cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Formation of 1,2,4-trisilacyclopentanes by photolysis of FpCH2SiR2SiR2SiR2CH2Fp (Fp = (η5-C5H5)Fe(CO)2)

Photolysis of FpCH2SiMe2SiMe2SiMe2CH2Fp (1), Fp = [(η5-C5H5)Fe(CO)2], resulted in almost quantitative formation of 1,1,2,2,4,4-hexamethyl-1,2,4-trisilacyclopentane (2) and Fp2. Similar treatment of...
A Chemical Biology Approach to Reveal Sirt6-targeted Histone H3 Sites in Nucleosomes.

As a member of a highly conserved family of NAD(+)-dependent histone deacetylases, Sirt6 is a key regulator of mammalian genome stability, metabolism, and life span. Previous studies indicated that Sirt6 is hardwired to remove histone acetylation at H3K9 and H3K56. However, how Sirt6 recognizes its nucleosome substrates has been elusive due to the difficulty of accessing homogeneous acetyl-nucleosomes and the low activity of Sirt6 toward peptide substrates. Based on the fact that Sirt6 has an enhanced activity to remove long chain fatty acylation from lysine, we developed an approach to recombinantly synthesize histone H3 with a fatty acylated lysine, N(e)-(7-octenoyl)-lysine (OcK), installed at a number of lysine sites and used these acyl-H3 proteins to assemble acyl-nucleosomes as active Sirt6 substrates. A chemical biology approach that visualizes OcK in nucleosomes and therefore allows direct sensitization of Sirt6 activities on its acyl-nucleosome substrates was also formulated. By combining these two approaches, we showed that Sirt6 actively removes acylation from H3K9, H3K18, and H3K27; has relatively low activities toward H3K4 and K3K23; but sluggishly removes acylation at H3K14, H3K36, H3K56, and H3K79. Overexpressing Sirt6 in 293T cells led to downregulated acetylation at H3K18 and K3K27, confirming these two novel Sirt6-targeted nucleosome lysine sites in cells. Given that downregulation of H3K18 acetylation is correlated with a poor prognosis of several cancer types and H3K27 acetylation antagonizes repressive gene regulation by di- and trimethylation at H3K27, our current study implies that Sirt6 may serve as a target for cancer intervention and regulatory pathway investigation in cells.
Measuring Rhodopsin-G-Protein Interactions by Surface Plasmon Resonance

G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) initiate a variety of cellular responses to diverse array of extracellular stimuli. Surface plasmon resonance detection offers a powerful approach to the study of protein-protein interactions in real time. In this chapter we outline procedures for the immobilization of the prototype GPCR structure, rhodopsin or the G-protein alpha and betagamma subunits, for analysis of the molecular interactions initiating G-protein signaling. The attachment of rhodopsin via its extracellular carbohydrate residues provides a convenient, and universally applicable, procedure for GPCR immobilization in a form that retains full biochemical activity and ability to interact with intracellular signaling components. SPR detection then allows for the analysis of the kinetic and equilibrium binding properties of the immobilized receptor with G-protein subunits and potentially other interacting molecules.
Intraluminal esophageal manometry: an analysis of variables affecting recording fidelity of peristaltic pressures.

Accurate recording of intraluminal esophageal pressure is important for satisfactorily examining esophageal motor function. This study evaluates the performance characteristics of two systems currently used for recording esophageal pressure: the infused-catheter system, and an intraluminal transducer system. The investigation featured three general types of tests: (1) bench studies, (2) esophageal specimen studies, and (3) manometric studies in man. For infusion manometry, the effects on recording fidelity of certain variables such as catheter diameter, catheter length, infusion rate (IR), pressure amplitude (Amp), and pressure complex duration (Dur) were determined. The major cause of recording error by infusion manometry was “failure” of fluid delivery by the infusion pump during a pressure transient. During pressure transients, the pump-syringe system delivered as little as 15% of its rated setting. Recording accuracy was inversely related to Amp and directly related to complex Dur and IR. For infusion manometry, pressure Amp was recorded accurately at an IR of 1.6 or 3.1 ml per min in the thoracic esophagus, whereas an IR of 6.1 ml per min was needed to achieve recording accuracy in the cervical esophagus. In the cervical esophagus, peristaltic complexes were higher in Amp (165 mm Hg) and shorter in Dur (2.6 sec) than in the thoracic esophagus. Data analysis revealed that recording fidelity is achieved at an IR which produces a pressure rise rate after catheter occlusion which equals or exceeds that of the pressure complex upstroke being recorded. The intraluminal transducers recorded pressure accurately under all conditions tested.
Localization in wireless sensor networks: A Dempster-Shafer evidence theoretical approach

Abstract This paper proposes a data fusion technique aimed at achieving highly accurate localization in a wireless sensor network with low computational cost. This is accomplished by fusing multiple types of sensor measurement data including received signal strength and angle of arrival. The proposed method incorporates a powerful data fusion technique, one that has never before been used in low cost localization of a stationary node, known as Dempster-Shafer Evidence Theory. Many useful functions of this theory, including sampling, aggregation, and plausibility, are integrated into the localization method. From there, the algorithm determines whether a set of given measurements belong to a particular county. Motivated by the flexible nature of Dempster-Shafer Theory, a multitude of network setups and combinations of available measurement features are tested to verify the performance of the proposed method. Performance of the proposed approach is evaluated using numerical results obtained from extensive simulations. When compared with the results of existing approaches in similarly constructed scenarios, the proposed localization technique achieves up to 98% accuracy in less than a tenth of the run-time required under presently established algorithms.
Multimodality imaging findings of massive ovarian edema in children.

Massive ovarian edema is a rare benign condition that predominantly affects childbearing women as well as preadolescent girls. It is thought to result from intermittent or partial torsion of the ovary compromising the venous and lymphatic drainage but with preserved arterial supply. The clinical features of massive ovarian edema are nonspecific and can simulate tumors, leading to unnecessary oophorectomy. To demonstrate imaging features that should alert radiologists to consider the diagnosis of massive ovarian edema preoperatively so that fertility-sparing surgery may be considered. We identified five girls diagnosed with massive ovarian edema at pathology. Presenting symptoms, sidedness, imaging appearance, preoperative diagnosis, and operative and histopathological findings were reviewed. Age range was 9.6–14.3 years (mean age: 12.5 years). Common imaging findings included ovarian enlargement with edema of the stroma, peripherally placed follicles, isointense signal on T1-W MRI and markedly hyperintense signal on T2-W MRI, preservation of color Doppler flow by US, and CT Hounsfield units below 40. The uterus was deviated to the affected side in all patients. Two of the five patients had small to moderate amounts of free pelvic fluid. Mean ovarian volume on imaging was 560 mL (range: 108-1,361 mL). While the clinical presentation of massive ovarian edema is nonspecific, an enlarged ovary with stromal edema, peripherally placed follicles and preservation of blood flow may be suggestive and wedge biopsy should be considered intraoperatively to avoid unnecessary removal of the ovary.
Drug safety analyses in a rheumatoid arthritis registry: application of different approaches regarding timing of exposure and confounder measurement

Patient registry data serves an increasing role in drug safety and comparative effectiveness research, but registry databases often do not contain confounder information measured at the same time that treatments begin. This study evaluated a set of approaches for estimating confounder values at treatment initiation using actual data from a rheumatoid arthritis (RA) registry to examine the risk of infection associated with different biologic DMARDs (bDMARDs). We examined the risk of infection associated with starting a TNF inhibitor (TNFi) versus any of the other non-TNFi bDMARDs. Different confounder assessment approaches were tested. All approaches were tested in Cox proportional hazard regression models that used a propensity score (PS). The confounder of interest was the disease activity score (DAS28-CRP). The confounder assessment approaches utilized different temporal relationships between the DAS28-CRP measurement and the start of the treatments of interest. We included 219 subjects with RA with 269 initiations of either a TNFi or a different bDMARD or both. Among this group, 305 infections were reported and confirmed through chart review. The hazard ratio (HR) for the risk of infection associated with use of a non-TNFi bDMARD ranged from 1.17 to 3.03 using 13 different approaches; only the approach with the highest HR produced results significantly different than one, but this approach included the fewest subjects and infections. The relative risk of infection for TNFi and other non-TNFi bDMARDs was similar using various approaches regarding which DAS28-CRP score should be used as the baseline measure in adjusted analyses.
Swept Away by the Crowd? Crowdfunding, Venture Capital, and the Selection of Entrepreneurs

Venture Capitalists (VCs) are experts in assessing the quality of entrepreneurial ventures. A long tradition of research has examined the signals of quality that VCs look for in new ventures, and the biases that result from the VC selection process. Recently, an alternative form of new venture funding has arisen in the form of crowdfunding, which relies on the judgement of millions of amateurs about which entrepreneurial projects are worth funding. Little is known about the degree to which amateurs respond to the same signals of quality as VCs, and whether they are subject to the same biases. To address this gap, I examine 2,101 crowdfunded projects that match characteristics of more traditional VC-backed seed ventures. Despite the radical differences in selection environments, I find that entrepreneurial quality is assessed in similar ways by both VCs and crowdfunders, but that crowdfunding alleviates some of geographic and gender biases associated with the way that VCs look for signals of quality.
The Pelecypod Family Cardiidae: A Taxonomic Summary

The family Cardiidae is here considered to comprise six subfamilies: Cardiinae, Trachycardiinae, Fraginae, Hemidonacinae, Protocardiinae, and Laevicardiinae. The Eurasian brackish-water groups are regarded as a separate family, the Lymnocardiidae. Of 109 nominal taxa assigned to the family, 77 are accepted as useful at the generic or subgeneric levels, and one other is listed but considered of doubtful utility. The family began to emerge during late Triassic time and has radiated widely. In present-day seas cardiids are most abundant on sandy bottoms and in shallow water, although they may occur offshore in depths to 300 meters. Morphologic differences between the generic units in each of the subfamilies are summarized in dichotomous keys. Insofar as possible illustrations are of the type species for each unit, and figures of shell interiors and hinges are of left valves. A tabular summary of classification is designed to show distribution of each unit in time and space. Phylogeny of the family can be only sketchily suggested as yet, because of gaps in the fossil record. Strongest relationship seems to be to the superfamily Carditacea. Some notes on a recent review of the family by Prof. Edouard Fischer-Piette are included in an appendix. A second appendix discusses placement of two new generic units that were published by Robert Scott while this paper was in the editorial office.
Forty-Three-Year-Old Female with Dopamine Secreting Pheochromocytoma of the Adrenal Gland.

We report on a 43-year-old, asymptomatic female who presented with incidental finding of left adrenal mass. MRI gave concerns for possible pheochromocytoma but markers for pheochromocytoma were not elevated as expected. 24-hour urine dopamine levels (6988 μg/day) were significantly elevated. The patient successfully underwent robotic assisted radical left adrenalectomy and was diagnosed with a dopamine secreting pheochromocytoma. Pathology revealed increased malignant potential associated with the tumor. The patient underwent full metastatic workup, which was negative. At two years of follow-up there was no recurrence and normalization of lab values.
Bacterial Phosphodiesterases (Phospholipases C and D)

The bacterial phosphodiesterases differ from the acyl hydrolase covered in Chapter 2 in that many enzymes of this class are secreted from the cell in a soluble form, a characteristic that has facilitated their purification and characterization. In general, these enzymes attack cellular membranes and either directly or indirectly are involved in cell killing and tissue damage in host organism. Because of their involvement in pathogenesis, they were often identified initially as a toxin before their catalytic function was defined. Indeed, much of the initial interest in bacterial phospholipases was generated by investigators seeking to minimize the effects of bacterial infections.
Motor Neuron Disease

Spinal muscular atrophies (SMAs) are hereditary degenerative disorders of bulbar and spinal motor neurons associated with progressive muscle weakness and atrophy. Proximal 5q SMA, an autosomal recessive disorder, is caused by mutations involving the SMN1 gene on chromosome 5q13.2, leading to reduced level of “survival (of) motor neuron” (SMN) protein. On the other hand, non-5q SMAs are genetically heterogeneous, clinically diverse, and rare. Electromyography (EMG) in SMA typically shows evidence for motor neuron or motor axon loss along with reduced compound motor action potential (CMAP) amplitude. EMG biomarkers are useful to assess clinical severity, functionality, and disease prognosis. Moreover, EMG is a very important diagnostic tool in atypical cases and in non-5q SMAs to demonstrate the neurogenic nature of these diseases.
Cooperative Learning of Energy-Based Model and Latent Variable Model via MCMC Teaching

This paper proposes a cooperative learning algorithm to train both the undirected energy-based model and the directed latent variable model jointly. The learning algorithm interweaves the maximum likelihood algorithms for learning the two models, and each iteration consists of the following two steps: (1) Modified contrastive divergence for energy-based model: The learning of the energy-based model is based on the contrastive divergence, but the finite-step MCMC sampling of the model is initialized from the synthesized examples generated by the latent variable model instead of being initialized from the observed examples. (2) MCMC teaching of the latent variable model: The learning of the latent variable model is based on how the MCMC in (1) changes the initial synthesized examples generated by the latent variable model, where the latent variables that generate the initial synthesized examples are known so that the learning is essentially supervised. Our experiments show that the cooperative learning algorithm can learn realistic models of images.
Hyponatremia Complicating Esophageal Carcinoma: A Challenging Differential Diagnosis

Hyponatremia is a common complication of cancer and of cancer therapy. Awareness of the many causes of hyponatremia in this setting is critical for ordering the appropriate diagnostic tests, instituting the appropriate treatment, and assessing prognosis of the disorder. This case report highlights the challenges in identifying the cause of hyponatremia in some oncology settings and how misdiagnosis can delay appropriate therapy.
Proof of Correctness of a Processor with Reorder Buffer Using the Completion Functions Approach

The Completion Functions Approach was proposed in [HSG98] as a systematic way to decompose the proof of correctness of pipelined microprocessors. The central idea is to construct the abstraction function using completion functions, one per unfinished instruction, each of which specifies the effect (on the observables) of completing the instruction. In this paper, we show that this “instruction-centric” view of the completion functions approach leads to an elegant decomposition of the proof for an out-of-order execution processor with a reorder buffer. The proof does not involve the construction of an explicit intermediate abstraction, makes heavy use of strategies based on decision procedures and rewriting, and addresses both safety and liveness issues with a clean separation between them.
Psychiatric Aspects of AIDS

The pace of the new acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) discoveries and clinical complications is such that those actively involved in AIDS clinical research might feel caught in a vortex of events, many of which appear to be out of control. During the past 9 years, since the syndrome called AIDS was first described, I have attempted to observe and understand the response of the general public and various groups to the AIDS epidemic. The experimental work on which many of these observations is based is an ongoing study of approximately 1000 gay and bisexual men at high risk of AIDS. These men comprise the Chicago cohort of a Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS), which is funded by the National Institute of Allergic and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) and the National Cancer Institute (NCI). The aim of the MACS is to describe the natural history and epidemiology of AIDS and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), formerly known as HTLV-III or LAV-related disease. In Chicago, 95% of the MACS cohort is also participating in a National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)-funded study of the psychosocial consequences of being at high risk of AIDS. In this chapter I present some models incorporating organizing principles to help us understand the context in which AIDS impacts on behavior. They are presented here in the hope that such organizing concepts may help us to impact in a constructive fashion on the psychological and social consequences of AIDS.
Exegetes of Nishapur: A Preliminary Survey of Qur'anic Works by Ibn Ḥabīb, Ibn Fūrak, and ʿAbd al-Qāhir al-Baghdādī

This article provides a preliminary study of three previously unstudied Qur'anic works, each of which has been ascribed to an important fifth/eleventh-century member of the Shāfiʿī elite of Nishapu...
Nanotubes, Plates, and Needles: Pathway-Dependent Self-Assembly of Computationally Designed Peptides.

Computationally designed peptides form desired antiparallel, tetrameric coiled-coil bundles that hierarchically assemble into a variety of well-controlled nanostructures depending on aqueous solution conditions. The bundles selectively self-assemble into different structures: nanotubes, platelets, or needle-like structures at solution pH values of 4.5, 7, and 10, respectively. The self-assembly produces hollow tubes or elongated needle-like structures at pH conditions associated with charged bundles (pH 4.5 or 10); at neutral pH, near the pI of the bundle, a plate-like self-assembled structure forms. Transmission electron microscopy and small-angle X-ray scattering show the nanotubes to be uniform with a tube diameter of ∼13 nm and lengths of up to several μm, yielding aspect ratios >1000. Combining the measured nanostructure geometry with the apparent charged states of the constituent amino acids, a tilted-bundle packing model is proposed for the formation of the homogeneous nanotubes. This work demonstr...
Large-scale testing of shrinkage mitigating concrete

Early-age cracking on concrete bridge decks is a major concern because it leads to premature deterioration of bridges. This study experimentally investigates the effects of restrained drying shrink...
Using a New Venture Competition to Provide External Assessment of a University Entrepreneurship Program

We use the framework of a university new venture competition to assess the learning of students who are entrepreneurship majors and minors. We conduct four iterations of a two-group experiment with...
Growing pains of crowdsourced stream stage monitoring using mobile phones: The development of CrowdHydrology

Citizen science-based approaches to monitor the natural environment tend to be bimodal in maturity. Older and established studies such as the Audubon’s Christmas bird count and Community Collaborative Rain, Hail and Snow Network (CoCoRaHS) have thousands of participants across decades of observations, while less mature citizen science projects have shorter lifespans often focused on local or regional observations with tens or hundreds of participants. For the latter, it can be difficult to transition into a more mature and sustainable citizen science-based research project. This research focuses on this transition by evaluating CrowdHydrology (ca. 2010), a citizen science project that has transitioned from a regional to national network. The CrowdHydrology network asks citizens to send in text messages of water levels in streams and lakes, which has resulted in 16,294 observations submitted by over 8,000 unique participants. Using water level data and participation records from CrowdHydrology, we evaluate the expansion and citizen participation from a regional to national citizen science initiative. We identify barriers to entry to participation and evaluate why some citizen science observation stations are popular while others are not. We explore our chosen contributory program model for CrowdHydrology and the influence this model has had on long-term participation. Results demonstrate a highly variable rate of contributions of citizen scientists and address why many of our observations are from one-time participants. Finally, we address the future expansion of the CrowdHydrology network by evaluating current successful monitoring locations and recent expansion of interest from watershed groups to participate in the project.
Signs of Difference: Language and Ideology in Social Life

How are peoples' ideas about languages, ways of speaking and expressive styles shaped by their social positions and values? How is difference, in language and in social life, made - and unmade? How and why are some differences persuasive as the basis for action, while other differences are ignored or erased? Written by two recognised authorities on language and culture, this book argues that ideological work of all kinds is fundamentally communicative, and that social positions, projects and historical moments influence, and are influenced by, people's ideas about communicative practices. Neither true nor false, ideologies are positioned and partial visions of the world, relying on comparison and perspective; they exploit differences in expressive features - linguistic and otherwise - to construct convincing stereotypes of people, spaces and activities. Using detailed ethnographic, historical and contemporary examples, this outstanding book shows readers how to analyse ideological work semiotically.
Diet and Nutriture of Preschool Children in Honolulu. Survey of Low- and Middle-Income Families

Diets of low-income preschool children tended to be lower in calcium, vitamin A, and ascorbic acid than those of children from middle-income families, although biochemical and clinical data for both groups were, in general, similar. Iron intakes for all children were low in comparison with present recommended levels. Low- and middle-income Honolulu children tended to be short for their age in comparison with Mainland height standards.
A national post-Match webinar panel improves knowledge and preparedness of medical students interested in vascular surgery training.

Abstract Background The current shortage of vascular surgeons is projected to worsen. Compared with other surgical residency programs, integrated vascular surgery residency (IVSR) offers fewer training positions and attracts fewer applicants. As a result, only a few medical students from each school match into the specialty, and conventional resources like Match panels are not available to students interested in vascular surgery. We hypothesize that a national post-Match panel webinar will improve medical students' knowledge of the IVSR application process. Methods A panel of four recently matched medical students shared their experiences on their successful Match into an IVSR through a 65-minute-long national webinar. Data were collected from students who attended the webinar through anonymous online surveys before and after the panel discussion. The participants' self-reported understanding of the IVSR was assessed using a 5-point Likert scale for 11 questions. Objective knowledge of the IVSR Match process was assessed using five data-based questions. All prewebinar and postwebinar responses were paired and compared using bivariate analysis. Results A total of 76 participants completed both the prewebinar and postwebinar surveys. The majority of respondents were first-year medical students (51.3%) and attended medical school in the Northeast (38.2%). Among these respondents, 57.6% indicated that their home institution had an IVSR program, 44.7% had an active vascular surgery interest group (VSIG), 14.5% had previously attended a vascular surgery conference, and 28.9% were very likely to apply into an IVSR. After the webinar, more students correctly identified the number of currently existing IVSR training positions (76.3% vs 89.5%; P = .002), duration of IVSR (56.6% vs 85.5%; P Conclusions A national webinar run by recently matched students can effectively improve medical students' understanding of the IVSR application process. Students with a VSIG at their institutions have a better baseline knowledge of IVSR. In addition to expanding the VSIG, instituting an annual national postmatch webinar may help students become better prepared applicants and improve the overall application pool.
ITD Modeling Based on Anthropometrics and KEMAR Coefficients Using Deep Neural Networks

ITD and ILD, versus source arrival direction, serve as essential binaural cues for spatial hearing. Individualized ITD and ILD can be used to render better 3D audio than a non-individualized one. Due to the correlation between ITD and some anthropometric features, machine learning, such as principal component analysis (PCA) and deep neural networks (DNNs), have become important methods to deploy individualized ITDs. The available measured ITDs do not match the exact sound source directions. An ITD correction method will be presented to overcome the irregularities that occurr due to subject head movements during database creation measurements. KEMAR’s ITD coefficients are utilized to correct the misplacement of a subject’s ITD. DNNs are used to obtain a new subject’s ITD for 1250 different azimuth and elevation angles. Mean absolute error (MAE) is used to compare the proposed ITD model with the available analytical models.
Joint and Individual Intentionality: A Genetic, Phenomenological Approach

There has been an extensive debate about we-intentionality, with some positions demonstrating how it is derived from individual intentionality or others arguing that it precedes and takes priority over individual intentionality. Recent contributions have come to recognize that the theoretical discussions of we-intentionality depend upon pre-theoretical, pre-analytic, and commonsense experiences of joint intentionality, the description of which might avoid some of the polarizations that the theoretical discussions cannot escape. One needs to consider the spectrum of positions from the more individualistically inclined treatments (Bratman, Tuomela) to those attempting to establish the irreducibility of we-intentionality (Searle, Gilbert) to those de-emphasizing individual intentionality (Baier) or striving for a more refined balance (Schmid). In the end, Alfred Schutz’s genetic phenomenology, capturing pretheoretical, commonsense experience, can show how we-intentionality is a primitive experience in which individual consciousness is at the same time historically and biographically shaped. Schutz’s account holds in tension the individual and social dimensions of experience and avoids reducing we-intentionality to individual intentionality.
The book of common prayer: a very short introduction

In this ‘very short introduction’ – part of a not very brief series of similar volumes published by Oxford – the University of York’s Brian Cummings provides a succinct 119-page reflection on the n...
CHAPTER ELEVEN – EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS

Publisher Summary The function concept can serve as a unifying idea in mathematics. Functions can be combined in a variety of ways, a few of which may be anticipated such as the addition and multiplication of two or more functions). Functions can be combined by applying one function to another to obtain a composite function. At times, it is also possible to define a function g that reverses the correspondence of a function f. An important pair of such inverse functions is that of the exponential and logarithmic functions. An inverse function off can be defined only iff is one-to-one. It is sometimes possible to find an inverse by algebraic methods. To solve an exponential equation, logarithms of both sides of the equation are taken and converted to the equivalent exponential form to solve a logarithmic equation. Exponential functions occur in a wide variety of applied problems. This chapter presents problems dealing with population growth such as that of growth of bacteria in a culture medium, radioactive decay, and interest earned when the interest rate is compounded.
Integrative Framework for Long-Term Activity Monitoring of Small and Secretive Animals: Validation With a Cryptic Pitviper

The use of miniature accelerometer (ACT) data-loggers for remote and continuous recording of animal movement behavior is becoming increasingly common. Until recently, size constraints limited most animal-borne ACT applications to large-bodied species. We capitalized on the ongoing miniaturization and advancement of these technologies and associated computational techniques to develop a framework for long-term, low-frequency ACT monitoring of activity in small and secretive terrestrial species. We achieved this by internally implanting coupled radio transmitters and tri-axial ACTs in rattlesnakes (Crotalus atrox). Periodic field-validation observations of behavior were used to train and test supervised learning models (Random Forest, RF; Generalized Linear Elastic Net, GLMNET) for activity classification. The best performing RF model classified periods of movement and immobility in rattlesnakes with high accuracy (movement = 96%, immobile = 99%), and was applied to extensive ACT field datasets (median = 35 days, range = 6–289 days; N = 12) to produce activity budgets at multiple temporal scales. In general, these cryptic ambush predators were found to be highly sedentary, with activity budgets characterized by long periods of immobility interrupted by punctuated bouts of movement. The same temporal daily activity pattern was conserved across all active seasons (spring, summer non-mating, summer mating, fall), as most movement always occurred during the evening or nocturnal diel periods. Contrary to movement timing, daily movement duration was seasonally variable, as movement increased during the summer-mating season – possibly reflecting a combination of more favorable weather conditions (onset of rainy season) and mate-searching efforts by male rattlesnakes. This radio telemetry-accelerometry (RT-ACT) framework provides an objective and flexible set of data collection and processing procedures for long-term ACT field datasets. Expanding our coarse-scale behavioral classification scheme could provide a foundation for future investigations using the RT-ACT framework to explore relationships between individual behavioral decisions and performance in snakes and other small and secretive terrestrial vertebrates.
A resilient framework for sensor-based attacks on cyber–physical systems using trust-based consensus and self-triggered control

Abstract In networked Cyber–Physical Systems, fidelity of sensor data is critical for the safe operation of the physical plant. Misrepresentation of the data fed back by a primary sensor may cause service disruption or damage to the wider plant through interconnected physical processes. A framework for the recovery of control after an attack has been detected is developed with the following key concepts: (I) a collection of secure secondary sensors that measure energy emissions from components of the system to provide an assessment of the primary sensors’ trust status; (II) a trust-weighted consensus algorithm that fuses estimates from observers of interconnected processes with information from the secondary sensors to accurately reconstruct the state of the attacked process; and (III) a communication-aware self-triggered control protocol that regulates the attacked process using the consented estimate in the absence of reliable data from its primary sensor. The framework is physically tested on a two-dimensional heat conduction system with two kinds of secondary sensors.
Predicting Fleet-level Carbon Emission Reductions from Future Single-Aisle Hybrid Electric Aircraft

With rising concerns over commercial aviation’s contribution to global carbon emissions, there exists a tremendous pressure on the aviation industry to find advanced technological solutions for reducing its share of CO 2 emissions. A potential solution to mitigate this global emissions crisis is to operate fully-electric aircraft; however, the current battery technology is forcing the industry to explore partially electrified aircraft as a possible mid-term solution. There exist a number of studies that look at the potential CO 2 emissions benefits possible from hybrid electric and turboelectric aircraft. Although these studies show encouraging results about the potential reduction in carbon emissions at an aircraft level, none of the studies – to the authors’ best knowledge – discuss the potential fleet-level impacts of introducing these partially electrified aircraft in an airline fleet. This paper focuses on predicting the fleet-level environmental impacts of a notional, future single-aisle parallel hybrid electric aircraft with a 900 nautical mile range. The work demonstrates an approach to make these predictions by modeling the behavior of a profit-seeking airline (with a mixture of conventional all Jet-A fuel burning and hybrid electric aircraft in its fleet) using the Fleet-Level Environmental Evaluation Tool (FLEET). FLEET’s model-based predictions rely upon historically-based information about US-touching airline routes and passenger demand served by US flag-carrier airlines from the Bureau of Transportation Statistics to initiate model-based predictions of future demand, aircraft fleet mix, and aircraft operations. Using a simplistic model for representing the behavior of a single-aisle parallel hybrid electric aircraft, the FLEET simulation predicts the changes in the fleet-wide carbon emissions due to the introduction of this new aircraft in an airline fleet in the year 2035. By 2065, FLEET results predict that the fleet-wide CO 2 emissions with hybrid electric aircraft in the fleet mix are about 15.9% lower than the fleet-wide CO 2 emissions of a conventional (all Jet-A fuel burning) aircraft-only airline. Because of the reduced range capability of the hybrid electric aircraft relative to a conventional aircraft of similar size, the simulation results indicate that the airline changes the usage, acquisition and retirement of its conventional aircraft when hybrid electric aircraft are available; this is most notable to serve passenger demand on certain predominantly single-aisle service routes that cannot be flown by the future single-aisle hybrid electric aircraft.
Influence of Brain–Scalp Distance on Focality of the Quadruple Butterfly Coil for Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a neuromodulation technique that noninvasively depolarizes neurons in the brain. During TMS, a pulse (or multiple pulses) of a time-varying magnetic field ( $H$ ) is delivered to the brain using specialized coils. The quadruple butterfly coil (QBC) is a novel coil design that shows increased focality of the induced electric field over that of the standard figure-of-eight (FoE) coil. Using 50 different head models created from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans of healthy individuals, our research investigated the role that brain–scalp distance (BSD) plays in the brain’s response to the magnetic fields generated by the QBC and FoE. The variability of BSD is an inherent characteristic of the human population. As the BSD increases, so does the distance between the brain and TMS coil. Therefore, the anatomical variation of BSD is an independent variable that may play a significant role in the intensity of the induced electric field produced in the brain. Our results show no significant difference in the QBC’s focality to that of the FoE with respect to BSD.
Therapeutic Intervention for Couples Experiencing Infertility: An Emotionally Focused Couples Therapy Approach:

The psychological and societal intersectionalities of infertility may give way to a complicated pattern of grief, anxiety, depression, and trauma for couples. Current literature on specific interve...
Charting YOUR Career Path: External Strategies and Issues

This chapter complements Chap. 5 and moves into the external strategies and issues surrounding career advancements such as networking, professional organization membership, work environments, and mentorship. Strategies for exploring networking, professional organization membership, work environments, and mentors will be described. Through suggested activities throughout the chapter, the reader will build upon the goals identified in Chap. 2 and incorporate networking, professional organizing membership, and mentorship into their goals. Sample vignettes depicting example external strategies will be included. Novice and senior nursing student assessment strategies will both be addressed in this chapter.
A narrative review on the epidemiology, prevention, and treatment of venous thromboembolic events in the context of chronic venous disease.

Abstract Objective Chronic venous disease (CVD) describes a spectrum of conditions associated with venous hypertension. The association between various CVD etiologies and the subsequent risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE), such as deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism, is a topic of considerable clinical interest. The aims of the present review were to characterize the risk of VTE according to the CVD etiology and to determine the optimal anticoagulation strategy for the treatment or prevention of VTE in patients with CVD. Methods An extensive search of the available surgical and medical data was conducted in PubMed and Google Scholar. We searched for the following terms and other related terms to identify relevant studies: CVD, chronic venous insufficiency, varicose veins, post-thrombotic syndrome (PTS), anticoagulation, venous thromboembolism, and venous disease scoring systems (eg, CEAP [clinical, etiology, anatomic, pathophysiology], Villalta, Ginsberg, venous clinical severity score). The identified studies included randomized control trials, retrospective and prospective observational studies, narrative and systematic reviews, case reports, and case series that contributed to the proposed aims. The ClinicalTrials.gov database was also queried to identify any relevant ongoing clinical trials. Results Congenital CVD carries a heightened risk of VTE, although few higher level studies are available to inform on this topic or on the appropriate anticoagulation strategies for these patients. Noncongenital CVD seems to carry a heightened risk of VTE, although few studies have adequately differentiated between primary and secondary etiologies. Varicose veins are a risk factor for primary VTE but might not be associated with an increased risk of recurrent VTE. In the hospital setting, patients with varicosities should be provided thromboprophylaxis. In the setting of varicose vein intervention, high-risk patients should be identified using risk assessment models and receive thromboprophylaxis. The risk of recurrent VTE in the setting of PTS is unclear but indefinite anticoagulation is not currently indicated. For patients with PTS, residual vein thrombosis might be an indicator of when anticoagulation can be safely stopped, although practical limitations to its application exist. Conclusions CVD is associated with an increased risk of VTE. Few studies have differentiated between classes of CVD using a standardized method and have assessed the efficacy of anticoagulation prophylaxis against or treatment of VTE. Additional studies are needed to determine the optimal therapy for preventing and treating VTE in patients with active concurrent CVD.
Amending the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act: Should the Bribery Act 2010 Be a Guideline?

On December 19th, 1977, President Jimmy Carter signed into law the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA). This Act prohibited the “furtherance of an offer, payment, promise to pay, authorization of the payment of any money, or offer, gift, promise to give, or authorization of the giving of anything of value” to a foreign official. As early as 1981, members of Congress introduced bills to amend the Act due to numerous complaints from the business and legal communities. Both proponents and opponents of amending the FCPA set forth arguments in May, June, and July of 1981. Similarly, in 2011, both sides debated the merits of the Act, along with what each side viewed as “improvements” to the Act. While the United States debated its own anti-bribery act, the United Kingdom passed the Bribery Act 2010. Until 2009, British prosecutors had never convicted a company of bribery due to outdated legislation and the perception of bribery as “a necessary cost of doing business in certain countries.” As one world power debates the merits of amending its long standing anti-bribery law and another world power passes a similar yet distinct law, it is appropriate to look at one in the context of the other. This paper compares American and British
Severe Plastic Deformation Processes: Modeling and Workability

Research efforts to model severe plastic deformation (SPD) processes and to quantify the workability of materials during such operations are summarized. The majority of research on the modeling of the equal channel angular extrusion (ECAE) process invented by Segal has focused on the kinematics of metal flow under nominally frictionless conditions. Physical (visioplasticity) models suggest that such assumptions yield reasonable estimates of imposed strain over the bulk of the sample. Recent work on the stress state developed during ECAE has shown that a high degree of compression exists in the deformation zone except near the inner corner of the tooling. At this location, tensile stresses which may lead to fracture are generated. Thus, ductile metals can often be deformed through multiple passes in ECAE unless they exhibit flow softening which can lead to flow localization in the form of shear bands. Research on the modeling of the second major SPD process, that of torsion under superimposed compression, a method developed by Bridgman, has been investigated to a less extent primarily because of the mixed displacement-load boundary conditions and the statically indeterminate nature of the operation.
Voyager radio occultation by Uranus' rings: I. Observational results

The January 24, 1986 radio occultation of Voyager 2 by the Uranian rings yielded fine-resolution, 50- and 200-m optical depth profiles at a 3.6 cm wavelength for the nine pre-Voyager rings; these are found to be opaque, reaching optical depths as great as 6-8 in rings gamma and epsilon, which are the only two rings possessing extremely sharp inner and outer edges. Rings 6, 5, 4, and delta share a morphology characterized by a sharp outer-edge transition and a quasi-exponential inner edge one. In ring eta, this behavior is reversed, and ring beta exhibits both diffuse edges and the smallest of the observed opacities.
Equilibrium Values in a Competitive Power Exchange Market

We consider an open electricity market with demand uncertainty. In this market, the generators each decide on a bidding price to maximize profit. Units are dispatched in order of the bid from lowest to highest until demand is satisfied. The market clearing price is the highest bid among the dispatched units. All dispatched units are then sold at this market clearing price. Under a market stability assumption, we derive Nash equilibrium solutions, i.e., bidders' optimal bidding strategies and the resulting market clearing price.
Don’t Just Pay It Back, Pay It Forward: From Accountability to Reciprocity in Research Relationships

This research note is part of the thematic section, Practical Realities of Giving Back, in the special issue titled “Giving Back in Field Research,” published as Volume 10, Issue 2 in the Journal of Research Practice.
Statistical Learning of Arbitrary Computable Classifiers

Statistical learning theory chiefly studies restricted hypothesis classes, particularly those with finite Vapnik-Chervonenkis (VC) dimension. The fundamental quantity of interest is the sample complexity: the number of samples required to learn to a specified level of accuracy. Here we consider learning over the set of all computable labeling functions. Since the VC-dimension is infinite and a priori (uniform) bounds on the number of samples are impossible, we let the learning algorithm decide when it has seen sufficient samples to have learned. We first show that learning in this setting is indeed possible, and develop a learning algorithm. We then show, however, that bounding sample complexity independently of the distribution is impossible. Notably, this impossibility is entirely due to the requirement that the learning algorithm be computable, and not due to the statistical nature of the problem.
Estimates of global bounds for some Schrödinger heat kernels on manifolds

We establish global bounds for the heat kernel of Schrodinger operators $-\Delta + V$ where $V$ is a certain long range potential. As a consequence we find some conditions for the heat kernel to have global Gaussian lower and upper bound. Some of the conditions are sharp if the potential does not change sign. We also provide a generalized Liouville theorem for Schrodinger operators and a refined version of the trace formula of Sa Barreto and Zworski [SZ].
Business Model Innovation and Competitive Imitation: The Case of Sponsor-Based Business Models

This paper provides the first formal model of business model innovation. Our analysis focuses on sponsor-based business model innovations where a firm monetizes its product through sponsors rather than setting prices to its customer base. We analyze strategic interactions between an innovative entrant and an incumbent where the incumbent may imitate the entrant's business model innovation once it is revealed. The results suggest that an entrant needs to strategically choose whether to reveal its innovation by competing through the new business model, or conceal it by adopting a traditional business model. We also show that the value of business model innovation may be so substantial that an incumbent may prefer to compete in a duopoly rather than to remain a monopolist. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.