cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The international classification of functioning, disability and health and its application to cognitive disorders.

Purpose: This paper describes the conceptual foundation and systematic framework of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) as a mechanism for understanding the course and consequences of various health related states. The specific application of the ICF with persons with cognitive dysfunction is also presented.Method: A comprehensive literature review related to the conceptualization of the ICF, its classification scheme and coding process is presented. Information on cognitive disorders including prevalence, functional manifestations and the assessment of a person's cognitive functioning and the applicability of the ICF's holistic classification and coding of cognitive dysfunction within the components of body structure and function, activity and participation, and environmental attributes is also reviewed.Conclusion: The ICF has the potential to classify and interpret cognitive deficits on a global level and thereby reflects upon the overall health and functioning ...
Sex Differences in Spatial Cognition, Computational Fluency, and Arithmetical Reasoning

Alternative explanations for the male advantage in arithmetical reasoning, as measured by the ability to solve complex word problems, include a male advantage in spatial cognition and a male advantage in computational fluency. The current study was designed to test these competing hypotheses. To this end, 113 male and 123 female undergraduates were administered arithmetical computations and arithmetical reasoning tests, along with an IQ test and a test of spatial cognition. There was no sex difference on the IQ test, but males showed significantly higher mean scores on the arithmetical computations, arithmetical reasoning, and spatial cognition measures. A series of structural equation models indicated that individual differences in arithmetical reasoning were related to individual differences in IQ, spatial abilities, and computational fluency. Moreover, the results suggested that the male advantage in arithmetical reasoning is mediated by the male advantages in both computational fluency and spatial cognition.
Sensitivity of the Wolf’s and Rosenstein’s Algorithms to Evaluate Local Dynamic Stability from Small Gait Data Sets

The Wolf’s (W-algorithm) and Rosenstein’s (R-algorithm) algorithms have been used to quantify local dynamic stability (largest Lyapunov exponent, λ 1) in gait, with prevalence of the latter one that is considered more suitable for small data sets. However, such a claim has never been investigated. To address it, the λ 1 of the Lorenz attractor was estimated using small data sets and varied delays and embedding dimensions. Overall, the λ 1 estimates from the R-algorithm got closer to the theoretical exponent than those from the W-algorithm. The W-algorithm also overestimated λ 1 while the R-algorithm underestimated it, overlooking the attractor convergences and divergences, respectively. Local dynamic stability was then examined from 1-, 2- and 3-min long gait time series of younger (YA) and older adults (OA). The OA were found more locally unstable than the YA regardless of time series length with the W-algorithm but only for the longest time series with the R-algorithm. The lack of sensitivity to capture age-related decline in local dynamic stability from shorter time series is proposed to result from a drawback of the R-algorithm that overlooks the expansion of the attractor trajectories. The W-algorithm is advocated for use when examining local dynamic stability with small gait data sets.
An assessment of false discovery rates and statistical significance in label-free quantitative proteomics with combined filters.

Many studies have provided algorithms or methods to assess a statistical significance in quantitative proteomics when multiple replicates for a protein sample and a LC/MS analysis are available. But, confidence is still lacking in using datasets for a biological interpretation without protein sample replicates. Although a fold-change is a conventional threshold that can be used when there are no sample replicates, it does not provide an assessment of statistical significance such as a false discovery rate (FDR) which is an important indicator of the reliability to identify differentially expressed proteins. In this work, we investigate whether differentially expressed proteins can be detected with a statistical significance from a pair of unlabeled protein samples without replicates and with only duplicate LC/MS injections per sample. A FDR is used to gauge the statistical significance of the differentially expressed proteins. We have experimented to operate on several parameters to control a FDR, including a fold-change, a statistical test, and a minimum number of permuted significant pairings. Although none of these parameters alone gives a satisfactory control of a FDR, we find that a combination of these parameters provides a very effective means to control a FDR without compromising the sensitivity. The results suggest that it is possible to perform a significance analysis without protein sample replicates. Only duplicate LC/MS injections per sample are needed. We illustrate that differentially expressed proteins can be detected with a FDR between 0 and 15% at a positive rate of 4–16%. The method is evaluated for its sensitivity and specificity by a ROC analysis, and is further validated with a [15N]-labeled internal-standard protein sample and additional unlabeled protein sample replicates. We demonstrate that a statistical significance can be inferred without protein sample replicates in label-free quantitative proteomics. The approach described in this study would be useful in many exploratory experiments where a sample amount or instrument time is limited. Naturally, this method is also suitable for proteomics experiments where multiple sample replicates are available. It is simple, and is complementary to other more sophisticated algorithms that are not designed for dealing with a small number of sample replicates.
Ground penetrating radar applications in engineering, environmental management, and geology

Abstract The ability to see through, below, and into solid materials using non-invasive techniques has important applications in a variety of fields where investigations may otherwise require intrusive or destructive methods. Probing concrete, soils, or bedrock using coring or drilling can provide detailed information about subsurface features, but is valid for only a short distance away from the test boring. Ground penetrating radar is capable of providing continuous high-resolution profiling of subsurface features, and is capable of locating objects and horizons at a variety of scales. The GPR technique is finding applications in fields as diverse as architecture, engineering, environmental management, and mineral prospecting.
Selective immunoglobulin A deficiency associated with nodular lymphoid hyperplasia

Nodular lymphoid hyperplasia (NLH) has been firmly associated with syndromes of hypogammaglobulinemia but not with selective absence of IgA. We report the case of a 5-yr-old girl with the triad of selective IgA deficiency, NLH of the small bowel, and giardiasis. Results of an extensive immunologic investigation, including immunohistochemical examinations of small bowel biopsies, support the hypothesis that the basic defect responsible for IgA deficiency in this patient was the failure of precursor IgM-bearing lymphocytes to differentiate into IgA-producing plasma cells. Furthermore, the abundance of IgM-bearing cells in biopsy specimens demonstrates the existence of a compensatory mechanism in the intestine to substitute IgM for the absent IgA.
Generation of Polarized Light in the Crab Nebula

IT does not appear to have been noted previously that the polarized light emitted by the Crab Nebula could be generated in an elementary manner. In the collisions between high-velocity clouds of presumably ionized matter, polarized light could be generated due to bremsstrahlung. This radiation would be generated primarily in the collisions between the electrons of one cloud and the nuclei of a colliding cloud.
SREBP-1, a basic-helix-loop-helix-leucine zipper protein that controls transcription of the low density lipoprotein receptor gene

Sterol regulatory element 1 (SRE-1), a decamer (5'-ATC-ACCCCAC-3') flanking the low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor gene, activates transcription in sterol-depleted cells and is silenced by sterols. We report the cDNA cloning of human SREBP-1, a protein that binds SRE-1, activates transcription, and thereby mediates the final regulatory step in LDL metabolism. SREBP-1 contains a basic-helix-loop-helix-leucine zipper (bHLH-ZIP) motif, but it differs from other bHLH-ZIP proteins in its larger size (1147 amino acids) and target sequence. Instead of an inverted repeat (CANNTG), the target for all known bHLH-ZIP proteins, SRE-1 contains a direct repeat of CAC. Overexpression of SREBP-1 activates transcription of reporter genes containing SRE-1 in the absence (15-fold) and presence (90-fold) of sterols, abolishing sterol regulation. We suggest that SREBP-1 is regulated by an unknown factor that is overwhelmed when SREBP-1 is overexpressed. Understanding the regulation of SREBP-1 may be crucial for understanding the control of plasma cholesterol in humans.
Short- and long-term effects of asphyxia on juvenile play

The possibility that asphyxia may influence social processes was evaluated in two experiments. In the first, juvenile rats were asphyxiated and their play behavior (as measured by pins and dorsal contacts) was measured immediately and 30 min following recovery. Although the asphyxiated rats’ play was substantially reduced immediately following recovery, they exhibited no play changes 30 min later. The immediate play deficit was not modified by opioid blockade with 1 mg/kg of naloxone. In the second experiment, repeated asphyxiation during the neonatal period was found to have no effects on the subsequent development of juvenile play. These experiments provide no evidence for a role of asphyxia and opioids in the control of social development of mammals.
Secondary amide-based linkers for solid phase organic synthesis

Abstract The electron rich benzaldehyde derivatives 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde and 2-methoxy-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde have been investigated for use as linkers for solid phase organic synthesis. Reductive amination of these aldehydes attached to ArgoGel resins with a model primary amine gave the corresponding benzylic secondary amines. These compounds were then converted to the corresponding ureas, sulfonamides, aryl amides, and alkyl amides by derivatization with an appropriate electrophile The desired secondary amide derivative was then cleaved from the support by treatment with trifluoroacetic acid to provide essentially quantitative yields of products in high purity.
Projects as instruments of development administration: A qualified defence and suggestions for improvement

Projects have become an important instrument of international assistance and of development administration because they seem to offer major advantages over other forms of planning and management. But projects have also come under increasing criticism in recent years. The benefits they offer to various interests involved in development ensure, however, that they are unlikely to be abandoned or to diminish in importance in the near future. Thus, ways must be found to make them more flexible and responsive methods of planning and managing social and human development activities. This can be done by planning, appraising and implementing projects as policy experiments, making their design and administration more learning-oriented, and using them as instruments of strategic planning and management.
A Microcomputer Program for Anova Using a Tape Unit

A microcomputer program for two-way analysis of variance is described. Both the program and cell entries are stored on tape. Output consists of both intermediate and final products. Advantages of using a tape unit with a microcomputer are convenience, capacity, and flexibility. Limitations are found in not having data on cards and in the inability of the program to handle nested or mixed designs.
RESPIRATORY DEPRESSION IN NEWBORN MONKEYS AT CAESAREAN SECTION FOLLOWING KETAMINE ADMINISTRATION

SUMMARY Ketamine, currently being evaluated as an obstetric anaesthetic agent, is said to provide analgesia without depression of the protective airway reflexes or depression of the respiratory or cardiovascular systems. We have studied the effects of ketamine on the uterine blood flow, the foetus and the newborn in five monkeys (Macaca nemistrina). Uterine blood flow (UBF) was measured by the steady-state infusion technique using tritiated water as the indicator. All of the variables were measured during a control period and again at 10 and 90 min after the administration of ketamine in doses of 2 mg/kg in three monkeys or 1 mg/kg in two. Maternal respiration was maintained at normal physiological levels without significant variation. The maternal mean arterial pressure (MAP), cardiac output (CO), and stroke volume (SV) did not change significantly, but heart rate (HR) did increase significantly following the injection of ketamine and remained increased for the duration of the study. UBF, a-voxyen difference, and the oxygen consumption of the uterus and its contents remained stable throughout. During the intrauterine period the foetus did not seem to be affected by the two doses of ketamine. However, the three newborn monkeys delivered of the mothers who had received ketamine 2 mg/kg had profound respiratory depression. This was not seen in the two infants delivered from mothers receiving 1 mg/kg. Others have shown that neonatal depression is dose-and time-related. We conclude that ketamine should be administered to obstetric patients in small single doses or by continuous infusion in very low concentrations.
Inclusion of junction elements in a linear cardiac model through secondary sources: application to defibrillation.

If a defibrillating stimulus current is applied to a one-dimensional fibre, and if the fibre has junction resistances joining the individual cells, what pattern of transmembrane voltages is induced by the stimulus, and what are the curretns that flow to produce the transmembrane voltages? These questions were considered in an earlier report; in this paper, two additional solution procedures are provided, one exact and one approximate, the latter relatively simple. Earlier work used a resistive model of the cells and junctions, together with a computer solution of 330 simultaneous equations for a 30-cell fibre. The present methods exploit the known solutions for the continuous (zero junctional resistance) fibre together with an analytic treatment of the junctions. With the present methods solution for currents and transmembrane potentials in the same 30-cell fibre requires a solution of only 29 equations (exact method) or the solution of none at all (the approximate method). The results show that, compared with previous results, the exact method provides almost identical transmembrane values; the approximate method gives values within 2 per cent.
A possible signal-coupling role for cyclic AMP during endocytosis in Amoeba proteus

Abstract Cytoplasmic levels of cAMP in Amoeba proteus were measured utilizing radioimmunoassays under control conditions and when stimulated by inducers of either pinocytosis or phagocytosis. In control cells, cytoplasmic cAMP levels were approximately 0.39 pM/mg cells. When exposed to either chemotactic peptide or mannose which stimulate phagocytosis in the amoeba, there is a rapid doubling of the cAMP level within 45 sec of stimulation which then returns to the control level within 3–5 min. Theophylline prolongs the elevation of cytoplasmic cAMP in stimulated cells and is also capable of eliciting food vacuole formation in the amoeba. In addition isoproterenol also causes food vacuole formation in the amoeba as well as a large and prolonged increase in cytoplasmic cAMP levels. Inducers of pinocytosis (BSA and Na Cl) also elicit changes in cytoplasmic cAMP in the amoeba, but the response appears to differ from that elicited by inducers of phagocytosis in that the peak cAMP levels are broader and biphasic. It is concluded that cAMP plays a signal-coupling role during the early phases of both forms of endocytosis in Amoeba proteus .
Simultaneous determination of 7 N-acetyltransferase-2 single-nucleotide variations by allele-specific primer extension assay.

Background: Genotyping of N -acetyltransferase-2 ( NAT2 ) is useful in predicting the risk for toxicity of NAT2 substrates. Current methods cannot detect the 7 most important single-nucleotide variations in NAT2 simultaneously in 1 tube. Methods: We developed an assay that uses allele-specific primer extension (ASPE) and microsphere hybridization for the simultaneous detection of 7 single-nucleotide variations in NAT2 . Using 12 samples previously genotyped by a TaqMan-based assay for method development and as positive controls, we amplified the genetic locus of NAT2 comprising the single-nucleotide variations of interest by PCR and then performed ASPE with allele-specific primers and biotinylated dCTP followed by bead hybridization and streptavidin–R-phycoerythrin binding. Genotypes were determined according to the allele-specific fluorescent signal ratios. Results: The mean (SD) allelic ratios for homozygous common, heterozygous variant, and homozygous variant NAT2 genotypes were 0.0394 (0.0113) (n = 80), 0.4372 (0.0270) (n = 148), and 0.9331 (0.0127) (n = 325). The assay had 100% (95% confidence interval, 99%–100%) within-run reproducibility for 12 samples repeated 6 times and 100% (98%–100%) between-run reproducibility for a 5-sample subset run on 6 different days. NAT2 genotypes of 30 blinded samples determined by this assay were 100% (98%–100%) concordant with results obtained using the TaqMan method. Conclusions: The developed assay can simultaneously determine single-nucleotide variations in NAT2 . The assay demonstrates no overlap in allele-specific signal ratios between homozygous common, heterozygous, and homozygous variant and shows agreement with a reference method and reproducibility of genotype identification.
IR Cards: Inquiry-Based Introduction to Infrared Spectroscopy.

As infrared spectroscopy (IR) is frequently used in undergraduate organic chemistry courses, an inductive introduction to IR spectroscopy that uses index cards printed with spectra, structures, and chemical names is described. Groups of students are given an alphabetized deck of these “IR cards” to sort into functional groups. The students then determine each functional group’s infrared “signature” by comparing several spectra containing a specific functional group. Response to the IR cards was favorable, and students were more proficient in subsequent laboratories that used IR spectroscopy. This experiment is suitable for use in a one-semester or full-year organic course.
Use of the flinch-jump technique to study narcotic analgesia in the rat

The flinch-jump technique was adapted to allow single-session within-subject evaluation of narcotic analgesia and its blockade by a narcotic antagonist. The first experiment was a dose-response study of morphine-induced analgesia employing this methodology. The second experiment was a dose-response study of the inhibition of morphine-analgesia by systemic injection of the narcotic antagonist naloxone. Morphine (2.5, 5.0, 10.0 mg/kg) produced a dose-response analgesia, while injection of saline or naloxone alone failed to alter jump thresholds. Injections of 0.1 or 1.0 mg/kg naloxone systemically reversed the analgesia produced by 10 mg/kg morphine.
Changing Moral Judgement in Divinity Students.

Gains in moral judgement, as measured by the Defining Issues Test (DIT), correlate strongly with advancing education. Curricula that are strongly biblically based may not promote, and students with a strong fundamentalist orientation may not demonstrate, such moral growth. Students at an interdenominational, but very conservative seminary, completed the DIT before and after ethics courses conducted in three different formats. Those students who spent 30 hours in small‐group discussions of ethical dilemmas improved their moral reasoning scores, while those who had fewer hours of discussion or lectures did not. It would appear that small group discussions, shown to improve moral reasoning scores in other educational settings, are also successful in a strongly biblical environment.
Attenuation by a thousand cuts.

A proof-of-principle study shows that attenuation of a virus can be achieved by interfering with codon-pair bias. The modified virus encodes an amino acid sequence that is identical to that of wild-type virus but is probably translated less efficiently.
Periodic nucleotide synthesis in synchronous cultures of bacteria.

Abstract Synchronous cultures of Alcaligenes fecalis exhibit stepwise synthesis of UV absorbing acid soluble material, of total acid soluble phosphorus, and of organic acid soluble phosphorus. In the presence of chloramphenicol, when nucleic acid synthesis occurs in steps, the intracellular nucleotide content rises and falls in periods corresponding to these steps. This periodicity, also seen in the intracellular content of acid soluble ribose, can be observed in synthesis of individual nucleotides. Addition of ribonucleosides to the medium fails to greatly influence the intracellular nucleotide content. The results indicate that the intracellular nucleotide content is sufficient to serve as a reservoir for DNA synthesis and that the rate of turnover is just sufficient to account for total nucleic acid synthesis by the cell.
The Need for a Coordinated and Strategic Local Police Approach to Terrorism: A Practitioner's Perspective

The terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 have had a profound impact on American policing, requiring that police agencies substantially modify various elements of their policies, operations, and training. This article examines several types of changes local American police agencies will have to implement if they are to effectively meet the challenges of preventing, deterring, responding to, and investigating terrorist acts. Police agencies face a compelling need for more sophisticated intelligence gathering and analysis, as well as better dissemination of terrorism intelligence among local, state and federal agencies. There is also the need for more sophisticated operational policies with regard to terrorism response, greater cooperation and sharing of resources among local public safety agencies, and more comprehensive training that educates police officers to the realities of contemporary terrorist methods and activities. Finally, the need for effective investigation and prosecution of terrorist acts ...
Arthroscopic Treatment of Rotator Cuff Disease

The goal of this article is to summarize the current concepts on rotator cuff disease with an emphasis on arthroscopic treatment. Most rotator cuff tears are the result of an ongoing attritional process. Once present, a tear is likely to gradually increase in size. Partial-thickness and subscapularis tears can both be successfully treated arthroscopically if conservative management fails. Partial tears involving greater than 50% of tendon thickness should be repaired. Articular-sided partial tears involving less than 50% of the rotator cuff can reliably be treated with debridement. A more aggressive approach should be considered for low-grade tears (<50%) if they occur on the bursal side. Biomechanical and anatomic studies have shown clear superiority with dual-row fixation compared with single-row techniques. However, current studies have yet to show clear clinical advantage with dual-row over single-row repairs. Biceps tenotomy or tenodesis can reliably provide symptomatic improvement in patients with irreparable massive tears. True pseudoparalysis of the shoulder is a contraindication to this procedure alone and other alternatives should be considered.
Potential for and consequences of naturalized Bt products: Qualitative dynamics from indirect intransitivities

Abstract Advances in genetic modification technology and the production of human-altered genomes have led to an array of genetically modified organisms utilized to address numerous global issues. The human need-based development of these modified organisms often presents unprecedented phenotypes which will interact with the world's existing biodiversity in unknown ways. One such example is Bt transgene crops proliferating because of their application to food security issues due to their resistance to pest insects. While threats to long term viability of Bt crop use due to resistance evolution in pests have been extensively investigated, issues regarding the effects of Bt transgene crops on existing ecosystems and the biodiversity contained therein have seen less scrutiny. In particular, the long-term dynamics in the case of a naturalized Bt product has not received the attention it deserves. Here we note that the ecosystem structure emerging from a naturalized Bt crop is, qualitatively, an intransitive loop. Based on this structure we develop a simple ecosystem model showing that the intransitive nature of the system has potential to facilitate long term persistence of naturalized Bt transgenes by shifting community dynamics.
Random-walk approach to the d-dimensional disordered Lorentz gas.

A correlated random walk approach to diffusion is applied to the disordered nonoverlapping Lorentz gas. By invoking the Lu-Torquato theory for chord-length distributions in random media [J. Chem. Phys. 98, 6472 (1993)], an analytic expression for the diffusion constant in arbitrary number of dimensions $d$ is obtained. The result corresponds to an Enskog-like correction to the Boltzmann prediction, being exact in the dilute limit, and better or nearly exact in comparison to renormalized kinetic theory predictions for all allowed densities in $d=2,3$. Extensive numerical simulations were also performed to elucidate the role of the approximations involved.
Dynamin in disease.

Dynamins are dynamic scaffolding proteins that function in membrane trafficking. A new study shows that mutations in the gene encoding dynamin 2 underlie a distinct form of peripheral neuropathy, establishing the first link between dynamins and human disease.
Coincidence and directional correlation measurements on the decay of 156Tb(5.3 d)

Abstract Coincidence and γ-γ directional correlation measurements on the decay of 156 Tb to levels in 156 Gd were carried out gating with 2 mm or 5 mm Ge(Li) detectors and displaying the spectrum of a 7.6 cm × 7.6 cm NaI detector. The dipole-quadrupole mixtures were determined for transitions of 262, 534, 960, 1065, 1066, 1159, 1222, 1333, 1644 and 1844 keV depopulating intrinsic levels above 1.5 MeV as well as levels at 1154, 1249 and 1355 keV in the gamma-vibrational band. The energies and intensities of previously unobserved transitions of 579.3, 690, 747, 805, 855, 1129, 1188, 1228, 1240, 1265, 1814, 1885, 1889 and 2047 keV were measured using Ge(Li) detectors. The available internal conversion electron data were used in conjunction with our photon data to calculate internal conversion coefficients. Branching ratios for E2 transitions de-exciting levels in the gamma band and E1 transitions de-exciting the negative parity states were calculated and compared with theoretical estimates. A revised decay scheme is presented.
A Novel True Random Number Generator Design Leveraging Emerging Memristor Technology

Memristor, the fourth basic circuit element, demonstrates obvious stochastic behaviors in both the static resistance states and the dynamic switching. In this work, a novel memristor-based true random number generator (MTRNG) is presented which leverages the stochastic property when switching a device between its binary states. Compared to conventional random number generators that require amplifiers or comparators with high complexity, the use of memristors significantly reduces the design cost: a basic MTRNG consists of only one memristor, six transistors, and one D Flip-flop. To maximize the entropy of the random bit generation, we further enhanced the design to a 2-branch scheme which can provide a uniform bit distribution. Our simulation results show that the proposed MTRNGs offer high operating speed and low power consumption: the reading clocks of the basic 1-branch and the enhanced 2-branch schemes can reach at 1.05GHz and 0.96GHz with power assumptions of 31.1"W and 80.3"W, respectively. Moreover, the zero-versus-one distributions and sampling rates of MTRNGs can be flexibly reconfigured by modulating the width and amplitude of the programming pulse applied on a memristor and therefore adjusting its switching probability between ON and OFF states.
Red blood cell [14C]cholesterol exchange and plasma cholesterol esterifying activity of normal and sickle cell blood

The present study performed on density fractions of sickle and normal erythrocytes prepared on Stractan density gradient shows that dense erythrocytes have consistently decreased uptake of [14C]cholesterol from plasma in comparison to young, less dense erythrocytes. Plasma of sickle cell patients also shows a reduction in cholesterol-esterifying activity in comparison to normal controls. A possible effect of these processes in the increased cholesterol to phospholipid molar ratio of irreversibly sickled cells has been suggested.
Greenhouse gas disclosures: evidence from the EU response to Kyoto

In 2005, the European Union instituted the first phase of the Kyoto Protocol by implementing a carbon allocation scheme (cap and trade) to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Prior to 2005, the Scandinavian countries had imposed a carbon tax to reduce carbon emissions. In this study, the EU experience with cap and trade and carbon taxes is compared concluding that neither endeavour was particularly successful in reducing GHG emissions. Disclosures made by firms that were impacted by the GHG emission reduction schemes are then examined. After controlling for size and industry group, firms from the UK and firms that just participated in cap and trade made significantly greater disclosures.
Program integration for languages with procedure calls

Given a program Base and two variants, A and B, each created by modifying separate copies of Base, the goal of program integration is to determine whether the modifications interfere, and if they do not, to create an integrated program that incorporates both sets of changes as well as the portions of Base preserved in both variants. Text-based integration techniques, such as the one used by the Unix diff3 utility, are obviously unsatisfactory because one has no guarantees about how the execution behavior of the integrated program relates to the behaviors of Base, A, and B. The first program integration algorithm to provide such guarantees was developed by Horwitz, Prins, and Reps. However, a limitation of that algorithm is that it only applied to programs written in a restricted language—in particular, the algorithm does not handle programs with procedures. This article describes a generalization of the Horwitz-Prins-Reps algorithm that handles programs that consist of multiple (and possibly mutually recursive) procedures.We show that two straightforward generalizations of the Horwitz-Prins-Reps algorithm yield unsatisfactory results. The key issue in developing a satisfactory algorithm is how to take into account different calling contexts when determining what has changed in the variants A and B. Our solution to this problem involves identifying two different kinds of affected components of A and B: those affected regardless of how the procedure is called, and those affected by a changed or new calling context. The algorithm makes use of interprocedural program slicing to identify these components, as well as components in Base, A, and B with the same behavior.
Reconstituted Okazaki fragment processing indicates two pathways of primer removal.

Eukaryotic Okazaki fragments are initiated by an RNA/DNA primer and extended by DNA polymerase δ (pol δ) and the replication clamp proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Joining of the fragments by DNA ligase I to generate the continuous double-stranded DNA requires complete removal of the RNA/DNA primer. Pol δ extends the upstream Okazaki fragment and displaces the downstream RNA/DNA primer into a flap removed by nuclease cleavage. One proposed pathway for flap removal involves pol δ displacement of long flaps, coating of those flaps by replication protein A (RPA), and sequential cleavage of the flap by Dna2 nuclease followed by flap endonuclease 1 (FEN1). A second pathway involves reiterative single nucleotide or short oligonucleotide displacement by pol δ and cleavage by FEN1. We measured the length of FEN1 cleavage products on flaps strand-displaced by pol δ in an oligonucleotide system reconstituted with Saccharomyces cerevisiae proteins. Results showed that in the presence of PCNA and FEN1, pol δ displacement synthesis favors formation and cleavage of primarily short flaps, up to eight nucleotides in length; still, a portion of flaps grows to 20–30 nucleotides. The proportion of long flaps can be altered by mutations in the relevant proteins, sequence changes in the DNA, and reaction conditions. These results suggest that FEN1 is sufficient to remove a majority of Okazaki fragment primers. However, some flaps become long and require the two-nuclease pathway. It appears that both pathways, operating in parallel, are required for processing of all flaps.
Internuclear migration of chicken progesterone receptor, but not simian virus-40 large tumor antigen, in transient heterokaryons.

The chicken progesterone receptor (PR) is a transcriptional regulatory protein that localizes predominantly within the nucleus of hormone-treated and untreated cells. Transient heterokaryons were generated between PR-expressing Cos-1 cells and PR-negative NIH3T3 cells to examine whether PRs are confined to the nucleus or are capable of bidirectionally traversing the nuclear envelope. Migration of PR from Cos-1 to NIH3T3 nuclei was observed in both the presence and absence of hormone. Since de novo PR synthesis was inhibited in heterokaryons with cycloheximide treatment, PRs that localize within NIH3T3 nuclei of heterokaryons must derive from preexisting receptors that were exported from Cos-1 nuclei. Thus, PR, like some nucleolar and heat shock proteins, appears to be capable of shuttling between the nuclear and cytoplasmic compartments. Not all proteins that enter the nucleus exhibit this trait, since simian virus-40 large tumor antigen, endogenously expressed in Cos-1 cells, does not efficiently translo...
Reduced Immune Responses in Rhesus Monkeys Subjected to Dietary Restriction

Dietary restriction (DR) has emerged as a major paradigm in experimental gerontology. The effects of DR on rodents are numerous and include reduced rates of immunologic aging, delayed morbidity, and increases in longevity. The effects of DR on primate species remain largely unknown. We began a randomized trial of long-term, adult-onset DR in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) in 1989. This report describes some early differences in immunologic function after two to four years of DR. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were studied for mitogen-induced proliferation, natural killer (NK) cell lysis, and expression of cell surface antigens. Antibody response to influenza vaccine and the number of peripheral blood lymphocytes were also measured. Unexpectedly, concanavalin A and pokeweed mitogen response measures were reduced in restricted monkeys compared to controls (p < or = .01). NK activity and antibody responses were also reduced (p < .05). Neither cell surface antigens nor peripheral blood lymphocyte counts appear affected by DR thus far.
The Effect of Abdominal Aortic Cross-Clamping on Myocardial Function

Abstract This study of 27 patients undergoing abdominal aortic operations was under-taken in an effort to define myocardial and peripheral vascular responses more precisely. Thirteen patients underwent resection of abdominal aortic aneurysms and fourteen patients underwent operation for aortoiliac occlusive disease. Both groups of patients demonstrated falls in cardiac index with a rise in total peripheral resistance following anesthesia and aortic crossclamping. The patients undergoing aneurysmal resection demonstrated a persistent altered myocardial function that was not observed in the occlusive disease patients. This difference may reflect the inability of the patients with aneurysmal disease or an extensive collateral network to handle the acute increase in afterload placed upon the myocardium.
Applications of Rock Fracture Mechanics

A survey is given of the many and varied areas of engineering and science which involve the existence, creation or prevention of fracture in rock-like materials. These encompass central activities like quarrying and construction, safety and excavation for tunnels and mines, drilling and fracturing for extraction of oil, gas or thermal energy; other applications include specialty (e.g., ornamental) use of rock or the phenomenology associated with structural geology and earthquake regions, illustrating the vast scale variations in rock studies. Scale and stress/material state are emphasised heavily in contrasting specimens used for laboratory measurements of fracture toughness with the state of representative samples in rock masses; it is even shown that material decohesion plays a negligible role in the overall energy balance of many processes, especially when most work is done, directly or frictionally, to overcome large confining stresses. The relative (energy) efficiency of various rock-breaking techniques is evaluated and some innovations are described. The status of analysis and design procedures for rock fracturing applications is discussed: the potential of finite element and surface integral techniques is put in proper perspective and ongoing/needed developments are outlined, in the context of primary applications.
Product Market Competition and Upstream Innovation: Theory and Evidence from the US Electricity Market Deregulation *

This paper studies the innovation response of upstream technology suppliers when their downstream technology buyers transition from regulation to product market competition. First, we develop a theoretical framework that models this particular organizational structure. Second, we use the US electricity deregulation in the 1990’s to test the model. Using patents as a metric for innovation, we identify two channels through which the effects of deregulation are transmitted to innovation: (a) the appropriation effect which has decreased innovation by 19.5 percent after deregulation, and (b) the competition effect which has increased innovation by 10.7 percent after deregulation. Other unobserved effects of deregulation have led to a 14.5 percent decline in innovation. In aggregate we find that electric technology innovation by electric equipment manufacturers (who were the upstream innovators) has experienced a 23 percent decline due to deregulation. In addition, upstream innovation quality and generality have both declined after the introduction of downstream competition.
Crypto-steady supersonic pressure exchange : A simple analytical model

This paper is motivated by a long-range goal of developing a new class of turbomachine where fluid impellers, created through supersonic wave structures, replace mechanical impellers. This paper is an exploratory study to show how effectively supersonic wave structures can fulfill this goal, and to provide some fundamental insight as to the behavior. A comparison, at a fundamental level, of the spectrum of flow induction devices from mechanical turbomachinery to direct flow induction including steady flow ejectors, wave rotors, and pressure exchange devices is explored. While the authors have been studying various flow induction devices intended to lead to practical solutions, the details of the flow interactions are obscured by geometries and the complex interactions. This paper attempts to take a step backward and look at the simplest conceivable model that demonstrates the phenomena thought to be the key to a new technology. This model is a crypto-steady supersonic pressure exchange process occurring behind a supersonic frictionless semi-infinite flat plate having a pressure differential between both sides of the plate. It is found that very high compressor efficiencies and energy transfer rates are possible even with the presence of supersonic flow structure. Because of the high efficiencies, the analysis shows that there is a potential for the development of a new generation of direct flow induction devices far simpler and more compact than conventional turbomachinery, yet far more efficient than conventional ejectors and wave rotors. Fundamental information is provided which will facilitate exploiting supersonic pressure exchange in practical crypto-steady flow induction devices.
On a class of non-orthogonal space-time block codes with linear decoding complexity

Orthogonal space-time codes have received attention for having maximum likelihood (ML) receivers that reduce an optimal joint symbol detection problem into a set of single symbol detection problems. In this paper, we introduce a class of space-time block codes, referred to as linear receiver processing (LRP) codes, which have decoupled, linear complexity optimal receivers but are not necessarily orthogonal. These codes are also capable of achieving full diversity and rate. Orthogonal codes may be viewed as a special case of the new LRP codes.
Need Assessment: a Critique of Philosophical Assumptions

Building upon a previously published review of "needs" literature, this article demonstrates the function and necessity of philosophical reflection in the field of adult education. A philosophical analysis of the literature of "need" reveals the overly technical preoccupation of adult educational theory and the general lack of attention to other modes of valuing such as the political and the ethical. These lacunae become evident when approaches to educational planning based on needs are compared to Paulo Freire's "pedagogy of the oppressed." In terms of practical implications, it is suggested that the postulation of a hierarchy of basic values serve as the core of program development. On the level of practice, it is recommended that educators initiate planning with a critical examination of the causes of felt needs and that they explicitly model values and value options. For those concerned with educational theorizing, an alternative to the predominant need-assessment rationale for educational program dev...
Showing (motor vehicle) restraint: a primer for emergency physicians

Abstract In 2000, 1,668 child occupants under the age of 14 died in motor vehicle crashes and nearly 250,000 children were injured. When used correctly, child safety seats can dramatically reduce a child's risk of death and serious injury in a motor vehicle crash. Emergency physicians have a unique opportunity to counsel parents and caregivers and provide recommendations on the appropriate restraint for their children as the majority of children in crashes who seek care are treated in emergency departments. The recommendations for child occupant protection are updated regularly. This paper will provide an overview of the current recommendations for restraining children in motor vehicles and identify sources for up to date information for physicians and families.
Origin and causes of the mammoth steppe: a story of cloud cover, woolly mammal tooth pits, buckles, and inside-out Beringia

To account for the vastness of the northern arid steppes during Glacial episodes, I propose the proximate key variable was simply frequent clear skies. This hitherto under-emphasized point is the hub which best explains many questions. Low maritime cloud cover best accounts for today’s tundra, and in a related way, the cloudy Polar Front accounts for the whole of the taiga. Even during Glacial maxima, the proximity of the sea to the Bering isthmus created intermittent maritime cloud cover. This regional cloud cover produced an ecological interruption, or buckle, of the arid steppe belt. While this Beringian mesic buckle did not serve as an intercontinental ecological barrier to most steppe-adapted species, it does seem to have limited the distributions of woolly rhinos, camels, American kiangs, short-faced bears, badgers, and some others. At the beginning of the Holocene, this narrow refugium seems to have been a source of some mesic-adapted species which colonized westward into the now tundra vegetation of northern Asia and eastward into northern North America. This Holocene expansion from a limited and regional Pleistocene refugium created our present misconceptions about Beringia. The mid-strait mesic ecological conditions were the exception to the more extensive, arid-adapted, communities of the Mammoth Steppe. ( 2000 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Morality imposed : the Rehnquist Court and liberty in America

We like to think of judges and justices as making decisions based on the facts and the law. But to what extent do jurists decide cases in accordance with their own preexisting philosophy of law, and what specific ideological assumptions account for their decisions? Stephen E. Gottlieb adopts a unique perspective on the decision-making of Supreme Court justices, blending and re-characterizing traditional accounts of political philosophy in a way that plausibly explains many of the justices' voting patterns. A seminal study of the Rehnquist Court, Morality Imposed illustrates how, in contrast to previous courts which took their mandate to be a move toward a freer and/or happier society, the current court evidences little concern for this goal, focusing instead on thinly veiled moral judgments. Delineating a fault line between liberal and conservative justices on the Rehnquist Court, Gottlieb suggests that conservative justices have rejected the basic principles that informed post-New Deal individual rights jurisprudence and have substituted their own conceptions of moral character for these fundamental principles. Morality Imposed adds substantially to our understanding of the Supreme Court, its most recent cases, and the evolution of judicial philosophy in the U.S.
Post-Synthetic Modification in Vivo of the Major Hemoglobin β Chain in the Rat

Rat hemoglobins are unusually heterogeneous among mammals. This heterogeneity provides multiple opportunities for asynchronies in synthesis and degradation. We have examined rat hemoglobin turnover after an intravenous injection of 2-−14C-glycine. After analyzing incorporation into the seven nonallelic globin chains of adult rats, we found the percentage of the major β chain decreases over the red cell lifespan while the percentage of one of the minor β chains increases. This suggests that a post-synthetic mdification event converts a portion of the latter into the former.
Neuropsychiatric Symptoms of Hepatitis C

More than 4 million (2%) people in the United States have been infected with the hepatitis C virus, of whom 2.7 million are chronically infected. The current treatment for chronic hepatitis C patients is Interferon and ribavirin combination therapy, which is associated with numerous neuropsychiatric side effects. The most common are fatigue, depression, cognitive dysfunction, and anxiety. Early identification and treatment of these symptoms may not only improve the patient's mental health, but also may increase the patient's functional ability and overall quality of life. Psychiatric nurses can play a pivotal role in the successful management of the neuropsychiatric symptoms.