cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Smart work industry best practices for business and IT

Enterprises must respond faster to changing customer expectations and business demands. The major observation is today that we cannot just work harder, and that we cannot just dedicate more resources; thus we must work smarter. Therefore the major question to be answered is: How do businesses evolve to adapt and respond dynamically? We will explain by industry examples how today's technology approaches enable smarter solutions. These solutions are better adapted to business needs, and they are faster implemented.
Expanding Environmental Information Management: Meeting Future Requirements in the Electronics Industry

The environmental impact of product manufacturing, use, and disposal has become a worldwide concern. Laws and regulations designed to protect human health and the environment are being established throughout the global community. In addition to regulatory needs, manufacturing networks have begun to respond to market driven ecoefficiency and sustainability requirements. To optimize manufacturing systems for these requirements, information must flow freely upstream and downstream during a product’s lifecycle. This information includes regulatory compliance information, material content, energy use, and test data among others types of information. To modify systems to effectively manage these data requires an understanding of what information is required. This paper discusses both regulatory and voluntary information needs with a focus on electronics industry efforts for environmental information management and exchange. The information needs are broken down into regulatory information (compliance information, material content, etc.) and voluntary information (lifecycle assessment, cradle to cradle, etc).
An Academic Medical Center’s Learners’ Perceptions of Health Disparities

Introduction Lack of health equity ultimately leads to unequal treatment of diverse patients and contributes to the growing disparities seen in national health. Academic medical centers should consider providing health care providers and biomedical researchers training on how to identify and address health disparities. Methods The authors led an introductory health disparities course for graduate students and research and clinical fellows at an academic medical center in the Midwest. We compared pre/postcourse assessments to determine changes in learners' perceptions and knowledge of health disparities using an unpaired analysis to permit inclusion of responses provided only at baseline. Results Sixty-two learners completed preassessment, with 56 completing the postassessment (90%). In the postcourse assessment, learners reported an increase in knowledge of disparities and had changes in their perceptions of health disparities linked to treatment of different patient groups based on demographic characteristics. There was a statistically significant difference in learners' perceptions of how patients are treated based on gender identity (P=0.02) and sexual orientation (P=0.04). Conclusions The results detail how an academic medical center can provide training on health disparities for diverse learners. This study underscores the influence of health disparities from the perspective of learners who conduct biomedical research and patient care. This course serves a model for introductory-level health disparities courses.
Controlling excited-state contributions with distillation in lattice QCD calculations of nucleon isovector charges g S u − d , g A u − d , g T u − d

We investigate the application of the distillation smearing approach, and the use of the variational method with an extended basis of operators facilitated by this approach, on the calculation of the nucleon isovector charges ${g}_{S}^{u\ensuremath{-}d}$, ${g}_{A}^{u\ensuremath{-}d}$, and ${g}_{T}^{u\ensuremath{-}d}$. We find that the better sampling of the lattice enabled through the use of distillation yields a substantial reduction in the statistical uncertainty in comparison with the use of alternative smearing methods, and furthermore, appears to offer better control over the contribution of excited states compared to use of a single, local interpolating operator. The additional benefit arising through the use of the variational method in the distillation approach is less dramatic, but nevertheless significant given that it requires no additional Dirac inversions. Dependence of our results on the rank of the distillation is space is also explored, and found to be mild.
Highland Tales in the Heart of Borneo: Postcolonial Capitalism, Multiculturalism, and Survivance

Highland Tales in the Heart of Borneo (2015) documents Indigenous oral histories and mythologies which span half a dozen Orang Asal communities across East Malaysia and Indonesia. In this article, Sheela Jane Menon proposes two interconnected readings of Highland Tales, demonstrating how the text is entwined with postcolonial capitalism and Malaysian multiculturalism. First, Menon argues that Highland Tales is a form of capitalist survivance that employs the very systems which exploit Indigenous peoples in order to celebrate Indigenous culture. Analyzing the form, production, and circulation of the text, Menon demonstrates how Highland Tales serves as a unique example of what Anishinaabe scholar Gerald Vizenor terms “survivance” – Indigenous “stories that mediate and undermine the literature of dominance” (Manifest Manners, 12). In Highland Tales, capitalist survivance is both transindigenous and transnational, employing a strategic partnership with state ecotourism. Second, Menon suggests that Highland Tales functions as a critique of state multiculturalism and postcolonial capitalism. The government persistently markets Malaysia as a uniquely diverse nation where racial harmony is bolstered by rapid development. Postcolonial capitalism in Malaysia is thus structured according to a narrative of multiculturalism and modernization which, as Menon illustrates, relies on the exploitation of Indigenous peoples, lands, and resources. Employing the tools of postcolonial capitalism, Highland Tales disrupts narratives of racial harmony and development by amplifying Orang Asal narratives and advancing Indigenous cultural and economic interests.
Eradication of Neuroblastoma by T Cells Redirected with an Optimized GD2-Specific Chimeric Antigen Receptor and Interleukin-15

Purpose: A delay in encountering the cognate antigen while in the circulation, and the suboptimal costimulation received at the tumor site are key reasons for the limited activity of chimeric antigen receptor–redirected T cells (CAR-T) in solid tumors. We have explored the benefits of incorporating the IL15 cytokine within the CAR cassette to provide both a survival signal before antigen encounter, and an additional cytokine signaling at the tumor site using a neuroblastoma tumor model. Experimental Design: We optimized the construct for the CAR specific for the NB-antigen GD2 without (GD2.CAR) or with IL15 (GD2.CAR.15). We then compared the expansion, phenotype, and antitumor activity of T cells transduced with these constructs against an array of neuroblastoma cell lines in vitro and in vivo using a xenogeneic metastatic model of neuroblastoma. Results: We observed that optimized GD2.CAR.15-Ts have reduced expression of the PD-1 receptor, are enriched in stem cell–like cells, and have superior antitumor activity upon repetitive tumor exposures in vitro and in vivo as compared with GD2.CAR-Ts. Tumor rechallenge experiments in vivo further highlighted the role of IL15 in promoting enhanced CAR-T antitumor activity and survival, both in the peripheral blood and tissues. Finally, the inclusion of the inducible caspase-9 gene (iC9) safety switch warranted effective on demand elimination of the engineered GD2.CAR.15-Ts. Conclusions: Our results guide new therapeutic options for GD2.CAR-Ts in patients with neuroblastoma, and CAR-T development for a broad range of solid tumors.
Smoking cessation education and training in obstetrics and gynecology residency programs in the United States.

Background: OB/GYN physicians should be involved in providing smoking cessation counseling to their patients who smoke, especially pregnant patients. However, the smoking cessation practices of OB/GYN physicians seem to be dependent on their education and training and not much is known about their training during medical school. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess the smoking cessation education provided by OB/GYN residency training programs in the United States. Methods: The investigators developed and mailed a valid and reliable survey to all allopathic and osteopathic OB/GYN Residency Directors in the US (n = 275). The internal reliability coefficients (Cronbach alpha) for the four major subscales ranged from 0.63 to 0.90. Best practices in survey research were used to achieve a final response rate of 58%. Results: The majority of residency programs (60%) did not have a formal, structured curriculum in tobacco topics and/or smoking cessation. In contrast, 40% of programs reported having a formal, structured tobacco education curriculum. Sixty-five percent of programs did not formally evaluate residents' competence in providing smoking cessation counseling to patients. A range of 42% to 57% of residency programs reported spending less than one hour/year on teaching various basic science and clinical science topics related to tobacco use. The majority of residency programs spent no time teaching residents about the socio-political aspects of tobacco use cessation. Lack of teaching time was identified by the majority (51%) of the residency directors as a barrier to teaching smoking cessation. Conclusion: Although OB/GYN physicians are expected to provide smoking cessation counseling to their patients, the majority of OB/GYN residency programs in the United States provide minimal education and training in this area. Therefore, continuing medical education on smoking cessation counseling should be broadly implemented for OB/GYN physicians.
From Lab to Lecture? Science Teachers’ Experiences Translating Materiality in Lab-Based Research Experiences into Classroom Practice

In this chapter I present a comparison of three teachers’ experiences with materiality through laboratory research during a summer professional development program aimed at engaging middle and high school teachers in authentic engineering research experiences. This professional development program provided teachers’ entrance into “science and technology…through the back door of science in the making, not through the more grandiose entrance of ready made science” (Latour, 1987, p. 4, emphasis added) and, consequently, granted direct access to the material phenomena with which scientists and engineers work. Therefore, I explore teachers’ experiences with agential intra-action (Barad, 2003) in these settings, as well as the extent to which the teachers translated such experiences into their own classroom teaching.
Sexual Orientation Trajectories Based on Sexual Attractions, Partners, and Identity: A Longitudinal Investigation From Adolescence Through Young Adulthood Using a U.S. Representative Sample.

Defining sexual minority status longitudinally over critical developmental periods is essential for understanding the roots of health disparities. Theory supports multidimensional continuums, but c...
Real-Time Imaging of Invisible Micron-Scale Monolayer Patterns on a Moving Web Using Condensation Figures

Printing of Hexadecanethiol (HDT) on thin gold substrates is the most common form of microcontact printing using self-assembled monolayers. The ability to visualize the HDT gold on a continuous moving Web, prior to subsequent steps, such as etching, is necessary to achieve any acceptable in-process quality control. In this paper, we present a real-time imaging technique for inspecting online print pattern in roll-to-roll process by condensation figures (CFs). The real-time desirable CFs are achieved through controlled consistent condensation of water vapor and a synchronous imaging process. The distribution of droplets of water acquired by fast-speed camera on an HDT-gold surface can be clustered and segmented for determining pre-etch pattern locations and geometries as well as print pattern evaluation. Our imaging system can achieve pattern resolution up to 0.7 μm, Web moving speed 3 in/s, given a low-cost camera with the frame rate up to 1500 fps. We demonstrate that the method can be promisingly used in combination with a pattern “truth table” for online quality monitoring and in-process control.
Examining the Impact of Sexual Revictimization in a Sample of Veterans Undergoing Intensive PTSD Treatment.

Sexual revictimization refers to exposure to more than one incident of rape and is a known risk factor for poor mental health among civilians. This construct has been understudied among veterans. I...
Fear and learning in medieval Islam: Dread as an affective marker of the scholarly class

In this article I argue that a specific experience of fear was adopted by the Islamic scholarly class (ulema) from the mid-tenth century onwards as an affective descriptor of their profession. This fear - khashya, which I translate here as 'dread' - appears in the Qur'an as an apprehensive emotion that those who possess knowledge feel towards God. In modern scholarship, it has often been cited as a term used by scriptural and mystical commentators to explain proper piety, usually figured as one of several kinds of fear falling under the broader term khawf. In his commentary on Abu Isma'il al-Ansari's celebrated text of mystical terminology, Manazil al-sa'irin, Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya distinguishes khashya from khawf, citing the Qur'an in order to cast the latter as a baser experience of fear characteristic of common believers. Ibn al-Qayyim argues that it is exclusively the ulema who experience khashya, for only they enjoy intimate knowledge of God imparted by their erudition. While otherwise absent from the Manazil's commentary tradition, this argument appears prominently across works of scholarly ethics (adab) authored by ulema living from the mid-tenth century through Ibn al-Qayyim's lifetime, almost always in reference to the intellectual pursuits that they believed afforded them a unique relationship with God. Attended by a semantic shift in Arabic lexicography favoring this interpretation of khawf and khashya, by the tenth century the affectively resonant language of dread became a pervasive way the ulema justified the social and cosmological hierarchy of Muslims over which they claimed to preside.
Deep learning assisted photonics

The recent development of fabrication techniques and material platforms allows addressing various multi-constrained problems in many areas including on-chip circuitry, imaging, sensing, energy, and quantum information technology. However, these require advanced design development methods, which can go beyond conventional optimization. We will discuss recent and promising advances in the development of photonic components based on topology optimization. One of the main aspects of current work is expanding and streamlining a conventional meta-device design methodology to a global optimization space. Specifically, we will cover our recent efforts on coupling topology optimization techniques with deep generative algorithms for dielectric/plasmonic metastructure design development.
Optimization of the Inertial and Acceleration Characteristics of Non-Redundant Manipulators

This article investigates the problem of manipulator design for increased dynamic performance. Optimization techniques are used to determine the design parameters that improve manipulator performance. The dynamic performance of a manipulator is characterized by the inertial and acceleration properties of the end-effector. Our studies of inertial and acceleration properties have provided separate descriptions of the characteristics associated with linear and angular motions. This allows a more physically meaningful interpretation of these properties. The article presents these models, discusses the design optimization criteria, and formulates the optimization problem. The approach is illustrated in the design parameter selection of a parallel mechanism.
Blinded RT-QuIC Analysis of α-Synuclein Biomarker in Skin Tissue From Parkinson's Disease Patients

Background An unmet clinical need in Parkinson's disease (PD) is to identify biomarkers for diagnosis, preferably in peripherally accessible tissues such as skin. Immunohistochemical studies have detected pathological α-synuclein (αSyn) in skin biopsies from PD patients albeit sensitivity needs to be improved. Objective Our study provides the ultrasensitive detection of pathological αSyn present in the skin of PD patients, and thus, pathological αSyn in skin could be a potential biomarker for PD. Methods The real-time quaking-induced conversion assay was used to detect pathological αSyn present in human skin tissues. Further, we optimized this ultra-sensitive and specific assay for both frozen and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded sections of skin tissues. We determined the seeding kinetics of the αSyn present in the skin from autopsied subjects consisting of frozen skin tissues from 25 PD and 25 controls and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded skin sections from 12 PD and 12 controls. Results In a blinded study of skin tissues from autopsied subjects, we correctly identified 24/25 PD and 24/25 controls using frozen skin tissues (96% sensitivity and 96% specificity) compared to 9/12 PD and 10/12 controls using formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded skin sections (75% sensitivity and 83% specificity). Conclusions Our blinded study results clearly demonstrate the feasibility of using skin tissues for clinical diagnosis of PD by detecting pathological αSyn. Moreover, this peripheral biomarker discovery study may have broader translational value in detecting misfolded proteins in skin samples as a longitudinal progression marker. © 2020 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
“‘No Tough Guys Here?’: Hybrid Masculinity in a Boxing Gym”

In this article, I explore manifest and latent discourses about masculinity in a predominantly white, middle class boxing gym. In this gym, the owner and coaches promote a discourse that emphasizes...
Predicting Cancer Risk: Practical Considerations in Developing and Validating a Cancer Risk Prediction Model

As the interest in absolute cancer risk prediction models that estimate the probability of developing cancer has grown steadily, so does the debate on the usefulness of cancer risk prediction models. A newly developed risk prediction model should demonstrate its accuracy, reliability, and generalizability through a validation, preferably using external data. However, a limited number of cancer risk prediction models were independently validated and showed good calibration but weak discriminatory accuracy. Several methods and practical considerations in evaluating and improving cancer risk prediction models’ performance are discussed. To increase the utility of cancer risk prediction models in cancer prevention at the population as well as individual level, more powerful and efficient approaches for model development and validation are needed. A collective effort to pool data from cohort studies may provide an excellent opportunity to improve existing models and develop new models, especially for rare cancers and minority populations.
Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and leisure-time sitting in relation to ovarian cancer risk in a large prospective US cohort

Physical activity is hypothesized to lower the risk of ovarian cancer, but current evidence for an association is limited and inconclusive. The purpose of this study was to examine moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, walking, and leisure-time sitting in relation to incident ovarian cancer, overall and by histologic subtype. Moderate–vigorous recreational physical activity (MET-hours/week), recreational walking, and leisure-time sitting were examined in relation to epithelial ovarian cancer in the American Cancer Society Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort, a US cohort followed for cancer incidence from 1992 to 2011. Exposure information was collected via self-administered questionnaires. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to estimate multivariable-adjusted relative risks (RRs) and 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) of total, serous, and nonserous ovarian cancer according to MET-hours/week, hours/week of walking, and hours/day of sitting. Among 63,972 postmenopausal women, 651 cases of ovarian cancer were identified during follow-up. Neither MET-hours/week nor walking was associated with risk. However, ≥6 h/day of sitting, compared to <3, was associated with higher risk of ovarian cancer (RR 1.44, 95 % CI 1.12–1.85), particularly for serous cancer (RR 1.52, 95 % CI 1.06–2.16), although statistical heterogeneity by histology was not detected (p = 0.36). Results from this study do not support an association between physical activity and ovarian cancer, whereas prolonged sitting may be associated with higher risk. Additional large studies are needed to further assess possible etiologic differences by histologic subtype.
A kinetic study of the mechanism of crystalline carbamate kinase.

Abstract A procedure involving precipitation with ammonium sulfate and chromatography on diethylaminoethyl cellulose is described for isolating crystalline carbamate kinase from Streptococcus faecalis. The crystalline enzyme sedimented as a single component, s20,w = 4.1 S at 8.8 mg ml-1, and showed only traces of two other components on electrophoresis of a 1% solution in starch gel. The enzyme bound 1 mole of adenosine diphosphate per 33,000 g of protein with a dissociation constant of 6.6 µm; the minimum molecular weight from the amino acid composition was found to be 31,000. Double reciprocal plots of initial velocity with respect to substrate concentration were linear in a range of substrate concentrations encompassing the values of the Michaelis constants. In the forward direction: V = 92 moles/31,000 g x sec, Km carbamate = 80 µm, Kmatp = 8 µm, and the dissociation constant of the binary complex, enzyme-adenosine triphosphate, is 70 µm. In the reverse direction: V = 730 moles/31,000 g x sec, Km carbamyl-p = 100 µm, Kmadp = 50 µm, and the dissociation constant of the enzyme-ADP complex is 5 µm. The product inhibition patterns fit a mechanism in which a nucleotide is the first substrate to add and the last to dissociate from the enzyme and in which a ternary complex is formed. The rate-limiting steps are the dissociations of the nucleotides from the enzyme.
Dying for Advice: Code Status Discussions between Resident Physicians and Patients with Advanced Cancer—A National Survey

Abstract Background: Patients with treatment-resistant advanced cancer rarely benefit from cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) but infrequently discuss end-of-life care with physicians until hospitalized. Admitting resident physicians may conduct initial code status discussions, but may elicit patients' preferences without providing necessary guidance. Objective: We surveyed residents' approach to code status discussions to identify barriers hindering informed decision making. Methods: We developed an online case-based survey and enrolled subjects via e-mail requests to program directors. U.S. internal medicine residents (n=358; response rate 22.0%) from 19 programs participated. We measured respondents' likelihood of discussing prognosis and benefit of CPR, likelihood of offering code status recommendations, preference for discussing code status independent of attending physicians, and satisfaction with end-of-life discussions. Results: Nearly all residents felt CPR would be unhelpful. Yet fewer than hal...
Singleton Status and Childhood Obesity: Investigating Effects and Mechanisms

Over the past four decades, paralleling the increasing prevalence of childhood obesity, the share of families with only one child has been rising steadily. Using three waves of the National Survey of Children’s Health, we examine the effect of being the only child in a family on childhood obesity and the mechanisms through which singleton status might affect childhood obesity. We find gender-specific and age-dependent singleton effects. That is, singletons have a higher level of body mass index and a higher obesity rate than children with siblings. The singleton effects are more pronounced for younger cohorts aged 10-13 than older cohorts aged 14-17 and for males than females. We also find that singletons exercise less, are less likely to participate in after-school sports teams or take sports lessons, and spend more time watching television/video and playing video/computer games. The findings not only suggest a potential target — singletons — for childhood obesity prevention and interventions, but also highlight the importance of coordinating policies on childhood obesity and fertility.
Hydrodynamics with chiral anomaly and charge separation in relativistic heavy ion collisions

Abstract Matter with chiral fermions is microscopically described by theory with quantum anomaly and macroscopically described (at low energy) by anomalous hydrodynamics. For such systems in the presence of external magnetic field and chirality imbalance, a charge current is generated along the magnetic field direction — a phenomenon known as the Chiral Magnetic Effect (CME). The quark–gluon plasma created in relativistic heavy ion collisions provides an (approximate) example, for which the CME predicts a charge separation perpendicular to the collisional reaction plane. Charge correlation measurements designed for the search of such signal have been done at RHIC and the LHC for which the interpretations, however, remain unclear due to contamination by background effects that are collective flow driven, theoretically poorly constrained, and experimentally hard to separate. Using anomalous (and viscous) hydrodynamic simulations, we make a first attempt at quantifying contributions to observed charge correlations from both CME and background effects in one and same framework. The implications for the search of CME are discussed.
Recruitment of Mytilus edulis L. in the Thames estuary, with evidence for differences in the time of maximal settling along the Connecticut shore

In the Thames Estuary at the eastern end of Long Island Sound, most mussels achieve maximal gonadal development during the summer and larval settlement occurs primarily during the fall. The timing of reproductive events is several months later than has been reported for other populations of mussels in Long Island Sound but corresponds to that of mussels inhabiting the south shore of Long Island. The data support the growing body of evidence which indicates that temperature is not a major factor determining the reproductive period of this bivalve.
Using Active NVRAM for Cloud I/O

A well-known problem for large scale cloud applications is how to scale their I/O performance. While next generation storage class memories like phase change memory and Memristors offer potential for high I/O bandwidths, if left unchecked, the raw volumes and rates of I/O already present in current cloud applications can quickly overwhelm future I/O infrastructures. This fact is motivating research on 'data staging' in which I/O and data movement actions are enhanced with computations that process data before or while moving it across I/O channels -- in situ -- to filter or reduce it, to better organize it for subsequent access (e.g., by other applications as in coupled codes), or to analyze it to quickly derive important insights about the application producing those large data volumes. This paper proposes a technique that uses and exploits 'Active NVRAM' (non volatile memory) for staging I/O. Active NVRAMs are node-local NVRAMs that are embedded with a low power system-on-chip compute element. These active compute elements can be used to operate on output data asynchronously with the tasks performed by computational node elements, to reduce data or to perform some of the data processing required for data analytics before data is moved to longer term storage. The paper describes the Active NVRAM design, sample ways in which it is used for I/O acceleration, and initial performance results evaluating the opportunities for and limitations of the Active NVRAM approach.
Clinical and microbiologic effects of single‐dose metronidazole or scaling and root planing in treatment of adult periodontitis

Abstract Sites affected with adult periodontitis were observed for 3 months to compare their clinical and microbiologic responses to (1) a single 2 g dose of metronidazole, (2) scaling and root planing, or (3) no treatment. 2 sites with probing depths ≥5 mm in each of 18 female subjects (6 in each treatment group) were evaluated clinically (plaque and bleeding indices, probing depth, attachment loss) and microbiologically (%s of cocci, motile rods, non-motile rods and spirochetes, and of obligate anaerobic colony-forming units, black-pigmented Bacteroides, Fusobacterium and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in subgingival plaque). No significant differences in these variables existed between the 3 groups at baseline. The no-treatment (control) group showed no substantial clinical or microbiologic changes during the study. After 1 month, scaling and root planing had effected significant clinical improvement and significant shifts in the subgingival flora to a pattern more consistent with periodontal health; these changes were still evident at 3 months. In contrast, 1 month after metronidazole, there was some clinical improvement and a significant increase in cocci and a decrease in motile rods, but at 3 months these changes were no longer evident. The results show that the benefits of scaling and root planing are sustained for at least 3 months. However, the benefits of a single 2 g dose of metronidazole are both few and transient, indicating that this regimen, while effective against anaerobic infections in other organ systems, is not clinically or microbiologically effective in the treatment of adult periodontitis.
Source Apportionment of Fine Particles in Washington, DC, Utilizing Temperature-Resolved Carbon Fractions

Integrated ambient particulate matter < or =2.5 microm in aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5) samples were collected at a centrally located urban monitoring site in Washington, DC, on Wednesdays and Saturdays using Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments samplers. Particulate carbon was analyzed using the thermal optical reflectance method that divides carbon into four organic carbon fractions, pyrolyzed organic carbon, and three elemental carbon fractions. A total of 35 variables measured in 718 samples collected between August 1988 and December 1997 were analyzed. The data were analyzed using Positive Matrix Factorization and 10 sources were identified: sulfate (SO4(2-))-rich secondary aerosol I (43%), gasoline vehicle (21%), SO4(2-)-rich secondary aerosol II (11%), nitrate-rich secondary aerosol (9%), SO4(2-)-rich secondary aerosol III (6%), incinerator (4%), aged sea salt (2%), airborne soil (2%), diesel emissions (2%), and oil combustion (2%). In contrast to a previous study that included only total organic carbon and elemental carbon fractions, motor vehicles were separated into fractions identified as gasoline vehicle and diesel emissions containing carbon fractions whose abundances were different between the two sources. This study indicates that the temperature-resolved carbon fraction data can be utilized to enhance source apportionment, especially with respect to the separation of diesel emissions from gasoline vehicle sources. Conditional probability functions using surface wind data and deduced source contributions aid in the identifications of local sources.
Clarification of the status of Hibiscus (sect. Furcaria) uncinellus (Malvaceae)

Hibiscus uncinellus andH. bifurcatus have been confused in the literature and in the herbarium. The morphological, ecological, and geographic differences between them are presented, and a lectotype is chosen for the former species.Hibiscus uncinellus is virtually confined to Mexico (plus one Guatemalan station), andH. bifurcatus occurs in the West Indies, South America, and Central America, as far north as Honduras.
Recent advances in the photodecomposition mechanisms of diazo-oxides

In 1902, Wolff proposed a mechanism to explain the formation of carboxylic acids from diazo-oxides; Sus in 1944 invoked this same mechanism for the formation of indene carboxylic acid from diazo-oxides. Since these materials are currently used in the well known class of AZ photoresists, the Sus mechanism has been referred to many times to explain the positive working nature of the photoresists. In spite of the widespread use and industrial importance of the AZ resists, the validity of the Sus mechanism had not been unequivocally demonstrated to any degree of satisfaction. For these reasons, photochemical studies were initiated to establish the following: (1) Obtain direct spectroscopic evidence for ketene intermediates in the Wolff rearrangement of diazooxides. (2) Determine the reactivity of the ketene towards water and hydroxyl containing organic compounds. (3) Determine the reactivity of the ketene in the AZ resists. Fundamental photochemical decomposition mechanisms have been established for the AZ-type photoresists; these and recent theoretical results on the Wolff rearrangement are used to convey the technological implications of the studies.
Security Cove and the Northern Archaic Tradition Revisited

The Security Cove site in southwestern Alaska contained a surface component of side-notched projectile points and other tools forms (Northern Archaic tradition): the remains of a caribou hunter’s camp some 6000 years ago. Surface erosion has disturbed the distribution of artifacts over the site and has removed any traces of hearth or dwelling features. The assemblage, nonetheless, provides data on the activities of the site occupants and their strategy for subsistence.
Overview of new dermatopathology techniques.

Abstract This issue will discuss some of the newer special laboratory techniques in dermatopathology that should be of interest to the clinician. I have asked the authors to try to emphasize the practical use of each method in current diagnosis, rather than the technical aspects. Just as electron microscopy and immunofluorescence revolutionized dermatopathology in years past, a brief perusal of the table of contents reveals that most of the newest methods involve the application of immunocytochemistry and molecular genetics. Immunoperoxidase and other immunoenzyme stains are now in widespread clinical use in most laboratories, whereas some of the molecular genetic techniques, such as gene rearrangement studies, in situ hybridization, and polymerase chain reaction are just beginning to be utilized. Although there is some truth to the statement that "special stains just color what you don't know a different color," 1 and that in 99% of cases, simple hematoxylin and eosin staining will tell a good dermatopathologist what he needs to know, these new methods are indispensible in solving selected problems in differential diagnosis.
Lipopolysaccharide-binding lectin from the horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus, with specificity for 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate (KDO)

A lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-binding lectin was recovered from the serum of Limulus polyphemus by ion-exchange chromatography. Electrophoretic analysis of this lectin preparation revealed three poorly migrating bands. When whole serum was incubated with glycolipid obtained from the Rc mutant of Salmonella minnesota prior to electrophoresis, bands corresponding to those seen in the partially purified lectin were missing, suggesting that the recovered material was composed of isolectins. Qualitative precipitin tests revealed no reactivity of this purified lectin with lipid A fractions or with LPS devoid of 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate (KDO). The agglutination of chicken erythrocytes by this lectin was inhibited by both N-acetyl-neuraminic acid and KDO. Erythrocytes complexed with glycolipid from the Re mutant of S. minnesota were strongly agglutinated by this lectin. We conclude that this LPS-binding lectin is specific for the KDO portion of the molecule and that it is identical to the previously described sialic acid-binding lectin from L. polyphemus. This lectin may play a role in the host defense mechanisms of Limulus.
Analysis of pathologic extent of disease for clinically localized prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy and subsequent use of adjuvant radiation in a national cohort

BACKGROUND: The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database was analyzed to explore the pathologic extent of disease for clinically localized prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy as well as the use of adjuvant radiation in this population. METHODS: Identified were patients from 2004 to 2006 with clinically staged T1c-2cNx-0M0 prostate adenocarcinoma who underwent radical prostatectomy. All patients had complete clinical and pathologic data. The use of postoperative radiation was recorded. Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify unadjusted and adjusted predictors for extraprostatic disease or positive surgical margins and for adjuvant radiation use. RESULTS: A total of 35,642 patients were identified. For those patients with Gleason 7 (4 + 3) and a prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level of ≥10.1 ng/mL or Gleason 8 to 10 with any PSA level, the rate of organ-confined disease with negative surgical margins was found to be <50%. Of those with indications for adjuvant radiation, 11.1% received the treatment. CONCLUSIONS: This large population-based study detailed the risk of extraprostatic extension and positive surgical margins in a broad setting across multiple regions and communities, as well as the use of adjuvant radiation for these patients. As of 2006, 11.1% of patients who had indications for adjuvant radiation received this treatment, providing a useful baseline for future patterns of care studies. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
The effects of maternal position and cardiac output on intrapulmonary shunt in normal third-trimester pregnancy.

Objective : To assess the effect of pregnancy, maternal position, and cardiac output on intrapulmonary shunting (Qs/Qt) in normotensive nulliparous women near term. Methods : Ten normotensive nulliparas between 36 and 38 weeks' gestation underwent pulmonary artery catheterization (via the subclavian route) and radial artery canalization. Baseline assessments were made with subjects in the left lateral recumbent position after a 30-minute stabilization period. Measurements were obtained sequentially in the left lateral, right lateral, supine, knee-chest, sitting, and standing positions. Each position change was followed by a 10-minute pre-measurement stabilization period. Cardiac output was measured via the thermodilution technique. Blood samples were obtained simultaneously from the pulmonary and radial arteries and analyzed in duplicate for oxygen content with a blood gas analyzer. Qs/Qt was calculated using the classic shunt equation. Statistical analysis was performed by analysis of variance of repeated measures of Qs/Qt and maternal position. The relationship of Qs/Qt to maternal cardiac output was evaluated by the correlation coefficient. Significance was defined as P Results : Directly measured Qs/Qt averaged 15.3% in left lateral, 15.2% in right lateral, 13.9% in supine, 12.8% in knee-chest, 13.8% in sitting, and 13.0% in standing positions. There was no statistically significant correlation between Qs/Qt and cardiac output ( R 2 = 0.11, not significant). Conclusion : This is the first report of directly measured Qs/Qt in normal pregnant women in the third trimester. Qs/Qt values reported in pregnancy are higher than those reported in nonpregnant individuals.
Bone densitometry should be included in the evaluation of candidates for lung transplantation.

Bone loss and fractures are common complications of heart and liver transplantation, and are likely related to high-dose immunosuppressive therapy. We have previously demonstrated that many patients with end-stage lung disease already have osteoporosis and may be at even greater risk for fracture after lung transplantation. The purpose of this study is to determine the incidence of fracture in lung transplant recipients on osteoporosis prevention regimens, the relationship of fracture to pretransplant bone mineral density, and the impact of fracture on quality of life after lung transplantation. Twenty-one lung transplant candidates were prospectively evaluated with spine radiographs and bone mineral densitometry. Bone density was expressed as T scores, the number of standard deviations from the mean bone density of a young normal population of the same gender. Of 21 patients, 8 (38%) fractured during the first year. The mean pretransplant lumbar spine T score was significantly lower in the fracture patients (P = .03). Four of the 7 surviving fracture patients and 1 of the 10 patients who survived without fracture believed that chronic pain diminished their quality of life (X2 = 4.408; P = .04). These findings suggest that bone mineral density should be routinely included in the evaluation of lung transplant candidates. Patients with extremely low bone density or osteoporotic fracture should be counseled about the increased risk of fracture after transplantation.
Response of embryonic chicken lymphoid cells to infectious bursal disease virus.

Abstract We exposed chicken embryos at embryonation day 18 (ED18) to a classical virulent infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV; cIBDV) and an attenuated strain of IBDV (aIBDV) and examined the response of embryonic lymphoid cells to these viruses. Embryos responded much more vigorously to cIBDV than to aIBDV. Following cIBDV exposure, embryonic thymus and bursa showed cellular destruction, enhanced rate of apoptosis and presence of viral proteins detectable by immunohistochemistry. At ED21, thymocytes from cIBDV-exposed embryos were severely deficient ( P in vitro with mitogens containing mouse anti-chicken CD28 mAb, PMA and ionomycin. Because purified CD3 + T cells were also refractory to the mitogens, the mitogenic inhibition of embryonic thymocytes was not attributed to the presence of non-T cell suppressors. Cell suspensions prepared from embryonic thymus and spleen had upregulated gene expression of IFN-γ and IL-6 cytokines and of chemokine IL-8. In sharp contrast to cIBDV, embryos exposed to aIBDV had minimal detectable changes in the thymus and bursa, although the rate of apoptosis was enhanced in the thymus. Viral antigen was not detectable in the bursa until after hatch. Thymocytes from these embryos responded vigorously to the mitogens, similar to the response of thymocytes from unexposed control embryos. In addition, aIBDV induced a modest gene upregulation of IFN-γ, IL-6 and IL-8 in thymus and spleen. Relatively modest response of the embryo to aIBDV is significant because in ovo vaccination with aIBDV-type viruses and several other non-pathogenic viruses result in protective immunity that is well pronounced at hatch.
Evaluating alternative harvest policies for yellow perch in southern Lake Michigan

Abstract In the southern basin of Lake Michigan, yellow perch (Perca flavescens) are ecologically and economically important. However, there is no explicit harvest policy for the management of this resource, the authority for which is shared among four U.S. states. We used decision analysis and projections from a stochastic simulation model to aid managers in formulating a harvest policy. In workshops that included management agency personnel and other experts, critical uncertainties relevant to the population (e.g., alternatives for future stock–recruitment relationships and mixing of recruits among management areas) were identified as well as potential harvest policies (using constant fishing mortality or state-dependent control rules) and associated performance statistics. Our simulation model acknowledged uncertainty in the stock–recruitment relationship, parameter uncertainty given such a relationship, stochastic process variation, and uncertainty associated with assessment and implementation errors. We used the model to project age-, sex-, size-, and spatial-dynamics of the yellow perch population, and thus predicted likely distributions of performance statistics for different harvest policies. Performance statistics included time averages of recreational harvest, remaining spawning stock biomass (SSB), and length of harvested fish as well as the frequency of how often such measures were below desirable thresholds. Results indicate that state-dependent policies produce higher average harvests and lower frequency of years with low SSB, but sometimes more frequent years with low harvest, than constant-F policies that lead to similar depletion of average SSB.
A new image analysis method for the quantification of neovascularization

In a foregoing paper, an attempt has been described to quantify the neovascularization in the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) by using the method of automatic image analysis. In this case 5 to 10 min were necessary to measure the neovascular response of one CAM preparation (i.e. to obtain a value for the degree of angiogenesis). The accuracy of reproducibility of the measurements was about +/- 20%. In this paper, we describe a new method which only requires about 55 seconds for the measurement of one specimen with an accuracy of about +/- 12%.
Instrumentation for balloon and rocket experiments.

A number of plasma, particle and field detectors used on rocket investigations in and above the Earth's atmosphere are described. Emphasis is on magnetospheric and solar-interplanetary studies. A balloon-borne X-ray telescope system with 20′ pointing accuracy is discussed. A PCM telemetry system used on both balloons and rockets to handle scientific data is described including a simple Doppler ranging system that gives location to 1.5 km. A system to reduce and analyze PCM data on the ground is discussed.
Three-dimensional changes of the cytoskeleton of vascular endothelial cells exposed to sustained hydrostatic pressure

The three-dimensional changes in the cytoskeleton and in cell proliferation of bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells when exposed to sustained hydrostatic pressure were investigated in vitro using laser scanning confocal microscopy. Subconfluent endothelial cells on rigid substrates were exposed to 1.5, 5 and 10 cm H2O pressure under hydrostatic heads of culture medium for up to seven days. Confocal microscopic images were taken at distances of 0.4 micron through the thickness of the sample and visualised in multiplanar, stereopair and 90 degrees rotation formats. The results of the study provide evidence of: increased proliferation after exposure to 10 cm H2O pressure for five and seven days; cell bilayering after exposure to 1.5 and 5 cm H2O pressure and trilayering after exposure to 10 cm H2O pressure for seven days; and F-actin filament reorganisation into centrally located, parallel, stress fibres in confluent cells, into peripheral bands in subconfluent, multilayered cells, and into multilayers in the plane perpendicular to the applied force.