cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tight double linkage of Gorenstein algebras

Abstract A Gorenstein ideal K in a local ring R is in the class ℋ if there is a sequence of linked ideals I 0 ∼ I 1 ∼ ⋯ ∼ I 2 n = K with I 0 a complete intersection and I 2 i , Gorenstein for all i . If K is in ℋ, then K is linked to a complete intersection by a sequence of “tight double links.” This means there is a sequence I 0 = J 0 ∼ J 1 ∼ … ∼ J 2m = K , such that for each p , J 2 p + 1 is an almost complete intersection of the form ( b , y, w ) and its immediate neighbors are linked to it by the “similar” regular sequences ( b , y ) and ( b , w ). respectively. In this sense J 2 p and J 2 p + 2 are “tightly linked” Gorenstein ideals. Let k be an algebraically closed field and A = k 〚 X 1 ,…, X q 〛/ k with K in ℋ. The k -algebra A is rigid if and only if it is linked to a regular complete intersection by a sequence of semi-generic tight double links. It follows that if A is rigid, then it is regular in codimension six.
A Cluster Analysis of Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI) Profiles: More About a Taxonomy of Alcoholic Subtypes.

MCMI and MMPI data were obtained from 125 male veteran alcoholic in- patients. MCMI profiles were classified into five relatively homogeneous subgroups by a hierarchical clustering technique. One-way ANOVAs were calculated for each of the MMPI scales; patients were classified according to MCMI group membership. Results showed that conceptually meaningful clusters exist among MCMI profiles, that statistically significant relationships exist between MCMI profiles and MMPI scale scores, and that these relationships are consistent with trends reported in the literature. The study provides additional support for the idea that a potentially useful taxonomy exists for alcoholics and suggests that the MCMI could be a useful tool in subsequent research on understanding and treating different patterns of alcoholism.
NEW NOMENCLATURAL COMBINATIONS REFERRING TO DIATOM TAXA WHICH OCCUR IN THE LAURENTIAN GREAT LAKES OF NORTH AMERICA

During a recent compilation of a Great Lakes Diatom species checklist (Stoermer et al. 1999) several new nomenclatural combinations, which to our knowledge have not yet been made in the literature, came to our attention. In order to more closely align literature on Great Lakes diatoms with current taxonomic understanding and practice, we propose the following new combinations. Names listed as synonyms are those used in the checklist list (Stoermer et al. 1999). When a synonym is not given the Great Lakes Diatom species checklist used the basionym. Brummitt & Powell (1992) have been used as a guide for orthographic consistency.
Effect of monovalent cations on polyvalent cation-induced fusion of phosphatidylserine small unilamellar vesicles

Abstract Fluorescence internal contents mixing assay was used to monitor the fusion of phosphatidylserine (PS) small unilamellar vesicles, initiated by metal ions (Ca2+, La3+ and Tb3+), at various concentrations of monovalent cations (Li+, Na+ and K+). The influence of ionic strength (0.02–1.0 M) on the threshold concentratino of “fusogenic” cations required to induce fusion was measured. The threshold concentrations increased monotonically (1 mM at 0.1 M to 3.1 mM at 1 M) with the increasing ionic strength of the solution for Ca2+, but remained unchanged for both La3+ and Tb3+. Changes in the ionic strength of the encapsulated solution did not alter the threshold concentrations for all the ions studied, in the range 0.02–0.3 M. The results are analyzed in terms of competitive binding between the monovalent ions and the “fusogenic” ions (Ca2+, Tb3+ and La3+). It is shown that there is a critical value for calcium bound-PS, below which no massive fusion occurs. Bound and free fractions of PS are calculated based on the Gouy-Chapman model, taking activities rather than concentrations of metal ions into account. Our experiments also show that monovalent ions alone do not induce fusion even at high concentrations.
The spectrum of neurobehavioural deficits in the Posterior Fossa Syndrome in children after cerebellar tumour surgery

Abstract Introduction The Posterior Fossa Syndrome (PFS) may occur in children after resection of cerebellar tumours. The most common feature is mutism, but also oropharyngeal dyspraxia, emotional lability and neuropsychiatric symptoms occur. We analysed the spectrum of behavioural abnormalities, speech and language characteristics during PFS. Methods In order to identify PFS, all children with a cerebellar tumour admitted to our centre in the study period were prospectively assessed before and after tumour surgery. In the case of PFS, children were systematically followed by means of a standard protocol that included a daily neurological examination and assessment of speech behaviour. Speech was recorded on videotape before and immediately after surgery, and in cases of PFS at as short possible intervals for 4 weeks and subsequently every second week until the recurrence of speech and normalisation of behaviour. Data regarding clinical and behavioural features, duration of symptoms and mode of recovery were collected. Pre- and postoperative MRI data were studied. In 13 children with and two children without PFS a 99m Tc-hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime-Single Photon Emission Tomography (SPECT) scan could be performed. Results PFS occurred in 41 of 148 children. During recovery all children were dysarthric, but only in a few speech features specific for cerebellar dysarthria occurred. A significant correlation was found between duration of mutism and severity of neurological symptoms. Significant correlations were also found between duration of mutism and abnormalities on SPECT scans of the left temporal lobe, the left and right basal nuclei, and the right frontal lobe. Conclusions In this study, impairments of higher cognitive functions were observed in the context of PFS. They varied in severity and composition between children with symptoms fitting into the spectrum of the Cerebellar Cognitive Affective Syndrome. SPECT scan findings suggest that these impairments are secondary to supratentorial metabolic hypofunction following cerebellar surgery.
Constraints on lateral variation in upper crustal structure beneath southern New England from dispersion of Rg waves

Group velocity dispersion was determined for Rayleigh waves between periods of 0.5 and 2.0 sec (Rg) recorded from quarry blasts in southern New England. The paths of these surface waves traverse various geologic structures, and distinct dispersion regions have been identified. Normal dispersion was consistently observed in the period range studied, indicating a superficial layer of relatively low velocity (4.1<Vp<5.5) at least 1 km thick in the upper crust throughout this region. Seismic velocity in this upper layer varies laterally and correlates, to some extent, with geologic features. The observed dispersion also indicates that seismic velocity at depths of 5 to 10 km beneath southern New England varies laterally.
VOCATIONAL GUIDANCE IN COMMERCIAL EDUCATION

A scintillating article about something which doesn't exist may seem to be an absurd impossibility, but Professor Nichols, of the Department of Education at Harvard, gives a brilliant demonstration of it in the September number of The Journal of Business Education, by whose permission it is reprinted here. The something which doesn't exist is vocational guidance in commercial education. Its absence, declares Professor Nichols, makes commercial education “as futile and objectionable as any other game of chance.” Amid the verbal thunderbolts of which that is a sample, even Occupations does not escape, but this circumstance only clinches our determination to share the fireworks with our readers, especially as the illumination is greatly needed.
Instabilities of a moving nematic-isotropic interface.

A moving nematic-isotropic interface is subject to several instabilities. Some are traceable to phenomena typical of liquid crystals; others are tentatively identified with a Mullins-Sekerka instability.
Immunocytochemical evidence for methylation of the inactive X chromosome in human fetal oogonia.

AbstractThe state of DNA methylation of the X chromosomes of human interphase oogonia from a 46,XX and a 46,XX/47,XXX fetus at 17 weeks of gestation was tested immunocyto-chemically with an antibody to 5-methylcytosine (5MeC). Of 1637 oogonial nuclei from the 46,XX fetal ovary, 313 (19.1%) contained Barr bodies, of which 93.6% were positive for 5MeC. Of 1780 oogonia from the 46,XX/47,XXX fetus 327 (18.4%) contained Barr bodies; 175 oogonia had one Barr body and 152 had two. Of the single Barr bodies 145 (82.8%) had positive 5MeC reaction product. Of the 152 oogonia from the XXX line, 97 (63.8%) had positive 5MeC on both Barr bodies, 35 (23%) had one positive and one negative, and 20 (13.1%) had no product on either Barr body. This immunocytochemical evidence supports the hypothesis that the DNA of the inactive X-chromosome of the human 17-week gestation oogonium is methylated.
Radiobiology in radiotherapy: A personal history

It all started for me when I was offered the opportunity to do graduate work at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. At that time, I was a mechanical engineer under Leo Marinelli in the Physics Department of the Sloan-Kettering Institute/Memorial Hospital. In 1949, Egan Lorenz, a biophysicist at the National Cancer Institute, offered to have me added to the staff of that Institute if I was willing to join John Trump’s group at MIT to learn how to service Van de Graaff accelerators. I agreed and during the next four years I did, in fact, learn about the care of a type of particle accelerator that was then becoming a useful machine for supervoltage therapy. However, I also did a Master’s and a Doctorate, the latter in physics. As a result .when, in 1953, Lorenz broached the possibility of my also learning some radiobiology, I seized the opportunity and, still with support from NCI, I went off to Berkeley to join Cornelius Tobias at the Donner Laboratory of the University of California. Tobias headed a group which at that time was pursuing fundamental studies with yeast cells. My move to Berkeley was a debut, since having had no formal training in biology, I was indeed an innocent looking for an identity. During the succeeding nine months. Lorenz succombed to a heart attack and I was called to Bethesda to start servicing high-voltage machines. Although I was prepared to fulfill my part of the understanding that I had with Lorenz, I did not relish this assignment since the brief taste of biological research that I had had whetted my appetite. Fortunately for me, G. Burroughs Mider was the Scientific Director of NCI. When he learned that what I really wanted to study was radiobiology. he offered the encouragement and. support that enabled me to obtain an assistant, Harriet Sutton, and to set up my own laboratory. In brief. therefore, that is how 1 made the transition from mechanical engineering, Mortimer M. Elkind. Ph.D.
Conceptualization and Rationale for Consensus Definitions of Terms in Major Depressive Disorder: Remission, Recovery, Relapse, and Recurrence

• In 1988, the MacArthur Foundation Research Network on the Psychobiology of Depression convened a task force to examine the ways in which change points in the course of depressive illness had been described and the extent to which inconsistency in these descriptions might be impeding research on this disorder. We found considerable inconsistency across and even within research reports and concluded that research on depressive illness would be well served by greater consistency in the definition change points in the course of illness. We propose an internally consistent, empirically defined conceptual scheme for the terms remission, recovery , relapse , and recurrence . In addition, we propose tentative operational criteria for each term. Finally, we discuss ways to assess the usefulness of such operational criteria through reanalysis of existing data and the design and conduct of new experiments.
A letter from an incompletely neutral phonologist

Abstract In this letter the author offers some theoretical and factual reasons why the recent claims about incomplete neutralization cannot be accepted as they stand, especially perhaps in the case of Catalan. A number of phenomena in Catalan, German, Polish, Russian, and elsewhere are listed which could be subjected to careful instrumental investigation with some hope of helping decide once and for all whether incomplete neutralization is a reality and, if so, whether it is a phonological or an orthographic phenomenon. In the process the claims made in the incomplete neutralization literature are contrasted with the (to the author much more believable) sociolinguistic writings on near-mergers; some hitherto generally ignored metalinguistic and other pronunciations with final (completely) voiced obstruents in the several languages are discussed; and some general issues concerning the relationship between instrumental phonetics and the other sciences of speech (i.e., ear phonetics and phonology) are raised.
The Real Problem: Rhetorics of Knowing in Corporate Ethnographic Research

This paper explores discourses of the ‘real’ in commercial ethnographic research, and the transitions and transformations those discourses make possible and impossible. A common strategy to legitimize industrial ethnography is to claim a special relationship to ‘real people’, or argue that one is capturing what is ‘really’ happening in ‘natural’ observation. Distancing language describes ‘insights’ into a situation somehow separate from ourselves, ‘findings’ and ‘quotes’ that we seemingly extract from one context and plunk in another. Whether it is chimps (in Jane Goodall's case) or consumers (in ours); we know what is going on or not. This model of ethnographic knowing has adopted the naturalistic science discourse of the behavioralist-the neutral observers in an environment. Here we explore how this epistemic culture has been created and its ‘real’ consequences. What we do not attempt is an assertion of the merits of one kind of ethnography over another, or a rehash of tired squabbles about ethnography as method versus ethnography as episteme. In fact, the authors themselves have been utterly complicit in producing discourses of ‘real people’ while holding epistemic allegiances elsewhere. Rather, we are more concerned to investigate the conditions, both within companies and for research agendas, that this way of talking effects. In our experience this language abdicates authorial responsibility, unduly reduces ethnography to “butterfly collecting” at the expense of other business opportunities.
Molecular size of aquatic humic substances

Abstract Aquatic humic substances, which account for 30 to 50% of the organic carbon in water, are a principal component of aquatic organic matter. The molecular size of aquatic humic substances, determined by small-angle X-ray scattering, varies from 4.7 to 33 A in their radius of gyration, corresponding to a molecular weight range of 500 to greater than 10,000. The aquatic fulvic acid fraction contains substances with molecular weights ranging from 500 to 2000 and is monodisperse, whereas the aquatic humic acid fraction contains substances with molecular weights ranging from 1000 to greater than 10,000 and is generally polydisperse.
GLYCOPROTEINS OF HUMAN JEJUNAL CELLS: LOCATION, MATURAT10NAL CHANGES AND INDIVIDUAL VARIATION

A battery of 12 lectins conjugated to horseradish peroxidase was used to characterize secretory and cell surface glycoproteins (GP) in secretions from small bowel biopsies of 9 children. The glycoproteins found differed from site to site, among individuals at a given site and from crypt to villar tip. In goblet cells stored secretions showed individual variation in intensity of staining and increasing fucose content from crypt to villus. Terminal N-acetylglucosamine was seen in the Golgi cisternae but not in stored secretion, suggesting capping of this sugar by other residues during GP biosynthesis. Terminal α-N-acetylgalactosamine was present in Golgi cisternae of all and in the stored secretion of two-thirds of the specimens. Immature cryptal columnar cells had fucose-rich GP presumably in secretory granules. Mature villar cells did not. Columnar cells showed mannose-rich GP, presumably lysosomal enzymes, in apical punctate bodies. In some specimens the basolateral plasmalemma of columnar cells stained selectively for fucose and β-galactose. Brush border staining generally paralleled that of goblet cell secretions with similar maturational changes. Staining for terminal galactose highlighted cells, presumably leukocytes, infiltrating the epithelium and lamina propria. The diversity and variability of the GP in human jejunal mucosa suggest a relationship between specific chemical structures and biologic function at the cytologic loci.
Adaptive Unfolded Protein Response Attenuates Alcohol-Induced Pancreatic Damage

Background & Aims Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress responses (collectively known the unfolded protein response [UPR]) have important roles in several human disorders, but their contribution to alcoholic pancreatitis is not known. We investigated the role of X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1), a UPR regulator, in prevention of alcohol-induced ER stress in the exocrine pancreas. Methods Wild-type and Xbp1 +/− mice were fed control or ethanol diets for 4 weeks. Pancreatic tissue samples were then examined by light and electron microscopy to determine pancreatic alterations; UPR regulators were analyzed biochemically. Results In wild-type mice, ethanol activated a UPR, increasing pancreatic levels of XBP1 and XBP1 targets such as protein disulfide isomerase (PDI). In these mice, pancreatic damage was minor. In ethanol-fed Xbp1 +/− mice, XBP1 and PDI levels were significantly lower than in ethanol-fed wild-type mice. The combination of XBP1 deficiency and ethanol feeding reduced expression of regulators of ER function and the up-regulation of proapoptotic signals. Moreover, ethanol feeding induced oxidation of PDI, which might compromise PDI-mediated disulfide bond formation during ER protein folding. In ethanol-fed Xbp1 +/− mice, ER stress was associated with disorganized and dilated ER, loss of zymogen granules, accumulation of autophagic vacuoles, and increased acinar cell death. Conclusions Long-term ethanol feeding causes oxidative ER stress, which activates a UPR and increases XBP1 levels and activity. A defective UPR due to XBP1 deficiency results in ER dysfunction and acinar cell pathology.
Flutter of a ring of panels

A theoretical investigation has been made on the flutter characteristics of a ring and longeron-stiffened cylindrical shell whose outer surface is exposed to a supersonic flow parallel to its axis. It is shown that the flutter analysis of this configuration can be reduced to the analysis of an equivalent single panel using the circulant matrix idea. The reduction procedure, applicable to most cyclic configurations, allows for all types of interelement (panel) coupling and is subject to the sole restriction that the dynamic phenomenon be satisfactorily described by linear theory. An approximate flutter solution is obtained for this configuration in the limit when the number of panels become large, and the unsteady aerodynamic pressures may be computed from simple linear piston theory. This solution indicates that, at the critical flutter speed, all panels of the shell flutter in exactly the same mode shape, the same magnitude of occurrence of this mode shape, and with a phase shift equal to TT occurring between successive panels.
Activation of the glnA, glnK, and nac Promoters as Escherichia coli Undergoes the Transition from Nitrogen Excess Growth to Nitrogen Starvation

The nitrogen-regulated genes and operons of the Ntr regulon of Escherichia coli are activated by the enhancer-binding transcriptional activator NRI approximately P (NtrC approximately P). Here, we examined the activation of the glnA, glnK, and nac promoters as cells undergo the transition from growth on ammonia to nitrogen starvation and examined the amplification of NRI during this transition. The results indicate that the concentration of NRI is increased as cells become starved for ammonia, concurrent with the activation of Ntr genes that have less- efficient enhancers than does glnA. A diauxic growth pattern was obtained when E. coli was grown on a low concentration of ammonia in combination with arginine as a nitrogen source, consistent with the hypothesis that Ntr genes other than glnA become activated only upon amplification of the NRI concentration.
Exact robustness studies of the test of independence based on four multivariate criteria and their distribution problems under violations

Exact robustness studies against non-normality have been carried out for test of independence based on the four multivariate criteria: Hotelling's trace,U (p) , Pillai's trace,V (p) , Wilks' criterion,W (p) , and Roy's largest root,L (p) . The density functions ofU (p) ,W (p) andL (p) have been obtained in the canonical correlation case and further the moments ofU (p) and m.g.f. ofV (p) have been derived. All of the study is based on Pillai's distribution of the characteristic roots under violations. Numerical results for the power function have been tabulated for the two-roots case. Slight non-normality does not affect the independence test seriously.V (2) is found to be most robust against nonnormality.
Open-path millimeter wave spectroscopy in the 225- to 315-GHz range

This paper discusses the development of an open-path millimeter-wave (mm-wave) spectroscopy system in the 225--315 GHz atmospheric window. The new system is primarily a monostatic swept-frequency radar consisting of a mm-wave sweeper, hot-electron-bolometer or Schottky detector, and trihedral reflector. The heart of the system is a Russian backward-wave oscillator (BWO) tube that is tunable over 225--350 GHz. A mm-wave sweeper has been built with the BWO tube to sweep the entire frequency range within 1 s. The chemical plume to be detected is situated between the transmitter/receiver and the reflector. Millimeter-wave absorption spectra of chemicals in the plume are determined by measuring swept-frequency radar signals with and without the plume in the beam path. Because of power supply noise and thermal instabilities within the BWO structure over time, the BWO frequencies fluctuate between sweeps and thus cause errors in baseline subtraction. To reduce this frequency-jitter problem, a quasi-optical Fabry-Perot cavity is used in conjunction with the radar for on-line calibration of sweep traces, allowing excellent baseline subtraction and signal averaging. Initial results of the new system are given for open-path detection of chemicals.
Abnormal methionine metabolism in schizophrenic and depressive states: A preliminary report

IT HAS been proposed that schizophrenia is a consequence of metabolic abnormalities associated with endogenous production of psychotogenic compounds. The original hypothesisi noted the chemical similarity between adrenaline and mescaline, and postulated an abnormal methylation of adrenaline as the source of the psychotoxin. Since then, methylation processes have been implicated by a number of studies: the controversial finding of dimethoxyphenethylamine (DMPEA) in the urine of schizophrenics;2 the similarity of many psychotomimetic compounds to known methylated metabolites of norepinephrine;s the differential metabolism of the methoxyl groups of DMPEA;4 the claimed improvement of schizophrenics after administration of the methyl acceptor nicotinamide;s and exacerbation of the disease by administration of the methyl donor methionine.617 The involvement of aromatic amines in affective disorders has recently been reviewed,8 although methylation reactions have not been strongly implicated. Since the major methyl donor for methylation processes within the body is methionine, we decided to study an aspect of the metabolism of the S-methyl moiety of this compound in patients with schizophrenic and affective disorders.
Microarray and microfluidic methodology for genotyping cytokine gene polymorphisms

Abstract Cytokine genetic polymorphisms are the subject of disease-association studies that require large-scale human genotyping. Polymerase chain reaction based custom microarrays and microfluidics systems were used to develop genotyping assays for following cytokine polymorphisms: tumor necrosis factor-α G-308A, interleukin-4 (IL-4) C-589T, interferon-γ (CA)n repeats, IL-1RN 86-bp variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR), and CCR5 32-bp indel. For G-308A, 70.9% of DNA samples assayed were homozygous for wild type, 25.5% were heterozygous, and none were homozygous for variant allele. For C-589T, 35.5% of DNA samples were homozygous for wild type, 38% were heterozygous, and 22% were homozygous for variant. For IL-1RN VNTR, 71% of DNA samples were homozygous and the remainder were heterozygous. For CCR5, 96.4% of amplicons were homozygous for wild type, and 3.6% were heterozygous containing deletion. For IFN-γ (CA)n repeats, 35.6% had 2,2 alleles, 42.2% had 2,3 alleles, and 11% had 3,3 alleles with alleles 1 through 5 corresponding to 11 through 15 repeats, respectively. There was good concordance between the results we obtained and current “gold-standard” methodologies for analyzing single nucleotide polymorphisms and size polymorphisms. Electronic DNA concentration with high stringency predisposes microarray technology to hybridization fidelity and accuracy, and microfluidics systems outperform conventional methodologies for size polymorphisms. Comprehensive genotyping can be achieved for clinical epidemiologic studies on cytokine gene polymorphisms using this approach.
Characterization and analysis of mycobacteria and Gram-negative bacteria and co-culture mixtures by Raman microspectroscopy, FTIR, and atomic force microscopy

The molecular composition of mycobacteria and Gram-negative bacteria cell walls is structurally different. In this work, Raman microspectroscopy was applied to discriminate mycobacteria and Gram-negative bacteria by assessing specific characteristic spectral features. Analysis of Raman spectra indicated that mycobacteria and Gram-negative bacteria exhibit different spectral patterns under our experimental conditions due to their different biochemical components. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, as a supplementary vibrational spectroscopy, was also applied to analyze the biochemical composition of the representative bacterial strains. As for co-cultured bacterial mixtures, the distribution of individual cell types was obtained by quantitative analysis of Raman and FTIR spectral images and the spectral contribution from each cell type was distinguished by direct classical least squares analysis. Coupled atomic force microscopy (AFM) and Raman microspectroscopy realized simultaneous measurements of topography and spectral images for the same sampled surface. This work demonstrated the feasibility of utilizing a combined Raman microspectroscopy, FTIR, and AFM techniques to effectively characterize spectroscopic fingerprints from bacterial Gram types and mixtures.
Stimuli-Responsive Surfaces Utilizing Cleavable Polymer Brush Layers

A new set of materials has been developed that allow for the preparation of coatings with stimuli-responsive surfaces relying on acid-sensitive polymer brush layers. A functionalized methacrylate monomer, 5-(2-bromo-2-methylpropanoyloxy)-2,5-dimethylhexan-2-yl methacrylate, was synthesized and added to a photopolymerizable solution consisting of ethoxylated bisphenol A dimethacrylate, N-vinylpyrrolidone, 2-ethyl-2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propanediol trimethacrylate, and 2,2-dimethoxy-2-phenylacetophenone. Thin films of this solution were spin-coated onto silicon wafers and cured. These substrates were placed into a reactor under atom transfer radical polymerization conditions which accomplished the growth of a polystyrene polymer brush layer from the photopolymer surface. Because of the acid-sensitive nature of the brush tether group, the brush layers could be selectively cleaved from the surface by treatment with a p-toluenesulfonic acid/dioxane solution. All surfaces were fully characterized before and afte...
Σ10 and Π10 equivalence structures

Abstract We study computability theoretic properties of Σ 1 0 and Π 1 0 equivalence structures and how they differ from computable equivalence structures or equivalence structures that belong to the Ershov difference hierarchy. Our investigation includes the complexity of isomorphisms between Σ 1 0 equivalence structures and between Π 1 0 equivalence structures.
Non-Normality and Testing that a Correlation Equals Zero.

This paper examines the importance of the underlying assumption of normality for testing that a bivariate normal correlation equals zero. Both empirical and theoretical evidence suggest that such tests may be employed, more generally, for testing the independence of any two continuous variables.
Methionine and Lysine in Rations for Turkey Poults Under Various Dietary Conditions

Abstract IN 1944, the turkey poult's protein requirement was set at 24% of the diet by the National Research Council (NRC). In 1950, the NRC increased the suggested requirement to 28%. Fritz, Halpin and Hooper (1947) reported that protein levels above 26% were required for maximum early poult growth. Scott, Heuser and Norris (1948) demonstrated that 24% protein was adequate with a low energy ration, whereas 28–30% protein was required when a ration higher in energy was employed. Calculations by the author of the productive energy content (Fraps, 1946) of these diets indicated values of about 700 and 830 Calories per pound, respectively. Considerable information is available showing increased growth due to methionine supplementation (Bird et al., 1948; Atkinson et al., 1953; Ferguson et al., 1956, 1957; Pepper and Slinger, 1955; and others); however, factors regulating the methionine requirement require further elucidation. The work of Ferguson et al. (1957) using …
Interspecies differences in the occurrence of theta.

Evidence regarding the behavioral correlates of theta activity in the rat, guinea pig, rabbit, and cat is reviewed. It is suggested that the plethora of theories and the contradictions that have arisen in the interpretation of this evidence are due to the implicit assumption that there must be a correlation of theta activity with specific behaviors that will hold across species. It is concluded that this assumption is untenable and that the data indicate that there is a distinct set of theta-correlated behaviors for each species. These behaviors may correspond to important natural behaviors of the species.
Targeting the Noradrenergic System for Gender-Sensitive Medication Development for Tobacco Dependence

Introduction: Tobacco use remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality for both women and men in the United States, and women often experience poorer smoking cessation outcomes than men. Preliminary evidence suggests there are sex differences in medication effectiveness for smoking cessation. However, current medications do not take into account gender-sensitive treatment development and efficacy, underscoring the importance of this underdeveloped area of research. Methods: We reviewed preclinical and clinical evidence for gender differences in the inability to quit smoking by examining (a) the effect of increased negative affect and stress reactivity on smok- ing outcomes in women and (b) smoking for nicotine reinforcement in men. We also reviewed the current literature targeting the noradrenergic system as a novel gender-sensitive treatment strat- egy for tobacco dependence. Results: We hypothesize that noradrenergic agents that normalize noradrenergic activity may dif- ferentially attenuate stress reactivity in women and nicotine-related reinforcement in men, indi- cating that targeting the noradrenergic system for smoking cessation may be effective for both genders, with benefits operating through sex-specific mechanisms. Conclusions: Converging lines of preclinical and clinical evidence suggest that gender-sensitive approaches to medication development for smoking cessation are a critical next step for address- ing low quit rates and exacerbated health risks among women. Evidence reviewed indicates that smoking activates different brain systems modulated by noradrenergic activity in women versus men, and noradrenergic compounds may preferentially target these gender-sensitive systems.
Inferring abilities after influencing performance

Abstract Two experiments investigated the effects of “perceiver-induced constraint” in the realm of ability attribution. In Experiment 1, subjects tried to influence a target person's performance on a series of anagram problems by offering clues. Half the subjects were motivated to enhance the target person's score whereas the remaining subjects focused their clue-giving efforts at enhancing the target person's ability to solve anagrams. The nature of the target person's performance was also manipulated. The pattern of success was either descending or ascending, but equal in overall performance level. As predicted, subjects trying to improve ability saw the ascending performer as more intelligent whereas subjects trying to enhance performance were more impressed by the descending performer, thus demonstrating the well-established primacy effect in ability attribution. Experiment 2 examined the attributions of observers given goal instructions and performance feedback identical to those in the first experiment. All subjects, regardless of the goal orientation of the clue-giver they observed, saw the descending performer as more intelligent, indicating that the results of the first experiment were not solely the result of the experimental instructions. The results suggest that performance-oriented “inducers” were more concerned with the immediate contingency between their interventions and the target persons response. In contrast ability-enhancing inducers were more focused on the long-term contingency between intervention and performance.
Human rights, constructive accountability and maternal mortality in the Dominican Republic: a commentary

The very publication of the article by Miller et al. in this journal is an important part of the constructive accountability process. Of course the analysis can go deeper. There are unanswered questions: who are the women who have suffered such sub-standard care and borne the brunt of unacceptably high maternal mortality in the Dominican Republic? Is inequity in the health system falling along critical social fault lines so that it needs also to be addressed as an issue of discrimination as well? What role have donors played? What role have health sector reform policies played? What needs to be done at the local level in each facility and at the structural level in the system as a whole to ensure that the norms are followed? The process of strategic assessment and followup described in Miller et al. is the beginning. The seriousness with which the government appears to be taking the issue is an important start. Now all actors have a role in ensuring that this process moves forward that the facts elicited in assessments lead to appropriate measures for the progressive realization of the right to life and to health for the people of the Dominican Republic. Many of us will watch the process hoping that the Dominican Republic will become the next success story for reducing maternal mortality—and that it will use a transparent participatory rights-based approach to do so. (excerpt)
Modeling the anisotropic finite-deformation viscoelastic behavior of soft fiber-reinforced composites

This paper presents constitutive models for the anisotropic, finite-deformation viscoelastic behavior of soft fiber-reinforced composites. An essential assumption of the models is that both the fiber reinforcements and matrix can exhibit distinct time-dependent behavior. As such, the constitutive formulation attributes a different viscous stretch measure and free energy density to the matrix and fiber phases. Separate flow rules are specified for the matrix and the individual fiber families. The flow rules for the fiber families then are combined to give an anisotropic flow rule for the fiber phase. This is in contrast to many current inelastic models for soft fiber-reinforced composites which specify evolution equations directly at the composite level. The approach presented here allows key model parameters of the composite to be related to the properties of the matrix and fiber constituents and to the fiber arrangement. An efficient algorithm is developed for the implementation of the constitutive models in a finite-element framework, and examples are presented examining the effects of the viscoelastic behavior of the matrix and fiber phases on the time-dependent response of the composite.
Reinforced flexural elements for temp-stress program

Abstract The implementation of reinforced flexural elements into the thermal-mechanical finite element program TEMP-STRESS is described. With explicit temporal integration and dynamic relaxation capabilities in the program, the flexural elements provide an efficient method for the treatment of reinforced structures subjected to transient and static loads. The capability of the computer program is illustrated by the solution of several examples: the simulation of a reinforced concrete beam; simulations of a reinforced concrete containment shell which is subjected to internal pressurization, thermal gradients through the walls, and transient pressure loads. The results of this analysis are relevant in the structural design/safety evaluations of typical reactor containment structures.
Effect of Temperature on Solubilization and Hydrolytic Degradation of Solubilized Benzocaine and Homatropine

Abstract The solubilization of benzocaine with polyoxyethylene (23) lauryl ether and polysorbate 80 was determined as a function of temperature. The enhancement of the stability of benzocaine and homatropine solubilized with from 3 to 15% polyoxyethylene (23) lauryl ether and polysorbate 80 was quantitatively determined at 30, 50, and 70°. For the alkaline hydrolysis of benzocaine and homatropine, the logarithm of the specific rate constant is linearly related to the percent of the surface-active agent. The specific rate constant for the hydrolysis of benzocaine is linearly related to the reciprocal of the apparent solubility of benzocaine in polyoxy-ethylene (23) lauryl ether and polysorbate 80.
Random and Non-Random Uncertainties in Precision GPR Measurements: Identifying and Compensating for Instrument Drift

The precision of ground penetrating radar (GPR) data is of increasing interest, as the technology finds ever increasing applications to near surface geophysical studies. Our group has undertaken a series of studies to identify the precision and accuracy with which GPR traveltimes, velocities and interval properties can be estimated under controlled conditions, recently reporting that random errors in two-way traveltime and velocity are on the order of ±0.7 ns and ±0.001 m/ns, respectively, at the 95% confidence level. The high degree of precision in that dataset makes it possible to observe non-random patterns in the independent estimates of the same parameter, suggesting possible systematic biases in the data. One source of systematic error that workers often encounter is the effect of back-scattering from above ground features. Another that we documented in our previous study is that the material properties of the subsurface may change from one survey to the next. A third possibility is non-random instrumentation error, one source of which, and the focus of the present report, is a variation in the time base. We address ways to identify its presence, to assess its influence on estimating GPR parameters, and how and when to compensate for its effects. Using a static transmitter (Tx) and receiver (Rx) offset to record a series of GPR traces over a nominal period of one hour, we find that time base drift can be significant for up to 25 min after turning on the instrument. Fortunately, the type of drift that we have found to be most apparent—time zero drift—can be readily identified and compensated for, if one employs the air phase at a number of Tx–Rx offsets. An invariant condition in a GPR survey is that the true velocity of the direct air phase should be the velocity of an electromagnetic pulse in free space. Thus, upon carefully determining the observed velocity of the air phase, and using the ratio between it and the true value of 0.29979 m/ns, one can correct the entire time base of a radargram. Guidelines for when to apply the air phase compensation technique are based on whether the observed velocity of the air phase falls outside the limits of an acceptable precision under the most ideal circumstances. We illustrate the compensation procedure using two CMPs collected on different days at the same survey position. Analyzing the uncompensated data unsurprisingly yields two different subsurface velocities, however the depth estimates of the same subsurface reflector differ by 0.5 m, which for this site is physically unlikely. The difference between the observed and the true air phase velocities for both data sets exceeded the minimum expected error according to our guidelines, thus after applying our time base correction, the difference between the depth estimates improves to 0.05~m.
Public Service Motivation Concepts and Theory: A Critique

With its growth in popularity, public service motivation (PSM) research has been subjected to increasing critical scrutiny, but with more focus on measurement and models than on concepts. The authors examine PSM against standard criteria for judging the strength of concepts (e.g., resonance, parsimony, differentiation, and depth). After providing a critique of PSM concepts, they conclude with suggestions for research programs that could improve the explanatory power of PSM theory.
Assembly of multicellular constructs and microarrays of cells using magnetic nanowires

An approach is described for controlling the spatial organization of mammalian cells using ferromagnetic nanowires in conjunction with patterned micromagnet arrays. The nanowires are fabricated by electrodeposition in nanoporous templates, which allows for precise control of their size and magnetic properties. The high aspect ratio and large remanent magnetization of the nanowires enable suspensions of cells bound to Ni nanowires to be controlled with low magnetic fields. This was used to produce one- and two-dimensional field-tuned patterning of suspended 3T3 mouse fibroblasts. Self-assembled one-dimensional chains of cells were obtained through manipulation of the wires' dipolar interactions. Ordered patterns of individual cells in two dimensions were formed through trapping onto magnetic microarrays of ellipsoidal permalloy micromagnets. Cell chains were formed on the arrays by varying the spacing between the micromagnets or the strength of fluid flow over the arrays. The positioning of cells on the array was further controlled by varying the direction of an external magnetic field. These results demonstrate the possibility of using magnetic nanowires to organize cells.
Stereotyped connectivity and computations in higher-order olfactory neurons

The authors describe how glomerular signals are combined to generate odor representations in the Drosophila lateral horn region. They observe stereotypy and over-representation of certain glomerular combinations, a wiring pattern that contrasts with reports from the mushroom body but is consistent with roles of these regions in innate versus learned behaviors.
Polarization Effects in Fourier Spectroscopy. I: Coherency Matrix Representation

A general analytical method using the formalisms of polarization coherency and Jones's matrices is provided for the evaluation of all polarization effects in fourier spectroscopy. The method applies to any incident state of arbitrary (complete, random, or partial) polarization. Inversely, it may also be used for determining the intensity and state of polarization of the source of light. TE- and TM-mode reflectivity and transmissivity for beam splitters and the dependence of these quantities on the incident polarization are obtained. It is demonstrated that three different efficiencies for these optical components must be introduced. Interferometer efficiency expressions for the source beam and the detector beam are also derived and shown to be essentially different from the previous efficiencies. Polarization effects of beam splitters, reflectors, and their composite combinations (interferometers) are investigated in detail. General conditions for complete or restricted polarization compensation are derived. Theoretical SNR expressions for both the source beam and the detector beam are also obtained; these formulas specifically account for the incident state of polarization, the polarization effects of the interferometer, and make use of the exact expressions for the appropriate interferometer efficiency. In an Appendix, a brief comparison is made between some usual representations of the state of wave polarization.
Building Evidence-Based Interventions for the Youth, Providers, and Contexts of Real-World Mental-Health Care

Efforts to identify empirically supported treatments (ESTs) for youth's mental health problems are valuable, but the descriptor empirically supported does not guarantee that a treatment will work well in everyday clinical use. The voltage drop often seen when ESTs move from efficacy studies to clinical practice contexts may reflect limited exposure to real-world conditions during development and testing. One result may be interventions that are focused more narrowly and are more linear than the clinical practice they are designed to enhance. In this article, we suggest three strategies for building and refining ESTs that are robust for real-world application: (a) designing interventions to fit the contexts of youth treatment, (b) structuring interventions that can be tailored to fit individual youth characteristics, and (c) building programs for nontraditional intervention contexts. In addition, we describe how to develop interventions that are ready for practical implementation: the deployment-focused model.
Higher α-noradrenergic receptors in paraventricular nucleus of obese zucker rats: Decline after food deprivation

Norepinephrine (NE), acting through alpha 2-noradrenergic receptors in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN), has been implicated in the control of feeding behavior and body weight gain. To determine whether this hypothalamic receptor system is disturbed in genetically obese rats, the binding of radioligands to alpha 2-noradrenergic, as well as to alpha 1-noradrenergic, receptors was examined in seven hypothalamic nuclei of obese Zucker rats relative to their lean littermates. Receptor binding procedures, using the alpha 2-noradrenergic agonist [3H]p-aminoclonidine ([3H]PAC) and the alpha 1-noradrenergic antagonist [3H]prazosin, demonstrated that the obese rats, compared to the lean rats, had significantly greater alpha 2-noradrenergic and alpha 1-noradrenergic receptor binding, specifically in the PVN as opposed to other hypothalamic areas examined. Moreover, the obese rats, compared to the lean rats, exhibited greater responsiveness to the effects of food deprivation (48 h), which caused a significant decline in radioligand binding to both alpha 2 and alpha 1 receptors, specifically in the PVN. A decrease in alpha 2-receptor binding after deprivation in the obese rats was also seen in two basal hypothalamic areas, namely, the supraoptic nucleus and arcuate nucleus-median eminence. The possibility exists that these disturbances in hypothalamic alpha-receptors may be involved in the development and/or maintenance of the genetic obesity.