cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
P290 Temporal discounting and engagement in care among HIV-infected pregnant and breastfeeding women

Background For pregnant or breastfeeding HIV-positive women, poor adherence to antiretroviral (ARV) medication and disengagement from care can increase risk of mother-to-child transmission of HIV. HIV-positive women exhibiting high temporal discounting (TD; defined as the tendency to discount future rewards relative to rewards received closer to the present) may be less likely to adhere to recommendations for the prevention of mother to child transmission (PMTCT). Methods We performed a secondary analysis of data from a randomized controlled trial conducted in the Democratic Republic of Congo, which assessed the effects of a conditional cash transfer intervention among 433 newly-diagnosed HIV-infected pregnant women. We measured TD at baseline using a delay discounting task. We dichotomized TD (high/low) and examined associations between TD and uptake of available PMTCT services, retention in care and viral suppression at 6 weeks postpartum. We used log-binomial regression models to calculate unadjusted and adjusted risk ratios (RRs) for the effects of high vs. low TD on these outcomes. Results At baseline, participants had a median age of 29 years, median of 10 years of education, and median gestational age of 26 weeks. The majority (86.6%) of women exhibited high TD, where 13.4% exhibited low TD. High TD was associated with incomplete uptake of PMTCT services (adjusted RR: 1.64, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.08–2.50) and lower viral suppression at 6 weeks postpartum (adjusted RR: 0.77, 95% CI: 0.66–0.90). Temporal discounting was not associated with retention to care in unadjusted (RR: 1.57 95% CI: 0.78–3.15) or adjusted analyses (RR: 1.56, 95% CI: 0.76–3.18). Conclusion Understanding the mechanisms underlying women’ behavioral choices is crucial to optimize interventions for behavior change. Our results indicate that women exhibiting high temporal discounting represent a critical population for interventions to improve adherence and engagement in PMTCT care. Disclosure No significant relationships.
Generator Dynamic Model Calibration using Multiple Disturbance Events

The problem of generator model calibration in power plants has been widely investigated. However, most of the methods relies on a nonlinear parameter estimation algorithm for curve fitting using single event data. Most of these estimation algorithms with curve fitting objective are sensitive to local minimum since the solution is non unique. To overcome these issues, a modified nonlinear least squares algorithm is first given to improve the search direction while calibrating with single event data. A sequential training approach is proposed to effectively utilize multiple disturbance event for model calibration in order to minimize the mismatch between the true and simulated system responses for all disturbance events. The proposed approaches were tested on Kundur's 2-area test system to verify the effectiveness of the proposed approaches.
Integrated Titanium-Carbon Nanotube Conductors via Joule-Heating Driven Chemical Vapor Deposition

Ti is known to exhibit excellent interfacial interaction with CNTs, and enhances the electrical performance for Cu-CNT hybrids. A simple route for depositing Ti to form integrated Ti-CNT bulk conductors is warranted to increase the total metal:CNT interfacial contact area. Herein, Joule-heating driven CVD using a cyclopentadienyl(cycloheptatrienyl) titanium(II) precursor is reported. Successful penetration of Ti throughout a 30 µm-thick CNT network is achieved. Deposition morphology can be tuned from local coatings along CNT bundles to continuous surface films, dependent on starting precursor amount. The Ti coatings are stable on the CNTs upon exposure to temperature of 300 °C for 1 hour in 95% Ar/ 5% H2. Electroplating to form a Cu-Ti-CNT hybrid (97.1%/0.9%/2% wt/wt) achieved a conductivity of 32.3 MS/m with a TCR of 3.18 × 10-3 K-1. The fabrication of integrated Ti-CNT bulk conductors enables a path forward for metal-Ti-CNT designs with improved metal:CNT interfaces for enhanced electrical performance.
Smartphone Global Positioning System (GPS) Data Enhances Recovery Assessment After Breast Cancer Surgery

We sought to determine whether smartphone GPS data uncovered differences in recovery after breast-conserving surgery (BCS) and mastectomy, and how these data aligned with self-reported quality of life (QoL). In a prospective pilot study, adult smartphone-owners undergoing breast surgery downloaded an application that continuously collected smartphone GPS data for 1 week preoperatively and 6 months postoperatively. QoL was assessed with the Short-Form-36 (SF36) via smartphone delivery preoperatively and 4 and 12 weeks postoperatively. Endpoints were trends in daily GPS-derived distance traveled and home time, as well as SF36 Physical (PCS) and Mental Component Scores (MCS) comparing BCS and mastectomy patients. Thirty-one patients were included. Sixteen BCS and fifteen mastectomy patients were followed for a mean of 201 (SD 161) and 174 (107) days, respectively. There were no baseline differences in demographics, PCS/MCS, home time, or distance traveled. Through 12 weeks postoperatively, mastectomy patients spent more time at home [e.g., week 4: 16.7 h 95% CI (14.3, 19.6) vs. 11.0 h (9.4, 12.9), p 0.05). Differences in BCS and mastectomy recovery were successfully captured using smartphone GPS data. These data may describe currently unmeasured aspects of physical and mental recovery, which could supplement traditional and QoL outcomes to inform shared decision-making.
Going Low in a World Going High: The Physiologic Use of Lower Frequency Electron Paramagnetic Resonance

Yakov Sergeevich Lebedev was a pioneer in high frequency EPR, taking advantage of the separation of g-factor anisotropy effects from nuclear hyperfine splitting and the higher frequency molecular motion sensitivity from higher frequency measurements8. This article celebrates a second EPR subfield in which Prof. Lebedev pioneered, EPR imaging. 9 We celebrate the clinical enhancements that are suggested in this low frequency work and imaging application to animal physiology at lower-than-standard EPR frequencies.
Schroeder on the Wrong Kind of Reasons Problem for Attitudes

Intuitively, both RB and WB count in favor of believing S. So, by Counts-inFavor, both RB and WB are reasons to believe S. But there is a clear difference between RB and WB. That difference can be marked by saying that RB is the right whereas WB is the wrong kind of reason to believe S. The Wrong Kind of Reasons Problem for Belief is the problem of giving an account of the right and wrong kind of reasons for belief. A similar problem arises for other attitudes. Consider:
Acronym Disambiguation in Clinical Notes from Electronic Health Records

ABSTRACT Objective The use of electronic health records (EHR) systems has grown over the past decade, and with it, the need to extract information from unstructured clinical narratives. Clinical notes, however, frequently contain acronyms with several potential senses (meanings) and traditional natural language processing (NLP) techniques cannot differentiate between these senses. In this study we introduce an unsupervised method for acronym disambiguation, the task of classifying the correct sense of acronyms in the clinical EHR notes. Methods We developed an unsupervised ensemble machine learning (CASEml) algorithm to automatically classify acronyms by leveraging semantic embeddings, visit-level text and billing information. The algorithm was validated using note data from the Veterans Affairs hospital system to classify the meaning of three acronyms: RA, MS, and MI. We compared the performance of CASEml against another standard unsupervised method and a baseline metric selecting the most frequent acronym sense. We additionally evaluated the effects of RA disambiguation on NLP-driven phenotyping of rheumatoid arthritis. Results CASEml achieved accuracies of 0.947, 0.911, and 0.706 for RA, MS, and MI, respectively, higher than a standard baseline metric and (on average) higher than a state-of-the-art unsupervised method. As well, we demonstrated that applying CASEml to medical notes improves the AUC of a phenotype algorithm for rheumatoid arthritis. Conclusion CASEml is a novel method that accurately disambiguates acronyms in clinical notes and has advantages over commonly used supervised and unsupervised machine learning approaches. In addition, CASEml improves the performance of NLP tasks that rely on ambiguous acronyms, such as phenotyping.
RagTag: A Circus in Stitches. Autoethnographic Costume Design Research for a Touring Circus Troupe

Designing costumes for circus artists requires a balance of learned skills, experiential knowledge, open communication, and safety. The garments worn by these artists must fit an aesthetic theme for the overall show, and the functional needs required by the artists' movements, apparatus, and routine. In this autoethnographic project I combine my extensive professional career as a circus costume designer and technician with academic training in apparel design to develop costumes for a small professional touring troupe, Cirque Us. The project includes design research with preliminary results from qualitative interviews and a focus group, along with field notes, info sheets, photographs, video, and audio recordings. All troupe members gave written consent, and the project was submitted with permission from Cirque Us.
Integration of the Screening, Brief Intervention, and Referral to Treatment Screening Instrument Into School Nurse Practice:

Substance abuse in adolescents has been recognized as a public health problem at the national and global levels. Adolescents are at risk for experimenting with substances. School nurses in secondar...
Real-time order picking planning framework for warehouses and distribution centres

This paper proposes a dynamic-order picking (DOP) framework where batches and picker routes are continuously modified in response to urgent orders arrival and disruption events. In the proposed fra...
Men at (home) work: masculinity and the second shift during COVID-19

Past work has shown that men’s gender identities often lead them to eschew household labour in an attempt to shore up threatened masculinity. As the COVID-19 pandemic has lead to both enormous financial disruption and high levels of stress among the population, we expect these patterns to be exacerbated. We focus on the helping children with virtual school activities, as it is a uniquely stressful form of household labour, and use two studies, using different techniques and datasets, to show that among men subjected to economic stress, higher levels of stress are associated with a lower likelihood of helping with virtual school activities. Ramifications of this for both individual stress levels and for societal outcomes are discussed, as are the disproportionate impact of these effects on members of racial and ethnic minority groups, who are already subject to high stress levels. Keywords: COVID;masculinity;household labour;childcare;stress [ FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Journal for Cultural Research is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full . (Copyright applies to all s.)
Effects of practice upon individual differences and intra-variability in a motor skill.

Abstract Thirty boys aged 10 to 12 were tested on a large muscle motor-learning task (a balance board) in order to examine the effect of six days of practice upon learning and relearning trends, individual differences, intra-variability, and reliability. The performance curve, including the relearning after the one-day layoffs, followed a two-component exponential equation using parameter values similar to those reported for college women. Reliability as well as individual differences decreased with practice; the variability within individuals also decreased. The sum of the six learnings within each day was 50 percent larger than the net learning from the start of the first day to the end of the sixth, because of the relearning after the large loss from each between-day layoff. The effect diminished as learning progressed.
Fruit and Vegetable Consumption in an Elderly Population

Abstract Although a national nutrition education program aimed at increasing fruit and vegetable consumption (5-A-Day for Better Health) has been ongoing since 1991, it has not targeted the elderly to date. This article presents results from a survey done to assess knowledge about and current consumption level of fruit and vegetables via a 7-item food frequency questionnaire administered to senior center participants. Results showed mean intake of 4.5 servings daily with no associations for gender, age or education. Only half of the seniors were aware of the 5-A-Day program. Barriers to meeting fruit and vegetable recommendations included cost, time, availability and taste.
Macrophages in the Respiratory Tract

The sections in this article are: 1 Classes of Pulmonary Macrophages 2 Origin of Pulmonary Macrophages 3 Fate of Pulmonary Macrophages 4 Harvesting Pulmonary Macrophages 5 Role of Pulmonary Macrophages 5.1 Particle Clearance 5.2 Mucociliary Transport 5.3 Secretion and Regulation 6 Measuring the Phagocytic Properties of Pulmonary Macrophages 6.1 In Situ 6.2 In Vitro 7 Pathophysiology of Pulmonary Macrophages 7.1 Emphysema 7.2 Fibrosis 8 Conclusion
Sensation and Perception: Direct Scaling

Two techniques for the direct scaling of perceived intensity – category and magnitude judgments – are described. The major findings associated with direct scaling are the establishment of Stevens’s power law of perceived intensity, the establishment of characteristic exponents for the several sensory continua, and the discovery of the transitivity of exponents. Major problems of direct scaling, and of the body of work based on it, include the failure of category and magnitude scales to agree, the instability of exponents, and the difficulty of integrating results of scaling suprathreshold magnitudes with data on sensory thresholds. Possible resolutions of these difficulties are presented.
Efficient transcriptional activation of many simple modular promoters by simian virus 40 large T antigen.

Abstract Simian virus 40 (SV40) large T antigen is a multifunctional protein which plays central roles during both lytic and transforming infections by SV40. It is a potent transcriptional activator and increases expression from the SV40 late promoter and from several cellular promoters. To understand better the transcriptional activation activity of large T antigen, we examined its ability to transactivate a set of simple modular promoters containing one of four upstream activation sequences coupled with one of three different TATA box sequences originally constructed and studied by Taylor and Kingston (Mol. Cell. Biol. 10:165-175, 1990). Large T antigen activated transcription from all of these simple promoters. The identity of the TATA box was a more important determinant of the final level of gene expression than was the identity of the upstream activating sequence element. We also determined the ability of a set of mutant SV40 large T antigens to activate a subset of these promoters. Several mutant SV40 large T antigens which had reduced ability to activate the complex SV40 late and Rous sarcoma virus long terminal repeat promoters showed reduced transcriptional activation activity on all of the modular promoters tested. We used a set of promoter derivatives of the human U6 small nuclear RNA promoter containing different TATA boxes and found that wild-type large T antigen could activate transcription from all of them, although to widely different levels of expression.
Expression of CD2 and CD25 on mast cell populations can be seen outside the setting of systemic mastocytosis

Background Systemic mastocytosis (SM) is a diagnosis made using clinical, laboratory, and histologic parameters. Aberrant CD2 and/or CD25 expression on mast cells provides one minor criterion for a diagnosis of SM. To validate a tube (CD45/CD117/CD2/CD25) for mast cell evaluation, flow cytometry (FC) on residual material from marrow aspirates samples submitted to the hematopathology laboratory was performed. Methods Samples evaluated (n = 98) had no clinical or morphologic suspicion for SM. Samples were excluded if there was history of a myeloid stem cell neoplasm. Ten documented cases of SM were evaluated for comparison. Results Among cases without history of SM, 17.3% (n = 17) showed expression of CD2 and/or CD25 on ≥10% of the mast cell population (CD25 alone in 14 cases, CD2 alone in 2 cases, both in one case), while 82.6% (n = 81) showed no expression of these antigens. The percentage of mast cells showing aberrant CD2 and/or CD25 expression respectively ranged from 12.1% to 98.8% and 22.2% to 95.7% Interestingly, all of the cases with evidence of aberrant antigen expression on mast cells were collected post-therapy while 22.1% of the negative samples were collected pre-therapy. A cut-off of 60% CD25 expression on mast cells identified all cases of SM while minimizing false positives. Conclusions These findings demonstrate that aberrant expression of CD2 and/or CD25 may be seen on mast cells outside of the setting of SM. The data suggests that this phenomenon may be seen more commonly following chemotherapy and that FC of mast cells should be interpreted with caution in the post-chemotherapy setting. © 2015 International Clinical Cytometry Society
Discussion of “Experiments with windshields for precipitation gages”

As a cooperative observer for the U.S. Weather Bureau, the Suffolk County Highway Department has operated a Friez dual traverse recording rain gage at Cutchogue, New York, since May, 1940. From May, 1940, to August, 1952, the gage was equipped with a standard Alter flexible windshield and a collecting tube 11.314 inches in diameter with 15-inch vertical sides on the top of the standard collector. This tube had an area exactly twice the size of a standard eight-inch collector, and was used to double the scale on the chart. The top of the windshield was placed level with the top of the collecting tube.
Survival Outcomes of Patients with Colorectal Liver Metastases Following Hepatic Resection or Ablation in the Era of Effective Chemotherapy

The outcome of patients with colorectal liver metastases (CLM) undergoing surgical resection in the era of effective chemotherapy is not widely reported. In addition, factors associated with disease-specific survival (DSS) in a contemporary series of patients are not well defined. Clinical, pathologic, and outcome data for 64 patients with CLM treated by a single surgeon in a multidisciplinary setting from February 2002 to October 2007 were examined. Hepatic resection was combined with radiofrequency ablation (RFA) in 23 (36%) cases. Secondary or tertiary resection was undertaken in 12 (19%) patients. Synchronous CLM were noted in 25 (39%) cases. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy was given to 41 (64%) patients. Following hepatic resection, adjuvant chemotherapy was administered in 52 (81%) cases. There was one (2%) operative mortality. One or more complications were noted in 24 (38%) patients. Median length of hospital stay was 7 (2-7) days. Five-year DSS and overall survival were 72% and 69%, respectively. Bilobar disease (p < 0.001), local tumor extension (p = 0.02), response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (p = 0.005), preoperative portal vein embolization (p = 0.05), number of hepatic lesions (p = 0.03), positive resection margin (p < 0.001), and node-positive primary disease (p = 0.001) were prognostically significant factors on univariate analysis. On multivariate analysis, bilobar disease (p = 0.02) and local tumor extension (p = 0.02) were the only two independent prognostic factors. We conclude that, in patients with CLM, a multidisciplinary approach encompassing an aggressive surgical policy achieves excellent 5-year survival results with acceptable operative morbidity and mortality. Bilobar disease and local extrahepatic extension of cancer appear to be independent prognostic factors for long-term survival.
Modeling Potential Psychological Risk Factors of Pathological Gambling

This paper proposes a model of potential psychological risk factors antecedent to pathological gambling. Proposed relationships are tested using a structural equations methodology for 2 samples: (a) gamblers composed of members of Gamblers Anonymous and individuals clinically diagnosed and in treatment for pathological gambling. and (b) a demographically matched sample drawn from the general population of a 3-state area from which the gamblers were recruited. Results show both intriguing similarities and differences in relationships among the risk factors. Specifically. for these 2 samples, relationships among the constructs of neurotic/obsessive thoughts, self-esteem, impulsiveness, and anxiety/nervousness are generally similar, but relationships between model constructs and a measure of probable pathological gambling varies across the samples.
Extraction of phosphorus from the major agricultural soils of Alaska

Abstract The crop land in Alaska has increased five‐fold in the past ten years. The state includes a relatively large geographic area and the agricultural soils vary considerably from volcanic ash to loess derived soils. The P‐sorption capacities of the soils also are known to vary widely but little data is available on the nature of soil P and the performance of P extractants on these soils. A laboratory and growth chamber study was conducted to investigate the suitability of seven P extractants for use on Alaska agricultural soils. Ten representative soils were collected from the agricultural regions of Alaska, five were volcanic ash derived and five were loess derived. Response of barley (Hordeum vulgare L. var. ‘Weal') to soil test P‐levels was determined in the growth chamber. Soil P levels were established from P‐isotherm curve data and soil P levels were determined using Morgan, Bray 1, Bray 2, Mehlich 1, Mehlich 2, Mehlich 3, and Olsen extracting reagents. The volcanic ash soils contained 47% more...
On quantum-mechanical automata

Abstract An automaton which can “measure” or “know” or “predict” the values of physical quantities cannot be described by quantum mechanics.
Gastric dopa decarboxylase, histidine decarboxylase and serotonin, following immunosympathectomy in rats

Abstract Gastric mucosal dopa- and histidine decarboxylase activity and serotonin were measured in immunologically sympathectomized and control rats (238.6 ± 10.4 g). Tissue was taken from the oxyntic gland area and the pyloric antrum. Immunosympathectomy was produced by a single subcutaneous injection, 5–8 hr after birth, of 100 μl anti-nerve growth factor serum (potency 17,000 antiunits/ml); control rats received bovine serum. Following immunosympathectomy, serotonin levels were reduced 47% (p
Dynamic sensory cues shape song structure in Drosophila

The generation of acoustic communication signals is widespread across the animal kingdom, and males of many species, including Drosophilidae, produce patterned courtship songs to increase their chance of success with a female. For some animals, song structure can vary considerably from one rendition to the next; neural noise within pattern generating circuits is widely assumed to be the primary source of such variability, and statistical models that incorporate neural noise are successful at reproducing the full variation present in natural songs. In direct contrast, here we demonstrate that much of the pattern variability in Drosophila courtship song can be explained by taking into account the dynamic sensory experience of the male. In particular, using a quantitative behavioural assay combined with computational modelling, we find that males use fast modulations in visual and self-motion signals to pattern their songs, a relationship that we show is evolutionarily conserved. Using neural circuit manipulations, we also identify the pathways involved in song patterning choices and show that females are sensitive to song features. Our data not only demonstrate that Drosophila song production is not a fixed action pattern, but establish Drosophila as a valuable new model for studies of rapid decision-making under both social and naturalistic conditions.
Rotating harmonic oscillator: Its general solution and the lack of ground-state energy equipartition

Analytically and numerically we give the general solution of the rotating harmonic oscillator. Our solution verifies the resolution of a disagreement in the literature, and can be understood physically. We point out that the solution demonstrates the incorrectness of the ''energy equipartition theorem'' for the ground state of all quantum oscillators.
UVA/B exposure promotes the biosynthesis of dehydroretinol in cultured human keratinocytes

Retinol and its metabolites modulate epithelial differentiation and serve as cellular UV sensors through changes in retinoid status. Of note is the dehydroretinol family which may serve functions distinct from parental retinol. This study focuses on the metabolism of this family and its potential participation in the response of normal epidermal human keratinocytes to UV irradiation. There were three findings. First, keratinocytes contain two pools of dehydroretinyl esters, one of which is shielded from UVB-, but not from UVA-induced decomposition. Second, using a novel in vitro assay we demonstrated that both UVA and UVB promote dehydroretinol biosynthesis in keratinocytes, but only UVB exposure promotes retinoid ester accretion by enhancing the activity of at least one acyl transferase. Finally, dehydroretinol sufficiency reduces UVA/B driven apoptosis more effectively than retinol sufficiency. This may in part be due to differences in the expression of Fas ligand, which we found to be upregulated by retinoic acid, but not dehydroretinoic acid. These observations implicate a role of dehydroretinol and its metabolites in UVA/B adaptation. Thus, the keratinocyte response to UV is jointly shaped by both the retinoids and dehydroretinoids.
Colonizing macroinvertebrates in the Upper Mississippi River with a comparison of basket and multiplate samplers

SUMMARY. Colonizing aquatic macroinvertebrates were collected from two kinds of artificial substrate placed on wing dams in Pool 13 of the Upper Mississippi River in September 1978. Thirty-one taxa were collected from basket samplers containing cement spheres and twenty-one taxa from multiplate samplers constructed from tempered hardboard. Hydro-psychidae (Trichoptera), especially Cheumatopsyche sp., Potamyla flava and Hydropsyche sp., were the dominant macroinvertebrates which colonized both samplers. Basket samplers had a significantly greater macroinvertebrate density, biomass and number of taxa compared with multiplate samplers. Precision of the arithmetic mean for density, biomass and number of taxa was 19.9, 18.3 and 8.1% for basket samplers and 18.8, 18.7 and 8.5% for multiplate samplers. The number of sampling units required for a precision of 20% for macroinvertebrate density, biomass and number of taxa was 13, 11 and 2 for basket samplers and 11, 11 and 2 for multiplate samplers. Basket samplers with 7.5-cm cement spheres are recommended for use instead of multiplate samplers.
The Evaluative Lexicon: Adjective use as a means of assessing and distinguishing attitude valence, extremity, and emotionality

Abstract The language – in particular, the adjectives – individuals use can be harnessed to understand the different aspects of their attitudes. The present research introduces a novel approach to measuring attitudes that allows researchers to quantify these aspects. In Study 1, we created a list of 94 evaluative adjectives and asked participant judges to rate the implied valence, extremity, and emotionality of each adjective. This approach allowed us to quantify each adjective along these dimensions and thereby create the Evaluative Lexicon (EL). We validated the EL in Study 2 by experimentally creating attitudes toward novel stimuli in the lab and then measuring them using our tool. In Study 3, we sought to further validate the EL as well as demonstrate its practical and theoretical contributions using a natural-text repository of 5.9 million Amazon.com product reviews. Results from the Amazon.com reviews indicate that individuals use the EL adjectives in ways that further validate their ability and usefulness in measuring valence, extremity, and emotionality even within natural text. These findings, in turn, produced new theoretical contributions regarding the separability of attitude extremity and emotionality as well as their relation to summaries of both univalent and ambivalent evaluations. The findings highlight the importance of attitude emotionality for understanding attitude expressions.
Cause Lawyers and Social Movements. By Austin Sarat and Stuart A. Scheingold

Cause Lawyers and Social Movements. By Austin Sarat and Stuart A. Scheingold. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2006. Pp. x+341. $29.95 paper. This collection is the fourth edited volume on cause lawyering that Sarat and Scheingold have co-produced. Given that these authors have virtually cornered the market on this topic, the challenge of this review is to consider whether this volume is distinctive enough to recommend it to both those who are and those who are not familiar with this literature. The authors have succeeded in providing a distinctive book that will appeal to a broad audience. First, the authors seek to "move from an analysis of causes to a concern with social movements" (p. 1; emphasis added). This may seem like a subtle distinction, but it allows each author to address the larger contextual and structural constraints imposed on activist lawyers. For example, one of the most valuable essays is the second one in the volume, an account by McCann and Dudas that provides an historical and theoretical background on social movements for the pieces in the volume. Peppered with fascinating and diverse examples, it could serve as an introduction to the topic in a number of venues. Second, the authors wish to "turn attention from the way cause lawyering articulates with the project of the organized legal profession to the explicitly political work of cause lawyers" (p. 2) in order to show what lawyers do to and for social movements. The editors' introduction indicates that the book examines under what circumstances cause lawyers in social movements move from an elitist, professional ideology privileging litigation, to a political, activist, or grassroots one that challenges traditional definitions of professionalism. A final, though less fleshed-out task, is to discuss how the methods of left and right cause lawyers converge in tactics, if not in content. Section 1 examines the life cycles of social movements and of the roles of the lawyers who inhabit them. In Section 2, the chapters focus on the professional identities of cause lawyers. Section 3 contains three scenarios in which lawyers move beyond traditional litigation to embrace other roles in social movements (e.g., writing legislation, community mobilization, and even participating in movements as nonlawyers). The editors include a wide range of compelling empirical case studies on social movements from both sides of the political spectrum-including gay and lesbian rights, consumer rights, the prolife movement, and environmental justice. Though the material focuses on the energies of leftist movements, scholars of conservatives (and perhaps even conservative scholars) will find something to appreciate in objective reports by den Dulk and in the pieces by McCann and Dudas, and by Sarat and Scheingold themselves. …
A comparison of reactions of the type PB → VOΔ

A comparison of the reactions π+p → ϱ0Δ++, π+p → ωΔ++, and K+p → K∗o Δ++ is made using data near 7 GeV/c. Particular attention is paid to the question of relative normalization for each of the reactions. Using an SU(3) sum rule, predictions are made for the reaction K−n → K∗0 Δ−. A phenomenological model is presented which is based on Regge pole exchange modified by Regge cuts in those amplitudes with zero net helicity. Excellent fits to the ϱ0Δ++ and ωΔ++ observables are obtained. The resulting amplitudes are then used to predict the observables in K+p → K∗0 Δ++.
CHRONIC BULLOUS DERMATOSIS OF CHILDHOOD: DIFFERENTIATION FROM OTHER AUTOIMMUNE BLISTERING DISEASES IN CHILDREN

An 8-year-old girl presented with a 1-week history of intensely pruritic vesicles and bullae on the trunk and extremities. The patient was otherwise in good health and was not taking any medications. Physical examination revealed multiple large, tense bullae on normal-appearing skin on the trunk, extremities, and pelvic region. Some of the bullae were hemorrhagic, while others were grouped in circular clusters (Fig. 1A, B). The oral cavity and conjunctivae were spared. Complete blood cell count, electrolytes, serum urea nitrogen, creatinine, and liver function studies were normal. Histopathologic examination of perilesional skin demonstrated a subepidermal blister with neutrophils in the dermal papillae (Fig. 2). Direct immunofluorescence of the specimen showed heavy deposition of IgA in a linear pattern in the basement membrane zone (Fig. 3). Broad but faint deposits of IgM were also present. Blood obtained for indirect immunofluorescence revealed no circulating autoantibodies. The patient was diagnosed with chronic bullous dermatosis of childhood and treated with dapsone (2 mg/kg) with dramatic improvement. New blister formation and puritis were suppressed within several days. All lesions healed with mild hyperpigmentation but without scarring.
The radiology of total hip replacement

The radiology of total hip replacement (THR) and its complications is reviewed in conjunction with a long-term follow-up study on 402 patients with 501 prostheses. The indications, contraindications, biomechanics, and operative management of these patients is discussed. Clinical complications such as deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, and hemorrhage are mentioned. Postoperative infections including granulomatous pseudotumors, dislocations and fractures, true loosening of the prosthesis, and heterotopic bone formation (HBF) are discussed and illustrated. The importance of differentiating the lucent line from true loosening is stressed. Mechanical and other clinical complications which are largely ignored by radiologists are also discussed. The uses of arthrography and bone scanning are included.
Toward Reduced Bias and Increased Utility in the Assessment of School Refusal Behavior: The Case for Diverse Samples and Evaluations of Context.

The current article reviews the literature on school refusal behavior. Definitional inconsistencies, the effects of biased assessment processes, and the consequences of the lack of ethnic, racial, and economic diversity in school refusal research samples are highlighted. An increase in the use of low-income, ethnic minority, community samples in school refusal research is proposed in order to create a more representative and useful literature. Concerns regarding artificial and impractical divisions between the commonly used labels of school refusal and truancy are also discussed. Suggestions are proposed for a new pragmatic framework of school refusal assessment for research and clinical work that utilizes and enhances Kearney's functional approach. The framework has the potential to incorporate the influences of multiple cultural contexts in order to aid professionals from different disciplines in both prevention and early intervention for school refusal in low-income, ethnic minority populations. Additional suggestions for future direction in school refusal research are also discussed. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Human drug discrimination and multiple chemical sensitivity: caffeine exposure as an experimental model.

Abstract Multiple chemical sensitivity is a controversial diagnosis. Rigorous, controlled, laboratory-based research can reduce this controversy and lead to potential clinical confirmatory tests. The literature on human caffeine discrimination provides a rigorous methodology that can address reports that patients who suffer multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS) are sensitive to usually well-tolerated chemical doses; the studies require patients to discriminate caffeine from placebo under double-blind conditions. Several issues relevant to the conduct of caffeine discrimination studies using MCS patients as subjects are addressed; these issues include study design, determination of safe and tolerable training doses, and discrimination training. Such research will benefit patients and clinicians dealing with a diagnosis of MCS.
The Radiographic Findings of Fibrosing Mediastinitis

We retrospectively reviewed the radiographic findings of fibrosing mediastinitis (FM) in 33 patients. Imaging studies included chest radiographs, computed tomographic scans, magnetic resonance imaging examinations, esophograms, ventilation perfusion scans, angiograms, and venograms. Findings include bronchial narrowing in 11 patients (33 percent), pulmonary artery obstruction/narrowing in 6 patients (18 percent), esophageal narrowing in 3 patients (9 percent), and superior vena cava obstruction/narrowing in 13 patients (39 percent). Two distinctly different radiographic patterns were identified: a localized pattern seen in 27 patients (82 percent) that frequently contained calcification and a diffuse pattern seen in 6 patients (18 percent) that did not contain calcification. The localized pattern is most likely due to histoplasmosis and does not show radiographic evidence of improvement with steroid therapy. The diffuse pattern may more likely be truly idiopathic or of a noninfectious etiology. Several patients with the diffuse pattern showed radiographic evidence of improvement with steroid therapy.
Response Sensitivity of Geometrically Nonlinear Force-Based Frame Elements

AbstractTo expand the scope of accurate and efficient gradient-based applications in structural engineering, the direct differentiation method (DDM) is applied to compute the response sensitivity of force-based frame finite elements with combined material and geometric nonlinearity where the transverse displacement field is determined by curvature-based displacement interpolation. Sensitivity is developed for element-level parameters including constitutive properties, cross-section dimensions, and integration points and weights, as well as structural-level parameters corresponding to nodal coordinates. The response sensitivity is found to be significantly more complicated than for geometrically linear force-based elements because it requires the derivative of the transverse displacement field under the condition of fixed basic forces. Finite-difference calculations verify the DDM sensitivity equations for material and geometric nonlinear force-based element response while reliability analysis of a gravity...
Variation in the BDNF gene interacts with age to predict mortality in a prospective, longitudinal cohort with severe TBI

Background. Mortality predictions following traumatic brain injury (TBI), and our understanding of TBI pathology, may be improved by including genetic risk in addition to traditional prognostic variables. One promising target is the gene coding for brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a ubiquitous neurotrophin important for neuronal survival and neurogenesis. Objective. We hypothesized the addition of BDNF genetic variation would improve mortality prediction models and that BDNF Met-carriers (rs6265) and C-carriers (rs7124442) would have the highest mortality rates post-TBI. Methods. This study examined BDNF functional single nucleotide polymorphisms rs6265 (val66met) and rs7124442 (T>C) in relation to mortality in a prospective, longitudinal cohort with severe TBI. We examined 315 individuals receiving care for a closed head injury within the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, aged 16 to 74 years. Mortality was examined acutely (0-7 days postinjury) and postacutely (8-365 days postinjury). A g...
Cross-agency coordination of offender reentry: Testing collaboration outcomes

Abstract Successful offender reentry is arguably one of the most challenging contemporary issues, with policymakers calling for more effective coordination between criminal justice and social service agencies. Evidence linking cross-agency coordination to reentry outcomes is limited and underdeveloped. The theory of relational coordination was used to develop hypotheses regarding the impact of cross-agency coordination on reentry outcomes in “reentry hot spots” and to test those hypotheses. Results pointed to some differences in cross-agency coordination between cities that were part of reentry policy efforts and those that were not. Results also revealed that relationships between criminal justice agencies were relatively strong, while their relationships with employment providers were comparatively weaker, but the impacts of these relationships on reentry outcomes were limited at best. Findings support using relational coordination to understand reentry collaboration, to identify strengths and weaknesses of collaborative ties, and to measure their impact on reentry outcomes.
Analyzing the Impact of Wal-Mart Supercenters on Local Food Store Sales

The entry of discount mass merchandisers into the grocery business is part of a rapid consolidation occurring in the grocery industry in recent years. Supermarket News estimates that the top five retail grocery chains now account for nearly 40% of U.S. sales. At the top of this list is Wal-Mart. Operating 1,980 Supercenters as of January 31, 2006, Wal-Mart's 2005 share of the nation's retail grocery market was estimated to range from 15% to 20%. Supercenters are Wal-Mart's fastest growing store format. With more than fifty departments including a full-line grocery section and average size of 187,000 square feet, these stores compete with a wide range of existing retailers in the markets they enter. The greatest competitive pressures from the expansion of Supercenters occur to existing grocery stores.1 Nearly 500 of these stores are located in counties with an urban population of fewer than 20,000 people. These are primarily rural trade centers in which retail trade is akin to a zero-
Rheological techniques to evaluate the shelf-stability of starch-thickened, strained apricots

The rheological behavior of strained apricots thickened with modified tapioca starch was investigated using mixer viscometry techniques. Initially, the sample showed irreversible thixotropy which was quantified by evaluating time-dependent torque decay. Mechanically degraded samples had time-independent properties and were evaluated as power-law fluids. Rheological techniques developed were successfully used to evaluate the textural shelf-life of strained apricots thickened with different types of modified tapioca starch.
Reactors with a low-impedance control source

THIS ANALYSIS of series-connected saturable reactors is based on core materials whose magnetic properties can be approximated by a rectangular flux-density-field-intensity curve. The circuit is shown in Figure 1. Switch S is in the position as shown, and therefore the feedback windings Z1 and Z2 are de-energized.
Algorithmic Time, Energy, and Power on Candidate HPC Compute Building Blocks

We conducted a micro benchmarking study of the time, energy, and power of computation and memory access on several existing platforms. These platforms represent candidate compute-node building blocks of future high-performance computing systems. Our analysis uses the "energy roofline" model, developed in prior work, which we extend in two ways. First, we improve the model's accuracy by accounting for power caps, basic memory hierarchy access costs, and measurement of random memory access patterns. Secondly, we empirically evaluate server-, mini-, and mobile-class platforms that span a range of compute and power characteristics. Our study includes a dozen such platforms, including x86 (both conventional and Xeon Phi), ARM, GPU, and hybrid (AMD APU and other SoC) processors. These data and our model analytically characterize the range of algorithmic regimes where we might prefer one building block to others. It suggests critical values of arithmetic intensity around which some systems may switch from being more to less time- and energy-efficient than others, it further suggests how, with respect to intensity, operations should be throttled to meet a power cap. We hope our methods can help make debates about the relative merits of these and other systems more quantitative, analytical, and insightful.
Electrochemical reactions of stage 1 sulfuric acid-Graphite intercalation compound

Abstract By means of cyclic voltammetry, a study of the redox reactions has been made on stage 1 sulfuric acid-graphite intercalation compound (H2SO4-GIC) prepared by anodic oxidation of graphite in sulfuric acid electrolyte. It was found that further oxidation of the stage 1 GIC gives rise to the reversible ionization reaction of carbon atoms in the graphite basal plane and also of sulfuric acid molecules produced in the interlayer spacing. This ionization reaction and the reverse deionization reaction are responsible for plateaus observed in the current vs. potential curve. These redox reactions between the stage 1 GIC and its ionized state were analyzed in situ by means of X-ray diffractometry.
The average order of a matrix

Abstract Let GL ( n , q ) denote the group of invertible n × n matrices over the finite field with q elements and let v n denote the average order of an element in this group. We show that for n large log v n = n log q − log n + o (log n ).
Effects of a subanaesthetic concentration of nitrous oxide on memory and subjective experience: Influence of assessment procedures and types of stimuli

Subjects (16 men and 16 women) breathing 30 per cent nitrous oxide in oxygen, or 100 per cent oxygen, were tested to see if the effects of nitrous oxide on memory varied with different types of auditory stimuli and memory-testing procedures. The drug produced substantial memory impairments. These impairments were milder in forced-choice recognition than in yes/no recognition and for certain stimuli (first names of each subject's close relatives), but were not influenced by several other variations in test procedures and stimuli. Additional assessments indicated that nitrous oxide produced numerous subjective effects including some that are characteristic of psychedelic drugs. Subjective rating scales of the kind frequently used in drug studies revealed sedation but not the other mood effects.
Correction of diffraction optics and P-V-T determination using thermoelastic equations of state of multiple phases

This report discusses a new method to determine experimental pressure–volume–temperature (P–V–T) data and to correct misalignment of diffraction optics using thermoelastic equations of state of multiple phases. Analytical approaches as well as numerical approaches are presented for the technique. A number of phase combinations yield the best experimental result and the whole-pattern Rietveld and/or Le Bail refinement of diffraction patterns of multiple phases is a significant aspect of the technique. Specific examples indicate that the corrected pressure, temperature and diffraction optics are robust. Errors are estimated from the uncertainties of the measured cell dimensions. The error propagation for different experimental cases is discussed, along with the conditions and limitations of the method. This technique for P–V–T determination and the correction of diffraction optics is crucial for experiments conducted under extreme conditions of high pressure, high temperature and dynamic reactions.