cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chapter 17 Wolf Kill Rates: Predictably Variable?

Theme The ability of predators to successfully capture and kill prey is affected by the abundance and diversity of the prey assemblage, and such variation is a fundamental driver of ecosystem dynamics because per capita consumption rate strongly influences the stability and strength of community interactions. Descriptions of predatory behavior in this context typically include the functional response, specifically the kill rate of a predator as a function of prey density. Thus, a major objective in studying predator–prey interactions is to evaluate the strength of the numerous factors related to the kill rate of a predator, and to subsequently determine the forms of its functional response in natural systems because different forms have different consequences for ecosystem dynamics. Recent controversies over the nature of predation focus on the respective roles of prey and predator abundance in affecting the functional response. However, resolution requires more direct measures of kill rates in natural systems. We estimated wolf ( Canis lupus ) kill rates in a tractable and newly established wolf–elk ( Cervus elaphus )–bison ( Bison bison ) system in the Madison headwaters area of Yellowstone National Park during winters 1998–1999 to 2006–2007 to document the transition from over seven decades without wolves to a well-established top predator population. Wolf abundance, distribution, and prey selection varied during the study, concurrent with variations in the demography, distribution, and behavior of elk and bison. These dynamics enabled us to evaluate factors influencing variations in wolf kill rates and the forms of their functional response.
Respiration dependent transport of proline by electron transport particles from mycobacterium phlei.

Abstract Respiration dependent transport of proline was demonstrated in electron transport particles from Mycobacterium phlei . The uptake proceeded against the concentration gradient with succinate, generated NADH, exogenous NADH or ascorbate-TPD as substrate. The latter two electron donors were most effective for the transport of proline and for oxidation, but they were least efficient for oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose, Dlactate, fumarate and ATP had no effect on the transport process. The transport of proline was sensitive to certain uncoupling agents and respiratory inhibitors. It was independent of oxidative phosphorylation since it proceeded in the absence of coupling factors or phosphate and was not inhibited by arsenate. The transport of proline appears to occur with membranes orientated as in the intact cell.
Autophagy protects against redox-active trace metal-induced cell death in rabbit synovial fibroblasts through Toll-like receptor 4 activation

Abstract Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are implicated to play a role in initiating rheumatoid arthritis (RA) pathogenesis. We have investigated the mechanism(s) by which essential redox-active trace metals (RATM) may induce cell proliferation and cell death in rabbit synovial fibroblasts. These fibroblast-like synovial (FLS) cells, which express Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), were used as a model system that plays a role in potentially initiating RA through oxidative stress. Potassium peroxychromate (PPC, [Cr5+]), ferrous chloride (FeCl2, [Fe2+]), and cuprous chloride (CuCl, [Cu+]) in the indicated valency states were used as exogenous pro-oxidants that can induce oxidative stress through TLR4 coupled activation that also causes HMGB1 release. We measured the proliferation index (PI) of FLS, and examined the effect of RATM oxidants on apoptosis and autophagy by fluorescence cell-sorting flow cytometry (FC). Cell cycle was analysed by FC and autophagy-related protein expression levels were measured by western blot. Our data showed that as RATM as prooxidants increased intracellular ROS (iROS) that can induce oxidative stress. Whereas iROS increased PI in FLS, these reactive species also protected cells against apoptosis by inducing autophagy. Our results indicate that ROS/TLR4-coupled activation may contribute to the pathogenesis of RA in FLS by induction of autophagy. The signalling pathway by which inflammation and its tissue destructive sequel may occur in RA underlies the need for developing therapeutic agents that can inhibit release of tissue-damaging high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), cytokines, and possess both trace metal chelating capacity and oxidant scavenging properties in a directed combinatorial therapy for RA.
The impact of the opioid epidemic on children and adolescents

Although an epidemic of opioid-related overdose deaths has continued to increase in the United States for 2 decades, the impact of opioid use disorders (OUDs) on children and families receives minimal attention. The purpose of this commentary was to provide an overview of the impact of the opioid epidemic on children and adolescents, as well as to summarize challenges to improving outcomes for children. Children and adolescents who grow up in households with opioid misuse and OUDs may experience a myriad of adverse consequences, including: increased risk of mental health problems and drug use; accidental opioid poisoning; increased risk of developing a substance use disorder; and family dissolution that results from parents' incarceration, foster care placement, or loss of parent to an opioid overdose. Parental drug use may result in child neglect or deficits in parent-child attachment, and parents with an OUD may be less likely to be reunified with their children. OUD treatment is effective at reducing parental opioid use and improving child outcomes; however, stigma and cross-system collaboration may limit access to treatment and timely reunification of families. Children are the most vulnerable witnesses of the opioid epidemic, and further research is urgently needed to expand prevention interventions.
Effect of Using the Rapid Shallow Breathing Index as Readiness Criterion for Spontaneous Breathing Trials in a Weaning Protocol

ABSTRACT Background This study aimed to compare the effect of using versus not using the Rapid-Shallow Breathing Index (RSBI) as a readiness criterion for Spontaneous Breathing Trials (SBT) on SBT success. Materials and Methods Daily readiness screens were performed within a respiratory therapist-driven weaning protocol. Patients who passed these screens underwent a one-time measurement of the RSBI and then a SBT regardless of RSBI result. The proportion of passed readiness screens reaching SBT success was compared to the proportion that would have been obtained if RSBI ≤ 105 br/min/L had been used as an additional screen criterion. Results Two hundred and fifty SBTs performed on 157 patients were analyzed. The sensitivity of RSBI ≤ 105 br/min/L to predict SBT success was 94.8% (95% CI 90.6-97.5). Relative to potentially using RSBI, 14.4% additional SBTs were performed. A third of these were successful, and no complications were detected in the rest that failed. The proportion of passed readiness screens reaching SBT success would have been 4% (95% CI 1.2-6.8) (P = 0.002) lower if RSBI had been used. Conclusions The inclusion of the RSBI in a readiness screen may not be useful in a weaning protocol.
Platelet dysfunction during pediatric cardiac ECMO

Abstract Pediatric extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is used for respiratory and cardiac failure refractory to conventional treatment. ECMO has been increasingly utilized for pediatric cardiac patients. Despite improved mortality, complications during and after ECMO are high and bleeding may be life threatening. Pediatric cardiac patients are at high risk for bleeding due to anticoagulation, surgery, and acquired platelet dysfunction. In this review, we focus on the many mechanisms contributing to platelet dysfunction, available monitoring of platelet function, what is known about platelet count and transfusion, treatment of bleeding, and future steps needed to improve our care for this patient population.
Geriatric Trauma Care

The geriatric population in the USA is growing. With this growth comes an increase in injuries, such as traumatic brain injuries or hip fractures related to falls or other mechanisms, in older patients. Ethical decision-making when caring for the critically injured older patient can be difficult. This chapter serves as a guide to clinicians faced with ethical decisions in the care of these patients. The four tenets of ethics—autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice—are explored in relation to care of the older trauma patient. For each of these tenets, a clinical scenario is provided, followed by a series of ethical questions and, finally, a discussion with a literature review.
Library analytics as moral dilemmas for academic librarians

Abstract Library analytics in academic libraries, especially in the United States, are part of the expanding web of society-wide surveillance. The use of library analytics systems poses serious threats to the well-being of many actors, especially students. Academic librarians are faced with new moral challenges by such systems as described here and must determine the extent to which they wish to participate in the surveillance of students for whom they are responsible. The column concludes with some recommendations from the literature and with consideration of the roles of free inquiry, freedom from surveillance, and exercise of autonomy essential to higher education and full citizenship.
Binding affinities of oxytocin, vasopressin, and Manning Compound at oxytocin and V1a receptors in Syrian hamster brains

Oxytocin (OT) and arginine vasopressin (AVP), as well as synthetic ligands targeting their receptors (OTR, V1aR), are used in a wide variety of research contexts, but typically their pharmacological properties are determined in only a few species. Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) have a long history of use as a behavioral and biomedical model for the study of oxytocin and vasopressin, and more recently, hamsters have been used to investigate behavioral consequences of OT-mediated activation of V1aRs. We sought to determine the binding affinities of OT, AVP, and the selective V1aR antagonist, Manning compound, in OTRs and V1aRs found in hamster brains. We performed saturation binding asays to determine the Kd values for the selective OTR and V1aR radioligands, [125I]OVTA and [125I]LVA in hamster brains. We then performed competition binding assays to determine Ki values for OT, AVP, and Manning compond at both the OTR and V1aR. We found that OT and AVP each had the highest affinity for their canonical receptors (OT-OTR Ki=4.28 nM; AVP-V1ar Ki=4.70 nM), and had the lowest affinity for their non-canonical ligands (OT-V1aR=495.2nM; AVP-OTR Ki=36.1 nM). Manning compound had the highest affinity for the V1aR (MC-V1aR Ki=6.87 nM; MC-OTR Ki=213.8 nM), but Manning compound was not as selective for the V1aR as has been reported in rat receptor. When comparing these data to previously published work, we found that the promiscuity of the V1aR in hamsters with respect to oxytocin and vasopressin binding is more similar to the promiscuity of the human V1aR than the rat V1aR receptor. Moreover, the selectivity of oxytocin at hamster receptors is more similar to the selectivity of oxytocin at human receptors than the selectivity of oxytocin at rat receptors. These data highlight the importance of determining the pharmacological properties of behaviorally relevant compounds in diverse models species.
A 1-A 6-MHz Digitally Assisted Buck–Boost Converter With Seamless Mode Transitions and Fast Dynamic Performance for Mobile Devices

A 1-A 6-MHz buck–boost converter with seamless mode transitions and fast dynamic operation is proposed for extending the useable voltage range of Li-ion batteries in mobile devices, and thereby their battery life. The proposed converter employs a proportional-integral peak-current-mode pulsewidth modulation controller with a digital adaptive slew-rate control scheme that minimizes output undershoots, overshoots, and settling time during mode transitions and dynamic events, such as load and output voltage steps. Additionally, hysteretic mode detection is proposed to prevent falsely triggering the converter to transition between the various operation modes (i.e., buck, boost, and buck–boost) and negatively impacting the performance of the circuit loads. The converter is fabricated in 0.13-μm CMOS technology, and supports 2.3–5 V input and 1.5–3.6 V output. The converter achieves 91.7% peak efficiency and over 80% efficiency at 1-mA load across all conditions. The output voltage ripple is less than 10 mV with a 220-nH inductor and a 10-μF output capacitor.
Popularity and Gender Prototypicality: An Experimental Approach.

Despite the growing scientific understanding of peer popularity, there are few theories that explicitly address the development of peer popularity in adolescence. The studies reported here present a preliminary test of the theory that popularity is associated with gender prototypicality. Popularity is associated with physical attractiveness, as well as with attributes (e.g., athletic involvement for boys, having stylish clothes for girls) that often reflect gender-based expectations. After being exposed to either a high school popularity priming condition or a neutral control condition, 1st-year college students rated photographs (Study 1, N = 368, 34% male, 66% female; Mage = 19.30, SD = 1.78, range 17–35), vignettes (Study 2, N = 249, 16.4% males, 83.2% females, 0.4% other; Mage = 18.71, SD = 2.31, range 17–40), and social media profiles (Study 3, N = 218, 30.3% male, 69.3% female, 0.5% other; Mage = 19.40, SD = 2.31, range 18–39) depicting gender-typical and gender-atypical adolescents’ appearance and interests on a number of popularity-related characteristics. These results indicated that gender prototypicality in both appearance and interests is associated with popularity.
MCRC V1: development of integrated readout electronics for next generation x-ray CCD detectors for future satellite observatories

The High Definition X-ray Imager (HDXI) for the proposed Lynx X-ray Observatory will require much larger (16 Mpixel) and faster (around 100 fps) imaging detectors than have been developed to date. One engineering solution to meet these requirements is to combine substantial parallelization with fast readout speeds. Stanford University and MIT are collaborating in the development of such detectors. The work involves the design of a new ASIC, the MIT CCD Readout Chip MCRC-V1, developed to read out MIT Lincoln Laboratory CCDs using MOSFET or JFET outputs. The architecture of the MCRC-V1 involves eight low-noise, fully differential amplifiers, each coupled to a fully differential output driver to support waveform sampling with a commercial ADC. The chip also includes an experimental current readout capability to support fixed-bias potential operation of single-electron sensitive readout (SiSeRo) CCD output stages. We will present both the readout concept and circuit details for the MCRC-V1 ASIC.
Efficacy of individual and group cognitive processing therapy for military personnel with and without child abuse histories.

Objective: Many clinicians question whether patients with a history of childhood trauma will benefit from trauma-focused treatment. In this secondary analysis, we examined whether reports of childhood abuse moderated the efficacy of cognitive processing therapy (CPT) for active-duty military with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Methods: Service members (N = 254, mean age 33.11 years, 91% male, 41% Caucasian) were randomized to receive individual or group CPT (n = 106 endorsing and n = 148 not endorsing history of childhood abuse). Outcomes included baseline cognitive-emotional characteristics [Posttraumatic Cognitions Inventory (PTCI), Trauma-Related Guilt Inventory (TRGI), Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire-Short Form (CERQ)], treatment completion, and symptom outcome (PTSD Checklist, Beck Depression Inventory-II). We predicted participants endorsing childhood abuse would have higher scores on the PTCI, TRGI, and CERQ at baseline, but be noninferior on treatment completion and change in PTSD and depression symptoms. We also predicted those endorsing childhood abuse would do better in individual CPT than those not endorsing abuse. Results: Those endorsing childhood abuse primarily experienced physical abuse. There were no baseline differences between service members with and without a history of childhood abuse (all p ≥ .07). Collapsed across treatment arms, treatment completion and symptom reduction were within the noninferiority margins for those endorsing versus not endorsing childhood abuse. History of abuse did not moderate response to individual versus group CPT. Conclusions: In this primarily male, primarily physically abused sample, active-duty military personnel with PTSD who endorsed childhood abuse benefitted as much as those who did not endorse abuse. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Availability and Promotion of Cannabidiol (CBD) Products in Online Vape Shops

Vaping products containing cannabidiol (CBD), a cannabis-derived compound used in wellness products and available in all 50 US states, were recently implicated in outbreaks of poisonings. Little is known about the commercial availability of CBD products in vape shops (i.e., stores that sell e-cigarettes). To document the availability and marketing of CBD products in online vape shops, in June 2020, we used the Google Chrome browser without cached data to collect the first two pages of search results generated by five Google queries (n = 100 search results) indicative of shopping for vaping products (e.g., "order vapes"). We then determined whether and what type of CBD products could be mail-ordered from the returned websites, and whether any explicit health claims were made about CBD. Over a third of the search results (n = 37; 37.0%) directed to vape shops that allowed visitors to also mail-order CBD. These shops sold 12 distinct categories of CBD products-some with direct analogs of tobacco or cannabis products including CBD cigarettes, edibles, flowers, pre-rolled joints, and vapes. Two vape shops made explicit health claims of the therapeutic benefits of CBD use, including in the treatment of anxiety, inflammation, pain, and stress. The abundance and placement of CBD in online vape shops suggests a growing demand and appeal for CBD products among e-cigarette users. Additional surveillance on the epidemiology of CBD use and its co-use with tobacco is warranted.
The value of observing paroxysmal events: Comparing the diagnostic accuracy and confidence for clinical history compared to observation. (P1.243)

Objective: This study was designed to analyze the importance of history and semiology in differentiating different types of paroxysmal events, and how this impacts diagnostic accuracy for physicians with varying levels of expertise. Background: Paroxysmal events typically do not occur during routine EEGs. Only a limited number of tertiary care institutions can provide prolonged video-EEG monitoring, which is the gold standard for spell classification. Most patients with paroxysmal events are diagnosed based on histories provided to their physicians. With advances in cellphone camera technology, physicians are increasingly observing videos of events taken by patients/family to assist with clinical decision-making. Design/Methods: Forty seven Neurologists from a single center were asked to review 12 clinical histories and videos of patients who underwent spell classification in the Epilepsy Monitoring Unit (EMU). They were asked to classify each event as seizure, non-epileptic behavioral spell (NEBS), or other physiologic event; they were also asked to provide a confidence score (1–5, 5 being the highest) regarding their diagnosis. Results: Diagnostic accuracy for all paroxysmal events was 67% for history and 75% for observation (p=.001). This is largely due to improved accuracy within the NEBS patients (67% history vs. 83% video, p= Conclusions: Observation of the event in question may be a more valuable element in the evaluation of paroxysmal events than the description given by the patient. Physicians at different levels of expertise should encourage patients and their families to record and share videos to aide in medical decision-making. Disclosure: Dr. Hanrahan has nothing to disclose. Dr. Bagic has nothing to disclose. Dr. Hendrickson has nothing to disclose. Dr. Plummer has nothing to disclose. Dr. Ghearing has nothing to disclose. Dr. Popescu has nothing to disclose. Dr. Pan has nothing to disclose. Dr. Antony has nothing to disclose.
Colovaginal fistula. Report of a case with failure of transvaginal repair.

BACKGROUND : Spontaneous development of colovaginal fistula is a rare cause of abnormal vaginal discharge in older women and most commonly arises from diverticular disease. Laparotomy for segmental colonic resection is the accepted treatment. The author found no previous reports of attempted transvaginal closure of these fistulae, although such closure of similar fistulae can sometimes be accomplished in patients with Crohn's disease when quiescence is achieved. CASE : An otherwise healthy 69-year-old female developed a colovaginal fistula as a result of diverticular disease. Resolution of all associated inflammatory changes was achieved over four months. A three-layer transvaginal closure of the fistula using the Futh technique was then performed ; it was technically successful but broke down one week later. CONCLUSION : Transvaginal closure of a colovaginal fistula, even with intensive preparatory efforts, cannot be recommended on the basis of this attempt.
Gas chromatographic resolution of enantiomeric amphetamines and related amines : II. Effects of cyclic structures on diastereomer and enantiomer resolution

Proline and other cyclic amino acids were used as acylated acid chlorides for the resolution of enantiomers of amphentamine and related amines as diastereomers by gas chromatography. Variation of ring size or incorporation of a heteroatom into the ring of the cyclic resolving agent changed retention times and separation factors, depending on the racemic amine derivatized. Separations were achieved on a short, packed Carbowax 20M column. Because N-trifluoroacetyl L-prolyl chloride has proved especially effective for derivatization of amine enantiomers to give diastereomers which often may be resolved by gas chromatography, the proline ring was incorporated into a new optically active stationary phase. For the enantiomeric derivatives examined, the new proline ester phase gave separations essentially equivalent to those obtained on the commercially available phase, carbonyl bis-(L-valine isopropyl ester). The fact that resolution was achieved on the new phase is evidence that, as has been previously suggested, the ester carbonyls of this type of phase are the significant sites of interaction with the antipodes undergoing separation.
Quantum Dots: Theory

This review covers the description of the methodologies typically used for the calculation of the electronic structure of self-assembled and colloidal quantum dots. These are illustrated by the results of their application to a selected set of physical effects in quantum dots.
A protein knockdown strategy to study the function of β-catenin in tumorigenesis

Background The Wnt signaling pathway plays critical roles in cell proliferation and cell fate determination at many stages of development. A critical downstream target of Wnt signaling is the cytosolic β-catenin, which is stabilized upon Wnt activation and promotes transcription of a variety of target genes including c-myc and cyclin D. Aberrant Wnt signaling, which results from mutations of either β-catenin or adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), renders β-catenin resistant to degradation, and has been associated with multiple types of human cancers.
A study on sampling strategies in space-time domain for recognition applications

We investigate the relative strengths of existing space-time interest points in the context of action detection and recognition. The interest point operators evaluated are an extension of the Harris corner detector (Laptev et al. [1]), a space-time Gabor filter (Dollar et al. [2]), and randomized sampling on the motion boundaries. In the first level of experiments we study the low level attributes of interest points such as stability, repeatability and sparsity with respect to the sources of variations such as actors, viewpoint and action category. In the second level we measure the discriminative power of interest points by extracting generic region descriptors around the interest points (1. histogram of optical flow[3], 2. motion history images[4], 3. histograms of oriented gradients[3]). Then we build a simple action recognition scheme by constructing a dictionary of codewords and learning a recognition system using the histograms of these codewords. We demonstrate that although there may be merits due to the structural information contained in the interest point detections, ultimately getting as many data samples as possible, even with random sampling, is the decisive factor in the interpretation of space-time data.
Advancing polymer process understanding in package and board applications through molecular modeling

In this paper we will discuss two molecular modeling methods which have been developed and applied at Honeywell to help predict material behavior from the process engineer's standpoint. Both stress cycling and process analyses have been used to trend the probable behavior of material types in order to provide advanced intelligence on possible failure mechanisms. For instance, we have found that there are similarities in the response trends to strain and the number of cycles which suggests a link exists between the molecular-scale mechanism and engineering theories of reliability. That is, the cycling response on a molecular scale appears to be Coffin-Manson-like. On a similar scale, the molecular response of polymer chains to process stress induced either thermally or mechanically has shown to give insight to the response from actual processed parts.
Revisiting the use of granulocyte transfusions in pediatric oncology patients.

OBJECTIVE To describe the clinical course of neutropenic pediatric oncology patients undergoing granulocyte transfusions (GTF). DESIGN Retrospective chart review including all children receiving GTFs between March, 1998 and June, 2000. SETTING Tertiary Children's Hospital and Regional Medical Center. PATIENTS Thirteen pediatric oncology patients (age, 9 mo to 16 y) with neutropenia and proven or suspected serious infection. INTERVENTIONS These 13 patients received a total of 14 courses of GTFs (number of transfusions per course ranged from 1 to 43, median=4.5). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Twelve of the patients had documented infections before GTF. Ten of the 14 courses (71%) were followed by survival to hospital discharge. All 5 patients who were intubated before GTF were extubated afterward. Two early deaths occurred due to invasive Aspergillus. No significant differences in monitoring laboratories were found. Ultimately, 8 of 13 (62%) patients in this group died. CONCLUSIONS This case series documents the course of 13 septic neutropenic pediatric oncology patients who underwent a total of 14 GTF courses. GTFs were generally well tolerated with little decline in respiratory status or organ function. Short-term survival in this population was good whereas long-term outcome remains more difficult.
Experimental investigation of the origin of majoritic garnet inclusions in diamonds

Multianvil experiments were carried out at 10–15 GPa and 1600–1700 °C to match the compositions of majoritic garnet inclusions from diamonds, and to determine the compositions of other phases potentially coexisting with these inclusions in the source. Most experiments produced coexisting majoritic garnet, diopsidic clinopyroxene, one or more (Mg,Fe)2SiO4 polymorphs, and quenched carbonatic melt. The experimental garnets had relatively high Ca and Fe contents similar to the observed Ca and Fe contents of the inclusions. The resulting Si contents confirmed that the depth of origin of the inclusion with the highest Si content did not exceed 410 km, thus none of the majoritic garnet inclusions found so far originated in the transition zone (410–660 km). The evidence from inclusions and experiments is consistent with the presence of an eclogite layer occurring globally between 200 and 410 km. Compositional variations observed among more than 100 majoritic garnet inclusions with their Si content, which is a measure of pressure and depth, are consistent with the origin of the eclogite layer by crystal fractionation in a magma ocean. The compositions of olivine coexisting with majoritic garnet in the experimental products had the average Fe/(Fe + Mg) ratios between 0.16 and 0.28. Inclusions with such high Fe contents have not been found; the Fe/(Fe + Mg) ratio of the olivine inclusions in diamonds usually varies between 0.05 and 0.09. Hence, the mantle between 200 and 410 km may not contain olivine. In the absence of olivine, the discontinuity at 410 km is most likely a chemical boundary between the 200-km-thick eclogite layer and a more mafic transition zone.
Conducting Polymer Growth in Porous Sol−Gel Thin Films: Formation of Nanoelectrode Arrays and Mediated Electron Transfer to Sequestered Macromolecules

We show the templated electrochemical growth of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) into porous sol−gel (PSG) films [50:50 tetraethyl orthosilicate/methyltriethoxysilane (TEOS/MTES)] on indium−tin oxide (ITO) substrates and PEDOT-mediated electron transfer to ferrocene-modified dendrimers encapsulated within these sol−gel matrices. We first describe conditions needed to optimize PEDOT electropolymerization within the porous sol−gel (PSG) films such that barely emergent PEDOT features, ca. 100 nm in diameter, protrude from a PSG thin film surface, functioning as an array of ultramicroelectrodes in diffusion controlled oxidation/reduction reactions of solution probe molecules. We next describe the incorporation of fourth-generation PAMAM dendrimers into these PSG films after (a) conjugation with ferrocenecarboxylic acid (Fc-COOH) to form Fc−PAMAM, (b) conjugation with both Fc-COOH and 3-thiopheneacetic acid (3TAA), or (c) conjugation with both Fc-COOH and 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophenemethanol (2,3-dihydro...
Intestinal Na + /H + Exchanger Activity is Up-Regulated by Bowel Resection in the Weanling Rat

Intestinal Na + /H + Exchanger Activity is Up-Regulated by Bowel Resection in the Weanling Rat
Food Choices in Three Ethnic Groups: Interactions of Ideals, Identities, and Roles

Abstract Ethnicity is one of the many factors that play a role in food choices.This project examined how ethnicity was enacted in food choices among 86 adults in one U.S. city, purposively recruited to vary in ethnic identity (Black, Latino, White). Qualitative research methods were used to conduct semistructured depth interviews about participants’ ethnic identity, food choices, and influences on food consumption. Analysis of these data produced a conceptualization of influences on food choices that spanned the different ethnic groups. Ideals, identities, and roles interacted with each other and the food and eating context in reciprocal and dynamic ways to influence food choice. Differences in ideals, identities, and roles were related to ethnic group affiliation and were most apparent during times of personal transition and in contexts highlighting contrasts. This conceptualization can enhance the ability of nutrition educators working in a multicultural society to identify processes underlying ethnic food choices and apply this understanding to research and practice.
Influence of water radiolysis products on passive film formation and reduction in a mixed radiation environment

AbstractSpallation neutron sources generate a mixed radiation environment when a beam of high energy particles (e.g. protons or deuterons) hits a heavy metal target. Radiolysis results when these primary and secondary (spallation) particles lose energy by Coulomb interaction with the electrons in the hydrogen and oxygen atoms of water. The results of cyclic voltammetry experiments on gold in sulphuric acid (pH 1.6) and exposed to a spallation environment were consistent with the presence of water radiolysis products. However, no changes in the Au OA1 - OA4 oxidation peaks or the OCIII reduction peak were observed in irradiated specimens. These findings indicate that proton irradiation and the resulting water radiolysis products do not influence passive film formation and reduction. Cyclic voltammetry experiments have also shown that a modest quantity of hydrogen bubbled into the solution had little influence on the concentration of radiolysis products that are produced during spallation near the electroch...
Effect of E-type prostaglandins on bradykinin-induced plasma extravasation in the knee joint of the rat.

Abstract We studied the effect of different E-type prostaglandins on an experimental model of inflammation in the rat. Plasma extravasation was induced in the knee joint of the rat by continuous perfusion of two potent inflammatory mediators, bradykinin (160 nM) or platelet activating factor. Both prostaglandin E 1 and prostaglandin E 2 (0.5–500 ng ml −1 ), when perfused with bradykinin, produced a similar dose-dependent enhancement of plasma extravasation. Prostaglandin E 2 (0.5–500 ng ml −1 ) also dose dependently enhanced plasma extravasation induced by platelet activating factor, while prostaglandin E 1 significantly enhanced platelet activating factor-induced plasma extravasation only at concentrations above 5 ng ml −1 . In contrast, co-perfusion of bradykinin or platelet activating factor with the prostaglandin E 1 analogues, enisoprost and misoprostol (0.5–500 ng ml −1 ) did not enhance plasma extravasation. In fact, misoprostol attenuated plasma extravasation induced by bradykinin. These results demonstrate that in the rat knee joint, misoprostol and enisoprost have different pharmacological actions compared to their parent compound, prostaglandin E 1 and to prostaglandin E 2 .
Free Energy Models for Nonuniform Classical Fluids

A number of techniques are presented for extrapolating from knowledge of the direct correlation function for a uniform fluid at various densities to that of the free energy and associated density profile of a nonuniform fluid. A primitive mathematical model is followed by models based upon physical characteristics of exactly solved systems, from the nonnegativity of linear response functions to the explicit form of a nonuniform hard rod fluid. Attention is paid to physical requirements which are not satisfied and suggestions are made for future progress.
Applying fractional flow theory to evaluate CO2 storage capacity of an aquifer

Abstract In this paper, an application of fractional flow theory is used to evaluate CO 2 storage capacity of an aquifer because of two trapping mechanisms: capillary snap-off and gas dissolution. The capillary snap-off and CO 2 dissolution into the resident aqueous phase are two major trapping mechanisms of the CO 2 sequestration in geological formations over intermediate time-scale. In practice, numerical simulations are used to assess the CO 2 storage capacity of a geological formation and evaluate various trapping mechanisms; however, the simulations are complex and time-consuming and they require detailed inputs. Whereas, the presented method requires limited inputs and provides fast results in agreement with the simulation that makes it suitable tool to compare and screen the CO 2 storage potential of various formations. The notion of optimal solvent-water-slug size is adopted as the ultimate CO 2 storage capacity for a given permeable medium. A combined graphical solution of multiple geochemical front propagation and fractional flow theory is used to determine the CO 2 storage capacity of one-dimensional (1D) models; i.e. the largest slug of injected CO 2 that is trapped because of the capillary trapping and the CO 2 dissolution. Injecting larger amount of CO 2 than the optimum slug size causes the CO 2 breakthrough (over capacity) while smaller slugs leaves the aquifer unfilled (under-capacity). We use numerical simulation to validate the accuracy of the predicted optimal slug size. Next, we incorporate gravity override as the governing two-dimensional (2D) phenomenon affecting the storage capacity. The impact of 2D effects is applied via a multiplying factor that reduces the ultimate storage capacity and depends on the reservoir aspect ratio and buoyancy number. In practice, the proposed method provides an efficient screening method to assess the CO 2 storage capacity of aquifers and significantly reduces the simulation costs while providing an interesting insight.
Effects of finely divided solids on mass transfer between a gas and an organic liquid

Global gas-liquid mass transfer parameters, kLa and a were determined in an organic liquid in which finely divided solid particles were suspended in a mechanically stirred vessel. The product kLa and a both decreased linearly with solids loading; both were independent of particle size and particle density. Gas holdup was independent of solids loading.
An object oriented approach to design with modules

Abstract The modular design of products leads to a large number of different products by creating distinct combinations of modules and components. This can give each product distinctive functionality, features, and performance levels. The design of modular products is of considerable importance in enabling companies to respond rapidly to changes in the market environment. This paper is concerned with the area of design with modules (DwM), which involves selecting the module combination to best satisfy the given set of requirements. The aim of this paper is to develop an approach for DwM, to meet customer requirements, using modules that come from suppliers that may be geographically separated and on differing computer platforms. An object-oriented approach for DwM, termed object-oriented design with modules (OODwM), is proposed where modules are represented as objects. The proposed OODwM approach is described and the approach is illustrated with an example involving the design of personal computers using the Internet as an implementation environment. The exchangeability inherent in OODwM is shown by exchanging the original selection object in the example implementation with a selection object that includes new constrained evolutionary algorithms. The use of an object-oriented approach for DwM offers several important potential advantages in that the model developed is readily computable, in the reusability of objects, and in the exchangeability of objects with similar interfaces. The main contributions of this paper are fourfold. First, an object-oriented approach to DwM is described. Second, a formalism for DwM using this object-oriented approach is presented. Third, the use of this formalism is illustrated with an Internet-based implementation showing how the formalism can be used for a specific problem, and how objects can be readily exchanged. Fourth, new constrained evolutionary algorithms are presented, together with some initial testing.
Pitting of Al-Based Amorphous-Nanocrystalline Alloys with Solute-Lean Nanocrystals

The localized corrosion resistance of several Al-based metallic glasses, all containing 85-90% Al, transition metals, and rare earth elements, was examined in fully amorphous, partially nanocrystalline, and fully crystalline microstructures to assess the possible detrimental effects of partial and complete devitrification on corrosion. In all of the alloys examined, Al 90 Fe 5 Gd 5 , Al 85 Fe 7 Gd 8 , Al 90 Co 3 Ce 7 , and Al 87 Ni 7 Gd 6 , the pitting potential associated with the formation of micrometer-scale pits in deaerated 0.6 M NaCl remained elevated relative to pure polycrystalline Al in all partially devitrified (amorphous-nanocrystalline) states despite the presence of up to 40 vol % solute-depleted face-centered cubic Al nanocrystals dispersed in the remaining amorphous matrix. In contrast, the pitting potentials of the fully crystallized glasses were similar to that of pure Al.
Psychosocial implications for the patient with a high-grade glioma.

ABSTRACT The purpose of this article was to explore the psychosocial implications of being diagnosed with a high-grade glioma, World Health Organization III/IV and IV/IV, to better inform healthcare providers and researchers of the patient experience. The information is the cumulative data collected from hundreds of patient interviews in a large metropolitan brain tumor clinic over a 7-year period. Three themes of loss emerged-loss of independence, loss of self, and loss of relationships. This information is presented on behalf of the patients for acknowledgement of their experience and for identification of the need for increased psychological and concrete services to better serve this population.
Applying Longitudinal Mean and Covariance Structures (LMACS) Analysis to Assess Construct Stability Over Two Time Points: An Example Using Psychological Entitlement.

Traditional methods of assessing construct stability are reviewed and longitudinal mean and covariance structures (LMACS) analysis, a modern approach, is didactically illustrated using psychological entitlement data. Measurement invariance and latent variable stability results are interpreted, emphasizing substantive implications for educators and the utility of LMACS analysis in longitudinal research.
Blood-brain barrier permeation in the rat during exposure to low-power 1.7-GHz microwave radiation

The permeability of the blood-brain barrier to high-and low-molecular-weight compounds has been measured as a function of continuous-wave (CW) and pulsed-microwave radiation. Adult rats, anesthetized with pentobarbital and injected intravenously with a mixture of [14C] sucrose and [3H] inulin, were exposed for 30 min at a specific absorption rate of 0.1 W/kg to 1.7-GHz CW and pulsed (0.5-microseconds pulse width, 1,000 pps) microwaves. After exposure, the brain was perfused and sectioned into nine regions, and the radioactivity in each region was counted. During identical exposure conditions, temperatures of rats were measured in eight of the brain regions by a thermistor probe that did not perturb the field. No change in uptake of either tracer was found in any of the eight regions as compared with those of sham-exposed animals.
Reduction of etch pits in heteroepitaxial growth of 3CSiC on silicon

Abstract The formation of etch pits during heteroepitaxial growth of 3CSiC on silicon is a common occurrence. A comparison of the morphology of 3CSiC epilayers grown on silicon at both atmospheric and low pressures shows that the problem is more severe when the epilayers are grown at low reactor gas pressure. It is found that the density of etch pits is affected by the condition of the susceptor for both atmospheric and low pressure processes. At low pressure, the composition of the process gas during buffer layer growth plays an important role in suppressing the formation of etch pits. The nature of etch pits and various attempts to suppress the formation of etch pits are discussed.
Dynamic characteristics of a flexible bladed-rotor with Coulomb damping due to tip-rub

Starting with the basic dynamical equations for a rotating radial cantilever blade in a centrifugal force field, a system of equations are derived for a fully-bladed flexible rotor (shaft and disk) supported by a set of bearings at multiple locations. The dynamical equations include the effect of the rotary inertia and gyroscopic moments as a result of both shaft bending as well as staggered blades flexing in-and-out of the plane of the disk. The governing equations also account for internal material damping in the shaft and the external damping in the bearing. In addition to the unbalance load at the disk location, the shaft may be subjected to a torque and axial forces. In the analytical derivation, the blade tips are considered to be rubbing against the outer case introducing Coulomb damping in the system. Transient response of the rotor with the blades deforming due to rub during the acceleration and deceleration through the resonance is discussed. Numerical results are presented for this highly non-linear impact dynamics problem of hard rub with Coulomb friction. The effect of blade tip rub forces transmitted to the shaft are analyzed in terms of the dynamic stability of the rotor.
Selecting successful teachers: The predictive validity of the urban teacher selection interview

Abstract The Urban Teacher Selection Interview (UTSI) was designed by Martin Haberman to differentiate between students who will become successful teachers and those who will not be successful. The purpose of this study was to assess the predictive validity of the UTSI for three different groups of teacher candidates (traditional, alternative licensure, and PDS placement). Results of multiple regression analyses, in which the rated performances of 68 teacher candidates in six teaching domains were regressed on UTSI items and demographic variables, identified only a limited number of significant predictors (e.g., total UTSI score and the communication domain) while showing generally weak correlations. Recognizing that higher predictability outcomes might emerge in different contexts, the results nevertheless suggest possible limitations in using the UTSI as a sole basis for prediction and therefore caution in over‐emphasizing interview results in teacher selection.
A Weighted Tauberian Theorem

We prove a Tauberian theorem of the form \(\phi * g (x)\sim p(x)w(x)\) as \(x \to \infty,\) where p(x) is a bounded periodic function and w(x) is a weighted function of power growth. It can be used to study the weighted average of the form \((T^\alpha (\hbox {ln }T)^\beta)^{-1}\int _0^T h(t) \, dt.\)
Effects of low sodium diet and unilateral nephrectomy on the development of carbohydrate-induced hypertension.

Since there appear to be important interactions between mechanisms of salt-sensitive and carbohydrate-sensitive hypertension, the goal of this study was to evaluate the effects of greatly reducing dietary salt intake and removal of one kidney (to increase salt sensitivity) on the hemodynamic and metabolic responses to carbohydrate-enriched diets in three different rat strains. All three strains of laboratory rat developed significant increases in fasting plasma insulin (1–2 fold, p < 0.03) and triglyceride (2–3 fold, p < 0.01) concentrations in response to fructose (or sucrose) enriched diets, irrespective of salt content. Blood pressure increased significantly in response to carbohydrate feeding in both Sprague-Dawley (S-D) and Dahl salt-sensitive rats, but not in Fischer 344 rats, and decreasing salt intake had no effect on the development of carbohydrate-induced hypertension: e.g., BP in S-D rats was +20 mmHg after the fructose-0.5% NaCl diet as compared with +19 mmHg after fructose-0.02% NaCl, and BP ...
Rapid separation of IgM from whole serum using spun column chromatography

Abstract Spun columns were used to separate IgM from serum samples by exploiting molecular weight and size difference between IgM and other serum antibodies. Miniature gel chromatography columns were prepared in 3 ml syringe barrels. A polyacrylamide liquid chromatography gel, Bio-Gel P-200, was chosen to exclude proteins with molecular weights greater than 200, 000. IgM, 900,000 MW, was excluded while IgG, 150,000 MW, was retained in the gel column. Centrifugation of the serum-loaded columns in test tubes accomplished the separation in one step by eluting a void volume equal to the sample volume from each column into a holding tube. IgM recovery in the eluent exceeded 96% of the total serum IgM in the pre-column sample. No IgG was detected in the eluent. IgM separated from La Crosse encephalitis immune human serum retained immunological activity in a viral neutralization test. Spun column chromatography is eminently suitable for diagnostic laboratories as more than 100 sera may be fractionated in one day using inexpensive materials and a low-speed centrifuge equipped with a swinging-bucket rotor.