cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Improving the convergence of /NN effective field theory

Abstract We study a low-energy effective field theory (EFT) describing the NN system in which all exchanged particles are integrated out. We show that fitting the residue of the 3 S 1 amplitude at the deuteron pole, rather than the 3 S 1 effective range, dramatically improves the convergence of deuteron observables in this theory. Reproducing the residue ensures that the tail of the deuteron wave function, which is directly related to NN scattering data via analytic continuation, is correctly reproduced in the EFT at next-to-leading order. The role of multi-nucleon-electroweak operators which produce deviations from effective-range theory can then be explicitly separated from the physics of the wave function tail. Such an operator contributes to the deuteron quadrupole moment, μQ, at low order, indicating a sensitivity to short-distance physics. This is consistent with the failure of impulse-approximation calculations in NN potential models to reproduce μQ. The convergence of NN phase shifts in the EFT is unimpaired by the use of this new expansion.
Management, administration, leadership: what's in a name?

This chapter incorporates the semantics and theory of generic administration into concrete suggestions to enhance the delivery of mental health services in the immediate future.
Evolution of actinyl peroxide clusters U28 in dilute electrolyte solution: exploring the transition from simple ions to macroionic assemblies.

Actinyl peroxide clusters, a unique class of uranyl-containing nanoclusters discovered in recent years, are crucial intermediates between the (UO2)2+ aqua-ion monomer and bulk uranyl minerals. Herein, two actinyl polyoxometalate nanoclusters of Cs15[(Ta(O2)4)Cs4K12(UO2(O2)1.5)28]⋅20 H2O (CsKU28) and Na6K9[(Ta(O2)4)Rb4Na12(UO2(O2)1.5)28]⋅20 H2O (RbNaU28) were synthesized by incorporating a central Ta(O2)43− anion that templates a hollow shell of 28 uranyl peroxide polyhedra. When dissolved in aqueous solutions with additional electrolytes, those 1.8 nm-size macroanions self-assembled into spherical, hollow, blackberry-type supramolecular structures, as was characterized by laser-light scattering (LLS) and TEM techniques. These clusters are the smallest macroions reported to date that form blackberry structures in solution, therefore, can be treated as valuable models for investigating the transition from simple ions to macroions. Kinetic studies showed an unusually long lag phase in the initial self-assembly process, which is followed by a rapid formation of the blackberry structures in solution. The small cluster size and high surface-charge density are essential in regulating the supramolecular structure formation, as was shown from the high activation energy barrier of 51.2±2 kJ mol−1. Different countercations were introduced into the system to investigate the effect of ion binding to the length of the lag phase. The current research provides yet another scale of self-assembly of uranyl peroxide complexes in aqueous media.
Accretion rates of protoplanets

Projections are made of the collision/accretion rates of planetesimals in a uniform surface-density disk with a massive protoplanet, whose collision cross-section is enhanced, relative to its geometric cross-section, by a gravitational focusing of the planetesimals' trajectories. A scaling method is presented which generalizes the results obtained to protoplanets of arbitrary mass, radius, and orbital semimajor axis. It is established that, in the case where one protoplanet dominates gravitational scattering in a given protoplanetary disk region, planetesimal inclinations are substantially less rapidly excited than eccentrocities; the skewed velocity dispersion thus generated allows for a more rapid rate of protoplanet growth.
Consensus with an abstract MAC layer

In this paper, we study distributed consensus in the radio network setting. We produce new upper and lower bounds for this problem in an abstract MAC layer model that captures the key guarantees provided by most wireless MAC layers. In more detail, we first generalize the well-known impossibility of deterministic consensus with a single crash failure [FLP 1985] from the asynchronous message passing model to our wireless setting. Proceeding under the assumption of no faults, we then investigate the amount of network knowledge required to solve consensus in our model---an important question given that these networks are often deployed in an ad hoc manner. We prove consensus is impossible without unique ids or without knowledge of network size (in multihop topologies). We also prove a lower bound on optimal time complexity. We then match these lower bounds with a pair of new deterministic consensus algorithms---one for single hop topologies and one for multihop topologies---providing a comprehensive characterization of the consensus problem in the wireless setting. From a theoretical perspective, our results shed new insight into the role of network information and the power of MAC layer abstractions in solving distributed consensus. From a practical perspective, given the level of abstraction used by our model, our upper bounds can be easily implemented in real wireless devices on existing MAC layers while preserving their correctness guarantees---facilitating the development of wireless distributed systems.
Identification of bipotential progenitor cells in human liver development

Intermediate filament proteins have been reported to be expressed in a cell lineage-specific manner during morphogenesis. We studied the expression of cytokeratin (CK)14, CK19, and vimentin and of the hepatocyte-specific HepPar1 antigen during the development of human liver. Nineteen fetal livers (gestational ages 4 to 40 weeks), 3 normal infant livers, and 3 normal adult livers were studied by immunoperoxidase staining of paraffin sections with monoclonal anti-CK19, anti-vimentin, and HepPar1 antibodies and polyclonal anti-CK14 antibodies. Double-immunostaining for CK14 and CK19 as well as bile duct cytokeratin and HepPar1 antigen was also done. CK19 and HepPar1 antigen were the first markers detected in immature progenitor cells of the liver primordium at 4 weeks' gestation. During subsequent liver development, the progenitor cells expressed HepPar1 antigen, CK14, and CK19, from 8 to 14 weeks' gestation. As hepatocyte differentiation progressed, expression of HepPar1 antigen increased, and CK14 and CK19 were abrogated from hepatoblasts at 14 to 16 weeks' gestation. In contrast, as progenitor cells transformed into ductal plate cells, CK19 expression increased and persisted in differentiated bile ducts, whereas CK14 and HepPar1 antigen were lost. Vimentin was detected in ductal plate and biliary epithelial cells from 9 to 36 weeks' gestation, but not in hepatoblasts or hepatocytes. Double-immunostaining confirmed coexpression of CK14 and CK19 in the progenitor cells for a short time (8 to 14 weeks' gestation) during early development. Double immunostaining for bile duct CK and HepPar1 antigen clearly demonstrated the divergence of the hepatocyte and bile duct epithelial cell lineages. Our findings suggest that hepatic progenitor cells differentiate in steps marked by the acquisition or loss of specific phenotypic characteristics. Commitment of the HepPar1+CK19+ progenitor cells to either hepatocyte or bile duct epithelial cell lineages results in increased expression of one marker and loss of the other marker. These characteristics clearly identify bipotential hepatic progenitor cells in the developing human liver.
On the pricing rule in electronic auctions

This is the working version of the paper with an additional appendix. The permanent link to the print version in The International Journal of Industrial Organization is
Divergence of Forward Swept Composite Wings

Forward swept wing aircraft may have superior aerodynamic performance for certain missions. Algebraic expressions to predict the static aeroelastic divergence characteristics of forward swept wings constructed of composite materials have been developed using a laminated box beam model to describe the wing structure and aerodynamic strip theory to predict the loads due to wing bending and torsional deformation. The expressions presented show that, because of elastic coupling between wing bending and torsion, wing divergence may be precluded for reasonably large forward sweep angles if the composite structure is properly tailored. The structural parameters that maximize divergence speed are readily identified. Two illustrative examples are presented. ao b
Assimilation of altimetry data for nonlinear shallow-water tides: Quarter-diurnal tides of the Northwest European Shelf

Abstract Non-linear tidal constituents, such as the overtide M 4 or the compound tide MS 4 , are generated by interaction in shallow seas of the much larger astronomically forced “primary” tidal constituents (e.g., M 2 , S 2 ). As such, errors in modeling these “secondary” shallow-water tides might be expected to be caused first of all by errors in modeling the primary constituents. Thus, in the context of data assimilation, observations of primary-constituent harmonic constants can indirectly constrain shallow-water constituents. Here we consider variational data assimilation for primary and secondary tidal constituents as a coupled problem, using a simple linearized perturbation theory for weak interactions of the dominant primary constituents. Variation of the resulting penalty functional leads to weakly non-linear Euler–Lagrange equations, which we show can be solved approximately with a simple two-stage scheme. In the first stage, data for the primary constituents are assimilated into the linear shallow water equations (SWE), and the resulting inverse solutions are used to compute the quadratic interactions in the non-linear SWE that constitute the forcing for the secondary constituents. In the second stage, data for the compound or overtide constituent are assimilated into the linear SWE, using a prior forced by the results of the first stage. We apply this scheme to assimilation of TOPEX/Poseidon and Jason altimetry data on the Northwest European Shelf, comparing results to a large set of shelf and coastal tide gauges. Prior solutions for M 4 , MS 4 and MN 4 computed using inverse solutions for M 2 , S 2 , and N 2 dramatically improve fits to validation tide gauges relative to unconstrained forward solutions. Further assimilation of along-track harmonic constants for these shallow-water constituents reduces RMS differences to below 1 cm on the shelf, approaching the accuracy of the validation tide gauge harmonic constants.
X-ray Point Sources and Radio Galaxies in Clusters of Galaxies

Using Chandra imaging spectroscopy and Very Large Array L-band maps, we have identified radio galaxies at P (1.4 GHz)≥ 3 × 1023 W Hz–1 and X-ray point sources (XPSs) at L (0.3-8 keV)≥ 1042 erg s–1 in 11 moderate redshift (0.2 99.999% level. We suggest that these active galactic nuclei (AGNs) are triggered somehow by the intracluster medium (ICM), perhaps similar to the Bondi accretion model of Allen et al. All but one of the XPSs are hosted by luminous ellipticals which otherwise show no other evidence for AGN activity. These objects are unlikely to be highly obscured AGN since there is no evidence for large amounts of X-ray or optical absorption. One XPS, in addition to possessing a pure absorption-line optical spectrum, has a large excess of light blueward of the Ca II HK a second XPS host galaxy probably has excess blue light. The most viable model for these sources are low-luminosity BL Lac Objects, similar to the high-energy-peaked BL Lacs (HBLs) discovered in abundance in serendipitous X-ray surveys. The expected numbers of lower luminosity FR 1 radio galaxies and HBLs in our sample converge to suggest that very deep radio and X-ray images of rich clusters will detect AGN (either X-ray or radio emitting or both) in a large fraction of bright elliptical galaxies in the inner 500 kpc. Because both the radio galaxies and the XPSs possess relativistic jets, they (and, by extension, the entire radio luminosity function) can inject heat into the ICM. Using the most recent scalings of P jet L 0.5 r from Birzan et al., radio sources weaker than our luminosity limit probably contribute the majority of the heat to the ICM. Also, because these heat sources move around the cluster, AGN heating is distributed rather evenly. If a majority of ICM heating is due to large numbers of low-power radio sources, triggered into activity by the increasing ICM density as they move inward, this may be the feedback mechanism necessary to stabilize cooling in cluster cores.
A 55-kW Three-Phase Inverter With Si IGBTs and SiC Schottky Diodes

Silicon carbide (SiC) power devices are expected to have an impact on power converter efficiency, weight, volume, and reliability. Currently, only SiC Schottky diodes are commercially available at relatively low current ratings. Oak Ridge National Laboratory has collaborated with Cree and Semikron to build a Si insulated-gate bipolar transistor-SiC Schottky diode hybrid 55-kW inverter by replacing the Si p-n diodes in Semikron's automotive inverter with Cree's made-to-order higher current SiC Schottky diodes. This paper presents the developed models of these diodes for circuit simulators, shows inverter test results, and compares the results with those of a similar all-Si inverter.
Regioselectivity in nickel(0) catalyzed cycloadditions of carbon dioxide with diynes

The regioselectivity of Ni(0)-catalyzed cycloadditions of CO2 (1 atm) with various asymmetrical diynes to afford pyrones was explored. The use of 1,3-bis-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-imidazol-2-ylidene (IPr) provided high regioselectivity when one terminal substituent on the diyne was a methyl group and the other was medium or large in size (RL=i-Pr, t-Bu, or TMS). In contrast, the use of a relatively small N-heterocyclic carbene, 1,3-dimesitylimidazol-2-ylidene (IMes), afforded high selectivity only when RL was large (TMS). X-ray crystal analysis of the major isomer indicated that the relatively large RL group was in the 3-position of the pyrone.
Algebraic cycles on Prym varieties

This article proposes a generalization of tautological rings introduced by Beauville and Moonen for Jacobians. The main result is that, under certain hypotheses, the special subvarieties of Prym varieties are algebraically equivalent and their classes belong to the tautological ring.
Wringing out better bell inequalities

Abstract Local realism implies constraints on the statistics of two physically separated systems. These constraints, known collectively as Bell inequalities, can be violated by quantum mechanics. The standard Bell inequalities apply to a pair of two-state systems and constrain the value of some linear combination of correlation functions between the two systems. We generalize these standard Bell inequalities in two ways. First, we “chain” the Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt Bell inequality to obtain chained correlation Bell inequalities for two-state systems; we model a real experiment to show that these chained Bell inequalities lead to stronger quantum violations. Second, we formulate information-theoretic Bell inequalities, which are written in terms of the average information obtained in several measurements on a pair of physically separated systems (not just two-state systems); these information Bell inequalities have an appealing interpretation: if local realism holds, the two systems must carry an amount of information consistent with the inequality.
Construction of symmetric biorthogonal multiwavelets by lifting

The paper discusses the factorization of polyphase matrices corresponding to symmetric compactly supported biorthogonal multiwavelets into symmetric lifting factors. This factorization allows parameterization of symmetric compact supported biorthogonal multiwavelets, which can be used in conjunction with numerical optimization to construct symmetric compactly supported biorthogonal multiwavelets with prescribed properties.
Derivatization of 5α-cholestane-3β,5,6β-triol into trimethylsilyl ether sterol for GC analysis

Chemical identity of 5α-cholestane-3β,5,6β-triol (C-Triol) as a trimethylsilyl (TMS) ether derivative was studied using gas chromatography (GC), mass spectrometry (MS), and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The derivatization mixture, held at 23°C for 30 and 300 min, showed only a single peak (B) by GC. When the mixture was heated at 70°C for a few hours, another peak (A) emerged ahead of peak (B). GC-MS analysis revealed that the GC peaks (A) and (B) are C-Triol astris- andbis-TMS ether derivatives, respectively. NMR analysis suggested that the hydroxyl groups at C3 and C6 of C-Triol were involved in the formation of thebis-TMS ether.
A KIRCHOFF–SOBOLEV PARAMETRIX FOR THE WAVE EQUATION AND APPLICATIONS

We construct a first order, physical space, parametrix for solutions to covariant, tensorial, wave equations on a general Lorentzian manifold. The construction is entirely geometric; that is both the parametrix and the error terms generated by it have a purely geometric interpretation. In particular, when the background Lorentzian metric satisfies the Einstein vacuum equations, the error terms, generated at some point p of the space-time, depend, roughly, only on the flux of curvature passing through the boundary of the past causal domain of p. The virtues of our specific geometric construction becomes apparent in applications to realistic problems. Though our main application is to General Relativity, which we discuss in [14], another simpler application shown here is to give a gauge invariant proof of the classical regularity result of Eardley–Moncrief [4, 5] for the Yang–Mills equations in ℝ1+3.
The Growth Trap, Ecological Devastation, and the Promise of Guaranteed Employment

Can we ever practically control the degradation of the environment if the world continues to emphasize economic growth as its answer to social justice? Guarantee employment and grow less rapidly, says the author. He offers an unorthodox idea that deserves a hearing.
Methodology for quantitative error-assessment of finite element models

Abstract Although recent developments in adaptivity and rezoning have enhanced the ease and use of the finite element method, the question remains: how good are the resulting simulations? In the case of highly nonlinear behavior, it appears that this question can only be answered by properly designed experiments. One such experiment involves the nonlinear behavior (material, geometry and boundary conditions) associated with a precision closed-die (PCD) forging. This paper presents some PCD data that could not be modeled by one particular FE code-simulation. Hopefully, these data can be used for the quantitative error-assessment of other codes for similar nonlinear simulations. Some possible code-simulation improvements are discussed and recommendations for future experiments are made.
Laboratory evolution of laccase for substrate specificity

Abstract A laccase, CotA, from Bacillus subtilis was engineered using a combination of rational and directed evolution approaches. CotA is a generalist, an enzyme with broad specificity, and it was optimized to be a specialist, an enzyme with narrowed specificity. Wild-type CotA oxidizes ABTS (ABTS = diammonium 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) and SGZ (SGZ = 4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxy-benzaldehyde azine), and it was engineered for increased specificity for ABTS. Based on the ABTS-bound crystal structure of CotA, 19 amino acids are within 6 A of ABTS, and they were simultaneously randomized. A mutant was identified that was 132 times more specific for ABTS. Unexpectedly, the variant was found to acquire enhanced thermal stability. The half-life for the heat inactivation ( t 1/2 ) at 80 °C was increased by 62 min for the mutant. Laccases have several applications in biotechnology, which include pulp bleaching, biosensors, bioremediation, and biofuel cells. The substrate specificity of CotA is moldable and the enzyme can be tailored to oxidize a variety of target molecules for specific purposes.
MPEGTool: An X window-based MPEG encoder and statistics tool

In this paper, we describe MPEGTool, an X window-based tool that can be used to generate a motion picture expert group (MPEG) encoded bit stream for video sequences and to study the statistical properties of the encoded data. The tool was designed to study the characteristics of variable bit rate video sources for transmission over asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) based broadband integrated services digital network (B-ISDN). The tool, which has a window-based graphic user interface, allows a user to specify several of the MPEG parameters such as the intraframe-to-interframe ratio and the quantizer scale. The tool also includes a statistical package that allows the user to plot graphs of various statistics including bit distributions, ATM cell distributions, time se ries, autocorrelation functions and cell interarrival times.
Single-isotope Laser Gyro

A single-isotope He–Ne laser gyro has been constructed and operated, and the results have been compared with those obtained from a multi-isotope system. Strong mode competition in the single-isotope ring laser has been found in a region 10–30 MHz near line center. The sense of the mode competition has been found to depend on the direction of rotation of the laser cavity. Hence, by mechanical dithering of the laser, the time-averaged effect of the mode competition can be zero. However, with a current unbalance, a large dispersion-type null shift is found near line center. Unlike the linear laser and the multi-isotope ring laser, the single-isotope ring laser is characterized by strong mode competition such that only a single longitudinal mode oscillates over most of the free spectral range.
Asymmetric Tandem Wittig Rearrangement/Mannich Reactions

The choice is yours: a highly stereoselective synthesis of α-alkyl-α-hydroxy-β-amino esters is accomplished through a tandem Wittig-rearrangement/Mannich reaction sequence. Transformations of N-benzyl or N-Boc imines proceed with high selectivity for formation of syn-amino alcohol derivatives, whereas N-Boc-2-(phenylsulfonyl)amines generate anti-amino alcohol products. Auxiliary cleavage (transesterification or reduction) yields enantiomerically enriched products with up to 96 % ee.
Polishing diamonds in the rough: The sources of syndicated venture performance

Abstract Using an effort-sharing framework for VC syndicates, we assess how syndication impacts investment returns, chances of successful exit, and the time taken to exit. With data from 1980 to 2003, and applying apposite econometrics for endogeneity to these different performance measures, we are able to ascribe much of the better return to selection, with the value-addition by monitoring role significantly impacting the likelihood and time of exit. While the extant literature on Venture Capital (VC) syndication is divided about the relative importance of the “selection” and “value-add” hypotheses, we find that their roles are complementary.
Debtor-in-Possession Financing and the Resolution of Uncertainty in Chapter 11 Reorganizations

Abstract This paper investigates the use of debtor-in-possession (DIP) financing by firms reorganizing under Chapter 11. A model is developed in which there is asymmetric information between the creditors of a distressed firm and its management. In this context, it is demonstrated that reliance on DIP financing resolves informational asymmetries regarding the true economic value of distressed firms. The model's conclusions are empirically supported in the paper and by results of extant research. The signaling role of DIP financing is evidenced both by the positive stock price reaction to DIP announcements and the fact that firms employing DIP financing have more successful reorganizations.
The future of organic photovoltaics

Increasing global demand for energy, along with dwindling fossil fuel resources and a better understanding of the hidden costs associated with these energy sources, have spurred substantial political, academic, and industrial interest in alternative energy resources. Photovoltaics based on organic semiconductors have emerged as promising low-cost alternatives for electricity generation that relies on sunlight. In this tutorial review we discuss the relevance of these organic photovoltaics beginning with some of the economic drivers for these technologies. We then examine the basic properties of these devices, including operation and materials requirements, in addition to presenting the development of the field from a historical perspective. Potential future directions are also briefly discussed. This tutorial review is intended to be an essential overview of the progress of the field, in addition to aiding in the discussion of the future of OPV technologies.
Titanium Chelation in Regioselective Michael Additions to Conjugated Dienones and Trienones.

Abstract The site of Michael addition of β-hetero atom substituted thiols (such as mercaptoethanol) to unsubstituted 2, 4-dienone and 2, 4, 6-trienones is at the terminal (ω) position. This site preference is transferred to the β site when the addition is accomplished using Ti +4 complexation. These β site addition products rapidly rearrange to the ω position on base treatment. © 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd.
Tetraphenylborate salts of some tridentate chelates of nickel(II)

Abstract Tetraphenylborate salts of nickel(II) complexes have been prepared where the nickel(II) is bound to the tridentate Schiff base adducts of unsymm.-N,N-dimethyl or -N,N-diethylethylenediamine and the β-dicarbonyl compound, CH3COCHRC(O)H, R = CH3CO or C2H5OCO or 2-acetyl-5,5-dimethyl-1,3-cyclohexanedione. The synthesis involves reacting the chloro or bromo derivatives of the tridentate nickel(II) complexes with sodium tetraphenylborate in dichloromethane. Replacing the halo ligand by the noncoordinating tetraphenylborate ion results in some unusual coordinate bonding. For the CH3COCHRC(O)H tridentate ligands, a dinuclear +1 cation is formed with two tridentate-nickel(II) groups bound to one another by a bridging hydroxyl ligand. For 2-acetyl-5,5-dimethyl-1,3-cyclohexanedione in the solid state, the free carbonyl of a tridentate ligand bound to a nickel(II) ion occupies the fourth coordinate site of a second nickel(II) ion. In acetone solution, the fourth coordinate position is believed to be occupied by the solvent.
Gravitational Waves: New Observatories for New Astronomy

This article reviews the current status of gravitational wave astronomy and explains why astronomers are excited about the new generation of gravitational wave detectors. As part of the review we compare and contrast gravitational radiation to the more familiar electromagnetic radiation. We discuss the current indirect experimental evidence for gravitational waves and how current and future gravitational wave detectors will operate as our newest telescopes are pointed at the skies.
COMPUTATIONAL GEOMETRY COLUMN 27

The following new result is discussed: there is a perfect matching between the edges of any two triangulations of a finite set of points in the plane.
Is There a Difference in Luminosity between Field and Cluster RR Lyrae Variables

Recent Hipparcos results have lent support to the idea that RR Lyrae variables in the halo field and in globular clusters differ in luminosity by ≈ 0.2 mag. In this Letter, we study the pulsation properties of RR Lyrae variables in clusters with distances determined via main-sequence fitting to Hipparcos parallaxes for field subdwarfs and compare them with the properties of field variables also analyzed with Hipparcos. We show that the period-temperature distributions for field and cluster variables are essentially indistinguishable, thus suggesting that there is no significant difference in luminosity between them.
Independent set of intersection graphs of convex objects in 2D

The intersection graph of a set of geometric objects is defined as a graph G = (S, E) in which there is an edge between two nodes si, sj ∈ S if si ∩ sj ≠ 0. The problem of computing a maximum independent set in the intersection graph of a set of objects is known to be NP-complete for most cases in two and higher dimensions. We present approximation algorithms for computing a maximum independent set of intersection graphs of convex objects in R2. Specifically, given (i) a set of n line segments in the plane with maximum independent set of size α, we present algorithms that find an independent set of size at least (α/(2 log(2n/α)))1/2 in time O(n3) and (α/(2log(2n/α)))1/4 in time O(n4/3 logcn), (ii) a set of n convex objects with maximum independent set of size α, we present an algorithm that finds an independent set of size at least (α/(2log(2n/α)))1/3 in time O(n3 + τ (S)), assuming that S can be preprocessed in time τ(S) to answer certain primitive operations on these convex sets, and (iii) a set of n rectangles with maximum independent set of size βn, for β≤ 1, we present an algorithm that computes an independent set of size Ω (β2n). All our algorithms use the notion of partial orders that exploit the geometric structure of the convex objects.
Growth of primary decompositions of Frobenius powers of ideals

Abstract It was previously known, by work of Smith–Swanson and of Sharp–Nossem, that the linear growth property of primary decompositions of Frobenius powers of ideals in rings of prime characteristic has strong connections to the localization problem in tight closure theory. The localization problem has recently been settled in negative by Brenner and Monsky, but the linear growth question is still open. We study growth of primary decompositions of Frobenius powers of dimension one homogeneous ideals in graded rings over fields. If the ring is positively graded we prove that the linear growth property holds. For non-negatively graded rings we are able to show that there is a “polynomial growth”. We present explicit primary decompositions of Frobenius powers of an ideal, which were known to have infinitely many associated primes, having this linear growth property. We also discuss some other interesting examples.
Reconstruction analysis of galaxy redshift surveys: a hybrid reconstruction method

In reconstruction analysis of a galaxy redshift survey, one works backward from the observed galaxy distribution to the primordial density field in the same region of space, then evolves the primordial fluctuations forward in time with an N-body code. A reconstruction incorporates assumptions about the values of cosmological parameters, the properties of primordial fluctuations, and the "biasing" relation between galaxies and mass. These assumptions can be tested by comparing the reconstructed galaxy distribution to the observed distribution, and to peculiar velocity data when available. This paper presents a hybrid reconstruction method that combines the "Gaussianization" technique of Weinberg with the dynamical schemes of Nusser & Dekel and Gramann. We test the method on N-body simulations and on N-body mock catalogs designed to mimic the depth and geometry of the Point Source Catalog Redshift Survey and the Optical Redshift Survey. The hybrid method is more accurate than Gaussianization or dynamical reconstruction alone. Matching the observed morphology of clustering can set limits on the bias factor b independently of Ω. Matching cluster velocity dispersions and the redshift-space distortions of the correlation function ξ(s, μ) constrains the parameter combination β ≈ Ω0.6/b. Relative to linear or quasi-linear approximations, a fully nonlinear reconstruction makes more accurate predictions of ξ(s, μ) for a given β, reducing the systematic biases of β measurements and offering further possibilities for breaking the degeneracy between Ω and b. Reconstruction also circumvents the cosmic variance noise that limits conventional analyses of ξ(s, μ), since the orientations of large, coherent structures in the observed galaxy distribution are reproduced in the reconstruction. Finally, reconstruction can improve the determination of Ω and b from joint analyses of redshift and peculiar velocity surveys because it provides a fully nonlinear prediction of the peculiar velocity distribution at each point in redshift space.
The correlation length of the Heisenberg antiferromagnet with arbitrary spin S

Experiments and numerical data on the correlation length \(\)for large S disagree strongly with the theoretical prediction based on the effective field theory prescription of the magnon physics. The reason is that for large S, at any accessible \(\), the cut-off effects from the non-magnon scales become large and can not be treated by an effective field theory. We study these effects in a spin-wave expansion. The corrected prediction on \(\) connects the renormalized classical and the classical scaling regions smoothly and comes close to the data.
Asymptotic normality for traces of polynomials in independent complex Wishart matrices

We derive a non-asymptotic expression for the moments of traces of monomials in several independent complex Wishart matrices, extending some explicit formulas available in the literature. We then deduce the explicit expression for the cumulants. From the latter, we read out the multivariate normal approximation to the traces of finite families of polynomials in independent complex Wishart matrices.
Applications of phase conjugation to a joint transform correlator

Abstract An investigation of using phase conjugate techniques to remove phase distortion in a joint transform correlator (JTC) is presented. For improving the accuracy of detection, a phase encoding method based on the nonlinearity of phase conjugation is also proposed. Experimental results and computer simulations are provided.
Loading an optical dipole trap

We present a detailed experimental study of the physics involved in transferring atoms from a magneto-optical trap (MOT) to an optical dipole trap. The loading is a dynamical process determined by a loading rate and a density dependent loss rate. The loading rate depends on cooling and the flux of atoms into the trapping volume, and the loss rate is due to excited state collisions induced by the MOT light fields. From this study we found ways to optimize the loading of the optical dipole trap. Key ingredients for maximum loading are found to be a reduction of the hyperfine repump intensity, increased detuning of the MOT light, and a displacement of the optical dipole trap center with respect to the MOT. A factor of 2 increase in the number of loaded atoms is demonstrated by using a hyperfine repump beam with a shadow in it. In this way we load $8\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{6}{}^{85}\mathrm{Rb}$ atoms into a 1 mK deep optical dipole trap with a waist of $58 \ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m},$ which is 40% of the atoms initially trapped in the MOT.
Product liability, entry incentives and market structure

Abstract The article characterizes the entry incentives provided by increases in product liability under various forms of competition. It is demonstrated that the entry of small, high-cost firms is likely to occur in imperfectly competitive markets when the average damage increases with industry output. Special cases are considered, including Cournot–Nash oligopoly and dominant firm-competitive fringe.
Organic degradation under simulated Martian conditions

We report on laboratory experiments which simulate the breakdown of organic compounds under Martian surface conditions. Chambers containing Mars-analog soil mixed with the amino acid glycine were evacuated and filled to 100 mbar pressure with a Martian atmosphere gas mixture and then irradiated with a broad spectrum Xe lamp. Headspace gases were periodically withdrawn and analyzed via gas chromatography for the presence of organic gases expected to be decomposition products of the glycine. The quantum efficiency for the decomposition of glycine by light at wavelengths from 2000 to 2400 angstroms was measured to be 1.46 +/- 1.0 x 10(-6) molecules/photon. Scaled to Mars, this represents an organic destruction rate of 2.24 +/- 1.2 x 10(-4) g of C m-2 yr-1. We compare this degradation rate with the rate that organic compounds are brought to Mars as a result of meteoritic infall to show that organic compounds are destroyed on Mars at rates far exceeding the rate that they are deposited by meteorites. Thus the fact that no organic compounds were found on Mars by the Viking Lander Gas Chromatograph Mass Spectrometer experiment can be explained without invoking the presence of strong oxidants in the surface soils. The organic destruction rate may be considered as an upper bound for the globally averaged biomass production rate of extant organisms at the surface of Mars. This upper bound is comparable to the slow growing cryptoendolithic microbial communities found in dry Antarctica deserts. Finally, comparing these organic destruction rates to recently reported experiments on the stability of carbonate on the surface of Mars, we find that organic compounds may currently be more stable than calcite.
The loop shortening property and almost convexity

We introduce the loop shortening property and the basepoint loop shortening property for finitely generated groups, and examine their relation to quadratic isoperimetric functions and almost convexity.
Ruthenium tetraoxide catalyzed oxidation of nucleosides: A facile synthesis of 5′-carboxylic acid derivatives

Abstract Purine and pyrimidine nucleosides have been oxidized to the corresponding 5′-carboxylic acids using potassium persulfate and ruthenium trichloride under basic conditions. The method provides easy access to nucleosides bearing 3′-amino and 5′-carboxylic acid functionalities from 3′-azido compounds as exemplified by oxidation of AZT followed by reduction of the acid.
Response of a model gas turbine combustor to variation in gaseous fuel composition

The effect of fuel composition on performance is evaluated on a model gas turbine combustor designed to mimic key features of practical devices. A flexible fuel injection system is utilized to control the placement of the fuel in the device to allow exploration and evaluation of fuel distribution effects in addition to chemistry effects. Gas blends reflecting the extremes in compositions found in the U.S. are considered. The results illustrate that, for the conditions and configuration studied, both fuel chemistry and fuel air mixing play a role in the performance of the device. While chemistry appears to be the predominant factor in stability, a role is noted in emissions performance as well. It is also found that changes in fuel distribution associated with changes in fuel momentum for fixed firing rate also have an impact on emissions. For the system considered, a strategy for sustaining optimal performance while fuel composition changes is illustrated.
Eisenstein series on loop groups

Based on Garland's work, in this paper we construct the Eisenstein series on the adelic loop groups over a number field, induced from either a cusp form or a quasi-character which is assumed to be unramified. We compute the constant terms, prove their absolute and uniform convergence under the affine analog of Godement's criterion. For the case of quasi-characters the resulting formula is an affine Gindikin-Karpelevich formula. Then we prove the convergence of Eisenstein series themselves in certain analogs of Siegel subsets.
Synthesis of Secondary Amines via N-(Benzoyloxy)amines and Organoboranes.

A variety of primary amines (R−NH2) were converted to their corresponding N-(benzoyloxy)amines (i.e., R−NHOCOPh) under biphasic conditions in excellent yields (63−90%). The intermediate N-(benzoyloxy)amines were converted to their N-ethylamine derivatives upon reaction with triethylborane in THF in good yield (54−89%). These experiments demonstrated the similar chemistry of N-chloro- and N-(benzoyloxy)amines with organoboranes.
New regions for a chameleon to hide

We show that inclusion of an extremely small quartic coupling constant in the potential for a nearly massless scalar field greatly increases the experimentally allowed region for the mass term and the coupling of the field to matter.
FACILE SYNTHESIS OF BINOL IN THE ABSENCE OF SOLVENT

ABSTRACT A new synthesis of BINOL is reported, which proceeds by the oxidation of 2-naphthol by iron(III) chloride when the two reagents are co-adsorbed on alumina. The method allows easy isolation of the product in high yield and in a high state of purity and does not require the use of specialized catalysts or large volumes of high-boiling organic solvents. Some derivatives of BINOL can also be prepared by this method.
Corporate focus and stock returns

Abstract Greater corporate focus is consistent with shareholder wealth maximization. Diseconomies of scope in the 1980s are confirmed by a trend towards focus or specialization, a positive relation between stock returns and focus increases, and the failure of diversified firms to exploit financial economies of scope (coinsurance of debt or reliance on internal capital markets). Large focused firms were less likely to be subject to hostile takeover attempts than were other firms, but diversified firms were distinguished in the 1980s mostly by being relatively active participants, as both buyers and sellers, in the market for corporate control.
Energy-Filtered Electron Diffraction from Silica Thin Films

Energy filtering has been applied to electron diffraction patterns to obtain electron scattering intensity data of single energy collected using a scanning transmission electron microscope. For amorphous materials, the technique permits reconstruction of radial distribution functions from elastically scattered electron intensity data; amorphous silica thin films have been analyzed in the present experiments. The radial distribution functions are characterized in terms of interatomic distances and are compared to neutron scattering results in the form of total correlation functions.
The use of organoboron chlorides and bromides in organic synthesis

Organoboron chlorides and bromides are valuable reagents for halogenation and alkylation of aromatic aldehydes, addition of aldehydes to alkenes, and dialkenylation of aldehydes. An overview of these newly discovered reactions is presented.
Electrochemistry in solids prepared by sol-gel processes

Sol-gel chemistry provides a route to preparing inorganic polymers with ionically conducting properties by room temperature synthetic routes. The products, which are rigid solids, are well-suited as media for conventional electrochemical techniques such as cyclic voltammetry. This property, when combined with their ability to host a wide variety of species, has allowed development of a variety of devices of interest in electrochemistry and analytical chemistry. Examples include cathodes for fuels cells, electrochromic devices, biosensors, and amperometric sensors for analytes in the gas phase. In this review, the emphasis will be on reported applications to analytical chemistry; however, studies on the general properties of these materials and on their use in electrochemical science also will be summarized because they may provide the basis for further development of sensors.
Retinal Thickening in Iridocyclitis

Purpose To determine the frequency of retinal thickening (RT) in eyes with iridocyclitis and to examine the correlations among anterior chamber (AC) inflammation, RT, and visual acuity. Design Retrospective, observational case series. Methods Records were reviewed of patients seen at the Duke University Eye Center Uveitis Clinic from January 2002 through March 2008. Patients with unilateral iridocyclitis without panuveitis, vitreitis, pars planitis, posterior uveitis, or a combination thereof who had undergone optical coherence tomography (OCT) of both eyes were included. The AC cell grade and OCT-RT measurements were recorded. Subretinal fluid and intraretinal cysts were determined from OCT scans according to Duke Reading Center guidelines. Results Forty-three patients were studied. RT typically was present in a ring-like distribution around the fovea. The median difference between the study eye and fellow eye in RT was statistically significant for total macular volume (TMV) and for all OCT subfields ( P P = .039; r 2 = 0.1) and the subfield comprised of the quadrants in the outer ring on OCT ( P = .027; r 2 = 0.12), and between RT and visual acuity for OCT-TMV and all but the central subfields ( P = .003 to .007; r 2 = 0.261 to 0.227). RT decreased after anti-inflammatory therapy. Conclusions RT is strongly associated with iridocyclitis and decreases after treatment. RT, as determined by OCT, is a useful clinical parameter to evaluate patients with iridocyclitis and to monitor response to treatment.
Transmission of wave energy in curved ducts

A formulation of wave‐energy flow has been developed for motion in curved ducts. A parametric study over a range of frequencies determined the ability of circular bends to transmit energy for the case of perfectly rigid walls.
Effects of additives on cuprate 1,4-additions: Gilman reagents in the presence of Me3SiCN

Chemical and spectroscopic studies on Gilman cuprates R2CuLi·LiI in the presence of TMS-CN reveal the lack of independence of these species in THF solutions. A potential role for this additive in enhancing rates and yields of 1,4-, as well as 1,2-additions, is suggested.
Violent silicate volcanism on Io in 1996

We monitored Io's volcanic thermal emission from 1.7 to 4.8 µm in 1995/96. The data reveal a number of brightenings when Io's thermal emission increased several-fold. We use a model of emission from lava flows to understand observations of two brightenings in 1996. The brightenings were caused by eruptions ≃ 3km² in extent, with eruptive rates of 104-106 m²s−1 and with maximum lava temperatures ≥ 1400 K. These events were probably lava lakes and/or fire fountains.
Relaxation dynamics in the presence of unequally spaced attractors along the reaction coordinate

We show how reaction coordinate path lengths affect the relaxation efficiency of a complex system. To this purpose, we consider the metric contributions to the transition rates. These metric contributions contain information about the system's change of geometry at the barrier crossing and, therefore, are directly related, differentially, to the path lengths. The results of this work can enrich the accuracy with which we describe how complex systems relax to preferential structures.
Streak And Framing Camera Designs Using Surface Acoustic Wave Charge-Transfer Devices

Solid-state imagers with integrated scanning circuits offer many advantages over beam-scanned camera tubes in cost, reliability, size, and range of applications. Solid-state electrical imagers are the realization of available methods for organizing and transferring charges from an image-sensing area to electrical readout ports. Surface acoustic waves (SAWs) traveling on a piezo-electric medium have been shown to support charge transfer in a solid-state device: charges can be injected into electric potential wells that travel at the acoustic speed and may be collected at a different location on the surface. The principles of SAW charge-transfer devices (SAW-CTDs) are reviewed. Design concepts are presented for SAW-CTDs and CCD-CTDs for use as electrical or optical waveform recorders and as imaging devices, e.g., streak and framing cameras, operating in single-shot and continuously cycling modes.
Synthesis of isoxazolylphosphazene

The reaction of phosphonitrilic dichloride cyclic trimer with 4-hydroxymethyl-3,5-disubstituted isoxazoles leads to incomplete substitution,and forcing conditions gave rise to fragmentation to the corresponding 4-chloromethylisoxazole derivatives.Two carbon homologation of the C-4 isoxazole moiety,followed by reaction with (1) produced the hexakis-substituted product(9).Preliminary studies indicate that (9) functions as a ligand in complexes with co(II),Cr(III) and Mn(III)