cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Teaching the Psychology of Learning with Meno

Meno is a young student of Socrates’ who is quite interested in whether virtue can be taught or whether we are born with it. Socrates asks Meno to first tell him what he means by virtue. Meno believes he cannot give a definition of something he does not know. He says he needs to “learn” the definition first from Socrates and then will be able to discuss it. Socrates rejects Meno’s claim—which has subsequently come to be known as Meno’s Paradox—and continues to prod Meno for a definition of his own. This view of “learning” as a series of reminders of what you already know but have forgotten is compared and contrasted with the view of human learning presented in the modern psychology text.
A Design Methodology for Fit-for-Purpose Human Views

The Human Views were developed to collect and categorize human-focused information to ensure that the human component is considered in system architecture development. While the Human Views are not an integrated viewpoint with the Department of Defense Architecture Framework DoDAF, they can be implemented as a set of Fit-for-Purpose views. Fit-for-Purpose views are custom views created to address specific stakeholder questions and to display custom sets of data. However, very little guidance exists for the creation of Fit-for-Purpose views or their use in architecture analysis. To help address this, a six-step methodology was developed to design Fit-for-Purpose Human Views for the DoDAF. The methodology is illustrated using a mobile communication system; the resulting Human Views can be used to evaluate the impact of assigning different types of personnel to complete mission tasks using the system. By including custom data in the output products, such as simulation outcomes, the Fit-for-Purpose views support resolution of specific stakeholder concerns. The six-step design methodology is domain agnostic and may be generalizable to the design of Fit-for-Purpose views for other areas of concern.
CHEMOKINES, CC | MCP-1 (CCL2)–MCP-5 (CCL12)

The attraction of leukocytes into tissues is essential for inflammation and host response to infection. This process is controlled by chemotactic cytokines known as chemokines. The monocyte chemoattractant proteins (MCP) are an important subfamily of chemokines that share structural as well as functional features. By activating various G-protein-coupled chemokine receptors, the MCPs induce the recruitment and activation of multiple subsets of leukocytes, including monocytes and macrophages, effector CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, B cells, dendritic cells, basophils, mast cells, natural killer cells, and eosinophils. Increased expression of MCP chemokines has been detected in a variety of respiratory diseases involving the recruitment of these leukocytes into the lung, including both inflammatory diseases such as asthma, in which leukocyte recruitment participates in disease pathogenesis, as well as infectious diseases such as tuberculosis, in which leukocyte recruitment participates in host immune responses. Functional roles for the MCP chemokines have been demonstrated in several rodent models of respiratory diseases, in which disease severity can be modulated by inhibition of MCP signaling. The MCPs and their receptors therefore are attractive targets for rational development of drugs that will have therapeutic potential in multiple respiratory diseases.
Recognition of sex-role stereotypes in prime-time television

While traditional television characters have typically been portrayed as sex-stereotyped, recently, more unstereotyped characters have been introduced into programming. We proposed that college-age participants, when presented with prime-time characters that have been prerated as examples of stereotyped and unstereotyped portrayals, would perceive the differential stereotypes as represented by ratings of sex-typed traits. Attractiveness and liking ratings were also taken for each of the characters, and sex differences in all of these ratings were explored. Results showed that male and female television characters were rated at the male and female extremes of the scale. Means for the unstereotyped characters were between the masculine and feminine extremes of the stereotyped character means. There was a significant sex of rater × trait interaction, whereby female participants rated the characters as more feminine on the female-valued traits than did male participants. Unstereotyped characters were considered more attractive and more liked than stereotyped characters. Implications for modeling of television characters are discussed.
The relationship between women's paid employment and women's stated son preference in India

Objective: We explore whether women’s paid employment is associated with reductions in women’s stated son preference in India and whether these results vary by employment sector (agriculture, manufacturing, services, professional-technical) and skill level (education and literacy). Methods: We conduct a logistic regression analysis of the relationship between women’s paid employment and women’s stated son preference among a sample of never-pregnant Indian women. We use the 2005 India National Family Health Survey (NFHS). Results: Women’s paid employment in the service and manufacturing sectors is associated with significant reductions in the stated son preference of low-skilled women (i.e., low education and literacy). However, this negative association goes away for women at higher skill levels. In fact, paid employment in manufacturing is associated with significantly higher stated son preference among university-educated women. However, women’s paid employment in agriculture and the professional-technical sectors is not significantly associated with women’s stated son preference. Finally, the association between women’s paid employment and stated son preference is significantly larger for women living in north India than for women living in south and east India. Conclusions: We hypothesize that significant negative associations between women’s paid employment and women’s stated son preference occur only in cases where paid employment changes the economic status of women within the family. Contribution: Our analysis demonstrates that there are important linkages between women’s paid employment and stated son preference, and draws attention to how the context of employment (e.g., sector and skill level) is differentially associated with demographic outcomes.
Anti-fat discrimination in marriage more clearly explains the poverty-obesity paradox

The target article proposes the insurance hypothesis as an explanation for higher levels of obesity among food-insecure women living in high-income countries. An alternative hypothesis based on anti-fat discrimination in marriage can also account for such correlations between poverty and obesity and is more consistent with finer-grained analyses by marital status, gender, and age.
A solitary protection measure against scan chain, fault injection, and power analysis attacks on AES

With the increase in usage of low-power electronics in security critical area, demand for secure transmission of private and confidential information is on the rise. Implementation of dedicated hardware for cryptography is essential nowadays, even in the resource-constrained devices, to meet high-security concerns. However, hardware implementation of cryptographic algorithms may result in security vulnerabilities. Scan-chain-based attack (SBA), fault-injection attack (FIA), and power analysis attack (PAA) are three popular cryptanalysis techniques in exploiting vulnerabilities of crypto-chips. Employing multiple strategies for counteracting the attacks results in significant resource overheads in the cryptographic chips. In this paper, we present a novel and solitary approach to prevent either type of attacks on the hardware implementation of Advanced Encryption Standard (AES). Two additional layers, controlled by true random number generator, are introduced in the proposed technique to conceal sensitive data stored in memory bank. One layer permutes and masks intermediate state before storing in registers, and the other layer is used to reconstruct intermediate state at the start of the round operations of AES. With a two-third increase in resource overhead and negligible increase in timing overhead compared to the regular AES datapath, the proposed technique makes the system resilient against SBA, FIA as well as PAA.
How and Why Petroleum Leases Are Held by Production: Analysis of a Compound Option

Most oil and gas leases allow the operator to extend possession by establishing production in paying quantities. We show how this option to hold by production (HBP) stimulates the drilling of many uneconomic wells but also creates incentives to delay other economic wells. We provide a simple method to value the HBP provision as a compound option and estimate that it has increased the value of typical shale gas leases in the major U.S. basins by 25% to 250% in recent years. We also identify subbasins where drilling appears likely to have been suppressed rather than stimulated.
Challenges to Reshape the Future of Type 1 Diabetes Research.

Context Immunotherapy trials to prevent type 1 diabetes have been unsuccessful for >15 years. Understanding pitfalls and knowledge gaps in the immunology of type 1 diabetes should lead us in new directions that will yield better trial outcomes. A proposal is made for precision medicine trial design in future type 1 diabetes studies. Evidence acquisition High-quality peer-reviewed basic science and clinical research trials for type 1 diabetes were used in this Perspective article. Type 1 diabetes publications were reviewed from 2000 to 2018 by using Google Scholar and PubMed reference databases. Evidence synthesis Personalized medicine for type 1 diabetes should recognize that each individual has phenotypic and genotypic quirks that distinguish them from other study participants. A uniform protocol for antigen-specific immunotherapy has consistently failed to prevent disease. An alternative approach using molecular tools to personalize the preventive treatment strategy might be a road forward for type 1 diabetes research. Assumptions or lack of knowledge about disease stratification (not all type 1 diabetes is the same disease), individualized antigen-specific T cells, regulatory T-cell populations, and T-cell receptor rearrangement are just a few aspects of immunology that require integration with clinical trial design. Conclusions The type 1 diabetes research community continues to bring forward novel immunotherapy trials to prevent disease, but this approach is unlikely to succeed until several fundamental aspects of clinical immunology are recognized and addressed. Here, we identify several knowledge gaps that could rectify type 1 diabetes trial design and lead to future success.
Induction When Rats Respond for Liquid-Sucrose Reinforcement as a Function of Amount of Upcoming "Work"

Previous research has shown that rats increase their rate of responding for 1 % sucrose reinforcement in the first half of the session if food-pellet, rather than 1 % sucrose, reinforcement will be available in the second half (i.e., positive induction). Four experiments investigated whether this induction effect would be changed by altering the amount of “work” required to earn reinforcement in the second half of the session. In.Experiments 1, 2, and 3, rats pressed a lever for 1 % sucrose delivered by a random-interval 60-s schedule during the first 25 min of the session. In different conditions, the reward in the second half was either 1 % sucrose or a food pellet delivered on a lIixed-ratio (FR) 10, 20, or 40 schedule. The FR schedule was in eff,ect throughout the second half of the session (Experiment 1), until 25 reinforcers had been collected and then extinction was in effect (Experiment 2), or until 25 reinforcers had been collected and then the session ended (Experiment 3). Positive induction occurred in each experiment, but did not vary as a function of upcoming FR requirement. Experiment 4 yoked the rate of reinforcement on a random-interval schedule in the second half of the session to that obtained when subjects responded on a random-ratio schedule,. Similar induction effects were observed regardless of which schedule was in effect in the second half of the session. These results suggest induction is primarily controlled by the availability of upcoming differential reinforcement, not by upcoming “work.”
The Determination of the Diffuse Attenuation Coefficient of Sea Water Using the Coastal Zone Color Scanner

An algorithm is presented for deriving the diffuse attenuation coefficient (K) of sea water from the ratio of inherent upwelling radiances at 443 and 550 nanometers. In situ spectroradiometric data from 88 oceanographic stations taken by U.S., French and Japanese investigators working in a wide variety of water types were used to develop empirical relationships between the attenuation coefficient and the upwelling radiance (or irradiance) ratio. The relationships for estimating K’s at 490 nm and 520 nm are presented along with the error of the estimate. Errors in the determination of K from in situ measurements are also discussed.
Simulation Development: The Simmons Family

Abstract Today's nurse educators recognize the importance of implementing simulation to support quality learning outcomes and learner-oriented theory and clinical instruction. With the growing demand for simulation and limited financial resources, faculty at this rural university in the western United States created a simulation center that emulated reality. A myriad of family simulation characters was constructed and became known as the Simmons family. This family evolved via the framework of complexity theory and developed character, stories, ethics, cultural differences, genetics, family dynamics, and health care concerns. Probing questions were written to address critical thinking, decision-making, and team building concepts. The nursing simulation curriculum is evolving from a simple to a complex framework. The results of pilot testing were positive among students using this new learning technology. Recommendations for further integration included the use of cues and partitioning information to aid in learning. The Simmons are a high-tech, high-touch family, with faculty-developed electronic medical records integrated throughout the undergraduate and graduate curriculum.
Effects of Disease-Causing Mutations on the Conformation of Human Apolipoprotein A-I in Model Lipoproteins

Plasma high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) are protein-lipid nanoparticles that transport lipids and protect against atherosclerosis. Human apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) is the principal HDL protein whose mutations can cause either aberrant lipid metabolism or amyloid disease. Hydrogen-deuterium exchange (HDX) mass spectrometry (MS) was used to study the apoA-I conformation in model discoidal lipoproteins similar in size to large plasma HDL. We examined how point mutations associated with hereditary amyloidosis (F71Y and L170P) or atherosclerosis (L159R) influence the local apoA-I conformation in model lipoproteins. Unlike other apoA-I forms, the large particles showed minimal conformational heterogeneity, suggesting a fully extended protein conformation. Mutation-induced structural perturbations in lipid-bound protein were attenuated compared to the free protein and indicated close coupling between the two belt-forming apoA-I molecules. These perturbations propagated to distant lipoprotein sites, either increasing or decreasing their protection. This HDX MS study of large model HDL, compared with previous studies of smaller particles, ascertained that apoA-I's central region helps accommodate the protein conformation to lipoproteins of various sizes. This study also reveals that the effects of mutations on lipoprotein conformational dynamics are much weaker than those in a lipid-free protein. Interestingly, the mutation-induced perturbations propagate to distant sites nearly 10 nm away and alter their protection in ways that cannot be predicted from the lipoprotein structure and stability. We propose that long-range mutational effects are mediated by both protein and lipid and can influence lipoprotein functionality.
Studying the Milky Way pulsar population with cosmic-ray leptons

Recent measurements of cosmic-ray electron and positron spectra at energies from a GeV to 5 TeV, as well as radio, x-ray and a wide range of gamma-ray observations of pulsar-wind nebulae, indicate that pulsars are significant sources of high-energy cosmic-ray electrons and positrons. Here, we calculate the local cosmic-ray ${e}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$ energy spectra from pulsars taking into account models for (a) the distribution of the pulsars spin-down properties, (b) the cosmic-ray source spectra, and (c) the physics of cosmic-ray propagation. We then use the measured cosmic-ray fluxes from AMS-02, CALET and DAMPE to constrain the space of pulsar and cosmic-ray-propagation models and, in particular, local cosmic-ray diffusion and energy losses, the pulsars' energy-loss time dependence, and the injected ${e}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$ spectra. We find that the lower estimates for the local ${e}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$ energy losses are inconsistent with the data. We also find that pulsar braking indexes of 2.5 or less for sources with ages more than 10 kyr are strongly disfavored. Moreover, the cosmic-ray data are consistent with a wide range of assumptions on the ${e}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$ injection spectral properties and on the distribution of initial spin-down powers. Above a TeV in energy, we find that pulsars can easily explain the observed change in the ${e}^{+}+{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ spectral slope. These conclusions are valid as long as pulsars contribute $\ensuremath{\gtrsim}10%$ of the observed cosmic-ray ${e}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$ at energies $\ensuremath{\gtrsim}100\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GeV}$.
Using metacognitive cues to amplify message content: a new direction in strategic communication

Persuasion research investigates how decisions regarding message content affect audience response. We argue here that this approach to message design can be improved if metacognitive experiences ar...
Descriptions of Four New Species of Pachybrachis Chevrolat (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cryptocephalinae) of the Eastern USA

Four new species of PachybrachisChevrolat, 1836 in the eastern USA are described: Pachybrachis cubs Barney, new species; Pachybrachis ekstromorum Barney, new species; Pachybrachis troosevelti Barney, new species; and Pachybrachis zellersorum Barney, new species. Pachybrachis zellersorum belongs to the Pachybrachis viduatus species-group, and the other three new species belong to the Pachybrachis atomarius species-group. A description, figure, and range map are presented for each new species. Couplets in published keys are modified to accommodate the new species.
Profiling Autoantibodies against Salivary Proteins in Sicca Conditions

Salivary gland dysfunction occurs in several autoimmune and immune-related conditions, including Sjogren syndrome (SS); immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced sicca (ICIS) that develops in some cancer patients and is characterized by severe, sudden-onset dry mouth; and autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy (APECED). Although subjects with these conditions present with oral dryness and often exhibit inflammatory infiltration of the salivary gland, little is known about the B-cell humoral responses directed against salivary gland protein targets. In this study, autoantibodies were evaluated against Ro52, Ro60, and La, as well as against a panel of 22 proteins derived from the salivary proteome. The tested cohort included healthy volunteers and subjects with SS, ICIS, and APECED without and with sicca. As expected, a high percentage of autoantibody seropositivity was detected against Ro52, Ro60, and La in SS, but only a few ICIS patients were seropositive for these autoantigens. A few APECED subjects also harbored autoantibodies to Ro52 and La, but only Ro60 autoantibodies were weakly associated with a small subset of APECED patients with sicca. Additional testing of the salivary panel failed to detect seropositive autoantibodies against any of the salivary-enriched proteins in the SS and ICIS subjects. However, APECED subjects selectively demonstrated seropositivity against BPI fold containing family A member 1 (BPIFA1), BPI fold containing family A member 2 (BPIFA2)/parotid salivary protein (PSP), and lactoperoxidase, 3 salivary-enriched proteins. Moreover, high levels of serum autoantibodies against BPIFA1 and BPIFA2/PSP occurred in 30% and 67% of the APECED patients with sicca symptoms, respectively, and were associated with an earlier age onset of oral dryness (P = 0.001). These findings highlight the complexity of humoral responses in different sicca diseases and provide new insights and biomarkers for APECED-associated sicca (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00001196; NCT00001390; NCT01425892; NCT01386437).
Long-distance natal dispersal is relatively frequent and correlated with environmental factors in a widespread raptor.

Dispersal is a critical process influencing population dynamics and responses to global change. Long-distance dispersal (LDD) can be especially important for gene flow and adaptability, although little is known about the factors influencing LDD because studying large-scale movements is challenging and LDD tends to be observed less frequently than shorter-distance dispersal (SDD). We sought to understand patterns of natal dispersal at a large scale, specifically aiming to understand the relative frequency of LDD compared to SDD and correlates of dispersal distances. We used bird banding and encounter data for American kestrels (Falco sparverius) to investigate the effects of sex, migration strategy, population density, weather, year and agricultural land cover on LDD frequency, LDD distance and SDD distance in North America from 1961 to 2015. Nearly half of all natal dispersal (48.9%) was LDD (classified as >30 km), and the likelihood of LDD was positively associated with the proportion of agricultural land cover around natal sites. Correlates of distance differed between LDD and SDD movements. LDD distance was positively correlated with latitude, a proxy for migration strategy, suggesting that migratory individuals disperse farther than residents. Distance of LDD in males was positively associated with maximum summer temperature. We did not find sex-bias or an effect of population density in LDD distance or frequency. Within SDD, females tended to disperse farther than males, and distance was positively correlated with density. Sampling affected all responses, likely because local studies more frequently capture SDD within study areas. Our findings that LDD occurs at a relatively high frequency and is related to different proximate factors from SDD, including a lack of sex-bias in LDD, suggest that LDD may be more common than previously reported, and LDD and SDD may be distinct processes rather than two outcomes originating from a single dispersal distribution. To our knowledge, this is the first evidence that LDD and SDD may be separate processes in an avian species, and suggests that environmental change may have different outcomes on the two processes.
Differentiating anthropogenic and natural sources of uranium by geochemical fingerprinting of groundwater at the Homestake uranium mill, Milan, New Mexico, USA

A multiparameter geochemical-isotopic fingerprinting approach was used to differentiate anthropogenic and natural signatures of uranium contamination near the Homestake uranium mill site (Site), near Milan, New Mexico, USA. The Site consists of two tailings piles from milling operations and groundwater contamination from these tailings has been noted. The Site lies within the lower San Mateo Creek Basin and has multiple regional sources of uranium contamination from mining and mill operations. The Site is underlain by a heterogeneous alluvial aquifer, which is in turn underlain by basement rock of the Chinle Group aquifer and the underlying San Andres-Glorieta Formation aquifer. To help decipher signatures, several statistical approaches were used including principal component analysis, non-metric multidimensional scaling, and cluster analysis. Piper diagrams indicate two end-member water types at the Site, sulfate–Na–K generally in the Chinle Group aquifer and sulfate–Ca generally in the alluvial aquifer. There are wells from both aquifers that plot between the two end members. Uranium concentrations from the Site fall into three broad categories: less than the drinking water standard of 30 µg/L (n = 3), from 30 to 100 µg/L (n = 9), and greater than 100 µg/L (n = 8). Component loadings in a principal component analysis are highest for uranium isotopes, uranium, molybdenum, chloride, sodium, 228radium, and gross alpha–beta, which affect the similarities or differences among wells sampled. Results suggest that several alluvial wells north of the Site have groundwater with anthropogenic fingerprints from regional sources related to upgradient mining. Well water with higher uranium concentrations has uranium activity ratios close to 1, which is indicative of mining or milling signatures. These same wells have elevated radon activities. This information can be used to inform Site managers regarding the source of water related to uranium at the Site and provide an approach for geochemical fingerprinting.
Elastic tissue forces mask muscle fiber forces underlying muscle spindle Ia afferent firing rates in stretch of relaxed rat muscle

ABSTRACT Stretches of relaxed cat and rat muscle elicit similar history-dependent muscle spindle Ia firing rates that resemble history-dependent forces seen in single activated muscle fibers ( Nichols and Cope, 2004). Owing to thixotropy, whole musculotendon forces and muscle spindle firing rates are history dependent during stretch of relaxed cat muscle, where both muscle force and muscle spindle firing rates are elevated in the first stretch in a series of stretch–shorten cycles ( Blum et al., 2017). By contrast, rat musculotendon exhibits only mild thixotropy, such that the measured forces when stretched cannot explain history-dependent muscle spindle firing rates in the same way ( Haftel et al., 2004). We hypothesized that history-dependent muscle spindle firing rates elicited in stretch of relaxed rat muscle mirror history-dependent muscle fiber forces, which are masked at the level of whole musculotendon force by extracellular tissue force. We removed estimated extracellular tissue force contributions from recorded musculotendon force using an exponentially elastic tissue model. We then showed that the remaining estimated muscle fiber force resembles history-dependent muscle spindle firing rates recorded simultaneously. These forces also resemble history-dependent forces recorded in stretch of single activated fibers that are attributed to muscle cross-bridge mechanisms ( Campbell and Moss, 2000). Our results suggest that history-dependent muscle spindle firing in both rats and cats arise from history-dependent forces owing to thixotropy in muscle fibers.
Learning Transition Statistics in Networks of Interacting Agents

Studying the decision-making of agents can reveal group behavior and internal lines of influence. We work with systems of interacting agents, where the decision-making of each agent is affected by their neighbors within some graph structure. As agents make choices, the stochastic transitions between chosen group actions can be learned, and thus the group behavior can be characterized and predicted. We express each element of the transition matrix P as a product of factors that depends on the agent neighborhood structure and leading to a separable estimator for the unknown p ij of interest. This enables us to find a maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) for each factor and thus effectively estimate each p ij with reduced complexity. We derive analytical concentration bounds for the error rates of this approach and demonstrate it on data sets.
The intersection of hand hygiene, infusion pump contamination, and high alarm volume in the health care environment

Background Researchers have found that lack of hand hygiene and environmental contamination are sources of infection transmission in the health care environment. One factor that may lead to lack of hand hygiene is alarm fatigue, the sensory overload that results when clinicians are exposed to an excessive number of alarms, causing them to silence alarms without taking proper precautions. In this study, we report hand hygiene compliance and infusion pump contamination in the context of infusion pump alarm prevalence. Methods Health care worker hand hygiene audits were conducted to determine percent compliance. Cultures were obtained from infusion pumps to determine environmental contamination. The frequency of alarms from August 4, 2019 to September 7, 2019 was determined. Results Hand hygiene compliance ranged from 50% to 87%. Pump contamination ranged from 20% to 70% per unit. A total of 116, 872 infusion pump alarms sounded in the hospital. Discussion Pumps were contaminated primarily with skin flora. This was demonstrated in the context of poor hand hygiene compliance and a high number of alarms, indicative of alarm fatigue. Conclusions The intersection of a high prevalence of infusion pump alarms and poor hand hygiene resulting in bacterial contamination of pumps could be a source of health care-associated infection transmission for patients.
P476 Prevalence of chlamydia and gonorrhea among youth in los angeles and new orleans receiving frequent testing

Background Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) disproportionately affect adolescents, however, many adolescents receive infrequent sexually transmitted infection (STI) testing. Gay, bisexual, transgender, and homeless youth are at increased risk for STIs. Currently, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommend only annual screening of CT/NG for all sexually active gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (MSM). Methods We recruited adolescents aged 12–24 years from homeless shelters, lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) organizations, and community health centers in Los Angeles, California and New Orleans, Louisiana from May 2017-January 2019. All participants received point-of-care pharyngeal, rectal, and urethral/vaginal CT/NG testing using the Cepheid GeneXpert (Sunnyvale, CA). We measured the proportion of participants with CT/NG infections every 4 months for 12 months. We compared the proportion of STI positivity at each time point to the baseline visit using a McNemar’s test. Results Overall, 156 participants received testing (53 MSM/transgender women, 56 heterosexual men, 47 heterosexual women). Baseline prevalence of CT/NG among MSM and transgender women was 18.9%. At the 4 month visit, prevalence was 5.7% (Δ = 13.2%, P-value = 0.04). At the 8 month visit, prevalence was 15.1% (Δ = 3.8%, P-value = 0.99). At the 12 month visit, prevalence of CT/NG was 3.8%, a 15.1% decrease from baseline (P-value = 0.02). There was no significant difference in prevalence among heterosexual men between their baseline visit (5.4%) and their 12-month visit (8.9%) (Δ = 3.5%, P-value = 0.82). There was no significant difference in prevalence among heterosexual women between their baseline visit (10.6%) and their 12-month visit (8.5%) (Δ = 2.1%, P-value = 0.99). Conclusion Providing regular testing among adolescent MSM and transgender women may be beneficial in reducing the prevalence of CT/NG infections. Reasons for failure to reduce prevalence among heterosexual men and women require further study. Disclosure No significant relationships.
Gestational Cytokines and the Developmental Expression of Obesity in Childhood.

Objective This study examined the extent to which maternal immune activity during pregnancy is associated with childhood adiposity, and if so, whether associations at birth differ from those in infancy and childhood. Sex-specific associations were also examined. Methods Participants were 1,366 singleton pregnancies from the Collaborative Perinatal Project (1959-1966). Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, TNF-α, IL-8, and IL-10 in maternal sera were assayed repeatedly during pregnancy. Children's BMI was calculated repeatedly from birth through age 8 and derived age- and sex-normalized BMI z scores (BMIz). Linear mixed models were used to estimate the cumulative concentration of each cytokine in the second and third trimesters and then related this concentration to child BMIz. Results Children exposed to higher IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10 concentrations had lower BMIz at birth but higher BMIz during childhood. Higher concentrations of IL-8 and IL-1β were also associated with higher BMIz during infancy (B per log increase in IL-8 = 0.04; 95% CI: 0.02 to 0.07; B per log increase in IL-1β = 0.03; 95% CI: 0.001 to 0.06). The associations between TNF-α and BMIz were in opposing directions in boys (B = -0.13; 95% CI: -0.31 to 0.04) and girls (B = 0.14; 95% CI: 0.02 to 0.26) during childhood. Conclusions Maternal prenatal inflammation contributes to the age- and sex-specific programming of obesity risk in childhood.
Upper Gastrointestinal Cancer Risk and Surveillance Outcomes in Li-Fraumeni Syndrome.

Introduction To assess the upper gastrointestinal (UGI) cancer risk and surveillance outcomes in Li-Fraumeni syndrome (LFS). Methods Analysis of the International Agency for Research on Cancer database and a single-center adult LFS cohort. Results UGI cancer was present in 7.2% of families and 3.9% of individuals with a pathogenic/likely pathogenic TP53 mutation in International Agency for Research on Cancer; 29% occurred before age 30. Our institutional cohort had 35 individuals (31% of the LFS cohort) with 48 cumulative upper endoscopies; 3 (8.5%) individuals had concerning UGI findings. Discussion UGI cancer is observed in LFS. Upper endoscopy should be part of a comprehensive LFS surveillance program.
Reminiscing and Autobiographical Memory in ASD: Mother-Child Conversations About Emotional Events and How Preschool-Aged Children Recall the Past.

Autobiographical memory (AM) is a socially-relevant cognitive skill. Little is known regarding AM during early childhood in ASD. Parent–child reminiscing conversations predict AM in non-ASD populations but have rarely been examined in autism. To address this gap, 17 preschool-aged children (ages 4–6 years) with ASD and 21 children without ASD matched on age, sex, and expressive language completed assessments of AM, executive functioning, self-related variables, and a parent–child reminiscing task. Children with ASD had less specific AM, which related to theory of mind, self-concept, and working memory. AM specificity also related to child observed autism traits. Mothers of children with ASD made more closed-ended and off-topic utterances during reminiscing, although only maternal open-ended elaborations predicted better AM in ASD.
Balancing Geometry and Density: Path Distances on High-Dimensional Data.

New geometric and computational analyses of power-weighted shortest-path distances (PWSPDs) are presented. By illuminating the way these metrics balance density and geometry in the underlying data, we clarify their key parameters and discuss how they may be chosen in practice. Comparisons are made with related data-driven metrics, which illustrate the broader role of density in kernel-based unsupervised and semi-supervised machine learning. Computationally, we relate PWSPDs on complete weighted graphs to their analogues on weighted nearest neighbor graphs, providing high probability guarantees on their equivalence that are near-optimal. Connections with percolation theory are developed to establish estimates on the bias and variance of PWSPDs in the finite sample setting. The theoretical results are bolstered by illustrative experiments, demonstrating the versatility of PWSPDs for a wide range of data settings. Throughout the paper, our results require only that the underlying data is sampled from a low-dimensional manifold, and depend crucially on the intrinsic dimension of this manifold, rather than its ambient dimension.
Guideline-concordant treatment predicts survival: a National Cancer Database validation study of novel composite locoregional and systemic treatment scores among women with early stage breast cancer

The aim of this large nationwide study was to validate two novel composite treatment scores that address guideline-concordant locoregional and systemic breast cancer care. We examined the relationship between these two scores and their association with survival. Women with Stage I–III unilateral breast cancer were identified within the National Cancer Database. For each woman, a locoregional and a systemic treatment score (0, 1, 2) was assigned based on receipt of guideline-concordant care. Multivariable Cox regression models evaluated the association between the scores and survival. 623,756 women were treated at 1,221 different American College of Surgeons Commission on Cancer (CoC) facilities. Overall, 86% had a locoregional treatment score of 2 (most guideline-concordant), 75% had a systemic treatment score of 2, and 72% had both scores of 2. Median follow-up was 4.5 years. Compared to women with a locoregional treatment score of 2, those with a score of 1 or 0 had a 1.7-fold and 2.0-fold adjusted greater risk of death. Compared to women with a systemic treatment score of 2, those with a score of 1 or 0 had a 1.5-fold and 2.1-fold adjusted greater risk of death. Risk-adjusted 5-year overall survival was 91.6% when both scores were 2 compared to 73.4% when both scores were 0. In this large national study of CoC facilities, two composite scores capturing guideline-concordant breast cancer care had independent and combined robust effects on survival. These clinically constructed novel scores are promising tools for health services research and quality-of-care studies.
Endoscopic Endonasal Far Medial Approach

The Endoscopic Endonasal Far-Medial approach represents the coronal expansion of the conventional endoscopic endonasal approach to the lower third of the clivus, which allows access to the condylar region and adjacent structures such as the jugular foramen, jugular tubercle, and the craniocervical junction.
Quantification of Single-Molecule Protein Binding Kinetics in Complex Media with Prism-Coupled Plasmonic Scattering Imaging

Measuring molecular binding is critical for understanding molecular-scale biological processes and screening drugs. Label-free detection technologies, such as surface plasmon resonance (SPR), have been developed for analyzing analytes in their natural forms. However, the specificity of these methods is solely relying on surface chemistry and has often nonspecific binding issues when working with samples in complex media. Herein, we show that single-molecule-based measurement can distinct specific and nonspecific binding processes by quantifying the mass and binding dynamics of individual-bound analyte molecules, thus allowing the binding kinetic analysis in complex media such as serum. In addition, this single-molecule imaging is realized in a commonly used Kretschmann prism-coupled SPR system, thus providing a convenient solution to realize high-resolution imaging on widely used prism-coupled SPR systems.
#GYNONC: are we missing opportunities to reach our patients?

Objectives: Social media outlets have increased in popularity within the last decade and are influencing the ways in which patients interact with the healthcare system. Daily use among adults in the US is reported as 63% for Instagram and 42% for Twitter. While social media increasingly serves as a medium for conversation between patients and their providers, the use by Gynecologic Oncology providers has not been described. The purpose of this study is to examine the presence of designated NCI-designated Cancer Centers’ Gynecology Oncology divisions on social media and to characterize the content posted by them. Methods: The 71 NCI-Designated cancer centers and their Gynecology Oncology divisions were searched on both Instagram and Twitter. Search was performed using the cancer center names independently and in gynecology oncology context. Once a social media account was identified, information about number of followers and posts was recorded, and content was reviewed and divided into categories including: marketing, patient education and awareness, patient engagement, clinical and research updates and fellowship recruitment. Results: Of 71 NCI-Designated Cancer Centers, 29 (40.8%) had Instagram accounts and 64 (90.1%) had twitter accounts with a range of 17-101,000 followers. When searched on Instagram, 4 (6%) Gynecology Oncology divisions had Instagram accounts with number of followers ranging from 60-219 and average number of posts of 32. When searched for Gynecology Oncology divisions on Twitter, 8 (12%) departments were identified with a range of 0-791 followers and average of 110 posts. When analyzing the content of Gynecology Oncology Divisions social media accounts, 5 used their account for marketing, 4 for patient education and awareness, 1 for patient engagement, 4 for clinical and research updates and 3 for fellowship recruitment (Table1). Download : Download high-res image (74KB) Download : Download full-size image Conclusions: Social media has become a powerful form of communication and engagement. While 90% of NCI-designated Cancer Centers have social media presences, Gynecology Oncology divisions are under-utilizing this medium to reach and educate patients. Greater participation by gynecology oncologists may increase patient education, raise awareness and engagement.
Indigenous Language Revitalization: How Education Can Help Reclaim “Sleeping” Languages

On June 7, 2021, The New York Times (NYT) reported the discovery of the remains of 215 Indigenous children on the grounds of a former residential school in British Columbia, Canada (Austen, 2021). ...
Management of Ovarian Endometrioma in Asymptomatic Reproductive Age Women

In asymptomatic women of reproductive age, the presence of an ovarian endometrioma raises a significant management dilemma. Surgical management may afford more definitive treatment as well as an opportunity to treat concurrent extra-ovarian endometriotic disease. However, the associated impact on ovarian reserve with ovarian surgery may be an example of the cure being worse than the disease. Several conservative treatments have been studied, all with varying clinical benefits. Expectant management, while a conservative option, may complicate access to growing ovarian follicles and raise risk of surgical site infection during assisted reproductive treatment. Furthermore, a growing body of data suggests that prolonged exposure to the inflammatory endometrioma contributes to ovarian follicular burnout and cortical scarring. For patients with a diagnosis of endometrioma who are actively trying to conceive, careful patient counseling and shared decision making represent the best way to decide on a management strategy in order to maximize patient-centered outcomes and reproductive potential.
TNAP and Pain Control.

Chronic pain is one of the most debilitating and expensive diseases, yet current therapies are often insufficient in bringing about long-term relief. Further, many treatments for chronic pain also carry significant side effects. The molecule adenosine has long been identified as a potent inhibitor of nociceptive circuits in the spinal cord; however, the widespread expression of adenosine receptors in many organ systems has limited its use as an analgesic. Recently several 5′ ectonucleotidases, including tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP), have been characterized for their ability to generate endogenous adenosine in nociceptive circuitry of the dorsal spinal cord. These ectonucleotidases have the ability to hydrolyze the endogenous pronociceptive nucleotides like adenosine triphosphate (ATP) into the antinociceptive nucleoside adenosine. This chapter discusses the role of TNAP and other ectonucleotidases in nociceptive circuits, and their potential as future targets of new therapeutics to treat chronic pain.
Ectopic Ptf1a Expression in Murine ESCs Potentiates Endocrine Differentiation and Models Pancreas Development In Vitro

Besides its role in exocrine differentiation, pancreas-specific transcription factor 1a (PTF1a) is required for pancreas specification from the foregut endoderm and ultimately for endocrine cell formation. Examining the early role of PTF1a in pancreas development has been challenging due to limiting amounts of embryonic tissue material for study. Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) which can be differentiated in vitro, and without limit to the amount of experimental material, can serve as a model system to study these early developmental events. To this end, we derived and characterized a mouse ESC line with tetracycline-inducible expression of PTF1a (tet-Ptf1a mESCs). We found that transient ectopic expression of PTF1a initiated the pancreatic program in differentiating ESCs causing cells to activate PDX1 expression in bud-like structures resembling pancreatic primordia in vivo. These bud-like structures also expressed progenitor markers characteristic of a developing pancreatic epithelium. The epithelium differentiated to generate a wave of NGN3+ endocrine progenitors, and further formed cells of all three pancreatic lineages. Notably, the insulin+ cells in the cultures were monohormonal, and expressed PDX1 and NKX6.1. PTF1a-induced cultures differentiated into significantly more endocrine and exocrine cells and the ratio of endocrine-to-exocrine cell differentiation could be regulated by retinoic acid (RA) and nicotinamide (Nic) signaling. Moreover, induced cultures treated with RA and Nic exhibited a modest glucose response. Thus, this tet-Ptf1a ESC-based in vitro system is a valuable new tool for interrogating the role of PTF1a in pancreas development and in directing differentiation of ESCs to endocrine cells.
RE-INHABITING PRIVATE SPACE: CARMEN MARTÍN GAITE'S EL CUARTO DE ATRÁS

In an article last year in the New York Review of Books Daniel Mendelsohn argued that Virginia Woolf’s Mrs. Dalloway can be read as an «authentic women’s literature» 1 , for the novel attempts to record «that which men’s literature dismissed as trivia.» 2 Whether or not this is the case (because after all we have novels of the obscure such as Flaubert’s Madame Bovary, Fontane’s Effie Briest, Fortunata y Jacinta etc.) Woolf herself believed that her novels were in fact recuperating: «these infinitely obscure lives that remain to be recorded» 3 –lives which transpired within the domestic sphere and which did not directly participate in public life and therefore in the production of History (with a capital H –that is, produced by great men). This is a useful way of understanding Carmen Martin Gaite’s El cuarto de atras. Against the monumental, heroic history of the Francoist regime, Martin Gaite’s 1978 novel brings to the forefront those stories which have been ignored and marginalized by the Francoist regime: namely, the stories recounting the experiences of women during the almost forty years of dictatorship. Her novel, in very much the same vein as Mrs. Dalloway, «intricately records the obscure and hidden worlds and movements in women’s lives,» 4 during the Franco years and in so doing forges these stories into a new kind of literature. But Gaite’s text does not simply invert a hierarchy of value which had labeled the private as trivial and the public as significant, but suggests a complex relation between the two. For El cuarto de atras suggests that the revitalization of public life is itself dependent on imagination, ideas and memories which are themselves drawn from private life – particularly when, as in the