cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chemical binding effects on resonance line shape and neutron capture rates

Abstract Calculated capture rates and Doppler coefficients in uranium compounds do not agree with experimental results. The difference can be due to: (1) errors in the resonance parameters and/or that (2) the Maxwell gas treatment, which considers nuclei free when in fact they are bound in a crystalline structure, is inadequate. The purpose of the present work is to introduce models which account for chemical binding in the resonance treatment and to determine if such models are capable of removing the discrepancy. Both harmonic and damped vibrational models of chemical binding were considered. In the harmonic model the vibrational amplitude of an atom in a crystal lattice is independent of time. In the damped vibrational model this amplitude is allowed to decay in time. It was found that the line shape obtained with the harmonic approximation relative to the free-gas, Maxwell model, is shorter at the peak and broader in the wings. This leads to less resonance self shielding and yields a slight increase in the discrepancy between theory and experiments (1–3%). The line shape obtained with the damped vibrational model is taller at the peak and narrower in the wings than that obtained with the Maxwell model. This leads to more resonance self shielding and yields a slight decrease in the discrepancy between theory and experiment (1–3%). This decrease, however, is not enough to remove all the discrepancy (∼10%). Further evaluation of the magnitude of the damping coefficient is required.
Crystallographic studies of carbohydrates

The monosaccharides which constitute the monomer units of many important industrial and biological macromolecules are well represented among the 2000 crystal structures of the carbohydrate class 45 of the Cambridge Structural Database. There are few examples of crystal structure analyses of the corresponding acids, but many of their calcium salts and calcium salt complexes. With the exception of the disaccharides and cyclodextrins, the oligosaccharides are not well represented, with less than ten trisaccharides, one tetrasaccharide and one hexasaccharide-iodide complex. Two important conformational factors are the Hassel-Ottar effect and the anomeric effect, both of which have been studied using crystallographic data. Hydrogen bonding is ubiquitous in carbohydrate crystals and generally involves all the hydroxyls as both donors and acceptors, and some of the ring and glycosidic oxygens as acceptors. These hydrogen bonds tend to form finite or infinite chains. In hydrates, these chains are linked through the water molecules to form networks. Cyclic hydrogen-bond systems are observed in the cyclodextrins. Long-chain alkylated carbohydrates provide a large class of thermotropic and lyotropic liquid crystals, and some non-ionic surfactants which have been shown to be useful for membrane-protein solubilization and crystallization.
Neural adaptations with chronic physical activity

Chronic activity patterns, such as strength training, limb immobilization, and aging, produce marked adaptations in both the muscular and nervous systems. In this brief review, some of the involved mechanisms are examined as they are revealed through studies on the maximality, specificity, and pattern of the neural drive to muscle. The studies on maximality indicate that it is difficult to activate maximally a muscle by voluntary command, the capacity varies across muscles, tasks, and training, and the maximum discharge rates of motor neurons decreases with immobilization and increases with strength training. The data on specificity demonstrate that: strength can be increased by training with imagined contractions; the velocity specificity of isokinetic training is evident with intended contractions; the strength training influences the untrained homologous muscle in the contralateral limb; the bilatral deficit can become a bilateral facilitation with appropriate training; and that eccentric contractions appear to involve a different activation scheme compared to isometric and concentric contractions. Finally, the literature on the pattern of the neural drive suggests that: coactivation varies with training and often decreases as skill level increases; measures of motor-unit synchronization reveal changes in neuronal connectivity with physical training; the reflex potentiation varies across muscles, individuals, and activity patterns; the modulation of the H-reflex amplitude with training involves changes in the motor neuron; and the motor neurons exhibit a bistable, excitability property that may be influenced by exercise. Despite the breadth of this evidence, there remain substantial gaps in our knowledge, particularly regarding the symmetry of adaptations with increased and decreased chronic physical activity.
Hybrid-state emission in a polythienylenevinylene derivative with an electron deficient moiety

The photoluminescence (PL) of a novel imide-substituted poly(3-thienylenevinylene) derivative (imidePTV) was studied in film and solution. PL quantum efficiency was measured to be more than two orders of magnitude larger than its nonluminescent counterpart, namely, alkyl-substituted PTV and was interpreted as evidence for a near degeneracy of optically allowed 1(1)Bu and optically forbidden 2(1)Ag excitonic states. As a result, coexistence of 2(1)Ag and 1(1)Bu emissions was observed, and the predominance was found to be sensitive to temperature and morphological environment. PL of solutions in solvents of higher polarity and polarizability and from low-temperature films was dominated by the transition from the dipole allowed 1(1)Bu state. On the other hand, the PL spectra of films at high temperature and solutions in solvents of low polarity and polarizability were primarily from the 2(1)Ag state that obtains a finite transmission moment from an asymmetric perturbation mixing with the 1(1)Bu.
Acute forearm compartment syndrome associated with HIV-induced thrombocytopenia

Acute compartment syndrome is most commonly associated with an upper extremity fracture; however, nontraumatic cases of acute forearm compartment syndrome associated with hemophilia’-’ and leukemic infiltrate@ have been documented. We describe a case of acute compartment syndrome following relatively minor trauma in a patient with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated thrombocytopenia.
Grid soil sampling adoption and abandonment in cotton production

Technology adoption in precision agriculture has received considerable attention, while abandonment has received little. Survey data are now available to evaluate adoption and abandonment decisions. Understanding the factors motivating technology adoption and abandonment has implications for educational efforts directed toward improving the efficiency of production inputs and for research and development to improve the value of precision agriculture technologies. The objective of this research was to identify factors motivating the adoption and abandonment of grid soil sampling in precision cotton production. These decisions were evaluated assuming a random utility model. Data were obtained from a 2005 survey of cotton producers in 11 Southeastern states in the USA. Results from limited dependent variable regressions indicate that younger producers who farmed more cotton area, owned more of their cropland, planted larger amounts of non-cotton area, used a computer for farm management and used a Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) in the field were more likely to adopt grid soil sampling for cotton precision farming. Results also suggest that producers with more cotton area who owned livestock and adopted management zone soil sampling were more likely to abandon grid soil sampling, while those who used a PDA in the field, used grid soil sampling for more years and followed up grid soil sampling with variable-rate fertilizer application were less likely to abandon grid soil sampling for cotton production.
Combined modality therapy for esophageal cancer

Treatment approaches for esophageal cancer include primary treatment (surgical or nonsurgical) or adjuvant treatment (preoperative or postoperative). Primary treatments include surgery alone, radiation therapy alone, and radiation therapy plus chemotherapy (combined modality therapy). Adjuvant therapies include preoperative or postoperative radiation therapy, preoperative chemotherapy, and preoperative combined modality therapy. There is considerable controversy as to the ideal therapeutic approach. This review will examine the results of these approaches as well as combined modality therapy using novel regimens.
Covert cryptococcal meningitis in a patient with systemic lupus erythematous

Abstract Background: Cryptococcal meningitis is a rare but well-recognized illness with a high mortality rate in immunosuppressed patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The diagnosis of cryptococcal meningitis in these patients can be challenging, especially in the emergency department (ED), as the clinical presentation may be non-specific, which can lead to delayed treatment. Objective: To recognize risk factors associated with the development of cryptococcal meningitis infection in patients with SLE and to provide an update on the clinical presentation, prognosis, and therapeutic options. Case Report: A 21-year-old man with SLE presented with a 4-day history of headache, fever, nausea, and vomiting after being discharged from the ED 1 day before this visit, after lumbar puncture showed normal values. One week before, he had completed 7-day pulse therapy with intravenous cyclophosphamide and intravenous methylprednisone for lupus nephritis. The patient was febrile, but the remainder of the examination was normal. Laboratory data showed lymphopenia. Given his immunocompromised state, a cryptococcal antigen was added to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) sent from the prior ED visit and was positive at a titer of 1:8. The patient was treated with amphotericin B and 5-flucytosine for 6 weeks. Ten months later the patient remained free of infection. Conclusion: Normal neurological and CSF examination do not exclude cryptococcal meningitis in immunocompromised patients with SLE. India ink or, preferably, latex agglutination test and CSF fungal culture are recommended. A high level of suspicion is the key in the diagnosis of cryptococcal meningitis and will help avoid delays in treatment.
A controllability criterion for linear systems with unbounded operators

A method is presented for 1) determining whether a given linear system with an unbounded system operator is controllable, and 2) determining the set of reachable states in systems which are not controllable.
Cavity phase engineering for stable enhanced terahertz pulse trains

We show that the cavity round-trip Gouy phase leads to pulse-to-pulse variation of the absolute phase and temporal profile of circulating few- or single-cycle pulses in empty resonators. This pulse-to-pulse variation can be eliminated by the proper insertion of a lens into the cavity. An application to terahertz resonators with phase-locked feedback is discussed.
A Perimetric Sampling Technique Applied to Biological Images

This paper examines the classification potential of a cyclical sampling approximation applied to binary images of zooplankton. Image pixels are rearranged into a one dimensional sequence by selecting samples in a spiral manner starting from the edge of the image and proceeding toward the center. The properties of this sample sequence are examined by Fourier transform techniques, using images from six major zooplankton categories of varying orientation. The ability of features extracted from spiral sequences to classify zooplankton samples, and their classification accuracy are investigated.
Retracting Inconclusive Research: Lessons from the Séralini GM Maize Feeding Study

In September 2012, Gilles-Eric Seralini and seven coauthors published an article in Food and Chemical Toxicology claiming that rats fed Roundup©-resistant genetically modified maize alone, genetically modified maize with Roundup©, or Roundup© for 2 years had a higher percentage of tumors and kidney and liver damage than normal controls. Shortly after this study was published, numerous scientists and several scientific organizations criticized the research as methodologically and ethically flawed. In January 2014, the journal retracted the article without the authors’ consent on the grounds that the research was inconclusive. In June 2014, Environmental Sciences Europe published a slightly modified version of the retracted paper. The publication, retraction and subsequent republication of the Seralini study raise important scientific and ethical issues for journal editors. Decisions to retract an article should be made on the basis of well-established policies. Articles should be retracted only for serious errors that undermine the reliability of the data or results, or for serious ethical lapses, such as research misconduct or mistreatment of animal or human subjects. Inconclusiveness, by itself, is not a sufficient reason for retracting an article, though a flawed study design might be. Retracted articles that are submitted for republication should undergo scientific review to ensure that they meet appropriate standards. Republished articles should be linked to the original, retracted publication. Journals that are reviewing studies with significant scientific and social implications should take special care to ensure that peer review is rigorous and fair.
Field and Vegetable Crop Mutants with Increased Resistance to Herbicides

Wheat mutants with increased seedling resistance to terbutryn (2-tertbutylamino-4-ethylamino-6-methylthio-s-triazine) and tomato mutants with increased resistance to diphenamid (N,N-dimethyl-2,2-diphenylacetamide) were selected by the experimenters out of populations grown from seeds treated with ethyl methanesulfonate. Induced mutations may thus provide a tool for breeding crop cultivars with increased resistance to certain herbicides.
Invertebrate abundance at occupied and potential piping plover nesting beaches: Great Plains alkali wetlands vs. the Great Lakes

We assessed the potential for reestablishment of endangered piping plovers (Charadrius melodus) at selected Great Lakes beaches by comparing invertebrate biomass and abundance with that at alkali wetland beaches occupied by breeding plovers in the Great Plains. We measured invertebrate occurrence using sticky traps secured to beach foraging substrates. Diptera (especially Chironomidae and Ephydridae) comprised from 45 to 99% of invertebrate abundance and 24 to 53% of the biomass at six separate sites in the Great Lakes. Coleoptera (<1–17% abundance; 28–54% biomass) and Hymenoptera (<1–10% abundance; <1–9% biomass) also were frequently detected on beaches at the Great Lakes sites. At alkali wetland beaches in North Dakota, Diptera (Ephydridae and Chironomidae) comprised 95% of the invertebrate fauna numerically and made up more than 80% of the biomass. The mean invertebrate biomass at two Great Lakes beaches (Plate Bay, MI=0.16 g/m2/hr, Long Island, WI=0.11 g/m2/hr) was similar (P<0.05) to that at North Dakota alkali beaches (0.09 g/m2/1hr) occupied by breeding piping plovers. However, at four other Great Lakes beaches, we measured 3 to 6 times less (0.01–0.02 g/m2/hr; P<0.01) invertebrate biomass than at the alkali wetland beaches. Mean invertebrate abundance showed similar patterns among the sites. Food availability may limit the reestablishment of piping plovers at some Great Lakes beaches. We recommend that invertebrate abundance and biomass be measured at currently occupied piping plover nesting areas in the Great Lakes and be assessed at any sites proposed for reintroduction of piping plovers.
R 2 Fe 14 B materials: Intrinsic properties and technological aspects

Magnetic materials research has entered a new and exciting period with the advent of the ternary rare-earth-iron-boron compounds, ${\mathrm{R}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Fe}}_{14}$B. From the fundamental physics perspective the ${\mathrm{R}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Fe}}_{14}$B series and its isostructural relatives comprise a rich, fascinating area for the investigation of many intrinsic properties, including magnetic structures, magnetocrystalline anisotropy, and rare-earth-transition-metal exchange interactions. Intense interest in the technological aspects of these compounds has been ignited by the fact that energy products eclipsing all previous values have been realized in practical magnets based on ${\mathrm{Nd}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Fe}}_{14}$B, the prototypical representative; these magnets also feature economic advantages over the earlier samarium-cobalt materials. Both facets of the ${\mathrm{R}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Fe}}_{14}$B systems are considered in this review.
Studies on epidermal growth factor receptor signaling in vertebrate limb patterning

The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) regulates multiple patterning events in Drosophila limb development, but its role in vertebrate limb morphogenesis has received little attention. The EGFR and several of its ligands are expressed in developing vertebrate limbs in manners consistent with potential patterning roles. To gain insight into functions of EGFR signaling in vertebrate limb development, we expressed a constitutively active EGFR in developing chick limbs in ovo. Expression of activated EGFR causes pre- and postaxial polydactyly, including mirror-image-type digit duplication, likely due to induction of ectopic expression and/or modulation of genes involved in anterior-posterior (AP) patterning such as Sonic hedgehog (Shh), dHand, Patched (Ptc), Gli3, Hoxd13, Hoxd11, bone morphogenetic protein 2 (Bmp2), Gremlin, and FGF4. Activation of EGFR signaling dorsalizes the limb and alters expression of the dorsal-ventral (DV) patterning genes Wnt7a, Lmx, and En1. Ectopic and/or extended FGF8 expressing apical ectodermal ridges (AERs) are also seen. Interdigital regression is inhibited and the digits fail to separate, leading to syndactyly, likely due to antiapoptotic and pro-proliferative effects of activated EGFR signaling on limb mesoderm, and/or attenuation of interdigital Bmp4 expression. These findings suggest potential roles for EGFR signaling in AP and DV patterning, AER formation, and cell survival during limb morphogenesis.
Quantitative model analysis with diverse biological data: applications in developmental pattern formation.

Abstract Mathematical modeling of transcription factor and signaling networks is widely used to understand if and how a mechanism works, and to infer regulatory interactions that produce a model consistent with the observed data. Both of these approaches to modeling are informed by experimental data, however, much of the data available or even acquirable are not quantitative. Data that is not strictly quantitative cannot be used by classical, quantitative, model-based analyses that measure a difference between the measured observation and the model prediction for that observation. To bridge the model-to-data gap, a variety of techniques have been developed to measure model “fitness” and provide numerical values that can subsequently be used in model optimization or model inference studies. Here, we discuss a selection of traditional and novel techniques to transform data of varied quality and enable quantitative comparison with mathematical models. This review is intended to both inform the use of these model analysis methods, focused on parameter estimation, and to help guide the choice of method to use for a given study based on the type of data available. Applying techniques such as normalization or optimal scaling may significantly improve the utility of current biological data in model-based study and allow greater integration between disparate types of data.
Globalization and Loss of Plant Knowledge: Challenging the Paradigm

The erosion of cultural knowledge and traditions as a result of globalization and migration is a commonly reported phenomenon. We compared one type of cultural knowledge about medicinal plants (number of plants reported to treat thirty common health conditions) among Dominican laypersons who self-medicate with plants and live in rural or urban areas of the Dominican Republic (DR), and those who have moved to New York City (NYC). Many plants used as medicines were popular Dominican food plants. These plants were reported significantly more often by Dominicans living in NYC as compared to the DR, and this knowledge was not age-dependent. These results contradict the popular paradigm about loss of cultural plant knowledge and is the first study to report a statistically measurable increase in this type of knowledge associated with migration.
Effect of chlorpromazine and amphetamine on conditioned DC shifts in septal rats

Summary Cortical DC potentials were recorded from control and septal-lesioned rats during fixed-interval lever pressing for food rewards. Biphasic negative-positive DC potential shifts occurred with each rewarded lever press. Septal rats consistently showed lower negative shifts. These conditioned DC shifts were altered by pretreating the rats with 1 mg/kg chlorpromazine or 0·8 mg/kg amphetamine. Some of the drug-induced changes in the DC shifts of septal animals were different from those in control rats. Correspondingly, septal rats displayed greater behavioral sensitivity to the drugs. These results add evidence that certain cortical DC potentials may play a role in learned behavior.
Validation of Rhododendron minus var. Chapmanii (Ericaceae)

Abstract. Rhododendron minus var. chapmanii (Alph. Wood) Gandhi & Zarucchi is validated here as a new combination.
Unpacking Everyday “Teacher Talk” About Students and Families of Color: Implications for Teacher and School Leader Development

Informal “teacher talk” about students is ubiquitous, but it remains largely unexamined. This study critically examines casual, everyday teacher discourse about students perceived to be racially or culturally “different.” Data were collected through participants’ journal entries, group discussion, and interviews. Findings revealed three dominant deficit-based discursive themes embedded in informal teacher talk about students of color. I argue for the need to heighten educators’ critical awareness of deficit discourse and its relationship to teaching, learning, and issues of equity. This article will likely be of interest to educational administration faculty, teacher educators, K-12 educators, and those studying school culture.
Infrared Heating in Food Processing: An Overview

ABSTRACT: Infrared (IR) heating provides significant advantages over conventional heating, including reduced heating time, uniform heating, reduced quality losses, absence of solute migration in food material, versatile, simple, and compact equipment, and significant energy saving. Infrared heating can be applied to various food processing operations, namely, drying, baking, roasting, blanching, pasteurization, and sterilization. Combinations of IR heating with microwave heating and other common conductive and convective modes of heating have been gaining momentum because of increased energy throughput. This article reviews aspects of IR heating and presents a theoretical basis for IR heat processing of food materials and the interaction of IR radiation with food components. The effect of IR on food quality attributes is discussed in the context of samples and process parameters. Applications of IR heating in food processing operations and future research potential are also reviewed.
Statistical process and controller performance monitoring. A tutorial on current methods and future directions

Statistical process control procedures for a single variable such as Shewhart, CUSUM and EWMA charts are summarized. Multivariable statistical process monitoring (SPM) techniques for both continuous and batch processes are presented. SPM methods based on principal components analysis, canonical variate state space models, partial least squares, multiway and multiblock techniques are discussed. Methods for monitoring single loop and multivariable controller performance are also presented.
Full waveform accuracy to estimate delay in coupled digital circuits

It is very natural that the signal waveform becomes non-monotonic at the presence of coupling noise. Therefore, the signal delay can only be precisely predicted through using full waveform accuracy. This paper proposes an efficient algorithm to accurately estimate the delay time of global interconnects driven by gates through estimating the output waveform. Experimental results show that only a little more than 5% mean error is induced while, on average, the running time of the proposed algorithm is more than 370 times faster than HSPICE simulation.
Defect classification for the inspection of TFT LCD glass

Serious pattern defects and particles co-exist on the glass and only a few defects can cause serious quality problem. Now, if there would be a way to classify the defect by its potential lethality, it would be useful to control the product quality and loss of review time. This paper presents a method to classify the defect by using reviewing images. First, several defect types were investigated to develop an algorithm. In next, efficiency of the algorithm was verified in a plant. The result was good enough to utilize the information of classified defect type. Finally, the algorithm was applied to remove the information of trivial defects. The result was good to increase a throughput of whole process under little risk.
The Life and Scientific Contributions of Lyman J. Briggs

Lyman J. Briggs (1874–1963), an early twentieth century physicist at the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), made many significant contributions to our understanding of soil-water and plant-water interactions. He began his career at the Bureau of Soils (BOS) in 1896. At age 23, Briggs published (1897) a description of the roles of surface tension and gravity in determining the state of static soil moisture. Concepts he presented remain central to this subject more than 100 yr later. With J.W. McLane, Briggs developed the “moisture equivalent” concept (a precursor to the idea of field capacity) and a centrifuge apparatus for measuring it. Briggs left the BOS at the end of 1905, under pressure from Milton Whitney, and moved to the Bureau of Plant Industry. Briggs' multi-state experiments with H.L. Shantz on water-use efficiencies showed that in a climate like that of the Great Plains, plants use water more productively in the cooler north than in the warmer south. In 1920, he moved from the USDA to the National Bureau of Standards (NBS), rising to Director in 1933. Among his other contributions to the American scientific community was his leadership, beginning in 1939, of a top secret committee that evolved into the Manhattan Project to develop an atomic bomb during World War II. A life-long baseball fan, Briggs at age 84, studied the speed, spin, and deflection of the curve ball, aided by manager Cookie Lavagetto and the pitching staff of the Washington Senators; he published these findings in a paper in the American Journal of Physics in 1959.
Field Investigation of Corrosion-Protection Performance of Bridge Decks Constructed with Epoxy-Coated Reinforcing Steel in Virginia

The corrosion-protection performance of epoxy-coated reinforcing steel (ECR) in three 17-year-old bridge decks in Virginia was assessed. The decks had an upper mat of ECR and a lower mat of bare steel. Surface cracking in the right traffic lane was visually surveyed and 12 cores randomly located in the lowest 12th percentile cover depth in each deck were drilled. The concrete core and the extract ECR were visually inspected. In the concrete moisture content, absorption, percent saturation, carbonation depth, and the effective chloride diffusion constant were measured. In the ECR physical damage, coating thickness, adhesion loss and corrosion at damaged sites, and undercoating corrosion at adhesion test sites were measured. The chloride content of the concrete and carbonation of the ECR trace were determined. Significant coating adhesion loss occurred before the chloride arrived at the bar depth. The debonding of the epoxy is wet debonding, which is predicted by the negative thermodynamic work of adhesion....
Hemodynamic and Ventilatory Effects of Exercise in the Upright Position in Patients with Left-to-Right Shunts

Nine patients having ventricular septal defect or patent ductus arteriosus performed bicycle exercise of moderate intensity in the upright position while oxygen consumption and pulmonary and systemic blood flows and pressures were being measured. Resting pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) was normal in five patients and elevated in four. Right-to-left shunt became apparent or increased during exercise in patients with elevated PVR. The rise of pulmonary "wedge" pressure and of right atrial pressure during exercise was not related to the resting PVR. Both ventilation and pulmonary artery pressure increased more rapidly during exercise in patients with high PVR than in the normal PVR group. Left atrial blood remained fully saturated during exertion in three patients with high PVR and arterial oxygen unsaturation.
Relationships Between Sex, Sex Role, and Social Influence

A study (N = 60) was conducted to investigate the relationship between sex, the Bem Sex-Role Inventory, and measures of social influence. These influence measures involved self-reports of influence strategies, peer evaluations after group discussions, the Marlowe-Crowne Social-Desirability Scale, and a conformity paradigm. It was found that regardless of the subject's sex, masculine and androgynous persons received more positive peer evaluations than feminine persons. Feminine people regardless of sex were more likely than masculine or androgynous people (p < .05) to report using tears, emotional alteration, and subtlety in efforts to influence others. It was also found that sex-typed and androgynous persons had higher need for approval scores than cross-sex-typed individuals.
On “Physical therapists make accurate and appropriate discharge recommendations…” Smith BA, Fields CJ, Fernandez N. Phys Ther. 2010;90:693–703.

The retrospective study by Smith et al1 reported an odds ratio (OR) of 2.9 for the association between hospital readmission and the predictor variable mismatch with services lacking (ie, the physical therapist's discharge recommendation was not implemented and follow-up services were lacking). The authors are correct in the interpretation of …
The Xs and Y of immune responses to viral vaccines

The biological differences associated with the sex of an individual are a major source of variation, affecting immune responses to vaccination. Compelling clinical data illustrate that men and women differ in their innate, humoral, and cell-mediated responses to viral vaccines. Sex affects the frequency and severity of adverse effects of vaccination, including fever, pain, and inflammation. Pregnancy can also substantially alter immune responses to vaccines. Data from clinical trials and animal models of vaccine efficacy lay the groundwork for future studies aimed at identifying the biological mechanisms that underlie sex-specific responses to vaccines, including genetic and hormonal factors. An understanding and appreciation of the effect of sex and pregnancy on immune responses might change the strategies used by public health officials to start efficient vaccination programmes (optimising the timing and dose of the vaccine so that the maximum number of people are immunised), ensure sufficient levels of immune responses, minimise adverse effects, and allow for more efficient protection of populations that are high priority (eg, pregnant women and individuals with comorbid conditions).
DeBruijn Counting for Visualization Algorithms

We describe how to determine the number of cases that arise in visualization al- gorithms such as Marching Cubes by applying the deBruijn extension of Polya counting. This technique constructs a polynomial, using the cycle index, encoding the case counts that arise when a discrete function (or “color”) is evaluated at each vertex of a polytope. The technique can serve as a valuable aid in debugging visualization algorithms that extend Marching Cubes, Separating Surfaces, Interval Volumes, Sweeping Simplices, etc., to larger dimensions and to more colors.
The Marker State Space (MSS) Method for Classifying Clinical Samples

The development of accurate clinical biomarkers has been challenging in part due to the diversity between patients and diseases. One approach to account for the diversity is to use multiple markers to classify patients, based on the concept that each individual marker contributes information from its respective subclass of patients. Here we present a new strategy for developing biomarker panels that accounts for completely distinct patient subclasses. Marker State Space (MSS) defines ‘‘marker states’’ based on all possible patterns of high and low values among a panel of markers. Each marker state is defined as either a case state or a control state, and a sample is classified as case or control based on the state it occupies. MSS was used to define multi-marker panels that were robust in cross validation and training-set/test-set analyses and that yielded similar classification accuracy to several other classification algorithms. A three-marker panel for discriminating pancreatic cancer patients from control subjects revealed subclasses of patients based on distinct marker states. MSS provides a straightforward approach for modeling highly divergent subclasses of patients, which may be adaptable for diverse applications.
Caveolin binds independently to claudin‐2 and occludin

Treatment of epithelial and endothelial cells with proinflammatory cytokines can stimulate tight junction protein endocytosis, with associated loss of physiologic barrier function. In some instances, the endocytic scaffolding protein, caveolin-1, has been implicated in the cytokine-dependent retrieval of the tight junction proteins occludin and claudins. How caveolin-1 interacts with these proteins, however, remains undefined. Using co-immunoprecipitation assays, we found that caveolin-1 separately interacts with claudin-2 and occludin, but not with ZO-1, ZO-2, or claudin-4. Further, we found that the interactions of caveolin-1 with claudin-2 and occludin were not disrupted by cholesterol removal, suggesting that they were not dependent on co-localization to cholesterol-rich lipid rafts. Co-immunoprecipitation of caveolin-1 with chimeras between claudin-2 and -4 indicated that the C-terminal cytoplasmic domain of claudin-2 is required for association with caveolin-1; similar analysis showed that the ZO-1 binding region of occludin is not required for its interaction with caveolin-1. The finding that caveolin-1 interacts with claudin-2 and occludin, but not with claudin-4 or ZO-1, suggests a potential mechanism for selective retrieval of tight junction components.
Herpes zoster infection presenting as an acute pulpitis

A major reason for referral to an endodontic practice is management of pain. Most cases are diagnosed as being of pulpal or periapical origin. However, some turn out quite differently than their initial appearance. This case report presents a patient referred to the endodontic clinic because of symptoms mimicking an irreversible pulpitis. On examination no obvious cause of the symptoms could be found. The patient was treated conservatively after which a herpes zoster viral infection was diagnosed. This case stresses the importance of a thorough investigation of all signs and symptoms and the delay of definitive treatment until a diagnosis is made.
Metrics for performance benchmarking of nanoscale Si and carbon nanotube FETs including device nonidealities

This paper proposes a simple and accurate expression for inverter effective drive current for nanoscale Si and carbon nanotube FET (CNFET) performance benchmarking. The choice of I/sub eff/=(I/sub NL/+I/sub NM/+I/sub NH/-I/sub P/)/3, where I/sub NL/=I/sub DS(N-FET)/ (V/sub GS/=0.5V/sub DD/, V/sub DS/=V/sub DD/), I/sub NM/=I/sub DS(N-FET)/(V/sub GS/=0.75V/sub DD/, V/sub DS/=0.75V/sub DD/), I/sub NH/=I/sub DS(N-FET)/ (V/sub GS/=V/sub DD/, V/sub DS/=0.5V/sub DD/), and I/sub P/=I/sub SD(P-FET)/ (V/sub SG/=0.25V/sub DD/, V/sub SD/=0.25V/sub DD/), includes the effects of both the nFET and the pFET of an inverter and accurately captures the inverter delay performance over many CMOS technology nodes and in the presence of device nonidealities. The proposed metric indicates that the performance enhancement of CNFETs over Si MOSFETs is not as large as that predicted by I/sub Dsat/ in a circuit environment because of the nonideal I-V characteristics.
Effect of ZnO deposition condition for back reflector on the performance of nano-crystalline silicon solar cell

We have deposited ZnO at different substrate temperatures in a range of 120 ∼ 350 °C for back reflector (BR) with a structure of ZnO/Ag/Al/SS used in nano-crystalline silicon solar cells. AFM, XRD, SEM and optical transmittance have been employed to analyze the structure of ZnO films. It is found that the nano-crystalline solar cells on the back reflector with ZnO film deposited at 120 °C have a lower fill factor (FF) and a lower short-circuit current density (J sc ), but a higher open-circuit voltage (V oc ). This may be caused by the high fraction of amorphous phase in the nano-crystalline silicon film, which grows on the low temperature deposited ZnO film. But when the ZnO deposition temperature is increased to 280 °C, the nano-crystalline silicon solar cells have a lower yield. The reason for this is the formation of a large amount of ZnO nano-crystalline rods on ZnO surface. The optimized BR has contributed to the development of high efficient a-Si:H/a-SiGe:H/nc-Si:H n-i-p triple solar cells with an efficiency of 12.5%.
Establishing Values of Time for Freight Trucks for Better Understanding of Impact of Toll Policies

Many freight models have considered only travel time as the path building criterion, but truck drivers are sensitive to both time and cost when choosing routes. In addition, a key variable in understanding a driver's choice when in the presence of tolls is the value of a driver's time. Research has suggested that values of time (VOT) vary considerably by the parameters of the haul, principally the type of truck and the commodity carried. Behavioral methods of ascertaining passenger VOT are limited by the variety of VOT that can be conveniently obtained, while the number of commodities and truck types to carry them are large. Fundamentally, truck drivers attempt to minimize costs, although they may do so imperfectly. This paper uses a policy-sensitive truck cost model to obtain VOT and tests those on a full-scale simulation. A highly-detailed cost model of trucking was previously developed by the research team for the purposes of policy analysis. This cost model originally followed industry practice by bas...
Masked Silence Sequences: Hearing Discrimination in the College Classroom

This essay examines the ways that some college students bear the costs of silence-mediated racialized communication in everyday classroom activities. Specifically, White privilege is shown to enable racially laden communication that regenerates the social exclusion of American Indian students. Combining interpretive approaches from the ethnography of communication and critical Whiteness theories, this inquiry draws from data collected from 35 American Indian students in a western U.S. university. By introducing the concept of masked silence sequences and offering a definition for discriminatory silence, this study harnesses attention on the discursive strategies resulting in the perpetuated marginalization of a particular people of color. This study also offers the identification of potential loci wherein we as educators can collaborate to enact necessary redressive action and help construct more equitable and inclusive contexts for all students.
Bicycles, Bangs, and Bloomers: The New Woman in the Popular Press

The so-called "New Woman" -- that determined and free-wheeling figure in "rational" dress, demanding education, suffrage, and a career-was a frequent target for humorists in the popular press of the late nineteenth century. She invariably stood in contrast to the "womanly woman," a traditional figure bound to domestic concerns and a stereotype away from which many women were inexorably moving.Patricia Marks's book, based on a survey of satires and caricatures drawn from British and American periodicals of the 1880s and 1890s, places the popular view of the New Woman in the context of the age and explores the ways in which humor both reflected and shaped readers' perceptions of women's changing roles.Not all commentators of the period attacked the New Woman; even conservative satirists were more concerned with poverty, prostitution, and inadequate education than with defending so-called "femininity." Yet, as the influx of women into the economic mainstream changed social patterns, the popular press responded with humor ranging from the witty to the vituperative.Many of Marks's sources have never been reprinted and exist only in unindexed periodicals. Her book thus provides a valuable resource for those studying the rise of feminism and the influence of popular culture, as well as literary historians and critics seeking to place more formal genres within a cultural framework. Historians, sociologists, and others with an interest in Victorianism will find in it much to savor.
De novo transcriptome reconstruction and annotation of the Egyptian rousette bat

The Egyptian Rousette bat (Rousettus aegyptiacus), a common fruit bat species found throughout Africa and the Middle East, was recently identified as a natural reservoir host of Marburg virus. With Ebola virus, Marburg virus is a member of the family Filoviridae that causes severe hemorrhagic fever disease in humans and nonhuman primates, but results in little to no pathological consequences in bats. Understanding host-pathogen interactions within reservoir host species and how it differs from hosts that experience severe disease is an important aspect of evaluating viral pathogenesis and developing novel therapeutics and methods of prevention. Progress in studying bat reservoir host responses to virus infection is hampered by the lack of host-specific reagents required for immunological studies. In order to establish a basis for the design of reagents, we sequenced, assembled, and annotated the R. aegyptiacus transcriptome. We performed de novo transcriptome assembly using deep RNA sequencing data from 11 distinct tissues from one male and one female bat. We observed high similarity between this transcriptome and those available from other bat species. Gene expression analysis demonstrated clustering of expression profiles by tissue, where we also identified enrichment of tissue-specific gene ontology terms. In addition, we identified and experimentally validated the expression of novel coding transcripts that may be specific to this species. We comprehensively characterized the R. aegyptiacus transcriptome de novo. This transcriptome will be an important resource for understanding bat immunology, physiology, disease pathogenesis, and virus transmission.
Welfare calculations in discrete choice models when anticipated and experienced attributes differ: A guide with examples

The attributes that consumers anticipate or expect when choosing among alternatives (i.e., prior to consumption) often differ from the attributes that they actually experience when consuming their chosen alternative. This paper describes, and illustrates with several examples, the calculation of consumer surplus in this situation and the loss in consumer surplus due to the imperfect foreknowledge about attributes. The procedures are useful in many settings, such as the assessment of damages for false advertising and the analysis of informational policies.
Noncovariance of the Schwinger Monopole

It is shown that a canonical formulation of the magnetic monopole cannot be covariant if one allows only couplings which are manifestly invariant under three dimensional rotation. Although Schwinger′s monopole theory allows a more general class of interaction terms, Lorentz invariance is found to be violated there as well. One is forced to conclude that there does not exist a consistent field theory of the monopole at the present time.
Abstract 11: Ultrasonic Vocalizations as a Tool to Model Aphasia in Murine Experimental Stroke

BACKGROUND: Stroke is the leading cause of aphasia. One in four stroke survivors experience some form of speech impairment. Although rodents do not produce speech like humans, male mice vocalize at ultrasonic frequencies. By analyzing changes in ultrasonic vocalization (USV) patterns we assessed correlates of speech impairment in the rodent model. Further, to identify for any lateralization effect in vocalization we compared left and right sided strokes. Finally, changes in FOXP2 expression, a gene involved in the language production, were assessed. METHODS: Stroke was induced by 60-min middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in male C57BL/6 mice. All mice were pre-screened for baseline USVs one day prior to stroke, with an ultrasonic microphone and amplifier from Avisoft Bioacoustics for two 120-second trials, and analyzed using SAS-lab Pro. The first cohort determined if stroke led to changes in USVs and were tested on the day of stroke, post-stroke day (psd) 2, 7 and 14. The second cohort was used to assess differences between left and right MCAO (LMCAO/RMCAO) and shams, USVs were recorded psd 1 and 3. “High vocalizing” mice (>30 USVs / 120sec) were used to avoid baseline bias (n=45). FOXP2 levels were assessed by western blot at 6 and 24 hrs after stroke. RESULTS: Repeated measures ANOVA revealed a significant effect of stroke on USVs across the days [F(1,8)=8.181; p<0.05] in the first cohort. Stroke reduced USVs on psd 2 and psd 7, but mice recovered to sham levels by psd 14. Results from the second cohort identified that, on psd1 LMCAO mice had significantly reduced USVs compared to mice subjected to RMCAO (p<0.10), and RMCAO mice vocalized less than sham mice (p<0.05). Infarct analysis showed no difference between RMCAO and LMCAO. Shams showed full recovery to baseline USVs by psd 3. FOXP2 levels were elevated at 6 hrs after stroke, but fell to below sham levels at 24 hrs. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study suggest that screening for USVs may offer a novel tool for post-stroke behavioral recovery assessment. Stroke induced differential changes in USVs between RMCAO and LMCAO indicate lateralization of vocalization in rodents. In conclusion, decreased USVs parallels FOXP2 expression at 24 hrs suggests that rodent MCAO could be a practical model to study aphasia.
The Institutional Challenges of Full-time Faculty Retirement: Has The Expedition Accomplished All That it Promised and That it Should Accomplish?

This paper provides a discussion of the issues and challenges that are presented in the recent literature concerning faculty retirement and the impacts this phenomenon has on colleges and universities as well as practical suggestions for administratively planning. Faculty retirement is an issue that has the potential for tremendous impact on institutions of higher education. In the coming decade there will likely be a generational shift in the faculty through retirements and rehiring and this will test many institutions in their efforts to maintain a strong core faculty strength in their curricula, research and service missions not to mention the affects this change with have on institutional governance and culture. It is also important that academic administrators and others involved in leading institutions of higher education consider how retirement should be managed, encouraged, perhaps tactically discouraged and strategically planned for in the present and over the next few decades.