cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
It's All about Timing

In the formation of long-term memories, a "spaced" distribution of study sessions is more beneficial than closely spaced "massed" study sessions. Pagani et al. (2009) examine the molecular basis of this spacing effect in Drosophila and find a role for the SHP2 homolog, corkscrew, an activator of Ras/MAPK signaling, in establishing optimal spacing intervals.
Estimated potassium content in Hanford workers.

Potassium content in male and female workers at the Department of Energy Hanford Site was estimated based on measurements made in 2002 of 40K activity in the body. A coaxial germanium detection system was used for the measurements. The activity in female workers ranged from 2.1 to 4.1 kBq with an average of 3.1 ± 0.02 kBq. Total body potassium (TBK) content in female workers averaged 96 ± 0.3 g. The activity in male workers ranged from 2.8 to 6.6 kBq with an average of 4.3 ± 0.01 kBq and the average TBK was 136 ± 0.3 g. The average potassium concentration decreased with age in both males and females. The average potassium content and potassium concentrations for both males and females were less than the corresponding reference values. Potassium concentrations were inversely correlated with body-build index, body-mass index, and body weight for both males and females.
Risk for suicidal behaviors associated with alcohol and energy drink use in the US Army

Purpose Suicidal behaviors have increased in the US Army since 2005. To identify potential interventions for suicide risk, we examined the relationship between alcohol and energy drink use, independently and in combination, and rates of seriously considering and/or attempting suicide in US Army soldiers.
A Solid Foundation: Predicting Success in Barbados' Tourist Industry

Barbados's tourist industry offers the opportunity to examine the relationship between the reproductive and the productive role of women. Power, income, and prestige measure success in the productive sphere. A stable union (marriage or consensual union) is a good predictor of higher income and more power in Barbados's tourist industry. Occupational prestige is influenced by education. Men fare better than women in tourism because they are securing higher paying jobs, which offer them more power. Education may equalize the situation in the future if gender is not an issue in recruiting, hiring, or promotion to supervisory level positions.
Order parameters in the resonating-valence-bond model.

We show that the ambiguity in the fluxoid unit in the resonating-valence-bond model arises from the choice of an order parameter which violates a local gauge symmetry. We give an explicit example of a gauge-invariant order parameter, other than electron pairs, which possess a nontrivial topology depending upon the lattice.
Patenting cDNA 1993: Efforts and happenings

Abstract The National Institute of Health (NIH) and Dr.J.C. Venter applied for patents for the sequences of cDNA fragments from a brain library. The scientific community objected strenuously on emotional grounds. The NIH argues that these sequences might never be patentable even when completed. The issue became an international one with the British applying for patents to protect their position while the French, Italians and Japanese vowed not to patent cDNA. The United States Patent Trademark Office (US PTO) strongly rejected the NIH's application. The NIH is appealing the decision.
Expression of homologous homeo-box-containing genes in differentiated human teratocarcinoma cells and mouse embryos

Human chromosome 17 contains a cluster of at least three distinct homeo box regions, Hu1, Hu2, and Hu5, within a 20 kb stretch of DNA. A mouse homeo box region, Mu1, which maps to chromosome 11, was isolated and found to contain extensive nucleotide homology with a 4 kb region encompassing the Hu1 homeo box. The conservation of these chromosomal regions between man and mouse was confirmed by nucleotide sequence analysis: approximately 380 bp of DNA are more than 90% homologous and the 61 amino acids of the homeo box domain are perfectly conserved. We found that a human teratocarcinoma cell line expresses high levels of Hu1 homeo-box-containing mRNA only after differentiation of the cells following treatment with retinoic acid. In contrast, mouse teratocarcinoma cells did not express Mu1 homeo-box-containing mRNA at any stage of differentiation, whereas the expression of such transcripts was detected in mouse embryos from 10 to 17 days of gestation.
Assembly of a Neural Circuit

Precise connections established between synaptic partners are essential for the proper function of neural circuits. To explain the striking target specificity of the optic nerve during regeneration, Roger Sperry proposed the chemoaffinity hypothesis 50 years ago, which posits that developing neurons must carry “individual identification tags,” presumably cytochemical in nature. By this means, they can almost be distinguished in many regions, to the level of the single neuron (1). Since then, many molecules have been identified that guide axons to their final target area, but little is known about molecules that mediate mutual selection and matching between individual pre- and postsynaptic partners among many possible alternatives at the target area (2–4).
Spectroscopy of jet-cooled water complexes with coumarin 151: Observation of vibronically induced conformational barrier crossing

Coumarin 151, when complexed 1:1 by a water molecule in a supersonic jet, develops two sets of resonances, based on features displaced by −45 cm-1 (species A) and −690 cm-1 (species B) from the unc...
Klotho: a novel regulator of calcium and phosphorus homeostasis.

Klotho which was originally identified as an anti-aging protein is emerging as a substance with multiple effects on many systems including mineral homeostasis. In addition to its membrane-bound function as a co-receptor for fibroblast growth factor-23, soluble Klotho exerts effects as a circulating substance in plasma and urine. Novel features of this system include its autocrine–paracrine–endocrine glycan-modifying enzymatic function in the urinary lumen on calcium and phosphate transporters. Klotho induces phosphaturia by inhibiting the proximal tubule Na-coupled phosphate transporter. The action of Klotho is enzymatic in nature which includes alteration of transport activity and the more traditional means of regulation by trafficking. Klotho reduces calciuria by its distal as a sialidase directly on the apical calcium channel. Desialidation of the channel exposes glycan residues that promote binding to galectin-1, resulting in stabilization of residence on the plasma membrane. Through its systematic as well as renal actions, Klotho is emerging as a principal calciophosphoregulatory hormone.
Persistence of Ocular Rotation following Compensation for Displaced Vision

Photographic measurements of eye position before and after compensation for prismatic visual displacement revealed significant and persistent lateral ocular rotations of which Ss seemed unaware. These rotations could account for errors in reaching when prisms are first worn as well as for aftereffect errors.
Characterization of peeling modes in a low aspect ratio tokamak

Peeling modes are observed at the plasma edge in the Pegasus Toroidal Experiment under conditions of high edge current density (Jedge ~ 0.1 MA m−2) and low magnetic field (B ~ 0.1 T) present at near-unity aspect ratio. Their macroscopic properties are measured using external Mirnov coil arrays, Langmuir probes and high-speed visible imaging. The modest edge parameters and short pulse lengths of Pegasus discharges permit direct measurement of the internal magnetic field structure with an insertable array of Hall-effect sensors, providing the current profile and its temporal evolution. Peeling modes generate coherent, edge-localized electromagnetic activity with low toroidal mode numbers n ≤ 3 and high poloidal mode numbers, in agreement with theoretical expectations of a low-n external kink structure. Coherent MHD fluctuation amplitudes are found to be strongly dependent on the experimentally measured Jedge/B peeling instability drive, consistent with theory. Peeling modes nonlinearly generate ELM-like, field-aligned filamentary structures that detach from the edge and propagate radially outward. The KFIT equilibrium code is extended with an Akima spline profile parameterization and an improved model for induced toroidal wall current estimation to obtain a reconstruction during peeling activity with its current profile constrained by internal Hall measurements. It is used to test the analytic peeling stability criterion and numerically evaluate ideal MHD stability. Both approaches predict instability, in agreement with experiment, with the latter identifying an unstable external kink.
Selenoamino acids in tissues of rats administered inorganic selenium

There are conflicting reports in the literature concerning the synthesis of selenoamino acids from inorganic selenium in animals, and this work was undertaken to further investigate this. Pronase digests of acetone powders of liver and kidney tissue from rats administered 75SeO3= were subjected to fractionation by cation exchange chromatography using current methods for separating the various amino acids. Very little, if any, selenocystine was found in the digests. However, good evidence was obtained for the occurrence of 2,7-diamino-4-thia-5-selenaoctanedioic acid. It is suggested that the selenocysteine portion of this compound was formed by the reduction of the selenite to selenide with its subsequent incorporation into the amino acid by the action of serine hydrolase (E C 4.2.1.22). No selenomethionine was found under the conditions of this study.
Adenoviral β-Adrenergic Receptor Kinase Inhibitor Gene Transfer Improves Exercise Capacity, Cardiac Contractility, and Systemic Inflammation in a Model of Pressure Overload Hypertrophy

Objective We hypothesized that intracoronary adenoviral-mediated delivery of βARKct would improve heart failure associated pathophysiologic abnormalities related to exercise capacity, cardiac contractility, systemic inflammation and volume overload.
Heterogeneous integration of gels into microfluidics using a mesh carrier

The incorporation of hydrogels inside microfluidics is a promising method for localizing receptors inside microfluidic structures for many bio-analytical applications as well as for working with cells. However, current methods rely on the in situ polymerization of hydrogels and therefore necessitate optical masks and extensive post-polymerization steps for example for washing uncrosslinked gel precursors and receptors. Here, we report a simple and efficient method for the integration of hydrogels to microfluidic chips. Small volumes of poly(ethylene)glycol-based acrylamide (PEGACA) hydrogels are photopolymerized on a mesh, rinsed, partially dried and transferred to microfluidic structures by simple contact. The gels can be derivatized before transfer with receptors such as streptavidin, antibodies, or can entrap beads as small as 200 nm. We detail the role of meshes relative to the mesh density and wettability and demonstrate how hydrogels can be transferred into capillary-driven microfluidic chips, which are easily sealed using a dry-film resist. By analogy to microfabrication strategies wherein critical components are produced separately and then combined, our method introduces the concept of heterogeneous integration of critical (bio)chemicals to microfluidic chips using an intermediate mesh carrier.
Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence and Fluorescence Lifetime Spatial Heterogeneity of Poly (2-methoxy-5-(2-ethylhexyloxy)-1, 4-phenylenevinylene) in Presence of [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric Acid Methyl Ester

In this paper, we studied the luminescence property and fluorescence lifetime mapping of MEH-PPV/PCBM system by using electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) and time-correlated single photo counting (TC-SPC) technologies. The ECL results showed that the oxidation peak of MEH-PPV near 0.7 V (vs. SCE) and ECL response of films shifted positively towards 1.2 V when in the presence of PCBM. At the same time, the oxidation peak current density of MEH-PPV increases while the ECL response decreased with the loading of PCBM in the composite films. The fluorescence lifetime images clearly show that the lifetime fluctuation is effected by different substrates and MEH-PPV/PCBM ratios. Meanwhile, the lifetime of MEH-PPV decreases with the increasing of film thickness. The lifetimes of MEH-PPV films on TiO2 substrate are lower than them of films on cover slips.
Use of propranolol to decrease aggressive outbursts in younger patients

Abstract The effect of the β-blocker propranolol on the frequency and intensity of aggressive outbursts was studied in 16 patients aged four to 24 years, including eight with mild to severe mental retardation. Ten of the 16 were rated as responders, including six of the eight retarded patients. Guidelines are presented for selecting patients for a treatment trial, for adjusting dosage, and for monitoring vital signs.
An axiomatic study of Majority-rule (+ ) and associated consensus functions on hierarchies

Consensus trees have been used routinely in systematic biology for over 30 years with the majority-rule consensus tree among the most popular. In this paper we give axioms that characterize a new consensus function, called majority-rule (+), that is based on a generalization of majority-rule to the supertree case. In addition, two other related consensus functions are characterized.
Porous solgel fiber as a transducer for highly sensitive chemical sensing

A novel solgel process for making porous silica fiber and doping the fiber core with sensing material is described. A CoCl2-doped solgel fiber was fabricated and was used to construct an active-core optical fiber moisture sensor. Test results show that the sensitivity of the active-core optical fiber sensor is much higher than that of an evanescent-wave-based optical fiber sensor.
Polarons in DNA Oligomers

There has been much study of the transport of a hole created by photoinduced electron transfer to a hole donor, D, in a sequence D(A/T)nA, where A is a hole acceptor, A is adenine, paired with thymine, T, and n is the number of A/Ts in the sequence. The majority of the studies have been carried out for the case where the negative charge remains on the hole donor, creating a Coulomb well for the hole, thus a Coulomb barrier it must tunnel through or surmount. Recent experiments have shown that introduction into the A/T series of a G/C base pair, where G is guanine, C cytosine, can considerably enhance hole transport, as measured by the number of charge pairs (D−G+ or D−A+, depending on the experiment) created. Zeidan et al., using perylenediimide, P, as the hole donor, found that the yield of P−G+ pairs decreased from 100% to 19% as the point of insertion of the G/C into the A/Ts moved from next to P to the fourth site (n = 3) from the P. When the G/C was inserted at the fifth site from the donor or beyond...
Association of basal lamina with peripheral axons elongating within the rat central nervous system

Using conventional electron microscopic techniques, we examined the sympathetic axons that invade the rat hippocampal formation following cholinergic denervation. We found fascicles of unmyelinated axons adjacent to parenchymal blood vessels. These fascicles were separated from the surrounding neuropil by a duplication of basal lamina. These results suggest that specific morphological changes accompany the invasion of the central nervous system by peripheral axons.
Toward a theory of automatic information processing in reading

Abstract A model of information processing in reading is described in which visual information is transformed through a series of processing stages involving visual, phonological and episodic memory systems until it is finally comprehended in the semantic system. The processing which occurs at each stage is assumed to be learned and the degree of this learning is evaluated with respect to two criteria: accuracy and automaticity . At the accuracy level of performance, attention is assumed to be necessary for processing; at the automatic level it is not. Experimental procedures are described which attempt to measure the degree of automaticity achieved in perceptual and associative learning tasks. Factors which may influence the development of automaticity in reading are discussed.
Measurements of the cosmic background radiation

Measurements of the attributes of the 2.7-K microwave background radiation (CBR) are reviewed, with emphasis on the analytic phase of CBR studies. Methods for the direct measurement of the CBR spectrum are discussed; attention is given to receivers, antennas, absolute receiver calibration, atmospheric emission and absorption, the galactic background contribution, the analysis of LF measurements, and recent HF observations of the CBR spectrum. Measurements of the large-angular-scale intensity distribution of the CBR (the most convincing evidence that the radiation is of cosmological origin) are examined, along with limits on the linear polarization of the CBR. A description is given of the NASA-sponsored Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) satellite mission. The results of the COBE mission will be a set of sky maps showing, in the wave number range from 1 to 10,000 kaysers, the galactic background radiation due to synchrotron emission from galactic cosmic rays, to diffuse thermal emission from H II regions, and to diffuse thermal emission from interstellar and interplanetary dust, as well as a residue consisting of the CBR and whatever other cosmological background might exist.
Submarines in software? continuations in US software patenting in the 1980s and 1990s

This article examines the role of ‘continuations’ (procedural revisions of patent applications) in software patents and overall patenting in the United States during 1987–1999. The research represents the first effort of which we are aware to analyze data on continuations in software or any other patent class, providing information on the effects of 1995 changes in the US patent law intended to curb ‘submarine patenting’. The analysis of all US patents shows that the use of continuations grew steadily during 1987–1995, with particularly rapid growth in software patenting. Sharp reversals in these growth rates after 1995 suggest that changes in the US patent law were effective. Prior to the 1995 changes in the patent law, continuation applications were used more intensively by large packaged-software firms than by other patentees, and both software and non-software patents subject to continuation tend to experience longer examination delays and to be more valuable.
The efficacy of family reunification practices: reentry rates and correlates of reentry for abused and neglected children reunited with their families.

Abstract Objective: Since the 1980s Child Protective Services has increasingly relied on family reunification for abused/neglected children rather than long term foster care or adoption. While family reunification practices are controversial, little research is available to inform the debate. This research explores the efficacy of these practices. Methods: This study utilizes two CPS data sources and both quantitative and qualitative methodologies to identify reentry rates and correlates of reentry for abused and neglected children returned to their families by CPS. Results: System reentry due to additional maltreatment is considerable. Thirty-seven percent of the children reunited with their families reenter the system within 3 1 2 years. Correlates of reentry are identified as; abuse type, CPS history, parental competency, race, criminal history, substance abuse, and social support. Notably, assessments of risk made by caseworkers are found to be unrelated to reentry. Conclusions: The high reentry rate and the limitations of current risk assessment procedures suggest that CPS family reunification practices have not been entirely successful. The identification of specific risks of reentry, such as those revealed in this study, will be helpful in assessing risk on cases. In addition, future studies should explore the systemic deficiencies that contribute to the additional maltreatment that occurs for a sizable proportion of the children served by the system.
Cyanobacteria or rhodophyta? Interpretation of a precambrian microfossil.

Abstract Discovery and interpretation of a filamentous microfossil from the late Proterozoic Narssârssuk Formation in northwest Greenland ∼ 770 Ma is reported here. This microfossil is preserved as a single occurrence in a silicified carbonate sequence containing stromatolitic laminae. Based on the absence of other occurrences and its microstratigraphic association with planktonic microfossils, the microfossil is interpreted as allochthonous. The microfossil is similar to two extant taxa representing different kingdoms: one prokaryote, Johannesbaptistia pellucida (cyanobacteria) and one eukaryote, Bangia sp. (rhodophytes). Definitive identification, due to the lack of distinctive morphology, could not be made.
Secondary school extracurricular involvement and academic achievement: a fixed effects approach

Abstract Recent economic research has investigated the extent to which involvement in school-sponsored clubs and sports constitutes human capital investment. Through instrumental variables, the existing literature focuses on identifying long-term impacts in terms of educational attainment and wages. Instead, I use a fixed effects strategy to test whether activity participation provides an immediate return to student learning. Independent of individual ability, I find that athletic participation is associated with a 2 percent increase in math and science test scores. Club participation is associated with a 1 percent increase in math test scores. Finally, involvement in either type of activity is associated with a 5 percent increase in Bachelor's degree attainment expectations.
Case-control study of debrisoquine 4-hydroxylase, n-acetyltransferase 2, and apolipoprotein e gene polymorphisms in Parkinson's disease

We investigated the association of Parkinson's disease (PD) with two genes encoding liver-detoxifying enzymes, debrisoquine 4-hydroxylase (CYP2D6) and N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2), and with one gene related to Alzheimer's disease, apolipoprotein E (APOE). In a sample of 139 unrelated PD cases and 113 control subjects, the NAT2 M3 allele was associated with PD (odds ratio = 7.9; 95% confidence interval = 1.7-36.3). Case-control analyses for CYP2D6, APOE, and NAT2 M1 or M2 did not show a significant association. However, the age at onset of PD was significantly earlier in cases with the APOE epsilon2/epsilon3 genotype than in cases with the epsilon3/epsilon3 genotype.
Entrainment of peripheral clock genes by cortisol

Circadian rhythmicity in mammals is primarily driven by the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), often called the central pacemaker, which converts the photic information of light and dark cycles into neuronal and hormonal signals in the periphery of the body. Cells of peripheral tissues respond to these centrally mediated cues by adjusting their molecular function to optimize organism performance. Numerous systemic cues orchestrate peripheral rhythmicity, such as feeding, body temperature, the autonomic nervous system, and hormones. We propose a semimechanistic model for the entrainment of peripheral clock genes by cortisol as a representative entrainer of peripheral cells. This model demonstrates the importance of entrainer's characteristics in terms of the synchronization and entrainment of peripheral clock genes, and predicts the loss of intercellular synchrony when cortisol moves out of its homeostatic amplitude and frequency range, as has been observed clinically in chronic stress and cancer. The model also predicts a dynamic regime of entrainment, when cortisol has a slightly decreased amplitude rhythm, where individual clock genes remain relatively synchronized among themselves but are phase shifted in relation to the entrainer. The model illustrates how the loss of communication between the SCN and peripheral tissues could result in desynchronization of peripheral clocks.
Lipid composition of two species of Antarctic krill: Euphausia superba and E. crystallorophias.

Abstract 1. 1. The lipids of two Antarctic euphausiids were characterized. 2. 2. In Euphausia superba complex lipids were the major lipid class followed by triglycerides. 3. 3. In E. crystallorophias the complex lipids were also the major lipid class, but the second major constituent was waxes. 4. 4. The complex lipids of both euphausiids consisted mostly of phosphatidylcholine with smaller amounts of phosphatidylethanolamine and lysophosphatidylcholine. The phospholipids of E. crystallorophias were less unsaturated than those of E. superba. 5. 5. The waxes of E. crystallorophias were mostly esters of oleic (84%) and palmitoleic (10%) acids with n- tetradecanol (69%) and n- hexadecanol (28%).
Universality and scaling in gravitational collapse of a massless scalar field

I summarize results from a numerical study of spherically symmetric collapse of a massless scalar field. I consider families of solutions, scrS[p], with the property that a critical parameter value, ${\mathit{p}}^{\mathrm{*}}$, separates solutions containing black holes from those which do not. I present evidence in support of conjectures that (1) the strong-field evolution in the p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}${\mathit{p}}^{\mathrm{*}}$ limit is universal and generates structure on arbitrarily small spatiotemporal scales and (2) the masses of black holes which form satisfy a power law ${\mathit{M}}_{\mathrm{BH}}$\ensuremath{\propto}\ensuremath{\Vert}p-${\mathit{p}}^{\mathrm{*}}$${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Vert}}}^{\ensuremath{\gamma}}$, where \ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\approxeq}0.37 is a universal exponent.
Cyprus: economic consequences of the Christofias–Talat/Eroglu Plan

This paper analyzes the economic consequences of the Christofias–Talat/Eroglu Plan for the reunification of Cyprus and concludes that the economic costs and benefits of the proposed plan would be unequally distributed with the costs falling disproportionately on the Greek‐Cypriot‐controlled south. Thus, the much publicized economic ‘peace dividend’ of the Christofias–Talat/Eroglu framework, for a solution to the Cyprus Problem that would end the division of the island, falls short of compensating for its political weaknesses.
The ability of tumor volume to predict local control in surgically treated squamous cell carcinoma of the supraglottic larynx.

PURPOSE: Pretreatment CT volumetric measurement of the primary tumor has been shown to be a predictor of local control in patients with laryngeal carcinoma treated with radiation therapy (RT) alone. A direct association has been demonstrated between tumor volume of supraglottic squamous cell carcinoma (SGSCCA) and local control. However, the association between tumor volume of SGSCCA and local control has not been investigated in patients treated surgically. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between SGSCCA tumor volume and local control in patients treated surgically. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Primary site tumor volume was calculated from pretreatment CT studies in 37 laryngeal supraglottic carcinomas treated surgically. All patients had clinical follow-up for evidence of recurrent tumor along the surgical margins at the primary site for a minimum of 2 years after completion of treatment. Statistical analysis consisted of Mantel-Haenszel chi-square tests and Fisher's exact test. RESULTS: Overall local control rate was 92% (33 of 37). Tumor volume was significantly associated with local control (p <. 05). Local control rate for tumors with volumes <16 cc was 94% (32 of 34) (p <.05). CONCLUSIONS: Pretreatment CT volumetric analysis is useful for predicting local control in patients with SGSCCA carcinoma treated surgically.
SU-FF-T-10: A Distributed-Computing Framework Using Nested Partitions for Beam-Angle Optimization in IMRT

Purpose: Commercial IMRTtreatment planningsoftware currently solves the dose optimization (DO) problem, but does not consider additional variables, such as gantry, collimator, or couch angles. These parameters are generally specified by clinicians based on experience, and are often arbitrary and suboptimal. Including the additional variables in the treatment planning process increases the size of the combinatorial problem, and would require access to vast computational resources and novel optimization techniques. We have formed a collaboration with a leading academic supercomputer center and implemented the Nested Partitions (NP) algorithm, a versatile and efficient method, to produce IMRT plans which employ optimal beam angles. Method and Materials: NP is a metaheuristic algorithm which is flexible enough to guide the search of a heuristic or deterministic dose optimization algorithm, and is well suited for implementation on distributed‐computing platforms. We implemented the NP framework in conjunction with the dose‐optimization algorithm employed in a commercial treatment planning system. We performed a study on a 5‐field prostate case by executing the programs on four machines simultaneously, and evaluated the resulting treatment plans based on DVH constraints for the target and critical structures. Results: After only three iterations of the NP algorithm, the resulting plan realized an improvement of 14% in a measure of beam‐angle‐sample quality over a clinical plan employing equi‐spaced beams. Since each iteration was implemented simultaneously on multiple machines, a decrease in execution time by a factor of about 4 was observed. Conclusion: Including additional variables, such as beam angles, in the IMRToptimization problem results in a vastly increased search space. However, our results indicate that the use of a distributed‐computing platform combined with a powerful metaheuristic optimization algorithm can result in treatment plans which provide better target coverage and normal tissue sparing, and can be generated more efficiently than those currently produced.
Errors in the Brown et al. critical reanalysis.

Brown et al. (1) critique our previous report (2) and judge the results “no more than the product of chance.” We share Brown et al.’s interest in protecting the field against false claims and appreciate their desire to ground their evaluation in reanalysis of our data. However, we have discovered that Brown et al.’s reanalysis itself contains major statistical and factual errors that ultimately invalidate their conclusions [as do new data replicating (2)].
Secure traceroute to detect faulty or malicious routing

Network routing is vulnerable to disruptions caused by malfunctioning or malicious routers that draw traffic towards themselves but fail to correctly forward the traffic. The existing approach to addressing this problem is to secure the routing protocol by having it validate routing updates, i.e., verify their authenticity, accuracy, and/or consistency. In this paper, we argue that it is also important to ensure the robustness of packet forwarding itself. To this end, we propose a different approach, the central idea of which is a secure traceroute protocol that enables end hosts or routers to detect and locate the source of (arbitrarily severe) routing misbehaviors, so that appropriate action can be taken.
Growth of connected locally compact groups

Abstract The asymptotic behavior of the Haar measure of Un = U · U ··· U, where U is a compact neighborhood of the identity in a separable, connected locally compact group, is considered. It is shown that for a given group G, the measure of Un grows at most polynomially for all U ⊂ G, or at least exponentially for all U ⊂ G. The groups having polynomial growth are characterized in terms of uniformly discrete free subsemigroups and in terms of the eigenvalues of elements occurring in the adjoint group of an approximating Lie group.
In-Medium Quarkonia at SPS, RHIC and LHC

Abstract A kinetic-rate equation approach in a thermally expanding medium is employed to calculate the evolution of charmonium and bottomonium distributions in heavy-ion collisions. The equilibrium properties of the quarkonia are taken from in-medium spectral functions which are schematically constrained by euclidean correlators from lattice QCD. The initial conditions for the rate equation (heavy-flavor cross sections, nuclear absorption) and the thermal evolution are constrained by light-hadron data as available. After fixing two free parameters to describe charmonium data at SPS and RHIC, the predictions for LHC are discussed in light of recent data.
Front propagation and segregation in a reaction-diffusion model with cross-diffusion

Abstract A study of front propagation and segregation in a system of reaction–diffusion equations with cross-diffusion is presented. The reaction models predator–prey dynamics involving two fields. The diffusive part is nonlinear in the sense that the diffusion coefficient, instead of being a constant as in the well-studied case, depends on one of the fields. A key element of the model is a cross-diffusion term according to which the flux of one of the fields is driven by gradients of the other field. The original motivation of the model was the study of the turbulence–shear flow interaction in plasmas. The model also bears some similarities with models used in the study of spatial segregation of interacting biological species. The system has three nontrivial fixed points, and a study of traveling fronts solutions joining these states is presented. Depending on the stability properties of the fixed points, the fronts are uniform or have spatial structure. In the latter case, a cross-diffusion-driven pattern-forming ( k ≢0) instability leads to segregation in the wake of the front. The segregated state consists of layered structures. A Ginzburg–Landau amplitude equation is used to describe the dynamics near marginal stability.
Superconducting Sector Dipole for a Strong Focusing Cyclotron

A superconducting strong focusing cyclotron (SFC) is being developed for high current applications. The dipole magnetic field required for isochronous operation is provided by sector magnets utilizing a common warm-iron flux return and levitated cold-iron pole design. The sector magnets utilize MgB 2 superconducting cable operating at 15-20 K. The sector dipoles for a 100 MeV SFC were modeled to provide for isochronous operation. The field distribution, fringe fields, forces and torques in the dipole were calculated.
Errors in quantitative backscattered electron analysis of bone standardized by energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry

Backscattered electron (BSE) imaging has proven to be a useful method for analyzing the mineral distribution in microscopic regions of bone. However, an accepted method of standardization has not been developed, limiting the utility of BSE imaging for truly quantitative analysis. Previous work has suggested that BSE images can be standardized by energy-dispersive x-ray spectrometry (EDX). Unfortunately, EDX-standardized BSE images tend to underestimate the mineral content of bone when compared with traditional ash measurements. The goal of this study is to investigate the nature of the deficit between EDX-standardized BSE images and ash measurements. A series of analytical standards, ashed bone specimens, and unembedded bone specimens were investigated to determine the source of the deficit previously reported. The primary source of error was found to be inaccurate ZAF corrections to account for the organic phase of the bone matrix. Conductive coatings, methyl-methacrylate embedding media, and minor elemental constituents in bone mineral introduced negligible errors. It is suggested that the errors would remain constant and an empirical correction could be used to account for the deficit. However, extensive preliminary testing of the analysis equipment is essential.
Leveling-up in heroes of might and magic III

We propose a model for level-ups in Heroes of Might and Magic III, and give an O(1/e2 ln (1/δ)) learning algorithm to estimate the probabilities of secondary skills induced by any policy in the end of the leveling-up process. We develop software and test our model in an experiment. The correlation coefficient between theory and practice is greater than 0.99. The experiment also indicates that the process responsible for the randomization that takes place on level-ups generates only a few different pseudo-random sequences. This might allow exploitation techniques in the near future; hence that process might require reengineering.
LARVAL PERFORMANCE AND OVIPOSITION SITE PREFERENCE ALONG A PREDATION GRADIENT

The ability of females to assess habitat quality for offspring can strongly influence individual reproductive success as well as population dynamics and community assembly. However, the specific relationship between oviposition site selection and larval performance is often unclear. Ovipositing females of several species of treefrogs (Hyla) avoid predatory fish. The fish density required to elicit such avoidance and its relationship to larval performance are central to our understanding of how behavior can drive population dynamics and community assembly in complex landscapes. We conducted experiments investigating both oviposition preference and larval performance in pinewoods treefrogs (Hyla femoralis) along a density gradient of predatory fish (0-6 Umbra pygmaea). Female H. femoralis detected and strongly avoided the nonlethal presence of even a single 2-g fish, ovipositing almost exclusively in predator-free controls. In a separate experiment, larval performance largely matched adult preferences; larvae were totally eliminated in all but the lowest fish density. Given a landscape of breeding sites of varying risks, ovipositing H. femoralis behaviorally partition available habitats into those with and without fish, largely matching the associated fitness consequences.
Shell cross-linked polymer micelles: stabilized assemblies with great versatility and potential

Abstract Shell cross-linked polymer micelles have been introduced within the past 3 years, and they have already demonstrated great promise as robust nanostructured core-shell nanospheres. The formation of cross-links throughout the shell of polymer micelles offers stability to the nanostructured assemblies, by providing reinforcement to the weak interactions that facilitate polymer micelle existence. Cross-linking can be accomplished by direct reaction between the chain segments located within the polymer micelle shell, or via addition of multi-functional cross-linking reagents. The dimensions, composition, and properties of each of the domains of the polymer micelles can be controlled by selection of diblock copolymer composition, conditions for polymer micelle assembly, and chemistry used for cross-linking. An overview of each of the examples of SCK nanospheres currently known is presented here.
The AnyCorrectiveAction stable design pattern

This paper aims at modeling a system that has to perform maintenance, by employing a Corrective Action and come up with a stable pattern, which can form a part of such a system, focusing at applying corrective action in a holistic way, rather than tying it on only one application specific context, which might cause potential impedance mismatch between process and workflows at a later stage. This ensures high reusability, ensuring that a design once created can be used to model any application, in any domain, thus making the task of designing more efficient, and the modeled system, largely domain independent. The goal of this paper is to design a Stable Pattern for Corrective Action and to model the system on the basis on an Enduring Business Theme (EBT). Here, the ultimate goal or the EBT is Maintenance and AnyCorrective action is what acts as a workhorse to achieve the goal of maintenance. In this paper, we have first designed a model, which defines the relationship of the Enduring Business Theme to Business Objects. We have then gone ahead with modeling an application scenario, which portrays the reusability of the developed stable pattern. A comparison of the Traditional Models and the Stable Model has also been included to describe how the latter overcomes to drawbacks of the former. Different models, such as, use cases, CRC cards, class diagrams and sequence diagrams have been used to give a better insight into the pattern and possible applications of it.
Gaucher disease and other storage disorders

In 1882, Philippe Gaucher described a 32-year-old woman with massive splenomegaly and unusually large cells in the spleen, which he called a "primary epithelioma of the spleen." The systemic nature and inheritance of the disease and its variants involving the viscera and CNS were described over the next century. The delineation of the causal enzymatic defects, genetics, molecular pathology, and genomics have provided pathogenic insights into the phenotypic spectrum and the bases for development of specific therapies for what is now known as Gaucher disease. As a prototype, the clinically and economically successful intracellular enzyme therapy provided the impetus for the expansion of similar research and therapeutic developments for other lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs) and orphan diseases, including Fabry, Pompe, and Niemann-Pick diseases, as well as several mucopolysaccharidoses. Continuing studies of such LSDs, which occur as a group in more than 7000 live births, have revealed the complex molecular interdigitation with the autophagy and apoptotic pathways and proteostasis and the impact of disruptions of the lysosomal/autophagy and proteostasis systems on more common diseases has been recognized. Examples include age-related neurodegenerative diseases (eg, Parkinson disease and Gaucher disease), idiopathic hypertrophic myocardiopathies, stroke and renal failure (eg, Fabry disease), and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/Nonalcoholic SteatoHepatitis (NAFLD/NASH) and atherosclerosis (eg, lysosomal acid lipase deficiencies). Although perceived as rare, the availability of treatment and the impact of the LSDs on more common diseases require their integration into routine clinical practice.
Accurate Modeling of Microstrip Dumbbell Shaped Slot Resoantor (Dssr) for Miniaturized Tunable Resoantor and Band-Pass Filter

In this paper, a novel dumbbell shaped slot resonator (DSSR) is introduced and investigated based on a circuit theory and electromagnetic (EM) simulation. Lumped and distributed equivalent circuit models are then presented for an analysis of the proposed DSSR. The circuit and EM simulated results validate the DSSR's equivalent circuit models and their analysis methodologies. Since the proposed DSSR does not employ ground slots, additional etching process for the ground plane is not necessary. Thus, one can minimize the cost and fabrication errors. For the DSSR's applications, the miniaturized tunable DSSR and band-pass fllter (BPF) are designed, simulated, and measured. The tunable DSSR does not require additional lumped DC- block capacitors since DC is isolated due to the coupled gap structures in an input and output. In the BPF design, two DSSRs are simply coupled by input/output ports. Both simulated and measured results of the designed tunable resonator and BPF show good agreement.
Nonstoichiometric composition shift in physical vapor deposition of CdTe thin films

A1. Growth models A3. Physical vapor deposition processes B1. Cadmium compounds B2. Semiconducting II-VI materials abstract While it is being debated whether Cd vacancy is an effective p-dopant in CdTe, and whether CdTe thin film in solar energy application should be Cd-deficient or Cd-rich, in the theory of CdTe physical vapor deposition (PVD) it has been assumed that both the source material and the thin film product is stoichiometric. To remediate the lack of effective theory, a new PVD model for CdTe photovoltaic (PV) modules is presented in this work, in which the composition of the CdTe thin film under growth is a parameter determined by the source CdTe composition as well as the growth condition. The solid phase Cd1 � δTe1 þ δ compound under deposition temperature is treated as a solid solution with a mole of excess pure Te or Cd as solute and one mole of congruently grown CdTe as solvent. Assuming that the vapor pressure of Te2 can be calculated by using the law of solid solution PTe ¼H0þaH1 þa 2 H2 round the congruent composition, where the molar number a and the constants H0, H1 and H2 as functions of temperature T are extracted from the experimental data. Thus, the mole fraction of solute in the grown CdTe thin film as well as the growth rate, as a function of the solute mole fraction in the source CdTe can be determined.
Lower Airway Rhinovirus Burden and the Seasonal Risk of Asthma Exacerbation

Rationale: Most asthma exacerbations are initiated by viral upper respiratory illnesses. It is unclear whether human rhinovirus (HRV)‐ induced exacerbations are associated with greater viral replication and neutrophilic inflammation compared with HRV colds. Objectives: To evaluate viral strain and load in a prospective asthma cohort during a natural cold. Methods: Adults were enrolled at the first sign of a cold, with daily monitoring of symptoms, medication use, and peak expiratory flow rateuntilresolution.Serialnasallavageandinducedsputumsamples were assessed for viral copy number and inflammatory cell counts. MeasurementsandMainResults:Atotalof52personswithasthmaand 14controlsubjectswithoutatopyorasthmawerestudiedforover10 weeks per subject on average; 25 participants developed an asthma exacerbation. Detection of HRVs in the preceding 5 days was the most common attributable exposure related to exacerbation. Comparedwithotherinfections,thosebya minorgroupAHRVwere4.4fold more likely to cause exacerbation (P ¼ 0.038). Overall, sputum neutrophils and the burden of rhinovirus in the lower airway were similar in control subjects without atopy and the asthma group. However, among HRV-infected participants with asthma, exacerbations were associated with greater sputum neutrophil counts (P ¼ 0.005).
Spinoffs: A review and synthesis

Abstract In the past 10 years, various stylized facts have accumulated regarding the rate at which firms spawn spinoffs, the performance of spinoffs, and the effect of spinoffs on their parents. We review the evidence and use it to reflect on the various theories that have been developed to explain spinoffs. Many questions remain about spinoffs, and we discuss research opportunities associated with these questions. We also discuss implications of the accumulating evidence and theories for public policies bearing on spinoffs.