cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chlorothalonil and Dacthal in Great Lakes Air and Precipitation Samples

Abstract Two chlorinated pesticides, chlorothalonil and Dacthal, have been found at relatively high concentrations in air and precipitation samples taken from around the Great Lakes. Chlorothalonil is a fungicide used mainly on peanuts and potatoes; Dacthal is a pre-emergence herbicide used primarily on onions and broccoli. These compounds were identified using electron capture, negative ionization gas chromatographic mass spectrometry, and they were quantitated by electron capture gas chromatography. The concentrations of these compounds in Great Lakes air and precipitation were as high as or higher than those of other organochlorine pesticides now being measured by the Integrated Atmospheric Deposition Network. Long-term measurements of the atmospheric and precipitation concentrations of these two compounds is recommended.
Treatment of Higher-Risk Myelodysplastic Syndrome

The myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are divided into lower-risk and higher-risk categories. This differentiation is important for treatment selection. Over the last decade, we have witnessed significant improvements in the treatment of patients with higher-risk MDS that have resulted in improved survival with the hypomethylating agent 5-azacytidine This has resulted in a shift from the use of acute myelogenous leukemia (AML)-like therapies, which were traditionally offered to this group of patients in the past, to the hypomethylating agents, which have become the standard of care. Despite these advances, new therapies or combinations are needed to improve response and survival rates. This review will summarize results from current available therapies and discuss potential needs and ongoing research in the area of treatment of higher-risk MDS.
PHAGOCYTOSIS AND CHEMOTAXIS OF MACROPHAGES FROM NORMAL AND DIABETIC MICE

Experiments were designed to study the chemotaxis and phagocytic functions of mouse peritoneal exudate macrophages from normal and chronic diabetic mice. There was no difference in the total number of white blood cells (WBC's), or the total number of any one type of leukocyte (i.e., macrophage, neutrophil) migrating into the casein-induced peritoneal exudate of normal and diabetic mice.In vitro phagocytosis of heat-killedCandida albicans by peritoneal induced macrophages was also similar in both of these groups of mice. No correlation between the percent phagocytosis and blood glucose level within each group was observed. Therefore, the attenuated humoral and cellular immune response which has been previously observed in diabetes cannot be attributed to defects in chemotaxis or phagocytosis as studied using mouse peritoneal macrophages.
β-Glucuronidase activity and detritus utilization in the sea anemones Metridium senile and Anthopleura Elegantissima

Abstract 1. 1. Activity of β-glucuronidase, an enzyme associated with digestion of detritus, was measured in the intertidal sea anemone Anthopleura elegantissima and the subtidal anemone Metridium senile. The enzyme was present in freshly-collected individuals of both species. 2. 2. β-glucuronidase and chymotrypsin-like potease activities were both similar in high- and low- intertidal individuals of Anthopleura elegantissima. High-shore anemones do not appear to respond to shorter feeding times by increasing digestive capacity for detritus. 3. 3. β-glucuronidase activity increased in individuals of Metridium senile that had been fed detritus compared to starved and Artemia-fed individuals. 4. 4. Metabolic heat dissipation, measured by direct calorimetry, increased in Artemia-fed and detritus-fed individuals of Metridium senile compared to starved individuals. Increased heat dissipation is direct evidence of the potential nutritional importance of organic detritus in this species.
Delegation versus communication in the organization of government

Abstract When a government creates an agency to gather information relevant to policymaking, it faces two critical organizational questions: whether the agency should be given authority to decide on policy or merely supply advice, and what should the policy goals of the agency be. Existing literature on the first question is unable to address the second, because the question of authority becomes moot if the government can simply replicate its preferences within the agency. In contrast, this paper examines both questions within a model of policymaking under time inconsistency, a setting in which the government has a well-known incentive to create an agency with preferences that differ from its own. Thus, our framework permits a meaningful analysis of delegation versus communication with an endogenously chosen agent. The main result of the model is that governments prefer to delegate authority when the size of the time inconsistency problem is large relative to the uncertainty of the political consequences of the agent's policy choice, while they prefer to ask for advice if the opposite is true.
Insect glutathione-S-transferase: a predictor of allelochemical and oxidative stress.

Abstract 1. 1. The assay conditions for glutathione- S -transferase (GST) 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) conjugation and cumene hydroperoxide (cumOOH) reduction were optimized in three lepidopteran insect species. 2. 2. The K m for CDNB was 4.1 × 10 −4 M, 7.0 × 10 −4 M and 2.1 × 10 −3 M for Trichoplusia ni, Spodoptera eridania and Papilio polyxenes , respectively. In that order of insect species, the K m for cumOOH was 2.3 × 10 −3 M, 3.8 × 10 −3 M and 4.8 × 10 −2 M 3. 3. Despite high K m s, the V max for both CDNB and cumOOH were high in P. polyxenes , suggesting either a high enzyme concentration or catalytic power represented by the turnover number, K cat . 4. 4. GST's conjugative activity was in the order of 0.24, 0.09 and 3.19 units in T. ni, S. eridania and P. polyxenes , respectively (1 unit = 1 μmol CDNB conjugated mg protein −1 min −1 at 25°C). 5. 5. The peroxidase activity of GST was high in these insects; 50, 106 and 253 units, respectively, in T. ni, S. eridania and P. polyxenes (1 unit = 1 nmol NADPH oxidized mg protein −1 min −1 at 25°C). 6. 6. The high GST's peroxidase activity apparently remedies the minor activity in these insects of the Se-dependent glutathione peroxidase.
Continuity of the null space basis and constrained optimization

Many constrained optimization algorithms use a basis for the null space of the matrix of constraint gradients. Recently, methods have been proposed that enable this null space basis to vary continuously as a function of the iterates in a neighborhood of the solution. This paper reports results from topology showing that, in general, there is no continuous function that generates the null space basis of all full rank rectangular matrices of a fixed size. Thus constrained optimization algorithms cannot assume an everywhere continuous null space basis. We also give some indication of where these discontinuities must occur. We then propose an alternative implementation of a class of constrained optimization algorithms that uses approximations to the reduced Hessian of the Lagrangian but is independent of the choice of null space basis. This approach obviates the need for a continuously varying null space basis.
Applications of Nucleation Imaging Media

Advances in nucleation technology have made possible the thy development of thin-film metallic images on a sensitized substrate at high speed. The media are sensitive to ultraviolet light exposure or may be written upon with a scanning elec tron beam. Development occurs at reduced pressure by the selective condensation of metal atoms from a vapor. This technique for image formation allows development to occur in about one second. Permanent, black-on-white images are produced on the opaque media which are well suited for use in high brightness, reflection displays, or opaque pro lectors. Alternatively, cathodoluminescent readout may be employed to produce a video signal directly from the image. The resolution of the medium exceeds 500 line pairs/mm on a flexible substrate and the granularity is very low.
Plasmon resonance tuning in metallic nanocavities

Nanocavities fabricated in a metallic surface have important and technologically useful properties of complete light absorption and strong field enhancement. Here, we demonstrate how a nanometerthick alumina deposition inside such a cavity can be used to gain an exquisite control over the resonance wavelength. This process allows achieving a precise control over the spectral response and is completely reversible allowing many tuning attempts to be made on a single structure until the optimum performance is achieved.
Detecting blunt pancreatic injuries.

Pancreatic injury after blunt abdominal trauma is exceedingly uncommon, occurring in less than 5 % of major abdominal injuries. When blunt pancreatic injury does occur, however, it is notoriously difficult to identify. The use of serum amylase has been advocated in the diagnosis of such injury, yet it is neither sensitive nor specific. Computed tomography has become widely accepted in the evaluation of hemodynamically stable patients after blunt abdominal trauma, although it is clearly not a sensitive modality for the detection of pancreatic injury. In fact, numerous examples of normal CT scans with missed pancreatic injury have been documented. However, careful attention to CT technique and awareness of the CT manifestations of pancreatic injury may facilitate the diagnosis of pancreatic injury. Additionally, important information about the pancreatic duct can be obtained with the use of MRI-pancreatography or endoscopic retrograde pancreatography. Accurate, timely identification of major pancreatic ductal injury is imperative because delay in diagnosis and associated vascular injuries are largely responsible for the high morbidity and mortality associated with blunt pancreatic trauma. Blunt pancreatic trauma can be managed successfully by means of both operative and selective approaches.
Governance within social media websites: Ruling new frontiers

Governance within social media websites can be evaluated in terms of conformity to or transgression of external legal requirements, social mores, and economic incentives. By examining social media websites as frontiers and heterotopias in which rule is indeterminate, this paper explores the way rule is established and changed. The authors illustrate this approach using the case of changing governance within Formspring.
Identification of dioxirane (H2COO) in ozone-olefin reactions via microwave spectroscopy

Abstract Dioxirane (H2 COO ) has been identified as a reaction product in the low temperature reaction of ozone with ethylene. The identification comes as the result of a microwave experiment in which the oxonolysis reaction is carried out at −196°C in a waveguide reactor.
Changing the World

Steve Jobs' world-changing innovations at Apple are usually considered to be his marriage of art and technology. Here, the author argues that the major changes in our world resulted from clever business models, especially those that created ecosystems in which other parties could participate. Moreover, we have Jobs to thank for a major world-changing technology: Wi-Fi.
SST data improve modeling of North American monsoon rainfall

The North American Monsoon System (NAMS) is the large-scale atmospheric circulation that results from complex ocean-atmosphere-land interactions. It strongly modulates the summer weather/climate over Mexico and the southwestern United States. From June to September, NAMS precipitation provides much-needed water for the semi-arid region, and is also the cause of frequent severe weather involving damaging winds, hail, lightning, and hydrological hazards, such as flash floods. In recent decades, the southwestern United States has experienced significant economic and population growth. Regional communities and agencies place strong demands on weather, climate, and hydrologic forecasters in an effort to better manage their water resources.
An evaluation of the summer treatment program for children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder using a treatment withdrawal design

The summer treatment program (STP) is a comprehensive intervention for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) that combines several empirically validated, behavioral treatment components in order to address multiple areas of impairment. The current study utilized a BAB treatment withdrawal design to evaluate the effectiveness of the STP. Participants included 44 children diagnosed with ADHD and comorbid disruptive behavior disorders who were enrolled in the STP. During the 6th week of the STP, behavior was measured during a planned period where all behavioral treatment components were withdrawn. Treatment was then reinstated in its entirety. Across measures of behavior, academic functioning, and teacher, counselor, and child ratings, substantial behavioral deterioration occurred during the withdrawal period, and behavior returned to previous levels upon the reinstatement of the STP treatment components. Results support the efficacy of the STP as an intervention for ADHD across multiple domains of impairment, including classroom and peer functioning.
Oral corticosteroid therapy in chronic rhinosinusitis without polyposis: a systematic review.

Background Recognition of inflammation in the pathophysiology of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) has caused corticosteroid therapy in CRS to gain favor. A systematic evaluation of oral steroid use in CRS without nasal polyps (CRSsNP) has not been previously conducted. The objective of the study was to assess evidence on oral steroid therapy in CRSsNP, via a systematic literature review. Methods Ovid and PubMed databases were searched for studies on oral steroid therapy in CRSsNP. Manuscripts were reviewed and graded by evidence-based medicine (EBM) level. Results A total of 33 studies met inclusion criteria; 30 on CRSsNP and 3 on allergic fungal sinusitis (AFS). CRSsNP studies did not include any randomized controlled trial (RCT) or any clinical study employing systemic corticosteroids alone. They included 20 reviews/expert opinions (Level 5) with differing recommendations, and 4 treatment guidelines (Level 4) with weak recommendations on use. Three studies, 2 retrospective (Level 4) and 1 prospective study (Level 3), used oral steroids in combination with antibiotics and nasal steroids. The multidrug regimen improved symptoms, radiologic findings, short-term relapses, nasal endoscopy, and cytokine pattern expression. An experimental study (Level 5) found oral steroids to reverse sinonasal tissue inflammation. Two studies in animal models (Level 5) found no benefit of adding systemic steroids to antibiotics. Three clinical AFS studies, 1 RCT (Level 1) and 2 prospective (Level 3), found oral steroids to benefit postoperative recurrence, endoscopy or computed tomography (CT). Conclusion No study has employed systemic corticosteroids alone in treating CRSsNP. Evidence supporting oral steroid therapy in CRSsNP is mostly Level 4 or 5; there is lack of any RCT to support use. © 2011 ARS-AAOA, LLC.
Isomorphic factorizations VIII: Bisectable trees

A tree is called even if its line set can be partitioned into two isomorphic subforests; it is bisectable if these forests are trees. The problem of deciding whether a given tree is even is known (Graham and Robinson) to be NP-hard. That for bisectability is now shown to have a polynomial time algorithm. This result is contained in the proof of a theorem which shows that if a treeS is bisectable then there is a unique treeT that accomplishes the bipartition. With the help of the uniqueness ofT and the observation that the bisection ofS into two copies ofT is unique up to isomorphism, we enumerate bisectable trees.
Tuberculous Arthritis in Children: Diagnosis by Needle Biopsy of the Synovium

In two children ages 8 months and 4 years, tuberculous synovitis of the knee was suggested by pathologic examination of synovial tissue obtained through needle biopsy. Culture of the biopsy material was positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis in one case. In this child, the tuberculin test was negative, in the absence of anergy, at the time the child was first evaluated, and the primary lung lesion was not identified by the radiologist. Tuberculous synovitis has not previously been recognized as part of primary tuberculosis during the early weeks when the tuberculin skin test may be negative. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a sensitive modality for demonstrating joint fluid, synovial hypertrophy, and associated osteomyelitis, if present. With the increasing frequency of cases of tuberculosis in the population, greater awareness of the risk of tuberculous arthritis in childhood is important in order to recognize this unusual presentation. If negative early on, the tuberculin skin test should be repeated after 6 weeks of arthritis. A needle biopsy of the synovium is helpful and appropriate in all children with monoarticular arthritis who have a positive tuberculin skin test.
Subtrochanteric femur fracture.

A sixty-eight-year-old man was in a motor vehicle accident and sustained a left hip fracture. He has no significant past medical history and presents in stable condition and has no wounds.
Coupled metallic antenna nanorod arrays

We investigate coupling effects in arrays of gold nanorods, studying both strongly and weakly coupled regimes, with the ultimate goal of incorporating these arrays onto a compact fiber device.
Cost-effectiveness analysis of a voucher scheme combined with obstetrical quality improvements: quasi experimental results from Uganda

The maternal mortality ratio (MMR) in Uganda has declined significantly during the last 20 years, but Uganda is not on track to reach the millennium development goal of reducing MMR by 75% by 2015. More evidence on the cost-effectiveness of supply- and demand-side financing programs to reduce maternal mortality could inform future strategies. This study analyses the cost-effectiveness of a voucher scheme (VS) combined with health system strengthening in rural Uganda against the status quo. The VS, implemented in 2010, provided vouchers for delivery services at public and private health facilities (HF), as well as round-trip transportation provided by private sector workers (bicycles or motorcycles generally). The VS was part of a quasi-experimental non-randomized control trial. Improvements in institutional delivery coverage (IDC) rates can be estimated using a difference-in-difference impact evaluation method and the number of maternal lives saved is modelled using the evidence-based Lives Saved Tool. Costs were estimated from primary and secondary data. Results show that the demand for births at HFs enrolled in the VS increased by 52.3 percentage points. Out of this value, conservative estimates indicate that at least 9.4 percentage points are new HF users. This 9.4% bump in IDC implies 20 deaths averted, which is equivalent to 1356 disability-adjusted-life years (DALYs) averted. Cost-effectiveness analysis comparing the status quo and VS's most conservative effectiveness estimates shows that the VS had an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio per DALY averted of US$302 and per death averted of US$20 756. Although there are limitations in the data measures, a favourable cost-effectiveness ratio persists even under extreme assumptions. Demand-side vouchers combined with supply-side financing programs can increase attended deliveries and reduce maternal mortality at a cost that is acceptable.
Simulated annealing algorithm for binary phase only filters in pattern classification

A binary phase only filter is encoded with a simulated annealing algorithm to classify two similar characters in a variety of fonts. Characters that cannot be distinguished with conventional filter encoding methods are clearly distinguished with the optimized binary phase only filter using a simulated annealing algorithm. This method gives zero error classification rate for tested characters. Correlation performance of the optimized binary phase only filter is compared with the binary phase only filters encoded with conventional methods. The computational requirements for optimizing the filter are not excessive.
Torsional effects on short-span highway bridges

Abstract The torsional effects on short-span highway bridges are investigated for two situations: post-design asymmetric bridges and nominally symmetric bridges subject to seismically induced torque. The study indicates that for post-design asymmetric bridges the presence of accidental post-design asymmetric factors significantly influences the dynamic response of bridges having a small rotational to translational frequency ratio. For nominally symmetric bridges, the seismically induced torque often triggers rotational motions, which tend to aggravate the bridge deck displacements and magnify the shear forces of the supporting columns. If necessary, this torsional effect should be considered in the seismic design of bridges.
Strength, weakness, or both? On the endurance of the adversarial-inquisitorial systems in comparative criminal procedure

This epilogue, written for a handbook on comparative criminal procedure, makes a general reflection on this field of research, inquiry and policy-making by concentrating on the opposition between adversarial and inquisitorial systems in particular and between civil law and common law more generally. Contrary to claims that comparative criminal procedure is a new field, this paper argues that contemporary comparative criminal procedure is an heir of the classical adversarial-inquisitorial and common law-civil law tradition that have been at the center of this field for a very long time. This paper also maintains that the distinctions between adversarial and inquisitorial systems and common and civil law still provide important insights for analysis of the criminal process from a comparative angle. Finally, the paper argues that despite the continued utility of these distinctions, the centrality of these categories also has had negative effects on the comparative analysis of the criminal process. The first of these negative effects is blinding. The centrality of the adversarial-inquisitorial distinction has made aspects of or perspectives on the criminal process invisible to comparative criminal procedure scholars (and judges and policy-makers). The second of these effects is distracting. Even when comparative criminal procedure scholars have been aware of unexplored issues around the criminal process, the centrality of the adversarial-inquisitorial categories has led scholars (and judges and policy-makers) to concentrate on certain topics, perspectives and methodologies to the detriment of others. The third of these effects is blurring. The centrality of these categories has, in some cases, impoverished the analysis by comparative criminal procedure scholars (and judges and policy-makers). The paper uses examples to illustrate these effects.
Smoking Cessation Outcomes among Individuals with Substance Use and/or Psychiatric Disorders

Objectives: The population of individuals with substance use (SUD) and/or psychiatric disorders (PD) has a high prevalence of smoking and a consequent increase in tobacco-related morbidity and mortality when compared to the general population. The aim of this study is to examine the outcomes of a program in a real-life setting which takes a tailored approach to smoking cessation among individuals with SUD and/or PD. Methods: A retrospective chart review of tailored tobacco dependence treatment was performed on individuals with histories of SUD and/or PD attending a Tobacco Dependence Clinic (TDC) program in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Participants of the TDC received a combination of behavioural counselling and pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation. Data from 540 participants enrolled in the TDC between September 2007 and May 2011 was reviewed. Outcome measures included seven-day point-prevalence abstinence (validated by expired carbon monoxide) and program completion rates. Results: For individuals who completed the program the abstinence rate was 41.1% (167/406). Significant predictors of successful smoking cessation were: a) a lower expired carbon monoxide level at baseline (OR=.98, 95%CI=.96-1.00), and b) a longer duration of treatment (OR=1.09, 95%CI=1.05-1.12). Significant predictors of program completion were: a) being female (OR=1.86, 95%CI=1.21-2.87). Discussion: Tailored smoking cessation among individuals with SUD and/or PD yields modest end-of-treatment smoking cessation rates and can be an effective approach to reducing the burden of tobacco use in substance use and mental health treatment settings.
The Impact of Interactive Factors on Romanian Students' Understanding of Place Value

Students’ mathematics learning is influenced by school factors (i.e., teachers’ knowledge of content, pedagogy, students, and curriculum) and nonschool factors (parental involvement, expectations, and teaching techniques). This study looks holistically at the way these factors impact the learning of mathematics of first-grade Romanian students, examining the interactions between teachers, students, and their parents, as well as the interactions between parents and their children. Findings reveal that successful mathematics learning occurs when teachers and parents meet frequently to discuss the mathematics teaching and learning that takes place at school and at home.
Rotating stratified flow past a steep-sided obstacle: incipient separation

Many of the most interesting phenomena observed to occur in the flow of rotating and stratified fluids past obstacles, for example eddy shedding and wake unsteadiness, are due to separation of the boundary layer on the obstacle or its Taylor column. If the Rossby number of the flow lies between E ½ and E ( E is the Ekman number) and the Burger number is small, the structure of a viscous shear layer of width E ⅙ on the circumscribing cylinder of an axisymmetric obstacle controls the inviscid flow. The surface boundary layer is not an Ekman layer, but a Prandtl layer, even at small Rossby numbers. As the slope of the obstacle at its base increases, the nature of the inviscid motion is altered substantially, in the rotation-dominated regime. We show that, for sufficiently large slopes, the flow develops a small region of non-uniqueness external to the column, simultaneously with the separation of the narrow band of fluid flowing round the base of the object.
Probabilistic reasoning in prediction and diagnosis: Effects of problem type, response mode, and individual differences

In prediction, subset relations require that the probability of conjoined events is never higher than that of constituent events. However, people’s judgments regularly violate this principle, producing conjunction errors. In diagnosis, the probability of a hypothesis normatively is often higher for conjoined cues. An online survey used a withinsubjects design to explore the degree to which participants (n ¼ 347) differentiated diagnosis and prediction using matched scenarios and both choice and estimation responses. Conjunctions were judged more probable than a constituent in diagnosis (76%) more often than prediction (64%) and in choice (84%) more often than direct estimation (57%), with no interaction of type of task and response mode. Correlation, regression, and path analyses were used to determine the relationships among individual difference variables and the diagnosis and prediction tasks. Among the correlation findings was that time spent on the task predicted higher conjunction probabilities in diagnosis but not prediction and that class inclusion errors predicted increased conjunction errors in choice but not estimation. Need for cognition and numeracy were only minimally related to reasoning about conjunctions. Results are consistent with the idea that people may misapply diagnostic reasoning to the prediction task and consequently commit the conjunction error. Copyright # 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Switchgrass as an energy crop for biofuel production: A review of its ligno-cellulosic chemical properties

Over the past two decades, the use of biomass as a resource for biofuels and bioenergy has garnered much interest. The reduction in green house gas emissions of renewable fuels as compared to conventional fossil fuels, coupled with the sustainability of these technological approaches, has fostered increased research into this field. Switchgrass is a perennial grass native to North America, and as a feedstock for biofuels it has garnered much interest because of its high productivity, adaptability and potential ease of integration into existing agricultural operations. In order to maximize the use of switchgrass as an energy crop, the chemical constituents as well as the chemical processes involved in its conversion to biofuels need to be understood. The goal of this paper is to review the published work on the chemistry of switchgrass as it pertains to biofuel production including elemental composition, chemical composition, biopolymer constituents and their structure. In addition, the impacts of these chemical constituents on the biological conversion to ethanol and pyrolysis oils are summarized.
The Escherichia coli GTPase CgtAE Cofractionates with the 50S Ribosomal Subunit and Interacts with SpoT, a ppGpp Synthetase/Hydrolase

CgtAE/ObgE/YhbZ is an Escherichia coli guanine nucleotide binding protein of the Obg/GTP1 subfamily whose members have been implicated in a number of cellular functions including GTP-GDP sensing, sporulation initiation, and translation. Here we describe a kinetic analysis of CgtAE with guanine nucleotides and show that its properties are similar to those of the Caulobacter crescentus homolog CgtAC. CgtAE binds both GTP and GDP with moderate affinity, shows high guanine nucleotide exchange rate constants for both nucleotides, and has a relatively low GTP hydrolysis rate. We show that CgtAE is associated predominantly with the 50S ribosomal subunit. Interestingly, CgtAE copurifies with SpoT, a ribosome-associated ppGpp hydrolase/synthetase involved in the stress response. The interaction between CgtAE and SpoT was confirmed by reciprocal coprecipitation experiments and by two-hybrid assays. These studies raise the possibility that the ribosome-associated CgtAE is involved in the SpoT-mediated stress response.
Promoting normalization in families with preschool children with type 1 diabetes.

issues and purpose.The family environment is the most important influence on child adaptation to type 1 diabetes. A plan of care assists parental adaptation in families with a preschool child with type 1 diabetes. conclusions.The family environment is affected by the family's progress toward normalcy. Normalization can be facilitated by nursing interventions that promote parental mutuality in management and the development of a parental support system. practice implications.Nurses can provide education about Type 1 diabetes and its management in preschool children to fathers, other family members, and family friends to encourage their involvement in caregiving. Parental mutuality in management and an adequate parental instrumental support system facilitates normalization and affects the family environment, thus promoting child adaptation.
Design principles of photosynthetic light-harvesting

Photosynthetic organisms are capable of harvesting solar energy with near unity quantum efficiency. Even more impressively, this efficiency can be regulated in response to the demands of photosynthetic reactions and the fluctuating light-levels of natural environments. We discuss the distinctive design principles through which photosynthetic light-harvesting functions. These emergent properties of photosynthesis appear both within individual pigment–protein complexes and in how these complexes integrate to produce a functional, regulated apparatus that drives downstream photochemistry. One important property is how the strong interactions and resultant quantum coherence, produced by the dense packing of photosynthetic pigments, provide a tool to optimize for ultrafast, directed energy transfer. We also describe how excess energy is quenched to prevent photodamage under high-light conditions, which we investigate through theory and experiment. We conclude with comments on the potential of using these features to improve solar energy devices.
Flow sensor using micromachined pressure sensor

A flow sensor capable of measuring flow rate, fluid type, fluid pressure, fluid presence, and flow direction has been demonstrated. This research activity demonstrates a very simple cap fabrication and assembly process that enabled the realization of a flow sensor with multiple sensing capabilities. A surface micromachined process is employed to fabricate the pressure sensors as well as the cap that defines the fluid channel. The sensor was configured in a way to successfully demonstrate two differential pressure sensing modes (i.e. sensors within the cavity and sensors in the flow channel). Both flow rate and viscosity measurements are based on the differential pressure sensing principle. Fluid presence is determined using an interdigitated structure which can also sense the fluid type based on permittivity of the fluid. The flow rate measured successfully has been as low as 0.01 ml/hr and showed very good linearity when compared to the theoretical model. The diameter of the pressure sensor diaphragm utilized was as low as 100 microns and depended on the flow rate required to measure.
Plasma‐assisted molecular beam epitaxy of Sn‐doped In2O3: Sn incorporation, structural changes, doping limits, and compensation

A comprehensive study of Sn doping in In2O3 during plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy (PA-MBE) is given, covering growth aspects and application-relevant aspects such as structural and transport properties. Single crystalline, (001) oriented indium oxide (In2O3) thin films were grown on Y-stabilized ZrO2(001) and systematically doped with 1018 cm−3 to 6 × 1021 cm−3 tin (Sn) by PA-MBE. The Sn incorporation was proportional to the Sn flux up to a Sn concentration of ≈1020 cm−3 indicating well-controllable doping in this regime. Toward higher Sn concentrations the Sn incorporation was increasingly impeded, which could be somewhat mitigated by increasing the oxygen-to-indium flux ratio. The surface faceting of undoped In2O3(001) during growth under oxygen rich conditions was prevented by doping to Sn concentrations 4×1020 cm−3. Up to Sn concentrations of 1.4 × 1021 cm−3 no detrimental effects on the film crystal quality were observed by X-ray diffraction, but concentrations cm−3 resulted in structural deterioration with the formation of secondary crystalline phases. The electron concentration increased and resistivity decreased with increasing Sn concentration. The electron concentration was limited to ≈2 × 1021 cm−3 despite higher Sn concentrations and a minimum resistivity of 9 × 10−5 Ω cm was reached at a Sn concentration of ≈1021 cm−3. The highest electron concentrations and lowest resistivities were realized by a post-growth vacuum annealing to remove compensating acceptors. Guidelines to obtain low resistivity, high-quality indium tin oxide (ITO) films are given. Textured reference films grown on r-plane sapphire, Al2O3(10–12), showed very similar behavior in terms of incorporation, doping limit, and compensation, which indicates that our results are qualitatively not limited to single crystalline films.
The Chosen People of Ancient Israel and the Occident: Why does Nationality Exist and Survive?

Abstract. The primary focus of this article differs from the author's earlier argument about why it may be legitimate-to apply the category of nationality to ancient Israel. The concern here is three-fold: an examination of the conceptions of Israel as the chosen people (both conditional and unconditional) in the Old Testament; the possible bearing of those conceptions on the historical imagination of the Occident; and what those conceptions might tell us about the constitution of nationality in general.
Clarification of Assumptions in the Relationship between the Bayes Decision Rule and the Whitened Cosine Similarity Measure

This paper first clarifies Assumption 3 (which misses a constant) and Assumption 4 (where the whitened pattern vectors represent the whitened means) in the paper ";The Bayes Decision Rule Induced Similarity Measures"; (IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 29, no. 6, pp. 1086- 1090, June 2007) and then provides examples to show that the assumptions after the clarification are consistent.
Loafing in the 21st century: Enhanced opportunities—and remedies—for withholding job effort in the new workplace

The electronic workplace, a greater emphasis on knowledge work and teams, and the increased relevance of managing impressions of work performance are among factors that relate to higher levels of withholding effort among problem employees in the 21 st century. This article considers these three factors in the context of dominant organizational forms-—low-cost operators, global competitor corpora- tions, and high-involvement firms-—and how each can lead to lower on-the-job effort. Remedies are offered for new forms of withholding effort such as cyberloafing, as well as hiding lack of effort in virtual teams and through impression management. In addition, a different way of considering the problem of lower job effort is proposed through examination of how a work ethic and a leisure ethic can be synthesized to enhance organizational creativity, innovation, and performance. # 2010 Kelley School of Business, Indiana University. All rights reserved.
A Patient with Hinman's Syndrome who Underwent Renal Transplantation Using a Pre-existing Cutaneous Ureterostomy

A Patient with Hinman's Syndrome who Underwent Renal Transplantation Using a Pre-existing Cutaneous Ureterostomy Il Kang, Young Guk Lee, Jong Ho Jeon, Kee Heoyk Park, Jin Ho Gwak, Hong Seok Shin, Jae Shin Park From the Departments of Urology, General Surgery, Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Daegu Catholic University, Daegu, Korea It is known that many renal transplantation candidates with end stage renal disease have bladder dysfunction. Before 1966, these patients were considered poor candidates for renal transplantation because of their many bladder problems. But it has recently been reported that renal transplantation with an ileal conduit could solve these problems. Herein, we report on a patient with Hinman's syndrome and this patient underwent renal transplantation using a pre-existing cutaneous ureterostomy. (Korean J Urol 2008;49:566-569) 󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏󰠏
Uncertainty Threat Can Cause Stereotyping: The Moderating Role of Personal Need for Structure

Uncertainty threats can cause a wide range of compensatory responses. The present research demonstrates how uncertainty threat can cause a particular response with significant social consequences: stereotyping. Participants in this study completed a measure of implicit stereotyping after being exposed to an uncertainty threat or not. They also completed an individual difference measure to tap into their needs for predictability and structure. Results showed that uncertainty threat caused increased stereotyping of an ethnic out-group when needs for predictability and structure were high. For participants who did not have a high level of these needs, uncertainty did not increase stereotyping. When uncertainty threatens important goals such as prediction and control of events, individuals who most value these goals seem to be the ones who are most likely to use stereotypes. These stereotypes, ironically, may reduce the success of accurate event prediction for the very people who place the greatest value on predictability and structure.
Effective Pedagogy For Business Schools Post-9/11/01

In the year since the 9/11/01 terrorist attacks on the United States, many educators have sought ways to respond appropriately and effectively in their classes. Much has been written to guide elementary and secondary educators; it is largely curricular in nature. Little has yet been geared toward college educators or pedagogy. This paper begins to serve that need by presenting pedagogical options business school instructors may find helpful. The literature review and results of a student survey suggest that active learning may be particularly effective in business school teaching today.
Setting Priorities for Public Health Promotion and Disease Prevention

Editor's Note:As a further stepto provokediscussion on Community LearningIdeasand Procedures, I have taken theinitiative insharingmy experiences in working with localcommunitygroups as theygrapple with howtosetprioritiesfor community health promotion and disease prevention. These experiences are basedonworkingwith severallocalcommunitygroups in Ohioovertheyears. I want to thankthemanyindividuals who are on the front line in public health education for stimulating the thoughts described inthisexperience-basededitorial. You areinvited to share yourviews.
A multi-scale approach for the discovery of zeolites for hydrogen sulfide removal

Abstract Removing H2S from industrial gases is important to avoid operational hazards and to meet environmental regulation. Microporous zeolites are potential adsorbents for separating H2S from other gases. While large number of candidate zeolites exists, it is not trivial to select cost-effective zeolites capable of satisfying process constraints and specifications. In this work, a novel method for the zeolite-based H2S separation is put forward which pertains to a multi-scale modeling, simulation, and optimization framework for combined material screening and process optimization to reduce the overall process cost. The framework spans the atomistic and mesoscopic scales for the screening and selection of zeolites and the macroscopic scale for the simulation and selection of optimal conditions for pressure swing adsorption (PSA)-based H2S separation technology. Applying this framework, several novel zeolites have been identified for the first time for separation of H2S from representative H2S/CO2, H2S/N2, and H2S/CH4 mixtures. The zeolites which are screened are capable of removing H2S from natural gas, acid gas, tail gas, flue gas, refinery gas, biogas, landfill gas, and other gases of industrial importance. Results show that it is possible to perform cost-effective H2S removal by exploiting reverse selectivity of the gas molecules using novel micro-porous materials. We have also identified zeolite ABW as an adsorbent with high potential for commercialization for multi-purpose gas separation including acid gas removal from natural gas and carbon capture from power plants.
Shooting Arrows and Slinging Mud: Custer, the Press, and the Little Bighorn. By James Mueller. (Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 2013. Pp. xii, 260. $29.95.)

Word of Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer's death at the Battle of the Little Bighorn on 25 June 1876, reached most Americans right after the republic marked the one hundredth anniversary ...
Binuclear Palladium Complexes Supported by Bridged Pincer Ligands

A series of binucleating ligands each containing two tridentate pincer sites based on a central, monoanionic aryl (C) donor flanked by neutral phosphinito (P) and imino (N) donors, [(PCN)-(CH2)n-(PCN)] (1), or a central, monoanionic amido (N) flanked by neutral phosphine (P) and imino donors (N), [(PNN)-(CH2)n-(PNN)] (4), are presented. The metalating sites were linked through the condensation of two equivalents of m-hydroxybenzaldehyde or the purposively built asymmetric diarylamine [(H)N(2-C(O)H-4-Me-C6H3)(2-P(iPr)2-4-Me-C6H3)] (3) with primary α,ω-diamines (1,2-diaminoethane, n = 2; 1,4-diaminobutane, n = 4), which simultaneously constructed the imino arms and bridged the pincer cores. Ligands 1 and 4 were then used in the synthesis of neutral, square-planar palladium(II) complexes 5 and 6, [(PCN-Cn)Pd2X2, (PNN-Cn)Pd2X2; n = 2, 4; X = Cl, OAc, OTf]. The difference in the trans influence of the central donor was demonstrated through X-ray crystal structures of 5b-Cl, (PCN-C4)Pd2Cl2, and 6b-Cl, (PNN-C4)P...
Hypertension: Joint National Committee on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure guidelines.

Purpose of reviewHypertension has been recognized for decades as a major factor for stroke, with observational epidemiologic studies clearly identifying the increased stroke risks with blood pressure (BP) levels and randomized controlled clinical trials providing evidence of stroke risk reduction wi
Left-edge deletion in English and subject omission in diaries

This article discusses deletion in spoken and written English. It notes that subjects are frequently dropped both in informal spoken English (Napoli 1982; Zwicky & Pullum 1983b) and in certain registers of written English such as diaries (Haegeman 1990, 1997, 2007; Haegeman & Ihsane 1999, 2001). The article argues in favour of Napoli's phonological analysis of left-edge deletion in spoken English, and provides a formalisation of Napoli's account in the framework of Selkirk's (1995, 2001, 2011) optimality-theoretic analysis of syntax–phonology mapping. A comparison is drawn with the case of subject drop in the diary register. Due to the difference in surface distribution of the phenomenon between the spoken and written cases, the analysis cannot transfer directly. However, I suggest that, combined with arguments made by Haegeman (2002) for a sentence-medial position for modifiers in written English, the phonological analysis can account for a large subset of the diary drop cases.
Feasibility study of buttock skin temperature for temperature monitoring in incubatored premature infants

Objective This study was carried out to compare temperatures taken at different sites and also to determine the reliability of buttock skin temperature in temperature monitoring for incubatored premature infants.Methods Temperatures of 80 premature infants nursed in incubators were recorded by mercury-in-glass thermometer for a 3-minute period by one investigator at 3 measurement sites: rectum(2~3cm beyond anus),between back skin and mattress and between buttock skin and diaper.Results There is no significant difference between buttock skin temperature and back skin temperature(P0.05),so does buttock skin temperature and rectal temperature(P0.05).Conclusion The buttock skin temperature measurement may be a practical method for temperature monitoring in premature infants nursed in incubators.It is a simpler technique and closely approximates the rectal temperature in premature infants.
Three-dimensional simulation for fast forward flight of a calliope hummingbird.

We present a computational study of flapping-wing aerodynamics of a calliope hummingbird (Selasphorus calliope) during fast forward flight. Three-dimensional wing kinematics were incorporated into the model by extracting time-dependent wing position from high-speed videos of the bird flying in a wind tunnel at 8.3 m s(-1). The advance ratio, i.e. the ratio between flight speed and average wingtip speed, is around one. An immersed-boundary method was used to simulate flow around the wings and bird body. The result shows that both downstroke and upstroke in a wingbeat cycle produce significant thrust for the bird to overcome drag on the body, and such thrust production comes at price of negative lift induced during upstroke. This feature might be shared with bats, while being distinct from insects and other birds, including closely related swifts.
Perceived Competence of Children with Visual Impairments

This study examined the perceptions of competence of 43 children with visual impairments who were attending a summer sports camp. It found there were meaningful differences in the perceived compete...