cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE “SOUTHERN GREAT WALL OF CHINA” IN FENGHUANG COUNTY: DISCOVERY AND RESTORATION

AbstractIn the English-speaking world, it is widely known that, during the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, China’s Ming dynasty (1368–1644) intensified its efforts to the construction of the Great Wall (“ changcheng” 長城, aka “bianqiang” 邊牆 [border wall] in Chinese documents) along its northern frontiers, which handed down the legacy of the Great Wall of China. It is little known, however, that during the same time period the government of Huguang Province of the Ming also built a “border wall” (bianqiang 邊牆) besieging the Laershan 臘爾山 “Miao territory” (Miaojiang 苗疆) in the southern part of the empire, especially at the present-day Fenghuang County 鳳凰縣, Xiangxi Autonomous Prefecture of Tujia Nationality and Miao Nationality 湘西土家族苗族自治州, Hunan Province (). Compared to the world-renowned Great Wall in the north, the border wall in the south, or the “Southern Great Wall” (nan[fang] changcheng 南[方]長城) as promoted in China today, has attracted little scholarly attention in the English liter...
Diagnosis of neurological disease; early symptoms in structures observed by the dentist.

Abstract The earliest manifestations of certain neurological diseases may occur in structures observed by the dentist. Although the diseases themselves are not common and, therefore, more likely to be overlooked, the dentist will, nevertheless, wish to keep them in mind because of their seriousness and the possible value of early recognition.
Research and Application of Energy Saving Technology for Aluminum Reduction in China

Aluminum electrolysis is known as more energy consumption and more pollution. The DC power of aluminum electrolysis before the technology of aluminum reduction cells with a new-type of cathodes design being applied in China was over 13000 kWh/t. After 2010, nearly all the aluminum smelters have began to use the technology of new type of cathode design and 500–700 kWh/t of aluminum reduction can be achieved easily. The DC power of aluminum electrolysis is nowadays 12100~12300 kWh/t. 11800 kWh DC energy power of an aluminum reduction cell in Chuangyuan Smelter is achieved. In present paper, Research and application of energy saving technology are given, and a new anode technology is presented. By using the new technology of anode, cathode and narrow central channel, the energy consumption will be decreased greatly.
Dark matter and galactic halos - a quantum approach

Traditional quantum theory can be used to construct hypothetical very large-scale gravitational stationary state structures from traditionally stable atoms and subatomic particles. These so called "gravitational macro-eigenstructures" have potential to explain the composition of extra-galactic dark matter and galactic halos. It is shown that the eigenstates within these structures can have radiative and stimulated lifetimes that are longer than the age of the universe, and also that they cannot be easily transformed or "destroyed" by many conventional galactic processes. Because of the unique nature of stationary states, it is shown that gravitational eigenstructures have the potential to remain largely undetected, provided certain conditions are met. Speculatively, it is suggested that they could provide a mechanism for the origin of high-energy cosmic rays, and also that, if these hypothetical structures have been present from an early time in the history of the universe, then they could have influenced the large- scale structure of the universe.
Non-coding Regulatory RNAs of the DNA Tumor Viruses

Viral non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) exist in various forms, many of which appear unique to a particular DNA tumor virus family. In contrast, virally encoded microRNAs (miRNAs) represent a strategy used by several DNA tumor virus families to tap into the same processing and effector machinery utilized by host-derived miRNAs. Whether encoded during latent or lytic infection, ncRNAs are often among the most highly expressed viral transcripts, implying that they have important functions in the viral life cycle. Viral ncRNAs have been shown to contribute to viral gene autoregulation, modification of the host cell apoptotic response, and enhance the translation of viral proteins. While our knowledge of the various viral ncRNAs continues to grow, there remain surprising gaps in our understanding of the functions of some viral ncRNAs, especially given their abundance and the fact that they were discovered decades ago. Here, we provide an overview of the current understanding of the regulatory ncRNAs encoded by the DNA tumor viruses, including the VA RNAs, EBERs, HSURs, PAN, and the recently discovered viral miRNAs.
Genetic Identification of SEMA3F as an Antilymphangiogenic Metastasis Suppressor Gene in Head and Neck Squamous Carcinoma

Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) often metastasize to locoregional lymph nodes, and lymph node involvement represents one of the most important prognostic factors of poor clinical outcome. HNSCC are remarkably lymphangiogenic and represent a clear example of a cancer that utilizes the lymphatic vasculature for malignant dissemination; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying lymphangiogenesis in HNSCC is still poorly understood. Of interest, we found that an axon guidance molecule, Semaphorin 3F (SEMA3F), is among the top 1% underexpressed genes in HNSCC, and that genomic loss of SEMA3F correlates with increased metastasis and decreased survival. SEMA3F acts on its co-receptors, plexins and neuropilins, among which neuropilin-2 (NRP2) is highly expressed in lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) but not in oral epithelium and most HNSCCs. We show that recombinant SEMA3F promotes LEC collapse and potently inhibits lymphangiogenesis in vivo. By reconstituting all possible plexin and neuropilin combinations, we found that SEMA3F acts through multiple receptors, but predominantly requires NRP2 to signal in LECs. Using orthotopic HNSCC metastasis mouse models, we provide direct evidence that SEMA3F re-expression diminishes lymphangiogenesis and lymph node metastasis. Furthermore, analysis of a large tissue collection revealed that SEMA3F is progressively lost during HNSCC progression, concomitant with increased tumor lymphangiogenesis. SEMA3F is localized to 3p21, an early and frequently deleted locus in HNSCC and many other prevalent human malignancies. Thus, SEMA3F may represent an antilymphangiogenic metastasis suppressor gene widely lost during cancer progression, hence serving as a prognostic biomarker and an attractive target for therapeutic intervention to halt metastasis.
The Narrative Organization of Collective Memory

Abstract Collective memory is analyzed from the perspective of narrative organization. Specifically, narratives provided by a sociocultural context, especially the modern state, are examined in their capacity to serve as cultural tools for members of a collective as they recount the past. The power of these tools to shape collective remembering is examined with the help of a distinction between specific narratives and schematic narrative templates. The former include information about specific dates, places, actors, and so forth, whereas the latter are abstract forms of narrative representation and typically shape several specific narratives. The utility of these notions is assessed by examining the “expulsion-of-foreign-enemies” schematic narrative template that shapes much of Russian collective memory, both during the Soviet period and post-Soviet periods. [collective memory, narrative, schematic narrative template, Russia]
Heparan Sulphate Proteoglycan in Scleromyxedema Promote FGF-2 Activity

Summary The cause of progressive dermal sclerosis, proliferation of fibroblasts, and collagen deposition in scleromyxedema is unknown. We analyzed the heparan sulphate proteoglycans (HSPG) in cutaneous nodules from a patient with scleromyxedema in order to ascertain their role in the binding of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and promoting signaling complex assembly. Total heparan sulphate (HS) was detected with a mono-clonal antibody to HSPG on paraffin sections. Binding of FGF to HS was assessed using FGF-2 followed by anti-FGF-2 antibody. The formation of HS-mediated signaling complex was studied using soluble FR1-AP, which contains the extracellular domain of FGF receptor-1 linked to alkaline phosphatase (AP) and monoclonal anti-AP-antibody. Anti FGF-2 and anti-AP antibodies were visualized using the DAKO Envision Plus system. The dermal nodule of scleromyxedema contained ample HS and these bound FGF-2 and FR1-AP. Specificity was confirmed by prior incubation with heparitinase (no staining) and omission of FGF-2 (no staining). Increased amounts of HSPG were present in the dermal nodules of scleromyxedema compared to adjacent normal dermis and these bound FGF-2, immobilized the soluble receptor protein FGFR-1 and, therefore, formed a ternary complex composed of HSPG, FGF-2 and FGFR-1 in vitro. Since this complex resembles the signaling complex formed on live cells, HSPG in the nodules of scleromyxedema are in a configuration that promotes FGF activity.
Revisiting the educationally influential physician: development of a simplified nomination form.

Introduction: An educationally influential (EI) physician is one to whom colleagues look for informal clinical advice. The original nomination form created to identify EI physicians among general practitioners was published in 1978. The present research developed an updated and simplified nomination form based on a survey of specialists. Methods: A mailed questionnaire asked specialists treating neuromuscular disease to consider traits they might look for in colleagues when seeking clinical advice and rate them on a 6-point Likert-type scale. Based on study hypotheses, the traits were categorized a priori as representing one of four categories: approachability, declarative knowledge, practice-based procedural knowledge, and translational ability. The response rate among the approximately 500 specialists surveyed was 45%. Results: Practice-based procedural knowledge items were most highly rated, followed by translational ability, approachability, then declarative items. Women specialists selected a slightly different constellation of traits, including less emphasis on approachability. Performing, publishing, and even reading current research were not, on average, considered essential in an informal clinical advisor. Discussion: Colleagues identified as informal clinical advisors (ICAs) by neuromuscular specialists cannot be assumed to possess knowledge of, or be practicing according to, research evidence. Participants indicated that when they made changes in their treatment of patients, they often did so on the basis of research evidence obtained in other ways, but they did not choose ICAs on the basis of their advisor's familiarity with research-based knowledge.
Philosophy and design of a composition mapping atom probe (COMAP)

Abstract An atom-probe design which increases the efficiency and rate of data acquisition, compared to conventional atom probes, is described. The composition mapping atom probe (COMAP) detector — not configured as a single atom position sensitive detector (PSD) — functions simply as a parallel array of atom-probe detectors. Each detector element collects ions from a specimen region of about 2 nm diameter, and the elements are spaced sufficiently to preclude multiple arrival signals occurring for a single ion arrival. This improves the accuracy of collecting data for lateral composition profiles of near-surface regions and within the bulk, compared to previous designs of multi-element atom probe detectors.
Providing differentiated QoS for peer-to-peer file sharing systems

In this paper, we propose a new Cluster Server Architecture (CSA) to realize an enhanced differentiated QoS in P2P file sharing systems. CSA adopts two approaches to provide a better QoS for dedicated users than standard users: (1) expedited forwarding messages of dedicated users and system maintenance messages at each node to speedup their response times, and (2) temporarily caching and instantly supplying routing information for dedicated users to reduce their self-organization overhead and warm-up time. Both theoretical analysis and simulation results show that our proposed architecture and algorithms effectively and efficiently implement a differentiated QoS model in P2P file sharing systems. The CSA introduces only modest overhead but still retains a good scalability and robustness.
Menopause in female rhesus monkeys.

Fifteen female rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatto), ranging in age from 8 to 34 years, were studied for one year to characterize the endocrine and menstrual changes associated with menopause in this species. Five monkeys were premenopausal; these younger monkeys, ages 8-11 years, menstruated and showed cyclic ovarian activity during the 12-month study period, as evidenced by menses and periodic elevations of serum estradiol (E2) and luteinizing hormone (LH) concentrations. Four females, ages 24-26 years, were in transition to menopause. Two of these perimenopausal females menstruated and secreted E2 and LH in a periodic fashion; the other two females showed elevated LH concentrations, consistently low E2 levels, and no evidence of menstruation. Six females, ages 27-34 years, were clearly postmenopausal; LH concentrations were high, whereas E2 concentrations were uniformly low. There was a significant inverse correlation between basal E2 concentrations and age, and a significant positive correlation between age and LH concentrations across all 15 animals. Hormonal changes indicative of ovulation, when they occurred, were generally restricted to the winter and early spring months. Histological analysis of ovaries from four postmenopausal females revealed little or no evidence of active folliculogenesis. These data indicate that menopause in female rhesus monkeys does not occur until the second half of thethird decade of life. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The mechanism of synthesis of the polysaccharide part of mannan in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Abstract Saccharomyces cerevisiae wild-type and mutant cells affected in the structure of mannan outer chain were shown to possess in vivo one major dolichol- P-P -bound oligosaccharide. The size, monosaccharide composition, and pattern obtained upon acetolysis and paper chromatography of the oligosaccharide were the same for all strains and for the main corresponding compound isolated from animal tissues. Evidence is presented indicating that the dolichol- P-P derivative occurring in vivo , and containing 2- N -acetylglucosamine, 9-mannose, and 3-glucose residues, is the intermediate involved in yeast protein glycosylation. The transfer of the oligosaccharide to protein was followed in vivo by the excision of the glucose and at the most one mannose residue. Mannoses were then added to the trimmed saccharide moiety. No difference between the first stages (i.e., excision of monosaccharides) of the processing of the protein-bound oligosaccharides by wild-type and mutant cells was found. However, mutants carrying the mnn 1 mutation, which are known to be devoid of terminal α(1–3)-linked mannose residues in the mannan outer chain and inner core, were found not to add such mannose residues to the already glucose-free protein-bound oligosaccharide.
A Class of Quasilinear Differential Inequalities whose Solutions are Ultimately Constant

Let Ω be a domain in R n with compact complement and let T be a quasilinear elliptic or degenerate elliptic operator associated with functions u ∈C 2(Ω). This paper is a study of solutions of (sgn u)Tu ≧ f (|u|, |grad u|) where f belongs to a class of functions here termed bifurcation functions. The main condition on f is that uniqueness fails for the ordinary differential equation y″ = f(y, y´) with the initial condition y(0) = y´(0) = 0. The conclusion is that u is constant for large |x| and hence, under mild supplementary hypotheses, u has compact support. Examples show that the results fail if the assumptions on f are only slightly weakened, so that the class of f is, essentially, the largest class for which the results can be stated truly.
Similar Topological Origin of Chiral Centers in Organic and Nanoscale Inorganic Structures: Effect of Stabilizer Chirality on Optical Isomerism and Growth of CdTe Nanocrystals

It is observed in this study that the chirality of cysteine stabilizers has a distinct effect on both the growth kinetics and the optical properties of CdTe nanocrystals synthesized in aqueous solution. The effect was studied by circular dichroism spectroscopy, temporal UV−vis spectroscopy, photoluminescence spectroscopy, and several other microscopy and spectroscopic techniques including atomic modeling. Detailed analysis of the entirety of experimental and theoretical data led to the hypothesis that the atomic origin of chiral sites in nanocrystals is topologically similar to that in organic compounds. Since atoms in CdTe nanocrystals are arranged as tetrahedrons, chirality can occur when all four atomic positions have chemical differences. This can happen in apexes of nanocrystals, which are the most susceptible to chemical modification and substitution. Quantum mechanical calculations reveal that the thermodynamically preferred configuration of CdTe nanocrystals is S type when the stabilizer is d-cyst...
From the Structures of Simple Salts to Those of Sophisticated Viruses

An account is given of the development of X-ray crystallography from its beginnings in 1912 to its present successes in the determination of virus structures. Brief mention is made of early inorganic and subsequent organic molecule structure determinations, which eventually laid the foundations for the first protein structures in 1957-1959, Various experimental and computational advances were required for these successes. However, additional technical advances were necessary before the first near atomic resolution structures of spherical viruses became possible in 1978-1979. Current emphasis is in probing the multifunctional biological properties of viral capsids when they infect cells.
Microstructural examination of V–(3–6%)Cr–(3–5%)Ti irradiated in the ATR-A1 experiment

Abstract Microstructural examination results are reported for four heats of V–(3–6%)Cr–(3–5%)Ti irradiated in the ATR-A1 experiment to ∼4 dpa at 200°C and 300°C to provide an understanding of the microstructural evolution that may be associated with degradation of mechanical properties. Fine precipitates were observed in high density intermixed with small defect clusters for all conditions examined following the irradiation. The irradiation-induced precipitation does not appear to be affected by preirradiation heat treatment or composition.
Opiate antagonist binding sites in discrete brain regions of spontaneously hypertensive and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats

The binding of 3H-naltrexone, an opiate receptor antagonist, to membranes of discrete brain regions and spinal cord of 10 week old spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats was determined. The brain regions examined were hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus, corpus striatum, pons and medulla, midbrain and cortex. 3H-Naltrexone bound to membranes of brain regions and spinal cord at a single high affinity site with an apparent dissociation constant value of 3 nM. The highest density of 3H-naltrexone binding sites were in hippocampus and lowest in the cerebral cortex. The receptor density (Bmax value) and apparent dissociation constant (Kd value) values of 3H-naltrexone to bind to opiate receptors on the membranes of amygdala, hippocampus, corpus striatum, pons and medulla, midbrain, cortex and spinal cord of WKY and SHR rats did not differ. The Bmax value of 3H-naltrexone binding to membranes of hypothalamus of SHR rats was 518% higher than WKY rats but the Kd values in the two strains did not differ. It is concluded that SHR rats have higher density of opiate receptors labeled with 3H-naltrexone in the hypothalamus only, in comparison with WKY rats, and that such a difference in the density of opiate receptors may be related to the elevated blood pressure in SHR rats.
Model development and comparison to predict softwood and hardwood per cent cover using high and medium spatial resolution imagery

The recent availability of high spatial resolution multispectral scanners provides an opportunity to adapt existing methods and test models to derive spatially explicit forest type and per cent cover information at the Landsat pixel level. A regression modelling methodology was applied for scaling‐up high resolution (IKONOS) to medium spatial resolution satellite imagery (Landsat) to predict softwood and hardwood forest type and density (per cent cover) in a northern Maine study area. Regression relationships (63 different models) were developed and compared. The model variables included vegetation indices and several date (season) combinations of Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) imagery (August, September, October and May). A model incorporating all variables from four dates of Landsat ETM+ imagery produced the highest coefficient of variation in predicting both softwood (0.655) and hardwood cover (0.66). The addition of vegetation indices with the six ETM+ reflected bands did not significant...
Wheelchair exercise testing: comparison of continuous and discontinuous exercise

We have compared wheelchair exercise performed at submaximal levels in a continuous versus discontinuous format. There was a positive linear relationship between heart rate, systolic blood pressure, and VO2 with increasing workload. This was true for both modes of testing with no significant difference in heart rate, systolic blood pressure, VO2, Ve, or Ve/VO2. We conclude that clinical wheelchair exercise testing can be performed in a continuous format without sacrificing physiological data.
Tracheal mucociliary transport in laboratory mice: evidence for genetic polymorphism.

Mean tracheal transport velocities of inhaled 3μ coumarin-bound monodisperse latex spheres, measured by epi-fluorescence through the intact trachea of anesthetized mice, were 2.29 ± 0.52 mm/min for C57BL/6J, 0.40 ± 0.42 mm/min for DBA/2] mice and 1.47 ± 0.87 mm/min for (C57BL/6J X DBA/2]) F, mice. A nonparametric analysis of the observed proportions of mice expressing parental phenotypes in second filial, two first backcross and one second backcross generations confirmed the polymorphism to be genetically determined and consistent with a single-locus mode of inheritance.
Chimeric Phage Lysins Act Synergistically with Lysostaphin To Kill Mastitis-Causing Staphylococcus aureus in Murine Mammary Glands

Staphylococci cause bovine mastitis, with Staphylococcus aureus being responsible for the majority of the mastitis-based losses to the dairy industry (up to $2 billion/annum). Treatment is primarily with antibiotics, which are often ineffective and potentially contribute to resistance development. Bacteriophage endolysins (peptidoglycan hydrolases) present a promising source of alternative antimicrobials. Here we evaluated two fusion proteins consisting of the streptococcal λSA2 endolysin endopeptidase domain fused to staphylococcal cell wall binding domains from either lysostaphin (λSA2-E-Lyso-SH3b) or the staphylococcal phage K endolysin, LysK (λSA2-E-LysK-SH3b). We demonstrate killing of 16 different S. aureus mastitis isolates, including penicillin-resistant strains, by both constructs. At 100 μg/ml in processed cow milk, λSA2-E-Lyso-SH3b and λSA2-E-LysK-SH3b reduced the S. aureus bacterial load by 3 and 1 log units within 3 h, respectively, compared to a buffer control. In contrast to λSA2-E-Lyso-SH3b, however, λSA2-E-LysK-SH3b permitted regrowth of the pathogen after 1 h. In a mouse model of mastitis, infusion of 25 μg of λSA2-E-Lyso-SH3b or λSA2-E-LysK-SH3b into mammary glands reduced S. aureus CFU by 0.63 or 0.81 log units, compared to >2 log for lysostaphin. Both chimeras were synergistic with lysostaphin against S. aureus in plate lysis checkerboard assays. When tested in combination in mice, λSA2-E-LysK-SH3b and lysostaphin (12.5 μg each/gland) caused a 3.36-log decrease in CFU. Furthermore, most protein treatments reduced gland wet weights and intramammary tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) concentrations, which serve as indicators of inflammation. Overall, our animal model results demonstrate the potential of fusion peptidoglycan hydrolases as antimicrobials for the treatment of S. aureus-induced mastitis.
Current perspectives in the virology and molecular biology of hepatitis A virus

Abstract Several unique features of hepatitis A virus (HAV) support its classification within a new genus, hepatovirus, of the family Picornaviridae. The structure of the HAV capsid may differ from other picornaviruses as indirect evidence suggests the absence of a myristylated VP4 protein. The replication of HAV is unusually slow in cell culture and typically results in persistent infection. Other evidence suggests fundamental differences between HAV and other picornaviruses with respect to viral translation, polyprotein processing and RNA replication.
Effects of Eugenol on Polymorphonuclear Cell Migration and Chemiluminescence

In this study, the effects of eugenol on human polymorphonuclear (PMN) cell migration and chemiluminescence were examined in vitro. Utilizing zymosan-activated serum or crude Bacteroides sonicate fractions as chemotractants, we found that eugenol inhibits PMN migration at 6.6 x 10-2to 6.6 x 10-5mol/L (P<0.05). Also, similar effects were observed in PMNs pre-incubated in eugenol. Regardless of concentration, eugenol was not found to induce chemotaxis of PMNs. An examination of PMN membrane activation through chemiluminescence gave results consistent with the chemotaxis data, demonstrating a decrease in light emission at concentrations as low as 6.6 x 10-6 mol/L (P<0.05). In view of these data, the potential effect of eugenol on in vivo (sulcular or periapical) PMN function deserves further study.
The return of phosphorylated and nonphosphorylated epitopes of neurofilament proteins to the regenerating optic nerve of Xenopus laevis

Neurofilament proteins of mammalian axotomized peripheral axons, which regenerate effectively, resemble those of embryonic axons. However, injured centrally projecting mammalian axons, which fail to regenerate, have very different neurofilament compositions than during development. If changes in neurofilament composition after injury reflect the ability of axotomized neurons to regenerate effectively, then the neurofilaments of centrally projecting axons that can regenerate should more closely resemble those of developing axons. In this study, the neurofilament compositions of injured optic axons of the frog, Xenopus laevis, were examined, since these axons can regenerate a fully functional projection. Antibodies to phosphorylated and nonphosphorylated forms of neurofilament proteins that had been used previously to study the neurofilament composition of newly developing X. laevisoptic axons were used in immunocytochemical studies to examine the return of neurofilaments to the optic nerve after an intraorbital nerve crush. Intraocularly injected wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase was used to label the regenerating axons independently of their neurofilaments. Neurofilament immunoreactivities disappeared rapidly from crushed axons during the first week after surgery. By nine days after surgery, antibodies to nonphosphorylated form of middle (NF-M) and low molecular weight (NF-) neurofilament proteins and the Xenopusneuronal intermediate filament protein (XNIF) began to stain the nerve just beyond the lesion. By this time, however, growing axonal terminals had reached the optic chiasm. Antibodies to phosphorylated epitopes of NF-M began to stain axons at 15 days, just as growing axons began to arrive at the optic tectum. Nonphosphorylated high molecular weight neurofilament protein (NF-H) began to appear in axons between 18 and 21 days after surgery. Thus, the reappearance of neurofilaments during optic axon regeneration resembled the general pattern seen during development. The chief difference between development and regeneration was that neurofilament epitopes took longer to emerge during regeneration. One possibility is that cues encountered along the optic pathway influence the neurofilament composition of retinal ganglion cell axons. Then, the greater distance travelled by regenerating axons could account for the longer time taken for their neurofilament compositions to mature. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Laura Bridgman and the history of disability. [Reviews of: Freeburg, E. The education of Laura Bridgman: first deaf and blind person to learn language. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2001; Gitter, E. The imprisoned guest: Samuel Howe and Laura Bridgman, the original deaf-blind girl. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2001].

In the summer of 1832, on a small farm near Hanover, New Hampshire, the three daughters of Daniel and Harmony Bridgman fell ill with scarlet fever. Two of them died. The youngest, two-year-old Laura, survived, but was left deaf, blind, and with her senses of taste and smell impaired. She retained perception of light and shadow in one eye until the age of five when she walked into the spindle on her mother's spinning wheel and lost that vestige of sight. In that same year, Samuel Gridley Howe became the director of the newly formed New England Asylum for the Blind in Boston. Having drifted aimlessly through college and medical school, in 1824 Howe had followed Byron to join the fight for Greek independence from the Ottomans. While there he soldiered, treated the wounded, organized a hospital and relief projects, raised money, wrote a history of the revolution, and managed a utopian agricultural colony. Seven years later he returned to Boston a hero. Casting about for another righteous and exciting cause, Howe took up the education of the blind, which he and others at the time saw as both virtuous and adventurous. Not only was it part of a larger constellation of idealistic reform efforts in the early nineteenth century, but in addition the education of blind people promised to shed light on important philosophical questions, such as the relationship between sensory experience and knowledge, the nature of thought and language in the absence of visual imagery, and the extent to which ideas and faculties were innate.
Forward-backward transport theories of ion-solid interactions: Variational approach.

The relationship between the popular so-called backward or Lindhard-type transport equations for linear energetic cascades and the direct or forward Boltzmann equation description is rigorously examined for an arbitrary atomic species mix. A variational principle is systematically derived that characterizes the forward model with generalized boundary conditions (internal reflection at a free surface) and is extremized to yield self-consistently the adjoint equations and boundary conditions as components of the corresponding Euler-Lagrange system. The adjoint function is treated purely as a mathematical artifact, which follows naturally from the variational principle. Dubious physical arguments to assign adjoint boundary conditions are thereby avoided. A truly backward description is derived from the adjoint formalism, which under the assumption of space and time homogeneity, reduces to the familiar Lindhard form. The Lindhard-type equations are seen to be neither backward nor forward equations but assume a hybrid form. In contrast, the forward and truly backward (or adjoint) models are exact and of general validity. They are complementary approaches and thus describe a duality that is mediated by the variational principle.
Steroid interactions with cytochrome P-450 from testis microsomes.

Abstract The cytochrome P-450 of gonadal microsomes is an integral component of the steroid converting enzymes, 17α-hydroxylase and 17,20-lyase. Interaction of the steroid substrates with this cytochrome results in a shift in the Soret band as measured by difference spectroscopy. In these studies it is shown that in contrast to placental microsomal cytochrome P-450 which binds C 19 , steroids, testis microsomal cytochrome P-450 primarily binds C, steroids. However, addition of a 17α-methyl, 17β-acetate or a 17β-benzoate group to testosterone permits interaction. The addition of hydroxyl or methyl groups to other positions does not affect binding. The presence of multiple oxygen functions on C 21 steroids, as in cortisol and corticosterone, precludes interaction. At least one oxygen function seems necessary for binding as 5α- and 5β-pregnane do not bind whereas 20-deoxypregnenolone (5-pregnen-3β-ol) does bind. These findings indicate that factors in addition to hydrophobic interactions dictate the binding of steroid substrates to testis microsomal cytochrome P-450.
Restricted isometry properties and nonconvex compressive sensing

The recently emerged field known as compressive sensing has produced powerful results showing the ability to recover sparse signals from surprisingly few linear measurements, using l1 minimization. In previous work, numerical experiments showed that lp minimization with 0 < p < 1 recovers sparse signals from fewer linear measurements than does l1 minimization. It was also shown that a weaker restricted isometry property is sufficient to guarantee perfect recovery in the lp case. In this work, we generalize this result to an lp variant of the restricted isometry property, and then determine how many random, Gaussian measurements are sufficient for the condition to hold with high probability. The resulting sufficient condition is met by fewer measurements for smaller p. This adds to the theoretical justification for the methods already being applied to replacing high-dose CT scans with a small number of x-rays and reducing MRI scanning time. The potential benefits extend to any application of compressive sensing.
Autonomous correction of sensor data applied to building technologies using filtering methods

Sensor data validity is extremely important in a number of applications, particularly building technologies. An example of this is Oak Ridge National Laboratory's ZEBRAlliance research project, which consists of four single-family homes located in Oak Ridge, TN. The homes are outfitted with a total of 1,218 sensors to determine the performance of a variety of different technologies integrated within each home. Issues arise with such a large amount of sensors, such as missing or corrupt data. This paper aims to eliminate these problems using: (1) Kalman filtering and (2) linear predictive coding (LPC) techniques. Simulations show the Kalman filtering method performed best in predicting temperature, humidity, pressure, and airflow data, while the LPC method performed best with energy consumption data.
The Effect of Cue Categorization and Modeling Technique on the Assessment of Cue Importance

A substantial amount of behavioral research in business has attempted to uncover the relative importance decision makers attach to different decision variables (cues) used in their decision processes. This paper reports on two experiments that examine methodological issues concerning the assessment of cue importance. The first experiment examined whether the categorical descriptions given to cues in many modeling studies affect the importance decision makers attach to those cues. Results revealed that the importance attributed was significantly affected by the categories used to define cues. Additionally, because different techniques have been utilized to model cue importance, the second experiment examined the level of agreement between importance measures derived from two commonly used modeling techniques (ANOVA and information boards) under varying levels of task complexity. Results indicated that cue importance measures generally exhibited a moderate level of agreement. However, the use of different modeling techniques appears to affect the importance attributed to cues for some decision makers. In addition, the level of agreement was not affected by changes in task complexity. Implications of these results for future research studies that model decision behavior are discussed.
Ordered large-pore mesoporous silica film with Im3m symmetry synthesized in ternary copolymer–butanol–water system

Abstract Ordered cubic Im3m mesoporous silica film with unusually large-pore (10.7 nm) have been successfully synthesized by using triblock PEO–PPO–PEO copolymer as the structure-directing agent and n -butanol as the swelling agent through dip-coating approach. The obtained materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, surface profilometer, and nitrogen sorption.
Some properties of an analog of the chiral model

A two-dimensional, renormalizable scalar-field model, equivalent to the chiral model at the classical level, is shown not to be asymptotically free and to have particle production. Therefore, the classical analogy fails at the quantum level.
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in pinnipeds stranded along the southern California coast

Little to no information exists for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in marine mammals frequenting the highly urbanized southern California (USA) coast. Fourteen PBDE congeners were determined by GC-ECNI-MS in blubber of pinnipeds stranded locally between 1994 and 2006. Total PBDE concentrations (SigmaPBDE) in California sea lion (n = 63) ranged from 0.04 to 33.7 microg/g wet weight (mean: 5.24 microg/g). To our knowledge, these are the highest reported PBDE levels in marine mammals to date. By comparison, mean SigmaPBDE in Pacific harbor seals (n = 9) and northern elephant seals (n = 16) were 0.96 and 0.09 microg/g, respectively. PBDEs in adult males were higher than for adult females, however, no age class differences or temporal trends were observed. As the first PBDE data reported for marine mammals in this region, the elevated levels underscore the need for additional studies on the sources, temporal trends, and potential effects of PBDEs in highly urbanized coastal zones.
Native american religion versus archaeological science: A pernicious dichotomy revisited

Adversarial relations between science and religion have recurred throughout Western History. Archaeologists figure prominently in a recent incarnation of this debate as members of a hegemonic scientific elite. Postmodern debates situate disagreements in cosmological differences between innocent, traditional, native peoples and insensitive, career-mad, colonialist scientists. This simplistic dichotomy patronizes both First Peoples and archaeologists, pitting two economically marginal groups in a political struggle that neither can win. Although a few scholars have discussed the tyrannical nature of anthropological models of tradition and culture, little consideration has been given to the fact that archaeology as a scientific discipline is drastically under-funded, with little research support and few jobs. Reconsideration of which political and economic groups actually benefit from the dramatization of a dichotomy between traditional and academic perspectives indicates some interesting patterns. The search for common ground is shown to have ethical implications for both the futures of First Peoples and the future of archaeology.
Advances in the molecular genetics of obesity.

The past year has seen substantial progress in our understanding the molecular mechanisms of bodyweight regulation, particularly in the central and peripheral actions of the leptin and melanocortin signaling pathways (e.g. leptin stimulation of angiogenesis and suppression of cytokine production). Important advances also include the identification of mutations in components of the leptin and melanocortin pathways in human obese families. Expanding from the positional cloning of leptin some five years ago, the mouse continues to be a central focus of study, particularly the way in which different bodyweight-sensing pathways interact in different feeding states.
The smooth muscle-selective RhoGAP GRAF3 is a critical regulator of vascular tone and hypertension.

Variants of the gene encoding the RhoGAP GRAF3 are associated with hypertension; however, the molecular basis for this association is unclear. Here, Bai et al. show that GRAF3 is strongly and specifically expressed in vascular smooth muscle cells, where it regulates blood pressure by inhibiting the GTPase RhoA.
Evaluation of a Hue Capturing Based Transient Liquid Crystal Method for High-Resolution Mapping of Convective Heat Transfer on Curved Surfaces

Accurate determination of convective heat transfer coefficients on complex curved surfaces is essential in the aerothermal design and analysis of propulsion system components. The heat transfer surfaces are geometrically very complex in most of the propulsion applications. This study focuses on the evaluation of a hue capturing technique for the heat transfer interpretation of liquid crystal images from a complex curved heat transfer surface. Impulsively starting heat transfer experiments in a square to rectangular transition duct are reported. The present technique is different from existing steady-state hue capturing studies. A real-time hue conversion process on a complex curved surface is adopted for a transient heat transfer technique with high spatial resolution. The study also focuses on the use of encapsulated liquid crystals with narrow color band in contrast to previous steady-state hue based techniques using wide band liquid crystals. Using a narrow band crystal improves the accuracy of the heat transfer technique. Estimated uncertainty for the heat transfer coefficient from the technique is about 5.9 percent. A complete heat transfer map of the bottom surface was possible using only seven liquid crystal image frames out of the 97 available frames during the transient experiment. Significant variations of heat transfer coefficientsmore » are quantitatively visualized on the curved surfaces of the transition duct. 33 refs.« less
A Note on the Estimation of Nonlinear System Damping

System damping for a single mode in resonance is often estimated from a measurement of the bandwidth of the frequency response function. While the bandwidth is customarily measured between the half-power frequencies, it is also possible to choose any other fraction of the maximum amplitude. If the damping is linear, i.e., if the loss factor is independent of amplitude, the same damping will be found with any such choice. While intuition might suggest that the damping of a nonlinear system would be better estimated from a bandwidth taken closer to the maximum amplitude, this is shown to be false.
On Arthur Jensen's integrity

Abstract Few psychologists have engendered the controversy or endured the abuse that Arthur Jensen has in the past three decades. His adamant adherence to a hard-edged science and an uncompromising personal integrity have led to notoriety. Although these virtues might be rewarded, if applied to less controversial topics. Art Jensen has been vilified because he applied his standards to the most important and painful social issues of our day. In this article. I admire his ethics but trace the negative reactions he evoked. His legacy to psychological science goes beyond important studies on choice reaction times and intelligence, environmental effects on intelligence, and race differences in mental development; Art Jensen set a standard for an honest psychological science.
HETEROSYNTHESIS AND AUTOSYNTHESIS IN THE EARLY STAGES OF ANURAN DEVELOPMENT

Any attempt to explain the formation of independent metazoan organisms from dependent unicellular "germs" must consider several preconditions. First, the originating cell must possess a potential for great lability, and have available an ap? propriate stimulus to initiate the expres? sion of this potential. This is true for the oogonium, for the spermatogonium or other multipotential cell which makes an abortive attempt to form an embryoid body (Pierce, 1961; Stevens, 1962), for re? generation blastema cells, and for whichever cells give rise to vegetatively-produced invertebrates and plants (see reviews in Balinsky, 1960, and Rudnick, 1962). Other preconditions for these cells and their derivatives are: (1) the mechanisms re? quired for the maintenance of life; (2) the materials required for maintenance and for the elaboration of new structural
Can Biochemistry Usefully Guide the Search for Better Polymer Electrolytes

I review some considerations that suggest that the biochemical products of evolution may provide hints concerning the way forward for the development of better electrolytes for lithium polymer batteries.
The progression of adriamycin-induced nephrotic syndrome in rats and the effect of captopril

The progression of adriamycin-induced nephrotic syndrome in rats was studied over a 3-month period. The effect of an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, captopril, on this model of renal disease, was also studied. Two weeks following a single iv injection of adriamycin, rats were divided into two treatment groups: one received a daily po dose of captopril and the other received a placebo. Measurements of renal function were performed at 4, 8, and 11 weeks following the initiation of therapy. Necropsies and light microscopic evaluation of the kidneys were performed at the end of the treatment period. Functional and morphologic alterations in both groups of rats were compared to each other and to normal age/weight-matched control rats studied over the same time period. At 13 weeks following the administration of adriamycin, both treatment groups had significant renal dysfunction when compared to normal controls. In addition to severe proteinuria, rats receiving adriamycin exhibited polyuria, polydipsia, increased plasma urea nitrogen and plasma creatinine, and decreased endogenous creatinine clearance. They had severe generalized kidney lesions characterized by tubular dilation and atrophy, cast formation, interstitial fibrosis and lymphocytic infiltration, and focal, global glomerulosclerosis. The histopathologic ranking of the kidneys was correlated with some antemortem laboratory parameters but not with the degree of proteinuria. Captopril had no ameliorating effects on the progression of renal disease. Certain findings indicate that captopril may actually have promoted the deterioration of renal function. We conclude that adriamycin-induced nephrotic syndrome in the rat is a progressive disease resulting in generalized renal dysfunction, and that captopril, at the dose given in this experiment, is unable to slow the progression of the disease.
Influence of the support during homocoupling of phenylboronic acid catalyzed by supported gold

Abstract Gold or palladium nanoparticles with an average diameter of 10 and 15 nm, respectively, were deposited on the surface of CeO 2 , TiO 2 , ZrO 2 , and SiO 2 powder supports by deposition–precipitation using a solution of HAuCl 4 or Pd(NO 3 ) 2 . The supports and catalysts were characterized by N 2 adsorption, XRD, TEM, and FTIR spectroscopy. The influence of the crystallite size, degree of hydroxylation, and crystallinity of the supports on the conversion and selectivity during the Suzuki homocoupling of phenylboronic acid were investigated. Under the same reaction condition, the supported palladium catalysts are less active than the supported gold catalysts. The palladium catalysts show a selectivity of about 75% towards biphenyl with formation of benzene and phenol as byproducts. However, when supported gold is used for the reaction, a selectivity of 100% towards biphenyl is obtained in all cases except when SiO 2 is used as support. The activity of the supported gold catalysts increases as the size of the crystallite support particles decreases and as the initial surface coverage of OH groups in the supports increases. The results confirm a previous model suggesting the participation of hydroxyl groups in the catalytic reaction through the dissociation of molecular water on the surface of the support to restore the surface hydroxyl groups.