cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Simulation of Combustion and Thermal-Flow Inside a Petroleum Coke Rotary Calcining Kiln—Part I: Process Review and Modeling

Calcined coke is an important material for making carbon anodes for smelting alumina to aluminum. Calcining is an energy intensive industry and a significant amount of heat is wasted in the calcining process. Efficiently managing this energy resource is tied to the profit margin and survivability of a calcining plant. To help improve the energy efficiency of the calcining process, a 3D computational model is developed to gain insight of the thermal-flow and combustion behavior in the calciner. Comprehensive models are employed to simulate the moving petcoke bed with moisture evaporation, devolatilization, and coke fines combustion with a conjugate radiation-convection-conduction calculation.
Does preoperative hyponatremia potentiate the effects of left ventricular dysfunction on mortality after cardiac surgery

Objective Left ventricular dysfunction and preoperative hyponatremia are associated with adverse outcomes after cardiac surgery. However, the interactions between them are unknown. Thus, we evaluated the interaction of low left ventricular ejection fraction ( Methods The interaction of hyponatremia and ejection fraction with hospital complications, length of stay, and mortality was analyzed using logistic and Cox regression analysis in 2247 patients who underwent cardiac surgery between 2005 and 2008 at The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center. Results Of the patients, 68.5% had normal ejection fraction. Hyponatremia was present in 18% of patients with normal ejection fraction and 35% of patients with low ejection fraction. Hyponatremic patients had higher rates of New York Heart Association class III and IV, more comorbidities, and higher Society of Thoracic Surgeons score and European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation irrespectively of their ejection fraction. The correlation between preoperative sodium and ejection fraction was weak ( r 2 = 0.04). Hyponatremia increased the rate of postoperative complications and hospital stay, and decreased 1- and 3-year survivals in patients with both normal and low ejection fraction. Hyponatremia was independently associated with longer hospital stay for normal ejection fraction (multiplier, 1.18; confidence interval, 1.09-1.27; P P = .05), increased need for dialysis for normal ejection fraction (odds ratio, 2.16; confidence interval, 1.08-4.32; P = .03), and increased risk of mortality for normal ejection fraction (hazard ratio, 1.56; confidence interval, 1.20-2.05; P = .001), but not for patients with low ejection fraction (hazard ratio, 1.21; confidence interval, 0.89-1.65; P = .21). Conclusions Hyponatremia is more common in patients with low ejection fraction. Although preoperative hyponatremia is independently associated with adverse outcomes in patients with normal ejection fraction, an association with adverse outcomes in patients with low ejection fraction was not demonstrated.
Combined channel-modified adaptive array MMSE canceller and Viterbi equalizer

In this paper a very simple scheme is proposed which couples a maximum-likelihood sequence estimator (MLSE) with a N-element canceller. The method makes use of the MLSE channel estimator to modify the locally generated training sequence used to obtain the antenna array weights. This method will increase the array's degree of freedom for interference cancellation by allowing the dispersive-desired signal to pass through the array undisturbed. Temporal equalization of the desired signal is then accomplished using maximum-likelihood sequence estimation. The T-spaced channel estimator coefficients and the array weights are obtained simultaneously using the minimum mean square error (MMSE) criteria. The result is a receiver structure capable of canceling N-1 in-band interferences without compromising temporal equalization.
Effect of a security system on violent incidents and hidden weapons in the emergency department.

Study objective: To determine the number of weapons confiscated and assaults reported in an urban county emergency department before and after the implementation of a security system. Methods: This is a retrospective review of security records for a 54-month period from 1992 to 1996. We determined the number of weapons and assaults before and after the implementation of a security system consisting of metal detectors, cameras, limited access, and a manned security booth at the ED entrance. We calculated the rates of weapons confiscated and assaults per 10,000 ED patients treated. Results: Twenty-four weapons were confiscated before the implementation of the security system, and 40 were confiscated after the implementation ( P P Conclusion: The implementation of an ED security system increased the number and percentage of weapons confiscated before patients were placed in patient care areas, but did not decrease the number of assaults. This emphasizes the importance of continued training of ED personnel in the management of violent patients and potentially violent situations.
Characterization of inflammatory infiltrates in male pattern alopecia: implications for pathogenesis.

Summary Hair-bearing, transitional, and alopecic scalp from three males and one female with progressive pattern alopecia were examined. Ultrastructural studies disclosed measurable thickening of the follicular adventitial sheaths of transitional and alopecic zones compared with those in the nonalopecic zones. This finding was associated with mast cell degranulation and fibroblast activation within the fibrous sheaths. Immunohistochemically, control biopsies were devoid of follicular inflammation (n= 3), while transitional regions consistently showed the presence of activated T-cell infiltrates about the lower portions of follicular infundibula. These infiltrates were associated with the induction of class II antigens on the endothelial linings of venules within follicular adventitia and with apparent hyperplasia of follicular dendritic cells displaying the CDl epitope. Inflammatory cells infiltrated the region of the follicular bulge, the putative source of stem cells in cycling follicles. The data suggest that progressive fibrosis of the perifollicular sheath occurs in lesions of pattern alopecia, and may begin with T-cell infiltration of follicular stem cell epithelium. Injury to follicular stem cell epithelium and/or thickening of adventitial sheaths may impair normal pilar cycling and result in hair loss.
Trust Companies and Financial Innovation, 1897–1914*

Professor Neal assesses the innovative role of a key financial institution — the trust company — during the period of American economic growth after the depression of the 1890's and prior to World War I.
A New Abscisic Acid Catabolic Pathway

We report the discovery of a new hydroxylated abscisic acid (ABA) metabolite, found in the course of a mass spectrometric study of ABA metabolism in Brassica napus siliques. This metabolite reveals a previously unknown catabolic pathway for ABA in which the 9'-methyl group of ABA is oxidized. Analogs of (+)-ABA deuterated at the 8'-carbon atom and at both the 8'- and 9'-carbon atoms were fed to green siliques, and extracts containing the deuterated oxidized metabolites were analyzed to determine the position of ABA hydroxylation. The results indicated that hydroxylation of ABA had occurred at the 9'-methyl group, as well as at the 7'- and 8'-methyl groups. The chromatographic characteristics and mass spectral fragmentation patterns of the new ABA metabolite were compared with those of synthetic 9'-hydroxy ABA (9'-OH ABA), in both open and cyclized forms. The new compound isolated from plant extracts was identified as the cyclized form of 9'-OH ABA, which we have named neophaseic acid (neoPA). The proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of pure neoPA isolated from immature seeds of B. napus was identical to that of the authentic synthetic compound. ABA and neoPA levels were high in young seeds and lower in older seeds. The open form (2Z,4E)-5-[(1R,6S)-1-Hydroxy-6-hydroxymethyl-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-cyclohex-2-enyl]-3-methyl-penta-2,4-dienoic acid, but not neoPA, exhibited ABA-like bioactivity in inhibiting Arabidopsis seed germination and in inducing gene expression in B. napus microspore-derived embryos. NeoPA was also detected in fruits of orange (Citrus sinensis) and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum), in Arabidopsis, and in chickpea (Cicer arietinum), as well as in drought-stressed barley (Hordeum vulgare) and B. napus seedlings.
Preferential production of latent transforming growth factor β-2 by primary prostatic epithelial cells and its activation by prostate-specific antigen

Three mammalian isoforms of transforming growth factor-beta (TGFbeta) are known, TGFbeta1, 2, and 3, that have non-overlapping functions during development. However, their specific roles in cancers such as prostate cancer are less clear. Here we show that primary cultures of prostatic epithelial cells preferentially produce and activate the latent TGFbeta2 isoform. Paired cultures of normal and malignant prostate cells from prostate cancer patients produced predominantly the TGFbeta2 isoform, with 30- to 70-fold less TGFbeta1. By mono-Q ion exchange chromatography, three major peaks of latent TGFbeta2 activity were observed corresponding to the known small latent TGFbeta2 complex, the known large latent TGFbeta2 complex and a novel eluting peak of latent TGFbeta2. Although prostate cells are known to activate latent TGFbeta, the mechanism for activation is currently unclear. We investigated whether prostate specific antigen (PSA), a serine protease used as a clinical marker for prostate cancer, could play a role in the activation of latent TGFbeta. Unlike plasmin, a known activator of both latent TGFbeta1 and 2, PSA specifically activated the recombinant small latent form of TGFbeta2, but not TGFbeta1. Prostate epithelial cells, therefore, preferentially produce the TGFbeta2 isoform and PSA, a protease produced by the prostate, specifically targets the activation of this TGFbeta isoform. PSA-mediated activation of latent TGFbeta2 may be an important mechanism for autocrine TGFbeta regulation in the prostate and may potentially contribute to the formation of osteoblastic lesions in bone metastatic prostate cancer.
Phase change material programmable vias for switching and reconfiguration of Aluminum Nitride piezoelectric MEMS resonators

This paper reports on the first demonstration of an innovative approach to switching and reconfiguration of Aluminum Nitride (AlN) piezoelectric Micro Electro Mechanical System (MEMS) resonators using phase change material (PCM) programmable vias. A reconfigurable resonator prototype was fabricated by integrating 2 Ge 50 Te 50 vias in the design of a 200 MHz contour-extensional mode resonator. The capability to reconfigure the device to operate in 3 different states, maintaining constant electromechanical performance (resonator figure of merit, FOM=k t 2 ·Q≈7) was demonstrated: (1) High Impedance state (resonator static capacitance, C 0 ≈660 fF, motional resistance, R m ≈225 Ω), (2) Low Impedance state (C 0 ≈1409 fF; R m ≈90 Ω), and (3) Short state (the resonator is reconfigured into a short circuit).
Implementation of controller performance monitoring on a MIMO example

In this paper, we discuss the implementation of various controller performance monitoring criteria on a multivariable benchmark example. These criteria can be based on either time-domain or frequency-domain concepts and have different requirements for information content and algorithm complexity. The simulation results from the benchmark example are analyzed to derive conclusions on the consistency of each criterion to identify poorly tuned controllers. Typically, all methods generate consistent results with suitably designed tests and when the only source of performance deterioration is the controller tuning. However, in the presence of arbitrary external disturbances (e.g., large amplitude, deterministic) and varying levels of excitation, not all techniques yield consistent results. In this respect, criteria based on controller unfalsification concepts appear to be the more promising to yield reliable performance monitoring for operation in industrial environments.
Volumetric imaging of erythrocytes using label-free multiphoton photoacoustic microscopy

Photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) is an imaging modality well suited to mapping vasculature and other strong absorbers in tissue. However, one of the primary drawbacks to PAM when used for high-resolution imaging is the relatively poor axial resolution due to the inverse dependence on the transducer bandwidth. While submicron lateral resolution PAM can be achieved by tightly focusing the excitation light, the axial resolution is fundamentally limited to 10s of microns for typical transducer frequencies. Here we present a multiphoton PAM technique called transient absorption ultrasonic microscopy (TAUM), which results in a completely optically resolved voxel with an experimentally measured axial resolution of 1.5 microns. This technique is demonstrated by imaging individual red blood cells in three dimensions in blood smear and ex vivo tissues. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of fully resolved, volumetric photoacoustic imaging of erythrocytes. (© 2014 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The effect of the core on the thermotropic behavior of three-arm star poly[11-(4′-cyanophenyl-4′′-phenoxy)undecyl acrylate]s synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization

“Three-arm star” poly[11-(4′-cyanophenyl-4′′-phenoxy)undecyl acrylate]s were synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of 11-(4′-cyanophenyl-4′′-phenoxy)undecyl acrylate using two new trifunctional initiators: 1,3,5-tri- (methyl 2-bromopropionate)benzene and 2,4,6-tri[4′-methyl(2′′-bromopropionate)phenoxymethyl]mesitylene. The polymers synthesized with 1,3,5-tri(methyl 2-bromopropionate)benzene (series II) contained 14–127 repeat units according to gel permeation chromatography relative to linear polystyrene (GPCPSt) and 13–271 repeat units according to GPC with a light scattering detector (GPCLS). Those synthesized with 2,4,6-tri[4′-methyl(2′′-bromopropionate)phenoxymethyl]mesitylene (series III) contained 14–87 repeat units according to GPCPSt and 10–120 repeat units according to GPCLS. The absolute molecular weight, size, and shape of both series of polymers were characterized by light scattering in CH2Cl2, and their thermotropic behavior was analyzed using differential scanning calorimetry; both types of properties were compared to those of the other architectures, especially the corresponding three-arm star poly[11-(4′-cyanophenyl-4′′-phenoxy)undecyl acrylate]s synthesized previously using 1,3,5-trisbromomethylmesitylene as the initiator. The size and shape of the three-arm star polymers in CH2Cl2 are similar, although the isotropization temperature in the solid state decreases and the breadth of the isotropization transition increases with increasing size and flexibility of the trifunctional core. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 4363–4382, 2008
The effect of tobacco smoke on the metabolism and function of rat alveolar macrophages.

Alveolar macrophages harvested by bronchopulmonary lavage from rats exposed to tobacco smoke for 30 days (“smokers”) showed alterations in oxidative metabolism, lactate production and phagocytosis of inert starch particles when compared with control macrophages. Phagocytosis of viable Staphylococcus aureus was unaffected by tobacco smoke. Glucose oxidation measured by conversion of glucose-1-14C to 14CO2 was moderately affected while oxidation of glucose-6-14C to 14CO2 was not. Smokers routinely yielded fewer cells than controls, though these cells contained approximately 17% more protein than did controls. Opsonization of particles was not necessary for macrophages from either smoker or control animals to manifest a respiratory burst and increased superoxide and hydrogen peroxide release during phagocytosis. The glycolytic inhibitors, sodium fluoride and iodoacetamide, while effectively blocking glycolysis, did not inhibit phagocytosis by macrophages from either group. The results reported clearly distinguish alveolar macrophages from other phagocytic cells (peritoneal macrophages and polymorphonuclear leukocytes) and suggest a state of non-specific activation caused by exposure to tobacco smoke.
Interactions among Potato Genotypes, Growth Stages, Virus Strains, and Inoculation Methods in the Potato Virus Y and Green Peach Aphid Pathosystem

ABSTRACT Potato virus Y (PVY) is an economically important and reemerging potato pathogen in North America. PVY infection reduces yield, and some necrotic and recombinant strains render tubers unmarketable. Although PVYO is the most prevalent strain in the United States, the necrotic and recombinant strains PVYNTN and PVYN:O are becoming more widespread. Infection rates in aphidinoculated (Myzus persicae (Sulzer)) and mechanically inoculated plants were compared across two potato genotypes (’Yukon Gold’ and A98345-1), three PVY strains (PVYO, PVYN:O, and PVYNTN), and two growth stages at inoculation (pre- and postflowering). Susceptibility of genotypes was measured as infection rate using a double-antibody sandwich-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; virus titer and tuber mass also were recorded from the infected plants. Yukon Gold generally was more susceptible than A98345-1 to all three PVY strains, especially following mechanical inoculation. Within genotypes, Yukon Gold was most susceptible to PVYO and...
A 0.04-mm 2 0.9-mW 71-dB SNDR distributed modular AS ADC with VCO-based integrator and digital DAC calibration

This paper presents a low-power and small-area VCO-based closed-loop ΔΣ ADC with two highlights. First, the ADC has a distributed modular architecture. It consists of repetitive slices, which simplifies both schematic and layout design. It allows the ADC to be easily reconfigured for other resolution specifications. Second, a novel digital DAC mismatch calibration technique is proposed. It has low hardware complexity by taking advantage of the intrinsic clocked averaging (CLA) capability of dual VCO-based integrator. It ensures high linearity in the presence of large DAC mismatches. A prototype ADC in 130nm CMOS occupies only 0.04mm2. It achieves 71dB SNDR over 1.7MHz BW while sampling at 250MS/s and consuming 0.9mW under a 1.2V supply.
Facial Surgery: Plastic and Reconstructive

Mack L. Chaney and Tessa A. Hadlock, eds. Facial Surgery: Plastic and Reconstructive . Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group, 2015. ISBN-10: 1482240912, ISBN-13: 978-1482240917, $450.00. ![Graphic][1] This is an encompassing and well-constructed text covering the broad base of facial plastic and reconstructive surgery. As I flipped through the 1147 pages it became immediately apparent that this was a comprehensively detailed and referenced text that can be useful for not only the resident in training, but the seasoned surgeon who is interested in the current trends, advances, or techniques used in the various specialties. The publication is broad-based in its coverage of aesthetic and reconstructive surgery of the face, head, and neck. The 2-volume book set is composed of 51 chapters organized by facial zone, covering both cosmetic and reconstructive procedures. It is well written … Corresponding Author: Dr Phillip R. Langsdon, 7499 Poplar Pike, Germantown, TN 38138, USA. E-mail: langsdon{at}bellsouth.net [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif
William Hewson's studies of red blood corpuscles and the evolving concept of a cell membrane

The botanist Carl Nageli is generally considered to have laid the basis for the cell membrane concept by his 1855 study of the osmotic properties of plant cells. It is shown here that William Hewson in 1773 presented cogent experimental evidence for the concept of a cell membrane in red blood corpuscles. Although his work was largely confirmed in subsequent studies, and a cell membrane became an attribute of the cell in T. Schwann's cell theory, the idea of a cell membrane was rejected by anatomists in 1861 essentially on theoretical grounds, and plant physiologists did not mention Hewson's pioneering endeavour. As a consequence, Hewson's work has been ignored to this day. A broad cell membrane concept then had to await the ingenious work of Overton, started in 1895. The possible reasons for these lapses in scientific recognition are analyzed.
Psychological and immunological reactions of family members to patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation.

The authors' goal was to evaluate the impacts of patients' bone marrow transplant (BMT) on their spouse/partner's (subjects) psychological and immunological status at four key points in the course of their transplant. Subjects' [N = 24) psychological and immunological status was prospectively evaluated at four key points in the patient's BMT which included: at patients' admission to hospital and 0-, 20-, and 34-day intervals after BMT infusion. Psychological variables examined included: a) general psychological distress and negative affect; b) tendency to respond in a socially desirable manner; c) state negative affect; and dj coping style, specifically if escape-avoidance coping was used. Immune variables examined included: percentages of total T cells and of CD4 + , CD8 + cells, B cells, and natural killer (NK) cells, and NK cytoxicity. Greatest abnormality in immune variables was detected before the initiation of BMT (ie, between admission and day 0) with normalization between days 21 and 34 thereafter. During the waiting period before BMT, the subjects had the highest scores on negative affects, escape-avoidance coping, and psychological symptoms. These progressively declined after the BMT procedure. Significant correlations were found among trait anxiety, escape-avoidance coping, and total percentage of T cells and of CD4 + cells. Escape-avoidance coping was reliably correlated with percentage of B cells. The greatest psychological and immunological impacts on spouse/partners of BMT patients were found in the period directly after hospital admission and before BMT infusion. Alterations in immune values occurred in anticipation of BMT in the spouse/partners. Psychological symptoms followed this same pattern, being most elevated before BMT and decreasing in the successive evaluations post-BMT for the spouse/partners. The most significant and consistent psychological variable in predicting immune changes was escape-avoidance coping, with less escape-avoidance coping predicting better immune functioning.
The portable madrasa: Print, publics, and the authority of the Deobandi 'ulama

In the first decades of the twentieth century, classically trained Muslim scholars (`ulama) of the influential Deobandi school of North India issued a number of immensely popular, mass-printed ‘primers’ on Islamic belief and ritual practice. Now ubiquitous in the Islamic bookshops in South Asia and elsewhere, these primers sought to summarize the rudiments of an Islamic education for a nascent lay Muslim reading public. Focusing on three Deobandi `ulama—Ashraf `Ali Thanvi (d. 1943), Mufti Muhammad Kifayatullah (d. 1952), and Muhammad Manzur Nu`mani (d. 1997)—this paper explores how their primers advanced the Deobandi school's well-known critique of popular piety even as they claimed to address Muslims generally, and how their authors negotiated the subtle dynamics of print. Understanding the potentially subversive power of print to open a space for readers to form their own interpretations of minute doctrinal matters and the threat of mass-printed religious texts to their own authority, these `ulama implored readers to refrain from forming their own opinions of the primers’ content and to consult the `ulama throughout the reading process. Thus, even as they took advantage of print's possibilities, they remained deeply suspect of its ramifications.
New Approaches to Modeling High Data Rate Optical Fiber Transmission

The invention of erbium-doped fiber amplifiers has powered a tremendous growth in the capacity of optical fiber transmission systems.
Translocation of protein kinase C is associated with inhibition of 5-HT uptake by cultured endothelial cells

Acute exposure (30 min-1 h) of bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells in culture (BPAEC) to phorbol myristate acetate (PMA 10(-10)-10(-6) M) resulted in concentration-dependent decrement in serotonin (5-HT) uptake. Neither cell viability (trypan blue exclusion or release of deoxyglucose) nor activity of another plasma membrane function, angiotensin-converting enzyme activity, were affected. A decrease in 5-HT uptake was also noted with phorbol 12,13 dibutyrate and mezerein, but not with 4-alpha-phorbol 12,13 didecanoate, which does not stimulate protein kinase C (PKC). Inhibition of 5-HT uptake by PMA (160 nM) was reversed in a concentration-dependent manner by pretreatment of cells with the PKC inhibitor staurosporine (3-100 nM). BPAEC were treated with PMA (160 nM) for 1 h, and activities of PKC in cytosolic and membrane compartments were determined. PMA did not significantly affect total cellular PKC activity but resulted in a translocation of activity from cytosol to membrane (control membrane activity 67 +/- 4%; PMA-treated membrane activity 97 +/- 1% of total cellular PKC). Thus we propose that translocation of PKC from cytosol to membrane results in inhibition of 5-HT uptake by BPAEC.
Impaired driving enforcement practices among state and local law enforcement agencies in the United States.

Abstract Introduction Alcohol-impaired driving (DUI) persists as a substantial problem, yet detailed data on DUI enforcement practices are rarely collected. The present study surveyed state and local law enforcement agencies about their DUI enforcement activities. Method Telephone interviews were conducted with law enforcement liaisons in state highway safety offices. Officers from a nationally representative sample of municipal, county, and state law enforcement agencies were also interviewed about their agency's DUI enforcement activities, including the types of enforcement, frequency of use, and whether activities were publicized. Response rates were 100% among law enforcement liaisons, 86% among county agencies, 93% among municipal agencies, and 98% among state agencies. Results Based on the highway safety office survey, 38 states conducted sobriety checkpoints in 2011. Nationally, 58% of law enforcement agencies reported that they conducted or helped conduct sobriety checkpoints during 2011–12, with 14% of all agencies conducting them monthly or more frequently. The vast majority (87%) of agencies reported conducting dedicated DUI patrols. However, dedicated DUI patrols were less likely to be publicized than checkpoints. Less than a quarter of agencies reported using passive alcohol sensors to improve detection of alcohol-impaired drivers. Conclusions Results show that 38 states conducted sobriety checkpoints in 2011, little changed from a previous survey in 2000. Despite evidence of effectiveness, many agencies do not conduct frequent, publicized DUI enforcement or use passive alcohol sensors. Practical applications The survey suggests that there are several areas in which impaired driving enforcement could be improved: increasing the frequency of special enforcement, such as sobriety checkpoints and/or dedicated patrols; publicizing these efforts to maximize deterrent effects; and using passive alcohol sensors to improve detection of alcohol-impaired drivers.
Entrepreneurship Certificate Program: Teaching Entrepreneurship and Small Business Management through Mini-Courses

Missouri Southern State College has developed fifteen one-hour courses on entrepreneurship and small business management. These courses cover the traditional business topics found in an undergraduate business program but are designed around entrepreneurship, business planning, and small business management. The courses include: Business Plan, Opportunity Spotting, & Legal Aspects; Financing, Cash Flow Budgeting, & MicroComputer Applications; Accounting Procedures-Records & Taxation; Management Process, Strategic Planning, & Human Relations; and Marketing Promotion, Pricing, & Merchandising/Inventory Management.
Incestuous Sibling Relationships: Mansfield Park, Emma and Sense and Sensibility

Jane Austen’s sister Cassandra attempted to persuade her to change the denouement of Mansfield Park. According to Cassandra, Austen’s failure to allow Henry Crawford to marry Fanny, and Fanny’s cousin Edmund to marry Mary Crawford, constituted a major flaw in the work.1 Mansfield Park concludes with the heroine happily securing a place as a member of the family at Mansfield and with the removal of the immoral, unprincipled Crawfords. However, Cassandra Austen’s assessment, like that of many critics, overlooks or fails to appreciate the significance of the incestuous marriage of cousins Fanny and Edmund.
LIF Visualization of Liquid Fuel in the Cylinder of a Spark Ignition Engine

Laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) has been used to investigate the presence and location of liquid fuel films on the combustion chamber walls of a port fuel-injected engine. A frequency-tripled, Nd: YAG laser provided full-field illumination of the combustion chamber through a window in the piston crown. LIF from liquid-phase gasoline was imaged onto a gated, intensified solid-state camera, and recorded in real-time, synchronous with the engine, on video tape. The technique has been demonstrated on a production, four-valve head, comparing open and closed-valve injection timing. A cold start was simulated by motoring the engine at constant speed before enabling injection and ignition. For open-valve injection, liquid fuel was observed on and around the exhaust valves during the first injected cycle, and combustion occurred by the fourth cycle. For closed-valve injection, a detectable fuel film was seen near the intake valve seat by the fifth cycle, and combustion began by the eighth cycle.
Chapter 2 – Computer assisted gamma and X-ray tomography: Applications to multiphase flow systems

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on γ- and X-ray transmission tomography and discusses the basic principles of tomography. The different hardware configurations for arranging the radiation detectors and the source of radiation, as well as the methods for measuring the attenuation are described. It presents the various mathematical methods used for the reconstruction of the density distribution from the attenuation measurements, as well as a comparison between the various methods and illustrates the application of computed tomography for the experimental investigation of multiphase systems through a few examples. The chapter outlines some possible industrial and process applications. In presenting the above material, this chapter highlights the experience in implementing a tomographic system for holdup measurements in two phase flow systems, such as bubble columns and fluidized beds. Transmission tomography, on the other hand, is based on the principle of measuring the attenuation of a beam of radiation transmitted through the object. Based on a number of such attenuation measurements along several paths through the object, an image of the absorption coefficients within the scanned section is reconstructed.
Anxiety and physiological responses to the Trier Social Stress Test for Children in adolescents with cyclic vomiting syndrome

This study compared anxiety and physiological responses during the Trier Social Stress Test for Children (TSST-C) in adolescents. 38 subjects (26 females) were enrolled: 11 cyclic vomiting syndrome (CVS), 11 anxiety, and 16 controls. Salivary cortisol, α-amylase and heart rate variability (HRV) were assessed during the TSST-C. Anxiety was measured by the Screen for Childhood Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED), Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule, and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (STAI-C). 11 anxiety and 7 CVS subjects had ≥1 anxiety disorder. 82% in the anxiety and CVS groups met criteria for an anxiety disorder on the SCARED. Combining groups, cortisol increased from baseline to recovery during the TSST-C (p=0.0004) and the stressor to recovery (p=0.005). α-amylase did not differ during the TSST-C for the total sample, but increased for anxiety compared to controls from baseline to recovery (p=0.01). HRV decreased during the stressor (p=0.0001) and increased at recovery (p=0.004). No associations were found between biomarkers and trait anxiety. Associations were found between baseline HRV and pre-test state anxiety (r=-0.406, p=0.012) and between recovery HRV and post-test state anxiety (r=-0.501, p=0.002) for the total sample. Anxiety is prevalent in CVS warranting screening. HRV may serve as a biomarker for evaluating stress as a potential trigger for CVS episodes. State but not trait anxiety was associated with changes in HRV, suggesting acute anxiety may be more relevant in linking stress and CVS episodes.
The Minimal Unit of Infection: Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the Macrophage.

The interaction between Mycobacterium tuberculosis and its host cell is highly complex and extremely intimate. Were it not for the disease, one might regard this interaction at the cellular level as an almost symbiotic one. The metabolic activity and physiology of both cells are shaped by this coexistence. We believe that where this appreciation has greatest significance is in the field of drug discovery. Evolution rewards efficiency, and recent data from many groups discussed in this review indicate that M. tuberculosis has evolved to utilize the environmental cues within its host to control large genetic programs or regulons. But these regulons may represent chinks in the bacterium’s armor because they include off-target effects, such as the constraint of the metabolic plasticity of M. tuberculosis. A prime example is how the presence of cholesterol within the host cell appears to limit the ability of M. tuberculosis to fully utilize or assimilate other carbon sources. And that is the reason for the title of this review. We believe firmly that, to understand the physiology of M. tuberculosis and to identify new drug targets, it is imperative that the bacterium be interrogated within the context of its host cell. The constraints induced by the environmental cues present within the host cell need to be preserved and exploited. The M. tuberculosis-infected macrophage truly is the “minimal unit of infection.”
67-P : ROUTINE HLA ANTIBODY MONITORING OF RENAL ALLOGRAFT RECIPIENTS FOR DEVELOPMENT OF DONOR SPECIFIC ANTIBODIES

Aim Recently our renal transplant (Tx) program has implemented routine HLA antibody monitoring of allograft recipients. We determined the incidence of donor specific antibody (DSA) in the 6 months – 1 year post-Tx period. Methods 155 renal allograft recipients (Tx in 2011-2012) were tested for HLA antibody prior to Tx and 6 – 12 months post-Tx. Pre and post-Tx monitoring of antibodies was determined using flow cytometry screening beads and a Luminex-based solid-phase class I and II single antigen bead assay with a positive cutoff of 1000 MFI. Crossmatches (XM) were performed using pronase treated cells and flow cytometry. Correlations between DSA development and serum creatinine were analyzed. Results Overall, 67 of 155 renal Tx recipients were sensitized at time of Tx of which 41 were tested for DSA post-transplant. Of 88 non-sensitized patients, 50 were tested post-Tx. 5 of 41 sensitized patients developed de novo DSA compared to 4 of 50 patients in the non-sensitized group. Of the 9 patients that developed DSA, 7 had DSA to HLA-II antigens while 2 had antibodies against HLA-I antigens. In patients with DSA, serum creatinine level ranged from 1.39 – 5.87. However, no correlation was observed between DSA MFI and serum creatinine level. Conclusions Institution of routine testing for DSA following renal Tx has allowed identification of patients with HLA DSA that may not have been tested in an indication based scheme. A higher percentage of sensitized patients received routine monitoring than non-sensitized patients. More monitoring in sensitized patients is consistent with sensitized patients increased susceptibility to develop DSA. Development of DSA does not correlate with a positive XM but does correlate with sensitization. Consistent with previous reports, the majority of patients developed DSA to HLA-II antigens. Routine testing for DSA will enable a better understanding of possible connections between development of DSA and clinical outcomes in our cohort.
Surface wind speed: trend and climatology of Brazil from 1980–2014

This study examines the spatial and temporal surface (10 m) wind speed trend characteristics of Brazil during 1980–2014 using two in situ and three climate reanalysis datasets. Nonparametric regression is used to understand how mean seasonal and annual wind speeds change over space and time across Brazil. Overall temporal linear trends show that station and reanalysis products exhibit varying seasonal and annual wind speed trends. A geographic examination displays statistically significant (P < 0.05) positive (negative) mean wind speed trends for equatorial (southeastern and central) Brazil. Quantile regression is performed to interpret how wind speed changed across different percentiles. Results show that the largest positive and negative spatial wind speed trends occur for the upper percentiles (75 and 95%). The spatial and temporal trends and correlations described could be interconnected to possible changes developing with the location of Intertropical Convergence Zone and South Atlantic Anticyclone over the study region. Results have implications for optimizing renewable wind energy production and development across Brazil.
How tetraquarks can affect the chiral phase transition

Abstract We discuss the possible role which scalar mesons composed of tetraquarks can play in the chiral phase transition for three colors and two or three light flavors. For two flavors the tetraquark is an isoscalar, and isn't expected to significantly affect the chiral transition. For three flavors, however, one can naturally form a tetraquark field which in the same representation as the usual chiral field. Having two fields can alter the chiral transition significantly: for light fields, they may produce two chiral phase transitions. For QCD, in the plane of temperature and chemical potential we argue that a crossover line for the tetraquark condensate naturally connects to a line of phase transitions for color superconductivity.
Towards sustainable heterogeneous wireless networks: A decision strategy for AP selection with dynamic graphs

Abstract This paper considers a problem of user and access point associations in heterogeneous wireless networks consisting of multiple radio access technologies. The current association policies are mostly based on a selfish user behavior optimizing their own decision criteria. Such simple strategies, however, might fail especially in a congested place with a large number of users. From this perspective, this study propounds a strategy for optimizing the problem that aims at sustainably and fairly maximizing the minimal utility of users. The minimal utilities can be obtained from bare essentials of the quality of experience and defined by considering different requirements of each user. In order to analyze characteristics of the proposed selection strategy, we conduct simulations comparing it with the other selection method under each evaluation criterion. Numerical results suggest that the proposed selection i) enhances the total minimal utility in sustainable and fair manners, ii) indicates a distinctive trend in load balancing and iii) requires a comparable computational time and handover frequency in contrast with the other selection.
The Role of Values in Public Affairs Education

(2016). The Role of Values in Public Affairs Education. Journal of Public Affairs Education: Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 151-153.
The Depiction of African American Children's Activities in Television Commercials: An Assessment

This study involved a content analysis of the degree of portrayal and the favoribility of portrayal of African American children, as they were cast in various roles. It was hypothesized that these children would be less frequently and less positively portrayed in scholarly than in other roles and that scholarly depiction would vary among product classes. The research results did not support the first two but did support the third hypothesis. Various implications of the findings were drawn.
Socially Responsible Global Supply Chains: Aligning Human Resource Systems with Labor Standards

Practicing socially responsible human resource management in global supply chains requires that manufacturers modify their human resource systems to be aligned with core labor standards. I examine ...
Short Note: Comments About Autokrigeability in Cokriging Based on an Empirical Study

Given spatially coregionalized variables, Z1, Z2, . . . , Z M , their condition is one of isotopy if data are available for each variable at every sampling location (Wackernagel, 1995, p. 144). If an undersampling situation exists wherein some information for one or more variables is missing from some sampling locations, then a condition of partial heterotopy exists (Wackernagel, 1995, p. 144). In an isotopic data configuration, a variable is said to be autokrigeable if its cokriging from the set of M coregionalized variables equals its kriging. This concept is examined empirically by using a 1984 Landsat thematic mapper (TM) scene of Walker Lake, Mineral County, Nevada. This scene comprises six isotopic coregionalized variables and one variable that is partially heterotopic with this isotopic group. The focus herein is on autokrigeability as it relates to isotopic and partially heterotopic data.
Migrant Encounters, Intimate Labor, the State, and Mobility across Asia edited by Sara L. Friedman and Pardis Mahdavi

Friedman, Sara L., and Pardis Mahdavi, eds. Migrant Encounters, Intimate Labor, the State, and Mobility across Asia . Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015. Review by Jingyi Song.
Natural drugs, not so natural effects: Neonatal abstinence syndrome secondary to ‘kratom’

BACKGROUND Mitragyna speciosa, also known as kratom, is obtained from the coffee plant family 'Rubiaceae.' Kratom is available in the form of capsules, whole, processed and powdered leaves, and as liquids. Secondary to its 'natural herb' status and opioid effects, it is misconceived to be a safe alternative for the treatment of chronic pain. The use of kratom has increased by tenfold in the United States since 2010. METHODS AND RESULTS We report a term neonate who was born to a chronic kratom user and required treatment with opiates for neonatal drug withdrawal. CONCLUSION Physicians should be aware of these herbal supplements and its potential withdrawal effects in newborn which cannot be picked up by the standard toxicology screen.
Screening colonoscopy: High quality regardless of endoscopist specialty

Abstract Background Data suggests that screening colonoscopy performed by non-gastroenterologists are lower quality with lower adenoma detection rates (ADR). The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the endoscopist's specialty on quality parameters in screening colonoscopy. Methods Screening colonoscopies performed between January 2016 and June 2017 were queried from a prospectively maintained institutional database. Quality parameters including overall ADR, gender-specific ADR, total examination time, cecal intubation rate and withdrawal time were compared between gastroenterology (GI) and colorectal surgery (CRS). Results A total of 15,276 patients were included in the study (mean age 60.3 ± 8; 52.4% female). 11,339 (74.2%) of the colonoscopies were performed by GI, and 3937 (25.7%) were by CRS. Withdrawal time and total scope time were shorter in the GI group. Cecal intubation rate was comparable. Overall ADR, female ADR and male ADR were significantly higher in the GI group, although both groups met national quality benchmarks. Conclusion Both specialties achieve appropriate quality metrics for screening colonoscopy. Prospectively evaluating each endoscopist's outcomes, regardless of specialty, is an important tool for ongoing quality improvement towards better patient outcomes.
Doing underlaboured theory

ABSTRACTThis essay connects the two critical realist ideas of underlabouring and meta-theory, making the argument that the process of underlabouring and making ‘disclosure and transformation of the...
Evaluating the adhesion properties of crude oil fractions on mineral aggregates at different temperatures through reactive molecular dynamics

Understanding the structure-property relationships of the binder-aggregate interface at the molecular level provides insights into the nature of their adhesion and could pave the way for better asp...
ACTION SPECTRUM FOR MELATONIN SUPPRESSION: EVIDENCE FOR A NOVEL CIRCADIAN PHOTORECEPTOR IN THE HUMAN EYE

Light is a potent regulator of systemic physiology. Specifically, environmental light is the primary stimulus for regulating circadian rhythms, seasonal cycles, and neuroendocrine responses in many mammalian species including humans (1,2,3,4). Shortly after the regulatory capacity of light was demonstrated in humans, light was tested as a therapeutic intervention for treating winter depression or Seasonal Affective Disorder (5,6,7). Since then, twenty years of clinical studies have confirmed that light therapy is effective for treating winter depression (8,9,10). In addition, light therapy has been studied as a treatment for selected circadian sleep disorders, nonseasonal depression, menstrual disturbances, eating disorders as well as re-entraining circadian physiology relative to the challenges of shift work or intercontinental air travel (11,12).
Anxiety and Phobias in Individuals with Intellectual Disabilities

Although it was historically assumed that mental health conditions such as anxiety disorders did not exist in individuals with intellectual disabilities (ID), it is increasingly being recognized that individuals with ID do experience fear and anxiety, at increased rates compared to the general population. This chapter provides an overview of the diagnostic criteria for the various anxiety disorders in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), how these criteria should be modified for individuals with ID, and how to assess anxiety in individuals with ID using a multi-method assessment strategy that includes behavioral, cognitive/affective, and physiological indicators of anxiety. We also review the evidence base for interventions that have been used to treat anxiety or phobic avoidance in individuals with ID. We found that in vivo exposure, contingent reinforcement, hierarchy/shaping/stimulus fading, prompting, modeling, noncontingent reinforcement, increasing predictability, and relaxation can be classified as efficacious interventions for treating anxiety in ID, with other interventions classified as possibly efficacious or not having enough evidence. These classifications must be viewed with caution, given that evaluating the quality or methodological rigor of these studies was beyond the scope of this chapter. Overall, behavioral interventions as a whole can be considered efficacious for the treatment of phobic avoidance and anxiety (though not necessarily as a treatment for DSM-5 anxiety disorders) in individuals with ID, with exposure and contingent reinforcement being the most commonly used and well-established interventions. Limitations of the existing intervention research as well as directions for future research are discussed.