cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A developmental cell-type switch in cortical interneurons leads to a selective defect in cortical oscillations

The cellular diversity of interneurons in the neocortex is thought to reflect subtype-specific roles of cortical inhibition. Here we ask whether perturbations to two subtypes--parvalbumin-positive (PV+) and somatostatin-positive (SST+) interneurons--can be compensated for with respect to their contributions to cortical development. We use a genetic cell fate switch to delete both PV+ and SST+ interneurons selectively in cortical layers 2-4 without numerically changing the total interneuron population. This manipulation is compensated for at the level of synaptic currents and receptive fields (RFs) in the somatosensory cortex. By contrast, we identify a deficit in inhibitory synchronization in vitro and a large reduction in cortical gamma oscillations in vivo. This reveals that, while the roles of inhibition in establishing cortical inhibitory/excitatory balance and RFs can be subserved by multiple interneuron subtypes, gamma oscillations depend on cellular properties that cannot be compensated for--likely, the fast signalling properties of PV+ interneurons.
Identification of 3-sulfonylindazole derivatives as potent and selective 5-HT(6) antagonists.

As part of our efforts to develop agents for cognitive enhancement, we have been focused on the 5-HT 6 receptor in order to identify potent and selective ligands for this purpose. Herein we report the identification of a novel series of 3-sulfonylindazole derivatives with acyclic amino side chains as potent and selective 5-HT 6 antagonists. The synthesis and detailed SAR of this class of compounds are reported.
Comparison of effect on psychomotor performance of single doses of propranolol and acebutolol.

SummaryProprnnolol has recently been shown to produce some impairment of psychomotor performance in human volunteers. This beta-blocking compound, however, is lipophilic and readily penetrates the blood-brain barrier to gain access to the central nervous system. Acebutolol has a lower lipid solubility. A study was carried out, therefore, to compare the psychomotor effect of the two beta-blocking drugs. Any subjectively experienced side-effects were also recorded. Ten healthy volunteers were given single doses of 40 mg propranolol, 100 mg acebutolol and placebo on a random double-blind busis and the effect, if any, on performance was measured using a particularly sensitive cvmplex reaction time technique. Propranolol produced a significant prolongation of complex reaction time when compared with placebo or acebutolol. Acebutolol did not significantly increase complex reaction time over the placebo vnlue. Two subjects reported mild feelings of ‘muzziness’ after taking propranolol. No side-effects were repor...
Language and Communicative Practices

Language and Communicative Practices. WILLIAM F. HANKS. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1996. xvi + 335 pp., figures, tables, bibliography, Index.
Potential energy surface for the benzene dimer and perturbational analysis of π-π interactions

We present a complete 6-dimensional potential energy surface for the benzene dimer obtained using symmetry-adapted perturbation theory (SAPT) of intermolecular interactions based on Kohn−Sham's description of monomers. Ab initio calculations were performed for 491 dimer geometries in a triple-ζ-quality basis set supplemented by bond functions. An accurate analytic fit to the ab initio results has been developed and low-energy stationary points on the potential energy surface have been found. We have determined that there are three minima on the surface. Two of them, the tilted T-shape and the parallel-displaced, are nearly isoenergetic with interaction energies of −2.77 and −2.74 kcal/mol, respectively. The third minimum, a twisted edge-to-edge conformation, is significantly less attractive, with the interaction energy equal to −1.82 kcal/mol. Both the T-shape and sandwich geometries, sometimes assumed to be minima, are shown to be only saddle points. The potential energy surface is extremely flat between...
1H NMR Spectroscopy of pyrrolizidine alkaloids

Abstract The 1 H NMR spectra of three pyrrolizidine alkaloids of the macrocyclic diester type, retrorsine, seneciphylline and senecionine, plus their three N -oxides have been assigned. Previous 1 H NMR studies of these pyrrolizidine alkaloids have stressed the difficulties of spectral intrepretation. The results reported here will provide a useful resource for analysis of tertiary structure in these and related compounds.
Second language socialization and learner agency: Adoptive family talk, by Fogle, L. W.

Lyn Wright Fogle’s Second Language Socialization and Learner Agency: Adoptive Family Talk is a timely addition to the field of second language literacy in general and in the area of non-U.S. adopte...
Biceps detachment decreases joint damage in a rotator cuff tear rat model.

Background Pathology in the long head of the biceps tendon often occurs in patients with rotator cuff tears. Arthroscopic tenotomy is the most common treatment. However, the role of the long head of the biceps at the shoulder and the consequences of surgical detachment on the remaining shoulder structures remain unknown.
Ultrastructural study of Nosema acridophagus Henry (Microspora: Nosematidae) from a grasshopper

Nosema acridophagus in the fat body of the grasshopperMelanoplus sanguinipes was investigated by electron microscopy. The stages observed were diplocaryotic throughout most of the life cycle and developed in direct contact with the host cytoplasm. The meront plasmalemma was covered by a layer of tubular elements that transversely encircled the parasite. These tubular elements were not evident when a homogeneous electron-dense exospore layer was deposited on the meront plasmalemma surface. Spores sectioned longitudinally were diplocaryotic, with an isofilar polar tube with 10–12 coils being observed in a single row.
Harnessing actin dynamics for clathrin-mediated endocytosis

Actin polymerization often occurs at the plasma membrane to drive the protrusion of lamellipodia and filopodia at the leading edge of migrating cells. A role for actin polymerization in another cellular process that involves the reshaping of the plasma membrane--namely endocytosis--has recently been established. Live-cell imaging studies are shedding light on the order and timing of the molecular events and mechanisms of actin function during endocytosis.
Elimination of material that obscures stained chromosomes in squashes of Vicia faba root tips.

A procedure for elimination of cytoplasmic debris from Vicia faba root tip cells is: (1) a root tip previously fixed in 3:1 absolute alcohol-acetic acid and stained by the Feulgen method is placed on a slide and squashed in a small drop of water, (2) a cover slip is applied and the cells are flattened with a hand-operated lever device supplying 35 pounds pressure onto a 22 × 22 mm cover glass, (3) the slide is quick-frozen, the cover slip is removed, and the slide is dropped immediately into water, (4) the slide is cleared through an alcohol-xylene dehydration series and permanently mounted. The significant result of this procedure is the consistent presence of clear, flat cells showing excellent definition of chromosomes.
Estrogen receptors and androgen receptors in the mammalian liver.

Abstract An estrogen receptor and an androgen receptor are present in the mammalian liver. In the liver of the rat, the estrogen receptor concentration increases markedly at puberty and this change correlates with enhanced estrogen stimulation of plasma renin substrate ynthesis. High doses of estrogen are required for nuclear binding in liver when compared to doses for the uterus. The high dose requirement appears to be predominantly due to extensive metabolism in the hepatocyte of the estrogen to inactive derivatives. Furthermore, estradiol is much weaker than ethinyl estradiol for promoting nuclear binding in the liver. This is due to extremely rapid and extensive metabolism of estradiol. In human liver the concentration of estrogen receptor is low. An androgen receptor is present in high concentration in rabbit liver and is located predominantly in the nucleus after androgen administration. High concentrations of a putative androgen receptor are also present in human liver cytosol. Preliminary studies indicate that synthetic progestins can attach to the human liver androgen receptor. To date, a progesterone receptor has not been found in the mammalian liver. Thus, it appears that extensive steroid metabolism in liver preferentially diminishes sex steroid interaction with liver receptors and that androgen receptors may mediate progestin effects in liver. These observations provide a scientific basis for improved safety of oral contraceptives. Lowering the estrogen and progestin doses in oral contraceptives will decrease the major side-effects, which are liver mediated, and still maintain the desired effects at the hypothalamic-pituitary axis and uterus. Furthermore, it is likely that by selecting which estrogen, progestin or androgen is administered as well as by utilizing a parenteral route of administration that sex steroid effects on the liver could be minimized.
The Effects of a Mediational Device on Paired-Associate Learning; Learning and Retention of Sixth Grade Students.

AbstractThe objective of this experiment was to determine the effect of different levels of mediational aids on a paired associate task when presented to sixth-grade students for amount and rate of original learning and long term retention. Three levels of strategies were employed. High level mediational aids were found to significantly effect the amount and rate of original learning; the retention data also suggest similar inferences.
Probability biases in genetic problem solving: a comparison of undergraduates, genetic counseling graduate students, and genetic counselors.

Heuristics are mental shortcuts that aid people in everyday problem-solving and decision-making. Although numerous studies have demonstrated their use in contexts ranging from consumers’ shopping decisions to experts’ estimations of experimental validity, virtually no published research has addressed heuristics use in problems involving genetic conditions and associated risk probabilities. The present research consists of two studies. In the first study, 220 undergraduates attempted to solve four genetic problems—two common heuristic problems modified to focus on genetic likelihood, and two created to study heuristics and probability rule application. Results revealed that the vast majority of undergraduates used heuristics and also demonstrated a complete misuse of probability rules. In the second study, 156 practicing genetic counselors and 89 genetic counseling students solved slightly modified versions of the genetic problems used in Study 1. Results indicated that a large percentage of both genetic counselors and students used heuristics, but the counselors demonstrated superior problem-solving performance compared to both the genetic counseling students and the undergraduates from Study 1. Research, training, and practice recommendations are presented.
Brain phosphoproteins: the effect of various behaviors and reminding experiences on the incorporation of radioactive phosphate into nuclear proteins.

An increase of radioactive phosphate incorporation into nonhistone acid-extractable protein occurs in the brain nuclei of naive mice or rats during 5 min of active one-way avoidance training. The increase is not triggered by motor activity, handling, or the experimental conditioning stimuli. An increase does occur, however, in the brains of previously trained animals when they perform the avoidance, and it occurs in rats trained on previous days when they are simply handled or placed in the training apparatus. This “reminder effect” does not occur in rats that have not been trained, but have repeatedly received only unavoidable footshock in the apparatus.
Critical effects on catalytic function produced by amino acid substitutions at Asp804 and Asp808 of the al isoform of Na,K-ATPase

At two intramembrane carboxyl-containing amino acids of the sheep alpha1 isoform of Na,K-ATPase (Asp804 and Asp808), both charge-conserving (Asp to Glu) and charge-deleting (Asp to Asn, Leu and Ala) replacements were made and the altered enzymes studied. Nucleotide changes encoding the amino acid substitutions were placed in a cDNA encoding a ouabain-resistant enzyme (sheep alpha1 RD) and the encoded enzymes were expressed in ouabain-sensitive HeLa cells. Transfections with cDNAs carrying all Asp804 substitutions, along with those carrying Asp808Ala, Asp808Asn, and Asp808Leu replacements failed to confer ouabain resistance to the cells, indicating critical roles for Asp804 and Asp808. Only the expression of the Asp808Glu enzyme produced ouabain-resistant HeLa cells, demonstrating that the altered protein was functional. When the inactive proteins Asp804Ala and Asp808Ala were expressed using an alternative selection system (the protein carrying the amino acid substitution was the ouabain-sensitive wild-type sheep alpha1 Na,K-ATPase, which was expressed in ouabain-resistant 3T3 cells), intact cells were able to bind extracellular ouabain with high affinity (Kd = 1-30 nM), indicating that the inactive proteins were synthesized and folded properly in the plasma membrane. The results demonstrate that carboxyl side chains at positions 804 and 808 are critical for enzyme catalytic function.
Attenuation of Low-Frequency Sound in Freshwater

Lake Superior was chosen as an experimental site to compare sound absorption of freshwater with the results of absorption measurements in seawater. The relaxation-like absorption at 1 kilohertz occurring in seawater is also present in freshwater. A relaxation related to the structural characteristics rather than to the salt content of water may be responsible for the anomalous absorption.
Calmodulin-dependent high-affinity cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase in liver membranes.

Abstract Plasma membranes from hamster liver were prepared by differential and continuous sucrose gradient centrifugation. The membranes contained a low K m cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase (EC 3.5. lc) and calmodulin. The activity of the membrane phospho-diesterase was reduced with EGTA and LaCl 3 . The membrane low K m cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase was solubilized with Triton X-100 and then chromatographed on DEAE-cellulose to remove calmodulin. After elution, phosphodiesterase was stimulated with exogenous calmodulin; this activation was blocked with EGTA. Thus a low K m cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase has been shown to be dependent on calmodulin for “maximal” activity.
Effect of Inlet Flow Resistance on Instabilities During Startup Transient in Natural Circulation BWRs

The startup transient was simulated in the Purdue University Multidimensional Integral Test Assembly (PUMA) facility for natural circulation boiling water reactors (BWRs) with different values of core inlet flow loss coefficient. The simulation was performed by means of pressure and power scaling, considering the core inlet subcooling and the structure-stored energy differences between the model (PUMA) and the prototype (Simplified BWR). A novel core inlet plate was designed and installed so that the loss coefficient could be easily changed without disassembling the reactor pressure vessel. The simulation experiments demonstrated the pattern of the geysering oscillations during the single-to-two-phase natural circulation transition phase. The core inlet flow loss coefficient was not observed to have a significant effect on the geysering oscillations.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Hurricane Katrina: Mississippi's Response

In the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, a number of cities along Mississippi's Gulf Coast were forced to rebuild their communities. This article examines the disaster response efforts of these cities, led by the State of Mississippi. To address both short- and long-term recovery efforts, Mississippi leaders focused on coordinating with a renewed vision for gaming and tourism that economically supports the economy of south Mississippi. This strategy employed by Mississippi provides a useful framework that points out the importance of public leadership and vision, public input, infrastructure and economic recovery, and an intergovernmental regional recovery plan. As a result of the coordinated response, Mississippi communities have created an articulated vision for the future of their respective communities.
Testing for the redundancy of variables in principal components analysis

Abstract When all of the important principal components have zero coefficients on the same original variables, then those variables are redundant and may be eliminated. Tyler (1981) derived a statistic suitable for testing such a hypothesis. An asymptotic expansion for the mean of this statistic is obtained and used to calculate a Bartlett adjustment factor. The performances of the unadjusted and adjusted statistics are investigated in a simulation.
Designing an object—relation hybrid database for chemical process engineering

Abstract Chemical process engineering activities, such as process and plant design, usually rely on a variety of information. A systematic representation of such information in a database is highly desirable. The relational data model has been recognized as the most popular database model amid the database community, due to its simplicity and sound mathematical foundation. Nevertheless, the simple relational scheme tends to generate a semantic gap between the data extracted from the database and a process engineer's perception of these data. Advances in artificial intelligence (AI) have given rise to the notion of object in knowledge representation and AI programming. This notion has been amalgamated into the database design. The resultant object—relation hybrid database can preserve semantics to the maximum extent possible; moreover, its integrity is easy to maintain. This paper illustrates an effective application of this database model in designing a prototype database for chemical process design.
Optimized Retrievals of Precipitable Water from the VAS “Split Window”

Precipitable water fields have been retrieved from the VISSR Atmospheric Sounder (VAS) using a radiation transfer model for the differential water vapor absorption between the 11- and 12-micron 'split window' channels. Previous moisture retrievals using only the split window channels provided very good space-time continuity but poor absolute accuracy. This note describes how retrieval errors can be significantly reduced from plus or minus 0.9 to plus or minus 0.6 gm/sq cm by empirically optimizing the effective air temperature and absorption coefficients used in the two-channel model. The differential absorption between the VAS 11- and 12-micron channels, empirically estimated from 135 colocated VAS-RAOB observations, is found to be approximately 50 percent smaller than the theoretical estimates. Similar discrepancies have been noted previously between theoretical and empirical absorption coefficients applied to the retrieval of sea surface temperatures using radiances observed by VAS and polar-orbiting satellites. These discrepancies indicate that radiation transfer models for the 11-micron window appear to be less accurate than the satellite observations.
Drug Interactions with Digoxin

Multiple drug administration may affect the actions of digoxin either by altering its myocardial effects (dose-response relationship or pharmacodynamic effect) or by altering the absorption, storage or excretion of the drug (a pharmacokinetic effect). The major pharmacodynamic interactions include potentiation of digitalis toxicity by potassium-wasting diuretics and by succinlycholine. β-Blocking drugs also increase the potential for digoxin to produce adverse sinus or A-V node dysfunction. The pharmacokinetic interactions can be divided into drug interactions which alter digoxin absorption and those which change renal excretion. Estimates of the former are usually based on either steady-state or single dose studies of bioavailability. These studies have demonstrated significant reduction of absorption of oral digoxin by simultaneously administered liquid antacids, cholestyramine, kaolin-pectin, and meals of high fibre content. Reduced digoxin absorption also occurs secondary to therapy with sulphasalazine, para-aminosalicylic acid, and neomycin, probably due to their effect upon gut wall function. Propantheline and diphenoxylate with atropine, which decrease gut motility, increase digoxin absorption, whereas metoclopramide, which increases motility, depresses absorption. The renal excretion of digoxin is not changed importantly by diuretics such as frusemide but is decreased by spironolactone, possibly due to inhibition of renal tubular secretion of digoxin. Quinidine produces dramatic persistent increases in digoxin serum levels, due to decreased renal clearance of the glycoside, without changing the glomerular filtration. In addition to this renal effect, quinidine also seems to decrease the volume of distribution of digoxin, which results in acutely altered digoxin levels even within the first day after quinidine administration. Alteration of the timing of the administration of digoxin from that of a second drug (e.g. as with liquid antacids, kaolin-pectin, or meals of high fibre content), or alteration of the dose of digoxin based on the anticipated change in kinetics (as with spironolactone, quinidine or medications altering gut function or motility), can improve clinical effectiveness of digoxin therapy. However, because of individual variation in the impact of these interactions, routine monitoring of digoxin serum levels is strongly recommended under such circumstances to enhance clinical efficacy and patient safety.
Assessing the Ross-Dewine Conflict Management Message Style (CMMS):

This article presents original data on the conceptualization, item development, reliability, and validity of the Conflict Management Message Style (CMMS) instrument. This instrument consists of com...
Heat Transfer in Two-Pass Rotating Rectangular Channels (AR=2:1) with Discrete Ribs

This paper reports the heat transfer coefficients and friction factors in a two-pass rotating rectangular channel with ribs, applicable to an internally cooled turbine blade. The channel aspect ratio is 2:1. Five different turbulators are studied: 45-deg angled ribs, V-shaped ribs, discrete 45-deg angled ribs, discrete V-shaped ribs, and crossed V-shaped ribs. The ribs are placed on the leading and trailing surfaces. The Reynolds number ranges from 5000 to 40,000. The corresponding rotation numbers vary from 0.206 to 0.026 for a fixed rotation speed of 550 rpm. The rib-height-to-hydraulic-diameter ratio (elD) is 0.094, the rib-pitch-to-height ratio (Pie) is 10, and the inlet-coolant-to-wall-density ratio (Ap/p) is maintained around 0.115. For each case, two channel orientations with respect to the plane of rotation are studied, 90 and 135 deg. The results show that the V-shaped ribs and discrete V-shaped ribs have higher heat transfer enhancement than the 45-deg angled ribs and discrete 45-deg angled ribs for both rotating and nonrotating cases. The pressure measurements show the 45-deg angled ribs incurred the highest frictional losses. Based on the present study, the discrete V-shaped ribs have the best overall thermal performance in both rotating and nonrotating channels.
Modelling User Satisfaction and Student Learning in a Spoken Dialogue Tutoring System with Generic, Tutoring, and User Affect Parameters

We investigate using the PARADISE framework to develop predictive models of system performance in our spoken dialogue tutoring system. We represent performance with two metrics: user satisfaction and student learning. We train and test predictive models of these metrics in our tutoring system corpora. We predict user satisfaction with 2 parameter types: 1) system-generic, and 2) tutoring-specific. To predict student learning, we also use a third type: 3) user affect. Although generic parameters are useful predictors of user satisfaction in other PARADISE applications, overall our parameters produce less useful user satisfaction models in our system. However, generic and tutoring-specific parameters do produce useful models of student learning in our system. User affect parameters can increase the usefulness of these models.
Manganese-oxidizing and -reducing microorganisms isolated from biofilms in chlorinated drinking water systems.

Abstract The interaction of chemical, physical and biological factors that affect the fate, transport and redox cycling of manganese in engineered drinking water systems is not clearly understood. This research investigated the presence of Mn-oxidizing and -reducing bacteria in conventional water treatment plants exposed to different levels of chlorine. Mn(II)-oxidizing and Mn(IV)-reducing bacteria, principally Bacillus spp., were isolated from biofilm samples recovered from four separate drinking water systems. Rates of Mn-oxidation and -reduction for selected individual isolates were represented by pseudo-first-order kinetics. Pseudo-first-order rate constants were obtained for Mn-oxidation (range: 0.106–0.659 days−1), aerobic Mn-reduction (range: 0.036–0.152 days−1), and anaerobic Mn-reduction (range: 0.024–0.052 days−1). The results indicate that microbial-catalyzed Mn-oxidation and -reduction (aerobic and anaerobic) can take place simultaneously in aqueous environments exposed to considerable oxygen and chlorine levels and thus affect Mn-release and -deposition in drinking water systems. This has important implications for Mn-management strategies, which typically assume Mn-reduction is not possible in the presence of chlorine and oxidizing conditions.
The Contributions of John M. Seiner towards Aeroacoustic Facilities and Experimental Techniques

John M. "Jack" Seiner leaves behind a legacy of contributions to the science of Aeroacoustics. This memorial article concentrates on his contributions to the facilities and instrumentation he conceived, developed, and utilized to forward our understanding of jet noise, supersonic flows, and related acoustic issues. From his earliest days at NASA Langley Research Center in 1974, Jack worked to understand the physics of the problems he studied and strove to correctly model the physics of the problem at hand correctly in the laboratory. For jet noise research, this drove the requirement that the facility had to provide heated air to the model nozzle. Jack believed in the future of computational fluid dynamics and supported the development of codes to calculate shock containing jets and later advancements. When a facility capability or experimental technique did not exist to answer his questions, he worked to secure funding and develop these capabilities and techniques to demonstrate their value to aeroacoust...
Distinct microRNA expression profile and targeted biological pathways in functional myeloid-derived suppressor cells induced by Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol in vivo: regulation of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α by microRNA-690.

Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the major bioactive component of marijuana, has been shown to induce functional myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in vivo. Here, we studied the involvement of microRNA (miRNA) in this process. CD11b+Gr-1+ MDSCs were purified from peritoneal exudates of mice administered with THC and used for genome-wide miRNA profiling. Expression of CD31 and Ki-67 confirmed that the THC-MDSCs were immature and proliferating. THC-induced MDSCs exhibited distinct miRNA expression signature relative to various myeloid cells and BM precursors. We identified 13 differentially expressed (>2-fold) miRNA in THC-MDSCs relative to control BM precursors. In silico target prediction for these miRNA and pathway analysis using multiple bioinformatics tools revealed significant overrepresentation of Gene Ontology clusters within hematopoiesis, myeloid cell differentiation, and regulation categories. Insulin-like growth factor 1 signaling involved in cell growth and proliferation, and myeloid differentiation pathways were among the most significantly enriched canonical pathways. Among the differentially expressed, miRNA-690 was highly overexpressed in THC-MDSCs (∼16-fold). Transcription factor CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α (C/EBPα) was identified as a potential functional target of miR-690. Supporting this, C/EBPα expression was attenuated in THC-MDSCs as compared with BM precursors and exhibited an inverse relation with miR-690. miR-690 knockdown using peptide nucleic acid-antagomiR was able to unblock and significantly increase C/EBPα expression establishing the functional link. Further, CD11b+Ly6G+Ly6C+ and CD11b+Ly6G−Ly6C+ purified subtypes showed high levels of miR-690 with attenuated C/EBPα expression. Moreover, EL-4 tumor-elicited MDSCs showed increased miR-690 expression. In conclusion, miRNA are significantly altered during the generation of functional MDSC from BM. Select miRNA such as miR-690 targeting genes involved in myeloid expansion and differentiation likely play crucial roles in this process and therefore in cannabinoid-induced immunosuppression.
Aircraft laser sensing of sound velocity in water: Brillouin scattering

Abstract A new real-time data source for sound speed in the upper 100 m has recently been proposed for exploratory development at the Naval Oceanographic and Atmospheric Research Laboratory. This data source would be generated via a ship- or aircraft-mounted, optical pulsed laser using the technique of spontaneous Brillouin scattering. This system should be capable (from a single 10 ns 500 mJ pulse) of yielding range resolved (≈ 1 m resolution) sound speed profiles in water to depths of 75–100 m to an accuracy of 1 m/s. At aircraft speeds of 300 miles/h (134 m/s) and a laser pulse repetition rate of 10 pps, vertical profiles of sound speed would be obtained spatially every 13 m. These 100 m profiles would provide the capability of rapidly monitoring the upper-ocean vertical structure for much of the world's oceans and for most seasons. They would provide new perspectives on upper-ocean mixing and the oceanic internal wave field. These profiles would also provide an extensive, new, subsurface-data source to existing real-time, operational ocean nowcast/forecast systems. The present systems are dependent on sparse bathythermograph data and information inferred from sea-surface data. Extension of the 100 m profiles to depth using existing and proposed techniques would further increase the value of the laser-derived information.
Endoscopic transsphenoidal tumor surgery

Endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal surgery was developed by the author in 1993 under minimally invasive strategy. It has evolved since then to arrive at the current paraseptal techniques. Endoscope and surgical instruments are inserted parallel to each other through one nostril without traditional mucosal incisions. Unlike conventional transseptal microscopic surgery, it does not require the use of a transsphenoidal retractor, a fluoroscopic C-arm, septal mucosal dissection, and postoperative nasal packing. An endonasal approach is made through a paraseptal route medial to the middle turbinate. The surgical landmark leading to the sella is the inferior margin of the middle turbinate. The line drawn along the inferior margin of the middle turbinate extends to 1 cm inferior to the floor of the sella. Through a small anterior sphenoidotomy hole, the posterior wall of the sphenoidal sinus is exposed. Unlike the narrow exposure at the sella available through an operating microscope, an endoscope discloses a wide panoramic view of the distinct anatomical landmarks around the sella such as the clival indentation, carotid prominences, and carotico-optic recesses. Endoscopic zoom-in enhances magnification of the surgical target for microdissection. Angled lens endoscopic view brings hidden anatomical corners under direct vision. The mean hospital stay for patients is overnight, and postoperative discomfort is minimal. Postoperative nasal drainage also is minimal. This report details the technical aspects of endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal surgery. As surgical equipment becomes fully developed and neurosurgeons become well trained in endoscopy, endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal surgery will have a promising future.
Inputs from identified jaw‐muscle spindle afferents to trigeminothalamic neurons in the rat: A double‐labeling study using retrograde HRP and intracellular biotinamide

Projections from physiologically identified jaw-muscle spindle afferents onto trigeminothalamic neurons were studied in the rat. Trigeminothalamic neurons were identified by means of retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase from the ventroposteromedial nucleus of the thalamus. Labeled neurons were found contralaterally in the supratrigeminal region (Vsup), the trigeminal principal sensory nucleus, the ventrolateral part of the trigeminal subnucleus oralis, the spinal trigeminal subnuclei interpolaris and caudalis, the reticular formation, and an area ventral to the trigeminal motor nucleus (Vmo) and medial to the trigeminal principal sensory nucleus (AVM). Jaw-muscle spindle afferents were physiologically identified by their increased firing during stretching of the jaw muscles and intracellularly injected with biotinamide. Axon collaterals and boutons from jaw-muscle spindle afferents were found in Vmo; Vsup; the dorsomedial part of the trigeminal principal sensory nucleus (Vpdm); the dorsomedial part of the spinal trigeminal subnuclei oralis, interpolaris (Vidm) and caudalis; the parvicellular reticular formation (PCRt); and the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus. Trigeminothalamic neurons in Vsup, Vpdm, Vidm, PCRt, and AVM were associated with axon collaterals and boutons from intracellularly stained jaw-muscle spindle afferents. Trigeminothalamic neurons in Vsup, Vpdm, Vidm, and PCRt were closely apposed by one to 14 intracellularly labeled boutons from jaw-muscle spindle afferents, suggesting a powerful input to some trigeminothalamic neurons. These data demonstrate that muscle length and velocity feedback from jaw-muscle spindle afferents is projected to the contralateral thalamus via multiple regions of the trigeminal system and implicates these pathways in the projection of trigeminal proprioceptive information to the cerebral cortex.
Writing across the curriculum

(1986). Writing across the curriculum. Theory Into Practice: Vol. 25, Building Literacy, pp. 97-101.
Regulation of Replication Termination by Reb1 Protein-Mediated Action at a Distance

DNA transactions driven by long-range protein-mediated inter- and intrachromosomal interactions have been reported to influence gene expression. Here, we report that site-specific replication termination in Schizosaccharomyces pombe is modulated by protein-mediated interactions between pairs of Ter sites located either on the same or on different chromosomes. The dimeric Reb1 protein catalyzes termination and mediates interaction between Ter sites. The Reb1-dependent interactions between two antiparallel Ter sites in cis caused looping out of the intervening DNA in vitro and enhancement of fork arrest in vivo. A Ter site on chromosome 2 interacted pairwise with two Ter sites located on chromosome 1 by chromosome kissing. Mutational inactivation of the major interacting Ter site on chromosome 1 significantly reduced fork arrest at the Ter site on chromosome 2, thereby revealing a cooperative mechanism of control of replication termination.
Cognitive style and the acquisition and transfer of the ability to control variables

This study examined the effects of an instructional procedure designed to teach both field-dependent and field-independent sixth graders to control variables and to transfer this ability to novel tasks. Students were randomly assigned to either a treatment group taught with a special instructional procedure adapted from Case or a group where students freely explored science equipment without receiving feedback. Three posttest tasks administered approximately four weeks after the last training session served as retention and transfer measures. Results indicated that students receiving the special instructional treatment correctly tested significantly more variables on the posttest tasks than did students in the other group. Within-group analyses revealed that the special treatment was effective for field-dependent as well as field-independent students, while the other treatment was effective for only field-independent students.
The evolution of a unique dual jaw-closing mechanism in caecilians: (Amphibia: Gymnophiona) and its bearing on caecilian ancestry

Caecilians have evolved a unique, dual jaw-closing mechanism that consists of the ancestral component in which the M. adductor mandibulae pulls up on the lower jaw in the manner of a third-order lever, and a novel component in which the M. interhyoideus posterior pulls back and down on the retroarticular process of the lower jaw causing the anterior jaw ramus to pivot upward around the quadrate, as in a first-order lever. The novel component involves the acquisition of a new function for the M. interhyoideus posterior, which ancestrally is a ventral constrictor. The novel component is relatively poorly developed in rhinatrematids, a family of caecilians that is otherwise relatively primitive and is characterized by skulls with temporal fossae through which the two M. adductor mandibulae extend. The novel component is better developed in the other four caecilian families, all of which are thought to be relatively derived groups, and the members of which mostly have solidly roofed (stegokrotaphic) skulls. The skull of ancestral caecilians is thought to have had temporal fossae, which later became closed as the novel component of jaw-closure became better developed, perhaps in response to selection pressure for burrowing specialization. If this sequence is correct, then the stegokrotaphic skull of caecilians is secondarily derived, and the hypothesis that caecilians arose from Goniorhynchus-like microsaurs with stegokrotaphic skulls is incorrect. Lysorophid microsaurs, which have skulls with open temporal regions, are more likely ancestors of caecilians.
Fused salt electrorefining of gadolinium: An evaluation of three electrolytes

Abstract LiCl-LiF-GdF 3 , LiF-GdF 3 and LiF-BaF 2 -GdF 3 salts were evaluated for the electrolytic purification of gadolinium. The sum total of the metallic impurities in the final product was found to be less than 50 wt. ppm; less than 100 wt. ppm each of the interstitial elements H, C, N, O and F was present. LiF-GdF 3 yielded the highest purity gadolinium metal with respect to oxygen, even though this electrolyte and its deposits were handled in air. Metallographie and chemical analyses demonstrated that the extraction of fluoride inclusions from the metal was best achieved by electron beam melting.
The Spectral Analysis of Impulse Processes

Impulse processes relative to random sampling of random processes, deriving expression for spectral density
Yield Responses of Ruderal Plants to Sucrose in Invasive-Dominated Sagebrush Steppe of the Northern Great Basin

Restoration of sagebrush-steppe plant communities dominated by the invasive ruderals Bromus tectorum (cheatgrass) and Taeniatherum caput-medusae (medusahead) can be facilitated by adding carbon (C) to the soil, stimulating microbes to immobilize nitrogen (N) and limit inorganic N availability. Our objectives were to determine responses in (1) cheatgrass and medusahead biomass and seed production; (2) soil microbial biomass C and N; and (3) inorganic soil N to a range of C doses and to calculate the lowest dose that yielded a significant response. In November 2005, we applied 12 C doses ranging from 0 to 2,400 kg C/ha as sucrose to plots sown with cheatgrass and medusahead at two sites in the northern Great Basin. Other ruderal plants established in our plots, and this entire ruderal community was negatively affected by C addition. End-of-year biomass of the ruderal community decreased approximately by approximately 6% at each site for an increase in C dose of 100 kg C/ha. For the same increase in C, microbial biomass C increased by 2‐4 mg/kg in November 2005 and March 2006, but not in July 2006. There was little, if any, microbial soil N uptake, as microbial biomass N increased by 0.3 mg/kg at only one site at the earliest date, in November 2005. Soil nitrate (NO3 − ) measured via resin capsules placed in situ for the study duration decreased at both sites with increasing C. Although we found no threshold dose of C, for a significant reduction in ruderal biomass, we calculated lowest significant doses of 240‐640 kg C/ha.
Interprofessional Education in Theology and Social Work: Postmodern and Practical Theological Dimensions

In this essay the authors posit that interprofessional education is inherently “post-modern”and thus will incorporate educational priorities compatible with postmodernism, and that practical theology is the preferred method for interprofessional teaching and learning when theology and ministry are explicit participants. In advancing this argument they draw upon their experience in team teaching an interprofessional course in pastoral ministry and social work designed for students pursuing a joint degree in these two fields. They provide an overview of the contemporary postmodern context and interprofessional education as an emerging paradigm in higher education, a brief description of the major components of the joint course, and an exposition of appropriate educational priorities.
On vertical turbulent buoyant jets

Abstract Plane and round buoyant jets in a quiescent ambient have three distinctive regions; an initial variable-density, non-buoyant region, a transition region and a final plume region. Decay laws in the first and third regions can be derived from dimensional similarity considerations. However, the decay relations in the transition region are usually determined empirically. This paper presents an approach whereby decay laws valid for all three regions are derived for plane and round buoyant jets. The analysis is carried out by assuming self-preservation of the mean field in each of the regions and Gaussian error distributions for the mean properties. With this formulation, the eddy diffusivities for momentum and temperature (or mass fraction) are determined by solving the turbulent mean flow equations subject to appropriate boundary conditions and are found to vary along and across the jet. An auxiliary equation is derived by requiring the eddy viscosity to correctly approach its corresponding limiting value for an incompressible free plane or round jet. The auxiliary equation thus derived is physically related to jet entrainment. Growth rate and decay laws are deduced and they correctly predict their dependence on the jet density ratio in the first region and the densimetric Froude number in the third region. Calculations of decays of centerline properties in these two regions correlate well with plane and round jet measurements. On the other hand, decays of centerline properties in the transition region are dependent on both the jet density ratio and the densimetric Froude number and are in good agreement with plane and round jet data.
Characterizing the tropospheric ozone response to methane emission controls and the benefits to climate and air quality

[1] Reducing methane (CH4) emissions is an attractive option for jointly addressing climate and ozone (O3) air quality goals. With multidecadal full-chemistry transient simulations in the MOZART-2 tropospheric chemistry model, we show that tropospheric O3 responds approximately linearly to changes in CH4 emissions over a range of anthropogenic emissions from 0–430 Tg CH4 a−1 (0.11–0.16 Tg tropospheric O3 or ∼11–15 ppt global mean surface O3 decrease per Tg a−1 CH4 reduced). We find that neither the air quality nor climate benefits depend strongly on the location of the CH4 emission reductions, implying that the lowest cost emission controls can be targeted. With a series of future (2005–2030) transient simulations, we demonstrate that cost-effective CH4 controls would offset the positive climate forcing from CH4 and O3 that would otherwise occur (from increases in NOx and CH4 emissions in the baseline scenario) and improve O3 air quality. We estimate that anthropogenic CH4 contributes 0.7 Wm−2 to climate forcing and ∼4 ppb to surface O3 in 2030 under the baseline scenario. Although the response of surface O3 to CH4 is relatively uniform spatially compared to that from other O3 precursors, it is strongest in regions where surface air mixes frequently with the free troposphere and where the local O3 formation regime is NOx-saturated. In the model, CH4 oxidation within the boundary layer (below ∼2.5 km) contributes more to surface O3 than CH4 oxidation in the free troposphere. In NOx-saturated regions, the surface O3 sensitivity to CH4 can be twice that of the global mean, with >70% of this sensitivity resulting from boundary layer oxidation of CH4. Accurately representing the NOx distribution is thus crucial for quantifying the O3 sensitivity to CH4.
Influence of history on the gas sorption, thermal, and mechanical properties of glassy polycarbonate

Glassy polycarbonate has been subjected to sub-glass-transition annealing and exposure to high-pressure CO2. The subsequently measured solubilities of nitrogen, argon, and CO2 in these specimens were found to be decreased by the former and increased by the latter. Annealing decreases the enthalpy of polycarbonate and mechanically embrittles it, whereas subsequent exposure to CO2 erases these effects of annealing, can make the polymer even more ductile than the untreated material, and can apparently give it a higher enthalpy. Annealing densifies the glass, whereas the CO2 treatment dilates it. The gas sorption observations are in accord with the dual-sorption model, and the effects of prior history are apparently the result of changes in the Langmuir capacity, which evidently is a sorption mechanism that exists as a result of the nonequilibrium nature, or excess volume, of the glassy state.
Intraperitoneal chemotherapy for treatment and prevention of peritoneal carcinomatosis and sarcomatosis.

PURPOSE: The treatment of peritoneal carcinomatosis and sarcomatosis has been associated with long-term disease-free survival. Recently, new intraperitoneal chemotherapy regimens used in patients with small volume peritoneal implants have shown benefits. METHODS: After removal of all but minimal residual disease, the abdominal cavity is flooded with a large volume of fluid containing full systemic doses of chemotherapy. Adenocarcinoma patients receive mitomycin C and 5-fluorouracil; sarcoma patients receive cisplatin and doxirubicin. RESULTS: Long-term disease-free survival is seen in patients with low-grade malignancy, no lymph node or liver metastases, and a complete cytoreduction. CONCLUSIONS: If patients can be treated early when the volume of peritoneal surface cancer is low or if the patient can be made disease free by surgery, then intraperitoneal chemotherapy may be expected to achieve long-term disease-free survival in a majority of selected patients.
The effect of dietary cellulose on life span and biochemical variables of male mice

Sixteen month old C57BL/6J male mice were fed either a nutritionally adequate diet or this diet diluted with either 33% or 50% cellulose. The life span of the animals fed the latter two diets was longer than that of the controls, but only statistically significant in the animals fed the diet diluted with 50% cellulose. The rates of cellular protein synthesis were estimated in liver by determining: 1) the half lives of proteins by the rate of disappearance of radioactivity following the intraperitoneal injection of C14 labeled sodium bicarbonate, and 2) the cellular protein levels estimated by the concentration of proteins and DNA of the tissue. The rates of disappearance of radioactivity from the liver proteins of mice were not statistically significantly affected by these dietary regimens. However, there was a 27% decrease in the cellular protein synthesis of liver in the animals fed the diets containing cellulose.