cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Kindling of the lateral septum and the amygdala: Effects on anxiety in rats

Abstract Long-term kindling of limbic system structures may produce substantial changes in emotional behavior in rats. This study examined long-term changes in two kindled structures that have opposite effects on anxiety, the lateral septum and the central nucleus of the amygdala. The purpose of the experiment was to examine the specificity of the emotional effects of kindling by employing a double dissociation design. Animals were tested in two common animal models of anxiety, the water-lick conflict test and the elevated plus-maze. In the conflict test amygdala-kindled animals demonstrated a significant anxiolytic effect when compared with sham-kindled animals. This effect was potentiated by chlordiazepoxide. Septally-kindled animals exhibited a significant anticonflict effect when compared to sham-kindled animals in the first session. Septally-kindled animals spent significantly more time on the open arms of the elevated plus-maze than did sham-kindled animals. Observed changes persisted 6 weeks after the termination of 150 kindling sessions. The effects of long-term kindling were highly consistent with those of disruption rather than facilitation.
A framework for bimanual inter-device interactions

A shared interactive display (e.g., a tabletop) provides a large space for collaborative interactions. However, a public display lacks a private space for accessing sensitive information. On the other hand, a mobile device offers a private display and a variety of modalities for personal applications, but it is limited by a small screen. We have developed a framework that supports fluid and seamless interactions among a tabletop and multiple mobile devices. This framework can continuously track each user's action (e.g., hand movements or gestures) on top of a tabletop and then automatically generate a unique personal interface on an associated mobile device. This type of inter-device interactions integrates a collaborative workspace (i.e., a tabletop) and a private area (i.e., a mobile device) with multimodal feedback. To support this interaction style, an event-driven architecture is applied to implement the framework on the Microsoft PixelSense tabletop. This framework hides the details of user tracking and inter-device communications. Thus, interface designers can focus on the development of domain-specific interactions by mapping user's actions on a tabletop to a personal interface on his/her mobile device. The results from two different studies justify the usability of the proposed interaction. Develop a framework that supports fluid and seamless interactions among a tabletop and multiple mobile devices.Integrate a collaborative workspace (i.e., a tabletop) and a private area (i.e., a mobile device) with multimodal feedback.Justify the usability of the proposed interaction through two different user studies.
The effect of recasting on the oxidation layer of a palladium-silver porcelain alloy

The oxidation zone of a commercial palladium-silver porcelain alloy was compared after repeated casting with and without the addition of new alloy. The intensity of palladium, silver, tin, indium, and O K-alpha near the oxidation zone was analyzed with XMA. The intensity curves of tin, silver, and oxygen increased progressively through each generation despite the addition of new alloy. The thickness of the oxidation zone and the microporosities at the internal oxidation zone increased through each generation without the addition of new alloy. Although the findings indicated that the oxidation zone was favorably formed by adding new alloy, 50% by weight, for four generations, the silver and metallic oxides of the oxidation zone increased through each generation. The reuse of the palladium-silver porcelain alloy remains questionable.
A dispositional approach to hostility toward sports commentators in online arenas

Abstract A limited amount of studies examined the effects of sports commentary on online readers’ attitudes toward online sports commentators. Approaching disposition effects hypothesis in online arenas, this study examined the effects of the positive/negative sports commentaries and the win/loss of readers’ favorite team on their hostility toward online sports commentators. A two (the win of the favorite team versus the loss of the favorite team) by two (the positive commentaries versus the negative commentaries) within-subjects repeated measures experiment with emotional responses as a covariate was designed to measure readers’ hostility toward online sports commentators. Results showed that disposition effects activated by the win/loss and the positive/negative commentaries significantly led readers to a higher level of hostility toward online sports commentators. Moreover, main effects for the positive/negative commentaries were stronger than main effects for the win/loss of the favorite team. Although readers’ emotional responses could not directly moderate the effects of the positive/negative commentaries on the win/loss of the favorite team, online readers with a more positive level of emotional responses to sports commentaries reported a lower level of hostility toward online sports commentators.
Crystal growth of diamond and its application for semiconductor devices

Based on the latest experimental results, the on-resistance of diamond devices is compared with those of other wide-bandgap semiconductor devices from the power device point of view. From the dynamic temperature dependence of the on-resistance, the superiority of the diamond device as a majority carrier device is made clear. The history of diamond transistor development is reviewed in order to show how progress in crystal growth was related to the realization of diamond devices with such superior characteristics. Step flow growth using an off-orientation substrate is introduced as the latest advance in gas-phase synthesis of diamond. By means of step flow growth, not only is the surface morphology improved, but the repeatability of doping is increased. Progress in this crystal growth technology offers the possibility of further new devices. © 1999 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 82(7):68–79, 1999
Group size and the free-rider hypothesis: A re-examination of old evidence from churches: Reply to Zaleski and Zech

This paper replies to the comment by Zaleski and Zech on my Lipford (1995) paper, in which I examined the relationship between free riding and group size. In this reply, I demonstrate that my original estimate is not misspecified because of a scaling problem and argue that the effects of any omitted variables are likely minor, if present.
Development of a robust non-linear observer for dynamic positioning of ships

AbstractA robust non-linear observer, utilizing the sliding mode concept, is developed for the dynamic positioning (DP) of ships. The main advantage of the proposed observer is its robustness. The observer is based on work by Fossen and Strand, providing estimates of linear velocities of the ship and bias from slowly varying environmental loads. It also filters out wave frequency motion to avoid wear of actuators and excessive fuel consumption. In particular, the observer structure with a saturation function makes the proposed observer robust against neglected non-linearities, disturbances and uncertainties. A non-linear output feedback controller is derived on the basis of the developed observer using the observer backstepping technique, and the global stability of the observer and control law is shown by Lyapunov stability theory. A set of simulations was carried out to investigate the performance of the proposed observer for dynamic positioning of a ship.
Information sharing in supply chains: Incentives for information distortion

The existing literature on supply chain information sharing assumes that information is shared truthfully. Unless each party can verify the authenticity of the other party's information, manufacturers and retailers may divulge false information for their own benefit. These information distortions may reduce the benefit levels or even stop information sharing in supply chains. We analyze the incentives for manufacturers and retailers within a supply chain to distort information when they share it and propose a mechanism that results in truthful information sharing. We consider a make-to-order supply chain consisting of a single manufacturer and a single retailer. The manufacturer and the retailer set prices based on their private forecasts of uncertain demand. If both parties share their forecasts truthfully, the manufacturer always benefits; however, the retailer benefits only if the manufacturer sets a lower wholesale price when information is shared compared to when information is not shared. However, w...
Simulation of the creep expansion of porous sandwich structures

Recently developed sandwich structures consist of a porous metal core sandwiched between two fully dense face sheets. These structures are produced by pressurizing a metal powder compact with an inert gas prior to consolidation by hot isostatic pressing (“hipping”). After consolidating and hot rolling the compact to a sheet form, a high-temperature annealing step is used to expand the internally pressurized gas-filled micropores. This expansion results in a porous core sandwich structure with integrally bonded face sheets. Recent experimental studies[1] with a Ti-6Al-4V porous core sandwich have indicated that the expansion rate exhibits a maximum during thermal ramping to 920 °C but then continued to expand over many hours at a constant temperature. Significant grain growth also accompanied the expansion. A microstructure-dependent creep model has been developed for a body containing a distribution of spheroidal pores. The body’s constitutive behavior is described by microstructure-dependent creep potentials for dislocation (power law) and diffusion-accommodated grain-boundary sliding (DAGS). It has been used to simulate the expansion of Ti-6Al-4V sandwich structures subjected to thermal cycles similar to those studied experimentally. The simulated response compared well with experimental results. The model was then used to identify an attainable core porosity as a function of the initial gas pressure and initial core relative density at the completion of the expansion process step.
On the Pre-Columbian Origin of Proto-Omagua-Kokama

Cabral (1995, 2007, 2011) and Cabral and Rodrigues (2003) established that Kokama and Omagua, closely-related indigenous languages spoken in Peruvian and Brazilian Amazonia, emerged as the result of intense language contact between speakers of a Tupi-Guarani language and speakers of non-Tupi-Guarani languages. Cabral (1995, 2007) further argued that the language contact which led to the development of Kokama and Omagua transpired in the late 17th and early 18th centuries, in the Jesuit mission settlements located in the provincia de Maynas (corresponding roughly to modern northern Peruvian Amazonia). In this paper I argue that Omagua and Kokama were not the product of colonial-era language contact, but were rather the outcome of language contact in the pre-Columbian period. I show that a close examination of 17th and 18th century missionary chronicles, Jesuit texts written in Omagua and Kokama, and modern data on these languages, make it clear that Omagua and Kokama already existed in a form similar to their modern forms by the time European missionaries arrived in Maynas in the 17th century. Moreover, I show that several key claims regarding ethnic mixing and Jesuit language policy that Cabral adduces in favor of a colonial-era origin for Kokama are not supported by the available historical materials. Ruling out a colonial-era origin for Omagua and Kokama, I conclude that Proto-Omagua-Kokama, the parent language from which Omagua and Kokama derive, was a pre-Columbian contact language.
Vitamin D receptor protein is associated with interleukin-6 in human skeletal muscle

Vitamin D is associated with skeletal muscle physiology and function and may play a role in intramuscular inflammation, possibly via the vitamin D receptor (VDR). We conducted two studies to examine (1) whether serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) and/or intramuscular VDR protein concentrations are associated with intramuscular interleukin-6 (IL-6) and/or tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα); and (2) whether 16-week supplementation with vitamin D3 alters intramuscular IL-6 and/or TNFα. Potential-related signaling pathways were also examined. Muscle biopsies of 30 older, mobility-limited adults were obtained at baseline. A subset of 12 women were supplemented with either 4,000 IU/day of vitamin D3 (N = 5) or placebo (N = 7), and biopsies were repeated at 16 weeks. Serum 25OHD was measured, and intramuscular VDR, IL-6, and TNFα gene expressions and protein concentrations were analyzed. Baseline serum 25OHD was not associated with intramuscular IL-6 or TNFα gene expression or protein concentration. Baseline intramuscular VDR protein concentration, adjusted for baseline serum 25OHD, was positively associated with intramuscular IL-6 gene expression (n = 28; p = 0.04), but negatively associated with intramuscular IL-6 protein (n = 18; p = 0.03). Neither intramuscular IL-6 nor TNFα gene expression was different between placebo (n = 7) or vitamin D3 supplementation groups (n = 5) after 16 weeks (p = 0.57, p = 0.11, respectively). These data suggest that VDR is a better predictor than serum 25OHD concentration of intramuscular IL-6 gene and protein expressions. A similar relationship was not observed for TNFα expression. Further, supplementation with 4,000 IU vitamin D3 per day does not appear to affect intramuscular IL-6 or TNFα gene expression after 16 weeks.
Modeling and Experimental Validations of a Piezoelectric Energy Harvester Under Combined Galloping and Base Excitations

This paper develops an experimentally validated model of a piezoelectric energy harvester under combined aeroelastic-galloping and base excitations. To that end, an energy harvester consisting of a thin piezoelectric cantilever beam subjected to vibratory base excitation is considered. To permit galloping excitation, a bluff body is rigidly attached at the free end such that a net aerodynamic lift is generated as the incoming airflow separates on both sides of the body giving rise to limit cycle oscillations when the flow velocity exceeds a critical value. A nonlinear electromechanical distributed-parameter model of the harvester under the combined excitation is derived using the energy approach and by adopting the nonlinear Euler-Bernoulli beam theory, linear constitutive relations for the piezoelectric transduction, and the quasi-steady assumption for the aerodynamic loading. The partial differential equations of the system are discretized and a reduced-order-model is obtained. The mathematical model is validated by conducting a series of experiments with different loading conditions represented by wind speed, base excitation amplitude, and excitation frequency around the primary resonance.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Neuropsychological Consequences of Opiate Use

Approximately 3.7 million individuals have used heroin and other opiate substances in their lifetime. Despite increasing knowledge of the effects of heroin, it remains the most abused opiate and use among adults has recently increased. The empirical literature examining the neurocognitive effects of acute and chronic opioid use remains limited; however, findings to date suggest that the use of opiates has both acute and long-term effects on cognitive performance. Neuropsychological data indicate deficits in attention, concentration, recall, visuospatial skills and psychomotor speed with both acute and chronic opioid use. The long-term effects of opiate use appear to have the greatest impact on executive functions, including the ability to shift cognitive set and inhibit inappropriate response tendencies. Factors that contribute to addiction and recovery are also discussed, as it is difficult to disentangle the effects of opiate use on cognitive performance from other factors that may affect neurobehavioral measures.
Lattice and grain boundary self-diffusion in cadmium

Abstract The bulk and grain boundary diffusion in cadmium of 99.5 per cent purity have been measured as a function of temperature. The bulk diffusion constants as measured in single crystals are given by Dv∥ = 0.05 cm2/secexp(−18,200 cal/mol-RT) and Dv⊥ = 0.10 cm2/secexp (−19,100 cal/mol-RT), where Dv∥ and Dv⊥ refer respectively to diffusion parallel and perpendicular to the hexagonal axis. The grain boundary diffusion gave Db = 1.0 cm2/secexp(−13,000 cal/mol-RT). These results are compared with analogous values obtained for zinc. The implication for the determination of mechanism is in this case less clear cut.
Is Social Work Different? Comments on "Confirmational Response Bias"

William Epstein's paper (this issue) raises several issues. Let us deal with them in turn. First, ethics. We must decide whether it is fair for a researcher to dupe editors, and thus referees of journals, simply to discover whether their practice is competent. Epstein deceived. While there is no question that such an act is cheeky, and may not make the author popular at cocktail parties, I feel that it is legitimate. How else can one find out the kind of things Epstein found out? Consider how few questions would have been raised had the subjects been undergraduates. Do we have a different standard, then, for honesty toward colleagues and toward students, and if so, why? Is the time of professionals of such great value? Deception, like pain, is never to be inflicted needlessly. Here obviously one must balance the payoff in information with the cost in exasperated editors and reviewers. A few hours of time may have been lost, but so what? This kind of procedure is as nothing compared with the average carnage caused by the typical large-scale randomized matched sample tests of a new drug or surgical treatment. Were I one of the reviewers, I could hardly be deeply offended, when I think of all the "legitimate" articles over which I have wasted countless hours! Deception is not nice, but it can be worth using, if the results justify it. Here I think they do, although just barely so. I have some reason to be sympathetic with the author's concerns. For many years I researched taboo topics, and my submission of articles to reputable journals was often met with something less than enthusiasm. This is a story I have never written up, although it will certainly come as no surprise to sociologists. I was fortunate, finally, to find legitimate channels for publication, but I will not deny the difficulties these researches caused me. One should not be sanguine about the great body of material that is very difficult to get published because it goes contrary to the reigning paradigms and biases of the establishment (Westrum 1982, 1986). One thinks of the troubles of Semmelweiss and more recently of atomic scientists Goffman
An Empirical Model Study of Cones of Depression Produced by Pumping Wellsa

It is of the utmost importance that ground-water users understand the basic concept that all the ground water within a single set of hydrologic and geologic boundaries is part of a single hydrologic system. It is therefore worthwhile for all ground-water users to understand the manner in which ground water moves through the pore spaces of saturated rock and to understand the various configurations of the water table brought about by the pumping of water table wells. The movement of ground water is illustrated in two hydraulic models which were constructed in order to bring ground-water flow into surroundings where it can be visually observed. The models consist of watertight plexi-glass cases containing a porous consolidated mixture of sand and epoxy resin, which simulates a true sandstone. The models are used to study cones of depression produced by pumping wells. Photographic histories of several ground-water flow conditions are illustrated.
Impedance characteristics of three-phase electrodes on solid electrolytes

Previously obtained theoretical expressions for the impedance associated with the diffusion of neutral species through a permeable electrode and along the electrode/electrolyte interface are discussed as they apply to gas electrodes on solid electrolytes. A new result, describing diffusion under circular electrode contacts, is obtained. Representative impedance-plane, admittance-plane and Bode-type plots are given for each theoretical model. The effects of rate-controlling adsorption-desorption exchange with the gas phase are considered, as is the applicability of the idealized theoretical models to irregular electrodes.
Direct link between cytokine activity and a catalytic site for macrophage migration inhibitory factor

Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a secreted protein that activates macrophages, neutrophils and T cells, and is implicated in sepsis, adult respiratory distress syndrome and rheumatoid arthritis. The mechanism of MIF function, however, is unknown. The three-dimensional structure of MIF is unlike that of any other cytokine, but bears striking resemblance to three microbial enzymes, two of which possess an N-terminal proline that serves as a catalytic base. Human MIF also possesses an N-terminal proline (Pro-1) that is invariant among all known homologues. Multiple sequence alignment of these MIF homologues reveals additional invariant residues that span the entire polypeptide but are in close proximity to the N-terminal proline in the folded protein. We find that p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate, a catalytic substrate of MIF, binds to the N-terminal region and interacts with Pro-1. Mutation of Pro-1 to a glycine substantially reduces the catalytic and cytokine activity of MIF. We suggest that the underlying biological activity of MIF may be based on an enzymatic reaction. The identification of the active site should facilitate the development of structure-based inhibitors.
Rehabilitation interventions in Parkinson disease.

Objective This self-directed learning module provides an evidence-based update of exercise-based rehabilitation interventions to treat Parkinson disease (PD). It is part of the study guide on stroke and neurodegenerative disorders in the Self-Directed Physiatric Education Program for practitioners and trainees in physical medicine and rehabilitation. This focused review emphasizes treatment of locomotion deficits, upper limb motor control deficits, and hypokinetic dysarthria. New dopaminergic agents and deep brain stimulation are facilitating longer periods of functional stability for patients with PD. Adjunctive exercise-based treatments can therefore be applied over longer periods of time to optimize function before inevitable decline from this neurodegenerative disease. As function deteriorates in patients with PD, the role of caregivers becomes more critical, thus training caregivers is of paramount importance to help maintain a safe environment and limit caregiver anxiety and depression. The overall goal of this article is to enhance the learner's existing practice techniques used to treat PD through exercise-based intervention methods.
Determinants within the C-Terminal Domain of Streptomyces lividans Acetyl-CoA Synthetase that Block Acetylation of Its Active Site Lysine In Vitro by the Protein Acetyltransferase (Pat) Enzyme

Reversible lysine acetylation (RLA) is a widespread regulatory mechanism that modulates the function of proteins involved in diverse cellular processes. A strong case has been made for RLA control exerted by homologues of the Salmonella enterica protein acetyltransferase (SePat) enzyme on the broadly distributed AMP-forming CoA ligase (a.k.a. acyl-CoA synthetases) family of metabolic enzymes, with acetyl-CoA synthetase (Acs) being the paradigm in the field. Here we investigate why the Acs homologue in Streptomyces lividans (SlAcs) is poorly acetylated in vitro by the S. lividans protein acetyltransferase (SlPat) enzyme. Chimeras of S. enterica Acs (SeAcs) and S. lividans Acs (SlAcs) constructed during the course of this work were acetylated by SlPatA in vitro, retained most of their activity, and were under RLA control in a heterologous host. We identified SeAcs residues N- and C-terminal to the target lysine that when introduced into SlAcs, rendered the latter under RLA control. These results lend further support to the idea that Pat enzymes interact with extensive surfaces of their substrates. Finally, we suggest that acetylation of SlAcs depends on factors or conditions other than those present in our in vitro system. We also discuss possible explanations why SlAcs is not controlled by RLA as defined in other bacterial species.
Comparability of the James' second-order approximation test and the Alexander and govern A statistic for non-normal heteroscedastic data

The James' second-order approximation ( J ) is generally acknowledged to be the best method for comparing group means when data are heteroscedastic and symmetric. The Alexander and Govern A statistic demonstrates comparable control of Type I and Type II errors for normal data, but its performance in the presence of non-normality has not been adequately assessed. Comparison of the two statistics for symmetric and asymmetric data indicates that A closely mimics J in terms of empirical α levels and power. Both statistics are unsuitable for asymmetric data; both are robust when data are symmetric but non-normal. The A statistic is easy to compute, can be assessed using standard X; 2 tables, and is recommended for use for heteroscedastic symmetric data.
Mixed electrical conduction in Ce1−xCaxO2−x

Abstract The solid electrolyte Ce1−xCaxO2-−x with the fluorite-type structure (Ca-doped CeO2) is a mixed conductor. Conduction occurs predominantly by migration of O2− ions via oxygen vacancies or by electrons, depending on the departure from stoichiometry. The ionic transference number σi/σi + σe was determined as a function of dopant concentration (0.07⩽x⩽0.15), temperature (400–800°C), and oxygen pressure by emf measurements with oxygen concentration cells. It is described by t i 1 + P O 2 − 1 4 exp − 5.42 − S ∗ (x)T 4kT −1 The entropy term S∗(x) changes from 38.7k for x = 0.07 to 31.7k for x = 0.15; the enthalpy term, 5.42 eV, is independent of x and in excellent accord with semi-empirical calculations.
Essential Dimensions of Latent Semantic Indexing (LSI)

Latent semantic indexing (LSI) is commonly used to match queries to documents in information retrieval applications. LSI has been shown to improve retrieval performance for some, but not all, collections, when compared to traditional vector space retrieval. In this paper, we first develop a model for understanding which values in the reduced dimensional space contain the term relationship (latent semantic) information. We then test this model by developing a modified version of LSI that captures this information, essential dimensions of LSI (EDLSI). EDLSI significantly improves retrieval performance on corpora that previously did not benefit from LSI, and offers improved runtime performance when compared with traditional LSI. Traditional LSI requires the use of a dimensionality reduction parameter which must be tuned for each collection. Applying our model, we have also shown that a small, fixed dimensionality reduction parameter (k=10) can be used to capture the term relationship information in a corpus
Opportunistic Encryption: A Trade-Off between Security and Throughput in Wireless Networks

Wireless network security based on encryption is widely prevalent at this time. However, encryption techniques do not take into account wireless network characteristics such as random bit errors due to noise and burst errors due to fading. We note that the avalanche effect that makes a block cipher secure also causes them to be sensitive to bit errors. This results in a fundamental trade-off between security and throughput in encryption based wireless security.1 Further, if there is an adversary with a certain attack strength present in the wireless network, we see an additional twist to the security-throughput trade-off issue. In this paper, we propose a framework called opportunistic encryption that uses channel opportunities (acceptable signal to noise ratio) to maximize the throughput subject to desired security constraints. To illustrate this framework and compare it with some current approaches, this paper presents the following: 1) mathematical models to capture the security-throughput trade-off, 2) adversary models and their effects, 3) joint optimization of encryption and modulation (single and multirate), 4) the use of forward error correcting (FEC) codes to protect encrypted packets from bit errors, and 5) simulation results for Rijndael cipher. We observe that opportunistic encryption produces significant improvement in the performance compared to traditional approaches.
Fully dynamic cycle-equivalence in graphs

Two edges e/sub 1/ and e/sub 2/ of an undirected graph are cycle-equivalent iff all cycles that contain e/sub 1/ also contain e/sub 2/, i.e., iff e/sub 1/ and e/sub 2/ are a cut-edge pair. The cycle-equivalence classes of the control-flow graph are used in optimizing compilers to speed up existing control-flow and data-flow algorithms. While the cycle-equivalence classes can be computed in linear time, we present the first fully dynamic algorithm for maintaining the cycle-equivalence relation. In an n-node graph our data structure executes an edge insertion or deletion in O(/spl radic/n log n) time and answers the query whether two given edges are cycle-equivalent in O(log/sup 2/ n) time. We also present an algorithm for plane graphs with O(log n) update and query time and for planar graphs with O(log n) insertion time and O(log/sup 2/ n) query and deletion time. Additionally, we show a lower bound of /spl Omega/(log n/log log n) for the amortized time per operation for the dynamic cycle-equivalence problem in the cell probe model. >
Duration of illness and treatment effects on hippocampal volume in male patients with schizophrenia

Background Reduced hippocampal volume is a consistently described structural abnormality in schizophrenia but its cause and timing are not known. Aims To examine the relationship of duration of schizophrenic illness and treatment effects with hippocampal volumes. Method Quantitative 1.5 T magnetic resonance imaging brain scans of young male patients in the early stage of schizophrenic illness were compared with those of chronically ill older patients. Scans were also acquired for controls matched to both patient groups for age and handedness. Duration of illness was recorded and severity of symptoms assessed with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale. Results The patients with schizophrenia had smaller hippocampal volumes than the controls. The volume reduction was larger in older patients than in young, compared with age-matched controls. In the early illness group atypical antipsychotics rather than haloperidol were associated with larger hippocampal volumes even after controlling for differences in illness severity. Conclusions The greater reduction of hippocampal volume in people with chronic v. early illness, after controlling for illness severity and age, supports the hypothesis of progressive hippocampal reduction in males with schizophrenia. Atypical antipsychotics early in illness may protect against this.
An Empirical Test of Value-Based Planning Models and Implications

The value of the firm is clearly the central purpose of most entrepreneurial activities. Considering the scope, nature and impact of Strategic Management decisions, one would expect firm value to be an integral concern of this area. Yet seldom do we observe value being explicitly managed or systematically linked to the strategies and direction of the firm. Recent economic pressures are escalating the need to achieve a more complete and concrete portrayal of this relationship. In this search, a small number of frameworks have sprung up from traditional finance models to describe the value creation/destruction process from the strategic management perspective. Though these models have generated strong interest and have provided useful insights, they have not been subjected to large-scale empirical evaluation. This research examined two frameworks and assessed the degree of empirical support for their implications. Based on 4,000 observations in 40 industries over a ten-year period, the current effort provided only partial support for the models and their implications. This paper supported the qualitative contributions of these models to better decision-making processes. Their statistical explanatory power, however, was not demonstrated.
Type 1 Immunity Provides Both Optimal Mucosal and Systemic Protection against a Mucosally Invasive, Intracellular Pathogen

It has been hypothesized that optimal vaccine immunity against mucosally invasive, intracellular pathogens may require the induction of different types of immune responses in mucosal and systemic lymphoid tissues. Mucosal type 2/3 responses (producing interleukin-4 [IL-4], IL-6 and/or transforming growth factor β) could be necessary for optimal induction of protective secretory immunoglobulin A responses. On the other hand, systemic type 1 responses (including gamma interferon [IFN-γ], tumor necrosis factor alpha, and optimal cytotoxic T-cell responses) are likely to be critical for protection against the disseminated intracellular replication that occurs after mucosal invasion. Despite these predictions, we recently found that vaccines inducing highly polarized type 1 immunity in both mucosal and systemic tissues provided optimal mucosal and systemic protection against the protozoan pathogen Trypanosoma cruzi . To further address this important question in a second model system, we now have studied the capacity of knockout mice to develop protective immune memory. T. cruzi infection followed by nifurtimox treatment rescue was used to immunize CD4, CD8, β2-microglobulin, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), IL-12, IFN-γ, and IL-4 knockout mice. Despite the previously demonstrated importance of CD4 + T cells, CD8 + T cells, and nitric oxide for T. cruzi immunity, CD4, CD8, and iNOS knockout mice developed mucosal and systemic protective immunity. However, IL-12, IFN-γ, and β2-microglobulin-deficient mice failed to develop mucosal or systemic protection. In contrast, IL-4 knockout mice developed maximal levels of both mucosal and systemic immune protection. These results strongly confirm our earlier conclusion from studies with polarizing vaccination protocols that type 1 immunity provides optimal mucosal and systemic protection against a mucosally invasive, intracellular pathogen.
Chronic leucine supplementation improves glycemic control in etiologically distinct mouse models of obesity and diabetes mellitus.

Leucine may function as a signaling molecule to regulate metabolism. We have previously shown that dietary leucine supplementation significantly improves glucose and energy metabolism in diet-induced obese mice, suggesting that leucine supplementation could potentially be a useful adjuvant therapy for obesity and type 2 diabetes. Since the underlying cause for obesity and type 2 diabetes is multifold, we further investigated metabolic effects of leucine supplementation in obese/diabetes mouse models with different etiologies, and explored the underlying molecular mechanisms. Leucine supplementation was carried out in NONcNZO10/LtJ (RCS10) - a polygenic model predisposed to beta cell failure and type 2 diabetes, and in B6.Cg-Ay/J (A y ) - a monogenic model for impaired central melanocortin receptor signaling, obesity, and severe insulin resistance. Mice in the treatment group received the drinking water containing 1.5% leucine for up to 8 months; control mice received the tap water. Body weight, body composition, blood HbA1c levels, and plasma glucose and insulin levels were monitored throughout and/or at the end of the study period. Indirect calorimetry, skeletal muscle gene expression, and adipose tissue inflammation were also assessed in A y mice. Leucine supplementation significantly reduced HbA1c levels throughout the study period in both RCS10 and A y mice. However, the treatment had no long term effect on body weight or adiposity. The improvement in glycemic control was associated with an increased insulin response to food challenge in RCS10 mice and decreased plasma insulin levels in A y mice. In leucine-treated A y mice, energy expenditure was increased by ~10% (p < 0.05) in both dark and light cycles while the physical activity level was unchanged. The expression levels of UCP3, CrAT, PPAR-alpha, and NRF-1, which are known to regulate mitochondrial oxidative function, were significantly increased in the soleus muscle of leucine-treated Ay mice whereas the expression levels of MCP-1 and TNF-alpha and macrophage infiltration in adipose tissue were significantly reduced. Chronic leucine supplementation significantly improves glycemic control in multiple mouse models of obesity and diabetes with distinct etiologies. The metabolic benefits of leucine supplementation are likely mediated via multiple mechanisms in different tissues, but are not necessarily dependent of weight reduction.
Graphical programming for the transputer

The Multigraph programming environment provides a very-high-level programmer interface for the development of parallel and real-time processing systems. It is specifically targeted for large systems wishing to integrate a knowledge-based synthesis technique with standard numerical techniques. The result is a graphical editing environment where the user models the structure of the desired computation. Subsequently, symbolic techniques are used to translate this model to a large-grain data-flow graph. A description is given of the concepts and use the Multigraph programming environment on a tightly coupled parallel processing platform, the INMOS transputer. >
Promoting the use of bicycle helmets during primary care visits.

Purpose: The purpose of this article is to communicate ways in which the nurse practitioner (NP) working with the pediatric population can incorporate bicycle helmet use education into the primary care setting. Data sources: Review of literature on bicycle helmets, safety, and head injury, retrieved from scientific journals and reliable Internet sources. Conclusions: Bicycling has become a popular sport for both children and adults. Despite excellent benefits, bicycling can pose hazards to riders when safety measures are not practiced. Head injury has been cited as the leading cause of death in bicycle-related injuries. The simplest and single most effective device available to reduce head injury and death is the bicycle helmet. Implications for practice NPs working with the pediatric population can have a profound impact on safety and health through promoting bicycle helmet use to both the child and accompanying parent during children's primary care visits. NPs can also become involved beyond the institution and act as role models for children, form coalitions, and serve as community advocates for new or stronger helmet legislation and enforcement of bicycle helmet laws.
Cosmic string scaling in flat space

We investigate the evolution of infinite strings as a part of a complete cosmic string network in flat space. We perform a simulation of the network which uses functional forms for the string position and thus is exact to the limits of computer arithmetic. Our results confirm that the wiggles on the strings obey a scaling law described by universal power spectrum. The average distance between long strings also scales accurately with the time. These results suggest that small-scale structure will also scale in an expanding universe, even in the absence of gravitational damping.
Immunotoxin therapy of lymphoma

In the past decade significant advances have been achieved in the management of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL). Combination chemotherapy regimens now yield high rates of complete remission in intermediate and high- grade lymphomas, with approximately 50% of patients remaining disease- free 5 years after therapy. The widespread availability of autologous bone marrow transplantation has led to prolonged disease-free survival, even in patients who have relapsed after receiving initial chemotherapy for their disease [1,2]. These gains have been achieved at the cost of increased immediate and long-term toxicity of therapy secondary to the increased doses of chemotherapy and radiation therapy that are required to overcome tumor cell resistance. Moreover, despite progress in the therapy of high- grade lymphomas, little has changed to alter the prognosis of advanced stage low-grade lymphomas, where significant responses to chemotherapy are reliably seen but relapses are the rule.
Epigenetic Variation and Human Disease

Cytosine guanine dinucleotide (CpG) island methylation is a known mechanism of epigenetic inheritance in postmeiotic cells. Through associated chromatin changes and silencing, such epigenetic states can influence cellular physiology and affect disease risk and severity. Our studies of CpG island methylation in normal colorectal mucosa revealed progressive age-related increases at multiple gene loci, suggesting genome-wide molecular alterations with potential to silence gene expression. However, there was considerable variation in the degree of methylation among individuals of comparable ages. Such variation could be related to genetic factors, lifestyle, or environmental exposures. Studies in ulcerative colitis and hepatocellular cirrhosis and neoplasia revealed that chronic inflammatory states are accompanied by marked increases in CpG island methylation in normal-appearing tissues, confirming the hypothesis that proinflammatory exposures could account for part of the epigenetic variation in human populations. Preliminary data also suggest potential influences of lifestyle and exposure factors on CpG island methylation. It is suggested that epigenetic variation related to aging, lifestyle, exposures and possibly genetic factors, is one of the modulators of acquired, age-related human diseases, including neoplasia.
GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION IN CLONAL STRUCTURE IN A REEF- BUILDING CARIBBEAN CORAL, ACROPORA PALMATA

Species that build the physical structure of ecosystems often reproduce clonally, both in terrestrial (e.g., grasses, trees) and marine (e.g., corals, seagrasses) environments. The degree of clonality may vary over a species' range in accordance with the relative success of sexual and asexual recruitment. High genotypic (clonal) diversity of structural species may promote the species diversity and resilience of ecosystems in the face of environmental extremes. Conversely, low genotypic diversity may indicate an asexual strategy to maintain resources and genetic variation during population decline. Here, we use microsatellite markers to assess geographic variation in clonality in the coral Acropora palmata sampled from 26 reefs in eight regions spanning its tropical western Atlantic range (n ¼ 751). Caribbean-wide, the ratio (6SD) of genets (Ng) to sampled ramets (N) was 0.51 6 0.28. Within reefs (30-70 m) and among reefs (10-100 km) within regions, clonal structure varied from being predominantly asexual (Ng/N approaching 0) to purely sexual (Ng/N ¼ 1). However, two genetically isolated regions (western and eastern Caribbean) differed in clonal structure: genotypically depauperate populations (Ng/N ¼ 0.43 6 0.31) with lower densities (0.13 6 0.08 colonies/m 2 ) characterized the western region, while denser (0.30 6 0.21 colonies/m 2 ), genotypically rich stands (Ng/N ¼ 0.64 6 0.17) typified the eastern Caribbean. Genotypic richness (standardized to sample size; Ng/N) and genotypic diversity (Go/Ge) were negatively related to colony density within each province (r 2 ¼ 0.49-0.66, P , 0.001), indicating that dense stands have higher rates of asexual recruitment than less dense populations. Asexual recruitment was not correlated with large- scale disturbance history or abundance of large colonies (potential fragment sources) but was negatively correlated with shelf area (r 2 ¼ 0.57, P , 0.01). We argue that sexual recruitment is more prevalent in the eastern range of A. palmata than the west, and that these geographic differences in the contribution of reproductive modes to population structure may be related to habitat characteristics. The two populations of the threatened A. palmata differ fundamentally in reproductive character and may respond differently to environmental change.
MICE: the International Muon Ionization Cooling Experiment

The MICE Collaboration has designed an experiment in which a section of an ionization cooling channel is exposed to a muon beam. This channel includes liquid-hydrogen absorbers providing energy loss and high-gradient rf cavities to re-accelerate the particles, all tightly packed in a solenoidal magnetic channel. It reduces the beam transverse emittance by > 10% for muon momenta between 140 and 240 MeV/c. Spectrometers placed before and after the cooling section perform the measurements of beam transmission and emittance reduction with an absolute precision of /spl plusmn/ 0.1%.
The Modernist City (Holston)

James Holston. The Modernist City: An Anthropological Critique of Brasilia. Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1989.xiv+369 pages.
Juggling Work Among Multiple Projects and Partner

Prior research suggests people have trouble juggling effort across multiple projects with multiple partners. We investigated this problem, with an experiment where groups of four participants enacted the roles of police detectives. Each detective was assigned two homicide cases, each case with a different partner. To solve each case, detectives read their case documents and discussed relevant information with their partners. Half the groups used IM to communicate and the other half used an enhanced IM tool called project-view IM (PVIM). PVIM lists partners and joint projects and lets users know what a partner is working on. We analyzed keystroke level computer activity and the content of conversations. Generally, work unfolded as follows: coordinate across cases, start first case, read documents, coordinate within case with partner, switch to second case, and so on, but with frequent interruptions. We describe implications of our findings for theories of multitasking
The Construction Of Meaning And Identity In The Composition And Reading Of An Architectural Text

n this article, we present a case study of a student composing a significant text in a high school class. We focus on his inscription and representation of meaning in the textual codes and the ways in which those codes were interpreted by his readership, particularly his teacher. The text was an architectural drawing of a house that the student, Rick (all names are pseudonyms), designed to suit the life he imagined himself living. It embodied a particular meaning for him and a vision of how it would function in service of his conception of a good life. Critical aspects of that inscription were apparent to his teacher, Bill, following much discussion with Rick. Yet Bill read key aspects of Rick’s design as violations of common-sense rules for designing homes for the suburban housing market and consequently resisted, although ultimately accepted, Rick’s design as a viable text. The tension between Rick’s inscription of narrative meaning in his text and the meaning anticipated and read by his teacher—a tension that existed not only between student and teacher but also between the broader cultures in which each participated—served as the I