large interpatient variability in drug exposure. Baker et.al, reported that BSA should not be used in dose calculations of several anticancer agents and that alternative dosing strategies should be evaluated (JNCI’02). The dose of STEALTH liposomal doxorubicin (Doxil) is also based on BSA. However, using BSA based dosing for Doxil still results in significant interpatient variability in plasma exposure. We previously reported that patients (pts) ≥ 60 years old (yo) have a reduced clearance (CL) of STEALTH liposomal CKD-602 (S-CKD602), a camptothecin analogue, compared with pts
Mogamulizumab for the treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma: recent advances and clinical potential

Mogamulizumab (KW-0761) is a humanized immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) monoclonal antibody (mAb) that targets CC chemokine receptor 4 (CCR4). It has shown promising therapeutic potential in phase I and II clinical trials and is currently being investigated for efficacy in treating cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL). We review the mechanism of action of mogamulizumab and its role in treating CTCL. We also discuss the results of major clinical trials.
Preferred Grain Quantity and Insect Density for Maize Weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Interaction Studies

An experiment was conducted to investigate main and interactive effects of maize weevil (MW), Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky, density, maize, Zea mays L., kernel density, and oviposition period on MW oviposition, progeny production, and maize damage, to determine the smallest number of maize kernels and MW and minimum oviposition period necessary to optimize MW responses in factorial experiments. Two maize genotypes were also included to investigate a possible genotype influence on selected MW and maize densities and length of oviposition period. Four female/male densities, two maize genotypes (one susceptible and one resistant to MW feeding), three oviposition periods, and four kernel densities were tested. Results confirmed that weevils should be held on ≥40 kernels to obtain the largest response in eggs and progeny per female and grain weight loss regardless of weevil density. However, only two females and one male per vial were necessary for determining effect of maize kernel density, genotype, and length of oviposition period on MW biology. At least six females and three males per vial were needed to determine total amount of damage to maize. It was determined that weevils should be allowed to oviposit for ≥21 d.
Variability in the Patellar Attachment of the Medial Patellofemoral Ligament

Purpose To describe and quantify the variability of the attachments of the medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL). Methods Thirty-three cadaveric knees were dissected, and the MPFL was identified from the articular side after anterior reflection of the extensor mechanism and removal of the synovium. The width of the MPFL at its femoral origin and anterior attachment was measured using digital calipers once by 1 examiner. The percentage of fibers that attached to the patella versus the quadriceps tendon was calculated relative to the width of the total attachment. The length of the MPFL fibers was measured from the femoral origin to (1) the patella and (2) the quadriceps tendon and compared using paired t tests. Results Four knees had no identifiable MPFL fibers, and 1 was excluded because of the presence of osteophytes. In 28 knees, the mean width of the MPFL was 10.7 ± 1.8 mm at the femoral origin and 30.4 ± 5.5 mm at the patellar attachment. One knee had all MPFL fibers attaching to the patella, and another had all fibers attaching to the quadriceps tendon. The remainder had attachments to both structures, with 57.3% ± 19.5% (range, 0% to 100%) of fibers attaching to the patella. Mean length of the MPFL fibers was 62.6 ± 5.2 mm from the femoral origin to the patella and 69.7 ± 5.5 mm from the femoral origin to the quadriceps tendon (7.1-mm difference; P Conclusions MPFL fibers vary in their width and percentage of attachments to the patella and quadriceps tendon. Further studies are needed to identify the appropriate fixation points to re-create the anatomy and isometry of the MPFL during reconstruction for patellar stabilization. Clinical Relevance Variability in the anatomy of the MPFL suggests that optimal anatomic graft placement may vary during reconstruction of this ligament.
Finding groups with maximum betweenness centrality

In this paper we consider the problem of identifying the most influential or centralgroup of nodes of some predefined size in a network. Such a group has the largest value of betweenness centrality or one of its variants, for example, the length-scaled or the bounded-distance betweenness centralities. We demonstrate that this problem can be modelled as a mixed integer program MIP that can be solved for reasonably sized network instances using off-the-shelf MIP solvers. We also discuss interesting relations between the group betweenness and the bounded-distance betweenness centrality concepts. In particular, we exploit these relations in an algorithmic scheme to identify approximate solutions for the original problem of identifying the most central group of nodes. Furthermore, we generalize our approach for identification of not only the most central groups of nodes, but also central groups of graph elements that consists of either nodes or edges exclusively, or their combination according to some pre-specified criteria. If necessary, additional cohesiveness properties can also be enforced, for example, the targeted group should form a clique or a κ-club. Finally, we conduct extensive computational experiments with different types of real-life and synthetic network instances to show the effectiveness and flexibility of the proposed framework. Even more importantly, our experiments reveal some interesting insights into the properties of influential groups of graph elements modelled using the maximum betweenness centrality concept or one of its variations.
Luminal adenosine receptors regulate amiloride-sensitive Na+ channels in A6 distal nephron cells.

To investigate the effects of luminal adenosine on amiloride-sensitive Na+ channels, we applied the cell-attached patch-clamp technique to A6 distal nephron cells. Exposure to luminal 30 nM adenosine increased number of channels x open probability (NP0) from 0.38 +/- 0.08 to 0.77 +/- 0.09 (means +/- SE; P < 0.01, n = 17). Luminal exposure to an A1-receptor antagonist (30 nM 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine) abolished (P = 0.17, n = 11), whereas an A1 agonist (30 nM N6-cyclohexyladenosine) reproduced (P < 0.02, n = 6) the stimulatory effect of 30 nM adenosine. In contrast, higher concentrations of luminal adenosine (1 or 10 microM) decreased NP0 from 0.65 +/- 0.09 to 0.24 +/- 0.10 (P < 0.02, n = 11) and from 0.80 +/- 0.11 to 0.19 +/- 0.03 (P < 0.01, n = 8), respectively. Channel inhibition by high-dose luminal adenosine was abolished by an A2 antagonist (30 microM 3,7-dimethyl-1-propargylxanthine; P = 0.2, n = 10) and mimicked by an A2 agonist (100 nM CGS-21680 hydrochloride; P < 0.0005, n = 8). We conclude that 1) purinergic regulation of distal nephron Na+ channels is mediated by stimulatory apical A1 receptors and inhibitory apical A2 receptors; 2) basal urinary adenosine concentrations (in nM) would stimulate Na+ reabsorption, whereas higher urinary concentrations (in microM), e.g., renal ischemia and elevations in filtered NaCl load, would increase Na+ excretion; and 3) urinary adenosine may be involved in feedback regulation of distal nephron Na+ transport.