cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Statically possible radially symmetric deformations in isotropic, incompressible elastic solids

Das Problem der Bestimmung der Gesamtheit von Gleichgewichtsdeformationen, die in einem isotropen, homogenen, inkompressiblen elastischen Festkorper lediglich unter der Wirkung von Obertlachenspannung und konservativen Korperkraftfeldern aufrechterhalten werden konnen, ist als ≪Ericksen's Problem≫ bekannt. In seinen ursprunglichen Arbeiten [1, 10] kam Ericksen zu partieller Vollstandigkeit mit Ausnahme zweier Falle, von denen einer jedoch—was erst spater bewiesen wurde [11–14]—Losungen besitzt. Wahrend in [14] die Frage der Vollstandigkeit fur den Fall ebener Deformationen mit einheitlicher Transversalspannung abgeschlossen wurde, erhalten wir in diesem Artikel Vollstandigkeit fur die Klasse von radialsymmetrischen Deformationen. wie sie in Gleichung (3.1) definiert sind. Man findet, dass ausser der Gruppe von homogenen Deformationen nur zwei zusatzliche Gattungen des radialsymmetrischen Typs moglich sind, die jedoch beide bekannt sind: 1. Aufblasen und Ausdehnen eines Kreiszylinders; 2. Aufblasen oder Umstulpen eines Sektors einer Kugelschale.
Speech adventure: using speech recognition for cleft speech therapy

Children with cleft palate or lip learn to speak in a way that compensates for the cleft. Their speech becomes unintelligible even after surgery to correct the cleft. Most children undergo speech therapy for many years after the surgery. The boring nature of the cleft speech therapy often causes children to abandon home exercises. We posit that a game that can effectively motivate these children to practice at home would speed up recovery. However, currently, very little has been done in gaining an understanding of the children's, parents' and speech pathologists' needs and requirements. This paper discusses the design and development of the speech recognition system. From this work we developed a speech recognition system capable of detecting the omissions, substitutions, and compensations characteristic in cleft speech with extremely high accuracy.
Separation of naphthalene-2,3-dicarboxaldehyde-derivatized-substance P and its metabolites by micellar electrokinetic chromatography

This paper describes the development of analytical methodology for the separation of naphthalene-2,3-dicarboxaldehyde (NDA)-derivatized substance P (CBI-SP) and five lysine-containing metabolites by micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC). The effect of surfactant composition and organic modifiers on the separation was investigated. The final separation buffer consisted of 80 mM sodium cholate in 50 mM N-tris (hydroxymethyl)methyl-2-aminoethanesulfonic acid (TES), pH 7. All six lysine-containing peptides were separated under these conditions.
Phase-response curve for ethanol: alterations in circadian rhythms of temperature and activity in rats

Circadian rhythms of core body temperature and general activity in Sprague-Dawley rats were monitored for 21 days using remote radiotelemetry to examine acute and sustained effects of 0 (saline) 1.0, and 2.0 g/kg ethanol injections administered at four different times of day. Ethanol produced dose-dependent and statistically significant hypothermia and hypoactivity when injected at 0100, 0700, 1300, and 1900 h; however, the magnitude of the hypothermic effect was greatest at the 1900-h injection time. Cosinor analyses revealed persistent alterations in both activity and temperature rhythms, which lasted for at least 48 h postinjection. Ethanol significantly shortened the period of activity rhythms when injected in either 1.0 or 2.0 g/kg doses at 0700 and 1300 h, and produced similar period-shortening effects on temperature rhythms at 1300 and 1900 h. The acrophase of the activity rhythm was significantly phase delayed by 1.0 g/kg ethanol at 0700 h, while the acrophase of temperature was significantly phase advanced by 2.0 g/kg ethanol at 0100 h, but significantly phase delayed by the same dose administered at 1300 h. A statistically significant and dose-dependent reduction in the amplitude of the body temperature rhythm was observed at the 1900-h administration time. There were no differences in the MESOR (Midline Estimating Statistic of Rhythm; i.e., rhythm-adjusted mean value) of either temperature or activity circadian rhythms as a function of ethanol treatment at any dose.
Dissonance: a measure of variability for ordinal random variables

We look at the issue of obtaining a variance like measure associated with probability distributions over ordinal sets. We call these dissonance measures. We specify some general properties desired in these dissonance measures. The centrality of the cumulative distribution function in formulating the concept of dissonance is pointed out. We introduce some specific examples of measures of dissonance.
Antecedents of Servant Leadership: A Mixed Methods Study

This mixed methods study explored the antecedents of servant leadership. The sequential explanatory research design consisted of two distinct phases: quantitative followed by qualitative. The Phase 1 quantitative survey collected data from 499 leaders from community leadership programs and 630 raters using the Servant Leadership Questionnaire. During Phase 2, 12 selected leaders from Phase 1 were interviewed to explain the Phase 1 results in more depth. Four key findings emerged from the data: (a) the longer a leader is in a leadership role, the more frequent the servant leader behaviors; (b) leaders who volunteer at least 1 hour per week demonstrate higher servant leader behaviors; (c) servant leaders influence others through building trusting relationships; and (d) servant leaders demonstrate an altruistic mindset.
How do transcribers deal with audio recordings of spoken discourse

Four undergraduate volunteers, two women and two men, transcribed an audiotaped interview of former United States President Ronald Reagan by Dan Rather. Their first transcript was made from a single complete playing, with only pausing, but no repetition or replay allowed. Thereafter, two of the transcribers made corrections by an “on-line” method—complete playings as often as they wished. The two others were allowed an “off-line” method—unlimited playback of any portions. None produced a verbatim transcription, but all preserved semantic content quite well. Still, deletions were numerous, particularly of discourse markers and hesitation phenomena, both of which characterize spoken, not written discourse. Significantly more deletions in the on-line than in the off-line condition indicated the difficulty of audiotape processing without off-line replay. These results are discussed in light of recent theories of speech processing.
Returning special education students to regular classes

Students are often placed in school special education classes, but they are seldom returned to regular classes. This study of 30 students who were returned points out that by careful screening and orientation such students can be academically successful. The role of the counselor in dealing with special education students has been badly neglected in educational literature, yet he is in an excellent position to correct some of the abuses that exist in schools where the special education program is considered terminal.
The urban grant university concept: A systems analysis†

An effort is underway to obtain federal funds to make urban grants to public urban universities. Conceived as similar to the federal land grants made to universities to serve agriculture by the Morrill Act of 1862, they would enable universities to carry out research and development and consult with local governmental officials in order to improve the effectiveness of services to the community and its quality of life. This article outlines a general living systems approach to the problems of an urban community. Community structure and process are analyzed in terms of 19 matter-energy and information processing subsystems that exist in all levels of living systems, from cells to supranational systems. Louisville, Kentucky, as a system and its relation to the University of Louisville are examined as an illustration of what might be accomplished by one urban grant institution in a specific setting.
Competitive Quality Choice and Remanufacturing

We consider an original equipment manufacturer (OEM) who faces competition from an independent remanufacturer (IR). The OEM decides the quality of the new product, which also determines the quality of the competing remanufactured product. The OEM and the IR then competitively determine their production quantities. We explicitly characterize how the OEM competes with the IR in equilibrium. Specifically, we show that the OEM relies more on quality as a strategic lever when it has a stronger competitive position (determined by the relative cost and value of new and remanufactured products), and in contrast it relies more heavily on limiting quantity of cores when it has a weaker competitive position. The IR's entry threat as well as its successful entry can decrease the consumer surplus. Furthermore, our results illustrate that ignoring the competition or the OEM's quality choice leads to overestimating benefits of remanufacturing for consumer and social welfare. In addition, we show an IR with either a sufficiently weak competitive position (so the OEM deters entry) or a sufficiently strong one (so the OEM is forced to limit quantity of cores) is desirable for reducing the environmental impact. Comparing our results with the benchmark in which the OEM remanufactures suggests that encouraging IRs to remanufacture in lieu of the OEMs may not benefit the environment. Furthermore, the benchmark illustrates that making remanufacturing more attractive improves the environmental impact when the remanufacturer is the OEM, while worsening it when remanufacturing is done by the IR.
Further studies of tetrakis(N, N'-dialkylbenzamidinato)diruthenium(III) chloro and alkynyl compounds: molecular engineering of metallayne monomers

Abstract Three diruthenium(III) compounds Ru2(L)4Cl2, where L is mMeODMBA (N,N′-dimethyl-3-methoxybenzamidinate, 1a), DiMeODMBA (N,N′-dimethyl-3,5-dimethoxy benzamidinate, 1b), or DEBA (N,N′-diethylbenzamidinate, 1c), were prepared from the reactions between Ru2(OAc)4Cl and respective HL under reflux conditions. Metathesis reactions between 1 and LiC2Y resulted in bis-alkynyl derivatives Ru2(L)4(C2Y)2 [Y=Ph (2), SiMe3 (3), SiiPr3 (4) and C2SiMe3 (5)]. The parent compounds 1 are paramagnetic (S=1), while bis-alkynyl derivatives 2–5 are diamagnetic and display well-solved 1H- and 13C-NMR spectra. Molecular structures of compounds 1b, 1c, 2c, 3c and 4b were established through single crystal X-ray diffraction studies, which revealed RuRu bond lengths of ca. 2.32 A for parent compounds 1 and 2.45 A for bis-alkynyl derivatives. Cyclic voltammograms of all compounds feature three one-electron couples: an oxidation and two reductions, while the reversibility of observed couples depends on the nature of axial ligands.
Exceptionally High Acetylene Uptake in a Microporous Metal−Organic Framework with Open Metal Sites

Six prototype microporous metal−organic frameworks (MOFs) HKUST-1, MOF-505, MOF-508, MIL-53, MOF-5, and ZIF-8 with variable structures and porosities were examined for their acetylene storage, highlighting HKUST-1 as the highest acetylene storage material ever reported with an uptake of 201 cm3/g at 295 K and 1 atm. To locate the acetylene binding sites within HKUST-1, neutron powder diffraction studies on acetylene loaded HKUST-1 were carried out and have conclusively established the significant contribution of open Cu2+ sites for acetylene storage by their strong preferred interactions with acetylene molecules. The binding properties of acetylene gas at different sites were further investigated by first-principles calculations.
A transducer for the measurement of instantaneous local heat flux to surfaces immersed in high-temperature fluidized beds

Abstract An abrasion resistant, fast responding (settling time approximately 5 ms) heat flux transducer with associated analog signal conditioning equipment has been developed for the measurement of instantaneous local heat transfer rates to surfaces immersed in fluidized beds at combustion-level temperatures. Analog signal conditioning is used to provide a d.c. voltage which is linearly related to the instantaneous local heat flux. This voltage is suitable for direct oscillographic recording or digital data acquisition. Instantaneous local bed-to-wall heat flux data obtained in a small (102 × 102 mm) electrically heated fluidized bed at 282°C are presented.
Policy formulation and the challenge of conscious design

Abstract Concern with the selection of appropriate instruments to reach objectives is an important element of policy analysis. Too often the selection of instruments results from unconscious processes based on presumptions about the qualities and adaptability of favored instruments. Biases in instrument selection can not only make policy ineffective, but also blame the failure on the process, rather than on a favored and presumably infallible instrument. This, in turn, makes error correction difficult and learning faulty. This paper is a plea for more conscious consideration of instruments and the criteria used to appraise them. The analysis assumes a design perspective on policymaking with attention on the underlying features of the substantive policy — the instruments employed and the implicit tradeoffs represented. The implications of a design perspective, however, extend beyond simple enumeration and matching of instruments to problems. That may be potentially as misleading as relying on unconscious patterns of choice. We should attend to the underlying attributes of instruments and criteria for choice that must be determined before any hope of successful matching can be undertaken. Therefore, this paper does not present a simple remedy for fashioning instrument-to-problem matches, but a careful diagnosis of the potential pitfalls and a prescription for rehabilitation.
Carbonado: Physical and chemical properties, a critical evaluation of proposed origins, and a revised genetic model

Abstract Carbonado-diamond is the most controversial of all diamond types and is found only in Brazil, and the Central African Republic (Bangui). Neither an affinity to Earth's mantle, nor an origin in the crust can be unequivocally established. Carbonado-diamond is at least 3.8 Ga old, an age about 0.5 Ga older than the oldest diamonds yet reported in kimberlites and lamproites on Earth. Derived from Neo- to Mid-Proterozoic meta-conglomerates, the primary magmatic host rock has not been identified. Discovered in 1841, the material is polycrystalline, robust and coke-like, and is best described as a strongly bonded micro-diamond ceramic. It is characteristically porous, which precludes an origin at high pressures and high temperatures in Earth's deep interior, yet it is also typically patinated, with a glass -like surface that resembles melting. With exotic inclusions of highly reduced metals, carbides, and nitrides the origin of carbonado-diamond is made even more challenging. But the challenge is important because a new diamondiferous host rock may be involved, and the development of a new physical process for generating diamond is possibly assured. The combination of micro-crystals and random crystal orientation leads to extreme mechanical toughness, and a predicable super-hardness. The physical and chemical properties of carbonado are described with a view to the development of a mimetic strategy to synthesize carbonado and to duplicate its extreme toughness and super-hardness. Textural variations are described with an emphasis on melt-like surface features, not previously discussed in the literature, but having a very clear bearing on the history and genesis of carbonado. Selected physical properties are presented and the proposed origins, diverse in character and imaginatively novel, are critically reviewed. From our present knowledge of the dynamic Earth, all indications are that carbonado is unlikely to be of terrestrial origin. A revised model for the origin of carbonado is developed based on: (1) new observations which show that white dwarf stars can have diamond cores; (2) C-rich exoplanets may have diamond-bearing mantles; and (3) new shock wave experiments on methane suggest that diamond may be present in large gaseous planets such as Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune where diamond in the core is solid, and in Jupiter where liquid diamond may be present. It is proposed that carbonado-diamond was delivered to Earth from extra-solar sources during the episode of Late Heavy Bombardment (4.1–3.8 Ga). If the currently held view that r-process heavy elements were added as a ‘late veneer’ to Earth, through the collision of white dwarfs in Kilonova explosions, then why not carbonado-diamond during this epic event?
Neurogenesis of ascending supraspinal projection neurons : ipsi- versus contralateral projections

Abstract The present study tests the hypothesis that contralaterally projecting supraspinal projection neurons (SPNs) are generated prior to ipsilaterally projecting SPNs. Neuronal time of origin was determined by injecting pregnant rats with tritiated thymidine on one of embryonic (E) days E12 through E15. In mature offspring of thymidine-treated dams, SPNs in the lumbar cord were retrogradely labelled with True Blue delivered at the site of a hemisection in spinal segment C3. Ipsi and contralaterally projecting SPNs in laminae I, VII and VIII and the lateral spinal nucleus, which are known to give rise to long sensory pathways, were generated simultaneously throughout their neurogenic period (E12–E14), while ipsilaterally projecting SPNs in lamina IV and the nucleus dorsalis, which give rise to short sensory pathways, completed neurogenesis one day later (E15). Results suggest that the projection target and its distance from the nerve cell body of origin are more consistent correlates of the duration of the neurogenic period than the course of the axon.
Aggregation of TMV CP plays a role in CP functions and in Coat-Protein Mediated Resistance

Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) coat protein (CP) in absence of RNA self-assembles into several different structures depending on pH and ionic strength. Transgenic plants that produce self-assembling CP are resistant to TMV infection, a phenomenon referred to as coat-protein-mediated resistance (CP-MR). The mutant CP Thr42Trp (CP(T42W)) produces enhanced CP-MR compared to wild-type CP. To establish the relationship between the formation of 20S CP aggregates and CP-MR, virus-like particles (VLPs) produced by TMV variants that yield high levels of CP-MR were characterized. We demonstrate that non-helical structures are found in VLPs formed in vivo by CP(T42W) but not by wild-type CP and suggest that the mutation shifts the intracellular equilibrium of aggregates from low to higher proportions of non-helical 20S aggregates. A similar shift in equilibrium of aggregates was observed with CP(D77R), another mutant that confers high level of CP-MR. The mutant CP(D50R) confers a level of CP-MR similar to wild-type CP and aggregates in a manner similar to wild-type CP. We conclude that increased CP-MR is correlated with a shift in intracellular equilibrium of CP aggregates, including aggregates that interfere with virus replication.
Slow Noise in the Period of a Biological Oscillator Underlies Gradual Trends and Abrupt Transitions in Phasic Relationships in Hybrid Neural Networks

In order to study the ability of coupled neural oscillators to synchronize in the presence of intrinsic as opposed to synaptic noise, we constructed hybrid circuits consisting of one biological and one computational model neuron with reciprocal synaptic inhibition using the dynamic clamp. Uncoupled, both neurons fired periodic trains of action potentials. Most coupled circuits exhibited qualitative changes between one-to-one phase-locking with fairly constant phasic relationships and phase slipping with a constant progression in the phasic relationships across cycles. The phase resetting curve (PRC) and intrinsic periods were measured for both neurons, and used to construct a map of the firing intervals for both the coupled and externally forced (PRC measurement) conditions. For the coupled network, a stable fixed point of the map predicted phase locking, and its absence produced phase slipping. Repetitive application of the map was used to calibrate different noise models to simultaneously fit the noise level in the measurement of the PRC and the dynamics of the hybrid circuit experiments. Only a noise model that added history-dependent variability to the intrinsic period could fit both data sets with the same parameter values, as well as capture bifurcations in the fixed points of the map that cause switching between slipping and locking. We conclude that the biological neurons in our study have slowly-fluctuating stochastic dynamics that confer history dependence on the period. Theoretical results to date on the behavior of ensembles of noisy biological oscillators may require re-evaluation to account for transitions induced by slow noise dynamics.
Egg White Lysozyme Purification by Ultrafiltration and Affinity Chromatography

Isolation and purification of lysozyme from hen egg white was studied using a two-step procedure. The egg white was diluted 5- to 9-fold with sodium phosphate buffer, and then processed by sequential dilution diafiltration using a UF membrane (molecular weight cut-off 300,000 dalton). The membrane process increased the specific activity of lysozyme 6-fold, and recovered 96% of lysozyme activity. The permeate from diafiltration was further purified by affinity chromatography using chitin as adsorbent. The second step of the process yielded a product of specific activity of 70,400 units/mg protein. The overall lysozyme recovery was 79%.
AMBIENT CONCENTRATIONS OF ETHANOL AND METHYL TERT-BUTYL ETHER IN PORTO ALEGRE, BRAZIL, MARCH 1996-APRIL 1997

While air quality and other perceived benefits of oxygenated fuel programs are currently the topic of much debate, there are very few reports of ambient concentrations of oxygenated fuels (e.g., ethanol) and fuel additives (e.g., ethanol, methyl tert-butyl ether, hereafter called MTBE) in urban air. Ambient concentrations of MTBE and ethanol have been measured by GC−FID and GC−MS analysis of samples collected in electropolished canisters at a downtown location in Porto Alegre, Brazil, where 17% of the vehicles run on ethanol, 74% run on a mixture of 85% gasoline and 15% MTBE, and 9% use diesel fuel. During the ca. 1-year period of March 20, 1996−April 16, 1997, ambient levels of MTBE ranged from 0.2 to 17.1 ppbv (average = 6.6 ± 4.3 ppbv); those of ethanol ranged from 0.4 to 68.2 ppbv (average = 12.1 ± 13.3 ppbv). Ambient levels of ethanol and MTBE are compared to those of carbon monoxide (for which vehicle exhaust accounts for ca. 99% of total emissions in the city of Porto Alegre) and of acetylene. Line...
Simultaneous determination of kinetic parameters for the binding of cholera toxin to immobilized sialic acid and monoclonal antibody using an array biosensor

Abstract Interactions between protein toxins and carbohydrate receptors are often semi-selective processes and the kinetic parameters that define the binding of a receptor to different toxins may vary with each interaction. In this study, we have determined the affinity constants for binding of cholera toxin (CT) to immobilized sialic acid and to anti-CT antibody (as a simultaneous reference) by measuring real-time binding processes using an array biosensor. N -Acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac), a member of the sialic acid family, was covalently immobilized onto maleimide-activated planar waveguides via a thiol-terminated linker attached to the anomeric carbon of the sugar. Control antibodies were immobilized using two different approaches: covalent attachment onto maleimide-activated slides via the thiol on cysteine residues and non-covalent attachment using a biotin–NeutrAvidin linkage. Cy5-labeled CT was flowed over the immobilized receptors and the fluorescent intensity of the bound CT–receptor complex was recorded as a function of time. The association constants for CT binding to covalently attached Neu5Ac, to covalently attached anti-CT monoclonal antibody, and to antibody tethered by biotin–NeutrAvidin interactions were determined to be 1.3 × 10 8 , 2.1 × 10 8 and 5.7 × 10 8 M −1 , respectively.
Reliability prediction and sensitivity analysis based on software architecture

Prevalent approaches to characterize the behavior of monolithic applications are inappropriate to model modern software systems which are heterogeneous, and are built using a combination of components picked off the shelf, those developed in-house and those developed contractually. Development of techniques to characterize the behavior of such component-based software systems based on their architecture is then absolutely essential. Earlier efforts in the area of architecture-based analysis have focused on the development of composite models which are quite cumbersome due to their inherent largeness and stiffness. In this paper we develop an accurate hierarchical model to predict the performance and reliability of component-based software systems based on their architecture. This model accounts for the variance of the number of visits to each module, and thus provides predictions closer to those provided by a composite model. The approach developed in this paper enables the identification of performance and reliability bottlenecks. We also develop expressions to analyze the sensitivity of the performance and reliability predictions to the changes in the parameters of individual modules. In addition, we demonstrate how the hierarchical model could be used to assess the impact of changes in the workload on the performance and reliability of the application. We illustrate the performance and reliability prediction as well as sensitivity analysis techniques with examples.
Effect of Interfacial Interactions on the Glass Transition of Polymer Thin Films

Previous studies had demonstrated that the Tg of polymer thin films is strongly dependent on the interactions, γs, between the polymer and the underlying substrate. We present a study of the glass transition temperature, Tg, in thin films of polystyrene, PS, as a function of film thickness and as a function of γs by measuring the change in the thermal expansion using X-ray reflectivity. The Tg for PS on native silicon oxide was found to decrease with decreasing film thickness, consistent with results by others. Using random copolymers of styrene and methyl methacrylate anchored to the substrate, γs could be varied by changing the styrene fraction, f. With a constant PS film thickness of 330 A, the Tg was depressed by ∼20 °C as f was decreased from 1 to 0.75. An analysis analogous to the Gibbs−Thompson model indicated that the surface energy was not a suitable parameter to use to describe the effects of interfacial interactions on the Tg of polymer thin films. An associated local fractional change in the s...
Room temperature lasing from subwavelength metal-insulator-semiconductor structures

We report pulsed room temperature lasing from optically pumped subwavelength metal-insulator-semiconductor structures. The lasers consist of InGaAsP gain disks embedded in a SiO 2 / aluminum bi-layer. Lasing at 1520nm from a 730nm gain core is demonstrated.
Tailoring closely packed gel–particle systems for use as thickening agents

Synopsis When used as a thickening agent in aqueous suspension, hydrolyzed starch-polyacrylonitrile graft copolymer (H-SPAN) has broadly variable rheological properties, such as viscosity, storage modulus, and stress overshoot characteristics. A series of H-SPAN preparations with variable swelling ratio Q were made by pretreating portions of stock material. As 1% suspensions in water, they had viscosities 7) that were non-Newtonian, At a constant shear rate. 7) of the suspensions depended on Q and had a sharp maximum in the midrange of Q. In terms of-reduced concentration cQ. where c is weight fraction of polymer, the highest 7) occurred when cQ was approximately 2. With isoionic dilution, each suspension had a constant reduced viscosity function, ri/cQ. provided cQ > 2. The value of 7)lcQ fell rapidly when cQ approached 1. All thickeners of the closely packed gel-particle type so far examined have this relation of the reduced variables. The shear modulus calculated from measurements of primary normal force and corrected for solvent swelling, according to theory for rubber elasticity, was essentially constant for each suspension measured during isoionic dilution to cQ =2. The density of crosslinks calculated from the modulus was extremely low for all samples. The variable rheological properties of the preparations resulted primarily from differences in their low effective crosslink densities.
Nutrient limitation and soil development: Experimental test of a biogeochemical theory

Walker & Syers (1976) proposed a conceptual model that describesthe pattern and regulation of soil nutrient pools and availability during long-term soil and ecosystem development. Their model implies that plantproduction generally should be limited by N on young soils and by P on oldsoils; N and P supply should more or less equilibrate onintermediate-aged soils. We tested the application of this model to nutrientlimitation, using a well characterized substrate age sequence in Hawaiianmontane rain forest. Earlier experiments had evaluated nutrient limitationin forests on a young (300 y) and an old (4,100,000 y) substrate on the samedevelopmental sequence; N alone limited tree growth on the youngsubstrate, while P alone did so on the old one. An additional fertilizerexperiment based on replicated treatments with N, P, and all othernutrients combined, applied in individually and in all factorialcombinations, was established in an intermediate-aged site in theLaupahoehoe Forest Reserve, Hawaii. Here, diameter increments of thedominant tree Metrosideros polymorpha increased slightly with Nadditions, and nearly doubled when N and P were added together.Additions of elements other than N and P had no significant effecton growth. These results show that N and P had equilibrated (relativeto plant requirements) in the intermediate aged site. Together withthe earlier experiments, these results suggest that the Walker and Syersmodel provides a useful starting point for explaining the nature anddistribution of nutrient limitation in forest ecosystems.
Linking aboveground net primary productivity to soil carbon and dissolved organic carbon in complex terrain

[1] Factors influencing soil organic matter (SOM) stabilization and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) content in complex terrain, where vegetation, climate, and topography vary over the scale of a few meters, are not well understood. We examined the spatial correlations of lidar and geographic information system-derived landscape topography, empirically measured soil characteristics, and current and historical vegetation composition and structure versus SOM fractions and DOC pools and leaching on a small catchment (WS1) in the H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest, located in the western Cascades Range of Oregon, USA. We predicted that aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP), litter fall, and nitrogen mineralization would be positively correlated with SOM, DOC, and carbon (C) content of the soil based on the principle that increased C inputs cause C stores in and losses from in the soil. We expected that in tandem, certain microtopographical and microclimatic characteristics might be associated with elevated C inputs and correspondingly, soil C stores and losses. We confirmed that on this site, positive relationships exist between ANPP, C inputs (litter fall), and losses (exportable DOC), but we did not find that these relationships between ANPP, inputs, and exports were translated to SOM stores (mg C/g soil), C content of the soil (% C/g soil), or DOC pools (determined with salt and water extractions). We suggest that the biogeochemical processes controlling C storage and lability in soil may relate to longer-term variability in aboveground inputs that result from a heterogeneous and evolving forest stand.
Treatment of catheter-related bacteraemia with an antibiotic lock protocol: effect of bacterial pathogen

Background. The standard therapy of dialysis catheterrelated bacteraemia involves both systemic antibiotics and catheter replacement. We reported recently that instillation of an antibiotic lock (highly concentrated antibiotic solution) into the catheter lumen after dialysis sessions, in conjunction with systemic antibiotics, can successfully treat many episodes of catheter-related bacteraemia without requiring catheter removal. The present study evaluated whether the likelihood of achieving a cure with this protocol depends on the type of pathogen. Methods. This was a historically controlled interventional study of an antibiotic lock protocol for the treatment of catheter-related bacteraemia. We analysed prospectively the likelihood of clinical cure (fever resolution and negative surveillance cultures) with an antibiotic lock protocol among patients with dialysis catheter-related bacteraemia. In addition, infectionfree catheter survival was evaluated for up to 150 days, and compared with that observed among patients managed with routine catheter replacement. Results. Overall, the antibiotic lock protocol was successful in 33 of 47 infected patients (70%) with catheter-related bacteraemia. The likelihood of a clinical cure was 87% for Gram-negative infections, 75% for Staphylococcus epidermidis infections, and only 40% for Staphylococcus aureus infections (P ¼ 0.04). The median infection-free catheter survival with the antibiotic lock protocol was longer than that observed among patients with routine catheter replacement (154 vs 71 days, P ¼ 0.02). Conclusions. The clinical success of an antibiotic lock protocol in eradicating catheter-related bacteraemia while salvaging the catheter is highly dependent on the bacterial pathogen. Thus, the overall success rate in an individual dialysis programme will depend on the relative frequencies of different bacterial pathogens.
Mental Simulation, Affect, and Personality: A Conceptual Framework

Recent advances in theory and research on the relations among mental simulation, affect, and personality are summarized and combined. Research has shown that (a) affect and mental simulations can influence each other, (b) mental simulations can serve diverse self-motives, and (c) personality characteristics are related to divergent functions of mental simulations. Findings in these three areas are synthesized into a conceptual framework on the basis of three attributes of mental simulations: (a) time, whether simulations are prospective or retrospective; (b) direction, whether simulations are upward or downward; and (c) focus, whether simulations are contrasted or assimilated. This integrated framework not only may enable a greater understanding of existing findings, but also suggests novel and unique predictions for future research on understanding personality processes, automaticity in simulations, and coping with life events.
Robust Characterization of Model Physics Uncertainty for Simulations of Deep Moist Convection

Abstract This study explores the functional relationship between model physics parameters and model output variables for the purpose of 1) characterizing the sensitivity of the simulation output to the model formulation and 2) understanding model uncertainty so that it can be properly accounted for in a data assimilation framework. A Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm is employed to examine how changes in cloud microphysical parameters map to changes in output precipitation, liquid and ice water path, and radiative fluxes for an idealized deep convective squall line. Exploration of the joint probability density function (PDF) of parameters and model output state variables reveals a complex relationship between parameters and model output that changes dramatically as the system transitions from convective to stratiform. Persistent nonuniqueness in the parameter–state relationships is shown to be inherent in the construction of the cloud microphysical and radiation schemes and cannot be mitigated by reducin...
An analysis of the gamma memory in dynamic neural networks

Presents a vector space framework to study short-term memory filters in dynamic neural networks. The authors define parameters to quantify the function of feedforward and recursive linear memory filters. They show, using vector spaces, what is the optimization problem solved by the PEs of the first hidden layer of the single input focused network architecture. Due to the special properties of the gamma bases, recursion brings an extra parameter /spl lambda/ (the time constant of the leaky integrator) that displaces the memory manifold towards the desired signal when the mean square error is minimized. In contrast, for the feedforward memory filter the angle between the desired signal and the memory manifold is fixed for a given memory order. The adaptation of the feedback parameter can be done using gradient descent, but the optimization is nonconvex. >
Epithelial NF-κB enhances transmucosal fluid movement by altering tight junction protein composition after T cell activation

In inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), aberrant activation of innate and adaptive immune responses enhances mucosal permeability through mechanisms not completely understood. To examine the role of epithelial nuclear factor (NF-κB) in IBD-induced enhanced permeability, epithelial-specific IκBα mutant (NF-κB super repressor) transgenic (TG) mice were generated. NF-kB activation was inhibited in TG mice, relative to wild-type mice, following T cell-mediated immune cell activation using an anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody. Furthermore, epithelial NF-κB super repressor protein inhibited diarrhea and blocked changes in transepithelial resistance and transmucosal flux of alexa350 (0.35 kDa) and dextran3000 (3 kDa). In vivo perfusion loop studies in TG mice revealed reversed net water secretion and reduced lumenal flux of different molecular probes (bovine serum albumin, alexa350, and dextran3000). Cell-imaging and immunoblotting of low-density, detergent-insoluble membrane fractions confirmed that tight junction proteins (occludin, claudin-1 and zona occludens-1) are internalized through an NF-κB-dependent pathway. Taken together, these data suggest that IBD-associated diarrhea results from NF-κB-mediated tight junction protein internalization and increased paracellular permeability. Thus, reduction of epithelial NF-κB activation in IBD may repair defects in epithelial barrier function, reduce diarrhea, and limit protein (eg, serum albumin) losses. Epithelial NF-κB activation induced by mucosal T cells, therefore, actively plays a role in opening paracellular spaces to promote transmucosal fluid effux into the intestinal lumen.
Down-Regulation of Homeobox Gene GBX2 Expression Inhibits Human Prostate Cancer Clonogenic Ability and Tumorigenicity

Abstract Previously, we have demonstrated that GBX genes, a homeobox-containing human family of DNA-binding transcription factors consisting of GBX1 and GBX2 , are overexpressed in a panel of human prostatic cancer cell lines ( i.e. , TSU-pr1, PC3, DU145, and LNCaP) compared to normal prostate. In the present studies, specific primer sets were designed for reverse transcription-PCR detection of the expression of GBX1 versus GBX2 in human prostate cancer. These studies demonstrated that the GBX2 gene, but not the GBX1 gene, is consistently overexpressed in this panel of human prostate cancer cell lines compared to normal human prostate. Using a quantitative-competitive PCR analysis, GBX2 mRNA was expressed as 3 × 10 3 copies/µg RNA in normal prostate tissue and 4 × 10 4 copies/µg RNA in the immortalized normal neonatal prostate epithelial cell line 267B-1, as compared to 6 × 10 5 , 5 × 10 5 , and 1 × 10 5 copies/µg RNA in TSU-pr1, DU145, LNCaP, and PC3 prostate cancer cell lines, respectively. To examine the importance of GBX2 expression for prostate cancer maligancy, GBX2-overexpressing TSU-pr1 and PC3 human prostatic cancer cells were transfected with a eukaryotic expression vector containing an antisense GBX2 homeobox domain cDNA. Stable transfectant clones with 5–10-fold decreased levels of GBX2 mRNA expression were obtained. When tested in vitro , the clonogenic ability of the GBX2 antisense transfectants was reduced by approximately 50% in both cell lines. When implanted s.c. into nude mice, the tumorigenicity of the antisense GBX2 transfectants from both human prostatic cancer cell lines was inhibited by more than 70% compared to the parental cells. These results suggest that expression of GBX2 gene is required for malignant growth of human prostate cells.
A Further Note on the Cost Implications of Fluctuating Demand

Presence of a variable market demand function for a given product has significant implications for factor input levels and for the resulting production costs to the firm. In a recent paper, McKean argues that in order to describe the costs of producing a product subject to fluctuating demand it is necessary to take into account the entire distribution of outputs as it relates to the static total cost function. While it is evident that influences on costs and factor inputs will differ in the case of a fluctuating demand schedule compared to the conventional stable demand conditions of classical micro theory, it is not clear that the use of a static cost function in conjunction with a probability distribution of outputs is the proper framework in which to examine the problem.
Raman spectra of poly-L-lysines

The Raman spectra of poly-L-lysine hydrochloride and poly-ϵ-carbobenzoxy-L-lysine in the solid state have been obtained and are consistent with the presence of an α-helical structure. The Raman spectrum of poly-L-lysine in aqueous solution suggests the presence of random coil structures.
Athletic Training Students' Perception of Significant Clinical Instructor Demographic Characteristics.

Context: Characteristics of a model clinical instructor (CI) continue to be defined. However, certain characteristics are still unknown. Objective: To more fully define and describe quality clinical instruction by examining the impact of employment status, years of experience as a certified athletic trainer (AT), and employment setting on athletic training students' (ATS) perceptions of their CI. Design: We used the Perception of Clinical Teaching Behavior questionnaire, previously validated by Laurent and Weidner.6 Setting: ATSs from athletic training education programs (ATEPs) accredited by the Commission on Accreditation of Athletic Training Education (CAATE) located in District Nine of the National Athletic Trainers' Association (NATA). Patients or Other Participants: 371 ATSs from 16 professional ATEPs. Main Outcome Measure(s): Multiple regression analyses were used to predict CI modeling of professionalism, attitude toward teaching, and humanistic orientation characteristics by employment status and...
Prolonged heart rate changes following brain septal stimulation in the unanesthetized cat.

Summary Heart rate changes with septal stimulation were studied in six unanesthetized cats with chronically implanted electrodes. Effects of stimulating mesencephalic reticular formation (MRF) were investigated in four animals. Septal and MRF stimulation at 300 per sec for 2 sec regularly produced cardio-acceleration; septal effects tended to be slower in onset and greater in magnitude. Septal stimulation at 5 per sec for 10 sec produced cardiac deceleration. Variation of stimulus parameters also indicated that weak stimuli caused deceleration and intense ones caused acceleration. Cardio-acceleratory effects of 2 sec of intense septal stimulation were relatively prolonged, generally lasting more than 15min. Repetition of the 2 sec stimulus at hourly intervals appeared to produce a summation of effects, so that after three stimulus trains there was little return to pre-stimulus heart rate. The direction of heart rate change with septal stimulation in the unanesthetized cat appears to be a function of stimulus strength. Cardio-acceleration occurs with strong stimuli in contrast to the deceleration found by others in anesthetized animals.
A radar target discrimination scheme using the discrete wavelet transform for reduced data storage

A correlative radar target discrimination scheme using the transient scattered-field response is proposed. This scheme uses a one-dimensional discrete wavelet transform on the temporal response to reduce the amount of data that must be stored for each anticipated aspect angle. Experimental results show that a reduction in stored data of sixteen to one still allows accurate discrimination in adverse noise situations with signal-to-noise ratios as low as -5 dB. >
Why is Man-Computer Interaction Important for Decision Support Systems?

This paper attempts to shed some light on the whole issue of man-computer interaction. The basic point of this paper is that we should not allow our traditional jargon to shape our current thoughts about the on-line tools we use now and the interactive tools we may use in the future. Ever since it became feasible to provide computing environments which could support on-line terminals, management scientists have enjoyed extolling the virtues of their latest interactive decision support systems. In this climate of opinion, I set out to write a Ph.D. thesis [Alter, Steven. 1975. A study of computer aided decision making in organizations. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, MIT.] on the development and use of such systems in current business organizations. Early on, it became clear that something was drastically wrong. The ill-defined, but somehow anticipated “synergy” of man and machine just didn't seem to pan out in a sufficiently dramatic way to justify all the attention and anticipation. Although a substantial number of systems did deliver computing power in an online environment, the impact of man-computer interaction on the end result was almost always extremely difficult for users to define.
Adipocyte amino acid sensing controls adult germline stem cell number via the amino acid response pathway and independently of Target of Rapamycin signaling in Drosophila

How adipocytes contribute to the physiological control of stem cells is a critical question towards understanding the link between obesity and multiple diseases, including cancers. Previous studies have revealed that adult stem cells are influenced by whole-body physiology through multiple diet-dependent factors. For example, nutrient-dependent pathways acting within the Drosophila ovary control the number and proliferation of germline stem cells (GSCs). The potential role of nutrient sensing by adipocytes in modulating stem cells in other organs, however, remains largely unexplored. Here, we report that amino acid sensing by adult adipocytes specifically modulates the maintenance of GSCs through a Target of Rapamycin-independent mechanism. Instead, reduced amino acid levels and the consequent increase in uncoupled tRNAs trigger activation of the GCN2-dependent amino acid response pathway within adipocytes, causing increased rates of GSC loss. These studies reveal a new step in adipocyte-stem cell crosstalk.
Exercise training and fat metabolism after menopause: implications for improved metabolic flexibility in aging.

a greater reliance on fatty acids for fuel, along with the ability to conserve and replenish muscle glycogen, offered a distinct survival advantage, as it allowed our Paleolithic ancestors to work (i.e., hunt and gather) longer and more often ([3][1]). Unfortunately for women today, the triple