cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Particularism, Exchange and Organizational Efficiency: A Case Study of A Construction Industry

The pipeline construction industry is characterized by short jobs which often are long distances apart. Consequently, construction contractors must recruit new crews for each job, and workers must constantly seek work. Moreover, the industry has not developed effective formal recruiting procedures. Recruiting is informal and it depends upon the particularism of kin ties and friendships. Contractors find crews, and workers find jobs, through patterns of favor exchange which originate among groups of kinsmen and friends. The writer examined these patterns through field observation and informant reports. He drew two tentative conclusions: (1) particularistic recruiting is essential for the industry; and (2) the particularism is patterned so that it interferes very little with the competency requirements of the industry. T his paper reports a study of the role of informal recruiting in adjusting the pipeline labor force to the needs of the petroleum pipeline construction industry. The study has sought to discover the patterns whereby the members of the labor force are distributed and redistributed throughout the season among the several construction companies. A second, and related concern derives from the fact that the informal recruiting and training in the industry are organized around kin ties and friendships, and as such are characterized by particularistic relations among workers. The work itself, however, often requires high levels of skill and rigorous evaluation of workmanship. The second question then is how do the construction companies get the degree of technical competence they need when they depend upon the particularism of kin ties and friendships to form crews? The investigation produced two tentative conclusions: 1. informal recruiting, based upon particularistic relations among workers and supervisors, is essential to the industry; 2. the particularism is patterned in such a way that it interferes little with production standards. PARTICULARISTIC RECRUITING IN OTHER
Violent Schools—Unsafe Schools The Case of Hawaii

The article presents eleven theories advanced to explain school crime, the subject of the inconclusive Safe Schools Study coordinated by James Samuel Coleman, then collects 90 statistical measures across the 215 public schools in one of the most violent school districts in the United States—the statewide district of Hawaii—so that each theory can be tested with at least one indicator. Data are intercorrelated, factor analyzed, and a stepwise multiple regression is run on variables corresponding to each empirically distinct form of school disorder. The data suggest that efforts to mainstream students are needed to bring a sense of community to the students of public schools, whether through racial desegregation or through proper classification of the abilities of immigrant and local students.
Evaluation of Drilled Hole Quality in Printed Circuit Boards

The effect of drilling speed and the chip load on the hole quality in a printed circuit board was investigated. The hole defects considered were smear, burr, nail heading and void. Holes drilled with different combinations of the speed and chip load were sectioned and examined using a scanning electron microscope to identify and quantify the defects. Each defect was related to the drilling variables in order to explain the reason for its formation and discuss the broad trends in the relationships
Calorimetric and ionization measurements of stopping power in carbon for 19.5 GeV electrons

Abstract A portable carbon calorimeter built at the National Bureau of Standards was used in a 19.5 GeV electron beam at the Stanford Linear Accelerator to measure absorbed dose. The dose measurements were normalized to a given number of incident electrons by monitoring the electron intensity with a transmission ion chamber previously calibrated against a quantameter in the same beam. The simultaneous measurements of integrated electron intensity and absorbed dose allowed a direct determination of stopping power in carbon for 19.5 GeV electrons. The measured value of 1.80 MeV cm 2 /g is within 6% of the calculated value.
Facilitating Friendships Among Diverse Students

Friendships are important to everyone and are one of the desired outcomes of inclusion programs. Unfortunately, the development of friendships between students with disabilities and their general education peers has been hindered by several factors, resulting in limited social interactions between these two groups of students. This article offers educators and families a variety of strategies they can use to help facilitate the development of friendships among diverse students.
Nonvolatile mutagens in drinking water: production by chlorination and destruction by sulfite

In concentrates of water produced in a laboratory simulation of a drinking water treatment process, direct-acting, nonvolatile mutagens were readily detected by means of the Ames Salmonella test. The mutagens were shown to be produced by the chlorination process. Treatment of the water with chloramine resulted in less mutagenic activity than treatment with free chlorine. Dechlorination of drinking water with sulfite sharply reduced the mutagenic activity. Treatment with sulfur dioxide is proposed as an effective, inexpensive method of reducing the direct-acting mutagenic activity of drinking water and of aqueous industrial effluents.
The diffusive component of particulate organic carbon export in the North Atlantic estimated from SeaWiFS ocean color

Abstract The diffusive component of the particulate organic carbon (POC) export from the ocean's surface layer has been estimated using a combination of the mixed layer model and SeaWiFS ocean color data. The calculations were carried out for several example sites located in the North Atlantic over a 10-year time period (1998–2007). Satellite estimates of surface POC derived from ocean color were applied as an input to the model driven by local surface heat and momentum fluxes. For each year of the examined period, the diffusive POC flux was estimated at a 200 m depth. The highest flux is generally observed in the spring and fall seasons, when surface waters are weakly stratified. In addition, the model results demonstrate significant interannual and geographical variability of the flux. The highest diffusive POC flux occurs in the northern North Atlantic and the lowest in the subtropical region. The interannual variability of the diffusive POC flux is associated with mixed layer dynamics and underscores the importance of atmospheric forcing for POC export from the surface layer to the ocean's interior.
An eye monitoring system for infant subjects

An eye monitoring system for gathering visual scanning data from infant subjects is described. The video camera that records an image of the eye automatically follows horizontal and vertical head movements, so the infant’s head need not be held in a fixed location throughout the course of an experiment. The algorithm used for processing the video records correctly interprets the partially occluded pupils that often are found in very young infants.
Effects of Supplemental Nutrition on Lead-Induced Depression of Growth and Food Consumption in Weanling Rats

The objective of this study was to determine whether growth-depressant effects of lead (Pb) could be prevented by preventing the accompanying depression of caloric intake from ad libitum food consumption by caloric supplementation. The animal used was the female weanling rat. Three experiments were performed in which progressively increasing levels of caloric supplementation were provided in order to attain a level of nutrition which would totally prevent growth depression from Pb exposure. Nutritional supplementation of Pb-exposed animals almost completely eliminated the Pb-induced depression of weight gains. We conclude that the deficit in growth due to Pb can be adequately explained on the basis of a primary effect on appetite, rather than being secondary to depression of proliferative responses of cells to growth factors, e.g., insulin-like growth factor I.
Strength and Orientation Tuning of the Thalamic Input to Simple Cells Revealed by Electrically Evoked Cortical Suppression

Abstract Is thalamic input to the visual cortex strong and well tuned for orientation, as predicted by Hubel and Wiesel's (1962) model of orientation selectivity in simple cells? We directly measured the size of the thalamic input to single simple cells intracellularly by combining electrical stimulation of the cortex with a briefly flashed visual stimulus. In nearby cells, the electrical stimulation evoked a long-lasting inhibition that prevented them from firing in response to the visual stimulus. The visually evoked excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) recorded during the period of cortical suppression, therefore, reflected largely the thalamic input. In 16 neurons that received monosynaptic input from the thalamus, cortical suppression left 46% of normal visual response on average (12%–86% in range). In those cells tested, this remaining visual response was as well tuned for orientation as the normal response to the visual stimulus alone. We conclude that the thalamic input to cortical simple cells with monosynaptic input from the thalamus is strong and well tuned in orientation, and that the intracortical input does not appear to sharpen orientation tuning in these cells.
A cross-validation framework for solving image restoration problems

The restoration problem deals with images in which information has been destroyed or obscured. In this paper, we present a framework for addressing image restoration problems in which the goal is to recover information about the image. Restoration algorithms often use tentative assumptions to compensate for the information lost in the degradation process. We propose cross-validation as a method for testing such assumptions. Viewed in this way, cross-validation is capable of addressing a number of key image restoration problems. We discuss the various options available for defining and evaluating the cross-validation criterion. Furthermore, we survey recent developments concerning cross-validation in image restoration and demonstrate the power of cross-validation in addressing several image restoration problems-regularization parameter estimation, blur identification, constraint assessment, and an optimal stopping rule for iterative restoration.
Urban regimes and school compacts: The development of the Detroit Compact

School compacts between the business community and school officials have increased in recent years. This paper examines the development and implementation of a school compact program in the Detroit Public School system. The paper shows that the Detroit Compact was initiated by Detroit's corporate leaders. The article highlights some of the issues faced in forging compact agreements between the business community, Detroit Mayor Coleman Young, school officials, and school activists. The paper concludes with a discussion of some of the problems the Detroit Compact faces.
The HEAO-A2 soft X-ray survey of dwarf novae in outburst

Although HEAO-1 scanned 19 dwarf novae while they were undergoing optical outbursts, soft X-ray emission (0.18-0.43 keV) was detected only from SS Cygni and U Geminorum. The 3-sigma upper limits to the flux from nondetected objects are presented, which range from 1 to 10 percent of U Gem's mean flux. In addition, hypotheses for the failure to detect soft X-rays from the majority of the dwarf novae are discussed, including interstellar absorption, source variability, and the spottiness of the X-ray coverage. It is concluded that most dwarf novae are not observed as soft X-ray sources by virtue of low temperatures (less than approximately 100,000 K) or greater absorption.
The Metaphysics of Policy and Planning: A Reply to Cosier

Cosier raises a number of valid points in his critique of research on dialectical inquiry, but we believe he has misrepresented the nature of dialectic. As a result, his experiments do not touch the essential phenomenon that dialectical inquiry is attempting to get at.
Globalization of Ergonomics - Panel Summary

The purpose of this panel is to highlight key milestones in the globalization of ergonomics in the modern era. The past six decades have seen the emergence of human factors/ergonomics (HF/E) from a nascent, largely unrecognized field of study to a well-established human science discipline with global reach. Key milestones include: (1) emergence of ergonomics science in Europe; (2) establishment of national ergonomics societies in a growing number of countries; (3) recognition of the view that ergonomics and human factors share common scientific goals and aspirations; (4) establishment of ergonomics programs in a number of large corporations in the post–World War II era; (5) founding of a growing number of scientific HF/E journals; (6) introduction of ergonomics into developing countries; (7) establishment of common standards for both ergonomics education and certification of professional ergonomists; and (8) the ongoing telecommunications revolution, supporting a worldwide community of HF/E professionals....
Metaphors at Work Maintaining the Salience of Gender in Self-Managing Teams

Self-managing teams have been predicted to break down organizational hierarchies and sex-segregated functional divisions. Based on participant observation and interviews with 39 men and women in service-oriented self-managing teams, the authors found that the metaphor of family emerged in interviews as a popular way to describe teams' interaction and social relations. The ways that team members used the family metaphor revealed that women were often perceived in familial roles that the authors argue encourage emotional labor. Although relational tasks may not directly reproduce traditional gender power relations in teams, women can face difficulties taking on more instrumental team tasks. The authors propose that the persistence of family metaphors sustains the organizational gender categorization that self-managing teams as work-based, cross-functional groups were supposed to help eliminate. To the extent that this is the case, it suggests the importance of exploring the gendered organizational cultures ...
Schizophrenia as one extreme of a sexually selected fitness indicator.

Schizophrenia remains an evolutionary paradox. Its delusions, hallucinations and other symptoms begin in adolescence or early adulthood and so devastate sexual relationships and reproductive success that selection should have eliminated the disorder long ago. Yet it persists as a moderately heritable disorder at a global 1% prevalence—too high for new mutations at a few genetic loci. We suggest that schizophrenia persists and involves many loci because it is the unattractive, low-fitness extreme of a highly variable mental trait that evolved as a fitness (‘‘good genes’’) indicator through mutual mate choice. Here we show that this hypothesis explains many key features of schizophrenia and predicts that some families carry modifier alleles that increase the indicator’s neurodevelopmental sensitivity to heritable fitness and condition. Such alleles increase the extent to which high-fitness family members develop impressive courtship abilities and achieve high reproductive success, but also increase the extent to which low-fitness family members develop schizophrenia. Here we introduce this fitness indicator model of schizophrenia, discuss its explanatory power, explain how it resolves the evolutionary paradox, discuss its implications for gene hunting, and identify some empirically testable predictions as directions for further research. D 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Multiresolution Bayesian Detection of Multiunit Extracellular Spike Waveforms in Multichannel Neuronal Recordings

We describe multiresolution Bayesian tests for spike detection in multielectrode recordings. We derive results for single channel and multi electrode data, and show that the use of the array model substantially improves the detection performance. The effect of signal and noise spatial correlation characteristics is also discussed. Our approach focuses on blind signal detection without any assumptions about the underlying signal parameters. It is therefore suitable for chronic recordings with electrode arrays where typically temporal and spatial nonstationarity of the extracellular waveforms complicates the estimation of the true action potential
Analysis of finite precision effects on an OBE algorithm

An analysis of error propagation in the OBE (optimal bounding ellipsoid) algorithm shows that roundoff errors made at some instant of time would result in bounded errors in the subsequent estimates. A modified forgetting factor determination formula that is less sensitive to rounding errors is proposed. It is shown through simulations that the OBE algorithm performs better than the RLS (recursive least squares) algorithm in small wordlength environments. The improvement is attributed to differences in the recursion of the P matrix and the smaller number of updates of the OBE algorithm. The performance of the factored implementations of the RLS and the OBE algorithms is comparable. >
HVDC-AC Harmonic Interaction Part I - Development of a Harmonic Measurement System Hardware and Software

This paper is Part I of a two part series. The two papers will report part of the research project RP-1138 sponsored by EPRI and BPA on HVDC-AC System Interaction from AC Harmonics. The two papers deal with the harmonic impedance measurement of Bonneville Power Administration's (BPA) system as seen from the Celilo HVDC substation, the development of analytical techniques to calculate the harinonic impedance of the system, and comparison of the calculated and measured results.
Group theoretical description of artificial electromagnetic metamaterials

Point group theoretical methods are used to determine the electromagnetic properties of metamaterials, based solely upon the symmetries of the underlying constituent particles. From the transformation properties of an electromagnetic (EM) basis under symmetries of the particles, it is possible to determine, (i) the EM modes of the particles, (ii) the form of constitutive relations (iii) magneto-optical response of a metamaterial or lack thereof. Based upon these methods, we predict an ideal planar artificial magnetic metamaterial, and determine the subset of point groups of which particles must belong to in order to yield an isotropic 3D magnetic response, and we show an example.
Physiological extent, range and rate of muscle stretch for soleus, medial gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior in the cat.

To provide information on the potential stresses imposed on muscle receptors by natural movements, a cinematographic analysis was undertaken of the unrestrained walking, trotting, galloping, jumping and landing movements of 11 adult cats. Appropriate lever arm measurements were also made on 50 freshly displatched cats such that instantaneous representative lengths of soleus, medial gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior could be calculated. Use was made of a previous electromyographic analysis of hind limb muscles during unrestrained locomotion (Engberg, 1964; Engberg and Lundberg, 1969) and consideration given to recordings made by Severin, Shik and Orlovskii of the discharge of dorsal and ventral root filaments supplying ankle extensors during controlled walking of the high decerebrate cat (1967a and b). This approach revealed that locomotor movements involve 3 basic patterns of muscle displacement for the ankle extensors: a large near-static stretch that is alpha-gamma passive (as occurs in crouching); a large dynamic stretch that is also alpha-gamma passive (as occurs in the F phase of the step and after launch-off in the jump); and another dynamic stretch which involves co-activation of alpha and gamma systems and becomes extensive with an increase in forward speed (as occurs in the E2 phase of the step and during landing). There is discussion of the simulation of locomotor type stretch for ankle extensors and the more complex behaviour of tibialis anterior.
Molecular Hydrogen as an Energy Source for Helicobacter pylori

The gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori is known to be able to use molecular hydrogen as a respiratory substrate when grown in the laboratory. We found that hydrogen is available in the gastric mucosa of mice and that its use greatly increased the stomach colonization by H. pylori. Hydrogenase activity in H. pylori is constitutive but increased fivefold upon incubation with hydrogen. Hydrogen concentrations measured in the stomachs of live mice were found to be 10 to 50 times as high as the H. pylori affinity for hydrogen. A hydrogenase mutant strain is much less efficient in its colonization of mice. Therefore, hydrogen present in animals as a consequence of normal colonic flora is an energy-yielding substrate that can facilitate the maintenance of a pathogenic bacterium.
Filament-dependent and -independent localization modes of Drosophila non-muscle myosin II.

Myosin II assembles into force-generating filaments that drive cytokinesis and the organization of the cell cortex. Regulation of myosin II activity can occur through modulation of filament assembly and by targeting to appropriate cellular sites. Here we show, using salt-dependent solubility and a novel fluorescence resonance energy transfer assay, that assembly of the Drosophila non-muscle myosin II heavy chain, zipper, is mediated by a 90-residue region (1849–1940) of the coiled-coil tail domain. This filament assembly domain, transiently expressed in Drosophila S2 cells, does not localize to the interphase cortex or the cytokinetic cleavage furrow, whereas a 500-residue region (1350–1865) that overlaps the NH2 terminus of the assembly domain localizes to the interphase cortex but not the cytokinetic cleavage furrow. Targeting to these two sites appears to utilize distinct localization mechanisms as the assembly domain is required for cleavage furrow recruitment of a truncated coiled-coil tail region but not targeting to the interphase cortex. These results delineate the requirements for zipper filament assembly and indicate that the ability to form filaments is necessary for targeting to the cleavage furrow but not to the interphase cortex.
Interfacial Tension of a Liquid Crystalline Polymer in an Isotropic Polymer Matrix

We investigated the interfacial tension of a thermotropic liquid crystalline polymer (LCP) embedded in a flexible isotropic matrix, poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS), using a modified deformed droplet retraction method (MDDR). The thermotropic polymer employed, PSHQ-6,12, was nematic and featured a well-defined nematic−isotropic clearing transition temperature so that MDDR experiments could be conducted over a temperature range spanning nematic, isotropic, or biphasic regions for the droplet phase. Our results showed that the interfacial tension for temperatures in the nematic range of the droplet is ∼5 mN/m and increases slightly with temperature. Within the isotropic phase, the interfacial tension is significantly higher, starting at a value greater than 20 mN/m and decreasing with temperature with a slope of −0.3 mN/(m K). On crossing the transition from a nematic to isotropic phase for the LCP, the interfacial tension increases in a nearly stepwise manner. Imaging of both retardance and orientation with c...
High Toxicity, Low Receptor Density, and Low Integration Frequency Severely Impede the Use of Adenovirus Vectors for Production of Transgenic Mice

Although many methods are available for introducing genes into the mammalian germ line, none is ideal for genetic manipulation of livestock or primates. These organisms produce relatively few offspring in each reproductive cycle and they have long generation times. For these reasons, a recent report that adenovirus vectors can efficiently insert genes into the mouse germ line by embryo infection is of considerable interest. Adenovirus vectors have a high cloning capacity, can be produced in high titers, and can infect a wide variety of cell types. We have investigated in more detail the potential for such vectors to infect embryos and integrate their DNA into the genome. We exposed mouse embryos to adenovirus vectors that express bacterial b-galactosidase (LacZ), and studied expression in the preimplantation period, toxicity of the vectors, and the frequency with which fetuses and pups integrate vector DNA. Our findings indicate that fully functional adenovirus receptor does not appear until the two-cell stage of development. Successful infection is associated with high toxicity, such that viral titers must be balanced to achieve high infection with tolerable levels of toxicity. Screening of 94 animals after embryo infection revealed a single positive polymerase chain reaction signal, which is indicative of the presence of the lacZ gene. This finding could not be confirmed by Southern blotting, which indicates that the founder animal was a genetic mosaic for the exogenous DNA. We conclude from these experiments that adenovirus gene transfer vectors are not readily usable for germ line gene insertion. conceptus, developmental biology, early development, embryo, gene regulation
A facilitator method for upstream design activities with diverse stakeholders

The paper presents a method that can be used for the elicitation and specification of requirements and high level design. It supports stakeholder based modeling, rapid feasibility feed back to marketing, and the interpersonal dynamics that are necessary to develop a product. The method centers on the role of the facilitator, an independent agent whose purpose is to build the Integrated System Model (ISM). The ISM is the result of merging the independent system views from all stakeholders at any given abstraction level. Formulation of this method was based on the real world experience of developing a complex, high technology medical product with critical time to market pressures. It has proven to be a practical approach to the evolution of requirements definition and provides a necessary link to the marketing aspect of a product.
Peasant differentiation and proto‐industrialisation in the Ulster countryside: Tullylish 1690–1825

This article focuses on the parish of Tullylish, County Down during a critical period known as the ‘long eighteenth century’ when the linen industry in Ulster developed rapidly. Through a focus on local history, the numerous factors involved in the development of capitalism are discussed, emphasising the debates about the applicability of the concept of proto‐industry. The article is part of a wider study of capitalist development in Tullylish, and the impact of proletarianisation on the linen producing households.
External pneumatic compression and fibrinolysis in abdominal surgery

Abstract Introduction: External pneumatic compression (EPC) devices prevent lower extremity deep venous thrombosis by increasing venous flow and thereby reducing stasis. Early studies suggested that they also enhance systemic fibrinolytic activity and thus prevent thrombus formation; more recent studies have been conflicting. The hypothesis of this study was that EPC devices enhance systemic fibrinolysis or reduce postoperative fibrinolytic impairment in patients undergoing abdominal surgical procedures. Methods: Each of 48 patients (98% male; mean age, 67 years) undergoing major intra-abdominal surgical procedures (36 bowel procedures, 12 aortic reconstructions) was prospectively randomized to one of three treatments for deep venous thrombosis prophylaxis: subcutaneous heparin injections (HEP group), use of a thigh-length sequential EPC device (EPC group), or both (HEP + EPC group). Antecubital venous samples were collected for measurement of systemic fibrinolytic activity on the day before surgery, after induction of anesthesia but before prophylaxis was initiated, and on postoperative days 1, 3, and 5. Fibrinolysis was assessed through measurement of the activities of the rate limiting fibrinolytic activator, tissue plasminogen activator, and its inhibitor plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 with amidolytic methods. Results: On the day before surgery, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 activity was elevated in all groups in comparison with that in age-matched and sex-matched controls (20.3 ± 0.6 AU/mL). In the HEP group, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 activity was further elevated above the value for the day before surgery on postoperative day 1 (28.5 ± 4.3 AU/mL; P =.04) and postoperative day 3 (25.1 ± 1.9 AU/mL; P =.07). No significant decrease in plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 activity occurred in either group treated with EPC devices in comparison with the HEP group at any time. There were no changes in tissue plasminogen activator activity postoperatively in the HEP group and no significant increases in either EPC group at any point. Conclusions: Reduced systemic fibrinolytic activity ("fibrinolytic shutdown") occurred in these patients after abdominal surgery; it was manifested as increased plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 activity. EPC devices did not enhance systemic fibrinolysis or prevent postoperative shutdown either by decreasing plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 activity or by increasing tissue plasminogen activator activity. These data suggest that EPC devices do not prevent deep venous thrombosis by fibrinolytic enhancement; effective prophylaxis is achieved only when the devices are used in a manner that reduces lower extremity venous stasis. (J Vasc Surg 2000;32:537-43.)
The scale problem in quantifying aerosol indirect effects

Abstract. A wide range of estimates exists for the radiative forcing of the aerosol effect on cloud albedo. We argue that a component of this uncertainty derives from the use of a wide range of observational scales and platforms. Aerosol influences cloud properties at the microphysical scale, or the "process scale", but observations are most often made of bulk properties over a wide range of resolutions, or "analysis scales". We show that differences between process and analysis scales incur biases in quantification of the albedo effect through the impact that data aggregation and computational approach have on statistical properties of the aerosol or cloud variable, and their covariance. Measures made within this range of scales are erroneously treated as equivalent, leading to a large uncertainty in associated radiative forcing estimates. Issues associated with the coarsening of observational resolution particular to quantifying the albedo effect are discussed. Specifically, the omission of the constraint on cloud liquid water path and the separation in space of cloud and aerosol properties from passive, space-based remote sensors dampen the measured strength of the albedo effect. We argue that, because of this lack of constraints, many of these values are in fact more representative of the full range of aerosol-cloud interactions and their associated feedbacks. Based on our understanding of these biases we propose a new observationally-based and process-model-constrained, method for estimating aerosol-cloud interactions that can be used for radiative forcing estimates as well as a better characterization of the uncertainties associated with those estimates.
Using DFT and interpolation to reconstruct narrowband signals buried in noise

The DFT can be used to reconstruct narrowband signals buried in noise, even if the SNR in dB is very small or even negative, if the data sequence is long enough. By applying a frequency-dependent threshold which follows the contour of the DFT spectrum of the broadband background noise, one can extract the peak values of the DFT spectrum which represent amplitudes, frequencies, and phases of the sinusoids. Quadratic interpolation is used next to estimate the frequencies more exactly, which is especially useful when the frequency is not a DFT frequency. The estimated DFT spectrum is obtained by generating a spectral window having its main lobe centered at the estimated frequency. For cases where the background noise is not white, the authors model it as an AR process. >
Optimization of series resistance in sub-0.2 /spl mu/m SOI MOSFET's

The optimization of device series resistance in ultra-thin film SOI devices is studied through 2-D simulations and process experiments. The series resistance is dependent on the contact resistivity of the silicide to silicon and the silicide geometry. To achieve low series resistance, very thin silicides that do not fully consume the SOI film are needed. A novel cobalt salicidation technology using titanium/cobalt laminates is used to demonstrate sub-0.2 /spl mu/m, thin-film SOI devices with excellent performance and very low device series resistance. >
Neural Stem Cells Rescue Cognitive and Motor Dysfunction in a Transgenic Model of Dementia with Lewy Bodies through a BDNF-Dependent Mechanism

Accumulation of α-synuclein (α-syn) into insoluble aggregates occurs in several related disorders collectively referred to as synucleinopathies. To date, studies have used neural stem cells (NSCs) to examine questions about α-syn propagation, but have overlooked the therapeutic potential of NSC transplantation to modulate cognition in disorders such as dementia with Lewy bodies or Parkinson's disease dementia. Here, we show that striatal transplantation of NSCs into aged α-syn transgenic mice significantly improves performance in multiple cognitive and motor domains. This recovery is associated with NSC expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which restores depleted levels and modulates dopaminergic and glutamatergic systems. Most importantly, transplantation of BDNF-depleted NSCs fails to improve behavior, whereas AAV-mediated BDNF delivery mimics the benefits of NSC transplantation, supporting a critical role for this neurotrophin in functional improvement. Thus, NSC transplantation could offer a promising approach to treat the understudied yet devastating cognitive components of many synucleinopathies.
Incorporating Adult Learning Theory into Law School Classrooms: Small Steps Leading to Large Results

This article explores aspects of adult learning theory that can be easily applied to law school teaching. It briefly addresses the landscape of legal education today: the traits of law students, pressures to change legal education, and the need to make legal education more effective. After describing several specific principles of adult education, the article offers concrete suggestions for incorporating these ideas by making small changes in the law school classroom that specifically address some of the current concerns about legal education.
Manufacturing a natural advantage: capturing place-based technology rents in the genetically modified corn seed industry

Despite the assumption that firms in high-tech sectors rely on technology to render nature obsolete, this article shows that technology has made nature and place paramount to the genetically modified (GM) corn seed industry. The present work focuses on research and development (R&D) stations for the top five firms, which control nearly 90% of the U.S. corn market. The main factors that influence firms’ selection of these sites and the role these hubs play in the productive process are identified. Drawing on ethnographic and archival data in the corn seed industry’s three main R&D hubs, Chile, Puerto Rico, and Hawaii, the present study shows that competitiveness relies not only on biotechnology, but also on the place-based mechanisms that make that technology profitable. By locating R&D sites in particular natural and regulatory environments, firms are able to harness resource co-rents and place-based relational subrents. These enable firms to extract technology rents through intellectual property rights. ...
Challenges in the Elimination of Pediatric HIV-1 Infection

Preventing mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 requires a series of steps in the care of women and their infants during pregnancy, delivery, and the postpartum period. This review outlines the steps and summarizes progress in resource-limited countries and elsewhere.
Studies on Three Microsomal Electron Transfer Enzyme Systems: Effects of Alteration of Component Enzyme Levels in Vivo and in Vitro

Liver microsomes contain three multicomponent enzyme systems that appear to share the same pyridine nucleotide-linked electron input enzymes. They are the mixed-function oxidase, the fatty acyl-CoA desaturate, and the lipid peroxidase. The three electron transfer pathways can be considered alternate pathways of lipid metabolism, but they also metabolize xenobiotics. Deprivation of food, a high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet, and phenobarbital administration have differential effects on the three pathways. The highcarbohydrate diet causes large increases in desaturase content, cessation of peroxidase activity, and a considerable decrease in mixed-function oxidase activity. Induction of mixed-function oxidase activity by phenobarbital markedly lowers desaturase activity but does not affect the peroxidase. Fasting causes an increase in the lipid peroxidase and reduces the desaturase activity but does not affect the level of mixed-function oxidase. These changes are accompanied by modifications of electron transfer component (FPD, FPT, and cytochrome b5) levels, but no systematic relationship emerges. Similarly, alterations of the activities of these electron transfer pathways in vitro by fortification of microsomes with FPD or cytochrome b5 reveals no consistent relationship: e.g., fatty acyl-CoA desaturase is increased, mixed-function oxidase activity is inhibited, and lipid peroxidase activity is unaffected by fortification of microsomes with cytochrome b5. These results suggest that rate limitation and electron flow direction are determined at the level of the individual terminal enzymes.
A New Fully Implicit Heat Conduction Method

b = half-width of the heating element on the surface, m d = x-distance from the surface to the line of embedded sensors, m F = given heat flux distribution on the surface, W/m Fo = Fourier number H = half height of the domain in the y-direction, m L = width of the domain in the x-direction, m M = number of computational nodes in the x-direction m = a certain x-direction line of nodes N = number of computational nodes in the y-direction n = a certain y-direction line of nodes ' ' x q = heat flux in the x-direction, W/m T = temperature variable, C t = time variable, s t0 = dummy time variable, s x = spatial variable in the x-direction, m y = spatial variable in the y-direction, m y0 = dummy spatial variable in the y-direction α = thermal diffusivity, W/(m•K) ∆t = time step for the finite difference method, s ∆x = distance between nodes in the x-direction, m ∆y = distance between nodes in the y-direction, m
Analysis of physical demands during bulk bag closing and sealing

Several tools are sold and recommended for closing and sealing flexible intermediate bulk containers (bulk bags) which are used to transport product that has been mined and processed. However, there is limited information on the risks, physical demands, or the benefits of using one tool over another. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the physical demands involved with two closing methods and several sealing tools in order to provide recommendations for selecting tools to reduce exposure to risk factors for work-related musculoskeletal disorders. In this study, twelve participants completed bag closing and sealing tasks using two different closing methods and eight sealing tools on two types of bulk bags. Physical demands and performance were evaluated using muscle activity, perceived exertion, subjective ratings of use, and time. Results indicate that using the "flowering" method to close bags required on average 32% less muscle activity, 30% less perceived exertion, 42% less time, and was preferred by participants compared to using the "snaking" method. For sealing, there was no single method significantly better across all measures; however, using a pneumatic cable tie gun consistently had the lowest muscle activity and perceived exertion ratings. The pneumatic cable tie gun did require approximately 33% more time to seal the bag compared to methods without a tool, but the amount of time to seal the bag was comparable to using other tools. Further, sealing a spout bulk bag required on average 13% less muscle activity, 18% less perceived exertion, 35% less time, and was preferred by participants compared to sealing a duffle bulk bag. The current results suggest that closing the spout bag using the flowering method and sealing the bag using the pneumatic cable tie gun that is installed with a tool balancer is ergonomically advantageous. Our findings can help organizations select methods and tools that pose the lowest physical demands when closing and sealing bulk bags.
Effect of Interactive Teaching on Students' Subjectivity Development

Based on the investigation and research,this paper analyzed the effect of interactive teaching on college students' subjectivity development with the methods of literature consultation,information,specialist interview and mathematical statistics.
Quality-sensitive price competition in secondary market spectrum oligopoly: single location game

We investigate a spectrum oligopoly market where each primary seeks to sell its channel to a secondary. Transmission rate of a channel evolves randomly. Each primary needs to select a price depending on the transmission rate of its channel. Each secondary selects a channel depending on the price and the transmission rate of the channel. We formulate the above problem as a noncooperative game. We show that there exists a unique Nash equilibrium (NE) and explicitly compute it. Under the NE strategy profile, a primary prices its channel to render the channel that provides high transmission rate more preferable; this negates the perception that prices ought to be selected to render channels equally preferable to the secondary regardless of their transmission rates. We show the loss of revenue in the asymptotic limit due to the noncooperation of primaries. In the repeated version of the game, we characterize a subgame perfect NE where a primary can attain a payoff arbitrarily close to the payoff it would obtain when primaries cooperate.
Competition between Intra- and Intermolecular Association of Chain Molecules with Water-like Solvent

Fluid properties and phase behavior of systems such as glycol ethers, carboxylic acids, and proteins are affected by the competition between intra- and intermolecular hydrogen bonding. Here we study this competition by extending Wertheim’s first-order thermodynamic perturbation theory to include intramolecular hydrogen bonding in chain molecules in the presence of an explicit water-like solvent. The theory derived here is found to be in good agreement with molecular simulation. It is shown that intramolecular association is most important for shorter chains at low temperature, low density, and high chain concentration. The theory is also extended into a density functional theory formalism to study the effect of intramolecular association on the structuring of the different segments of the molecules close to a hydrophobic surface. Intramolecular association is found to be enhanced close to the surface, with the total density of the system having the most effect on structuring close to the surface.
Verantwortung für globale Armut

Dieser Artikel verfolgt zwei Absichten. Die erste besteht darin, verschiedene Quellen moralischer Verantwortung fur den Kampf gegen weltweite Armut oder deren Linderung zu beschreiben, d. h. die moglichen Grunde darzulegen, warum Akteure eine solche Verantwortung tragen. Bei der zweiten Absicht handelt es sich darum, herauszufinden, welche Art von Akteur eine jeweilige Verantwortung tragt, vor allem, ob es kollektive Akteure wie Staaten, Gesellschaften und Unternehmen oder individuelle Personen sind. Es ist oft die Rede von unserer Verantwortung gegenuber den armsten Menschen der Welt oder davon, was wir ihnen schulden. Die Frage ist daher, wer dieses Wir ist. Ich werde im Folgenden darlegen, dass die Antwort darauf von der Quelle der Verantwortung abhangt. Manche Formen der Verantwortung gehoren in erster Hinsicht Kollektiven an, obwohl sie auch eine Verantwortung von Individuen innerhalb des Kollektivs sein kann. Andere Formen der Verantwortung kommen in erster Linie Individuen zu, konnen jedoch, wie ich zeigen werde, zu Kollektiven, denen Individuen angehoren, „aufsteigen“.
Influence of a School District’s Advancement via Individual Determination (AVID) Program on Self-Efficacy and Other Indicators of Student Achievement:

This article examines a school district’s Advancement via Individual Determination (AVID) program using perceived self-efficacy in academic achievement and self-regulated learning, GPA and attendan...
FORAGING MODELS, NICHE CONSTRUCTION, AND THE EASTERN AGRICULTURAL COMPLEX

Some proponents of niche construction challenge the validity of optimality models for investigating agricultural origins, but offer no alternative strategy for understanding the economic context of human foraging decisions. They refer to the Eastern Agricultural Complex as an example of how seed cultivation can result from resource enhancement rather than population-induced resource depression, contradicting a prediction inferred from the prey choice model. Low-return seed cultigens were harvested in environments offering more highly ranked hickory nuts in abundance, apparently supporting their interpretation. A marginal value model demonstrates that in years of low mast yield, foragers could more profitably fill food stores from nearby seed plots than from distant hickory trees. Cultivating seeds would have been economically worthwhile when population circumscription constrained mobility, consistent with trends indicating regional population growth. Surges in walnut shell relative to small seeds are also consistent with the model, suggesting that foragers intensified their use of local, anthropogenic vegetation communities as populations grew, stimulating development of horticultural economies. This illustrates the value of foraging models used in conjunction with niche construction for investigating agricultural origins, particularly when model predictions initially fail to accord with archaeological evidence.