cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Kininostatin Associates With Membrane Rafts and Inhibits αvβ3 Integrin Activation in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells

Objective— The cleaved form of high molecular weight kininogen (HKa) is a potent inhibitor of angiogenesis and tumor growth in vivo; the functional domain has been identified as domain 5 (D5, named as kininostatin). We now identify the subcellular targeting site for D5 on endothelial cells (ECs), and investigate D5 inhibition of integrin functions. Methods and Results— Endothelial membrane rafts were isolated using sucrose density gradient centrifugation. D5, bound to ECs, was predominantly associated with membrane rafts, in which uPAR, a HKa receptor, was also localized. In contrast, other HKa receptors, cytokeratin-1 and gC1q receptor, were not detected in membrane rafts. Colocalization of D5 with caveolin-1 was demonstrated on ECs by confocal microscopy. Disruption of membrane rafts by cholesterol removal decreased D5 binding to ECs. On stimulation with vascular endothelial growth factor, αvβ3 integrin formed a complex with uPAR and caveolin-1, which was accompanied by an increase in ligand binding aff...
Architectural Research in Information Visualization: 10 Years after:

As our civilization dives deeper into the information age, making sense of ever more complex and larger amounts of data becomes critical. This article reports on interdisciplinary work in Information Visualization addressing this challenge and using architectural expertise as its main engine. The goal of this research is to significantly improve real time decision making in complex data spaces while devising a new architecture that responds to complex information environments. Although we have been reporting in aspects of this work for the past 7 years, this paper covers unpublished knowledge, design methods, operational strategies, and other details that bring together all the material published by our group thus far into a comprehensive and useful whole. We conclude by presenting our latest InfoVis design work in Network Security.
Improving high efficiency reactivity controlled compression ignition combustion with diesel and gasoline direct injection

Computational studies of heavy-duty diesel engine reactivity controlled compression ignition combustion employing both high pressure common rail diesel and low pressure gasoline direct injection were conducted to examine the benefits of using gasoline direct injection compared to port injected gasoline in improving engine performance. In the current study, multi-dimensional modeling using a discrete multi-component fuel vaporization version of the KIVA-3V code was used to examine gasoline direct injection strategies to improve CO and unburned hydrocarbon emissions while maintaining low indicated specific fuel consumption. For a 9 bar indicated mean effective pressure, 1300 r/min operating condition the engine-out CO and unburned hydrocarbonons were reduced by 27.1% and 7.1%, respectively, while engine-out NOx and soot emissions were maintained low. The predicted indicated specific fuel consumption was 159 g/kW h and the maximum pressure rise rate was 6.1bar/°, which are comparable to or lower than those of the port injected reactivity controlled compression ignition combustion case. Although further study is needed to find optimum injection strategies to improve the combustion efficiency of reactivity controlled compression ignition combustion using gasoline direct injection, the current results show that direct-injecting both high and low reactivity fuels has the potential to reduce CO and unburned hydrocarbon emissions without sacrificing the thermal efficiency benefit of reactivity controlled compression ignition. Moreover, the reduced maximum pressure and pressure rise rate indicates the possibility of improved brake efficiency in reactivity controlled compression ignition combustion and lowered exhaust gas recirculation requirements. The study also explored the use of a low pressure gasoline direct injection injector for the diesel fuel and found that similar results were obtained to those with the high pressure common rail injector. This indicates that reactivity controlled compression ignition combustion is controlled by the global equivalence ratio and fuel reactivity stratification rather than by the location of the stratification in the combustion chamber. This indicates that the complexity and cost of the injection system can be reduced considerably.
The clearance of viruses and transmissible spongiform encephalopathy agents from biologicals

The viral and transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) safety of therapeutics of biological origin (biologicals) is greatly influenced by the nature and degree of variability of the source material and by the mode of purification. Plasma-derived and recombinant DNA products currently have good viral safety records, but challenges remain. In general, large enveloped viruses are easier to remove from biologicals than small 'naked' viruses. Monoclonal antibodies and recombinant DNA biopharmaceuticals are derived from relatively homogeneous source materials and purified by multistep schemes that are robust and amenable to scientific analysis and engineering improvement. Viral clearance is more challenging for blood and cell products, as they are complex and labile. Source selection (e.g. country of origin, deferral for CJD risk factors) currently occupies the front line for ensuring that biologicals are free of TSE agents, but robust methods for their clearance from products are under development.
Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF)-I Regulates IGF-binding Protein-5 Gene Expression through the Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase, Protein Kinase B/Akt, and p70 S6 Kinase Signaling Pathway

Expression of the insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 5 (IGFBP-5) gene in vascular smooth muscle cells is up-regulated by IGF-I through an IGF-I receptor-mediated mechanism. In this study, we studied the possible involvement of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and PI 3-kinase signaling pathways in mediating IGF-I-regulated IGFBP-5 gene expression. The addition of Des(1–3)IGF-I, an IGF analog with reduced affinity to IGFBPs, resulted in a transient activation of p44 and p42 MAPK. Inhibition of the MAPK activation by PD98059, however, did not affect IGF-I-stimulated IGFBP-5 expression. Des(1–3)IGF-I treatment also strongly activated PI 3-kinase. This activation was probably mediated through IRS-1, because IGF-I stimulation resulted in a significant increase in IRS-1- but not IRS-2-associated PI 3-kinase activity. This activation occurred within 5 min and was sustained at high levels for over 6 h. Likewise, Des(1–3)IGF-I caused a long lasting activation of PKB/Akt and p70s6k. When LY294002 and wortmannin, two specific inhibitors of PI 3-kinase, were added with Des(1–3)IGF-I, the IGF-I-regulated IGFBP-5 expression was negated. The addition of rapamycin, which inhibits IGF-I-induced p70s6k activation, significantly inhibited IGF-I-regulated IGFBP-5 gene expression. These results suggest that the action of IGF-I on IGFBP-5 gene expression requires the activation of the PI 3-kinase-PKB/Akt-p70s6k pathway but not the MAPK pathway in vascular smooth muscle cells.
Lack of Efficacy of In Vivo- and Putatively In Vitro-Produced Bacillus popilliae Against Field Populations of Japanese Beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) Grubs in Kentucky

Use of Bacillus popilliae Dutky, causal agent of milky disease in Japanese beetle grubs, has been limited because of its inability to produce infective spores in vitro. Recently, putative milky disease products produced by a patented in vitro process were marketed. We evaluated in vivo- and putatively in vitro-produced commercial spore formulations for efficacy against Japanese beetle grubs in laboratory and field trials. In soil confinement assays, infectivity by feeding (per os) was greater for the traditional spore powder made by maceration of diseased grubs than for the putative in vitro formulation. However, in multi-year field trials on 2 golf courses, neither product was effective in inducing higher levels of milky disease or in reducing grub populations. Application of a full dose (2 g) of spore powder, the amount normally applied every 1.2 m in a grid pattern, within 0.1-m 2 field enclosures failed to induce milky disease in grub populations in soil directly beneath the treated turf. Laboratory-infected 3rd instars in late phases of milky disease continued to feed on grass roots. Putatively in vitro-produced formulations were recalled from the market in 1991 because of questions about the identity of the bacterial spores they contained. We challenge the evidence that commercially available spore powder, applied according to conventional methods, is effective for suppressing localized grub populations in turfgrass, and suggest that standard recommended practices for use of milky disease bacteria should be reevaluated.
Phase behavior of reservoir fluids II: Supercritical carbon dioxide and bitumen fractions

Abstract Mutual phase equilibrium solubilities have been measured for supercritical CO2 and bitumen fractions up to 250°C and 16 MPa. Two approaches to modeling the distribution coefficients, based on the Perturbed Hard Chain (PHC) and Soave equations of state, have been found to describe adequately the condensed phase. However, PHC is better for predicting the vapor phase compositions, except in the near-critical regions. Furthermore, unlike Soave, the PHC binary parameters can be generalized as functions of temperature and molecular weight, in a way which is consistent for the fractions and total bitume.
The mediating effect of civic community on social growth: The importance of reciprocity☆

Abstract This paper examines the effects of economic structural change on community social capital. The content of 156 interviews in Southern communities entrenched in the offshore oil economy, were used to investigate the consequences of industrial and civic restructuring on the social structure and social ties among local residents. The central finding is that population turnover and in-migration of workers demanded by a rapidly expanding economy enhances the density of weak tie networks within the community. However, the activation of these weak ties is highly dependent upon perceptions of future reciprocity from newcomers to the community by the entrenched members. Weak ties are important because they serve as a foundation for community members engaging in collective problem solving. Civic and social institutions can mediate the negative effects of rapid community growth shown. When newcomers are not integrated into the community, it may lead to exploitation and exclusion due to stigmatic labels.
Surface-mediated chromate-resistant mechanism of Enterobacter cloacae bacteria investigated by atomic force microscopy.

The Enterobacter cloacae CYS-25 strain isolated from a chromate plant shows a strong capability for chromate resistance instead of chromate reduction in aerobic conditions. In this study, atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used for studying the morphology characteristics of bacterial properties during the chromate resistance process. The average length of E. cloacae bacteria in the stationary phase is about 2.3 ± 0.6 μm, while under the stimulation of 400 mg/L CrO42-, the length of bacteria increases to 3.2 ± 0.7 μm. Height and phase images showed that, with the addition of CrO42-, the smooth surface of bacteria changed into one with discontinuous features with characteristic dimension of 40−200 nm. Analysis reveals that these compact convex patches are organic components stimulated by CrO42-. A chromate resistance mechanism relating to the overexpression of extracellular biologic components for preventing the permeability of CrO42- into the cell is proposed as the survival strategy of E. cloacae in chroma...
Copper oxide aerosol: generation and characterization.

Effluent gases from high temperature systems such as fossil fuel combustion and pyrometallurgical processes contain inorganic material which has the potential to interact with sulfur dioxide (SO2) on the surface of particles to form an irritant aerosol. The submicron fraction of this inorganic material is especially important as the fine particles may penetrate deep into the lung and cause serious health effects. A laboratory furnace was designed to produce a submicrometer copper oxide aerosol to simulate emissions from copper smelters and other pyrometallurgical operations. The ultimate aim of this research is to investigate the interaction of SO2 and the copper oxide aerosol at different temperatures and humidities in order to determine the reaction products produced and their potential health effects upon inhalation. The initial work, as presented in this paper, was to reproducibly generate a submicrometer copper oxide aerosol and to characterize it in terms of size, morphology and composition. Two exp...
Analysis and simulations of a troposphere-stratosphere gravity wave model. I

An analytical model is presented that accommodates nonhydrostatic shearing stratified flow over an obstacle, and that can be modified to include a superposed stratosphere with constant wind and higher stability. A simulation code is used in parallel with the analytic calculations to demonstrate a methodology for determining the wavelength and magnitude of gravity wave energy reflected, and that transmitted, by the tropopause.
The effects of innervation zone on electromyographic amplitude and mean power frequency during incremental cycle ergometry.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of electrode placements over the innervation zone (IZ), as well as proximal and distal to the IZ, on the patterns for the absolute and normalized electromyographic (EMG) amplitude and mean power frequency (MPF) versus power output relationships during incremental cycle ergometry. Fifteen men [mean ± S.D. age = 24.3 ± 2.4 years; V ˙ O 2 max = 47.3 ± 4.9 ml k g − 1 mi n − 1 ] performed incremental cycle ergometry tests to exhaustion. Surface EMG signals were recorded simultaneously from bipolar electrode arrangements placed on the vastus lateralis (VL) muscle over the IZ, as well as proximal and distal to the IZ. Polynomial regression analyses were used to describe the relationships for absolute and normalized EMG amplitude (μVrms and %max) and MPF (Hz and %max) versus power output (%max) for each subject at the three electrode placement sites. In addition, separate one-way repeated measures ANOVAs were used to examine mean differences between the three sites for absolute and normalized EMG amplitude and MPF at power outputs of 80, 110, 140, and 170 W. The results of the polynomial regression analyses revealed that the best fit model for each site for the absolute and normalized EMG amplitude versus power output relationship was linear for 11 subjects and quadratic for 2 subjects. The remaining two subjects exhibited both linear and quadratic patterns that were site-dependent. For EMG MPF, 10 subjects exhibited significant relationships (linear and/or quadratic) across power outputs for at least one site. In addition, there were significant (P 0.05) mean differences, however, between the three sites for normalized EMG amplitude or MPF at 80, 110, 140, and 170 W. These findings indicated that the placement of bipolar electrodes over the IZ, as well as proximal and distal to the IZ, had no effect on the pattern of the normalized EMG amplitude versus power output relationship or the mean normalized EMG amplitude and MPF values. Thus, during cycle ergometry, normalized EMG amplitude values (but not absolute values) can be compared between studies that have utilized various electrode placement sites on the VL.
Insights Into Quantitative Diffusion-Weighted MRI for Musculoskeletal Tumor Imaging

OBJECTIVE. The purposes of this article are to discuss the technical considerations for performing quantitative diffusion-weighted MRI (DWI) with apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) mapping, examine the role of DWI in whole-body MRI, and review how DWI with ADC mapping can serve as an adjunct to information gleaned from conventional MRI in the radiologic evaluation of musculoskeletal lesions. CONCLUSION. The primary role of whole-body DWI is in tumor detection; localized DWI is helpful in differentiating malignant bone and soft-tissue lesions. After treatment, an increase in tumor ADC values correlates with response to cytotoxic therapy. The use of DWI in the evaluation of musculoskeletal lesions requires knowledge of potential diagnostic pitfalls that stem from technical challenges and confounding biochemical factors that influence ADC maps but are unrelated to lesion cellularity.
Structural Transitions in Iodine-Intercalated Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+x: X-Ray and Raman Scattering Studies

Iodine-intercalated Bi 2 Sr 2 CaCu 2 O 8+x compounds were investigated as functions of temperature and pressure by x-ray diffraction and Raman scattering. A structural transition from stage 1 (c≃19.0 A) to «stage 2» (c≃36.6 A) was found at ∼150 o C. Raman scattering results indicate that the intercalation compounds consist of I 3 - , I 2 and atomic iodine. The molecular species are more stable at lower temperatures and higher pressures
Removal of Xenon and Radon from Contaminated Atmospheres with Dioxygenyl Hexafluoroantimonate, O 2 SbF 6

RADIOACTIVE noble gases, such as 133Xe, 135Xe, 85Kr, and 88Kr, are formed in uranium fission and are released to the atmosphere by nuclear power plants and fuel reprocessing plants. Studies of the US Public Health Service have shown that a modern boiling-water reactor, for example, releases about 20 Ci of 85Kr and 13,000 Ci of 133Xe per year under normal operating conditions1,2. Under adverse operating conditions, the release rates may be much higher1. Of the physical methods for reducing these emissions3–7, cryogenic distillation and charcoal adsorption are being developed for large-scale use.
Two amino-acid carriers in pea chloroplasts.

CHLOROPLASTS are more permeable to amino-acids1,2 than are cell membranes3 and also discriminate between their optical isomers2. This has led to the suggestion that the passage of amino-acids through the limiting membranes of chloroplasts is facilitated by carriers2. Using the additional criteria of saturation and competition, we support this suggestion and show that at least two carriers are probably involved.
Molecular Phylogeny of Acipenserinae

Abstract The family Acipenseridae consists of 25 extant sturgeon species (19 species of Acipenserinae and 6 species of Scaphirhynchinae). Together with two extant paddlefish species,Polyodon spathulaandPsephurus gladius(Polyodontidae), it composes the order Acipenseriformes, the most numerous of all living “fossil” fishes. This paper presents results of sequencing of three regions of the cytochromebgene (650 bp), and fragments of 12S (150 bp) and 16S (350 bp) rRNA genes, from all extant species of Acipenserinae (species ofAcipenserandHuso) andScaphirhynchus albus(Scaphirhynchinae). The phylogenetic tree obtained for combined data is the first comprehensive treatment of phylogeny within the Acipenserinae. Three general conclusions are inferred from the tree: (1) The pallid sturgeon,S. albus,is the sister-species of all species ofAcipenserandHuso.(2) The two species ofHusoare embedded within the genusAcipenser.It also appears thatHusois not a separate taxonomic unit. (3) There are at least three main clades withinAcipenser: A. sturio–A. oxyrinchus, A. schrenckii–A. transmontanus,and all Ponto–Caspian species plusA. dabryanusandA. brevirostrum.There is congruence between ploidy and the branching patterns of the sturgeon species. A hypothetical evolutionary history of the Acipenseriformes based on the paleontological, geological, and molecular data is discussed.
Design principles for elementary gene circuits: Elements, methods, and examples

The control of gene expression involves complex circuits that exhibit enormous variation in design. For years the most convenient explanation for these variations was historical accident. According to this view, evolution is a haphazard process in which many different designs are generated by chance; there are many ways to accomplish the same thing, and so no further meaning can be attached to such different but equivalent designs. In recent years a more satisfying explanation based on design principles has been found for at least certain aspects of gene circuitry. By design principle we mean a rule that characterizes some biological feature exhibited by a class of systems such that discovery of the rule allows one not only to understand known instances but also to predict new instances within the class. The central importance of gene regulation in modern molecular biology provides strong motivation to search for more of these underlying design principles. The search is in its infancy and there are undoubtedly many design principles that remain to be discovered. The focus of this three-part review will be the class of elementary gene circuits in bacteria. The first part reviews several elements of design that enter into the characterization of elementary gene circuits in prokaryotic organisms. Each of these elements exhibits a variety of realizations whose meaning is generally unclear. The second part reviews mathematical methods used to represent, analyze, and compare alternative designs. Emphasis is placed on particular methods that have been used successfully to identify design principles for elementary gene circuits. The third part reviews four design principles that make specific predictions regarding (1) two alternative modes of gene control, (2) three patterns of coupling gene expression in elementary circuits, (3) two types of switches in inducible gene circuits, and (4) the realizability of alternative gene circuits and their response to phased environmental cues. In each case, the predictions are supported by experimental evidence. These results are important for understanding the function, design, and evolution of elementary gene circuits.
The replication of bovine viral diarrhea-mucosal disease virus in bovine leukocytes in vitro.

Bovine macrophages and lymphocyte suspensions were cultivatedin vitro from peripheral blood and used to study the interaction of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) with cells from immunized and nonimmunized animals. Using a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 38, maximum BVDV concentration was observed 4 days after infection of macrophages, representing a 150,000-fold increase in virus. As much as 96 per cent of the virus inoculum was adsorbed by the macrophages. The addition of BVDV-neutralizing antibody to preinfected macrophage cultures for a period of 3 days resulted in a masking effect but reappearance of BVDV after antibody was removed. Replication of BVDV was also observed in peripheral bovine lymphocyte suspensions and was enhanced as much as 8-fold by the addition of phytohemagglutinin (PHA) to these cells. Macrophages and lymphocytes derived from an actively immunized cow supported BVDV replication equally as well as those from nonimmunized animals.
A traveling-wave amplifier model of the cochlea

A two-mode model of the cochlea that uses active intermode feedback has been developed that quantitatively accounts for the motion of the basilar membrane in response to single tones and qualitatively accounts for cochlear emission phenomena. In contrast to existing single-mode models, this model amplifies the mechanical traveling wave in spatially localized cochlear regions where an approximate match occurs between the traveling-wave velocities of each of the two traveling-wave lines or modes.
Prediction of second breakdown power

Abstract Semiconductor device damage due to electrostatic discharge often results from second breakdown, an abrupt increase in current with a drop in voltage. Thus there is a clear need to be able to predict and screen for second breakdown of semiconductors from the basic device parameters. A computer analysis shows that diode areas, widths, and doping levels are required to predict second breakdown powers. These three parameters can be obtained from low-power reverse and forward current-voltage static characteristics. A new disclosure is that the forward-biased silicon diode shows a transition from a quadratic to linear current dependence upon voltage at moderate currents. The diode width can be obtained from the transition voltage.
Early and persistent ‘extreme delta brush’ in a patient with anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis

Since its original description in 2007, anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (anti-NMDAR) encephalitis associated with an ovarian teratoma is an increasingly recognized etiology of previously unexplained encephalopathy and encephalitis. Extreme delta brush (EDB) is a novel electroencephalogram (EEG) finding seen in many patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis. The presence of this pattern is associated with a more prolonged illness, although the specificity of this pattern is unclear. Additionally, the frequency and sensitivity of EDB in anti-NMDAR encephalitis and its implications for outcome have yet to be determined. We report a patient with early evidence of extreme delta brush and persistence of this pattern 17.5 weeks later with little clinical improvement.
Carcinogenicity of Methyl-Tertiary Butyl Ether in Gasoline

Methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) was added to gasoline on a nationwide scale in 1992 without prior testing of adverse, toxic, or carcinogenic effects. Since that time, numerous reports have appeared describing adverse health effects of individuals exposed to MTBE, both from inhalation of fumes in the workplace and while pumping gasoline. Leakage of MTBE, a highly water-soluble compound, from underground storage tanks has led to contamination of the water supply in many areas of the United States. Legislation has been passed by many states to prohibit the addition of MTBE to gasoline. The addition of MTBE to gasoline has not accomplished its stated goal of decreasing air pollution, and it has posed serious health risks to a large portion of the population, particularly the elderly and those with respiratory problems, asthma, and skin sensitivity. Reports of animal studies of carcinogenicity of MTBE began to appear in the 1990s, prior to the widespread introduction of MTBE into gasoline. These reports were largely ignored. In ensuing years, further studies have shown that MTBE causes various types of malignant tumors in mice and rats. The National Toxicology Program (NTP) Board of Scientific Counselors' Report on Carcinogens Subcommittee met in December 1998 to consider listing MTBE as "reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen." In spite of recommendations from Dr. Bailer, the primary reviewer, and other scientists on the committee, the motion to list MTBE in the report was defeated by a six to five vote, with one abstention. On the basis of animal studies, it is widely accepted that if a chemical is carcinogenic in appropriate laboratory animal test systems, it must be treated as though it were carcinogenic in humans. In the face of compelling evidence, NTP Committee members who voted not to list MTBE as "reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen" did a disservice to the general public; this action may cause needless exposure of many to health risks and possibly cancers.
Person-Situation: Segmentation's Missing Link:

Has usage situation been overlooked in market segmentation? A general framework is offered which positions situation and person within situation as theoretically legitimate and potentially useful b...
Does the dynamic cross cylinder test measure the accommodative response accurately

Abstract Background The dynamic cross cylinder (DCC) test is a standard clinical procedure used to assess the accommodative response (AR) subjectively. However, because of potential problems arising from the ambiguous stimulus conditions, it is unclear whether this test provides an accurate measure of the AR. The aim of this study was to compare clinical subjective findings with objective measurements of the AR. Methods Subjective findings to a 2.50-diopter (D) accommodative stimulus obtained with the DCC test (without fogging lenses) were compared with objective measurements of the AR obtained with a Grand Seiko WAM 5500 optometer (RyuSyo Industrial Co. Ltd., Kagawa, Japan) in 25 young subjects. As spherical lenses were introduced to quantify the subjective finding, objective measures of the AR were also recorded through these lenses. Results The mean AR recorded subjectively and objectively was 2.35 and 1.68 D, respectively (P Conclusion The subjective DCC test as performed here does not provide an accurate measurement of the AR to a near target in a young population. We recommend that alternative techniques such as using an objective, open-field optometer or Cross-Nott retinoscopy be adopted for determining the within-task AR.
New environmental research platform begins to take shape

Work is underway at the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) in Boulder, Colorado, to develop the High-performance Instrumented Airborne Platform for Environmental Research (HIAPER). This advanced research platform is actually a modified Gulfstream V (G-V) business jet that is being built to serve the environmental research needs of the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) for the next several decades. HIAPER will be maintained and operated for the NSF by NCAR's Atmospheric Technology Division. The first research deployment of the aircraft is planned for June 2005.
Probability of reversal in an election with more than two candidates

Consider an election with three candidates A1, A2 and A3. Suppose that N is the total number of votes cast of which A1 receives a1 votes, A2 receives a2 votes and A3 receives a3 = N - (a1 + a2) votes. We assume without loss of generality that a1 > a2 > a3. Suppose further that n votes are irregular or suspect. If these votes are removed it is possible that the result of the election may be reversed. Does such a possibility preclude the determination of the rightful winner without holding a new election?
An overview of a network design system

During the past few years there has been an increasing trend toward the development of on-line computer systems. By 1980 it is estimated that 70--80 percent of all larger computer installations will support some networking capability. This trend has resulted in an increasing network user population and varying applications for computer-communication networks. Furthermore, due to economics, the prevalence of single-application networks is giving way to increasing numbers of multi-application networks.
There is weak evidence that a single, universal dental recall interval schedule reduces caries incidence.

Article Title and Bibliographic Information A systematic review of dental recall intervals and incidence of dental caries. Patel S, Bay RC, Glick M. J Am Dent Assoc 2010;141(5):527-39. Reviewer Scott L. Tomar, DMD, MPH, DrPH Purpose/Question Is there evidence to recommend a specific recall interval for all patients that would effectively prevent dental caries? Source of Funding No funding source was reported Type of Study/Design Systematic review Level of Evidence Level 2: Limited-quality, patient-oriented evidence Strength of Recommendation Grade Grade B: Inconsistent or limited-quality patient-oriented evidence
Quantum Chemical Study of the Acrolein (CH2CHCHO) + OH + O2 Reactions

Acrolein, a beta-unsaturated (acrylic) aldehyde, is one of the simplest multifunctional molecules, containing both alkene and aldehyde groups. Acrolein is an atmospheric pollutant formed in the photochemical oxidation of the anthropogenic VOC 1,3-butadiene, and serves as a model compound for methacrolein (MACR) and methyl vinyl ketone (MVK), the major oxidation products of the biogenic VOC isoprene. In addition, acrolein is involved in combustion and biological oxidation processes. This study presents a comprehensive theoretical analysis of the acrolein + OH + O(2) addition reactions, which is a key photochemical oxidation sequence, using the G3SX and CBS-QB3 theoretical methods. Both ab initio protocols provide relatively similar results, although the CBS-QB3 method systematically under-predicts literature heats of formation using atomization enthalpies, and also provides lower transition state barrier heights. Several new low-energy pathways for unimolecular reaction of the acrolein-OH-O(2) radicals are identified, with energy at around or below that of the acrolein-OH isomers + O(2). In each case these novel reactions have the potential to reform the hydroxyl radical (OH) and form coproducts that include glyoxal, glycolaldehyde (HOCH(2)CHO), formaldehyde (HCHO), CO, and substituted epoxides. Analogous reaction schemes are developed for the photochemical oxidation of MACR and MVK, producing a number of observed oxidation products. The reaction MACR + OH + O(2) --> hydroxyacetone + OH + CO is expected to be of particular importance. This study also proposes that O(2) addition to chemically activated acrolein-OH adducts can provide prompt regeneration of OH in the atmospheric oxidation of acrolein, via a double activation mechanism. This mechanism can also be extended to isoprene, MVK, and MACR. The importance of the novel chemistry revealed here in the atmospheric oxidation of acrolein and other structurally related OVOCs and VOCs requires further investigation. Additionally, a critical evaluation of the acrolein heat of formation is presented, and a new value of -16.7 +/- 1.0 kcal mol(-1) is recommended along with other thermochemical properties, from a W1 level calculation.
Photochemical and spectroscopic studies of complexes, of iron(III) with citric acid and other carboxylic acids

Abstract The quantum yields for the photoreduction of iron(III) carboxylate complexes vary with the nature of the carboxylate ligand and solution pH. With [carboxylate]=0.05 M, [Fe(III)]=0.30 mM and pH=2.9, the quantum yields are in the order oxalate (0.32)>tartrate>malate>citrate>isocitrate>succinate>formate (0.12). Fe(III) acetate shows no photoactivity. The photoreduction of Fe(III) to Fe(II) is accompanied by the oxidative decarboxylation of the carboxylate ligand, and can even be observed in the solid state. The efficiency of the photoreduction reaction in solution depends on two factors: the pH and the initial ligand-to-metal ratio. For a lower ligand:Fe(III) ratio (=5; [carboxylate]=0.0015 M, [Fe(III)]=0.30 mM) the order from highest to lowest is oxalate>tartrate>citrate>malate> isocitrate when the pH of the reaction media is 2.7. Increasing the pH to 4.0 leads to 50% increases in the quantum yields for all listed carboxylates except oxalate, which decreases by 50%. More detailed studies of pH and ligand/iron ratio were done using citric and isocitric acids. The pH dependence is interpreted in terms of a photoactive Fe(III) citrate dimer formed above pH 2 and a photo-inactive monomer present between pH values of 0.5 and 3.0. Magnetic susceptibility data collected as a function of solution pH show that the paramagnetism of the iron carboxylate solutions decreases with increasing pH, presumably because of increased FeFe coupling. The organic intermediate in the photochemical decomposition of Fe(III) citrate can be monitored by HPLC and is shown to be acetone dicarboxylic acid (ADA). The ultimate decarboxylation product of Fe(III) citrate is acetone.
Biological production of form aldehyde in the marine environment

We investigated biological production of low-molecular-weight (LMW) carbonyl compounds (e.g. formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, propanal, and glyoxal) in axenic unialgal phytoplankton cultures of Skeletonema costatum and Heterocapsa pygmaea and in several natural plankton assemblages collected at a coastal location in southeastern North Carolina. Of the compounds studied, formaldehyde was the only LMW carbonyl produced by the biota with the exception of a single natural assemblage which also produced propanal. Similar patterns of biological production and utilization of formaldehyde were observed during these culture experiments. Concentrations in filtrates increased while chlorophyll a concentrations remained relatively low, then declined as the organisms began their exponential growth phase. These oscillations in formaldehyde concentration suggest biota are both generating and using formaldehyde concurrently. In situ depth profiles provided additional information regarding the turnover of formaldehyde. Concentrations were relatively high at the surface and decreased to a minimum near the chlorophyll maximum, below which no consistent trends in formaldehyde concentration were observed. This study is the first known report of biological production of a LMW aldehyde in the marine environment. About 15-20% of the total organic C (TOC) in the
Extended discrete-time LTR synthesis of delayed control systems

Abstract This paper addresses compensation of dealys within a multi-input-multi-output discrete-time feedback loop for application to real-time distributed control systems. The delay compensation algorithm, formulated, in this paper, is an extension of the standard loop transfer recovery (LTR) procedure from one-step prediction to the general case of p -step prediction ( p ≥ 1). It is shown that the steady-state minimum-variance filter gain is the H 2 -minimization solution of the relative error between the target sensitivity matrix and the actual sensitivity matrix for p -step prediction ( p ≥ 1). This concept forms the basis for synthesis of robust p -step delay compensators ( p > 1). The proposed control synthesis procedure for delay compensation is demonstrated via simulation of the flight control system of an advanced aircraft.
Structure-function relationships in diphtheria toxin channels: III. Residues which affect the cis pH dependence of channel conductance.

The conductance of channels formed by diphtheria toxin (DT) in lipid bilayer membranes depends strongly on pH. We have previously shown that a 61 amino acid region of the protein, denoted TH8-9, is sufficient to form channels having the same pH-dependent conductance properties as those of whole toxin channels. One residue in this region, Aspartate 352, is responsible for all the dependence of single channel conductance on trans pH, whereas another, Glutamate 349, has no effect. Here, we report that of the seven remaining charged residues in the TH8-9 region, mutations altering the charge on H322, H323, H372, and R377 have minimal effects on single channel conductance; mutations of Glutamates 326, 327, or 362, however, significantly affect single channel conductance as well as its dependence on cis pH. Moreover, Glutamate 362 is titratable from both the cis and trans sides of the membrane, suggesting that this residue lies within the channel; it is more accessible, however, to cis than to trans protons. These results are consistent with the membrane-spanning topology previously proposed for the TH8-9 region, and suggest a geometric model for the DT channel.
Path information effects in visual and proprioceptive spatial learning

Objects in an environment are often encountered sequentially during spatial learning, forming a path along which object locations are experienced. The present study investigated the effect of spatial information conveyed through the path in visual and proprioceptive learning of a room-sized spatial layout, exploring whether different modalities differentially depend on the integrity of the path. Learning object locations along a coherent path was compared with learning them in a spatially random manner. Path integrity had little effect on visual learning, whereas learning with the coherent path produced better memory performance than random order learning for proprioceptive learning. These results suggest that path information has differential effects in visual and proprioceptive spatial learning, perhaps due to a difference in the way one establishes a reference frame for representing relative locations of objects.
Ontogenic variations of ascorbic acid and phenethyl isothiocyanate concentrations in watercress (Nasturtium officinale R.Br.) leaves.

Watercress (Nasturtium officinale R.Br.) is the richest source of glucosinolate nasturtiin, which on hydrolysis produces phenethyl isothiocyante (PEITC). Interest in growing watercress is stimulated since demonstration of the role of PEITC in protection against cancers associated with tobacco specific carcinogens. Twenty-one days old watercress seedlings were transplanted into growth chambers (16-h days/8-h nights of 25/22 °C and photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) of ≈265 μmol m-2 s-1). The study was replicated three times. Leaves were analyzed for PEITC and ascorbic acid concentrations at transplant, and harvested at 10-days intervals until 60 days after transplant. The PEITC and ascorbic acid concentrations were the highest in leaves harvested at 40 days and the lowest at transplant. Leaves harvested at 40 days produced about 150% higher PEITC concentrations compared to the leaves at transplant. Both PEITC and ascorbic acid concentrations of leaves increased linearly with age until 40 days after transplan...
Bone remodeling I: theory of adaptive elasticity

A thermomechanical continuum theory involving a chemical reaction and mass transfer between two constituents is developed here as a model for bone remodeling. Bone remodeling is a collective term for the continual processes of growth, reinforcement and resorbtion which occur in living bone. The resulting theory describes an elastic material which adapts its structure to applied loading.
Differential gain at 1.54 μm in Er-doped silicon nitride coupled to photonic crystal cavity

Light emission at 1.54 μm from Er-doped amorphous silicon nitride layer coupled to high quality factor photonic crystal resonators is studied. Resonances exhibit line-width narrowing with pump power, signifying differential gain in the material.
Role of angiotensin II in the physiologic regulation of glomerular filtration

Abstract Angiotensin II and arginine vasopressin are capable of triggering glomerular mesangial cell contraction in vitro. A similar mechanism acting in vivo to reduce glomerular capillary surface area could account for the decrease in the ultrafiltration coefficient which occurs in single glomeruli in response to infusion of these substances. Less clear is the mechanism whereby similar decreases in the ultrafiltration coefficient are induced with infusions of dibutyryl cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), parathyroid hormone and prostaglandins since the former two, at least, are incapable of eliciting mesangial cell contraction in vitro. To further explore the factors which regulate the ultrafiltration coefficient in vivo, micropuncture experiments were performed in 47 euvolemic Munich Wistar rats. Infusions of dibutyryl cAMP, parathyroid hormone, and prostaglandins I 2 and E 2 led to lower mean values for plasma flow rate and the ultrafiltration coefficient in superficial glomeruli than were found in control animals given vehicle alone, whereas average values for glomerular transcapillary hydraulic pressure difference and total renal arteriolar resistance tended to be higher. These increases in glomerular transcapillary hydraulic pressure difference and total renal arteriolar resistance and decreases in plasma flow rate and the ultrafiltration coefficient with dibutyryl cAMP, parathyroid hormone, prostaglandin I 2 and prostaglandin E 2 are typical of changes induced by angiotensin II. Indeed, when saralasin, a competitive angiotensin II antagonist, was infused together with these various vasoactive substances, the effects on glomerular transcapillary hydraulic pressure difference, plasma flow rate, total renal arteriolar resistance and the ultrafiltration coefficient were largely abolished. Therefore, the actions of dibutyryl cAMP, parathyroid hormone, prostaglandin I 2 and prostaglandin E 2 on the glomerular microcirculation appear to depend on an intermediate action of angiotensin II. By contrast, although Pitressin infusion also led to a significant decrease in the ultrafiltration coefficient, saralasin administration did not reverse this change, suggesting that the action of antidiuretic hormone on the glomerular microcirculation is independent of a pathway involving angiotensin II. Based on these studies, it seems reasonable to propose that angiotensin II and antidiuretic hormone are both potentially important regulators of mesangial cell contraction and thereby of glomerular capillary filtering surface area and the ultrafiltration coefficient.
Gateway Placement in Backbone Wireless Mesh Networks Using Directional Antennas

This paper investigates gateway placement problem in backbone wireless mesh networks using directional antenna systems. A heuristic gateway placement algorithm is proposed in order to minimize the total number of gateways, and the average and maximum hop count between any mesh router and its closest gateway.
Electromyographic Study of Muscular Overflow During Precision Handgrip

This study was designed to describe the “overflow” of muscular activity to muscles beyond the essential prime mover and synergists during a precision handgrip exercise. Five subjects performed a 10-minute isometric handgrip exercise consisting of one-second contractions alternated with one-second rests. Four different force levels were assigned: 5, 15, 25, and 40 percent of each subject's maximum handgrip force. All subjects demonstrated overflow activity at the 5-percent level, and three of the five subjects showed more overflow at the 5-percent level than at 15 percent. The greatest amount of overflow was shown at the 40-percent level. No striking intraindvidual or intraindividual consistency in recruitment order of overflow muscles was apparent. Two distinguishable types of overflow were observed: continuous overflow was the characteristic type at the lower force levels, whereas an interrupted pattern of overflow synchronized to the handgrip contraction was typical of the higher force levels. The possible effects of overflow on precision motor skills are discussed.
On the singularity of the full spectral Green's dyad

The full 3 \times 3 spectral dyadic Green's function exhibits certain properties that its popular 2 \times 2 transversal portion does not. In particular, it is shown that the dyad is identically singular, the singularity being a manifestation of the plane wave properties of each spectral component. This singularity has an impact on the use of certain computational algorithms which in general would require an inversion of the dyad. Other plane wave properties, being dual to Maxwell's equations, are also discussed.
Biomechanical forces promote blood development through prostaglandin E2 and the cAMP–PKA signaling axis

Blood flow promotes emergence of definitive hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in the developing embryo, yet the signals generated by hemodynamic forces that influence hematopoietic potential remain poorly defined. Here we show that fluid shear stress endows long-term multilineage engraftment potential upon early hematopoietic tissues at embryonic day 9.5, an embryonic stage not previously described to harbor HSCs. Effects on hematopoiesis are mediated in part by a cascade downstream of wall shear stress that involves calcium efflux and stimulation of the prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)–cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)–protein kinase A (PKA) signaling axis. Blockade of the PGE2–cAMP–PKA pathway in the aorta-gonad-mesonephros (AGM) abolished enhancement in hematopoietic activity. Furthermore, Ncx1 heartbeat mutants, as well as static cultures of AGM, exhibit lower levels of expression of prostaglandin synthases and reduced phosphorylation of the cAMP response element–binding protein (CREB). Similar to flow-exposed cultures, transient treatment of AGM with the synthetic analogue 16,16-dimethyl-PGE2 stimulates more robust engraftment of adult recipients and greater lymphoid reconstitution. These data provide one mechanism by which biomechanical forces induced by blood flow modulate hematopoietic potential.