cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of Combinational Logic Using Decomposition and Probability

A new algorithm for the synthesis of single-output two-valued combinational logic using decomposition and probability is described. Two probabilistic quantities, the probability of existence of all pertinent decomposition classes, and the probable cost of an N variable function are defined. Results for completely specified functions are derived and tabulated. The extension to incompletely specified functions is discussed. A randomly chosen function is assumed throughout the paper.
Selective Ligand Modification on the Periphery of Diruthenium Compounds: Toward New Metal-Alkynyl Scaffolds

Diruthenium compounds Ru 2 (DmAniF) 3 (OAC)Cl (1, DmAniF is N,N'-di(m-methoxyphenyl)-formamidinate) and cis-Ru2(DmAniF)2(OAc)2Cl (6) reacted with N,N'-dimethyl-4-iodobenzamidine (HDMBA-I) to furnish new compounds Ru 2 (DmAniF) 3 (DMBA-I)Cl (2) and cis-Ru 2 (DmAniF) 2 (DMBA-I) 2 Cl (7), respectively. Both compounds 2 and 7 were modified with a terminal alkyne under Sonogashira conditions. Examples reported include 2 cross-coupled with HC≡CSi i Pr 3 or HC≡CFc to yield Ru 2 (DmAniF) 3 (DMBA-4-C 2 Si i Pr 3 )Cl (3a) or Ru 2 -(DmAniF)3(DMBA-4-C2Fc)Cl (3b), respectively, and 7 cross-coupled with HC≡CFc to yield cis-Ru2(DmAniF)2(DMBA-4-C2Fc)2Cl (8). The peripherally modified compounds (2, 3a/3b, 7, and 8) were further alkynylated at the axial positions of the Ru 2 core to yield a series of bis-alkynyl adducts: Ru2(DmAniF) 3 (DMBA-4-C 2 Si i Pr 3 )(C 4 SiMe 3 ) 2 (4a), Ru 2 (DmAniF) 3 (DMBA-4-C 2 Fc)(C 4 SiMe 3 ) 2 (4b), Ru 2 (Z)mAnLF) 3 (DMBA-I)(C4SiMe3)2 (5), cis-Ru2(DmAniF)2(DMBA-4-C 2 Fc) 2 (C 2 Ph) 2 (9), and cis-Ru2(DmAniF)2(DMBA-I)2(C2Ph)2 (10). All compounds reported were characterized with voltammetric, vis-NIR, and NMR (whenever applicable) techniques. Molecular structures of compounds 1, 4a, 5, 6, 9, and 10 were established through X-ray diffraction studies.
Developing the Ability to Perform Speech Acts.

This paper calls attention to an increasingly prominent field of interest within second language acquisition research and pedagogy, namely, that of pragmatic ability. It focuses on an area within pragmatics, that of speech acts, considers the processes underlying the performance of such speech acts, and looks at the effects of explicit instruction in this area. The paper starts by asking what speech act ability entails. Several basic distinctions are made in the description of speech acts, such as that between sociocultural and sociolinguistic ability. Second, directions of previous research describing speech acts are indicated and directions yet to be taken are pointed out. Difficulties in researching oral speech act performance are noted, and verbal report is recognized as one of a limited number of research tools available for investigating cognitive processes involved in speech act production. The paper then reviews four studies that utilize verbal report to gain at least some access to the underlying processes. Finally, the paper looks at previous research on the tutored and untutored acquisition of speech acts and provides suggestions for future research.
An Experimental Investigation of the Effect of Tooth Asymmetry and Tooth Root Shape on Root Stresses and Single Tooth Bending Fatigue Life of Gear Teeth

In this paper, effects of root fillet geometry and tooth asymmetry on tooth bending stresses and fatigue lives of spur gears are investigated. For this purpose, an existing gear analysis model, the Load Distribution Program (LDP), is employed to define four basic tooth geometry variations. These four variations are (i) symmetric tooth profiles (i.e. identical loaded and unloaded flanks) with full circular root geometry (at the maximum radius possible), (ii) symmetric tooth profiles with an elliptical root geometry, (iii) asymmetric tooth profiles (i.e. loaded and unloaded flanks at different pressure angles) with full circular root geometries, and (iv) asymmetric tooth profiles with an elliptical root geometry on the right (loaded) flank and a circular root geometry on the left flank. Under these conditions, variations (ii), (iii), and (iv) are predicted to have maximum root stresses that are 7.6%, 22.4%, and 24.3% less than that of the baseline case (i). Actual test articles representing these four variations were qualified through dimensional measurements of the profiles and the root fillet regions. The roots of several of the teeth of each gear type were instrumented and strain measurements under various tooth load levels are compared with the predictions. Single tooth bending fatigue tests were also performed to obtain fatigue data for each variation of the test gears. The resultant tooth bending fatigue performance of each gear variation is shown to correlate with the level of root stress reduction achieved. Experiments indicate that the most significant life increases compared to the baseline conditions are achieved with the last variation (asymmetric tooth profiles and an elliptical root shape), where the mean life is increased by more than 30 times. It is also shown through examination of the broken teeth that the critical locations where the cracks initiated agree well with the predicted locations of the maximum root stresses.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Sleep Dysfunction and its Management in Parkinson’s Disease

Sleep disorders are among the most common non-motor symptoms in Parkinson’s Disease (PD). In some cases, symptoms can precede a diagnosis of PD by many years, but otherwise they are commonly encountered during the clinical care of patients. Unfortunately, sleep problems are under-recognized and subsequently inadequately addressed. In our experience, when properly addressed, physicians and patients are quickly aware of the often-debilitating nature of sleep dysfunction. This does not mean that solutions are easily attainable. Sleep in PD is held in a delicate balance, influenced by the disease process, medications, co-morbid symptoms, and a variety of other factors. For this reason, management of sleep in PD often requires an inter-disciplinary approach. Physicians should have an intimate knowledge of the many sleep problems apparent in PD, as well as appreciate the challenge presented by diverse therapeutic options that can both ameliorate and aggravate symptoms.
Doubly differential electron-production cross sections for 200-1500-eV e - +H 2 collisions

Ionization cross sections differential in the angle and energy of the detected electrons were measured for electron impact on hydrogen gas at 200, 500, 1000, and 1500 eV. Measurements were made from 15\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}--150\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} and from a few eV to T-I where T is the primary electron energy and I the ionization potential of hydrogen. The results are compared to earlier measurements and to available calculations.
Radiative recombination and lifetime of a triplet excitation mediated by spin-orbit coupling in amorphous semiconductors

A charge carrier spin-photon interaction time-dependent transition operator is derived and used for calculating the rate of spontaneous emission of a photon from the radiative recombination of a triplet excited electron in atoms and molecules and triplet excitons in amorphous semiconductors. The derived results are then applied to the hydrogenated amorphous silicon $(a\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{Si}:\mathrm{H})$ to calculate the rate of spontaneous emission and radiative lifetime of triplet excitons. The temperature dependence of the rate of emission is also studied. The calculated radiative lifetimes are compared with the recent experimental results and good agreement was found. The theory is general and can be applied to any amorphous materials, including organic solids.
A Metadata Best Practice for a Scientific Data Repository

Digital data repositories ought to support immediate operational needs and long-term project goals. This paper presents the Dryad repository's metadata best practice balancing of these two needs. The paper reviews background work exploring the meaning of science, characterizing data, and highlighting data curation metadata challenges. The Dryad repository is introduced, and the initiative's metadata best practice and underlying rationales are described. Dryad's metadata approach includes two prongs: one addressing the long-term goal to align with the Semantic Web via a metadata application profile; and another addressing the immediate need to make content available in DSpace via an extensible markup language (XML) schema. The conclusion summarizes limitations and advantages of the two prongs underlying Dryad's metadata effort.
Prefrontal-hippocampal-fusiform activity during encoding predicts intraindividual differences in free recall ability: an event-related functional-anatomic MRI study.

The ability to spontaneously recall recently learned information is a fundamental mnemonic activity of daily life, but has received little study using functional neuroimaging. We developed a functional MRI (fMRI) paradigm to study regional brain activity during encoding that predicts free recall. In this event-related fMRI study, ten lists of fourteen pictures of common objects were shown to healthy young individuals and regional brain activity during encoding was analyzed based on subsequent free recall performance. Free recall of items was predicted by activity during encoding in hippocampal, fusiform, and inferior prefrontal cortical regions. Within-subject variance in free recall performance for the ten lists was predicted by a linear combination of condition-specific inferior prefrontal, hippocampal, and fusiform activity. Recall performance was better for lists in which pre-frontal activity was greater for all items of the list and hippocampal and fusi-form activity were greater specifically for items that were recalled from the list. Thus, the activity of medial temporal, fusiform, and prefrontal brain regions during the learning of new information is important for the subsequent free recall of this information. These fronto-temporal brain regions act together as a large-scale memory-related network, the components of which make distinct yet interacting contributions during encoding that predict subsequent successful free recall performance.
The formation of N-(ethoxycarbonylmethyl)diazenido (C2H5OOCCH2N2) derivatives of molybdenum. The 1,3-addition of CX (X = Cl, Br and I) to the MoN2 moiety of bis(dinitrogen)bis(1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane)molybdenum

Abstract The reactions of ethyl haloacetates with Mo(N 2 ) 2 (dppe) 2 (where dppe = 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane) to form MoX(N 2 CH 2 COOC 2 H 5 )(dppe) 2 (where X = Cl, Br and I) are reported. These stable compounds are readily protonated with aqueous fluoroboric acid to form [MoX(N 2 HCH 2 COOC 2 H 5 )(dppe) 2 ] BF 4 , the N-(ethoxycarbonylmethyl)hydrazido derivatives.
Cultures of Letters: Scenes of Reading and Writing in Nineteenth-Century America

Acknowledgments Introduction: On the Idea of Cultures of Letters 1: Sparing the Rod: Discipline and Fiction in Antebellum America 2: Veiled Ladies: Toward a History of Antebellum Entertainment 3: Starting Out in the 1860s: Alcott, Authorship, and the Postbellum Literary Field 4: The Reading of Regions For a History of Literary Access The Reading of Regions: A Study in the Social Life of Forms 5: Jewett, Regionalism, and Writing as Women's Work 6: "Why Could Not a Colored Man?": Chesnutt and the Transaction of Authorship Notes Index
The Classification of Preschool Children's Sociometric Status.

Six sociometric measures were evaluated on a sample of 85 four-year-olds from three preschool and day care centers. Stability, intercorrelations, and accuracy of classifying rejected children were compared for measures of social preference, social impact, peer ratings, alternative status, and positive and negative nominations. Test-retest correlations were moderately high and quite similar for all measures except social impact. Children were classified as rejected or not rejected based on Z scores of −.50 on all measures except for negative nominations, which employed a Z of +.50. In comparison with the commonly used social preference measure, accurate classifications were obtained using negative nominations, peer ratings, and alternative status. Positive nominations were somewhat less accurate in identifying rejected children, and social impact was a poor index of social status. Results suggest that both nominations and peer ratings can be assessed reliably with preschool children and that the two sociometric techniques measure similar aspects of social status. The alternative status measure was demonstrated to be a reliable and accurate technique for identifying rejected children in the preschool years. Implications for social skills intervention are discussed.
Spatiotemporal Patterns in the Energy Release of Great Earthquakes

For the past 80 years, the energy released in great strike-slip and thrust earthquakes has occurred in alternating cycles of 20 to 30 years. This pattern suggests that a global transfer mechanism from poloidal to toroidal components of tectonic plate motions is operating on time scales of several decades. The increase in seismic activity in California in recent years may be related to an acceleration of global strike-slip moment release, as regions of shear deformation mature after being reached by stresses that have propagated away from regions of great subduction decoupling earthquakes in the 1960s.
The effect of photoperiod on cold tolerance in Drosophila melanogaster

Abstract 1. 1.|Descendents of Florida and Ithaca, U.S.A. populations of Drosophila melanogaster were reared under short (10 h light: 14 h dark) or long (14 h light: 10 h dark) photoperiods. 2. 2.|Flies were chilled for 8, 16, 32, or 64 min and the time to recovery was recorded. 3. 3.|Recovery time increased as chilling time increased. 4. 4.|Recovery time was also related to photoperiod; short-photoperiod flies recovered faster than did long-photoperiod flies. 5. 5.|These results together with earlier observations of higher metabolic rates of short-day flies indicate the importance of photoperiod in adaptively modifying physiological features.
Mouse Cone Opsins Require An Arrestin For Normal Inactivation

Arrestins are a family of proteins that arrest the activity of phosphorylated G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). While it is well established that rhodopsin, the GPCR of rod phototransduction, requires an arrestin (ARR1) for normal inactivation, the requirement for an arrestin for cone opsin inactivation has been disputed. We established that mouse cones express two distinct visual arrestins, Arr4 (alias “cone arrestin”) and Arr1, and by recording electrical responses of the cones of WT mice, and mice with one or both the arrestins knocked out, established that an arrestin is required for normal inactivation of both mouse S-opsin and M-opsin. We also estimated the expression levels of Arr1 and Arr4 in cones, and established that both arrestins at their normal expression levels are competent to support inactivation. The complete absence of Arr1 and Arr4 from cones, however, slows down cone inactivation much less than does the absence of Arr1 from rods.
Diffusion of Pb and Hg in Dilute Pb: Hg Alloys

The diffusion of Pb and Hg was measured in Pb: Hg alloys of up to 8-at.% mercury between 200 and 300 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C by the serial-sectioning technique. The diffusion of mercury in pure lead is well described by ${D}_{\mathrm{Hg}}={D}_{0}{e}^{(\ensuremath{-}\frac{{H}_{\mathrm{Hg}}}{\mathrm{RT}})}$, where ${D}_{0}=1.05\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.24$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$/sec and ${H}_{\mathrm{Hg}}=22.7\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2$ kcal/mole, and is 15-20 times faster than the lead self-diffusion. The diffusivities of both lead and mercury are enhanced by increasing the mercury content of the alloys. This is incompatible with an interstitial mechanism. The enhancement coefficients, measured at four temperatures, are very small and lie close to the minimum allowed by a vacancy mechanism. The predictions of both vacancy and interstitial-vacancy pair models are reviewed and compared to the present data. This shows that neither model in its present form gives a fully satisfactory description of this system's diffusion behavior and so a possible extension of the interstitial-vacancy pair model is suggested.
031 Mechanical Characteristics of Fibroblast – Fibrin Constructs: Effect of Fibrinogen and Thrombin Concentration

Fibrin clot formation during normal wound healing is essential to hemostasis. Fibrin clots also serve as a scaffold for cells, such as fibroblasts, invading the wound bed. The mechanical characteristics of this fibrin – fibroblast tissue over a period of time, as the fibrin is replaced with collagen, is not well understood. In this paper, we attempt to measure specific mechanical characteristics in these systems over a period of 10 days by using fibrin – fibroblasts constructs prepared in a culture dish. We have also examined the effect of fibrinogen and thrombin concentration in the final fibrin clot on these characteristics. A well-established indentation protocol was used to determine the nominal elastic modulus of the cell-fibrin constructs at specified time points. Human fibroblast cell line CRL-2522 was used. Fibrin clots with different fibrinogen and thrombin concentration were prepared as described in Cox et al. (Tissue Engineering, Vol. 10 (5/6): 942) with cell concentration of 50,000 fibroblasts per fibrin clot. Four constructs were prepared for each of the following days 1, 5, and 10. 1 mL of a serum – containing medium was added to each well, and plates were transferred to a 5% CO2 incubator at 37 °C. On days 1, 5, and 10, the fibrin – fibroblast constructs were subject to a compressive indentation protocol. This involved applying a circular, flat-ended silica indenter to the surface of the cell/fibrin constructs through controlled displacements until reaching a specified maximum displacement, u*. An Instron 3365 Universal Testing Machine equipped with a 2.5 N load cell with a load resolution of 0.1 mN was used. Displacement rates in the range of 5–10 mm/min were used with peak displacements, u* = 0.1–5 mm. The force required to maintain these displacements was automatically recorded and analyzed for indentation stiffness over the fixed displacement range of 1.0–1.5 mm at 50 msec intervals. Our results indicate that for the unpopulated fibrin, there was a linear (R = 0.983) relationship between the indentation stiffness and fibrinogen concentration. Also, there was a nonlinear relationship between indentation stiffness and concentration of collagen in the fibrin/collagen constructs. Finally, we found in one of the cell-populated formulations a steady decrease in the indentation stiffness with increasing incubation time (1–10 days), suggesting that the cells exerted a significant effect on the construct structure and hence mechanical function.
Heroin Use and Harm Reduction in Afghanistan: An Interview With Helen Redmond, LCSW

Afghanistan has been on the minds of many in the United States due to Operation Enduring Freedom, and the current drawdown of U.S. troops. Beyond war, though, another topic associated with Afghanis...
A theoretical study of the oxygen K absorption edge in cluster models of sodalite.

Abstract The X-ray absorption near-edge spectrum (XANES) has been calculated for the oxygen K-edge in cluster models of pure silica sodalite and a related sodalite containing Al. Results are reported which describe the dependence of the calculated near-edge spectrum on cluster size as well as the presence of Al and the charge-balancing Na cations. Prominent features of the calculated spectra appear to be correlated with the underlying structure of the cluster models. In agreement with other calculations and measurements of near-edge structure in oxides, backscattering of the outgoing photoelectron from 0 atom neighbors is the dominant source of XANES structure, whereas backscattering from Si atoms has a relatively minor effect. Also calculated was the spectrum of a small cluster model of α-SiO 2 , which compared favorably with a previously reported experimental near-edge spectrum.
Recognition of a 10 base pair sequence of DNA and stereochemical control of the binding affinity of chiral hairpin polyamide-Hoechst 33258 conjugates.

Abstract Chiral hairpin polyamides linked to a Hoechst 33258 analogue at the α-position of the hairpin turn amino acid ( 1 , 2 ) were synthesized on solid phase by adopting Fmoc and ivDde techniques. The DNA-binding properties of enantiomeric conjugates 1 and 2 , and N -terminal linked conjugate 3 for 8–14 bp sequences were determined by spectrofluorometric and thermal melting studies. Conjugates 1 and 2 recognize a 10 bp sequence, while conjugate 3 recognizes a 9 bp sequence. Interestingly, R -enantiomer 1 exhibited 10- to 30-fold higher binding affinities than S -enantiomer 2 for the DNA sequences studied. These binding differences were accounted for by molecular modeling studies, which revealed that the amide proton nearest to the chiral center in R -conjugate 1 is better positioned to form hydrogen bonds to the DNA bases, while S -conjugate 2 does not.
LOWER BOUNDS FOR LRD/GI/1 QUEUES WITH SUBEXPONENTIAL SERVICE TIMES

We investigate the tail distribution of the virtual waiting times in a LRD/GI/1 queue where the arrival process is long-range dependent (LRD) and the service times are independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) random variables. We present two lower bounds on the stationary waiting time tail asymptotics, which illustrate the different dominating components that influence server performance under various conditions. In particular, we show that the tail distribution of the stationary waiting time is bounded below by that of the associated LRD/D/1 queues resulting from replacing all random service times by the mean. This shows the performance impact purely due to the long-range dependency of the arrival process. On the other hand, when the service times are subexponential, we show that the tail distribution of the stationary waiting time is bounded below by that of the corresponding D/GI/1 queue by replacing the dependent arrival process with its associated independent version. This shows the minimum performance impact due to the tail distribution of the service times. The above two lower bounds indicate that the performance of LRD/GI/1 queues will be dominated by the heavier tail of the corresponding LRD/D/1 and D/GI/1 queues. These features are further illustrated and quantified through examples and via numerous simulation experiments.
Artificial and Natural Hybridization in Schiedea and Alsinidendron (Caryophyllaceae: Alsinoideae): the Importance of Phylogeny, Genetic Divergence, Breeding System, and Population Size

Abstract Artificial hybridizations of Schiedea and Alsinidendron (Caryophyllaceae: Alsinoideae), genera endemic to the Hawaiian Islands, were used to study the effects of phylogenetic relationship, genetic divergence, breeding system, and population size on the ability of species to cross and produce fertile F1 hybrids. Using 17 taxa, all crosses attempted produced vigorous F1 hybrids, although pollen fertility of hybrids varied substantially. Fertility of F1 hybrids was positively related to genetic identity measured using allozyme variability. Fertility of hybrids was not predicted by phylogenetic relationships, estimated from morphological and molecular data. Hybrids between species with dimorphic breeding systems had significantly higher pollen fertility than other combinations, although this effect was not significant when population size was controlled in the analysis. The association of dimorphism and ability to produce fertile F1 hybrids is probably indirect: dimorphic species of Schiedea occur in...
A Laboratory Study of the Urban Heat Island in a Calm and Stably Stratified Environment. Part II: Velocity Field

Abstract A fully turbulent, low-aspect-ratio buoyant plume with no initial momentum under calm and stably stratified conditions is produced in a convection tank. The plume is generated by a circular heat island at the bottom of the tank. Two analytical models, a bulk convection model and a hydrostatic model, are developed to formulate similarity relations for the low-aspect-ratio plume. The convective velocity scale wD, suggested by the analytical models, is used as the similarity parameter for both the mean velocity and standard deviations of velocity fluctuations. The normalized standard deviations of horizontal and vertical velocities agree with each other for two heating rates, as well as with field observations in the center of Sapporo, Japan. The suggested scaling and empirical relations based on our experimental results may be applied to the velocity fields of other low-aspect-ratio plumes in calm and stably stratified environments. Further investigations are recommended to confirm the results of t...
Lattice quantization in the wavelet domain

Some of the most remarkable image compression results published recently are the Barlaud et al, where an entropy estimate is used as the measure of coded bit rate. The rates they quoted are not achievable in a real image compression system because the number of codewords in the lattice vector quantizer codebook used by Barlaud et al. can be orders of magnitude greater than the number of quantizer source vectors output from the wavelet transform of a single image. The root of this problem is that lattice vector quantizers are best suited for use with uniform source probability distributions. In this paper we propose a novel quantizer that compands the codebook lattice in a piecewise fashion, is based on the independent Laplacian source model of wavelet transform coefficients, and achieves excellent rate-distortion results for quantization of wavelet transform coefficients. Simulations compare the use of this quantizer on wavelet transform coefficients with the quantizer originally proposed by Barlaud et al.
Structural Change and Economic Policy in a Declining Metropolitan Region: Implications of the Pittsburgh Experience

Public-private partnerships can play a valuable role in regional economic policy, but the nature and effectiveness of such alliances depends on the type of problems faced by a region. In the contex...
Preparing families for international adoption.

1. Julia M. Bledsoe, MD* 2. Brian D. Johnston, MD, MPH† 1. *Division of General Pediatrics and Director, Center for Adoption Medicine 2. †Division of General Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Describe the changes in the demographic, medical, and developmental characteristics of internationally adopted children. 2. Discuss the role of the pediatrician in assessing information made available to families prior to adoption of a child abroad. 3. List conditions commonly seen in children adopted internationally and characterize their medical, developmental, and social consequences. 4. Describe the current understanding of the long-term medical, developmental, and emotional outcomes of international adoption. International adoption is an increasingly common phenomenon. With nearly 20,000 foreign-born adoptees entering United States families every year, most pediatricians can expect to encounter one or more of these children in their practices. However, as the demographics and medical risks of intercountry adoption continue to change, it also is likely that prospective adoptive parents will seek pediatric advice prior to completing their adoption. The goal of this review is to highlight the general and specific concerns that pediatric clinicians should address as they prepare families for international adoption. In 1989, approximately 8,000 children were adopted into United States homes from foreign countries. Most came from Korea, relinquished by young mothers who were stigmatized by out-of-wedlock pregnancy (Figure⇓). Most of these children received United States-style pediatric care and were nurtured in well-funded foster homes until their adoption was completed, usually during infancy. Figure. Immigrant visas issued to orphans coming to the United States by country of origin, 1989 versus 2002. Source: United States Department of State. By 2002, the number of intercountry adoptions had more than doubled, with most children coming from either Russia or China (Figure⇑). This shift in country of origin was accompanied by a change in the general health and well-being of international adoptees. For example, among children available for adoption from Russia, as many as 30% were born preterm or were of …
Is Phellinites digiustoi the oldest homobasidiomycete

The oldest generally accepted fossil of mushroom-forming fungi (homobasidiomycetes) is Phellinites digiustoi, from the Jurassic of Patagonia. The next-oldest homobasidiomycete fossil does not occur until about 70 million years later, in the mid-Cretaceous. The goal of this project was to reassess the identity of Phellinites and refine the minimum-age estimate for the origin of homobasidiomycetes. We examined the holotype of Phellinites digiustoi and a second collection from the type locality. Thin sections were prepared from both collections. Phellinites has a cellular structure, confirming that it is biological in origin, but there are no hyphae, spores, or other fungal structures. Rather, Phellinites appears to be the outer bark (rhytidome) of a conifer. Fossils of Araucariaceae are common in the region where Phellinites was found, and so it is plausible that Phellinites is the bark of an Araucaria-like tree. The minimum age of the mushroom-forming fungi, based on direct fossil evidence, is revised to the mid-Cretaceous.
Non-Analytic Logics

We are now going to consider five logics, KB, DB, B, S5 and G that, for various reasons, do not fit the pattern of earlier chapters. The most eccentric of these is the logic G which, as defined by its model theory (Chapter One #2) is not compact. The other four logics, KB, DB, B and S5 are compact, but have other pecularities that set them apart from the logics of earlier chapters. Now KB, DB, B and S5, in many ways, resemble each other rather closely, and differ markedly from G. We have chosen to treat the five in a single chapter largely as a matter of convenience. The main theoretical reason for grouping them together is a negative one: none of them (apparently) have tableau systems of the sort considered in earlier chapters, in which each step must involve a simpler formula than any previously on the branch. We elaborate on this point.
Confidentiality and informed consent versus collaboration: Challenges of psychotherapy ethics in nursing homes.

Conventional prescriptions for ethical psychotherapy practice are largely based on outpatient, office-based procedures. Maintaining confidentiality and insuring informed consent in nursing homes, however, becomes considerably more complex. These are situations in which following ethical norms inflexibly will detract from quality of care. This article discusses the conflict of values and ethics that can sometimes exist. Case examples are used to illustrate the tension between confidentiality and optimal therapeutic strategy; between informed consent and urgent needs of the patient.
Ultraviolet Difference Spectral Studies on Concanavalin A Carbohydrate Interaction

The interaction of concanavalin A, the phytohemagglutinin of the jack bean, with a variety of glycosides has been studied by the technique of ultraviolet difference spectroscopy. Whereas methyl α-d-gluco- and manno-pyranoside gave rise to relatively low intensity difference spectra, p-nitrophenyl α-d-mannopyranoside and α-d-glucopyranoside yielded large difference spectra upon interaction with concanavalin A. Using this technique as a measure of concanavalin A activity, it was demonstrated that the protein specifically binds low molecular weight carbohydrates at much lower pH values (e. g. pH 2.4) than previously believed. Although polysaccharides are also bound at these low pH values, they are not precipitated by concanavalin A. Molecular weight studies in acid media indicate that the protein does not dissociate and it is suggested that electrostatic repulsion of the protein molecules due to their high net positive charge prevents protein-polysaccharide lattice formation and hence failure of the complex to precipitate.
Climate Change, Extreme Events, and Hurricane Sandy: From Non-Stationary Climate to Non-stationary Policy

This paper illustrates and examines the development of a flexible climate adaptation approach and non-stationary climate policy in New York City in the post-Hurricane Sandy context. Extreme events, such as Hurricane Sandy, are presented as learning opportunities and create a policy window for outside-of-the-box solutions and experimentation. The research investigates the institutionalization of laws, standards, and codes that are required to reflect an increasingly dynamic set of local environmental stresses associated with climate change. The City of New York responded to Hurricane Sandy with a set of targeted adjustments to the existing infrastructure and building stock in a way that both makes it more resistant (i.e., strengthened) and resilient (i.e., responsive to stress) in the face of future extreme events. Post-Sandy New York experiences show that the conditions for a post-disaster flexible adaptation response exist, and evidence shows that the beginnings of a non-stationary policy generation process have been put into place. More broadly, post-disaster policy processes have been configured in New York to enable continuous co-production of knowledge by scientists and the community of decision-makers and stakeholders.
Prostaglandin E2 and progesterone during the estrous cycle of the pig.

The possible role of endogenous PGE2 in corpus luteum function during the estrous cycle of the pig was examined. A catheter was placed in an ovarian vein of each of three sows and in the posterior vena cava of six gilts. Blood samples were collected twice daily. Blood was also collected every 10 min for 6 h from the sows and for 12 h from the gilts during early, mid and late estrous cycle. In the sows, average serum PGE2 levels tended to be higher on days 2 and 9 than on day 16 postestrus (P < 0.1). Average PGE2 levels in the gilts were higher during the late phase than during the early and mid phases of the cycle (P < 0.05). Average progesterone levels in both the sows and the gilts were several fold higher during the mid phase than during the early and late phases of the cycle. Results from this study do not support the hypothesis that endogenous PGE2 is antiluteolytic because the average PGE2 levels in the gilts and sows were either higher or not lower during the regression phase of the corpus luteum than during earlier stages of the cycle.
Independent effects of incubation temperature and gonadal sex on the volume and metabolic capacity of brain nuclei in the leopard gecko (Eublepharis macularius), a lizard with temperature-dependent sex determination

The extent to which variation within and between the sexes can be assigned to genes vs. environment is problematic, because, in most vertebrates, males and females differ genetically. However, factors other than sex chromosomes and the consequent sex-typical gonadal hormone secretions may play important roles in the differentiation of the neural mechanisms underlying individual and sex differences in aggressive and sexual behavior. The leopard gecko, like many oviparous reptiles, lacks sex chromosomes. Instead, gonadal sex is determined by temperature during embryogenesis, with low and high incubation temperatures producing females and intermediate temperatures producing mixed sex ratios. In essence, this allows for the study of individual and sex differences without the confounding variable of genetically determined gender. Experiments have shown that the temperature experienced during incubation plays a critical role in establishing the adult morphological, endocrinological, and behavioral phenotype. In this experiment, the independent effects of incubation temperature and gonadal sex on the morphology and metabolic capacity of specific brain nuclei were determined. Both individual and sex differences in the volume of the preoptic area and ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus are determined primarily by incubation temperature, not by gonadal sex. However, incubation temperature and gonadal sex are both important in determining the metabolic capacity in the anterior hypothalamus, external amygdala, dorsal lateral nucleus of the hypothalamus, dorsal lateral nucleus of the thalamus, dorsal ventricular ridge, habenula, lateral hypothalamus, nucleus rotundus, nucleus sphericus, periventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, preoptic area, periventricular nucleus of the preoptic area, septum, striatum, torus semicircularis, and ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus. This is the first demonstration in a vertebrate that factors other than gonadal sex hormones, which arise from the individual’s genetic constitution, can affect the sexual differentiation of the brain. J. Comp. Neurol. 380:409‐421, 1997. r 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Indexing terms: reptile; differentiation; steroid hormones; oxidative metabolism; sexual dimorphism
Perceived Health Status of Women with Knee Osteoarthritis: A Cross-Sectional Study of the Relationships of Age, Body Mass, Pain and Walking Limitations

Persons with knee osteoarthritis (OA) often experience considerable physical disability. Although some studies suggest women with this condition suffer more than men, few have attempted to characterize the magnitude and that impact of this condition specifically among women with moderate knee osteoarthritis as well as the relationships that exist between their perceived health status and well established physical, emotional and perceptual factors found in this disease. This exploratory study strove to better understand factors that underpin the perceived impact of the condition, and to describe the extent of pain and function among women with mild to moderate knee osteoarthritis, and how this impacts this condition. The records of 20 women with the condition who had undergone multiple tests using a standardized protocols and validated instruments were examined. The primary outcome measure was the perceived impact of the disease using the Arthritis Impact Measurement Scale. Secondary outcome measures included six minute walking distance, fastest walking velocity, self-reported pain, pain and functional self-efficacy, body mass, and depression. The variables were subjected to t-tests, and correlational analyses. Results demonstrated pain is the clinical factor most consistently impacting the disease experience, along with deficiencies in walking ability (p <0.05). Important mediating variables of ambulatory capacity were body mass and pain self-efficacy.
Identification of a novel class in the α/β hydrolase fold superfamily: The N‐myc differentiation‐related proteins

The alpha/beta hydrolases constitute a large protein superfamily that mainly consists of enzymes that catalyze a diverse range of reactions. These proteins exhibit the alpha/beta hydrolase fold, the essential features of which have recently been delineated: the presence of at least five parallel beta-strands, a catalytic triad in a specific order (nucleophile-acid-histidine), and a nucleophilic elbow. Because of the difficulties experimentally in identifying protein structures, we have used a Bayesian computational algorithm (PROBE) to identify the members of this superfamily based on distant sequence relationships. We found that the presence of five sequence motifs, which contain residues important for substrate binding and stabilization of the fold, are required for membership in this superfamily. The superfamily consists of at least 909 members, including the N-myc downstream regulated proteins, which are believed to be involved in cell differentiation. Unlike most of the other superfamily members, the N-myc downstream regulated proteins have never been proposed to possess the alpha/beta hydrolase fold and do not appear to be hydrolases.
Development and emergence of the alfalfa pollinator Megachile rotundata (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae).

Megachile rotundata (F.), a gregarious, cavity-nesting, leaf-cutting bee, is used throughout North America for the pollination of alfalfa, Medicago sativa L., seed crops. We examined the influence of various temperature regimes on development, survival, emergence, and longevity in both nondiapausing and diapausing forms of this species. In general, development rates increased with increasing constant temperatures used in this study (18, 22, 26, and 29°C), but the 26 and 29°C treatments were clearly superior as rearing temperatures for immatures. In diapausing individuals, a variable temperature treatment 14:27°C (8:16 h daily cycle, mean 22°C) reduced the length of prepupal and pupal development stages following incubation in the early summer when compared with individuals reared under the constant 22°C treatment. We discuss the importance of differing temperature regimes on M. rotundata development, survival, and longevity over the entire life cycle. We also discuss the importance of making a connection between immature development and sufficient wintering conditions to postdiapause development, a topic that has received much more attention in the literature.
The denver earthquakes of 1967-1968

abstract A detailed study of the earthquakes associated with the Rocky Mountain Arsenal disposal well is presented. Long-period surface-wave studies are used together with P -wave first motions to show that the 10 April, 9 August, and 27 November 1967 earthquakes occurred at depths of 3 to 5 km and were characterized by normal faulting along a northwest striking fault plane. A joint hypocenter relocation of 103 microearthquakes of a data set of 279 recorded between 1967 and 1968 shows a hypocenter pattern striking N50°W, with most of the events located about 5 km northwest of the disposal well at depths between 3 to 8 km. A fault plane dipping southwest is tenuously suggested by those earthquakes with depths less than 5 km. Modeling of near-field seismoscope observations lend support to the focal mechanisms derived.
Islamic Veil in Secular Turkey

Costume obsessions have haunted the Turkish legal system ever since the Islamic Ottoman Empire was dissolved in 1923 and the new republic was mounted on the twin pillars of modernity and secularism.
Occurrence and Seasonal Abundance of Parasitoids Attacking Muscoid Flies (Diptera: Muscidae) in Caged-Layer Poultry Facilities in New York

Five species of house fly pupal parasitoids, Nasonia vitripennis Walker, Muscidifurax raptor Girault and Sanders, Pachycrepoideus vindemiae (Rondani), Spalangia sp., and Apanteles carpatus (Say), were recovered from house fly pupae exposed in controlled-environment, caged-layer poultry facilities during a 17-mo New York statewide survey. Overall, rates of parasitism were low, ranging from 0.2% in early spring to 14.0% in the fall. The number of fly pupae attacked by N. vitripennis was significantly higher than those killed by the other parasitoid species. Of all parasitized pupae collected in 1981, 76.9% were killed by N. vitripennis . In 1982, N. vitripennis was responsible for killing nearly 94.8% of all parasitized pupae. N. vitripennis was also the most abundant parasitoid, accounting for 95.5 and 99.2% of all parasitoids emerging from sentinel pupae during 1981 and 1982, respectively. In addition, N. vitripennis was the only parasitoid species observed to actively parasitize fly pupae in these facilities during cold winter months when temperatures in the first-floor manure pits ranged from 12 to 16°C. All the other parasitoid species generally were active only during warm summer months.
Complementary and alternative medicine use and absenteeism among individuals with chronic disease

It is estimated that over half of the adult U.S. population currently has one or more chronic conditions, resulting in up to an estimated $1,600 in productivity loss annually for each employee with chronic disease. Previous studies have suggested that integrating alternative or complementary health approaches with conventional medicine may be beneficial for managing the symptoms, lifestyle changes, treatment, physical and psychosocial consequences that result from chronic illness. Using the 2012 National Health Interview Survey Data, we examined the associations between self-reported use of various forms of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) therapies (dietary supplements, mind-body practices) and the number of days missed from job or business in the past 12 months due to illness or injury. Multivariable Poisson regression was used to determine the association between CAM use and absence from work among individuals with one or more chronic disease (n = 10,196). Over half (54 %) of the study population reported having one chronic disease, while 19 % had three or more conditions. The three most common chronic diseases were high cholesterol (48 %), arthritis (35 %) and hypertension (31 %). More participants used dietary supplements (72 %) while fewer individuals reported using mind-body practices (17 %) in the past twelve months. Over half of individuals reported missing any number of days from job or business due to illness or injury (53 %). Of those who had missed any days from work, 42 % missed one or two days, 36 % missed three to five days, and 23 % missed six days or more. The rate of missing days from job or business due to injury or illness increased among those who reported use of mind-body practices (Incidence Rate Ratio (IRR) = 1.55, 95 % CI: 1.09, 2.21). There was no association between use of dietary supplements and absenteeism (IRR = 1.13, 95 % CI: 0.85, 1.51). In a population of individuals with chronic disease, individuals who reported use of mind-body practices had higher rate of absenteeism due to injury or illness. Future studies should examine the effects CAM on symptoms associated with chronic disease and whether managing these symptoms can reduce absence from work, school, and other responsibilities.
How Many Lymph Nodes Are Enough? Assessing the Adequacy of Lymph Node Yield for Papillary Thyroid Cancer

PurposePatients who undergo surgery for papillary thyroid cancer with only a limited lymph node examination are thought to be at risk for potentially harboring occult disease. However, this risk has not been objectively quantified and may have implications for subsequent management and surveillance.MethodsData from the National Cancer Database (1998 to 2012) were used to characterize the distribution of nodal positivity of adult patients diagnosed with localized ≥ 1-cm papillary thyroid cancer who underwent thyroidectomy with one or more lymph nodes (LNs) examined. A β-binomial distribution was used to estimate the probability of occult nodal disease as a function of total number of LNs examined and pathologic tumor stage.ResultsA total of 78,724 patients met study criteria; 38,653 patients had node-positive disease. The probability of falsely identifying a patient as node negative was estimated to be 53% for patients with a single node examined and decreased to less than 10% when more than six LNs were e...
Extracurricular Activity Participation in High School: Mechanisms Linking Participation to Math Achievement and 4-Year College Attendance

Extracurricular activity participation (EAP) has been positively linked with increased academic achievement and college attendance. However, the mechanisms linking EAP to educational outcomes are poorly understood. Using the Education Longitudinal Study of 2002 (ELS), this study contributes to our understanding of the relationship between EAP and educational success by (1) examining the ability of nine educational, social, and developmental mechanisms to explain the link between EAP and high school math achievement gains and the chances of 4-year college attendance and (2) examining the ability of family income to moderate the influence of these mechanisms. Results suggest that educational expectations, noncognitive skills, and social capital in the form of communication among parental groups are meaningful mediators, regardless of family income. These findings extend the literature concerned with understanding how EAP is related to academic outcomes, a connection that is not necessarily intuitive.