cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of apomorphine on sexual behavior in young and middle-aged rats.

Apomorphine (APO), the prototypical dopamine agonist, produced different effects on the copulatory patterns of sexually vigorous male rats depending on the dose, the time between treatment and behavioral observation and the age of the animals. Prior to any drug treatment, middle-aged males (13 months of age) exhibited prolonged latencies to ejaculation and intervals between intromissions when compared to young male rats (3 months of age). In mating tests to young male rats initiated six minutes after treatment, administration of low doses of APO was followed by reductions in the ejaculatory threshold (0.05–0.8 mg/kg). The greatest reduction in the ejaculatory threshold was observed after administration of 0.4 mg/kg APO. No such facilitation of ejaculatory behavior was evident in the middle-aged males. Age-related differences in APO-induced changes in ejaculation latency (0.05–0.8 mg/kg), intromission frequency (0.05–0.4 mg/kg), copulatory efficacy (0.2 and 0.8 mg/kg) and intercopulatory interval (0.8 mg/kg) were evident. Doses of APO above 0.4 mg/kg in young males and above 0.2 mg/kg in middle-aged males elicited dose-related decreases in the number of rats engaging in copulatory activity, with 3 mg/kg effecting a virtual elimination in both age groups. In mating tests initiated 60 minutes after treatment, no decrease in the number of rats engaging in copulatory activity was seen in the young animals, and 3 mg/kg caused only a minor reduction in the number of middle-aged males achieving ejaculation. Further, in those males that mated to ejaculation in tests six minutes posttreatment, APO treatment was followed by age-related differences in ejaculation latency (0.4 and 0.8 mg/kg), intromission frequency (0.4 and 0.8 mg/kg), intercopulatory interval (0.2 and 0.8 mg/kg) and postejaculatory interval (0.8 mg/kg). In general, the alterations seen in tests 60 minutes after treatment were in the opposite direction than those seen in the six minute tests. These data provide support for the recent proposal that the activation of presynaptic dopamine receptors leads to a reduction in the amount of stimulation required to elicit ejaculatory behavior in copula and, further, suggest that stimulation of postsynaptic dopamine receptors results in a suppression of copulatory behavior, evidenced by a decreased number of rats mating. The data also lead to the suggestion that middle-aged male rats are more sensitive to postsynaptic, and less sensitive to presynaptic dopamine receptor stimulation.
A boundary value problem for the poisson equation with multi-scale oscillating Boundary

The paper is concerned with the homogenization problem for the Poisson equation in a domain, a part of whose boundary is rapidly oscillating according to several scales. Such a problem arises in the processing of devices with very small features, such as semiconductors. We construct “homogenized” boundary layers and use them to establish effective approximation to the solution.
Crashworthiness of various random chopped carbon fiber reinforced epoxy composite materials and their strain rate dependence

The ACC (Automotive Composite Consortium) is interested in investigating the use of random chopped fiber reinforced composites as crash energy absorbers primarily because of the low costs involved in their manufacture thus making them cost effective for automotive applications. Although many scientists have investigated the energy absorption characteristics in various continuous fiber reinforced composite materials and their dependence on strain rate, there is very little literature available on the energy absorption and crushing characteristics of random chopped fiber reinforced composite materials and their strain rate dependence. Therefore, the primary goal was to determine the crashworthiness of various random chopped carbon fiber composite material systems. To meet this goal, first an experimental set up was developed for discerning the deformation behavior and damage mechanisms that occur during the progressive crushing of composite materials. The three different random chopped carbon reinforced epoxy composite material systems studied were P4, HexMC, and CCS100. Quasi-static progressive crush tests were then performed on these random chopped carbon fiber composite plates to determine their crashworthiness. In addition, an attempt was made to investigate and characterize the strain rate effects on the energy absorption of a random chopped carbon fiber P4 composite. The specific energy absorption was found to increase with increasing loading rate from 15.2 to 762 cm/min. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 1477–1486, 2006
The Twistor Space of a 3-Sasakian Manifold

Any compact 3-Sasakian manifold is a principal circle V-bundle over a compact complex orbifold . This orbifold has a contact Fano structure with a Kahler–Einstein metric of positive scalar curvature and it is the twistor space of a positive compact quaternionic Kahler orbifold . We show that many results known to hold when is a smooth manifold extend to this more general singular case. However, we construct infinite families of examples with which sharply differs from the smooth case, where there is only one such .
Beyond Custom Design of Organic Ligands: An Integrative Strategy for Metal-Organic Frameworks Design

In this review, we systematically summarize our recent work on how metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are constructed via custom design of organic ligands and beyond. Following a brief introduction of basic concepts and general background of MOFs, we explain how to fine-tune MOFs' structures via the design strategy of network, secondary building unit (SBU), and ligand. Amongst these, the custom design of organic ligands plays a fundamental yet important role in this field. In addition, the custom-designed ligands, which feature certain functional motifs, can further enrich the performances of targeted MOFs owing to the primary functionalities bestowed on the frameworks by the ligands. Therefore, the custom design of organic ligands and beyond can be a useful approach to task-specifical functionalizing of the frameworks.
Fuzzy-trace theory: An interim synthesis

Abstract We review the current status of fuzzy-trace theory. The presentation is organized around five topics. First, theoretical ideas that immediately preceded the development of fuzzy-trace theory are sketched. Second, experimental findings that challenged those ideas (e.g., memory-reasoning independence, the intuitive nature of mature reasoning) are summarized. Third, the core assumptions that comprised the initial version of fuzzy-trace theory are described. Fourth, some modifications to those assumptions are explored that were necessitated by subsequent experimental findings. Fifth, four areas of experimentation are considered in which research under the aegis of fuzzy-trace theory is in progress: (a) suggestibility and false memories; (b) judgment and decision making; (c) the development of forgetting; and (d) the development of retrieval.
Reactant adsorption effects on partially wetted catalyst performance

Abstract The rates of many catalytic reactions carried out in trickle-bed reactors are nonlinear functions of reactant and/or product concentrations due to adsorption processes. This study addresses the impact that reactant adsorption has on the performance of a single partially wetted catalytic pellet. Two bimolecular Eley—Rideal and two Langmuir—Hinshelwood kinetic rate expressions are incorporated into a two-dimensional reaction and diffusion model. The model predicts that the catalytic effectiveness dependence on the degree of wetting is sensitive to whether the volatile or nonvolatile reactant more strongly adsorbs, and to the extent of the adsorption. These factors significantly affect not only the magnitude of the effectiveness, but also the wetting efficiency giving the maximum effectiveness. For multiple reaction site Langmuir—Hinshelwood kinetics, the reaction—mass transport interactions can give effectiveness exceeding unity and effectiveness multiplicity undercertain conditions. The multiplicity features are profoundly affected by the above factors. If the nonvolatile reactant is inhibiting, the effectiveness-wetting efficiency multiplicity is in the form of a clockwise hysteresis loop. The pattern shifts to a counterclockwise loop if the volatile reactant is inhibiting. The single pellet model with bimolecular first-order kinetics predicts both the local maximum and minimum in the dependence of the overall reaction rate on liquid flow are observed for the hydrogenation of α-methylstyrene (AMS) in a short bed of Pd/A12O3 pellets (Herskowitz , 1979, A.I.Ch.E.J.25, 272–283). The model is also used to simulate the performance of a partially wetted Pt/A12O3 pellet using the kinetic model of Babcock . (1957, A.I.Ch.E.J.3, 366–372) for AmS hydrogenation. The degree to which AMS adsorption affects the overall rate depends on the AMS bulk concentration, the degree of wetting, and the extent of mass transport limitations. The data simulations reveal that by properly manipulating the liquid contacting efficiency along the reactor length the overall hydrogenation rate may be improved.
Establishment of a DNA-launched infectious clone for a highly pneumovirulent strain of type 2 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus: identification and in vitro and in vivo characterization of a large spontaneous deletion in the nsp2 region.

Abstract A highly pneumovirulent strain of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), ATCC VR2385, was isolated from a pig exhibiting typical PRRS in the early 90s. While passaging the virus in monkey kidney cells, we identified a large spontaneous deletion of a 435-bp in the nsp2 gene. To assess the biological significance of this spontaneous deletion, we first determined the full-length genomic sequence of this virus and established a DNA-launched infectious clone of the passage 14 virus containing the 435-bp nsp2 deletion (designated as pIR-VR2385-CA). The full-length viral genome engineered with two ribozyme elements at both ends was placed under the control of the eukaryotic CMV promoter. The infectious virus was successfully rescued from pIR-VR2385-CA DNA-transfected BHK-21 cells. To characterize the biological and pathological significance of this large nsp2 deletion, we subsequently constructed another DNA-launched infectious clone, pIR-VR2385-R, in which we restored the deleted 435-bp nsp2 sequence back to the pIR-VR2385-CA backbone. The growth characteristics of the two rescued viruses (VR2385-CA and VR2385-R) were compared, and the results showed that the VR2385-CA virus with the nsp2 deletion replicated more efficiently in vitro (1.0–1.5 log titer higher) than the VR2385-R virus with the restored nsp2 sequence but the VR2385-CA virus exhibited a significantly reduced serum viral RNA load in vivo . A comparative pathogenicity study in pigs ( n = 10) revealed that the nsp2 deletion had no effect on virus virulence, and the restored nsp2 sequence in the VR2385-R virus remains stable during virus replication in pigs. The results from this study indicates that the spontaneous nsp2 deletion plays a role for enhanced PRRSV replication in vitro but has no effect on the pathogenicity of the virus.
The mutants of Arabidopsis

Abstract The small crucifer Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh, has many advantages as a model system for plant molecular genetics. A substantial base of genetic information already exists and a diverse collection of mutants have been isolated and used to address a number of questions in plant biochemistry and physiology. The molecular analysis of these mutants should be facilitated by a relatively small and simple genome.
Benthic invertebrates at foraging locations of nine waterbird species in managed wetlands of the northern San Joaquin Valley, California

The ecologies of waterbirds are closely tied to the distribution and abundance of food resources. For many species of waterfowl and shorebirds, benthic invertebrates (especially Chironomidae) are an important dietary component that influences habitat selection. Consequently, we sampled benthic invertebrates and measured water depth at foraging locations of nine waterbird species and paired random sites in the Grasslands of the northern San Joaquin Valley, California, USA from January to April 1994 and 1995. Our resulting habitat-selection models indicate significant differences in benthic invertebrate densities or biomasses at foraging and random locations for three of nine species and significant differences in water depths between foraging and random locations for four of nine species. Additionally, we observed significant interspecific differences in water depths at foraging locations—shorebirds used shallow habitats ( 20 cm). Waterfowl foraged over a wider range of water depths than shorebirds, indicating greater behavioral flexibility in habitat use. Our results indicate that selection of foraging habitat by smaller bodied waterbirds, including dowitchers, dunlin, western sandpiper, and least sandpiper is strongly influenced by water depth, which mediates the availability of benthic invertebrates. Additionally, foraging site selection of more mobile taxa that are able to forage in a wide range of water depths, including northern shoveler and american green-winged teal, is influenced by invertebrate biomass. The broad range of water depths used by waterfowl and the relatively restricted depths used by shorebirds indicate that water depth can be manipulated to benefit a multitude of waterbird species.
Identification of a Type-Specific Protein that Differentiates Serologically between Human T Cell Lymphotropic Virus Types I and II

The 24-kDa band formed when sera of humans infected with human T cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-1) were reacted with HTLV-I lysates in conventional Western blot (WB) assays was found to be composed of two immunologically unrelated proteins of 24- and 23-kDa. p24, but not p23, carries epitopes shared by the major core proteins of the other known transactivating C-type retroviruses. p23 is unrelated immunologically to the env and tax HTLV-I products but partly cross-reacts with HTLV-I p19. All HTLV-I and simian T cell leukemia virus type I sera tested reacted with p23. Reactivity with p23 was seen with some HTLV-I sera that did not react or reacted weakly with HTLV-I p24. No reactivity with p23 was seen among the 51 human HTLV-II sera tested nor among a large panel of control sera. Because of its type-specificity and strong immunogenicity, p23 provides a reliable serologic marker for the diagnosis of HTLV-I infection and for distinguishing between HTLV-I and -II.
Discrimination of cachexia disease agents among citrus variants of hop stunt viroid

SUMMARY Description of a cachexia disease specific oligonucleotide is presented which may be employed as a probe in molecular hybridisation as well as a primer in reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) procedures to segregate cachexia-inducing citrus viroids (CVd) from the non-cachexia variant, CVd-IIa, known to introduce commercially desirable effects on tree growth and performance. The cachexia-specific probe also demonstrates the ability to discriminate between the severe cachexia variants, CVd-IIb and CVd-IIc, and moderate to mild variants, Ca903 and Ca909.
Reduced Hippocampal Activation During Recall is Associated with Elevated FMR1 mRNA and Psychiatric Symptoms in Men with the Fragile X Premutation

Recent studies reveal that young carriers of the fragile X premutation are at increased risk for psychiatric conditions, memory problems and executive deficits. Post mortem and structural MRI studies suggest the hippocampus is preferentially affected by the premutation. The current study utilized magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to explore the relationship between hippocampal structure and function as well as molecular/genetic and psychiatric measures in men with the fragile X premutation. Although the groups did not differ in hippocampal volume, the premutation group showed reduced left hippocampal activation and increased right parietal activation during a recall task relative to controls. These results suggest that brain function underlying memory recall is affected by premutation status. Left hippocampal activation was negatively correlated with both FMR1 mRNA level and psychiatric symptomology in the premutation group. These associations support the theory that increased levels of FMR1 mRNA affect brain function and contribute to psychiatric symptoms.
Protease activity in brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) follicle walls demonstrated by substrate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.

Proteolytic activity was demonstrated in the follicle wall surrounding oocytes of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) by an assay system that incorporated protein substrates into sodium dodecyl sulfate-p olyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (substrate-SDS-PAGE). At least six proteolytic enzymes (78, 70, 67, 59, 22 and 20 kDa) were present when follicle wall extracts were electrophoresed and incubated in gels containing gelatin. Of these six enzymes, only two enzymes (20 and 22 kDa) were present when follicle wall extracts were resolved and incubated in gels containing casein. The activities of the 78 and 70 kDa enzymes were completely inhibited with metallo- and collagenolytic pro tease inhibitors and partially inhibited with serine protease inhibitors. The activities of the 67 and 59 kDa enzymes were completely blocked with metallo- and collagenolytic protease inhibitors. The activitiesof the 22 and 20 kDa enzymes were only slightly decreased with a serine pro tease inhibitor.
Robustness of optimally robust controllers

The largest robust stability radius gamma (P/sub 0/) of a system P/sub 0/ is defined as the radius of the largest ball B/sub max/ in the gap metric centered at P/sub 0/ which can be stabilized by one single controller. Any controller which stabilizes B/sub max/ is called an optimally robust controller of P/sub 0/. Any controller, regarded as a system, should have its own largest robust stability radius also. In the paper it is shown that the largest robust stability radius of any optimally robust controller of P/sub 0/ is larger than or equal to gamma (P/sub 0/). Moreover, the variation of the closed-loop transfer matrix caused by the perturbation of the system is estimated. >
An object-oriented optimization system

We have described the implementation of a graphical programming tool in the object-oriented language, Smalltalk-80, that allows a user to construct a radiographic measurement model. The measurement model can be used to generate the measurements predicted by a given parameterized model of an experimental object. In this paper, we describe extensions to the graphical programming tool that allow it to be used to perform Bayesian inference on very large sets of object parameters, given real experimental data, by optimizing the likelihood or posterior probability of the parameters, given the real data. >
Antimony(V) Fluoride

[7783-70-2] F5Sb (MW 216.74) InChI = 1S/5FH.Sb/h5*1H;/q;;;;;+5/p-5 InChIKey = VBVBHWZYQGJZLR-UHFFFAOYSA-I (one of the strongest Lewis acids,1 used as catalyst for Friedel–Crafts reactions, isomerization, and other acid related chemistry;1 an efficient acid system for preparation of carbocations and onium ions as well as their salts;1 a fluorinating agent, and a strong oxidant) Alternate Name: antimony pentafluoride. Physical Data: bp 149.5 °C. Solubility: SbF5 reacts with most organic solvents, forming solids with ether, acetone, carbon disulfide, and petroleum ether. SbF5 is soluble in SO2 and SO2ClF. Form Supplied in: viscous liquid; commercially available. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: SbF5 is extremely corrosive, toxic, and moisture sensitive. It can be purified by distillation. SbF5 fumes when exposed to atmosphere. It should be stored under anhydrous conditions in a Teflon bottle and handled using proper gloves in a well ventilated hood.
Interactive tone mapping for High Dynamic Range video

Despite considerable progress in HDR image tone mapping for the past decade, little work has been done for HDR video. For applications such as film post-production, the capability of local tone manipulation is highly regarded by the content creators. This paper presents an interactive tone mapping scheme for HDR video sequences. It provides a simple scribble/ stroke based interface for local tone manipulation and is capable of propagating user input information throughout a video sequence by using Gaussian mixture model (GMM) and edge preserving filtering. The experimental results demonstrated its effectiveness for HDR video tone mapping as well as its flexibility for users to easily and intuitively manipulate the appearance of the video while maintaining temporal consistency.
Unified convergence proofs of continuous-time fictitious play

We consider a continuous-time version of fictitious play (FP), in which interacting players evolve their strategies in reaction to their opponents' actions without knowledge of their opponents' utilities. It is known that FP need not converge, but that convergence is possible in certain special cases including zero-sum games, identical interest games, and two-player/two-move games. We provide a unified proof of convergence in all of these cases by showing that a Lyapunov function previously introduced for zero-sum games also can establish stability in the other special cases. We go on to consider a two-player game in which only one player has two-moves and use properties of planar dynamical systems to establish convergence.
Putting Uncle Milton to Bed Reexamining Milton Friedman's Essay on the Social Responsibility of Business

Almost four decades ago Nobel prize-winning economist Milton Friedman published an essay on the social responsibility of business in the New York Times Magazine that has since reached legendary sta...
The 19th Century Islamic Slave Trade from East Africa (Swahili and Red Sea Coasts): A Tentative Census

(1988). The 19th Century Islamic Slave Trade from East Africa (Swahili and Red Sea Coasts): A Tentative Census. Slavery & Abolition: Vol. 9, The Economics of the Indian Ocean Slave Trade in the Nineteenth Century, pp. 21-44.
Potent and Specific Inhibition of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Replication by RNA Interference

Synthetic small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) have been shown to induce the degradation of specific mRNA targets in human cells by inducing RNA interference (RNAi). Here, we demonstrate that siRNA duplexes targeted against the essential Tat and Rev regulatory proteins encoded by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) can specifically block Tat and Rev expression and function. More importantly, we show that these same siRNAs can effectively inhibit HIV-1 gene expression and replication in cell cultures, including those of human T-cell lines and primary lymphocytes. These observations demonstrate that RNAi can effectively block virus replication in human cells and raise the possibility that RNAi could provide an important innate protective response, particularly against viruses that express double-stranded RNAs as part of their replication cycle.
Initial Experiences with the BEC Parallel Programming Environment

Bundle-exchange-compute (BEC) is a new virtual shared memory parallel programming environment for distributed-memory machines. Different from and complementary to other global address space (GAS) programming model research efforts, BEC has built-in efficient support for unstructured applications that inherently require high-volume random fine-grained communication, such as parallel graph algorithms, sparse-matrices, and large-scale physics simulations. In BEC, the global view of shared data structures enables ease of algorithm design and programming; and for good application performance, fine-grained (random) accesses to shared data are automatically and dynamically bundled together for coarse-grained message-passing. BEC frees the users from explicit management of data distribution, locality, and communication. Therefore, BEC is much easier to program than MPI, while achieving comparable application performance. This paper presents some initial BEC applications, which show that simple BEC programs can match very complex and highly optimized MPI codes.
Teaching Applied Natural Language Processing: Triumphs and Tribulations

In Fall 2004 I introduced a new course called Applied Natural Language Processing, in which students acquire an understanding of which text analysis techniques are currently feasible for practical applications. The class was intended for interdisciplinary students with a somewhat technical background. This paper describes the topics covered and the programming exercises, emphasizing which aspects were successful and which problematic, and makes recommendations for future versions of the course.
Precipitation of autoimmune diabetes with anti-PD-1 immunotherapy.

Immunotherapy targeting T-cell regulatory molecules is highly effective in multiple cancers refractory to standard chemotherapies. However, blocking inhibitory molecules on activated T cells not only increases tumor cell destruction but also can breach tolerance, enabling pathological T cells to react with self-antigens. Indeed, autoimmune endocrinopathies, including hypophysitis, hypopituitarism, and thyroiditis, have been reported in trials involving anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibodies (1–3). But autoimmune diabetes has not been definitively linked to these agents. We describe the development of new-onset insulin-dependent diabetes in five patients after receiving anti-PD-1 antibodies, either as single agent or in combination with other cancer drugs. Clinical history and key laboratory findings are summarized in Table 1. Notably, while the patients presented with diverse cancer types, and some had been treated with other immunological agents, their …
Impact of prenatal evaluation and protocol-based perinatal management on congenital diaphragmatic hernia outcomes.

Abstract Background/Purpose Although intuitive, the benefit of prenatal evaluation and multidisciplinary perinatal management for fetuses with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is unproven. We compared the outcome of prenatally diagnosed patients with CDH whose perinatal management was by a predefined protocol with those who were diagnosed postnatally and managed by the same team. We hypothesized that patients with CDH undergoing prenatal evaluation with perinatal planning would demonstrate improved outcome. Methods Retrospective chart review of all patients with Bochdalek-type CDH at a single institution between 2004 and 2009 was performed. Patients were stratified by history of perinatal management, and data were analyzed by Fisher's Exact test and Student's t test. Results Of 116 patients, 71 fetuses presented in the prenatal period and delivered at our facility (PRE), whereas 45 infants were either outborn or postnatally diagnosed (POST). There were more high-risk patients in the PRE group compared with the POST group as indicated by higher rates of liver herniation (63% vs 36%, P = .03), need for patch repair (57% vs 27%, P = .004), and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation use (35% vs 18%, P = .05). Despite differences in risk, there was no difference in 6-month survival between groups (73% vs 73%). Conclusions Patients with CDH diagnosed prenatally are a higher risk group. Prenatal evaluation and multidisciplinary perinatal management allows for improved outcome in these patients.
Unravelling the structure of species extinction risk for predictive conservation science

Extinction risk varies across species and space owing to the combined and interactive effects of ecology/life history and geography. For predictive conservation science to be effective, large datasets and integrative models that quantify the relative importance of potential factors and separate rapidly changing from relatively static threat drivers are urgently required. Here, we integrate and map in space the relative and joint effects of key correlates of The International Union for Conservation of Nature-assessed extinction risk for 8700 living birds. Extinction risk varies significantly with species9 broad-scale environmental niche, geographical range size, and life-history and ecological traits such as body size, developmental mode, primary diet and foraging height. Even at this broad scale, simple quantifications of past human encroachment across species9 ranges emerge as key in predicting extinction risk, supporting the use of land-cover change projections for estimating future threat in an integrative setting. A final joint model explains much of the interspecific variation in extinction risk and provides a remarkably strong prediction of its observed global geography. Our approach unravels the species-level structure underlying geographical gradients in extinction risk and offers a means of disentangling static from changing components of current and future threat. This reconciliation of intrinsic and extrinsic, and of past and future extinction risk factors may offer a critical step towards a more continuous, forward-looking assessment of species9 threat status based on geographically explicit environmental change projections, potentially advancing global predictive conservation science.
Young children proactively remedy unnoticed accidents

Human adults will sometimes help without being asked to help, including in situations in which the helpee is oblivious to the problem and thus provides no communicative or behavioral cues that intervention is necessary. Some theoretical models argue that these acts of 'proactive helping' are an important and possibly human-specific form of prosociality. Two experiments examined whether young children proactively help in a situation where an adult did not provide any concurrent behavioral cues that help was needed. Specifically, in Experiment 1 an experimenter either dropped an object without noticing (experimental condition) or on purpose (control). Even though children were bystanders engaged in their own task, they spontaneously intervened by helping instrumentally in the experimental condition in the absence of concurrent behavioral cues from the actor (significantly more often than in the control condition). These acts increased significantly from 21 to 31months of age, probably reflecting children's emerging social-cognitive capacities to represent goal-directed action. Experiment 2 replicated proactive helping in 2-year-olds in a more closely matched comparison in which in both experimental and control conditions the actor did not notice the accident, and children thus had to infer whether help was needed from the actor's previous responses alone. This result shows that children are able to infer a need for intervention on concurrent situational cues, without behavioral or communicative cues by the helpee. These results indicate that proactive prosociality might be a characteristic of early human ontogeny, emerging in children as young as two years of age.
Emerging drugs for the therapy of primary and post essential thrombocythemia, post polycythemia vera myelofibrosis

Managing patients with myelofibrosis (MF) (both those with primary myelofibrosis or having evolved from an antecedent polycythemia vera or essential thrombocythemia) present many challenges to the hematologist. MF patients suffer from a variable, but severe range of disease manifestations including massive splenomegaly, cytopenias, significant constitutional symptoms, possible transformation to blast phase and premature death. Cure is achievable through allogeneic stem cell transplantation; yet, this therapy is either inappropriate or not an option for most patients. Current available therapies are palliative, but can sometimes be of significant value to MF patients. The discovery of the JAK2-V617F mutation, and other pathogenetic insights into the pathophysiology of myeloproliferative neoplasms, has ushered in an era of potential new therapies for MF. Over a dozen JAK2 inhibitors are in development, with the leading compounds such as INCB018424, TG101348 and others showing promising early results particularly for control of disease associated splenomegaly and symptoms. Parallel trials with immunomodulatory therapy for MF associated anemia and stromal manifestations of the disease are continuing. The future may well see the approval of a range of agents for MF patients, with differing mechanisms of action, efficacy and toxicity profiles.
The Rise of the Internal Auditor

Internal auditors of large organizations have historically been dominated by managers. Recent changes in federal regulation of financial reporting require managers of publicly held corporations to be dominated by directors. These requirements require a fundamental change in the relationship between managers and internal auditors, and create an expectation of internal auditor objectivity. This paper will describe the history of internal auditing services and objectivity, and identify reasons why internal auditors have not been objective in the past. This history has continuing relevance to agency theory, the rule of law, and governance of publicly held corporations.
The Elementary Nature of Purposive Behavior: Evolving Minimal Neural Structures that Display Intrinsic Intentionality:

A study of the evolution of agency in artificial life was designed to access the potential emergence of purposiveness and intentionality as these attributes of behavior have been defined in psychology and philosophy. The study involved Darwinian evolution of mobile neural nets (autonomous agents) in terms of their adaptive weight patterning and structure (number of sensory, hidden, and memory units) that controlled movement. An agent was embedded in a 10 × 10 toroidal matrix along with “containers” that held benefit or harm if entered. Sensory exposure to content of a container was only briefly available at a distance so that adaptive response to a nearby container required use of relevant memory. The best 20% of each generation of agents, based on net benefit consumed during limited lifetime, were selected to parent the following generation. Purposiveness emerged for all selected agents by 300 generations. By 4000 generations, 90% passed a test of purposive intentionality based on Piaget's criteria for S...
Infrared spectra of Rh atom reaction products with C2H2: the HRhCCH, RhCCH, RhCCH2, and Rh-η2-C2H2 molecules.

Laser-ablated Rh atoms react with C2H2 upon co-condensation in excess argon and neon to form the insertion product HRhCCH, the alkyne RhCCH, the vinylidene RhCCH2, and the metallacycle complex Rh-η2-(C2H2). These species are identified through 13C2H2, C2D2, and mixed C2HD isotopic substitutions and density functional theory isotopic frequency calculations. The HRhCCH molecule is characterized by the CH stretching mode at 3306.2 cm−1 (Ar) and 3310.9 cm−1 (Ne), the Rh—H stretching mode at 2090.8 cm−1 (Ar) and 2111.0 cm−1 (Ne), and two CCH deformation modes at 584.3 and 573.3 cm−1 (Ar) and 587.1 and 580.3 cm−1 (Ne). The absorptions for the vinylidene RhCCH2 complex are observed at 3150.9 (Ar), 3147.2 (Ne) (CH stretching), 1690.1 (Ar), 1694.3 (Ne) (CC stretching), and 804.9 (Ar), 810.5 cm−1 (Ne) (CCH deformation). The metallacycle Rh-η2-(C2H2) complex is also identified through CC stretching and CCH deformation modes. The insertion reaction of ground Rh atom to the C—H bond is spontaneous on the basis of the ...
A Microstructurally-Informed, Continuum-Level Life Prediction Model for Thermo-Acousto-Mechanically Fatigued Ti-6242S and IN617

Cumulative damage theory has been extended to develop a deterministic fatigue life prediction model for materials subjected to superimposed thermo-acousto-mechanical cycling. This loading profile is exhibited by particular external panels of reusable hypersonic cruise vehicles. Both creep and fatigue (LCF) test data have been acquired for two candidate fuselage materials: a Ni-base alloy (IN617) and a near-alpha titanium alloy (Ti-6242S). Although both materials exhibit considerable strength against isothermal fatigue and/or creep damage, their oxidative responses gives rise to surface-form cracks under cyclic temperature conditions. Damage modules for fatigue, creep, and coupled environmentalfatigue life are developed to predict fatigue life under service conditions. Although a module is also included for acoustic cycling, the combined model is demonstrated for available data.
Study on Threshold Density of An.sinensis for Transmission of Malaria in the Northern Anhui Province

Objective To study the threshold density of An.sinensis for transmission of malaria in the northern Anhui Province and provide indicators for the disease surveillance,early warning,prevention and control.Method From August to September 2005,field investigations on vectors and malaria surveillance were carried out in the Lulou Village of Licang Town,Mengcheng County in the northern Anhui Province,where the incidence of malaria was high.The entomological investigations included the man-biting rate,the proportion of parous anophelines,the human blood index and the blood preference were performed.The others included malaria incidence and parasite rate in human population,the intervals from episode to treatment of the cases,and collection of data on the mean temperature in the area were also investigated.Based on the formula of basic reproductive rate,the critical man-biting rate was estimated.Result The human blood index for An.sinensis was 0.1771 and the mean multiparous ratio was 0.51.In study field site,the adjusted human-biting rate for An.sinensis was 11.1877 and the critical human-biting rate was 7.6340,the adjusted human-biting rate was 1.47 times of its critical human-biting rate.Conclusion A reduction of the adjusted human-biting rate of An.Sinensis by 47% is needed for interrupting malaria transmission by this vector in the study area.
A process-oriented perspective examining the relationships among daily coping, stress, and affect

We assess the daily relationships between age, three functional coping strategies, and positive and negative affect while accounting for the individual's cognitive appraisal of the severity and controllability of their encountered stressor. We collected 56 days of daily data from participants in the Notre Dame Study of Healthy & Well-Being assessing affect, the most bothersome event experienced each day, and coping strategies used to deal with that event (N = 371; Age 44-87; M = 67.41; SD = 8.87). Multi-level modeling allowed us to explore and compare the between- and within-person effects. The main effects revealed that coping strategies relate to affect differently. The interaction terms revealed that the effectiveness of each coping strategy depended on characteristics of the encountered stressor and/or characteristics of the individual. Average values of stress severity, Altering the Meaning, and Dispelling the Effects more strongly related to PA or NA than daily fluctuations on these constructs. Findings illustrate that certain coping strategies target affect differently. Approaching research questions regarding stress and coping with a process-oriented perspective, through the use of daily data, allows for a more thorough understanding of the real-time, lived relationships among the individual, stress, and coping.
Hardware-based FIR filter implementations for ECG signal denoising: A monitoring framework from industrial electronics perspective

This work represents the design and verification of three different finite impulse response (FIR) filter implementations for removing the noise of electrocardiogram (ECG) signals. Generally, ECG signals may be contaminated with different noise sources such as body movement and respiration, electromyography (EMG) interference, power line interference and the baseline wander noise. The FIR filter coefficients are calculated to attenuate the 60 Hz frequencies. The advanced filter design tool available with MATLAB is used to first determine the FIR filter coefficients. These coefficients are then used in three different FIR filter implementations: regular implementation, pipelined implementation and pipelined multiply-accumulate (MAC) implementation. The three implementations are designed using VHDL and the Quartus II design toolset. A test bench is also designed to verify the operation of each filter implementation, and the Modelsim simulator available with Quartus is used to run the tests. The synthesized reports for the three different implementations show the resource utilization and the maximum operating frequency. As a result, the regular (direct) design produces the simplest design but consumes more resources and operates at lower frequencies. The pipelined architecture consumes more resources but it enhances the operating frequency. The pipelined MAC implementation requires the least resources and operates at extremely higher performance, however, the main drawback is its complexity. The hardware implementations can be further viewed as an industrial ECG monitoring framework where system dynamics modeling can be applied to minimize the risks associated with the framework using any of the three implementations.
High-performing and thermally stable energetic 3,7-diamino-7H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-b][1,2,4]triazole derivatives

A family of energetic salts based on 3,7-diamino-7H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-b][1,2,4]triazol-2-ium were prepared by reaction of 3,7-diamino-7H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-b][1,2,4]triazole (3) with corresponding energetic acids. The nitration product, 7-nitroimino-7H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-b][1,2,4]triazole (4), was synthesized by using 100% nitric acid. The calculated detonation performance shows that compound 10, composed of 3,7-diamino-7H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-b][1,2,4]triazol-2-ium and 3,3′-dinitramino-4,4′-azoxyfurazanate, has good density (1.830 g cm−3), high decomposition temperature (201 °C) and detonation performance (9077 m s−1, 34.4 GPa) as well as acceptable sensitivities (10 J, 240 N), which is superior to those of 1,3,5-trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX).
Property rights, urban land markets and the contradictions of redevelopment in centrally located informal settlements in Bogotá, Colombia, and Buenos Aires, Argentina

ABSTRACTFollowing rapid urban growth over the past four decades, informal settlements originally located in peripheral areas of large Latin American cities are now occupying increasingly valuable land in the central city. As a result, these communities are facing intense redevelopment pressures with important implications for housing accessibility. Although this situation is common in the region, central city redevelopment assumes a variety of forms depending on shifting approaches to land titling under different urban governance regimes, resulting in variegated, formal, and informal land markets. This comparative historical case study of Bogota, Colombia, and Buenos Aires, Argentina, suggests that urban redevelopment planning has drawn on two contrasting discourses of property rights: one privileging private market approaches based in the economic theory of Libertarianism; the other favouring state authority and redistribution building on the ethics of Utilitarianism. In both Bogota and Buenos Aires, how...
Long-Range Operations in the Glass Cockpit: Vigilance, Boredom, and Sleepless Nights

The introduction of the two-person glass cockpit to long-haul flight operations raises some critical concerns about flight safety. While the pilot is further removed from the operation of his airplane, his role as the primary decisionmaker is more apparent. Man alone can provide the judgment, flexibility, and originality to solve problems and act decisively. While advanced automation can help by providing sophisticated data on aircraft status, it may also increase boredom and reduce alertness. This is especially likely during long-haul flights where research has documented considerable sleep loss and degraded alertness in less automated three-crew aircraft. While anomaly detection software may offset the resultant loss in monitoring by the crew, the uniquely human qualities associated with successful decisionmaking and problem solving may be severely compromised. As cruise range is extended well beyond present limits strategies must be developed to manage crew alertness. One approach may be to capitalize on the powerful computer systems and color displays already onboard.
3D printing of high performance cyanate ester thermoset polymers

We report 3D printing of a ‘pure’ thermal cure cyanate ester for the fabrication of robust 3D printed structures through the formulation, tailoring and post processing of a custom ‘ink’ for Direct Ink Writing. Printed structures exhibit impressive thermo-oxidative stability, mechanical response.
Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Camelina sativa for production of transgenic plants.

Camelina sativa (C. sativa), an oilseed species rich in poly-unsaturated fatty acids, has gained great importance as an industrial oil platform crop in recent years. Despite the potential benefits of C. sativa for bioenergy applications, limited research has been conducted to improve its agronomic qualities. Hence, a simple and efficient technique for production of transgenic C. sativa plants is warranted. In the present study, shoot apical meristems of two C. sativa cultivars (Pl650159 and Pl650161) were transformed with Agrobacterium strain ‘EHA 105’ harboring the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) and neomycin phosphotransferase II (nptII) genes. After two days of co-cultivation in the dark, explants were transferred to selection medium. Transgenic shoots were identified on the basis of green fluorescence and kanamycin resistance. Shoots were then rooted and transferred to potting mix soil for acclimatization. This protocol describes an efficient method to generate transgenic C. sativa plants in as little as 4 weeks.
Active control of simply supported cylindrical shells using the weighted sum of spatial gradients control metric

It is often desired to reduce sound radiated from cylindrical shells. Active structural acoustic control (ASAC) provides a means of controlling the structural vibration in a manner to efficiently reduce the radiated sound. Previous work has often required a large number of error sensors to reduce the radiated sound power, and the control performance has been sensitive to the location of error sensors. The ultimate objective is to provide global sound power reduction using a minimal number of local error measurements, while also minimizing any dependence on error sensor locations. Recently, a control metric referred to as weighted sum of spatial gradients (WSSG) was developed for ASAC. Specific features associated with WSSG make this method robust under a variety of conditions. In this work, the WSSG control metric is extended to curved structures, specifically a simply supported cylindrical shell. It is shown that global attenuation of the radiated sound power is possible using only one local error measurement. It is shown that the WSSG control metric provides a solution approximating the optimal solution of attenuating the radiated sound power, with minimal dependence on the error sensor location. Numerical and experimental results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method.