cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Significance of Palynomorphs as Sedimentation Indicators in Cretaceous Straight Cliffs Sandstone, Utah: ABSTRACT

Palynomorphs, which are abundant in maceration residues of many fine-grained clastic rocks, commonly include spore and pollen exines, waxy cuticles, resinous bodies, and vitrinized and fusinized material which is incorporated with mineral grains in sediments. Differences in occurrence and relative abundance of the palynomorphs may be attributed to differential response of the particles to transport and sedimentation because of these parameters: (1) size: range from silt to fine sand; (2) shape: spheroidal, ovoidal, irregular, tabular, platy, or bladdered; (3) specific gravity: range from about 1.2 to 1.6. Interpretation of the sedimentary environment of the Upper Cretaceous Straight Cliffs Sandstone is based on application of results of studies of the palynology of several modern sedimentary areas, specifically by comparison of fossil and modern palynomorph residues. The following patterns are indicated for the paralic Straight Cliffs Sandstone: 1. In nearshore neritic beds, species of displaced terrigenous plants are numerous, marine microplankton abundant, resinous bodies and cuticles less abundant, and sorting poor. Apparently, once carried into the site of deposition, organic particles were winnowed little by offshore currents. End_Page 734------------------------------ 2. In nearshore continental beds, species of microfossils are less numerous generally; many beds contain mainly one kind of palynomorph, such as resinous bodies or fusinized material. Possibly this reflects local conditions which favor minimum particle transport and mixing. 3. Bladdered pollen grains occur in varying abundance in almost every bed regardless of other palynomorph abundance. Differing hydrodynamic response of these large grains may govern their anomalous occurrence, in contrast to smaller nonbladdered forms. End_of_Article - Last_Page 735------------
Some Factors Controlling Evolution of Near-Surface Diagenetic Fabrics in Pleistocene Carbonates of Barbados: ABSTRACT

On the uplifted Pleistocene reef tracts of Barbados the nature and distribution of subaerial diagenetic fabrics reflect changes in 3 primary controlling factors: climate, soil, and substrate facies. These factors influence the amount and rate at which meteoric water is introduced into and held within the immediate subsurface. Annual rainfall varies areally by a factor of 2, and evaporation, locally potentially greater than precipitation, is generally at a maximum in areas coincident with minimum rainfall. Soils grade from montmorillonitic, with an exceedingly slow rate of internal drainage, to kaolinitic, where drainage is as much as an order of magnitude faster. Substrate facies plays a subordinate but definite role in that sediments with a very open framework are incapable of retaining the pore water necessary for upward capillary transfer back to the evaporative sediment-air interface. Subaerial fabrics are best developed in areas of low rainfall, high evaporation, and montmorillonitic soil cover. These conditions favor a local solution-reprecipitation process at or near the rock-soil-air interface. Where water is introduced into the subsurface in greater quantity or more quickly (because of higher rainfall and/or more kaolinitic soils) intense dissolution predominates, commonly with the attendant destruction of earlier formed subaerial fabrics. Subaerial diagenesis appears to be a geologically rapid process bearing a nonlinear relation to length of exposure. Fabrics are equally well developed on successive reef tracts spanning approximately 300,000 years of exposure, and are present on subsurface discontinuities which represent breaks of only a few thousand years. End_of_Article - Last_Page 623------------
Metabolism of Sinapine in Mustard Plants. II. Purification & Some Properties of Sinapine Esterase

Experimental evidence for the presence in mustard seedlings of an esterase that catalyzes the hydrolysis of sinapine into sinapic acid and choline has been presented previously (12). It was felt that further studies on this enzyme might be of some general biochemical interest. A preparation of sinapine esterase purified 20fold has been obtained from white mustard seedlings (Brassica hirta Moench). The specificity, pH optimum, and other properties of the enzyme have been examined and will be discussed in this paper. A spectrophotometric method for following the hydrolysis of sinapine based on the absorption of sinapic acid at 290 myt has been devised and is described.
A better confidence interval for the sensitivity at a fixed level of specificity for diagnostic tests with continuous endpoints

For a diagnostic test with continuous measurement, it is often important to construct confidence intervals for the sensitivity at a fixed level of specificity. Bootstrap-based confidence intervals were shown to have good performance as compared to others, and the one by Zhou and Qin (2005) was recommended as the best existing confidence interval, named the BTII interval. We propose two new confidence intervals based on the profile variance method and conduct extensive simulation studies to compare the proposed intervals and the BTII intervals under a wide range of conditions. An example from a medical study on severe head trauma is used to illustrate application of the new intervals. The new proposed intervals generally have better performance than the BTII interval.
Oxide reduction during triggered-lightning fulgurite formation

Abstract In this study triggered-lightning induced fulgurites were formed in 99.9% pure binary oxides of manganese (MnO) and nickel (NiO) in order to study oxide reduction mechanisms. The fulgurite formation process involved packing the oxide in PVC holders and using the standard rocket-and-wire technique to trigger a lightning strike through the oxide at the International Center for Lightning Research and Testing in Camp Blanding, Florida. These two oxides were chosen from the thermodynamic extrapolation of the oxide stability using the Ellingham Diagram. This diagram indicates that NiO is significantly less stable than MnO. Fulgurites from the pure oxides were analyzed in a scanning electron microscope (SEM); secondary electron images, backscattered images and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) were used to determine the microstructure and composition of the fulgurites. SEM/EDS analysis of the NiO and MnO prior to fulgurite formation confirmed they were pure binary oxides with no metallic contamination. After fulgurite formation, it was found that the nickel oxide fulgurite contained metallic nickel particles; the manganese oxide fulgurite showed no metallic phase formation. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) examination confirmed that the MnO was a pure oxide with no sign of metallic phase formation. However, TEM results of the NiO showed that approximately 50% of the NiO was reduced to metallic face-centered cubic Ni. The Ni and NiO were observed to be coherent with the [1 0 0]Ni//[1 0 0]NiO and [1 1 0]Ni//[1 1 0]NiO. These results are consistent with the aforementioned thermodynamic stability calculations and show that the presence of carbonaceous material or mixtures of oxides is not necessary for oxide reduction during fulgurite formation. These studies do not rule out the possibility that electrolysis plays a role in oxide reduction. However, these fulgurites were made simultaneously during the same lightning strike and therefore were subjected to the same electrical current, and thus it is proposed the thermodynamic stability of the oxide must play a role in oxide reduction.
PIKK-dependent phosphorylation of Mre11 induces MRN complex inactivation by disassembly from chromatin

The role of Mre11 phosphorylation in the cellular response to DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) is not well understood. Here, we show that phosphorylation of Mre11 at SQ/TQ motifs by PIKKs (PI3 Kinase-related Kinases) induces MRN (Mre11-Rad50-Nbs1) complex dissociation from chromatin by reducing Mre11 affinity for DNA. Whereas phosphorylation of Mre11 at these residues is not required for DSB-induced ATM (Ataxia-Telangiectasia mutated) activation, abrogation of Mre11 dephosphorylation impairs ATM signaling. Our study provides a functional characterization of the DNA damage-induced Mre11 phosphorylation, and suggests that MRN inactivation participates in the down-regulation of damage signaling during checkpoint recovery following DSB repair.
A Randomized Trial of the "Self-Management Training and Regulation Strategy" for Disruptive Students.

Objectives:The study examined the effects of the Self-Management Training and Regulation Strategy (STARS) on disruptive behavior, authority acceptance, social competency, and student–teacher relati...
Identification of Multimodal MRI and EEG Biomarkers using Joint-ICA and Divergence Criteria

The acquisition of multiple brain imaging types for a given study is a very common practice. However these data are typically examined in separate analyses, rather than in a combined model. We propose a novel methodology to perform joint independent component analysis across image modalities, including structural MRI data, functional MRI activation data and EEG data, and to visualize the results via a joint histogram visualization technique. Evaluation of which combination of fused data is most useful is determined by using several information theoretic divergence measures. We demonstrate our method on a data set composed of functional MRI data from two tasks, structural MRI data, and EEG data collected on patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls. Our method provides a way to improve feature selection and even preprocessing. We show that combining data types can improve our ability to distinguish differences between groups.
Transition states for Ar55

Abstract Five transition states for the Mackay icosahedral Ar 55 cluster have been calculated, demonstrating the power of the Cerjan-Miller eigenvector-following method when applied to such systems. These results represent an important step towards a more detailed understanding of the relation between energetics, reactivity and the potential energy surfaces for these and related systems.
The Wallula fault and tectonic framework of south-central Washington, as interpreted from magnetic and gravity anomalies

Abstract The Yakima fold and thrust belt (YFTB) in central Washington has accommodated regional, mostly north-directed, deformation of the Cascadia backarc since prior to emplacement of Miocene flood basalt of the Columbia River Basalt Group (CRBG). The YFTB consists of two structural domains. Northern folds of the YFTB strike eastward and terminate at the western margin of a 20-mGal negative gravity anomaly, the Pasco gravity low, straddling the North American continental margin. Southern folds of the YFTB strike southeastward, form part of the Olympic–Wallowa lineament (OWL), and pass south of the Pasco gravity low as the Wallula fault zone. An upper crustal model based on gravity and magnetic anomalies suggests that the Pasco gravity low is caused in part by an 8-km-deep Tertiary basin, the Pasco sub-basin, abutting the continental margin and concealed beneath CRBG. The Pasco sub-basin is crossed by north-northwest-striking magnetic anomalies caused by dikes of the 8.5 Ma Ice Harbor Member of the CRBG. At their northern end, dikes connect with the eastern terminus of the Saddle Mountains thrust of the YFTB. At their southern end, dikes are disrupted by the Wallula fault zone. The episode of NE–SW extension that promoted Ice Harbor dike injection apparently involved strike-slip displacement on the Saddle Mountains and Wallula faults. The amount of lateral shear on the OWL impacts the level of seismic hazard in the Cascadia region. Ice Harbor dikes, as mapped with aeromagnetic data, are dextrally offset by the Wallula fault zone a total of 6.9 km. Assuming that dike offsets are tectonic in origin, the Wallula fault zone has experienced an average dextral shear of 0.8 mm/y since dike emplacement 8.5 Ma, consistent with right-lateral stream offsets observed at other locations along the OWL. Southeastward, the Wallula fault transfers strain to the north-striking Hite fault, the possible location of the M 5.7 Milton-Freewater earthquake in 1936.
Observation policies for patient and resource tracking in outpatient clinics

In this paper we construct a Petri net model that is used to determine the optimal number of observers required to track the patients in a real world outpatient clinic. The goal of tracking is to collect sample data that can be used for statistical analysis of system (clinic) performance. The Petri net model has several components including the patients' workflow stages and the behaviors of the observers who are tracking the patients. The model also includes the dynamics of human and nonhuman resources that serve the patients. We simulate the constructed Petri net model to determine the duration of observation under different number of observers. We then use the results to calculate the cost of observation and to determine the best observation policy
Precise form of the efficiency equation for a Ge(Li) detector

Abstract The applicability of the semi-empirical relation used by Freeman and Jenkin to lower energies (down to 200 keV) is examined.
Effects of Internal Sodium on Ionic Conductance of Internally Perfused Axons

FOR isolated giant axons of squid (Loligo) perfused internally with solutions containing both sodium and potassium ions and perfused externally with artificial sea water, the initial transient outward component of membrane current has been shown to be carried by both sodium and potassium1 even though the predominant charge carrier is sodium2. This finding is in some disagreement with the hypothesis of Hodgkin and Huxley3. The work reported here in part confirms that the initial membrane current component is not solely specific for sodium ions. Evidence is also presented for sodium currents of long duration appearing when the internal medium predominantly contains sodium ions.
Perceptions of Seafood Safety

Consumer perception affects how food products are positioned in the marketplace. In addition, misperception about product safety influences how products are labeled and marketed. Regulatory compliance issues facing aquaculture producers are driven both by science-based concerns over product safety and politics. Consumer perception of product safety often has little connection with any legitimate public health concern. This is particularly true for aquatic foods which have been politically targeted throughout the years by inaccurate assessment of product safety as part of a larger strategy to discourage purchases or to direct purchase to politically more acceptable product, for example from a “farmed” fish to a wild harvested one. Activists target the safety of foods harvested from the marine environment to promote an environmental agency, most recently mercury raising content in pelagic species such as tuna to scare women, particularly pregnant women, from consuming this otherwise healthful food. Recent scares have involved colorant and feed additives for farmed salmon, leading to mandatory retail labeling in Western US markets of “added color” for all farm raised salmonids to increase consumer concern about product safety and discourage purchases. These efforts detract from improving overall food safety, specifically risks of microbial contamination and growth.
Ethnicity and Organizational Forms: An Interview with William Ouchi:

Professor William Ouchi, the author of Theory Z and The M-Form Society, is one of the country's most respected authorities on comparative international management and competitiveness. In this interview, he discusses the application of his concept of the organizational clan to family enterprise, and the critical importance of ethnicity in our experience of our social environment.
Tortoise and hare win for SCD

Bernaudin and colleagues report, in this issue of Blood, the long-term results of the largest study of related myeloablative stem-cell transplantation for sickle cell disease (SCD). Their results show that slow, steady improvements over time, along with the addition of rabbit anti–thymocyte globulin (ATG) to the conditioning regimen, combine to produce an event-free survival (EFS) of 95.3%. They argue that for children with a suitable sibling-matched donor, myeloablative transplantation should be considered the standard of care in those at high risk for stroke.
Effects of cumulus convection on the simulated monsoon circulation in a general circulation model

Abstract The effect of cumulus convection on the Asian summer monsoon circulation is investigated, using a general circulation model. Two simulations for the summer months (June, July, and August) are performed, one parameterizing convection using a mass flux scheme and the other without convective parameterization. Thee results show that convection has significant effects on the monsoon circulation and its associated precipitation. In the simulation with the mass flux convective parameterization, precipitation in the western Pacific is decreased, together with a decrease in surface evaporation and wind speed. In the Indian monsoon region it is almost the opposite. Comparison with a simulation using moist convective adjustment to parameterize convection shows that the monsoon circulation and precipitation distribution in the no-convection simulation are very similar to those in the simulation with moist convective adjustment. The difference in the large-scale circulation with and without convective parame...
Primary Cilia Regulate Branching Morphogenesis during Mammary Gland Development

During mammary gland development, an epithelial bud undergoes branching morphogenesis to expand into a continuous tree-like network of branched ducts [1]. The process involves multiple cell types that are coordinated by hormones and growth factors coupled with signaling events including Wnt and Hedgehog [2-5]. Primary cilia play key roles in the development of many organs by coordinating extracellular signaling (of Wnt and Hedgehog) with cellular physiology [6-8]. During mammary development, we find cilia on luminal epithelial, myoepithelial, and stromal cells during early branching morphogenesis when epithelial ducts extend into the fat pad and undergo branching morphogenesis. When branching is complete, cilia disappear from luminal epithelial cells but remain on myoepithelial and stromal cells. Ciliary dysfunction caused by intraflagellar transport defects results in branching defects. These include decreased ductal extension and decreased secondary and tertiary branching, along with reduced lobular-alveolar development during pregnancy and lactation. We find increased canonical Wnt and decreased Hedgehog signaling in the mutant glands, which is consistent with the role of cilia in regulating these pathways [6-11]. In mammary gland and other organs, increased canonical Wnt [12-14] and decreased Hedgehog [15, 16] signaling decrease branching morphogenesis, suggesting that Wnt and Hedgehog signaling connect ciliary dysfunction to branching defects.
IMPACT OF TRANSCUTANEOUS OXYGEN MONITORING (TCOM) ON QUALITY AND COST OF NEONATAL INTENSIVE CARE

IMPACT OF TRANSCUTANEOUS OXYGEN MONITORING (TCOM) ON QUALITY AND COST OF NEONATAL INTENSIVE CARE
The biochemical effects of the d, m, and a genes on pigment cell differentiation in the axolotl

Summary Three mutations alter the basic pigmentation of the wild-type axolotl. In this study an attempt has been made to describe the biochemical alterations associated with these mutations and to correlate them with the cellular changes observed by other investigators and verified by this author. The a gene has no effect on either pteridine or purine synthesis or on xanthophore or iridiophore differentiation. Rather, it inactivates tyrosinase completely, resulting in the absence of melanin in albino axolotls. The effects of the m gene are primarily on the production of propigment cells by the neural crest. Transplants indicate that more melanophores and fewer xanthophores (than in the wild-type), and no iridiophores are produced in axolotls homozygous for m. Correlated with these observations are a 35% increase in tyrosinase activity and a 40% decrease in pteridine synthesis in melanoid animals. The former may, in part, be due to an increased amount of tyrosinase in each melanophore. Moreover, an accumulation of IDP + ITP, AMP, and an unidentified purine derivative suggest that a somewhat “leaky” enzymatic block in the conversion of IMP into XMP (or of XMP into GMP) may contribute to the reduction and absence, respectively, of fully differentiated xanthophores and iridiophores in melanoid skin. The extent of these contributions remains to be determined. Transplantation experiments indicate that the d gene does not alter the production of propigment cells by the neural crest. The 70% decrease in melanin synthesis (and melanophores) in white axolotls appears to be the result of decreased tyrosinase activity rather than of inhibited melanoblast migration. Likewise, the 50% decrease in pteridine synthesis (and xanthophores) appears to be the result of both decreased (40%) glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity during embryonic stages and of a “leaky” enzymatic block in the conversion of GMP into biopterin, rather than a result of inhibited xanthoblast migration. Since the former block is operative only during embryonic stages, and since the latter block results in a shunting of GMP into guanine synthesis, normal iridiophore differentiation occurs in axolotls homozygous for d.
Transient hypertrophic subaortic stenosis in infants of diabetic mothers

Three newborn infants with congestive heart failure had hemodynamic, angiographic, and echocardiographic features of hypertrophic subaortic stenosis (hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy). Treatment with digitalis and diuretic drugs was ineffective, but improvement occurred when these agents were withheld in one patient, and when treatment with propranolol was begun in two patients. Echocardiography was helpful in establishing the diagnosis in two patients and showed resolution of the condition during the first six months of life. Serial cardiac catheterizations confirmed resolution of the outflow obstruction in the third patient. Family studies revealed no evidence of familial cardiomyopathy, but the mothers of two infants had insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and the mother of the third was presumed to be prediabetic.
Structure Elucidation with Lanthanide Induced Shifts. 14. Structural Effects on Equilibria between Nitriles and EU(fod)3

Abstract In recent years lanthanide shift reagents have become increasingly valuable as aids in the analysis of organic structures by nmr spectroscopy.2. They can be used qualitatively in order to simplify nmr spectra, and the lanthanide induced shifts can also be used quantitatively for the mathamatical analysis of a proposed structure.3–6 Whatever the particular case may demand, these reagents can be utilized most effectively when the equilibria between shift reagent and substrate are well understood. We have previously reported7 the binding abilities of a variety of functional groups with Eu(fod)3, and we have also discussed8 the effects of structural variation on the corresponding equilibria of ketones. We now consider structural effects on the association equilibria for a variety of nitriles with Eu(fod)3 in CCl4.
Changes in the Anthocyanin Pigments of Raspberries During Processing and Storage

SUMMARY The effect of ingoing sirup concentration, various headspace atmospheres, and time and temperature of storage on the retention of the anthocyanin pigments in canned red and black raspberries was determined. The four anthoeyanins of red raspberries and the three anthocyanins of black raspberries were separated by column chromatography and analyzed spectrophotometrically. The anthocyanins appeared to be similar in the two species as determined by paper chromatography. The absorption maximum of the pigments shifted during storage. Prolonged times and higher temperatures of storage both significantly reduced the recoverable anthocyanins. Increased concentration of ingoing sirup and the presence of oxygen resulted in greater pigment destruction.
Modulation of 5-HT1C receptors and phosphoinositide system by ethanol consumption in rat brain and choroid plexus

The effect of chronic ethanol consumption (60 days) on 5-HT1C receptors as measured by [3H]mesulergine binding in the hippocampus, cortex, and choroid plexus of rats was investigated. The 5-HT1C receptor-mediated phosphoinositide hydrolysis in rat choroid plexus was also investigated. It was observed that chronic ethanol treatment significantly increased the 5-HT-stimulated [3H]inositol 1-phosphate ([3H]IP1) formation, as well as the density (Bmax) of 5-HT1C receptors without causing a significant change in affinity (KD) of [3H]mesulergine binding in rat choroid plexus. It was also observed that chronic ethanol consumption had no significant effect on the Bmax or KD of 5-HT1C receptor binding sites in the hippocampus and cortex brain regions of rats. These results thus suggest that chronic ethanol consumption causes an up-regulation of both 5-HT1C receptors and 5-HT1C receptor-mediated phosphoinositide hydrolysis in rat choroid plexus but has no significant effects on the 5-HT1C receptors in brain. These results also suggest that 5-HT1C receptors and their functional response may be involved in the pathogenesis of alcohol dependence.
Comment on the application of the spf potential

Abstract The results given in a recent paper by Gogawale et al. on the application of the Simons-Parr-Finlan potential for the determination of the dissociation energies of diatomic molecules are shown to be based on an erroneous analysis.
Endorphins in primate hemorrhagic shock: beneficial action of opiate antagonists

The endogenous opiate β-endorphin is released concomitantly with adrenocorticotropin from the pituitary during stress. In the present study we investigated the possible involvement of opiate receptors in the cardiovascular depression associated with hypovolemic shock in the nonhuman primate. Changes in circulating levels in β-endorphin were monitored during hemorrhagic shock in 18 female baboons. Plasma levels of β-endorphin increased significantly during hemorrhagic shock and were significantly correlated with a decrease in cardiac output (P < 0.05). Single bolus administration of the opiate receptor antagonist naloxone (2 or 5 mg/kg) produced a transient but significant improvement in cardiac output (P < 0.05) and mean arterial pressure (P < 0.05). Hemodynamic improvement was maintained with a constant infusion of naloxone. Opiate receptor blockade with the longer acting antagonist naltrexone (2 or 5 mg/kg) significantly increased mean arterial pressure (MAP; P < 0.05), and CO (P < 0.05), and decreased heart rate. Our results suggest that the baboon is an excellent model for the study of hemorrhagic shock and provide further evidence for endogenous opiate involvement in the cardiovascular pathophysiology of hemorrhagic shock.
Demonstration of a static Fourier transform spectrometer

In a conventional FTIR, the spectral content of the light is analyzed by a Michelson interferometer or other interferometer with a moving arm. The transmitted light intensity is measured by a wavelength-insensitive detector. The interferogram derived from a Michelson interferometer lies in the temporal domain. An alternative method for obtaining the interferogram involving no moving parts is demonstrated. For this, the interferogram lies in the spatial domain. This concept has many applications to sensor systems, for instance, forming a low-cost demodulator for Bragg-grating systems or field-portable spectrometers.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Solubility and molecular conformations of n-Alkane chains in water

We employ molecular dynamics simulations to study the solubility and molecular conformations of n-alkane chains in water. We find nearly exponential decrease in solubility with carbon number up to n-eicosane (C20), and excellent agreement with experiment up to n-dodecane (C12). We detect no sharp break in the dependence of the solubility upon carbon number. A free energy landscape analysis of the chain conformations reveals remarkable similarities between the ideal gas and solvated phase landscapes, suggesting that solvated chain conformations are driven primarily by ideal gas statistics. We find no evidence for hydrophobic collapse of n-alkane chains shorter than n-eicosane (C20). The primary effect of the solvent is the appearance of a barrier on the order kBT, not present in the ideal gas, between the free energy basins corresponding to compact and extended chain conformations, and destabilization of the most extended conformations. Our findings are robust to nontrivial modification of the potential mo...
Control of morphology and function of low band gap polymer–bis-fullerene mixed heterojunctions in organic photovoltaics with selective solvent vapor annealing

Replacing PCBM with a bis-adduct fullerene (i.e. ICBA) has been reported to significantly improve the open circuit voltage (VOC) and power conversion efficiency (PCE) in P3HT bulk heterojunctions. However, for the most promising low band-gap polymer (LBP) systems, replacing PCBM with ICBA results in very poor short-circuit current (JSC) and PCE although the VOC is significantly improved. Therefore, in this work, we have completed small angle neutron scattering and neutron reflectometry experiments to study the impact of post-deposition solvent annealing (SA) with control of solvent quality on the morphology and performance of LBP–bis-fullerene BHJ photovoltaics. The results show that SA in a solvent that is selective for the LBP results in a depletion of bis-fullerene near the air surface, which limits device performance. SA in a solvent vapor which has similar solubility for polymer and bis-fullerene results in a higher degree of polymer ordering, bis-fullerene phase separation, and segregation of the bis-fullerene to the air surface, which facilitates charge transport and increases power conversion efficiency (PCE) by 100%. The highest degree of polymer ordering combined with significant bis-fullerene phase separation and segregation of bis-fullerene to the air surface is obtained by SA in a solvent vapor that is selective for the bis-fullerene. The resultant morphology increases PCE by 190%. These results indicate that solvent annealing with judicious solvent choice provides a unique tool to tune the morphology of LBP–bis-fullerene BHJ system, providing sufficient polymer ordering, formation of a bis-fullerene pure phase, and segregation of bis-fullerene to the air surface to optimize the morphology of the active layer. Moreover, this process is broadly applicable to improving current “disappointing” LBP–bis-fullerene systems to optimize their morphology and OPV performance post-deposition, including higher VOC and power conversion efficiency.
On subsidiary problems in geometric programming

Abstract When a dual-based procedure is used to solve a geometric programming problem, the presence of inactive constraints at the primal optimum reduces the amount of information available about the relationship between the optimal primal and dual vectors. In certain situations one must resort to solving one or more subsidiary problems to recover solution from the dual optimum. This paper reviews such situations and presents an alternative formulation of the dual as a generalized linear program, along with a column generation algorithm based on the same. The algorithm avoids subsidiary problems, and the formulation provides more information than the traditional dual when recovering the primal optimum.
Will environmental changes reinforce the impact of global warming on the prairie–forest border of central North America?

Within the next 50–100 years, the warming climate will have major effects on boreal and northern hardwood forests situated near the prairie–forest border of central North America. This biome boundary shifted to the northeast during past episodes of global warming, and is expected to do so again. The climate of the future will likely lead to higher mortality among mature trees, because of the greater frequency of droughts, fires, forest-leveling windstorms, and outbreaks of native and exotic insect pests and diseases. In addition, increasing populations of native deer and European earthworm invasions will inhibit the establishment of tree seedlings. The expected net impact of these factors will be a “savannification” of the forest, owing to the loss of adult trees at a rate faster than that at which they can be replaced. This will cause a greater magnitude and more rapid northeastward shift of the prairie–forest border, as compared with a shift solely attributable to the direct effects of temperature change.
Laser-stimulated migration of adsorbed atoms on solid surfaces

This paper presents a unified theory of the coherent, multiple-photon excitation and laser-stimulated migration of atoms adsorbed on solid surfaces. We show that under steady-state excitation the migration of the adsorbed atom on the surface is diffusional, with diffusion constant dependent upon field intensity, surface temperature, relaxation constants, dipole moment strength, laser frequency, and the vibrational frequency of the adsorbed atom. In particular, it is shown that the rate of diffusion is proportional to the field intensity. Finally, we discuss the utility of laser-stimulated migration in the enhancement of surface chemical reactions, as well as in the analysis of surface relaxational processes.
Exchange rate and price dynamics under adaptive and rational expectations: An empirical analysis

Abstract While the concept of rational expectations has become a central tenant of open economy macroeconomic modeling, Frankel and Froot (1990a), using survey data, find that exchange rate expectations are either extrapolative or regressive. We estimate structural and semi-structural open economy macroeconomic models, with static, adaptive, and rational expectations, to empirically investigate these questions. The two major results of the paper are first, that the restrictions imposed by static expectations are overwhelmingly rejected in favor of either adaptive or rational expectations, and second, that it is not possible to choose empirically between rational and adaptive expectations. (JEL F31).
Perspectives on Official English: The Campaign for English as the Official Language of the U.S.A.

H A number of important issues crystalize in the movement to declare English the official language of the United States; among these are the role of bilingual education in the public schools, the status of minority languages and their speakers, constitutional questions of free speech and civil rights, immigration policy, and language planning and policy. Educators, sociolinguists, and jurists may respond to these issues according to their areas of expertise and provide convincing arguments for one or another position. The data they rely on is historical, legal, demographic, and sociological, and their conclusions and recommendations are usually based on interpretations of statistical data and the evidence of history. In contrast, the discussion of these issues in the popular media and through partisan channels of mass mailings and propagandizing is often reduced to the level of stereotype and caricature. The perception that the status of English in the U.S. is threatened by immigrants "unwilling to assimilate" seems to have struck a responsive chord in the U.S. polity, whose perception of recent events may not be informed by the contrary evidence presented by social scientists and historians. Perspectives on Official English (Perspectives) is a collection of papers from a conference held at Arizona State University in March 1987, the purpose of which was to address "the issue of official English throughout the United States" (p. 5), with emphasis on recent activities in the border states of Arizona, California, New Mexico, and Texas. The editors hope to stimulate debate because "there has been . .. no clear public debate-or even concern-over the years as to what the language policy of the United States should
Magnetoelectric Laminate Composites: An Overview

Since the turn of the millennium, giant magnetoelectric (ME) effects have been found in laminated composites of piezoelectric and magnetostrictive layers. Compared with ME single phase and two-phase particulate composites, laminated composites have much higher ME coefficients and are also readily fabricated. Here, we will overview the brief history of ME laminates, discussing some of the important advancements in material couples, laminate configurations, and operational modes that have allowed for dramatic enhancements in the ME voltage and charge coefficients.
Controlled study of landfill biodegradation rates using modified BMP assays

Abstract Biochemical Methane Potential (BMP) assays, typically used to assess anaerobic biodegradability of liquid wastes with added nutrients and bacteria, were adapted to compare gas production rates from solid landfill samples taken at sites in Illinois, Wisconsin, and Colorado, U.S.A. The technique involved incubation of 25 g ground samples in triplicate or quadruplicate under controlled anaerobic conditions. For the landfill assays, unamended samples were run as controls and compared with assays with added water or water plus nutrients (no anaerobic innoculum). In assays with added water, consistently higher gas production rates were obtained over unamended controls. In assays of samples with high soil:refuse ratios (soil was calcareous glacial till) there was little benefit to the addition of an aqueous nutrient media over addition of water alone. Higher percent biodegradation after 200 days incubation was a function of lower volatile solids loading which, for the controls, was associated with samples of high water content and high soil-refuse ratios. With both water and aqueous nutrient media additions, variability in rates was decreased relative to the controls. Anaerobic sample handling did not result in faster onset of methanogenesis in assay bottles relative to samples given a controlled aeration. Results suggest that alteration of current landfill practice to permit addition of liquids would result in higher, more consistent gas production rates and faster landfill stabilization for alternative land uses.
Direct H atom abstraction from spore photoproduct C-6 initiates DNA repair in the reaction catalyzed by spore photoproduct lyase: evidence for a reversibly generated adenosyl radical intermediate.

Spore photoproduct (SP) lyase, which catalyzes the direct reversal of SP (5-thyminyl-5,6-dihydrothymine) to thymine monomers, is the only identified nonphotoactivatable pyrimidine dimer lyase. Unlike DNA photolyase, SP lyase does not contain a flavin cofactor and does not require light for activation. Instead, preliminary studies point to the presence of an iron−sulfur cluster in SP lyase and the requirement for S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet) for catalytic activity, suggesting that SP lyase belongs to the growing group of iron−sulfur cluster and AdoMet-dependent radical enzymes. Here we provide evidence for the role of AdoMet as a reversible deoxyadenosyl radical generator, which initiates repair by hydrogen atom abstraction from C-6 of SP. Reaction of 6-3H-SP, but not methyl-3H-SP, with SP lyase and AdoMet results in transfer of 3H to AdoMet, while no tritiated 5‘-deoxyadenosine is observed. When 5‘-tritiated AdoMet is used in the reaction with unlabeled SP, transfer of 3H into the repaired thymine monome...
Differential heritability of eating attitudes and behaviors in prepubertal versus pubertal twins.

Objective Differential heritability of eating pathology in prepubertal, pubertal, and 17-year-old twins was examined using a population-based twin sample. Method Participants included 530 11-year-old (452 prepubertal, 78 pubertal twins) and 602 17-year-old female twins from the Minnesota Twin Family Study. Puberty was assessed with the Pubertal Development Scale, and general eating pathology was assessed with the total score from the Minnesota Eating Disorders Inventory (M-EDI). Results M-EDI total score intraclass correlations for the pubertal 11-year-old group were more similar to the 17-year-old twins' than the prepubertal 11-year-old twins, suggesting similar levels of genetic influence in the pubertal and older adolescent cohort. Model-fitting corroborated these impressions, indicating that genetic factors accounted for 0% of the variance in 11-year-old prepubertal twins but 54% of the variance in 11-year-old pubertal and 17-year-old twins. Discussion Findings suggest that a portion of the genetic influence on eating pathology may become activated during puberty. © 2003 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 33: 287–292, 2003.
Extragenic suppressor mutations in ΔripA disrupt stability and function of LpxA

Francisella tularensis is a Gram-negative bacterium that infects hundreds of species including humans, and has evolved to grow efficiently within a plethora of cell types. RipA is a conserved membrane protein of F. tularensis, which is required for growth inside host cells. As a means to determine RipA function we isolated and mapped independent extragenic suppressor mutants in ∆ripA that restored growth in host cells. Each suppressor mutation mapped to one of two essential genes, lpxA or glmU, which are involved in lipid A synthesis. We repaired the suppressor mutation in lpxA (S102, LpxA T36N) and the mutation in glmU (S103, GlmU E57D), and demonstrated that each mutation was responsible for the suppressor phenotype in their respective strains. We hypothesize that the mutation in S102 altered the stability of LpxA, which can provide a clue to RipA function. LpxA is an UDP-N-acetylglucosamine acyltransferase that catalyzes the transfer of an acyl chain from acyl carrier protein (ACP) to UDP-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) to begin lipid A synthesis. LpxA was more abundant in the presence of RipA. Induced expression of lpxA in the ΔripA strain stopped bacterial division. The LpxA T36N S102 protein was less stable and therefore less abundant than wild type LpxA protein. These data suggest RipA functions to modulate lipid A synthesis in F. tularensis as a way to adapt to the host cell environment by interacting with LpxA.
Review: magnetic resonance imaging alone is of limited usefulness in diagnosing multiple sclerosis.

Source Citation Whiting P, Harbord R, Main C, et al. Accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging for the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: systematic review. BMJ. 2006;332:875-84. 16565096
The Darwinian selection theory of antibody formation

Abstract A theory of antibody production is proposed in which (1) macrophages phagocytize the immunogen and transfer an immunogen-RNA complex to lymphocytes, (2) the RNA combines with the initiator locus of the lymphocyte and (3) a γ-globulin molecule with threshold avidity for the immunogen combines with it and, by allosteric changes, activates the initiator gene. Thus, it is seen that any cell making specific antibody will be selected for in the Darwinian sense and become more numerous in its kind. The mechanism is shown to explain the classical immunological phenomena of specificity, variety, tolerance, lymphoproliferation, spontaneous termination, anamnesia, recognition of self and increased affinity with the passage of time. An advantage to a system of antibody production involving two cell types is offered in the light of the proposed mechanism.
Progressive headache in a 48-year-old man.

A 48-year-old man with diabetes mellitus and alcoholic cirrhosis presented with a throbbing headache of 1-month duration. The patient did not have a history of intravenous drug use. On physical examination, he was afebrile but disoriented with nuchal rigidity. Head CT scan was negative. Lumbar puncture (LP), performed after the first dose of cefotaxime was given, showed a white cell count (WCC) of 84 620 cells/μL with 96% neutrophils. MRI of the brain revealed multiple ring-enhancing lesions consistent with brain abscess (figure 1). Figure 1 Left panel …
Spontaneous recovery in cross-motivational transfer (counterconditioning)

In two experiments with rat subjects, we examined the effects of a retention interval on performance in two conditioning paradigms in which a conditioned stimulus (CS) was associated with different unconditioned stimuli (USs) in successive phases of the experiment- Experiment 1 was designed to examine aversive-appetitive transfer, in which the CS is associated with shock and then food; Experiment 2 was designed to examine appetitive-aversive transfer, in which the CS is associated with food and then shock. Aversive and appetitive conditioned responses (freezing and head-jerk responding, respectively) were scored from videotape. In both experiments, a 28-day retention interval following the end of Phase 2 caused a recovery of the Phase 1 response and a resuppression of the Phase 2 response. The results suggest that the original association is not destroyed when the CS is associated with a new US in Phase 2. They also suggest that both retroactive and proactive interference effects may result-from interference with performance output rather than a disruption or loss of what is learned during or stored from the target phase.
Multichannel SHF DAMA System

The Multichannel Super High Frequency (SHF) Demand Assigned Time Division Multiple Access (DAMA) System is a TRI-TAC modem and tandem switch that provides for allocating and sharing DSCS II and III satellite resources for digital communications in a more efficient and flexible manner. It is planned for installation in TACSATCOM vehicular terminals of the Ground Mobile Forces. DAMA is being developed by Raytheon Company under contract to the US Army Satellite Communications Agency. The program has successfully completed Advanced Development and is pointing towards an IOC in 1992. The DAMA system will replace the preassigned FDMA modem equipment in the AN/TSC-85A and-93A terminals, now being fielded. It will increase tenfold the capacity of these terminals for handling precedence theatre traffic at 99% grade of service, both secure voice and secure data, while providing direct, maximized connectivity-thereby avoiding busy nodes and allowing all calls to be single hop-and implementing decentralized control. It will provide increased survivability and mobility, and reduce logistic support requirements. DAMA requires an operator only a few minutes for initial set up, which includes timing acquisition and ranging (frame synchronization) and entry of the terminal into the network. Thereafter it operates unattended, and he is needed only for any required corrective maintenance. Operator interface is via keyboard, display, and printer. The Full Scale Engineering Development (FSED) system will consist of two 40" high standard 19" racks of militarized equipment containing ten chassis and weighing 787 lbs. This replaced 15 chassis of FDMA equipment weighing 937 1bs.
Cytosine-rich messenger RNA from carrot root discs

Abstract The total poly A+ RNA from aerated carrot root discs was further fractionated into a cytosine-rich mRNA fraction by oligo (dG) cellulose chromatography. C-rich mRNA was purified at least 10-fold by this procedure and, when translated in wheat germ lysates, codes for 57 and 53 Kdalton peptides. Translation in double label amino acid mixtures indicates that C-rich mRNA codes for proline-rich peptides which may be precursors to the hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein synthesized in vivo by this tissue.
Effectiveness of the 5-As Tobacco Cessation Treatments in Nine HMOs

BACKGROUND Smoking remains the leading cause of preventable mortality in the US. The national clinical guideline recommends an intervention for tobacco use known as the 5-As (Ask, Advise, Assess, Assist, and Arrange). Little is known about the model’s effectiveness outside the research setting.
HARVESTING AND CULTURE OF EPITHELIAL CELLS FROM HOLLOW ORGANS OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM.

The technique of trypsinization of cells lining the hollow organs applied to the female reproductive tract has proven successful in harvesting living cells which produced luxuriant cultures in vitro.