cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The space for culture and cognition

Abstract While neuroscientists, cognitive anthropologists, and behavioral psychologists have begun to examine the dialectical relationship between space and cognition, sociologists have remained curiously silent. Sociologists concede that cognition affects our relationship to space, but seem less willing to explore how space might affect us cognitively. In this paper I argue that the spatial configuration of our environment facilitates particular cognitive modes. I examine what I call structured versus unstructured spaces. I also focus on the structuring of space and whether that structuring is imposed or implied. The structure of the space and the articulation of that structure interact to produce different modes of thought. This relationship between space and cognition has important implications for how and, perhaps, why we use culture.
The influence of regeneration and nerve growth factor on the neuronal cell body reaction to injury

The consequence of neuronal regeneration on the affected cell body has not been well documented previously. The long-term effects of either successful peripheral nerve (sciatic) regeneration or exogenously administered nerve growth factor (NGF) on dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons were determined. The degree of neuronal death and changes in neuronal size were measured after various injuries and treatments. The regenerative influence of the transected, distal sciatic-nerve segment on the neuronal cell body was examined under various standardized conditions (e.g. crush, transection followed by immediate epineurial anastomosis or transection with capping of the proximal nerve stump). Neuronal death was greatest in smaller neurons with diameters between 16 and 28 μm. The data showed no difference in the degree of neuronal death between the crush injury and the anastomosis (both able to regenerate). However, the capped, proximal nerve (regeneration prevented) had a significantly higher incidence of neuronal death and less complete recovery from the early neuronal atrophy, which was initially observed in all three groups. The long-term effect on neuronal survival of transient NGF administration (three weeks) at the site of injury demonstrated partial protection by a decrease (55%) in the neuronal loss nine weeks after injury compared to controls. Either the distal nerve segment during regeneration or exogenously applied NGF is capable of mitigating the long-term effects of axotomy in the DRG neuronal cell body.
Moral Judgments of the Powerless and Powerful in Violent Intergroup Conflicts

The present research examined observers' moral judgments of groups in conflict. Study 1 found support for the prediction that actions are interpreted as more moral in the context of low power. People judged the violent actions of a fictitious group as more moral and justifiable when done by a smaller, less powerful country compared to a larger one. However, a second study found that violence may undermine the moral advantage accorded underdog groups. People reading about Israeli construction of settlements in Palestinian territories judged the Israeli actions to be more moral when Palestinians resisted violently compared to when they used non-violent resistance tactics. Together, these studies demonstrate how moral judgments of the actions of groups in conflict are influenced by contextual factors independent of the actions themselves.
An Adaptive Algorithm for Finding the Optimal Base-Stock Policy in Lost Sales Inventory Systems with Censored Demand

We consider a periodic-review, single-location, single-product inventory system with lost sales and positive replenishment lead times. It is well known that the optimal policy does not possess a simple structure. Motivated by recent results showing that base-stock policies perform well in these systems, we study the problem of finding the best base-stock policy in such a system. In contrast to the classical inventory literature, we assume that the manager does not know the demand distribution a priori but must make the replenishment decision in each period based only on the past sales (censored demand) data. We develop a nonparametric adaptive algorithm that generates a sequence of order-up-to levels whose running average of the inventory holding and lost sales penalty cost converges to the cost of the optimal base-stock policy, and we establish the cubic-root convergence rate of the algorithm. Our analysis is based on recent advances in stochastic online convex optimization and on the uniform ergodicity of Markov chains associated with bases-stock policies.
The effects of high temperature lean exposure on the subsequent HC conversion of automotive catalysts

Abstract Degreened samples of monolithic catalysts containing Pd-only, Pt-only, Pt/Rh (5/0/1), and Pt/Pd/Rh (1/13/1 and 1/4/1) were reduced in rich exhaust and then evaluated on consecutive lean temperature ramps where the maximum temperature was increased from test to test, in order to assess the effects of the recent thermal-chemical history on the conversion of CH4, C3H8, and C3H6. A highly loaded Pt-only catalyst displayed relatively consistent HC conversion on the consecutive lean temperature ramps. However, the HC conversion of the other catalysts degraded from run to run as the maximum temperature on the previous test increased. For the Pd-only catalyst, this degradation was attributed to the increasing oxidation of metallic Pd to Pd oxide. While previous studies suggested that Pd oxide is more active than metallic Pd for CH4 and C3H8 conversion, the continued oxidation increasingly depleted the catalyst of metallic Pd sites, which may be involved in the dissociative adsorption of the HC. Alternatively, the continued oxidation may have decreased the phase boundary between Pd metal and Pd oxide, which has been reported to enhance CH4 combustion. When the Pd-only sample was exposed to ca. 800 °C under lean conditions, where Pd oxide is known to decompose, the CH4 conversion on the subsequent test improved dramatically and was similar to that after the rich treatment.
T cell induction of precursor B cells: temporal separation of helper T cell functional activities.

The temporal relationships involved in T cell induction of immunoglobulin-secreting B cells have been studied by employing a pulse label technique, in vitro. It was shown that addition of rabbit thymocytes or splenic T cells to B cell-enriched splenocyte populations at the time of initiation of cultures resulted in a marked enhancement in induction of immunoglobulin-secreting cells. However, even a two-hour delay in the addition of thymus cells was sufficient to reduce substantially the extent of induction when measured 70 hours later. Besides this early requirement for thymocytes, a late requirement was also detectable. Thus, thymus cells and splenocyte populations upon being mixed, subsequent to being cultured separately for 72 hours, yielded a several-fold enhancement in [3H]-immunoglobulin secreted during the course of a 90-minute labeling period with [3H]-leucine. Moreover, both the early and late thymocyte effects were lost after treatment with anti-thymocyte serum and complement. The thymocyte-mediated enhancement of immunoglobulin secretion by splenocytes that occurs late in the induction process was detected with spleen cells cultured for two or three days but not with freshly-isolated splenocytes. Although the rate of appearance of extracellular immunoglobulins was markedly enhanced by fresh thymus cells, the rate of appearance of intracellular immunoglobulins in such spleen cells was unchanged. The secretion-stimulating (secretagogue) activity of thymocytes appeared to be specific in that thymus cells were without effect on the rate of secretion of serum albumin by liver cells. In regard to the induction of immunoglobulin-secreting cells, both B and T cell-enriched population's were sensitive to mitomycin C treatment performed before initiation of cell culture, indicating that not only B cells but also T cells undergo some form of differentiation or maturation prior to functioning in the induction of immunoglobulin-producing cells. It should be noted in this context that the late T cell requirement was unaffected by prior mitomycin C treatment of thymocytes. On the other hand, thymocytes heated at 60°C for 5 minutes did not enhance immunoglobulin secretion when added at any time and the late thymocyte requirement could not be replaced with medium in which thymocytes had been previously cultured.
Manufacturing heterosexuality: Hormone replacement therapy and menopause in urban Oaxaca

For several decades, hormone replacement therapies have been prescribed to women, not only to prevent disease but to improve the sexual functioning of menopausal women. The medical promotion of continued sexual activity in a woman's post-reproductive years is exported to locations outside of North America and Europe, which provides an opportunity to critically examine the cultural roots that have informed expert biomedical representations. This ethnographic study examined menopause and social class in Oaxaca de Juarez, Mexico using interviews, questionnaires, and textual analysis. The research found that biomedicine in conjunction with the pharmaceutical industry promoted culturally constructed gender hierarchies under the guise of optimal menopausal health. However, women's actual experience of gender and sexuality in mid-life diverged significantly from these expert representations. Themes that emerged in interviews and questionnaires included the importance of motherhood in old age, diminished sexual desire as not problematic, and greater sexual freedom at a post-reproductive age. Ultimately, biomedical discourse was not the sole arbiter of appropriate menopausal womanhood and femininity.
Transesophageal dobutamine stress echocardiography for evaluation of patients with coronary artery disease.

Objectives. The present study was undertaken to determine the safety, feasibility and diagnostic accuracy of transesophageal dobutamine stress echocardiography for the evaluation of patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease. Background. Dobutamine stress echocardiography has proved to be a valuable method for detecting and prognosticating ischemic heart disease, In addition, it may provide accurate information about myocardial viability in patients with systolic dysfunction. However, in some patients the technique may be limited by poor myocardial imaging with the conventional transthoracic approach. Methods. Seventy-six patients (62 men, 14 women; mean age ± SD 60 ± 10 years) who underwent coronary angiography were included in the study. Transesophageal stress echocardiograms were performed after withdrawal of antianginal medications for ≥ 48 h. Dobutamine was infused at a starting dose of 2.5 μg/kg body weight per min and was increased by 5-μg/kg per min increments every 5 min to a maximum of 40 μg/kg per min. Two-dimensional views were acquired at each stage and digitized for subsequent analysis. The left ventricle was divided into 16 segments, and each segment was assigned to a major coronary artery with the use of a model of regional distribution of coronary perfusion. Results. Sixty-two of the 76 patients had angiographic evidence of coronary artery disease. New or worsening regional wall motion abnormalities developed during dobutamine infusion in 55 of these 62 patients and in none of the 14 patients with normal coronary arteries (sensitivity 89%, specificity 100%, overall accuracy 91%). Regional wall motion abnormalities in the distribution of more than one major coronary artery were seen in 3 of the 25 patients with single-vessel coronary artery disease and in 30 of the 37 patients with multivessel disease (p < 0.0001). The test was successfully completed in 73 (96%) of the 76 patients; it was discontinued in the remaining 3 patients because of intolerance to the probe. No major complications occurred in any patient. Minor complications developed in seven patients but did not affect the diagnostic accuracy of the test. Conclusions. Transesophageal dobutamine stress echocardiography is a safe, feasible and accurate method for assessing coronary artery disease. Its use should be considered in patients who have a suboptimal ultrasound window, and it provides an excellent tool for clinical investigations based on ultrasound imaging of the myocardium.
Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein is Involved in Protein Synthesis-Dependent Collapse of Growth Cones Induced by Semaphorin-3A.

Fragile X syndrome, the most frequent form of familial mental retardation, is caused by mutation of the Fmr1 gene. Fmr1 encodes the Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein (FMRP), an mRNA binding protein regulating local, postsynaptic mRNA translation along dendrites necessary for long-term synaptic plasticity. However, recent studies on FMRP localization in axons and growth cones suggest a possible function in the regulation of local protein synthesis needed for axon guidance. Here, we have demonstrated that FMRP is involved in axonal and growth cone responses induced by the axon guidance factor, Semaphorin-3A (Sema3A). In cultured hippocampal neurons from wild type mice, Sema3A-induced growth cone collapse was protein synthesis-dependent. In contrast, Sema3A-induced growth cone collapse was attenuated in Fmr1 knock-out (KO) neurons and insensitive to protein synthesis inhibitors, suggesting that FMRP is involved in protein synthesis-dependent growth cone collapse. Sema3A increased phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E), an indicator of local translation, in distal axons and growth cones of wild type, but not Fmr1 KO neurons. Furthermore, Sema3A rapidly induced a protein synthesis-dependent increase in levels of microtubule associated protein 1B (MAP1B) in distal axons of wild type neurons, but this response was attenuated in Fmr1 KO neurons. These results suggest a possible role of FMRP to regulate local translation and axonal protein localization in response to Sema3A. This study reveals a new link between FMRP and semaphorin signaling in vitro, and raises the possibility that FMRP may have a critical role in semaphorin signaling in axon guidance during brain development.
High Fiber Volume Fraction Metal Matrix Composites Cast under Bi-Dimensional Compression

This study focuses on a class of metal matrix composites which derive their strength and stiffness from continuous unidirectional fiber reinforcement. The tech nique of bi-dimensional compression was used to fabricate metal matrix composites of this type. The advantage of the technique is its unique bi-dimensional stress field which creates a uniform fiber array and volume fractions approaching the theoretical maximum for rigid fibers. Volume fractions of this magnitude are not readily achievable using conventional fabrication techniques for metal matrix composites without compromising microstructural quality. This study expands previous work with bi-dimensional compression by applying the technique to the fabrication of metal matrix composites. The composites produced in this study were characterized by optical and electron microscopy which allowed qualita tive observation of the fiber distribution, matrix infiltration, void morphology and fiber/matrix interface. Quantitative measures of the quality of t...
Modelling of circuit breakers in the Electromagnetic Transients Program

The recent publication of experimental and theoretical results from verified arc models has made possible the implementation and testing of a dynamic circuit-breaker model using the Electromagnetic Transients Program (EMTP). An estimator was developed to obtain model parameters from test data. Results obtained with the estimator are given, and its data requirements are specified. To illustrate an application of the model not possible with the previous capabilities of EMTP, simulations of load-current interruption in a multiterminal HVDC system were performed. Results from these are included, along with a discussion of the effects of system and model parameter variation on the interruption process. >
Filing and Disposition of Consumer Complaints: Some Empirical Evidence*

Who complains and why? What are the dimensions of consumer complaints? How are complaints handled by various recipients? In this article, empirical evidence is offered to shed some light on these questions. Based on a direct inquiry addressed to state consumer protection offices and voluntary consumer associations, this study shows that the number of complaints filed by consumers is rapidly accelerating and that the “grey” areas of marketing are increasingly the target of customer frustrations. The study also points to a consumer-corporate communications vacuum and to various complaint dispositions by the recipients.
2‐D image‐velocity sensor with a pair of optical fiber arrays

Two perpendicular arrays of optical fibers are combined with a spherical lens and cylindrical lenses to form a 2-dimensional-velocity sensor. Each fiber array picks up spatial frequency components of the object pattern, and the center frequency of the narrowband output signal gives a velocity component of the object parallel to the optical fiber array. Therefore, velocity of the object is determined from center frequencies of the signals from the two fiber arrays. the equivalent filter including the imaging system is derived and its spatial frequency selectivity and accuracy of the measured velocity are clarified. the accuracy can be set to the desired value by properly adjusting the parameter values describing this system. the validity of the present system has been confirmed experimentally.
Recent Progress in Polymer Solar Cells: Manipulation of Polymer:Fullerene Morphology and the Formation of Efficient Inverted Polymer Solar Cells

Polymer morphology has proven to be extremely important in determining the optoelectronic properties in polymer-based devices. The understanding and manipulation of polymer morphology has been the focus of electronic and optoelectronic polymer-device research. In this article, recent advances in the understanding and controlling of polymer morphology are reviewed with respect to the solvent selection and various annealing processes. We also review the mixed-solvent effects on the dynamics of film evolution in selected polymer-blend systems, which facilitate the formation of optimal percolation paths and therefore provide a simple approach to improve photovoltaic performance. Recently, the occurrence of vertical phase separation has been found in some polymer:fullerene bulk heterojunctions. [1-3] The origin and applications of this inhomogeneous distribution of the polymer donor and fullerene acceptor are addressed. The current status and device physics of the inverted structure solar cells is also reviewed, including the advantage of utilizing the spontaneous vertical phase separation, which provides a promising alternative to the conventional structure for obtaining higher device performance.
PATHOLOGICAL EPIDIDYMAL OBSTRUCTION UNRELATED TO VASECTOMY: RESULTS WITH MICROSURGICAL RECONSTRUCTION

AbstractPurpose: We determine the success of end-to-side epididymovasostomy in patients presenting with obstructive azoospermia from primary epididymal obstruction and identify prognostic factors that could predict a successful outcome.Materials and Methods: Of 256 consecutive patients undergoing end-to-side epididymovasostomy 49 had primary epididymal obstruction unrelated to prior vasectomy. Patients were excluded from study if they had a history of vasectomy, microsurgical reconstruction or ejaculatory duct obstruction.Results: Followup was available in 43 of the 49 patients (88%). Patency rates were 87% in the bilateral epididymovasostomy group, 69% in the unilateral group and 81% overall. Pregnancy rates were 43% in the bilateral and 23% in the unilateral group. While higher patency rates were observed for proximal anastomoses, higher pregnancy rates were observed for distal anastomoses. Intraoperative epididymal fluid quality correlated with patency, that is motile sperm in the epididymal aspirate c...
International credentialing, certification, and recognition in the United States

Purpose – This paper aims to present an overview of the situation with international credentialing, certification, and recognition in the USA from the perspective of the American Library Association.Design/methodology/approach – Reviews history of changes to methods of international credentialing and recognition in the USA.Findings – Though the recent changes in policy from ALA now allow for equivalency of degrees at the Master's level, libraries in the USA are not bound by the policy and many still have questions about accepting applicants with foreign degrees based on concerns such as compatibility, quality assurance, and acceptability.Practical implications – More work has to be done by ALA to publicize its new policy and gain acceptance by libraries in the USA and to gather lists of accredited or recognized programs from other countries. The issue of international credentialing, certification, and recognition needs to be addressed by IFLA and library educators, library associations, and libraries as e...
Application of a Wave-Length Modulation Device to Problems concerning Spectrometer Misalignment

The use of wave-length modulation as a tool for minimizing spectrometer spectral misalignment is examined. A vibrating quartz plate is employed to repetitively scan a small wave length interval at the exit slit of a spectrometer. Increased latitude is thereby provided for any slit or wave-length misalignment of the spectrometer, as long as the correct signal detection system is employed. Investigation of the effects of wave-length modulation on a typical line spectrum has revealed signal averaging as the optimum detection system for this approach. From this, additional approaches are suggested for manual and automatic routine correction of spectrometer wave-length drift using existing optical systems. Also, a new technique is suggested for automatic feedback correction of the spectrometer using an on-line digital computer. Methods of implementation of all these procedures are considered and discussed.
Beaconless tomographic wave-front sensing

We describe a technique to sense the 3-dimensional structure of wave-front aberrations introduced by a volume effect such as atmospheric turbulence. The method images a scene through a microlens array and requires no cooperative beacons.
Rotating night shift work and risk of type 2 diabetes: two prospective cohort studies in women.

Background Rotating night shift work disrupts circadian rhythms and has been associated with obesity, metabolic syndrome, and glucose dysregulation. However, its association with type 2 diabetes remains unclear. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate this association in two cohorts of US women. Methods and Findings We followed 69,269 women aged 42–67 in Nurses' Health Study I (NHS I, 1988–2008), and 107,915 women aged 25–42 in NHS II (1989–2007) without diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer at baseline. Participants were asked how long they had worked rotating night shifts (defined as at least three nights/month in addition to days and evenings in that month) at baseline. This information was updated every 2–4 years in NHS II. Self-reported type 2 diabetes was confirmed by a validated supplementary questionnaire. We documented 6,165 (NHS I) and 3,961 (NHS II) incident type 2 diabetes cases during the 18–20 years of follow-up. In the Cox proportional models adjusted for diabetes risk factors, duration of shift work was monotonically associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes in both cohorts. Compared with women who reported no shift work, the pooled hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) for participants with 1–2, 3–9, 10–19, and ≥20 years of shift work were 1.05 (1.00–1.11), 1.20 (1.14–1.26), 1.40 (1.30–1.51), and 1.58 (1.43–1.74, p-value for trend <0.001), respectively. Further adjustment for updated body mass index attenuated the association, and the pooled hazard ratios were 1.03 (0.98–1.08), 1.06 (1.01–1.11), 1.10 (1.02–1.18), and 1.24 (1.13–1.37, p-value for trend <0.001). Conclusions Our results suggest that an extended period of rotating night shift work is associated with a modestly increased risk of type 2 diabetes in women, which appears to be partly mediated through body weight. Proper screening and intervention strategies in rotating night shift workers are needed for prevention of diabetes. Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary
Aerobic Cr(VI) Reduction by Bacteria in Culture and Soil Conditions

We compared the performance of aerobic Cr(VI)-reducing bacteria isolated from Cr(VI)-contaminated soil in pure and mixed cultures of five isolated strains. The mixed culture had increased reduction rates compared to individual cultures. Cr(VI) reduction was observed in sterile soil inoculated with Pseudomonas fluorescens and in non-sterile soil with and without inoculation with P. fluorescens at initial pore water concentrations up to 1,600 mg Cr(VI)/L, whereas in culture the maximum inhibitory concentration was 500 mg Cr(VI)/L. Linear rates of Cr(VI) reduction in non-sterile soil amended with peptone were ∼5 to 8 times higher than those observed in the mixed culture. Inoculation of non-sterile soil with P. fluorescens did not further enhance Cr(VI) reduction rates. Our results indicate that evaluation of Cr(VI) reduction capacity in Cr(VI)-contaminated soil for in-situ bioremediation purposes should not be done solely in pure culture. Although the latter may be used initially to assess the effects of pro...
The effect of vehicle and particle size on the absorption, by the intramuscular route, of procaine penicillin G suspensions.

Serum concentrations in rabbits following intramuscular injection of numerous suspensions of procaine penicillin G in various vehicles have been presented. The effects of the nature of the vehicle and the particle size of the procaine penicillin G have been studied. The results indicate that the most practical formulation for delayed absorption is 300,000 units of small particle (less than 5/μ) procaine penicillin G per cc. of peanut oil or sesame oil gelled with 2% aluminum monpstearate. Extensive data in human subjects are submitted to corroborate the animal results.
A Long-Wavelength Hosing Instability in Laser-Plasma Interactions

The nonlinear final state of short-pulse lasers is examined using fully explicit particle-in-cell simulations. A new long-wavelength hosing instability is found to be dominant after a few Rayleigh lengths of propagation. This instability causes self-trapped electrons to be displaced off axis; we find that ion motion is important at the highest densities studied. A possible explanation for this instability is given based on a new variational principle analysis for short-pulse lasers propagating in underdense plasma.
Metastatic bone disease developing in patients with potentially curable breast cancer

This study was done to determine the practicality of routinely using bone scans as part of the pretherapy work-up for all patients with potentially curable breast cancer. Prior to this study we utilized bone scans in those patients who had bone pain and whose skeletal surveys were negative. Skeletal surveys were done only on patients with bone pain or who were considered to be borderline operable. In the 10 years following primary treatment, only 19% (61 of 321 patients) demonstrated osseous metastasis. Many of these metastases were not evident for over 5 years. There was a reasonably good 5-year survival among this group of patients. As a result of this study, we have not changed our policy regarding pretherapy skeletal surveys or bone scans.
Gauge Invariance and Classical Electrodynamics

A Lagrangian for deriving the Maxwell-Lorentz field equations is obtained by starting from a general tensor of the second rank ${\mathcal{G}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\nu}}$, which is expressed as the sum of a symmetric and an antisymmetric part ${\mathcal{G}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\nu}}=\ensuremath{\lambda}{g}_{\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\nu}}+{F}_{\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\nu}}$. The symmetric part is identified with the metric tensor and the antisymmetric part with the electromagnetic field. A relationship between this second rank tensor and the gauge invariant Ricci-Einstein tensor is established by means of the gauge invariant theories of Weyl and Eddington. This relationship leads directly to the Klein-Gordon relativistic wave equation for a point charge moving in an electromagnetic field provided the function $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ is properly chosen.The Lagrangian density is defined as the quantity ${(\ensuremath{-}|{\mathcal{G}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\nu}}|)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$, where $|{\mathcal{G}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\nu}}|$ is the determinant associated with the tensor ${\mathcal{G}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\nu}}$. This choice is made for the Lagrangian density since ${(\ensuremath{-}|{\mathcal{G}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\nu}}|)}^{\frac{1}{2}}d\ensuremath{\tau}$ is the simplest generalized invariant volume element. Since the Lagrangian density is nonlinear and irrational as it stands, it is first rationalized by means of the Dirac matrices. If the Lagrangian that is obtained in this way is varied with respect to the vector and scalar potentials, one obtains a set of Maxwell-Lorentz equations for a charge-current distribution that is defined in terms of the field potentials. These equations are almost identical with those recently obtained by Dirac in his new classical electrodynamics. It is shown from the field equations that the velocity of the charge distribution is given by the relation $\mathrm{v}=(\frac{\mathrm{A}}{\ensuremath{\varphi}})c,$ where A is the vector potential, $\ensuremath{\varphi}$ is the scalar potential, and $c$ is the speed of light. This is identical with the result obtained from the retarded potentials of a point charge. For the static case it is shown that the field equations lead to solutions for the fields and potentials that are finite everywhere, and the self-energy of the point charge is finite. The classical radius of the electron, the Compton wavelength and the fine structure constant come into the theory quite naturally.
Formation of Collisionless High-β Plasmas by Odd-Parity Rotating Magnetic Fields

Odd-parity rotating magnetic fields (RMFo) applied to mirror-configuration plasmas have produced average electron energies exceeding 200 eV at line-averaged electron densities of approximately 10(12) cm-3. These plasmas, sustained for over 10(3)tauAlfven, have low Coulomb collisionality, vc* triple bond L/lambdaC approximately 10(-3), where lambdaC is the Coulomb scattering mean free path and L is the plasma's characteristic half length. Divertors allow reduction of the electron-neutral collision frequency to values where the RMFo coupling indicates full penetration of the RMFo to the major axis.
Catalyzed acyl halidealdehyde cyclocondensations. New insights into the design of catalytic cross aldol reactions

Abstract Substoichiometric quantities (2.5–20 mol%) of Al(SbF6)3 catalyze the di(isopropyl)ethylamine-mediated cyclocondensation of various acyl halides and enolizable aldehydes to afford β-lactones in good yields (58–93%). These reactions are discussed as a strategy for executing chemo- and regiospecific catalyzed cross aldol reactions.
Verifying average dwell time of hybrid systems

Average dwell time (ADT) properties characterize the rate at which a hybrid system performs mode switches. In this article, we present a set of techniques for verifying ADT properties. The stability of a hybrid system A can be verified by combining these techniques with standard methods for checking stability of the individual modes of A.We introduce a new type of simulation relation for hybrid automata—switching simulation—for establishing that a given automaton A switches more rapidly than another automaton B. We show that the question of whether a given hybrid automaton has ADT τa can be answered either by checking an invariant or by solving an optimization problem. For classes of hybrid automata for which invariants can be checked automatically, the invariant-based method yields an automatic method for verifying ADT; for automata that are outside this class, the invariant has to be checked using inductive techniques. The optimization-based method is automatic and is applicable to a restricted class of initialized hybrid automata. A solution of the optimization problem either gives a counterexample execution that violates the ADT property, or it confirms that the automaton indeed satisfies the property. The optimization and the invariant-based methods can be used in combination to find the unknown ADT of a given hybrid automaton.
Examining the Generalizability of Administrative Personnel Allocation Decisions

This study examined the effect of district and school size on principal teacher allocation decisions. The study tested the invariance of a personnel allocation decision making model for elementary school principals from three categories of school and district size. The sample consisted of elementary school principals from small, medium, and large schools and districts. The results confirmed the fit of the model across schools of all sizes and across small and medium size districts. For large school districts the proposed decision-making model did not fit the data. This result implies that district size has an effect on the personnel allocation decisions made by elementary school principals.
A technique to study the correlation measures of binary sequences

Let E^N=(e"1,e"2,...,e"N) be a binary sequence with e"[email protected]?{+1,-1}. For [email protected][email protected]?N, the correlation measure of order k of the sequence is defined by Mauduit and Sarkozy as C"k(E^N)=maxM,d"1,...,d"k|@?n=1Me"n"+"d"""1e"n"+"d"""2...e"n"+"d"""k| where the maximum is taken over all M>=1 and [email protected]?d"1=1 and L>=1. For [email protected][email protected]?L, let E^M[a]=(e"1[a],...,e"M[a]) be a binary sequence with e"i[a]@?{+1,-1}. For [email protected][email protected]?L we define the correlation measure of order k of the family of sequences E^M[1:L]={E^M[1],...,E^M[L]} as C"k(E^M[1:L])[email protected]?a"1=1 there is an absolute constant c"2"k>0 such that C"2"k(E^N)>=c"2"kN for all E^N for all large enough N. thus answering a question of Cassaigne, Mauduit, and Sarkozy (in stronger form than an earlier result of Kohayakawa, Mauduit, Moreira, and Rodl). We prove a lower bound on the even correlation measures C"2"k(E^M[1:L]) when L>k(2k-1)M and use it to provide an alternate proof of this result. The constant c"2"k in our proof is better than that of Alon, Kohayakawa, Mauduit, Moreira, and Rodl for k=1, but poorer for all k>=2. We study C"3(E^N) via C"3(E^M[1:L]). This allows us to strengthen a recent result of Gyarmati which relates C"3(E^N) and C"2(E^N). We prove that given any @k>0 there is an associated c>0 (depending only on @k) such that, for all sufficiently large N, if C"2(E^N)@[email protected]^2^/^3 we have C"3(E^N)>=cN. This also answers a question of Gyarmati. Finally, the study of C"3(E^M[1:L]) allows us to verify a conjecture of Mauduit. We prove that there is an absolute constant c>0 such that C"2(E^N)C"3(E^N)>=cN for all E^N for all large enough N.
An empirical analysis evaluating trust in social networking

With the increase in popularity and continued globalisation of social networking sites, it is important to define the theoretical boundaries of research in this area. While previous research has evaluated social networking trust based on the community perspective, the current study extend trust at two levels: community level trust and trust in connections made. Two data samples were used to ensure valid and reliable results on the findings. The first sample included a group of university students and the second data sample was randomly selected from a population of members within an active social networking site. The results from two samples establish a clear distinction between two levels of trust (i.e., trust in connections made and trust in the community). These results were applied to a previous study on social networking to provide an example of how these two levels can individually influence the research results.
Decreased Health-Related Quality of Life in Women With Breast Cancer Is Associated With Poor Sleep

This study examined the longitudinal relation between health-related quality of life (HR-QOL) and subjective and objective sleep quality in 166 women with newly diagnosed Stage-1 through Stage-3 breast cancer, who were scheduled to receive ≥ 4 cycles of adjuvant/neoadjuvant chemotherapy. HR-QOL was assessed with the Medical Outcomes Study 36-item Short Form, Physical Component Scale (PCS), and Mental Component Scale (MCS) scores; subjective sleep was assessed with the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; and objective sleep was measured with actigraphy. Data were collected before starting chemotherapy and during the last week of Cycle 4 of chemotherapy. Patients reported poor HR-QOL and poor sleep quality before and during chemotherapy. Short sleep time and long naps were recorded at both time points. The MCS score was related to reports of poor sleep, but not to recorded sleep; worse PCS scores were associated with reports of poor sleep and less recorded naptime, suggesting sleep plays an important role in cancer patients' HR-QOL.
State spending for Medicare and Medicaid home care programs

Congressional attempts to curtail spending growth in Medicare home health may affect Medicaid, given the number of Medicare enrollees who qualify for Medicaid-covered home care services. This DataWatch examines interactions between the Medicare and Medicaid home care programs using state-level expenditure data for 1995 and through case studies in five states: Connecticut, Louisiana, Minnesota, New Mexico, and New York.
Surgical clerkship performance of traditional and nontraditional students in a problem-based learning environment

Background To determine whether nontraditional students perform better than traditional students during surgical clerkships as reflected on the surgical clerkship final examination. Methods Retrospective review of medical student records from the classes of 1986 through 1993. Students admitted soon after completing undergraduate training were identified as “traditional, ” and those having prior careers as “nontraditional. ” Results There were 150 traditional and 72 nontraditional students. The ratio of men to women and admission MCAT scores were not significantly different. Traditional students were significantly younger and had higher admission grade point averages (GPAs). Nontraditional students were more likely to be married and have children. Final examination scores of traditional and nontraditional students were not significantly different. MCAT scores and college GPAs were the best predictors of final examination performance. Married students performed significantly better than single students. Conclusions There was no significant difference between nontraditional and traditional student performance on the surgical clerkship final examination.
Flat rotation curves according to the fragmentation/shear flow model of galaxy formation

Initial conditions are derived from the fragmentation/shear flow model of galaxy formation and are used as input to the viscous action presumed to begin as soon as a galactic disk forms. A simple differential equation is found to describe the turbulent viscous evolution of a flat disk. Solutions to this equation produce rotation curves that closely resemble those observed in spiral and elliptical galaxies. For spirals, by using the mass distributions derived from the rotation curves and from Seiden's theory of star formation, exponential luminosity profiles are produced.
THE NAMING OF THE LAND IN THE ARKANSAS OZARKS: A STUDY IN CULTURE PROCESSES

ABSTRACT An inductive study of maps of the Arkansas Ozarks shows that the place name or toponym has value as a tool for the cultural geographer who is primarily concerned with the manifestations on the land of cultural origins, contacts, and migrations. By analyzing a collection of 2,502 place names taken from maps of northern Arkansas dating from 1858 to 1962, it is evident that the process of naming the land was both a folk and an official one. The geographical expression of these cultural processes provides an insight into the role of the habitat in primary settlement, and to the continuum of change in a little-known region of the United States.
Biomechanical study of stress in the fifth metatarsal.

Abstract Objective . The stress throughout the fifth metatarsal was determined under various loading conditions, in order to better understand the causes of fractures to this bone. Design . A mathematical approach was taken, in which the stresses were analysed using the methods of beam theory. Background . Finite element analysis has frequently been used to determine the stress in bones. Beam theory provides an easier method for determining the force and moment resultant in any cross-section. The distribution of stress throughout the cross-section can then be found by solving certain partial differential equations defined on the cros-sections. Methods . Cross-sections of the bone were obtained by slicing a mould, into which the bone was placed, at numerous intervals along its length. Analytic expressions describing each cross-section were obtained by fitting a Fourier series to a sequence of points along the boundary. Results . The maximum stress found in the fifth metatarsal resulted from an oblique load, and had a magnitude less than would occur in a subject during normal walking. Conclusions . Since the magnitude of the stress is submaximal, this study lends theoretical support to the clinical observation that the diaphyseal fracture is indeed a stress fracture.
Advertisements An Untapped Medium to Communicate Men’s Health Information

Building on various types of media with consideration of the public’s diverse level of health literacy, health care professionals could explore the best modality and methods to promote health education and behavioral changes using advanced technology and existing socially connected networks. The area of health advertisements provides an excellent avenue to educate the public regarding healthy lifestyle choices. However, the implementation of these health advertisements requires the exploration of the best methods to educate via these strategies to ensure the implementation of evidence-based advertisements. It cannot be assumed that all individuals within the American public would benefit from the same message delivered in the same manner. What is being proposed is similar to existing health infomercials; however, this proposal would require that the advertiser meet specific evidence-based standards to ensure that the message is appropriate to the target audience, the health-related claim is evidence based, and the message is purely advertising the healthy lifestyle behavior but not linked to or directly dependent on some product, good, or service that is being marketed. This area of health education infomercials would require the development of guidelines and standards for these advertisements. At a minimum, the Federal Trade Commission Guidelines Concerning Use of Endorsements and Testimonials in advertising (Authority: 38 Stat. 717, as amended; 15 U.S.C 41-58) should be followed.
Water activity of mammalian tissues

SINCE the original report by Sabbatani1 that the freezing-point depression of various dog tissues is on the average 150 per cent greater than that of blood, there has been continued interest in the possibility that intracellular fluid is hypertonic to extracellular fluid. Collip2, Leovey and Kerpel-Fronius3, Gomori and Molnar4, and Pichotka et al. 5 all confirmed Sabbatani's findings, as did Opie6 using melting-point depression.
SU‐D‐BRC‐02: Predicting Individual Lung Tumor Volume Change during Image‐ Guided Radiation Therapy for Adaptive Radiation Therapy

Purpose: Changes in lungtumor volume can be observed from the daily images acquired during the image‐guidedradiation therapy(IGRT). The purpose of this study is to predict patient‐specific lungtumor volume change in the early part of IGRT so that adaptive radiation therapy can be carried out in the late part of the treatment. Methods: The two‐component model, assuming that lungtumorcells comprise both radiosensitive and radioresistant components, was used. Three mechanisms are included in the model: (1) proliferation of radiosensitive cells, (2) transition of the radioresistant cells into radiosensitive cells, and (3) disintegration of radiation‐damaged cells. The model consists of 4 parameters: radiobiological parameter, alpha, potential doubling time for the radiosensitive cells, initial fraction of radiosensitive cells and the disintegration half‐life of radiation‐damaged cells. The clinical data of lungtumor volume change observed from the beginning up to the mid of the treatment course for a given patient were used to determine the model parameters. The model with the patient‐specific parameters was then used to predict tumor volume change for the rest of treatment. Results: The model predicts individual lungtumor volume change reasonably well. Significant variations of the model parameters were found between patients. For example, for the patient data studied, alpha varies between 0.02 to 0.10 Gy‐ 1, the doubling time changes from a few days to a few months, and the contents of radioresistant cell varies between 20% to 60%. The fact that tumor volume change and model parameters are patient specific indicates that the remaining optimal treatment should adapt to the patient morphological and radiobiological properties. Conclusions: The lungtumor volume change observed in the early part of IGRT can be used to predict individual tumor volume regression, allowing the adaptive radiotherapy to be carried out in the remaining of the treatment.
Bethe lattice spin glass : the effects of a ferromagnetic bias and external fields. I, Bifurcation analysis

We present a rigorous analysis of the ±J Ising spin-glass model on the Bethe lattice with fixed uncorrelated boundary conditions. Phase diagrams are derived as a function of temperature vs. concentration of ferromagnetic bonds and, for a symmetric distribution of bonds, external field vs. temperature. In this part we characterize the bulk ordered phases using bifurcation theory: we prove the existence of a distribution of single-site magnetizations far inside the lattice which is stable with respect to changes in the boundary conditions.
A novel DNA hairpin substrate for bleomycin.

A 16-nucleotide DNA hairpin containing 4-aminobenzo[g]quinazoline-2-one 2′-deoxyribose at position 15 has been prepared and found to lack significant fluorescence. When treated with Fe(II)·BLM, the hairpin was found to undergo oxidative transformation selectively at position 15. The predominant fluorescent product was characterized and quantified. The pro-fluorescent DNA hairpin was used as a substrate for 15 bleomycin congeners, and the results were compared with those obtained following cleavage of a radiolabeled DNA duplex and PAGE analysis.