cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effects of riparian forest disturbance on stream temperature, sedimentation, and morphology

Forested headwater streams rely on their riparian areas for temperature regulation, woody debris inputs, and sediment retention. These products and services may be altered by disturbances such as timber harvest, windthrow, or development. This study investigated the effects of riparian forest disturbance by removing trees using 50 and 90% basal area harvests and by directly felling some trees into eight streams in eastern West Virginia. On summer afternoons, water temperature increased in the 50 and 90% BAH treatments at average rates of 0.18 and 0.79°C/100 m, respectively. The 90% BAH treatments had the potential to disrupt fish and invertebrate communities via increased water temperature. New roads and log landings associated with the riparian logging had no detectable effect on sedimentation or turbidity. Large woody debris (LWD) additions increased habitat complexity but no net increase in pool area was observed. Greater morphological instability was observed within the LWD addition sections as pools were both created and destroyed at significantly higher rates. Experimentally manipulating small riparian patches may be an analog for small-scale natural and anthropogenic disturbances. These common events are assumed to alter streams, but there are few experimental studies quantifying their effects.
Analysis of local tumor control in Ewing's sarcoma: preliminary results of a cooperative intergroup study.

This report is a preliminary analysis of the local tumor control in 187 patients treated with multi-agent chemotherapy and local radiation therapy for non-metastatic Ewing's sarcoma. Patients were treated according to three different regimens, all of which included irradiation of the primary tumor and involved bone (5000-6000 rads in 5-6 weeks). The first group was treated with a combination of cyclophosphamide, vincristine, adriamycin and actinomycin-D. The second group received cyclophosphamide, vincristine and actinomycin-D. The third group was treated with cyclophosphamide, vincristine and actinomycin-D in addition to bilateral pulmonary irradiation. The present results, after a median follow-up of 24-30 months in the various groups combined, indicate that the local control is 87%. Twenty-two of 25 local failures appeared within 24 months (88% of recurrences). No difference in time of appearance of local recurrence was noted in the three treatment regimens. The highest incidence of local recurrence has been noted in the humerus (22%), the pelvis (19%), the tibia (14%) and the femur (11%). Sixty-seven of the 187 patients (35.8%) have developed distant metastases, mostly to the lungs and to other skeletal sites. Of the patients with pelvic primaries, 62% have developed distant metastases followed by the humerus (41%), the femur (36%) and the tibia (24%). A detailed analysis of radiation therapy technical factors was done in 110 patients with complete dosimetry data at the time of this report. There is a trend indicating that patients who received doses over 6000 rads (20/20) or with lower doses combined with chemotherapy containing adriamycin (9/9) have a higher local control. However, the difference with the other groups (67/81-83%) was not statistically significant. Radiation therapy in combination with multiple chemotherapy is an effective treatment method to control Ewing's sarcoma locally. The late effects of this intensive combined therapy must be assessed in long term survivals. Future studies in Ewing's sarcoma should attempt to elucidate crucial issues such as the optimal volume of bone that should be irradiated, the potential value of limited surgical resection of gross tumor and the determination of optimal multi-agent regimens which will enhance local tumor control and diminish distant metastases. Because of the rarity of this tumor, the need for cooperative controlled clinical trials is emphasized. Cancer 40:2864-2873, 1977.
Conscience, personality, and socialization techniques.

Two groups of 7th-grade children with internal moral orientations were selected on the basis of moral judgment responses: one whose judgments showed concern for human consequences of behavior and cons
Behavioral changes and structural defects in rats irradiated in utero

Pregnant rats were irradiated with whole-body doses (0.25-1.25 Gy) of Cs-137 gamma-rays on gestational day 15, or with 1.0 Gy on gestational days 11, 13, 15, or 17. Postnatal growth (body weight) and several preweaning behaviors (righting reflex, negative geotaxis, reflex suspension, modified open field activity, spatial maze exploration, continuous corridor activity, and gait) of the offspring were monitored prior to sacrifice on post-parturition day 28. Brain (sensorimotor cortex) and pituitary tissues were processed for histological evaluation and morphometric analysis. For most behavioral endpoints, there were dose-dependent changes produced by irradiation on gestational day 15, with one endpoint (continuous corridor activity) demonstrating changes after 0.25 Gy that were significantly different from control values. The data indicate that the most sensitive organ showing radiation-induced alterations changes from the pituitary at gestational day 11 to the primitive cortex of the brain at days 13 to 17 with a peak of sensitivity at day 15. These results demonstrate that a spectrum of related functional and morphological deficits can be produced by even low-dose in utero irradiation, with the specific endpoint showing the greatest change being determined by the specific day of gestation on which irradiation occurs. Extrapolating from these experimental data with rats to the human situation, it is recommended that care be taken, when possible, to avoid exposure of the fetus, even after the early stages of organogenesis.
Food motivation in hypothalamic hyperphagic rats reexamined

Abstract The food motivation of rats made hyperphagic with ventromedial hypothalamic (VMH) knife cuts was examined in bar pressing tests on variable interval (VI) and fixed ratio (FR) schedules. Compared to normal rats, nondeprived VMH rats did not bar press reliably more for food during brief tests on a VI schedule, but did respond significantly more when prefed just prior to VI testing, and when tested on FR schedules. VMH rats also bar pressed more than controls during 24 hr/day tests on a FR-64 schedule. During 24 hr/day tests on a VI schedule, in which they were rewarded with entire meals, VMH rats overate by taking large meals, but they did not bar press more than controls to obtain these meals. When prevented from eating large meals the VMH rats continued to overeat by increasing their meal frequency and total VI responses, but their responses/meal again did not differ from controls. Food-deprived VMH rats did not respond more than did controls during VI or FR tests, although they ate more when food was freely available. The results indicate that under ad lib conditions VMH rats are motivated to eat larger or more frequent meals than do normal rats, although their motivation to initiate any given meal is not elevated, but that under conditions of food deprivation and reduced food accessibility VMH rats are not more motivated to eat than are normal animals.
Coronary Microvascular Reactivity After Ischemic Cold Storage and Reperfusion

Abstract Background . The coronary microvascular system is important in the regulation of myocardial perfusion. Preservation of microvascular reactivity may be important in those hearts undergoing ischemic storage for transplantation. Endothelium-dependent relaxation of right and left ventricular coronary microvessels was examined in a canine model of heart transplantation. Methods . Canine hearts underwent topical cooling, antegrade arrest, and 3 hours' ischemic cold storage at 4°C using crystalloid cardioplegia (n = 8), Roe's solution (n = 8), and University of Wisconsin solution (n = 8). All groups underwent 1 hour of reperfusion in an isolated heart circuit. Noninstrumented canines were used as controls (n = 10). Coronary microvessels (100 to 200 μm in diameter) were examined in a pressurized, no-flow state with video microscopic imaging and electronic dimension analysis. Results . Endothelium-dependent microvascular relaxation was examined in response to the receptor-dependent acetylcholine and to the receptor-independent calcium ionophore. Microvascular relaxation to acetylcholine in Roe's solution and University of Wisconsin solution was preserved ( p = not significant) in the left ventricle, whereas crystalloid cardioplegia failed to preserve ( p p Conclusions . Ischemic cold storage with Roe's solution and University of Wisconsin solution preserved microvascular relaxation in the left ventricle, whereas crystalloid cardioplegia failed to preserve microvascular relaxation. Right ventricular microvascular relaxation was impaired in all groups, but University of Wisconsin solution was superior to crystalloid cardioplegia and Roe's solution. This suggests that microvascular dysfunction may be partially responsible for right ventricular dysfunction after heart transplantation. The choice of preservation solution may be important in preservation of the microvascular endothelium. (Ann Thorac Surg 1997;63:20–7)
Preabsorptive metabolism of sodium arsenate by anaerobic microbiota of mouse cecum forms a variety of methylated and thiolated arsenicals.

The conventional scheme for arsenic methylation accounts for methylated oxyarsenical production but not for thioarsenical formation. Here, we report that in vitro anaerobic microbiota of mouse cecum converts arsenate into oxy- and thio- arsenicals. Besides methylarsonic acid (MMAV), arsenate was transformed into six unique metabolites: mono-, di-, and trithio-arsenic acid, monomethyldithio- and monomethyltrithio-arsonic acid, and dimethyldithioarsonic acid. Thioarsenicals were found in soluble and particulate fractions of reaction mixtures, suggesting interactions with anaerobic microbiota. Metabolism of ingested arsenate to oxy- and thio-arsenicals before absorption across the gastrointestinal barrier could affect bioavailability, systemic distribution, and resulting toxicity.
Metabolism of polyadenylated mRNA in growing human lymphocytes.

Abstract The kinetics of degradation of newly synthesized, cytoplasmic polyadenylated RNA have been examined in normal human lymphocytes stimulated to grow with phytohemagglutinin. A single class of poly(A)-bearing RNA was identified with a half-life of approximately 50 h. In the presence of actinomycin D, the half-life was 5 to 6 h, and virtually no decay of pulselabeled material was detectable after 6 h of chase incubation with cordycepin. These findings contrast sharply with data obtained from other growing human cells used as controls: polyadenylated mRNA in MOLT-4 cells, a cultured line of T lymphocytes, had a half-life of 2 h in the presence of actinomycin D. The stability of poly(A)-containing RNA in stimulated lymphocytes from normal donors is therefore not simply a manifestation of cell proliferation. In normal resting lymphocytes, Berger and Cooper [(1975) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 72, 3873–3877] reported the existence of 2 classes of polyadenylated mRNA with half-lives of under an hour and greater than 20 h, respectively. Since short-lived poly(A)-bearing mRNA is absent from mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes, the data suggest that stabilization of previously labile poly(A)-bearing RNA is one of many carefully regulated processes accompanying growth induction in normal lymphoid cells.
Reduced serum tricyclic levels due to gel separators

Sixty-three blood samples were obtained from 48 subjects taking tricyclic antidepressants. Samples were simultaneously collected in Becton-Dickinson Vacutainer tubes for measurement of serum and plasma tricyclic antidepressant concentrations. Serum was drawn into red stopper tubes (without gel separator) and into speckled stopper serum separator tubes (with gel separator), while plasma was collected in green stopper tubes (heparinized). Imipramine, desipramine, amitriptyline, and nortriptyline concentrations were all significantly lower in serum separator samples than in either plasma or red stopper serum collection tubes. Serum and plasma concentrations were similar.
Poststreptococcal crescenteric glomerulonephritis in children: Comparison of quintuple therapy versus supportive care

Crescenteric glomerulonephritis preceded by a streptococcal infection with creatinine clearance C Cr , of 2 was treated by supportive care plus three months of quintuple therapy (prednisone, azathioprine, cyclophosphamide, dipyridamole, and heparin followed by warfarin) in five children (Group A) or by supportive care alone in five others (Group B). Of the glomeruli examined, 69.8±11.7% (mean ±SE) in Group A and 64.4±10.6% in Group B had crescents which involved 54.0±10.8% and 60.0±10.5% of glomerular circumference, respectively. Clinical and histologic findings supported a recent streptococcal infection in every patient. Two patients from Group A had mild proteinuria and normal C Cr at 12 months; one died abruptly of pulmonary hemorrhage after maintaining a normal C Cr for 25 months. Following a second episode of poststreptococcal acute glomerulonephritis seven months after the first, one patient from Group B had persistent mild proteinuria for 41 months and hypertension through 56 months of follow-up. Nine surviving patients have maintained normal C Cr for eight to 60 months (mean 29.5 months). The findings of this study suggest that this quintuple therapy offers no advantage over supportive care in the clinical management and outcome of children with severe crescenteric glomerulonephritis when an antecedent streptococcal infection is confirmed by serologic and histopathologic criteria.
A multifunctional uhv surface analysis system with low temperature capabilities

Abstract A custom designed ultrahigh vacuum (uhv) system with multifunctional surface analysis is capabilities is described. The advantages of this system design are: (1) it is relatively inexpensive to construct; (2) it incorporates a wide range of analytical techniques which can be interchanged without difficulty; and (3) it allows one to study samples at low temperature (to 10 K). The chamber is currently equipped with a quadrupole mass spectrometer, a hemispherical electron analyzer, an X-ray source, an ultraviolet light source, an electron gun, a low energy electron diffraction system, a 127° cylindrical sector high resolution electron energy loss spectrometer, a sputtering gun, a metal deposition source and a gas doser. Two low temperature applications are briefly discussed: the study of adsorption precursor states and ‘high temperature’ superconductors.
Conformational analysis of N-methylglycine and N,N-dimethylglycine by ab initio calculations

Abstract Eight of the most stable conformers of N-methylglycine (NMG) and five of N,N-dimethylglycine (DMG) were analyzed by high level ab initio calculations. Since NMG has only one amino hydrogen and a carboxylic acid hydrogen, it is capable of the formation of various types of hydrogen-bonded conformers and as a result is ideally suited to studying the importance of hydrogen-bonding on the relative stabilities of the various types of conformers of glycine and N-alkylated glycines. Comparisons of the relative energies of the various NMG and DMG conformers that have different types and number of hydrogen bonds (H-bonds) reveal the importance of hydrogen bonds to the stability of the different types of conformers. For NMG, conformer Ib which has two types of H-bonds and a dipole moment of 1.2 debyes is the most stable. Conformer Ib is similar to that of the most stable conformer of glycine. For DMG, on the other hand, IIc is the most stable conformer. IIc has a dipole moment of 5.6 debyes (compared to a value of 1.1 debyes for another of its conformers, Ic) and only one H-bond which involves the carboxylic acid and amino functionalities. The stability of IIc is attributed to the relative strength of the type H-bond formed — a similar type H-bond of glycine and NMG is predicted to be weaker. Thus, for a particular conformer, the relative strength and number of possible H-bonds that can be formed, and not necessarily the magnitude of the dipole moment, play key roles in the relative stability of amino acid conformers in the gas phase.
Therapy Insight: what nephrologists need to know about primary vesicoureteral reflux

Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is the abnormal, retrograde flow of urine from the bladder to the upper urinary tract. This disease affects about 1% of otherwise normal children, 30-50% of those who present with urinary tract infections, and approximately 10% with prenatally diagnosed hydronephrosis. Over the past 50 years, tremendous progress has been made in the diagnosis, treatment and management of VUR. The realization that VUR is probably a component of generalized dysfunction of the lower urinary tract (i.e. dysfunctional elimination syndrome) has further enhanced understanding of the disease. This Review covers basic pathogenesis, diagnosis, management, clinical presentation, and current controversies surrounding VUR.
The penalty of being wrong.

(1971). The Penalty of Being Wrong. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal: Vol. 32, No. 6, pp. 351-356.
Patterns of transcription of a virus-like agent in tumor and non-tumor tissues in bicolor damselfish.

Abstract Damselfish neurofibromatosis (DNF) is a transmissible disease characterized by peripheral nerve sheath and pigment cell tumors which occurs in bicolor damselfish ( Stegastes partitus ) on Florida reefs. The damselfish virus-like agent (DVLA) is associated with the development of DNF and contains a 2.4 kb DNA genome which was found at high levels in tumors and tumor-derived cell lines and at lower levels in non-tumor tissues of both spontaneously diseased fish (TF) and fish with experimentally induced tumors (EF). An analysis of transcription patterns revealed up to five DVLA derived RNAs ranging in size from 300 to 1400 bp in these cell types. DNA was the most commonly distributed DVLA component in TF and EF followed by RNA. Prevalence of transcripts varied by tissue type. The smallest transcripts were the most common in all cell types and the most complete patterns, which included the larger transcripts, were observed primarily in tumors. The presence of viral RNAs in addition to DNA in non-tumor tissues suggested these tissues were infected by DVLA and indicated a wide tissue tropism for this agent. The high levels of DVLA nucleic acids found in tumors suggest that replication is occurring there. However, the potential for DVLA replication in other tissues where only a limited range of transcripts were present is not known. The mechanism of tumorigenesis by this agent is unknown. However, the association of the larger transcripts with most tumor tissues and their absence in most non-tumor tissues suggests that these RNAs may be involved in tumor formation.
Transactivation of the ‘promoterless’ luciferase-encoding vectors pXP1 and pXP2 by C/EBPα

Abstract Transactivation of the firefly luciferase-encoding vectors, pXP1 and pXP2, by the α isoform of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) is reported. Thus, these vectors are not ‘promoterless’ in every cellular context, and transactivation by C/EBP or a closely related factor should be considered as a possible explanation for the relatively high background levels of luciferase production that are occasionally observed after transfection of certain cells with these or other similar vectors.
Liposomal entrapment of floxuridine

Floxuridine was found to have an apparent initial entrapment within negatively charged sphingomyelin liposomes about three times higher than its parent, fluorouracil. The drug also diffused out of the liposomes at a much lower rate than fluorouracil. Substitution of lecithin for sphingomyelin destroyed the effect. Liposomal entrapment may provide enhanced stability and decreased toxicity of floxuridine, permitting wider therapeutic utilization of pyrimidine nucleosides.
Mechanism of catalysis for the hydration of substituted styrene oxides by hepatic epoxide hydrase.

Abstract The effect of aryl substituents on the rate at which epoxide hydrase catalyzes the addition of water to styrene and cis -stilbene oxides has been examined. Plots of log V m for each substrate versus the Hammett σ constants for the substituent suggest that a nucleophilic attack occurs and that a free carbonium ion form of the substrate is not involved at the rate-determining step in the mechanism. For the stilbene oxides, high selectivity for attack by water at the carbon atom with [S] absolute stereochemistry was observed.
Modeling PEM Fuel Cell Performance Using the Finite-Element Method and a Fully-Coupled Implicit Solution Scheme via Newton’s Technique

A numerical model that employs the finite-element method and a fully-coupled implicit solution scheme via Newton’s technique is presented for simulating the performance of polymer-electrolyte-membrane (PEM) fuel cells. With our model, solved are the multi-dimensional momentum, mass & species, and charge conservation equations that govern, respectively, pressure-gradient driven flows along the gas flow channels (GFCs) and within the gas diffusion layers (GDLs), species transport along GFCs and within GDLs, and proton and water transport within the membrane as well as the ButlerVolmer constitutive equations describing the hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). For simplicity, the present version of our model considers PEM fuel cell operation as isothermal and water present as vapor, and treats the anode and cathode catalyst layers as respective interfaces at which HOR and ORR take place. With our numerical approach, all governing equations are solved simultaneously and quadratic convergence is ensured due to the use of Newton’s method with an analytical Jacobian. To demonstrate the utility of our computational approach, computed predictions of velocity field, contours of hydrodynamic pressure and molar concentrations of hydrogen, oxygen and water species, and current distribution and polarization (or I-V) curves from a two-dimensional case study of a simplified PEM fuel cell are presented. To help assess the validity of our PEM fuel cell model, measurements of current distribution and polarization curves were performed using a segmented PEM fuel cell, and the resultant experimental data as well as that from the literature are compared with computed predictions.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Quality control of the nutritional component of the Growth Failure in Children with Renal Diseases Study.

Quality control procedures are critically important in a clinical trial in which dietitians in geographically separated units perform collaborative nutritional intervention and data collection during a period of several years. Typically, the quality control measures developed within the nutritional component of a clinical trial encompass the following areas of activity: 1. Uniform collection and coding procedures for dietary intake records 2. Collection of accurate and reliable anthropometric measurements 3. Nutritional assessment, intervention, and counseling of patients 4. Assessment of patient compliance with dietary intervention Accordingly, the functions of the core nutritional unit of a multicenter clinical trial are as follows: 1. To ensure the collection of uniform, accurate nutrient and anthropometric data in participating centers using standardized procedures 2. To provide consistent nutritional education to ensure standardized counseling of the patient, the primary caretaker, or both The major objective of the nutritional component of this clinical trial is to identify changes in nutriture and appetite as evidenced by food consumption records, appetite assessment, and anthropometric measurements, and to intervene as study guidelines permit. From December 1984 to June 1989, the core nutritional
Bisubstrate analogue structure–activity relationships for p300 histone acetyltransferase inhibitors

p300 and CBP are important histone acetyltransferases (HATs) that regulate gene expression and may be anti-cancer drug targets. Based on a previous lead compound, Lys-CoA, we have used solid phase synthesis to generate a series of 11 new analogues and evaluated these compounds as HAT inhibitors. Increased spacing between the CoA moiety and the lysyl moiety generally decreases inhibitory potency. We have found two substituted derivatives that show about 4-fold increased potency compared to the parent compound Lys-CoA. These structure-activity studies allow for a greater understanding of the optimal requirements for potent inhibition of HAT enzymes and pave the way for a novel class of anti-cancer therapeutics.
Application of Electron Backscatter Diffraction Techniques to Quenched and Partitioned Steels

Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) techniques were used to characterize "hot-rolled" quenched and partitioned microstructures produced via Gleeble thermal simulations representing a hot-strip cooling practice for steel. In particular, EBSD was utilized to positively identify the morphology and location of retained austenite, to qualitatively distinguish martensite from ferrite, and in an attempt to identify transition carbides. Large pools of retained austenite and some thin films were accurately indexed; however, there was some disparity between austenite volume fractions measured by EBSD and those measured by X-ray diffraction. Due to similarities between the crystal structures of martensite and ferrite (body centered tetragonal versus body centered cubic, respectively), martensite could not be distinguished from ferrite by indexing of diffraction patterns; however, martensite could qualitatively be distinguished from ferrite by regions of low image quality based on the very high dislocation density of martensite.
A new distributed algorithm to find breadth first search trees

A new distributed algorithm is presented for constructing breadth first search (BFS) trees. A BFS tree is a tree of shortest paths from a given root node to all other nodes of a network under the assumption of unit edge weights; such trees provide useful building blocks for a number of routing and control functions in communication networks. The order of communication complexity for the new algorithm is O(V^{1.6} + E) where V is the number of nodes and E the number of edges. For dense networks with E \geq V^{1.6} this order of complexity is optimum.
Fair resource allocation under an unknown jamming attack: a Bayesian game

The goal of this paper is to investigate the problem how a base station (BS), facing an unknown jamming attack, should decide to allocate scarce communication resources so as to maintain fair and reliable communication for its users. In order to obtain insight into this problem, we examine a Bayesian game using α- fairness utility, which allows the problem to be treated in a universal framework involving maximizing the total user SNR and minimizing the total user delay in transmission. The solution is a maxmin strategy (i.e. it is the optimal resource allocation under expected worst conditions), and is obtained explicitly, and thereby allows for interesting properties associated with the problem to be established.
An MSK Approach to Offset QASK

This paper demonstrates that an offset quadrature amplitude-shift-keyed (OQASK) signal can be represented as an ncomponent version of a minimum-shift-keyed (MSK) signal. For example, the signal set obtained by summing two MSK signals which are 6 dB different in power and are formed by continuous phase, frequency modulating the same oscillator with two independent binary antipodal data streams, is spectrally equivalent to an OQASK signal set composed of 16 signals in which the symbol pulse is a half-cycle sinusoid rather, than the conventional rectangular form. Such generalizations as the above allow for potentially simpler implementation of spectrally shaped OQASK.
Hardy-Sobolev Type Inequalities with Sharp Constants in Carnot-Carathéodory Spaces

We prove a generalization with sharp constants of a classical inequality due to Hardy to Carnot groups of arbitrary step, or more general Carnot–Caratheodory spaces associated with a system of vector fields of Hormander type. Under a suitable additional assumption (see Eq. 1.6 below) we are able to extend such result to the nonlinear case \(p\not= 2\). We also obtain a sharp inequality of Hardy–Sobolev type.
The potential of nanoparticle-enhanced imaging

Accurate lymph node staging in genitourinary malignancy is an important component in the diagnostic algorithm and therapeutic planning. A promising new method for lymph node staging is lymphotrophic nanoparticle enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. This novel technique uses ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide particles, which localize in lymph nodes and provide detailed characterization of these nodes independent of typically accepted size criteria. This review provides a brief overview of the presently accepted methods for noninvasive lymph node staging and thoroughly discusses lymphotrophic nanoparticle enhanced MR imaging: a technique that can be used for accurate detection of lymph node metastases and will likely play a major role in noninvasive lymph node staging in genitourinary cancer in the near future.
The influence of dietary alterations, fasting and competitive interactions on the microsomal chain elongation of fatty acids.

Abstract 1. 1.When rats were raised on a fat-free diet and fasted for 24, 48 and 72 h the rates for the chain elongation of palmitic acid, octadeca-6,9-dienoic acid and octadeca-6,9,12-trienoic acid were all depressed to about the same extent. 2. 2. When rats raised on a balanced diet were fasted for 72 h and then refed either a balanced diet or a fat-free diet the rates for the chain elongation of octadeca-6,9-dienoic acid and octadeca-6,9,12-trienoic acid returned only to the level of non-fasted controls. When fasted rats were refed the balanced diet the chain elongation of palmitic acid was four times greater than the non-fasted controls. When rats were refed the fat-free diet the chain elongation of palmitic acid was 12 times greater than for the non-fasted controls. These findings suggest that rat liver microsomes may contain more than one chain elongating system. 3. 3. Competitive substrate experiments also suggest that hepatic microsomes contain more than one fatty acid chain elongation system.
A thresholding method based on two-dimensional Renyi's entropy

In this paper, we present a new thresholding technique based on two-dimensional Renyi's entropy. The two-dimensional Renyi's entropy was obtained from the two-dimensional histogram which was determined by using the gray value of the pixels and the local average gray value of the pixels. This new method extends a method due to Sahoo et al. (Pattern Recognition 30 (1997) 71) and includes a previously proposed global thresholding method due to Abutaleb (Pattern Recognition 47 (1989) 22). Further, our method extends a global thresholding method due to Chang et al. (IEEE Trans. Image Process. 4 (1995) 370) to the two-dimensional setting. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated by using examples from the real-world and synthetic images.
Information alignment for consensus with interference

This paper studies distributed averaging of arbitrary vectors in the presence of network interference by casting an algebraic structure over the interference. While communicating locally with its neighbors for consensus, each agent causes an additive interference, lying on a low-dimensional subspace, in other communication links. We consider a particular case when this interference subspace depends only on the inter-ferer, referred to as uniform outgoing interference. We show that consensus is possible in a low-dimensional subspace of the initial conditions whose dimension is complimentary to the largest interference subspace across all of the agents. In this context, we derive a global information alignment and a local pre-conditioning, followed by local consensus iterations to ensure subspace consensus. We further provide the conditions under which this subspace consensus recovers the exact average. The analytical results are illustrated graphically to describe the setup and the information alignment scheme.
The boolean quadric polytope: Some characteristics, facets and relatives

We study unconstrained quadratic zero---one programming problems havingn variables from a polyhedral point of view by considering the Boolean quadric polytope QPn inn(n+1)/2 dimensions that results from the linearization of the quadratic form. We show that QPn has a diameter of one, descriptively identify three families of facets of QPn and show that QPn is symmetric in the sense that all facets of QPn can be obtained from those that contain the origin by way of a mapping. The naive linear programming relaxation QPnLP of QPn is shown to possess the Trubin-property and its extreme points are shown to be {0,1/2,1}-valued. Furthermore, O(n3) facet-defining inequalities of QPn suffice to cut off all fractional vertices of QPnLP, whereas the family of facets described by us has at least O(3n) members. The problem is also studied for sparse quadratic forms (i.e. when several or many coefficients are zero) and conditions are given for the previous results to carry over to this case. Polynomially solvable problem instances are discussed and it is shown that the known polynomiality result for the maximization of nonnegative quadratic forms can be obtained by simply rounding the solution to the linear programming relaxation. In the case that the graph induced by the nonzero coefficients of the quadratic form is series-parallel, a complete linear description of the associated Boolean quadric polytope is given. The relationship of the Boolean quadric polytope associated to sparse quadratic forms with the vertex-packing polytope is discussed as well.
Information Literacy across the German‐Studies Curriculum1

It is no secret that the questions that practitio ners of German Studies have been asking for at least three decades-"What should we teach?" "How should we teach it?" and "Who is our audi ence?" -have not gone away. Various theoretical frameworks, including but not limited to cultural studies and feminism, call into question the tradi tional curriculum of Germanistik.2 Pedagogical questions about the respective values of structural vs. communicative competence interrogate the re lationship of language to content instruction.3 New teaching methodologies have challenged the au thority of the instructor as the primary source of knowledge in the classroom (King 30). Finally, ef forts to maintain German enrollments require in structors to ask why our students learn German in the first place and to respond with courses that ap peal directly to their interests or try to persuade them to share ours. I submit that one part of the necessary multivalent response to these long standing questions be a focus on something that, in contrast to their lofty nature, might initially seem quite mundane: the development of students' abili ties to locate information and transform it into skills and knowledge. My argument for information-literacy training in German Studies is supported by what I view as areas of emerging consensus on at least a few basics. From secondary education through the graduate level, instructors of German language, lit erature, and culture maintain a link between train ing in the German language and those peoples, cultures, and nations with whom that language is and has been identified (Swaffar; Mittman; Mews; McCarthy, "Centering"). They teach language with an eye to enabling students "to recognize the vari ous intentionalities behind verbal and written texts and to use language effectively to achieve their own purposes within a cultural community" (Swaffar para. 8). They also teach texts as links be tween languages on the one hand, and peoples, cultures, and nations on the other. While it can no longer claim status as a pinnacle of cultural achievement, the literary text continues to offer what Egon Schwarz once referred to as an "inter pretative fecundity" that often appeals even to the
Normal wound healing compared to healing within porous Dacron implants

This study examined the hypothesis that healing within porous implants differs from that in normal connective tissue. Special attention was given to extracellular components including collagen, reticular fibers, and ground substance, and to enzymes associated with activated macrophages. Using Dacron velour and the rabbit as host, the healing of normal connective tissue and that of the tissue/implant interface were histologically compared 10 and 28 days postimplantation. The results exhibited significant differences between connective tissue healing, implant capsule formation, and granulation tissue generation. The healing of connective tissue and implant capsule formation were essentially complete at 28 days. However, tissue inside the implant was qualitatively different and did not significantly change between 10 and 28 days. It was characterized by macrophages and giant cells, a predominantly acid mucopolysaccharide ground substance, and qualitatively fewer and less well defined collagen and reticular fibers were observed than in normal wound healing. Thus we conclude that the connective tissue inside Dacron velour does not resemble normal connective tissue after 10 or 28 days of healing. Furthermore, the collagen never fully matures into orderly bundles, a phenomenon which may be related to an altered mucopolysaccharide composition and a diminished reticular network. The lysosomal enzymatic activity of the macrophages and perhaps the giant cells at the tissue/implant interface may be linked to these differences.
Queueing network-adaptive control of thought rational (QN-ACTR): An integrated cognitive architecture for modelling complex cognitive and multi-task performance

How to computationally model human performance in complex cognitive and multi-task scenarios has become an important yet challenging question for human performance modelling and simulation. This paper reports the work that develops an integrated cognitive architecture for this purpose. The resulting architecture – queueing network-adaptive control of thought rational (QN-ACTR) – is an integration of the QN mathematical architecture and the ACT-R symbolic architecture. This integration allows QN-ACTR to overcome the limitations in each method and model a wider range of tasks. Implemented as a computerised simulation programme, QN-ACTR has been verified in the simulation of 20 typical tasks from the ACT-R literature. The benefits of the integration have been demonstrated in the simulation of 29 transcription typing phenomena, showing its capability in modelling complex cognitive and multi-task scenarios that have not been modelled by either QN or ACT-R.
Processor allocation policies for message-passing parallel computers

When multiple jobs compete for processing resources on a parallel computer, the operating system kernel's processor allocation policy determines how many and which processors to allocate to each. In this paper we investigate the issues involved in constructing a processor allocation policy for large scale, message-passing parallel computers supporting a scientific workload.We make four specific contributions: We define the concept of efficiency preservation as a characteristic of processor allocation policies. Efficiency preservation is the degree to which the decisions of the processor allocator degrade the processor efficiencies experienced by individual applications relative to their efficiencies when run alone.We identify the interplay between the kernel processor allocation policy and the application load distribution policy as a determinant of efficiency preservation.We specify the details of two families of processor allocation policies, called Equipartition and Folding. Within each family, different member policies cover a range of efficiency preservation values, from very high to very low.By comparing policies within each family as well as between families, we show that high efficiency preservation is essential to good performance, and that efficiency preservation is a more dominant factor in obtaining good performance than is equality of resource allocation.
Gender, Candidate Portrayals and Election Campaigns: A Comparative Perspective

In the United States, research suggests that men and women candidates are covered differently by the press. However, few studies compare press coverage of candidates cross-nationally. Systematic comparison of newspaper coverage of male and female candidates during election campaigns in Australia, Canada, and the United States may help illuminate the conditions that exacerbate or dampen gender differences in candidate portrayals. Given the sharp focus on candidates in American campaigns and the relatively lower percentage of women in the Congress, we expect to find the greatest disparities in men's and women's press coverage in the United States. Our findings suggest that across these three democracies, candidates are often portrayed in terms of long-standing gender stereotypes. These gender differences have important implications for voters' perceptions of candidates and may shape widely shared attitudes toward women's role in the political arena.
Developing Intercultural Learners Through the International Curriculum

Intercultural competence is an increasingly desired and necessary skill in a globalized world. While competence is a complex concept to define and assess, this study examines specific dimensions of the intercultural learning of students in the School of International Studies (SIS) at the University of the Pacific. Students undergo both an interdisciplinary, international curriculum and study abroad for at least a semester, taking courses on cultural adaptation before they leave and reenter. When they return from abroad, changes in their intercultural sensitivity are assessed through both direct (reflection papers and the reporting of “critical incidents”) and indirect methods (use of the Intercultural Development Inventory [IDI]). We find substantial advances in intercultural sensitivity for these students, which is largely consistent across assessment methods. On average, their IDI scores change by 19.78 points, which is both a significant change for these students and is significantly different from uni...
Persistent long-term (c. 24 Ma) exhumation in the Eastern Alaska Range constrained by stacked thermochronology

To address Miocene- present episodic v. persistent exhumation, we utilize a simple graphical procedure that vertically stacks spatially diverse K-feldspar 40 Ar/ 39 Ar multi-domain dif- fusion (MDD) models from the length of the approximately 100 km-long high-peak region of the Eastern Alaska Range. We supply additional constraints with 40 Ar/ 39 Ar mica dating because the higher closure-temperature-window places limits on the initiation of rapid Eastern Alaska Range exhumation. We also provide a broad 40 Ar/ 39 Ar K-feldspar minimum closure age data set to add more detail on spatial patterns in the regional exhumation history for the Eastern Alaska Range. We find that rapid and persistent exhumation has occurred in the Eastern Alaska Range since about 24 Ma at a long-term rate of approximately 0.9 km/Ma, but that this rapid exhumation is spatially variable through time. Onset of rapid Eastern Alaska Range exhumation is coincident with the initiation of rapid exhumation in SW Alaska, the Western Alaska Range and the Chugach - Saint Elias Range at around 25 Ma, implying a region-wide deformational response to a change in tectonic forcing. The initiation of highly coupled flat-slab subduction of the Yakutat microplate is probably responsible for this prolonged period of rapid exhumation in southern Alaska.
Increases in Faculty Publishing Activity: An Analysis of ARL and ACRL Institutions.

This study builds on a previous one that focused on publishing productivity of faculty at ARL institutions for the period 1991–1993. The present research expands the analysis to the period 1995–1997 and adds an examination of faculty activity at selected ACRL institutions for the two time periods. Measures of total publications and per capita publications per institution increased significantly for both groups over the two time periods. The increases indicate that, for what is likely to be a complex set of factors, faculty feel the need to communicate more and are turning to traditional print outlets for at least some of the communication. Deliberations on the future of scholarly communication should incorporate the views and practices of faculty.
Consideration of thermal constraints during multichip module placement

A multichip module placement algorithm which handles heat distribution as well as traditional placement objectives is presented. The algorithm uses a combined quad-partitioning genetic search, and simulated annealing technique. Experimental results show improvements in the min-cut and simulated annealing algorithms, in terms of net length, while satisfying the heat distribution constraints.
The 1996 MIT/Boston University/Draper Laboratory autonomous helicopter system

The Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston University and Draper Laboratory have cooperated to develop an autonomous aerial vehicle that won the 1996 International Aerial Robotics Competition. This paper describes the approach, system architecture and subsystem designs for the entry. This entry represents a combination of many technology areas: navigation, guidance, control, vision processing, human factors, packaging, power, real-time software, and many others. The aerial vehicle, an autonomous helicopter, performs navigation and control functions using multiple sensors: differential GPS, inertial measurement unit, sonar altimeter, and a flux compass. The aerial transmits video imagery to the ground. A ground based vision processor converts the image data into target position and classification estimates. The system was designed, built, and flown in less than one year and has provided many lessons about autonomous vehicle systems, several of which are discussed.
The Humpty Dumpty Blues: Disaggregation Bias in the EvaluationOf Tax Systems

Three experiments carried out on the World Wide Web assessed the consistency of attitudes toward various tax regimes that differed in their overall levels and degrees of tax rate graduation in the presence of framing manipulations. The regimes had two components: an income and a payroll tax. One frame involved aggregation. Subjects were asked either to design a single, global tax system or to vary one component of a tax system (payroll or income tax) with the other component held constant. The idea was to replicate the effects of income tax reform given a constant payroll tax system. Consistent with the experimental hypothesis - though not with "rational" decision making - subjects focused on the component they were asked to manipulate and did not respond fully to changes in the other part, across conditions, rejecting an underadjustment bias as well as a framing effect. The results are akin to Thaler's "mental account" model for personal financial behavior. A second manipulation involved a "metric" frame: whether putative tax burdens were given in dollars or percent terms. Once again consistent with the experimental hypothesis, subjects preferred higher rates of graduation when matters were stated in percent terms. The results point to the lability of public opinion about important questions of public finance.